cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commercial Law Recodification and Economic Development in Latin America

In reporting on commercial law recodification in Latin America, I would have wanted to describe an impressive array of accomplishments, much as the natural and especially these days social scientists report to their learned Societies. Accordingly, I would have had to refer to how new Latin American commercial legal institutions, as found in the recently enacted codes, were going to revolutionize legal theory and practice, thereby forcing jurists to re-study their commercial law and, more importantly, bringing about prosperity and economic development to Latin America. I regret not being able to do this. In fact, I think that a very good case could be made for the proposition that very little development of true significance in Latin American commercial law since colonial days can be attributed to the periodic enactment of "modern" codes or to their partial equivalents i.e. statutes covering entire fields of commercial law such as business associations or credit transactions law.
Analogies between electron and photon tunneling: A proposed experiment to measure photon tunneling times

Abstract The phenomenon of tunneling is a well-known fundamental consequence of quantum mechanics. All particles can in principle tunnel. In particular, both electrons and photons can tunnel through classically forbidden regions of space known as “barriers”. However, there have been numerous controversies over how long it takes a particle to cross a barrier. Exploiting an analogy between electrons and photons, we suggest an experiment to infer the characteristics of an electron's barrier-traversal time by measuring the time it takes a photon to traverse a similar barrier. Electron tunneling experiments are in general much more difficult to perform than analogous optical ones. With an optical technique one can construct optical barriers on the scale of microns, in contrast to theangstrom-scale barriers required for electron tunneling. Our experiment may help settle the controversies over tunneling times. By means of a newly developed quantum optical technique, we should be able to measure the tunneling times of individual photons with sub-picosecond resolution. In our experiments we are using a two-photon light source, in which a pair of tightly correlated photons is generated by the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Hong, Ou and Mandel have already achieved a sub-picosecond comparison between the arrival times of two such photons at a beam splitter placed at the intersection of their paths. In our geometry, one member of the photon pair tunnels through a barrier, while the other does not. Then coincidence detection of this photon pair constitutes the detection of an individual tunneling event. The particle aspect of photon tunneling can thus be clearly observed. We propose to use the Hong-Ou-Mandel technique to measure the tunneling time. We have chosen for our tunneling barrier two glass prisms placed in close proximity, utilizing the phenomenon of frustrated total internal reflection.
Torsional frequencies in the far infrared - VI. Ethyl chloride, ethyl- 1, 1-d 2 chloride, ethyl-2,2,2-d 3 chloride, and ethyl- d 5 chloride.

Torsional frequencies have been measured in the gas phase infrared spectrum for CH3CH2Cl, CH3CD2Cl, CD3CH2Cl, and CD3,CD2,Cl. For each molecule three or more bands were observed corresponding to the 1 ← 0, 2 ← 1, 3 ← 2 ⋯ torsional transitions. Sixteen independent values of V3 were obtained, all falling within the range 1270–1298 cm−1 This is convincing evidence that the torsion is a pure mode, and is not mixed with another vibration. For all the molecules V6 was negligible. For each of the deuterated compounds one additional band was observed which does not fit the energy level scheme. Its origin is not known.
Density of states and T/sub c/ of disordered A15 compounds

In this paper various data for the depression of T/sub c/ and N(O) are presented for a wide class of A15 materials. The question of disorder and the limits on T/sub c/ in these materials are discussed.
Spectrum of a pot for DNA complexes

Given a set of flexible branched junction DNA molecules (building blocks) with sticky ends we consider the question of determining the proper stoichiometry such that all sticky ends could end up connected. The idea is to determine the proper proportion (spectrum) of each type of molecules present, which in general is not uniform. We classify the pot in three classes: weakly satisfiable, satisfiable and strongly satisfiable according to possible components that assemble in complete complexes. This classification is characterized through the spectrum of the pot, which can be computed in PTIME using the standard Gauss-Jordan elimination method.
Second-best taxation of incomes and non-labor inputs in a model with endogenous wages

This paper considers a Mirrleesian optimal income tax model wherein labor inputs are not perfect substitutes and their wages are determined endogenously. It shows: (i) If skilled and unskilled workers are Edgeworth complements, skilled workers will necessarily face a marginal subsidy and unskilled workers a marginal tax on their incomes (these may not be the case if skilled and unskilled workers are Edgeworth substitutes); and (ii) redistributive concerns call for taxation of those inputs whose elasticity of complementarity with skilled labor is larger than with unskilled labor, and subsidization of those whose elasticity of complementarity is smaller.
Women and Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has long been considered a disease primarily of men. However, CHD is the major cause of death in women in the U.S.; approximately one half of the 500,00 deaths in the U.S. attributed to CHD occur in women.1 The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CHD in women are receiving greater attention as the number of women with CHD increases. Much of what we know about the management of CHD, however, is based on studies of middle-aged men and may not apply to women. The lack of knowledge specific to CHD in women creates numerous challenges for practitioners. This chapter addresses issues related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CHD in women.
Coverage criteria for state based specifications

Test engineers often face the task of developing a set of test cases that are appropriate for a given software artefact. The software testing literature is replete with testing methods tailored to the various specification, design, and implementation methods used in software engineering. This chapter takes a novel inverted view. Instead of starting with the specific artefact at hand, we identify two general sets of coverage criteria - one based on graphs and the other based on predicates. We then ask two questions with respect to the specific artefact under test: (1) What graphs are suitable abstractions of the artefact for the purpose of testing? (2) What predicates should be extracted from this artefact for the purpose of testing? Combining the answers to these two questions with the standard graph-based and logic-based coverage criteria yields test requirements. The test engineer can then proceed to identify test cases that satisfy the various requirements. This chapter illustrate this technique in the context of testing software that is modelled by statebased specifications. We present a representative sample of graph-based and logic-based test coverage criteria. We extract appropriate graphs and predicates from state based specifications and apply the coverage criteria.
Aldosterone stimulates K secretion prior to onset of Na absorption in guinea pig distal colon

Distal colon from guinea pig was stimulated in vitro by aldosterone in Ussing chambers that allowed measurement of short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance (Gt). The response to aldosterone was delayed by approximately 20 min and resulted in a negative Isc, consistent with K secretion. Approximately 1 h later the Isc began to increase and eventually became positive, consistent with subsequent stimulation of Na absorption. The Na-absorptive response could be inhibited by mucosal amiloride without altering the rate of K secretion. Similarly, K secretion could be inhibited by serosal bumetanide without altering Na absorption. In the presence of spironolactone, actinomycin D, or cycloheximide, aldosterone failed to stimulate both K secretion and Na absorption. A dose response to aldosterone provided an apparent Kd of 2.6 +/- 0.5 nM, consistent with a high-affinity receptor coupled to this secretory response. Stimulation by the K secretagogue epinephrine did not produce an additive increase in K secretion, suggesting that the same cell type responds to both aldosterone and epinephrine and that the protein induced by aldosterone was not one of the membrane proteins responsible for K secretion.
Sequential Electrophile/Nucleophile Additions for η2-Cyclopentadiene Complexes of Osmium(II), Ruthenium(II), and Rhenium(I)

A series of d6 transition-metal complexes of the type ML5(η2-CpH), where ML5 = [OsII(NH3)5]2+, [RuII(NH3)5]2+, and [ReI(PPh3)(PF3)(dien)]+, were synthesized as their triflate salts and combined with electrophiles (HOTf, CH2(OMe)2) to form η3-allyl complexes. Treatment of these π-allyl complexes with the mild carbon nucleophile 1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(trimethylsiloxy)propene (MMTP) followed by decomplexation affords substituted η2-cyclopentene derivatives with excellent regio- and stereocontrol. Deuteration and NOE studies for the π-allyl complexes along with stereochemical analysis of the organic products confirm that both electrophilic and nucleophilic addition occurs exclusively from the exo face of the ring (opposite to metal coordination) for all three systems.
Temperature Rise of an Oil-Filled Transformer with Varying Load

An oil-filled transformer is modeled as a fifth order system and a systematic procedure for the determination of the eight thermal conductances of its analogous circuit, based on measurement of the driving-point and transfer thermal impedances, is developed. It is shown that provided the matrix of these impedances is made entirely consistent with the analogous circuit model, it may be inverted to give the thermal conductance matrix directly. Since these conductances are not constant, this must be done for several conditions of controlled loss so that each may be obtained as a function of the mean temperature rise of the oil.
Weaknesses of DAGs for imprecise general causal representations

Causal reasoning occupies a central position in human reasoning. In order to algorithmically consider causal relations, the relations must be placed into a representation that supports manipulation. The most widespread causal representation is directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). However, DAGs are severely limited in what portion of the every day world they can represent. Both possible causal relationships and shifts in grain size are overly limited. Commonsense reasoning recognizes causal granularization. Sometimes, the details underlying an event can be known to a fine level of detail, sometimes not; causal representations must accommodate shifts in grain size. Every day reasoning approaches are used that do not require complete knowledge. An algorithmic way of handling and representing causal imprecision is needed.
Suckling increases the proportions of mammotropes responsive to various prolactin-releasing stimuli.

It is well established that the suckling stimulus sensitizes or primes the anterior pituitary to PRL-releasing stimuli. It is also recognized that PRL-secreting cells from a given animal are not all alike but instead exhibit a considerable degree of functional heterogeneity. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the suckling-induced priming phenomenon is manifest at the cellular level by shifts in the relative abundance of various mammotrope subpopulations. This was accomplished by using reverse hemolytic plaque assays to evaluate the secretory characteristics of individual PRL secretors derived from lactating rats either before or after the transient application of a suckling stimulus. Groups of day 10 lactating rats separated from their litters for 4 h were either killed immediately or were reunited briefly (10 min) with their pups before death. Adenohypophyseal cells obtained after trypsin dispersion were then subjected to plaque assays for PRL. Mammotropes derived from suckled rats we...
Introduction to Direct/Explicit Instruction in Reading for the Struggling Reader: Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension

Over the past 70 years, a number of major studies have demonstrated repeatedly the importance of the teacher to students' learning to read. For example, Gates (1937) found that although mental age ...
Patterning of the Caenorhabditis elegans head region by the Pax-6 family member vab-3.

THE Pax-6 genes are important for eye development in both vertebrates and Drosophila. Mutations in the human PAX6 gene are found in patients with a variety of eye disorders, including aniridia and Peters′ anomaly1a¤-3, and mutations in the Drosophila Pax-6 homologue cause the eyeless phenotype4. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans vab-3 mutants display many defects in head-region development, including aberrant morphogenesis, trans-formation of hypodermal (epidermal-like) cell fates to those of posterior homologues, and abnormal specification of neurons. Here we show that vab-3 is a member of the paired-domain-containing Pax-6 gene family and is expressed in head-region cells. This C. elegans Pax-6 locus can also encode proteins lacking the paired domain5. Our results suggest that a primordial role of the Pax-6 gene family could have been to pattern part of the head region, and that Pax-6 genes subsequently evolved to be more specifically involved in eye development.
Defect characterization for epitaxial HgCdTe alloys by electron microscopy

Abstract This paper provides an overview of electron microscopy observations of epitaxial HgCdTe alloys. Growth of high quality Hg 1− x Cd x Te epilayers for infrared (IR) detector applications requires a detailed knowledge and control of the experimental factors causing defective material. The type of substrate, the substrate orientation, the substrate temperature during growth, and the Hg/Te flux ratio are factors that have a significant effect on the film morphology. Extensive characterization studies using electron microscopy methods have provided invaluable information about the connection between defect formation and the influence of specific growth parameters. The types of defects observed by electron microscopy include dislocations, twins and stacking faults, surface hillocks and crater defects, and precipitates, as well as spurious effects induced by sample preparation methods. By combining electron microscopy observations with other characterization methods such as in situ ellipsometry, Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy, and hole measurements, it should be possible to improve the quality of HgCdTe epilayers still further to meet the demanding requirements of future generation large format focal-plane arrays.
Effects of reticle birefringence on 193nm lithography

Unpolarized light has traditionally been used for photolithography. However, polarized light can improve contrast and exposure latitudes at high numerical aperture (NA), especially for immersion lithography with an NA > 1.0. As polarized light passes through a reticle, any birefringence (BR) in the reticle material can cause a change in the orientation or degree of polarization, reducing the contrast in the final resist image. This paper shows the effects of reticle BR on dry and immersion imaging for 193nm lithography. The BR magnitude and orientation of the fast axis were mapped across several unpatterned mask blanks, covering a range of BR from 0 to 10 nm/cm. These reticles were printed with a series of open areas surrounded by test structures. The BR was measured again on the patterned reticles, and several locations were selected to cover a range of magnitudes at different orientations of the fast axis. Dry and immersion imaging were evaluated, looking at BR effects on dense lines and contact structures. Mask error enhancement factor (MEEF), line edge roughness (LER), and dose and focus latitudes were studied on line/space patterns. Dose and focus latitudes and 2-D effects were studied on contact patterns. Based upon these results, the effect of reticle BR on CD is minimal, even for BR values up to 10 nm/cm.
A testbed for sensory PDP models

The Parallel Distributed Processing model of cognition has provided a number of new algorithms for Artificial Intelligence. It has been especially successful in the areas of computer vision and pattern recognition. This paper describes a general PDP model that can be used for sensory systems including vision, olfactory and language. The model has a number of parameters and we are using it as a testbed to determine the characteristics of these parameters.
Natural algorithms and influence systems

Algorithms offer a rich, expressive language for modelers of biological and social systems. They lay the grounds for numerical simulations and, crucially, provide a powerful framework for their analysis. The new area of natural algorithms may reprise in the life sciences the role differential equations have long played in the physical sciences. For this to happen, however, an "algorithmic calculus" is needed. We discuss what this program entails in the context of influence systems, a broad family of multiagent models arising in social dynamics.
Job analysis 1996: Infection control professional

The Certification Board in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, directed its Test and Administrative Subcommittees to compose a Job Analysis Committee in 1995. This 16-member Job Analysis Committee, in collaboration with Applied Measurement Professionals, Inc, conducted a job analysis survey of infection control professionals in the United States and Canada during 1996. The reassessment of the previous Certification Board in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, task analysis, formation of a job-analysis survey tool, the actual job-analysis process, and its results are described in this article. The previous and newly revised test specification outlines are compared. The Revised Certification Examination for Infection Control offered beginning in 1997 will reflect the efforts of this endeavor.
Bad news, good news: Conversational order in everyday talk and clinical settings

Douglas Maynard , Bad news, good news: Conversational order in everyday talk and clinical settings . University of Chicago Press. 2003, x + pp. 327. Pb. $25.00. Maynard's book seeks to make substantive and methodological contributions: the first to describe the social organization of bad news/good news pronouncements, and the second to address and bridge longstanding methodological schisms between ethnography, conversation analysis (CA), and mainline sociology. Of the eight chapters, three (2, 4, and 7) were previously published and have been modified for the book.
Affective Expression in Normal and Physically Handicapped Infants: Situational and Developmental Effects

Studies of physically handicapped school-aged children report social passivity, inhibition and affective dampening. This paper examines the expression of positive and negative affect in both healthy and physically handicapped infants ( N = 14 in each group). Handicapped infants had a variety of orthopedic and facial malformations not usually associated with mental retardation. Infants were seen longitudinally at 12, 18 and 24 months, as they interacted in a variety of semistructured situations with their mothers, alone, and with a stranger. Half-hour videotape records were examined, for each child, for the overt expression of positive and negative affect during each 10-second coding interval. A three-way Repeated Measures ANOVA (Group by Situation by Age) revealed that the expression of positive emotion varied systematically across situation for both groups of toddlers. Handicapped infants, across their second year, were increasingly unwilling to engage a stranger in a positive affective exchange. Handicapped infants also showed a delay, relative to normals, in their ability to control expression of distress during maternal separation. In other words, diminished sociability in physically handicapped children occurs earlier than has previously been reported. Possible contributors are discussed.
Psychiatric comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder among older adults in the United States: results from wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions

Objectives To present findings on the prevalence, correlates, and psychiatric comorbidity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and partial PTSD in a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Face-to-face interviews with 9,463 adults age 60 years and older in the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Measurements Sociodemographic correlates; worst stressful experiences; comorbid lifetime mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders; psychosocial functioning; and suicide attempts. Results Lifetime prevalences ± standard errors of PTSD and partial PTSD were 4.5% ± 0.25 and 5.5% ± 0.27, respectively. Rates were higher in women (5.7% ± 0.37 and 6.5% ± 0.39) than in men (3.1% ± 0.31 and 4.3% ± 0.37). Older adults with PTSD most frequently identified unexpected death of someone close, serious illness or injury to someone close, and their own serious or life-threatening illness as their worst stressful events. Older adults exposed to trauma but without full or partial PTSD and respondents with partial PTSD most often identified unexpected death of someone close, serious illness or injury to someone close, and indirect experience of 9/11 as their worst events. PTSD was associated with elevated odds of lifetime mood, anxiety, drug use, and borderline and narcissistic personality disorders and decreased psychosocial functioning. Partial PTSD was associated with elevated odds of mood, anxiety, and narcissistic and schizotypal personality disorders and poorer psychosocial functioning relative to older adults exposed to trauma but without full or partial PTSD. Conclusions PTSD among older adults in the United States is slightly more prevalent than previously reported and is associated with considerable psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial dysfunction. Partial PTSD is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity, particularly with mood and other anxiety disorders.
Synergistic Effects of Superbasic Catalysts on the Selective Formation of Acrylonitrile via Oxidative Methylation of Acetonitrile with Methane

Abstract The oxidative methylation of acetonitrile with methane to acrylonitrile occurs more actively and selectively over bialkali promoted CaO catalysts than over any monoalkali promoted system. The most effective catalytic systems are obtained with Li A + Cs A , Na A + Cs A , or K A + Cs A (A = SO 2− 4 , OH − , C1 − , CH 3 COO − , CO 2− 3 , or NO − 3 ) supported on CaO, containing total alkali loadings of 10 mol% with equal molar amounts of both alkalis. At 750°C, under atmospheric pressure, at CH 4 : O 2 : CH 3 CN : He partial pressure ratios of 5.0 : 1.0 : 1.5 : 6.5, and at a space velocity of 15,000 cm 3 g −1 V −1 , the highest selectivity to acrylonitrile (70.0 mol%) and yield (25%) are obtained over (5 mol% Na + + 5 mol% Cs + )/ CaO (prepared from the sulfate precursors). Any bialkali-promoted system containing Rb was less effective, whereas the Li-containing systems, though active initially, gradually lost the activity due to its volatility. The performances of the effective bialkali systems, after an initial increase, remained almost unchanged for a period of 60 h. In contrast, the stability of any monoalkali promoted system with time-on-stream was very low and the maximum initial yield of acrylonitrile was only 11.5% under the aforementioned conditions. The synergistic increase in the catalytic performance of the bialkali promoted CaO is reflected in the synergistic increase of the surface basicity (leading to superbasicity) caused by the high enrichment of the surface layer with the alkali ions. The relationship between the catalytic performances and the physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts revealed by XPS, AAS, and basicity measurements is explored.
Uncertainty analysis of the Carson River mercury transport model

Abstract Three computer models developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (RIVMOD, WASP5 and MERC4) are used to simulate mercury transport and fate within the Carson River in west-central Nevada. While the transport of inorganic mercury is well understood and model prediction occurs with reasonable accuracy, it is recognized that the processes affecting methylmercury (MeHg) fate are more complicated. During January 1997 an extreme flood occurred which caused significant geomorphic change to the system. Following this flood, model error concerning MeHg water column concentrations increased substantially. This study addresses uncertainty in predicting water column MeHg in the hope of delineating change to MeHg transport caused by the 1997 flood. A preliminary sensitivity analysis shows that both the diffusion rate and the methylation/demethylation ratio ( M / D ) significantly affect MeHg water column concentrations, particularly during low discharge. It is discovered that the measured upper limit of M / D must be constrained from 0.26 to 0.065 to ensure accurate model calibration. A more comprehensive Monte Carlo analysis is conducted to test error propagation associated with uncertainty in methylation and demethylation rate coefficients. Methylation and demethylation rate assignments are assumed to vary independently with each parameter being characterized by a uniform distribution thereby reflecting user decision uncertainty. Monte Carlo results show that model uncertainty, defined by the 90% confidence interval (CI), in the lower portions of the Carson River converges upon 1.9 and 11.6 ng/l for steady discharges of 28.3 m 3 /s (1000 ft 3 /s) and 1.42 m 3 /s (50 ft 3 /s), respectively. The 90% CI encompasses the scatter of the observed data points, proving that it is not possible to suggest, with a high degree of statistical certainty, a significant change has occurred to MeHg transport and fate as a result of the 1997 flood.
Tests of the orbital stasis and orbital following models

Abstract Two zeroth-order models of the orbital motion (i.e. the change in orbital direction) that occurs when a molecule bends have been proposed, namely orbital following and orbital stasis. These models are tested by comparing calculated parameters, which characterize the bending potential and electronic charge distribution, with experimental values for H2O, NH3, and H2S. The available data, although somewhat limited, show a moderate-to-strong preference for orbital stasis. Additional tests are suggested.
PHOSPHOGLYCERATES AND PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION : IDENTIFICATION OF A PROTEIN SUBSTRATE AS GLUCOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE

We have previously reported the occurrence of two endogenous protein phosphorylation systems in mammalian brain that are enhanced in the presence of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and ATP. We present here a study of one of these systems, the phosphorylation of the 72-kDa protein (3PG-PP72). This system was separated into the substrate, 3PG-PP72, and a kinase by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydroxyapatite chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction HPLC. The substrate protein was shown to be directly phosphorylated with [1-32P]1,3-bisphosphoglycerate [( 1-32P]1,3BPG) with an apparent Km of 1.1 nM. Nonradioactive 1,3BPG inhibited 32P incorporation in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and 3PG. Phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analyses indicated that the site of phosphorylation of 3PG-PP72 observed in the presence of 3PG and ATP is a serine residue identical to that observed with [1-32P]1,3BPG. Moreover, [32P]phosphate incorporated into 3PG-PP72 in the presence of 3PG and ATP was removed by subsequent incubation with glucose-1-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate. Finally, 3PG-PP72 showed chromatographic behaviors identical to those of glucose-1,6-bisphosphate (G1,6P2) synthetase. Based upon these observations, we conclude that 3PG-PP72 is G1,6P2 synthetase and that it is phosphorylated directly by 1,3BPG, which is formed from 3PG and ATP by 3PG kinase present in a crude 3PG-PP72 preparation.
Viewing Physique Slides: Affective Responses of Women at High and Low Drive for Thinness

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the affective responses of media exposure for 30 university women who were either high or low on drive for thinness (DT). Participants completed three laboratory visits where they viewed nonphysique-control, self-physique, and model-physique slides. For each visit, the participants completed pre-, immediately post-, and four hourly ecological momentary post-slide viewing assessments of positive and negative affect, and they also indicated their level of pleasure during slide viewing. It was found that the high-DT group, compared to the low-DT group, reported: (a) less pleasure while viewing the self slides, (b) higher negative affect immediately after viewing the self slides, and (c) higher negative affect one and two hours after viewing the model slides. Finally, positive affect, when collapsed across group and condition, was lowest at the one-hour post-assessment. No other differences were significant. The findings that self- and model-slides had negativ...
ON HOMOGENEOUSLY TRACEABLE NONHAMILTONIAN GRAPHS

Summary A graph G is homogeneously traceable if for every vertex v of G there exists a hamiltonian path with initial vertex v. It is shown that there exists a homogeneously traceable nonhamiltonian graph of order p, for all positive integers p except for 3 ≤p≤ 8. Further, if G is a homogeneously traceable nonhamiltonian graph of order p, then {5p/4} is a sharp lower bound on the size of G and the maximum degree of G is at most p– 4 for p≥ 9.
Agency in Emotions Notes on Three Perspectives from an Anthropologist’s Eye

These three contributions to the study of emotions offer occasionally overlapping, often very different, perspectives on what emotions are, how we can study them and why it is important to do so. While viewing emotions as responses to change, the three authors display different degrees of certitude about their normative value, the role of the social in their construction or display, and the possibility to observe them in the first place. In Ben-Ze’ev the value of emotions is assumed and the role of the observer is to describe them in their constitutive elements. While Nussbaum similarly views emotions as coping mechanisms, she joins Chodorow in enlarging the parameters of analysis to include the degree of reliability of different observational parameters and experiential stances. To an anthropologist’s eye, the interest of these approaches rests on their silent assumptions regarding what constitutes normalcy; whether the personal and the social are discrete or inextricable experiences; and what agency may...
The Geometric Model for Perceived Roughness Applies to Virtual Textures

A magnetic levitation haptic device (MLHD) is used to simulate a dithered textured surface made up of conical elements. A constraint surface algorithm allows the cone size, shape, mean inter-element spacing and probe size, to be varied in realtime. The high motion bandwidth, fine spatial resolution and high stiffness of the MLHD produce virtual textures with roughness perception characteristics comparable to geometrically similar real textures. Human subjects use virtual spherical probes of four different sizes to explore textures over a range of element spacings. Roughness magnitude estimates show that roughness initially increases as spacing increases. Maximum roughness is perceived at a spacing governed by the probe-texture geometry. Roughness then decreases as spacing continues to increase. There is an approximately quadratic relationship between texture and spacing. The shape of the magnitude estimation curve, and the texture spacing at which maximum roughness for virtual dithered textures is felt, are similar to those found in real textures having the same geometry. A static geometric model approximately predicts these maxima with consistent underestimation. By incorporating probe velocity into the geometric model, this underestimation can be explained and substantially reduced. Based on these results it is concluded that a haptic device with sufficiently high resolution and bandwidth can be used to accurately generate virtual textures which are perceptually similar in roughness to real textures.
Impact of a Proactive Approach to Improve End-of-Life Care in a Medical ICU*

Study objectives To assess the impact of a proactive case finding approach to end-of-life care for critically ill patients experiencing global cerebral ischemia (GCI) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and multiple organ system failure (MOSF) in comparison to historical control subjects. Design Comparative study of retrospective and prospective cohorts. Setting Medical ICU of a university hospital. Interventions Patterns of end-of life care for patients with MOSF and GCI obtained through a retrospective chart review were compared to proactive case finding facilitated by the inpatient palliative care service. Interventions included identification of patient's advance directives or preferences about end-of life care, if any; assistance with discussion of the prognosis and treatment options with patients or their surrogates; and implementation of palliative care strategies when treatment goals changed to a focus on comfort measures. Results Although our retrospective data demonstrated a high percentage of do-not-resuscitate decisions for the patients under investigation, a considerable time lag elapsed between identification of the poor prognosis and the establishment of end-of-life treatment goals (4.7 ± 2.4 days and 3.5 ± 0.5 days for patients with MOSF and GCI, respectively [mean ± SE]). The proactive case finding approach decreased hospital length of stay (mean, 20.6 ± 4.1 days vs 15.1 ± 2.5 days and 8.6 ± 1.6 days vs 4.7 ± 0.6 days for MOSF and GCI patients, respectively; p=0.063 and Conclusions Proactive interventions from a palliative care consultant within this subset of patients decreased the use of nonbeneficial resources and avoided protracted dying.
Effects of Anticholinergics and β-agonists in COPD

To the Editor:—In a meta-analysis, Dr. Saltpeter and her colleagues reported an association between maintenance use of inhaled β2-agonists for COPD and increased risk of respiratory death.1 This result is highly dependent on a single multicenter study of Calverley et al.,2,3 which compared therapeutic outcomes and adverse events in 1,022 patients with COPD who were randomized to receive treatment for 12 months with formoterol, budesonide, the combination of these 2 inhaled drugs, or placebo. The numbers of deaths in these four treatment groups were 14, 6, 5, and 5, respectively.3 Calverley et al. reported that “most of the deaths were events related to COPD and only a few were related to cardiovascular events.” However, no notable increase in other respiratory adverse events was associated with formoterol used alone or in combination with budesonide compared to the other 2 treatment regimens. If formoterol caused or contributed to excess respiratory deaths in this study, the mechanism might have been an idiosyncratic reaction, heretofore unrecognized, that may not occur in patients who receive formoterol in combination with budesonide. The idiosyncratic reaction might not be shared by other β2-agonists. Thus, additional information regarding the underlying disease severity and the timing and apparent cause of death during the study by Calverley et al. would be of considerable interest. Calverley et al.4 have also recently published a multicenter study that reported outcomes for 1,465 COPD patients who received either salmeterol, fluticasone, the combination of the 2, or placebo for 12 months. Perhaps because deaths were not reported as an adverse outcome in this study, it was not included in the meta-analysis performed by Saltpeter and colleagues. If available, information on deaths during this study would also be of interest.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor modulates glomerular function and structure by distinct mechanisms

Rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis were given either angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (Ang IIRA), or no treatment for four weeks and were then monitored for an additional 12 weeks. In untreated PAN rats, proteinuria reached a maximum at two weeks (271 +/- 38 mg/day). Proteinuria in this early phase was markedly attenuated by ACEI (96 +/- 35 mg/day, P < 0.01), but unaffected by Ang IIRA (306 +/- 34 mg/day). Acute administration of a bradykinin antagonist substantially dampened the antiproteinuric effect of ACEI in PAN rats, resulting in an average increase in proteinuria of 41 +/- 14% in ACEI-treated rats (P < 0.05, ACEI vs. ACEI+bradykinin antagonist). Acute phase therapy for four weeks with ACEI or Ang IIRA did not attenuate subsequent glomerulosclerosis. Separate groups of PAN rats with similar degree of glomerulosclerosis, assessed at 16 weeks after PAN by renal biopsy, were then treated as follows: ACEI [50 mg/liter drinking water (DW), or 200 mg/liter DW], Ang IIRA (20 mg/liter DW, or 80 mg/liter DW) or no treatment, starting after renal biopsy. Whereas glomerulosclerosis increased from biopsy to autopsy at 28 weeks with emergence of low grade proteinuria in untreated PAN rats, proteinuria was absent and glomerulosclerosis was ameliorated or reversed in ACEI and Ang IIRA groups. The results indicate that the early phase proteinuria of PAN nephropathy is independent of Ang II, and that the antiproteinuric effect of ACEI is, at least in part, channeled through activation of bradykinin, whereas the subsequent progression of glomerulosclerosis is caused by a mechanism involving endogenous Ang II actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs

Abstract A knowledge of the determinants of the plasma concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs is important because variation in plasma levels is often greater than the desired therapeutic range. The basic principles of pharmacokinetics are outlined and their application to the design of dosage regimens descrlbed. These principles are Illustrated In a review of the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its congeners, procalnamide and its active metabolite (N-acetylprocainamide), quinidine, disopyramide, phenytoin and propranolol, with particular emphasis on the factors that contribute to altered disposition.
The Proper Forcing Axiom, Prikry forcing, and the Singular Cardinals Hypothesis

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present some results which suggest that the Singular Cardinals Hypothesis follows from the Proper Forcing Axiom. What will be proved is that a form of simultaneous reflection follows from the Set Mapping Reflection Principle, a consequence of PFA. While the results fall short of showing that MRP implies SCH, it will be shown that MRP implies that if SCH fails first at κ then every stationary subset of S κ + ω = { α κ + : cf ( α ) = ω } reflects. It will also be demonstrated that MRP always fails in a generic extension by Prikry forcing.
Picosecond dynamics of G-protein coupled receptor activation in rhodopsin from time-resolved UV resonance Raman spectroscopy.

The protein response to retinal chromophore isomerization in the visual pigment rhodopsin is studied using picosecond time-resolved UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. High signal-to-noise Raman spectra are obtained using a 1 kHz Ti:Sapphire laser apparatus that provides <3 ps visible (466 nm) pump and UV (233 nm) probe pulses. When there is no time delay between the pump and probe events, tryptophan modes W18, W16, and W3 exhibit decreased Raman scattering intensity. At longer pump−probe time delays of +5 and +20 ps, both tryptophan (W18, W16, W3, and W1) and tyrosine (Y1 + 2xY16a, Y7a, Y8a) peak intensities drop by up to 3%. These intensity changes are attributed to decreased hydrophobicity in the microenvironment near at least one tryptophan and one tyrosine residue that likely arise from weakened interaction with the β-ionone ring of the chromophore following cis-to-trans isomerization. Examination of the crystal structure suggests that W265 and Y268 are responsible for these signals. These UV Raman spec...
Potential Radiation Protective Agents III: Mercapto Analogs Related to Ephedrine

Reaction of chlorodeoxypseudoephedrine hydrochloride with sodium thioacetate gave 1-phenyl-1-mercapto-2-( N -methylacetamido) propane. This product was resistant to hydrolysis by aqueous acid or base, but the corresponding disulfide was reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to 1-phenyl-1-mercapto-2-( N -methyl- N -ethylamino) propane. Condensation of chlorodeoxypseudoephedrine hydro-chloride with potassium ethyl xanthate gave 3,4-dimethyl-5-phenylthiazolidine-2-thione, which was also resistant to hydrolysis, but was reduced to 1-phenyl-1-mercapto-2-( N,N -dimethylamino) propane.
The interrelationships between methionine, choline, and sulfate in turkey diets.

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted with turkey poults to determine the interrelationship of choline, sulfate, and methionine. The addition of choline significantly increased growth and the addition of sulfate resulted in numerically improved growth. However, when the two were added in combination a further improvement in growth was obtained, indicating that both nutrients must be in the feed for maximum utilization of the other. These data also indicate that a complete understanding of the interrelationships between methionine-choline and methionine-sulfate cannot be accomplished unless all three are studied simultaneously.
Using DNA Methylation Patterns to Infer Tumor Ancestry

Background Exactly how human tumors grow is uncertain because serial observations are impractical. One approach to reconstruct the histories of individual human cancers is to analyze the current genomic variation between its cells. The greater the variations, on average, the greater the time since the last clonal evolution cycle (“a molecular clock hypothesis”). Here we analyze passenger DNA methylation patterns from opposite sides of 12 primary human colorectal cancers (CRCs) to evaluate whether the variation (pairwise distances between epialleles) is consistent with a single clonal expansion after transformation. Methodology/Principal Findings Data from 12 primary CRCs are compared to epigenomic data simulated under a single clonal expansion for a variety of possible growth scenarios. We find that for many different growth rates, a single clonal expansion can explain the population variation in 11 out of 12 CRCs. In eight CRCs, the cells from different glands are all equally distantly related, and cells sampled from the same tumor half appear no more closely related than cells sampled from opposite tumor halves. In these tumors, growth appears consistent with a single “symmetric” clonal expansion. In three CRCs, the variation in epigenetic distances was different between sides, but this asymmetry could be explained by a single clonal expansion with one region of a tumor having undergone more cell division than the other. The variation in one CRC was complex and inconsistent with a simple single clonal expansion. Conclusions Rather than a series of clonal expansion after transformation, these results suggest that the epigenetic variation of present-day cancer cells in primary CRCs can almost always be explained by a single clonal expansion.
Structure-based design of peptide inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A proteolytic activity

P1'arginine of the substrate SNAP-25 is an absolute requirement for catalysis, and the active site of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is populated by acidic residues. We reasoned that arginine derivatives, and basic peptides might bind to the proteolytic domain, and act as inhibitors. A systematic investigation of amino acids, derivatives and basic peptides provided proofs of our concept. D-arginine, arginine hydroxamate and basic peptides effectively inhibited BoNT/A activity. Optimisation of the peptide inhibitors resulted in a RRGC tetrapeptide displaying 90% inhibition at 20 microM. Our studies provide an inhibitor scaffold for potential development as a BoNT/A drug candidate.
Effects of acetate and bicarbonate dialysate in stable chronic dialysis patients.

Effects of acetate and bicarbonate dialysate in stable chronic dialysis patients. The effects of acetate and bicarbonate dialysate on the biochemical and clinical parameters of 16 stable chronic hemodialysis patients were investigated in a double-blind crossover study. A central delivery system was used for both types of dialysates with identical sodium concentrations (138 mEq/liter) and osmolality in a single-pass dialysate flow. The results indicate that dialysis with bicarbonate leads to significantly less hypoxemia (P ≤ 0.001) and hypotensive episodes (P ≤0.002) than with acetate. Pre- to post-dialysis blood pressure changes were also more marked during acetate dialysis. Older patients with recurrent hypotension on acetate benefit most from bicarbonate dialysate. This group of patients appears to metabolize acetate more slowly and has a significantly lower post-dialysis bicarbonate concentration (P ≤ 0.005) than asymptomatic patients during dialysis with acetate dialysate.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cyclopentadienyliron− and Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum−Gallium Compounds

Reaction of K[CpFe(CO)2] with a large excess of GaCl3 yields [{CpFe(CO)2}Ga(Cl·GaCl3)(μ-Cl)]2 (1), while reactions with 1 and 0.5 equiv yield [{CpFe(CO)2}GaCl2]n (2) and [{CpFe(CO)2}2Ga(μ-Cl)]∞, re...
The Educational R&D Process: Some Insights

AbstractThis article describes some insights of the author based on 20 years experience in using the educational R & D process. Problems and strategies related to planning, developing a prototype, and evaluating educational programs are discussed.
A Search for Utility in New Evaluation Thought

One of the first tasks faced by the professional evaluator agreeing to work with a group of educators is to provide some orientation or review of the current evaluation thinking. Unfortunately, there are not enough evaluators trained in the current concepts to carry the message on a one-to-one basis to every educator trying to find some utility in the new literature. The intent of this article is to supply a brief overview of some of the major thinking in evaluation. It points to what is directly usable for the development of evaluation plans or designs in social action, university, and school-based programs and projects.
Skepticism, objectivity and the aspirations of immanence

Quine's attitude toward external world skepticism remains, to this day, less than completely clear. As one might except, Quine seems to dismiss such concerns in most of his work as beneath refutation. But, occasionally Quine seems to adopt an alternative stance, a stance from which he aims to address the issue, not simply ignore it. This is particularly true of Quine's brief but pithy “Response to Stroud,” wherein he seeks to defend the adequacy of epistemology naturalized qua knowledge theory against Stroud's complaint that epistemology, so reconstituted, ignores perfectly intelligible reason for skeptical disquiet. Herein, I expand upon an interpretive suggestion of Dirk Koppelberg's (which with Quine purports to concur without reservation) upon which the skeptic's challenge is undermined by the incoherence of the notion of “transcendent” objectivity required for its formulation. After some motivational remarks (in Section 1) I try (in Section 2) to reconstruct a Quinean antiskeptical critique making use of Koppelberg's strategic suggestion. In then argue (in Section 3) that this argument is fatally compromised by tensions internal to Quine's own system, tensions arising from the essential nature of Quine's realism. I close (in Section 4) with some morals and conclusions.