cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from Substrate by an Active Site Thiyl Radical in Ribonucleotide Reductase

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides in all organisms. Active E. coli class Ia RNR is an α2β2 complex that undergoes reversible, long-range proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) over a pathway of redox active amino acids (β-Y122 → [β-W48] → β-Y356 → α-Y731 → α-Y730 → α-C439) that spans ∼35 A. To unmask PCET kinetics from rate-limiting conformational changes, we prepared a photochemical RNR containing a [ReI] photooxidant site-specifically incorporated at position 355 ([Re]-β2), adjacent to PCET pathway residue Y356 in β. [Re]-β2 was further modified by replacing Y356 with 2,3,5-trifluorotyrosine to enable photochemical generation and spectroscopic observation of chemically competent tyrosyl radical(s). Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we compare the kinetics of Y· decay in the presence of substrate and wt-α2, Y731F-α2 ,or C439S-α2, as well as with 3′-[2H]-substrate and wt-α2. We find that only in the presence of wt-α2 and the unlabeled subst...
Sex Steroids in Reproductive Tract Tissues: Regulation of Estradiol Concentrations by Progesterone

A method for measuring estradiol and progesterone concentrations in tissue samples and data on levels of these hormones found in the reprod uctive tract of spayed rhesus monkeys and rats treated with various hormonal regimens are presented. Tissue homogenates were extracted with ether and defatted followed by isolation of estradiol-17beta and progesterone by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 columns and quantification by radioimmunoassay. Monkeys treated with estradiol and significant elevations of this steroid in the reproductive tract tissues (p less than .01) but not in skeletal muscle. A combination treatment of progesterone and estradiol revealed a significant reduction of estrad iol in the reproductive tract (p less than .01). Progesterone concentration increased significantly (p less than .001) in the reproductive tract after both estradiol and combination treatments. Similar results were obtained in rats. The results consistently revealed that progesterone markedly lowers the quantity of estradiol-17beta in the reproductive tract tissue of both rhesus monkeys and rats.
β1-integrin mediates pressure-stimulated phagocytosis

Background Extracellular pressure alterations in infection, inflammation, or positive pressure ventilation may influence macrophage phagocytosis. We hypothesized that pressure modulates β1-integrins to stimulate phagocytosis.
Palpable breast carcinomas: a hypothesis for clinically relevant lymphatic drainage in sentinel lymph node biopsy.

: Previous studies have shown that independent of tumor size, palpable breast tumors have a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis compared with nonpalpable tumors. This study further examines this phenomenon using a large sentinel lymph node (SLN) database. Data from a prospective, institutional review board (IRB)-approved, multi-institutional study from the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Sentinel Lymph Node Study Group was used. From August 1997 through December 2001, 3192 patients with clinical T1 and T2 N0 breast cancer underwent SLN biopsy, most with a combined technique of radioactive colloid and blue dye, followed by level I/II axillary dissection. Patients with palpable tumors tended to be younger (mean age 58 years) compared with nonpalpable tumors (mean age 61 years). The incidence of positive axillary metastasis was significant between palpable and nonpalpable tumors (43% and 23%, respectively), independent of tumor size by logistic regression (p = 0.0001). The SLN identification rate was significantly different between palpable and nonpalpable tumors (95% versus 91%, respectively; p < 0.0001). A unifying theory to explain the phenomenon that palpable tumors, stage for stage, are associated with a higher rate of nodal metastasis is that palpable tumors are, on average, closer to the skin and the rich network of dermal lymphatics. We believe that the dermal lymphatics of the breast represent a clinically relevant metastatic pathway to the axilla.
Nicotine patch use in pregnant smokers: smoking abstinence and delivery outcomes

Objective: To describe smoking abstinence and fetal effects of pregnant smokers who received 8 weeks of nicotine patch therapy. Methods: One-sample study of 21 pregnant women smoking ≥ 15 cigarettes/day during their third trimester of pregnancy despite physician advice to stop. Nicotine patch therapy (22 mg/24 h) was initiated during the first day of a 4-day in-hospital study and continued for a total of 8 weeks. Subjects returned weekly until delivery, at 4 weeks after delivery, and at 6 and 12 months after patch therapy. Fetal growth and well-being were assessed using ultrasound examinations and non-stress tests. Results: Eight of 21 subjects completed all 8 weeks of patch therapy according to the protocol. Five subjects (24%) discontinued using the nicotine patch, owing to adverse skin reactions. There were eight subjects (38%) who were biochemically confirmed abstinent from smoking at the time of delivery; of these, seven were continuously abstinent from the start of patch therapy. Centile weight for ...
Reflections on "The Subclavian Steal"

Reversal of blood flow in the vertebral artery, demonstrated by angiography, was reported ten years ago and immediately given the colorful name of "The Subclavian Steal." Since then, numerous articles have appeared, in English and other languages, reporting both clinical and arteriographical descriptions of the phenomenon. A search of the literature has turned up a most interesting early report in which cerebrovascular symptoms were ascribed to the hemodynamic alterations. This case report appeared almost 100 years prior to the aforementioned article in the modern medical literature. It was further suggested by the physician describing this case that ligature of the vertebral artery would be the treatment of choice in the relief of symptoms.
Multichain Frenkel-Kontorova model for interfacial slip

Using the results of large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations of dry, wearless friction between two flat one-dimensional interfaces, a simple frictional model is formulated with specified parameters. The model, a two-chain-driven Frenkel-Kontorova model with unidirectional motion, is studied numerically and analytically. In a certain regime of slip velocities behavior similar to that of the large-scale simulations is observed. This is characterized by kink-antikink excitations and a weakening of frictional force with increasing slip velocity. The insights given by the simple model lead us to postulate a mechanism for the nucleation of structures perpendicular to the interface in the large-scale system.
The hinge region of chicken annexin I contains no site for tyrosine phosphorylation

Annexin I (AnxI) is a calcium-dependent membrane binding protein which has been implicated in various physiological activities. The region of the chicken anxI cDNA encoding the first 130 amino terminal residues was cloned by reverse transcription PCR in order to determine the relationship of its variable amino-terminal regulatory region with other known annexins. This nucleotide sequence shows 86% identity with pigeon AnxI isoforms, and 57% with its human homolog. The protein encoded by the chicken anxI cDNA lacks the canonical epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase phosphorylation site, which is present in AnxI of other species. In contrast, the putative protein kinase C phosphorylation site of the amino-terminus is present in the chicken AnxI. Whereas the pigeon genome contains two anxI genes, genomic Southern analysis shows that in the chicken AnxI is encoded by only a single gene. These data suggest that AnxI has undergone significant sequence variation in the avians, and clarifies the relationships of the avian anxI genes with their ancestral homologs.
Creativity, Overinclusion, and Everyday Tasks

This study examined relations between creative thinking and performance on routine, everyday tasks. Results were considered in light of past research on the putative relation between creativity and schizophrenia/psychotic thinking. Thirty healthy undergraduates completed the Alternative Uses Task, a measure of divergent thinking, and the 2 × 3 Multi-Level Action Test, a performance-based measure of everyday action. The Alternative Uses Task was scored for fluency (total plausible uses), originality (uniqueness of responses), and errors (inappropriate uses). The 2 × 3 Multi-Level Action Test was scored for omissions (step not performed), commissions (step performed incorrectly), and additions (performing off-task step). Correlations between Alternative Uses Task and 2 × 3 Multi-Level Action Test variables showed originality was highly associated with both omissions and commissions, such that the more unique responses one generated, the fewer everyday action errors were made. Alternative Uses Task errors we...
Support for Bereaved Owners of Pets

TOPIC. The bond that exists between people and their pets and its impact on physical and mental health. PURPOSE. To review the current literature and explore the clinical implications of bereavement related to pets. SOURCES. A comprehensive review of the bereavement, veterinarian, and agricultural literature related to attitudes and response patterns to pet and animal death. CONCLUSIONS. The death or loss of a beloved pet can be a life-changing event.
Social organization of the spotted sharpnose puffer, Canthigaster punctatissima (Tetraodontidae)

Tagged individuals of the Eastern Pacific sharpnose puffer, Canthigaster punctatissima, were studied at Punta Santa Inez, Baja California Sur. Territories were maintained by both sexes in this sexually dimorphic fish. Male puffers appear to have harems; one large male interacts with one to four smaller females. Puffers from different harems were not seen to interact except for occasional aggressive contact. Removal of a male puffer resulted in the overnight takeover of his harem by a neighboring male. Harem-forming behavior is discussed, as well as the possible role of predation.
Control of ribonucleotide reductase in mammalian cells.

Studies of the ribonucleotide reductase system from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells have shown that there are several criteria which indicate that more than one enzyme may be responsible for CDP and ADP reduction. The ratio of CDP to ADP reductase activities did not remain constant during various purification steps. The ADP reductase activity was more sensitive to DMF and DMSO than was CDP reductase activity. The CDP reductase activity was more sensitive to inhibition by the dialdehyde derivatives of adenosine, inosine, purine riboside, 6-N-methyladenosine and AMP than was ADP reduction. Pyridoxal phosphate/borohydride treatment caused a marked alteration in the ratio of CDP/ADP reductase activities. The optimal Mg+2 ion concentration for CDP, UDP and ADP reductase activities were 3–4 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. The modulator effects of the various nucleoside triphosphates were compared for CDP and ADP reductase activities. ATP was the prime activator of CDP reduction. However, the ATP concentration required for maximum CDP reduction caused a 90% decrease in ADP reduction. dGTP was the prime activator of ADP reduction. GTP was only one-sixth as effective as dGTP in terms of maximum ADP reduction. Analysis of the GTP and dGTP levels in the tumor cells showed that the levels of dGTP were probably too low to modulate the ADP reductase in the intact cell. Further, GTP and dGTP were negative effectors of CDP reduction. dTTP was much more inhibitory to CDP reductase than to ADP reductase. The level of CDP reductase was shown to increase upon incubation of the Ehrlich tumor cells in serum-free media in culture. The increase in activity was not blocked by cycloheximide or actinomycin D. There was a corresponding increase in the level of thymidine incorporation into DNA. These data suggest that there are other factors not related to protein or RNA synthesis which are involved in initiating DNA synthesis.
Purification and characterization of human plasma glutathione peroxidase: A selenoglycoprotein distinct from the known cellular enzyme☆

Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), (glutathione:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) was purified to homogeneity from human plasma. This resulted in a 6800-fold purification of the enzyme with a 2.8% yield. The purification process involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose batch and column chromatographies, hydroxyapatite, and Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatographies. The major peak on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography was found to be homogeneous on poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Relative mobility in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2 was 0.5 for the purified enzyme as detected by both protein staining and enzyme activity compared with 0.38 for erythrocyte GSHPx. The molecular weight of the plasma enzyme as determined by gel filtration was found to be approximately 100,000. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the plasma enzyme gave a subunit molecular weight of approximately 23,000. This suggests that the plasma enzyme exists as a tetramer in its native state, similar to that seen for the erythrocyte enzyme, but with slightly different mobility on SDS-gel electrophoresis. Plasma GSHPx, like the erythrocyte enzyme, was found to contain approximately four atoms of selenium per mole of protein. Utilizing iodinated concanavalin A, it was found that plasma GSHPx, but not the erythrocyte GSPx, is a glycoprotein. Purified plasma enzyme catalyzes both the reduction of tertiary butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. The apparent Km of plasma GSHPx for GSH is 5.3 mm and for tertiary butyl hydroperoxide it is 0.57 mm. Copper, mercury, and zinc strongly inhibit the enzyme activity of plasma GSHPx. Rabbit antibodies directed against the human erythrocyte GSHPx do not precipitate the enzyme activity of the purified plasma enzyme. Radioimmunoassay utilizing erythrocyte GSHPx and anti-erythrocyte GSHPx antibodies showed that less than 0.13% of the antigenically detectable protein is found in the purified GSHPx from plasma.
Photo-magnetism and possible optical switching in Fe3+: PMN-PT: a Photo-EPR investigation

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) under the conditions of in situ laser illumination of the sample in the microwave cavity, called photo-EPR is an excellent method to detect photo induced electron transfer in real time. We report Photo- EPR results on the formation of clusters of magnetic ions in 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3. 0.33PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) on illumination with blue laser at room temperature .The Photo EPR signal with g=2.00, agrees with Pb3+ formation. The PMN-PT crystals 2-6mm size grown using PbO flux method were clear and transparent: and the upper part of the melt yielded pink colored crystals containing a few hundred PPM of Fe3+ as seen by EPR Signal at g=4.3. The large linewidth (~45 Gauss) of the photo-EPR signal and the presence of Fe3+ in the sample suggests the possibility of magnetic ion cluster formation on blue laser excitation. When the photo-magnetic centers were produced in magnetic field of 7.5KG, the signal was 30% more than that produced under switch-OFF condition of magnet having a remnant field of only 50G. This critical observation is a clear pointer to the formation of photo-induced magnetic polarons at room temperature, which are essentially clusters of ferromagnetically, coupled Fe3+ , Pb3+ and trapped electrons. The cluster formation and decay exhibited fast optical response with growth and decay time less than or equal to 100msec. These observations show that PMN-PT having excellent electromechanical properties can also be used for photomagnetic switching and real time holography with fast grating response using Pb2+ Pb3+ process. PMN-PT would have additional advantage compared to other photo-refractive materials: due to possibility that the grating contrast can be manipulated by external magnetic field.
Sedimentation Kinetics of Flocculated Suspensions I: Initial Sedimentation Region

Abstract Depending on the concentration of a suspension, it will exhibit one of three sedimentation patterns pertaining to low, intermediate, and high concentrations of solids, respectively. Of these, only the dilute region has been thoroughly investigated in the past from a theoretical and experimental standpoint. Pharmaceutical suspensions are mostly of the intermediate type. It is shown here that if the models by Kynch, Michaels, and Bolger pertain, and if the sedimented cake experiences an exponential compaction from the onset, experimental data are consistent with theory and lead to the relation: x = x 0 exp [- kt ] + C .[1 - exp (- kt )]. exp [- wt ], where k is a sedimentation rate constant pertaining to a constant density plug, and w is a sedimentation rate constant pertaining to the cake. It has also been found that, empirically, the sedimentation heights in the initial stage may be presented by the relation: [ x 0 2 - x 2 ] = β t , where x denotes height, and t time.
An XPS study of the flouride uptake by hydroxyapatite

Abstract The mechanism of fluoride uptake from solution by hydroxyapatite was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At low concentrations, fluoride ions exchange with hydroxyls in hydroxyapatite lattice. At higher concentrations, hydroxyapatite dissolves and the solution becomes supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite or calcium fluoride. An interfacial layer containing Ca 2+ , OH − , PO 3− 4 , and F − ions is postulated as a precursor to nucleation of a crystalline phase. Vapor deposited gold and internal carbon were examined as the reference materials and their utility in adsorption studies is discussed.
A new adaptive turbo equalizer with soft information classification

Linear turbo equalizers with/without channel estimation have been exploited due to their good performance with low complexity compared to a maximuma posteriori (MAP) turbo equalizer. Much work has focused on channel estimate-based minimum mean square error (MMSE) turbo equalizers. However, an MMSE turbo equalizer still requires higher complexity than an adaptive turbo equalizer such as with a normalized least mean square (NLMS) turbo equalizer. Even if adaptive turbo equalizers converge, there is often a performance loss compared to an MMSE turbo equalizer because the adaptive turbo equalizers treat soft decision data as stationary. In order to reduce this loss, we propose a new adaptive turbo equalizer that uses the soft decision data to switch among a set of K different equalizers to approximate the time varying MMSE behavior. Simulations show that the proposed switching-based NLMS turbo equalizer has better bit error rate (BER) performance than a conventional NLMS turbo equalizer by as much as 0.6dB.
X-type zeolite membranes: preparation, characterization, and pervaporation performance

Abstract X-type zeolite membranes were prepared by a template-free method on porous tubular supports. The best membrane was prepared as one zeolite layer on a γ-Al 2 O 3 support and it had a tri-isopropyl benzene pervaporation flux of 2.3 g/m 2 h at 300 K. This membrane separated 1,3-propanediol from glycerol in aqueous mixtures by pervaporation; at 308 K, the total flux was 2.7 kg/m 2 h, and the 1,3-propanediol/glycerol selectivity was 41. All the component fluxes and the 1,3-propanediol/glycerol selectivity increased with temperature, but the water flux increased faster than fluxes of the other species. The high 1,3-propanediol/glycerol selectivity was due to preferential adsorption of 1,3-propanediol.
Glutamine, inositol and conditioning factor in the production of barley pollen callus in vitro

Abstract A growth supplement consisting of L-glutamine (800 mg/l) and m-inositol (5000 mg/l), beneficial in the culture of isolated tobacco pollen, was tested in barley anther culture as a substitute for the anther-conditioning factor (CF.) Unlike the CF, the supplement had no influence on the formation of multicellular pollen grains (MPGs), but it partially replaced the CF, depending on the inoculation density of the anthers, in sustaining growth of MPGs into callus. Inositol proved to be the active component and was more effective at 1000 than at 5000 mg/l. Glutamine at 160 or 800 mg/l was either ineffective or inhibitory. The combined influence of inositol and CF exceeded the sum of their separate influences. The influence of the CF and hence the synergism with inositol was destroyed by heat. The role of compounds such as amino acids and inositol in the growth of morphogenic pollen is seen as subsidiary to that of the CF.
Panic, anxiety, and chronic dyspnea.

M F WAS A 77-year-old man with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who received hospice care at home. He and his family reported new anxiety symptoms related to fear of suffocating after hospice care began. He was admitted to an inpatient hospice unit when breathlessness became progressively worse and functional ability declined significantly. The patient’s anxiety increased. He reported frequent (up to three times per week) panic attacks prompted by difficulty breathing. During the panic attacks, he had thoughts about dying by suffocation and visions of a terrifying death fighting to breathe. He experienced shaking, sweating, and increased heart rate only during these attacks. He said his fear of suffocation and sense of loss of control were so great that he sometimes wished that he could “get it over with.” The Acute Panic Inventory1–3 (API) score was 25. The Sheehan’s Patient Rated Anxiety Scale4 was 61 indicating significant anxiety, specifically related to panic symptoms, and distress.
Processing Pollen and Spore Exines for Electron Microscopy

A resin mixture containing Araldite M, 15 ml; Epon 812, 25 ml; dodecenyl succinic anhydride, 55 ml; and dibutyl phthlate, 2 ml, was found to be the optimal embedding resin for both fresh and acetylated pollen exines. Diamond knives greatly facilitated sectioning. Exine fine structure, and stratification patterns in fresh pollen were most clearly revealed by section staining of glutaraldehyde-fixed (2 hr), OsO4-stained (2 hr) specimens. Acetylated exines (acetic anhydride-H2SO4 9:1; 100 C, 5 min) did not require additional treatment prior to embedding, but section staining of exines so treated greatly enhanced stain differentiation of exine subunits. Successfully used section stains included Reynold's lead hydroxide, Millonig's lead citrate and aqueous KMnO4. Additional procedures were tried but were found to have serious disadvantages, e. g. exines treated with KMnO4 before embedding shattered badly during sectioning.
The impact of the electoral system on post-communist party development: The case of the 1993 Russian parliamentary elections

Abstract This paper uses a case study of the 1993 Russian parliamentary elections to explore the influence of proportional representation and plurality electoral systems on party formation in a post-communist regime. The mixed PR-plurality electoral system used by Russia in the 1993 elections is a particularly useful case for such analysis for it allows the simultaneous study of these two electoral systems under the same set of social, economic, and cultural conditions. This study found that common emphasis placed on the number of parties allowed by PR versus plurality systems is misplaced in the context of Russian politics. The vital impact of electoral systems under post-communist conditions is their permeability to independent candidates. PR systems tend to impose party labels on the electorate and elites and thus bolster the status of parties as electoral agents. Plurality systems allow independents to compete on a level playing field with partisan candidates, robbing parties of the preferential treatment they need to get established in the initial years of democratic governance.
Laser Beams in the Atmosphere

There is a growing, interdisciplinary field of research which I prefer to call lidar meteorology. It involves the probing of the atmosphere with laser beams to measure the various physical parameters of concern to atmospheric scientists. When this is done with a high-energy, pulsed laser, that is, with a lidar system, the atmosphere can be monitored at unmatched spatial resolution and at reasonably long distances. Gradually, lidar researchers are venturing from their technologically oriented conferences into the realm of the applied atmospheric sciences—they have lately been seen at conferences devoted to air pollution, atmospheric radiation, cloud physics, and even radar meteorology.
Pore Structure of Modified Cyclic Silsesquioxane Thin Films Made Porous Using a Cyclodextrins-Based Porogen

The pore structure of porous modified cyclic silsesquioxane (mCSSQ) thin films with different porogen concentration were investigated by means of EP and PALS as a “round robin” experiment. A plausi...
Intertrial interval effects in pavlovian serial feature positive discriminations

The effects of the intertrial interval (ITI) on learning and performance in Pavlovian appetitive serial feature positive (SFP) discriminations were examined in three experiments with rats. With longer ITIs, acquisition was more rapid, and there was less transfer of the feature’s behavioral control to a separately trained target cue, suggesting that longer ITIs encouraged the use of an occasion setting strategy. Behavior was also affected by discrimination-specific ITIs. Rats were trained with two SFP discriminations. The overall ITI was held constant, but the intervals between trials of one discrimination were varied by intermixing different numbers of trials from the other discrimination. Learning was more rapid when the intervals between trials of a single discrimination were longer. A sequential analyses showed that performance on a trial was impaired when it was preceded by a trial that included the same target cue but with the opposite trial outcome. The results are discussed in the frameworks of proactive interference effects and deletion-comparator processes (Cooper, Aronson, Balsam, & Gibbon, 1990.)
Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing Roundup Ready wheat (MON 71800), a non-transgenic genetically similar wheat, or conventional wheat varieties

The objective of this study was to compare growth performance and carcass and meat quality characteristics of growing–ﬁnishing pigs fed diets containing Roundup Ready wheat (MON 71800), compared with the non-transgenic genetically similarparental control wheat (MON 71900), and four commercial varieties of non-transgenic wheat (HANK, Westbred 926, Expressand Zeke). The study was carried out as a split-plot design with a 236 factorial arrangement of treatments (two genders andsix wheat varieties). A three-phase dietary program was used; all diets were formulated with a ﬁxed level of wheat inclusion(70%, 80% and 85% for the Grower, Finisher I and Finisher II phases, respectively). A total of 240 commercial hybrid pigs(equal numbers of barrows and gilts) were grown from 29.560.29 to 114.562.23kg live weight in single-gender pens(barrows or gilts) of ﬁve pigs (eight pens per dietary treatment) withad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study.At the end of each dietary phase and of the test period, ultrasound measurements were taken at the 10th rib. Animals fromthe transgenic (MON 71800) and non-transgenic (MON 71900) treatments were harvested at the end of the study and carcassand meat quality measurements were taken. Pigs fed the six wheat varieties had similar (P.0.05) feed intake, live weightgain, gain:feed ratio and ultrasound measures of backfat thickness and longissimus muscle area. There was a wheatvariety3gender interaction (P,0.05) for longissimus fat content. Gilts fed the transgenic wheat had higher (P,0.05)longissimus fat content than those fed the non-transgenic control wheat; however, for barrows there was no effect (P.0.05)of wheat variety on longissimus fat content. However, there was no effect (P.0.05) of wheat variety on other longissimusmuscle quality or composition measures. Gilts had lower (P,0.01) feed intake, growth rate and backfat thickness, and similargain:feed ratio (P.0.05) compared to barrows. This study, with growing–ﬁnishing swine, suggests that the Roundup Readywheat (MON 71800) resulted in equivalent animal performance to conventional wheat.
Fiber-optic gyro development for a broad range of applications

Progress in fiber-optic gyroscope development at Honeywell is reported here. The results illustrate the versatility of the technology, showing its potential to meet both the low-cost, small-sized needs of tactical guidance, as well as the very high perfomance needs of inertial navigation and precision applications. In the case of inertial navigation, data is presented that illustrates the possibility of employing a low-cost depolarized design for this use.
Modeling microphysical influences on optical turbulence

ABSTRACT Optical turbulence is important because it can significa ntly degrade the performan ce of electro-optical and infrared sensors, such as free-space la ser communications and infrared imaging systems. Changes in the refractive index of air along the transmission path of an optical system in free space can influence traveling light waves temporally and spatially causing blurring, scintillation, and bean wander. If left uncompensated, these effects could cause fades and surges in transmitted signals and result in high bit errors in communicated data. An earlier paper discussed the growing need for increasingly accurate and re liable numerical models to predict optical turbulence conditions, especially in complex (non-uniform) signal propagation environments. He nce, we present a finite-difference computer model to predict the microphysical (microclimate) influences on optical turbulence ( C n2) around the ARL A_LOT Facility and its surroundings, e.g. , forests and multiple buildings. Our multi-dimensional prototypical model begins to address optical turbulence conditions along more complex optical lines-of-site and account for inhomogeneities in C n2 brought about by horizontal changes in la ndscape, wind flow, temperature, and humidity. We anticipate that this kind of computational research will be an important vehicle for investigating C n2 and related laser-optic propagation effects in complex areas. Keywords: Refractive index structure constant, computer model, buildings, forests, free-space laser communications
Abnormal cilia in a male-sterile mutant mouse

In mice homozygous for the mutation hydrocephalic-polydactyl (hpy) ciliary axonemes from tracheal, oviducal, and ependymal lining cells showed a variety of abnormalities. Defects included: a deficiency of inner dynein arms, extra central tubules, a displacement of one outer doublet and/or the central tubules, and double axonemes. More than one kind of defect was seen in some axonemes. None of the types of defects observed in mutants were encountered in equivalent samples from non-mutant littermates. Except for the most common defect, the deficiency in dynein arms, which occured to about the same extent (approximately 34%) in all three tissues, there were marked variations in frequency among the tissue types with respect to the other defects. In general, defects such as central tubule anomalies, displaced tubules, and double axonemes occured with the highest frequencies in axonemes from tracheal epithelial cells and with the lowest frequencies in samples of oviducal epithelium. Fused cilia were seen only in ependymal cell samples. Some of the defects encountered were common to sperm flagella axonemes while others appeared restricted to somatic tissues, suggesting, perhaps, each tissue type may exert its own modulating influence on the expression of the mutant gene.
Tests of symmetry with one-sided alternatives in three-way contingency tables

For a two-dimensional contingency table of probabilities, the concept of symmetry around the main diagonal is well defined. Statistical hypothesis test of symmetry versus positive bias have also been explored. For tables of higher (three or more) dimensions, however, different concepts of symmetry are available. In this study, we consider statistical inference procedures of symmetry in partial tables versus various biases in three-dimensional tables. We find the maximum likelihood estimates of the cell probabilities and the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic in each case. Simulation studies are used to investigate the sizes and powers of the tests. The methodologies developed are applied on real data sets.
Sulfonamide dosage in early infancy

Summary 1. Blood sulfonamide levels following the administration of oral and subcutaneous sulfonamides were studied in fifty-seven infants ranging in age from 4 days to 8 months. 2. The blood levels in the groups receiving subcutaneous sulfonamides were superior to those receiving oral medication, although considerably lower doses were given, presumably because of incomplete intestinal absorption of orally administered sulfonamides. 3. Higher sulfonamide blood levels were noted in infants under 2 months of age receiving single doses of sulfonamides orally and subcutaneously when contrasted to older infants receiving the same doses. These differences are attributed largely to the immaturity of renal function in the younger infants. 4. No evidence of gross or microscopic hematuria occurred. Transient crystalluria occurred in two instances. 5. The practical application of the use of single subcutaneous daily doses of the sulfonamide mixture in young infants is discussed.
NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL JOINT ANGLES: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A COMPUTER-AIDED SYSTEM FOR MEASURING WORKING POSTURES

Abstract A new system was developed to analyze work posture in order to measure the three-dimensional body angles required as inputs to a biomechanical strength prediction model. This system was non-invasive and required no interference with work activities. Videotape was used at the job site to establish a permanent record of postural activity and a computer-aided digitization system was used to measure body angles in the laboratory. An experiment using five subjects and ten work postures was performed to investigate the nature and significance of measurement errors when using the new system. The results of this experiment revealed that, in general, subjects were able to distinguish different work postures; and that inter-subject bias was not significant. Measurement error was small for most joint angles and could be reduced further by enhancements to the system hardware. The system was found to be a useful tool for determining three-dimensional body angles when direct measurements are infeasible.
Unique decompositions into ideals for Noetherian domains

Abstract A commutative ring R has the unique decompositions into ideals ( UDI ) property if, for any module L that decomposes into a finite direct sum of ideals, the decomposition of L into ideals is unique apart from the order of the ideals. We characterize the UDI Noetherian integral domains.
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-homocysteine-induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat kidney cells

Incubation of isolated, rat kidney cells with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-homocysteine (DCVHC) caused time-dependent cell death. Cytotoxicity of DCVHC was potentiated by addition of alpha-ketobutyrate, indicating the involvement of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. A second addition of DCVHC to cells produced increased cytotoxicity, indicating that the bioactivating ability is not lost after exposure to the conjugate. DCVHC decreased cellular glutathione concentrations by 52% and substantially inhibited glutathione biosynthesis from precursors. In contrast, the cysteine analog S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) failed to decrease cellular glutathione concentrations and only partially inhibited glutathione biosynthesis. As with DCVC, DCVHC did not increase cellular glutathione disulfide concentrations and did not initiate lipid peroxidation, indicating that it does not produce an oxidative stress. DCVHC and DCVC produced similar alterations in mitochondrial function: Cellular ATP concentrations were decreased by 57% and cellular ADP and AMP concentrations were increased twofold, thereby decreasing the ATP/ADP ratio from 2.8 to 0.6 and the cellular energy charge from 0.80 to 0.56; DCVHC was a potent inhibitor of succinate-dependent oxygen consumption, but had little effect on respiration linked to oxidation of glutamate + malate or ascorbate + N,N,N'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. DCVHC was a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration and, in contrast to DCVC, also inhibited microsomal Ca2+ sequestration. These DCVHC-induced alterations in cellular metabolism were prevented by addition of propargylglycine or aminooxyacetic acid, and the alpha-methyl analog S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-DL-alpha-methylhomocysteine was not toxic. These results support a role for pyridoxal phosphate-dependent bioactivation of DCVHC and indicate that the greater nephrotoxic potency of DCVHC as compared to DCVC is partially due to the presence of both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial targets for DCVHC.
Solid state: Integrated circuits: The case for gallium arsenide: This superfast semiconductor holds great promise for high-speed computers, and manufacturing difficulties are now beginning to be overcome

A discussion is presented of fabrication technologies for manufacturing GaAs devices. Advantages and drawbacks of heterojunction devices are outlined. Areas of concern in GaAs production lines are also examined. The discussion covers the depletion-mode metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (D-MESFET), the enhancement-mode MESFET (E-MESFET), and the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT).
Determination of amiprilose in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection

A reversed-phase HPLC method to quantify amiprilose in human plasma is described. The method involves liquid-liquid extraction of amiprilose and the internal standard from plasma. The extracted compounds are derivatized with 1,8-naphthalic dicarboxylic acid using 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide as a coupling reagent. The derivatized products are separated on a reversed-phase column and monitored fluorimetrically using 280 nm and 340 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. The derivatized products which exhibit two peaks on chromatogram, are shown to be the interconvertible isomers. This assay has been used in pharmacokinetic studies of amiprilose in humans.
Further Validation of the Obsessive‐Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS)

The authors administered the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), a self-rated questionnaire that quantifies some cognitive and behavioral dimensions of “craving” for alcohol, to 124 alcohol-dependent subjects in three pharmacological treatment studies. The OCDS total scores had significant correlations with both the Alcohol Dependence Scale (r = 0.42; P<0.0001) and the alcohol subscale of the Addiction Severity Index (r = 0.44; P<0.0001). Previous alcoholism treatment was associated with higher OCDS Total and Obsessive subscale scores. These data support the congruent validity of the OCDS with previously well established measures of alcohol dependence severity and suggest that this measurement of craving may help in formulating appropriate treatment plans for alcoholic patients.
SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID ISOTROPIC PLATES TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AIR BLAST LOADING

This article relates to the optimum shape of a solid isotropic plate to mitigate the effect of air blast loading, which comprises of a short duration pressure pulse. This article focuses on convergence aspects of the numerical procedure, well-posedness of the problem and effect of different boundary conditions. The plates are modeled using LS-DYNA with 3D hexahedral elements. The goal has been to minimize dynamic displacement while monitoring plastic strain values, mass, and envelope constraints. The optimum shape, a combination of deformation-based velocity fields, invariably results in a bottom bulge towards the charge. The shape of the top surface depends on various factors such as the mass limit and boundary conditions. Significant reduction in objective was achieved. Robust convergence of the numerical procedure is shown, as also the well-posedness of the problem formulation. A study with different boundary conditions along the edge has also been carried out.
HISTONES OF GENETICALLY ACTIVE AND INACTIVE CHROMATIN

It has frequently been proposed that a variation in the relative content of lysine-rich, moderately lysine-rich, and arginine-rich histones might provide a mechanism by which specific portions of the genome may be genetically regulated. This possibility was investigated by comparing the electrophoretic pattern of these three fractions in cells differing markedly in their content of genetically active and genetically inactive chromatin. Three models were used: heterochromatin versus euchromatin; metaphase cells versus interphase cells, and mature lymphocytes versus phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. In no case was there a significant difference in the histone patterns of these contrasting models. It is concluded that, although histones may act as a generalized repressor and structural component of chromatin, factors other than a variation in histone pattern may be responsible for repression or derepression of specific segments of the genome.
Role of habitat in mediating mortality during the post‐settlement transition phase of temperate marine fishes

The transition phase describes a distinct post-settlement stage associated with the recruitment to benthic habitats by pelagic life stages. The habitat shift is often accompanied by feeding shifts and metamorphosis from larval to juvenile phases. Density-dependent settlement, growth and mortality are often the major factors controlling recruitment success of this phase. Habitat use also becomes more pronounced after settlement. The role of habitat-mediated post-settlement mortality is elucidated by focusing on the early life history of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) in the north-west Atlantic. In these species, settlement can occur over all bottom types, but habitat-specific differences in post-settlement mortality rates combined with size and priority at settlement effects on growth and survival determine recruitment and eventual year-class strength. These results and those from other temperate marine fish species along with work on tropical reef species emphasize the generality of habitat-based density-dependent mortality during the transition phase and its potential for population regulation. These results have implications for fisheries management and can be used to outline a procedure to assist managers in identifying and managing essential transitional habitats including the potential role of marine protected areas in habitat conservation.
Impact of drying method, dietary phosphorus levels, and methodology on phosphorus chemistry of broiler manure

Areas of intensive poultry production are prone to high phosphorus (P) losses due to excessive manure application. Historically, manure application rate has been calculated based on nitrogen (N) needs of the crops and N content of the manure with no attention to the quantity of phosphorus (P) loading. In many instances, a gradual buildup of P in soil has resulted from long-term manure application. Therefore, P input from animal manure via runoff is acknowledged as the primary factor for the eutrophication of surface water bodies. This study was conducted to evaluate (i), the impact of dietary P concentration on the broiler manure P content and the pre-analysis drying methods on the broiler manure nutrient composition with emphasis on phosphorus and (ii), to compare the use of Ion Chromatography and the Murphy–Riley method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in the broiler manure water extract. Four drying methods were used to dry the fresh broiler manure as follows: air drying (AD), freeze dryin...
BEAUTY AT DO : UPGRADE AND CURRENT RESULTS

Abstract Upgrade plans have been finalised for the DO detector for Tevatron Run II. The following is a review of the detector upgrade and analysis plans for the Run II beauty physics program. This program expands upon the program begun in Run I, recent results of which, particularly important for heavy flavour QCD, are presented.
Oxidative interactions of cholesterol with triacylglycerols

Triacylglycerols (TGs) accelerated the decomposition of cholesterol at 130°C. Addition of stearic and linoleic acids also accelerated cholesterol decomposition and produced characteristic cholesterol oxide profiles, qualitatively different from those produced in the presence of TGs. Milk fat accelerated cholesterol decomposition at 130°C and produced a cholesterol oxide pattern similar to that arising from the addition of pure TG. Not only did TGs affect cholesterol oxidation, but cholesterol influenced the decomposition of TGs. Addition of cholesterol accelerated the destruction of TGs at the beginning of heating while protecting them later. A similar pattern,i.e., acceleration followed by protection, could also be seen when triacylglycerols were heated in the presence of other triacylglycerols. The results of this work demonstrate that the stability of lipid components in complex mixtures is influenced by interactions among these components and/or their decomposition products. Such interactions do not merely shift,i.e., accelerate or delay, the oxidation rate, they may also modify the shape of the oxidation curve itself.
Force-balance theory of resistivity

The recently proposed force-balance theory of resistivity is examined critically in the context of a simple model. It is shown that this theory's basic formula, when evaluated correctly, yields in general a vanishing resistivity. This renders this theory untenable.
Deliberative Discourse between Citizens and Administrators If Citizens Talk, will Administrators Listen?

This article examines the potential for discourse between citizens and front-line administrators—those who directly deal with citizens. Critics of technical rational organizations question the ability and willingness of administrators to act on citizen feedback. Therefore, the article explores theoretical arguments about organizational rationality and the effect of the “bureaucratic experience,” resulting from administrator-bureaucracy interaction, on administrator ability and willingness to be responsive to citizens. Data from a survey of 147 front-line administrators are analyzed using structural equation modeling.
The stereospecificity of protein kinases

Abstract To test whether cellular protein kinases exist that phosphorylate d -amino acid residues, a method was developed for separating O-phospho- d -serine from O-phospho- l -serine and O-phospho- l -tyrosine from O-phospho- d -tyrosine. This was accomplished by converting these amino acids to the l -leucyl dipeptide derivatives followed by separation of the diastereomers by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. The enantiomeric content of these d - and l -residues were measured in hydrolysates of 32P-labeled proteins produced by the protein kinases of human erythrocytes and the tyrosyl protein kinase of the Abelson leukemia virus. We found no measurable d -phosphoserine in erythrocyte membrane proteins under conditions where a 1% content of this residue relative to l -phosphoserine would have been detected. These values can be used to place an upper hypothetical limit on the fraction of erythrocyte protein kinase activity that is specific for serine residues in the d -configuration. In separate experiments, we examined the specificity of the tyrosyl protein kinases. We found that all of the phosphotyrosine that we isolated from the erythrocyte band 3 NH2-terminal fragment and from the autophosphorylation of the Abelson virus tyrosyl kinase was in the l -configuration.