cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil on the marine alga, Dunalliela tertiolecta.

Among the most common and most obvious pollutants of marine and estuarine waters are oil and oil byproducts. While there have been numerous investigations on the effects of the water-soluble components of crude oils on fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and other aquatic organisms, few studies have examined the influence of these materials on phytoplankton which are among the most basic and essential components of aquatic food chains. Effects of oil pollution on phytoplankton communities are of primary concern since the existence of all marine fauna ultimately depends on the photosynthetic capacity of phytoplankton populations. Previous oil bioassays on phytoplankton report the combined effects of oil and oil dispersing agents. This study attempts to determine the effects of the water-soluble components of Cook Inlet crude oil on the marine alga, Dunalliela tertiolecta without the addition of emuisifying agents.
INTERSTRAIN VARIABILITY IN PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE) FROM THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA(1).

High levels of intraspecific variability are often associated with HAB species, and this variability is likely an important factor in their competitive success. Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Y. Hara et M. Chihara is an ichthyotoxic raphidophyte capable of forming dense surface-water blooms in temperate coastal regions throughout the world. We isolated four strains of H. akashiwo from fish-killing northern Puget Sound blooms in 2006 and 2007. By assessing numerous aspects of biochemistry, physiology, and toxicity, we were able to describe distinct ecotypes that may be related to isolation location, source population, or bloom timing. Contrasting elements among strains were cell size, maximum growth and photosynthesis rates, tolerance of low salinities, amino acid use, and toxicity to the ciliate grazer Strombidinopsis acuminatum (Faure-Fremiet). In addition, the rDNA sequences and chloroplast genome of each isolate were examined, and while all rDNA sequences were identical, the chloroplast genome identified differences among the strains that tracked differences in ecotype. H. akashiwo strain 07A, which was isolated from an unusual spring bloom, had a significantly higher maximum potential photosynthesis rate (28.7 pg C · cell(-1) · h(-1) ) and consistently exhibited the highest growth rates. Strains 06A and 06B were not genetically distinct from one another and were able to grow on the amino acids glutamine and alanine, while the other two strains could not. Strain 07B, which is genetically distinct from the other three strains, exhibited the only nontoxic effect. Thus, molecular tools may support identification, tracking, and prediction of strains and/or ecotypes using distinctive chloroplast gene signatures.
PI-type iterative learning control revisited

Iterative learning control (ILC) is a value-added block to enhance the feedback control performance by utilizing the fact that the system is operated repeatedly for the same task. In terms of how to use the tracking error signal of previous iteration to form the control signal of current iteration, ILC updating schemes can be classified as P-type, D-type, PI-type and PID type etc. So far, no one answered this question: what's the use of the error integral in ILC updating law? In this paper, for discrete-time linear time invariant systems, we show that the error integral in ILC updating scheme is helpful in achieving a monotonic convergence in a suitable norm topology other than the exponentially weighted sup-norm. Optimal design of PI-type ILC scheme is presented. Two extreme cases are considered to show that PI-type ILC can be better than P-type ILC in terms of convergence speed. Simulation results are presented to illustrate how to optimal design the PI-type ILC. We also show that when the number of time instants in an iteration is large, I-component in ILC updating law is of little use.
Supervised multi-class classification with adaptive and automatic parameter tuning

In this paper, a classification framework is developed to address the issue that empirical determination of the parameters and their values typically makes a classification framework less adaptive and general to different data sets and application domains. Experimental results show that our proposed framework achieves (1) better performance over other comparative supervised classification methods, (2) more robust to imbalanced data sets, and (3) smaller performance variance to different data sets.
Credibility and Relevance in Environmental Policy: Measuring Strategies and Performance among Science Assessment Organizations

Organizations that provide scientific information to policy makers face the difficult challenge of maintaining scientific credibility while establishing their political relevance. A growing body of research examines how assessment organizations meet the potentially competing expectations of science and policy communities. However, existing research has failed to produce generalizable findings. This study draws together theoretical approaches in science studies and organization theory to develop a framework that allows for a comparative analysis of multiple cases. The study compares the organizational strategies of the National Research Council, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Comparisons among the organizations are made using independent measures of credibility and political relevance. The evidence suggests that organizational strategies do impact assessment effectiveness and that it is possible for organizations to simultaneously achieve scientific credibility and political relevance.
SirA Orthologs Affect both Motility and Virulence

The sirA gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium encodes a two-component response regulator of the FixJ family that has a positive regulatory influence on the expression of type III secretion genes involved with epithelial cell invasion and the elicitation of bovine gastroenteritis. SirA orthologs in Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Erwinia control the expression of distinct virulence genes in these genera, but an evolutionarily conserved target of SirA regulation has never been identified. In this study we tested the hypothesis that sirA may be an ancient member of the flagellar regulon. We examined the effect of a sirA mutation on transcriptional fusions to flagellar promoters (flhD, fliE, fliF, flgA, flgB, fliC, fliD, motA, and fliA) while using fusions to the virulence gene sopB as a positive control. SirA had only small regulatory effects on all fusions in liquid medium (less than fivefold). However, in various types of motility agar plates, sirA was able to activate a sopB fusion by up to 63-fold while repressing flagellar fusions by values exceeding 100-fold. Mutations in the sirA orthologs of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa result in defects in either motility or motility gene regulation, suggesting that control of flagellar regulons may be an evolutionarily conserved function of sirA orthologs. The implications for our understanding of virulence gene regulation in the gamma Proteobacteria are discussed.
Total rod ERG suppression with high dose compassionate Fenretinide usage

Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid that interferes with the attachment of retinol to retinol binding protein. It may inhibit accumulation of A2E and lipofuscin, and is proposed as therapy for Stargardt disease. It is currently used for cancer therapy, and mild depression of rod function and dark adaptation is a side effect at standard dosage. We studied two youngsters (aged between 12 and 13) receiving high doses as compassionate treatment for neuroblastoma: 800 mg daily for 1 out of every 3 weeks, for roughly 2 years. Goldmann-Weekers dark adaptometry, ISCEV standard ERG and mfERG were performed, and blood was analyzed for vitamin A. Neither child complained of night blindness or showed retinal fundus abnormalities. On initial exam, dark adaptation thresholds were elevated by 3 log units, and there were no detectable rod ERG responses. However, cone responses and mfERG were normal. Retesting one subject 3 months after stopping the drug revealed normal rod thresholds (slightly delayed) and low normal rod ERG responses. Serum vitamin A levels were normal from both subjects, but there is no record of whether the samples were drawn during cycles on or off drug. Our study demonstrates that high dose Fenretinide can suppress rod function quite completely, although serum vitamin A and rod function apparently return to normal or near normal levels rapidly once the drug is stopped. It is intriguing that cone function and access to vitamin A seems largely independent of Fenretinide effects on retinol availability.
Conservation Status of Amphibians in Peru1

Abstract: Peru hosts a rich amphibian fauna with approximately 571 species described to date. Many of these species have been formally described only recently, and many more remain to be discovered and recognized. Despite the increase in the number of known species, some reports indicate recent, and in some cases enigmatic, loss of species richness at several sites in the Peruvian Andes. Similar population declines have been observed in neighboring Andean countries. The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is associated with some of these declines, and we include a timeline of records of this pathogen in Peruvian amphibians. However, the paucity of standardized, long-term surveys limits our ability to understand the causes of declines and to assess the conservation status of Peruvian amphibians. Here we provide updated information on the conservation status of amphibians in Peru, and we discuss the possible causes of the observed declines. Furthermore, we discuss present and future threats to ...
Adjoint sensitivity of global cloud droplet number to aerosol and dynamical parameters

Abstract. We present the development of the adjoint of a comprehensive cloud droplet formation parameterization for use in aerosol-cloud-climate interaction studies. The adjoint efficiently and accurately calculates the sensitivity of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) to all parameterization inputs (e.g., updraft velocity, water uptake coefficient, aerosol number and hygroscopicity) with a single execution. The adjoint is then integrated within three dimensional (3-D) aerosol modeling frameworks to quantify the sensitivity of CDNC formation globally to each parameter. Sensitivities are computed for year-long executions of the NASA Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Chemical Transport Model (CTM), using wind fields computed with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Global Circulation Model (GCM) II', and the GEOS-Chem CTM, driven by meteorological input from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) of the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). We find that over polluted (pristine) areas, CDNC is more sensitive to updraft velocity and uptake coefficient (aerosol number and hygroscopicity). Over the oceans of the Northern Hemisphere, addition of anthropogenic or biomass burning aerosol is predicted to increase CDNC in contrast to coarse-mode sea salt which tends to decrease CDNC. Over the Southern Oceans, CDNC is most sensitive to sea salt, which is the main aerosol component of the region. Globally, CDNC is predicted to be less sensitive to changes in the hygroscopicity of the aerosols than in their concentration with the exception of dust where CDNC is very sensitive to particle hydrophilicity over arid areas. Regionally, the sensitivities differ considerably between the two frameworks and quantitatively reveal why the models differ considerably in their indirect forcing estimates.
A new method to measure the semantic similarity of GO terms

Motivation: Although controlled biochemical or biological vocabularies, such as Gene Ontology (GO) ( http://www.geneontology.org), address the need for consistent descriptions of genes in different data sources, there is still no effective method to determine the functional similarities of genes based on gene annotation information from heterogeneous data sources. Results: To address this critical need, we proposed a novel method to encode a GO term's semantics (biological meanings) into a numeric value by aggregating the semantic contributions of their ancestor terms (including this specific term) in the GO graph and, in turn, designed an algorithm to measure the semantic similarity of GO terms. Based on the semantic similarities of GO terms used for gene annotation, we designed a new algorithm to measure the functional similarity of genes. The results of using our algorithm to measure the functional similarities of genes in pathways retrieved from the saccharomyces genome database (SGD), and the outcomes of clustering these genes based on the similarity values obtained by our algorithm are shown to be consistent with human perspectives. Furthermore, we developed a set of online tools for gene similarity measurement and knowledge discovery. Availability: The online tools are available at: http://bioinformatics.clemson.edu/G-SESAME Contact: jzwang@cs.clemson.edu Supplementary information: http://bioinformatics.clemson.edu/Publication/Supplement/gsp.htm
Local transformations and conjunctive-query equivalence

Over the past several decades, the study of conjunctive queries has occupied a central place in the theory and practice of database systems. In recent years, conjunctive queries have played a prominent role in the design and use of schema mappings for data integration and data exchange tasks. In this paper, we investigate several different aspects of conjunctive-query equivalence in the context of schema mappings and data exchange.In the first part of the paper, we introduce and study a notion of a local transformation between database instances that is based on conjunctive-query equivalence. We show that the chase procedure for GLAV mappings (that is, schema mappings specified by source-to-target tuple-generating dependencies) is a local transformation with respect to conjunctive-query equivalence. This means that the chase procedure preserves bounded conjunctive-query equivalence, that is, if two source instances are indistinguishable using conjunctive queries of a sufficiently large size, then the target instances obtained by chasing these two source instances are also indistinguishable using conjunctive queries of a given size. Moreover, we obtain polynomial bounds on the level of indistinguishability between source instances needed to guarantee indistinguishability between the target instances produced by the chase. The locality of the chase extends to schema mappings specified by a second-order tuple-generating dependency (SO tgd), but does not hold for schema mappings whose specification includes target constraints.In the second part of the paper, we take a closer look at the composition of two GLAV mappings. In particular, we break GLAV mappings into a small number of well-studied classes (including LAV and GAV), and complete the picture as to when the composition of schema mappings from these various classes can be guaranteed to be a GLAV mapping, and when they can be guaranteed to be conjunctive-query equivalent to a GLAV mapping.We also show that the following problem is decidable: given a schema mapping specified by an SO tgd and a GLAV mapping, are they conjunctive-query equivalent? In contrast, the following problem is known to be undecidable: given a schema mapping specified by an SO tgd and a GLAV mapping, are they logically equivalent?
SessionJuggler: secure web login from an untrusted terminal using session hijacking

We use modern features of web browsers to develop a secure login system from an untrusted terminal. The system, called Session Juggler, requires no server-side changes and no special software on the terminal beyond a modern web browser. This important property makes adoption much easier than with previous proposals. With Session Juggler users never enter their long term credential on the untrusted terminal. Instead, users log in to a web site using a smartphone app and then transfer the entire session, including cookies and all other session state, to the untrusted terminal. We show that Session Juggler works on all the Alexa top 100 sites except eight. Of those eight, five failures were due to the site enforcing IP session binding. We also show that Session Juggler works flawlessly with Facebook connect. Beyond login, Session Juggler also provides a secure logout mechanism where the trusted phone is used to kill the session. To validate the session juggling concept we conducted a number of web site surveys that are of independent interest. First, we survey how web sites bind a session token to a specific device and show that most use fairly basic techniques that are easily defeated. Second, we survey how web sites handle logout and show that many popular sites surprisingly do not properly handle logout requests.
Evaluation of the Child with Short Stature

Orthopedic surgeons frequently encounter short statured patients. A systematic approach is needed for proper evaluation of these children. The differential diagnosis includes both proportionate and disproportionate short stature types. A proper history and physical examination and judicious use of plain film radiography will establish the diagnosis in most cases. In addition to the orthopedic surgeon, most of these patients will also be evaluated by other specialists, including endocrinologists and geneticists. This article provides an overview of the evaluation of the child with short stature and offers several illustrative examples.
A scaling methodology for oxide-nitride-oxide interpoly dielectric for EPROM applications

This scaling scheme is based on a charge retention model which successfully explains the observed charge loss phenomena of an advanced erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) cell with an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) film as the interpoly dielectric. It is shown that there are three distinct phases in EPROM charge retention characteristics. The main sources of charge loss are charge movement in the nitride and charge leakage out of the ONO film. The charge loss can be dramatically reduced by thinning the nitride and thickening the top and bottom oxides. The resultant interpoly ONO film shows much smaller current leakage and superior charge retention capability. >
DONAR: decentralized server selection for cloud services

Geo-replicated services need an effective way to direct client requests to a particular location, based on performance, load, and cost. This paper presents DONAR, a distributed system that can offload the burden of replica selection, while providing these services with a sufficiently expressive interface for specifying mapping policies. Most existing approaches for replica selection rely on either central coordination (which has reliability, security, and scalability limitations) or distributed heuristics (which lead to suboptimal request distributions, or even instability). In contrast, the distributed mapping nodes in DONAR run a simple, efficient algorithm to coordinate their replica-selection decisions for clients. The protocol solves an optimization problem that jointly considers both client performance and server load, allowing us to show that the distributed algorithm is stable and effective. Experiments with our DONAR prototype--providing replica selection for CoralCDN and the Measurement Lab--demonstrate that our algorithm performs well "in the wild." Our prototype supports DNS- and HTTP-based redirection, IP anycast, and a secure update protocol, and can handle many customer services with diverse policy objectives.
Prediction of Acoustic Noise in Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

Prediction of acoustic noise distribution generated by electric machines has become an integral part of design and control in noise sensitive applications. This paper presents a fast and precise acoustic noise imaging technique for switched reluctance machines (SRMs). This method is based on distribution of radial vibration in the stator frame of the SRM. Radial vibration of the stator frame, at a network of probing points, is computed using input phase current and phase voltage waveforms. Sequentially, the acceleration of the probing network will be expanded to predict full acceleration on the stator frame surface, using which acoustic noise emission caused by the stator can be calculated using the boundary element method.
Stable carbon isotope discrimination, photosynthetic gas exchange, and growth differences among western larch families

Photosynthetic gas exchange, stable carbon isotope discrimination (Delta), height and diameter were compared among five open-pollinated families of 12-year-old western larch trees growing in a common garden in Moscow, Idaho, USA. Statistically significant variation was detected among the families in the two growth traits, Delta and stomatal conductance to water vapor (g) (P /= 0.203). Water-use efficiency was strongly correlated with Delta (r = -0.95, P 0.93) and height was not significantly correlated with Delta (r = -0.75, P = 0.15). Tree diameter and Delta were significantly correlated (r = -0.92, P = 0.03). These results were strongly influenced by a single family. Both the variation in Delta and correlation trends between Delta and the growth traits height and diameter suggest the possibility of selecting for high water-use efficiency with the potential for simultaneous gains in height and diameter growth.
On microstructural mechanisms causing non-linear stress-strain behavior of porous ceramics under tension

Possible micromechanisms that explain experimental data on stress-strain behavior of porous ceramics (such as cordierite) under tensile cyclic loading are discussed. The data show that, in the first cycle, the stress-strain curve exhibits non-linear behavior, with sharply higher incremental stiffness at the beginning of unloading and noticeable hysteresis. In subsequent cycles, the curves are almost perfectly linear. Whereas the underlying micromechanisms of such behavior are presently not fully clear, we suggest possible mechanisms that involve frictional sliding on microcracks. Such sliding may take place under tensile loads provided the cracks have complex non-flat geometries (such as zigzag ones).
Work complexity and cognitive functioning at midlife: Cross-validating the Kohn–Schooler hypothesis in an American cohort

In an influential body of work extending across more than three decades and drawing on data from the United States, Poland, Japan and the Ukraine, Melvin Kohn, Carmi Schooler and their associates h...
Motor Behavior Mediated by Continuously Generated Dopaminergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Hypothalamus Recovers after Cell Ablation

Postembryonic neurogenesis has been observed in several regions of the vertebrate brain, including the dentate gyrus and rostral migratory stream in mammals, and is required for normal behavior [1-3]. Recently, the hypothalamus has also been shown to undergo continuous neurogenesis as a way to mediate energy balance [4-10]. As the hypothalamus regulates multiple functional outputs, it is likely that additional behaviors may be affected by postembryonic neurogenesis in this brain structure. Here, we have identified a progenitor population in the zebrafish hypothalamus that continuously generates neurons that express tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (th2). We develop and use novel transgenic tools to characterize the lineage of th2(+) cells and demonstrate that they are dopaminergic. Through genetic ablation and optogenetic activation, we then show that th2(+) neurons modulate the initiation of swimming behavior in zebrafish larvae. Finally, we find that the generation of new th2(+) neurons following ablation correlates with restoration of normal behavior. This work thus identifies for the first time a population of dopaminergic neurons that regulates motor behavior capable of functional recovery.
COMMUNITARIANISM: THE NEW PANACEA?

Social discontent has focused strongly on the loss of community life. Differentiation and polarization are widely deplored. Communitarianism, for a while, gave promise of healing the breach. Its program of restoring communal bonds by shoring up the moral, social, and politicalfabric attracted support of major political figures in all parts of the world. However, after its early startling success, the momentum proved to be short lived. The movement's disinclination to confront issues head-on, together with its reliance on personal exhortation rather than social reform, has led to decline. More recent approaches have opened up avenues of social reform. Redirecting emphasis on issues such as the widening inequality gap, the rise of the underclass, plus "the disappearance of work" could well bring Communitarianism back to thefore.
Transnationalism and everyday practice: Cantonese opera theatres of North America in the 1920s

ABSTRACTIn the United States, Chinese theatres were prosperous in the 1920s, creating a vibrant Cantonese opera culture in several major cities. They staged performances daily, featuring stellar singers and elaborate productions. As cultural migration, operas played significant roles in Chinese communities, from entertainment to ritual worship, and from public face to daily practices. This article argues that the cultural space constituted an important part of Chinese American collective memory. The theatre space was complicatedly shaped by a list of players including the trans-Pacific network of merchants and performers, legal brokers, US Immigration officers at the port and in Washington, DC, as well as enthusiastic audiences and the social milieu. The theatres were subjected to many constraints and limited by them. By studying this cultural memory in its complicated layers, the article also explores the ways in which Chinese theatres and opera performances provide an important imaginary space for secon...
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Investigation of the Partitioning of Dissociated H2 and D2 on Activated Cobalt Catalysts

To define the mechanism of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, numerous experiments probed the rate-determining step by performing isotopic experiments during CO hydrogenation. The aim of this work was to determine if there is an isotopic effect for adsorption for either hydrogen or deuterium on the cobalt metal surface of a Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst. If a partitioning effect is noticed, there is a possibility for this to interfere with measurements of the inverse kinetic isotopic effect during CO hydrogenation. In this investigation, the partitioning of hydrogen and deuterium on an activated cobalt catalyst was examined using temperature programmed desorption and gas chromatography. The results indicate that there may be hydrogen–deuterium exchange with the support, but there is no significant isotopic partitioning on the cobalt metal surface.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Webliography

ABSTRACTSexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are contagious infections spread through intimate sexual contact. Although sexually transmitted diseases are a threat to a person's health, they are preventable. The 2014 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Report published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a rise in rates of infections in three major sexually transmitted diseases (CDC “Sexually Transmitted Diseases” 2015). Serious health problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and even death can develop from these diseases. Several different types of medications are available for treating STDs. These diseases are a financial drain on the current health care system. Prevention and education are needed to make a difference in their impact.
Effects of Pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist on Hemodynamics in The Canine Model With ARDS

OBJECTIVE To find a safe shunt of cardiac output of pumpless extracorporeal lung assist(pECLA) in the canine model with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).METHODS Twelve hybrid canines with ARDS were randomized to two groups,and were connected to pumpless extracorporeal lung assist.In group A,the shunt was 25%,20%,15%,10% in turn.In group B,the shunt was 10%,15%,20%,25%.All shunts were continuous for 1 hour.The artery pressure,heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure were recorded in each shunt end before the next shunt beginning.RESULTS There is no significant difference between all shunts and two groups in the artery pressure,heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure.CONCLUSION There is no overt disturbance on the hemodynamics in 25% shunt of cardiac output of pumpless extracorporeal lung assistance in the canine model with ARDS.
Vicq d'Azyr, anatomy and a vision of medicine.

Sous l'Ancien Regime, il etait materiellement et socialement difficile de poursuivre une recherche scientifique. Pourtant Vicq d'Azyr (F.) a su echapper a ces difficultes
Wachholder and Altenberger 1927: foundational experiments for current hypotheses on equilibrium-point control in voluntary movements.

Between 1923 and 1927 Kurt Wachholder and his assistant and collaborator Hans Altenburger published an impressive series of 11 papers on electrophysiological and kinematic studies on voluntary human movements in Pfluger s Archive, the leading journal for physiological studies in Germany at the time. Unfortunately, these excellent studies have remained largely unnoticed, partly because they are written in German and therefore inaccessible to many people in the post–World War II research community in motor control. Wachholderʼs name is sometimes only vaguely acknowledged as a pioneer in electromyography, as he was the first to report the tri-phasic pattern in discrete single-joint movements (Wachholder & Altenburger, 1926b). This study and one other paper on rhythmic movements have been recently translated, and their close reading provided astonishing insights, not only in an historical sense but also with respect to present-day research (Sternad, 2001; Sternad & Corcos, 2001; Wachholder & Altenburger, 1926a). The two studies gave a first impression of Wachholderʼs rigorous methodology, stringent logic, and far-reaching conclusions about the nature of movement generation that are more than just historical precursors but indeed of contemporary interest. At the end of this series of papers in Pfluger s Archive is the present study, unnumbered, but with an eye-catching title about the change of rest length in muscles. The topic of a changeable and controllable rest length in muscles has been a focus of attention in motor control since Feldmanʼs seminal studies in the 1960s that gave rise to the equilibrium-point hypothesis (Feldman, 1966a, 1966b). To what degree is Wachholder and Altenburgerʼs contribution a precursor to these thoughts? A few remarks about Wachholderʼs perspective should provide a suitable backdrop to the present paper. After all, this paper is only one of the building blocks for Wachholder s comprehensive work on voluntary posture and movements, which culminated 1928 in a monograph (Wachholder, 1928). This book provides a well-rounded perspective on, effectively, motor control. An outstanding characteristic of the physiologist Wachholder is that he combined his meticulous physiological experiments with a more encompassing psychological perspective, leading to broader-scale theorizing about the generation of human voluntary posture and movements. How does the nervous system control Motor Control, 2002, 6, 299-318
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency presenting with chorea in a female.

De¢ciency of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3; McKusick 311250) is an X-linked disorder of the urea cycle. Symptomatic carriers present with a wide range of symptoms due to hyperammonaemic encephalopathy (Brusilow and Horwich 1995). We present a case of OCT de¢ciency in an 11-month-old female with the unusual feature of transient chorea as the primary neurological symptom, an association not previously reported. A previously healthy caucasian girl presented to our hospital at 11 months of age with an impaired level of consciousness and chorea. She had cryptosporidial diarrhoea six weeks prior to presentation, which resolved, and a mild upper respiratory tract infection ¢ve days prior to admission. There was no vomiting at any stage. She was found at 02:00 with her back arched, making unusual movements of her upper limbs. A general practitioner diagnosed seizures. On arrival at our emergency department she had an impaired level of consciousness, typical choreiform movements of all four limbs and intermittent back arching. Normal tendon re£exes and £exor plantar responses were noted, as was tachypnoea (70 breaths per minute) with minimal eiort. There was no hepatomegaly. Intravenous (IV) diazepam was associated with brief, but unsustained, improvement of the chorea. A CT head scan, full blood count, ionized calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea and creatinine were all normal. Arterial blood gas showed a respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.55, pCO2 17 mmHg, HCO3 15.1 mmol/L). Plasma ammonium, measured after this result, was signi¢cantly elevated at 565 mmol/L (reference 20^80). IV dextrose was increased to 10 mg/kg per min and she was treated with IV sodium benzoate and L-arginine. Her ammonium fell to 96 mmol/L over the next 3 h, then remained stable, and oral sodium phenylbutyrate was introduced. Her ammonium then fell to 46 mmol/L and remained in the normal range. Gradual reduction, then resolution, of her chorea parallelled the drop in ammonium. Three hours after starting benzoate therapy, she displayed abnormal mouthing movements but had no limb chorea. After 6 h of therapy, the mouthing J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 23 (2000) 843^844 # SSIEM and Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Compression in arthrodesis; a comparative study of methods of fusion of the knee in ninety-three cases.

Of ninety-three arthrodeses of the knee joint performed at the Campbell Clinic, sixty-three followed the so-called conventional methods and thirty the compression method. The average time required for clinical and roentgenographic union in the series with the compression technique was less than half as long as that in the series with conventional arthrodesis. Ambulation, too, was possible much earlier in the compression series. In patients with difficult conditions such as tuberculosis, union was obtained by the compression method. With the conventional method, union occured in only 75 per cent and required nearly twice as long. Only four instances of Charcot's disease occurred in the series. In the two patients with compression fixation union was slow, while the ones treated by the conventional methods had non-union. In patients with severe fractures involving the knee joint a longer time for union was required than the over-all average. This delay was rsbab p duhly lme to thie asc Srosis’OSiS which developed as a result of the trauma and impairment of the blood supply. Chapechal's method of intramedullary fixation across the knee joint has not been tried at the Campbell Clinic; however, the principles of his method are in accord with the contemporary concepts of the requirements for arthrodesis and fracture healing. In the one patient treated by the Henderson technique (parallel Knowles pins), the joint united promptly. When the compression apparatus is correctly used in arthrodesis of the knee, the patient is spared much morbidity, discomfort, and disability. It is evident that compresssion arthrodesis of the knee joint possesses many advantages over the conventional method, both to the patient and to the surgeon.
Flexural Rigidity and Shear Stiffness of Flagella Estimated from Induced Bends and Counterbends.

Abstract Motile cilia and flagella are whiplike cellular organelles that bend actively to propel cells or move fluid in passages such as airways, brain ventricles, and the oviduct. Efficient motile function of cilia and flagella depends on coordinated interactions between active forces from an array of motor proteins and passive mechanical resistance from the complex cytoskeletal structure (the axoneme). However, details of this coordination, including axonemal mechanics, remain unclear. We investigated two major mechanical parameters, flexural rigidity and interdoublet shear stiffness, of the flagellar axoneme in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Combining experiment, theory, and finite element models, we demonstrate that the apparent flexural rigidity of the axoneme depends on both the intrinsic flexural rigidity ( EI ) and the elastic resistance to interdoublet sliding (shear stiffness, k s ). We estimated the average intrinsic flexural rigidity and interdoublet shear stiffness of wild-type Chlamydomonas flagella in vivo, rendered immotile by vanadate, to be EI = 840 ± 280 pN⋅ μ m 2 and k s = 79.6 ± 10.5 pN/rad, respectively. The corresponding values for the pf3; cnk11-6 double mutant, which lacks the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), were EI = 1011 ± 183 pN· μ m 2 and k s = 39.3 ± 6.0 pN/rad under the same conditions. Finally, in the pf13A mutant, which lacks outer dynein arms and inner dynein arm c, the estimates were EI = 777 ± 184 pN· μ m 2 and k s = 43.3 ± 7.7 pN/rad. In the two mutant strains, the flexural rigidity is not significantly different from wild-type ( p > 0.05), but the lack of N-DRC (in pf3; cnk11-6 ) or dynein arms (in pf13A ) significantly reduces interdoublet shear stiffness. These differences may represent the contributions of the N-DRCs (∼40 pN/rad) and residual dynein interactions (∼35 pN/rad) to interdoublet sliding resistance in these immobilized Chlamydomonas flagella.
Culture and Power in South Asian Islam : Defying the Perpetual Exception

1. Introduction Neilesh Bose 2. The Solidarity Agenda: Aligarh Students and the demand for Pakistan Amber Abbas 3. Beyond centre-periphery: qasbahs and Muslim life in South Asia M. Raisur Rahman 4. Asian and Islamic crossings: Malay writing in nineteenth-century Sri Lanka Ronit Ricci 5. Can 'Om' be an Islamic term? Translations, encounters, and Islamic discourse in vernacular South Asia Torsten Tscacher 6. Remapping Muslim literary culture: folklore, Bulbul, and world-making in colonial Bengal Neilesh Bose 7. Breaking the begging bowl: morals, drugs, and madness in the fate of the Muslim fakir Nile Green 8. A matrilineal Sufi shaykh in Sri Lanka Dennis B. McGilvray 9. Epilogue: Margins of anxiety and centres of confidence A. Azfar Moin
Review of broad-scale drought monitoring of forests: Toward an integrated data mining approach

Abstract Efforts to monitor the broad-scale impacts of drought on forests often come up short. Drought is a direct stressor of forests as well as a driver of secondary disturbance agents, making a full accounting of drought impacts challenging. General impacts can be inferred from moisture deficits quantified using precipitation and temperature measurements. However, derived meteorological indices may not meaningfully capture drought impacts because drought responses can differ substantially among species, sites and regions. Meteorology-based approaches also require the characterization of current moisture conditions relative to some specified time and place, but defining baseline conditions over large, ecologically diverse regions can be as difficult as quantifying the moisture deficit itself. In contrast, remote sensing approaches attempt to observe immediate, secondary, and longer-term changes in vegetation response, yet they too are no panacea. Remote sensing methods integrate responses across entire mixed-vegetation pixels and rarely distinguish the effects of drought on a single species, nor can they disentangle drought effects from those caused by various other disturbance agents. Establishment of suitable baselines from remote sensing may be even more challenging than with meteorological data. Here we review broad-scale drought monitoring methods, and suggest that an integrated data-mining approach may hold the most promise for enhancing our ability to resolve drought impacts on forests. A big-data approach that integrates meteorological and remotely sensed data streams, together with other datasets such as vegetation type, wildfire occurrence and pest activity, can clarify direct drought effects while filtering indirect drought effects and consequences. This strategy leverages the strengths of meteorology-based and remote sensing approaches with the aid of ancillary data, such that they complement each other and lead toward a better understanding of drought impacts.
Recurrent Arterial Thrombosis as a Presenting Feature of a Variant M3-Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a common vascular emergency. Hematologic malignancies are commonly associated with derangement of normal hemostasis and thrombo-hemorrhagic symptoms during the course of the disease are common. However, ALI as an initial presenting feature of acute leukemia is rare. Due to the rarity of this presentation, there is a scarcity of prospective randomized data to optimally guide the management of these patients. Current knowledge is mainly based on isolated cases. We report our experience managing a patient who presented with ALI and was found to have occult leukemia. A review of all cases with ALI as a presenting feature of acute leukemia is also presented.
C–H Bond Activations by Monoanionic, PNP-Supported Scandium Dialkyl Complexes

A series of scandium dialkyl complexes, (PNP)ScR2 (R = neopentyl, trimethylsilylmethyl), supported by the monoanionic, chelating PNP ligand (2,5-bis(dialkylphosphinomethyl)pyrrolide; alkyl = cyclohexyl, tert-butyl) was synthesized, and the reactivities of these complexes toward simple hydrocarbons was investigated. The scandium–carbon bonds undergo σ-bond metathesis reactions with hydrogen, and these complexes are catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes. Reactions with primary amines led to formation of amido complexes that undergo cyclometalation via σ-bond metathesis, without involvement of an imido complex intermediate. A variety of carbon–hydrogen bonds are also activated, including sp-, sp2-, and sp3-C–H bonds (intramolecularly in the latter case).
Identifying Mimbres Artists: A Quantitative Approach

Past researchers have identified individual styles of painting in Mimbres Black-on-white bowls, leading Steven LeBlanc to recently call for the development of quantitative methods to enable and assess such identifications. We propose such a methodology here. Through a process of pair-wise, micro-stylistic comparisons, bowls painted by a single artist or group of closely cooperating artists are analytically linked in chain-like fashion. Two bowls are attributed to the “same hands” if their similarity measure is at or above 70 percent. Similarity measures are determined by comparing minute details that reflect artistic decisions. The method takes into account diachronic development of artistic skill, subject matter diversity, and the transfer of style across generations. Results can contribute to an understanding of stylistic development, craft specialization, and the role of artists in traditional societies.
Design of an integrated propane fuel reformer and fuel cell system for unmanned aerial system (UAS) applications

Recent fuel cell research has focused on systems for passenger vehicles, commercial buildings, and small handheld devices. These applications typically require power outputs that are either greater than 100 kW or less than 20 W, and a gap remains in developing viable fuel cell systems for applications requiring between 100 W and 100 kW. An integrated reformer fuel cell system has been developed for these medium power applications that utilizes a propane catalytic partial oxidation reformer coupled with a polybenzimidazole-based high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. After investigation into the requirements of military unmanned aerial systems (UASs), a system was designed to produce a net power of 250 W with a total mass of 2.23 kg and potential for 200-hour lifetime. The proposed design offers advantages over current UAS propulsion technologies because it is both quiet and capable of long duration flights, and also has advantages over other fuel cell systems as it is fueled with commonly available propane instead of high purity hydrogen.
Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease‐Metabolic Bone Disease

Musculoskeletal manifestations in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are the result of a series of complex alterations in mineral metabolism, which has been defined as chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone-related disorder (CKD-MBD). Biochemical assessment and, at times, bone biopsy remains the mainstay of disease assessment, however, radiological imaging is an important adjunct in evaluating disease severity. This review aims to illustrate the radiological features of CKD-MBD, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, osteopenia, and extra-skeletal calcifications.
Endogenous Risk-Exposure and Systemic Instability

Most research on systemic stability assumes an economy in which banks are subject to exogenous shocks, but in practice, banks choose their exposure to risk. This paper studies the determinants of this endogenous risk exposure when banks are connected in a financial network. I show that there exists a network risk-taking externality: connected banks’ choices of risk exposure are strategically complementary. Banks in financial networks, particularly densely connected ones, are endogenously exposed to greater risks and correlated risks. The model generalizes the canonical asset-substitution problem to connected economies, showing that the “effective” level (rather than the face level) of debt affects a bank’s risk-taking incentives.
Association Between Early Outpatient Visits and Readmissions After Ischemic Stroke.

Background:Reducing hospital readmission is an important goal to optimize poststroke care and reduce costs. Early outpatient follow-up may represent one important strategy to reduce readmissions. W...
Multi-atlas Segmentation with Learning-Based Label Fusion

Although multi-atlas segmentation techniques have been producing impressive results for many medical image segmentation problems, most label fusion methods developed so far rely on simple statistical inference models that may not be optimal for inference in high-dimensional feature space. To address this problem, we propose a novel scheme that allows more effective usage of advanced machine learning techniques for patch-based label fusion. Our key novelty is using image registration to guide training sample selection for more effective learning. We demonstrate the power of this new technique in cardiac segmentation using clinical 2D ultrasound images and show superior performance over multi-atlas segmentation and machine learning-based segmentation.