cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Systemwide Impacts of New Aircraft on the Environment

Many efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation, like NASA’s Subsonic Fixed Wing Project, place high importance on reducing fuel burn, nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, and noise of future aircraft. However, the environmental and economic impact of a new aircraft is not solely a function of the aircraft’s performance but also of how airlines use new aircraft along with other existing aircraft to satisfy the passenger demand for air transportation. In this work, an optimization problem finds the optimal allocation of existing and future aircraft to routes representing commercial air transportation within or to/from the United States to measure various fleet-level metrics. Examining fleet-level environmental metrics helps assess how aircraft meeting NASA’s Subsonic Fixed Wing Project goals could impact fleet-level environmental goals established by the International Air Transport Association. The goal set forth by the International Air Transport Association examined in this paper is to reduce to...
Tevatron Resistive Wall Current Monitor

Resistive Wall Current Monitors (RWCM) were designed and built for the Fermilab Tevatron (Tev) project. These devices measure longitudinal beam current from 3 KHz to 6 GHz with 1.34 ohm gap impedance. There are two RWCM's installed a few feet apart in the Tevatron, upstream RWCM is used for general purpose use, downstream RWCM is dedicated for longitudinal parameters of coalesced beam bunches and bunch intensities. The design provides a calibration or test port for injecting test signals. Microwave absorber material is used to reduce interference from spurious electromagnetic waves traveling inside the beam pipe. This paper will do an overview how the RWCM was designed and its test results.
Prognostic factors for local recurrence and survival in patients with localized extremity soft-tissue sarcoma

The charts of 423 patients with localized extremity soft-tissue sarcoma treated at our institution over a 10-year period (1968-1978) were reviewed. Data were subjected to both univariate and multivariate analysis, with independent variables in the multivariate analysis appearing in capital letters. Factors associated with an increased risk of local recurrence included the following: AGE greater than 53; PRESENTATION WITH RECURRENT DISEASE; HIGH TUMOR GRADE; positive regional nodes; TREATMENT BY LIMB-SPARING SURGERY (LSS); invasion of vital structures (LSS only); INADEQUATE MARGINS; and biopsy with delayed definitive resection. Survival was adversely affected by the following: AGE greater than 53; PAINFUL MASS; PROXIMAL SITE; SIZE greater than or equal to 10 cm; HIGH TUMOR GRADE; POSITIVE NODES; invasion of vital structures; TREATMENT BY AMPUTATION; INADEQUATE MARGINS; and local recurrence after treatment at our institution. Significant variations in both local recurrence and survival according to histopathology were also observed, with EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ANGIOSARCOMA, and MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE TUMORS emerging as independent predictors of local recurrence. Using the Cox models for local recurrence and survival, patients were stratified into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk categories based on the presence or absence of each variable. Risk factor analysis should be part of the overall evaluation of each patient with extremity sarcoma.
Electrostatic interactions of 4-carboxy-2,6-dinitrophenyllysine-modified cytochromes c with physiological and non-physiological redox partners

An analysis of the effect of electrostatic properties of 4-carboxy-2,6-dinitrophenyllysine (CDNP-lysine) cytochromes c on their reactions with strongly and weakly binding redox partners is given. For strongly binding systems (cytochrome-c oxidase, cytochrome-c reductase, sulphite oxidase and yeast cytochrome-c peroxidase) the magnitude of the dipole moments of the CDNP cytochromes c determines their relative reactivities. For weakly binding redox agents, such as hexacyanoferrate(III), cobalt(III)tris(1,10-phenanthroline), azurin and plastocyanin, the electrostatic potential at the haem edge accounts for the greater part of the relative activities. Relative rate data were obtained from the literature. It is concluded that the dipole moment of native cytochromes c may account for an approx. 50-fold increase in the efficiency of its physiological activity towards membrane-bound enzymes. A correction on a formula to describe the contribution of a molecular dipole moment to the ionic strength dependence of a biomolecular rate constant (Koppenol, W.H. (1980) Biophys. J. 29, 493–508) leads to an equation nearly identical to that obtained by Van Leeuwen et al. (Van Leuuwen, J.W., Mofers, F.J.M. and Veerman, E.C.I. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 635, 434–439).
Phenotypic consequences of nonrandom migration in the Jirels of Nepal

The phenotypic structure of human populations is shaped by a number of factors such as population size and marital migration. This paper examines the impact of migration on the between-village phenotypic differentiation of the Jirels a tribal group of eastern Nepal. Data on stature and 5 cranial measurements for 526 individuals (males and females) are utilized to illustrate the patterns of phenotypic variation. A permutation method is used to generate the phenotypic consequences of random migration constrained to observed levels of movement. The results suggest that Jirel migration is nonrandom and that it produces higher levels of phenotypic differentiation than would result from a random migration process. (authors)
Si-implanted subcollector heterojunction bipolar transistors

AlGaAs/GaAs n-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) fabricated using an Si-implant to form the subcollector followed by MOCVD growth of the remaining structure are demonstrated. The common emitter current gain of large test devices is /spl sim/50 at a collector current density of 1.9/spl times/10/sup 3/ A/cm/sup 2/. The base-collector and emitter-base current ideality factors are 1.08 and 1.26, respectively. Co-implantation with Se reduced the subcollector sheet resistance to 13 /spl Omega///spl square/. Patterning of this implanted subcollector results in a significant reduction of extrinsic base-collector capacitance (C/sub hc/).
Review Article: Heart murmurs in horses: determining their significance with echocardiography

Physiological flow murmurs occur frequently in horses and may be difficult to distinguish from murmurs associated with underlying cardiac disease. The significance of heart murmurs auscultated in horses is often difficult to determine if the horse is not exhibiting any clinical signs or if the signs, such as poor performance, are nonspecific. A complete echocardiographic examination (M-mode, 2-dimensional (2-D) and Doppler) provides an objective assessment of the severity of the horse's underlying cardiac disease. Valvular regurgitation and ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur frequently and may impair performance, result in the horse's premature demise or have no apparent effect on the horse's life expectancy or performance capabilities. The echocardiographic findings that are used to formulate a prognosis for longevity and performance in horses with valvular regurgitation include the abnormalities detected on the valve leaflets, degree of cardiac chamber enlargement, severity of the resultant volume overload, size of the regurgitant jet, and relative relationship of jet size to chamber size. The echocardiographic findings that are used to formulate a prognosis for horses with VSDs are the number, size and location of the defect(s), degree of left ventricular volume overload, maximal velocity and direction of shunt flow through the defect and the presence and severity of concurrent valvulus regurgitation. Knowledge of the natural progression of the common types of cardiovascular disease in horses, coupled with the echocardiographic findings, clinical history and owner's or trainer's expectations can help the veterinarian form an accurate prognosis for life and performance in horses with heart murmurs.
Cerebral infarct with recurrence of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a child following renal transplantation.

A white girl with a history of atypical hemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS) and persistent microangiopathic anemia, and thrombocytopenia for 2 months after the initial presentation at age 7 months, received her first cadaveric renal transplant at age 3 years. During the first 2.5 days post transplant, she developed progressive thrombocytopenia and anemia followed by tonic-clonic seizures and loss of consciousness, secondary to a diffuse cerebral infarction of the left hemisphere. Renal histology showed evidence of glomerular microthrombi and microangiopathy. A large cerebral infarct, previously described in patients during their initial presentation with HUS, presented in our patient as part of the recurrence of the disease post renal transplantation.
Coating gold nanoparticles with peptide molecules via a peptide elongation approach

Coating gold nanoparticle surfaces with peptide molecules will expand the application potentialities of these nanomaterials in biomedical sciences. Our studies investigated some details of covering gold nanoclusters with peptide molecules via a peptide elongation approach. This route can minimize the loss of biological activities of peptide molecules by avoiding the use of sensitive side chains for anchoring peptides onto the Au surfaces. Our work demonstrates that the chiral integrity of each amino acid is maintained and the high coupling efficiency could be achieved in the peptide elongation route for coating gold nanoparticles.
Heterojunctions: Some knowns and unknowns

Abstract Aspects of heterojunctions that are discussed are the limitations of models and the accuracy of experimental measurements of barriers. Lattice matching and interface states are discussed and finally some recent bandgap engineering concepts are mentioned.
Application of Woodward-Hoffmann ideas to solid-state polymorphic phase transitions with specific reference to polymerization of S 2 N 2 and the black phosphorus to A 7 (arsenic) structural transformation

The analog of the Woodward-Hoffmann orbital correlation diagrams for solid-state polymorphic phase transitions are defined (within the tight-binding approximation) and the implications of the form of the correlation diagram $E(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},q)$ for the reaction kinetics are discussed. It is proposed that if an occupied orbital of the parent structure is transformed into an unoccupied orbital of the new structure at a point in $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ space, then the reaction cannot proceed with retention of translation symmetry in the intermediate, and so can only proceed via a "nucleation-and-growth"-type mechanism. On the other hand, if the $E(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},q)$ surface shows a smooth correlation of occupied levels of the reactants and products the process may proceed "martensitically." Correlation diagrams $E(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},q)$ are constructed with the use of group-theoretical analysis and extended-H\"uckel band-structure calculations), and discussed for the following transformations: sodium chloride from the rocksalt to cesium chloride structure, the bond breaking and reforming in a linear chain of diatomic molecules, an idealized model of the polymerization of ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ to both the cis and trans polymers ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$, and the transformation of black phosphorus into the $A7$ arsenic-type structure.
Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

Maternal cocaine use during pregnancy can affect the infant directly through toxic effects or indirectly through cocaine's influence on maternal psychological status. We followed 160 cocaine exposed and 56 nonexposed infants and their mothers identified at birth through interview and/or urine screen. Although cocaine exposure defined the groups, infant exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco was allowed to vary. Infants were 99% African American and poor. All mothers completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and infants were given the Bayley Scales of Mental (MDI) and Motor (PDI) Development at a mean corrected age of 17 +/- 8 months. Both MDIs (94 +/- 17 vs. 103 +/- 16) and PDIs (101 +/- 16 vs. 108 +/- 12) were lower for cocaine exposed infants. Psychological distress was greater in cocaine using mothers. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the relative effects of gestational age, maternal psychological distress, and cocaine and polydrug exposure on infant outcomes. Both psychological distress and cocaine and alcohol exposure predicted lower MDIs after controlling for prematurity. Neither psychological distress nor alcohol exposure predicted motor outcome, while cocaine had a significant effect. Tobacco and marijuana exposure were unrelated to outcome. These findings provide further support for direct effects of cocaine and alcohol on infant development as well as highlight the need for studies to document maternal psychological factors, which may increase child risk for poorer outcomes.
Statistical considerations for high throughput screening data

High throughput screening (HTS) is a widely used effective approach in genome-wide association and large scale protein expression studies, drug discovery, and biomedical imaging research. How to accurately identify candidate ‘targets’ or biologically meaningful features with a high degree of confidence has led to extensive statistical research in an effort to minimize both false-positive and false-negative rates. A large body of literature on this topic with in-depth statistical contents is available. We examine currently available statistical methods on HTS and aim to summarize some selected methods into a concise, easy-tofollow introduction for experimental biologists.
Raman spectroscopy of coexisting phases in TbP5O14

At temperatures above the monoclinic-orthorhombic P21/c-Pcmn phase transition at 180°C in terbium pentaphosphate, the presence of a third phase was observed spectroscopically, identified as a C2/c monoclinic structure. Two lines at 12 and 17 cm−1 were observed to grow in intensity as the temperature was raised from 180 to 240°C; they would be described as acoustic modes at the Brillouin zone boundary in the Pcmn phase, made Raman-active by the doubling of the unit cell along the c-axis in the C2/c phase. The interpretation of these lines resolves a question concerning the asymmetry (‘shoulder’) of the soft optic mode at the P21/c-Pcmn ferroelastic transition raised long ago.
Phase sensitivity of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer

The best performance of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is achieved with the input state $\ensuremath{\mid}{N}_{T}∕2+1⟩\ensuremath{\mid}{N}_{T}∕2\ensuremath{-}1⟩+\ensuremath{\mid}{N}_{T}∕2\ensuremath{-}1⟩\ensuremath{\mid}{N}_{T}∕2+1⟩$, ${N}_{T}$ being the total number of atoms or photons. This gives (i) a phase-shift error confidence ${C}_{68%}=2.67∕{N}_{T}$ with (ii) a single interferometric measurement. Different input quantum states can achieve the Heisenberg scaling $\ensuremath{\sim}1∕{N}_{T}$ but with higher prefactors and at the price of a statistical analysis of two or more independent measurements.
Biomechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage from human and rabbit chondrocytes

Abstract Objective: To describe tissue-engineered cartilage from rabbit and human chondrocytes. Study Design and Setting: Chondrocytes from rabbit and human ears were seeded onto a template and implanted for 8 or 16 weeks of in vivo incubation. Results: For the 8-week and 16-week groups, the UTS for cartilage was 3.8 MPa and 3.7 MPa, stiffness was 62.4 MPa and 51.8 MPa, and resilience was 181.8 J/m 3 and 109.1 J/m 3 , respectively. Experimental cartilage was significantly different from controls. From 5 human specimens, the UTS was 5.4 MPa, stiffness was 6.6 MPa, and resilience was 2.0 J/m 3 . The control had UTS of 8.8 MPa, stiffness of 12.2 MPa, and resilience of 2.9 J/m 3 . Histology showed mature cartilage but with a fibrovascular infiltrate and increased cellularity. Conclusions: Mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage can be quantified and are less than that of controls. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;126:52-7.)
Cooling of Northwest Atlantic slope waters during the Holocene

[2] Greenland ice cores depict a Holocene climate that was warm and stable compared to the preceding 100 kyr. Yet most elements of the climate system were undergoing large secular changes during the last 11 kyr. Summer insolation in the northern hemisphere declined to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) levels. Atmospheric CO2 increased 20 ppmv and the carbonate ion concentration of the deep sea decreased 5–10 mmol/kg [Broecker et al., 1999], signaling a large shift in the global carbon cycle. The oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric O2, an indicator of global productivity and hydrology, increased 0.5%, retracing roughly 50% of the non-ice-volume deglacial decrease [Bender et al., 1999]. The monsoons of Asia and
The control of errors in i.r. spectrophotometry—IV. Corrections for dispersion distortion and the evaluation of both optical constants

Abstract The internal reflections and interference effects within an absorption cell distort the shapes and intensities of i.r. absorption bands. The errors can be particularly severe for measurements on strong bands using thin liquid films. The primary causes are interference distortion within the film and reflection distortion at the boundaries with the cell windows. The two effects are interactive and the general term dispersion distortion can be applied to both. Similar effects occur in free standing solid films. These errors are discussed quantitatively on the basis of the optical considerations developed in the preceding paper. A method is described for their evaluation and elimination. This yields a corrected absorption spectrum in units of absorption index and also a refractive index spectrum (dispersion curve), so that both optical constants are derived at all points across the spectrum. Computer programs to aid with these computations have been developed and will be available.
Model-based pulse deconvolution method for NaI(Tl) detectors

Abstract To overcome the long-standing problem of pulse pile-up in radiation detection with scintillation detectors, a direct pulse deconvolution method is put forward based on a newly developed convolution model. By removing all the exponential tails that come from the response of the scintillator and the PMT, the pulses can be efficiently deconvoluted into ultra-narrow pulses. With a proper filter, a good trade-off between energy resolution and count rate can be easily achieved. To demonstrate this method, the energy spectrum of 137 Cs was measured with a ∅76 mm×76 mm NaI(Tl) detector, and an energy resolution of 8.83% was achieved with a minimum resolvable pulse interval of 200 ns. Compared with some other existing pulse processing methods, this method offers good pulse shape and satisfying energy resolution.
Global properties of a class of planar vector fields of infinite type

This paper studies some global and semi global properties of infinite type, planar, C-valued real analytic vector fields that are invariant under the rotation group. Results are proved on the integrability, kernel, range and classification of such operators.
Nucleofugality in oxygen and nitrogen derived pseudohalides in Menshutkin reactions: the importance of the intrinsic barrier

In order to study the nucleofugality of polyatomic anionic leaving groups derived from oxygen and nitrogen, a contingent of 19 methylating agents consisting of amines or alcohols activated with carbonyl or sulfonyl substituents has been examined via ab initio calculations. We have calculated gas phase activation energies for alkylation of ammonia, and methyl cation affinities. We find that polyatomic anionic leaving groups derived from nitrogen will have higher activation energies for Menshutkin (SN2) alkylation even when they have similar methyl cation affinities. This inherent deficit in the nucleofugality of nitrogen-derived leaving groups appears to be a result of the way bond cleavage is synchronized with bond formation to the incoming ammonia nucleophile. The nitrogen leaving groups showed greater dissociation from the methyl fragment than oxygen leaving groups relative to the length of the forming carbon–nitrogen bond. Additionally the second sulfonyl group present in a sulfonimide appears to be less effective at activating nitrogen due to a preference for tetrahedral geometries at the departing nitrogen in the transition states involving leaving sulfonamide groups. Optimal delocalization of electron density is therefore frustrated due to the geometry of the leaving group.
Spin Relaxation of Optically Aligned Rubidium Vapor

A new optical method for studying the spin relaxation of optically aligned rubidium vapor is described. In this method, the pumping radiation, consisting of circularly polarized ${D}_{1}$ resonance radiation, is suddenly shut off and then turned on again after a known time interval. The relaxation which takes place during the interval of darkness causes the vapor to become more opaque to the pumping radiation at a rate which is determined by the relaxation time. A large degree of alignment, as well as a relaxation time of about 80 milliseconds, were observed in a closed-off evacuated cylindrical glass cell completely lined, except for $\frac{1}{200}$ of the wall area, with a thin film of tetracontane (${\mathrm{C}}_{40}$${\mathrm{H}}_{82}$). The variation of relaxation time with buffer gas pressure was studied in this cell and in an unlined glass cell. From the observations with the unlined cell, diffusion coefficients for rubidium in neon and argon of 0.31 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec and 0.24 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec, respectively, can be deduced. Observed cross sections for disorientation collisions between aligned ground-state rubidium atoms and neon, argon, krypton, and xenon atoms are 5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, 3.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, 5.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, respectively. In the evacuated tetracontane-lined cell, the relaxation time decreased by 30% for a tenfold increase in rubidium vapor pressure. An explanation for this relatively weak dependence is suggested. The longest observed relaxation time was approximately 0.4 seconds in a tetracontanelined cell filled with neon to a pressure of 3 cm Hg.
Radiolytic Reactions of Monochloramine in Aqueous Solutions

30) L mol -1 cm -1 and 580 ) (56 ( 30) L mol -1 cm -1 . The ¥ NHCl radical undergoes self-decay and can react also with O2 to form a peroxyl radical. It is suggested that the peroxyl radical exists in equilibrium NHClO 2 ¥ / ¥ NHCl + O2 with an estimated equilibrium constant of (3 ( 2) 10 -3 mol L -1 . The reaction of chloramine with the carbonate radical is suggested to form a complex [CO3NH2Cl] ¥- with kf ) 2.5 10 5 L mol -1 s -1 and kr ) 4 10 2 s -1 , and this complex decomposes with k ) 7 10 2 s -1 to form ¥ NHCl.
Changes in the apomyoglobin folding pathway caused by mutation of the distal histidine residue.

Factors governing the folding pathways and the stability of apomyoglobin have been examined by replacing the distal histidine at position 64 with phenylalanine (H64F). Acid and urea-induced unfolding experiments using CD and fluorescence techniques reveal that the mutant H64F apoprotein is significantly more stable than wild-type apoMb. Kinetic refolding studies of this variant also show a significant difference from wild-type apoMb. The amplitude of the burst phase ellipticity in stopped-flow CD measurements is increased over that of wild-type, an indication that the secondary structure content of the earliest kinetic intermediate is greater in the mutant than in the wild-type protein. In addition, the overall rate of folding is markedly increased. Hydrogen exchange pulse labeling was used to establish the structure of the initial intermediate formed during the burst phase of the H64F mutant. NMR analysis of the samples obtained at different refolding times indicates that the burst phase intermediate con...
Importance of Sulfate Aerosol in Evaluating the Relative Contributions of Regional Emissions to the Historical Global Temperature Change

During the negotiations of the KyotoProtocol the delegation of Brazil presentedan approach for distributing the burden ofemissions reductions among the Partiesbased on the effect of their cumulativehistorical emissions on the global-averagenear-surface temperature. The Letter tothe Parties does not limit the emissions tobe considered to be only greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. Thus, in this paper weexplore the importance of anthropogenicSOx emissions that are converted tosulfate aerosol in the atmosphere, togetherwith the cumulative greenhouse gasemissions, in attributing historicaltemperature change. We use historicalemissions and our simple climate model toestimate the relative contributions toglobal warming of the regional emissions byfour Parties: OECD90, Africa and LatinAmerica, Asia, and Eastern Europe and theFormer Soviet Union. Our results show thatfor most Parties the large warmingcontributed by their GHG emissions islargely offset by the correspondingly largecooling by their SOx emissions. Thus,OECD90 has become the dominant contributorto recent global warming following itslarge reduction in SOx emissions after1980.
Steering a new course for deception detection research

Abstract Vrij and Granhag (2012) argue for a new direction in deception research based on structuring interviews in ways that more consistently elicit cues to deception. Although we find ourselves in general agreement, we believe there are several additional issues for researchers to consider. We emphasize the need to examine whether the proposed interview techniques lead to potential tradeoffs between information elicitation and deception detection, the importance of individual differences that may moderate previously obtained results, and the value of pursuing a goal of theoretical refinement alongside application development.
QUANTIFYING PREDICTABILITY IN A SIMPLE MODEL WITH COMPLEX FEATURES

Here, Kaplan–Yorke type maps are utilized as simplified models to assess new strategies for quantifying predictability through information theory. These models give rise to a wide variety of "climate" distributions from nearly Gaussian to highly non-Gaussian. For complex models, it is almost impossible to compute proposed theoretical measures of predictability directly and alternative methods of estimation must be utilized. Due to the simplicity of the proposed model, accurate approximations of predictability can be computed and compared to various estimation techniques. A recently proposed method for finding a lower bound estimate of the predictability is outlined in the context of the model. Estimates of this type are computed and evaluated for a long-term climate prediction scenario. The factors that control the predictability for this scenario are determined using an ensemble of ensembles approach. In addition, the lower bound estimates are used as a means of assessing the utility of a Gaussian approximation strategy.
The inflation response of the posterior bovine sclera.

Abstract An in vitro inflation test method was developed to characterize the mechanical behavior of the bovine posterior sclera. The method used digital image correlation to provide a spatially resolved, full-field deformation map of the surface of the posterior sclera in response to controlled pressurization. A series of experiments were performed in the range of 2–6 kPa (15–45 mmHg) to characterize the load–unload displacement response at various pressure rates and the time-dependent displacement response at different applied pressures. The magnitude of the displacement was largest in the peripapillary region, mainly between the apex and the optic nerve head. Further, the results showed that bovine scleral tissue exhibited nonlinear and viscoelastic behavior characterized by a rate-dependent displacement response, hysteresis during unloading and creep. The creep rate was insensitive to the applied pressure, suggesting that the tissue can be modeled as a quasilinear viscoelastic material in the physiological pressure range of 2–6 kPa.
Combination therapy for combined dyslipidemia

Abstract Patients with combined dyslipidemia are at high risk for coronary artery disease and often require combination drug therapy to achieve lipid levels recommended by the US National Cholesterol Education Program’s third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III). In addition to recommendations for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels, ATP III established non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol goals for individuals with triglycerides ≥2.26 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL). It also introduced certain criteria for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome, a clustering of risk factors (abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose) that increases cardiovascular risk and is common in patients with combined dyslipidemia. Statin monotherapy has been shown to benefit these patients, and additional benefit may be obtained by combination therapy that provides greater reductions in both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides as well as greater increases in HDL cholesterol. However, combining a statin with either niacin or a fibrate may increase the risk for myopathy and therefore requires careful monitoring and evaluation of the risk–benefit ratio for each patient. Moreover, combination therapy may be associated with increased drug costs and decreased patient compliance. Recently developed agents that may improve the effectiveness of combination therapy include ezetimibe—a cholesterol absorption inhibitor—and a formulation that combines extended-release niacin and lovastatin in a single pill. Clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal treatment in patients with combined dyslipidemia.
Physiological Responses to Body Weight–Supported Treadmill Exercise in Healthy Adults

Abstract Hoffman MD, Donaghe HE. Physiological responses to body weight–supported treadmill exercise in healthy adults. Objective To determine whether the relationships of heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and ground reaction forces (GRFs) with oxygen consumption rate (Vo 2 ) during treadmill exercise are altered by partial body weight support (BWS) via lower-body positive pressure. Design Repeated-measures design. Setting Exercise physiology laboratory. Participants Healthy, active adults (N=12); mean age ± SD, 45.1±12.6 years. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Vo 2 , heart rate, RPE, and GRFs were measured during walking and running at 3 levels (0%, 25%, 50%) of BWS. Before exercise, standing heart rate and blood pressure were measured under each BWS condition. Results Standing heart rates were 7 beats/min lower ( P P 2 during walking and running were not altered by BWS. While walking, the RPE at a Vo 2 of 10 mL · kg –1 · min –1 was statistically lower ( P 2 of 25 mL · kg –1 · min –1 . Peak normal GRFs at specified Vo 2 levels and RPE values were reduced ( P Conclusions Because partial BWS does not alter the relationship of heart rate with Vo 2 during exercise and has minimal effect on the relationship of RPE with Vo 2 , training heart rate and RPE values do not appear to require adjustment with partial BWS. Reduced GRFs at specified Vo 2 levels from partial BWS suggest that there are important clinical applications of this technology.
Simulation of light-limited algae growth in homogeneous turbulence

Abstract A study is performed of the effect of turbulent mixing on algae growth rate under light-limiting conditions. In order to isolate the effect of light fluctuations and to eliminate possible effects of mass transfer and other side effects of mixing, a numerical model of algae growth is employed. The study examines three aspects of turbulent mixing using models of increasing complexity. First, mixing increases the depth of the “mixed layer”—the layer of approximately uniform algae concentration—spreading the algae produced near the surface over a thicker fluid region. We demonstrate that mixed layer depth has no effect on the net algae production rate. Second, mixing causes motion of algae cells across the optical gradient. A single-frequency harmonic model is used to demonstrate the influence of periodic motion on algae production rate for different frequencies and concentration values. The model results explain previous apparently contradictory experimental observations. Significant enhancement of algae production rate with mixing is observed for small values of the ratio of illuminated layer depth to total fluid depth; however, growth rate enhancement saturates beyond a certain mixing frequency. Third, turbulent mixing involves a broad range of fluid time and length scales. A direct numerical simulation of homogeneous turbulence coupled to the algae growth model is used to show that the main conclusions of the single-frequency model can be carried over to a more realistic turbulent flow by appropriate choice of the mixing time scale.
Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging of Blood: The Effect of Hematocrit and Flow on Backscatter

This study evaluates two key parameters influencing the ultrasonic backscatter from blood—hematocrit and flow rate—at 30 MHz in an in vitro flow system. A range of hematocrits from 0 to 50% was studied at a constant flow rate; various flow rates between stagnation and physiologic levels were studied at a constant hematocrit. The relation between backscatter intensity and hematocrit was a convex function with a maximum between a hematocrit of 10% and 20%. In the flow rate studies, the blood backscatter intensity was a maximum at a flow rate of 0 and rapidly decreased at higher flow rates. These in vitro results suggest that blood backscatter intensity is minimally dependent on hematocrit in the physiologic range. However, a dramatic increase in backscatter intensity occurs with stagnant flow, presumably the result of red blood cell aggregation. Clinically, blood backscatter intensity may provide an index for risk of thrombus formation.
Simulation modeling of just-in-time assembly systems using an information-based methodology

This paper describes the application of an information-based modeling methodology to assembly systems in manufacturing. This approach defines information relationships among objects in a simulated system. A dynamically maintained database is explored as a simulation runs to control entity flow and requests sent from one entity to another. This allows a simulation to represent multi-product, multi-level assembly relationships, and to represent "pull" production scheduling as a special case of a more generalized request mechanism. In addition to manufacturing applications, assembly relationships characterize a large class of systems where the system logic depends on the simultaneous coordination of multiple entity flows and control depends on request messages.
Identification of the metabolites of an antitumor tricyclic nucleoside (NSC-154020)

Abstract The metabolism of 3-amino-1,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-β- d -ribofuranosyl-1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene (TCN, NSC-154020) was studied in human erythrocytes. With use of high performance liquid chromotography, three metabolites in addition to the major metabolite, TCN 5′-monophosphate, were detected. After isolation and purification of the metabolites, their structures were elucidated by spectrometric methods and incubations with cultured cells and catabolic enzymes. All resulted from the oxidation of TCN. Two are proposed to be α- and β-anomers of a d -ribofurasonyl nucleoside with a pyrimidol[4,5-c]pyridazine-4-one base structure. The third metabolite is proposed to be the 5′-monophosphate of the β-anomer. A mechanism for the oxidation of TCN is presented, but the exact biological oxidant involved remains unclear.
Cigarette smoke exposure-associated alterations to non-coding RNA.

Environmental exposures vary by timing, severity, and frequency and may have a number of deleterious effects throughout the life course. The period of in utero development, for example, is one of the most crucial stages of development during which adverse environmental exposures can both alter the growth and development of the fetus as well as lead to aberrant fetal programming, increasing disease risk. During fetal development and beyond, the plethora of exposures, including nutrients, drugs, stress, and trauma, influence health, development, and survival. Recent research in environmental epigenetics has investigated the roles of environmental exposures in influencing epigenetic modes of gene regulation during pregnancy and at various stages of life. Many relatively common environmental exposures, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use, may have consequences for the expression and function of noncoding RNA (ncRNA), important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. A number of ncRNA have been discovered, including microRNA (miRNA), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), and long noncoding RNA (long ncRNA). The best-characterized species of ncRNA are miRNA, the mature forms of which are ~22 nucleotides in length and capable of post-transcriptionally regulating target mRNA utilizing mechanisms based largely on the degree of complementarity between miRNA and target mRNA. Because miRNA can still negatively regulate gene expression when imperfectly base-paired with a target mRNA, a single miRNA can have a large number of potential mRNA targets and can regulate many different biological processes critical for health and development. The following review analyzes the current literature detailing links between cigarette smoke exposure and aberrant expression and function of noncoding RNA, assesses how such alterations may have consequences throughout the life course, and proposes future directions for this intriguing field of research.
Self-diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in NbH0.6

Direct measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient $D$ of hydrogen in a hydrided single crystal of niobium were made between 90 and 243 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C using the NMR pulsed-field-gradient technique. For Nb${\mathrm{H}}_{0.6}$ in the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase, $D={D}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{{\ensuremath{-} E}_{a}}{k T})$, where ${D}_{0}=6.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec and ${E}_{a}=0.165\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ eV/atom. By combining measurements of $D$ and the spin-lattice relaxation rate for hydrogen, it is found that the rms jump distance ${〈{l}^{2}〉}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ has a value within the range $0.5b\ensuremath{\le}{〈{l}^{2}〉}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\le}0.8b$, where $b$ is the bcc lattice constant. Measurements of $D$ are compared with published results for other hydrogen concentrations as obtained from quasielastic neutron scattering and Gorsky-effect experiments.
Laser-driven polarized H/D sources and targets

Abstract Traditionally, Atomic Beam Sources are used to produce targets of nuclear polarized hydrogen (H) or deuterium (D) for experiments using storage rings. Laser-Driven Sources (LDSs) offer a factor of 20–30 gain in the target thickness (however, with lower polarization) and may produce a higher overall figure of merit. The LDS is based on the technique of spin-exchange optical pumping where alkali vapor is polarized by absorbing circularly polarized laser photons. The H or D atoms are nuclear-polarized through spin-exchange collisions with the polarized alkali vapor and through subsequent hyperfine interactions during frequent H–H or D–D collisions.
A rapid, acetonitrile-free, HPLC method for determination of melamine in infant formula

Abstract A simple, precise, accurate and validated, acetonitrile-free, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is developed for the determination of melamine in dry and liquid infant formula. The separation is performed on a Kromasil C18 column (150 mm × 3.2 mm I.D., 5 μm particle size) at room temperature. The mobile phase (0.1% TFA/methanol 90:10) is pumped at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min−1 with detection at 240 nm. Melamine elutes at 3.7 min. A linear response (r > 0.999) is observed for samples ranging from 1.0 to 80 μg mL−1. The method provides recoveries of 97.2–101.2% in the concentration range of 5–40 μg mL−1, intra- and inter-day variation in
A molecular technique for the detection and differentiation of Demodex mites on cats.

Background Demodex gatoi causes a pruritic dermatitis in cats. Diagnosis requires the demonstration of mites using superficial skin scrapings or faecal flotation, which can be insensitive. Hypothesis/objectives The goal of this study was to develop a molecular method to diagnose D. gatoi infection in cats and distinguish these mites from Demodex cati. Animals Fifty-three shelter cats, 11 cats from a closed research colony and 12 privately owned cats were used. Methods Demodex gatoi and D. cati were obtained from scrapings of cat skin. The 16S rRNA DNA was amplified by PCR, sequenced and compared with available Demodex sequences. Hair and skin samples were also collected for microscopic examination and DNA isolation. Results DNA sequences were obtained from D. gatoi and D. cati. qPCR with D. gatoi specific primers and probe amplified DNA isolated from D. gatoi and not D. cati. Conversely, D. cati qPCR primers and probe amplified D. cati DNA and not D. gatoi. Five of the shelter cats were positive for D. gatoi. Two of these cats were pruritic, and the other three were in contact with these cats. Only one cat was positive for D. gatoi on skin scraping but was negative for D. gatoi or D. cati DNA. Conclusion Results from this study show D. gatoi and D. cati to be distinct species. A novel qPCR test for the identification and differentiation of D. gatoi and D. cati was developed. Once optimized, this test could provide a valuable technique for the diagnosis of D. gatoi infection.
Operation for acute and chronic aortic dissection: Recent outcome with regard to neurologic deficit and early death

Abstract Background. We reviewed our experience in the repair of acute and chronic aortic dissection with regard to early neurologic deficit and death. Methods. Between February 1991 and June 1996, we performed 206 operations on 195 patients for aortic dissection. Ascending or arch repair, or a combination (type A dissection) was performed on 92 of 206 patients (45%); 44 of 92 (48%) were acute dissection and 48 of 92 (52%) were chronic. Descending or thoracoabdominal repair (type B dissection) was performed on 114 of 206 patients (55%); 22 of 114 (19%) were acute and 92 of 114 (81%) were chronic. Results. Among type A cases, strokes occurred in 6 of 92 patients (7%) overall; 4 of 44 (9%) were acute cases and 2 of 48 (4%) were chronic ( p p p p p p Conclusions. Morbidity and mortality for repair of chronic dissection types A and B were acceptable. Preoperative hypotension in acute type A dissection was a major predisposing factor toward stroke (29% versus 5%, p
Consequences, Rights, and Virtues: Ethical Foundations for Applied Economics

Adam Smith, David Hume, and many of the other founders of the discipline that has come to be known as economics were moral philosophers. Throughout much of the history of economics, ethical concerns have been central to both the theoretical and applied projects. Many of the greatest minds of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, from J.S. Mill, Karl Marx, and Henry Sidgwick to the most recent Nobel laureate in economics, Amartya Sen, have made significant contributions in both areas. In fact, it could be argued that the field of economics originated in the philosophical question concerning the best system of social organization. On the other hand, the historic link between the humanistic concerns of philosophical ethics and practical economic assessments appears to have weakened with the development of mathematical economics and the stress on questions of quantitative precision. It is well known that utility theory is the foundation on which much of economics is
Offering a Geoscience Professional Development Program To Promote Science Education and Provide Hands-On Experiences for K–12 Science Educators

Development of an effective strategy for promoting science education and professional development of K–12 science educators is a national priority to strengthen the quality of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This article reports the outcomes of a Geoscience Professional Development Program (GPDP) workshop organized for targeted middle and high school science educators in Forsyth and Guilford County, North Carolina. The objective of the GPDP workshop was to promote hands-on experience for K–12 science educators in the use of modern analytical techniques and instrumentation in geoscience education for the analysis of Salem Lake water in a guided-inquiry setting. Current pedagogy and innovative curriculum development to promote students’ success in K–12 science education were also discussed. The expectations and challenges of first-year college students in STEM fields and methods of resolving these challenges were highlighted at the workshop to alert the teachers to the sp...
Too Close to Call? Uncertainty and Bias in Election‐Night Reporting*

Objective. Previous research has found that early election-night projections can have a depressing effect on turnout in presidential elections. Although this effect has been found to be small in the past, it may be enough to sway state outcomes and, potentially, the final outcomes of close presidential and other elections. Therefore, this article analyzes the election-night presidential projections of the three major cable news networks in 2000 and 2004 to examine the forces that lead to the timing of election-night calls. Method. I collect the on-air projection times of the cable news networks from videotapes, transcripts, and network documents. I apply duration analysis, specifically Cox models, to examine the forces that lead networks to make projections when they do. Results. Results of duration analysis indicate that while the cable networks timed their state-by-state projections primarily on the competitiveness of the state presidential races, network competition appears to drive projections at the beginning of election night. Furthermore, I find that early in the night in 2000, the cable networks appeared to call states sooner for Al Gore than for George W. Bush when controlling for the competitiveness of the state presidential races. Conclusions. This article provides support for Republican allegations of biased election-night projections in 2000. However, it appears that because the networks amended their election-night procedures, there were no miscalls or differences in how cable networks called states for the two presidential candidates in 2004.
Chordin cleavage is sizzling.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein (Bmp) signalling has a critical function in patterning vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. A key regulator of Bmp signalling is Chordin, which binds Bmps and prevents them from interacting with their receptors. Two new papers identify the Frizzled-related protein Sizzled as an unexpected regulator of Chordin stability.