cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biophysical properties of the human cardiac gap junction channel

1. Gap junction channels interconnect cells of the pacemaking, conduction and contraction elements of the heart and also endothelial and smooth muscle cells of vasculature, thereby providing pathways for electrotonic current spread and for second messenger diffusion. The major gap junction protein in the cardiovascular system is connexin43. 2. When human connexin43 is stably expressed in pairs of a communication-defficient cell line (SKHep1) channels are produced with unitary conductance (γ j ), lipophile sensitivity and voltage-dependent gating similar to those of mammalian systems in which connexin43 is endogenously expressed
Hakes: Biology and Exploitation. Edited by H. Arancibia

Intentionally patterned after Alheit and Pitcher (1995), this book was likewise born of an international workshop and offers an up-to-date compendium of information on the status of the world’s mer...
Orientation in Shore-Living Arthropods, Especially the Sand Fiddler Crab

The motile macrofauna of coastal and estuarine sand beaches is represented nearly exclusively by arthropods, particularly semiterrestiral marine crustaceans. The permanent residents include amphipods (Talitridae; Hurley, 1968), isopods (Tylidae; Edney, 1968), and decapod crustaceans (Ocypodidae, Grapsiade, Mictyridae, Coenobitidae; Bliss, 1968). More occasional residents are wolf spiders (Lycosidae; Papi and Tongiorgi, 1963), beetles (Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae; Papi, 1955a; Pardi, 1956), and mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae; Pardi, 1956). The groups successfully populating this environment do so in spite of the deleterious effects of variable and extreme physical conditions (Pearse et al., 1928; Moore et al., 1968). These include physical stresses posed by abrasion and removal of habitable substrate, or deposition of sediment, during storms. Physiological stresses, including insolation, osmotic imbalance, drying, anoxia, drowning, and poisoning by high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, occur more regularly as a result of heavy rain, periodic tidal inundation, and aerial exposure. Biological pressure is also considerable, since the beach inhabitants are subject to predation from the land by mammals (rodents and raccoons) and toads (Bufo), from the air by shorebirds, and from the water by fishes (sciaenids) and portunid crabs, especially Callinectes spp. (Herrnkind, 1968a,b, and unpublished observations). The environmental conditions are such that Pearse et al. (1928) commented, “A marine sandy beach seems like an inhospitable place for ... animals to become established.”
Technology roadmap and beyond

Summary form only given. This paper will cover the technology roadmap based trends of CMOS scaling in the past, today and tomorrow, and discus technical bottle neck and challenges mainly from device physics and technology point of view, followed by looking into several opportunities of nanoelectronic devices such as nanowires, nanotubes from device physics and integration point of view.
Prioritizing Elementary School Writing Instruction: Cultivating Middle School Readiness for Students with Learning Disabilities.

Helping elementary students with learning disabilities (LD) prepare for the rigor of middle school writing is an instructional priority. Fortunately, several standards-based skills in upper elementary school and middle school overlap. Teachers in upper elementary grades, specifically fourth and fifth grades, have the opportunity to provide evidence-based writing instruction that will provide readiness for middle school writing. In this article, three key writing standards are highlighted and then paired with an evidence-based instructional approach for teaching genre-based (i.e., informative, persuasive, narrative) writing instruction, revising and editing, and note taking to students with LD. Teaching procedures and resources are included.
Knowledge and games in modal semirings

Algebraic logic compacts many small steps of general logical derivation into large steps of equational reasoning. We illustrate this by representing epistemic logic and game logic in modal semirings and modal Kleene algebras. For epistemics we treat the classical wise men puzzle and show how to handle knowledge update and revision algebraically. For games, we generalise the well-known connection between game logic and dynamic logic to modal semirings and link it to predicate transformer semantics, in particular to demonic refinement algebra. The study provides evidence that modal semirings will be able to handle a wide variety of (multi-)modal logics in a uniform algebraic fashion well suited to machine assistance.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and bone metastases (Mets).

e15129 Background: HCC bone mets are a known disease complication but their frequency, morbidity, and biology are poorly understood. Screening guidelines for HCC bone mets are not established prese...
Impact of an Individual Mandate and Other Health Reforms on Dependent Coverage for Adolescents and Young Adults.

Objective To determine the effect of state-level dependent coverage expansion (DCE) with and without other state health reforms on exit from dependent coverage for adolescents and young adults (AYA). Data Sources Administrative longitudinal data for 131,542 privately insured AYA in Massachusetts (DCE with other reforms) versus Maine and New Hampshire (DCE without other reforms) across three periods: prereform (1/00–12/06), poststate reform (1/07–9/10), and postfederal reform (10/10–12/12). Study Design A difference-in-differences estimator was used to determine the rate of exit from dependent coverage, age at exit from dependent coverage, and re-uptake of dependent coverage among AYA in states with comprehensive reforms versus DCE only. Principal Findings Implementation of DCE with other reforms was significantly associated with a 23 percent reduction in exit from dependent coverage among AYA compared to the reduction observed for DCE alone. Additionally, comprehensive reforms were associated with over two additional years of dependent coverage for the average AYA and a 33 percent increase in the odds of regaining dependent coverage after a prior loss. Conclusions Findings suggest that an individual mandate and other reforms may enhance the effect of DCE in preventing loss of coverage among AYA.
The Perceived Role of Direct Support Professionals in the Health Promotion Efforts of Adults With Developmental Disabilities Receiving Support Services.

Abstract Direct support professionals (DSPs) play a large social role in the lives of people with developmental disabilities (DD) and have the potential to influence their health behaviors. Six qua...
Beyond bad apples, toward Black life: A re-reading of the implicit bias research:

Increasingly, the death of Black individuals at the hands of the US legal system is interpreted in relation to the social science research on implicit bias. Having flourished in the past decade, th...
Anaphylaxis in Children: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Management.

Background Anaphylaxis is defined as a serious, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It is unpredictable and can be the result of various allergic triggers including food, insect venom and medication. The European Anaphylaxis Registry confirmed food as the major elicitor of anaphylaxis in children, specifically hen's egg, cow's milk and nuts. Objectives It has been reported that the incidence of anaphylaxis is on the rise. In the US, there is a continued trend of increasing food-induced anaphylaxis hospitalizations among children, which is supported by nationally representative data. Methods Anaphylaxis can occur both in the home and outdoors and can be life-threatening, however, fatalities are a rare occurrence. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that fatal food anaphylaxis is rarer than accidental death in the general population. Studies of fatal and near-fatal allergic reactions have identified potential risk factors for fatalities and have provided important information that may help minimize future risk. Following confirmation of the relevant allergen trigger, prevention of anaphylaxis is through strict avoidance of the allergen and optimal management of existing co-morbidities. The cornerstone in the successful management of anaphylaxis is early recognition of signs and symptoms and the prompt administration of intramuscular adrenaline. Result and conclusion Patients and their families need to be well educated on how to manage potential anaphylactic reactions with training in the use of adrenaline auto-injectors and personalized emergency management plans. Healthcare professionals must be familiar with this clinical emergency and able to respond to anaphylaxis in a timely and appropriate manner.
BOREAS TE-6 Biomass and Foliage Area Data

The BOREAS TE-6 team collected several data sets in support of its efforts to characterize and interpret information on the plant biomass, allometry, biometry, sapwood, leaf area index, net primary production, soil temperature, leaf water potential, soil CO, flux, and multivegetation imagery of boreal vegetation. This data set contains measurements of estimates of the standing biomass and leaf area index for the plant species at the TF, CEV, and AUX sites in the SSA and NSA during the growing seasons of 1994 and 1995. The data are stored in tabular ASCII files. The data files are available on a CD-ROM (see document number 20010000884), or from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Activity Archive Center (DAAC).
N-cadherin signaling via Trio assembles adherens junctions to restrict endothelial permeability.

Vascular endothelial (VE)–cadherin forms homotypic adherens junctions (AJs) in the endothelium, whereas N-cadherin forms heterotypic adhesion between endothelial cells and surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Here we addressed the question whether both cadherin adhesion complexes communicate through intracellular signaling and contribute to the integrity of the endothelial barrier. We demonstrated that deletion of N-cadherin (Cdh2) in either endothelial cells or pericytes increases junctional endothelial permeability in lung and brain secondary to reduced accumulation of VE-cadherin at AJs. N-cadherin functions by increasing the rate of VE-cadherin recruitment to AJs and induces the assembly of VE-cadherin junctions. We identified the dual Rac1/RhoA Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Trio as a critical component of the N-cadherin adhesion complex, which activates both Rac1 and RhoA signaling pathways at AJs. Trio GEF1-mediated Rac1 activation induces the recruitment of VE-cadherin to AJs, whereas Trio GEF2-mediated RhoA activation increases intracellular tension and reinforces Rac1 activation to promote assembly of VE-cadherin junctions and thereby establish the characteristic restrictive endothelial barrier.
Anger From Within: The Role of Emotions in Disengagement From Violent Extremism

There is growing recognition about the similarities between generic criminality and violent extremism. Using data derived from a unique set of in-depth life history interviews with 40 former U.S. white supremacists, as well as previous studies of criminal desistance, we examine the emotional valence that characterizes actors' descriptions of the disengagement process. More specifically, results suggest that negative emotions (i.e., anger and frustration) directed toward the extremist group and oneself function as a catalyst for disengagement. Negative emotions become a source of motivation in re-evaluating the relative importance of the group as it relates to the individual. Ultimately, the reevaluation of the group is essential to the decision to disengage from violent extremism.
Naltrexone Reduces Binge Eating and Purging in Adolescents in an Eating Disorder Program.

Objective: Little evidence exists for pharmacologic treatment of binge eating and purging in adolescents with eating disorders. Given the role of the opioid reward system in compulsive binge eating and purging, naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, may be effective in reducing these behaviors. Previous studies have demonstrated that naltrexone reduces binge eating and purging in adults, yet evidence for its use in adolescents is lacking. This case series describes naltrexone utilization, response, and safety in adolescents with eating disorders. Methods: A retrospective chart review of adolescent patients prescribed naltrexone at an academic eating disorder program was completed. Results: Thirty-three adolescents aged 15.3 ± 1.49 years, 94% female gender identity, were treated with naltrexone with the most common expected outcome "to reduce vomiting." Naltrexone was prescribed for 129 ± 125 days. Over half of patients (52%, n = 17) had liver function tests during follow-up, all of which were within normal limits. Three patients (9.1%) experienced nausea related to naltrexone. Just over half of adolescents (67%; n = 22) had documentation of positive naltrexone response (e.g., reduced purging or urge to purge). The mean Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement score was 2.7 ± 1.3 (2 = much improved; 3 = minimally improved). Conclusions: Naltrexone is safe, well tolerated, and effective for the treatment of adolescents with binge eating and/or purging as part of a comprehensive eating disorder treatment plan. Further study is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of naltrexone prospectively and evaluate factors contributing to naltrexone response vs. nonresponse to promote an individualized approach to treatment of binge eating and purging behavior.
Analysis of a Candida auris Outbreak Provides New Insights into an Emerging Pathogen

ABSTRACT Candida auris is an emerging human fungal pathogen that is being increasingly linked to outbreaks. It is concerning to health care workers because of its high mortality rate, due primarily to its antifungal resistance. Among the tools being developed to study this yeast are large cohorts of regional isolates, which can be useful for studying epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility patterns, and diagnostic methods. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Y. Zhu, B. O’Brien, L. Leach, A. Clarke, et al. (J Clin Microbiol 58:e01503-19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01503-19) describe the laboratory findings of a collection of isolates from a large outbreak of C. auris obtained from numerous health care facilities in the New York area. Real-time PCR was used as a screening tool with great accuracy, while internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 sequencing were successfully employed for isolate clade assignment. South Asia clade I was identified as the major genotype, while South American clade IV was a minor genotype. Surveillance isolates from patients confirmed axilla/groin and nare colonization; however, results of quantitative analysis of fungal burdens showed that when the nares are colonized, burdens are significantly higher than for axilla/groin colonization. Antifungal susceptibility testing was in agreement with past studies. High levels of fluconazole resistance were detected, while few isolates were resistant to echinocandins. Resistance to multiple antifungals was frequent, and three isolates were recovered that appeared to be pan-resistant. This type of study is yet another useful tool for investigating C. auris, which is becoming an increasingly important human fungal pathogen that should be monitored very closely.
Improvement in Health-Related Quality of Life After Total Ankle Arthroplasty Compares Well With Other Successful Orthopaedic and Nonorthopaedic Procedures:

Background. Ankle arthritis is a major cause of disability. Orthopaedic literature suggests improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). This has not ...
Decellularized spinach: An edible scaffold for laboratory-grown meat

Abstract It is projected that by the year 2050, there will be insufficient land suitable for agriculture to feed the world. Cellular agriculture has the potential to produce meat that replicates the structure of traditionally produced meat while minimizing the land needed. There is a need for an edible scaffold suitable for the growth of animal muscle. This study showed that decellularizing spinach leaves produced an edible scaffold that has a vascular network that could potentially maintain the viability of primary bovine satellite cells as they develop into meat. Primary bovine satellite cells were cultured on the surface of decellularized spinach leaves and gelatin coated glass for 7 and 14 days. After 14 days, primary bovine satellite cells seeded on the decellularized leaf scaffold maintained ~99% viability; and ~25% of the cells showed expression of myosin heavy-chain. Cell alignment varied between animals from which the cells were acquired. Areas of alignment were observed showing an average kappa value for cytoskeletal alignment of 0.71 ± 0.1 after 14 days in culture. There was no statistical significance in each category between cells cultured on gelatin coated glass and decellularized spinach leaves. These results suggested that decellularized spinach is a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly scaffold, that can potentially accelerate the development of laboratory-grown meat by providing an edible substrate for bovine satellite cells.
Approximate Versus Exact Equilibria

This paper develops theoretical foundations for the computation of competitive equilibria in dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents and incomplete financial markets. While there are several algorithms which compute prices and allocations for which agents' first order conditions are approximately satisfied (`approximate equilibria'), there are few results on how to interpret the errors in these candidate solutions and how to relate the computed allocations and prices to exact equilibrium allocations and prices. Following Postlewaite and Schmeidler (1981) we interpret approximate equilibria as equilibria for close-by economies, i.e.\ for economies with close-by individual endowments and preferences. In order to conduct an error analysis in dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, we define an $\epsilon $-equilibrium to be a set of endogenous variables which consists of the finite support of an approximate equilibrium process. Given an $\epsilon $-equilibrium we show how to derive bounds on perturbations in individual endowments and preferences which ensure that the $\epsilon $-equilibrium approximates an exact equilibrium for the perturbed economy.
Silicon Segregation in Sliding Wear: An ESCA-AES Investigation

Friction and wear experiments were conducted on a couple consisting of an Fe-Ni (Invar) pin sliding against a tool steel disc. It has been observed that under certain environmental conditions silicon segregation occurred at the pin surface. This segregation resulted in the formation of a thin glassy layer accompanied by very low friction and wear values. Further oxidation (mainly of iron) took place beneath the silicon-segregated layer. The steady-state thickness of the oxide film was determined to be about 6 μm. Similar results were obtained with an Fe + 3% Si pin sliding against the same tool steel disc. The oxide layer, however, was larger for this latter couple (about 22 μm). Apparently, the beneficial glassy layer can build up only when the rate of material removal (wear) is lower than the rate of diffusion of silicon to the surface.
Sarcomere-associated cytoskeletal lattices in striated muscle. Review and hypothesis.

The sarcomere, the basic contractile unit of striated muscle cells, is widely accepted as being constructed of two sets of parallel and interdigitated protein filaments that are discontinuous and inextensible. This two-filament sarcomere model provides a structural basis for the powerful sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction. Recent structural, biochemical, and immu-nocytochemical studies, however, have clearly indicated that the sarcomere has additional filamentous constituents besides thick and thin filament assemblies. The purpose of this chapter is to outline and develop key evidence that has led to the notion that the sarcomere contains two sets of distinct cytoskeletal filaments that are continuous and extensible. One set of cytoskeletal filaments coexists with thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere (an endosarcomeric lattice); the other set is an extensive network of intermediate filaments enveloping each sarcomere and interlinking other cellular organelles (an exosarcomeric lattice).
DNA synthesis in a sub-nuclear preparation isolated from Physarumpolycephalum

Abstract A sub-nuclear preparation capable of substantial levels of DNA synthesis in vitro has been obtained from isolated S-phase nuclei of Physarum polycephalum . Nuclei were disrupted by gentle resuspension in a dextran-free medium followed by immediate addition of dextran to stabilize the liberated replication complex. Synthesis continues for at least 120 min, and appears to occur by a semi-discontinuous mechanism. Little DNA synthesis occurs in preparations obtained from G2-phase nuclei.
WTO Remedies: Extrapolating Purpose from Practice

Scholars continue to debate over the aim of WTO remedies in light of the ambiguity of the legal texts. One method of discerning the purpose of WTO remedies is by examining Members' practice, constituting the law-in-action of WTO remedies. This chapter's assessment of current practice leads to five interrelated findings: (1) the process for applying an authorized WTO remedy is driven primarily by domestic export interests demanding compliance, not rebalancing; (2) complainant government practice has responded accordingly, focusing on compliance; (3) governments have done so by strategically targeting politically-influential foreign export interests, as opposed to politically influential domestic protectionist interests, while attempting to minimize harm to domestic consumers and consuming industries; (4) constituencies within the complainant Member who fear that their products may be on a retaliation list (that is, importers and import-consuming industries) have been catalyzed to lobby to exempt goods from the retaliation list, apparently more so than producers who would benefit from rebalancing through the imposition of protective tariffs; and (5) overall, Members have not implemented retaliatory countermeasures as frequently as would be predicted were the primary goal rebalancing. Our findings raise the prospect that WTO Member practices could have systemic impacts within the WTO over time. If the ministries representing WTO Members perceive that the objective of WTO remedies is compliance, then such beliefs could affect formal law over time, whether through the negotiation of new legal texts or the interpretation of existing ones. In any case, Members' practices constitute the WTO law-in-action, that is, how formal WTO remedies are actually applied.
The Cytoplasmic Domain of Stem Cell Antigen CD34 Is Essential for Cytoadhesion Signaling But Not Sufficient for Proliferation Signaling

CD34 is widely used as a marker in the identification and purification of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; however, its function within hematopoiesis is largely unknown. We have investigated the contribution of cytoplasmic domain of CD34 in cytoadhesion signaling and proliferation signaling in hematopoietic cells. Engagement of particular determinants of CD34 by monoclonal antibodies leads to homotypic adhesiveness of the full-length CD34-transfected BaF3 cells. However, this homotypic adhesiveness is abrogated in BaF3 cells transfected with the truncated CD34 lacking the cytoplasmic domain. Cytoadhesion signaling through the cytoplasmic domain of CD34 cannot be restored through that of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR), suggesting that the cytoplasmic domain of CD34 is required for its signal transduction of cellular adhesion. In constrast, we show that replacing the cytoplasmic domain of EPOR or G-CSFR with that of CD34 abolished growth signal transduction in response to EPO or G-CSF in the chimeric receptor-transfected BaF3, 32D, and FDCP1 cells, whereas the wild-type EPOR- or G-CSFR-transfected cells responded to EPO or G-CSF growth signaling well. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic portion of CD34 may not contain the elements necessary to transduce a proliferative signal in hematopoietic cells. Thus, the function of CD34 in hematopoiesis is primarily on hematopoietic cell adhesion.
Precise tremor source locations and amplitude variations along the lower‐crustal central San Andreas Fault

[1] We precisely locate 88 tremor families along the central San Andreas Fault using a 3D velocity model and numerous P and S wave arrival times estimated from seismogram stacks of up to 400 events per tremor family. Maximum tremor amplitudes vary along the fault by at least a factor of 7, with by far the strongest sources along a 25 km section of the fault southeast of Parkfield. We also identify many weaker tremor families, which have largely escaped prior detection. Together, these sources extend 150 km along the fault, beneath creeping, transitional, and locked sections of the upper crustal fault. Depths are mostly between 18 and 28 km, in the lower crust. Epicenters are concentrated within 3 km of the surface trace, implying a nearly vertical fault. A prominent gap in detectible activity is located directly beneath the region of maximum slip in the 2004 magnitude 6.0 Parkfield earthquake.
Two-way regularization for MEG source reconstruction via multilevel coordinate descent

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) source reconstruction refers to the inverse problem of recovering the neural activity from the MEG time course measurements. A spatiotemporal two-way regularization (TWR) method was recently proposed by Tian et al. to solve this inverse problem and was shown to outperform several one-way regularization methods and spatiotemporal methods. This TWR method is a two-stage procedure that first obtains a raw estimate of the source signals and then refines the raw estimate to ensure spatial focality and temporal smoothness using spatiotemporal regularized matrix decomposition. Although proven to be effective, the performance of two-stage TWR depends on the quality of the raw estimate. In this paper we directly solve the MEG source reconstruction problem using a multivariate penalized regression where the number of variables is much larger than the number of cases. A special feature of this regression is that the regression coefficient matrix has a spatiotemporal two-way structure that naturally invites a two-way penalty. Making use of this structure, we develop a computationally efficient multilevel coordinate descent algorithm to implement the method. This new one-stage TWR method has shown its superiority to the two-stage TWR method in three simulation studies with different levels of complexity and a real-world MEG data analysis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2013
Using Numerical Simulations and Engineering Reasoning under Uncertainty: Studying the Collapse of WTC‐1

: A series of numerical aircraft crash simulations and thermal behavior analyses were made at Purdue University to study the response of the World Trade Center Tower 1 (WTC-1) on September 11, 2001. The process included accuracy verification for the computational tools using available experiment data. Numerical models for the Boeing 767–200ER aircraft and the structural system for the top 20 stories of WTC-1 were developed for the simulations. A second aircraft model, simpler yet comparable in effect, was developed and used for a parametric sensitivity analysis. Results from these simulations and published by other researchers indicate that while the observed impact damage to tower exterior framing can be estimated accurately, the unseen impact damage to the core structure of the tower could not be estimated with high confidence. Although the computational tools helped in developing an understanding as to what might have happened as the aircraft penetrated and disintegrated into the structure, they were not able to reduce the uncertainty in the core damage estimate. However, reflecting insight from the behavior of the Pentagon building under the impact loads it received on the same day and studying the effects of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of steel in light of experimental data, the uncertainty in the core structural damage estimate was found to be of negligible importance with regards to the ultimate fate of the tower. It is demonstrated that through use of numerical simulations and engineering reasoning, a dominant factor in the collapse of the tower could be proposed with confidence. It was the loss of fire-proofing in the tower core during aircraft impact that left the core vulnerable to ensuing thermal loads and resulted in the eventual collapse of the tower.
Multivariate spatial hierarchical Bayesian empirical likelihood methods for small area estimation

Recent advances in small area estimation incorporating both explicit spatial autocorrelation and empirical likelihood techniques have produced estimates with greater precision. Furthermore, the multivariate Fay–Herriot models take advantage of within-location correlation between multiple outcomes for a set of small areas. We extend the Fay–Herriot model by utilizing empirical likelihood techniques to the spatially explicit multivariate setting. We then model the five-year period estimates from the American Community Survey (2006–10) of percent of unemployed individuals and percent of families in poverty for the counties of Missouri. We demonstrate bivariate reduction in leave-one-out median absolute deviation over an approximately equivalently specified parametric model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GOES advanced sounder design study

Interim results of a current study on upgrading the GOES infrared Sounder are presented. Considered are a 15 cm diameter telescope to reduce instrument size and weight, use of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) interferometer for high spectral wavelength resolution, a small detector focal plane array operating at 65K, and combining the instrument with a microwave sounder. Retrieval performance improvement from the FTIR sounder is estimated.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multimodality Imaging: Opportunities and Challenges

As the chair of the Cardiovascular Imaging Section, I recently asked the members of the Imaging Council to consider multimodality imaging: its definition and application and the opportunities for tomorrow. The Council is composed of representatives from the American College of Cardiology, the
Significance of the pericardium in human subjects: effects on left ventricular volume, pressure and ejection.

To assess the effect of the pericardium, left ventricular systolic function and diastolic compliance were studied in 15 patients before and after pericardiotomy during coronary artery surgery. Using first pass radionuclide angiography, curves for left ventricular systolic function (stroke work versus end-diastolic volume) and a measure of diastolic compliance (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure versus end-diastolic volume) were generated by changing body position to alter venous return. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume ranged from 41 to 111 ml/m2and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 0 to 24 mm Hg. No significant changes were found in blood pressure (150/83 to 148/82 mm Hg), heart rate (66.7 to 67.1 beats/min), cardiac index (2.38 to 2.41 liters/min per m2), ejection fraction (0.56 to 0.54), end-systolic volume index (31.4 to 32.2 ml/m2), end-diastolic volume index (65.9 to 69.5 ml/m2) or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (7.5 to 7.3 mm Hg). The pericardium did not affect the curves relating stroke work and end-diastolic volume or those relating pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and end-diastolic volume. Thus, when filling pressure and volume are normal or only moderately elevated, the pericardium does not appear to affect left ventricular systolic function or diastolic compliance in patients.
Born-Oppenheimer surface of triatomic silicon and its relationship to potentials in the bulk.

The Born-Oppenheimer (BO) surface of triatomic silicon is investigated and accurately described using two- and three-body potentials. The topology of the BO surface is found to be unstable with respect to fluctuations in these potentials, indicating that it is nongeneric. Examination of the two- and three-body components shows that the topology of the three-body term is fundamentally different from that of potentials usually used to model crystalline silicon. A study was therefore made to determine under what conditions this topology could successfully reproduce the diamond cubic structure of crystalline silicon. Two limiting methods for applying these potentials in the bulk have been considered and appraised. One of them uses the exact two- and three-body terms, and approximates the effect of the remaining terms in the N-body expansion (the screening effect) with a four-body term. The other method consists of screening the two- and three-body terms directly. Both methods were unsuccessful in reproducing the diamond cubic structure, which indicates the importance of terms of order higher than 4.
Lepton-mediated electroweak baryogenesis

We investigate the impact of the tau and bottom Yukawa couplings on the transport dynamics for electroweak baryogenesis in supersymmetric extensions of the standard model. Although it has generally been assumed in the literature that all Yukawa interactions except those involving the top quark are negligible, we find that the tau and bottom Yukawa interaction rates are too fast to be neglected. We identify an illustrative “lepton-mediated electroweak baryogenesis” scenario in which the baryon asymmetry is induced mainly through the presence of a left-handed leptonic charge. We derive analytic formulas for the computation of the baryon asymmetry that, in light of these effects, are qualitatively different from those in the established literature. In this scenario, for fixed CP-violating phases, the baryon asymmetry has opposite sign compared to that calculated using established formulas.
Somatic and visual afferents through centromedian to the postcruciate cortex

The aim of this study was to evaluate the similarity of projection from the centromedian area of the thalamus to the postcruciate association cortex for visual and somatic afferents. A reversible cooling blockade of the thalamic area in the cat was used to determine the contribution of synaptic activity in this area to unit and evoked potential responses recorded in the cortex. Prior to cooling, evoked potentials (EP) to light flash, ipsi paw, and contra paw stimulation had about the same waveshape. Thalamic cooling reduced the similarity of EPs to ipsi and contra paw stimulation, but did not change the similarity of visual-somatic EPs. A single neuron's response was different for each of the three stimuli, and thalamic cooling produced different changes in these responses. It was concluded that the projection of the intralaminar thalamus to the postcruciate cortex is highly differentiated and that it would be inaccurate to describe the intralaminar thalamocortical system as projecting equally and in an undifferentiated fashion to the postcruciate cortex.
The biochemistry of the isoprostane, neuroprostane, and isofuran pathways of lipid peroxidation.

F 2 -isoprostanes are prostaglandin F 2 -like compounds that are formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. Intermediate in the pathway of the formation of isoprostanes are labile prostaglandin H 2 -like bicyclic endoperoxides (H 2 -isoprostanes), which are reduced to F 2 -isoprostanes and also undergo rearrangement in vivo to form E-ring and D-ring isoprostanes, isothromboxanes, and highly reactive acyclic γ-ketoaldehdyes (isoketals). Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6ω3) is highly enriched in neurons in the brain and is highly susceptible to oxidation. Free radical mediated oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid results in the formation of isoprostane-like compounds (neuroprostanes). F 4 - and E 4 /D 4 -neuroprostanes as well as neuroketals have been shown to be produced in vivo. Finally, we recently discovered a new pathway of lipid peroxidation that forms compounds with a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring (isofurans). Oxygen concentrations differentially modulate the formation of isoprostanes and isofurans; at elevated oxygen concentrations, the formation of isofurans is favored whereas the formation of isoprostanes is disfavored.
Seeing is believing: effects of visual contextual cues on learning and transfer of locomotor adaptation

Devices such as robots or treadmills are often used to drive motor learning because they can create novel physical environments. However, the learning (i.e., adaptation) acquired on these devices only partially generalizes to natural movements. What determines the specificity of motor learning, and can this be reliably made more general? Here we investigated the effect of visual cues on the specificity of split-belt walking adaptation. We systematically removed vision to eliminate the visual-proprioceptive mismatch that is a salient cue specific to treadmills: vision indicates that we are not moving while leg proprioception indicates that we are. We evaluated the adaptation of temporal and spatial features of gait (i.e., timing and location of foot landing), their transfer to walking over ground, and washout of adaptation when subjects returned to the treadmill. Removing vision during both training (i.e., on the treadmill) and testing (i.e., over ground) strongly improved the transfer of treadmill adaptation to natural walking. Removing vision only during training increased transfer of temporal adaptation, whereas removing vision only during testing increased the transfer of spatial adaptation. This dissociation reveals differences in adaptive mechanisms for temporal and spatial features of walking. Finally training without vision increased the amount that was learned and was linked to the variability in the behavior during adaptation. In conclusion, contextual cues can be manipulated to modulate the magnitude, transfer, and washout of device-induced learning in humans. These results bring us closer to our ultimate goal of developing rehabilitation strategies that improve movements beyond the clinical setting.
QM and QM–FE simulations on reactions of relevance to enzyme catalysis: trypsin, catechol O-methyltransferase, β-lactamase and pseudouridine synthase

The application of the quantum mechanics–free energy hybrid technique (QM–FE) to calculate the free energy changes in two enzymatic reaction systems, trypsin and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) is reported. The results rationalize the observed rate enhancements by comparing the reactions in enzyme and in aqueous solution. Quantum mechanical studies of the model systems of β-lactamase and pseudouridine synthase systems are also presented. For β-lactamase, the effect of solvation on hydrolysis and methanolysis of β-lactams has been investigated. For pseudouridine synthase, the first steps of two different proposed mechanisms have been modeled.
Infrared spectra of CH+5 core in CH+5 (H2)

Abstract The infrared spectra of the CH+5 core in CH+5 (H2) are presented. These spectra are the first spectroscopic results for the CH+5 related systems. The CH stretching bands of the CH+5 core were observed as one broad feature with shoulders, centered at 2966 cm−1. The predicted CH stretching frequencies for the minimum energy structure containing CH+5 with eclipsed Cs symmetry match quite well those of the observed features after appropriate scaling. Possible reasons for the band broadening are also discussed.
Heart with a trunk: form fruste of Cantrell's Syndrome

A newborn presented with a prominent pulsatile supraumbilical tumour which was initially diagnosed as umbilical hernia by the caring paediatrician. On referral, clinical examination showed a subcutaneous pulse-synchronous pulsatile mass with diastasis of m. rectus abdominis ( Panel A ). Echocardiography demonstrated situs solitus with levocardia and a secundum atrial septal defect. The apex of the left ventricle (LV) continued into a funnel-like diverticulum running caudally and …
E-business: an outsourcing solution for small businesses

In this paper, we demonstrate how a small entrepreneurial business can compete successfully in the internet arena without developing an in-house website. Current technological development coupled with outsourcing have levelled the playing field, and e-commerce permits a firm to actively and successfully compete in the global marketplace. We suggest that managers utilise an outsourcing approach relying on Application Service Providers (ASPs). Note, however, that we are not recommending that the entrepreneur simply turn over the running of the e-commerce aspect of the business to the ASP. Instead, we advocate that the entrepreneur be a proactive participant in the design of the system. Consequently, attention must be directed to the specifics of the service level agreement. The entrepreneur should view this document as the basic contract governing the relationship between the firm and the ASP. Thus, it should spell out the details concerning the level of service to be provided across a wide range of issues. Additionally, we review a series of topics and concerns that such organisations tend to share.
Microstructure evolution of alloy 625 foil and sheet during creep at 750 °C

Abstract Foil and sheet forms of the nickel-based superalloy 625 have been examined in an ‘as-processed’ condition and following creep-rupture testing in air at 750 °C and 100 MPa. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopies were employed to correlate microstructures with creep behavior, and indicate the additional processing required to achieve foil form reduces creep life compared to thicker-section wrought product forms. Prior to creep testing, the microstructure consists of γ phase with M6C precipitates. This microstructure changes during creep into one consisting of orthorhombic δ phase extending across the γ grains, and grain boundaries dominated by the presence of rhombohedral μ phase, δ phase, and a Si-rich variant of diamond-cubic M6C (η phase). Thermodynamic modeling was also used to calculate the stable temperature ranges and compositions of equilibrium phases. The phases predicted by modeling and their compositions generally agree with those observed within alloy 625 after creep testing.
Single-shot visualization of evolving plasma bubble accelerators by frequency-domain streak camera

We visualize formation, propagation and collapse of laser-driven plasma bubbles using a single-shot frequency domain streak camera, thereby identifying bubble dynamics that optimize electron injection and acceleration.
Monoclonal antibody directed to Le(y) oligosaccharide inhibits implantation in the mouse.

We investigated the role of carbohydrates in blastocyst attachment to the uterine epithelium. Le(y) (Fuc alpha 1-->2Gal beta 1-->4[Fuc alpha 1-->3] GlcNAc) was localized by indirect immunofluorescence to the surface of the mouse blastocyst and uterine epithelium. Western blot analysis showed that Le(y) is carried on many uterine glycoproteins in both pregnant and nonpregnant females; however, new species were detected on Day 4 postcoitum (p.c.) coincident with the onset of uterine receptivity. The function of Le(y) in implantation was tested by injecting monoclonal antibody (mAb) directly into the uterine lumen on Days 3-5 p.c. The effects of intrauterine injections on implantation were scored by comparing the number of viable embryos to the number of CL on Day 10 p.c. Injection of purified anti-Le(y) IgM into the uterine lumen on the afternoon of Day 4 significantly inhibited implantation. This effect was dose-dependent and was obtained during a narrow time window, from 87 to 93 h p.c. Inhibition of implantation was not observed in contralateral uterine horns injected with saline, nor was it observed in uterine horns injected with other anti-carbohydrate mAbs. We conclude that binding of anti-Le(y) to the blastocyst or luminal epithelium masks a ligand involved in implantation. Although the mechanism of inhibition is unknown, we show that Le(y) can interact with another oligosaccharide (H) that has been described as a possible uterine ligand for blastocyst attachment. We hypothesize that Le(y) and H form carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions that promote close apposition of cell surface membranes during an early step in implantation.
The Impact of the Corporation on Classical Economic Theory

Introduction, 25. — Preliminary: Some measurable fact-phenomena, 27; size and scope of large corporate activities, 27; distribution of ownership, 28; change in wealth-holding, 28; source of and power over capital, 29. — I. The shift from "capitalist" control, 30. — II. The immutability of classical economic principles, 31; competition, 32; maximization of profit, 33. — III. Stockholders derive what influence they have from social-political, not from entrepreneurial, factors, 37.
Children's recall of contextually integrable and nonintegrable episodic events

Abstract The hypothesis of this study is that children's deficiency in encoding input information may be attributed partially to a failure to fully integrate target and contextual information. Second and fourth grade children and college adults were shown sentences varying in internal integrability in a cued recall task for target nouns in the sentences. The sentences were internally semantically Congruous, Incongruous, or Anomalous. In acquisition, the subjects were told either to read the sentences (Read Encoding) or to rate the likelihood of the occurrence of the sentential event (Integration Encoding). The results showed large developmental differences in both levels of recall and the Congruity effect (superior recall for the Congruous relative to the Anomalous sentences) in the Read condition. These differences were minimized in the Integration condition. These patterns suggest young children are deficient in the contextual integration of episodic events, and, as a result, make inefficient use of semantic information in the encoding of input information.
Internal orientalism in America: W.J. Cash's The Mind of the South and the spatial construction of American national identity

This article is an attempt to establish a framework for investigating the spatial constructionof national identity, using the case of the US. The concept of internal orientalism is used toanalyze representations of the South as an internal spatial “other” in the US and to suggest a link between these representations and the construction of a privileged national identity. While scholars have explored the role of internal othering in the production of national identities, these studies have either ignored space or treated it as a subordinate component. I argue forthe utility of considering the primacy of space (in the sense of the imagined space of a region within the state) in the construction of national identity. Through an analysis of the influentialbook The Mind of the South I attempt to discern the relationship between the identity of the South and that of America. Portrayals of the South such as Cash’s denote the South as the repository of a set of negative characteristics (such as poverty, racism, violence, and backwardness), and I argue that as a result, these undesirable traits are excised from the national identity. According to this argument, the geographic ideas “America” and “the South”are opposite poles of a binary, and the identity of one cannot be understood except as linkedto the identity of the other; therefore, representations of a degenerate South inform an exalted national identity.