cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Christianity and colonialism in South Africa

Christian evangelists were intimately involved in the colonial process in southern Africa. This essay distinguishes two dimensions of their historical role, each associated with a different form of power. In the domain of formal political processes, of the concrete exercise of power, the effect of the nonconformist mission to the Tswana, as elsewhere in Africa, was inherently ambiguous. However, in the domain of implicit signs and practices, of the diffuse control over everyday meaning, it instilled the authoritative imprint of Western capitalist culture. But there was a contradiction between these dimensions: while the mission introduced a new world view, it could not deliver the world to go with it. And this contradiction, in turn, gave rise to various discourses of protest and resistance. [South Africa, Tswana, colonialism, Christianity, missionaries, power, domination and resistance, historical agency and cultural discourse]
Ikaros fingers on lymphocyte differentiation

The Ikaros family of DNA-binding proteins are critical regulators of lymphocyte differentiation. In multipotent, hematopoietic progenitors, Ikaros supports transcriptional priming of genes promoting lymphocyte differentiation. Ikaros targets the Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase (NuRD) complex to lymphoid lineage genes, thereby increasing chromatin accessibility and transcriptional priming. After lymphoid lineage specification, Ikaros expression is raised to levels characteristic of intermediate B cell and T cell precursors, which is necessary to support maturation and prevent leukemogenesis. Loss of Ikaros in T cell precursors allows the NuRD complex to repress lymphocyte genes and extends its targeting to genes that support growth and proliferation, causing their activation and triggering a cascade of events that leads to leukemogenesis. Loss of Ikaros in B cell precursors blocks differentiation and perpetuates stromal adhesion by enhancing integrin signaling. The combination of integrin and cytokine signaling in Ikaros-deficient pre-B cells promotes their survival and self-renewal. The stages of lymphocyte differentiation that are highly dependent on Ikaros are underscored by changes in Ikaros transcription, supported by a complex network of stage-specific regulatory networks that converge upon the Ikzf1 locus. It is increasingly apparent that understanding the regulatory networks that operate upstream and downstream of Ikaros is critical not only for our understanding of normal lymphopoiesis, but also in placing the right finger on the mechanisms that support hematopoietic malignancies in mouse and human.
Study of a variant of Stokes’ first and second problems for fluids with pressure dependent viscosities

Abstract In this paper we extend the seminal work of Stokes concerning the flow due to a suddenly accelerated plate and an oscillating plate for the Navier–Stokes fluid, to a fluid with pressure dependent viscosity. The viscosity of many fluids varies significantly with pressure, a fact recognized by Stokes, and Barus in fact conducted experiments that showed that the variation of the viscosity with pressure was exponential. Given such a tremendous variation, it would be interesting to see how this change in viscosity affects the nature of the solution to these problems. We find that the velocity field, and hence the structure of the vorticity and the shear stress at the walls for fluids with pressure dependent viscosity are markedly different from those for the classical Navier–Stokes fluid.
Toll-like receptors in the skin.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors involved in host defense against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Activation of TLRs leads to the production of cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, and upregulation costimulatory and adhesion molecules involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are expressed on a variety of cell types found in the skin, including keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, resident and trafficking immune-system cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells, and mast cells in the dermis, endothelial cells of the skin microvasculature, and skin stromal cells such as fibroblasts and adipocytes. There have been an increasing number of reports demonstrating that TLRs play a key role in cutaneous host defense mechanisms against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. In addition, TLRs have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory skin diseases.
Lubrication with sputtered MoS2 films: Principles,operation, and limitations

This article reviews the present practices, limitations, and understanding of thin sputtered M0S2 films. Sputtered M0S2 films can exhibit remarkable tribological properties such as ultra-low friction coefficients (0.01) and enhanced wear lives (millions of cycles) when used in vacuum or dry air. To achieve these favorable tribological characteristics, the sputtering conditions during deposition must be optimized for adequate film adherence and appropriate structure (morphology) and composition.
Vertical distribution of an estuarine snail altered by a parasite

Estuarine snails Ilyanassa obsoleta bearing larvae of the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca behave singularly in comparison with conspecifics lacking this parasite. Following high tides, and especially at night, infected snails were found stranded high on beaches and sandbars. Semiterrestrial crustaceans living well up on the shore serve as the next host, and the modified (induced) snail behavior is apparently a parasite adaptation facilitating cercarial transmission to these crustaceans. The altered behavior is unusual because of its apparent enhancement of host-to-host transmission by cercariae rather than predation, the process commonly recognized as being enhanced by parasitic modification of host behavior.
The treatment of contaminated water at remedial wood preserving sites

Contaminated groundwater and surface water have posed a great challenge in restoring wood preserving sites to beneficial use. Often contaminated groundwater plumes extend far beyond the legal property limits, adversely impacting drinking water supplies and crop lands. To contain, treat, and/or remediate these valuable resources is an important part of restoring these impacted sites. Various options are available for remediating the groundwater and other affected media at these sites. Frequently, pump and treat technologies have been used that can provide well-head treatment at installed extraction wells. This approach has shown to be costly and excessively time consuming. Some of the technologies used for pump and treat are granular activated carbon (GAC), biotreatment, and chemical oxidation. Other approaches use in-situ treatment applications that include enhanced bioremediation, monitored natural attenuation (biotic and abiotic), and chemical reduction/fixation. Ultimately, it may only be feasible, economically or practicably, to use hydraulic containment systems. Depending upon site-specific conditions, these treatment approaches can be used in various combinations to offer the best remedial action. A comparison of water treatment system costs extrapolated from the treatability studies performed on contaminated groundwater from the McCormick/Baxter Superfund site in Stockton, California, yielded operation and maintenance costs of $1.19/1,000 gal. for carbon treatment and $7.53/1,000 gal. for ultraviolet (UV) peroxidation, respectively.
Mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric renal transplantation

The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in adult renal transplantation has been associated with significantly decreased incidence of acute rejection. However, limited data are available for children after renal transplantation. A total of 67 patients undergoing renal transplantation at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA and Children's Hospital of Boston, MA, USA were enrolled into the Cooperative Clinical Trials in Pediatric Transplantation randomized controlled trial of induction with OKT3 vs. i.v. cyclosporin A (CsA) at the time of transplantation. The first 31 patients entered were begun on azathioprine (AZA), 2 mg/kg on the first post-operative day. The subsequent 36 patients were begun on MMF, 1000 mg/m2/d. Other maintenance immunosuppression included oral CsA and Prednisone. Biopsy confirmation was obtained for all suspected rejection episodes. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the Schwartz formula. Data were analyzed using Kaplan Meier survival curves and compared using log-rank tests. At the time of analysis, 52 patients (mean age 10.1 +/- 5 yr) had completed at least 12 months and 15 others had completed at least 6 months of follow-up post-transplantation. Of these, there were 39 male/28 female; 48 white/15 black/4 other; 49 living donor/18 cadaver donor. There were no significant differences in the incidence of rejection episodes, number of rejection episodes, the GFR at 6 and 12 months, allograft, or patient survival between patients receiving MMF vs. AZA. We could demonstrate no significant differences in these outcomes based on sex, race or induction therapy, leading to the conclusion that pediatric patients treated under a consistent protocol in two institutions have no improvement in short-term allograft outcome with the addition of MMF therapy.
Abstract LB-212: HER2-overexpressing breast cancer xenografts amplify FGFR signaling upon acquisition of resistance to dual blockade with trastuzumab and lapatinib

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA We sought to discover mechanisms of acquired resistance to the combination of the HER2 inhibitors trastuzumab and lapatinib in HER2 gene amplified BT474 xenografts. The combination of lapatinib and trastuzumab completely eliminated BT474 tumors established in nude mice after <3 weeks of treatment. However, some tumors recurred as early as 9 weeks after the combination was stopped. Three recurrent tumors did not respond to retreatment with the combination of lapatinib and trastuzumab. More than 90% of tumors derived from these recurrent tumors did not respond to lapatinib/trastuzumab or the combination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Both the parental drug-sensitive xenografts and the lapatinib/trastuzumab-resistant (LTR) tumors exhibited 5 to 6-fold HER2 gene amplification as measured by FISH using probes for HER2 and chromosome 17. The LTR cancers maintained levels of P-HER2, P-AKT and P-ERK in the presence of lapatinib and trastuzumab as measured by IHC of tumor sections whereas treatment of parental BT474 xenografts reduced P-HER2 levels. LTR tumors exhibited markedly reduced in situ levels of lapatinib compared to BT474 sensitive tumors (2.157 µg lapatinib/gm tissue versus 4.701 µg lapatinib/gm tissue, p=0.02) as assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Quantitative site-specific mass spectrometric analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation from tumor lysates revealed enriched P-Y877 HER2 in LTR compared to parental BT474 xenografts. We next performed next generation sequencing to characterize base substitutions, short insertions and deletions (indels), copy number alterations and selected fusions across 287 cancer-related genes. There were no mutations in HER2 but we observed amplification of FGF3, FGF4, and FGF19 genes in LTR xenografts. Consistent with increased autocrine activation of FGFR, we observed markedly elevated levels of P-FGFR in LTR xenografts compared to parental xenografts as assessed by IHC. We speculate that ligand-induced FGFR signaling may induce resistance to dual HER2 blockade by 1) a tumor cell autonomous mechanism resulting in transactivation of HER2 and, 2) an alteration in the tumor microenvironment that reduces lapatinib uptake and/or retention by the LTR tumors. In conclusion, we show amplification of FGFR signaling upon acquired resistance to combinations of HER2-targeted agents. Studies with FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors to reverse drug resistance are in progress. Citation Format: Joan T. Garrett, Jennifer Becker, Monica Valeria Estrada, Carlos L. Arteaga. HER2-overexpressing breast cancer xenografts amplify FGFR signaling upon acquisition of resistance to dual blockade with trastuzumab and lapatinib. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-212. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-212
A normal form for logical derivations implying one for arithmetic derivations

Abstract We describe a short model-theoretic proof of an extended normal form theorem for derivations in predicate logic which implies in PRA a normal form theorem for the arithmetic derivations (cf. [8]). Consider the Gentzen-type formulation of predicate logic with invertible rules. A derivation with proper variables is one where a variable b can occur in the premiss of an inference L but not below this premiss only in the case when L is (⇒∀) or (∃⇒) and b is its eigenvariable. Free variables of such derivation are eigenvariables and free variables of its last sequent. Then any sequent derivable in predicate logic has a cut-free derivation with proper variables where the main formula of any antecedent rule is underivable. The proof is by a simple modification of the construction of a countermodel of the formula from the open branch of its canonical proof-search tree . It extends to intuitionistic and higher order systems. The proof of the corresponding normalization theorem outlined in [8] (is more complicated and) uses the passage to the infinitary derivations enriched by finitary derivations. The normal form after a modification to make it decidable can be considered as a realization of Gentzen's idea stated at the end of [2], that his notion of reduction for arithmetic can be extended to other fields of mathematics.
Electrodynamic Analysis of Near-Field Enhancement

The paper reviews computational models for plasmonic field enhancement, especially with applications to tip-enhanced scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). Both plasmon-enhanced and scattering-type SNOM are considered. The importance of full electrodynamic analysis is emphasized: the electrostatic treatment is valid only if the size of the whole system, rather than its individual components (such as the apex of the tip or an individual particle in a cluster), is much smaller than the wavelength. Illustrative numerical results are included.
Pulmonary deposition, translocation and clearance of inhaled neutron-activated talc in hamsters

Abstract To determine pulmonary deposition, translocation and clearance of inhaled talc, 10-wk-old hamsters received a single 2-hr nose-only exposure to neutron-activated talc. Over a period of 4 months, the hamsters were killed in groups of four. Lungs, liver, kidneys, ovaries, skinned carcass and 2-day and 4-day excreta were collected for γ-ray analysis. The isotope 60Co was used to calculate the quantity of talc in all samples; in addition, the isotope 46Sc was used in a number of samples to check the validity of 60Co as a tracer for talc. From 20 to 80 μg talc, an estimated 6–8% of the inhaled quantity, was deposited in the alveoli. The biological half-life of the talc deposited in the alveoli was 7–10 days. Alveolar clearance was essentially complete 4 months after exposure. No translocation of talc to liver, kidneys, ovaries or other parts of the body was found. Several hundred micrograms of talc were found in the faecal samples. Results of a leaching study to be described elsewhere suggest that the picogram quantities of 60Co found in the urine probably represented leached 60Co absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Analysis of in vivo volume measurements obtained with diagnostic ultrasound.

A study was carried out to investigate the errors involved in obtaining volumes by means of ultrasound echograms and a small computer. The work was done on live pigs’ kidneys (130–200 cm3). The errors include those associated with the scanner itself, those involved in the interpretation of the contour boundaries, and those relating to the algorithms used to determine the volumes from the contours. An average deviation of 25.4 cm3 from actual volumes was found, while 58% of the measurements were within ±10%. Computer programs allowing for the display of contours and intercepts of corresponding orthogonal scan planes were used to reanalyze the data resulting in an average deviation of 14.7 cm3 with 78% of the measurements within ±10%.
Evaluation of the Performance of Ground Delay Programs

Ground delay programs (GDPs) are frequently used to keep U.S. air transportation safe and efficient. Most research on GDPs has focused on optimal design and implementation, with little attention given to retrospective performance evaluation. This research fills that gap by identifying GDP performance criteria, developing associated performance metrics, and evaluating GDP performance metrics across airports and over time. GDP performance criteria are established, and associated performance metrics are specified for five performance goals: capacity utilization, efficiency, predictability, equity, and flexibility. By defining multiple performance metrics, this research enables FAA traffic managers and flight operators to review GDP performance after the fact in a comprehensive way and to uncover GDP performance trends across airports and over time. Through use of data from the FAA Aggregate Demand List and the FAA Aviation System Performance Metrics, historical GDP performance is assessed for San Francisco I...
Hypergravity disruption of homeorhetic adaptations to lactation in rat dams include changes in circadian clocks.

Altered gravity load induced by spaceflight (microgravity) and centrifugation (hypergravity) is associated with changes in circadian, metabolic, and reproductive systems. Exposure to 2-g hypergravity (HG) during pregnancy and lactation decreased rate of mammary metabolic activity and increased pup mortality. We hypothesize HG disrupted maternal homeorhetic responses to pregnancy and lactation are due to changes in maternal metabolism, hormone concentrations, and maternal behavior related to gravity induced alterations in circadian clocks. Effect of HG exposure on mammary, liver and adipose tissue metabolism, plasma hormones and maternal behavior were analyzed in rat dams from mid-pregnancy (Gestational day [G]11) through early lactation (Postnatal day [P]3); comparisons were made across five time-points: G20, G21, P0 (labor and delivery), P1 and P3. Blood, mammary, liver, and adipose tissue were collected for analyzing plasma hormones, glucose oxidation to CO2 and incorporation into lipids, or gene expression. Maternal behavioral phenotyping was conducted using time-lapse videographic analyses. Dam and fetal-pup body mass were significantly reduced in HG in all age groups. HG did not affect labor and delivery; however, HG pups experienced a greater rate of mortality. PRL, corticosterone, and insulin levels and receptor genes were altered by HG. Mammary, liver and adipose tissue metabolism and expression of genes that regulate lipid metabolism were altered by HG exposure. Exposure to HG significantly changed expression of core clock genes in mammary and liver and circadian rhythms of maternal behavior. Gravity load alterations in dam's circadian system may have impacted homeorhetic adaptations needed for a successful lactation.
Assumptions that devalue university teaching

Abstract Teaching continues to be devalued ‐ the question is why? It is argued here that the devaluing is the result of five assumptions held about teaching: teaching excellence is nothing more than a matter of technique; teaching requires no training or ongoing professional development; pedagogical practice and scholarship can exist without standards; the wisdom of practice contains no real knowledge of importance; and content (not students or learning) should drive instructional decisionmaking. Characteristic of North American perspectives, these assumptions may be held intuitively, but are manifest in the practice of instruction. They are inaccurate and, in order to redress fundamental instructional inequities, they must be changed.
Settlement of the tube worm Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae): cues for gregarious settlement

The larvae of many benthic marine invertebrates settle to form conspecific aggregations and are thought to rely on chemical cues associated with adults as indicators of habitat suitability, although the identification of inductive compounds has proven difficult. Still-water laboratory assays carried out during the summers of 1992 and 1993 with larvae of the serpulid polychaete, Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873), demonstrate that unidentified water-borne compound(s) were responsible for gregarious settlement of competent larvae. Unlike inductive compounds associated with other tube-dwelling polychaetes, the settlement cue was soluble in water and was not associated with the tube, but rather with the body of live adults. In assay chambers divided by a 52-μm mesh barrier, a greater percentage of larvae settled on biofilmed substrata when adult worms were present on the other side of the barrier than when adults were absent. Settlement in response to conspecific adults, live worms removed from their tubes, and amputated tentacular crowns of live worms was significantly greater than settlement in response to dead worms, empty tubes, or biofilmed slides. The settlement inducer appears to emanate from the openings of occupied tubes; settlement was greatest along the anterior two-fifths of the tube of living conspecific adults. A single adult was equally capable of eliciting a gregarious response as were five or 25 conspecifics, and newly settled juveniles began to elicit gregarious settlement after approximately 96 h. Extraction of aggregations of adult worms with organic solvents removed the inductive capacity of the tissue, and activity was found in both nonpolar and polar fractions of an extraction series.
Hybridization of RNA labelled with 125 I to high specific activity.

Hybridization techniques have been used frequently in studies requiring the preparation or comparison of specific nucleic acids. The feasibility of annealing reactions for a particular application depends on the ability to separate the duplex nucleic acid from the single stranded forms, the complexity of the parental nucleic acid pool and the specific activity of isotopic labelling. The latter factor, that is, an inadequacy in isotopic labelling, has been a frequent handicap, particularly in hybridization analysis of the eukaryote nucleic acids. Recently, the sensitivity of hybridization experiments has been substantially improved through in vitro enzymatic copying of nucleic acids with RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase in the presence of labelled nucleotide1–4. In the work described here, the recently introduced procedure for derivatization with 125I-labelled iodine catalysed by thallic trichloride5 was applied to obtain ribonucleic acids of high specific activity. The labelled product was tested for capacity to anneal to DNA. Standard hybridization procedures entailing elevated temperature incubation in the presence of a filter gave high background values. At low temperature in solutions containing dimethylformamide, annealing reactions proceeded without this complication and yielded gene frequency comparable to established levels.
Creating the “Desired Mindset”: Philip Morris's Efforts to Improve Its Corporate Image Among Women

Through analysis of tobacco company documents, we explored how and why Philip Morris sought to enhance its corporate image among American women. Philip Morris regarded women as an influential political group. To improve its image among women, while keeping tobacco off their organizational agendas, the company sponsored women's groups and programs. It also sought to appeal to women it defined as "active moms" by advertising its commitment to domestic violence victims. It was more successful in securing women's organizations as allies than active moms. Increasing tobacco's visibility as a global women's health issue may require addressing industry influence.
Dynamical calculation of low energy hydrogen reemission off hydrogen covered surfaces

The reemission of low energy ( < 100 eV) hydrogen is a critical issue in plasma/first wall recycling. Previous molecular dynamics calculations, using the Embedded Atom Method (EAM), showed a decreasing reflection coefficient at energies below 10 eV for clean nickel surfaces with no surface defects. These calculations have been extended to investigate the influence of chemisorbed hydrogen atoms on the reemission coefficient for typical fusion operating conditions. A hybrid EAM method has been developed to include molecular hydrogen formation. The results of these calculations indicate that, in addition to atomic reflection and atomic penetration into the bulk which occur on a clean surface, hydrogen atom induced atomic and molecular desorption can compete, thereby affecting the reemission coefficient. The results are dependent on the incident hydrogen energy as well as surface coverage.
Arm crank versus wheelchair treadmill ergometry to evaluate the performance of paraplegics.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare peak performance capabilities of male paraplegics with arm crank and wheelchair ergometry. Eleven male paraplegics (aged 26.0 ± 4.5 years) with spinal lesions at levels ranging from T5 to L4 were assessed during arm cranking and while propelling a wheelchair on a treadmill. Subjects completed both tests in randomised order within a 1 week period with a minimum of 48 hours between tests. Based on the data analysis, peak V˙O2 for the treadmill and arm crank were not significantly different while HR values for the treadmill were significantly greater (P < 0.05) when compared to arm crank. A regression analysis indicated that wheelchair treadmill peak V˙O2 values can be accurately predicted from arm crank peak V˙O2 (r = 0.74).
Effects of coronary vasodilator drugs on the uptake and release of adenosine in cardiac cells.

The effects of coronary vasodilator drugs on the uptake and release of adenosine due to hypoxia were studied in isolated cardiac cells maintained in culture. Isolated cardiac cells were used as a model in order to avoid the problems associated with intact heart models, i.e. cellular heterogeneity, and hormonal and neural influences. A Km value of 2.5 μM and a Vmax of 0.9 nmole/mg of protein/30 min were determined for the uptake of adenosine in this model. The ability of coronary vasodilator drugs to inhibit the uptake of adenosine (0.023 μM) into heart cells was in the following order: dipyridamole > dilazep > hexobendine > lidoflazine > papaverine. All of these agents blocked the uptake of adenosine in a competitive manner. Concentrations ranging from 10−3 to 10−9 M of aminophylline, carbochromen and nitroglycerine had no effect on the uptake of adenosine into the cardiac cells. None of the drugs had a significant effect on the release of adenosine from the heart cells under hypoxic conditions. It is concluded that the coronary vasodilator actions of dipyridamole, dilazep, hexobendine, papaverine and lidoflazine are related to a block in the uptake of adenosine.
Sequencing the functional antibody repertoire—diagnostic and therapeutic discovery

The development of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies has enabled large-scale characterization of functional antibody repertoires, a new method of understanding protective and pathogenic immune responses. Important parameters to consider when sequencing antibody repertoires include the methodology, the B-cell population and clinical characteristics of the individuals analysed, and the bioinformatic analysis. Although focused sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy chains or complement determining regions can be utilized to monitor particular immune responses and B-cell malignancies, high-fidelity analysis of the full-length paired heavy and light chains expressed by individual B cells is critical for characterizing functional antibody repertoires. Bioinformatic identification of clonal antibody families and recombinant expression of representative members produces recombinant antibodies that can be used to identify the antigen targets of functional immune responses and to investigate the mechanisms of their protective or pathogenic functions. Integrated analysis of coexpressed functional genes provides the potential to further pinpoint the most important antibodies and clonal families generated during an immune response. Sequencing antibody repertoires is transforming our understanding of immune responses to autoimmunity, vaccination, infection and cancer. We anticipate that antibody repertoire sequencing will provide next-generation biomarkers, diagnostic tools and therapeutic antibodies for a spectrum of diseases, including rheumatic diseases.
SU‐FF‐I‐87: DTA‐Based Metrics for the Evaluation of Autosegmentation Algorithms in Clinical Radiotherapy Workflow

Purpose: To establish quantitative metrics to assess the performance of autosegmentation programs in the context of clinical radiotherapy workflow. Method and Materials: One of the more time intensive and predominantly un‐automated tasks in radiation therapytreatment planning is the segmentation of the anatomical structures which are relevant for a particular intended radiotherapytreatment. We present performance metrics based on the distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) between manually‐contoured reference sets and the results of a generic autosegmentation platform. Results: To correlate to the time expended to correct erroneous auto‐contouring results we posit the slice‐by‐slice DTA = min { | x r,i − x t,i | } ∀ { x t,i } , where{x r,i} and {x t,i} are the vertices on the reference and test sets, respectively, on the ith axial CT slice. The histogram of DTAs (or simple pass/fail DTA thresholds) will assess the amount of manual correction required to bring an auto‐contoured structure into acceptable agreement with the reference set. Beyond this application, full automation of the contouring process (i.e. no manual correction) would require stricter, 3‐dimensional, and site‐specific DTA metrics, for which we propose generalized quality factors. As a test bed for these metrics, we have compared manually‐generated clinical contours to those created by CMS' Atlas‐Based Autosegmentation system and shown that, for some sites, the autosegmentation is nearly indistinguishable from the variability in our clinic's manual contouring. Conclusion: Depending on the desired use of an autosegmentation package, either slice‐by‐slice or 3D DTA metrics facilitate the assessment of clinical performance. Regardless of intended application, the DTA‐based metrics may be used as (a) a quantitative benchmark of an autosegmentation algorithm against the inherent variability in manual contouring and (b) a potential correlate to efficiency gains should the software be brought into full clinical use.
SHIPS THAT PASS IN THE NIGHT

In my view, The New Behaviorism (TNB )i s correct that behavior analysis must expand its theoretical horizon, but is incorrect that ‘‘theoretical behaviorism’’ meets this challenge. Baum’s review is correct that TNB mischaracterizes Skinner’s views of the place of theory in behavior analysis, but is incorrect that the type of theoretical terms favored by TNB and the review is consistent with behavior analysis. Both TNB and the review err in their shared criticisms of Skinner’s exploration of the societal implications of the experimental analysis of behavior and his treatment of the effects of punishment. Before developing these points, I note the
Magnetism in layered oxides: Results from spin density functional calculations

Abstract Local spin density approximation (LSDA) calculations have been performed on La2CuO4, CaCuO2 and a charge conjugate analogue, Sr2VO4, using the general potential LAPW method. Like most other LSDA based calculations, and in disagreement with experiment, no antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulating solution is found. Paramagnetic Sr2VO4 is found to be unstable to a ferromagnetic solution. Calculations searching for an AFM solution with the same symmetry as La2CuO4 are reported, with no stable solution being found. In the case of CaCuO2, the application of staggered magnetic fields to the Cu atoms does not open a gap in the band structure. However, an exchange field with an enhanced anisotropy yields Cu moments of the correct magnitude and an insulating gap.
Attenuation of the magnitude of suckling-induced prolactin release with advancing lactation: Mechanisms

To study why suckling-induced plasma prolactin levels decline in magnitude with advancing lactation, we examined prolactin release in lactating rats following suckling and pharmacologic manipulations during early, mid- and late lactation. On day 2 of lactation, litters were adjusted to 8 pups. On day 3, dams were implanted with an atrial catheter and experiments were conducted on lactation days 5, 11 and 17. To examine suckling-induced prolactin release, pups were removed at 0800 h, an extension was attached to the catheter at 1100 h, and pups returned to dams at 1200 h. Blood samples were obtained before, and at 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after suckling started. Prolactin responses to sulpiride and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration were studied in lactating rats separated from their litters for 4 hours. Blood samples were obtained before, and at 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after sulpiride (10 or 40 micrograms/kg BW) and 5, 10, 20 and 30 min after TRH (1 or 4 micrograms/kg BW) in rats pretreated with sulpiride. Prolactin release in response to suckling, administration of sulpiride or sulpiride and TRH diminished as lactation advanced. From these results, we conclude that refractoriness in anterior pituitary lactrotropes to prolactin-releasing stimuli is at least partially responsible for the decline in suckling-induced prolactin release with advancing lactation.
High-Performance Vacuum Insulation Panel: Development of Alternative Core Materials

Energy efficiency of the built environment greatly depends on the performance of the insulating materials used in the building envelope construction. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) offer excellent thermal resistance properties that can enhance the energy efficiency of the insulating systems and provide savings in energy consumption. However, VIP systems are virtually unknown and rarely used for building construction in North America. There is a need to investigate the use of VIPs in various components of building envelopes and their long-term performance. The National Research Council, Canada, Institute for Research in Construction is investigating a number of fundamental aspects related to the performance and construction of VIPs, which this paper discusses. More specifically, it reviews the underlying basics behind the functioning of VIPs and presents results from the investigation into the development of alternative core materials for VIP construction.
Getting a word in group-wise: Effects of racial diversity on gender dynamics

Abstract In three studies, we examined the effects of racial diversity on gender dynamics in small mixed-sex groups. In all-White groups in Study 1, White men spoke significantly more than White women and were rated as more persuasive; however, in racially-diverse groups, White women and White men spent equal amounts of time speaking and were rated as equally persuasive. Video clips of the group members were rated for confidence and anxiety in Study 2, and Study 3 explored more directly how group composition shapes individuals' perceptual and cognitive tendencies. Members of diverse groups were perceived as more anxious than members of all-White groups, and White women were perceived as more anxious than White men. However, White women in diverse groups showed increasing confidence over time. These results suggest that racial diversity has benefits beyond just racial inclusion: it may also promote greater gender equality.
Physicians' Response to Victims of Domestic Violence: Toward a Model of Care

Even though current domestic violence guidelines, such as those published by the AMA in 1992, attempt to relieve physicians of the "full burden of intervention," they continue to call upon physicians to play a large role in identifying, intervening in, and following up on case of partner abuse. In this paper, we define a limited domestic violence role for physicians which furthers the direction recommended by the AMA and which complements exemplary programs. We propose simplifying and limiting physicians' tasks to Asking patients about abuse; providing Validating messages, acknowledging that battering is wrong and confirming patient worth; Documenting presenting signs, symptoms, and disclosures; and Referring victims to domestic violence specialists (AVDR). By drawing on the literature and our own experience, we show how focusing the physician's role on these four taks is consistent with exemplary programs and expands on ideas put forth by experts for addressing domestic violence in health care settings; reduces barriers for physician interventions with victims; offers a realistic approach for physicians, reducing unrealistic educational demands; and complements managed care trends in contemporary health care.
Profiling of differential expression of messenger RNA in normal, benign, and metastatic prostate cell lines

To understand the phenotypic changes associated with prostate cancer development and metastasis, we investigated differential gene expression in primary and established prostate cell lines used as models. We have used a differential display of messenger RNA (DDRT-PCR) technique using 168 primer combinations and total RNA from BPH-1, LNCaP, and PC3 cells to identify filter-based cDNA microarrays containing 18,376 nonredundant clones of genes and expressed sequence tags (EST) using mRNA from PrEC and MDAPCa2a cells to identify genes that are differentially expressed in normal, benign, and cancerous prostate cell lines. Twenty-five cDNA with a significant difference in expression of 76 candidate cDNA, as identified by DDRT-PCR and confirmed by slot-blot analysis, were selected for sequence analysis. Of these, 14 cDNA were further confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Analysis of the cDNA microarray data showed that a variety of genes/EST were up- or down-regulated in the metastatic prostate tumor cells and a majority of these genes encode cytoskeletal proteins and proteins with regulatory function. Expression profile of two EST was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also have identified a number of genes exhibiting differential expression in prostate cancer cells, which were not known earlier to be involved in prostate cancer. This report provides a comparative analysis of differential gene expression between normal prostatic epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells, and a foundation to facilitate in-depth studies on the mechanism of prostate cancer development and metastasis.
The Treatment of Chronic Cor Pulmonale

In this presentation stress has been laid upon the concept that the treatment, as well as the prognosis of chronic cor pulmonale depend upon the underlying pulmonary disease. It has long been known that the chief causes of chronic cor pulmonale are chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema and various forms of fibrosis, particularly the pneumoconioses. An understanding of the difference between these diseases, both as to their pulmonary dysfunction and their circulatory complications, is crucial to success in therapy. Management of the patient with chronic pulmonary emphysema and (or pulmoniale is quite different from that of the subject with fibrosis and right heart involxemenit. Unfortuniately, little as yet is known about the circulation in the pulmonary fibroses. In patients with pulmonary fibrosis as well as those with granulomas of the lung it would appear that the anatomic pulmonary lesion is chiefly responsible for the pulmonary hypertension, in contradistinction to the patients with emphysema. Inas...
Specific RNA self-assembly with minimal paranemic motifs.

The paranemic crossover (PX) is a motif for assembling two nucleic acid molecules using Watson−Crick (WC) basepairing without unfolding preformed secondary structure in the individual molecules. Once formed, the paranemic assembly motif comprises adjacent parallel double helices that crossover at every possible point over the length of the motif. The interaction is reversible as it does not require denaturation of basepairs internal to each interacting molecular unit. Paranemic assembly has been demonstrated for DNA but not for RNA and only for motifs with four or more crossover points and lengths of five or more helical half-turns. Here we report the design of RNA molecules that paranemically assemble with the minimum number of two crossovers spanning the major groove to form paranemic motifs with a length of three half turns (3HT). Dissociation constants (Kd's) were measured for a series of molecules in which the number of basepairs between the crossover points was varied from five to eight basepairs. T...
Dissolved organic Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes in salt marsh porewaters

Fe(III) and Fe(II) organic complexes were determined by spectroscopic methods after sephadex gel fractionation of salt marsh porewaters during June and July 1993. Fe(III), which is a significant anaerobic oxidant for sulfide mineral oxidation, was typically found in the 100–5000 molecular weight (MW) fraction indicative of humic and other organic complexing agents. Fe(II) was found in both the 5000 MW class, and a tenfold decrease in dissolved Fe concentration in sephadex gel fractions as the pH decreased from 5.0 to <3 for porewater samples. Low pH values are attributed to sulfide mineral oxidation from severe drought conditions that caused significant dessication of the vegetated marsh. Microelectrode measurements demonstrated that O2 was not detected below 2 mm and that Fe(III) organic complexes should be significant oxidants in anoxic waters.
Gliomas in Children

Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in children and represent nearly 50 % of all pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. They are a heterogeneous group of diseases, ranging from highly malignant and frequently fatal to histologically benign and curable by surgery alone. A uniform treatment approach to these tumors is not practical, due to their histological and biological heterogeneity. Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are best treated with maximally safe surgical resection, generally achievable for hemispheric or cerebellar locations. Patients with deep midline, optic pathway/hypothalamic, and brain stem locations should undergo subtotal resection or biopsy only. If a complete resection is not feasible, subtotal resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy is the standard approach; however, observation alone with serial neuroimaging is used in some asymptomatic, surgically inaccessible lesions. Chemotherapy is used first-line in cases of residual or progressive disease, to avoid or delay radiation therapy and its associated side effects. Regimens demonstrating objective responses and increased progression free survival (PFS) include carboplatin and vincristine (CV), thioguanine/procarbazine/CCNU/vincristine (TPCV), or weekly vinblastine. High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are less common in children than in adults, though are similar in their aggressive clinical behavior, resistance to therapy, and dismal outcomes. There is not a single “standard of care” therapy for non-metastatic HGGs, but generally accepted is an aggressive attempt at a complete surgical resection, followed by multimodality therapy with focal radiation and chemotherapy. The use of temozolomide (TMZ) during and following radiotherapy is common, though it appeared not to improve the outcome in a cooperative group clinical trial when compared to an historical control cohort. The angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab, used alone or in combination with irinotecan, is also commonly used as maintenance therapy after radiation. Current trials are prospectively comparing TMZ to newer agents (vorinostat, bevacizumab) in a randomized phase II trial. Brainstem gliomas are a unique category of childhood gliomas. Approximately 80 % of childhood brainstem gliomas arise within the pons as diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG). When biopsied, these are usually HGGs and carry a dismal prognosis. Standard therapy is focal radiation (54–58 Gy), preferably on a clinical trial testing concurrent chemotherapy or biologic agent. No standard chemotherapy agent has impacted survival. The remaining 20 % of brainstem gliomas are low-grade, arise in the midbrain, dorsal medulla, or cervicomedullary junction, and are indolent in nature with a much better prognosis. Improvement in the outcome of all childhood gliomas will require increased knowledge of the underlying biology of these tumors, in order to treat with more biologically based and precise therapies.
Evaluation in animals of a system to estimate tracheal pressure from the endotracheal tube cuff

Objective. Flow through an endotracheal tube (ETT) causes a pressure loss across the tube. This loss results in a difference between pressure measured at the airway and pressure measured in the trachea. This difference can lead to errors when calculating pulmonary mechanics and when setting ventilators. We have tested a method of estimating tracheal pressure from the pressure in the ETT cuff.Methods. Pressure transducers were placed in the proximal ETT connector, in the trachea, and in the ETT cuff (through the inflation port). Instantaneous periods of zero flow, detected with a flow meter, were used to calculate the slope and offset of the line relating cuff pressure to tracheal pressure. The system was tested on the bench using a ventilator and lung simulator and in 2 dogs and 5 pigs. Tests were performed at various cuff pressures, trachea diameters, ETT sizes, respiratory rates, tidal volumes, and airway obstructions. Results. In bench tests, our estimate of tracheal pressure was within −4.0±2.6% of the actual tracheal pressure (mean = standard deviation [SD]). In animal tests, our estimation of tracheal pressure was within −0.6±5%. In all bench test measurements and in 40 of 42 animal measurements, the error was less than 1 cm H2O.Conclusions. The cuff estimation technique gives real-time, continuous, noninvasive tracheal pressure measurements in intubated animals with cuffed ETTs.
Consumers' value perceptions across retail outlets: shopping at mass merchandisers and department stores

Today value is considered a key hallmark of US shoppers. Although research has examined consumer perceived value (CPV) in the context of shopping in general, this study provides specifics about CPV in the context of consumers’ shopping experiences in two dominant retail outlets – mass merchandisers and department stores – where value provision and value seeking may be shifting. Using Dewey's (1939. Theory of valuation. In International encyclopedia of Unified Science, ed.O. Neurath, R. Carnap, and C. Morris, Vol. 2, 1–67. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.) value theory as a framework and conducting both qualitative and quantitative analyses, the research identified, validated, and tested nine value dimensions sought by consumers when shopping in mass merchandisers and department stores: acquisition, transaction, efficiency, choice, exploration, esthetic, self-gratification, social interaction, and social status value. The study findings suggested that mass merchandisers may want to be careful in m...