cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing a scheme-based parallel processing system

The Scheme language can be converted into a parallel processing language by adding two new data types (placeholders andweak pairs), two processor synchronization primitives, and a task distribution mechanism. The mechanisms that support task creation, scheduling, and task synchronization are built using these extensions and features already present in the sequential language. Implementing the core of the parallel processing component in Scheme itself provides testbed for a variety of experiments and extensions. MultiScheme, the system resulting from these extensions, supports Halstead's future construct as the simple model for parallelism. By revealing the underlying placeholders on top of which this construct is built, Multischeme supports a variety of additional parallel programming techniques. It supports speculative computation through a simple procedural interface and the automatic garbage collection of tasks. The qlet and qlambda constructs of the QLisp language are also easily implemented in MultiScheme, as are the more familiar fork and join constructs of imperative programming.
Peripheral inflammation-induced increase of AMPA-mediated currents and Ca2+ transients in the presence of cyclothiazide in the rat substantia gelatinosa neurons

This study employing a rodent model of acute pain investigated the influence of carrageenan-induced inflammation on the ability of S-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor activation to induce membrane currents and rises in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the rat substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons using simultaneous whole-cell patch-clamp recording and fura-2 calcium imaging in spinal cord slices of L4-L5 segments. The novel finding of this study is that carrageenan-induced inflammation, in the presence of cyclothiazide, an inhibitor of AMPA receptor desensitization, produces a sustained facilitation of the AMPA-mediated membrane current and rises in [Ca2+]i in both the soma and proximal dendrites of SG neurons recorded on the injected side 3 h after the induction of inflammation. These results suggest that in carrageenan-inflamed rats AMPA receptors undergo some alterations that influence AMPA receptors desensitization and/or sensitivity to cyclothiazide.
Introduction: A Label Designed to Libel versus Mimetic Modeling and Parthenogenesis

This introduction provides both a cultural context and a conceptual framework for the following articles on the New Russians by Harley Balzer, Seth Graham, Mark Lipovetsky, and Aleksei Yurchak. While sketching in some basic background, it unavoidably confronts a series of polemical issues on which it occasionally diverges from the essays' perspectives-the premise being that glasnost rather than edinoglasie (unanimity) promotes intellectual vitality and exchange.
Measurements and control of anisotropy in ten coal-based graphites

Abstract Using a solvent extraction process to produce high-purity extracts from untreated and hydrogenated coal, ten coal-based graphites with different levels of anisotropy have been produced. Anisotropy of these graphites and that of H-451 (a petrocoke-based commercial graphite) has been assessed by means of the intensity of the (002) line in X-ray diffraction (XRD), by magnetic susceptibility (χ), by the coefficient of thermal expansion (α), and by electrical conductivity (σ) studies. Measurements were made along directions longitudinal ( l ) and transverse (t) to the extrusion direction. The XRD ratio R for the (002) line varies between 0.23 for the most anisotropic and 0.94 for the least anisotropic of the graphites. χ l χ t and α l α t for various graphites increase systematically as R increases, although the variations are not linear over the extended range. It is argued that measurements of R , χ l χ t , and α l α t provide reliable techniques for the measurements of anisotropy in graphites. Examination of the relationship of the anisotropy to the nature of the precursors used in producing graphites shows that hydrogenation of coal prior to the extraction process produces anisotropic graphites, the anisotropy being controlled by the degree of hydrogenation. Furthermore, it is shown that by blending appropriate amounts of hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated coal extracts, graphites of desired anisotropy can be produced.
The hemodynamic effects of diphenylhydantoin

Abstract This study records the first observations in human beings on the hemodynamic effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH). Alterations were not noted in cardiac output, peripheral resistance, pulmonary pressures, or the electrocardiogram when the drug was administered in doses previously noted to be clinically effective in cardiac arrhythmias. Animal studies have shown that DPH directly reduces ventricular function and results in vasodilatation, but that the cardiovascular toxicity is probably related more to the rapidity of injection than to the absolute dose. The pharmacologic actions of DPH resemble those of quinidine and procainamide, with the exception that DPH has not been shown to be effective against chronic atrial flutter and fibrillation, and that in small doses it may greatly augment vagal tone. The conclusion is that, in this study, even though DPH did not significantly alter cardiovascular function, it possesses significant toxic potential, and should be administered cautiously and in doses not exceeding 10 mg. per kilogram.
Hospital Acquired Conditions Are the Strongest Predictor for Early Readmission: An Analysis of 26,710 Arthroplasties.

Abstract Hospital readmission is a metric of hospital quality of care, yet little is known what factors predict hospital readmission following arthroplasty. Our aim was to identify variables associated with early readmission following knee and hip arthroplasty, with focus upon hospital acquired conditions (HACs). Retrospective cohort analysis using Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) and Veteran’s Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) data was performed over a five-year period. Following 26,710 total and partial primary arthroplasties (16,808 knees and 9902 hips), the overall 30-day readmission was 7.3% (1940) with readmission rates of 6.6% for knee arthroplasty and 8.4% for hip arthroplasty. HACs accounted for 42% of all complications and were the strongest predictor of readmission. Efforts to reduce these events may improve cost and safety of arthroplasty.
A secondary prevention trial of antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease in women: Rationale, design, and methods

The evidence for a potential benefit of antioxidant vitamins in the prevention and therapy of atherosclerotic disease is derived from laboratory, clinical, and observational epidemiologic studies but remains inconclusive. Data from randomized clinical trials are sparse, particularly for women. Therefore, it is both timely and important to conduct large-scale primary and secondary prevention trials of antioxidants and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Women's Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study (WACS) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled secondary prevention trial of the balance of benefits and risks of antioxidant vitamins (vitamins E and C, and beta-carotene) among 8000 women with preexisting CVD. This secondary prevention trial will be conducted as a companion to the recently started Women's Health Study, a primary prevention trial of vitamin E and beta-carotene, as well as aspirin. In the WACS, US female health professionals aged 40 years and older with a history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient cerebral ischemia, carotid endarterectomy, or peripheral artery surgery will be randomly assigned, utilizing a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, to receive vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and/or placebo. Cardiovascular end points include nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization procedures, and total CVD mortality. The present article describes the rationale, design, and methods of the trial.
Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 is required for poliovirus 2A protease-induced cleavage of the p220 component of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F.

Abstract After cultured cells are infected with poliovirus, cellular mRNA fails to bind to ribosomes, and synthesis of the majority of cellular proteins ceases. The defective step has been localized to the cap-dependent activity of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F. Inactivation of this factor correlates with the cleavage of its largest subunit, p220, into characteristic products observed in infected cells. This cleavage is mediated by the poliovirus protease 2Apro. Previous work suggests that 2Apro does not catalyze the reaction directly, suggesting that one or more cellular proteins is required for the degradation of p220. To identify such a protein, we have developed an assay in which cleavage of a p220 substrate in the presence of poliovirus 2Apro is dependent upon the addition of HeLa cell proteins. By using this assay, we show that another factor, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, is required for 2Apro-dependent cleavage of p220.
Venous and skin puncture blood counts compared.

Summary Venous and skin puncture blood counts were compared in 80 paired samples from 33 children, aged 6 months to 14 years, and 10 adults. Significantly higher mean values for Hb, RBC, haematocrit and neutrophils were found in skin puncture blood in children whereas platelet values were slightly higher in venous blood. Similar results were found in adult samples. Only occasionally were differences likely to be of clinical importance. The excellent comparability of paired platelet counts, at variance to that found in some previous studies, indicates that skin puncture blood can be used for platelet estimation providing an appropriate counting method is used.
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition as the Critical Target of N-Acetyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide Toxicity in Vitro

Perfluorooctanyl compounds with active functional groups have been shown to disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics by three distinct mechanisms: protonophoric uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration,induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), or a nonselective increase in membrane permeability. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the initial target and specific sequence of events associated with the N-acetyl substituted perfluorooctanesulfonamides induced MPT. N-acetyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSAA), N-ethyl-N-acetyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-Et FOSAA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and N-ethyl-N-(2-ethoxy)-perfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-Et FOSE) were added individually to liver mitochondria freshly isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. Mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release were recorded spectrophotometrically, oxygen uptake was monitored with a Clark-type oxygen electrode, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) fluorescence. FOSAA (45 mM) and N-Et FOSAA (7.5 mM) induced calcium-dependent mitochondrial swelling, the release of cytochrome c, inhibition of uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, and ROS generation, all of which were inhibited by cyclosporin-A(CsA).PFOA(200mM)displayedslightCsAsensitive activity,butneitherPFOS(10mM)norN-EtFOSE(70mM)induced the MPT. Results of this investigation demonstrate two important findings: (1) MPT induction is specific to the N-acetyl substituted perfluorooctanesulfonamides and, (2) the sequence of events is initiated by induction of the MPT, which causes the release of cytochrome c as well as other cofactors leading to inhibition of respiration and ROS generation. The toxicity of N-acetyl perfluorooctanyl compounds may therefore reflect the mitochondrial dysfunction, which is compounded by the ensuing oxidative injury.
Proliferation of human breast cancer cells and anti‐cancer action of doxorubicin and vinblastine are independent of PKC‐α

Protein kinase C (PKC) has been considered for a potential target of anticancer chemotherapy. PKC-α has been associated with growth and metastasis of some cancer cells. However, the role of PKC-α in human breast cancer cell proliferation and anticancer chemotherapy remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether alterations of PKC-α by phorbol esters and PKC inhibitors could affect proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Exposure for 24 h to doxorubicin (DOX) and vinblastine (VIN) caused a concentration-dependent reduction in proliferation of MCF-7 cells. However, these two anticancer drugs altered cellular morphology and growth pattern in distinct manners. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 100 nM), which enhanced activities of PKC-α, increased cancer cell proliferation and attenuated VIN (1 µM)-induced cytotoxicity. These effects were not affected in the presence of 10 nM staurosporine. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 100 nM) that completely depleted PKC-α also enhanced cancer cell proliferation and attenuated VIN-induced cytotoxicity. Three potent PKC inhibitors, staurosporine (10 nM), chelerythrine (5 µM) and bisindolylmaleimide-I (100 nM), had no significant effect on MCF-7 cell proliferation; staurosporine and chelerythrine, but not bisindolylmaleimide-I, attenuated VIN-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, neither phorbol esters nor PKC inhibitors had an effect on cytotoxic effects of DOX (1 µM) on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Thus, these data suggest that MCF-7 cell proliferation or the anti-cancer action of DOX and VIN on breast cancer cells is independent of PKC-α. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 517–528, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combinatorial selection of a small RNA that induces amplification of IncFII plasmids in Escherichia coli

Abstract Cellular RNAs play fundamental roles as genetic messages, structural components and, in some cases, as catalytic agents. The ability to create vast combinatorial libraries of random RNA sequences has previously been exploited in vitro to identify RNA aptamers with desirable binding specificities, and to isolate RNAs with novel catalytic properties. Despite the advantages of in vitro selections from RNA libraries, there is no way to predict if the identified RNAs can function in living cells. We are therefore exploring random RNA expression libraries in Escherichia coli to search for small RNAs with novel functions. Here we describe selections that identified a small RNA (∼260 nucleotides) capable of altering the copy-number control circuitry of IncFII plasmids. The novel RNA appears to function by annealing to a region of the mRNA encoding the plasmid replicator protein. The resulting RNA-RNA hybrid permits translation of the replicator protein, but blocks base-pairing with a natural negative regulatory RNA. Implications of this in vivo selection strategy are discussed.
Impact of gestational age at delivery on perinatal outcomes in triplets

Abstract Objective: To identify the impact of gestational age at delivery (GAD) on infant outcome and nursery costs in triplet pregnancies (TPP). Study design: Triplet pregnancies with a GAD of 30–37 weeks were identified from a perinatal database. Reasons for delivery and perinatal outcomes were analyzed. Data were sorted by GAD and RFD: spontaneous labor; preterm PROM; maternal indications (hypertension, bleeding, infection, diabetes); fetal indications (nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing, intrauterine growth restriction, demise); and discretionary delivery (DD) (none of the above reasons; induced labor; or no labor). A cost model was applied for estimated nursery charges, based on level and length of stay. Results: There were 2,982 infants of 994 TPPs. Reasons for delivery were: 35.7% DD, 33.3% spontaneous labor, 15% maternal indications, 12.1% preterm PROM, and 3.9% fetal indications. Of deliveries less than 34 weeks, 23.1% were DD. Of these, 69.7% were hospitalized, and 13.4% were at least 2 cm dilated, but otherwise stable. In 20.2% of deliveries, the patient had a cerclage. Outcomes for GAD groups are summarized below: Conclusions: Gestational age at delivery significantly impacts infant outcome and nursery costs in TPP. Neonatal outcomes and financial considerations shoud be taken into account and continued effort made to prolong pregnancy, especially at legend . legend 30 weeks (n = 228) 32 weeks (n = 420) 34 weeks (n = 675) 36 weeks (n = 264) Weight, g 1,359 ± 265 1,684 ± 306 2,025 ± 341 2,361 ± 380 VLBW (%) 70.2 25 6.2 1.9 NICU (%) ∗ 98.7 87.4 77.5 31.8 Vent (%) 45.6 18.6 5.9 3 Nursery † 40.3 ± 21.6 22.9 ± 10.3 11.7 ± 8.1 5.3 ± 6.5 Cost ‡ $216,927 $112,713 $52,533 $14,874 DD% 18.4 20.7 42.7 61.4 legend Values are means ± SD. VLBW indicates very low birth weight; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; vent, ventilated. ∗ Levels 2 and 3; † Days per infant; ‡ Mean per TPP.
Psychocomputational Linguistics: A Gateway to the Computational Linguistics Curriculum

Computational modeling of human language processes is a small but growing subfield of computational linguistics. This paper describes a course that makes use of recent research in psychocomputational modeling as a framework to introduce a number of mainstream computational linguistics concepts to an audience of linguistics, cognitive science and computer science doctoral students. The emphasis on what I take to be the largely interdisciplinary nature of computational linguistics is particularly germane for the computer science students. Since 2002 the course has been taught three times under the auspices of the MA/PhD program in Linguistics at The City University of New York's Graduate Center. A brief description of some of the students' experiences after having taken the course is also provided.
The impact of adolescent social isolation on dopamine D2 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the adult rat prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Adolescent experiences of social deprivation result in profound and enduring perturbations in adult behavior, including impaired sensorimotor gating. The behavioral deficits induced by adolescent social isolation in rats can be ameliorated by antipsychotic drugs blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or by chronic administration of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist. The patterning and abundance of D2 receptors in the PFC evolves concurrently with CB1 receptors through the period of adolescence. This evidence suggests that mature expression and/or surface distribution of D2 and CB1 receptors may be influenced by the adolescent social environment. We tested this hypothesis using electron microscopic immunolabeling to compare the distribution of CB1 and D2 receptors in the PFC of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats that were isolated or socially reared throughout the adolescent transition period. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle was assessed as a measure of sensorimotor gating. Social isolation reduced PPI and selectively decreased dendritic D2 immunogold labeling in the PFC. However, the decrease was only evident in dendrites that were not contacted by axon terminals containing CB1. There was no apparent change in the expression of CB1 or D2 receptors in presynaptic terminals. The D2 deficit therefore may be tempered by local CB1-mediated retrograde signaling. This suggests a biological mechanism whereby the adolescent social environment can persistently influence cortical dopaminergic activity and resultant behavior.
BONE DOSES FROM STRONTIUM-90.

For condensed systema beta radiation is exponentially absorbed with an absorption coefficient, mu , given by: mu = (1 + M/100)/1.27 x 55E/sup 3/2/, where mu is given in units of cm/sup 2//mg, E is the maximum energy of the beta spectrum in millions of electron voits, and M is the average atomic weight of the absorbing medium. This relation is applied to radiation-dose calculations for strontium-90 in equilibrium with its daughter, yttrium-90, deposited in bone. (C.H.)
CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR TUNE SHIFT USING BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT RESULTS

The calculation of the nonlinear tune shift with amplitude based on the results of measurements and the linear lattice information is discussed. The tune shift is calculated based on a set of specific measurements and some extra information which is usually available, namely that about the size and particle distribution in the beam and the linear optics effect on the particles. The method to solve this problem uses the technique of normal form transformation. The proposed model for the nonlinear tune shift calculation is compared to both the numerical results for the nonlinear model of the Tevatron accelerator and the independent approximate formula for the tune shift by Meller et al. The proposed model shows a discrepancy of about 2%.
Identification and characterization of a seven transmembrane hormone receptor using differential display

Targeted mutagenesis analysis has shown that the Cmyb proto-oncogene, which encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, is required for normal murine fetal liver erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis. To identify novel genes involved in hematopoiesis, differential display analysis was conducted using total liver RNA isolated from 14.5-day postcoitus Cmyb wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant littermates. Using 4 oligo(dT) 3{prime} primers and 5 arbitrary decamers as 5{prime} primers, 22 differentially expressed genes have been identified. Eight putatively novel genes were identified from 12 cDNAs that were sequenced. One gene, initially designated DD7A5-7, is primarily expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. The full-length DD7A5-7 cDNA is 3239 nucleotides, encoding a putative protein of 931 amino acids. The protein is a member of a family of hormone receptors containing 7 transmembrane segments. The receptor also contains 7 epidermal growth factor-like (Egf-like) motifs at the amino terminal of the predicted protein. The gene is alternatively spliced, resulting in the deletion of one or more copies of the Egf-like motif. DD7A5-7 maps to mouse Chromosome 17 and is the putative homologue of EMR1, a recently described Egf-like module containing mucin-like hormone receptor with 7 transmembrane segments in humans. Our results indicate that the Cmyb mutant fetusesmore » represent a unique resource for identifying genes involved in hematopoiesis. 42 refs., 4 figs.« less
Measurement of brachial plexus strain in arthroscopy of the shoulder.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure the strain on the brachial plexus that results from traction loads applied at various arm positions and to correlate this with visibility through the arthroscope. We mounted strain gauges to the upper trunk, lateral cord, median nerve, and radial nerve of five fresh human cadavers. Each cadaver was placed in a lateral decubitus position, with the head fixed in a neutral position, as for shoulder arthroscopy, and the strain on the plexus was measured as a function of arm position and traction load. A final cadaver was used to determine the accessibility and visibility in the arthroscope at each of the arm positions. At a given flexion angle, increasing abduction is associated with decreasing strain. At a given abduction angle, increasing flexion results in decreased strain. The minimum overall strain was noted at 90° of flexion and 0° of abduction. Visibility at this position is limited. We conclude that the ideal arthroscopic position is a combination of two positions that would maximize visibility while minimizing strain to the nerves. These two positions are 45° of forward flexion and 90° of abduction in combination with 45° of forward flexion and 0° of abduction.
Predicting Success in Upper-Division Business Communication Classes.

Abstract A quasi-experimental design was used to determine predictors of student success in an upper-level business communication course. Two categories of independent variables, student characteristics and measures of basic English skills (based on the scores of two tests)—were identified. Three dependent variables, the grade earned on the analytical report, the grade earned on the short assignment, and the grade earned in the course, were used to measure the students' performance. Overall, the tests appeared to be weak predictors of students' performance in the course or on the analytical report. Students appeared to have performed poorly on the assignments and in the course. The students' performance was similar regardless of their primary language.
Mass-Rearing of the Larvae of Nine Noctuid Species on a Simple Artificial Medium

A simple artificial medium has been developed and handling procedures have been devised to facilitate the mass-rearing of a variety of noctuid species with a minimum expenditure of time and money. The medium, composed of dry beans, yeast, ascorbic acid, agar, water, and 3 mold inhibitors, satisfactorily supports the development of larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) ; the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer); the yellow-striped armyworm, Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee; the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) ; the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Bocklie) ; the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.); H. phloxiphaga G. & R.; the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth); and the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner). Details are given concerning the development, viability, and fecundity of laboratory-reaied individuals of the first 6 of these species.
A triple color FISH technique for mouse chromosome identification.

New applications for mouse molecular cytogenetics are emerging, including the definition of transgene integration sites in epigenetics studies (Alami et al. 2000), the characterization of the mouse genome following increasingly sophisticated techniques for its engineering (Su et al. 2000) and the screening for cytogenetic abnormalities in cell lines, such as embryonic stem cells (Longo et al. 1997). FISH mapping in mouse is complicated by the relative difficulty of mouse chromosome identification (karyotyping) by laboratories not familiar with mouse chromosome banding techniques. Fluorescent karyotyping can be facilitated by the use of counterstains (Korenberg et al. 1999), labeled repetitive probes (Boyle et al. 1990), or multiple reference probes (Speicher et al. 1996; Ried et al. 1998), but each approach requires specialized equipment and experience. For example, while the use of multiple reference probes yields readily interpretable data for nonspecialists, as many as six fluorescent dyes are required for human and mouse chromosome identification in standard multiplex FISH (M-FISH) techniques (Speicher et al. 1996). This requires microscopy and imaging facilities found only in specialized centers. We have previously described a set of BACs that map close to the centromeric and distal chromosomal ends for each mouse chromosome (Korenberg et al. 1999). We now exploit the ready identification of the centromere by simple background fluorescence (or by counterstaining) to develop a simple, three-color approach that identifies all mouse chromosomes in a metaphase. This procedure allows researchers to assign an unknown genomic clone to a specific mouse chromosome in a single experiment, without the need for chromosome identification based on banding pattern recognition. The basis of our strategy is the ability to distinguish two different chromosomes using a pair of similarly colored DNA probes on each chromosome, if their orientation relative to the centromere differs. This strategy takes advantage of the acrocentric nature of mouse chromosomes. Two probes, one close to the cenCorrespondence to: J. Greally; E-mail: jgreally@aecom.yu.edu
Coiled columns and resolution in gas chromatography

Abstract Equations have been derived for the effect of coiling and bending chromatographic columns. Examples from gas chromatography are used to calculate the plate height due to bending. The plate height is small in most cases, but for the larger preparative columns it is sufficient to annul an otherwise good separation.
The use of low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy for the quantitative determination of adsorption sites in surface chemistry studies

Abstract Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) was used in conjunction with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the study of the adsorption of hydrogen, oxygen, ethyl iodide, and 2-propyl iodide on Ni(100). In all those systems the decrease in Ni ISS signal intensity seen during the uptake could be explained by shielding of the Ni surface atoms by the adsorbate. In addition, since the ISS data could be correlated nicely with results from other techniques, the conclusion was reached that matrix effects and changes in neutralization probabilities (due to variations in work function) were negligible for the systems studied here. Additional ISS studies for the adsorption of 2-propyl iodide on oxygen-precovered Ni(100) indicated that those molecules bond preferentially to Ni (not O) sites. This confirms previous results which showed that the products of that system associated with chemistry on the Ni sites — propane, propene, and hydrogen — dominated the TPD spectra for low coverages of either 2-propyl iodide or oxygen. In a broader sense, this work also shows that ISS can be used to determine adsorption sites in complex systems where other techniques are not applicable.
Fiducial prediction intervals

Abstract This paper presents an approach for constructing prediction intervals for any given distribution. The approach is based on the principle of fiducial inference. We use several examples, including the normal, binomial, exponential, gamma, and Weibull distributions, to illustrate the proposed procedure.
Current-source parallel-resonant DC/DC converter

This paper introduces, analyzes, and experimentally verifies a novel DC/DC converter called the current-source parallel-resonant converter. The converter consists of a large choke inductor, two switches, and a parallel-resonant circuit. Each switch consists of a MOSFET in series with a diode. It has a nonpulsating input current with a very low AC ripple. The MOSFETs are driven with respect to ground and, therefore, have a simple gate-drive circuit. The analysis of the converter is carried out in the frequency domain using Fourier series techniques. Analytical expressions are derived for performance parameters of the converter. A prototype of the converter circuit was designed, built, and tested. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results. >
The role of the fiber-matrix interphase on composite properties

Abstract A review of recent work on the subject of the effect of fiber-matrix adhesion on composite properties has shown that previous research (which has postulated a relationship between a single parameter model of adhesion e.g. chemical bonding), has not been successful. Because of the complexity of the area where the fiber and matrix come in contact a new formalism based on a fiber-matrix interphase is postulated. Results of studies are presented which show the effect of and the interrelationships between various interfacial parameters on composite properties.
Spatiotemporal Associations of Reservoir Nutrient Characteristics and the Invasive, Harmful Alga Prymnesium parvum in West Texas

Golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) is a harmful alga that has caused ecological and economic harm in freshwater and marine systems worldwide. In inland systems of North America, toxic blooms have nearly eliminated fish populations in some systems. Modifying nutrient profiles through alterations to land or water use may be a viable alternative for golden alga control in reservoirs. The main objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the nutrient dynamics that influence golden alga bloom formation and toxicity in west Texas reservoirs. We examined eight sites in the Upper Colorado River basin, Texas: three impacted reservoirs that have experienced repeated golden alga blooms; two reference reservoirs where golden alga is present but nontoxic; and three confluence sites downstream of the impacted and reference sites. Total, inorganic, and organic nitrogen and phosphorus and their ratios were quantified monthly along with golden alga abundance and ichthyotoxicity between December 2010 and July 2011. Blooms persisted for several months at the impacted sites, which were characterized by high organic nitrogen and low inorganic nitrogen. At impacted sites, abundance was positively associated with inorganic phosphorus and bloom termination coincided with increases in inorganic nitrogen and decreases in inorganic phosphorus in late spring. Management of both inorganic and organic forms of nutrients may create conditions in reservoirs unfavorable to golden alga.
A comparison of the dynamics of the structured cell population in virtual and experimental Proteus mirabilis swarm colonies

We present size distributions of Proteus mirabilis cells obtained from age- and space-structured models and simulations of swarm colonies, and compare them to experimental results from the manuscript of Matsuyama et al. [T. Matsuyama, Y. Takagi, Y. Nakagawa, H. Itoh, J. Wakita, M. Matsushita, Dynamic aspects of the structured cell population in a swarming colony of Proteus mirabilis, J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 385-393] that considers the evolution of the cell size structure at fixed points in the colony. Our comparison clarifies the importance of including explicit age structure in models of Proteus mirabilis swarm-colony development, as opposed to reaction-diffusion models that homogenize the system in age. We close with a discussion of our scientific computing methodology and how it enables modelers to move beyond reaction-diffusion models of biological pattern formation and include within their models the distributions of important traits of individuals.
Statisticians are Fairly Robust Estimators of Location

Abstract The performance of the outlier rejecting statistician is monitored and compared with those of several robust estimators of location. The comparisons are made by plugging a number of statisticians' location estimates into a Monte Carlo experiment. The result is that the statistician staves off the potential disasters of ordinary least squares, but he can be beaten.
Dry etching performance of advanced EUV mask blanks

Mask defectivity is often highlighted as one of the barriers to a manufacturable EUV solution. As EUV lithography matures, other components of mask making also emerge as key focus areas in the industry: critical dimension (CD) control, film variability, selectivity, and profile tolerance. Mask materials and specifications continue to evolve to meet the unique challenges of EUV lithography, creating the need for etch capabilities that can keep pace with the latest developments. In this study, the performance of a new EUV mask etch system will be evaluated using a variety of mask blanks to determine the relative performance of each blank type. Etch contributions to mean to target (MTT), CDU, linearity, selectivity, capping layer uniformity, line edge roughness (LER), and profile quality will be characterized to determine tool performance. The new system will also be used to demonstrate multilayer etching capabilities, important for opaque frame and alternating phase shift applications. A comprehensive summary of the etch performance of various EUV films and the readiness for manufacturing applications will be provided.
Paroxysmal tachycardia in infancy and childhood. I. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Summary A 1 to 30 year follow-up study of 54 infants and children with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is presented. In 28 cases the first attack occurred in infancy, and in 18 of these already in the first months of life. Nine patients had organic heart disease. The WPW syndrome was diagnosed in 30 cases. When first seen, most of the infants presented signs of incipient or manifest congestive heart failure, which was very unusual in the children, most of whom had only minor symptoms. Four children had experienced brief syncopes during attacks. Digitalis was effective against congestive heart failure and, when continued, may have prevented failure during subsequent attacks. Whether digitalis and other anti-arrhythmic agents facilitated conversion to sinus rhythm could not be established in this study. Vagal stimulation was only rarely effective. Preventive treatment with digitalis or other antiarrhythmic drugs seemed to have little if any effect on the frequency of recurrent attacks. Out of 23 infants who were followed for at least 5 years, 17 had been free from attacks during the last 3 years and 13 of these had had their last attack before the age of 6 months. Out of 23 children followed for 5 years or more, only 3 had been free from recurrences during the last 3 years. Patients with the WPW-syndrome had a somewhat higher incidence of recurrent attacks.
Application service providers: market and adoption decisions

IntroductionIT outsourcing has been a viable business strategy since the late 1950s when companies began to invest significant resources in outside computing services. As IT managers increasingly used time sharing, contract programming, and facilities management, the next few decades saw accompanying increases in efficiency in software applications and services, not to mention decreased operations costs. In 1989, when Kodak outsourced its entire IT department to IBM and EDS, the business world had to scramble to get over its initial shock. Seemingly overnight, "software" and "service" had become strange bedfellows. The rules of the game had radically changed.Since the mid-1990s, the explosion in Internet connectivity, increased bandwidth, and the ubiquitous nature of computing have made the delivery of software applications from remote data centers both technologically feasible and economically attractive. A relatively new form of IS outsourcing, Application Services Provision (ASP), provides applications to multiple entities from its data center across a wide area network. Similar to the telephone services model, clients pay a monthly fee to access online applications from an ASP. Advances in encryption and firewall technology remove a client's security concerns for using remotely hosted services. Active research on ASP outsourcing (also called NetSourcing) has attracted academic scholars and business practitioners alike, but few have investigated the specifics of the market and the decision process to adopt the ASP model.ASPs today are quite different from what they were five years ago, in large part because this dynamic industry has experienced significant merger and acquisition activity. Forty percent of ASPs active in 2001 were no longer in business in 2004. Traditional software companies also have jumped on the ASP bandwagon, developing new technologies to deliver on-demand services. The scope of hosted applications for ASPs has also shifted significantly as certain applications were scrapped for lack of profitability, for example, overall enterprise system hosting with no specific industrial solutions. However, a Forrester report predicted that as eCommerce continued to grow 30% - 40% in 2005, the demand for licensed software products would decrease while demand for hosted services increases. This prediction seems to be reality, as ASP hosting solutions are increasingly viable and attractive business models.Thus, to update our knowledge of the rapidly changing ASP market and to help practitioners make better-informed ASP adoption decisions, this article addresses two central questions: What is the structure of the current market? And what factors should clients consider in their ASP adoption decisions?
Soviet mobilization in peace and war, 1924–1942: A survey

(1992). Soviet mobilization in peace and war, 1924–1942: A survey. The Journal of Soviet Military Studies: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 323-362.
The Diabetes Symptom Self-Care Inventory: Development and Psychometric Testing with Mexican Americans

Abstract Context Type 2 diabetes is prevalent throughout the world. In previous studies of Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes, 95%–97% of those sampled reported having symptoms they believe were caused by diabetes and most self-treated their symptoms. To more accurately capture Mexican Americans' symptom prevalence and their self-treatments, the Diabetes Symptom Self-Care Inventory (DSSCI) was adapted from the Diabetes Self-Care Instrument. Objectives This article describes the modification process used to perfect the DSSCI for use in improving self-care among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods This instrumentation study used qualitative and quantitative methods. The study was completed in four phases that used focus groups, cognitive interviews, and survey administration. Four convenience samples were drawn from community-dwelling Mexican American adults, aged 25–75 years, with type 2 diabetes in an urban area and a rural location in Texas. Results Phase I: Seven focus groups ( n =45) generated data for revising items. Phase II: Cognitive interviews with 16 participants were used to evaluate four revisions of the questionnaire. Phase III: Surveys were administered to 81 participants. Total number of symptoms on the DSSCI correlated with scores on the Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale ( r =0.65, P r =0.57, P r =−0.42, P n =44). Conclusion The DSSCI is a culturally relevant, sound measure of Mexican Americans' diabetes symptoms and the actions they take to address them.
The Growth and Development of Non-Catholic Churches in Chile

Different varieties of Protestantism and Pentecostalism have been very successful in Latin America, where Chile, Brazil, and most Central American countries are now 15–30 % Protestant. This article analyzes the growth and development of the ten major non-Catholic churches in Chile, one of the most Pentecostal countries of Latin America. It describes the history and growth of the following churches in the chronological order of their arrival or start: Anglicans, Methodists, Seventh-day Adventists, Baptists, Iglesia Metodista Pentecostal, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Iglesia Evangelica Pentecostal, Assemblies of God, Church of God, and Latter-day Saints (Mormons). I end with an analysis of average annual growth rates for each church and for the entire Protestant community. Chile was famous for strong Protestant growth in the past, but there are few recent data on church growth. My main question here is: which non-Catholic churches in Chile have been most successful in terms of membership growth and when did this growth occur? The conclusion analyzes why non-Catholic churches in Chile have been successful in the past and why they currently struggle to grow.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 87: DFT MO study of hydration of tetramethyl- and tetraethylammonium ions – Correlation of hydrate symmetry with 14N to CH NMR coupling

Abstract Tetramethyl- and tetraethylammonium ions (4MA + and 4EA + ) form primary hydration structures with 4 and 6 mol eq H 2 O, respectively; this is in accord with stoichiometry predicted by previous NMR dilution studies of 14 N to CH coupling in aqueous solutions of halide salts. For 4MA + and 4EA + the primary hydrate structures have T d and D 2d symmetries, similar to those of the cations. The result is symmetrical electric field gradients from solvent about symmetrical ions. This may account for the onset of 14 N to CH coupling at primary hydrate stoichiometry, and casts doubt on our previous postulate of ion tumbling in solution as the sole cause for the onset of such coupling on dilution.
A Method for the Rapid Detection of Acute Iron Toxicity

In acute iron poisoning, it is necessary for rational management to know whether the plasma iron exceeds the transferrin-binding capacity. A method for the rapid determination of iron in plasma is described whereby this essential information may be obtained in a few minutes. This test will help to differentiate simple iron ingestion from acute iron toxicity so the clinician may have a firmer basis upon which to decide whether chelate therapy is indicated.
Dishevelled attenuates the repelling activity of Wnt signaling during neurite outgrowth in Caenorhabditis elegans

Wnt proteins regulate axonal outgrowth along the anterior-posterior axis, but the intracellular mechanisms that modulate the strength of Wnt signaling in axon guidance are largely unknown. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans mechanosensory PLM neurons, we found that posteriorly enriched LIN-44/Wnt acts as a repellent to promote anteriorly directed neurite outgrowth through the LIN-17/Frizzled receptor, instead of controlling neuronal polarity as previously thought. Dishevelled (Dsh) proteins DSH-1 and MIG-5 redundantly mediate the repulsive activity of the Wnt signals to induce anterior outgrowth, whereas DSH-1 also provides feedback inhibition to attenuate the signaling to allow posterior outgrowth against the Wnt gradient. This inhibitory function of DSH-1, which requires its dishevelled, Egl-10, and pleckstrin (DEP) domain, acts by promoting LIN-17 phosphorylation and is antagonized by planar cell polarity signaling components Van Gogh (VANG-1) and Prickle (PRKL-1). Our results suggest that Dsh proteins both respond to Wnt signals to shape neuronal projections and moderate its activity to fine-tune neuronal morphology.
A comparison of pressure chamber, leaf-press, and canopy temperature for four species under humid conditions

SOJKA R. E., SADLER E. J., CAMP C. R. and ARNOLD F. B. A comparison of pressure chamber, leafpress, and canopy iemperatureforfror species under humid conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 30, 75-83, 1990.—Numerous techniques are currently available for measurement of plant water status in field environments, including pressure chambers and indices based upon infrared-determined canopy temperatures. The Campbell-Brewster (J-14) leaf press has been promoted as a compact alternative to the pressure chamber for plant water potential determination. In-depth comparisons of the J-14 ('P J) with the pressure chamber ('P) or with canopy temperatures (T) and crop water stress index (CWSI) have been limited, and an evaluation of the technique in a humid environment was needed. All three J-14 end points [exudation from cut (T R) or uncut leaf edges (T N) or darkening of interveinal areas (T N)] were highly correlated among themselves for the four species studied. Correlations of J-14 end points with other stress indicators from unstable diurnal periods were poor. None of the water status indicators correlated well with leaf diffusive resistance. Our data showed a species-related reliability of the J-14. The J-14 produced r 2 values above 0.7 for soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] for all but comparisons with CWSI or T, minus air temperature (ST), and for corn (Zea mays L.) for '11„ only. The J-14 did not perform well for tomato (Lypersician esculentum Mill.) or rapeseed (Brassica napes L.), and is probably best regarded only as a relative indication of plant water status in the absence of calibration with other techniques. Failure of 'P„ or J-14 to correlate well with CWSI underscores difficulty with CWSI measurement under humid conditions.