cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financial impact of health promotion: we need to know much more, but we know enough to act.

SYNOPSIS Decision-makers, particularly employers and health insurers, need information on the financial impact of prevention and health promotion as they decide how much to invest in this area. Although the effectiveness of many preventive and health promoting interventions is well established, information on the financial impact of these interventions has lagged behind. This article refers to work that was proven effective in the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services and the Guide to Community Preventive Services following investigations of the financial impact of interventions carried out at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and elsewhere. The information is most complete for the areas of vaccination and tobacco control and reveals a number of interventions that offer exceptional value for the money. This article concludes with two sets of recommendations. The first set involves research needs related to financial impact. The second set suggests eight highly valuable actions that employers ...
School Counselors’ Intervention in Bias-Related Incidents Among Latino Students

School counselors help foster student’s academic, social, and career development; yet, school counselors are often neglected in research on school climate and student safety. Framed by the theory of planned behavior, this study examined how 206 school counselors’ multicultural counseling competence, multicultural self-efficacy, and perceptions of Latino students’ experiences of the school environment (e.g., safety, bias-motivated bullying, discrimination, and harassment) were associated with intervention in bias-related incidents among Latino students. Findings indicated that school counselors’ multicultural knowledge competence was positively associated with self-reported intervention in bullying, discrimination, or harassment related to Latino ethnicity. Further, counselors’ perceptions of a more negative school climate for Latino students were associated with greater intervention in bias-based incidents. Implications for school counselors and school counselor educators are discussed.
Applying the resources and supports in self-management framework to examine ophthalmologist-patient communication and glaucoma medication adherence

Little is known about how ophthalmologist-patient communication over time is associated with glaucoma patient long-term adherence. The purpose of our study was to examine the association between provider use of components of the resources and supports in self-management model when communicating with patients and adherence to glaucoma medications measured electronically over an 8-month period. In this longitudinal prospective cohort study, the main variables studied were ophthalmologist communication-individualized assessment, collaborative goal setting and skills enhancement. Patients with glaucoma who were newly prescribed or on glaucoma medications were recruited from six ophthalmology clinics. Patients' baseline and next follow-up visits were videotape-recorded. Patients were interviewed after their visits. Patients used medication event monitoring systems (MEMS) for 8 months after enrollment into the study, and adherence was measured electronically using MEMS for 240 days after their visits. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients participated. Patient race and regimen complexity were negatively associated with glaucoma medication adherence over an 8-month period. Provider communication behaviors, including providing education and positive reinforcement, can improve patient adherence to glaucoma medications over an 8-month period.
Blastomycosis of bone: a clinicopathologic study.

Objectives: Blastomycosis osteomyelitis is a well-known but infrequently encountered complication of infection with the dimorphic mold, Blastomyces dermatitidis . Oftentimes, the diagnosis is unsuspected, resulting in a delay in making the diagnosis. The role of intraoperative consultation in making a rapid diagnosis has not been discussed previously. Methods: Retrospective chart review of clinicopathologic information was conducted from all cases of blastomycosis osteomyelitis and arthritis diagnosed at Rush University Medical Center between 2000 and 2010. Results: Fourteen cases of blastomycosis osteomyelitis and/or arthritis were identified, 12 of which clinically and radiologically presented as a bone tumor. The disease most commonly affected the lower extremities, particularly around the knee joint. Septic arthritis generally occurred secondary to osteomyelitis of the adjacent bone. Frozen section was performed in 10 cases, all of which were correctly diagnosed as granulomatous osteomyelitis. Two cases were culture negative, one of which showed many budding yeast forms typical of B dermatitidis on histology. Conclusion: Blastomycosis osteomyelitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone tumor, particularly when there is history of residence or travel in endemic areas. This disease can be correctly identified at frozen section, thus offering rapid diagnosis. There is an excellent correlation between morphologic and microbiologic studies.
Sol-Gel Derived Barium Sodium Niobate and Bismuth Titanate Films

Sol-gel derived barium sodium niobate and bismuth titanate films were successfully prepared from precursor solutions of chelated Ba[Nb(OEt)6]2 and NaNb(OEt)6 and from bismuth 2-ethyl hexanoate and Ti(OEt)4 respectively. Single phase Ba2NaNb5O15 was formed at 750C on platinized Si and at 850C on fused SiO2. Monoclinic (pseudo-orthorhombic) Bi4Ti3O12 was formed at temperatures as low as 500C. Both film compositions showed significant second harmonic generation. The dielectric constant of the bismuth titanate film was comparable to that of sputtered films.
Cytochrome P-450 in insects

Abstract Soluble cytochrome P -450 prepared from the microsomal fraction of abdomen homogenates of an insecticide resistant strain (Rutgers) and a susceptible strain (NAIDM) of the house fly, Musca domestica L., was characterized by spectral and electrophoretic methods. Six chromatographically distinct fractions were obtained after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite. Examination of the six fractions by difference spectrophotometry indicated that the wave lengths for maximum absorption of the cytochrome P -450-carbon monoxide complexes were at 450, 451, and 452 nm for the NAIDM fractions and at 449, 450, and 451 nm for the Rutgers fractions. The type II binding spectra of the cytochrome P -450 in each fraction were measured with n -octylamine. Several of these resembled spectra which, in studies of hepatic cytochrome P -450, have been shown to be due to the presence of the high spin form of this hemoprotein. Four of the fractions from the resistant strain were of this type compared to one from the susceptible strain. Electrophoresis experiments indicated that there were at least three hemoproteins in the 40,000–60,000 molecular weight range in the fractions from the resistant strain while four could be detected in those from the susceptible strain. The specific aldrin epoxidase activity of the most active Rutgers fractions was considerably higher than that of similar fractions from the NAIDM microsomes in reconstitution experiments.
Testing the Inverse Ad Size-Selective Exposure Hypothesis: Clarifying Bogart

Bogart finds the evidence we discussed [9] which failed to support unequivocally the hypothesis he has long advocated [1, 2] of an inverse ad size-selective exposure relationship unconvincing. In commenting on our article, he raises questions not only about the investigation we carried out and reported, but also about the several studies conducted for The Philadelphia Inquirer which we cited [6, 10, 11]. This note will deal only with that portion of Bogart's commentary directed at the analysis we conducted. We are familiar with the Inquirer studies only through the published accounts of them which have appeared in the literature. Bogart's remarks go beyond this information. Lacking Bogart's first hand exposure to the raw data and methodological details of the research, we do not feel we are in a position to judge his criticisms thoroughly. The first matter to which attention must be drawn in Bogart's comment is that he misstates our findings when he writes:
Protein–Protein Interactions Affect Alpha Helix Stability in Crowded Environments

The dense, heterogeneous cellular environment is known to affect protein stability through interactions with other biomacromolecules. The effect of excluded volume due to these biomolecules, also known as crowding agents, on a protein of interest, or test protein, has long been known to increase the stability of a test protein. Recently, it has been recognized that attractive protein–crowder interactions play an important role. These interactions affect protein stability and can destabilize the test protein. However, most computational work investigating the role of attractive interactions has used spherical crowding agents and has neglected the specific roles of crowding agent hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding. Here we use multicanonical molecular dynamics and a coarse-grained protein model to study the folding thermodynamics of a small helical test protein in the presence of crowding agents that are themselves proteins. Our results show that the stability of the test protein depends on the hydrophobic...
Strength of Religious Affiliation and Life Satisfaction

This study examines the impact of the strength of religious affiliation on attitudes toward life satisfaction. The data are taken from the 1984 NORC survey. All things considered, religious persons should be happier, more satisfied, and more fulfilled than the nonreligious. This general assertion is tested with respect to happiness, family satisfaction, health satisfaction, and life excitement. The predicted association holds generally for happiness, family satisfaction, and life excitement. These three associations are confirmed under several, but not all, of the control conditions. Health satisfaction, by contrast, appears to be independent of the strength of an individual's religious affiliation. This study, based on data from the 1984 National Opinion Research Center (NORC) survey, examines the impact of the stregnth of religious affiliation on attitudes toward life satisfaction. Moberg (1972) found that religious activity is positively related to life satisfaction and morale. Not only does society as a whole develop its own system of beliefs and values to serve as guides for action, but each individual also needs to find a system of values to serve as a guide for personal activity. All need some absolute values to live by (Yinger, 1963), and in turn these values offer answers to problems of both life and death. In a review of the role of religion, Roberts (1990) underscores its importance in providing meaning and understanding for the individual. If religion does offer meaning and understanding, it should enhance the individual's subjective sense of well-being. Given these assumptions, religious affiliation should have a demonstrable impact on perceived satisfaction with life. All things considered, religious persons should be happier, more satisfied, and more fulfilled than the nonreligious. The following relationships can be hypothesized regarding the impact of religious affiliation on human satisfaction in general, as measured by attitudes toward happiness, family satisfaction, health satisfaction, and life excitement.
461 SUPPRESSION OF AP4-ENHANCED EXCITATORY JUNCTIONAL POTENTIALS BY THE D3 STEREOISOMER OF A CARBOXY DERIVATIVE OF BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE.

Purpose In spinal cord injury (SCI), glutamate excitotoxicity can cause secondary injury. NMDA glutamate receptor blockade is a potential protective strategy following SCI. A crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ) model is useful for studying NMDA receptor activity. The D3 stereoisomer of the malonic acid (carboxy) derivative of buckminsterfullerene suppresses excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) of NMJs of the opener muscle of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii and simulans) walking limbs. DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4, a specific NMDA receptor agonist) potentiates EJPs in this preparation. This study examines whether D3 can suppress AP4-enhanced EJPs. Materials/Methods A first or second walking limb was removed, and the meropodite and propodite were dissected to expose the excitatory axon and the opener muscle, respectively. The preparation was bathed in Van Harreveld9s Solution (VH, pH 7.2 ± 0.1) for collection of pretreatment data. Following a pretreatment control, a solution of 3.75 μm AP4 in VH was applied. EJPs were recorded immediately following application and at 1 and 2 minutes, using standard intracellular electrophysiologic techniques. Short-term facilitation (10-second stimulus at 35 Hz) averaging eight tracings per second for 10 seconds was used to record EJPs. AP4/VH was then replaced with 3.75 μm AP4 and 25 μm D3 in VH. EJPs were recorded immediately and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes. Post-treatment control data collection followed three complete exchanges of the bath with VH. Results Data are reported as percent change from control amplitude; 3.75 μm AP4 enhanced EJP amplitude 30%, with a subsequent depression of 35% in 3.75 μm AP4 and 25 μm D3. The final washout returned to within 0.27% of precontrol. Qualitatively similar results were found in three additional preparations. Discussion 25 μm D3 can suppress 3.75 μm of AP4-induced EJP potentiation. This further suggests that D3 may be a useful agent in suppressing glutamate excitotoxicity induced by NMDA receptor stimulation. Supported by the Arnold C., Barbara M. and Georgianna Fossa Spinal Cord Injury Research Fund, the IU School of Medicine Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Program, and the Hillblom Foundation (L.D.).
Discussion on Problems in the Pressure Type Thermometer Micro-switch

The pressure type thermometer has a disadvantage in the application that it cannot realize the full scale setting value of non electrical protection in substation. Characteristics ofcam type and toggle type micro- switches and the distribution and composition of toggle type micro- switch at different setting point are introduced. Indication error,switch error and temperature setting point are important parameters for the reasonable type selection ofpressure type thermometer and the correct preparation ofnon electrical protection setting.
ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a 23-Year-Old Woman Following Plasmapheresis

A 23 year old woman presented with acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) three hours after donating plasma. Her only risk factors were obesity and cigarette smoking. She was found to have ST elevation in the anterior and inferior leads. Coronary angiography revealed extensive left anterior descending (LAD) thrombosis. Coagulopathy workup was negative. We propose that plasmapheresis in a known cigarette smoker led to an acute thrombotic event resulting in a STEMI.
Comparison of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a potent inducer of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, with 3-methylcholanthrene.

The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the induction of microsomal oxygenase were studied in the rat. TCDD was 3 x 104 times more potent than 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) as an inducer of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Half-maximal induction occurred at a dose of 0.85 nmole/kg. TCDD and MC produced parallel log dose-response curves for the induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, with the same maximal response. The simultaneous administration of maximally inducing doses of both drugs produced no greater response than either drug alone. TCDD, like MC, induced a spectrally distinct type of cytochrome P-450, with a shift in the absorption maximum of the carbon monoxide difference spectrum from 450 nm to 448 nm, and an increase in the ratio of the 455 nm:430 nm absorption maxima of the ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. Following a single dose of TCDD (31.1 nmoles/kg), hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and microsomal hemoprotein remained elevated for over 35 days. Both TCDD and MC had little effect on hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The dose of TCDD which produced half-maximal induction of hepatic aryl hydrocabon hydroxylase in the rat, chick embryo, and several strains of mice was similar, varying from 0.4 to 1.2 nmoles/kg.
A Comprehensive Study of Cyanobacterial Morphological and Ecological Evolutionary Dynamics through Deep Geologic Time

Cyanobacteria have exerted a profound influence on the progressive oxygenation of Earth. As a complementary approach to examining the geologic record—phylogenomic and trait evolutionary analyses of extant species can lead to new insights. We constructed new phylogenomic trees and analyzed phenotypic trait data using novel phylogenetic comparative methods. We elucidated the dynamics of trait evolution in Cyanobacteria over billion-year timescales, and provide evidence that major geologic events in early Earth’s history have shaped—and been shaped by—evolution in Cyanobacteria. We identify a robust core cyanobacterial phylogeny and a smaller set of taxa that exhibit long-branch attraction artifacts. We estimated the age of nodes and reconstruct the ancestral character states of 43 phenotypic characters. We find high levels of phylogenetic signal for nearly all traits, indicating the phylogeny carries substantial predictive power. The earliest cyanobacterial lineages likely lived in freshwater habitats, had small cell diameters, were benthic or sessile, and possibly epilithic/endolithic with a sheath. We jointly analyzed a subset of 25 binary traits to determine whether rates of trait evolution have shifted over time in conjunction with major geologic events. Phylogenetic comparative analysis reveal an overriding signal of decreasing rates of trait evolution through time. Furthermore, the data suggest two major rate shifts in trait evolution associated with bursts of evolutionary innovation. The first rate shift occurs in the aftermath of the Great Oxidation Event and “Snowball Earth” glaciations and is associated with decrease in the evolutionary rates around 1.8–1.6 Ga. This rate shift seems to indicate the end of a major diversification of cyanobacterial phenotypes–particularly related to traits associated with filamentous morphology, heterocysts and motility in freshwater ecosystems. Another burst appears around the time of the Neoproterozoic Oxidation Event in the Neoproterozoic, and is associated with the acquisition of traits involved in planktonic growth in marine habitats. Our results demonstrate how uniting genomic and phenotypic datasets in extant bacterial species can shed light on billion-year old events in Earth’s history.
Dedicated Breast CT: Screening Technique of the Future

Mammography has been the mainstay of breast imaging for over four decades and is the only screening modality demonstrated to reduce mortality from breast cancer. The known limitations of mammography have prompted the development of newer imaging techniques with three-dimensional capabilities such as dedicated breast computed tomography (bCT). Several studies have shown the superiority of bCT in detection of breast masses, when compared to 2-D mammography. Malignant micro-calcification lesions can be detected and characterized by bCT. With further development of higher resolution detectors, bCT should become a modality for large population screening. Contrast-enhanced bCT (CE-bCT) adds improved specificity over mammography and may be utilized as an imaging biomarker in the emerging era of precision medicine.
A Digital Pre-Occupancy Architectural Toolset for Reducing Stress Levels in Urban Environments

This research examines the effects of the built environment on human stress and anxiety levels, by measuring the responses of participants as they interact with various architectural design features using Augmented Reality technology. Architectural form-making is becoming more dynamic and expressive in today’s world, deviating from traditional designs, especially in urban contexts. Current technology enables such forms to be created, but prior to their construction there is no easy way to determine how they might affect the stress levels of the people who experience the redesigned environment. The physical geography of cities is already known to have an effect on human well-being, and specific design issues have been correlated with negative health outcomes, including increased levels of anxiety. However, the positive or negative changes that can be induced through new designs are often just a matter of speculation. Our research helps to address this issue by developing a prototype interface to evaluate human-experience factors during the design review process. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate biometric data obtained from participants through an Augmented Reality experience, and parsed that data with respect to the participants’ personal backgrounds and other demographic information. The prototype toolset was developed based on three different architectural variables—shape, height, and visual pattern. The results from the experiment indicate there is a relationship between these architectural forms and stress levels. This research contributes to design pedagogy and practice, and it helps to show how continuous parametric form generation can be used to better reduce anxiety levels in future urban environments.
On transverse energy production in hadron collisions

The transverse energy spectrum in the unit rapidity window in p-bar p collisions at 540 GeV c.m.s energy is calculated to the next-to-leading order accuracy O(a_s^3) and compared to the experimental data by UA(2) collaboration. We show that the calculated spectrum starts matching experimental data only at relatively large transverse energy Et=60 GeV and is in essential disagreement with it both in shape and magnitude at lower transverse energies. The data are well reproduced by HIJING Monte-Carlo generator indicating the crucial importance of all-order effects in perturbation theory as well as those of hadronization in describing the transverse energy production in hadron collisions at small and intermediate transverse energies.
Communicating Through a Patient Portal to Engage Family Care Partners.

This survey study examines the use of patient portals to enhance the ability of family members to participate in communication with health care professionals.
Fracture Gap Reduction With Variable-Pitch Headless Screws.

Purpose Fully threaded, variable-pitch, headless screws are used in many settings in surgery and have been extensively studied in this context, especially in regard to scaphoid fractures. However, it is not well understood how screw parameters such as diameter, length, and pitch variation, as well as technique parameters such as depth of drilling, affect gap closure. Methods Acutrak 2 fully threaded variable-pitch headless screws of various diameters (Standard, Mini, and Micro) and lengths (16–28 mm) were inserted into polyurethane blocks of "normal" and "osteoporotic" bone model densities using a custom jig. Three drilling techniques (drill only through first block, 4 mm into second block, or completely through both blocks) were used. During screw insertion, fluoroscopic images were taken and later analyzed to measure gap reduction. The effect of backing the screw out after compression was evaluated. Results Drilling at least 4 mm past the fracture site reduces distal fragment push-off compared with drilling only through the proximal fragment. There were no significant differences in gap closure in the normal versus the osteoporotic model. The Micro screw had a smaller gap closure than both the Standard and the Mini screws. After block contact and compression with 2 subsequent full forward turns, backing the screw out by only 1 full turn resulted in gapping between the blocks. Conclusions Intuitively, fully threaded headless variable-pitch screws can obtain compression between bone fragments only if the initial gap is less than the gap closed. Gap closure may be affected by drilling technique, screw size, and screw length. Fragment compression may be immediately lost if the screw is reversed. Clinical relevance We describe characteristics of variable-pitch headless screws that may assist the surgeon in screw choice and method of use.
Challenges with the precise prediction of ABC-transporter interactions for improved drug discovery.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Given that membrane efflux transporters can influence a drug’s pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety, identifying potential substrates and inhibitors of these transporters is a critical element in the drug discovery and development process. Additionally, it is important to predict the inhibition potential of new drugs to avoid clinically significant drug interactions. The goal of preclinical studies is to characterize a new drug as a substrate or inhibitor of efflux transporters.Areas covered: This article reviews preclinical systems that are routinely utilized to determine whether a new drug is substrate or inhibitor of efflux transporters including in silico models, in vitro membrane and cell assays, and animal models. Also included is an examination of studies comparing in vitro inhibition data to clinical drug interaction outcomes.Expert opinion: While a number of models are employed to classify a drug as an efflux substrate or inhibitor, there are challenges in predicting clinic...
Assessment and management of risks to cultural property

Formal computations of risk are now a common-place in the nuclear power and chemical industries. Similarly, those responsible for the preservation of cultural property in museums, libraries and archives are beginning to consider more objective decision-making procedures for selecting conservation options. The process whereby sources of risk are identified and quantified forms the discipline of risk assessment while the selection among alternative policies developed in response to that risk is known as risk management. Sources of risk to cultural property are identified and characterized. Examples of risk management for cultural property based on laboratory data, e.g. the setting of light levels for exhibitions are presented
Education and Training Requirements in CAD/CAM

The long term viability of CAD/CAM in industry dictates the balancing of short term training needs with long term educational growth.
The role of age on tau PET uptake and gray matter atrophy in atypical Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Introduction Little is known about the role of age on neurodegeneration and protein deposition in atypical variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Regional tau and β-amyloid positron emission tomography standard uptake value ratios and gray matter volumes were calculated in a cohort of 42 participants with atypical AD. The relationship between regional metrics and age was modeled using a Bayesian hierarchical linear model. Results Age was strongly associated with tau uptake across all cortical regions, particularly parietal, with greater uptake in younger participants. Younger age was associated with smaller parietal and lateral temporal volumes. Regional β-amyloid differed little by age. Age showed a stronger association with tau than volume and β-amyloid in all cortical regions. Age was not associated with cognitive performance. Discussion Age is an important determinant of severity of cortical tau uptake in atypical AD, with young participants more likely to show widespread and severe cortical tau uptake.
Turbulent boundary layer perturbation by two wall-mounted cylindrical roughness elements arranged in tandem: Effects of spacing and height ratio

The perturbation of a turbulent boundary layer by two cylindrical roughness elements in close proximity was experimentally investigated in a water channel using planar particle image velocimetry. The two cylinders were arranged in tandem with center-to-center streamwise spacings of 2d, 4d, and 6d, where d is the diameter of the cylinders. The downstream cylinder had a fixed height 0.2δ, where δ is the incoming boundary layer thickness; the height of the upstream cylinder was varied to achieve upstream to downstream cylinder height ratios of 1, 0.75, and 0.5. The flow measurements were made at Reδ = 56 800 and included measurements over an isolated cylinder as a baseline case. The results highlight the effects of sheltering by an upstream cylinder on the wake of the downstream cylinder. Flow features in the wake, including the downwash, upwash, recirculation zone, velocity deficit, Reynolds shear stress, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), are dependent on the degree of sheltering, which is reliant on both the streamwise spacing and height ratio. Overall, sheltering results in a reduction in the downwash and size of the recirculation zone past the downstream cylinder. The magnitude and spatial distribution of the Reynolds shear stress and TKE varied significantly from those past the isolated cylinder. Depending on the streamwise spacing and height ratio, the presence of an upstream cylinder has the potential to enhance or reduce the Reynolds shear stress past the downstream cylinder. For example, the maximum Reynolds shear stress in the near wake was approximately doubled for a spacing of 2d and a height ratio of 0.5 and nearly halved for a spacing of 2d and a height ratio of 1 (relative to that past the isolated cylinder). The variations in these flow features across the 9 considered arrangements suggest changes to the wake and its vortical structures due to the presence of an upstream cylinder. The results highlight the potential of flow control through a pair of roughness elements in close proximity to achieve desired outcomes such as reduced or redistributed Reynolds shear stress and TKE, relative to the isolated cylinder.
A New Variable-Threshold Persistent Anomaly Index: Northern Hemisphere Anomalies in the ERA-Interim Reanalysis

AbstractPersistent weather regimes characterized by anomalous temperature or precipitation are often associated with persistent anomalies (PAs) in the tropospheric geopotential height field. To ide...
Subthreshold laser therapy for macular oedema from branch retinal vein occlusion: focused review.

Retinal vein occlusion is the second-leading cause of vision loss by retinal vascular disease. Subthreshold micropulse laser therapy (SLT) is safer than conventional laser photocoagulation (CLP), yet existing reviews of its use for branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) are limited in scope. A literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was conducted in August 2019 without restriction on language or publication date. Outcomes included changes in macular oedema (ME) and visual acuity (VA), and rates of complications or retreatments. Fourteen studies involving 315–405 eyes diagnosed with BRVO were evaluated. Treatment with SLT is associated with significant and durable reduction of ME and VA as early as 1 month. SLT performs comparably with conventional photocoagulation and intravitreal injections (IVIs) of ranibizumab. Subthreshold laser therapy is safer and as effective as CLP for the treatment of ME associated with BRVO. SLT may be used in combination with anti-VEGF IVIs to enhance improvement in VA and ME resolution.
Effect of Sodium Supplements and Climate on Dysnatremia During Ultramarathon Running

OBJECTIVE Analyze the effect of sodium supplementation, hydration, and climate on dysnatremia in ultramarathon runners. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING The 2017 80 km (50 mile) stage of the 250 km (150 mile) 6-stage RacingThePlanet ultramarathon in 2017 Chilean, Patagonian, and 2018 Namibian, Mongolian, and Chilean deserts. PARTICIPANTS All race entrants who could understand English were invited to participate, with 266 runners enrolled, mean age of 43 years (± 9), 61 (36%) females, average weight 74 kg (± 12.5), and average race time 14.5 (± 4.1) hours. Post-race sodium collected on 174 (74%) and 164 (62%) participants with both the blood sample and post-race questionnaire. INTERVENTION Weight change and finish line serum sodium levels were gathered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH; 145 mmol·L-1) by sodium ingestion and climate. RESULTS Eleven (6.3%) runners developed EAH, and 30 (17.2%) developed hypernatremia. Those with EAH were 14 kg heavier at baseline, had significantly less training distances, and averaged 5 to 6 hours longer to cover 50 miles (80 km) than the other participants. Neither rate nor total ingested supplemental sodium was correlated with dysnatremia, without significant differences in drinking behaviors or type of supplement compared with normonatremic runners. Hypernatremic runners were more often dehydrated [8 (28%), -4.7 kg (± 9.8)] than EAH [4 (14%), -1.1 kg (± 3.8)] (P < 0.01), and EAH runners were more frequently overhydrated (6, 67%) than hypernatremia (1, 11%) (P < 0.01). In the 98 (56%) runners from hot races, there was EAH OR = 3.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9-25.9] and hypernatremia OR = 8.8 (95% CI, 2.9-39.5) compared with cold races. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study to show that hot race climates are an independent risk factor for EAH and hypernatremia. Sodium supplementation did not prevent EAH nor cause hypernatremia. Longer training distances, lower body mass, and avoidance of overhydration were shown to be the most important factors to prevent EAH and avoidance of dehydration to prevent hypernatremia.
Correction to: PolyProc: A Modular Processing Pipeline for X-ray Diffraction Tomography

The article “PolyProc: A Modular Processing Pipeline for X-ray Diffraction Tomography” written by Jiwoong Kang, Ning Lu, Issac Loo, Nancy Senabulya, and Ashwin J. Shahani, was originally published Online First without Open Access.
Dietary strategies to manage diabetes and glycemic control in youth and young adults with youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

AIMS Examine associations of dietary strategies used to manage diabetes over time with hemoglobin A1c in youth-onset type 1 or type 2 diabetes. METHODS The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth observational study assessed dietary strategies used by 1814 participants with diabetes (n = 1558 type 1, n = 256 type 2) at two to three research visits over 5.5 years (range 1.7-12.2). Participants reported often, sometimes, or never using 10 different dietary strategies, and use over time was categorized into five mutually exclusive groups: often using across visits; started using at later visits; sometimes using across visits; stopped using at later visits; or never using across visits. General multivariable linear models evaluated most recent A1c by use category for each strategy. RESULTS In type 1 diabetes, A1c was lower among those who starting tracking calories (-0.4%, Tukey P < .05), often counted carbs (-0.8%, Tukey P < .001), or sometimes chose low glycemic index foods (-0.5%, Tukey P = .02) vs those with less use, while participants who never drank more milk had the lowest A1c (-0.5%, Tukey P = .04). In type 2 diabetes, A1c was lower among those who often limited high fat foods (-2.0%, Tukey P = .02) or started counting carbohydrates (-1.7%, Tukey P = .07) than those who did so less. CONCLUSIONS For several dietary strategies, more frequent use over time was related to lower A1c in youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes, suggesting these strategies can likely support diabetes management for this population. Investigation into factors predicting receipt of advice for specific strategies and corresponding impact on intake might be considered.
Solubility of Oxygen in Some 1-1, 2-1, 1-2, and 2-2 Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration at 25°C

The solubility of oxygen has been measured in a number of electrolytes [(LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, NaF, NaBr, NaI, NaNO3, KBr, KI, KNO3, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, Li2SO4, K2SO4, Mn(NO3)3)] as a function of concentration at 25°C. The solubilities, μmol (kg-H2O)−1, have been fitted to a function of the molality m (standard deviation σ < 3μmol-kg−1) $$\ln \left( {\left[ {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \right]^0 /\left[ {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \right]} \right) = \ln \gamma \left( {{\text{O}}_2 } \right) = Am + Bm^2 $$ where A and B are adjustable parameters and the activity coefficient of oxygen γ)O2) = [O2]0/[O2]. The limiting salting coefficient, k S = (∂ln γ/∂ m)m=0 = A, was determined for all salts. The salting coefficients for the chlorides and sodium salts showed a near linear correlation with the crystal molar volume V cryst = 2.52 r 3. The salting coefficients determined from the Scaled Particle Theory were in reasonable agreement with the measured values. The activity coefficients of oxygen in the solutions have been interpreted using the Pitzer equation $$\ln \gamma _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = 2\sum\limits_{\text{c}} {\lambda _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{c}}} m_{\text{c}} /m^{\text{0}} + 2\sum\limits_{\text{a}} {\lambda _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{a}}} m_{\text{a}} + } \sum\limits_{\text{c}} {\sum\limits_{\text{a}} {m_{\text{c}} m_{\text{a}} } } \zeta _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ca}}} }$$ where $$\lambda _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{i}}} $$ is a parameter that accounts for the interaction of O2 with cations (c) and anions (a) with molalities m a and m c, and $$\zeta _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ca}}}$$ accounts for interactions for O2 with the cation and anion pair (c-a). The $$\lambda _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{i}}}$$ and $$\zeta _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ca}}}$$ coefficients determined for the most of the ions are in reasonable agreement with the tabulations of Clegg and Brimblecombe. The values of $$\lambda _{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{i}}}$$ for most of the ions are a linear function of the electrostriction molar volume (Velect = V0 − V cryst).
Locoregional Therapies for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma Hepatic Metastases.

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Approximately 50% of patients develop metastatic disease of which greater than 90% of patients develop hepatic metastases. Following the development of liver tumors, overall survival is dismal with hepatic failure being the cause of death in nearly all cases. To prolong survival for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma, controlling the growth of hepatic tumors is essential. This article will discuss imaging surveillance following the diagnosis of primary uveal melanoma; locoregional therapies used to control the growth of hepatic metastases including chemoembolization, immunoembolization, radioembolization, percutaneous hepatic perfusion, and thermal ablation; as well as currently available systemic treatment options for metastatic uveal melanoma.
Privatization Cultures and the Racial Order: A Dispatch From the U.S.

Privatization dynamics flow between institutions and the public; they percolate through society and are readily appropriated for political, discriminatory, and violent ends. Police and security personnel seek various privileges of the private sector, including reduced accountability and circumvention of legal restrictions. Certain members of the public (or of private industry) seek police-like authority and in many cases are actively sought out as “partners” in law enforcement. Together, both moves contribute to patterns of abuse and evasions of accountability. Seen from this perspective, privatization is not simply a form of outsourcing but is instead a pernicious cultural logic that affords both the erosion of democratic governance and the violent preservation of racial hierarchies.
Dense cortical input to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus mediates aversive signaling

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) encodes negative reward prediction error (RPE) and plays an important role in guiding behavioral responding to aversive stimuli. While initial studies describing the RMTg revealed the presence of cortical afferents, the density and distribution of this input has not been explored in detail. In addition, the functional consequences of cortical modulation of RMTg signaling are only just beginning to be investigated. The current study anatomically and functionally characterizes cortical input to the RMTg in rats. Findings from this work reveal dense input spanning the entire medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insular cortex. Afferents were most dense in the dorsomedial subregion of the PFC (dmPFC), an area which has also been implicated in both RPE signaling and aversive responding. RMTg-projecting dmPFC neurons originate in layer V and collateralize extensively throughout the brain. In-situ mRNA hybridization further revealed that neurons in this circuit are predominantly D1 receptor-expressing with a high degree of D2 receptor colocalization. Optogenetic stimulation of dmPFC terminals in the RMTg drives avoidance, and cFos expression is enhanced in this neural circuit during exposure to aversive stimuli. Exposure to such aversive stimuli results in significant physiological and structural plasticity suggestive of a loss of top-down modulation of RMTg-mediated signaling. Altogether, these data reveal the presence of a prominent cortico-subcortical projection involved in adaptive behavioral responding and provide a foundation for future work aimed at exploring alterations in circuit function in diseases characterized by deficits in cognitive control over the balance between reward and aversion.
Fowler–Nordheim electron tunneling mechanism in Ni/SiO2/n-4H SiC MOS devices

The Ni/SiO2/n-type 4H SiC MOS devices have been fabricated for microelectronic device applications. The SiO2 layer employed in the MOS devices is grown by wet thermal oxidation process. The current–field characteristics of Ni/SiO2/n-type 4H SiC MOS devices are quiet interestingly studied by employing Fowler Nordheim (FN) conduction tunneling model, which is verified by theoretical simulation. It is learnt that the tunneling current through the barrier in the MOS devices promptly obeys the FN conduction tunneling mechanism. The simulation results show that the current in the MOS device increases and barrier height decreases with increasing temperature and internal electric field. Therefore, the correction factor for the barrier height of n-type 4H SiC/SiO2 MOS device due to the influence of both the temperature and internal electric field is employed. The barrier height observed by the experiments is apparently smaller than the simulated one of an ideal MOS device. However, after employing all the correction factors to the barrier height, the simulated current–field curves fairly coincide with the experimental results. The reason for obtaining smaller experimental barrier height for MOS devices is substantially explored with the support of current–field (J–F) analysis. On the other hand, this article comprehensively addresses the effects of quantum mechanical, interface trap density and thickness of 4H-SiC on the barrier height.
Import Price Pressure on Firm Productivity and Employment: The Case of US Textiles

Theoretical research has predicted three different effects of increased import competition on plant-level behavior: reduced domestic production and sales, improving average efficiency of plants, and increased exit of marginal firms. I use detailed plant-level information available in the US Census of Manufacturers and the Annual Survey of Manufacturers for the period 1983-2001 to decompose these effects. I derive the relative contribution of technology and import competition to the increase in productivity and the decline in employment in textiles production in the US in recent years. I then simulate the impact of removal of quota protection on the scale of operation of the average plant and the incentive to plant closure.
Chapter 30 Initial public offerings

Publisher Summary Because initial public offerings (IPO) involve the sale of securities in closely-held firms in which some of the existing shareholders may possessnonpublic information, some of the classic problems caused by asymmetric information may be present. This chapter describes some of the mechanisms that are used in practice to overcome the problems created by information asymmetries. Evidence is presented in the chapter on three anomalies associated with IPOs: (i) new issue underpricing, (ii) cycles in the extent of underpricing, and (iii) long-run underperformance. These patterns have generated a large empirical literature.Various theories that have been advanced to explain these patterns are also discussed in the chapter. In some respects, the poor performance of IPOs in the long run makes the new issues underpricing phenomenon even more of a puzzle. Whether or not IPOs underperform in the long run, the question of why issuers set their IPO price at a level that is lower on average than the market price at the end of the first day has generated a large literature. While no one model can provide a definitive explanation of these anomalies, collectively the theories can account for many of the patterns that are observed.
Tort law : cases, perspectives, and problems

Thomas C. Galligan, Jr. (Colby-Sawyer College), Phoebe A. Haddon (Temple), Frank L. Maraist (Louisiana State), Frank M. McClellan (Temple), Michael L. Rustad (Suffolk), Nicolas P. Terry (St. Louis), and Stephanie M. Wildman (Santa Clara) are pleased to announce the Fourth Edition of Tort Law: Cases, Perspectives, and Problems available from LexisNexis. The authors have dramatically revised the Fourth Edition of this unique casebook. Chapter One is unique among American torts casebooks in its examination of how the dominant twenty-first century tort theories influence judicial decisionmaking and scholarship. That chapter explains six key perspectives on tort law: Law and Economics; Corrective Justice; Critical Race Theory; Critical Feminism; Pragmatism; and Social Justice. This chapter references the famous McDonald's hot coffee litigation as a case study to illustrate these perspectives in action. Subsequent chapters continue to work through that case study and continually reference the perspectives to explain or challenge the decided cases. This new edition presents the important cases, statutes, empirical data, and competing tort theories in a problems-oriented format designed to help students acquire a sophisticated understanding of tort law through active learning. As before, the text includes a large number of problems. Now, however, problem sets at the end of each substantive chapter organize the updated and considerably expanded Problems. This extensively rewritten and reorganized edition includes the classic common law torts cases, but also presents updated and teachable, cutting-edge decisions that will demand student interest and hold their attention. Particular care has been to take account of the most recent commentaries on tort law, such as the growing importance of the Restatement (Third) of Torts. The authors seek to provide students with innovative cases and problems, empowering them with practical skills. By exposing students to the most important contemporary tort law theories, the Fourth Edition of this casebook encourages students to go beyond passively memorizing case holdings and the voyeuristic experience of reading appellate opinions and truly gain perspectives on tort law. The Table of Contents, Preface, and Chapter 1 are available to download here.