cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontology and values anchor indigenous and grey nomenclatures: a case study in lichen naming practices among the Samí, Sherpa, Scots, and Okanagan.

Abstract Ethnobotanical research provides ample justification for comparing diverse biological nomenclatures and exploring ways that retain alternative naming practices. However, how (and whether) comparison of nomenclatures is possible remains a subject of discussion. The comparison of diverse nomenclatural practices introduces a suite of epistemic and ontological difficulties and considerations. Different nomenclatures may depend on whether the communities using them rely on formalized naming conventions; cultural or spiritual valuations; or worldviews. Because of this, some argue that the different naming practices may not be comparable if the ontological commitments employed differ. Comparisons between different nomenclatures cannot assume that either the naming practices or the object to which these names are intended to apply identifies some universally agreed upon object of interest. Investigating this suite of philosophical problems, I explore the role grey nomenclatures play in classification. ‘Grey nomenclatures’ are defined as those that employ names that are either intentionally or accidently non-Linnaean. The classification of the lichen thallus (a symbiont) has been classified outside the Linnaean system by botanists relying on the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). But, I argue, the use of grey names is not isolated and does not occur exclusively within institutionalized naming practices. I suggest, ‘grey names’ also aptly describe nomenclatures employed by indigenous communities such as the Sami of Northern Finmark, the Sherpa of Nepal, and the Okanagan First Nations. I pay particular attention to how naming practices are employed in these communities; what ontological commitments they hold; for what purposes are these names used; and what anchors the community's nomenclatural practices. Exploring the history of lichen naming and early ethnolichenological research, I then investigate the stakes that must be considered for any attempt to preserve, retain, integrate, or compare the knowledge contained in both academically formalized grey names and indigenous nomenclatures in a way that preserves their source-specific informational content.
Attaining quantum limited precision of localizing an object in passive imaging

We investigate our ability to determine the mean position, or centroid, of a linear array of equally bright incoherent point sources of light whose continuum limit is the problem of estimating the center of a uniformly radiating object. We consider two receivers, an image-plane ideal direct-detection imager and a receiver that employs Hermite-Gaussian (HG) spatial-mode demultiplexing in the image plane, prior to shot-noise-limited photon detection. We compare the Fisher information (FI) for estimating the centroid achieved by these two receivers, which quantifies the information-accrual rate per photon, and compare those with the quantum Fisher information (QFI): the maximum attainable FI by any choice of measurement on the collected light allowed by physics. We find that focal-plane direct imaging is strictly suboptimal, although not by a large margin. We also find that not only is the HG mode sorter, which is the optimal measurement for estimating the separation between point sources (or the length of a line object), suboptimal, but it performs worse than direct imaging. We study the scaling behavior of the QFI and direct imaging's FI for a continuous uniformly bright object in terms of its length and find that both are inversely proportional to the object's length when it is sufficiently larger than the Rayleigh length. Finally, we propose a two-stage adaptive modal receiver design that attains the QFI for centroid estimation.
Revision ACL reconstruction has higher incidence of 30-day hospital readmission, reoperation, and surgical complications relative to primary procedures

Although there has been substantial improvement in ACL reconstructive surgery, graft failure remains a devastating complication for some patients. Revision procedures are inherently more complex and technically challenging. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of short-term complications after these procedures and to compare trends in operative length, relative valuation, and reimbursement after primary versus revision ACL reconstruction. Primary and revision arthroscopic ACL reconstruction cases were identified on the American College of Surgeons’ NSQIP database using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2017. Demographics, patient variables, and surgical variables were compared between primary and revision groups using Chi-squared tests. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for revision ACL reconstruction. Various 30-day outcome measures were compared between the primary and revision ACL reconstruction groups. Various measures of valuation—including total relative value units (RVU) and reimbursement per minute—were calculated and compared between the two groups. A total of 8292 patients—8135 primary and 157 revision procedures—were included in the final cohort. Higher ASA scores were associated with revision ACL reconstructions. Patients undergoing revision procedures were less likely to have an ASA score of 1 (p < 0.001) and more likely to have an ASA score of 2 (p = 0.004) or 3 (p = 0.020). Revision ACL reconstruction was associated with higher rates of poor 30-day outcome measures, including unplanned readmission (p = 0.029), reoperation (p = 0.012), return to the OR (p = 0.012), and surgical complications (p = 0.021). The total RVUs and reimbursement for revision procedures were significantly greater than those for primary procedures (p < 0.001). However, when accounting for operative time, the RVU/minute and reimbursement/minute were similar between the two groups (n.s.). Relative to primary ACL reconstruction, revision ACL procedures are associated with worse short-term outcomes—including unplanned readmission, reoperation, return to the OR, and surgical complications. A greater ASA score was independently predictive of revision ACL surgery. The current RVU system undervalues revision ACL procedures, considering the increased operative time and complexity of such procedures. Level III.
Thick Heart, Wide QRS, Broad Differential.

Abstract Routine electrocardiogram in a middle-aged man with left ventricular hypertrophy showed sinus rhythm, a short PR interval, and delta wave, confirming ventricular pre-excitation. Pre-excita...
Mercury Determination in Certifiable Color Additives Using Thermal Decomposition Amalgamation and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analysis.

BACKGROUND Color additives requiring batch certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) specification limits for certain elements and are usually analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). However, sensitivity for Hg is too low in some color additives. OBJECTIVE The thermal decomposition amalgamation-atomic absorption spectrometric (TDA-AAS) technique was investigated for providing quick and accurate determinations of Hg in certifiable color additives. METHODS Tests were performed to optimize conditions and test reliability of Hg determinations at and below the CFR specification limit of 1 mg/kg. RESULTS Sensitivity is much improved over XRF with limits of quantitation of 0.03 mg/kg for highly homogeneous color additives. CONCLUSIONS The TDA-AAS method can be used for determining Hg concentrations at and below the CFR specification limit. The technique is effective for all color additives, including those that are difficult to analyze by XRF, but less efficient for color additives that quickly deteriorate the catalyst. Regular quality checks using certified reference materials and in-house matrix-matched check standards are essential. HIGHLIGHTS The TDA-AAS method is applicable for use in routine color additive batch certification. Certain matrices (notably those that release nitrogen or sulfur oxides or halogens upon combustion) necessitate more frequent replacement of the catalyst and recalibration, impacting productivity. Color additives containing BaSO4, in color additive lakes, that are difficult to analyze by other techniques are well suited for TDA-AAS analysis.
Building classroom communities for children with autism spectrum disorder

Limited research has explored mothers’ perceptions of teachers’ pedagogical practices that may or may not support the learning and development of their child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mo...
Cardiac Imaging Trends from 2010 to 2019 in the Medicare Population.

Cardiologist in-office echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging continue to shift to the hospital outpatient department, with increasing in-office cardiac PET utilization.
The Impact of Risk Reduction Initiatives on Readmission: THA and TKA Readmission Rates

We assessed whether sequential incorporation of initiatives to decrease postoperative surgical complications were similarly effective in reducing 30-day readmission rates following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). Readmission rates following TKA decreased substantially (5.6% vs. 3.0%, P<0.001), but readmissions following THA (4.0% vs. 3.4%, P=0.41) were not significantly reduced. The greatest impact of the multimodal treatment approach was a reduction of surgically related TKA complications. Advanced medical disease, facility discharge status, and Medicare or Medicaid coverage contributed to the highest risk for 30-day readmission after THA. Risk models defining expected readmission rates should account for these factors to avoid penalizing hospitals that provide higher proportional care to Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) beneficiaries.
Iron Requirements of and Acquisition of Iron by Legionella pneumophila

This chapter discusses the current understanding of the relationship between Legionella pneumophila and the metal iron. It summarizes the work of a number of laboratories that demonstrated the importance of iron for Legionella, and highlights recent advances toward uncovering mechanisms of L. pneumophila iron acquisition. The mutant displayed a 42% reduction in hemin binding, confirming that hbp potentiates hemin acquisition by L. pneumophila. Within U937 cells, NU216 and its allelic equivalent NU216R were approximately 100-fold more sensitive than the wild type to treatment with desferoxamine, confirming that they are defective for intracellular iron acquisition. The EDDA-hypersensitive mutant NU208 was also dramatically impaired for replication in U937 cells, and its infectivity defect was exacerbated by treatment of the macrophages with desferoxamine. A reconstruction of the NU208 mutation confirmed that the iron acquisition and infectivity defects were due to the transposon insertion and not a spontaneous second-site mutation. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the transposon disruption lies within a gene that is highly similar to the cytochrome c maturation gene, ccmC. ccmC is generally recognized for its role in the heme export step of cytochrome biogenesis. Quantitative infection assays demonstrated that NU229 was impaired ca. 80-fold in intracellular growth. Reconstruction of the mutant by allelic exchange proved that the defect was due to the inactivation of frgA and not a spontaneous second-site mutation. Subsequently, trans-complementation of the mutation demonstrated that the infectivity defect was directly due to the loss of FrgA.
Data and Methodology

This research uses a mixed method design to present a deep narrative account of facts that offer context (qualitative), supplemented by statistical data (quantitative) that offer breadth. Mixed methodology was selected for the strength of triangulation to elaborate and clarify the findings and to generate greater understanding about how errors in policing might occur. The source documents for the analysis appear in Table 3.1.
Relational Developmental Systems-Based Theories and the Study of Children and Families: Lerner and Spanier (1978) Revisited

We discuss the evolution of scientific theory using the example of the relational developmental systems (RDS) metamodel, a conception emphasizing mutually influential relations between individuals and contexts. An important basis for RDS ideas in contemporary developmental science is Lerner and Spanier's (1978) discussion of mutually influential relationships between children and families. In the context of recounting the role of one of the present authors (RML) in the evolution of the RDS metamodel, we compare the Lerner and Spanier discussion with RDS-based ideas. We present the implications of RDS ideas for contemporary research and applications aimed at understanding and enhancing children, families, and the systemic relationships among them.
Modeling, Estimation and Control of Polymer Composite Processing

Work is being done to better understand, monitor, and control the processing of thermosetting polymer composites. The heat transfer and kinetic behavior of a prototype batch processing system have been modeled to improve our understanding of the process. To provide a method by which to monitor extent of reaction, the key processing variable of the system which cannot be measured, these models are implemented in an Extended Kalman Filter algorithm. The ability to monitor extent of reaction through state estimation allows for a better understanding of the state of the system during cure and thus provides an opportunity for processing consistency. To achieve this goal, control of the batch time of the process and servo control based on extent of reaction of the composite during cure are considered.
IE computing in the forest products industry

Abstract This paper reports on research conducted by industrial engineers involving the application of knowledge engineering in the log breakdown, lumber grading, and rough milling operations for hardwoods in a sawmill. A design for an automated sawmill system and its implementation issues are discussed. Related work applying operations research and computer-aided processing in other areas of the forest products industry are also presented.
Epigenetic Variation in Humans

Epigenetic modifications alter the expression behaviour of genes without involving changes to the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence itself. These modifications take a variety of forms, most notably DNA methylation and histone modification. Epigenetic differences allow alleles, cells or even individuals that are genetically identical to exhibit radically different phenotypes. Differentiation among cells underlies tissue differentiation and development. Differentiation between alleles within a cell is used to enhance clonal diversity, as in the immune system, and has been highjacked in the service of evolutionary genetic conflicts, as seen in the phenomenon of genomic imprinting. Epigenetic differences among individuals may account for some of the differences between monozygotic (identical) twins. Some recent studies have even suggested that these epigenetic mechanisms may allow organisms to adapt to environmental changes on very short timescales. Environmental adaptations could be epigenetically encoded and passed on to offspring, providing a potential mechanism for a neo-Lamarckian mode of evolution. Keywords: DNA methylation; histone modification; genomic imprinting; epimutation
The fate of the chromaffin granule during catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla—III.: Recovery of a purified fraction of electron-translucent structures

Abstract Purified fractions of chromaffin granules from the adrenal medullae of cats have been prepared for an electron microscopic study of changes associated with the release of catecholamines. Fractions from unstimulated medullae consisted of electron-opaque, membrane-bounded spheroidal granules of about 4500 A maximum diameter, similar to those seen in situ . Fractions from animals whose adrenal medullae had been stimulated with acetylcholine and depleted of catecholamines consisted almost entirely of electron-translucent structures. It is concluded that during release of catecholamines from the chromaffin granules, the granules discharge their electron-opaque contents, but not their membranes, which remain in the cell as discrete structures.
Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds: I. Direct measurements in breathing-zone air, drinking water, food, and exhaled breath☆

Abstract A pilot study to test methods of estimating personal exposures to toxic substances and corresponding body burdens was carried out between July and December 1980. Individual exposures to about a dozen volatile organic compounds in air and drinking water were measured for nine volunteers in Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, and for three volunteers in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina during three 3-day visits over the 6-month period. Breath samples were also collected from all subjects on each visit. Composite food samples were collected in each locality. Sampling and analytical methods for air, water, food, and breath were evaluated and found generally capable of detecting concentrations as low as 1 μg/m 3 in air and breath, and 1 ng/g in water and food. About 230 personal air samples, 170 drinking water samples, 66 breath samples, and 4 food samples (16 composites) were analyzed for the target chemicals. Ten compounds were present in air and eight were transmitted mainly through that medium. The two target trihalomethanes (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) were predominantly transmitted through water and beverages. Food appeared to be a minor route of exposure, except possibly for trichloroethylene in margarine. Seven compounds were present in more than half of the breath samples. Diurnal and seasonal variations were noted in air and water concentrations of some compounds, with summer levels generally higher. For some chemicals, weekday air exposures were significantly higher than weekend exposures. Some, but not all, of the potentially occupationally exposed individuals had significantly higher workplace exposures to several chemicals. Distributions of air exposures were closer to log normal than normal for most chemicals. Several chemicals were highly correlated with each other in personal air samples, indicating possible common sources of exposure.
Behavioural Psychotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

The literature on behavioural treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reviewed. Two sets of behavioural procedures have been commonly employed in the treatment of anxiety disorders in general and in the treatment of PTSD specifically: exposure based procedures and anxiety management techniques (AMT). Both sets of procedures appear to be promising in the treatment of PTSD following both combat and rape experiences.
Evaporite Depositional Fabrics in the Deeply Buried Jurassic Buckner Formation, Alabama

ABSTRACT The Upper Jurassic Buckner Formation contains evaporites (anhydrite) buried to depths of up to nearly 6,000 m in southwestern Alabama. Although these evaporites and the associated sediments have been deformed and mineralogically altered, some primary depositional textures and fabrics remain. This establishes the Buckner Formation as the most deeply buried succession of evaporites from which primary features have been reported. A cored section of the Buckner Formation contains repetitive depositional sequences, from 1.5 m to 5.5 m in thickness, of 1) dolostone facies (shallow, restricted lagoon) overlain by 2) nodular anhydrite facies (sabkha). Within the nodular anhydrite facies, layers containing nodules surrounded by siliciclastic sediment and finely crystalline dolomite are interpreted as having formed by displacive growth of gypsum or anhydrite at or above a sabkha water table. Other intervals within the nodular anhydrite facies consist of vertically oriented and elongated nodules thought to be pseudomorphs after gypsum that originally formed by subaqueous crystal growth. Each of the Buckner Formation sequences represents the outbuilding of an arid shoreline with progradation of sabkha evaporites and siliciclastics over lagoonal carbonates in a manner similar to the Holocene sequences of the Persian Gulf and the northwest Gulf of California. The Buckner sequences that contain the vertically elongated anhydrite nodules differ from the "normal" Persian Gulf record of supratidal sabkha deposition in that these pseudomorphs are interpreted as having formed as gypsum in temporary ponds of a sabkha proper, a gypsum pan.
Evidence-Based Practice for APNs: Making Sense of the Statistics

Once the nurse understands the process of EBP, the challenge is to be able to interpret the results of clinical and professional studies and then use the results in practice. One barrier is the fact that many nurses have not been taught clinical epidemiology, the foundation for interpreting EBP results. This session will introduce the APN to concepts of clinical epidemiology that will help them interpret the results from clinical research.
Prostate cancer risk alleles significantly improve disease detection and are associated with aggressive features in patients with a “normal” prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination

BACKGROUND Several reports suggest that a combination of risk alleles may be associated with prostate cancer (CaP) risk and tumor features. However, their ability to detect CaP and tumor characteristics in patients with a “normal” PSA (<4 ng/ml) and non-suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) remains to be determined. METHODS We examined 203 men of European ancestry with clinical stage T1c CaP diagnosed at a “normal” PSA and 611 healthy volunteer controls. The genotypes for 17 different risk alleles were compared between CaP cases and controls. Additional analyses were used to compare the pathologic features between carriers and non-carriers (defined using best-fit genetic model) of these variants. RESULTS All risk alleles were present at an increased frequency in cases with “normal” PSA values and DRE compared to controls. Amongst CaP patients, carriers of an increasing number of genetic risk factors (i.e., alleles and positive family history) were at a significantly increased risk of CaP (P-trend 10 genetic risk factors had an 11.2-fold risk (95% CI 4.3–29.2) of having the disease compared to men with ≤5 variants. There also was a higher frequency of many the variants amongst men with adverse pathologic features. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of biopsy-detectable CaP occurs in men with “normal” PSA levels and negative DRE. In this population, CaP risk alleles and family history are significantly associated with CaP risk and may help predict aggressive disease. Future studies are warranted to determine the utility of incorporating these variants into CaP screening programs. Prostate 77:394–402, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feasts and Their Failures

Archaeologists often interpret the physical evidence for large-scale consumption of food and beverages as the remains of feasts that successfully enhanced personal reputations, consolidated power, or ensured community solidarity. However, ethnographic accounts illustrate the potential for “feast failure”: people may or may not contribute, may or may not come to the feast, may or may not be satisfied, and may or may not repay the feast-giver in labor or obeisance. Because they involve so many logistical and material components before, during, and after the event, feasts almost always exhibit some shortcomings. These failures paradoxically provide both hosts and guests the opportunity to demonstrate their managerial skills, a factor that would have been increasingly important with the development of multiple and overlapping groups at the inception of social complexity. The use of failure-prone events as testing grounds for social integration also may explain the increased amount and diversity of feasting behavior over time.
Proteomic analysis of a decellularized human vocal fold mucosa scaffold using 2D electrophoresis and high-resolution mass spectrometry

Natural biologic scaffolds for tissue engineering are commonly generated by decellularization of tissues and organs. Despite some preclinical and clinical success, in vivo scaffold remodeling and functional outcomes remain variable, presumably due to the influence of unidentified bioactive molecules on the scaffold-host interaction. Here, we used 2D electrophoresis and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses to evaluate decellularization effectiveness and identify potentially bioactive protein remnants in a human vocal fold mucosa model. We noted proteome, phosphoproteome and O-glycoproteome depletion post-decellularization, and identified >200 unique protein species within the decellularized scaffold. Gene ontology-based enrichment analysis revealed a dominant set of functionally-related ontology terms associated with extracellular matrix assembly, organization, morphology and patterning, consistent with preservation of a tissue-specific niche for later cell seeding and infiltration. We further identified a subset of ontology terms associated with bioactive (some of which are antigenic) cellular proteins, despite histological and immunohistochemical data indicating complete decellularization. These findings demonstrate the value of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in identifying agents potentially responsible for variation in host response to engineered tissues derived from decellularized scaffolds. This work has implications for the manufacturing of biologic scaffolds from any tissue or organ, as well as for prediction and monitoring of the scaffold-host interaction in vivo.
Resonance enhancement of local modes in the Raman spectra of mixed molecular crystals and biological polymers

The effect of electronic resonances on the cross sections for Raman scattering from localized and delocalized vibrational modes is considered for the cases where the resonance is with a localized electronic state and with a delocalized electronic state. It is concluded that resonance with a localized electronic state increases the Raman cross section of the localized mode significantly more than that of the delocalized mode while resonance with a delocalized electronic state has the opposite effect. Furthermore, a coupling of electronic states following a conformational change in a polymer is predicted to decrease the resonance Raman cross section of a localized vibrational mode. Consequently, observations of such effects will serve to identify local phonon modes in mixed molecular crystals and provide information about conformational change in biomolecules.
Unequal treatment of AFDC children by the federal government

Abstract With demographic shifts occurring and with global economic competition growing, policy makers are beginning to focus on the importance of educating and nurturing the nation's children. This article addresses the issue of how the federal government should subsidize Aid to Dependent to Families with Children (AFDC) on which many poor children depend. The article presents the regression results indicating that the amount of federal subsidy for AFDC is inversely related to the percentage of blacks in the state population, and it is directly related to per capita income in the state and to tax effort in the state. It draws policy implications and advocates a more direct federal participation in financing AFDC.
Less diffuse damage was observed in osteogenesis imperfecta mice femurs than wild-type controls

Accumulation of microdamage contributes to the deterioration of bone quality with aging among the elderly [1]. Microdamage formation in bone is dependent on its ultrastructural constituents. At the ultrastructural level, bone is a fiber-reinforced composite material in which mineral crystals are responsible for its stiffness and collagen fibrils offer its toughness [2]. Using animal models with distinct mineralization levels (BL6 and C3H mice), a previous study has demonstrated that highly mineralized bone tend to form linear microcracks whereas less mineralized bone is more likely to have diffuse damage [3]. To our knowledge, however, the effect of collagen phase on the microdamage formation of bone has not been well studied. Less collagen content [4] and smaller diameter [5] of collagen fibrils have been observed in bone with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) disease, a mutation of a single nucleotide deletion in proα2(I) collagen gene. The oim mouse model has been widely used as animal models to study osteogenesis imperfecta disease. Consequently, the objective of current study was to determine the influence of collage phase alterations on microdamage formation in bone using oim mice.© 2010 ASME
Studies of step stiffnesses and relaxation on Pt(1 1 1), Pd(1 1 1) and Mo(0 1 1)

We describe investigations of equilibrium step structure on Pt(1 1 1), Pd(1 1 1) and Mo(0 1 1), using low energy electron microscopy. From capillary wave analyses we obtained fluctuation amplitudes and relaxation times for Fourier components of the step edge displacement as functions of wave number q. The τ q 1 at ∼T m /2 vary quite accurately with wavevector q as q 3 and show that surface diffusion is responsible for the relaxation at these lower temperatures for all clean single crystal surfaces studied. The temperature dependence of the step stiffnesses is very weak in the intervals 1190-1520 K for Pt, 990-1300 K for Pd and 1350-1680 K for Mo.
Mouth protectors and oral trauma: a study of adolescent football players

A total of 754 junior high school and high school football players from the Birmingham, AL, area were studied to determine the extent of sports-related oral trauma among players. More than half the oral injuries and more than a third of the concussions were reported in sports other than football. Basketball and baseball players had a high prevalence of hard tissue oral trauma with virtually none of the players wearing mouth protectors. The results of this study indicate that current mouth protector designs are helpful in preventing hard tissue trauma, yet additional soft tissue protection is indicated in football mouth protector design.
Meisenheimer complex from picric acid and diisopropylcarbodiimide

Reaction of picric acid with diisopropylcarbodiimide produces a pale yellow 1:1 adduct N-(2′,4′,6′-trinitrophenyl)-N,N′-di(isopropyl)urea (5) and a 1:2 adduct fluorescent red zwitterionic Meisenheimer complex (6) as approximately N′,N”,N′”-tri(isopropyl)-4-oxo-6-(isopropyliminio)-2-s-(2H)triazinespiro-1′-2′,4′,6′-trinitro cyclohexadienylide. Crystals of (5) are triclinic, P-1 (#2), with a = 10.444(13) A, b = 15.47(2) A, c = 17.74(2) A, α = 110.43(9)°, β = 99.85(10)°, γ = 92.78(10)°, V = 2629(6) A3 for Z = 6 (three molecules per asymmetric unit). Crystals of (6) are orthorhombic, Pna21 (#33), with a = 24.12(4), b = 9.011(19) A, c = 10.87(2) A, V = 2362(8) A3 for Z = 4. Nitro groups in the Meisenheimer complex are twisted 2–8° from the mean formerly aryl ring plane; in (5), nitro groups are twisted out of the aryl plane by 11–62°. In the Meisenheimer complex, cationic charge is distributed over an iminium/guanidinium group; anion charge is distributed over the cyclohexadienide ring and attached nitro groups.
Scattering of a plane harmonic SH wave by a rough multilayered inclusion of arbitrary shape

Abstract Steady-state scattering of a plane harmonic SH wave by a multilayered inclusion of arbitrary shape consisting of a general number of homogeneous isotropic layers, embedded within a half space, is investigated by using a direct boundary integral equation approach. The layer interfaces are assumed to be either smooth or periodically corrugated without any sharp corners being present. The peak corrugation amplitude is arbitrarily prescribed. The corresponding integral equations are derived in terms of the unknown boundary displacements and tractions. The integral equations are discretized using linear elements leading to a system of linear algebraic equations which are solved by using the standard Gauss elimination procedure. Testing of the numerical results is performed by comparing the surface response of a cavity with those available in the literature. The tests show excellent agreement between the two results for different frequencies and angles of incidence. The numerical results include surface response of multilayered inclusions and pipes. The inclusion layers are assumed to be either softer or stiffer from the half space. The pipe layers include both soft–stiff and stiff–soft combinations of the materials. The layered inclusion results demonstrate that for the soft materials the presence of layers may significantly change the surface response when compared to the corresponding homogeneous inclusion motion. For stiff layers this effect is greatly reduced. The same phenomenon has been observed for the inclusions with periodically corrugated interfaces as well. The surface response of a layered pipe is found to strongly depend upon the nature of the incident wave and the materials of the layers.
The Management of Abdominal Aortic Salmonellosis

Infection of the abdominal aorta by Salmonella organisms is a rare but com monly fatal condition. Successful man agement depends on rapid diagnosis, ag gressive surgical intervention, extra- anatomic vascular reconstruction and antibiotic therapy.A review of the surgical literature re veals 25 cases of Salmonella aortitis with only five survivors. Pre-operative death from aortic rupture is common and post operative death due to graft infection is to be anticipated if a prosthesis is placed in the normal retroperitoneal location.A successfully managed case is pre sented with a three year follow-up. Therapy consisted of aneurysm resection, axillobifemoral bypass and a six week course of antibiotics. The status of the oversewn aortic stump has been followed at yearly intervals by means of the in travenous digital subtraction angiogram. No aneurysmal dilatation of the aortic stump has occurred during the three year follow-up and the extra-anatomic recon struction has remained patent without the need for throm...
Cytogenetic aberrations in soft tissue tumors harvested from fresh tissue submitted for surgical pathology: a single institutional experience.

Aims. Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported in many types of soft tissue neoplasms, and the detection of these aberrations imparts diagnostic utility. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that classical karyotyping may be performed with minimal effort as an adjunct to surgical pathology on fresh tissue submitted for histopathological examination. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no recently published reviews in the literature in English of cytogenetic abnormalities in soft tissue tumors from a single institution. Methods. Conventional metaphase cytogenetics was performed in the authors’ cytogenetics laboratory on fresh tissue from mesenchymal tumors from their surgical pathology laboratory over a period of 4 years. Cytogenetics reports, clinical history, and histopathology were reviewed for 48 soft tissue tumors. Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities were identified using the Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer and a review of the literature. Results . The authors r...
Aeolian Destabilization Along the Mojave River, Mojave Desert, California: Linkages Among Fluvial, Groundwater, and Aeolian Systems

A notable aspect of ecosystem deterioration in arid regions is sand movement subsequent to the loss of plant cover. The Lower Mojave Valley in the Mojave Desert of southern California is undergoing...
Cortical Local Field Potential Encodes Movement Intentions in the Posterior Parietal Cortex

The cortical local field potential (LFP) is a summation signal of excitatory and inhibitory dendritic potentials that has recently become of increasing interest. We report that LFP signals in the parietal reach region (PRR) of the posterior parietal cortex of macaque monkeys have temporal structure that varies with the type of planned or executed motor behavior. LFP signals from PRR provide better decode performance for reaches compared to saccades and have stronger coherency with simultaneously recorded spiking activity during the planning of reach movements than during saccade planning. LFP signals predict the animal's behavioral state (e.g., planning a reach or saccade) and the direction of the currently planned movement from single-trial information. This new evidence provides further support for a role of the parietal cortex in movement planning and the potential application of LFP signals for a brain-machine interface.
Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Investigation of the Acidity of HZSM-5

The cal-ad analysis of HZSM-5 provides a novel characterization of the donor-acceptor properties of this solid acid showing 0.0415 mmol per g of a strong Bronsted site and 0.53 mmol per g of a weak...
The cell survival signal Akt is differentially activated by PDGF-BB, EGF, and FGF-2 in osteoblastic cells.

Stimulation of osteoblast survival signals may be an important mechanism of regulating bone anabolism. Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), a serine-threonine protein kinase, is a critical regulator of normal cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cell survival. In this study we have investigated the signaling pathways activated by growth factors PDGF-BB, EGF, and FGF-2 and determined whether PDGF-BB, EGF, and FGF-2 activated Akt in human or mouse osteoblastic cells. The results demonstrated that both ERK1 and ERK2 were activated by FGF-2 and PDGF-BB. Activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by PDGF-BB and FGF-2 was inhibited by PD 098059 (100 microM), a specific inhibitor of MEK. Wortmannin (500 nM), a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI 3-K), inhibited the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by PDGF-BB but not by FGF-2 suggesting that PI 3-K mediated the activation of ERK MAPK pathway by PDGF-BB but not by FGF-2. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70 S6 protein kinase and a downstream target of ERK1/2 and PI 3-K, did not affect the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by the growth factors. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that Akt, a downstream target of PI 3-K, was activated by PDGF-BB but not by FGF-2. Akt activation by PDGF-BB was inhibited by PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Rapamycin had no effect on Akt activation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) also activated Akt in osteoblastic cells which was inhibited by LY294002 but not by rapamycin. Taken together, our data for the first time revealed that the activation of ERK1/2 by PDGF-BB is mediated by PI 3-K, and secondly, Akt is activated by PDGF-BB and EGF but not by FGF-2 in human and mouse osteoblastic cells. These results are of critical importance in understanding the role of these growth factors in apoptosis and cell survival. PDGF-BB and EGF but not FGF-2 may stimulate osteoblast cell survival.
How Do Academic Achievement and Gender Affect the Earnings of STEM Majors? A Propensity Score Matching Approach

The United States government recently enacted a number of policies designed to increase the number of American born students graduating with degrees in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), especially among women and racial and ethnic minorities. This study examines how the earnings benefits of choosing a STEM major vary both by gender and across the distribution of academic achievement. I account for the selection into college major using propensity score matching. Measures of individual educational preferences based on Holland’s theory of career and educational choice provide a unique way to control for college major selection. Findings indicate that the earnings benefit to STEM major choice ranges from 5 to 28 % depending both on academic achievement and on gender and that high-achieving students benefit more from STEM major choice. Further, high achieving men benefit more from STEM majors than high-achieving women. Earnings differences in major choice may play an important role in explaining the underrepresentation of women in STEM major fields, especially among high achieving students.
Evidence for the direct involvement of RNA in the initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli 15T.

The chromosomes of Escherichia coli 15T− and a streptolydigin-sensitive mutant, 15T− lyd-4, were aligned by amino-acid starvation and labeled at their origins with [3H]thymine. The ability to replicate this origin DNA was measured following exposure at different times to rifampycin, streptolydigin and chloramphenicol. Rifampycin and streptolydigin inhibited origin replication at a late time in the replication cycle when ehloramphenicol was no longer inhibitory. The rifampycin-sensitive step, which is required to initiate each new cycle of chromosome replication, only occurs during a definite interval in the replication cycle. After thymine starvation, replication continues in the presence of rifampycin or streptolydigin indicating that under certain conditions the product of the sensitive step is stable and reusable. As a working hypothesis we propose that RNA participates directly in the replication of DNA and that the proteins required for replication are assembled around an RNA core forming the replication complex.
Linear time algorithms for approximating the facility terminal cover problem

In this paper, we consider an interesting generalization of the weighted vertex cover problem, called the Facility Terminal Cover (FTC) problem. In the FTC problem, each vertex is associated with a positive weight, each edge is associated with a positive demand, and the objective is to determine a subset of vertices and a capacity for each selected vertex so that the demand of each edge is covered by the capacity of one of its two endpoints and the total weighted capacity of all selected vertices is minimized. The FTC problem is motivated by several key network optimization problems, such as the power assignment problem in ad hoc networks, and could be used as a subroutine to solve such problems. No quality-guaranteed solution is previously known for the FTC problem. In this paper, we present two linear time approximation algorithms for this problem. Our first algorithm achieves deterministically an approximation ratio of 8 by using an interesting rounding technique and a lower-bounding technique. Based on interesting randomization techniques, our second algorithm further improves the approximation ratio to 2e, where e is the natural logarithmic base. The second algorithm can be easily derandomized in quadratic time. Our algorithms are relatively simple and can be easily implemented for networking applications. Experiments show that the two algorithms behave rather similarly, especially in large-size graphs, indicating that the solutions yielded by one or both algorithms are much closer to the optimum. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 50(1), 118–126 2007
Effects of fertilizer rate, application timing and plant spacing on yield and nutrient content of bell pepper

Abstract Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var annuum L.), cv Pip, transplants were established at 31 and 46 cm in‐rows on bare soil and drip irrigated on a twice weekly schedule. A base rate of fertilizer was applied either in one preplant application or in two (preplant and first flower set) or three (preplant, first flower set, after the midseason harvest) split applications. Additional fertilizer was applied in excess of the base rate on a predetermined schedule or after significant yield decline ('as needed'). Concentrations of 12 elements in leaf and fruit tissues were determined throughout the growing season. The three‐split application of the base rate of fertilizer increased total yield. Plants spaced at 46 cm had increased total and marketable yield in one year. Interactions of fertilizer treatment and plant spacing did not affect total yield. In one year when additional fertilizer was applied ‘as needed’, plants spaced at 31 cm produced more marketable yield than plants spaced at 46 cm. Nutrients in...
Increase in CD5+ B cells in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship to IgM rheumatoid factor expression and disease activity.

Objective. To investigate the association between CD5+ B cell expression and IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Methods. CD5+ B cell levels analyzed by flow cytometry and IgM-RF expression determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay were compared in children with JRA, children with other collagen vascular diseases, and healthy controls. Results. Children with polyarticular JRA had expanded populations of CDS+ B cells, and expansion of CDS+ B cells and IgM-RF both correlated with disease activity. Conclusion. The results indicate that an expanded CD5+ B cell population leads to IgM-RF production in patients with polyarticular JRA, as well as patients with RA.
Selection of anthropogenic features and vegetation characteristics by nesting Common Ravens in the sagebrush ecosystem

Common Raven (Corvus corax) numbers and distribution are increasing throughout the sagebrush steppe, influencing avian communities in complex ways. Anthropogenic structures are thought to increase raven populations by providing food and nesting subsidies, which is cause for concern because ravens are important nest predators of sensitive species, including Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). During 2007–2009, we located raven nests in southeastern Idaho and conducted a resource selection analysis. We measured variables at multiple spatial scales for 72 unique nest locations, including landscape-level vegetation characteristics and anthropogenic structures. Using generalized linear mixed models and an information-theoretic approach, we found a 31% decrease in the odds of nesting by ravens for every 1 km increase in distance away from a transmission line. Furthermore, a 100-m increase in distance away from the edge of two different land cover types decreased the odds of nesting by 20%, and an increase in the amount of edge by 1 km within an area of 102.1 ha centered on the nest increased the odds of nesting by 49%. A post hoc analysis revealed that ravens were most likely to nest near edges of adjoining big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and land cover types that were associated with direct human disturbance or fire. These findings contribute to our understanding of raven expansion into rural environments and could be used to make better-informed conservation decisions, especially in the face of increasing renewable energy development.
Emergency treatment of psychotic symptoms. Pharmacokinetic considerations for antipsychotic drugs.

Psychotic symptoms related to mental and medical disorders can pose a medical emergency. Selecting an appropriate antipsychotic medication to treat this emergency is based on the clinical situation, preferred route of administration, pharmacokinetic profile of the antipsychotic and the medications currently being taken by the patient. Intramuscular preparations are usually preferred over oral medication when the patients are not co-operative and require drugs with a faster onset of action and good bioavailability.