cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Background continental ozone levels in the rural U.S. southwest desert.

Abstract From 1969 through 1978 an extensive ambient air quality monitoring program, including the measurement of atmospheric concentrations of ozone, has been conducted in a remote section of the desert in the southwestern U.S. Using a Monitor Labs chemiluminescent ozone instrument, these levels were measured atop a small mountain 500 feet above the valley floor of the Colorado River. During the winter months, when the prevailing low level winds are northerly in this river valley, rural continental background levels of ozone are attainable. From this continuous ozone data base, 13 of these representative high pressure periods have been selected for analysis. Results indicate a very distinct diurnal trend with an ozone minimum occurring from 0800–1000 hours Mountain Standard Time (MST) and an ozone maximum from 1600–1900 hours MST. Ozone concentrations range from a low of 19 ppb to a high of 44 ppb with the diurnal pattern exhibiting marked repeatability with respect to time of minima and maxima, seasonal changes and concentration levels.
Image correlation method for measuring flow and diameter changes in contracting mesenteric microlymphatics in situ

Collecting microlymphatics play a vital role in promoting lymph flow from the initial lymphatics in the interstitial spaces to the large transport lymph ducts. In most tissues, the primary mechanism for producing this flow is the spontaneous contractions of the lymphatic wall. Individual units, known as lymphangion, are separated by valves that help prevent backflow when the vessel contracts, thus promoting flow through the lymphatic network. Lymphatic contractile activity is inhibited by flow in isolated lymphatics, however there are virtually no in situ measurements of lymph flow in these vessels. One of the difficulties associated with obtaining such measurements is the time consuming methods of manual particle tracking used previously by our group. Using an in situ preparation with mesenteric microlymphatics (~ 100 μm in diameter) and a high speed imaging system (500 fps), we have developed an image correlation method to measure lymphatic flow with a standard error of prediction of 0.3 mm/sec when compared with manual particle tracking.
Shared Leadership: Leading from the Bottom Up

Abstract As the nursing profession faces yet another nursing shortage, health care organizations are seeking strategies to recruit and retain talented nurses. Creating an environment that solicits input and empowers staff to implement changes is one way of achieving this goal. Shared leadership is a nursing management model that supports staff nurses in extending their influence about decisions that affect their practice, work environment, professional development, and self-fulfillment. This model promotes open relationships between staff and management.
Structural analogues of LY292728, a highly potent xanthone dicarboxylic acid leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist: spatial positioning of the secondary acid group

Abstract We report the preparation and pharmacologic activity of three spatial analogues of LY292728, a highly potent xanthone dicarboxylic LTB4 receptor antagonist. Molecular modeling of these compounds has helped to further elucidate the nature of the secondary acid binding site of the LTB4 receptor.
A Limited Feedback Scheme for Linear Dispersion Codes Over Correlated MIMO Channels

With partial channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, the design of space-time codes for frequency flat, spatially correlated MIMO fading channels is considered. The focus of the paper is on the class of space-time block codes known as linear dispersion (LD) codes, introduced by Hassibi and Hochwald. For perfect CSI at the transmitter, the LD codes are optimized with respect to the instantaneous mutual information between the inputs to the space-time encoder and the output of the channel. An equivalent optimization problem is proposed and can that be solved by standard convex optimization algorithms. It is then conjectured that the LD codes obtained by maximizing the instantaneous mutual information converge to that obtained from maximizing the averaged mutual information in the large antenna asymptote. Based on the insights drawn from the conjecture, a limited feedback scheme for LD codes is proposed assuming a common codebook at the transmitter and receiver. The numerical result for a scattering environment suggests that the proposed feedback scheme achieves high performance at low complexity.
Model Simulation of Very Low-Frequency and Low-Frequency Lightning Signal Propagation Over Intermediate Ranges

A model simulation for very low-frequency and low-frequency lightning signal propagation over ranges of hundreds to a couple of thousand kilometers is presented in this paper. The model is a composite of ground and ionospheric-reflected waves. The ground wave is modeled over a spherical earth that has a finite conductivity. The ionospheric-wave simulation is based on a recently developed full-wave model that treats the lower portion of the ionosphere as a magnetized, anisotropic, collisional, and cold-electron medium. In this paper, only the first-hop ionosphere reflection is presented, although higher order reflections can be readily implemented by the model. For the purpose of demonstration, the modeled results are compared to actual observations of negative cloud-to-ground strokes at various distances for day and nighttime. The model itself, however, can be used for any type of lightning discharge event, including the incloud events that occur above the ground. This model, together with multistation Los Alamos Sferic Array measurements of lightning discharges, might provide an alternate means for monitoring the temporal and spatial variations of the lower portion of the ionosphere.
Vertical transmission of learned signatures in a wild parrot

Learned birdsong is a widely used animal model for understanding the acquisition of human speech. Male songbirds often learn songs from adult males during sensitive periods early in life, and sing to attract mates and defend territories. In presumably all of the 350+ parrot species, individuals of both sexes commonly learn vocal signals throughout life to satisfy a wide variety of social functions. Despite intriguing parallels with humans, there have been no experimental studies demonstrating learned vocal production in wild parrots. We studied contact call learning in video-rigged nests of a well-known marked population of green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus) in Venezuela. Both sexes of naive nestlings developed individually unique contact calls in the nest, and we demonstrate experimentally that signature attributes are learned from both primary care-givers. This represents the first experimental evidence for the mechanisms underlying the transmission of a socially acquired trait in a wild parrot population.
Rapid staining and preservation of cells grown in plastic tissue culture flasks.

Cells grown in plastic tissue culture flasks may easily be fixed and stained in large batches by first binding the flasks in groups of 6-8 and then applying all fluids with an automatic syringe, followed by decanting as required After staining, the cells are mounted in a mixture of USP mineral oil in isoamyl alcohol (2:1). In this way the cells are impregnated with a clearing and mounting agent which does not cause discoloration of the stains, does not dissolve the plastic, and is nondrying.
Line and Grade in the Extinct Medius Species Group of Sigmodon

Remains of Sigmodon minor and Sigmodon medius , extinct cotton rats comprising the medius species group, have been recovered from both Kansas and Arizona. Sigmodon minor evolved from Sigmodon medius , and the available evidence suggests that Kansas populations of Sigmodon minor were derived from Kansas populations of Sigmodon medius , while Arizona populations of Sigmodon minor were derived from Arizona populations of Sigmodon medius . This multiple origin of a single mammalian species is similar to the origin proposed by Carleton Coon for the races (subspecies) of Homo sapiens .
Determinants of lipid and lipoprotein level in elderly men.

Abstract In an effort to better understand the relationship existing between lipoprotein pattern and longevity, we studied the lipid and lipoprotein distribution of 94 men over age 80 who lived in a nursing home, and assessed the role of selective mortality, body mass and sex hormone secretion in determining these distributions. High density lipoprotein subfraction and serum testosterone measurements were obtained on subsamples. The main findings were: (a) Presence of a lipoprotein pattern characterized by low LDL (total serum cholesterol: 179.6 ± 36.0 mg/dl; LDL cholesterol: 106.3 ± 31.2 mg/dl) and high HDL 2 cholesterol (18.5 ± 10.2 mg/dl) levels. (b) Occurrence of a positive association between LDL and HDL 3 ( r = 0.51, P 2 level, suggesting that selective mortality played a major role in determining the pattern observed. Body mass and serum testosterone concentration, which tended to be low, were independently correlated with lipoprotein level, a particularly strong correlation (positive) existed between free testosterone and triglyceride ( r = 0.68, P
Parent‐Affilate Agency Conflicts and Foreign Entry Mode Choice

We theoretically identify two levels of agency conflicts related to foreign direct investment (FDI): within a parent firm and between parent(s) and an affiliated firm. For a sample of 182 firms that announced U.S.‐related FDIs in 1995, we examine the effects of agency conflicts on the choice between a wholly owned subsidiary (WOS) and a joint venture (JV), and the relative share ownership of a parent. Firms with higher management ownership, especially the firms that made related FDIs, and firms with higher foreign affiliate monitoring efficiency are more likely to choose a WOS. Differences between U.S. and non‐U.S. parents are also examined.
Adolescents and Abortion: A Theoretical Framework for Decision Making

A knowledge of the factors influencing adolescent decision making, combined with decision-counseling techniques, will allow the nurse to improve the quality of a young woman's decision process and to reduce adverse reactions afterwards. Indeed, the young woman may take from the experience a more positive appraisal of herself as a decision maker, and perhaps begin to know mature compassion for herself and others.
Acute treatment with 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, reduces immobility in intact female rats exposed to the forced swim test

The effects of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, were evaluated in adult Fischer female rats exposed to the Forced Swim Test (FST). Rats selected on the days of proestrus or estrus was immersed in a cylinder of water for 2 consecutive days. Rats were exposed to the FST for 15 min on day 1 (pretest), followed by a 5-min session (test), 24 h later. The proestrous-estrous group consisted of rats that were exposed to the FST on their proestrous stage (pretest); then 24 h later the same rats were exposed to the FST on their estrous stage (test). Rats in the estrous-diestrous group were exposed to the FST on their estrous stage (pretest) and 24 h later on their diestrous stage (test). Rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline or 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg tropisetron 30 min prior to exposure to the cylinder on the test day. Immobility, swimming, and struggling behaviors were scored for 5 min. There was a significant decline in immobility after treatment with 2.0 mg/kg tropisetron in both groups. In addition, a significant decline in swimming was observed in the estrous rats (proestrous-estrous group) after treatment with 2.0 mg/kg tropisetron. There were no significant effects of tropisetron on struggling in any groups examined.
Succinylcholine potentiates responses to intravenous acetylcholine in the canine lung periphery

Using the wedged bronchoscope technique to measure collateral resistance (Rcs), we evaluated the effect of succinylcholine (SCh) on the response to acetylcholine (ACh) and methacholine (MCh) in the lung periphery in six mongrel dogs. Dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated. After a stable baseline Rcs was obtained, responses to intravenous ACh (25-200 micrograms), intravenous MCh (3-30 micrograms), and aerosolized ACh (30-100 micrograms/ml for 15 s) were measured. We compared the Rcs responses with 1) ACh alone, 2) ACh 2 min after SCh (0.5 mg/kg), 3) ACh 2 min after SCh and during hexamethonium infusion (5 mg/kg + 10 mg.kg-1.h-1), 4) MCh 2 min after SCh, and 5) ACh aerosol 2 min after SCh. SCh did not significantly alter baseline airway tone. SCh increased the Rcs response to ACh by 48 +/- 17% (SE) (P less than 0.01). SCh in the presence of hexamethonium increased the Rcs response by 10 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05), while hexamethonium itself increased the response to ACh by 69 +/- 27%. Because SCh did not increase the Rcs response to intravenous MCh or to aerosolized ACh, SCh probably enhances airway reactivity to intravenous ACh by competing for pseudocholinesterase in plasma. We conclude that the level of muscle relaxant must be taken into account in interpreting studies of airway reactivity when intravenous ACh is employed.
Regional Trade Agreements and Labor Liberalization: (Lost) Opportunities for Experimentation?

This article addresses labor liberalization in the context of regional trade agreements. It examines the approaches to labor liberalization in the CARICOM, MERCOSUR, NAFTA and DR-CAFTA regional trade agreements, and asks whether the approaches adopted in those regional agreements betray the ideals and purposes of trade liberalization. As a result, are the interests of the human beings whose wellbeing is purportedly at the center of the regional and worldwide liberalization and economic integration undertaking also betrayed? The contemporary globalization undertaking is facilitated by multilateral trade liberalization, including an explosion of regional trade agreements. Trade liberalization is focused on lowering barriers to the movement of goods, capital and ideas. That liberalization of the movement of goods, capital and ideas, it is claimed, stimulates efficient, competitive and productive economic activity that will accrue to the benefit of all. Yet, the liberalization of labor (and the consequent movement of peoples) is a neglected (and feared) aspect of official trade liberalization policies. Labor is one of the basic factors of production identified in classic economic theories. Can trade liberalization really succeed in the face of the neglect of this fundamental element of economic production? That neglect has not succeeded in stemming the movement of people (labor) attempting to respond to the economic incentives and disincentives arising from the trade liberalization enterprise. Instead neglect and/or prohibition of labor liberalization appear to create and sustain incentives that drive underground and create illicit markets surrounding the movement of peoples. The article will identify the economic, social and political reasons for and some consequences of the failure to address this key aspect of trade liberalization within the context of regional trading agreements. Regional trade agreements which creates trade groupings of (usually) small numbers of (usually) neighboring member states with greater homogeneity of culture, economies and interests, provide opportunities for experimentation in this neglected area of the multilateral trade liberalization/globalization undertaking. However, the attempts at labor liberalization within regional trading agreement have, to date, been timid in conceptualization and half-hearted in execution.
Principle of targeting in environmental taxation: Corrigendum

In deriving the elements of Δw for the CES example in Gahvari (2010), the sign of the income term in the Slutsky equation is as negative rather than positive. Specifically, instead of writing / / / x p x p x x M ∂ ∂ = ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ the expression is written as / / / x p x p x x M ∂ ∂ = ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂ (and similarly for / x q ∂ ∂ and / y q ∂ ∂ ). This does not change any of the paper’s results including the point that the example illustrated. Its sole import is wrong algebraic expressions for the optimal tax rates in this example. The entire subsection with corrected expressions is as follows.
The Impact of Employment on Parental Coresidence

We examine the extent to which parents use housing and shared living arrangements as a form of risk-sharing for their adult children, using detailed data on children and parents in the Health and Retirement Study for 1998–2012. On average, a young man moving from full-time to nonemployment raises the likelihood of coresiding with a parent by 1.5 percentage points; moving from full-time employment to being part-time employed raises the likelihood of coresiding with a parent by 2 percentage points. The implied elasticity of parental coresidence with respect to the son's income is -1.1; for daughters, the elasticity is -0.5.
SOME ORTHOPAEDIC FINDINGS IN NINETY-EIGHT CASES OF HEMOPHILIA

General or constitutional treatment of hemophilia presents a chaos of conflicting opinions, out of which the internist may perhaps bring order. The present study, showing the high percentage of joint involvement, demonstrates that the orthopaedic surgeon has an interest in the patient with hemophilia and may have an important role to play in the early management of these cases and in the surgical rehabilitation of deformed joints, if and when a means for the control of hemorrhage is found.
Outcome Factors in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

The predictive value of history, examination, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, EEG and sensory evoked potentials (SEP) in the prognosis of children with acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was evaluated at the University Hospital of Lille, France.
Biology of Megachile relativa Cresson Hymenoptera, Megachilidae in trap-nests in Wisconsin

In 1952–56, 304 nests were obtained in artificial cavities made in sumac sticks. Cells per nest were 7.7±3.1 (range, 2 to 14); usually each was made with 10 oblong-oval leaf pieces and capped with 3 circular ones. Summer generation nests were completed by July, and nests made later contained an overwintering generation. In cells transferred individually to glass vials, larval stages took 19 to 22 days at 15° C., 8 to 12 days at 22°, and 6 to 8 days at 27°. Pupal stages took 16 to 18 days at 22° and 6 to 9 days at 27° (no larvae pupated at 15°). Usually cells toward the inner end of the cavity contained female bees, those toward the outer end males, but in some nests all the bees were of one sex or the other. Very rarely were female cells constructed after male cells. Nesting sites at the edges of woodlands were preferred, at heights of 5 to 7 feet rather than nearer the ground, and a slight preference for ¼-inch rather than 5/16-inch holes was shown. Parasitic bees harbored in the nests were of three species, Coelioxys banksi Crawf., C. lucrosa Cress., and C. moesta Cress., but the wasp Leucospis affinis Say was the most serious parasite. Another wasp, Melittobia chalybii Ashm., attacked the trap-nests and was troublesome in the incubators because, upon emerging in one tube, it entered others through their corks to parasitize the Megachile larvae there. Dibrachys sp., with habits similar to those of Melittobia, was reared from some of the nests. Artificial nesting cavities may provide the flexibility needed for propagation of Megachile relativa, but research is needed on the problems of increasing its populations and concentrating them at alfalfa seed producing locations, as well as on evaluation of the effectiveness of this bee in pollinating the alfalfa seed crop.
Lattice stability of Sr 2 RuO 4 under pressure

We report a density functional study of the pressure dependence of the zone-center ${A}_{g}$ Raman phonon modes and the zone-boundary ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{3}$ octahedral rotational mode in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}.$ We find that the octahedral rotation does not soften significantly under compression and thus will not be destabilized with moderate hydrostatic pressure. However, nonhydrostatic pressure, in particular compression in the basal plane, is found to be effective in softening the rotational mode.
Is Employee Organizational Commitment Related to Firm Environmental Sustainability

Abstract Organizational commitment refers to an individual’s identification and involvement with an organization. This paper examines the organizational commitment of employees toward firms with varying levels of environmental sustainability efforts. Analysis of surveys from 195 employees from nine small and medium-sized food-processing businesses shows employees’ level of organizational commitment is influenced by their perceptions of their firm’s environmental sustainability. Specifically, individuals working for firms that they perceive as having a collectivistic organizational identity orientation or that manufacture more certified organic product lines have greater affective and normative organizational commitment. In addition, higher employee affective organizational commitment is positively related to employee perceptions of environmental management practices. However, employee normative organizational commitment is not related to more stringent environmental management practices.
Substituent Effects on the Gas Sorption and Selectivity Properties of Hexaphenylbenzene and Hexabenzocoronene Based Porous Polymers

Herein we report a series of porous organic polymers (POPs) synthesized through a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction containing hexaphenylbenzene (HEX) and hexabenzocoronene (HBC) with varying peripheral substitution. We observed vastly different gas sorption properties depending on substituent size and the extent of conjugation in the monomer core structure with BET surface areas ranging from 320 m2/g for HBC-POP-4 to 1140 m2/g for HEX-POP-3. In order to more clearly understand the effects of functional group substitution on the properties of these materials, we have characterized these POPs using N2, CO2, and H2 sorption measurements, powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, and EDX.
The Meaning of Literature and Literature as Meaning—A Productive Challenge of Modern Times from the Middle Ages

The marriage of literature and science might not be possible strictly speaking, but a marriage of humanities with philosophy, psychology, religion, ethics, ecology, and social studies, for instance, might well work, as a close analysis of some medieval narratives will illustrate. This paper intends to demonstrate once again what the humanities could truly mean, insofar as the discussion will not only lay bare textual elements or philological concerns, but it will also indicate how much relevant literature helps us to address crucial questions of religious, ethical, social, moral, and philosophical kinds, building powerful bridges between the past and the present. In order to test this premise even in extreme situations, here a number of medieval texts will be introduced and analyzed as to their timeless message and hence their extremely important function of creating meaning for readers/listeners both from the Middle Ages and today.
Advantages of Politics and Technology Effection——On Habermas′s Theory of Overcoming Modern Technology

In Habermas′s philosophy of technology,the theory of overcoming modern technology is one of the most important parts.Through discussing of his overcoming modern technology,the thesis explores and evaluates the value of his theory so as to make further research.
Experimental and Modeling Study of Solvent Diffusion in PDMS for Nanoparticle–Polymer Cosuspension Imprint Lithography

This study is the first that focuses on solvent migration in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp during the imprint lithography of ZnO-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hybrid suspensions. Using suspensions with varying solids loading levels and ZnO/PMMA ratios, the uptake of the anisole solvent in the stamp is evaluated as a function of time. Laser confocal microscopy is employed as a unique technique to measure the penetration depth of the solvent into the stamp. The suspension solids loading affects the anisole saturation depth in the PDMS stamp. For the suspensions with low solids loading, the experimental data agree with the model for non-Fickian diffusion through a rubbery-elastic polymer. For the suspensions with high solids loading, the data agree more with a sigmoidal diffusion curve, reflecting the rubbery-viscous behavior of a swelling polymer. This difference is due to the degree of swelling in the PDMS. Higher solids loadings induce more swelling because the rate of anisole diffusing into the stamp is increased, likely due to the less dense buildup of the solids as the suspension dries.
Red army swords and free market ploughshares

This article reviews the record of military reform, demobilization, and conversion in the Chinese and Soviet militaries. As the Chinese experience has been relatively successful and the two states have similar military systems, lessons are drawn from the Chinese experience and applied to the current debate on the progress of military reform in the Soviet Union. The Chinese military reform model is offered as an alternative that could satisfy the demands of Soviet liberals, predisposed to an American model, as well as Soviet centralists, predisposed to a praetorian model.
Magnetic turnaround for fusion plasmas

In a magnetic fusion reactor, the fuel must be maintained at a temperature of about 108 °C to ensure that the deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse, while the wall of the reactor can be no hotter than about 103 °C, otherwise it will melt. Hence a critical issue for magnetic fusion is the confinement of thermal energy within the plasma. In the most successful magnetic confinement device, the tokamak, magnetic field lines wind around the surfaces of nested tori (see figure).
HSP70 Inhibitor, YK5, Ablates Blast, Progenitor and Stem Cell Populations in Primary Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells

Abstract 2493 Prognosis for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with traditional chemotherapeutic agents remains poor, most patients relapse and die of their disease. Studies have shown that AML can be originated and maintained by leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and that a high percentage of phenotypically-defined LSCs correlate to especially poor prognosis. Thus, novel therapies that can eliminate LSCs are needed. Upregulation of HSP70 has been described in human cancer cells and is often associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis. Therefore, HSP70 represents a novel target for cancer therapy. Due to this, we tested a novel inhibitor of tumor-HSP70, YK5, and found that it can induce potent cell death in AML cells including progenitor and stem cell populations with minimal effects in normal hematopoietic cells. Fifteen primary AML patient samples were treated with YK5 in varying concentrations for 48 hours to determine the LD50 of YK5. The viability of these samples was determined by multiparameter flow cytometry using cell surface markers to distinguish, lymphocytes, blasts, progenitor and stem cell populations in conjunction with Annexin V and 7AAD. Mean LD50 for all samples tested was 4.5μM (CI 95% 2.239–6.853). Three of these samples had very low LD50s below 2.5μM and only one sample demonstrated relative resistance with a LD50 that was greater than 15μM. Notably, progenitor and stem cell populations were also targeted while normal remaining lymphocytes were spared. Furthermore, we found that LSCs in a subset of patient samples treated with YK5 exhibited higher sensitivity to the compound when compared to blast cells. Importantly, treatment of primary AML samples with 5μM YK5 resulted in a 63% decrease in colony forming ability when compared to untreated control (N=5), suggesting that YK5 can impair malignant progenitors. In contrast, normal CD34+ cord blood cells after treatment with 5μM YK5 for 48hrs exhibited a viability of 57% (N=3). Xenotransplant assays are currently ongoing to determine the ability of YK5 to inhibit LSC function. Treatment with YK5 resulted in a decrease in phosphorylation of STAT5, determined by flow cytometry. Taken together, HSP70 inhibition is a promising potential treatment for AML and has the potential to eradicate leukemic stem and progenitor cells while sparing normal hematopoietic cells. Thus, targeting HSP70 in AML appears to hold great promise. *JFR and KKS contributed equally to this project Disclosures: Roboz:EpiCept: Consultancy; ChemGenex: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy.
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Implications for Plant Disease

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are gene modules that are ubiquitous in free-living prokaryotes. Diverse in structure, cellular function, and fitness roles, TA systems are defined by the presence of a toxin gene that suppresses bacterial growth and a toxin-neutralizing antitoxin gene, usually encoded in a single operon. Originally viewed as DNA maintenance modules, TA systems are now thought to function in many roles, including bacterial stress tolerance, virulence, phage defense, and biofilm formation. However, very few studies have investigated the significance of TA systems in the context of plant-microbe interactions. This review discusses the potential impact and application of TA systems in plant-associated bacteria, guided by insights gained from animal-pathogenic model systems.
Teaching at the University of Texas Medical Branch, 1971–1974: Humanities, Ethics, or Both?

This chapter recounts the history of the creation of the Institute for the Medical Humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). The genesis of the Institute goes back to the 1940s and 1950s where the first reflections on medical humanities and medical history appeared in the minutes of the UTMB archives. As a result, Dr. Chauncey Leake, vice-president and dean of UTMB between 1942 and 1955, hired philosopher Dr. Patrick Romanell to join the faculty of UTMB to teach philosophy and ethics. However, the real push for the creation of a unit focusing on medical humanities took place in the 1970s when P.L. Hendricks, a medical student, wrote a letter to the Chancellor of the University of Texas advocating for the creation of a department of medical humanities. The history of UTMB is relevant beyond the institution itself or the UT system. It sheds light on the struggle to determine the role of medical humanities and medical ethics in medical education in the United States. This struggle is far from over, and many other medical schools around the country could draw inspiration from the UTMB experiment in developing their own programs in medical humanities and bioethics.
Azimuthal Scattering from Elliptical Hair Fibers

The appearance of hair follows from the small-scale geometry of hair fibers, with the cross-sectional shape determining the azimuthal distribution of scattered light. Although previous research has described some of the effects of non-circular cross sections, no accurate scattering models for non-circular fibers exist. This article presents a scattering model for elliptical fibers, which predicts that even small deviations from circularity produce important changes in the scattering distribution and which disagrees with previous approximations for the effects of eccentricity.To confirm the model’s predictions, new scattering measurements of fibers from a wide range of hair types were made, using a new measurement device that provides a more complete and detailed picture of the light scattered by fibers than was previously possible. The measurements show features that conclusively match the model’s predictions, but they also contain an ideal-specular forward-scattering behavior that is not predicted and has not been fully described before.The results of this article indicate that an accurate and efficient method for computing scattering in elliptical cylinders—something not provided in this article—is the correct model to use for realistic hair in the future and that the new specular behavior should be included as well.
ACTUAL DEVELOPMENTS OF CRYSTALLINE SI CELLS AND THEIR TECHNICAL STATUS IN PRODUCTION LINES

Abstract A slowly growing market for remote power systems in the 10W to multi kW peak power range is being very satisfactorily served with modules containing crystalline silicon solar cells. Reliability and life are the strongest attributes to these systems. With the key competitors being motor generators and extension of the utility grid, a system price below the current ˜$10/Wp could increase the market substantially. Up to 50% higher efficiencies (now 11–13% for commercial modules) have been proven to be feasible, but will have impact principally through the system price. With the industry in the USA now operating in the self-sustaining mode, and in view of the limited market size, technological progress should be relatively slow in the near future.
Effect of electrical stimulation on postmortem titin, nebulin, desmin, and troponin-T degradation and ultrastructural changes in bovine longissimus muscle

Electrical stimulation (ES) of bovine carcasses is usually done to increase tenderness and has been hypothesized to increase the activity of proteolytic enzymes that may degrade structural proteins in muscle cells and cause fractures and breaks in muscle fibers, thus enhancing meat tenderness. Our objective was to compare postmortem (PM) changes in the muscle proteins, titin, nebulin, alpha-actinin, desmin, and troponin-T and in myofibrillar structure in nonstimulated (NS) and ES bovine skeletal muscle. One side of eight beef carcasses was stimulated within 1 h of death, and the other side was the NS control. Myofibrils for SDS-PAGE and samples for transmission electron microscopy were prepared from the longissimus muscle at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 d PM. In SDS-PAGE, titin migrated as three bands in both NS and ES 0-d samples. The slowest migrating band, T1 (intact titin), decreased slightly faster in ES samples from five animals. The fastest migrating band, T2 (degraded titin), increased in amount through 3 d and was still present at 28 d. A titin monoclonal antibody (mAb) identified a large family of degradation products that migrated faster than myosin heavy chains and that was more heavily labeled in Western blots of ES samples than in NS samples. In SDS-PAGE of NS samples, intact nebulin disappeared by 3 d in three animals, by 7 d in four animals, and by 14 d in one animal, but in ES samples the nebulin band was absent by 3 d in three animals and by 7 d in five animals. SDS-PAGE showed that the amount of intact desmin decreased slightly sooner in two ES samples and was absent earlier in one ES sample than in the corresponding NS control samples. Blots labeled with a polyclonal antibody to desmin showed that a more heavily labeled 38-kDa desmin degradation product was present in ES than in NS samples. Postmortem degradation of alpha-actinin was not detected. Contraction node (CN) formation, stretching of conjoined sarcomeres adjacent to the nodes, increased frequency of I-band fractures and accelerated appearance of wide I-band fractures adjacent to the Z-line, and, in some animals, slightly accelerated degradation of titin, nebulin, and troponin-T were characteristics of ES muscle.
O11 Association between foot structure and subsequent ankle injury in a young and active military population

Study Design Prospective Cohort. Objectives To examine the association between foot structure upon entry to military service and subsequent ankle injury during one year of follow-up. Background Ankle injuries are common among athletes and military personnel; however, little is known about how measures of foot structure are associated with ankle injury risk in young and physically active populations. Methods and Measures All incoming cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point in the summer of 2013 were recruited to participate in this study. Study volunteers completed foot structural assessments within 3 days of arrival. Arch height and foot length were measured in sitting and standing positions, using a custom-made jig to calculate Arch Height Index to assess foot structure (planus, neutral, cavus). The primary outcome of interest was time from baseline until incident ankle injury during one year of follow-up. Univariate and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards regression models were used to analyse the data. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by foot structure. Results Complete data for foot structure were available on 1090 subjects or 2180 feet (18.5±1.1 years, 1.76±0.80 m, 76.1±12.6 kg, and 24.5±2.96 kg/m 2 ), of which 174 (16%) were female. In univariate models, subjects with neutral foot structure were at the greatest risk for incident ankle injury followed by planus foot structure during the follow-up period. Individuals with cavus foot structure were 52% less likely (HR=0.48; 95% CI=0.21, 1.12) to sustain an ankle injury during follow-up when compared to those with neutral foot structure. Results were similar in multivariable models controlling for sex and BMI for both sitting and standing measures of foot structure. Conclusions These data suggest that cavus foot structure may be associated with reduced risk of ankle injury in young and active military populations.
Eyelight: Light-and-Shadow-Based Occupancy Estimation and Room Activity Recognition

This paper explores the feasibility of localizing and detecting activities of building occupants using visible light sensing across a mesh of light bulbs. Existing Visible Light activity sensing (VLS) techniques require either light sensors to be deployed on the floor or a person to carry a device. Our approach integrates photosensors with light bulbs and exploits the light reflected off the floor to achieve an entirely device-free and light source based system. This forms a mesh of virtual light barriers across networked lights to track shadows cast by occupants. The design employs a synchronization circuit that implements a time division signaling scheme to differentiate between light sources and a sensitive sensing circuit to detect small changes in weak reflections. Sensor readings are fed into indoor supervised tracking algorithms as well as occupancy and activity recognition classifiers. Our prototype uses modified off-the-shelf LED flood light bulbs and is installed in a typical office conference room. We evaluate the performance of our system in terms of localization, occupancy estimation and activity classification, and find a 0.89m median localization error as well as 93.7% and 93.78% occupancy and activity classification accuracy, respectively.
SAR Focus Theory of Complicated Range Migration Signatures Due to Moving Targets

Recent studies have revealed that the residual range migration effects of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery smears induced by moving targets can exhibit complicated shapes that are not limited to that of parabolas. This letter demonstrates that automatic focusing methods can remove such range migration effects by estimating and compensating for phase errors directly in the radar video phase history domain. This approach is validated using measured Ku-band SAR clutter data containing buildings and foliage.
Ecology and Conservation of Passalidae

Consisting of about 1000 species globally, beetles of the family Passalidae feed on decomposing wood in tropical and subtropical forests throughout the world. Passalids live in subsocial family groups within their galleries, characterized by overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and a complex communication system involving stridulations. In what has been referred to as an “external rumen,” larval passalids feed on the microbe-rich frass and finely chewed wood paste produced by the wood-feeding adults. Endosymbionts found within the guts of passalids include a variety of microbes, including nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes and yeasts that aid in the digestion of wood. In addition to wood consumption, passalids fragment large amounts of wood in the process of creating extensive tunnel systems and are, among saproxylic insects, perhaps rivaled only by termites in their importance to wood decomposition. Although a number of laboratory studies have measured the amount of wood processed by various passalid species, no attempt has been made to quantify their contributions to wood decomposition under natural conditions. Passalids , along with their many microbial and invertebrate associates, are of considerable conservation concern given high levels of endemism and flightlessness. Many species appear sensitive to forest loss and disturbance and they have been used as indicator taxa in the creation of protected natural areas.
Children and Youth with Autism in an Age of Reform: A Perspective on Current Issues.

This article discusses three major issues currently having significant impact on the education of students with autism. Included in the discussion are the field's considerable reliance on implausib...
Career Progression for Librarians and Archivists Without Faculty Status: A New Model

In 2013, the dean of Libraries at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) Libraries formed a task force composed of six librarians and charged them with completely overhauling the career progression policy for librarians and archivists that had been in place since 1995. The task force devised a new policy and a scoring rubric to assist the committee that makes recommendations regarding promotions in their evaluation process. This article describes the process of developing the policy and its accompanying rubric as well as their contents and recounts lessons learned during the first round of evaluations of candidates for promotion.
Children with Speech Disorders

Approximately 8% of children between the ages of 3 and 17 will exhibit a speech problem. Primary care providers are likely to encounter the following three types of speech disorders: (1) speech sound disorders, i.e., the misproduction of speech sounds and word shapes; (2) fluency disorders, i.e., interruptions to the smooth flow of speech; and (3) voice disorders, i.e., decreases in the quality of the laryngeal sound stream. Children with speech sound disorders, stuttering, or voice disorders are often viewed more negatively both by their teachers and by their peers; these conditions can have lifelong social, academic, and occupational impacts. Healthcare providers should identify children in need of a speech evaluation by asking about how their speech compares to that of their peers, the sounds the children use, how well they are understood, the level of effort that speaking seems to require, the rate of progress observed, and whether or not frustration or embarrassment is evident (in the children or the parents). In some cases, invasive interventions such as surgery are warranted. However, the vast majority of speech problems can be addressed through therapy provided by a well-trained speech-language pathologist. Outcomes are better when assessment and intervention occur promptly.
Catalyzing Strategies: How Entrepreneurs Accelerate Inter-Organizational Relationship Formation to Secure Professional Investments

Although network ties are crucial for firm performance, the strategies by which executives actually form ties are relatively unexplored. In this study, we introduce a new construct, tie formation efficiency, and clarify its importance for superior network outcomes. Building on fieldwork in 9 Internet security ventures seeking investment ties, we unexpectedly identify two equifinal paths for how executives form ties efficiently. One relies on existing strong direct ties and is only available to privileged firms. The other relies on a second new concept, catalyzing strategy, by which executives advantageously shape opportunities and inducements to form ties, and is available to many firms. Overall, we add insights to the network and signaling literatures, and to the nascent literature on how strategic action, especially by low-power actors such as entrepreneurs, shapes critical network outcomes.
2-Amino-5-picoline N-oxide complexes formed from various copper (II) salts

Abstract Cu(II) complexes have been prepared with 2-aminopyridine N-oxide (2-APO) employing the perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, nitrate, chloride and bromide salts. Preparative molar ratios of 4 : 1 and 2 : 1 ligand to Cu(II) salt yielded the following unique solids: Cu(2-APO) 4 X 2 (X = ClO 4 , BF 4 ); Cu(2-APO) 3 X 2 (X = NO 3 , Br) and Cu(2-APO) 2 X 2 (X = NO 3 , Br). With CuCl 2 only mixtures of monomeric centers were apparently formed. Characterization has been accomplished primarily by IR, electronic and Esr measurements of the solid state. 2-APO functions primarily as a monodentate ligand bonding to the copper(II) centers via its N-oxide oxygen. Anion coordination occurs primarily with the halogen ions and with nitrate in Cu(2-APO) 2 (NO 3 ) 2 , but not with the other polyatomic anions.
Discrimination, mental health and academic performance among underrepresented college students: the role of extracurricular activities at predominantly white institutions

In this study, we explored the potential of extracurricular activity involvement (ECAI) among underrepresented college students to counter and protect against the noxious effects of perceived discrimination on academic performance. Students (N = 340; 68.5% female), were eligible to participate if they identified as a member of a historically underrepresented racial or ethnic group, as first-generation college students, and/or if their families were economically disadvantaged. Data were collected over three time points during students’ first two academic years attending a predominantly white institution. We explored the potential association between ECAI and grade point average (GPA) in the context of students’ experiences of discrimination by testing depressive symptoms as a mediator and ECAI as a compensatory factor. Bootstrapped confidence intervals of the standardized indirect effect indicated that discrimination at time one indirectly predicted lower GPAs at time three via greater depressive symptoms, while ECAI at time one acted conversely and indirectly predicted higher GPAs at time three via fewer depressive symptoms. These results suggest that promoting ECAI may be an effective strategy to facilitate academic success by countering negative psychological health outcomes stemming from underrepresented students’ experiences of discrimination.
CYP2C19 and 3A4 Dominate Metabolic Clearance and Bioactivation of Terbinafine Based on Computational and Experimental Approaches.

Lamisil (terbinafine) is an effective, widely prescribed antifungal drug that causes rare idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. The proposed toxic mechanism involves a reactive metabolite, 6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-ynal (TBF-A), formed through three N-dealkylation pathways. We were the first to characterize them using in vitro studies with human liver microsomes and modeling approaches, yet knowledge of the individual enzymes catalyzing reactions remained unknown. Herein, we employed experimental and computational tools to assess terbinafine metabolism by specific cytochrome P450 isozymes. In vitro inhibitor phenotyping studies revealed six isozymes were involved in one or more N-dealkylation pathways. CYP2C19 and 3A4 contributed to all pathways, and so, we targeted them for steady-state analyses with recombinant isozymes. N-Dealkylation yielding TBF-A directly was catalyzed by CYP2C19 and 3A4 similarly. Nevertheless, CYP2C19 was more efficient than CYP3A4 at N-demethylation and other steps leading to TBF-A. Unlike...