cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System and National Fire Danger Rating System fire indices derived from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model data for the June 2005 Interior Alaska wildfires

Standard indices of the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) are calculated from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model forecasts and observations in Interior Alaska for June 2005. Fire indices determined from WRF results of all forecast-leads and the ensemble do not differ statistically significantly from those calculated from observations. WRF-derived CFFDRS and NFDRS fire indices capture the temporal evolution of fire indices calculated from observations acceptably. Sensitivity to errors in meteorological forecasts differs for the various fire indices. Failure to predict a peak does not necessarily occur at the same time for the various indices within and/or among the two systems. Predicted buildup-index and spread component capture trends, the time of peaks and minima most reliably. Overall for the CFFDRS the lowest relative errors exist for fine fuel moisture content followed by buildup-index while for the NFDRS the lowest relative errors occur for energy release component followed by burning index. When fire indices are calculated from meteorological forecasts predicting fire risk and identifying the right site becomes more difficult as fire risk increases. Fire risk forecast skill depends on meteorological forecast-lead slightly for energy release rate and ignition component and notably for all CFFDRS-indices except fine fuel moisture content.
Case-control studies of genotypic relative risks using children of cases as controls.

The use of a child as a case's control in a case-control study of genetic factors may be advantageous in some situations. We describe three methods of analysing such data. A method based upon the unconditional likelihood using case/child pairings apparently is the most efficient method. However, a conditional likelihood method using case/child pairs is more robust in that it allows for heterogeneity of the genetic trait among subpopulations as long as matings occur only within the same subpopulation. We argue that the child can be considered a genetic surrogate for the missing spouse and hence such designs are as valid as are those using spouses.
Copolymerization of methyl esters of unsaturated C18 fatty acids

In order to assay the possibilities of making high polymers from linseed oil, the copolymerizations of styrene with the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linolenic acids were studied at 60–130C and copolymerizations of the last three esters with acrylonitrile were studied at 60C. Appropriate free radical initiators were employed in all cases. The esters without conjugated unsaturation show little tendency to enter a copolymer with styrene, but copolymers containing up to 40% by weight of conjugated linoleate can be obtained. Linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linoleic esters copolymerize readily with acrylonitrile. Products containing up to 45 mole %, 80 wt %, of the conjugated ester can be made. However, methyl eleostearate, with three conjugated double bonds, inhibits the polymerization of both styrene and acrylonitrile. Quantitative comparisons of the behaviors of the esters are made through the copolymerization equation. The probable performance of these and other vinyl monomers in copolymerization with linseed oil is discussed.
Time trends in the prevalence of atherosclerosis: a population-based autopsy study☆

Abstract PURPOSE: Mortality from coronary heart disease is declining but little is known about trends in the prevalence of atherosclerosis. Autopsy rates in Olmsted County, Minnesota, are higher than the national average, offering an opportunity to address this matter. In this study, we determined the prevalence of anatomic coronary disease among autopsied Olmsted County residents and examined the generalizability of these findings. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Reports of the 2,562 autopsies performed between 1979 and 1994 on Olmsted County residents ≥20 years of age were reviewed for the presence of coronary disease. RESULTS: Among autopsied decedents less than 60 years old at death and among coroner's cases, the prevalence of anatomic coronary disease declined with time ( P for trend=0.05); no trend was detected among older persons or noncoroner's cases. By logistic regression analysis, the crude odds ratio ([OR] per 5 years) for the association between time and anatomic coronary disease was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86 to 1.03; P = 0.18]. Age, sex, and antemortem diagnosis of heart disease were also strongly related to the presence of disease. After adjustment for sex and antemortem diagnosis of heart disease, the prevalence of anatomic coronary disease decreased more in younger people than in older people (age 40 years: OR 0.43 [95% CI: 0.24 to 0.80]; age 60 years: OR 0.62 [95% CI: 0.45 to 0.87]; age 80 years: OR 0.89 [95% CI: 0.64 to 1.23]). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anatomic coronary disease at autopsy decreased between 1979 and 1994, particularly among younger people, supporting the notion that the burden of coronary disease has shifted toward the elderly. These results suggest that the decreased incidence of coronary artery disease has contributed to the recent decrease in coronary mortality, particularly among younger people.
Survival of pathogenic microorganisms on human skin.

This study was designed to establish in vivo the possible presence of antimicrobial substance(s) in human skin. If such agents are present on the skin surface, their removal might allow increased multiplication of applied organisms. One forearm was washed repeatedly for 5 minutes with lipid solvents; the other served as the control. The organisms applied (3 × 10 3 -7 × 10 4 in 0.01 ml Ringer's solution) on the forearms were not allowed to dry and were covered immediately with plastic protective cups for 5 hours. The microorganisms were harvested using a modified Pachtman-Burtenshaw method. With Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes , acetone washed forearms had 2- to 510-fold more organisms than the control arm (P = 0.0008 and 0.08, respectively). Similar results were noted with ether (average 1:62, p=0.005). Candida albicans increased 2- to 200-fold (average 1:37, p=0.002). This effect did not occur with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P = 0.8). To determine the time required for natural replenishment of the antimicrobial substances, bacteria were applied 2, 3, and 5 hours after washing with acetone. Increased numbers were seen at 2 (P = 0.04), but not at 5 (P = 0.2) hours. On the contrary, microbial flora removed by acetone washing were not restored during the 5 hour period. Regional variation studies showed that the forehead did not inhibit S. aureus persistence (as did the forearms) (P = 0.003). Forearms treated with acetone and the extracts not removed did not show increase of S. aureus counts when compared with untreated arms (average ratio 1 : 1, p=0.6). When acetone extracts of the skin surface were removed, evaporated, and then replaced on the skin, the increased bacterial counts noted above were no longer found.
Plant sterols and stanols: Their role in health and disease

Mammalian physiological processes, and likely any organism with a biliary tree, can distinguish between dietary cholesterol and non-cholesterols, retaining very little of the non-cholesterol in their bodies. Historically, the distinction between plant sterols and cholesterol has been known about for a century or more. That plants sterols were not 'absorbed' has been investigated for almost half a century. Indeed, the oral of plant sterols in gram quantities was shown to interfere with cholesterol absorption and is one of the oldest pharmacological therapies for hypercholesterolemia. Although the basis for the latter was shown to be caused by exclusion of cholesterol from intestinal micelles by plant sterols, it was not until the identification of the a rare genetic disease, sitosterolemia, first described in 1974, that led to the hypothesis that specific molecular mechanism(s) governed both the entry and excretion of sterols by the body. This talk will cover the physiology of dietary sterol metabolism, genetics and pathophysiology of sitosterolemia. Additionally, the role of plant sterols in normal and abnormal metabolism in humans as well as selected animal models will be discussed.
Identification of sterols and bile acids by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In mass spectrometry, sterols and bile acids form fragment ions characteristic of certain steroid structures. After separation of derivatized sterols or bile acids by the gas chromatograph and fragmentation in the mass spectrometer, data collected by the computer can be collated to provide a reconstructed gas chromatogram and a series of fragment ion current chromatograms in which the relative abundances of characteristic fragment ions are plotted vs time or scan number. Intensities of these fragment ions will be greatest and hence coincide with peak elution of unidentified sterols or bile acids. The use of known amounts of labeled appropriate sterols or bile acids permits quantitation of the identified sterol or bile acid.
Structure of the vacuolar ATPase by electron microscopy.

Abstract The structure of the vacuolar ATPase from bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicles has been determined by electron microscopy of negatively stained, detergent-solubilized enzyme molecules. Preparations of both lipid-containing and delipidated enzyme have been analyzed. The complex is organized in two major domains, a V1 and V0, with overall dimensions of 28 × 14 × 14 nm. The V1 is a more or less spherical molecule with a central cavity. The V0 has the shape of a flattened sphere or doughnut with a radius of about 100 A. The V1 and V0 are joined by a 60-A long and 40-A wide central stalk, consisting of several individual protein densities. Two kinds of smaller densities are visible at the top periphery of the V1, and one of these seems to extend all the way down to the stalk domain in some averages. Images of both the lipid-containing and the delipidated complex show a 30–50-kDa protein density on the lumenal side of the complex, opposite the central stalk, centered in the ring of c subunits. A large trans-membrane mass, probably the C-terminal domain of the 100-kDa subunita, is seen at the periphery of the c subunit ring in some projections. This large mass has both a lumenal and a cytosolic domain, and it is the cytosolic domain that interacts with the central stalk. Two to three additional protein densities can be seen in the V1-V0 interface, all connected to the central stalk. Overall, the structure of the V-ATPase is similar to the structure of the related F1F0-ATP synthase, confirming their common origin.
Successful Aging: From Phenotype to Genotype

Despite worldwide interest in the increasing human "healthspan," inadequate experimental attention has been dedicated to identifying genetic influences on successful aging beyond those that influence longevity alone. Although it is an under-studied topic, some promising leads have emerged from the existing genetic studies of successful aging. Here we describe the results of a systematic review of published family, twin, linkage, and association studies of successful aging that evaluated at least one other characteristic of healthy aging in addition to longevity. We identified 29 studies that met our criteria. Although methodological inconsistencies in sampling and phenotypes were frequent, we found evidence for a substantial genetic contribution to successful aging, including several specific genes (APOE, GSTT1, IL6, IL10, PON1, and SIRT3) that are promising candidates for future molecular genetic research. In addition to reviewing this literature, we provide recommendations for advancing our understanding of the genetic basis of successful aging.
What young children know about numbers

Two sources of evidence that young children know some things about number without the benefit of school instruction are reviewed: (a) Preschoolers follow counting principles in order to represent the numerical value of a display and can reason arithmetically about numbers they represent accurately; (b) children in the early primary grades achieve an understanding that there is no largest number and that numbers never end. It is suggested that early numerical abilities, like early language abilities, are universal cognitive abilities. The notion of number readiness in terms of Piagetian theory is discussed. Consideration is given to the kind of further research required to bridge the research findings and educational practice.
New Product Decisions in Stressed Markets: A Conceptual Model

This paper provides a conceptual model examining how firms make product decisions while under environmental stress. Stress creates an impetus to act, and the goal of those actions is different than...
Imaging of surface acoustic waves

A new experimental method has been devised that directly determines the group velocities of surface acoustic waves. A point source and a point detector are employed to measure the ultrasonic transmission across a solid surface as a continuous function of the propagation direction. Results for single pulses give the times-of-flight for both Rayleigh surface waves (RSW's) and pseudo-surface-waves (PSW's). Calculations and measurements of the group velocities of the surface waves on silicon show some unanticipated behavior: fluid loading qualitiatively changes the group velocity curves for both RSW and PSW. In particular, the RSW branch gains an additional component which we denote here as an induced Rayleigh wave (IRW). If a wave train is employed in the experiment, the analog of phonon focusing is observed for the ultrasonic waves, modified by “internal-diffraction” effects. Systematic measurements of the wave intensities on silicon as a function of propagation distance are consistent with expected acoustic losses into the surrounding water: the attenuation length of a wave depends on the mode and frequency. A survey of surface-wave images on other crystals is included in this study.
Can deterministic mechanical size effects contribute to fracture and microdamage accumulation in trabecular bone

Failure of bone under monotonic and cyclic loading is related to the bone mineral density, the quality of the bone matrix, and the evolution of microcracks. The theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics has commonly been applied to describe fracture in bone. Evidence is presented that bone failure can be described through a non-linear theory of fracture. Thereby, deterministic size effects are introduced. Concepts of a non-linear theory are applied to discern how the interaction among bone matrix constituents (collagen and mineral), microcrack characteristics, and trabecular architecture can create distinctively differences in the fracture resistance at the bone tissue level. The non-linear model is applied to interpret pre-clinical data concerning the effects of anti-osteoporotic agents on bone properties. The results show that bisphosphonate (BP) treatments that suppress bone remodeling will change trabecular bone in ways such that the size of the failure process zone relative to the trabecular thickness is reduced. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that suppress bone remodeling will change trabecular bone in ways such that the size of the failure process zone relative to the trabecular thickness is increased. The consequences of these changes are reflected in bone mechanical response and predictions are consistent with experimental observations in the animal model which show that BP treatment is associated with more brittle fracture and microcracks without altering the average length of the cracks, whereas SERM treatments lead to a more ductile fracture and mainly increase crack length with a smaller increase in microcrack density. The model suggests that BPs may be more effective in cases in which bone mass is very low, whereas SERMS may be more effective when milder osteoporotic symptoms are present.
Elastic-plastic expansion of 6061-T6 aluminum rings.

I a recent Note, the authors reported on the axisymmetric response of 6061-T6 aluminum rings which were compressed into the plastic regime. The rings were loaded by a short-duration magnetic pressure pulse, and the response was measured with strain gages. Measured strains were compared with theoretical results, and it was concluded that a detailed description of the material unloading phase was required for accurate response predictions. In this Note, 6061-T6 aluminum rings are expanded into the plastic regime. The experimental arrangement is described and measured strains are compared with theoretical predictions. Fig. 2b Current-time, Z l-/2; 29.1 ka/div, 2 //sec/div.
Regulatory T cells in HIV immunotherapy

Significant research has been conducted on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in HIV infection. To date, however, it is not clear whether Tregs play a detrimental role or a beneficial role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. In fact, a number of immunotherapeutic strategies to control HIV infection have revealed a possible antagonistic role for Tregs. This necessitates investigating ways to counteract the suppressive function, such as through Treg depletion or blockade of specific Treg immunosuppressive mechanisms, without further increasing the cellular immune activation associated with chronic HIV infection. Simply applying Treg immunotherapeutic strategies used in diseases other than HIV may pose problems due to the complexity of HIV immunopathogenesis. Studies are therefore necessary to elucidate the different immunoregulatory networks in HIV infection in order to determine the specific cellular or molecular pathways that can be altered to boost the body's immune control of HIV.
A biochemical simulation system

Abstract A computing system capable of simulating the behavior of metabolic pathways is presented. The system employs (1) a powerful, biochemical language to formulate the model, (2) a conventional numerical technique to solve the rate equations, and (3) an interactive graphic capability to aid in analyzing and modifying the model. Application of the system to the field of purine metabolism has begun.
Convection-enhanced delivery to the central nervous system

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a bulk flow-driven process. Its properties permit direct, homogeneous, targeted perfusion of CNS regions with putative therapeutics while bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Development of surrogate imaging tracers that are co-infused during drug delivery now permit accurate, noninvasive real-time tracking of convective infusate flow in nervous system tissues. The potential advantages of CED in the CNS over other currently available drug delivery techniques, including systemic delivery, intrathecal and/or intraventricular distribution, and polymer implantation, have led to its application in research studies and clinical trials. The authors review the biophysical principles of convective flow and the technology, properties, and clinical applications of convective delivery in the CNS.
GOLDMAN ON KNOWLEDGE AS TRUE BELIEF

Alvin Goldman contends that, in addition to the familiar sense or use of the term “knowledge” according to which knowledge is at least true justified belief, there is a weaker yet strict sense or use of the term “knowledge” according to which knowledge amounts to nothing more than information-possession or mere true belief. In this paper, I argue that Goldman has failed to show that there is such a weaker sense, and that, even if he had shown this, he has not shown that this putative weaker sense is a strict one by his own criterion for strictness.
Synthesis and Alkali Metal Picrate Extraction Studies of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Crown Ethers Bridged at the Lower Rim with Pyridyl Units

Abstract The syntheses of pyridyl containing calix[4]arene receptors (4, 5, and 11) that adopt the cone conformation are reported. The complexation properties of these host molecules were estimated via the results of alkali metal picrate extraction experiments. A singly-bridged bis-calix[4]arene, i.e. 4 does not appear to be an efficient alkali metal picrate extractant. A doubly-bridged bis-calix[4]arene, i.e. 5, displays elevated extraction avidity toward Rb+ and Cs+ picrates when compared with that of 4. A pyridyl containing calix[4]arene-crown-5, i.e. 11, shows improved avidity and selectivity toward extraction of K+ and Rb+ picrates vis-a-vis the corresponding behavior of 4 and 5.
Extendability of proper holomorphic mappings and global analytic hypoellipticity of the ∂̄-Neumann problem

Abstract In this communication, the proof of the following theorem is sketched: If D1 is a bounded domain in Cn with real analytic boundary whose ∂-Neumann problem is globally real analytic hypoelliptic and f is a proper holomorphic mapping of D1 onto a second bounded domain D2 in Cn with real analytic boundary, then the mapping f extends to be holomorphic in a neighborhood of ¯D1. The proof relies on a transformation formula for the Bergman projection under proper holomorphic mappings.
Modeling of plasma/lithium-surface interactions in NSTX: Status and key issues

Abstract We are studying lithium sputtering, evaporation, transport, material mixing, and surface evolution for the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) for various surfaces and plasma conditions. Lithium modeling is complex, particularly for NSTX short pulse, multiple material, variable plasma conditions. Cases examined include: (1) liquid lithium divertor (LLD) with planned high heating power/low- D -recycle plasma, (2) non-pumping/high-recycle solid or liquid divertor surface, (3) Li and C impingement on a molybdenum surface. An impurity erosion/redeposition code package is the overall integration tool, with sputter yield and velocity distributions from binary collision mixed-material codes, sheath code input for NSTX boundary conditions, and inputs of plasma edge solutions from external data-calibrated plasma fluid codes. Analysis predictions are generally favorable, showing non-runaway lithium self-sputtering, acceptable net erosion (∼5 nm/s), and moderate edge (∼10%) and core plasma (∼0.1–1%) Li contamination, for the cases studied. A Mo divertor surface is significantly affected by C and Li impingement but with low core plasma contamination predicted for a high-recycle edge plasma.
Spatial Prediction of Landslide Hazard Using Fuzzy k-means and Dempster-Shafer Theory

Landslide databases and input parameters used for modeling landslide hazard often contain imprecisions and uncertainties inherent in the decision-making process. Dealing with imprecision and uncertainty requires techniques that go beyond classical logic. In this paper, methods of fuzzy k -means classification were used to assign digital terrain attributes to continuous landform classes whereas the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence was used to represent and manage imprecise information and to deal with uncertainties. The paper introduces the integration of the fuzzy k -means classification method and the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence to model landslide hazard in roaded and roadless areas illustrated through a case study in the Clearwater National Forest in central Idaho, USA. Sample probabilistic maps of landslide hazard potential and uncertainties are presented. The probabilistic maps are intended to help decisionmaking in effective forest management and planning.
Oxidative Stress in the Spinal Cord of Dogs and Cats

Oxidative stress in spinal cord disease is considered a secondary mechanism of injury following a primary traumatic event such as vertebral fracture or intervertebral disk protrusion (intervertebral disk disease). The primary spinal cord injury often results in decreased perfusion of the spinal cord due to compression from bone, disk, hematoma, or granuloma. This decreased blood flow to the cord, or ischemia, causes neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils to release reactive oxygen species among other inflammatory mediators. Oxidative enzymes are upregulated in the spinal cord following any injury and are a major source of oxidative damage for weeks by stimulating inflammatory cells to release more reactive oxygen species, perpetuating the cycle of oxidative damage. A multiarmed therapeutic approach may be needed in the treatment of spinal cord injury that encompasses all or at least several of the major mechanisms of injury, namely, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, increased intracellular Ca2+, and oxidative stress. These mechanisms lead to cell death through a loss of energy production, damage to nucleic acids and proteins, and apoptosis. Experimentally and in clinical trials, corticosteroids and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) have had limited success. Other free radical scavengers such as derivatives of acetylsalicylic acid and sulfasalazine, or aldehyde free radical scavengers are currently being investigated.
Is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 a good therapeutic target for blockade of glucocorticoid actions?

In 1950, the Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to two chemists and a physician for the discovery and use of cortisone, a classic prohormone devoid of inherent glucocorticoid activity (1). This steroid was active because of its transformation, by reduction of the 11-keto into an 11-hydroxyl group, to cortisol, the natural human glucocorticoid. Since then, we have learned a great deal about cortisone and cortisol and the enzymes that catalyze their inter-conversion to each other in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid target tissues. In general, two enzymes catalyze these reactions. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) type 1 is responsible for potentiating the actions of glucocorticoids in many target tissues by converting cortisone to cortisol. In contrast, 11β-HSD type 2 works in the opposite direction and is responsible for converting cortisol into cortisone. This enzyme protects the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) from the effects of cortisol, which has a high binding affinity for this receptor and inherent mineralocorticoid activity. In this issue of PNAS, Sandeep et al. (2) suggest that use of a 11-β-HSD type 1 enzyme inhibitor could be useful in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in elderly men and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results are promising for a broad spectrum of potential therapeutic applications of such inhibitors but raise several questions as to whether such agents will ever reach clinical practice. These questions have to do with tissue specificity, dose optimization, and chronicity of therapy. Glucocorticoids are ubiquitous, highly pervasive nuclear hormones (3, 4). They exert their actions in almost all tissues, influencing the expression of a large proportion of the human genome. Binding of the glucocorticoid to its receptor is followed by a multistep process, ultimately changing the transcription rates of target genes. A large number of molecules participate directly or indirectly in the glucocorticoid signaling …
Occurrence of an exceptional catch of pelagic juvenile lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) off Point Reyes, California

An exceptionally large catch of pelagic juvenile lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) was made just offshore of Point Reyes, California in 1990. Results of 678 midwater trawls from annual surveys from 1983 to 1990 show that pelagic juvenile lingcod have a strong nearshore distri- bution and were most abundant in the Gulf of the Farallones, with a mean abundance of 5.0 per trawl. Otoliths from fish taken in the large catch were used to estimate parameters of a log-transformed Gompertz growth model, which was then used to calculate hatch dates. Hatching peaked around 24 March and ranged from 10 March to 19 April, implying a January- February spawning season for lingcod off central Cali- fornia. The large catch was associated with an anticyc- lonic eddy which would lead to water being trapped near the coast; convergence of fish associated with the eddy may have been due to either physical or biological effects.
Criteria for Evaluating the Significance of Developmental Research in the Twenty-First Century: Force and Counterforce.

Since its birth approximately 100 years ago, the field of child development has undergone fluctuations in the criteria used to determine which research topics are more or less worthy of study. The purpose of this paper is to identify the forces that influence how developmental research is prioritized and evaluated and how these influences are changing as we enter the new millennium. We do so by considering the developmental researcher in context and suggest that there will be increasing pressure to use new criteria when assessing the significance of twenty-first-century developmental science. We review the three most commonly used forms of research validity-internal, external, and ecological-and then identify new research validities that we believe are likely to play increasingly important roles in the next millennium. We also argue that many developmental scientists will increasingly be pressured by forces that are external to the traditional research environment and that these forces will shape the ways in which the significance of developmental research is evaluated.
Cross-Reactivity of Selected Compounds in the Abbott TDx | Cannabinoid Assay

Immunoassay procedures, both enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, continue to be widely used to screen samples for recent marijuana use by analyzing the urine samples for 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH) (the major urinary metabolite of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol [delta 9-THC]). Using commercially available immunoassay reagents, the cross-reactivity of the antiserum utilized in Abbott's TDx cannabinoid assay (a fluorescence polarization immunoassay) was evaluated. This cross-reactivity was evaluated against a group of cannabinoids and noncannabinoid phenolic constituents of Cannabis, some cannabinoid metabolites, and other agents that appear in normal urine samples. In general, the antiserum was equally reactive toward 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, its glucuronide, and the corresponding delta 8-isomer, which was the acid moiety utilized in standards and controls of the assay prior to January, 1990. Reduced binding to the antiserum was observed with hydroxylated derivatives of delta 9- and delta 8-THC, and the other cannabinoids, in general, exhibited limited binding potentials toward the antibody. For the noncannabinoid constituents, no binding was observed at the highest concentrations evaluated (40 mg/L).
Lipid-coated biodegradable particles as “synthetic pathogens” for vaccine engineering

The physicochemical context in which molecules are presented at the surfaces of microbes has tremendous implications for the immune response to vaccination. The spacing and mobility of molecules may control interactions of their receptors, influencing immune cell activation, pathogen uptake, and antigen processing. The chemical environment of antigens also influences the specificity of the humoral immune response, because antibodies recognize antigen in its three-dimensional shape and context. Finally, physical properties of antigen, such as diameter, impact immune response on both a cellular and tissue level. We have constructed “synthetic pathogens” consisting of a biodegradable core polymer coated by a lipid shell to mimic a bilayer-enveloped pathogen. Synthesized in an oil-in-water emulsion, these particles have an average diameter on the order of either 100 nm, mimicking a lipid-enveloped viral pathogen, or 1 micron, mimicking a bacterial pathogen. CryoEM reveals self-assembled lipid layers at the particle surface. With tunable chemical and physical properties, these particles can be used to study the importance of specific properties of biomaterials when used in vaccination. Because all components are biodegradable, the particles may provide a clinically applicable way of implementing structural features of microbes in synthetic vaccines.
Socio-economic, behavioural and environmental factors predicted body weights and household food insecurity scores in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten

Recent increases in obesity prevalence among children in developed countries are of policy concern. While significant positive associations between households' food insecurity status and body weights have been reported for adults, it is known from the energy physiology literature that energy requirements depend on BMR, anthropometric measures and physical activity. It is therefore important to model the bi-directional relationships between body weights and households' food insecurity scores especially for children that have evolving nutrient and energy requirements. The present paper estimated dynamic random effects models for children's body weights and BMI, and households' food insecurity scores using longitudinal data on 7635 children in the USA enrolled in 1st, 3rd and 5th grades (1999-2003) of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten. The main findings were, first, physical exercise and numbers of siblings were significantly (P < 0.05) negatively associated with body weights, while households' food insecurity score was not a significant predictor. Moreover, children's body weights were significantly lower in households with higher parental education and incomes; time spent watching television and in non-parental care were positively associated with weights. Second, models for households' food insecurity scores showed that poverty and respondents' poor emotional and physical health significantly increased food insecurity. Moreover, households with children who were taller and heavier for their ages faced significantly higher food insecurity levels. Overall, the results showed that household food insecurity was unlikely to exacerbate child obesity in the USA and it is important that children receive balanced school meals and perform higher physical activity.
Consistency of hand preference across low‐level and high‐level tasks in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Numerous studies investigating behavioral lateralization in capuchins have been published. Although some research groups have reported a population-level hand preference, other researchers have argued that capuchins do not show hand preference at the population level. As task complexity influences the expression of handedness in other primate species, the purpose of this study was to collect hand preference data across a variety of high- and low-level tasks to evaluate how task complexity influences the expression of hand preference in capuchins. We tested eleven captive brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to determine if they show consistent hand preferences across multiple high- and low-level tasks. Capuchins were expected to display high intertask consistency across the high-level tasks but not the low-level tasks. Although most individuals showed significant hand preferences for each task, only two of the high-level tasks that involved similar hand motions were significantly positively correlated, indicating consistency of hand preference across these tasks only. None of the tasks elicited a group-level hand preference. High-level tasks elicited a greater strength of hand preference than did low-level tasks. No sex differences were found for the direction or strength of hand preference for any task. These results contribute to the growing database of primate laterality and provide additional evidence that capuchins do not display group-level hand preferences. Am. J. Primatol. 70:254–260, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A thin layer chromatographic method for high volume screening of urine for methylphenidate abuse

A thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method for the high volume screening of urine for methylphenidate (Ritalin) abuse is presented. The method utilizes charcoal extraction of ritalinic acid from urine and a simple test-tube methylation step for the conversion of the ritalinic acid to methylphenidate. The methylphenidate is then subjected to a routine TLC drug procedure for subsequent qualitative identification.
Air Pollution Upregulates Endothelial Cell Procoagulant Activity Via Ultrafine Particle-Induced Oxidant Signaling and Tissue Factor Expression

Air pollution exposure is associated with cardiovascular events triggered by clot formation. Endothelial activation and initiation of coagulation are pathophysiological mechanisms that could link inhaled air pollutants to vascular events. Here we investigated the underlying mechanisms of increased endothelial cell procoagulant activity following exposure to soluble components of ultrafine particles (soluble UF). Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were exposed to soluble UF and assessed for their ability to trigger procoagulant activity in platelet-free plasma. Exposed HCAEC triggered earlier thrombin generation and faster fibrin clot formation, which was abolished by an anti-tissue factor (TF) antibody, indicating TF-dependent effects. Soluble UF exposure increased TF mRNA expression without compensatory increases in key anticoagulant proteins. To identify early events that regulate TF expression, we measured endothelial H2O2 production following soluble UF exposure and identified the enzymatic source. Soluble UF exposure increased endothelial H2O2 production, and antioxidants attenuated UF-induced upregulation of TF, linking the procoagulant responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Chemical inhibitors and RNA silencing showed that NOX-4, an important endothelial source of H2O2, was involved in UF-induced upregulation of TF mRNA. These data indicate that soluble UF exposure induces endothelial cell procoagulant activity, which involves de novo TF synthesis, ROS production, and the NOX-4 enzyme. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the adverse cardiovascular effects associated with air pollution exposure.
The preparation of tritium and deuterium-labelled camptothecin

The synthesis of d, l, -12-bromocamptothecin (2d) from camptothecin (1) is described. Reduction of the bromo derivative 2d with tritium gas in the presence of palladium on carbon afforded d, l-camptothecin 12-3H having a specific activity of 29 Ci/mmol. A simpler labelling procedure was subsequently discovered whereby deuterium in the presence of palladium on carbon reduced ring B of camptothecin and also exchanged the C-5 hydrogen with deuterium. The reduced camptothecin aromatized to camptothecin in the presence of air to give deuterium incorporation in the C-5 and C-7 positions.
Implications of temporal variation in maternal care for the prediction of neurobiological and behavioral outcomes in offspring

Previous studies in Long-Evans rats demonstrated a significant relationship between variation in pup licking/grooming and arched-back nursing (LG-ABN) and offspring development. However, maternal care is dynamic and exhibits significant temporal variation. In the current study, we assessed temporal variation in LG and ABN in lactating rats across the circadian cycle and determined the impact of these behaviors for the prediction of offspring hypothalamic gene expression, anxiety-like behavior, and responsiveness to a high fat diet (HFD). We find that distinguishing between dams that engage in stable individual differences in maternal behavior (Low, Mid, High) requires assessment across the light–dark phases of the light cycle and across multiple postpartum days. Among juvenile female offspring, we find a positive correlation between maternal LG and mRNA levels of estrogen receptor alpha and beta and the oxytocin receptor (when LG is assessed across the light–dark cycle or in the dark phase). In young adults, we find sex-specific effects, with female High LG offspring exhibiting increased exploration of a novel environment and increased latency to approach HFD, and male High LG offspring displaying increased activity in a novel environment and reduced HFD consumption. Importantly, these effects on behavior were primarily evident when LG was assessed across the light–dark cycle and ABN was not associated with these measures. Overall, our findings illustrate the dissociation between the effects of LG and ABN on offspring development and provide critical insights into the temporal characteristics of maternal behavior that have methodological implications for the study of maternal effects.
Model selection in ecology and evolution

Recently, researchers in several areas of ecology and evolution have begun to change the way in which they analyze data and make biological inferences. Rather than the traditional null hypothesis testing approach, they have adopted an approach called model selection, in which several competing hypotheses are simultaneously confronted with data. Model selection can be used to identify a single best model, thus lending support to one particular hypothesis, or it can be used to make inferences based on weighted support from a complete set of competing models. Model selection is widely accepted and well developed in certain fields, most notably in molecular systematics and mark-recapture analysis. However, it is now gaining support in several other areas, from molecular evolution to landscape ecology. Here, we outline the steps of model selection and highlight several ways that it is now being implemented. By adopting this approach, researchers in ecology and evolution will find a valuable alternative to traditional null hypothesis testing, especially when more than one hypothesis is plausible.
A Stigmergy-Based Model for Solving Cooperative Pursuit-Evasion Games in Unknown Environments

We describe our preliminary results for a novel emergent algorithm inspired by the phenomenon of stigmergy in insect colonies, to solve the n-collaborative pursuit-evasion game. Our initial results with different numbers of pursuers and evaders in a scenario simulated within the Webots environment, illustrate that pursuers using our emergent algorithm are able to detect different number of evaders with reasonable accuracy in various settings.
Emergency Physician Estimation of Blood Loss

Introduction Emergency physicians (EP) frequently estimate blood loss, which can have implications for clinical care. The objectives of this study were to examine EP accuracy in estimating blood loss on different surfaces and compare attending physician and resident performance.
Stimulation by thyroid hormone of phosphate transport in primary cultured renal cells.

The regulation by thyroid hormone of phosphate transport in primary cultured chick renal cells was examined. The more physiologically active L-analogs of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, but not the D-analogs of the hormones, stimulated the Na+ -dependent phosphate uptake system. Na+ -independent phosphate uptake and Na+ -dependent uptakes of α-methylglucoside and L-proline were unaffected. The increase in Na+ -dependent phosphate uptake was concentration dependent, exhibited an induction period, and was blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The stimulation of phosphate uptake by triiodothyronine was due to an increased Vmax rather than to an altered affinity for phosphate. These findings demonstrate that thyroid hormone acts directly on renal cells to modulate phosphate transport and suggest that the renal cell system may serve as a model to examine the mechanism by which thyroid hormone controls gene expression and regulates plasma membrane transport function.
Antimicrobial Effects of Stem Cells

Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown therapeutic promise for a wide range of conditions, excitement over their therapeutic potential has been tempered in some settings by concerns that they may be immunosuppressive and thus increase susceptibility to serious infections. Immunosuppressive effects of MSCs would be of particular concern if MSCs were used to treat conditions such as severe sepsis or infection-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), two conditions for which preclinical studies have suggested that MSCs may be beneficial. To address this concern, Lee and colleagues studied the effects of MSCs on lung injury, inflammation, and bacterial growth in an ex vivo perfused human lung model of infection-related ARDS. The experimental model in this study consisted of human lungs that were rejected for organ transplantation and kept perfused and ventilated to mimic normal lung physiologic function. Lung injury was induced with direct intralobar instillation of live bacteria. One to two hours later, MSCs (or normal human lung fibroblasts as controls) were instilled in the same manner or intravenously. As in the authors’ prior work in noninfectious models, MSCs improved the ability of the alveolar epithelium (lining of the lung) to clear fluid and reduced the neutrophil count in the lung airspaces. Furthermore, MSCs decreased the bacterial counts in the lung airspaces in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, MSCs were more effective than were intravenous antibiotics in improving the function of the lung epithelium and reducing bacterial counts in the airspaces and in the fluid perfusing the lung. Many of these effects appeared to be mediated in part by the effects of keratinocyte growth factor (which was secreted by MSCs) on monocytes. This paper uses a unique translational model to further allay concerns that MSCs may have untoward immunosuppressive effects when used to treat sequelae of severe infection. The direct comparison with antibiotic administration, always used clinically but less commonly used as an experimental control in lab-based studies, further enhances the clinical relevance, although how MSCs will compare with antibiotics in vivo in the setting of a functional immune system remains to be seen. Likewise, it remains unclear whether immunosuppressive effects of MSCs could enhance susceptibility to secondary infection, a common problem in hospitalized patients. Nevertheless, this study takes another step toward early-phase clinical trials of cell-based therapies for infectious and infection-related diseases, so that we may soon know whether the preclinical promise of MSC treatment has real clinical potential. J. W. Lee et al ., Therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells in ex vivo human lungs injured with live bacteria. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med ., published online 4 January 2013 (10.1164/rccm.201206-0990OC). [[PubMed]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292883?dopt=Abstract
Discussion of Analysis of Design from a Community of Practice Dialogue: Negotiating the Meaning of Auditing Information System Development

The purpose of this study is to investigate as individuals how and why to accept web storage service. Using the Technology Adoption Model2 (TAM2) as methodological framework, this research tries to experiment an empirical background on the acceptance of behavioral changes of an individual sa to information technological advances. The findings of this study are different from TAM2 in terms of job relevance and output quality. However, according to other elements of TAM2 such as result demonstrability, subjective norm, image, this srudy also confirms positive relationships toward technological acceptance. Especially, subjective norms shows the strongest influential factors when adopting technological changes.