cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A CMOS 10 Gb/s clock and data recovery circuit with a novel adjustable K/sub pd/ phase detector

A clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for 10 Gb/s broadband communication using a CMOS process is presented. The circuit makes use of a novel adjustable K/sub pd/ phase detector. The phase detector can provide a binary characteristic or a linear characteristic under different control voltages. The CDR core circuit consists of a phase frequency detector, an integrator, a LC VCO and a low pass filter provided off-chip. Two more phase detectors, a bang-bang phase detector and a Hogge phase detector, are also built in the circuit for performance comparison.
3‐Substituted Indazoles as Configurationally Locked 4EGI‐1 Mimetics and Inhibitors of the eIF4E/eIF4G Interaction

4EGI-1, the prototypic inhibitor of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction, was identified in a high-throughput screening of small-molecule libraries with the aid of a fluorescence polarization assay that measures inhibition of binding of an eIF4G-derived peptide to recombinant eIF4E. As such, the molecular probe 4EGI-1 has potential for the study of molecular mechanisms involved in human disorders characterized by loss of physiological restraints on translation initiation. A hit-to-lead optimization campaign was carried out to overcome the configurational instability in 4EGI-1, which stems from the E-to-Z isomerization of the hydrazone function. We identified compound 1 a, in which the labile hydrazone was incorporated into a rigid indazole scaffold, as a promising rigidified 4EGI-1 mimetic lead. In a structure-activity relationship study directed towards probing the structural latitude of this new chemotype as an inhibitor of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction and translation initiation we identified 1 d, an indazole-based 4EGI-1 mimetic, as a new and improved lead inhibitor of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction and a promising molecular probe candidate for elucidation of the role of cap-dependent translation initiation in a host of pathophysiological states.
COMPILATION OF HYPERFRAGMENT BINDING ENERGIES

The analysis of pi --mesonic decays is used to determine the binding energies of the LAMBDA hyperons in /sup LAMBDA /H/sup 3/, /sub LAMBDA /H/sup 4/ , /sub LAMBDA /He/sup 4/, /sub LAMBDA /He/sup 5/, /sub LAMBDA /He/sup 7/, / sub LAMBDA /Li/sup 7/, /sub lambda /Li/sup 8/, /sub LAMBDA /Li/sup 9/, /sub LAMBDA /Be/sup 8/, /sub LAMBDA /Be/sup 9/, B/sup 11/ , /sub LAMBDA /B/sup 12/, and /sub LAMBDA /C/sup 13/. (T.F.H.)
A Method in Computing Successive Interference Canceller

Successive Interference Canceller is a multistage approach that sequentially recovers each user from the re- ceived signal. Each stage provides an estimate using the MF detector. The re-modulated signal is subtracted from the original signal and the difference signal becomes the input. Bit Error Rate expressions are derived to evaluate performance of the SIC and its algorithm.
New-Generation Optical Stepper With High N.A. g-Line Lens

A new optical stepper, NSR-1505G6E, has been developed and it will be one of the most promising exposure apparatuses for half-micron lithography in the next era. g-line is used as an exposure wavelength, and the 5X-type projection lens has 15 mm by 15 mm field size. Its N.A. (numerical aperture) is 0.54, the maximum value among the 5X-type g-line projection lenses ever announced. First, the capability of high N.A. is demonstrated by a theoretical approach. Conventional optical theory says that resolution power is proportional to λ/N.A., but multi-reflection within the photoresist is not taken into consideration. To investigate resolution power based upon resist patterns, one of the most powerful approaches is "the vector model" developed by M. Yeungl in 1988. A similar simulator has been developed and has been used to confirm that a high N.A. lens has high resolution power even with the multi-reflection effect within photoresist. Secondly, performance of the projection lens is shown on experimental data basis. Advantages and disadvantages of the projection lens are discussed in comparison with an i-line lens with same resolution power. Investigation on N.A. is also made, comparing resist patterns exposed by some lenses with various N.A. values. Finally, the total system, including such new functions as chip-leveling and auto-focus, is described.
Immunophenotypic differences between normal glia, astrocytomas and malignant gliomas: correlations with karyotype, natural history and survival

The karyotypic and antigenic phenotypes of early passage normal and malignant glial cultures were correlated in vitro. Astrocytomas (4) were distinguished from the normal glia (8) by a mixed near-diploid karyotype and anchorage-independent growth. Malignant gliomas (41) demonstrated cytogenetic abnormalities ranging from mixed normal G- and Q-banded and near-diploid cultures, through mixed near-diploid/hyperdiploid to predominantly hyperdiploid stem-lines. This correlated with the differential expression of certain antigens and established qualitative antigenic differences from normal glia. Associations were found between histopathologic grade of glial neoplasm and the expression of antigens 5.1H11 (p = 0.0002), CNT/11 (p = 0.001), CNT/10 (p = 0.004), CAT301 (p = 0.014), M111 (p = 0.024), and L101 (p = 0.044). An ominous association was demonstrated between the duration of clinical survival and the expression of antigens 5.1H11 (p = 0.0007), CNT/10 (p = 0.027) and B2.6 (p = 0.038). Correcting for diagnosis and age, multivariate analysis demonstrated that HLA-DR (p = 0.050) and 5.1H11 (p = 0.069) were unfavorably correlated with patient survival. This suggests the application of the in vitro immunophenotype for its predictive utility, as well as a novel method of selection of tumor-associated antigens for monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy.
School Health Promotion: Our Pathway to the Future

(1997). School Health Promotion: Our Pathway to the Future. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 370-372.
Was the Archaean biosphere upside down

Photosynthesis produces reduced organic carbon and an oxidized partner in equivalent molar amounts. These compounds can react with one another, again in equivalent molar amounts, so that no net change occurs in the overall level of oxidation of the biosphere (here taken to mean the biota together with the part of the Earth with which living things interact1). But, the reduced and oxidized partners have different susceptibilities to transport by environmental processes and so, typically, they become separated. Conservation of matter implies that for every mole of excess oxidant in an oxidizing region of the biosphere there must be a mole of excess reductant in a reducing region. Today, the oxidized partner in photosynthesis is usually free oxygen, which floats upward to accumulate in excess in the atmosphere, whereas organic matter settles downward to collect in sediments and stagnant pools. On the anoxic Archaean Earth, the oxidized partner was probably iron. As oxidized iron is markedly less soluble and mobile than organic carbon, differential transport in the Archaean biosphere would have had an effect just the opposite of that in the modern biosphere. The oxidized partner would have settled downward more rapidly than the reduced partner, resulting in the accumulation of excess oxidant in sediments and stagnant pools/An equivalent excess of the more volatile reduced compounds would have been left behind in ocean and atmosphere in the form of dissolved organic carbon and gaseous hydrocarbons. On average, therefore, the Archaean biosphere may have been oxidizing at the bottom and reducing on top.
About thermal turbulence

Abstract Thermal turbulent convection is reviewed, with emphasis on the low temperature experiments on helium gas.
The effect of ethionine on hepatic gluconeogenesis in the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of ethionine on glucose formation from [2-14C]pyruvate in vivo was measured in female rats fasted for varing periods and was compared with the effects of ethionine on the activities of the four unique hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11), pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32). The activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were also measured in adipose tissue of ethionine-treated and control rats. 2. 2. Ethionine injection followed by fasting for 24, 48 and 72 h resulted in an increase in the liver lipid content, which returned to normal levels of 96–120 h after ethionine injection. The usual increase in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities induced by fasting was inhibited by the injection of ethionine. The activity of pyruvate carboxylase, although not increased by fasting, was reduced almost 50% by ethionine treatment. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity was unaffected by ethionine. Adipose-tissue mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase activity was not reduced by ethionine injection and the normal induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in this tissue by fasting for 48 h was not blocked by the administration of ethionine prior to fasting. 3. 3. Despite these effects of ethionine on the hepatic enzymes of the fasted rat, gluconeogenesis from pyruvate was not reduced by ethionine injection followed by a 48-h fast. The blood glucose concentration, although lowered 10% by fasting for 48 h was unaffected by ethionine injection. These findings suggest that activities of the four hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes do not limit the rate of glucose formation in the rat.
Management of end-stage heart failure: a perspective on the Arab Gulf states

The ever expanding epidemic of end-stage heart failure represents one of the greatest challenges of modern cardiovascular medicine. With medical treatments hampered by significant limitations, phys...
Regulation of thyrotropin receptor gene expression in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells.

TSH receptor mRNA levels in FRTL-5 thyroid cells are autoregulated at a transcriptional level by the same hormones required for the growth and function of the cells: TSH, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Thus, the ability of TSH, via its cAMP signal, to down-regulate steady state receptor mRNA levels is preceded by the action of TSH to decrease pre-mRNA levels in nuclear run-on assays to the same quantitative level as evident in Northern analyses. In contrast, the receptor mRNA half-life is shown not to change when down-regulation is reversed by withdrawing TSH in the presence or absence of actinomycin-D. Evidence is additionally provided that TSH receptor mRNA levels are increased by insulin, IGF-I, or calf serum in both Northern and run-on assays. This action cannot be duplicated by hydrocortisone and is evident at more than 20-fold lower concentrations of IGF-I than insulin. Moreover, insulin, IGF-I, and/or calf serum are required for the autoregulatory negative transcriptional regula...
Leading Innovation Change - The Kotter Way

Innovation has been considered necessary for solving every problem today. In any business meeting, conference or media innovation is discussed and desired. However, key challenges in realizing innovation are a well understood framework and an infrastructure for its successful deployment. Current frameworks including Open Innovation, Crowd Sourcing and many others do not address corporate needs in terms of credibility and for its body of knowledge for developing competency. Having established a credible and teachable framework for innovation, the author realized that organization leadership is unable to drive innovation due to misunderstanding of innovation principles and change management at the leadership level. Recognizing success of Prof. Kotter's Leading Change model, the author adapts the model to managing the innovation change [1]. This paper presents application of the Leading Change to innovation management and providing guidance to organization leadership for innovation deployment. Innovation dep...
Nonisentropic two-dimensional MHD flow. II.

Gas dynamics of nonisentropic two-dimensional MHD FLOW of ideal inviscid perfectly conducting compressible fluid
Nitrogen/argon and nitrogen isotope ratios in two anaerobic environments, the Cariaco Trench in the Caribbean Sea and Dramsfjord, Norway

Abstract Mass spectrometric measurements of nitrogen/argon and nitrogen isotope ratios have been used to examine the fate of nitrogen arising from the decomposition of organic matter in two anaerobic marine environments, the Cariaco Trench in the Caribbean Sea and the Dramsfjord in Norway. Values of N2/A in these waters are larger than would be expected from dissolved atmospheric gases. By assumingthat the A concentration is biologically unaffected, the excess quantities of N2 can be calculated. These are in good agreement with the amounts of nitrogen which would be expected to arise from the decomposition of organic matter. The latter values are computed from the observed concentrations of nitrogen compounds and either the observed concentrations of inorganic phosphate or the amounts of oxygen (either free or bound in the sulphate ion) consumed from the water. It is shown that nitrogen isotope ratios are markedly different in the nitrogen of biogenic origin from those in nitrogen dissolved from the atmosphere. It is shown that it is probable that free nitrogen can be formed from organic matter only through the denitrification of nitrate, formed as an intermediate.
Raman Study of Intermolecular Interactions in Supercritical Solutions of Naphthalene in CO2

The high-pressure Raman spectra of the v1 and 2v2 Fermi doublet of CO2 and the C-H stretching, C-H bending and C-C-C breathing modes of naphthalene have been studied at pressures varying up to 2000 bar and temperatures between 60 and 90°C. The naphthalene bands show a blue frequency shift with increasing density, whereas a red shift for the Fermi resonance free stretching mode of CO2 is observed with increasing density. The blue shift is explained in terms of repulsive interactions probed by the naphthalene vibrations, while the red shift is related to the attractive forces dominating in the intermolecular potential as seen by the CO2 stretching mode. The experimental results support the validity of the site-to-site model of intermolecular potential. The intermolecular potential between naphthalene and CO2 is assumed to be anisotropic, and the proposed electrostatic quadrupole-quadrupole model of these interactions effectively explains the anisotropy in the intermolecular potential, the energy of association, and the frequency shifts.
Excision of gamma-ray induced thymine lesions by preparations from ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts

Abstract The capacity of whole cell sonicates of skin fibroblasts of normal individuals and patients with the autosomal recessive disease Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) to remove aerobic gamma-ray products of the 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine type (t0γ2) from exogenous DNA substrates was investigated. All four AT strains (AT CRL 1312, AT CRL 1343, AT GM 367, AT 4BI) possessed normal capabilities to excise t0γ2 from irradiated bacteriophage DNA and irradiated chromatin isolated from normal and AT-skin fibroblasts.
Levels of Immunoreactive Angiotensin II in Microdissected Nuclei from Adult wky and Sh Rat Brain

Levels of immunoreactive angiotensin II (ANG II) were measured by radioimmunoassay in microdissected nuclei from the brain of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its normotensive control, the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY). The nuclei assayed included the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMN of X) and the Al region of the medulla. Sections of cerebral and cerebellar cortex were used as controls. Levels of immunoreactive ANG II ranged from 0.24 nmoles/g protein to 0.93 nmoles/g protein, with SHR brain containing significantly higher levels than WKY brain in the PVH and NTS. higher levels of immunoreactive ANG I1 than WKY brain, the difference was not significant. the A1 region between the two species, and no detectable ANG I1 immunoreactivity was found in cerebral or cerebellar cortex. Since each of the nuclei studied has been implicated in the neural control of cardiovascular function, th...
An analysis of the reflection spectrum of Jupiter from 1500 A to 1740 A

A study is made of the UV reflection spectrum of Jupiter as measured by the International Ultraviolet Explorer. Detailed modeling reveals the mixing ratios of C_2H_2, C_2H_6, and C_4H_2 to be (1.0 ± 0.1) x 10^(-1), (6.6 ± 5.3) x 10^(-6), and (2.9 ± 2.0) x 10^(-10), respectively, in the pressure region between ~3 and 40 mbar. Upper limits in this pressure region for the mixing ratios of C_2H_4 and NH_3 were determined to be (3.9^(+4.9)_(-3.9))x10^(-10) and (4.2^(+6.7)_(-4.2))x10^(-9), respectively. An upper limit to the optical depth of dust above the tropopause, assuming it is well mixed, is 0.2^(+0.3)_(-1.4), and an upper limit on the dayglow emission by the Lyman bands of H_2 is 1.4^(+2.4)_(-1.4) kR. Comparison with Voyager results suggests that the scale height of C_2H_2 in the region 150-10 mbar is approximately twice that of the bulk atmosphere, consistent with the IUE observation of cosine-like limb darkening in the north-south direction on Jupiter in this spectral range. These results are of use in the photochemical modeling of the upper atmosphere of Jupiter.
HIV-AIDS – Urologic Considerations

The prevalence of HIV continues to grow in the United States and worldwide. HIV-positive patients experience many genitourinary disease processes. With improvements in HIV therapy, patients have questions and concerns pertaining to their quality of life. This article reviews conditions such as HIV-related urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, voiding dysfunction, fertility, sexual dysfunction, HIV-related nephropathy, malignancies, and occupational exposure and prophylaxis. Knowledge of the various HIV manifestations of genitourinary conditions and their treatment options benefits clinicians and improves patient outcomes.
The bound iron–sulfur clusters of Type-I homodimeric reaction centers

The hallmark of a Type-I photosynthetic reaction center (RC) is the presence of three [4Fe–4S]2+/1+ clusters, named FX, FA, and FB that act as terminal electron acceptors. Their function is to increase the distance, and hence the lifetime, of the initial charge-separated state so that diffusion-mediated processes, such as the reduction of ferredoxin, can occur. Type-I homodimeric RCs, such as those found in heliobacteria, green-sulfur bacteria, and Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum, are less well understood than Photosystem I, the prototypical Type-I heterodimeric RC found in cyanobacteria and plants. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in elucidating the spectroscopic and biochemical properties of the bound Fe/S clusters and their cognate proteins in homodimeric Type-I RCs. In Heliobacterium modesticaldum, the identification and characterization of two loosely bound polypeptides, PshBI and PshBII that harbor the FA and FB clusters threatens to break the long-accepted assumption that Type-I RCs harbor one tightly bound FA/FB-containing protein. Additionally, the detection of the FX cluster in S = 1/2 and S = 3/2 ground spin states has resolved the long-standing issue of its missing EPR spectrum. In Chlorobaculum tepidum, the focus is on the biochemical properties of the unusual extrinsic Fe/S protein, PscB, which is readily dissociable from the RC core. The C-terminal domain of PscB is constructed as a bacterial ferredoxin, harboring the FA and FB clusters, but the N-terminal domain contains a number of PxxP motifs and is rich in Lys, Pro, and Ala residues, features characteristic of proteins that interact with SH3 domains. Little is known about Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum except that the photosynthetic RC is predicted to be a Type-I homodimer with an FX-binding site. These findings are placed in a context that promises to unify the acceptor side of homodimeric Type-I RCs in prokaryotic phototrophs.
Determination of the thermal diffusivity for polycrystalline graphites as a function of temperature

Abstract The “steady” sinusoidal technique employed previously to determine the thermal diffusivity in carbons has been improved and its temperature range extended. In this technique a sinusoidal heat input occurs at one end of a thin walled tube placed in a uniformly heated container and the variation in temperature is observed at various points along the tube. Measurements of the longitudinal diffusivity were performed in the temperature range 40–1200°C on various types of carbons graphitized at about 2800°C.
Calculated volume of prostate cancer identifies patients with clinical stage T1C disease at high risk of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: a preliminary study.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate whether the calculated volume of prostate cancer (cVca) in patients with clinical Stage T1c prostate cancer who were treated surgically was a good predictor of biochemical disease-free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence. Methods. Between 1990 and 1996, patients with prostate cancer who were surgically treated for clinical Stage T1c at Brigham and Women’s Hospital were retrospectively evaluated, and 188 patients (median PSA 6.9 ng/mL) were included in this study. cVca (determined by cancer-specific PSA, prostate volume, and Gleason grade), pathologic stage, and time to PSA failure were assessed. Results. cVca correlated strongly with the preoperative PSA level (P Conclusions. Our results demonstrated that cVca is a good predictor of biochemical recurrence in patients with clinical Stage T1c prostate cancer. Perhaps, after validation by others, cVca can serve as a tool in choosing various treatment options for prostate cancer.
Pectin Hydrolysis: Effect of Temperature, Degree of Methylation, pH, and Calcium on Hydrolysis Rates

The rate of acid hydrolysis of pectin at pH 3 decreased as the degree of pectin methylation (DM) increased. Acid hydrolysis rates for polypectate (<5% DM) declined as the pH was raised from 2 to 6. Pectin (35% and 70% DM) hydrolyzed more slowly than polypectate below pH 3.5, but degradation rates then increased because β-elimination became the dominant reaction above pH 3.8. Temperature effects on the hydrolysis rates at pH 3 of pectin samples from different sources, as indicated by values for the entropy and enthalpy of activation for this reaction, were very different from the effect of temperature on cucumber tissue softening at the same pH. The results indicated that pectin hydrolysis is not the primary reaction responsible for nonenzymatic plant tissue softening at acid pH. Though calcium ions strongly inhibit plant tissue softening at acid pH, calcium ions did not inhibit acid hydrolysis of pectin. Keywords: Plants; cell wall; pectic substances; degradation; Cucumis sativus
Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction Study of Solid Combustion Reactions

Real-time synchrotron diffraction has been used to monitor the phase transformations of highly exothermic, fast self-propagating solid combustion reactions on a subsecond time scale down to 100 milliseconds and in some instances to 10 milliseconds. Three systems were investigated: Ti + C --> TiC; Ti + C + xNi --> TiC + Ni-Ti alloy; and Al + Ni --> AlNi. In all three reactions, the first step was the melting of the metal reactants. Formation of TiC in the first two reactions was completed within 400 milliseconds of the melting of the Ti metal, indicating that the formation of TiC took place during the passage of the combustion wave front. In the Al + Ni reaction, however, passage of the wave front was followed by the appearance and disappearance of at least one intermediate in the afterburn region. The final AlNi was formed some 5 seconds later and exhibited a delayed appearance of the (210) reflection, which tends to support a phase transformation from a disordered AlNi phase at high temperature to an ordered CsCl structure some 20 seconds later. This new experimental approach can be used to study the chemical dynamics of high-temperature solid-state phenomena and to provide the needed database to test various models for solid combustion.
Interaction of halides with the cyanide complex of myeloperoxidase: a model for substrate binding to compound I

EPR spectra of the low-spin cyanide complex of myeloperoxidase have been measured in the absence and presence of halide substrates; chloride, bromide and iodide. Halide-dependent spectral changes are found at acidic pH. The electronic structure of the low-spin ferric iron in cyanide complex appears to be modulated by halide binding to a protonated amino acid in the distal heme cavity. These findings suggest halide substrates can interact with ferryl oxygen in compound I during enzyme catalysis to form hypohalous acid.
Glutamatergic mechanisms related to epilepsy: Ionotropic receptors

Glutamate receptor channels mediate transmission at most excitatory synapses throughout the brain, and are thus essential for seizure propagation. Calcium entry through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and possibly kainate receptors also triggers many plastic changes that contribute to epileptogenesis. Glutamate receptor structure and function are reviewed in the context of epilepsy. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
On the Combined Analysis of 2H and 15N/1H Solid-State NMR Data for Determination of Transmembrane Peptide Orientation and Dynamics

The dynamics of membrane-spanning peptides have a strong affect on the solid-state NMR observables. We present a combined analysis of 2H-alanine quadrupolar splittings together with 15N/1H dipolar couplings and 15N chemical shifts, using two models to treat the dynamics, for the systematic evaluation of transmembrane peptides based on the GWALP23 sequence (acetyl-GGALW(LA)6LWLAGA-amide). The results indicate that derivatives of GWALP23 incorporating diverse guest residues adopt a range of apparent tilt angles that span 5°–35° in lipid bilayer membranes. By comparing individual and combined analyses of specifically 2H- or 15N-labeled peptides incorporated in magnetically or mechanically aligned lipid bilayers, we examine the influence of data-set size/identity, and of explicitly modeled dynamics, on the deduced average orientations of the peptides. We conclude that peptides with small apparent tilt values (<∼10°) can be fitted by extensive families of solutions, which can be narrowed by incorporating additional 15N as well as 2H restraints. Conversely, peptides exhibiting larger tilt angles display more narrow distributions of tilt and rotation that can be fitted using smaller sets of experimental constraints or even with 2H or 15N data alone. Importantly, for peptides that tilt significantly more than 10° from the bilayer-normal, the contribution from rigid body dynamics can be approximated by a principal order parameter.
Site-specific inhibition of receptivity by intracranial anisomycin in hamsters

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) has been implicated in the mediation of the hormonal control of female rodent sexual behavior. However, in hamsters, progesterone (P) has been found to have effects on sexual receptivity in other diencephalic and mesencephalic sites as well. Progesterone is thought to exert its behavioral effects by altering protein synthesis in CNS target neurons. We tested the effects of 30 gauge implants of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin in the preoptic area (POA), VMH, and ventral mesencephalon (VMES) 30 minutes before 500 micrograms P SC, on the facilitation of lordosis in ovariectomized estrogen-primed female hamsters. The same animals were tested one week later with estrogen and progesterone treatment but without anisomycin. Anisomycin reduced sexual receptivity (lordosis) when placed in the VMH or VMES, but not when delivered to the POA. The results confirm the importance of the VMH in the mediation of progesterone facilitation of female sexual behavior, but also provide evidence that ventral midbrain structures may play a role in female sexual receptivity in hamsters. These two structures may be important for different aspects of lordosis. Progesterone effects in both sites appear to be protein synthesis dependent.
Nomad: Mitigating Arbitrary Cloud Side Channels via Provider-Assisted Migration

Recent studies have shown a range of co-residency side channels that can be used to extract private information from cloud clients. Unfortunately, addressing these side channels often requires detailed attack-specific fixes that require significant modifications to hardware, client virtual machines (VM), or hypervisors. Furthermore, these solutions cannot be generalized to future side channels. Barring extreme solutions such as single tenancy which sacrifices the multiplexing benefits of cloud computing, such side channels will continue to affect critical services. In this work, we present Nomad, a system that offers vector-agnostic defense against known and future side channels. Nomad envisions a provider-assisted VM migration service, applying the moving target defense philosophy to bound the information leakage due to side channels. In designing Nomad, we make four key contributions: (1) a formal model to capture information leakage via side channels in shared cloud deployments; (2) identifying provider-assisted VM migration as a robust defense for arbitrary side channels; (3) a scalable online VM migration heuristic that can handle large datacenter workloads; and (4) a practical implementation in OpenStack. We show that Nomad is scalable to large cloud deployments, achieves near-optimal information leakage subject to constraints on migration overhead, and imposes minimal performance degradation for typical cloud applications such as web services and Hadoop MapReduce.
Controlling the Morphology of Model Conjugated Thiophene Oligomers Through Alkyl Side Chain Length, Placement, and Interactions

We have performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of thiophene-based conjugated oligomers to elucidate how the oligomer architecture, specifically the orientation and density of alkyl side chains extending from the thiophene backbones, impacts the order–disorder temperatures and the various ordered morphologies that the oligomers form. We find that the orientation of side chains along the oligomer backbone plays a more significant role than side chain density, side chain–side chain interactions, or side chain length in determining the thermodynamically stable morphologies and the phase transition temperatures. Oligomers with side chains oriented on both sides of the backbone (“anti”) form lamellae, while oligomers with side chains oriented on one side of the backbone (“syn”) assemble into hexagonally packed cylinders that can undergo a second, lower temperature transition to lamellae or ribbons depending on side chain–side chain interaction strength. The strength of side chain–side chain int...
Quantum dot dispersions in aerogels: a new material for true volumetric color displays

The true volumetric displays project a 3D image within a cube viewable from most of its sides thus providing the ultimate physiological depth cues for countless applications. The ultra-light and highly transparent aerogels may provide the best optical medium for these displays as they can be easily fabricated in the form of a large-volume, low-scattering bulk material. On the other hand, the semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) are a remarkable fluorescent material with optical properties superior to those of conventional materials. QDs dispersed in aerogels hold a promise to become the most efficient display material for volumetric 3D displays. The true volumetric displays described in the literature are built around the concept of two beams exciting the fluorescent material in their intersection. However, the optical properties of QDs are quite different from these of the fluorescent materials proposed for intersecting-beams displays and it may not be feasible to build such displays using QDs. Instead, we are proposing the use of a single focused infrared laser beam to excite a nanostructured material for volumetric color displays consisting of QDs dispersed in a transparent silica aerogel matrix. Presented are the theory and modeling results proving the feasibility of this approach.
Chemical and Bacteriological Changes in Grass Silage During the Early Stages of Fermentation. II. Bacteriological Changes

Summary The results showed that aeration of the forages influenced the bacterial flora and the chemical quality of the silages examined. The majority of the organisms isolated from the silages during the early stages of fermentation were cocci and Gram-negative rods. A few diphtheroids, aerobic bacilli, and pseudomonads were found, but occurred too infrequently to be of importance. Lactobacilli were usually present in high percentages during the late stages of fermentation. Only minor differences were observed in the growth rates and total numbers of viable bacterial cells in good and poor silages, and the percentages of acid-producing bacteria in different crops and cuttings were similar. The streptococci and Gram-negative bacteria were prominent during the initial stages of ensiling. In the poor silages the Gram-negative bacteria reached higher percentages and decreased slower than in the good silages. Streptococci and leuconostocs were observed in the late stages of fermentation. The good silages demonstrated a typical sequence in that the cocci, with the exception of the pediococci, and Gram-negative rods disappeared and the high acid-producing lactobacilli predominated. The results emphasized the importance of the cocci during the early stages of ensiling. Favorable pH values were obtained in silages when the cocci were in control of the fermentation. The presence of high numbers of lactobacilli on fresh plants did not necessarily determine the quality of the silage. In the better-quality silages the fermentation was initiated by the streptococci, later supported by the pediococci and leuconostocs, and completed by the lactobacilli. Since the proportions of acid-producing bacteria were not much different in the silages, it is suggested that the deterioration of the aerated silages was a result of substrate depletion which affected the metabolism of the bacteria. When they were unable to produce enough preserving acids the sporeforming anaerobes were able to compete.
Computation of CO2 reactions in buffered body fluids related to chemodetection.

Abstract A compact computation is described for computing the relationship between CO 2 pressure, bicarbonate, and hydrogen ion in buffer solutions. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium mixtures simulating body fluids are analyzed. The principal constraints imposed are specified nonbicarbonate buffer and electroneutrality. The computation compares well with equilibrium data on plasma and brain. Modeling of carbonic anhydrase containing mixtures indicates that only such fluids are capable of reflecting temporal changes at the speed of the respiratory cycle. From any postulated structural model of central chemoreception, it would appear therefore, that the most relevant CO 2 control frequencies may lie below 0.1 of the respiratory rate.
The effect of headgroup class on the conformation of membrane lipids in Acholeplasma Laidlawii: A 2H-NMR study

Abstract [2- 2 H 2 ]Oleic, [2- 2 H 2 ]palmitic, [2- 2 H 2 ]dihydrosterculic and [3- 2 H 2 ]oleic acids were biosynthetically incorporated into the membrane lipids of Acholeplasma laidlawii B. 2 H-NMR spectroscopy and spectral ‘de-Parking” (M. Bloom, J.H. Davis and M.I. Valic, Can. J. Phys., 58 (1980) 1510) were used to study the effect of lipid headgroup class on the conformational order in the vicinity of the C-2 position of the acyl chains of lipids in the liquid crystalline phase. The results indicate that although the orientation and conformations of the membrane lipids in the region of the C-2 position of the chains are qualitatively very similar among the various lipid classes, quantitatively there are some differences, particularly between the glycolipids and the phospholipids. These differences do not exted to the C-3 position. Unlike the headgroup class, the membrane proteins appear to have little if any effect on the molecular ordering of the lipids.
Expression of the third complement component (C3) and carboxypeptidase N small subunit (CPN1) during mouse embryonic development

Complement regulatory proteins prevent excessive complement system activation and deposition, which can lead to host tissue damage, including fetal loss during pregnancy. To further understand the regulation of complement during development, we examined the expression of the complement protein, C3, and the active subunit of carboxypeptidase N (CPN1), the complement anaphylatoxin regulator. RNA and protein analyses indicated that CPN1 expression occurred as early as 8.5 days post coitus (dpc) and continued through birth. At 10.5 and 13.5 dpc, in situ hybridization revealed CPN1 RNA in erythroid progenitor cells. At 16.5 dpc, expression of CPN1 was also detected in hepatocytes. In comparison to CPN1, C3 RNA expression occurred later (after 13.5 dpc). Moreover, C3 expression was limited to the liver erythroid progenitor cells at 16.5 dpc. These results demonstrated that mouse embryos contain RNA and protein for both C3 and CPN1, and CPN1 expression precedes that of C3 by several days.
Children's Ability to Demonstrate Music Concept Discriminations in Listening and Singing:

This study examined the relationship of grade level to children s ability to make musical discriminations when elements are presented simultaneously. Children enrolled in first through fifth grade were subjects for this study (N = 669). A listening test designed to assess the subjects' ability to discriminate and label contrasting musical characteristics related to tempo and articulation within single- and double-discrimination contexts was administered following a brief instructional period. A smaller sample of children (n = 60) then completed a singing task in which they were required to perform a familiar song to demonstrate varied combinations of the two musical elements. Results of the listening test indicated significant main effects for grade, characteristic, and type of discrimination, with significant interactions. Subjects were significantly more successful with single discriminations than double discriminations, and mean scores for tempo were significantly higher than for articulation, particul...
Promoting the Computational Science Initiative (ProCSI)

PROmoting the Computational Science Initiative (ProCSI) Summer Program is a six day pre- college engineering program for high school students who come from ethnic groups that are traditionally underrepresented in engineering. The ProCSI program is designed to attract outstanding high school students to the College of Engineering at UW Madison. Students become part of a pre-collegiate community that will explore the excitement and rigors of engineering and collegiate life through participation in hands-on labs, industry and undergraduate seminars, graduate research presentations, college preparation workshop, lab tours, undergraduate admissions presentations, and social activities. Students will go through a lab sequence focused on Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Computer Science, Computational Science, and Engineering Applications, respectively.
Children's Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Techniques to Reduce Fear from Mass Media

Abstract In two separate studies, children reported on their perceptions of the effectiveness of various strategies for reducing fright reactions to mass media stimuli. Three age groups were involved: preschool, 3 to 5 years; early elementary school, 6 to 7 years; and older elementary school, 9 to 11 years. The studies revealed that the perceived effectiveness of cognitive strategies, such as “tell yourself it's not real,” increased with age, whereas that of noncognitive strategies, such as “get something to eat or drink,” decreased with age. The differential effectiveness of the two types of strategies had been predicted on the basis of cognitive developmental differences among the groups. Specifically, developmental increases were assumed in the ability to distinguish fantasy from reality, in the ability to modify one's own thought processes, and in functional cognitive capacity. Methodological differences between Study 1 and Study 2 demonstrated that younger children's “yea-saying” tendencies can be circumvented by employing forced choices between pairs of alternative strategies. Both studies also revealed that scary television shows and movies are quite popular among children and that fright reactions to such offerings are prevalent.
DETERMINATION OF THE ACCURACY AND EFFICIENCY OF GENETIC REGRESSION

Genetic regression (GR) is an application of genetic algorithms to the problem of producing optimal calibration models by wavelength selection. GR has been shown to provide excellent calibration models under many conditions that typically result in poor calibration models with the use of other multivariate techniques. In this study, GR is applied to the calibration of the components of a ternary mixture with the use of near-infrared spectroscopic data. To determine how close GR comes to the true global optimum, a random search of the possible solutions was performed and the distribution of the solutions' predictive abilities determined. Through this study it has been determined that GR is capable of searching through extremely large search spaces and eliminating over 99.9999% of the unsuitable solutions in a matter of minutes. GR is also capable of finding multiple solutions of similar quality, something not available in many other calibration techniques. Comparison with results from partial least-squares (PLS) is also included.
Is the 'Athlete's Heart' arrhythmogenic?: Implications for Sudden Cardiac Death

Whether the ventricular hypertrophic response to athletic training can predispose to fatal ventricular dysrhythmias via mechanisms similar to that of pathological hypertrophy is controversial. This review examines current information regarding the metabolic and electrophysiological differences between the myocardial hypertrophy of heart disease and that associated with athletic training. In animal studies, the biochemical and metabolic profile of physiological hypertrophy from exercise training can largely be differentiated from that of pathological hypertrophy, but it is not clear if the former might represent an early stage in the spectrum of the latter. Information as to whether the electrical remodelling of the athlete's heart mimics that of patients with heart disease, and therefore serves as a substrate for ventricular dysrhythmias, is conflicting. If ventricular remodelling associated with athletic training can trigger fatal dysrhythmias, such cases are extraordinarily rare and thereby impossible to investigate by any standard experimental approach. Greater insight into this issue may come from a better understanding of the electrical responses to both acute bouts of exercise and chronic training in young athletes.
Reduction of Metabolic Cost during Motor Learning of Arm Reaching Dynamics

It is often assumed that the CNS controls movements in a manner that minimizes energetic cost. While empirical evidence for actual metabolic minimization exists in locomotion, actual metabolic cost has yet to be measured during motor learning and/or arm reaching. Here, we measured metabolic power consumption using expired gas analysis, as humans learned novel arm reaching dynamics. We hypothesized that (1) metabolic power would decrease with motor learning and (2) muscle activity and coactivation would parallel changes in metabolic power. Seated subjects made horizontal planar reaching movements toward a target using a robotic arm. The novel dynamics involved compensating for a viscous curl force field that perturbed reaching movements. Metabolic power was measured continuously throughout the protocol. Subjects decreased movement error and learned the novel dynamics. By the end of learning, net metabolic power decreased by ~20% (~0.1 W/kg) from initial learning. Muscle activity and coactivation also decreased with motor learning. Interestingly, distinct and significant reductions in metabolic power occurred even after muscle activity and coactivation had stabilized and movement changes were small. These results provide the first evidence of actual metabolic reduction during motor learning and for a reaching task. Further, they suggest that muscle activity may not explain changes in metabolic cost as completely as previously thought. Additional mechanisms such as more subtle features of arm muscle activity, changes in activity of other muscles, and/or more efficient neural processes may also underlie the reduction in metabolic cost during motor learning.
Use of decision rules for osteoporosis prevention and treatment: Implications for nurse practitioners

Purpose: To describe the current literature regarding the benefits of bone mineral density (BMD) screening and to discuss clinical decision rules for BMD screening. Data sources: Extensive review of the scientific literature regarding osteoporosis, BMD screening, and current clinical decision rules. Conclusions: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by deterioration of bone and increased susceptibility to fractures, crippling, and disfigurement. BMD testing is the best predictor for osteoporosis and associated fractures; however, routine global BMD testing is cost-prohibitive. A need exists for a selective and practical clinical decision rule for referral for testing. Implications for practice: Several effective clinical decision rules are presented, and their uses and applications are described. The osteoporosis self-assessment tool is recommended by the authors because of its predictive power and ease of use.
Intracellular pH Regulation in Primary Rat Astrocytes and C6 Glioma Cells

We used the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF to study intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Both cell types contain three pH-regulating transporters: 1) alkalinizing Na+/H+ exchange; 2) alkalinizing Na+ + HCO3-/Cl- exchange; and 3) acidifying Cl-/HCO3- exchange. Na+/H+ exchange was most evident in the absence of CO2; recovery from acidification was Na+ dependent and amiloride sensitive. Exposure to CO2 caused a cell alkalinization that was inhibited by DIDS, dependent on external Na+, and inhibited 75% in the absence of Cl- (thus mediated by Na+ + HCO3-/Cl- exchange). When pHi was increased above the normal steady-state pHi, a DIDS-inhibitable and Na(+)-independent acidifying recovery was evident, indicating the presence of Cl-/HCO3- exchange. Astrocytes, but not C6 cells, contain a fourth pH-regulating transporter, Na(+)-HCO3- cotransport; in the presence of CO2, depolarization caused an alkalinization of 0.12 +/- 0.01 (n = 8) and increased the rate of CO2-induced alkalinization from 0.23 +/- 0.02 to 0.42 +/- 0.03 pH unit/min. Since C6 cells lack the Na(+)-HCO3- cotransporter, they are an inferior model of pHi regulation in glia. Our results differ from previous observations in glia in that: 1) Na+/H+ exchange was entirely inhibited by amiloride; 2) Na+ + HCO3-/Cl- exchange was present and largely responsible for CO2-induced alkalinization; 3) Cl-/HCO3- exchange was only active at pHi values above steady state; and 4) depolarization-induced alkalinization of astrocytes was seen only in the presence of CO2.