cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Rights and Incorporation

Under the selective incorporation doctrine, provisions in the Bill of Rights are applied against the states if they are fundamental to the American scheme of ordered liberty or deeply rooted in this nation’s history. By focusing solely on the importance of rights, this doctrine fails to account for the effect of incorporating a right on the states. This Article challenges this approach. It identifies a category of rights whose incorporation most deeply intrudes on state sovereignty. These rights do not simply create individual entitlements; they also have structural features by dictating which government institutions may exercise which government powers. These “structural rights” comprise the Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury, the Sixth Amendment right to a criminal jury, and the Seventh Amendment right to a civil jury. The Article argues that these rights should not be incorporated because the prerogative to allocate government powers is one of the core powers of state sovereignty, and the Fourteenth Amendment does not purport to strip the states of that power. In addition to protecting the state power to arrange government, adopting a theory against incorporating structural rights would explain the Court’s refusal to incorporate the grand jury and civil jury rights, as well as doctrinal anomalies surrounding incorporation of the criminal jury right. Adopting the theory against incorporating structural rights would have several implications. The most significant is that it would result in the deincorporation of the Sixth Amendment right to a criminal jury. The consequence of this deincorporation is not only that the Constitution would not oblige states to provide juries in criminal cases but also that the doctrine announced in Apprendi v. New Jersey, which prohibits sentencing schemes that allowed judges to make factual findings altering the range of punishment, would no longer apply against the states.
Uomo Qualunque: The Transnational Making of Italian Post-War Populism

This article argues that the ideology and the sudden success of Guglielmo Giannini’s Uomo Qualunque movement cannot be fully understood without considering cross-cultural contexts. These comprise t...
Childhood Victimization, Cognitive Schemas, and Unwanted Consensual Sex Among College Students

Objective: Unwanted consensual sex (UCS)—freely consenting to sex that is neither wanted nor desired—is largely excluded from campus programming and the literature on sexual behavior. The present s...
Patient Dignity: Exploring Oncology Nurses’ Perceptions During End-of-Life Care

Background Research on nurses' perceptions of dignity is limited, with much work instead focusing on patients' experiences. Maintaining the dignity of patients is considered to be an important element of nursing care; however, it is often diminished by the acts and omissions of healthcare providers. Objectives The purposes of this study were to understand oncology nurses' perceptions of care that supports patients' dignity during end-of-life hospitalization and to propose a theoretical foundation consistent with these perceptions as a guide to practice. Methods A qualitative study using grounded theory was employed. Semistructured interviews with 11 experienced female oncology nurses generated insights into their perceptions of dignity in caring for terminally ill patients. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method until data saturation was reached. Findings This study revealed an emerging model for dignity care that uses communication, support, and facilitation in the education of nurses during end-of-life care. The proposed model could enhance the facilitation of nursing education and aid in the design of nursing course curricula and practical experiences that may improve nurses' ability to provide care supporting dignity.
Bifurcations in a Hard Spring Duffing Oscillator

Tangent and period-doubling bifurcation curves of a hard spring Duffing oscillator are calculated with the shooting method and the continuation technique. From these curves, one observes clearly the route via period-doubling to chaos and the coexistence of multiple solutions. The results are compared with those obtained using harmonic balance method and numerical simulations.
Surgical Palliative Care Education

Surgical palliative care education is in increasing demand to meet the needs of a growing geriatric population. Multiple accrediting agencies for undergraduate and graduate medical education require that students be trained in end-of-life care. These requirements, however, have resulted in didactic curricula that are implemented in various degrees with uncertain levels of success. Reviews of physician communication on palliative care topics find that skilled feedback has the best evidence for generating improvements. Once graduated, there is little to no requirement that practicing providers seek out opportunities to improve their palliative care skills.
Respiration in rivers fractionates stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen; a global investigation on the influences of temperature and flow

Quantifying ecosystem respiration remains challenging in aquatic ecosystems. Most investigators assume that nighttime and daytime respiration are equal. Recent studies suggest measuring dissolved oxygen isotopes during periods with and without photosynthesis can account for variations in daytime and nighttime respiration. These models are extremely sensitive to the oxygen isotopic fractionation factor (α) value used for respiration, yet almost nothing is known about the variability of α and factors driving that variability. We quantified how α varies with temperature and flow velocity using field measurements, laboratory experiments, and a modeling approach. We measured α in the field using sealed recirculating chambers in 16 rivers from different biomes (temperate, tropical, and sub-arctic) to assess a range of possible α values. The α values were widely variable, and variation was higher among sites in the same biome or ecoregion (e.g. 0.9780 ± 0.005 to 0.9898 ± 0.002 among six desert sites) than across different biomes. Our data revealed that both temperature, flow, and biofilm characteristics produced variations in α, with temperature decreasing and flow increasing it, until leveling off at high flow velocities. Biological and physical processes occurring in the diffusion boundary layer produced variations in α. Our results highlight that environmental conditions produce variable α values, the need for site-specific α measurements, and practical implications for consideration when measuring α in the field. More generally we illustrate an array of factors that can influence isotopic fractionation associated with metabolic activity of biologically active layers that could be important in any diffusion-limited environment.
The State of the Universe. (arXiv:gr-qc/0209046v2 UPDATED)

What is the quantum state of the universe? That is the central question of quantum cosmology. This essay describes the place of that quantum state in a final theory governing the regularities exhibited universally by all physical systems in the universe. It is possible that this final theory consists of two parts: (1) a dynamical theory such as superstring theory, and (2) a state of the universe such as Hawking's no-boundary wave function. Both are necessary because prediction in quantum mechanics requires both a Hamiltonian and a state. Complete ignorance of the state leads to predictions inconsistent with observation. The simplicity observed in the early universe gives hope that there is a simple, discoverable quantum state of the universe. It may be that, like the dynamical theory, the predictions of the quantum state for late time, low energy observations can be summarized by an effective cosmological theory. That should not obscure the need to provide a fundamental basis for such an effective theory which gives a a unified explanation of its features and is applicable without restrictive assumptions. It could be that there is one principle that determines both the dynamical theory and the quantum state. That would be a truly unified final theory. (talk given The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology: Stephen Hawking 60th Birthday Symposium)
Voices and Choices: Critical Information/Media Literacy and Behrman’s Practices

Studies on information and media literacy focus on describing activities and frameworks individually, and most of the time, connect within the field of library science. However, other frameworks an...
La aparición de los libros plúmbeos y los modos de escribir la historia: de Pedro de Castro al Inca Garcilaso de la Vega; New World postcolonial: the political thought of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

A finales del siglo XVI se descubrieron en Granada dos reliquias polemicas: el pergamino de la Torre Turpiana hallado tras la demolicion del minarete de la mezquita mayor para la construccion de la...
Essential Oils as a Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review

Despite the improvements in life expectancy, neurodegenerative conditions have arguably become the most dreaded maladies of older people. The neuroprotective and anti-ageing potentials of essential oils (EOs) are widely evaluated around the globe. The objective of this review is to analyse the effectiveness of EOs as neuroprotective remedies among the four common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The literature was extracted from three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) between the years of 2010 to 2020 using the medical subject heading (MeSH) terms "essential oil", crossed with "Alzheimer's disease (AD)", "Huntington's disease (HD)", "Parkinson's disease (PD)" or "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)". Eighty three percent (83%) of the studies were focused on AD, while another 12% focused on PD. No classifiable study was recorded on HD or ALS. EO from Salvia officinalis has been recorded as one of the most effective acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, only Cinnamomum sp. has been assessed for its effectiveness in both AD and PD. Our review provided useful evidence on EOs as potential neuroprotective remedies for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Called to Serve: Exploring the Relationship Between Career Calling, Career Plateaus, and Organizational Commitment in the U.S. Military:

Experiencing career as a calling has implications for an individual’s career trajectory; yet, little is known about whether calling relates to career plateaus, which have the potential to stall an ...
Brazilian evangelicalism in the twenty-first century: an inside and outside look: edited by Eric Miller and Ronald J. Morgan, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, xxiii + 364 pages, €145.59 (hardcover), ISBN 9783030136857

Brazil’s evangelical population has surged over the last fifty years, from five to now twenty-five percent of the country. In this book, Eric Miller and Ronald J. Morgan bring together diverse voic...
Skull microstructure and mode conversion in transcranial ultrasound imaging

Longitudinal-to-shear wave mode conversion that occurs at the interface between elastic bone and tissues can be used for aberration reduction by intentionally increasing the incidence angle between the ultrasound beam and the skull. However, in some cases, mode conversion produces artifacts in transcranial images. In this study, we seek to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms underlying the variation in imaging performance in the presence of wave mode conversion. 2D microCT scans of a skull sample were used to simulate transcranial ultrasound imaging of a point target. Simulation studies show that imaging at a large incidence angle (40°) reduced aberration for skulls having low porosity. However, as skull porosity increased, large angles of incidence resulted in degradation of resolution and increased target localization errors. Experimental results indicate that imaging at normal incidence introduced a localization error of 1.85±0.10 mm, while imaging at a large incidence angle (40°) resulted in an increased localization error of 6.54±1.33 mm and caused a single microtube target to no longer appear as a single, coherent target in the resulting image, which is consistent with simulation results. This study indicates that imaging performance is highly dependent on the porosity of the skull, particularly at incidence angles above the critical angle (e.g., 40°).
Verträglichkeitsaspekte atypischer Neuroleptika

Neuroleptika haben die Behandlung schizophrener Erkrankungen entscheidend verbessert (23). Obwohl die Behandlungserfolge von der kompletten Remission uber partielle Besserungen bis hin zur vollstandigen Therapieresistenz reichen, profitieren die meisten Patienten in irgendeiner Weise von einer neuroleptischen Behandlung. Unglucklicherweise stellt das Nebenwirkungsprofil der klassischen Neuroleptika einen limitierenden Faktor fur die Behandlung dar. Sehr viele Patienten erleben wahrend einer akuten oder chronischen Behandlung unangenehme oder nicht tolerierbare Nebenwirkungen und setzen aus diesen Grunden die notwendige neuroleptische Medikation ab.
Proper Government of VP

In this chapter, I will analyze constructions with null VP in English, arguing that the temporal features associated with subcategorization licensing of VP are crucial to proper government of the empty category. The core of the analysis is based on arguments of Zagona (1988), which show that VP is properly governed only when INFL satisfies requirements for theta government of VP. The analysis of Chapter 3, according to which VP functions as an internal argument of IP with respect to temporal argument structure, provides a basis for recasting the relevant form of government in terms which specifically concern temporal argument structure. I will call this Tense-government, which thus constitutes an independent type of relation within IP, so that VP may be governed as an argument relative to its Tense-governor, while retaining its status as a nonargument relative to other types of clausal relations, such as predication and antecedent government of non-VP categories. I will then examine constructions with ‘contracted’ forms of auxiliaries, arguing that the interaction of Tense-government and agreement processes provide an account of the restricted distribution of null VP following those forms.
Developing the Sde Boker Version of Environmental Education

Midreshet Sde Boker, in the middle of Israel’s Negev Desert, is the locus for a most important experiment in environmental education. Since the Midrasha of Sde Boker (College of the Negev) was first founded in the early 1960s, it has undergone some dynamic transformations. Starting with Ben-Gurion’s early ideas for such a college, each transition represents a necessary probing step in the development towards a first-rate educational institution with unique objectives. These steps will be outlined here to show how the Center for Environmental Education came about and where it should be heading.
Do Incentives for Quality Matter

We use an unusual dataset involving 14 tomato growers over 4 years to analyze the effect of incentive contracts on behavior in a fixed effects econometric model. We find that growers respond to incentive contracts by improving tomato quality, as predicted by economic theory. The comparison is not confounded by the usual contract endogeneity and simultaneity problems because of characteristics of the processing tomato industry and our dataset. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of agricultural contracts.
Bioenergetic conditions of butyrate metabolism by a syntrophic, anaerobic bacterium in coculture with hydrogen-oxidizing methanogenic and sulfidogenic bacteria.

The butyrate-oxidizing, proton-reducing, obligately anaerobic bacterium NSF-2 was grown in batch cocultures with either the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Methanospirillum hungatei PM-1 or Desulfovibrio sp. strain PS-1. Metabolism of butyrate occurred in two phases. The first phase exhibited exponential growth kinetics (phase a) and had a doubling time of 10 h. This value was independent of whether NSF-2 was cultured with a methanogen or a sulfate reducer and likely represents the maximum specific growth rate of NSF-2. This exponential growth phase was followed by a second phase with a nearly constant rate of degradation (phase b) which dominated the time course of butyrate degradation. The specific activity of H2 uptake by the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium controlled the bioenergetic conditions of metabolism in phase b. During this phase both the Gibbs free energy (ΔG′) and the butyrate degradation rate (v) were greater for NSF-2-Desulfovibrio sp. strain PS-1 (ΔG′ = −17.0 kJ/mol; v = 0.20 mM/h) than for NSF-2-M. hungatei PM-1 (ΔG′ = −3.8 kJ/mol, v = 0.12 mM/h). The ΔG′ value remained stable and characteristic of the two hydrogen oxidizers during phase b. The stable ΔG′ resulted from the close coupling of the rates of butyrate and H2 oxidation. The addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonate to a NSF-2-methanogen coculture resulted in the total inhibition of butyrate degradation; the inhibition was relieved when Desulfovibrio sp. strain PS-1 was added as a new H2 sink. When the specific activity of H2 consumption was increased by adding higher densities of the Desulfovibrio sp. to 2-bromoethanesulfonate-inhibited NSF-2-methanogen cocultures, lower H2 pool sizes and higher rates of butyrate degradation resulted. Thus, it is the kinetic parameters of H2 consumption, not the type of H2 consumer per se, that establishes the thermodynamic conditions which in turn control the rate of fatty acid degradation. The bioenergetic homeostasis we observed in phase b was a result of the kinetics of the coculture members and the feedback inhibition by hydrogen which prevents butyrate degradation rates from reaching their theoretical Vmax.
Beyond Crystallography: Investigating the Conformational Dynamics of the Purine Riboswitch

Riboswitches are structured elements located in the 5'-untranslated regions of numerous bacterial mRNAs that serve to regulate gene expression via their ability to specifically bind metabolites. The purine riboswitch ligand-binding domain has emerged as an important model system for investigating the relationship between RNA structure and function. Directed by NMR and crystallographically generated structures of this RNA, a variety of biophysical and biochemical techniques have been utilized to understand its dynamic nature. In this review, we describe these various approaches and what they reveal about the purine riboswitch. Abbreviations 2AP 2-aminopurine; FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer; J joining region; L loop; NMIA N-methylisatoic anhydride; SHAPE selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension; smFRET single molecule fluorescence reso- nance energy transfer; TPP thiamine pyrophosphate; UTR untranslated region
Review of adjunctive dexmedetomidine in the management of severe acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome

AbstractBackground: The primary management of alcohol withdrawal involves the administration of a γ-aminobutyric acid agonist, such as benzodiazepines, for management of symptoms and to prevent further progression to seizure or delirium tremens. Despite escalating doses of benzodiazepines, published literature indicates that some patient’s alcohol withdrawal syndrome symptoms do not respond, and that the use of adjunctive agents may be beneficial in these patients. Dexmedetomidine, an α2-agonist, serves as a potential adjunctive agent through management of associated autonomic symptoms. Understanding of recent literature evaluating its use is necessary for appropriate selection. Objective: To review available literature supporting the use of adjunctive dexmedetomidine for management of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Methods: A total of 13 published articles evaluating the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine as an adjunctive agent for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in adult patients were ident...
Competition in hospital and health insurance markets: a review and research agenda.

OBJECTIVES: To review the empirical literature on the effects of selective contracting and hospital competition on hospital prices, travel distance, services, and quality; to review the effects of managed care penetration and competition on health insurance premiums; and to identify areas for further research. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Selective contracting has allowed managed care plans to obtain lower prices from hospitals. This finding is generalizable beyond California and is stronger when there is more competition in the hospital market. Travel distances to hospitals of admission have not increased as a result of managed care. Evidence on the diffusion of technology in hospitals and the extent to which hospitals have specialized as a result of managed care is mixed. Little research on the effects on quality has been undertaken, but preliminary evidence suggests that hospital quality has not declined and may have improved. Actual mergers in the hospital market have not affected hospital prices. Much less research has been focused on managed care markets. Greater market penetration and greater competition among managed care plans are associated with lower managed care premiums. Greater HMO penetration appears to be much more effective than PPO penetration in leading to lower premiums. While workers are willing to change plans when faced with higher out-of-pocket premiums, there is little evidence of the willingness of employers to switch plan offerings. Preliminary evidence suggests that greater managed care penetration has led to lower overall employer premiums, but the results differ substantially between employers with and without a self-insured plan. CONCLUSIONS: Much more research is needed to examine all aspects of managed care markets. In hospital markets, particular attention should be focused on the effects on quality and technology diffusion.
Identity status, religious orientation, and prejudice.

The identity status paradigm has some obvious common ground with the religious orientation paradigm, but surprisingly, there has been very little empirical investigation into the relationship of identity status and religious commitment. The current study investigated hypothesized relationships between identity status and religious orientation and anti-black and anti-homosexual prejudice. One-hundred and seventy-six Christian undergraduate students were administered the appropriate scales. Significant mean differences and correlations were found, mostly in the expected directions for the relationship between identity status and religious orientation. Expected relationships between identity status and prejudice were not found, with the exception of the relationship between foreclosure and both types of prejudice. These results were discussed in light of recent theoretical developments in the identity status paradigm.
Atmospheric measurement analysis for the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS)

The Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) was developed by the University of Arizona in the early 2000s to collect ground-based data in support of the calibration and validation of Earth-observing sensors. It uses the reflectance-based approach, which requires measurements of the atmosphere and surface reflectance. The measurements are used in MODTRAN to determine the at-sensor radiance for a given time and date. In the traditional reflectance-based approach, on-site personnel use an automated solar radiometer (ASR) to measure the atmospheric attenuation, but in the case of RadCaTS, an AERONET Cimel sun photometer is used to make atmospheric measurements. This work presents a comparison between the Cimel-derived atmospheric characteristics such as aerosol optical depth, the Angstrom exponent, and the columnar water vapor, to those derived using a traditional solar radiometer. The top-of-atmosphere radiance derived using the Cimel and ASR measurements are compared using Landsat 8 OLI bands as a test case for the period 2012–2014 to determine if any biases exist between the two methodologies.
Asparagine Synthetases of Klebsiella aerogenes: Properties and Regulation of Synthesis

We isolated pleiotropic mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes with the transposon Tn5 which were unable to utilize a variety of poor sources of nitrogen. The mutation responsible was shown to be in the asnB gene, one of two genes coding for an asparagine synthetase. Mutations in both asnA and asnB were necessary to produce an asparagine requirement. Assays which could distinguish the two asparagine synthetase activities were developed in strains missing a high-affinity asparaginase. The asnA and asnB genes coded for ammonia-dependent and glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetases, respectively. Asparagine repressed both enzymes. When growth was nitrogen limited, the level of the ammonia-dependent enzyme was low and that of the glutamine-dependent enzyme was high. The reverse was true in a nitrogen-rich (ammonia-containing) medium. Furthermore, mutations in the glnG protein, a regulatory component of the nitrogen assimilatory system, increased the level of the ammonia-dependent enzyme. The glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase was purified to 95%. It was a tetramer with four equal 57,000-dalton subunits and catalyzed the stoichiometric generation of asparagine, AMP, and inorganic pyrophosphate from aspartate, ATP, and glutamine. High levels of ammonium chloride (50 mM) could replace glutamine. The purified enzyme exhibited a substrate-independent glutaminase activity which was probably an artifact of purification. The tetramer could be dissociated; the monomer possessed the high ammonia-dependent activity and the glutaminase activity, but not the glutamine-dependent activity. In contrast, the purified ammonia-dependent asparagine synthetase, about 40% pure, had a molecular weight of 80,000 and is probably a dimer of identical subunits. Asparagine inhibited both enzymes. Kinetic constants and the effect of pH, substrate, and product analogs were determined. The regulation and biochemistry of the asparagine synthetases prove the hypothesis strongly suggested by the genetic and physiological evidence that a glutamine-dependent enzyme is essential for asparagine synthesis when the nitrogen source is growth rate limiting.
A Synthetic Quorum Sensing System Reveals a Potential Private Benefit for Public Good Production in a Biofilm.

Bacteria predominantly reside in microbial communities known as biofilms, where cells are encapsulated and protected by the extracellular matrix (ECM). While all biofilm cells benefit from the ECM, only a subgroup of cells carries the burden of producing this public good. This dilemma provokes the question of how these cells balance the cost of ECM production. Here we show that ECM producing cells have a higher gene expression response to quorum sensing (QS) signals, which can lead to a private benefit. Specifically, we constructed a synthetic quorum-sensing system with designated “Sender” and “Receiver” cells in Bacillus subtilis. This synthetic QS system allowed us to uncouple and independently investigate ECM production and QS in both biofilms and single cells. Results revealed that ECM production directly enhances the response to QS signals, which may offset the cost of ECM production.
The Influence of Learning Style and Cognitive Ability on Recall of Names and Faces in an Older Population

Abstract The present study examined whether, for older adults, a verbal or imagery cognitive style is associated with recall of names and faces learned in an experimental condition. Cognitive abilities that are represented in current models of face recognition and name recall were also examined. Those abilities included picture naming, verbal fluency (i.e., naming items within a given category), vocabulary comprehension, visual memory, and the learning of unassociated word pairs. Fifty older adults attempted to learn first and last names of 20 student actors and actresses pictured on videotapes (40 names total). On average, participants learned the most first names, followed by last names, and the fewest full names. The greater the number of responses on a questionnaire associated with an imagery cognitive style, the more the names of faces were correctly identified by participants. There was no significant relationship between a verbal cognitive style and the number of names and faces recalled. As for co...
Bile duct–like differentiation in teratoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study

Abstract The presence of biliary differentiation as part of teratoma is very unusual and has been reported only once as part of hepatocellular component; however, its incidence and significance were not studied. We reviewed available mixed germ cell tumors and pure teratomas for the last 18 years at our institution. Data on age, tumor size, location, gross and microscopic findings, proper prior clinical history, and outcome were obtained. Histologic components of teratoma were evaluated; percentage of bile duct–like structures was calculated, and cases were immunohistochemically studied. Forty-five cases were included (19 testicular neoplasms, 20 retroperitoneal lymph node resections, 5 mediastinal tumors, and 1 pulmonary resection), obtained from male patients 15 to 48 years old (mean, 28.8 years; median, 29 years). Bile duct–like tubules were identified in 11 (24%) cases. In 10 cases, the foci of bile duct–like structures represented less than 1% of the tumor tissue, whereas 1 case was almost exclusively composed of these structures. In all the cases, immunostains of bile duct–like tubules were positive for cytokeratin 7 and 19 and negative for other markers. Our findings show a significant prevalence of bile duct–like structures in teratoma. Immunohistochemical studies, although not specific, support a biliary-like immunophenotype. The presence of these structures did not adversely affect patient's prognosis; however, diagnostic awareness of their existence is relevant, as treatment and prognosis may vary significantly between teratomas and yolk sac or Sertoli cell tumors.
Preliminary Analysis of the Spectrum of Triply Ionized Gadolinium (Gd iv)

Emission spectra, wavelengths and photoelectric intensities of triply-ionized gadolinium, using hollow cathode source with Czerny-Turner vacuum spectrograph
Induced motor vehicle travel from improved fuel efficiency and road expansion

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of improved fuel efficiency and road network expansion on motor vehicle travel using a system dynamic panel data estimator and panel data at the state level for the 2001–2008 period. Our model accounts for endogenous changes in fuel efficiency, congestion, fuel cost per mile, and vehicle stock. Our regression results suggest that the short run rebound effect is 0.0276 while the long run rebound effect is 0.11. The short run effect of road capacity per capita is 0.066 while the long run effect is 0.26.
Denitrification, nutrient regeneration and carbon mineralization in sediments of Galveston Bay, Texas, USA

Rates of benthic denitrification, oxygen consumption and nutrient regeneration were measured during winter, spring and summer in Galveston Bay (Texas, USA) sediments. Denitrification ranged from 0 to 47 pm01 N2 m-2 h' with maximal rates generally occurring in the summer and the upper estuary. Oxygen consumption rates ranged from 38 pm01 O2 m-2 h' in the winter to 353 pm01 O2 m-' h-' in the summer and were correlated with denitrification rates. Variations in bay water temperature accounted for 52 % of the variability associated with denitrification rates whereas only 28% of the variability could be attributed to organic carbon content and 15% to salinity, indicating a predominance of temporal over spatial factors in controlling estuarine rates of denitrification. In the spring and summer, denitrification was responsible for the majority (73 and 80%, respectively) of the total benthic inorganic nitrogen efflux while in the winter, nitrogen fluxes were dominated (80 %) by ammonium. At salinities less than 6 L , cation exchange interactions may have played an important role in retaining ammonium in the sediment, producing the higher rates of denitrification found in the upper estuary. Dissolved inorganic carbon flux was used as a measure of total organic carbon mineralization. The average molar C:N of the remineralized substrate (5.2) was lower than the average C:N of the sediments (12.6) indicating preferent~al remineralization of nitrogen relative to carbon. Molar C:O ratlos suggested that anaerobic carbon m~neralization and the storage of its reduced end-products is more prevalent in the lower estuary and In the winter. Denitrifiers were responsible for 37 and 13 % of the total benthic carbon mineralization in the upper and lower estuary, respectively. Denitrification appears to be a greater contributor to total carbon mineralization than previously considered. Nearly one-third of the total sediment oxygen consumption was attributed to nitrification. Galveston Bay sediment denitrification and oxygen consumption rates and nutrient fluxes were lower but comparable to those of other Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Differences among the estuaries examined are attributed mainly to sediment organic matter content.
Silent corticotroph adenomas.

Purpose Silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs) comprise 20 % of all corticotroph adenomas and 3–19 % of nonfunctioning adenomas (NFAs). As they do not manifest clinical or biochemical hypercortisolism, they are diagnosed after pathologic examination of resected tumor tissue demonstrates positive ACTH expression. While preoperative features are similar to those of NFAs, SCAs may have more cavernous sinus invasion. Further, patients with SCAs tend to have more frequent and earlier recurrences than those with NFAs, often necessitating multiple surgeries and other modalities of treatment. This article reviews the incidence, pathogenesis, and clinical behavior of SCAs.
Semantic differential discriminability: a comparison of Japanese and American students.

(1967). Semantic Differential Discriminability: A Comparison of Japanese and American Students. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 23-25.
Synchronously pumped femtosecond dye oscillator-amplifier system at 815 nm

Abstract A tunable dye oscillator-amplifier system that produces 0.25 mJ, 105 fs pulses at 815 nm is demonstrated. The system consists of a synchronously pumped femtosecond dye laser followed by a dye amplifier that is quasi-longitudinally pumped using the frequency-doubled output from a Nd:YAG regenerative amplifier.
Hiding behind the clouds: Efficient, privacy-preserving queries via cloud proxies

This paper proposes PriView, a privacy-preserving technique for querying third-party services from mobile devices. Classical private information retrieval (PIR) schemes are difficult to deploy and use, since they require the target service to be replicated and modified. To avoid this problem, PriView utilizes a novel, proxy-mediated form of PIR, in which the client device fetches XORs of dummy query responses from each of two proxies and combines them to produce the required result. Unlike conventional PIR, PriView does not require the third-party service to be replicated or modified in any way. We evaluated a PriView implementation for the Google Static Maps service utilizing an Android OS front-end and Amazon EC2 proxies. PriView is able to provide tunable confidentiality with low overhead, allowing bandwidth usage, power consumption, and end-to-end latency to scale sublinearly with the provided degree of confidentiality.
Interpretation of quadrupole coupling constants in imidazole using ab initio m.o. field gradient calculations

Abstract Electric field gradients have been calculated for both nitrogen sites in imidazole from ab initio wave functions. Two basis sets were used, STO-3G and a split valence shell 4-31 extended basis. The experimental microwave geometry of Sheridan was used in both calculations. The quadropole coupling constants and asymmetry parameters of the 4-31 calculation agree well with the results of microwave experiments on the gaseous molecule by Blackman et al., and by Griffiths and Sheridan. The minimal basis computations - both our STO-3G and that of Kochanski, Lehn and Levy - are in poor agreeaent with the data, Ha's fit better, and our 4-31 Gaussian 70 results reported here fit the best. An analysis of one-, two-, and three-center integral contributions to the field gradient tensor components is presented. Net atomic and π-electron charges from different calculations are compared. In going from gaseous to crystalline imidazole the quadrupole coupling constants and asymmetry parameters undergo exceptionally large changes. These shifts make it impossible, in the absence of ab initio computations on the crystal, to make a theoretical choice between the two conflicting assignments in the literature of the NQR experimental tensors to the two nitrogens, but other considerations lead to a preference for one of them.
Effects of colony food shortage on social interactions in honey bee colonies

The age of onset of foraging in honey bee colonies is affected both by inhibitory social interactions among nestmates and starvation. We determined whether starvation affects worker-worker interactions by quantifying the frequencies of five social interactions (trophallaxis, begging, offering, antennating, and grooming) in colonies that either were starved or well-fed. We hypothesized that bees in starved colonies engage in fewer social interactions than bees in colonies with ample food stores. In all three trials, starved colonies had significantly greater numbers of foragers than well-fed colonies, as in a previous study. In three of three trials, starved bees showed a significantly higher frequency of begging behavior than well-fed bees. Begging in starved colonies increased exponentially with time as the starvation presumably grew more severe. Immediately following the onset of foraging in starved colonies, the frequency of begging declined dramatically. No consistent differences for other observed social behaviors were found. Our results under starvation conditions do not provide support for the hypothesis that precocious forager development must be associated with a decrease in social interactions. Perhaps factors that influence precocious foraging under starvation conditions differ from those under conditions of ample food stores. We speculate that the duration and specific nature of the social contact may be important. Furthermore, we speculate that begging itself may be a cue associated with precocious forager development.
Long-term wavelength stability of high-power laser diode bars on microchannel coolers

Laser diode reliability depends on both power and spectral stability over time. This report examines cases in which both corrosion and ionic deposition resulted in wavelength shifts from less than 1 nm to greater than 7 nm in 60 - 100W bars on microchannel coolers. Both corrosion and deposition seemed to be exacerbated by frequent and/or lengthy periods of stagnation in the DI water system. Analytical results including SEM images of FIB cross-sections illustrate deposits of up to several microns thickness of dielectric (oxide) material, as well as voiding caused by corrosion of Ni-plating out from under Au-plating through pinhole defects. Thermal modeling confirms the effect of such features on thermal resistance, correlating to observed wavelength shifts. Actions taken to address these issues are discussed.
Experimental Obeliscoides cuniculi infections in rabbits: comparison with Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia infections in cattle and sheep.

Abstract Female New Zealand White rabbits were inoculated with increasing numbers of infective Obeliscoides cuniculi larvae. The results of the experiment indicate that many similarities exist between the infection produced by this gastric nematode of rabbits and Trichostrongylus or Ostertagia infections of cattle and sheep. An acute postinoculation phase produced by larval activity was the most striking clinical effect. Length of the prepatent period and severity of the acute phase were directly related to the size of the larval inoculum. Egg production and the percentage of inoculum recovered at autopsy were inversely proportional to the number of larvae administered. The number of adult parasites present in the stomach was constant irrespective of the number of infective larvae given. Dysproteinemia, anemia, diarrhea, or peripheral edema were not produced. The associated pathological changes were primarily those of a gastritis, the main lesion being a coarsely granular mucosa overlying thickened, edematous fundic rugae. Ulceration (often with hemorrhage into the lumen of the stomach), petechiation, and the appearance of small white foci in the mucosa were noted. Uses for the model in the laboratory study of ruminant trichostrongylidosis are suggested.
An integrated re-examination of the dating of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11

Students of late Anglo-Saxon manuscripts are fortunate to have recourse to a number of fundamental studies which chronicle changes in the various arts of manuscript production during the tenth and early eleventh centuries. These studies provide a background against which to assess the work of individual craftsmen (scribes, initiallers, illustrators) who produced English manuscripts of this period. In the attempt to date a manuscript, each of these studies provides a spectrum of changing practices against which one can measure the most probable date of execution for any aspect of the manuscript. Additionally, if we use these studies as a group rather than one by one, they have much to tell us about the chronological circumstances of the creation of an entire codex as a composite work of art produced by a team of craftsmen.
Kinetics of photosynthetic membrane protein assembly in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Abstract Low-aeration cell suspensions of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides synthesize the photosynthetic pigments, bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids and show increases of two membrane-associated activities, light-induced transhydrogenase and photophosphorylation, in the absence of cell division. During the first hour of incubation, radioactively labeled amino acids are incorporated at a higher rate into membrane proteins associated with reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll compared to the membrane-protein fraction associated with light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll. After 1 hr, the rate of incorporation into light-harvesting protein is higher than into the reaction-center proteins. The differences in the rates of incorporation are due to differences in rates of synthesis and not to differences in rates of turnover. The size of the photosynthetic unit (molar ratio of total bacteriochlorophyll to reaction center bacteriochlorophyll) is small during the first hour of incubation and increases thereafter. It is proposed that reaction-center components are preferentially assembled into the membrane during the early period of photosynthetic membrane development.
Uniform platelet activation exists before coronary stent implantation despite aspirin therapy

Abstract Background Platelets play an important role in the natural history of coronary artery disease. Enhanced platelet aggregation and receptor expression unquestionably occur after coronary stent implantation; however, the functional characteristics of platelets before stenting have not been fully elucidated. Methods Platelets were assessed before intervention by platelet-rich plasma aggregation (PA) with 5 mmol adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and 1 mg/mL collagen; whole blood aggregation (WBA) by 1 mg/mL collagen; shear-induced closure time (CT); contractile force (CF); and expression of 9 surface receptors by flow cytometry in 126 patients undergoing elective coronary artery stent placement. All patients received aspirin for at least 7 days. The data were compared with those from 64 healthy volunteers. Results Each test revealed sustained platelet activation in patients undergoing coronary stenting compared with control values. These differences were significant for collagen-induced PA ( P =.031); CF ( P =.0001); expression of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa ( P =.0001); P-selectin ( P =.0008); platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 ( P =.0001); CD107a ( P =.0001); CD107b ( P =.0004); and CD63 ( P =.009). Conclusion Platelets are indeed activated before coronary stenting despite antecedent therapy with aspirin. (Am Heart J 2001;142:611-6.)
Nitride film deposition by femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation in low-pressure nitrogen discharge gas

Abstract Thin films of TiN and BN are deposited by femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation in a vacuum chamber with N2 gas discharge at 0.8 mTorr. Use of these activated gas conditions guarantees stoichiometric incorporation of nitrogen in the films. Properties of the deposited films are compared for the two different laser pulse durations. Ultrafast (fs) pulses are at a wavelength of 780 nm and the nanosecond pulses at 355 nm. The film growth is monitored with in situ RHEED, which provides information on the crystal quality of the films during growth. In addition to single-layer films of TiN being grown on silicon, a superlattice of BN/TiN was also fabricated. The TiN films were observed to form first as cubic phase single-crystal material that converted to polycrystal as the film thickness increases. These polycrystals exhibited textured orientation for the nanosecond pulsed depositions but were a randomly oriented fine-grained structure for the femtosecond pulses. The alternating multi-layers of TiN/BN exhibited interesting features that were complicated by surface roughness in the film. However, cross-sectional HRTEM demonstrated that a region of cubic phase BN was present in between two of the cubic phase TiN layers. It is thought that this results from a domain epitaxial relationship between the two materials. Such behavior is expected to be of great potential interest in the fabrication of uniform c-BN films by epitaxial growth.
Multiple Metastasis of Rainbow Trout Hepatoma

Abstract A case of multiple metastasis in a hepatomatous rainbow trout, with metastases to eight different organs, is reported. All metastases were confirmed by histopathologic examination. Tumor emboli were found in branchial vessels in the apices of gill filaments. This case was one of 14 hepatomatous rainbow trout among which the incidence of metastasis was 30 percent.
Unilateral and bilateral surgery for parathyroid disease

The principles of successful parathyroid surgery, regardless of the approach, demand a clear understanding of the philosophy behind the surgical exploration. A systematic approach, founded in science and refined by experience, is necessary to achieve long-term, reproducible surgical success. This article discusses the underlying logic and the advantages and disadvantages of the two basic approaches to parathyroid pathology: unilateral and bilateral cervical exploration. The authors do not to advocate a particular technique;instead, they provide a conceptual framework to surgical parathyroid disease upon which more advanced discussion can be built.
A Community College Bridge Program: Utilizing a Group Format to Promote Transitions for Hispanic Students

The article examines a group format for promoting Hispanic students’ transition from community colleges to university colleges of education. Students were exposed to Hispanic role models, did extensive writing, and participated in reflective discourse within large and small groups during the six-week summer program. All students successfully transitioned from the community college into the university and persisted through their junior year. The program was funded by a U.S. Department of Education, Title V grant to a Hispanic Serving community college that partnered with a university offering the second two years for the degree.