cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of HER2 signaling in the tumor-initiating cell population in aromatase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are an effective therapy in treating estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nonetheless, a significant percentage of patients either do not respond or become resistant to AIs. Decreased dependence on ER-signaling and increased dependence on growth factor receptor signaling pathways, particularly human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2/HER2), have been implicated in AI resistance. However, the role of growth factor signaling remains unclear. This current study investigates the possibility that signaling either through HER2 alone or through interplay between epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR/HER1) and HER2 mediates AI resistance by increasing the tumor initiating cell (TIC) subpopulation in AI-resistant cells via regulation of stem cell markers, such as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). TICs and BCRP are both known to be involved in drug resistance. Results from in vitro analyses of AI-resistant versus AI-sensitive cells and HER2-versus HER2+ cells, as well as from in vivo xenograft tumors, indicate that (1) AI-resistant cells overexpress both HER2 and BCRP and exhibit increased TIC characteristics compared to AI-sensitive cells; (2) inhibition of HER2 and/or BCRP decrease TIC characteristics in letrozole-resistant cells; and (3) HER2 and its dimerization partner EGFR/HER1 are involved in the regulation of BCRP. Overall, these results suggest that reducing or eliminating the TIC subpopulation with agents that target BCRP, HER2, EGFR/HER1, and/or their downstream kinase pathways could be effective in preventing and/or treating acquired AI resistance.
Transport Properties of Stretch-Oriented PPV Films

Organic semiconductors are under investigation for radiation sensors at Sandia National Laboratories. The wide band gaps, high resistivities, low dielectric constants, and high dielectric strengths of conjugated polymers suggest these materials may be suitable for solid-state particle counting detectors. A range of solution cast materials have been evaluated for this application, including polythiophenes and poly( p -phenylene vinylene)s, or PPVs. Films were prepared by novel solution casting and mechanical stretching methods. Device structures including interdigital metal electrodes on glass and thin film transistors on SiO 2 on silicon were fabricated by drop casting from solution and lamination of solid films. Transient and DC responses were recorded and analyzed. Experiments include laser stimulus for photoconductive pulse response, and field effect transistor testing. Mechanical stretching was shown to dramatically alter electrical properties of polymer films. Future work will analyze the feasibility of single particle detection and analyze various geometries for optimization. The effects of traps and methods for reduction of trapping effects will be analyzed.
Human atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms produce interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon-gamma but not IL-2 and IL-4: The possible role for IL-6 and interferon-gamma in vascular inflammation

Immunological mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Inflammatory leukocytes invade the vessel wall and produce cytokines which perpetuate the immune events underlying these diseases. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, among others, may play a role in the generation by AAA. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible pathogenetic role of other proinflammatory cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of human explant culture supernatants revealed a significant increase in IFN-gamma production by AAAcompared to occlusive (atherosclerotic) or normal (NL) aortic explants. IL-6 production was also increased in AAA compared to NL aortic explant supernatants. Neither AAA nor NL aortic tissues produced IL-2 or IL-4 in the same culture system. These results suggest that IL-6, a cytokine involved in T and B lymphocyte activation during inflammation, and IFN-gamma, which stimulates T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, may play a role in the pathogenesis of various vascular inflammatory diseases such as AAA.
Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.
Effects of AgI, AuIII, and CuII on the reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by green rust

Green rusts (GRs), mixed iron(II)/iron(III) hydroxide minerals found in many suboxic environments, have been shown to reduce a range of organic and inorganic contaminants, including several chlorinated hydrocarbons. Many studies have demonstrated the catalytic activity of transition metal species in the reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons, suggesting the potential for enhanced reduction by GR in the presence of an appropriate transition metal catalyst. Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride (CT) was examined in aqueous suspensions of GR amended with AgI, AuIII, or CuII. The CT reduction rates were greatly increased for systems amended with CuII, AuIII, and AgI (listed in order of increasing rates) relative to GR alone. Observed intermediates and products included chloroform, dichloromethane, chloromethane, methane, acetylene, ethene, ethane, carbon monoxide, tetrachloroethene, and various nonchlorinated C3 and C4 compounds. Product distributions for the reductive dechlorination of CT were high...
Gross pathology of small mammals

A review is presented on how to perform a meaningful necropsy of the rabbit, ferret, and guinea pig. Brief descriptions of gross findings of significant diseases are provided in sufficient detail for identification in practice. Diseases are organized by organ systems affected and included based on their clinical significance, incidence, and importance in the United States.
Pharmacokinetic Optimisation of the Treatment of Septic Arthritis

Early diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis improves the potential for a favourable outcome. Optimal treatment includes the prompt and judicious use of effective antimicrobial agents coupled with prompt drainage of the affected joint. Adequate drainage may be accomplished by means of repeated closed large-bore needle aspiration, arthroscopy, or an open surgical procedure. The purpose of this article is to describe optimal antimicrobial therapy based upon available pharmacokinetic data. The host-dependent vulnerability to specific pathogens, local antibacterial susceptibility patterns and knowledge of antibacterial activity at the site of infection must all be taken into account when planning appropriate treatment. This article does not address arthritis secondary to human and animal bites, diabetic foot infections, mycobacteria, fungi, Lyme spirochaete, or other nonbacterial causes of septic arthritis.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and REM Sleep Without Atonia as an Early Manifestation of Degenerative Neurological Disease

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by repeated episodes of dream enactment behavior and REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) during polysomnography recording. RSWA is characterized by increased phasic or tonic muscle activity seen on polysomnographic electromyogram channels. RSWA is a requisite diagnostic feature of RBD, but may also be seen in patients without clinical symptoms or signs of dream enactment as an incidental finding in neurologically normal individuals, especially in patients receiving antidepressant therapy. RBD may be idiopathic or symptomatic. Patients with idiopathic RBD often later develop other neurological features including parkinsonism, orthostatic hypotension, anosmia, or cognitive impairment. RSWA without clinical symptoms as well as clinically overt RBD also often occurs concomitantly with the α-synucleinopathy family of neurodegenerative disorders, which includes idiopathic Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. This review article considers the epidemiology of RBD, clinical and polysomnographic diagnostic standards for both RBD and RSWA, previously reported associations of RSWA and RBD with neurodegenerative disorders and other potential causes, the pathophysiology of which brain structures and networks mediate dysregulation of REM sleep muscle atonia, and considerations for the effective and safe management of RBD.
Studies on plasminogen activator and other proteases in subcultured human vascular cells.

Abstract Plasminogen activator activity (PAA) of human vascular cells in culture was quantitated in an assay system in which the conversion of purified plasminogen to plasmin was measured by activity against a soluble low-molecular-weight plasmin substrate. Reliable detection of PAA required cell lysis and use of membrane-disrupting detergents. After such treatment, PAA was found only in the 100,000 g subcellular fractions of human aortic smooth muscle and mixed populations of rabbit aortic cells. No corresponding activity was found in any fraction from human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In contrast, PAA was detected in significant amounts in intact mouse embryo fibroblasts (3T3 cells) used as controls. Very low levels of enzymatic activity against a spectrum of substrates preferentially amidolyzed by serine proteases were also demonstrable in human aortic smooth muscle or 3T3 fibroblast subcultures. Neither whole cell homogenates nor subcellular fractions demonstrated the previously described acid-labile inhibitor of PAA when assayed in this system. The above findings suggest that significant differences in PAA exist between various cell types and vascular segments. In addition, the subcellular localization and quantitatively low levels of PAA and other serine proteases found in human arterial and venous cells may reflect the presence of membrane-associated enzymes whose biological role is restricted to local homeostasis.
The Efficacy of Upper Extremity Inhibitive Casting: A Single­ Subject Pilot Study

This pilot study was designed to examine tbe effects of sbort-term (48-hl) upper extremity inhibitive casting, with an encased thermoplastic splint, on problems re­ lated to upper motor neuron damage. The subject was an 81J2-year-old girl witb left upper extremizv spastic­ ity. Three different measures were used (a) rating of videotaped active movements oj the child; (b) the Modified Ashworth Scale, a clinical measure ojspas­ ticitv; and (c) The Biodex System, a measure 0/ torque during passive elbow flexion and extension After cast removal, subjective improvements were noted in the qua!i~J! 0/ active movement (through videotapes) and increased awareness and use ofthe casted hand by the child (through parents' reports). A trend toward decreased spasticity Luas demonstrated bv the /\!Jodz[ied Ashworth Scale and a statistical(v significanl decrease in resistance to passiue mouement was shown by the Biodex recordings. However, this reduction in svmp­ toms was temporary, lasting less them 3 davs. The re­ sults ofthis studv suggest that short-term inhibitory casting may prove efficacious in the treatment of the cbild with cerebral palsy, although further research is needed.
Ndm, a coiled-coil domain protein that suppresses macropinocytosis and has effects on cell migration

The ampA gene has a role in cell migration in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells overexpressing AmpA show an increase in cell migration, forming large plaques on bacterial lawns. A second-site suppressor of this ampA-overexpressing phenotype identified a previously uncharacterized gene, ndm, which is described here. The Ndm protein is predicted to contain a coiled-coil BAR-like domain-a domain involved in endocytosis and membrane bending. ndm-knockout and Ndm-monomeric red fluorescent protein-expressing cell lines were used to establish a role for ndm in suppressing endocytosis. An increase in the rate of endocytosis and in the number of endosomes was detected in ndm(-) cells. During migration ndm(-) cells formed numerous endocytic cups instead of the broad lamellipodia structure characteristic of moving cells. A second lamellipodia-based function-cell spreading-was also defective in the ndm(-) cells. The increase in endocytosis and the defect in lamellipodia formation were associated with reduced chemotaxis in ndm(-) cells. Immunofluorescence results and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays revealed an association of Ndm with coronin and F-actin. The results establish ndm as a gene important in regulating the balance between formation of endocytic cups and lamellipodia structures.
35-GHz Bandwidth, 5-V-cm Drive Voltage, Bulk GaAs Substrate Removed Electrooptic Modulators

Bulk GaAs-AlGaAs true push-pull electrooptic modulators with 5-V-cm Vpi and 35-GHz bandwidth were demonstrated using substrate removal techniques. The traveling wave electrodes showed almost no dispersion, making it ideal for broadband applications.
Phonetic Coding and Reading in College Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

This study examined whether adult speech production and oral reading were related independent of auditory short-term memory and vocabulary. Forty-four university students served as subjects for the study. They ranged in age from 17 to 28 years old; 26 were men and 18 were women; 11 were students with learning disabilities and 33 were students without disabilities. All subjects were tested individually on tasks requiring multisyllabic pseudoword repetition, oral reading, memory for digits, and vocabulary. In both groups—with and without learning disabilities—significant correlations were found between pseudoword repetition accuracy and reading, suggesting that poor readers also have more inaccurate speech production. The correlations remained significant after controlling for both memory and vocabulary. A scatter plot of the speech-reading relationship showed performance overlap between groups, as well as within-group heterogeneity. Significance of the findings is discussed, and issues for future research ...
Network Coding for Multi-Resolution Multicast

Multi-resolution codes enable multicast at different rates to different receivers, a setup that is often desirable for graphics or video streaming. We propose a simple, distributed, two-stage message passing algorithm to generate network codes for single-source multicast of multi-resolution codes. The goal of this pushback algorithm is to maximize the total rate achieved by all receivers, while guaranteeing decodability of the base layer at each receiver. By conducting pushback and code assignment stages, this algorithm takes advantage of inter-layer as well as intra-layer coding. Numerical simulations show that in terms of total rate achieved, the pushback algorithm outperforms routing and intra-layer coding schemes, even with field sizes as small as 2^10(10 bits). In addition, the performance gap widens as the number of receivers and the number of nodes in the network increases. We also observe that naive inter-layer coding schemes may perform worse than intra-layer schemes under certain network conditions.
Cost-Effectiveness of Using N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide to Guide the Diagnostic Assessment and Management of Dyspneic Patients in the Emergency Department

The cost-effectiveness of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) in dyspneic patients in emergency departments (EDs) is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of NT-pro-BNP testing for the evaluation and initial management of patients with dyspnea in the ED setting. A decision model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic assessment and patient management guided by NT-pro-BNP, compared with standard clinical assessment. The model includes the diagnostic accuracy of the 2 strategies for congestive heart failure and resulting events at 60-day follow-up. Clinical data were obtained from a prospective blinded study of 599 patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea. Costs were based on the Massachusetts General Hospital cost accounting database. The model predicted serious adverse events during follow-up (i.e., urgent care visits, repeat ED presentations, rehospitalizations) and direct medical costs for echocardiograms and hospitalizations. NT-pro-BNP-guided assessment was associated with a 1.6% relative reduction of serious adverse event risk and a 9.4% reduction in costs, translating into savings of $474 per patient, compared with standard clinical assessment. In a sensitivity analysis considering mortality, NT-pro-BNP testing was associated with a 1.0% relative reduction in post-discharge mortality. The optimal use of NT-pro-BNP guidance could reduce the use of echocardiography by up to 58%, prevent 13% of initial hospitalizations, and reduce hospital days by 12%. In conclusion, on the basis of this model, the use of NT-pro-BNP in the diagnostic assessment and subsequent management of patients with dyspnea in the ED setting could lead to improved patient care while providing substantial cost savings to the health care system.
Natural Language Processing and e-Government: Extracting Reusable Crime Report Information

Crime reporting needs to be possible 24/7. Although 911 and tip-lines are the most publicized reporting mechanisms, several other options exist, ranging from in-person reporting to online submissions. Internet-based crime reporting systems allow victims and witnesses of crime to report incidents to police 24/7 from any location. However, these existing e-mail and text-based systems provide little support for witnesses' memory recall leading to reports with less information and lower accuracy. These systems also do not facilitate reuse and integration of the reported information with other information systems. We are developing an anonymous Online Crime Reporting System that is designed to extract relevant crime information from witness' narratives and to ask additional questions based on that information. We leverage natural language processing and investigative interviewing techniques to support memory recall and map the information directly to a database to support information reuse. We report on the evaluation of the Suspect Description Module (SDM) of the system. Our interface captures 70% (recall) of information from witness narratives with 100% precision. Additional modules will follow the design and development methods used with this module.
Cancer-selective antiproliferative activity is a general property of some G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides

Oligodeoxynucleotide libraries containing randomly incorporated bases are used to generate DNA aptamers by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). We predicted that combinatorial libraries with alternative base compositions might have innate properties different from the standard library containing equimolar A + C + G + T bases. In particular, we hypothesized that G-rich libraries would contain a higher proportion of quadruplex-forming sequences, which may impart desirable qualities, such as increased nuclease resistance and enhanced cellular uptake. Here, we report on 11 synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide libraries of various base combinations and lengths, with regard to their circular dichroism, stability in serum-containing medium, cellular uptake, protein binding and antiproliferative activity. Unexpectedly, we found that some G-rich libraries (composed of G + T or G + C nucleotides) strongly inhibited cancer cell growth while sparing non-malignant cells. These libraries had spectral features consistent with G-quadruplex formation, were significantly more stable in serum than inactive libraries and showed enhanced cellular uptake. Active libraries generally had strong protein binding, while the pattern of protein binding suggested that G/T and G/C libraries have distinct mechanisms of action. In conclusion, cancer-selective antiproliferative activity may be a general feature of certain G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides and is associated with quadruplex formation, nuclease resistance, efficient cellular uptake and protein binding.
Alterations in hepatic microsomal protein levels in rainbow trout fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the effect of dietary cyclopropenoid fatty acids on hepatic microsomal polypeptide distribution patterns. Antibodies against rainbow trout ty...
Influence of Sensor Statistics on Piezoelectric and Magneto-Elastic Damage Detection

Increasing complexity of aerospace structures facilitates a growing need for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems capable of real-time active damage detection. A variety of sensing approaches have been demonstrated using embedded ultrasonic sensors such as piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) and magneto-elastic active sensors (MEAS). Common methodologies consider wave propagation (pitch-catch or pulse-echo) and standing wave (vibration or impedance) techniques with damage detection capabilities dependent upon structural geometry, material characteristics, distance to damage and damage size/orientation. While recent studies have employed damage detection and classification approaches that are dependent on cumulative statistics, this study explores the contribution of sensor parameters and experimental setup variability on the damage detection scheme. The impact of variability in PWAS and MEAS are considered on sensor use in ultrasonic and magneto-mechanical impedance damage detection.In order to isolate sensor parameters, measurements were conducted with PWAS in free-free boundary conditions. Variability of PWAS parameters was evaluated by measuring the sensors impedance response. An analytical model of PWAS was used to estimate sensor parameters and to determine their variability. Additionally, experiments using MEAS were performed that demonstrate variation of magneto-mechanical impedance during structural dynamic tests. From these experiments the importance of sensor setup is discussed and its contribution into the overall detection scheme is explored.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Enteral versus Parenteral Nutrition: Effect on Intestinal Barrier Function

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), or the complete absence of enteral nutrients, is commonly used in a clinical setting. However, a major consequence of TPN administration is the development of mucosal atrophy and a loss of epithelial barrier function (EBF); and this loss may lead to an increase in clinical infections and septicemia. Our laboratory has investigated the mechanism of this TPN-associated loss of EBF using a mouse model. We have demonstrated that the mucosal lymphoid population significantly changes with TPN, and leads to a rise in interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and decline in interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression-both of which contribute to the loss of EBF. Associated with these cytokine changes is a dramatic decline in the expression of tight junction and adherens junction proteins. This article discusses the potential mechanisms responsible for these changes, and potential strategies to alleviate this loss in EBF.
Compressive Cooperative Sensing and Mapping in Mobile Networks

In this paper, we consider a mobile cooperative network that is tasked with building a map of the spatial variations of a parameter of interest, such as an obstacle map or an aerial map. We propose a new framework that allows the nodes to build a map of the parameter of interest with a small number of measurements. By using the recent results in the area of compressive sensing, we show how the nodes can exploit the sparse representation of the parameter of interest in the transform domain in order to build a map with minimal sensing. The proposed work allows the nodes to efficiently map the areas that are not sensed directly. We consider three main areas essential to the cooperative operation of a mobile network: building a map of the spatial variations of a field of interest such as aerial mapping, mapping of the obstacles based on only wireless measurements, and mapping of the communication signal strength. For the case of obstacle mapping, we show how our framework enables a novel noninvasive mapping approach (without direct sensing), by using wireless channel measurements. Overall, our results demonstrate the potentials of this framework.
Mitochondrial genome deletions in the brain and their role in neurodegenerative diseases

SummaryMany of the acute and chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are still of unknown etiology. Given that brain cells are the most aerobic and metabolically active cells in the body, deficits in aerobic energy metabolism may play an important role in many of these diseases. Over the past decade numerous diseases affecting highly active metabolic tissues including the brain and skeletal musculature have been shown to be associated with alterations in the mitochondria, the subcellular organelle responsible for aerobic energy metabolism. In addition, a number of maternally inherited diseases have been linked to mutations in the circular, 16,569 nucleotide pair mitochondrial genome. Mendelian inherited genetic variations and diseases have also been found to affect the mitochondrial function, structure, and genome in certain tissues. Specific regions of the brain appear to be more prone to the occurrence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion mutations. For example, mtDNA extracted from...
Use of fluorometry in assessing the efficacy of a cation-sensitive gel as an ophthalmic vehicle: comparison with scintigraphy.

Abstract Gelrite, a heteropolysaccharide that forms a gel in the presence of cations, was tested in humans for its efficacy as an ophthalmic vehicle by a noninvasive fluorometric technique. Fluorescein was used as the tracer, and its concentration in the anterior chamber was used as the principal measure of bioavailability. The gel afforded a twofold increase in penetration of fluorescein compared with an isotonic buffer solution; this increase is slightly more than can be obtained with simple viscous vehicles. The increase in penetration caused by Gelrite was confirmed by measurements of the contact time of fluorescein in the tear film with the cornea. Earlier experiments with scintigraphy suggested a considerably greater contact time of fluorescein with the cornea when Gelrite was used. However, this increased contact time may be because the technique also measures radioactive tracer that had dried out on the lid margins. Accordingly, significant quantities of fluorescein could be eluted from the lids after the penetration experiments were completed.
Differences in food environment perceptions and spatial attributes of food shopping between residents of low and high food access areas.

Objective: To explore potential differences in food shopping behaviors and healthy food availability perceptions between residents living in areas with low and high food access. Design: A cross-sectional telephone survey to assess food shopping behaviors and perceptions. Data from an 8-county food environment field census used to define the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) healthier food retail tract and US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service food desert measure. Participants: A total of 968 residents in 8 South Carolina counties. Main Outcome Measures: Residents’ food shopping behaviors and healthy food availability perceptions. Analysis: Linear and logistic regression. Results: Compared with residents in high food access areas, residents in low food access areas traveled farther to their primary food store (US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service: 8.8 vs 7.1 miles, P ¼ .03; CDC: 9.2 vs 6.1 miles, P < .001), accumulated more total shopping miles per week (CDC: 28.0 vs 15.4 miles; P < .001), and showed differences in perceived healthy food availability (P < .001) and shopping access (P < .001). Conclusions and Implications: These findings lend support to ongoing community and policy inter
Avoiding stick-slip in position and force control through feedback

The avoidance of stick-slip motion at low velocities through feedback control is discussed. Simplified single-joint robot models are derived for position and force control. It is shown that both models can be represented by the same differential equation. Most prior work in control used friction models which depend only on the current value of velocity. This type of analysis indicates that stick-slip can be avoided only through velocity feedback. The tribology literature, however, indicates that friction also depends on the past history of motion. To include this dependence, a state variable friction model is used in conjunction with the position and force control models. Analysis reveals the existence of a second regime of stable, low-velocity motion associated with position feedback gains above a critical value. This is an important result because the accuracy of position data is typically much better than that of velocity data at these speeds. >
Evolution and impingement of an automotive fuel spray investigated with simultaneous Mie/LIF techniques

The spatial and temporal evolution of an automotive hollow-cone-type spray was investigated with laser-based imaging diagnostics. Optical conditions of an IC engine were emulated with a test cell that was built from an engine cylinder head to hold a high-pressure gasoline-fuel injector. The use of iso-octane fuel that was doped with 3-pentanone allowed measurements of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) after excitation with a KrF excimer-laser beam. A versatile optical filter system was designed and built that permits simultaneous measurements of Mie-scattering and laser-induced-fluorescence images using a single laser-light sheet and a single intensified CCD camera. The influence of background signals, caused by reflection of signal light from surfaces, laser-sheet intensity attenuation and signal decrease by scattering, was characterized. Mass distributions showed a distinct pre-spray phase, more so than the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) that was determined from the ratio of LIF to Mie signals using single pulse as well as averaged image pairs. Significant changes in SMD distributions were found after the spray had impinged on a flat surface. The impingement also led to the buildup of a liquid film whose thickness was quantitatively determined from LIF images.
Backscattered polarization patterns, optical vortices, and the angular momentum of light

We demonstrate that the polarization patterns observed in backscattering of linearly polarized light are a manifestation of the conservation of angular momentum of light. We will show that this phenomenon can be described in terms of phase vortices that are acquired by the right and left circularly polarized components. The helicity and orbital angular momentum of these components satisfy the requirement for conservation of angular momentum.
Demonstration of a moving-map system for improved precise lane navigation of amphibious vehicles and landing craft

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has tested and demonstrated a prototype moving-map system for naval landing craft and amphibious vehicles. NRL proposed that a moving-map would improve crew situational awareness and communications, thereby improving precise lane navigability. This paper presents results of demonstrations performed during the Transparent Hunter naval exercise in January 2003. Comparisons in navigation performance (measured in terms of root mean square "cross-track" error) are presented for vehicles using the moving-map system and the same vehicles using no moving-map. These results suggest that the moving-map significantly improves lane navigation performance. Crew feedback was also positive: crewmembers reported that the moving-map was easy to operate with minimal training and very effective in helping operators keep the vehicle within the lane.
Phase noise analysis for ICI self-cancellation coded OFDM with short-channel synchronization devices

Phase noise is the major cause of performance degradation in OFDM systems. Hot carriers (HCs), found in the CMOS-based synchronization circuits, are high-mobility charge carriers that affect the MOSFETs' stability by increasing the required operating threshold voltages. The HC effect manifests itself as the phase noise, which increases with the continued MOSFET operation and results in the performance degradation of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) built on the MOSFETs. The MOSFET instability impacts on the OFDM system performance, by inducing intercarrier interference (ICI) and common phase error (CPE) on the subcarriers. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of ICI self-cancellation coding on the phase noise induced by the hot-carrier effect in OFDM systems.
Mobility changes anonymity: mobile ad hoc networks need efficient anonymous routing

Introducing node mobility into the network also introduces new anonymity threats. Nevertheless, this important change of the concept of anonymity has not been studied in state-of-art network security research. This paper presents the needed study. Then we show that anonymous routing in mobile networks has great impact on routing performance. We calls for the attention to devise new and efficient anonymous routing schemes for mobile ad hoc networks.
Differences in curriculum emphasis in US undergraduate and generalist residency education programmes.

Objectives Little attention has been paid to the differential emphasis undergraduate and graduate medical education programmes place on the broad competencies that will be needed for practice in an increasingly managed health care environment. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in emphasis that undergraduate and primary care graduate medical education programmes are currently placing on 33 broad practice competencies, compared with the emphasis they ideally would like to give them, and the barriers they perceive to curriculum change. Design Subjects were surveyed by mailed questionnaire. A reminder postcard and follow-up mailing were sent to non-respondents. Setting US allopathic medical schools. Subjects Academic deans identified by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and generalist (family medicine, internal medicine, paediatrics and obstetrics‐gynaecology) residency programme directors identified by the American Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Results Findings revealed that residency programmes placed greater emphasis on the study’s broad curriculum topics than did undergraduate medical education programmes. Statistically significant differences were found in current emphasis for 12 topics and ideal emphasis for six topics. Both groups identified an already crowded curriculum and inadequate funding as the top two barriers to curriculum change. Conclusions The differences in curriculum emphases and perceived barriers to curriculum change most probably reflect the different realities of undergraduate and graduate medical education programmes, i.e. academics vs. a focus on immediate practice realities.
Scalable acoustic imaging platform using MEMS array

The detection and analysis of acoustic sources utilizing microphone arrays is a growing field of research. The evolving needs of applications such as noise suppression, voice recognition, sound tracking and acoustic source localization push requirements such as scalability and speed for sophisticated microphone array systems. Microphone arrays are advantageous compared to single microphone usage in that its use the physical spatial information of acoustic wave propagation to provide a more accurate picture of the incoming waves and therefore yield valuable information regard its source. This paper describes a broadband MEMS Array acouStic Imaging system called MASI that includes a highly scalable and network enabled FPGA based signal processing hardware for acquisition, processing and imaging. Design issues such as array sensitivity, accuracy and geometry of the array will be discussed as well as the system real-time capabilities regarding signal processing and data acquisition. Spatial localization and tracking are the main target applications for this system.
Network Hopes

In this work, the authors examine four cases of municipalities that have attempted to create municipal-sponsored wireless broadband networks. In each of these cases, one of the reasons given for establishing the network was to engage the citizens in their community and government. In each of these cases, the efforts have failed in some way. This problem rests on several assumptions. First, these municipalities believe in the importance and need to increase civic engagement, public participation in local government. They also believe that one way to do this is through increasing access to broadband Internet. In this article, we argue against a simplistic, deterministic, utopian view of information and communication technologies. We argue that in the case of local governments, choices made by government officials to solve social problems with technology are often made out of hope, frustration, inadequate funding, and inadequate knowledge. These public technology projects are often met with failure and often lead to further distance and mistrust between local governments, public officials, and citizens.
Mapping Nationalism: A German Map of German Settlements in the United States of the 1890s

The year 1884 was a pivotal year for the German Reich. It marked the beginning of her entry as a colonial power when Bismarck, after years of hesitation, surprisingly conceded the long-held wishes of colonial agitators and declared a number of territories along western Africa’s coastline as protectorates (Fig. 5.1). After decades of colonial debate, the Reich government seemed to be siding with the colonial expansionist agitators, finally making its move towards overseas expansion. For the colonial enthusiasts, Germany appeared to be approaching its “rightful” position alongside its European rivals in the scramble for Africa. Above all else colonial advocates wanted the Reich to coordinate the hitherto uncontrolled mass emigration of Germans overseas through state coordinated programs for settlement.
Colchicine Decreases Airway Hyperreactivity Afrer Phosgene Exposure

Phosgene (COCl(2)) exposure affects an influx of inflammatory cells into the lung, which can be reduced in an animal model by pretreatment with colchicine. Inflammation in the respiratory tract can be associated with an increase in airway hyperreactivity. We tested the hypotheses that (1) phosgene exposure increases airway reactivity and (2) colchicine can decrease this elevation. Sprague Dawley rats (70 d old; male) were exposed to 1 ppm COCl(2) for 1 h. Airway reactivity was tested at 0, 4, and 24 h postexposure by infusing anesthetized animals intravenously with acetylcholine and assessing expiratory resistance and dynamic compliance. Immediately and 4 h postexposure, a significant change in expiratory resistance and dynamic compliance was observed in those animals exposed to COCl(2), while at 24 h this response was greater. A second experiment was performed in rats pretreated with colchicine (1 mg/kg) or saline given intraperitoneally, exposed to 1 ppm COCl(2) for 1 h, with both expiratory resistance and dynamic compliance assessed at 24 h. After exposure, cell differentials and protein in lavage were also quantitated. The results indicate that colchicine decreased neutrophil influx, protein accumulation, and changes in both expiratory resistance and dynamic compliance after COCl(2) exposure. Colchicine may affect injury and changes in expiratory resistance and dynamic compliance by diminishing the incursion of inflammatory cells, but other properties of this medication may also be responsible for the observed results.
An intergenerational approach to prostate cancer education: findings from a pilot project in the southeastern USA.

African Americans (AA) are more likely to develop and die from cancer than any other racial or ethnic group. This study assessed older and younger/middle-aged African-American (AA) men’s (1) knowledge and attitudes about prostate cancer (PrCA) and PrCA screening, (2) participation in clinical research, and (3) health and cancer-related decision making. Twenty-eight AA men (14 older, mean age 59.8; 14 younger/middle age, mean age 30.4) received a PrCA education program and completed pre/post-education program surveys, as well as qualitative post-education interviews. Younger/middle-aged men were more knowledgeable about PrCA and PrCA screening than older men. Older men reported being invited to participate in a clinical trial more often than younger men but were more likely to report that participation in clinical trials was risky and they did not plan to participate in medical research in the future. Younger/middle-aged men were more willing to participate in a clinical trial in the future and reported fewer barriers to participation in clinical research. There is potential for using intergenerational communication strategies with older/younger AA male dyads in PrCA interventions.
Pulsed Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy

In this chapter, we describe the technique of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. We distinguish here two rather different types of sample absorption cells which require somewhat different theoretical descriptions. First, we describe the theory for the relatively broad-band waveguide absorption cell in which the radiation is described as a traveling wave. Second, we describe the narrow-band Fabry-Perot cavity absorption cell in which the radiation is described as a standing wave.
Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Community

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to strategies corporations or firms conduct their business in a way that is ethical, society friendly and beneficial to community in terms of development. CSR is supported by works of other scholars in the area that could be used to suggest that CSR becomes an international concern due to globalized nature of business that knows no border. CSR is evolving in its meaning and practice. The article then discusses the role of CSR in community development because the very logic of CSR is towards seeing its impact in community socially, environmentally and economically. Competencies required by CSR managers are also analyzed in order to have a better understanding of the practical aspects of CSR. Finally, conclusions and implications for future research are discussed.
Serotonergic mechanisms mediate renal sympathoinhibition during severe hemorrhage in rats

Hemorrhage in rats produces reflex decreases in heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Because serotonergic antagonists attenuate hemorrhage-induced vagal-mediated bradycardia, we determined whether blockade of serotonin synthesis by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or of serotonin receptors with methysergide would also abolish the renal sympathoinhibition. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), HR, and RSNA were recorded in chloralose-anesthetized rats pretreated with PCPA (300 mg.kg-1.day-1 X 3 days ip, n = 12) or vehicle (0.3 ml saline, n = 9). During hemorrhage, where MAP was maintained at 50 mmHg for 8 min, vehicle-treated rats decreased HR by 27 +/- 13 beats/min and RSNA by -55 +/- 7%. In PCPA-treated rats, HR and RSNA did not change. Cervical vagotomy abolished the bradycardia and sympathoinhibition during hemorrhage. After acute administration of methysergide (400 micrograms/kg iv, n = 8) hemorrhage produced increases of RSNA, whereas vehicle (0.5 ml saline, n = 7) preserved the renal sympathoinhibition to hemorrhage in conscious rats. Finally, volume expansion (0.88 ml blood/100 g body wt) produced comparable decreases in RSNA in sinoaortic-denervated rats pretreated with PCPA (n = 11) or vehicle (n = 10) (-58 +/- 9 vs. 47 +/- 7%, respectively). We conclude that serotonergic mechanisms are critically involved in vagal afferent inhibition of RSNA during severe hemorrhage in rats.
Race and Juries: An FMRI Investigation

This talk will briefly describe a brain-imaging study, currently being conducted, of the role of the criminal defendant's race in juror decision-making. It will then touch on some of the larger legal and Constitutional questions that would arise if race were ultimately found to have a significant impact on jury decisions.
Jump tests for semimartingales

This paper aims to introduce jump tests to the actuarial community. In actuarial science, semimartingales are extensively used in the models for interest rates, options, variable annuities and equity-linked annuities. Those models usually assume without justification that the underlying asset process follows a continuous stochastic process such as a geometric Brownian motion, for the market data sometimes tell a different story. Choosing between a continuous model and a model with jumps is not only important for pricing of insurance products but also crucial for implementing other post-sales risk management measures such as dynamic liability hedging. A test for jumps allows actuaries to rigorously test whether the underlying asset process has jumps, which is the first critical step in model selection. The ability to conduct the test should thus belong to the repertoire of every expert and practitioner working in this field. In this paper, we review several major tests for jumps, describe their advantages and disadvantages, and offer suggestions for their implementation. We also implement several tests using real data, enabling practitioners to apply these tests in their work.
Conducting Clinical Research during Disasters.

Accelerated IRB review is the only acceptable way to help disaster victims with an experimental treatment. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
MRI of the Trigeminal Nerve in Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia Secondary to Vascular Compression

OBJECTIVE. Trigeminal neuralgia is a debilitating facial pain disorder, frequently caused by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve. Vascular compression that results in trigeminal neuralgia occurs along the cisternal segment of the nerve. CONCLUSION. Imaging combined with clinical information is critical to correctly identify patients who are candidates for microvascular decompression. The purpose of this article is to review trigeminal nerve anatomy and to provide strategies for radiologists to recognize important MRI findings in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.
Should Salesmen's Compensation be Geared to Profits?:

Do most sales managers try to maximize sales volume to the detriment of profits? The authors do not think so.Methods are proposed for shifting incentives from sales volume to profits through better...
A critical analysis of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Despite advances made in the care of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), survival remains poor. New therapy, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), is controversial but may improve survival. Thirty-two newborns with CDH were treated