cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO EXOGENOUS ESTROGEN: NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL MEN

Abstract Plasma LH concentrations were determined in 55 men before and for four days following injection of 10 mg, 20 mg, or 30 mg Premarin or a placebo injection of vehicle. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations were also determined in plasma samples taken just prior to Premarin or placebo injection and in samples taken three days later. All subjects provided self-descriptions of their sexual orientation and, based upon these descriptions, were classified as heterosexual (N=39) or homosexual (N=16). Premarin injection resulted in a reliable reduction in plasma LH 24 hr later. In subsequent samples, LH values rose and in many cases exceeded baseline levels, most reliably in those subjects receiving the 10 mg dose. Contrary to some previous reports, we observed no significant differences between heterosexual and homosexual subjects in the likelihood of their exhibiting elevated LH concentrations following exogenous estrogens. T, but not DHT, concentrations were suppressed after Premarin injection in both groups of subjects. Other than Premarin dosage, we could not identify any variable which predicted the likelihood of elevated LH values.
Alternate signs of life: The growth of biotechnology industries in Shanghai and Bangalore

Abstract This paper explores the emergence of biotechnology centers in Shanghai and Bangalore by comparing their development to best practices in the literature for biotechnology cluster growth and development. Interviews with over fifty biotech companies and related institutions in China and India indicate that these regions are developing alternate models of low cost manufacturing and services that build on the current local base of knowledge and expertise. The ability to convert research into successful commercial activity was identified in both regions. The strong research capacity, private sector funding, and entrepreneurial environment deemed critical best practices were limited. New growth theory is used to explain these alternate approaches to technological and social change.
Thiol redox and phosphate transport in renal brush-border membrane. Effect of nicotinamide

Abstract In the present study, the effect of thiol redox and its possible role in the inhibitory effect of nicotinamide on renal brush-border membrane (BBM) phosphate uptake was examined. Addition of thiol reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT, 5 mM), caused an increase, while addition of thiol oxidant, diamide (DM, 5 mM) caused a reversible decrease in sodium-dependent BBM phosphate uptake. Kinetic analyses revealed an increase in both Vmax and Km by DTT, and a decrease in Vmax by DM. These results suggest that thiol redox influences BBM phosphate uptake with sulfhydryl (SH) groups relate to its capacity and disulfide (SS) groups to its affinity for phosphate. Since changes in cytosolic NAD levels may affect BBM thiol redox x states of NADP and glutathione systems, we have examined such possibility by studying the effect of nicotinamide (NM). Incubation of proximal tubules with NM (10 mM) induced an oxidative effect on redox states of cytosolic NAD, NADP systems as inferred from decreased cellular lactate/pyruvate, malate/pyruvate, respectively. Measurements of cytosolic glutathiones and BBM thiols also revealed that NM pretreatment shifted the cytosolic glutathione redox (GSH/GSSG) and BBM thiol redox (SH/SS) toward more oxidized state. On the other hand, incubation of proximal tubules with NM suppressed phosphate uptake by the subsequently isolated BBM vesicles. The lower phosphate uptake by NM-pretreated BBM vesicles was reversed by DTT and was resistant to the inhibitory effect of DM. These results thus suggest that BBM thiol oxidation may be involved in the inhibitory effect of NM on BBM phosphate uptake.
Valance-Band photoemission intensities in thorium dioxide

Abstract Resonant photoemission spectra of the O 2p-derived valence band of insulating ThO2 are compared to linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) density-of-state (DOS) and XPS intensity calculations. At Th 5d corelevel threshold energies (85 ⩽ hv ⩽ 120 eV), resonance is greatest at the bottom of the O 2p band where calculated p/d hybrid states are greatest; p/f hybrid content is weak by comparison. We conclude that the dominant hybridization is between O 2p states and Th 6d.
The Fat Adherence Syndrome and Strabismus after Retina Surgery

The etiology of persistent strabismus after retina surgery has been poorly understood. Seven patients with acquired restrictive strabismus after retina surgery were surgically explored for the cause of the strabismus. In each case, the fat adherence syndrome was identified as playing a significant role in causing the restriction. In four patients, restriction secondary to the fat adherence syndrome was the sole cause of the strabismus. Other contributing causes included a misplaced muscle in two patients and a sponge under a muscle in one patient. Our conclusion is that the fat adherence syndrome is an important cause of restrictive strabismus after retina surgery and that this complication can be minimized by avoiding surgical maneuvers that violate Tenon's capsule and expose extraconal fat.
Methylprednisolone Therapy in Patients with Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Randomized Multicenter Trial

Study objective To determine the efficacy of a corticosteroid in reducing the short-term mortality of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Setting Four university teaching hospitals. Patients We enrolled 66 patients with alcoholic hepatitis and either spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy or a discriminant function value greater than 32, calculated using the formula: 4.6 (prothrombin time - control time) + serum bilirubin [in mumol/L]/17.1. Fifty-nine patients (89%) completed the study. Two patients withdrew from the trial. The other 64 patients were hospitalized for the duration of the trial; however, treatment was discontinued in 5 patients because of potential drug toxicity. Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive either methylprednisolone (32 mg) or placebo within 7 days of admission. Treatment was given for 28 days. The doses were then tapered over 2 weeks and discontinued. Measurements and main results The endpoint of the study was death. Of the 31 recipients of placebo, 11 (35%) died within 28 days of randomization compared with 2 (6%) of the 35 patients given methylprednisolone (P = 0.006). The 95% CI for the difference in mortality was 12% to 70%. In the patients with spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy at entry, 9 of 19 recipients of placebo died (47%) compared with 1 (7%) of the 14 patients given methylprednisolone (P = 0.02). The 95% CI for the difference in mortality was 14% to 66%. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed the advantage of methylprednisolone over placebo after adjustment for other potentially important prognostic variables (P = 0.004). Conclusions Methylprednisolone therapy decreases short-term mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis manifested either by spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy or a markedly elevated discriminant function value.
HOW TO TELL PATIENTS BAD NEWS : THE STRATEGY OF FORECASTING

How does one tell a patient that he or she has cancer, or new parents that their child has a birth defect?
Two topics in Leo Hurwicz’s research

A brief summary of early work by Leo Hurwicz and collaborators on mechanism design and processes of exchange.
Recanalization and rupture of a giant vertebral artery aneurysm after hunterian ligation: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Recanalization and subsequent rupture of giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation after Hunterian ligation is an extremely rare event that has been noted to occur with basilar apex, basilar trunk, and vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms. We report the case of a giant, previously unruptured right vertebral artery aneurysm, which recanalized from the contralateral vertebral artery and subsequently ruptured after previously performed angiography showed complete thrombosis of the aneurysm. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old woman presented with headaches, ataxia, and lower extremity weakness. A giant 3-cm right vertebral artery aneurysm was found during the patient evaluation. INTERVENTION: Because of the size of the aneurysm and the absence of a discrete neck, Hunterian ligation was performed. After treatment, angiograms showed no filling of the aneurysm from either the right or left vertebral artery. Nine days later, after the patient developed lethargy and nausea, repeat angiography showed that a small portion of the aneurysmal base had recanalized. The next day, the patient had a massive subarachnoid hemorrhage and subsequently died. CONCLUSION: We think that this is a previously undescribed complication associated with direct arterial ligation of giant vertebral artery aneurysms. Patients with aneurysms treated using Hunterian ligation need to be followed up closely. Even aneurysms that have minimal recanalization are at risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Effects of Volume Loading and Pressor Agents in Idiopathic Orthostatic Tachycardia

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia (IOT) is characterized by an increase in heart rate (HR) with standing of > or = 30 bpm that is associated with elevated catecholamine levels and orthostatic symptoms. A dynamic orthostatic hypovolemia and alpha1-adrenoreceptor hypersensitivity have been demonstrated in IOT patients. There is evidence of an autonomic neuropathy affecting the lower-extremity blood vessels. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the effects of placebo, the alpha1-adrenoreceptor agonist midodrine (5 to 10 mg), the alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine (0.1 mg), and I.V. saline (1 L) in 13 patients with IOT. Supine and upright blood pressure (BP) and HR were measured before and at 1 and 2 hours after intervention. Midodrine decreased both supine and upright HR (all HR values are given as bpm) at 2 hours (from 78+/-2 supine to 108+/-5 upright before treatment and from 69+/-2 supine to 95+/-5 upright after treatment, P<.005 for supine and P<.01 for upright). Saline decreased both supine and upright HR (from 80+/-3 supine to 112+/-5 upright before infusion and from 77+/-3 supine to 91+/-3 upright 1 hour after infusion, P<.005 for supine and P<.001 for upright). Clonidine decreased supine HR (from 78+/-2 to 74+/-2, P<.03) but did not affect the HR increase with standing. Clonidine very significantly decreased supine systolic BP (from 109+/-3 at baseline to 99+/-2 mm Hg at 2 hours, P<.001), and midodrine decreased supine systolic BP mildly. CONCLUSIONS: IOT responds best acutely to saline infusion to correct the underlying hypovolemia. Chronically, this can be accomplished with increased salt and water intake in conjunction with fludrocortisone. The response of patients to the alpha1-agonist midodrine supports the hypothesis of partial dysautonomia and indicates that the use of alpha1-agonists to pharmacologically replace lower-extremity postganglionic sympathetics is an appropriate overall goal of therapy. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the tachycardia and elevated catecholamine levels associated with IOT are principally due to hypovolemia and loss of adequate lower-extremity vascular tone.
Studies of photoinization in liquds using a laser two-photon ionization conductivity technique

Abstract A two-photon ionization (TPI) conductivity technique has been developed and applied to determine the photoionization thresholds of pyrene, fluoranthene, and TMPD in n-pentane and found to be 4.80± 0.02, 4.50 ± 0.05, and 3.88 ± 0.05, respectively. The TPI spectra show distict structure due to autoionization. For fluoranthene, the TPI spectrum suggests that the molecule dissociates via the first excited singlet state.
Mismatch Negativity, Social Cognition, and Functioning in Schizophrenia Patients

Background Cognition and social cognition have been found to influence functional outcome in schizophrenia patients. However, little is known about the underlying neural substrates that are associated with social cognition or daily functioning. Prior studies found associations between mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related potential response indexing early auditory processing, and functioning in schizophrenia patients. Methods In this study, we examined MMN, social cognition (social perception and theory of mind), and four domains of functioning (work, independent living, social networks, and family networks) in 33 schizophrenia patients and 42 demographically comparable healthy control subjects. Results Schizophrenia patients exhibited reduced MMN activity at frontocentral electrode sites compared with healthy control subjects. Within the schizophrenia sample, greater MMN activity at frontocentral sites correlated with better work and independent living (but not social or family networks) and with better social perception. Conclusions These results suggest that MMN activity is more closely tied to some outcome domains (work and independent living) than others. Mismatch negativity has been previously shown to be associated with basic cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia, but these findings are the first, to our knowledge, to show MMN associations with social cognition. These results are consistent with cascade models of information processing in which deficits in early perceptual processing have a downstream impact on higher order social cognition and community functioning.
Placenta Accreta and Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: Overlooked Costs of the Rising Cesarean Section Rate

An unintended consequence of the rising cesarean section rate is abnormal placentation in subsequent pregnancies, leading to the clinical complications of placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancies. Both of these clinical entities are associated with high rates of maternal morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the potential mechanisms by which uterine scarring may lead to abnormal trophoblast invasion, the association of cesarean section with placenta accreta and scar pregnancies, current management, and suggestions for future research to reduce the incidence of these potentially devastating complications of pregnancy.
The observation of proton channeling in thin mica

Abstract The channeling of 3.55 MeV protons through a thin film of mica has been observed. About 9.2% of the particles penetrating the mica suffered anomalously low energy losses at the channeling orientation.
Synthesis, Structures, Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes with Bipyridine, Terpyridine and 1,10-Phenathroline

Three new dinitrosyl iron complexes LFe(NO)2 (L = 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) (1), 2,2′,2′′-terpyridine (terpy) (2) and 1,10-phenathroline (phen) (3)) were synthesized by the reaction of Fe(NO)2(CO)2 with corresponding ligands in tetrahydrofuran. Complexes 1−3 were studied using IR, UV−vis, MS, NMR, and electrochemical techniques. Complexes 1 and 2 were also characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. IR spectra of complexes 1−3 display two strong characteristic NO stretching frequencies (νNO) in the region reflecting donor properties of the ligands. Cyclic voltammetry studies show two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions for all complexes. Electrochemical investigations using different concentrations show that an irreversible one-electron reduction at −1.85 V for complex 2 and −1.80 V for complex 3 are from solvated species. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis reveals that complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group and the asymmetric unit consists of one Fe(NO)2(bipy) ...
17-hydroxyprogesterone blunts the hypertensive response associated with reductions in uterine perfusion pressure in pregnant rats

Objective Reduction in uteroplacental perfusion (RUPP) in pregnant rats is associated with hypertension, elevated cytokines, and activation of the endothelin (ET-1) system. Our objective was to determine whether the antiinflammatory properties of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17 OHP) reduce cytokine-stimulated vasoactive pathways that are associated with hypertension in response to placental ischemia. Study Design Mean arterial pressure (MAP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and renal ET-1 were measured in the following: pregnant controls, pregnant controls plus 17 OHP (6.6 mg/kg), RUPP rats, and RUPP rats plus 17 OHP. Results MAP increased 29 mm Hg in RUPP rats compared with pregnant controls ( P P Conclusion 17 OHP blunts hypertension associated with RUPP, possibly via suppression of cytokine-stimulated ET-1 activation.
Activity and selectivity of colloidal platinum nanocatalysts for aqueous phase cyclohexenone hydrogenation

Abstract The effect of varying the particle size of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-capped colloidal platinum nanocatalysts, synthesized in the 1–10 nm size range, on the activity and selectivity during the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of cyclohexenone was investigated. For all particle sizes utilized, products observed during the reaction in order of increasing selectivity were cyclohexenol, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone. Selectivity for the unsaturated alcohol (cyclohexenol) was found to be highest for the smallest-sized nanocatalyst, whereas selectivity for the saturated ketone (cyclohexanone) was found to be highest for the largest-sized nanocatalyst. Activities for cyclohexenone hydrogenation were observed to increase with increasing particle size, yet apparent activation energies were determined to be similar for 2.9–7.1 nm nanocatalysts, likely indicating that the same surface reaction is kinetically favored on these nanocatalyst surfaces. Attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopic measurements on adsorbed cyclohexenone suggest the η 1 (C O) form is more prevalent on the smaller sized nanocatalysts, while the η 2 (C C) and η 4 (C O, C C) forms are more preferred on the larger sized nanocatalyst. The findings presented herein provide further evidence that structure sensitivity in ketone hydrogenation reactions is linked with catalyst surface structure and adsorbate orientation.
(−)-Kaur-16-en-7β-ol-19-oic acid, an intermediate in Gibberellin biosynthesis

Abstract 17- 14 C-(−)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid is converted to at least five chromatographically-separable products in cell-free preparations of endosperm from immature Echinocystis macrocarpa seeds. One of these products (X 2A ), isolated in milligram quantites from the pooled extracts of a large number of incubation mixtures, was identified as (−)-kaur-16-en-7β-ol-19-oic acid (I) from its physical and chemical characteristics. A second product (X 2B ), which was apparently generated non-enzymically from X 2A during the isolation of the latter, was tentatively identified as (−)-kaur-15-en-7β-ol-19-oic acid (IV). I stimulated leaf sheath growth in seedlings of the dwarf -5 mutant of Zea mays . Also I was convertible to 14 C-gibberellin A 3 and probably other 14 C-gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi mycelial suspensions. On the basis of these properties it is suggested that I is a normal intermediate in gibberellin biosynthesis.
Passive chip delay line readout for streamer tube chambers

Abstract A two-dimensional readout system for streamer tube chambers using a passive chip delay line on the anode wires and cathode strips is described. The prototype system with 96 wires per delay line shows good timing resolution and wire efficiencies independent of the position on the delay line.
A vector transform for use in solving electromagnetic problems in Cartesian coordinates

This document develops the formulation of a vector transform in Cartesian coordinates - originally conceived by Chew and Habashy in 1986 [1]. This transform is ideally organized for realizing Green's functions in layered media. Such Green's functions are fundamental to the analytical setup of many problems that may then be solved by the method of moments.
Variable selection in semiparametric linear regression with censored data

Summary. We describe two procedures for selecting variables in the semiparametric linear regression model for censored data. One procedure penalizes a vector of estimating equations and simultaneously estimates regression coefficients and selects submodels. A second proce dure controls systematically the proportion of unimportant variables through forward selection and the addition of pseudorandom variables. We explore both rank-based statistics and Buckley James statistics in the setting proposed and evaluate the performance of all methods through extensive simulation studies and one real data set.
Measurement of the dissolved oxygen concentration in acrylate monomers with a novel photochemical method

Because of the well-known radical-scavenging behavior, molecular oxygen is capable of inhibiting free-radical chain polymerizations of unsaturated monomers. The deleterious effects of diffused oxygen in a polymerization system result in both a reduced polymerization rate and the loss of surface properties of a polymer film or coating. However, reliable data for oxygen concentration in organic monomers are relatively scarce because of the experimental and instrumental limitations of the commercially available techniques. In this study, a photochemical method was developed and was used to obtain the dissolved oxygen concentration in seven acrylate monomers. The principle of the method was to convert ground-state molecular oxygen dissolved in monomer to the excited, singlet-state oxygen and then react the singlet oxygen with a third compound (singlet oxygen trapper). By monitoring the concentration of this singlet oxygen trapper spectrophotometrically, the concentration of dissolved oxygen can be obtained with the established stoichiometry for the reaction between singlet oxygen and trapper. The singlet oxygen concentrations in the acrylate monomers varied from 0.59 to 2.07 × 10−3 mol/L, depending on the monomer structure. The strategies and considerations for generalizing the method to other systems, including highly oxygenated organics, are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1285–1292, 2004
Electron Transfer Dynamics in Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Solar Cells Sensitized with Ruthenium or Osmium Polypyridyl Complexes

The electron transfer dynamics in solar cells that utilize sensitized nanocrystalline titanium dioxide photoelectrodes and the iodide/triiodide redox couple have been studied on a nanosecond time scale. The ruthenium and osmium bipyridyl complexes Ru(H2L‘)2(CN)2, Os(H2L‘)2(CN)2, Ru(H2L‘)2(NCS)2, and Os(H2L‘)2(NCS)2, where H2L‘ is 4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid 2,2‘-bipyridine, inject electrons into the semiconductor with a rate constant >108 s-1. The effects of excitation intensity, temperature, and applied potential on the recombination reaction were analyzed using a second-order kinetics model. The rates of charge recombination decrease with increasing driving force to the oxidized sensitizer, indicating that charge recombination occurs in the Marcus inverted region. The electronic coupling factors between the oxidized sensitizer and the injected electrons in TiO2 and the reorganization energies for the recombination reaction vary significantly for the different metal complexes. The charge recombination rates a...
Summertime subtropical sea surface temperature variability

[1] This paper describes a new class of summertime subtropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that have basin scale, amplitudes up to 3°C and duration of up to 2 weeks. These have been discovered in the Microwave Imager (TMI) SST analyses. One-dimensional physics and numerical weather prediction operational air-sea fluxes are able to reproduce many aspects of the observations. The mechanism of creation of these summertime anomalies depends on the formation of shallow ocean mixed layer depths. Their persistence is controlled primarily by the duration of appropriate atmospheric conditions. Model studies also suggest that near synoptic scale surface flux variations, of the type considered here, cause significant warming of SST over monthly to seasonal timescales.
Identification of Nonviable Genes Affecting Touch Sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans Using Neuronally Enhanced Feeding RNA Interference

Caenorhabditis elegans senses gentle touch along the body via six touch receptor neurons. Although genetic screens and microarray analyses have identified several genes needed for touch sensitivity, these methods miss pleiotropic genes that are essential for the viability, movement, or fertility of the animals. We used neuronally enhanced feeding RNA interference to screen genes that cause lethality or paralysis when mutated, and we identified 61 such genes affecting touch sensitivity, including five positive controls. We confirmed 18 genes by using available alleles, and further studied one of them, tag-170, now renamed txdc-9. txdc-9 preferentially affects anterior touch response but is needed for tubulin acetylation and microtubule formation in both the anterior and posterior touch receptor neurons. Our results indicate that neuronally enhanced feeding RNA interference screens complement traditional mutageneses by identifying additional nonviable genes needed for specific neuronal functions.
p21(Waf1/Cip1) inhibition of cyclin E/Cdk2 activity prevents endoreduplication after mitotic spindle disruption.

During a normal cell cycle, entry into S phase is dependent on completion of mitosis and subsequent activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) in G1. These events are monitored by checkpoint pathways. Recent studies and data presented herein show that after treatment with microtubule inhibitors (MTIs), cells deficient in the Cdk inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 enter S phase with a ≥4N DNA content, a process known as endoreduplication, which results in polyploidy. To determine how p21 prevents MTI-induced endoreduplication, the G1/S and G2/M checkpoint pathways were examined in two isogenic cell systems: HCT116 p21+/+ and p21−/− cells and H1299 cells containing an inducible p21 expression vector (HIp21). Both HCT116 p21−/− cells and noninduced HIp21 cells endoreduplicated after MTI treatment. Analysis of G1-phase Cdk activities demonstrated that the induction of p21 inhibited endoreduplication through direct cyclin E/Cdk2 regulation. The kinetics of p21 inhibition of cyclin E/Cdk2 activity and binding to proliferating-cell nuclear antigen in HCT116 p21+/+ cells paralleled the onset of endoreduplication in HCT116 p21−/− cells. In contrast, loss of p21 did not lead to deregulated cyclin D1-dependent kinase activities, nor did p21 directly regulate cyclin B1/Cdc2 activity. Furthermore, we show that MTI-induced endoreduplication in p53-deficient HIp21 cells was due to levels of p21 protein below a threshold required for negative regulation of cyclin E/Cdk2, since ectopic expression of p21 restored cyclin E/Cdk2 regulation and prevented endoreduplication. Based on these findings, we propose that p21 plays an integral role in the checkpoint pathways that restrain normal cells from entering S phase after aberrant mitotic exit due to defects in microtubule dynamics.
Cohesin Regulates MHC Class II Genes through Interactions with MHC Class II Insulators

Cohesin is a multiprotein, ringed complex that is most well-known for its role in stabilizing the association of sister chromatids between S phase and M. More recently, cohesin was found to be associated with transcriptional insulators, elements that are associated with the organization of chromatin into regulatory domains. The human MHC class II (MHC-II) locus contains 10 intergenic elements, termed MHC-II insulators, which bind the transcriptional insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor. MHC-II insulators interact with each other, forming a base architecture of discrete loops and potential regulatory domains. When MHC-II genes are expressed, their proximal promoter regulatory regions reorganize to the foci established by the interacting MHC-II insulators. MHC-II insulators also bind cohesin, but the functional role of cohesin in regulating this system is not known. In this article, we show that the binding of cohesin to MHC-II insulators occurred irrespective of MHC-II expression but was required for optimal expression of the HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes. In a DNA-dependent manner, cohesin subunits interacted with CCCTC-binding factor and the MHC-II-specific transcription factors regulatory factor X and CIITA. Intriguingly, cohesin subunits were important for DNA looping interactions between the HLA-DRA promoter region and a 5' MHC-II insulator but were not required for interactions between the MHC-II insulators themselves. This latter observation introduces cohesin as a regulator of MHC-II expression by initiating or stabilizing MHC-II promoter regulatory element interactions with the MHC-II insulator elements, events that are required for maximal MHC-II transcription.
Resource Availability, Mortality, and Fertility: A Path Analytic Approach to Global Life-History Variation

Humans exhibit considerable diversity in timing and rate of reproduction. Life-history theory (LHT) suggests that ecological cues of resource richness and survival probabilities shape human phenotypes across populations. Populations experiencing high extrinsic mortality due to uncertainty in resources should exhibit faster life histories. Here we use a path analytic (PA) approach informed by LHT to model the multiple pathways between resources, mortality rates, and reproductive behavior in 191 countries. Resources that account for the most variance in population mortality rates are predicted to explain the most variance in total fertility rates. Results indicate that resources (e.g., calories, sanitation, education, and health-care expenditures) influence fertility rates in paths through communicable and noncommnunicable diseases. Paths acting through communicable disease are more strongly associated with fertility than are paths through noncommunicable diseases. These results suggest that a PA approach may help disaggregate extrinsic and intrinsic mortality factors in cross-cultural analyses. Such knowledge may be useful in developing targeted policies to decrease teenage pregnancy, total fertility rates, and thus issues associated with overpopulation.
Tailored anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon waveguides

We present the first experimental demonstration of anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon waveguides over a wide bandwidth. We also introduce a method to tailor the group-velocity dispersion in the waveguides from −2000 to 1500 ps/(nm·km).
Uncommon responses of segmental vitiligo to melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation procedure.

Background Patients with segmental vitiligo (SV), unlike those with nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV), have a more predictable course and are more responsive to surgery. Objective To report 10 patients with SV treated with the melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP), who responded with unusual responses not previously reported in the literature. Methods This is a retrospective, observational study that reports 10 patients with SV who underwent the MKTP between May 2003 and May 2012. Results Two patients had successful repigmentation after split-thickness skin grafting after failure of the MKTP. Two patients developed a hypopigmented ring at a margin of the MKTP-treated area. One patient had complete repigmentation after a second MKTP. Two patients developed koebnerization of the recipient site. Three patients developed new vitiligo patches in previously unaffected areas after the MKTP. Conclusions Uncommon and even suboptimal responses can occur following the MKTP in SV patients. There is a need for studies to provide better understanding and outcomes for SV patients undergoing the MKTP.
Characterization of micromachined transitions for high-speed integrated packages

Micromachined transitions are characterized with abrupt and taper dielectric and conductor discontinuities. Constant impedance designs are studied for interconnects printed on the same substrate that traverse two different substrate heights. The best transition, when compared to the constant height design, has better than 20 dB return loss over 40 GHz. Its effective dielectric constant variation is less than 0.25 dB across the bandwidth, which indicates a low dispersion interconnect design with a micromachined transition.
Vertical dynamical transport of mesospheric constituents by dissipating gravity waves

Abstract Over 400 h of Na wind/temperature lidar observations, obtained at the Starfire Optical Range, NM, are used to study the vertical dynamical transport of Na in the mesopause region between 85 and 100 km . Dynamical transport occurs when dissipating, non-breaking gravity waves impart a net vertical displacement in atmospheric constituents as they propagate through a region. We show that the vertical constituent flux can be related in a simple way to the vertical heat flux. Breaking gravity waves also contribute to eddy transport by generating turbulence. Because eddy transport is a mixing process, it only occurs in the presence of a gradient in the concentration profile of the constituent, while dynamical transport can be sustained even in the absence of such a gradient. The dynamical Na flux is compared with the predicted eddy flux. The maximum downward dynamical flux of Na is −280 m / s cm 3 at 88 km . The maximum downward eddy flux is −160 m / s cm 3 at the same altitude assuming the diffusion coefficient is 200 m 2 / s . The observational results are consistent with theoretical predictions below 93 km and show that dynamical transport often exceeds the vertical transport associated with eddy diffusion. The theoretical models are used to predict the dynamical and eddy fluxes of atomic oxygen and show that for this constituent, dynamical transport is also a significant transport mechanism.
A model for lateral hyporheic flow based on valley slope and channel sinuosity

[1] The meandering of rivers results in head gradients across point bar deposits leading to hyporheic exchange: the flow of groundwater from and back to the stream. Two models for predicting horizontal fluid flux through the hyporheic zone, one based solely on valley slope and another that uses both valley slope and channel sinuosity, are presented in this article. Both models require knowledge of aquifer hydraulic conductivity. The models are developed via a suite of groundwater flow simulations with boundary conditions taking a variety of channel geometries, idealized as sinusoidal, and valley slopes that we assume are similar to that of the water table. Functional predictive models are developed by fitting a line or surface to discrete model output which covers the spectrum of most natural meandering rivers. Since the fitted models only require channel slope and/or sinuosity (plus hydraulic conductivity), they are amenable for regional estimation of hyporheic flux using digital terrain data.
A probabilistic approach to disjunctive information in relational databases

The authors present a novel approach to disjunctive information in relational databases. They focus on the exclusive disjunction representation of incomplete information with some quantitative measurement. Weighted disjunctive subtuples are introduced to represent disjunctive values with an attached probability distribution. Maybe tuples can also be represented by introducing a dummy tuple to indicate nonexistence. A general relation structure is defined for irregular tables. Then, the basic relational operators are extended. Query evaluation in the extended model is shown to be correct in the sense that the set of probabilistic possible worlds (PPOSS) of a result table is the same as the PPOSS obtained by applying the operator to the corresponding relation(s) in each of the PPOSS of the operand relation. The Selection, Projection, Union, Difference, and Natural Key-join operations on extended relations run in polynomial time. The model allows more accurate calculation of aggregate functions such as COUNT and SUM. The features of the model make it practical for non-traditional applications where data is stochastic in nature. >
Some properties for improved information storage and retrieval in Hopfield-type neural networks

In the paper, results concerning properties of a class of Hopfield-type neural networks which can improve the information storage and retrieval of these networks are established. Under certain constraints on the diagonal elements of the connection matrix, a neural network will have only bipolar stable memory vectors; in addition, every corner of the hypercube which is in the immediate neighborhood of a stable memory vector cannot become a stable memory and is very likely to be in the domain of attraction of that stable memory vector. A new synthesis approach is also developed for associative memories which can be used to synthesize neural networks with the desired constraints. The design (synthesis) problem of feedback neural networks for associative memories is formulated as a set of linear inequalities and is solved using the perceptron training algorithm. The perceptron training in the synthesis algorithm is guaranteed to converge for the design of neural networks. To demonstrate the applicability of the present results and to compare the present synthesis approach with existing design methods, an example is considered.
Hibernets: energy-efficient sensor networks using analog signal processing

In-network processing is recommended for many sensor network applications to reduce communication and improve energy efficiency. However, constraints on memory, speed, and energy currently limit the processing capabilities within a sensor network. In this paper, we describe how ultra-low-power analog circuitry can be integrated with sensor nodes to create energy-efficient sensor networks. We present a custom analog front-end which performs spectral analysis at a fraction of the power used by a digital counterpart. We then show that the front-end can be combined with existing sensor nodes to (1) selectively wake up the mote based upon spectral content of the signal, thus increasing battery life without missing interesting events, and to (2) achieve low-power signal analysis using an analog spectral decomposition block, freeing up digital computation resources for higher-level analysis.
EOM-CCSDT study of the low-lying ionization potentials of ethylene, acetylene and formaldehyde

Abstract The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CCSDT) method with full triples is applied to the vertical ionization potentials (IP) of ethylene, acetylene and formaldehyde at the basis set limit. The theoretical results are accurate enough to define a consistent set of vertical ionization potentials. EOM-CCSDT improves the IP-EOM-CCSD values by up to 0.4 eV for H 2 CO, 0.3 eV for C 2 H 4 and 0.2 eV for C 2 H 2 .
Exploring the Educational and Career Plans of Urban Minority Students in a Dual Enrollment Program.

This qualitative study examined the educational and career plans of a sample of urban minority high school students who voluntarily participated in a dual enrollment program at a private, technolog...
A comprehensive constitutive law for waxy crude oil: a thixotropic yield stress fluid

Guided by a series of discriminating rheometric tests, we develop a new constitutive model that can quantitatively predict the key rheological features of waxy crude oils. We first develop a series of model crude oils, which are characterized by a complex thixotropic and yielding behavior that strongly depends on the shear history of the sample. We then outline the development of an appropriate preparation protocol for carrying out rheological measurements, to ensure consistent and reproducible initial conditions. We use RheoPIV measurements of the local kinematics within the fluid under imposed deformations in order to validate the selection of a particular protocol. Velocimetric measurements are also used to document the presence of material instabilities within the model crude oil under conditions of imposed steady shearing. These instabilities are a result of the underlying non-monotonic steady flow curve of the material. Three distinct deformation histories are then used to probe the material's constitutive response. These deformations are steady shear, transient response to startup of steady shear with different aging times, and large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). The material response to these three different flows is used to motivate the development of an appropriate constitutive model. This model (termed the IKH model) is based on a framework adopted from plasticity theory and implements an additive strain decomposition into characteristic reversible (elastic) and irreversible (plastic) contributions, coupled with the physical processes of isotropic and kinematic hardening. Comparisons of experimental to simulated response for all three flows show good quantitative agreement, validating the chosen approach for developing constitutive models for this class of materials.
Active decoupling of the axisymmetric body wake response to a pitching motion

Abstract Controlled interactions between fluidic actuators and the cross flow over the aft end of a wire-mounted axisymmetric wind tunnel bluff body model ( Re D =2.3·10 5 ) are exploited for modification of the near wake dynamics, and the consequent global aerodynamic loads. Actuation is effected using an array of four aft-facing synthetic jet modules through narrow, azimuthally-segmented slots that are equally distributed around the perimeter of the tail end. The model is supported by eight wires, each including a miniature inline force transducer for measurements of the time-resolved tension. The model’s position is varied in a prescribed trajectory by synchronous activation of shape memory alloy (SMA) segments in each of the mounting wires, and the aerodynamic forces and moments are manipulated over a range of pitch attitude. The effectiveness of the flow control approach is demonstrated by decoupling of the wake response from the body’s pitch motion at a low pitch frequency ( k =0.013). It is shown that, under the active control, the wake symmetry can be restored or its asymmetry can be amplified.
Homodimeric Protein–Polymer Conjugates via the Tetrazine–trans-Cyclooctene Ligation

Tetrazine end-functionalized telechelic polymers were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization (CRP) and employed to generate T4 lysozyme homodimers. Mutant T4 lysozyme (V131C), containing a single surface-exposed cysteine, was modified with a protein-reactive trans-cyclooctene (T4L-TCO). Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization yielded poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) with a number-average molecular weight (Mn by 1H NMR) of 2.0 kDa and a dispersity (Đ by GPC) of 1.05. pNIPAAm was then modified at both ends by postpolymerization with 6-methyltetrazine. For comparison, 2.0 kDa bis-tetrazine poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and 2.0 kDa bis-maleimide pNIPAAm were synthesized. Ligation of T4L-TCO to bis-tetrazine pNIPAAm or bis-tetrazine PEG resulted in protein homodimer in 38% yield and 37% yield, respectively, after only 1 h, whereas bis-maleimide pNIPAAm resulted in only 5% yield of dimer after 24 h. This work illustrates the advantage of employing tetrazine ligation o...
Plastic Surgery on Irrigation Arteries

Seepage from irrigation channels can be reduced, bank stability improved, and ground-water movement controlled by the installation of vertical plastic-membrane cutoffs in or adjacent to the channel bank. Details are presented of design considerations and construction methods used on installations on the Columbia Basin Project, including the use of a shield on a ladder-type excavator in unstable ground.
Agricultural Systems and Technologies of the Great Plains

The Great Plains is a vast and diverse area. Its 10 states, covering almost one-third of the U.S. land mass, are mostly semiarid. Because of its size and geographic definition, the region has dramatic extremes in elevation, temperature, precipitation, and in wind direction and velocity. The growing season varies from 110 to more than 300 days. Annual precipitation ranges from 12 to more than 30 inches. The semiarid character results in important parts of the region being on the extensive margin between cropping and rangeland grazing. Further, year-to-year variability in precipitation gives rise to strategies for which risk management is important.
Analysis report for WIPP colloid model constraints and performance assessment parameters

An analysis of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) colloid model constraints and parameter values was performed. The focus of this work was primarily on intrinsic colloids, mineral fragment colloids, and humic substance colloids, with a lesser focus on microbial colloids. Comments by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concerning intrinsic Th(IV) colloids and Mg-Cl-OH mineral fragment colloids were addressed in detail, assumptions and data used to constrain colloid model calculations were evaluated, and inconsistencies between data and model parameter values were identified. This work resulted in a list of specific conclusions regarding model integrity, model conservatism, and opportunities for improvement related to each of the four colloid types included in the WIPP performance assessment.
Importance of ethnicity and smoking status in EGFR gene testing in lung cancers.

We agree with Dr. Chung that all individuals with adenocarcinoma, large-cell, or unspecified histology should be tested for EGFR mutations (and for ALK mutations as well) and that treatment should be based on mutation status; this view is consistent with multiple national guidelines.[1][1],[2][2]
Thermal Reliability Design and Optimization for Multilayer Composite Electronic Boards

Boards made of composites are susceptible of structural failure or irreversible damage under thermally raised stresses. A thermal/structural finite element model is integrated in this study to enable the predictions of the temperature and stress distribution of vertically clamped parallel circuit boards that include series of symmetrically mounted heated electronic modules (chips). The board is modeled as a thin plate containing four heated flush rectangular areas that represent the electronic modules. The finite element model should be to able to accept the convection heat transfer on the board surface, heat generation in the modules, and directional conduction inside the board. A detailed 3-D CFD model is incorporated to predict the conjugate heat transfer coefficients that strongly affect the temperature distribution in the board and modules. Structural analyses are performed by a FE model that uses the heat transfer coefficients mentioned above, and structural elements capable of handling orthotropic material properties. The stress fields are obtained and studied for the models possessing two and there laminates with different fiber orientations, and inter-fiber angles. Appreciable differences in values of max stress intensity were observed as the fiber orientation and inter-fiber angle changed. The angular parameters in this study were guided by experimental design (DOE) concepts leading to a metamodel of the stress intensity in the board. The optimum design variables found by the equations of the metamodel.© 2005 ASME