cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging for the quantitative assessment of the abdominal and lumbar trunk muscles.

Study Design. Systematic review. Objective. To systematically review the literature on the rater reliability of Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging (RUSI) measurements to assess the morphology of the abdominal and lumbar trunk musculature. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: RUSI is an increasingly popular method of evaluating the morphology and function of muscles with real-time ultrasound. Conclusions regarding the reliability of measurements obtained by RUSI, need to be established before recommending its wider use. Methods. A systematic approach to searching and identifying original research articles reporting quantitative RUSI measurements was undertaken. Reliability data were extracted and methodologic quality was evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. Results. Of the 24 studies included, 6 were deemed to be of high methodologic quality. Among high quality studies, some reported the measurement error associated with performing repeated measurements of the same image (intraimage analysis), whereas others reported the reliability of obtaining and measuring unique RUSI images (interimage analysis). Intraimage measurements demonstrated good intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC: >0.93). Interimage measurements demonstrated good reliability between raters (ICC: >0.90). Interimage, intrarater correlation coefficients were more variable with ICC values ranging from 0.62 to 0.97. Conclusion. The methodologic quality of research investigating the reliability of RUSI to measure the abdominal and lumbar trunk muscles needs to be improved. The majority of results of high quality studies indicate that RUSI has good levels of rater reliability. Improved reliability was observed among studies examining muscle thickness, and when using mean measurement values obtained by more experienced examiners.
Influence of solidification on the microstructural evolution of nickel base weld metal

Abstract The effect of segregation resulting from solidification on the microstructural evolution of nickel base alloys was investigated. Two different groups of alloys were produced to simulate either the Hastelloy C type or the Inconel 625/718 type of alloys. Gravitational thermal analysis welding was performed on these experimental alloys and the extent of microsegregation in the weld metal was determined. Using composition profiles obtained from solidified microstructures, predictions of the phase stability of these microstructures were made based on metal d-level (Md) calculations. The maximum Md values obtained in these microstructures were compared with those critical to the formation of topologically close-packed (TCP) phases such as sigma, P, and Laves. These profiles showed an increase in the Md level in the interdendritic regions which was correlated to the formation of TCP phases.
25 years in space

Smaller and more flexible missions are essential to the revitalization of space science, Freeman J. Dyson told an October 14 symposium commemorating the silver anniversary of the Soviet launch of Sputnik on October 4, 1957. The day-long symposium, jointly sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, was more of a pause for critical examination of the past and for making suggestions about the future than it was a jubilant day of celebration. Dyson was one of three main speakers and six commentators who reflected on the motivations behind the space program, the practical applications of space, and the relationship of science to space research and exploration.
A weak bond/dangling bond conversion model for light-induced defects in a-Si:H

The kinetics of light induced defect generation was investigated by light soaking experiments (i) under constant photocurrent and (ii) at low temperatures and under constant illumination intensity. For constant density of photogenerated carriers, the rate of defect formation decreases as more defects are formed, indicating the existence of a distribution of defect formation energies in the amorphous network.
The Power of Informal Leadership: Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement

Abstract Social movement research has focused on visible formal leadership and, consequently, male leadership. This body of research has also associated leadership predominantly with the movement organization. Little attention has been paid to women's informal leadership, the autonomy and influence of such leaders and movement leadership outside of organizations. This case study of the Cairo, Illinois civil rights movement illustrates the influence of informal women leaders outside of movement organizations, and, secondarily, the ability of leaders to construct new roles, adapting to lifecourse transitions. Hattie Kendrick's extraorganizational leadership motivated movement actors and facilitated movement actions, and epitomizes women's lifelong and dynamic leadership.
The first linkage map of the plant-pathogenic basidiomycete Typhula ishikariensis

Speckled snow mold, caused by the basidiomycete Typhula ishikariensis Imai, is one of the most prominent winter diseases on perennial grasses and cereal crops in the northern hemisphere. The first linkage map of T. ishikariensis was constructed using a population of 93 sibling monokaryons derived from a single dikaryotic hybrid isolate that was created by a hyphal fusion of two monokaryotic parental isolates. The parental isolates were produced from a pathogenic dikaryotic isolate collected from a golf course in Wisconsin. The two parents exhibit significant differences in the production of aerial mycelium and sclerotia, and in their aggressiveness on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). A total of 251 loci were mapped, comprising 89 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 160 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers along with 2 phenotype-based mating-type (MAT) loci. The MAT loci were mapped on linkage groups (LGs) 1 and 7. The markers were evenly distributed over 7 LGs, covering 436 cM with an average marker interval of 2.2 cM. Seven chromosomes were cytologically observed using germ tube bursting methods with acetocarmine staining. This reference linkage map of T. ishikariensis should provide a framework for the mapping of quantitatively controlled traits such as fungal growth, survival, and virulence/avirulence under low temperatures. The map should also be utilized for studying the genome organization of the cold-loving plant-pathogenic Typhula spp. and for comparative genome analysis among fungal taxa.
Musculoskeletal response to exercise is greatest in women with low initial values.

ABSTRACTWINTERS-STONE, K. M., and C. M. SNOW. Musculoskeletal Response to Exercise Is Greatest in Women with Low Initial Values. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 1691–1696, 2003.IntroductionThe “initial values” principle of exercise training states those with the lowest initial values o
Suicide Attempts and Drugs: Contradiction between Method and Intent

A study of 258 suicide attempters presenting themselves at Yale-New Haven Hospital Emergency Room during a six-month period revealed that the majority of attempts were by pill ingestion. A comparison made with attempt methods revealed that attempts by pill overdose (N= 205) were the most impulsive, had the least intent to kill, and were motivated towards obtaining attention from significant others. Attempts by violent methods (N=53), such as wrist-cutting, shooting or hanging, were more planned, had higher intent to kill, and these attempters expressed more self-directed hostility. While the patients taking overdoses had theleast intent to kill themselves, the medical effects of their attempts weremost serious. The treatment disposition indicated that the pill ingestors more often had medical consequences of the attempt and less often were considered serious psychiatric problems, while the opposite was true of the attempters using other methods. Education about the potential hazards of the medications and the effects of combining medications is seriously needed.
PREDICTION AND INFERENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

The calculus of probability constitutes an elegant formal model for the various questions of prediction in criminology. However, the use of this model has been criticized for its failure to deal with individual instances vis-a-vis group phenomena. It has been argued that since probability is a function of classes or sequence of events, no meaning can be attached to the probability of a single event. This paper presents a logical analysis of this aspect of probability and prediction. The proposal of logical probability is suggested as a meaningful explication of the prediction and the probability of a single event.
Interaction of morphological and phonological markedness in Russian genitive plural allomorphy

This paper incorporates morphological markedness constraints into a framework in which morphology and phonology directly interact, modeled with interleaving of morphological and phonological constraints in serial OT (Wolf 2008, 2009). Morphological markedness constraints are constraints against realization (or spell-out) of morphologically marked feature sets. The empirical data motivating this proposal mainly come from the case-study of Russian genitive plural allomorphy, which is analyzed as involving tradeoffs between morphological markedness and other constraints in the grammar, including the purely phonological ones. This proposal explains the otherwise apparently arbitrary and unnatural transderivational dependency between the nominative singular and the genitive plural in Russian. Additionally, this account of the genitive plural allomorphy provides a unified explanation for several seemingly exceptional sub-generalizations which upon examining lexical statistics turn out to be regular. Implications and predictions of an interleaved model with morphological markedness constraints are discussed throughout the article.
The heavy metal cadmium induces valosin-containing protein (VCP)-mediated aggresome formation

Cadmium (Cd2+) is a heavy metal ion known to have a long biological half-life in humans. Accumulating evidence shows that exposure to Cd2+ is associated with neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the retention of ubiquitinated and misfolded proteins in the lesions. Here, we report that Cd2+ directly induces the formation of protein inclusion bodies in cells. The protein inclusion body is an aggresome, a major organelle for collecting ubiquitinated or misfolded proteins. Our results show that aggresomes are enriched in the detergent-insoluble fraction of Cd2+-treated cell lysates. Proteomic analysis identified 145 proteins in the aggresome-enriched fractions. One of the proteins is the highly conserved valosin-containing protein (VCP), which has been shown to colocalize with aggresomes and bind ubiquitinated proteins through its N domain (#1-200). Our subsequent examination of VCP's role in the formation of aggresomes induced by Cd2+ indicates that the C-terminal tail (#780-806) of VCP interacts with histone deacetylase HDAC6, a mediator for aggresome formation, suggesting that VCP participates in transporting ubiquitinated proteins to aggresomes. This function of VCP is impaired by inhibition of the deacetylase activity of HDAC6 or by over-expression of VCP mutants that do not bind ubiquitinated proteins or HDAC6. Our results indicate that Cd2+ induces the formation of protein inclusion bodies by promoting the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in aggresomes through VCP and HDAC6. Our delineation of the role of VCP in regulating cell responses to ubiquitinated proteins has important implications for understanding Cd2+ toxicity and associated diseases.
Genomic imprinting and epigenetic reprogramming: Unearthing the garden of forking paths

Genomic imprinting, an epigenetic form of gene regulation, determines the parent-dependent gene expression of marked or imprinted genes during gametogenesis and embryonic development. Imprinting involves differential allele DNA methylation in one sex cell lineage but not in the other. Egg and sperm each contributes the same DNA sequences to the zygote but epigenetic imprinting of a subset of genes determines that only one of the parent alleles are expressed relative to the parental origin. Primordial germ cells inherit biallelically imprinted genes from maternal and paternal origin and erase their imprints to start de novo monoallelic imprinting during gametogenesis. Epigenetic paternalization is an ongoing process in the mitotically-dividing spermatogonial stem cell and derived meiotically-dividing spermatocyte progeny to endow sperm with imprinted alleles. Epigenetic maternalization is restricted to the oocyte growth phase of folliculogenesis and is unrelated to DNA replication since it takes place while the oocyte remains in the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I. Sperm and oocyte genomic methylation patterns depend on the activity of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt). A variant of Dnmt1, designated Dnmt1o, accumulates in oocyte nuclei during the follicular growth phase. Dnmt3L, an isoform of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, but lacking enzymatic activity, interacts with Dnmt2a and Dnmt3b and is required for spermatogenesis. In the mouse early zygote, the male pronucleus is demethylated within 4 h of fertilization. Global demethylation takes place gradually up to the morula stage. In the blastocyst, de novo methylation is reestablished in the inner cell mass but not in the trophectoderm. Both the significance of genomic imprinting and the severe developmental defects caused by disrupted Dnmt activity, point to a need for a better understanding of the causes of low cloning efficiency by somatic nuclear transfer to enucleated ovulated oocyte. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 269–272, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The taphonomy of violence: Recognizing variation in disarticulated skeletal assemblages.

Abstract The identification of violence and trauma in an archaeological context requires a nuanced and detailed analysis of material culture and human remains. This paper focuses on sharp-force trauma data from individual skeletal elements for the Ancestral Pueblo site Penasco Blanco (n = 1301) and the epiclassic site La Quemada (n = 800). The material from these assemblages exhibits examples of bone damage and modification including blunt and sharp force trauma, pre- and peri-mortem modification, breakage, chopping, burning, and dismemberment. Using a methodology that combines microscopy of cutmarks (Penasco Blanco [n = 29] and La Quemada [n = 623]) with taphonomic reconstruction of each category of bone damage, the combined empirical datasets suggest several of the current explanatory hypotheses cannot be accepted, e.g., cannibalism for the Ancestral Pueblo and violent trauma for all of the La Quemada remains. By examining the maximum width and depth of each cutmark in cross-section along with tool use and pattern recognition of the trauma, I suggest a series of alternative hypotheses (postmortem processing for Penasco Blanco; ancestor veneration and mutilation at La Quemada). It is highly possible that some of the disarticulated remains have nothing to do with violence and everything to do with burial rites, veneration, or consecration.
An optimal XBT‐based monitoring system for the South Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 34°S

The South Atlantic is an important pathway for the interbasin exchanges of heat and freshwater with strong influence on the global meridional overturning stability and variability. Along the 34°S parallel, a quarterly, high-resolution XBT transect (AX18) samples the temperature structure in the upper ocean. The AX18 transect has been shown to be a useful component of a meridional overturning monitoring system of the region. However, a feasible, cost-effective design for an XBT-based system has not yet been developed. Here we use a high-resolution ocean assimilation product to simulate an XBT-based observational system across the South Atlantic. The sensitivity of the meridional heat transport, meridional overturning circulation, and geostrophic velocities to key observational and methodological assumptions is studied. Key assumptions taken into account are horizontal and temporal sampling of the transect, salinity, and deep temperature inference, as well as the level of reference for geostrophic velocities. With the current sampling strategy, the largest errors in the meridional overturning and heat transport estimations are the reference (barotropic) velocity and the western boundary resolution. We show how altimetry can be used along with hydrography to resolve the barotropic component of the flow. We use the results obtained by the state estimation under observational assumptions to make recommendations for potential improvements in the AX18 transect implementation.
Tregs are dysfunctional in vivo in a spontaneous murine model of Crohn's disease

Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, Tregs from Crohn's disease (CD) patients are increased in number and function normally in vitro. To clarify this disparity, we studied Treg function in vivo using a spontaneous model of CD-like ileitis. We first administered anti-CD25-depleting antibodies to SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice to assess ileitis; mesenteric lymph node cells were then transferred into SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) recipients to induce colitis. CD25 depletion increased the severity of both spontaneous ileitis and adoptively transferred colitis. Interestingly, a second transfer of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from untreated AKR control mice was able to ameliorate the induced colitis, whereas CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from untreated SAMP mice were not, suggesting a functional abnormality in SAMP Tregs. Anti-CD25 treatment in SAMP mice also induced proliferation of CD25(-)Foxp3(+) Tregs, which had a proinflammatory intestinal T helper type 1/ T helper type 2 (Th1/Th2) effector phenotype. These studies demonstrate Treg dysfunction in a spontaneous model of CD-like ileitis.
University of Miami Transcultural Nursing Research Institute

The University of Miami Transcultural Nursing Research Institute was established just three years ago by a charitable trust from the William R. Ryan estate. Created to promote the art and science of nursing through culturally focused research, the Institute is a logical outgrowth of the School of Nursing curriculum which emphasizes culture as its organizing framework, from undergraduate education through Master's specialization and into the Ph.D. program.
Angiostatin directly inhibits human prostate tumor cell invasion by blocking plasminogen binding to its cellular receptor, CD26

Previous studies demonstrate that one of the six plasminogen type 2 glycoforms, plasminogen 2epsilon, enhances invasiveness of the 1-LN human prostate tumor cell line in an in vitro model. Binding of plasminogen 2epsilon to CD26 on the cell surface induces a Ca(2+) signaling cascade which stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, required by these cells to invade Matrigel. We now report that angiostatin, a fragment derived from plasminogen which prevents endothelial cell proliferation, is also a potent, direct inhibitor of 1-LN tumor cell invasiveness. We studied the effect of individual plasminogen 2 glycoform-derived angiostatins and found that only angiostatin 2epsilon binds to CD26 on the surface of 1-LN cells at a site also recognized by plasminogen 2epsilon. As a result, the plasminogen 2epsilon-induced Ca(2+) signaling cascade is inhibited, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 is suppressed, and invasion of Matrigel by 1-LN cells is blocked. Angiostatin 2epsilon is also the only angiostatin glycoform which is able to inhibit in vitro endothelial cell proliferation and tubule formation. These studies suggest that, in addition to its ability to inhibit tumor vascularization, angiostatin 2epsilon may also directly block tumor metastasis.
Asexual and sexual developments of Neurospora crassa on natural substrata

Abstract Concerted efforts by many researchers over a century made Neurospora crassa an attractive fungus to address many biological questions. However, we have a relatively poor knowledge of the organism’s natural habitat and its life history. In an effort to expand our understanding of the life history of N. crassa , a series of experiments has been performed using natural substrata. Following wild fire, N. crassa can colonize woody substrata and follow different developmental processes depending on their natural habitats. Between the two potential inocula tested in this study, the indigenous ascospores could be more likely inoculum than the air-borne conidia for colonization after wild fire. It is also confirmed that light-perception is a fitness trait in nature. The experimental approach in this report suggests that N. crassa could be a useful organism to rigorously test ecological and evolutionary questions.
Consider Vocational-Technical Education for Post-Secondary Education

(2004). Consider Vocational-Technical Education for Post-Secondary Education. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 261-263.
From Association to Causation in Observational Studies: The Role of Tests of Strongly Ignorable Treatment Assignment

Abstract If treatment assignment is strongly ignorable, then adjustment for observed covariates is sufficient to produce consistent estimates of treatment effects in observational studies. A general approach to testing this critical assumption is developed and applied to a study of the effects of nuclear fallout on the risk of childhood leukemia. R.A. Fisher's advice on the interpretation of observational studies was “Make your theories elaborate”; formally, make causal theories sufficiently detailed that, under the theory, strongly ignorable assignment has testable consequences.
What do Monte Carlo simulations tell us about compressible Ising models

Monte Carlo simulations have begun to illuminate the nature of phase transitions and universality classes for compressible Ising models. A comprehensive analysis of a Landau-Ginsburg Wilson hamiltonian for systems with elastic degrees of freedom predicts that there should be four cases with different behavior, depending upon symmetries and thermodynamic constraints. We shall describe the results of careful Monte Carlo simulations for a simple compressible Ising model that can be easily modified to correspond to each of the four cases.
Uniform distribution of integral points on 3-dimensional spheres via modular forms

Abstract The problem of the asymptotic distribution of integral points on a sequence of expanding spheres x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = m i [first penetrated by Linnik with his ergodic method] is shown to be attackable by analytic methods, especially via the theory of modular forms. Success depends on a new estimate for the Fourier coeff. of cusp forms of half integral dimension on the theta group, which we obtain after improving upon previously known estimates of the associated Kloostermann sums.
Atomic structure of Al-GaAs(110) interfaces.

Atomic structures of Al on GaAs(110) are studied by ab initio molecular dynamics for coverages of 1/8 to 1 monolayer (ML). A single chemisorbed Al atom resides at the center of a triangle of one Ga and two As atoms. Al dimers have very long bond lengths and bind due to substrate-mediated interactions. Epitaxial growth of 1 ML of Al is less stable than the formation of islands. Preformed clusters bond strongly to the substrate, which shows that the absence of Fermi-level pinning in samples grown by cluster deposition is due to suppression of reactivity rather than lack of interactions
Diet‐switching experiments show rapid accumulation and preferential retention of highly unsaturated fatty acids in Daphnia

Zooplankton transfer ecologically important fatty acids (FA) from their diets to upper trophic levels. We used diet-switching experiments with 13 C-labeled food sources to determine the time scale at which dietary uptake is manifested in the FA profi les of Daphnia magna . Daphnia dramatically shifted their FA composition in response to diet change within only four days, however Daphnia switched from a high quality (i.e. Cryptomonas ) to a moderate quality ( Scenedesmus ) diet retained the most physiologically important FA from their original diet source even after 14 days. In particular, Daphnia exhibited long-term retention of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5 ω 3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4 ω 6) when switched from Cryptomonas to Scenedesmus . Similarly, when switched from Scenedesmus to Cryptomonas , Daphnia took up a high proportion of EPA and ARA after only two days. Th e phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) fraction in Daphnia was preferentially enriched with stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1 ω 9), and linoleic acid (LIN; 18:2 ω 6). In contrast with studies of marine copepods, dietary FA also strongly aff ected the PLFA composition (structural lipids) of Daphnia . Results of δ 13 C signatures of individual FA provided evidence of elongation and desaturation of α -linolenic (ALA; 18:3 ω 3) or stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 ω 3) to EPA 10 days after a diet switch to EPA-defi cient Scenedesmus . Diff erences in the ARA content of Daphnia fed Cryptomonas and Scenedesmus suggest Daphnia consuming Cryptomonas synthesized ARA via retroconversion of ω 6-docosapentaenoic acid ( ω 6-DPA; 22:5 ω 6). Daphnia preferentially accumulate and retain, as well as bioconvert, those FA that are also most physiologically important for fi sh production. Our results also indicate Daphnia FA composition responds to their diet on a short temporal scale and analyses of lipid biomarkers in zooplankton provide strong insights into the food sources that support their production.
A primitive-based 3D object recognition system

An intermediate-level knowledge-based system for decomposing segmented data into three-dimensional primitives was developed to create an approximate three-dimensional description of the real world scene from a single two-dimensional perspective view. A knowledge-based approach was also developed for high-level primitive-based matching of three-dimensional objects. Both the intermediate-level decomposition and the high-level interpretation are based on the structural and relational matching; moreover, they are implemented in a frame-based environment.
Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Cold-Shut Formation during Aluminium Alloy Hot-Top Casting

On the basis of conventional hot-top casting, low frequency electromagnetic field was applied in the process of hot-top casting to produce 7050 aluminum alloy ingot, the influences of low frequency electromagnetic field on cold-shut have been studied. The experimental results show that under the effect of the low frequency electromagnetic filed, the depth of cold folding has been decreased, and the as-cast structure has been refined. The reasons for low frequency electromagnetic field improving the surface quality, refining the structure of the ingot were summarized.
Affective illness in children and adolescents: patterns of presentation in relation to pubertal maturation and family history.

Affective illness is now recognized as a common problem in all age groups, and the various patterns have been well documented in adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate the patterns of affective illness in children and determine changes with increasing age and family history. One hundred children/adolescents with affective illness (72 boys and 28 girls; age range 2-20 years; mean age 10 years), who were consecutively referred to the Pediatric Behavioral Neurology Program, Children's Medical Center at Dallas, were evaluated for the pattern and course of affective illness symptoms, family history, and pubertal stage. Seven patterns of affective illness were identified. In the 65 prepubertal children (Tanner stage 1), disorders with hypomanic/manic symptomatology were most common (47/65, 72%): mania (2/65, 3%), hypomania (8/65, 12%), cyclothymia (11/65, 17%), juvenile rapid-cycling bipolar disorder/ultradian cycling bipolar disorder (8/65, 12%), and dysthymia with bipolar features (18/65, 28%). I...
Preliminary Study of a Nonbridge Method for Precision Measurement of Capacitors at Low Frequencies Using Operational Amplifiers and Resistance Standards

High-precision measurements of capacitance and dissipation factor can be made without capacitor standards using active circuits known as gyrators, which are constructed with high-gain operational amplifiers and precision resistors. A theoretical analysis of the technique is carried out here using one particular gyrator circuit. A preliminary experimental study yielded values of dissipation factor, which agreed with measurements made by the manufacturer of the precision capacitors tested to within four parts per million. The theory suggests that with a more carefully engineered instrument, capacitors of 0.01-1 ??F in the 10-1000 Hz range may be measured with an accuracy of the order of 1-2 ppm. The accuracy appears to be determined primarily by the precision of two critical resistors in the gyrator.
THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : III. A UNIT OF MEASURE OF ACTIVITY FOR RADIUM EMANATION.

In this communication we have introduced a unit to express activity or power of a given preparation of radium emanation. We have named this unit the curie-power and defined it as the activity of 1 curie of radium emanation and its radioactive products in equilibrium with it. We suggest the introduction of this unit in order that we may make a more comprehensive statement of our experimental observation. In the radiochemical reaction effected by the radiations (beta and gamma) from radium emanation in which enzymes are inactivated the chemical change in a given system is a function of the product of two variables; namely, the average activity of the radium emanation, P(a), expressed in terms of the unit millicurie-power, and time, t, expressed in hours. This product has the dimensions of energy and is identical with W which is measured in terms of the energy unit, millicurie-power hours.
Textual evidence gathering and analysis

One useful source of evidence for evaluating a candidate answer to a question is a passage that contains the candidate answer and is relevant to the question. In the DeepQA pipeline, we retrieve passages using a novel technique that we call Supporting Evidence Retrieval, in which we perform separate search queries for each candidate answer, in parallel, and include the candidate answer as part of the query. We then score these passages using an assortment of algorithms that use different aspects and relationships of the terms in the question and passage. We provide evidence that our mechanisms for obtaining and scoring passages have a substantial impact on the ability of our question-answering system to answer questions and judge the confidence of the answers.
Melding software processes into software object databases

A model was designed to describe various software objects, such as management data, design documents, and software modules. One of the features of the model is its ability to meld software processes into software object databases. In the model, software objects are divided into two primitive types: relationships and entities. A relationship class declaration consists of a class name associated with a list of attributes, some of which may be declared as flowing across the relationship. Real-world objects are modeled by entities. An entity class declaration consists of a class name associated with attribute and port declarations. Examples are given to show the model's performance. >
Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Porphyromonas gingivalis

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is used during periodontal surgery for the regeneration of periodontal tissue. It consists of the amelogenin fraction of porcine enamel matrix (AMEL) suspended in a vehicle of propylene glycol alginate (PGA). EMD-treated sites appear to heal with less inﬂammation. It has been suggested that antimicrobial properties of EMD might account for improved healing in vivo. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the antibacterial effects of EMD on the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and 2) to establish the component(s) of EMD that are responsible for this effect. Methods: The antimicrobial effects were determined in vitro using the broth dilution assay. P. gingivalis at a starting inoculum of 109 colony forming units/ml was treated with EMD, AMEL, and PGA in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 1, 3, and 24 hours. The CFU/ml of P. gingivalis recovered on enriched Brucella blood agar was determined at 6 and 10 days. Results: EMD (containing AM...
Adaptive methods and rectangular partitioning problem

Partitioning problems for rectangular domains having nonuniform workload for mesh-connected SIMD architectures are discussed. The considered rectangular workloads result from application of adaptive methods to the solution of hyperbolic differential equations on SIMD machines. A new form of the partitioning problem is defined in which sub-meshes of processors are assigned to tasks, each task being a discretized rectangular sub-domain. The work per processor (i.e. the work density) is balanced among the K sub-rectangular meshes of processors. First, a formalization of the 1D problem is given and a O(Kn/sup 3/) time and (Kn/sup 2/) space optimal algorithm is proposed. A more efficient heuristic algorithm is also given for the 1D problem. Finally 2D heuristics are developed by projecting the weights on to a 1D array. >
Impact on Siblings of Children With Intellectual Disability: The Role of Child Behavior Problems

Abstract The impact on everyday life for siblings of children with intellectual disability or typical development was examined. Participants were families of children with intellectual disability (n = 39) or typical development (n = 75). Child behavior problems and sibling impact were assessed at child ages 5, 6, 7, and 8. Results indicate that siblings of children with intellectual disability were consistently reported by mothers and fathers to be more negatively impacted compared to siblings of typically developing children. When child behavior problems were accounted for, however, there was no longer a significant relationship between child intellectual status and sibling impact. For both intellectual disability and typical development groups, cross-lagged panel analyses indicate that early child behavior problems lead to increased sibling negative impact over time.
Communicating memory transactions

Many concurrent programming models enable both transactional memory and message passing. For such models, researchers have built increasingly efficient implementations and defined reasonable correctness criteria, while it remains an open problem to obtain the best of both worlds. We present a programming model that is the first to have opaque transactions, safe asynchronous message passing, and an efficient implementation. Our semantics uses tentative message passing and keeps track of dependencies to enable undo of message passing in case a transaction aborts. We can program communication idioms such as barrier and rendezvous that do not deadlock when used in an atomic block. Our experiments show that our model adds little overhead to pure transactions, and that it is significantly more efficient than Transactional Events. We use a novel definition of safe message passing that may be of independent interest.
Control of Charge Carriers in Molecular Devices

This paper focuses on control of electron transports and switching of molecular devices (Mdevices). To accomplish these objectives one should control motion of charge carriers. Various phenomena and transitions, exhibited by Mdevices (microscopic systems) and microscopic particles, can be utilized only if specific effects, evolutions and events are controlled ensuring device functionality and required capabilities. Concentrating on molecular electronics, our objective is to develop sound and practical solutions. Molecular (nano) electronics is fundamentally distinct and cannot be compared to solid-state microelectroncs due to: (1) Distinct phenomena exhibited and utilized; (2) Device physics and functionality differences; (3) Distinct device-physics centered control principles and mechanisms; etc. We examine dynamics and control of microscopic charge carriers in Mdevices. In particular, for solid and fluidic Mdevices, the controlled motion of electrons, ions and molecules is studied. Applying sound device physics, we report theoretical and applied developments in analysis and control of Mdevice transitions with a primary focusing on: (i) Device physics and analysis consistency; (ii) Device physics and control coherency; (iii) Device physics and technology soundness. It is possible to control the transitions and motion of microscopic particles (charge carriers) thereby control tunneling, transport, characteristics and other evolutions exhibited by Mdevice variables (quantities of interest). The processing and memory transitions at the device level are defined by the device physics, control principles, behavior of microscopic system (device) and particles, etc. The ability to control microscopic particles means guarantying the overall device functionality. We examine the device physics and demonstrate that the device functionality, performance requirements and specified capabilities can be achieved by controlling principles. The results are validated by examining device transitions by applying quantum mechanics. We perform high-fidelity modeling and carry out heterogeneous simulations. The quantifying and qualifying studies are reported.
Connection, Action, and Hope: an Invitation to reclaim the “Spiritual” in Health Care

The complex process of health has, until recently, been understood devoid of a spiritual component. The present article offers a model of health inclusive of spirituality with implications for the health communication field. Amending the assumptive non-relevance of spirituality to individual health, a growing body of scholarship in various disciplines recognizes the ways in which spirituality connects to overall wellness. As a whole, this literature equates spirituality with seeking, striving, and forward movement. Given the potential for health communication scholars to make significant contributions at the forefront of this research, this article proposes a dynamic model of health inclusive not only of the physical and mental, but of the spiritual as well. Recognizing its centrality to wellbeing, the model locates the spiritual self at the center. Specifically, the spiritual self is described as engaging action, hope, and connection to self, others, and/or the universe.
Psychoanalysis as a vocation

Psychoanalysis may be seen as caught between two different trends of disenchanted modernity: rationalization, which leads to the framing of our work as a professional discipline subordinate to the dictates of instrumental rationality, and self‐analysis, which frees us from the dictates of orthodoxy, inequality, and authority. But a further difficulty lies within the aspect of enlightenment, which has not only provided a greater role for our subjectivity but disguised relations of authority, conformity, and objectiflcation in our work. Psychoanalysis has objectified the other while idealizing its knowledge as objective, has paradoxically denied the very subjectivity that must serve as the source of the analyst's knowledge. However, the reaction against this condition, which may tend to produce counter‐ideals of not‐knowing and mutuality, must also be carefully deconstructed. Differences in the meaning given by different schools to the use of the analyst's subjectivity suggest that pluralism will make new k...
Black Cohosh for Menopause: Safety and Efficacy Issues and Future Perspectives:

Black cohosh [Actaea racemosa L., formerly Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.] is an herbal medicine that has been used in the United States for over 100 years for the treatment of many conditions, including menopausal symptoms. To date the clinical data remain controversial. While there are over 20 positive clinical trials, all of the recent NIH-funded studies are negative, casting doubt on its efficacy. In addition, the cases of hepatoxicity are replete, although direct causality to the ingestion of black cohosh has not been demonstrated. In vitro studies have suggested possible chemopreventative effects; however, the in vivo studies to date do not support this hypothesis and suggest enhanced metastases. Unresolved issues of quality, safety, and efficacy remain and until these issues are resolved, the use of black cohosh products cannot be recommended.
Heuristic Selection of Advanced Bases for a Class of Linear Programming Models

This paper describes a procedure for selecting a starting basis for a class of large linear programming models. This class, a generalization of the transportation problem, is the product of a matrix generator described elsewhere. The procedure is joined to the matrix-generator process and uses structural criteria and implicit knowledge of the model being generated to assess the attractiveness of vectors for an optimal solution. Additionally, it allows the analyst to describe, through a set of multipliers, the general features of the expected optimal solution. The multipliers are employed heuristically in conjunction with the other criteria to select a set of vectors, both logical and structural, for submission to a standard mathematical programming computational system as a starting basis. Examples of applications of the basis selector and possible extensions are presented.
The effect of cell culture substrate on cell tolerance to desiccation

The biopreservation sciences have typically relied on the utilization of low temperature to suppress or arrest cellular physiological function in an attempt to extend biological time. Recently, however, several reports have detailed successful anhydrobiotic (dry-state) preservation of cellular systems through the utilization of stabilizing molecules such as trehalose. In this study we investigated the influence of cell-substrate interaction during and following desiccation on cell survival in a human fibroblast model. Cells were dried on differing culture surfaces after allowing 10 min for cell attachment. Desiccated samples (15% residual moisture) were rehydrated and then cultured on differing extracellular matrices. Cells cultured on biologically active matrices (collagen, fibronectin, and laminin) following desiccation resulted in a significant improvement (>15%) in cell survival in comparison with poly-L-lysine and plasma treated tissue culture surfaces. Further, both desiccation and subsequent culture of samples on biologically active surfaces resulted in /spl sim/30% increase in overall cell survival in comparison with standard culture. These findings indicate that cell-substrate interactions may play a substantial role in the success of anhydrobiotic preservation.
Teriparatide: A review

Abstract Background: Traditionally, the management of osteoporosis in men and women has included the use of antiresorptive agents in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. The mechanism of action of teriparatide is unique in that it possesses anabolic properties and therefore builds bone. Since the approval of teriparatide in the United States in 2002, a great deal of interest regarding its use in osteoporosis has developed. Objectives: This article reviews the information available on the new recombinant human parathyroid hormone teriparatide (hPTH [1–34]), including its clinical pharmacology, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, safety profile, potential drug interactions, contraindications and warnings, dosage and administration, and pharmacoeconomics. Methods: The articles included in this review were identified through searches of PubMed and MEDLINE (1966–December 2003) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 2003). Search terms included teriparatide, Forteo, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–34) , and osteoporosis . The references of the identified articles were reviewed for additional publications. Specific product information was also obtained from the manufacturer of teriparatide. Results: Teriparatide has been studied in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, drug-induced osteoporosis (specifically, corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis), and men with osteoporosis. The data available from various clinical trials have shown an increase in both bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) with the use of teriparatide compared with placebo. One study found that women treated with the 20-μg dose and the 40-μg dose were 35% and 40%, respectively, less likely to have one or more new nonvertebral fractures compared with placebo ( P = 0.02). Another study compared the use of daily teriparatide 40-μg injections versus oral daily alendronate. Results showed that the incidence of nonvertebral fractures was significantly lower in the teriparatide group than the alendronate group ( P P P = 0.021) and a 0.9% increase in the 40-μg group ( P Conclusions: Teriparatide has been shown clinically to improve BMD and BMC in postmenopausal women and in men. Because of its anabolic capabilities, teriparatide can be used as an alternative to the traditional therapies that are currently available for the treatment of osteoporosis, with scheduled monitoring for adverse effects such as hypercalcemia and urinary calcium excretion. In 1 study, mild hypercalcemia was seen most often 4 to 6 hours after SC injection of teriparatide before returning to normal. Urinary calcium was observed to increase by 30 mg/d (0.75 mmol/d) with teriparatide.
Is Money Enough?: The Effect of Migrant Remittances on Parental Aspirations and Youth Educational Attainment in Rural Mexico†

This research compares remittance-receiving families in rural Mexico to non-remittance receiving households in terms of how the presence of this financial source relates to variation in parent educ...
Thermal Conductivity of Polycrystalline Materials

A three-dimensional Poisson-Voronoi tessellation model is used to simulate the microstructure of polycrystalline materials consisting of random shape and size grains. The model is used to calculate the thermal conductivity of homogeneous and isotropic polycrystalline materials which may be anisotropic on a microlevel. The calculated thermal conductivity is found to be close to the experimental and the theoretical values. For trigonal, tetragonal, and hexagonal materials, the effective thermal conductivity shows a systematic variation with the change in the anisotropy of the single crystal.
Introduction to this issue: violent and aggressive behaviors in women - part II.

It is clear from a review of the literature that most of the research done on violence and antisocial behavior focuses on male participants. This gender disparity, while understandable, limits our knowledge in this important area of abnormal human behavior. To promote greater discussion of and research into violence and antisocial behavior in women, Behavioral Sciences and the Law published a special issue on the topic in 2011. Given the number and quality of papers submitted for that special issue, we decided to publish a second special issue on the same topic (Part II). Much like the first, this special issue consists of a selection of original research reports representing investigations into diverse aspects of violent and antisocial behavior in women. We believe these studies further advance our knowledge of aggressive behavior in women (and men). We hope the readers of Behavioral Sciences and the Law concur.