cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical ionization mass spectra of derivatized 1‐benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

A study of the chemical ionization mass spectral characteristics of a series of derivatized 1-benzyltetrahy-droisoquinoline alkaloids is presented. Tetrahydropapaveroline and some related benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines were converted to their corresponding O-trimethylsilyl of N-trifluoroacetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives prior to analysis by combined gas chromatographic methane chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The chemical ionization mass spectra of the derivatized alkaloids are compared to the electron impact mass spectra of the N-trifluoroacetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivative of tetrahydropapaveroline, a representative benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid. The effects of the nitrogen substituent and ion source pressure on the relative abundance of significant ions in the chemical ionization mass spectra of these alkaloids are also described.
Role of Bryozoa in Cenozoic Paleoecology: ABSTRACT

Distribution and abundance of fossil organisms still furnish the major basis for ecological interpretation of sedimentary rocks because organisms respond to, and therefore record, the whole complex of their surroundings, animate and inanimate. The task of the paleoecologist, resolution of this response into meaningful components, depends on knowledge of the requirements and tolerances of the organisms involved. Bryozoa are a numerically important element of faunas enclosed in Cenozoic limestones, marls, and calcareous clays. They comprise more than 500 marine, mostly stenohaline genera that collectively are widely distributed in all of the main faunal provinces. Individually these genera tend to be stenothermal and therefore reliable paleoclimatological guides to the position and shifts of the provinces during Cenozoic time. As part of the sedentary epifauna, bryozoans are especially sensitive to movement of water and consistency of substrate, physical determinants which are themselves consonant with water depth. This sensitivity provided the basis for investigation of two paleobathymetric problems in the Gulf Cenozoic. 1. The depth of accumulation of Quaternary mudlumps at the mouth of South Pass of the Mississippi River was determined by a taxonomic method. The mudlump faunules include 34 species whose present depth ranges are known from published accounts. Analysis of these ranges and comparison with individual Recent faunules yielded a depth of accumulation of 20-50 fathoms, 40 fathoms being the single most probable value. End_Page 352------------------------------ 2. The paleogeography of the eastern Gulf Coast during Jacksonian (Late Eocene) times was reconstructed by a combination taxonomic-morphologic method. For Tertiary faunules some of the precision lost by using taxonomic data alone, by the change from specific to generic level, is restored by adding morphologic data. This treatment of Jacksonian faunules is an elaboration of one introduced by L. W. Stach in 1936 and consists of determining relative frequencies of zoarial growth forms. Coupled with taxonomic data, these frequencies suggest water depths of 20-50 fathoms in Alabama and western Florida and 5-20 fathoms in peninsular Florida. The morphologic approach seems especially versatile and capable of extension, but for proper evaluation the adaptive significance of many features, e.g., avicularia and vibracula, must be ascertained. End_of_Article - Last_Page 353------------
Louis Massignon's influence on the teaching of Vatican II on Muslims and Islam

The accumulation of exegetical discoveries (i.e., the similarity between the conciliar texts and his own position), testimonies, and respected opinions points to the probability that it is Louis Massignon's vision that dominates the Roman Catholic Church's statements regarding Islam in Lumen gentium and Nostra aetate. Although many commentators agree with that assessment, the concrete historical connections between Massignon and the conciliar pronouncements are not yet explained in sufficient detail. Building especially on the work of Robert Caspar, Maurice Borrmans, Michael Fitzgerald, Christian Troll, Anthony O'Mahony, and Andrew Unsworth, but other authors as well, this article begins to do just that, first by reading the Vatican II statements on Islam in the light of Massignon's work, and then by organizing the human connections between Massignon and the conciliar statements according to the degree of probability that said connections had real influence.
Chemistry and Biology of Biomolecule Nitration

Posttranslational modifications of proteins play key roles in the regulation of biological processes and lead to various physiological responses. In recent years, a number of analytical technologies have been developed to help understand the diversity and disease relevance of these modifications. The main areas of focus have included phosphorylation, cysteine redox chemistry, and transformations mediated directly by oxidative stress. However, the nitration of biomolecules is an exciting and relatively understudied area of research. Reactive nitrogen species generated in various disease states can create nitrated biomolecules, and we are only beginning to understand the potential implications of these species. This review explores some of the recent advances in current knowledge concerning the chemistry and biology of nitrated biomolecules.
Balance, positivity, and agreement in the Jordan Paradigm: A defense of balance theory

Abstract It was argued that Heider's p−o−x triad can best be conceptualized according to a three- factor analysis of variance model in which the p−o, p−x, and o−x bands are all factors. From this perspective the balance effect is the triple interaction, the positivity effect a main effect for the p−o factor, and the agreement effect a p−x by o−x interaction. Although the existence of the latter two effects has previously been regarded as damaging to balance theory, it was shown that these effects could be interpreted from a balance perspective and that balance theory could be used to generate supportable propositions regarding these effects. Thus in agreement with a unit-relation interpretation it was shown, in accordance with balance theory, that positivity effects are obtained when the subject, or p, assumes future contact with o, that reverse positivity effects are obtained when the subject anticipates breaking off contact with o, and that no positivity effect is obtained when there is absolutely no contact, past or future. It was also demonstrated in an experiment involving the p−o−q triad that, in accordance with balance theory, positivity effects may be produced by the assumption or inference of same-sign reciprocation in sentiment. Evidence for two balance processes underlying agreement effects was also found. One of these processes was based on the assumption that the subject would have or reveal psycho-logical reasons for the disagreement and thus produce imbalance. Consistent with this interpretation it was found that the agreement effect was significantly larger when future contact with discussion of x was assumed than when future contact without discussion of x was assumed. The other, or unit-relation interpretation was supported by evidence indicating that the breaking off of contact resulted in a reversed agreement effect. In general, it was argued that balance theory did quite well in such phenomenological investigations when attention was not narrowly restricted to the three-sign pattern but considered other potential cognitive bands.
TU‐A‐218‐02: Method to Study Image Quality in Cardiac Angiography Using a Computational Observer and Monte Carlo Simulations

Purpose: Study the trade‐offs between lesion detectability and dose to radiosensitive organs during angiographic procedures using Monte Carlo techniques for quantitatively estimating peak/average organdoses and an implementation of the Hotelling observer. Methods: We performed a signal‐known‐exactly/background‐known‐exactly experiment by using a high‐resolution cardiac phantom with detailed coronary artery models (freely available at hades.googlecode.com) registered in a human body phantom. A set of stenoses with varying sizes were synthesized and placed on the coronaries. To consider the scatter effect, we applied the Monte Carlo method (freely available at penmesh.googlecode.com) to simulate angiographic procedure for different X‐ray tube currents and peak voltages with an ideal detector model. Projections, pixel uncertainty estimates and peak/average organdoses were determined for each simulation setting. We repeated the simulation for 50 times with the exact particle number and the same scenario. By this mean, the projection pixel values for the same detector bin are under Poisson distribution. Finally, we calculated signal‐ noise‐ratio (SNR) (to be available at mumoc.googlecode.com) by using a Hotelling observer from projection images to assess signal detectability.Results: We estimated 11 peak organdoses normalized by SNR2 for a 6.86‐mm3 stenosis at 60/90/120 kVp. Our findings suggest that the spinal cord is the most exposed organ with peak doses increasing by 4.6 times when the tube voltage increases from 60 to 120 kVp. For a constant SNR, peak/average organdoses increase 1.1/1.4 times on average between 60 and 90 kVp, and 3.0/4.2 times on average from 60 to 120 kVp. Conclusions: We investigated peak organdoses for deterministic radiation injuries in cardiac angiographic procedures. We found that lower X‐ray tube voltages (60 to 90 kVp) produce higher SNR than 120 kVp. The methodology presented here can be applied to the optimization of X‐ray imaging systems for other radiological procedures besides angiography.
Ethylene sensing by silver(I) salt- impregnated luminescent films

Luminescent oligomers and polymers doped with silver(I) salts were used as optical sensors for ethylene and other gaseous small molecules. Films of poly(vinylphenylketone) (PVPK) or 1,4-bis(methylstyryl)benzene (BMSB) impregnated with AgBF4, AgSbF6, or AgB(C6F5)4 respond to ethylene exposures with a reversible emission quenching that is proportional to the pressure of the gas. Experiments with various analytes revealed that only gases capable of forming coordinate bonds with Ag(I) ions (i.e., ethylene, propylene, and ammonia) produced a sensing response. Comparison of the effects of ethylene and tetradeuterioethylene revealed that the emission quenching was due to enhanced vibrational relaxation. The Ag(I) ions are essential to the observed optical response. The oligomer/polymer support enhances the response characteristics of the impregnated salt by promoting separation of Ag(I) from its anion, a separation that improves accessibility of the Ag(I) ion to the gaseous analytes. Salts with large lattice ene...
Preliminary evidence for the feasibility of a stress management intervention for 7- to 12-year-olds with asthma

Objective. Evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between stress and asthma exacerbations in children, suggesting that interventions to reduce stress may improve both psychosocial quality of life and disease course. Here, we examine the feasibility of a stress management intervention for 7- to 12-year-olds with asthma. Methods. Two trials were conducted. Cohort 1 (n = 11) was recruited from the community and attended intervention sessions at an urban university. Cohort 2 (n = 7) was school based and recruited from an African American charter school. Six individual intervention sessions focused on psychoeducation about asthma, stress, and emotions; problem-solving and coping skills training; and relaxation training paired with physiological feedback. Pre- and post-intervention stress, mood, and lung function data were collected. Satisfaction surveys were administered after intervention completion. Results. The intervention was rated as highly acceptable by participating families. Feasibility was mu...
Intranigral GABAergic drug effects on striatal dopamine activity

Abstract Concentrations of striatal dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites were measured following infusions ofthe GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, or GABA A receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the substantia nigra (SN) or areas dorsal to the SN in adult rats and 16-day-old rat pups. Results indicated that intranigral infusions of muscimol produced site-specific increases in the concentrations of striatal DA metabolites in adults, while in pups, intranigral muscimol infusions produced site-specific increases in the concentrations of striatal DA. Intranigral infusions of bicuculline had no effect on striatal DA or its metabolites in either age group. Neither GABAergic drug had any effect on striatal 5-HT or its metabolite. The data suggest that the effect of nigral GABA A agonist infusions on the activity of the nigrostriatal pathway is age-specific. The lack of opposing effects following the nigral infusion of a GABA A receptor antagonist indicates that the influences of GABA A agonist may be mediated by different mechanisms as a function of age.
On weak mixing of cascades

The topological properties of "weak mixing" and "strong mixing" for topological transformation groups have been introduced and investigated and many analogous results have been derived. Let us adopt the following definitions and notations. We will restrict our attention to topological transformation groups (X, T) with compact metrizable phase space X. We call a topological transformation group ergodic if the only closed proper invariant subset is nowhere dense or, equivalently, there exists a point in X the orbit-closure of which is the whole space X. Such a point is called a transitive point. We call a topological transformation group weakly mixing if (X, T)x (X, T) is ergodic and strongly mixing if for any two open sets U and V, there is a compact subset K of T such that t ~ T ~ K implies Ut n V # ;J. Let ~'(X) be the set of all bounded complex-valued functions on X which are continuous on a co-meager set. (We identify functions which coincide on a co-meager set.) Let us define a cascade to be a topological transformation group with the discrete additive group of integers as phase group. In this situation, it is also denoted by (X, ~b), with ~b a homeomorphism of X. If Y is an invariant subset of X, then (Y, ~b) is also a cascade and we say that (Y, ~b) is a subcascade of (X, ~b). Let us consider the following properties of a topological transformation group (X, T):
Invasive plant species and soil microbial response to wildfire burn severity in the Cascade Range of Oregon

Abstract Exposure of soil to severe heating during a wildfire volatilizes soil nutrients and causes mortality of microbial communities, potentially facilitating invasion by non-native plant species. In this study, we investigated the chemical and biotic factors associated with severely burned “red” soil and less severely burned “black” soil from a recently burned forest on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon. Specifically, we examined the effects of burn severity on plant growth, AM fungal colonization and soil microbial communities as indicated by PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) analysis. Soil nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, microbial abundance and plant growth were all significantly reduced in red soils. Native and non-native plants exhibited differential growth in red and black soil, with non-natives growing more rapidly. Despite this rapid growth, non-native plant biomass was significantly lower in red soil, whereas native plant biomass did not differ between red and black soils. These findings suggest that some native species may out-compete non-native species in low-resource environments, such as severely burned red soil, where organic matter, soil nutrients and soil microbes are reduced by severe soil heating.
Monitoring Large Woody Debris Dynamics in the Unuk River, Alaska Using Digital Aerial Photography

Large Woody Debris (LWD) and changes in its accumulation pattern influence the morphology, flow characteristics, ecological attributes, and physical habitats along a river. Digital aerial photos were acquired for the Unuk River in Alaska during the spring of 2003 and 2004. Digital processing of aerial photos involved high-pass filtering on the second principal component image, followed by a low-pass filtering, thresholding, and color coding to map individual logs and large wood accumulations. This processing technique provided an effective classification of the LWD with an overall classification accuracy of 89%. In the selected test site, the 2004 images show a 23% decrease in LWD, which is attributed to the large-scale wash-over of the wood due to a known flooding event in October 2003. Large shifts in LWD have caused main channel shifts, channel splits, merging of split channels, and changes in locations of sand bars and pools, dislocating and redistributing known fish habitat.
The Conventional Missile Capabilities of China's Second Artillery Force: Cornerstone of Deterrence and Warfighting

Abstract Since its establishment in the early 1990s, the conventional missile component of the People's Liberation Army's Second Artillery Force (SAF) has emerged as a centerpiece of China's accelerating military modernization program. The conventional missile force has grown in size and sophistication, and China has developed a doctrine for its employment. Chinese military publications emphasize that it plays an increasingly important role in deterrence and warfighting. In particular, Chinese sources underscore its role in achieving information dominance, air superiority, and sea control as well as countering third-party intervention. China's development of advanced conventional missile capabilities highlights the growing vulnerability of fixed bases and surface ships. Moreover, organizational tendencies, could fuel dangerous escalation. In response to these challenges, the United States must adapt its traditional approach to military operations and deterrence in the Asia-Pacific.
Quality Improvement Curricula in Pediatric Residency Education: Obstacles and Opportunities

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri – Kansas City School of Medicine (Dr Mann) and Quality and Safety, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics (Dr Mann), Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center (DrMoses) and BostonCombined ResidencyProgram in Pediatrics, (DrMoses), Boston,Mass; andDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Shore) Conflict-of-interest disclosure: James Moses, MD, MPH is a faculty advisor to The Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Open School. Address correspondence to: Keith J. Mann, MD, MEd, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri – Kansas City School of Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64108 (e-mail: kjmann@cmh.edu).
Serotonin blockade during experimental coronary thrombosis.

Abstract The protective effect of methysergide on accumulating serotonin within the myocardium, during acute and chronic coronary thrombosis was evaluated in two groups of dogs. The first group of 15 dogs was pretreated with methysergide (100 μg/Kg. B.W., intravenously) and an equal number of dogs in the second group served as the control. An occluding intracoronary thrombus was produced in each dog by the closed chest placement of a thrombogenic wire into the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, via catheter technique, under x-ray visualization. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and contractile force ( dP dt ) were determined before and at 1, 3, and 5 hours (acute phase) after the onset of thrombosis. These variables were measured again at 1 and 8 days (chronic phase) after verified occlusion. The sums of the mean Q wave (ΣQ) and S-T segment (ΣS-T) amplitudes from 14 ECG precordial mapping sites were also calculated in six dogs of each group at these chronic time periods. Several biochemical variables were measured in the active phase from coronary venous blood specimens collected through the fifth hour. Histological examinations were also performed in the acute and chronic phases on control and pretreated hearts. During the aforementioned sampling times, certain hemodynamic variables decreased significantly (p
Iterative Discourse and the Formation of New Subcultures

In this paper, the author presents the results of research with three subcultural groups, chosen for comparative analysis due to the way in which they unite culture, technology, and communication: hackers, ravers, and modern primitives. These groups utilize a sort of discourse which can be called "iterative" because like other iterative systems, it is self-evolving and constantly bifurcating into new formations. The significance of working with these technologically-based subcultures is explored, as well as its ramifications for the comparative study of consciousness. A new model for looking at sociolinguistic and cultural evolution is also suggested.
AIP Information Program

I thank your editor and the members of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy for this opportunity to better acquaint you with the AIP Information Program, particularly the development of a National Information System for Physics. The Program is a response to the growing problems which you and members of other affiliated and member societies of AIP encounter in identifying, locating, and reviewing research literature pertinent to your areas of endeavor. Your information problems and requirements are a prime concern to us in the development of effective, viable information services.
Rilke y la nostalgia irónica en Virginia o el interior del mundo de Álvaro Pombo

Displacement and death in their many expressions are topics that overlap and recur in the narratives of Alvaro Pombo (born in Santander, Spain, in 1939). Whereas in his urban novels, displacement takes place in the present, in the novels set in early twentieth-century Northern Spain, it generates a longing for a past to which the author and the reader never belonged. In Virginia o el interior del mundo (2009), part of the second group of works, the attraction for the past is inspired by the influence of the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, whose multifaceted presence is a vital key to interpreting the novel. The purpose of this essay is to study the various forms of Rilke's intertext to suggest that the trace of the poet articulates a conspicuous reflection on contemporary nostalgia and its paradoxical condition. Staying within the postmodern perspective that frames Pombo's narrative, and drawing from Linda Hutcheon's and Svetlana Boym's theories on nostalgia in present society, we will see how the fascinated loo...
Short-tailed shrews: toxicity and residue relationships of DDT, dieldrin, and endrin.

Experiments involving dietary toxicity and residue relationships of DDT, dieldrin, and endrin were conducted with short-tailed shrews. Dietary concentrations of DDT dissolved in vegetable oils were usually more toxic than diets containing comparable amounts of powdered DDT. Younger shrews, particularly females, were more tolerant of powdered DDT than older animals; yet, there were no conspicuous age differences in toxicity of DDT dissolved in oils. In comparison to other mammals, short-tailed shrews are not unusually sensitive to DDT, dieldrin, or endrin on the basis of two-week feeding tests.
Steam-Processed Flaked Grains versus Steam-Rolled Grains for Dairy Calves

Abstract In two trials, Holstein calves, 3 days of age, were allotted in groups of 12 to each of 5 calf starters and alfalfa hay, to compare the nutritional value of a new method of “steam processing and flaking” (SPF) of milo and barley to a conventional method of steam rolling. Both trials were similar except calves were weaned abruptly in Trial I at 35 days and in Trial II at 24 days of age. Calves were terminated from experiment at approximately 91 kg body weight. Steam processing and flaking of milo improved (P .05).
Observation of microdiffraction patterns with a dedicated STEM instrument

A two-dimensional detector system, designed for the observation and recording of microdiffraction patterns formed in an HB 5 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is described and discussed. Possibilities are described and demonstrated for the simultaneous or successive recording of microdiffraction patterns from regions of diameter 3 a or more, bright- or dark-field STEM images, EELS spectra, secondary electron images, and in-line holograms. Applications of the system have been made to studies of catalyst particles, reflection-mode imaging of bulk surfaces, and image reconstruction from microdiffraction patterns obtained from each point of a STEM image.
Rural development opportunities in the bioeconomy.

In this paper we discuss the rural development implications of the bioeconomy. We define the bioeconomy broadly but dedicate much of the paper to the implications of bioenergy and how it will transform the economies of rural regions. We then conclude with three different bioenergy related concepts that will provide a broader framework for the development of the rural bioeconomy. These include the costs of bioenergy and especially transportation costs, the regional energy balance and the utilization of waste streams.
PEDIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND ASSOCIATED BURDEN ON FAMILIES

Approximately 20% of children in the United States have mental health problems. The factors associated with childhood mental health problems and the associated burdens on families are not well understood. Therefore, our goals were to profile mental health problems in children to identify disparities, and to quantify and identify correlates of family burden. We used the National Survey of Children's Health, 2003 (n = 85,116 children aged 3–17 years) for this analysis. The prevalence, unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of mental health problems and family burden were calculated for children by child-, family- and health systems-level characteristics. The prevalence of mental health problems among children aged 3–17 years was 18%. The odds of mental health problems were higher for boys, older children, children living in or near relative poverty, those covered by public insurance, children of mothers with fair or poor mental health, children living in homes without two parents, children without a pers...
CHOP: Adaptive filter-based DRAM caching for CMP server platforms

As manycore architectures enable a large number of cores on the die, a key challenge that emerges is the availability of memory bandwidth with conventional DRAM solutions. To address this challenge, integration of large DRAM caches that provide as much as 5× higher bandwidth and as low as 1/3rd of the latency (as compared to conventional DRAM) is very promising. However, organizing and implementing a large DRAM cache is challenging because of two primary tradeoffs: (a) DRAM caches at cache line granularity require too large an on-chip tag area that makes it undesirable and (b) DRAM caches with larger page granularity require too much bandwidth because the miss rate does not reduce enough to overcome the bandwidth increase. In this paper, we propose CHOP (Caching HOt Pages) in DRAM caches to address these challenges. We study several filter-based DRAM caching techniques: (a) a filter cache (CHOP-FC) that profiles pages and determines the hot subset of pages to allocate into the DRAM cache, (b) a memory-based filter cache (CHOP-MFC) that spills and fills filter state to improve the accuracy and reduce the size of the filter cache and (c) an adaptive DRAM caching technique (CHOP-AFC) to determine when the filter cache should be enabled and disabled for DRAM caching. We conduct detailed simulations with server workloads to show that our filter-based DRAM caching techniques achieve the following: (a) on average over 30% performance improvement over previous solutions, (b) several magnitudes lower area overhead in tag space required for cache-line based DRAM caches, (c) significantly lower memory bandwidth consumption as compared to page-granular DRAM caches.
Dynamics of the O(3P) + CHD3(vCH = 0,1) reactions on an accurate ab initio potential energy surface

Recent experimental and theoretical studies on the dynamics of the reactions of methane with F and Cl atoms have modified our understanding of mode-selective chemical reactivity. The O + methane reaction is also an important candidate to extend our knowledge on the rules of reactivity. Here, we report a unique full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface for the O((3)P) + methane reaction, which opens the door for accurate dynamics calculations using this surface. Quasiclassical trajectory calculations of the angular and vibrational distributions for the ground state and CH stretching excited O + CHD(3)(v(1) = 0,1) → OH + CD(3) reactions are in excellent agreement with the experiment. Our theory confirms what was proposed experimentally: The mechanistic origin of the vibrational enhancement is that the CH-stretching excitation enlarges the reactive cone of acceptance.
Clustering of null mutations in the EcoRI endonuclease

EcoRI endonuclease mutants were isolated in a methylase-deficient background following in vitro hydroxylamine mutagenesis of plasmid pKG2 (Kuhn et al.: Gene 44:253-263, 1986). Mutants which survived high-level endonuclease expression (IPTG induction) were termed null mutants. Sixty-two of 121 null mutants tested by Western blot contained normal levels of endonuclease cross-reacting protein. The complete endonuclease gene was sequenced for 27 null mutants. This group was found to consist of 20 single base-change missense mutations, 6 double mutations, and 1 triple mutation. Ten of the 20 single mutations were clustered between residues 139 and 144. When examined with respect to the structure of the EcoRI-DNA complex (McClarin et al.: Science 234:1526-1541, 1986), these alterations were found to fall predominantly into two classes: substitutions at the protein-DNA interface or substitutions at the protein-protein (dimer) interface. Protein from several of the mutants was purified and sized by using HPLC. Wild-type EcoRI endonuclease and protein from three of the DNA interface mutations (Ala139----Thr, Gly140----Ser, Arg203----Gln) appeared to be dimeric, while protein from subunit interface mutations (Glu144----Lys, Glu152----Lys, Gly210----Arg) migrated as monomers.
High aspect ratio silicon trench fabrication by inductively coupled plasma

Very high aspect ratio silicon trench with nearly vertical sidewall profile had been demonstrated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching. This silicon trench with aspect ratio more than 30 and vertical sidewall were basically fabricated by STS ASETM technology and controlled at proper process parameters. We controlled the appropriate platen power and reaction gas to solve the problem of more positive profile at high aspect ratio trench and avoid the bowing formation on the sidewall simultaneously. Different feature sizes for silicon trench were designed to study the aspect ratio dependent etching properties. The 2.2 μm wide trench etched had aspect ratio of 33 and etching rate of 1.8 μm/min while the 5.0 μm wide trench had aspect ratio of 20 and etching rate of 2.5 μm/min.
Adaptive power-managed FMCW emitter detection performance against low-RCS ships

The design of a modern 9.3 GHz homodyne triangular-FMCW emitter for detection of low radar cross section (RCS) ships is described. Both searchand track-mode processing are described including a description of transmit and receive waveforms. Tradeoffs in emitter design are examined as a function of the modulation bandwidth. To predict target detection capability, clutter and target models are developed as the emitter is flown at 300 m/s in a scenario that starts at a range of 15 nmi from the target. To evaluate the feasibility of detecting low RCS ships at the horizon, a low-RCS ship design is examined. Each sea state (0-4) is characterized by using a second-order polynomial that describes the normalized mean sea backscatter coefficient as a function of the grazing angle. The emitter transmit power is adapted in time to measure the target characteristics. The emitter transmit power level is consistent with the RCS and range to the target while keeping a target-to-clutter power ratio at 20 dB. For detection analysis, 50, 100 and 500 m/sup 2/ RCS values are considered.
Two-year follow-up of social phobics treated with Social Effectiveness Therapy

A 2-yr follow-up assessment was conducted with patients treated with Social Effectiveness Therapy (SET), a multi-component treatment for social phobia. Eight of the 13 patients who completed the treatment study were available for the follow-up. The results indicated that treatment gains were maintained over the 2-yr follow-up interval, and there was some indication of further improvement over that attained at posttreatment. The findings are discussed in terms of the efficacy of SET and the durability of behavioral treatment of social phobia.
Examination of midgut luminal proteinase activities in six economically important insects

A biochemical survey of insect midgut fluid proteinase activities was conducted to determine which proteinase inhibitors could play roles in insect control strategies. In this study, midgut juices from six insects of economic importance have been isolated and their proteolytic activities classified. Three lepidopterans (black cutworm, corn earworm, and tobacco budworm) and the boll weevil have maximal midgut fluid proteolytic activity in vitro at pH 10–11. Soybean trypsin inhibitor inhibits lepidopteran and boll weevil activities by 63–72%, indicating that their major proteinases are “trypsin-like” serine proteinases. Varying levels of inhibition were seen against the midgut fluid proteinase activities whereas bovine trypsin was inhibited 95–98% by each of four different trypsin inhibitors. Southern corn rootworm and Colorado potato beetle have maximal midgut fluid proteolytic activity in vitro at pH 6–7. E-64 inhibits southern corn rootworm (69%) and Colorado potato beetle (100%) midgut fluid proteinase activity, demonstrating that their major activities are provided by cysteine proteinases. Feeding studies found no mortality nor stunting associated with feeding high levels of trypsin inhibitors to boll weevil or tobacco budworm larvae despite the fact that these proteins were very good inhibitors 60–78% inhibition) of midgut proteolytic activity in vitro.
Processes of change in heavy and light smokers.

The nicotine addiction model is frequently used to explain the fact that light smokers are more successful in quitting smoking than are heavy smokers. According to this view, heavy smokers are more addicted to nicotine and therefore experience more withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and other difficulties when attempting to quit. However, dependence models of smoking have received inconsistent research support. In the present study an alternative explanation is offered, that light smokers employ more change strategies than do heavy smokers. Light (N=72) and heavy (N=247) smokers were compared on 10 processes of change known to be relevant to cessation based on previous studies. The MANOVA results indicated that light smokers outperformed heavy smokers on 4 of the 10 processes, especially on behaviorally oriented processes such as reinforcement management, self-liberation, and counterconditioning. A follow-up discriminant analysis correctly classified 82% of both light and heavy smokers. Although these results do not invalidate nicotine addiction models, they are suggestive and provide additional support for the Transtheoretical Model of problem behavior change.
Repeated stress in young and old 5-HT2C receptor knockout mice

Serotonin (5-HT)(2C) receptor null mutant (knockout, KO) mice develop hyperphagia and midlife obesity. Based upon previous observations indicating altered responsiveness to stressful environmental conditions in these mice, we hypothesized that this KO mouse was hyperresponsive to repeated stress. To test this, we examined the effect of two intensities of repeated stress on food intake and body weight in 5-HT(2C) receptor KO and wild-type (WT) mice. The stressors involved daily cage change (including handling) for 3 days then daily restraint for 4 days. On the final day, mice were immediately decapitated after restraint to assess levels of plasma hormones. Two ages were used: young (12 weeks) and old (32-34 weeks). Basally, young KO were prehyperphagic and weighed the same as WT. In the old mice, KO were frankly hyperphagic and heavier than WT. In response to repeated cage change alone, the genotype-specific difference in food intake in the young group was enhanced, whereas in the old group it was diminished. This stressor did not significantly affect body weight change or caloric efficiency with respect to age or genotype. Repeated restraint had little effect on the young mice. However, in the old mice, KO had decreases in relative body weight and caloric efficiency compared with WT. In the old KO mice, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and insulin were increased compared with WT mice. Together, these findings indicate that 5-HT(2C) receptor KO mice are hyperresponsive to repeated stress and this effect is influenced by stressor intensity and initial metabolic state of the mouse.
An Integrative Review of Obesity Prevention in African American Children

The obesity epidemic disproportionately affects African American children ages 2 to 18 years of age. The author performed an integrative review of the literature pertaining to African American childhood obesity prevention. The 28 research articles that met the inclusion criteria for this integrative review were primarily comprised of descriptive studies, targeted primarily middle-school children and only six were intervention studies. Most intervention studies were pilot studies, had insufficient power related to small sample size, and had short-term interventions and no follow-up. These studies are promising as they test innovative and cultural specific interventions targeting children's lifestyle behaviors aimed at reducing obesity among African Americans.
Laboratory study of the frictional rheology of sheared till

[1] Deformation of till produces power law creep for low strain at stresses high enough to cause permanent deformation but below the shear strength. Experiments were conducted on till (a mixed size granular material) from Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, and the Scioto (Ohio) Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (Caesar till). We deformed till in double direct shear under fixed shear velocity or shear stress (creep). Normal stress ranged from 50 kPa to 5 MPa at shearing rates ranging from 1 to 300 μm/s for 1 cm thick samples. Creep was induced via small step perturbations in stress. Fabric development within till layers was investigated by varying shear strain prior to creep tests. In velocity-controlled experiments, till deforms as a nearly Coulomb plastic material with slight velocity strengthening, corresponding to a stress exponent, n > 60. Creep experiments conducted well below the shear strength indicate lower n values, increasing as shear stress increases. With increasing initial strain and inferred fabric development, the creep strain rate decreases while n increases. Experiments at a normal stress of 1 MPa and no initial strain show n = 6.8, increasing to n = 17.5 at higher shear strains; however, strain rate was still decreasing and thus these values represent maximum estimates. Our data show that in the absence of dilatant hardening till exhibits rate sensitivity at strain of order 1 or less. At low strains, n likely depends on consolidation state, permeability, and dilation. Deformation is nearly rate insensitive (Coulomb plastic) at shear stress near the shear strength or at high strain.
Alleviating Solar Energy Congestion in the Distribution Grid via Smart Metering Communications

The operation and control of the existing power grid system, which is challenged with rising demands and peak loads, has been considered passive. Congestion is often discovered in high-demand regions, and at locations where abundant renewable energy is generated and injected into the grid; this is attributed to a lack of transmission lines, transfer capability, and transmission capacity. While developing distributed generation (DG) tends to alleviate the traditional congestion problem, employing information and communications technology (ICT) helps manage DG more effectively. ICT involves a vast amount of data to facilitate a broader knowledge of the network status. Data computation and communications are critical elements that can impact the system performance. In this paper, we consider congestion caused by power surpluses produced from households' solar units on rooftops or on ground. Disconnecting some solar units is required to maintain the reliability of the distribution grid. We propose a model for the disconnection process via smart metering communications between smart meters and the utility control center. By modeling the surplus congestion issue as a knapsack problem, we can solve it by proposed greedy solutions. Reduced computation time and data traffic in the network can be achieved.
Dose-rate-independent total dose failure in 54F10 bipolar logic circuits

The /sup 60/Co gamma ray total dose performance of unhardened bipolar 54F10 TTL (transistor transistor logic) integrated circuits was measured over dose rates from 0.0088 rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s to 28 rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s. Contrary to what others have reported on the 54F logic family, failure was independent of dose rate. This result implies that these parts are undesirable for use in a space environment. One manufacturer's part failed due to excessive input high current at total doses from 20 to 30 krad(SiO/sub 2/) and the other failed at total doses from 7 to 9.5 krad(SiO/sub 2/). Thus, when considering a family of bipolar devices for application at space dose rates, each member of the family must be examined. It is pointed out that extrapolating total dose radiation measurements made at laboratory dose rates to sweeping conclusions about the performance of an unhardened process or device family at space dose rates can be misleading. >
Use of the polymerase chain reaction for Salmonella detection

A primer set of oligonucleotides (S18 and S19) from the ompC gene of Salmonella has been evaluated for specific detection of Salmonella by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This primer set successfully amplified 40 Salmonella serovars (60 isolates), but not 24 non-Salmonella bacteria (42 isolates) that have been tested so far. The uniqueness of these primer sequences was also confirmed. The sensitivity of PCR detection in extracted chromosomal DNA for Salm. typhimurium was 1 pg. The sensitivity for boiled whole bacteria was 400 cells. The detection of Salm. typhimurium in ground beef samples required 4-6 h enrichment with an initial inocula of 100 bacteria.
EXPERIMENTAL COMBINED VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION (INFLUENZA C AND HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, TYPE B) IN EMBRYONATED EGGS

Influenza C virus, J.J. strain, is readily propagated following intra-amniotic inoculation of embryonated eggs on the 14th day of incubation. The resulting infection is inapparent in that there is no obvious interference with normal embryonic development and no evidences of injury can be detected by the light microscope. Hemophilus influenzae, type b thrives luxuriantly in the amniotic fluid of embryonated eggs inoculated by the intra-amniotic route on the 15th day of incubation. The effects of the establishment of the bacterial infection in the embryo are noted by the occurrence of death, bacteriemia or characteristic inflammatory lesions in the form of purulent sinusitis, pharyngitis, tracheo-bronchitis and meningo-encephalitis. These lesions may occur singly or in various combinations. The incidence and severity of disease manifestations in infected embryos depends on the proportion of encapsulated and virulent bacilli in the inoculum, the number of infectious doses and the growth rate of the bacteria in the surrounding amniotic fluid. Combined viral and bacterial infection established by intra-amniotic inoculation with influenza C virus on the 14th followed by Hemophilus influenzae, type b on the 15th incubation day brings about a significant increase in the incidence and severity of disease manifestations in the embryos. Selective survival and marked acceleration of the growth rate of encapsulated and virulent elements of the bacterial population is promoted in the virus-infected embryos. The disease process appears to be entirely attributable to the bacterial component. There seems to be relatively little or no effect on influenza C virus by the accompanying proliferation of Hemophilus. The exact nature of the virus-induced influences which enhance the pathogenicity of the bacteria and favor the establishment of the infectious process under these circumstances remains to be determined.
Six1 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition and malignant conversion in human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human keratinocytes

Six1, a member of the Six family of homeodomain transcription factors, is overexpressed in various human cancers, and SIX1 overexpression is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Six1 messenger RNA levels increase during in vitro progression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward a differentiation-resistant (HKc/DR) phenotype. In this study, we show that HKc/DR-overexpressing Six1 exhibited a more mesenchymal phenotype, as characterized by a fibroblastic appearance and increased invasion. We utilized Whole Human Genome Microarrays to explore the gene expression changes associated with Six1 overexpression in HKc/DR. We found that overexpression of Six1 downregulated epithelial-related genes and upregulated mesenchymal-related genes, which suggests that Six1 overexpression induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Pathway analysis of the microarray data showed alterations in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway, including enhanced expression of the TGF-β receptor type II (TβRII), and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in HKc/DR-overexpressing Six1, suggesting that Smad-independent pathways of TGF-β signaling may be involved in Six1-mediated EMT. p38 MAPK activation was required for sustained Six1-induced EMT and TβRII overexpression. Finally, we determined that Six1 overexpression in HKc/DR resulted in malignant conversion and increased the cancer stem cell (CSC)-like population. Thus, Six1 overexpression promotes EMT, CSCs properties and malignant conversion in HKc/DR through MAPK activation, which supports the possible use of p38-TβRII inhibitors for the treatment of cancers overexpressing Six1.