cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Options for Short Bowel Syndrome

Most children with short bowel syndrome experience spontaneous small bowel adaptation over time. This allows the majority to be weaned from parenteral nutrition. There are, however, some children who cannot be weaned and are potential candidates for techniques to promote intestinal adaptation and intestinal lengthening. Here, surgical therapeutic options are described, literature reviewed, and reported results evaluated. Surgical procedures for children with short bowel syndrome have high complication and failure rates, but in most cases are a less invasive option than intestinal transplantation.
Constitutive equations of Micropolar electromagnetic fluids

Abstract The fundamentals of electrodynamics of Micropolar fluids are briefly introduced. Balance laws of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy and entropy for Micropolar Fluid Dynamics (MFD) are integrated with Maxwell’s equations. The thermodynamically admissible constitutive equations for Micropolar fluids are obtained from Onsager’s theory and Wang’s representation theorem based on the principle of objectivity. Couple Stress Theory (CST) and Newtonian fluid are shown as the special cases of MFD. From constitutive equations, it is found that, even without any external electromagnetic field, micromotion can induce bound current, a missing phenomenon in classical continuum physics. The linear formulation is specialized for Magneto-Micropolar Fluid Dynamics (M2FD) for the application of plasma physics.
Guidewire transection during rotational coronary atherectomy due to guide catheter dislodgement and wire kinking.

Rotational coronary atherectomy is an effective treatment for calcified ostial lesions. We report a case of guidewire transection during rotational atherectomy of a right coronary artery ostial stenosis. Guide catheter dislodgement appeared to have caused prolapse and kinking of the guidewire. Advancement of the burr over the kinked wire resulted in transection. The wire fragment was retrieved successfully using an inflated fixed-wire balloon catheter. This report illustrates the importance of excellent coaxial guide catheter alignment with rotational atherectomy and suggests that operators be vigilant to possible damage to the radiolucent rotational atherectomy guidewire. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probing broad absorption line quasar outflows: X-ray insights

Energetic outflows appear to occur in conjunction with active mass accretion onto supermassive black holes. These outflows are most readily observed in the ∼10% of quasars with broad absorption lines, where the observer’s line of sight passes through the wind. Until fairly recently, the paucity of X-ray data from these objects was notable, but now sensitive hard-band missions such as Chandra and XMM-Newton are routinely detecting broad absorption line quasars. The X-ray regime offers qualitatively new information for the understanding of these objects, and these new results must be taken into account in theoretical modeling of quasar winds.
Potential Physician Malpractice Liability Associated with Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies

Physicians are increasingly grappling with medical liability issues as complementary and integrative health care practices are made available in conventional medical settings. This article proposes a framework in which physicians can assess potential malpractice liability issues in counseling patients about complementary and integrative therapies. The framework classifies complementary and integrative therapies according to whether the evidence reported in the medical and scientific literature supports both safety and efficacy; supports safety, but evidence regarding efficacy is inconclusive; supports efficacy, but evidence regarding safety is inconclusive; or indicates either serious risk or inefficacy. Clinical examples in each category help guide the clinician on how to counsel patients regarding use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in a given clinical situation. Specific strategies to reduce the risk for potential malpractice liability include the following: 1) determine the clinical risk level; 2) document the literature supporting the therapeutic choice; 3) provide adequate informed consent; 4) continue to monitor the patient conventionally; and 5) for referrals, inquire about the competence of the complementary and alternative medicine provider. This framework provides a basis for clinical decisions involving complementary and integrative care.
A Generalized equation of state for hot, dense matter

An equation of state for hot, dense matter is presented in a form that is sufficiently rapid to use directly in hydrodynamical simulations, for example, in stellar collapse calculations. It contains an adjustable nuclear force that accurately models both potential and mean-field interactions, and it allows for the input of various nuclear parameters, some of which are not yet experimentally well-determined. These include the bulk incompressibility parameter, the bulk and surface symmetry energies, the symmetric matter surface tension, and the nucleon effective masses. This permits parametric studies of the equation of state in astrophysical situations. The equation of state is modelled after the Lattimer, Lamb, Pethick and Ravenhall LLPR compressible liquid-drop model for nuclei, and includes the effects of interactions and degeneracy of the nucleons outside nuclei. Account is also taken of nuclear deformations and the phase transitions from nuclei to uniform nuclear matter at subnuclear densities. Comparisons of this equation of state are made to the results of the LLPR model and the Cooperstein-Baron equation of state. The effects of varying the bulk incompressibility are also investigated.
Mushy-zone rayleigh number to describe macrosegregation and channel segregate formation during directional solidification of metallic alloys

A recently defined mushy-zone Rayleigh number (RaM) that includes side-branching contributions to the mushy-zone permeability has been examined for its correlation with the longitudinal macrosegregation and channel segregate formation. The Rayleigh number shows (1) a strong correlation between the extent of longitudinal macrosegregation and increase in the mushy-zone convection and (2) a good ability to predict the formation of channel segregates during directional solidification.
Metal impurity precipitates in silicon: chemical state and stability

Abstract The chemical state and the stability of metal precipitates in silicon have been studied using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence and absorption. Specifically, we have studied the stability and chemical nature of iron and copper impurities in single and polycrystalline silicon. In polycrystalline silicon material, we observe the presence of iron oxide or silicate precipitates at dislocations. Furthermore, our results demonstrate dissolution of copper precipitates from oxygen precipitates and their growth-related defects. Based on these results, we suggest oxygen in silicon can complex and stabilize only some metal impurities, depending on the formation energies of the metal oxide compounds.
Obesity, Cardiometabolic Syndrome, and Chronic Kidney Disease: The Weight of the Evidence

The epidemic of obesity experienced in both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries largely accounts for the increase in the prevalence of the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). Obesity and the CMS significantly increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Multiple abnormalities that can lead to kidney injury have been identified in overweight and obese people, including insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, coagulability, and impaired fibrinolysis. The combined effects of these conditions induce in the kidneys impaired pressure natriuresis, glomerular hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and vasoconstriction, as well as matrix proliferation and expansion. Among the consequences are microalbuminuria, now known to be a surrogate of diffuse endothelial dysfunction as well as a predictor of CVD, and CKD. Diet and regular physical activity are the cornerstones of weight management, and they add to currently available pharmacologic agents and bariatric surgery. The understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity/CMS helps to explain the benefits of agents that improve insulin sensitivity, control inflammation, and block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The increasing prevalence of obesity and CMS contribute to the growing frequency of CKD and demands the development of multifactorial strategies directed at identifying people at risk, as well as preventing excessive weight gain and its deleterious consequences.
Delta Clipper-Experimental In-Ground Effect on Base-Heating Environment

A quasitransient in-ground effect method is developed to study the effect of vertical landing on a launch vehicle base-heating environment. This computational methodology is based on a three-dimensional, pressure-based, viscous flow, chemically reacting, computational fluid dynamics formulation. Important in-ground base-flow physics such as the fountain-jet formation, plume growth, air entrainment, and plume afterburning are captured with the present methodology. Convective and radiative base-heat fluxes are computed for comparison with those of a flight test. The influence of the laminar Prandtl number on the convective heat flux is included in this study. A radiative direction-dependency test is conducted using both the discrete ordinate and finite volume methods. Treatment of the plume afterburning is found to be very important for accurate prediction of the base-heat fluxes. Convective and radiative base-heat fluxes predicted by the model using a finite rate chemistry option compared reasonably well with flight-test data.
Experimental validation of extended depth-of-field imaging via spherical coding

We designed and built a spherical coded triplet imaging system and experimentally verified its extended depth-of-field imaging capabilities.
Habit formation, the cross section of stock returns and the cash-flow risk puzzle☆

Abstract Non-linear external habit persistence models, which feature prominently in the recent “equity premium” asset pricing and macroeconomics literature, generate counterfactual predictions in the cross-section of stock returns. In particular, we show that in the absence of cross-sectional heterogeneity in firms’ cash-flow risk, these models produce a “growth premium,” that is, stocks with high price-to-fundamental ratios command a higher premium than stocks with low price-to-fundamental ratios. This implication is at odds with the well-established empirical observation of a “value premium” in the cross-section of stock returns. Substantial heterogeneity in firms’ cash-flow risk yields both a value premium as well as most of the stylized facts about the cross-section of stock returns, but it generates a “cash-flow risk puzzle”: Quantitatively, value stocks have to have “too much” cash-flow risk compared to the data to generate empirically plausible value premiums.
Immunocytochemical localization of 5′-nucleotidase in myelinated peripheral nerves from the rat

Abstract In sciatic and trigeminal nerves from the rat, 5′-nucleotidase immunostaining was observed on the surfaces of the myelinated fibers and in the membranes encircling the outermost loops of the myelin sheaths, the paranodal loops, and perhaps the inner loops, but neither in the compact myelin nor in the axoplasm. These results, which were consistent with previous biochemical data regarding sciatic nerve, suggest that the function of 5′-nucleotidase in myelinated fibers in the peripheral nervous system may be to promote diffusion of adenosine between the glial and neuronal compartments.
Infusing Disability Studies into the Rehabilitation Sciences

Disability studies is a field of critical study that emerged from the disability rights movement as a challenge to the medicalization of the lives of people with disabilities. Disability studies, while often critical of medicine and rehabilitation, has the potential to inform and improve practice by making it more responsive and relevant to the long-term needs and desires of people with disabilities. This article provides an introduction to the field of disabilities studies followed by a discussion of how disability studies perspectives can be infused into and ultimately strengthen rehabilitation practice.
A shaman's burial from an Early Classic cave in the Maya Mountains of Belize, Central America

For the ancient Maya caves were fundamentally important locations in a sacred landscape linked to ancestors, creation myths and forces that animate the universe. Investigations in the Maya Mountains in southern Belize recovered data from a burial cave that contained the decapitated remains of a male sealed behind a masonry wall in a remote region away from any known pre-Columbian settlements. The deceased had been treated reverentially and was accompanied by a range of grave goods appropriate for the underworld setting. Data are presented that suggest the interred may have been a religious specialist or shaman in life.
Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful

The random and indeterminate nature of the current unipolar world suggests a condition of increasing entropy. There are two reasons for this claim. First, relative capability advantages under unipolarity do not translate as easily as they once did into power and influence over others. Second, systemic constraint is a property that limits actors' freedom of action by imposing costs and benefits on certain kinds of actions. Unlike past multipolar and bipolar systems, the current unipolar system exerts only weak, if any, systemic constraints on the unipolar power and all other actors as well. Thus, polarity has become a largely meaningless concept. Today, system process rather than structure best explains international politics, and this process is one of entropy. Finally, I suggest two pathways from unipolarity to a more balanced system: one is fairly consistent with standard balance-of-power realism but adds an ideational component; the other restores equilibrium by means of entropy.
A new approach to the general minimum distance decoding problem: The zero-neighbors algorithm

Minimum distance decoding (MDD) for a general error-correcting linear code is a hard computational problem that recently has been shown to be NP -hard. The complexity of known decoding algorithms is determined by \min (2^{k},2^{n-k}) , where n is the code length and k is the number of information digits. Two new algorithms are suggested that reduce substantially the complexity of MDD. The algorithms use a new concept of zero neighbors--a special set of codewords. Only these codewords (which can be computed in advance) should be stored and used in the decoding procedure. The number of zero neighbors is shown to be very small compared with \min (2^{k},2^{n-k}) for n \gg 1 and a wide range of code rates R = k/n . For example, for R \approx 0.5 this number grows approximately as a square root of the number of codewords.
A phenomenological model for the chloride threshold of pitting corrosion of steel in simulated concrete pore solutions

Purpose – This work seeks to present a systematic study that aimed to provide quantitative understanding of the fundamental factors that influence the chloride threshold of pitting corrosion of steel in concrete, by conducting a set of laboratory tests to assess the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and pitting potential (Epit) of steel coupons in simulated concrete pore solutions.Design/methodology/approach – With the aid of artificial neural network, the laboratory data were used to establish a phenomenological model correlating the influential factors (total chloride concentration, chloride binding, solution pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration) with the pitting risk (characterized by Ecorr−Epit). Three‐dimensional response surfaces were then constructed to illustrate such predicted correlations and to shed light on the complex interactions between various influential factors.Findings – The results indicate that the threshold [Cl−]/[OH−] of steel rebar in simulated concrete pore solutions is a functio...
Moderate diet restriction alters the substrate and hormone response to exercise.

Substrate and hormone responses to submaximal exercise were studied in 10 overweight women (119-141% ideal body weight) to learn if a moderately restricted diet would influence the responses. Subjects consumed diets with adequate energy (ADEX), N = 5, or low energy (LDEX)--50% reduction in energy, N = 5. Three times during the 12-wk study, blood was drawn before and immediately following exercise; results were combined since there were no differences between replicates. Postexercise free fatty acids and glycerol increased to 465 +/- 27 mg.l-1 in LDEX but only to 245 +/- 19 mg.l-1 in ADEX. Postexercise insulin increased to 129 +/- 13 pmol.l-1 in LDEX, but did not increase in ADEX. Postexercise growth hormone increased to 10.5 +/- 1.0 microgram.l-1 in ADEX but only to 6.6 +/- 1.0 microgram.l-1 in LDEX. All postexercise increases within diet groups were highly significant (P < 0.0001), and the postexercise responses between diet groups were also different (P < 0.01). Respiratory gas exchange indicated that both groups increased fat utilization during exercise, but diet restriction altered postexercise hormones so that fat mobilization and utilization might be inhibited. The postexercise recovery period should be studied further to determine whether diet restriction results in a sustained altered hormone pattern that would curtail lipolysis and possibly limit body fat loss.
"Heart-Rending Ambivalence": Jacques Maritain and the Complexity of Postwar Catholic Philosemitism

Philosopher Jacques Maritain (1882-1973) embraced a quest for sanctity at the core of his vocation as a French Catholic intellectual. Known as an exponent of the teachings of Saint Thomas Aquinas, he also devoted considerable energies to the promotion of democracy and human rights, as well as the combat against antisemitism. Maritain has been lauded for his sometimes courageous attempts to eradicate anti-Jewish prejudice from the Christian conscience, though some prevailing interpretations oversimplify this thinker's motivations and ideas. Keeping in mind the historically-contingent and often ambivalent nature of philosemitism, this article analyzes Maritain's postwar writings on the Jewish Question and his interactions with Popes Pius XII and Paul VI, Anglican theologian James Parkes, Jewish historians Leon Poliakov and Jules Isaac, and fellow Catholic writers Paul Claudel and Francois Mauriac.
Relationship between waist circumference, body mass index, and medical care costs.

Objective: Excessive visceral adiposity as measured by anthropomorphic measures may be more closely associated with adverse health consequences than body weight or body mass index (BMI), the more commonly obtained clinical measures. Waist circumference (WC) provides information about regional adiposity and may correlate with health care costs better than body weight or BMI. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 424 men (37%) and women (63%) were identified as they were seen in outpatient medical clinics at Denver Health, an integrated health care system serving a largely indigent population. Height, weight, and WC were measured by one examiner. Information on outpatient, laboratory, pharmacy, inpatient, and total charges attributable to each subject for the preceding year were obtained from computerized databases. Data on health care charges were divided into quartiles based on WC and BMI. Results: Total annual health care charges were significantly greater in the highest WC quartile (WC 103.5 cm: $8699 ± $1092; p = 0.047). Those with a WC >103.5 cm generated 85% more inpatient charges than the group with a WC <83.3 cm. Although there was a positive trend, BMI was not found to significantly correlate with total health care charges in this population sample. Discussion: These results suggest that abdominal adiposity as assessed by WC is associated with increased total health care charges and may be a better predictor of health care charges than the more widely used BMI.
prospero is expressed in neuronal precursors and encodes a nuclear protein that is involved in the control of axonal outgrowth in Drosophila.

Abstract Neurogenesis in Drosophila begins with the formation of neuronal precursors, which give rise to neurons of individual identity. To find out whether there are genes that are expressed in most or all neuronal precursors and are involved in controlling particular aspects of neuronal differentiation, we used the enhancer-trap method to screen for such "neuronal precursor genes." One gene of this group is prospero . Our mutant analysis indicates that prospero regulates other neuronal precursor genes and is essential for the axonal outgrowth and pathfinding of numerous central and peripheral neurons. prospero encodes a large nuclear protein with multiple homopolymeric amino acid stretches and is expressed in neuronal precursors early during their formation. It is probably generally required for proper neuronal differentiation.
Geometric measurements of the lumbar spine in Chinese men during trunk flexion.

Study design An analysis of the geometric data of the lumbar spine in Chinese men. Lateral radiographs were obtained of 16 men in the upright position to a trunk flexion of 90 degrees in 30 degrees increments. Objectives To establish reference data concerning the geometry of the lumbar spine for various degrees of trunk flexion. Summary of background data In previous studies, the morphometry and alignment of the lumbar spine have been investigated. Reports of systematic analyses of the lumbar spine in trunk flexion have lacked adequate radiographic data. Moreover, few studies have focused on measuring lumbar spine geometric data in Chinese individuals. Methods A total of 67 landmarks on each radiograph were identified. They were marked by investigators and digitized using a HyperSpace digitizing system (V.17: Mira Imaging Inc., Salt Lake City, UT). The geometric configuration of the vertebrae and discs then was derived from the digitized points. Results The dimensions of the vertebrae and disc on the lumbar spine obtained in this study were similar to those of previous studies. The motion of the lumbosacral spine had the greatest contribution in trunk flexion, approximately 90% (i.e., rotating at the rate of 9 degrees for each 10 degrees of trunk flexion) when the trunk was flexed from 30 degrees to 60 degrees. After that, the hips were dominant in accomplishing the trunk flexion from 60 degrees to horizontal. This motion patterns may be useful for making clinical diagnoses of lumbar function in Chinese men. Conclusions No obvious interracial differences were found in the geometric data found in this study, which suggests that morphometric data obtained from Caucasian individuals may be applied to Chinese patients for clinical purposes.
Functionalised membranes remove and recover dissolved heavy metals

Abstract The use of microfiltration membrane-based sorbents, containing multiple functional group is a novel way of achieving high metal sorption under convective flow conditions. This article looks at research carried out at the University of Kentucky which led to the development of a new class of polyamino acid functionalised membranes that are able to capture dissolved metals from aqueous streams by sorption onto exchange sites which have been chemically attached to membrane pores convectively. The work also shows that a variety of membrane materials — cellulose, silica and cellulose acetate — can be used for heavy metal sorption at capacities as high as 1.9 g/g (5 mg/cm2 membrane).
Sibling Recognition in Toad Tadpoles: The Role of Experience

To clarify the mechanism by which tadpoles of the American toad (Bufo americanus) recognize siblings, tadpoles were reared from eggs either (1) with siblings only, (2) in isolation from conspecifics, or (3) exposed to both siblings and non-siblings. Tadpoles reared with siblings and those reared in isolation preferentially associated with siblings in a laboratory test pool. However, tadpoles that were continuously exposed to siblings and non-siblings showed no significant sibling association unless they had been reared in sibling groups during early development. Tadpoles reared in isolation discriminated paternal — but not maternal — half-siblings from full-siblings. Although sibling preferences can develop in the absence of post-embryonic interactions with conspecifics, early experience appears to be important in the normal ontogeny of sibling recognition. Possibly the mother contributes some factor to her offspring that enables them to recognize each other as siblings. Zusammenfassung Kaulquappen der amerikanischen Krote (Bufo americanus) wurden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen gehalten und dann im Labor auf ihre Fahigkeit getestet, Vollgeschwister von Halbgeschwistern und Fremden zu unterscheiden. Ausschlieslich mit Geschwistern aufgezogene Kaulquappen schlossen sich Geschwistern an, nicht aber fremden Nicht-Geschwistern. Das liegt aber nicht nur am Bekanntsein, denn sie machten keinen Unterschied zwischen bekannten und unbekannten Geschwistern. Auch Kaulquappen, die von fruhen Embryonal-stadien an isoliert aufwuchsen, verhielten sich so; Geschwisterbevorzugung bedarf also keiner nach-embryonalen Erfahrung. Isoliert aufgewachsene Kaulquappen bevorzugten Vollgeschwister signifikant gegenuber Halbgeschwistern vaterlicherseits, nicht aber gegenuber solchen mutterlicherseits. Es scheint, das ein nicht-genetischer, von der Mutter stammender Faktor fur die Geschwistererkennung masgeblich ist. Kaulquappen, die standig Kontakt mit Geschwistern und Fremden hatten, zogen Geschwister nicht den bekannten Fremden vor. Diesen Unterschied machten sie aber, wenn sie zunachst nur Kontakt mit Geschwistern hatten und erst spater auch Kontakt mit Fremden bekamen. Wuchsen sie in Kontakt mit Geschwistern und Nicht-Geschwistern auf, so schlossen sie sich nicht an Geschwister an, wenn sie spater in reinen Geschwistergruppen gehalten wurden. Es scheint, das Kaulquappen fruh in der Ontogenese im Kontakt mit Art-genossen Merkmale von diesen erlernen und sich spater an solche Individuen halten, die diese Merkmale aufweisen. (Oder sie nehmen im Kontakt dieses Merkmal selber an und weisen dann alle dasselbe Kennzeichen auf.) Kaulquappen, die ausschlieslich mit Geschwistern aufwuchsen, Ziehen diese alien Fremden vor, gleichgultig ob die Fremden aus dem gleichen oder einem anderen Laichgewasser stammen. Im Wahlversuch ziehen sie aber Fremde aus dem gleichen Gewasser vor. Das deutet darauf hin, das Kaulquappen aus dem gleichen Gewasser naher miteinander verwandt sind als solche aus verschiedenen Gewassern.
Direct blood pressure monitoring

Veterinary care has continued to advance by implementing more of the equipment and techniques that are commonly used in human medicine. This includes the placement of arterial catheters and pulmonary artery catheters and continuous monitoring of arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. This article describes the technique for placement of appropriate catheters, the equipment that is needed, and the waveforms that are obtained when measuring direct arterial pressures, central venous pressures, and pulmonary arterial pressures.
Musings on Relevance and Rigor of Scholarly Research in Marketing

Questions pertaining to the relevance and rigor (or lack thereof) of scholarly research in business disciplines have been the focus of numerous articles in academic journals (Ruback and Innes 1988; Shrivastava 1987; Thomas and Tymon 1982; Wells 1993a) and commentaries in the business press (Byrne 1990; Jennings 1994). Assessments of academic research in the business disciplines that have appeared in the business press have been particularly critical, characterizing most published research as lacking managerial relevance. Business school professors are often exhorted to engage in managerially relevant research and chastised for pursuing research endeavors that apparently lack such relevance (Byrne 1990; Jennings 1994). 1
Parameter Identification in Degradation Modeling by Reversible-Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo

In this work, the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo technique is applied for identifying the parameters governing stochastic processes of component degradation. Two case studies are examined concerning the evolution of deteriorating systems whose parameters undergo step changes in time. The method turns out to be capable of identifying the instances of change in behavior, and of estimating the parameter values. A Bayesian updating strategy is proposed to refine the parameter estimates as new data are made available.
Implementation of a discretionary access control model for script-based systems

Powerful applications can be implemented using command scripts. A command script is a program written by one user, called a writer, and made available to another user, called the reader, who executes the script. For instance, command scripts could be used by Mosaic, the popular World-wide Web browsing tool, to provide fancy interfaces to services, such as banking, shopping, etc. However, the use of command scripts presents a serious security problem. A command script is run with the reader's access rights, so a writer can use a command script to gain unauthorized access to the reader's data and applications. Existing solutions to the problem either severely restrict I/O capability of scripts, limiting the range of applications that can be supported, or permit all I/O to scripts, potentially compromising the security of the reader's data. We define a discretionary access control model that permits users to flexibly limit the access rights of the processes that execute a command script. We use this model in a prototype system that safely executes command scripts available from Mosaic.
A W-Band RF-MEMS Sliding Termination for Six-Port Reflectometer Calibration

This paper presents the implementation of a W-band RF-MEMS sliding termination for use in calibrating a six-port network analyzer. This sliding termination is based on the distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) phase shifter. A novel through-the-substrate biasing technique is introduced for the microstrip phase shifter. This technique is based on a quarter-wavelength open stub acting as both an RF short as well as a capacitor in series with the MEMS bridge capacitance. Because of the series capacitor, the bridge capacitance ratio has been increased from 1.2 to 1.35. The measured results demonstrate from 82deg phase shift at 75 GHz to 205.6deg phase shift at 110 GHz
Molecular analysis of the interface of poly(ether-ether-ketone) and the basal plane of graphite single crystals

The interfacial interaction of the basal plane of graphite single crystals and poly(aryl-ether-etherketone) (PEEK) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR-RAS). PEEK melt-quenched on the basal plane of a graphite single crystal does not show preferential orientation. However, upon annealing, the polymer chains crystallize perpendicularly to the basal plane of the graphite single crystal. The rate of this surface-induced orientation during crystallization is found to be dependent on the film thickness. These results were verified by using model compounds of PEEK and by calculations based on optical theories.
Optical neural network for engineering design

An optical neural-network architecture is proposed that captures engineering design expertise and makes it available to designers. The network and its use as an associative memory are described. A novel fast learning algorithm is shown to be orders-of-magnitude faster than backpropagation. Reasons are presented for the feasibility of an optical implementation that uses novel optical devices. A structural example illustrates how engineering design expertise is captured and recovered from the network. >
High-frequency large-signal physical modeling of microwave semiconductor devices

High frequency characterization of microwave semiconductor devices is presented based on physical modeling. The active device is simulated using a fast and accurate model based on the hydrodynamic equations which simulate the behavior of short gate field-effect transistors (FETs). The device response is analyzed as a function of the input signal frequency and its amplitude. >
CHANGES IN THE DNA SYNTHESIS PATTERN OF PARAMECIUM WITH INCREASED CLONAL AGE AND INTERFISSION TIME

The clonal age in paramecia refers to the total number of vegetative divisions a clone has undergone since its origin at autogamy (self-fertilization) . As clonal age increases, the interfission time usually increases . The DNA synthesis pattern of cells of different ages was compared by autoradiographic analysis of the DNA synthesis of synchronized cells at various time intervals during the cell cycle (from one division to the next) . The study showed that the G 1period (the lag in DNA synthesis post division) was constant, irrespective of interfission time or clonal age ; but the duration of the DNA synthesis period increased with increased interfission time or clonal age . Therefore, we have shown for the first time that the G 1 period is fixed, and the S period is increased in a eukaryotic unicellular organism as a function of interfission time and clonal age
Larval development rate predicts range expansion of an introduced crab

Introduced populations can cause ecologi- cal and economic damage and are diYcult to eradicate once they have established. It is therefore important to be able to predict both where species may become established and their capacity to spread within recipi- ent regions. Here, we use a new method to assess potential for intraregional spread of a marine crab introduced to North America, Carcinus maenas. We determined survivorship and development rates throughout a range of temperatures in the laboratory for C. maenas larvae from non-native populations on the Atlantic and PaciWc coasts of North America. The larvae exhibited narrower physiological tolerances than adults, and no lab-cultured larvae completed lar- val development below 10.0°C or above 22.5°C. Survi- vorship peaked at intermediate water temperatures of 12.5-20.0°C, and development time decreased with increasing temperatures within this range. Based upon these laboratory development rates, we used nearshore sea-surface temperature data from both coasts of North America to predict development times required for larvae at diVerent months and sites. Taken together, survivorship and development data indicate that C. maenas has the capacity to continue its north- ward spread and establish populations at numerous additional sites in North America. Moreover, decadal temperature data at two Alaskan sites predicted little variability in development duration across years, sug- gesting that development duration predictions are robust to interannual water temperature diVerences.
A Broad-Based and In-Depth Overview of the Neuropsychiatry of Stroke

The Clinical Neuropsychiatry of Stroke: Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional Disorders following Vascular Brain Injury. Second Edition, by Robert G. Robinson. 2006. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 470 pp., $150.00 (HB)Many researchers have explored the development of emotional and psychiatric disorders following stroke. Few individuals, however, have dedicated years of clinical research to the topic or have the depth of knowledge required to critically evaluate the existent large body of literature. In the second edition of The Neuropsychiatry of Stroke, Dr. Robert Robinson eloquently summarizes and reviews major findings, including his own work and that of other investigators of emotional and psychiatric functioning after stroke and other brain injuries. In the first edition of The Clinical Neuropsychiatry of Stroke (1998), Robinson explored factors associated with the development of neuropsychiatric disorders following stroke. In this second edition, the original text is updated with recent studies on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as poststroke depression, mania, and anxiety. A cogent argument is presented for a second edition, noting that the number of publications related to poststroke depression alone between 1998 and 2004 had more than doubled compared to the prior 7-year period (1990 to 1997).
A Device for Measuring the Body of Cream Cheese

During a s tudy of the physical properties of cream cheese it became necessary to measure the consistency or body of the different samples. Several methods which had been used for measuring the consistency of but ter were tried without success. Among these methods were penetrat ion tests based on a fall ing ball or needle (1) and a crushing test (2). The apparatus of Valentine and Sargent (3) was also investigated. The most satisfactory method found was a modification of the method and apparatus described by Sommer and Matsen (4) for the measuring of curd strength in milk. Their apparatus was modified by substituting a specially designed plunger for the curd knife of their apparatus.
Heat shock proteins and scavenger receptors : Role in adaptive immune responses

Tumor-derived heat shock proteins have shown promise as anti-cancer vaccines in clinical trials. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) can generate potent anti-tumor immunity and elicit antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in murine studies. Antigen presenting cells (APC), such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), can elicit antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses mediated by HSPs. CD91 was the first identified endocytic scavenger receptor for HSPs on APC that can facilitate the process of cross-presentation. Other scavenger receptors may also play a similar role in this process. The present review critically evaluates the identified HSP endocytic receptors on APCs that may generate adaptive immune responses. A better understanding of this interaction between HSPs and APCs may further unravel mechanisms of immunoadjuvant function of HSPs.
The biology of digital organisms

Digital organisms are self-replicating computer programs that mutate and evolve. They can be thought of as a domesticated form of computer virus that lives in, and adapts to, a controlled environment. Digital organisms provide a unique opportunity with which to study evolutionary biology in a form of life that shares no ancestry with carbon-based life forms, and hence to distinguish general principles of evolution from historical accidents that are particular to biochemical life. In terms of the complexity of their evolutionary dynamics, digital organisms can be compared with biochemical viruses and bacteria. Recent studies of digital organisms have addressed long-term evolutionary adaptation and the growth of complexity in evolving systems, patterns of epistatic interactions in various genetic backgrounds, and quasi-species dynamics.
Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for a rat liver glutathione S-transferase Yb subunit

Abstract We have isolated a Yb-subunit cDNA clone from a GSH S-transferase (GST) cDNA library made from rat liver polysomal poly(A) RNAs. Sequence analysis of one of these cDNA, pGTR200, revealed an open reading frame of 218 amino acids of Mr = 25,915. The deduced sequence is in agreement with the 19 NH2-terminal residues for GST-A. The sequence of pGTR200 differs from another Yb cDNA, pGTA/C44 by four nucleotides and two amino acids in the coding region, thus revealing sequence microheterogeneity. The cDNA insert in pGTR200 also contains 36 nucleotides in the 5' noncoding region and a complete 3' noncoding region. The Yb subunit cDNA shares very limited homology with those of the Ya or Yc cDNAs, but has relatively higher sequence homology to the placental subunit Yp clone pGP5. The mRNA of pGTR200 is not expressed abundantly in rat hearts and seminal vesicles. Therefore, the GST subunit sequence of pGTR200 probably represents a basic Yb subunit. Genomic DNA hybridization patterns showed a complexity consistent with having a multigene family for Yb subunits. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the Ya, Yb, Yc, and Yp subunits revealed significant conservation of amino acids (approximately 29%) throughout the coding sequences. These results indicate that the rat GSTs are products of at least four different genes that may constitute a supergene family.
Amorphous silicon photovoltaics: order from disorder

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell technology has matured to a stage where there is currently a production of 30 MW peak/year. The progress is due to the continuous advances made in new materials, cell designs, and large area deposition techniques for mass production. The absence of long-range order, which is present in crystalline materials, has profound consequences on the properties of a-Si as a photovoltaic material, which exhibits both similarities as well as striking differences from crystalline silicon. It has also offered not only characteristics which make it excellent for thin film solar cells but also provides great flexibility in the design of different solar cell structures and in the manufacturing of large area monolithic modules. A review is presented of the nature and properties of a-Si based materials as well as an "ordered" evolution of solar cell structures which led to the continuous improvement in their performance and stability.
Carotenoid Metabolism and Health in Pregnancy and Lactation

Carotenoids derived entirely from the mother are important sources of provitamin A for the fetus and the young infant, making adequate carotenoid intake in pregnancy and lactation critical.
War against the planet

The bombing has begun. Kabul is being bombed. So say the television anchors and the newspapers—all in passive voice, all with an air of inevitability.I can hear whispers from my neighbors: finally, it is here, and I hope it goes away soon. We don't want to be burdened by it, for it may force us to make moral choices that are far too uncomfortable. Better to pretend that it is has not happened, or else that its inevitability makes it inconsequential.There is more activity when a storm is on the horizon, when most folk rush to the supermarket to buy provisions and to fill their cars with gas.Tons of firepower drop from Herat to Jalalabad—cars line up from Kabul to Peshawar through the Khyber Pass, like a row of fireflies, unsure if the border will be open or closed. During the entire eighteenth century, one-and-a-half million people crossed the ocean from England to the Americas. In three weeks, about this number of Afghans have made their way to a neighboring country, eager to get out before the bombardmen...
This SOX: Combating Public Charity Fraud with Sarbanes-Oxley

In the wake of the corporate scandals of the Enron era, Congress delivered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) to bolster confidence in our nation’s financial system. To save the system and protect the investing public from corporate abusers, Congress created a capable “toolkit” within SOX to fight fraud and enhance disclosure. Sarbanes-Oxley has been effective in stemming the tide of corporate malfeasance. Currently, only for-profit, publicly traded companies are subject to SOX. But corporate fraud does not stop at the door of the nonprofit world. Fraud within nonprofit corporations is a widespread problem, and nonprofits – particularly large public charities – share many similarities (the good and the bad) with their for-profit cousins. By drawing a parallel comparison between large public charities and publicly traded companies, this Article makes the case that the strong governance principles encapsulated by Sarbanes-Oxley should also be imposed on large public charities.While others have either argued against applying SOX to nonprofits or have cautiously advocated this approach because of the diverse and varying missions of nonprofits, this article particularly singles out large public charities and demonstrates that SOX is an ideal regulator for this group. While state governments and the IRS both engage in nonprofit regulation, the current regime suffers from a lack of resources and enforcement measures to be truly effective. This is where SOX can help. So much of what Sarbanes-Oxley accomplishes is self-reporting and a governance structure that promotes independence and transparency. Because of this, Sarbanes-Oxley is considered best practices for large entities, and is voluntarily followed by many public charities.Extending SOX would not be as large a leap as previously imagined. The parallel to large public charities is this: there is a disconnect between the stakeholders of a nonprofit and its directors and management. Within this gap lies the great potential for abuse and fraud. The economic impact of the nonprofit sector upon the American economy is no small thing, much less its social impact. To protect this vulnerable system and combat nonprofit abuse, this Article contends that Congress should take notice of the problem and address it using the same “toolkit” it already created when it addressed fraud among publicly traded companies.
Spatial pulse shape discrimination response of an organic-liquid scintillator using a collimated source

The separation of neutron and gamma-ray events in organic-liquid scintillators is of significant importance for nonproliferation applications. Typically pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique is used to differentiate neutron distribution from gamma-ray distribution. However, one of the challenges remains whether the scintillator's PSD is affected with respect to the particle interaction position. This can be studied by mapping the detector's PSD performance by discriminating neutron from gamma-rays as a function of the particle interaction position within its active volume. This is useful for developing procedures for improved data analysis and simulations. This paper presents the PSD response of an organic-liquid scintillator with respect to the position of neutron and gamma-ray interactions. A 252Cf source was used to collect neutron and gamma-ray pulses in 25 × 25 × 8.2 cm3 BC-501A liquid scintillator. The detector's spatial PSD responses are analyzed with Pb and polyethylene collimators having 6-mm aperture. Figure-of-merits are then computed from their respective PSDs to quantify the detector's PSD response with respect to the particle interaction position. Based on the findings, the spatial PSD response for all positions are within 5% to the PSD response at the detector's center position.
John McKendry, et al., The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin

(1966). John McKendry, et al., The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. Art Journal: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 222-222.