cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutronics Analysis for a High Wall Loading Compact Tokamak Power Reactor

Neutronics analysis is presented for a compact high wall loading (HWL) tokamak reactor with a major radius of 2.6 m, an aspect ratio of 4.33 and a fusion power of 1025 MW. A normal bean coil is used to achieve a high ..beta.. value of 20%. The peak and average wall loadings are 12 and 8.7 MW/m/sup 2/. No breeding blanket is used on the inboard side. The impact of using different materials on the overall TBR is assessed. Despite the limited breeding blanket coverage, an overall TBR > 1.05 is obtained when a 10 cm thick layer of a neutron multiplier is used on the inboard side above and below the bean coil. The total reactor thermal power is about 1300 MW.
Prediction of the Glucose-Induced Changes in Membrane Ionic Permeability and Cytosolic Ca2+ by Mathematical Modeling

Probably the most interesting property of pancreatic β-cells is their ability to detect and respond to the concentration of glucose in the plasma. Most experiments performed on islets are done in search of understanding this enigmatic process. For example, electrophysiological studies on the β-cell have indicated that the oscillations in membrane potential, which involve repetitive bursts of action potentials, are a necessary part of the glucose recognition process.4,10,28,29,33 This “burst pattern” is generated by the interplay between ionic channels in the β-cell membrane.1,2,3,4,5,7,19,20,22 One proposal is that the glucose sensitivity is due to changes in the efflux rate of ionic Ca from the cytosol.7 Recently, Chay and Keizer,14,15 and Chay12 developed a mathematical model which reproduces the β-cell’s unique glucose-sensitive bursting pattern of electrical activity. The model is based upon experimentally determined membrane ionic permeabilities: voltage-gated Ca-channels,2 voltage-gated K-channels,5 Ca-activated K-channels.3,7,22 In the model, glucose recognition is equated to the rate of Ca2+ uptake, kCa in the β-cell.
Immunological Detection and Characterization

Immunological methods have been used for viral diagnosis for more than 100 years. Although molecular methods are replacing many older methods of viral diagnosis, there is still a significant role for immunological methods to guide patient care and in the performance of epidemiologic studies. Identification of viral antigens in clinical samples can be accomplished rapidly through the use of point-of-care lateral immunoassays or through the use of more traditional immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassays in the virology laboratory. Serological assays are also a valuable tool for the clinician and epidemiologist. Many of the available diagnostic assays have enzyme immunoassay formats, but functional assays such as hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibody tests are also available. In some instances, virus infection can be diagnosed with a single serum sample (e.g., HIV and hepatitis C virus infections) while in other instances paired sera are needed (e.g., those caused by common respiratory viruses). Point-of-care antibody assays are also available for testing blood and saliva samples for some viruses. An understanding of the principles of immunological detection methods is important in the application and interpretation of test results.
What is Deontology? Part One: Orthodox Views

Dans le cadre du debat entre consequentialisme et deontologie, l'A. examine l'idee d'une ethique deontologique non teleologique, fondee sur la priorite du droit sur le bien, d'une part, et montre que celle-ci est incompatible avec un critere distributif de la justice et avec l'idee de vengeance, d'autre part.
Bodily Proportions and the Estimation of Stature

Six of the Shanidar adults, all except Shanidar 8, are sufficiently complete to permit the assessment of some aspects of their body proportions and have at least one long bone that is sufficiently intact to permit the estimation of their statures. A consideration of the overall body proportions of the Shanidar Neandertals involves four relatively separate comparisons: head to postcranial proportions, trunk to limb proportions, interlimb proportions, and limb segment proportions. This chapter reviews the data on the aspects of each of these with the addition of aspects of body proportions. The considerations of the proportions of the Shanidar partial skeletons demonstrate that there are relatively few features in which the proportions of their anatomical segments differ from the dominant pattern present among recent humans. Although the Shanidar stature estimates are similar to those of other Neandertals, they are considerably below the mean values for the same sex of the two early anatomically modern human samples. The Shanidar individuals, thus, follow the general Neandertal pattern of having modest statures and being considerably shorter, on the average, than the succeeding populations of early anatomically modern humans.
Perceptions of the Reading Process and Levels of Reading Achievement

(1981). Perceptions of the Reading Process and Levels of Reading Achievement. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 14, Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Theme: Challenge Reassessment Affirmation, pp. 50-54.
Biological Conversion of Inedible Biomass to Food

The issue of conversion of non-nutritional lignocellulose substrates to produce edible materials is under study. The research emphasis is on substrates (e.g. cornstover, bran, corn cobs and wood chips), enzyme systems, and organisms needed for the conversions in small scale systems with minimal processing requirements. Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium pruinosum and Lentinus edodes are the organisms being studied for their potential to break down lignocellulose to basic food components. End products of the conversions such as protein, glucose and/or microbial biomass are being evaluated. Solid substrate and shake flask fermentation methods are being used to obtain the edible products. A corollary study on algal photosynthesis for food production using Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis is also underway in the laboratory. A review of the recent literature as well as preliminary results found in our investigations will be presented.
Utilization of care at the end of life in Medicare decedents with advanced cancer.

22Background: Despite increasing evidence supporting minimization of aggressive care at the end of life, little literature exists reporting timing of chemotherapy and radiation in relation to hospi...
Pupillometry tracks fluctuations in working memory performance

In 3 experiments, we examined fluctuations in working memory (WM) performance and associated changes in pretrial and task-evoked pupil diameter. Additionally, we examined whether particularly poor trials were accompanied by self-reports of off-task attentional states. The results demonstrated that task-evoked pupillary responses can be used to measure moment-to-moment fluctuations in the success of WM maintenance during delay intervals. Further, when individuals reported being in an off-task attentional state, their WM performance suffered. Additionally, when probed directly after a particularly poor trial, participants reported being in an off-task attentional state more often than at random intervals throughout the task. So behavioral, subjective, and physiological data converged when people experienced WM failures. Although pretrial pupil diameter did not consistently differentiate between successful and unsuccessful trials, variability in pretrial pupil diameter accounted for a significant portion of variance in WM task performance. This effect persisted after controlling for mean task-evoked pupillary response and variability in task-evoked pupillary responses. Thus, one of the major reasons people varied in the consistency with which they utilized their WM system was variability in arousal. Such variability in arousal is potentially due to variation in the functioning of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neuromodulatory system, and thus may underlie individual differences in WM capacity and attention control.
Channel Code Analysis and Design Using Multiple Variable-Length Codes in Parallel without Feedback

This paper considers a channel coding paradigm that enables high throughput by using many variable-length codes in parallel, where each of the parallel codes has a short average blocklength. The inter-frame coding of Zeineddine and Mansour provides variable- length codes with incremental redundancy from a common pool of redundancy in a way that does not require feedback. A probability- based derivation of a generalized peeling decoder extends the results of Luby et al. to the inter-frame scenario. A new expression characterizes the probability that a variable-length decoder in the inter-frame system will fail. Additionally, the three causes for throughput loss as compared to the original feedback system are identified, yielding a new and far simpler design methodology for the right degree distribution of the inter-frame code. The inter-frame paradigm can apply to any communication channel, but this paper uses the additive white Gaussian noise channel to demonstrate the concepts.
The Double Bind of School Nurses and Policy Implementation: Intersecting the Street-Level Bureaucracy Framework and Teaching Sexual Health Education:

As described in the Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice, school nurses bridge the realities of health and education policy within the school community every day. This role is inclusive of helping teach sexual health education (SHE) to students. We were interested in characterizing how school nurses navigate requirements of health education policy to provide their students with the SHE content that they need. Using data from a larger study, we organized a subset of school nurse data within the street-level bureaucracy framework to better understand the many challenges school nurses face in implementing SHE policy. School nurses' involvement in SHE policy implementation was congruent with characteristics of the framework. This included using their professional discretion to manage dilemmas, working with inadequate resources, unclear policy expectations, lack of support, and ambiguous policy goals. Trusted relationships with teachers and students helped school nurses with their SHE policy implementation responsibilities.
Effects of Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, Gabapentinoids, and Their Combinations on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty.

Objective Multimodal analgesia has gained popularity in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but large multicenter studies evaluating specific analgesic combinations are lacking. Design A retrospective study using the Premier Healthcare Database (2009-2014). Subjects Adults who underwent elective primary THA or TKA. Methods We categorized day-of-surgery analgesic exposure using eight mutually exclusive categories: acetaminophen (Ac), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ns), gabapentinoids (Ga; gabapentin or pregabalin), Ac+Ns, Ac+Ga, Ns+Ga, Ac+Ns+Ga, and none of the three drugs. Multilevel models measured associations of the analgesic categories with a composite of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). Results Among 863,139 patients, 75.2% received at least one of the three drugs. In multilevel models, compared with none of the three drugs, Ga use was associated with increased odds of PPCs when used alone (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27 to 1.44), combined with Ac (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.26), or combined with Ns (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.21 to 1.34). In contrast, the Ac+Ns pair was associated with decreased odds of PPCs (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.90) and lower opioid consumption. Ac+Ns+Ga was not associated with PPCs, whereas it was associated with the lowest opioid consumption on the day of surgery. Conclusions Gabapentinoids, alone and in single combination with either acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, were associated with higher PPCs, whereas the Ac+Ns pair was associated with fewer PPCs and an opioid-sparing effect. Ac+Ns+Ga was not associated with PPCs, whereas it was associated with the lowest opioid consumption on the day of surgery.
Safe and Robust Robot Learning from Demonstration through Conceptual Constraints

This thesis summary presents research focused on incorporating high-level abstract behavioral requirements, called 'conceptual constraints', into the modeling processes of robot Learning from Demonstration (LfD) techniques. This idea is realized via an LfD algorithm called Concept Constrained Learning from Demonstration. This algorithm encodes motion planning constraints as temporally associated logical formulae of Boolean operators that enforce high-level constraints over portions of the robot's motion plan during learned skill execution. This results in more easily trained, more robust, and safer learned skills. Current work focuses on automating constraint discovery, introducing conceptual constraints into human-aware motion planning algorithms, and expanding upon trajectory alignment techniques for LfD. Future work will focus on how concept constrained algorithms and models are best incorporated into effective interfaces for end-users.
Class, Ethnicity, and Cooperation Among Women: Evidence from a Public Goods Experiment in Lebanon

While recent evidence suggests that women exhibit a high capacity to cooperate in all-women groups, existing research focuses on how women cooperate among themselves versus in mixed-gender situations. We still know little, however, about how social differences among women affect their collective action capacity. We examine this by implementing a public goods experiment in Lebanon in which 713 women and men were randomly assigned to play in same-gender groups that were either homogeneous or heterogeneous in their class and sectarian compositions. We show that women contribute significantly less in mixed-class groups while men contribute more, reinforcing that this pattern is unique to women. We also demonstrate that class differences can undermine women’s cooperation more than sectarian differences. These findings highlight how social differences – and class differences in particular – can impede women’s collective action capacity, revealing the potential barriers to building broad, gender-based coalitions to advance women’s rights and interests.
Discovery of surrogate agonists for visceral fat Treg cells that modulate metabolic indices in vivo

T regulatory (Treg) cells play vital roles in modulating immunity and tissue homeostasis. Their actions depend on TCR recognition of peptide-MHC molecules; yet the degree of peptide specificity of Treg-cell function, and whether Treg ligands can be used to manipulate Treg cell biology are unknown. Here, we developed an Ab-peptide library that enabled unbiased screening of peptides recognized by a bona fide murine Treg cell clone isolated from the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and identified surrogate agonist peptides, with differing affinities and signaling potencies. The VAT-Treg cells expanded in vivo by one of the surrogate agonists preserved the typical VAT-Treg transcriptional programs. Immunization with this surrogate, especially when coupled with blockade of TNFα signaling, expanded VAT-Treg cells, resulting in protection from inflammation and improved metabolic indices, including promotion of insulin sensitivity. These studies suggest that antigen-specific targeting of VAT-localized Treg cells could eventually be a strategy for improving metabolic disease.
Topological terms and diffeomorphism anomalies in fluid dynamics and sigma models

The author studies the interplay between spacetime diffeomorphisms, target space diffeomorphisms (e.g. field redefinitions), and topological terms in nonlinear sigma models in $2+1$ and $3+1$ dimensions and shows that in some cases there is a clash of these invariances which implies anomalies. Different classes of topological terms are considered that describe, or may describe, two-component fluids, vortex fluids, fluids of vortex lines, and fluids made of knots and links of vortex lines, representing a major contribution to topological fluid mechanics.
The Social, Cultural, and Political Value of Play: Singapore’s Postcolonial Playground System:

In welfare-state urban renewal programs, playground systems are instruments used to advance social, educational, and political goals. However, literature focuses on playground’s implementation in w...
Motor function is the primary driver of the associations of sarcopenia and physical frailty with adverse health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults.

Background This study tested the hypothesis that sarcopenia and its constituent components, reduced lean muscle mass and impaired motor function, are associated with reduced survival and increased risk of incident disabilities. Methods 1466 community-dwelling older adults underwent assessment of muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), grip strength, gait speed and other components of physical frailty and annual self-report assessments of disability. We used Cox proportional hazards models that controlled for age, sex, race, education and height to examine the associations of a continuous sarcopenia metric with the hazard of death and incident disabilities. Results Mean baseline age was about 80 years old and follow-up was 5.5 years. In a proportional hazards model controlling for age, sex, race, education and baseline sarcopenia, each 1-SD higher score on a continuous sarcopenia scale was associated with lower hazards of death (HR 0.70, 95%CI [0.62, 0.78]), incident IADL (HR 0.80,95%CI [0.70, 0.93]), incident ADL disability (HR 0.80 95%CI [71, 91]) and incident mobility disability (HR 0.81, 95%CI [0.70, 0.93]). Further analyses suggest that grip strength and gait speed rather than muscle mass drive the associations with all four adverse health outcomes. Similar findings were observed when controlling for additional measures used to assess physical frailty including BMI, fatigue and physical activity. Conclusions Motor function is the primary driver of the associations of sarcopenia and physical frailty with diverse adverse health outcomes. Further work is needed to identify other facets of muscle structure and motor function which together can identify adults at risk for specific adverse health outcomes.
Topology-Aware Self-Organizing Maps for Robotic Information Gathering

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for constructing a maximally informative path for a robot in an information gathering task. We use a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) framework to discover important topological features in the information function. Using these features, we identify a set of distinct classes of trajectories, each of which has improved convexity compared with the original function. We then leverage a Stochastic Gradient Ascent (SGA) optimization algorithm within each of these classes to optimize promising representative paths. The increased convexity leads to an improved chance of SGA finding the globally optimal path across all homotopy classes. We demonstrate our approach in three different simulated experiments. First, we show that our SOM is able to correctly learn the topological features of a gyre environment with a well-defined topology. Then, in the second set of experiments, we compare the effectiveness of our algorithm in an information gathering task across the gyre world, a set of randomly generated worlds, and a set of worlds drawn from real-world ocean model data. In these experiments our algorithm performs competitively or better than a state-of-the-art Branch and Bound while requiring significantly less computation time. Lastly, the final set of experiments show that our method scales better than the comparison methods across different planning mission sizes in real-world environments.
Lévinas’s Life and Work: A Historical Horizon

In this chapter, I consider the parallels between Levinas’s first major works on an individuated ethical subjectivity and latter ones that characterize ethical subjectivity as an ontological persecution. I find specific actions and personal friendships in Levinas’s life that stress the challenges that face a relational and vulnerable form of subjectivity that I advance here.
TGF-β Alters the Proportion of Infiltrating Immune Cells in a Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors against anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), has not been successful in treating patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells (DCs), and the TGF-β cytokine are critical in anti-cancer immunity. We hypothesized that TGF-β enhances the immunosuppressive effects of TAM, MDSC, and DC presence in tumors. Using a murine PDAC cell line derived from a genetically engineered mouse model, we orthotopically implanted treated cells plus drug embedded in Matrigel into immunocompetent mice. Treatments included saline control, TGF-β1, or a TGF-β receptor 1 small molecule inhibitor, galunisertib. We investigated TAM, MDSC, DC, and TAM PD-L1 expression with flow cytometry in tumors. Separately, we used the TIMER2.0 database to analyze TAM and PD-L1 gene expression in human PDAC tumors in TCGA database. TGF-β did not alter MDSC or DC frequencies in the primary tumors. However, in PDAC metastases to the liver, TGF-β decreased the proportion of MDSCs (P=0.022) and DCs (P=0.005). TGF-β significantly increased the percent of high PD-L1 expressing TAMs (32 ± 6 % vs. 12 ± 5%, P=0.013) but not the proportion of TAMs in primary and metastatic tumors. TAM PD-L1 gene expression in TCGA PDAC database was significantly correlated with tgb1 and tgfbr1 gene expression (P<0.01). TGF-β is important in PDAC anti-tumor immunity, demonstrating context-dependent impact on immune cells. TGF-β has an overall immunosuppressive effect mediated by TAM PD-L1 expression and decreased presence of DCs. Future investigations will focus on enhancing anti-cancer immune effects of TGF-β receptor inhibition.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Autoimmune Myelofibrosis, Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Widespread Lytic Bone Lesions Successfully Treated with Rituximab and Romiplostim: a Case-Based Review

Autoimmune myelofibrosis (AIMF) is a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) characterized by deposition of collagen and reticulin fibers in the bone marrow mediated by an aberrant production of fibrogenic cytokines and autoantibodies. Cytopenias in SLE/AIMF result from simultaneous underproduction secondary to myelofibrosis and peripheral destruction of blood cells. A 43-year-old woman was admitted for symptomatic pancytopenia associated with chest pain, dizziness, and headaches. Initial studies showed pancytopenia with diffuse osteolytic lesions particularly prominent on the skull, suggesting a possible malignancy. Additional diagnostic workup revealed a new diagnosis of SLE (+ANA, +dsDNA, low C3/C4), myelofibrosis secondary to SLE (JAK2 and CALR negative; bone marrow biopsy showing diffuse grade 4 reticulin and collagen fibrosis), and concurrent immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). She experienced severe thrombocytopenia with minimal response to frequent platelet transfusions and multiple first-line therapies including high-dose prednisone, hydroxychloroquine, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Ultimately, she was treated with rituximab and romiplostim that resulted in stabilization of her platelet count and resolution of osteolytic lesions at 1-year follow-up. The concomitant occurrence of AIMF and ITP in SLE is particularly rare and carries considerable prognostic significance. This presentation of SLE was further complicated by osteolytic lesions in the absence of malignancy, resistance to first-line therapies, and high mortality risk with severe unremitting thrombocytopenia dependent on platelet transfusions. As this constellation of symptoms and pathology posed significant challenges in diagnosis and management, representing the first documented case, we review the literature and discuss our approach and successful treatment.
The effect of and effect with computer tools in experts' representation of ill-structured problems

Tools have played a significant role in the advances of humans resulting in economic development and changes in societies. The tool for the current information age is the computer and it has revolutionized all aspects of the current society. The changes caused by the use of computers can be narrowed down to a function of human learning evident in human activities like problem solving. Computers allow humans to off-load mental activities and concentrate on hypothesis testing. The computer also affords human activities by facilitating problem solving. Off-loading and affordances are described as effect with computer tools. The repeated use of computers to off-load mental activities and interact with the affordance offered by the tool has changed the nature of many human activities to one of controlling the activity instead of reacting to them. This is described as the effect of computer tool use. The purpose of this study was to investigate how experience with statistical analysis tools (effect of) affected problem representation and how the presence (effect with) and absence of tool affected the conceptualization of the problem. The participants were 20 experts in the fields of Economics and Management with at least 2 years of tool experience. They solved two ill-structured problems using a think-aloud process. Data analysis using quantitative tests and qualitative comparisons provided support for the role of the statistical analysis tool as a mechanism to off-load mental tasks like data transformation and visualization while allowing experts to concentrate on higher-order tasks like hypothesis testing. The tool however appeared to restrict the focus of the problem representation in the number of new problem constraints identified.
GPS-SQUITTER: SYSTEM CONCEPT AND PERFORMANCE.

GPS-Squitter is a system concept that merges the capabilities of automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) and the Mode S beacon radar. The result is an integrated concept for seamless surveillance an...
Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: Beyond Lipid Effects

Apolipoprotein (apo) E is recognized for its unparalleled ability to suppress atherosclerosis (Davignon 2005). Beyond its participation in the removal of atherogenic remnant lipoproteins from plasma, apoE is known to exert a direct influence on numerous cells including those of the vessel wall, the immune system, and the bone marrow. The expression of apoE in the macrophage has long been recognized to suppress atherosclerosis by enhancing the efflux of cellular cholesterol, thereby preventing foam cell formation in the vessel wall (Fazio et al. 1997; Curtiss and Boisvert 2000). More recent findings have added to the list of apoE’s antiatherogenic properties that include an ability to suppress myelopoiesis (Murphy et al. 2011) and the activation of circulating monocytes in hyperlipidemic mice (Gaudreault et al. 2012a). The underlying mechanisms of these new protective properties have largely been ascribed to the lipid efflux capacity of apoE both through its cellular expression (Murphy et al. 2011) and by its ability to enhance the cholesterol efflux capacity of plasma HDL (Gaudreault et al. 2012a). ApoE is also known to control cellular signaling via its interaction with apoE receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which has been shown to control biological effects ranging from macrophage plasticity and smooth muscle cell proliferation to endothelial cell activation (Curtiss and Boisvert 2000). An exciting new cell signaling property of apoE has recently emerged, introducing a novel paradigm for apoE-mediated cellular control in the cardiovascular system. Lipoprotein-associated apoE has been shown to suppress smooth muscle cell proliferation and aortic stiffening by regulating the expression of key microRNA ( Kothapalli et al. 2012, 2013). More recent observations from the author’s laboratory show that apoE can influence microRNA levels in monocytes and macrophages to suppress NF-κB-driven inflammation and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Collectively, such recent findings introduce a new dimension to our understanding of how apoE can suppress atherosclerosis beyond modulating plasma and cellular lipid levels and introduce potential new apoE-based therapeutic targets for this rampant cardiovascular disease.
Scientists’ Methods Accounts: S. Weir Mitchell’s Research on the Venom of Poisonous Snakes

In this essay I pursue two related goals. I draw attention to a key yet neglected element of scientific writing about experiments: methods accounts. By “methods accounts” I mean scientists’ accounts of the rules one should apply in experimental practice, the problems one may encounter in doing so, and the extent to which the investigators believed they had followed these rules. I then utilize the study of methods accounts to consider if and how historical and philosophical analyses might be brought together to elucidate past scientific episodes. At first glance, scientists’ conceptions of good experimental methods and their development seem to be an important focal point for joint philosophical and historical analysis and thus a theme that fits squarely into the overall scope of the volume. I contend, however, that the question of how two scholarly fields, the history and the philosophy of science, should be combined, is ill conceived because it is based on a misconception of the practice of philosophical analysis.
Nonparty Document Discovery from Corporations and Governmental Entities Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

This Article will analyze the various approaches courts follow when deciding if a nonparty can be compelled to produce documents located outside the judicial district where a rule 45 subpoena duces tecum is issued. Part I will review the procedure for nonparty document discovery and discuss the decisional law applying the enforcement provisions of rule 45. Part II will analyze the jurisdictional principles used by federal district courts to determine when documents under the control of nonparties, and not located within the territorial limits of the court, should be produced for discovery purposes. Part III will recommend the appropriate approach to be followed by federal district courts when asked to enforce the nonparty subpoena provisions of rule 45.
The Logical Status of Diagrams

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Preliminaries 3. Venn-I 4. Venn-II 5. Venn-II and L0 6. Diagrammatic versus linguistic representation 7. Conclusion Appendix References Index.
Quantitative measurements of three-dimensional structures in the wake of a circular cylinder

The fine scale three-dimensional structures usually associated with streamwise vortices in the near wake of a circular cylinder have been studied at Reynolds numbers ranging from 170 to 2200. Spatially continuous velocity measurements along lines parallel to the cylinder axis were obtained with a scanning laser anemometer. To detect the streamwise vortices in the amplitude modulated velocity field, it was necessary to develop a spatial decomposition technique to split the total flow into a primary flow component and a secondary flow component. The primary flow is comprised of the mean flow and Strouhal vortices, while the secondary flow is the result of the three-dimensional streamwise vortices that are the essence of transition to turbulence. The three-dimensional flow amplitude increases in the primary vortex formation region, then saturates shortly after the maximum amplitude in the primary flow is reached. In the near-wake region the wavelength decreases approximately like Re(exp -0.5), but increases with downstream distance. A discontinuous increase in wavelength occurs below Re = 300 suggesting a fundamental change in the character of the three-dimensional flow. At downstream distances (x/D = 10-20), the spanwise wavelength decreases from 1.42D to 1.03D as the Reynolds number increases from 300 to 1200.
Notes on interferences by oxides of nitrogen with estimations of carbon monoxide in air by the NBS indicating tubes.

(1959). Notes on Interferences by Oxides of Nitrogen with Estimations of Carbon Monoxide in Air by the NBS Indicating Tubes. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 337-339.
Nonlocal Interaction Equations in Environments with Heterogeneities and Boundaries

We study well-posedness of a class of nonlocal interaction equations with spatially dependent mobility. We also allow for the presence of boundaries and external potentials. Such systems lead to the study of nonlocal interaction equations on subsets ℳ of ℝ d endowed with a Riemannian metric g. We obtain conditions, relating the interaction potential and the geometry, which imply existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions. We study the equations in the setting of gradient flows in the space of probability measures on ℳ endowed with Riemannian 2-Wasserstein metric.
LIVER CELL PROLIFERATION DUE TO BILIARY OBSTRUCTION STUDIES IN PARABIOTIC RATS.

Abstract Proliferation of liver cells was studied in inbred single and parabiotic rats following ligation of the common bile duct. Thymidine-H3 and autoradiographs were used to detect and quantitate nuclei synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid. Common duct obstruction in a rat joined to a normal rat resulted in less liver cell degeneration and necrosis, less liver cell proliferation, and less elevation of the total serum bilirubin than in single rats with obstruction. The nonoperated partner exhibited slight elevation of serum bilirubin, no consistent change in hepatic thymidine-H3 uptake, and no change in hepatic cell mitosis. It is suggested that liver cell proliferation following common bile duct obstruction is due to damage to liver cells by mechanical factors, together with the effects of retention of bilirubin and/or other components of bile, and this effect is not transmissible to parabiotic rats.
More style than substance: Television news in U.S. national elections

Abstract Although important changes have taken place in television news since its emergence as the principal medium of presidential politics, the broad tendencies that marked television news in the 1960s are the same ones that characterize it today. Election television has always been longer on style than on substance. Yet, television's version of presidential politics has consequences—it helps to determine winners and losers, major issues and minor issues, and public satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the campaign. Increasingly, journalistic values rather than political values have characterized election news and have molded the process by which Americans choose their presidents.
What's eating Andy Warhol? Food and identity in Pop Art

An examination of Andy Warhol's Pop Art (1960–1978) reveals an artist devoted to all things mass produced, especially food. Easy to obtain and enjoyed by all ranks of society, mass produced American food products, such as Campbell's soup and Hershey bars, carry personal meaning as well as national appeal. The child of Polish immigrants, Warhol consumed and deciphered American food products in an attempt to assimilate. The present study seeks to uncover the specific relationship Andy Warhol had to food products, especially those gracing his paintings and sculptures. Warhol's identification with popular American products and his ability to render these objects as artistically valuable signified his belief that art was universally attainable. As long as pragmatic, democratic and mass produced technologies are in play, art is merely a question of who's doing it rather than who can do it. Warhol's personal addiction to junk-food allows him to identify as American. In a postmodern world, this identity is a byproduct of mass production. Therefore, the repetitive use of food in his art is neither a critique of Warhol, society or consumerism; it is merely a mirror in which the viewer becomes lost. Food is a lens for deconstructing the layers of Warhol as an artist and as a member of consumer culture in the advent of the Pop Art era.
Mononuclear and binuclear chromium(III) picolinate complexes

The chromium(III) picolinate complexes [Cr(pic) 3 ] (1) and [Cr(pic) 2 OH] 2 (2) (where pic=2-carboxypyridine) have been isolated from the reaction of chromium(III) chloride and picolinic acid in aqueous solution. The monomeric complex H 2 O.(CrC 18 H 14 N 3 O 7 ) (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c.
The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE cirrus case study: Meteorology and clouds

Detailed descriptions of the rawinsonde resolved meteorological conditions (3 hourly soundings) associated with a succession of five distinct mesoscale cirrus cloud regimes, that were intensively observed over a 36 hour period, are given. The synoptic scale systems in which these features were embedded are described and a brief overview of the experiment is given. Regional analyses of the static stability structure and vertical motion are presented and interpreted with respect to the characteristics of the corresponding cloud fields as deduced from satellite and lidar observations. The cloud fields exhibited a high degree of persistent mesoscale organization on scales of 20 to 500 km reflecting corresponding scales of dynamic and thermodynamic structure/variability as on the synoptic scale. Cloud generation was usually confined to layers less than 1 km deep (typically 0.5 km in depth) and cellular organization was evident in most cases irrespective of the thermal stratification. Multilayered development was prevalent (2 to 3 layers) and was associated with vertical structure of the temperature and moisture fields resulting primarily from vertical gradients in horizontal advection.
Projected Replacement Needs for Agricultural Economists: Comment

In the August 1980 issue of this Journal, Schotzko reported that the number of Ph.D.s in agricultural economics required to offset anticipated retirements and deaths would increase during the next decade. This finding is in contrast to recent concerns about "overproduction and overeducation" in the United States, considering the rapid expansion of graduate enrollments in most fields (Cartter, Freeman). Implications of growth in the number of Ph.D.s in agricultural economics during the 1970s were noted by Helmberger. Boddy warned, however, that "the scare talk about the current and prospective general 'Ph.D. glut' is greatly overdrawn. . . . In economics and agricultural economics the prospects are far less discouraging than in most other fields" (p. 724). The primary purpose of this comment is to note some problems with Schotzko's analysis. A second purpose is to discuss some changes in the characteristics and aggregate number of Ph.D.s granted in agricultural economics in the United States during the last two decades.
Long-Term Effectiveness of Accelerated Hepatitis B Vaccination Schedule in Drug Users

Objectives. We demonstrated the effectiveness of an accelerated hepatitis B vaccination schedule in drug users.Methods. We compared the long-term effectiveness of accelerated (0–1–2 months) and standard (0–1–6 months) hepatitis B vaccination schedules in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and anti-hepatitis B (anti-HBs) antibody loss during 2-year follow-up in 707 drug users (HIV and HBV negative at enrollment and completed 3 vaccine doses) from February 2004 to October 2009.Results. Drug users in the accelerated schedule group had significantly lower HBV infection rates, but had a similar rate of anti-HBs antibody loss compared with the standard schedule group over 2 years of follow-up. No chronic HBV infections were observed. Hepatitis C positivity at enrollment and age younger than 40 years were independent risk factors for HBV infection and antibody loss, respectively.Conclusions. An accelerated vaccination schedule was more preferable than a standard vaccination schedule in preventing HBV ...
Nitrification/Denitrification in Intermittent Aeration Process for Swine Wastewater Treatment

A continuous-flow intermittent aeration (IA) process has been studied for nitrogen removal from anaerobically digested swine wastewater with high ammonium content. High nitrogen removal efficiency of average 91% total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 92% NH4-N was achieved in an IA system with an alteration of 1-h aeration and 1-h nonaeration. Nitrification and denitrification were found to be responsible for the nitrogen removal in the system. Nitrite and nitrate in the effluent were less than 1.0 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L, respectively. The specific nitrification and denitrification rates of the single-sludge IA culture were determined through batch experiments as 2.79–3.70 mgNO3-N/g volatile suspended solids-h and 0.59–1.03 mgNO3-N/g volatile suspended solids-h, respectively. In the IA process, the aeration period created favorable conditions for nitrifying bacteria (dissolved oxygen = 4–6 mg/L and oxidation-reduction potential = 80–100 mV), while the nonaeration period provided good environment for denitrifying bacteria...
Juvenile Morphology and the Development of Taxonomic Characters in Paguristes Sericeus a. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Diogenidae) 1)

La morphologie externe des premiere, quatrieme et dixieme formes pagure de Paguristes sericeus a ete figuree d'apres du materiel eleve en laboratoire. La morphologie du premier pagure a ete comparee a celle de la glaucothoe precedemment decrite. Les modifications successives, au cours du developpement juvenile, dans les appendices, et les autres caracteres systematiques dont la connaissance peut etre utile ont ete mis en evidence et l'importance des caracteres a ete evaluee. La comparaison des types a montre que l'etablissement de Paguristes rectifrons comme espece separee de P. sericeus reposait sur des caracteres qui varient au cours du developpement et que P. rectifrons n'etait pas une espece valide. P. tenuirostris Benedict a aussi ete fonde sur un specimen de P. sericeus, Bien que des pleopodes pairs correspondant a ceux de la glaucothoe persistent chez la premiere forme pagure, les seuls pleopodes presents sur la seconde forme sont ceux sur le cote gauche des somites abdominaux III-V. Les appendices sexuels pairs sur le premier et le second somite abdominal chez le mâle adulte des Pagurirtes representent, au moins dans cette espece, de nouvelles structures qui apparaissent apres la dixieme mue. Les appendices pairs sur le premier somite abdominal de la femelle apparaissent aussi comme de nouvelles structures, mais apres formation des orifices genitaux et de la poche incubatrice.
The potential coding utility of intercell cross-correlations in the retina

The action potentials (impulses) produced by pairs of neighboring retinal ganglion cells often show a tendency either to fire in close temporal synchrony or to avoid temporal synchrony. This cross-correlation (a rate of ‘‘coincidences’’ that differs from that expected by chance) has been exploited as a window into retinal processing, but its possible functional significance has proven elusive. Previous work has failed to show that the coincidences serve as a direct code for visual stimuli. In this analysis it is shown that the coincidences serve neither as a key for reducing variability nor as a key for improving the coding by the individual cells. The residual impulse trains (trains with coincidences deleted) are more variable than the raw impulse trains and provide an inferior coding to that of the raw impulse trains. There is negative correlation between the firing rate of the residual impulse trains and that of the coincidence impulse trains, which is consistent with the lower variance of the raw impulse trains. There is no consistent cross-correlation between the rates of residual impulse trains of cells in pairs showing cross-correlation; however, it is found that this observation does not discriminate among models for generating coincidences.
Small-for-Size Liver Transplantation Increases Pulmonary Injury in Rats: Prevention by NIM811.

Pulmonary complications after liver transplantation (LT) often cause mortality. This study investigated whether small-for-size LT increases acute pulmonary injury and whether NIM811 which improves small-for-size liver graft survival attenuates LT-associated lung injury. Rat livers were reduced to 50% of original size, stored in UW-solution with and without NIM811 (5 M) for 6 h, and implanted into recipients of the same or about twice the donor weight, resulting in half-size (HSG) and quarter-size grafts (QSG), respectively. Liver injury increased and regeneration was suppressed after QSG transplantation as expected. NIM811 blunted these alterations >75%. Pulmonary histological alterations were minimal at 5–18 h after LT. At 38 h, neutrophils and monocytes/macrophage infiltration, alveolar space exudation, alveolar septal thickening, oxidative/nitrosative protein adduct formation, and alveolar epithelial cell/capillary endothelial apoptosis became overt in the lungs of QSG recipients, but these alterations were mild in full-size and HSG recipients. Liver pretreatment with NIM811 markedly decreased pulmonary injury in QSG recipients. Hepatic TNF and IL-1β mRNAs and pulmonary ICAM-1 expression were markedly higher after QSG transplantation, which were all decreased by NIM811. Together, dysfunctional small-for-size grafts produce toxic cytokines, leading to lung inflammation and injury. NIM811 decreased toxic cytokine formation, thus attenuating pulmonary injury after small-for-size LT.
Software Piracy: Some Facts, Figures, and Issues

Abstract Honesty is the best software policy. Last year ordinary people cost the computer industry $11.4 billion. Some people fail to realize that “borrowing” someone else's software or taking their company's software home for personal use may be illegal. Although these may seem like small offenses, it is estimated that illegal copying of software costs the computer industry between 10 billion and 12 billion dollars every year — funds that would go a long way toward keeping the software industry healthy and innovative. Ultimately, software piracy hurts everyone. For one thing, developers lose money that they could use to improve products, support, and documentation for their customers. In some cases, they are forced to charge higher prices to recoup their development costs; as a result, honest customers have to pay more. And whenever developers cannot afford to invest in new ventures and markets, innovation and product availability is hindered.
Evolutionary Analysis of Neighborhood Decline Using Multilevel Selection Theory

This article proposes an analytical framework of neighborhood decline grounded in evolutionary multilevel selection (MLS) theory. We demonstrate that MLS allows for the unification of at least two distinct theoretical approaches—the ecological and the political economy approaches—to analyzing urban change. From these developments we generate three hypotheses about intracity dynamics. The hypotheses are tested with longitudinal data using space–time regression, simulation, and spatial hedonic methods. The methodology and results reveal that qualitative neighborhood change is endogenously determined through the actions of neighborhood households, but such that household actions and neighborhood sociospatial organization are shaped by externally driven sorting processes. Further, household behaviors are highly dependent on microlevel neighborhood contexts. These findings suggest that existing schools of neighborhood change are not mutually exclusive. Rather, their interplay at multiple spatial resolutions sh...