cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protostellar formation in rotating interstellar clouds. II - Axially symmetric collapse

A two spatial dimension gravitational hydrodynamics code has been used to calculate the initial isothermal dynamic collapse phase of axially symmetric, rotating interstellar clouds. The Eulerian code has been constructed so as to conserve angular momentum both locally (approximately) and globally (exactly). An axially symmetric, rotating cloud collapses to form a rotating, near-equilibrium ring. The rings so formed are compared with those found previously by Black and Bodenheimer, and Bodenheimer and Tscharnuter, and found to agree in structure fairly well. Numerical tests with the code, as well as an analytic calculation of the collapse of a pressureless, rotating, axially symmetric cloud in a fixed gravitational potential, support the assertion that the observed ring formation is physically realistic.
Health-Related Fitness of American Indian Youth

A physically fit lifestyle is important for American Indian (AI) youth who are at risk for hypokinetic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes. Some evidence exists on the physical activity patterns of AI youth, but there is little information on their health-related fitness. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the health-related fitness levels of youth living in an AI community. Method: Participants included youth from 5th to 9th grade (N = 85) in a Southwestern U.S. AI community. Youth were of AI descent and were 12.36 ± 1.68 years of age. Participants completed 5 parts of the FITNESSGRAM® fitness test during physical education. The tests included the Progressive Aerobic Cardiorespiratory Endurance Run fitness test (cardiovascular fitness), curl-up (muscular endurance), pushup (muscular strength), sit-and-reach (flexibility), and body mass index (estimated body composition). Results: Results were similar to other youth studies with some of the students reaching the healthy fitness zone for...
Characterization of [14C]apiogalacturonans synthesized in a cell-free system from Lemna minor.

Radioactive polysaccharide was synthesized when uridine 5′-(α-d-[U-14C]apio-d-furanosyl pyrophosphate) (containing some uridine 5′-(α-d-[U-14C]xylopyranosyl pyrophosphate)) was incubated with a particulate enzyme preparation from Lemna minor. Characterization experiments established that the product: (i) was insoluble in methanol and water, (ii) contained d-[U-14C]apiose (75%) and d-[U-14C]xylose (25%), and (iii) was soluble in 1% ammonium oxalate. The material solubilized by ammonium oxalate (solubilized product): (i) was separated into five fractions by column chromatography with diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex (DEAE-Sephadex), (ii) contained [U-14C]apiobiose side chains that were removed by hydrolysis at pH 4, and (iii) was degraded by fungal pectinase. Both d-[U-14C]apiose residues of the [U-14C]apiobiose side chains were synthesized in vivo since radioactivity was distributed equally between the two residues. The presence of uridine 5′-(α-d-galactopyranosyluronic acid pyrophosphate) during synthesis of radioactive polysaccharide resulted in: (i) an increase in the incorporation of radioactive d-[U-14C]apiose into solubilized product, (ii) an increase in the ratio of d-[U-14C]apiose to d-[U-14C]xylose present in solubilized product, (iii) an increase in the amount of [U-14C]apiobiose plus d-[U-14C]apiose released from the solubilized product by hydrolysis at pH 4, and (iv) a tighter binding of the solubilized product to DEAE-Sephadex. These results show that apiogalacturonans similar to or the same as those synthesized by the intact plant were synthesized in the particulate enzyme preparation isolated from L. minor. [14C]Apiogalacturonans completely free of d-[U-l4C]xylose were not isolated. The [14C]apiogalacturonan with the least d-[U-14C]xylose still had 4.8% of its radioactivity present in d-[U-14C]xylose. The possibility remains that d-xylose is a normal constituent of the apiogalacturonans of the cell wall of L. minor.
Efficacy of nadolol in preventing supraventricular tachycardia after coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract To investigate the efficacy of nadolol in the prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, 148 patients undergoing elective CABG were randomized in double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion to receive either nadolol or placebo. The test medication was started on the first postoperative morning and maintained as a single daily dose for 6 weeks. Aside from routine daily clinical evaluation and postoperative electrocardiographic monitoring, patients underwent 24-hour Holter recording once preoperatively and 3 times postoperatively. Seven patients were excluded from the evaluation of efficacy analysis because of insufficient postoperative data. There were no significant differences between the patients receiving nadolol (n = 67) and those receiving placebo (n = 74) with respect to age, preoperative heart rate, previous medications (including β blockers), incidence of previous myocardial infarction, frequency of preoperative ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, concomitant valvular heart disease, mean cardiopulmonary bypass time, mean aortic cross-clamp time, use of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia, mean number of bypass grafts placed, postoperative use of inotropic agents and catecholamines and incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. Analysis of postoperative Holter recordings showed that the heart rate was consistently and significantly higher in the placebo group throughout the period of the study (p
Captain John Smith and the Campaign for New England: A Study in Early Modern Identity and Promotion

In print, on maps, and in person, Captain John Smith tirelessly promoted English-controlled northeast North America as a “new” England. His creative, multi-pronged campaign reveals the difficulties of raising venture capital for English Atlantic world colonization and offers an important example of early modern place branding and regional identity creation.
Hydrodynamic aspects of premixed flame stripes in two-dimensional stagnation-point flows

The behavior of cellular premixed flames of rich butane-air in the two-dimensional stagnation-point flow configuration has been investigated. It is found that the stretching of the cellular flame results in the alignment of the ridge (extinction) and the trough (combustion) zones of the individual cells such as to form a series of parallel flame stripes. The number of flame stripes as a function of the equivalence ratio for three different mean velocities at the nozzle have been determined. Through the introduction of a generalized form of the stream function periodic velocity fields are obtained as the exact solutions of the Euler equation for the nonreactive finite-jet two-dimensional stagnation flow. The predicted periodic velocity profiles are confirmed by the experimental observation of the streamlines in nonreactive flow made visible by laser-sheet lighting. The observed average size of the flame stripes is found to be in good agreement with the predicted value. Similar periodic velocity profiles are also obtained for the viscous flow within the laminar boundary layer by treatment of the unsteady vorticity equation first described by Taylor. The results support an earlier prediction by Williams that cellular flame structures that are affected mainly by diffusive-thermal phenomena may in fact be initiated by the hydrodynamic instability.
Why Sadie licks her wounds.

Sadie, my 8-year-old golden retriever, used to be the best tennis-ball-and-Frisbee-catching dog in the neighborhood; that is, until she sustained a typical "jock" injury—a ruptured cruciate ligament—which necessitated orthopedic surgery and a suture line from hip to ankle. To protect the wound, the veterinarians put on a large cone, euphemistically called an Elizabethan collar , over her head to prevent her from licking the wound. This torture led me to question what is known about wound licking and wound healing. Certainly there must be a reason that animals naturally lick their wounds, right? Right. Hutson et al 1 created wounds in mice and observed that wounds accessible to licking healed faster than inaccessible (dorsal) wounds in individually caged mice. They also observed that removal of the salivary glands at the time of wounding delayed wound closure in individually caged animals, compared with sham-operated controls, but that this delay did not occur
Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in infancy and adolescence.

Fifteen children and adolescents with intracranial arteriovenous malformations are reviewed and their data analyzed; their ages varied between 1 day and 15 years and there was a slight predominance of males (9 male and 6 female patients). In this series, the arteriovenous malformations appeared clinically as cerebral hemorrhage in 9 cases, epilepsy in 3, mental retardation with epilepsy in 1, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1, and cardiac insufficiency at birth in the other. The diagnostic procedures used were computerized transmission tomography (CTT) of the cerebrum in 14 cases, cerebral panarteriography in 15, and EEG in 4 cases. Treatment took the form of surgery, radiation therapy, or medication. The last was administered to patients with epilepsy, either as a complement to other modes of treatment or as the only treatment. In all, 4 cases died, 2 for reasons to do with their operations, 1 from a lesion of the brain stem in a hematoma of the cerebellum that had not been surgically treated, and the other from an intraventricular hemorrhage 4 months after surgery. In the last patient, necropsy revealed remnants of the arteriovenous malformation. The overall mortality was thus 26% and the surgical mortality, 12.6%. Of the 11 surviving patients only 3 received anticonvulsant drugs; each of them had a good I.Q. and good marks at school, as did the other 8 survivors.
Retail category management: State-of-the-art review of quantitative research and software applications in assortment and shelf space management

Abstract Retail requires efficient decision support to manage increasing product proliferation and various consumer choice effects with limited shelf space. Our goal is to identify, describe and compare decision support systems for category planning. This research analyzes quantitative models and software applications in assortment and shelf space management and contributes to a more integrated modeling approach. There are difficulties commonly involved in the use of commercial software and the implementation and transfer of scientific models. Scientific decision models either focus on space-dependent demand or substitution effects, whereas software applications use simplistic rules of thumb. We show that retail assortment planning models neglect space-elastic demand and largely also ignore constraints of limited shelf space. Shelf space management streams on the other hand, mostly omit substitution effects between products when products are delisted orout-of-stock, which is the focus of consumer choice models in assortment planning. Also, the problem sizes of the models are often not relevant for realistic category sizes. Addressing these issues, this paper provides a state-of-the-art overview and research framework for integrated assortment and shelf space planning.
Youth attitudes and perspectives on HIV infection and AIDS

As an adolescent, I am concerned that as a society we are not doing enough to curb the spread of HIV infection and AIDS, particularly in those of my age-group. Current school curriculum on sex education is ineffective and inappropriate. The focus of educational programs must change from increasing knowledge to changing attitudes and behavior. Such education must begin early in the lives of children, perhaps as early as in the latter part of elementary school. Parents should be aware that it is their responsibility not only to teach their children about the dangers of engaging in behaviors that are high risk for infecting HIV but also that they themselves should not engage in behaviors that they do not wish their children to imitate, often with deadly consequences.
Concurrent and Short-Term Prospective Relations among Neurocognitive Functioning, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms in Youth.

The present short-term longitudinal study examined the concurrent and prospective relations among executive functioning (i.e., working memory and cognitive flexibility), coping (primary and secondary control coping), and depressive symptoms in children. Participants were 192 children between 9 and 15 years old (M age = 12.36 years, SD = 1.77) recruited from the community. Youth were individually administered neuropsychological measures of executive functioning and intelligence and completed self-report measures of executive dysfunction, coping, and depressive symptoms in small groups; the latter two measures were completed again 4 months later (Time 2 [T2]). Linear regression analyses were used to examine direct associations among executive functions, coping, and depressive symptoms, and a bootstrapping procedure was used to test indirect effects of executive functioning on depressive symptoms through coping. Significant prospective relations were found between working memory measured at Time 1 (T1) and b...
DNA damage repair in quiescent murine mammary carcinoma cells in culture.

Abstract Murine mammary carcinoma cells (line 67) were grown in unfed cultures for up to 9 days. In cultures (day 2–3) in which cells were proliferatively active and in day 3–5 (transition) cells, a large fraction of nuclear DNA was retained on polycarbonate filters when assayed by the alkaline filter elution technique. In contrast, the fraction of DNA retained on filters was significantly reduced for nonproliferating (Q, quiescent) cells from unfed 7–9 day cultures. The increase in endogenous DNA breaks followed both the decrease in proliferative state and clonogenicity in these cells. When day 7 Q cells were refed these endogenous DNA breaks were removed with a half-time of about 2.5 h. When the cells were exposed to X-irradiation and the integrity of their nuclear DNA measured by the alkaline filter elution assay, as much as a 2-fold greater frequency of radiation-induced DNA breaks was produced in Q versus P cells. DNA breaks were also removed from irradiated Q cells at a rate which was 0.23 that observed in P cells. We suggest that the depressed capacity for DNA damage removal in Q cells is responsible for their greater radiosensitivity, and the impaired DNA damage repair is probably due to a reduced level of energy sources in these unfed Q cell cultures.
Development and regional distribution of methionine synthetase in rabbit brain

The development and regional distribution of methionine synthetase (EC 2.1.1.13) in rabbit brain was determined. In adult rabbits, the specific activity (units per milligram protein) of methionine synthetase in cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, and corpus striatum was comparable to the specific activity in whole brain (0.5 units/mg). In the first few weeks of life, the specific activity of methionine synthetase in whole rabbit brain declined from a value of 1.1 units/mg at 1 day of age to 0.5 units/mg at 6-10 weeks. Two-year-old rabbits had 0.6 units/mg in whole brain. These results show that: (a) methionine synthetase is distributed widely in mammalian brain and (b) methionine synthetase activity in brain declines relatively little with development.
Effects of Impact Fees on Urban Form and Congestion in Florida

This study analyzes the effects of impact fees on urban form and congestion through econometric analysis. The results show that there is some evidence that impact fees might reduce congestion by creating disincentives to residential development and job creation. However, direct evidence of a negative effect of impact fees in development and job growth is not found. There is no evidence that the difference in impact fees between central cities and outer areas promotes a more compact urban form. Likewise, there is no evidence that more road impact fees decrease congestion through more investment in infrastructure. This finding might be because impact fees usually finance local roads but congestion is concentrated on freeways and arterials or because there is a spatial, temporal, or financial mismatch between the collection and investment of impact fees. There is a clear, significant, and substantial positive relationship between density and congestion; this relationship indicates a weak increase in transit ...
Strain paths and folding of carbonate rocks near Blue Ridge, central Appalachians

Two-dimensional incremental and accumulating strain paths have been calculated from displacement paths preserved by syntectonic, fibrous growths of calcite in ten specimens from limbs of various folds of the Conococheague Formation. The folds are asymmetric, possess a slaty cleavage, and consist of multilayers of mechanically stiff dolomite interlayered with less stiff limestone in which displacement paths were measured. The strain paths are referred to a local, rotating coordinate frame which is approximately defined by the strata as they rotate during folding. The calculated strain paths give an estimate of the change in orientation of the principal directions of strain with respect to layering on fold limbs. As expected, the principal extensional strain begins at a high angle to layering and rotates toward layering as folding progresses. The sense of rotation reverses on opposite fold limbs, and one limb tends to have smaller magnitudes of rotation than the other. Similar strain paths occur on the limbs of finite-element computer models of asymmetric folds produced by buckling single layers inclined as much as 15° to the direction of boundary shortening. Although the natural folds are multilayers, comparison with the computer models indicates that strata near Blue Ridge were locally inclined as much as 15° to the direction of bulk shortening. If this direction was nearly horizontal, some strata may have had dips as high as 15°NW prior to late Paleozoic deformation.
Voltammetric measurement of interfacial acid/base reactions

The voltammetric response of a Ag(111) electrode coated with a mixed molecular film of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and 1-decanethiol is presented. The voltammetric current arises from the reversible, electric field-driven deprotonation of carboxylic acid groups. Voltammetric peak heights for interfacial protonation and deprotonation are a function of solution pH, obtaining maximum values near the pK1/2 (∼8.5) of the molecular film.
Temporal changes in mouse brain fatty acid amide hydrolase activity

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity is known to mediate the tone of endogenous fatty acid amides including the endocannabinoid anandamide. FAAH is a potential therapeutic target because genetic or pharmacological ablation of FAAH promotes analgesia and anxiolytic effects without disrupting motor coordination. Little is known about the endogenous temporal fluctuations of brain FAAH activity. This is the first comprehensive study examining temporal fluctuations in mouse brain FAAH activity. Regional mouse brain homogenates were generated at the midpoint of the light ("noon") and dark ("midnight") cycles. While immunoblots revealed no significant changes (P>0.05) in regional activity between these two time points, in vitro activity assays detected a subtle 10% reduction (P<0.05) in cerebellar FAAH activity at midnight. A novel ex vivo autoradiography technique permitted the study of 11 different brain regions, many of which cannot be studied using traditional in vitro methods. The cerebellum and the periaqueductal gray both exhibited significant (P<0.05) reductions in regional FAAH activity in "midnight" brains. These data confirm the need to account for temporal changes in FAAH activity when therapeutically targeting FAAH.
Aspartic acid racemisation in the human lens during ageing and in cataract formation

D-ASPARTIC acid has been shown to accumulate with age in human tooth enamel1 and dentine2 at a rate of about 0.1% yr−1. We have predicted that racemisation should take place in any metabolically stable protein in long-lived mammals and that, as a consequence of racemisation, these proteins will have altered conformations which would probably produce changes in their biological activities or chemical properties3. We have extended these studies to soft tissue proteins, in particular those in the human lens. The proteins in the central portion of the lens are among the most stable in the human body4. Numerous changes in the properties of the lens proteins occur with age and cataract formation—denaturation5, increasing pigmentation6, cross linking5,6 insolubility6–9, and fluorescence10. Pirie11 has suggested that physicochemical processes may be responsible for these changes. We report here the results of D/L enantiomeric analyses of normal human lenses and cataracts: aspartic acid racemisation was seen during ageing and cataract formation.
A Multi-Parameter Multi-Objective Approach to Reduce Pump Noise Generation

Noise emission from axial piston machines has been studied for several decades by many researchers and pump manufacturers. Different design methods for reducing the sources of pump noise have been proposed and are in use. The authors have studied and compared the effectiveness of several passive design methods. This paper presents a short overview of the existing design methods. The challenges in reducing both fluid borne noise sources (FBNS) and structure borne noise sources (SBNS) in a unified way are discussed. A computer aided multi-objective optimization procedure, which helps minimize the pump noise sources in a broad operating range, has been proposed by the authors. The optimization procedure is described in detail along with the mathematical model of the pump in this paper. An important contribution of the multi-objective parameterized approach is that the compression and the expansion region of the valve plate are simultaneously optimized unlike most previous works which consider compression and expansion separately. The parameterization of the valve plate is also explained. A case study and noise level measurements to prove the effectiveness of the optimization procedure are included.
Numerical and experimental investigation of redrawing of sheet metals

Abstract Section analysis has been recognized as a valuable and numerically efficient technique applicable in sheet metal part and process design. The current work is part of the activities at the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM) aiming at placing part and process design in sheet metal forming on a sound scientific basis. In this paper, it is demonstrated how section analysis can be used in the process sequence design for round sheet metal parts. The section analysis program SECTIONFORM was extended to handle forward and reverse redrawing operations. A tooling to perform reverse redrawing operations on a multi-action press has been designed and built. Several aluminum alloys have been formed and used to verify the accuracy of simulation results from SECTIONFORM. In addition, the two-dimensional simulation results were compared with results from the commercial three-dimensional sheet metal forming analysis program PAM-STAMP. The benefits of employing section analysis instead of three-dimensional analysis are discussed.
A simplified generic cryostat thermal model for predicting cryogen mass and lifetime

This study presents a simple generic cryostat thermal model developed for predicting cryogen mass and the lifetime of cryogenic space telescopes. The model is based on a lumped parameter representation of eight nodes and over 35 conductors. The major telescope Dewar components represented as nodes are the main cryogen tank, the three vapor-cooled shields, the outer shell, barrel baffle, and the barrel baffle heat exchanger. The input to the model consists of the vapor-cooled shield, support straps and instrument cable geometry, and the cryostat heat loads from the instrument and through the aperture. The predictions from the model were compared with those from the more detailed models of IRAS, COBE, and SIRTF. Correlation of the helium flow rates of the IRAS and COBE Dewars was 12 percent above the actual flight or ground test data and for SIRTF it was less than 2 percent of the prediction from the detailed model.
The psychological organization of "uncertainty" responses and "middle" responses: a dissociation in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Some studies of nonhuman animals’ metacognitive capacity encourage competing low-level, behavioral descriptions of trial–decline responses by animals in uncertainty-monitoring tasks. To evaluate the force of these behavioral descriptions, the authors presented 6 capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) with 2 density discrimination tasks between sparse and dense stimuli. In one task, difficult trials with stimuli near the middle of the density continuum could be declined through an “uncertainty” response. In the other task, making a “middle” response to the same stimuli was rewarded. In Experiment 1, capuchins essentially did not use the uncertainty response, but they did use the middle response. In Experiment 2, the authors replicated this result with 5 of 6 monkeys while equating the overall pace and reinforcement structure of the 2 tasks, although 1 monkey also showed appropriate use of the uncertainty response. These results challenge a purely associative interpretation of some uncertainty-monitoring performances by monkeys while sharpening the theoretical question concerning the nature of the psychological signal that occasions uncertainty responses.
On the Application of Contour Bumps for Transonic Drag Reduction(Invited)

The effect of discrete contour bumps on reducing the transonic drag at off-design conditions on an airfoil have been examined. The research focused on fully-turbulent flow conditions, at a realistic flight chord Reynolds number of 30 million. State-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics methods were used to design a new baseline airfoil, and a family of fixed contour bumps. The new configurations were experimentally evaluated in the 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research center, which utilizes an adaptive wall test section to minimize wall interference. The computational study showed that transonic drag reduction, on the order of 12% - 15%, was possible using a surface contour bump to spread a normal shock wave. The computational study also indicated that the divergence drag Mach number was increased for the contour bump applications. Preliminary analysis of the experimental data showed a similar contour bump effect, but this data needed to be further analyzed for residual wall interference corrections.
Modification of the discharge of vagal cardiac neurons during learned heart rate change

Visually conditioned heart rate change in the pigeon has been developed as a vertebrate model system for the cellular neurophysiological analysis of associative learning. In previous studies of the "final common path," it was shown that both the vagal and sympathetic cardiac innervations contribute to this response. The present experiments indicate that, prior to any behavioral training, the visual stimulus elicits a small decrease in the discharge of vagal cardiac neurons. During conditioning, this stimulus evokes a progressively greater decrease in discharge that parallels the acquisition of the conditioned cardioacceleration. In contrast, nonassociative control animals show habituation of the initial decrease in discharge. These data confirm the involvement of the vagal cardiac innervation in conditioned heart rate change, indicate that the vagal innervation acts synergistically with the sympathetic to produce cardioacceleration, and suggest that a short-latency pathway mediates the conditioned response.
You're an organization development practitioner-scholar: Can you contribute to organizational theory?

Mainstream organizational theorizing and the work of organization development (OD) practitioner-scholars have followed somewhat separate paths during the past decades. Currently, however, as illustrated in the development of evidence-based management and as exemplified by Van de Ven’s Engaged Scholarship, there is considerable interest among management scholars in enhanced academic–practitioner relationships. The contemporary situation offers possibilities for OD practitioner-scholars to forge much stronger links between their work and academic theory by means of facilitating academic– practitioner forums and developing skills in theorizing about them. This paper suggests some means for doing this. Organization Management Journal (2008) 5, 6–16. doi:10.1057/omj.2008.3
New Opiate-Receptor Model

Abstract A new opiate-receptor model is proposed in which only one conformation of the receptor is needed for binding of both agonists and antagonists. There are two different spacially fixed amine-binding sites in this model: one agonist and one antagonist. The opiates undergo binding to their mine-binding sites via the lone electron pair on nitrogen. The role of the N -ally1 or other such group in imparting antagonist properties is explained in terms of the steric requirements of this group. For this group to be accommodated without imposing severe steric interactions in the rest of the opiate molecule, the piperidine ring must assume a flexible (skew boat) conformation; in this conformation, the N -lone-pair electron lobe assumes the characteristic directionality of an antagonist toward its amine-binding site. If the N -lone-pair lobe is not rigorously maintained in this direction, the opiate molecule assumes both antagonist and agonist conformations and mixed antagonist-agonist activity is observed. The observed differences in the effect of sodium on the degree of binding of an agonist versus an antagonist can be explained in this model by the different effects of sodium on the two amine-binding sites. The antagonist activity of an N-methyl antagonist can be rationalized on the basis of the proposed model.
Alternate approaches to managing lipid-associated cardiovascular risk

The National Cholesterol Education Program's Third Adult Treatment Panel guidelines recommend that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol should be the primary target of lipid-lowering treatments, followed by non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as a secondary target that represents the dyslipidemia of insulin resistance. A growing body of evidence suggests that this may not be the optimal approach. Alternative risk markers and decision-making approaches for the management of lipid-associated risk are discussed in the context of current evidence, clinical applicability, cost–effectiveness and future trends in the practice of preventive medicine.
Chemokine receptor 7 activates phosphoinositide-3 kinase-mediated invasive and prosurvival pathways in head and neck cancer cells independent of EGFR.

Chemokine receptor 7 activates phosphoinositide-3 kinase-mediated invasive and prosurvival pathways in head and neck cancer cells independent of EGFR
The imaging ammeter

Abstract A method for measuring local current density, not requiring segmentation of the electrode or spatial scanning, is presented. The motion of colloidal particles in response to local current density, characterized by the intensity of the light they scatter, is the fundamental phenomenon of the technique. The scattering was produced and measured with the electrochemical total internal reflection microscope, a tool that places an electrochemical cell within a total internal reflection apparatus. The electrolysis of water and the oxidation of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid were used as test reactions. Light scattered by a probe particle produced an “image” of current density; scattered light was converted to local current density by a function derived herein. Numerical simulations supplemented experimental evidence that local current density controlled the probe particle’s vertical motion. The spatial resolution of the method was approximately the length scale of the probe particle, in this case 5.7 μm. The resolution of current density was better than 100 nA cm −2 . The method might find use in high throughput screening of electrocatalysts.
Bimodal effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on airways responsiveness in the rabbit

The role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) to increase airways responsiveness is unclear. Since PAF has unusual dose-response characteristics in vitro, this study investigated the effects of different doses or concentrations of PAF given by intravenous and aerosol administration in anesthetized rabbits. Aerosol PAF caused a dose-dependent decrease in SGL. Intravenous administration of PAF was associated with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, whereas aerosol administration of PAF did not alter the numbers of circulatory cells. With either administration, no inflammatory cells were recovered by lavage nor was there evidence of a gross inflammatory process within the lung. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a late asthmatic response. Intravenous PAF caused a bimodal change in airways responsiveness with a significant increase in the effective concentration causing 50% of the maximal change in SGL (EC50SGL) at low doses (0.06-06 micrograms/kg h-1) and a significant decrease in EC50SGL (an increase in responsiveness) at higher doses (1.2-2.4 micrograms/kg/h-1). Aerosol PAF decreased EC50SGL significantly at the higher doses (100-250 micrograms). These changes in EC50SGL, after both administrations, were still apparent at 3 1/2 and 4 h. In conclusion PAF has a dose-dependent, biphasic, and persistent effect on airways responsiveness, which may be independent of circulating inflammatory cells.
Secure and reliable covert channel

We describe the design, implementation and evaluation of a reliable and secure protocol to establish a covert channel that not only maintains a high degree of stealthiness, but also provides reliability despite temporary data loss as well as data confidentiality. An important feature of our proposed protocol is that it can be embedded in any legitimate channel that is based on IP. In this paper, we describe our protocol using ICMP. In particular, the proposed protocol satisfies four important properties: stealthiness, lightweight, confidentiality and integrity, and reliability.
Weighing Statistical Certainty Against Ethical, Clinical, and Biologic Expediency: The Contributions of the Watterberg Trial Tip the Scales in the Right Direction

To the Editor .— The study by Watterberg et al,1 published in the December 2004 issue of Pediatrics , does much to forward the debates surrounding prophylactic steroid use in extremely low birth weight infants. The long-term effect of dexamethasone on neurodevelopment has moved most neonatologists away from the belief that, if a little potency is good, a lot must be better. For some of us, that same concern exists for intestinal perforations. However, many of us had hoped that physiologic replacement of cortisol would prove to be a more biologically appropriate strategy to reduce the incidence of chronic lung disease while avoiding neurodevelopmental and intestinal complications. Others have suggested that the problem is not one of biology but of chemistry and that we have yet to test all the proper synthetic variants of glucocorticoids, one of which might …
Membranes of animal cells. VIII. Distribution of sialic acid, hexosamines and sialidase in the L cell

Abstract The distribution of sialic acid and hexosamines was studied in purified organelles obtained from L cells. The major portion of the sialic acid of the intact cell is found in the surface membranes (66%). Only small amounts of sialic acid are found in the other purified fractions with the exception of the lysosomes which contained approx. 16%. The hexosamines are largely distributed between the surface membranes (33%) and soluble fraction (25%). Microsomes and mitochondria contain 14 and 11%, respectively, of the hexosamines of the intact cell and the nuclei contain 4%. The molar ratio of hexosamines to sialic acid of these fractions indicate differences in glycoprotein and/or glycolipid contents of the cell organelles. Some sialidase ( N- acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase , EC 3.2.1.18) activity is present in all of the cell fractions which were examined. However, upon further purification only the lysosomes show an increased specific activity of the enzyme. A procedure is reported for obtaining purified nuclei with the outer nuclear membrane morphologically intact.
Metal Complexes and Free Radical Toxins Produced by Pfiesteria piscicida

Metal-containing organic toxins produced by Pfiesteria piscicida were characterized, for the first time, by corroborating data obtained from five distinct instrumental methods: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP−MS), liquid chromatography particle beam glow discharge mass spectrometry (LC/PB-GDMS), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The high toxicity of the metal-containing toxins is due to metal-mediated free radical production. This mode of activity explains the toxicity of Pfiesteria, as well as previously reported difficulty in observing the molecular target, due to the ephemeral nature of radical species. The toxins are highly labile in purified form, maintaining activity for only 2−5 days before all activity is lost. The multiple toxin congeners in active extracts are also susceptible to decomposition in the presence of white light, pH variations, and prolonged heat. These finding...
Reescritura y tensión utópica en Noticias del extranjero (1959-1998) de Pedro Lastra

Asi, sobre la base de la escritura critica ya existente sobre su poesia y de conceptosespecificos del discurso filosofico y teorico-literario contemporaneos, se la describe enterminos generales y se la analiza en fragmentos especificos, profundizando en caracteris-ticas ya detectadas por la critica precedente y aportando una nueva mirada, la que destacala dimension utopica de la sugerente poesia del poeta chileno.
Latitudinal variation in stipe hollowing in Eisenia arborea (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales)

Abstract Morphological variation is common in kelps (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) and often results from differences in environmental conditions. Stipe hollowing, in particular, occurs in several kelp species worldwide but to date has been investigated for only a few species and primarily at local scales. Here we describe the patterns of stipe hollowing both within and among populations of Eisenia arborea across 800 km of its distribution along the west coast of North America. Our results indicate that there are large latitudinal differences among populations in both the occurrence of stipe hollowing (i.e. frequency of hollow stipes within a population) and hollowing extent (i.e. length of the hollow cavity relative to stipe length) in E. arborea sporophytes. Stipe length varied among our study locations, with the most southern population exhibiting the tallest stipes, the most northern population exhibiting the shortest stipes, and the three central populations exhibiting intermediate stipe lengths. The o...
Every 3-connected, essentially 11-connected line graph is Hamiltonian

Thomassen conjectured that every 4-connected line graph is Hamiltonian. A vertex cut X of G is essential if G - X has at least two non-trivial components. We prove that every 3-connected, essentially 11-connected line graph is Hamiltonian. Using Ryjacek's line graph closure, it follows that every 3-connected, essentially 11-connected claw-free graph is Hamiltonian.
Cutting Edge: γδ T Cells Provide Help to B Cells with Altered Clonotypes and Are Capable of Inducing Ig Gene Hypermutation

It has not been resolved whether gammadelta T cells can collaborate with germinal center B cells and support Ig hypermutation during an Ab response to a truly defined T-dependent Ag. In this study, we show that in the absence of alphabeta T cells, immunization with the well-defined T-dependent Ag, (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP) conjugate, was able to induce Ig hypermutation. However, the clonotypes of B cells responding to NP were dramatically altered in TCR beta(-/-) mice. Unlike B cells in wild-type mice that use canonical VDJ rearrangements, most NP-responding B cells in mutant mice use analog genes of the J558 gene family. In addition, the majority of anti-NP Abs produced in mutant mice use kappaL chain instead of lambda1L chain, which dominates in mice of Igh(b) background. Thus, the B cell population that collaborates with gammadelta T cells is distinct from B cells interacting with conventional alphabeta Th cells.
A learning method for developing PROAFTN classifiers and a comparative study with decision trees

PROAFTN belongs to Multiple-Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) paradigm and requires a several set of parameters for the purpose of classification. This study proposes a new inductive approach for obtaining these parameters from data. To evaluate the performance of developed learning approach, a comparative study between PROAFTN and a decision tree in terms of their learning methodology, classification accuracy, and interpretability is investigated in this paper. The major distinguished property of Decision tree is that its ability to generate classification models that can be easily explained. The PROAFTN method has also this capability, therefore avoiding a black box situation. Furthermore, according to the proposed learning approach in this study, the experimental results show that PROAFTN strongly competes with ID3 and C4.5 in terms of classification accuracy.
Emerging trends in millimeter-wave CAD

This paper discusses three emerging trends in the area of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) electromagnetic (EM) simulation and computer-aided design (CAD). Diakoptics techniques for frequency- and time-domain EM-simulation methods are needed for mm-wave circuit design. Development of artificial neural network (ANN) models is likely to result in an efficient use of EM simulators. Possible applications of knowledge-based tools are suggested for initial stages of the design process.
A Biomechanical Model of Soft Tissue Deformation, with Applications to Non-rigid Registration of Brain Images with Tumor Pathology

The finite element method is applied to the biomechanics of brain tissue deformation. Emphasis is given to the deformations induced by the growth of tumors, and to the deformable registration of anatomical atlases with patient images. A uniform contraction of the tumor is first used to obtain an estimate of the shape of the brain prior to the growth of the tumor. A subsequent nonlinear regression method is used to improve on the above estimate. The resulting deformation mapping is finally applied to an atlas, yielding the registration of the atlas with the tumor-deformed anatomy. A preliminary 2D implementation that includes inhomogeneity and a nonlinear elastic material model is tested on simulated data as well as a patient image. The long-term scope of this work is its application to surgical planning systems.
The lipids of green beans.

SUMMARY Raw green snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Slendergreen) were cut, frozen, lyopbilized, and extracted with chloroform-methanol 2:l. The crude extract amounted to 9.9% of the dry weight of the beans. The lipid material in the extract composed 2.6% of the dry weight of the bean. The crude lipids were fractionated with acetone, and the acetone-soluble portion was subjected to countercurrent distribution between n-heptane and 95% methanol. The major lipid fractions were treated with glacial acetic acid, followed by partition between benzene and 50% aqueous acetic acid to aid in removal of non-lipid contaminants. The composition of snapbean lipids was studied by measuring the nitrogen, phosphorus, sugar, and fatty acid content of the various fractions.
Inverting the power spectrum for a heterogeneous medium

SUMMARY The delta-correlated assumption of the random medium is of considerable significance in statistical wave propagation problems. Assuming the Rytov and parabolic approximations, this work completed an exact derivation of the transverse coherence functions without using the delta-correlated approximation. The error introduced by this approximation is shown to be negligible when the source‐receiver distance is large. Our new formulation shows that the TCF does have limited vertical spectral resolution, in contrast to previous results. We define a new observational variable whose Fourier transform directly yields the power spectral density function of the random medium. This enables a simultaneous determination of the scale and statistical distribution of heterogeneities without assuming the power spectral function a priori.
Preschool children's understanding of the situational determinants of others' emotions

Abstract Two experiments investigated 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children's ability to use situational information to make judgements about others' emotional reactions. Children were presented with stories and drawings depicting other children in emotion-producing situations and were asked to make emotion judgements by selecting one of two facial expressions. It was predicted that children would make more accurate judgements when the stories contained explicit, rather than implicit, statements about the characters' goals. Based on Weiner and Graham's (1984) developmental model of emotion understanding, it was also predicted that the youngest children would be able to make outcomedependent, but not attributiondependent emotion judgements. Contrary to expectation, children did not make significantly more accurate judgements in the explicit story condition. Consistent with Weiner and Graham's model, the 3-year-olds could make outcome-dependent emotion judgements, but only the 4- and 5-year-olds could make attrib...
Programming in Java: student-constructed rules

Java is becoming a popular first programming language for university students. One reason for its popularity is its power as an object-oriented language. This study examined beginning students' understanding of the construction and use of objects in Java. During tape-recorded interviews, students were asked to predict which programs from a collection of similar programs would work according to specification and which would not. This paper will discuss those interviews, including the most common false assumptions or “student-constructed rules” invoked by the students and the implications of the interviews for instruction.
Widespread white matter tract aberrations in youth with familial risk for bipolar disorder

Few studies have examined multiple measures of white matter (WM) differences in youth with familial risk for bipolar disorder (FR-BD). To investigate WM in the FR-BD group, we used three measures of WM structure and two methods of analysis. We used fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) to analyze diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings in 25 youth with familial risk for bipolar disorder, defined as having both a parent with BD and mood dysregulation, and 16 sex-, age-, and IQ-matched healthy controls. We conducted a whole brain voxelwise analysis using tract based spatial statistics (TBSS). Subsequently, we conducted a complementary atlas-based, region-of-interest analysis using Diffeomap to confirm results seen in TBSS. When TBSS was used, significant widespread between-group differences were found showing increased FA, increased AD, and decreased RD in the FR-BD group in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, cingulate, superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (SFOF), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and corpus callosum. Atlas-based analysis confirmed significant between-group differences, with increased FA and decreased RD in the FR-BD group in the SLF, cingulum, and SFOF. We found significant widespread WM tract aberrations in youth with familial risk for BD using two complementary methods of DTI analysis.
Risk-averse Regionalism: The Cautionary Tale of Portland, Oregon, and Affordable Housing

Looking for lessons for an emerging progressive regionalism, this article examines a stymied effort by a leading case of new regionalism to forge a regional consensus on affordable housing. It high...