cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing Monolingual Teachers of Multilingual Students: Strategies That Work

Although the K-12 public school system in the United States has witnessed increasing cultural and linguistic diversity in its student population, there is a severe lack of teachers who are fully trained to support those students (Teacher shortage areas nationwide listing: 1990–1991 through 2016–2017 (pp. 1–184). United States Department of Education, 2016; Promoting the educational success of children and youth learning English: Promising futures. Consensus Study Report. National Academies Press, 2017). Regardless of its growingly diverse student population, the US teaching forces remain dominated by white, middle-class, monolingual English-speaking females (Teacher Education Quarterly, 37(2), 115–135, 2010; Preparing white teachers for diverse students. In M. Cochran-Smith, S. Feiman-Nemser, D. J. McIntyre, & K. E. Demers (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education: Enduring questions in changing contexts (pp. 94–106). New York: Routledge, 2008) who are found to be underprepared to support their bi/multilingual students (Multicultural Perspectives, 17(1), 46–52, 2015). In response to the current situation, this chapter introduces three hands-on, practitioner-oriented activities which aim to raise awareness of linguistically responsive instruction (Theory Into Practice, 52(2), 89–97, 2013; Making content comprehensible for elementary English learners: The SIOP model. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2013; Journal of Education, 197(1), 33–40, 2017) and function as helpful resources in preparing monolingual teachers of bi/multilingual students. The nature of the chapter is a research-informed practitioner reflection. The three activities introduced are (1) Field Trip to Bi/Multilingual Communities, (2) Writing without Letter “N,” and (3) Are You Really Monolingual?: Rethinking the Role of Heritage Language. While originally designed with the US context in mind, these activities have the potential to be adapted to cater to the needs of other Anglophone educational settings.
Effects of Age and Travel on National Football League Quarterback Performance: A Correlational Study

Background: Long-distance travel is common for professional athletes; thus, the impact of jet-lag on athletic performance is a relevant topic. Additionally, older individuals take longer to recover from exercise and post-travel fatigue; therefore, it is likely that age and travel affect performance. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of age and travel on NFL quarterback performance. Method: A correlational research design is used to examine the effects of age and travel on NFL quarterback performance. Data were collected from pro-football-reference.com. Quarterback ratings from the 2018 NFL season are analyzed with age, distance traveled, season week, and weeks since the team’s bye week. The interaction of age and distance is also included to examine the impact of the age-distance relationship on performance. Regression analysis is used to predict quarterback ratings. Results: Season week (p = 0.04), weeks since a bye week (p = 0.041), and distance traveled (p = 0.031) have negative effects on quarterback ratings. The age-performance relationship in NFL quarterbacks is non-linear (p = 0.018), with quarterback performance decreasing during an athlete’s 20s and then increasing during an athlete’s 30s. Additionally, ratings of younger quarterbacks decrease with farther distances traveled, while the ratings of older quarterbacks increase with farther distances traveled (p = 0.072). Conclusions: Differences in performance by age with travel may be the result of different severities of jet-lag symptoms experienced by younger and older quarterbacks, as well differences in strategies for managing post-travel fatigue by athletes of different ages.
Comparison of apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, TC/HDL-C, and lipoprotein (a) for predicting outcomes after PCI

Background and aims The Apo B/A1 ratio is a major factor that predicts future cardiovascular outcomes. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein B (Apo B)/apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) is a better predictor of future outcome than the total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio or lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a)) after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore, we performed this study to evaluate the impact of the Apo B/A1 ratio on the patients who achieved LDL-C below 70 mg/dL one year after PCI. Methods We included 448 PCI patients whose LDL-C levels were below 70 mg/dL at follow-up. The Apo B/A1 ratio, TC/HDL-C ratio, and Lp (a) levels were measured at the time of PCI and follow-up, and decreases in these parameters between baseline and follow-up were assessed as potential markers to predict major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs). Results During a median follow-up period of 38.0 months, 115 MACEs were recorded. The tertile with the lowest decrease in the Apo B/A1 ratio (≤ 0.146) showed a lower MACE survival rate compared to the other tertiles. There were no differences in MACE survival rates for the TC/HDL-C ratio or Lp (a) levels. Conclusions The Apo B/A1 ratio had better predictive accuracy for clinical outcomes compared to the TC/HDL-C ratio and Lp (a) level. A lower decrease in the Apo B/A1 ratio may be a residual risk factor for MACEs in patients who have reached LDL-C levels below 70 mg/dL after PCI.
Examining the effect of discrimination and stigma on utilization of mental health services among college students.

BACKGROUND Even though onset of three-quarters of mental disorders occurs by age 25, few young adults seek help for their mental health needs. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship of discrimination and stigma of mental illness on the help-seeking behavior for mental health among college students. METHOD Undergraduate students (N = 557) at a Midwestern university were surveyed online. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was conducted using STATA15. RESULTS College students reporting higher discrimination were more likely to seek help for mental health services (OR = 1.04, CI = 1.01-1.06), after controlling for all covariates. Students with higher personal stigma reported lower odds of help-seeking behavior (OR = 89, CI = .80-.97). Students with higher perceived public stigma did not have an independent significant association on help-seeking behavior initially, but full model revealed a significantly association (OR = 1.02, CI = .99-1.05). CONCLUSION Developing targeted interventions addressing discrimination and stigma of mental illness is critical among college students.
Academic libraries as community resource partners for entrepreneurs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide examples and best practices of an academic library’s strategy of collaborating with community agencies in assisting community entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper reflects on the evolution of a new service role for an academic library in providing outreach to community entrepreneurs and is limited to the best practices and lessons learned of one academic library. Findings – This conceptual paper reflects on an academic library’s outreach strategy for assisting community entrepreneurs; collaboration with community agencies is featured as a best practice with examples and lessons learned. Originality/value – A recent national study of academic business librarians’ outreach to entrepreneurs has established collaboration with community agencies as an effective service strategy. This conceptual paper reflects on the use of this strategy in a specific academic library’s outreach efforts to community entrepreneurs.
Structure and function of A1 adenosine receptors.

The A1 adenosine receptor is the best characterized of the widely distributed purinergic receptor family. The purified brain A1 receptor is a monomeric 35- to 36-kDa glycoprotein. A1 receptors can be clearly distinguished from A2 adenosine receptors on the basis of structure activity relationships with selective ligands. Recent structure activity data suggest that subtypes of A1 (A1a, A1b, and A3) and A2 (A2a and A2b) receptors may exist. A1 receptor-mediated responses are coupled via multiple pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP binding proteins (G proteins) to many different effectors in various tissues: adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, Na+- Ca2+ exchange, Ca2+ channels, Cl- channels, and K+ channels. The formation of calcium-mobilizing inositol phosphates can either be enhanced or inhibited. In general, adenosine has been found to act in concert with other hormones or neurotransmitters in either an inhibitory or a stimulatory way. The myriad modulatory actions of adenosine suggest that: 1) adenosine may si...
Crushing Consent Under the Weight of Expectations

Dr. Grady and colleagues (2015) develop a compelling case for broad consent as an ethically appropriate approach to consent for secondary uses of tissue samples obtained through research. However, ...
Cuban Success Reexamined: Women’s Role Changes and Contributions to the Cuban Household

Scholars who have written about the Cuban success story tend to tell it from a man’s perspective. By using only this voice, scholars overlook the differences between Cuban and American society for women, while neglecting the importance of gender in the transition experience. This mixed methods study examines how the role of Cuban women immigrants changed and how these changes contribute to both family and individual success. Through interviews, this project chronicles the experiences of Cuban women and their newly emerging roles. Findings indicate that when Cuban men came to the United States, they maintained the same role that they had in Cuba, while Cuban women reported more freedom, more access to education, and more opportunities to work outside the home. These differences let Cuban women contribute to the educational achievement of their children while providing additional income to the household.
Receptor and Hybrid Modeling Tools

Practical and economical plans to reduce air pollution require models that relate the sources of airborne pollution to concentrations at sampling sites. In receptor models, samples of airborne pollution are subjected to extensive chemical analysis. Contributing sources leave chemical fingerprints in the sample. The amount of pollution coming from each source can be estimated if the chemical fingerprints of the sources are known. Thus, receptor models do not require any knowledge of emission rates or meteorological observations that are very important to atmospheric dispersion models. However, receptor models do rely on the observed concentrations of chemical species in the atmosphere. These species must be conserved during transport between the source and the receptor. Chemical elements are good candidates for receptor modeling since these are often immutable under ordinary conditions and relatively easily measured. Keywords: receptor models; hybrid model; source apportionment; sector apportionment
Security of Web Application and Services and Service-Oriented Architectures

Service Oriented Architecture, or SOA, can help organizations integrate heterogeneous systems, provide for increased reuse of software assets, provide multichannel access to common components, and describe ways to build distributed systems, while reducing complexity and increasing interoperability. Seen as a natural outgrowth of previous software design paradigms, the key distinguishing characteristic it has is facilitating interoperability between distributed software components. As an architectural style for designing software SOA does not mandate one implementation choice over another. While there are many realizations of these principles the most pervasive implementation choice for SOA is Web services. This narrative will discuss the various technical specifications and standards that have been developed to help secure web services. It will also discuss security concerns and potential vulnerabilities associated with SOAs, including possible lack of information about what lies behind SOA interfaces, identity and authentication issues, federated trust management, end-to-end security needs, policy specification and policy enforcement issues, and interoperability related to security issues. Keywords: SOA; security; web services; trust; identity; interoperability; standards
Adsorption of sulfate and chloride ions on aluminum

Abstract Radioactive labeling method, electrochemical techniques and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to study sulfate and chloride adsorption/incorporation at the passive films on pure aluminum in 0.1 mol dm −3 NaClO 4 containing sulfate or chloride ions. We found that the anion adsorption was pH dependent and occurred over a broad electrode potential range. Under open-circuit conditions, the adsorption of sulfate anion is controlled by solution pH, surface charge and the stability of the aluminum-oxide film. The surface concentration of chloride is smaller than that of sulfate and also depends on pH, but slightly. The degree of adsorption irreversibility between the two anions is different, most likely due to a dissimilar extent of the incorporation of sulfate and chloride in the oxide film. We demonstrate that the relative amount of irreversibly bonded sulfate increases with the solution pH and exposure time. Under well-controlled potential conditions, the sulfate coverage increases with the electrode potential until the passive film breakdown occurs. When aluminum undergoes pitting, sulfate removal from the surface is observed. In contrast to sulfate, the surface coverage of chloride increases with anodic polarization even above the pitting potential. The cathodic polarization reduces both the sulfate and chloride coverage due to the high local pH and the destabilization of the passive film.
Lessons learned from the semantic translation of healthcare data

Healthcare data provides a wealth of information that can be used to study and improve patient outcomes. Electronic Medical Records and other sources of healthcare data are often managed in relational database system and archived using modern data warehousing techniques. Contemporary semantic database technology has many advantages over traditional database systems; however, the utility of the semantic data can be limited if the data is not converted properly from a tabular representation. There are a variety of tools which will naively convert tabular data into a Resource Description Format semantic graph. Without proper guidance from the operator, the tools will generate a semantically weak database which doesn't have the necessary richness for semantic analysis. This paper describes the conversion process for two healthcare databases, with the goal of creating a robust dataset for semantic analysis. The “lessons learned” from this process are detailed in order to serve as a resource for other biomedical researchers and clinicians interested in generating a useful semantic dataset from their own relational databases.
The influence of an affective curriculum on the cognitive performance of four and five year olds

Forty-eight four and five year old children enrolled in the Honey Tree Child Developmental Center, Spartanburg, South Carolina, were divided into two groups of 24Ss each based upon pre-treatment ABC Inventory test scores using a matched pairs procedure. ExperimentalSs were given a special program of affective training experiences known as the Magic Circle Preschool/Kindergarten curriculum. The structured affective training procedure took place for three months duration, 20 minutes each day. The control subjects also had a 20 minute daily break from their usual routine but the break was spent in doing informal, unstructured activities. Except for the special 20 minute daily period the children were given no differential treatment and did not function as separate groups. A post-test of the ABC inventory was administered. Statistical analyses revealed that both groups significantly improved over time, but also that the experimental group was clearly superior to the control group in achievement.
Tetrahydrocannabinol treatment suppresses growth restriction of Legionella pneumophila in murine macrophage cultures.

Abstract Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen which readily grows in human and guinea pig macrophages and in peritoneal exudate macrophages from A/J mice. Macrophage cultures capable of supporting the growth of Legionella can be used to test the potency of biologically active substances suspected of modulating host mechanisms of resistance to infection. Accordingly, this model was used to evaluate the influence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on macrophage resistance to infection with an intracellular pathogen. Pretreatment of the macrophages with THC in the concentration range of 2.5 μg/ml (8 μM) to 5.0 μg/ml (16 μM) had little if any effect on the ability of the macrophages to either ingest or support the replication of Legionella . However, THC treatment of cells following Legionella infection resulted in increased numbers of bacteria recoverable from the macrophage cultures. Stimulation of the macrophage cultures with the activating agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was effective in reducing the ability of Legionella to grow in the cells. However, treatment of the LPS activated macrophages with THC resulted in greater growth of the Legionella in the cultures, indicating that the drug abolished the LPS induced enhanced resistance. These results demonstrate that THC treatment of macrophages following infection rather than before infection with Legionella promotes the replication of the bacteria within the macrophages. In addition, drug treatment suppresses the growth restricting potential of macrophages activated by LPS.
Comments on unitarity and the possible origins of the baryon asymmetry of the universe

Some observations are made regarding certain consequences of unitarity and their implications for the baryon asymmetry of the universe. The validity of two theorems of Toussaint, Treiman, Wilczek, and Zee is discussed.
COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDIES OF FINITE TEMPERATURE CONFORMATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM IN ALANINE-BASED PEPTIDES

Conformational equilibria in two poly-alanine and one lysine-doped poly-alanine peptide, [Ala8]+, [Ala16]+, and [Ac−(AAAAK)3A−NH2]3+, respectively, has been examined in both gas and water solution ...
Prescriptive music: sounding our transitions.

t e v p i a w b A t fi p u a i p i o hen referring to the death of an individual, some of the principal historical documents of Western medicine mploy a beautiful word that reflects ovement: transitus. The scribes who rote the customaries for the 11th Cenury Benedictine monastery of Cluny in rance did not so much favor the Latin orir to refer to the patient, community, r physician experience of death. Instead, hey used a lyrical word that emphasized hange: transitus. When one of us comes r goes, an entire community changes; the ynamic presence or the absence of each nique human being changes everyone nd everything. For that reason, our clinial records have always employed the ame language. We say, “John Smith made is transitus at 9 o’clock this evening.” The urpose of this column, Transitus, will be o introduce a diverse readership to many ifferent faces and practices within thanaology, the art and science of death and ying. To that end, we will have the privlege of introducing to you over time, owever briefly, the works of many differnt physicians, nurses, social workers, haplains, clinicians, and educators. Howver, today, I’ll write about something I now personally, from many years of exerience: music-thanatology. Music-thanatology is a contemplative ractice with clinical applications and has een pioneered all over the world through he clinical and educational programs of he Chalice of Repose Project. We are now ntering our 32nd year of work, bringing rescriptive music to the bedside of the ying. During these 3 decades, we have een able to attend many thousands of ying patients with voice and harp in evry possible psychosocial setting: in hospials, long-term-care facilities, hospices, onastic infirmaries, parishes, reserva-
Effects of Deformation Twinning on Energy Dissipation in High Rate Deformed Zirconium

The posit that deformation twinning can result in energy storage is examined by measuring the temperature increase of zirconium during adiabatic compression at high strain rates and correlating the response with the resulting microstructure. After examining the underlying assumptions of homogeneous deformation via microscopy and numerical modeling, it is determined that the occurrence of twinning does not correlate with significant energy storage relative to dissipation, and the appearance of storage may be caused by inhomogeneity in the deformation.
Do Satellite Data Portals Today Reach Out to Diverse End Users Around the World

T he space-based vantage of Earth-observing satellites to solve some of the world’s otherwise fundamentally intractable problems is well known. For example, from understanding the global distribution of precipitation, energy, and water cycling to predicting transboundary water fluxes, satellites have been promoted as the only means available for our sparsely instrumented Earth. While most Earthobserving satellite missions have a science-oriented goal, the applied-science value for decision making at tactical or strategic time scales is equally convincing. However, Internet data portals for satellite missions available today do not seem to be making an impact on diverse end users as large as that already made on the scientific community. In a recent end-user training workshop titled “Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing for Water Resources” [held in December 2012 in Bangladesh to introduce existing and emerging satellite missions such as the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) missions], end users were found unaware of the many highly evolved satellite data portals already in existence because these Internet portals were not as highly visible in the Google search engine as the archaic ones.
Force output during fatigue with progressively increasing stimulation frequency.

Abstract There is currently a controversy over whether stimulation frequencies should increase or decrease to optimize force output over time. This study compared changes in thenar muscle force and M-wave amplitude during progressively increasing (20–40Hz), decreasing (40–20Hz) and constant (20Hz) frequency stimulation of the median nerve continuously for 3min. Twenty-three individuals participated in three sets of experiments. There was no significant difference in the force–time integrals between the three fatigue tasks. The rate of fatigue was not correlated to the number of stimulation pulses delivered (20Hz: 3600, 20–40 and 40–20Hz: 5400). All fatigue tasks caused a significant reduction in M-wave amplitude and the reduction was largest for the 20–40Hz protocol. However, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the M-wave amplitude could not predict the changes in force over time for the 20Hz or 20–40Hz protocols. Thus during sustained evoked contractions with stimulation frequencies within the physiological range, frequencies can vary significantly without changing the overall force–time integral.
Testing hypotheses about determinants of protein structure with high-precision, high-throughput stability measurements and statistical modeling.

Statistical modeling provides the mathematics to use data from large numbers of mutant proteins to generate information about hypotheses concerning protein structure not easily obtained from anecdotal studies on small numbers of mutants. Here we use the unfolding free energies of 303 unique eglin c mutant proteins obtained from high-precision, high-throughput chemical denaturation measurements to assess models concerning helix stability. A model with helix propensity as the sole determinant of stability accounts for 83% of the mutant-to-mutant variation in stability for 99% of the mutant proteins (three outliers). When position effects and side chain-side chain interactions are added to the model, the fraction of variation explained increases to 92%. The propensity parameters in this model are identical to helix propensity values derived from other approaches. Measurement error accounts for another 1% of the mutant-to-mutant variation in stability. While the data support terms for several of the expected stabilizing/ destabilizing effects, it does not support terms for several others, including i, i + 3 effects in the center of the helix and helix-dipole effects. In addition, the model does better with terms for several stabilizing/ destabilizing effects for which we cannot identify the physical basis. The precision of our unfolding stability measurements (′0.087 kcal/mol) allows us to conclude that the 7% of variation in stabilities of the mutant proteins not accounted for by the model or by measurement variation is both real and large with respect to the nonpropensity terms in the model. The analysis also shows that the common practice of using C m m a v instead of C m m m u t to calculate ΔG H O H , N - D values for each mutant protein results in a loss of information. We see no correlation between the residuals derived from the full model and m m u t - m w t , and hence it is unlikely our m m u t values reflect mutant-to-mutant differences in the denatured state.
The effect of mercury on the establishment of Pinus rigida seedlings and the development of their ectomycorrhizal communities

Abstract Metals are toxic to both plants and fungi, and elevated soil metal concentrations have been documented to change the structure of ectomycorrhizal communities. Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic metal and inhibits the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) in axenic culture. However, the effects of Hg on the growth of tree seedlings and the development of their ECMF communities have not been explored. In the current study, Pinus rigida seedlings were planted in soil amended with 0–366 μg g −1 Hg and incubated for 5 months. Survival and growth of P. rigida seedlings was determined, and their ECMF communities were characterized by morphotype analysis. Seedling survival declined with increasing Hg additions, although no reduction in growth was detected among surviving seedlings. The addition of 88 μg g −1 Hg to soil more than halved the total ectomycorrhizal colonization of root tips and reduced both richness and diversity of root tip morphotypes, while lower Hg additions did not significantly affect ECMF community composition relative to the no Hg control. This suggests that changes in the community of ECMF may occur in contaminated soils before any aboveground effects on surviving seedlings are noticeable, potentially altering the contribution of ECMF to the fitness of established host plants.
Myocardial Viability and Revascularization

Cardiovascular MRI can assess multiple markers of myocardial viability in a single examination. Its accuracy is at least equivalent to, if not superior to, that of other currently available noninvasive imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography. The greater spatial resolution afforded by cardiovascular MRI, especially with the delayed-enhancement MRI (DE-MRI) technique, combined with the breadth and depth of correlative pathologic data, makes cardiovascular MRI a particularly powerful tool for detecting viable and irreversibly damaged myocardium. A wealth of clinical data exist, including data from multicenter efforts, to establish DE-MRI as a new gold standard in myocardial viability assessment. As the high accuracy and broad scope of DE-MRI are recognized, the technique will gain wider clinical use for analysis of dysfunctional myocardium and be integrated into the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.
Quality control of measurements&#8212;Measurement assurance

The ability to relate individual measurements to nationally accepted standards is a requirement of traceability. This paper discusses a perspective in which the goals of traceability are viewed in terms of performance requirements on measurement quality as reflected in a statement of uncertainty.
Inguinal anatomy and retropubicvascular hazards of the ilioinguinal approach

Abstract The ilioinguinal approach continues to be a powerful tool in the operative management of certain acetabulum fractures. Surgical manipulation of the inguinal canal and retropubic regions necessitates a thorough understanding of the anatomy of this region. Detailed information regarding the inguinal canal incision and the retropubic anastomotic vascular systems is presented.
Merger as a Trigger for Cultural Change in the Retail Financial Services Sector

As providers of financial services aim to reduce costs and satisfy increasingly articulate customers, growth through acquisition or merger appears to provide them with the means to achieve these objectives. A significant aspect of merger is the legacy of cultural integration and the literature is replete with examples of mergers where cultural matters have been poorly managed. This paper argues that merging institutions may find that by matching cultural developments to the dynamics of the environment, significant competitive advantage can be gained. Far from creating dysfunctional turbulence, merger activity might instead provide the necessary trigger to stimulate cultural change.Financial service providers and other merging institutions are advised to extend their horizons beyond achieving, smooth integration to instilling a culture more in tune with the dynamics of the marketplace.
Purification and characterization of an extracellular H2O2-requiring diarylpropane oxygenase from the white rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium☆

An H2O2-requiring oxygenase found in the extracellular medium of ligninolytic cultures of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was purified by DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-disc gel electrophoresis indicated that the purified protein was homogeneous. The Mr of the enzyme as determined by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 41,000. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme indicated the presence of a heme prosthetic group. The absorption maximum of the native enzyme (407 nm) shifted to 435 nm in the reduced enzyme and to 420 nm in the reduced-CO complex. The pyridine hemochrome absorption spectrum indicated that the enzyme contained one molecule of heme as iron protoporphyrin IX. Both CN- and N-3 bound readily to the native enzyme, indicating an available coordination site and that the heme iron was high spin. The purified enzyme generated ethylene from 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid, and oxidized a variety of lignin model compounds, including the diarylpropane, 1-(3'4'-diethoxyphenyl)1,3-dihydroxy-2-(4"-methoxyphenyl)propane (I); a beta-ether dimer, 1-(4'-ethoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)glycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether (V); an olefin, 1-(4'-ethoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1,2 propene (III); and a diol, 1-(4'-ethoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propane diol (IV). The products found were equivalent to the metabolic products previously isolated from intact ligninolytic cultures.
Population Genetic Structure of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) Using Allozymes

Genetic analysis of the population structure of the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, was conducted using allozymes. This vector tick transmits the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner, in the far-western United States. It ranges from British Columbia to Baja California and disjunct populations are present in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. Host-seeking adult ticks were collected from vegetation across the range of the species and were partially fed on rabbits prior to analysis. Twelve putative loci were resolved using starch gel electrophoresis. One locus, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, formed an apparent north/south latitudinal cline and showed significant geographic structure. None of the remaining loci exhibited much genetic differentiation. Estimates of gene flow were high relative to other arthropods. Isolation-by-distance analysis suggests a recent and rapid range expansion. We conclude that the overall lack of differentiation is due high rates of gene flow.
ET-70COMBINATION OF oHSV WITH INTEGRIN β1 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY (OS2966) AUGMENTS oHSV THERAPY

Oncolytic HSV (oHSV) is a biologic therapy currently being tested in patients. We have previously shown that oHSV-induced Cysteine-rich 61 protein (CCN1) binds with integrin α6β1, activating a type 1 IFN-antiviral defense response. oHSV-induced CCN1 induction also increases macrophage infiltration and activation, resulting in increased virus clearance in glioblastoma cells. Integrin β1 is cell surface molecule involved in multiple functions like cellular proliferation, invasion and inflammation. Inhibition of integrin β1 has shown anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical modles of glioma. Furthermore, incorporating the Rembrandt database of the National Cancer Institute, we found integrin β1 expression is negatively associated with glioblastoma patient survival (p value < 0.0001). Interestingly, oHSV infection strongly increased integrin β1 expression (western blot). Based on this, we hypothesized that the combination of oHSV with integrin β1neutralizing antibody (OS2966) will augment oHSV therapy. Combination treatment with OS2966 increased oHSV replication and cell killing. Increased viral replication and cell killing was more obvious in the laminin-coated cells, consistent with integrin β1 signaling pathway. OS2966 treatment strongly inhibited oHSV-induced raw246.7 macrophage cell migration towards infected glioblastoma cells as dose dependent manner (migration assay). Inhibition of integrin β1in glioma cell lines and patient derived primary GSCs significantly increased markers of sensencsence such as enhanced β-gal activity, along with induction of p21, and reduction of phosphorylation of AKT and Rb, indicating that integrin β1 activation is involved in self-renewal, and proliferation. In conclusion, oHSV-induced integrin β1 expression sensitize to OS2966 effect, resulting in enhanced viral replication and inhibition of macrophage migration. Our findings reveal how integrin β1 limits oHSV replication. Our findings also reveal how OS2966, an integrin β1 blocking antibody which has been humanized in anticipation of potential clinical trials, inhibits the innate immune response elicited upon oHSV therapy. The results will lead to the development of a novel oHSV therapeutic strategy.
A presentation of solar radiation data obtained by a spectroheliometer

Abstract An instrument that measures solar radiation has been fabricated and put into operation. This instrument, called a spectroheliometer, continuously records and integrates the sun's radiant power in five selected wavelength intervals, and in addition incorporates a pyrheliometer to measure over-all solar radiation. The individual spectral bands covered are 3095–3260 A, 3410–3630 A, 3865–4150 A, 4420–4900 A, and 5385–6295 A. Spectroheliometer data taken in tests near Miami, Florida, from February 1954 to August 1956 give information concerning the approximate solar power and energy distribution curves and the effects of season, time of the day, meterological conditions, etc., upon them. During a full year of Florida operation the energies received in the individual spectral bands (in order of increasing wavelengths) were 0.195, 1.28, 2.83, 8.41, and 20.37 watt-hours per sq cm. The direct solar-noon power distribution curve obtained in Florida shows good correlation with other published data, but indicates a slightly higher distribution at the longer wayelengths and a need to increase the accepted value of the solar constant from 1.94 cal per min per sq cm. A comparison made between Detroit, Michigan and Miami, Florida sunshine reveals an interesting phenomenon called “solar twinkle,” an irregular repetitive variation in solar radiation reaching the ground which is thought to be due to excessive foreign particles in the atmosphere and or some form of atmospheric turbulence.
Incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in children.

Objective To determine the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in children. Design National survey mailed to 234 members of 4 pediatric-specific health care databases. Participants A total of 55 questionnaires were returned (25% return rate). Fifty-one of the questionnaires were suitable for obtaining prevalence data and 40 were suitable for obtaining incidence data. Results The pressure ulcer incidence rate was 0.29% and the prevalence rate for 1998 was 0.47%. Many of the contributing factors cited by participants mirrored those seen in adult patients with pressure ulcers. Conclusion Under the National Institutes of Health guidelines, children can be excluded from pressure ulcer studies that include subjects above age 21 because of the rarity of pressure ulcer development in the pediatric population. However, separate pediatric pressure ulcer studies should be conducted to determine best-practice models for children with pressure ulcers.
Functional group content of soil and sedimentary humic acids determined by CP/MAS 13C NMR related to conditional Zn2+ and Cd2+ formation constants

Abstract Cross polarization/magic angle spinning 13 C NMR spectra, with varying dipolar dephasing times, were obtained for seven humic acids from a variety of terrestrial soil and aquatic sedimentary sources. Interpretation of the spectra revealed differences in functional group content, such as an enrichment in amino acid groups in the lignin-poor sedimentary samples relative to lignin-rich sedimentary and soil samples. Plots of the natural log of signal intensity above 100 ppm versus dipolar dephasing time, were used to measure the degree of aromatic substitution in each humic acid. The percentage of non-protonated aromatic carbon (relative to total aromatic carbon) ranged from 49% to 62% for the lignin-poor humic acids, while the values for lignin-rich samples were consistently higher and ranged from 64% to 86%, indicating a greater degree of aromatic substitution of the lignin-rich humic acids relative to the lignin-poor humic acids. In addition, conditional formation constants for each humic acid with Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ were evaluated by the use of Scatchard plots and the modified gel filtration technique. The sedimentary humic acids constants and this may be due to the higher amino acid content of these samples. Within a humic acid category (lignin-rich or lignin-poor), the samples with greater degrees of aromatic substitution were characterized by higher conditional formation constants, which may be due to a chelation effect.
Periodic enzyme synthesis: reconsideration of the theory of oscillatory repression.

Abstract The period of oscillation in a negative feedback loop is shown to be much longer than the half-life of the most stable element of the loop. This places a severe constraint on the theory that stepwise increases in enzyme activity are caused by periodic repression of enzyme synthesis.
DNA strand breaks, oxidative damage, and 1-OH pyrene in roofers with coal-tar pitch dust and/or asphalt fume exposure

Objective: To determine the potential for asphalt fume exposure to increase DNA damage, we conducted a cross-sectional study of roofers involved in the application of roofing asphalt. Methods: DNA strand breaks and the ratio of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) to 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) were measured in peripheral blood leukocytes of roofers. In addition, urinary excretion of 8-OHdG and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF) was also measured. The study population consisted of 26 roofers exposed to roofing asphalt and 15 construction workers not exposed to asphalt during the past 5 years. A subset of asphalt roofers (n=19) was exposed to coal-tar pitch dust (coal tar) during removal of existing roofs prior to applying hot asphalt. Personal air monitoring was performed for one work-week to measure exposure to total particulates, benzene-soluble fraction of total particulates, and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Urinary 1-OH-pyrene levels were measured as an internal biomarker of PAC exposure. Results: Full-shift breathing zone measurements for total particulates, benzene-solubles and PACs were significantly higher for coal-tar exposed workers than for roofers not exposed to coal tar. Similarly, urinary 1-OH-pyrene levels were higher in coal-tar exposed roofers than roofers not exposed to coal tar. Total particulates or benzene-soluble fractions were not associated with urinary 1-OH-pyrene, but PAC exposure was highly correlated with urinary 1-OH-pyrene. When stratified by 1-OH-pyrene excretion, DNA strand breaks increased in a dose-dependent manner, and leukocyte 8-OHdG/dG decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Significant changes in DNA damage appeared to be linked to PACs from coal-tar exposure, although asphalt fume alone was associated with a small but significant increase in urinary 1-OH-pyrene and DNA strand breaks. Conclusions: Results are consistent with previous reports that asphalt or coal-tar exposure can cause DNA damage. Urinary 8-epi-PGF remained relatively constant during the week for virtually all subjects, regardless of exposure indicating that neither asphalt nor coal-tar exposure induces an overt oxidative stress. A small, but statistically significant increase in 8OHdG was evident in end-of-week urine samples compared with start-of-week urine samples in roofers exposed to coal-tar. The increase in urinary 8OHdG coupled with the decrease in leukocyte 8-OHdG/dG, suggests that coal-tar exposure induces protective or repair mechanisms that result in reduced levels of steady-state oxidative-DNA damage.
The effect of N-acetylaspartate on the intracellular free calcium concentration in NTera2-neurons.

Abstract We have studied the effect of relatively high concentrations of extracellular N -acetylaspartate (NAA) on the intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca 2+ ] i in NTera2-neurons. While low concentrations of extracellular NAA (0.1, 1 mM) had no effect on the [Ca 2+ ] i , high concentrations of extracellular NAA (3, 10 mM) eliceted sharp and statistically significant elevations of [Ca 2+ ] i . Different classes of antagonists of the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor abolished the NAA induced elevations of the [Ca 2+ ] i , indicating the involvement of the NMDA receptor in NAA-induced elevations of [Ca 2+ ] i .
Optimization of an Aerobic Polishing Stage To Complete the Anaerobic Treatment of Munitions-Contaminated Soils

The addition of an external carbon source to allow the creation of anaerobic conditions for the remediation of soils contaminated with nitroaromatic compounds has been successfully applied to soils...
Role of the Connecting Peptide in Insulin Biosynthesis

In single-chain insulins (SCIs), the C terminus of the insulin B-chain is contiguous with the N terminus of the A-chain, connected by a short bioengineered linker sequence. SCIs have been proposed to offer potential benefit for gene therapy of diabetes (Lee, H. C., Kim, S. J., Kim, K. S., Shin, H. C., and Yoon, J. W. (2000) Nature 408, 483–488) yet relatively little is known about their folding, intracellular transport, or secretion from mammalian cells. Because SCIs can be considered as mutant proinsulin (with selective shortening of the 35-amino acid connecting peptide that normally includes two sets of flanking dibasic residues), they offer insights into understanding the role of the connecting peptide in insulin biosynthesis. Herein we have explored the relationship of the linker sequence to SCI biosynthesis, folding, and intracellular transport in transiently transfected HEK293 or Chinese hamster ovary cells or in stably transfected AtT20 cells. Despite previous reports that direct linkage of B- and A-chains produces a structure isomorphous with authentic two-chain insulin, we find that constructs with short linkers tend to be synthesized at lower levels, with a significant fraction of molecules exhibiting improper disulfide bonding. Nevertheless, disulfide-mispaired isoforms from a number of different SCI constructs are secreted. While this suggests that a novel folded state goes unrecognized by secretory pathway quality control, we find that misfolded SCIs are detected at higher levels in Chinese hamster ovary cells with artificially activated unfolded protein response mediated by inducible overexpression of active ATF-6. Such a maneuver allows analysis of more seriously misfolded mutants with further foreshortening of the linker sequence or loss (by mutation) of the insulin interchain disulfide bonds.
Protein and Oil Discount/Premium Price Structure and Soybean Cultivar Selection Criteria

(...) We evaluated profitability of different soybean cultivars under the assumption that farmers were paid a premium/discount based on the protein and oil content of the grain. Trade-offs between yield per acre and price per bushel may exist if a sufficiently large difference in price per bushel is paid because of genetic differences in protein and oil content among cultivars. Soy oil and meal prices vary over time and the unknown future price of each of these commodities might require soybean breeders and farmers to speculate on the ratio of soyoil to meal when selecting cultivars (...)
Feeding Value of Pressed Brewers’ Grains for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Pressed brewers’ grains were substituted for ground corn and soybean meal at 0, 20, 30, and 40% of ration dry matter and fed to 20 lactating dairy cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square. periods were 4 wk with data collection during last 2 wk. Dry matter intake was suppressed on 40% pressed brewers’ grains diet, but 4% fat-corrected milk yield was the same for all diets. Apparent increase in efficiency of conversion of energy to milk by the cows on the higher brewers’ grains can be explained by greater losses of body weight by cows on these diets. At 40% of dry matter intake, the pressed brewers’ grains resulted in a higher molar proportion of rumen acetate and lower molar proportion of propionate. No effects were apparent on dry matter or crude protein disappearance from dacron bags suspended in the rumen of cows receiving the four diets. Water kinetics in the cows were not affected greatly by the diets except as influenced by difference in dry matter intake.
Genetic variability and reproductive effort in Polygonum pensylvanicum

Six populations of the annual plant Polygonum pensylvanicum were analysed for isozyme variability and reproductive effort. The populations were found to be similar in both their isozyme constituents and in their mean reproductive efforts. Mean reproductive effort did not correlate with mean population heterozygosity nor did individual reproductive effort correlate with individual heterozygosity. Polygonum pensylvanicum exhibits several of the features which have been predicted for weedy plant species.
Adaptive m-ary segmentation and canonical recoding algorithms for multiplication of large binary numbers

We propose a variable-length segmentation strategy which significantly reduces the average number of additions required by the m-ary segmentation and the canonical recodiing algorithms for multiplication of large binary numbers. This strategy produces two new algorithms: the adaptive m-ary segmentation algorithm utilizes both the speedup inherent in high-radix multiplication and the ability to skip zero bits; the adaptive m-ary segmentation canonical recoding algorithm gains additional benefit from the increased probability of zero after the canonical recoding. The average number of additions required is computed using Markov chains.