cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extremist ideology as a complex contagion: the spread of far-right radicalization in the United States between 2005 and 2017

Increasing levels of far-right extremist violence have generated public concern about the spread of radicalization in the United States. Previous research suggests that radicalized individuals are destabilized by various environmental (or endemic) factors, exposed to extremist ideology, and subsequently reinforced by members of their community. As such, the spread of radicalization may proceed through a social contagion process, in which extremist ideologies behave like complex contagions that require multiple exposures for adoption. In this study, I applied an epidemiological method called two-component spatio-temporal intensity modeling to data from 416 far-right extremists exposed in the United States between 2005 and 2017. The results indicate that patterns of far-right radicalization in the United States are consistent with a complex contagion process, in which reinforcement is required for transmission. Both social media usage and group membership enhance the spread of extremist ideology, suggesting that online and physical organizing remain primary recruitment tools of the far-right movement. In addition, I identified several endemic factors, such as poverty, that increase the probability of radicalization in particular regions. Future research should investigate how specific interventions, such as online counter-narratives to battle propaganda, may be effectively implemented to mitigate the spread of far-right extremism in the United States.
Kcnq2/Kv7.2 controls the threshold and bihemispheric symmetry of cortical spreading depolarization

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of massive cellular depolarization associated with acute brain injury and migraine aura. Genetic studies link molecular defects in enhanced cytoplasmic Ca2+ flux, glial Na+-K+ ATPase, and interneuronal Na+ current with SD susceptibility, emphasizing the important roles of synaptic activity and extracellular ionic homeostasis in determining SD threshold. In contrast, gene mutations in ion channels that shape intrinsic membrane excitability are frequently associated with epilepsy susceptibility. It is not well known whether epileptogenic mutations in voltage-gated potassium channels that regulate membrane repolarization also modify SD threshold and generation pattern. Here we report that the Kcnq2/Kv7.2 potassium channel subunit, frequently mutated in developmental epilepsy, is an SD modulatory gene with significant control over seizure-SD transition threshold, bilateral cortical expression, and temporal susceptibility. Chronic DC-band cortical EEG recording from awake conditional Kcnq2 deletion mice (Emx2cre/+::Kcnq2flox/flox) revealed spontaneous cortical seizures and SD. In contrast to a related potassium channel deficient model, Kv1.1 KO mice, spontaneous cortical SDs in Kcnq2 cKO mice are tightly coupled to the terminal phase of seizures, arise bilaterally, and are observed predominantly during the dark phase. Administration of the nonselective Kv7.2 inhibitor XE991 to Kv1.1 KO mice reproduced the Kcnq2 cKO-like SD phenotype (tight seizure coupling and bilateral symmetry) in these mice, indicating that Kv7.2 currents directly and actively modulate SD properties. In vitro brain slice studies confirmed that Kcnq2/Kv7.2 depletion or pharmacological inhibition intrinsically lowers the cortical SD threshold, whereas pharmacological activators elevate the threshold to multiple depolarizing and hypometabolic SD triggers. Together these results identify Kcnq2/Kv7.2 as a distinctive SD regulatory gene, and point to SD as a potentially significant pathophysiological component of KCNQ2-linked epileptic encephalopathy syndromes. Our results also implicate KCNQ2/Kv7.2 channel activation as an adjunctive therapeutic target to inhibit SD incidence.
A Case Series: Successfully Preventing COVID-19 Outbreak in a Residential Community Setting at a Drug and Alcohol Addiction Treatment Center

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reduced the capacity of many addiction treatment centers, limiting access to safe, continual treatment for people with substance use disorders (SUD) in the setting of a pandemic. Here, we describe the COVID-19 screening process of a residential addiction treatment center in rural Connecticut that has had no outbreaks, closures, or reductions in capacity since the pandemic began. Out of 420 patients screened for COVID-19 from 1 February to 1 July, five patients tested positive for COVID-19: four prior to entering its residential community setting, and one after entering the residential community, resulting in no COVID-19 spread to other patients. Patient 1 presented from home and tested positive during screening prior to entry into the community. The primary care provider for patient 2 notified staff of a recent pos-itive COVID-19 test prior to the patient's arrival on-site. Patient 3 had a COVID-19 infection in the weeks prior to arrival and tested positive during initial screening. Patient 4 tested positive af-ter coming from another addiction treatment facility that was shut down due to a COVID-19 outbreak. Patient 5 tested negative for COVID-19 during initial screening, entered the residential community, and later tested positive. It is imperative that in-person support for SUD continues during the pandemic. This case report highlights the importance of implementing a variety of tools in an effective screening process, including polymerase chain reaction screening and daily symptomology and temperature screening, which may help prevent further closures or reductions in capacity of addiction treatment centers during the COVID-19 pandemic or future outbreaks.
Vaping and cardiac disease

Tobacco cigarette smoking is the most prevalent reversible risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the USA. Electronic cigarettes, invented as an alternative nicotine source for smokers unable or unwilling to stop smoking, have gained skyrocketing popularity, but their cardiovascular risk remains uncertain. Although data recently analysed in a Cochran report do support their superior effectiveness to other forms of nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation, electronic cigarettes are also frequently used by non-smokers-especially high school students. There are no long-term outcome studies on the cardiovascular risk of vaping electronic cigarettes, but the effects of electronic cigarettes on known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including neurohumoural activation, oxidative stress and inflammation, endothelial function and thrombosis, have been studied. In this review, we summarise evidence in humans that supports the notion that while electronic cigarettes may be less harmful than traditional cigarettes, they are not harmless. Additionally, the increasing popularity of vaping marijuana with its unknown cardiovascular risks as well as the outbreak in 2019 of EVALI (electronic cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury) related to bootlegged vaping products raise further concerns. Before physicians can confidently advise their smoking patients about the role of electronic cigarettes as a means of smoking cessation to lower cardiovascular risk, improved regulation and quality control is necessary.
From franchisee experience to customer experience: their effects on franchisee performance

Despite the importance of experience, the question of whether and how a franchisee’s operating experience affects performance remains undertheorized. Taking a multi-unit franchisee owner’s perspective, we unravel the performance effect of an owner’s operating experience. We theorize on the differential effects of three facets of this experience: local experience, intensity of distant experience, and heterogeneity of distant experience. Bringing customers into franchising research, we propose customer satisfaction as a key intervening mechanism and customer diversity as a key contextual condition for the performance effect of an owner’s operating experience. An analysis of 14,069 stores in the McDonald’s chain over three years and of more than six million customer reviews shows that an owner’s greater local experience and higher heterogeneity of distant experience improve, whereas higher intensity of distant experience impairs, store survival and sales growth through customer satisfaction. Those performance effects are moderated by the extent of customer diversity.
Kant and the fate of autonomy : problems in the appropriation of the critical philosophy

It has been argued that Kant's all-consuming efforts to place autonomy at the center of philosophy have had, in the long-run, the unintended effect of leading to the widespread discrediting of philosophy and of undermining the notion of autonomy itself. The result of this 'Copernican revolution' has seemed to many commentators the de-centring, if not the self-destruction, of the autonomous self. In this major reinterpretation of Kant and the post-Kantian response to his critical philosophy, Karl Ameriks argues that such a view of Kant rests on a series of misconceptions. By providing the first systematic study of the underlying structure of the reaction to Kant's critical philosophy in the writings of Reinhold, Fichte and Hegel, Karl Ameriks challenges the presumptions that dominate popular approaches to the concept of freedom, and to the interpretation of the relation between the Enlightenment, Kant and post-Kantian thought.
Building the Devil's Empire: French Colonial New Orleans – By Shannon Lee Dawdy

Louisiana studies are enriched by this new entry on New Orleans during the half century between its founding in 1718 and the insurrection of 1768. It is a historical ethnography set in a theoretica...
Derivative Calculation through the Matrix-Geometric Solution Method

In this paper we show that through using the matrix-geometric solution method we can express the derivatives of the stationary queue-length probabilities of the M/G/1/K queue or M/G/1/(?, K) multiclasses queue in terms of the M/G/1 queues with infinite buffers. We first establish these expressions for phase type service time distributions. Then we extend the result to general service time distributions The results can be used in optimization of networks consisting of such nodes with finite buffers.
Diversity in Policing

Abstract Police and minority relations have received much interest among public and academic audiences, yet little is known about policing in Latino communities. As Latinos emerge as the largest minority group in the United States, researchers and police agencies are increasingly concerned with the experience of Latinos in the criminal justice system. One strategy for improving police and community relations is to enhance the diversity of law enforcement agencies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the ethnic composition of law enforcement agencies in major U.S. metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2000. Using data from the U.S. Census and the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey, it appears that the growth in the U.S. Latino population has been met with an increase in the percentage of Latinos as sworn full-time police officers. Further, the degree of enhanced diversity varies by the ethnic composition of the community served. Implications of findings for...
An Empirical Study of Probability Elicitation Under Noisy-OR Assumption.

Bayesian network is a popular modeling tool for uncertain domains that provides a compact representation of a joint probability distribution among a set of variables. Even though Bayesian networks significantly reduce the number of probabilities required to specify probabilistic relationships in the domain, the number of parameters required to quantify large models is still a serious bottleneck. Further reduction of parameters in a model is usually achieved by utilization of parametric probability distributions such as noisy-OR gates. In this paper report the results of an empirical study that suggests that under the assumption, that the underlying modeled distribution follows the noisy-OR assumptions, human experts provide parameters with better accuracy using elicitation of noisy-OR parameters than when eliciting conditional probability tables directly. It also seems that of the two alternative noisy-OR parameterizations due to Henrion and D´ the latter results in better elicitation accuracy.
Prevalence and predictors of home and automobile smoking bans and child environmental tobacco smoke exposure: a cross-sectional study of U.S.- and Mexico-born Hispanic women with young children.

Background Detrimental effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on child health are well documented. Because young children's primary exposure to ETS occurs in homes and automobiles, voluntary smoking restrictions can substantially reduce exposure. We assessed the prevalence of home and automobile smoking bans among U.S.- and Mexico-born Hispanics in the southwestern United States, and examined the influence of mother's country of birth and smoking practices on voluntary smoking bans and on child ETS exposure.
I Only Have Eyes for You: Does Implicit Social Pressure Increase Voter Turnout?

Get-out-the-vote mailers using explicit social pressure consistently increase electoral turnout; however, they often generate a negative reaction or backlash. One approach to increase turnout, yet alleviate backlash, may be to use implicit social pressure. An implicit social pressure technique that has shown promise is to display a set of eyes. Researchers contend eyes generate a feeling of being watched, which cues subjects to act in more prosocial ways to demonstrate compliance with social norms. Several studies support this argument, including two voter mobilization studies. The technique has not been widely tested, however, in the political context. In five randomized field experiments, we test the impact on turnout of mobilization mailers using eye displays. We extend previous research by testing for differences in effects between male and female eyes and across political cultures. The effects are substantively and statistically weak at best and inconsistent with previous findings.
Study of Tb-doped Li2O-LaF3-Al2O3-SiO2 Glasses Containing Silver Nanoparticles

Tb-doped Li2O-LaF3-Al2O3-SiO2 (LLAS) glasses containing silver were fabricated using melt-quenching technique. Silver nanoparticles (NPs) in glass matrix were confirmed by optical absorption and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The nucleation of silver NPs was controlled by heat-treatment. A broad absorption band peaked at about 420 nm was observed due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the silver NPs. This SPR absorption of silver NPs increases with the time of heat-treatment. Photoluminescence (PL) emission and excitation spectra were measured on Tb-doped LLAS glasses with and without silver NPs. Strong Tb3+ luminescence was observed. For excitation at 325 nm, luminescence of Tb3+ ions increases for the glass containing silver NPs compared to that in the glass without silver NPs. After further heat-treatment at 520 °C for 5 hours, Tb3+ luminescence decreased. Our luminescence results suggest that there are two competitive effects, enhancement and quenching effects, acting on Tb3+ luminescence in the glass containing silver NPs. The enhancement of Tb3+ luminescence is attributed to local field effects due to the excitation of SPR of silver NPs. The quenching effect in the presence of Ag NPs suggests an energy transfer from Tb3+ ions to silver NPs exists, which may provide an additional non-radiative relaxation pathway for the excited Tb3+ ions.
IS BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION PREDICTABLE

If black-hole formation and evaporation can be described by a superscattering operator which is CPT invariant, then it can be described by an S matrix which maps pure initial states into pure final states. Thus black holes may be in principle no more unpredictable than other quantum phenomena.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of II-VI blue-green laser diodes having continuous-wave operation at room temperature

Abstract Continuous-wave laser operation at room temperature was obtained from a (Zn,Mg)(S,Se)-based II–VI separate-confinement heterostructure where injection of holes into the p-type quaternary was achieved through the employment of a Zn(Se,T) graded-bandgap contact. The laser devices exhibit threshold current densities of below 300 A cm −2 and voltages below 6 V. Issues related to the control of the growth of the quaternary (Zn,Mg)(S,Se) compound are discussed and comments are made on the origins of device degradation.
Experiences in self-selection of disadvantaged people into a computer operator training program

This paper describes the experiences of both the authors and the special group of disadvantaged people who entered a computer operator training course in New York City in the fall of 1968. The course was sponsored by a group of computer professionals on a volunteer basis, from various institutions and companies, in collaboration with local community groups. The project attempted a unique approach to selection of potential candidates as students: it allowed them to pass through a structured entrance experience during or after which they made their own decision to select themselves in or select themselves out of the next phase, namely, training. No selection tests were used or given. This resulted in a group of students who had a higher level of interest in computer operating entry level jobs, with a consequently higher level of motivation. It thus allowed men of the most minimal level of comprehension capabilities, ninth grade approximately, to enter into a presumably complex occupational training course and complete it effectively. That they then went forth and actually obtained jobs in their new vocation, despite their educational deficiencies, rounded out our project's experience. Details of the structured experience are given, as well as a description of the group, the training course and the role of counselors in remediation and in the decision-making processes, along with statistical results.
The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project

Subject terms: Cancer genomics• Paediatric cancer• Sequencing At a glance Figures View all figures Figure 1: Frequency of cancer diagnoses and leukemia subtypes in children and adults. (a) The frequency of cancer types in children (left) and adults (right) on the basis of 2012 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data. Each chart is organized with cancers listed from the most common to the least common in a clockwise fashion. (b) The frequency of T-cell lineage (blue text) and B-cell lineage (black text) subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children (left) and adults (right). Each chart is organized with ALL subtypes listed from the most common to the least common in a clockwise fashion. iAMP21, intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21. Full size image View in article Figure 2: Genetic landscape of 15 different types of pediatric cancers determined from whole-genome sequencing of 260 tumors and matching germline samples. The number of somatic mutations in each sample, including single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion and/or deletion events (indels) and structural variations, is shown as the height in the three-dimensional graph. Only high-quality variations or validated somatic mutations are included in the summary. CDS, protein-coding regions; tier 1, mutations in annotated genes; tier 2, mutations in non-coding conserved or regulatory regions; tier 3, mutations in non-repetitive, non-coding and non-conserved regions; tier 4, mutations in repetitive regions. Tier 2 and tier 3/tier 4 mutations were rescaled to 1/10 and 1/100 of the original counts to maintain a consistent scale with the results for other somatic lesions. INF, infant ALL; CBF, core-binding-factor acute myeloid leukemia; TALL, T-cell ALL; AMLM7, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia; HYPO, hypodiploid ALL; PHALL, Philadelphia chromosome–positive BCR-ABL1 ALL; RB, retinoblastoma; RHB, rhabdomyosarcoma; NBL, neuroblastoma; OS, osteosarcoma; ACT, adrenocortical carcinoma; HGG, high-grade glioblastoma; LGG, low-grade glioma; EPD, ependymoma; MB, medulloblastoma. Full size image View in article
Art Therapy and Social Action: A Transpersonal Framework

This article introduces a conceptual framework that integrates art therapy and social action. The author uses a transpersonal model of the human psyche and an interdependent paradigm of the self an...
Autoradiographic localization of 5HT1 binding sites in autonomic areas of the rat dorsomedial medulla oblongata.

Serotonin (5HT) binding sites in autonomic portions of the dorsomedial medulla oblongata of the rat were localized using autoradiographic techniques with radioactive ligands that express high affinity for the 5HT1 (3H-5HT), 5HT1A (3H-8OH-DPAT), or 5HT1B (125I-CYP with isoproterenol) receptor subtypes. 5HT1A sites were densely distributed in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), with the highest densities localized to the interstitial subnucleus and the central subnucleus. 5HT1B sites were also found in the NTS, with the highest densities localized to the substantia gelatinosa subnucleus. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and nucleus ambiguus exhibited low densities of 5HT1B sites. However, the nucleus intercalatus, a cerebellar relay nucleus that also contains dendrites of vagal parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and receives autonomic forebrain afferent input, showed very dense 5HT1B sites. The promontorium, paratrigeminal islands, and the dorsomedial portion of the trigeminal nucleus (DM5), which are areas of viscerosomatic integration, exhibited high densities of both 5HT1A and 5HT1B sites. The area postrema contained low levels of both 5HT1A and 5HT1B sites. Visceral deafferentation via cervical vagotomy or nodose ganglionectomy caused a significant decrease in 5HT1A sites in the interstitial subnucleus of the NTS ipsilateral to the lesion. No changes were seen in 5HT1B sites. These studies suggest that 5HT1A and 5HT1B sites are involved in the processing of visceral sensory information in the NTS and associated areas. Based upon viscerotopic organization of the NTS, 5HT1A sites appear preferentially distributed in portions of the NTS that are associated with the coordination of swallowing, respiration, and cardiovascular function, while 5HT1B sites appear preferentially distributed in areas of the NTS associated with gastrointestinal, hepatic, pancreatic, and cardiovascular function. However, since these associations were not absolute and there was a great deal of overlap between the two sites, speculation regarding their specific functions in autonomic control must await pharmacological examination.
Enhancing near IR luminescence of thiolate Au nanoclusters by thermo treatments and heterogeneous subcellular distributions

A five-to-ten fold enhancement, up to ca. 5–10% quantum efficiency, of near IR luminescence from monothiolate protected gold nanoclusters was achieved by heating in the presence of excess ligand thiols. An emission maximum in the 700–900 nm range makes these Au nanoclusters superior for bioimaging applications over other emissions centered below 650 nm due to reduced background interference, albeit visible emissions could have higher quantum efficiency. The heating procedure is shown to be effective to improve the luminescence of Au nanoclusters synthesized under a variety of conditions using two types of monothiols: mercaptosuccinic acid and tiopronin. Therefore, this heating method is believed to be a generalizable approach to improve the near IR luminescence of aqueous soluble Au nanoclusters, which enables better bioimaging applications. The high quantum yield is found relatively stable over a wide pH range. PEGylation of the Au nanoclusters reduces their quantum efficiency but improves their permeation into the cytoplasm. Interestingly, z-stack confocal analysis clearly reveals the presence of Au nanoclusters inside the cell nucleus in single cell imaging. The finding addresses controversial literature reports and demonstrates the internalization and heterogeneous subcellular distributions, particularly inside the nucleus. The high luminescence intensity, small overall dimension, cell and nuclear distribution, chemical stability and low-to-non toxicity make these Au nanoclusters promising probes for broad cell dynamics and imaging applications.
The Field of Play: An Ecology of Being in Music Therapy

この文章は、パフォーマティヴな記述様式で作られている。パフォーマティヴな記述には、自己エスノグラフィー的な要素が織り込まれることが多い。よって、これは私の音楽療法における人生物語の短縮版という言い方もできる。願わくば、みなさんの前に立ち、口述の伝統に従って披露したいところである。そうすれば、みなさんは私の声の響きを耳にし、表情や身振りを目の当たりにし、言葉と言葉の間の沈黙をよりはっきりと聴くことだろう。そして、音楽が聴こえてくることだろう。
Growth of Argyrotaenia velutinana by Egg Cannibalism

Although newly hatched larvae of many insect species feed readily on unhatched eggs in their own egg masses, no such predation has been reported for the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). It is unlikely that egg cannibalism by this phytophagous insect occurs in nature. However, the reported study showed that larvae of this insect grew and developed when fed on a diet of eggs of the same species. The results of the present report supported experimental evidence obtained by feeding tests on chemically defined diets showing that the proportional pattern of nutritional requirements of an insect may be determined from that found in the composition of the insect, especially with regard to amino acids (Rock and King 1967).
Recovery of tubercle bacilli from mouth washings of tuberculous dental patients

The frequency with which living tubercle bacilli occur about the site of dental pro­ cedures is a matter of practical impor­ tance to dentists, dental hygienists and dental technicians who work with tuber­ culous patients. The organisms have been recovered from swabs or washing of the lips, gingiva, teeth, and oral mucous membranes of sanatorium patients by a number of investigators, but the reported frequency of their occurrence varies greatly, depending on the stage of ac­ tivity of the disease, the method of ob­ taining test materials, and the technics used to demonstrate tubercle bacilli. Gloyne1 found acid-fast bacilli in smears obtained from the mouths of 10 out of 20 patients with chronic pulmonary tu­ berculosis. By the method of inoculating animals, Gulbrandsen and Keller2 recov­ ered tubercle bacilli from 54 out of 64 lip swabs taken at different intervals from nine tuberculous patients. DuboisVerliere3 studied the presence of tubercle bacilli in mouth swabs and washings of 68 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. He prepared cultures at hourly intervals after each patient’s last expectoration and found 54 per cent positive at one hour, 36 per cent at two hours, 22 per cent at three hours, 11 per cent at four hours, 16 per cent at five hours and 21 per cent after an interval of 6 to 10 hours. Duguid4 reported that “ tubercle bacilli were found to be present in the secretions of the throat of 15 out of 20 patients and in the secretions of the anterior mouth of 10 out of 20 patients.” After reviewing the literature on this subject, Appleton5 concludes that “ tubercle bacilli may oc­ casionally be found in the mouths of tu­ berculous patients.” In an effort to assess the degree to which tubercle bacilli occur at the opera­ tive site, smears and cultures were pre­ pared of a sample of water syringed over the dental surfaces during the course of 300 consecutive dental procedures per­ formed on 111 tuberculous patients treated in a sanatorium dental clinic. Each of these patients had presented roentgenographic evidence of active pul­ monary tuberculosis prior to admission to the hospital, and tubercle bacilli were recovered from the sputum of each at some time during the course of hospitali-
Three-dimensional spiral fMRI technique: A comparison with 2D spiral acquisition

A comparison study was performed of 3D and 2D spiral k-space fMRI techniques using BOLD contrast with a 4.25-min finger-tapping task paradigm. The 3D sequence uses the conventional 2D spiral technique in conjunction with Fourier phase encoding in the slice select direction. Characteristics that were compared included image appearances, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), fluctuation noise, functional contrast-to-noise ratio (fCNR), detected activation areas, inflow effect, and large vessel involvement. The results showed that, with constant total scan time, the 3D spiral acquisition has higher SNR and fCNR despite its slightly higher fluctuation noise. The capability for thin-slice incoherent averaging is a further advantage of 3D over 2D. With these advantages as well as its intrinsic ability for contiguous slices and image reformatting, the 3D spiral fMRI technique may be superior to its 2D counterpart.
Low temperature correlation functions in integrable models: Derivation of the large distance and time asymptotics from the form factor expansion

Abstract We propose an approach to the problem of low but finite temperature dynamical correlation functions in integrable one-dimensional models with a spectral gap. The approach is based on the analysis of the leading singularities of the operator matrix elements and is not model specific. We discuss only models with well-defined asymptotic states. For such models the long time, large distance asymptotics of the correlation functions fall into two universality classes. These classes differ primarily by whether the behavior of the two-particle S-matrix at low momenta is diagonal or corresponds to pure reflection. We discuss similarities and differences between our results and results obtained by the semi-classical method suggested by Sachdev and Young [S. Sachdev, A.P. Young, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2220].
Mothers and day‐care teachers: Young children's perceptions

Young children's perceptions of the roles of mothers and day-care teachers were explored in a study using artists' sketches depicting a woman and a child in a variety of functions and emotional interactions. Fifty-seven 5-year-old children were interviewed. Twenty-five of these children were interviewed again approximately 10 days later to measure stability of responses. Young children apparently perceive their mothers and day-care teachers performing similar caregiving, guidance and developmental functions. Intensity of children's feelings still leans toward mother as the major figure in physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. Thus, the mother-child bond is apparently not threatened by a quality day-care experience. Stability measurements demonstrated that the interview procedure was a reliable investigative approach.
The Formalism of Titration Theory

Acid—base theory can be rationalized by introducing the concept of the proton function, HC. Specifically, the pH of any solution is given by HC = 0, the buffer strength is given by B = [H+]dHC/d[H+], and the titration of any acid or mixture of acids with a base or mixture of bases (or its inverse) is given by HCtVt = -HC8V8, where t and s denote titrant and sample respectively. The same unifying approach can be extended to complexation, precipitation, and redox equilibria.
Defect model of melt-grown GaAs

A phenomenological model is developed to treat defect properties and defect chemistry in melt-grown GaAs. Defects are characterized by their charge and their stoichiometric signature (local deviation from stoichiometry); no specific atomic structure is assumed for them. Good fits to existing data are obtained for the room-temperature concentrations of the midgap donor (EL2), an unknown double acceptor, electrons, and holes as functions of melt composition. In obtaining these fits the role and importance of the (unknown) GaAs solidus is emphasized and it is demonstrated that many popular models of EL2 are consistent with the data analyzed. The model is extended to account for the observed decrease of EL2 concentration with increasing boron or silicon doping concentration, and here again attention is clearly focused on certain unknown information concerning the crystal formation process. Fundamental parameters in the model whose values are estimated through fits to the data include (1) the equilibrium constant in the defect reaction between EL2 and the double acceptor, (2) the equilibrium constant in the defect reaction between EL2, BAs and BGa, (3) the fractions of boron and silicon taken up on Ga sites during the crystal formation process, and (4) the proportionality factor between the melt composition and the crystal composition.
The cost of space flight

Abstract Estimates of the cost of human space flight continue to generate controversy in the effort to set US space policy. Estimates vary widely, depending upon the position of the observer. This article identifies the real cost of major space flight programs and traces the heterofore unsuccessful efforts to cut the expense of space operations.
The Grb7 family proteins : structure, interactions with other signaling molecules and potential cellular functions

Grb7 family adaptor molecules consist of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14, each of which has several splicing variants. Like other adaptor molecules, Grb7 family proteins function to mediate the coupling of multiple cell surface receptors to downstream signaling pathways in the regulation of various cellular functions. They share significant sequence homology with each other and a conserved molecular architecture including an amino-terminal proline-rich region, a central segment termed the GM region (for Grb and Mig) which includes a PH domain and shares sequence homology with the Caenorhabditis elegans protein, Mig-10, involved in embryonic migration, and a carboxyl-terminal SH2 domain. Grb7 family proteins are differentially expressed in a variety of tissues. They are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues, although the kinases responsible have not been well characterized. Grb7 family proteins are mainly localized in the cytoplasm, but have been observed at the plasma membrane, focal contacts, or mitochondria under certain conditions. A large number of receptor tyrosine kinases and other signaling molecules can associate with Grb7 family proteins, mostly through the SH2 domains. Various isoforms of Grb10 have been shown to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, whereas Grb7 has been found to regulate cell migration and also implicated in tumor progression. Future studies of interests will include identification of potential downstream effectors of Grb7 family proteins as well as understanding of the mechanisms of specificity of the different family members in signal transduction.
Involuntary community treatment of people who are violent and mentally ill: A legal analysis

Three major legal mechanisms exist for providing involuntary community treatment to people who are violent and mentally disabled: outpatient commitment, preventive commitment, and conditional release from a hospital. In most states, predicted deterioration is either the explicit or the de facto criterion for involuntary community treatment. However, the constitutionality of this standard has been the subject of considerable debate, centering on whether involuntary treatment in the community requires a showing of imminent dangerousness and an overt act of dangerousness and whether a person who is not dangerous solely because of treatment may be committed. The author suggests that the predicted deterioration standard is constitutional, but only if it is accompanied by limitations on the duration of commitment and proof that involuntary treatment is necessary to prevent danger to self or others. The author also discusses whether a person committed under the predicted deterioration standard has the right to refuse treatment and whether persons hospitalized after being committed to involuntary community treatment should receive a hearing.
Noncontacting Thickness Gauge Using Beta Rays

AN EARLIER paper1 has described the use of X rays to measure the thickness of steel as it is being rolled in a hot-strip rolling mill. The great success of this method of measurement has stimulated study of the possibilities of using other types of radiation in a similar manner. Of these, beta rays appear to hold the greatest promise at the present time.
An expandable gene that encodes a Drosophila glue protein is not expressed in variants lacking remote upstream sequences

Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster gene Sgs4 encodes one of the glue polypeptides, sgs-4, synthesized in the larval salivary gland. We have examined the structure and expression of Sgs4 in five strains that produce abundant amounts of sgs-4 and its mRNA and in four that do not. The nonproducers include three Japanese strains that accumulate trace amounts of mRNA and one strain, BER-1, that contains no detectable Sgs4 RNA. Sgs4 carries a tandem array of repeated 21 bp elements within its coding sequence. The number of elements per array varies, causing considerable differences in the lengths of Sgs4 and its mRNA among the strains. These differences in length are not correlated with differences in mRNA abundance; rather, the low or zero abundance in nonproducers correlates with the loss of DNA upstream from the gene. The Japanese nonproducers carry a 52 bp deletion 305 bp upstream from the 5′ end of Sgs4 , and BER-1 carries a 95 bp deletion 392 bp upstream. Curiously, each deletion encompasses one or more of the salivary-gland-specific DNAase I-hypersensitive sites which are known to flank the Sgs4 gene.
Rethinking the Food Chain: Farmworkers and the Taco Bell Boycott

This article situates my experiences as an active ally with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) and their four-year US boycott of Taco Bell (2001–2005) within the history of US migrant farmworker activism. It traces the boycott from nationwide kick-off to victory. An overarching theme is the impact of globalization on the lives of migrant farmworkers and the borders that define them.
Bridging the gap: strategies to integrate classroom and clinical learning.

Nursing students often feel their classroom (didactic) learning and clinical (practice) experiences are disconnected which can lead to a rejection of academe and dissatisfaction with the profession. This classroom/clinical divide may be exacerbated because of the increased use of part-time clinical faculty, who are often isolated from their didactic peers. If clinical faculty, either novice or experienced, are disconnected from didactic faculty, is it any wonder students feel their learning is fragmented? The purpose of this paper is to discuss strategies to help bridge the gap between didactic and clinical learning. Specific integration strategies for faculty are presented using examples from a baccalaureate adult nursing didactic course and its related clinical course. The role of a clinical coordinator in facilitating course integration and support for part-time clinical faculty is described. Ideas for using technology to enhance learning and suggestions to promote socialization to decrease faculty isolation are also discussed.
Direct Measurement of Osmotic Pressure of Glycosaminoglycan Solutions by Membrane Osmometry at Room Temperature

Articular cartilage is a hydrated soft tissue composed of negatively charged proteoglycans fixed within a collagen matrix. This charge gradient causes the tissue to imbibe water and swell, creating a net osmotic pressure that enhances the tissue's ability to bear load. In this study we designed and utilized an apparatus for directly measuring the osmotic pressure of chondroitin sulfate, the primary glycosaminoglycan found in articular cartilage, in solution with varying bathing ionic strength (0.015 M, 0.15 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M NaCl) at room temperature. The osmotic pressure (pi) was found to increase nonlinearly with increasing chondroitin sulfate concentration and decreasing NaCl ionic bath environment. Above 1 M NaCl, pi changes negligibly with further increases in salt concentration, suggesting that Donnan osmotic pressure is negligible above this threshold, and the resulting pressure is attributed to configurational entropy. Results of the current study were also used to estimate the contribution of osmotic pressure to the stiffness of cartilage based on theoretical and experimental considerations. Our findings indicate that the osmotic pressure resulting from configurational entropy is much smaller in cartilage (based on an earlier study on bovine articular cartilage) than in free solution. The rate of change of osmotic pressure with compressive strain is found to contribute approximately one-third of the compressive modulus (H(A)(eff)) of cartilage (Pi approximately H(A)(eff)/3), with the balance contributed by the intrinsic structural modulus of the solid matrix (i.e., H(A) approximately 2H(A)(eff)/3). A strong dependence of this intrinsic modulus on salt concentration was found; therefore, it appears that proteoglycans contribute structurally to the magnitude of H(A), in a manner independent of osmotic pressure.
Optimal investment in setup reduction for finite horizon periodic review inventory system under deterministic time varying demand

Abstract This paper examines the impact of setup reduction on a finite horizon, periodic review inventory system, under deterministic time varying demand. A total relevant cost function is developed for such systems. Using this, the impact of setup reduction is examined under various forms of setup reduction cost functions that have been suggested in the literature. The operating characteristics and optimization of the various scenarios are discussed. Our analysis shows that the effects of setup reduction in a periodic review system are similar to those in a reorder point system. Our results are likely to help practitioners who use similar periodic review systems towards decreasing total inventory related costs by investing in setup reduction.
9.5: Microfabrication of a 220 GHz grating for sheet beam amplifiers

A 50 watt CW 220 GHz sheet beam amplifier is under development at NRL. We report on microfabrication techniques used to construct a grating-based amplifier circuit using Ultraviolet Lithography (UV-LIGA) and Deep Reactive Ion etching (DRIE).
The Assessment of Creative Products in Programs for Gifted and Talented Students

Formal evaluation of student products completed in programs for the gifted and talented seldom occurs. Few instruments exist for this purpose, and reliability and validity information is not often available for the instruments that do exist. In this article, the development of the Student Product Assessment Form is reviewed. A description of the results obtained from content validation procedures, reliability findings, scoring, and interrater agreement and reliability techniques are provided.
Atomistic modeling of thermodynamic equilibrium and polymorphism of iron

We develop two new modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) potentials for elemental iron, intended to reproduce the experimental phase stability with respect to both temperature and pressure. These simple interatomic potentials are fitted to a wide variety of material properties of bcc iron in close agreement with experiments. Numerous defect properties of bcc iron and bulk properties of the two close-packed structures calculated with these models are in reasonable agreement with the available first-principles calculations and experiments. Performance at finite temperatures of these models has also been examined using Monte Carlo simulations. We attempt to reproduce the experimental iron polymorphism at finite temperature by means of free energy computations, similar to the procedure previously pursued by Muller et al (2007 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19 326220), and re-examine the adequacy of the conclusion drawn in the study by addressing two critical aspects missing in their analysis: (i) the stability of the hcp structure relative to the bcc and fcc structures and (ii) the compatibility between the temperature and pressure dependences of the phase stability. Using two MEAM potentials, we are able to represent all of the observed structural phase transitions in iron. We discuss that the correct reproductions of the phase stability among three crystal structures of iron with respect to both temperature and pressure are incompatible with each other due to the lack of magnetic effects in this class of empirical interatomic potential models. The MEAM potentials developed in this study correctly predict, in the bcc structure, the self-interstitial in the (110) orientation to be the most stable configuration, and the screw dislocation to have a non-degenerate core structure, in contrast to many embedded-atom method potentials for bcc iron in the literature.
Time domain investigation of radio frequency acousto-mechanical tuning of photonic crystal nanocavity modes

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have proven a useful tool for dynamically manipulating the optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures. Recently we have shown that the mechanical deformation induced by a SAW on a two-dimensional photonic crystal membrane (PCM) spectrally tunes the resonance frequency of nanocavities within the PCM employing phase locked stroboscopic excitation.
The role of the host–tumor interface and cell hybridization in invasive cancer

Available data indicate that growth of invasive tumors is enhanced by homeostatic mechanisms of the host involved in normal tissue regeneration and repair. To achieve this, malignant cells may (i) induce degeneration of normal cells at the host-tumor interface, (ii) hybridize in situ with activated host stem cells, required for replacement of lost mature tissue cells, (iii) the resulting malignant/normal cell hybrids may exhibit an antigenic similarity to normal cells, (iv) thereby preventing recognition by the immune system, (v) and exploiting normal mechanisms of tissue regeneration by the host. In addition, primary cancers with allotypic determinants may utilize other homeostatic mechanisms evolved in mammals to promote fetal allograft survival. They may have a potential to grow in another (secondary) host. Novel approaches to cancer prevention and control may depend on a better understanding of the mechanisms by which normal cellular growth are controlled, and hybridization prevented.
The effect of ulnar styloid fractures on patient-rated outcomes after volar locking plating of distal radius fractures

Purpose Ulnar styloid fractures commonly occur with distal radius fractures (DRFs). Ulnar styloid fractures that involve the insertion of the radioulnar ligaments can cause distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability, and the literature suggests that these fractures should be treated with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). However, in the absence of DRUJ instability, the effects of ulnar styloid fractures are unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of ulnar styloid fractures without DRUJ instability on patient-rated outcomes after DRF ORIF. Methods Between 2003 and 2008, a cohort of DRF patients treated with volar plating was enrolled. Patients with DRUJ instability treated at the time of distal radius ORIF were excluded. Radiographs were evaluated to identify and characterize ulnar styloid fractures. Patient-rated outcomes were measured at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively using the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ). Regression analysis was performed to determine whether the presence of an ulnar styloid fracture, the size or displacement of the fracture, or the healing status of the fracture was predictive of MHQ scores. Results One-hundred and forty-four patients were enrolled; 88 patients had ulnar styloid fractures. During the collection period, DRUJ instability was found intraoperatively in 3 patients; these patients had ulnar styloid ORIF and were not enrolled. The 144 patients with a stable DRUJ after DRF ORIF maintained DRUJ stability after surgery. In these patients, the presence of an ulnar styloid fracture did not affect MHQ scores. Furthermore, the size of the ulnar styloid fracture, the degree of displacement, and the healing status of the ulnar styloid did not affect MHQ scores. Conclusions In patients with a stable DRUJ after DRF ORIF ulnar styloid fractures did not affect subjective outcomes as measured by the MHQ. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic III.