cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retention of hydrogen in fcc metals irradiated at temperatures leading to high densities of bubbles or voids

Abstract Large amounts of hydrogen and helium are generated in structural metals in accelerator-driven systems. It is shown that under certain conditions, hydrogen can be stored in irradiated nickel and stainless steels at levels strongly in excess of that predicted by Sieverts’ law. These conditions are first, the availability of hydrogen from various radiolytic and environmental sources and second, the formation of radiation-induced cavities to store hydrogen. These cavities can be highly pressurized bubbles or under-pressurized voids, with concurrent helium in the cavities at either low or very high levels. Transmutant sources of hydrogen are often insufficient to pressurize these cavities, and therefore environmental sources are required. The stored hydrogen appears to be stable for many years at room temperature. A conceptual model to describe such behavior requires the continuous generation of hydrogen from (n,p) reactions and possibly other radiolytic sources which can create a supersaturation of hydrogen in the metal, leading to the pressurization of voids and helium bubbles. Once captured in a bubble, the hydrogen is assumed to be in molecular form. Dissolution back into the metal requires chemisorption and dissociation on the bubble surface. Both of these processes have large activation barriers, particularly when oxygen, carbon, and other impurities poison the bubble surface. However, these chemisorbed poisons may reduce but not entirely restrict the ingress or egress of atomic hydrogen.
A Real-Time Information Based Demand-Side Management System in Smart Grid

In this paper, we study a real-time information based demand-side management (DSM) system with advanced communication networks in smart grid. DSM can smooth peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of power usage in the grid, which in turn reduces the waste of fuel and the emission of greenhouse gas. We first target to minimize PAR with a centralized scheme. To motivate power suppliers, we further propose another centralized scheme targeting minimum power generation cost. However, customers may not be motivated by a centralized scheme since such a scheme requires total control and privacy from them. A centralized scheme also requires too much real-time data exchange for frequent DSM deployment. To tackle these issues, we propose game theoretical approaches so that most of the computation is performed locally. In the proposed game, all the customers are motivated by extra savings if participating. Moreover, we prove that all parties benefit from the DSM system to the same level because both the centralized schemes and the game theoretical approach minimize global PAR. Such an analysis is further demonstrated by the simulation results and discussions. Additionally, we evaluate the performance of several (partially) distributed approaches in order to find the best way to deploy DSM system.
The distribution of vitamin B12 in the developing chick egg.

Abstract The distribution of vitamin B 12 in the embryonated egg has been determined at various periods of the developmental process. It was found that under the conditions of the experiment the 18- or 20-day embryo contained a greater amount of vitamin B 12 activity as measured by Lactobacillus leichmannii assay than was present in the egg at the beginning of the incubation.
The effects of sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride on the surface roughness of intraoral magnet systems.

Abstract Four types of intraoral magnets used for retention of overdentures and maxillofacial prostheses were exposed in vitro to SnF2 and NaF to determine the effects of fluoride rinses on surface roughness. The surface roughness (R a ) was measured, after simulated 1, 2, and 5 years' clinical exposure to fluoride (31, 62, and 155 hours). The mean change in R a was calculated for each period of simulated exposure to fluoride for each magnet type. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare mean change in R a between magnets within fluorides, and between fluorides within magnets. Paired t tests were used to compare mean change in R a within fluorides within magnets. The mean change in R a increased for all magnets after simulated 1, 2, and 5 years of exposure to SnF2 and NaF ( p a as an indicator for corrosion, PdCo encapsulated SmCo 2 magnets and their keepers demonstrated the least corrosion with either fluoride.
Response to botulinum toxin F in seronegative botulinum toxin A—resistant patients

Botulinum toxin type A (btx A) injections are the most effective treatment for most patients with focal dystonia. Some patients who improve after btx A injections and later lose response have serologic evidence of antibodies to btx A with the mouse neutralization assay (seropositive patients). Another group of patients who lose response to btx A do not have detectable antibodies (seronegative patients). Seropositive patients may improve after injections of botulinum toxin type F (btx F), an alternative serotype of botulinum toxin. We treated nine seronegative resistant patients with btx F. None of these patients had muscle atrophy after injection with btx A. Five of the nine had improvement after btx F injection that was sustained for at least three consecutive btx F injections. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that btx resistance in seronegative patients is caused by undetected antibodies to btx A. If this be the case, then there may be techniques for preventing or reversing btx resistance, as in the case of resistance of factor VIII in the treatment of hemophilia A.
Axilloaxillary Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Practical Alternative to Femorofemoral Bypass

Abstract Background . Peripheral arterial and venous cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is used increasingly for patients undergoing minimally invasive cardiac operations, complex reoperations, or repair of aortic dissection or aneurysm, and for patients with extensive arteriosclerotic aortic disease in whom aortic cannulation is a prohibitive embolic risk. The common femoral artery and vein are most commonly used for peripheral cannulation, but these sites may be predisposed to complications, primarily because the femoral vessels are commonly involved with arteriosclerotic disease. We have recently begun to use the axillary artery and axillary vein as alternative cannulation sites, achieving full cardiopulmonary bypass, providing antegrade aortic flow, and avoiding many of the complications associated with other sites. Methods . Seven patients with peripheral vascular or aortic disease, or both, prohibiting safe aortic or femoral cannulation underwent cardiopulmonary bypass through axillary artery and axillary vein cannulation, approached through a small single subclavicular incision. Results . All patients were successfully cannulated and axilloaxillary cardiopulmonary bypass was possible without the need for additional cannulas. All axillary vessels were closed primarily without complication. Conclusion . For an expanding population of patients with peripheral vascular and aortic disease, axilloaxillary bypass is a safe and practical alternative to aortic or femoral cannulation.
Neutral Heavy Leptons as a Source for Dimuon Events: A Criterion

Suppose that a neutral, heavy, spin-½ lepton were created by a mixed neutrino-anti-neutrino beam incident on an arbitrary target and that this lepton subsequently decayed into a μ pair and a neutrino (or antineutrino). Then the ratio of the respective mean laboratory energies for the μ- and μ+ lies between 0.48 and 2.10.
Oxygen Damage to Bull Spermatozoa and its Prevention by Catalase

Summary 1. Bovine spermatozoan activity was studied in the egg yolk-citrate diluent during incubation at 46.5° C. and storage at 5° C. under air, oxygen and nitrogen, under air and oxygen with and without added catalase, and during storage when subjected to minimum and routine mixing procedures with and without added catalase. 2. Oxygen produced deleterious effects which were manifested by decreased motility and livability of the spermatozoa and a reduction in their ability to convert sugar to lactic acid. 3. Oxygen damage to spermatozoa was largely eliminated when catalase was added to the diluted semen. 4. Gentle mixing shortened the life of stored bull spermatozoa in the yolk-citrate diluent, but the presence of added catalase in mixed samples obliterated the harmful effects of mixing. 5. The effectiveness of catalase in preventing the harmful action of oxygen and shaking on bull spermatozoa in the egg yolk-citrate diluent led to the conclusion that increased aeration and higher oxygen tensions speed the production of hydrogen peroxide by the spermatozoa and this in turn produces a toxic environment, shortening the life of the spermatozoa. 6. The results suggest that a minimum of air space be left above the diluted semen that is stored and shipped in routine artificial breeding and that semen samples should be subjected to a minimum of mixing.
Interactive circuit design program in APL

The Interactive Circuit Design Program is a multi-purpose program implemented in APL. It features steady state (DC), frequency (AC), and transient (TR) analysis of linear and nonlinear circuits with arbitrary nonlinearities. Lossless coupled and uncoupled transmission lines in the DC, AC and TR modes can be analyzed in addition to inhomogeneous media in the DC and TR modes. A graphic interface allows users to plot outputs from TR or AC runs on a vector storage tube. The analytic techniques used include a modified nodal method of formulation, an APL-tailored parallel pivoting strategy variable order, variable step implicit integration scheme with an efficient integration strategy.
A Phage Display System with Unnatural Amino Acids

We report a general method to display peptide-containing unnatural amino acids on filamentous M13 phage. Five distinct unnatural amino acids were site-specifically incorporated at the N-terminal of the M13 phage minor coat protein pIII. Phages that contain p-azidophenylalanine can undergo a highly specific azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with an alkyne-derivatized fluorophore. The generalization of phage display to include unnatural amino acids should significantly increase the scope of phage display technology.
Can Elevated IGF-1 Levels Among Patients With Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Cause Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension?

We offer for consideration a possible association between hypermobility syndrome seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and risk of potential development of idiopathic intracranial hypertension - mediated primarily through the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1.
Tau antisera recognize neurofibrillary tangles in a range of neurodegenerative disorders.

Neurofibrillary tangles occur in a number of apparently distinct neurodegenerative diseases and in normal aging of the human brain. Antibodies raised against Alzheimer's disease paired helical filaments immunolabel the tangles seen in all other tangle-associated disorders examined to date. The neuronal microtubule-associated protein, tau, has recently been identified as an antigenic component of neurofibrillary tangels and senile plaque neurites in Alzheimer's disease. Three different polyclonal antibodies with strong tau immunoreactivity are examined in this study. These antibodies were found to immunostain tangles in normal aged brain and in brains affected by a range of neurodegenerative disorders, including Down's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease plus Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and the parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam, as well as Pick bodies in Pick's disease. The findings further illustrate the relative nonspecificity of neurofibrillary lesions in neurodegenerative disorders.
Cytogenetic analysis of aggressive meningiomas: Possible diagnostic and prognostic implications

BACKGROUND Published karyotypes from aggressive (atypical and malignant) meningiomas are few, but suggest clonal evolution from benign tumors with monosomy 22 to aggressive forms with additional abnormalities. The goal of this study was to identify the most frequent karyotypic abnormalities associated with aggressive histopathology and biologic behavior. METHODS Eight intracranial meningiomas exhibiting histologically atypical features at the time of intraoperative diagnosis were chosen for cytogenetic analysis. The study set was comprised entirely of histologically atypical meningiomas. Four were considered malignant; three on the basis of brain invasion and one due to extracranial metastases. None was histologically anaplastic. RESULTS Chromosomal abnormalities were demonstrated in 6 cases (75%), 5 of which were complex (63%). Loss of chromosome 22 was identified in two cases, both of which were associated with additional aberrations. Abnormalities most frequently involved chromosomes 1 (63%), 3 (50%), and 6 (63%). Four cases (50%) had dicentric or ring chromosomes. An additional 47 previously reported karyotypes from atypical and malignant meningiomas were reviewed. Comparison with published karyotypes of 200 histologically benign meningiomas served to underscore the increased frequency of complex karyotypes, chromosome 1, 3, and 6 abnormalities, and telomeric associations in the aggressive tumors. Apparently normal karyotypes as well as monosomy 22 alone were more frequently associated with benign, nonatypical histopathology. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a possible role for cytogenetic analysis in determining the prognosis and perhaps in refining the diagnosis of atypical or aggressive meningiomas. Further studies are necessary to determine the significance of complex karyotypes, chromosome 1, 3, and 6 abnormalities, and telomeric associations, particularly whether they portend a more aggressive clinical course in meningiomas lacking features of histologic atypia. Cancer 1996;77:2567-73.
Finite element modeling and optimization of superplastic forming using variable strain rate approach

Detailed finite element simulations were carried out to model and optimize the superplastic blow forming process using a microstructure-based constitutive model and a multiscale deformation stability criterion that accounts for both geometrical instabilities and microstructural features. Optimum strain rate forming paths were derived from the multiscale stability analysis and used to develop a variable strain rate forming control scheme. It is shown that the proposed optimization approach captures the characteristics of deformation and failure during superplastic forming and is capable of significantly reducing the forming time without compromising the uniformity of deformation. In addition, the effects of grain evolution and cavitation on the superplastic forming process were investigated, and the results clearly highlight the importance of accounting for these features to prevent premature failure.
Interactive design based on the p -version of the finite element method

Abstract A case study, concerned with shape optimization of a plane elastic body, is presented. The study focuses on the assurance of reliability and accuracy of computed data on which design decisions are based. The design procedure is interactive in the sense that the designer chooses the design parameters on the basis of information generated in the analysis cycle.
Orthogonal polynomials suggested by a queueing model

The transition probabilities for the queueing model where potential customers are discouraged by queue length can be determined by orthogonal polynomials whose orthogonality relations have been found recently by E. A. van Doorn. Certain features of these polynomials are suggestive of the random walk polynomials studied by Karlin and McGregor. In this paper, we will study a class of orthogonal polynomials which includes the above random walk polynomials as well as the ''duals'' of the polynomials studied by van Doorn. The latter will yield a generalization of the van Doorn polynomials. Orthogonality relations will be obtained for these polynomials and the recurrence formulas in birth and death process form will be noted.
Use of bovine EST data and human genomic sequences to map 100 gene-specific bovine markers

A system to use bovine EST data in conjunction with human genomic sequence to improve the bovine linkage map over the entire genome or on specific chromosomes was evaluated. Bovine EST sequence was used to provide primer sequences corresponding to bovine genes, while human genomic sequence directed primer design to flank introns and produce amplicons of appropriate size for efficient direct sequencing. The sequence tagged sites (STS) produced in this way from the four sires of the MARC reference families were examined for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be used to map the corresponding genes. With this approach, along with a primer/extension mass spectrometry SNP genotyping assay, 100 ESTs were placed on the bovine genetic linkage map. The first 70 were chosen at random from bovine EST-human genomic comparisons. An additional 30 ESTs were successfully mapped to bovine Chromosome 19 (BTA19), and comparison of the resulting BTA19 map to the position of the corresponding human orthologs on the HSA17 draft sequences revealed differences in the spacing and order of genes. Over 80% of successful amplicons contained SNPs, indicating that this is an efficient approach to generating EST-associated genetic markers. We have demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a linkage map based on SNPs associated with ESTs and the plausibility of utilizing EST, comparative mapping information, and human sequence data to target regions of the bovine genome for SNP marker development.
Red blood cell protoporphyrin accumulation in experimental lead poisoning

Abstract An animal model was sought for the increase in red blood cell protoporphyrin which is observed in human lead poisoning. Lead-intoxicated guinea pigs and rats manifested small changes in RBC PP, while rabbits could be induced to produce severalfold RBC PP elevations with prolonged lead administration. Rabbits responded to a single sublethal intravenous dose of lead acetate with: (a) a rapid rise in blood lead, (b) a rapid rise in RBC PP as a result of free (unchelated) PP production in young RBC, (c) a hemolytic anemia. This pattern of increased free PP in the youngest RBC continued to be observed, contrary to the expectation that the aging RBC would retain their increased RBC PP content as time from lead administration passed. Following a return to baseline, a secondary increase in RBC PP (predominately the Zinc-PP chelate) was noted at 30–40 days. The extremely high levels of Zn PP which accompany human lead poisoning were not found in the animal species studied.
Nitric Oxide Production by the Rat Insulinoma Cell Line, RINm5F, Is Specific for IL-1: A Spectrophotometric IL-1 Bioassay

Cytokines inhibit glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells by stimulating the expression of nitric oxide synthase and the increased production of nitric oxide (NO). We have found that the rat insulinoma cell line, RINm5F, responds specifically and linearly to murine and human interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-1alpha in the range of 0.1 to 1 unit/ml to produce nitric oxide. Other cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-11, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and lipopolysaccharide fail to stimulate nitric oxide formation by RINm5F cells either alone or in combination. In addition, these cytokines do not significantly potentiate or attenuate the IL-1 response. This unprecedented specificity to IL-1 has been further developed as a sensitive and specific assay for IL-1 bioactivity. Quantitation by this new bioassay of human IL-1beta and IL-1 released from activated murine peritoneal macrophages showed a close correlation with the quantitation of IL-1 by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). This new bioassay, which is specific, nonradioactive and inexpensive, represents a significant improvement over current bioassays for IL-1.
Multiplex analysis of cytokines in the blood of cynomolgus macaques naturally infected with Ebola virus (Reston serotype).

Ebola virus (EBO) causes the most severe form of viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates with up to 90% of infections culminating in death. The requirement of maximum containment laboratories for Ebola virus research has limited opportunities to study the pathogenesis of EBO infections. While tissue damage does occur, often it would appear not to be sufficient to explain death, indicating that soluble mediators play an important role in disease progression. In previous studies, fatal human infections with the Zaire subtype of Ebola (EBO-Z) were associated with an increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines. In this investigation, a new multiplex assay was developed and used to measure circulating levels of cytokines and chemokines in cynomolgus macaques infected with the Reston subtype of EBO (EBO-R). Increased levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and GM-CSF were detected in infected animals, and the increase in circulating cytokines correlated with an increase in circulating viral antigen. Blood samples from animals showing high levels of cytokines were also tested for the chemokines: MCP-1, IL-1beta, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, IP-10, and RANTES. High levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1beta, and RANTES were found in infected primates and, while levels were more variable, IL-1beta was detected only in infected animals.
Alkylsulfito, bisulfito and sulfito complexes of η5-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron(II)

Abstract Alkylsulfito complexes η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2S(O)2OR (R = CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7) have been prepared by reaction of [η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2H2O]BF4 with Na[S(O)2OR] (R = CH3, C2H5) and the respective alcohol as solvent. These products may be interconverted by the use of the appropriate alcohol at reflux; such exchange occurs also at 25°C in the presence of HBF4. Reaction of η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2S(O)2OCH3 with (+)589-2-C8H17OH and HBF4 followed by treatment of the optically active product (+)589-η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2S(O)2OC8H17 with CH3OH and HBF4 regenerates (+)589-2-C8H17OH with unchanged specific rotation. Hydrolysis of η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2S(O)2OR affords η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2S(O)2OH, which is a strong acid.
Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly

Abstract Purpose Oral bone and tooth loss are correlated with bone loss at nonoral sites. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation slow the rate of bone loss from various skeletal sites, but it is not known if intake of these nutrients affects oral bone and, in turn, tooth retention. Subjects and methods Tooth loss was examined in 145 healthy subjects aged 65 years and older who completed a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone loss from the hip, as well as a 2-year follow-up study after discontinuation of study supplements. Teeth were counted at 18 months and 5 years. A comprehensive oral examination at 5 years included assessment of caries, oral hygiene, and periodontal disease. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of tooth loss were estimated by stepwise multivariate logistic regression. Initial age (mean ± SD) of subjects was 71 ± 5 years, and the number of teeth remaining was 22 ± 7. Results During the randomized trial, 11 of the 82 subjects (13%) taking supplements and 17 of the 63 subjects (27%) taking placebo lost one or more teeth (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.9). During the 2-year follow-up period, 31 of the 77 subjects (40%) with total calcium intake of at least 1000 mg per day lost one or more teeth compared with 40 of the 68 subjects (59%) who consumed less (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.9). Conclusion These findings suggest that intake levels of calcium and vitamin D aimed at preventing osteoporosis have a beneficial effect on tooth retention.
ILUBCG2–11: Solution of 11-banded nonsymmetric linear equation systems by a preconditioned biconjugate gradient routine

Abstract The biconjugate gradient method (BCG) provides an attractive alternative to the usual conjugate gradient algorithms for the solution of sparse systems of linear equations with nonsymmetric and indefinite matrix operators. A preconditioned algorithm is given, whose form resembles the incomplete L-U conjugate gradient scheme (ILUCG2) previously presented. Although the BCG scheme requires the storage of two additional vectors, it converges in a significantly lesser number of iterations (often half), while the number of calculations per iteration remains essentially the same.
Microtubules in the formation and development of the primary mesenchyme in Arbacia punctulata. II. An experimental analysis of their role in development and maintenance of cell shape.

To experimentally test the suggestion made in the preceding paper that the microtubules are involved in cell shape development during the formation and differentiation of the primary mesenchyme, we applied to the embryos two types of agents which affect cytoplasmic microtubules: (a) colchicine and hydrostatic pressure, which cause the microtubules to disassemble, and (b) D2O, which tends to stabilize them. When the first type of agent is applied to sea urchin gastrulae, the development of the primary mesenchyme ceases, the microtubules disappear, and the cells tend to spherulate. With D2O development also ceases, but the tubules appear "frozen," and the cell asymmetries persist unaltered. These agents appear to block development by primarily interfering with the sequential disassembly and/or reassembly of microtubules into new patterns. The microtubules, therefore, appear to be influential in the development of cell form. On the other hand through a careful analysis of the action of these agents and others on both intra- and extracellular factors, we concluded that the microtubules do rather little for the maintenance of cell shape in differentiated tissues.
Hyperbaric hydrogen Therapy: A Possible Treatment for Cancer

Hairless albino mice with squamous cell carcinoma were exposed to a mixture of 2.5 percent oxygen and 97.5 percent hydrogen at a total pressure of 8 atmospheres for periods up to 2 weeks in order to see if a free radical decay catalyzer, such as hydrogen, would cause a regression of the skin tumors. Marked aggression of the tumors was found, leading to the possibility that hyperbaric hydrogen therapy might also prove to be of significance in the treatment of other types of cancer.
DNA synthesis dependent on genetic recombination: Characterization of a reaction catalyzed by purified bacteriophage T4 proteins

Abstract To simulate a reaction that occurs in T4-infected cells, we have developed an in vitro DNA synthesis system that requires seven highly purified proteins encoded by this bacteriophage: the DNA polymerase "holoenzyme" (four proteins), gene 32 protein, dda DNA helicase, and uvsX protein—an enzyme that catalyzes homologous DNA pairing and is functionally homologous to the recA protein. In the reaction observed, the 3′-OH end of one single-stranded DNA molecule primes DNA synthesis using a double-stranded DNA molecule of homologous sequence as the template. The uvsX protein continuously removes the new DNA chain from its template, so that DNA is synthesized by a conservative mechanism. This type of reaction, which requires the cooperation of recombination and replication enzymes, seems likely to be a general feature of DNA metabolism.
Ligand-mediated self-assembly of hybrid plasmonic and superparamagnetic nanostructures.

Hybrid nanostructures with unique optical and magnetic properties have attracted considerable interest as effective mediators for medical imaging and therapy. An aqueous-based, self-assembly approach to synthesizing hybrid plasmonic–superparamagnetic nanostructures is presented. The building blocks of the hybrid nanostructure include plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNRs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The AuNRs were functionalized via carboxyl-bearing surface ligands, and the SPIONs were kept “bare” after synthesis via a surfactant-free thermal decomposition reaction in triethylene glycol. Hybrid SPION-studded AuNR nanostructures were produced upon simple mixing of the components because of the chemisorption of the AuNRs’ free carboxyl groups to the SPIONs’ surfaces. The reported synthesis strategy is modular in nature and can be expanded to build hybrid nanostructures with a multitude of other plasmonic nanoparticles. With tunable near-infrared absorption peaks and a sufficient number...
Carolus Linnaeus: The Swedish Naturalist and Venerable Traveler

Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778) lived during and helped establish the Swedish golden years of science in the early and mid Eighteenth Century (other notables of the time included Emanuel Swedenborg, Anders Celsius, Pehr Kalm, Axel Cronstedt, Daniel Tilas, Johan Wallerius, and Torbern Bergman). Although known best for his contributions to botany, he was a natural scientist of the first class and made contributions to many fields, including geology. His contributions to geology, however, are not well known. Obtaining his medical degree in Harderwijk (Holland) in 1735, he had opportunity to visit the savants of the day on the continent and in England making contacts that lasted a lifetime. But Linnaeus was a believer in having scientists see their own country first and admonished his fellow workers to learn about Sweden "… [and not to] cross the stream for water, and waste … money endeavoring to learn in a foreign country what … might have [been] acquired at home"—good advice even today. He pra...
Onset of superconductivity in orthorhombic YbBa2Cu3Oy depending on thermal treatment

Abstract Structural and superconducting properties of shot quenched and room temperature reannealed YbBa 2 [Cu 1− x Ni x ] 3 O y are reported for x =0 and x =0.01. For both x , onset of superconductivity occurs at a low y =6.30 on shot quenching. Further annealing at room temperature can transform some nonsuperconductors to materials with extrapolated T co =32 K. This corresponds roughly to the ‘theoretical limit’ of T c for the given y . Room temperature annealing appears to alter the O order but does not change the stoichiometry. Accompanying isostructural transformations involve cell volume contractions of Δ V =0.4% and half transformation times of order τ =1.1 h for x =0.01 and τ =0.45 h for x =0. Comparisons are drawn with R=Y and [GdY]. For [GdY], T c changes on room temperature annealing from nonsuperconducting to T co =40 K (Δ T co =40 K), with Δ V =0.5%. The large volume and T c changes are similar in this case suggesting a similar compound family ( V o ). However, for R=Y a smaller portion (e.g. Δ T co ∼27 K) of the full theoretical T c has been recovered and the volume changes are only of the order of Δ V =0.01%. This indicates that for R=Y, the transitions have so far been of a different type, namely only involving V − types rather than V o types, respectively. V o types are, however, also observed. It is concluded that the transition to orthorhombicity can generally involve the V o type.
Array pattern synthesis and robust beamforming for a complex sonar system

In modern radar, sonar and wireless communication systems digital beamforming technology based on sensor arrays is widely used to suppress unwanted interfering signals and detect interested target signals. Beam pattern synthesis for arbitrary arrays and robust beamforming for imperfect arrays are two crucial technical issues associated with digital beamforming. In a complex volumetric underwater acoustic transducer array, due to structural shadowing and scattering, the practical beam pattern significantly deviates from its designed pattern, which would greatly degrade the detection and direction-finding performance of the sonar system. An efficient method is proposed to design beam patterns for arbitrary arrays and is applied to robust beamforming for this sonar system. Sea experimental results show that the proposed robust beamforming method achieves a much lower sidelobe level and a much higher direction-finding accuracy than the conventional beamforming technique.
Live-Cell Measurements of the Conformational Rearrangements in Bax at the Initiation of Apoptosis

The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulates the activation of apoptosis through the mitochondria pathway. Pro- and anti-apoptotic members of this family keep each other in check until the correct time to commit to apoptosis. The point of no return for this commitment is the permeabilization of the outer-mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Translocation of the pro apoptotic member, Bax, from the cytosol to the mitochondria is the molecular signature of this event. We employed a novel method to reliably detect Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between pairs of fluorophores to identify intra-molecular conformational changes and inter-molecular contacts in Bax as this translocation occurs in live cells. In the cytosol, our FRET measurements indicated that the C-terminal helix is exposed instead of tucked away in the core of the protein. This coincided with measurements using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) that showed that cytosolic Bax diffuses much slower than expected, suggesting possible complex formation or transient membrane interaction. We propose that this exposed helix allows for this contact to occur. Cross-linking the C-terminal helix (α9) to helix α4 reduced the instances of these interactions while at the same time yielded FRET measurements that are consistent with the α9 helix tucked into the core of the protein. After translocation, our FRET measurements showed that Bax molecules form homo-oligomers in the mitochondria through two distinct interfaces involving the BH3 domain (helix α2) and the C-terminal helix. These findings have implications for possible contacts with other Bcl-2 proteins to create pores to permeabilize the OMM, which would also be necessary for the regulation of apoptosis.
Singularities in the X-Ray Absorption and Emission of Metals. III. One-Body Theory Exact Solution

The singularities of x-ray absorption or emission in metals are studied by a new "one-body" method, which describes the scattering of conduction electrons by the transient potential due to the deep hole. Using the linked-cluster theorem, the net transition rate in the time representation is expressed as the product of two factors: a one-electron transient Green's function $L$, and the deep-level Green's function $\mathcal{G}$. These factors obey simple Dyson equations, which can be solved asymptotically by using Muskhelishvili's method. The x-ray transition rate is found to behave as $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the frequency measured from the threshold, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ an exponent involving the various phase shifts ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{l}$ which describe scattering by the deep hole. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ may be g0 (infinite threshold) or 0 (zero threshold). The experimental implications of these results and their relation to the Friedel sum rule are briefly discussed.
Quasi-measures and dimension theory

Abstract The theory of quasi-measures on compact Hausdorff spaces has been initiated by J. Aarnes. Here the relation of quasi-measures to classical notions of dimension theory is studied in the more general setting of normal spaces. It is shown that if X is normal and the large inductive dimension Ind(X) ⩽ 1, then every quasi-measure on X admits a unique extension to a closed regular, finitely additive measure on the Borel algebra of X. As a consequence, every quasi-linear functional on Cb(X), the space of bounded continuous real valued functions on X, is linear.
Intelligible test techniques to support error-tolerance

We have developed a new digital system mode of operation, referred to as error-tolerance, the purpose of which is to increase effective yield. Error-tolerance is based on the fact that many digital systems exhibit acceptable behavior even though they contain defects and occasionally output errors. A radically new test methodology, called intelligible testing, is required to support error-tolerance. This paper addresses parts of this methodology. There are several fundamental philosophical differences between intelligible testing and classical testing, such as: intelligible testing is application oriented; it partitions die and chips into multiple categories, not just good and bad parts; and it supplies quantitative information about the effects of defects on errors, i.e. it is error based rather than fault based. We describe three types of error attributes, namely error-rate, error-accumulation (retention), and error-significance. We present test techniques for estimating quantitative values for these qualitative attributes. Testing to support error-tolerance involves new ATPG tools, new fault simulators, and new DFT and BIST techniques.
Combined channel allocation and routing algorithms

Joint optimization of capacity and flow assignment (CFA) is considered for high-speed packet-switched networks in which multiple trunk links are modeled by parallel M/M/1 queues. A quadratic cost function is considered to reflect both switching and line costs. Queuing, transmission, nodal processing, and propagation delays are all incorporated into the optimization problem. The proposed CFA problem is shown to be a convex optimization problem, thus ensuring a global solution. By invoking optimality of the CFA problem and relaxing the integral channel constraint to a continuous variable, a set of nonlinear equations is derived for the optimal solutions. To circumvent the computational burden involved with the continuous solution approach and to capture the discrete nature of channel allocation, an efficient discrete optimization algorithm is developed based on a marginal analysis approach. >
Segmentation of a Thematic Mapper Image Using the Fuzzy c-Means Clusterng Algorthm

In this paper, a segmentation procedure that utilizes a clustering algorithm based upon fuzzy set theory is developed. The procedure operates in a nonparametric unsupervised mode. The feasibility of the methodology is demonstrated by segmenting a six-band Landsat-4 digital image with 324 scan lines and 392 pixels per scan line. For this image, 100-percent ground cover information is available for estimating the quality of segmentation. About 80 percent of the imaged area contains corn and soybean fields near the peak of their growing season. The remaining 20 percent of the image contains 12 different types of ground cover classes that appear in regions of diffferent sizes and shapes. The segmentation method uses the fuzzy c-means algorithm in two stages. The large number of clusters resulting from this segmentation process are then merged by use of a similarity measure on the cluster centers. Results are presented to show that this two-stage process leads to separation of corn and soybean, and of several minor classes that would otherwise be overwhelmed in any practical one-stage clustering.
A compression-loaded double cantilever beam specimen

In crack propagation studies, double cantilever beam specimens are typically loaded in tension or by an applied moment. A method of compression loading is described in which the stress intensity KI decreases with crack length. This new arrangement offers added crack stability over other techniques, as well as a convenient method of loading.
RACE, DISEASE, AND THE PROVISION OF WATER IN AMERICAN CITIES, 1889–1921

This article tests the claim that public water companies provided black communities with better service than did private water companies. It draws from three sources: typhoid fever rates in 1911 and 1921, waterborne disease rates in 14 North Carolina towns between 1889 and 1908, and investment patterns in cities with public and private water companies. A study of New Orleans, which municipalized its water system in 1908, complements the evidence that public ownership reduced white disease rates only slightly, but reduced black disease rates sharply. These surprising results have implications for contemporary policy debates and for understanding American history.
Optical anisotropy induced by torsion and bending in an optical fiber

Abstract Optical anisotropy in an optical fiber under the influence of torsion and bending stress is examined. The optical properties of the optical fiber in terms of indices of refraction and principal axes of the optical indicatrix are discussed. The additional bending stress broke the radial symmetry dependence of the optical principal indicatrix imposed by torsion stress alone.
On nonconvex caustics of convex billiards

We illustrate the dynamics of billiards in tables of constant width. Caustics of such tables can be nowhere dieren tiable and are related to caustics appearing in dieren tial geometry.
Microsatellite Analysis of the Phylogeography, Pleistocene History and Secondary Contact Hypotheses for the Killifish, Fundulus Heteroclitus

The mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, exhibits extensive latitudinal clinal variation in a number of physiological and biochemical traits, coupled with phylogeographical patterns at mitochondrial and nuclear DNA loci that suggest a complicated history of spatially variable selection and secondary intergradation. This species continues to serve as a model for understanding local and regional adaptation to variable environments. Resolving the influences of historical processes on the distribution of genetic variation within and among extant populations of F. heteroclitus is crucial to a better understanding of how populations evolve in the context of contemporary environments. In this study, we analysed geographical patterns of genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci among 15 populations of F. heteroclitus distributed throughout the North American range of the species from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Genetic variation in Northern populations was lower than in Southern populations and was strongly correlated with latitude throughout the species range. The most common Northern alleles at all eight loci exhibited concordant latitudinal clinal patterns, and the existence of an abrupt transition zone in allele frequencies between Northern and Southern populations was similar to that observed for mitochondrial DNA and allozyme loci. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was observed both within and between northern and southern regions. This pattern was unexpected, particularly for northern populations, given the recent colonization history of post-Pleistocene habitats, and was inconsistent with either a recent northward population expansion or a geographically restricted northern Pleistocene refugium. The data provided no evidence for recent population bottlenecks, and estimates of historical effective population sizes suggest that post-Pleistocene populations have been large throughout the species distribution. These results suggest that F. heteroclitus was broadly distributed throughout most of its current range during the last glacial event and that the abrupt transition in allele frequencies that separate Northern and Southern populations may reflect regional disequilibrium conditions associated with the post-Pleistocene colonization history of habitats in that region.
Effects of a forest disturbance on shredder production in southern Appalachian headwater streams

SUMMARY 1. The effects of a forest disturbance were investigated by comparing production of leaf-shredding aquatic insects in three streams draining a mature hardwood forest and three streams draining an 11-year-old, cable-logged clearcut. 2. Reference streams contained significantly greater mean annual standing crop of leaf material and significantly more slow-processing leaf material than disturbed streams. Disturbed streams had a significantly higher mean annual standing crop of fast-processing leaf material than the reference streams. 3. Leaf-shreddin g cranefly (Tipula abdominalis), caddisfly (Pycnopsyche gentilis), and stonefly (Tallaperla maria) larvae comprised over 95% of shredder biomass in all streams. Total shredder production was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in disturbed versus reference streams, but individual production rates were not significantly different between stream types. 4. Pycnopsyche gentilis larvae were present at higher densities and achieved significantly greater annual biomass in disturbed versus references streams. Biomass of P. gentilis was significantly correlated with the standing crop of fast-processing, early successional leaf material in samples, whereas biomass of other shredders was correlated significantly with medium or slow-processing leaf species characteristic of later stages of forest succession.
Responses of stomatal conductance to light, humidity and temperature in winter wheat and barley grown at three concentrations of carbon dioxide in the field

Summary Responses of leaf stomatal conductance to light, humidity and temperature were characterized for winter wheat and barely grown at ambient (about 350 μmol mol−1 in the daytime), ambient + 175 and ambient + 350 μmol mol−1 concentrations of carbon dioxide in open-topped chambers in field plots over a three year period. Stomatal responses to environment were determined by direct manipulation of single environmental factors, and those results were compared with responses derived from natural day to day variation in mid-day stomatal conductance. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the magnitude of reduction in stomatal conductance at elevated [CO2], and to assess whether the relative response of conductance to elevated [CO2] was constant across light, humidity and temperature conditions. The results indicated that light, humidity and temperature all significantly affected the relative decrease in stomatal conductance at elevated [CO2]. The relative decrease in conductance with elevated [CO2] was greater at low light, low water vapour pressure difference, and high temperature in both species. For measurements made at saturating light near mid-day, the ratio of mid-day stomatal conductances at doubled [CO2] to that at ambient [CO2] ranged from 0.42 to 0.86, with a mean of 0.66 in barley, and from 0.33 to 0.80, with a mean of 0.56 in wheat. Day-to-day variation in the relative effect of elevated [CO2] on conductance was correlated with the relative stimulation of [CO2] assimilation rate and with temperature. Some limitations of multiple linear regression, multiplicative, and ‘Ball–Berry' models as summaries of the data are discussed. In barley, a better fit to the models occurred in individual years than for the combined data, and in wheat a better fit to the models occurred when data from near the end of the season were removed.
Dimensionality Reduction and Noise Removal in Wireless Sensor Network Datasets

Many wireless sensor network datasets suffer from the effects of acquisition noise, channel noise, fading, and fusion of different nodes with huge amounts of data. Any of these effects alone or their combination could adversely affect the decision made at the fusion center. We have developed computationally low power, low bandwidth, and low cost filters that will remove the noise and compress the data so that a decision can be made at the node level. This wavelet-based method is guaranteed to converge to a stationary point for both uncorrelated and correlated sensor data. Presented here is the theoretical background with examples showing the performance and merits of this novel approach compared to other alternatives.