cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atlas of estrogen-concentrating cells in the central nervous system of the squirrel monkey.

Estrogen is concentrated within cellular nuclei in discrete regions of the monkey brain 30 and 60 minutes following intravenous injection of [3] estradiol. Chromatographic data is provided to suggest that most of the localized estrogen is in the form of estradiol with lesser amounts of estrone and estriol. Three “major” areas of estrogen accumulation include: (1) preopticostrial accumulation: n. preopticus medialis — n. interstitialis striae terminalis, (2) basal hypothalamic accumulation: n. infundibularis — n. ventromedialis — n. premammillaris ventralis, and (3) the amygdaloid accumulation. Several “minor” areas of estrogen accumulation include the tuberculum olfactorium, insulae Calleja, n. triangularis septi, a. hypothalamica anterior, n. anterior hypothalami, n. paraventricularis, n. supraopticus, n. periventricularis and the substantia grisea centralis. The neocortex, rhombencephalon and spinal cord are essentially unlabeled. The major areas of accumulation are similar in several other mammalian and avian species while these, and some minor areas of accumulation, have been shown in neuroanatomical studies to be interconnected by several pathways, especially the stria terminalis. Lesion, implant, stimulation, recording and morphometric studies, in several species, support the concept that this arrangement provides a neuroanatomical substrate which would allow the integration of the various facets of the neuroendocrine reproductive response.
Usable privacy and security for personal information management

The goal is a policy workbench enabling users to create and transform natural language policies into machine-readable code for enforcement and compliance audits.
The 3D Navier-Stokes analysis of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated rectangular mixed-compression inlet

The supersonic diffuser of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated, rectangular, mixed-compression inlet was analyzed using a three-dimensional (3D) Navier-Stokes flow solver. A two-equation turbulence model, and a porous bleed model based on unchoked bleed hole discharge coefficients were used. Comparisons were made with experimental data, inviscid theory, and two-dimensional Navier-Stokes analyses. The main objective was to gain insight into the inlet fluid dynamics. Examination of the computational results along with the experimental data suggest that the cowl shock-sidewall boundary layer interaction near the leading edge caused a substantial separation in the wind tunnel inlet model. As a result, the inlet performance may have been compromised by increased spillage and higher bleed mass flow requirements. The internal flow contained substantial waves that were not in the original inviscid design. 3D effects were fairly minor for this inlet at on-design conditions. Navier-Stokes analysis appears to be an useful tool for gaining insight into the inlet fluid dynamics. It provides a higher fidelity simulation of the flowfield than the original inviscid design, by taking into account boundary layers, porous bleed, and their interactions with shock waves.
An intrinsically disordered region of methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) recruits the histone deacetylase core of the NuRD complex

The MBD2-NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase) complex is an epigenetic reader of DNA methylation that regulates genes involved in normal development and neoplastic diseases. To delineate the architecture and functional interactions of the MBD2-NuRD complex, we previously solved the structures of MBD2 bound to methylated DNA and a coiled-coil interaction between MBD2 and p66α that recruits the CHD4 nucleosome remodeling protein to the complex. The work presented here identifies novel structural and functional features of a previously uncharacterized domain of MBD2 (MBD2IDR). Biophysical analyses show that the MBD2IDR is an intrinsically disordered region (IDR). However, despite this inherent disorder, MBD2IDR increases the overall binding affinity of MBD2 for methylated DNA. MBD2IDR also recruits the histone deacetylase core components (RbAp48, HDAC2 and MTA2) of NuRD through a critical contact region requiring two contiguous amino acid residues, Arg286 and Leu287. Mutating these residues abrogates interaction of MBD2 with the histone deacetylase core and impairs the ability of MBD2 to repress the methylated tumor suppressor gene PRSS8 in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. These findings expand our knowledge of the multi-dimensional interactions of the MBD2-NuRD complex that govern its function.
Experimental Research on Jury Decision Making

Because trial juries deliberate in secrecy, legal debates about jury functioning have relied heavily on anecdote and speculation. In recent years, investigators have begun to challenge many common assumptions about jury behavior. An important tool in this effort has been the mock jury experiment, in which research participants are randomly assigned to alternative trial conditions and asked to reach a verdict in a simulated case. Researchers have used mock jury experiments to test hypotheses about causal influences on jury behavior and to develop theoretical models of the jury deliberation process.
Do Jews Feel Like Outsiders in America? The Impact of Anti‐Semitism, Friendships, and Religious Geography

While once the archetypical outsiders, most Jews today do not feel like outsiders in the United States. Using the 2001 National Jewish Population Survey, we examine the factors that differentiate those who feel like outsiders from those who do not. We find that feeling like an outsider is largely associated with having experienced anti-Semitism, the number of Jews living nearby, the proportion of a respondent's friends’ that are Jewish, and whether Jews identify with some branch of Judaism versus those who identify as ethnic Jews. Although the effects of discrimination on feeling like an outsider are unsurprising, the smaller but persistent effect of geographic context deserves more attention. Jews feel less like outsiders when they live in places where they can and do have more contact with other Jews. The increased within-group ties that are possible in areas of greater Jewish concentration appear to facilitate psychological integration into the larger community.
A basic compositional requirement of agents having heparin-like cell-modulating activities.

Heparin has been recognized as possessing a large variety of cell-modulating activities. Using compositionally simple, structurally rigid, and low molecular weight saccharide molecules (cyclodextrins), we demonstrated that these activities depend primarily on a single, gross compositional parameter: a minimum intramolecular density of neighboring anionic (sulfate) groups. This same critical parameter is shown to be involved in achieving cell-modulating behavior as diverse as angiogenesis, endothelial proliferation, inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth, and cell protection against virus invasion. Physical chemical evidence is presented that associates this property with multi-ionic complex formation between the clusters of anionic and cationic sites on the complexing partners. These observations revive early suggestions of the decisive role of electrostatic complexation capabilities of glycosaminoglycans like heparin; taken together with numerous observations on heparinoids and other agents reported in diverse specialized fields of cell biology and medicine, they provide evidence that molecular agents of critical anionic (sulfate) density (MACADs) represent a broad class of molecules that, in contrast to proteins, do not rely on structural detail for their cell biological activities, but function by ionic complexation with proteinic agents (e.g. growth factors), thereby modifying their structure-specific activities.
STM-Induced Light Emission from Substrate-Tethered Quantum Dots

Scanning tunneling microscope-induced light emission from multilayers of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is found to exceed by up to 2 orders of magnitude the well-known radiation from a local tip-induced plasmon (TIP) at a QD-free gold surface. Emission spectra and the bias-voltage dependence of current and light emission point to inelastic electron-tunneling (IET) excitation of a coupled QD-TIP mode, enhanced by the dielectric properties of the QD multilayer. The threshold voltage for STM-LE is found to depend on the optical gap of the quantum dots, stipulating a simple energy conservation rule for light emission through IET. The results highlight fundamental issues underlying nanoparticle-based optoelectronic devices.
Dispersal distances attained by insect populations of different densities

Different population categories of apterous green peach aphid, adult sweet potato weevils, mature Caribbean fruit fly larvae and tobacco budworm larvae were permitted to move on dispersion ranges in the laboratory. Determination of distances dispersed by the larvae were made to show the effects of population sizes. In general, longer distances were dispersed by more individuals when larger numbers were released as compared with smaller ones.
Some remarks on dilating semigroups of completely positive mappings

Abstract We reconsider the problem of embedding a dissipative dynamical system in a conservative one; and we compare some of the partial solutions which have been recently proposed.
16.4 0.6-to-1.0V 279μm 2 , 0.92μW temperature sensor with less than +3.2/-3.4°C error for on-chip dense thermal monitoring

On-chip temperature sensors are key building blocks for the thermal management of multi-core microprocessors. The sensors are embedded at multiple locations in a microprocessor and monitor temperatures that are used to manage the operation of the microprocessor under local and global thermal constraints. While existing sensors achieve impressive area and accuracy, emerging technology trends such as multi-core architectures, 3D integration, tri-gate devices, and low-voltage operation demand even better sensors with difficult-to-meet requirements. Those requirements are three-fold: 1) Sensors need to be area efficient. By increasing the number of cores and hot spots, there are more locations that require thermal monitoring. To reduce the overhead, the sensor footprint needs to be minimized. A compact footprint is further critical for design flexibility, as the exact sensor locations (e.g. near hot spots) are often only identified in later stages of the design process [1]. 2) Sensors need to have low calibration cost, while achieving sufficient accuracy. The requirements of <;8°C in absolute inaccuracy and <;3°C in relative inaccuracy have been outlined in [2]. 3) Finally, the sensors need better supply voltage (VDD) scalability. Sub-1V operation for digital systems is being explored to reduce power. The conventional sensors often cannot operate below 1V, necessitating additional power distribution or regulation. Sub-1V scalability eliminates such overhead.
Iridium at Kilauea

Trace-element anomalies observed in rocks located stratigraphically at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary are considered significant evidence that the boundary is a record of a large meteorite impact (Science, 208, 1095–1108, 1980). In particular, trace metals, including iridium and other members of the platinum metals group, are thought to be enriched in rocks alien to the earth's surface. These elements are indeed enriched in meteorites relative to earth crustal rocks, but new evidence from analyses of the January 1983 eruption of Kilauea suggest that the analogy may be invalid. W.H. Zoller, J.R. Parrington, and J.M. Phelan Kotra reported neutron activation analyses of airborne particulate matter collected at the Mauna Loa Observatory and found “strikingly” large concentrations of iridium in addition to element concentrations expected from volcanic emissions (Science, 222, 1118, 1983). The only other platinum-group trace metal analyzed was gold, which was also found to be anomalously high. They concede that they need more data of other platinum group elements and more data on other volcanos, but the implication is that the Cretacious-Tertiary boundary may well be volcanic, not due to a large meteorite impact.
Derivation of a modified paraxial formalism for two-dimensional trajectories in electron and ion sources of non-simple geometries

A modified paraxial formalism has been developed which describes two-dimensional charged particle beam dynamics in electron and ion sources with pointed or needle-type geometries. A Hamiltonian formalism, and a more exact treatment of energy conservation is used to derive the modified paraxial equation for two-dimensional trajectories in systems with axially symmetric prolate-spheroidal beams. Calculations have been done for a gallium field emission liquid metal ion source modeled by a hyperboloid of revolution and planar extractor. Two important conclusions emerge from these calculations: i) The dominant effect of space-charge, for source geometries with small radii of curvature, occurs in the region close to the apex (<0.05 μn) and ii) beam divergence has a strong dependence on geometry. This latter effect is a consequence of large two-dimensional field gradients near the apex of sources with needle-type or pointed geometry.
Engineering Responsibilities in Lesser-Developed Nations: The Welfare Requirement

Increasing numbers of engineers from developed countries are employed during some part of their careers in lesser-developed nations (LDN’s), or they may design products for use in LDN’s. Yet determining the implications of professional engineering codes for engineers’ conduct in such settings can be difficult. Conditions are often substantially different from those in developed countries, where the codes were formulated. In this paper I explore the implications of what I call the “welfare requirement” in engineering codes for professional engineering conduct in LDN’s.
Fermi – LARGE AREA TELESCOPE: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST) has been making many exciting discoveries in astrophysics since its launch in June 2008. One main motivation for the Fermi/GLAST LAT proposal in early 1990s was to promote research in particle astrophysics through close collaboration between particle physics and astrophysics communities. We have accomplished this goal by bring the two communities into one collaboration and by winning funds from their respective funding agencies. The success in finding many exciting phenomena and making high precision measurements have brought many new challenges in interpreting on fundamental physics. I will select a few such discoveries and explain the challenges.
A Cross Discipline Study of Reformed Teaching by University Science and Mathematics Faculty

Researchers observed 28 university faculty in graduate and undergraduate science and mathematics courses in a three-year, longitudinal study of teaching. Subjects were selected from five higher education institutions in the state where faculty had a two-to five-year association with a reform-based NSF professional development program. Observer field notes and a researcher-designed observation instrument were used to describe and compare teaching practices. The participants in this study taught science and mathematics content courses for majors, non-majors, as well as education majors. Our observation method created a descriptive profile that enabled comparisons across a variety of teaching contexts. The main results showed that the faculty lacked practices that supported development of divergent thinking, conceptual thinking, and metacognitive thinking skills. Observed differences in the profiles of instruction included greater emphasis on real-world connections in science and greater use of cooperative problem solving in mathematics. A case study of a large lecture course describes reformed teaching practices in even the most challenging setting.
A production system model of hunter-gatherer resource scheduling adaptations

Abstract Flannery has suggested that the shift from a hunter-gatherer economy to one based upon incipient agriculture requires a gradual rescheduling of the groups' resource acquisition activities. Here, concepts from Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Systems are used to develop a model of prehistoric hunter-gatherer decision-making in the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. This decision-making system was then used to answer the following questions: 1. 1. Given randomly specified strategies and no initial knowledge of what available rescheduling decisions will improve performance, can the system produce changes that lead to a mix of strategies that correspond to those used by hunter-gatherers in the valley prior to the introduction of incipient agriculture? 2. 2. How would the system adjust its' resource acquisition strategies in response to the introduction of techniques for incipient agriculture? It is suggested that this basic model is able to explain a significant percentage of the changes in resource use seen in the archaeological record for the site.
The crystal structure of the zeolite hydrogen faujasite

Abstract Recent infrared studies of the hydroxyl groups in hydrogen faujasite-type zeolites indicate that there are two acidic, catalytically reactive -OH groups in this structure. These studies also indicate that the two groups have different acidic strengths and are not equally accessible to incoming molecules. Using single-crystal X-ray techniques, we have determined the crystal structure of H faujasite (calcined, ammonium-exchanged natural faujasite). The hydrogen atom positions were not determined directly, but were deduced from the four independent Si(Al)O distances. In our model, the hydrogen atoms are bonded to two of the four unique groups of oxygen atoms inherent in the disordered faujasite model. One of the H-atom positions is in the hexagonal prism and the other is on the highly accessible bridging, hexagonal prism oxygen atom. Electrostatic field calculations imply that this model would give rise to two unique IR -OH bands. The model also agrees with the Si,Al ordering scheme proposed earlier for faujasite-type zeolites.
The Ground and Excited State Hydrogen Transfer Potential Energy Surface in 7-Azaindole

Multireference wave functions, augmented by second-order perturbation theory, are used to examine the hydrogen transfer process in the ground and first excited states of 7-azaindole and in the 1:1 7-azaindole:water complex. The presence of one water molecule dramatically reduces the barrier to proton transfer in both electronic states. In the excited state the order of the two tautomers is reversed, and the barrier for the hydrogen transfer from the (now higher energy) normal structure to the tautomer in the presence of one water is estimated to be ≤6 kcal/mol.
Law of Magnetization

The purpose of the study, which constitutes the subject matter of this paper, was to investigate the reliability of Frolich's law of magnetization near saturation. For the last forty years, Frolich's law has been accepted as the most reliable expression representing the relation of magnetizing force to the magnetic induction produced thereby in ferro-magnetic materials. In the course of the study, which constitutes the subject of this paper, it was found that the law is not as reliable, as it is generally believed to be, particularly for purpose of computation of saturation value. It was also found in the course of the same study that this part of the curve follows the law, B - H = S(1 - b e -a H). . . (equation 30-2) more closely than any other law, yet formulated. This law and Frolich's law are both in harmony with Weber's theory of molecular orientation. (See equations 24, 25, 26.)
A randomized clinical trial of outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment coupled with an intervention to increase adherence to recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Although comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) has been demonstrated to confer health benefits in some settings, its value in outpatient or office settings is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of outpatient CGA consultation coupled with an adherence intervention on 15-month health outcomes. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Community-based sites. PATIENTS: 363 community-dwelling older persons who had failed a screen for at least one of four conditions (falls, urinary incontinence, depressive symptoms, or functional impairment) INTERVENTION: A single outpatient CGA consultation coupled with an intervention to improve primary care physician and patient adherence with CGA recommendations. MEASUREMENTS: Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36), restricted activity and bed days, Physical Perfomance Test, NIA lower-extremity battery. RESULTS: In complete case analysis (excluding the five control group subjects who died during the follow-up period), the adjusted difference in change scores (4.69 points) for physical functioning between treatment and control groups indicated a significant benefit of treatment (P = .021). Similar benefits were demonstrated for number of restricted activity days and MOS SF-36 energy/fatigue, social functioning, and physical health summary scales. In analyses assigning scores of 0 to those who died, these benefits were greater, and significant benefits for the Physical Performance Test and MOS SF-36 emotional/well being, pain, and mental health summary scales were also demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: A single outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment coupled with an adherence intervention can prevent functional and health-related quality-of-life decline among community-dwelling older persons who have specific geriatric conditions.
A Duo‐Dual Labor Market Theory: Incorporating the Motivator‐Hygiene and the Dual Labor Market Hypotheses

IN AN ARTICLE in this Journal, Jack W. Nickson and H. B. Karp tested the ability of the motivator-hygiene theory to explain the job turnover of black, working poor (1). Correlation results suggest that the number of jobs held by the worker within the previous five years was positively correlated with their perceived deprivation of both motivator and hygiene factors in their current job. Nickson and Karp suggest: 1) the working poor in the sample were as a whole, well adjusted to their work in accordance with the motivatorhygiene theory; 2) hence, because the poor have the same psychological needs as other groups, these needs were not being well met; 3) attempts to increase or grow on the motivator-hygiene scales may bring mental illness if frustrated; 4) both motivation and hygiene needs have been neglected by employers and in public policy; and, of most importance, 5) job turnover is associated with motivator-hygiene deprivation. Additionally, the correlation between the instability (turnover rate) of the workers in previous jobs and the perceived deprivation in their current jobs, suggests that these workers have an employment history which includes a succession of jobs yielding high deprivation. Such a history of jobs with low economic value and status and worker instability is central to the dual labor market which grew out of efforts to explain contrasting work behavior in labor market studies (2). The purpose of this comment is to argue that the motivator-hygiene theory can potentially be used to test empirically this central hypothesis of the dual labor market theory.
Molecular Characterization and In Situ Localization of a Mouse Retinal Taurine Transporter

Various ocular tissues have a higher concentration of taurine than plasma. This taurine concentration gradient across the cell membrane is maintained by a high-affinity taurine transporter. To understand the physiological role of the taurine transporter in the retina, we cloned a taurine transporter encoding cDNA from a mouse retinal library, determined its biochemical and pharmacological properties, and identified the specific cellular sites expressing the taurine transporter mRNA. The deduced protein sequence of the mouse retinal taurine transporter (mTAUT) revealed >93% sequence identity to the canine kidney, rat brain, mouse brain, and human placental taurine transporters. Our data suggest that the mTAUT and the mouse brain taurine transporter may be variants of one another. The mTAUT synthetic RNA induced Na+- and Cl(-)-dependent [3H]taurine transport activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes that saturated with an average Km of 13.2 microM for taurine. Unlike the previous studies, we determined the rate of taurine uptake as the external concentration of Cl- was varied, a single saturation process with an average apparent equilibrium constant (K(Cl-)) of 17.7 mM. In contrast, the rate of taurine uptake showed a sigmoidal dependence when the external concentration of Na+ was varied (apparent equilibrium constant, K(Na+) approximately 54.8 mM). Analyses of the Na+- and Cl(-)-concentration dependence data suggest that at least two Na+ and one Cl- are required to transport one taurine molecule via the taurine transporter. Varying the pH of the transport buffer also affected the rate of taurine uptake; the rate showed a minimum between pH 6.0 and 6.5 and a maximum between pH 7.5 and 8.0. The taurine transport was inhibited by various inhibitors tested with the following order of potency: hypotaurine > beta-alanine > L-diaminopropionic acid > guanidinoethane sulfonate > beta-guanidinopropionic acid > chloroquine > gamma-aminobutyric acid > 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (homotaurine). Furthermore, the mTAUT activity was not inhibited by the inactive phorbol ester 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate but was inhibited significantly by the active phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which was both concentration and time dependent. The cellular sites expressing the taurine transporter mRNA in the mouse eye, as determined by in situ hybridization technique, showed low levels of expression in many of the ocular tissues, specifically the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Unexpectedly, the highest expression levels of taurine transporter mRNA were found instead in the ciliary body of the mouse eye.
Modulating cocaine vaccine potency through hapten fluorination

Cocaine addiction is a long-lasting relapsing illness characterized by cycles of abuse, abstinence, and reinstatement, and antibody-based therapies could be a powerful therapeutic approach. Herein, we explored the possibility of using halogenated cocaine haptens to enhance the immunological properties of anti-cocaine vaccines. Three fluorine-containing cocaine haptens (GNF, GNCF and GN5F) and one chlorine-containing cocaine hapten (GNCl) were designed and synthesized, based upon the chemical scaffold of the only hapten that has reached clinical trials, succinyl norcocaine (SNC). Hapten GNF was found to retain potent cocaine affinity, and also elicit antibodies in a higher concentration than the parent structure SNC. Our data suggests that not only could strategic hapten fluorination be useful for improving upon the current cocaine vaccine undergoing clinical trials, but it may also be a valuable new approach, with application to any of the vaccines being developed for the treatment of drugs of abuse.
Cultural resources and cultural distinction in networks

Abstract Though both cultural tastes and social networks have been of interest to sociologists for more than 25 years, investigations of the role that tastes play in shaping networks are relatively new. This paper follows recent research that considers the relationship between culture and social structure by focusing on the mechanism at work in the cultural matching process. We use the Cambridge College Network Dataset, a panel study of all graduate students who enrolled in one of the colleges at the University of Cambridge in the 2008–2009 academic year, to investigate how musical tastes influence relationship development. Our analyses yield two major findings: first, the shared non-consumption of musical genres is as important as the shared consumption of musical genres; and second, musical tastes are only associated with the formation and maintenance of strong relationships rather than of relationships in general. These findings suggest that an understanding of cultural tastes as “skills” is incomplete and that an understanding of cultural tastes as a “system of distinctions” matters for understanding the development of social relationships.
A Murine Model of Candida glabrata Vaginitis

Vaginal Candida glabrata infections have increased significantly in recent years and are particularly common in women with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Efforts to understand the pathogenesis and treatment of this infection have been hindered by the lack of experimental animal models. Before onset of hyperglycemia, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice inoculated intravaginally with clinical C. glabrata isolates were shown to support high vaginal titers of C. glabrata for > 14 days with evidence for superficial invasion of vaginal epithelial tissue. In contrast, congenic diabetic-resistant mice and mice susceptible to Candida albicans infections were significantly less susceptible to vaginal infection by C. glabrata, suggesting a potential link between the susceptibility of NOD mice to diabetes and their susceptibility to vaginal C. glabrata infections. This animal model of C. glabrata vaginitis provides a means to study the genetics and pathogenesis of C. glabrata infections and to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotic agents against C. glabrata.
The effects of sex education on women with secondary orgasmic dysfunction.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of sex education on 48 couples in which the women reported secondary orgasmic dysfunction. None of the males had a problem with premature ejaculation or with erectile dysfunction. Couples received two, two-hour sessions of sex education during a one-week period. From measures administered before and after treatment, the women reported significantly increased orgasmic frequency and decreased sexual anxiety. The males reported a significant increase in the duration of intercourse and in oral-genital sexual stimulation. None of the subject characteristics significantly predicted overall change. The findings underscored the important role of sex education in facilitating positive changes in a woman's orgasmic frequency and in a sexual relationship. Future research should assess the relative meaningfulness of the various components of the sex education package.
Experimental example of isotropic second harmonic generation: DC-sputtered Al thin films

Summary form only given. For years efforts have been made to understand second harmonic generation (SHG) from the surfaces and interfaces of isotropic metal interfaces. Theoretical and experimental understanding of this process would be helpful for quantitative surface studies based on SHG. However, to our knowledge, there has been no complete measurement of the amplitudes and relative phases of the seven non-zero elements of the second harmonic susceptibility tensor, /spl chi//sup (2)/, for an isotropic metal surface. We report such a measurement of /spl chi//sup (2)/, for air-exposed sputtered Al films. Analysis of the results shows unambiguously that the films are isotropic sources of surface SHG, but also highlight a discrepancy between measurements and the accepted theory.
Population differences in associations between C-reactive protein concentration and adiposity: comparison of young adults in the Philippines and the United States

Background: Inflammation may be an important mediator of the association between nutrition and cardiovascular diseases, but most studies have been conducted in Western populations with high rates of overweight and obesity and low levels of infectious disease. Objectives: This study sought to investigate the predictors of C-reactive protein (CRP) in young adults living in the Philippines and to examine patterns of association with adiposity compared with young adults in the United States. Design: Maximum likelihood logistic regression models were used to predict elevated high-sensitivity CRP (>3 mg/L) in relation to anthropometric measures of adiposity, symptoms of infectious disease, and proxy measures of pathogen exposure in men and women from the Philippines (n = 1648; age: 20–22 y). Comparative data were drawn from a nationally representative sample in the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; n = 616; age: 19–24 y). Results: Median concentrations of CRP were substantially lower in the Philippines (0.2 mg/L) than in the United States (0.9 mg/L), and the likelihood of elevated CRP was lower in the Philippines than in the United States at the same level of waist circumference or skinfold thickness. In the Philippines, infectious symptoms and pathogen exposure predicted elevated CRP, independent of adiposity. Conclusions: Adiposity and infectious exposures are associated with elevated CRP in the Philippines; other populations undergoing comparable lifestyle and dietary changes associated with increasing rates of overweight and obesity are likely experiencing similar double burdens of inflammatory stimuli. Low concentrations of CRP in this Philippine sample raise the question of whether CRP cutoffs based on European or European-American reference populations are appropriate for predicting disease risk in populations undergoing the nutrition transition.
Species discrimination in infant pigtail macques with pictorial stimuli

Two experiments used a visual fixation habituation-dishabituation paradigm to study the ability of young, socially restricted pigtail macaques to discriminate among adults of 3 macaque species (pigtail, cynomolgus, and stumptail) with pictures as stimuli. The results of the 1st study demonstrated that 3-month-old pigtail infants could discriminate among faces of adult females of all 3 species. The 2nd study was methodologically similar to the 1st, with the exception that the face stimuli were presented upside-down. The results of Experiment II demonstrated no species discrimination, suggesting that the socially relevant discrimination demonstrated in Experiment I was a function of cues unique to the upright face and not a function of abstract cues unique to the upright face and not a function of abstract cues available in both upright and upside-down facial stimuli.
Information-theoretic identification of content pages for analyzing user information needs and actions on the multimedia web

Increasing use of media in web pages is fueling the metamorphosis of the WWW into a multimedia web. The development of information organization, analysis, and search technologies that enable people to efficiently find the specific information they require becomes especially important in this context. Determining the information goal of a user is a critical step in this direction. However, the information goal is typically subjective and latent. Its determination is further complicated in multimedia websites since the semantics of media-based information is context-based and emergent. Furthermore, interaction modalities with media are, unlike static link-based browsing, complex to analyze. In this paper we address the problem of automatically determining the content pages given the browsing behavior of a user. The content pages contain the information the user came to the site to find. Thus, their identification is a critical step in reasoning about user information goals. We propose an information theoretic approach that takes into account the organization of the web site, the multimedia information content, as well as the influence of a specific browsing pattern to identify one or more pages that putatively contain the information goal(s). This method can be used irrespective of whether the user has a single information goal or is looking to satisfy multiple information needs. Experimental investigations on media rich sites illustrate the efficacy of the technique and its potential in modeling user information needs and actions in a multimedia web.
A brief self-guided telehealth intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans: a pilot study:

To engage more US combat veterans in PTSD treatment, we offered a psychological intervention that could be initiated in primary care and completed using the Internet. Participants (n = 31) were randomized to complete either Written Emotional Disclosure (WED) or time management narratives on a secure Internet website. In the WED group, participants wrote about their thoughts and emotions regarding one traumatic combat experience in three 20-min sessions. Writing instructions encouraged exposure to traumatic memories and cognitive processing of trauma. The intervention was found to be feasible and safe to implement. Although follow-up assessments did not reveal significant group differences in PTSD symptoms, half of the WED participants reported symptom reductions. Content analyses revealed that participants who expressed more emotion and cognitions were significantly more likely to experience decreased PTSD symptoms. WED may have promise as a brief intervention for veterans with PTSD.
Numerical Simulation of Free-Boundary Problems

A numerical procedure based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) description of flow is developed to simulate free surface problems. The conservation equations are rewritten using a referential kinematic description where the grid points move independently of the fluid particles. In all the applications considered in this work, the fluid domain is bounded below by a rigid impermeable wall and above by a vapor-liquid moving interface. The free surface is taken to be resting on vertical spines and the grid points slide up and down along the vertical spines. The two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are discretized in time using Chorin type Projection scheme and pressure is determined from the Poisson equation. Galerkin Finite Element Method with three node triangular elements has been used for spatial discretization Hydraulic jump with inlet supercritical Froude number 2.0 is solved. The turbulence is modeled using a two-equation k-e closure model. The surface roller and small recirculation...
Single Option Aversion

This article documents single-option aversion, an increase in consumers’ desire to search when faced with a single option. This effect can lead to a product being chosen more often when competing alternatives are included in the choice set, contrary to various rational models of search, as well as to recent research on choice conflict showing that additional options can lead to higher deferral rates. A series of lab studies document this effect, differentiate it from other context effects, and test some of its boundary conditions. The results suggest that single-option aversion is not driven by the information provided by the additional options, that the desire to search is critical for this effect to occur, and that the effects of single-option aversion are not limited to the immediate choice set. These results have both practical and theoretical implications for the understanding of consumer search and choice deferral.
Hematopoietic origins of fibroblasts: I. In vivo studies of fibroblasts associated with solid tumors

Objective. Recent studies have reported that bone marrow cells can give rise to tissue fibroblasts. However, the bone marrow cell(s) that gives rise to fibroblasts has not yet been identified. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that tissue fibroblasts are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vivo. Methods. These studies were conducted using mice whose hematopoiesis had been reconstituted by transplantation of a clonal population of cells derived from a single enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive HSC in conjunction with murine tumor models. Results. When tumors propagated in the transplanted mice were evaluated for the presence of EGFP + HSC-derived cells, two prominent populations of EGFP + cells were found. The first were determined to be fibroblasts within the tumor stromal capsule, a subset of which expressed type I collagen mRNA and a-smooth muscle actin. The second population was a perivascular cell associated with the CD31 + tumor blood vessels.
Dialogue-Based Public Engagement with Nanotechnology

Theory and experience emphasize that science communications between experts and nonexperts should be dialogue, not monologue. This principle guides a program of public engagement with nanotechnology at the University of South Carolina. It enables the participants to express their values and concerns to experts, and to question them. It is intended that the knowledge and confidence generated by this program will enhance the participants’ ability to have active and constructive roles in nanotech policy.
Dividend Announcements, Firm Size and Dividend Growth in the Sri Lankan Stock Market

This paper investigates the informational content of dividend announcements and analyzes the impact of dividend announcements by firm size and dividend growth using a sample from the emerging market of Sri Lanka. Consistent with prior evidence from developed stock markets, we find that dividends have significant information content in the Sri Lankan stock market. On average, market reacts positively to dividend announcements. The information content is stronger for the smaller firms and for firms announcing high dividend growth. We also find a considerable anticipatory effect for smaller firms, the largest firms and for firms announcing lowest dividend growth. The market takes a considerable time to fully incorporate information contained in dividend announcements by smallest firms, the largest firms, and by firms announcing the highest dividend growth. Overall, the results are inconsistent with an informationally efficient stock market.
New architectures for space power systems

Electric power generation and conditioning have experienced revolutionary development over the past two decades. Furthermore, new materials such as high energy magnets and high temperature superconductors are either available or on the horizon. Our work is based on the premise that new technologies are an important driver of new power system concepts and architectures. This observation is borne out by the historical evolution of power systems both in terrestrial and aerospace applications. This paper introduces new approaches to designing space power systems by using several new technologies. Two new architectures are introduced: the current source current intensive system and the articulate system. Basic characteristics of these systems have been investigated. Some aspects of the articulate system architecture, as discussed in this paper can be implemented in the short term. Flexible AC transmission systems which are now undergoing rapid development and implementation, can be regarded as a subset of the family of control methodologies which constitute the realm of articulate systems. >
Measuring Causal Attributions for Success and Failure

Although a great deal of research based on Weiner et al.’s (1971) model of causal attributions for success and failure events has been published during the 1970s, relatively little attention has been given to the question of how causal attributions should best be measured (Deaux & Farris, 1977; Smith, 1977). Although a few articles (e.g., Elig & Frieze, 1975; Frieze, 1976; Weiner, 1974; McHugh, 1975) have referred to the variety of measures used for assessing attributions, there has been no formal study of the implications of using one attribution measure over another, and researchers have tended to be unsystematic in their selection and use of the common techniques. This article explores the interrelationship of several measures of causal attributions to assess their validity and to make recommendations concerning the selection of instruments to be used in future studies of causal attributions for success and failure events.
Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study

Arterial stiffness is a prominent feature of vascular aging and is strongly related to cardiovascular disease. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a key player in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, may also play a role in arterial stiffening, but this relationship has not been well studied. Thus, we examined the cross-sectional association between ox-LDL and aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, in community-dwelling older adults. Plasma ox-LDL levels and aPWV were measured in 2295 participants (mean age: 74 years; 52% female; 40% black) from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Mean aPWV significantly increased across tertiles of ox-LDL (tertile 1: 869+/-376 cm/s; tertile 2: 901+/-394 cm/s; tertile 3: 938+/-415 cm/s; P=0.002). In multivariate analyses, ox-LDL remained associated with aPWV after adjustment for demographics and traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors (P=0.008). After further adjustment for hemoglobin A1c, abdominal visceral fat, antihypertensive and antilipemic medications, and C-reactive protein, the association with ox-LDL was attenuated but remained significant (P=0.01). Results were similar when ox-LDL was expressed in absolute (milligrams per deciliter) or relative amounts (percentage of low-density lipoprotein). Moreover, individuals in the highest ox-LDL tertile were 30% to 55% more likely to have high arterial stiffness, defined as aPWV >75th percentile (P<or=0.02). In conclusion, we found that, among elderly persons, elevated plasma ox-LDL levels were associated with higher arterial stiffness, independent of cardiovascular disease risk factors. These data suggest that ox-LDL may be related to the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness.
The quadrifilar helix antenna

The characteristics of the quadrifilar helix antenna [1] and [2], a broad-band high-gain device, are described in detail. Experimental data on beam patterns, impedance, and axial ratio are given for both the circularly polarized quadrifilar helix antenna (QHA) and the linearly polarized counterwound quadrifilar helix antenna (CQHA). Bandwidths in excess of 5:1 are obtained. The low frequency behavior is discussed. Computation of the QHA characteristics by moment methods [3] is described and computed data on beam patterns and current distributions are given.
Detecting Earnings Information in Repurchase Announcements using the Luck of the (Double) Irish

Previous studies disagree about whether open market repurchase announcements contain positive, negative, or no information about earnings expectations. In this comprehensive study, I use a novel measure of analyst earnings forecast revisions that corrects for undetected biases found in prior studies. While I find no evidence of average changes in earnings expectations across a 28-year sample of repurchase announcements, I find positive post-announcement forecast revisions in a subsample of firms likely to be using “Double Irish” offshore subsidiary structures to delay or avoid U.S. taxes on firm profits. Tests of this subsample utilize a quasi-natural experiment related to a 2007 IRS repurchase regulation which imposed additional repurchase-related costs on these firms. The results are robust to a variety of test specifications and proxies for earnings. This link between repurchase costs and positive earnings revisions is broadly consistent with signaling models of payouts and suggests that managers may announce especially costly repurchases when earnings expectations are underestimated by outsiders.
5.4 A sub-µW 36nV/√Hz chopper amplifier for sensors using a noise-efficient inverter-based 0.2V-supply input stage

In low-bandwidth, low-noise applications of wireless sensor nodes, the sensor front-end amplifier presents a power-consumption bottleneck since its current draw is noise-limited and cannot be scaled with the low data-rate, as is possible with the DSP and RF blocks. EEG monitoring is one application where designers have targeted sub-microvolt input-referred noise over a signal band of 0.5 to 100Hz [1]. Prior work to improve the energy-efficiency of low-noise instrumentation amplifiers (LNIAs) for sensors includes chopper IAs [1,2], inverter-based LNAs [3], current-reuse through amplifier stacking [4], and low-supply-voltage amplifier design reaching 0.45V [5].