cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoscale modeling of hypervelocity impacts using the CTH shock physics code

Abstract Material fragmentation after a hypervelocity impact is important to predictive electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) modeling. Successful comparisons with data require that hot, submicron fragments are generated in such impacts; however, experimental data has so far been unable to produce fragments of this scale. The purpose of this work was to investigate how modeling assumptions of macro-scale, bulk materials might influence the generation of debris in hypervelocity impacts and ultimately the predicted EO/IR signatures of these debris clouds. Sphere-on-plate impact simulations simplified the comparison of different modeling approaches. In one set of simulations, materials were modeled with the traditional, bulk approach. Those results were compared to simulations run with the mesoscale material grain structure explicitly modeled. This study focused on the comparison of two parameters that are tied directly to the EO/IR signature: strain rate at failure (a proxy for debris fragment size) and material temperature. Interfaces between grains, here due to void insertion, resulted in the most notable change in both the strain rate at failure and material temperature. Shock reflections from grain-void interfaces induced higher strain rates and material temperatures, and it is expected that similar effects may be produced from inclusions or dislocations in real materials. Thus, interfaces within a material may play an important role in producing smaller hot debris fragments that support the EO/IR predictive models of hypervelocity impacts.
Marijuana legalization and disability claiming.

We study the effect of recent legalization of recreational marijuana use (RMLs) in the United States on Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) claiming, proxied by new applications, new beneficiaries, and medical terminations over the period 2001 to 2018. We combine administrative caseload data from the Social Security Administration coupled with state policy changes using two-way fixed effects regression. We find that RML adoption increases new disability application rates and reduces medical terminations overall and for both programs separately. However, there is no change in new beneficiaries post-RML, overall or for either program. We provide suggestive evidence that a potential channel that may explain the observed increases in disability claiming post-RML is marijuana misuse.
Exploring Undergraduate Attainment of Sustainability Competencies

Are students graduating from sustainability education programs with the competencies that will enable them to act for sustainability? This case study 1.) explores the degree to which a project-base...
A History of America’s Aversion to Tie Games in Popular Team Sports

Since the widespread popularization of sports in the late 1800s, two distinct sporting cultures have developed: one, hailing primarily from England, which includes most of the globe, and the other which is distinctly and exclusively American. Throughout American sports history, there has always been a sense of resentment towards ties. This paper examines this resentment thoroughly, and attempts to find the cultural phenomena associated with it. First, the paper presents the development of the four major American sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, and NHL) to evaluate how these entities have dealt with tie games throughout their respective histories. Next, it looks for any particular turning points which may have shaped Americans’ attitudes towards ties. After a brief interlude to analyze contemporary thoughts on ties, the paper connects the usage of America’s winner-take-all playoff system to its aversion to ties, again highlighting specific key events. Lastly, the paper discusses how America’s uniquely high levels of intra-sport competition drive innovation and rule alterations, and how these in turn influence the position of tie games and winner-take-all playoffs in the larger American sport culture.
Anomalous AMPK-regulated angiotensin AT1R expression and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis at RVLM in hypertension programming of offspring to maternal high fructose exposure.

Tissue oxidative stress, sympathetic activation and nutrient sensing signals are closely related to adult hypertension of fetal origin, although their interactions in hypertension programming remain unclear. Based on a maternal high-fructose diet (HFD) model of programmed hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that dysfunction of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-regulated angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression and sirtuin1 (SIRT1)-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to tissue oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation in programmed hypertension of young offspring. Pregnant female rats were randomly assigned to receive normal diet (ND) or HFD (60% fructose) chow during pregnancy and lactation. Both ND and HFD offspring returned to ND chow after weaning, and blood pressure (BP) was monitored from age 6 to 12 weeks. At age of 8 weeks, ND and HFD offspring received oral administration of simvastatin or metformin; or brain microinfusion of losartan. BP was monitored under conscious condition by the tail-cuff method. Nutrient sensing molecules, AT1R, subunits of NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial biogenesis markers in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were measured by Western blot analyses. RVLM oxidative stress was measured by fluorescent probe dihydroethidium and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde assay. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Increased systolic BP, plasma norepinephrine level and sympathetic vasomotor activity were exhibited by young HFD offspring. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was also elevated in RVLM where sympathetic premotor neurons reside, alongside augmented protein expressions of AT1R and pg91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, decrease in superoxide dismutase 2; and suppression of transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Maternal HFD also attenuated AMPK phosphorylation and protein expression of SIRT1 in RVLM of young offspring. Oral administration of a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, or an AMPK activator, metformin, to young HFD offspring reversed maternal HFD-programmed increase in AT1R and decreases in SIRT1, PGC-1α and TFAM; alleviated ROS production in RVLM, and attenuated sympathoexcitation and hypertension. Dysfunction of AMPK-regulated AT1R expression and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis may contribute to tissue oxidative stress in RVLM, which in turn primes increases of sympathetic vasomotor activity and BP in young offspring programmed by excessive maternal fructose consumption.
Dose-response assessment for impaired memory from chronic exposure to domoic acid among native American consumers of razor clams.

Abstract Domoic acid (DA) is a marine neurotoxin that accumulates in filtering shellfish during harmful algal blooms. A health protection limit of 20 ppm DA in razor clams (RC) has been set based principally upon an episode of acute DA toxicity in humans that included Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning among survivors. The objective of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship between estimated DA exposure through RC consumption and memory loss in Washington state Native Americans from 2005 to 2015. Results from total learning recall (TLR) memory scores were compared before and after the highest DA exposures. A decrease in TLR was related to DA dose (p
Abstract PO-011: Synthetic lethal interaction between the ESCRT paralog enzymes VPS4A and VPS4B in SMAD4 or CDH1-deleted cancers

Somatic copy number alterations that result in loss of tumor suppressor gene function are important drivers of tumorigenesis. However, few existing therapeutic options to target oncogenic processes evoked by tumor suppressor gene inactivation exist. The discovery of synthetic lethal interactions with genetic drivers of cancer may yield new therapeutic strategies with cancer selective potential. We examined genome-scale CRISPR-SpCas9 and RNA interference screens to uncover new synthetic lethal vulnerabilities associated with the loss of common tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). The ATPases Vacuolar protein sorting 4 homolog A (VPS4A) and B (VPS4B) scored as strong synthetic lethal dependencies, with VPS4A selectively essential in cancers harboring loss of VPS4B adjacent to SMAD4 and VPS4B required in tumors with co-deletion of VPS4A and CDH1 (encoding E-cadherin). VPS4B resides 12.3 Mb away from the SMAD4 TSG on chromosome 18q and is lost in approximately 33% of all cancers, suggesting broad clinical applicability. Moreover, VPS4B is commonly lost in pancreatic cancer due to the frequent loss of SMAD4, highlighting VPS4A represents a promising target for this deadly cancer. VPS4A and VPS4B function as AAA ATPases forming a multimeric protein complex within the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway to regulate membrane remodeling in a range of cellular processes. VPS4A suppression in cells with VPS4B/SMAD4 loss led to accumulation of ESCRT-III filaments, cytokinesis defects, nuclear deformation and micronucleation, which ultimately resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, upon VPS4A suppression, we observed potent in vivo tumor regression, which led to extended survival, in mouse subcutaneous xenograft models utilizing a pancreatic or rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line harboring VPS4B loss. CRISPR-SpCas9 screening and integrative genomic analysis revealed other ESCRT members, regulators of abscission and interferon signaling as modifiers of VPS4A dependency. Using the most comprehensive available CRISPR-SpCas9 and RNA-interference screening datasets to date, we provide a compendium of synthetic lethal vulnerabilities with TSG loss and credential VPS4A as a new and promising therapeutic target in cancers with VPS4B/SMAD4 deletion. Citation Format: Jasper E. Neggers, Brenton R. Paolella, Adhana Asfaw, Michael V. Rothberg, Thomas A. Skipper, Radha L. Kalekar, Michael J. Krill-Burger, Neekesh V. Dharia, Guillaume Kugener, Adam D. Durbin, Annan Yang, Nancy Dumont, Yvonne Y. Li, Brian M. Wolpin, Federica Piccioni, David E. Root, Jesse S. Boehm, Andrew D. Cherniack, Aviad Tsherniak, Andrew L. Hong, William C. Hahn, Kimberly Stegmaier, Todd R. Golub, Francisca Vazquez, Andrew J. Aguirre. Synthetic lethal interaction between the ESCRT paralog enzymes VPS4A and VPS4B in SMAD4 or CDH1-deleted cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-011.
Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons from the Intelligent Design Controversy

One of the nation’s more profound and volatile ideological divides is between fundamentalist religious adherents and secular members of society. This divide has been particularly salient in recent years as issues challenging traditional religious morality – abortion, gay marriage, and stem-cell research – have been exploited as wedge issues for political gain. In this Article, I join the efforts of other scholars to find a way to bridge the gap between religious and secular Americans. By focusing on one particularly contentious front in the religious-secular wars – the teaching of intelligent design – I am able to identify a value shared by both religious and secular Americans. What I discover is that both sides in the evolution/intelligent debate are committed to the sanctity of human dignity, but each fiercely disagrees about the source of this commitment. I argue that religious and secular Americans can celebrate this shared commitment to human dignity through the vehicle of the neutral, but widely revered, U.S. Constitution. I say this not because of the Constitution’s inherent perfection but because of what this imperfect document symbolizes fro Americans. This secular document – one that never mentions God – symbolizes our nation’s religious-like commitment to the sanctity of human dignity. It represents a brazen decision by “We the People” to treat people as sacred, even though we may never as a society agree on whether God exists, whether people are divinely created, or whether our commitment to human dignity is part of a larger divine plan. This view of the Constitution can be shared by fundamentalists and moderate secular Americans alike and can be a source of common values that transcends faith, race, and origin.
Comparison of Inpatient Standard-of-Care to Outpatient Oritavancin Therapy for Patients With Acute Uncomplicated Cellulitis:

Background:Shifting inpatient antibiotic treatment to outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy may minimize treatment for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, including cellulitis...
Explainable Multi-hop Verbal Reasoning Through Internal Monologue

Many state-of-the-art (SOTA) language models have achieved high accuracy on several multi-hop reasoning problems. However, these approaches tend to not be interpretable because they do not make the intermediate reasoning steps explicit. Moreover, models trained on simpler tasks tend to fail when directly tested on more complex problems. We propose the Explainable multi-hop Verbal Reasoner (EVR) to solve these limitations by (a) decomposing multi-hop reasoning problems into several simple ones, and (b) using natural language to guide the intermediate reasoning hops. We implement EVR by extending the classic reasoning paradigm General Problem Solver (GPS) with a SOTA generative language model to generate subgoals and perform inference in natural language at each reasoning step. Evaluation of EVR on the RuleTaker synthetic question answering (QA) dataset shows that EVR achieves SOTA performance while being able to generate all reasoning steps in natural language. Furthermore, EVR generalizes better than other strong methods when trained on simpler tasks or less training data (up to 35.7% and 7.7% absolute improvement respectively).
Transcriptomic heterogeneity of antibody mediated rejection after heart transplant with or without donor specific antibodies.

Background Antibody mediated rejection (AMR) is an increasingly studied cause of graft failure after heart transplantation . AMR diagnosis previously required the detection of circulating donor specific antibodies (DSA); however, the most recent criteria only require pathological findings. This classification defined a subset of patients with AMR, yet without known antibodies. Here, we sought to evaluate differences in the transcriptome profile associated with different types of AMR. Methods RNA sequencing was used on endomyocardial biopsies to analyze and compare transcriptomic profiles associated with different subtypes of AMR defined by immunopathological and histopathological findings, as well as the presence or absence of DSA. Gene expression profiles were characterized for each diagnostic group. Results The most divergent gene expression profiles were observed between patients with or without DSA. AMR subtypes associated with DSA showed expression of signature genes involved in monocyte activation and response to interferon . There was also substantial difference between the transcriptomic profiles of AMR defined by histopathological and immunopathological findings, the latter being associated with expression of mucin genes. In contrast, there was no differential RNA expression between patients with pAMR1i without DSA and those without AMR. Likewise, no differential expression was observed between patients with pAMR1h with DSA and pAMR2. Conclusions Overall, our studies reveal different expression profiles in endomyocardial biopsies in relation to some key criteria used to diagnose AMR. These findings support the view that the diagnosis of AMR encompasses several phenotypes that may rely on distinct mechanisms of injury.
New Diagnostic Capabilities of Ultrasound in the Intensive Care Unit

Bedside critical care ultrasound has performance similar to traditional tests in diagnosing certain pathologies such as pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, global cardiac dysfunction, and deep venous thrombosis. In this review article, we will provide an update of ultrasound’s performance in assessing other pathologies. Specifically, we will discuss the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, and alveolar collapse; in evaluating readiness for extubation; and in predicting fluid responsiveness. These topics were chosen for their importance in the daily management of critically ill patients. A review of recent studies will show that ultrasound is a promising tool for the intensivist in these clinical settings.
Abnormalities of left ventricular function and geometry in adults with an atrial septal defect. Ventriculographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies.

Left ventricular function and motion in 12 adults with an ostium secundum atrial septal defect were analyzed utilizing biplane cineangiography. Values for left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, stroke volume index, ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening were compared with values in an age-matched group of 11 normal subjects. Comparisons of ventriculographic and echocardiographic data were also made in 5 patients and 10 control subjects. Cardiac index was smaller in patients than in the normal subjects (3.6 vs. 4.5 liters/min per m2, P < 0.01). Although left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was similar (8 mm Hg in both groups), the end-diastolic volume index was significantly smaller in patients than in normal subjects (56 vs. 76 ml/m2, P < 0.05). Stroke volume index was also significantly smaller in patients (40 vs. 52 ml/m2, P < 0.01). The two groups had similar values for ejection fraction (65 ± 2 percent [standard error of the mean] in patients vs. 68 ± 2 percent in normal subjects), circumferential fiber shortening velocity (1.67 ± 0.13 vs. 1.81 ± 0.15 circumferences/sec), heart rate (91 ± 7 vs. 90 ± 5 beats/min) and mean systemic arterial pressure (92 ± 5 vs. 87 ± 3 mm Hg). Early systolic bulging of the upper ventricular septum toward the right ventricle was seen in 10 of 12 patients with an atrial septal defect but in no normal subject. Echocardiographic data supported these findings. No other abnormalities of motion were consistently noted. It is concluded that the left ventricle of patients with an atrial septal defect is subnormal in volume and abnormal in sequence of contraction of the septum and is characterized by apparent decreased distensibility.
Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State

1. Rethinking civil rights and American political development 2. The birth of the NAACP, mob violence, and the challenge of public opinion 3. The unsteady march into the Oval Office 4. Anti-lynching legislation and the sinking of the Republican ship in Congress 5. Defending the right to live 6. Civil rights bound Appendix: manuscript sources.
Managing with Less than Absolute Integrity

Our key position is that for less then perfect real-world information systems the standard notions of data correctness or integrity used in research literature are inappropriate and inadequate. Hence we call upon the researchers and practitioners to pay more attention to understanding less than absolute data integrity requirements of the users and the applications, and to developing techniques to support such requirements. We will discuss this position and the need to develop criteria and techniques to support “weaker” or application specific data integrity requirements with the help of following four situations facing information systems management: data quality in multidatabase systems consistency of related (interdependent) data in multidatabase systems data integrity in process-centric environments (utilizing workflow process automation), and data integrity involving heterogeneous digital media data, such as those increasingly found in Internet and intranets.
Knowing when to fold them

Almost 100 years ago, in an influential book titled On Growth and Form , D'Arcy Thompson called for the integration of biology with mathematics and physics ( 1 ). Fulfillment of his vision has been slow, but more and more scientists are heeding Thompson's call, attempting to explain problems of “growth and form” through physics and mathematics. An excellent example of this trend is the report by Mota and Herculano-Houzel ( 2 ) on page [74][1] of this issue. They provide a novel mathematical description of how the degree of neocortical folding in mammalian brains varies with other biological parameters, notably cortical thickness and surface area, and they offer the crumpling of a paper ball as a physical model to explain the observed scaling rules. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaa9101
Nucleotide Sequence of the Akv env Gene

Abstract The sequence of 2,191 nucleotides encoding the env gene of murine retrovirus Akv was determined by using a molecular clone of the Akv provirus. Deduction of the encoded amino acid sequence showed that a single open reading frame encodes a 638-amino acid precursor to gp70 and p15E. In addition, there is a typical leader sequence preceding the amino terminus of gp70. The locations of potential glycosylation sites and other structural features indicate that the entire gp70 molecule and most of p15E are located on the outer side of the membrane. Internal cleavage of the env precursor to generate gp70 and p15E occurs immediately adjacent to several basic amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of gp70. This cleavage generates a region of 42 uncharged, relatively hydrophobic amino acids at the amino terminus of p15E, which is located in a position analogous to the hydrophobic membrane fusion sequence of influenza virus hemagglutinin. The mature polypeptides are predicted to associate with the membrane via a region of 30 uncharged, mostly hydrophobic amino acids located near the carboxyl terminus of p15E. Distal to this membrane association region is a sequence of 35 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the env precursor, which is predicted to be located on the inner side of the membrane. By analogy to Moloney murine leukemia virus, a proteolytic cleavage in this region removes the terminal 19 amino acids, thus generating the carboxyl terminus of p15E. This leaves 15 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of p15E on the inner side of the membrane in a position to interact with virion cores during budding. The precise location and order of the large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides in the env region were determined and compared with those from several leukemogenic viruses of AKR origin. This permitted a determination of how the differences in the leukemogenic viruses affect the primary structure of the env gene products.
On the development of turbulent wakes from vortex streets

Wake development behind circular cylinders at Reynolds numbers from 40 to 10,000 was investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel. Standard hotwire techniques were used to study the velocity fluctuations. The Reynolds number range of periodic vortex shedding is divided into two distinct subranges. At R = 40 to 150, called the stable range, regular vortex streets are formed and no turbulent motion is developed. The range R = 150 to 300 is a transition range to a regime called the irregular range, in which turbulent velocity fluctuations accompany the periodic formation of vortices. The turbulence is initiated by laminar-turbulent transition in the free layers which spring from the separation points on the cylinder. This transition first occurs in the range R = 150 to 300. Spectrum and statistical measurements were made to study the velocity fluctuations. In the stable range the vortices decay by viscous diffusion. In the irregular range the diffusion is turbulent and the wake becomes fully turbulent in 40 to 50 diameters downstream. It was found that in the stable range the vortex street has a periodic spanwise structure. The dependence of shedding frequency on velocity was successfully used to measure flow velocity. Measurements in the wake of a ring showed that an annular vortex street is developed.
The relationship between physical symptoms and health-related quality of life in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

Introduction Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) causes ptosis, dysphagia, and limb weakness. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its relationship to physical symptoms was investigated. Methods The 36-item Short Form (SF-36) was completed by 89 participants in the U.S. OPMD Registry. Multiple hierarchical regression was used to determine the relative contributions of dysphagia severity and lower extremity functional impairment to the physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) components of the SF-36. Results HRQoL was reduced in OPMD compared with population norms. Lower extremity functional impairment explained a significant proportion of variance in PCS and MCS. Dysphagia symptom severity explained a moderate amount of variance only in MCS. Dysphagia symptom severity had the strongest associations with general health perception and social functioning domains. Conclusions Lower extremity functional impairment in OPMD deserves attention due to its large influence on HRQoL. Both generic and dysphagia-specific measures are necessary to assess HRQoL in OPMD.
Herbert Kliebard and the Curriculum Field at Wisconsin

I’m certain that many people will deservedly share their appreciative comments about Herbert Kliebard. Here I add something personal, as well, because there are few people who had as much of an imp...
The Morality of Daycare

An increasing number of parents are electing to use daycare to assist them with their parenting from infancy onward. Strikingly, there is scant discussion of whether or not such a practice is morally permissible. In this paper, I shall discuss three different arguments that I believe are implicitly thought to support the use of daycare. I shall argue that the current widespread use of daycare, particularly with respect to infant children, often involves arbitrarily subjugating the needs of children in favor of the desires of parents, and thus is often morally wrong. Finally, I consider a possible fourth argument; one that I believe stands a better chance of justifying the use of daycare, though in the final analysis I argue that it also fails to justify the current widespread use of daycare.
The Caenorhabditis elegans genes sqv-2 and sqv-6, which are required for vulval morphogenesis, encode glycosaminoglycan galactosyltransferase II and xylosyltransferase.

Abstract In mutants defective in any of eightCaenorhabditis elegans sqv (squashedvulva) genes, the vulval extracellular space fails to expand during vulval morphogenesis. Strong sqv mutations result in maternal-effect lethality, caused in part by the failure of the progeny of homozygous mutants to initiate cytokinesis and associated with the failure to form an extracellular space between the egg and the eggshell. Recent studies have implicated glycosaminoglycans in these processes. Here we report the cloning and characterization ofsqv-2 and sqv-6. sqv-6 encodes a protein similar to human xylosyltransferases. Transfection of sqv-6 restored xylosyltransferase activity to and rescued the glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis defect of a xylosyltransferase mutant hamster cell line. sqv-2 encodes a protein similar to human galactosyltransferase II. A recombinant SQV-2 fusion protein had galactosyltransferase II activity with substrate specificity similar to that of human galactosyltransferase II. We conclude that C. elegans SQV-6 and SQV-2 likely act in concert with other SQV proteins to catalyze the stepwise formation of the proteoglycan core protein linkage tetrasaccharide GlcAβ1,3Galβ1, 3Galβ1,4Xylβ-O-(Ser), which is common to the two major types of glycosaminoglycans in vertebrates, chondroitin and heparan sulfate. Our results strongly support a model in which C. elegans vulval morphogenesis and zygotic cytokinesis depend on the expression of glycosaminoglycans.
335 CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD

In early extrauterine life the heart undergoes rapid anatomic development. The underlying biochemical events responsible for this change are poorly understood. We investigated the mechanism of myocardial growth in fetal and neonatal animals. Piglet hearts from 0.9 gestation(0.9G), one day(l DPP), 5 day(5 DPP) and 10 day(10 DPP) old animals were divided into left ventricular free wall(LVFW), right ventricular free wall(RVFW) and intraventricular septum(IVS). Between 0.9G and 10 DPP total heart weight increased from 3.63 ± 0.23 to 13.63 ± 0.47g. During this period, LVFW weight increased 5-fold (1.34 ± 0.11: 6.70 ± .18g) and IVS increased almost 4-fold (0.93 ± 0.06: 3.71 ± 0.16g). RVFW demonstrated an approximate 2.5-fold increment in growth (1.31 ± 0.08: 3.22 ± .17g). Total protein content parallels total RNA content of each myocardial structure at every age studied. Nuclear hyperplasia was greater in the LVFW and IVS than in the RV (DNA levels (μg): RVFW 313 ± 34 VS 554 ± 44; LVFW 342 1± 25 VS 1036 ± 53; IVS 255 ± 11 VS 630 ± 26). Cellular hypertrophy was likewise greater in LV and IVS than in RV as indicated by changes in protein/DNA content (LV .46 ± .02 VS .93 ± .05 IVS: .45 ± .01 VS .86 ± .04: RV .51 ± .03 VS 0.80 ± .06) however hypertrophy did not occur in RV beyond 1 DPP. These data indicate the importance of hypertrophy as well as hyperplasia in early neonatal cardiac development and that changes in protein synthesis of each myocardial structure are due to changes in RNA levels at this age.
A chemical model of the troposphere and stratosphere

A time-dependent, one-dimensional model of the coupled chemistry and vertical mixing of the atmosphere is used to compute the distribution for many atmospheric constituents of the troposphere and stratosphere. The model treats the photochemistry of the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen system and is (with the exception of H2O) self-consistent in the sense of requiring no assumptions regarding minor constituent distributions.
Prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

In a group of 236 very low birth weight (VLBW) surviving infants, 60 had developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in the nursery. When compared with the 176 infants without BPD, infants with BPD were smaller, more immature, with lower one- and five-minute Apgar scores. Infants with BPD had a greater incidence of cardio-pulmonary and central nervous system (CNS) complications in the nursery. On follow-up, 25 (42%) of these infants were abnormal developmentally compared to 7% of infants without BPD (p < .001). When comparisons were made within the group of infants with BPD, very few differences were found in maternal or infant risk factors between the normal and abnormal infants. The infants with BPD who had poor outcome more often had seizures and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The infants with BPD who had good outcome were more often small for gestational age (SGA) and resuscitated with intubation at birth. They had apnea in the nursery more frequently than did abnormal infants with BPD. We conclude that VLBW infants with BPD are at greater risk for poor neurodevelopmental outcome than those without BPD. The risk for the infant with BPD relates to CNS complications rather than to chronic lung disease.
Magneto-optic photonic crystals as optical waveguide structures

Miniaturized on-chip optical isolators are highly desirable for advanced optical telecommunications to eliminate noise and protect the laser source. This talk will discuss the fabrication and testing of on-chip photonic crystals in ferrite waveguides. Photonic band gap engineering can produce Faraday rotators with highly enhanced polarization rotation for ultra-small integrated optical isolators. The main challenges to such devices are the elimination of linear birefringence and the efficient production of planar photonic band gap nanostructures. These challenges are addressed in the present article. In particular, we demonstrate the presence of stopbands and resonant polarization response in single-defect magneto-optic photonic crystal waveguides. However, waveguide birefringence degrades the magneto-optic response and results in significant ellipticity at resonance. Lower birefringence waveguides are required for enhanced magneto-optic performance.
Subcutaneous nodules of the scalp: Preoperative management

The differential diagnosis of subcutaneous lesions of the scalp is extensive and includes many tumors with intracranial and intraosseous extension. The vast majority of lesions seen by the dermatologist will be benign. However, certain lesional characteristics increase the likelihood of a serious disorder and these must be evaluated preoperatively. We review the important features of subcutaneous scalp lesions and suggest a systematic approach to diagnosis based on patient age, lesion morphology, location, and radiographic findings.
CXCR4 chemokine receptor signaling mediates pain hypersensitivity in association with antiretroviral toxic neuropathy

Abstract Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are known to produce painful neuropathies and to enhance states of pain hypersensitivity produced by HIV-1 infection. It has also been observed that in some neuropathic pain models, chemokines and their receptors are upregulated, perhaps contributing to the pain state. In order to understand if chemokines are involved in NRTI-mediated sensory neuropathies, we treated rats with the anti-retroviral drug, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC), which is known to produce an extended period of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Using in situ hybridization, we observed that under normal conditions, CXCR4 chemokine receptors were widely expressed by satellite glia in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve. A limited number of DRG neurons also expressed CXCR4 receptors. The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 was similarly expressed in glial cells in the DRG and peripheral nerve. Following a single administration of ddC, expression levels of CXCR4 mRNA in glia and neurons and SDF-1 mRNA in glia increased considerably. The functional nature of increased CXCR4 mRNA expression was confirmed by measuring SDF-1 induced [Ca 2+ ] i increases in acutely isolated DRG neurons and glia. In contrast, the expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 did not change following ddC treatment. Pain hypersensitivity produced by ddC could be inhibited by treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. Hence, we postulate that NRTIs produce pain hypersensitivity through the upregulation of CXCR4 signaling in the DRG. Increased numbers of CXCR4 receptors would also explain the synergism observed between NRTI treatment and the proalgesic effects of HIV-1 infection.
Slavery, Sugar, and the Culture of Refinement: Picturing the British West Indies, 1700–1840

Slavery, Sugar, and the Culture of Refinement: Picturing the British West Indies, 1700–1840, by Kay Dian Kriz, New Haven and London, Yale University Press for The Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in ...
Clinical Trials of Small Molecule Inhibitors in High-Grade Glioma

High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing and generally fatal neoplasms of the brain. Chemotherapy has continued to provide only limited benefit for patients harboring these tumors. The recurrence of common mutations, combined with the similarities of many of the acquired capabilities and characteristics of solid tumors, suggest many common therapeutic targets. During the past few decades, an increased understanding of many of the cellular regulatory mechanisms associated with carcinogenesis has provided an opportunity for the development of pathway-specific small molecule targeted inhibitors (SMIs). This article reviews the use of SMIs in the treatment of high-grade glioma.
The benefits of surface disinfection

The effective use of disinfectants constitutes an important factor in preventing hospital-associated infections (HAIs). In 1968, E.H. Spaulding proposed 3 categories of germicidal action to prevent a risk of infection associated with the use of equipment or surfaces: noncritical, semicritical, and critical. Environmental surfaces are considered noncritical items because they come in contact with intact skin, and intact skin is an important barrier to disease acquisition. Use of noncritical items or contact with noncritical surfaces carries a low risk of transmitting a pathogen to patients. Thus, the routine use of disinfectants to disinfect hospital floors and other surfaces (eg, bedside tables or bed rails) is controversial (Table 1). While noncritical surfaces have not been implicated directly in disease transmission, these surfaces potentially may contribute to cross-transmission by allowing acquisition of transient hand carriage by health care personnel due to contact with a contaminated surface or by patient contact with contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. Medical equipment surfaces may become contaminated with infectious agents and may serve as the vehicle in outbreaks for person-to-person transmission. The purpose of this commentary is to review briefly the epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental data and why evidence-based guidelines recommend the use of hospital disinfectants on noncritical patient care surfaces (eg, bed rails), equipment surfaces (eg, blood-pressure cuffs and hemodialysis machines), and housekeeping surfaces (eg, floors) in patient care areas. First, surfaces may contribute to transmission of epidemiologically important microbes such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Clostridium difficile, and viruses (ie, norovirus, rotavirus, and
The pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gold sodium thiomalate in normal volunteers

Four normal male volunteers participated in a study designed to examine the disposition of gold given intramuscularly as gold sodium thiomalate. Blood samples were collected for 32 days following the administration of 10 mg of gold sodium thiomalate. Plasma gold concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. A triphasic decay pattern in plasma gold concentrations was observed. Terminal log-linear phases corresponded to a mean disposition half-life of 25 days. Apparent total body clearance of gold was 7.0 +/- 0.6 ml kg-1 day-1 and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.26 +/- 0.051 kg-1. These pharmacokinetic data are in contrast to previous data from other investigators who have reported half-lives of approximately 5 days. Data from the current study provide a sound rationale for the currently used empiric dosing regimens.
Preparation at Low-Temperature and Characterization of TiO2 Film Used for Solar Cells

In this work, nanocrystalline TiO2 powder was prepared by the sol-gel method via tetrabutyl titanate as raw material, non-ion surfactant TO8 as a template. Then the nanocrystalline TiO2 thin film electrodes which were coated on FTO glass substrates via the slurry consiting of TiO2 powder prepared by us and the trabutyl titanate precursor were successfully prepared by using a simple and convenient hydrothermal method at low temperature. The structure and morphology of powders and films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electric microscopy. The influence factors on the samples were discussed. The photoelectric properties of cells assembled by the films were measured. The results show that, at 25°C and under 1000W/m2 light intensity，open voltage is 708mV, Jsc is 14.648mA/cm2, fill factor is 53.788, the conversion efficiency is 5.5988%.
Active Structural Acoustic Control With Smart Structures

This paper is concerned with a discussion of recent research at VPI&SU in the area of active structural acoustic control. The material is divided into progress in the areas of structural acoustics, actuators, sensors, and control approaches. However, due to the coupled nature of the problem, considerable effort throughout the program has been given to the interaction of these areas with each other. The results presented show that significant progress has been made toward controlling structurally radiated noise by active/adaptive means applied directly to the structure.
Cytoplasmic delivery of liposomes into MCF-7 breast cancer cells mediated by cell-specific phage fusion coat protein.

Earlier, we have shown that doxorubicin-loaded liposomes (Doxil) modified with a chimeric phage fusion coat protein specific toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells identified from a phage landscape library demonstrated a significantly enhanced association with target cells and an increased cytotoxicity. Based on some structural similarities between the N-terminus of the phage potein and known fusogenic peptides, we hypothesized that, in addition to the specific targeting, the phage protein may possess endosome-escaping potential and an increased cytotoxicity of drug-loaded phage protein-targeted liposomes may be explained by an advantageous combination of both, cell targeting and endosomal escape of drug-loaded nanocarrier. The use of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique allowed us to clearly demonstrate the pH-dependent membrane fusion activity of the phage protein. Endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery of phage-liposomes was visualized with fluorescence microscopy. Endosome acidificat...
Psychological characteristics of elite wheelchair athletes: the iceberg profile.

Elite wheelchair athletes (13 men, 1 woman) tested on the Profile of Mood States exhibited the “iceberg profile” with T scores below the 50th percentile on Tension, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and ...
Infrared transmission and photocurrent spectroscopic study of a coupled asymmetrical quantum well structure

Abstract Intersubband transitions in a coupled asymmetrical multiple quantum well (MQW) structure are studied using transmission and photocurrent spectroscopy in the long-wavelength infrared spectral region under an external bias. A single period of the MQW consists of one narrow GaAs well and one wide (Si-doped) GaAs well separated by a thin AlGaAs barrier; both wells are designed to have two quantum-confined states. The separation between adjacent periods is a wide AlGaAs barrier. With zero external bias, when the lower state (subband) in the wide well is populated with electrons and other states in both wells are empty, we observe a strong absorption feature near 9 μm due to the intersubband transition in the wide well. As the external bias is increased, electrons in the wide well are transferred to the (undoped) narrow well. This charge transfer results in a decreased absorption at 9 μm and the appearance of a new absorption feature near 6 μm which is due to the intersubband transition in the narrow well. Potential device applications are discussed.
Adsorbate–substrate bonding and the growth of naphthalene thin films on Ag(1 1 1)

Abstract The adsorption kinetics, energetics and growth of naphthalene thin films, from submonolayer to about 10 layers, on a Ag(1 1 1) surface at low temperature in a ultrahigh vacuum chamber are examined by using temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy. The first layer adsorption occurs with a desorption energy of 85 ± 5 kJ/mole and results in an interface dipole of 5 ± 1 D, from charge transfer of approximately 0.2 e from naphthalene to Ag. The surface dipole induced inter-adsorbate repulsion causes the lowering of the adsorption energy within the first layer near the saturation coverage so that the second layer deposition begins before the completion of the first layer. The second layer is a metastable phase with desorption energy, 74 ± 3 kJ/mole, smaller than the multilayer desorption energy of 79 ± 5 kJ/mole. Fractional order desorption kinetics were found for both the metastable and the multilayer phases, suggesting desorption from 2-D islanding and 3-D islanding, respectively.
BREASTFEEDING: PREDICTORS, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES AMONG CAUCASIAN (C) AND AFRICAN AMERICAN (AA) WOMEN IN RURAL MISSISSIPPI. 795

BREASTFEEDING: PREDICTORS, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES AMONG CAUCASIAN (C) AND AFRICAN AMERICAN (AA) WOMEN IN RURAL MISSISSIPPI. 795
The role of opioid antagonist efficacy and constitutive opioid receptor activity in the opioid withdrawal syndrome in mice.

Abstract On the basis of efficacy, opioid antagonists are classified as inverse opioid agonists (e.g. naltrexone) or neutral opioid antagonists (e.g. 6β-naltrexol). This study examined the interaction between naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol in the precipitated opioid withdrawal syndrome in morphine dependent mice. Furthermore, the possible contribution of constitutive opioid receptor activity to precipitated withdrawal was evaluated using increasing levels of morphine dependence. In the first experiment, low doses of 6β-naltrexol antagonized naltrexone precipitated withdrawal while high doses acted additively. All doses of naltrexone increased 6β-naltrexol's potency to precipitate withdrawal. The next experiment examined changes in antagonist potency to precipitate withdrawal with increasing morphine dependence. Mice were exposed to morphine for 1–6 days and then withdrawal was precipitated. Naltrexone was more potent than 6β-naltrexol at all the time points. The ED 50 of both drugs decreased at the same rate suggesting that increased dependence produced no change in constitutive opioid receptor activity. Taken together these results indicate that the functional efficacy of 6β-naltrexol is dose-dependent and that constitutive opioid receptor activity did not change as opioid dependence increased from 1 to 6 days.
Effect of Density Ratio on Flat Plate Film Cooling With Shaped Holes Using PSP

Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions are obtained on a flat plate using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The applicability of the PSP technique is expanded to include a coolant-to-mainstream density ratio of 1.4. The effect of density ratio on the film cooling effectiveness is coupled with varying blowing ratio (M = 0.25–2.0), freestream turbulence intensity (Tu = 1%–12.5%), and film hole geometry. The effectiveness distributions are obtained on three separate flat plates containing either simple angle, cylindrical holes, simple angle, fanshaped holes (α = 10°), or simple angle, laidback, fanshaped holes (α = 10°, γ = 10°). In all three cases, the film cooling holes are angled at θ = 35° from the mainstream flow. Using the PSP technique, the combined effects of blowing ratio, turbulence intensity, and density ratio are captured for each film cooling geometry. The detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions, for cylindrical holes, clearly show the effectiveness at the lowest blowing ratio is enhanced at the lower density ratio (DR = 1). However, as the blowing ratio increases, a transition occurs, leading to increased effectiveness with the elevated density ratio (DR = 1.4). In addition, the PSP technique captures an upstream shift of the coolant jet reattachment point as the density ratio increases or the turbulence intensity increases (at moderate blowing ratios for cylindrical holes). With the decreased momentum of the shaped film cooling holes, the greatest film cooling effectiveness is obtained at the lower density ratio (DR = 1.0) over the entire range of blowing ratios considered. In all cases, as the freestream turbulence intensity increases, the film effectiveness decreases; this effect is reduced as the blowing ratio increases for all three film hole configurations.Copyright © 2010 by ASME