cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoplasia of spiral and Scarpa’s ganglion cells in GABAA receptor β3 subunit knockout mice

This study documents morphologic alterations in the spiral ganglion and Scarpa's ganglion from gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor beta(3) subunit null mutant mice. The ganglion cells of the mutant mice were hypoplastic in hematoylin&eosin-stained sections. Hypoplasia was observed at every location of the spiral ganglion and Scarpa's ganglion except the apical cochlear turn. Calretinin immunostaining demonstrated a selective hypoplasia of calretinin-negative cells at every location of spiral and Scarpa's ganglion cells, while the soma area of calretinin-positive cells was not affected by the gene deletion. Meanwhile, in the spiral ganglion of both wild type and knockout mice, there were apical to basal gradients in the soma size and the proportion of calretinin-positive cells. The absence of statistically significant hypoplasia in hematoylin&eosin sections through the apical turn of the cochlea can be explained by the relatively higher proportion of calretinin-positive ganglion cells, which were unaffected by the gene deletion. These findings suggest that GABA(A) receptor isoforms containing the beta(3) subunit may play an important role in the development and differentiation of non-calyceal terminals of Scarpa's ganglion cells and type II and smaller type I spiral ganglion cells.
The causes and consequences of presence: Considering the influence of violent video games on presence and aggression

The level of presence is likely to influence the effect of media violence. This project examines the causes and consequences of presence in the context of violent video game play. In a between subjects design, 227 participants were randomly assigned to play either a violent or a nonviolent video game. The results are consistent with what would be predicted by social learning theory and are consistent with previous presence research. Causal modeling analyses reveal two separate paths to presence: from individual differences and condition. The first path reveals that individual differences (previous game use and gender) predict presence. Those who frequently play video games reported higher levels of presence than those who play video games less frequently. Males play more games but felt less presence than women. The second path is related to perceived violence: those who perceived the game to be more violent felt more presence than those who perceived less violence in the game. Both of these paths were influenced by frustration with the game, which reduced presence. Those who felt more presence felt more hostility and were more verbally aggressive than those who felt lower levels of presence. Higher levels of presence led to increased physically aggressive intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A multichannel fiber optic photoluminescence system for multiplex biosensor arrays

A multi-channel fiber optic photoluminescence system was developed for real time, in situ and continuous quantitative monitoring of chemical parameters in analytes, with the advantages of ease of use and low cost in manufacturing. The system sequentially excites 8 optodes and measures the resulting photoluminescence with a single photomultiplier. The oxygen sensitive phosphorescent dye or pH sensitive fluorescent dye in the optodes transduces the activity of an enzyme genetically engineered to detect a specific chemical species such as a chlorinated ethene. System operation is described and the relative signal is compared to measurements made with single channel system based on a commercial spectrometer.
Primary ovarian malignant melanoma arising in cystic teratoma

Abstract Primary malignant melanoma of the ovary is a rare neoplasm. This report describes the seventh well-documented case arising in the ovary of a 74-year-old white widow. A unilateral ovarian teratoma was removed, within which was found a malignant melanoma. Junctional activity of melanocytes was demonstrated in the epidermis within the teratoma. An extraovarian primary melanoma was not recognized. The patient was treated with a unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She died 212 years later of bone metastases from the melanoma, confirmed at autopsy. This case is described and the literature reviewed.
Time-resolved emission spectroscopy in acetylene-oxygen explosions

A comparison of emission spectra between 2100 and 6500 A from low-pressure diffusion flames and explosions of acetylene and oxygen showed only small differences in relative concentrations of the excited species. The time dependence of the free-radical emission during explosions indicated that OH(A2Σ) was formed first, followed by CH(A2Δ and B2Σ), and finally by C2(A 3Π). During explosions, the peak intensity was as much as 100 times greater than that observed from steady flames. In addition to the usual emission, the forbidden CO Cameron bands (a3Π - X1Σ) were detected.
Molecular weight analysis of oligopeptides by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Physical factors leading to the separation of oligopeptides in the molecular weight range of 1,200 to 10,000 daltons by analytical-scale electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate are described. Increased acrylamide concentration, cross-linkage, and inclusion of 8 M urea to decrease gel porosity, increased gel length, and buffer ions of low mobility are factors which yield improved separation of such peptides. Electrophoretic mobilities of eleven peptides were linearly related to the logarithm of their molecular weights with a standard deviation of 18% in a system of improved resolution. The intrinsic charge and conformation of peptides were found to be relatively more important determinants of electrophoretic mobilities than for proteins larger than 10,000 daltons. Such determinants were relatively more important with four of the eleven peptides examined, leading to deviations from the log-linear slope greater than 18%. Because of the importance of intrinsic charge and conformation, the system, although allowing a first approximation in molecular weight determination, may also be applicable to peptide “mapping,” particularly for “insoluble” peptide mixtures with prominent hydrophobic association, such as encountered in cellular membranes, viruses, and proteolytic digests.
Microtubules, leukemia, and cough syrup

Comment on Aneja et al, page [2486][1] In this issue of Blood, Aneja and colleagues continue their interesting work on a novel class of antimicrotubule, anticancer, opioid drugs by showing that a synthetic derivative shows promise for leukemia treatment. The natural opioid is noscapine, used for
Tracking lane and pavement edges using deformable templates

Experiments with the LOIS (Likelihood Of Image Shape) Lane detector have demonstrated that the use of a deformable template approach allows robust detection of lane boundaries in visual images. The same algorithm has been applied to detect pavement edges in millimeter wave radar images. In addition to ground vehicle applications involving lane sensing, the algorithm is applicable to airplane applications for tracking runways in either visual or radar data. Previous work on LOIS has focused on the problem of detecting lane edges in individual frames. This paper describes extensions to the LOIS algorithm which allow it to smoothly track lane edges through maneuvers such as lane changes.
On the mechanism of the recombinational event in the formation of transducing phages

Abstract Defective, galactose-transducing λ bacteriophages have been studied which have acquired a genetic marker by recombination with an active λ phage. The precise amount of genetic material recognizably derived from the phage has not been observed to change during the course of such recombination. Comparison with suitable control crosses allows the conclusion that the transducing phage does not arise by equational recombination within regions of good homology between phage and host.
Hamiltonian–Dirac simulated annealing: Application to the calculation of vortex states

Abstract A simulated annealing method for calculating stationary states for models that describe continuous media is proposed. The method is based on the noncanonical Poisson bracket formulation of media, which is used to construct Dirac brackets with desired constraints, and symmetric brackets that cause relaxation with the desired constraints. The method is applied to two-dimensional vortex dynamics and a variety of numerical examples is given, including the calculation of monopole and dipole vortex states.
A Numerical Method Of Calculation Of Vertical And Horizontal Profiles Of Thermal Gradients, Mass Densities, And Rise Velocities In Large Fires

The theoretical studies of the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through large fires have been generally postulated as either uniform conditions horizontally across the rising products of combustion or, at best, some assumed, easily formulated inhomogeneity in order to make the mathematics more tractable. In a previous paper the authors presented a new logical approach to the treatment of time-dependent processes, the Sequential Process Method in which complex time-dependent processes are broken down into a chronologic sequence of sub-processes each assumed, during one cycle of events, to be occurring during the same time step. The method we elucidated by applying it to a rather simple physical picture, that of radiating symmetric concentric sleeves over a uniformly burning, flat circular fire. In this work the physical picture is extended to include non-uniform, radially symmetric, large flat fires, and the method of transport between sleeves has been generalized. An improved method of accounting for the behavior at the interface of two distinct gas volumes is proposed, and the effects of application of such procedures are illustrated. Velocity and temperature profiles calculated suggest the need for theoretical study of diffusion processes not considered in current fire kinetic studies, including the inclusion of an outer plume "sleeve" which was initially part of the ambient. Recommendations are given for future research in fire kinetics which would explain effects of wind and temperature gradients in the atmosphere, the distribution of particulates in the fire plume, and describe a fire as a source of long-term obscurants.
Hog Daddy and the Walls of Steel: Catch Shares and Ecosystem Change in the New England Groundfishery

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration implemented market-based fishery management in the New England groundfishery as catch shares, controlling aggregate harvests through tradable annual catch quotas allocated to fishing groups called sectors. Policy supporters assert that resulting markets raise conservation incentives. In compliance with the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, species assessments permit catch shares to replace more spatially and temporally specific constraints on fishing gear, time, areas, and daily harvest limits. Qualitative evidence from field interviews and participant observation questions the efficacy of catch shares. Fishing industry members observe that increased presence of large trawl vessels in previously protected areas damages fish subpopulations and benthic habitat. Regulatory bioeconomic models fail to consider these lay observations. The consequent inability of quota markets to recognize the materiality of human–environment relati...
The Political Economy of Federalism

This article introduces a theoretical framework and an econometric methodology for analyzing the increasingly important effects of the national government on the federal system. The framework is a synthesis of the dominant political and economic approaches to this issue: it attempts to capture key elements of the complex political and administrative processes that implementation research has identified in contemporary federalism, and to exploit formal models of local fiscal choice used to analyze the impact of federal grants on state and local spending and taxing. The vehicle for the synthesis is a principal-agent model which represents the federal system as a formal hierarchy extending from Congress and the president to subnational bureaucrats. An econometric analysis of two major federal grant programs in each state for the years, 1965-1979, demonstrates that 1) economic models alone cannot explain the effects of federal grants on subnational fiscal behavior; politics must be included, and 2) the political effects can be disaggregated into ideological and constituency-oriented demands made by Congress and the White House on federal grant agencies.
Optical fiber probe spectroscopy for laparoscopic monitoring of tissue oxygenation during esophagectomies

Anastomotic complication is a major morbidity associated with esophagectomy. Gastric ischemia after conduit creation contributes to anastomotic complications, but a reliable method to assess oxygenation in the gastric conduit is lacking. We hypothesize that fiber optic spectroscopy can reliably assess conduit oxygenation, and that intraoperative gastric ischemia will correlate with the development of anastomotic complications. A simple optical fiber probe spectrometer is designed for nondestructive laparoscopic measurement of blood content and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the stomach tissue microvasculature during human esophagectomies. In 22 patients, the probe measured the light transport in stomach tissue between two fibers spaced 3-mm apart (500- to 650-nm wavelength range). The stomach tissue site of measurement becomes the site of a gastroesophageal anastamosis following excision of the cancerous esophagus and surgical ligation of two of the three gastric arteries that provide blood perfusion to the anastamosis. Measurements are made at each of five steps throughout the surgery. The resting baseline saturation is 0.51±0.15 and decreases to 0.35±0.20 with ligation. Seven patients develop anastomotic complications, and a decreased saturation at either of the last two steps (completion of conduit and completion of anastamosis) is predictive of complication with a sensitivity of 0.71 when the specificity equaled 0.71.
Bleeding in children with cancer

Before the success story of leukaemia treatment started in the 1950s, many patients succumbed to the disease because of severe haemorrhage. A bleeding tendency is one of the hallmarks of haematological malignancies such as leukaemia, since together with anaemia and an increased susceptibility to infection it completes the picture of bone marrow failure. Almost half of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia present with bleeding. 1 It can also become evident when the bone marrow is infiltrated by a non-haematological malignancy, e.g. neuroblastoma. Thus, easy bruising is one of the St Siluan early warning signs of childhood cancer, compiled by the South African Children’s Cancer Study Group (SACCSG). An increased risk of bleeding during the cancer treatment period is almost always present, due to the bone marrow suppressive effect of chemotherapy. Fortunately, death due to bleeding is rare these days.
Exacerbation of Alcoholic Liver Injury by Enteral Endotoxin in Rats

Increased gut permeability (leaky gut) and endotoxin-mediated Kupffer cell activation are proposed as the mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury. Although ethanol feeding is shown to sensitize the liver for injury induced by parental administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), how enteral LPS loading affects alcoholic liver injury is yet to be tested. The present study provides direct evidence for enhanced entrance to portal circulation of LPS enterally administered to the intragastric ethanol infusion model. Portal and systemic blood endotoxin levels increased to 43.0 ± 4.1 and 6.2 ± 4.3 pg/mL at 2 hours following enteral LPS administration (5 mg/kg) in alcohol-fed animals, while no such increases were observed in pair-fed controls. However, endotoxin levels in systemic blood of alcohol-fed rats were reduced to 0 to 1.5 pg/mL 16 hours after LPS administration. Weekly enteral administration of LPS to the model for 9 weeks exacerbated an increase in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (227 ± 75 vs. 140 ± 70; P < .01), mononuclear infiltration (25 ± 22 vs. 6.4 ± 4.4/10 mm2; P = .02), sinusoidal congestion, and spotty necrosis, and induced diffuse coagulative necrosis and centrilobular fibrosis in some animals. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirmed the LPS effect at the tissue level by demonstrating accentuated induction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and Cox-2 mRNA. In conclusion, enteral LPS administration potentiates alcoholic liver necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis despite efficient endotoxin clearance by the liver and mild systemic endotoxemia that occurs episodically following enteral LPS challenge. (Hepatology 2000;32:1008-1017.)
Embedded Science: Critical Analysis of Abstinence-Only Evaluation Research

Since 1982, more than US$1 billion have been spent through federally sponsored abstinence-only-until-marriage (AOUM) programs, including nearly $800 million between 2001 and 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush. With this increased funding has come pressure to evaluate the impact of AOUM programs. In 1998, a federally funded evaluation of AOUM programming was commissioned to assess its impact on young people. Because the abstinence policies and the evaluation of their success derive from the federal government, the authors identify the troubling potential of "embedded science." Using a recent example of research in the field of abstinence-only education (Maynard et al., 2005), the authors identify a number of practices and consequences of embedding research science within existing public policy. They find that when evaluation research is overly embedded, it tends to be dominated by political ideologies, information is omitted, and critique is virtually absent.
Underneath the hood: ownership vs. stewardship of the internet

I recently published this essay on CircleID on my thoughts on ICANN's recent decision to launch .XXX and the larger new gTLD program this year. Among other observations, I describe how .XXX marks a historical inflection point, where ICANN's board formally abandoned any responsibility to present an understanding of the ramifications of probable negative externalities ("harms") in setting its policies. That ICANN chose to relinquish this responsibility puts the U.S. government in the awkward position of trying to tighten the few inadequate controls that remain over ICANN, and leaves individual and responsible corporate citizens in the unenviable yet familiar position of bracing for the consequences.
Winter application of manure on an agricultural watershed and its impact on downstream nutrient fluxes

Whole Farm Planning was instituted and monitored over a 5-year period within the Graywood Gully sub-watershed of Conesus Lake, NY (USA). An array of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) (strip cropping, fertilizer reduction, tiling, manure disposal practices, etc.) were simultaneously introduced to determine the impact of a concentrated management effort on nutrient and soil loss from one watershed within the Conesus Lake catchment. During the study period, significant decreases in winter concentrations of dissolved and particulate fractions, including total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and nitrate (NO3) but not total suspended solids (TSS), were observed. These decreases may or may not be attributed to cessation of manuring practices. Three years into the study, an opportunity existed to test the responsiveness of the watershed to the curtailment of a single BMP — winter manure application to fields. We field-tested the hypothesis that a change in winter manure applications would impact dissolved and particulate fractions in stream water draining this watershed. We found that the water quality of Graywood Gully is very responsive to winter manure application on environmentally sensitive portions of the sub-watershed. With the short-term resumption of manure application, TP, SRP, TKN, and NO3 concentrations rose dramatically in stream water; elevated phosphorus concentrations persisted over a 5-week period. Total suspended solids, however, were not elevated after short-term manure application. Factors that affected these results were slope of the land, application of manure over snow and during a snowfall, warm air and soil temperatures, and possibly tile drainage of snowmelt water. Managers of agricultural systems must recognize that phosphorus losses from the watershed during the nongrowing season may detrimentally affect nuisance population of algae in lakes during the summer.
Frontiers in Nanoscience and Technology in the 21st Century and New Models for Research and Education at the Intersection of Basic Research and Technology

Over the last 50 years, solid state physics and technology have blossomed through the application of modern quantum mechanics to the real world. The intimate relationship between basic research and application has been highlighted ever since the invention of the transistor in 1947, the laser in 1958 and the subsequent spawning of the computer and communications revolution which has so changed our lives. The awarding of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics to Alferov, Kroemer and Kilby is another important recognition of the unique interplay between basic science and technology. Such advances and discoveries were made in major industrial research laboratories — Bell Labs, IBM, RCA and others. Today many of these industrial laboratories are in decline due to changes in the regulatory environment and global economic competition. In this talk I will examine some of the frontiers in technology and emerging policy issues. My talk will be colored by my own experiences at Bell Labs and subsequently at a major U.S. national laboratory (Sandia) and at universities (University of California at Santa Barbara and Harvard). I will draw on experiences from my role as the Chair of the National Research Council (NRC) panel on the Future of Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (1999) and as a reviewer of the 2001 NRC report, Physics in a New Era . The growth rates of silicon and optical technologies will ultimately flatten as physical and economic limits are reached. If history is any guide, entirely new technologies will be created. Current research in nanoscience and nanotechnology is already leading to new relationships between fields as diverse as chemistry, biology, applied physics, electrical and mechanical engineering. Materials science is becoming even more interdisciplinary than in the past. Different fields of engineering are coming together. The interfaces between engineering and biology are emerging as another frontier. I will spend some time in exploring the frontier where quantum mechanics intersects the real world and the special role played by designer materials and new imaging tools to explore this emerging frontier. To position ourselves for the future, we therefore must find new ways of breaking disciplinary boundaries in academia. The focus provided by applications and the role of interdisciplinary research centers will be examined. Strangely, the reductionist approach inherent in nanoscience must be connected with the world of complex systems. Integrative approaches to science and technology will become more the norm in fields such as systems biology, soft condensed matter and other complex systems. Just like in nature, can we learn to adapt some of the great successes of industrial research laboratories to a university setting? I will take examples from materials science to delineate the roles of different entities so that a true pluralistic approach for science and technology can be facilitated to create the next revolution in our field.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Modeling of a Cooperative One-Dimensional Multi-Hop Network Using Quasi-Stationary Markov Chains

We consider the irreducible discrete time Markov chain, with one absorbing state, as a potential candidate to model a wireless multi-hop transmission system that does cooperative transmission at every hop. This paper describes the modeling for a special geometry where the nodes are aligned on a one-dimensional horizontal grid with equal spacing and such that the cooperating clusters are adjacent. This model can be considered a precursor to a model for an Opportunistic Large Array broadcast for the finite density case. Assuming all the nodes have equal transmit power, the successive transmissions can be modeled as a Markov chain in discrete time. We derive the transition probability matrix of the Markov chain based on the hypoexponential distribution of the received power at a given time instant. The Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue of that sub-stochastic matrix is used in formulating a bound on how far transmissions can reach with a particular relay transmit power.
On the waveless statement of the two-dimensional Neumann—Kelvin problem for a surface-piercing body

New supplementary conditions are proposed for the two-dimensional Neumann-Kelvin problem describing the forward motion of a surface-piercing body. They lead to the absence of waves behind the body and, hence, to the wave resistance being equal to zero. Moreover, for the body with symmetry about the vertical axis the total resistance to the forward motion (the sum of wave and spray resistance) also vanishes when these conditions are imposed. The behaviour of spray resistance is investigated numerically for a family of asymmetric contours.
Improvements in 0.5-micron production wafer steppers

i-line wafer steppers have become the tool of choice for submicron production of advanced integrated circuits. These tools are now being extended to provide the required resolution, linewidth control, and overlay performance for devices with 16 Mb packing densities. To achieve this a manufacturing environment, suitable control procedures should be designed to minimize process and equipment variations. The primary goal of this paper is to characterize and quantify the ability of current generation steppers to meet or exceed the 100 nm AA (single machine) and the 175 nm BC (stepper to any other stepper in a production area) overlay requirements for half-micron production. For this, an overlay experiment using one reference and 12 randomly selected steppers was performed. Two Point through the lens alignment was used to reference wafer to reticle. Stages with three interferometrically controlled axes having both standard and enhanced resolution were used in the experiment. Features to improve stage positioning and overlay accuracy are discussed. To generate the required data, accurately calibrated reference wafers are used. The results were compared with a metrology model, which was used to optimize the matching of stepper lens and stage grid distortions so that optimum matching performance is achieved. The results then clearly predict whether all steppers meet the stringent overlay requirements for half-micron lithography in a production environment. In addition, experimental results show half-micron resolution performance with a number of commercially available i-line photoresists. Lens performance as affected by a phase-shifted reticle tooling are also examined to determine its potential benefit to 0.5 micron and sub-0.5 micron production.
The influence of the temperature of irradiation on the formation of polymer networks

A sample of high-density polyethylene (Marlex 50) was irradiated with 4- Mev electrons in vacuum at 25 and --196 deg C. The results show that, on lowering the temperature, the yield of crosslinks is scarcely affected, while the yield of fractures is increased. It is concluded that the hydrogen-crosslinking mechanism is still valid. (D.L.C.)
Synthesis of Novel Aminoglycosides via Allylic Azide Rearrangement for Investigating the Significance of 2'-Amino Group

Abstract Using allylic azide rearrangement, a convenient method has been developed for the synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxyaminoglycosides that are, otherwise, difficult to be prepared. The antibacterial activity of these novel aminoglycosides also confirms the indispensable role of 2′-NH2 group for both neomycin and kanamycin classes of aminoglycosides. A novel structural motif containing the hexylaminocarbonyl groups at O-5 and/or O-6 of 2′,3′-dideoxyneamine could lead to the production of new aminoglycosides against resistant bacteria.
Single coronary artery.

Abstract The case of an adult with a single coronary artery is discussed and detailed postmortem arteriographic and pathologic findings are presented. The classification of coronary anomalies is outlined briefly. Attention is directed to the need for increasing recognition of coronary anomalies in the proper angiographic evaluation of both congenital and acquired heart disease.
Implanted Electrochemical Glucose Sensors for the Management of Diabetes

▪ Abstract By maintaining a near normal (70–120 mg/dL) glucose concentration, diabetic patients can drastically reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of diabetes complications. In the near future, subcutaneously implanted electrochemical glucose sensors will be available to provide frequent or continuous information on which timely treatment decisions, such as insulin injection or glucose source intake, can be based, as well as timely alarm signals. The currently engineered devices are of three types: (a) innocuous microsensors, with actively mass-transporting areas 1 cm2 area, operating for >100 days; and (c) devices transporting subcutaneous fluid to an external sensor, based on implanted microfiltration or microdialysis fibers or on iontophoretic transport of the subcutaneous fluid through the skin.
Computing information retrieval performance measures efficiently in the presence of tied scores

The Information Retrieval community uses a variety of performance measures to evaluate the effectiveness of scoring functions. In this paper, we show how to adapt six popular measures -- precision, recall, F1, average precision, reciprocal rank, and normalized discounted cumulative gain -- to cope with scoring functions that are likely to assign many tied scores to the results of a search. Tied scores impose only a partial ordering on the results, meaning that there are multiple possible orderings of the result set, each one performing differently. One approach to cope with ties would be to average the performance values across all possible result orderings; but unfortunately, generating result permutations requires super-exponential time. The approach presented in this paper computes precisely the same performance value as the approach of averaging over all permutations, but does so as efficiently as the original, tie-oblivious measures.
X-ray emission from normal galaxies

This talk will be restricted to a summary of results obtained with the Einstein Observatory. There are two general categories of normal galaxy investigation being pursued — detailed studies of nearby galaxies where individual sources can be detected and possibly correlated with galactic morphology, and shorter observations of many more distant objects to determine the total luminosity distribution of normal galaxies. The principal examples of the first type are the CFA study of M31 and the Columbia study of the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Columbia normal galaxy survey is the principal example of the second type, although there also are smaller CFA programs concentrating on early galaxies and peculiar galaxies, and MIT has observed some members of the local group. Studies such as these were not possible before the Einstein Observatory because of limited sensitivity and angular resolution, and even with the Einstein Observatory, there are very few normal galaxies which can be studied in any detail. So, whereas there is no question that X-ray observations provide a useful description of the galactic cluster media, which in turn affects the evolution of galaxies in that environment, the usefulness of X-ray data for studying normal galaxies, as distinct from the study of the X-ray sources themselves, remains to be established.
Data models in database management

It is a combination of three components: 1) a collection of data structure types (the building blocks of any database that conforms to the model);2) a collection of operators or inferencing rules, which can be applied to any valid instances of the data types listed in (1), to retrieve or derive data from any parts of those structures in any combinations desired;3) a collection of general integrity rules, which implicitly or explicitly define the set of consistent database states or changes of state or both—these rules may sometimes be expressed as insert-update-delete rules.
Applications of RF current sources for transmit phased array

Current practice in MRI trends towards higher static magnetic field (B/sub 0/) because of the advantage of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However at high magnetic fields, the interaction between a coil and a load becomes significant, thus making current distribution on RF coils disturbed and causing transverse magnetic (B/sub 1/) field inhomogeneity. A novel approach to optimize B/sub 1/, field homogeneity is to use a transmit phased array and adjust the amplitudes and phases of the currents on each element independently. However, independent control is difficult to achieve in conventional arrays due to coupling between elements. In addition, the currents are generally load dependent. In this paper we show that a RF current source is an effective method for controlling the current on each element of the transmit phased array, and that the RF current source is much less sensitive to loading and a interelement coupling than a conventional 50/spl Omega/ matched coil.
Cobalt chloride, a hypoxia-mimicking agent, targets sterol synthesis in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

Summary We investigated the effects of the hypoxia-mimetic CoCl2 in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neo- formans and demonstrated that CoCl2 leads to defects in several enzymatic steps in ergosterol bio- synthesis. Sterol defects were amplified in cells lacking components of the Sre1p-mediated oxygen- sensing pathway. Consequently, Sre1p and its binding partner Scp1p were essential for growth in the presence of CoCl2. Interestingly, high copies of a single gene involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, ERG25, rescued this growth defect. We show that the inhibitory effect of CoCl2 on scp1D and sre1D cells likely resulted from either an accumulation of non-viable methylated sterols or a decrease in the amount of ergosterol. Similar findings were also observed in the ascomycetous yeast, Schizosaccha- romyces pombe, suggesting that the effects of CoCl2 on the Sre1p-mediated response are conserved in fungi. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed limited overlap between Sre1p-dependant gene activation in the presence of CoCl2 and low oxygen. The majority of genes similarly affected by both CoCl2 and low oxygen were involved in ergosterol synthesis and in iron/copper transport. This article identifies the Sre1p pathway as a common mecha- nism by which yeast cells sense and adapt to changes in both CoCl2 concentrations and oxygen levels.
Paleohydrology of the Delaware Basin, Western Texas: Overpressure Development, Hydrocarbon Migration, and Ore Genesis

This study integrates quantitative modeling techniques with field observations to establish a paleohydrologic framework of the Delaware basin, western Texas. The reconstructed paleohydrologic models allow for a better understanding of the development and maintenance of anomalous overpressures, hydro carbon generation and migration, and ore genesis in the basin. Results of numerical modeling show that disequilibrium compaction and oil generation might generate excess fluid pressures during the Late Permian in response to the rapid deposition of evaporite beds. The preservation of this overpressure to the present, however, requires the presence of an extremely low-permeability (<10-11 d) top seal. Most shaly sediments, with permeability ranging from 10-4 to 10-8 d, thus may be too permeable, by several orders of magnitude, to preserve overpressure for more than 250 m.y. The predicted present-day gas window is located within the overpressure zone, suggesting that the volume increase associated with the oil-to-gas conversion may be attributed to present overpressures. The native sulfur deposits likely formed in a fluid mixing zone resulting from the Laramide uplift of the western basin during the Tertiary. In our model, meteoric water recharged along the basin's uplifted western margin and discharged basinward. Hydrocarbons migrated landward by pressure gradients and buoyancy and discharged upward along faults in the western basin, where they mixed with meteoric water. Many oil and mineral reservoirs may have formed in the fluid mixing zone, where extensive chemical reactions take place. In the Culberson sulfur ore district, for example, fluids including hydrocarbons and meteoric water migrated upward through faults from underlying carrier beds, into the Permian Salado limestone. There, the mixture of fluid drives biochemical reactions that precipitate native sulfur.
Crowdsourcing for quantifying transcripts: An exploratory study

This exploratory study attempts to demonstrate the potential utility of crowdsourcing as a supplemental technique for quantifying transcribed interviews. Crowdsourcing is the harnessing of the abilities of many people to complete a specific task or a set of tasks. In this study multiple samples of crowdsourced individuals were asked to rate and select supporting quotes from two different transcripts. The findings indicate that the different crowdsourced samples produced nearly identical ratings of the transcripts, and were able to consistently select the same supporting text from the transcripts. These findings suggest that crowdsourcing, with further development, can potentially be used as a mixed method tool to offer a supplemental perspective on transcribed interviews.
Increase in muscle IGF-I protein but not IGF-I mRNA after 5 days of endurance training in young rats

Five days of treadmill training in rats leads to increased muscle size and running time. This was used to examine the effect of exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I; radioimm...
Relative uptake of the αvβ3 radiopharmaceutical Tc-99m maraciclatide and Tc-99m sestamibi in the breast tissue of patients with suspected breast cancer

1547 Objectives Tc-99m maraciclatide (Tc-Mara) is a radiolabeled ligand with a high affinity for the integrin αvβ3 which is upregulated during angiogenesis and tumor growth. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative uptake of Tc-99m sestamibi (Tc-Sest) and Tc-Mara in breast lesions. Methods 21 patients with BI-RADS 4/5 lesions or biopsy-proven cancer underwent consecutive molecular breast imaging (MBI) studies with Tc-Mara and Tc-Sest, with Results 19 patients completed both MBI studies. 10 had invasive breast cancer and 9 had benign lesions. Concordant findings were observed in all malignant and benign lesions with Tc-Sest and Tc-Mara. Lesion to background radio (L/B) of breast cancers was 2.76+0.68 (mean+std dev)for Tc-Mara and 2.46+0.30 for Tc-Sest (p=0.216). L/B of benign lesions 2.57+0.82 for Tc-Mara and 2.94+0.84 for Tc-Sest. Overall count density in the breast (in cts/mCi/pixel) was significantly greater with Tc-Mara (6.3+3.3) than with Tc-Sest (3.7+1.9), (p = 0.004). Conclusions Tc-Mara demonstrated higher absolute L/B in breast tumors than Tc-Sest and lower absolute L/B than Tc-Sest in benign lesions (p = N.S.). Tc-Mara appears to demonstrate more distinct patterns of background uptake than Tc-Sest. Overall uptake of Tc-Mara is 1.7 times that of Tc-Sest, allowing for a reduction in radiation dose by a comparable factor while maintaining the same image quality. Research Support GE Healthcare
Contrasting watershed-scale trends in runoff and sediment yield complicate rangeland water resources planning

Abstract. Rangelands cover a large portion of the earth's land surface and are undergoing dramatic landscape changes. At the same time, these ecosystems face increasing expectations to meet growing water supply needs. To address major gaps in our understanding of rangeland hydrologic function, we investigated historical watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield in a dynamic landscape in central Texas, USA. We quantified the relationship between precipitation and runoff and analyzed reservoir sediment cores dated using cesium-137 and lead-210 radioisotopes. Local rainfall and streamflow showed no directional trend over a period of 85 years, resulting in a rainfall–runoff ratio that has been resilient to watershed changes. Reservoir sedimentation rates generally were higher before 1963, but have been much lower and very stable since that time. Our findings suggest that (1) rangeland water yields may be stable over long periods despite dramatic landscape changes while (2) these same landscape changes influence sediment yields that impact downstream reservoir storage. Relying on rangelands to meet water needs demands an understanding of how these dynamic landscapes function and a quantification of the physical processes at work.
Use of guinea pig eye in study of intraocular infections produced by mumps virus.

Conclusions(1) When a mixture of mumps virus with specific immune serum was injected into the eyes of guinea pigs, the serum completely prevented the corneal reaction and the production of complement fixing antibodies. Pooled sera collected from normal mumps susceptible children, when mixed with mumps virus and injected into the eyes of guinea pigs irregularly prevented the corneal reaction and the production of complement fixing antibodies. (2) Subsequent to the injection of mumps virus into the eye of the guinea pig, complement fixing antibodies appear in the convalescent sera between the 4th and 8th day, persist at significant levels until the 20th to 24th days, and then decline. (3) Mumps virus persists or grows in guinea pig eyes for at least 8 days after inoculation. (4) Chick embryo adapted strains of mumps virus recently recovered from parotid tissue, saliva and testicular fluid when injected into guinea pig eyes produce the corneal reaction, and complement fixing antibodies were demonstrated in t...
Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), not Megachile pacifica (Panzer), is the Name of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae)

The insect commonly known as the alfalfa leafcutting bee is a Palaearctic species, ranging from Europe and North Africa to Mongolia. It was introduced into the United States during or shortly after World War II (Mitchell 1962). Having spread rapidly from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast, it is now found throughout most of North America. In the early 1960's this bee was domesticated as a pollinator of alfalfa (Stephen 1961, Bohart 1962). Alfalfa, or lucerne, is one of the most important forage crops in the world. Producers of alfalfa seed have been able to increase yields ca. tenfold through the use of the alfalfa leafcutting bee. Production and sale of these bees have become a big business. The bees have been exported in commercial quantities from the American Northwest to every continent except Antarctica. The number of scientific papers, technical and lay bulletins on the husbandry of this species must number in the hundreds. Furthermore, the commercial availability of this bee has made it the subject of publications on circadian rhythms and toxicology, as well as diet and host specificity.
Renin inhibition of compensatory renal hypertrophy.

SummaryRenin inhibits compensatory renal hypertrophy and is more active intraperitoneally than subcutaneously. This inhibition, which is caused by renin as such, is not related to the catabolic effect of renin; it is abolished by hypophysectomy. Our experiments suggest that renin, like other hormonal secretions, can act in a self-regulating mechanism in the control of organ growth.
The Association Between Parental Mean Length of Utterance and Language Outcomes in Children With Disabilities: A Correlational Meta-Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this correlational meta-analysis was to examine the association between parental utterance length and language outcomes in children with disabilities and whether this associa...
Fundamentals of Epithelial Na + Absorption

The maintenance of electrolyte balance is essential for the control of many functions in the human body. Na+, K+, and Cl− are key electrolytes that contribute to a variety of processes ranging from the maintenance of cellular membrane potential to the regulation of cell volume and extracellular fluid volume. Fundamentals of epithelial Cl− and K+ transport are discussed in the preceding and following chapters and will be only briefly touched upon here. Na+ absorption occurs across the epithelial barriers of many organs, including the lung, gastrointestinal tract, exocrine glands, and kidney. Na+ is the primary determinant of blood volume, and a number of physiological mechanisms that control blood pressure mediate their effects by adjusting Na+ balance in the kidney. This chapter describes classical fundamentals of epithelial Na+ absorption and highlights some recent mechanisms involved in physiological regulation of Na+ transport in specific epithelia with a particular emphasis on the kidney.
A Fuzzy AHP Approach to Selecting Express Railway Location in Karst Region

A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(AHP)method was proposed to determine the rational express railway location in a karst region.Based on the analysis and investigation of factors affecting the express railway location in karst region,4 first grade indexes and 13 second grade indexes were conducted to establish the index system for synthesis evaluating project.The AHP method was used to construct the hierarchy relationship with the influence factors and to set up their hierarchy structures,and then the weight of every influence factors was computed based on the judge matrix fuzzy sets method.After all grades were acquired by means of geological investigations and laboratory or field tests,the matrix of the membership comparative degree was calculated by iterative logical arithmetic.A synthetic assessment model was made to estimate the express railway location.The comparative synthetic superior degrees for the location of Xiongcun—Hezhou section in Guizhou-Guangzhou express railway are 0.131,0.889 and 0.581 respectively according to this method,and the second location becomes best.The results show distinctly that the fuzzy-AHP method is valid and feasible to select the express rail location in karst regions.