cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient adaptive meshing of parametric models

Parametric modeling is becoming the representation of choice for most modern solid modelers. However, when generating the finite-element mesh of the model for simulation and analysis, most meshing tools ignore the parametric information and use only the boundary representation of the model for meshing. This results in re-meshing the model basically from scratch each time a parametric change is instantiated, which happens numerous times throughout the design process.In this paper we look at ways to use the parametric information during the meshing procedure to prevent unnecessary re-meshing. The paper examines existing meshing techniques developed for other purposes, which can be applied to this problem. It also suggests several new mesh modification techniques specifically designed for efficient mesh adjustment after parametric model changes.
Structural phase transitions in ionic molecular solids

Abstract An overview is presented of our studies on the nature of structural instabilities in relatively complex ionic solids. These are based on parameter-free interionic potentials based on the Gordon-Kim modified electron gas formalism extended to molecular ions. We describe the manner in which there emerge from these studies quite general concepts of “size” and “shape” as structural determinants. In particular, we discuss how these, and the approximate symmetries that they can produce, can provide a relatively simple structure-based explanation of the origins of incommensurate phases in these systems. However, we also emphasize that the existence of such symmetries does not guarantee an incommensurate phase. This can only be realized if long-range correlations are sufficiently strong to overcome random local disordering. Thus, either the molecular units are partially linked and/or there exist long-range Coulomb interactions between individual units.
PULSATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CORES OF MASSIVE STARS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO PULSAR KICKS

The mechanism responsible for the natal kicks of neutron stars continues to be a challenging problem. Indeed, many mechanisms have been suggested, and one hydrodynamic mechanism may require large initial asymmetries in the cores of supernova progenitor stars. Goldreich and coworkers suggested that unstable g-modes trapped in the iron (Fe) core by the convective burning layers and excited by the -mechanism may provide the requisite asymmetries. We perform a modal analysis of the last minutes before collapse of published core structures and derive eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions, including the nonadiabatic effects of growth by nuclear burning and decay by both neutrino and acoustic losses. In general, we find two types of g-modes: inner core g-modes, which are stabilized by neutrino losses, and outer core g-modes, which are trapped near the burning shells and can be unstable. Without exception, we find at least one unstable g-mode for each progenitor in the entire mass range we consider, 11-40 M☉. More importantly, we find that the timescales for growth and decay are an order of magnitude or more longer than the time until the commencement of core collapse. We conclude that the -mechanism may not have enough time to significantly amplify core g-modes prior to collapse.
Alkane dehydrocyclization mechanism

Abstract A review of results impacting the dehydrocyclization mechanisms for monofunctional catalysts proposed to date has been made. The data indicate that, while alkane conversions at low temperatures (about 300°C or less) may involve reversible adsorption, irreversible adsorption of the alkane is the rate determining step at higher temperatures representative of naphtha reforming. The extent of irreversible adsorption depends upon hydrogen partial pressure, with alkane adsorption being irreversible near atmospheric pressure and gradually changing to reversible adsorption at naphtha reforming pressure. At all pressures, primary aromatic products are formed by a mechanism involving direct six-carbon ring formation. At low pressures, the cyclopentane cyclization product yields carbon on catalyst and cracked products. At higher pressures, the cyclopentane structures undergo nonselective hydrogenolysis to produce isomers of the alkane feed by a monofunctional metal catalyzed pathway. A common cyclization pathway is proposed for the formation of C5- and C6-ring structures. With bifunctional catalysts, the acid catalyzed cyclization is more rapid than the monofunctional metal cyclization.
Er17Ru6Te3 : A highly condensed metal-rich ternary telluride

Er{sub 17}Ru{sub 6}Te{sub 3} is obtained from high-temperature solid-state reactions in tantalum ampoules. The structure according to single-crystal X-ray diffraction is monoclinic, C2/m (no. 12), Z=4, a=40.185(8) A, b=3.9969(8) A, c=16.037(3) A, {beta}=95.12(3){sup o}, V=2565.5(9) A{sup 3}. The condensed structure consists of a complex intermetallic network of intergrown sheets of edge-sharing tetrakaidecahedra (tricapped trigonal prisms, TCTP), and pairs of rectangular-face-sharing bicapped trigonal prisms (BCTP) built of erbium and centered by ruthenium. This array also contains isolated columns of TCTP erbium normal to these sheets that contain tellurium. Basal face sharing of all Er polyhedra along the short b-axis gives rise to the three-dimensional network. Synthesis and the crystal structure of the compound are discussed. - Graphical abstract: A 3D structure built of bi- and tricapped trigonal prisms centered by Ru or Te.
An equilibrium search-matching model of discrimination

Abstract A model in which firms have incomplete information about workers at the hiring stage is shown to entail discrimination as the unique stable equilibrium outcome, even if no agents have a taste for discrimination and groups are ex ante identical. Groups which are discriminated against (e.g., blacks, women) earn lower wages, and endure longer unemployment spells.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of a versatile cyclopentenone: (+)-(3aS,6aS)-2,2-dimethyl-3aβ,6aβ-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta-1,3-dioxol-4-one

Abstract The title cyclopentenone has been prepared by enzymatic resolution of cis -4-phenyloxy- and cis -4-(4-methoxyphenyloxy)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ol in isopropenyl acetate using Pseudomonas cepacia lipase. The use of a 4-methoxyphenyloxy-alcohol intermediate enabled the use of both enzymatically resolved enantiomers in the synthesis of the desired (+)-enone.
Lingering Grains of Truth around Comet 17P/Holmes

Comet 17P/Holmes underwent a massive outburst in 2007 October, brightening by a factor of almost a million in under 48 hr. We used infrared images taken by the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer mission to characterize the comet as it appeared at a heliocentric distance of 5.1 AU almost 3 yr after the outburst. The comet appeared to be active with a coma and dust trail along the orbital plane. We constrained the diameter, albedo, and beaming parameter of the nucleus to 4.135 ± 0.610 km, 0.03 ± 0.01, and 1.03 ± 0.21, respectively. The properties of the nucleus are consistent with those of other Jupiter family comets. The best-fit temperature of the coma was 134 ± 11 K, slightly higher than the blackbody temperature at that heliocentric distance. Using Finson-Probstein modeling, we found that the morphology of the trail was consistent with ejection during the 2007 outburst and was made up of dust grains between 250 μm and a few cm in radius. The trail mass was ~1.2-5.3 × 10^(10) kg.
Detection of fenspiride and identification of in vivo metabolites in horse body fluids by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: administration, biotransformation and urinary excretion after a single oral dose.

Abstract Studies related to the in vivo biotransformation and urinary excretion of fenspiride hydrochloride in the horse are described. After oral administration, the drug is metabolised by both phase I functionalisation and phase II conjugation pathways. Following enzymatic deconjugation, fenspiride and its phase I metabolites were isolated from post-administration biofluids using bonded co-polymeric mixed mode solid-phase extraction cartridges to isolate the basic compounds. Following trimethylsilylation (TMS), the parent drug and metabolites were identified by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Fenspiride ( A ) and seven metabolites ( B → G ) arising from oxidation on both the aromatic and heterocyclic substructures were detected in urine. The positive ion electron ionisation mass spectra of the TMS derivatives of fenspiride and its metabolites provided useful information on its metabolism. Positive ion methane chemical ionisation–GC–MS of the derivatives provided both derivatised molecular mass and structural information. Unchanged fenspiride can be detected in post-administration plasma and urine samples for up to 24 h. Maximum urinary levels of 100–200 ng ml −1 were observed between 3 and 5 h after administration. After enzymatic deconjugation, the major phenolic metabolite ( G ) can be detected in urine for up to 72 h. This metabolite is the analyte of choice in the GC–MS screening of post-race equine urine samples for detection of fenspiride use. However, a distinct difference was observed in the urinary excretion of this metabolite between the thoroughbred horses used in UK study and the quarterbred and standardbred horses used for the USA administrations.
A smoother end to the dark ages

Independent lines of evidence suggest that the first stars, which ended the cosmic dark ages, came in pairs rather than singly. This could change the prevailing view that the early Universe had a Swiss-cheese-like appearance.
Numerical study of the KP equation for non-periodic waves

The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation describes weakly dispersive and small amplitude waves propagating in a quasi-two-dimensional situation. Recently a large variety of exact soliton solutions of the KP equation has been found and classified. Those soliton solutions are localized along certain lines in a two-dimensional plane and decay exponentially everywhere else, and they are called line-soliton solutions in this paper. The classification is based on the far-field patterns of the solutions which consist of a finite number of line-solitons. In this paper, we study the initial value problem of the KP equation with V- and X-shape initial waves consisting of two distinct line-solitons by means of the direct numerical simulation. We then show that the solution converges asymptotically to some of those exact soliton solutions. The convergence is in a locally defined L^2-sense. The initial wave patterns considered in this paper are related to the rogue waves generated by nonlinear wave interactions in shallow water wave problem.
When the Test of Mediation is More Powerful than the Test of the Total Effect

Although previous research has studied power in mediation models, the extent to which the inclusion of a mediator will increase power has not been investigated. To address this deficit, in a first study we compared the analytical power values of the mediated effect and the total effect in a single-mediator model, to identify the situations in which the inclusion of one mediator increased statistical power. The results from this first study indicated that including a mediator increased statistical power in small samples with large coefficients and in large samples with small coefficients, and when coefficients were nonzero and equal across models. Next, we identified conditions under which power was greater for the test of the total mediated effect than for the test of the total effect in the parallel two-mediator model. These results indicated that including two mediators increased power in small samples with large coefficients and in large samples with small coefficients, the same pattern of results that had been found in the first study. Finally, we assessed the analytical power for a sequential (three-path) two-mediator model and compared the power to detect the three-path mediated effect to the power to detect both the test of the total effect and the test of the mediated effect for the single-mediator model. The results indicated that the three-path mediated effect had more power than the mediated effect from the single-mediator model and the test of the total effect. Practical implications of these results for researchers are then discussed.
AB INITIO MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIFE

Artificial Life provides the opportunity to study the emergence and evolution of simple ecosystems in real time. We give an overview of the advantages and limita- tions of such an approach, as well as its relation to individual- based modeling techniques. The Digital Life system Avida is introduced and prospects for experiments with ab initio evolution (evolution "from scratch"), maintenance, as well as stability of ecosystems are discussed.
A two-dimensional Minkowski ?(x) function

Abstract A function from a triangle to itself is defined that has both interesting number theoretic and analytic properties. This function is shown to be a natural generalization of the classical Minkowski ?(x) function. It is shown there exists a natural class of pairs of cubic irrational numbers in the same cubic number field that are mapped to pairs of rational numbers, in analog to ?(x) mapping quadratic irrationals on the unit interval to rational numbers on the unit interval. It is also shown that this new function satisfies an analog to the fact that ?(x), while increasing and continuous, has derivative zero almost everywhere.
Phase transitions in one dimension and less

Abstract Phase transitions can occur in one-dimensional classical statistical mechanics at non-zero temperature when the number of components N of the spin is infinite. We show how to solve such magnets in one dimension for any N , and how the phase transition develops at N =∞. We discuss SU ( N ) and Sp ( N ) magnets, where the transition is second-order. In the new high-temperature phase, the correlation length is zero. We also show that for the SU ( N ) magnet on exactly three sites with periodic boundary conditions the transition becomes first order.
Make the Consumable Services via REST

Making your enterprise data and traditional Web services consumable through the World Wide Web is becoming increasingly important for a organization. REST (Representational State Transfer), a collection architecture principle, plays a key role in making your services easily integrated in both your enterprise applications and others via Web. This tutorial will teach you the basic of REST and the related application architecture, the Atom Publishing Protocol (APP) and how it stitches each resource in the service architecture, the best practices in constructing the REST services, and how to utilize and integrate other REST services with your existing Web service and application. Furthermore, it will also show you how to effectively use and consume the REST services from the IBM social software (Lotus Connections) in order to build your own social Web applications. You will not only learn the industrial products and trends in utilizing and making the consumable services using REST and APP, but also learn the details on how to make the most out of your own consumable services.
Estimating the Likelihood of Mexican Default from the Market Prices of Brady Bonds

Market prices of developing country debt reflect investors' views of country repayment capacity as well as other debt-specific factors. To extract a measure of repayment capacity from debt prices, adjustments need to be made to account for: debt values being a concave function of repayment capacity; the specific terms of the debt agreement; and the presence of third-party guarantees. This paper derives a measure of repayment capacity by constructing a pricing model that takes these factors into account. Applying the model to Brady bonds issued by Mexico, we find that estimated repayment capacity often performs differently from the unadjusted bond prices. We demonstrate that other Mexican bonds can be priced fairly accurately on the basis of this repayment capacity measure.
Appeal for Cooperation in Magnetic and Allied Observations during the Total Solar Eclipse of August 29–30, 1905

THOSE who are in a position to take part in the above cooperative work are earnestly requested to make the necessary preparations and to put themselves in communication with the undersigned.
Characterization of Gallium Telluride Crystals Grown from Graphite Crucible

In this work we investigated a new method of growing detector grade large GaTe layered chalcogenide single crystals. GaTe ingots (2" in diameter and about 10 cm in length) were grown by a novel method using graphite crucible by slow crystallization from melt of high purity (7N) Ga and Te precursors in argon atmosphere. GaTe samples from the monocrystalline area of the ingot have been cleaved mechanically and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis by x-rays (EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission line matrix method (TLM), resistivity measurements using van der Pauw technique, Hall Effect and Capacitance-Voltage measurements. Our investigations reveal high potential for developing superior quality GaTe crystals using this growth technique for growing large volume inexpensive GaTe single crystals for nuclear radiation detectors.
Stress and Strain in Silicon Electrode Models

Author(s): Higa, K; Srinivasan, V | Abstract: While the high capacity of silicon makes it an attractive negative electrode for Li-ion batteries, the associated large volume change results in fracture and capacity fade. Composite electrodes incorporating silicon have additional complexity, as active material is attached to surrounding material which must likewise experience significant volume change. In this paper, a finite-deformation model is used to explore, for the first time, mechanical interactions between a silicon particle undergoing lithium insertion, and attached binder material. Simulations employ an axisymmetric model system in which solutions vary in two spatial directions and shear stresses develop at interfaces between materials. The mechanical response of the amorphous active material is dependent on lithium concentration, and an equation of state incorporating reported volume expansion data is used. Simulations explore the influence of active material size and binder stiffness, and suggest delamination as an additional mode of material damage. Computed strain energies and von Mises equivalent stresses are in physically-relevant ranges, comparable to reported yield stresses and adhesion energies, and predicted trends are largely consistent with reported experimental results. It is hoped that insights from this work will support the design of more robust silicon composite electrodes.
Computing the Mazur and Swinnerton-Dyer critical subgroup of elliptic curves

Let E be an optimal elliptic curve defined over Q. The critical subgroup of E is defined by Mazur and Swinnerton-Dyer as the subgroup of E(Q) generated by traces of branch points under a modular parametrization of E. We prove that for all rank two elliptic curves with conductor smaller than 1000, the critical subgroup is torsion. First, we define a family of critical polynomials attached to E and describe two algorithms to compute such polynomials. We then give a sufficient condition for the critical subgroup to be torsion in terms of the factorization of critical polynomials. Finally, a table of critical polynomials is obtained for all elliptic curves of rank two and conductor smaller than 1000, from which we deduce our result.
Regioselective and stereoselective reductive cleavage of 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane alcohols

Abstract Lewis acid -promoted triethylsilane reduction of 6,6-spiroketal alcohols produces cis-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans with excellent regioselectivity and stereocontrol. An appended alcohol allows bidentate coordination of the Lewis acid to selectively activate one CO bond of the anomeric center toward reductive cleavage.
LAMPREYS IN CAPTIVITY.

HAVING had living lampreys of various ages under observation in the biological laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, I present the following facts as to the ability of these animals to live in a very limited space. I received, about the middle of May, from Ithaca, N. Y., two lots of lamprey eggs, about six dozen eggs in each lot. They were shipped by express and must have been on the road about twenty to twenty-four hours. They had been shoveled out of the "nest," with about 2 1. of gravel, and put into two tin buckets of 8 1. capacity. The space in the buckets above the gravel was filled'with water, and in one of the buckets were some three dozen larval lampreys ranging from 2 cm. to 12 cm. in length. None of these eggs developed, although they were put into running water as soon as they reached the laboratory. My experience with the small larvae (about 5 mm. in length) was more successful. I obtained one hundred or more of these from a stream at Ithaca, and brought them to Baltimore in two glass jars of 3-4 1. capacity each. A small quantity of gravel was placed in the bottom of each jar for the larvae to bury themselves in, and the water was kept cool by partially emptying the jars from time to time, and refilling them with ice water from the coolers on the train. The journey lasted for about eighteen hours, and all the larvae, except three or four, reached the laboratory in good condition. The small amount of sediment in the city water proving disastrous to the welfare of the larvae, clear spring water was obtained every few days, and this was kept cool by allowing the jars to stand in larger vessels of running water. Even with this arrangement the deaths averaged one per day, and about the first of August the remaining larvae were killed and
N-isopropylacrylamide-based Copolymers with Time-dependent LCST for a Bioresorbable Carrier

Abstract : To develop a new class of in situ-forming, injectable, and biodegradable polymeric biomaterials based on time-dependent lower critical solution temperature (LCST) properties for localized delivery, copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), 2-hydroxyethyl methacryl lactate (HEMA-lactate) and acrylic acid (AAc) were prepared with varying mole ratios of monomers. The copolymers showed LCST and gelation properties below body temperature in 0.1 N PBS solution of pH 7.4. The LCST and gelation temperature of the copolymers decreased as the HEMA-lactate content of the copolymers was increased. The copolymers also showed time-dependent LCST and gelation properties in 0.1 N PBS solution of pH 7.4 owing to hydrolysis of HEMA-lactate. Hydrolysis of HEMA-lactate caused the polymers to be more hydrophilic, resulting in an increase in LCST and gelation temperature. All the polymers with about 6 mol % AAc exhibited LCST and gelation temperature above body temperature after complete hydrolysis of HEMA-lactate.
The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics

The interpretational problems of quantum mechanics are considered. The way in which the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics deals with these problems is reviewed. A new interpretation of the formalism of quantum mechanics, the transactional interpretation, is presented. The basic element of this interpretation is the transaction describing a quantum event as an exchange of advanced and retarded waves, as implied by the work of Wheeler and Feynman, Dirac, and others. The transactional interpretation is explicitly nonlocal and thereby consistent with recent tests of the Bell inequality, yet is relativistically invariant and fully causal. A detailed comparison of the transactional and Copenhagen interpretations is made in the context of well-known quantum-mechanical Gedankenexperimente and "paradoxes." The transactional interpretation permits quantum-mechanical wave functions to be interpreted as real waves physically present in space rather than as "mathematical representations of knowledge" as in the Copenhagen interpretation. The transactional interpretation is shown to provide insight into the complex character of the quantum-mechanical state vector and the mechanism associated with its "collapse." It also leads in a natural way to justification of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Born probability law ($P=\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{*}$), basic elements of the Copenhagen interpretation.
FROZEN STORAGE QUALITY CHANGES IN WHOLE JONAH CRABS

The Jonah crab is an underutilized species in the mid-Atlantic region, and use of the whole, frozen crab would broaden marketing options for this seafood product. We monitored quality changes in whole cooked crabs held in a blast freezer for up to 50 weeks. A sensory evaluation panel determined the point at which detectable differences appeared in the product. Microbiological testing was conducted at selected intervals to assess bacterial content. In a triangle test, frozen experimental samples of leg meat were first differentiated from frozen controls at approximately 24 weeks. No significant difference was defected in body meat for up to 33 weeks’ storage. Microbial quality was acceptable throughout the experiment.
Optimal control theory for sustainable environmental management.

Summary of Results. The previous sections presentedand discussed the results for various cases on the 12-compartment food web model. The important conclusionsto be drawn from those results are as follows:• g RPP1 , the coefﬁcient of mass transfer from RP to P1, isoverall the most effective control variable, possibly becauseit is the input of mass into P1 which is directly connected toH1 and IP which are critical to the rest of the system. Theperformance of g RPP2 , the coefﬁcient of mass transfer fromRP to P2, as a control variable is qualitatively similar butinferior to g RPP1 , possibly because P2 is only one of the threefood sources for HH.• The relative success of g RPP1 and g RPP2 in controllingdifferent compartments depends on the position of thecompartment in the food web. Thus, g RPP2 is observed to bemore effective in manipulating compartment C2 while g RPP1 is more effective is manipulating compartment H1. It is alsoobserved that g RPP1 and g RPP2 have opposite effects on manycompartments because of the sharing of RP.• Ris moderately effective in controlling model dynamicswhile
Superconformal symmetry and maximal supergravity in various dimensions

In this paper we explore the relation between conformal superalgebras with 64 supercharges and maximal supergravity theories in three, four and six dimensions using twistorial oscillator techniques. The massless fields of $ \mathcal{N} = {8} $ supergravity in four dimensions were shown to fit into a CPT-self-conjugate doubleton supermultiplet of the conformal superalgebra SU(2, 2|8) a long time ago. We show that the fields of maximal supergravity in three dimensions can similarly be fitted into the super singleton multiplet of the conformal superalgebra OSp(16|4, $ \mathbb{R} $ ), which is related to the doubleton supermultiplet of SU(2, 2|8) by dimensional reduction. Moreover, we construct the ultra-short supermultiplet of the six-dimensional conformal superalgebra OSp(8* |8) and show that its component fields can be organized in an on-shell superfield. The ultra-short OSp(8* |8) multiplet reduces to the doubleton supermultiplet of SU(2, 2|8) upon dimensional reduction. We discuss the possibility of a novel non-metric based (4, 0) six-dimensional supergravity theory with USp(8) R-symmetry that reduces to maximal supergravity in four dimensions and is different from six-dimensional metric based (2, 2) maximal supergravity, whose fields cannot be fitted into a unitary supermultiplet of a simple conformal superalgebra. Such an interacting (4, 0) theory would be the non-metric gravitational analog of the interacting (2, 0) theory.
Schedule-Dependent Drug Effects of Oral 5-iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2’-Deoxyribose as an In Vivo Radiosensitizer in U251 Human Glioblastoma Xenografts

Purpose: 5-Iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2′-deoxyribose (IPdR) is an oral prodrug of 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR), an in vitro/in vivo radiosensitizer. IPdR can be rapidly converted to IUdR by a hepatic aldehyde oxidase. Previously, we found that the enzymatic conversion of IPdR to IUdR could be transiently reduced using a once daily (q.d.) treatment schedule and this may affect IPdR-mediated tumor radiosensitization. The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of different drug dosing schedules on tumor radiosensitization and therapeutic index in human glioblastoma xenografts. Experimental Design: Three different IPdR treatment schedules (thrice a day, t.i.d.; every other day, q.o.d.; every 3rd day, q.3.d.), compared with a q.d. schedule, were analyzed using athymic nude mice with human glioblastoma (U251) s.c. xenografts. Plasma pharmacokinetics, IUdR-DNA incorporation in tumor and normal proliferating tissues, tumor growth delay following irradiation, and body weight loss were used as end points. Results: The t.i.d. schedule with the same total daily doses as the q.d. schedule (250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg/d) improved the efficiency of IPdR conversion to IUdR. As a result, the percentage of IUdR-DNA incorporation was higher using the t.i.d. schedule in the tumor xenografts as well as in normal small intestine and bone marrow. Using a fixed dose (500 mg/kg) per administration, the q.o.d. and q.3.d. schedules also showed greater IPdR conversion than the q.d. schedule, related to a greater recovery of hepatic aldehyde oxidase activity prior to the next drug dosing. In the tumor regrowth assay, all IPdR treatment schedules showed significant increases of regrowth delays compared with the control without IPdR (q.o.d., 29.4 days; q.d., 29.7 days; t.i.d., 34.7 days; radiotherapy alone, 15.7 days). The t.i.d. schedule also showed a significantly enhanced tumor growth delay compared with the q.d. schedule. Additionally, the q.o.d. schedule resulted in a significant reduction in systemic toxicity. Conclusions: The t.i.d. and q.o.d. dosing schedules improved the efficiency of enzymatic activation of IPdR to IUdR during treatment and changed the extent of tumor radiosensitization and/or systemic toxicity compared with a q.d. dosing schedule. These dosing schedules will be considered for future clinical trials of IPdR-mediated human tumor radiosensitization.
Wind-based navigation of a hot-air balloon on Titan: a feasibility study

Current analysis of data streamed back to Earth by the Cassini spacecraft features Titan as one of the most exciting places in the solar system. NASA centers and universities around the US, as well as the European Space Agency, are studying the possibility of sending, as part of the next mission to this giant moon of Saturn, a hot-air balloon (Montgolfier-type) for further and more in-depth exploration. The basic idea would be to design a reliable, semi-autonomous, and yet cheap Montgolfier capable of using continuous flow of waste heat from a power source to lift the balloon and sustain its altitude in the Titan environment. In this paper we study the problem of locally navigating a hot-air balloon in the nitrogen-based Titan atmosphere. The basic idea is to define a strategy (i.e. design of a suitable guidance system) that allows autonomous and semi-autonomous navigation of the balloon using the available (and partial) knowledge of the wind structure blowing on the saturnian satellite surface. Starting from first principles we determined the appropriate thermal and dynamical models describing (a) the vertical dynamics of the balloon and (b) the dynamics of the balloon moving on a vertical plane (2-D motion). Next, various non-linear fuzzy-based control strategies have been evaluated, analyzed and implemented in MATLAB to numerically simulate the capability of the system to simultaneously maintain altitude, as well as a scientifically desirable trajectory. We also looked at the ability of the balloon to perform station keeping. The results of the simulation are encouraging and show the effectiveness of such a system to cheaply and effectively perform semi-autonomous exploration of Titan.
Use of $\Lambda_b$ polarimetry in top quark spin correlation functions

Due to the absence of hadronization effects and the large $m_t$ mass, top quark decay will be uniquely sensitive to fundamental electroweak physics at the Tevatron, at the LHC, and at a future linear collider. A “complete measurement” of the four helicity amplitudes in $t \rightarrow W^+ b$ decay is possible by the combined use of $\Lambda_b$ andW polarimetry in stage-two spin-correlation functions (S2SC). In this paper, the most general Lorentz-invariant decay density matrix is obtained for the decay sequence $t\rightarrow W^{+}b$ where $b\rightarrow l^{-}\bar{\nu}c$ and $W^{+}\rightarrow l^{+}\nu _{l}$ [or $W^{+}\rightarrow j\overline{_{d}}j_u$ ], and likewise for $\bar{t} \rightarrow W^- \bar{b}$ . These density matrices are expressed in terms of b-polarimetry helicity parameters which enable a unique determination of the relative phases among the $A(\lambda_{W^+},\lambda_b)$ amplitudes. Thereby, S2SC distributions and single-sided b-W-interference distributions are expressed in terms of these parameters. The four b-polarimetry helicity parameters involving the $A(-1,-1/2)$ amplitude are considered in detail. $\Lambda_b$ polarimetry signatures will not be suppressed in top quark analyses when final $\bar{\nu}$ angles-and-energy variables are used for $b\rightarrow l^{-}\bar{\nu}c$ .
Stereoselective Syntheses of Trisubstituted Olefins via Platinum Catalysis: α-Silylenones with Geometrical Complementarity

The stereoselective syntheses of α-silylenones using catalytic PtCl2 are reported. Via alkyne activation, α-hydroxypropargylsilanes are converted to (Z)-silylenones through a highly selective silicon migration. The complementary (E)-silylenones are accessed by a regioselective hydrosilylation of the ynone precursor. The synthetic utility of these compounds is demonstrated in cross-coupling reactions, highlighting the potential of these protocols for the syntheses of geometrically defined trisubstituted olefins.
Novel crown ethers with pendant, proton-ionizable, chromogenic groups

Synthesis of fifteen new chromogenic crown ethers is described in which one phenyl group of diphenylamine has been substituted at the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions with strongly electron-withdrawing groups and the other phenyl group bears an oxymethyl crown ether substituent. Structural variations include the crown ether ring size, identity of the electron-withdrawing groups, acidity of the amine function, and positioning of the oxymethyl crown ether substituent ortho, meta, and para to the amine nitrogen. Preparation of a structurally-related chromogenic bis(crown ether) is also reported.
Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. III. Feedback from the First Stars

The first stars form in dark matter halos of masses ~106 -->M? as suggested by an increasing number of numerical simulations. Radiation feedback from these stars expels most of the gas from the shallow potential well of their surrounding dark matter halos. We use cosmological adaptive mesh refinement simulations that include self-consistent Population III star formation and feedback to examine the properties of assembling early dwarf galaxies. Accurate radiative transport is modeled with adaptive ray tracing. We include supernova explosions and follow the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium. The calculations focus on the formation of several dwarf galaxies and their progenitors. In these halos, baryon fractions in 108 -->M? halos decrease by a factor of 2 with stellar feedback and by a factor of 3 with supernova explosions. We find that radiation feedback and supernova explosions increase gaseous spin parameters up to a factor of 4 and vary with time. Stellar feedback, supernova explosions, and H2 cooling create a complex, multiphase interstellar medium whose densities and temperatures can span up to 6 orders of magnitude at a given radius. The pair-instability supernovae of Population III stars alone enrich the halos with virial temperatures of 104 K to approximately 10?3 of solar metallicity. We find that 40% of the heavy elements resides in the intergalactic medium (IGM) at the end of our calculations. The highest metallicity gas exists in supernova remnants and very dilute regions of the IGM.
Decline of Language Among Women and Men With Alzheimer's Disease

Previous research raises the possibility that gender differences occur in language function in Alzheimer's disease, but this hypothesis has not been evaluated systematically in longitudinal studies. The authors examined the association of gender with rate of decline in language and other cognitive functions among 410 persons with Alzheimer's disease. Participants were recruited from a dementia clinic and followed for up to 5 annual evaluations. Follow-up participation among survivors exceeded 90%. Decline in a composite score based on 8 language tests was evaluated in random effects models with age, education, and race controlled. Annual decline was 0.71 standard units (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62-0.79) for women and 0.74 units (95% CI = 0.61-0.86) for men, not a significant difference. Decline on the individual language tests and on composite measures of memory, perception, and global cognition also indicated no significant association with gender. These results suggest that Alzheimer's disease affects language and other cognitive functions similarly in women and men.
On four-dimensional N = 1 Type I compactifications

Abstract We consider four-dimensional N = 1 supersymmetric Type I compactifications on toroidal orbifolds T 6 / Γ . In particular, we focus on the Type I vacua which are perturbative from the orientifold viewpoint, that is, on the compactifications with well-defined world-sheet expansion. The number of such models is rather constrained. This allows us to study all such vacua. This, in particular, involves considering compactifications with non-trivial NS-NS antisymmetric tensor backgrounds. We derive massless spectra for these models, and also compute superpotentials. We review the reasons responsible for such a limited number of perturbative Type I compactifications on toroidal orbifolds (which include Abelian as well as non-Abelian cases). As an aside, we generalize the recent work on large N gauge theories from orientifolds to include a non-Abelian orbifold. This also provides an important independent check for perturbative consistency of the corresponding Type I compactification.
On unitary unipotent representations of $p$-adic groups and affine Hecke algebras with unequal parameters

We determine the unitary dual of the geometric graded Hecke algebras with {unequal} parameters which appear in Lusztig's classification of unipotent representations for {exceptional} $p$-adic groups. The largest such algebra is of type $F_4.$ Via the Barbasch-Moy correspondence of unitarity applied to this setting, this is equivalent to the identification of the corresponding unitary unipotent representations with real central character of the $p$-adic groups. In order for this correspondence to be applicable here, we show (following Lusztig's geometric classification, and Barbasch and Moy's original argument) that the set of tempered modules with real central character for a geometric graded Hecke algebra is linearly independent when restricted to the Weyl group.
New one-dimensional ternary and quaternary cesium-metal-tellurium compounds

Abstract Through the use of the reactive flux method the compounds Cs 3 Ti 3 Te 11 , Cs 3 CuHf 2 Te 10 , Cs 8 Hf 5 UTe 30.6 and CsUTe 6 have been synthesized. These materials comprise Cs + cations and one-dimensional chain anions. The structural features of these chains are discussed.
Implementation in Generalized Matching Problems

Abstract We search for (Nash) implementable solutions on a class of one-to-one matching problems which includes both the housing market (Shapley and Scarf, Journal of Mathematical Economics , 1974, 1, 23–28) and marriage problems (Gale and Shapley, American Mathematical Monthly , 1962, 69, 9–15). We show that the core correspondence is implementable. We show, furthermore, that any solution that is Pareto efficient, individually rational, and implementable is a supersolution of the core correspondence. That is, the core correspondence is the minimal solution that is Pareto efficient, individually rational, and implementable. A corollary of independent interest in the context of the housing market is that the core correspondence is the only single-valued solution that is Pareto efficient, individually rational, and implementable.
A locally-organized parser for spoken input

This paper describes LPARS, a locally-organized parsing system, designed for use in a continuous speech recognizer. LPARS processes a string of phonemes which contains ambiguity and error. The system is locally-organized in the sense that it builds local parse structures from reliable word candidates recognized anywhere in an input utterance. These local structures are used as “islands of reliability” to guide the search for more highly garbledwords which might complete the utterance.
A hemispherical, high-solid-angle optical micro-cavity for cavity-QED studies

We report a novel hemispherical micro-cavity that is comprised of a planar integrated semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror, and an external, concave micro-mirror having a radius of curvature 50μm. The integrated DBR mirror containing quantum dots (QD), is designed to locate the QDs at an antinode of the field in order to maximize the interaction between the QD and cavity. The concave micro-mirror, with high-reflectivity over a large solid-angle, creates a diffraction-limited (sub-micron) mode-waist at the planar mirror, leading to a large coupling constant between the cavity mode and QD. The half-monolithic design gives more spatial and spectral tuning abilities, relatively to fully monolithic structures. This unique micro-cavity design will potentially enable us to both reach the cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) strong coupling regime and realize the deterministic generation of single photons on demand.
Constructing strongly convex hulls using exact or rounded arithmetic

One useful generalization of the convex hull of a setS ofn points is the ź-strongly convex ź-hull. It is defined to be a convex polygon with vertices taken fromS such that no point inS lies farther than ź outside and such that even if the vertices of are perturbed by as much as ź, remains convex. It was an open question as to whether an ź-strongly convexO(ź)-hull existed for all positive ź. We give here anO(n logn) algorithm for constructing it (which thus proves its existence). This algorithm uses exact rational arithmetic. We also show how to construct an ź-strongly convexO(ź + μ)-hull inO(n logn) time using rounded arithmetic with rounding unit μ. This is the first rounded-arithmetic convex-hull algorithm which guarantees a convex output and which has error independent ofn.
Intrusion of warm Bering/Chukchi waters onto the shelf in the western Beaufort Sea

[1] Wind-driven changes in the path of warm Bering/Chukchi waters carried by the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) through Barrow Canyon during late summer are described from high-resolution hydrography, acoustic Doppler current profiler–measured currents, and satellite-measured sea surface temperature imagery acquired from mid-August to mid-September 2005–2007 near Barrow, Alaska. Numerical simulations are used to provide a multidecadal context for these observational data. Four generalized wind regimes and associated circulation states are identified. When winds are from the east or east-southeast, the ACC jet tends to be relatively strong and flows adjacent to the shelf break along the southern flank of Barrow Canyon. These easterly winds drive inner shelf currents northwestward along the Alaskan Beaufort coast where they oppose significant eastward intrusions of warm water from Barrow Canyon onto the shelf. Because these easterly winds promote sea level set down over the Beaufort shelf and upwelling along the Beaufort slope, the ACC jet necessarily becomes weaker, broader, and displaced seaward from the Beaufort shelf break upon exiting Barrow Canyon. Winds from the northeast promote separation of the ACC from the southern flank of Barrow Canyon and establish an up-canyon current along the southern flank that is fed in part by waters from the western Beaufort shelf. When winds are weak or from the southwest, warm Bering/Chukchi waters from Barrow Canyon intrude onto the western Beaufort shelf.
Reliability of an 1657CCGA (Ceramic Column Grid Array) Package With 95.5SN3.9AG0.6CU Lead-Free Solder Paste on PCBS (Printed Circuit Boards)

In many applications such as computers and telecommunications, the IC chip sizes are very big, the on-chip frequency and power dissipation are very high, and the number of chip I/Os is very large. The CCGA (ceramic column grid array) package developed by IBM is one of the best candidates for housing these kinds of chips [1–7]. There are two parts in this study. One is to show that the 2-parameter Weibull life distribution is adequate for modeling the thermal-fatigue life of lead-free solder joints. This is demonstrated by comparing the 2-parameter and 3-parameter Weibull distributions with life test data of an 1657-pin CCGA package with the 95.5wt%Sn3.9wt%Ag0.6wt%Cu lead-free solder paste on lead-free PCBs (printed circuit boards) under thermal cycling conditions. The other part of this study is to determine the time-history creep strain energy density of the 1657-pin CCGA solder column with two different solder paste materials, namely, 95.5wt%Sn3.9wt%Ag0.6wt%Cu and 63wt%Sn37wt%Pb and under three different thermal cycling profiles, namely, 25 ↔ 75°C, 0 ↔ 100°C, and −25 ↔ 125°C. The effects of these solder pastes and temperature conditions on the thermal-fatigue life of the high-lead (10wt%Sn90wt%Pb) solder columns of the CCGA package are provided and discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Geothermal Reinjection Experience in Japan

The five liquid-dominated geothermal fields under production in Japan (Otake, Onuma, Onikobe, Hatchobaru, and Kakkonda) represent more than half the liquid-dominated fields now in production worldwide. All five have total liquid reinjection programs, and thus collectively represent a major fraction of all full-scale water reinjection operations in the world. The implications of the Japanese reinjection experience are therefore of extreme importance to future liquid-dominated geothermal development. The major impact of the experience in these fields is that, with the exception of Otake, the reinjection wells show a rapid interference with the production wells. In most cases, the reinjected water travels to the production zone within a very short time, and there is consequently a discernible thermal drawdown. 18 refs.
Early-Time Photometry and Spectroscopy of the Fast Evolving SN 2006aj Associated with GRB 060218

We present early photometric and spectroscopic data on the afterglow of GRB 060218 and report the evolution of the underlying supernova SN 2006aj. Our data span a time range of 4-23 days after the GRB and clearly establish that SN 2006aj is a fast-evolving broad-lined Type Ic SN with an extremely short rise time (~10 days) and a large optical peak luminosity (MV = -18.7 mag). The supernova properties are deduced well since the gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow does not contribute a significant amount to the total light output. The spectra show broad lines indicative of large expansion velocities but are better matched by those of SN 2002ap and SN 1997ef (not associated with a GRB) than those of the prototypical GRB-related SN 1998bw. We refine the redshift estimate to z = 0.03351 ± 0.00007. The host galaxy is a low-metallicity dwarf galaxy (with MV, host = -16.0 mag), similar to host galaxies of other GRB-associated SNe.