cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer science as an interdisciplinary study

The organization of computer science education as an interdisciplinary program is described. First, various possible relationships among disciplines are traced, and the features of interdisciplinarity are explained. Next, a specific interdisciplinary program in computer science is introduced, including experiences with the administration and operation of the program. An appraisal of the interdisciplinary approach to computer science education follows. The advantages are significant: a lower cost program, a more adaptive program, and one that is better able to treat the interfaces of computer science with other areas. Such a favorable report suggests that the interdisciplinary approach merits consideration, especially by colleges which want to offer a computer science degree but have limited funds.
Effect of Hypothermia and Sampling Site on Blood Esmolol Concentrations

Esmolol hydrochloride was administered by constant-rate continuous infusion to 10 patients undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery revascularization surgery. After a suitable loading dose, the esmolol infusion was started approximately 30 minutes before bypass and was stopped 10 minutes after termination of bypass. Esmolol concentrations were measured in arterial and venous blood samples collected before and after bypass and in samples taken from the inflow and outflow ports of the membrane oxygenator during bypass. Blood esmolol concentrations increased during hypothermia in a manner that correlated significantly and inversely with temperature. All patients were separated from the extracorporeal circulation without difficulty, and the average arterial esmolol concentration was slightly below the prebypass concentration within minutes of discontinuing bypass. Esmolol disappeared from the blood rapidly on terminating the infusion. There was no difference between esmolol concentrations measured simultaneously from the inflow and outflow ports of the membrane oxygenator during bypass, but radial arterial esmolol concentrations before and after bypass were on average about sevenfold higher than forearm venous esmolol concentrations during the esmolol infusion! The results of this study lead to two important conclusions: (1) in vivo clearance of esmolol demonstrates acute temperature dependence and (2) esmolol is removed irreversibly as it passes through the microcirculation of the hand, making measurement of peripheral esmolol concentrations markedly dependent on sampling site (arterial versus venous).
Representing and decomposing neural potential signals.

This paper reviews methodologies for analyzing neural potentials via frequency, time–frequency, or wavelet representations, and adaptive models that estimate the signal's spatial or temporal structure. The fundamental assumptions of each method are discussed. In particular, the Fourier transform is contrasted with overcomplete representations, which are able to precisely delineate the timing and/or frequency of neural events. Finally, a novel approach that combines overcomplete representations with adaptive signal models is presented. This approach describes a continuous signal as a linear combination of reoccurring waveforms, referred to as phasic events, which are often associated with neural processing. The new methodology automatically learns the reoccurring waveforms and quantifies the neural potentials by the set of amplitudes and timings.
Method development and implementation for co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Abstract The Emission Measurement Center (EMC) in the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards was directed to conduct an emissions test program at a sewage sludge incinerator in support of a Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standard. One pollutant category of concern at these facilities was polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs. An objective of the test program was to measure co-planar PCBs in the incinerator emissions, the sewage sludge introduced to the incinerator, and the scrubber water effluent used in controlling the incinerator emissions. Co-planar PCB congeners are those having four or more chlorine atoms with only a few substitutions in the ortho positions, i.e. positions designated 2, 2′, 6, and 6′. Thirteen PCB compounds are sometimes referred to as the “WHO PCBs,” because the World Health Organization (WHO) has derived toxic equivalency factors for these congeners. Studies have shown that these dioxin-like compounds can react with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This same reaction is believed to initiate adverse health effects for dioxin and furan congeners. In order to conduct the co-planer PCB testing, the EMC had to develop analytical methods that could measure the 13 co-planar PCBs. The purpose of the test program was to develop, evaluate, and implement analytical test methods capable of measuring co-planar PCBs in three matrices: incinerator stack gases, sewage sludge, and scrubber water effluents. The paper summarizes the initial development work that was performed in preparation of analytical test protocols that could measure co-planar PCBs in air, water, and sludge matrices. Following the method development, a MACT emissions test program was conducted at a sewage sludge facility in July 1999 and these data are also summarized in the paper.
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for survival following doxorubicin-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To identify prognostic factors for survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with transarterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting beads (DEBs). Materials and Methods In a retrospective, single-center analysis, tumor- and patient-related factors were recorded for univariate and multivariate analyses via Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. Infiltrative HCC phenotype and portal vein invasion (PVI) were correlated, and patients with either or both were classified as having radiographically advanced (RAdv) HCC. The primary endpoint was overall survival, which was calculated from the time of first DEB chemoembolization procedure. Results A total of 168 patients underwent 248 procedures, of which 215 (86.7%) were outpatient procedures. Mean length of stay was 0.33 days, and 25 patients (10.1%) were readmitted within 30 days. A total of 33 patients underwent liver transplantation and were excluded from survival analyses. A total of 130 had cirrhosis; 62, 50, and 18 had Child class A, B, and C disease, respectively. Forty-one patients had infiltrative HCC phenotype, 28 of whom also had PVI. Multivariate analysis of survival in all patients showed α-fetoprotein (AFP), performance status (PS), RAdv HCC, Child classification, albumin level, and ascites to predict survival. In patients without RAdv HCC, AFP, PS, Child classification, albumin level, and International Normalized Ratio were independent predictors. Increased bilirubin level was not an independent risk factor for death. Conclusions Independent prognostic factors in patients with HCC undergoing DEB chemoembolization have been identified. Increased bilirubin level was not an independent risk factor. These data can be used in HCC patient selection and counseling for DEB chemoembolization.
The Relation of Career-Related Work or Internship Experiences to the Career Development of College Seniors.

Abstract This study examined the relationship between career-related work or internship experiences and six career development indices: decidedness, self-concept crystallization, amount of occupational information, career self-efficacy, vocational commitment, and tendency to foreclose. We further explored whether perceived characteristics of the experiences (e.g., autonomy, task variety) were differentially associated with career-related development progress. Participants were 165 seniors with and without career-related experiences who sought services at a university career services office. Results suggest that internship experience, either alone or in combination with work experience, is related to higher levels of self-concept crystallization, but is not related to amount of occupational information, self-efficacy, decidedness, vocational commitment, or tendency to foreclose. Additional findings were that the perceived work or internship characteristics of task variety, feedback, and opportunities for dealing with people were significantly associated with self-concept crystallization, amount of occupational information, and self-efficacy. However, the characteristics of autonomy, task identity, and friendship opportunities were not significantly related to any of the career development measures.
The interfacial-force microscope

The interfacial-force microscope can measure the mechanical and adhesive properties of a single monolayer of organic molecules.
USING AN ANALOG NEURAL NETWORK TO TRIGGER ON TAU LEPTONS AT CDF

At the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), we have designed and implemented a trigger for tau leptons using analog neural network electronics. Tau leptons offer a fertile area of research both for standard model tests and for new physics searches. Because the bulk of tau leptons decay into hadrons, it is challenging to distinguish them from ordinary hadron jets. Neural networks are well suited to this type of difficult classification problem. In this case, software simulations show that an efficiency of 15% with a rejection factor of 100 could be obtained. The input to the network is a 5×5×2 array of calorimeter tower energies surrounding the seed tower of a cluster. If the network’s single output exceeds a tunable threshold, the event is passed to the next stage of the trigger. An existing system based on the Intel ETANN (Electrically Trainable Analog Neural Network) chip was used to implement the tau lepton neural network trigger. The performance of the trigger in current CDF data will be presented.
Molecular characterization of a polymerase mutant human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract A cell line (8E5) containing a single defective copy of human immunodeficiency virus proviral DNA and producing noninfectious viral particles lacking reverse transcriptase (RT) and endonuclease proteins has recently been described (Folks, et al. , (1986b) J. Exp. Med. 164, 280–290). In this report, the mutation in a full-length molecular clone of the provirus (p8E5) was mapped to a 1931-bp region of the pol gene encoding RT. The nucleotide sequence of this segment revealed a 1-base deletion 301 codons from the common amino terminus of the 64- and 51-kDa RTs. Expression of the p8E5 RT segment in Escherichia coli generated an enzymatically inactive and truncated 33-kDa protein.
Location-dependent coronary artery diffusive and convective mass transport properties of a lipophilic drug surrogate measured using nonlinear microscopy.

Purpose Arterial wall mass transport properties dictate local distribution of biomolecules or locally delivered dugs. Knowing how these properties vary between coronary artery locations could provide insight into how therapy efficacy is altered between arterial locations.
On reachability of dynamic systems

A large-scale dynamic system is considered as composed of a number of interconnected subsystems. Input and output reachability of the system is defined as a structural counterpart to controllability and observability. When the system is subject to structural perturbations due to on-off participation of the subsystems, conditions are provided for reachability to be connective, that is, to be invariant under the perturbations. The concept of input and output reachability leads naturally to formulations of input and output decentralized systems. It is shown that such systems are connectively reachable, which is an important structural property of 'large' and 'small' decentralized systems alike. Finally, a procedure is outlined to transform a centralized system into an input or output decentralized system with distinct inputs or outputs assigned to each subsystem separately.
Hydrology highlights: AGU 1991 Fall Meeting

The AGU 1991 Fall Meeting in San Francisco offered attendees a mix of special theme and general sessions that covered the full range of subjects represented by the Hydrology section's technical committees. We received 660 abstracts, up 50% from 1990. This number includes 50 papers in sessions organized by the Union Committee on Snow, Ice, and Permafrost. Within AGU, the number of abstracts received by the Hydrology section was second only to the tectonophysics section, which received 667. We presented 41 oral and 20 poster sessions. Despite having 3–5 concurrent oral sessions and 1–3 poster sessions each half-day, session chairs across the board reported good attendance throughout the meeting. The full range of subjects presented, strong attendance, and the cosponsoring of many hydrology sessions with other sections all support the AGU tradition of a broad-based, all-Union meeting.
Exponential Bounds on Elementary Multipliers of Generalized Functions

Abstract The space of elementary multipliers arose in the development of a theory of multiplication for generalized functions based on a space of analytic test functions. Here it is shown that these multipliers are all exponentially bounded on the strips of finite width. The construction of test functions that decay "relatively slowly" will also be demonstrated.
An evaluation of the combined application of hammett reaction constant and primary kinetic isotope effects to hydride equivalent transfer reactions

Bunting et al. have suggested that a combined application of Hammett ρ values (or Bronsted exponents) and primary kinetic isotope effects to hydride equivalent transfer reactions involving 1,4-dihydronicotinamides and organic oxidants is capable of revealing whether this transfer occurs in a single step or follows a two step e− + H° transfer mechanism (J.W. Bunting, V.S.F. Chew, G. Chu, N.P. Fitzgerald, A. Gunasekara, and H.T.P. Oh, Bioorg. Chem., 12, 141 (1984)). We have used this approach with respect to the reduction of flavins by 1-substituted 1,4-dihydronicotinamides. Compelling lines of evidence are presented to demonstrate that this reaction follows the single step hydride transfer mechanism. We also present an analysis of the Bronsted exponent and the primary kinetic isotope effect data for the flavin reaction. It is shown that although a simple application of these parameters does indeed favor the two step e− + H° transfer mechanism for flavin reduction, various other empirical data provide conclusive evidence for the single step hydride transfer mechanism. We attribute this discrepancy to the occurrence of nonequilibrium solvation of the transition state. We have considered several mechanistic complexities which could produce seemingly inconsistent Hammett and primary isotope effect values, and have concluded that these complexities must be considered in interpreting the mechanism of a hydride-equivalent transfer reaction from kinetic parameters. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling and simulation of strain-induced phase transformations under compression and torsion in a rotational diamond anvil cell

Strain-induced phase transformations PTs under compression and torsion in rotational diamond anvils are simulated using a finite-element approach. Results are obtained for three ratios of yield strengths of lowpressure and high-pressure phases and are compared with those for the compression without torsion from Levitas and Zarechnyy Phys. Rev. B 82, 174123 2010. Various experimental effects are reproduced, including a pressure self-multiplication effect, plateau at pressure distribution at the diffuse interface, simultaneous occurrence of direct and reverse PTs, and irregular stress distribution for PT to a weaker phase. The obtained results change the fundamental understanding of strain-induced PT in terms of interpretation of experimental measurements and the extracting of information on material processes from sample behavior. Intense radial plastic flow moves the high-pressure phase to the low-pressure region, which may lead to misinterpretation of measurements. Various interpretations based on a simplified equilibrium equation for example, about zero yield strength of phase mixture and hydrostatic conditions during PT appears to be wrong because of inapplicability of this equation for cases with large gradients of phase concentration and yield strength. The approach developed represents a tool for designing experiments for different purposes and for controlling PTs, and it opens unexpected ways to extract material information by combining simulation and experiment.
Meteorology: are there trends in hurricane destruction?

Arising from: K. Emanuel Nature 436, 686–688 (2005); K. Emanuel reply . Since the record impact of Hurricane Katrina, attention has focused on understanding trends in hurricanes and their destructive potential. Emanuel1 reports a marked increase in the potential destructiveness of hurricanes based on identification of a trend in an accumulated annual index of power dissipation in the North Atlantic and western North Pacific since the 1970s. If hurricanes are indeed becoming more destructive over time, then this trend should manifest itself in more destruction. However, my analysis of a long-term data set of hurricane losses in the United States shows no upward trend once the data are normalized to remove the effects of societal changes.
Serum Uric Acid: An Independent Risk Factor for Vascular Injury

Hyperuricemia (serum uric acid levels >8mg/dl) has been associated with hypertension for a long time.1 At some point it was felt that elevated uric acid levels were the result of decreased kidney function, but recent clinical and experimental data have shown a direct correlation between high uric acid levels and progression of vascular injury, leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, hypertension, and accelerated loss of kidney function. 2 The mechanism of action appears to be mediated by the profound effects of uric acid in human vascular cells, which include endothelial dysfunction, vascular proliferation, and nitric oxide release from vascular cells.3•5 Moreover, as a consequence of afferent arteriolar injury by hyperuricemia, chronic tubulointerstitial changes leading to progressive loss of kidney function and worsening hypertension can occur.6 Strategies to treat asymptomatic hyperuricemia should be considered in high-risk individuals to prevent progression of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease.
Geographic and Facility Variation in Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation: Multilevel Analysis of Functional Status

Abstract Objective To examine geographic and facility variation in cognitive and motor functional outcomes after postacute inpatient rehabilitation in patients with stroke. Design Retrospective cohort design using Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) claims files. Records from 1209 rehabilitation facilities in 298 hospital referral regions (HRRs) were examined. Patient records were analyzed using linear mixed models. Multilevel models were used to calculate the variation in outcomes attributable to facilities and geographic regions. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation units and facilities. Participants Patients (N=145,460) with stroke discharged from inpatient rehabilitation from 2006 through 2009. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Cognitive and motor functional status at discharge measured by items in the CMS Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility–Patient Assessment Instrument. Results Variation profiles indicated that 19.1% of rehabilitation facilities were significantly below the mean functional status rating (mean ± SD, 81.58±22.30), with 221 facilities (18.3%) above the mean. Total discharge functional status ratings varied by 3.57 points across regions. Across facilities, functional status values varied by 29.2 points, with a 9.1-point difference between the top and bottom deciles. Variation in discharge motor function attributable to HRR was reduced by 82% after controlling for cluster effects at the facility level. Conclusions Our findings suggest that variation in motor and cognitive function at discharge after postacute rehabilitation in patients with stroke is accounted for more by facility than geographic location.
Increased expression of TrkB and Capzb2 accompanies preserved cognitive status in early Alzheimer disease pathology.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) may influence brain reserve, the ability of the brain to tolerate pathological changes without significant decline in function. Here, we explore whether a specifically vulnerable population of human neurons shows a compensatory response to the neuropathological changes of Alzheimer disease (AD) and whether that response depends on an upregulation of the BDNF pathway. We observed increased neuronal TrkB expression associated with early AD pathology (Braak and Braak stages I–II) in hippocampal CA1 region samples from cognitively intact Framingham Heart Study subjects (n = 5) when compared to cognitively intact individuals with no neurofibrillary tangles (n = 4). Because BDNF/TrkB signaling affects memory formation and retention through modification of the actin cytoskeleton, we examined the expression of actin capping protein β2 (Capzb2), a marker of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Capzb2 expression was also significantly increased in CA1 hippocampal neurons of cognitively intact subjects with early AD pathology. Our data suggest that increased expression of TrkB and Capzb2 accompanies adequate brain reserve in the initial stages of AD pathology. In subsequent stages of AD, the higher levels of TrkB and Capzb2 expression achieved may not be sufficient to prevent cognitive decline.
The influence of temperature on the amplitude and frequency components of the EMG during brief and sustained isometric contractions.

The influence of temperature on the amplitude and frequency components of the EMG power spectra of the surface EMG recorded over the forearm muscles was examined in five male and five female subjects during brief and fatiguing isometric contractions of their handgrip muscles. Brief (3 s) isometric contractions were exerted at tensions ranging between 10 and 100% of each subject's maximum strength while fatiguing contractions were exerted at tensions of 25, 40, and 70% of their maximum strength. The temperature of the muscles during those contractions was varied by placing the forearms of the subjects in a controlled temperature water bath at temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40‡ C. The results of these experiments showed that the center frequency of the power spectra of the surface EMG was directly related to the temperature of the exercising muscles during brief isometric contractions. During fatiguing isometric contractions, the amplitude of the EMG increased while the center frequency of the EMG power spectra decreased for all tensions examined.
Achieving accurate and context-sensitive timing for code optimization

Key computational kernels must run near their peak efficiency for most high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Getting this level of efficiency has always required extensive tuning of the kernel on a particular platform of interest. The success or failure of an optimization is usually measured by invoking a timer. Understanding how to build reliable and context-sensitive timers is one of the most neglected areas in HPC, and this results in a host of HPC software that looks good when reported in the papers, but delivers only a fraction of the reported performance when used by actual HPC applications. In this paper, we motivate the importance of timer design and then discuss the techniques and methodologies we have developed in order to accurately time HPC kernel routines for our well-known empirical tuning framework, ATLAS. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationship Among Health Literacy, Health Knowledge, and Adherence to Treatment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background Patients with poor health literacy often lack the knowledge needed to manage their treatment.
Central American animal agriculture in relation to natural resources

Abstract The widespread belief that domestic animals—and cattle in particular—are a major cause of forest and land degradation in Central America is analyzed in a systems context emphasizing economic and demographic considerations. It is concluded that large human population increases rather than animals per se , or preferences for livestock products, are responsible for the widespread destruction. Minimal increases in Central America's rural population coupled with very large projected increases in urban population imply that development strategies should be reevaluated with the focus of increasing livestock raising efficiency and productivity.
In Vivo reversible regulation of dendritic patterning by afferent input in Bipolar auditory neurons

Afferent input regulates neuronal dendritic patterning locally and globally through distinct mechanisms. To begin to understand these mechanisms, we differentially manipulate afferent input in vivo and assess effects on dendritic patterning of individual neurons in chicken nucleus laminaris (NL). Dendrites of NL neurons segregate into dorsal and ventral domains, receiving excitatory input from the ipsilateral and contralateral ears, respectively, via nucleus magnocellularis (NM). Blocking action potentials from one ear, by either cochlea removal or temporary treatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX), leads to rapid and significant retraction of affected NL dendrites (dorsal ipsilaterally and ventral contralaterally) within 8 h compared with the other dendrites of the same neurons. The degree of retraction is comparable with that induced by direct deafferentation resulting from transection of NM axons. Importantly, when inner ear activity is allowed to recover from TTX treatments, retracted NL dendrites regrow to their normal length within 48 h. The retraction and growth involve elimination of terminal branches and addition of new branches, respectively. Examination of changes in NL dendrites at 96 h after unilateral cochlea removal, a manipulation that induces cell loss in NM and persistent blockage of afferent excitatory action potentials, reveals a significant correlation between cell death in the ipsilateral NM and the degree of dendritic retraction in NL. These results demonstrate that presynaptic action potentials rapidly and reversibly regulate dendritic patterning of postsynaptic neurons in a compartment specific manner, whereas long-term dendritic maintenance may be regulated in a way that is correlated with the presence of silent presynaptic appositions.
Epidemiologic aspects of uveal melanoma

Although the underlying cause or causes of uveal melanoma have yet to be elucidated, important insights may be gained by examining the epidemiologic features of the disease. Uveal melanoma is an uncommon cancer with an incidence of only six cases per million population per year. It is most often diagnosed in the sixth decade and is somewhat more common in males. Apart from sporadic reports of family clusters, uveal melanoma is not considered an inherited disease. Whether some environmental exposure triggers the development of uveal melanoma remains an open question. Sunlight has been proposed as an environmental risk factor because sunlight is known to cause melanoma of the skin and both diseases are rare in nonwhite races. Unlike cutaneous melanoma, however, rates have not been increasing over time and do not vary by latitude. This paper evaluates the available evidence for sunlight and other potential risk factors for uveal melanoma, highlighting areas requiring further research.
Fast switching electrochromism from colloidal indium tin oxide in tungstate-based thin film assemblies

Abstract Layer-by-layer assembly was used to alternately deposit tungstate anions with cationic poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) to generate electrochromic thin films that transit from transparent to dark blue in their oxidized and reduced states, respectively. Tungstate is a good electrochromic material because it is completely colorless in its deposited state, while most other electrochromic materials exhibit some type of color in the absence of an applied voltage. Despite its advantages, tungstates are plagued by long switching time (>30 s), which is common amongst ceramic electrochromics, due to lack of electrical conductivity in at least one of the two states. In an effort to decrease switching time, indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles were incorporated into these tungstate-based assemblies. In the absence of ITO, these films take 30–60 s to completely switch and exhibit reduced contrast with each switch. ITO-containing films, with ITO in every other bilayer, fully switch in 14 s and do not exhibit the same drift in transmittance with repeated switching. ITO allows these films to maintain electrical conductivity in both states, which is the source of this faster, more stable switching. With further optimization, this combination of fast switching and high contrast makes these films promising for use in smart windows and flexible displays.
A two-dimensional optical cross-connect with integrated waveguides and surface micromachined crossbar switches

Abstract The design, fabrication and test results of an all-optical cross-connect, which uses electrostatically actuated micromechanical digital mirrors to steer optical signals in a network of planar waveguides, are presented. The substrate consists of a network of spliced planar waveguides on silica substrates. The switches, located at the waveguide intersections, are formed with an electroplated T-structure consisting of a horizontal perforated square plate suspended by four elastic beams. When operated, the horizontal plate is pulled up making the mirror move out of the optical path thus steering the beam. An 8×8 switch array has been fabricated and tested. Actuation and relaxation switching times near 3 ms have been demonstrated with an actuation voltage of 120 V. The optical insertion loss for the array typically varied from 2.3 dB for a single trench in the optical path (shortest optical path) to 8 dB for 15 trenches in the optical path (longest optical path).
Development of a Transparent Heater to Measure Surface Temperature Fluctuations Under Spray Cooling Conditions

A heater designed to monitor surface temperature fluctuations during pool boiling and spray cooling experiments while the bubbles are simultaneously being observed has been fabricated and tested. The heat source was a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) layer commercially deposited on a fused quartz substrate. Four copper-nickel thin film thermocouples (TFTCs) on the heater surface measured the surface temperature, while a thin layer of sapphire or synthetic fused silica provided electrical insulation between the TFTCs and the ITO. The TFTCs were microfabricated using the lift-off process to deposit the nickel and copper metal films. The TFTC elements were 50 μm wide and overlapped to form a 25 X 25 μm 2 junction. A DAQ program recorded the TFTC voltages at a sampling rate of 50 kHz and sent a trigger to a high-speed camera to synchronize bubble images with the surface temperature data. As the bubbles and their contact rings grew over the TFTC junction, correlations between bubble behavior and surface temperature changes were demonstrated.
Influence of rotation-induced nuclear deformation on alpha -particle evaporation spectra.

The shapes of \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle spectra from hot, high-spin compound nuclei produced in energetic heavy-ion fusion reactions are analyzed within the framework of a statistical model. Contrary to claims made in the literature, good agreement is obtained between calculated and experimental spectra when the evaporation barrier of each nuclide in the complex cascade is assumed equal to its respective absorption channel barrier. The dependence of the shape of \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle spectra on nuclear deformation is discussed both in terms of the transmission coefficients and the spin-dependent level density of deformed nuclei. For deformations of the magnitude given by the rotating liquid drop model, \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle spectra and effective barriers are insensitive to whether deformed or spherical nucleus transmission coefficients are used. It is important, however, to include the deformation dependence in the nuclear level density. Model calculations indicate that the shape of \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle spectra may be quite insensitive to large deformations.
Mechanism of interferon action: human leukocyte and immune interferons regulate the expression of different genes and induce different antiviral states in human amnion U cells.

Abstract The inhibition of virus replication and the induction of protein phosphorylation were examined in human amnion U and human fibroblast GM2767A cells treated with highly purified cloned human leukocyte and immune interferons synthesized in Escherichia coli . Both leukocyte interferon (IFN-αA) and immune interferon (IFN-γ) possessed antiviral activity as measured by the single cycle yield reduction of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the human U and GM2767A cell lines. By contrast, only IFN-γ and not IFN-αA inhibited the single cycle replication of reovirus in U and GM2767A cells. IFN-αA, but not IFN-γ, efficiently induced the double-stranded RNA-dependent phosphorylation of the ribosome-associated protein P, and the a subunit of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 in U cells. However, neither IFN-αA nor IFN-γ induced the phosphorylation of P 1 and eIF-2α in GM2767A cells. The antiviral activities of IFN-αA and IFN-γ were synergistic for the inhibition of VSV but not for the inhibition of reovirus or the induction of protein phosphorylation. These results suggest that human leukocyte and immune interferons differentially regulate the expression of certain genes and induce mechanistically distinct antiviral states in human cells.
Transcranial ultrasound for brain injury monitoring: initial clinical studies

In this work, we discuss data acquired in a clinical investigation to evaluate the utility of transcranial ultrasound for monitoring/detecting brain injury. Using a portable ultrasonic data acquisition system, over one thousand transcranial waveforms were captured from five subjects, including three head-injured patients. Several representative waveforms are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection scheme and to illustrate the similarities and variabilities among the signals acquired in this study.
Acoustic Visibility of Immiscible Liquids In Poorly Consolidated Sand

Summary To investigate the acoustic visibility of non-aqueous phase liquids in poorly consolidated sands, laboratory experiments were conducted in a 0.6 m diameter confining cell with watersaturated sand. Crosshole data was collected before and after dodecane, a lighter than water non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL), was injected from the bottom of the cell. These experiments show a strong acoustic sensitivity of dod ecane for transmitted P-wave amplitudes (decreases of up to 65%) and a smaller, but measurable, acoustic visibility for velocity (decreases of up to 2%). Velocity difference tomograms were successful, but limited in resolution; they depict a low velocity region in the tank that corresponds to entrapped dodecane, as revealed by subsequent excavation of the sand cell. Effects of immiscible liquids on acoustic waves in unconsolidated sand Detection and characterization of non-aqueous phase liquids in poorly consolidated, water-saturated sands is of profound importance in petroleum and environmental engineering. Prohibitively expensive drilling procedures as well as the potential for accidental liquid mobilization during drilling procedures make non-invasive testing desirable for subsurface characterization. In poorly consolidated sand with weak intergranular cementation and low effective stresses, acoustic waves are sensitive to pore fluid properties. This is because the fluid phase within the pore space carries a large part of the wave energy as the frame stiffness decreases. Therefore, with sufficient contrast between pore liquids, their distributions can be visualized using tomographic inversion techniques (e.g., velocity contrast for travel time tomography, attenuation contrast for amplitude tomography, or impedance contrast for diffraction tomography). The success of these methods in practice is likely to depend on the fluid properties and the volumetrics and geometry of the target fluid. Ultrasonic measurements by Geller and Myer (1995) and Seifert et al. (1998) have demonstrated that the presence of both lighter-than-water and denser-than water non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL’s and DNAPL’s, respectively) in initially water-saturated sand packings produces changes in the P-wave velocities and amplitudes that can be explained and predicted. While the P-wave velocity decreases proportionately to the volume of LNAPL through which it passes, the impedance contrast between different phases does not operate on the velocity as it does on P-wave amplitude. In this manner, velocities are sensitive to liquid volume, whereas amplitudes are sensitive to liquid distribution, and could possibly detect the presence of relatively small volume NAPL fingers that form due to flow instabilities.
Atmospheric Loading of Phosphorus and Other Chemicals to Lake Michigan

Bulk precipitation was collected on a monthly basis in the Lake Michigan basin for 18 months during 1975-1976 to determine atmospheric total phosphorus (TP) loadings to Lake Michigan. The sampling network consisted of bulk collectors at 23 land stations and 2 in-lake buoys located off urban and rural areas. Annual TP loading to Lake Michigan for 1976 based on loading rates of 0.184 and 0.303 μg/cm2 /mo for the north and south basins, respectively, was 1.69 × 106 Kg/year, representing ∼ 16% of the total P budget. North and south basins showed different TP loading properties with ∼ 62% depositing in the south basin. Seasonal variations in loading rates showed maxima in late spring and early summer, and minima in winter. In-lake buoy samplers yielded enhanced loading of TP compared to land stations. Wet-only precipitation concentrations for TP average 15% of bulk deposition values. Weighted-average TP concentrations in bulk precipitation were 0.050 and 0.064 mg/l in the north and south basins, respectively. Atmospheric TP loading was closely correlated to Ca and Mg loading, independent of precipitation amount, and exhibited a large dry fall component. Wind-blown soil and re-entrained dust are believed to be the major source of atmospheric phosphorus addition to Lake Michigan.
Mental health implications of sexual orientation.

Abstract The findings of a study designed to examine relationships among four measures of clinical psychopathology (depression, self‐esteem, marital discord, sexual discord), a measure of sexual attitudes, and measures of both sexual activities and sexual preferences are reported. These relationships are examined in relation to a four‐group typology of sexual orientation based on self‐report preference measures. Individuals are categorized as either predominantly heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or asexual in their preferred sexual orientation. The sample (N = 689) consists largely of younger, well‐educated individuals who are predominantly single and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Analysis of variance and both simple and multiple regression analyses were used to control for the effects of background characteristics of respondents. Significant mean differences among sexual orientation groups were obtained, but the prediction or explanation of clinical psychopathology based on these differences p...
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer determinations using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to characterize amyloid-beta plaques.

We describe the implementation of a commercial fluores- cence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) instrument used in con- junction with a commercial laser scanning multiphoton microscope. The femtosecond-pulsed near-infrared laser is an ideal excitation source for time-domain fluorescence lifetime measurements. With synchronization from the x-y scanners, fluorescence lifetimes can be acquired on a pixel-by-pixel basis, with high spatial resolution. Mul- tiexponential curve fits for each pixel result in two-dimensional fluo- rescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements that allow the determination of both proximity of fluorescent FRET pairs, as well as the fraction of FRET pairs close enough for FRET to occur. Experi- ments are described that characterize this system, as well as com- monly used reagents valuable for FRET determinations in biological systems. Constructs of CFP and YFP were generated to demonstrate FRET between this pair of green fluorescent protein (GFP) color vari- ants. The lifetime characteristics of the FRET pair fluorescein and rhodamine, commonly used for immunohistochemistry, were also ex- amined. Finally, these fluorophores were used to demonstrate spa- tially resolved FRET with senile plaques obtained from transgenic mouse brain. Together these results demonstrate that FLIM allows sen- sitive measurements of protein-protein interactions on a spatial scale less than 10 nm using commercially available components. © 2003
Systematic Evaluation of Hybrid Guidewires: Shaft Stiffness, Lubricity, and Tip Configuration

Objective To conduct a comparison of physical and mechanical properties for 5 commonly used guidewires to assess advantages of wires for specific applications. Methods Tests on guidewires (0.035” diameter; straight, flexible tip) included tip bending, shaft buckling, lubricity, and tip puncture measurements. Guidewires included 2 hybrid wires: the U-Nite (Bard Urological, Covington, GA) and the Sensor (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). Our aim was to compare the stiffness of these hybrid wires with the standard Amplatz SuperStiff (Boston Scientific). Our second aim was to compare the hydrophilic tip of the hybrid wires with 2 traditional hydrophilic guidewires: the NiCore (Bard Urological) and RadiFocus glidewire (Boston Scientific). Results The Amplatz SuperStiff had a significantly stiffer shaft than either hybrid wire, with a buckling force of 1.81 ± 0.91 N compared with the Sensor (0.80 ± 0.29 N, P = .0002) and the U-Nite (0.77 ± 0.29 N, P P P P Conclusion Hybrid wires offer a combination of a stiffer shaft and hydrophilic tip. The Amplatz SuperStiff remains the stiffest wire and as such is best suited for placement of ureteral access sheaths or larger stents. The Boston Scientific wires require less force to “bend” around a point of obstruction compared with the Bard wires. The Boston Scientific RadiFocus requires the greatest force to puncture aluminum foil.
Tripe palms and cancer

T ripe refers to bovine foregut prepared for edible consumption (Fig 1). A condition in which the cutaneous features are “similar” to the rugose surface of tripe, although in miniature form, has been descriptively named tripe palms. Published synonyms for this condition include acanthosis nigricans of the palms, acanthosis palmaris, pachydermatoglyphy, palmar hyperkeratosis, and palmar keratoderma.’ The palmar surface of the hands in patients with tripe palms is thickened, velvety, or honeycombed and has exaggerated dermatoglyphics. Although these morphologic changes have rarely been reported as either an idiopathic fmding or associated with nonneoplastic disorders, tripe palms has almost exclusively been observed as a cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome (Table l).leU Therefore, an investigation for an underlying malignancy is warranted for all patients in whom the diagnosis of tripe palms is established.
Guiding Practices: Storytelling Tricks for Reproducing the Urban Landscape

Through walking and talking, tour guides weave together an array of stories and facts in order to re-produce varied urban cultures and local histories. The practices of these ‘cultural intermediaries’ must at once be entertaining as well as educational, and are set within a rich urban context that is itself increasing in commercialization and homogenization. As a segment of a larger ethnographic study, this essay focuses on the storytelling tools these social actors use to reproduce New York City's history, culture, and meaning—eight tricks of the trade. As illustration of this social world and the practices within it, description of a Grand Central Terminal tour is woven throughout the analysis in a series of vignettes.
Implementing a New ERMS & Link Resolver to Better Manage E-Resources

This paper discusses implementation of Innovative Interfaces' electronic resource management system (ERMS) and link resolver, WebBridge. The authors provide a detailed discussion of the process of implementation and the factors that resulted in a successful implementation including having dedicated staff. Staff streamlined processes for managing holdings information that had a positive impact on workflow. The authors also discuss ongoing problems with inconsistent adoption of COUNTER and SUSHI standards by some publishers.
Anti-metatype antibody reactivity: a model for T-cell receptor regognition

Abstract Anti-metatype (Met) antibodies are anti-immunoglobulins that specially recognize an antibody-liganded active site but lack specificity for either the ligand or the idiotype. As proposed here by Edward Voss, anti-metatype-metatype immunoglobulin interactions may serve as a model for the interactions of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with antigen-MHC (class I classII) complexes: the anti-metatype immunoglobulin reagent simulates the TCR and the liganded antibody mimics the antigen-MHC complex. Such a model addresses the dilemma of two macromolecules interacting with the sam antigenic determinant and may represent a rational approach to improve understanding of the inhibition and regulation of the immune response.
Prospects for using photosensitive dopants to improve the e/π ratio of liquid argon calorimeters

Abstract There is evidence that shows that heavily ionizing interactions contribute to the signal from hadrons in liquid argon calorimeters, and that saturation effects play an important role in the e/π ratio. Measurements and calculations are presented which indicate a substantial improvement can be made to the e/π ratio by the addition of a few ppm of photosensitive dopants.