cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matrix isolation investigation of the photochemical reaction of activator-substituted benzenes with CrCl2O2

Abstract The matrix isolation technique, combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, has been used to characterize the products of the photochemical reactions of aniline, anisole, and N , N -dimethylaniline with CrCl 2 O 2 . While initial twin jet deposition of the reagents did not lead to product formation, new bands were noted following irradiation with light of λ > 300 nm. In the reactions of CrCl 2 O 2 and aniline, irradiation led to HCl formation, very likely accompanied by CrClO 2 (H)NC 6 H 5 formation, and a mixture of isomers of CrCl 2 O-aminocyclohexa-2,4-dienone via oxygen atom transfer. CrCl 2 O 2 and aniline were also codeposited as cryogenic thin films, producing new bands. Irradiation of these films led to further growth of these bands. The same products were identified in the thin film studies as were observed in the argon matrix experiments. The irradiation of the matrices containing CrCl 2 O 2 and anisole and N , N -dimethylaniline were shown to lead to oxygen atom transfer, forming complexes between the corresponding cyclic ketone derivatives and CrCl 2 O. The identification of the complexes were supported by density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G++(d,2p) level and isotopic labeling (in the case of aniline).
Prognostic factors in decision-making in the clinical management of Hodgkin's disease.

At the beginning of this conference, Dr Ford asked whether or not Hodgkin's disease was a malignancy. Most physicians would agree that, regardless of whether this question can be answered on a molecular level, Hodgkin's disease certainly behaves like a malignancy, and clinically fits criteria necessary to call it one. It grows without control locally, comprising vital organs. It ‘metastasizes’, infiltrates organs, and causes organ dysfunction. Patients afflicted with the disease have a shortened life span without proper therapy, as demonstrated by DeVita in his original publication describing the benefits of MOPP chemotherapy (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) (DeVita et al., 1970). However, it can progress very slowly, with 50 per cent of untreated patients with stage III or IV disease dead at one year, but 10 to 15 per cent alive at five years. Therefore, in its clinical behaviour, Hodgkin's disease certainly qualifies as a malignant disorder, despite the fact that we do not have the molecular means of calling it one.
Radiographic Image Processing: Usefulness And Future Needs

Edward W. Webster, Ph.D.Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MassachusettsIntroductionThis essay is intended to con-vey some reactions to the question"Image enhancement in radiologicaldiagnosis - can it be effective ?"submitted to a panel at the SPIEmeeting in November 1973. The reac-tions of persons who are directlyinvolved in the mechanics of imageprocessing are colored by optimismfuelled by acceptance or pessimismfuelled by neglect. This observerrepresents the radiological userand therefore may command the ob-jective middle ground. Hopefullythe future will be directed totypes of enchancement for whichgreater rewards exist.The PastImage processing in radiodiag-nosis can take many forms and beaccomplished by several technicalmethods. Early papers on image pro-cessing by television and computermethods were appearing in the latenineteen fifties and early sixties.These early techniques were devotedto generalized image enhancement ac-complishing two main objectives
The expression of GLUT8, GLUT9a, and GLUT9b in the mouse testis and sperm.

The objective of this study is to confirm the precise glucose transporter (GLUT) 8 localization and determine the expression of GLUT9a and GLUT9b by Western blot and confocal and immunoelectron microscopy in the mouse testis and sperm. GLUT8, GLUT9a, and GLUT9b proteins are expressed in the most intraseminiferous tubula cells and Leydig cells. GLUT8 localizes in the midpiece and principal piece as well as in the acrosomal region of the sperm. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis shows that GLUT8 is strongly detectable at the acrosome and neck region of the sperm. In the midpiece, GLUT8 localizes at the outer dense fibers (odf) as well as at the circumference of the spiral mitochondria. In the principal piece, GLUT8 localizes at the odf. GLUT9a strictly localizes in the midpiece, but GLUT9b localizes in the acrosome, midpiece, and principal piece of the sperm. These results suggest that glucose uptake via GLUT8, GLUT9a, and GLUT9b likely affects normal spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, and sperm function in...
Responsible property investing: what the leaders are doing

Purpose – This paper seeks to help those making investment decisions on existing commercial real estate portfolios to understand how environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues impact the current value and prospective investment performance of the assets they own and manage.Design/methodology/approach – The issues and literature related to ESG issues in property investing are reviewed and examples of what industry leaders are doing to address these issues are collected and reported.Findings – Property investors can realize greater returns on their investments through considering and acting on a range of social and environmental issues. Lenders, owners, fund managers, asset and property managers, and developers can all incorporate RPI strategies into their own activities. RPI strategies can be categorized into ten elements covering environmental, social and community issues. There are two types of financially sound RPI strategies: no cost and value added approaches. More research needs to be carried...
Microwave biological effects: An overview

Although most investigators accept the fact that "high power density" of microwaves can result in pathophysiological manifestations of a thermal nature, some reports have suggested that "low power density" microwave (MW) energy can affect neural and immunologic function in animals and man. Most of these reports have emanated from the USSR and other Eastern European countries. Since most reported "low-level" effects relate to behavioral and central nervous system changes, studies are needed to determine the nature and mechanism(s) of the nervous system's reactions, if any, to electromagnetic fields and to investigate the degree to which the individual's performance capabilities may be affected. Because of their important integrative and regulatory functions, the neuroendocrine and central nervous system should receive attention as possible sensitive areas. Neurochemical assays and immunologic reactivity could indicate basic mechanisms of interaction. A critical review of studies into the biological effects of MW's indicates that many of the investigations suffer from inadequacies of either technical facilities and energy measurement skills or insufficient control of the biological specimens and the criteria for biological change. There is a great need for systematic and quantitative comparative investigations, using well-controlled experiments. This should be done by using sound biomedical and biophysical approaches at the various organizational levels from the whole animal to the subcellular level on an integrated basis, with full recognition of the multiple associated and interdependent variables. Above all there is a need for scientific competence and integrity. It is important to maintain a proper perspective and assess realistically the biomedical effects of microwave exposure, so that the worker or general public will not be unduly exposed nor will research, development and benficial utilization of this energy be hampered or unecessarily restricted.
The integration of students with mild academic handicaps in regular classrooms

One of the most important developments in special as well as regular education over the past fifteen years has been the movement toward integration of students with mild handicaps in regular classrooms. In the United States, the requirement that handicapped students be placed in the 'least restrictive environment' appropriate to their needs was established as part of Public Law 94-I42 in I975, and similar policies have been established in most Western European countries (Dab1 et al., I983; Hegarty et al., I98I; Labr6g~re, I984; National Swedish Board of Education, I98O; Schindele, I977). These policies generally go under the term 'mainstreaming' in North America and 'integration' elsewhere. Integration, or mainstreaming, usually refers to two related but distinct practices. One is the education of handicapped students in regular school buildings, with interaction between handicapped and non-handicapped students largely restricted to lunch, recess, physical education, and so on. This form of integration is now the typical placement for mentally retarded students in most parts of
Bitumen chemical changes during aquathermolytic treatments of Cold Lake tar sands

Abstract Cold Lake tar sand samples have been treated in the laboratory in neutral water and caustic brine at 250 ± 3 °C for up to 75 days to simulate the environment during the steam-displacement process used to recover heavy oil (bitumen) from subterranean reservoirs. Observed chemical changes in the isolated bitumen fractions include volatiles generation and asphaltene reduction, both of which affect the viscosity of the oil. Maximum volatiles levels, and minimum viscosities and asphaltene concentrations, were achieved in a 30 to 50 day time-frame. Longer term treatments showed a reversal of these changes. The generated volatiles from the 50 day treatments were isolated and determined to be mostly olefinic in nature. These olefins can then undergo proposed addition reactions that would be consistent with the changes observed for the properties of the whole bitumen.
Impact of Adolescent Age on Graft Survival in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Versus Myocarditis

Purpose Adolescents often fare poorly after heart transplantation (HT) compared to other age groups. However, it is unknown if the impact of age varies across diseases leading to HT. We tested the hypothesis that age-related HT outcomes are different in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) vs myocarditis. Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis of the United Network of Organ Sharing database was performed for patients with myocarditis (n=709) and CHD (n=1,631) undergoing HT from 1987-2011, to assess the effect of age on graft survival. Age was categorized as children (6-12 years), adolescents (13-18 years), younger adults (19-30 years), and older adults (31-50 years). Results Adolescents comprised 28% of CHD patients and 14% of myocarditis patients (p Conclusions Adolescents with myocarditis have significantly worse graft survival after HT, but adolescents with CHD have similar outcomes to other patients with CHD. Further study is needed to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Magnetic field dependence of the superconductor-normal-metal boundary resistance

The superconductor-normal-metal boundary resistance between ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.98}$${\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.02}$ and Cd was measured as a function of magnetic field. Using the theory of Hsiang and Clarke, we deduce the electron-phonon inelastic scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{E=0}({T}_{c})$ for quasiparticles on the Fermi surface and at ${T}_{c}$ to be (3.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ s in the absence of magnetic fields. When a magnetic field is applied in the plane of the junction, the boundary resistance at a fixed reduced temperature $\frac{T}{{T}_{c}(H)}$ was found to decrease with increasing field. This effect is ascribed to the pair breaking of the magnetic field in a type-II superconductor. Using a pair-breaking parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{\mathrm{DeH}}{c}$, where $D$ is the electronic diffusivity determined from resistivity measurement, and a charge relaxation time calculated by Schmid and Sch\"on, we quantitatively account for the magnetic field dependence of the boundary resistance.
The geography of salmonella

The global epidemiology of the most important Salmonella strains, i.e., S. paratyphi A and B, S. typhimurium, S. derby, S. paratyphoid C, S. cholerae-suis, S. thompson, S. montevideo, S. oranienberg, S. newport, S. enteritidis, S. dublin, S. panama and S. anatum was discussed with special regard to the clinical forms of salmonellosis and modes of propagation.
High-efficiency biolistic co-transformation and regeneration of 'Chardonnay' (Vitis vinifera L.) containing npt-II and antimicrobial peptide genes

A reliable and efficient system for transformation and regeneration of 'Chardonnay' (Vitis vinifera L.) plants via microprojectile bombardment was developed. Improvements over the previous biolistic transformation system included: (1) the use of gold particles for bombardment; (2) step-wise selection at 10 then 15 mg/l kanamycin; and (3) embryo induction at 27°C. Embryogenic cell cultures were either bombarded with pBI426, which contains the reporter gene gus (uidA) coding for β-glucuronidase (GUS), or were co-bombarded with pSAN237 carrying the npt-II (neomycin phosphotransferase II) selectable marker gene, and a second plasmid with an antimicrobial peptide gene. A large number of transient (7,883±1,928) and stable (46±32) blue spots per plate at 2 and 95 days after bombardment, respectively, were obtained according to GUS expression analyses. A total of 447 putative transgenic embryos was harvested from 84 bombarded plates. From these embryos, 242 (54%) were regenerated into plants within the first year of the experiment. Southern blot analyses confirmed integration of the transgenes into the grape genome. Co-transformation was tested with four separate antimicrobial constructs. The co-transformation frequency of unlinked genes was 48% as measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 56% as estimated by dot blot hybridization. Expression of the gus gene, and PCR and Southern blot analyses of npt-II and antimicrobial genes from regenerated plants document stable transformation of 'Chardonnay' and establish the parameters for highly-efficient biolistic transformation in V. vinifera.
The effect of keiretsu affiliation and resource dependencies on supplier firm performance in the Japanese automobile industry

Resource dependence theory was used to develop hypotheses on whether keiretsu affiliation, mutual dependence between the automaker core and supplier firms, and internationalization level of the affiliate firm have an effect on its performance. The hypotheses were tested on archival data from the entire population of 470 first-tier automobile components suppliers in Japan.
Identification of biodiversity conservation priorities using predictive modeling: an application for the equatorial pacific region of South America

We used predictive modeling of species distributions to identify conservation priority areas in the equatorial Pacific region of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Museum and herbarium data and predictive models of species distributions are increasingly being used to assess the conservation status of individual species. In this study, we assembled occurrence data for 28 species of vascular plants, birds, and mammals to assess the conservation priorities of the set of natural communities that they represent. Environmental variables were used to predict the species’ distributions using correlative modeling as an alternative to point data, which has been the traditional approach to identify critical areas. Specific priority sites for conservation were identified using an area-selection algorithm based on simulated annealing. Four scenarios of prioritization were created using different criteria for the spatial compactness of the selected sites and fragmentation of remnant habitat. The results provide a preliminary assessment of conservation priorities for the dry ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific region, and will serve as guidelines to focus future fieldwork.
Rabies Vaccine Prepared in Human Cell Cultures: Progress and Perspectives

Rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell strains is a replacement for the previously available vaccines that are prepared in animal tissues and are less immunogenic and more reactogenic. The human cel-grown vaccine made in the United States is a split-product vaccine, whereas the vaccines made in Europe are whole-virion vaccines. Both types of vaccine contain concentrated and inactivated "fixed" rabies virus. When used before exposure to rabies virus, the vaccine should be given intramuscularly in three 1-ml doses on days 0, 7, and 21. Immediately after exposure to rabies virus, a person should be given human rabies immune globulin (20 international units/kg). This treatment should be followed by five intramuscular doses of vaccine given on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. For maintenance of long-term immunity in persons continously exposed to the risk of rabies, booster doses of the vaccine should be given at two-year intervals.
Refractory duodenal ulcers (nonhealing duodenal ulcers with standard doses of antisecretory medication)

To evaluate possible differences between patients with refractory duodenal ulcers and those with duodenal ulcers that respond to standard doses of antisecretory medications, we determined basal acid outputs by nasogastric suction and daily smoking histories in 75 patients with endoscopically documented active duodenal ulcers. Patients were treated for at least eight weeks with standard doses of antisecretory medications and endoscopic healing or nonhealing was documented. Fifty-five patients that had complete healing of their duodenal ulcers had a mean basal acid output of 6.6±5.3 meqlhr, and 18/55 had daily cigarette smoking histories, whereas 20 patients that had nonhealing duodenal ulcers had a mean basal acid output of 20.0±9.6 meq/hr, and 8/20 had daily cigarette smoking histories. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to age, duodenal ulcer size, or cigarette smoking history. However, there were significant differences in male-female ratio (P <0.02) and in mean basal acid output (P < 0.001), and all patients with nonhealing duodenal ulcers had basal acid outputs of greater than 10.0 meqlhr. Patients with nonhealing duodenal ulcers were treated with increased doses of ranitidine, mean 675 mg/day (range 600–1200 mg/day), and all had complete healing endoscopically documented. These results indicate that patients treated with standard doses of antisecretory medications with nonhealing duodenal ulcers have increased basal acid outputs of greater than 10.0 meq/hr, and the duodenal ulcers heal with increased doses of antisecretory medication.
Minocycline Protection of Neomycin Induced Hearing Loss in Gerbils

This animal study was designed to determine if minocycline ameliorates cochlear damage is caused by intratympanic injection of the ototoxic aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin. Baseline auditory-evoked brainstem responses were measured in gerbils that received 40 mM intratympanic neomycin either with 0, 1.2, or 1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal minocycline. Four weeks later auditory-evoked brainstem responses were measured and compared to the baseline measurements. Minocycline treatments of 1.2 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg resulted in significantly lower threshold increases compared to 0 mg/kg, indicating protection of hearing loss between 6 kHz and 19 kHz. Cochleae were processed for histology and sectioned to allow quantification of the spiral ganglion neurons and histological evaluation of organ of Corti. Significant reduction of spiral ganglion neuron density was demonstrated in animals that did not receive minocycline, indicating that those receiving minocycline demonstrated enhanced survival of spiral ganglion neurons, enhanced survival of sensory hairs cells and spiral ganglion neurons, and reduced hearing threshold elevation correlates with minocycline treatment demonstrating that neomycin induced hearing loss can be reduced by the simultaneous application of minocycline.
Synergistic interactions between leaf beetle herbivory and fire enhance tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) mortality

The combined effects of herbivory and fire on plant mortality were investigated using prescribed burns of tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima Lebed) exposed to herbivory by the saltcedar leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Diorhabda carinulata Desbrocher). Tamarix stands in the Humboldt Sink (NV, USA) were divided into three treatments: summer burn (August 2006), fall burn (October 2006) and control (unburned), and litter depth was manipulated to vary fire intensity within burn seasons. A gradient of existing herbivory impact was described with three plant condition metrics prior to fire: reduced proportions of green canopy, percent root crown starch sampled at the height of the growing season (August 2006), and percent root crown starch measured during dormancy (December 2006). August root crown starch concentration and proportion green canopy were strongly correlated, although the proportion green canopy predicted mortality better than August root crown starch. December root crown starch concentration was more depleted in unburned trees and in trees burned during the summer than in fall burn trees. Mortality in summer burned trees was higher than fall burned trees due to higher fire intensity, but December root crown starch available for resprouting in the spring was also lower in summer burned trees. The greatest mortality was observed in trees with the lowest December root crown starch concentration which were exposed to high fire intensity. Disproportionate changes in the slope and curvature of prediction traces as fire intensity and December starch reach reciprocal maximum and minimum levels indicate that beetle herbivory and fire intensity are synergistic.
Public relations in Ghana: Work-related cultural values and public relations models

Abstract This study explores cultural influences on public relations practices in Ghana. This survey research brief reports data collected from Ghanaian public relations practitioners ( n = 64) and describes work-related cultural values as well as the practices of public relations models in Ghana. The result reveals that Ghanaian public professionals tend to utilize international public relations and two-way communication models. The study extends knowledge of international public relations in African cultures.
Toward a taxonomy of autonomic sleep patterns with electrodermal activity

This paper presents a first version of a taxonomy of automatic sleep patterns found with the Affectiva Q™ Sensor, a wireless, logging biosensor that measures skin conductance, skin temperature, and motion comfortably from the wrist. Several studies have examined electrodermal activity (EDA) during sleep, but they focused on an analysis of EDA for only a small number of nights. We quantitatively analyzed EDA during sleep in three study situations: (1) Comparing EDA with polysomnography (PSG) from seven subjects in a sleep lab, (2) Characterizing multiple nights of EDA in a sleep lab, in a hospital and at home from 24 subjects, and (3) Gathering long-term EDA (30–60 nights) patterns from three subjects during home sleep. After gathering this rich corpus of data, we characterized inter- and intra-individual differences of EDA features and the relation of EDA peaks to subjective sleep quality. Here we present results from the three studies in an effort to begin to characterize autonomic patterns found in natural sleep.
Examining the Streams of a Retention Policy To Understand the Politics of High-Stakes Reform

Using John Kingdon's (2003) multiple streams approach to agenda setting, I analyze how key actors within the state of Wisconsin understood the need to construct and implement the state's No Social Promotion statutes to improve students' academic performance. Policymakers within the state focused their standards-based reforms on the issue of improving students' academic performance through increasing accountability. In doing so, they did not see these high-stakes policies as a form of punishment for those who fail, but rather, as a tool to focus the education establishment on improving the academic skills and knowledge of all their students. Thus, the retained student is not the primary concern of the policymaker, but rather, the retained student demonstrates the state's system of accountability works. Raising the question as to whether those who support or oppose high-stakes policies such as these should focus their efforts on the agenda setting process rather than analyzing effects of such policies. I contend that while evaluating a policy's effects is important, education stakeholders must pay attention to all three streams of the agenda setting process as they promote particular reforms to improve students' academic performance.
Coenzymes as fossils of an earlier metabolic state

A metabolic system composed of nucleic acid enzymes is proposed to have existed prior to the evolution of ribosomal protein synthesis. Vestiges of these nucleic acid enzymes persist in contemporary coenzymes. This proposal rationalizes the fact that many coenzymes are nucleotides or heterocyclic bases which could be derived from nucleotides.
Cell mediated immunity against antigens common to human colonic carcinomas and fetal gut epithelium

Blood lymphocytes from human patients with adenocarcinomas of the colon inhibited colony formation of plated cells from colon carcinomas, but not of cells from normal adult colon mucosa, as compared to control lymphocytes from patients who did not have cancer or who had neoplasms other than colon carcinomas. Lymphocytes from patients with colon carcinomas also inhibited plated fetal gut and liver epithelial cells, while they did not inhibit fetal kidney cells. The data thus indicated that colon carcinomas, fetal gut and fetal liver cells have an antigen in common, absent from adult colon and fetal kidney, and that lymphocytes from patients with colonic carcinomas are immune to that antigen. IMMUNITE A MEDIATION CELLULAIRE ENVERS LES ANTIGBNES COMMUNS AUX CARCINOMES COLIQUES HUMATNS ET A L'EPITHELIUM INTESTINAL DE FœTUS Aprh comparaison avec des lymphocytes limoins provenant de sujets non cancireux ou atteints de nioplasmes autres que des carcinomes coliques, on a constate' que les lymphocytes du sang de malades atteints d'adinocarcinomes du colon inhibent la formation de colonies de cellules provenant de carcinomes coliques, mais n'ont pas d'effet sur les cellules de muqueuse colique normale de sujets adultes. Les lymphocytes de malades atteints de carcinomes coliques inhibent igalement les cellules ipithiliales du foie et de I'intestin du fetus, mais n'aflectent pus les celldes rinales du fretus. Ces donnkes indiquent done que les cellules hkpatiques et intestinales de fetus et les cellules de carcinome colique ont un antigdne commun qui n'apparait pas dans les reins du fetus ni dans le colon des adultes, et que Ies lymphocytes de sujets porteurs de carcinomes coliques sont immunisis contre cet antigkne.
A viscoplastic formulation with elasticity for transient metal forming

Abstract A formulation for elastic-viscoplastic flow is presented which retains the basic structure of viscoplastic formulations. The constitutive theory is based on a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic parts. The decomposition is cast in a rate form and the reference configuration for the decomposition is updated at each solution time to coincide with the intermediate configuration. Small elastic strains due to applied stresses are assumed. Volumetric strains due to thermal expansion are allowed to be finite. The inelastic behavior is described by a rate-dependent internal variable constitutive model. In the finite element formulation the elasticity is included in an integral sense over a time step by modifying the flow properties of the material to account for the change in the elastic strain over the step. The geometric update is made by a semi-implicit Euler integration of the velocity field so that the current geometry and state depend on the current solution for the velocity. Application to analytical and experimental benchmarks in metal forming indicate the accuracy and stability of the method.
The structural basis for recognition of base J containing DNA by a novel DNA binding domain in JBP1

The J-binding protein 1 (JBP1) is essential for biosynthesis and maintenance of DNA base-J (β-d-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil). Base-J and JBP1 are confined to some pathogenic protozoa and are absent from higher eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. We show that JBP1 recognizes J-containing DNA (J-DNA) through a 160-residue domain, DB-JBP1, with 10 000-fold preference over normal DNA. The crystal structure of DB-JBP1 revealed a helix-turn-helix variant fold, a 'helical bouquet' with a 'ribbon' helix encompassing the amino acids responsible for DNA binding. Mutation of a single residue (Asp525) in the ribbon helix abrogates specificity toward J-DNA. The same mutation renders JBP1 unable to rescue the targeted deletion of endogenous JBP1 genes in Leishmania and changes its distribution in the nucleus. Based on mutational analysis and hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass-spectrometry data, a model of JBP1 bound to J-DNA was constructed and validated by small-angle X-ray scattering data. Our results open new possibilities for targeted prevention of J-DNA recognition as a therapeutic intervention for parasitic diseases
All-fiber, versatile picosecond time-lens light source and its application to Cerenkov radiation generation in higher order mode fiber

We demonstrate an all-fiber, 2-ps, 1063-nm source using time-lens compression of a continuous-wave laser, with variable repetition rates, pulse sequence, and alternating pulse amplitude. We demonstrate Cerenkov radiation in a higher-order-mode fiber using the source.
Synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes by microwave chemical vapour deposition and investigation of their covalent bonding with antibodies for bioapplications

Synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes arrays and their covalent bonding with antibodies for potential antibody-antigen immunosensing are presented. Aligned carbon nanotubes were prepared by a template assisted microwave chemical vapour deposition. This method will produce less amorphous carbon due to the existing temperature gradient. The effect of catalysts for carbon nanotubes growth was studied. A post treatment process was developed to remove the amorphous carbon layer and partially etch the template so that nanotubes tips were exposed. After functionalisation of carbon nanotubes arrays, fluorescence-labelled IgG antibodies were attached to their surface by a two-step process of diimide-activated amidation. The covalent bonding between antibodies and carbon nanotubes arrays was evaluated by a fluorescent microscope. A stronger bonding was observed from functionalised carbon nanotubes than unfunctionalised ones. It is believed that both the alignment of carbon nanotubes and their covalent bonding with antibodies play important roles for immunosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity.
Hidden symmetries of energy-conserving differential equations

Hidden symmetries of second-order differential equations which are invariant under a one-parameter Lie point group and are of the energy-conserving form are analysed as an inverse problem for some particular cases. These hidden symmetries occur as additional one-parameter Lie point group symmetries in the reduced first-order differential equations
Linear-time Modeling of Program Working Set in Shared Cache

Many techniques characterize the program working set by the notion of the program footprint, which is the volume of data accessed in a time window. A complete characterization requires measuring data access in all O(n^2) windows in an n-element trace. Two recent techniques have significantly reduced the measurement time, but the cost is still too high for real-size workloads. Instead of measuring all footprint sizes, this paper presents a technique for measuring the average footprint size. By confining the analysis to the average rather than the full range, the problem can be solved accurately by a linear-time algorithm. The paper presents the algorithm and evaluates it using the complete suites of 26 SPEC2000 and 29 SPEC2006 benchmarks. The new algorithm is compared against the previously fastest algorithm in both the speed of the measurement and the accuracy of shared-cache performance prediction.
Conformational studies on aldonolactones by N.M.R. spectroscopy. Conformations of d-pentono-1,4-lactones in solution

Abstract The conformations of d -pentono-1,4-lactones in solution were studied by 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Conformational equilibria between the 3 E and E 3 forms were found to favor, strongly, that having the OH-2 group quasiequatorially oriented. The exocyclic, CH 2 OH groups in these lactones generally favor the gauche-gauche disposition around the C-4-C-5 bond, except for d -lyxono-1,4-lactone, which favors the trans-gauche arrangement.
Effectiveness of metyrapone in the treatment of acetaminophen toxicity in mice

Metyrapone tartrate, 400 mg/kg i.p. raised the LD50 for acetaminophen from 340 mg/kg i.p. to 540 mg/kg i.p. in fasting male Swiss white mice. The minimum protective dose of metyrapone was 200 mg/kg. Metyrapone was effective in preventing death when given up to 2 h after acetaminophen administration. The LD50 for metyrapone tartrate was 760 mg/kg i.p. Metyrapone decreased or prevented acetaminophen induced hepatic damage measured either by histology or plasma glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity. Metyrapone tartrate, 400 mg/kg i.p., inhibited the severe liver glutathione depletion seen with acetaminophen alone. It is proposed that metyrapone protects mice from acetaminophen induced liver toxicity and death by inhibiting the oxidation of acetaminophen to a toxic intermediate.
Semi-supervised Learning of Alternatively Spliced Exons Using Co-training

Alternative splicing is a phenomenon that gives rise to multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene. It is believed that a large number of genes undergoes alternative splicing. Predicting alternative splicing events is a problem of great interest, as it can help the understanding of transcript diversity. Supervised machine learning approaches can be used to predict alternative splicing events at genome level. However, supervised approaches require large amounts of labeled data to learn accurate classifiers. While large amounts of genomic data are produced by the new sequencing technologies, labeling these data can be costly and time consuming. Therefore, semi-supervised learning approaches that can make use of large amounts of unlabeled data, in addition to small amounts of labeled data are highly desirable. In this work, we study the usefulness of a semi-supervised learning approach, co-training, for classifying exons as alternatively spliced or constitutive. The co-training algorithm makes use of two views of the data to iteratively learn two classifiers that can inform each other, at each step, with their best predictions on the unlabeled data. We consider two sets of features for constructing views for the problem of predicting alternatively spliced exons: exonic splicing enhancers and intronic regulatory sequences. We use the Naive Bayes Multinomial algorithm as a base classifier in our study. Experimental results show that the usage of the unlabeled data can result in better classifiers as compared to those obtained from the small amount of labeled data alone.
The enrichment of trophoblast giant cells from mid-gestation bovine placentae using fluorescence-activated cell sorting

The objective of this work was to determine if fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to isolate trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) from bovine placentae. Cotyledons were harvested, minced and digested with dispase/pancreatin. Tissue homogenates were incubated with Vybrant Dye Cycle-Green. FACS was completed, and cells with DNA content 2- to 4-times greater than cells within the diploid peak contained between 65 and 84% TGCs. The relative abundance of CSH1 and PAG1 transcripts were greater (P < 0.05) in TGC-enriched fractions than cells within the diploid peak. These observations indicate that FACS can effectively enrich TGCs from bovine placentae.
Hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important etiologic agent of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the mechanism whereby HBV causes HCC is not fully understood, it is likely that there are many relevant molecular pathways that contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC. This review provides an overview of some of these proposed pathways and their relative importance. It also raises questions on basic and translational research that will signficantly contribute to the better understanding of underlying mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of this tumor type. J. Cell. Physiol. 181:188–202, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of tracer selection on protein synthesis rates at rest and postexercise in multiple human muscles

The goal of this investigation was to assess the influence of tracer selection on mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) at rest and postexercise during amino acid infusion in multiple human skeletal muscles. Fractional synthesis rate was measured before and 24 hours after 45 minutes of running using simultaneous infusion of [2H5]-phenylalanine (Phe) and [2H3]-leucine (Leu) coupled with muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis and soleus in aerobically trained men (n = 8; age, 26 ± 2 years). Mixed muscle protein FSR was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with a standard curve using the enriched muscle tissue fluid as the precursor pool. To control for potential analytical differences between tracers, all samples and standards for both tracers were matched for m + 0 abundance. Tracer selection did not influence resting FSR for the vastus lateralis or soleus (P > .05). Fractional synthesis rate measured 24 hours postexercise was higher (P < .05) compared with rate at rest and was similar between tracers for the vastus lateralis (Phe, 0.110% ± 0.010%·h−1; Leu, 0.109% ± 0.005%·h−1) and soleus (Phe, 0.123% ± 0.008%·h−1; Leu, 0.122% ± 0.005%·h−1). These data demonstrate that tracer selection does not influence the assessment of resting or postexercise FSR, thereby supporting the use of both [2H5]-phenylalanine and [2H3]-leucine for the measurement of FSR in exercise-based studies of human skeletal muscle.
An Examination Of Scaling Laws For C T 2 In The Layer Adjacent To Ocean Waves

AbstractStability and height variations for CT2 results observed in the surface layer aboveocean waves are compared with overland predictions. Evidence of the waves' influenceis shown.The ability to estimate optically relevant turbulent parameters such as CT2 frommeasured bulk and /or readily predicted meteorological parameters requires the formulationof empirical expressions relating production and dissipation of small scale fluctuationsto mean wind temperature and humidity distributions. Formulations exist for this fromoverland investigation n which scaling is performed on the basis of boundary fluxes,e.g., Wyngaard, et al.l) Such scaling laws require further examinations for the over -water regime due to possible influence by wave -related fluctuations and possible aero-dynamic smooth properties of the surface.An extensive shipboard observation investigation has been carried out to evaluate andformulate empirical expressions for the overwater regime and results from it will be pre-sented in this paper. Interpretation will be based on a large number of measurements madeunder a wide range of hydrostatic stability conditions.The shipboard instrumentat'op and multi -level sensor mounting arrangements have beendescribed by Davidson, et al.l2) and appear in Fig. 1. The measurements included both themean and fluctuating statistics of wind, temperature and humidity and were made duringextended experiments in Monterey Bay, California, and off the west coast. Also used tointerpret the shipboard results are previous results on the wave influence obtained overthe tropical Atlantic Ocean from a more stable platform (Ri )FLIP). Results from thelatter experiment (BOMEX) have been described by Davidson.
The human mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1 regulates chromosome-spindle attachments

Loss or gain of whole chromosomes, the form of chromosomal instability (CIN) most commonly associated with human cancers, is expected to arise from the failure to accurately segregate chromosomes in mitosis. The mitotic checkpoint is one pathway that prevents segregation errors by blocking the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes make proper attachments to the spindle. Another process that prevents errors is stabilization and destabilization of connections between chromosomes and spindle microtubules. An outstanding question is how these two pathways are coordinated to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. Here we show that in human cells depleted of BubR1 - a critical component of the mitotic checkpoint that can directly regulate the onset of anaphase - chromosomes do not form stable attachments to spindle microtubules. Attachments in these cells are restored by inhibition of Aurora kinase, which is known to stabilize kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Loss of BubR1 function thus perturbs regulation of attachments rather than the ability of kinetochores to bind to microtubules. Consistent with this finding, depletion of BubR1 increases phosphorylation of CENP-A, a kinetochore-specific Aurora kinase substrate. We propose that BubR1 links regulation of chromosome-spindle attachment to mitotic checkpoint signalling.
Modulating cardiac hypertrophy by manipulating myocardial lipid metabolism

The heart responds by hypertrophic growth to a variety of extrinsic stimuli, such as arterial hypertension and valvular heart disease, and to intrinsic contractile abnormalities resulting from sarcomeric gene mutations (reviewed in 1). Although it initially may serve to adapt the myocardium to increased wall tension, prolonged hypertrophy frequently results in myocyte disarray and apoptosis, as well as ventricular fibrosis, with resulting progression to heart failure and sudden death.2 A plethora of signaling cascades have been implicated in the activation of the hypertrophic gene program and cardiomyocyte growth.3 In contrast, relatively little is known about intrinsic mechanisms with the potential to inhibit or even reverse hypertrophy. The ability to harness such mechanisms offers promise in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the maladaptive consequences of hypertrophy. See p 1240 Fuel generation in the adult myocardium relies on the oxidation of long chain fatty acids by the mitochondria for production of ATP. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a suppression of fatty acid oxidation and metabolic reversion of the heart toward increased glucose utilization, which is characteristic of the fetal heart.4 This metabolic shift can be viewed as an adaptive response, because it decreases myocardial oxygen consumption per mole of ATP generated. It is unclear at present, however, which maladaptive sequelae might result from chronically impaired oxidation of fatty acids in the heart, such as increased lipid accumulation.5 The genes involved in fatty acid oxidation are primarily regulated by a family of transcription factors that are referred to as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The three …
The SNAG domain of Snail1 functions as a molecular hook for recruiting lysine‐specific demethylase 1

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a transdifferentiation programme. The mechanism underlying the epigenetic regulation of EMT remains unclear. In this study, we identified that Snail1 interacted with histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). We demonstrated that the SNAG domain of Snail1 and the amine oxidase domain of LSD1 were required for their mutual interaction. Interestingly, the sequence of the SNAG domain is similar to that of the histone H3 tail, and the interaction of Snail1 with LSD1 can be blocked by LSD1 enzymatic inhibitors and a histone H3 peptide. We found that the formation of a Snail1–LSD1–CoREST ternary complex was critical for the stability and function of these proteins. The co-expression of these molecules was found in cancer cell lines and breast tumour specimens. Furthermore, we showed that the SNAG domain of Snail1 was critical for recruiting LSD1 to its target gene promoters and resulted in suppression of cell migration and invasion. Our study suggests that the SNAG domain of Snail1 resembles a histone H3-like structure and functions as a molecular hook for recruiting LSD1 to repress gene expression in metastasis.
How Shall a Deceptive Thing Be Called

Thirty-six three-, four- and five-year-olds were asked to select labels for deceptive stimuli (e.g. for an eraser that looked like a pencil). Three types of labelling were investigated –simple (e.g. ‘is an eraser’); appearance-predicated (e.g. ‘looks like an eraser’); and reality-predicated (e.g. ‘is really and truly an eraser’). An age-related appearance-reality shift was observed in simple labelling (e.g. older children were more likely than younger ones to accept eraser and reject pencil as simple names for the pencil-eraser). This trend was robust over method and semantic domain, though weaker with object than with colour labels. As in previous research, older children were more likely than younger ones to map different appearance- than reality-predicated labels onto an item (e.g. to accept that the pencil-eraser looks like a pencil, but is really and truly an eraser); however, all age groups were reluctant to extend more than one name to a stimulus via a common predicate (e.g. to accept two reality-predicated labels for the same object). This one-label-per-predicate pattern was observed more frequently within reality than within appearance predicates; more frequently with colour than with object names, and with questions blocked by predicate than by name. It is argued that younger children maintained this pattern because of inflexible encoding, but that older ones did so because of better understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, greater reality dominance, and a Mutual Exclusivity bias.
Admission of high priority real-time calls in an ATM network via bandwidth reallocation and dynamic rerouting of active channels

A high-priority real-time connection is denied admission to an ATM network if insufficient bandwidth is available along all suitable paths through the network. Bandwidth reallocation and dynamic active channel rerouting are techniques that allow a node to select lower-priority channels and reallocate their bandwidth to the new higher-priority connection being admitted. The selected lower-priority channels must then be rerouted through the network so that their QoS requirements can still be satisfied. A local detouring technique, using backup channels, is employed so that reroutes can be handled quickly and efficiently, without violating the QoS requirements of the rerouted channels. Techniques are described which ensure that transmitted data is received on time and in sequence, which is essential for real-time communications. The SANRoP (Simulator for ATM Network Routing Protocols) cell-level discrete event simulator was developed to simulate these protocols in an ATM network in order to determine how well they perform.