cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact grinding of thermoplastics : a size distribution function model

Separation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an important problem when recycling bottles and other consumer products. Previous work has identified a processing window for the selective grinding of a mixture of PET and PVC. Impact grinding for conditions within the processing window will ensure that one polymer fails in the ductile mode and the other fails in the brittle mode, giving differences in sizes and shapes between the ground polymers. The ground mixture can be separated by physical means such as screening. This study develops size distribution models for the impact grinding of PET and PVC chips, an important tool for the operation and control of a selective grinding process. The distribution coefficients can be related to grinding conditions, and to the failure mechanism of the polymer.
The dependence of collector capacitance on collector current

The recently reported negative derivative with respect to collector current of the collector capacitance of an integrated-circuit transistor can be explained by the effect of free charge carriers in the collector depletion layer. The current-capacitance relationship is expressed for both diffused-and alloyed-collector transistors.
Advanced detectors, optics, and waveform digitizers for aircraft DIAL water vapor measurements

NASA Langley has an active water vapor differential absorption lidar program taking measurements from both C-130 and ER-2 aircraft. A research effort has started to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the DIAL receiver by 1) evaluating new very low noise avalanche photo didoes (APD), 2) designing an optics system that will focus the return light signal to the APD efficiently and 3) constructing a 10-MHz waveform digitizer board that will be small enough to be placed at the APD and telescope. With these advances we anticipate improving the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of ten over the current receiver system.
Age Differences in Emergency Department Visits and Inpatient Hospitalizations in Preadolescent and Adolescent Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This paper evaluated age differences in emergency department care and inpatient hospitalizations in 252 preadolescent and adolescent youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs; ages 9–18). Records from youth with ASDs were linked to acute care utilization records and were compared to a demographically similar comparison group of youth without ASDs (N = 1260). A particular focus was placed on utilization for psychiatric concerns and injuries or accidents. Results suggested that psychiatric care was more likely for youth with ASDs in both the preadolescent and adolescent cohorts versus comparison youth, with no significant differences between age cohorts. In contrast, results for the accident and injury categories suggested age-specific findings. Results suggest opportunities for prevention efforts for youth with ASDs.
Anhydrous partial melting of an iron-rich mantle I: subsolidus phase assemblages and partial melting phase relations at 10 to 30 kbar

Anhydrous partial melting experiments, at 10 to 30 kbar from solidus to near liquidus temperature, have been performed on an iron-rich martian mantle composition, DW. The DW subsolidus assemblage from ≤5 kbar to at least 24 kbar is a spinel lherzolite. At 25 kbar garnet is stable at the solidus along with spinel. The clinopyroxene stable on the DW solidus at and above 10 kbar is a pigeonitic clinopyroxene. Pigeonitic clinopyroxene is the first phase to melt out of the spinel lherzolite assemblage at less than 20°C above the solidus. Spinel melts out of the assemblage about 50°C above the solidus followed by a 150° to 200°C temperature interval where melts are in equilibrium with orthopyroxene and olivine. The temperature interval over which pigeonitic clinopyroxene melts out of an iron-rich spinel lherzolite assemblage is smaller than the temperature interval over which augite melts out of an iron-poor spinel lherzolite assemblage. The dominant solidus assemblage in the source regions of the Tharsis plateau, and for a large percentage of the martian mantle, is a spinel lherzolite.
Asymmetry of access to intentional states

L'A. montre le role indispensable que joue l'analyse a la premiere personne dans la theorie de l'intentionnalite en general, et dans la decouverte du contenu minimal des pensees en particulier, sans rejeter de facon exclusive l'analyse a la troisieme personne
Distribution of silicoflagellates in plankton and core top samples from the Gulf of California

Plankton and surface sediment samples from the Gulf of California were examined to determine the present geographic distribution of silicoflagellate species in this area. Variations in the species composition of the silicoflagellate assemblage were found to be related to water mass distributions. Eight species were identified in these samples. Octactis pulchra is associated with high levels of primary productivity in the surface waters and is found in greatest abundance in the central Gulf of California. Dictyocha messanensis dominates the silicoflagellate assemblage in stations outside the Gulf of California and increases in relative abundance with decreasing amounts of Octactis pulchra. Dictyocha calida, Dictyocha sp. A, and Dictyocha sp. B are associated with equatorial waters and have the highest relative abundance near the mouth of the Gulf. Dictyocha epiodon and Distephanus speculum are associated with cold California Current Water, and Dictyocha epiodon is present in minor abundance in Gulf samples. Dictyocha sp. 2 has a patchy distribution with low relative abundance.
Thymic alymphoplasia, previously reported as dysgammaglobulinemia type I.

A child previously reported as having dysgammaglobulinemia type I was also demonstrated to have thymic alymphoplasia. His age and clinical course indicated that his disease was milder than the usual form. This may explain his earlier course, which was somewhat similar to that of Bruton's disease. Clinical and histologic findings indicated a possible graft-versus-host reaction. However, the mechanism of his disease process was complicated by disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis. The foamy histiocytes in the reticuloendothelial system, diarrhea, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly which were noted in this child could be explained by either process.
Chronic acalculous gallbladder disease: a clinical enigma.

Patients with classic symptoms of gallbladder disease who have negative oral cholecystograms (OCG) or ultrasonography present perplexing management problems. The surgical literature attests to the fact that there is a marked difference of opinion as to the role of surgery in these patients. The high recurrence rate of symptoms in patients following surgery reported in some series has been a source of major concern. We have attempted to define the appropriate approach to this problem for the past decade. Initially, the findings of prolonged visualization of the gallbladder on OCG in association with a fatty meal was considered an indication for surgery. This initial group of patients followed over a decade showed about 75% to be symptom free. Subsequently, additional patients were subjected to cholecystokinin oral cholecystography (CCK-OCG). With follow-up for over 6 years, the results have shown about 80% relief of biliary tract symptoms in these patients (CCK-OCG category) following surgery. Continued attempts to further define those patients who will benefit from surgery has resulted in the utilization of radionuclide imaging in association with cholecystokinin injection (CCK-RNI). One hundred patients were subjected to CCK quantitative biliary imaging. Seventy-six patients were considered to have inadequate gallbladder emptying; 30 patients with no gallbladder emptying on CCK-RNI were subjected to cholecystectomy. All patients subjected to cholecystectomy showed abnormal histological findings in the gallbladder. These 30 patients have been followed from 1 to 3 1/2 years and there has been no recurrence of symptoms in any following surgery.
On the metabolic alteration of pteroylglutamic acid.

SummaryThe liver appears to be the main site of the conversion of pteroglyglutamic acid (PGA) to citrovorum factor (CF) in the body. Other tissues had very limited capacity to form CF, with the exception of bone marrow which, relative to the small amount present in this tissue, formed an appreciable quantity of the factor. The hepatic tissue of rats which had been depleted of folic acid and CF was flooded with CF within one hour following the intraperitoneal injection of PGA. Homogenates of rat or chick liver, when incubated with PGA under an atmosphere of nitrogen, were capable of forming CF. Little CF was found when similar preparations were incubated under oxygen. The yield of CF was consistently increased by the presence of ascorbate in the incubation mixture.
Exploiting the tension between the news media's “objective” and adversarial roles: The role imbalance attack and its use of the implied audience

Television's ascent to the position of society's dominant medium precipitated significant changes in news reporting, including information presentations suited to an entertainment “supra‐ideology”; and the erosion of barriers separating public figures’ “backstage”; from their “onstage”; areas. Combined with the need for print and television news to compete for profits, especially since the advent of CNN, these changes promote a tendency toward adversarial reporting. However, to sustain their legitimacy and value to democracy, the news media must appear to respect social norms on when and what kinds of adversarial reporting are appropriate and maintain an acceptable balance between adversarial and “objective “ reporting. In a role imbalance attack (RIA), a rhetor who has been the subject of negative news coverage tries to deflect judgments by arguing that the news media have been inappropriately adversarial and by developing an ideal implied auditor ready to act against the news media. If actual auditors i...
Steer Performance and Nutritive Values for Continuously and Rotationally Stocked Bermudagrass Sod-Seeded with Wheat and Ryegrass

Considerable research has been conducted comparing animal and plant responses between rotational and continuous stocking, but more studies are needed to evaluate intensive, multi-paddock rotational stocking for managing forages in the southeastern USA. A 2-yr study was conducted with bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures that were drill-planted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) to compare steer performance and forage nutritive values between continuous stocking, 3-paddock low-intensity and 11-paddock high-intensity rotational stocking systems for both the cool-season annuals and warm-season perennial. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude protein (CP) were similar (P > 0.10) between continuous stocking and averages of pregraze, midgraze, and postgraze sample times for both rotation systems. There were decreases (P 0.10) by the grazing treatments in either season. Higher stocking rates were achieved (P 0.10) during the warm season. Thus, there was higher (P 0.10) during the warm season. Results of the study indicate that rotational stocking can enhance steer liveweight gain per acre because of increased stocking rate on wheat-ryegrass, but not on bermudagrass. Also, the more intensive 11-paddock system was not more productive than the 3-paddock system in either season.
Multidisciplinary Protocol for Rapid Head Computed Tomography Turnaround Time in Acute Stroke Patients

Background The door-to-computed tomography (CT) head reporting time is an essential step to determining eligibility for thrombolysis in acute stroke patients, but the specific components of the process have not been reported in detail. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the prospectively collected Get-With-The-Guidelines database in our comprehensive stroke center to evaluate the effect of a structured multidisciplinary protocol on head CT times in acute stroke patients under consideration for thrombolysis. Results The median CT turnaround time in the first 6-month period was 27 (interquartile range [IQR], 27) and decreased in all subsequent periods after implementation of a formal protocol to 18 (IQR, 12; range, 17-20 minutes; P P Conclusions A structured multidisciplinary protocol for obtaining acute stroke protocol head CT scan was associated with reduced CT turnaround time over the study period. Prospective studies should be done to determine if implementation in other stroke centers confirms the effectiveness of our protocol.
An analysis of the uncertainties in estimates of radon-induced lung cancer

A recent report by the National Academy of Sciences estimates that the radiation dose to the bronchial epithelium, per working level month (WLM) of radon daughter exposure, is about 30% lower for residential exposures than for exposures received in underground mines. Adjusting the previously published BEIR IV radon risk model accordingly, the unit risk for indoor exposures of the general population is about 2.2 x 10(-4) lung cancer deaths (lcd)/WLM. Using results from EPA's National Residential Radon Survey, the average radon level is estimated to be about 1.25 pCi/L, and the annual average exposure about 0.242 WLM. Based on these estimates, 13,600 radon-induced lcd/yr are projected for the United States. A quantitative uncertainty analysis was performed, which considers: statistical uncertainties in the epidemiological studies of radon-exposed miners; the dependence of risk on age at, and time since, exposure; the extrapolation of risk estimates from mines to homes based on comparative dosimetry; and uncertainties in the radon daughter levels in homes and in the average residential occupancy. Based on this assessment of the uncertainties in the unit risk and exposure estimates, an uncertainty range of 7000-30000 lcd/yr is derived.
STM measurements of step-flow kinetics during atom removal by low-energy-ion bombardment of Si(001)

Abstract We create mobile surface vacancies on vicinal Si(001) by bombarding the surface with 300 eV Xe ions at a substrate temperature of 465°C. The vacancies preferentially annihilate at the rough steps retracting them with respect to their smooth neighbors. This process leads to a bimodal terrace width distribution. The retraction of the rough steps due to the vacancy annihilation is in competition with the healing process by which the surface tries to maintain its equilibrium configuration of equally spaced steps. As the two competing processes balance, the surface reaches steady state and subsequent removal of surface atoms is manifest as simple step flow.
Explanatory Pluralism and Heuristic Identity Theory

Explanatory pluralism holds that the sorts of comprehensive theoretical and ontological economies that microreductionists and New Wave reductionists envision and antireductionists fear offer misleading views of both scientific practice and scientific progress. Both advocates and foes of employing reductionist strategies at the interface of psychology and neuroscience have overplayed the alleged economies that interlevel connections (including identities) justify while overlooking their fundamental role in promoting scientific research. A brief review of research on visual processing provides support for the explanatory pluralist's general model of cross-scientific relations and discloses the valuable heuristic role hypothetical identities play in cross-scientific research. That model also supplies grounds for hesitation about the correlation objection to the psychophysical identity theory and complaints about an explanatory gap in physicalist accounts of consciousness. These takes on psycho-neural connect...
Tandem polymer photovoltaic cells—current status, challenges and future outlook

In this article, we review general approaches, challenges and solutions, as well as latest research progress, in the field of polymer tandem solar cells. Despite many limiting factors ranging from processing issues to characterization issues, it has been shown that high efficiency and in-depth understanding of tandem cell operation can be achieved via smart device design and analysis, and interface engineering. We further discuss in detail the operation principles and design rules of polymer tandem cells, revealing a bright future to reach double-digit power conversion efficiency from polymer tandem cells.
Finite width effect of thin-films buckling on compliant substrate : Experimental and theoretical studies

Buckling of stiff thin films on compliant substrates has many important applications ranging from stretchable electronics to precision metrology and sensors. Mechanics plays an indispensable role in the fundamental understanding of such systems. Some existing mechanics models assume plane-strain deformation, which do not agree with experimental observations for narrow thin films. Systematic experimental and analytical studies are presented in this paper for finite-width stiff thin films buckling on compliant substrates. Both experiments and analytical solution show that the buckling amplitude and wavelength increase with the film width. The analytical solution agrees very well with experiments and therefore provides valuable guide to the precise design and control of the buckling profile in many applications. The effect of film spacing is studied via the analytical solutions for two thin films and for periodic thin films.
Solitude and the Restlessness of the Immemorial: Levinasian Traces in the Discourse of Patrick Modiano

Emmanuel Levinas contested Western ontology's insistence on the importance of individual autonomy and systematized knowledge, developing a new description of how identity and intersubjectivity are constructed. In the early De l'existence a l'existant and Le Temps et l'autre, he explains how the effort of existing is assumed, creating a sense of mastery but also of solitude, for the ego and the self are tied to one another, but it is not until Totalite et Infini that he elaborates on the ethical encounter with the face as discourse. In his last major work Autrement qu’etre ou au-dela de l'essence, he focuses on the consequences of this epiphany for the subject, and relates this to the trace, a special kind of sign that focuses not so much on the relationship between sign and referent as on the irreversible passing of those who left them. The paired texts of Patrick Modiano's Voyage de noces and Dora Bruder most strikingly inscribe the simultaneous self-absorption and tedium of existing, but also depict how traces from the immemorial shatter the subject's autonomy. Modiano is haunted by the missing person ad's description of a runaway girl who disappeared in December 1941, was interned in Drancy the following summer and then deported to Auschwitz. He first wrote Voyage de noces to exorcise the spell the ad cast upon him, was eventually compelled to respond directly to the summons by composing Dora Bruder. Modiano tries to retrieve fragments of the adolescent Dora's past and rescue her from oblivion, but his efforts prove largely futile, for there is no memory to retrieve. His insistence on Dora's decision to remain in Drancy with her father makes it possible for him to forgive his own father's failings and acknowledge his admiration both for him and all those who defied Occupation hypocrisy. Lastly, Modiano's text calls upon us as readers to become the guardians of the pleas that French authorities ignored and thereby accept the summons of the immemorial ourselves.
School-aged homeless sheltered children's stressors and coping behaviors.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors and coping behaviors of school-aged homeless children staying in shelters. A secondary analysis of interview data from 30 children, between the ages of 8 to 12 years, was used to delineate the stressors and coping behaviors. Homeless, family, self, peer, school, and violent behavior were the stressor categories derived from content analysis. The children expressed more stresses in the homeless, family, and self categories than in the other 3 categories. The coping behaviors from the content analysis were categorized by using Ryan-Wenger's (1992) coping taxonomy. The majority of the children's coping responses were in the social support, cognitive avoidance, and behavioral distraction categories. Nurses should assess each child's stressors and coping behaviors when providing care to homeless children, and assist the child in alleviating some stressors by strengthening one's coping behaviors. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
FreeD: a freehand digital sculpting tool

In this paper, we present an approach to combining digital fabrication and craft, emphasizing the user experience. While many researchers strive to enable makers to design and produce 3D objects, our research seeks to present a new fabrication approach to make unique, one-of-a-kind artifacts. To that end, we developed the FreeD, a hand-held digital milling device. The system is guided and monitored by a computer while preserving the maker's freedom to sculpt and carve, and to manipulate the work in many creative ways. Relying on a predesigned 3D model, the computer gets into action only when the milling bit risks the object's integrity, by slowing down the spindle's speed or by drawing back the shaft, while the rest of the time it allows complete gestural freedom. We describe the key concepts of our work and its motivation, present the FreeD's architecture and technology, and discuss two projects made with the tool.
Ion Channels and Vascular Tone

Abstract —Ion channels in the plasma membrane of vascular muscle cells that form the walls of resistance arteries and arterioles play a central role in the regulation of vascular tone. Current evidence indicates that vascular smooth muscle cells express at least 4 different types of K + channels, 1 to 2 types of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, ≥2 types of Cl − channels, store-operated Ca + (SOC) channels, and stretch-activated cation (SAC) channels in their plasma membranes, all of which may be involved in the regulation of vascular tone. Calcium influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ , SOC, and SAC channels provides a major source of activator Ca 2+ used by resistance arteries and arterioles. In addition, K + and Cl − channels and the Ca 2+ channels mentioned previously all are involved in the determination of the membrane potential of these cells. Membrane potential is a key variable that not only regulates Ca +2 influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, but also influences release of Ca 2+ from internal stores and Ca 2+ - sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. By controlling Ca 2+ delivery and membrane potential, ion channels are involved in all aspects of the generation and regulation of vascular tone.
On Native Ethnographic Texts

H. Russell Bernard and Jesus Salinas Pedraza. Native Ethnographer:. Mexican Indian Describes His Culture. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1989. 648 pp. $75.00 (cloth).
Communicating Research to Policymakers

This piece offers suggestions based on some things we expected to learn and from some things we did not expect to learn about communicating research to congressional policymakers. Some of these are insider discoveries from working as a professional staff member for a joint committee of the US Senate and the US House of Representatives. Other things we learned came largely as surprises from attempts to provide basic information and issue awareness about socioeconomic conditions in the Southern Black Belt directly to the Congress as well as indirectly through public interest and grassroots groups. One of the surprising discoveries, working professionally both on the inside of Congress and on the outside as social scientists, is how well social interaction actually works. And there were other surprises as well.
Autobiographical Memory and Culture

Autobiographical memory encompasses memory for significant personal experiences and knowledge of the self and, consequently, is critical for personal identity and psychological wellbeing (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Pillemer, 1998). Although autobiographical memory, like many other cognitive faculties, has been traditionally viewed as an individual matter and a product of the mind or brain, research in the past two decades has revealed the central role of culture in human cognition and remembering. Recent theories of autobiographical memory have increasingly emphasized the constructive nature of memory in the cultural context, and empirical findings have further accentuated the influence of culture on autobiographical remembering (Nelson & Fivush, 2004; Wang & Brockmeier, 2002; Wang & Ross, 2007). Against this backdrop, my collaborators and I have conducted extensive studies to examine the effect of culture on autobiographical remembering through affecting information processing at the level of the individual and by shaping social practices of remembering between individuals. This suite of research further integrates developmental, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives to examine the mechanisms responsible for the development of autobiographical memory. We have obtained critical evidence that two intrapersonal variables – self-construal and emotion knowledge – and one interpersonal variable – parentchild reminiscing – play important roles in driving the cultural differences in the content, structure, emergency, and general accessibility of autobiographical memory. In addition, we have conducted studies to investigate how these intrapersonal and interpersonal variables themselves are influenced by culture through early socialization practices and parental beliefs and goals. Together, these studies illustrate that autobiographical memory emerges and develops as both an individual expression and a cultural product (see diagram below for illustration). Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol5/iss2/2
Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases for Anticancer Drug Discovery

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a diverse family of enzymes encoded by 107 genes in the human genome. Together with protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), PTPs regulate various cellular activities essential for the initiation and maintenance of malignant phenotypes. While PTK inhibitors are now used routinely for cancer treatment, the PTP inhibitor development field is still in the discovery phase. In this article, the suitability of targeting PTPs for novel anticancer drug discovery is discussed. Examples are presented for PTPs that have been targeted for anticancer drug discovery as well as potential new PTP targets for novel anticancer drug discovery.
The Nature and Role of Comparative Psychology in the Teaching of Psychology.

This article describes a comparative psychology course that attempts to demonstrate the power of the comparative method for a complete understanding of psychological phenomena typically taught from a human-oriented perspective. A description of methodological goals and the traditional roles of comparative psychology precede the course description. These include research strategies for relating group differences to specific processes and for inferring the evolutionary and developmental histories of behavior.
Social inequalities and environmental conflict

This paper is organized around two points. The first concerns the literature on environmental justice (EJ) studies and its lack of incorporation of social scientific theories and concepts concerning racism. This is surprising, given EJ studies' strong interest in challenging a form of racism - environmental racism. This, in turn, allows for a critique of theories of racism for their lack of attention to the ways in which society-environment relations structure racist practices and discourses, and a critique of scholars who have understated the continuing impact of racism on communities of color. The second point concerns the degree to which modernization has led to an improvement in the environmental impacts associated with market economies and their production systems. Drawing on ecological modernization, risk society, and the treadmill of production theories, I argue that, as with popular and scholarly views on racism, many scholars have overstated the level of progress society has made on this front. I also argue that this is largely because - via practices such as environmental racism and globalization - many of the worst dimensions of the market economy's externalities are out of sight and out of mind (due largely to spatial and residential segregation and international hazardous waste exports), making it possible to either ignore or dismiss claims to the contrary. Resumo: Este artigo esta organizando em torno de duas questoes. A primeira diz respeito a literatura sobre estudos a respeito da justica ambiental e sua ausencia de incorporacao de teorias sociais e conceitos cientificos que digam respeito ao racismo. Isso e surpreendente tendo em vista o forte interesse dos estudos sobre justica ambiental em desafiar uma forma de racismo - o racismo ambiental. Isso, por sua vez, permite uma critica das teorias sobre o racismo por sua falta de atencao as formas em que as relacoes sociedade-meio ambiente estruturam praticas e discursos racistas, e uma critica dos estudiosos que subestimam o continuo impacto do racismo em comunidades de cor. A segunda questao diz respeito ao grau ao qual a modernizacao levou a uma melhora nos impactos ambientais associados com economias de mercado e seus processos produtivos. Baseando-se na modernizacao ecologica, na sociedade de
Embolization of Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer Using Amplatzer Vascular Plug II and Hydrogel Coils: Case Report

Purpose: To present a case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) that was treated with percutaneous endovascular embolization using Amplatzer vascular plug and hydrogel coils after failed endos...
Experience using type theory as a foundation for computer science

Type theory is an elegant organisation of the fundamental principles of a foundational theory of computing, with theory taken in the sense of a scientific theory as well as a deductive theory. This theory generates a research programme. I examine the elements of this programme and assess progress. A large number of people world wide have been pursuing the type theory aspects of this research programme, so we can survey a large body of work created over a 20 year period for hints of success and failure and challenge. I first look at a few successes. Some of the applications we have attempted have not worked out as expected, and we don't know whether the fault lies with the type theory or elsewhere. I first describe a failure that is clearly not the type theory, but the state of the foundations of computational mathematics. Then we look at problems closer to the structure of modern type theories-problems suggested by the success of classical set theory.
Sources of Confusion in the Determination of ASTM Repetitive Member Factors for the Allowable Properties of Wood Products

Confusion in the literature about the definition and calculation of repetitive member factors is identified. This confusion casts some doubt on the validity of the 1.15 repetitive member factor permitted in ASTM standards D245 and D1990. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST .1943-541X.0000413. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Multiple regulatory steps control mammalian nonmuscle myosin II assembly in live cells.

To better understand the mechanism controlling nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II) assembly in mammalian cells, mutant NM-IIA constructs were created to allow tests in live cells of two widely studied mode...
Constraints on the Development of Agriculture

The development of agriculture was limited by external constraints, mainly climate, before the Holocene and mainly by social institutions after that. Population size and growth was important but ultimately did not determine where and why agriculture evolved.
Solanum ptycanthum resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors

Abstract Solanum ptycanthum plants putatively resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors were identified in a Wisconsin Glycine max field in 1999. Three- to four-leaf-stage S. ptycanthum plants in the greenhouse were 150, 120, and 5.9-fold resistant to imazethapyr, imazamox, and primisulfuron, respectively, compared with susceptible plants. In vivo ALS was 170- and less than 20-fold more resistant to imazethapyr and primisulfuron, respectively. These results suggested that the S. ptycanthum accession was highly resistant to imazethapyr and imazamox, and that resistance was associated with insensitive ALS. This is the first confirmed occurrence worldwide of S. ptycanthum resistance to ALS inhibitors. Nomenclature: Imazamox; imazethapyr; primisulfuron; Solanum ptycanthum L. SOLPT, eastern black nightshade; Glycine max L., soybean.
Issue Statements – Different Kinds for Different Documents

This article offers recommendations for framing issue statements in appellate briefs and other kinds of legal documents. We have formed these recommendations based on published empirical research into issue statements in appellate briefs, a broad survey of the published literature on issue statements, and our combined 40 years of experience practicing law and teaching legal writing. Our recommendations reflect our belief that no lawyer should frame issue statements with a single approach. Each type of document serves a different purpose, is directed to a different audience, and potentially calls for a different approach. In adapting to those different purposes and audiences, lawyers should know the traditional conventions but should choose efficiency, readability, and effectiveness over outmoded conventions.
ML observations in the Great Basin and M0 versus ML relationships for the 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquake sequence

Abstract The local magnitude distance correction term, log A 0 (Δ), has been estimated for paths within the Great Basin by converting seismograms of earthquakes in the vicinity of Mammoth Lakes, California, into equivalent Wood-Anderson seismograms and measuring the decay of peak amplitude with distance. The shape of the log A 0 (Δ) curve which results suggests more attenuation of energy in the Wood-Anderson passband than in southern California. For Great Basin paths we find, for events with M L ≦ 5.5, that log A 0 ( Δ ) = { log 10 [ e − 0.016 R R ] − 0.31 0 ≦ Δ ≦ 9 0 km log 10 [ e − 0.006 R R 0.83 ] − 1.08 90 ≦ Δ ≦ 6 0 0 km where Δ is epicentral distance, R = Δ 2 + h 2 is hypocentral distance, and h is focal depth. Our data also suggest a magnitude bias in the correction term, in that for events above M L ≈ 5.5, peak amplitudes recorded at epicentral distances below 20 km decay less rapidly than those for smaller events recorded at the same sites. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a near-source saturation of M L due to the effects of a finite source size for large earthquakes. Using the revised magnitude scale and seismic moments, M 0 , estimated from spectral analysis, the data are well fit by the straight line log ⁡ M 0 = ( 1.20 ± 0.05 ) M L + ( 17.49 ± 0.19 ) for 1 ≦ M L ≦ 6. M 0 versus M L values from model calculations which assume constant stress drop predict curved moment-magnitude plots over this magnitude range. The fact that we observe a linear relationship suggests that the stress drop of these events is not constant but rather increases with M L , in particular for events above M L ≈ 5.5 .
Single-View Food Portion Estimation Based on Geometric Models

In this paper we present a food portion estimation technique based on a single-view food image used for the estimation of the amount of energy (in kilocalories) consumed at a meal. Unlike previous methods we have developed, the new technique is capable of estimating food portion without manual tuning of parameters. Although single-view 3D scene reconstruction is in general an ill-posed problem, the use of geometric models such as the shape of a container can help to partially recover 3D parameters of food items in the scene. Based on the estimated 3D parameters of each food item and a reference object in the scene, the volume of each food item in the image can be determined. The weight of each food can then be estimated using the density of the food item. We were able to achieve an error of less than 6% for energy estimation of an image of a meal assuming accurate segmentation and food classification.
President Truman and the Evolution of the National Security Council

The nine men who assembled in the office of Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal on a Thursday afternoon in September 1947 were there for a rehearsal. The following day they would join President Harry S. Truman for the very first meeting of the National Security Council (NSC). Although the purpose of the NSC had been spelled out the previous July in the National Security Act, the relationship of this unique advisory body to the president, the military establishment, and the State Department remained unclear. Thus those in Forrestal's office had a keen sense that the precedents they set would be crucial to its success or failure. Because it was important, for example, that the NSC discuss matters of substance, Forrestal and Undersecretary of State Robert A. Lovett had agreed that the situation in Italy would be the first issue on the agenda. As the secretary of defense, his military advisers, and the civilian secretaries of the army, navy, and air force listened, Lovett discussed the situation in Italy "as something of a dry run." 1 Forrestal, more than any other individual, was responsible for the creation of the NSC. Yet even as he prepared for its first meeting, at work were other forces that would irrevocably influence the character of the NSC and its relation to United States foreign policy. There is agreement among students of foreign policy that even though the NSC first met in September 1947, President Truman did not "use" the NSC until the outbreak of war in Korea. Truman rarely attended NSC meetings, and he made important policy decisions with the help of only a few trusted advisers.2
Warning: Do Not Dig’: Negotiating the Visibility of Critical Infrastructures

This article highlights the visual traces of undersea cables, technologies that carry the majority of transoceanic telecommunications traffic, in order to make visible the material systems that sup...
Effectiveness of Retrieval Cues and the Issue of Independent vs Dependent Storage

The purpose of this experiment was to show that an understanding of retrieval cue effectiveness is basic to the controversy on dependent versus independent storage. Ss were tested in one of 4 conditions. The stimulus lists contained sets of asscciatively related words or unrelated words, and recall was either free or cued. The resulting interaction of list types and recall conditions indicated that, when experimental conditions result in effective retrieval cues, the hypothesis of dependent storage is supported, otherwise the hypothesis of independent storage is supported.
The Academic Performance of College Students Granted Advanced Standing as a Result of Participation in the Advanced Placement Program

AbstractA criticism of acceleration Is that it often results In lower grades In subject fields In which preliminary courses were skipped than could normally be expected of students talented In those fields. This study, composed of 108 pairs of students, compared the grades received In advanced courses by students who skipped the preliminary courses with the grades received In the same advanced courses by equally talented regular-progress students. It was found that the difference between the grades received by the two groups of students was not statistically significant. Therefore, It seems clear that acceleration did not result in lower-than-expected academic performance In advanced courses for the students included In the study.
Effect of Environmental Variables on Flame Spread Rates in Microgravity

This paper reports 2D CFD-based computer modeling of opposed flow flame spread over thick samples of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Model predictions are compared with experimental data from normal-gravity experiments at multiple forced flow velocities and KC-135 parabolic flight microgravity experiments. For the normal gravity experiments, good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is obtained at one oxygen level, but flame spread rates at other oxygen levels are not well predicted. Of the four microgravity data points, the model underpredicts the spread rate of two of the data points by 35% or less. However, the model overpredicts the other two data points by almost a factor of two. Potential reasons for the discrepancies between the model predictions and the experimental data are discussed.
A complete representation of structure-property relationships in crystals.

Cluster expansion has been a particularly successful computational method that has allowed the identification of the relationship between lattice configurations and scalar properties in crystals. A tensorial version of the method that will enable prediction of tensor-valued properties is now introduced. It is validated by predicting anisotropic properties relevant to semiconductor optoelectronic devices. Whereas structure–property relationships have long guided the discovery and optimization of novel materials1,2,3, formal quantitative methods to identify such relationships in crystalline systems are beginning to emerge4,5,6,7,8. Among them is cluster expansion9,10,11,12,13, which has been successfully used to parametrize the configurational dependence of important scalar physical properties such as bandgaps14, Curie temperatures15, equation-of-state parameters16,17 and densities of states18,19,20. However, cluster expansion is currently unable to handle anisotropic properties, a key distinguishing feature of crystalline systems central to the design of modern epitaxial structures and devices. Here, I introduce a tensorial cluster expansion enabling the prediction of fundamental tensor-valued material properties such as elasticity, piezoelectricity, dielectric constants, optoelectric coupling, anisotropic diffusion coefficients, surface energy and stress. As an application, I develop predictive ab initio models of anisotropic properties relevant to the design and optimization of III–V semiconductor epitaxial optoelectronic devices21,22.
Developmental trajectories to bipolar disorder

Background Childhood subclinical phenotypes have been informative for etiological research and as a target for preventative interventions. Using a prospective longitudinal general population cohort we investigated whether childhood manic symptoms predicted a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) or other psychiatric disorders by early adulthood. Methods Subthreshold manic symptoms at age 11 years (n = 1907) and clinical outcomes by age 19 years (n = 1584) were ascertained in the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), a prospective Dutch community cohort. We used latent class analysis to stratify TRAILS participants at age 11 years into distinct classes based on the pattern and severity of childhood manic symptoms. We then determined the association between class membership and clinical diagnoses by age 19 years. Results At age 11 years, we identified a normative class with negligible symptoms (n = 862), a mildly symptomatic (n = 846) and a highly symptomatic class (n = 199). The risk of BD was moderately increased in individuals in the mildly symptomatic class (OR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.41–5.01), and substantially increased in the highly symptomatic class (OR = 7.08, 95% CI = 3.32–15.11). Children in the highly symptomatic class were additionally characterized by lower IQ and socioeconomic status, greater family dysfunction and increased rates of parental psychiatric morbidity. Class membership did not show significant associations with depressive, anxiety and substance abuse disorders by age 19 years. Conclusions The results provide support to developmental models of BD, and suggest that manic symptoms in childhood may be a marker for adult disorders and therefore potentially useful for early identification of at risk individuals.
Project Complexity Assessment and Management Tool

Abstract Project Complexity Assessment and Management (PCAM) Tool was developed to help project teams identify, assess, and manage project complexity. This Excel-based tool was designed with a “Complexity Measurement Matrix” comprising of the indicators that are statistically significant to project complexity. The weight factors of these complexity indicators were developed based on the expert ranking result from a subject matter workshop. These factors function as the multipliers to place greater emphasis on the stronger complexity indicators. The comprehensive reports from the tool present the overall project complexity level, a series of radar diagrams describing the most important indicators, and associated management strategies. The outputs help project teams formulate a management plan for the most important contributors with sufficient flexibility to be deployed at multiple project stages and for different project sizes.
Barium fluoride crystals for precision EMC at SSC

This report presents experimental facts and color center dynamics related to the optical bleaching of barium fluoride crystals. The optical bleaching is a viable approach to construct a crystal calorimeter at future hadron colliders by using BaF2 crystals of existing quality.
Automating Analytics: How to Learn Metadata Such That Our Buildings Can Learn from Us

Automated analytics are the only way to cope with the big amount of data created by the internet of things in future. Good metadata such as the device type, sensor semantics, its location and functional context is essential to do this. But, in many cases metadata is missing or it is of poor quality itself. The paper explores what metadata is relevant, how it can be reconstructed and how it can be used to automatically deploy analytics at the example of Cognitive Buildings.
Advances in using multitemporal night-time lights satellite imagery to detect, estimate, and monitor socioeconomic dynamics

Abstract Since the late 1990s, remotely sensed night-time lights (NTL) satellite imagery has been shown to correlate with socioeconomic parameters including urbanization, economic activity, and population. More recent research demonstrates that multitemporal NTL data can serve as a reliable proxy for change over time in these variables whether they are increasing or decreasing. Time series analysis of NTL data is especially valuable for detecting, estimating, and monitoring socioeconomic dynamics in countries and subnational regions where reliable official statistics may be lacking. Until 2012, multitemporal NTL imagery came primarily from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program - Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS), for which digital imagery is available from 1992 to 2013. In October 2011, the launch of NASA/NOAA's Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite, whose Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor has a Day/Night Band (DNB) specifically designed for capturing radiance from the Earth at night, marked the start of a new era in NTL data collection and applications. In light of these advances, this paper reviews progress in using multitemporal DMSP-OLS and VIIRS imagery to analyze urbanization, economic, and population dynamics across a range of geographic scales. An overview of data corrections and processing for comparison of multitemporal NTL imagery is provided, followed by a meta-analysis and integrative synthesis of these studies. Figures are included that visualize the capabilities of DMSP-OLS and VIIRS to capture socioeconomic change in the post-Soviet Russian Far East and war-torn Syria, respectively. Finally, future directions for NTL research are suggested, particularly in the areas of determining the fundamental causes of observed light and in leveraging VIIRS' superior sensitivity and spatial and radiometric resolution.