cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental analysis of molting in embryos of Melanoplus differentialis

Abstract Histological study of embryos of Melanoplus differentialis and Locusta migratoria showed the structure of the two embryonic cuticles and the nymphal cuticle of each species and the exact time of embryonic molts. The two embryonic molts of M. differentialis were analyzed experimentally by isolating in hanging drops 283 whole embryos, 103 anterior halves, 98 posterior halves, and 497 metathoracic legs. Both of the embryonic molts occurred in the majority of posterior halves explanted 7 days before the first molt. Most of the isolated legs completed one embryonic molt, and some of them continued developing normally through the second molt. The neuroendocrine system of the head and prothorax is not necessary for the control of either of the embryonic molts of M. differentialis . Embryonic development is independent of nervous or endocrine centers in the head, thorax, or abdomen. The coordination and control of embryonic molting in this species seems to lie in the epidermal tissue.
Optimal control of an exterior Robin problem

The present paper attempts to extend the control problems of Angel1 and Kleinman [l] to the exterior Robin problem. We consider an infinite cylinder of general cross section as a radiating structure. For a given combination of Dirichlet and Neumann data on the curve there is associated a radiated far field. We want to maximize the power flux of the far field in a specified angular section by controlling the boundary data. In the case of Dirichlet data, Angel1 and Kleinman [ 1 ] proved the existence of a solution and formulated this control problem as an eigenvalue problem, which then was numerically solved by Galerkin’s method. In our case, we get a nonlinear control problem, which we also solve by Galerkin’s method. The exact statement of the problem is given in Section 2. In Section 3 we prove the existence of an optimal control in any closed convex bounded set in L2, respectively, L”O. The formulation of Galerkin’s approximations and convergence proofs are given in Section 4. Thanks are due to T. Angell, for his fruitful discussions!
Endothelial growth factors and extracellular matrix regulate DNA synthesis through modulation of cell and nuclear expansion

Studies were carried out to analyze the mechanism by which extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and soluble growth factors interplay to control capillary endothelial cell growth. Bovine adrenal capillary endothelial cells attached to purified matrix components but spread poorly and exhibited low levels of DNA synthesis in the absence of exogenous growth factors or serum. Addition of cationic, heparin-binding growth factor purified from either human hepatoma cells or normal bovine pituitary (fibroblast growth factor) induced extensive cell spreading and up to eight fold increases in DNA synthetic rates relative to levels observed in cells on similar substrata in the absence of mitogen. However, the extent of this response differed depending upon the type of ECM molecule used for cell attachment (fold increase on type III collagen > gelatin > type IV collagen > fibronectin > type V collagen ⋙ laminin). Computerized morphometry demonstrated that endothelial cell DNA synthetic rates increased in an exponential fashion in direct relation to linear increases in cell and nuclear size (projected areas). Similarly sized cells always displayed the same level of DNA synthesis independent of the type of ECM molecule used for cell attachment or the presence of saturating amounts of growth factor. In all cases, DNA metabolism appeared to be coupled to physical expansion of the cell and nucleus rather than to a specific cell morphology (e.g. polygonal versus bipolar). These findings suggest that ECM may act locally as a “solid state” regulator of angiogenesis through its ability to selectively support or prohibit cell and nuclear extension in response to stimulation by soluble mitogens.
Fully automated deconvolution method for on-line analysis of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy data based on an iterative Laguerre expansion technique

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) is a powerful analytical tool for quantifying the biochemical composition of organic and inorganic materials. The potential of TRFS for tissue diagnosis has been recently demonstrated. To facilitate the translation of TRFS to the clinical arena, algorithms for online TRFS data analysis are essential. A fast model-free TRFS deconvolution algorithm based on the Laguerre expansion method has previously been introduced. One limitation of this method, however, is the need to heuristically select two parameters that are crucial for the accurate estimation of the fluorescence decay: the Laguerre parameter alpha and the expansion order. Here, a new implementation of the Laguerre deconvolution method is introduced, in which a nonlinear least-square optimization of the Laguerre parameter alpha is performed, and the optimal expansion order is selected based on a minimum description length criterion (MDL). In addition, estimation of the zero-time delay between the recorded instrument response and fluorescence decay is also performed based on normalized mean square error criterion (NMSE). The method is validated on experimental data from fluorescence lifetime standards, endogenous tissue fluorophores, and human tissue. The proposed automated Laguerre deconvolution method will facilitate online applications of TRFS, such as real-time clinical tissue diagnosis.
An algorithm for fully-reversible optimistic parallel simulation

Typically, large-scale optimistic parallel simulations will spend 90% or more of the total execution time forward processing events and very little time executing rollbacks. In fact, it was recently shown that a large-scale TCP model consisting of over 1 million nodes will execute without generating any rollbacks (i.e., perfect optimistic execution is achieved). The major cost involved in forward execution is the preparation for a rollback in the form of state-saving. Using a technique called "reverse computation", state-saving overheads can be greatly reduced. Here, the rollback operation is realized by executing previously processed events in reverse. However, events are retained until GVT sweeps past. In this paper, we define a new algorithm for realizing a continuum of reverse computation-based parallel simulation systems, which enables us to relax the computing of GVT and potentially further reduces the amount of memory required to execute an optimistic simulation.
Cerebral autoregulation following minor head injury

The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with minor head injury experience impairments in cerebral autoregulation. Twenty-nine patients with minor head injuries defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 13 to 15 underwent testing of dynamic cerebral autoregulation within 48 hours of their injury using continuous transcranial Doppler velocity recordings and blood pressure recordings. Twenty-nine age-matched normal volunteers underwent autoregulation testing in the same manner to establish comparison values. The function of the autoregulatory response was assessed by the cerebral blood flow velocity response to induced rapid brief changes in arterial blood pressure and measured as the autoregulation index (ARI). Eight (28%) of the 29 patients with minor head injury demonstrated poorly functioning or absent cerebral autoregulation versus none of the controls, and this difference was highly significant (p = 0.008). A significant correlation between lower blood pressure and worse autoregulation was found by regression analysis in head-injured patients (r = 0.6, p < 0.001); however, lower blood pressure did not account for the autoregulatory impairment in all patients. Within this group of head-injured patients there was no correlation between ARI and initial GCS or 1-month Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. This study indicates that a significant number of patients with minor head injury may have impaired cerebral autoregulation and may be at increased risk for secondary ischemic neuronal damage.
Modeling the specificity of protein-DNA interactions

The specificity of protein-DNA interactions is most commonly modeled using position weight matrices (PWMs). First introduced in 1982, they have been adapted to many new types of data and many different approaches have been developed to determine the parameters of the PWM. New high-throughput technologies provide a large amount of data rapidly and offer an unprecedented opportunity to determine accurately the specificities of many transcription factors (TFs). But taking full advantage of the new data requires advanced algorithms that take into account the biophysical processes involved in generating the data. The new large datasets can also aid in determining when the PWM model is inadequate and must be extended to provide accurate predictions of binding sites. This article provides a general mathematical description of a PWM and how it is used to score potential binding sites, a brief history of the approaches that have been developed and the types of data that are used with an emphasis on algorithms that we have developed for analyzing high-throughput datasets from several new technologies. It also describes extensions that can be added when the simple PWM model is inadequate and further enhancements that may be necessary. It briefly describes some applications of PWMs in the discovery and modeling of in vivo regulatory networks.
How Fast Can We communicate

Multiple high bandwidth signals can be time division multiplexed to give continuous data transmission at the optical source bandwidth, e.g. 1016 Hz. The individual components need not operate anywhere near this speed.
Quality of fresh-cut produce

Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are highly perishable due to damaged and exposed tissues and lack of protective skin. Disorders arising from processing can be minimized by the use of sharp cutting tools, enzymatic browning inhibitors, modified atmospheres and low temperatures. High quality can be maintained by selecting produce at proper maturity and controlling deterioration with low temperatures and modified atmospheres. By recognizing and controlling factors that have a deteriorative effect on quality, good quality fresh-cut product with sufficient shelf-life can be attained. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Aging in context: Age-related changes in context use during language comprehension

Effects of normal aging on the use of sentence context information during language comprehension were examined by measuring younger and older adults' event-related potential (ERP) responses to congruent sentence-final words as a function of contextual constraint. Half of the sentence contexts were strongly constraining, rendering the target word very predictable, whereas the other half were weakly constraining. Both age groups elicited smaller N400 responses to target words in strongly than in weakly constrained contexts, but this effect was significantly smaller and later for older adults. Older adults with lower reading spans showed greater delays. Age-related changes were driven primarily by decreases in older adults' ability to make use of the richer information available from strongly constraining contexts to guide semantic processing, as word processing (N400s) in weak contexts was qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the two age groups.
Improved near-term Earth rotation predictions using atmospheric angular momentum analysis and forecasts

Abstract Predicted values of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were introduced into the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Bulletin A (rapid service/prediction of Earth orientation) combination during 2000 in an effort to improve the near-term universal time–coordinated universal time (UT1–UTC) predictions. In this approach, only the atmospheric contributions to the excitation of UT1 variations were included and contributions from other sources, such as the oceans, were neglected. However, we observed that using this approach the AAM inputs sometimes degraded the UT1 predictions as much as they helped and suspended their use in early 2001 for re-evaluation. This re-evaluation resulted in a greater appreciation of the systematic differences between the AAM and UT1R series as well as suggests that, in the actual Earth system, the oceans balance some of the atmospheric variability on specific time scales between 2 and 15 days. Since near-real time oceanic angular momentum information is currently not available, an improved approach for assimilating AAM data products was developed. These improvements include the use of both pressure and wind AAM terms, use of the previously unavailable AAM analysis data at the 24-h epoch for the latest AAM analysis file, smoothing of the AAM-based Length of day (LOD) to reduce sub-diurnal variability before integrating to UT1R, and removal of a best-fit sinusoid from the AAM UT1R time series. The new procedure reduces the effects of systematic trends (both periodic and linear) that do not appear to be present in actual UT1R variability. Retrospective studies indicate that including this new AAM-derived series may reduce UT1R prediction errors by ∼41% at 5 days into the future. Consequently, AAM-derived estimates of UT1R were restored to IERS Bulletin A starting in the 7 August 2001 issue. Comparisons made after the addition of UTAAM into the Bulletin A UT1–UTC combination solution indicate a better than 50% reduction in prediction errors at 5 and 10 days into the future and an ∼1 ms improvement at 30 days into the future.
Mean field inference in dependency networks: an empirical study

Dependency networks are a compelling alternative to Bayesian networks for learning joint probability distributions from data and using them to compute probabilities. A dependency network consists of a set of conditional probability distributions, each representing the probability of a single variable given its Markov blanket. Running Gibbs sampling with these conditional distributions produces a joint distribution that can be used to answer queries, but suffers from the traditional slowness of sampling-based inference. In this paper, we observe that the mean field update equation can be applied to dependency networks, even though the conditional probability distributions may be inconsistent with each other. In experiments with learning and inference on 12 datasets, we demonstrate that mean field inference in dependency networks offers similar accuracy to Gibbs sampling but with orders of magnitude improvements in speed. Compared to Bayesian networks learned on the same data, dependency networks offer higher accuracy at greater amounts of evidence. Furthermore, mean field inference is consistently more accurate in dependency networks than in Bayesian networks learned on the same data.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of [18F]Bicalutamide, 4-[76Br]Bromobicalutamide, and 4-[76Br]Bromo-thiobicalutamide as Non-Steroidal Androgens for Prostate Cancer Imaging

Androgen receptors (AR) are overexpressed in most primary and metastatic prostate cancers. To develop a nonsteroidal AR-mediated imaging agent, we synthesized and radiolabeled several analogs of the potent antiandrogen bicalutamide: [18F]bicalutamide, 4-[76Br]bromobicalutamide, and [76Br]bromo-thiobicalutamide. Two of these analogs, 4-[76Br]bromobicalutamide and [76Br]bromo-thiobicalutamide, were found to have a substantially increased affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) compared to that of bicalutamide. The synthesis of [18F]bicalutamide utilized a pseudocarrier approach to effect addition of a carbanion generated from tracer-level amounts of a radiolabeled precursor to an unlabeled carbonyl precursor. 4-[76Br]Bromobicalutamide and [76Br]bromo-thiobicalutamide were labeled through electrophilic bromination of a tributylstannane precursor. The former could be prepared in high specific activity, and its tissue distribution was tested in vivo. Androgen target tissue uptake was evident in castrated adul...
Effect of non‐random missing data mechanisms in clinical trials

A simple form of non-ignorable missing data mechanisms based on two parameters is used to characterize the amount of missing data and the severity of non-randomness in clinical trials. Based on the formulation, the effect of non-randomly missing data on simple analyses which ignore the missing data is studied for binary and normally distributed response variables. In general, the effect of the non-randomly missing data on the bias and the power increases with the severity of non-randomness. The bias can be positive or negative and the power can be less than or greater than when the data are missing at random. The results of the analysis, ignoring the missing data, can be seriously flawed if the non-randomness is severe, even when only a small proportion of the sample is missing. The problem is more pronounced in the case of normally distributed response variables with unequal variances.
Sexual Subjectivity among Adolescent Girls: Social Disadvantage and Young Adult Outcomes

A risk framework characterizing teenage sexual activities as dangerous, especially for girls, has dominated research on teenage sexuality. Consequently, girls’ sexual subjectivity has been virtually unexamined by large-scale quantitative research. We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine teenage girls’ expectations of pleasure during intercourse and sexual self-efficacy, reflecting two key components of sexual subjectivity. Our findings indicate that youth from less socioeconomically privileged families report lower expectations than their privileged peers. There are also racial/ethnic disparities: Black-white differences can be explained by class, religion, and regional sexual education variation, but Latina and Asian girls display disadvantages even after controlling for these factors. Using a life-course approach, we show that dimensions of sexual subjectivity offer widereaching benefits in young adulthood, spanning multiple domains—including future sexual health, mental and physical health, and socioeconomic standing. We address the implications of our findings for the reproduction of inequality and conceptualizations of sexual risk and well-being.
Clinical significance of early smoking withdrawal effects and their relationships with nicotine metabolism: preliminary results from a pilot study.

Introduction: Although the early time course of smoking withdrawal effects has been characterized, the clinical significance of early withdrawal symptoms and their predictors are unknown. This study evaluated the relationships of early smoking withdrawal effects with quit attempt outcomes and the rate of nicotine metabolism. Methods: Eleven treatment-seeking smokers abstained from smoking for 4 hr in the laboratory before a quit attempt. Withdrawal measures included heart rate, sustained attention, and self-report. Following baseline assessment, withdrawal measures were administered every 30 min. At the conclusion of the 4-hr early withdrawal session, participants received a brief smoking cessation intervention and then returned 1 week and 12 weeks later for outcome assessments that included biochemically confirmed smoking abstinence, cigarettes smoked in the past 24 hr, and self-reported withdrawal symptoms. The rate of nicotine metabolism was estimated at intake with the nicotine metabolite ratio (trans-3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) measured in saliva. Results: Greater self-reported negative affect and concentration difficulty during early withdrawal, most notably anxiety, were related with poorer quit attempt outcomes. There was some indication that although a faster increase in craving and greater hunger during early withdrawal were associated with more favorable outcomes, a greater decrease in heart rate during this time was associated with poorer outcomes. Faster nicotine metabolism was related to a faster increase in anxiety but a slower increase in craving during early withdrawal. Conclusions: These findings lend support to the clinical significance of early smoking withdrawal effects. The rate of nicotine metabolism may be a useful predictor of early withdrawal symptoms. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.
Offline and Real-Time Methods for ML-PDA Track Validation

We present two procedures for validating track estimates obtained using the maximum-likelihood probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) algorithm. The ML-PDA, developed for very low observable (VLO) target tracking, always provides a track estimate that must then be tested for target existence by comparing the value of the log likelihood ratio (LLR) at the track estimate to a threshold. Using extreme value theory, we show that in the absence of a target the LLR at the track estimate obeys approximately a Gumbel distribution rather than the Gaussian distribution previously ascribed to it in the literature. The offline track validation procedure relies on extensive offline simulations to obtain a set of track validation thresholds that are then used by the tracking system. The real-time procedure uses the data set that produced the track estimate to also determine the track validation threshold. The performance of these two procedures is investigated through simulation of two active sonar tracking scenarios by comparing the false and true track acceptance probabilities. These techniques have potential for use in a broader class of maximum likelihood estimation problems with similar structure
A Coupled SYSTEM of Intracellular Ca2+ Clocks and Surface Membrane Voltage Clocks Controls the Timekeeping Mechanism of the Heart’s Pacemaker

Ion channels on the surface membrane of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells (SANCs) are the proximal cause of an action potential. Each individual channel type has been thoroughly characterized under voltage clamp, and the ensemble of the ion channel currents reconstructed in silico generates rhythmic action potentials. Thus, this ensemble can be envisioned as a surface "membrane clock" (M clock). Localized subsarcolemmal Ca(2+) releases are generated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors during late diastolic depolarization and are referred to as an intracellular "Ca(2+) clock," because their spontaneous occurrence is periodic during voltage clamp or in detergent-permeabilized SANCs, and in silico as well. In spontaneously firing SANCs, the M and Ca(2+) clocks do not operate in isolation but work together via numerous interactions modulated by membrane voltage, subsarcolemmal Ca(2+), and protein kinase A and CaMKII-dependent protein phosphorylation. Through these interactions, the 2 subsystem clocks become mutually entrained to form a robust, stable, coupled-clock system that drives normal cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity. G protein-coupled receptors signaling creates pacemaker flexibility, ie, effects changes in the rhythmic action potential firing rate, by impacting on these very same factors that regulate robust basal coupled-clock system function. This review examines evidence that forms the basis of this coupled-clock system concept in cardiac SANCs.
The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment

Summary Background: Difﬁculty with pain assessment in individuals whocannot self-report their pain poses a signiﬁcant barrier to effective painmanagement. However, available assessment tools lack consistentreliability as pain measures in children with cognitive impairment(CI). This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the revisedand individualized Face Legs Activity Cry and Consolability (FLACC)behavioral pain assessment tool in children with CI.Methods: Children with CI scheduled for elective surgery werestudied. The FLACC was revised to include speciﬁc descriptors andparent-identiﬁed, unique behaviors for individual children. Thechild’s ability to self-report pain was evaluated. Postoperatively, twonurses scored pain using the revised FLACC scale before and afteranalgesic administration, and, children self-reported a pain score, ifable. Observations were videotaped and later viewed by experiencednurses blinded to analgesic administration.Results: Eighty observations were recorded in 52 children aged4–19 years. Twenty-one parents added individualized pain behaviorsto the revised FLACC. Interrater reliability was supported by excellentintraclass correlation coefﬁcients (ICC, ranging from 0.76 to 0.90) andadequate j statistics (0.44–0.57). Criterion validity was supported bythe correlations between FLACC, parent, and child scores (q ¼ 0.65–0.87; P < 0.001). Construct validity was demonstrated by the decreasein FLACC scores following analgesic administration (6.1 ± 2.6 vs1.9 ± 2.7; P < 0.001).Conclusions: Findings support the reliability and validity of theFLACC as a measure of pain in children with CI.Keywords: pain assessment; developmentally delayed children; facelegs activity cry and consolability pain tool
Potential Field Based Hierarchical Structure for Mobile Sensor Network Deployment

Deployment of mobile nodesin a region of interest is a critical issue in building a mobile sensor network because it affects cost and detection capabilities of the system. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical structure using potential fields for mobile sensor network deployment. A group of mobile nodes first form a cluster using a potential field method and then cluster heads are used to establish a hexagonal structure that employs a higher level potential field. The validity and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are compared to the conventional method in simulations.
A critical response to John Gray's Mars and Venus portrayals of men and women

John Gray's Mars and Venus portrayals of women and men are flawed both in terms of what they say and what they do not say. This article demonstrates that some of Gray's key claims about women's and men's communication are inconsistent with the findings of credible, data‐based research. Gray also fails to address the socially constructed nature of differences between women and men and the consequential, material implications that result in inequitable opportunities and circumstances for the sexes. Finally, Gray errs in inviting individuals to abdicate personal responsibility for their attitudes and actions.
Mass Partisanship Predicts Coverage of Party Owned Issues

A burgeoning line of inquiry suggests that news firms adjust the substantive content of news to follow their audience’s political preferences. However, scholars currently disagree over the ability of audience political preferences to influence substantive content in traditional news sources. Therefore, this paper examines the influence of mass partisanship on issue reporting in the broadcast news. Employing a unique dataset of stories over thirty-seven years, this paper finds that news firms alter content to appeal to viewers’ partisan preferences. Even accounting for numerous factors, changes in macropartisanship predict the number of party-owned issues subsequently reported. This provides empirical support for economic models of news content in traditional news sources.
Adolescent Substance Abuse

Adolescent substance use disorders (SUDs) have great implications in public health. Indeed, very few disorders have been associated with greater physical, mental, and emotional consequences. In this chapter we will review (1) the diagnostic symptoms of substance abuse and dependence, (2) the prevalence of illicit substances that are commonly abused by adolescents, (3) common coexisting problem disorders, (4) etiological theories that assist in explaining how SUDs develop, and (5) evidence-based methods of assessing and treating this pandemic problem. Throughout this chapter, we highlight contextual factors that act to influence SUDs in adolescents, including “real-life” examples, cultural and developmental considerations, and future directions.
Immunogold Labeling for Electron Microscopy: Strategy and Problem Solving

Immunogold labeling of antigens is a powerful technique in localizing antigens at the ultrastructural level. However, successful preservation of ultrastructure and antigens, and proper labeling of targets are always challenging. Sample processing using chemical fixation or cryofixation in conjunction with resin embedding, and cryo-thin sectioning techniques (Tokuyasu) are common methods used in immunogold labeling for electron microscopy. Chemical fixation and London resin (LR) White embedding are relatively easy methods suitable for on-section immunogold labeling and general ultrastructure preservation of most plant specimens. Cryofixation and LR White or Lowicryl embedding are optimal for both ultrastructure preservation and immunolabeling, but the need for expensive equipment limits their applications. The Tokuyasu method of cryo-thin sectioning is a very sensitive technique for immunolabeling but the process is more complicated and handling of specimen requires more expertise. Each labeling method has its merits and shortcomings. In this chapter, common problems and trouble-shooting procedures are addressed, and three common approaches for immunolabeling are presented.
Thermal Design for the Micro-X Rocket Payload

Micro-X is a NASA funded, rocket borne X-ray imaging spectrometer that uses transition edge sensors (TESs) to do high-resolution microcalorimetry. The TESs are cooled by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, whose salt pill functions as a heat sink for the detectors. We have made a thermal model of the cryostat with SPICE for the purposes of understanding its behavior at low temperatures. Implementing modifications based on this model has further allowed us to cool the system down to a lower temperature than had previously been accessible and to improve its low-temperature hold time. These modifications include a variety of schemes for power through heat sinks and tweaking the conductance between the cold baths and the refrigerated hardware. We present an overview of the model and its constituent parameters, information about thermal modifications, and a summary of results from thermal tests of the entire system.
Three Dimensional Finite-Difference Modeling of Elastic Wave Propagation In the Laplace- Fourier Domain.

We have developed new heterogeneous 3D second and fourth order staggered-grid finite-difference schemes for modeling seismic wave propagation in the Laplace-Fourier domain. Recent interest in full waveform inversion in the Laplace-Fourier domain has been the motivation for the development for these types of wave-field simulators. Our approach is based on the principles of an integral equation approximation technique for the velocity-stress formulation in the Cartesian coordinate system. The fourth-order scheme is obtained by the combination of integral identities for the two elementary volumes – “small” and “large” around nodes where the wave variables are defined. The final matrix formulation for the fourth or second-order scheme is performed only for velocity components and the resulting linear system is solved by Krylov iterative methods. We have applied these simulators for the investigation of the wave fields of the SEG/EAGE model in the LaplaceFourier domain along with other test models. Our eventual goal is to embed it in an inversion scheme for joint seismicelectromagnetic imaging.
THE IMAGE OF GOD, CHRISTIAN RIGHTS TALK, AND THE SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA

The salience of rights talk in Western cultures has generated constructive responses from various religious traditions. This article contributes to this religious hermeneutic by turning to the first-generation Spanish theologians of the sixteenth-century School of Salamanca, Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, as important resources for Christian rights talk. These late scholastic thinkers made the image of God doctrine, as transmitted by Thomas Aquinas, the basis for affirming the worth and human natural rights of Amerindian peoples. To highlight the contemporary relevance of the school, the article engages Nicholas Wolterstorff's recent work on rights and his twofold critique of a capacities approach to human dignity and a virtues approach to justice. The School of Salamanca not only addresses the important concerns raised by Wolterstorff but uniquely offers a view of rights inextricably linked to human capacities and Christian virtue that highlights both the patient and agential dimensions of justice. They provide a critical theological challenge to the dominant secular liberal view of rights in a way that Wolterstorff's account does not.
Plating Efficiency as a Function of Time Postirradiation: Evidence for the Delayed Expression of Lethal Mutations

The plating efficiency (PE) of a γ-irradiated (7 Gy) human cell hybrid line (HeLa × skin fibroblast, designated as CGL1) has been measured as a function of time postirradiation and compared to that of unirradiated cells at similar cell densities and under the same growth conditions. The results indicate that following irradiation, the PE of the irradiated cells initially increases but never returns to that of unirradiated cells during the experimental period that we have examined. Furthermore, after a period of 9 to 10 days (equivalent to at least 10 cell doublings) postirradiation and plating, the PE of the irradiated cells begins to decrease and continues to do so over the next 5 days. A decrease does not occur in unirradiated cells until much later (i.e., Day 15) corresponding to at least 5 additional cell doublings. The data are discussed in terms of a delayed expression of lethal mutations. The possible impact of these observations on the estimation of radiation-induced transformation frequencies is ...
Biomechanical properties of tenotomy versus biceps knot in a cadaver model.

Abstract Background Biceps tenotomy and biceps tenodesis are the primary methods of treating biceps pathology. This study describes a new technique of tenotomy with the goal of autotenodesis to give the biceps a higher load to failure and decreased chance of a Popeye deformity. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the strength of the “biceps knot”, which is an outlet tenodesis of the biceps tendon and compare the biomechanical properties of this technique to tenotomy. Methods Ten matched cadaver shoulder pairs were used. In the tenotomy group, an arthroscopic tenotomy was performed at the labral biceps junction using a narrow angled biter. For the biceps knot group, a self-retrieving suture passing device was used to pass a suture as far lateral as possible. The suture was passed from just distal to the biceps insertion on the superior labrum and tied with a standard non-sliding arthroscopic knot. The humerus and biceps tendon were rigidly fixed to a materials testing machine and cyclically loaded at 10–20 N for 100 cycles at 1 Hz. After cyclic testing, a 2 N preload was placed on the tendon and the tendon was pulled in line with the bicipital groove until failure. Results The peak load to failure for the biceps knot was 58.9 N (SEM 8.2 N) and 37.3 N (SEM 4.6 N) for the tenotomy group ( p = 0.046). The average stiffness for the biceps knot group was 4.2 N/mm (SEM 0.4 N/mm) and 3.2 N/mm (SEM 0.2 N/mm) for the tenotomy group ( p = 0.031). Conclusion Performing the biceps knot is a quick, easy and cost effective alternative to the current tenodesis options available.
Analysis of Related Factors for Children with Cerebral Palsy Complicated by Epilepsy

Objective To investigate related factors for children with cerebral palsy( CP) complicated by epilepsy in order to provide clinical references for prevention and treatment of secondary epilepsy and improve the prognosis of cerebral palsy children. Methods Clinical data of 477 CP children during September 2006 and February 2014 was retrospectively analyzed,which included general clinical data and imaging examination data,and multiple factors of Logistic regression analysis was performed for the possible related factors in CP children with secondary epilepsy. Results Among the 477 CP children,86 children had epileptic attack,and the incidence rate was 18. 0%. The main type of epilepsy in the 86 children was tonic-clonic seizures( 44. 2%) followed by myoclonic seizures( 29. 1%); quadriplegia was the most common type in the 86 children with epilepsy( 61. 6%). The multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis showed that independent risk factors for children with CP complicated by epilepsy were low birth weight( OR = 3. 583,P 0. 01),intracranial hemorrhage( OR = 2. 793,P 0. 01),softening of brain( OR = 5. 845,P 0. 01) and brain structural abnormalities( OR = 3. 184,P 0. 01). Conclusion Children with cerebral palsy have low birth weight,intracranial hemorrhage,softening of brain and brain structural abnormalities. Close attention should be paid to those patients to prevent secondary epilepsy.
OPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATION OF COORDINATION CONTROL STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING THE AGC PERFORMANCE

The reason for poor quality of coordination control system(CCS) and the failure of achieving the index of automatic generation control(AGC) performance examination was analyzed.Partial dynamic adaptive feedforward technique and primary frequency modulation based AGC control method were adopted to optimize the unit coordination control system.The application of optimized coordination control system on an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW power unit showed that,the unit changed its load at rate of 20 MW/min from 500 MW to 1 000 MW.The dynamic and static deviations of the unit load were both less than 1%.The deviation of main steam pressure was less than 0.4 MPa,and that of the main steam temperature was less than 6 ℃.The deviation of slight-superheat steam temperature was less than 10 ℃,the aggregative indicator of the AGC was improved dramatically.
A Design Method of Database Information Model Using IEC 61850 Common Data Classes

This paper provides a design method of database information model and its application program interface(API)using IEC 61850 common data class(CDC) which can be applied in station-layer devices.The database is characterized by the three-layer architecture that consists of the information model,the equipment model and the application model.The information model is created directly using the substation configuration description(SCD) model,while the equipment model is built with the IEC 61970 common information model(CIM).Since the reuse of the standardized information model and equipment model is made,the integration supplier can focus on advanced application in substations.In compliance with IEC 61850 CDC definitions,the relational database structure and the object reference oriented retrieval API of the information model can be defined.With the universal information model,the procedure of project implementation can be significantly simplified.
Embolisation of an iatrogenic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm

A 62-year-old woman with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and class IIIB/stage C heart failure sustained right pulmonary artery injury from a Swan-Ganz catheter during a pretransplant work up. Postprocedure, it was noted that the patient9s segmental pulmonary artery catheter was wedged for an unclear period of time. The patient developed a small volume of blood-tinged sputum and a chest CT revealed a 1.3 cm pseudoaneurysm in the right middle lobe medial segment pulmonary artery and a small area of haemorrhage. The patient underwent pulmonary artery preserving coil embolisation of the pseudoaneurysm to prevent further right heart strain, given an ejection fraction of 20%, which resolved haemoptysis. Imaging studies showed preserved distal outflow and no evidence of residual pseudoaneurysm filling.
#Wow: Reforming Intellectual Property Taxation (or Maybe IP Law)

Intellectual property (IP) is often used narrowly to refer to areas of the law that provide generally settled legal protections for expressive works and inventions. However, the classic concepts of IP law – e.g., patent, design, copyright, trademark and trade secret — no longer afford easy categorization for taxation purposes. As the “knowledge economy” has expanded, so too have the types of value-producing intangible assets that are often technological and critical to describing business values. Of perhaps the greatest consequence is the shrinking ability of sovereign governments to capture a fair share of tax from quasi-sovereign multinationals that set their own tax liabilities, in part because of the difficulty of determining which country should tax the income attributable to the IP assets. The purview of IP — or at least the scope of what we need to consider in a digitalized, globalized, and deeply commercialized world to establish appropriate IP tax provisions — has become much broader, and characterization has become more difficult. This article explores underlying themes in ten recent articles on IP taxation. Particular attention is given to the ease with which intangible IP assets can be transferred among affiliates and the resulting tax avoidance and base erosion possible for IP-intensive industries when old rules are applied. On the supportive side of the flexibility that movement of intangible assets provides are supportive arguments for IP-intensive profit shifting and development of patent or even broader “innovation” boxes providing extremely low corporate tax rates for IP-intensive industries, but on the other side are innovative approaches to transfer pricing and profit splitting that see base erosion and profit shifting as a global problem. One author suggests that tried and true IP litigation strategies may be effective in preventing the worst of the IP-intensive multinationals’ tax avoidance, using their own claims of artificially low IP valuations against them. Also examined is the treatment of the creative arts, both domestically and internationally. One author methodically considers domestic IP protection for creative artists to conclude that the special breaks for songwriters, and the various bills for Artist-Museum Partnerships make no sense. Others look at the problems with international (and domestic) film production credits or in distinguishing royalty from service income for athletes travelling to different jurisdictions and facing different tax rules. Finally, an assessment of the ways states address the taxation of cloud computing demonstrates the need to develop tax policy that moves beyond the traditional tax category cubbyholes.
Material Derivative Methods for Shape Design Sensitivity Analysis

Use of the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics to relate variations in structural shape to measures of structural performance is reviewed. Alternate formulations of design sensitivity analysis are obtained in the form of boundary integrals and domain integrals. Theoretical implications of the resulting formulations are developed to include the dependence of performance on only normal variation of the boundary and the need for evaluation of trace operators for projection of stress and strain related quantities onto the boundary. Computational implications of shape design sensitivity formulations are investigated, including compatibility of design sensitivity analysis with finite element and boundary element methods of structural analysis, parameterization of boundary shape and parameterization of design velocity fields. Implementation of shape design sensitivity analysis using finite element computer codes is discussed. Recent numerical results are used to illustrate the accuracy that is achievable using methods for material derivative shape design sensitivity analysis.
Methodism and Providence: a Study in Secularization

In 1884, the American Historical Association was founded. Four years later, in 1888, the American Society of Church History came into being. The two events, the founding of the ASCH as well as of the AHA, belong to the larger saga of late nineteenth century professional formation. In field after field, amateur and patrician endeavours fell before what seemed a common strategy to consolidate, standardize, resource, institutionalize, and professionalize. The relation of the ASCH to the AHA is instructive. The two organizations shared much. Both drew significantly upon the idiom and structures of German historical scholarship. The guiding spirit of the AHA, Herbert Baxter Adams, plied his German training in a research seminar at Johns Hopkins whose methods and graduates swept historical efforts across the nation into the AHA orbit. His counterpart, Philip Schaff, conceived the ASCH in comparable instrumental and imperialistic terms. German-born, trained by Ferdinand Christian Baur and Johann A. W. Neander, Schaff put an indelible mark on the field of church history. The scholarship attests the leadership and legacy: a 13-volume American Church History Series (1893-7), his own 6-volume History of the Christian Church (1882-92), a 3-volumc Religious Encyclopaedia (1882-4), adapted from that of J.J. Hcrzog, the 3-volumc Creeds of Christendom (1877), and the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, the two series of which ran to 28 and 14 volumes (1886-9, 1890–1900).
Diverse Effects on M1 Signaling and Adverse Effect Liability within a Series of M1 Ago-PAMs

Both historical clinical and recent preclinical data suggest that the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is an exciting target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and the cognitive and negative symptom clusters in schizophrenia; however, early drug discovery efforts targeting the orthosteric binding site have failed to afford selective M1 activation. Efforts then shifted to focus on selective activation of M1 via either allosteric agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). While M1 PAMs have robust efficacy in rodent models, some chemotypes can induce cholinergic adverse effects (AEs) that could limit their clinical utility. Here, we report studies aimed at understanding the subtle structural and pharmacological nuances that differentiate efficacy from adverse effect liability within an indole-based series of M1 ago-PAMs. Our data demonstrate that closely related M1 PAMs can display striking differences in their in vivo activities, especially their propensities to induce adverse effects. We...
Paper Need Not Be Flat: Paper and Biomaterials Industries Need to Converge to Bring about True Innovation

Biomaterials and new processes (3D printing and flexible hybrid electronics) offer opportunities to break free from a 2D paper world by allowing for the development of smart multi-dimensional structures. While there has been recent progress reported in each of these areas of technology, to date, the merger of these technologies has been very limited. We believe that their merger offers boundless opportunities and an opportunity for the paper industry to innovate a low cost, sustainable housing solution capable of promoting the well-being of its occupants while minimizing the environmental impact of its daily use.
The Missing Link—Incorporating Opportunity to Learn in Educational Research Analyses

International comparative education has developed a rich and complex history to address a variety of questions about how education systems are similar or different in their organization, operation, and outcomes. Despite different approaches and the exploration of different research questions, a common challenge is making these comparisons both trustworthy and credible. In the language of research methodology these are issues of reliability and validity, and are of particular interest as researchers attempt to compare what some consider to be the incomparable (Husen, 1983). Our contention is that whatever approach, method, or question informs the research, a critical element to be considered is the subject matter that is the focus of the educational enterprises being compared.