cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of Cities

For decades now, professionals and academic experts have been predicting the death of American urban areas due to advancements in social technologies and the persistence of high levels of crime and poverty within cities. Edward Glaeser, professor of Political Economy at Harvard University, explores the future prospects of metropolitan cities in his 1998 research paper “Are Cities Dying?” published in The Journal of Economic Perspectives. The purpose of Glaeser’s research was to understand the costs and benefits of urban life and determine whether the costs of congestive forces associated with cities were beginning to outweigh the positive agglomerating effects. Only when cities’ costs outweigh their benefits, Glaeser believes, could the argument be made that urban areas are beginning to decay. After examining both the benefits and costs to individuals who live in cities, Glaeser concludes that relatively homogenous and low-density cities in the western portion of the United States are well positioned for future growth. However, Glaeser speculates that heterogeneous, impoverished, and decaying urban areas will decline due to their high costs of poverty and crime.
Improved footprint analysis using video recording to assess functional recovery following injury to the rat sciatic nerve

Footprint analysis is a non-invasive method to quantitate functional recovery after crush injury in the rat sciatic nerve model. Traditional methods of producing the footprints for measurement are limited by inability to reliably produce clear prints when the injury is severe. We describe the use of video technique with image analysis to record and measure these prints. Video had fewer unmeasurable prints than ink. For the 1-5 and 2-4 toe spreads, there was good correlation of video measurements with ink method and better repeatability using video as compared with ink. However, the print length parameter determined by video had poorer repeatability and poorly correlated with that measured by ink. Therefore, calculation of a Sciatic Function Index by video is not appropriate. Since the print length also varies with gait velocity, we believe that a ratio of injured:uninjured hindfoot 1-5 toe spreads as measured by video is a more reliable and repeatable measure of functional recovery in this model.
Infrastructure and Interoperability for Agent-Mediated Services

An increasing number of services are appearing both within agent communities and as Web Services on the World Wide Web. As these services proliferate, humans and agents need to be able to find, select, understand and invoke these services. Today, services (e.g. travel services, book selling services, stock reporting services etc) are discovered and invoked manually by human users. In the near future, such service discovery and use will be mediated by agents acting on behalf of their human users. Such use of agent technology will be the next Web revolution. Instead of populated with humanreadable documents, the Web will be populated with Agent-Mediated Services. For this to be accomplished, the Web must become agent-understandable, i.e. allow for semantic annotation of content.Up to now, this vision has been conceived and pursued mainly in academia and research labs. However, recent industrial interest in such services, and the availability of tools to enable service automation (e.g. UDDI, WSDL, X-lang, WSFL, e-speak, .NET etc) holds the promise of fast progress in the automation in the Web Services area. Agent Mediated discovery, selection, execution and monitoring of Web Services will be a crucial test of Agent Technology. Agent Mediated Web Services is a confluence of Agent Technology and the Semantic Web.In order to enable stable and scalable Agent Mediated Services, a widely used, widely accessible and extensible Multiagent (MAS) infrastructure is crucial. Part of this infrastructure should be languages for semantic annotation of content as well as for describing services, so that they can be discovered, invoked and composed. DAML-S is such a language for semantic descriptions of services. Another part of the MAS infrastructure should define communication and interoperability of agents. Various standards bodies (e.g. FIPA) are attempting to define standards for various aspects of MAS infrastructure, such as Agent Communications Languages.. However, there is no coherent account of what constitutes a MAS infrastructure, what functionality it supports, what characteristics it should have in order to enable various value-added abilities, such as Agent Based Mediation of Services, and what its possible relation with and requirements it may impose on the design and structure of single agents.In this talk, we will present a model of MAS infrastructure, and our implemented RETSINA system that is an example of the general infrastructure model. In addition, we will show how RETSINA implements Agent Mediated Web Services through a variety of tools and mechanisms. Moreover, we will present DAML-S and illustrate its utility in the area of Agent Mediated Services.
Designing Information Systems Security

This book addresses the uses and practical aspects of the analysis, design and specification of information systems security, and will represent the intersection of the work in computer security and current work in systems analysis and auditing. Written from a management information perspective rather than from the standpoint of computer science or from the standpoint of the security consultant, the book looks at both the managerial, organizational and social implications as well as the underlying technology. The book further discusses the problems created by computer security and analyses the managerial justification of information systems controls.
Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are two closely related methods in which a material under investigation is typically subjected to a programmed temperature change and thermal effects in the material are observed. (Isothermal methods are also possible though they are less common.) The term “differential” indicates that the difference in behavior between the material under study and a supposedly inert reference material is examined. In this manner the temperature at which any event either absorbs or releases heat can be found. This allows the determination of, e.g., phase transition temperatures and the study of order-disorder transitions and chemical reactions. Similarly, heat capacity measurements can be performed, although DTA and DSC differ significantly in the ease and precision of such measurements. These two methods are ideally suited for quality control, stability, and safety studies. Measurement of heat capacity can be performed by other methods and these are discussed. In DTA, the temperature difference between a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature while the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program. The record is the differential thermal, or DTA, curve; the temperature difference should be plotted on the ordinate with endothermic reactions downward and temperature or time on the abscissa increasing from left to right. The term “quantitative differential thermal analysis” (quantitative DTA) covers those uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantitative results in terms of energy and/or any other physical parameter. In DSC, the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature while the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature program. Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry (power compensation DSC) and heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry (heat-flux DSC), can be distinguished, depending on the method of measurement used. These thermal analysis methods can be conducted simultaneously with other measurement methods to provide a greatly enhanced ability to understand material behavior. There is widespread confusion in the literature and elsewhere regarding the terms DTA and DSC that stems, in part, from how these methods developed and this is discussed. Keywords: differential thermal analysis (DTA); differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); principles; modulated DSC; practical aspects; calibration; instrument parameters; applications; data analysis; sample preparation; method automation; specimen modification; problems; instrument acquisition
Prospect theory and the risk-return association : An empirical examination in 85 industries

A new sample of 85 industries (about 3,300 firms) defined in terms of homogenous products provides strong evidence that prospect theory can explain the tradeoff between two of the most researched parameters in evaluating organizations, namely, risk and return. In particular, organizations below their target level are found to be risk-takers (Hl) while organizations above their target level are risk-averters (H2); moreover, the below target tradeofl was generally steeper than the above target with a median below to above slope ratio of about 3:l (H3). Risk and return are probably the two single parameters most researched by the various and related disciplines of economics, finance, and management. Although each one of them has looked at these two parameters from different aspects and for different purposes, they have provided a wide understanding of these two factors in the contest of the theory of the firm. The purpose of this study is to look closely at the relationship between these two important parameters in order to understand firm’s competitive behavior, using the recent development in behavioral decision theory, namely, prospect theory [Kahneman and Tversky (1979)]. Although March (1988) has criticized the discipline of management for its later adaptation in considering risk elements for evaluating organization performance and decision making processes, recent studies [e.g., Bettis (1981), Rumelt (1974), Singh (1986), Jemison (1987) and Baird and Thomas (1986)] have paid considerable attention to risk aspects in evaluating the performance of firms. In general, these studies have concluded that the characteristics of the firms environment, strategy, and implementation processes have significant and important influence on the firm’s risk level and its associated rate of return. Bowman (1980) has looked closely at 85 U.S. industries and explored the
Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure

Publisher Summary This chapter describes autonomic failure as an important feature of immunoglobulin amyloidosis and hereditary systemic amyloidosis. It must be considered in all patients with familial or paraproteinemic neuropathies having autonomic dysfunction. The amyloid fibrils in immunoglobulin amyloidosis amyloidopathy are composed of immunoglobulin light chain proteins or their degradation products. AL is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. Signs of AN include orthostatic hypotension (OH) with inappropriate heart rate response, impotence, dry mouth, gastrointestinal (GI) autonomic disturbances, sluggish pupillary action, impairment of sweating, and bladder on. Autonomic dysfunction, rather than deposition of amyloid in the mucosa, seems to be a more frequent cause of GI symptoms in these patients. Nephelometric free light chain assay is a newer technique which is reported to be even more sensitive than immunofixation. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis detect a monoclonal gammopathy (M protein) in 80% of cases. Symptomatic approaches to treatment target various complaints, mostly those associated with autonomic dysfunction.
Prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multivariate regression analysis of 325 untreated patients.

Three hundred twenty-five previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were analyzed to identify significant prognostic factors for survival. Univariate analysis identified the following characteristics associated with survival: (1) clinical characteristics: age, race, sex, performance status, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly; (2) hematologic parameters: WBC count, absolute lymphocyte and granulocyte counts, hemoglobin level, and platelet count; and (3) biochemical parameters: serum albumin, calcium, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, BUN, and creatinine. Multivariate regression analysis in a randomly selected training subset of 217 patients demonstrated that the combination of uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, external lymphadenopathy, and age had the strongest predictive relation to survival time. The resulting model was validated in the remaining independent subset of 108 patients and led to classification of patients into low, intermediate, and high-risk groups with five-year survival rates of 75%, 59%, and 14%, respectively, and with distinctively different annual mortality rates (P less than .01). Both the regression model and Rai staging were highly effective in identifying risk groups among the entire patient population (P less than 0.001). Overall the regression model was superior to Rai staging in defining prognostic risk groups. In addition, it was able to separate patients into significantly different risk categories within each Rai stage, thus improving on the prognostic prediction of individual patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Cloud-resolving simulation of TOGA-COARE using parameterized large-scale dynamics

[1] Variations in deep convective activity during the 4 month Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere-Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) field campaign are simulated using a cloud-resolving model (CRM). Convection in the model is coupled to large-scale vertical velocities that are parameterized using one of two different methods: the damped gravity wave (Damped-wave) method and the weak temperature gradient (WTG) method. The reference temperature profiles against which temperature anomalies are computed are taken either from observations or from a model integration with no large-scale vertical motion (but other forcings taken from observations); the parameterized large-scale vertical velocities are coupled to those temperature (or virtual temperature) anomalies. Sea surface temperature, radiative fluxes, and relaxation of the horizontal mean horizontal wind field are also imposed. Simulations with large-scale vertical velocity imposed from the observations are performed for reference. The primary finding is that the CRM with parameterized large-scale vertical motion can capture the intraseasonal variations in rainfall to some degree. Experiments in which one of several observation-derived forcings is set to its time-mean value suggest that those which influence direct forcings on the moist static energy budget—surface wind speed and sea surface temperature (which together influence surface evaporation) and radiative cooling—play the most important roles in controlling convection, particularly when the Damped-wave method is used. The parameterized large-scale vertical velocity has a vertical profile that is too bottom-heavy compared to observations when the Damped-wave method is used with vertically uniform Rayleigh damping on horizontal wind, but is too top-heavy when the WTG method is used.
What’s it for? Expectations of Internet value and usefulness in Central Asia

Research on Internet usage in developing regions typically focuses on user demographics or challenges to usage. However, few studies explore the needs and desires of users in developing regions—that is, what users want from the Internet—and even fewer connect those needs with the skills required to meet them. This article addresses that gap by exploring Central Asian Internet users’ expectations of Internet utility and relating those expectations to usage patterns. We found that the users whose expectations were met were those who engaged in a diverse range of online activities. We also investigated the relationship between usage characteristics and diversity of online activities and concluded that frequent and occasional Internet users were equally likely to seek information online, but frequent users engaged in more diverse activities related to interaction with others, entertainment, and financial transactions.
Bisphenol-A and the Great Divide: A Review of Controversies in the Field of Endocrine Disruption

In 1991, a group of 21 scientists gathered at the Wingspread Conference Center to discuss evidence of developmental alterations observed in wildlife populations after chemical exposures. There, the term "endocrine disruptor" was agreed upon to describe a class of chemicals including those that act as agonists and antagonists of the estrogen receptors (ERs), androgen receptor, thyroid hormone receptor, and others. This definition has since evolved, and the field has grown to encompass hundreds of chemicals. Despite significant advances in the study of endocrine disruptors, several controversies have sprung up and continue, including the debate over the existence of nonmonotonic dose response curves, the mechanisms of low-dose effects, and the importance of considering critical periods of exposure in experimental design. One chemical found ubiquitously in our environment, bisphenol-A (BPA), has received a tremendous amount of attention from research scientists, government panels, and the popular press. In this review, we have covered the above-mentioned controversies plus six additional issues that have divided scientists in the field of BPA research, namely: 1) mechanisms of BPA action; 2) levels of human exposure; 3) routes of human exposure; 4) pharmacokinetic models of BPA metabolism; 5) effects of BPA on exposed animals; and 6) links between BPA and cancer. Understanding these topics is essential for educating the public and medical professionals about potential risks associated with developmental exposure to BPA and other endocrine disruptors, the design of rigorously researched programs using both epidemiological and animal studies, and ultimately the development of a sound public health policy.
The importance of being earnest in statistics

The principal assumption of statistical theory is that a sample came from a homogeneous population. This assumption is not tested when statistical computations are produced. It creates a gap between statistical theory and statistical practice. This gap is bridged by the new quality philosophy (NQP) in statistics. The NQP defines a homogeneous population in terms of classical probability discrete distributions.
Posterior cloaca—further experience and guidelines for the treatment of an unusual anorectal malformation

Abstract Introduction The term posterior cloaca refers to a malformation in which the urethra and vagina are fused, forming a urogenital sinus that deviates posteriorly to open in the anterior rectal wall or immediately anterior to the anus. Methods A retrospective review of 411 patients diagnosed with cloaca was performed to identify the ones with a posterior cloaca. Special emphasis was placed on anatomy, diagnosis, associated anomalies, and outcome in terms of urinary and fecal continence. Surgical treatment was a total urogenital mobilization with a transrectal approach. Results Twenty-nine patients were diagnosed with a posterior cloaca. Of these, 15 had a single orifice at the normal location of the anus with the urogenital sinus opening in the anterior rectal wall. Fourteen had the urogenital sinus opening immediately anterior to the normally located anal opening (2 orifices), which we considered a posterior cloaca variant. Nineteen patients (65%) had hydrocolpos. Twenty-seven patients (93%) had associated urologic anomalies, 12 patients (41%) had gynecologic anomalies, and vertebral malformations occurred in 41% of cases. Other anomalies included gastrointestinal (7 patients), cardiac (5), and tethered cord (2). Late diagnosis occurred in 2 patients. Twenty patients were available for long-term follow-up: 17 are fecally continent, 3 are fecally incontinent, 11 are urinary continent, 5 are dry with intermittent catheterization, and 4 have dribble urine. Conclusion The most important characteristic of the posterior cloaca is the high frequency of a normal anus, which differentiates this malformation from the classic cloaca. Often, many associated malformations are present and therefore should be suspected and diagnosed. The main goal during the operation should be to not mobilize the anus and thereby preserve the anal canal. A total urogenital mobilization, transperineally or with a transanorectal approach, is ideal for the repair.
High-temperature kinetics of the reaction between chlorine atoms and hydrogen sulfide

Abstract The rate constant k1 for Cl + H2S has been measured over 290–914 K using the laser flash photolysis/resonance fluorescence technique. Atomic chlorine was generated by pulsed 193 nm photolysis of CCl4 and C6H5Cl and monitored by time-resolved resonance fluorescence at 130–140 nm. The data are summarized as k1 = (2.90 ± 0.10) × 10−11 exp(2.38 ± 0.11 kJ mol−1/RT) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 where the uncertainties in the Arrhenius parameters are ±2σ. 95% confidence limits for k1 are ±6%. These extended range measurements confirm a negative activation energy for the reaction.
Wŏnhyo's Theory of Hwajaeng and Buddhist-Christian Dialogue

This article examines Buddhist-Christian dialogue through the hwajaeng theory of Wŏnhyo (617–686 CE), one of the greatest masters in the history of Korean Buddhism. Considered a cosmological explanation of existences in the universe, his theory of hwajaeng lays a great emphasis on the harmony of all existences in their mutual non-obstruction. Through Wŏnhyo’s theory of hwajaeng , I argue that the different principles and religious doctrines addressed by Buddhism and Christianity are not antagonistic but creative sources for each other. Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng theory is significant for understanding the paradoxical nature of language, which necessitates the metaphorical understanding of religious scriptures and doctrinal propositions to keep opening one’s religious knowledge and faith. Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng theory espouses the significance of both the insider’s and outsider’s views. The insider (emic) viewpoint is necessary because it gives inside information about the beliefs and traditions within a religious tradition. The outsider (etic) viewpoint is also important because it illustrates how other people view one’s own religion and how it relates to others. I contend that taking the insider’s and outsider’s views promotes affirmation and negation toward the way of integration, which is in proportion to Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng method to be continuously constructed through others.
Adapting motorbikes for independent use by people with disability

In much of the world motorbikes are the dominant means of transportation. In the developing world motorbikes are often the only form of motorized transportation affordable to the majority of the population. Unfortunately this method of transportation has not been widely exploited anywhere in the world for use by people with severe mobility impairments, especially those who must use wheelchairs. To provide affordable transport for a wide range of mobility-impaired people I have developed an inexpensive sidecar adaptation for motorbikes, capable of transporting a wheelchair user (Figure 1). This adaptation is referred to as the SideScooter. The SideScooter can be operated independently with hand controls from the sidecar or from the motorbike seat, depending on the needs of the operator. Given the vast number of motorbikes in the world and the scarcity of independent transportation for wheelchair users this device has the potential to improve the quality of life for many disabled people in developing as well as the more affluent regions of the world.
An upper bound for the Gauss-Legendre quadrature error for analytic functions

We improve an upper bound for the error of the Gauss-Legendre quadrature for analytic functions previously given by Chawla and Jain.
A library compatible driving point model for on-chip RLC interconnects

This paper presents a new library compatible approach to gate-level timing characterization in the presence of RLC interconnect loads. We describe a two-ramp model based on transmission line theory that accurately predicts both the 50% delay and waveform shape (slew rate) at the driver output when inductive effects are significant. The approach does not rely on piecewise linear Thevenin voltage sources. It is compatible with existing library characterization methods and is computationally efficient. Results are compared with SPICE and demonstrate typical errors under 10% for both delay and slew rate.
A structure for models of hazardous materials with complex behavior

Abstract Most atmospheric dispersion models used to assess the environmental consequences of accidental releases of hazardous chemicals do not have the capability to simulate the pertinent chemical and physical processes associated with the release of the material and its mixing with the atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is to present a materials sub-model with the flexibility to simulate the chemical and physical behaviour of a variety of materials released into the atmosphere. The model, which is based on thermodynamic equilibrium, incorporates the ideal gas law, temperature-dependent vapor pressure equations, temperature-dependent dissociation reactions, and reactions with atmospheric water vapor. The model equations, written in terms of pressure ratios and dimensionless parameters, are used to construct equilibrium diagrams with temperature and the mass fraction of the material in the mixture as coordinates. The model's versatility is demonstrated by its application to the release of UF 6 and N 2 O 4 , two materials with very different physical and chemical properties.
Exploiting dynamic micro-architecture usage in gate sizing

Modern high performance microprocessors incorporate an abundance of replicated structural components. Many of these components often experience substantially lower utilization while executing a diverse pool of applications. To recover energy efficiency from the lower utilization, system architects resort to dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS). In this paper, we demonstrate that dynamic adaptations using DVFS are markedly energy inefficient than techniques that design circuits ground up for lower performance. We propose a novel microarchitecture aware gate sizing and threshold voltage assignment algorithm to mitigate this current limitation. Our technique is the first of its kind that exploits architectural slack in gate sizing, and leverages on-chip redundancy and slack. We evaluate this circuit-architectural co-optimization framework in a superscalar processor by combining standard cell based gate sizing flows with state-of-the-art architectural simulation. Our results show 17-46% improvement in the datapath energy efficiency over traditional circuit designs incorporating DVFS schemes.
Purification of NAD malic enzyme from potato and investigation of some physical and kinetic properties.

Abstract A procedure is described for purification of NAD malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39) to near homogeneity from potato tuber mitochondria. The purified enzyme is active with either NAD or NADP, and functions with either Mg2+ or Mn2+. Vapp is greatest when the enzyme is assayed with Mg2+ and NAD. When Mn2+ replaces Mg2+ the Vapp of the NAD-linked reaction decreases but the Km values for all substrates drop substantially. When NADP is used in place of NAD, the Vapp of the Mg2+-linked reaction decreases and the Km values for most substrates increase. The pH optimum of the enzyme depends on the metal ion and cofactor used and varies between 6.4 and 6.8. At pH 6.8, with saturating levels of Mg2+ and NAD, the turnover number of the enzyme is 37,000 min−1. The shape of the pH profile indicates the involvement of two to three protons in the activation of the enzyme, whereas only one proton is involved in the inactivation process. The molecular weight of the enzyme in the presence of 5 m m dithiothreitol and 2 m m MgCl2 is 490,000 as determined by gel filtration. A lower molecular weight form of the enzyme predominates in gel filtration at lower levels of dithiothreitol and in native gel electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the enzyme reveals two main bands with molecular weights of 61,000 and 58,000, suggesting that the subunit stoichiometry of the high-molecular-weight form may be α4β4. However, given the possibility that the smaller subunit may be a proteolytic artifact, the enzyme may prove to be an octamer of identical subunits.
Interaction of SH 1 -blocked HMM with actin and ATP.

NUMEROUS studies have been performed on the effect of blocking the SH groups of myosin with sulphydryl reagents1–8. In particular, the effect of NEM has become quite clear; on blocking one specific SH group (referred to as SH1) per myosin subunit, the EDTA-ATPase of the myosin is completely inhibited whereas the Ca-ATPase is markedly activated9. However, the interaction of SH1-blocked myosin and actin has not been as thoroughly investigated. Sekine and Yanoguchi have reported that blocking SH1 with NEM does not affect the ATPase activity and superprecipitation of actomyosin10. On the other hand, the effect of native tropomyosin on the actomyosin ATPase has been reported to be abolished by NEM under certain conditions although differences were reported depending on whether myosin or actomyosin was exposed to the NEM11.
MODALITY OF STIMULUS PRESENTATION IN SERIAL LEARNING FOR RETARDED AND NORMAL READERS.

The present study investigated the relationship between modality functioning and reading achievement. Auditory, visual and combined auditory-visual serial learning tasks were administered to normal and retarded readers at three grade levels (N = 48). The data indicated that retarded readers exhibited a markedly uneven pattern of learning efficiency. Their performance was especially poor with regard to auditory tasks, whereas their visual learning skills were almost equivalent to those of the normal reader group.
Integrated Project Delivery Method for Trenchless Projects

Aging infrastructures, cost escalation, limited resources, stagnant productivity, environmental issues, and sprawling growth are some of the chief concerns in the management and administration of infrastructure networks, both above ground and below ground. There are strong incentives for seeking alternative and innovative means to expedite the design and delivery of infrastructure projects. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a project delivery method that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and construction. The Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County (MGNDC) is looking to utilize the IPD procurement strategy that would focus on providing the owner with the “Best Value”. This paper describes the various procurement strategies used by MGNDC and their outcomes.
Energy-per-cycle estimation at RTL

We present a novel macromodeling technique for estimating the energy dissipated a logic circuit for every input vector pair (we call this the energy-per-cycle). The macromodel is based on classifying the input vector pairs on the basis of their Hamming distances and using a different equation-based macromodel for every Hamming distance. The variables of our macromodel are zero-delay transition counts at three logic levels inside the circuit. We present an automatic characterization process by which such macromodels can be constructed. This energy-per-cycle macromodel provides a transient energy waveform, and can also be used to estimate the moving average energy over any time window. This approach has been implemented and models have been built and tested for many circuits. The average error observed in estimating the energy-per-cycle is under 20%. The model can also be used to measure the long-term average power, with an observed error of under 10% on average.
Social overlays: augmenting existing UIs with social cues

Social Overlays is a novel toolkit that provides a generalized mechanism for implementing socially-based help on the Web without requiring access to the source code for the target application. As such, third-party developers can use Social Overlays to augment any existing web-based UI with a variety of social navigation cues. We demonstrate the capability of Social Overlays through an example application augmenting the standard PHP configuration page.
Inactivation of germline mutant APC alleles by attenuated somatic mutations: a molecular genetic mechanism for attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis.

Germline mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) tumor-suppressor gene result in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Patients with FAP typically develop hundreds to thousands of benign colorectal tumors and early-onset colorectal cancer. A subset of germline APC mutations results in an attenuated FAP (AFAP) phenotype, in which patients develop fewer tumors and develop them at an older age. Although a genotype-phenotype correlation between the locations of APC germline mutations and the development of AFAP has been well documented, the mechanism for AFAP has not been well defined. We investigated the mechanism for AFAP in patients carrying a mutant APC allele ( APC AS9 ) that has a mutation in the alternatively spliced region of exon 9. APC AS9 was found to down-regulate β-catenin–regulated transcription, the major tumor-suppressor function of APC, as did the wild-type APC. Mutation analysis showed that both APC AS9 and the wild-type APC alleles were somatically mutated in most colorectal tumors from these patients. Functional analysis showed that 4666insA, a common somatic mutation in APC AS9 in these tumors, did not inactivate the wild-type APC. Our results indicate that carriers of APC AS9 develop fewer colorectal tumors than do typical patients with FAP because somatic inactivation of both APC alleles is necessary for colorectal tumorigenesis. However, these patients develop colorectal tumors more frequently than does the general population because APC AS9 is inactivated by mutations that do not inactivate the wild-type APC.
alpha- and beta-CuAlCl(4): Framework Construction Using Corner-Shared Tetrahedral Metal-Halide Building Blocks.

Rapid quenching of a melt of CuCl and AlCl(3) results in the formation of the metastable framework structure, beta-CuAlCl(4). The structure, determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography (space group Pna2(1), a = 12.8388(5) A, b = 7.6455(3) A, and c = 6.1264(3) A, Z = 2), can be derived from a distorted hexagonal closest packed anion sublattice. Annealing at temperatures above 100 degrees C results in a phase transition to the more thermodynamically stable alpha-CuAlCl(4). The solid solution CuAlCl(4)(-)(x)()Br(x)() is described for both alpha and beta phases. The structures of alpha-CuAlCl(4) and alpha-CuAlBr(4), determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (space group Pf2c, a = b 5.4409(1) A and c = 10.1126(3) A, V = 299.37(1) A(3), Z = 2, and a = b = 5.7321(2) A and c = 10.6046(8) A, Z = 2, respectively), are derived from a distorted cubic closest packed anion sublattice. The mechanism for this phase transition is described in relation to that previously described for cristobalite-type structures. The structures of both alpha- and beta-CuAlCl(4) reveal large van der Waals channels, which are proposed to be important for the reversible adsorption of carbon monoxide and ethylene by these materials.
In vivo enrichment of hepatic microsomes with isotopic iron.

Abstract Rats were depleted of body Fe stores by providing their mothers with Fe-free environments. At weaning, the Fe-depleted pups were supplemented with Fe which resulted in a dose-dependent increase in hematocrit, liver weight, and body weight. The supplemental Fe, as 57 Fe and 59 Fe, was incorporated into the hepatic mixed function oxidase enzyme system to a maximum enrichment of 79%. This was accomplished with a maximum excretion of 20.5% of the ingested Fe dose. Iron depletion and resupplementation did not alter the concentration of cytochromes b 5 and P-450, drug metabolizing activity, nor the ability of the enzyme system to respond to phenobarbital inductions.
Purification and Physicochemical Properties of Ricins and Agglutinins from Ricinus communis

Two toxin ricins and two agglutinins have been purified from the seeds of Ricinus communis by an improved procedure based on ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. One of the two purified ricins binds to Sepharose 4B while the other does not. The physicochemical properties of the four Ricinus lectins are presented and the possible relationships of these Ricinus lectins to those previously described are discussed.
Recombination of haplotypes leads to biased estimates of admixture proportions in human populations

Abstract A population formed by genetic admixture of two or more source populations may exhibit considerable linkage disequilibrium between genetic loci. In the presence of recombination, this linkage disequilibrium declines with time, a fact that is often ignored when considering haplotypes of closely linked systems [e.g., Gm serum group (gamma globulins), HLA, and, more recently, restriction fragment length polymorphisms]. Recombination alters haplotype frequencies over time, and the haplotype-derived measures of admixture proportions from haplotype frequencies in generations following the admixture event become progressively more biased. The direction and extent of this bias can be predicted only when the history of admixture is known. Numerical illustration suggests that this bias is problematic whenever rt greater than 0.05, where r is the recombination rate between linked loci and t is the time (in generations) that has elapsed since the admixture event. In general, even the haplotype frequencies defined by multiple restriction fragment length polymorphism should be used with caution for admixture analysis. When recombination rates or the time since admixture are not precisely known, it is advantageous to consider each restriction fragment length polymorphism site separately for admixture analysis.
British anthropologists and African railwaymen

R. D. Grillo. African Railwaymen: Solidarity and Opposition in an East African Labour Force. New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1974. xi + 215 pp. Figures, tables, appendixes, bibliography, and index. $15.00 (cloth).
National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Processing, Display, and Observation of Near-Bottom Currents Acquired by Oil and Gas Companies in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Under a Notice to Lessees (NTL No. 2005-G05) issued by the Minerals Management Service in April 2005, oil companies operating in the northern Gulf of Mexico in waters deeper than 400 meters are required to collect current profile data to a depth of 1000 meters. These data provide estimates of strong ocean currents, which may affect extreme loads, structural failure, and daily operations on the oil platforms and drilling rigs. Real-time data from near the surface to 1000 meters are reported every 20 minutes to the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) and displayed on their public website. The oil and gas companies must also measure near- bottom currents at sites deeper than 1100 meters and recover and report these data at least every six months. These delayed-mode data are the subject of this effort. NDBC began accepting real-time current profile data in April 2005 and implemented real-time quality control of the data in March 2006 [1]. In August 2006, NDBC received four files containing the near-bottom, delayed-mode data. The data were processed through the same quality control algorithms and stored along with previously processed near-surface data. Since that time eighty-four additional data sets have been received and processed through the quality control algorithms at NDBC. Tables of these data with quality control flags and current velocity plots with depth are available to the general public on the NDBC website. One of the first delayed-mode data sets was collected from the Na Kika platform, approximately 100 kilometers south-east of the Mississippi River delta, during the active Hurricane season of 2005. The data from August 2005 showed greater than 0.30 cm/s currents at depths greater than 1900 meters to the right of the path of Hurricane Katrina. The currents rotated clockwise in the bottom waters at a period less than 24 hours and decayed over a period of nearly ten days. Although Hurricane Rita passed 360 kilometers to the southwest of the Na Kika platform in late September 2005, the bottom waters were impacted by the passage. The currents were not as strong as those related to Hurricane Katrina, but they were noticeable and lasted for several days. There are no near-surface data sets to corroborate these data because the platforms were evacuated due to the hurricanes. These results indicate a basin-wide response to these two strong hurricanes.
Spheroplast isolation and propagation of Porphyra carolinensis Coll et Cox for mariculture

Abstract Porphyra carolinensis Coll et Cox, an endemic to the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast, exhibits several attributes which indicate its suitability for mariculture. It tolerates fluctuations of salinity and temperature, persisting in the leafy, blade phase throughout the year in intertidal locations, and it reproduces itself by monospores which develop directly into blades without an intermediate conchocelis phase. Laboratory analysis of isolates from regional populations indicates the presence of genetically based ecotypic variation which can serve as the basis for cultivar selection. Methods are reported for vegetative propagation by spheroplasts under nonaxenic conditions. Isolated cells demonstrated a high degree of survival and totipotency, readily attaching to commercial nylon net where they regenerated the leafy blade phase.
On extending continuous functions into a metrizable AE

Abstract We say that a subset S of a topological space X is M -embedded ( M N 0 -embedded) in X if every map from S to a (separable) metrizable AE can be extended over X . Characterizations of M -and M N O -embedding are given and we prove that S is M -embedded ( M N O -embedded) in X iff( X,S ) has the Homotopy Extension Property with respect to every (seperable) ANR space.
The conceptual validity of a taxonomy of nursing interventions.

The purpose of this paper is to report validity evidence for the nursing intervention taxonomy developed as part of the Nursing Intervention Lexicon and Taxonomy (NILT) Study Using eclectic classification methods of library science, cognitive science, nursing science and computational linguistics, a taxonomy of nursing interventions consisting of seven categories was developed These categories which incorporate care as a central concept are described and denned, and prototypical examples of each category are presented Brinberg & McGrath's validity schema provides the framework within which evidence for validity as value, validity as correspondence and validity as generalizability were examined. Comparison of the NILT categories with previously published categorizations of nursing functions and interventions provides strong support for the validity of this classification Additionally, comparison of the NILT categories with two internationally derived categorizations of nursing functions supports the robustness or generalizability of the NILT classification
The carboxyterminal EF domain of erythroid α-spectrin is necessary for optimal spectrin-actin binding

Spectrin and protein 4.1R crosslink F-actin, forming the membrane skeleton. Actin and 4.1R bind to one end of β-spectrin. The adjacent end of α-spectrin, called the EF domain, is calmodulin-like, with calcium-dependent and calcium-independent EF hands. The severely anemic sph1J/sph1J mouse has very fragile red cells and lacks the last 13 amino acids in the EF domain, implying that the domain is critical for skeletal integrity. To test this, we constructed a minispectrin heterodimer from the actin-binding domain, the EF domain, and 4 adjacent spectrin repeats in each chain. The minispectrin bound to F-actin in the presence of native human protein 4.1R. Formation of the spectrin-actin-4.1R complex was markedly attenuated when the minispectrin contained the shortened sph1J α-spectrin. The α-spectrin deletion did not interfere with spectrin heterodimer assembly or 4.1R binding but abolished the binary interaction between spectrin and F-actin. The data show that the α-spectrin EF domain greatly amplifies the function of the β-spectrin actin-binding domain (ABD) in forming the spectrin-actin-4.1R complex. A model, based on the structure of α-actinin, suggests that the EF domain modulates the function of the ABD and that the C-terminal EF hands (EF34) may bind to the linker that connects the ABD to the first spectrin repeat.
Indirect Coupling and Antiresonance of Two Optic Phonons

Using Green's function techniques we calculate the spectrum for two optic phonons interacting via anharmonic coupling to two acoustic phonons. The single-phonon density of states, which is related to the first-order Raman spectrum, exhibits a zero (antiresonance) between the individual phonon peaks and yields a line shape in excellent agreement with Scott's recent experimental results for AlP${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.
Planctosphaera (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta) in the Pacific Ocean

Four specimens of the unusual hemichordate larva Planctosphaera sp., previously known only from the North Atlantic Ocean were collected by midwater trawl from depths of 75 to 500 m near the Hawaiian Islands in May 1974 and in September 1977 and 1982. The anatomy of the Pacific specimens is indistinguishable from published descriptions of those from the Atlantic. The distribution of known specimens of planctosphaera in subsurface or deeper waters in both major ocean systems of the world suggests that they are larvae of a widely distributed species, perhaps from abyssal depths.
A kinematic model of the human ankle

The spatial gross motion of the foot with respect to the shank is modelled as rotations about two fixed ankle axes: the upper ankle rotation axis (plantar flexion/dorsiflexion) and the subtalar rotation axis (inversion/eversion). The positions of the axes are determined by externally visible bony landmarks of the lower leg, and are measured for a living subject. The model input data are the plantar flexion/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion rotation angles; the model output is a 4 X 4 transformation matrix which quantitatively describes the relative position of a foot coordinate system with respect to a shank coordinate system.
Estimation of Left Ventricular Wall Stiffness by Analysis of Late Diastolic Pressure Components

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is any abnormality in the filling of the left ventricle and is conventionally evaluated by analysis of the relaxation driven phase, or early diastole. LVDD has been shown to be a precursor to heart failure and the diagnosis and treatment for diastolic failure is less understood than for systolic failure. Diastole consists of two filling waves, early and late and is primarily dependent on ventricular relaxation and wall stiffness.Copyright © 2011 by ASME