cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of chemical cues for shell preference by the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis

A series of experiments tested shell recognition ability of the hermit crab Pagurus samuelis. When presented with a choice between its original shell and another matched gastropod shell not previously inhabited by a hermit crab, P. samuelis chose its original shell. However, when a crab was presented with a choice between its boiled original shell and a boiled shell without prior hermit crab inhabitants, or the boiled shell of another crab, it lost its preference for its original shell. These experiments indicate that preference for the original shell by the crab is dependent on chemical, but not visual cues, and that these chemical cues are eliminated by boiling. In addition, P. samuelis displayed the ability to detect its original shell versus the shell from a conspecific. Crabs preferred their original shells. No difference was found in tests where a crab was given a choice between the scent of itself without a shell, and the scent of another shell‐less crab. This indicates that the cue for original sh...
Hierarchical structure gradients developed in injection-molded PVDF and PVDF--PMMA blends. I. Optical and thermal analysis

The structural gradients developed along and across the flow direction of injection-molded PVDF and PVDF/PMMA parts were investigated by optical microscopy and thermal analysis techniques. The spatial variation of crystallinity across the thickness direction was found to be insensitive to the process variables: injection speed and mold temperature. This relatively flat crystallinity profile across the thickness of the parts was found to decrease with the increase of PMMA concentration. The blends become noncrystallizable beyond about 40–45% PMMA concentration. The influence of flow history on the structural evolution across the thickness was observed in the peak position of the cold crystallization region. This peak temperature showed a minimum at depths where shear effects are at their maximum. This was attributed to the increased levels of chain orientation frozen in the amorphous portions of these regions which crystallize at lower temperatures upon heating. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 909–926, 1998
The wisdom of Sir William Osler

William Osler (1849-1919) was generally regarded as the greatest and most respected physician of his time. He is still considered by many in these terms. Others have questioned the relevance of Osler's teachings in recent years. This paper describes Osler's life and gives his philosophy and views in his own words. An outstanding clinician who emphasized bedside teaching and observation, he possessed extraordinary charm that inspired many disciples. As Professor of Medicine at 4 institutions in 3 countries, he exerted a profound influence on medical education. He was a prolific writer and his textbook became the most popular and widely read treatise on medicine in the world. He also was a medical historian, a classical scholar, and an avid bibliophile. He emphasized the value of hard work and ongoing education. His comparison and concern for patients and colleagues reflected his personality. Osler's wisdom is as relevant now as in his era. It is likely that he would be in the forefront of medical science if he were alive today. Osler blended the art and science of medicine perhaps better than anyone else and remains a valuable role model for students and physicians more than 75 years after his death.
Performance measurement manipulation: cherry-picking what to correct

A common feature of managerial and financial reporting is an iterative process wherein various parties selectively correct particular measurements by challenging them and subjecting them to increased scrutiny. We model this feature by adding an agent appeal stage to the standard moral hazard model and show that it can be optimal to allow the agent to decide which performance measures to appeal, despite the agent’s incentive to cherry-pick. In the presence of measurement errors, the agent is incentivized by increased opportunities for cherry-picking that arise if he chooses the “right” vs. the “wrong” acts.
Critical Role of cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Expression in Hypoxia-elicited Induction of Epithelial Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Tissue hypoxia is intimately associated with a number of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine. In this study, we investigated the impact of hypoxia on the expression of a panel of inflammatory mediators by intestinal epithelia. Initial experiments revealed that epithelial (T84 cell) exposure to ambient hypoxia evoked a time-dependent induction of the proinflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (37 +/- 6.1-, 7 +/- 0.8-, and 9 +/- 0.9-fold increase over normoxia, respectively, each p < 0.01). Since the gene regulatory elements for each of these molecules contains an NF-kappaB binding domain, we investigated the influence of hypoxia on NF-kappaB activation. Cellular hypoxia induced a time-dependent increase in nuclear p65, suggesting a dominant role for NF-kappaB in hypoxia-elicited induction of proinflammatory gene products. Further work, however, revealed that hypoxia does not influence epithelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or MHC class I, the promoters of which also contain NF-kappaB binding domains, suggesting differential responses to hypoxia. Importantly, the genes for TNF-alpha, IL-8, and MHC class II, but not ICAM-1 or MHC class I, contain cyclic AMP response element (CRE) consensus motifs. Thus, we examined the role of cAMP in the hypoxia-elicited phenotype. Hypoxia diminished CRE binding protein (CREB) expression. In parallel, T84 cell cAMP was diminished by hypoxia (83 +/- 13.2% decrease, p < 0.001), and pharmacologic inhibition of protein kinase A induced TNF-alpha and protein release (9 +/- 3.9-fold increase). Addback of cAMP resulted in reversal of hypoxia-elicited TNF-alpha release (86 +/- 3.2% inhibition with 3 mM 8-bromo-cAMP). Furthermore, overexpression of CREB but not mutated CREB by retroviral-mediated gene transfer reversed hypoxia-elicited induction of TNF-alpha defining a causal relationship between hypoxia-elicited CREB reduction and TNF-alpha induction. Such data indicate a prominent role for CREB in the hypoxia-elicited epithelial phenotype and implicate intracellular cAMP as an important second messenger in differential induction of proinflammatory mediators.
Glutathione Synthesis in Streptococcus agalactiae ONE PROTEIN ACCOUNTS FOR γ-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE AND GLUTATHIONE SYNTHETASE ACTIVITIES

Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS), distinct enzymes that together account for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, have been isolated and characterized from several Gram-negative prokaryotes and from numerous eukaryotes including mammals, amphibians, plants, yeast, and protozoa. Glutathione synthesis is relatively uncommon among the Gram-positive bacteria, and, to date, neither the genes nor the proteins involved have been identified. In the present report, we show that crude extracts of Streptococcus agalactiae catalyze the gamma-GCS and GS reactions and can synthesize GSH from its constituent amino acids. The putative gene for S. agalactiae gamma-GCS was identified and cloned, and the corresponding protein was expressed and purified. Surprisingly, it was found that the isolated enzyme catalyzes both the ATP-dependent synthesis of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine from L-glutamate and L-cysteine and the ATP-dependent synthesis of GSH from L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine and glycine. This novel bifunctional enzyme, referred to as gamma-GCS-GS, has been characterized in terms of catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and inhibition by GSH, cystamine, and transition state analog sulfoximines. The N-terminal 518 amino acids of gamma-GCS-GS (total M(r) 85,000) show 32% identity and 43% similarity with E. coli gamma-GCS (M(r) 58,000), but the C-terminal putative GS domain (remaining 202 amino acids) of gamma-GCS-GS shows no significant homology with known GS sequences. The C terminus (360 amino acids) is, however, homologous to D-Ala, D-Ala ligase (24% identity; 38% similarity), an enzyme having the same protein fold as known GS proteins. These results are discussed in terms of the evolution of GSH synthesis and the possible occurrence of a similar bifunctional GSH synthesis enzyme in other bacterial species.
Parental Response to a Diagnosis of Diabetes: How Nurses Can Help

Being parents of a child who is newly diagnosed with a chronic illness like diabetes is a monumental transition in the lives of families. Parents must not only make the necessary adjustments to accommodate the medical management of diabetes, but they must also change their entire world view of their child and their family from that of a “normal” to a family with diabetes. Nurses can have a seminal role in shaping how a family views their new life with a child with diabetes and how they will cope and adjust to the challenges of day-to-day care.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Program (Abstract)

AbstractThe Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program's 13 year history of cosmetic ingredient safety review appears to have successfully accomplished its goal of reviewing in a scientific manner the safety of cosmetic chemical ingredients. The method of prioritization has allowed for the identification of the most frequently used and the most biologically active chemicals. To date, 310 cosmetic ingredients have been reviewed and 33 ingredients are under current review. Although CIR does not have a safety evaluation report available for every cosmetic ingredient in use, it has proved that CIR is a system of documentation, review, and analysis that can be used to address any safety problem that may exist with any cosmetic ingredient.
Tryptophan synthase from Nicotiana tabacum.

Abstract A study has been made of the properties of a tryptophan synthase ( l -serine hydro-lyase (adding indole), EC 4.2.1.20) obtained from cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin 38. The data presented show that the enzyme more closely resembles the two-component bacterial type of tryptophan synthase in contrast to the single-component fungal enzyme. 1. 1. Km values for the substrates indoleglycerol phosphate, indole, l -serine, and pyridoxal phosphate are 0.11 mM, 0.016 mM, 34.0 mM, and 1.3 μM, respectively. The pH optimum for Reaction 2 activity ( indole + l -serine → l -tryptophan ) of the enzyme is 8.2. 2. 2. The enzyme can be separated into two components by differential precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. Component B alone catalyzes the conversion of indole to tryptophan and this activity is not stimulated by the addition of Component A. The combination of Components A and B is necessary for the conversion of indoleglycerol phosphate to tryptophan. Component A is heat-labile with a sedimentation constant of 3.1 S. Component B is heat-stable with a sedimentation constant of 5.5 S. 3. 3. Mixed complementation experiments with the A and B subunits of Escherichia coli and N. tabacum tryptophan synthase, as well as antibody neutralization experiments, indicate that the B protein has undergone less change than the A protein throughout the course of evolution.
Alterations in the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular microenvironment due to estrogen deficiency

While reduced estrogen levels have been shown to increase bone turnover and induce bone loss, there has been little analysis of the effects of diminished estrogen levels on the lacunar-canalicular porosity that houses the osteocytes. Alterations in the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular microenvironment may affect the osteocyte's ability to sense and translate mechanical signals, possibly contributing to bone degradation during osteoporosis. To investigate whether reduced estrogen levels affect the osteocyte microenvironment, this study used high-resolution microscopy techniques to assess the lacunar-canalicular microstructure in the rat ovariectomy (OVX) model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Confocal microscopy analyses indicated that OVX rats had a larger effective lacunar-canalicular porosity surrounding osteocytes in both cortical and cancellous bone from the proximal tibial metaphysis, with little change in cortical bone from the diaphysis or cancellous bone from the epiphysis. The increase in the effective lacunar-canalicular porosity in the tibial metaphysis was not due to changes in osteocyte lacunar density, lacunar size, or the number of canaliculi per lacuna. Instead, the effective canalicular size measured using a small molecular weight tracer was larger in OVX rats compared to controls. Further analysis using scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the larger effective canalicular size in the estrogen-deficient state was due to nanostructural matrix-mineral level differences like loose collagen surrounding osteocyte canaliculi. These matrix-mineral differences were also found in osteocyte lacunae in OVX, but the small surface changes did not significantly increase the effective lacunar size. The alterations in the lacunar-canalicular surface mineral or matrix environment appear to make OVX bone tissue more permeable to small molecules, potentially altering interstitial fluid flow around osteocytes during mechanical loading.
Pairwise additivity of energy components in protein-ligand binding: the HIV II protease-Indinavir case.

An energy expansion (binding energy decomposition into n-body interaction terms for n ≥ 2) to express the receptor-ligand binding energy for the fragmented HIV II protease-Indinavir system is described to address the role of cooperativity in ligand binding. The outcome of this energy expansion is compared to the total receptor-ligand binding energy at the Hartree-Fock, density functional theory, and semiempirical levels of theory. We find that the sum of the pairwise interaction energies approximates the total binding energy to ∼82% for HF and to >95% for both the M06-L density functional and PM6-DH2 semiempirical method. The contribution of the three-body interactions amounts to 18.7%, 3.8%, and 1.4% for HF, M06-L, and PM6-DH2, respectively. We find that the expansion can be safely truncated after n = 3. That is, the contribution of the interactions involving more than three parties to the total binding energy of Indinavir to the HIV II protease receptor is negligible. Overall, we find that the two-body terms represent a good approximation to the total binding energy of the system, which points to pairwise additivity in the present case. This basic principle of pairwise additivity is utilized in fragment-based drug design approaches and our results support its continued use. The present results can also aid in the validation of non-bonded terms contained within common force fields and in the correction of systematic errors in physics-based score functions.
Imaging differentiation of pathologic fractures caused by primary and secondary bone tumors

Abstract Objective To describe pre-treatment imaging features of pathologic fractures caused by primary bone tumors (PBTs) and metastatic bone tumors (MBTs) and determine if radiographic or cross-sectional features can differentiate the underlying pathologies associated with the fractures. Methods Sixty-nine patients with a diagnosis of a pathologic fracture were enrolled. Biopsy established PBT as the cause of the pathologic fracture in 16 (23%) cases and MBT in 53 (77%) cases. The radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the subjects were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of multiple imaging features. Results Compared to pathologic fractures caused by MBTs, the fractures caused by PBTs demonstrated a higher incidence of lytic bone cortex, mineralization and a soft-tissue mass on radiographs, mineralization and a soft-tissue mass on CT scans, and periosteal abnormality on MRI scans ( P Conclusion Pathologic fractures caused by PBT and MBT may be differentiated by a few specific radiographic and CT imaging features, though MRI was poor for characterization of the underlying lesion. Such knowledge may assist radiologists in raising the possibility of a PBT as the cause of a pathologic fracture.
Strain induced half-metal to semiconductor transition in GdN

We investigate the electronic structure and magnetic properties of GdN as a function of unit cell volume. Based on the first-principles calculations of GdN, we observe that there is a transformation in the conduction properties associated with the volume increase: first from half-metallic to semimetallic, then ultimately to semiconducting. We show that applying stress can alter the carrier concentration as well as mobility of the holes and electrons in the majority spin channel. In addition, we found that the exchange parameters depend strongly on lattice constant, thus the Curie temperature of this system can be enhanced by applying stress or doping impurities.
Limitations of difficult airway prediction in patients intubated in the emergency department.

Study objective Physiognomic assessment of difficult laryngoscopy before rapid sequence intubation has been advocated for all emergency department (ED) intubations. The study objectives were to evaluate whether Mallampati scores, thyromental distance, and neck mobility could have been assessed in non–cardiac arrest ED-intubated patients and determine whether such tests would have been feasible in our rapid sequence intubation–associated laryngoscopy failures. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 37 months of ED intubations using prospectively collected data from electronic medical records, critical care flow sheets, and a trauma registry. All non–cardiac arrest ED-intubated patients were included for analysis. Mallampati scoring was deemed unobtainable if patients could not follow simple commands. Neck mobility and thyromental measurement were deemed unobtainable with cervical spine precautions. Results Eight hundred fifty intubations met the inclusion criteria, and 838 patients underwent rapid sequence intubation. Laryngoscopy failed in 3 patients who underwent rapid sequence intubation. Eight patients had awake nasal intubation, and 4 oral intubations were done without rapid sequence intubation. Four hundred fifty-two (53%) patients could not follow simple commands, and cervical spine immobilization was present in 370 (44%) patients. Only 32% of patients could follow simple commands and were not cervical spine immobilized. Among the 3 rapid sequence intubation laryngoscopy failures, no patients were following commands. Conclusion Mallampati scoring, neck mobility testing, and measurement of thyromental distance could have been done in only one third of our non–cardiac arrest ED intubations and in none of the rapid sequence intubation failures. The inability to widely obtain these assessment tools, coupled with the low incidence of failed rapid sequence intubation, indicates limitations to using these screening tests in the ED setting.
psbA Mutation (valine219 to isoleucine) in Poa annua resistant to metribuzin and diuron

The herbicide-binding region of the chloroplast psbA gene from a total of 20 biotypes of Poa annua L resistant and susceptible to metribuzin and diuron was selectively amplified using PCR. Sequence analysis of the fragment from six herbicide-resistant biotypes of P annua exhibited a substitution from valine to isoleucine at position 219 of the D1 protein encoded by the psbA gene. This is the same mutation as reported for Chlamydomonas and Synechococcus through site-directed mutagenesis and in cell cultures of Chenopodium rubrum L. To our knowledge this is the first report of a higher plant exhibiting resistance in the field to photosystem II inhibitors due to a psbA mutation other than at position 264. The existence of additional biotypes of P annua resistant to diuron or metribuzin but lacking mutation in the herbicide-binding region indicates that resistance to these herbicides can also be attained by other mechanisms. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Circulatory changes accompanying hypnotic imagination of hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia in causalgic limbs.

1. Five patients with severe intermittent limb causalgia, who were able to imagine strong hyper- and hypoalgesia in the causalgic limb during relaxation under hypnosis, were investigated. 2. The arterial blood pressure, the heart rate, and the blood flows (venous occlusion plethysmography) in both forearms and hands, or in both calves and feet were recorded during a fixed pattern of 6 successive periods: 1. resting (alert), 2. muscular and mental relaxation, 3. hypnotic imagination of intense hyperalgesia in the causalgic limb, 4. hypnotic imagination of intense hypoalgesia in the causalgic limb, 5. control relaxation, 6. control resting. 3. During the initial, prehypnotic relaxation period a slight decrease of all blood flow values, especially those in hands or feet, occurred. During the second, post-hypnotic control relaxation period, the blood flows in both hands or feet showed a marked increase but the other values returned to normal. Hands or feet blood flows also returned to normal during the following control resting period. 4. The most definite, and reproduceable, circulatory changes were regularly seen during hypnotic imagination of intense hyperalgesia in a causalgic limb. The arterial blood pressure, the heart rate, and the blood flows in both forearms or calves increased while the blood flows in hands or feet decreased. These blood flow changes were more pronounced in forearm or calf of the causalgic extremity than in the corresponding part of the non-causalgic extremity. 5. It is concluded that hypnotic imagination of intense hyperalgesia in a causalgic extremity was accompanied by definite cardiovascular changes, especially in the limbs. The blood flow changes in forearms and calves were probably mainly in muscle while those in hands and feet were probably mainly in skin; vasomotor reactions seemed to be partly responsible. The results agree with, and extend, previous findings.
Glucosides of ionone-related compounds in several nicotiana species

Abstract The β-glucosides of 3-oxo-α-ionol and 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3-hydroxy-β-ionol were isolated from fresh leaves of Nicotiana rustica. Two or more of the glucosides of 3-oxo-α-ionol, 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-3-hydroxy-β-ionol, 3-hydroxy-β-damascone, blumenol A, 4-(3-hydroxybutylidene)-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenl-one and blumenol C were shown to be present and the amounts measured in N. alata, N. repanda, N. rustica, N. undulata, N. accuminata, N. sylvestris and N. tabacum. No glucosides were detected in N. paniculata.
Parallel computation in atmospheric chemical modeling

The porting of atmospheric chemical dynamic models to massively parallel computers presents interesting computational challenges. Strategies for the parallelization of the transport and chemistry operators of atmospheric models are outlined. The use of parallel buffers to perform input/output operations is described. Results are given for implementation of the CIT urban air pollution model on distributed memory multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) machines ranging from a cluster of workstations to a 512 node Intel Paragon. A speed-up factor of 94.9 is achieved when the I/O, transport, and chemistry portions of the model are performed in parallel using 256 nodes of the Intel Paragon.
Measurement of constructs using self-report and behavioral lab tasks: Is there overlap in nomothetic span and construct representation for impulsivity?

There has been little empirical evidence examining the overlap in nomothetic span for self-report measures and construct representation for behavioral lab tasks in most psychological constructs. Using the personality trait of impulsivity as an example, the authors completed a meta-analysis of 27 published research studies examining the relationship between these methods. In general, although there is a statistically significant relationship between multidimensional self-report and lab task impulsivity (r = 0.097), practically, the relationship is small. Examining relationships among unidimensional impulsivity self-report and lab task conceptualizations indicated very little overlap in self-report and behavioral lab task constructs. Significant relationships were found between lack of perseverance and prepotent response inhibition (r = 0.099); between lack of planning and prepotent response inhibition (r = 0.106), delay response (r = 0.134), and distortions in elapsed time (r = 0.104); between negative urgency and prepotent response inhibition (r = 0.106); and between sensation seeking and delay response (r = 0.131). Researchers should take care to specify which particular unidimensional constructs are operationalized with not only impulsivity, but with all traits. If self-report and lab task conceptualizations measure disparate aspects of impulsivity, we, as a field, should not expect large conceptual overlap between these methods.
Factors driving deforestation in common-pool resources in northern Mexico

The theory of collective action has been extensively used to explain the relationship between common-based property regimes and the conservation of natural resources. However, there are two key components of the theory that literature reports as puzzles in which no consensus exists about their effect on the performance of common-pool resources. These are group size and heterogeneity. This study analyzes the effects of these two key components on the effectiveness of community-based forestry, called ejidos, to protect their forest resources in northern Mexico. We used a multinomial logit model to determine the contribution of 16 explanatory variables to the dependent variable, a measure of success of ejidos defined by the presence of deforested, degraded, or forested conditions. The results show that corn yield, marginality, percent of forest area, total population, a forest value index, distance to markets, roads and towns, were all statistically significant in driving deforested conditions. Deforestation becomes more attractive for poor communities and as corn yield and distance to towns, roads, and markets decrease. In general, group size and heterogeneity had no significant effects on the presence of deforested conditions. Deforestation is driven by resource-specific characteristics, such as location and soil productivity, not by ejidos' attributes, such as total area or number of members. We argue that current institutional policies focusing on the structure of property right arrangements should be shifted (1) to provide better technology for land cultivation; (2) to reduce the marginality problem in poor communities; and (3) to strengthen local institutions.
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY EFFECTS OF LIPOXYGENASE PRODUCTS AND INHIBITORS ON SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE-1

Recently, it has been shown that lipoxygenase (LO) products affect the substrate specificity of human 15-LO. In the current paper, we demonstrate that soybean LO-1 (sLO-1) is not affected by its own products, however, inhibitors which bind the allosteric site, oleyl sulfate (OS) and palmitoleyl sulfate (PS), not only lower catalytic activity, but also change the substrate specificity, by increasing the arachidonic acid (AA)/linoleic acid (LA) ratio to 4.8 and 4.0, respectively. The fact that LO inhibitors can lower activity and also change the LO product ratio is a new concept in lipoxygenase inhibition, where the goal is to not only reduce the catalytic activity but also alter substrate selectivity towards a physiologically beneficial product.
Some Aspects of the Development of Seurat's Style

The painting of Georges Seurat has suffered many critical vicissitudes. Since that day when Puvis passed the Cirque by, to its author's great disappointment, Seurat's art has been much analyzed. Originally viewed as a sort of belated and more orderly impressionist, Seurat was somewhat later valued for qualities of spatial organization and of composition that appeared to be very far from the earlier impressionist standard by which his painting had been judged. From the very start his name has been identified with the Grande-Jatte (Fig. 1), and with rare exceptions this canvas, undoubtedly his greatest, has been taken as a kind of criterion of what Seurat's art was striving for, and his other paintings judged in its light. This point of view does just honor to the Grande-Jatte, but it ignores two essential facts: first that the Grande-Jatte is, within the decade of Seurat's activity, an “early” canvas which, to conclude from his later evolution, did not necessarily represent the highest level of achievement...
Problematic Internet use or Internet addiction

The aim of this paper is to review the gradually evolving body of the literature on Internet addiction. Two schools of thought have emerged: those authors who believe that Internet addiction merits classification as a new or emerging psychiatric disorder in its own right, and those who define certain individuals as having problematic Internet use in relation to specific online activities, such as gambling, email or pornography. Despite a total lack of methodologically sound research, the evidence appears to support the second perspective. It appears that individuals who are premorbidly vulnerable, especially with a history of impulse control and addictive disorders, are especially at risk of using the Internet in a problematic way. Aside from the personal and social implications of this finding, this behavior has important implications for the workplace and may be resulting in substantial loss of productivity in companies who are not implementing Internet governance policies.
Terse literatures: I. Terse conclusions

Terse Conclusion: Prompt literatures of organized terse conclusions may increase ability to keep up in a subject, reduce need for translation, and make information available promptly.
Diffusion theory of the positive column with two-stage ionization and collisional deexcitation

The diffusion theory of the low pressure positive column is extended to account for collisional deexcitation as well as for two-stage ionization by electron impact. This extension results in the equationn″(ξ)+n′(ξ)/ξ+n(ξ)+vn2(ξ)[1+μn(ξ)]-1=0, which is solved numerically for the value ofξ1 which satisfies the boundary conditionn(ξ1)=0 for different values of the parametersν andμ.
Ion‐exchange chromatography of the streptomycin complex

Various studies have revealed the presence of several maltolproducing compounds in streptomycin preparations. These previous studies have utilized the techniques of counter-current distribution, column chromatography, paper chromatography, and electrophoresis. A system of cation-exchange chromatography has been reported which separates, at least partially, six components of the streptomycin complex. This technique involves the use of a gradient elution procedure. In addition to five maltol-producing compounds, another member of the complex is reported. The possible significance of such a compound is discussed.
The occurrence of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in 2,478 dental patients.

Abstract The etiology and classification of palatine and mandibular tori are discussed. The data collected from 2,478 consecutive dental patients seeking routine dental treatment revealed the following: 1. 1. Palatine tori occurred in 20.9 per cent of the total group. 2. 2. Sex distribution for torus palatinus revealed a significant difference in percentage (males, 14.7 per cent, females, 26.7 per cent), with approximately a 2 to 1 ratio favoring the female. 3. 3. Race distribution of palatine tori shows an insignificant difference between white and non-white (95 per cent Negro) elements in this study, although comparison with other studies of racial groups is suggestive. 4. 4. Age distribution of palatine tori suggests a “leveling off” phenomenon after the third decade of life, with the subsequent decades showing no significant difference in percentage of occurrence. This would tend to indicate that palatine tori usually have their onset by approximately 30 years of age. 5. 5. Flat tori (49 per cent) and spindle-shaped tori (35 per cent) occurred most frequently as opposed to lobular (7.9 per cent) and nodular (6.5 per cent) types. 6. 6. Mandibular tori were observed in 7.75 per cent of the total group. 7. 7. Sex distribution and race distribution revealed no significant difference in this group. 8. 8. Age distribution shows a “leveling off” phenomenon manifests itself after the third decade of life group, with subsequent decades showing no significant difference in percentage of occurrence. This indicates that mandibular tori usually have their onset by approximately 30 years of age. 9. 9. Bilateral mandibular tori (single bilateral, 63 per cent; multiple bilateral, 17 per cent) collectively occurred more frequently than unilateral tori (single unilateral, 14 per cent; multiple unilateral, 0.12 per cent). 10. 10. Seventy-five subjects of the total sample (3.03 per cent) possessed both palatine and mandibular tori. The data for both palatine and mandibular tori, when compared with that of other investigators, show that palatine and mandibular tori occur with greater frequency in the Mongoloid race as compared to the Caucasian and Negroid groups.
CO chemisorption over MnOx-modified Ni(111): Importance of perimeter sites in strong metal-support interaction

Abstract CO chemisorption on both clean Ni(111) and MnO x ( x is between 0.2 and 0.5)-modified Ni(111) surfaces at 200 °K have been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The MnO x Ni specimen was prepared by evaporating MnO 2 powder to the Ni surface and then reducing the specimen at 700 °K. TDS results showed that the presence of surface MnO x species suppresses CO chemisorption and that the suppression is almost a linear function of the MnO x coverage. The most prominent CO desorption peak on Ni occurs at 415 °K. This peak intensity decreased with increasing MnO x coverage, indicating a site-blocking effect. An additional CO desorption peak at 305 °K was found on the MnO x -modified Ni surface. This 305 °K peak intensity attains a maximum at some intermediate MnO x coverage. HREELS showed a new C-O stretching frequency of 1620 cm −1 for CO adsorbed on the MnO x Ni surface. The disappearance of this 1620-cm −1 energy loss peak upon heating the surface to 325 °K suggests that both the 305 °K TDS peak and the 1620-cm −1 energy loss peak represent the same adsorbed CO state, which is attributed to CO adsorbed on MnO x Ni perimeter sites. Surface morphology of the oxide islands and significance of the perimeter sites are discussed along with experimental results.
Becoming Party Politicians: East German State Legislatures and the Decade Following Democratization

Becoming Party Politicians: East German State Legislatures and the Decade Following Democratization. By Louise Davidson-Schmich. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. 232p. $27.50. The democratic transitions in Eastern Europe have inspired a host of research that utilizes these changes as a laboratory for examining the enduring question of how democracies can become or remain stable. In Becoming Party Politicians, Louise Davidson-Schmich provides a unique contribution to this work by examining the behavior of East German state legislatures since unification. Davidson-Schmich uses the unusual case of East Germany much to her advantage. Robert Rohrschneider and others have used the division of Germany after World War II as a means of examining how mass and elite public opinion was influenced by the experience of communism, but Davidson-Schmich wishes to know how legislators' political behavior is constrained when democratic institutions—specifically political parties—act at odds with their socialized opinions and preferences.
CAD inspired hierarchical partition of unity constructions for NURBS‐based, meshless design, analysis and optimization

In this paper we develop a unified representational paradigm for design and analysis that is inspired by the set theoretic Boolean operations of the constructive solid geometry (CSG) procedure of computer-aided design (CAD). We develop the notion of a primitive design state (corresponding to a CSG primitive region), which is characterized by a description of the geometrical shape of the primitive and by a description of the material distribution within the primitive. We analogously define a primitive behaviour state that is associated with a primitive design state and that is determined through a global analysis problem. We define a global multi-level design problem to determine the primitive design states. We define Boolean operations on the fields belonging to primitive design and behaviour spaces and show that the compositions of these fields amount to a hierarchical partition of unity construction. We propose to use non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) to discretize the geometry, material, and behavioural fields (local approximations) defined on the primitive regions. We show that this leads to recursive partition of unity constructions on the knot spaces (sub-local approximations) due to the partition of unity property of NURBS basis functions. Since the primitive shapes are parametrically defined using NURBS, the numerical quadrature is carried out on the parametric sub-regions of the NURBS entities. This eliminates the need for either a background mesh or a pseudo-mesh for quadrature. The developed methodology is implemented in a symbolic, meshless computational framework written using the java language (jNURBS) and was demonstrated on two classes of problems. The first class is the simultaneous optimal design of shape and multi-material distributions. The procedure is argued as being a generalization of classical topology optimization to designing objects made of functionally graded materials with pre-defined geometrical constraints, such as holes or fixed boundary shape. The second class of problems demonstrated in the paper is optimal design to mitigate the effects of cracks. Here, we identify the optimal locations of holes introduced to reduce the stress intensity factor of an edge crack. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Compact, Self-Contained Cough Monitoring System

A self-contained cough monitoring system is a device that allows remote and quantitative cough measurements in patients. The device is being developed to achieve two goals: convenience and security. This paper focuses on the features of the cough monitor hardware and development of the microcontroller firmware, and directions for future research.
Food, agricultural and marine biotechnology in Chile

Economic segments with highest growth rates in Chile are those based on renewable resources like agriculture (fruits and vegetables), marine and forest products. Opportunities for biotechnology are based on a sound scientific base at universities, adequate funding and incipient industry-academia relationships. However, there is an urgent need to develop the engineering capabilities required to scale-up processes and to design, build and operate industrial biotechnology plants.
Phonon anomalies in α-uranium

Abstract The temperature dependence of the phonon spectra of α -uranium has recently been measured by inelastic neutron scattering and inelastic X-ray scattering. Although there is little evidence of any anharmonicity, the phonon shows some softening in the optic modes at the zone boundary. Furthermore, an extra mode forms at high temperatures, which is incompatible with a structure composed of a monoclinic Bravais lattice with a two-atom basis. We investigate the effect that the f electron–phonon interaction has on the phonon spectrum and its role on the possible formation of a breathing mode.
Today's State of Exception: Abu-Jamal, Agamben, JanMofiamed, and the Democratic State of Emergency

AbstractThis essay engages the political philosophy of Giorgio Agamben and the literary criticism of Abdul R. JanMohammed in critically exploring the contours of the present arrangement of democratic politics in the United States. Giorgio Agamben's exception theory of sovereignty and bare life are deployed in order to grasp the political meaning of surprisingly unprecedented and exceptional recent court rulings in the case of Mumia Abu-Jamal, who has been on Pennsylvania's death row since 1982. Abu-Jamal's experience of exceptional rulings also requires a critical elaboration of the racialized nature of American democracy. Thus, Agamben's theory finds a critical complement with the work of literary theorist Abdul R. JanMohammed, particularly JanMohammed's formulations of "social death" and the "dialectics of death" for "death-bound-subjects." The theories of Agamben and JanMohammed make clear the nature of Abu-Jamal's political struggle and the state of democratic politics that so often transforms the exc...
Textural Development of AA 5754 Sheet Deformed under In-Plane Biaxial Tension

Crystallographic texture evolution was quantified as a function of biaxial strain level and strain path for AA5754-O sheet metal in an effort to provide a physical description of grain rotation resulting from in-plane stretching. Samples were incrementally deformed to near-failure in three strain states (equibiaxial, plane strain, and uniaxial modes) with the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD) of the sheet parallel to the major stress axis for the latter two cases. The macrotextures were measured using X-ray diffraction techniques. Results showed that for a given strain path similar deformation textures developed in the two material sets (RD- and TD-oriented samples), though the evolution of the deformed texture was not homogeneous over the entire strain range. These variations in orientation intensities were related to the feeder components found in the initial texture and the availability of these components to rotate toward the more stable orientations under the particular mode of deformation. The nonuniform texture development of the sheet along different directions appears to contribute to the anisotropic mechanical response of the sheet during stretching as measured in the evolving multiaxial flow surfaces.
LANL MTI calibration team experience

The Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) was designed as an imaging radiometer with absolute calibration requirements established by Department of Energy (DOE) mission goals. Particular emphasis was given to water surface temperature retrieval using two mid wave and three long wave infrared spectral bands, the fundamental requirement was a surface temperature determination of 1K at the 68% confidence level. For the ten solar reflective bands a one-sigma radiometric performance goal of 3% was established. In order to address these technical challenges a calibration facility was constructed containing newly designed sources that were calibrated at NIST. Additionally, the design of the payload and its onboard calibration system supported post launch maintenance and update of the ground calibration. The on-orbit calibration philosophy also included vicarious techniques using ocean buoys, playas and other instrumented sites; these became increasingly important subsequent to an electrical failure which disabled the onboard calibration system. This paper offers various relevant lessons learned in the eight-year process of reducing to practice the calibration capability required by the scientific mission. The discussion presented will include observations pertinent to operational and procedural issues as well as hardware experiences; the validity of some of the initial assumptions will also be explored.
Discovering corporate consciousness

This paper attempts to first define the concept of corporate consciousness and to locate it within a nomological net of related concepts. It is found that corporate consciousness may be an identifiable concept, but its differentiation from such related constructs as corporate social responsibility is unclear. Second, some methodological issues related to the study of corporate consciousness are discussed such as level of analysis, measurement, and discriminant validity. Third, to help researchers decide if corporate consciousness should be studied, a general set of criteria for selecting research topics is presented, and corporate consciousness is evaluated briefly within that context.
Effect of Milk Market Pricing on Profitability of Holstein Sire Selection and Cost of Selection Error

Abstract Effects of state milk prices on profitability of sire selection and on the cost of ignoring this information were examined. Net present values of semen were calculated for 393 Holstein sires with available semen after January 1987 USDA sire summary according to a 1:0 milk to type selection policy, 50% conception rate, one generation of descendants in the financial planning horizon, and with a 3% real interest rate. Predicted Differences for dollars and net present values were calculated for sires by region according to appropriate milk price. Regional milk prices were determined as the average of monthly prices for 3.5% milk fat milk for the period December 1985 through November 1986 assuming a price of $3.6O8/kg of milk fat. Milk price was not adjusted for hauling or federal withholding. Sire rankings for both indexes were only affected for states receiving high milk prices. Net present values were calculated for the top 5% of sires selected on PD for dollars. When this group was compared against the top 5% of sires selected on net present value, there was an average opportunity cost of $120 or more across five state milk marketing programs. Using state milk pricing information in the calculation of net present value sire calculations increases producer profitability.
Effects of the abdominal belt on muscle-generated spinal stability and L4/L5 joint compression force.

The goals of this study were (1) to determine the effects of abdominal belts on muscle-generated active lumbar spine stability, (2) to determine their effect on the subsequent joint compression force at L4/L5 and (3) to determine whether the effective stability of the spine could be predicted by the active spine stability and belt condition. Electromyographic (EMG) and trunk stiffness data from a previously reported experiment in which 10 subjects performed quick-release tasks (pertubation) with and without an abdominal belt were used as inputs to biomechanical models to estimate the active spine stability and effective stability of the spine, respectively. The subjects exerted isometric trunk flexion, extension and lateral bending trials at 0 and 80% of maximum intra-abdominal pressure when the resisted force was suddenly released. Wearing an abdominal belt had no significant effect on either the muscle-generated lumbar spine stability or the L4/L5 joint compression force in any direction. The effective ...