cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attempts to detect homologous autointerference in vivo with influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.

Von Magnus particles of influenza virus and defective interfering T particles of vesicular stomatitis virus were unable to provide significant protection of mice from disease or death when inoculated intranasally or intracerebrally along with moderate or high doses of homologous infectious challenge virus. However, yields of infectious virus from the affected organs were reduced as compared to controls inoculated with infectious virus alone. Serial intracerebral passage of vesicular stomatitis virus in mouse brain at high doses failed to produce T particles detectable by in vitro autointerference assays on BHK 21 cells, whether or not T particles were introduced along with B virions at the first passage. When very low challenge doses of infectious B virions were inoculated intracerebrally along with high doses of homologous defective particles, there was significant prolongation of life, although most mice died eventually of slowly progressing disease. Also, the virus yields in the brains of these mice were significantly reduced, and virus was no longer detectable in the brains of “protected” mice surviving for 10 days or more. Our results suggest that although homologous autointerference does occur in vivo, it is a more complex phenomenon than in vitro cell culture experiments might indicate.
Myopia and the Extraocular Muscles

Axial myopia is a common ocular problem characterized by the fact that the posterior sclera has apparently stretched out of shape over a period of several years. The debate persists as to whether myopia is an inherited or acquired disorder. During the last few years, several new laboratory techniques have surfaced which can create large amounts of myopia in normal experimental animals. In an attempt to find a mechanical explanation common to both human and laboratory myopia, this paper examines the stresses experienced by the posterior sclera as a result of accommodation, convergence, vitreous pressure, and the extraocular muscles. The conclusion is that convergence, and more generally, the tension in the extraocular muscles, are mechanically much more important than accommodation because of the sizeable increase in vitreous pressure. The oblique muscles, because of their attachment sites at the back of the globe near the optic nerve entrance port, have the capability of producing local stress concentrations which may be very important in understanding pathological myopia.
Preparing to meet foreign bugs. Travel, immigration, and international adoptions require special precautions.

PREVIEWAs the world's population becomes increasingly mobile, children are more likely to be exposed to exotic and troublesome pathogens. These exposures raise concerns about protecting not only kids but the general population as well. In this article, Dr Petersen presents ways to avoid illness in children who travel to other parts of the world. She also discusses concerns about communicable disease as it relates to immigration or adoption of foreign-born children, especially those from developing nations.
Isothermal phase behavior of Ag3SbS3, ZnGeP2, and ZnS

Abstract The isothermal phase behaviors of Ag 3 SbS 3 , ZnGeP 2 , and ZnS have been determined as a function of pressure at room temperature. Phase transformations were observed optically for each material in a diamond anvil cell with single crystals at pressures of (4.9±0.15) GPa, (20±5) GPa, and (15.0±0.2) GPa, respectively. ZnGeP 2 also transformed to a second high-pressure phase at approximately 32 GPa. Under hydrostatic pressure zinc sulfide showed no transformation between the wurtzite and sphalerite forms. The pressure-volume relations were measured in the diamond anvil pressure cell by the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction method. The resulting data were analyzed for each low-pressure phase in terms of model equations of state, including the Birch, Birch-Murnaghan, Murnaghan, and Tait equations. The isothermal bulk modulus, B , was determined in each case with the estimated values being: 80 GPa for ZnS (wurtzite); 67 GPa for ZnS (sphalerite); 28 GPa for Ag 3 SbS 3 ; and 79 GPa for ZnGeP 2 . Estimates were also made for the pressure derivative, (d B /d P ), at zero pressure, with the values being: 3.7, 4.8, 5.6, and 3.2, respectively.
A matrix representation for automorphisms of compact Riemann surfaces

In this paper we prove a result which has as corollaries theorems of Hurwitz, Accola, Grothendieck, and Serre on automorphisms of Riemann surfaces.
Objective monitoring of physical activity behavior in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background: There has been an increased interest by researchers and clinicians in the study of physical activity behavior and its determinants and consequences in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: This paper provides an overview of the objective monitoring of physical activity in persons with MS using motion sensors such as pedometers and accelerometers. Major findings: Accumulating evidence supports the reliability and validity of pedometers, particularly the Yamax SW-200, as a measure of physical activity in fully ambulatory and ambulatory impaired persons with MS. There is some degree of inaccuracy with the Yamax SW-200 pedometer during self-selected and slow walking speeds. By comparison, substantial evidence from multiple approaches, across a range of researchers, and with different units/manufacturers supports the validity of accelerometers as a measure of physical activity in fully ambulatory and ambulatory impaired persons with MS. There is no concern regarding the inaccura...
The preferential release of beta-endorphin from the anterior pituitary lobe by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).

THE post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) to Beta-endorphin (/3-End) and Beta-lipotropin (flLPH) differs in the anterior and intermediate lobes of rat pituitary. In the anterior lobe (AL), the molar ratio of/3-End to fl-LPH is approximately 1:2, while in the intermediate lobe (IL), virtually all of the precursor is processed to/3-End sized or smaller material [2, 5, 12]. One might expect, therefore, that the products released during stimulation of each lobe would reflect these molar ratios; the anterior lobe should release primarily/3-LPH, while the IL would release /3-End 1-31 or modified forms of fl-End (e.g., alpha N-acetylated fl-End 1-27). Consequently, the circulating levels in plasma should reflect both anterior and intermediate lobe contributions.
Lower Limit Of The Thickness Of The Measurable Surface Layer On Infrared Absorbing Substrate By FT-IR-ATR Spectroscopy

Based on verification of Harrick's relation between absorbances of absorption bands and the thickness of the surface layer probed in ATR spectroscopy, we have studied the lower limit of the thickness of a surface layer on an infrared absorbing substrate that can be measured by spectral subtraction of FT-IR-ATR spectra. Spectral observability of a surface layer of a thickness is predictable by comparing the expected absorbances of the bands of the surface layer with the detectable least signal increment obtainable from the noise level of a spectrometer. The limit of the thickness is, in general, 10 to 50 A for polymers.
ANALYSIS OF EARLY-NINETEENTH-CENTURY MUSCOGEE CREEK FUR TRADE AT A UNITED STATES FACTORY STORE

We conducted an analysis of economic transaction records from the Fort Wilkinson Factory Store in central Georgia in an attempt to understand trade behaviors by the Muscogee Creek people of the southeastern United States. Between February 4, 1804, and November 29, 1806, factory personnel recorded 2,168 trade transactions at Fort Wilkinson. During this period, 38,226.5 deerskins and skins, 482 hides and rawhides, and 569 furs entered the fort. In exchange for these items, the Creek Indians primarily received cloth, followed by manufactured items such as kettles, gun supplies, and consumable groceries. We analyze the month-by-month exchange trends and compare the trade-good assemblages to archaeological sites that represent Creek occupations that date to the same time period in Georgia and Alabama. Further, we assess the biases of the data and interpret the data in relation to existing historical and archaeological studies of the Muscogee Creek people.
Mechanical Characterization of Individual Instant Coffee Agglomerates

Agglomerated instant coffee particles were compressed individually with a TA-XT2 Texture analyzer. Up to about 57% equilibrium relative humidity (ERH), the force-displacement curves were very jagged. The slopes of plots of highest local force peaks vs deformation were used as a measure of agglomerate stiffness. The degree of jaggedness of the original force-displacement curves, a brittleness measure, was quantified in terms of an apparent fractal dimension using two algorithms. Stiffness and brittleness were little affected by moisture at ERH levels in the range 11 to 52%. At ERH 57% both decreased sharply, indicating plasticization of the soluble material.
How Much Is Minnesota Like Wisconsin? Assumptions and Counterfactuals in Causal Inference with Observational Data

Political scientists are often interested in estimating causal effects. Identification of causal estimates with observational data invariably requires strong untestable assumptions. Here, we outline a number of the assumptions used in the extant empirical literature. We argue that these assumptions require careful evaluation within the context of specific applications. To that end, we present an empirical case study on the effect of Election Day Registration (EDR) on turnout. We show how different identification assumptions lead to different answers, and that many of the standard assumptions used are implausible. Specifically, we show that EDR likely had negligible effects in the states of Minnesota and Wisconsin. We conclude with an argument for stronger research designs.
Activation of IL-4 and IL-6 secreting cells by antigen.

Abstract The number, antigenic specificity and phenotype of cells secreting IL-4 and IL-6 in mice immunized with ovalbumin or keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in Freund's adjuvant (FA) was studied. The frequency of cells producing either of these cytokines began to rise 6 days post immunization, peaked at 11–14 days post-immunization, and fell to background by 21 days. The number of spleen cells secreting IL-6 was higher than the number producing IL-4 at all time points. Boosting elicited an anamnestic response characterized by a significant increase in the number of cytokine secreting cells within 4 days. Cytokine production was induced in multiple strains of normal mice, and was critically dependent on the use of Complete FA in addition to antigen. Immunization induced IL-4 and IL-6 production in vivo while ‘priming’ additional cells to release these cytokines when reexposed to soluble antigen in vitro. The latter response was antigen specific and was dominated by non-B/non-T cells. Those cells may serve to boost the immune response in cases of persistent or repeated antigenic challenge.
Rearrangements in the shorter arc of rat mitochondrial DNA involving the region of the heavy and light strand promoters.

Brain mtDNA from rats ranging in age from 1 day to 33 months were analyzed for large-scale rearrangements using nested PCR. The region of the mtDNA targeted by the primers was the shorter are between the two origins of replication and encompassed the heavy (H) and light (L) strand promoters (HSP) and (LSP). Rearrangements lacking 4 to 5 kb of genomic sequence were found in animals of all ages. Twenty-two different rearrangements were sequenced; two of these were found replicated in several different animals. All the rearrangements identified lacked an HSP and six lacked an LSP as well. The end points of each rearrangement had short direct repeats of 9 bp or less, but repeats of 4 bp or less were the most common. The mode of involvement of the direct repeats in the rearrangement mechanism varied since in some cases a sequence precisely equivalent to one member of the paired repeats was found at the junction; whereas in other cases, more or less than one complete member was found. Sixteen of the 22 rearrangements terminated on one side within a 22-bp locus, or hot spot, located at a potential stem-loop structure midway between the HSP and LSP. The other ends of these rearrangements were at different sites. In addition, a secondary hot spot was found near the junction between the tRNA(Ala) and tRNA(Asn) genes, which lie in a cluster of five tRNA genes that surround the stem-loop structure of the L-strand origin of replication. The data suggest a link between secondary structure and short direct repeats and the rearrangement mechanism(s). The results of this study, in conjunction with out previous study of the longer arc of rat mtDNA (Van Tuyle, G.C., J.P. Gudikote, V.H. Hurt, B.B. Miller and C.A. Moore (1996) Multiple, Large deletions in rat mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for a major hot spot, Mutation Res., 349, 95-107), indicate that nearly the entire mitochondrial genome is subject to rearrangement mutations that are detectable in brain tissue throughout an animal's life span.
Fullerenes to benzenoids and the leapfrog algorithm

Abstract In this first example of the application of the leapfrog algorithm to benzenoid hydrocarbons, the unique correspondence that exists between benzenoids and total resonant sextet benzenoids is confirmed. This leads to our further understanding of their topological relationships.
Follicular growth and ovulation in hypophysectomized hens.

Growth of ovarian follicles was induced in hypophysectomized laying hens by daily intramuscular injection of mammalian FSH, PMS or chicken anterior pituitary powder (CAP). The mammalian gonadotropins caused a pronounced increase in the number of follicles entering the initial phase of yellow yolk deposition, but did not support growth of follicles to mature size. The disproportional accumulation of small follicles resulted in the complete obliteration of the normal follicular hierarchy. CAP produced no ovcrstimulation of the smaller follicles and; in a significant number of birds, established a follicular order similar to that found in intact hens. In some CAP treated hens follicles developed to mature size by the end of the eight day experimental period. With a timed sequence of injection of ovulation-inducing substances up to five consecutive daily ovulations were obtained. The number of ovulations was limited by the ability of follicles to attain ovulable size and was independent of the type of gonadot...
A postmortem appraisal of a clinicopathologic staging system in large-bowel cancer.

The autopsy findings of 100 patients who had a resection for largebowel cancer and who were classified by a clinicopathologic staging system were analyzed. Seventy patients had carcinoma at autopsy. The value of this method of staging was assessed by relating the stage at operation to these findings. Forty-five per cent of early stage tumors (A or B) were found to have metastases. If the detection rate of occult metastases could be improved for stage A and B tumors, this might increase the prognostic accuracy of this staging system.
SU‐GG‐T‐511: Towards Real‐Time Radiation Therapy: Superposition/Convolution at 4fps

Purpose: To enable novel radiation therapy workflows by providing superposition/convolution dose calculation at interactive rates. Method and Materials: The Superposition/Convolution (S/C) dose computation algorithm utilizes ray‐tracing techniques extensively and is well suited to acceleration using consumer graphics processing units (GPU). The standard S/C algorithm was parallelized and implemented using NVIDIA's CUDA GPU programming environment. The basic S/C method generates incident fluence, using a source model, and transports it from the radiation source, using ray‐tracing, to deposit a TERMA grid. Then superposition spreads the dose deposition kernel out by ray‐tracing from each point in the TERMA grid. There are several issues with parallelizing this algorithm. Calculation of the TERMA grid suffers from read‐write conflicts. We solve this by running groups of spatially separated divergent rays. The forward S/C kernel also suffers from read‐write conflicts, but the inverse kernel does not. We reduced memory bandwidth by using a variable step ray‐tracer, independently attenuating each spectral energy bin and caching lookup‐tables. We explored the concept of using volumetric mip‐maps to approximate the ray as a true solid angle. Results: We compared our implementation to Pinnacle3 for low (64×64×64 cube with 4 mm voxels) and high resolution (128×128×128 cube with 2mm voxels) water phantoms using as similar settings as possible. Pinnacle3 (Philips ‐ Madison, WI) was run on a SunFire v250 machine with times of 30.961s and 365.944s respectively. We performed our calculations on a single NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX with times of 0.217s and 2.197s respectively. Preliminary experiments using volumetric mip‐maps showed additional performance improvements with minor accuracy loss. Conclusion: We have completed a GPU accelerated superposition/convolution dose engine, providing a substantial performance gain over CPU based implementations — indicating that real time dose computation is feasible with the accuracy levels of the S/C algorithm.
Travel Behavior of Nursing Home Residents Perceived as Wanderers and Nonwanderers

A video-based observational methodology was used to assess the travel behaviors of 40 nursing home residents, 24 of whom were identified by nursing staff as wanderers. Travel was monitored continuously for 30 days, resulting in the recording of over 5,000 unassisted travel events. Four basic travel patterns were observed: direct travel (86.8%), lapping (11.6%), random travel (.9%), and pacing (.7%). Travel efficiency (percentage of direct travel) was significantly related to cognitive status (r = .56), with inefficient travel most prevalent in severely demented participants.
Why constructive empiricism collapses into scientific realism

(1985). Why constructive empiricism collapses into scientific realism. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 213-215.
Sequences in the U3 region of human immunodeficiency virus 1 improve efficiency of minus strand transfer in infected cells.

Abstract A tRNA gene-like sequence has been identified near the 3′ end of HIV-1. Two segments of this sequence (motif 9 and segment 1) promoted minus strand transfer in vitro . The segments are complementary to the tRNA 3 Lys primer, and apparently act by binding the tRNA, thereby bringing the 3′ and 5′ ends of viral RNA into proximity for strand transfer. In this report, we used full-length HIV-1 to demonstrate biological relevance of these segments. We constructed HIV-1 genomes capable of single cycle infection and altered in one or both of two segments. We devised a real time PCR method for quantifying the amount of (−)ssDNA that completes transfer. Results showed that depending on the mutation the efficiency of transfer decreased from 9% to 26%. Alteration of segment 1 had the greatest effect. Alteration of motif 9 or both sequences also caused a reduction, but smaller than alteration of segment 1 alone.
Interface edge effect and its contribution to the frequency dispersion of metal-oxide-semiconductor admittance

Abstract Room temperature frequency dispersion of the admittance of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors made on non-degenerate n -type silicon substrate with (111) surface orientation was studied. A simplified lumped equivalent circuit model which takes into account the interface edge effect, i.e. carrier generation-recombination-trapping via interface states near the edge of the surface inversion region, is proposed and found to be in good agreement with experimental data. Our model also suggests another method of calculating the density of interface states. Fundamental properties of interface states are estimated from experimental data. A self-consistency check is made among the values of equivalent circuit elements to substantiate our model.
A Comparison of Inpatient and Outpatient Experiences during an Internal Medicine Clerkship

Abstract Purpose: Our 12-week internal medicine clerkship contains an 8-week inpatient and a 4-week outpatient component. This study examines the differences between these components, comparing diagnoses seen, category of learning, and student contribution to patient care. Methodology: Students used logbooks to record diagnoses, workup, and treatment for each patient they encountered. Additionally, students categorized the type of learning from each encounter (ie, pathophysiology, evaluation/work-up, treatment, differentials, patient education/counseling, or technical skills) and ranked their involvement in patient care using a 1 to 5 scale (1 = little; 5 = significant). Comparison of inpatient and outpatient data was made using chi-square analysis or Student’s t -test. Results: One thousand three-hundred twenty-four patient encounters were analyzed (597 inpatient; 727 outpatient). The top 10 diagnoses in each setting were markedly different. Students reported that patient encounters in the inpatient setting were more likely to have involved learning about disease pathophysiology (21% inpatient vs 15% outpatient; P P P P = 0.95). Conclusion: Despite spending less time with each patient during outpatient encounters, students considered their contribution to patient care equally significant to that for inpatients, suggesting that students have an active role in both settings.
Hepatic lipid secretion and cholelithiasis.

Recent work has suggested that secretion of lithogenic hepatic bile is a major factor in the etiology, and a prerequisite abnormality to the growth and maturation of cholesterol gallstones. Cholesterol is normally solubilized in bile by mixed micelles of bile acids and lecithin. A decreased bile acid pool or a decrease in the ratio of bile acid and lecithin to cholesterol characterizes lithogenic bile. These observations have stimulated investigation of biliary lipid secretion, relevant to pursuing the genesis of the alterations. This review summarizes current knowledge of the individual and interrelated biosynthesis, kinetics, biliary secretion, and regulation of cholesterol, bile acid and lecithin. Investigations of induced alterations by drugs, hormones and diet are also reviewed. The lithogenic potential of bile can be decreased by chenodeoxycholic acid, but more work is needed, in particular, to define the hepatic enzymatic abnormality that causes the secretion of lithogenic bile.
Contribution to the Theory of Disordered Alloys

A simple model of a disordered substitutional alloy, similar in some respects to transition-metal alloys, is studied in several approximations. A formalism is presented in which the Green's function for the alloy is represented in the form of an infinite perturbation series, the lowest term of which is the coherent-potential approximation introduced earlier. The average density of states for several model alloys is investigated, and it is found that corrections to the rigid-band model can be significant even in situations in which the constitutents are not very dissimilar. Study of certain terms in the perturbation series suggests that the coherent-potential approximation is adequate in many situations. The density of states localized about a particular type of atom is shown to bear little resemblance to the average density of states. It can be a strong function of the environment, but if an average environment is taken, the coherent-potential scheme gives good results. The variation of average and local state densities as a function of concentration is studied for a particular model.
Interfacial Structures of Polyurethane Thin Films on Various Substrate Materials

Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) was performed on three polyurethane films, prepared with polyol OH number of 120, 375, and 600 cast on various substrates, such as silicon, gold, glass, sodium chloride, and zinc phosphated steel. Surface topography did not affect the structural variation of polyurethane films along with the film depth controlled by an angle of incidence. Change of the crystallinity was occurred by a simultaneous change of interplanar spacing, indicating that substrate-induced crystallization took place. The depth that the substrate surface influenced the crystallization of the polyurethane films corresponded to the halfway of the variation of interplanar spacing. The substrate-induced ordering of the polyurethane films varied according to the substrate surface conditions, presumably depending on the attraction force forward the heterogeneities inside the polymer bulk film. It was suggested that the substrate-induced crystallization of the polyurethane on the various substrates depends on the mobility of heterogeneities toward the polar substrate surface rather than other possible mechanisms such as temperature gradient, chemical similarity, lattice match, and thermal shear stress.
Under the Radar: The Role of Invisible Discourse in Understanding Class-Based Privilege

Group-based privileges are supported and reproduced in part by control of discourse about identity and structural inequality. In the case of social class, this discourse is largely absent. This article explores the ways in which the lack of explicit and sanctioned discourse on social class affirms and reproduces class privileges. Qualitative thematic content analysis was used to analyze the final papers of students (N = 82) who participated in a semester long class-focused intergroup dialogue course. Content analysis found that students came into the dialogues with low levels of class salience. The dialogue course was an informative and fulfilling experience for most students, but the majority of students still had difficulty discussing class based privileges. This difficulty in engaging in an open and disruptive form of class discourse was in part due to the tendency to conflate discussions of class with race, taboos against discussing social class, and the presence of negative stereotypes about class groupings. Privileges, broadly speaking, are the unearned benefits accorded to those with dominant group membership (Cole, 2009; Mahalingam & Leu, 2005). Much research has articulated and explored how privilege manifests along certain lines of identity (see Pinterits, Poteat, & Spanierman, 2009, for a review). Although this work is very important, the social mechanisms which support and reproduce these forms of privilege receive less direct attention. In this article, we suggest that control of discourse around a social identity functions as a way to normalize privilege and reduce conflict around structural inequalities. This can occur either asadominant formofdiscourse,suchasexplicit socializationasregarding gender, or alternately can occur as an absence of discourse. We propose that within an American context privileges rooted in social class are upheld by a lack of clear
The Cosmological Mass Distribution Function in the Zeldovich Approximation

An analytic approximation of the mass function for gravitationally bound objects is presented. Based on the Zeldovich approximation, we extend the Press-Schechter formalism to a nonspherical dynamical model. A simple extrapolation of that approximation suggests that the gravitational collapse along all three directions, which eventually leads to the formation of real virialized object clumps, occurs in the regions where the lowest eigenvalue of the deformation tensor, λ3, is positive. We derive the conditional probability of λ3 > 0 as a function of the linearly extrapolated density contrast δ and the conditional probability distribution of δ, provided that λ3 > 0. These two conditional probability distributions show that the most probable density of the bound regions (λ3 > 0) is roughly 1.5 on the characteristic mass scale M* and that the probability of λ3 > 0 is almost unity in the highly overdense regions (δ > 3σ). Finally, an analytic mass function of clumps is derived with the help of one simple Ansatz, which is employed to treat the multistream regime beyond the validity of the Zeldovich approximation. The resulting mass function is renormalized by a factor of 12.5, which we justify with a sharp k-space filter by means of the modified Jedamzik analysis. Our mass function is shown to be different from the Press-Schechter one, having a lower peak and predicting more small-mass objects.
A Numerical Model of Acoustic Choking, Part II: Shocked Solutions

The one dimensional equations of gas dynamics are used to model subsonic acoustic choking. This model can accommodate non-linear distortion of waves and the eventual formation of shock waves. Several finite differencing schemes are adapted to obtain solutions. The results obtained with the various schemes are compared with the asymptotic results available. The results suggest that no one finite differencing scheme gives solutions significantly better than the others and that most of the difference solutions are close to the asymptotic results. If the acoustic shock wave is sufficiently strong it almost annihilates the acoustic wave; in this situation numerical errors may dominate the results. Such solutions involve very large acoustic attenuations.
Knowledge Spillovers and Growth in the Disagglomeration of the Us Advertising-Agency Industry

We investigate knowledge spillovers and externalities in the disagglomeration and growth of the advertising-agency industry. A simple model of high demand, low wages, and externalities associated with clusters of related industries can explain the dispersion of advertising agency employment across states. Other factors affected the industry growth rate within states. Consistent with Jacobs and Porter but contrary to Marshall, Arrow, and Romer, competition, but not specialization, enhanced growth. In accord with Porter (1990), growth increased with buyer cluster size. Diversity had no effect on growth. Despite improvements in telecommunications and transportation reducing effective distances, location still matters.
Individual, neighborhood, and state-level predictors of smoking among US Black women: a multilevel analysis

Baseline data from the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS) were analyzed to assess the relation of smoking to individual, neighborhood, and state socioeconomic characteristics. Data on smoking status and individual socioeconomic characteristics were obtained via a self-administered postal questionnaire at entry. Neighborhood characteristics of 41,726 never and current smokers were obtained by linking participants' addresses with census tract data from the 1990 US Census. In a multilevel logistic regression model, higher neighborhood poverty was associated with increased smoking prevalence after adjusting for age, education, marital status, and occupation at the individual level, and percent high school graduate, percent college graduate, and percentage Black at the neighborhood level. Relative to women residing in neighborhoods with less than 5% of the residents below the poverty line, the odds ratio was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.2) for women in neighborhoods with 5-9.9% of the residents below the poverty line, 1.3 (1.2-1.4) for women in neighborhoods with 10-19.9% of the residents below the poverty line, and 1.6 (1.5-1.8) for women in neighborhoods with 20% or more of the residents below poverty. State of residence was also significantly associated with prevalence of current smoking. These results suggest that contextual factors (at both the neighborhood and state level) play a role in Black women's smoking behaviors over and above individual characteristics.
Substance abuse and psychosocial adaptation to physical disability: analysis of the literature and future directions

AbstractPurpose. To analyse the current state of the literature with respect to substance abuse and psychosocial adjustment in persons with disabilities.Method. The two primary databases containing the literature related to rehabilitation and disability issues (PsychINFO and MedLine) were searched to identify articles addressing the psychosocial impact of substance abuse in persons with disabilities. Eleven empirical articles specifically measuring the strength of the relationship between substance use and psychosocial outcomes in persons with disabilities were selected for analysis.Results. Of the studies identified, five were related to spinal cord injury, three were related to traumatic brain injury, one was related to chronic back pain, one was related to HIV/AIDS, and one was related to persons with any type of disability. Each of the studies used different methodologies, measured substance abuse in different ways, and examined different psychosocial outcome variables. Examination of trends suggested...
DARPP-32 phosphorylation opposes the behavioral effects of nicotine.

Background The addictive properties of nicotine are mediated via dopaminergic pathways and their post-synaptic neurons in the striatum. Because post-synaptic neurons within the striatum contain high levels of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32), we hypothesized that DARPP-32 may functionally contribute to the behavioral effects of nicotine. Methods We examined the behavioral effects of nicotine and the phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 in wild-type (WT) and DARPP-32 knockout (KO) mice. In one experiment, we assessed voluntary nicotine intake (0-50 μg/ml) of WT and KO mice in a two-bottle choice paradigm. In a separate experiment, the motor-depressant effects of acute and repeated nicotine injections (0–.8 mg/kg, subcutaneously [SC]) were assessed. The phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at threonine 34 and threonine 75 were examined using Western blotting. Results A heightened responsiveness to nicotine was seen in KO mice when compared with WT mice in oral intake and motor depression. The enhanced responsiveness in KO mice was not due to alterations in taste sensations, fluid intake, or blood nicotine or cotinine levels. Systemic injections of nicotine resulted in increased striatal DARPP-32 phosphorylation at threonine 34 and threonine 75 . Conclusions DARPP-32 opposes the behavioral effects of nicotine possibly via concurrent phosphorylation at the two threonine sites.
The Changing Face of After-School Programs: Advocating Talent Development for Urban Middle and High School Students:

This article focuses on after-school programs aimed at urban middle and high school students. The authors discuss an after-school tutorial program implemented as part of the Howard University Talent Development Model of School Reform. Challenges faced at Howard University are described; strategies for overcoming barriers and recommendations for urban school principals are offered.
Ethnic boundaries: Rural Hawaiians and Mainland migrants in Hawaii

Linnekin, Jocelyn. Children of the Land: Exchange and Status in a Hawaiian Community. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1985. xvi + 264 pp. including references and index. $27.00 cloth. Whittaker, Elvi. The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. xiii + 233 pp. including references and index. $25.00 cloth.
Beyond the Coastalscapes: Preindustrial Social and Political Networks in East Africa

The archaeological community worldwide now readily recognizes the role and significance of interregional interaction in the development and sustenance of urban societies (e.g., Marcus and Sabloff 2008; Sinclair et al.2010; Trigger 2003). Over the past two decades, we have carried out a systematic, problem-oriented research program on the Kenyan coast and its hinterland in an effort to understand the ecological and cultural milieu that enabled towns and city-states to develop along the East African coast beginning in the late first millennium CE. Archaeological research complemented with historical sources of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shows that different scales of analysis can be used to understand the long-term history of the development of urbanism along this Swahili coast: local, regional, and trans-continental frames of reference each show that Swahili communities were part of numerous networks of interactions. An emerging picture of preindustrial urbanism shows that local, regional, and trans-continental interaction spheres tied coastal towns to the hinterland and to wider Indian Ocean commercial and social networks. Not all of the theorized links between the coastal towns and their local and regional trade and interaction partners will be visible archaeologically. We address the still poorly known elements of preindustrial regional networks of alliance and interaction spheres between urban and rural polities and argue that an integrative approach is necessary to understand the context of coastal urban society.
Mouse egg penetration is inhibited by Erythrosin B

The anionic fluorescein dye, Erythrosin B, inhibited the penetration of mouse eggs in vitro. High concentrations of the dye (0.5–1.0 mM) inhibited the penetration of cumulus-intact, cumulus-free, and zona-free eggs at sperm concentrations of approximately 2 × 105 cells per milliliter. Examination of gamete viability indicated that the dye did not cause gross, irreversible changes in either amete, and we therefore concluded that dye-dependent inhibition may have resulted from dye association with cell membranes. The dye concentration required to give 50% inhibition, apparent I50, of 500 μM obtained for zonafree eggs was artificially elevated by the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (2%) in the culture medium. A corrected I50 of 11 μM was estimated in the absence of BSA.
Results in the Treatment of Postoperative Endophthalmitis

A retrospective study of 40 cases of postoperative endophthalmitis was conducted between July 1979 and May 1981. Treatment consisted of topical, periocular, and systemic antibiotics, as well as the use of intraocular antibiotic injection in all cases. In addition, 22 cases had a diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy. The cases selected for vitrectomy included cases with worse presenting visual acuity, higher percentage of positive culture results, and more virulent organisms. Because of a poor clinical response to initial therapy, 13 cases had repeat intraocular cultures performed between 24 and 72 hours at the time of repeat intraocular antibiotic injection. All 13 repeat intraocular cultures were negative. Complications of the treatment included four retinal detachments (three in the vitrectomy group). In the culture-positive cases, a final visual acuity of 20/400 or better was achieved in 13 of 29 cases (45%), and complete loss of vision (NLP) resulted in 10 of the 29 cases (34%).
Partial trisomy 13 as a result of de novo (6p;13q) translocation

A newborn infant with the clinical features of the Patau syndrome was found to have excess chromosome 13 material present as a tandem translocation involving the short arm of chromosome 6 and the long arm of an extra chromosome 13: 46,XY,t(6;13)(p24;q12). The major part of the long arm of the extra chromosome 13 was attached linearly (tandem translocation) to the short arm of chromosome 6. Both parents were phenotypically and karyotypically normal.
Structural determination of Ni(110)-(2 × 1)2CO by LEED: Differentiation of substrate-C and C-O tilt angles

Abstract The structure of the Ni(110)-(2 × 1)2CO system, which has a (001) glide plane, has been determined by LEED intensity analysis. The characterization is unusual in that a large number of parameters are determined. The structure itself is unique among previously determined structures because it involves two different CO tilt angles. Two structural characterizations and five quantitative structural parameters have been determined. CO is molecularly bonded to the short bridge site with different metal-C and C-O tilt angles of 27° and 17°, respectively. The clean metal contraction is relaxed by the presence of the CO.
Design of peptidomimetic .delta. opioid receptor antagonists using the message-address concept

Highly selective nonpeptide ligands with potent delta opioid receptor antagonist activity have been developed using the message-address concept. This approach envisaged the delta opioid receptor to contain two major recognition subsites; a message subsite which recognizes the pharmacophore, and an address subsite that is unique for the delta receptor type and confers selectivity. The message and address components of the delta-selective enkephalins were postulated to be Tyr1 and Phe4, respectively, with Gly2-Gly3 functioning as a spacer. The message component of the target compounds in this study was derived from naltrexone and related structures. An indole system was fused to the C ring of naltrexone as a mimic of the address component. The benzene moiety of indole was viewed as the delta address component, mimicking the phenyl group of Phe4, and the pyrrole portion was used as a rigid spacer. Members of the series (1-23) were evaluated for opioid antagonist activity on the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) preparations. Naltrindole (NTI, 1) was the most potent member of the series, with Ke values of approximately 0.1 nM at delta receptors. The antagonism by NTI was approximately 220- and 350-fold greater at delta than at mu and kappa opioid receptors. The binding of NTI and selected members of the series to guinea pig brain membranes was qualitatively consistent with their pharmacologic antagonist activity profiles in the MVD and GPI, but the Ki values were not in the same rank order. The selectivity of NTI arises mainly as a consequence of increased affinity at delta receptors. Thus, the Ke and Ki values of NTI were 1/530 and 1/90 that of the delta antagonist enkephalin analogue, ICI 174864. In contrast to NTI, ICI174864 derives its selectivity through greatly decreased recognition at mu and kappa receptors. The implications of the high affinity and selectivity of NTI as a consequence of its conformational rigidity are discussed. It is suggested that any attempt to model a receptor-bound conformation of an opioid peptide should consider affinity and potency at multiple receptor sites rather than selectivity alone.
Spin dynamics for the one-dimensional XY model at infinite temperature

The infinite-temperature space- and time-dependent spin-correlation functions ${g}_{r}^{x}(t)$ are studied for the one-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ model. Numerical calculations are performed to obtain the exact autocorrelation function ${g}_{0}^{x}(t)$ for chains containing 5, 7, and 9 spins ($S=\frac{1}{2}$). This yields exact results for the first 16 moments of the frequency autocorrelation function of the infinite chain, and estimates for a few of the higher moments as well. The analysis suggests that ${g}_{0}^{x}(t)$ for the infinite chain is identical to $\frac{\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{J}^{2}{t}^{2})}{4}$. We show that ${g}_{r}^{x}(t)$ for $r\ensuremath{\ne}0$ vanishes identically for all values of time, implying a wave-vector-independent relaxation shape function. Our result for ${g}_{0}^{x}(t)$ is compared with that obtained by Huber for the classical ($S=\ensuremath{\infty}$) chain.
Characterization of Spring viremia of carp virus mRNA species and the 3′ sequence of the viral RNA

Abstract The base sequence at the 3' end of Spring viremia of carp virus RNA was determined by using a terminal label and chemical RNA sequencing procedures. By comparison with the 3' termini of VSV-Indiana and VSV-New Jersey viruses there is complete homology for the first 20 nucleotides but less homology thereafter. The 5' termini of SVCV mRNA species isolated from infected BHK-21 cells have a basic 5' terminal capped sequence of 7mGppp(m)A(m)p(m)A(m)pNp… i.e. similar to that of SVCV in vitro synthesized mRNA species as well as VSV in vitro and in vivo mRNA species. The coding capabilities of the individual SVCV mRNA species have also been analyzed; the NS mRNA species yielded two translation products, NS1 and NS2.
Elections and Decisions: Negotiation by School Budget Referendum

This paper describes and analyzes the ongoing process of interaction between proposed budget increases and the margin of voter support involved in annual school budget referenda. The referendum procedures in New York State are described, and proposed budgets and referendum outcomes in 49 districts over 10 years (1971-80) are analyzed. The findings indicate that voters influence subsequently proposed budgets through the referendum process. The analysis shows a positive association between voter support and subsequently proposed budget increases, and a negative association between proposed budget increases and the voter support that they receive. A simple formal model of the ongoing democratic process of budget setting and ratification is developed based on the "cobweb" models of economics. Each state in the United States sets its own mechanisms for determining the expenditure levels in its public schools (Hamilton and Cohen). Most states leave the level of school funding to be determined by town governments (e.g., Connecticut) or elected school boards (e.g., Pennsylvania) or by school budget referenda (e.g., New York). The frequency, comparability, and measurable outcomes of school budget referenda make them particularly appropriate for the study of referenda and voting processes in general. There are two basic theories that have been used to understand the referendum process. The "median *We thank Richard Silkman for his help in the original conceptualization of this project. We appreciate the background information provided by James Haag, James Vetro, Louis DiGiulio, and many others, and the useful comments on earlier drafts provided by Jill Suitor, Stephen Cole, John Logan, Bernard Grofman, and Howard Scarrow. We gratefully acknowledge partial support for this project from a University Award grant from the Research Foundation of the State University of New York. Address correspondence to Scott L. Feld, Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794. C 1984 The University of North Carolina Press
Ossification patterns of the tympanic facial canal in the human fetus and neonate

Dehiscences in the bony facial canal are comparatively common in the human adult. The highest incidence occurs in the tympanic segment of the facial nerve near the region of the oval window. Thirty-three fetal temporal bones, ranging from 16 to 40 weeks' gestation, and four from 1, 2, 4 and 12 weeks' postpartum neonates, were studied to evaluate the normal patterns of ossification of the fallopian canal of the tympanic facial nerve segment in the human. The tympanic facial nerve segment elongates three-fold during this period (from 1 mm to 3 mm). The ossification starts at 21 weeks' gestation anteriorly from apical otic ossification centers and at 26 weeks from canalicular ossification centers near the stapedius muscle. The ossification proceeds in an anterior-to-posterior direction as two periosteal shelves of bone surround the facial nerve. The superior periosteal bony ledge contributes 75% of the circumference of the fallopian canal. The anterior ossification center forms over 83% of the fallopian canal length. The two centers fuse post partum near the region of the oval window. The anatomic location of the facial nerve, nerve branching, and neural vasculature precede ossification. In 80% of the paired temporal bones, this ossification pattern appears to be symmetrical. The patterns and incidence of bony dehiscences within the tympanic fallopian canal segment can be explained by these observations. This study demonstrates that fallopian canal dehiscences are not congenital anomalies, but variations of normal developmental anatomic processes.
Black rural communities and the struggle for education during the age of booker T. Washington, 1877–1915

(1990). Black rural communities and the struggle for education during the age of booker T. Washington, 1877–1915. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 67, A Look at Rural Education in the United States, pp. 46-62.