cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REM sleep deprivation and conditioned fear in rats

As a test of the hypothesis that REM sleep deprivation reduces fear, the freezing behavior of 60 rats was measured under the conditions of the Bolles-Collier (1976) paradigm. These animals were first exposed to one of three treatments for 4 days: a dry-environment control, a wetenvironment control, or a 4-day REM deprivation period. Next, the animals were fear conditioned in a square-box and then tested for freezing in either the square-box or a long-box. Finally, after a 4-day recovery period, the animals were retested. The REM-deprived group exhibited substantially less fear than did the control groups during these tests.
Crystal chemistry of Au-rich binary alloy phases with the heavy rare earths

Au-rich binary alloy phases with heavy rare earths studied by X ray diffractometry, discussing atomic coordination relationships
PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS AND THE MODULATION OF CELL DEATH IN CANCER

Although cell death once was viewed exclusively as the disordered, chaotic outcome of metabolic catastrophe, apoptosis now is recognized as a highly ordered, evolutionarily conserved, and genetically selected program that is essential for normal development. The death receptor pathway of apoptosis, cytotoxic T cells, prolife survival signals, Bcl-2 family of regulators, p53 and regulated cell death in cancer, and oncogenes are reviewed. Future prospects in this arena also are discussed.
An interpolation theorem for irredundant bases of closure structures

The notion of closure structures of finite rank is introduced and several closure structures familiar from algebra and logic are shown to be of finite rank. The following theorem is established: Let k be any natural number and C any closure structure of rank k + 2. If B is a finite base (generating set) of Cand D is an irredundant (independent) base of C such that |B| + k < |D|, then there is an irredundant base E of C such that |B| < |E| < |B| + k.
Hunger and contrast in a multiple schedule.

Pigeons working for food on a multiple variable-interval 1-min—variable-interval 4-min schedule were subjected to variations in body weight, presumably causing changes in hunger. The proportion of responses in each component approached and eventually reached the proportion of reinforcements as body weight increased. This effect follows from the matching-law interpretation of contrast in multiple schedules.
Vitamin D and asthma

Asthma, one of the most prevalent diseases affecting people worldwide, is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by heightened airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction in response to specific triggers. While the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are not well understood, changing environmental factors associated with urban lifestyles may underlie the increased prevalence of the disorder. Vitamin D is of particular interest in asthma since vitamin D concentrations decrease with increased time spent indoors, decreased exposure to sunlight, less exercise, obesity, and inadequate calcium intake. Additionally, a growing body of literature suggests that there is a relationship between vitamin D status and respiratory symptoms, presumably through immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D. This review discusses vitamin D as it relates to asthma across the age spectrum, with a focus on human studies.
Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) preferences among artificial nest cavities.

Natural reproductive swarms of European honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.), when tested in choice experiments, rejected “bait hives” consisting of cardboard boxes covered with plastic in favor of reinforced wood pulp cavities. Pulp cavities that contained a pheromone lure were preferred over those without pheromone. The addition of melted beeswax or a thickened entrance to the artificial pulp cavities that contained a pheromone did not enhance their attractiveness. Attractiveness of artificial cavities to honey bee swarms depended upon the rate of pheromone release, and the longevity of lure attractiveness depended upon the surface area of the lure and the initial amount of pheromone.
Methyl Group-Induced Helicity in 1,4-Dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene and Its Metabolites: Synthesis, Physical, and Biological Properties

1,4-Dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene (1,4-DMBcPh) is the dimethylated analogue of the benzo[c]phenanthrene (BcPh), where one of its two methyl groups resides in the highly congested fjord-region. A comparative X-ray crystallographic analysis, described herein, shows that BcPh is distorted out-of-plane so that there is an angle of 27° between the outermost rings. The additional methyl groups in 1,4-DMBcPh increase this nonplanarity to an angle of 37°. This methyl group-induced disruption of planarity results in P and M enantiomers of 1,4-DMBcPh, and this helicity is observed in a pronounced manner in its putative metabolites, the dihydrodiol and diol epoxide. Synthetically, photochemical cyclization offers convenient access to 1,4-DMBcPh as well as its metabolites. For this, Wittig reaction of 2,5-dimethylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride and 2-naphthaldehyde provided a cis/trans mixture of alkenes which, when subjected to photolysis, provided 1,4-DMBcPh. Despite the high steric congestion in the fjord-regio...
Self-accelerating Massive Gravity: Bimetric Determinant Singularities

The existence of two metrics in massive gravity theories in principle allows solutions where there are singularities in new scalar invariants jointly constructed from them. These configurations occur when the two metrics differ substantially from each other, as in black hole and cosmological solutions. The simplest class of such singularities are determinant singularities. We investigate whether the dynamics of bimetric massive gravity -- where the second metric is allowed to evolve jointly with the spacetime metric -- can avoid these singularities. We investigate whether the dynamics of bimetric massive gravity, where the second metric is allowed to evolve jointly with the spacetime metric, averts the simplest class of such singularities, namely determinant singularities. We show that it is still possible to specify non-singular initial conditions that evolve to a determinant singularity. Determinant singularities are a feature of massive gravity of both fixed and dynamical metric type.
FATTY ACID ESTERS AND CARBONATES IN GRAPE DRYING

Tests were conducted to determine the effect of different treatment variables on grape drying rate: changes in fatty acid ester and carbonate levels, and the effectiveness of potassium carbonate as compared to sodium carbonate. Methyl oleate-potassium carbonate (1:l) increased drying rates during the first 8 days; an excess of carbonate further accelerated drying. A 10%:2% potassium carbonate: methyl oleate dip doubled the drying rate compared to a 2%:2% dip. Sodium carbonate was less effective than potassium. Treatment with increasing carbonate levels increases drying rates.
The Response of the EUVE Scanning and Deep Survey Telescopes to Coronal Plasma Radiative Loss

Over half of the sources detected in the Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) All-Sky Survey and Deep Survey (50-760 ?) that have known optical counterparts are late-type stars. The EUV emission from late-type stars is thought to originate from hot, collisionally dominated, optically thin plasmas, with temperatures ranging between 105 and 108 K, that are confined by magnetic structures analogous to those observed on the Sun. The different filters providing wavelength discrimination used on the EUVE scanning telescopes are sensitive to emission from optically thin plasmas with temperatures throughout this range. We have investigated the responses of each of the EUVE photometric instruments as a function of plasma temperature for different interstellar medium column densities. The results will be of use for interpreting EUVE photometric count rates for astrophysical collisionally dominated, optically thin plasma sources. The different sources of uncertainty entering into these types of calculation are reviewed. Three issues of special importance not generally considered in the interpretation of EUV observations of radiative loss are emphasized: (1) current radiative loss models are incomplete in their treatment of ionization states with n=2 and n=3 ground states; (2) the interstellar medium neutral and ionized He absorbing columns are generally unknown and represent potentially large uncertainties in the interpretation of EUV photometry; and (3) plasma chemical composition has a large influence on the shape of radiative loss curves, photometric flux calibrations, and derived emission measures.
An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Chemical Residues in the Floors and Soils of Q'eqchi' Maya Houses at Las Pozas, Guatemala

This ethnoarchaeological study at the Q'eqchi' Maya village of Las Pozas, Guatemala, aimed to refine the understanding of the relationship between soil chemical signatures and human activities for archaeological applications. The research involved phosphorus, exchangeable ion (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium), and trace element analysis of soils and earth floors extracted by Mehlich II, ammonium acetate, and DTPA chelate solutions, respectively. The results showed high levels of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and pH in food preparation areas, as well as high phosphorus concentrations and low pH in food consumption areas. The traffic areas exhibited low phosphorus and trace element contents, whereas refuse disposal areas were enriched. These results provide important information for the understanding of space use in ancient settlements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction of cytoskeletal proteins on the human erythrocyte membrane

The discoveries are reviewed that elucidate how the cytoskeleton of the human erythrocyte membrane is linked to the membrane and make it possible to visualize the molecular interactions among the cytoskeletal components. These discoveries are the result of a coordinated structural and biochemical approach that has revealed a surprisingly complex set of specific interactions whose existence emphasizes the fundamental continuity between the erythrocyte membrane and the erythrocyte cytoskeleton.
Preoperative Platelet Count and Survival Prognosis in Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Background High platelet counts are associated with an adverse effect on survival in various neoplastic entities. The prognostic relevance of preoperative platelet count in pancreatic cancer has not been clarified.
Effect of contrast on the perceived direction of a moving plaid.

A series of experiments examining the effect of contrast on the perception of moving plaids is performed. This was done to test the hypothesis put forth by Adelson and Movshon (1982) that the human visual system determines the direction of a moving plaid in a two-staged process: decomposition into component motion followed by application of the intersection of constraints rule. When the gratings within the plaid are of different contrast, the perceived direction is not predicted by the intersection of constraints rule. There is a strong (up to 20 deg) bias in the direction of the higher-contrast grating. A revised model, which incorporates a contrast-dependent weighting of perceived grating speed as observed for one-dimensional patterns (Thompson, 1982), can quantitatively predict most of the results. Results are discussed in the context of various models of human visual motion processing and of physiological responses of neurons in the primate visual system.
Considerations Regarding the Technique for Transseptal Left Heart Catheterization

Improvements in the equipment and technique for transseptal left heart catheterization appear to have largely overcome the major problems and complications that have been encountered in recent years with this procedure. Improvements in equipment have included the addition of a stylet for the needle, modifications in the design of the catheter, and the use of a catheter tip occluder both for manipulation of the catheter within the left heart and to close the end hole during selective angiography. The steps employed for insertion of the catheter and needle were described in detail, and the use of landmarks such as the left main-stem bronchus, the spine, the left atrial shadow, and the aortic bulge was discussed. The indications for, and relative contraindications to, transseptal catheterization currently applied in this laboratory were also described. The relative contraindications consist of (1) a giant right atrium, (2) severe rotational anomalies of the heart or great vessels, and kyphoscoliosis; (3) mar...
Thermolysis of hydrogen sulfide in the temperature range 1350-1600 K

The thermal dissociation of hydrogen sulfide gives promise of becoming an economic method to convert a hazardous waste into valuable products, conserve fossil fuels, and increase usable reserves of fossil fuels. The dissociation rates at temperatures which are attractive for an industrial process are not well-characterized. We studied the dissociation of hydrogen sulfide into hydrogen and sulfur at temperatures from 1350 to 1600 K and pressures from 15 to 30 kPa in an alumina reactor. The rate depends on the surface-to-volume ratio of the reactor. The surface reaction is the dominant contributor; the activation energy for the forward surface reaction is 194 kJ/mol. We present a global rate expression that includes surface and gas-phase contributions.
Noisy belief propagation decoder

This paper analyzes the fundamental performance limits of an LDPC Belief Propagation (BP) decoder implemented on noisy hardware and proposes a robust decoder implementation to improve the resilience to hardware errors. Assuming that the effects of hardware noise in various computational units, i.e., variable nodes and check nodes, can be approximated by Gaussian noise, we develop a Gaussian approximate density evolution for noisy BP decoders. By the Gaussian approximate density evolution, we find that zero residual error rate is achievable for noisy BP decoders as long as the message representations are of arbitrarily high precision. Noisy BP decoding thresholds are then derived for various regular LDPC codes. These decoding thresholds determine maximum allowable communication and computation noise for reliable communication. Next, we propose an averaging BP decoder implementation by averaging over the messages in all up-to-date iterations to cancel out the computation noise. Simulation results demonstrate that on noisy hardware, the averaging BP decoder significantly reduces the residual error rates when compared to the nominal BP decoder.
Do Bulls and Bears Move Across Borders? International Transmission of Stock Returns and Volatility

This article investigates empirically how returns and volatilities of stock indices are correlated between the Tokyo and New York markets. Using intradaily data that define daytime and overnight returns for both markets, we find that Tokyo (New York) daytime returns are correlated with New York (Tokyo) overnight returns. We interpret this result as evidence that information revealed during the trading hours of one market has a global impact on the returns of the other market. In order to extract the global factor from the daytime returns of one market, we propose and estimate a signal-extraction model with GARCH processes. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Shape Sensing of Multiple Core Optical Fiber

The shape of a fused silica fiber having four guiding cores that are configured in a helix is reconstructed using a measurement of the phase shift in the Rayleigh scatter patterns of the four cores.
Flowchart techniques for structured programming

With the advent of structured programming and GOTO-less programming a method is needed to model computation in simply ordered structures, each representing a complete thought possibly defined in terms of other thoughts as yet undefined. A model is needed which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming. We present an attempt at such a model.
Development and validation of a reverse phase-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of butylated hydroxytoluene as antioxidant in paricalcitol hard gelatin capsule formulation dosage form.

Introduction: A novel and simple isocratic reverse phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of antioxidant-butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) in paricalcitol hard gelatin capsule. In the paricalcitol capsule BHT concentration is very low. This method is precisely able to estimate BHT at low concentration at about 0.0039 μg/mL and to separate BHT from paricalcitol main compound and other oil-based excipients. Materials and Methods: The method was developed by using ACE-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) 5-μm column with mobile phase containing a mixture of solvent A (water) and solvent B (methanol) in the ratio of 5:95 v/v, respectively. The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min with column temperature of 45°C and detection wavelength at 277 nm. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and robustness. Results: In the precision study the % RSD for the result of BHT was below 1.5% at target concentration level. The limit of detection, limit of quantification are 0.0013 μg/ mL and 0.0039 μg/mL, respectively and precision at LOQ level (0.0039 μg/mL) was with 6.2% RSD. The method was linear with concentration rage of 0.0039-0.64 μg/ mL with the correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and % bias at 100% level are within + 2%. The percentage recoveries for BHT were calculated observed from 98.8 to 104.8%. Conclusion: The developed method was found to be precise, accurate, linear, selective and robust. Key words: Antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene, paricalcitol capsule, RP—LC, validation.
Mytilus californianus, a new aquaculture species?

Abstract The aquaculture potential of the sea mussel, Mytilus californianus , was investigated by growing it next to the more traditional food mussel, M. edulis , on subtidal longlines in Winchester Bay, Oregon. For mussels of similar initial length (24–39 mm), M. californianus grew 24 mm versus 14 mm for M. edulis from 27 April to 25 September 1988. At the end of the growth trial M. californianus contained over twice as much dry meat as M. edulis . The condition index (dry meat weight, g×100/shell volume, ml) was 19 for M. californianus versus 11 for M. edulis . The results from this and other studies suggest that the aquaculture potential of M. californianus merits further investigation.
Transition Induced by Fence Geometries on Shuttle Orbiter at Mach 10

Fence-induced transition data simulating a raised gap filler have been acquired on the wing lower surface of a Shuttle Orbiter model in the Langley 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnel to compare with the Shuttle Boundary Layer Transition Flight and HYTHIRM Experiments, and to provide additional correlation data for the Boundary Layer Transition Tool. In a qualitative assessment, the data exhibit the expected response to all parameter variations; however, it is unclear whether fully effective tripping at the fence was ever realized at any test condition with the present model hardware. A preliminary, qualitative comparison of the ground-based transition measurements with those obtained from the STS-128 HYTHIRM imagery at Mach 15 reveal similar transition-wake response characteristics in terms of the spreading and the path along the vehicle surface.
Parallel simulation of population balance model-based particulate processes using multicore CPUs and GPUs

Computer-aided modeling and simulation are a crucial step in developing, integrating, and optimizing unit operations and subsequently the entire processes in the chemical/pharmaceutical industry. This study details two methods of reducing the computational time to solve complex process models, namely, the population balance model which given the source terms can be very computationally intensive. Population balancemodels are also widely used to describe the time evolutions and distributions of many particulate processes, and its efficient and quick simulation would be very beneficial. The first method illustrates utilization of MATLAB's Parallel Computing Toolbox (PCT) and the second method makes use of another toolbox, JACKET, to speed up computations on the CPU and GPU, respectively. Results indicate significant reduction in computational time for the same accuracy using multicore CPUs. Many-core platforms such as GPUs are also promising towards computational time reduction for larger problems despite the limitations of lower clock speed and device memory. This lends credence to the use of highfidelity models (in place of reduced order models) for control and optimization of particulate processes.
ACP Journal Club. A 5-item score predicted risk for warfarin-associated major hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Source Citation Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) study. J Am Coll Car...
Tackling heart failure in the twenty-first century

Heart failure, or congestive heart failure, is a condition in which the heart cannot supply the body's tissues with enough blood. The result is a cascade of changes that lead to severe fatigue, breathlessness and, ultimately, death. In the past quarter century, much progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular processes that contribute to heart failure, leading to the development of effective therapies. Despite this, chronic heart failure remains a major cause of illness and death. And because the condition becomes more common with increasing age, the number of affected individuals is rising with the rapidly ageing global population. New treatments that target disease mechanisms at the cellular and whole-organ level are needed to halt and reverse the devastating consequences of this disease.
Response of the perfused carotid body to changes in pH and Pco21,2

Abstract The carotid bifurcation of cats was perfused, in situ , at constant pressures with bicarbonate buffered Ringer's solution. The response of the chemoreceptors to abrupt changes in pH and/or P co 2 was measured as the change in impulse frequency recorded from Hering's nerve. The responses to equal pH changes produced, either by a decrease in HCO − 3 concentration, or by an increase in P co 2 , were of equal magnitude, but the response developed more rapidly when the P co 2 , was changed. An increase in P co 2 , at constant pH did not produce a sustained response. However, there was usually a transient increase in impulse frequency, lasting 20–30 sec. These observations suggest that the acidbase responses of the carotid body are mediated by a H ion receptor whose activity is uniquely determined by extracellular pH, and that the receptor is separated from the vascular space by a diffusion barrier less permeable to HCO − 3 than to C0 2 . A possible mechanism for chemoreceptor adaptation to changes in arterial P co 2 is discussed.
Correspondence among patients' self-reports, chart records, and audio/videotapes of medical visits.

This pilot study examined the covariation of patients' self-reports of instrumental and affective aspects of communication during physician-patient visits with 2 other sources of data: medical chart records and audio/videotapes. Participants were 17 community-based (nonuniversity) primary-care physicians and 77 of their patients, ages 50 to 80. Patients were interviewed by telephone within 1 week after their medical visits. Thirty-five of these visits were audio- and videotaped. Patients were asked to report on their receipt of specific cancer screening in the previous 2 years, the occurrence of instrumental communication events during the visit (e.g., recommendations), their affect, and their visit experiences and communication with their physicians. Results showed (a) noteworthy disagreements between patients' self-reports and medical charts regarding cancer screening; (b) better agreement of patients' self-reports with videotape records than with chart records regarding physicians' recommendations; (c)...
Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices

Graphene is a two-dimensional material that offers a unique combination of low density, exceptional mechanical properties, large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. Recent progress has produced bulk 3D assemblies of graphene, such as graphene aerogels, but they possess purely stochastic porous networks, which limit their performance compared with the potential of an engineered architecture. Here we report the fabrication of periodic graphene aerogel microlattices, possessing an engineered architecture via a 3D printing technique known as direct ink writing. The 3D printed graphene aerogels are lightweight, highly conductive and exhibit supercompressibility (up to 90% compressive strain). Moreover, the Young's moduli of the 3D printed graphene aerogels show an order of magnitude improvement over bulk graphene materials with comparable geometric density and possess large surface areas. Adapting the 3D printing technique to graphene aerogels realizes the possibility of fabricating a myriad of complex aerogel architectures for a broad range of applications.
Air command in the United Kingdom, 1943–44

(1988). Air command in the United Kingdom, 1943–44. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 51-78.
Host−Guest Complexes with p-Sulfonatocalix[4,5]arenes Charged Crown Ethers and Lanthanides: Factors Affecting Molecular Capsule Formation

Incorporation of the smallest diprotonated diaza-functionalized crown ethers into host−guest assemblies with p-sulfonatocalix[4 or 5]arenes gives insight into the dominant factors in the formation of “molecular capsule” or “alternative host−guest bilayer” structures in the solid state, in the presence of aquated lanthanide(III) cations. For p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene, molecular capsule formation is dependent on guest size, protonation of the diaza-crown ether, and the pH of the reaction medium. In contrast, formation of (di)aza-crown ether-based molecular capsules with p-sulfonatocalix[5]arene was elusive under the conditions studied. Rather, an “alternative host−guest bilayer” structure formed in the presence of europium(III) ions.
Scientific and technical information in public management: The role of “gatekeeping” and channel preference

Despite a tremendous influx of information into public agencies, and a concern with information processing models of organizations, there is a special variety of information that is often poorly utilized or underutilized-scientific and technical information (STI). This study, of public managers' orientations toward STI, a study based on data gathered from questionnaires mailed to officials of the Canadian government's Environmental Protection Service, seeks to better understand patterns of STiacquisition and sharing and information channel preferences among users of S TL
Equivalence of riboflavin‐binding hexamerin and arylphorin as reserves for adult development in two saturniid moths

The riboflavin-binding hexamerin (RbH) and arylphorin (ArH) were compared as storage reservoirs for adult development in Hyalophora cecropia. The two hexamerins were metabolically labeled with [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine, isolated by column chromatography, and separately injected into pupae whose diapause had been terminated by chilling. By the time of eclosion at least 98% of both hexamerins had been cleared from the hemolymph. Every reproductive and somatic tissue tested contained trichloroacetic acid-precipitable label; consistent differences between the two hexamerins were not detected in the distribution of their label to these tissues. While incorporation of intact hexamerins was not ruled out, hydrolysis and reincorporation of the liberated amino acids were indicated by label in vitellogenin and lipophorin, and by differences in 35S/3H ratios, which ranged from over 1.0 in chorions to 0.4 in wings, as compared with 0.75 in the injected hexamerins. Injection of [35S,3H]RbH from H. cecropia into A. luna, a species in the same subfamily whose pupae lack this hexamerin, resulted in a pattern of isotope incorporation similar to that yielded by RbH in the donor species. In neither species was there indication of a developing adult tissue that distinguished between RbH and ArH as precursor reservoirs for morphogenesis. This equivalence helps explain how many species of Lepidoptera are able to complete metamorphosis and reproduce without expressing an RbH gene. Evidence is also presented that ArH stored in the fat body protein granules during pupation may be utilized differently from that remaining in pupal hemolymph.
Influence of Slipping Friction on Stress Concentration in Blended Yarns

We report the effect of a variable frictional shear force distribution along a slipping broken fiber on the stress concentration (SCF) in blended yarns. Our micromechanical model leads to a system of second order differential equations, which we solve using a convenient eigenvector expansion approach. The results for an exponential variation of frictional shear on a slipping fiber, starting from zero at the broken end, are compared to those for a constant friction force. While the extent of the slip region increases by as much as 50% for the exponential variation compared to the constant friction case, the SCF changes only slightly, generally decreasing less than 6%. Decreases are smaller when a high elongation fiber is broken than when a low elongation fiber is broken. The hybrid effect in blended yarns, established in previous work, continues to be supported by these new results.
Physiology and morphology of protocerebral olfactory neurons in the male moth Manduca sexta.

1. We have used intracellular recording and staining with Lucifer Yellow, followed by reconstruction from serial sections, to characterize the responses and structure of olfactory neurons in the protocerebrum (PC) of the brain of the male sphinx moth Manduca sexta. 2. Many olfactory protocerebral neurons (PCNs) innervate a particular neuropil region lateral to the central body, the lateral accessory lobe (LAL), which appears to be important for processing olfactory information. 3. Each LAL is linked by its constituent neurons to the ipsilateral lateral PC, where projection neurons from the antennal lobe terminate, as well as to other regions of the PC. The LALs are also linked to each other by bilateral neurons with arborizations in each LAL. 4. Some PC neurons showed long-lasting excitation (LLE) that outlasted the olfactory stimuli by ≥ 1 s, and as long as 30 s in some preparations. LLE was more frequently elicited by the sex-pheromone blend than by individual pheromone components. All bilateral neurons that showed LLE had arborizations in the LALs. LLE responses were also recorded in a single local neuron innervating the mushroom body. 5. In some other PC neurons, pheromonal stimuli elicited brief excitations that recovered to background firing rates <1 s after stimulation.
Electric field effect in high-Tc superconductors

Abstract A brief summary of electric field effects on the normal and the superconducting state of high- T c superconductors is given. Novel experiments are presented in which electric fields are used to modulate the transport properties of weak links. Analogies between the effects of electric and magnetic fields on superconductivity are emphasized.
Decreasing mortality with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the Mayo Clinic experience from 1991 through 1997

OBJECTIVE To characterize and determine the overall impact of changes in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the clinical outcome of patients presenting within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a prospective PCI registry for 1073 consecutive patients undergoing primary PCI for AMI at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, from 1991 through 1997. The primary outcome measure was mortality from any cause within 30 days and 1 year. RESULTS The number of patients treated for AMI by primary PCI per year increased from 119 in 1991 to 193 in 1997. Intracoronary stent use increased from 1.7% in 1991 to 64.8% in 1997 (P P=.05 ). The 1-year mortality rate also decreased (13.4% in 1991 to 10.4% in 1997) ( P =.09). After adjustment for other confounding variables, treatment in more recent years was associated with a significant decrease in death at 30 days (odds ratio, 0.89; 95 % confidence interval, 0.79-1.00; P=.05) and during long-term follow-up (odds ratio, 0.93; 95 % confidence interval, 0.87-1.00; P=.04 ). CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous coronary intervention methods of reperfusion for AMI, along with adjuvant pharmacotherapy, have changed over recent years and have been associated with improved short- and long-term survival.
Cold-Induced Losses In Loose-Sheath Fiber-Optic Cables

Graded-index fiber in a loose-sheath cable experiences optical power losses due to bending at cold temperatures. This bending is due to the more rapid. contraction of the loose sheathing relative to the fiber. The bending produces localized. changes in the density of the glass which disturb the waveguiding effect of the graded-index fiber and decrease the transmitted optical power. In recent experiments fiber optic cables have been tested at temperatures ranging from -100°C to +23°C. Significant but reversible optical power losses and a marked hysteresis have been observed. when SIECOR 122 and 222 cables have been gradually cooled from room temperature to -100°C and then returned to room temperature. Cables ranging in length from 9 to 24 m have been tested, giving an average increase in attenuation at -100°C of 0.150 db/m.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiphoton ionization of an atom; the choice of gauge

We argue that the velocity gauge is the natural one in which to formulate the theory of multiphoton ionization of atoms by intense fields. If the length gauge is used, careful attention must be paid to the time evolution of the eigenvector which characterizes the state in which the photoelectron emerges when the atom is ionized.
Adolescent Parricide and Psychopathy

Most cases of juvenile parricide are believed to be the result of child abuse, yet the vast majority of abused children do not kill their parental abusers. This study explored the role of psychopathy in 10 adolescent parricide offenders tried in adult court who were referred for pretrial psychiatric evaluation. In addition, psychopathological findings, crime-related behaviors, and judicial outcomes are described. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses, most commonly posttraumatic stress disorder, and chronic, severe child abuse were prevalent. Psychopathic traits were not found to have played a role in the traumatized youths’ parricidal behavior. Killings occurred in the family homes, usually through a surprise attack with parent-owned firearms. There was an average of 1.7 victims per event, with fathers being the most likely victim. Bodies were commonly covered or wrapped and moved postmortem. Confessions were often incredible in quality. One half received sentences of 40+ years,...
Corrosion of glass-bonded sodalite and its components as a function of pH and temperature.

A glass-bonded sodalite ceramic waste form (CWF) has been developed to immobilize electrorefiner salt wastes from electrometallurgical treatment of spent sodium-bonded reactor fuel for disposal. A degradation model is being developed to support qualification of the CWF for disposal in the federal high-level waste disposal system. The parameter values in the waste form degradation model were previously determined from the dissolution rates measured in MCC-1 tests conducted at 40, 70, and 90°C. The results of several series of tests that were conducted to confirm the applicability of the dissolution rate model and model parameters are presented in this paper: (1) Series of MCC-1 tests were conducted in five dilute buffer solutions in the pH range of 4.8–9.8 at 20°C with hot isostatic pressing (HIP) sodalite, HIP glass, and HIP CWF. The results show that the model adequately predicts the dissolution rate of these materials at 20°C. (2) Tests at 20 and 70°C with CWF made by pressureless-consolidation (PC) indicate that the model parameters extracted from the results of tests with HIP CWF can be applied to PC CWF. (3) The dissolution rates of a glass made with a composition corresponding to 80 wt. % glass and 20 wt. % sodalite were measured at 70°C to evaluate the sensitivity of the rate to the composition of binder glass in the CWF. The dissolution rates of the modified binder glass were indistinguishable from the rates of the binder glass.
AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE ALGEBRA OF FUZZY TRUTH VALUES

This paper is an investigation of the automorphisms of the algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets. This algebra contains isomorphic copies of the truth value algebras of type-1 and of interval-valued fuzzy sets. It is shown that these subalgebras are characteristic; that is, are carried onto themselves by automorphisms of the containing algebra of truth values of fuzzy sets. Some other relevant subalgebras are proved characteristic, including the subalgebra of convex normal functions. The principal tool in this study is the determination of various irreducible elements.
Concerted Evolution of Two Novel Protein Families in Caenorhabditis Species

Among a large number of homologous gene clusters in C. elegans, two gene families that appear to undergo concerted evolution were studied in detail. Both gene families are nematode specific and encode small secreted proteins of unknown function. For both families in three Caenorhabditis species, concerted groups of genes are characterized by close genomic proximity and by genes in inverted orientation. The rate of protein evolution in one of the two families could be calibrated by comparison with a closely related nonconcerted singleton gene with one-to-one orthologs in all three species. This comparison suggests that protein evolution in concerted gene clusters is two- to sevenfold accelerated. A broader survey of clustered gene families, focused on adjacent inverted gene pairs, identified an additional seven families in which concerted evolution probably occurs. All nine identified families encode relatively small proteins, eight of them encode putative secreted proteins, and most of these have very unusual amino acid composition or sequence. I speculate that these genes encode rapidly evolving antimicrobial peptides.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR CALCIUM OXALATE STONE FORMATION IN PATIENTS WITH GOUTY DIATHESIS

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined why calcium oxalate stones instead of uric acid stones form in some patients with gouty diathesis. Materials and Methods: Gouty diathesis was diagnosed from absence of secondary causes of uric acid stones or low urinary pH, and reduced fractional excretion of urate with discriminant score of the relationship between urinary pH and fractional excretion of urate less than 80. From the stone registry 163 patients with gouty diathesis were identified, including 62 with uric acid stones (GD + UA) and 101 patients with calcium oxalate stones (GD + Ca). Metabolic data and 24-hour urinary chemistry study were compared between the 2 groups. Results: Compared with GD + UA, GD + Ca had significantly greater urinary calcium (196 ± 96 mg per day vs 162 ± 82 mg per day, p Conclusions: Calcium oxalate stones may form in some patients with gouty diathesis due to increased urinary excretion of calcium and reduced excretion of citrate. Relative hypercalciuria in GD + Ca may be due to intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium.
Incommensurability and Issue Voting

In this paper, I examine several models of voter behavior that are consistent with recent work in political psychology (Fiske and Tetlock [1997]) concerning incommensurability and individuals’ reluctance to make decisions involving explicit trade-offs between competing ideals or principles. In so doing, I show that one ramification of such cognitive dissonance is policy convergence in multidimensional (i.e., multi-issue) electoral competition between two parties or candidates. Furthermore, the predicted policy outcome is a weighted median, which represents, on each issue, each voters’ preferences to the degree that he or she is likely to use that issue to choose between the candidates.
The stress analysis of human teeth

Abstract The state of stress in both a homogeneous and non-homogeneous human tooth is investigated using the finite element method. Stress and displacement fields resulting from a single concentrated force are presented. The stress field in a homogeneous model is compared with that of a more realistic model which accounts for varying elastic modules within the tooth. In addition, the transfer of load from the tooth into the surrounding structure is examined.
Intertemporal choice – toward an integrative framework

Intertemporal choices are decisions with consequences that play out over time. These choices range from the prosaic – how much food to eat at a meal – to life-changing decisions about education, marriage, fertility, health behaviors and savings. Intertemporal preferences also affect policy debates about long-run challenges, such as global warming. Historically, it was assumed that delayed rewards were discounted at a constant rate over time. Recent theoretical and empirical advances from economic, psychological and neuroscience perspectives, however, have revealed a more complex account of how individuals make intertemporal decisions. We review and integrate these advances. We emphasize three different, occasionally competing, mechanisms that are implemented in the brain: representation, anticipation and self-control.
HMGB1 exacerbates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis through facilitating M1 macrophage phenotype at the early stage of obstructive injury

Previous studies have indicated that macrophage phenotype diversity is involved in the progression of renal fibrosis. However, the factors facilitating M1 or M2 phenotypes and the function of these polarized macrophages in kidney injury and fibrosis remain largely unknown. In the present study, we found that macrophages accumulated in the kidney interstitium exhibited mainly as the M1 phenotype at the early stage of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein expressed and released from tubular epithelial cells and interstitial macrophages was essential for the M1 macrophage transition. HMGB1 significantly induced the expression of the M1 marker inducible nitric oxide synthase while decreasing the M2 marker IL-10 in macrophages. Moreover, a glycyrrhizic acid derivative, a blocker of HMGB1 release, reduced UUO-mediated kidney injury and ameliorated UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Interestingly and importantly, UUO caused a low pH value in the urine accumulated in the obstructed ureter, and the acidified urine induced HMGB1 release from tubular epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro. Our data demonstrate that HMGB1 is an essential contributor in facilitating M1 polarization at the early stage of UUO. Inhibition of HMGB1 release may alter macrophage phenotype and contribute to the protection of kidney tissue from injury and fibrosis.
Fine root biomass within experimental canopy gaps: evidence for a below‐ground gap

To study fine root biomass in response to canopy gap formation, we determined fine root biomass in the upper 15 cm of soil within four experimental canopy gaps, and within the surrounding intact forest. Sampling was conducted throughout the growing season (May through August) following gap creation. We observed a mid-season decrease in root biomass within gaps, and within the intact forest surrounding the gaps during June and July. Later in the season, less fine root biomass was found within canopy gaps than within the intact forest, and this trend may be attributed to root death accompanying the tree(s) that were felled to form the gaps. These results provide strong evidence for the formation of a below-ground gap in association with the creation of a canopy gap.
Benchmarking in technical information

Benchmarking is rapidly becoming a standard business practice used by organizations to improve their quality in specific areas. Though benchmarking previously has been associated with product comparisons, such as benchmarking the performance of one product with another, process benchmarking is becoming equally important. This paper, based on a recently conducted benchmark, discusses why you might consider benchmarking an aspect of the process you use to develop technical information. It discusses how to prepare for a benchmark, find a suitable benchmarking partner, and conduct a benchmark, and it provides a guideline for the time and effort required. >
Stochastic language models for style-directed layout analysis of document images

Image segmentation is an important component of any document image analysis system. While many segmentation algorithms exist in the literature, very few i) allow users to specify the physical style, and ii) incorporate user-specified style information into the algorithm's objective function that is to be minimized. We describe a segmentation algorithm that models a document's physical structure as a hierarchical structure where each node describes a region of the document using a stochastic regular grammar. The exact form of the hierarchy and the stochastic language is specified by the user, while the probabilities associated with the transitions are estimated from groundtruth data. We demonstrate the segmentation algorithm on images of bilingual dictionaries.
Proximate determinants of child mortality in Liberia.

The hypothesis that female education has a positive direct influence on child survival was investigated through the use of data from the 1986 Demographic and Health Survey of Liberia. Of the 5180 children born in the 5 years preceding the survey 873 (17%) had died. Even when other socioeconomic variables were controlled maternal education had a significant positive direct effect (0.167) on child survival at 5 years of age. The percentage of child loss was 17.9% among mothers with no education 15.5% among those with a primary education and 14.0% among mothers with an education above the primary level. This effect was weak however when compared to that of breastfeeding. The proportion of child mortality was 41.7% among non-breastfeeding mothers compared to only 8.9% among breastfeeding mothers. To the extent that high maternal educational decreased the propensity to breastfeed in this sample education has a negative indirect effect on child survival--an effect that is counterbalanced somewhat by the tendency of education to increase the likelihood of obtaining prenatal care the most important source of knowledge about child health. Moreover prenatal care has the strongest direct effect on breastfeeding status. The excess risk of child mortality among teenage mothers in this survey (19.8% compared to 14.9% among mothers 35 years of age and above) is believed to reflect to decreasing prevalence of breastfeeding in younger age groups. Overall the risk of child death was greater in rural areas (17.75) than urban ones (15.6%) but for breastfed children the risk was lower in rural areas. These findings indicate a need for greater attention toward promoting breastfeeding as the central element of child survival campaigns.
Coded transmit macrodiversity: block space-time codes over distributed antennas

This paper considers the combination of space-time codes and macrodiversity to the cellular downlink. The antenna array used by the space-time code is comprised of the antennas of two or three geographically separated base stations. For ease of exposition and to reduce algorithmic complexity, we have restricted our attention to space-time block codes. Simulation results indicate a significant improvement in energy efficiency at remote locations when the proposed system is used.