cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A common high molecular weight antigen of Babesia bovis isolates from Mexico.

Cattle from an area of Mexico endemic with Babesia bovis infections have a dominant antibody response to a 152 kDa antigen of the Tamaulipas strain of B. bovis. A mAb termed PB/5, showing a specific reactivity to this 152 kDa antigen in Western blots, was identified. The mAb which reacted with the blunt end of B. bovis in an indirect fluorescent antibody test also reacted to a 152 kDa antigen in two other isolates (Nuevo Leon and Yucatan), and a 175 kDa antigen in the Huasteca B. bovis isolate from Mexico. Polyclonal monospecific sera from a calf inoculated with mAb-affinity purified 152 kDa antigen (Tamaulipas strain) identified B. bovis by the indirect fluorescent antibody test and two antigens of B. bovis (65 kDa and 152 kDa) in Western blot. Since the epitope reacting to the mAb PB/5 is conserved, this antigen provides a basis for developing a diagnostic test or an immunogen.
Can a urologic nurse contribute to management of secondary impotence in an office setting

A practicing urologist with a properly trained nurse can form a dual (male, female) sex therapy team. We have found that such a team will improve sexual history-taking from both partners, provide a more holistic approach to patient management, help avoid certain misdiagnoses, and improve case selection for penile surgery. A nurse can assist with the workup, preoperative and postoperative care, counseling, and if so trained, the actual surgery.
Intraoperative management of distal tracheal rupture with selective bronchial intubation

Patients with tracheal rupture present a considerable challenge to the anesthesiologist. The most important aspect in anesthesiology in such cases is to maintain oxygenation and ventilation without compromising surgical repair. We report a case of a woman who suffered a chemical perforation of the carina and left bronchus after ingesting hydrochloric acid during a suicide attempt. We describe the intraoperative management strategies, with emphasis on the use of bilateral bronchial intubation to provide selective lung ventilation. Alternative modes of ventilation and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass are discussed.
Patients’ pelvic goals change after initial urogynecologic consultation

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the effect of initial urogynecologic consultation on the number and type of patient goals. Study Design Charts of women who underwent initial urogynecology consultation were reviewed. Patient goals were collected before and after their consultation. Investigators categorized goals into 6 categories. Category and number of goals were compared before and after their first visit. Predictors of change and clinical associations were assessed. Results Sixty-three women with a mean age of 53 (range, 18-83) years reported a total number of 313 goals. The number of patients' postconsultation goals was higher than the number of preconsultation goals, (median of 3 ± 1.2 vs 2 ± 1.2, respectively; P P P P Conclusion Urogynecologic consultation affects patients' goals. It is important to reassess goals following initial consultation.
Depot fluphenazine and plasma prolactin.

Abstract 1. 1. In 14 schizophrenic patients, prolactin levels are studied in relation to dosage of depot fluphenazine and gender of patient. 2. 2. Prolactin levels in individual patients are similar across injection cycles. 3. 3. For males, the association between fluphenazine dosage and prolactin level was found to be significant (Spearman rho = .925, p
A perturbation technique for parameter identification in distributed structures

Structures are often characterized by parameters, such as mass and stiffness, that are spatially distributed. Parameter identification of distributed structures is subject to many of the difficulties involved in the modeling problem, and the choice of the model can greatly affect the results of the parameter identification process. Analogously to control spillover in the control of distributed-parameter systems, identification spillover is shown to exist as well and its effect is to degrade the parameter estimates. Moreover, as in modeling by the Rayleigh-Ritz method, it is shown that, for a Rayleigh-Ritz type identification algorithm, an inclusion principle exists in the identification of distributed-parameter systems as well, so that the identified natural frequencies approach the actual natural frequencies monotonically from above.
The effects of EMG biofeedback on strength acquisition

This study investigated the effectiveness of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback in maximizing strength gains and integrated electromyographic (IEMG) levels of the quadriceps muscle group resulting from an isokinetic exercise program. Twenty-one male volunteers recruited from physical education classes at a large southwestern university were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatment groups: (1) a biofeedback (BF) trained group, (2) a deception (DEC) trained group, and (3) a nonfeedback (NF) trained group. Subjects were trained and tested for strength by extension on a Cybex Isokinetic Exercise Machine at a speed of 30 degrees per second. Training sessions were performed three times per week for five weeks; pretest and posttest data were based on the best score of three trials of a 1-RM maximum effort. A pretraining to posttraining comparison indicated significant increases in strength (p less than .001) and IEMG levels (p less than .001) for all treatment groups when a paired t test was applied to the data. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that the BF trained group showed significantly greater peak torque values than DEC and NF trained groups (p less than .01) and produced significantly greater IEMG levels than the NF trained group (p less than .05). Overall, these results were taken as supporting the hypothesis that a training program of combined isokinetics and EMG biofeedback produces significant gains in maximal force and IEMG activity of leg-extensor muscles.
Lacunar pyrochlore-type tungsten oxides as humidity-sensing materials

Abstract The humidity-sensing characteristics of lacunar pyrochlore-type tungsten oxides containing small cations were investigated. Pyrochlore-type tungsten oxides having the general formula ( M 2 O ) x WO 3 zH 2 O , where M = H + , Li + , Na + , Ag + and NH 4 + , were prepared by hydrothermal reaction followed by ion exchange. The sensing elements were fabricated by screen printing the oxides on top of a pair of comb-shape electrodes or between 2 electrode layers. It was found that the hydrogen form of the pyrochlore-type tungsten oxide (H-pyroWO 3 ) has the lowest resistivity, whereas the lithium form (Li-pyroWO 3 ) produced the best linearity between the relative humidity and the logarithm of its resistance. The sensors showed good durability and reproducibility for detecting changes in relative humidity in the range 5–95%. The response time of the sensor for 90% of the total impedance change ( T 90 ) is about 2 min for both adsorption and desorption processes.
Reduced left ventricular cavitary activity ("black hole sign") in thallium-201 SPECT perfusion images of anteroapical transmural myocardial infarction.

Abstract Apparently reduced left ventricular (LV) cavitary thallium activity in both planar and tomographic perfusion images has been previously observed by these and other investigators. With single-photon emission computerized tomography, we have clinically noted that this “black hole sign” was associated with an aneurysm in the setting of a transmural anterior or anteroapical perfusion defect. We have now prospectively studied the etiology and predictive value of this sign in 84 consecutive patients with an anterior, anteroapical transmural perfusion defect. Of the 84 patients, 49 had both LV aneurysm (confirmed by contrast ventriculography, echocardiography or gated blood pool studies) and a black hole sign. Only 1 patient with an aneurysm did not have the black hole sign, and 2 without aneurysm did. Thus, it is concluded that this sign is highly accurate in diagnosing LV aneurysm. Because thallium-201 single-photon emission computerized tomography imaging is often performed as one of the first diagnostic tests soon after myocardial infarction, this has important clinical management implications.
Effects of nystatin-mediated intracellular ion substitution on membrane currents in calf Purkinje fibres

1. Calf cardiac Purkinje fibres were exposed briefly to the ionophore nystatin to promote exchange of caesium for intracellular potassium. The effects of Cs loading were stable for at least 30 min, but they could be reversed by nystatin-mediated K loading. 2. After Cs loading, the resting potential shifted to about -20 mV and the current—voltage relationship showed a strong inhibition of inwardly rectifying K channels. 3. Anodal break stimulation evoked normal action potential upstrokes and twitch contractions. The early repolarization (phase 1) was markedly slowed. 4. Cs loading simplified the pattern of current changes evoked by step depolarizations over the plateau range. Membrane current reached an inward peak and then declined monotonically. 5. The current signal showed no hint of the transient outward current found in untreated or K-loaded preparations. Furthermore, Cs loading abolished the outward tails associated with deactivation of transient outward current, and occluded the blocking effect of the K-channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine. 6. Inhibition of transient outward current revealed a maximal inward current of about 5 μA/μF in 5·4 mM-Cao, which is considerably larger than the net inward current without Cs loading. 7. The inward current was attributed to Ca channels on the basis of its sensitivity to membrane potential, extracellular Ca, D600, Mn and Cd. 8. Cs loading also reduced slow current changes associated with delayed rectification and pace-maker depolarization. 9. The results support the hypothesis that the transient outward current is carried by K+ ions, while providing a method for unmasking inward Ca current.
Diffractive corrections to the cosmological redshift formula.

We calculate the exact frequency redshift for fields coupled to gravity in Robertson-Walker backgrounds. The exact redshift factorizes and is proportional to the naive Doppler shift times a term representing diffractive effects. These diffractive corrections can be large for field modes with wavelengths on the order of the horizon size. Implications for cosmological density perturbations are discussed.
Fatigue Detection System Based on Kalman Filtering and Dynamic Template

In order to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents, it did detailed analysis and further research on fatigue detection system.this system include face detection, eye detection, eye tracking. During the eye detection, it proposed a new approach based on Kalman filtering and dynamic template. And then it did experiments on the detection rate, the PERCLOSs numerical value and the speed. Experiment results show that the detection results can meet the demand of practice. It turns out that this system can meet the demand of basic practice, has an extensive application field.
Spatial patterns in wet and dry deposition of atmospheric mercury and trace elements in central Illinois, USA

An intensive 1-month atmospheric sampling campaign was conducted concurrently at eight monitoring sites in central Illinois, USA, from June 9 to July 3, 2011 to assess spatial patterns in wet and dry deposition of mercury and other trace elements. Summed wet deposition of mercury ranged from 3.1 to 5.4 μg/m(2) across sites for the total study period, while summed dry deposition of reactive mercury (gaseous oxidized mercury plus particulate bound mercury) ranged from 0.7 to 1.6 μg/m(2), with no statistically significant differences found spatially between northern and southern sites. Ratios of summed wet to summed dry mercury deposition across sites ranged from 2.2 to 4.9 indicating that wet deposition of mercury was dominant during the study period. Volume-weighted mean mercury concentrations in precipitation were found to be significantly higher at northern sites, while precipitation depth was significantly higher at southern sites. These results showed that substantial amounts of mercury deposition, especially wet deposition, occurred during the study period relative to typical annual wet deposition levels. Summed wet deposition of anthropogenic trace elements was much higher, compared to summed dry deposition, for sulfur, selenium, and copper, while at some sites summed dry deposition dominated summed wet deposition for lead and zinc. This study highlights that while wet deposition of Hg was dominant during this spring/summer-season study, Hg dry deposition also contributed an important fraction and should be considered for implementation in future Hg deposition monitoring studies.
A Comparison of Four High School Guidance Programs in Terms of Four Criteria

Problem: To compare the effectiveness of four guidance programs, using criteria of student satisfaction, appropriateness of level of post-high-school educational goals, progress toward goals, and self-knowledge of academic abilities. High schools selected for study were similar with respect to non-guidance factors related to criteria, but variable with respect to minimum amount of counseling provided, use of teachers in the guidance program, and use of group procedures. 1,193 seniors enrolled in the schools during 1960–1961 provided original and two-year follow-up questionnaire data regarding attitudes toward guidance, use of counseling, educational plans, and self-knowledge of academic abilities. On the satisfaction criterion, results favored schools which provided (1) regularly-scheduled group activities, (2) full-time counselors, and (3) differential group activities for students with differing academic abilities (p ≤ .05). On other criteria, trends rather consistently favored the same schools.
Operating speeds and volume-to-capacity ratios: the observed relationship and the fold catastrophe

Abstract The basic theoretical structure of the relationship between the operating speed and the volume to capacity ratio is presented. It is shown that this relationship involves one of the elementary catastrophes suggested by Thom, and specifically the fold catastrophe.
Enhancement of phase sensitivity by exploring slow light in photonic crystals

We demonstrate how dramatic increases in the induced phase shifts caused by small changes in the index of refraction can be achieved by using very slow group velocities of light, which are readily achievable in photonic crystal systems. Combined with the fact that small group velocity greatly decreases the power requirements needed to operate a device, enhanced phase sensitivity may be used to decrease the size and power requirements of many devices, including switches, routers, all-optical logical gates, wavelength converters, etc. We demonstrate how these advantages can be used to design switches smaller than 20*200 square microns in size, using readily available materials, and at modest levels of power. With this approach, one could have "4O such devices on a surface 2*2 square cm, making it an important step towards large-scale all-optical integration.
In Vitro Absorption of Triethanolamine Through Human Skin

The human skin penetration of triethanolamine (TEA) was measured using in vitro diffusion cell techniques. [14C]TEA was applied to viable skin in an oil-in-water emulsion containing TEA stearate as an emulsifying agent to simulate cosmetic exposure. The percent of the applied dose of TEA absorbed into the receptor fluid was similar with both 1% and 5% TEA formulations. Absorption of TEA was reduced by lowering the pH of the formulation, presumably due to the increased ionization of TEA. Absorption of TEA into the receptor fluid (1% formulation, pH 7.0) was 0.43% of the applied dose in a 24 h study. Substantial amounts of TEA remained in the skin at the end of the study (9.4% of dose), but only minimal amounts diffused into the receptor fluid when the collection time was extended to 72 h in separate studies. The amount of TEA remaining in skin at the end of the 24 h studies should not be included in estimates of systemic absorption.
Automating the process of obtaining signal-to-crosstalk ratio in dilated Benes networks

Crosstalk is a major concern in optical switching networks made of 2 X 2 electro-optical switches such as Dilated Benes Networks (DBNs). One of the important performance parameters of these optical architectures is SXR (Signal-to-Crosstalk Ratio). The paper proposes ways to automate the process of obtaining crosstalk ratios and their related characteristics. This paper contains two parts. The first part is an algorithm to obtain the crosstalk ratios of each and every switch in a DBN. These results can be used to calculate the SXR of the network or to detect and locate switches with excessive crosstalk. In the second part, we present a feasible way to configure a network to obtain an approximate value of its worst-case SXR. The difference between the actual and the approximate worst-case SXR values is almost negligible, while the complexity involved in obtaining the actual worst-case SXR can be prohibitively high.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Links between Electrical and Optical Fatigue in Pb (Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films

Switchable polarization can be significantly suppressed in ferroelectric (FE) materials by electrical or optical processes. Electrical suppression can occur by subjecting the FE to repeated polarization reversals; optical suppression can occur while biasing the FE near the switching threshold and illuminating with bandgap light. A link between the two processes in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin film capacitors is demonstrated by showing a relationship between the amount of the suppressed polarization induced by the two methods. This observation suggests that the optical method may be a useful, simple, and time-saving probe of a material's susceptibility to fatigue. These results further support the view that polarization suppression in PZT thin films induced by electrical fatigue largely involves electronic charge trapping.
Intelligent support system for continuous improvement in a dynamic manufacturing environment

Abstract In a dynamic competitive environment where consumer demands are getting more sophisticated and technology advancement is very fast, a firm that can quickly improve its workforce's skill level to match the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology will gain a competitive edge. This paper discusses how expert system technology should be modified and integrated with conventional analytical techniques like statistical estimation, pattern recognition, parameter estimation, etc., to provide on-line assistance to less experienced production operators, as well as to provide off-line support of continuous learning and the accumulation of experiences. A new paradigm that integrates the fault-tree (AND-OR graph) and the flow chart is developed. It is shown how such a paradigm can be applied to various applications in the production process, and how it can play an important role in the continuous learning process which will increase the speed of the workforce's skill improvement and production performance.
Optimal systems: III. Muscle

The optimal systems approach to the muscular system leads to difficulties since the properties of the muscular system are determined to a great extent by the nature of the contractile unit or molecule. This unit has determined the morphology and dynamic characteristics of muscle, and only smaller order alterations are then possible to adapt muscle to its several functions. A model of the contractile unit is developed that shows agreement with experimental findings with respect to the velocity-load relation, heat effects, and several aspects of knowledge of the structure of the contractile proteins.
A Peptide-Based Positron Emission Tomography Probe for In Vivo Detection of Caspase Activity in Apoptotic Cells

Purpose: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can be leveraged as a surrogate measure of response to therapeutic interventions in medicine. Cysteine aspartic acid–specific proteases, or caspases, are essential determinants of apoptosis signaling cascades and represent promising targets for molecular imaging. Here, we report development and in vivo validation of [ 18 F]4-fluorobenzylcarbonyl–Val–Ala–Asp(OMe)–fluoromethylketone ([ 18 F]FB-VAD-FMK), a novel peptide-based molecular probe suitable for quantification of caspase activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). Experimental Design: Supported by molecular modeling studies and subsequent in vitro assays suggesting probe feasibility, the labeled pan-caspase inhibitory peptide, [ 18 F]FB-VAD-FMK, was produced in high radiochemical yield and purity using a simple two-step, radiofluorination. The biodistribution of [ 18 F]FB-VAD-FMK in normal tissue and its efficacy to predict response to molecularly targeted therapy in tumors was evaluated using microPET imaging of mouse models of human colorectal cancer. Results: Accumulation of [ 18 F]FB-VAD-FMK was found to agree with elevated caspase-3 activity in response to Aurora B kinase inhibition as well as a multidrug regimen that combined an inhibitor of mutant BRAF and a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in V600E BRAF colon cancer. In the latter setting, [ 18 F]FB-VAD-FMK PET was also elevated in the tumors of cohorts that exhibited reduction in size. Conclusions: These studies illuminate [ 18 F]FB-VAD-FMK as a promising PET imaging probe to detect apoptosis in tumors and as a novel, potentially translatable biomarker for predicting response to personalized medicine. Clin Cancer Res; 20(8); 2126–35. ©2014 AACR .
Variation Aware Routing for Three-Dimensional FPGAs

To maximize the potential of three-dimensional integrated circuit architectures, 3D CAD tools must be developed that are on-par with their 2D counterparts. In this paper, we present a statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) engine designed to deal with both the uncorrelated and correlated variations in 3D FPGAs. We consider the effects of intra-die and inter-die variation. Using the 3D physical design tool TPR as a base, we develop a new 3D routing algorithm which improves the average performance of two layer designs by over 22% and three layer designs by over 27%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first physical design tool to consider variation in the routing and timing analysis of 3D FPGAs.
CTH15-6: Efficient ABER Analysis of Bandlimited Cooperative Communication under Time Synchronization Errors

Distributed multiple-input-multiple-output system (e.g., inter-cluster communication via cooperating nodes in a wireless network) is a topic of emerging interest. Much of previous studies assume perfect synchronization among cooperating nodes and identically distributed communication links. Such assumptions are rarely valid in practical operating scenarios. This paper develops an efficient analytical framework for computing average bit error rate of a distributed multiple-input-single- output (MISO) space-time coded system with intersymbol interference (due to imperfect location predictions and clock jitters between cooperating nodes, as well as the choice of data pulse shaping filters) over generalized fast fading channels. We show that under certain conditions distributed MISO system can outperform perfectly synchronized single-input-single-output (SISO) system.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast minicircle DNA isolated from whole blood lysates: diagnosis of chronic Chagas' disease.

A 6 M guanidine-HC1/0.2 M EDTA solution was used to lyse and store whole blood specimens. DNA stored in guanidineEDTA-blood (GEB) lysate was found to be undegraded after incubation at 37°C for 1 month, suggesting that this represents an appropriate reagent for transport of blood samples from the field to a laboratory for analysis. Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA in GEB lysate can be cleaved using the chemical nuclease, 1,10-phenanthroline-copper ion (OP-Cu 2+ ). This procedure liberates linearized minicircle molecules from network catenation, distributing them throughout the lysate, and allowing a small aliquot of the original lysate to be analyzed by PCR amplification. This increases the sensitivity of the method dramatically for the detection of small numbers of trypanosomes in a large volume of blood. DNAs isolated from aliquots of T. cruzi-positive GEB lysates were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified with 3 sets of T. cruz#specific kDNA minicircle primers, yielding the 83-bp and 122-bp conserved region fragments and the 330-bp variable region fragments. The PCR products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and/or hybridization. Results indicate that a single T. cruzi cell in 20 ml of blood can be detected by this method. Blood samples from several chronic chagasic patients were tested. Amplification of T. cruzi kDNA minicircle sequences was obtained in al cases, even when xenodiagnosis was negative. This PCR-based test should prove useful as a replacement or complement for xenodiagnosis or serology in clinical and epidemiological studies of chronic Chagas' disease.
Childhood motocross truncal injuries: High-velocity, focal force to the chest and abdomen

Objectives To review the need for operative intervention and critical care services for motocross truncal injuries in children. Design cohort Retrospective review of patients identified via the hospital trauma registry. Setting Our Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center serves five motocross tracks. These patients require frequent medical care for injuries. Participants All patients ≤17 years of age with truncal injuries sustained during motocross activities, between 2000 and 2011, were identified through the trauma registry. Primary and secondary outcome measures Operative intervention, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay, morbidity and demographics were reviewed. Results Motocross injured 162 children. Thirty (18.5%) were thoracic or abdominal injuries. Operative intervention was required in eight (27%) patients. Mean injury severity score (ISS) was 11.8. ICU admission was required in 50% and average hospital length of stay was 4.1 days. The most common injuries include pulmonary contusion, pneumothorax, spleen and liver lacerations. 13% of subjects suffered truncal injury from motocross on more than one occasion. Conclusions Paediatric motocross-related truncal injuries are significant. Surgical intervention is required in 27% of patients. The lower ISS incurred from motocross combined with high surgical and ICU admission rates suggests focal high-impact injuries to the chest and abdomen. Despite significant injury, 13% of motocross patients suffer recurrent injuries. Parents and children need injury prevention education.
Real-time face-priority auto focus for digital and cell-phone cameras

Auto-focus (AF) has been a key feature in consumer level digital and cell-phone cameras allowing users to focus automatically on a particular plane in a scene in order to get a sharp image. Face priority AF has become of interest lately due to the fact that most pictures captured by consumers are of human faces. In face-priority AF, the focusing decision is made based on a detected face area in the image, thus capturing a sharp picture of the face. While many face detection algorithms exist in the literature, very few of them are actually suitable for real-time software deployment on resource limited digital or cell-phone camera processors. In this paper, a fast face-detection algorithm is introduced by combining a skin color model cluster with a computationally efficient shape processing scheme. Comparison results with a standard algorithm in terms of robustness, speed and accuracy are provided. This face detection algorithm is incorporated into our previously developed rule-based AF method to achieve real-time face-priority AF on an actual digital camera platform.
A Revised Evolutionary History of the CYP1A Subfamily: Gene Duplication, Gene Conversion, and Positive Selection

Members of cytochrome P450 subfamily 1A (CYP1As) are involved in detoxification and bioactivation of common environmental pollutants. Understanding the functional evolution of these genes is essential to predicting and interpreting species differences in sensitivity to toxicity caused by such chemicals. The CYP1A gene subfamily comprises a single ancestral representative in most fish species and two paralogs in higher vertebrates, including birds and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis of complete coding sequences suggests that mammalian and bird paralog pairs (CYP1A1/2 and CYP1A4/5, respectively) are the result of independent gene duplication events. However, comparison of vertebrate genome sequences revealed that CYP1A genes lie within an extended region of conserved fine-scale synteny, suggesting that avian and mammalian CYP1A paralogs share a common genomic history. Algorithms designed to detect recombination between nucleotide sequences indicate that gene conversion has homogenized most of the length of the chicken CYP1A genes, as well as the 5′ end of mammalian CYP1As. Together, these data indicate that avian and mammalian CYP1A paralog pairs resulted from a single gene duplication event and that extensive gene conversion is responsible for the exceptionally high degree of sequence similarity between CYP1A4 and CYP1A5. Elevated nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution ratios within a putatively unconverted stretch of ∼250 bp suggests that positive selection may have reduced the effective rate of gene conversion in this region, which contains two substrate recognition sites. This work significantly alters our understanding of functional evolution in the CYP1A subfamily, suggesting that gene conversion and positive selection have been the dominant processes of sequence evolution.
Temporal Dynamics of Growth and Photosynthesis Suppression in Response to Jasmonate Signaling

Biotic stress constrains plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Repression of photosynthetic genes is a conserved plant response to biotic attack, but how this transcriptional reprogramming is linked to changes in photosynthesis and the transition from growth- to defense-oriented metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of noninvasive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technology and RNA sequencing to determine the effect of the defense hormone jasmonate (JA) on the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and gene expression of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosette leaves. High temporal resolution was achieved through treatment with coronatine (COR), a high-affinity agonist of the JA receptor. We show that leaf growth is rapidly arrested after COR treatment and that this effect is tightly correlated with changes in the expression of genes involved in growth, photosynthesis, and defense. Rapid COR-induced expression of defense genes occurred concomitantly with the repression of photosynthetic genes but was not associated with a reduced quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These findings support the view that photosynthetic capacity is maintained during the period in which stress-induced JA signaling redirects metabolism from growth to defense. Chlorophyll fluorescence images captured in a multiscale time series, however, revealed a transient COR-induced decrease in quantum efficiency of photosystem II at dawn of the day after treatment. Physiological studies suggest that this response results from delayed stomatal opening at the night-day transition. These collective results establish a high-resolution temporal view of how a major stress response pathway modulates plant growth and photosynthesis and highlight the utility of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for revealing transient stress-induced perturbations in photosynthetic performance.
Inequality and Industrial Wage Change in Brazil

This paper focuses on two questions. First, how did inequality in the industrial wage structure of Brazil evolve from 1985 to 1995? Second, what is the relationship between these dynamics and economic policy? We display the evolution of wage inequality in Brazil and relate this evolution to changing macroeconomic conditions. Our analysis suggests that there is a strong relation between rising inequality and the restructuring of the Brazilian economy that occurred in the middle 1980’s.
Challenges in Stable, High-Capacity Optical Communication Networks

When envisioning the 10-year horizon, there are certain laudable goals that may be pursued, such as higher capacity, efficiency, stability, reconfigurability, flexibility, and security. Specifically, it might be desirable for an efficient and robust future optical network to provide the following functions: (a) optical performance monitoring for enabling self-management of the physical layer of the network, (b) reconfigurability to accommodate a convergence of different types of data traffic over the same network, and (c) "smart" optical signal processing to complement electronic techniques. Within these three themes, this presentation will describe how integrated optics might be employed towards realizing these functions.
Preferential interaction of the mRNA proofreading factor TFIIS zinc ribbon with rU.dA base pairs correlates with its function.

The transcriptional factor TFIIS helps overcome elongation barriers and enhances proofreading by RNA polymerase II. These TFIIS functions may be modulated by the TFIIS zinc ribbon domain through interactions with nucleic acids in the elongation complex. Within this zinc ribbon domain, the dipeptide sequences Asp261-Glu262 and Arg276-Trp277 have been shown to be critical for its function by mutant analysis. The sequence Asp261-Glu262 has been suggested to participate in metal binding within the RNA polymerase II active site. We now show that the sequence Arg276-Trp277 interacts with nucleic acids through a combination of electrostatic and stacking interactions. The interaction of the indole side chain of the tryptophan residue with nucleic acid bases is demonstrated by a characteristic and reversible decrease in the zinc ribbon fluorescence intensity as a function of oligonucleotide concentration. These interactions are salt sensitive (maximum interaction at 200 mM and no interaction at 500 mM NaCl), suggesting that the tryptophan stacking with nucleic acid base accompanies electrostatic contacts. The oligonucleotide-zinc ribbon interactions exhibit small but significant base preferences, as shown by the dependence of Keq on base composition, with decreasing Keq in the order U > T > A > C >> G. Within the variety of homopolymeric single- and double-stranded deoxy- and ribooligonucleotides, the oligonucleotide rU12-18.dA20 exhibited a 2-6-fold binding preference relative to other oligonucleotides. This preferential binding of the zinc ribbon to sequences composed of rU.dA base pairs, which are generally associated with elongation blocks, may help in overcoming elongation barriers. Since the mRNA proofreading and enhancement of elongation involve cleavage of ribonucleotide of the mismatched pair and the weakly paired rU.dA nucleotides, but not the stably paired rC.dG nucleotides, we propose that the Arg276-Trp277 sequence in the TFIIS zinc ribbon may serve as a scanner connected to the transcript cleavage apparatus for weakly paired or mismatched nucleotides by employing indole ring stacking with the bases as a criterion of determining their subsequent removal. The striking similarity in preference for mismatched and weakly paired nucleotides for binding and for excision suggests a functional relationship between binding and cleavage reactions.
Anisoplanicity studies within NGC6871

Images corrected with adaptive optics benefit from an increase in the amount of flux contained within the diffraction-limited core. The degree of this correction is measured by the Strehl ratio, equal to the ratio of the maximum observed intensity to the maximum theoretical intensity. Natural guide star adaptive optics systems are limited by the need for a guide star of adequate magnitude within suitable proximity to the science target. Thus, the above-described benefit can only be obtained for objects over a fraction of the total sky. Two nights of imaging the central region of the open star cluster NGC6871 with the Palomar Adaptive Optics System has supplied measurements of the Strehl ratio for numerous stars within the field. These measurements were used to calculate K band isoplanatic angles of 39 arcseconds (UT 1999 May 31) and 50 arcseconds (UT 1999 August 1). These isoplanatic angles are compared to those derived from Kolmogorov atmospheric theory, and their implications for adaptive optics systems are discussed.
Examining the Effectiveness of a Community‐Based Self‐Help Program to Increase Women's Readiness for Smoking Cessation

This study investigated the effectiveness of two components of a smoking cessation intervention: a reading manual and a series of televised programs. Female smokers in the Chicago metropolitan area with a high school education or less were interviewed at 4 different times: baseline, immediate postintervention, and 6 and 12 months. We examined the effects of several baseline measures (race, age, number of cigarettes smoked, and stage of readiness to change) and exposure to the intervention components on subsequent stage of change. Race, baseline smoking rate, baseline stage, and exposure to both intervention components had direct effects on stage at immediate postintervention, with both intervention components increasing readiness to quit. Furthermore, exposure to the manual interacted with baseline stage, such that the manual benefited women at earlier stages more than women at later stages. Effects of both components were sustained at 6 months, and the effects of the manual were sustained at 12 months.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from Ru(II) bipyridylphosphonic acid complexes adsorbed to mesoporous TiO2/ITO electrodes

Ru(II) diimine complexes having phosphonic acid substituents adsorb to TiO2 modified ITO electrodes and exhibit electrogenerated chemiluminescence when potentiostated at positive voltages in the presence of oxalate in buffered aqueous solutions.
Salient variables for treatment research of adolescent alcohol and other substance use disorders.

Aims To seek a level of uniformity and consistency in the type of data or variables collected to allow cross-study comparison and ease in meta-analyses of adolescent treatment studies. Design The rationale for adoption of such a core set of variables for adolescent treatment research, the main categories and specific types of variables, methods for collecting these variables, including the use of specific instruments are reviewed and discussed. Findings There is a relatively small number of adolescent treatment outcome studies. Between studies, there are highly variable methodologies, including differences in how outcome or treatment success is measured, differences in ascertainment in substance use, differences in the measurement of non-substance use variables such as social and academic functioning, poor follow-up rates and a lack of comparison groups in many studies. Conclusions Differences in the types and collection of baseline and outcome variables and the need to achieve some level of uniformity across adolescent substance use disorders (SUD) treatment studies suggest that investigators interested in adolescent treatment outcome research should develop a set of ‘core variables’ that are relatively consistent, or at least comparable, across studies.
Aerobically generated CO2stored during early exercise

Previous studies have shown that a metabolic alkalosis develops in the muscle during early exercise. This has been linked to phosphocreatine hydrolysis. Over a similar time frame, the femoral vein ...
Online Higher Education: Beyond the Hype Cycle †

When two Silicon Valley start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, embarked in 2012 on a bold effort to supply college-level courses for free over the Internet to learners worldwide—regardless of whether they were enrolled in a traditional college or university—the notion of the Massively Open Online Course (MOOC) captured the nation’s attention. The Harvard- and MIT-based non-profit edX quickly joined the field. Reporters and analysts debated not so much whether MOOCs would transform the landscape of higher education, but only how quickly they would do so—and how many existing universities, if any, would survive the onslaught. But while the leading MOOC firms remain in business, they have had their struggles, as start-ups often do. Rather than posing an imminent threat to traditional universities, MOOCs now seem like an example of what the consulting firm Gartner (n.d.) calls the “hype cycle,” which follows a five-step process of initial trigger, inflated expectations, and trough of disillusionment, before reaching the more productive, final stages of “slope of enlightenment” and “plateau of productivity,” when the technology’s broad applicability leads to widespread mainstream adoption. In the case of MOOCs, the inflated expectations include predictions that
Depletion of selenium in blood, liver and muscle from beef heifers previously fed forages containing high levels of selenium

Beef heifers which had grazed 'Jose' tall wheatgrass (TWG; Thinopyrum ponticum var. 'Jose'; 10 heifers) and creeping wildrye (CWR; Leymus triticoides var. 'Rio'; 10 heifers) with high levels of Se (>2 mg/kg DM) due to growth in saline soils, accumulated high Se levels in blood, liver and muscle (Juchem et al., 2012). We determined the decrease in Se levels in blood, liver and muscle from these heifers, particularly the decrease of Se in muscle, in order to determine the maximum feeding length of a low Se diet (LSeD) required sustaining Se-enriched beef. Immediately after grazing, all heifers were fed a LSeD containing <0.30 mg/kg DM for 209 d. Blood, liver and muscle samples, as well as body weight (BW), were collected at the beginning and end of the LSeD feeding period and at intermediate times. After grazing, CWR and TWG heifers had similar BW, but TWG heifers had higher levels of Se in whole blood (1.19 versus 0.81 mg/L), liver (2.67 versus 2.12 mg/kg wet weight (WW)), and muscle tissue (0.87 versus 0.63 mg/kg WW) than CWR heifers. The Se levels decreased with exposure time to the LSeD and, at 82 d of feeding the LSeD, Se levels were 77 (liver), 49 (blood) and 31% (muscle) lower. The BW gains for both groups were ~0.5 kg/d during the first 82 d of feeding, but increased thereafter. Levels of Cu in serum (0.28 versus 0.50 mg/L) and liver (1.14 versus 22.9 mg/kg WW) were lower at the end of grazing in TWG heifers, and suggested a potential Cu deficiency. Grazing forages with high Se levels can result in Se-enriched beef, but a LSeD feeding period of <82 d is required to maintain enrichment.
Downtown Through Time: Delimitation, Expansion, and Internal Growth

(1971). Downtown Through Time: Delimitation, Expansion, and Internal Growth. Economic Geography: Vol. 47, Festschrift for Raymond E. Murphy, pp. 121-135.
Growth and Stabilization of Hot Spots in Microwave Heated Ceramic Fibers

Recently the heating of a thin ceramic cylinder in a single mode applicator was modeled and analyzed assuming a small Biot number and a known uniform electric field through out the sample. The resulting simplified mathematical equations explained the mechanism for the generation and growth of localized regions of high temperature. The results predicted that a hot-spot, once formed, will grow until it consumes the entire sample. Although this phenomenon is seen in some experiments, others show that the hot-spot stabilizes and moves no further. A new model is proposed which incorporates the dependence of the thermal conductivity and the effective heat transfer coefficient upon temperature, and the nonuniformity of the electric field along the fiber axis. The resulting simplified mathematical equations indicate that these effects may stabilize the growth of hot-spots.
Regulation of mitochondrial genome replication by hypoxia: The role of DNA oxidation in D-loop region

Mitochondria of mammalian cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Although mtDNA copy number can fluctuate dramatically depending on physiological and pathophysiologic conditions, the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial genome replication remain obscure. Hypoxia, like many other physiologic stimuli that promote growth, cell proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis, uses reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules. Emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia-induced transcription of nuclear genes requires controlled DNA damage and repair in specific sequences in the promoter regions. Whether similar mechanisms are operative in mitochondria is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that controlled oxidative DNA damage and repair in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome are required for mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription in hypoxia. We found that hypoxia had little impact on expression of mitochondrial proteins in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, but elevated mtDNA content. The increase in mtDNA copy number was accompanied by oxidative modifications in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome. To investigate the role of this sequence-specific oxidation of mitochondrial genome in mtDNA replication, we overexpressed mitochondria-targeted 8-oxoguanine glycosylase Ogg1 in rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells, enhancing the mtDNA repair capacity of transfected cells. Overexpression of Ogg1 resulted in suppression of hypoxia-induced mtDNA oxidation in the D-loop region and attenuation of hypoxia-induced mtDNA replication. Ogg1 overexpression also reduced binding of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) to both regulatory and coding regions of the mitochondrial genome without altering total abundance of TFAM in either control or hypoxic cells. These observations suggest that oxidative DNA modifications in the D-loop region during hypoxia are important for increased TFAM binding and ensuing replication of the mitochondrial genome.
Clinical Analysis of 36 Children With Kawasaki Disease

Objective To analyze clinical manifestations , diagnosis and treatment measures of 36 children with Kawasaki disease ( KD ) .Methods From September 2007to June 2010 , a total of 36children with KD , at the age from 2-month-old to six-year-old , were admitted to our hospital.We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of the 36children with KD , summarized data of clinical manifestations and treatment measures.They were divided into three groups according to different dose of intravenous immunoglobulin ( IVIG ), group A [ n=8 , 0.4g /( kg · d ) ×3d ], group B [ n=20 , 1g /( kg · d ) ×2d ] and group C [ n=8 , 2g /( kg · d ) ×1d ] .There had no significant difference among three groups on ages , severity of the diseases , and related complications ( P0.05 ) .This study followed procedures with the committee for human trials of the ethical standards , get the commission for approval , group the consent of the subjects of the guardian informed consent , and its clinical research informed agreement signed.Results Fever , hyperaemia of oral and pharynx mucosal , and chap of lips mucosal were the most common signs of KD children. Abnormal rise of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) level , white cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) were the most common abnormalities of laboratory test in the early course.There were significant differences between group A and group B , group A and group C ( P0.05 ), but there had no significant difference between group B and group C ( P0.05 ) .Conclusions Early control of vasculitis are very important to KD , in order to prevent the formation of coronary artery aneurysms ( CAA ) .The IVIG dose at ( 1～2 ) g /( kg · d ) has more powerful antifebrile efficacy.