cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-17-induced NF-κB Activation via CIKS/Act1: PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE AND SIGNALING MECHANISMS*

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is essential in host defense against extracellular bacteria and fungi, especially at mucosal sites, but it also contributes significantly to inflammatory and autoimmune disease pathologies. Binding of IL-17 to its receptor leads to recruitment of adaptor protein CIKS/Act1 via heterotypic association of their respective SEFIR domains and activation of transcription factor NF-κB; it is not known whether CIKS and/or NF-κB are required for all gene induction events. Here we report that CIKS is essential for all IL-17-induced immediate-early genes in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts, whereas NF-κB is profoundly involved. We also identify a novel subdomain in the N terminus of CIKS that is essential for IL-17-mediated NF-κB activation. This domain is both necessary and sufficient for interaction between CIKS and TRAF6, an adaptor required for NF-κB activation. The ability of decoy peptides to block this interaction may provide a new therapeutic strategy for intervention in IL-17-driven autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Comparative Statics and Asset Substitutability/Complementarity in a Portfolio Model: A Dual Approach

This article uses a dual approach to investigate the properties of an n-asset portfolio model. The indirect expected utility and expenditure functions are used to provide an extremely simple derivation of Slutsky equations by obtaining results similar to Roy's Identity and Shephard's Lemma. The substitutability/complementarity relations among assets are investigated, and a number of empirically testable implications are deduced from the properties of the expenditure function.
A synthetic standard DNA construct for use in quantification of murine cytokine mRNA molecules

Abstract A synthetic DNA construct has been developed as a standard molecule whereby murine cytokine mRNA molecules can be quantified by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The construct, designated Cytoquant 1, allows the quantification of murine IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, GM-CSF, CD4, CD8, HPRT and β-actin mRNA levels. This technique is based on the amplification of a transcribed RNA molecule from Cytoquant 1 as an internal standard control in both the RT and PCR reactions. The quantification data from these analyses are expressed in absolute values, i.e. molecules/cell, which allows the data derived from separate experiments to be compared. In this study, mRNAs encoding β-actin, IL-10, IFN-γ and GM-CSF have been quantitated in both Th1 and Th2 cell clones with, and without, stimulation. The quantitative analysis data are highly reproducible and cytokine mRNA concentrations are reflective of restricted cytokine secretion patterns. Furthermore, constitutive cytokine mRNA levels are detectable in resting cells, eliminating the need for exogenous stimulation. The high degree of sensitivity and accuracy make this methodology uniquely suited for the study of T-cell subset cytokine expression in both in vivo and in vitro biological models.
AN APPLICATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO WATER ANALYSIS

Abstract A mathematical methodology is presented that shows potential for the interpretation of infrared spectra through a technique of pattern recognition. A number of water samples and simple alkanes were studied to examine the sensitivity and discriminating qualities of the methodology. With 2500 comparisons each of tap water versus tap water or distilled water versus tap water, the technique performed well in selecting the targeted reagent. The same is true for the comparisons of n-pentane, as the window compound, versus n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane and n-decane. Comparisons of these n-alkanes to n-pentane gave fitting tolerances of 15.3, 21.2, 20.9 and 24.7%, respectively. When n-pentane was compared to itself, the tolerance fit was 2.7%, showing the ease of discrimination. These results suggest that this computer-aided phase space transformation method is sensitive, offers good analytical precision, and is capable of detecting small differences in the infrared spectra of compounds and mixture studi...
Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk.

Strong epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that increasing dietary fiber may help to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. Recent studies have highlighted the role of dietary fiber, particularly water-soluble varieties, in decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Several types of soluble fiber, including psyllium, β-glucan, pectin, and guar gum, have been shown to decrease LDL-C in wellcontrolled intervention studies, whereas the soluble fiber content of legumes and vegetables has also been shown to decrease LDL-C. Current investigations continue to explore this area in depth and examine potential synergies between dietary fiber and other phytochemicals that may lower cholesterol. These studies, along with recent analyses of ongoing prospective cohort studies, have provided new insights into the probable protective role of dietary fiber in the development of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases.
Parallel in-situ data processing with speculative loading

Traditional databases incur a significant data-to-query delay due to the requirement to load data inside the system before querying. Since this is not acceptable in many domains generating massive amounts of raw data, e.g., genomics, databases are entirely discarded. External tables, on the other hand, provide instant SQL querying over raw files. Their performance across a query workload is limited though by the speed of repeated full scans, tokenizing, and parsing of the entire file. In this paper, we propose SCANRAW, a novel database physical operator for in-situ processing over raw files that integrates data loading and external tables seamlessly while preserving their advantages: optimal performance across a query workload and zero time-to-query. Our major contribution is a parallel super-scalar pipeline implementation that allows SCANRAW to take advantage of the current many- and multi-core processors by overlapping the execution of independent stages. Moreover, SCANRAW overlaps query processing with loading by speculatively using the additional I/O bandwidth arising during the conversion process for storing data into the database such that subsequent queries execute faster. As a result, SCANRAW makes optimal use of the available system resources -- CPU cycles and I/O bandwidth -- by switching dynamically between tasks to ensure that optimal performance is achieved. We implement SCANRAW in a state-of-the-art database system and evaluate its performance across a variety of synthetic and real-world datasets. Our results show that SCANRAW with speculative loading achieves optimal performance for a query sequence at any point in the processing. Moreover, SCANRAW maximizes resource utilization for the entire workload execution while speculatively loading data and without interfering with normal query processing.
Gastrojejunal strictures following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity

Background Gastrojejunal strictures following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) present with dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis is made by endoscopy and/or radiographic studies. Therapeutic options include endoscopic dilation and surgical revision.
Understanding self-healing in service-discovery systems

Service-discovery systems aim to provide consistent views of distributed components under varying network conditions. To achieve this aim, designers rely upon a variety of self-healing strategies, including: architecture and topology, failure-detection and recovery techniques, and consistency maintenance mechanisms. In previous work, we showed that various combinations of self-healing strategies lead to significant differences in the ability of service-discovery systems to maintain consistency during increasing network failure. Here, we ask whether the contribution of individual self-healing strategies can be quantified. We give results that quantify the effectiveness of selected combinations of architecture-topology and recovery techniques. Our results suggest that it should prove feasible to quantify the ability of individual self-healing strategies to overcome various failures. A full understanding of the interactions among self-healing strategies would provide designers of distributed systems with the knowledge necessary to build the most effective self-healing systems with minimum overhead.
Correlative analyses of lesion development and functional status after graded spinal cord contusive injuries in the rat.

Abstract The development of both histopathological changes and functional deficits was quantitatively assessed after mild, moderate, and severe spinal cord contusive injuries. The cross-sectional area of the spinal cord at the epicenter (region of maximal damage) and the areas of hemorrhage, lesion, and remaining gray and white matter were determined from 15 min to 8 weeks after injury. From 24 h to 8 weeks after injury, functional deficits were quantified using a combined behavioral score (CBS) based on the results from a number of behavioral tests of function. Regression analysis was used to examine the correlations between the amount of residual white matter and both the severity of contusive impact and the functional deficit over time after injury. The area of hemorhage at 15 min and 24 h was greater in the mild and moderate injury groups than after the severe contusive injury. Significant loss of gray and white matter occurred primarily between 24 h and 1 week after injury along with concomitant increases in the area of lesion. In the mild injury group the rate of lesion development appeared slower than that in the moderate and severe injury groups and significant white matter loss continued to occur between 1 and 4 weeks after injury. Behavioral tests of functional deficit were performed at 24 h and weekly thereafter. The development of stable functional deficits was observed beginning at 3 weeks after injury. There was a significant correlation between residual white matter and the degree of initial injury at 24 h after injury and all subsequent time points. However, a significant correlation between residual white matter and functional deficit, as measured by the CBS, was not observed at 24 h or 1 week but did develop by 4 weeks after injury.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in guinea pig megakaryocytes

Abstract Guinea pig megakaryocytes were isolated to 75–90% purity, incubated with 1- 14 C-arachidonic acid and radioactive metabolites analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Thromboxane B 2 , 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) were the major products identified. Pre-incubation with indomethacin inhibited production of thromboxane B 2 and HHT. Comparison of metabolites produced by megakaryocytes and platelets from the same animals indicated that one megakaryocyte produced 2500–4000 times as much thromboxane B 2 , HHT, or 12-HETE as did a single platelet. These results suggest that isolated megakaryocytes possess the full complement of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities found in circulating platelets.
Coronavirus Infection in Cats

Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that may result in either effusive and noneffusive FIP disease or in subclinical to severe enteritis. Investigators are still unsure of the routes by which strains of coronavirus are transmitted between cats. Excretion of coronavirus by infected cats into the environment occurs by way of feces, oronasal secretions, and, possibly, urine. FIP coronavirus remains stable outside the host for as long as 3 to 7 weeks and is rapidly inactivated by most household disinfectants. Clinical diagnosis of coronavirus infection is made by evaluating the presenting history, physical findings, laboratory results, coronavirus antibody titers, and by excluding analogous disease. The presence of coronavirus antibodies can be used to screen cats for the presence of coronavirus infection and as an adjunct in diagnosing clinical coronavirus infection. A intranasal TS-FIPV vaccine that protects against natural coronavirus challenge is available for healthy cats 16 weeks of age or older.
Teaching qualitative data analysis to graduate students

This article reports the author's experience teaching sociology graduate students how to analyze qualitative data. The course focused on teaching practical skills of defining coding categories, coding text, analyzing coded text, and writing up the results of analysis. The assignments used Qualrus software to give students hands-on practice doing all of these. The course was enthusiastically received and will become a permanent part of the sociology methods course offerings at American University.
Accumulating evidence for a genetic link between epilepsy and neurodegenerative disease

*Departments of Biology & Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; john-manak@uiowa.edu
Social status does not predict responses to Seoul virus infection or reproductive success among male Norway rats

Trade-offs exist among life history strategies that are used to increase survival and reproduction; such that, males that engage in more competitive behaviors may be more susceptible to infection. Hantaviruses are transmitted horizontally between rodents through the passage of virus in saliva during wounding and male rodents are more likely to be infected with hantaviruses than females. To determine whether a trade-off exists between dominance and susceptibility to Seoul virus infection, male Long Evans rats were group housed (3/cage) with a female rat and aggressive and subordinate behaviors were monitored during a 10 day group housing condition. After behavioral testing, males were individually housed, inoculated with Seoul virus, and blood, saliva, and fecal samples were collected. Dominant males initiated more aggressive encounters than subordinate males. Dominant and subordinate males, however, had similar steroid hormone concentrations, anti-Seoul virus IgG responses, and weight gain over the course of infection. A similar proportion of dominant and subordinate males shed virus in saliva and feces during infection. Using microsatellite DNA markers paternity was assigned to pups derived during the group housing period. In contrast to our initial hypothesis, dominant and subordinate males sired a similar percentage of pups. Taken together, host social status may not predict reproductive success or susceptibility to hantaviruses in rodent reservoir populations.
Internal waves and undular bores in mesospheric inversion layers

[1] The linear theory of internal gravity waves and the nonlinear development of undular bores supported by mesospheric thermal inversion layers is presented. Whenever the buoyancy frequency has a local maximum as a result of a local increase in the potential temperature gradient, internal waves having a frequency between the maximum and minimum values of the buoyancy frequency can exist. Two-dimensional nonlinear solutions of a simplified model show that long-wavelength initial disturbances of finite amplitude, nonlinearly steepen, and form undulatory bores and that the analysis and numerical solutions presented show that mesospheric bores are consistent with nonlinear internal gravity waves trapped within a thermal inversion layer. The implications of linear theory and numerical solutions to the observations of mesospheric bores are discussed. In particular, the simulations agree with the observed separation of wave crests, which is in consistent with the notion that a mesospheric bore is composed of a train of solitary waves each with an amplitude-dependent speed.
On the ranking of contingencies for on-line applications

Abstract This paper investigates performance indices for ranking of contingencies causing generator reactive power violations as well as the selection of real power (MW) injection contingencies adversely affecting transmission line flows. The AC second-order and DC load flow methods were used. Tests were carried out using the IEEE 24-bus network to examine the behaviour of these indices and their suitability for on-line control applications.
A general performance model for parallel sweeps on orthogonal grids for particle transport calculations

The key contribution of this paper is the first general model which can be used to predict the running time of transport sweeps on orthogonal grids for any regular mapping of the grid cells to processors. Our model, which accounts for machine dependent parameters such as computation cost and communication latency, can be used to analyze and compare the effects of various spatial decompositions on the running time of the transport sweep. Insight obtained from the model yields two significant contributions to the theory of optimal transport sweeps on orthogonal grids. First, our model provides a theoretical basis which explains why, and under what circumstances, the column decomposition of the current standard KBA algorithm is superior to the 'balanced' decomposition obtained by classic domain decomposition techniques. Second, our model enables us to identify a new decomposition, we call Hybrid, which proves to be almost as good as, and sometimes superior to, the current standard KBA method. Our analysis covers sweeps in two- and three-dimensional spatial domains, and first considers sweeps in only one direction, and then sweeps involving multiple simultaneous directions. We obtain expressions for the completion time and discuss theoretical results.
… “An Illness We Catch From American Women”? The Multiple Identities of Latina Lesbians

This article reports the results of several small studies of Latina lesbians undertaken by the author over a period of twenty years. Using her personal experiences as a source of information, she also discusses the psychological implications of multiple identities for this population.
Latino Immigrant Differences in Father Involvement with Infants

The relationship between Latino fathers’ immigrant status and their involvement with their 12-month-old infants was examined using the Fragile Families data set, a longitudinal birth cohort study. We examined differences among 787 immigrant and nonimmigrant Latino fathers along three dimensions of father involvement— accessibility, engagement, and caretaking, as reported by both mothers and fathers. First generation immigrant fathers were more accessible to their infants, but showed lower levels of engagement with and caretaking of their children compared to nonimmigrant fathers, controlling for numerous background factors. Immigrant fathers’ lower level of engagement was partially mediated by fathers’ traditional attitudes. Findings indicate that there may be some culturally different norms for immigrant fathering. Culturally-relevant measures of fathering should be included in future large-scale studies, including constructs such as familism and acculturation.
A bluetooth based sensor network for civil infrastructure health monitoring

Communicating with sensors has long been limited either to wired connections or to proprietary wireless communication protocols. Using a ubiquitous and inexpensive wireless communication technology to create Sensor Area Networks (SANs) will accelerate the extensive deployment of sensor technology. Bluetooth, an emerging, worldwide standard for inexpensive, local wireless communication is a viable choice for SANs because of its inherent support for some of the important requirements-low power, small form factor, low cost and sufficient communication range. In this paper we outline an approach, centered on the Bluetooth technology, to support a sensor network composed of fixed wireless sensors for health monitoring of highways, bridges and other civil infrastructures. We present a topology formation scheme that not only takes into account the traffic generated by different sensors but also the associated link strengths, buffer capacities and energy availability. The algorithm makes no particular assumptions as to the placement of nodes, and not all nodes need to be in radio proximity of each other. The output is a tree shaped scatternet rooted at the sensor hub (data logger) that is balanced in terms of traffic carried on each of the links. We also analyze the scheduling, routing and healing aspects of the resulting sensor-net topology.
An N-terminal Sequence Targets and Tethers Na+ Pump α2 Subunits to Specialized Plasma Membrane Microdomains *

Abstract Sodium pumps (αβ dimers) with the α1 isoform of the catalytic (α) subunit are expressed in all cells. Additionally, most cells express Na+ pumps with a second α isoform. For example, astrocytes and arterial myocytes also express Na+ pumps with the α2 isoform. The α2 pumps localize to plasma membrane (PM) microdomains overlying “junctional” sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum (S/ER), but the α1 pumps are more uniformly distributed. To study α2 targeting, we expressed α1/α2 and α2/α1 chimeras and 1-90 and 1-120 amino acid N-terminal peptides in primary cultured mouse astrocytes. Immunocytochemistry revealed that α2/α1 (but not α1/α2) chimeras markedly reduced native α2 (i.e. were “dominant negatives”). N-terminal (1-120 and 1-90 amino acids) α2 (and α3), but not α1 peptides also targeted to the PM-S/ER junctions and were dominant negative for native α2 in astrocytes and arterial myocytes. Thus α2 and α3 have the same targeting sequence. Ca2+ (fura-2) signals in astrocytes expressing the 1-90 α2 peptide were comparable to signals in cells from α2 null mutants (i.e. functionally dominant negative): 1 μm ATP-evoked Ca2+ transients were augmented, and 100 nm ouabain-induced amplification was abolished. Amino acid substitutions in the 1-120 α1 and α2 constructs, and in full-length α1, revealed that Leu-27 and Ala-35 are essential for targeting/tethering the constructs to PM-S/ER junctions.
Thromboembolic complications of cancer: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment

The association between malignancy and clinical thrombosis has been recognized for nearly 140 years. The purpose of this review is to examine our current understanding of thrombosis as a complication of cancer and cancer therapy. The review includes a discussion of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Kainic acid: An evaluation of its action on cockle ar potentials

Artificial perilymph containing kainic acid (KA) at various concentrations was perfused through the scala tympani in guinea pigs, and its effects on the whole nerve action potential (AP), cochlear microphonics (CM), summating potential (SP), endocochlear potential (EP), crossed olivocochlear potential (COCP), and cochlear ganglion-cell spontaneous activity studied. The administration of a 10 nmol dose of KA abolished AP but had little, if any, effect on CM, SP, EP or the COCP. The elimination of AP at this dose of KA appeared to be irreversible. Results obtained at lower doses (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 nmol) suggested a very steep dose-response relationship in the action of KA. As expected, auditory nerve ganglion-cell recordings revealed the elimination of AP is most probably consequent to the suppression of afferent neural activity following an excitatory process. All these findings provide evidence that KA may exert a selective action on afferent nerve fibers and are consistent with the hypothesis that KA interacts with excitatory receptors located on postsynaptic membranes.
Effect of nonlinear gain suppression to the higher order lateral modes in a 2D simulation of quantum well lasers

ABSTRACT The effect of non-linear gain suppression to the higher order lateral modes is investigated us-ing a self-consistent two-dimensional strained quantum well laser model. Both CW and transient simulation are performed at different ridge widths for a single quantum well InGaAs/A1GaAsridge waveguide laser emitting at 0.98 ,um. The simulation shows that the gain suppressionsignificantly enhances the second order mode while reducing the fundamental mode. It alsocauses the L-I curve to become nonlinear. The nonlinear effect suppresses the ringing in boththe first and second modes in the modulation response. 1 Introduction Optical gain nonlinearity associated with spectral hole burning has been a subject of recentresearch because it directly affects the dynamic behavior of a semiconductor laser [1] [2]. Withthe popularity of strained quantum well laser, much theoretical effort has been focused on the calculation of nonlinear gain suppression in a strained quantum well [3] [4] . It was found that
Control of a Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma fragile incurva, with an Aerial Application of a Nuclear-Polyhedrosis Virus and Bacillus thuringiensis

The application of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner spores by helicopter resulted in a high rate of infection of colonies of the tent caterpillar, Malacosoma fragile incurva Henry Edwards. The incidence of diseased colonies, i.e. colonies containing at least 1 virus-killed larva, increased with increases in spray deposit and time (days) after spraying. Populations were 95% lower in the sprayed area than in the unsprayed area the year following treatment.
A multi-language service-oriented architecture using an enterprise service bus

An Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) provides developers a platform for the straightforward development of a multi-language Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Mule, an open source ESB, is presented as one such ESB that easily provides a multi-language SOA integration solution. This paper offers a Mule 1.4 ESB configuration allowing the communication between web services written in Java and Ada running on the Ada Web Server as an example. Additionally, the example demonstrates the use of SOAP and REST style messages within the SOA environment.
Frequency‐time decomposition of seismic data using wavelet‐based methods

Spectral analysis is an important signal processing tool for seismic data. The transformation of a seismogram into the frequency domain is the basis for a significant number of processing algorithms and interpretive methods. However, for seismograms whose frequency content vary with time, a simple 1-D (Fourier) frequency transformation is not sufficient. Improved spectral decomposition in frequency-time (FT) space is provided by the sliding window (short time) Fourier transform, although this method suffers from the time-frequency resolution limitation. Recently developed transforms based on the new mathematical field of wavelet analysis bypass this resolution limitation and offer superior spectral decomposition. The continuous wavelet transform with its scale-translation plane is conceptually best understood when contrasted to a short time Fourier transform. The discrete wavelet transform and matching pursuit algorithm are alternative wavelet transforms that map a seismogram into FT space. Decomposition into FT space of synthetic and calibrated explosive-source seismic data suggest that the matching pursuit algorithm provides excellent spectral localization, and reflections, direct and surface waves, and artifact energy are clearly identifiable. Wavelet-based transformations offer new opportunities for improved processing algorithms and spectral interpretation methods.
Effect of lactose induced diarrhea on intestinal glutaminase and muscle glutamine synthetase activities in rats

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of lactose induced diarrhea on the key enzymes of glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle and small intestine, in rats. As compared to weight paired controls, animals with diarrhea presented higher muscle glutamine synthetase activity associated with reduced skeletal muscle glutamine concentration with a fall in arterial glutamine and an increased intestinal glutaminase activity. These alterations are similar to those reported by others in conditions in which accelerated muscle proteolysis is likely to occur such as in sepsis and after surgery. Besides the data suggestive of an overall alterations in glutamine metabolism, an important finding of this study was the increase in specific activity of intestinal phosphate dependent glutaminase in rats with diarrhea. This enzyme has been shown not to respond to many conditions such as acidosis, alkalosis or increased glutamine ingestion through drinking water or diet.
The Incomplete Left Bundle Branch Block

SUMMARY The incomplete left bundle branch block is an electrocardiographic entity, having well defined criteria, yet is a frequent cause of misinterpretation. The R>L septal depolarization results in loss of the normal left ventricular q wave, being replaced by an initial r wave. On occasion, the initial r wave component may be fused on the ascending limb of the predominant left ventricular R' wave, making identification of the ILBBB more difficult. The ILBBB electromotively differs in no way from the CLBBB, save for a QRS duration of 0.08 – 0.10 sec. Arteriosclerotic (coronary artery disease) and hypertensive heart disease (left ventricular and probable septal wall hypertrophy) are the two most common clinical and anatomic entities associated with the ILBBB.
Radio emission from the Sun, planets, and the interplanetary medium

A brief review is given of radio phenomena on the Sun, the planet Jupiter, and the interplanetary medium and its outer boundary. A brief aside is made to draw parallels between radio emission from Jupiter and extrasolar planets.
Signal processing aspects of Motorola's Pan-European digital cellular validation mobile

An experimental hardware system designed to permit evaluation of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunication Administrations (CEPT) Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) air interface standard is described. The system is a two-way radio link which operates as a fully functional mobile radiotelephone and permits both objective (bit error rate) and subjective (speech codec quality) performance measurements to be made. A complete description of the mobile radio system along with key aspects of the signal processing algorithms used therein is provided and performance results of the system in the presence of co-channel interference and multipath fading are given. >
Reasons for Changing Answers: An Evaluation Using Personal Interviews.

Researchers investigating answer changing have consistently found the preponderance of changes on objective items to be from wrong to right, but little is understood about the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. In this study, personal interviews were combined with instruction in answer-changing research to investigate further the processes involved in answer changing. Students changed answers and gained from changing, with those in the upper two thirds of the classes gaining the most. Each test-taking strategy produced a mean gain, but particular strategies were not significantly correlated with percentage of gain or percentage of change. Most students reported changing answers for thoughtful reasons such as rereading, rethinking, or remembering more information; very few changes were due to clerical errors. For each reason, most changes were wrong-to-right. We conclude that reconsideration of test items is probably underestimated in answer-changing studies. The role of memory should be considered in why people change and in how successful they judge their changing to have been.
Low-dose quetiapine induced or worsened mania in the context of possible undertreatment.

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness with a lifetime prevalence of 2% and has a dramatic impact on quality of life. Mania is a distinct period of abnormal and sustained elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increase in goal-directed activity or energy that lasts at least 1 week and is present for most of each day. Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of bipolar depression and mania. For the treatment of acute mania, a dose of 600 to 800 mg/day is recommended. There has been concern of potential induction or worsening of hypomanic or manic symptoms at low doses via the ratio of 5HT2A/D2 receptor antagonism, which at lower doses favors greater 5HT2A receptor blockade and thus increases dopamine concentrations. This article describes a case report of hypomania worsening to mania with psychotic features in a drug-naive patient who was started on low-dose quetiapine. This case adds to the existing literature of case reports indicating that low-dose quetiapine may be associated with induction or worsening of hypomanic/manic symptoms, while acknowledging the difficulty of suggesting a causal relationship.
Disparities in Self-Reported Postpartum Depression among Asian, Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Women in Hawaii: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2004–2007

Postpartum depression affects 10-20% of women and causes significant morbidity and mortality among mothers, children, families, and society, but little is known about postpartum depression among the individual Asian and Pacific Islander racial/ethnic groups. This study sought to indentify the prevalence of postpartum depression among common Asian and Pacific Islander racial/ethnic groups. Data from the Hawaii Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS), a population-based surveillance system on maternal behaviors and experiences before, during, and after the birth of a live infant, were analyzed from 2004 through 2007 and included 7,154 women. Questions on mood and interest in activities since giving birth were combined to create a measure of Self-reported Postpartum Depressive Symptoms (SRPDS). A series of generalized logit models with maternal race or ethnicity adjusted for other sociodemographic characteristics evaluated associations between SRPDS and an intermediate level of symptoms as possible indicators of possible SRPDS. Of all women in Hawaii with a recent live birth, 14.5% had SRPDS, and 30.1% had possible SRPDS. The following Asian and Pacific Islander racial or ethnic groups were studied and found to have higher odds of SRPDS compared with white women: Korean (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.8;95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-4.0), Filipino (AOR = 2.2;95% CI: 1.7-2.8), Chinese (AOR = 2.0;95% CI: 1.5-2.7), Samoan (AOR = 1.9;95% CI: 1.2-3.2), Japanese (AOR = 1.6;95% CI: 1.2-2.2), Hawaiian (AOR = 1.7;95% CI: 1.3-2.1), other Asian (AOR = 3.3;95% CI: 1.9-5.9), other Pacific Islander (AOR = 2.2;95% CI: 1.5-3.4), and Hispanic (AOR = 1.9;95% CI: 1.1-3.4). Women who had unintended pregnancies (AOR = 1.4;95% CI: 1.2-1.6), experienced intimate partner violence (AOR = 3.7;95% CI: 2.6-5.5), smoked (AOR = 1.5;95% CI: 1.2-2.0), used illicit drugs (AOR = 1.9;95% CI: 1.3-3.9), or received Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) benefits during pregnancy (AOR = 1.4;95% CI: 1.2-2.6) were more likely to have SRPDS. Several groups also were at increased risk for possible SRPDS, although this risk was not as prominent as seen with the risk for SRPDS. One in seven women reported SRPDS, and close to a third reported possible SRPDS. Messages about postpartum depression should be incorporated into current programs to improve screening, treatment, and prevention of SRPDS for women at risk.
Phonotactics and Articulatory Coordination Interact in Phonology: Evidence from Nonnative Production

A core area of phonology is the study of phonotactics, or how sounds are linearly combined. Recent cross-linguistic analyses have shown that the phonology determines not only phonotactics but also the articulatory coordination or timing of adjacent sounds. In this article, I explore how the relation between coordination and phonotactics affects speakers producing nonnative sequences. Recent experimental results (Davidson 2005, 2006) have shown that English speakers often repair unattested word-initial sequences (e.g., /zg/, /vz/) by producing the consonants with a less overlapping coordination. A theoretical account of the experimental results employs Gafos's (2002) constraint-based grammar of coordination. In addition to Gafos's Alignment constraints establishing temporal relations between consonants, a family of Release constraints is proposed to encode phonotactic restrictions. The interaction of Alignment and Release constraints accounts for why speakers produce nonnative sequences by failing to adequately overlap the articulation of the consonants. The optimality theoretic analysis also incorporates floating constraints to explain why speakers are not equally accurate on all unattested clusters.
Protein recognition by an ensemble of fluorescent DNA G-quadruplexes

Sniffing out proteins: Fluorescent DNA G-quadruplexes have been used for building versatile signaling receptors for proteins in a single solution. Introducing a protein sample to the ensemble results in a unique emission signature for unambiguous identification (see scheme, R=fluorophore). The self-assembled, pattern-based protein detection systems are easily fabricated, have the potential for high-throughput operations, and have the ability to handle small protein samples.
Differential inhibition of liver and brain monoamine oxidase by a series of arylalkylhydrazines

Abstract The ability of 25 arylalkylhydrazines selectively to inhibit brain or liver monoamine oxidase following subcutaneous administration has been compared. β-Phenylisopropyl hydrazine, which has been shown to inhibit the enzyme of brain to a greater extent than that of the liver, was chosen as the reference compound. It has been seen that substitutions in the ring, alteration of the side chain, or certain substitutions on the terminal hydrazine group may decrease the selectivity for brain as seen with the reference compound or even convert the drug to a liver-specific one. In many cases no change in apparent tissue selectivity was observed but a decrease in potency was seen.
Pseudohypernatremia and pseudohyponatremia: a linear correction

Background. Serum sodium is commonly measured by direct potentiometry (DNa), in blood gas panels, or indirect potentiometry (INa), in metabolic panels run on chemistry analyzers. Abnormal values of the serum non-water fraction interfere with INa, with low values causing pseudohypernatremia (INa>DNa) and high values causing pseudohyponatremia (INa<DNa). Previous attempts to derive a linear correction for the difference between INa and DNa (ΔNa) arising from nonwater bias—using serum total protein (TP) or albumin (ALB) to represent the non-water fraction—have yielded inconsistent results, possibly owing to differences in sample inclusion criteria, analytic platforms and statistical approach. Methods. We quantified the effects of TP and ALB on ΔNa in 774 critical care patients with closely timed metabolic and gas panels, adjusting for other known effects. Results. ΔNa varied inversely with TP, ALB, and the glucose difference between chemistry and gas panels (ΔGlu), and directly with pH and bicarbonate. The effect of TP on ΔNa was essentially linear, but that of ALB was not; hence, further analysis focused on TP. By multiple linear regression, ΔNa decreased by 0.64 ± 0.06 mEq/L for each 1 g/dL increase in TP, adjusted for ΔGlu, pH, and regression to the mean; the TP effect was slightly steeper (0.69 ± 0.06 mEq/L), when adjusted for bicarbonate instead of pH. Conclusions. For each 1 g/dL rise or fall in TP, clinicians may find it useful to adjust INa by 0.7 mEq/L in the same direction in order to correct INa for non-water bias.
Coherent manipulation of atoms with standing light waves

Abstract Coherent manipulation of atomic momentum states is the primary goal of atom optics, and the standing light wave with its associated stimulated light forces is the primary method of achieving this goal. A description of the standing wave as two counter-propagating beams of photons leads to a natural explanation of Bragg scattering. In contrast, Kapitza–Dirac scattering, atom lithography, and the matter-wave Talbot effect are more naturally treated by considering the standing light wave as a stationary field which acts as a periodic potential for the passing atoms or atomic waves. Selected experimental and theoretical results in the various qualitatively different regimes of the standing wave–atom interaction are reviewed, with special attention given to the physical differences underlying the various behaviors and the theoretical approximations used to treat them.
Heterosexual Persons’ Perceptions Regarding Language Use in Counseling: Extending Dorland and Fischer (2001)

An important original study by Dorland and Fischer noted how the use of inclusive language can affect the therapeutic relationship positively for gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. In this extension of that study with heterosexual participants (N = 179), there seemed to be low, but positive, salience of the language used by the therapist. These participants showed negligible, but positive, sensitization to issues related to inclusiveness, so the ethical practice of inclusive language use seems to have little downside (and potentially a large positive impact).
WOMEN IN SCIENCE.

This is a transcript of an address Sabin gave at Bryn Mawr College's 50th Anniversary celebration. She was awarded the M. Carey Thomas Prize for her achievements, and in this address reflects on the ways that M. Carey Thomas has helped foster scientific careers for women.
Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of TGP1, a novel G-DNA binding protein from Tetrahymena thermophila

G-DNA, a polymorphic family of four-stranded DNA structures, has been proposed to play roles in a variety of biological processes including telomere function, meiotic recombination and gene regulation. Here we report the purification and cloning of TGP1, a G-DNA specific binding protein from Tetrahymena thermophila. TGP1 was purified by three-column chromatographies, including a G-DNA affinity column. Two major proteins (approximately 80 and approximately 40 kDa) were present in the most highly purified column fraction. Renaturation experiments showed that the approximately 80 kDa protein contains TGP1 activity. Biochemical characterization showed that TGP1 is a G-DNA specific binding protein with a preference for parallel G-DNAs. The TGP1/DNA complex has a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 2.2 x 10(-8) M and TGP1 can form supershift in gel mobility shift assays. The cDNA coding TGP1 was cloned and sequenced based upon an internal peptide sequence obtained from the approximately 80 kDa protein. Sequence analyses showed that TGP1 is a basic protein with a pI of 10.58, and contains two extensively hydrophilic and basic domains. Homology searches revealed that TGP1 is a novel protein sharing weak similarities with a number of proteins.
The Site of Action of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics in Living Bacteria and in Human Mitochondria

The oxazolidinones are one of the newest classes of antibiotics. They inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with protein synthesis. The mechanism of oxazolidinone action and the precise location of the drug binding site in the ribosome are unknown. We used a panel of photoreactive derivatives to identify the site of action of oxazolidinones in the ribosomes of bacterial and human cells. The in vivo crosslinking data were used to model the position of the oxazolidinone molecule within its binding site in the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Oxazolidinones interact with the A site of the bacterial ribosome where they should interfere with the placement of the aminoacyl-tRNA. In human cells, oxazolidinones were crosslinked to rRNA in the PTC of mitochondrial, but not cytoplasmic, ribosomes. Interaction of oxazolidinones with the mitochondrial ribosomes provides a structural basis for the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis, which is linked to clinical side effects associated with oxazolidinone therapy.
Research-oriented medical education for graduate medical students

Background. In most parts of the world, medical education is predominantly geared to create service personnel for medical and health services. Training in research is ignored, which is a major handicap for students who are motivated to do research. The main objective of this study was to develop, for such students, a cost-effective ‘in-study’ research training module that could be adopted even by medical colleges, which have a modest research infrastructure, in different regions of India. Methods. Short-duration workshops on the clinical and laboratory medicine research methods including clinical protocol development were held in different parts of India to facilitate participation of students from various regions. Nine workshops covering the entire country were conducted between July 2010 and December 2011. Participation was voluntary and by invitation only to the recipients of the Indian Council of Medical Research–Short-term Studentship programme (ICMRSTS), which was taken as an index of students’ research motivation. Faculty was drawn from the medical institutions in the region. All expenses on students, including their travel, and that of the faculty were borne by the academy. Impact of the workshop was judged by the performance of the participants in pre- and post-workshop tests with multiple-choice questions (MCQs) containing the same set of questions. There was no negative marking. Anonymous student feedback was obtained using a questionnaire. Results. Forty-one per cent of the 1009 invited students attended the workshops. These workshops had a positive impact on the participants. Only 20% students could pass and just 2.3% scored >80% marks in the pre-workshop test. There was a three-fold increase in the pass percentage and over 20% of the participants scored >80% marks (A grade) in the post-workshop test. The difference between the pre- and postworkshop performance was statistically significant at all the centres. In the feedback from participants, the workshop received an average rating of 8.1 on a scale of 1 to 10. Conclusion. This cost-effective, ‘in-study’ module of short-duration ‘mobile’ workshops can be used to educate graduate medical students in basic research procedures employed in clinical and laboratory medicine research. The module is suitable for resource-strapped developing nations.
An optimal single-sensor feedback control law for flexible dynamic systems

The most common approach used to achieve the feedback control of elastic, distributed parameter, dynamic systems requires the positioning of several sensors at various locations on an elastic region. Data from these sensors are used to estimate the amplitude of the first few modes of vibration at any instant. These amplitudes are then used in a finite-degree-of-freedom feedback control law designed to achieve a desired final distributed state of the system. Because the number of sensors is finite and because higher modes remain unmodeled, the resulting control histories are in error [I]. This error can be difficult to estimate.