cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Budget deficits and the value of the dollar: An application of cointegration and error-correction modeling

In this paper we investigate the statistical relation between the U.S. budget deficits and the value of the dollar using cointegration and error-correction techniques. When quarterly data are used over the period 1971–1990, we find no evidence of cointegration. However, when we incorporate 1985 intervention in the foreign exchange market into cointegration analysis, we find strong evidence of cointegration between two variables. The error-correction models yield results that support bidirectional causality between the value of the dollar and budget deficits.
The existence of matrices with prescribed characteristic and permanental polynomials

Abstract Let d (λ) and p (λ) be monic polynomials of degree n ⩾2 with coefficients in F , an algebraically closed field or the field of all real numbers. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an n -square matrix A over F such that det( λI − A )= d ( λ ) and per ( λI − A = p (λ) are given in terms of the coefficients of d (λ) and p (λ).
Determinant and Pfaffian of sum of skew symmetric matrices

Abstract We completely describe the determinants of the sum of orbits of two real skew symmetric matrices, under similarity action of orthogonal group and the special orthogonal group respectively. We also study the Pfaffian case and the complex case.
Elastic interface waves propagating in a fracture

We have made the first direct observation of a new class of elastic interface waves that propagate along the discontinuity of a fracture in a solid. Two propagating eigenmodes were detected in a synthetic fracture in aluminum. The waves are dispersive and polarization dependent, verifying theoretical predictions. The existence of these waves has broad implications, requiring reinterpretation of data from seismic exploration, earthquake detection and nondestructive testing.
Comparison of Lagrangian Process Analysis tools for Eulerian air quality models

Abstract Air quality models (AQM) are used to understand the complex relationships between sources of air pollutants and ambient concentrations. Two new AQM diagnostic tools, the Lagrangian Process Analysis (LPA) tool and the Python-based Process Analysis (pyPA), have recently been created that allow users to track a plume within the AQM, and then calculate the chemical and physical process rates that occur within it. These two new process analysis tools perform their functions differently. The LPA in-model algorithm operates at the computational timestep of the AQM, and pyPA is a post-processor tool dependent on the temporal resolution of the AQM output, typically 1 h. This work compares process rates calculated by these tools, using as a case study the simulation of a rapidly evolving plume that resulted from an industrial hydrocarbon release. Releases from industrial sources are of regulatory significance in Houston and their accurate simulation of great importance. Results show that the largest differences in the outputs of the tools occur early in the life of the plume when it is rapidly expanding. During this time, the plume encounters NO x sources that significantly impact chemical and physical process rates that are not seen in the pyPA post-processing of hourly AQM output.
Phenylpropanolamine: an over-the-counter drug causing central nervous system vasculitis and intracerebral hemorrhage. Case report and review

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is the major ingredient in more than 70 over-the-counter preparations including diet pills, nasal decongestants, and the legal "look-alike" stimulants. Structurally and functionally similar to amphetamine and ephedrine, PPA has recently been associated with several neurological manifestations including psychosis, stroke, severe headache, seizures, and intracerebral hematoma. We report a case of intracerebral hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage in a young woman with angiographic and biopsy-proven vasculitis of the central nervous system (CNS) induced by PPA in her diet pills. From review of the literature, we distinguish drug-induced vasculitis as a separate entity from primary CNS vasculitis, both clinically and pathologically. This report should alert physicians, in general, to this potentially fatal side effect of PPA, a commonly used over-the-counter drug. Also, neurosurgeons in particular should consider the possibility of drug-induced vasculitis when faced with cases of intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage without apparent cause.
Bradykinin increases the proportion of neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons that respond to capsaicin and protons.

Abstract A number of studies have examined bradykinin-induced sensitization of primary afferent neurons to mechanical or thermal stimuli. However, bradykinin-induced sensitization to other chemical stimuli has not been systematically addressed. We used primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons from neonatal rats to determine whether bradykinin alters the responsiveness of individual neurons to capsaicin and protons. An increase in the concentration of free intracellular Ca 2+ was used as a measure of a response to capsaicin or low pH. Pretreatment with bradykinin (30 nM) increased the proportion of “intermediate-size” (240–320 μm 2 ) dorsal root ganglion neurons that responded to capsaicin (100 nM) or low pH (6.1). However, among “small-size” (160–239 μm 2 ) neurons, bradykinin increased the proportion of neurons that responded to low pH (6.1) but not to capsaicin (10 or 100 nM). Because treatment with arachidonic acid (10 μM) did not mimic the effect of bradykinin and inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase with 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (10 μM) did not inhibit the effect of bradykinin on the response to capsaicin, it is not likely that the bradykinin-induced enhancement of neuronal responsiveness is mediated by arachidonic acid or its metabolites in this model. These results support the hypothesis that bradykinin sensitizes primary afferent neurons to other chemicals such as protons that are present in inflamed tissue, particularly by recruiting additional sensory neurons to respond to a given chemical stimulus. An increase in the number of responsive nociceptors that innervate inflamed tissue would contribute to hyperalgesia via spatial summation on spinal neurons in the pathway for pain. Furthermore, since bradykinin enhanced the responsiveness of small-size neurons that responded to protons but not to capsaicin, these data suggest that bradykinin-induced sensitization to protons and capsaicin occur by different mechanisms.
Public perception of safety and metal detectors in an urban emergency department

Violence within the emergency department (ED) is an area of concern for both the staff and public. Emergency physicians and nurses express a great deal of concern for their personal safety. The use of weapons in events occurring in the ED has prompted a call for the widespread use of metal detectors. The use of these devices can meet with resistance regarding concerns over the creation of a bad image. This study examined the opinion of the public as to personal safety in an urban ED and sought public opinion regarding the use of a metal detector. Although the majority of the 303 persons surveyed felt safe (75%) in the ED and were satisfied with the level of security (68%), two thirds reported they would feel better if a metal detector was in use. Women were more likely than men to prefer the use of a metal detector. A small percentage (11%) of the public reported a fear of being physically harmed in the ED. Concerns about the potential for a negative image caused by use of a metal detector do not appear warranted in this urban ED.
Purine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of unanesthetized rats during and after hypoxia.

Abstract A new technique for achieving repeated sampling of fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna magna of unanesthetized rats is described. The sampling cannula is positioned extracranially, in contrast to previously published techniques which require insertion through the skull. CSF samples, withdrawn from unanesthetized rats before, during and after a 25 min period of inhalation of 5% oxygen in nitrogen, were analyzed for their adenosine and inosine contents by high pressure liquid chromatography. Adenosine and inosine levels increased during the hypoxic episode and were even higher 1 h later. They had declined, but were still above basal levels, 2–3 h after the hypoxic episode. Elevated CSF adenosine concentrations may be responsible for the generation of such persistent effects of hypoxia as post-hypoxic respiratory depression.
Yield modeling of acoustic charge transport transversal filters

This paper presents a yield model for acoustic charge transport transversal filters. This model differs from previous IC yield models in that it does not assume that individual failures of the nondestructive sensing taps necessarily cause a device failure. A redundancy in the number of taps included in the design is explained. Poisson statistics are used to describe the tap failures, weighted over a uniform defect density distribution. A representative design example is presented. The minimum number of taps needed to realize the filter is calculated, and tap weights for various numbers of redundant taps are calculated. The critical area for device failure is calculated for each level of redundancy. Yield is predicted for a range of defect densities and redundancies. To verify the model, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed on an equivalent circuit model of the device. The results of the yield model are then compared to the Monte Carlo simulation. Better than 95% agreement was obtained for the Poisson model with redundant taps ranging from 30% to 150% over the minimum. >
Prolonged exercise augments plasma triglyceride clearance.

We studied ten male distance runners before and after a marathon to determine the effects of prolonged exercise on serum lipoprotein values and the capacity to clear plasma triglycerides. Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, intravenous fat clearance, and postheparin plasma lipolytic activities were measured 24 hours before and 18 hours after the race. The clearance rate of exogenous fat increased 76% ±64% postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity increased 46% ±35% and fasting triglyceride levels decreased 26% ±13% after the race. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level increased 10%±8% primarily due to a 19%± 17% increase in the HDL 2 subfraction. Changes in the clearance rate of exogenous fat were directly related to changes in HDL cholesterol level and the HDL2 subfraction. Thus, the rise in HDL cholesterol concentrations after prolonged exercise may be a consequence of enhanced fat clearance. ( JAMA 1986;256:2552-2555)
Migrant fishers in West Africa: roving bandits?

This paper discusses the case of Ghanaian fisher folk in the Ivory Coast to highlight how management discourses frame migrant fishers, reflecting as well as supporting the politics of how they are treated in management efforts. The paper argues that viewing migrant fishers as ‘roving bandits’ perpetuates their exclusion from management projects in the Gulf of Guinea large marine ecosystem (LME). This is because the roving bandit thesis hinges on the assumption that there are few, if any, institutional mechanisms in place to effectively control highly mobile fishers. In the Ivorian case, this interpretation obscures the satellite institutions that migrant fishers bring with them that, in another light, are framed as potential partners in ecosystem-based management efforts. Working with these institutions is in managers’ interests because of the roles migrant fishers play through shaping patterns of natural resource use as well as contributing to food security and indirect employment in their destination co...
Design, Synthesis, and Uptake Performance of ABEC Resins for the Removal of Pertechnetate from Alkaline Radioactive Wastes

Removal of technetium-99 and iodine-129 from alkaline radioactive wastes remaining from weapons processing is necessary as these radionuclides are long-lived and environmentally mobile in their mos...
The effect of set on categorization in visual search

Two experiments examine whether set for a categorial difference or set for a target category is necessary in order to obtain the category effect in visual search. Eliminating a set for categorial difference does not diminish the size of the effect. When subjects are prevented from developing a useful set for the target category, however, the category effect is eliminated.
Age, Sex, and Reproductive Hormone Effects on Brain Serotonin-1A and Serotonin-2A Receptor Binding in a Healthy Population

There is a need for rigorous positron emission tomography (PET) and endocrine methods to address inconsistencies in the literature regarding age, sex, and reproductive hormone effects on central serotonin (5HT) 1A and 2A receptor binding potential (BP). Healthy subjects (n=71), aged 20–80 years, underwent 5HT1A and 2A receptor imaging using consecutive 90-min PET acquisitions with [11C]WAY100635 and [18F]altanserin. Logan graphical analysis was used to derive BP using atrophy-corrected distribution volume (VT) in prefrontal, mesiotemporal, occipital cortices, and raphe nucleus (5HT1A only). We used multivariate linear regression modeling to examine BP relationships with age, age2, sex, and hormone concentrations, with post hoc regional significance set at p<0.008. There were small postsynaptic 5HT1A receptor BP increases with age and estradiol concentration in women (p=0.004–0.005) and a tendency for small 5HT1A receptor BP declines with age and free androgen index in men (p=0.05–0.06). Raphe 5HT1A receptor BP decreased 4.5% per decade of age (p=0.05), primarily in men. There was a trend for 15% receptor reductions in prefrontal cortical regions in women relative to men (post hoc p=0.03–0.10). The significant decline in 5HT2A receptor BP relative to age (8% per decade; p<0.001) was not related to sex or hormone concentrations. In conclusion, endocrine standardization minimized confounding introduced by endogenous hormonal fluctuations and reproductive stage and permitted us to detect small effects of sex, age, and endogenous sex steroid exposures upon 5HT1A binding. Reduced prefrontal cortical 5HT1A receptor BP in women vs men, but increased 5HT1A receptor BP with aging in women, may partially explain the increased susceptibility to affective disorders in women during their reproductive years that is mitigated in later life. 5HT1A receptor decreases with age in men might contribute to the known increased risk for suicide in men over age 75 years. Low hormone concentrations in adults <50 years of age may be associated with more extreme 5HT1A receptor BP values, but remains to be studied further. The 5HT2A receptor declines with age were not related to sex or hormone concentrations in this sample. Additional study in clinical populations is needed to further examine the affective role of sex–hormone–serotonin receptor relationships.
New approach to neurorehabilitation: cranial nerve noninvasive neuromodulation (CN-NINM) technology

Cranial Nerve NonInvasive NeuroModulation (CN-NINM) is a primary and complementary multi-targeted rehabilitation therapy that appears to initiate the recovery of multiple damaged or suppressed brain functions affected by neurological disorders. It is deployable as a simple, home-based device (portable neuromodulation stimulator, or PoNSTM) and training regimen following initial patient training in an outpatient clinic. It may be easily combined with many existing rehabilitation therapies, and may reduce or eliminate the need for more aggressive invasive procedures or possibly decrease total medication intake. CN-NINM uses sequenced patterns of electrical stimulation on the tongue. Our hypothesis is that CN-NINM induces neuroplasticity by noninvasive stimulation of two major cranial nerves: trigeminal (CN-V), and facial (CN-VII). This stimulation excites a natural flow of neural impulses to the brainstem (pons varolli and medulla), and cerebellum, to effect changes in the function of these targeted brain structures, extending to corresponding nuclei of the brainstem. CN-NINM represents a synthesis of a new noninvasive brain stimulation technique with applications in physical medicine, cognitive, and affective neurosciences. Our new stimulation method appears promising for treatment of a full spectrum of movement disorders, and for both attention and memory dysfunction associated with traumatic brain injury.
Automated Inference of Socio-Cultural Information from Natural Language Conversations

We discuss a methodology for extracting socio-cultural information from transcripts of natural language conversations. The methodology is applicable to a wide variety of languages. We use Russian and Tamil for illustration. The extracted socio-cultural information pertains to the nature of the relationship between the participants in the interaction. We concentrate on the information implicit in the use of terms that refer to people (pronouns, terms of address etc.). We have constructed an AnsProlog theory of the use of these language indicators in Russian and also in Tamil. It is this theory that looks at the usages of these indicators in the conversation in question and produces information about the relationships of the participants in the conversation.
A critical examination of the maximum velocity of shortening used in simulation models of human movement.

The maximum velocity of shortening of a muscle is an important parameter in musculoskeletal models. The most commonly used values are derived from animal studies; however, these values are well above the values that have been reported for human muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the sensitivity of simulations of maximum vertical jumping performance to the parameters describing the force–velocity properties of muscle. Simulations performed with parameters derived from animal studies were similar to measured jump heights from previous experimental studies. While simulations performed with parameters derived from human muscle were much lower than previously measured jump heights. If current measurements of maximum shortening velocity in human muscle are correct, a compensating error must exist. Of the possible compensating errors that could produce this discrepancy, it was concluded that reduced muscle fibre excursion is the most likely candidate.
Two New Selenium Crystal-Bridges

The construction of two selenium bridges, for studying the electrical properties of the well known acicular crystals of this element, is described. The bridges are distinguished by the devices employed to apply the pressure necessary for good contact between the crystals and a form of metallic grid used in both. They have been designed to eliminate difficulties of insufficient sensitiveness and an unsteadiness experienced by previous workers with certain phases of the light effect.The characteristics of the bridges are such that, together, they have a wide range of usefulness. A screw type of pressure device provides a general utility bridge, while a gravity type results in an arrangement which is more suitable for the purpose of exact measurement. When the temperature is maintained constant, variations in the dark current through the first bridge are of the order of 10−7 ampere where the potential drop is two volts. In the second bridge they may be made a hundred times smaller. The grid feature, common to both bridges, brings about a change of current as much as a thousand times that obtained by illuminating a single crystal.A theory of the unsteadiness, observed in the electrical resistance of selenium crystals by several investigators, is presented. It is believed that a steady condition can be secured only when the pressure used to make contact with the crystals is such that their elastic limit is not reached. A number of facts, collected during the development of the bridges mentioned above, are advanced in support of this view. A practical method for complying with the condition is given.
Diphenylhydantoin: pre- and postnatal administration alters diazepam binding in developing rat cerebral cortex

Close correlations between the development of the anticonvulsant effects of diphenylhydantoin and increases in tritiated diazepam binding were observed in rats from fetal day 16 to maturation. In contrast, significant decreases in tritiated diazepam binding were observed in 2- and 3-week-old rats that were exposed in utero to diphenylhydantoin. These changes can be correlated with reported increases in seizure susceptibility after prenatal exposure to diphenylhydantoin.
Hobbes and the Phantasm of Space

This essay examines Hobbes’ philosophy of space, with emphasis placed on the variety of interpretations that his concept of imaginary space has elicited from commentators. The process by which the idea of space is acquired from experience, as well as the role of nominalism, will be offered as important factors in tracking down the elusive content of Hobbes’ conception of imaginary space.
The Chinese room: visualization and interaction to understand and correct ambiguous machine translation

We present The Chinese Room, a visualization interface that allows users to explore and interact with a multitude of linguistic resources in order to decode and correct poor machine translations. The target users of The Chinese Room are not bilingual and are not familiar with machine translation technologies. We investigate the ability of our system to assist such users in decoding and correcting faulty machine translations. We found that by collaborating with our application, end-users can overcome many difficult translation errors and disambiguate translated passages that were otherwise baffling. We also examine the utility of our system to machine translation researchers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that The Chinese Room can help such researchers develop better machine translation systems.
Enhanced optical microlithography with a Fabry-Perot-based spatial filtering technique.

A coherent multiple imaging technique for use in optical microlithography was studied. The technique involves placing a thin Fabry–Perot etalon between the mask and the projection lens of an optical stepper. An optical lithographic computer simulation tool, Prolith/2, was used to evaluate the aerial image profile obtained for extended mask structures such as typical contact hole arrays and line–space patterns used in integrated circuit fabrication. Additionally, a set of experimental studies were performed to validate the simulation results. Enhancement of both resolution and depth of focus can be obtained simultaneously with appropriate etalon parameters.
Investigation of trench and contact hole shrink mechanism in the negative tone develop process

The objective of this work was to study the trench and contact hole shrink mechanism in negative tone develop resist processes and its manufacturability challenges associated for 20nm technology nodes and beyond. Process delay from post-exposure to develop, or “queue time”, is studied in detail. The impact of time link delay on resolved critical dimension (CD) is fully characterized for patterned resist and etched geometries as a function of various process changes. In this study, we assembled a detailed, theoretical model and performed experimental work to correlated time link delay to acid diffusion within the resist polymer matrix. Acid diffusion is determined using both a modulation transfer function for diffusion and simple approximation based on Fick’s law of diffusion.
Liver Injury Secondary to Anti-TNF-Alpha Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Background. Biologic therapy to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an effective, safe treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). All TNF-α inhibitors have been associated with liver toxicity, but many of these cases have been reported in patients receiving therapy for rheumatologic disease. Herein we report the first single-center case series of TNF-α antagonist related liver injury in patients with IBD. Methods. A retrospective case series was performed at the Henry Ford Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center. IRB approval was obtained. Results. 2 patients were treated with infliximab, whereas the 3rd patient was treated with adalimumab for IBD. All 3 patients had negative viral markers, normal autoimmune serologies, and normal biliary imaging studies. Liver biopsy was performed in all 3 patients, and evidence of portal inflammation was seen. Liver enzymes normalized after discontinuation of therapy in all patients, and no long term effects have been observed. One patient was successfully transitioned from infliximab to adalimumab without relapse of either IBD or liver injury. Conclusion. Liver injury secondary to TNF-α antagonist is an underrecognized, important clinical entity with potentially serious consequences. The mechanism of drug-induced injury is idiosyncratic. Larger cohort studies are needed to establish risk factors and injury patterns related to hepatotoxicity in these patients.
A 1–10-Day Ensemble Forecasting Scheme for the Major River Basins of Bangladesh: Forecasting Severe Floods of 2003–07*

Abstract This paper describes a fully automated scheme that has provided calibrated 1–10-day ensemble river discharge forecasts and predictions of severe flooding of the Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers as they flow into Bangladesh; it has been operational since 2003. The Bangladesh forecasting problem poses unique challenges because of the frequent life-threatening flooding of the country and because of the absence of upstream flow data from India means that the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins must be treated as if they are ungauged. The meteorological–hydrological forecast model is a hydrologic multimodel initialized by NASA and NOAA precipitation products, whose states and fluxes are forecasted forward using calibrated European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction system products, and conditionally postprocessed to produce calibrated probabilistic forecasts of river discharge at the entrance points of the Ganges and Brahmaputra into Bangladesh. Forecasts with 1–10-day horizons are p...
Useful combination of the sequential and simultaneous modular strategy in a flowsheeting programme

Abstract This paper describes the modularly organized MASTEP steady-state flowsheet simulator which has been worked out for industrial process research and development. The features, structure, operation, and implementation of the system are presented, in particular the combination of sequential and simultaneous modular strategy. Finally, some examples and printout forms are given.
RecognizingG-induced flows

A flow on a homogeneous space need not come from the action of a one-parameter subgroup of the ambient transitive group. We exhibit an inductive method for determining when this is the case.
The effect of cell population density on the developmental fate of reaggregating mouse limb bud mesenchyme.

Abstract Eleven-day embryonic C3H mouse limb buds were dissociated and the cells of the mesenchyme were permitted to reaggregate at controlled population densities on cellulose ester filter membranes of uniform surface area (pore size 0.45 μ). The results suggested that a large proportion of cells were capable of aggregating both as compact clusters and as monolayers, the relative proportions of each depending on initial cell population density on the membrane. Population-dependent aggregative patterns arising early in culture determined the nature of subsequent histodifferentiation and morphogenesis. Cartilage developed in cell clusters which, having undergone fusion, were able to retain compact cores. Myogenesis occurred on the surface of monolayer sheets. It is suggested that at the embryonic stage just prior to skeletal condensation in the limb bud, the great bulk of mesenchymal cells may be intrinsically capable of differentiating into more than one connective tissue type. Notwithstanding any covert differentiation that may have taken place, their fate is determined by the type of cellular associations established in vitro.
A longitudinal study of families with technology‐dependent children

Few researchers have longitudinally examined families caring for technology-dependent children at home. We tested a theoretically and empirically based conceptual model by examining family functioning and normalization in 82 mothers (female primary caregivers) twice over 12 months. Time 1 and Time 2 cross-sectional findings were consistent; the only predictor of family functioning was mothers' depressive symptoms. Contrary to the proposed model, normalization, caregiving duration, and home nursing hours were not directly related to family functioning. Baseline family functioning significantly predicted future family functioning. Also, mothers whose children were no longer technology-dependent at Time 2 reported significant improvements in family functioning and normalization. An intervention to address high levels of depressive symptoms of these mothers is essential to optimizing family functioning.
Current status of immunologic approaches to treating tobacco dependence: Vaccines and nicotine-specific antibodies

In contrast to current pharmacotherapies, immunologic approaches to treating tobacco dependence target the drug itself rather than the brain. This approach involves the use of nicotine-specific antibodies that bind nicotine in serum, resulting in a decrease in nicotine distribution to the brain and an increase in nicotine's elimination half-life. This review summarizes the literature examining the effects of immunologic interventions on the pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of nicotine in animal models, as well as recent phase I and II clinical trials in humans. Studies using various vaccines and nicotine-specific antibodies in rodents have shown that immunization can significantly reduce the behavioral effects of nicotine that are relevant to tobacco dependence (eg, nicotine self-administration). These findings provide proof of principle that immunologic interventions could have utility in the treatment of tobacco dependence. Thus far, phase I clinical trials of nicotine vaccines have not produced any serious adverse events in humans and have produced dose-dependent increases in serum antibody levels. Although preliminary data from these small trials suggest that vaccination can facilitate abstinence from tobacco use, more advance trials are needed. By acting outside the nervous system, immunologic approaches are less likely to produce the adverse side effects associated with current medications. In addition, the unique mechanism of action of immunotherapy makes it particularly suitable for combination with other pharmacological approaches. Taken together, the work completed to date provides substantial evidence that immunologic interventions could play an important role in future treatment strategies for tobacco dependence.
Stalking Laws, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, and Peacemaking Criminology: A Radical Law-Psychology Inquiry

ABSTRACT Therapeutic jurisprudence theorizes a legal system that has the potential to provide restorative benefits to the individuals it serves. However, this potential is frustrated due to its inherent marginalizing effects on many groups in this society. Consequently, a radical peacemaking model of social justice is proposed. The potential for law to serve as an agent of therapy depends upon our willingness to make peace with crime by mediating the power differential that exists between victim and perpetrator. The phenomenon of stalking is examined from both a therapeutic jurisprudence and a peacemaking perspective in order to underscore the necessity for a radical change in how members of society respond to this justice issue. As long as stalking legislation proscribes mediation as a justice option, stalking legislation cannot ever be therapeutic.
University personnel's attitudes and behaviors toward the first tobacco-free campus policy in Tennessee.

In 1994, Tennessee, the third largest tobacco-producing state in the U.S., preempted tobacco regulation. However, in 2005, higher educational institutions were exempted from this preemption and the 2007 Non-Smoker Protection Act required educational facilities to create smoke-free environment. To this date, while all higher educational institutions have some sort of smoke-free policy, East Tennessee State University is the only public institution with a tobacco-free policy. We investigated attitudes and behaviors of the university personnel, the most stable segment of the population, toward the policy and compliance with it using an internet-based survey. All employees (2,318) were invited to participate in a survey; 58% responded. Bivariate analyses found 79% of the respondents favored the policy. Multiple variable logistic regression analyses found support for the policy was higher among females [OR = 3.14; 95% CI (1.68, 5.86)], administrators/professionals [OR = 3.47; 95% CI (1.78, 6.74)], faculty [OR = 2.69; 95% CI (1.31, 5.53)] and those affiliated with the College of Medicine [OR = 4.14; 95% CI (1.45, 7.85)]. While only 67 employees (5.6% of sample) reported they have not complied with the policy, around 80.8% reported observing someone engaged in non-compliance. The high level of support for the policy suggests it should be promoted throughout the higher education system and nationwide. At the same time, in preemptive states, higher educational institutions should be targeted as venues for strong tobacco-free policies. The gap in compliance, however, implies in tobacco-friendly environments, a tobacco-free campus policy with no reporting and enforcement mechanisms could lead to high levels of non-compliance.
Experimental investigation of confined turbulent jets. Part I - Single-phase data.

One flow condition has equal velocities at the injector exit of the central and annular jets, and the other has a higher velocity at the central jet exit. The flow configuration has a sudden expansion immediate downstream of the injector. The measurements were compared with flow prediction employing a k−e turbulence model, and reasonable agreement was obtained. The prediction, however, overestimates the rate of flow development and underestimates turbulent intensities and the length of the recirculation zone
Extension of a HeH2 potential energy surface

The CI surface of Tsapline and Kutzelnigg is extended to smaller H2He separations. Defining R as the H2He distance, r as the H2 separation, and γ as the agnel between them, the ab initio values are fit to a Legendre series in cosγ retaining the first three (even) terms with the coefficients given as analytic functions of R and r to facilitate semiclassical scattering computations. The fit is quantitative for 1.0 <r < 1.8 au, 1.8 au <R < ∞ and is expected to extrapolate well in the region 0.5 <r 2.5 au, R ⪆ r/2 + 1.
Smoothing Methods to Minimize Impact of Global Positioning System Random Error on Travel Distance, Speed, and Acceleration Profile Estimates

The Georgia Institute of Technology is evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of mileage-based pricing programs as transportation control measures. Incentives were provided to study participants who change driving behavior in response to cent per mile pricing (fixed pricing and pricing as a function of congestion level). In-vehicle Global Positioning System (GPS) devices were used to estimate distance traveled and driver behavior (e.g., speed and acceleration profiles). The accuracy of estimated mileage accrual speeds by road classification, and acceleration rates used in pricing algorithms, is paramount. Various data-smoothing techniques were applied to the instrumented vehicle GPS speed data, and performance of the algorithms was evaluated in minimizing the impact of GPS random error on speed, acceleration, and distance estimates. The conventional discrete Kalman filter algorithm was modified to enhance its ability to control GPS random errors. Each smoothing method produces different second-by-se...
THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL POLICY ON STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO FISCAL STRESS

Fiscal stress, cutback management and retrenchment strategies are terms which first became familiar to many Americans and in particular students of public administration in the early 1980s due to i...
A Framework for Image Segmentation Using Shape Models and Kernel Space Shape Priors

Segmentation involves separating an object from the background in a given image. The use of image information alone often leads to poor segmentation results due to the presence of noise, clutter or occlusion. The introduction of shape priors in the geometric active contour (GAC) framework has proved to be an effective way to ameliorate some of these problems. In this work, we propose a novel segmentation method combining image information with prior shape knowledge, using level-sets. Following the work of Leventon et al., we propose to revisit the use of PCA to introduce prior knowledge about shapes in a more robust manner. We utilize kernel PCA (KPCA) and show that this method outperforms linear PCA by allowing only those shapes that are close enough to the training data. In our segmentation framework, shape knowledge and image information are encoded into two energy functionals entirely described in terms of shapes. This consistent description permits to fully take advantage of the Kernel PCA methodology and leads to promising segmentation results. In particular, our shape-driven segmentation technique allows for the simultaneous encoding of multiple types of shapes, and offers a convincing level of robustness with respect to noise, occlusions, or smearing.
Daily foraging patterns in free-living birds: exploring the predation-starvation trade-off.

Daily patterns in the foraging behaviour of birds are assumed to balance the counteracting risks of predation and starvation. Predation risks are a function of the influence of weight on flight performance and foraging behaviours that may expose individuals to predators. Although recent research sheds light on daily patterns in weight gain, little data exist on daily foraging routines in free-living birds. In order to test the predictions of various hypotheses about daily patterns of foraging, we quantified the activity of four species of passerines in winter using radio-frequency identification receivers built into supplemental feeding stations. From records of 472 368 feeder visits by tagged birds, we found that birds generally started to feed before sunrise and continued to forage at a steady to increasing rate throughout the day. Foraging in most species terminated well before sunset, suggesting their required level of energy reserves was being reached before the end of the day. These results support the risk-spreading theorem over a long-standing hypothesis predicting bimodality in foraging behaviour purportedly driven by a trade-off between the risks of starvation and predation. Given the increased energetic demands experienced by birds during colder weather, our results suggest that birds' perceptions of risk are biased towards starvation avoidance in winter.
Differences In Reciprocal Peer Social Relations Among Children Who View Low, Moderate, And High Amounts Of Television

Differences in reciprocal social relations related to low, moderate, and high quantities of television viewing were examined in this study of 58 girls and 61 boys (ages three to five years) enrolled in 10 university-related child development programs. The Goldsmith Television-Viewing Inventory was used to measure television-viewing variables, and the Starkweather Social Relations Test was used to measure reciprocal peer social relations. Children who viewed moderate amounts of television scored significantly higher on the social relations test in the spring assessment than did children who viewed either high or low amounts of television.
Time-dependent failure mechanisms in silicon carbide composites for fusion energy applications

Abstract Silicon carbide has many properties that are attractive for applications in fusion energy systems. The reliability of monolithic silicon carbide, however, is insufficient for its use in large components. Ceramic matrix composites offer greater flaw tolerance and reliability, but their failure mechanisms are less well understood. This work has focussed on studying potential failure mechanisms in silicon carbide fiber-reinforced, silicon carbide matrix (SiCf/SiCm) composites. In the event of pre-existing cracks, subcritical crack-growth may occur due to creep of fibers that bridge the crack faces. Irradiation-enhanced creep will enhance the subcritical crack-growth rate. The presence of oxygen leads to oxidation of the interphase material and subcritical crack-growth controlled by the rate of interphase recession. In addition, fiber shrinkage or weakening due to exposure to radiation can promote additional failure mechanisms, including embrittlement. These mechanisms, the conditions, under which they occur, and the current state of models of the crack-growth mechanisms will be discussed.
The correct extension of the Fortuin-Kasteleyn result to plaquette percolation

Abstract The standard s-state Potts model is generalized to a model defined of laquettes of Zz d , and the s → 1, 0 limits are shown to correspond to plaquette percolation and percolation of plaquette trees, respectively. The model is further extended to r-cells (cubes, hypercubes, etc.) on Z d and the s → 1, 0 limits are exhibited.
BACTERIAL CELL METABOLISM UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS.

Escherichia coli has been cultivated in a peptone water medium saturated continuously with nitrogen by use of a gas train so as to produce anaerobic conditions. Under these circumstances growth was greatly inhibited. Cultures which originally contained 11 million bacteria per cc. showed on the average only 32 million after 5 hours (as compared with 655 million in similar cultures saturated with air). The metabolic activity of the cells in such a culture was greatly reduced by the anaerobic conditions. It actually fell off from 42 mg. x 10–11 per cell per hour during the 1st hour to 27 mg. during the 2nd hour and rose only to a maximum of 68 during the 3rd hour. Similar cultures saturated with air showed a rise from 37 mg. x 10–11 during the 1st hour to 123 during the 2nd hour. The addition of glucose to the medium, under aerobic conditions, has been shown in previous studies to cause only a slight increase in bacterial numbers (861 instead of 655 million after the 5th hour). In the cultures aerated with nitrogen, the addition of glucose has no effect during the first hours. There is again a long lag period and a reduced metabolic rate. After the 2nd hour, however, a wholly different phenomenon manifests itself. The bacterial population increases more rapidly than in the anaerobic peptone medium (reaching a maximum of 142 million after 5 hours). This growth is accompanied by an enormous increase in the rate of CO2 yield, which reaches 211 mg. x 10–11 per cell per hour during the 4th hour (nearly double the maximum values recorded under aerobic conditions). The same phenomenon is, of course, illustrated by the enormous yield of CO2 produced by the action of fermenting organisms in carbohydrate media recorded by Anderson (1924) and other students of the obligate anaerobes. We have here, however, a somewhat striking illustration of the distinct type of metabolic activity manifested by a facultative organism under anaerobic conditions in the presence of sugar measured on a cell-per-hour basis. This is a quantitative illustration of the "life without air" described by Pasteur.
Polarization resolved angular optical scattering of aerosol particles

ABSTRACT Real -time detection and identification of bio -aerosol particles are crucial for the protection against chemical and biological agents. The strong elastic light scattering properties of airborne particles provides a natural means for rapid, non -invasive aer osol characterization. Recent theoretical predictions suggested that variations in the polarization dependent angular scattering cross section could provide an efficient means of classifying different airborne particles. In particular, the polarization dep endent scattering cross section of aggregate particles is expected to depend on the shape of the primary particles. In order to experimentally validate this prediction, we built a high throughput, sampling system, capable of measuring the polarization reso lved angular scattering cross section of individual aerosol particles flowing through an interrogating volume with a single shot of laser pulse. We calibrated the system by comparing the polarization dependent scattering cross section of individual polysty rene spheres with that predicted by Mie theory. We then used the system to study different particles types: Polystyrene aggregates composed 500 nm spheres and B acillus subtilis (BG, Anthrax simulant ) spores composed of elongated 500 nm × 1000 nm cylinde r-line partic les . We found that the polarization resolved scattering cross sectio n depends on the shape of the constituent elements of the aggregates. This w ork indicates that the polarization resolved scattering cross section could be used for rapid discrimination between different bio -aerosol particles. Keywords: angular optical scattering , aerosol particles , polarization aspect ratio
Electron Loading in L- and S-Band Superconducting Niobium Cavities

Electron loading has been investigated in super-conducting niobium L- and S-band TM010 mode single-cell cavities at high field by observing the x-radiation which electrons accelerated by the RF fields produce on collisison with a cavity wall. This x-radiation has been studied for various cavity lengths, cavity resonant frequencies, and vacuum and surface conditions. Also, electron loading has been found to produce regenerative excitation of higher modes in both L- and S-band cavities.
Emotional disturbance in multiple sclerosis patients: validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)

The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was found to be a valid and sensitive instrument for detecting emotional morbidity in patients attending a multiple sclerosis clinic.
Generic component library characterization for high level synthesis

Describes a novel generator-generator environment for characterizing generic component libraries used in high level hardware synthesis. The environment is composed of LEGEND, a language used to specify generic libraries, and GENUS, the generated generic component library. GENUS provides generic component instances for the task of behavior-to-structure mapping in high level synthesis. The LEGEND/GENUS environment complements a language such as VHDL by providing component library generator-generators with behavioral models for simulation and subsequent synthesis. The LEGEND language has a simple and extensible syntax which allows users to add and modify component generators easily. Generic components in GENUS have realistic register transfer semantics, including clocking, asynchrony and data bi-directionality. The LEGEND/GENUS environment is implemented on SUN workstations in C/Unix and is used by a suite of behavioral and logic synthesis tools at U.C. Irvine. >