cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotordynamic Performance of Flexure Pivot Tilting Pad Gas Bearings With Vibration Damper

Recently, gas-lubricated bearings have drawn enormous attention for clean energy conversion/process systems such as fuel cells, micro-gas-turbines, gas compressors, etc. Among many different types of gas bearings, tilting pad gas bearings have many attractive features such as high rotor-bearing stability and less severe thermal issues (due to multipad configurations) than foil gas bearings. However, extension of the application of the tilting pad gas bearings to flexible rotors and harsh environments with external vibrations/impacts poses significant design challenges. The design problem addressed in this paper is the vibration damper to be integrated with the flexure pivot tilting pad gas bearing (FPTPGB) with and without pad radial compliance. Linear and nonlinear dynamic models of the FPTPGB with vibration damper were developed, and rotordynamic performance was evaluated to prescribe design guidelines for the selection of bearing shell mass and damper properties. Direct numerical integration (time-domain orbit simulations) and linear analyses were employed to predict rotordynamic responses and other interesting behaviors relevant of rotor-bearing systems with the vibration damper. Rotor-bearing systems showed better performance with larger damper stiffness for both with and without radial compliance. However, bearing shell mass showed different tendencies; lower bearing shell mass was shown to be ideal for bearings with radial compliance, while the opposite trend was observed for bearings without radial compliance. Although increasing the degrees of freedom of the system by allowing the bearing shell to move introduces additional natural frequencies, careful design considerations could allow the placement of the natural frequencies outside of the operating range.
Transition temperature and enthalpy change dependence on stabilizing and destabilizing ions in the helix–coil transition in native tendon collagen

The transition temperatures tt and enthalpy changes ΔH in the helix–coil transition of solid tendon collagen soaked in a solution containing one of the following stabilizing or destabilizing agents, HCHO, NaF, NaCl, NaI, NaBr, NaOH, NH2CONH2, CaCl2, MgCl2, were measured as a function of molar concentration by a calorimetric method. The temperature and the enthalpy changes accompanying the transition behaved in a similar manner: when the tt was depressed by the presence of ions, similar behaviour was observed in ΔH. Both parameters (tt and ΔH) increased for HCHO, and decreased for NaF and NaCl at concentrations lower than 0.2 M. Above 0.2 M they increased for NaF and NaCl, and decreased in the presence of the other reagents listed above. The average tt and the ΔH observed in collagen soaked in water were 63.5°C and 12.3 cal/g, respectively. In addition to the parameters mentioned above, the molar effectiveness of the various reagents was obtained for the cases where there was a linear relationship between the tt and molar concentration of the reagent in the solution. Since both the tt and the ΔH were observed to vary, the entropy change (ΔS) accompanying the transition was calculated using thermodynamic relations. In order to explain the ΔS observed as a function of ionic concentration, the thermodynamic relationships have been obtained from a partition function under suitable assumptions. Since the partition function is dependent on the number of hydrogen bonds responsible for collagen stability, the result obtained has been compared with the values predicted by the two most quoted models for collagen. The present study is in accordance with the Ramachandran model for collagen structure, which predicts more than one hydrogen bond per three residues.
Moments of nuclear and nucleon structure functions at low Q 2 and the momentum sum rule

New nuclear structure function data from Jefferson Lab covering the higher-x and lower-${Q}^{2}$ regime make it possible to extract the higher-order ${F}_{2}$ moments for iron and deuterium at low four-momentum transfer squared ${Q}^{2}$. These moments allow for an experimental investigation of the nuclear momentum sum rule and a direct comparison of the nonsinglet nucleon moment with lattice QCD results.
Using Eclipse as a Tool-Integration Platform for Software Development

Eclipse is an open source software project dedicated to providing a robust, full-featured, and commercial-quality platform for developing and supporting highly integrated software engineering tools. Excepting the small Eclipse runtime kernel, all the platform components are plug-in tools integrated seamlessly through predefined extension points. The platform supports deliverables throughout the development and maintenance life cycle
Veterans Affairs Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination Compared with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Short Test of Mental Status

Objectives: To compare the ability of the Veterans Affairs Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) examination to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia according to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) with that of two other well-known screening instruments, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Short Test of Mental Status (STMS). Design: Cross-sectional validation study. Setting: Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center. Participants: Veterans aged 60 and older (median 78.5) with a high school education or more (n = 136). Measurements: Participants were administered the SLUMS examination, the MoCA, and the STMS in random order. A blinded test administrator administered the CDR in a separate session. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the SLUMS examination, the MoCA, and the STMS for MCI, dementia, and MCI or dementia. ROC contrasts were used to statistically compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the screening tests' ability to detect cognitive dysfunction according to the CDR. Results: ROC contrasts demonstrated that the AUCs for detecting MCI (SLUMS examination 0.74, MoCA 0.77, STMS 0.77), dementia (SLUMS examination 0.98, MoCA 0.96, STMS 0.97), and MCI or dementia (SLUMS examination 0.82, MoCA 0.83, STMS 0.84) were equivalent. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were similar across measures of MCI, dementia, and MCI or dementia according to the CDR. Conclusion: The SLUMS examination has validity similar to that of the MoCA and STMS for the detection of MCI, dementia, and MCI or dementia according to the CDR.
Naphthoquinones produced by Fusarium solani isolated from citrus

Abstract Eleven naphthoquinone pigments are described which were produced by F. solani isolates obtained from roots of diseased citrus trees. One of these pigments was shown to be the precursor for six of the isolated compounds.
The ream and run: not for every patient, every surgeon or every problem.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide some essential and basic information concerning the ream and run technique for shoulder arthroplasty.
A 2 Micron H-2 Spectral Survey of Proto-Planetary Nebulae

We measured 2.1-2.3 μm spectra for a mostly complete sample of known proto-planetary nebulae (PPNe) at declinations north of -30°. This spectral range includes the H2 emission lines 1-0 S(1), 1-0 S(0), 2-1 S(1), 2-1 S(2), and 3-2 S(3). We detected H2 emission from 16 of the 51 objects in our survey. Twelve of these are new detections, doubling the number of PPNe with detected H2 emission. We find that H2 emission commences at a spectral class of mid-G in PPNe with bipolar morphologies and optically thick equatorial regions; in fact, all bipolar F-G PPNe with an optically thick equatorial region have collisionally excited H2 emission. Radiative excitation becomes important in PPNe when the central star reaches an early B spectral type, just before photoionization of the nebula and the commencement of the planetary nebula (PN) phase. Almost all of the PPNe with B central stars show H2 emission, with either a purely radiative or a mixed collisional plus radiative spectrum. Since H2 emission is rare in nonbipolar PNe, the destruction of the H2 in the nonbipolars must be roughly coincident with the photoionization of the nebula. As with H2-emitting PNe, the bipolar H2-emitting PPNe are found at low Galactic latitudes. Optically thin H2-emitting nebulae are not similarly restricted to low latitudes. Brγ emission is detected in 15 of the sources, including all those of B spectral type.
Developing, Implementing, and Assessing an Early Alert System:

Early alert systems offer institutions systematic approaches to identifying and intervening with students exhibiting at-risk behaviors. Many of these systems rely on a common format for student ref...
Dihydrofolate reductase gene expression in cultured mouse cells is regulated by transcript stabilization in the nucleus

Methotrexate-resistant cells, which contain a 500-fold amplification of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes, were used as a model system for studying the regulation of DHFR gene expression during growth stimulation. We have shown that a threefold increase in DHFR mRNA levels following growth stimulation results from a corresponding increase in DHFR mRNA production (i.e., delivery to the cytoplasm) and is not the result of a change in DHFR mRNA half-life. We previously showed that the increase in DHFR mRNA production during growth stimulation is not accompanied by an increase in the relative rate of transcription of the DHFR gene. This suggested that changes in DHFR mRNA production during growth stimulation are due to changes in the stability of DHFR transcripts in the nucleus. Using continuous labeling experiments in vivo comparing the stability of DHFR RNA with specific reference sequences, we show that in growing cells most DHFR transcripts were converted to mRNA, whereas in resting cells the majority of DHFR transcripts were rapidly degraded in the nucleus. There was no significant difference in the rate of processing and transport of stable DHFR transcripts. Therefore, changes in the stability of DHFR RNA in the nucleus control the amount of mRNA available for translation in the cytoplasm.
Location determinants for emerging market firms

Purpose – The paper aims to understand which location determinants are relevant in a subsidiary location decision under the interaction influence of an emerging‐market firm's (EMF) resource and internationalization motives.Design/methodology/approach – The paper prepares a typology of an EMF's resources which are different from those of a developed‐country firm. It proceeds to argue which internationalization motives are likely to work for an EMF endowed with a specific resource. Finally, the paper posits the impact of resource and internationalization motives on the relevance of some location determinants over others in an EMF's location decision matrix.Findings – The conceptual framework proposes a relationship between EMF resources, internationalization motives and location determinants and prioritizes some location determinant(s) over others for various combinations of EMF resource and internationalization motives.Research limitations/implications – The paper contributes to the literature by proposing...
Forest fires and the snowshoe hare-Canada lynx cycle

This paper shows that there is a reasonable coincidence between the Canada lynx cycle and the occurrence of forest and brush fires. Fires set in motion plant succession, potentially leading to an increase in snowshoe hares (Grange, 1965). Snowfall is also correlated with the lynx cycle and tends to account for the variation not accounted for by fires. I conclude that Grange's (1949, 1965) hypothesis that fire and plant succession drive the snowshoe hare cycle deserves serious consideration, as do Butler's (1962) and Watt's (1968, 1973) suggestions that precipitation may drive or decisively modify furbearer 'cycles'. On this evidence, the snowshoe hare-Canada lynx cycle seems likely to be a forced oscillation rather than a predator-prey, parasitehost, or herbivore-vegetation limit cycle, as proposed by several authors. Fire clearly appear to be a periodic phenomenon, not-withstanding the difficulty of showing periodicity in simple weather time series. Fire is itself a meteorological phenomenon, although complexly related to simple weather variables.
Protocol for Metatranscriptomic analysis of Intestinal Microbiota

The objective of this publication is to provide the detailed protocol for metartancriptomisc studies of animal intestinal microbiota. The protocol describes isolation of high quality microbial community RNA from the mammalian intestinal content, subsequent mRNA enrichment, cDNA synthesis and sequencing. Twelve libraries were prepared, pooled in equimolar concentrations into a single library and sequenced on one GS Titanium 70 × 75 picotiter plate, following this protocol. The total number of reads obtained for 12 libraries was 1,155,062 (average 96,000 per library) and the combined size of 12 libraries was 521 million bases (average 43 million bases per library). The reported size of non-ribosomal RNA library fraction is ~15%, the fraction of non-ribosomal reads is ~17%. Hence we described a robust technique for metranscriptomic studies of animal intestinal microbiota. The double stranded cDNAs, prepared following this protocol, are suitable for pyrosequencing (454, Illumina), clone library construction or could be used to archive and store metaranscriptomic samples.
Discrete-time signals arising from simple polynomial sets

The simple polynomial set is introduced as a mathematical tool for representing and generating discrete-time signals. Two benefits result. A signal derived from a simple polynomial set comes with an expression for its z-transform and a recurrence relation for its rapid computation. Two examples are presented. The purpose of these examples is to show that simple sets of polynomials can give rise to signals having more diverse properties than signals with rational z-transforms.
Enlisting on-line residents: Expanding the boundaries of e-government in a Japanese rural township

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze and learn from an unusual way in which local bureaucrats in a Japanese rural township are using the Internet to serve their constituents by enlisting the support of “on-line residents.” Successful e-government requires not only rethinking the potential uses of computer technology, but in adopting new patterns of decision-making, power sharing, and office management that many bureaucrats may not be predisposed to make. The main thesis of this article is that necessity and practicality can play a powerful motivational role in facilitating the incorporation of information technology (IT) at the level of local government. This case study of how bureaucrats in Towa-cho, a small, agricultural town in Northeastern Japan, have harnessed the Internet demonstrates clearly the fundamentals of building a successful e-government framework in this rural municipality, similar to many communities in Europe and North America today.
Complexes with N−H+−P Hydrogen Bonds: Structures, Binding Energies, and Spin−Spin Coupling Constants

Ab-initio MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations have been performed to determine the structures and binding energies of proton-bound complexes stabilized by N−H+−P hydrogen bonds and to investigate the nature of the proton-transfer coordinate in these systems. Double minima are found only when the difference between the protonation energies of the N and P bases is less than about 4 kcal/mol. The isomer in which the protonated nitrogen base is the donor lies lower on the potential surface and also has a greater binding energy relative to the corresponding isolated monomers. Equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculations have been employed to obtain one- and two-bond spin−spin coupling constants across these hydrogen bonds. Two-bond coupling constants 2hJ(N−P) correlate with N−P distances, irrespective of whether the donor ion is N−H+ or P−H+. One-bond coupling constants 1J(N−H) and 1hJ(H−P) for complexes stabilized by N−H+···P hydrogen bonds correlate with corresponding distances, b...
Evidence from gravity data for focused magmatic accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Gravity data from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between latitudes 27°50′N and 30°40′N show that the accretion of magma at the ridge is focused at discrete centres along the spreading axis. Large positive gravity anomalies equivalent to reductions of almost 50% in crustal thickness are observed over non-transform discontinuities bounding spreading segments.
Posttraumatic immobilization in flexion of a congenital valgus elbow and cubital tunnel syndrome-case report

Abstract Background Elbow trauma, cubitus valgus deformity, and prolonged flexion of the elbow are recognized risk factors for ulnar nerve entrapment. Case Description The 3 conditions coincided in the present case. In fact, a 36-year-old woman had a bilateral severe congenital cubitus valgus. A trauma of the right elbow caused luxation and supracondylar humeral fracture for which the joint was fixed in flexion at 90° for 1 month. The patient developed a severe ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome that did not respond to several months of physiotherapy and active mobilization of the elbow. The symptoms recovered after surgical decompression and anterior subcutaneous transposition of the nerve. Conclusions The present case illustrates how the development of a cubital tunnel syndrome should be considered as the expected outcome of a long immobilization in flexion of an elbow with a severe cubitus valgus. A simple subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve might be recommended before a long immobilization of a cubitus valgus elbow is performed.
High-saturation-intensity InGaAs/InP PIN waveguide photodetector

High-frequency and high-responsivity photodetectors which possess a high saturation intensity are needed for high performance analog fiber optic links. We report the results of a high saturation intensity InGaAs/InP PIN waveguide photodetector. At an optical wavelength of 1.3 micrometers , the detector has a responsivity of 0.5 A/W and a flat frequency response from 800 MHz to 20 GHz. With a bias of -4 V, the normalized frequency response of the detector remains unchanged when optical powers up to 10 mW are incident on the detector. An initial linearity measurement is made by measuring the linearity of a fiber optic link which uses the detector with a DC photocurrent of 140 (mu) A as the receiver. The linearity of the link is limited by the modulator of the link and there is no detectable nonlinearity introduced by the detector.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proopiomelanocortin peptide immunocytochemistry in rhesus monkey brain

The immunocytochemical distribution of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides (beta-endorphin, ACTH, alpha-MSH, 16K fragment) was studied in the brain of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Some animals were administered colchicine intracerebroventricularly prior to sacrifice to enhance the visualization of perikaryal immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive perikarya are localized to hypothalamic infundibular nucleus, giving rise to several distinct projections. Rostral projections extend through midline diencephalic and preoptic areas, and enter the telencephalon. Along this course, immunoreactive fibers are seen in midline hypothalamic and preoptic nuclei, nucleus of the diagonal band, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, septum, and other limbic structures in telencephalon. Caudal to the anterior commissure, some fibers ascend dorsally to enter the midline thalamus, which they innervate. Lateral projections of the infundibular perikarya course through the medial-basal hypothalamus, dorsal to the optic tracts, and enter the amygdala region where they innervate more medially situated amygdaloid nuclei. Caudal projections of the POMC neurons also extend through midline diencephalon, some coursing along a periventricular path to innervate midline hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei. This projection extends into the mesencephalic substantia grisea centralis and may also contribute to the innervation of more dorsally situated nuclei in the pons and medulla, such as the parabrachial nuclei and nucleus tractus solitarius. Other caudal projections originating in the hypothalamus course through the ventral tegmentum of mesencephalon and pons and may contribute to the innervation of midline raphe and other ventrally situated nuclei in the pons and medulla. The distribution of immunoreactive perikarya and fibers in the brain of rhesus monkey is strikingly similar to that found in the rat brain. However, subtle differences appear to exist in the innervation patterns of particular brain regions.
Effect of Presentation Modality on Immediate and Delayed Recall in Individuals With Alzheimer's Disease

Episodic memory (EM) deficits are the hall-mark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Story-retelling tasks are particularly sensitive to EM impairments and require participants to recall a short story imme...
Oppositional defiant disorder: A systematic review of evidence of intervention effectiveness

This research synthesis examines rigorous evaluations of interventions for children diagnosed with ODD. The primary goal was to identify and synthesize through meta-analysis what is known regarding the effectiveness of various treatments. A secondary goal was to assess the degree to which treatment effectiveness is being evaluated in multiple domains. Seven studies were identified that measured outcomes in six domains. As in prior reviews, interventions demonstrate improvements in the child’s behavior at home and parental stress/strain. Support for improvements in behavior and performance in school is not as strong due in part to a scarcity of attention to the multiple domains of functioning. The interventions reviewed here demonstrate some benefit and no harm; however, there is room to strengthen the research base.
Total Energy Expenditure in Critically Ill and Normal Term Newborns in Early Postnatal Life † 1504

The energy requirements of critically ill newborns in the early neonatal period are not established. We hypothesized that the total energy expenditure(TEE) of critically ill newborns is greater than that of normal, healthy, term newborns. TEE was measured in critically ill and normal newborns over a 7d period using the doubly labeled water method (DLW). At study entry, critically ill infants (n=6) had respiratory disease requiring high frequency oscillatory ventilation (used as rescue therapy at our institution) and a respiratory index score (RIS; Paw x%FiO2) of ≥ 2.5. Normal newborns (n=4) were healthy and without medical complications. Infants received an enteral dose of2 H218O; urine was collected daily over one week. Samples were analyzed using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Total body water (TBW) at the beginning and end of the study and TEE were then determined. Results are shown below as mean (SD), *p≤ 0.05.
On the small ball inequality in three dimensions

Let hR denote an L∞-normalized Haar function adapted to a dyadic rectangle R⊂[0,1]3. We show that there is a positive η<1/2 so that for all integers n and coefficients α(R), we have 2-n∑|R|=2-n|α(R)|≲n1-η‖∑|R|=2-nα(R)hR‖∞. This is an improvement over the trivial estimate by an amount of n-η, while the small ball conjecture says that the inequality should hold with η=1/2. There is a corresponding lower bound on the L∞-norm of the discrepancy function of an arbitrary distribution of a finite number of points in the unit cube in three dimensions. The prior result, in dimension three, is that of Jozsef Beck [1, Theorem 1.2], in which the improvement over the trivial estimate was logarithmic in n. We find several simplifications and extensions of Beck's argument to prove the result above
A semantic framework and software design to enable the transparent integration, reorganization and discovery of natural systems knowledge

I present a conceptualization that attempts to unify diverse representations of natural knowledge while providing a workable computational framework, based on current semantic web theory, for developing, communicating, and running integrated simulation models. The approach is based on a long-standing principle of scientific investigation: the separation of the ontological character of the object of study from the semantics of the observation context, the latter including location in space and time and other observation-related aspects. I will show how current Knowledge Representation theories coupled with the object-oriented paradigm allow an efficient integration through the abstract model of a domain, which relates to the idea of aspect in software engineering. This conceptualization allows us to factor out two fundamental causes of complexity and awkwardness in the representation of knowledge about natural system: (a) the distinction between data and models, both seen here as generic knowledge sources; (b) the multiplicity of states in data sources, handled through the hierarchical composition of independently defined domain objects, each accounting for all states in one well-known observational dimension. This simplification leaves modelers free to work with the bare conceptual bones of the problem, encapsulating complexities connected to data format, and scale. I will then describe the design of a software system that implements the approach, referring to explicit ontologies to unambiguously characterize the semantics of the objects of study, and allowing the independent definition of a global observation context that can be redefined as required. I will briefly discuss applications to multi-scale, multi-paradigm modeling, intelligent database design, and web-based collaboration.
Paleozoic Correlations from Southern Rocky Mountain Front Range to Oklahoma-Texas Panhandles: ABSTRACT

By means of measured sections and well logs tentative correlations are made from Colorado Springs to the Amarillo Arch. While these correlations are not absolute they are presented in the hope that they may be of use to geologists working in the areas or with the formations involved. The "crinkly limestones" of the Front Range are believed to represent a zone, rather than definite beds which may be followed continuously. This zone is believed to correlate, at least in part, with the Blaine gypsum, and San Andres and Kaibab limestones. The Lyons sandstone, the age of which has been a serious problem because of lack of fossils, is provisionally correlated with the Glorietta of New Mexico and the Duncan sandstone of the Panhandles. By means of well logs and cuttings the Ston Corrall anhydrite and dolomite is carried from the Texas Panhandle into Baca and Las Animas counties in Colorado. Its probable equivalent is shown in well logs to extend into the area between Pueblo and Colorado Springs, where its identity is lost in the upper part of the Fountain arkose. According to this interpretation the Fountain formation would range in age from Cherokee, or perhaps even pre-Pottsville, to Permian. Evidence presented tends to indicate that the Amarillo Mountains may have been uplifted beginning in early Pennsylvanian time and continuing until late Pennsylvania time and that the Marmaton was a period during which great sheets of arkose were deposited in widely scattered areas in central Kansas, along the ancestral Rocky Mountains in Colorado and northeastern New Mex co, and along the flanks of the Amarillo Mountains in the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles, their distribution being controlled by streams rather than offshore currents. The arkoses of the Oklahoma Panhandle may be the attenuate edges of the arkose sheets of the Texas Panhandle or they may have had a more proximate source. End_of_Article - Last_Page 939------------
Distinction Bias in Applicant Reactions to Using Diversity Information in Selection

Two studies investigated applicant reactions to alternative methods of incorporating diversity in employee selection decisions. Of particular interest was the hypothesized interaction between specific approach to incorporating diversity in the selection policy (holistic vs mechanical) and mode of receiving information about this approach (viewing policies in isolation vs viewing policies simultaneously). Results indicate preference for holistic approaches to incorporating diversity in selection. The magnitude of the preference was much greater when participants evaluated both approaches simultaneously. Results are consistent with the distinction bias, which suggests that people differentiate between options more when they consider them simultaneously than when they view them separately. Findings have implications for applicant reactions research, human resource decision making, and policy formation.
Empirical Evidence of a Positive Inflation Premium Being Incorporated into Stock Prices

This study demonstrates that in contrast to prior research findings on short-term stock returns, long-term stock returns are positively correlated with inflation. In addition, within the context of a more complete explanatory model, long-term stock returns are found to be negatively related to changes in long-term interest rates and negatively related to beginning price to earnings ratios. The significance of these variables in explaining almost all the time series variation in long-term stock returns demonstrates that changes in stock values are well explained by theory.
Particle tracking model of electrophoretic morphogen movement reveals stochastic dynamics of embryonic gradient

Some developmental events rely on an electrophoretic force to produce morphogenetic gradients. To quantitatively explore the dynamics of this process, we constructed a stochastic model of an early phase of left–right patterning: serotonin movement through the gap junction-coupled blastomeres of the Xenopus embryo. Particle-tracking simulations showed that a left–right gradient is formed rapidly, quickly reaching a final stable level. The voltage difference was critical for producing a morphogen gradient of the right steepness; gap junctional connectivity and morphogen mass determined the timing of the gradient. Endogenous electrophoresis drives ∼50% of the particles across more than one cell width, and ∼20% can travel across half the embryo. The stochastic behavior of the resulting gradients exhibited unexpected complexity among blastomeres' morphogen content, and showed how spatiotemporal variability within individual cells resulted in robust and consistent gradients across the embryonic left–right axis. Analysis of the distribution profile of gradient gain values made quantitative predictions about the conditions that result in the observed background level of laterality defects in unperturbed frog embryos. This work provides a general model that can be used to quantitatively analyze the unexpectedly complex dynamics of morphogens in a wide variety of systems. Developmental Dynamics 238:1923–1935, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermal emission spectra of 24 asteroids and the Galilean satellites

Abstract Thermal emission spectra between 8 and 23 μm have been obtained for the Galilean satellites and 24 bright asteroids. No significant emission or absorption feature has been found in any of these spectra.
Structural Aspects of Money Velocity

I. Concepts of money velocity, 429. — II. Factors responsible for secular and cyclical changes in transactions velocity, 433. — III. Influence of changes in the pattern of ownership of demand deposits on money velocity, 437. — IV. Influence of changing composition of payment flows on deposit velocity, 440. — V. Effect of compensating balances upon cyclical variations in transactions velocity, 443. — VI. Conclusions, 446.
Taking Cues from the Culture: The Case of Network Earth

This article explores the design choices for Network Earth, a museum exhibit that introduced the general public to computer networks and related issues. The exhibit was one of three studied in a larger research project to develop a grounded model of design for learn-ing in museums. Network Earth was developed by a team that had neither formal train-ing nor academic credentials usually associated with museum exhibits. Although the design process and some of the general goals were similar to those at other sites studied and in the literature, certain practices differed. The team excluded historical objects, let donors influence content, and used different terminology. These differences appear to be cultural. With a limited affiliation with the occupational culture of museum exhibit design, the Network Earth team made choices that were more consistent with the culture of high technology—the subject of the museum and the industry that provided most of its financial support.
Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood

Meaning in life is thought to be important to well-being throughout the human life span. We assessed the structure, levels, and correlates of the presence of meaning in life, and the search for meaning, within four life stage groups: emerging adulthood, young adulthood, middle-age adulthood, and older adulthood. Results from a sample of Internet users (N = 8756) demonstrated the structural invariance of the meaning measure used across life stages. Those at later life stages generally reported a greater presence of meaning in their lives, whereas those at earlier life stages reported higher levels of searching for meaning. Correlations revealed that the presence of meaning has similar relations to well-being across life stages, whereas searching for meaning is more strongly associated with well-being deficits at later life stages.
Experiments with Khellin. V. The Structure of Desmethylisokhellin

Chemical evidence is presented to show that desmethylisokhellin is 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methylfuro (2′,3′,7,8 )chromone as had been predicted previously. Several new compounds incidental to the proof of structure have been prepared and the concept of the structure of desmethylisokhellin is supported by the infrared spectrum which shows a band attributed to a bonded hydroxyl group.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COMMON YOLK PROTEIN, VITELLIN, FROM THE ESTUARINE AMPHIPOD LEPTOCHEIRUS PLUMULOSUS

Vitellin is a major yolk protein that plays a significant role in the embryonic development of crustacean embryos. This protein was rapidly purified from embryos of the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus, by subjecting the crude protein homogenate to high affinity column chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed a single band with an approximate molecular weight of 200,000 daltons. Vitellin was characterized by SDS-PAGE techniques and amino acid composition analysis. L. plumulosus vitellin is a lipoglycophosphoprotein with serine, glutamic acid/glutamine, alanine, and aspartic acid/asparagine accounting for almost 66% of all amino acid residues. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against L. plumulosus vitellin and antibody reactivity was verified by dot-blotting and immuno-fluorescence confocal microscopy. These antibodies are specific for purified vitellin and show little cross-reactivity with other embryonic proteins.
Modulation of parvalbumin interneuron number by developmentally transient neocortical vasopressin receptor 1a (V1aR)

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and the vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) modulate social behavior and learning and memory in adult animals. Both functions depend upon the normal emergence of the balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in the neocortex. Here, we tested the hypothesis that V1aR signaling and E/I balance converge through the influence of the neuropeptide on interneuron number achieved in the neocortex. Postnatal mapping of forebrain V1aR binding in male and female mice revealed a transient expression of high levels of receptor in the neocortex and hippocampus in the second and third post-natal weeks. Receptor binding levels in these cortical structures fell dramatically in the adult, maintaining high levels of expression subcortically. Surprisingly, we observed sex differences in the number of calbindin interneurons, and a contribution of V1aR to the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the adult mouse neocortex. These data suggest that individual differences in developmentally transient V1aR signaling and even sex may alter the development of E/I balance in the neocortex, with long-lasting influence on information processing.
The effect of environmental temperature and body weight on growth rate and feed:gain of male broilers

High environmental temperatures are detrimental to the growth and feed:gain of broilers. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of incremental differences in environmental temperature on growth and feed:gain. The data are needed for decisions about the profitability of energy inputs when managing the housing environment. In Trial 1, broiler chicks were reared as a group to 21 d on litter with constant lighting and with water and feed available for ad libitum consumption. They were then moved to 10 environmental chambers. Each chamber was set at a different temperature ranging from 21.1 C to 31.1 C in 1.11 C increments. Weight gain and feed:gain were determined when the broilers were 28, 35, and 42 d old. In Trials 2 and 3, broilers were placed in the environmental chambers, and weight gain and feed:gain were determined for the 42 to 49 d period. The data were analyzed statistically, and regression equations were obtained for growth and feed:gain. Equations were based on body weight and temperature, and the body weight equation was plotted as grams gain per bird per day. Feed:gain was plotted for that body weight and temperature. Body weight gain per day increased to a maximum with increasing weight and then declined. The body weight at the maximum rate of gain was inversely related to temperature. Feed:gain increased as body weight increased. Feed:gain was directly related to temperature at weights above 800 g and the effect of temperature increased as body weight increased. The data will be useful for the evaluation of various management scenarios to determine the inputs that are profitable.
Physician understanding of patient resuscitation preferences: insights and clinical implications.

OBJECTIVE: To describe physician understanding of patient preferences concerning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to assess the relationship of physician understanding of patient preferences with do not resuscitate (DNR) orders and in-hospital CPR. DESIGN: We evaluated physician understanding of patient CPR preference and the association of patient characteristics and physician-patient communication with physician understanding of patient CPR preferences. Among patients preferring to forgo CPR, we compared attempted resuscitations and time to receive a DNR order between patients whose preference was understood or misunderstood by their physician. PATIENTS/SETTING: Seriously ill hospitalized adult patients were enrolled in the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for the Outcomes of Treatments. GENERAL RESULTS: Physicians understood 86% of patient preferences for CPR, but only 46% of patient preferences to forgo CPR. Younger patient age, higher physician-estimated quality of life, and higher physician prediction of 6-month survival were independently associated with both physician understanding when a patient preferred to receive CPR and physician misunderstanding when a patient preferred to forgo CPR. Physicians who spoke with patients about resuscitation and had longer physician-patient relationships understood patients' preferences to forgo CPR more often. Patients whose physicians understood their preference to forgo CPR more often received DNR orders, received them earlier, and were significantly less likely to undergo resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians often misunderstand seriously ill, hospitalized patients' resuscitation preferences, especially preferences to forgo CPR. Factors associated with misunderstanding suggest that physicians infer patients' preferences without asking the patient. Patients who prefer to forgo CPR but whose wishes are not understood by their physician may receive unwanted treatment.
Liberalization and ethnic conflict in Latin America

Most contemporary analysts explain ethnic identity as a socially rooted phenomenon which can be catalyzed by changes in both economic and political conditions. Taking the 1982 debt crisis as a main triggering event, this article analyzes the relationship between economic adjustment and increasing levels of indigenous mobilization in Latin America. Through a comparison of the Bolivian, Peruvian, and Mexican cases,the analysis reveals wide variation in the types and levels of ethnic conflict in the region. Explanations for these differences center on the timing and content of economic adjustment policies, and on the institutional opportunities available for expressing and channeling economic and political demands. The article concludes that political and economic liberalization are likely to clash when shrinking the state also removes channels for popular participation; moreover, when those that bear most of the adjustment burden are also challengers to national identity, states ignore this challenge at their peril.
Biosynthesis of Somatostatin-Like Immunoreactivity by Frog Retinas In Vitro

Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity has been localized to a wide variety of central nervous system neurons, including the retina. We utilized the unique advantages the retina provides for in vitro studies of nerves to examine the biosynthesis of somatostatin. Extracts of frog retinas pulse-labeled with [35S]cysteine for various time periods revealed uptake of radioactivity into material adsorbable by anti-somatostatin antibody linked to affinity beads. This uptake increased in a curvilinear fashion for 4 h and was inhibited by cycloheximide (0.2 mM) or by boiling the retinas prior to labeling. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that affinity-adsorbable radioactivity from retinal extracts decreased with time of incubation in chase medium; 89% of this decrease could be accounted for by increased in the affinity-adsorbable radioactivity of the chase medium. Chromatography of the retinal extracts on Sephadex G50 (superfine) revealed four elution peaks, whereas only one peak, co-eluted with somatostatin-14, could be identified in the medium. Chromatographic elution patterns of affinity-adsorbable radioactivity from extracts of pulse-labeled retinas incubated in chase medium for various times showed a gradual shift of radioactivity from the earlier-eluting peaks to the later ones. These studies indicate that biosynthesis of somatostatin occurs in frog retinas in vitro. The retina may be a useful model for further study of peptidergic neurons.
Broadband group velocity anomaly in transmission through a photonic crystal slab

We have observed an anomalous group velocity effect for transmission perpendicular to a photonic crystal slab. This is a surprisingly broadband phenomenon, with Deltaomega/omega>50%. Our results are consistent with FDTD simulations.
Modulation of rat tissue galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase by uridine and uridine triphosphate

ABSTRACT: Uridine-containing sugar nucleotides, uridine diphosphate (UDP) -glucose and UDPgalactose are important intermediates in galactose metabolism, and tissue UDPgalactose may be a salient factor in the etiology of the long-term clinical manifestations of patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficient galactosemia. Because uridine and uridine nucleotides such as uridine triphosphate (UTP) are known inhibitors of rat hepatic transferase, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the activity of the enzyme in homogenates of rat brain and ovary which are target organs of galactose toxicity in classical galactosemia. In addition, the concerted effect of uridine and UTP together on hepatic transferase has been assessed. These investigations have been prompted by considerations that uridine administration may have a therapeutic role in the long-term treatment of classical galactosemia. Both uridine and UTP have been found to be potent inhibitors of brain and ovarian transferase activity. Brain enzyme activity is more sensitive to these compounds than is that of the ovary. They are competitive inhibitors of UDPglucose in both newborn and adult brain enzyme preparations with a ki of 0.15 to 0.20 mM. Uridine and UTP at low concentrations were found to have an additive effect on rat hepatic transferase activity, which is especially significant in that uridine administration is known to increase hepatic UTP concentration. These findings suggest judicious caution should be used in giving uridine to patients with genetically limited transferase activity because the possibility exists of inhibiting small amounts of residual enzyme in the tissues of affected subjects.
Neutral atom and molecule emission accompanying 248-nm laser irradiation of single crystal NaNO3

Abstract We report quadrupole mass-selected measurements of neutral emissions produced by exposing single crystal sodium nitrate to 248-nm radiation from a pulsed excimer laser. The intensity and identity of the observed products are a strong function of laser fluence as well as previous exposure. In particular, a strong incubation effect is observed, with weak emission intensities during the early stages of irradiation which grow dramatically with continued irradiation. At low fluences ( 2 on laser-damaged surfaces), NO is the only neutral product observed. Thus it appears that defects created by NO emission on more or less perfect NaNO 3 surfaces strongly enhance subsequent emission. At higher fluences (> 100 mJ/cm 2 on laser-damaged surfaces), a visible fluorescent plume is observed and other neutral products (primarily O 2 and Na) are emitted along with NO. Time-of-flight measurements of the anion-derived species (NO, O 2 , NO 2 ) show unusually long emission tails which are inconsistent with emission during the laser pulse only. We attribute this “delayed” emission to dissociative electron attachment due to charge transport from the bulk to the surface similar to electron beam induced emission.
Knowledge Management: An Engine for Innovation

Knowledge management has become a vital engine for innovation. Here's how several firms have adopted the mindset, tools, and behaviors to make it work for them.
Experimental investigation of the effects of gravity on thermosolutal convection and compositional homogeneity in Bridgman grown, compound semiconductors

Lead-tin-telluride has been grown in a thermally stable mode (solutally unstable) and in a solutally stable (thermally unstable) mode in a Bridgman configuration. Significant differences in the crystal morphology and the compositional homogeneity have been found between the two configurations. In addition, for the solutally stable configuration, evidence has been found that the flow characteristics in the melt change drastically during the course of the run.
Increased short circuit current in organic photovoltaic using high-surface area electrode based on ZnO nanowires decorated with CdTe quantum dots

A photosensitized high-surface area transparent electrode has been employed to increase the short circuit current of a photovoltaic device with a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the active layer. This is achieved by directly growing ZnO nanowires on indium tin oxide (ITO) film via a physical vapor method. The nanowire surface is then decorated with CdTe quantum dots by pulsed electron-beam deposition (PED). The nanowires alone provided a 20-fold increase in the short circuit current under visible light illumination. This was further increased by a factor of ~1.5 by the photosensitization effect of CdTe, which has an optical absorption of up to 820 nm.