cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and device processing of hexagonal boron nitride epilayers for thermal neutron and deep ultraviolet detectors

Solid-state neutron detectors with high performance are highly sought after for the detection of fissile materials. However, direct-conversion neutron detectors based on semiconductors with a measureable efficiency have not been realized. We report here the first successful demonstration of a direct-conversion semiconductor neutron detector with an overall detection efficiency for thermal neutrons of 4% and a charge collection efficiency as high as 83%. The detector is based on a 2.7 μm thick 10B-enriched hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) epitaxial layer. The results represent a significant step towards the realization of practical neutron detectors based on h-BN epilayers. Neutron detectors based on h-BN are expected to possess all the advantages of semiconductor devices including wafer-scale processing, compact size, light weight, and ability to integrate with other functional devices.
What is Economic Income for Corporate Taxation

ABSTRACT: The economic income concept is relevant to numerous corporate tax issues, yet it is not clearly defined. It does not equate to taxable income or financial accounting retained earnings. The concept is required for earnings and profits, accumulated earnings and personal holding company penalty taxes, alternative minimum tax, and adjusted current earnings adjustment. However, it is defined differently under each provision. This complexity is inefficient. This article offers suggestions to improve tax law as it relates to economic income. A uniformly defined measure of economic income, earnings and profits, would be the starting point for all related tax measures, with appropriate adjustments that are consistent with the intent of tax measures. The resulting computation should be codified and provide comprehensive guidance for analysis in one source. Thus, earnings and profits becomes the platform for other provisions that require an economic income proxy, with necessary adjustments to meet specific...
Methylphenidate, cognition, and epilepsy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study

Objective: To evaluate the potential efficacy of immediate-release methylphenidate (MPH) for treating cognitive deficits in epilepsy. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, 3-period crossover study in patients with epilepsy and chronic cognitive complaints comparing the effects of placebo and MPH 10 and 20 mg given 1 week apart. Cognitive outcome was evaluated on the basis of an omnibus z score calculated from performance on the Conners Continuous Performance Test 3 (ability to discriminate between target and nontarget stimuli [d9] and hit reaction time standard deviation), Symbol-Digit Modalities Test, and Medical College of Georgia Paragraph Memory Test. Adverse events and seizure frequency were monitored. An open-label follow-up is reported elsewhere. Results: Thirty-five adult patients with epilepsy participated, of whom 31 finished. Demographics included the following: mean age = 35.3 years (range 20–62 years), 13 men and 18 women, and baseline seizure frequency of 2.8 per month. Epilepsy types were focal (n = 24), generalized (n = 6), or unclassified (n = 1). Mean epilepsy duration was 12.5 years. A statistically significant performance benefit was present at both 10-mg ( p = 0.030) and 20-mg ( p = 0.034) MPH doses. No seizures were associated with either MPH dose. Adverse effects leading to withdrawal included cognitive “fogginess” (n = 1 on 20 mg), anxiety/agitation (n = 1 on 10 mg), and tachycardia (n = 1). One participant was lost to follow-up after one 20-mg dose without side effect. Conclusions: This single-dose study suggests that MPH may be effective in ameliorating some cognitive deficits in patients with epilepsy. Additional studies are required. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02178995. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that single doses of MPH improve cognitive performance on some measures of attention and processing speed in patients with epilepsy and cognitive complaints.
Differential methylation of genes in individuals exposed to maternal diabetes in utero.

Aims/hypothesis Individuals exposed to maternal diabetes in utero are more likely to develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases later in life. This may be partially attributable to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. We performed an epigenome-wide association study to examine whether differential DNA methylation, a major source of epigenetic regulation, can be observed in offspring of mothers with type 2 diabetes during the pregnancy (OMD) compared with offspring of mothers with no diabetes during the pregnancy (OMND).
Exploring How Residents Who Partially Participate in Family Planning Training Determine Their Level of Participation

Abstract Objectives The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that obstetrics and gynecology residency programs provide access to abortion training, though residents may elect to opt out of participating due to religious or moral objections. While clinical benefits of partial participation have previously been explored, our study aimed to explore how residents navigate partial participation in abortion training and determine their limits. Study Design This study was qualitative in nature. Between June 2010 and June 2011, we conducted 26 semi-structured phone interviews with residents who opted out of some or all of the family planning rotation at 19 programs affiliated with The Ryan Residency Training Program. Faculty directors identified eligible residents, or residents self-reported in routine program evaluation. We analyzed data using the conventional content analysis method. Results We interviewed all 26 (46%) of 56 eligible residents willing to be interviewed. Three main categories constituted the general concepts concerning resident decision-making in training participation: (1) variation in timing of when residents determined the extent of participation, (2) a diversity of influences on the residents’ level of participation, and (3) the perception of support or pressure related to their participation decision. Conclusions The findings indicated that residents who partially participate in abortion training at programs with specialized opt-out family planning training weigh many factors when deciding under what circumstances, if any, they will provide abortions and participate in training.
The Case for Preclinical Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics concerns the relationship between drug concentration and intensity of pharmacologic effect. It includes the exploration and assessment of relevant variables such as pharmacologically active metabolites, pharmacodynamic drug interactions and effects of genetics and underlying diseases. Available (though limited) information indicates that drug concentrations required to produce a defined intensity of pharmacologic action are quite similar in man and animals. For such interspecies comparisons, consideration must be given to possible differences in drug-protein binding, active metabolites, kinetics of equilibration of drug between plasma and biophase, and definition of the pharmacologic endpoint. It is now evident that many unanticipated, pharmacodynamically relevant clinical risk factors, including some that have caused a substantial number of deaths, could have been recognized in preclinical pharmacodynamic studies. Examples based on studies in the author’s laboratory include potentiation of barbiturates in renal failure, increased response to benzodiazepines in severe liver disease, increased neurotoxicity of theophylline in renal failure, increased potency of general anesthetics in hemorrhagic hypovolemia, and the steep responder syndrome in warfarin therapy. Preclinical pharmacodynamics provides a means for identifying, in advance of clinical use, potential risk factors and conditions under which drugs may be subject to profound changes in their concentration-effect relationships.
Effective Field Analysis of Segmented Media for Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording

In current perpendicular magnetic recording, a high-recording signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) always accompanies wide track width, limiting the area density capability. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a novel media design with notched anisotropy distribution along the film depth for microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR). The micromagnetic modeling presented in this letter shows that MAMR with the notched medium significantly improves recording SNR while maintaining narrow track width. The effective field analysis clearly demonstrates the advantage of combining MAMR with the notched medium. With the notched medium design, the viability of MAMR for substantial area density capability gain is further enhanced.
Distribution of Prescription Opioid Use Among Privately Insured Adults Without Cancer: United States, 2001 to 2013

Deaths from prescription opioids have sharply increased in the U.S.(1) In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently issued recommendations for opioid prescribing for chronic pain.(2) In light of this and other public health efforts, an integral piece of epidemiologic information about opioid misuse remains unanswered: the distribution of opioid use across the population. This fact has important policy implications. If opioid use is concentrated among a small fraction of patients, this would argue for focused efforts aimed at reducing utilization among these individuals. Conversely, if opioid use is evenly distributed, this would argue for broader, population-wide policies aimed at reducing opioid use.
Targeting Zero Infections in Dialysis: New Devices, Yes, but also Guidelines, Checklists, and a Culture of Safety.

Infection is the second leading cause of death and the number one cause for hospitalization in patients on dialysis.[1][1] The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) reported 29,516 bloodstream infections in outpatient hemodialysis centers in 2014,[2][2] and 77% were considered vascular access–
Spatial cues in hamlet

Many games, films, and virtual environments are very scripted, or use very canned/explicit cut scenes for characters to interact. This requires extensive work for producing new scenes, actions, and other scripts for these environments. It also usually comes with a certain level of expertise in lower-level character control. Current research focuses primarily on the conversational and non-verbal domains of this issue. However, with the growing focus on realistic virtual environments, the spatial domain is becoming a more critical component in creating that realism. Tools and markup languages, such as Behaviour Markup Language (BML), Functional Markup Language (FML), and BML Realizers are making it possible to abstract the control of virtual characters to a certain extent. Unfortunately, these methods still require a level of expertise and time that can be unreasonable. Therefore, we propose a higher level of abstraction to ease this authorial burden for new scenes and actions in games. To do this, we look to another example of scripted activities that has been used for hundreds of years: play-scripts. We took the fully annotated play-script for Gielgud's Hamlet in 1964, along with the recording of the same play to create a baseline using BML. We compared this to the use of just the play-script and some very simplistic natural language processing to block the same act of the same play. The results of this comparison show a savings of over four hours for authoring spatial scripts, while maintaining similar spatial blocking.
Developments in Applications of Remote Sensing to Hydrology

The progress and initial results in the first major part of a stream flow forecasting project, utilizing aircraft (and later space) derived imagery for watersheds of the Tennessee River Valley, are presented. The initial study phase, aimed at assessing the feasibility of applying remote sensed data to prediction of watershed performance, is approximately thirty percent complete. Demonstration of feasibility will lead to a means of prediction of the hydrological behavior of ungaged watersheds using remote sensed data to minimize time, effort, and cost of achieving these predictions, as well as provide good prediction capability with fewer ground instruments in existing installations.
Can one target T-cell ALL?

Abstract Progress in our understanding of the central genes, pathways, and mechanisms in the pathobiology of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has identified key drivers of the disease, opening new opportunities for therapy. Drugs targeting highly prevalent genetic alterations in NOTCH1 and CDKN2A are being explored, and multiple other targets with readily available therapeutic agents, and immunotherapies are being investigated. The molecular basis of T-ALL is reviewed here and potential targets and therapeutic targets discussed.
Was the Clinton Administration Neoliberal

This paper offers a comprehensive consideration of the economic policies of the administration of President William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001) with regard to answering the question "Was it neoliberal?"
On Using Local Ancestry to Characterize the Genetic Architecture of Human Traits: Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Multiethnic or Admixed Populations

Understanding the nature of the genetic regulation of gene expression promises to advance our understanding of the genetic basis of disease. However, the methodological impact of the use of local ancestry on high-dimensional omics analyses, including, most prominently, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping and trait heritability estimation, in admixed populations remains critically underexplored. Here, we develop a statistical framework that characterizes the relationships among the determinants of the genetic architecture of an important class of molecular traits. We provide a computationally efficient approach to local ancestry analysis in eQTL mapping while increasing control of type I and type II error over traditional approaches. Applying our method to National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) datasets, we show that the use of local ancestry can improve eQTL mapping in admixed and multiethnic populations, respectively. We estimate the trait variance explained by ancestry by using local admixture relatedness between individuals. By using simulations of diverse genetic architectures and degrees of confounding, we show improved accuracy in estimating heritability when accounting for local ancestry similarity. Furthermore, we characterize the sparse versus polygenic components of gene expression in admixed individuals. Our study has important methodological implications for genetic analysis of omics traits across a range of genomic contexts, from a single variant to a prioritized region to the entire genome. Our findings highlight the importance of using local ancestry to better characterize the heritability of complex traits and to more accurately map genetic associations.
Surgical cytoreduction restores the antitumor efficacy of a Listeria monocytogenes vaccine in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Abstract Recent studies suggest that immunotherapy may offer a promising treatment strategy for early-stage malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), but advanced tumor burden may limit the efficacy of immunotherapy. Therefore, we hypothesized that surgical cytoreduction could restore the efficacy of vaccine-based immunotherapy for MPM. We developed a murine model of MPM through transduction of a mesothelioma cell line with mesothelin. We used this model to evaluate the efficacy of a Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing mesothelin. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited at four weeks in animals vaccinated two weeks prior to tumor cell inoculation as compared to those given an empty vector control (1371 ± 420 mm 3 versus 405 ± 139 mm 3 ; p 3 versus 309 ± 173 mm 3 ; p 3 versus 1047 ± 258 mm 3 ; p
The truth behind conscientious objection in medicine: a reply to Clarke, Emmerich, Minerva and Saad.

Steve Clarke, Nathan Emmerich, Francesca Minerva and Toni Saad have offered nuanced and insightful commentaries on my paper ‘The truth behind conscientious objection in medicine’.1 I cannot, in this brief response, do justice to all of the objections and suggestions that they have raised. I have tried to focus my response on what I take to be my interlocutors’ main concerns with my Smithian account, with the hope that we can continue the conversation elsewhere. Clarke argues that both Smith and I ‘underestimate the difficulties involved in overcoming the distorting influence of “self-love” on moral judgement’ and ‘fail to recognise how easy it is for us to mistake a self-interested view for an impartial one’.2 His thought is that cognitive bias and ideological commitments will prevent many of us from identifying the standpoint of the impartial spectator and from realising that we are not impartial.1 I agree that successfully adopting the standpoint of the impartial spectator is not an easy task. However, moral reasoning more generally is difficult and susceptible to bias. This does not mean that we should cease such reasoning; rather, we ought to do our best, and we are, at times, successful. Clarke discusses the entrenched attitudes of Antebellum white racists. However, attitudes about slavery have changed, and cognitive biases can change too. In other words, moral progress is possible. Moreover, as I argue in the paper, one of the advantages of the impartial-spectator approach is that it ‘provides a standpoint from which shared deliberation is possible and public reasons are available’.1 Thus, we can appreciate, with relative ease, whether an objector is reasoning from this standpoint. Clarke further argues that we should entertain the idea of employing ‘experts who are trained to overcome cognitive bias and to set aside ideological commitments’ and …
Advanced Sentence Structures: Compound and Complex Sentences and Relative Clauses

Chapters 2– 6 have examined the sentence algebra fundamentals. Chapters 3 and 4 presented the eight functional roles that words and word groups can play in a sentence, that is, the eight parts of speech and the algebraic variables associated with them. In Chaps. 5 and 6, we studied the five basic sentence structures and the corresponding five basic equations. Chapters 5 and 6 also covered how to vary and accessorize basic equations by incorporating modifiers, pronouns, and prepositional phrases. Chapters 7 and 8 build upon the preceding fundamentals and examine a variety of advanced sentence structures and components.
Recognizing the Beauty of Leadership

My dad was often called “leader,” as was his father before him and who knows others in the line of “Millers” in East Lampeter Township, Pennsylvania. The Millers were often elected to local offices, chosen to represent the congregation on the church council, and recruited to help solve problems in the communities they served. I particularly remember a time when my father negotiated a solution to a problem generated by changes in state health regulations. My dad was a dairyman, not a dairy farmer but rather an employee of a dairy that processed milk for sale. In the mid-fifties, Pennsylvania regulations regarding storage of milk at the farm before delivery to the dairy forced the farmer to revise storage from milk cans (those collector’s items we often see revamped into planters) to refrigerated storage tanks, delivering the milk to the processing dairy in tank trucks. As might be expected, many of the large dairy farms that were the source of fresh milk were Amish farms, where electricity was forbidden by their religion. Starting with the respect held by the Amish for “the Millers,” my father was able to convince the Amish farmers that there must be a way to allow access to electricity ensuring refrigerated milk storage. The solution was simple. The Amish were forbidden to use electricity in their daily living but not in their livelihoods. Installation of generators to refrigerate the milk, controlled by the farmers themselves and not connected to the “Englisher’s” world, were the answer. At the heart of the leadership demonstrated by my dad to resolve this issue was his ability to listen, to hear the needs of both the Amish farmers and the State health officers, and to bring them together to share their needs and find a way to satisfy both sides. I watched both my father and my grandfather as they provided similar services to community. And by the time I was a teenager, I was acting in similar leadership roles in school, church, 4-H, Y-Teens. As I look back, I was copying leadership as I had learned it from my first mentor, my father.
The development of women's professional ice hockey in China: leveraging international competition to change institutionalized gender norms.

This research focused on examining the Chinese professional hockey club in the Canadian Women’s Hockey League, the Chinese national women’s hockey team in the context of an emerging market for hock...
Vascular Surgery and ERAS

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways have been beneficial for many surgical specialties, but these coordinated care pathways have yet to be developed for patients undergoing vascular operations. Vascular surgery patients present specific challenges due to their advanced age, frailty, and multiple comorbidities as well as the highly invasive operations that are sometimes required. This combination of factors results in complex management strategies, increased utilization of healthcare resources, and high rates of postoperative complications leading to prolonged hospitalizations, chronic pain, rehabilitation needs, and frequent hospital readmissions. ERAS, with its aim of delivering high-quality perioperative care and accelerating recovery, appears well-suited to address the needs of this demanding population.
Striated Preferentially Expressed Protein Kinase (SPEG)-Deficient Skeletal Muscles Display Fewer Satellite Cells with Reduced Proliferation and Delayed Differentiation.

Centronuclear myopathies (CNMs) are a subtype of congenital myopathies characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and an increase in the number of central myonuclei. SPEG (striated preferentially expressed protein kinase) has been identified as the sixth gene associated with CNM, and it has been shown that striated muscle-specific Speg-knockout (KO) mice have defective triad formation, abnormal excitation-contraction coupling, and calcium mishandling. The impact of SPEG deficiency on the survival and function of myogenic cells remains to be deciphered. In this study, the authors examined the overall population, proliferation, and differentiation of myogenic cells obtained from striated muscle–specific Speg-KO mice and compared them with wild-type (WT) controls. SPEG-deficient skeletal muscles contained fewer myogenic cells, which on further study demonstrated reduced proliferation and delayed differentiation compared with those from WT muscles. Regenerative response to skeletal muscle injury in Speg-KO mice was compared with that of WT mice, leading to the identification of similar abnormalities including fewer satellite cells, fewer dividing cells, and an increase in apoptotic cells in KO mice. Overall, these results reveal specific abnormalities in myogenic cell number and behavior associated with SPEG deficiency. Similar satellite cell defects have been reported in mouse models of MTM1- and DNM2-associated CNM, suggestive of shared underlying pathways.
Variability in ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of historic herbaria and extant (fresh) Phalaris species (Poaceae)

Phalaris species (Poaceae) occupy diverse environments throughout all continents except Antarctica. Phalaris arundinacea is an important forage, ornamental, wetland restoration and biofuel crop grown globally as well as being a wetland invasive. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been used for Phalaris barcoding as a DNA region with high nucleotide diversity for Phalaris species identification. Recent findings that P. arundinacea populations in Minnesota USA are most likely native and not European prompted this analysis to determine whether Eurasian vs. native North American P. arundinacea differed in ITS regions. Our objectives were to amplify and compare ITS regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of historic herbaria (1882–2001) and extant (fresh) Phalaris specimens; analyze ITS regions for species-specific polymorphisms (diagnostic SNPs) and compare ITS regions of historic Phalaris specimens with known, extant Phalaris species. We obtained complete ITS1 and ITS2 sequences from 31 Phalaris historic (herbaria samples, 1908 to 2001) and five extant (fresh) specimens. Herbaria Phalaris specimens did not produce new SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) not present in extant specimens. Diagnostic SNPs were identified in 8/12 (66.6%) Phalaris species. This study demonstrates the use of herbaria tissue for barcoding as a means for improved species identification of Phalaris herbaria specimens. No significant correlation between specimen age and genomic DNA concentration was found. Phalaris arundinacea showed high SNP variation within its clade, with the North American being distinctly different than other USA and most Eurasian types, potentially allowing for future identification of specific SNPs to geographic origin. While not as efficient as extant specimens to obtain DNA, Phalaris herbaria specimens can produce high quality ITS sequences to evaluate historic genetic resources and facilitate identification of new species-specific barcodes. No correlation between DNA concentration and age of historic samples (119 year range) occurred. Considerable polymorphism was exhibited in the P. arundinacea clade with several N. American accessions being distinct from Eurasian types. Further development of within species- and genus-specific barcodes could contribute to designing PCR primers for efficient and accurate identification of N. American P. arundinacea. Our finding of misidentified Phalaris species indicates the need to exercise stringent quality control measures on newly generated sequence data and to approach public sequence databases in a critical way.
Phasic pupillary responses modulate object-based attentional prioritization

Visual attention studies have demonstrated that the shape of space-based selection can be governed by salient object contours: when a portion of an enclosed space is cued, the selected region extends to the full enclosure. Although this form of object-based attention (OBA) is well established, one continuing investigation focuses on whether this selection is obligatory or under voluntary control. We attempt to dissociate between these alternatives by interrogating the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system – known to fluctuate with top-down attention – during a classic two-rectangle paradigm in a sample of healthy human participants (N = 36). An endogenous spatial pre-cue directed voluntary space-based attention (SBA) to one end of a rectangular frame. We manipulated the reliability of the cue, such that targets appearing at an uncued location within the frame occurred at low or moderate frequencies. Phasic pupillary responses time-locked to the cue display served to noninvasively measure LC-NE activity, reflecting top-down processing of the spatial cue. If OBA is controlled analogously to SBA, then object selection should emerge only when it is behaviorally expedient and when LC-NE activity reflects a high degree of top-down attention to the cue display. Our results bore this out. Thus, we conclude that OBA was voluntarily controlled, and furthermore show that phasic norepinephrine may modulate attentional strategy.
The effect of hazard awareness training on teen drivers of varying socioeconomic status.

To compare the effectiveness of the Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT) program among teens of various socioeconomic status (SES).A secondary analysis was undertaken of data collected fro...
Long-term veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to heart-lung transplant

En bloc heart-lung transplantation still represents definitive therapy for end-stage cardiopulmonary failure. However, patients may critically decompensate while awaiting suitable donor organs and necessitate veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. In this article, we describe the combined use of central cannulation with the Berlin Heart EXCOR ventricular assist device cannulae and the CentriMag centrifugal pump as an extended bridge to heart-lung transplantation in three pediatric patients.
Making Safe's Safer for Equity Crowdfunding

In May 2016, the SEC implemented Regulation CF, allowing issuers to sell securities to the public through registered websites. As issuers have taken advantage of this financing avenue, they have chosen a variety of security offering types including equity, debt and a relatively new, rather obscure type of security known as the Simple Agreement for Future Equity, or SAFE. This paper will give an overview of equity crowdfunding and the sale of SAFE’s, data on trends in the use of SAFE’s in crowdfunding, the current structure of SAFE’s, advantage for issuers in using SAFE’s, concerns for investors and proposed changes to the SAFE document.
Socioeconomic Disparities in the Utilization of Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Background There is increasing focus on highlighting disparities in both access to and equity of care in orthopedics and understanding the impact disparities have on patient health. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate socioeconomic related factors affecting whether a patient undergoes total hip arthroplasty (THA) after a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Methods From 2011-2018, patients ≥40 years of age diagnosed with hip osteoarthritis were identified in the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, a comprehensive all-payer database collecting pre-adjudicated claims in New York State. ICD 9/10 codes were used to identify the initial diagnosis and subsequent THA. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of patient factors on the likelihood of undergoing THA. Results Of 142,681 hip osteoarthritis diagnoses, 48.6% proceeded to THA. Compared to non-Hispanic white patients, Asian (OR: 0.65, p Conclusion THA is associated with disparities among race, sex, primary insurance, and social deprivation. Additional research is necessary to identify the cause of these disparities to improve equity in patient care.
Towards Automated Analysis of Student Arguments

This paper presents the approach to automated analysis of student argument diagrams to be used in the Genetics Argumentation Inquiry Learning (GAIL) system. Student arguments are compared to expert arguments automatically generated using an existing argument generator developed previously for the GenIE Assistant project. A prototype argument analyzer was implemented for GAIL. Weaknesses in student arguments are identified using non-domain-specific, non-content-specific rules that recognize common error types.
Corneal Transplantation in the Developing World: Lessons Learned and Meeting the Challenge.

Purpose To describe the current state of corneal blindness (CB) and corneal transplantation in the developing world. Methods Information on corneal transplantation was obtained from published articles, direct communication with corneal specialists in developing countries, data sourced from eye banks in the United States and abroad, and personal experience. Results CB is the fourth leading cause of global blindness. Most of those with CB live in India and Africa. Many developing countries lack sustainable eye banks, and there is a shortage of corneal transplant surgeons. India has started programs to address both these issues, whereas Africa seems the least prepared. Brazil and the Philippines have also made significant progress in eye banking. In addition, studies indicate a role for the use of a keratoprosthesis in select settings. Several international organizations and academic centers have targeted these system-wide deficiencies. Conclusions There are an unacceptable number of people with cornea blindness in the developing world. Programs have been initiated to address eye bank sustainability and to increase surgeon capacity. However, much more work and effort will be needed to improve the current statistics.
On the acquisition of pronominal reference: Review of: L. Solan, Pronominal reference: Child language and the theory of grammar

Abstract Lawrence Solan's Pronominal Reference is one of the most detailed attempts to relate language acquisition research to current linguistic theory. Solan focuses on the structural relationship between pronouns and their antecedents. A theory of markedness is introduced in which portions of the statement of the restriction prohibiting backward anaphora represent stages of acquisition. Solan presents a series of experiments designed to demonstrate how this staged acquisition process is constrained by innate principles of Universal Grammar. Our review has three parts. First we discuss Solan's theoretical contributions to the study of anaphora. Then we outline his six experiments with 5- to 8-year old children. Finally, we discuss Solan's conclusions and, in some cases, offer alternatives of our own.
TREATMENT OF OMPHALOCELE BASED ON INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEFECT

The treatment of 27 infants presenting with omphalocele or gastroschisis was analyzed. Several different methods of therapy were available, but various treatment plans were chosen on an individual basis. The defects were classified according to the size of the anomaly, the presence or absence of sac rupture, and the presence of coexisting abnormalities. Infants with intact omphalocele sacs less than 5 cm in diameter were best treated by surgical closure of the musculofascial defect or by skin closure alone. Intact omphaloceles over 5 cm in diameter or those associated with other life-threatening anomalies were treated conservatively with local applications of mercurochrome. Ruptured omphalocele or gastroschisis required immediate surgical coverage. If skin closure was not possible, a plastic prosthesis of Silastic covered Marlex was useful as a temporary cover for the exposed intestine. Infectious complications from the exposed prosthesis were minimized by the use of 0.5% silver nitrate dressings. An overall survival rate of 70% was obtained using the most appropriate treatment plan for the particular anomaly.
Characterization of microsatellite loci isolated in midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor)

Primers for five polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor), a rare subspecies of western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridus) found only in parts of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Five polymorphic microsatellites were isolated, four of which had relatively high levels of diversity (eight to nine alleles). We found only two departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and they occurred in different loci, so null alleles are likely not a problem. Moreover, we found that no two loci were linked. These loci will be applicable for population genetic analysis and perhaps analysis of paternity and mating systems.
Formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate from inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and their pathways of degradation in RBL-2H3 cells.

Abstract Previous studies with antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells indicated the formation of multiple isomers of each of the various categories of inositol phosphates. The identities of the different isomers have been elucidated by selective labeling of [3H]inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with [32P]phosphate in the 3'-or 4',5'-positions and by following the metabolism of different radiolabeled inositol phosphates in extracts of RBL-2H3 cells. We report here that inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, when incubated with the membrane fraction of extracts of RBL-2H3 cells, was converted to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. Further dephosphorylation of the inositol polyphosphates proceeded rapidly in whole extracts of cells, although the process was significantly retarded when ATP (2 mM) levels were maintained by an ATP-regenerating system. The degradation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate proceeded with the sequential formation of inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, the inositol 4-monophosphate (with smaller amounts of the 1-monophosphate), and finally inositol. Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, on the other hand, was converted to inositol 1,3-bisphosphate and inositol 3,4-bisphosphate and subsequently to inositol 4-monophosphate and inositol 1-monophosphate (stereoisomeric forms were undetermined). The possible implications of the apparent interconversion between inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in regulating histamine secretion in the RBL-2H3 cells are discussed.
In situ saphenous vein bypass grafts for limb salvage. A current fad or a viable alternative to reversed vein bypass grafts

Revascularization of the lower extremity using the in situ saphenous vein bypass graft has resurfaced as a clinical alternative to reversal of the saphenous vein. Early patency rates have been excellent, however, concern has been raised about the durability of the in situ technique. Our total experience with this technique has been reviewed to evaluate its effectiveness on a teaching vascular service. Seventy-six limbs in 71 patients were revascularized using the in situ technique. The distal anastomosis was created at the below-the-knee popliteal level in 26 limbs and at the infrapopliteal level in 50 limbs. Operative assessment of the vein quality showed 42 percent to be phlebitic or less than 4 mm in diameter. Hospital mortality was 0 and late mortality was 8 percent. Cumulative life table analysis showed the graft patency rate to be 89 percent 1 month postoperatively, 82 percent at 1 year, 77 percent at 2 years, and 72 percent up to 4 year postoperatively. Patency was independent of runoff to the pedal arch and the level of the distal anastomosis. Limb salvage at 4 years was 83 percent for distal popliteal grafts and 79 percent for infrapopliteal reconstructions. Our results indicate that the long-term durability of the in situ saphenous vein graft is excellent despite suboptimal veins and poor runoff. When performed properly, it is the preferred technique for arterial reconstruction below the knee joint.
Climate Change Modeling Methodology, Introduction

In the early 1980s, Eugene F. Stoermer began informally using the term “anthropocene” to refer to a time in the history of the Earth in which humans introduce impacts that at times rival natural processes in the global functioning of the planet [7]. While there is some uncertainty about when the anthropocene began (with some dating it as far back as 8,000 years ago), there is little doubt that humans are affecting the planet today, and one of the ways is through our impact on the Earth’s climate.
Spinal Mechanisms for Control of Muscle Length and Force

All motor commands from the central nervous system (CNS) are expressed through changes in the magnitude of neural excitation of skeletal muscle. These changes in muscle excitation give rise to force generation and to motion, whose magnitude depends on the properties of muscle, and the mechanical loads experienced by the muscle. It is therefore necessary to begin a description of the neural regulation of movement with a short description of the relevant mechanical properties of muscle, with particular emphasis on the dual roles of skeletal muscle as a force generator, and as a mechanical impedance with both elastic (e.g., spring-like) and viscous (frictional) properties.
On Distributed Computations with Limited Resources

We consider two styles of executing a single job or an algorithm: either the job is subdivided into tasks, each of which is executed. on a separate processor, or the entire job is executed on a single processor, that has the same capacity as the sum of the processors in the earlier case. The algorithm is abstracted as consisting of a number of tasks with dependencies among them. Our model of dependencies among tasks allows sequential execution, parallel execution, synchronization, and spawning of tasks. The model assumes that the dependencies are known before the job begins, and a task in not preempted after its execution begins. With the usual assumptions such as exponential distribution of task execution times, and Poisson arrival of input data, we are able to show that the centralized execution completes the job faster than the decentralized execution only for a certain range of parameters of algorithms. We also give counterexamples that show that, contrary to popular belief, the reverse is true for some values of parameters of algorithms.
“Stable” Quasi-periodic Oscillations and Black Hole Properties from Diskoseismology

We compare our calculations of the frequencies of the fundamental g-, c-, and p-modes of relativistic thin accretion disks with recent observations of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in X-ray binaries with black hole candidates. These classes of modes encompass all adiabatic perturbations of such disks. The frequencies of these modes depend mainly on the mass and angular momentum of the black hole; their weak dependence on disk luminosity is also explicitly indicated. Identifying the recently discovered, relatively stable QPO pairs with the fundamental g- and c-modes provides a determination of the mass and angular momentum of the black hole. For GRO J1655-40, M = 5.9 ± 1.0 M☉ and J = (0.917 ± 0.024)GM2/c, in agreement with spectroscopic mass determinations. For GRS 1915+105, M = 42.4 ± 7.0 M☉ and J = (0.926 ± 0.020)GM2/c or (less favored) M = 18.2 ± 3.1 M☉ and J = (0.701 ± 0.043)GM2/c. We briefly address the issues of the amplitude, frequency width, and energy dependence of these QPOs.
Engagement of SLAMF2/CD48 Prolongs the Time Frame of Effective T Cell Activation by Supporting Mature Dendritic Cell Survival

Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family (SLAMF)2/CD48 is a coactivator and adhesion molecule on cells with hematopoietic origin. It ligates mainly SLAMF4 on effector/memory CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, suggesting a potential role during viral infection, with SLAMF2 acting as a ligand to activate SLAMF4-bearing cells. The ability of SLAMF2 to signal on its own after it is engaged and the functional consequences are largely unknown. We found that cytosolic DNA-activated dendritic cells (DCs) upregulate the expression of SLAMF2 molecules. Using anti-SLAMF2 Ab and SLAMF4 recombinant protein, we found that SLAMF2 engagement activates immature DCs and, more interestingly, prolongs the survival of DNA-activated DCs by inhibiting IFN-β production and IFN-β-induced apoptosis and promotes the production of the granzyme B inhibitor protease inhibitor-9. Thus, SLAMF2 can serve as a survival molecule for DNA-activated DCs during their interaction with SLAMF4-expressing cytotoxic T cells. Based on our results, we propose that SLAMF2 engagement regulates adaptive immune responses by providing longer access of putative APCs to virus-specific effector T cells by prolonging the time frame of effective stimulation.
Miguel Perdomo Neira: healing, culture, and power in the nineteenth-century Andes

Inlate April, 1872, the curandero (healer) Miguel Perdomo Neira arrived in Bogota amid widespread rumors that he had come to heal the terminaIly ill, or lead conservatives in rebellion. The lay healer had traveled from town to town for the previous six years, performing operations and cures that sorne viewed as miraculous. Professional physicians on the faculty ofthe Universidad Nacional received him with so much hostility as to spark a minor riot. In this event, broad segments of the people fought medical students and parts of the official political community. At first, the social conflict evident in this event seemed to locate the uorest within the norms of a turbulent period of Colombian history.
Spatio‐Temporal Patterns of Open Surface Water in the Central Valley of California 2000‐2011: Drought, Land Cover, and Waterbirds

We used Landsat satellite imagery to (1) quantify the distribution of open surface water across the Central Valley of California 2000-2011, (2) summarize spatio-temporal variation in open surface water during this time series, and (3) assess factors influencing open surface water, including drought and land cover type. We also applied the imagery to identify available habitat for waterbirds in agriculture. Our analyses indicated that between 2000 and 2011 open surface water has declined across the Central Valley during the months of July-October. On average, drought had a significant negative effect on open surface water in July, September, and October, though the magnitude and timing of the effect varied spatially. The negative impact of a drought year on open water was experienced immediately in the southern Central Valley; however, there was a one year time-lag effect in the northern Central Valley. The highest proportion of open surface water was on agricultural lands followed by lakes, rivers, and streams, yet the relative proportions varied spatially and across months. Our data were consistent with previous descriptions of waterbird habitat availability in post-harvest rice in the northern Central Valley. Tracking water distribution using satellites enables empirically based assessments of the impacts of changing water policy, land-use, drought, climate, and management on water resources.
Population genetics of transgene containment

Several strategies have been proposed for creating transgenic cultivars from which transgene escape to wild relatives would seem unlikely; for example, to impede escape through pollen, a transgene could be inserted into chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), which in many crops is rarely transmitted through pollen. None of these strategies would be failsafe; for example, the rate of cpDNA transmission through pollen may be low but non-zero in many crops. Here, we study how the probability distribution of escape time depends on the rates of pollen and seed flow from the crop to wild populations, the number and sizes of the wild populations, the selection coefficient for the transgene, and a leakage parameter characteristic of the strategy, for example, the rate of cpDNA transmission through pollen. We find that even with a leakage parameter as small as 10−3, the probability of escape within as few as 10 generations could be appreciable.
A discussion of uranium control in phosphogypsum

Abstract Wet-process phosphoric acid plants produce about 4.5 tons of gypsum for each ton of fertilizer (P 2 O 5 equivalent). About 33 million tons of gypsum are produced at phosphoric acid plants in the United States each year, and about 330 million tons are contained in existing stockpiles. Although most of the uranium initially present in phosphate rock is dissolved when the rock is acidulated to produce phosphoric acid, a fraction of it remains undissolved and the gypsum contains 0.03 to 0.08 lb of uranium per ton. Uranium concentrations in filter cakes produced by the hemihydrate process are significantly higher (as much as 0.2 lb/ton). This material hydrates to gypsum in the wastepile and most of the uranium becomes readily soluble in the process; the concentration of insoluble uranium in the hydrated cake is about the same as that in filter cake produced by the dihydrate process. Even at these low concentrations, the gypsum produced at phosphoric acid plants each year contains 1 to 2 million lb of uranium, and the stockpiled gypsum may contain a total of 10 to 20 million lb. Economical recovery of uranium from gypsum appears very unlikely in the foreseeable future. The losses to the filter cake, however, can possibly be reduced by operating the phosphoric acid plant under conditions that maximize uranium dissolution during rock acidulation. Studies of this problem showed that the major variable affecting the distribution of uranium between phosphoric acid and gypsum during phosphoric acid manufacture was the redox potential of the slurry during acidulation. Other variables affecting the uranium distribution included rock size, digestion temperature, and concentrations of excess sulfuric acid and fluoride.