cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer sensory evaluation and chemical composition of beef gluteus medius and triceps brachii steaks from cattle finished on forage or concentrate diets.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of cattle finishing diet and muscle type on meat quality. Consumer sensory response, proximate composition, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), fatty acid composition, and volatile compounds were assessed from the gluteus medius (GM) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles of cattle ( = 6 per diet) which were grain-finished (USUGrain) on conventional feedlot or 2 forage diets, a perennial legume, birdsfoot trefoil-finished (USUBFT; ), and grass-finished (USUGrass; ). Diet had an interacting effect with muscle for all sensory attributes ( ≤ 0.002), except aroma and flavor ( ≥ 0.078). In forage-finished beef, tenderness, fattiness, overall liking, and WBSF tenderness of GM was greater ( 0.05) but the juiciness of TB was more liked than USUGrain GM ( 0.05) between GM and TB. Lower ( 0.05) to both USUGrass and USUGrain beef. However, IMF percent was not impacted by muscle type ( = 0.092). The ratio of -6:-3 fatty acids was affected by muscle dependent on diet ( = 0.016). The ratio of -6:-3 fatty acids was affected by the interaction of muscle × diet ( = 0.016). Between forage diets (USUGrass and USUBFT), -6:-3 ratios were similar ( > 0.05) between GM and TB, whereas within USUGrain, the GM was greater ( 0.05). Strecker aldehydes, ketones, pyrazines, and methional were affected ( ≤ 0.036) by muscle and found to have a greater concentration in GM compared with TB. Overall, consumers determined that USUGrain GM and TB had similar ( > 0.05) quality ratings. However, within forage-finished beef, the GM was perceived more frequently ( < 0.05) to be of premium quality and the forage-finished TB was more frequently ( < 0.05) rated as having unsatisfactory quality. These findings were in agreement with ratings of tenderness and overall liking. Therefore, in the context of our consumer group grilled GM and TB steaks, grain-finished beef provided more uniform quality and eating experience compared with forage-finished beef.
Revitalising teachers’ bodies: prescriptions for rest and teachers’ summer activities in the United States, 1880s–1930s

Histories of teachers’ experiences in the United States between the 1880s and the 1930s argue that teaching restrained and often debilitated teachers’ bodies. The emerging theory of constraint is limited, however, because the historiography of American teachers focuses for the most part only on the months when school was in session. This examination of publications in which education leaders discussed how teachers should spend their summers and teachers’ memoirs, diaries, and letters, reveals a full quarter of the year during which the focus was on the rejuvenation of teachers’ bodies. As administrative efforts to control teachers’ bodies extended into the summer months, leaders expressed their concern by prescribing rest. The meaning of “rest”, however, soon evolved into reinvigoration through breathing fresh air and physical activity. Full of vitality, teachers’ own accounts reveal how their summer activities released them from the restraints of teaching. Rural teachers engaged in agricultural work and other outdoor activities, and urban teachers communed with nature and exercised in the open air. These activities had important gender ramifications: they allowed women to challenge boundaries by demonstrating the robustness of a “new woman” and men to reinforce boundaries by demonstrating rugged masculinity. In both cases, teachers used the summer months to revitalise bodies worn down by the physical restrictions of teaching, as administrators directed.
Simulation of magnetic holes formation in the magnetosheath

Magnetic holes have been frequently observed in the Earth's magnetosheath and are believed to be the consequence of the nonlinear evolution of the mirror instability. Mirror mode perturbations mainly form as magnetic holes in regions where the plasma is marginally mirror stable with respect to the linear instability criterion. We present an expanding box particle-in-cell simulation to mimic the changing conditions in the magnetosheath as the plasma is convected through it that produces mirror mode magnetic holes. We show that in the initial nonlinear evolution, where the plasma conditions are mirror unstable, the magnetic peaks are dominant, while later, as the plasma relaxes toward marginal stability, the fluctuations evolve into deep magnetic holes. While the averaged plasma parameters in the simulation remain close to the mirror instability threshold, the local plasma in the magnetic holes is highly unstable to mirror instability and locally mirror stable in the magnetic peaks.
N-linoleoylamino acids as chiral probes of substrate binding by soybean lipoxygenase-1.

Abstract Lipoxygenases catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives to produce conjugated diene hydroperoxides. Soybean lipoxygenase-1 (SBLO-1) has been the subject of intensive structural and mechanistic study, but the manner in which this enzyme binds substrates is uncertain. Previous studies suggest that the fatty acyl group of the substrate binds in an internal cavity near the catalytic iron with the polar end at the surface of the protein or perhaps external to the protein. To test this model, we have investigated two pairs of enantiomeric N-linoleoylamino acids as substrates for SBLO-1. If the amino acid moiety binds external to the protein, the kinetics and product distribution should show little or no sensitivity to the stereochemical configuration of the amino acid moiety. Consistent with this expectation, N-linoleoyl- l -valine (LLV) and N-linoleoyl -d- valine ( LDV ) are both good substrates with kcat/Km values that are equal within error and about 40% higher than kcat/Km for linoleic acid. Experiments with N-linoleoyl -l- tryptophan (LLT) and N-linoleoyl -d- tryptophan (LDT) were complicated by the low critical micelle concentrations (CMC = 6–8 μM) of these substances. Below the CMC, LDT is a better substrate by a factor of 2.7. The rates of oxygenation of LDT and LLT continue to rise above the CMC, with modest stereoselectivity in favor of the d enantiomer. With all of the substrates tested, the major product is the 13(S)-hydroperoxide, and the distribution of minor products is not appreciably affected by the configuration of the amino acid moiety. The absence of stereoselectivity with LLV and LDV, the modest magnitude of the stereoselectivity with LLT and LDT, and the ability micellar forms of LLT and LDT to increase the concentration of available substrate are all consistent with the hypothesis that the amino acid moiety binds largely external to SBLO-1 and interacts with it only weakly.
RISK ASSOCIATED WITH MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS IS MODULATED BY THE EXTENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING DUE TO NON-ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Myocardial Fibrosis (MF) and extent of left ventricular dysfunction are shown to be linked to adverse outcomes in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) patients. It is unclear if the risk associated with MF is modulated by left ventricular (LV) remodeling. We retrospectively reviewed 369 consecutive
We Can Get There from Here

Ever since a chance glance at the title of an article caught the eye of one of the editors some months ago, it seemed that this chapter could have only one possible title, the one you see here. The article is titled, “Which Way to Millinocket?” In it, Gideonse (1987) refers to the punchline of a classic example of Downeast comedy, which reads, (sans dialect), “you can’t get there from here.” It is true that education has been in trouble, heading along the path which is clearly marked with that punchline. It is possible to improve education, but educators must assume the responsibility for directing those improvements or state legislatures and governing boards will take that responsiblity upon themselves, as has been demonstrated in such states as Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and California. Evaluation is a crucial part of the reform effort. We must begin to implement the findings from our research efforts, particularly the follow-up studies of teacher education graduates.
Fit for the Job: Candidate Qualifications and Vote Choice in Low Information Elections

Cues and heuristics—like party, gender, and race/ethnicity—help voters choose among a set of candidates. We consider candidate professional experience—signaled through occupation—as a cue that voters can use to evaluate candidates’ functional competence for office. We outline and test one condition under which citizens are most likely to use such cues: when there is a clear connection between candidate qualifications and the particular elected office. We further argue that voters in these contexts are likely to make subtle distinctions between candidates, and to vote accordingly. We test our account in the context of local school board elections, and show—through both observational analyses of California election results and a conjoint experiment—that (1) voters favor candidates who work in education; (2) that voters discriminate even among candidates associated with education by only favoring those with strong ties to students; and (3) that the effects are not muted by partisanship. Voters appear to value functional competence for office in and of itself, and use cues in the form of candidate occupation to assess who is and who is not fit for the job.
Simulating Runoff Quality with the Highway Runoff Database and the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model

Stormwater practitioners need quantitative information about the quality and volume of highway runoff to assess and mitigate potential adverse effects of runoff on the Nation’s receiving waters. Th...
Performance of a neural-network-based determination of amino acid class and secondary structure from 1H-15N NMR data

A neural network which can determine both amino acid class and secondary structure using NMR data from 15N-labeled proteins is described. We have included nitrogen chemical shifts, 3JHNH alpha coupling constants, alpha-proton chemical shifts, and side-chain proton chemical shifts as input to a three-layer feed-forward network. The network was trained with 456 spin systems from several proteins containing various types of secondary structure, and tested on human ubiquitin, which has no sequence homology with any of the proteins in the training set. A very limited set of data, representative of those from a TOCSY-HSQC and HNHA experiment, was used. Nevertheless, in 60% of the spin systems the correct amino acid class was among the top two choices given by the network, while in 96% of the spin systems the secondary structure was correctly identified. The performance of this network clearly shows the potential of the neural network algorithm in the automation of NMR spectral analysis.
Wherefore Quantum Mechanics

After the development of a self-consistent quantum formalism nearly a century ago, there ensued a quest to understand the often counterintuitive predictions of the theory. These endeavors invariably begin with the assumption of the "truth" of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and then proceed to investigate the theory's implications for the physical world. One of the outcomes has been endless discussions of the quantum measurement problem, wave/particle duality, the non-locality of entangled quantum states, Schroedinger's cat, and other philosophical conundrums. In this essay, I take the point of view that quantum mechanics is a mathematical model, a human invention, and rather than pondering what the theory implies about our world, I consider the transposed question: what is it about our world that leads us to a quantum mechanical model of it? One consequence is the realization that discrete quanta, the quantum of action in particular, leads to the wave nature and statistical behavior of matter rather than the other way around.
Peacebuilding and Counterinsurgency: Alternatives to the Moral Dilemma of War

In contrast to traditional Christian just war theory (as derived from the thought of Augustine and Aquinas), this chapter will argue that all war and all killing in war involve agents in an irreducible moral dilemma such that any course of action, even if justifiable in terms of the greater good, involves guilt and should involve remorse and remediation. To make this case, I will draw on Michael Walzer’s concepts of “dirty hands,” “supreme emergency,” and “double effect.” Neither Walzer nor military ethics regards killing combatants as a moral dilemma, but Walzer usefully clarifies how a morally justifiable action can still bring a measure of guilt and responsibility. In fact, Augustine and Aquinas also tacitly recognize the moral ambiguity of war. While moral dilemmas cannot always be avoided, moral responsibility in relation to moral dilemmas requires public acknowledgment, compensatory measures, and commitment to create better options. Parallels will be drawn between religious peacebuilding initiatives and the military policy of counterinsurgency as nonviolent alternatives to the moral dilemmas of war and killing. The fact that such alternatives are regarded as morally obligatory in both approaches reveals that even “justified” war is morally ambiguous in fact if not in principle.
Chapter 21 – Synthesis and Reactions of Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds are synthesized by a variety of methods. In some cases, a metal compound reacts directly with the ligands, but in others one ligand is replaced by another that bonds more strongly. Substitution in square planar complexes is strongly influenced by the nature of the ligand in the position trans to where the entering group bonds (the trans effect). This effect is determined by the ability of the trans ligand to form bonds and to its polarizability. Coordination compounds react by insertion, substitution, oxidative addition, group and electron transfer. Substitution reactions, the most common type of reaction of complexes, are influenced by ligand field stabilization energy, steric effects, and other factors. In some cases, reactions that resemble substitution involve proton removal or addition to a ligand and are thus catalyzed by acids or bases.
Central diabetes insipidus unmasked by kidney transplantation: a case report and literature review

Abstract Background Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a relatively uncommon abnormality of water homeostasis resulting in the excess production of hypotonic polyuria. Post-transplant polyuria is typically self-limited and resolves without intervention. We present a case of severe and persistent post-transplant polyuria secondary to previously undiagnosed central DI. Methods A case of persistent polyuria following kidney transplant is presented, demonstrating the diagnosis and management of central DI following kidney transplant. A literature review of central DI after kidney transplant was performed to provide context of this extremely rare condition. Results A 59-year-old female with chronic kidney disease received a pediatric en bloc kidney transplant, and exhibited massive polyuria for five days following transplant. Desmopressin therapy resulted in resolution of the polyuria, but labile sodium levels resulted in the development of a seizure. Imaging demonstrated an empty sella supporting the diagnosis of central DI. A total of five prior case reports of DI after kidney transplantation, the majority which were diagnosed prior to kidney transplant, and typically in patients with prior intracranial surgery. Conclusion While early polyuria is frequent following kidney transplant, persistent massive polyuria requires further workup, and DI should be considered.
Effects of pre-harvest glyphosate use on protein composition and shikimic acid accumulation in spring wheat

During wheat cultivation, glyphosate-based herbicides are recommended to be applied a week prior to harvest during the ripe stage of physiological maturity. However, some grains may not be at this physiological stage due to non-uniform maturation within the field. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of glyphosate-based herbicide timing on the chemistry of wheat gluten proteins and shikimic acid accumulation. The results of the study indicate that pre-harvest glyphosate application does not impact the amino acid composition, protein secondary structure or gluten protein composition. However, pre-harvest glyphosate application decreased the molecular weight of SDS extractable and unextractable proteins, and significantly increased the amount of shikimic acid accumulation, especially when applied early. Thus, this study indicates that pre-harvest use of glyphosate-based herbicides can cause significant differences in wheat protein chemistry and shikimic acid levels, especially when applied earlier than recommended, emphasizing the importance of timely application.
First-principle investigation on catalytic hydrogenation of benzaldehyde over Pt-group metals

Abstract Understanding the hydrogenation of organic compounds in the aqueous phase has always been fundamentally important for improving carbon neutral pathways to fuels and value-added chemicals. In this study, we investigated both thermodynamic and kinetic profiles of benzaldehyde hydrogenation over the Pd(111) and Pt(111) metal surfaces using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations. The adsorption of H2 shows the mixed preference of H adsorption sites on the Pt(111), while the fcc adsorption site is dominant for H on the Pd(111). When benzaldehyde is added to the systems, we observe a strong reduction of benzaldehyde on charged Pd (111) surface compared with that on neutral surface. In contrast, charged state of the Pt(111) surface does not change their interaction. Subsequent hydrogenation reaction of benzaldehyde over Pd(111), proceeding via Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, is affected by two major factors: the presence of H2O solvent and surface charge. The presence of H2O solvent greatly reduces the activation energy of C H and O H bond formation during the hydrogenation process. Furthermore, the hydrogenation step via C H bond formation is preferred thermodynamically and kinetically over O H bond formation during thermocatalytic hydrogenation, while the opposite trend holds true during electrocatalytic hydrogenation.
Self-reactive antibodies associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome subtype of chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

Abstract Background Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) remains the major limitation in long term survival after lung transplantation. Our objective is to evaluate for the presence of autoantibodies to self-antigens, which is a pathway along with complex interplay with immune as well as non-immune mechanisms that leads to a fibroproliferative process resulting in CLAD. Methods Serum profiles of IgG autoantibodies were evaluated using customized proteomic microarray with 124 antigens. Output from microarray analyzed as antibody scores is correlated with bronchiolitis obliterans (BOS) subtype of CLAD using Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher exact test. Autoantibodies were evaluated for their predictive value for progressive BOS using a Cox proportional hazard model. BOS free survival and overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results Forty- two patients included in the study are grouped into “stable BOS” and “progressive BOS” for comparisons. Pulmonary fibrosis is the major indication for lung transplantation in our cohort. Progressive BOS group had significantly worse survival (p Conclusion Pre-existing IgG autoantibodies correlate with progressive BOS and survival in a single center, small cohort of lung transplant recipients. Further validation with larger sample size, external cohort and confirmation with additional tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage samples are necessary to confirm the preliminary findings in our study.
The H(+)ATPase (V-ATPase): from proton pump to signaling complex in health and disease

A primary function of the H+-ATPase (or V-ATPase) is to create an electrochemical proton gradient across eukaryotic cell membranes, which energizes fundamental cellular processes. Its activity allows for the acidification of intracellular vesicles and organelles, which is necessary for many essential cell biological events to occur. In addition, many specialized cell types in various organ systems such as the kidney, bone, male reproductive tract, inner ear, olfactory mucosa, and more, use plasma membrane V-ATPases to perform specific activities that depend on extracellular acidification. It is, however, increasingly apparent that V-ATPases are central players in many normal and pathophysiological processes that directly influence human health in many different and sometimes unexpected ways. These include cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and sensory perception, as well as energy and nutrient-sensing functions within cells. This review first covers the well-established role of the V-ATPase as a transmembrane proton pump in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles and outlines factors contributing to its physiological regulation in different cell types. This is followed by a discussion of the more recently emerging unconventional roles for the V-ATPase, such as its role as a protein interaction hub involved in cell signaling, and the (patho)physiological implications of these interactions. Finally, the central importance of endosomal acidification and V-ATPase activity on viral infection will be discussed in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
An Aggregated and Equivalent Home Model for Power System Studies with Examples of Building Insulation and HVAC Control Improvements

Introducing new technologies into existing residences provides opportunities for the utility to enhance a community’s power system performance. To validate the benefits of such technologies, an energy model is required in which their integration with a community’s power system may be simulated. It can be difficult or impossible to properly model a power system without sufficient sample data. This paper proposes a method that uses Gaussian kernel density estimation (GKDE) to calculate the aggregated net power flow of a community’s distribution system with only limited sample points at each time step. Example case studies that confirm the usefulness of the GKDE method are presented in which the power system benefits of improved insulation and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system control are analyzed. This analysis was performed using an EnergyPlus (EP) house model that was created and calibrated based upon an individual house. This power representation of the individual house was determined by accurately estimating the aggregated net power flow of a community in Glasgow, KY with GKDE. Simulation results based on the equivalent house energy model show that improved insulation reduces the energy consumption and the peak power at the power system level. Simulation results also show that the HVAC control reduces the peak power for the entire community.
Decolonial Theories in Comparison

In the last decades, the academy both in the west and non-west has witnessed a great proliferation of theoretical discourses based on analyses of different colonial experiences around the world.
Retroperitoneal aspergilloma

We report a previously healthy 8-year-old boy who presented to the hospital with a palpable abdominal mass, fever and abdominal pain. CT and MRI scans confirmed a large mass that was centered in the retroperitoneum. The lesion was biopsied and the histology showed branching hyphae. Tissue cultures grew Aspergillus fumigatus and a diagnosis of aspergilloma was made. The immunological work-up did not reveal an immunodeficiency. This case is a unique presentation of aspergilloma presenting in an unusual location and in an immunocompetent patient.
The creation of a local food distributor evaluated through a Design Thinking lens

Abstract This case study evaluates the design of Profound Foods, a local food distributor in the Dallas/Fort Worth area of North Texas, United States. The development of alternative food networks stands in response to a crisis found throughout the US industrial agricultural system and consumer industrial diets. The design of this food distribution company around local needs is crucial to the expansion and sustainability of its goals. By evaluating this creation through a Design Thinking lens, we achieve a greater understanding of how the design process can be applied to the development of food systems. While the creators of Profound Foods demonstrated empathy and collaboration in their development of this local food distributorship, they did not use experimentation and prototyping in the process of design, which led to a greater lead time in exploring a few of their goals. In this chapter, we explore a Design Thinking procedure for future development.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Identification of Novel Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Peptides

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), an extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), causes colibacillosis in poultry and is also a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Currently, APEC infections in poultry are controlled by antibiotic medication; however, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant APEC strains and increased restrictions on the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals necessitate the development of new antibiotic alternative therapies. Here, we tested the anti-APEC activity of multiple commensal and probiotic bacteria in an agar-well diffusion assay and identified Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 producing strong zone of inhibition against APEC. In co-culture assay, L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 completely inhibited the APEC growth by 24 h. Further investigation revealed that antibacterial product(s) in the culture supernatants of L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 were responsible for the anti-APEC activity. The analysis of culture supernatants using LC–MS/MS identified multiple novel bioactive peptides (VQAAQAGDTKPIEV, AFDNTDTSLDSTFKSA, VTDTSGKAGTTKISNV, and AESSDTNLVNAKAA) in addition to the production of lactic acid. The oral administration (108 CFU/chicken) of L. rhamnosus GG significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the colonization (~ 1.6 logs) of APEC in the cecum of chickens. Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that L. rhamnosus GG moderated the APEC-induced alterations of the microbial community in the cecum of chickens. Further, L. rhamnosus GG decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, particularly those belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia-Shigella) family. These studies indicate that L. rhamnosus GG is a promising probiotic to control APEC infections in chickens. Further studies are needed to optimize the delivery of L. rhamnosus GG in feed or water and in conditions simulating the field to facilitate its development for commercial applications.
Strong Medicine: Fighting the Sexual Harassment Pandemic

A pandemic of sexual harassment has stricken the country. A recent EEOC report shows that, depending on how the question is posed, between 25 and 85 percent of women respond that they have experienced harassment in the workplace. The report also states that 90 percent of incidents go unreported. Victims do not believe that their employers will be receptive to their complaints, and many fear censure or retaliation. The law is limited in its capacity to deter a pandemic that has psychological, sociological, and cultural causes. Nevertheless, the law has a role to play, particularly in the workplace. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination based on sex, and the courts have long recognized sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination. The Act has established a framework focused on conciliation, and, where efforts at settlement fail, on litigation. Regrettably, this framework has failed to achieve its mission of deterrence. In Meritor Bank v. Vinson, the Supreme Court established the elements of hostile-work-environment claim. A plaintiff must prove that she was subjected to unwelcome, discriminatory words or conduct of a sexual or gender-related nature so severe or pervasive that they altered the conditions of her employment. In applying this standard, federal courts have rejected claims alleging highly offensive and even egregious misconduct. Several reasons account for the failure of current law to curtail sexual harassment in the workplace. One of the primary reasons is the law’s focus on conciliation and litigation. Under the current model, complainants file grievances with the EEOC, which seeks to settle disputes. If efforts at settlement fail, the current approach authorizes a federal court action. Settling cases may do little to deter abuses. After entering into a settlement agreement, an employer may slip back into complacency. Litigation also fails to promote deterrence because the current framework focuses on compensating victims. To strengthen Title VII’s deterrent impact, this Article proposes that Congress supplement the current model by granting the EEOC expanded enforcement powers. The EEOC should have broad authority to initiate civil enforcement proceedings in federal court and in quasi-judicial enforcement proceedings. Rather than compensating victims, the purpose of such proceedings would be to identify instances of workplace harassment, and, where appropriate, sanction irresponsible employers. Because the EEOC, in such enforcement proceedings, would not seek relief on behalf of victims, the elements that establish injury would be superfluous. In such proceedings the EEOC should merely have to prove that discriminatory, sexual or gender-related words or conduct would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. By adopting the “highly offensive to a reasonable person” standard, Congress would maximize prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace.
A CLC-type chloride channel gene is required for laccase activity and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Summary Laccase is a major virulence factor required for infection caused by the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. However, cellular processes involved in the regulation and expression of laccase remain largely unknown in C. neoformans. Here we report the identification of a chloride channel gene CLC-A which is essential for laccase activity in C. neoformans. CLC-A shares homology to CLC-type voltage-gated chloride channels from other organisms; for example, 63% homology to GEF1, a chloride channel gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A clc-a mutant, Mlac3, generated by insertional mutagenesis as well as a targeted Δclc-a mutant produced undetectable laccase in a liquid assay and produced no melanin on asparagine agar containing norepinephrine. Mlac3 was complemented with wild-type CLC-A which restored laccase activity and melanin biosynthesis. The clc-a mutants also showed reduced synthesis of another important virulence factor, capsule, and showed reduced growth at elevated pH. In addition, the clc-a mutation resulted in attenuated virulence in a mouse cryptococcosis model that was restored by complementation with wild-type CLC-A, indicating that the chloride channel plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. Further analysis revealed that the basis for absent laccase expression in the clc-a mutant was a laccase transcriptional defect that could be restored by adding exogenous copper. In conclusion, our findings show that CLC-A plays a role in the expression of two important virulence factors, capsule and laccase expression, which are required for virulence of the fungal pathogen.
Environmental policies in developing countries: A case of international movements of polluting industries

Abstract This paper examines the welfare implications of the current environmental policies in developing countries, especially in reference to the importation of polluting industries from developed countries. The major finding of this study is that the environmental policies currently employed by most developing countries involve substantial losses of economic welfare. It is also pointed out that the straightforward application of the Pigouvian tax rule is not advisable since there usually exist other distortions than the externalities in question and the elimination of them all is practically an impossible task.
An Inclusive Perspective

Mathematics Elsewhere . An Exploration of Ideas Across Cultures. Marcia Ascher. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2002. 219 pp. $24.95, £17.95. ISBN 0-691-07020-2. In this follow-up to her earlier Ethnomathematics , Ascher discusses the treatment of topics such as views of time, the future, maps, and mathematical relations in a variety of traditional and small-scale cultures.
ASYMMETRY IN THE DECAY OF $Sigma$ HYPERONS

A search has been made for an asymmetry in the decay of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ hyperons. The ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ were produced in the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+{K}^{+}$. Detection and identification of the ${K}^{+}$ mesons by a counter technique selects the above reactions and establishes the plane of production. Additional counters, which detect the pions from the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$-hyperon decay in coincidence with the ${K}^{+}$ mesons, measure the symmetry with respect to the plane of production. The results yield the parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}\overline{P}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ measures the strength of parity nonconservation and $\overline{P}$ is the average polarization of the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ hyperon. The data give: for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ produced by 1.0-Bev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{P}=+0.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$; for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from 1.1-Bev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{P}=\ensuremath{-}0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$; for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ from 1.0-Bev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, the decay mode ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ gives ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{+}\overline{P}=+0.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ and the mode ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+p$ gives ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{0}\overline{P}=+0.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30$. The value of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{0}\overline{P}$ for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+p$ strongly indicates that parity is not conserved. For the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$, $|\overline{P}|g~0.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30$; thus we can conclude $|{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{+}|l~0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$. The results therefore indicate that the asymmetry parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ depends upon the isotopic spin states in the final pion-nucleon system. The dependence on the isotopic spin is compatible with the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$ rule.
Chromospheres, coronae, and mass loss in stars hotter than the sun.

Reviews of the mass-loss characteristics of OB stars have been published recently, and the present review therefore emphasizes the A and F stars and very recent results on O and B stars. For the F stars, chromospheric indicators are present in the form of emission lines, seen in visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. Winds are present in A supergiants, but not in main sequence stars, although at least a few of the latter are X-ray sources, indicating the possible existence of coronae. Most OB supergiants are X-ray sources as well, indicating, along with the presence of super-ionization, that these stars have coronae. On the main sequence, the O stars and some B stars (including Be stars in many cases) have mass loss with highly-ionized species in the wind. The winds in the O and B stars are commonly variable. The mass-loss rates do not show a simple dependence on luminosity, contrary to the predictions for radiatively-driven winds.
A Dream Deferred: How Social Work Lost Its Way and What Can Be Done. David Stoesz, Howard Jacob Karger, and Terry Carrilio

In a book that shares the title of a Langston Hughes poem—“Harlem (Dream Deferred)”—the authors hold that decades of failure in the field of social work education has left the profession with littl...
Purification of Staphylococcal β-Hemolysin and Its Action on Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Cell Walls

Chesbro, William R. (University of New Hampshire, Durham), Fred P. Heydrick, Roland Martineau, and Gail N. Perkins. Purification of staphylococcal beta-hemolysin and its action on staphylococcal and streptococcal cell walls. J. Bacteriol. 89:378-389. 1965.-After growth of bovine-derived strains of Staphylococcus aureus in a completely dialyzable medium, the beta-hemolysin in the culture supernatant fluids was purified by gradient-elution chromatography on cellulose phosphate. The purified hemolysin contained two components, demonstrable by immunodiffusion or electrophoresis, but was free from alpha-hemolysin, coagulase, Delta-hemolysin, enterotoxins A and B, glucuronidase, hyaluronidase, lipase, muramidase, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phosphatase, and protease. The hemolysin was heat-labile and sulfhydryl-dependent, and the preparation was leukocidal for guinea pig macrophages. When rabbit red blood cell (RBC) stroma and staphylococcal or enterococcal cell walls were treated with the purified hemolysin, it liberated mucopolysaccharides from the rabbit RBC stroma, polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides (or mucopeptides) from the staphyloccoal cell walls, and rhamnose, glucose, an unidentified monosaccharide, N-acetylglucosamine, and at least two polysaccharides from the enterococcal cell walls. The hemolytic and cell-wall degradative activities had similar thermal inactivation kinetics, pH optima, sedimentation coefficients, and chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities; both required Mg and were inhibited by thiol-inactivating agents. Consequently, it seems likely that both activities are expressions of the same enzyme.
Temporal summation of heat pain modulated by isometric exercise.

Background Little is known about the effects of isometric exercise on temporal summation of heat pain. Thus, the purposes of study 1 and study 2 were to examine the influence of exhaustive and non-exhaustive isometric exercise on temporal summation of heat pain in men and women. Methods Forty-four men and 44 women (mean age = 20 years) completed an informed consent document and a packet of questionnaires. Ten heat pulses were applied to the thenar eminence of the dominant hand using a standardized temporal summation protocol. Participants rated the intensity of the heat pulses using a 0–100 pain rating scale before and following isometric exercise consisting of squeezing a hand dynamometer at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) to exhaustion (exhaustive exercise, study 1) and at 25% MVC for 3 min (non-exhaustive exercise, study 2). Muscle pain and perceived exertion were rated every 30 s during exercise using validated rating scales. The data were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The results indicated there were no sex differences (p > 0.05) in time to exhaustion (study 1), muscle pain or perceived exertion (studies 1 and 2). There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in temporal summation ratings following isometric exercise for men and women in both study 1 and study 2. Conclusion It is concluded that exhaustive and non-exhaustive isometric exercise significantly reduced temporal summation of heat pain in men and women.
On consumer's surplus

Abstract This note intends to clarify much of the confusion in the literature on consumer's surplus and obtain a simple discussion on this topic in a unified framework. The letter then contains a number of new results.
Community networks for women and under fives: Are families missing out?

Abstract Participation in Community Under Fives Groups is considered a desirable goal with benefits for both women and children. But the value of taking part may be perceived differently by participants, non‐participants and professionals. This study suggests that it is only a few heavily involved individuals who identify with the community developments worker's perspective of participation as a means towards significant change in their own and their children's educational future. For many more the process of taking part in community education and local decision making may be beneficial. Women joining an informal pre‐school group to meet the social needs of both themselves and their children are often taking the first step back into an active role outside the home, which can then create many positive changes for the individual, the family and the community. This paper describes the patterns of participation in a community development project for young families and explores the meanings attached to the cho...
Enhancement of Ovarian Malignancy on Clinical Contrast Enhanced MRI Studies

Purpose. To assess if there is a significant difference in enhancement of high grade serous carcinoma of the ovary compared with other ovarian malignancies on clinically performed contrast enhanced MRI studies. Methods. In this institutional-review–board-approved study, two radiologists reviewed contrast enhanced MRI scans in 37 patients with ovarian cancer. Readers measured the signal intensity (SI) of ovarian mass and gluteal fat pre- and postcontrast administration. Percentage enhancement (PE) was calculated as [(post-pre)/precontrast SI] × 100. Results. Pathology revealed 19 patients with unilateral and 18 patients with bilateral malignancies for a total of 55 malignant ovaries-high grade serous carcinoma in 25/55 ovaries (45%), other epithelial carcinomas in 12 ovaries (22%), nonepithelial cancers in 8 ovaries (14%), and borderline tumors in 10 ovaries (18%). Enhancement of high grade serous carcinoma was not significantly different from other invasive ovarian malignancies (Reader 1 P = 0.865; Reader 2 P = 0.353). Enhancement of invasive ovarian malignancies was more than borderline tumors but did not reach statistical significance (Reader 1P = 0.102; Reader 2 P = 0.072). Conclusion. On clinically performed contrast enhanced MRI studies, enhancement of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma is not significantly different from other ovarian malignancies.
Measurement of the microscopic volume strain element in amorphous alloys

Etude des theories de l'ecoulement plastique des alliages amorphes par la somme de microcisaillements appliquee a l'alliage Fe1-B18 at.%-Si6 at.%. Le calcul de la dimension de l'element de volume verifie l'hypothese du volume libre de quelques atomes
Prophylactic surgery and other strategies for reducing the risk of familial ovarian cancer

The goal of a cancer prevention program is to improve the mortality rates of patients. No risk-reduction strategy is proven to reduce mortality rates of women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Methods of ovarian cancer surveillance are unproven in high-risk women. According to some studies, the use of oral contraceptives in high-risk women reduces ovarian cancer risk. Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy is the most effective method of cancer risk reduction in women at high risk for ovarian cancer. However, women who undergo prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy remain at risk for primary peritoneal cancer. A minority of women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are diagnosed with occult cancer at the time of surgical prophylaxis. Surgical prophylaxis should include complete removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, procurement of peritoneal cytology, and thorough evaluation of the tubes and ovaries by an expert pathologist. Beginning at age 30 years, women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations should have an annual or semiannual screening, consisting of serum CA-125 measurement and transvaginal ultrasound, until the completion of childbearing. After the completion of childbearing and by age 40 years, women should undergo prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy.
Abatement of shocks during disruption of porous thick-liquid blankets in HYLIFE-type inertial fusion chambers

Abstract The dispersion and control of liquid kinetic energy and momentum are a major issue after the explosion of targets in an inertial fusion energy (IFE) thick-liquid chamber. For HYLIFE-type IFE chambers the desired repetition rate for shots varies from 5 to 10 Hz—a rate much too fast for natural gravity clearing of liquid debris. The impulse load delivered by a single shot generates enough kinetic energy in disrupted liquid material to do significant damage to surrounding solid structures. However, carefully designed jet arrays with regular void spacing can diffuse and dissipate kinetic energy that could damage adjacent structures, and rapidly moving, oscillating jets can dynamically clear the chamber center. A brief theoretical and mathematical background is given for this method of shock abatement, using the current Berkeley jet array experiment as a representative geometry.
The Effect on Mathematics Achievement of Programed Tutoring as a Method of Individualized, One-to-One Instruction

The effect of the Programed Math Tutorial-programed tutoring in mathematics-on achievement of kindergarten and first grade children was investigated in three field studies. In one, 140 first-graders were tutored; in the second, 136 first-graders were tutored; in the third, 32 kindergarten children were tutored. After a full year of tutoring as a supplement to regular classroom instruction, achievement posttests were administered to these groups and to comparable groups of untutored children. Significant differences favoring the Programed Math Tutorial groups were found in all three field studies.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Partially Open Butterfly Valve Flows

A numerical simulation of butterfly valve flows is a useful technique to investigate the physical phenomena of the flow field. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was carried out on incompressible fluid flows in a butterfly valve by using FLUENT, which solves difference equations. Characteristics of the butterfly valve flows at different valve disk angles with a uniform incoming velocity were investigated. Comparisons of FLUENT results with other results, i.e., experimental results, were made to determine the accuracy of the employed method. Results of the three-dimensional analysis may be useful in the valve design.
A short-term test to detect organotropic specificity of carcinogens

Abstract Transplacental administration of 200 mg/kg of 3,4-benzpyrene (Bp) by intraperitoneal injection caused marked increase in 8-azaguanine (8AG)-resistant mutations in lung (75.2107 cells) and total body cells. Morphological transformations and chromosome aberrations were also observed in lung and total body cells. On transplacental administration of 200 200 mg/kg of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), the highest rates of morphological transformation (6.53%) and 8AG-resistant mutation (128107 cells) were induced in cells of liver origin, and chromosome abnormalities were also detected in liver and total body cells. Transplacental administration of 100 mg/kg of nitrosomethylurea (NMU) caused a marked increase in transformed colonies (4.08–4.40%) and 8AG-resistant mutations (134.8 and 79.9107 cells) of brain and total body cells. The cells from mice and rats that were most affected by transplacental administration of these chemicals were derived from the respective target organs of these chemicals in vivo.