cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady and transient thermal convection in a fluid layer with uniform volumetric energy sources

Measurements of the overall heat flux in steady convection have been made in a horizontal layer of dilute aqueous electrolyte. The layer is bounded below by a rigid zero-heat-flux surface and above by a rigid isothermal surface. Joule heating by an alternating current passing horizontally through the layer provides a uniformly distributed volumetric energy source. The Nusselt number at the upper surface is found to be proportional to Ra0[sdot ]227 in the range 1[sdot ]4 ≤ Ra/Rac ≤ 1[sdot ]6 × 109, which covers the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes. Eight discrete transitions in the heat flux are found in this Rayleigh number range. Extrapolation of the heat-transfer correlation to the conduction value of the Nusselt number yields a critical Rayleigh number which is within -6[sdot ]7% of the value given by linearized stability theory. Measurements have been made of the time scales of developing convection after a sudden start of volumetric heating and of decaying convection when volumetric heating is suddenly stopped. In both cases, the steady-state temperature difference across the layer appears to be the controlling physical parameter, with both processes exhibiting the same time scale for a given steady-state temperature difference, or [mid ]ΔRa[mid ]. For step changes in Ra such that [mid ]ΔRa[mid ] > 100Rac, the time scales for both processes can be represented by Fo [vprop ] [mid ]ΔRa[mid ]m, where Fo is the Fourier number of the layer. Temperature profiles of developing convection exhibit a temperature excess in the upper 15–20 % of the layer in the early stages of flow development for Rayleigh numbers corresponding to turbulent convection. This excess disappears when the average core temperature becomes large enough to permit eddy transport and mixing processes near the upper surface. The steady-state limits in the transient experiments yield heat-transfer data in agreement with the results of the steady-state experiments.
Comments on origin of solvent knight shifts in alloys

The various sources of changes in solvent Knight shifts upon alloying, and nonlinear effects are examined.
Issues, Coalitions, and Divided Government

This study analyzes House roll-call votes from 1957-1990 in order to assess the effects of divided government on support for the president's preferred legislation once it reaches the House floor. By disaggregating analysis into specific policy areas, the results demonstrate that the impact of divided government on presidential support varies systematically across policy areas by the degree to which the policy cross-cuts society. Broadly cross-cutting policy areas are more prone to partisan conflict and, hence, to the effects of divided government, while more sector-specific policy areas generate conflict along bipartisan and institutional lines as well as along partisan ones. Support scores on sector specific policies, as a result, are not significantly prone to the influence of divided government. The results suggest caution in drawing conclusions that imply a uniform impact of divided government or a single remedy to reform our system of government.
Estradiol inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone release is antagonized by serum proteins.

Abstract We tested the influence of protein binding upon the rapid 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) inhibitory effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) responsiveness to LH realeasing hormone (LHRH) in peri fused rat anterior pituitaries. LHRH pulses were given before 1 h after changing the perifusion medium to contain various combinations of protein and E 2 . In the absence of albumin an E 2 concentration of about 27pg/ml inhibited LH secretion in response to LHRH by 50% (judged from the change in secretion ratio, i.e. LH response to LHRH pulse no. 2 divided by that to pulse no. 1). Albumin (1 g/dl) and human plasma enhanced the self-priming effect of LHRH ( P 2 and LH secretion. These effects suggest a stimulatory effect of proteins on LH secretion which is independent of E 2 . However, proteins appear to antagonize the E 2 effect in part by binding E 2 . A total E 2 dose of 270 pg/ml or more was required to achieve about 50% inhibition of the LH secretion ratio in the presence of albumin. Since 20% of E 2 was unbound in the presence of albumin, the 50% effective dose of free E 2 was about 54 pg/ml. This closely approximates the comparably effective dose of E 2 in the absence of protein. Although a total E 2 concentration of 216 pg/ml was required for a 50%-inhibitory E 2 effect in the presence of heat-inactivated plasma, this was equivalent to between 28 and 37 pg/ml of free E 2 in these experiments. The effect of E 2 in a total dose of 216 pg/ml was attenuated more by the use of TEBG-positive plasma than of TEBG-negative (heat inactivated) plasma ( P 2 inhibitory effect upon LH responsiveness to LHRH is attenuated by albumin and TEBG to approximately the extent expected by binding of E 2 to these proteins. Our data are certainly contrary to those expected if either albumin or TEBG augmented this E 2 action. Our data support the concept that the bioavailable fraction of plasma sex steroids is that which is free from binding to plasma proteins.
VII.—THE PERILS OF PHYSICALISM

PHYSICALISM, relative to the mind-body identity thesis, has been fairly characterized as the thesis " that a person, with all his psychological attributes, is nothing over and above his body, with all its physical attributes ".1 Apart from the question of whether it is true, it is not entirely clear what would be sufficient to establish the truth of the thesis. I wish, in fact, to consider here, the difficulty of defending it in respects that appear not to have been regularly admitted in the literature. The signal benefit of physicalism, construed in the manner given, is that it appears to obviate an entire set of difficultiessaid to bear on the application of Leibniz's law-concerning what is attributable to mental states and physical states, to pains and brain states, for instance. For, what has regularly been noticed -as by J. J. C. Smart,2 Thomas Nagel,3 Jerry Fodor4-is that it seems that we cannot independently ascribe physical location to pains (the supporting arguments, here, tend to vary somewhat), whereas we seem to be able to locate physical states straightforwardly. Nagel, for one, summarizes the strategy conveniently:
1,4-Benzoquinone Reductase from the BasidiomycetePhanerochaete chrysosporium:Spectral and Kinetic Analysis

The reaction mechanism of a 1,4-benzoquinone reductase from the wood-rotting basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated. The native, oxidized, FMN-containing enzyme was reduced quantitatively by NADH and the resulting reduced enzyme was reoxidized in the presence of one equivalent of 2,6-di-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ). The stoichiometry of NADH oxidation versus DMBQ reduction is 1:1. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of quinones to hydroquinones by a ping-pong steady-state mechanism. However, inhibition is observed at low NADH concentrations. Quinone products derived from the autooxidation of the unstable compounds 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene and 5-chloro-2,3,4-trihydroxybenzene also appear to be substrates for the quinone reductase. The enzyme reduces the one-electron acceptors ferricyanide and ferricytochrome c (Cc3+) with rates of 58.4 and 0.08%, respectively, compared to DMBQ. The stoichiometry of NADH oxidation versus ferricyanide reduction is 1:2. In the presence of quinones the rates of Cc3+ and ferricyanide reduction are increased, owing to the nonenzymatic reduction of these acceptors by enzyme-generated hydroquinone products. Dicumarol and Cibacron blue are competitive inhibitors with respect to NADH, with Ki values of 2.1 and 0.30 microM, respectively. Reconstitution of the apoprotein with FMN yields a fully active enzyme at an FMN-to-protein ratio of 2:1, suggesting that the flavin content of the enzyme is two molecules of FMN per dimer.
Functional MRI evidence for a role of ventral prefrontal cortex in tinnitus

It has long been known that subjective tinnitus, a constant or intermittent phantom sound perceived by 10 to 15% of the adult population, is not a purely auditory phenomenon but is also tied to limbic-related brain regions. Supporting evidence comes from data indicating that stress and emotion can modulate tinnitus, and from brain imaging studies showing functional and anatomical differences in limbic-related brain regions of tinnitus patients and controls. Recent studies from our lab revealed altered blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to stimulation at the tinnitus frequency in the ventral striatum (specifically, the nucleus accumbens) and gray-matter reductions (i.e., anatomical changes) in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), of tinnitus patients compared to controls. The present study extended these findings by demonstrating functional differences in vmPFC between 20 tinnitus patients and 20 age-matched controls. Importantly, the observed BOLD response in vmPFC was positively correlated with tinnitus characteristics such as subjective loudness and the percent of time during which the tinnitus was perceived, whereas correlations with tinnitus handicap inventory scores and other variables known to be affected in tinnitus (e.g., depression, anxiety, noise sensitivity, hearing loss) were weaker or absent. This suggests that the observed group differences are indeed related to the strength of the tinnitus percept and not to an affective reaction to tinnitus. The results further corroborate vmPFC as a region of high interest for tinnitus research.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tinnitus Neuroscience.
Professional development through planning for and/or participating in an accreditation/approval review

The quality of delivery of health education services is connected to landmark events in the history of health education. Quality assurance is one type of professional development in which practicing health education specialists engage. This article presents the steps of an accreditation/approval process, brief overviews of the major accreditation/approval systems, and the opportunities within the accreditation/approval process for professional development.
Composite telescope technology

We report the development of optical mirrors based on polymer matrix composite materials. Advantages of this technology are low cost and versatility. By using appropriate combinations of polymers and various metallic and nonmetallic particles and fibers, the properties of the materials can be tailored to suit a wide variety of applications. We report the fabrication and testing of flat and curved mirrors made with metal powders, multiple mirrors replicated with high degree of uniformity from the same mandrels, cryogenic testing, mirrors made of ferromagnetic materials that can be actively or adaptively controlled by non-contact actuation, optics with very smooth surfaces made by replication, and by spincasting. We discuss development of a new generation of ultra-compact, low power active optics and 3D printing of athermal telescopes.
Economic considerations of the determination of investments for launch vehicle costs in the next two decades (1980–2000)

Abstract Investments in launch vehicle costs will be substantial in the next two decades, both in the RDT & E as well as the investment/operation phases. For Europe the “investment”; question is further complicated by the choice of (a) making full use of the Space Shuttle system or (b) further expansion and development of Shuttle independent space transportation capabilities. Considerations on future launch vehicle costs will be increasingly resolved on purely economic grounds: are the proposed investments economically efficient in the sense of the best use of these funds for space activities? Investments for reasosn of “prestige”; or “technology push” are probably better spent on payload programs, rather than space transportation systems. Economic considerations played a major factor in the choice of the space Shuttle system being developed in the United States. The economic considerations applied were: • • A comparison of space transportation systems (STS) costs of expendable vs reusable STSs of about $21 billion each (May 1979 dollars) • • The effects of different STSs on payload costs, including (1) RDT & E costs, (2) investment and operations costs and (3) on assured reliability of programs. (Repair, refurbishment, check-up capabilities) of about $63 billion (STS) and $76 billion (Expendables) respectively. These effects of STS on payload costs ($13 billion) often are lumped together under the term “payload effects”. They proved decisive in the choice of a Space Shuttle system, and the precise configuration now being developed and completed by NASA. Three economic evaluation approaches can be used separately or jointly when comparing space transportation system investments: • • Equal capability analyses • • Equal budget analyses • • New capability analyses. Looking ahead to investments into further launch vehicle developments in the 1980s and 1990s the same criteria will apply to any economic choice among rather expensive programs.
An expert systems approach to transducer selection and deployment

Abstract Expert systems, a topic of considerable recent interest, find application to those problems within a relatively narrow domain and involving a large degree of judgement, experience and intuition. In this paper, we address such a problem type, the selection and deployment of transducers to either acoustic or electromagnetic array slot positions. While an inherently combinatorically explosive problem, experienced design engineers have been able to develop heuristic rules so as to derive reasonably adequate development schemes—at least for problems of a relatively small scale. In this paper, we describe the development of a hybrid expert system approach to this problem that extends to even larger and more complex problems of transducer deployment—an approach verified on actual hardware.
Metabolic changes following sibutramine-assisted weight loss in obese individuals: Role of plasma free fatty acids in the insulin resistance of obesity

The relationship between insulin-mediated glucose disposal and daylong free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations before and after sibutramine-assisted weight loss was investigated in 24 healthy, normotensive, nondiabetic, obese women (body mass index [BMI] >30.0 kg/m(2)). The 24 volunteers were defined as being insulin-resistant (IR) or insulin-sensitive (IS) on the basis of their steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration in response to a 180-minute continuous intravenous infusion of octreotide, insulin, and glucose. The mean (+/- SEM) SSPG concentrations were significantly higher (P .001) and insulin (P =.02) concentrations, without a weight-loss-associated decrease in daylong plasma FFA responses. In contrast, there was no significant change in plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA concentrations following weight loss in the IS group. These results indicate that daylong FFA concentrations vary substantially in obese individuals as a function of whether they are IR or IS. Furthermore the observation that the IR group was more insulin-sensitive after weight loss, associated with lower daylong insulin concentrations in the absence of a significant decrease in circulating FFA concentrations, suggests that resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal in obese individuals cannot be entirely due to high FFA levels.
Modeling the winds and magnetospheres of active OB stars

After briefly reviewing the theory behind the radiative line-driven winds of OB stars, I examine the processes that can generate structure in them; these include both intrinsic instabilities, and surface perturbations such as pulsation and rotation. I then delve into wind channeling and confinement by magnetic fields as a mechanism for forming longer-lived circumstellar structures. With a narrative that largely follows the historical progression of the field, I introduce the key insights and results that link the first detection of a magnetosphere, over three decades ago, to the recent direct measurement of magnetic braking in a number of active OB stars.
Use of Magnetic Hyperfine Splitting to Determine Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ Ratios in Complex Silicate Minerals

THE determination of Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios in complex multi-component minerals poses a difficult and recurring problem for mineralogists. Conventional wet methods of analysis are difficult and they are commonly subject to errors that result from the accidental oxidation of Fe2+ while the specimen is being dissolved. Such methods can give no information concerning relative site occupancy among the various distinguishable crystallographic sites, which is often of interest. Consequently, attempts have been made to develop nondestructive methods of obtaining the desired information; of these, Mossbauer spectroscopy has been most prominent1,2.
Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) Infection in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients: Evidence of a Marrow-Suppressive Role for HHV-6 In Vivo

Sixteen adults were studied for the first 100 days after allogeneic bone marrow transplant to assess the pathogenic role of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection in patients with unexplained febrile illnesses. HHV-6 was directly isolated from the blood of 6 patients. Analysis of the clinical courses of these 16 patients revealed otherwise unexplained posttransplant marrow suppression in 5 patients. Idiopathic marrow suppression occurred more frequently in patients with concurrent HHV-6 viremia (4/6) than in those from whom HHV-6 was not isolated from peripheral blood (1/10, P < .05). An etiologic role for the virus was also supported by isolation of HHV-6 from the bone marrow of all 4 patients at the time of marrow suppression and by in vitro colony-forming unit (cfu) assays that demonstrated that HHV-6 could inhibit cfu-granulocyte-macrophage and burst-forming unit-erythroid growth from human bone marrow. By restriction enzyme mapping, all clinical isolates were type B, suggesting that bone marrow transplant recipients may be preferentially infected with and reactivate this HHV-6 subtype. This study implicates HHV-6 as a novel cause of bone marrow suppression in marrow transplant recipients.
Do Investigator Characteristics Affect Dietary Reports of Children

Abstract Nutritionists hold a widespread but largely undocumented assumption that persons intentionally bias their reports of food intake toward their perceptions of the responses desired by the questioner. To test this assumption, we conducted two studies in which the investigator could be perceived by the subjects as either an “approver” or a “disapprover.” We collected 24-hour recall food intake data from 500 ninth and tenth graders, half of whom we led to believe that the request came from a nutritionist and half, that the investigator was a television producer. In the second study, both a nutritionist and a peer interviewed 30 elementary school children for 24-hour dietary data. The food intake assessment methods were sufficiently sensitive to detect the expected differences between the intakes of boys and girls. However, in neither study did we find significant differences associated with approver or disapprover status of the investigator and the overall pattern of types or quantities of food items reported.
Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules Represent Lung Metastases in a Significant Portion of Patients Undergoing Liver Resection for Malignancy

Despite detection on imaging before resection of hepatic malignancies, the natural history of indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPN) is unknown. The objective of this study is to determine how often IPN detected on imaging before surgery for hepatic malignancies represent lung metastases. Demographics, comorbidities, tumor characteristics, and surgical treatments of patients with pre-operative IPN who underwent liver resection and/or radiofrequency ablation for malignant diagnoses were reviewed. From 2000 to 2010, 90 patients with at least one IPN underwent liver resection or radiofrequency ablation for malignancy. Of these, 44 (48.9 %), 32 (35.6 %), and 14 (15.6 %) patients had colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM), primary hepatobiliary malignancies (HB), and other cancers, respectively. The median number of IPN was 1. The median size was 4 mm. Twenty (22 %) patients had isolated lung recurrence after hepatic surgical therapy. Eighty percent occurred in the exact location of the pre-operative IPN. Isolated lung recurrence was more common among patients with CRCLM compared to those with HB and other cancers (42.9 vs. 9.4 vs. 14.3 %, p = 0.004). Pre-operatively detected IPN represent lung metastases in a substantial portion of patients undergoing surgery for hepatic malignancy. IPN are more likely to represent lung metastases in patients with CRCLM compared to those with primary HB and other cancers.
Effects of sex on formation and properties of plasma very low density lipoprotein in vivo

The concentration and composition of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipids and the behavior of the VLDL in a density gradient in the zonal ultracentrifuge were examined in plasma obtained from normal fed male and female rats before and after intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339. Concentration of lipids in plasma VLDL of female rats was about half that of male animals. Following injection with Triton WR-1339, the concentration of VLDL lipids was higher in female rats (triacylglycerol) or similar (phospholipid, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters) in both sexes. Female rats secreted much more VLDL triacylglycerol into the plasma compartment than did the male animals under the same experimental conditions. No differences were observed in lipid composition of the VLDL or in the position of the VLDL in the zonal rotor after ultracentrifugation in a density gradient of the lipoprotein from plasma of normal male and female rats before treatment with the detergent. However, after treatment with Triton, a higher proportion of the VLDL particles isolated from plasma of female rats displayed a more rapid rate-zonal flotation in the ultracentrifuge than did the VLDL produced by the male. The VLDL secreted by female rats contained fewer moles of phospholipid and free sterol per mol triacylglycerol than did the VLDL secreted by male animals under identical experimental conditions. The molar ratio of free cholesterol: cholesteryl ester in the VLDL secreted after treatment with Triton increased in both male and female rats. Simultaneously, the content of arachidonic acid in phospholipid of VLDL increased with a concomitant decrease in cholesteryl ester. These changes in fatty acid composition suggest that the inhibitory effect of Triton on lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activity affects the exchange of lipids between VLDL and high density lipoprotein. It can be concluded from the data reported here that sex influences the concentration of plasma lipids in vivo and the output and properties of the VLDL.
Mobilization, collection, and processing of peripheral blood stem cells in individuals with sickle cell trait

Mobilized peripheral blood is increasingly used as the source of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation, currently the only curative approach for sickle cell anemia. However, the safety and feasibility of stem cell mobilization in individuals with sickle cell trait (SCT) has not been documented. This study is a prospective controlled trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization in 8 SCT subjects and 8 control subjects matched for age and race. Mobilization with filgrastim 10 microg/kg subcutaneous daily for 5 days was followed by 12-L apheresis on the fifth day. Filgrastim administration was accompanied by similar symptoms in all subjects; no untoward adverse events occurred in either group, including sickle cell crises. CD34+ cell mobilization response was not significantly different between SCT and control subjects. Median CD34+ cell content was also similar in PBSCs collected from SCT versus control subjects, 6.8 versus 3.9 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/70 kg, P =.165. Red cell depletion from SCT products was not possible by using hydroxyethyl starch sedimentation but was achievable with ammonium chloride lysis. There was no evidence of gelling of SCT products after thaw, and no difference in cell recovery was seen among red cell-depleted versus nondepleted products. Cryopreservation in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide/6% pentastarch was associated with superior cell recovery (both SCT and control subjects) compared with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (P =.001). The study concluded that filgrastim mobilization, large volume apheresis, processing, and cryopreservation appears to be safe in donors with SCT, allowing PBSC use for transplantation in patients with sickle cell anemia.
Complete set of solutions of multireference coupled-cluster equations: The state-universal formalism

The homotopy method is used to obtain a complete set of solutions of multireference coupled-cluster equations within the framework of the state-universal coupled-cluster (SUCC) formalism. The solutions are obtained for an ab initio four-electron model system consisting of four hydrogen atoms in rectangular arrangement. Essential information about the structure of solutions of nonlinear SUCC equations is provided and analyzed, both numerically and analytically, in the form of two theorems. The existence of multiple solutions of SUCC equations provides new insights into the nature of convergence problems often encountered in SUCC calculations. The evidence for the possible association of some solutions of the SUCC equations with the intruder-state problem is presented and briefly discussed.
Update on high blood pressure: highlights from the 1988 national report.

This article summarizes the highlights of the 1988 Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. In addition, it examines the implications for practice relative to caring for individuals with elevated blood pressure, including individuals with coexisting medical conditions and those from special populations (e.g., young, elderly, pregnant). This article outlines an insightful approach to the definitive clinical recommendations issued in the report. The ways in which nurse practitioners can facilitate greater patient involvement in drug and non-drug therapy as well as in reducing other cardiovascular risk factors are presented. The article addresses the quality of life aspects relative to implementing the treatment guidelines and their importance in clinical decision-making.
Mimicry: causes and consequences

People both mimic and are mimicked in nearly every social interaction, though neither the mimicker nor the mimicked are generally aware of its occurrence. People mimic what they observe in others, including facial expressions, emotions, behavioral movements, and verbal patterns. In the current review we focus on the causes and consequences of mimicry. Specifically, what causes mimicry to occur within a given social interaction and what are the downstream consequences of such mimicry? We position recent developments in the context of prior findings in order to emphasize the current direction of mimicry research. Then we turn to the role of mimicry in social disorders and discuss how mimicry may underlie social deficits in these disorders.
Fusing family and firm: Employee perceptions of perceived homophily, organizational justice, organizational identification, and organizational commitment in family businesses

Abstract Social identity theory has been applied to many organizational contexts, including family businesses. However, the current study is one of the first to explore the organizational identification of non-family member employees. Based on previous research, it seems likely that, for family business employees, organizational identification mediates the relationship between organizational justice, homophily, and commitment. This study proposes a model of identification for family business employees based on these considerations. Although the current study did not confirm the proposed model, an alternative model is discussed.
Active suppression of compressor instabilities

A strategy is proposed for controlling aerodynamic instabilities which limit the useful range of both axial and centrifugal turbomachines. Both local and global instabilities (incipient rotating stall and surge) are analyzed. A theory is developed which shows how an additional disturbance, driven from real time data measured within the machine, can be generated so as to realize a device with characteristics fundamentally different from those of the turbomachine without control; for the particular compressor analyzed, the control led to a 20 percent increase in the extent of the stable operating range. The use of structural dynamics to enhance stability is also discussed.
Design of a CMOS System-on-Chip for Passive, Near-Field Ultrasonic Energy Harvesting and Back-Telemetry

Many packaging and structural materials are made of conductive materials such as metal or carbon-fiber composites, which limits the use of embedded radio frequency-based telemetry systems for sensing. In this paper, we present the design of a complete passive ultrasonic energy harvesting and back-telemetry system that exploits near-field acoustic coupling to wirelessly transfer energy and data across conductive barriers. The use of near-field operation makes the telemetry robust to multipath reflections that occur at barrier discontinuities and robust to crosstalk when multiple sensors are simultaneously interrogated. Underlying the proposed architecture is a system-on-chip (SoC) that integrates different ultrasonic energy harvesting and telemetry modules. The operation of the system has been verified using SoC prototypes fabricated in a 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process which have been integrated with a piezoelectric transducer attached to an aerospace-grade aluminum substrate. Measured results show that the proposed near-field ultrasonic telemetry system can effectively operate across a 2-mm-thick metallic barrier at a frequency of 13.56 MHz with the SoC consuming 22.3 $\mu \text{W}$ of power.
Conduction block without demyelination following acute nerve infarction

Incomplete infarction of the tibial nerve was produced in 37 rats by injecting arachidonic acid into the femoral artery. Sciatic-tibial motor nerve conduction studies were performed 1, 2, 3 and 7 days later. In all animals the evoked motor responses were of low amplitude and morphological examination showed axonal degeneration. In 20 rats the response elicited by proximal stimulation was of lower amplitude than the distal response indicating focal conduction block in a proportion of those axons which had survived the ischemia and were not degenerating distally. The conduction block resolved over several days and in all but one rat had disappeared by 7 days. Morphological examination of semithin sections and single teased myelinated axons revealed no evidence of segmental demyelination. The rapid resolution of conduction block and the lack of significant segmental demyelination suggest that it has a metabolic basis. We suggest that hypoperfusion of the subperineurial region of the proximal tibial nerve, the region surrounding the infarct through which surviving axons pass, may be sufficient to temporarily block impulse transmission in these surviving axons without producing morphological changes.
Maternal Behavior by Birth Order in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Increased Investment by First-Time Mothers.

Parental investment theory predicts that maternal resources are finite and allocated among offspring based on factors including maternal age and condition, and offspring sex and parity. Among humans, firstborn children are often considered to have an advantage and receive greater investment than their younger siblings. However, conflicting evidence for this “firstborn advantage” between modern and hunter-gatherer societies raises questions about the evolutionary history of differential parental investment and birth order. In contrast to humans, most nonhuman primate firstborns belong to young, inexperienced mothers and exhibit higher mortality than laterborns. In this study, we investigated differences in maternal investment and offspring outcomes based on birth order (firstborn vs. laterborn) among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodyte schweinfurthii). During the critical first year of life, primiparous mothers nursed, groomed, and played with their infants more than did multiparous mothers. Furthermore, this...
Helper‐Sufferer Similarity and a Specific Request for Help: Bystander Intervention During a Peace Demonstration

Eighty randomly selected male participants in the April 1971 pcace demonstration in Washington, D.C. were approached by a young women E v ho asked them to help her friend who was feeling ill. The “friend” was a young male E, in either conventional or “hip” clothing, who was displaying either a “Support Nixon” or a “Dump Nixon” sign. The dependent variable was a 5-point ordinal scale of cooperation with a series of specific requests, which ranged from going over to the distressed E to providing bus fare and help for both Es to leave the area and go home. All 80 Ss went to the E and 79 helped to some extent. There was more helping behavior in the morning than in the afternoon, when the program of activities had intensified; with Ss who were tested in the afternoon, the E displaying a “Support Nixon” sign attracted less helping behavior than the “Dump Nixon” condition. The dress manipulation (implicit attitudinal similarity) had no effect.
Memory of a probability distribution

A concept of memory of a probability distribution is defined consistent with the fact that zero memory corresponds to memoryless processes. Using this concept some new twists to some old paradoxes are discussed. An application is also suggested.
Enhancement of the positive inotropic and pressor effects of ouabain in nephrectomized dogs.

In nephrectomierten Hunden erhoht Ouabain den Blutdruck und die Kontraktionskraft des Herzens mehr als in intakten anaesthesierten Tieren.
Patterns of occurrence of corticolous myxomycetes on white oak trees of two different size classes

Data were obtained on the assemblages of corticolous myxomycetes (plasmodial slime moulds or myxogastrids) associated with the bark surface of living white oak (Quercus alba) trees from two different size classes. Bark samples obtained from larger trees were characterized by higher values for both species richness and diversity when compared to those collected from smaller trees. This might have been expected since the former possess a larger surface area and presumably have persisted over a longer period of time. However, the myxomycete assemblage associated with smaller trees was appreciably different and did not simply represent a depauperate version of the assemblage associated with larger trees. This suggests that the differences observed between size classes cannot be simply attributed to size alone.
Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on endometrial cancer cells in vitro

Abstract Objective . Determine effects of raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), on growth and proliferation of an estrogen-responsive endometrial cancer cell line in vitro. Materials and methods . Studies were performed with Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, a well-differentiated cancer that expresses estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. Raloxifene was purified as the hydrochloride salt. The four arms of the study were cells grown (1) without any further addition (control), (2) with estradiol only, (3) with raloxifene only, or (4) with estradiol and raloxifene. Three concentrations of estradiol (10, 100, 1000 pg/ml) and raloxifene (1, 10, 100 ng/ml) were used. After 1 week of culturing, the number of living cells for each experimental group was determined and expressed as a percentage of the control group. Results . Cells treated with raloxifene 10 or 100 ng/ml alone grew significantly faster than control cells: 10 ng/ml [115.25%; SD, 11.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 107.35–123.16; P = 0.002] and 100 ng/ml (111.14%; SD, 14.19; 95% CI, 100.98–121.29; P = 0.03). Estradiol 10 or 100 pg/ml did not stimulate cell growth, whereas cells treated with 1000 pg/ml grew significantly faster than control cells (114.69%; SD, 16.84; 95% CI, 102.65–126.74; P = 0.02). Raloxifene and estradiol together in any concentration did not affect cell growth. Conclusions . Raloxifene did not inhibit the growth of endometrial cancer cells in vitro. High concentrations even promoted cell growth. Estradiol in physiologic concentrations did not stimulate the growth of endometrial cancer cells in vitro.
Intraoperative solumedrol helps prevent postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema.

Abstract Background Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema and pneumonia are life threatening and seemingly unavoidable complications after pneumonectomy. We theorized that an intraoperative dose of intravenous steroids (as a prophylactic measure to reduce pulmonary injury to the remaining lung) just before pulmonary artery ligation might decrease this problem. Methods Seventy-two patients (52 men) who had pneumonectomy during two time periods were studied prospectively. Thirty-five patients received 250 mg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solumedrol; Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) just before pulmonary artery ligation (S group) and 37 did not (non-S group). Groups were matched for known or suspected preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors for postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema. Results The incidence of postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema or adult respiratory distress syndrome was less in the S group (0 of 35, 0% versus 5 of 37, 13.5%, p = 0.049), the overall major complication rate was less in the S group (7 of 35, 20% versus 16 of 37, 43%, p = 0.04), and the length of hospital stay was shorter in the S group (6.1 days versus 11.9 days, p = 0.02). In addition, there were no bronchopleural fistulas in the S group compared with two (both right-sided) in the non-S group. Conclusions The intraoperative intravenous administration of 250 mg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate just before pulmonary artery ligation during pneumonectomy may reduce the incidence of postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome as well as decrease other major complications and shorten the hospital stay. It does not seem to increase the incidence of bronchopleural fistula. Further randomized trials are needed.
Studies of Scleral Biomechanical Behavior Related to Susceptibility for Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Experimental Mouse Glaucoma

PURPOSE To study anatomical changes and mechanical behavior of the sclera in mice with experimental glaucoma by comparing CD1 to B6 mice. METHODS Chronic experimental glaucoma for 6 weeks was produced in 2- to 4-month-old CD1 (43 eyes) and B6 mice (42 eyes) using polystyrene bead injection into the anterior chamber with 126 control CD1 and 128 control B6 eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were made with the TonoLab at baseline and after bead injection. Axial length and scleral thickness were measured after sacrifice in the CD1 and B6 animals and compared to length data from 78 eyes of DBA/2J mice. Inflation testing of posterior sclera was conducted, and circumferential and meridional strain components were determined from the displacement response. RESULTS Experimental glaucoma led to increases in axial length and width by comparison to fellow eyes (6% in CD1 and 10% in B6; all P < 0.03). While the peripapillary sclera became thinner in both mouse types with glaucoma, the remainder of the sclera uniformly thinned in CD1, but thickened in B6. Peripapillary sclera in CD1 controls had significantly greater temporal meridional strain than B6 and had differences in the ratios of meridional to effective circumferential strain from B6 mice. In both CD1 and B6 mice, exposure to chronic IOP elevation resulted in stiffer pressure-strain responses for both the effective circumferential and meridional strains (multivariable regression model, P = 0.01-0.03). CONCLUSIONS Longer eyes, greater scleral strain in some directions at baseline, and generalized scleral thinning after glaucoma were characteristic of CD1 mice that have greater tendency to retinal ganglion cell damage than B6 mice. Increased scleral stiffness after glaucoma exposure in mice mimics findings in monkey and human glaucoma eyes.
Openness and the Politics of Potable Water

Improving access to potable water has become an increasingly urgent concern for developing nations in the current era of globalization. According to standard wisdom, if developing countries underta...
CRAVE: Cognitive radio enabled vehicular communications in heterogeneous networks

In this paper, we investigate CRAVE: Cognitive RAdio enabled VEhicular communication in heterogeneous wireless systems. Vehicular users are considered as unlicensed/secondary users and are capable of sensing, analyzing and accessing the spectrum opportunities dynamically. A three-state model is implemented for spectrum sensing where spectrum occupancy is categorized as idle, occupied by licensed users, or occupied by vehicular users. Simulation results show that the three-state model in CRAVE results in enhanced channel utilization with higher throughput and better transmission fairness for vehicular users.
“Justice for the deceased”: victims’ participation in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

The participation of victims of mass crimes is being taken to new levels in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) as it brings criminal prosecution for serious crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea (1975-1979). In addition to being called as witnesses to the crimes being charged, the ECCC has provided the opportunity for some 4,000 victims to play a direct role as Civil Parties. Civil Party status in a criminal trial is a feature known in various civil law systems, but has not been provided in any of the international or what are sometimes called “internationalized” criminal tribunals and so the ECCC had to develop its own procedures in its Internal Rules. Victims’ participation may be considered one of the ECCC’s main contributions to the development of international justice.
Electrical Coupling of Lightning Through a Hole in a Metal Barrier

This paper discusses the penetration and coupling of a lightning return stroke through a hole in a metal barrier to a conductor located behind the hole. Indirect field coupling (electric and magnetic) and direct discharges are considered both analytically and experimentally. Although here we consider the hole to be preexisting, one application of this work is lightning return stroke coupling through holes burned in metallic barriers by the continuing current component of lightning. The goal is to develop an understanding of the mechanisms and expected penetrant levels in lightning burnthrough.
Three dimensional HLL Riemann solver for conservation laws on structured meshes; Application to Euler and magnetohydrodynamic flows

In this paper we build on our prior work on multidimensional Riemann solvers by detailing the construction of a three-dimensional HLL Riemann solver. As with the two-dimensional Riemann solver, this is accomplished by introducing a constant resolved state between the states being considered, which introduces sufficient dissipation for systems of conservation laws. Closed form expressions for the resolved fluxes are provided to facilitate numerical implementation. This is accomplished by introducing a novel derivation of the multidimensional Riemann solver. The novelty consists of integrating Lagrangian fluxes across moving surfaces. This makes the problem easier to visualize in three dimensions. (A video introduction to multidimensional Riemann solvers is available on http://www.nd.edu/~dbalsara/Numerical-PDE-Course.)A robust and efficient second order accurate numerical scheme for three dimensional Euler and MHD flows is presented. The scheme is built on the current three-dimensional Riemann solver and has been implemented in the author's RIEMANN code. We demonstrate that schemes that are based on the three-dimensional Riemann solver permit multidimensional discontinuities to propagate more isotropically on resolution-starved meshes. The number of zones updated per second by this scheme on a modern processor is shown to be cost competitive with schemes that are based on a one-dimensional Riemann solver. However, the present scheme permits larger timesteps in three dimensions because of its inclusion of genuinely three-dimensional effects in the flow. For MHD problems it is not necessary to double the dissipation when evaluating the edge-centered electric fields.Accuracy analysis for three-dimensional Euler and MHD problems shows that the scheme meets its design accuracy. Several stringent test problems involving Euler and MHD flows are also presented and the scheme is shown to perform robustly on all of them. For the very first time, we present the formulation and solution of three-dimensional Riemann problems.
Verification of Supervisory Control Software Using State Proximity and Merging

This paper describes an approach for bounded-time verification of safety properties of supervisory control software interacting with a continuous-time plant. A combination of software Model Checking and numerical simulation is used to compute a conservative approximation of the reachable states. The technique verifies system properties in the presence of nondeterministic behavior in the software due to, for instance, interleaving of tasks. A notion of program equivalenceis used to characterize the behaviors of the controller, and the bisimulation functions of Girard and Pappas are employed to characterize the behaviors of the plant. The approach can conservatively merge traces that reach states that are in proximity to each other. The technique has been implemented for the case of affine plant dynamics, which allows efficient operations on ellipsoidal sets based on convex optimization involving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). We present an illustrative example for a model of the position controller of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
NEW INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS OF SOL-GEL PROCESS AND NEW MATERIALS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIOENCAPSULA- TION AND BIODELIVERY

The review considers principal mechanisms in solution transformations, hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxysilanes and metal alkoxide complexes and the pathways of further transformations of the thus formed colloid systems. The versatility of silica sol-gel is provided by the possibility to direct the kinetically controlled process towards either polymeric or micellar colloids. The hydrolysis of metal alkoxides is kinetically unhindered and results in formation of Micelles Templated by Self-Assembly of Ligands (MTSALs) under the local equilibrium conditions. The morphology, reactivity, long term stability and biocompatibility of MTSALs can be efficiently controlled by the choice of metal cations, ligands and the conditions of hydrolysis. Application of the MTSAL concept for the synthesis of hierarchically porous materials and the prospects of their use in bioencapsulation and biodelivery for water and soil remediation processes are discussed.