cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is a mesotidal marginal sea of the western Atlantic Ocean bordered by the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. The two largest rivers are the Mississippi (north) and Grijalva-Usumacinta (south). The 18,261 km2 wetlands in the GOM and 9743 km2 of seagrass habitat are quasiprotected by a mixture of local, state, national, and international agreements, but will be compromised by an accelerating sea-level rise anticipated this century. There are many estuarine-dependent and offshore fish stocks that are overfished, or close to their maximum yield, a large human-caused hypoxic zone near the Mississippi River, and smaller ones in local estuaries. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010) affected most deep- and shallow-water ecosystems that have rich species diversity. Restoration seems possible in some instances, but prevention is more prudent in the long run. Improvements to regional science-based data gathering, adaptive management attitudes, and ecosystem models will advance the achievement of water quality improvement goals, stabilize or even improve fish stocks, and build community health and well-being.
NASA GRC Compass Team Conceptual Point Design and Trades of a Hybrid Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP)/Chemical Propulsion Human Mars Deep Space Transport (DST) Vehicle

NASA has long been conducting studies which apply different in-space propulsion technology assumptions to the mission of sending humans to Mars. Two of the technologies under study that are considered to be the most near-term with respect to technology readiness level (TRL) are traditional chemical propulsion systems and high-power Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) systems. The benefit of relatively low trip times inherent in using impulsive chemical propulsion systems to perform the full round-trip delta V is hampered by the large propellant mass required to perform these burns for human Mars missions. SEP systems offer the benefit of much lower propellant requirements to perform the same round-trip missions, at the cost of longer trip times. Traditionally, impulsive chemical systems are better suited than SEP when used in a gravity well, and SEP systems are more efficient than traditional impulsive systems when used in interplanetary space. A mission to Mars includes both of these scenarios, and thus several NASA architecture studies performed over the last few years have looked to combine the use of both SEP and chemical propulsion systems where they are the most beneficial to human Mars missions. This combined propulsion system concept has been referred to as a SEP/Chem hybrid Mars Transfer Vehicle and is currently shown as the concept Deep Space Transport (DST) in the March 2017 NASA presentation to the National Aerospace Council (NAC).
Work Outcomes for Mothers Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: the Buffering Effect of Child Care Subsidy

Mothers who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) are at increased risk for experiencing workplace instability in the form of absence from paid employment and job loss. In a cross-sectional study, we investigate if experiences of IPV inhibit work stability among low-income women as well as if the receipt of child care subsidies has a moderating effect on the relationship. Using data from the Illinois Families Study, we tested the relationships between IPV, work outcomes, and recipient of child care subsidies in a series of multivariate regressions. Findings indicate IPV is associated with reduced hours worked among low-income mothers and increased unemployment among low-income mothers. However, both of these relationships are moderated by receipt of child care subsidies suggesting that mothers who experience IPV can maintain employment at the same level as women not experiencing IPV with receipt of child care subsidies. Our findings indicate the importance of receiving child care subsidies among low-income mothers and support subsidy accessibility to survivors of IPV. Results of our study are limited in regard to the age of the data, the cross-sectional use of the data, and the lack of a control group that was not receiving any type of government assistance.
An Investigation of the Immediate Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Cancer Cells

Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) has received heightened attention as an alternative therapy due to its ability to impact cancer cells and trigger the activation of apoptosis [1, 2]. Shockingly, there has been limited investigation of the real time effects of CAP on cell viability immediately following treatment. When measuring and continuously monitoring the immediate effects of CAP on breast and gastric cancer cells using a cell viability assay, it was seen that plasma induced cell death. The data revealed a decrease in cell viability for 15 minutes after plasma treatment, followed by increased cell viability for up to 60 minutes. These results were attributed to the rapid proliferation rate of cancer cells. CAP treatment decreased cell viability in a dose dependent manner, with treatment durations between 30–180 seconds. Treatment with CAP for 180 seconds resulted in the slowest upward trend in viability up to a maximum of 70% at 60 minutes post treatment. The most significant and permanent effects of CAP were observed at 24 and 48 hours post treatment.
Design of semiconductor surface pits for fabrication of regular arrays of quantum dots and nanorings

We report a systematic computational study on the formation of complex nanostructures consisting of quantum dots and nanorings on surfaces of coherently strained thin films grown epitaxially on pit-patterned substrates. The analysis is based on self-consistent dynamical simulations according to a film surface evolution model that has been validated experimentally by comparison of its predictions with experimental observations on Ge films grown on Si pit-patterned substrates and is supported by linear stability theory that explains the film surface nanopattern formation as the outcome of a Stranski-Krastanow instability. Emphasis is placed on the design of conical pit patterns and the effects on the resulting film surface nanopattern of varying geometrical design parameters including film thickness, pit-pattern period, pit depth, pit opening diameter, and pit wall inclination. We demonstrate that varying the pit opening diameter and the pit wall slope leads to formation of complex nanostructures inside the pits of a regular pit pattern on the film surface, which include quantum dots, as well as single nanorings and multiple concentric nanorings that may or may not surround a central quantum dot inside each pit. Our simulation predictions demonstrate that the ordered nanostructure patterns forming on the film surface can be controlled precisely by tuning the geometrical parameters of the pits on the pit-patterned substrate. Our findings have important implications for designing optimal semiconductor surface patterns toward enabling future nanofabrication technologies.We report a systematic computational study on the formation of complex nanostructures consisting of quantum dots and nanorings on surfaces of coherently strained thin films grown epitaxially on pit-patterned substrates. The analysis is based on self-consistent dynamical simulations according to a film surface evolution model that has been validated experimentally by comparison of its predictions with experimental observations on Ge films grown on Si pit-patterned substrates and is supported by linear stability theory that explains the film surface nanopattern formation as the outcome of a Stranski-Krastanow instability. Emphasis is placed on the design of conical pit patterns and the effects on the resulting film surface nanopattern of varying geometrical design parameters including film thickness, pit-pattern period, pit depth, pit opening diameter, and pit wall inclination. We demonstrate that varying the pit opening diameter and the pit wall slope leads to formation of complex nanostructures inside the...
Perfused Kupffer cell mass. Correlation with histology and severity of chronic liver disease.

The perfused Kupffer cell mass determines sulfur colloid distribution by liver spleen scan (LSS) and is proportional to the perfused hepatocyte mass. This accounts for the correlation of sulfur colloid distribution with tests of hepatic function and raises the question of whether the LSS can be used as a quantitative test of hepatic function. The recent ability to precisely measure sulfur colloid distribution by single-photon-emission computerized tomography (SPECT) prompted us to evaluate the clinical value in 329 consecutive patients with adequate LSS and clinical information, of which 27 apparent normals and 220 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) were included in this study. The liver-bone marrow index (LBI) indicated the distribution of counts between the liver and bone marrow. The liver-spleen index (LSI) indicated the distribution between liver and spleen adjusted for spleen size. The LBI and LSI correlated with each other (r=0.753;P 85. The severity score correlated with hepatic fibrosis (r=−0.694;P 80 and 96.5% a severity score >85. Mortality, the frequency of complications of CLD, and the degree of hepatic fibrosis were inversely related to the severity score. Thus, the data support the value of the LSS in detecting the perfused Kupffer cell mass and the potential for use of the LSS as a quantitative test of hepatic function.
Replication subunits in the synthesis of Drosophila DNA.

Abstract The first detectable products of DNA synthesis in Drosophila cells are small DNA molecules of about 3.8S. In pulse-labeling and pulse-chase experiments these molecules, or replication subunits, accumulate at 3.8S and 4.8S and appear to be precursors of high molecular weight chromosomal DNA. The replication subunit sizes, measured on akaline velocity gradients, correspond to the sizes of single-strand gaps in electron micrographs of Drosophila embryo DNA [1]. This supports the hypothesis that replication subunits are products of discontinuous DNA replication. A possible relationship between replication subunit size and chromatin organization is discussed.
Genetic analysis of hybrid incompatibility suggests transposable elements increase reproductive isolation in the D. virilis clade

Although observed in many interspecific crosses, the genetic basis of most hybrid incompatibilities is still unknown. Mismatches between parental genomes in selfish elements and the genes that regulate these elements are frequently hypothesized to underlie hybrid dysfunction. We evaluated the potential role of transposable elements (TEs) in hybrid incompatibilities by examining hybrids between Drosophila virilis strains polymorphic for TEs that cause dysgenesis and a closely related species that appears to lack these elements. Using genomic data, we confirmed copy number differences in potentially causal TEs between the dysgenic-causing D. virilis (TE+) strain and a sensitive D. virilis (TE-) strain and D. lummei genotype. We then contrasted isolation phenotypes in a cross where dysgenic TEs are absent from both D. virilis (TE-) and D. lummei parental genotypes, to a cross where dysgenic TEs are present in the D. virilis (TE+) parent and absent in the D. lummei parent, predicting increased reproductive isolation in the latter cross. Using F1 and backcross experiments that account for alternative hypotheses, we demonstrated amplified reproductive isolation specifically in the interspecific cross involving TE+ D. virilis , consistent with the action of dysgenesis-inducing TEs. These experiments demonstrate that TEs can contribute to hybrid incompatibilities via presence/absence polymorphisms.
Bcr-Abl Regulates IRES-Dependent Translation of Lymphoid Enhancer Factor-1 in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

The constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl leads to aberrant expression of multiple genes by several mechanisms, including dysregulation of transcription. Recently though, increasing attention has been focused on the effect of Bcr-Abl in dysregulating translation. Our group has previously documented the effects of Bcr-Abl on key regulators of cap-dependent translation and the role that this mechanism plays in transformation (Ly et al, Cancer Research, 2003; Prabhu et al., Oncogene, in press). Here we describe a novel form of translational control by Bcr-Abl. Specifically, we show how Bcr-Abl regulates cap-independent translation of Lymphoid Enhancer Factor-1 (LEF-1) via a bona fide internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of LEF1. Lymphoid Enhancer Factor-1 (LEF-1), a transcription factor that mediates Wnt signals via interaction with β-catenin, is often expressed in cancers derived from aberrant Wnt signaling. Lately, it has been reported that LEF1 transcripts are elevated in CML. We examined LEF-1 expression in primary CML cells and cell lines (K562 and Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl) and show that LEF-1 protein is detected in all patient-derived cells. Treatment of these cells with the Bcr-Abl imatinib mesylate (imatinib) inhibits LEF-1 expression in imatinib-sensitive cancers, but not in cancers that exhibit clinical resistance even though such cancers express imatinib-sensitive Bcr-Abl. For those cancers that are sensitive, inhibition of Bcr-Abl has a partial effect on LEF1 mRNA levels, and a significant effect on LEF-1 protein levels. LEF-1 protein is produced via two IRESs in it’s 5′ UTR. IRES-driven translation of LEF-1 was highly sensitive to Bcr-Abl as treatment with imatinib reduced IRES activity 5 fold. Transfection of CML cells with dicistronic mRNAs suggests that Bcr-Abl stimulates LEF-1 protein production through steps in the nucleus and cytoplasm. We propose that, in addition to its strong effects on cap-dependent translation in CML, Bcr-Abl is an important regulator of alternative translation pathways. mRNAs that are translated via IRES-dependent mechanisms are particularly relevant to cancer since they encode proteins that regulate cell proliferation and survival. Together, these observations underscore the important role which dysregulated translation plays in transformation, and suggest novel approaches with which to counteract the transforming properties of Bcr-Abl.
Treatment after TAVR — Discordance and Clinical Implications

Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) has transformed the treatment of severe aortic stenosis. However, questions remain regarding the long-term outcomes of this procedure, including the ri...
Corrosion Activity of Steel in Cementitious Controlled Low-Strength Materials vs. That in Soil

Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM) are high performance fills produced and delivered by ready mix suppliers. CLSM places faster than conventional compacted fill, requires less jobsite equipment, increases jobsite safety, and minimizes future settlement problems. Consequently, the use of CLSM as backfill material is a very attractive option. However, there are numerous factors that influence soil corrosion on buried structures, such as the electrical resistivity of the backfill material along with its pH and drainage characteristics. Corrosion experiments in which steel coupons were placed in simulated soil or covered with cement-based CLSM then placed in simulated soil are discussed.
Dynamics of a cell motility model near the sharp interface limit.

Abstract Phase-field models have recently had great success in describing the dynamic morphologies and motility of eukaryotic cells. In this work we investigate the minimal phase-field model introduced in Berlyand et al. (2017) . Rigorous analysis of its sharp interface limit dynamics was completed in Mizuhara et al., 2016 , Mizuhara et al., 2019 , where it was observed that persistent cell motion was not stable. In this work we numerically study the pre-limiting phase-field model near the sharp interface limit, to better understand this lack of persistent motion. We find that immobile, persistent, and rotating states are all exhibited in this minimal model, and investigate the loss of persistent motion in the sharp interface limit.
Effect of Anticancer Quinones on Reactive Oxygen Production by Adult Rat Heart Myocytes.

This study investigated the effect of anthracycline antibiotics, mitomycin C, and menadione on oxygen consumption and hydrogen peroxide production by intact, beating, rat heart myocytes. Doxorubicin produced a dose-dependent increase in the rate of cyanide-resistant respiration by beating myocytes. The anthracycline analogs 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, 4 - epidoxorubicin, 4 - deoxydoxorubicin, and menogaril, as well as the anticancer quinones mitomycin C and menadione, also significantly increased oxygen consumption by cardiac myocytes. However, 5-iminodaunorubicin (which has a substituted quinone group) and mitoxantrone (which is not easily reduced by flavin dehydrogenases) had no effect on cardiac respiration. Both catalase (43%) and acetylated cytochrome c (19%) significantly decreased oxygen consumption that had been stimulated by doxorubicin; furthermore, extracellular hydrogen peroxide production was increased from undetectable control levels to nmol/min/107 myocytes ( , ) in the presence of 400 μM doxorubicin. These experiments suggest that the anthracycline antibiotics and other anticancer quinones stimulate cardiac oxygen radical production in intact heart myocytes; such a free radical cascade could contribute to the cardiac toxicity of these drugs.
Legacies, Present, and Futures: Introduction to the Special Issue on Feminist Organizational Communication:

In this introduction to the Special Issue, we foreground our feminist journeys, discuss legacies of feminist organizational communication, and introduce the articles of the Special Issue. In the pr...
Protist and Fungal Metaxin-Like Proteins: Relationship to Vertebrate Metaxins that Function in Protein Import into Mitochondria

ABSTRACT Metaxin-like proteins are shown to be encoded in the genomes of a wide range of protists and fungi. The metaxin proteins were originally described in humans and mice, and were experimentally demonstrated to have a role in the import of nascent proteins into mitochondria. In this study, metaxin-like proteins of protists and fungi predicted from genome sequences were identified by criteria including their sequence homology with vertebrate metaxin proteins and the existence of distinctive metaxin protein domains. Protists of diverse taxa, including amoebae, protozoa, phytoplankton, downy mildews, water molds, and algae, were found to possess genes for metaxin-like proteins. With fungi, the important taxonomic divisions (phyla) of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Zoopagomycota had species with metaxin-like protein genes. The presence of distinctive GST_N_Metaxin, GST_C_Metaxin, and Tom37 domains in the predicted proteins indicates that the protist and fungal proteins are related to the vertebrate metaxins. However, the metaxin-like proteins are not direct homologs of vertebrate metaxins 1, 2, or 3, but have similarity to each of the three. The alignment of the metaxin-like proteins of a variety of protists with vertebrate metaxins 1 and 2 showed about 26% and 19% amino acid identities, respectively, while for fungal metaxin-like proteins, the identities were about 29% and 23%. The different percentages with the two vertebrate metaxins indicates that the metaxin-like proteins are both metaxin 1-like and, to a lesser degree, metaxin 2-like. The secondary structures of protist and fungal metaxin-like proteins both consist of nine α-helical segments, the same as for the vertebrate metaxins, with a negligible contribution from β-strand. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the protist and fungal metaxin-like proteins and the vertebrate metaxins form distinct and separate groups, but that the groups are derived from a common ancestral protein sequence.
Management of severe epithelial versus fibrous downgrowth following trabeculectomy: Case report and literature review.

Abstract Purpose To describe the presentation and management of a patient with epithelial versus fibrous downgrowth following trabeculectomy surgery and review relevant literature regarding this complication after intraocular surgery. Observations A 52-year-old monocular African-American woman was referred for management of presumed epithelial versus fibrous downgrowth following trabeculectomy surgery. The patient was initially treated with intracameral injections of 5-fluorouracil (x2) and bevacizumab (x1). Cataract extraction, membranectomy, and a third intracameral 5-fluorouracil injection were performed. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was subsequently managed with a superotemporal Ahmed FP7 glaucoma drainage device in the sulcus, followed by an inferonasal Baerveldt 350 glaucoma drainage device in the sulcus. The downgrowth has not progressed and the intraocular pressure remains controlled at the most recent follow-up. Conclusions This case underscores the risk of this complication following trabeculectomy, the role of a combined medical and surgical approach to management, and the possible need for multiple surgical interventions to control IOP. A review of the literature regarding epithelial and fibrous downgrowth after intraocular surgery was conducted, which highlighted the aggressive nature of these conditions and the range of therapeutic approaches that have been described.
Rotational and translational diffusion of colloidal ellipsoids in bulk and at surfaces

We studied the diffusion of ellipsoidal colloids by using a combination of single-particle tracking (SPT) and differential dynamic microscopy (DDM). The micrometer-sized polystyrene particles have an aspect ratio of ≈ 4.3. SPT provides the particle trajectories and translation diffusion coefficient of the particles. DDM analyses appropriate for anisotropic particles were then used to extract the rotational diffusion coefficient of the particles. The results matched well with the theoretical prediction of translational and rotational diffusion coefficients for ellipsoids in the bulk. We extended our method to surface bound particles, which shows that rotation slowed by a larger amount compared to translation. This can be explained qualitatively by assuming heterogeneity of viscous and hydrodynamic forces experienced by surface bound particles. The research will be useful to study the viscous friction experienced by anisotropic colloids in complex fluids and surface friction at chemically or topologically modified substrates.
Embracing Multimodal Data in Multimedia Data Analysis

Multimedia data analysis is at the heart of multimedia research, where the patterns, information, and knowledge are mined and recognized from the multimedia data for various applications. We have witnessed significant performance improvements in multimedia data analysis driven by the recent advances in artificial intelligence and deep learning. While most of the existing methods focus on analyzing unimodal data, many novel multimodal multimedia data analysis techniques have also been developed and achieved better performance than those using unimodal data. Multimodal multimedia data has proven to be effective to improve the performance and reliability of data analysis systems and applications. It is also important to match and retrieve data with similar contents across modalities. However, due to the highly complex nature of multimodal multimedia data, further research in multimodal multimedia data analysis is needed to address the challenges including missing modalities, lack of benchmark datasets, and so on.
Neuroscience: Convergence of biological and artificial networks.

Summary A new study shows that an artificial neural network trained to predict visual motion reproduces key properties of motion detecting circuits in the fruit fly.
PICS bags protect wheat grain, Triticum aestivum (L.), against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Purdue Improved Crop Storage Bags (PICS) bags are hermetic containers consisting of two inner layers of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surrounded by an outer woven polypropylene bag. They have proven effective in preventing losses of stored cowpea grain to the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and perform well with other dry grains attacked by several species of postharvest pests. We tested PICS bags against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a common stored grain pest. Storing rice weevil infested wheat in PICS bags arrested weevil population growth and preserved the grain well. The air surrounding infested wheat held in PICS bags had lower oxygen and higher carbon dioxide levels compared to the ambient atmosphere. Seed germination declined over time in infested PICS bags, but less so than did grain held in infested woven bags. Low-cost, durable, pesticide-free PICS technology offers an inexpensive, practical and useful way to protect wheat against rice weevil.
Elastic fields for point and partial line loading in transversely isotropic linear elasticity

In this paper some fundamental concentrated loading solutions are derived for a transversely isotropic full space. As a starting point the potential function representation for the elastic field is re-examined in light of a recent result derived by the author. It is shown that expressions for two of the stress components need to be modified from what is given in some of the existing literature. The use of these new expressions is first demonstrated by considering two point loading cases. Subsequent analysis integrates these two point force solutions over finite line segments to obtain solutions for various cases of partial line loading. The ramifications of the two modified stress equations on the partial line loading solutions are also discussed.
Supply chain relationships and information capabilities: The creation and use of information power

Purpose – This paper seeks to present a framework depicting the development of information power‐based relationships between firms, and to describe the effect of information power on long‐term relationships between supply chain partners.Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper combines literature from the field of information sciences regarding information integration with literature addressing traditional power relationships to develop a set of propositions describing how interfirm relationships evolve.Findings – The conceptual framework introduced indicates that information can be utilized as a coercive and non‐coercive power base in supply chain relationships.Practical implications – The need for information may result in a firm utilizing either coercive or non‐coercive power as a means of obtaining it. This research provides interesting findings about the use of information, as a power base, and its role in interfirm relationships.Originality/value – This paper combines literature from vari...
Digital predistorter characterization using extended orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials

As communication signals become more dynamic and have wider bandwidth, it is desirable to have a tool that helps to understand digital predistortion (DPD) solution space for a given power amplifier (PA). Two-tone measurements have been used extensively for PA characterization. However, direct application of two-tone measurements to DPD characterization is difficult because of the correlation in conventional polynomial basis functions. In this paper, we establish a technique for characterizing the DPD solution space using 2-carrier narrowband signals by adopting the memory polynomial model and extending the orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials. This approach allows a direct view of different intermodulation products in the DPD solutions for various 2-carrier signals. We performed characterization on a Class AB PA and found interesting characteristics of the solution space. Based on the findings, we propose a new DPD adaptation scheme for frequency hopped 2-carrier GSM signals. The proposed scheme achieves excellent linearization performance for the frequency-hopped GSM signals.
Global minimization of gold clusters by combining neural network potentials and the basin-hopping method

Neural network potentials trained by first-principles density functional theory total energies were applied to search for global minima of gold nanoclusters within the basin-hopping method. Using Au58 as an example, we found a new putative global minimum which has a core–shell structure of Au10@Au48 and C4 symmetry. This new structure of Au58 is 0.24 eV per formula more stable than the best previous model that has C1 symmetry. This work demonstrates that neural network potentials combined with the basin-hopping method could be very useful in global minimization for medium-sized metal clusters which might be computationally prohibitive for first principles density functional theory.
Does federal crop insurance lead to higher farm debt use? Evidence from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider how the federal crop insurance (FCI) program influences farm debt use, one of the key financial decisions made by farm operators. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the nationally representative Agricultural Resource Management Survey, the paper implements a propensity score matching model of the impact of FCI participation on various measures of farm business debt use. To account for the simultaneity of financial decisions, the paper further tests this relationship using a seemingly unrelated regression model. Findings – FCI participation is associated with an increase in use of short-term farm debt, but not long-term debt, consistent with risk balancing behavior and current trends in the farm sector. Research limitations/implications – In addition to risk balancing, the results are also consistent with credit constraints or lender preferences. The paper cannot fully establish causality between crop insurance participation and short-term debt ...
Effect of menstrual cycle phase on carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged exercise to fatigue

The effects of menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation were investigated during prolonged exercise. Nine healthy, moderately trained women cycled at 70% peak O(2) consumption until exhaustion. Two trials were completed during the follicular (Fol) and luteal (Lut) phases of the menstrual cycle. Subjects consumed 0.6 g CHO. kg body wt(-1). h(-1) (5 ml/kg of a 6% CHO solution every 30 min beginning at min 30 of exercise) or a placebo drink (Pl) during exercise. Time to exhaustion during CHO increased from Pl values (P < 0.05) by 14.4 +/- 8.5 (Fol) and 11.4 +/- 7.1% (Lut); no differences were observed between menstrual cycle phases. CHO attenuated (P < 0.05) the decrease in plasma glucose and insulin and the increase in plasma free fatty acids, tryptophan, epinephrine, and cortisol observed during Pl for both phases. Plasma alanine, glutamine, proline, and isoleucine were lower (P < 0.05) in Lut than in Fol phase. CHO resulted in lower (P < 0.05) plasma tyrosine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. These results indicate that the menstrual cycle phase does not alter the effects of CHO supplementation on performance and plasma levels of related substrates during prolonged exercise.
Are ultrahigh energy cosmic rays a signal for supersymmetry

We investigate the possibility that cosmic rays of energy larger than the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff are not nucleons, but a new stable, massive, hadron that appears in many extensions of the standard model. We focus primarily on the S{sup 0}, a uds-gluino bound state. The range of the S{sup 0} through the cosmic background radiation is significantly longer than the range of nucleons, and therefore S{sup 0}{close_quote}s can originate from sources at cosmological distances. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Use of gray value distribution of run lengths for texture analysis

Abstract Most of the texture measures based on run lengths use only the lengths of the runs and their distribution. We propose to use the gray value distribution of the runs to define two new features, viz., low gray level run emphasis ( LGRE ) and high gray level run emphasis ( HGRE ).
Stereoselectivity in the human metabolism of methamphetamine.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Methamphetamine (MA) is a chiral compound. • The S-(+) enantiomer is more commonly abused and is more potent in producing central nervous system and cardiovascular effects than the R-(−) enantiomer. • Studies describing the metabolism of MA have mainly been done with the S-(+)-isomer; pharmacokinetic data for R-(−)-MA or racemic MA are very limited. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Stereoselectivity exists in the metabolism of MA. • Urinary excretion of para hydroxymethamphetamine (pOH-MA) was found to be least affected by stereoselectivity. • It is suggested that pOH-MA may be a more stable biomarker of MA abuse. AIM To characterize the formation and urinary elimination of metabolites of S-(+) and R-(−) methamphetamine (MA) in humans. METHODS In this 12-subject, six-session, double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced, crossover design study, the formation of the MA metabolites para hydroxymethamphetamine (pOH-MA) and amphetamine (AMP) were determined in urine after intravenous doses of S-(+)-MA 0.25 and 0.5 mg kg−1, R-(−)-MA 0.25 and 0.5 mg kg−1, racemic MA 0.5 mg kg−1, or placebo. Parent drug and metabolite levels in urine and plasma were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental models using WinNonlin. RESULTS An approximately threefold enantioselectivity difference in elimination was observed for AMP, with 7% of the dose converted to S-(+)-AMP vs. 2% to R-(−)-AMP (P < 0.001). Furthermore, less R-(−)-pOH-MA was excreted in the urine compared with S-(+)-pOH-MA (8% vs. 11%, P= 0.02). Correspondingly, S-(+)-MA excretion was less than R-(−)-MA (42% vs. 52%; P= 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The metabolism of MA is enantioselective, with formation of AMP having the highest isomer selectivity. A greater percentage of MA is converted to pOH-MA (8–11%) than AMP (2–7%). The formation of pOH-MA was less affected by the MA enantiomer administered, suggesting that urine pOH-MA may be a more stable biomarker of MA metabolism.
Feminine hygiene: Women in Edwin Chadwick's sanitation report

(1994). Feminine hygiene: Women in Edwin Chadwick's sanitation report. Prose Studies: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 23-37.
Extrema of Young’s modulus in hexagonal materials

Abstract The optimum values of Young’s modulus for hexagonal materials are obtained by using the representation of the elasticity tensor by Ahmad and Khan [F. Ahmad, R.A. Khan, Eigenvectors of a rotation matrix, Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 62 (2009) 297–310]. The expression of Young’s modulus E ( n ) for a hexagonal material is written in terms of n 3 only such that it reveals an axis of rotational symmetry in the direction x 3 , which is perpendicular to the transverse isotropy plane, that is x 1 x 2 -plane: indeed the components n 1 , n 2 of the unit vector n have no influence on the value of Young’s modulus. Moreover Young’s modulus is expressed in terms of invariant quantities, i.e. eigenvalues rather than components of the compliance tensor. The problem is solved in a simple manner and is applied to some real materials.
A Lack-of-Fit Test for the Mean Function in a Generalized Linear Model

Abstract A supremum-type statistic, based on partial sums of residuals, is proposed to test the validity of the mean function of the response variable in a generalized linear model. The proposed test does not need a partition of the space of covariates to handle the case of nonreplication. The new test is consistent against the alternative, under which the deterministic part of the model is not the one specified in the null hypothesis. The asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic can be approximated through simulations. This approximation is valid even if the variance of the response variable is misspecified in the model. For practical sample sizes, the adequacy of this large-sample approximation to the null distribution of the test statistic is carefully examined. Power comparisons with other lack-of-fit tests are also performed to show the advantage of the test. In particular, we find that the new procedure is rather sensitive to detect a misspecified mean function, if the assumed mean functio...
Space QoS framework over a delay/disruption tolerant network

In space as well as terrestrial MANET networks the cost of additional capacity is high. In order to support increasing demand for network resources it becomes necessary to intelligently reallocate resources among applications. It is envisioned that future space applications will involve a dynamic mixture of real-time and delay tolerant applications such as two-way voice, streaming video, telemetry, command, and delay tolerant file transfers with some deadline constraint. It is also envisioned that the future network in space will be DTN-capable, allowing for store-and-forward operation in a frequently disconnected environment. In this paper we present a Quality-of-Service framework for future space applications and a test implementation of that framework over DTN. 1 2
Curriculum Carts and Collaboration: A Model for Training Secondary Science Teachers.

This paper describes a unique collaboration between the College of Education (COE) and the Center for Academic Enrichment and Outreach (CAEO) at the University of Nevada Las Vegas. Here we describe our efforts to improve student science performance in traditionally underachieving urban middle schools by embracing our state's highly qualified teacher requirements implemented to gain compliance with the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). The focus of our collaborative intervention is improving the content and pedagogical content knowledge of a group of existing teachers by fostering a professional learning community among teachers, scaffolding technology within a new master's degree program, and working to build a partnership to provide the necessary technology infrastructure. This paper outlines our intervention from both a practical and theoretical perspective.
An object-oriented programming approach to safety assessment

Abstract An object-oriented programming approach to structural safety assessment is introduced and explored. The concepts of object-orientated programming (OOP) are briefly reviewed and compared to traditional procedural programming. Applications to system safety are outlined. Although the examples of system safety assessement presented here involve the use of a causal network, the OOP approach is not limited to this particular formulation and may be generalized.
A conceptual model of the strongly tidal Columbia River plume

Abstract The Columbia River plume is typical of large-scale, high discharge, mid-latitude plumes. In the absence of strong upwelling winds, freshwater from the river executes a rightward turn and forms an anticyclonic bulge before moving north along the Washington coast. In addition to the above dynamics, however, the river plume outflow is subject to large tides, which modify the structure of the plume in the region near the river mouth. Observations based on data acquired during a summer 2005 cruise indicate that the plume consists of four distinct water masses; source water at the lift-off point, and the tidal, re-circulating and far-field plumes. In contrast to most plume models that describe the discharge of low-salinity estuary water into ambient high-salinity coastal water, we describe the Columbia plume as the superposition of these four plume types. We focus primarily on a conceptual summary of the dynamics and mutual interaction of the tidal and re-circulating plumes. The new tidal plume flows over top of the re-circulating plume and is typically bounded by strong fronts. Soon after the end of ebb tide, it covers roughly 50–100% of the re-circulating plume surface area. The fronts may penetrate well below the re-circulating plume water and eventually spawn internal waves that mix the re-circulating plume further. The re-circulating plume persists throughout the tidal cycle and corresponds to a freshwater volume equivalent to 3–4 days of river discharge. Finally, the plume water masses are distinguished from one another in term of surface chlorophyll concentration, suggesting that the above classification may also describe different biological growth regimes. The low-salinity re-circulating plume serves as an extension of the estuary into the coastal ocean, or an “estuary at sea”, because residence times during periods of high river flow are greater than those in the estuary.
Learning to align organizational design and data

The relationship between organizational learning and organizational design is explored. In particular, we examine the information processing aspects of organizational learning as they apply to a two-valued decision making task and the relation of such aspects to organizational structure. Our primary contribution is to extend Carley's (1992) model of this process. The original model assumes that all data input into the decision making processes are of equal importance or “weight” in determining the correct overall organizational decision. The extension described here allows for the more natural situation of non-uniform weights of evidence. Further extensions to the model are also discussed. Such organizational learning performance measures provide an interesting framework for analyzing the recent trend towards flatter organizational structures. This research suggests that flatter structures are not always better, but rather that data environment, ultimate performance goals, and relative need for speed in learning can be used to form a contingency model for choosing organizational structure.
Engaging game design students using peer evaluation

Many information technology educators have worked in recent years to develop courses to attract students to the field. As faculty achieve success with technical courses designed to be appeal to a broad audience, it can be hard to maintain the initial excitement particularly as multiple sections of the courses are taught on a continuing basis. In this article we describe a project that added peer evaluation to an assessment in a game design course with a large non-major audience. While controversial, peer evaluation has shown some promise in motivating students to work harder and in improving certain key skills. Consistent with other studies in areas outside of game design, the introduction of peer evaluation showed significant improvement in student engagement.
Effects of combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal lesions on locomotor behavior, spontaneous alternation and spatial maze learning in the rat

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats with combined lesions to the dorsal and lateral aspects of the entorhinal cortex in one hemisphere and of the contralateral dorsolateral hippocampal formation were compared with both operated and unoperated controls on three different behaviors, monitored across a 53 day postoperative period. The rats with the combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal lesions (EH) showed transient hyperactivity in the open field, transient reduction in spontaneous alternation levels in an unbaited T-maze and persistent deficits in learning spatial maze problems. The results of the present experiment are discussed in comparison with those from experiments on rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions and those from experiments on rats with bilateral entorhinal cortex lesions. Although some similarities among these findings suggest that these two brain regions probably function in a coordinated fashion with respect to these behaviors, differences in the various syndromes are also discussed.
Finite element deformation analysis of metal matrix composites

Abstract A plastic deformation analysis of unidirectional continuous fiber-reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) systems is carried out using the finite element method. Two patterns of fiber arrangement, square and close packed patterns, are examined using a two-phase rigid-plastic finite element analysis method and assuming plane strain conditions. Different combinations of friction and number of fibers are tested and the resulting deformation patterns and required flow stresses are recorded. Based on the saturated flow stress values and similar final profiles as the number of fibers in the systems increases, equivalent material models are proposed to simplify the design procedure for forging the pre-consolidated MMC systems.
Who Owns My Work? The State of Work for Hire for Academics in Technical Communication.

The work for hire doctrine in intellectual property law is important to academics in rhetoric and technical communication. In this article, the author explains the doctrine and the way in which it works, explicates related case law, and suggests treatment of work for hire by instructors and administrators in rhetoric and technical communication.
A remote system for the synthesis of copper-62 labeled Cu(PTSM).

Abstract The construction and performance of a remote system is described for the synthesis of 62 Cu-labeled pyruvaldehyde bis( N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II), [ 62 Cu]Cu(PTSM), a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical for perfusion imaging. The remote system allows the shielded synthesis and purification of tracer using the 2 M HCl eluate of high-level (10–18 GBq) 62 Zn/ 62 Cu radionuclide generator system. The remote system allows the [ 62 Cu]Cu(PTSM) synthesis to be performed in under 8 min with ca 40% E.O.S. radiochemical yield and >98% radiochemical purity.
Human Serotonin Receptor 5-HT1A Preferentially Segregates to the Liquid Disordered Phase in Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

We demonstrate successful incorporation of the G protein coupled receptor 5-HT1A into giant unilamellar vesicles using an agarose rehydration method. With direct observation using fluorescence techniques, we report preferential segregation of 5-HT1A into the cholesterol-poor liquid disordered phase of the membrane, contradicting previous reports of lipid raft segregation. Furthermore, altering the concentration of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in ternary mixtures does not alter 5-HT1A segregation into the liquid disordered phase.
The effect of diethylstilbestrol treatment on the metabolism and biliary excretion of [14C]phenytoin in the isolated perfused rat liver.

Abstract The metabolism and biliary excretion of [ 14 C]phenytoin (DPH) were examined in isolated perfused livers taken from Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/day diethylstilbestrol (DES) sc for 6 days. No difference was seen in the rate of disappearance of DPH from the perfusate or in the perfusate levels of its hydroxylated metabolite, 5-phenyl-5- para -hydroxyphenylhydantoin (HPPH). The biliary excretion of HPPH-glucuronide, however, was significantly depressed in livers from DES-treated rats and resulted in a significant increase in the amount of HPPH-glucuronide appearing in the perfusate. A linear relationship existed between the percentage decrease in biliary excretion of HPPH-glucuronide and the log of the pretreatment dose of DES. Bile flow was significantly depressed at all pretreatment doses of DES such that bile flow was 53.7 and 10.9% of bile flow in controls after 0.01 and 1.0 mg/day DES, respecively. The low bile flow appeared to limit secretion of HPPH-glucuronide in the bile since the maximal concentration of HPPH-glucuronide in bile was greater in livers from DES-treated rats than controls and no significant differences were found in the maximal bile/perfusate concentration ratios of HPPH-glucuronide.