cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safeguarding Hawaiian Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Heritage: Supporting the Right to Self-Determination and Preventing the Commodification of Culture

Too long Western society has viewed its global interactions with others from its own narrative or point of view. The Western world-view has played a key role in the social, economic, and political development of many societies and cultures, including those of Native Hawaiians. But Native Hawaiians, as with other Indigenous Peoples, had a society and a culture before Western contact. From ancient traditions to modern developments, Native Hawaiians have preserved, protected, and passed down their traditional knowledge and cultural heritage in spite of Western interests seeking to harness that knowledge and culture and the valuable information that flows from them. Such action by Western interests demonstrates the importance of knowledge and information to both Westerners and Native Hawaiians. This shared interest in information and knowledge has fueled tensions between Western interests and Indigenous Peoples. More specifically, the desire for knowledge and information has created a proprietary question that is not easily resolved. Another layer of complexity is added to the question by the existence of Western-centric intellectual property laws meant to protect proprietary interests in knowledge and information. In this age of information, intellectual property ownership shapes America's regional, domestic, and foreign policies related to knowledge and information acquisition and use. Western intellectual property laws dominate the global landscape in this proprietary era and thereby threaten to dominate Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge and cultural heritage. In a normative sense, the Western-centric intellectual property laws, which promote exclusivity and result in the commodification of Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge and cultural heritage, is neither appropriate nor optimal for all involved.
Critical perspectives on Harry Potter

Introduction: Harry Potter across Theoretical and Disciplinary Boundaries Part I: Cultural Studies Perspectives 1. Pottermania: Good, Clean Fun or Cultural Hegemony? 2. Magic, Technoculture, and Becoming Human 3. Controversial Content in Children's Literature: Is Harry Potter Harmful to Children? Part II: Reader Response and Interpretive Perspectives 4. Ways of Reading Harry Potter: Multiple Narratives for Multiple Readers 5. Reading Harry Potter with Navajo Eyes 6. Transfiguring Harry's World: Children Co-authoring Hogwarts Part III: Literary Perspectives: The Hero, Myth and Genre 7. Harry Potter - a Return to the Romantic Hero 8. Generic Fusion and the Mosaic of Harry Potter 9. Wizardly Initiations: Moral, Familial, and Social Part IV: Critical and Sociological Perspectives 10. Comedy, Conflict, and Community: Home and Family in Harry Potter II. The Seeker of Secrets: Images of Learning, Knowing and Schooling 12. Blue Wizards and Pink Witches: Expressions of Gender Identity and Power 13. Images of the Privileged Insider and Outcast Outsider 14. The Civic Leadership of Harry Potter: Agency, Ritual, and Schooling
Haptic interface for center-of-workspace interaction

We build upon a new interaction style for 3D interfaces, called the center of workspace interaction. This style of interaction is defined with respect to a central fixed point in 3D space, conceptually within arm's length of the user. For demonstration, we show a haptically enabled fish tank VR that utilizes a set of interaction widgets to support rapid navigation within a large virtual space. The fish tank VR refers to the creation of a small but high quality virtual reality that combines a number of technologies, such as head-tracking and stereo glasses, to their mutual advantage.
Administer and collect medical questionnaires with Google documents: a simple, safe, and free system.

Aim: Questionnaires are an invaluable resource for clinical trials. They serve to estimate disease burden and clinical parameters associated with a particular study. However, current researchers are tackling budget constraints, loss of funding opportunities, and rise of research associated fees. We aimed at exploring alternative avenues taking advantage of the free Google docs software for questionnaire administration. This presents an opportunity to reduce costs while simultaneously increasing efficiency and data fidelity. Material and Methods: Google documents were used as a platform to create online questionnaires that were automatically hosted via a unique URL. Password protected access to the URL link and a unique study ID gave patients around the clock access from anywhere in the world. Unique study ID ensured confidentially of all self-reported data. Patient responses were secured using a “Cloud” database where the data was automatically sorted, scaled and scored by custom Excel formulas. Researchers downloaded real-time questionnaire responses in multiple formats (e.g. excel) which was then analyzed with a statistical software of choice. Results: This simple workflow provided instant questionnaire scores that eliminated the use for paper-based responses and subsequent manual entry of data. Ease of access to online questionnaires provided convenience to patients leading to better response rates and increase in data fidelity. The system also allowed for real time monitoring of patient’s progress on completing questionnaires. Online questionnaires had 100% completion rate compared to paper-based questionnaires. Conclusions: Google docs can serve as an efficient and free platform to administer questionnaires to a clinical population without sacrificing quality, security, and fidelity of data.
Lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality: interplay with lithium prescriptions.

Background Little is known about the effects of lithium intake through drinking water on suicide. This intake originates either from natural rock and soil elution and/or accumulation of lithium-based pharmaceuticals in ground water. Aims To examine the interplay between natural lithium in drinking water, prescribed lithium-based pharmaceuticals and suicide in Austria. Method Spatial Bayesian regressions for males, females and pooled suicide mortality rates were estimated. Results Although the expected inverse association between lithium levels in drinking water and suicide mortality was confirmed for males and for total suicide rates, the relationship for females was not significant. The models do not indicate that lithium from prescriptions, assumed to accumulate in drinking water, is related to suicide risk patterns either as an individual effect or as a moderator of lithium levels in drinking water. Gender-specific differences in risk factors and local risk hot spots are confirmed. Conclusions The findings do not support the hypotheses that lithium prescriptions have measureable protective effects on suicide or that they interact with lithium in drinking water.
28 GHz &#62;250 mW CMOS Power Amplifier Using Multigate-Cell Design

We report a mm-wave power amplifier IC that operates over the 25 - 35 GHz band and achieves saturated output power of more than 250 mW and peak PAE of 29%. The IC is implemented with 45-nm CMOS SOI technology and employs transistor stacking to achieve high operating voltage and power, and demonstrates a novel multigate-cell technique to implement FET stacking for mm-wave applications. Unit cells are defined with a single transistor (one source and one drain) with 4 gate connections of 1.2 &#181;m width each. External gate capacitances appropriate for the desired voltage division along the transistor are implemented within the unit cell itself using the metal stack available in the CMOS technology. The unit cell can be replicated in straightforward fashion to implement larger effective gate widths. In this work, an aggregate width of 307 &#181;m is used, with simple input and output matching, to provide an amplifier centered at 28 GHz. To the authors' knowledge, the output power is the best reported in silicon for this frequency range, for amplifiers that do not use elaborate power-combining approaches.
Hospital-Based Violence Prevention: Progress and Opportunities.

Violently injured patients are at risk for reinjury, violence perpetration, and posttraumatic stress. The authors describe the organizational components of multidimensional, hospital-based violence...
Determinants of wind and solar energy system adoption by U.S. farms: A multilevel modeling approach

Abstract This article offers the first national examination of the determinants of adoption of wind and solar energy generation on U.S. farming operations. The inclusion of state policies and characteristics in a multilevel modeling approach distinguishes this study from past research utilizing logit models of technology adoption which focus only on the characteristics of the farm operation. Results suggest the propensity to adopt is higher for livestock operations, larger farms, operators with internet access, organic operations, and newer farmers. The results find state characteristics such as solar resources, per capita income levels, and predominantly democratic voting increasing the odds of farm adoption. This research suggests the relevance of state policy variables in explaining farm level outcomes is limited, although in combination best practice net metering and interconnection policies—policies designed to encourage the development of small scale distributed applications—are shown to increase the likelihood of farm solar and wind adoption. The prevalence of electric cooperatives—which are often not subject to state renewable energy policies and often service farms—is negatively related with the propensity to adopt and suggests that policy design may be a factor.
The multidirectional Neumann problem in ℝ4

The Neumann problem as formulated in Lipschitz domains with L p boundary data is solved for harmonic functions in any compact polyhedral domain of ℝ4 that has a connected 3-manifold boundary. Energy estimates on the boundary are derived from new polyhedral Rellich formulas together with a Whitney type decomposition of the polyhedron into similar Lipschitz domains. The classical layer potentials are thereby shown to be semi-Fredholm. To settle the onto question a method of continuity is devised that uses the classical 3-manifold theory of E. E. Moise in order to untwist the polyhedral boundary into a Lipschitz boundary. It is shown that this untwisting can be extended to include the interior of the domain in local neighborhoods of the boundary. In this way the flattening arguments of B. E. J. Dahlberg and C. E. Kenig for the H 1 at Neumann problem can be extended to polyhedral domains in ℝ4. A compact polyhedral domain in ℝ6 of M. L. Curtis and E. C. Zeeman, based on a construction of M. H. A. Newman, shows that the untwisting and flattening techniques used here are unavailable in general for higher dimensional boundary value problems in polyhedra.
Professionalism in tourism and hospitality

Abstract This paper considers the degree of professionalism in the tourism and hospitality industries. Five different sectors (accomodation, travel agents/tour operators, transportation, food service, attractions/entertainment) were analyzed with reference to twelve criteria of professionalism determined from the literature. The same five tourism/hospitality sectors in Hawaii were then surveyed to determine their perceptions of professionalism. The empirical results showed that all sectors rated above the mean on a 1 to 5 scale. The accomodation sector was perceived to be the most professional, and travel agents/tour operators the least professional. No significant differences were found between employees' and employers' perceptions of the professionalism of different sectors.
Epidemiology of child homicide in Jefferson County, Alabama.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to present the epidemiology of homicide among children younger than 6 years of age in Jefferson County, Alabama. This study focused on obtaining great detail on homicides and suspicious deaths occurring within a fixed population. Methods: For purposes of this study, cases included Jefferson County deaths attributed to “homicide” or that were “undetermined” as noted in the coroner files among children younger than 6 years of age who were born and died between January 1, 1988 and December, 31, 1998. Victim and offender characteristics were obtained from the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner Office records. Environmental factors and circumstances surrounding the death were noted as well. Results: The 53 study subjects were mainly female (55%), Black (69%), younger than 2 years of age (85%), had single mothers (38%), and a history of abuse (53%). Offenders were more likely to be male (64%), Black (73%), and a parent of the victim (53%). Homicides primarily resulted from an angry impulse (61%), with hands the most common weapon (61%). Conclusions: The majority of deaths in this study occurred among children younger than age 2, with a high proportion of fatalities among Black children of unmarried mothers. The offender most often knew the victim, with half of all homicides and two-thirds of all infant homicides involving a parent. More than half of the homicides resulted from an angry impulse, while the most common scenario for deaths with undetermined intent involved the caretaker finding the child unresponsive.
Adverse neurobiological effects of long-term use of neuroleptics: human and animal studies

Neuroleptics have revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses since the early 1950s. Several adverse neurobiological effects are, however, associated with the long-term use of these agents. This article will review human and animal studies of these adverse effects, and also present some new data. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is the most widely studied potentially persistent movement disorder resulting from long-term neuroleptic treatment, and several risk factors for TD development have been identified. Although drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) usually disappears after the offending agent is withdrawn, a small portion of patients may have persistent parkinsonism. It is however, unclear if this is an aging-related effect. Persistent cognitive impairment associated with long-term use of typical neuroleptics has not been well documented. Atypical antipsychotics may produce improvement in cognitive performance in patients with chronic schizophrenia. MRI changes that are secondary to neuroleptics are possible, but have not yet been studied adequately. There is one unconfirmed report of neurofibrillary tangles associated with long-term neuroleptic use. A number of investigators have reported vacuous chewing movements, and neuropathologic changes following prolonged administration of neuroleptics in animals. We discuss the implications of the various reported adverse effects of long-term use of neuroleptics.
Evolution of tandemly repeated sequences: What happens at the end of an array?

Tandemly repeated sequences are a major component of the eukaryotic genome. Although the general characteristics of tandem repeats have been well documented, the processes involved in their origin and maintenance remain unknown. In this study, a region on the paternal sex ratio (PSR) chromosome was analyzed to investigate the mechanisms of tandem repeat evolution. The region contains a junction between a tandem array of PSR2 repeats and a copy of the retrotransposon NATE, with other dispersed repeats (putative mobile elements) on the other side of the element. Little similarity was detected between the sequence of PSR2 and the region of NATE flanking the array, indicating that the PSR2 repeat did not originate from the underlying NATE sequence. However, a short region of sequence similarity (11/15 bp) and an inverted region of sequence identity (8 bp) are present on either side of the junction. These short sequences may have facilitated nonhomologous recombination between NATE and PSR2, resulting in the formation of the junction. Adjacent to the junction, the three most terminal repeats in the PSR2 array exhibited a higher sequence divergence relative to internal repeats, which is consistent with a theoretical prediction of the unequal exchange model for tandem repeat evolution. Other NATE insertion sites were characterized which show proximity to both tandem repeats and complex DNAs containing additional dispersed repeats. An ``accretion model'' is proposed to account for this association by the accumulation of mobile elements at the ends of tandem arrays and into ``islands'' within arrays. Mobile elements inserting into arrays will tend to migrate into islands and to array ends, due to the turnover in the number of intervening repeats.
Dielectric properties of Ti-doped K(Ta,Nb)O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition

We have investigated the growth and dielectric properties of K(Ta,Nb)O3 films doped with Ti. Titanium (+4) substitution on the group V (Nb/Ta) site should introduce an acceptor state, thus reducing dielectric losses due to defect-induced donor states. Using 3% Ti-doped targets, K(Ta,Nb)O3:Ti films were grown on MgO(0 0 1) crystals using pulsed-laser deposition. A reduction in the loss tangent was observed for Ti-doped K(Ta,Nb)O3 relative to undoped films, although a reduction in tunability is also seen. The crystallinity, morphology, dielectric constant, and tunability of K(Ta,Nb)O3:Ti films are reported.
Ultra low-power corrosion-enabled sensor node

Sensing systems play a lead role in the structural health monitoring (SHM) paradigm by performing actuation, data acquisition, and communication in order to enable the implementation of a health monitoring strategy. In many applications power provision is limited by the use of a battery as their power capacity often fails to exceed the intended long-term sensing requirements of the host structure. Energy harvesting has emerged as a potential powering solution to provide autonomous functionality to sensing systems. Galvanic corrosion as a form of energy harvesting has proved to be a viable source for operating simple low-power sensing and computing platforms for marine structures. The power characteristics of the energy harvester define a unique design problem for the sensor node power electronics, as the output voltage and current are extremely limited. This initiative considers the design of a sensor node that makes use of high-efficiency switching converters and low-power microprocessors to reduce the power demands on the energy harvester. In addition, the power electronics features a low duty-cycle control circuit to isolate the energy harvester from the sensing electronics for more efficient operation. A sensing proof-of-concept is conducted by means of temperature measurement.
The development of morphine tolerance and dependence is associated with translocation of protein kinase C

The development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine as well as morphine dependence were greatly reduced by co-administration with morphine of GM1 ganglioside, a substance reported to block the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) from cytosol to membrane of neurons. Rats made tolerant to intrathecal administration of morphine showed increased membrane-bound PKC in the superficial layers (laminae I and II) of the spinal cord dorsal horn but not in deeper layers. This increase was prevented by co-administration with morphine of GM1 ganglioside. These results indicate that the translocation and activation of PKC may be a critical step in the development of opiate tolerance and dependence. Modulation of PKC translocation and activation may prove useful for the management of pain and opiate addiction.
The practice of psychiatry in the 21st century: challenges for psychiatric education.

To consider how shifting scientific, technological, social, and financial pressures are likely to significantly alter psychiatric practice, careers, and education in the 21st century, this article reviews trends and innovations likely to have an effect on tomorrow’s psychiatrists and their educators. The psychiatric profession and its educators can anticipate great change, creating opportunities as well as challenges. Although considerable adaptability will be required to keep up with current trends, personal and professional rewards for psychiatric educators and practitioners are likely to remain substantial.
Chromatographic separation of two acid phosphatases from rat bone.

Extracts of tibiae of suckling rats were prepared with 0.3 M KCl containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and were chromatographed with CM-52 cellulose. Most of the acid phosphatase activity determined with p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP) was bound to the cellulose and could be eluted with a sodium acetate buffer gradient in 2 distinct peaks. The major peak, E2, was bound strongly to the cellulose and showed high activity with p-NPP and inorganic pyrophosphate (P-Pi), but only slight activity withβ-glycerophosphate (β-GP) and was unaffected by tartrate. The minor peak, E1, was weakly bound to the adsorbent, showed equal activity with p-NPP andβ-GP, but negligible activity with P-Pi and was completely inhibited by tartrate. These results support earlier evidence suggesting that bone contains at least 2 different acid phosphatases and that the more abundant enzyme may function as a pyrophosphatase.
Effect of superoxide dismutase on acute reperfusion injury of the rabbit brain

To study the involvement of free oxygen radicals of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during early reperfusion, we isolated the distal internal carotid artery, and the middle and anterior cerebral arteries via the transorbital approach in anesthetized rabbits. Using radiolabeled microspheres, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured before, during and after 1-hour unilateral occlusion of these vessels. Fifty-five minutes after ischemia, animals received intravenous saline placebo (control), superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 8mg/kg=30000 U/kg, or weakened superoxide dismutase (wSOD) at 8mg/kg=30000 U/kg.
Efficiency of group implicit concurrent algorithms for transient finite element analysis

The performance of group implicit algorithms is assessed on actual concurrent computers. We show that, as the number of subdomains is increased, performance enhancements are derived from two sources: the increased parallelism in the computations; and a reduction in equation solving effort. Moreover, we show that these two performance enhancements are synergistic, in the sense that the corresponding speed-ups are multiplied, rather than merely added. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that, if n is the number of degrees of freedom of the structure, p the number of processors used in the computations, and s ⩾ p is the number of subdomains in the partition, the net speed-up is O(p√s) in 2D and O(ps) in 3D, asymptotically as n/s → ∞. In particular, speed-ups with respect to Newmark's method of O(p√s) in 2D and O(s) in 3D are obtained on a single-processor machine. Finally, simulations on a 32-node hypercube are presented for which the interprocessor communication efficiencies obtained are consistently in excess of 90 per cent.
Surgical management of nonvascular lesions around the oculomotor nerve

Objective Schwannomas originating from the oculomotor nerve are extremely rare. We report our experience in the management of oculomotor schwannomas and other lesions mimicking them, and discuss operative strategy for these rare tumors emphasizing oculomotor nerve preservation. Methods The clinical records of our patients and all those reported in the literature focusing on oculomotor schwannomas were reviewed and analyzed. The clinical presentations, operative approaches, complications, and results were studied. Results Between 1983 and 2010, six patients with primary oculomotor nerve lesions were treated. Three of them had schwannomas. Two others had pathologies that mimicked an oculomotor schwannoma and one was suspected as schwannoma. In the literature there were 55 previous cases of oculomotor schwannomas reported (surgical treated, 41 cases; observed, 9; gamma knife surgery treated, 2; autopsy, 3). Patients presented most commonly with diplopia, followed by headache and ptosis as initial symptoms. Out of 55 patients including the present 3 cases (3 autopsy cases were excluded), 30 patients (54.5%) finally developed oculomotor nerve palsy. Fifteen of 44 patients (34.1%) who underwent surgery developed persistent postoperative oculomotor palsy. Among them, 6 patients developed total palsy after surgery. Five of 12 patients (41.7%) who did not undergo surgery also developed oculomotor palsy. Oculomotor schwannomas most often grow its cisternal segment (48.3%) followed by intracavernous (39.6%) and cisternocavernous segments (12.1%). Conclusion The microsurgical resection of oculomotor schwannomas carries a risk of worsening preoperative oculomotor nerve function; however, this is often transient. Considerable technical training and microanatomical knowledge of the region is required to optimize outcome.
Extragalactic sources for ultrahigh energy cosmic ray nuclei

In this article we examine the hypothesis that the highest energy cosmic rays are complex nuclei from extragalactic sources. Under reasonable physical assumptions, we show that the nearby metally rich starburst galaxies (M82 and NGC 253) can produce all the events observed above the ankle. This requires diffusion of particles below ${10}^{20} \mathrm{eV}$ in extragalactic magnetic fields $B\ensuremath{\approx}15 \mathrm{nG}.$ Above ${10}^{19} \mathrm{eV},$ the model predicts the presence of significant fluxes of medium mass and heavy nuclei with small rate of change of composition. Notwithstanding, the most salient feature of the starburst-hypothesis is a slight anisotropy induced by iron debris just before the spectrum cutoff.
Laparoscopic resection of posterior gastric leiomyoma

Laparoscopic gastric surgery is gaining momentum, especially in the treatment of benign disease. Simultaneous endoscopy and laparoscopy allow precise localization of lesions. Because of the stomach's size, mobility, and distensibility, relatively large lesions can be safely excised. Wedge resection for anterior lesions and a transgastric or intragastric approach for posterior lesions are feasible laparoscopically. Two cases of posterior gastric leiomyomas successfully resected laparoscopically are presented. The use of stapling devices greatly facilitates this procedure.
Cultural and community determinants of subjective social status among Cherokee and White youth

Background. Subjective social status (SSS) is associated with physical and mental health in diverse samples. However, community, cultural, and ethnic influences on SSS are poorly understood, especially among rural and American Indian populations. Objective. We aimed to examine similarities and differences in how community poverty, family context, and life course attainment predict SSS among Cherokee and White youth in Appalachia. Design. We assessed culturally and developmentally appropriate aspects of life course attainment among 344 Cherokee and White youth (age 19–24) using the Life Trajectory Interview for Youth (Brown et al. 2006. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 15, 192–206). Combined with information regarding community context and family history, these data were used to examine common patterns and ethnic differences in community, family, and cultural influences on SSS. Results. Overall, both Cherokee and White youth rank their families lower in SSS than previously studied ...
Ignition of thermally thin porous pyrolyzing solids under normally impinging flames

Abstract Prediction of the fire hazard for a piece of garment exposed to a flaming heating source requires the development of a fabric ignition model which provides an accurate description of the flame-fabric interaction. Ignition times have been measured earlier on single fabrics by exposing them to a time invariant convective source. A theoretical correlation of these results has been carried out utilizing a new ignition criterion. For a porous, thermally thin material exposed to a normally impinging flame, quasi-steady conservation equations for species, energy and momentum have been formulated for the gas phase, and the transient effects have been accounted for through the variation of the fabric temperature with time. The predicted cellulosic fabric ignition times, under varied exposure conditions and including the effects of porosity, deviate from the measured ignition times by no more than 42%. Accounting for convective heat loss from the fabric improves the predicted results by about 5%. Porosity effects on ignition time are found to be small for the fabrics tested here. Pyrolysis appears to be the dominant process which controlls the ignition time.
Things Fall Apart: Dictatorships, Development, and Democracy in Africa

Recent events in Africa provide evidence of the failure of dictatorships to meet the needs of citizens and serve to debunk a number of development theory assumptions: that democratization is culturally determined, that democratization will follow economic development, and that dictatorships tend to produce durable, stable development. Therefore, the attempt to achieve development without democratization is risky and potentially very costly. We argue that dictatorship in Africa serves a function akin to Myrdal's backwash effects, thwarting economic progress in a cumulative and circular way, and that democratization must become a necessary criterion of engagement with African countries.
Model Selection, Confounder Control, and Marginal Structural Models

In traditional regression modeling, to control for confounding by a variable one must include it in the structural part of the statistical model. Marginal structural models are a flexible new set of causal models. The estimation methods used to estimate model parameters use weighting to control for confounding; this allows more flexibility in choosing covariates for inclusion in the structural model and allows the model to more precisely reflect the scientific questions of interest. An important example of this is in multicenter observational studies where there is confounding by cluster. We illustrate these points with data from a study of surgery to provide vascular access for hemodialysis and a study comparing different timings for coronary angioplasty.
Interacting Rotons and Superfluidity in Liquid Helium

A theory based on roton-roton interaction is developed for the superfluid phase transition in liquid helium. The roton coupling causes a decrease of the roton energy with increasing temperature; thus the roton exhibits a soft-mode behavior, in common with other second-order phase transitions. The calculated superfluid density is in remarkable agreement with experiment, and the roton softening is consistent with recent neutron data.
Detection of Irregular Verb Violations by Children with and Without SLI

Fifty-seven children (ages in years;months: 5;7–8;8) with and without Specific Language Impairment (SLI) participated in judgment and elicitation tasks designed to evaluate their understanding of restrictions associated with irregular verb forms. The performance of the SLI group was similar to the performances of the control groups in that all children demonstrated high levels of sensitivity to violations involving verb-agreement errors (e.g., he am falling). The production and acceptance rates of past tense overregularizations (e.g., he falled) by the SLI and language-match groups were similar, and both were higher than the agematch group. Differences between affected and unaffected children were observed in their productions and relative levels of sensitivity to infinitive errors in finite positions (e.g., he fall off). As expected, children in the SLI group were more likely to produce and accept infinitive forms in finite positions. Children in the SLI group also accepted more finite form errors in VP ...
Real-Time Computer Network Collaboration: Case Studies of Business Writing Students.

Previous research in computer-mediated communication in both the classroom and the workplace has found that patterns of interaction may differ between individuals communicating face-to-face versus communicating via a computer network. This present study, using a case study methodology, sought to analyze and compare the language of groups of business writing students as they communicated both face-to-face and on a real-time computer network. The study found that during network meetings, participation was more equal, responses tended to be more substantive and text specific, and students were more willing to offer direction than during face-to-face meetings. In addition, students reported a more positive evaluation of their network sessions.
Commentary: Malpractice Reform in Policy Perspective

Enacted caps on malpractice awards and proposed early offer reform address the sometimes excessive verdicts of conventional liability and its very high overhead costs. However, such reforms greatly benefit medical defendants while doing too little for claimants or patients in general. Caps and early offer only affect current claims; far broader reforms are therefore needed to improve the woeful performance of liability as a general promoter of patient safety and injury compensation. Broad reforms, however desirable, seldom surmount high political and practical hurdles. A good, more evenhanded start would seek to make claims resolution faster, more accurate, more predictable, and less expensive, while separately promoting medical quality and safety as well as greater transparency for law, medicine, and insurance.
Contingent suppression of tolerance to haloperidol: A dose-response analysis

Rats were given injections of haloperidol (HAL; 0.625 or 2.5 mg/kg) either before (Before groups) or after (After groups) access to sweetened milk on alternate days. Controls (Saline groups) were given injections of saline. At biweekly intervals ("test days"), all groups were given pretest injections of the drug in order to monitor the development of tolerance in the After and Saline groups. Rats in the Before groups showed no tolerance to the initial suppression of milk intake. In contrast, rats in the After groups had greater intakes, although the level of intake declined on subsequent test days in the group given the lower dose. Rats in the Saline groups drank less on the test days than any of the other groups, suggesting that sensitization occurred. These results are consistent with previous findings (29) that tolerance to HAL is suppressed following pretest injections of the drug. The degree of suppression appears to be inversely related to the frequency of such injections.
Applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound in medicine: Spotlight on neurological applications

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has the potential to become a modality of treatment for a wide range of clinical conditions. HIFU enables non-invasive, selective ablation of tissues including tumors and punctured vessels. Another promising area of research within the field of therapeutic ultrasound is the application of HIFU to treat neurological disorders by selectively targeting the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. This paper provides an overview of the current applications of focused ultrasound in medicine with an emphasis on its use in the fields of neurology and neurosurgery.
Feminist Therapy: Its Use and Implications for South Asian Immigrant Survivors of Domestic Violence

Feminist therapy is a compelling framework to use with women who are survivors of domestic violence due to its focus on power and oppression in women's lives. However, feminist frameworks have been criticized for their lack of attention to the experiences of diverse groups of women, a shortcoming that multicultural frameworks have attempted to address. Very little scholarship exists on the use of feminist therapy with South Asian women, and with Asian American women in general, particularly on its use with domestic violence survivors. The work that does exist suggests that Asian values are in contrast with the principles of feminist therapy for a variety of reasons. Using interviews with practitioners who work with battered South Asian women, this paper suggests that practitioners enact feminist and multicultural principles in their work, by their attention to sociocultural context, their focus on women's empowerment and voicing women's lived experiences, and their consideration of the dynamics of the therapeutic relationship. They hold patriarchy in its complexity accountable for domestic violence in the community. Although the term “feminist” was rarely used, in contrast to work that suggests that Asian women would not identify with self-based models of therapy, practitioners articulated that women do benefit from insight-based therapy, and attempted to work against cultural stereotypes that they often see functionally used to evade addressing trauma and grief.
Developmental and Social-Emotional Screening in Child Welfare: Implications for Young Children in Rural Settings

Studies of child maltreatment in rural areas are equivocal, with some showing higher rates and others showing no differences compared with other communities. The current study presents findings on developmental and social-emotional screenings among young child welfare-involved rural children (N = 1,321). Almost half of these children showed problems requiring further assessment. Children who spent time in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and children in foster care demonstrated more developmental problems, while biracial children and children referred for parental substance abuse had more social-emotional concerns. This study adds to the scarce literature on the needs, challenges, and strengths of child welfare-involved families in rural communities.
Biochemical characterization and anatomical distribution of a major form of unamidated precursor of substance P in rat brain.

Previous work from this laboratory has provided biochemical characterization of several posttranslational processing intermediates of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in central nervous system (CNS) tissues, including the COOH-terminal glycine-extended dodecapeptide Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-Gly (SP-G). SP-G is a major species of unprocessed SP found in rodent CNS tissues, and is the likely immediate precursor form of SP in the biosynthetic scheme. Here we present extensive characterization of the normal regional distribution of SP-G, as compared to SP, throughout the rat CNS via coordinated biochemical and morphological analyses. By radioimmunoassay (RIA), an approximate 10-fold variation in regional levels of SP-G-like immunoreactivity (SP-G-LI) was observed, ranging from 0.30 pmol/g in the amygdala, to 6.49 pmol/g in the medulla. On a normalized basis, the regional variation of unamidated precursor relative to mature peptide (SP-G-LI/SP-LI molar ratio) ranged from 0.30% in the amygdala to 5.15% in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Overall, the highest SP-G-LI/SP-LI ratios were found in DRG, medulla, and spinal cord, i.e. CNS areas associated with primary sensory afferent innervation via capsaicin-sensitive unmyelinated small diameter fibers. In addition, chromatographic and RIA analyses of extracted brain tissues indicated that the quantified immunoreactivities corresponding to SP, SP-G, as well as an additional COOH-terminal Gly-Lys-extended precursor, i.e., SP-G-K, displayed very similar chromatographic behavior as demonstrated for chemically authentic standards. These biochemical data were complemented by immunohistochemical analyses demonstrating a pattern of immunohistochemical staining for the presence of SP-G-LI as a defined subset of SP-LI-containing neural elements. Here, reaction product was localized to dendritic, axonal, and terminal neuronal elements in representative CNS regions of the rat, with relatively high levels of SP-G-LI found within anatomical areas containing a high density of sensory terminal structures. In an attempt to provide correlative functional anatomy, a group of rats was treated with colchicine, in order to differentially localize SP-LI- and SP-G-LI-containing somata after inhibition of axoplasmic transport. Most prominently, colchicine administration engendered immunohistochemical visualization of both SP-LI- and SP-G-LI-positive cells in mesencephalic and brainstem regions associated with stress, pain responses, and central control of autonomic function. Within this context, the coordinate expression of both SP-LI- and of SP-G-LI-positive somata in discrete brain areas is probably indicative of high ongoing rates of tachykinin synthesis coupled to utilization.
A Continuous Spectrophotometric Direct Assay for Peptidyl Prolyl cis-trans Isomerases

m-Nitrotyrosine incorporated into proline peptides of the general sequence -Xxx-Pro-Tyr(m-NO2)- responds to cis-trans Xxx-Pro conformational transition by changes in the pKa of its side-chain hydroxyl (Garel and Siffert, 1979). We exploited this effect to develop a continuous direct (uncoupled) assay for peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases. Prior to the enzyme assay, the cis-trans equilibrium is perturbed in favor of the cis isomer by dissolving the substrate H-Ala-Ala-Pro-Tyr(m-NO2)-Ala-NH2 in a 470 mM solution of LiCl in trifluoroethanol. Upon addition of substrate to the biological buffer, the conformational equilibrium characteristic for the aqueous medium is restored, and the Ala-Pro isomerization is monitored spectrophotometrically.
Gaussian statistics of the hard-sphere fluid

By computer simulation of the hard-sphere fluid, we have determined the probabilities of observing $N$ molecular centers within molecular sized volumes of the fluid. These probability distributions are found to be almost exactly Gaussian at medium densities. A maximum entropy prediction constructed from knowledge of the first two moments of the distribution and a prior distribution consistent with ideal gas behavior quantitatively predicts the occupation distribution for low and medium densities.
Normal physiological patterns and physiological-behavioral correlations in unrestrained monkey infants.

Abstract Utilizing a totally implantable biotelemetry system, we have recorded normal physiological data simultaneously with behavior in 4 unrestrained M. nemestrina monkey infants, ages 24, 24, 26, and 35 weeks, living with their mothers in their social group. Circadian body temperature rhythms, waking EEG rhythms, sleep patterns, and heart rate measurements were obtained, and were correlated with behavior. Sleep stage values and body temperature circadian rhythms showed relatively little intersubject variability. Heart rate and EEG patterns were more individually characteristic of a given monkey infant. Using both physiological and behavioral data collected in this manner, a bio-behavioral developmental profile for the monkey infant can be constructed. By comparing the infants position with respect to normative physiological and behavioral developmental indices for its chronological age, infants showing bio-behavioral developmental retardation or acceleration in one or several areas can be identified, and the underlying mechanisms investigated. We believe this capability will greatly enhance the value of the infant monkey as an animal model system of value to psychiatry and the behavioral sciences.
Brønsted acid-catalyzed highly stereoselective arene-ynamide cyclizations. A novel keteniminium Pictet-Spengler cyclization in total syntheses of (+/-)-desbromoarborescidines A and C.

[reaction: see text] A Bronsted acid-catalyzed highly stereoselective arene-ynamide cyclization is described. These reactions constitute a keteniminium variant of Pictet-Spengler cyclizations, leading to efficient synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles and related alkaloids. Total syntheses of desbromoarborescidines A and C are illustrated here as first applications of this methodology.
Effect of Vibroseis Arrays on Ground Vibrations: A Numerical Study

Vibroseis trucks are commonly used for the acquisition of seismic reflection data for petroleum exploration because they produce low levels of ground vibration. When operating in an urban setting, vibrations are typically monitored using particle velocity meters at the ground surface, and vibration measurements are quantified in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV). Distance from the Vibroseis trucks is generally used as a parameter to identify potential points of high PPV. However, numerical modeling of PPV fields surrounding multiple-truck Vibroseis arrays reveals the presence of complex zones of constructive interference where PPV can double within as little as 3 m (10 ft). Vibroseis sweep direction and duration is shown to have little effect on PPV. The results presented herein are specific to a certain set of modeling parameters, but nevertheless demonstrate that it may be necessary to perform pre-survey numerical simulation of surface vibrations to identify points relative to the Vibroseis array that are susceptible to high vibration levels, and monitor vibrations at those points.
Magnetic properties of nickel clusters

We use a variation of the Stern-Gerlach experiment to study the magnetic behavior of transition metal clusters. We report measurements of the magnetic properties of nickel clusters as a function of cluster size, vibrational temperature, and applied magnetic field. Results for these nickel clusters resemble those previously published for cobalt clusters in that superparamagnetic behavior is observed. As is the case for cobalt clusters, nickel clusters are observed to have magnetic moments per atom that are greater than the bulk value.
An efficient approximation algorithm for counting n-cycles in a graph

Abstract Recently, Cash [G.G. Cash, The number of n -cycles in a graph, Applied Mathematics and Computation 184 (2007) 1080–1083] presents a method for counting the number of n -cycles in a graph. However, we point out that all methods for (precisely) counting n -cycles, including Cash’s, are super-polynomial-time, unless P = NP . This implies that it is unlikely to count n -cycles both precisely and efficiently. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient approximation algorithm. Our algorithm is guaranteed to finish in polynomial-time and has a reasonable error bound.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CMV EXCRETION BY CHILDREN IN GROUP DAY CARE

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) frequently infects young children who attend group day care. Although congenitally infected children excrete CMV for extended periods, the natural history of CMV excretion among children who acquire CMV in day care is unknown. To determine the acquisition rates and duration of CMV excretion among such children, we sampled the urine and saliva of 65 children in a single day care center at 3 to 6 mo. intervals over a 2 yr period. During the study period, 23 children (35%) excreted CMV in urine and/or saliva. The duration of CMV excretion ranged from 4 to 24 mo., with a mean of 9.73 ± 1.47 (SE) mo. for urine (N=10) and 8.33 ± 0.87 mo. for saliva (N=8). Among children who were initially CMV negative the mean age at onset of CMV excretion was 26.8 mo. The mean duration of excretion for children who remained in the study until CMV excretion ceased was 11.48 mo. for urine and 10.88 mo. for saliva. Children who excreted CMV tended to enter day care at an earlier age (7.7 mo. for CMV excretors vs. 10.1 mo. for non-excretors) and spent more hrs per week in day care (43.6 hrs vs. 37.8 hrs). At the initial sample collection CMV-excreting children were younger than non-excretors (26.8 mo. vs. 35.0 mo.) (p=0.02). However, there was no correlation between age at which children began to excrete CMV and the duration of excretion in urine (r=0.075) or saliva (r=0.339). These results indicate that children in day care who acquire CMV excrete the virus for many months and are thus a substantial reservoir of infection for exposed adults.