cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orrin Kip McMurray: His Work in the School of Jurisprudence

society. The twentieth century thus far is a period of scepticism. Intensive investigation has demolished the breath-taking, sweeping generalizations of the nineteenth century, and has revealed to us patterns so bewildering in complexity that we are groping in the attempt to figure out what next. There was much, however, of value in the nineteenth century, its literature, its science, its art, the range of its survey, the leisure to think. In our era of specialization each one finds his narrow field of work so demanding that there is little time to look on the world as a whole, to reflect and to enjoy the fruits of civilization. McMurray belonged both to the nineteenth and to the twentieth centuries. Widely read in the world's literature, his favorites were the Victorian novelists and essayists. Under their influence he made the law speak "the language of the scholar and gentleman." With his wife, a brilliant singer, he enjoyed to the full the musical life of the community. He knew the classics of the law and intimately the law of his own state. Twice he had gone through the reports of the supreme court of California page by page. Today, a lawyer must perforce content himself with the headnotes and a careful reading of the cases in which he is particularly interested. The law, however, is not to be found in the books alone. It is made up in part of the personalities of the lawyers and judges. McMurray knew them and the history and traditions of the bench and bar. This heritage of the nineteenth century he brought to the changed conditions of the twentieth century.
Bluffing and Deception

Deception can be defined as intentionally causing someone to have false beliefs. Bluffing in negotiations involves attempting to deceive others about one's intentions or negotiating position. In the United States it is common, often a matter of course, for people to misstate their intentions during business negotiations. For example, suppose that Bob is selling a house and tells a prospective buyer that $350,000 is absolutely the lowest price that he will accept, when he knows that he would be willing to accept as little as $320,000 for the house (in this case $320,000 is his “reservation price”). Arguments for and against the view that this is permissible are considered. In sales and negotiations sellers often provide prospective buyers information about the goods or services being sold. Ths legal principle of caveat emptor permits sellers to withhold information about the products they serve, but forbids lying and deception about this. Few defend lying or deception in sales, but the permissibility of withholding information about the nature of the goods and services one sells is the subject of some debate. Keywords: bluffing; advertising; truthtelling
Analysis Problems for Sequential Dynamical Systems and Communicating State Machines

Informally, a sequential dynamical system (SDS) consists of an undirected graph where each node v is associated with a state sv and a transition function fv. Given the state value sv and those of the neighbors of v, the function fv computes the next value of sv. Theno de transition functions are evaluated according to a specified total order. Such a computing device is a mathematical abstraction of a simulation system. We address the complexity of some state reachability problems for SDSs. Our main result is a dichotomy between classes of SDSs for which the state reachability problems arecomp utationally intractablean d those for which the problems are efficiently solvable. These results also allow us to obtain stronger lower bounds on the complexity of reachability problems for cellular automata and communicating state machines.
Application of adaptive optics to scintillation correction in phased array high‐frequency radar

At high frequency, diffraction during ionospheric propagation can yield wavefronts whose amplitude and phase fluctuate over the physical dimensions of phased array radars such as those of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). Distortion in the wavefront introduces amplitude and phase scintillation into the geometric beamformed signal while reducing radar performance in terms of angular resolution and achieved array gain. A scintillation correction algorithm based on adaptive optics techniques is presented. An experiment conducted using two SuperDARN radars is presented that quantifies the effect of wavefront distortion and demonstrates a reduction in observed scintillation and improvement in radar performance post scintillation correction.
The Property of Baire

The operation of symmetric difference, defined by $$A\Delta B = (A \cup B) - (A \cap B) = (A - B) \cup (B - A).$$ is commutative, associative, and satisfies the distributive law A ∩ (B △ C) = (A ∩ B) △ (A ∩ C). Evidently, A △ B ⊂ A ∪ B and \(A\,\Delta \,A = \emptyset\). It is easy to verify that any class of sets that is closed under △ and ∩ is a commutative ring (in the algebraic sense) when these operations are taken to define addition and multiplication, respectively. Such a class is also closed under the operations of union and difference. It is therefore a ring of subsets of its union, as this term was defined in Chapter 3.
Post-Flood Recovery of Cities: New Orleans and Prague

In the aftermath of natural disaster, a speedy and efficient recovery is crucial for socio-economic redevelopment. Political actors have at their disposal a variety of instruments, which can either support rapid and effective rebuilding through making clear and credible commitments to rules of the game or slow recovery through creating regime uncertainty and paralyzing for-profit and social entrepreneurs. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina and Prague after the “flood of the millennium” provide contrasting examples of political and policy responses to significant natural disasters. This chapter contrasts the policy options which characterized public response to each of these disasters and suggests lessons for future disaster response.
7.4.3 Embedding Agile Practices within a Plan‐Driven Hierarchical Project Life Cycle

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and its clients have historically used a structured, plan-driven approach to provide continuity, direction, and control to large, multi-year programs. Projects within these programs vary greatly in size, complexity, level of maturity, technical risk, and clarity. On a recent program one of our clients employed hierarchical requirements methodologies for technology development projects, with complex interfaces and tight project schedules, which necessitated frequent end-to-end product demonstrations throughout system development. In response PNNL embedded Agile engineering practices into the plan-driven project life cycle to benefit from the Agile principle of delivering frequent, interim, and functioning products regularly throughout the project's period of performance. This paper describes the application of those Agile practices on a large command and control system development effort. It discusses how the project team benefitted from both the plan-driven project execution and the rapid prototyping, integration, and client feedback made possible with the implementation of Agile practices. Furthermore, this paper discusses the tools and implementing mechanisms used to transition between each methodology.
Christian Faith and Modern Democracy: God and Politics in the Fallen World. By Robert P. Kraynak. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001. 352p. $49.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. Politics, Theology and History. By Raymond Plant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 380p. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Religion and politics is a burgeoning subfield. Liberalism–communitarian literature now includes attention to religious communities. Theorists of civil society recognize that religious organizations implement a considerable range of policies. Since pluralism entails the presence of multiple voices in public conversation, theorists debate how a liberal society should treat religious voices. Theorists within religious traditions debate the bearing of faith on political action and the extent to which churches should cooperate with state institutions.
Three-Dimensional Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of a Ceramic Nanofoam: Determination of Structural Deformation Mechanisms

Ultralow density polymers, metals, and ceramic nanofoams are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratio, high surface area, and insulating properties ascribed to their structural geometry. We obtain the labrynthine internal structure of a tantalum oxide nanofoam by x-ray diffractive imaging. Finite-element analysis from the structure reveals mechanical properties consistent with bulk samples and with a diffusion-limited cluster aggregation model, while excess mass on the nodes discounts the dangling fragments hypothesis of percolation theory.
Reflection-based diffraction phase microscopy using broadband illumination

We present a reflection-based broadband illumination quantitative phase imaging technique that provides halo-free images of opaque samples with sub-nanometer spatial and temporal noise.
Reliability and validity of first metatarsophalangeal joint orientation measured with an electromagnetic tracking device.

Abstract Objective. To establish the reliability and validity of measurements of sagittal plane orientation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint using the Flock of Birds™ electromagnetic tracking device. Design. Different joint orientations were reproduced on cadaver specimens in a specially designed jig with skin and skeletal application of the sensors. Background. The Flock of Birds™ provides a means for quantifying first metatarsophalangeal joint motion, however, the reliability and validity of such an application has not been determined. Methods. Joint orientation was measured in five cadaver feet with skin and skeletal sensor application. A specially designed jig allowed simulation of clinical tests of range of motion. Sagittal plane orientation was determined from 3-D, anatomically-based, reference frames embedded in the first metatarsal and proximal hallux. Results. Reliability of all measurements was high for skin and skeletal sensor application. There were no significant differences in joint orientation between either technique for any of the simulated motion tests. Conclusions. The Flock of Birds™ provides reliable and valid measures of first metatarsophalangeal joint orientation with the sensors applied to the skin over the first metatarsal and proximal hallux.
Perturbed iterative solution of coupled nonlinear systems with application to fluid dynamics

Abstract The perturbed iterative scheme developed in [3] is extended in this work to solve coupled systems of nonlinear equations. The algorithm consists of computing distinct perturbation parameters for each system at each iteration and adding these to corresponding nonlinear Gauss-Seidel iterates. It has been found computationally that such an algorithm significantly improves the convergence properties of Gauss-Seidel iterations. The method has been successfully applied to several coupled nonlinear systems of equations some of which are discussed in this work.
Analysis of the probability of deletion of S&P 500 companies: Survival analysis and neural networks approach

Abstract We examine the probability of deletion of a firm from the S&P 500 index due to a decision of the index committee because the firm did not satisfy the index committee criteria. We study the probability of deletion with survival analysis and neural networks methods. We document that deletion might be predictable, which is contrary to the findings of most studies that the market cannot predict the timing of a company deletion from the S&P 500 index. It might also be beneficial to know ahead of time which company might be deleted from an index, to supplement the arbitrage opportunities that exist already in the announcement-effective date event window.
High Strength Concrete and Mortars in High Temperature Environments

A number of new materials are presently being introduced for application in high temperature environments. Though some of these are old materials fabricated with new methods or processes, many are actually new. This paper focuses on the use of high strength concretes or mortars for application to high temperature environments, such as furnaces or boilers for coal gasification and similar processes requiring high pressure and temperature. This paper reports the results of an investigation on the high temperature performance of mortar of different strengths incorporating 0%, 8% and 16% of condensed silica fume (CSF). The experiments described have been carried out to compare the performance of different strength level mortars with different CSF contents. Generally speaking, it was found that low strength mortar with CSF is less susceptible to strength loss after high temperature exposure than mortar without CSF. On the other hand, high strength mortar with CSF seems to be more sensitive to high temperature than high strength mortar without CSF since it retains only 65% of its room temperature strength after heating to 3200C as compared to regular high strength mortar which retains 95% of its room temperature strength. Though there may be a possible practical problem in using high strength CSF concrete, this shown loss of strength in high strength CSF concrete upon heating may prove very important in giving us insight into the fundamental mechanisms of strengthening concrete with CSF. An explanation is hypothesized on the observed behavior of high strength CSF concrete, which will produce a theory for one of the ways in which CSF strengthens portland cement paste. It is theorized that the CSF touohens the portlandite in high strength paste, but after heating to 320 C, the CSF particles which have been converted to C-S-H have lost their ability to toughen the portlandite.
Detecting external electron spins using nitrogen-vacancy centers

Near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have been created in diamond through low-energy implantation of ${}^{15}$N to sense electron spins that are external to the diamond. By performing double resonance experiments, we have verified the presence of $g$ $=$ 2 spins on a diamond crystal that was subjected to various surface treatments, including coating with a polymer film containing the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Subsequent acid cleaning eliminated the spin signal without otherwise disrupting the NV center, providing strong evidence that the spins were at the surface. A clear correlation was observed between the strength of the external spin signal and the relaxation time ${T}_{2}$ for the six NV centers studied. We have developed a model that takes into account the finite correlation time of the fluctuating magnetic fields generated by the external spins, and used it to infer the signal strength and correlation time of the magnetic fields from these spins. This model also highlights the sensitivity advantage of active manipulation of the longitudinal spin component via double resonance over passive detection schemes that measure the transverse component of spin.
ANTEROSEPTAL WALL THERMAL INJURY MANIFESTING AS ANTERIOR WALL ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DURING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT TACHYCARDIA ABLATION

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has proven to be an effective and safe treatment in patients with ventricular and atrial tachyarrhythmias. Among complications arising after RFA, coronary artery (CA) thermal injury causing secondary CA narrowing and/or occlusions is exceedingly low, but might be
The basic helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper transcription factor, USF (upstream stimulatory factor), is a key regulator of SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) gene expression in pituitary gonadotrope and steroidogenic cells

Tissue-specific expression of the mammalian FTZ-F1 gene is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation. The FTZ-F1 gene encodes an orphan nuclear receptor, termed SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) or Ad4BP, which is a primary transcriptional regulator of several hormone and steroidogenic enzyme genes that are critical for normal physiological function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in reproduction. The objective of the current study is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of SF-1 gene expression in the pituitary. We have studied a series of deletion and point mutations in the SF-1 promoter region for transcriptional activity in alphaT3-1 and L/betaT2 (pituitary gonadotrope), CV-1, JEG-3, and Y1 (adrenocortical) cell lines. Our results indicate that maximal expression of the SF-1 promoter in all cell types requires an E box element at -82/-77. This E box sequence (CACGTG) is identical to the binding element for USF (upstream stimulatory factor), a member of the helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. Studies of the SF-1 gene E box element using gel mobility shift and antibody supershift assays indicate that USF may be a key transcriptional regulator of SF-1 gene expression.
A Note on Two-Sided Distribution-Free Treatment versus Control Multiple Comparisons

Abstract Distribution-free treatment versus control multiple comparison procedures using joint ranking and pairwise ranking are compared. The pairwise ranking method is extended to allow for all contrast comparisons among the treatments and the control. The author shows by counterexample that the joint ranking method does not control the maximum type 1 error rate.
Revelation of shrunken or stretched binomial dispersion and public perception of situations which might spread AIDS or HIV

Background: In 1985, the center for disease control coined the name: “Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)” to refer a deadly illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 33.4 million people were suffering with AIDS and two million people (including 330,000 children) died in 2009 alone in many parts of the world. A scary fact is that the public worry about situations which might spread AIDS according to reported survey result in Meulders et al. (2001). This article develops and illustrates an appropriate statistical methodology to understand the meanings of the data. Methods: While the binomial model is a suitable underlying model for their responses, the data mean and dispersion violates the model’s required functional balance between them. This violation is called over-under dispersion. This article creates an innovative approach to assess whether the functional imbalance is too strong to reject the binomial model for the data. In a case of rejecting the model, what is a correct way of warning the public about the spreads of AIDS in a specified situation? This question is answered. Results: In the survey data about how AIDS/HIV might spread according to fifty respondents in thirteen nations, the functional balance exists only in three cases: “needle”, “blood” and “sex” justifying using the usual binomial model (1). In all other seven cases: “glass”, “eating”, “object”, “toilet”, “hands”, “kissing”, and “care” of an AIDS or HIV patient, there is a significant imbalance between the dispersion and its functional equivalence in terms of the mean suggesting that the new binomial called imbalanced binomial distribution (6) of this article should be used. The statistical power of this methodology is indeed excellent and hence the practitioners should make use of it. Conclusion: The new model called imbalanced binomial distribution (6) of this article is versatile enough to be useful in other research topics in the disciplines such as medicine, drug assessment, clinical trial outcomes, business, marketing, finance, economics, engineering and public health.
Single mode nitrogen pumped dye laser

Abstract A N 2 -laser pumped, tunable dye laser has been operated in a stable single longitudinal cavity mode without the use of etalons, polarized pump sources or intracavity polarising elements. The all-reflective cavity employs a grazing incidence beam expansion grating and a Littrow tuning grating. The time averaged linewidth of 0.02 cm -1 (630 MHz) for 5 × 10 -3 M R6G dye was observed to be the same as the single shot linewidth, with an efficiency of 0.5%. A dye concentration of 10 -2 M R6G increased the single mode linewidth to the value predicted by a single pass model of the cavity and increased the efficiency to 1.5%. A Littrow grating can be used to replace the feedback mirror and enhance the output signal to noise ratio.
Detection of Early CT Signs of >1/3 Middle Cerebral Artery Infarctions Interrater Reliability and Sensitivity of CT Interpretation by Physicians Involved in Acute Stroke Care

Background and Purpose—This study had 2 goals: (1) to assess interrater reliability of academic neuroradiologists when classifying acute infarction by CT scan as >1/3 middle cerebral artery (MCA) involvement, 1/3 MCA acute infarctions. Studies of tissue plasminogen activator show an association between early signs of major infarction and poor outcome. The American Academy of Neurology and the American Heart Association recommend avoiding thrombolysis if early signs of major infarction are present. Methods—We presented 25 scans (normals, acute infarctions, and old infarctions) to 3 academic neuroradiologists. A scoring sheet based on Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke (ATLANTIS)/CT Summit criteria was used to determine >1/3 MCA territory involvement. Nine of the 25 scans were presented again to assess intrarater rel...
Hybridization of rotational states of adsorbed hd on porous vycor glass

Abstract We present a study of the optical absorption due to vibrational and rotational transitions of hydrogen in porous Vycor glass. The absorption linewidths of HD are six times larger than those of the pure isotopes H2 and D2. Also we observe the transitions corresponding to 6J=3 and dJ=5, which are not observed for the pure isotopes, indicating strong mixing of the rotational states of HD on porous Vycorglass.
Testosterone and Sexual Desire in Healthy Women and Men

Sexual desire is typically higher in men than in women, with testosterone (T) thought to account for this difference as well as within-sex variation in desire in both women and men. However, few studies have incorporated both hormonal and social or psychological factors in studies of sexual desire. The present study addressed how three psychological domains (sexual-relational, stress-mood, body-embodiment) were related to links between T and sexual desire in healthy adults and whether dyadic and solitary desire showed associations with T. Participants (n = 196) were recruited as part of the Partnering, Physiology, and Health study, which had 105 men and 91 women who completed questionnaires and provided saliva for cortisol and T assays. T was positively linked to solitary desire in women, with masturbation frequency influencing this link. In contrast, T was negatively correlated with dyadic desire in women, but only when cortisol and perceived social stress were controlled. Replicating past findings, no significant correlations between T and desire in men were apparent, but these analyses showed that the null association remained even when psychological and confound variables were controlled. Men showed higher desire than women, but masturbation frequency rather than T influenced this difference. Results were discussed in terms of challenges to assumptions of clear links between T and desire, gendered approaches to T, and the unitarity of desire.
[3H]WIN 35,428 binding to the dopamine uptake carrier. II. Effect of membrane fractionation procedure and freezing

Abstract In the present study the dopamine transporter on rat striatal membranes was labeled with [3H]WIN 35,428 (2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-tropane) and its binding state or form was compared between fresh and frozen tissue fractionated by various protocols. Freezing striatal tissue resulted in a decrease in binding to crude or P2 membranes, but did not consistently generate upward concave Scatchard plots. Among various conditions, sodium phosphate buffers containing sucrose, employed for homogenization and for measurement of binding to freshly prepared P2 membranes, were most likely to give multiple binding component resolutions. These results allow us to reconcile the existing literature on [3H]WIN 35,428 binding and to identify (1) the ‘universal’ binding component common to all studies thus far, (2) a high-affinity component measured with sufficiently low ligand concentration, and (3) a low-affinity component observed with sufficiently high ligand concentration.
Placing single quantum dots in INP photonic crystal microcavities - A route to single and entangled photon pair sources

We investigate the growth of positioned InAs/InP quantum dots for incorporation into InP-based photonic crystal microcavities. The optical properties of these quantum dots and the photonic crystal microcavities are described, as well as the effect of a lateral electric field on biexciton binding energy. This system is proposed as a scalable route to single and entangled photon pair sources at telecommunications wavelengths.
Scholarly accomplishments in promotion and tenure decisions of accounting faculty

Abstract Deans and accounting department heads are surveyed to measure the relative importance assigned to various scholarly accomplishments in promotion and tenure decisions of accounting faculty at AACSB-accredited institutions. We also investigate whether these importance ratings vary across colleges of business and their departments of accounting in accordance with their educational missions, as determined by an institution's classification under the Carnegie Foundation system. The results demonstrate that accomplishments involving publication, external recognition, and funding count most in tenure and promotion decisions. Academic publications and awards are rated the highest at all institutional types. And, of the 39 scholarly accomplishments examined, fewer than half were assigned an average importance of four or higher on a 7-point scale. Further, the importance assigned to certain scholarly accomplishments by deans and accounting heads varies with the educational missions of their institutions. At doctoral-granting, high research support institutions, deans and heads employ a different definition of scholarship than do their colleagues at Comprehensive institutions. Academic publication activities and external recognition tend to dominate tenure and promotion decisions at doctoral-granting, high research support institutions. Comprehensive deans and heads place significantly more importance on scholarly accomplishments associated with practitioner publications, pedagogical publications, national and regional academic meetings, and instruction.
The impact of pharmacogenomic factors on acute persistent rejection in adult lung transplant patients.

Abstract Persistent rejection in the face of treatment and multiple episodes of rejection are associated with the development of chronic rejection and graft loss in solid organ transplantation. The factors that create an environment for rejection that persists in the face of treatment are as yet not understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors, including human multidrug resistance gene ( MDR 1), cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) and cytokine gene polymorphisms, associated with acute persistent rejection (APR) in lung transplant patients. One hundred and twenty-five adult lung transplant patients were studied. MDR 1 G2677T, C3435T and CYP3A5 polymorphisms were assessed by direct sequencing of the polymorphic region in patient DNA. Cytokine genotyping for five cytokines was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) technique. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of acute persistent rejection. The dependent variable was the presence or absence of acute persistent rejection based on lung biopsies during the first postoperative year. The independent variables were MDR 1 G2677T and C3435T, CYP4503A5 and cytokine polymorphisms, survival status, age, gender, survival days and HLA mismatches. The MDR 1 C3435T polymorphism and age were independently associated with acute persistent rejection ( p =0.025, odds ratio=0.29, 95% CI 0.1–0.86 and p =0.016, odds ratio=0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.98, respectively). For the MDR 1 C3435T polymorphism, 72% of patients with the C allele had acute persistent rejection in comparison to 52% for TT patients ( p =0.04). For age, a significant difference was found between the nonrejection group and the rejection group (mean±S.D. 52.1±11.2 vs. 44.4±12.3, p =0.01). This is the first report of the association of a drug disposition genotype with drug-resistant acute rejection in organ transplant patients. The major predictor of acute persistent rejection in the first postoperative year for lung transplant patients was the MDR 1 C3435T genotype. This association could be due to drug resistance, altered drug disposition or other immunologic effects associated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. Future prospective treatment algorithms should be developed that will incorporate the knowledge of gene polymorphisms into treatment regimens to improve the outcome following lung transplantation.
Approximate bandwidths for π and σ energy states in poly (dA.dT)

Using energy levels of the π and σ orbitals for adenine and thymine obtained by the CNDO method, the widths of those levels for poly (dA · dT) are calculated approximately. The results indicate that the bands are very narrow and that the exciton theory provides the best approximation for these biopolymers.
Preparing New Faculty for Leadership: Understanding and Addressing Needs

A perceived decline in effective faculty participation in campus leadership and governance is well documented, both in the literature and via anecdote. Characteristics common within the culture of higher education make nurturing campus “citizenship” among junior faculty challenging. This essay describes findings from an interview-based study of junior faculty in which understanding of professional responsibilities beyond teaching and research was explored. The study documented the deep sense of unpreparedness with which new faculty approach key issues in higher education, including those associated with governance and leadership. Two possible strategies for redressing that unpreparedness, both showing preliminary but positive results, are described.
Dynamics and potential impact of ‘generalist’ phytoseiids in agroecosystems and possibilities for establishment of exotic species

‘Generalists’, i.e. those species which consume a wide variety of foods, including some of plant origin such as pollen, are the dominant members of the phytoseiid mite fauna in some perennial crops. Biological attributes commonly evident in ‘generalist’ in contrast to ‘specialist’ phytoseiids include a lower reproductive potential on mite prey, close association with certain plant species, population increases in the absence of mite prey, and intraplant distribution unrelated to that of spider mites. Some studies are reviewed that suggest the ability of certain generalist phytoseiids to maintain tetranychid populations at low densities. Possible biological factors influencing the establishment of exotic generalist phytoseiids are considered. Some of the attributes usually considered important in effective phytoseiid predators may be of minor importance in more stable situations at low population densities.
The Effect of Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Markers of Elastin Degradation

Background Tobacco smoke is a major risk factor in the development of COPD. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a known risk factor in asthma, bronchitis, and coronary artery disease. Elastin is a recognized target for injury in COPD, and the amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine (D/I), which are specific for elastin degradation, are elevated in COPD. This study determined whether exposure to SHS affects elastin degradation in asymptomatic individuals. Methods Two cohorts of asymptomatic individuals without evidence of respiratory or circulatory disease, exposed to SHS, were studied. Both cohorts comprised normal nonsmokers, active smokers, and those exposed to SHS. D/I were measured in plasma and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry by published methods. Plasma cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, was also measured. Results In each cohort, the levels of D/I in plasma were statistically significantly higher in secondhand-smoke-exposed subjects than in the normal nonexposed subjects. Smokers had the highest levels of D/I but their levels were not statistically significantly higher than those of the secondhand-smoke-exposed. Cotinine levels were elevated in secondhand-smoke-exposed subjects and active smokers but not in most nonsmoking control subjects. Conclusions Results indicate a tissue matrix effect of degradation of body elastin from SHS exposure and possible lung structure injury, which may result in COPD. Long-term studies of individuals exposed to SHS for the development of COPD are warranted.
Registered report: Widespread potential for growth factor-driven resistance to anticancer kinase inhibitors

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of 50 papers in the field of cancer biology published between 2010 and 2012. This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from ‘Widespread potential for growth-factor-driven resistance to anticancer kinase inhibitors’ by Wilson and colleagues, published in Nature in 2012 (Wilson et al., 2012). The experiments that will be replicated are those reported in Figure 2B and C. In these experiments, Wilson and colleagues show that sensitivity to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors can be bypassed by various ligands through reactivation of downstream signaling pathways (Figure 2A; Wilson et al., 2012), and that blocking the receptors for these bypassing ligands abrogates their ability to block sensitivity to the original RTK inhibitor (Figure 2C; Wilson et al., 2012). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04037.00
Inhibitory effect of eggs on vitamin B12 absorption: description of a simple ovalbumin 57Co-vitamin B12 absorption test.

Summary. Ovalbumin and egg yolks, mixed separately in vitro with radiocyanocobalamin (57Co-vitamin B12), were served to normal volunteers in a cooked form. Ovalbumin, and to a lesser degree, egg yolks were observed to inhibit vitamin B12 absorption. This observation explains the rather poor assimilation of vitamin B12 from eggs labelled in vivo with 57Co-vitamin B12. The assimilation of vitamin B12 from the ovalbumin 57 Co-vitamin B12 mixture was also measured in patients with structural alterations and functional disorders of the stomach. In contrast to the absorption test using crystalline radio-vitamin B12, this simple food-vitamin B12 absorption test successfully distinguished between the controls and subjects who had simple gastric achlorhydria and patients who had undergone a Billroth I or II operation or a successful vagotomy with pyloroplasty. Furthermore, this ovalbumin 57Co-vitamin B12 test successfully separated patients with pernicious anaemia from those with simple gastric achlorhydria. The ovalbumin 57Co-vitamin B12 test, in contrast to that using crystalline 57Co-vitamin B12, showed a positive correlation with the serum vitamin B12 concentration. This ovalbumin57 Co-vitamin B12 test, being more physiologic and informative than the method using crystalline radio-vitamin B12, is the first simple model for food-vitamin B12 absorption to be proposed for research and for clinical purposes.
A Runge-Kutta method with stepsize control for separated systems of first-order ODEs

Abstract This paper is concerned with a method, developed earlier, that may be used to solve a system of first-order ODEs separated into two subsystems. Each system may be integrated essentially independently of the other one. A Runge-Kutta technique with automatic stepsize control is developed for the method, taking both truncation and separation errors into account. The paper also provides a proof of the existence of a solution to the separated problem.
Responses to clicks from the human brain: some depth electrographic observations.

Abstract By means of implanted multielectrode leads, responses to clicks were recorded from the brains of human patients. These responses did not seem to be confined to the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, but were located in a wider region including the insular cortex and immediate vicinity. Complex responses were evoked by single clicks or repetitive clicks of low rate (up to 3 per sec.). Increasing the rate of stimulations resulted in changes of the responses. For a rate of 15 clicks per sec. or more, a sequence of three events was noted: an “on-response”, a “driving response”, and and“off-response”. The amplitude of the driving response declined rapidly with increase in the rate of the clicks, and was rather inconspicuous at rates of 100 or more per sec. These responses, as well as their variations with binaural and monaural stimulation, and the effects on them of coma and anesthesia, have been correlated with previous psychologic, clinical, and physiologic findings.
A Response to Castells: An anthropology of the city

Dans le cadre d'une anthropologie de l'espace urbain et en reponse a M. Castell, l'A. se concentre sur trois processus dialectiques qui illustrent les types de marqueur spatial, de preservation symbolique et de conflit social attendus dans une societe d'information : (1) la dialectique de la globalisation et de la vernacularisation de la ville, particulierement du voisinage, comme strategie symbolique et emotionnelle pour le maintien de l'identite et du sens social de la vie quotidienne, (2) la dialectique de l'effacement hegemonique des histoires et de la recherche locale d'histoires pour la representation sociale a travers la preservation historique et culturelle, (3) la dialectique de la devaluation des identites culturelles avec l'emergence de parades et celebrations rituelles comme strategie pour representer l'ethnicite et l'identite
Impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the utility of routine intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. Background: Stent thrombosis (ST) is a serious complication of PCI with stent implantation for patients presenting with acute MI. Mechanical factors such as incomplete stent expansion and smaller stent diameters are known to correlate with ST and restenosis. IVUS guidance for stent deployment is reported to reduce these events in stable patients. Methods: We analyzed a cohort of 905 consecutive patients who underwent primary PCI for acute MI and were discharged alive. The clinical outcomes of 382 patients who underwent IVUS-guided PCI were compared to those of 523 patients who did not. Patients who presented with cardiogenic shock and rescue PCI were excluded. The primary composite endpoint of death, MI, and target lesion revascularization at 1-year follow-up was systematically indexed and a propensity score was performed with regard to the use of IVUS-guided PCI. Results: Patients undergoing IVUS-guided PCI were older, more diabetic and hypertensive, but presented with less history of previous MI. The severity of coronary artery disease was balanced between both groups. The number of treated lesions and stents used was higher in the IVUS-guided group, with a longer procedural duration. The overall rates of the composite primary outcome were similar (14.5% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.94) as were the rates of definite and probable stent thrombosis at 1 year (2.1% vs. 2.1%, P = 0.99) in the IVUS-guided and no-IVUS groups, respectively. After multivariate and propensity score adjustment, IVUS guidance was not an independent predictor for the primary endpoint. Conclusion: This study does not support the routine use of IVUS guidance for stent deployment in patients who present with acute MI and undergo primary PCI. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virtual cinematography: beyond big studio production

In the current production environment, the ability to previsualize shots utilizing a virtual camera system requires expensive hardware and large motion capture spaces only available to large studio environments. With accessible hardware such as multi-touch tablets and the latest video game motion controllers, there exists an opportunity to develop a new virtual camera system utilizing only consumer technologies and openly accessible game engines. The MobileVCS system is designed for directors, both amateur and professional, who wish to embrace the notion of Virtual Production for films and game cinematics without a big studio budget. The director will be able to compose and record camera motions in freespace and manipulate scene elements, such as characters & environments, through a real-time intuitive touch interface that is guided by system intelligence based on cinematic principles. By exploring these new immersive hybrid interface possibilities and democratizing this technology, all directors will now be able to achieve their creative vision by previsualizing their scenes and shot compositions without the need for expensive hardware or large motion capture volumes. MobileVCS has potential applications to other areas including game level design, real-time compositing & post-production, and architectural visualization
Profiles of Listening and Reading Comprehension.

Abstract Reading researchers have suggested that listening comprehension might be a better method than IQ of measuring students' optimal level of functioning in reading. This proposal raises questions about whether tests of recall of ideas in text passages suggest that processing and strategies are the same for listening and reading. To answer these questions, the authors gave regular classes of fourth, sixth, and eighth graders sentence verification tests after listening to or reading passages. Performances on different types of test sentences were analyzed to determine whether comprehenders of different groups (good listener/readers, poor listeners, poor readers, and poor listener/readers) showed similar or different patterns of comprehension processing and strategies. Results showed significant differences between groups on the listening and on the reading subtests. The results suggest that using listening as a measure of optimal functioning in reading may present problems of validity and interpretation.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Arterial Response to Injury

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was identified as the first human homologue of a retroviral transforming gene (c- sis ).1 2 Since that initial discovery, the complexity of the PDGF system has continued to be unraveled. PDGF is a family of proteins comprising two separate gene products, PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains.3 The individual proteins are able to form the covalent dimers AA, AB, and BB. In addition to the three isoforms of PDGF, there are two receptor polypeptides called α and β. The PDGF-α receptor is able to bind both the PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains, whereas the PDGF-β receptor binds only the PDGF-B chain. In the presence of ligand, the receptors form dimers on the cell surface so that α/α dimers bind all three PDGF isoforms (AA, AB, and BB), α/β dimers bind AB and BB, and β/β dimers bind only PDGF-BB.4 The specificity provided by the receptors dictates to which type of PDGF a cell is able to respond. Although PDGF was initially isolated from platelets, it has also been shown to be expressed by all vascular wall cells, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells, and macrophages. When rats are made thrombocytopenic or are treated with a polyclonal antibody to all forms of PDGF, intimal thickening induced by balloon catheter injury is inhibited even though the first wave of proliferation in the media is not blocked.5 6 Polyclonal antibodies specific for the PDGF-B chain also are able to block intimal thickening, whereas antibodies specific for the PDGF-A chain have no effect on lesion development (C. Hart and …
Phonon-assisted exciton–polariton emission in a microcavity

Quantum-well excitons in a semiconductor microcavity are studied by photoluminescence and input–output experiments. Emission peaks at both longer and shorter wavelengths are observed, indicating the importance of exciton –acoustic-phonon interaction at low temperature. Pump–probe experiments show that the probe beam can be either amplified or attenuated, depending on the energies of the pump and the probe. The dynamics of this process are described by a simple rate-equation model.
Determination of the binding mode of thienopyrimidinedione antagonists to the human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor using structure-activity relationships, site-directed mutagenesis, and homology modeling

We have investigated the specific interactions of a series thienopyrimidinediones with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R). Competitive radioligand binding assays were used to determine the effect of several mutants on nonpeptide binding. Distinct interactions were observed in two separate regions: the N-terminal end of TM7 and the C-terminal end of TM6. The effects of mutants at D302((7.32)) and H306((7.36)) suggest that these residues are part of a hydrogen-bond network important for anchoring the nonpeptides. Structure-activity relationships indicated urea substituents on the 6-(4-aminophenyl) group with a trans conformational preference bind with high affinity and are sensitive to D302((7.32)) mutations. Another interaction area was found between the N-benzyl-N-methylamino substituent and L300((6.68)) and Y290((6.58)). These interaction sites facilitated the derivation of a model in which a representative member of the series was docked into GnRH-R. The model is consistent with known SAR and illuminates inconsistencies with previous hypotheses regarding how this series interacts with the receptor.
Body temperatures of white-footed mice (Peromyscus sp.) during daily torpor☆

Abstract 1. 1. Torport occurred in five species of Peromyscus in response to starvation at ambient temperatures from 0 to 23°C. 2. 2. Body temperatures during torport often remained well above the ambient temperature and did not fall below 13·4°C even at ambient temperatures of 0°C. 3. 3. The duration of a period of torpor was never more than 12 hr and duration was correlated with the ambient temperature in all species and with the ΔT in two species. 4. 4. Rates of body temperature increase during arousal were similar in all species and were slower than those for other species of the same body weight.
Mechanism of aging effects on viscoelasticity in ethylene-methacrylic acid ionomer studied by local thermal-mechanical analysis

A unique atomic force microscope-based local thermal-mechanical analysis (LTA) technique was used to study the influence of room temperature aging on viscoelastic properties of ethylene-methacrylic (E/MAA) acid ionomers. This approach permits easy access to structural relaxation effects on viscoelasticity at a short aging time, for instance, before the occurrence of secondary crystallization differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) melting peak. A Burger model along with finite element method yields quantitative analysis of viscoelastic properties versus the aging time. Creep curves were obtained with LTA after various times of aging at room temperature upon cooling from the melt. Measurements were carried out at both 30 and 70 °C. The results reveal the effects of structural relaxation upon aging in the ion-rich amorphous region, the influence of secondary crystallites on the viscoelastic properties, and shed light on the processes associated with aging in E/MAA ionomers.