cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of multifaceted interventions to improve depression care

Objective: Depression is a prevalent high-impact illness with poor outcomes in primary care settings. We performed a systematic review to determine to what extent multifaceted interventions improve depression outcomes in primary care and to define key elements, patients who are likely to benefit and resources required for these interventions. Method: We searched Medline, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, PsycINFO and a specialized registry of depression trials from 1966 to February 2006; reviewed bibliographies of pertinent articles; and consulted experts. Searches were limited to the English language. We included 28 randomized controlled trials that: (a) involved primary care patients receiving acute-phase treatment; (b) tested a multicomponent intervention involving a patient-directed component; and (c) reported effects on depression severity. Pairs of investigators independently
Simultaneous diffusion MRI measurements from multiple perfused rat hippocampal slices.

Rat brain slices provide a controllable tissue model in which to investigate the biophysical basis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signal changes observed clinically in nervous tissue after ischemic injury. This study describes a new multislice perfusion chamber that allows for the simultaneous acquisition of diffusion-weighted MR images from multiple perfused rat hippocampal slices (eight slices in the present study). These images had a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 48 ± 3 at b = 8080 s/mm2, which was sufficient to analyze the multicomponent diffusion properties of water in rat hippocampal slices. The tissue water diffusion parameters (ffast = 0.527 ± 0.041, Dfast = 1.268 ± 0.087 × 10–3 mm2/s, and Dslow = 0.060 ± 0.003 × 10–3 mm2/s) were stable for at least 8 hr after slice procurement (ANOVA, P > 0.05), suggesting that it may be possible to study the acute temporal evolution of diffusion changes in multiple brain slices following experimental perturbation. Magn Reson Med 48:565–569, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clonal analysis of the cell lineages in the male flower of maize

The cell lineages in the male flower of maize were characterized using X-rays and transposable elements to produce clonal sectors differing in anthocyanin pigmentation. Less than 50% of the somatic tassel mutations (caused by reversion of unstable color mutations) that were visible on the anther wall were sexually transmitted by the male gametes, unless the sectors were larger than half the tassel circumference. This result is explained by showing that: (a) both the outer (LI) and inner (LII) lineages of the shoot apical meristem form a cell layer in the bilayered anther wall, and that anther pigmentation can be derived from either cell layer; and that (b) the male germ cells are derived almost exclusively from the LII. Therefore, while reversion events in either the LI or LII are visible on the anther, only the LII events are heritable. Reversion events that occur prior to the organization of the shoot apical meristem however, produce large (usually more than one-half tassel) sectors that include both the outer and inner lineages. In contrast to the high level of cell layer invasion previously reported during leaf development, during anther development less than 10(-3) cells in the LI invade the LII to form male gametes. The strong correlation between cell lineage and cell fate in the maize anther has implications for studies on plant evolution and the genetic improvement of cereals by DNA transformation.
Protein dynamics: Tuning disorder propensity in p53

The dynamic interplay between p53 and Mdm2 triggers cell cycle arrest after DNA damage. A new study reveals that disorder in the transactivation domain of p53 is important for tuning this negative feedback system to ensure normal cellular signaling responses.
Low dislocation density AlGaN epilayers by epitaxial overgrowth of patterned templates

Abstract We present an epitaxial overgrowth process for reducing threading dislocations in Al x Ga 1− x N over the entire compositional range. This process avoids the use of UV-absorbing GaN layers and results in a spatially uniform defect reduction which eliminates the need for precise alignment of devices to low-defect areas of the wafer. Using the described overgrowth process, we demonstrate Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N and Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 N epilayers with a dislocation density of 2×10 8 cm −2 and 5×10 8 cm −2 respectively, rendering them suitable as templates for deep-UV bottom-emitting LEDs and laser diodes. The process involves patterning of submicron-wide-stripes, less than 1 μm in height, into an AlGaN/AlN/sapphire template and subsequent regrowth of a 5–10 μm thick AlGaN epilayer. The sub-micron width of the mesa allows for bending of threading dislocations that would continue to thread vertically through wider mesas. Utilizing 1.3 mm-thick sapphire substrates (3× thicker than commonly used), epilayer cracking from regrowth is eliminated and wafer bow over a 2-in. diameter substrate is reduced to less than 15 μm. We observed a 7× increase in photoluminescence intensity from GaN–AlGaN multi-quantum well structures emitting at 340 nm and a 15× increase in electroluminescence from laser diode heterostructures when grown on patterned Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N templates.
Evidence from gravity anomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots with the Southwest Indian Ridge: effects of transform offsets

Abstract The ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) presents a unique environment to study the interactions between hotspots and ridges with highly segmented geometry. Using recently available satellite free-air gravity and shipboard bathymetry data, we obtain mantle Bouguer (MBA) and residual mantle Bouguer anomalies (RMBA) by removing from free-air gravity the attractions of seafloor topography, sediment thickness variations, a reference crust, and theoretically predicted effects of lithospheric cooling. The Bouvet hotspot, previously observed to be associated with anomalous bathymetry and geochemistry near the Bouvet triple junction, has an MBA axial gravity low of ∼100 mGal, implying pronounced localized crustal thickening. Off-axis, the RMBA lows along previously calculated Bouvet hotspot tracks are variable in amplitude, suggesting the possibilities that Bouvet flux varies in time or that hotspot magmatism is enhanced by proximity to a spreading center. Along-axis geophysical anomalies suggest that the Marion hotspot has a significant effect on accretionary processes in the central portion of the SWIR. Importantly, the Marion axial anomaly appears to be compartmentalized between the Andrew Bain and Discovery II fracture zones, implying that transform offsets play a significant role in governing the distribution of plume material in a highly segmented, ultra-slow spreading system.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of carboxylato ligands in dicarboxylato-bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) complexes

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance spectra of cis - and trans -[Co(en) 2 ( R COO) 2 ]ClO 4 , where R = −CH 3 , −CH 2 CH 3 , and p -CH 3 C 6 H 4 -, were examined in three solvents — dmso-d 6 , HOAc- d 4 , and D 2 O. In all cases, the chemical shift of the carboxylato ligand protons is larger (i.e. at lower field) in the cis isomer than in the trans isomer. The magnitude of the effect varies from 5–15 c.p.s. and decreases in magnitude with increasing distance from Co(III). The relative shift originates in differences in the electronic structure of Co(III) in cis and trans isomers and probably arises from differences in charge distribution in the isomers.
Cisplatin and radiation sensitivity in human head and neck squamous carcinomas are independently modulated by glutathione and transcription factor NF-κB

Background Response to neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been used to predict overall response to chemoradiation therapy and to select patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) for organ preservation therapy in NCI and VA cooperative group trials. However, different molecular determinants have been reported to contribute to sensitivity of cells to cisplatin and radiation, including glutathione (GSH), and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that regulates cytoprotective genes. We have reported that NF-κB is constitutively activated in HNSCC, but the relationship of NF-κB to GSH and to cisplatin and radiation sensitivity in HNSCC is unknown. Methods We examined human HNSCC lines to define the relationship of cisplatin and radiation sensitivity to intracellular GSH and NF-κB and determined whether HNSCC could be sensitized to these modalities by lowering the concentration of glutathione with L-buthionine sulfoximine or inhibiting activation of NF-κB by expression of a degradation-resistant mutant inhibitor-κBα. Results Cisplatin resistance did not predict radiation resistance in three HNSCC cell lines, UM-SCC-9, 11B, and, 38. Resistance to cisplatin correlated with intracellular GSH, and depletion of GSH by treatment with l-BSO sensitized UM-SCC-9 cells to cisplatin but not radiation. Conversely, radiation resistance was correlated with activation of NF-κB. Expression of a mutant Inhibitor-κB after gene transfer inhibited NF-κB and sensitized UM-SCC-9 cells to radiation but not cisplatin. Conclusions GSH and transcription factor NF-αB can contribute independently to cisplatin and radiation sensitivity of human HNSCC. These results highlight the need to define molecular determinants of chemotherapy and radiation sensitivity for use in the selection of patients and as novel targets for therapy in future chemoradiation therapy trials for organ preservation in patients with HNSCC. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 22: 748–759, 2000.
Risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress in ethno-racially diverse National Guard members in Hawai׳i

This study examinedrisk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) in an ethno-racially diverse sample of Hawai׳i National Guard members comprised of Native Hawaiians, Filipino Americans, Japanese Americans, and European Americans. In the full sample, identifying as Japanese American and higher scores on measures of perceived social support and psychological resilience were negatively associated with PTSS, while Army Guard (vs. Air Guard) status and stronger family norms against disclosing mental health problems were positively associated with PTSS. Exploratory analyses of ethno-racial subgroups identified different patterns of within and between-group correlates of PTSS. For example, when controlling for other factors, higher psychological resilience scores were negatively associated with PTSS only among Native Hawaiian and European Americans. Overall, results of this study suggest that some risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may extend to military populations with high numbers of Filipino American, Japanese American, and Native Hawaiian Veterans. Results further suggest differences in risk and resilience factors unique to specific ethno-racial subgroups.
Effects of Situational Variables on Leader's Choice of Behavior

The effects of “substitutes for leadership” variables on choice of leader behavior in two laboratory experiments showed the 35 male and 41 female undergraduates' intent to use directive behaviors w...
Effects of mild hyperinsulinemia on the metabolic response to exercise

To assess the effects of mild hyperinsulinemia on the metabolic adaptations to exercise, five normal male subjects were studied during 2 cycles of 30 min rest followed by 60 min mild exercise. During one cycle, insulin was infused at a rate of 0.33 mU/kg/min. During both cycles, plasma glucose concentration was kept constant by a glucose-controlled glucose infusion system. Studies with and without insulin were performed in random order, with 30 min between studies. During the insulin infusion, plasma non-esterified fatty acids fell during rest and failed to rise with exercise, indicating a limited availability of this substrate to working muscle. Insulin infusion also inhibited the expected rise in glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate normally observed during exercise. Plasma lactate concentrations at the completion of exercise with insulin infusion were higher than after exercise without insulin infusion. Greater metabolic dependence on carbohydrate metabolism is suggested by an increased respiratory quotient during insulin infusion. Insulin infusion had no significant effect on the amount of glucose which needed to be infused for maintaining a constant plasma glucose during rest, but there was a large and significant difference in the need for infused glucose during exercise with and without insulin infusion. The results indicate that even mild hyperinsulinism interferes with normal metabolic responses to exercise, and suggest that fall in insulin concentration seen with exercise is an important regulatory process, not merely a secondary consequences of a declining plasma glucose level.
Correlation of oxidative induction time with thermal and radiation aging of EPR and XLPE cable insulation

The objective of the project described is to determine the extent to which radiation and thermal aging of cable can be assessed by the measurement of oxidative induction time (OIT). Since OIT can be obtained from very small samples of insulation, OIT measurement can be considered as a nondestructive testing method. Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation materials frequently used in nuclear power plants were used in the tests. The OIT is shown to decrease at a faster rate with aging than elongation to rupture. Early results of this investigation indicate that OIT is an effective method for measuring aging. >
Naturally occuring canine cancers: powerful models for stimulating pharmacogenomic advancement in human medicine

An estimated 1.6 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the USA in 2012 [101]. The pharmaceutical industry is working furiously to develop new efficacious chemotherapeutics; however, the vast majority of compounds that show anticancer activity in preclinical studies fail during subsequent human clinical trials, hindering progress in patient care and further increasing costs for drug development [1–3]. Modern cancer research places a heavy emphasis on murine models for investigating cancer etiology and for driving the development of new therapies. Mice represent excellent models for studying cancer due to their short lifespans, ease of maintenance and opportunities for genetic manipulation [4]. While their attributes have led to numerous fundamental advances in identifying novel therapies, several important limitations exist. Murine models of cancer are generally induced by genetic engineering, or by subcutaneous xenografts. The limitations and advantages of various methods of inducing neoplasms in mice are well reviewed elsewhere [4,5]. Induced murine neoplasms are developed in a short period of time and they lack heterogeneity in the tumor cell population, the microenvironment and the stroma, all of which are inconsistent with most human cancers. Furthermore, human cancers typically display increased genomic instability compared with their induced murine counterparts, which limits their utility as tools for pharmacogenomics [6]. Many of these limitations may be addressed by using the domestic dog as a complementary model system. Canines share our environment and develop many age-related diseases with similar pathologies to humans. Perhaps most importantly, dogs exhibit a wide variety of spontaneous cancers that share extensive clinicopathologic features with those of human patients, offering a unique opportunity for comparative analysis of
The Effect of "Career Cruising" on the Self-Efficacy of Students Deciding on Majors.

We analyzed the impact of a self-assessment instrument on the self-efficacy of those deciding on majors in a university setting. Using a pre- and post-test methodology, we employed Career Cruising ...
Entomological and mammalogical perspectives on genital differentiation

Abstract When hypotheses concerning the evolution of animal genitalia are classified by their assumptions and arranged historically, key differences between the entomological and mammalogical approaches become clear. The former tradition emphasizes mechanism and the latter emphasizes species isolation. Consequently, studies of this subject often address different aspects of the question while using similar terminology, specifically, the term ‘lock-and-hey'. Because genital variation represents a significant portion of animal diversity, it merits the attention and clarity of investigation given to other anatomical features. However, attempts to achieve the necessary level of clarity have been largely unsuccessful. This article promotes common terms for improved communication between researchers.
Modeling of risk losses using size-biased data

In this paper we present a method for drawing inferences about the process of financial losses that are associated with the operations of a business. For example, for a bank such losses may be related to erroneous transactions, human error, fraud, lawsuits, or power outages. Information about the frequency and magnitude of losses is obtained through the search of a number of sources, such as printed, computerized, or Internet-based publications related to insurance and finance. The data consists of losses that were discovered in the search. We assume that the probability of a loss appearing in the body of sources and also being discovered increases with the magnitude of the loss. Our approach simultaneously models the process of losses and the process of populating the database. The approach is illustrated using data related to operational risk losses that are of special interest to the banking industry.
‘Gay boy talk’ meets ‘girl talk’: HIV risk assessment assumptions in young gay men's sexual health communication with best friends

Young adults, particularly young gay men (YGM), are vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet, little is known about how YGM discuss sexual health issues with their friends (‘gay boy talk’). We conducted semistructured interviews with YGM and their best friends (11 YGM/YGM dyads and 13 YGM/heterosexual female dyads). In this paper, we examine risk assessment assumptions conveyed within YGM’s communication about sexual health with their friends and how, if at all, the sexual scripts guiding these assumptions may differ between YGM and young women. Findings demonstrated that, while these young adults clearly intended to support their friends and promote safer sex, they also conveyed assumptions about HIV risk assessment, especially regarding sexual partner selection, that may actually increase their friends’ risk for HIV infection. Since inaccurate HIV risk assessment assumptions were transmitted via sexual health communication between peers, it is suggested that such assumptions may need to be addressed in HIV prevention programs working with YGM and their friends. Further, gender differences were identified within the sexual scripts shared between YGM and their friends, suggesting that such interventions should be tailored to the specific needs of different friendship networks.
Untying a knot from the inside out: Reflections on the “paradox” of supererogation

In his 1958 seminal paper “Saints and Heroes”, J. O. Urmson argued that the then dominant tripartite deontic scheme of classifying actions as being exclusively either obligatory, or optional in the sense of being morally indifferent, or wrong, ought to be expanded to include the category of the supererogatory. Colloquially, this category includes actions that are “beyond the call of duty” (beyond what is obligatory) and hence actions that one has no duty or obligation to perform. But it is a controversial category. Some have argued that the concept of supererogation is paradoxical because on one hand, supererogatory actions are (by definition) supposed to be morally good, indeed morally best, actions. But then if they are morally best, why aren't they morally required, contrary to the assumption that they are morally optional? In short: how can an action that is morally best to perform fail to be what one is morally required to do? The source of this alleged paradox has been dubbed the ‘good-ought tie-up’. In our article, we address this alleged paradox by first making a phenomenological case for the reality of instances of genuine supererogatory actions, and then, by reflecting on the relevant phenomenology, explaining why there is no genuine paradox. Our explanation appeals to the idea that moral reasons can play what we call a merit conferring role. The basic idea is that moral reasons that favor supererogatory actions function to confer merit on the actions they favor—they play a merit conferring role—and can do without also requiring the actions in question. Hence, supererogatory actions can be both good and morally meritorious to perform yet still be morally optional. Recognition of a merit conferring role unties the good-ought tie up, and (as we further argue) there are good reasons, independent of helping to resolve the alleged paradox, for recognizing this sort of role that moral reasons may play.
Flaxseed oil prevents trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid-induced insulin resistance in mice.

Insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are found in 35 and 30% of US adults, respectively. Trans-10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been found to cause both these disorders in several animal models. We hypothesised that IR and NAFLD caused by CLA result from n-3 fatty acid deficiency. Pathogen-free C57BL/6N female mice (aged 8 weeks; n 10) were fed either a control diet or diets containing trans-10, cis-12-CLA (0·5%) or CLA þ flaxseed oil (FSO) (0·5% þ 0·5%) for 8 weeks. Weights of livers, concentration of circulating insulin, values of homeostatic model 1 (HOMA1) for IR and HOMA1 for b cell function were higher by 160, 636, 985 and 968% in the CLA group compared with those in the control group. FSO decreased fasting glucose by 20% and liver weights by 37% compared with those in the CLA group; it maintained circulating insulin, HOMA1-IR and HOMA1 for b cell function at levels found in the control group. CLA supplementation decreased n-6 and n-3 wt% concentrations of liver lipids by 57 and 73% and increased the n-6:n-3 ratio by 58% compared with corresponding values in the control group. FSO increased n-6 and n-3 PUFA in liver lipids by 33 and 342% and decreased the n-6:n-3 ratio by 70% compared with corresponding values in the CLA group. The present results suggest that some adverse effects of CLA may be due to n-3 PUFA deficiency and that these can be corrected by a concomitant increase in the intake of a-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3. a-Linolenic acid: n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Cardiovascular disease
Zero-coupling-gap degenerate band edge resonators in silicon photonics

Resonances near regular photonic band edges are limited by quality factors that scale only to the third power of the number of periods. In contrast, resonances near degenerate photonic band edges can scale to the fifth power of the number periods, yielding a route to significant device miniaturization. For applications in silicon integrated photonics, we present the design and analysis of zero-coupling-gap degenerate band edge resonators. Complex band diagrams are computed for the unit cell with periodic boundary conditions that convey characteristics of propagating and evanescent modes. Dispersion features of the band diagram are used to describe changes in resonance scaling in finite length resonators. Resonators with non-zero and zero coupling gap are compared. Analysis of quality factor and resonance frequency indicates significant reduction in the number of periods required to observe fifth power scaling when degenerate band edge resonators are realized with zero-coupling-gap. High transmission is achieved by optimizing the waveguide feed to the resonator. Compact band edge cavities with large optical field distribution are envisioned for light emitters, switches, and sensors.
Moral ethnicity and political tribalism in Kenya's virtual democracy

Kenyan politics have long been among the most “ethnic” in Africa. From the battles over the constitutional formula for independence to the waning days of the one-party regime in the late 1980s, Kenyan politicians sought support from their ethnic or subethnic groups, and citizens perceived most political battles to be about dividing the “national cake” among the constituent ethnic groups. Political liberalization since 1991 has not fundamentally changed this atmosphere. Most obviously, it has allowed ethnic politics to reemerge into open, public debate. Ruling and opposition parties represent primarily all, some, or coalitions of ethnic groups. Ethnically marked electoral violence, largely instigated by the ruling regime, has come to be expected, though not accepted, as part of the campaign season. Leaders are far more prone to make appeals to the state for resources in openly ethnic terms than they dared to do in the one-party era.
Laboratory and field observations on oviposition preferences of Aedes nigromaculis (Diptera:Culicidae)

In the laboratory, most eggs of Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow) were laid in crevices between leaves and stems of peat moss when peat moss, filter paper, terry cloth, and river silt were provided for oviposition sites. Gravid females preferred well-moistened silt (70–100% moisture content) over dry silt (40–60%), a dark terry cloth over a light cloth, and dense vegetation over bare silt. In the field, females oviposited in clumps of bunch grasses in irrigated pastures, especially in clumps growing in temporary pool areas. Within a given clump, most eggs were deposited at the periphery and near the surface of the ground. In pastures where Bermuda-type grasses were dominant, females laid eggs in depressions covered with spikerushes or in dense Bermuda-type grass patches.
Capital in Relation to Optimum Population

number of high grade graduate schools in the region-as good as those to be found anywhere. With such facilities it is believed that the South has enough superior, undiscovered and unexploited human talent to supply abundantly its own needs for leadership and at the same time contribute generously to other parts of the nation. If this be true, and it is believed that it is, then the concern is national rather than regional in scope, and deserves such broad recognition and support.
Development, Design, and Testing of a Standard Gas Turbine Control

This paper outlines the key elements in the development and design of a standard digital control for use in fuel metering control of a gas turbine. A definition and understanding of standard versus custom controls will be presented. The major components or design steps, including digital control hardware, software programming algorithms and modeling/simulation tools for testing, will be discussed. The implementation of a flexible I/O layout, a multi-tiered software architecture and user-friendly control configurability will be introduced. These features allow the standard gas turbine control functionality to be extended to address unique user requirements without directly modifying the standard program. Recent trends in the gas turbine market have included mergers and acquisitions of many OEM suppliers. This has prompted the need for a control system that can be quickly and easily reconfigured to accommodate differences in gas turbine manufacturers’ designs. An important element for success is the understanding that this work is done by service providers at various levels of the supply chain, including OEMs, generator or compressor equipment packagers, and gas turbine retrofitters. This offering details the control development and design process and emphasizes the critical need for high fidelity modeling and simulation tools to promote robust initial control software design. It also highlights the additional value of leveraging this work to support control software application changes that evolve over the lifecycle of the control product.© 2004 ASME
Accuracy of auditory brainstem evoked response with hearing level unknown.

We reported a comparison of auditory brainstem response (ABR)-estimated hearing levels with hearing levels by pure-tone audiogram for 84 ears of 42 children. Their average age was 34 months at the time of ABR and 73 months for the audiogram. Thus, all of these children were managed clinically on the basis of their ABR results. The ABR accurately predicted the pure-tone average (PTA) in 76% and was in error by no more than about ± 10–12 dB in another 18%.
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in 20 U.S. Cities, 1987–1994

Background Air pollution in cities has been linked to increased rates of mortality and morbidity in developed and developing countries. Although these findings have helped lead to a tightening of air-quality standards, their validity with respect to public health has been questioned. Methods We assessed the effects of five major outdoor-air pollutants on daily mortality rates in 20 of the largest cities and metropolitan areas in the United States from 1987 to 1994. The pollutants were particulate matter that is less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. We used a two-stage analytic approach that pooled data from multiple locations. Results After taking into account potential confounding by other pollutants, we found consistent evidence that the level of PM10 is associated with the rate of death from all causes and from cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. The estimated increase in the relative rate of death from all causes was 0.51 pe...
A quantitative comparison of physiologic indicators of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: Diastolic blood pressure versus end-tidal carbon dioxide.

Abstract Aim The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends monitoring invasive arterial diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when available. In intensive care unit patients, both may be available to the rescuer. The objective of this study was to compare DBP vs. ETCO 2 during CPR as predictors of cardiac arrest survival. Methods In two models of cardiac arrest (primary ventricular fibrillation [VF] and asphyxia-associated VF), 3-month old swine received either standard AHA guideline-based CPR or patient-centric, BP-guided CPR. Mean values of DBP and ETCO 2 in the final 2 min before the first defibrillation attempt were compared using receiver operating characteristic curves (area under curve [AUC] analysis). The optimal DBP cut point to predict survival was derived and subsequently validated in two independent, randomly generated cohorts. Results Of 60 animals, 37 (61.7%) survived to 45 min. DBP was higher in survivors than in non-survivors (40.6 ± 1.8 mmHg vs. 25.9 ± 2.4 mmHg; p 2 was not different (30.0 ± 1.5 mmHg vs. 32.5 ± 1.8 mmHg; p = 0.30). By AUC analysis, DBP was superior to ETCO 2 (0.82 vs. 0.60; p = 0.025) in discriminating survivors from non-survivors. The optimal DBP cut point in the derivation cohort was 34.1 mmHg. In the validation cohort, this cut point demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.78, specificity of 0.81, positive predictive value of 0.64, and negative predictive value of 0.89 for survival. Conclusions In both primary and asphyxia-associated VF porcine models of cardiac arrest, DBP discriminates survivors from non-survivors better than ETCO 2 . Failure to attain a DBP >34 mmHg during CPR is highly predictive of non-survival.
Comparing Argument Diagrams.

Argumentation is central to law. Written and oral argument structures, however, are often difficult to analyze and employ in instruction. Diagrammatic models of argument offer a potential solution to these problems. In this paper we report on the results of an empirical study into the diagnostic utility of argument diagrams in a legal writing context. The focus is on comparing experts’ and student-produced argument diagrams and on the extent to which the latter can be used to predict students’ performance on subsequent writing tasks. We present the results and draw some tentative conclusions.
A Light-Emitting Diode System for the Analysis of Gait: A Method and Selected Clinical Examples

The purpose of this study was to design, develop, and test a comprehensive and potentially clinically useful system for the objective evaluation of sagittal-plane motion and temporal and distance factors during gait. A light-emitting diode and a 35 mm single-frame color slide photographic technique were utilized. The method of data collection and reduction produced values that are similar to reports in previous literature. High reliability was shown both within and across investigators testing normal subjects. Across-investigator comparisons when taking angular measurements demonstrated lower reliability. Specific clinical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the light-emitting diode system.
Liver Function in Dairy Cows at Parturition

SUMMARY The possibility that subclinical liver damage may occur normally during late pregnancy and at parturition has been investigated in healthy dairy cows by measuring the plasma concentrations of the liver-specific enzyme G.D. and of G.O.T. and G.P.T., and also by measuring the rate of clearance of bromosulphthalein (B.S.P.) from the plasma approximately one week before, at, and one week after calving. Dimidium bromide, a known liver poison, was used to produce liver damage in one cow, and its effect on the same parameters have been studied. There were no significant changes in the concentration of G.D. during the 2 to 3 weeks spanning parturition, even though 3 cows showed evidence of milk fever, but there was a significant decrease in B.S.P. clearance one week after calving compared with the pre-calving levels. The mean values of k, the fractional clearance constant between 2 and 15 minutes after dosing, and kV, the plasma clearance before and after calving were −0·151 min.−1, and 6·74 l./min., and −0·121 min.−1 and 4·95 l./min. respectively. In contrast, a dose of dimidium bromide to one cow sufficient to cause a large rapid increase in the plasma concentration of G.D. 40 days after dosing did not produce any change in the liver’s capacity to clear B.S.P. from plasma at that time. It seems likely, therefore, that changes in liver function at calving in the cow are not degenerative in nature, but purely functional and related to the metabolic demands of lactation.
Adaptive Methods for Parabolic Partial Differential Equations with Applications to Shear Band Formation

Beginning with a low-order approximation on a coarse mesh, an adaptive method for solving partial differential equations selectively and recursively “enriches” solutions until prescribed accuracy criteria have been satisfied. Basic enrichment strategies of mesh refinement and coarsening (h-refinement), variation of method order (p-refinement), and mesh redistribution (r-refinement) may be used singly or in combination. Estimates of discretization errors control adaptive enrichment with a goal of obtaining solutions satisfying the requisite accuracy in an optimal fashion. Adaptive methods have been gaining popularity during the past fifteen years and are being used to address a variety of problems involving steady and transient systems [1–3].
The influence of academic discipline, race, and gender on web-use skills among graduate-level students

There is a paucity of research on the digital literacy of graduate-level students. The study examined whether academic discipline, age, gender, race, parental education, international status, GPA, and self-perceived skills is associated with web-use skills among this population. Hargittai and Hsieh’s 27-item Web-use Skills Index was used to measure web-use skills. The Kruskal–Wallis H test with post hoc Fisher’s least significant difference test was used to determine statistical differences between groups of independent variables. Academic discipline, race/ethnicity, and gender had a greater number of statistically significant differences (p < .05) with 12, 15, and 20 variables respectively. Few web-skill variables were significantly different by age, GPA, international status, and parental education with 4, 3, 2, and 3 variables respectively. Gender plays a large role in the digital literacy of graduate and professional students compared to other demographic factors. This may be due to factors influenced by gender including family life, self-efficacy, and access to technology. The high web proficiency of Asian/Pacific Islander students is consistent with past research. However, African American students were more web-proficient than Caucasian students, which is inconsistent with previous research. Academic discipline may be independently associated with varying levels of web-use scores.
Sparse recovery of time-frequency representations via recurrent neural networks

The impressive evolution of neural networks and deep learning techniques during the last few years has offered new incomparable routes to solve many complex problems. Moreover, the fact that neural networks are structured and supervised has made it possible to perform automatic parameter tuning that guarantees convergence to the best expressive model for the problem assessed. In this work, we investigated the use of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to solve the sequential sparse recovery problem through unfolding the iterative soft thresholding algorithm (ISTA) into a stacked RNN. Specifically, we examined the performance of the unsupervised iterative algorithm and the supervised network for a purely compressive sampling reconstruction problem of time-frequency representations. Our results demonstrated that the trained stacked neural network outperforms the iterative algorithm in the quality of the reconstructed data and points to several future directions to improve the performance.
The Structure of Liquid and Amorphous Hafnia

Understanding the atomic structure of amorphous solids is important in predicting and tuning their macroscopic behavior. Here, we use a combination of high-energy X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and molecular dynamics simulations to benchmark the atomic interactions in the high temperature stable liquid and low-density amorphous solid states of hafnia. The diffraction results reveal an average Hf-O coordination number of ~7 exists in both the liquid and amorphous nanoparticle forms studied. The measured pair distribution functions are compared to those generated from several simulation models in the literature. We have also performed ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations that show density has a strong effect on the polyhedral connectivity. The liquid shows a broad distribution of Hf-Hf interactions, while the formation of low-density amorphous nanoclusters can reproduce the sharp split peak in the Hf-Hf partial pair distribution function observed in experiment. The agglomeration of amorphous nanoparticles condensed from the gas phase is associated with the formation of both edge-sharing and corner-sharing HfO6,7 polyhedra resembling that observed in the monoclinic phase.
Back-Projection Imaging the 2010 Mw 8.8 Chilean Earthquake

On February 27, 2017, at 06:34:00 (UTC) an Mw 8.8 megathrust earthquake struck nearby Concepcion, South Chile, where the Nazca plate is subducting beneath the overriding South American plate. The earthquake was located at (35.905°S, 72.733°W) at a focal depth of 35 km (provided by USGS).
Aerobic glycolysis and tau deposition in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Research of the human brain metabolism in vivo has largely focused on total glucose use (via fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) and, until recently, did not examine the use of glucose outside oxidative phosphorylation, which is known as aerobic glycolysis (AG). AG supports important functions including biosynthesis and neuroprotection but decreases dramatically with aging. This multitracer positron emission tomography study evaluated the relationship between AG, total glucose use (CMRGlc), oxygen metabolism (CMRO2), tau, and amyloid deposition in 42 individuals, including those at preclinical and symptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease. Our findings demonstrate that in individuals with amyloid burden, lower AG is associated with higher tau deposition. No such correlation was observed for CMRGlc or CMRO2. We suggest that aging-related loss of AG leading to decreased synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection may accelerate tauopathy in individuals with amyloid burden. Longitudinal AG and Alzheimer's disease pathology studies are needed to verify causality.
Record of the Carnian wet episode in strata of the Chinle Group, western USA

The Late Triassic Carnian wet episode was an interval of humid climate evident in the lowermost strata of the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in the western USA. Chinle deposition began with the development of major river systems of the Shinarump Formation and equivalents, laterally equivalent to and/or overlain by floodplain deposits containing kaolinitic gleyed to spodic palaeosols and local coal beds. The Chinle strata immediately above these wet episode strata are deposits of smaller rivers that lack coal or carbonaceous strata and contain non-kaolinitic palaeosols that are locally calcareous and vertic, indicative of drier but strongly seasonal climates. The lowermost Chinle strata contain fossil tetrapods, palynomorphs and conchostracans that are consistent with other data that indicate that the basal Chinle strata are of Julian age and immediately overlying lower Chinle strata are early Tuvalian, so these strata are the age of the Carnian wet episode. Identification of a ‘long Norian’ Stage places the Norian base in the Chinle Group near the top of the strata of the wet episode, which means that Norian strata sit directly on early Carnian strata, but there is no unconformity at this level to support recognition of such a long Norian in the Chinle section.
Modern Eclecticism in Therapy

What is the evidence that contemporary therapists are becoming more eclectic in their approach? Are there different kinds of eclecticism? Are there certain emphases that most eclectic therapists have in common? These are the central questions considered in this introductory chapter.
Preface to Part II

The nine chapters in this part focus on the development of students’ algebraic thinking from the primary grades to the intermediate / middle grades. The chapters also underscore different schools of thought regarding early algebra; in particular, the chapters provide rich portrayals of students’ algebraic thinking as it develops within primarily arithmetic contexts (such as generalizing about arithmetic computations) as well as within primarily algebraic contexts (such as reasoning about functional relationships). As a collection, the chapters in this part present a variety of perspectives, yet they also present a common message: Students are quite capable of learning to reason algebraically in the early grades. The part closes with a commentary regarding students’ algebraic thinking that considers issues that emerge when looking across the nine part chapters.
Probability vs. Measure

Since Paul Halmos’ 1950 book Measure Theory is still one of the few textbooks of measure theory to include some probability theory, it is appropriate in this volume to discuss the relation between these two subjects. Throughout this discussion “probability ”means “mathematical probability. ”Any coin tossed will be unambiguously mathematical.
Scholarly Publishing in Korea: Language, Perception, Practice of Korean University Faculty

This study reports how internationalization of academic knowledge is reflected in the language choice of Korean academic journals across disciplines and examines perceptions and practices of eighty two faculty from various disciplines at three Korean universities concerning publishing in English journals. The results indicate that natural science has the highest percentage of English-medium journals whereas those in humanities and social science predominantly use Korean as a medium of publication. Similar disciplinary patterns are observed in the responses to survey questions about frequency of publication as well as desire and preference for publishing papers in English. The biggest motivation for Korean scholars to publish in English was the desire to reach global scholarly communities. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Livelihood Transitions During China’s Ecological Urbanization: An Ethnographic Observation

Over the last decade, China’s quest for sustainable development has spawned hundreds of urban sustainability projects. Most of these projects involve displacing original inhabitants to make room for newly constructed residential enclaves courting China’s new middle-class and international elites. Ostensibly, these are new forms of environmental gentrification and housing inequality that adhere to the “accumulation by dispossession” logic commonly seen in cities in the global South. Yet my research on the life transitions of both displaced villagers and new residents in two Chinese eco-city constructions suggests that displacement also leads to new, divergent pathways in individual social mobility. Drawing on on-site observation, interviews, and ethnographic work, I find that villagers relocated from the project construction sites experienced different resettlement trajectories and life transitions, often contingent upon their capacity in acquiring compensation in the form of new property rights. For some, displacement was the first step toward further wealth accumulation. Meanwhile, the newly arrived middle-class residents at the eco-cities were deprived of their original urban lives and social relations, compelled to adjust to the new cities’ lack of infrastructure and amenities. Further compounding their problem is the housing market slump right after their home purchases, which seriously restricted the spatial mobility of the residents. As sustainability projects becomes a prominent agenda in contemporary urban policies, the findings of this research highlight the need to consider the inequality implications, particularly how new developments affect individual social and spatial mobility.
Ultrasonic wave propagation predictions for polycrystalline materials using three-dimensional synthetic microstructures: Phase velocity variations

In most theoretical work related to effective properties of polycrystals, the media are assumed to be infinite with randomly oriented grains. Therefore, the bulk material has absolute isotropy because each direction includes an infinite number of grains with infinite possibilities for grain orientation. However, real samples will always include a finite number of grains such that the inspection volume will have some associated anisotropy. Thus, bounds on the bulk properties are expected for a given measurement. Here, the effect of the number of grains on the variations of elastic anisotropy is studied using synthetic polycrystals comprised of equiaxed cubic grains (17 volumes with 100 realizations each). Voigt, Reuss, and self-consistent techniques are used to derive the effective elastic modulus tensor. The standard deviation of the average elastic modulus is then quantified for several materials with varying degrees of single-crystal anisotropy and is shown to be inversely proportional to the square root of the number of grains. Finally, the Christoffel equation is used to study the relevant phase velocities. With appropriate normalization, a master curve is derived with respect to the finite sample size, which shows the expected variations of phase velocity for the longitudinal, fast shear, and slow shear modes.