cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular pharmacology of nitrosoureas.

The development of a wide range of aliphatic nitrosamides has followed the original observation that l-methyl-l-nitroso-3-nitrosoguanidine had reproducible antitumor activity against murine L1210 leukemia [7]. The resultant synthesis of new N-nitroso containing compounds has produced two general classes of drug, the methyl and chloroethyl nitrosoureas. Both groups of drugs have the potential to alkylate and carbamoylate cellular macromolecules under physiologic conditions with no prelim- inary enzymatic activation required. In addition, the original observation that 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) increased the life span of mice bearing intercranially implanted L1210 cells [25] was correlated with the lipid solubility of the drug and its potential to cross the blood brain barrier. This property instigated the development and clinical use of a series of chloroethyl nitrosoureas, including, l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) [11], l-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) and eventually methyl-CCNU. These drugs have established clinical antitumor activity for a broad range of human malignancies including acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphomas, myeloma, melanoma, gliomas, and gastrointestinal neoplasms [32]. Unfortunately, these same agents produce delayed and cumulative bone marrow toxicity which is a serious limitation to their therapeutic efficacy. The attachment of MNU to the C-2 position of glucose (streptozotocin) greatly reduced this myelosuppression and further led to the synthesis of a chloroethyl derivative, 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose or chlorozotocin [12] which, similarly exhibited minimal myelotoxicity [24].
Unsuspected retreats: autumn transitional roosts and presumed winter hibernacula of little brown myotis in Colorado

Documentation of autumn and winter roosts of many species of hibernating bats are lacking from western North America. However, recent evidence suggests that rather than using caves and mines, many individuals and some species of bats may roost in inconspicuous rock crevices at these times of year. I investigated autumn use of rock crevices and other roosts by the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) in the Rocky Mountains of western Colorado through radiotelemetry (n = 38). Objectives were to determine the types and characteristics of roosts, describe patterns of movements to these roosts from summer colonies, and contrast findings with results of surveys of bats in caves and abandoned mines in Colorado during autumn and winter. Forty-four autumn transitional roosts and presumed hibernacula were located in buildings, trees, and rock crevices. Bats used short-distance movements changing in elevation to autumn transitional roosts and presumed hibernacula rather than major latitudinal migrations. Roost type and distance from capture site to roosts had the highest variable importance at the landscape scale. Microclimate comparisons showed that buildings provided warmer minimum average temperatures, which may benefit juvenile bats early in the transition season. Tree roost temperatures during autumn would allow bats to conserve energy by using daily torpor and passive rewarming to assist with afternoon arousals. Rock crevice roosts in talus were found to be suitable for hibernation by exhibiting the coolest average temperatures and maintaining the highest relative humidity levels. Autumn access and spring egress to high-elevation talus sites used by these bats were not obstructed by winter snow pack. These rock crevices also provided temperature and humidity levels that would support the persistence and growth of Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the causal agent of white-nose syndrome. However, bats in this study appeared to roost alone, which could inhibit the bat-to-bat spread of Pd. Surveys of caves and mines within and surrounding the study area revealed few hibernating little brown myotis, suggesting that most individuals in Colorado may instead utilize rock crevices as roosts during winter.
Characterizing active transportation mechanisms for free fatty acids and antibiotics in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is a photosynthetic bacterium that has been genetically modified to produce industrially relevant chemicals, yet efflux mechanisms have not been well elucidated. These photosynthetic organisms live in environments that are often nutrient limited; therefore, the genome of these organisms encodes far fewer proteins used for efflux of chemicals when compared to members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Understanding efflux mechanisms can lead to a greater efficiency of chemical production within the cyanobacterial cell. Both sll0180 and slr2131 genes that encode the Sll0180 and Slr2131 proteins, respectively, were removed from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and SD277, a high fatty acid-producing Synechocystis-based strain, to test the hypothesis that Sll0180 and Slr2131 contribute to the efflux of chemicals out of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and SD277. The mutant Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and SD277 strains with either sll0180 or slr2131 removed from the chromosome had significantly decreased half maximal inhibitory concentrations to various antibiotics. The free fatty acid (FFA) concentration of the SD277 mutant strains increased intracellularly yet decreased extracellularly indicating that Sll0180 and Slr2131 have a role in FFA efflux. E. coli wild-type gene acrA (a homolog to sll0180) was added on a plasmid to the respective mutant strains lacking the sll0180 gene. Similarly, the E. coli wild-type gene acrB (a homolog to slr2131) was added to the respective mutant strains lacking the slr2131 gene. The tolerance to chloramphenicol of each mutant strain containing the wild-type E. coli gene was restored when compared to the parent stains. The extracellular FFA concentration of SD277 Δslr2131 with E. coli acrB increased significantly compared to both SD277 and SD277 Δslr2131. Two proteins involved in the transportation of antibiotics and FFAs out of the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cell were identified. In an effort to alleviate costs associated with mechanically or chemically separating the cells from the FFAs, the combination of genome editing of SD277 and the addition of exogenous transport gene increased extracellular concentrations of FFAs. This understanding of active transportation is critical to improving the production efficiency for all industrially relevant chemicals produced in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Women’s perceptions of hysterectomy and alternative surgical treatments for benign pelvic pathologies: A Literature Review

Background: The evolving landscape of new technologies offering minimally invasive options for the treatment of benign pelvic diseases present with varying effectiveness and safety profiles. This raises questions regarding how patients make treatment decisions. Patients may perceive risk or benefits of a device/treatment differently than physicians or regulators responsible for determining whether a new device can be marketed. Methods: We reviewed publications in PubMed investigating patients’ perceptions of surgical treatments for benign pelvic pathology, including perceived benefits and risks. In addition, we explored the social and cultural factors influencing these perceptions and treatment decisions. Results: We included 16 studies in our literature review. Factors which were identified to influence women’s perceptions include: symptom relief; surgical complications and recovery times; impact on periods; child-bearing capacity; femininity; sexual desire and sexual dysfunction; cosmetic effects; emotional effects and risk of cancer. Our review revealed some heterogeneity in patients’ perspectives on factors (including benefits and risks) associated with surgical treatments for benign pelvic pathology. Women’s intrinsic factors including age, race, sexuality and child-bearing status may influence how they perceive the potential effects of their surgical options and influence their treatment decision. Conclusions: It is important to understand the trade-offs patients make as they consider competing surgical treatment options. Patient preference information from future patient studies could quantify patient perspective thereby providing additional information to patients, clinicians, current and prospective device developers. In addition, it may be used by regulators in their evaluation of surgical devices for the treatment of benign pelvic disease.
Disinhibition-assisted LTP in the prefrontal-amygdala pathway via suppression of somatostatin-expressing interneurons

Abstract Natural brain adaptations often involve changes in synaptic strength. The artificial manipulations can help investigate the role of synaptic strength in a specific brain circuit not only in various physiological phenomena like correlated neuronal firing and oscillations but also in behaviors. High and low-frequency stimulation at presynaptic sites has been used widely to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), respectively. This approach is effective in many brain areas, but not in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), because the robust local GABAergic tone inside the BLA restricts synaptic plasticity. Here, we identified the subclass of GABAergic neurons that gate LTP in the BLA afferents from the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). Chemogenetic suppression of somatostatin-positive interneurons (Sst-INs) enabled the ex vivo LTP by high-frequency stimulation of the afferent, but the suppression of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) did not. Moreover, optogenetic suppression of Sst-INs with Arch also enabled LTP of the dmPFC-BLA synapses both ex vivo and in vivo. These findings reveal that Sst-INs but not PV-INs gate LTP in the dmPFC-BLA pathway and provide a method for artificial synaptic facilitation in BLA.
Approximation of Reflectarray Cross-Polarization Response Using A Hybrid FEM-PO Method

This paper presents a scheme to approximate the cross-polarization response of a reflectarray antenna using a simple, hybrid finite element-physical optics (FEM-PO) method. Surface currents are solved on a unit cell with periodic boundary conditions using FEM for a single case and applied throughout the aperture surface. These currents are used in a PO calculation to obtain the cross-polarization far fields of the antenna.
A RARE CASE OF RAPIDLY ENLARGING MYELOLIPOMA IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE

ABSTRACT Objective: Adrenal myelolipoma (AM) is a benign tumor composed of mature fat cells and hemopoietic elements. Most AMs are incidental findings on imaging and clinically asymptomatic. The pu...
Is the Corona Virus More Serious Than Seasonal Influenza?: A Look at the Data

This paper compares current deaths in the United States due to the Corona virus with those caused by seasonal influenza. The study found that seasonal flu has killed 15 to 21 times as many people as the Corona virus in the first 10 weeks of 2020.
Microorganisms Move a Short Distance into an Almond Orchard from an Adjacent Upwind Poultry Operation

ABSTRACT Over a 2-year period, drag swabs of orchard soil surface and air, soil, and almond leaf samples were collected in an almond orchard adjacent to (35 m from the first row of trees) and downwind from a poultry operation and in two almond orchards (controls) that were surrounded by other orchards. Samples were evaluated for aerobic plate count, generic Escherichia coli, other coliforms, the presence of Salmonella, bacterial community structure (analyzed through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene), and amounts of dry solids (dust) on leaf surfaces on trees 0, 60, and 120 m into each orchard. E. coli was isolated from 41 of 206 (20%) and 1 of 207 (0.48%) air samples in the almond-poultry and control orchards, respectively. Salmonella was not isolated from any of the 529 samples evaluated. On average, the amount of dry solids on leaves collected from trees closest to the poultry operation was more than 2-fold greater than from trees 120 m into the orchard or from any of the trees in the control orchards. Members of the family Staphylococcaceae—often associated with poultry—were, on average, significantly (P IMPORTANCE The movement of microorganisms, including foodborne pathogens, from animal operations into adjacent plant crop-growing environments is not well characterized. This study provides evidence that dust and bioaerosols moved from a commercial poultry operation a short distance downwind into an almond orchard and altered the microbiome recovered from the leaves. These data provide growers with information they can use to assess food safety risks on their property.
MHCflurry 2.0: Improved Pan-Allele Prediction of MHC Class I-Presented Peptides by Incorporating Antigen Processing

Summary Computational prediction of the peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins is an important tool for studying T cell immunity. The data available to develop such predictors have expanded with the use of mass spectrometry to identify naturally presented MHC ligands. In addition to elucidating binding motifs, the identified ligands also reflect the antigen processing steps that occur prior to MHC binding. Here, we developed an integrated predictor of MHC class I presentation that combines new models for MHC class I binding and antigen processing. Considering only peptides first predicted by the binding model to bind strongly to MHC, the antigen processing model is trained to discriminate published mass spectrometry-identified MHC class I ligands from unobserved peptides. The integrated model outperformed the two individual components as well as NetMHCpan 4.0 and MixMHCpred 2.0.2 on held-out mass spectrometry experiments. Our predictors are implemented in the open source MHCflurry package, version 2.0 ( github.com/openvax/mhcflurry ).
NDNconf: Network Management Framework for Named Data Networking.

The rapid growth of the Internet is, in part, powered by the broad participation of numerous vendors building network components. All these network devices require that they be properly configured and maintained, which creates a challenge for system administrators of complex networks with a growing variety of heterogeneous devices. This challenge is true for today's networks, as well as for the networking architectures of the future, such as Named Data Networking (NDN). This paper gives a preliminary design of an NDNconf framework, an adaptation of a recently developed NETCONF protocol, to realize unified configuration and management for NDN. The presented design is built leveraging the benefits provided by NDN, including the structured naming shared among network and application layers, stateful data retrieval with name-based interest forwarding, in-network caching, data-centric security model, and others. Specifically, the configuration data models, the heart of NDNconf, the elements of the models and models themselves are represented as secured NDN data, allowing fetching models, fetching configuration data that correspond to elements of the model, and issuing commands using the standard Interest-Data exchanges. On top of that, the security of models, data, and commands are realized through native data-centric NDN mechanisms, providing highly secure systems with high granularity of control.
Investigation of optical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide films via flow-limited field-injection electrostatic spraying

Zinc oxide films doped with 0 at. %–5 at. % aluminum are fabricated by flow-limited field-injection electrostatic spraying using a sol–gel processed precursor. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analyses indicate that the films are highly (002)-oriented with large crystallites and that the lattice constants of the doped-ZnO tend to decrease with Al doping below the values of undoped-ZnO. Optical properties were measured by ellipsometry and analyzed using the Drude model of permittivity. The electron scattering rate is calculated to be minimal at 3 at. % Al, which may indicate a reduction in the ionized impurities due to the lattice strain and the absence of Al clusters, which is enabled by the sol–gel precursor. Insights are offered regarding the effects of Al doping on film density, electron concentration, and background permittivity, which may prove important in tuning the film properties for plasmonic applications.
Real life stories when one has a disability in the time of COVID-19

With the COVID-19 pandemic, many challenges and problems have occurred across all populations; however, for individuals with disabilities, the challenges are often significantly exacerbated by the additional problems of access and inequity. This article describes five real life stories of individuals with disabilities who have been seriously impacted by the pandemic. We have described the individuals' disabilities, the complexity of the situations amplified by the pandemic, and how it has jeopardized the health of these individuals. As these individuals navigated this new unchartered territory of COVID-19, they often were left with few resources and an inability to access their traditional resource networks. We have documented each story and integrated relevant sources that support the jeopardy of the individual involved. We hope that this article may assist readers in understanding the perils of progressing through COVID-19 with a disability.
Emerging Roles of Urine-Derived Components for the Management of Bladder Cancer: One Man’s Trash Is Another Man’s Treasure

Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract in humans, with an estimated global prevalence of 1.1 million cases over 5 years. Because of its high rates of recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy, UBC is one of the most expensive cancers to treat, resulting in significant health care costs. The development of innovative molecular and cellular tools is necessary to refine patient stratification and help predict response to treatment. Urine is an underused resource of biological components shed from bladder tumors, such as exfoliated cells and extracellular vesicles, that could serve as molecular fingerprints and provide valuable biological insights into tumor phenotype and mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, characterization of urine-derived extracellular vesicles and cells could be used as reliable biomarkers for prediction of response to neoadjuvant therapy.
Legacies of Pragmatism

Pragmatism has triumphed in the law by becoming all things to all people—or has it? This essay, prepared for a symposium at Drake University Law School's Constitutional Law Center, examines the future of pragmatism in constitutional thought. First, I revisit the work of William James to recover the ideal disposition of a pragmatist decision maker. Second, I analyze pragmatism's impact on constitutional theory from Richard Posner to Cass Sunstein, from Philip Bobbitt to Willy Forbath and Joey Fishkin. I contend that pragmatism takes different forms in their theories: disciplinary substitution, decisional allocation, managed consequentialism, and materialist purposivism. Together, these represent the legacies of pragmatism. Third, after considering the views of Robin West and Roberto Unger, I offer some thoughts about what it will take to construct a form of pragmatism that restores the tradition's emphasis on humanistic governance.
A sequential explanatory study of the employment experiences of population-based breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer survivors

Cancer treatment often leads to work disruptions including loss of income, resulting in long-term financial instability for cancer survivors and their informal caregivers. In this sequential explanatory study, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of employment experiences among ethnically diverse, working-age individuals diagnosed with breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer. Following the survey, we conducted semi-structured interviews with cancer survivors and informal caregivers to explore changes in employment status and coping techniques to manage these changes. Among employed survivors (n = 333), cancer caused numerous work disruptions including issues with physical tasks (53.8%), mental tasks (46.5%) and productivity (76.0%) in the workplace. Prostate cancer survivors reported fewer work disruptions than female breast and male and female colorectal cancer survivors. Paid time off and flexible work schedules were work accommodations reported by 52.6% and 36.3% of survivors, respectively. In an adjusted regression analysis, household income was positively associated with having received a work accommodation. From the qualitative component of the study (survivors n = 17; caregivers n = 11), three key themes emerged: work disruptions, work accommodations, and coping mechanisms to address the disruptions. Survivors and caregivers shared concerns about lack of support at work and resources to navigate issues caused by changes in employment. This study characterized employment changes among a diverse group of cancer survivors. Work accommodations were identified as a specific unmet need, particularly among low-income cancer survivors. Addressing changes in employment among specific groups of cancer survivors and caregivers is critical to mitigate potential long-term consequences of cancer.
Religious Influence on Older Americans’ Sexual Lives: A Nationally-Representative Profile

This study investigated the relationship between religious influence and sexual expression in older Americans, with specific attention to gender. Using the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a nationally-representative survey of older adults, we created a composite measure of religious influence on sexual expression using Latent Class Analysis. We found more variability within denominations than between in terms of membership in the high-influence class; this indicated that religious influence on sexual expression was diverse within faiths. We show that religious influence was associated with higher self-reported satisfaction with frequency of sex, as well as higher physical and emotional satisfaction with sex, but only for men. Men were also significantly more likely than women to report that they would only have sex with a person they love. These results persisted in the presence of controls for demographic characteristics, religious affiliation, church attendance, intrinsic religiosity, political ideology, and functional health.
Asthma is Different in Women

Gender differences in asthma incidence, prevalence and severity have been reported worldwide. After puberty, asthma becomes more prevalent and severe in women, and is highest in women with early menarche or with multiple gestations, suggesting a role for sex hormones in asthma genesis. However, the impact of sex hormones on the pathophysiology of asthma is confounded by and difficult to differentiate from age, obesity, atopy, and other gender associated environmental exposures. There are also gender discrepancies in the perception of asthma symptoms. Understanding gender differences in asthma is important to provide effective education and personalized management plans for asthmatics across the lifecourse.
LASE: Layered approach for sensor security and efficiency

In recent times, sensor security and reliability has become an important concern due to the growing applicability of sensor-based networking infrastructures. In this paper, we present here a novel multi-layer framework to protect confidentiality and integrity of data stored on sensors. The framework allows automatic and fast development of security extensions to the sensor operating system.
Biosynthesis of thiamine: VI. Incorporation of formate into carbon atom two of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine

Abstract Radioactive formate is incorporated with little dilution of specific radioactivity into the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine by Escherichia coli . Chemical degradations of this pyrimidine have shown that formate is incorporated exclusively into carbon atom 2 of the pyrimidine ring. Since formate dilutes out the incorporation of radioactive acetate into the pyrimidine, it is concluded that acetate is not utilized as a direct precursor of the pyrimidine.
Towards a computational analysis of status and leadership styles on FDA panels

Decisions by committees of technical experts are increasingly impacting society. These decision-makers are typically embedded within a web of social relations. Taken as a whole, these relations define an implicit social structure which can influence the decision outcome. Aspects of this structure are founded on interpersonal affinity between parties to the negotiation, on assigned roles, and on the recognition of status characteristics, such as relevant domain expertise. This paper build upon a methodology aimed at extracting an explicit representation of such social structures using meeting transcripts as a data source. Whereas earlier results demonstrated that the method presented here can identify groups of decision-makers with a contextual affinity (i.e., membership in a given medical specialty or voting clique), we now can extract meaningful status hierarchies, and can identify differing facilitation styles among committee chairs. Use of this method is demonstrated on the transcripts of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel meeting transcripts; nevertheless, the approach presented here is extensible to other domains and requires only a meeting transcript as input.
Immigration Restriction as Redistributive Taxation: Working Women and the Costs of Protectionism in the Labor Market

In this paper, I argue that tax and transfer policies are more efficient than immigration restrictions as instruments for raising the after-tax incomes of the least skilled native workers. Policies to protect these native workers from immigrant competition in the labor market do no better at promoting distributive justice and are likely to impose a greater economic burden on natives in the country of immigration than the tax alternative. These immigration restrictions are especially costly given the disproportionate burden that they place on households with working women, which discourages female participation in the labor force. This burden runs contrary to the teachings of optimal tax theory and introduces excessive distortions in the labor market because the supply of female labor is more elastic than the supply of male labor. Thus, the best response to concerns about the effect of immigration on the distribution of income among natives is to increase the progressivity of the tax system.
The Radon Transform

For a given function f defined in the plane, which may represent, for instance, the attenuation-coefficient function in a cross section of a sample, the fundamental question of image reconstruction calls on us to consider the value of the integral of f along a typical line l t , θ. For each pair of values of t and θ, we will integrate f along a different line. Thus, we really have a new function on our hands, where the inputs are the values of t and θ and the output is the value of the integral of f along the corresponding line l t , θ. But even more is going on than that because we also wish to apply this process to a whole variety of functions f . So really we start by selecting a function f . Then, once f has been selected, we get a corresponding function of t and θ.
An accurate and efficient estimation of switching noise in synchronous digital circuits

A new method is presented to compress switching information in large digital circuits. This is combined with an efficient approach of generating the noise signatures of cells in a digital library that results in an accurate and efficient approach for estimating the noise generated in digital circuits. This method provides a practical approach to generating the digital switching noise for simulating substrate coupling noise in mixed-signal ICs. Orders of magnitude reduction in the memory and simulation time are achieved using this approach without significant loss of accuracy.
Preferential tariff reductions: The Philippine response, 1900–1940

Abstract The U.S.-Philippine preferential tariff relation (PTR) is examined to determine whether the growth of three major Philippine processing activities can be attributed to the PTR, and whether the PTR provided the Philippines with benefits of important magnitude. The PTR is shown to have been a significant determinant of Philippine production of the products, and of the geographic distribution of their export. The preference subsidy was not large in relation to total Philippine export revenue, although it was sufficiently large to suggest that at least two of the processing activities would not have developed without preference.
High-Q buried heterostructure microring resonators

All-buried InP/InGaAsP microring resonators laterally coupled to bus waveguides are demonstrated. Very low optical losses of 0.4 cm/sup -1/ and coupling-limited quality factors of 10/sup 5/ or greater are observed from 200-/spl mu/m-radii microring resonators.
Estrogen does not inhibit 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated effects in MCF-7 and Hepa 1c1c7 cells.

Abstract The estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) are coexpressed in several Ah and estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell lines. However, a recent study reported that 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibited Ah responsiveness in mouse Hepa 1c1c7 hepatoma cells (Kharat, I., and Saatcioglu, F. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 10533–10537), and therefore, estrogen receptor-AhR cross-talk was reinvestigated in MCF-7 and mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Treatment of MCF-7 or Hepa 1c1c7 cells with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in induction of CYP1A1-dependent activity and mRNA levels. Treatment of both cell lines with E2 had no effect on basal or TCDD-inducible CYP1A1-dependent activity or mRNA levels. In MCF-7 and Hepa 1c1c7 cells transiently transfected with an Ah-responsive plasmid containing the 5′-regulatory region of the human CYP1A1 gene fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene 10 nm TCDD significantly induced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity; in cells cotreated with TCDD plus E2 the induced response was not affected by the hormone. Nuclear extracts from cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, E2, TCDD, and TCDD plus E2 were incubated with the [32P]dioxin-responsive element and analyzed by gel electrophoretic mobility shift assays. A retarded band associated with formation of a [32P]dioxin-responsive element-AhR complex was observed in nuclear extracts from cells treated with TCDD or TCDD plus E2 (cotreated). Collectively these studies suggest that E2 does not modulate AhR-mediated CYP1A1 gene expression in MCF-7 or Hepa 1c1c7 cells.
CHANGING DEMOGRAHICS AND LIFE STYLES: What Are Recent Homebuyers Really Like?

: Cross-tabular and cluster analysis are applied to mailed questionnaire samples for Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio, and New Castle County (Wilmington), Delaware, to determine the extent to which recent demographic and life style trends associated with neighborhood revitalization influenced the composition of the homebuying population. In fact, these trends have had only a limited impact. Although Hamilton County contained a homebuyer cluster of upwardly mobile singles and couples without children, neither county had a homebuyer cluster identifiably based on both demographic and attitudinal characteristics. Further, suburban rather than urban values dominated the homebuying populations in these counties. The fact that Hamilton County contains a more cosmopolitan-like cluster than New Castle County highlights the fact that some cities have brighter prospects than others for attracting additional middle income families.
Methods to increase sound fidelity and quality produced from piezoelectric devices

Abstract Methods to increase sound level, fidelity and quality produced from vibrating lamina such as piezoelectric actuators, vibrating plates or vibrating films are presented. Results of using the methods are shown for piezoelectric devices. Four methods are described: (1) tailoring the vibration response to develop desired deformation shapes and amplitudes, (2) mapping vibration out-of-plane deformation to ascertain locations on the surfaces of lamina suitable for stroke-like actuation, (3) coupling vibration to a collection of acoustic chambers and (4) increasing the vibration decay rate. The first two methods provide a single piezoelectric device with the functionality of numerous actuators combined. A piezoelectric actuator with numerous high-amplitude natural vibration responses has been produced using the aforementioned methods. Numerous high-amplitude vibrations increase the functionality of the devices. A collection of acoustic chambers were affixed to the piezoelectric actuator's surface. The addition of the chambers resulted in more efficient audio output. The result of using all of the aforementioned methods is a high fidelity, high-bandwidth, and high sound-quality audio device with a low physical profile. The use of the piezoelectric actuator effectively results in an audio driver with a thickness less than 1 mm. The piezoelectric audio device achieved a response of 93±4 dB measured at 1 cm in the frequency range (1–5 kHz) with very good audio output for frequencies less than 1 kHz. The methods can be used to design other devices using solid-state piezoelectric actuators or vibrating lamina (e.g., plates or films).
Heat transfer from a circular cylinder to mixtures of water and ethylene glycol

Abstract Local heat transfer by forced convection from a circular cylinder in crossflow is investigated for Reynolds number from 2 × 103 to 9 × 104 and Prandtl number from 7 to 176. The working fluids are water and mixtures of ethylene glycol and water. The cylinder is uniformly heated by passing a direct electric current through a thin surface heater. The influence of Reynolds number and Prandtl number on the distributions of local Nusselt number around a circular cylinder in crossflow is described.
Effect of Beliefs About Future Weather Conditions on Restaurant Tipping

Research has shown that favorable weather is associated with increased tipping and that beliefs that weather is favorable can produce higher tips. In the current study, the possibility that beliefs about future weather conditions would affect tipping was experimentally examined. A server in a midscale restaurant wrote on the back of customers’ checks either nothing, that the weather would be good the next day, or that the weather would not be so good the next day. Compared to writing nothing (M= 18.73%) or giving an unfavorable forecast (M= 18.18%), giving a favorable forecast (M= 22.21%) resulted in significantly higher tip percentages. The power of beliefs, irrespective of their veridicality, regarding the state of atmospheric conditions in affecting human response is discussed.
A plasticity model with microstructure evolution for quasi‐static granular flows

We develop a plasticity model to predict complex rheological behaviors of quasi‐static granular flows. The stress is decomposed to a pressure term and a deviatoric term with a macroscopic friction coefficient. The closures to the pressure and the friction coefficient are linked to the microstructure evolution, which is modeled by the coordination number and fabric evolution equations. The material constants in the model are functions of particle‐level properties and are calibrated using the data from simulations of steady and unsteady simple shear using the discrete element method (DEM).
Evaluating the information content of a measure of plant output: An application to high-technology manufacturing

Commonly used measures of plant output have been criticized for their inability to provide information required to manage the dynamic operations of high-technology manufacturing plants. In this paper, we propose tests to evaluate the information content of a measure of plant output that is specifically directed at these issues. These tests are based on recent developments in DATA Envelopment Analysis (DEA), namely the Cone Ratio Envelopments. In this new application of DEA models, we shift the focus from Decision Making Units (DMUs) being evaluated to the DMUs that are being used to effect evaluations. The proposed tests are applied to evaluate the information contnet of a complexity adjusted measure of plant output, which we refer to as Total Net Die Equivalent (TNDE). Developed recently in the context of a high-technology manufacturing plant—a wafer fabrication plant of a merchant semiconductor manufacturing company-TNDE reflects the ongoing changes in product and process technologies, process flow characteristics, and volume of production. Evaluating the information content on joint criteria of “recency” and “efficiency”, the results of our tests, conducted over a 28-month period in the wafer fabrication plant,show that TNDE as a single aggregate (scalar) measure of plant output outperforms the two outputs from which it is synthesized. Thus, TNDE as a single measure of output can be used to provide an improved basis for planning a plant's future operations. En route to the development and application of the proposed tests, we illustrate how DEA concepts and models provide a rigorous and systematic basis for conducting ex post technology evaluation to guide continuous improvements in a plant's current operations.
Population biology of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona structure of the Jasper Ridge colony.

Euphydryas chalcedona at Jasper Ridge consists of two independently varying major demographic units, similar in scale but not in structure to those of Euphydryas editha. In contrast, however, Jasper Ridge E. chalcedona represent just a portion of a deme-while E. editha occurs as two partially connected demes. The life history and general ecology of E. chalcedona is described and compared with those of its intensively-studied congener. Various problems of mark-release-recapture estimation of population size are discussed
Sex Differences in Spatial Problem-Solving Styles

Summasy.-University srudent volunteers, 47 women and 46 men, took a bartery of G spatial tests and checked for problems in a parallel form of each test a list of possible problem-solving strategies. Significant sex differences on reported strategy used for 3 of the tests were found. Evidence suggests that the women were less efficient than the men in their use of frequently used strategies and used more guessing and concrete solution styles. Sex differences in spatial ability, especially after puberty, have been welldocumented (Sherman, 1967; Maccoby, 1966). Both a genetic (Stafford, 1961, 1963, 1965; McClearn, 1967; Garron, 1970) and an environmental basis for such differences have been postulated. The question, though, of che exact nature of these differences has not been answered. It is apparent that tests as complex as the spatial tests may have functional indeterminacy, i.e., they may elicit different problem-solving styles among different people, and these problem-solving strategies may be differentially efficient. The observed mean difference may indicate that men and women may be using different problem-solving methods or men and women use the same methods, but men are more successful in solving prob- lems. The present study was undertaken to exp!ore sex differences in strategy use on spatial tests in an effort to understand the underlying basis for observed differences. Ss (47 women, 46 men), all volunteers from an introductory psychology course at a major university, took a battery of spatial tests taken from the Kit of Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors (French, et al., 1963) representing three major spatial factors: Spatial Orientation, Spatial Scanning, and Spatial Visualization. Tests were given in two 1%-hr. sessions. The tests were: Card Rotations Test, Cube Comparisons Test, Choosing A Path, Map Planning Test, Paper Folding, and Surface Development Test. Immediately following each test Ss were given a brief, untimed set of similar problems chosen from the parallel form of each test followed by a list of from 14 to 20 possible suategies to be checked if used on specific problems in the brief test. The questionnaires were adapted for these tests from a similar set developed by Frederiksen (1969) and under his direction. Possible strategies ranged from very test-specific methods, e.g., "Rolling Over" on the Card Rotations Test, "I thought of the cubes as objects and mentally 'rolled them over' in making comparisons," to very general strategies that could be used on any test, e.g., guessing or using a "systematic approach."
Scientific financial funding in Colombia from 2000 to 2012

This study evaluates trends in funding for Science, Technology and Innovation, Research and Development and COLCIENCIAS (Administrative Department for Science, Technology and Innovation) between 2000-2006 and 2007-2012. Available data from the World Bank, OCYT (Colombian observatory of science and technology), DANE (National statistics department), Banco de la Republica and COLCIENCIAS to evaluate funding source by sector (private, public and international), financial growth rate, financial expenditure, and activity related expenses from 2000 to 2012, and regression models to estimate financial trends. COLCIENCIAS funding increased in the past years; Science, Technology and Innovation, and Research and Development funding increased from $1,296.7 million US dollars in 2000-2006 to $2,766.4 million US dollars in 2007-2012. The financial analysis showed a significant increase in public funding mainly by government (p<0.05); however, government and corporation expenditure did not vary from 2000 to 2012.
A theory of pseudomorphism in thin films

Abstract It is shown that the large interface-to-volume ratio found in thin bicrystal films can stabilize the overgrowth in the structure of the substrate rather than its normal bulk structure. Van der Merwe's expression for the misfit energy of an interface was employed in conjunction with elastic strain energy calculations by Mott and Nabarro and by Cabrera to derive the critical deposit size beyond which a transformation from the pseudomorphic structure to the normal structure is favored. Continuous films of uniform thickness and hemispherical nuclei are treated.
Biomaterials in facial reconstruction

Abstract This review highlights some of the recent developments in biomaterials that are suited to reconstruction of the craniofacial skeleton. Although there is no ideal biomaterial, numerous alternatives are available to practicing surgeons that provide attractive alternatives to autogenous bone graft in the appropriate clinical settings. Biomaterials are a particularly well suited for skeletal augmentation, since autogenous bone can often undergo unpredictable resorption in these applications. Although all of the biomaterials reviewed in the present chapter seem to maintain their volume over time, porosity of the biomaterial may be a significant factor in determining bone ingrowth into the implant. Cement paste implants tend to contain micropores, and both experimental and clinical evidence indicates that there is less long-term bone ingrowth into these biomaterials than in implants with macroporous architecture.
Sorption of copper by chemically modified aspen wood fibers

Abstract Sorption of copper (Cu 2+ ) by untreated and treated (bleaching and hydrolysis) aspen wood fibers, cellulose and lignin was examined to understand the Cu 2+ sorption behavior by these natural sorbents. All sorbents were characterized by solid-state 13 C NMR and FTIR. Bleaching broke up aromatic structures and increased hydrophilicity of the fibers, whereas hydrolysis decreased carbohydrate content, producing a more hydrophobic structure. Copper sorption was a function of pH; the percentage of Cu 2+ sorption steadily increased from pH 1.5 to 4.5 with a maximum sorption amount at around pH 5.5 for all the materials. All isotherms fitted well to the Langmuir equation. Bleached sample (BL) had a highest sorption capacity, followed by untreated (UTR), cellulose (CEL), and hydrolyzed (HHY), while lignin (LIG) had little Cu 2+ sorption under the studied conditions. The results suggested that carboxyl (–COOH) and hydroxyl (–CHOH) in carbohydrates are mainly responsible for Cu 2+ sorption, and that ion exchange may be a main sorption mechanism for the studied sorbents. Additionally, the sorption capacity for Cu 2+ on all sorbents decreased with the increase of the initial concentrations of Ca 2+ , Na + or Al 3+ . Copper sorption decreased rapidly at low initial concentrations of Ca 2+ , Na + or Al 3+ . However, the decline of Cu 2+ sorption slowed down when initial Na + and Ca 2+ concentration was higher than 0.05 M or initial Al 3+ concentration was greater than 0.005 M, indicating that specific adsorption may be taking place. Therefore, the majority of sorbed Cu 2+ to aspen wood fibers could be through ion exchange (especially, for UTR, BL and CEL), while a faction of sorbed Cu 2+ via inner-sphere complex (or specific adsorption).
Orderly particle arrays on the mitochondrial outer membrane in rapidly‐frozen sperm

By deep-etching and rotary replication of unfixed, non-cryoprotected tissue frozen on a helium-cooled copper block, previously undemonstrable organellar surfaces and intramembranous structures can be examined. Among the more remarkable features of mammalian spermatozoa thus prepared are the highly ordered particulate arrays on the surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane. In the midpiece of the sperm, mitochondria curl around dense fibers and the axoneme. The surface of the mitochondrion that faces the plasmalemma carries closely packed rods in haphazard dispersement, composed of two to four 70-to 80-A particles, less than 20 A apart, while the concave aspect of the organelle contains rods in stepladder pattern. These ladders are parallel, with their particles in neighboring rungs apparently in register at a 40--45 degree angle relative to the mitochondrial axis. This organizational disparity between the convex and concave surfaces of the organelle not only affords evidence of a new mitochondrial substructure, but represents a type of topographical heterogeneity rarely found except within specialized areas of the plasma membrane. Other novel findings in the sperm cell include the observation of "lipid" tracts flanking intramembranous particle-strands in the plasmalemma of the cytoplasmic droplet, and a gridiron design on the cytoplasmic faces of the droplet's microcisternae, as well as both within and atop its plasma membrane--a motif consistent with the presence of exocytotic or endocytotic activity in this portion of the cell. Additional recent observations are the differing internal and external periodicities of axonemal microtubules and the subunit structure of rectangles on the tail surface overlying the intramembranous particles of the zipper.
Challenges in the Gynecologic Care of Premenopausal Women With Breast Cancer

Premenopausal women with a new diagnosis of breast cancer are faced with many challenges. Providing health care for issues such as gynecologic comorbidities, reproductive health concerns, and vasomotor symptom control can be complicated because of the risks of hormone treatments and the adverse effects of adjuvant therapies. It is paramount that health care professionals understand and be knowledgeable about hormonal and nonhormonal treatments and their pharmacological parameters so they can offer appropriate care to women who have breast cancer, with the goal of improving quality of life. Articles for this review were identified by searching the PubMed database with no date limitations. The following search terms were used: abnormal uterine bleeding, physiologic sex steroids, endometrial ablation, hysteroscopic sterilization, fertility preservation in endometrial cancer, tranexamic acid and breast cancer, menorrhagia treatment and breast cancer, abnormal uterine bleeding and premenopausal breast cancer, levonorgestrel IUD and breast cancer, tamoxifen and gynecologic abnormalities, tamoxifen metabolism, hormones and breast cancer risk, contraception and breast cancer, pregnancy and breast cancer, and breast cancer and infertility treatment.