cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Deal and the origins of someone else's time

Fear Itself is not really about the New Deal. It takes a while to realize that fact. This tremendous study is about something more profound: the United States navigating the existential crisis of W...
Sospechoso de pensamiento, palabra, obra y omisión. El Inca Garcilaso y la lingüística andina

Rodolfo Cerron Palomino (Huancayo, 1940) es un referente central de la linguistica andina; su indole nativohablante de diversas variantes del runasimi o quechua, su dominio del aimara y sus indagaciones en las arcanas lenguas ancestrales de la region andina (mochica, chipaya, puquina), asi como los laboriosos estudios que ha ido publicando con una constancia admirable, lo acreditan como un investigador serio, riguroso y, ciertamente, irreductible. Su vasta bibliografia se enriquece ahora con la publicacion en libro de un conjunto de articulos que, por primera vez, discierne aspectos gramaticales quechuas que comparecenen los libros del Inca Garcilaso, particularmente en Comentarios reales2. Sumido en el copioso despliegue analitico del libro —no exento de reclamaciones—, el presente trabajo intentara formular nuestra lectura.
P53 expression in placentas with hydropic change and hydatidiform moles

Hydatidiform moles result from abnormal fertilization and have been divided into partial and complete forms based on morphologic, cytogenetic, and clinical features. Little is known about their pathogenesis or malignant transformation. We applied an immunohistochemical marker for the p53 tumor suppressor gene product to placentas with hydropic change and hydatidiform moles to determine whether abnormal p53 gene product accumulation occurs in molar gestations. Ploidy of these placentas was determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The mean percentages of p53-positive cells was determined by counting 200 cytotrophoblastic and proliferating trophoblastic cells. The staining intensity was graded on a scale of 1+ (faint) to 3+ (strong). The mean percentage of p53-positive cells for the placentas were as follows: 8.9% +/- 10.5 for hydropic change; 28.0% +/- 13.2 for partial mole; and 41.0% +/- 19.6 for complete mole. There was a significant difference in p53 expression between hydropic change and partial mole (P = 0.05) and hydropic change and complete mole (P = 0.0008). Although there was a difference between partial mole and complete mole, this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.15). Hydatidiform moles exhibited 2+ to 3+ staining intensity, whereas hydropic placentas exhibited weaker intensity (1-2+). The finding of p53 gene product overaccumulation in partial and complete moles suggests that p53 gene mutations or alternatively, post-transcriptional changes in the p53 gene product occur resulting in inactivation and stabilization of the protein. This may play a role in uncontrolled trophoblastic proliferation and neoplastic transformation.
Purchasing Power: Rivalry, Dissent, and Computing Strategy in Supercomputer Selection at Los Alamos

In the Mid-1960s, the Laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, a center of scientific computing since the Manhattan Project, embarked on a search for a new supercomputer intended to fulfill the growing need for computing power in nuclear weapons development. Although depicted at Los Alamos in later years as a smooth transition between vendors, the selection process was a contentious negotiation among computing experts and users over their differing visions of computing and its place at Los Alamos. This article argues that changing technical and political demands on weapons design and Los Alamos’s place in the rivalry between IBM and Control Data Corporation further complicated the selection process and challenged the traditional control and direction of Los Alamos’s computing strategy. The result was the formation of a new computing division and a reframing of the debate over the long-standing management and purpose of computing at Los Alamos.
A distribution-free stochastic frontier model with endogenous regressors

Abstract We provide a guideline for estimating a distribution-free panel data stochastic frontier model in the presence of endogenous variables. In particular, we consider variations of the within estimator of Cornwell et al. (1990) to allow endogenous regressors.
Low-power wide-area networks: opportunities, challenges, and directions

Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an emerging network technology for Internet of Things (IoT) which offers long-range and wide-area communication at low-power. It thus overcomes the range limits and scalability challenges associated with traditional short range wireless sensor networks. Due to their escalating demand, LPWANs are gaining momentum, with multiple competing technologies currently being developed. Despite their promise, existing LPWAN technologies raise a number of challenges in terms of spectrum limitation, coexistence, mobility, scalability, coverage, security, and application-specific requirements which make their adoption challenging. In this paper, we identify the key opportunities of LPWAN, highlight the challenges, and show potential directions of the future research on LPWAN.
The empirical nature of the individualism-holism dispute

L'A. decline les arguments principaux du debat individualisme-holisme. Selon lui l'argument philosophique ne peut resoudre la controverse
Ladefoged, Peter (b. 1925)

Peter Ladefoged is the foremost phonetician of the second half of the 20th century. He has recorded speech samples from more languages than any other phonetician, and has used the contrasts to build a theory of the phonetic categories that languages employ.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies of Water Structure

The problem of interpreting the proton chemical-shift data for water and its variation with temperature is discussed. By using a derived value for the chemical shift of fully hydrogen-bonded water (ice) and experimental data for the chemical shift of monomeric water molecules, it is shown that the gross features of the data can be accounted for by a model involving an equilibrium between a hydrogen-bonded “icelike” component and a monomeric species interacting with the lattice or with itself only by dispersion forces. Different kinds of experimental data do not, however, yield results completely consistent with this model, which indicates that there are inadequacies in the model. Discrepancies are also found when various other two-component models are compared. The possibility is considered that changes other than the breaking of hydrogen bonds must be taken into account. It is noted that the proton resonance is sensitive to the stretching and bending of hydrogen bonds. The implications of this observation for the interpretation of data on water structure is discussed.
Role of Echocardiography in Cardiology Consultation

Echocardiography can be used to evaluate almost any cardiovascular disease process and provide structural/anatomical, functional, and hemodynamic information in real time at the patient’s bedside. It can be used in both stable and critically ill patients. This chapter discusses important elements and uses of transthoracic, transesophageal, and stress echocardiography that are important to consultative cardiology, including appropriate ordering, echocardiographic techniques, and standard and emerging clinical uses.
WAVE FORCES ON CYLINDERS NEAR PLANE BOUNDARY

Potential flow theory predicts: (1) the added mass of a cylinder near a plane boundary is independent of the direction of the flow and more than twice as large as that of the same cylinder far away from the boundary; (2) a possible failure mechanism of alternating positive and negative lift force, which is proportional to horizontal velocity squared, for pipelines resting on the bottom boundary and subjected to waves and currents; and (3) the force from convective acceleration of the ambient flow can be as large as 30% of total acceleration force for waves. Laminar boundary-layer theory suggests that a phase shift exists between maximum velocity and maximum drag force for cylinders subjected to waves. Laboratory wave force experimentation confirms the aforementioned theoretical findings 1 and 2.
Failure of the alpha-thalassemia gene to decrease the severity of sickle cell anemia

A 15-yr-old black male with homozygous sickle cell disease was severely growth retarded and had a chronic hemolytic anemia requiring transfusions. Globin chain synthetic studies of both peripheral blood reticulocytes and bone marrow cells revealed a ratio of alpha to betas globin synthesis (alpha/betas ratio) of 0.5, indicating the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene. Messenger RNA isolated from the bone marrow of the patient was translated in the wheat germ cell-free system, and the globin synthesized had an alpha/betas ratio of 0.7. The hemolysate prepared from incubated bone marrow cells was fractionated on a Sephadex G100 column. The results showed that there was a peak of radioactivity that eluted after the hemoglobin peak. When this pooled peak was analyzed by CMC chromatography, the alpha/betas ratio was 0.9. These globin intermediates, probably dimers, may have contributed to the hemolysis in this patient.
Educational Connoisseurship and Educational Criticism: An Arts-Based Approach to Educational Evaluation

Educational connoisseurship and educational criticism are two evaluative processes that are rooted in the arts. Connoisseurship pertains to what I have referred to in previous writing as “the art of appreciation” (Eisner, 1991). The aim of connoisseurship is to engender an awareness of the qualities that constitute some process or object and to grasp their significance. Connoisseurship pertains to matters of awareness and therefore to the creation of consciousness. Consciousness of the qualities that constitute novels, symphonies, visual works of art, and dance performances is not an automatic consequence of maturation. In the arts, as in the connoisseurship of teaching, for example, awareness is the product of cultivated attention. Awareness is also the product of the frames of reference that one brings to the process or object addressed. To appreciate the significance of Stravinsky’s music one needs to know what preceded it and what followed it. One also, of course, needs to be aware of its particular qualitative complexities and its subtleties.
Bibliography of Statistical Quality Control Chart Techniques, 1970-1980

A search of the literature to determine the status of statistical quality control chart techniques for the years 1970-1980 was conducted. The relevant articles have been classified by type of control chart technique...
Isolated Attosecond Pulse Generation in the Relativistic λ 3 Regime by Reflection/Deflection/Compression

Lasers that provide a focal energy encompassed by a volume of a few cubic wavelengths (λ3) can produce relativistic intensity with maximal gradients, using minimal energy. With particle-in-cell simulations we found, that single 200 attosecond pulses could be efficiently generated in a λ3 laser pulse reflection, via deflection and compression from the relativistic plasma mirror driven by the pulse itself. An analytical model of coherent radiation from a charged layer confirms the pulse compression and is in good agreement with simulations. This novel technique is efficient (~10%) and can produce single attosecond pulses from the millijoule to the joule level.
Magnetic Properties of Actinides and Their Compounds

The first studies of the magnetic properties of the actinides concentrated on ionic and covalent compounds to obtain information concerning the actinide ionic charge. For the most part, these studies were confined to magnetic susceptibility measurements at room temperature and higher. Later, when sufficient information became available to indicate that the crystal-field interaction was strong, the measurements were extended down to liquid helium temperature. In the early 1950’s, the properties of uranium alloys were systematically studied by Professor Bates and his co-workers in England to obtain information on the band structure. About the same time, Prof. Trzebiatowski and his associates in Poland began a systematic examination of the magnetic properties of uranium intermetallic compounds, which is actively pursued today. Subsequently, groups at Harwell in England, at Fontenay in France, at Phillips Research Laboratory in the Netherlands, and at the AEC National Laboratories in the United States have studied the magnetic properties of neptunium, plutonium, and americium compounds using magnetization, neutron and X-ray diffraction, nuclear gamma-ray resonance (Mossbauer effect), nuclear magnetic resonance, electrical-transport properties, and low-temperature specific-heat measurements.
Strategizing Before Strategic Decision Making

Processes of strategic problem formulation are not only core to strategic decision making, but may be paramount. Indeed, one cannot even assess whether a situation is strategic until the problem ha...
Comment on Yathiraj & Vanaja (2018), “Criteria to Classify Children as Having Auditory Processing Disorders”

Purpose The purpose of this letter is to comment on an article by Yathiraj and Vanaja (2018) titled “Criteria to Classify Children as Having Auditory Processing Disorders.” Conclusions Although the...
Predictors of Failure to Reach Viral Suppression Within 1 Year After Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis: A Surveillance-Based Analysis.

BACKGROUND Identifying factors associated with poor human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care continuum outcomes in the first year after HIV diagnosis could guide care engagement efforts at the time of diagnosis. METHODS We analyzed data from newly diagnosed persons living with HIV (PLWH) who received a partner services (PS) interview in King County, WA from January 1, 2013, to June 30, 2016. The outcome measure was failure to reach viral suppression, defined as the lack of an HIV RNA result <200 copies/mL reported to surveillance within one year after diagnosis. We constructed Kaplan-Meier curves of time to viral suppression and examined associations between viral suppression and demographic characteristics, substance use, housing status, and plan for HIV care. RESULTS Among 549 individuals, 69 (13%) did not achieve viral suppression within 1 year. Failure to reach suppression was associated with having no plan for HIV care at the time of PS interview (n = 72; 13% of the total population; RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04-1.36] and unstable housing (n = 81; 15% of the total population; [RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35). Among persons with one of these two risk factors, 76% achieved viral suppression, compared with 91% of those with stable housing and a plan for care. Overall, 80% of persons who ultimately reached suppression did so by 7.3 months. CONCLUSIONS Providing early support services to PLWH who have unstable housing or no plan for care at the time of HIV partner services interview and to those who do not reach viral suppression shortly after diagnosis could improve the HIV care continuum.
Central clock components modulate plant shade avoidance by directly repressing transcriptional activation activity of PIF proteins.

Light-environment signals, sensed by plant phytochrome photoreceptors, are transduced to target genes through direct regulation of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) transcription factor abundance and activity. Previous genome-wide DNA-binding and expression analysis has identified a set of genes that are direct targets of PIF transcriptional regulation. However, quantitative analysis of promoter occupancy versus expression level has suggested that unknown “trans factors” modulate the intrinsic transcriptional activation activity of DNA-bound PIF proteins. Here, using computational analysis of published data, we have identified PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORS (PRR5 and PRR7) as displaying a high frequency of colocalization with the PIF proteins at their binding sites in the promoters of PIF Direct Target Genes (DTGs). We show that the PRRs function to suppress PIF-stimulated growth in the light and vegetative shade and that they repress the rapid PIF-induced expression of PIF-DTGs triggered by exposure to shade. The repressive action of the PRRs on both growth and DTG expression requires the PIFs, indicating direct action on PIF activity, rather than a parallel antagonistic pathway. Protein interaction assays indicate that the PRRs exert their repressive activity by binding directly to the PIF proteins in the nucleus. These findings support the conclusion that the PRRs function as direct outputs from the core circadian oscillator to regulate the expression of PIF-DTGs through modulation of PIF transcriptional activation activity, thus expanding the roles of the multifunctional PIF-signaling hub.
What to “make” of school: Revealing the conflicting institutional logics of grassroots making and formal education

This article explores the experiences and opinions of young makers and their parents regarding the integration of maker technologies, activities, and spaces into their schools. By utilizing institu...
Broadband Optical Fiber-Facet Silicon Pressure Sensor

A buried photonic element fabrication technique is used to create a broadband optical fiber-facet absolute pressure sensor in a 1 50 μm wide by 5 μm thick crystalline silicon disk with 50 μatm pressure resolution at 1 atm.
Toward Inclusive Education? Focusing a Critical Lens on Universal Design for Learning

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an orientation that aims to bring multiplicity to teaching and learning in ways that respond to the diversity of learners. This article is a call to those working within disability studies to engage more deeply in UDL research. An examination of the conceptual development and research on UDL as presented in academic literature is provided to consider how it connects and disconnects with disability studies and might be used and misused in inclusive education.
Okun loops and anelastic relaxation in the G7

Abstract We show that Okun loops – loop deviations from Okun’s law – are an expected outcome of extending Okun’s law to allow for observed time dependence in the response of unemployment to a change in output, and are an example of anelastic relaxation in economics. We extend prior work on these loops by documenting their regular appearance in the United States economy since WWII and their appearance in all G7 countries. We also find that the anelastic form of Okun’s law provides a statistically significant and operationally parsimonious representation of output–unemployment dynamics in all G7 countries.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk, Family Income, and Fish Consumption Estimates of Mercury and Omega-3 PUFAs in the United States

Most amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases are considered sporadic, without a known genetic basis, and lifestyle factors are suspected to play an etiologic role. We previously observed increased risk of ALS associated with high nail mercury levels as an exposure biomarker and thus hypothesized that mercury exposure via fish consumption patterns increases ALS risk. Lifestyle surveys were obtained from ALS patients (n = 165) and n = 330 age- and sex-matched controls without ALS enrolled in New Hampshire, Vermont, or Ohio, USA. We estimated their annual intake of mercury and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) via self-reported seafood consumption habits, including species and frequency. In our multivariable model, family income showed a significant positive association with ALS risk (p = 0.0003, adjusted for age, sex, family history, education, and race). Neither the estimated annual mercury nor omega-3 PUFA intakes via seafood were associated with ALS risk. ALS incidence is associated with socioeconomic status; however, consistent with a prior international study, this relationship is not linked to mercury intake estimated via fish or seafood consumption patterns.
HatRPC: hint-accelerated thrift RPC over RDMA

In this paper, we propose a novel hint-accelerated Remote Procedure Call (RPC) framework based on Apache Thrift over Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) protocols, called HatRPC. HatRPC proposes a hierarchical hint scheme towards optimizing heterogeneous RPC services and functions. The proposed hint design is composed of service-granularity and function-granularity hints for achieving varied optimization goals and reducing design space for further optimizing the underneath RDMA communication engine. We co-design a key-value store called HatKV with HatRPC and LMDB. The effectiveness and efficiency of HatRPC are validated and evaluated with our proposed Apache Thrift Benchmarks (ATB), YCSB, and TPC-H workloads. Performance evaluations show that the proposed HatRPC approach can deliver up to 55% performance improvement for ATB benchmarks and up to 1.51X speedup for TPC-H queries compared with vanilla Thrift over IPoIB. In addition, the co-designed HatKV can achieve up to 85.5% improvement for YCSB workloads.
Differential expression of synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) isoforms

The synaptic vesicle proteins SV2A and SV2B (SV2 = synaptic vesicle protein 2) are two highly related proteins belonging to a family of transporters. As a first step toward identifying the function of the SV2 proteins, we examined the expression of SV2A and SV2B in the rat brain by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and immunoprecipitation with isoform-specific antibodies. These analyses revealed that one isoform, SV2A, is expressed ubiquitously throughout the brain at varying levels. The other isoform, SV2B, has a more limited distribution with varying degrees of coexpression with SV2A. Immunoprecipitation of brain synaptic vesicles with isoform-specific antibodies followed by Western analyses suggests that both isoforms can be present on the same synaptic vesicle. The expression of the SV2 proteins did not correlate either with neurotransmitter phenotype or with the expression of other synaptic vesicle protein isoforms. SV2B expression was observed to change during development; it is more widely expressed in the immature brain and is found in cells that have yet to establish synaptic contacts. The ubiquitous and overlapping expression of the SV2s suggests that they perform a function common to all synaptic vesicles. Variable and changing coexpression of the SV2 isoforms may indicate that SV2 function is regulated by the isoform composition of synaptic vesicles. The observation that the synaptic vesicle proteins, all occurring in multiple isoforms, are differentially expressed with respect to each other indicates that up to 90 different vesicle types are possible.
Pacemaker diagnostics in atrial fibrillation: limited usefulness for therapy initiation in a pacemaker practice.

Aim We aimed to determine the practical value of pacemaker diagnostics for atrial fibrillation (AF) in an unselected general pacemaker practice, specifically workflow and initiation of anticoagulation or antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy. Methods We prospectively followed consecutive pacemaker interrogations over a period of 1 year to identify patients with AF (burden from 1% to 99%). We contacted referring physicians with AF details, and then determined whether the information resulted in therapeutic changes. Results Of the 1,100 pacemakers interrogated, 728 were dual chamber (DDDs) with AF diagnostic capability. AF was recorded in 73 (10%) but seven had limited information, leaving 66 patients; of these, 42 (63%) patients were already anticoagulated and in five (7%) patients, anticoagulation had been stopped because of complications. Initial diagnosis of AF was made by the pacemaker in 17 patients (26% of 66; 2% of 728); four (6% of 66) patients were newly initiated on anticoagulation. Of the 66 patients, 17 patients were already on AADs; 49 (74%) had satisfactory rate control or had other issues; only two (3% of 66; 0.3% of 728) received new AADs. Conclusions Of 728 patients with DDD pacemakers, only 17 were newly discovered to have AF, and six (0.8%) had changes in medications based on the pacemaker data. Adding pacemaker-derived data to existing clinical information had little therapeutic impact, due to a combination of cumbersome workflow, and because AF was usually known to practitioners. Developments in automated monitoring systems may provide more accessible and therapeutically useful information.
Chapter 2 Stimulus equivalence and meaning: The influence of verbal behavior

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the influence of verbal behavior. This chapter begins with a consideration of some of the complexities involved in understanding naming. The present analysis addresses only a very small part of the task. Names and their referents do not exist in isolation, but rather they are to be understood in more extended contexts: the context of a sentence, the context of narrative, the context of the verbal community, as well as the context of individual learning history, culture, and genetics. Stimulus equivalence may well turn out to be an important analytical tool in understanding these problems in all of their richness and variety. The chapter presents two experiments to illustrate concrete and abstract stimuli in stimulus equivalence. In this experiment, subjects are trained to perform 16 conditional discriminations intended to produce eight 3-member stimulus classes.
Scale out parallel and distributed CDR stream analytics

In the era of information explosion, huge amount of data are generated from various sensing devices continuously, which are often too low level for analytics purpose, and too massive to load to data-warehouses for filtering and summarizing with the reasonable latency. Distributed stream analytics for multilevel abstraction is the key to solve this problem. We advocate a distributed infrastructure for CDR (Call Detail Record) stream analytics in the telecommunication network where the stream processing is integrated into the database engine, and carried out in terms of continuous querying; the computation model is based on network-distributed (rather than clustered) Map-Reduce scheme. We propose the window based cooperation mechanism for having multiple engines synchronized and cooperating on the data falling in a common window boundary, based on time, cardinality, etc. This mechanism allows the engines to cooperate window by window without centralized coordination. We further propose the quantization mechanism for integrating the discretization and abstraction of continuous-valued data, for efficient and incremental data reduction, and in turn, network data movement reduction. These mechanisms provide the key roles in scaling out CDR stream analytics. The proposed approach has been integrated into the PostgreSQL engine. Our preliminary experiments reveal its merit for large-scale distributed stream processing.
CPU Utilization of Multimedia Processes: HeiPOET - The Heidelberg Predictor of Execution Times Measurement Tool

Due to the time characteristics of audio and video data, the processing of multimedia applications has to be done using real-time mechanisms. Scheduling algorithms used within such systems require information about the processing time requirements, the CPU utilization of the applications, to perform schedulability tests. Since multimedia applications are often constructed by combining processing modules (often called stream handlers), processing time determination for these modules is required. The multitude of these modules and the large variety of computer systems calls for a measurement tool. In this paper we define the term CPU utilization for multimedia processing and describe the CPU utilization measurement tool HeiPOET. The presented measurements show that the tool provides measurement results with good accuracy.
The future of bioinformatics

Is bioinformatics a discipline? Perhaps a more fundamental question is what is a discipline? According to the Webster's New World Dictionary it is "a system of rules, as for a monastic order." A little harsh perhaps. A more apropos definition is a field of study that stands alone, yet at the same time can be integrated into a large picture of human understanding. In this sense is bioinformatics a discipline? Certainly a question worthy of debate. Most of this audience would say yes, others would say it is a part of computer or information science, others a methodology within the biological sciences and others something destined to merge with medical informatics. If we are struggling for a unique definition perhaps this indicates we want it to be something that stands alone and distinct? I will address this question.Regardless of how we classify bioinformatics, we are dealing with a fledgling enterprise that arose out of the human genome project and has become an interpreter of the genomic language of DNA and is attempting to decipher the more complex languages where proteins are the nouns and interactions the syntax and pathways the sentences and living systems the complete volume. All fledglings learn how to discover, how to grow and adapt and how to live in a complex world. Bioinformatics is no exception. We will explore where we are on this learning curve with examples from our work and others. An exploration covering, methods development, putting the "bio" back in bioinformatics, quality control, and making the leap to systems biology.
Understanding Language Support for Irregular Parallelism

While software support for array-based, data-parallel algorithms has been studied extensively, less attention has been devoted to irregular parallel applications. The majority of these applications are unstructured, that is, they possess asynchronous components that do not fit the data-parallel model. Examples of unstructured applications include sparse matrix and n-body problems. Previous research, such as Parti[11] and CHAOS[13], has concentrated on extending the array-based data-parallel model to handle structured irregular algorithms. For unstructured irregular applications, however, the appropriate language abstractions, compiler technology, and runtime techniques have yet to be discovered.
Prompting Auditors' Intrinsic Motivation Improves Skepticism

Despite a lack of evidence and theory about specific mechanisms, intrinsic motivation is generally thought to be associated with increased performance on a variety of tasks. We develop theory in this important area and test whether prompting auditors’ intrinsic motivation can solve a critical problem in financial reporting — insufficient auditor skepticism about management estimates. We find that prompting auditors’ intrinsic motivation enhances skepticism by improving auditors’ information processing strategies: prompted auditors attend to a broader set of information, process information at a deeper level, and request more relevant additional evidence. Supplemental analyses show that prompted auditors improve decision effectiveness without sacrificing efficiency and that auditors’ improved skepticism comes mainly from their use of information cues that require higher levels of processing. In sum, we find that prompting auditors’ intrinsic motivation causes auditors to engage in complex cognition that facilitates improved skepticism and improved financial reports.
A method for the evaluation of thousands of automated 3D stem cell segmentations.

There is no segmentation method that performs perfectly with any dataset in comparison to human segmentation. Evaluation procedures for segmentation algorithms become critical for their selection. The problems associated with segmentation performance evaluations and visual verification of segmentation results are exaggerated when dealing with thousands of three-dimensional (3D) image volumes because of the amount of computation and manual inputs needed. We address the problem of evaluating 3D segmentation performance when segmentation is applied to thousands of confocal microscopy images (z-stacks). Our approach is to incorporate experimental imaging and geometrical criteria, and map them into computationally efficient segmentation algorithms that can be applied to a very large number of z-stacks. This is an alternative approach to considering existing segmentation methods and evaluating most state-of-the-art algorithms. We designed a methodology for 3D segmentation performance characterization that consists of design, evaluation and verification steps. The characterization integrates manual inputs from projected surrogate 'ground truth' of statistically representative samples and from visual inspection into the evaluation. The novelty of the methodology lies in (1) designing candidate segmentation algorithms by mapping imaging and geometrical criteria into algorithmic steps, and constructing plausible segmentation algorithms with respect to the order of algorithmic steps and their parameters, (2) evaluating segmentation accuracy using samples drawn from probability distribution estimates of candidate segmentations and (3) minimizing human labour needed to create surrogate 'truth' by approximating z-stack segmentations with 2D contours from three orthogonal z-stack projections and by developing visual verification tools. We demonstrate the methodology by applying it to a dataset of 1253 mesenchymal stem cells. The cells reside on 10 different types of biomaterial scaffolds, and are stained for actin and nucleus yielding 128 460 image frames (on average, 125 cells/scaffold × 10 scaffold types × 2 stains × 51 frames/cell). After constructing and evaluating six candidates of 3D segmentation algorithms, the most accurate 3D segmentation algorithm achieved an average precision of 0.82 and an accuracy of 0.84 as measured by the Dice similarity index where values greater than 0.7 indicate a good spatial overlap. A probability of segmentation success was 0.85 based on visual verification, and a computation time was 42.3 h to process all z-stacks. While the most accurate segmentation technique was 4.2 times slower than the second most accurate algorithm, it consumed on average 9.65 times less memory per z-stack segmentation.
Inflatable penile prosthesis and salvage protocol for mechanical failure: is it really necessary?

ABSTRACT Introduction Penile prosthesis patients with mechanical failure who wish continued treatment require device removal and replacement. Infection rates as high as 18% have been reported for procedures involving replacement of malfunctioning penile prosthesis compared with 2% for primary implantation. Aim The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of patients who have had a penile prosthesis replacement for mechanical failure to determine if those who had a mini‐salvage washout procedure had better outcomes than those who did not. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients undergoing inflatable penile prosthesis replacement for mechanical failure from 1997 to 2010. Demographics, past medical history, reason for device failure, type of device, time from original implantation to failure, operative details, culture results, and follow‐up data were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Infection rates for penile implant revisions with and without mini‐salvage washout. Results Forty‐two patients underwent a mini‐salvage procedure for mechanical failure and 87 patients underwent standard sterile replacement. There were no infections in the mini‐salvage group and two (2.3%) in the standard sterile group ( P = 1.00). In patients with culture data available, two patients in each group had coagulase negative staphylococcus on culture, but none of these patients developed an infection. One patient who developed an infection had an intraoperative culture, which revealed no growth. The other patient with an infection did not undergo intraoperative culture testing. Operating room (OR) time was longer with the mini‐salvage procedure (156 ± 36 minutes vs. 131 ± 31 minutes, P Conclusions Performing a mini‐salvage procedure for patients undergoing penile prosthesis replacement for mechanical failure adds to operative time but did not significantly change the infection rate and may not be indicated. Furthermore, intraoperative culture results were not predictive of postoperative infection. Bartley J, Zimmerman WB, and Dhabuwala CB. Inflatable penile prosthesis and salvage protocol for mechanical failure: Is it really necessary? J Sex Med 2012;9:2175–2181.
More on ‘Models and algorithms for the dynamic-demand joint replenishment problem’

This paper presents tight mathematical programming formulations for the dynamic demand joint replenishment problem (DJRP). Experimental studies using general-purpose software document the improved computational efficiency of the new formulations versus the earlier models of Boctor et al. (Boctor, F.F., Laporte, G. and Renaud, J., Models and algorithms for the dynamic-demand joint replenishment problem. Int. J. Prod. Res., 2004, 42, 2667–2678.) and Robinson and Gao (Robinson, E.P. and Gao, L., A dual-ascent procedure for multi-product dynamic demand coordinated replenishment with backlogging. Manag. Sci., 1996, 42, 1556–1564.). The findings encourage the development of specialized algorithms for their solution. The paper also evaluates the performance of the perturbation and dual-ascent heuristics for solving DJRP finding the perturbation heuristic is superior at relatively low set-up cost ratios and high joint set-up cost levels, while the dual-ascent heuristic strongly dominates at relatively high set-up...
Persistent and recurrent postsurgical varicoceles: venographic anatomy and treatment with N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization.

Purpose To elucidate the mechanism of persistence or recurrence of varicoceles after surgical repair by examining the venographic anatomy, and to review the efficacy of treatment of these patients with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) embolization. Materials and Methods From 2001 to 2007, 17 patients with persistent or recurrent varicoceles were studied by retrograde venography 4 months to 18 years after open surgical repair. All patients were then treated with NBCA glue embolization of the entire gonadal vein and the venographically identified duplications and collateral vessels, with three patients undergoing bilateral procedures. Venographic anatomy and clinical success were retrospectively analyzed. Results The majority of patients (65%) exhibited duplications draining into a single left gonadal vein. Duplications were most frequently found to be confined to the pelvis and inguinal canal. Communication with other retroperitoneal veins, including the renal hilar, lumbar, iliac, and circumaortic renal vein, was relatively uncommon. NBCA embolization effectively treated the main gonadal vein as well as the duplications and communications, with only one patient developing thrombophlebitic complications. Conclusions Duplication of the gonadal vein in the pelvic or inguinal region with apparent incomplete ligation or resection is a common finding in patients with persistence or recurrence of varicocele after surgery. NBCA embolization effectively treats these duplicated vessels, resulting in a high rate of clinical success on short-term follow-up.
Fluctuating Forces Facilitate Protein-Mediated DNA Looping

Lac repressor-mediated DNA looping has become a paradigm for long-range genetic regulation. Our earlier experimental results have shown that forces on the order of a hundred femtonewtons can drastically disrupt the formation of DNA loops. This exquisitely high sensitivity to applied force implies that tension in the DNA, two orders of magnitude smaller than typical piconewton intracellular forces, may provide a mechanical pathway for transcriptional control.We investigate how such mechanical switching is affected by fluctuating forces instead of static forces inside a cell. Our results show that by slightly increasing the magnitude of the fluctuations, which are on the order of tens of femtonewtons, the DNA loop formation rate can be significantly increased while the magnitude of the average tension in the DNA remains the same. This result contributes to our understanding of how protein-mediated DNA looping processes, which are extremely sensitive to force, can function in a noisy in vivo environment.To study the effects of force fluctuations on DNA looping, a random series of optical forces displaying the statistics of Gaussian white noise is applied to a surface-tethered DNA molecule by axial optical tweezers. The lifetimes of the looped and unlooped states are measured under fluctuating forces that have the same average magnitude but different fluctuation strengths. Our results show that, as compared to the noise free case, the lifetime of the unlooped state decreases by about a factor of two when fluctuations on the scale of tens of femtonewtons are applied while the lifetime of the looped state remains constant.
Stress analysis for an elastic half space containing an embedded rigid block

Abstract The plane elasticity problem of a finite, rigid rectangular block partially embedded in, and perfectly bonded to an elastic half space is investigated. The problem is formulated by the superposition of the solutions to the problems of horizontal and vertical line inclusions beneath an elastic half space. Substitution of these results into the boundary conditions appropriate for the embedded block problem leads to a system of coupled singular integral equations, whose unknowns are the normal and shear stress discontinuities between the bonded surfaces. Two distinct sets of loads are applied to the embedded block, so that it either translates without rotation in the y -direction, or rotates about an axis in the z -direction. Several important physical quantities are computed, e.g. the diffusion of the load from the block into the elastic half space for vertical translation and the rotational stiffness.
Correlation of 2-, 3-, 4- and disubstituted pyridine gas-phase proton affinities with ab initio calculated energies at the STO-3G basis set level

Total energies of 2-, 3-, 4- and disubstituted pyridines were calculated for the salt and the free base using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the STO-3G basis set level [2]. In each set, the difference in energy, ΔEH, between the salt and the free base was calculated and plotted against experimentally derived gas-phase proton affinities. The correlation was very good for each of the substituent categories listed. All of the energies and proton affinities were then plotted together on the same graph. The result was an excellent correlation with r = 0.97. The linear equation for gas phase proton affinity, PAB = 28.51 + 435.45ΔEH kcal/mole, was derived from this plot and was used to calculate proton affinities for all of the thirty-one compounds used in this study as well as for a series of dicyanopyridines for which values of proton affinity are not available at this time.
Iran and the spread of revolutionary Islam

(1988). Iran and the spread of revolutionary Islam. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 730-749.
The readback process in digital magnetic recording

Losses in analog magnetic recording can be separated and analyzed by frequency response techniques. In digital recording these cannot readily be applied but, as this paper shows, useful results can be obtained from a time domain analysis of the readback process. The commonly accepted model of this process as a convolution of the media magnetization transition and the head field function is extended by the use of linear theory to include the electrical parameters of the head amplifier system. The resulting model is then analyzed to show how the three contributions to the readback process -the written transition, the head field, and electrical effects-might be separated by suitable experimental techniques. Electrical effects are readily separable and experimental results agree well both with the theory and with established head parameters. The separation of reading and writing effects is shown to be difficult to achieve under conditions likely to be encountered in practice, but an approximate method is discussed.
Markov jump linear system analysis of microgrid stability

In a typical microgrid, the power generation capacity is similar to the maximum total load. The low inertia of the system provides little margin for error in the power balance, both active and reactive, and requires rapid control response to load changes. In the present work, a microgrid is modeled as a Markov jump linear system (MJLS). An MJLS is a dynamic system with continuous states governed by one of a set of linear systems, and a continuous-time Markov process that determines which linear system is active. When the discrete state of the Markov process changes, there is a “jump” in the dynamics of the continuous states. In addition, the jump may be impulsive. The present work first explores impulsive MJLS stability. Conservative bounds on the expected value of the state are determined from a combination of the Markov process parameters, the dynamics of each linear system, and the magnitude of the impulses. Then the microgrid model is cast into the MJLS framework and stability analysis is performed. The conclusions are verified with detailed simulations.
(GaIn)(NAsSb): MBE GROWTH, HETEROSTRUCTURE AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES

Dilute nitride GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb alloys grown on GaAs have quickly become excellent candidates for a variety of lower cost 1.2–1.6 μm lasers, optical amplifiers, and high power Raman pump lasers that will be required in the networks to provide high speed communications to the desktop. Because these quantum well active regions can be grown on GaAs, the distributed mirror technology for vertical cavity surface emitting lasers coupling into waveguides and fibers and photonic crystal structures can be readily combined with GaInNAsSb active regions to produce a variety of advanced photonic devices that will be crucial for advanced photonic integrated circuits. GaInNAs(Sb) provides several new challenges compared to earlier III–V alloys because of the limited solubility of N, phase segregation, nonradiative defects caused by the low growth temperature, and ion damage from the N plasma source. This paper describes progress in overcoming some of the material challenges and progress in realizing record setting edge emitting lasers, the first VCSELs operating at 1.5 μm based on GaInNAsSb and integrated photonic crystal and nanoaperture lasers.
High-Pressure Synthesis of an Alkali Metal–Transition Metal Laves Phase: KAg2☆

Abstract A new C14 Laves phase was synthesized by direct reaction of potassium and silver at high pressure in a diamond anvil cell. The structure was refined by Rietveld analysis on powder diffraction data in the space groupP63/mmcto anRF2value of 0.034. The lattice parameters area=5.589(5) andc=9.476(1). Formation of this phase under pressure is in agreement with predictions based on Miedema's rules. A novel double-sided laser heating system was developed for the synthesis of KAg2.
Partial skeleton of Proconsul nyanzae from Mfangano Island, Kenya.

A partial skeleton attributed to Proconsul nyanzae (KNM-MW 13142) is described. The fossils were found at a site on Mfangano Island, Kenya, which dates to 17.9 +/- .1 million years ago. KNM-MW 13142 consists of six partial vertebrae (T12-S1), a nearly complete hipbone, most of the right femur and left femoral shaft, a fragmentary tibia and fibula, and a nearly complete talus and calcaneus. This skeleton provides the first pelvic fossil known for any East African Miocene hominoid. The new Proconsul specimen is compared to a large sample of extant anthropoids to determine its functional and phylogenetic affinities. In most aspects of its anatomy, KNM-MW 13142 closely resembles nonhominoid anthropoids. This individual had a long, flexible spine, narrow torso, and habitually pronograde posture, features characteristic of most extant monkeys. Evidence of spinal musculature suggests a generalized condition intermediate between that of cercopithecoids and hylobatids. The hindlimb of KNM-MW 13142 exhibits relatively mobile hip and ankle joints, with structural properties of the femur like those of hominoids. This mix of features implies a pattern of posture and locomotion that is unlike that of any extant primate. Many aspects of the Proconsul nyanzae locomotor skeleton may represent the primitive catarrhine condition.