cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron decays of 13 Be * to the 0 2 + state of Be 12

We suggest that an appreciable portion of the $1/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ peak in a recent ${}^{13}{\mathrm{Be}}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{}^{12}$Be $+$ $n$ experiment is actually due to $5/{2}^{+}$ decays to the excited 0${}^{+}$ state.
Effect of carvedilol on sodium channel current in isolated ventricular myocytes of rats

Aim To determine the effect of carvedilol on sodium channel in islated ventricular myocytes of rats; to explore the mechanism of carvedilol at the ionic channel level.Methods Single ventricular myocytes of rats were isolated by enzymatic dissociation. The whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique was used to record the change of sodium channel current influenced by carvedilol. Result: Carvedilol decreased the sodium channel current in a dose-dependent and voltage-dependent manner in ventricular myocytes of rats,the IC_ 50 was 6.35 μmol·L -1.①The current-voltage curve was shifted upwards,with in no significant changes active potential,peak potential and reverse potential.②The inactivation curve was shifted to morenegative potential, but the activation curve and the recovery curve were not altered.③The suppression of sodium channel was enhanced with an increase in the frequency of stimuli, showing a positive rate-dependence. ④Carvedilol blocked the effect of 10 μmol·L -1 isoproterenol which increased sodium current. Conclusion Carvedilol concentration-dependently decreased sodium channel current in ventricular myocytes of rat.
Comprehensive coverage of cardiovascular disease data in the disease portals at the Rat Genome Database

Cardiovascular diseases are complex diseases caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. To facilitate progress in complex disease research, the Rat Genome Database (RGD) provides the community with a disease portal where genome objects and biological data related to cardiovascular diseases are systematically organized. The purpose of this study is to present biocuration at RGD, including disease, genetic, and pathway data. The RGD curation team uses controlled vocabularies/ontologies to organize data curated from the published literature or imported from disease and pathway databases. These organized annotations are associated with genes, strains, and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), thus linking functional annotations to genome objects. Screen shots from the web pages are used to demonstrate the organization of annotations at RGD. The human cardiovascular disease genes identified by annotations were grouped according to data sources and their annotation profiles were compared by in-house tools and other enrichment tools available to the public. The analysis results show that the imported cardiovascular disease genes from ClinVar and OMIM are functionally different from the RGD manually curated genes in terms of pathway and Gene Ontology annotations. The inclusion of disease genes from other databases enriches the collection of disease genes not only in quantity but also in quality.
Growth, development, transpiration, and translocation as affected by abiotic environmental factors

Abstract Understanding of environmental factors affecting various aspects of plant growth and development is crucial in plant factories' design and operation. This chapter first defines vegetative growth (shoots and root growth) and then discusses the typical abiotic environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, light quality, photoperiod, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, air current speed, and nutrient and root-zone environment) affecting plant growth and development. Then transpiration and translocation of sugar are briefly described using the general physiological understanding of water potential and the sink–source relationship.
Enhanced hydration detection properties of nanostructured CuO films by annealing

This work reports the effects of annealing on the material properties and sweat sensing behavior of nanostructured CuO-based films. CuO films were grown on glass substrates via SILAR (Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction) method. Films were annealed at 200°C and 400°C in ambient air for 45min. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the plate-like morphology of CuO nanostructures with average plate thickness increasing from 30nm to 70nm with increasing annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction studies of the films revealed that the average crystallite sizes were around 17-22nm. The bandgap values were calculated from the UV-visible absorbance spectrum and it was determined that the annealing process lowered the bandgap valued from 1.46eV to 1.38eV suggesting that the resistivity would also decrease. The prospect of sweat electrolyte sensing properties of CuO films was studied by drop cast application of different concentrations of artificial sweat solutions. We found that annealing process increases the sensitivity of sweat electrolyte level detection for particularly low concentration artificial sweat solutions. Display Omitted CuO can be used as sweat hydration detection.Annealing CuO doubles the sensitivity for low concentration sweat solutions.Annealing CuO increases the nanoplate thickness and crystallite size.
Territoriality and Horticulture

Several archaeologists in southern New England have observed that during the Archaic period of gathering and hunting in the Northeast, between approximately 10,000 and 3,000 years ago, sites proliferated in the interior and were located in a variety of environmental zones (Dincauze 1974; Thorbahn et al. 1980). These studies further suggest, on the basis of subregional site distributions, that prehistoric people abandoned the interior at the beginning of the Woodland period, 3,000 years ago, and shifted the focus of their subsistence to the coastal zone. This paper evaluates the validity of these propositions and attempts to answer the question: why did prehistoric land use shift in focus from a diversity of habitats throughout southern New England to the major river valleys and coastal areas, once horticulture became an important element in the subsistence mix? Archaeological site distributions from southern New England for the past 12,000 years are used to evaluate geographic changes in land use, while documentary evidence written by European observers of Native Americans is used to compare differences in territoriality and land use between gatherer-hunters and foraging horticulturalists.
"Humors and Tumors": Production of Polypeptide Hormones by Non-Endocrine Neoplasms

Increased emphasis on the diagnosis and management of malignant disorders has given new impetus to the study of hormones produced by tumors. This is but one of a number of paraneoplastic syndromes characteristic of the malignant state. Widespread application of radioimmunoassays has suggested that hormone production by tumors may be more the rule than the exception. Various aspects of pathogenesis and documentation of ectopic hormone production are discussed, emphasizing the fact that small amounts of peptide hormones are made by many malignant and even normal cells. The malignant state somehow enhances the capacity of these cells to produce hormones. Three examples of ectopic hormone production by tumors are described, including those associated with hypercalcemia, Cushing's syndrome and the production of gonadotrophins.
Stock Market Liquidity: Financially Constrained Firms and Share Repurchase

Stock illiquidity raises the cost of share ownership to outside investors and increases firms’ cost of capital. This study substantiates that shares of financially constrained firms are significantly more illiquid than shares of similar but financially unconstrained firms. Acting as buyers of last resort for their own shares, share repurchases by financially constrained firms enhance stock liquidity, which alleviates the cost of external financing and underinvestment. Increased stock liquidity improves information efficiency, inducing higher value-added from incremental capital investments. Further, higher stock liquidity lowers stock volatility and allows financially constrained firms to issue equity.
Enzymatic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides and lactone in ionic liquids and organic solvents: digging the controlling factors

Polylactides (PLAs) and polylactones are sustainable and biodegradable polymers with important applications in packaging, horticultural materials, and biomedical fields. The enzymatic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) method represents a ‘green’ approach to the synthesis of these polyesters. However, there are lots of discrepancies in the literature on the lipase specificity towards a particular monomer (such as L-lactide), and many disagreements on the molecular weights produced by similar methods. To provide a better understanding of the key factors regulating the ROP reaction, we carried out a systematic investigation of the polymerization process under different temperatures catalyzed by different types and batches of lipases with various water contents, in different solvents including ionic liquids with known water contents, and by using different initiators. Our data clearly indicate that the key reaction parameters include the types of lipases and solvents, the amount of solvents, water contents in both enzymes and solvents, and the reaction temperature. N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMA) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) at low concentrations were found suitable for the ROPs of lactides and e-caprolactone leading to Mw of about 20 000 (polydispersity indexes mostly below 1.8) and moderately high yields (up to 60%). Our study suggests that all of these reaction parameters need to be fully controlled during the enzymatic ROP reaction although some earlier studies often neglected some conditions (such as the exact water content in enzymes and solvents).
Antitumor Necrosis Factor Agents in Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that results in ulceration of the colonic mucosa, resulting in symptoms that classically include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hematochezia. UC has a relapsing, remitting natural history with no known medical cure. There are several classes of medical therapies that have been shown to be effective for UC. Antitumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) biologic therapies have been shown to be effective for the induction and maintenance in patients with moderately to severely active UC. There are currently three FDA-approved anti-TNFα therapies available in the United States for the treatment of UC. This includes infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab. While anti-TNFα therapy can be extremely effective for treating UC, understanding the expected overall efficacy and the risks associated with these therapies is critical for prescribers utilizing this class of medication. The role of anti-TNFα therapy, risk associated with this therapy, strategies for limiting risks associated with this therapy, and factors influencing the choice of a specific anti-TNFα therapy will be discussed in this chapter.
Attitudinal, normative, and resource factors affecting psychologists’ intentions to adopt an open data badge: An empirical analysis

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the attitudinal, normative, and resource factors affecting psychologists’ adoption of an open data badge. The theory of planned behavior was employed to demonstrate how these factors influence behavioral intentions to adopt an open data badge. This research used a survey method to examine to what extent those attitudinal, normative, resource factors influence psychologists’ behavioral intentions to adopt an open data badge, and therefore engage in data sharing behaviors. A national survey (n = 341) across the field of psychology showed that perceived benefit and perceived risk had significant positive and negative relationships with attitude toward the open data badge respectively. Furthermore, attitude toward open data badge and norm of data sharing had significant positive influences on psychologists’ behavioral intentions to adopt the open data badge. Perceived effort had a significant negative relationship with the behavioral intention to adopt the open data badge, but had no effect toward attitudes surrounding the badge. However, this research found that the availability of a data repository and pressure from an open science journal did not have any significant relationship with behavioral intention to adopt the open data badge. The discussion includes implications for psychologists from both practical and theoretical perspectives. Additionally, future directions for gauging psychologists’ adoption of the open data badge and increasing data sharing behaviors are discussed.
Integer geometry: some examples and constructions

Integer Geometry is the geometry of points that are pairwise integer distances apart. An integer polygon is a convex set of n points in the plane such that no three points are collinear and the distance between any two points is an integer. Similarly an integer polyhedron is a convex set of n points in space such that no three are collinear, each face is an integer polygon, no two faces are coplaner, and the points are all integer distances apart. The measure used to order such polygons and polyhedra is perimeter-plus which is the sum of all of the edges added to the sum of all of the diagonals [1]. The purpose of this paper is to provide pictures of some fundamental examples as well as a brief explanation of some of the constructions. We begin by looking at polygons and then use those to build polyhedra and conclude by examining two closely related examples of sixfaced polyhedra.
Development of Biological Approaches to Improve Muscle Healing After Injury and Disease

Unique among adult tissues, skeletal muscle possesses a robust regeneration capacity dependent upon satellite cells (SC), the professional muscle stem cell. SCs are normally quiescent in a niche located within the basal lamina but outside the muscle membrane, or sarcolemma. Activated SCs proliferate and migrate to the site of injury. Through asymmetric division, a portion of SCs return to quiescence while daughter cells committed to the myogenic lineage, termed myoblasts, fuse and eventually form new muscle fibers. Yet, despite this potential, severely damaged muscle requires medical intervention. In addition to injuries resulting from blunt trauma, work, or sports-related accidents, there are a number of muscle diseases, both inherited, and acquired. At this time, there are no pharmaceutical drugs that can be used to effectively accelerate muscle healing following injury. Here, we discuss new biological approaches to improve muscle healing such as growth factor delivery, myoblast transfer therapy, stem cell-based therapy, gene therapy, and combining biological therapeutics.
The End of Analysis

So I was sitting across the table from this famous Lacanian psychoanalyst, eating Indian food. He had been going on for hours, telling us that Lacan was more of a feminist than feminists, more of an intellectual and political radical than intellectuals and political radicals, more of a god than God, using the most abstruse jargon to sneer at the use of incomprehensible jargon, and everyone had been dancing on step, playing the game, being duly impressed. But now was dinner time, and wine was having an effect on some of us. The dumb blonde at the table asked the genius pointblank, “Why do people go into analysis? Just to be told to enjoy their paranoia?”
We really need to talk: adapting FDA processes to rapid change.

Abstract The rapidly evolving realm of modern commerce strains traditional regulatory paradigms. This paper traces the historical evolution of FDA crisis-response regulation and provides examples of ways in which the definitions and procedures resulting from that past continue to be challenged by new products as market entrants, some in good faith and others not, take actions that create disconnects between actual product and marketing controls and those that consumers might expect. The paper then explores some of the techniques used by other federal agencies that have faced similar challenges in environments characterized by rapid innovation, and draws from this analysis suggestions for improvement of the FDA's warning letter system.
Quality of essential surgical care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the literature.

Purpose Quality of care is an emerging area of focus in the surgical disciplines. However, much of the emphasis on quality is limited to high-income countries. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on the quality of essential surgical care in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC). Data sources We searched PubMed, Cinahl, Embase and CAB Abstracts using three domains: quality of care, surgery and LMIC. Study selection We limited our review to studies of essential surgeries that pertained to all three search domains. Data extraction We extracted data on study characteristics, type of surgery and the way in which quality was studied. Results of data synthesis 354 studies were included. 281 (79.4%) were single-center studies and nearly half (n = 169, 46.9%) did not specify the level of facility. 207 studies reported on mortality (58.47%) and 325 reported on a morbidity (91.81%), most commonly surgical site infection (n = 190, 53.67%). Of the Institute of Medicine domains of quality, studies were most commonly of safety (n = 310, 87.57%) and effectiveness (n = 180, 50.85%) and least commonly of equity (n = 21, 5.93%). Conclusion We find that while there are numerous studies that report on some aspects of quality of care, much of the data is single center and observational. Additionally, there is variability on which outcomes are reported both within and across specialties. Finally, we find under-reporting of parameters of equity and timeliness, which may be critical areas for research moving forward.
Towards mm-wave nanoelectronics and RF switches using MoS 2 2D Semiconductor

In this paper, we report state-of-the-art large area CVD monolayer MoS2-based RF transistors and RF switches. An embedded gate structure was used to fabricate short channel CVD Mos2Rf FETs with an intrinsic f T of 20 GHz, intrinsic $\mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{max}}$ of 11.4 GHz, and the high-field saturation velocity V sat of $\mathbf{1.88}\times \mathbf{10}^{\mathbf{6}}\ \mathbf{cm}/\mathbf{s}$ . The gate-first process allows for enhancement mode operation, $\mathbf{I}_{\mathbf{ON}}/\mathbf{I}_{\mathbf{OFF}}$ ratio of $\mathbf{10}^{\mathbf{8}}$ , and a transconductance $(\mathbf{g}_{\mathbf{m}})$ of 70 $\pmb{\mu} \mathbf{S}/\pmb{\mu}\mathbf{m}$ . Also, we use a vertical MIM structure for a RF switch based on CVD Mos2. The device was programmed with a voltage as low as 1 V, and achieves an ON-state resistance of $\sim \mathbf{5}\ \pmb{\Omega}$ and an OFF-state capacitance of ~6 fF. We measured and simulated the RF performance of the device up to 50 GHz and report 0.5 dB insertion loss, 15 dB isolation (both at 50 GHz), and 5 THz cutoff frequency.
Comparing cancer patient and provider perspectives on fatigue and pain.

e17680 Background: Estimates of fatigue incidence in patients with cancer range from 17% to 90%, and estimates of pain incidence range from 33% to 64%. In 1997, Vogelzang et al reported that 78% of...
Complications of Low-Profile Plate Fixation of Phalanx Fractures:

Background: Phalanx fractures are common, and plate fixation can be used to treat difficult fractures. Major complications have been reported in up to 64% of phalanx fractures treated with plate fixation, with stiffness being the most common. Low-profile anatomic plates (LPAP) have been designed to decrease soft tissue irritation and postoperative stiffness. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of LPAP has decreased complications in plate fixation of phalanx fractures. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with phalanx fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using LPAP at a single institution from January 1, 2010, to January 25, 2018. Twenty-three patients with 23 phalanx fractures treated with LPAP were included. The primary outcome was the presence of a complication. Results: Of the 23 patients, 12 patients (52.2%) had a postoperative complication. Nine patients (39.1%) required return to the operating room, with 7 (30.4%) returning for removal of hardware and tenolysis/capsulotomy. Two patients (8.7%) had superficial infections, one requiring irrigation and debridement. The other infection resolved clinically after 2 courses of oral antibiotics, with the fracture going on to nonunion. One patient had delayed wound healing treated prophylactically with cephalexin; although the wound healed, the patient developed a boutonniere deformity requiring surgery. There were 2 malunions (8.7%), one requiring revision surgery and the other electing for nonoperative management. All but one fracture progressed to union. Conclusions: ORIF with LPAP consistently achieves fracture union for phalanx fractures, but it does not appear that LPAP reduce the high complication rate.
Microwave Stethoscope for Heart Sound by Near-Field Coherent Sensing

Heart sound at the S1 and S2 points in the cardiogram provides important diagnostic information for cardiovascular disorders. The century-old acoustic stethoscopes remain the main tool, but the signal quality deteriorates significantly over clothes and under noisy ambient. We demonstrate for the first time an UHF microwave technique to directly retrieve the heart sound through layers of clothing with improved user convenience and privacy. Adapted from the previous near-field coherent sensing technique, two system improvements on the frequency selection and balancing bridge design have enabled higher receiver gain to clearly retrieve the heart sound over layers of clothing. We performed dynamic time warping to compare the waveforms acquired from the acoustic and microwave methods, and present the effects of clothing and waveform signatures from individual users.
Moving beyond Fine Particle Mass: High-Spatial Resolution Exposure to Source-Resolved Atmospheric Particle Number and Chemical Mixing State

Background: Most epidemiological studies address health effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) using mass-based measurements as exposure surrogates. However, this approach ignores many crit...
Gauge Functions and Sobolev Inequalities on Fluctuating Domains

We study Sobolev inequalities on domains with fluctuating geometry. Fluctuations are expressed in terms of suitable sub-linear gauge functions, typically of iterated logarithmic type. The same gauge function describes the metric oscillations of the domain, as well as the resulting oscillations observed in the Sobolev exponent. The theory applies to fractal domains displaying random self-similarity. The gauge function is then produced by the scale fluctuations of the fractal.
Overwatch-M System: Implementation of Bayesian Statistics for Assessment of Sensorimotor Control

This work introduces a novel strategy that combines a Bayesian Probabilistic Theory with Mixed Reality (MR) to assess user’s sensorimotor control. The purpose of this system is to estimate where does the user beliefs its hand is located from sensory information after performing a set of short MR tests. Thence, to accomplish this goal, the system applies a Bayesian approach to adjust the likelihood of a test with prior evidence. Hence, the system collects spatial information about the user’s hand position in a 3D space. After data collection, the data gets structured into visual (azimuth) and proprioceptive (depth) senses. Then, the probability distribution of these two senses gets analyzed using Bayesian Statistics to adjust the user’s belief about the position of the hand given these two senses. With this approach, we intend to determine a framework to collect sensory information in an MR environment and use a statistical framework to study motor performance.
Impaired Geotaxis as a Novel Phenotype of Nora Virus Infection of Drosophila melanogaster.

Nora virus (NV) is a picorna-like virus that contains a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The virus infects Drosophila melanogaster with no known characterized phenotype. In this study, geotaxis assays and longevity analyses were used to determine if Nora virus infection affects D. melanogaster’s locomotor ability. In addition, Drosophila C virus (DCV), a well-characterized D. melanogaster virus, was used as a positive control, as it has previously shown a locomotor defect in infected flies. Stocks infected with NV (NV+) and DCV (DCV+) and virus-free (NV-/DCV-) stocks were established. Over a 3-year period, approximately 2,500 virgin female flies were tested for geotaxis and longevity using Kaplan–Meier analyses, as well as the Cox Proportional Hazards regression for survivorship. There was a significant decrease in the geotaxis when the D. melanogaster flies were infected with Nora virus compared to uninfected controls, but no difference was found between DCV+ and NV+ trials. There were not significant differences in longevity between the three groups. This is the first time that a phenotype has been recorded in association with Nora virus infection. Overall, the data demonstrate that geotaxis dysfunction may be a phenotypic hallmark of Nora virus infection.
Copper Metal-Organic Framework Surface Catalysis: Catalyst Poisoning, IR Spectroscopic, and Kinetic Evidence Addressing the Nature and Number of the Catalytically Active Sites En Route to Improved Applications.

The metal–organic framework (MOF) H3[(Cu4Cl)3–(BTTri)8, H3BTTri = 1,3,5-tris(1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)benzene] (CuBTTri) is a precatalyst for biomedically relevant nitric oxide (NO) release from S-nit...
Clustering of galaxies at z=3 around the probable Damped Ly-alpha absorber towards QSO APM 08279+5255

[Abridged] We present results on the clustering og Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) around a probable damped Ly-alpha absorption (DLA) line cloud at z_DLA=2.974 from deep UBVI images of the field containing the quasar APM 08279+5255 (z=3.91). The large area covered by our images, 0.31 deg^2 or 40x40 Mpc co-moving at z=3, and their depth (27.6 mag arcsec^{-2}), allow us to identify 450 LBG candidates brighter than I(AB)=24.80 at 2.75<z<3.25. LBG candidates were selected using photometric redshift techniques that include priors within a redshift slice of width Wz=0.15 centered at z_DLA. Within that redshift slice, we find an enhancement of galaxies near the DLA using both the surface density and an estimator of the 3-D spatial over-density. The surface overdensity (3\times) is significant at the >95% significance level on scales 2.5<r<5 Mpc co-moving and imply that some DLA could reside in high density regions.
An NAD+/NMN balancing act by SARM1 and NMNAT2 controls axonal degeneration.

Axonal degeneration is controlled by the TIR domain NADase SARM1. In this issue of Neuron, Figley et al. (2021) reveal a key regulatory mechanism that controls SARM1's enzymatic activity, providing insight into how NAD+ biosynthesis by the NMNAT2 enzyme protects axons, and a new therapeutic path to tune SARM1 activity.
Film strains enhance the reversible cycling of intercalation electrodes

Abstract A key cause of chemo-mechanical degradation in battery electrodes is that they undergo abrupt phase transformation during the charging/discharging cycle. This phase transformation is accompanied by lattice misfit strains that nucleate microcracks, induce fracture and, in extreme cases, amorphize the intercalation electrode. In this work, we propose a strategy to prevent the chemo-mechanical degradation of intercalation electrodes: we show that by engineering suitable film strains we can regulate the phase transformations in thin-film intercalation electrodes and circumvent the large volume changes. We test this strategy using a combination of theory and experiment: we first analytically derive the effect of film strain on the electrochemical response of a thin-film intercalation electrode and next apply our analytical model to a representative example (LixV2O5 with multiple phase transformations). We then test our theoretical predictions experimentally. Specifically, we electrochemically cycle thin-film V2O5 electrodes with different film strains and measure their structure, voltage, and stress responses. Our findings show that tensile film strains lower the voltage for phase transformations in thin-film V2O5 electrodes and facilitate their reversible cycling across a wider voltage window without chemo-mechanical degradation. These results suggest that film strain engineering is an alternative approach to preventing chemo-mechanical degradation in intercalation electrodes. Beyond thin-film electrodes, our findings from this study are applicable to the study of stress-induced phase transformations in particle-based electrodes and the thin surface layers forming on cathode particles.
DNA Aptamer Assembly as a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Agonist

Controlling receptor-mediated processes in cells is paramount in many research areas. The activity of small molecules and growth factors is difficult to control and can lead to off-target effects through the activation of nonspecific receptors as well as binding affinity to nonspecific cell types. In this study, we report the development of a molecular trigger in the form of a divalent nucleic acid aptamer assembly toward vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). The assembly binds to VEGFR2 and functions as a receptor agonist with targeted receptor binding, promoting receptor phosphorylation, activation of the downstream Akt pathway, upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and endothelial cell capillary tube formation. The agonist action we report makes this aptamer construct a promising strategy to control VEGFR2-mediated cell signaling.
Dopa-responsive dystonia—clinical and genetic heterogeneity

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) encompasses a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that typically manifest as limb-onset, diurnally fluctuating dystonia and exhibit a robust and sustained response to levodopa treatment. Autosomal dominant GTP cyclohydrolase 1 deficiency, also known as Segawa disease, is the most common and best-characterized condition that manifests as DRD, but a similar presentation can be seen with genetic abnormalities that lead to deficiencies in tyrosine hydroxylase, sepiapterin reductase or other enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of dopamine. In rare cases, DRD can result from conditions that do not affect the biosynthesis of dopamine; single case reports have shown that DRD can be a manifestation of hereditary spastic paraplegia type 11, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and ataxia telangiectasia. This heterogeneity of conditions that underlie DRD frequently leads to misdiagnosis, which delays the appropriate treatment with levodopa. Correct diagnosis at an early stage requires use of the appropriate diagnostic tests, which include a levodopa trial, genetic testing (including whole-exome sequencing), cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter analysis, the phenylalanine loading test, and enzyme activity measurements. The selection of tests for use depends on the clinical presentation and level of complexity. This Review presents the common and rarer causes of DRD and their clinical features, and considers the most appropriate approaches to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
Wavelet Spectrum Analysis and Ocean Wind Waves

Abstract Wavelet spectrum analysis is applied to a set of measured ocean wind waves data collected during the 1990 SWADE (Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment) program. The results reveal significantly new and previously unexplored insights on wave grouping parameterizations, phase relations during wind wave growth, and detecting wave breaking characteristics. These insights are due to the nature of the wavelet transform that would not be immediately evident using a traditional Fourier transform approach.
Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of Peoples

Migration has always been central to the making, unmaking, and remaking of states. From the polychromatic political landscapes of the ancient world, with their luxuriant variety of forms of rule, to the more uniform terrain of the present, dominated by the bureaucratic territorial state, massive movements of people have regularly accompanied – as consequence and sometimes also as cause – the expansion, contraction, and reconfiguration of political space. This centrality of migration to political expansion, contraction, and reconfiguration is amply illustrated in the history of the Russo-Soviet state. “The history of Russia,” wrote Vasilii Kliuchevskii, dean of nineteenth-century Russian historians, “is the history of a country which colonizes itself.” That colonization began in the mid-sixteenth century, when conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates permitted Russian peasant settlement to expand into the fertile black earth zone heretofore controlled by hostile Turkic nomads. It did not end until the postwar decades of the twentieth century, when industrial and agricultural development strategies drew large numbers of Russians to peripheral regions, most dramatically, in terms of ethnodemographic consequences, to Kazakhstan, Estonia, and Latvia. Throughout these four centuries, the eastward, southward, and (more recently) westward dispersion of Russians from their initially small region of core settlement has been intimately linked to the expansion and consolidation of the Russian state and its Soviet successor. It has comprised one of the greatest episodes of colonization in human history.
The lymphocyst: a complication of pelvic lymph node dissections.

Abstract Nine of 55 patients with carcinoma of the cervix who were treated with pelvic lymphadenectomy 3 months after full radium and external radiotherapy developed retroperitoneal collections of fluid one to 6 months after operation. These lymphocysts were responsible for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality resulting from this operation and constitute one of the major reasons for abandoning this procedure.
ER transport on actin filaments in squid giant axon: implications for signal transduction at synapse.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S-ER) is transported on actin filaments in the giant axon of the squid. The identity of the myosin motors that transport S-ER in the squid giant axon has been determined. Our recent studies have shown that the motor for movement of S-ER vesicles on actin filaments is Myosin-V (1)⤻. These findings grew out of a series of studies that began with the initial observation that vesicles in the giant axon of the squid move on both microtubules and actin filaments (2)⤻. These initial studies documented the ability of individual vesicles to move from microtubules to actin filaments and led to the development of the dual filament model of vesicle transport (3⤻, 4)⤻. The model proposes that long-range movement of vesicles occurs on microtubules and short-range movement on actin filaments. S-ER vesicles were identified as the major population of vesicles in the axon that use myosin-V for movement on actin filaments. The S-ER is the primary site of calcium storage, and it regulates th...
Refining Identity Theory to Better Account for Relationships and Context: Applications to Fathering

Identity theory explains behaviors as socially constructed phenomena that result from the expectations we hold and the feedback we receive about how to fulfill the statuses we occupy. However, identity theory inadequately addresses the myriad contexts that influence identity and behavior, a weakness particularly relevant to fathering research. Here, we suggest ways of refining identity theory to better account for context—specifically, interpersonal and environmental contexts. We discuss conceptual and methodological issues created by current deficits in identity theory and propose 2 new constructs (unsupportive commitment and contextual commitment). We apply our theoretical refinements to fathering by drawing examples from the empirical literature. Finally, we suggest additional areas of inquiry that would benefit from the proposed refinements to identity theory.
Perinatal Food Restriction in Rats Reduces the Content but Not Concentration of Liver Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Fibrosis of the liver has been reported to be associated with malnutrition, based on qualitative histological and histochemical approaches. The aim of this study was to quantitatively examine the effect of perinatal food-restriction on the expression of extracellular matrix components of the liver, using rats fed 50% of ad libitum intake, determined by the food consumption of the control group on the previous day. Levels of extracellular matrix proteins were measured by dot blot analysis using monospecific antibodies against collagen types I, III and IV, laminin and fibronectin. The body weights of 4, 8 and 13-wk-old malnourished groups were 25, 35 and 48% of the control group body weights, respectively, and the liver weights were 22, 32 and 60% of the controls. The total contents of the extracellular matrix components were significantly reduced to 30, 34 and 58% of the controls, but when expressed per tissue or per milligram protein there were no significant differences. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed no major changes in extracellular matrix localization. The major histological change in the food-restricted rats was fatty infiltration. Our observations suggest that the effect of perinatal food restriction is mainly liver steatosis, and that the liver of food-restricted animals during the perinatal period has the capacity to preserve its main extracellular matrix components.
Phase I/II clinical trial of didemnin B in non-small-cell lung cancer: neuromuscular toxicity is dose-limiting.

Didemnin B (NSC 325319), a cyclic depsipeptide isolated from a Caribbean tunicate, exhibits potent preclinical antitumor activity. In previous phase I studies, 3.47 mg/m2 was the maximally tolerated dose, with nausea and vomiting being the dose-limiting toxicity. The drug was given in a single bolus infusion over 30 min every 28 days. In the current study, 30 patients presenting with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received 46 courses of the drug at doses ranging from 3.47 to 9.1 mg/m2. Neuromuscular toxicity was dose-limiting. Neusea and vomiting appeared to be correlated with dose levels and were ameliorated by a combination of antiemetics including dexamethasone. Other side effects included a mild rise in hepatic enzymes and an allergic reaction that was preventable by the addition of corticosteroids to the premedication regimen. In all, 2 minor responses were seen among 24 evaluable patients. Because neuromuscular toxicity is dose-limiting, we recommend that routine measurements of creatine kinase and aldolase, a careful neurologic evaluation, and electromyography and muscle biopsy (if indicated) be incorporated into phase II trials. The recommended dose for phase II studies using a single bolus schedule is 6.3 mg/m2, following the premedication of patients with antiemetics.
FPGA model of a high-frequency power electronic converter in an RTDS power system co-simulation

This paper presents the work being done in developing Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based high-frequency power electronic models in co-simulation with Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) small time step models. With the inclusion of FPGAs in the Electromagnetic Transient simulations, higher frequencies for power electronic models, which were not previously possible using only RTDS, can be achieved. A two port buck converter is modeled on an FPGA using Dommel's algorithm and interfaced with the small time-step environment in RTDS using a travelling wave model. The RTDS small time-step size is 2 μs, whereas the time-step for the FPGA is 300 ns. This paper presents the results and challenges faced in developing this system.
M -Shell, Relativistic Electron Wave Functions

Effects of screening and finite nuclear size were calculated numerically. Results presented graphically indicate the necessity for not only including orbital capture transition empirical corrections, but also considerations of wide variations between correction factors for different M subshe1ls. (L.N.N.)
Microfabricated Electrospun Collagen Membranes for 3-D Cancer Models and Drug Screening Applications

Invasive epithelial tumors form from cells that are released from their natural basement membrane and form 3-D structures that interact with each other and with the microenvironment of the stromal tissues around the tumor, which often contains collagen. Cancer cells, growing as monolayers on tissue culture plastic, do not reflect many of the properties of whole tumors. This shortcoming limits their ability to serve as models for testing of pharmacologically active compounds, including those that are being tested as antineoplastics. This work seeks to create new 3-D cellular materials possessing properties similar to those in native tissues surrounding cancers, specifically electrospun micro- and nanofibrous collagen scaffolds that support tumor growth in 3-D. We hypothesize that a 3-D culture system will provide a better replica of tumor growth in a native environment and, thus, better report the bioactivity of antineoplastic agents. In addition, we optimized conditions and identified physical characteristics that support growth of the highly invasive, prostate cancer bone metastatic cell line C4-2B on these matrices for use in anticancer drug studies. The effects of matrix porosity, fiber diameter, elasticity, and surface roughness on growth of cancer cells were evaluated. Data indicates that while cells attach and grow well on both nano- and microfibrous electrospun membranes, the microfibrous membrane represented a better approximation of the tumor microenvironment. It was also observed that C4-2B nonadherent cells migrated through the depth of two electrospun membranes and formed colonies resembling tumors on day 3. An apoptosis study revealed that cells on electrospun substrates were more resistant to both antineoplastic agents, docetaxel (DOC), and camptothecin (CAM) compared to the cells grown on standard collagen-coated tissue culture polystyrene (TCP). Growth, survival, and apoptosis were measured, as well as the differences in the apoptotic capabilities, of the two above-mentioned compounds compared to known clinical performance. We conclude that 3-D electrospun membranes are amenable to high throughput screening for cancer cell susceptibility and combination killing (Banerjee, S.; Hussain, M.; Wang, Z.; Saliganan, A.; Che, M.; Bonfil, D.; Cher, M.; Sarkar, F.H. Cancer Research, 2007, 67 (8), 3818-26).
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing in nonlinear microscopy

Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF), when combined with nonlinear microscopy, can improve the axial excitation confinement of wide-field and line-scanning imaging. Because two-photon excited fluorescence depends inversely on the pulse width of the excitation beam, SSTF decreases the background excitation of the sample outside of the focal volume by broadening the pulse width everywhere but at the geometric focus of the objective lens. This review theoretically describes the beam propagation within the sample using Fresnel diffraction in the frequency domain, deriving an analytical expression for the pulse evolution. SSTF can scan the temporal focal plane axially by adjusting the GVD in the excitation beam path. We theoretically define the axial confinement for line-scanning SSTF imaging using a time-domain understanding and conclude that line-scanning SSTF is similar to the temporally-decorrelated multifocal multiphoton imaging technique. Recent experiments on the temporal focusing effect and its axial confinement, as well as the axial scanning of the temporal focus by tuning the GVD, are presented. We further discuss this technique for axial-scanning multiphoton fluorescence fiber probes without any moving parts at the distal end. The temporal focusing effect in SSTF essentially replaces the focusing of one spatial dimension in conventional wide-field and line-scanning imaging. Although the best axial confinement achieved by SSTF cannot surpass that of a regular point-scanning system, this trade-off between spatial and temporal focusing can provide significant advantages in applications such as high-speed imaging and remote axial scanning in an endoscopic fiber probe.
Mental Illness among the Chinese: Myth or Reality?1

This study examines trends in mental hospital commitments among the Chinese in California over the past one hundred years. There has been a two-fold increase for the general population compared to a seven-fold increase among the Chinese; while initially the Chinese had substantially lower rates of commitment, since the 1930s they have been roughly equal to the general population. Rates of increase within the Chinese population were not uniform; males, the aged, and the foreign born experienced substantially greater increases. Changes have also occurred in patterns of diagnosis and length of hospitalization over the century.
Models of the plasmaspheric thermal plasma distribution

Current understanding of the thermal plasma in the atmosphere and its coupling to the ionosphere is reviewed. Existing models appear adequate to explain the gross behavior of the cold thermal plasma, but there remain some vexing problems. Notably, (1) why does the density in flux tubes appear to saturate at lower values than are predicted theoretically, (2) what causes the sunset peak in measured Te, and (3) why does the equatorial plasmapause signature differ in latitude from the ionosphere signatures. The more difficult problem of what happens during the early stages of refilling after a magnetic storm, when the high altitude plasma is likely to be supersonic and collisionless, has received much attention, but the results are not definite. A number of papers have dealt with the interaction of supersonic counterstreaming fluxes and there are now models that can handle the transition from supersonic to subsonic flows although the transition from a collisionless to a collision-dominated plasma remains difficult to deal with.
Test Anxiety Prevention and Intervention Programs in Schools: Program Development and Rationale

This paper (a) discusses the need for anxiety-focused prevention and intervention efforts, (b) discusses test anxiety interventions as an avenue toward building school partnerships to conduct anxiety-focused prevention and intervention efforts, and (c) provides a brief description of the University of New Orleans test anxiety program model and previously published findings. This paper also presents new data in support of our rationale from one of our screening assessments to highlight the linkages between test anxiety and anxiety problems more broadly and presents a brief summary of initial acceptability data. Data indicate that test anxiety was related to symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression. Moreover, among an initial wave of (n = 59) participants in a new intervention study, acceptability data are promising. For example, 96% indicating they were glad they participated and 70% of students showed substantial knowledge (at least 80% correct) of intervention content. Results are discussed in terms of how the data provide evidence for the importance of targeting test anxiety, future research directions, and applied implications.