cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of non-uniform illumination of solar cells with concentrated light

Abstract Non-uniform illumination of solar cells leads to a decrease in efficiency. Two cases were investigated experimentally: loss of power due to the shadowing of a fringe area of one cell, and loss of output of two cells which were connected in series and were illuminated to different degrees. The results show that losses due to these effects will reduce the output of concentrator photovoltaic systems working at low concentration conditions by a few per cent only.
Modeling of the electron density depletion in the storm-time trough on April 20, 1985

Abstract Multi-instrument experimental data are analyzed to determine the main processes forming a deep trough in the electron density at F-peak altitudes during a strong magnetic storm ( K p ⩾5). Previous attempts to explain the observations were not successful. The model we use to interpret the data includes production of vibrationally excited N 2 in the region poleward of the trough and its transport into the trough region by a southward wind. The main source of the vibrationally excited N 2 is secondary electrons created by precipitating electrons. Joule heating and dissipation of precipitating electron energy create a pressure gradient and induce the southward wind. According to the model calculations, such a system of processes can cause the very strong electron density depletion observed by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar on April 20, 1985. An important additional condition for such a deep trough is a decrease in the [O]/[N 2 ] ratio. The total energy flux and average energy of precipitating electrons just poleward of the trough is also a factor.
Source Selection for Real-Time User Intent Recognition Toward Volitional Control of Artificial Legs

Various types of data sources have been used to recognize user intent for volitional control of powered artificial legs. However, there is still a debate on what exact data sources are necessary for accurately and responsively recognizing the user's intended tasks. Motivated by this widely interested question, in this study we aimed to 1) investigate the usefulness of different data sources commonly suggested for user intent recognition and 2) determine an informative set of data sources for volitional control of prosthetic legs. The studied data sources included eight surface electromyography (EMG) signals from the residual thigh muscles of transfemoral (TF) amputees, ground reaction forces/moments from a prosthetic pylon, and kinematic measurements from the residual thigh and prosthetic knee. We then ranked and included data sources based on the usefulness for user intent recognition and selected a reduced number of data sources that ensured accurate recognition of the user's intended task by using three source selection algorithms. The results showed that EMG signals and ground reaction forces/moments were more informative than prosthesis kinematics. Nine to eleven of all the initial data sources were sufficient to maintain 95% accuracy for recognizing the studied seven tasks without missing additional task transitions in real time. The selected data sources produced consistent system performance across two experimental days for four recruited TF amputee subjects, indicating the potential robustness of the selected data sources. Finally, based on the study results, we suggested a protocol for determining the informative data sources and sensor configurations for future development of volitional control of powered artificial legs.
Bidirectional Control of Silicon’s Surface Potential by Means of Molecular Coverage

Here we report on a simple bidirectional strategy for increasing and decreasing the surface potential of Si, with good chemical stability. The strategy is based on a deliberate control of monolayer coverage of propenyl molecules having a steric diameter that is smaller or comparable to the distance between adjacent Si surface atoms. By modifying the coverage of the exposed functional groups, we show an ability to obtain both valley-shaped or hill-shaped modulation trends of the Si(111) surface potential.
Hypersonic flows over biconics using a variable-effective-gamma, Parabolized-Navier-Stokes code

Hypersonic flows over straight and bent biconics are calculated for a range of freestream conditions in which the gas behind the shock is treated as either perfect or real. The Parabolized-Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations form the basis of the approximation scheme. Good comparisons with experimental data for pressures, forces and moments, heat transfer, and oil-flow patterns serve to validate the perfect-gas version of the code. Circumferential velocity vector plots further aid in the interpretation of leeside oil-flow patterns. A variable-effective-gamma (VEG) option is implemented for the real-gas calculations. Gamma, now defined as the ratio of enthalpy to internal energy, is determined from a locally valid linear relation in enthalpy and pressure at every mesh point which in turn is calculated from a benchmark equilibrium code. The VEG option is easily incorporated into a host PNS code because it uses the underlying perfect-gas structure of the code. Comparisons to experimental data for heat transfer and shock shape in high enthalpy air have been obtained using the VEG option.
Acute Cardiac Toxicity Associated with High‐Dose Intravenous Methotrexate Therapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 36-year-old woman was hospitalized for preoperative chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. She received intravenous fluids for 12 hours for volume expansion, then methotrexate 24 g (12 g/m2) over 6 hours. This was followed by intravenous leucovorin 200 mg over 1 hour. Two hours after the methotrexate infusion the patient developed chest pain and bradycardia. An electrocardiogram revealed sinus pauses, and telemetry recordings indicated a 4-beat run of ventricular tachycardia. A cardiac work-up consisting of cardiac enzyme level determination, two-dimensional echocardiography, and an adenosine technetium-99m tetrofosmin stress test was negative for structural and ischemic heart disease. The patient recovered without treatment and, approximately 2 weeks later, received a second course of methotrexate at half the dose without complication. One month later the patient received treatment with doxorubicin and cisplatin; 2 days later she died unexpectedly at home. Clinicians should be aware that high-dose methotrexate can cause cardiac symptoms and arrhythmias in previously healthy adults. This complication warrants attention and needs additional clinical investigation.
Surface Tension in Unitary Fermi Gases with Population Imbalance

We study the effects of surface tension between normal and superfluid regions of a trapped Fermi gas at unitarity. We find that surface tension causes notable distortions in the shape of large aspect ratio clouds. Including these distortions in our theories resolves many of the apparent discrepancies among different experiments and between theory and experiments.
The use of Stigeoclonium subsecundum (chlorophycae) as a bioassay organism—I. Attachment of the algal cells to glass slides

Abstract A technique was developed for the use of Stigeoclonium subsecundum Kutz., an attached, filamentous, green alga, as a bioassay organism. The procedure involved the settling of a freshly blended suspension of algal cells onto the surface of glass slides. The production, release, and attachment of zoospores as well as the production of rhizoids from the blended filaments produced an attached algal mat on a glass surface. The pigment extract absorbance and the dry weight of the algae attached to each glass slide were normally distributed about a mean.
The effect of copper on the reaction of ethylene on silica-supported Ru-Cu catalysts as studied by13C NMR

The adsorption and reaction of ethylene on silica-supported bimetallic RuCu catalysts has been studied by solid state, highresolution13C NMR in order to elucidate the effect of copper on the catalytic behavior. Copper itself exhibits no inherent activity for the reaction of ethylene whereas Ru is highly active, producing dimeric products (butenes and butanes) and ethane. The ability to form dimeric products is not changed by the introduction of copper into the metal particles. However, the bimetallic catalysts have significantly less hydrogenation capabilities than the supported monometallic ruthenium catalyst. Since copper is known to populate low-coordination, defect-like lattice positions such as edges and corners, it is postulated that these sites play a crucial role in hydrogenation reactions.
Band-gap-confinement and image-state-recapture effects in the survival of anions scattered from metal surfaces

The resonant charge transfer process in the collision of hydrogen anions with metal surfaces is described within a single-active-electron wave-packet propagation method. The ion-survival probability is found to be strongly enhanced at two different surface-specific perpendicular velocities of the ion. It is shown that, while the low-velocity enhancement is induced from a dynamical confinement of the ion level inside the band gap, the high-velocity enhancement is due to electron recapture from transiently populated image states. Results are presented for Li(110), Cu(111), and Pd(111) surfaces.
Progesterone Receptor A (PRA) and PRB-Independent Effects of Progesterone on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release

Progesterone’s (P4) negative feedback actions in the female reproductive axis are exerted in part by suppression of hypothalamic GnRH release. Here we show that P4 can inhibit GnRH release by a mechanism independent of a nuclear P4 receptor (PRA/B). Injections of P4, but not vehicle, allopregnanolone, or dexamethasone, acutely suppressed LH levels in both wild-type and P4 receptor knockout ovariectomized mice; pituitary responsiveness to GnRH was retained during P4 treatment, indicating a hypothalamic action. Superfusion of GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells with medium containing 10−7 m P4 produced a rapid reduction in GnRH release. Incubation with P4 (10−9 to 10−7 m) inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation; cotreatment with pertussis toxin prevented this effect. Treatment of GT1-7 cell membranes with P4 caused activation of an inhibitory G protein (Gi), as shown by immunoprecipitation with a Gi antibody of most of the increase in membrane-bound [35S]GTPγ-S. Saturation binding analyses demonstrated the ...
Possible Link Between Isospace and the Geometry of Space-Time

A relation between internal degrees of freedom and event space in quantum field theory is suggested. The event space is considered as a Riemann space in accord with general relativity. The dimension, metric, linear connection, and curvature tensor of the internal space are uniquely determined by the Riemann geometry. (L.B.S.)
The jet ski open-book pelvic fracture: diagnosis with multidetector CT

A 10-year-old girl sustained a traumatic open-book pelvic fracture from a straddle injury in a jet ski accident. Plain films and computed tomography both demonstrated diastasis of the symphysis pubis and bilateral widening of the sacroiliac joints. The open-book fracture resulted from the patient's striking the steering column of the watercraft during a deceleration accident. The unusual cause of this injury is of clinical interest because with increasing popularity of personal watercraft and changes in the design of these vehicles, the incidence and prevalence of this type of injury may increase in the future.
Admitting service influences the outcomes of patients with small bowel obstruction.

Abstract Background. Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common problem that often requires operation. We tested the hypotheses that patients admitted to a surgical service have improved outcomes and that these outcomes are related to early operation. Methods. Retrospective review of 281 patients with 336 episodes of SBO between 1992 and 1998 was performed. Parametric and nonparametric analysis was used as appropriate. Results. There were 222 admissions to a surgical service and 114 admissions to a medical service. Patient characteristics were similar between groups. Eighty-seven percent of patients had a previous abdominal or pelvic operation. There were 211 patients (217 admissions) who required operation. Operated patients admitted to the surgical service had a shorter preoperative (2.7 vs 6.3 days, P
Measuring Post-concussion Symptoms in Adolescents: Feasibility of Ecological Momentary Assessment

Although there is a large literature examining head trauma in general, several areas remain understudied. Notably, little is known about symptom expression over the course of a day for adolescents recovering from concussion. Furthermore, intra-individual symptom variability has not been well characterized. This pilot study examined the feasibility of a momentary data-gathering method, as well as the sensitivity of the assessment to the subtle and dynamic changes in symptoms of concussion. Six adolescents, three of whom suffered a concussion and three non-injured controls, provided symptom ratings five times per day for 5 days. This ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was conducted on a personal digital assistant to capture variability in symptom reports while in the natural environment. Preliminary results indicated that the EMA method showed great promise as a research tool in natural settings (e.g., school and home). Adolescents were able to comply with all tasks with little interference in their daily activities. Students with concussion showed generally higher symptom ratings across physical, cognitive, and affective domains, and temporal and diurnal patterns for symptoms emerged. Implications for future research and patient care are discussed.
Medical and psychiatric morbidity in obese women with and without binge eating

Objective To determine the prevalence of obesity and binge eating in a population-based sample of female twins and to examine whether the presence of binge eating was associated with a greater risk for medical and psychiatric disorders in obese women. Method A population-based study of twins who were born between 1934 and 1971 and both members responded to a mailed questionnaire (individual response rate was conservatively estimated to be 64%). Data for the present study are from the first and third interview waves. In Wave 1 (1987–1989), we assessed 92% of the eligible individuals (N = 2,163), 90% face-to-face and the remainder by telephone. We assessed lifetime history of psychiatric disorders, major medical disorders, health limitations, health satisfaction, and an array of personality and attitudinal measures. Results Obese women with binge eating reported greater health dissatisfaction and higher rates of major medical disorders than obese women without binge eating. Binge eating was also associated with higher lifetime prevalence of major depression, panic disorder, phobias, and alcohol dependence. Obese women with binge eating scored higher on neuroticism and symptom scales measuring depression, anxiety/phobia, and neurovegetative symptoms (i.e., insomnia, agitation, retardation, and obsessive-compulsive traits). Discussion The presence of binge eating in obese women is a marker for greater medical and psychiatric morbidity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 72–78, 2002.
Contexts for the semantic web

A central theme of the Semantic Web is that programs should be able to easily aggregate data from different sources. Unfortunately, even if two sites provide their data using the same data model and vocabulary, subtle differences in their use of terms and in the assumptions they make pose challenges for aggregation. Experiences with the TAP project reveal some of the phenomena that pose obstacles to a simplistic model of aggregation. Similar experiences have been reported by AI projects such as Cyc, which has led to the development and use of various context mechanisms. In this paper we report on some of the problems with aggregating independently published data and propose a context mechanism to handle some of these problems. We briefly survey the context mechanisms developed in AI and contrast them with the requirements of a context mechanism for the Semantic Web. Finally, we present a context mechanism for the Semantic Web that is adequate to handle the aggregation tasks, yet simple from both computational and model theoretic perspectives.
High resolution, standard format two‐dimensional protein electrophoresis using disposable glass micropipettes and non‐dedicated equipment

A method for high resolution, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of proteins on a standard format that utilizes non-dedicated electrophoretic equipment is described. This method combines key features of various previous protocols into an improved approach which can readily be applied by persons experienced only in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE. The method yields high-quality two-dimensional protein separations that are reliably reproducible and uniform between different analyses. High protein resolution is attained and preserved primarily by facilitating the execution of the first isoelectric focusing (IEF) dimension and streamlining the initiation of the second (SDS-PAGE) dimension. Important features of this method include the use of piperazine diacrylate cross-linker, disposable glass micropipettes, and conical sample chambers in the IEF dimension. In addition, the equilibration of the first-dimensional gels is accomplished at the same time the gels are loaded onto the second dimension. Loss of protein resolution due to diffusion after the end of the first dimension is reduced by minimizing the time required to load the SDS-PAGE dimension. The method is versatile and adaptable to the analysis of one or many samples. The high degree of resolution, reproducibility and uniformity attained by this method are sufficient to abrogate the need for dedicated equipment in most applications.
A 3D model of magnetohydrodynamic voltages: Comparison with voltages observed on the surface ECG during cardiac MRI

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect generates voltages which distort the ECG obtained during cardiac MRI. Consequently, MHD voltages result in triggering problems for MR image acquisition. In addition, since the MHD effect is related to blood flow, analysis of it not only as interference, but also as a signal may provide useful blood flow information. Comsol Multiphysics modeling software was used to compute and model the MHD voltages in 3D. These voltages were compared with MHD voltages obtained experimentally from the subtraction of ECGs taken outside the MRI magnet from ECGs taken inside the magnet. The maximum MHD voltage magnitude for the experimental data was 0.2 mV and was 3.04 mV for the modeled data when calculated on the surface of the uniform volume conductor. By modeling MHD voltages in 3D, we can learn about their effect on the ECG during cardiac MRI.
FD-TD modeling of digital signal propagation in 3-D circuits with passive and active loads

Most existing computer-aided circuit design tools are limited when digital clock speeds exceed several hundred MHz. These tools may not deal effectively with the physics of UHF and microwave electromagnetic wave energy transport along metal surfaces such as ground planes or in the air away from metal paths that are common at or above this frequency range. In this paper, we discuss full-wave modeling of electronic circuits in three dimensions using the finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) solution of Maxwell's equations. Parameters such as stripline complex line impedance, propagation constant, capacitance per unit length and inductance per unit length can be easily computed as a function of frequency. We also discuss FD-TD Maxwell's equations computational modeling of lumped-circuit loads and sources in 3-D, including resistors and resistive voltage sources, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors. We believe that this approach will be useful in simulating the large-signal behavior of very high-speed nonlinear analog and digital devices in the context of the full-wave time-dependent electromagnetic field. >
A preliminary investigation of multicultural perspective and life satisfaction.

The present study represents a preliminary investigation of Ramirez' contention that developing a multicultural identity would lead to better mental health and more life satisfaction. Using a tentative index of a multicultural perspective analysis indicated that, although a multicultural perspective is associated with more life satisfaction, it accounts for only 8% of the variance. Further, one of the measures used by Ramirez to measure an aspect of a multicultural perspective was not correlated with life satisfaction, and another correlated negatively. This latter measure accounts for only 6% of the variance in life satisfaction. Combined, these findings provide limited support for Ramirez' perspective by explaining 14% of the overall variance in life satisfaction.
Enabling the diagnosis of occult psychiatric illness in the emergency department: A randomized, controlled trial of the computerized, self-administered PRIME-MD Diagnostic System

Abstract Study Objective: Undiagnosed mental illness is highly prevalent and produces needless morbidity. Emergency department patients with vague or longstanding complaints are at risk for occult mental illness, but are seldom diagnosed. We conducted this study to determine whether a previously validated, self-administered, computerized psychiatric interview (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders [PRIME-MD]) could increase the detection of occult psychiatric illness in the ED. Methods: This was a randomized, controlled trial of consecutive patients enrolled during convenient times at a university teaching hospital ED with an annual census of 38,000. ED house staff and attending physicians participated. Patients were those with nonspecific complaints potentially associated with occult psychiatric illness (eg, long-standing headache, abdominal or back pain). Exclusion criteria were known psychiatric illness, complaint, or medication; and straightforward reason for the ED visit. Consenting subjects completed the PRIME-MD questionnaire in the waiting room, and were randomly assigned to either the "report" (report results given to physician) or "no-report" groups. PRIME-MD results were clipped to the front of the chart of report group patients. There was no other intervention. The main outcome measures were the percentage of all patients and percentage of patients with a PRIME-MD diagnosis who received a psychiatric diagnosis, consultation, or referral from the emergency physician. Results: A total of 339 (5.1%) of all patients were approached; 230 consented to participate in the study, and 218 completed the PRIME-MD session and were randomly assigned to study groups. Ninety-two patients in the report group and 98 cases in the no-report group were analyzed. Patients were omitted for the following reasons: left without being seen (8), mistakenly enrolled (10), or unretrievable medical records (10). Seventy-nine (42%) patients received a psychiatric diagnosis from PRIME-MD and 9 (5%) from the physician. The frequencies of physician psychiatric diagnosis and referral did not differ between groups (diagnosis: report 9%, no report 9%, Δ 0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] –13, 14; referral: report 9%, no report 7%, Δ 2%, 95% CI –11, 16). Conclusion: ED patients willingly completed the PRIME-MD questionnaire (in a median time of 7 minutes), which frequently diagnosed psychiatric conditions. Despite this, physicians rarely diagnosed or treated these conditions regardless of whether they were provided with the PRIME-MD diagnoses. [Schriger DL, Gibbons PS, Langone CA, Lee S, Altshuler LL. Enabling the diagnosis of occult psychiatric illness in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial of the computerized, self-administered PRIME-MD diagnostic system. Ann Emerg Med. February 2001;37:132-140.]
Arterial and Central Venous Pressure Monitoring

Pressure monitoring systems influence the contour of the displayed wave-forms and, on occasion, can introduce significant artifact in the pressure traces. It is important to understand the technical details of invasive pressure monitoring to interpret better the information presented. Careful observation of the arterial pressure waveform can provide information about ventricular function, the arterial system, and ventricular preload. In particular, systolic pressure variation during the respiratory cycle in mechanically ventilated patients is a clinically useful indicator of volume status. CVP monitoring is also used to assess intravascular volume, but this measurement is significantly influenced by ventricular compliance and intrathoracic pressure. Under most clinical circumstances, a trend in CVP values or its change with therapeutic maneuvers is more reliable than a single measurement. Like arterial pressure waveforms, CVP waveform morphology can provide important information about clinical pathophysiology.
Distance of a Bloch Function to the Little Bloch Space

Motivated by a formula of P. Jones that gives the distance of a Bloch function to BMOA, the space of bounded mean oscillations, we obtain several formulas for the distance of a Bloch function to the little Bloch space, β0. Immediate consequences are equivalent expressions for functions in β0. We also give several examples of distances of specific functions to β0. We comment on connections between distance to β0 and the essential norm of some composition operators on the Bloch space, β. Finally we show that the distance formulas in β have Bloch type spaces analogues.
Gender in Early U.S. Social Policy

In the social-scientific literature on the welfare state, scholars have long argued that the quality and extent of support available to workers outside the market—the citizen's wage—has a direct impact on their standard of living and an indirect effect on the bargaining position of labor within market relationships. In a parallel way, recent feminist scholarship on social policy has pointed out that how—if at all—the state steps in to assist women in their role as mothers when marital relationships break up or never form has a direct impact on the standard of living within motheronly families, and an indirect effect on women's bargaining position within two-parent families by (at least partially) setting the terms on which they will live should they want to exit relationships. Thus, just as analysts have argued that the level of the citizen's wage is revealing about the effect of policy on class inequality, a focus on what the state does for single mothers and their children is analytically strategic for assessing the relationship between policy and gender inequality. The situation of mother-only families reveals the inherent social and economic vulnerability of all women that exists due to their childrearing and domestic responsibilities and their low earnings, which is usually masked when women are in households with wage-earning men.
Error-control options for parallel-tone HF modems

DSTO is pursuing a program to adapt the configuration and operational parameters of military radio systems to optimize channel utility. This led the authors to compare the relative performance of 2400 bps MIL-STD-188-110A HF modems in a variety of channel environments. They show that the performance differences between the three waveforms are primarily a function of the error-control coding employed which in turn prompted them to investigate options to improve the error control on the earlier parallel-tone modems. This paper concentrates on the provision of digital voice transmission over systems employing a 16-tone modem structure where feedback adaptation is not available. This mandated a processing delay of no more than a few tenths of a second and a minimum throughput of 2400 bps. The approach adopted was to extend the signalling constellation of each of the tones from QPSK to 8 PSK and to apply rate 2/3 error-correcting codes to the bit stream before transmission. Results are given for two BCH codes, two Reed-Solomon codes, a convolutional code and a TCM scheme for both simulated and real HF channels. The results presented indicate that the parallel-tone format coupled to a TCM scheme showed clear superiority to the single-tone modem. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues to be addressed in the design of an optimal parallel-tone error-control strategy. >
Designing composite microstructures with targeted properties

We present a numerical method to find specific composite microstructures with targeted effective properties. The effective properties that may be prescribed are quite diverse and include transport, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties, as well as properties associated with coupled phenomena, such as piezoelectric and thermoelectric coefficients. We formulated the target problem as an optimization problem. To illustrate our general target optimization technique, we have successfully found two-phase composite microstructures having specified effective electrical or thermal conductivities at fixed volume fractions. The method can also be used to design microstructures with multifunctional characteristics.
mirWIP: microRNA target prediction based on microRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein–enriched transcripts

Target prediction for animal microRNAs (miRNAs) has been hindered by the small number of verified targets available to evaluate the accuracy of predicted miRNA-target interactions. Recently, a dataset of 3,404 miRNA-associated mRNA transcripts was identified by immunoprecipitation of the RNA-induced silencing complex components AIN-1 and AIN-2. Our analysis of this AIN-IP dataset revealed enrichment for defining characteristics of functional miRNA-target interactions, including structural accessibility of target sequences, total free energy of miRNA-target hybridization and topology of base-pairing to the 5' seed region of the miRNA. We used these enriched characteristics as the basis for a quantitative miRNA target prediction method, miRNA targets by weighting immunoprecipitation-enriched parameters (mirWIP), which optimizes sensitivity to verified miRNA-target interactions and specificity to the AIN-IP dataset. MirWIP can be used to capture all known conserved miRNA-mRNA target relationships in Caenorhabditis elegans at a lower false-positive rate than can the current standard methods.
Soluble dietary fiber (Fibersol-2) decreased hunger and increased satiety hormones in humans when ingested with a meal

We hypothesized that a digestion-resistant maltodextrin, Fibersol-2 (Archer Daniels Midland/Matsutani LLC, Decatur, IL, USA) may impact satiety by decreasing hunger, prolonging satiation, and/or increasing peripheral satiety signals. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, healthy subjects (9 men and 10 women) underwent 3 treatments in which they consumed a standardized meal with a tea containing 0, 5, or 10 g of Fibersol-2. A visual analog scale questionnaire was given in 30-minute intervals to measure subjective appetite and satiety. Blood was drawn just before the meal (time 0) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after meal for measurements of plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, peptide YY, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1, all by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There were significant delays in hunger and increased satiety for 1.5 to 2 hours after treatment with 10 g of Fibersol-2. These delays did not occur after ingesting 0 or 5 g Fibersol-2 at any time. Control and 5 g Fibersol-2 treatments did not suppress increases in hunger postmeal; hunger scores increased and satiety scores decreased significantly (P < .05) at all time points relative to the first postmeal assessment. Plasma peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 were significantly increased by the ingestion of meal with tea containing 10 g Fibersol-2 compared with 0 or 5 g Fibersol-2 (P < .05). This study demonstrated that 10 g Fibersol-2 with a meal stimulated production of satiety hormones and enhanced satiety.
Neuroprotection by Docosahexaenoic Acid in Brain Injury

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid highly enriched in the brain and is recognized as an essential nutrient for proper development of brain function. Common brain injuries often cause lifelong neurological and cognitive impairments, especially in learning and memory. Optimizing the nutritional DHA status in neural tissues may allow significantly improved resilience for the central nervous system to injury and optimized recovery. This article discusses neuroprotective effects of DHA, which are potentially important for improving injury outcome, thus reducing the risk of lifelong neurological impairment associated with brain injury.
Information Systems Application Development Courses: A Carnegie Mellon University Experience in Global Pedagogy

In this experience report, we describe recent initiatives in global undergraduate Information Systems education at Carnegie Mellon University. The entire systems development core curriculum is now offered at CMU campuses in Pittsburgh and Doha, Qatar. Courses are co-designed and delivered by faculty in both locations with an eye toward consistency of content and assessment, but also with content tuned for local sections. The collaboration and lessons learned among collaborating faculty in two example courses is described.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Agritourism Businesses Perceptions about Expansion

Agritourism can provide both on-farm recreational activities for visitors and educational activities showing how food is produced. It can help farmers diversify and add income to their operations. This study assesses how characteristics of agritourism operations and perceived barriers may influence future plans to expand using a logit model. This information will be useful to policymakers and economic development professionals, as they look for contributors to future growth in the agritourism sector, as well as special assistance needs by expansion-minded firms.
On Philosophy: Notes from a Crisis

Deepening divisions separate today's philosophers, first, from the culture at large; then, from each other; and finally, from philosophy itself. Though these divisions tend to coalesce publicly as debates over the Enlightenment, their roots lie much deeper. Overcoming them thus requires a confrontation with the whole of Western philosophy. Only when we uncover the strange heritage of Aristotle's metaphysics, as reworked, for example, by Descartes and Kant, can we understand contemporary philosophy's inability to dialogue with women, people of color, LGBTs, and other minority groups. Only when we have understood that inability can we see how the thought of Hegel and Heidegger contains the seeds of a remedy. And only when armed with such a remedy can philosophy rise to the challenges posed by thinkers such as David Foster Wallace and Abraham Lincoln. The book's interpretations of these figures and others past and present are as scrupulous as its conclusions will be controversial. The result contributes to the most important question confronting us today: does reason itself have a future?
Consequences of Transient Heating on the Motional Dynamics of Cholesterol-Containing Phospholipid Vesicles

We have investigated the effects of transient heating on the molecular reorientation dynamics of perylene incorporated into the nonpolar acyl chain region of 100 nm diameter unilamellar vesicles comprised of DMPC and cholesterol as a function of system temperature. We observe distinctly different reorientation behavior for perylene, depending upon whether it is excited to its S1 or S2 electronic state. This difference is due to the dissipation of excess excitation energy through nonradiative relaxation from the S2 to the S1 manifold. The thermal energy deposited into the lipid bath following S2 ← S0 excitation results in faster rotational diffusion than that observed for excitation to the S1 state. These findings are consistent with an average temperature increase of ca. 7 K for system temperatures ≤ 278 K and ca. 13 K for system temperatures >278 K. We believe the variation in average temperature change is a result of a lipid phase transition occurring in the vicinity of 278 K.
Signature of photon localization in vortex core statistics

Theoretical expressions for the relations between the statistics of normalized vorticity Q near phase singularities and total transmission are found and verified in microwave measurements. var characterizes the degree of photon localization.
Decompression of the superficial peroneal nerve: clinical outcomes and anatomical study

OBJECTIVE The authors of this study sought to determine the outcomes of patients undergoing superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) release to treat lower-extremity pain and describe consistent anatomical landmarks to direct surgical planning. METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined 54 patients with pain in the SPN distribution who were treated with decompression between 2011 and 2014. Patients rated pain and the effect of pain on quality of life (QOL) on the visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10. Scores were then converted to percentages. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of the preoperative effect of pain on QOL, age, body mass index (BMI), and preoperative duration of pain on the postoperative effect of pain on QOL. Measurements were made intraoperatively in 13 patients to determine the landmarks for identifying the SPN. RESULTS A higher BMI was a negative predictor for improvement in the effect of pain on QOL. A decrease in pain compared with the initial level of pain suggested a nonlinear relationship between these variables. A minority of patients (7 of 16) with a preoperative pain VAS score ≤ 60 reported less pain after surgery. A large majority (30 of 36 patients) of those with a preoperative pain VAS score > 60 reported improvement. Intraoperative measurements demonstrated that the SPN was consistently found to be 5 ± 1.1, 5 ± 1.1, and 6 ± 1.2 cm lateral to the tibia at 10, 15, and 20 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A majority of patients with a preoperative pain VAS score > 60 showed a decrease in postoperative pain. A higher BMI was associated with less improvement in the effect of pain on QOL. This information can be useful when counseling patients on treatment options. Based on the intraoperative data, the authors found that the SPN can be located at reliable points in reference to the tibia and lateral malleolus.
306 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED ACUTE LUNG INJURY: TEMPORAL SEQUENCE OF EARLY PHYSIOLOGIC, PATHOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL, AND MOLECULAR EVENTS.

Endotoxemia is frequently used to delineate the pathophysiology of ALI. To characterize the temporal sequence of early events related to endotoxin-induced ALI, we infused 2 μg/kg of endotoxin (n = 5) or saline (n = 3) intravenously into anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, open chest sheep. We measured hemodynamics; collected blood samples every 30 min for 4 hr for arterial blood gases, cell counts, and cytokine measurements (ELISA); and took lung biopsies hourly for 4 hr for histology, EMSA detection of NF-kB, and real-time PCR analysis for cytokine gene transcription. All measurements in the control group were unchanged. Endotoxemia caused pulmonary hypertension (PVR peaked at 30 min, p
Feedback from Physiological Sensors in the Classroom

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation recently announced the development of an “engagement pedometer” that can identify exciting or boring moments to be used in classrooms. Researchers at the University of Hawaii have also developed potential real-time cognitive load indicators that also could be used in the classroom. These real-time cognitive load indicators can be used to optimize the student-computer interaction. Initial research is targeted at extracting real-time cognitive load from a suite of physiological sensors. Physiological sensors we have used collect: eye fixation times, number of fixations, eye saccades, blink rates, pupil dilation, hand/finger pressures on a mouse, relative blood flow, pulse, temperature, general somatic activity and electrodermal activity change. With the advent of tablet technology, our current research is to adapt our pressure mouse technology to finger pressure on a touch screen and add it to our suite of sensors. The goal is to obtain a reliable suite of cognitive load indicators from passive physiological sensors installed in current technology. The development of real-time cognitive load indicators involves different types of cognitive activities, establishing the transform from sensor to cognitive load and controlling the cognitive impact of various multimedia features.
Neuroprotection by progesterone after transient cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

We investigated the neuroprotective effects of progesterone (P4) treatment in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) given 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The treatment groups were: (1) Wistar-Kyoto (normotensive sham), (2) SHRSP (hypertensive sham), (3) tMCAO SHRSPs (SHRSP+tMCAO), and (4) SHRSP+tMCAO+P4. P4 (8mg/kg) was administered 1h after occlusion and then daily for 14days. We measured cerebral infarction volume, blood pressure and body weight. Behavioral outcomes were analyzed at post-stroke days 3, 9, and 14. To assess morphological protection we measured activation of microglia and astrocytes, oxidative stress, apoptosis, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic marker, and IL-1β, a marker of inflammation, on day 14 post-stroke. There was no effect of P4 on body weight or systolic blood pressure compared to the SHRSP+tMCAO group. However, grip strength and sensory neglect measures in the P4 group were improved compared to SHRSP+tMCAO. In addition, significantly larger infarct volumes were seen in the SHRSP+tMCAO group compared to SHRSP+tMCAO+P4. Increased markers of the injury cascade such as macrophages, activated astrocytes, superoxide anion and apoptotic cells observed in the SHRSP+tMCAO group were significantly decreased by P4. We conclude that, despite hypertensive comorbidity, P4 improves functional outcomes and attenuates stroke infarct in hypertensive rats by reducing superoxide anion expression and by decreasing inflammation and neuronal apoptosis.
At the Interface of Chemical and Biological Synthesis: An Expanded Genetic Code

The ability to site-specifically incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with novel structures into proteins in living cells affords a powerful tool to investigate and manipulate protein structure and function. More than 200 ncAAs with diverse biological, chemical, and physical properties have been genetically encoded in response to nonsense or frameshift codons in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with high fidelity and efficiency. In this review, recent advances in the technology and its application to problems in protein biochemistry, cellular biology, and medicine are highlighted.
Evaluation of the Impact of Na-SO 4 Dominated Ionic Strength on Effluent Water Quality in Bench-Scale Vertical Flow Bioreactors Using Spent Mushroom Compost

Passive treatment systems (PTSs) are frequently used to treat mine drainage that contains elevated concentrations of Fe, sulfate, and trace metals. Vertical flow bioreactors (VFBRs), often designed specifically to remove trace metals from mine drainage and retain them in an organic substrate, are a common PTS component. Many factors, including ionic strength, affect the performance of VFBR and their ability to remove trace metals. A paired-comparison study was performed in which two sets of columns were constructed, filled with an organic substrate, and fed synthetic mine water of differing ionic strengths, dominated by Na and sulfate, for 1 year. Elevated ionic strength significantly increased the rate of removal of Cd and Zn, and possibly Pb. Conversely, elevated ionic strength significantly decreased the rate of removal of Ni and Mn and even caused the eventual release of Mn from the substrate.
Levitating the fridge

Simultaneous trapping, alignment and anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling of Yb3+:YLF nanocrystals from room temperature to temperatures as low as about 130 K can now be realized using a single-beam optical dipole trap within a low-pressure environment.
Circuit-based reliability consideration in FinFET technology

The continuous scaling of device dimension and the introduction of FinFET technology has led to new reliability concerns, such as Bias Temperature Instability (BTI), Stress-Induced Leakage Current (SILC), Self-Heat Effect (SHE) and Time Dependent Junction degradation (TDJD). These reliability issues become process and design bottle neck for the advanced technology development because of their stringent process requirements and the device trade-off. In this paper, we introduced the circuit-based reliability consideration to assess the practical circuit reliability limitation that closes to the real product usage. The circuit-based reliability consideration contains dynamic AC reliability environment, low percentile reliability prediction through Monte-Carlo Simulation on transistor-based TDDB model, and power consumption leakage consideration in dealing with the junction degradation, as well as the FinFET self-heat effect impact on on-state TDDB under static DC and dynamic AC stress. Through this study, we demonstrated that circuit-based reliability model, established from the transistor-based reliability evaluation, can be used realistically in assessing product reliability down to their use conditions.
Beginning at the beginning: Reading missio Dei from the start of the Bible

While Missiological hermeneutics have pointed to the missio Dei concept as key to the entire Biblical narrative, these readings have described God’s mission activity as commencing after the entranc...
NMR of Macromolecular Assemblies and Machines at 1 GHz and Beyond: New Transformative Opportunities for Molecular Structural Biology

As a result of profound gains in sensitivity and resolution afforded by ultrahigh magnetic fields, transformative applications in the fields of structural biology and materials science are being realized. The development of dual low temperature superconducting (LTS)/high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets has enabled the achievement of magnetic fields above 1 GHz (23.5 T), which will open doors to an unprecedented new range of applications. In this contribution, we discuss the promise of ultrahigh field magnetic resonance. We highlight several methodological developments pertinent at high-magnetic fields including measurement of 1H-1H distances and 1H chemical shift anisotropy in the solid state as well as studies of quadrupolar nuclei such as 17O. Higher magnetic fields have advanced heteronuclear detection in solution NMR, valuable for applications including metabolomics and disordered proteins, as well as expanded use of proton detection in the solid state in conjunction with ultrafast magic angle spinning. We also present several recent applications to structural studies of the AP205 bacteriophage, the M2 channel from Influenza A, and biomaterials such as human bone. Gains in sensitivity and resolution from increased field strengths will enable advanced applications of NMR spectroscopy including in vivo studies of whole cells and intact virions.