cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing Plasticity/Stability Across Brain Development

The potency of the environment to shape brain function changes dramatically across the lifespan. Neural circuits exhibit profound plasticity during early life and are later stabilized. A focus on the cellular and molecular bases of these developmental trajectories has begun to unravel mechanisms, which control the onset and closure of such critical periods. Two important concepts have emerged from the study of critical periods in the visual cortex: (1) excitatory-inhibitory circuit balance is a trigger; and (2) molecular "brakes" limit adult plasticity. The onset of the critical period is determined by the maturation of specific GABA circuits. Targeting these circuits using pharmacological or genetic approaches can trigger premature onset or induce a delay. These manipulations are so powerful that animals of identical chronological age may be at the peak, before, or past their plastic window. Thus, critical period timing per se is plastic. Conversely, one of the outcomes of normal development is to stabilize the neural networks initially sculpted by experience. Rather than being passively lost, the brain's intrinsic potential for plasticity is actively dampened. This is demonstrated by the late expression of brake-like factors, which reversibly limit excessive circuit rewiring beyond a critical period. Interestingly, many of these plasticity regulators are found in the extracellular milieu. Understanding why so many regulators exist, how they interact and, ultimately, how to lift them in noninvasive ways may hold the key to novel therapies and lifelong learning.
Body machine interface: Remapping motor skills after spinal cord injury

The goal of a body-machine interface (BMI) is to map the residual motor skills of the users into efficient patterns of control. The interface is subject to two processes of learning: while users practice controlling the assistive device, the interface modifies itself based on the user's residual abilities and preferences. In this study, we combined virtual reality and movement capture technologies to investigate the reorganization of movements that occurs when individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are allowed to use a broad spectrum of body motions to perform different tasks. Subjects, over multiple sessions, used their upper body movements to engage in exercises that required different operational functions such as controlling a keyboard for playing a videogame, driving a simulated wheelchair in a virtual reality (VR) environment, and piloting a cursor on a screen for reaching targets. In particular, we investigated the possibility of reducing the dimensionality of the control signals by finding repeatable and stable correlations of movement signals, established both by the presence of biomechanical constraints and by learned patterns of coordination. The outcomes of these investigations will provide guidance for further studies of efficient remapping of motor coordination for the control of assistive devices and are a basis for a new training paradigm in which the burden of learning is significantly removed from the impaired subjects and shifted to the devices.
Local structure and dynamics of lithium garnet ionic conductors: tetragonal and cubic Li7La3Zr2O7.

To better understand the ionic conduction in lithium garnet oxides, we employed molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the local structure and dynamics of a model material Li7La3Zr2O12 and origin of its tetragonal to cubic phase transition. Our simulations were able to produce lattice parameter, neutron scattering, and conductivity data close to those gathered using experimental techniques, which allows us to study atomic-scale details of this complex material. First, it was found that lithium atoms primarily perform oscillation and “structured diffusion” dynamics in the tetragonal and cubic phase, respectively. Second, we believe that the tetragonal to cubic phase transition is an entropy-driven one that involves redistribution of lithium atoms among all tetrahedral sites. The transition is likely to initiate on the tetrahedral 8a site but needs the cooperation of neighboring octahedral 32g Li as relay atoms. Finally, it was found that a few types of lithium clusters dominate in both phases of Li7La3Zr2O12, which leads to highly correlated motion of lithium atoms. The local symmetry of these clusters dictates a “center-pass” mechanism as lithium goes through the bottleneck.
Activation of coagulation Factor V by calcium-dependent proteinase

Abstract Factor V is a key coagulation cofactor, regulating the rate of Factor X a -catalyzed prothrombin conversion. Activation of Factor V markedly accelerates coagulation. This study describes a new class of Factor V activators, sulfhydryl proteinases. Of the enzymes studied, calcium-dependent proteinase was the most effective activator. Activation of Factor V by this enzyme was associated with cleavage of 125 I-labeled Factor V to peptides distinct from those generated by previously described activators. Calcium-dependent proteinase-activated Factor V a peptides with molecular weights of 114 000 and 93 000 bound both to Factor X a and to cultured endothelial cells. Calcium-dependent proteinase was identified in vascular endothelial cells, a tissue that also synthesizes Factor V. These findings suggest a previously unknown mechanism for cellular regulation of coagulation.
Confrontation in and through the Nation in Kazakh Aitys Poetry

Despite a climate of authoritarianism and heavy censorship of independent media and political opposition in post-Soviet Kazakhstan, Kazakh aitys akhyndar (improvisational poets) have emerged as a voice of sociopolitical critique. In excerpts analyzed here, poets speaking as and for the xalykh (Kazakh people) berated contemporary Kazakhstani leaders as greedy, impotent, and russified. This article examines how poets' successful critique was made possible and protected by the conflictive and collaborative nature of poets' dialogues, by the legitimacy of aitys as “authentic Kazakh culture” as a result of folklorization processes, and by the collusion of the tradition's sponsors, members of the country's political elite. (Kazakh aitys, poetic dialogism, accountability in performance, post-Soviet nationalisms, cultural sponsorship, folklorization, Central Asian media, post-Soviet political critique).
Hormonal Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women

Ovarian cancer is most frequently diagnosed in postmenopausal women; however, the strongest risk predictors, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use, occur in most women in their twenties and thirties. Relatively few studies have examined how reproductive risk factors vary between pre- and postmenopausal ovarian cancer. The authors used data from a population-based, case-control study of ovarian cancer (896 cases, 967 controls) conducted in North Carolina from 1999 to 2006. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression. Inverse associations with ovarian cancer were observed with duration of oral contraceptive use, later age at last use, and more recent use among premenopausal women; no significant associations were found for postmenopausal women. Analyses limited to oral contraceptive users showed that duration was a more significant predictor of risk than was timing of use. Parity was inversely associated with premenopausal but not postmenopausal ovarian cancer. Later age at pregnancy was associated with reduced risk for both pre- and postmenopausal women. Analyses among parous women showed that pregnancy timing was a stronger risk predictor than number of pregnancies. Findings suggest that associations between ovarian cancer and reproductive characteristics vary by menopausal status. Additional research is needed to further elucidate risk factors for postmenopausal disease.
Probabilistic packet scheduling: achieving proportional share bandwidth allocation for TCP flows

This paper describes and evaluates a probabilistic packet scheduling (PPS) algorithm for providing different levels of service to TCP flows. With our approach, each router defines a local currency in terms of tickets and assigns tickets to its inputs based on contractual agreements with its upstream routers. A flow is tagged with tickets to represent the relative share of bandwidth it should receive at each link. When multiple flows share the same bottleneck, the bandwidth that each flow obtains is proportional to the relative tickets assigned to that flow. Simulations show that PPS does a better job of proportionally allocating bandwidth than DiffServ and weighted CSFQ. In addition, PPS accommodates flows that cross multiple currency domains.
Screening for Resistance of Potato Lines to the Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (PTW), is one of the most important limitations to potato, Solanum tuberosum L., productivity worldwide. Leaves, stems, petioles and more importantly, potato tubers, in the field and storage can be seriously affected. Due to the relatively recent arrival of the PTW in the United States Pacific Northwest, the local and regional lines have never been screened for tuber resistance to PTW. Thus, the objective of this study was to screen regional potato lines for potential PTW resistance by tubers under field and laboratory conditions. Experiments were conducted at the Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Hermiston Oregon in 2006 and 2007. Accessions that had few number of mines per tuber were AC97521-1R/Y, Q174-2, Rubi, Yuguima, Paciencia, TM-3, KWPTM24 and CIP 780660; lines than had few larvae per tuber were A97287-6, PA00N10-5, AC97521-1R/Y, Q174-2, PA04LNC2-1, PA04LNC4-1, TM-3 and CIP 780660. Incorporating host plant resistance to tuber penetration by PTW larvae together with appropriate cultural practices including limitation of exposure time of tubers in the field and judicious use of chemicals may provide the best sustainable management option.
Once-daily immediate-release fexofenadine and sustained-release pseudoephedrine combination: a new treatment option for allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis symptoms, in particular nasal congestion, can have a significant impact on patient quality of life, resulting in reduced productivity and daytime sleepiness. Newer-generation antihistamines are commonly used to treat allergic rhinitis; however, in patients with severe congestion, a combination of a newer-generation antihistamine and a decongestant is particularly beneficial. A new once-daily fexofenadine/pseudoephedrine combination has been developed and recently approved in the US. The combination provides an effective, well-tolerated antihistamine and a reliable, sustained-release pseudoephedrine system. In addition, small tablet size and once-daily dosing may provide patients with increased convenience and improve adherence. In summary, the combination of immediate-release fexofenadine/sustained-release pseudoephedrine offers an important additional option for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Relationship between selectin-mediated rolling of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and progression in hematopoietic development.

Current understanding of the adhesion molecules and mechanisms regulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homing to the bone marrow is limited. In contrast, the process by which mature leukocytes are able to home to and extravasate out of blood vessels at sites of inflammation has been well characterized and invites comparison. We studied the interaction of human HSPC from adult bone marrow (ABM) and fetal liver (FL) with E-, P-, and L-selectin immobilized in a flow chamber. CD34 1 HSPC from both ABM and FL rolled avidly on E-, P-, and L-selectin across a range of physiologic shear rates, indicating the presence of ligands for all three selectins on HSPC. Results indicate that CD34 1 ABM and FL cells roll more efficiently (to a greater extent and more slowly) than more differentiated CD342 cells, especially on P- and L-selectin. In a similar fashion, increased rolling efficiency was seen with CD341CD382 ABM cells when compared with committed progenitor cells of the CD341CD381 phenotype. Rolling of CD341 ABM cells on P-selectin could be partially inhibited by monoclonal antibody (mAb) against PSGL-1, and was not inhibited by a mAb against CD34, suggesting that HSPC have unique carbohydrate repertoires that facilitate selectin-mediated rolling. Our results provide direct evidence of selectin ligands on HSPC under physiologic flow conditions and are the first to show a correlation between the maturity of HSPC during development and rolling efficiency on selectins, suggesting a mechanism by which HSPC subsets may differentially home to the extravascular spaces of the bone marrow. (Blood. 2000;95:478-486)
Seasonality of Mobbing Intensity in the Pinyon Jay

In the wild, pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) mob owls at all times of year, but our observations of wild birds suggested that the mobbing response was strongest during the breeding season. To test this, we placed four groups of five wild caught adult pinyon jays in environmental chambers during late autumn when their testes were regressed. These birds received photoperiods of 12, 12, 13 and 14 h for 30 days prior to being exposed singly to a live great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). Three groups of five birds were maintained under natural photoperiods in outdoor aviaries and were tested with the owl in Aug., Sep. and Nov. Birds on long artificial photoperiods mobbed more strongly than birds exposed to shorter photoperiods. The jays under natural photoperiods showed the opposite response: those tested in November mobbed significantly more strongly than birds tested in August. Jays with the weakest mobbing responses were molting, and those with the strongest responses seemed to be closest to reproductive readiness. There was no correlation between gonad size and mobbing intensity, but our results suggest a strong relationship between reproductive readiness and mobbing intensity in pinyon jays.
Language Impairment, Motor Delay and Rolandic Epilepsy

Researchers at the Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands investigated a correlation between language, learning and locomotor impairments in a cohort of 48 children (6.5-13 years of age; 26 boys and 22 girls) with rolandic epilepsy referred to the Epilepsy Center between 2001 and 2009.
Predicting tumour stages of lung cancer adenocarcinoma tumours from pooled microarray data using machine learning methods

This paper involved a novel method combination of predicting lung cancer adenocarcinoma stages using differential expression analysis for gene selection (linear modelling) and machine learning methods (support vector machines (SVMs) and random forest) on a pooled dataset from multiple publicly available microarray experiments. The raw data of 123 tumour microarray samples were initially preprocessed and analysed using robust multi-array average (RMA) and linear models for microarray data (LIMMA) to screen a list of significantly differential expressed genes, where two gene lists were identified according to different experimental settings. These two gene lists were then placed into the SVM model and random forest (RF) model for further investigation to build the prediction models. As result, both the SVM and RF models provided a lung cancer stage prediction model with the accuracy ranging from 67% to 71%.
Growing Method of a Large Synthetic Diamond Single Crystal

Crystal growth mass is proportional to an area of a crystal surface. For producing a large diamond single crystal within a short time, we tried to use a large single seed crystal to obtain a single crystal immedately on it by the Temperature Gradient Method. A large single crystal, ten-carat size, was obtained within a short time, but many metal solvent inclusions were not removed in the above-mentioned seed crystal. The distribution of inclusions was relatee to morphologies. When a crystal grows into a hexagonal shape, a density of inclusions is minimized.
Nonlinear large amplitude aeroelastic behavior of composite rotor blades at large static deflection

An investigation is made of the nonlinear, large amplitude aeroelastic behavior of rotor blades during hover. The aeroelastic model is capable of dealing with large vibration amplitudes as well as large static deflections, and is based on an Euler angle formation together with a harmonic balance, finite difference, and Newton-Raphson thechnique. Nonlinear stall aerodynamics are included by use of the ONERA airforces model. Large amplitude limit cycle analysis that evolves from linear flutter solutions is performed on a [0/9013, graphite/epoxy composite blade model as an illustration of the solution technique. Numerical results indicate that the dynamic stall is predominant in moderate range of amplitudes, but the nonlinear static-dynamic couplings in the structure could be equally important in large amplitude ranges.
Utilization of phosphinoamide ligands in homobimetallic Fe and Mn complexes: the effect of disparate coordination environments on metal-metal interactions and magnetic and redox properties.

A series of homobimetallic phosphinoamide-bridged diiron and dimanganese complexes in which the two metals maintain different coordination environments have been synthesized. Systematic variation of the steric and electronic properties of the phosphinoamide phosphorus and nitrogen substituents leads to structurally different complexes. Reaction of [iPrNKPPh2] (1) with MCl2 (M = Mn, Fe) affords the phosphinoamide-bridged bimetallic complexes [Mn(iPrNPPh2)3Mn(iPrNPPh2)] (3) and [Fe(iPrNPPh2)3Fe(iPrNPPh2)] (4). Complexes 3 and 4 are iso-structural, with one metal center preferentially binding to the three amide ligands in a trigonal planar arrangement while the second metal center is ligated by three phosphine donors. A fourth phosphinoamide ligand caps the tetrahedral coordination sphere of the phosphine-ligated metal center. Mossbauer spectroscopy of complex 4 suggests that the metals in these complexes are best described as FeII centers. In contrast, treatment of MnCl2 or FeI2 with [MesNKPiPr2] (2) leads ...
Ionic Liquid–Solute Interactions Studied by 2D NOE NMR Spectroscopy

Intermolecular interactions between a Ru2+(bpy)3 solute and the anions and cations of four different ionic liquids (ILs) are investigated by 2D NMR nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) techniques, including {1H–19F} HOESY and {1H–1H} ROESY. Four ILs are studied, each having the same bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide anion in common. Two of the ILs have aliphatic 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cations, while the other two ILs have aromatic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations. ILs with both shorter (butyl) and longer (octyl or decyl) cationic alkyl substituents are studied. NOE NMR results suggest that the local environment of IL anions and cations near the Ru2+(bpy)3 solute is rather different from the bulk IL structure. The solute–anion and solute–cation interactions are significantly different both for ILs with short vs long alkyl tails and for ILs with aliphatic vs aromatic cation polar head groups. In particular, the solute–anion interactions are observed to be about 3 times stronger for the cations with sho...
Insitu Observation of the Formation Dynamics of Nanohelices

Strained InGaAs/GaAs bridges were released by a focused ion beam in order to observe the relaxation dynamics of the structure. Releasing the bridges resulted in the formation of chiral nanotubes with diameter of 920 nm and length 8.5 microns. The total time required for nanoscroll formation took > 20 minutes. From observing the scrolling action through time, it was found that the strain relief process differed from traditional wet etched nanoscrolls due to the simultaneous relief of strain from the released structures.
Abstract 1495: Analysis of p53 mutations in human esophageal cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Studies on p53 mutations occurring in human tumors have the potential to provide information on causes of human cancer. This is relevant for cancer risk assessment on new products. A database of p53 mutations in human tumors is maintained by Olivier and Hainaut at IARC. We analyzed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a cancer with known geographic hot spots and life style associations. IARC search allows the rapid determination of sequence distribution, codon location, and strand bias of p53 mutations in tumors stratified by pathology, gender, and lifestyle factors such as tobacco and alcohol use. Although proportions of DNA sequence changes in tumors are provided in IARC profiles, the nature of sequence changes at each base pair is not. Of particular interest are the sequence changes at hot spots. We analyzed the DNA sequence changes among 1032 esophageal mutations occurring at hot spot codons 175, 248, 273, and 282. These are all CpG sites encoding arginine. However, the distribution of mutations was strikingly different at the different sites. At codon 175 (CGC) 98% of the mutations were CAC, virtually all showing strand bias, i.e. G to A from the G containing strand. At codon 248 (CGG), the mutation distribution was 49%TGG and 40% CAG, showing no strand bias, i.e. equally G to A or C to T. At codon 273 (CGT), the mutation distribution was 49% CAT, 33% TGT, and 12% CTT, demonstrating some strand bias but a broader distribution of sequence changes. At codon 282 (CGG), 92% were TGG, again showing striking strand bias. Codons 248 and 282 had identical target sequences but different distributions in the tumors, 282 showing strand bias and 248 showing equivalent distribution of mutations on both strands of DNA. A biased distribution of DNA sequence changes could be related to causal DNA lesions, asymmetric DNA repair, and/or selection of particular mutant phenotypes during tumor progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1495.
Characterizing the deformational isomers of bimetallic Ir2(dimen)4(2+) (dimen = 1,8-diisocyano-p-menthane) with vibrational wavepacket dynamics.

We studied the Ir(2)(dimen)(4)(2+) complex with ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory and concluded that it possesses two singlet ground state isomers in room temperature solution. The molecule can adopt either a paddle wheel or a propeller conformation in solution, where the paddle wheel structure possesses a metal-metal bond of 4.4 A and a dihedral angle between the quasi-C(4v) planes of 0° and the propeller structure has a metal-metal bond of 3.6 A and a dihedral angle of 17° when crystallized. Each conformation has a distinct absorption in the visible attributed to a (1)(dσ(z)* → pσ(z)) excitation, with the long eclipsed structure absorbing at 475 nm and the short twisted structure absorbing at 585 nm. We independently pumped at each of these visible transitions to form vibrational wavepackets on the ground and excited state potential energy surfaces, which modulated the ground state bleach and stimulated emission signals, respectively. We found that the ground state wavepacket oscillates with a frequency of 48 cm(-1) when pumping the red peak and 11 cm(-1) when pumping the blue peak. We assign these frequencies to the Ir-Ir symmetric stretch, with the variation in frequency reflecting the variation in metal-metal bond strength in support of our assignment of the blue peak to the longer Ir-Ir bond length conformer and the red peak to the shorter Ir-Ir bond length conformer. When pumping the red peak, we found two modes with frequencies of 80 and 119 cm(-1) in the stimulated emission and only one mode at 75 cm(-1) when pumping the blue peak. We assign the 75-80 cm(-1) frequency to the Ir-Ir stretch and the 119 cm(-1) vibration to the dihedral angle twist in the excited state. The variation in the excited state dynamics does not result from the excitation of different electronic states, but rather from excitation to different Franck-Condon regions of the same electronic excited state potential energy surface. This occurs because of the large difference in ground state molecular structure. DFT calculations support the existence of a single electronic excited state being accessed from two distinct structural isomers with conformations similar to those observed with X-ray crystallography.
Toxicity Study on DingLiJian Capsule

BACKGROUND AIM:DingLiJian capsule is a constituent of herbal medicine composed of ant powder compounded preparation.It was necessary to make toxicological assessment of DingLiJian capsule.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The acute toxicity in mice and rat,micronuclei test of bone marrow cell in mice,sperm shape abnormality test in mice and Ames test were used.RESULTS:The maximum tolerated dose(MTD)of rats and mice was more than 20.0 g/kg,so the DingLiJian capsule belonged to non-toxic substance;the results of micronucleus test of bone marrow cell,sperm shape abnormallty test in mice and Ames test were negative.CONCLUSION:The DingLiJian capsule has no acute toxicity and abnormality.
Discussion on the Relationship between Corporate Pension Plans’Payment Obligation and Ratio of Liabilities to Assets

The accounting reports in the companies which have sponsored pension plans show that their financial leverage is lower than that of companies’ solvency.After integrated pension liabilities with the balance sheet debt,we would find that their leverage is not lower again,and even some of the companies have higher leverage after consolidated.This paper discussed the effect of pension plans on marginal tax rate and adjusted liabilities structure from a taxable income and accounting treatment perspective.
The Role of Ocean Tides on Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange in a Mangrove-Dominated Estuary: Shark River Slough, Florida Coastal Everglades, USA

Low-relief environments like the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) have complicated hydrologic systems where surface water and groundwater processes are intimately linked yet hard to separate. Fluid exchange within these low-hydraulic-gradient systems can occur across broad spatial and temporal scales, with variable contributions to material transport and transformation. Identifying and assessing the scales at which these processes operate is essential for accurate evaluations of how these systems contribute to global biogeochemical cycles. The distribution of 222Rn and 223,224,226Ra have complex spatial patterns along the Shark River Slough estuary (SRSE), Everglades, FL. High-resolution time-series measurements of 222Rn activity, salinity, and water level were used to quantify processes affecting radon fluxes out of the mangrove forest over a tidal cycle. Based on field data, tidal pumping through an extensive network of crab burrows in the lower FCE provides the best explanation for the high radon and fluid fluxes. Burrows are irrigated during rising tides when radon and other dissolved constituents are released from the mangrove soil. Flushing efficiency of the burrows—defined as the tidal volume divided by the volume of burrows—estimated for the creek drainage area vary seasonally from 25 (wet season) to 100 % (dry season) in this study. The tidal pumping of the mangrove forest soil acts as a significant vector for exchange between the forest and the estuary. Processes that enhance exchange of O2 and other materials across the sediment-water interface could have a profound impact on the environmental response to larger scale processes such as sea level rise and climate change. Compounding the material budgets of the SRSE are additional inputs from groundwater from the Biscayne Aquifer, which were identified using radium isotopes. Quantification of the deep groundwater component is not obtainable, but isotopic data suggest a more prevalent signal in the dry season. These findings highlight the important role that both tidal- and seasonal-scale forcings play on groundwater movement in low-gradient hydrologic systems.
Pathological Effects of Local Disjunction

When working in Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004; McCarthy & Prince, 1995), a balance must be found when positing constraints between those that are not powerful enough to explain attested forms of opacity, and those that are too powerful and predict problematic and pathological languages. Constraint connectives, which create new constraints whose violations are defined relative to those of two simple constraints, can be a simple and intuitive way to extend the power of OT to capture opacity. Local Conjunction (Smolensky, 1993; Moreton & Smolensky, 2002; Ito & Mester, 2003) is the best known connective, but since its inception considerable restraint has been placed upon it to prevent it from predicting pathological effects (Ito & Mester, 1996; Łubowicz, 2005; Pater, 2009). Yet, as explored in Wolf (2007), Local Conjunction is just one of 16 possible constraint connectives. Along with and, some have posited or, as we do in natural language and logic. I call this connective Local Disjunction.1 Local Disjunction was first posited by Hewitt & Crowhurst (1996), and explored further in later work by Crowhurst & Hewitt (1997); Crowhurst (2011); Downing (2000, 1998). In this paper, I argue that Local Disjunction creates pathological effects, and even restriction like that which we have applied to Local Conjunction cannot save it.
A Comparison of Extreme Response Style and Bias between Elderly and Nonelderly Respondents

The tendency of individuals to mark the extremes of rating scales rather than points near the middle of a scale has been identified in many psychometric studies as a potential threat to measurement validity. Relatively few marketing studies, however, have addressed this issue. Although exploratory in nature, the results of this study indicate that elderly adults are more likely than nonelderly adults to exhibit extreme response behavior. Furthermore, the extent of this tendency among the elderly seems to differ for various data collection methods and number of scale item response alternatives.
Symposium: Genetics in Entomology: Interspecific Variation in the Abundance of Highly Repeated DNA Sequences in the Aedes scutellaris (Diptera: Culicidae) Subgroup

Abundance of nine cloned, highly repeated sequences isolated from Aedes malayensis Colless varies greatly among six sibling species of the A. scutellaris Edwards subgroup. Abundance is only weakly associated with genome size, which varies over 2-fold in the species examined. Similarities among species in abundance of these repeated sequences are not associated with known systematic affinities. Two species, A. alcasidi Huang and A. hebrideus Edwards, have been isolated for a relatively long time and are similar in repeat sequence abundance profiles. The similarity suggests selective constraint of repeat sequence abundance under some circumstances. Until more is known of both the selective pressures affecting genome evolution and the ability of the genome to respond to selection pressure, systematic inferences cannot be readily derived from examination of evolutionary labile components of the genome.
Ethical Issues in Retirement Income Planning: An Advisor’s Perspective

The Ethical Issues in Retirement Income Planning study gathered the perceptions of expert retirement income planners. The good news is that the retirement income planners surveyed expressed a high level of satisfaction with the retirement planning profession’s ethical climate, as 64% of respondents believed that the overall ethical culture in the retirement income industry was solid as compared to 36% that expressed some concern. However, advisors were not without concerns. When asked to rank those concerns, a dominant theme emerged through the survey’s quantitative and qualitative findings: Respondents believed that ethical violations were the result of a lack of education and not purposeful malfeasance. The number one ethical concern respondents identified was financial elder abuse. Respondents were not overly concerned that financial advisors were the primary perpetrators but were worried about the industry’s ability to identify cases of financial elder abuse and exploitation, noting that most retirement advisors had not been adequately trained to recognize the signs of abuse, which are often subtle and ambiguous. Respondents reported that they saw very few acts of outright fraud or deceit. Respondents generally believed that retirement advisors, while well-intentioned, often lacked sufficient knowledge in three main areas: Social Security, Medicare, and tax planning. They feared that these knowledge limitations might lead practitioners to make recommendations that were not in the best interest of their clients. An additional and related concern was that consumers would not be able to act as a check since in many cases they lacked the financial literacy to understand the complex products or plans offered to them. In some cases, clients simply trusted their advisor and remained disengaged from the planning process. Respondents also perceived that this level of client dependence reflected a general lack of understanding of the financial advisor’s pivotal role in the process of planning for retirement.
Modern Surgical Care : Physiologic Foundations and Clinical Applications

Modern surgical care : physiologic foundations and clinical applications , Modern surgical care : physiologic foundations and clinical applications , کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا
Empowerment, Not Police: What Are We to Do with Problematic Liturgical Passages?

This essay was first published in Lawerence Hoffman (ed.), Naming God: Avinu Malkeinu—Our Father, Our King. Nashville, Tennessee: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2015. From the description of the book: “One of the oldest and most beloved prayers—known even to Jews who rarely attend synagogue—is Avinu Malkeinu (“Our Father, Our King”), a liturgical staple for the entire High Holy Day period. “Our Father, Our King” has resonance also for Christians, whose Lord’s Prayer begins “Our Father.” Despite its popularity, Avinu Malkeinu causes great debate because of the difficulties in thinking of God as father and king. Americans no longer relate positively to images of royalty; victims of parental abuse note the problem of assuming a benevolent father; and feminists have long objected to masculine language for God.” Published here with the permissions of the author and publisher.
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Childhood Narcolepsy

It is now recognized that there are two types of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy type I or Narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by the loss of hypocretin or orexin neurons. Narcolepsy type II or narcolepsy without cataplexy has normal hypocretin and the etiology is unknown. Hypocretin is a neuropeptide produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Both genetic and environmental factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of narcolepsy. Most patients with narcolepsy type I and half of patients with narcolepsy type II carry HLA-DQB1*0602. HLA-DQB1*0602 forms a heterodimer with HLA-DQA1*0102 and may act as an antigen presenter to the T cell receptors, resulting in narcolepsy susceptibility. In addition, narcolepsy has been shown to be linked to polymorphisms in other non-HLA genes that may affect immune regulatory function, leading to speculation that autoimmune processes may play a crucial role in the loss of hypocretin neurons. Infections have been proposed as a potential trigger for the autoimmune-mediated mechanism. Several recent studies have shown increased cases of narcolepsy, especially in children and adolescents in relation with H1N1 influenza. The increased cases in Europe seems to be related to a specific type of H1N1 influenza vaccination (Pandemrix), while the increased cases in China are related to influenza infection. The data from the Pediatric Working Group of the Sleep Research Network have shown similar increases of early onset narcolepsy in the United States.
Evacuation from Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Research on evacuation from natural disasters has been published across the peer-reviewed literature among several disparate disciplinary outlets and has suggested a wide variety of predictors of evacuation behavior. We conducted a systematic review to summarize and evaluate the current literature on demographic, storm-related, and psychosocial correlates of natural disaster evacuation behavior. Eighty-three eligible papers utilizing 83 independent samples were identified. Risk perception was a consistent positive predictor of evacuation, as were several demographic indicators, prior evacuation behavior, and having an evacuation plan. The influence of prior experiences, self-efficacy, personality, and links between expected and actual behavior were examined less frequently. Prospective, longitudinal designs are relatively uncommon. Although difficult to conduct in postdisaster settings, more prospective, methodologically rigorous studies would bolster inferences. Results synthesize the current body of literature on evacuation behavior and can help inform the design of more effective predisaster evacuation warnings and procedures.
Practices of topic and dialogue activity management in dispute mediation

This study examines the mediator practices to bring the interaction back on track when the participants of dispute mediation go off-task. An existing collection of 18 transcripts from audio recordings of mediation sessions at a mediation center in the western United States serves as a source of interactional data. First, the study examines the moves mediators make to perform interventions to bring the current state of activity more in line with mediation activity. Second, it accounts for the variety of interventions mediators perform using the concepts of face and facework. The article discusses what the findings mean in terms of mediation, the interaction order and the institutional order.
Microstructure modulation for resistance reduction in copper interconnects

Microstructure variation with post-patterning dielectric aspect ratio (AR) and post-plating annealing temperature has been investigated in Cu narrow wires. As compared to the conventional annealing at 100 ◦C for a feature AR of 2.6, both elevated temperature anneals and reduced AR structures modulated Cu microstructure, which then resulted in a reduced rate of electrical resistivity increase with area scaling and an increased electromigration resistance in the Cu narrow wires.
Setting bin quantities for 2-Bin Kanban systems (version 3)

Abstract The 2-bin inventory model has been well-known as a visual version of the basic (Q, r) model for inventory control. Visual control has been a hallmark of the JIT movement in industry toward simplification and transparency. The 2-bin idea is no longer limited to the industrial domain; there is growing empirical evidence that it is now well entrenched as a standard operating principle in hospitals for managing the inventory of medical supplies. However, it is of interest that hospitals, as well as their industrial counterparts, have developed a variation of the 2-bin idea, popularly known as "2-bin Kanban". Rather than maintaining two different sized bins as prescribed in the OR literature, users instead set the two bin quantities equal. This variation of the 2-bin idea, although prevalent in application, has not been thoroughly analyzed in the research literature. We provide a complete analysis of 2-bin Kanban and derive a simple closed form expression for the minimum total cost bin size subject to a specified customer service level, and extend it to the case of n-equal-bins, n > 2. Somewhat surprisingly, it is shown that in the general problem, the optimum bin size can occur at only two possible values, which may be easily computed based on problem parameters. We provide simple conditions that describe which of these two values is the optimum, thus completely solving the problem and providing the practice of inventory management a comprehensive approach of how to specify bin-based control systems.
Myocardial recovery after cardiac resynchronization therapy in left bundle branch block-associated idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy: A NEOLITH II substudy.

Background Baseline predictors of myocardial recovery after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in left bundle branch block (LBBB)-associated idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) are unknown. Methods A retrospective study included subjects with idiopathic NICM, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, and LBBB. Myocardial recovery was defined as post-CRT LVEF ≥50%. Logistic regression analyses described associations between baseline characteristics and myocardial recovery. Cox regression analyses estimated the hazard ratio (HR) between myocardial recovery status and adverse clinical events. Results In 105 subjects (mean age 61 years, 44% male, mean initial LVEF 22.6% ± 6.6%, 81% New York Heart Association class III, and 98% CRT-defibrillators), myocardial recovery after CRT was observed in 56 (54%) subjects. Hypertension, heart rate, and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) had negative associations with myocardial recovery in univariable analyses. These associations persisted in multivariable analysis: hypertension (odds ratio (OR), 0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.17-0.95; p = 0.04), heart rate (OR per 10 bpm, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48-0.997; p = 0.048), and serum BUN (OR per 1 mg/dl, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99; p = 0.04). Subjects with post-CRT LVEF ≥50%, when compared to Conclusion In LBBB-associated idiopathic NICM, myocardial recovery after CRT was associated with absence of hypertension, lower heart rate, and lower serum BUN. Those with myocardial recovery had fewer adverse clinical events.
Litigations Involving Ureteral Injury Related to Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery: Lessons Learned from a Legal Literature Review.

ABSTRACT Ureteral injury is a known complication of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. Despite being discussed preoperatively and included in consent forms, litigations that involve such injury continue to be prevalent. Our aim was to review all major litigations involving ureteral injuries related to minimally invasive gynecologic surgery to determine the most common allegations from plaintiffs and highlight factors that aided defendants. We used Lexis Nexis, a comprehensive legal database, to search all publicly available federal- and state-level cases on ureteral injury related to gynecologic surgeries. Fifty-nine cases resulted from our search. Of these cases, 19 were deemed pertinent to our question. These 19 cases occurred between 1993 and 2018. The most common allegations included medical negligence, lack of informed consent, and medical battery. Eight of 19 cases (42%) were decided in favor of the defendants, 3 of 19 cases (16%) in favor of the plaintiffs, and the remaining cases proceeded to further trial or are ongoing. The monetary compensation to a plaintiff was as high as $426,079.50. Meticulous documentation, comprehensive consent procedure, timely postoperative evaluation, and the use of immediate postoperative cystoscopy were the critical factors that aided the defendants. Meticulous documentation, a comprehensive consent procedure, timely postoperative evaluation, and the use of immediate postoperative cystoscopy can aid minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons involved in litigations involving ureteral injury.
Sports hernia: the experience of Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.

Sports hernia is a condition that has been poorly understood by clinicians. Meyers et al have documented the widespread public interest in this entity (1). It is estimated that groin pain occurs in 5% to 28% of athletes (2). As originally described, sports hernia occurred more commonly in hockey and soccer players (3), but it is also seen in all sports for a variety of reasons. Although never proven, one commonly mentioned reason for the condition's frequency is athletes' shorter off-season time to allow for recovery. Our experience has confirmed that of others in showing that many athletes who develop acute and chronic injuries to the lower abdominal muscles, pubic symphysis, and adductor musculature—so-called sports hernias—have greatly benefited from care. Over the past 12 years, we have repaired >100 sports hernias at Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Our patients have included high-profile professional athletes, competitive college athletes, competitive adult athletes, club players, and weekend warriors. Of those treated, 98% have returned to their competitive level of activity, usually within 3 months. This report reviews this entity, its etiology and pathology, and its diagnosis, repair, and rehabilitation.
Rainfastness of Insecticides Used to Control Spotted-Wing Drosophila in Tart Cherry Production

Tart cherry production is challenged by precipitation events that may reduce crop protection against spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) (SWD). Due to SWD’s devastating impacts on yield, growers are often faced with the option of insecticide reapplication. Semi-field bioassays were used to assess simulated rainfall effects towards adult mortality, immature survival, and residue wash-off from different plant tissues for several compounds. Tart cherry shoots were treated with 0, 12.7 or 25.4 mm of simulated rainfall and infested with SWD for 5 days. Adult mortality was recorded 1, 3, and 5 days after shoots were infested, while immature stage individuals were counted 9 days after the first infestation day. All insecticides demonstrated higher adult mortality and lower immature survival compared with the untreated control at 0 mm of rainfall. Adult mortality and immature survival caused by phosmet, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram were adversely affected by simulated rainfall. In all bioassays, acetamiprid was the least affected by simulated rainfall. Residue analysis demonstrated phosmet and spinetoram residues to be the most sensitive to wash-off. This study demonstrates different rainfall effects on SWD control for several compounds. This information may provide a basis for making an informed decision on whether reapplication is required.
Zika Virus Dissemination from the Midgut of Aedes aegypti is Facilitated by Bloodmeal-Mediated Structural Modification of the Midgut Basal Lamina.

The arboviral disease cycle requires that key tissues in the arthropod vector become persistently infected with the virus. The midgut is the first organ in the mosquito that needs to be productively infected with an orally acquired virus. Following midgut infection, the virus then disseminates to secondary tissues including the salivary glands. Once these are productively infected, the mosquito is able to transmit the virus to a vertebrate host. Recently, we described the midgut dissemination pattern for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti. Here we assess the dissemination pattern in the same mosquito species for Zika virus (ZIKV), a human pathogenic virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. ZIKV infection of secondary tissues, indicative of dissemination from the midgut, was not observed before 72 h post infectious bloodmeal (pibm). Virion accumulation at the midgut basal lamina (BL) was only sporadic, although at 96–120 h pibm, virions were frequently observed between strands of the BL indicative of their dissemination. Our data suggest that ZIKV dissemination from the mosquito midgut occurs after digestion of the bloodmeal. Using gold-nanoparticles of 5 nm and 50 nm size, we show that meal ingestion leads to severe midgut tissue distention, causing the mesh width of the BL to remain enlarged after complete digestion of the meal. This could explain how ZIKV can exit the midgut via the BL after bloodmeal digestion. Ingestion of a subsequent, non-infectious bloodmeal five days after acquisition of an initial, dengue 4 virus containing bloodmeal resulted in an increased number of virions present in the midgut epithelium adjacent to the BL. Thus, subsequent bloodmeal ingestion by an infected mosquito may primarily stimulate de novo synthesis of virions leading to increased viral titers in the vector.