cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EP11 Basic Gene Expression

Gene expression has become a an integral part of many research programs, offering promise in the development of biomarkers for a variety of applications. The addition of many downstream gene-expression technologies has only reinforced the importance of proper experimental design and sample processing to help ensure that these technologies reach their full potential. Both low- and high-throughput gene expression platforms require that samples have both a level of fidelity and reproducibility that allow for confidence in all downstream applications. The focus of this educational session will be on sample processing for gene-expression applications. A series of presentations will cover the essential components of extracting nucleic acid, preparing and amplifying cDNA (or cRNA), and an overview of the essential components in designing and implementing gene-expression studies from single real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions to whole-transcriptome high-density microarrays. This session will provide information mostly for the gene-expression novice, but will include specific guidelines that can be employed by established gene-expression laboratories.
Evidence of facilitatory coerulospinal action in lumbar motoneurons of cats

Summary Functional connectivity of the feline coerulospinal projection was delineated by utilizing the combined approaches of antidromic activation and electrical stimulation. We isolated 25 locus coeruleus (LC) neurons that were electrophysiologically identified and histologically verified and that could be driven by stimulating the spinal cord. Antidromicity of the spike potentials was confirmed by the constant latency, the high frequency (100 Hz) following, fractionation of the initial segment-somatodendritic potential, and collision between the antidromic and the spontaneous orthodromic spikes. The mean conduction speed was20 ± 8m/sec(range= 7to32m/sec). Intracellular studies revealed facilitatory LC actions in 22 lumbar motoneurons (MNs), In 13 MNs, LC activation alone produced slow-rising excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of3 ± 1mV amplitude that lasted 4–30 msec. Six of the 13 MNs discharged action potentials upon LC stimulation. In the remaining 9 MNs, no observable potential change was registered after LC activation. Antecedent LC stimulation consistently potentiated the synaptic efficacy of testing dorsal root shocks. The enhancement of synaptic activation was antagonized by systemic injection of phenoxybenzamine (3 mg/kg). These results suggest that facilitation of MNs by the LC is at least in part mediated by distal dendritic depolarization. Those MNs that exhibited augmented excitability but no demonstrable EPSPs may have been activated by norepinephrine-mediated synaptic modulation.
Clinical features associated with correction of T-cell senescence: Increased acute-phase response, amyloidosis and arthritis

Two prominent features associated with immunosenescence are thymic involution and altered T-cell phenotype and responsiveness. We have shown previously that in CD2-fas transgenic mice, in which the Fas apoptosis molecule is constituatively expressed on T cells, T-cell senescence is greatly reduced. Using a different experimental approach, the relationship between T-cell senescence and apoptosis was analyzed on human PBMCs. The results indicate that there was increased apoptosis of CD45RO− (CD45RA+) T cells upon activation. We propose that this could account for the increase in CD45RO+ ‘memory’ T cells with aging in humans. Together these results are consistent with the notion that T-cell senescence is associated with altered apoptosis and decreased T-cell responsiveness. T-cell responsiveness remained high in CD2-fas transgenic aged mice, but there was no increase in overall life span of the mice. Increased T-cell responsiveness was associated with an increased acute-phase response and amyloid A deposition in the glomerulus of these mice. These data suggest that restoration of the T-cell immune function in aged individuals must be carried out in concert with correction of other immune factors that down modulate the acute-phase response to prevent undesirable side-effects.
Hall effect in an untwinned single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract The Hall coefficient R H for untwinned single-crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x has been measured for the first time. The crystal was produced by a technique not requiring the application of stress. The measurements are made above the superconducting transition temperature T c . Near T c , the conductivity and Hall coefficient R H deviate from their normal-state low-temperature dependences because of fluctuations of small regions of the sample into the superconducting state. These deviations are analyzed to test our present understanding of the dimensionality and superconducting order parameter. We obtain evidence that the two copper-oxide planes in each unit cell are tightly coupled, acting as one superconducting layer.
Longitudinal evaluation of major salivary gland function in HIV-1 infected patients

Parotid and submandibular gland function were evaluated in 12 HIV-1 antibody-positive men at two visits separated by a median interval of 14.5 months (range 6-22 months). Unstimulated and stimulated flow rates, and the concentrations of total protein, lysozyme, albumin and lactoferrin in these secretions, were determined. Parotid and submandibular gland secretions changed in a specific fashion with time. Lysozyme levels in both glandular stimulated secretions showed significant changes (approximately 40% and 70% elevated, between visits, in parotid and submandibular saliva, respectively). In addition, the frequency with which albumin was detected in unstimulated parotid secretions increased with time. These findings support earlier results suggesting the presence of alterations in major salivary gland function following HIV-1 infection. Submandibular gland function appears to manifest these alterations earlier, but with time the parotid secretions show similar changes.
Nonaffine Displacements in Flexible Polymer Networks

The validity of the affine assumption in model flexible polymer networks is explored. To this end, the displacements of fluorescent tracer beads embedded in polyacrylamide gels are quantified by confocal microscopy under shear deformation, and the deviations of these displacements from affine responses are recorded. Nonaffinity within the gels is quantified as a function of polymer chain density and cross-link concentration. Observations are compared with current theories of nonaffinity in random elastic media. We note that the mean-squared nonaffine deviation is proportional to the square of the applied strain in the linear elasticity regime, as per theoretical predictions. The measured degree of nonaffinity in the polyacrylamide gels suggests the presence of structural inhomogeneities which likely result from heterogeneous reaction kinetics during gel preparation. In addition, the macroscopic elasticity of the polyacrylamide gels is confirmed to behave in accordance with standard models of flexible poly...
The Effect of Twist on Microvascular Anastomotic Patency and Angiographic Luminal Dimensions

Background.Microvascular anastomoses must be constructed perfectly in order to be successful. One of the subtle technical errors that can occur during construction is twisting of the anastomosis. In the present study, we examined the effect of twist on the immediate, 2-h postoperative angiographic dimensions and patency of microvascular anastomoses. Materials and methods.Sixty-four Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned randomly to four groups. The femoral arteries were dissected for a distance sufficient to permit the application of an 8.5-mm-long microanastomotic approximator clamp. Microarteriorrhaphies were performed with twists of 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270°. Patency was assessed 2 h after surgery using transabdominal aortic arteriography with run-off. Measurements were recorded for each anastomosis, as well as for the narrowest and widest diameters of the vessels within 10 mm of the anastomosis. Results.Fifty-nine of the 64 rats had technically satisfactory angiograms which permitted measurement of vascular dimensions. The cross-sectional areas of the narrowest areas and the anastomoses were inversely related to the degree of twist, and were significantly reduced at 270° (P< 0.05). Two-hour patency rates were 86% with 0° twist, 82% with 90° twist, 71% with 180° twist, and 33% with 270° twist. The reduction in patency with 270° twist was statistically significant (P< 0.05). Conclusions.Twists of 0°, 90°, and 180° did not impair patency at a statistically significant level, but twists of 270° did significantly reduce patency of microvascular anastomoses (P< 0.05).
COMPARISON OF I. M. DIAZEPAM AND HYDROXYZINE AS PREMEDICANTS

SUMMARY The effectiveness of diazepam as premedication when administered by two different 1 m techniques was compared with hydroxyzinc in 84 male and 101 female patients Variables studied were relief of anxiety, sedation, acceptance by both patient and anaesthetist and pain at the injection site. Diazepam 20 mg in male and diazepam 10 mg in female patients administered by a Z-track injection technique were as effective premedicants as hydroxyzine 100mg1.m. In men diazepam was as good as hydroxyzine regardless of the injection technique In women the technique of injection of the diazepam was critical to achieving good results. The Z-track injection method decreased the amount of severe pain on injection in both sexes to levels similar to those achieved with hydroxyzine.
Initial experience with the radiotracer anti-1-amino-3-[18F]Fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-[ 18F]FACBC) with PET in renal carcinoma.

Assessment of renal masses with conventional imaging may be challenging. Anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-[18F]FACBC) is a synthetic l-leucine analog with relatively little renal excretion. The present study examines anti-[18F]FACBC positron emission tomography uptake in patients with renal masses. Six patients with seven renal lesions were imaged dynamically for 2 h after injection of 10–10.9 mCi (370–403 MBq) anti-[18F]FACBC. Lesions were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively and correlated with histology. Four clear cell and one Rosai–Dorfman lesion were hypo/isointense to normal cortex; two papillary lesions in the same patient were hyperintense. Mean SUVmax ± SD at 30 min was 2.8 ± 0.24 for clear cell carcinomas and 4.5 ± 1.7 for papillary cell lesions. Mean SUVmax/SUVmean ratios ± SD of lesion to normal cortex at 30 min was 1.15 ± 0.19 for the clear cell carcinomas and 2.3 ± 0.84 for papillary cell. In this small patient sample, relative amino acid transport compared with renal cortex is elevated in renal papillary cell carcinoma but not in clear cell carcinoma.
The Energetics for Hydrogen Addition to Naphthalene Cations

Energetics of H-addition reactions to the naphthalene cation are determined using computational chemistry techniques. While most of the reactions have little to no barrier, the shape of the potential energy surfaces favors the formation of the product with the added hydrogen atoms being on adjacent carbons. Thus, while many products will be formed, one expects that the product in which all the hydrogen atoms are added to the same or adjacent rings will be favored over a random distribution of added hydrogen atoms. This has implications on the species that will be formed when polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are photolyzed in ices in the interstellar medium (ISM). Barrierless reactions are consistent with the view that PAHs with extra hydrogens contribute to the 3.4 μm band.
Investigating short-pulse shock initiation in HMX-based explosives with reactive meso-scale simulations

We performed reactive meso-scale simulations of short-pulse experiments to study the influence of flyer velocity and pore structure on shock initiation of LX-10 (95wt% HMX, 5wt% Viton A). Our calculations show that the reaction evolution fit a power law relationship in time and increases with increasing porosity, decreasing pore size, and increasing flyer velocity. While heterogeneous shock initiation modes, dependent on hot spot mechanisms, are predicted at lower flyer velocities, mixed heterogeneous-homogeneous shock initiation modes, less dependent on hot spots, are predicted at higher velocities. These studies are important because they enable the development of predictive shock initiation models that incorporate complex microstructure and can be used to optimize performance-safety characteristics of explosives.
Diffractive photonic-crystal pumping of power lasers

In the present report a novel diffractive technique for effective optical pumping of power chemical lasers by external coherent radiation is proposed. This technique utilizes a bicomponent diffraction system coupled structurally to the unstable telescopic cavity of the laser. The space localization of the electromagnetic field inside the proposed optical scheme represents a periodic structure of diffractive maxima in the near field-zone and a narrow paraxial diffraction channel with high intensity in the far-field zone. In the Fresnel diffraction zone, the optical effect of multifocal diffractive focusing of the radiation is observed. Here the intensity in the central peaks can exceed by a factor of six (for spherical waves) to ten (for plane waves) the value of the incident wave intensity. The diffractive focusing of the input radiation opens the possibility to create a narrow diffraction initiation channel inside the laser cavity with a given space distribution and a high intensity. This technique provides a high efficiency for optical pumping and makes it possible to get a huge value of the laser energy gain. Calculations show that the ignition of laser-chemical reactions in the diffraction initiation channel under the condition of diffractive focusing of input radiation allows the laser energy to reach a gain of up to 10 9 .
Theory in Weberian Marxism: Patterns of Critical Social Theory in Lukács and Habermas*:

For Weberian Marxists, the social theories of Max Weber and Karl Marx are complementary contributions to the analysis of modern capitalist society. Combining Weber's theory of rationalization with ...
Bariatric Surgery Risks, Benefits, and Care of the Morbidly Obese

The American Society for Bariatric Surgery defines morbid obesity as a lifelong, progressive, life-threatening, genetically-related, costly, multi-factorial disease of excess fat storage with multiple comorbidities. Obesity satisfies the definition of morbid obesity when it reaches the point of significant risk for obesity-related comorbidities. These significant comorbidities often result in either significant physical disability or even death. Obesity results from excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body skeletal and physical standards. Morbid obesity is defined as being at least 100 lb heavier than ideal body weight, or a body mass index (BMI) of 40. BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared. This article focuses on the causes, treatment, and perioperative nursing care of patients who are morbidly obese.
Haddam Meadows, CT: A Case Study For the Acquisition, Processing, And Relevance of the 3-D Seismic Reflection Method As Applied to Near-surface Concerns

At Haddam Meadows State Park, in Haddam CT, the USGS tests various geophysical techniques to delineate glacial aquifer material and determine relief on the bedrock surface. The site consists of Ordovician metamorphic bedrock, believed to be 140 ft deep, overlain by glacio-fluvial and more recent alluvial deposits. A 3D, P-wave data set and P-wave VSP were collected at the site in an effort to estimate bedrock topography. Data such as these could be used at US EPA locations to delineate collection sites for dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNA-PLs). Two prominent reflectors are observed. Depth to the uppermost reflector ranges from 100 to 250 ft deep. At a borehole, this reflection agrees with the 140-ft refusal depth of the test hole. The lower, stronger reflection appears to originate from structure at least 250 ft deep. The average velocity determined from the VSP, 3900 ft/s, ties with the average velocity estimated from the surface seismics, 4100 ft/s. Vertical, extracted traces derived from the VSP tie to stacks produced from the surface seismics. Amplitude variations observed along the lowermost reflector may relate to fracturing, spatially varying mineralogy, or the presence of pegmatites within bedrock.
Elucidation of slow motions in glycoglycerolipid bilayers by two-dimensional solid-state deuteron NMR

Abstract Two-dimensional solid-state deuteron NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate the presence of a slow whole molecule motion in the gel phase of hydrated multibilayers of the glycolipid 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)- sn -glycerol (β-DTGL) at 35°C. The correlation time for the motion was determined to be of the order of milliseconds. Comparison of the experimental and simulated ridge patterns suggest that a large angle jump about the long molecular axis can best account for the 2D exchange spectra of β-DTGL in the gel phase in comparison to small step Brownian diffusion.
An Explanation of the Injustice of Slavery

The institution of slavery is an unjust institution. The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation of why it is unjust. I argue that slavery is unjust because it makes it impossible for slaves to realise both their interest in self-respect and their interest in being at home in the world. Furthermore, I argue that this explanation of the injustice of slavery also provides us with an argument for political equality.
EflFect of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin upon Spermatogenesis and Testosterone Production in Juvenile Rhesus Monkeys

Plasma testosterone levels and testis morphology were studied in 4 immature rhesus monkeys treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in graded daily doses of 5–40 IU for 50–70 days. Testosterone values were measured twice weekly, and testis biopsies were taken before treatment, at each increase in dose, and at the end of treatment. Before treatment, testosterone levels were low and variable (range: 30–250 ng/100 ml) in all 4 animals, and biopsies of testis from 3 monkeys showed immature tubules containing only Sertoli cells and type A spermatogonia; relatively advanced spermatogenesis was found in the fourth animal. During administration of hMG in doses at or above 10 IU/ day, plasma testosterone rose to adult levels (600– 1600 ng/100 ml) and type B spermatogonia followed by spermatocytes appeared in biopsies from the three juvenile animals. After about 6 weeks of treatment, plasma testosterone in all 4 monkeys declined to pretreatment levels despite continued administration of hMG. The presence of...
Breakthroughs in seismic and borehole characterization of Basalt sequestration targets

Abstract Mafic continental flood basalts form a globally important, but under-characterized CO 2 sequestration target. The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) in the northwestern U.S. is up to 5 km thick and covers over 168,000 km 2 . In India, flood basalts are 3 km thick and cover greater than 500,000 km 2 . Laboratory experiments demonstrate that the CRBG and other basalts react with formation water and super critical (sc) CO 2 to precipitate carbonates, thus adding a potential mineral trapping mechanism to the standard trapping mechanisms of most other types of CO 2 sequestration reservoirs. Brecciated tops of individual basalt flows in the CRBG form regional aquifers that locally have greater than 30% porosity and three Darcies of permeability. Porous flow tops are potential sites for sequestration of gigatons of sc CO 2 in areas where the basalts contain unpotable water and are at depths greater than 800 m. In this paper we report on the U.S. DOE Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership surface seismic and borehole geophysical characterization that supports a field test of capacity, integrity, and geochemical reactivity of CRBG reservoirs in eastern Washington, U.S.A. Traditional surface seismic methods have had little success in imaging basalt features in on-shore areas where the basalt is thinly covered by sediment. Processing of the experimental 6.5 km, 5 line 3C seismic swath included constructing an elastic wavefield model, identifying and separating seismic wave modes, and processing the swath as a single 2D line. Important findings include: (1) a wide variety of shear wave energy modes swamp the P-wave seismic records; (2) except at very short geophone offsets, ground roll overprints P-wave signal; and (3) because of extreme velocity contrasts, P-wave events are refracted at incidence angles greater than 7–15 degrees. Subsequent removal of S-wave and other noise during processing resulted in tremendous improvement in image quality. The application of wireline logging to onshore basalts is underexploited. Full waveform sonic logs and resistivity-based image logs acquired in the 1250 m basalt pilot borehole provide powerful tools for evaluating geomechanics and lithofacies. The azimuth of the fast shear wave is parallel to S H and records the changes through geologic time in basalt flow and tectonic stress tensors. Combined with image log data, azimuthal S-wave data provide a borehole technique for assessing basalt emplacement and cooling history that is related to the development of reservoirs and seals, as well as the orientation of tectonic stresses and fracture systems that could affect CO 2 transport or containment. Reservoir and seal properties are controlled by basalt lithofacies, and rescaled P- and S-wave slowness curves, integrated with image logs, provide a tool for improved recognition of subsurface lithofacies.
Television Interference due to Electromagnetic Scattering by the MOD-2 Wind Turbine Generators

The characterization and identification of electromagnetic interference created by the slowly rotating blade of a MOD-2 wind turbine generator (WTG) is investigated. Field measurement data supports the thesis that at ground level the near field scattered component is an amplitude modulated secondary signal. A prediction methodology to define zones of interference to television broadcast reception is presented.
Local taxation and the consequences of revenue distribution patterns

Abstract The economy of a small region. is modeled as an eighteen-equation system describing production, consumption, income distribution, factor supply, and a government sector. The government uses: independent taxes on land rents and capital rentals to collect revenue equal to 20% of what land rents would be in an untaxed equilibrium and distributes the revenue to local residents in four different patterns. The distribution of the tax revenue, as well as the mobility of the factor taxed, generates distinct patterns of impacts on regional population, capital stock and production structure wages rents and the incidence of the taxes.
Effect of formant transition rate on the differentiation of synthesized child and adult (w) and (r) sounds.

The purpose of this research was to assess the perceptual effects of a range of second (F2) and third (F3) formant transition rates that occur naturally in the production of /w/ and /r/ by children...
Natural benzofurans. Synthesis of medicagol methoxybenzofuran

A general route to 2-arylbenzofurans, consisting of reaction of an o-halogenophenol ester with a cuprous arylacetylide, was employed to synthesize medicagol methoxybenzofuran. 2,4-Diraethoxyacetophenone was converted to 2,4-dimethoxyphenylacetylene in three steps and reaction of the cuprous salt with 2-iodo-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl acetate gave the desired 2-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran.
The accuracy of diagnosis of beta streptococcal infections on clinical grounds

Summary In a group of 1,199 cases of illness in children suspected of having streptococcal infection a diagnosis on clinical grounds was correct in approximately 75 per cent of patients. Certain symptoms and signs were suggestive of streptococcal infection but none were diagnostic. Throat cultures materially increase the accuracy of diagnosis.
Evolving perspectives during 12 years of electrical turbulence

This Focus issue describes a problem in electrical dynamics which has fascinated generations of physiologists. There are today so many views of fibrillation that only the rarest generalization can embrace all of them. Fifty-two prominent investigators collaborate here to present aspects of the problem in these eighteen articles (including this introduction) tailored for readers whose principal expertise lies elsewhere. In “The High One’s Lay” (Norse Runes, ca. 800) Odin remarks, “Much too early I came to many places: the beer was not yet ready, or was already drunk…” but to this one we come at very nearly the right time in 1998. This introduction attempts to guide newcomers by noting the changed or multiple meanings of novel technical terms while sorting the key facts and ideas into an order that facilitates comparison and contrast with those of a dozen years ago. This Focus issue is authored by some of the foremost innovators of both theory and experiment in this area. By assimilating their presentations the readers of Chaos can become well poised to appreciate and evaluate the definitive evidence expected in the next few years.
Histotoxic effects of polybrominated biphenyls in Michigan dairy cattle.

Abstract Cattle affected by polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) showed lymphocyte infiltration into liver, kidney, small intestine, and lung. The histology of spleen and lymph nodes and the maintenance of thymus size indicated high immunological activity, while the susceptibility to infections suggested impairment of immunological mechanisms. The liver also showed involvement of hepatocytes. The effects on the small intestine are probably the cause of poor feed efficiency and increased appetite. Some testes samples were devoid of spermatozoa and other cells in various stages of spermatogenesis. Contamination of the original PBB toxin by brominated naphthalenes is possible and could be the cause of some of the symptoms observed.
Annual Cycle, Population Dynamics and Adaptive Behavior of Citellus Tridecemlineatus

A marked population of Citellus tridecemlineatus , averaging 131 individuals per year, was studied for 3 years on a 113-acre tract in northern Texas. Emergence from hibernation was from 12 March to 5 April. Adults began hibernating in July and juveniles in August and September. Adults averaged 135 days of dormancy and 238 days of aboveground activity. Mating occurred aboveground in April, May and June. Litters were born in May, June and July. Some females older than one year produced two litters per reproductive season. Size of litters emerging from the nest burrow ranged from an average of 4.9 for young females to 7.0 for old females. The sex ratio of juveniles was 1:1. The resident adult population varied from 24 individuals in 1965 to 34 individuals in 1964 with a sex ratio of 1 male: 2.8 females. Mature females tended to survive longer than mature males. Home ranges averaged 11.7 acres for males and 3.5 acres for females. Population size was mostly regulated by dispersal of the juvenile part of the population in late summer and early fall. Additional adjustment of population size and sex ratio through dispersal and mortality occurred in the spring. Colonies of thirteen-lined ground squirrels in northern Texas probably result from attraction to a particular habitat rather than attraction of one squirrel to another. Because the species does tend to occur in colonies, both social and individual behavior have evolved. The adaptive significance of vocal signals, defense and care of young, burrow construction and escape behavior are discussed.
Emotion Knowledge Skills in Low‐income Elementary School Children: Associations with Social Status and Peer Experiences

Abstract This short-term longitudinal study examined relations between emotion knowledgeand social functioning in a sample of low-income kindergarten and 1st graders. Indi-vidual differences in spontaneous emotion naming and emotion recognition skills wereused to predict children’s social functioning at school, including peer-nominated socio-metric status, and child self-reports of negative experiences with peers in school (peervictimization and rejection). Children who had greater emotional vocabulary andrecognized emotions more accurately had better outcomes in all areas, and many ofthe associations between fall emotion knowledge skills and spring social functioningoutcomes held after covarying grade and children’s previous status with regard to theseoutcomes. Results are discussed with regard to implications for prevention and intervention programs (e.g., the PATHS curriculum) that focus on teaching emotionknowledge skills in order to foster high-risk children’s social competence.Keywords
PNNI augmented routing (PAR) and Proxy-Par

Abstract ATM networks are often used to carry IP traffic, but IP over ATM techniques suffer from complex and error-prone configuration. PNNI Augmented Routing (PAR) is an extension to PNNI to simplify IP support. In addition, a very lightweight interface called Proxy-PAR enables ATM-attached IP devices to operate without a full PAR implementation. PAR and Proxy-PAR provide a service discovery system for IP devices attached to ATM–PNNI networks. PAR and Proxy-PAR are standards from the ATM Forum, and are referenced by the IETF. This paper shows how PAR and Proxy-PAR can complement solutions, such as ILMI-based Server Discovery, Classical IP and ARP over ATM, and Next-Hop Resolution Protocol, or even replace existing solutions, for instance where a distributed address resolution mechanism is preferable to a centralized one. This is then described in the context of three different types of networks: a campus, a backbone, and a mobile network.
The Monetary Dynamics of International Adjustment under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates

I. Introduction, 227. — II. The static system, 229. — III. The dynamic systems, 233. — IV. The crucial role of capital movements, 237. — V. Foreign exchange reserves, 242. — VI. Speculation, 246. — VII. Concluding remarks, 249. — Appendix, 251.
A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF DULOXETINE ALONE, PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE TRAINING ALONE, COMBINED TREATMENT AND NO ACTIVE TREATMENT IN WOMEN WITH STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We primarily compared the effectiveness of combined pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and duloxetine with imitation PFMT and placebo for 12 weeks in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). In addition, we compared the effectiveness of combined treatment with single treatments, single treatments with each other and single treatments with no treatment.Materials and Methods:: This blinded, doubly controlled, randomized trial enrolled 201 women 18 to 75 years old with SUI at 17 incontinence centers in the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States. Women averaged 2 or more incontinence episodes daily and were randomized to 1 of 4 combinations of 80 mg duloxetine daily, placebo, PFMT and imitation PFMT, including combined treatment (in 52), no active treatment (in 47), PFMT only (in 50) and duloxetine only (in 52). The primary efficacy measure was incontinence episode frequency. Other efficacy variables included the number of continence pads used and the Incontinence Quality of Lif...
Compositional change, aggregation, and dynamic factor demand. Estimates on a panel of manufacturing firms

Most empirical research on investment and dynamic factor demand has used aggregated data. The large number of authors who have cited this as a source of problems strongly suggests possible benefits from analyzing individual firm data. This paper presents an analysis of a panel dataset of US manufacturing firms. Several models, based on cost minimization and a three-factor Cobb–Douglas technology, are developed. The differences concern whether the technology varies across two-digit SIC industries, the presence of fixed adjustment lags, and the determinants of adjustment costs. Identification relies on the rational expectations hypothesis, and estimation on non-linear 3SLS. The estimates indicate that versions with the adjustment lag perform better than others. Conditional elasticities reveal that factor demand responds rapidly to anticipated changes in output and factor prices, a finding consistent with other recent work. It appears that the factor demand of large firms is more price sensitive and less sensitive to output than small firms, consistent with recent work on credit market imperfections. Comparison of the results based on the pooled and the industry varying technologies indicate that the use of aggregate data is indeed a source of problems.
“Yardsticks” for Victim Sensitive Process: Principle-Based Standards for Gauging the Integrity of Restorative Justice Process

Abstract For almost two decades restorative justice practices have demonstrated positive impacts on crime victim satisfaction when compared to court and other adversarial processes. Although restorative justice practice has by no means addressed the myriad needs of the majority of crime victims, researchers and policy makers have puzzled about how to interpret these generally positive findings. We suggest that remaining difficulties in interpretation and application of findings are due largely to (1) the lack of clear standards for gauging the integrity, or “restorativeness,” of interventions and (2) the failure to articulate logical mechanisms (i.e., intervention theories) that connect practices to immediate and intermediate outcomes, and these outcomes to long term changes in the well-being of victims, offenders, and communities. This article focuses primarily on the first problem, defining the “independent variable” in restorative practices aimed at having an impact on crime victims. Using qualitative ...
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells: expression and morphogenetic correlation.

Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMP) activate the zymogen form of MMP-2/Gelatinase A on cell surfaces and are expressed in invasive tumors. We sought to identify and characterize MT-MMP in a nonmalignant cell type that undergoes a physiologic and reversible invasive phenotype during angiogenesis. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were isolated from neonatal tissue and purified by anti-CD31 (PECAM) affinity beads. MT-MMP-1 and -3 transcripts were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and northern blots showed a single 4.5 kB mRNA for MT-MMP-1 that was modulated by angiogenic factors and phorbol ester. Immunoblotting of reduced cellular extracts with different MT-MMP-1 antibodies showed the presence of the 63–65 kDa and 57–60 kDa forms, as well as additional forms at lower molecular weights. HDMEC membranes extracted with Triton X114 were incubated with gelatin-sepharose purified MMP-2 and MMP-9 to show activation of proenzymes. Pre-incubation of HDMEC with anti-MT-MMP-1 antibodies decreased proMMP-2 conversion activity only. The movement of HDMEC and the formation of tubule-like structures in three-dimensional collagen gels was markedly delayed by preincubation with the same anti-MT-MMP-1 antibodies. These results demonstrate the presence of MT-MMP in cutaneous microvascular cells in vitro . Modulation of these cell surface proteinases by angiogenic factors, demonstration of multiple processed forms, and specific attenuation of HDMEC morphogenetic patterns in three-dimensional collagen gels implicate their potential roles in the formation of new blood vessels in the skin.
The Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison. Edited by Wolfgang Streeck and Kozo Yamamura. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. Pp. xvii, 261.

This volume explores phenomena frequently noted (yet seldom analyzed) in the scholarly literature: the profound similarities in the industrialization processes and the contemporary political economies of Germany and Japan. These parallels—not just in the early stages of industrialization, but through the experiences of depression and war, and on to the rise of postwar “miracle” economies in both nations—are often casually ascribed to the late-developer effect, to the strategic imitation of German economic institutions in Japan, or to cultural factors, from lingering “feudal remnants” to enduring “traditional” social structures. Tagging the economic regimes which had evolved in Germany and Japan by the 1970s “nonliberal” capitalist systems, the essays in this collection seek to investigate systematically “the many similarities between the two capitalisms, the no less intriguing differences between them, and the differences between the two and Anglo-American ‘standard capitalism’” (p. xiii). More specifically, this volume examines “the origins of some of the social institutions that have constrained the spread of free markets within the capitalist economies of Germany and Japan while providing them with alternate mechanisms of economic governance” (p. 5). Throughout, the contributors argue for a more subtle, historically grounded, and systematic understanding of the distinctive practices and institutions of the German and Japanese “nationally embedded capitalisms.”
Effects of urbanization on the behaviour of a keystone species

Habitat fragmentation and urbanization not only cause extirpation of species, but also alter the behaviour of species in human modified areas. We evaluated behavioural characteristics of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), a keystone species, in the urban landscape of Denver, CO, USA. Specifically, we investigated the proportion of vigilance, foraging, and social behaviour within a system of urban colonies that varied in area, degree of connectivity, and time since isolation. Overall, rates of vigilance were lower than are typically reported for black-tailed prairie dogs in grassland habitats. Colonies that were more isolated exhibited higher levels of vigilance, but colonies isolated for a longer period of time exhibited reduced vigilance. Thus, while urban stimuli may increase alertness in the most isolated colonies, we suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs might eventually adjust to these stimuli and relax their vigilance responses. Because behaviour varies based on age of fragments, we provide evidence that black-tailed prairie dog populations are responding to urbanization through behavioural changes that may be adaptive. The ability to understand how landscape-level factors influence black-tailed prairie dog behaviour provides important information about the response of keystone species to urban settings and can aid conservation and management efforts in fragmented systems.
Efficient system-level testing and adaptive tuning of MIMO-OFDM wireless transmitters

A low cost methodology for simultaneous testing and tuning of multiple chains of MIMO-OFDM wireless transmitter for system-level specifications is presented. Bandwidth-partitioned test stimuli enable the determination of the behavioral characteristics of the different chains of the RF transmitter using a one-time data acquisition. The determined behavioral characteristics of the transmitters are then correlated to system-level specifications in the simulation environment. Using the test setup, a power conscious system-level tuning approach for yield improvement is developed for tuning of parametric deviations. A yield improvement of 20% is obtained using the proposed methodology. Finally, an adaptive tuning approach is presented for those devices that face increased reliability risks/power-budget violations due to the excessive power consumption caused by post-manufacturing tuning. The tuning methodology achieves new performance metrics for these devices that attempt to maximize the conditions under which the device operates. Significant improvement in yield is obtained using the adaptive tuning methodology. Preliminary hardware validation of the proposed methodology using off the shelf components is performed.
Studies on iron metabolism

Summary A preliminary study of a group of infantswith iron deficiency anemia has revealed evidence of occult gastrointestinal bleeding, precipitins to cow's milk, and the passage of serum proteins into gastric juice. These findings are strong evidence of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Guaiac-positive stools were found in 40per cent of the iron-deficient infants tested. Precipitins to cow's milk were found in 75 to 80 per cent of the iron-deficient subjects who were taking this food prior to diagnosis. This is regarded as an abnormal finding. Serum proteins in the fasting gastric juice were demonstrated in 12/13 of anemic subjects and in 2/12 of control subjects by means of agar diffusion techniques. Semiquantitative estimates of serum albumin, and gamma globulin in the gastric juice suggest a pathologic loss of these proteins in at least some anemic subjects. These findings suggest the existence of at least 2 forms of iron deficiency anemia in infants; two forms, that is, which are etiologically distinct. The first of these has been termed “primary iron deficiency”; the second is believed to depend on primary sensitization to cow's milk. Mechanisms have been proposed to explain the possible interrelationships of the causative factors in each group.
Effect of tryptophan on sleep in the rat

Abstract Rats implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes were injected intraperitoneally with 30 or 120 mg/kg of l -tryptophan and a recording was made for 6 hr. The 30 mg/kg dose decreased the latency to the first slow-wave sleep (SWS) episode by 15 min (43%) and to the first rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episode by 18 min (27%). There were no changes in wakefulness. SWS or REM sleep during the 6hr of EEG recording. In contrast, the 120 mg/kg dose did not affect sleep latencies but increased wakefulness and decreased REM sleep during the second hour of EEG recording. The reduction of SWS latency produced by the 30 mg/kg tryptophan occurred at a time when the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacctic acid (5-HIAA) was elevated in the cortex and pons-medulla (i.e. 15 min post-injection). At the same time, hippocampal and cortical dopamine levels decreased while that of homovanillic acid did not change. The level of norepinephrine, also, decreased in the hippocampus. Whereas these changes in brain calecholamines were not observed 45 min after tryptophan administration, there was an elevation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the pons-medulla and cortex as well as of 5-HIAA in the pons-medulla and hippocampus. Present data suggest that the hypnotic effect of tryptophan may involve the normal sleep mechanism, since similar neurochemical findings were reported during natural SWS. However, the effect may be limited to a certain dose range because a high dose produced waking rather than sleep.
Containment and equivalence for a fragment of XPath

XPath is a language for navigating an XML document and selecting a set of element nodes. XPath expressions are used to query XML data, describe key constraints, express transformations, and reference elements in remote documents. This article studies the containment and equivalence problems for a fragment of the XPath query language, with applications in all these contexts.In particular, we study a class of XPath queries that contain branching, label wildcards and can express descendant relationships between nodes. Prior work has shown that languages that combine any two of these three features have efficient containment algorithms. However, we show that for the combination of features, containment is coNP-complete. We provide a sound and complete algorithm for containment that runs in exponential time, and study parameterized PTIME special cases. While we identify one parameterized class of queries for which containment can be decided efficiently, we also show that even with some bounded parameters, containment remains coNP-complete. In response to these negative results, we describe a sound algorithm that is efficient for all queries, but may return false negatives in some cases.
Base composition hyperbolic functional relationships in DNA.

Abstract From empirical linear relations describing the behavior of doublet sequence frequencies in DNA, equilateral hyperbolic functional relationships describing the base composition of DNA are derived. These hyperbolic functional relations: (1) predict a deviation from Watson-Crick structure as a function of base composition; (2) explain the difference in the range of bacterial versus animal DNA base composition; (3) explain quantitatively why all vertebrate DNA has a base composition of ≈42% (C + G); (4) describe the basic variables, A and T, C and G as degenerate and exchange symmetric thus suggesting that; (5) the genetic code is binary based and ones complements are informationally equivalent.
Statistical concerns in the design and analysis of multispecies microcosm and mesocosm experiments

Microcosm and mesocosm experiments are useful in the environmental analysis of the effects of toxicants on ecological communities. While there has been much interest in the biological approaches to microcosm design, there seems to have been little thought given to statistical issues in the design of these experiments. Here, some statistical design issues are considered. Some criteria are proposed, and optimal or near optimal designs suggested. Of particular interest is the choice of doses in the experiment, choices that allow for tests with high power and also provide good estimates of effect levels and other parameters. Also, some analytical techniques recently suggested for the analysis of community data are criticized and alternate methods suggested.
Mechanistic Diversity of Red Fluorescence Acquisition by GFP-like Proteins

This review aims to summarize our current state of knowledge of several post-translational modification mechanisms known to yield red fluorescence in the family of GFP-like (green fluorescent protein-like) proteins. We begin with a brief review of the maturation mechanism that leads to green fluorescence in GFPs. The main body of this article is focused on a series of main chain redox and beta-elimination reactions mediated by light and O(2), ultimately yielding a red-emitting chromophore. In all GFP-like proteins, a tyrosine-derived phenolic group constitutes an essential building block of the chromophore's skeleton. Two major classes of red-emitting species have been identified in naturally occurring fluorescent proteins. In the DsRed type, an acylimine moiety is found to be conjugated to the GFP-like chromophore. Recent evidence has suggested that two mechanistic pathways, a green branch and a red branch, diverge from an early cyclic intermediate that bears a standard tyrosine side chain. Therefore, the long-standing notion that all FP colors originate from modifications of the GFP-like chromophore may need to be revised. In the Kaede-type green-to-red photoconvertible class of FPs, a light-mediated main chain elimination reaction partakes in the formation of a three-ring chromophore that involves the incorporation of a histidine residue into the conjugated system. A mechanistic role for photoexcitation of the GFP-like chromophore is undisputed; however, the nature of associated proton transfer steps and the charge state of the critical imidazole group remain controversial. In addition to the two major classes of red fluorescent proteins, we briefly describe yellow fluorescence arising from modifications of DsRed-type intermediates, and the less well understood photoactivated oxidative redding phenomenon.
The Natriuretic Effect of Glucagon and Its Role in Starvation

Alterations in sodium balance during fasting were investigated in obese subjects. The natriuretic phase of fasting coincided temporally with a rise in plasma immunoreactive glucagon. Infusions of glucagon to simulate those levels seen in fasting evoked a similar natriuretic response. It is concluded that glucagon is a natriuretic agent at physiologic levels, and that the natriuresis of fasting may be due to elevated glucagon levels.