cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between QT interval dispersion in acute stroke and stroke prognosis: a systematic review.

Background QT dispersion (QTd) has been proposed as an indirect electrocardiography (ECG) measure of heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization. The predictive value of QTd in acute stroke remains controversial. We aimed to clarify the relationship between QTd and acute stroke and stroke prognosis. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed using prespecified medical subjects heading terms, Boolean logic, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Eligible studies included ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and provided QTd measurements. Results Two independent reviewers identified 553 publications. Sixteen articles were included in the final analysis. There were a total of 888 stroke patients: 59% ischemic and 41% hemorrhagic. There was considerable heterogeneity in study design, stroke subtypes, ECG assessment time, control groups, and comparison groups. Nine studies reported a significant association between acute stroke and baseline QTd. Two studies reported that QTd increases are specifically related to hemorrhagic strokes, involvement of the insular cortex, right-side lesions, larger strokes, and increases in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol in hemorrhagic stroke. Three studies reported QTd to be an independent predictor of stroke mortality. One study each reported increases in QTd in stroke patients who developed ventricular arrhythmias and cardiorespiratory compromise. Conclusions There are few well-designed studies and considerable variability in study design in addressing the significance of QTd in acute stroke. Available data suggest that stroke is likely to be associated with increased QTd. Although some evidence suggests a possible prognostic role of QTd in stroke, larger and well-designed studies need to confirm these findings.
The Impact of Short-Term Quality Intergenerational Contact on Children's Attitudes Toward Older Adults

ABSTRACT This article describes a research study designed to investigate the influence of short term quality intergenerational contact on the attitudes of children toward older adults. Glass and Trent's (1982) Typology of Approaches to change attitudes and Amir's (1969) Contact Hypothesis guided the development of this study. Glass and Trent reported that there are three primary ways that attitudes change: through discussion with others about the attitudinal object, direct experiences with attitudinal objects, and the acquisition of more knowledge about the attitudinal object. If attitudes are a reflection of internal and external influences, then it is assumed they can change. The study revealed that children who participated in the treatment had a more positive attitude toward older adults. Both inclusion in the intergenerational activities and time spent with related older adults were significant in explaining the changes in the children's attitudes toward older adults.
Blended intrinsic maps

This paper describes a fully automatic pipeline for finding an intrinsic map between two non-isometric, genus zero surfaces. Our approach is based on the observation that efficient methods exist to search for nearly isometric maps (e.g., Mobius Voting or Heat Kernel Maps), but no single solution found with these methods provides low-distortion everywhere for pairs of surfaces differing by large deformations. To address this problem, we suggest using a weighted combination of these maps to produce a "blended map." This approach enables algorithms that leverage efficient search procedures, yet can provide the flexibility to handle large deformations.The main challenges of this approach lie in finding a set of candidate maps {mi} and their associated blending weights {bi(p)} for every point p on the surface. We address these challenges specifically for conformal maps by making the following contributions. First, we provide a way to blend maps, defining the image of p as the weighted geodesic centroid of mi(p). Second, we provide a definition for smooth blending weights at every point p that are proportional to the area preservation of mi at p. Third, we solve a global optimization problem that selects candidate maps based both on their area preservation and consistency with other selected maps. During experiments with these methods, we find that our algorithm produces blended maps that align semantic features better than alternative approaches over a variety of data sets.
Bounds on spectral condition numbers of matrices arising in the p -version of the finite element method

We estimate condition numbers of \(p\)-version matrices for tensor product elements with two choices of reference element degrees of freedom. In one case (Lagrange elements) the condition numbers grow exponentially in \(p\), whereas in the other (hierarchical basis functions based on Tchebycheff polynomials) the condition numbers grow rapidly but only algebraically in \(p\). We conjecture that regardless of the choice of basis the condition numbers grow like \(p^{4d}\) or faster, where \(d\) is the dimension of the spatial domain.
Managing text digitisation

Good project plans include technical specifications, plans of work, budgets and schedules that are consistent with project goals. Text digitisation presents many variables and many choices, so there is no one‐size‐fits‐all solution to recommend. This article presents a simple‐to‐use questionnaire as a tool for project managers to translate their vision of text digitisation into a series of functional requirements optimised for their collections and users. These requirements can then be used to develop specifications, draft workflows, and select appropriate staff, services and equipment.
Serotonin2 receptor-mediated excitation of interneurons in piriform cortex: Antagonism by atypical antipsychotic drugs

Rat piriform cortex contains a subpopulation of presumed GABAergic interneurons located near the border of layers 2 and 3 that express excitatory serotonin2 receptors. These serotonin2-responsive interneurons send axons to layer 2 pyramidal cells. Using an in vitro brain slice preparation, serotonin2 receptor-mediated excitation can be assessed either by directly recording from the interneurons or by recording the increase in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the pyramidal cells. Intracellular recordings from the interneurons demonstrated that compared to pyramidal cells they had a more depolarized resting membrane potential, a higher input resistance and shorter action potential duration. The serotonin2 receptor-mediated excitation was associated with a strong depolarization (range 3–22 mV). We found that the atypical antipsychotic drugs, risperidone and clozapine, which have relatively high affinity for serotonin2 receptors, each dose-dependently inhibited the serotonin2-mediated excitation of the interneurons withic50 values of 7 nM and 1.4 μM, respectively. This antagonism was specific to the extent that excitation mediated by agonists at excitatory amino acid receptors were not blocked at concentrations of risperidone and clozapine that completely antagonized the serotonin2 receptor-mediated excitation. The typical antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, inhibited the serotonin2-mediated excitation of the interneurons with anic50 of 14 μM. Haloperidol, another typical antipsychotic drug, decreased the serotonin2 response to about half of baseline at a concentration of 10 μM (the exactic50 could not be calculated because higher concentrations produced non-specific effects on cells). Both risperidone and clozapine blocked the serotonin-elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in layer 2 pyramidal cells at concentrations that approximated theic50 for antagonizing the serotonin2-mediated excitation of the interneurons. Chlorpromazine and haloperidol, in the concentration range that blocked serotonin2 receptor-mediated excitation of interneurons, also blocked the serotonin-elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the pyramidal cells. Theic50 values for risperidone and clozapine, but not for chlorpromazine or haloperidol, for blocking serotonin2 receptor-mediated actions in rodent piriform cortical slice are in the range of the plasma concentrations of the drug that are clinically efficacious. Our data suggest that a potential site of action of the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and clozapine could be antagonism of serotonin acting through serotonin2 receptors on GABAergic interneurons in cerebral cortex.
Solitary oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood

In most cases of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy in 30 patients under age 20 years the palsy was congenital, and aberrant regeneration was present. The most common causes of acquired oculomotor nerve palsy were blunt trauma and infectious processes, both local and systemic. Neoplasms, aneurysms, and ophthalmoplegic migraine caused the other cases. The causes of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood differ from those in adults both in nature and in frequency of occurrence.
The effects of grammatic class and cue type on cueing responsiveness in aphasia

This study investigated the effects of two types of cues (semantic and phonemic) and two grammatic classes (noun and verb) on cueing responsiveness. Subjects consisted of 10 Broca's, 10 Wernicke's, 8 conduction, and 8 anomic aphasics. Cues were administered following failure to name on confrontation. Responsiveness to the two types of cues was dependent on aphasic type and grammatic class. Broca's and conduction aphasics responded better to phonemic cueing, while anomic aphasics were more responsive to semantic cueing. With regard to grammatic class, aphasics responded better to phonemic cueing on nouns; however, no significant difference between types of cues was demonstrated on verbs. Neuropsychological implications for the cueing and naming processes are discussed.
A perspective: the role of disordered genetic control of neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of migration disorders.

Morphological features of cerebral cortical dysplasias generally regarded under the umbrella term 'migration disorders' have been reviewed and critically analyzed against current knowledge of gene activity involved in neurogenesis. Although data are plentiful regarding the nature and role of these genes in lower forms, i.e. C. elegans and Drosophila, relatively few human homologs have been identified. Multiple genes are involved in various specific aspects of neurogenesis, i.e. neuroblast proliferation, PCD, migration, etc., and it is postulated that there are parallel gene actions in human neural development. A hypothetical construct of specific gene defects in human neurogenesis accounting for the morphological variations observed in the migration disorders is postulated.
Heterogeneity of ciliary morphology in the immotile-cilia syndrome in man

Detailed ultrastructural analysis of the respiratory cilia of three male patients with the immotile-cilia syndrome is presented. They all had similar clinical manifestations, namely, situs inversus totalis, repeated respiratory infections, and sinusitis. The respiratory cilia, however, of these patients showed a variety of structural abnormalities some of which are described for the first time. In the cilia of the first patient both the dynein arms were lacking, and, almost 40% of the cilia had one to nine supernumerary microtubules peripheral to the nine outer doublets. The cilia of the second patient showed an absence of inner dynein arms, unusually prominent outer dynein arms, a spoke defect in 46% of cilia examined, and no morphologically detectable nexin links. The cilia of the last patient lacked both dynein arms but, in contrast to the first two patients, showed virtually no microtubular abnormalities. These patients demonstrate that a variety of structural abnormalities in respiratory cilia can result in virtually identical clinical manifestations.
How relevant is homeric “relevance”?

Abstract In a recent article in Acta Linguistica Hafniensia:International Journal of Linguistics Hafniensia, the Columbia linguist, William Diver, argued in an apparently interesting way that classical grammarians have often assumed a great deal of randomness (non-predictability) in Homer's selection of verbal categories. Such acceptance of randomness has been particularly striking in the case of the two tense-aspect categories, imperfect and aorist, and of the two voice categories, active and middle, where grammarians allege that the “wrong” form is used hundreds of times in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Diver proposes “to explain the non-random character of the observable phenomena [i.e., the written forms]... in connection with the particular messages being communicated”. More particularly, he claims that Homer in his use of these morphological forms was aiming at a certain kind of meaning which may be called “relevance”: “... the system of relevance tells us to what extent this particular lexical meaning...
High-speed transparent switch via frequency upconversion.

We demonstrate a novel all-optical switch based on frequency upconversion. The switch features advantages for telecommunications: it is fast, transparent, frequency-multi-plexable and bias-free.
Superiority of Portal Venous Drainage Over Systemic Venous Drainage in Pancreas Transplantation: A Retrospective Study

During the past few years, we have witnessed a significant improvement in pancreas graft survival rates, resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of pancreas transplants performed. In 1998, more than 1,200 pancreas transplants were performed in the United States, a 15% increase from the previous year. 1 The technique of draining the pancreatic duct into the donor jejunum that was originally described 2 has historically been associated with a high incidence of intraabdominal infections. As a result, the modified technique of bladder drainage 3 gained wide acceptance as the method of choice for pancreatic duct drainage. Recently, enteric duct drainage has been readopted by many pancreas transplant centers primarily to avoid the well-known metabolic and urologic complications of bladder drainage. According to the International Pancreas Transplant Registry, 1 the proportion of enteric-drained procedures has continuously increased, concomitant with the number of centers using this technique. In 1995, 29% of all transplant centers performed at least one enteric-drained pancreas transplant, but by 1998, 98% of the transplant centers in the United States had at some point used enteric drainage. The graft survival and technical failure rates are comparable to those of bladder-drained pancreatic grafts. With recognition that more than 20% of bladder-drained grafts have to be converted to enteric drainage by 2 years, enteric drainage with systemic venous drainage has emerged as the procedure of choice. Systemic venous drainage of pancreas transplants has been associated with hyperinsulinemia, 4–6 which itself has been associated with dyslipidemia. 7 This raised the concern that pancreas transplantation with systemic venous drainage might promote accelerated atherosclerosis independent from the dyslipidemic effects of immunosuppressive medication. 4,8 To circumvent this problem, in 1992 Rosenlof et al 9 described a more physiologic technique of draining the transplanted pancreas into the recipient’s portal circulation via the splenic vein. The technique was later modified by Gaber et al. to drain directly into the superior mesenteric vein. 10 This technique has resulted in significantly reduced plasma insulin and C-peptide levels 11 as well as improvements in lipoprotein composition. 12 However, the immunologic benefits, although alluded to in a small number of patients, 13 were not confirmed by appropriate comparisons of systemic- and portal-drained procedures in a larger series. Numerous experimental models have shown an immunomodulatory role of the liver after exposure of donor antigen into the portal vein. It is possible, therefore, that drainage of the transplanted pancreas into the portal vein mimics these experimental models and elicits a degree of immunomodulation. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an immunologic or survival advantage exists in portal venous versus systemic venous drainage in both solitary pancreas transplants and in combined kidney and pancreas transplants.
Microprobe Analysis of Amalgam: I. Effect of Surface Preparation

The electron microprobe was used to study the effect of surface preparation on the quantitative analysis of amalgam. Silver-mercury contamination particles were identified. The effect of this contamination could be minimized with careful polishing procedures, followed by an immediate analysis in which these particles are avoided.
In vitro quantification of dexamethasone-induced surfactant protein B expression in human lung cells.

Objective: To determine whether the effect of a single 48-h exposure to dexamethasone in human lung cells is limited to 7–8 days.Study design: We used the NCI-H441 cell line, in which stability can be maintained beyond 7 days. The outcome was the stimulatory effect of dexamethasone on surfactant protein B (SP-B) gene transcription as expressed by SP-B mRNA accumulation. The experiment was conducted five times, in parallel with control. SP-B mRNA was determined at baseline, 48 h after dexamethasone exposure, and at 48-h intervals thereafter, up to 14 days, by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Comparisons were made by the Mann-Whitney test.Results: In conditions of our experiment, the inductive profile of SP-B mRNA after exposure to dexamethasone demonstrated maximal stimulation at 48 h (13-fold over control). Subsequently, there was a decline in mRNA, with return to near control levels by day 8, suggesting reversibility of dexamethasone action.Conclusion: Our data support the vi...
Cenozoic subsidence and uplift of continents from time-varying dynamic topography

Time-varying global dynamic topography has been computed for the entire Cenozoic. The spherical viscous-flow model is driven by a distribution of density heterogeneity based on Mesozoic and Cenozoic subduction. By using the calculated topography, the uplift and subsidence histories of five regions fixed to the North American, Indian, Australian, Indonesian, and South American continents are computed. Predicted vertical motions are in qualitative agreement with observed values except for India and South America. For Australia and North America, the predicted periods of uplift and subsidence are out of phase with respect to observations, but display the correct overall trend. The latest phase of uplift for North America is directly related to the cessation of Kula plate subduction after 48 Ma. Dynamic topography depends on the viscosity structure of the mantle; a lower mantle that is 50 times more viscous than the upper mantle yields the best agreement between modeled and predicted vertical motions. The presence of a low-viscosity channel beneath the lithosphere has only a small influence on our results. Compared to dynamic topography, the time-varying geoid is insignificant in controlling relative sea level.
The Skinny on TRPV1

See related article, pages 1063–1070 I’ve always wondered why my husband insists on growing hot peppers in the garden each year. Indeed if you pop 1 of these little bits of fire into your mouth the burning sensation that ensues is truly a memorable experience. But my husband always says that eating hot peppers is good for you. And indeed, he might be right. Hot peppers contain capsaicin, the chemical responsible for the “hot”.1,2 Capsaicin is used clinically for a number of indications including pain and itch relief and for some forms of rhinitis and headache.1 It has also been implicated in playing a role in prevention of colon cancer and in antimicrobial actions against Helicobacter pylori .3 Capsaicin is a potent agonist for the TRPV1 calcium channel.1,2 TRPV1 is perhaps best known as a “molecular integrator” of noxious or painful stimuli.4 However, physiological roles not associated with pain are now becoming evident for TRPV1. In this issue of Circulation Research , Zhang and colleagues present a novel, physiological role for the TRPV1 channel in the prevention of adipogenesis and obesity.5 Obesity is a major, global health concern. According to the World Health Organization,6 there were approximately 1.6 billion overweight adults in 2005, with at least 400 million obese people. The projections are even more staggering for the year 2015 with approximately 2.3 billion overweight adults and greater than 700 million obese people. Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing numerous deleterious health conditions including heart disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, and reproductive problems.7 To reverse this epidemic, the general population must become proactive to reach and maintain a healthy body weight. To this end there are numerous over-the-counter products claiming to promote weight loss. Most of these products, however, …
Persistent Tn polyagglutination syndrome during febrile neutropenia: a case report and review of the literature

Tn polyagglutination syndrome is a rare disorder that has been reported on only a few occasions in the literature, and, to the best of our knowledge, never before in the context of febrile neutropenia. We report the case of a 26-year-old Caucasian woman who presented to our emergency department complaining of a persistent fever over the previous three days. She had a history of long-standing refractory pancytopenia with multi-lineage dysplasia and severe neutropenia, but she had rarely experienced infection. The results of a physical examination and multiple laboratory tests were unremarkable. While investigating the possible causes of the refractory, long-standing pancytopenia, the possibility of a polyagglutinable state was suggested. Blood samples were sent to the laboratory for an analysis of mixed-field seed lectin agglutination assay. A serum lectin panel confirmed the final diagnosis of Tn-activation. We should include Tn-activation in our differential whenever we encounter cases of refractory long-standing idiopathic cytopenias and inconclusive bone marrow results displaying multi-lineage dysplasia. Novel genetic techniques have recently revealed the interesting pathophysiology of this phenomenon. The recognition and inclusion of Tn polyagglutination syndrome in our differential diagnoses has important clinical implications, given its main associated features, such as severe thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, which are usually linked to a benign clinical course and prognosis. Increased awareness of the polyagglutinable disorders will potentially decrease the need for invasive and costly medical interventions and also raises the need for monitoring of this specific sub-set of patients. In addition, the study of the expression and implications of Tn, and other similar antigens, offers a fascinating perspective for the study of its role in the diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The infrequency with which Tn polyagglutination syndrome is encountered, its clinical features and its pathophysiology make it a formidable diagnostic challenge.
Reliability and cost tradeoff in multiarea power system generation expansion using dynamic programming and global decomposition

This paper proposes an optimization procedure for generation expansion and placement considering generation reliability in multiarea power systems. The objective is to obtain a suitable tradeoff between system reliability and cost. In this process, reliability evaluation is performed using the concept of global decomposition. The prospective generation locations are preselected, but the magnitude of generation located in each area is determined by an optimization procedure. The structure of global decomposition is exploited to simplify the problem and solve it using dynamic programming. The method is illustrated by application to a three-area power system and also implemented for an actual twelve-area power system
Does Sequence Matter in Multimode Surveys: Results from an Experiment

Interest in a multimode approach to surveys has grown substantially in recent years, in part due to increased costs of face-to-face (FtF) interviewing and the emergence of the Internet as a survey ...
The Impact of Community Gardens on Numbers of Property Crimes in Urban Houston

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. GIS, ArcView, public horticulture SUMMARY. Researchhas suggestedthat cityenvironmentswithmoregreenspacemay have lower crime levels. For this pilot study, 11 established community gardens in Houston, TX, were selected and mapped using ArcGIS 9.1 software. The numbers of property crimes reported in the 2005 crime data from the Houston Police Department surrounding the community garden areas at a distance of 1/8 mile were then tallied and mapped for the areas. The numbers of crimes were evaluated alongside demographic data from the 2000 U.S. Census. Statistical comparisons were made between community garden areas and randomly selected city areas that were within a 1-mile area surrounding each garden. Initial results of paired t tests indicated no statistically significant differences between the mean number of crime occurrences incommunitygardenareasand themeannumberof crimesinrandomly selected areas. Results from a linear regression analysis also indicated that the presence of a community garden was not a predictor of a lower crime rate for a neighborhood. Adjustments were then made by removing randomly selected areas that were demographically least like their respective community gardens. Results from further analysis indicated that there were no crime number differences between the community garden areas and the randomly selected areas. However, interviews conducted with community garden representatives showed that community gardens appeared to have a positive influence on neighborhoods, with residents reporting neighborhood revitalization, perceived immunity from crime, and neighbors emulating gardening practices they saw at the community gardens.
Gap junctions and steroidogenesis in the fetal mammalian adrenal cortex.

Abstract Thin-section and freeze-fracture data retrieved from developing fetal adrenals of mouse, rabbit, and rat reveal that gap junctions which appear as cortical and medullary cells morphogenetically assort themselves. In the presumptive zona fasciculata and reticularis communicating junctions develop between neighboring cells just prior to the onset of steroidogenesis. In the rodents, gap junctions assemble in large, particle-free formation plaques 1 day before the proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the vesiculation of mitochondria (morphological features which are indicative of steroidogenesis). Similar observations have been obtained in fetal rabbits, but here gap junctions apparently develop in the absence of formation plaques. In each species, gap junctions apparently develop 1 or 2 days prior to a surge in corticosteroid production, suggesting that the formation of communicating junctions during the early phases of adrenal cortical differentiation may provide an avenue to coordinate steroidogenesis in the developing fetal cortex.
Towards secure dataflow processing in open distributed systems

Open distributed systems such as service oriented architecture and cloud computing have emerged as promising platforms to deliver software as a service to users. However, for many security sensitive applications such as critical data processing, trust management poses significant challenges for migrating those critical applications into open distributed systems. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a new secure dataflow processing system that aims at providing trustworthy continuous data processing in multi-party open distributed systems. We identify a set of major security attacks that can compromise the integrity of dataflow processing and provide effective protection mechanisms to counter those attacks. We have implemented a prototype of the secure dataflow processing framework and tested it on the PlanetLab testbed. Our experimental results show that our protection schemes are effective and impose low performance impact for dataflow processing in large-scale open distributed systems.
Automatic verification of instruction set simulation using synchronized state comparison

Instruction-level simulation is the basis for much research in computer architecture. Typically, the simulators used for this type of research are verified by comparing the outputs of a simulated benchmark program and the outputs of the same program when run on a real machine - the simulator is "verified" if the outputs are the same. In the case of some benchmark programs, however it is possible that significant fractions of the benchmark would not be executed due to minor differences or errors in the simulator, which would limit the usefulness of the results of the simulations. This paper presents a novel method for verifying instruction-level simulators via step-by-step register state comparison to a hardware implementation. A description of a sample implementation of this verification method is presented, along with a discussion of specific implementation issues. The verification speed of 1000-5000 instructions per second on a 300 MHz MIPS R12000 is a concern, but possible ways to address this limitation are described.
Constructivist and Behaviorist Approaches: Development and Initial Evaluation of a Teaching Practice Scale for Introductory Statistics at the College Level

This study examined the teaching practices of 227 college instructors of introductory statistics from the health and behavioral sciences. Using primarily multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques, a two-dimensional, 10-item teaching-practice scale, TISS (Teaching of Introductory Statistics Scale), was developed. The two dimensions (subscales) are characterized as constructivist and behaviorist; they are orthogonal. Criterion validity of the TISS was established in relation to instructors’ attitude toward teaching, and acceptable levels of reliability were obtained. A significantly higher level of behaviorist practice (less reform-oriented) was reported by instructors from the U.S., as well as instructors with academic degrees in mathematics and engineering, whereas those with membership in professional organizations, tended to be more reformoriented (or constructivist). The TISS, thought to be the first of its kind, will allow the statistics education community to empirically assess and describe the pedagogical approach (teaching practice) of instructors of introductory statistics in the health and behavioral sciences, at the college level, and determine what learning outcomes result from the different teaching-practice orientations. Further research is required in order to be conclusive about the structural and psychometric properties of this scale, including its stability over time.
Multiple Antibody Response Following Busulfan Therapy1

. A patient is described who produced antibodies during a period of bone marrow failure produced by prolonged administration of busulfan for chronic myelogenous leukemia, The patient produced antibodies to transfused blood constituents including serum IgA, leukocytes and platelets after minimal stimulus. This case illustrates that under certain conditions the so-called immunosuppressive agents can cause a paradoxical heightening of antibody response.
Tracking Subatomic Physicists

Levinson's film presents the search for the Higgs with the Large Hadron Collider in the form of a compelling, personality-driven narrative.
Dominant and Recessive Solutions of Self-Adjoint Matrix Systems on Time Scales

In this study, linear second-order self-adjoint delta-nabla matrix systems on time scales are considered with the motivation of extending the analysis of domi- nant and recessive solutions from the differential and discrete cases to any arbitrary dynamic equations on time scales. These results emphasize the case when the system is non-oscillatory.
Extension of Harten-Lax-van Leer Scheme for Flows at All Speeds.

The Harten, Lax, and van Leer with contact restoration (HLLC) scheme has been modified and extended in conjunction with time-derivative preconditioning to compute flow problems at all speeds. It is found that a simple modification of signal velocities in the HLLC scheme based on the eigenvalues of the preconditioned system is only needed to reduce excessive numerical diffusion at the low Mach number. The modified scheme has been implemented and used to compute a variety of flow problems in both two and three dimensions on unstructured grids. Numerical results obtained indicate that the modified HLLC scheme is accurate, robust, and efficient for flow calculations across the Mach-number range. ISTORICALLY, numerical algorithms for the solution of the Euler and Navier‐Stokes equations are classified as either pressure-based or density-based solution methods. The pressurebased methods, originally developed and well suited for incompressible flows, are typically based on the pressure correction techniques. They usually use a staggered grid and solve the governing equations in a segregated manner. The density-based methods, originally developed and robust for compressible flows, use time-arching procedures to solve the hyperbolic system of governing equations in a coupled manner. In general, density-based methods are not suitable for efficiently solving low Mach number or incompressible flow problems, because of large ratio of acoustic and convective timescales at the low-speed flow regimes. To alleviate this stiffness and associated convergence problems, time-derivative preconditioning techniques have been developed and used successfully for solving low-Machnumber and incompressible flows by many investigators, including Chorin, 1 Choi and Merkle, 2 Turkel, 3 Weiss and Smith, 4 and Dailey and Pletcher, 5 among others. Such methods seek to modify the time component of the governing equations so that the convergence can be made independent of Mach number. This is accomplished by altering the acoustic speeds of the system so that all eigenvalues become of the same order, and thus condition number remains bounded independent of the Mach number of the flows. Over the last two decades characteristic-based upwind methods have established themselves as the methods of choice for prescribing the numerical fluxes for compressible Euler equations. When these upwind methods are used to compute the numerical fluxes for the preconditioned Euler equations, solution accuracy at low speeds can be compromised, unless the numerical flux formulation is modified to take into account the eigensystem of the precondi
Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder on the Neural Dynamics of Cognitive Reappraisal of Negative Self-beliefs Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to enhance cognitive reappraisal in patients with SAD. Such improvements should be evident in cognitive reappraisal–related prefrontal cortex responses. Objective To determine whether CBT for SAD modifies cognitive reappraisal–related prefrontal cortex neural signal magnitude and timing when implementing cognitive reappraisal with negative self-beliefs. Design Randomized clinical trial of CBT for SAD vs wait-list control group during a study that enrolled patients from 2007 to 2010. Setting University psychology department. Participants Seventy-five patients with generalized SAD randomly assigned to CBT or wait list. Intervention Sixteen sessions of individual CBT for SAD. Main Outcome Measures Negative emotion ratings and functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen–level dependent signal when reacting to and cognitively reappraising negative self-beliefs embedded in autobiographical social anxiety situations. Results During reactivity trials, compared with wait list, CBT produced (1) greater reduction in negative emotion ratings and (2) greater blood oxygen–level dependent signal magnitude in the medial prefrontal cortex. During cognitive reappraisal trials, compared with wait list, CBT produced (3) greater reduction in negative emotion ratings, (4) greater blood oxygen level–dependent signal magnitude in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, (5) earlier temporal onset of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity, and (6) greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex–amygdala inverse functional connectivity. Conclusions and Relevance Modulation of cognitive reappraisal–related brain responses, timing, and functional connectivity may be important brain changes that contribute to the effectiveness of CBT for social anxiety. This study demonstrates that clinically applied neuroscience investigations can elucidate neurobiological mechanisms of change in psychiatric conditions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00380731.
The integrin-linked kinase regulates the cyclin D1 gene through glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-dependent pathways.

The cyclin D1 gene encodes the regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the pRB tumor suppressor protein. Cyclin D1 is overexpressed in 20–30% of human breast tumors and is induced both by oncogenes including those for Ras, Neu, and Src, and by the β-catenin/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/T cell factor (TCF) pathway. The ankyrin repeat containing serine-threonine protein kinase, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), binds to the cytoplasmic domain of β1 and β3integrin subunits and promotes anchorage-independent growth. We show here that ILK overexpression elevates cyclin D1 protein levels and directly induces the cyclin D1 gene in mammary epithelial cells. ILK activation of the cyclin D1 promoter was abolished by point mutation of a cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)/ATF-2 binding site at nucleotide −54 in the cyclin D1 promoter, and by overexpression of either glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) or dominant negative mutants of CREB or ATF-2. Inhibition of the PI 3-kinase and AKT/protein kinase B, but not of the p38, ERK, or JNK signaling pathways, reduced ILK induction of cyclin D1 expression. ILK induced CREB transactivation and CREB binding to the cyclin D1 promoter CRE. Wnt-1 overexpression in mammary epithelial cells induced cyclin D1 mRNA and targeted overexpression of Wnt-1 in the mammary gland of transgenic mice increased both ILK activity and cyclin D1 levels. We conclude that the cyclin D1 gene is regulated by the Wnt-1 and ILK signaling pathways and that ILK induction of cyclin D1 involves the CREB signaling pathway in mammary epithelial cells.
Heptacarpus littoralis Butler a synonym of Heptacarpus sitchensis (Brandt) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippolytidae)

Heptacarpus littoralis was differentiated from H. sitchensis based on several characters, including absence of a pterygostomian spine (present in H. sitchensis); distinctly curved propodi of pereopods III-V, and a smaller and more slender body than H. sitchensis. To test whether these differences represent separate species or merely sexual dimorphism within a single species, we collected ovigerous H. sitchensis and raised their larvae to determine if both morphologies would occur within the same progeny. By one year of age many of the shrimp had reached sexual maturity; pterygostomian spines were present on all females but only 27% of the males. Males were also smaller on average than females, and developed the curved propodi and other features characteristic of H. littoralis. Hence, H. littoralis is considered a male form of H. sitchensis and a junior synonym.
Rates and Determinants of Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in NCAA Division 1 College Football Athletes: A Study of the ACC, SEC, and PAC-12 Conferences.

Background:For competitive athletes, return to play (RTP) and return to preinjury levels of performance after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are the main goals of surgery. Although...
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia with Gingival Lesion: Review and Case Reports

A case of hereditary, hemorrhagic telangiectasia is described which has been under observation for more than 8 years. The clinical findings are discussed; light microscopic and electron microscopic findings as well as current research for a causative mechanism and recommended therapy are reviewed. The patient exhibited gingival telangiectatic participation. Another, even more severe case of this disease showed repeated, severe hemorrhage from mucosal lesions in the region of the incisive papilla, severe internal bleeding from the nasal mucosa and the gut and several punctate gingival telangiectases. The occurance of gingival lesions may not be as rare as thought. Such lesions may simply be rather inconspicuous.
The effects of salmon carcasses on soil nitrogen pools in a riparian forest of southeastern Alaska

Long-term studies in Alaska have demonstrated that bears may capture and carry to the riparian forest a large number of salmon that return to spawn in small freshwater streams. Most of the carcasses are partially consumed, resulting in a large amount of salmon nutrients in the form of biomass deposited on the forest floor. Using an experimental approach, we examined how these carcasses may influence the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil C and N in a riparian forest in southeastern Alaska. At their peak, ammonium (NH4+-N) concentrations in soil 10 cm from carcasses were as much as several orders of magnitude greater than soils in adjacent control plots without carcasses and remained elevated until the onset of winter. Nitrate (NO3–-N) and δ15N concentrations also increased coincident with maximum NH4+-N concentrations. However, soil N concentrations were only moderately elevated 20 cm from carcasses and closely resembled background concentrations at 30 cm. These results suggest that salmon carcasses, v...
Demonstration of ultraviolet separate absorption and multiplication 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes

We report ultraviolet separate absorption and multiplication 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes. An external quantum efficiency of 83% (187 mA/W) at 278 nm, corresponding to unity gain after reach-through was achieved. A gain higher than 1000 was demonstrated without edge breakdown.
Age-Dependent Human Hepatic Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) Postnatal Ontogeny

Human hepatic carboxylesterase 1 and 2 (CES1 and CES2) are important for the disposition of ester- and amide-bond-containing pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. CES1 and CES2 ontogeny has not been well characterized, causing difficulty in addressing concerns regarding juvenile sensitivity to adverse outcomes associated with exposure to certain substrates. To characterize postnatal human hepatic CES1 and CES2 expression, microsomal and cytosolic fractions were prepared using liver samples from subjects without liver disease (N = 165, aged 1 day to 18 years). Proteins were fractionated, detected, and quantitated by Western blotting. Median microsomal CES1 was lower among samples from subjects younger than 3 weeks (n = 36) compared with the rest of the population (n = 126; 6.27 vs. 17.5 pmol/mg microsomal protein, respectively; P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test). Median cytosolic CES1 expression was lowest among samples from individuals between birth and 3 weeks of age (n = 36), markedly greater among those aged 3 weeks to 6 years (n = 90), and modestly greater still among those older than 6 years (n = 36; median values = 4.7, 15.8, and 16.6 pmol/mg cytosolic protein, respectively; P values < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively; Kruskal-Wallis test). Median microsomal CES2 expression increased across the same three age groups with median values of 1.8, 2.9, and 4.2 pmol/mg microsomal protein, respectively (P < 0.001, both). For cytosolic CES2, only the youngest age group differed from the two older groups (P < 0.001; median values = 1.29, 1.93, 2.0, respectively). These data suggest that infants younger than 3 weeks of age would exhibit significantly lower CES1- and CES2-dependent metabolic clearance compared with older individuals.
TOTAL CROSS SECTION FOR $sup 9$Be($alpha$,n)

The absolute total ($4\ensuremath{\pi}$) neutron yield from $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)$ has been measured for alpha energies from 1.7 to 10.5 MeV by extension of earlier measurements. In addition to previously reported states in $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, resonance peaks are observed corresponding to ${E}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ of 15.3 and 17.0 MeV. The widths for resonances at ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=1.92, 2.25, \mathrm{and} 2.58$ MeV are 0.2, 0.4, and 0.3 MeV, respectively. Near ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=10$ MeV, reactions leading to states in $^{12}C$ apparently account for 30% of the observed cross section.
Direct Calculation of High-Speed Cavity Flows in a Scramjet Engine by the CESE Method

In this paper we report the application of the Space-Time CESE method to simulate supersonic flows over open cavities. In the setting of a dualmode scramjet engine, flow features of cavity flows with and without fuel injection are studied to understand flow features of mixing enhancement and flame holding. Without injection, our numerical results compared favorably with the experimental data for dominant frequencies and time-averaged pressure coefficients inside the cavities. With an upstream injection, the flow oscillations are drastically suppressed. The role of cavity-generated acoustic waves in fuel/air mixing enhancement is illustrated. The present results show that the CESE method provides high-fidelity numerical results of unsteady flows relevant to advanced scramjet engine concepts.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Binding to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

SummaryAddition of DNA (but not RNA) to solutions of lysergic acid diethylamide resulted in a depression of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the drug. The Kd for D-LSD: DNA binding, calculated from spectral changes, was 5 × 10-4 M, and each nucleotide residue was a potential binding site. Binding did not occur at pH 3 (where DNA is nonhelical), and was decreased by prior heating of the DNA or by adding MgCl2 at a concentration of 3.7 × 10-3M.
Case-Based, Problem-Based Learning: Information Literacy for the Real World.

Abstract Case-based, problem-based learning (CBPBL) is a student-centered approach that uses tightly focused minicases to help students demonstrate their ability to identify their information needs. It has been used successfully in science and medical learning, and lends itself easily to helping students develop the critical thinking skills that lead to information literacy. In this approach, after students are provided with a minicase, they control the chalkboard and direct their own learning by initiating the topics and setting the agenda that will lead to solving the case. The instructor's task is to serve as a facilitator, asking questions only when it serves to help clarify students' thinking, and guiding group processes when necessary.
Growth of Oriented Single Crystals from Low Melting Metals

Interest in metal single crystals began many years ago with research on metal deformation properties. Since that time, the use of single crystals in the laboratory has greatly increased with work on the solid state of matter. Frequently, the crystals must be of a specific lattice orientation for determination of physical and mechanical properties in the various crystallographic directions. An urgent need for such oriented single crystals led to the development at the Ames Laboratory of a method for producing large single crystals of controlled shape and orientation from small seed crystals of the desired final orientation. The technique has been given the name casting-bonding/
2 – Instrumentation and Quality Control

Abstract This chapter includes nuclear medicine instrumentation and quality control. The underlying principles, as well as the specifics of survey meters, well counters, single crystal probes, gamma cameras, SPECT/CT and PET/CT, are discussed. Recent advances of solid state and semiconductor detectors are also included. There are detailed quality control sections for both radiopharmaceuticals and equipment.