cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility Support in Cellular Networks: A Measurement Study on Its Configurations and Implications

In this paper, we conduct the first global-scale measurement study to unveil how 30 mobile operators manage mobility support in their carrier networks. Using a novel, device-centric tool, MMLab, we are able to crawl runtime configurations without the assistance from operators. Using handoff configurations from 32,000+ cells and > 18,700 handoff instances, we uncover how policy-based handoffs work in practice. We further study how the configuration parameters affect the handoff performance and user data access. Our study exhibits three main points regarding handoff configurations. 1) Operators deploy extremely complex and diverse configurations to control how handoff is performed. 2) The setting of handoff configuration values affect data performance in a rational way. 3) While giving better control granularity over handoff procedures, such diverse configurations also lead to unexpected negative compound effects to performance and efficiency. Moreover, our study of mobility support through a device-side approach gives valuable insights to network operators, mobile users and the research community.
Summation and Future Challenges

The foregoing chapters have described a variety of studies on the prevention of tumor induction in experimental animals using a wide spectrum of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds. These substances act in different ways to inhibit the actions of carcinogenic agents in many organ systems. Studies of immunoprevention have also been described.
Long‐Term Outcomes in Patients With Turner Syndrome: A 68‐Year Follow‐Up

Background Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in women and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We describe long‐term outcomes in a large cohort of ...
Phosphine-Catalyzed α-Umpolung-Aldol Reaction for the Synthesis of Benzo[ b]azapin-3-ones.

A novel phosphine-catalyzed intermolecular cyclization between 2-sulfonamidobenzaldehyes and ynones is reported. This methodology serves as a conduit for the construction of benzo[b]azepin-3-ones in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. The resulting 2-benzylidene moieties are formed exclusively in the E-configuration. Mechanistically, this unusual annulation occurs through a phosphine-catalyzed α-umpolung addition, followed by an aldol reaction. One of the benzo[b]azepin-3-one products was converted to the core structure of 3-amino-[a]benzazepin-2-one-1-alkanoic acids, many of which function as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Mexican American women college students’ willingness to seek counseling: The role of religious cultural values, etiology beliefs, and stigma.

Although the importance of religion in the help-seeking processes of Latinx populations has been discussed (e.g., Moreno & Cardemil, 2013), few studies have considered the effects of religious and cultural factors on Mexican American women's underutilization of professional mental health services and less willingness to seek counseling. To address this gap in the literature, this study focuses on religious cultural values reported by Mexican American college women and how sociocultural factors, such as spiritual and biological etiology beliefs and self-stigma, can shape their willingness to seek counseling, using the cultural influences on mental health (CIMH) theoretical framework (Hwang, Myers, Abe-Kim, & Ting, 2008). Using structural equation modeling, we tested 2 theoretically and empirically derived models of willingness to seek counseling among 276 Mexican American college women at a large Hispanic-serving university in the Southwest. The findings highlighted the direct and indirect ways in which religious cultural values related to willingness to seek counseling and the importance of accounting for etiology beliefs and self-stigma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Identification of a dominant MYH11 causal variant in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: Results of whole-exome sequencing

Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (CIPO) is a rare gastrointestinal disorder, which affects the smooth muscle contractions of the gastrointestinal tract. Dominant mutations in the smooth muscle actin gene, ACTG2, accounts for 44%-50% of CIPO patients. Other recessive or X-linked genes, including MYLK, LMOD1, RAD21, MYH11, MYL9, and FLNA were reported in single cases. In this study, we used Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) to study 23 independent CIPO families including one extended family with 13 affected members. A dominantly inherited rare mutation, c.5819delC (p.Pro1940HisfsTer91), in the smooth muscle myosin gene, MYH11, was found in the extended family, shared by 7 affected family members but not by 3 unaffected family members with available DNA, suggesting a high probability of genetic linkage. Gene burden analysis indicates that additional genes, COL4A1, FBLN1 and HK2, may be associated with the disease. This study expanded our understanding of CIPO etiology and provided additional genetic evidence to physicians and genetic counselors for CIPO diagnosis.
Research on Reliability of Active Distribution Network with Distributed Photovoltaic

In recent years, as distributed photovoltaics gradually enter the distribution network, the distribution network has changed from a passive system to an active system, and the topology and tidal current operation of the traditional distribution network have undergone tremendous changes. The access of distributed photovoltaics has a huge impact on the reliability, power supply capability and operation of the distribution system. This paper summarizes the active distribution network facility outage model and distributed photovoltaics output model with distributed photovoltaics. By analyzing the electricity consumption characteristics of three common types of loads in cities, a distributed photovoltaic matching degree evaluation model is established for distributed photovoltaic systems. The reliability of the active distribution network is analyzed. The results show that the distributed photovoltaic access distribution network can improve the reliability level of the original system. At the same time, with the increase of distributed photovoltaic capacity under low permeability, the average power outage time of the system, the average number of power outages of the system and the average power shortage of the system gradually decrease, the system reliability is gradually improved.
Noise Contribution to Switching Current Distributions in NbN Nanowires

The working mechanism behind superconducting nanowire-based devices is the electrothermal transition from the superconducting to normal state, at which the point is known as the switching current. Due to the stochastic nature of nanowires from thermal fluctuations, quantum fluctuations, electrical noise, and black-body radiation, superconducting nanowire-based devices suffer from low repeatability in measurements. Here, we use a tapered and non-tapered NbN nanowire to identify and quantify the effects of ramp rate on the switching current distribution at 1 K. We also plan to expand the model presented by McCaughan et al that includes the noise of the measurement system.
Incorporating the Nanoscale Encapsulation Concept from Liquid Electrolytes into Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Solid-state Li–S batteries are attractive due to their high energy density and safety. However, it is unclear whether the concepts from liquid electrolytes are applicable in the solid state to improve battery performance. Here, we demonstrate that the nanoscale encapsulation concept based on Li2S@TiS2 core–shell particles, originally developed in liquid electrolytes, is effective in solid polymer electrolytes. Using in situ optical cell and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption, we find that polysulfides form and are well-trapped inside individual particles by the nanoscale TiS2 encapsulation. This TiS2 encapsulation layer also functions to catalyze the oxidation reaction of Li2S to sulfur, even in solid-state electrolytes, proven by both experiments and density functional theory calculations. A high cell-level specific energy of 427 W·h·kg–1 is achieved by integrating the Li2S@TiS2 cathode with a poly­(ethylene oxide)-based electrolyte and a lithium metal anode. This study points to the fruitful direction of borrowing concepts from liquid electrolytes into solid-state batteries.
Effects of mindfulness meditation interventions on depression in older adults: A meta-analysis.

We examined the effects of MMIs on depression in older adults and explored the moderating effects of participant, methods, and intervention characteristics. We systematically searched 15 databases ...
Neutrophil extracellular traps in stored canine red blood cell units.

BACKGROUND Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), webs of DNA and citrullinated histones extruded from activated neutrophils cause transfusion-related acute lung injury. Supernatants of stored red blood cell (RBC) units might promote NETosis in neutrophils from the units or from transfusion recipients. HYPOTHESES (1) NETs form during storage of canine RBC, (2) leukoreduction (LR) before storage of RBC reduces NETosis, and (3) supernatant from stored, nonleukoreduced (NLR) RBC units induces NETosis in healthy canine neutrophils modeling transfusion recipients. ANIMALS Six healthy purpose-bred research dogs were utilized for blood donation. METHODS Prospective controlled study. RBC units were collected from each dog, aseptically divided into 2 equal subunits, 1 of which was leukoreduced, and stored for 42 days. Stored units were sampled biweekly for quantification of NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (Western blot) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) (DNA dye binding). Unit supernatants were applied ex vivo to canine neutrophils and extracellular DNA release representing NETosis was assessed. RESULTS Markers of NETs increased during RBC storage (cfDNA P < .0001 and citrullinated H3 P = .0002) and were higher in NLR than LR units (day 42 LR cfDNA 0.34 ± 0.82 ng/mL vs day 42 NLR 1361.07 ± 741.00 ng/mL, P < .0001; day 42 LR citrullinated H3 0.19 ± 0.13 AU vs NLR 0.57 ± 0.34 AU, P = .007). Isolated neutrophils did not form NETs when exposed to stored canine RBC supernatant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE NETosis occurs in stored canine NLR RBC units, and is attenuated by LR before storage. NETs might be mediators of transfusion reactions.
From self-censorship to contention: Shame triggered participation in the 2013 Gezi Protests:

Focusing on journalists’ professional behaviors during the 2013 Gezi Protests in Turkey, this article offers a theoretical framework for understanding the transformation of inertia into contentious...
Cardiotoxicity as an Endpoint in Prospective Clinical Trials Involving Chest Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Chest radiation therapy (RT) has been associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality in a number of retrospective studies, including the landmark Darby study published in 2013 that demonstrated a linear increase in cardiac mortality with increasing mean heart radiation dose. The adverse effects of RT on the heart have led to an increased focus on minimizing radiation dose to the heart or its substructures during radiation planning. However, the extent to which cardiotoxicity has been incorporated as an endpoint in prospective RT studies remains unknown. We hypothesized that cardiotoxicity has increased in frequency as an endpoint in oncology trials involving thoracic RT since publication of the Darby study in 2013, and we sought to quantify this change in trial design. MATERIALS/METHODS We queried clinicaltrials.gov for all phase II/III interventional studies conducted from 1/1/2006 until 2/1/2021 which included RT for breast, esophageal, lymphoma, mesothelioma, thymoma, or lung cancer with a planned enrollment of ≥100 patients. Studies were categorized into the pre-Darby era (enrollment started prior to 1/1/2014) or the post-Darby era (enrollment after 1/1/2014). We determined whether each eligible study included cardiotoxicity as a specific primary or secondary endpoint. The primary endpoint was to compare the rate of studies with a cardiotoxicity endpoint in the pre-Darby versus post-Darby era using the Chi-square test (P < 0.05 considered significant). RESULTS Overall, 1,822 trials were reviewed and 256 met the study criteria. Of the trials included, 32% were for esophageal cancer, 31% for lung cancer, 28% for breast cancer, and 7% lymphoma/thymoma/mesothelioma. Overall, 5% (N = 13) included cardiotoxicity as an endpoint: 6 breast cancer, 3 lung cancer, 3 esophageal cancer, and 1 lymphoma study. There was no statistically significant increase in the inclusion of cardiotoxicity as an endpoint in the pre-Darby versus post-Darby era (3.9% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.46). The greatest absolute increase in inclusion of cardiotoxicity as an endpoint was seen for lung cancer (0% vs. 6%, P = 0.17) and breast cancer (5.7% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.43) studies, though these increases remained insignificant. CONCLUSION Among prospective clinical trials involving chest RT, cardiotoxicity remains an uncommon endpoint despite its prevalence as a primary source of toxicity following treatment. Breast cancer RT trials had the highest rates of including cardiotoxicity endpoints in the pre- and post-Darby era, though this rate remained low at 10%. Despite increased recognition that cardiac toxicity is prevalent after chest RT, there has been no detectable increase in the inclusion of cardiotoxicity endpoints in prospective clinical trials. In order to better characterize cardiac toxicities, future prospective studies involving chest RT should include cardiotoxicity endpoints.
In Vitro Simulation of Shoulder Motion Driven by 3D Scapular and Humeral Kinematics.

In vitro simulation of 3D shoulder motion using in vivo kinematics obtained from human subjects allows investigation of clinical conditions in the context of physiologically relevant biomechanics. Herein we present a framework for laboratory simulation of subject-specific kinematics that combines individual 3D scapular and humeral control in cadavers. The objectives were to: 1) robotically simulate 7 healthy subject-specific 3D scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematic trajectories in 6 cadavers, 2) characterize system performance using kinematic orientation accuracy and repeatability, and muscle force repeatability metrics and 3) analyze effects of input kinematics and cadaver specimen variability. Using an industrial robot to orient the scapula range of motion (ROM), errors with repeatability of ±0.1 mm and <0.5° were achieved. Using a custom robot and a trajectory prediction algorithm to orient the humerus relative to the scapula, orientation accuracy for glenohumeral elevation, plane of elevation, and axial rotation of <3° mean absolute error was achieved. Kinematic accuracy was not affected by varying input kinematics or cadaver specimens. Muscle forces over 5 repeated setups showed variability typically <33% relative to the overall simulations. Varying cadaver specimens and subject-specific human motions showed effects on muscle forces, illustrating that the system was capable of differentiating changes in forces due to input conditions. The anterior and middle deltoid, specifically, showed notable variations in patterns across the ROM that were affected by subject-specific motion. This machine provides a platform...(truncated to fit word count, missing text in main PDF includes R2 changes).
Splines and other Approximations

In this chapter we move away from the Fourier series and the general orthogonal series expansions. We will consider the appearance of the Gibbs phenomenon in the piecewise-linear approximation of functions with jump discontinuities that was first considered by Foster and Richards [28]. In this case, they demonstrated that the size of the overshoot is larger, i.e. about 13.4% compared to the classical 8.95% value of the Fourier trigonometric series and integrals approximations. For both cases here the usual measure of L 2 (or the least square)-approximation is employed. They pointed out that the (lower) overshoot of 8.95% is not exclusive for the trigonometric polynomial, but rather due to the latter being the best least square approximation. This piecewise-linear approximation is seen as a special case of using splines of degree one approximation. Richards [29] extended this analysis to high order splines where he showed that the size of the overshoot decreases with increasing the order m of the spline ∅ m+i (x) considered. Indeed it turns out that the size of the overshoot approaches the classical one of 8.95% as the order m + 1 (degree m) of the employed spline approaches infinity. This result was sought and proved almost completely by Richards [29], then was finalized later by Shim and Volkmer [30] and Foster and Richards [31].
Erratum to: Quantization of a charge magnetic-dipole model in 2 + 1 dimensions

We investigate a charge magnetic-dipole model originally suggested by Barut to qualitatively explain the lepton mass spectrum. In contrast to the encouraging results he finds using Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization, we find that successive energy levels do not increase rapidly enough to account for the observed lepton masses. None of the bound states are stable, and the states with lowest energies have unacceptably large angular moments.
Hatching Asynchrony and the Onset of Incubation in Birds, Revisited

In most animals, offspring from a reproductive bout usually hatch, emerge, or are born within a relatively short time of each other compared to the time required for their development. Thus, hatching or birthing in most animals is synchronous. This is especially likely to be true for animals with internal fertilization and development, where the birth of alll offspring occurs simultaneously (e.g., some fihes, snakes, and most mammals). Synchronous reproduction also occurs in animals with external fertilization or development when all zygotes are subject to the same environmental conditions (e.g., many insects, anurans, and fishes). Thus, in most the behavior of parents has little effect on the time between the emergence of their first and last young.
QBase: Anaesthesia: 1.

![][1] QBase: Anaesthesia: 1 E Hammond Greenwich Medical Media, £19.50, pp 160 ISBN 1 900151 758 ![][2] QBase: Anaesthesia: 2 E Hammond, Andrew McIndoe Greenwich Medical Media, £19.50, pp 208 ISBN 1 900151 324 QBase: Anaesthesia: 3 E Hammond, Andrew McIndoe Greenwich Medical Media, £22.50, pp 208 ISBN 1 900151 588 Rating: ![Graphic][3] ![Graphic][4] ![Graphic][5] (books ![Graphic][6] ![Graphic][7] ![Graphic][8] , CDs ![Graphic][9] ![Graphic][10] ) Candidates have different techniques for answering multiple choice exams. Many simply tick the answers they believe to be correct and then leave the room, but there are other, more complex, patterns of behaviour: the gambler, “I'm not sure about this answer, but the chances are that it's correct so I'll tick it”; the bookmaker, “If I answer 75% of the questions correctly then I'll pass the exam no matter what the results of the rest”; the compulsive ticker, “I can't bear to see both boxes left blank without my pencil mark … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-8.gif
Dependence of the biliary excretion of iopanoic acid on bile salts.

Abstract Iopanoic acid is an iodinated organic acid used extensively as a radiographic contrast material for oral cholecystography. Like bilirubin, it is conjugated predominately with glucuronic acid in the liver, and the biliary excretion is enhanced by the concomitant biliary excretion of bile salts. The extent to which iopanoate excretion in bile is dependent upon bile salt excretion was investigated in unanesthetized bile fistula dogs. The biliary excretion of iopanoate was studied at four different rates of bile salt excretion in separate experiments produced by interruption of the enterohepatic circulation without bile salt infusion and by infusing sodium taurocholate at three constant rates (0.48, 1.87, and 3.21 μmoles per min per kg). Iopanoic acid was infused in stepwise increasing rates in each of the four groups of experiments. The maximum excretion of iopanoate into bile ( E max ) was derived from a computer fit of the relation between the biliary excretion rate and plasma concentration of iopanoate for each of the four rates of bile salt excretion. The calculated E max was closely linked to the rate of bile salt excretion. The E max increased in an apparent linear manner from 0.20 to 2.36 μmoles per min per kg as the rate of bile salt excretion increased from 0.21 to 2.62 μmoles per min per kg. From the slope of the relation between the biliary excretion of bile salts and the E max of iopanoate, it could be determined that 0.89 μmole of iopanoate was coupled with each μmole of bile salt. However, at low plasma concentrations of iopanoate (less than approximately 0.06 μmole per ml) when maximum transport of the compound was not obtained, increasing rates of taurocholate infusion did not affect the biliary excretion of iopanoate.
Combined intraoperative laparoscopic cholecystectomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Lessons from 29 cases

Background: The role and timing of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with suspected choledocholethiasis remains a controversial subject. There have been few studies exploring the role of intraoperative ERCP. Therefore, we set out to perform a retrospective review of 29 patients who underwent combined laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and intreoperative ERCP (LC/ERCP). Our objective was to assess the feasibility of a one-stage approach using intraoperative ERCP. Methods: We identified 29 patients in whom LC/ERCP was attempted between January 1996 and November 1998 at a university-affiliated hospital with a large private faculty. Parameters reviewed included preoperative diagnosis, liver function tests (LFT), finding on transcystic cholangiogram (TCC), ERCP, stone retrieval, failure of ERCP, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Results: Twenty-eight of 29 patients (97%) underwent successful combined LC/ERCP. Successful TCC followed by ERCP was performed in 21 of 26 patients (81%). Five TCC were technically unsuccessful; in these patients, ERCP was performed on the basis of preoperative criteria. In three patients, TCC was not attempted. Stones were successfully retrieved from 20 of 21 patients (95%) with abnormal finding on TCC, one of five patients (20%) with failed TCC, and two of three patients (67%) with ERCP but without TCC. Overall morbidity was 14%, comprising two patients with postoperative hyperamylasemia and two with cystic duct leaks. There were no deaths in the group. The mean time for the combined procedure was 173 min (range, 50–290). Mean length of hospitalization was 3.4 days, and mean postoperative stay was 2.2 days. Conclusions: LC/ERCP can be performed safely. The advantages of the combined procedures include one-stage treatment of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, avoidance of unnecessary preoperative ERCP and their concomitant complications, and elimination of potential return to the operating room when postoperative ERCP is technically impossible.
Redefining the Roles and Responsibilities of Assistant Principals

(1994). Redefining the Roles and Responsibilities of Assistant Principals. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 283-287.
Learning shape descriptions

We report on initial experiments with an implemented learning system whose inputs are images of two-dimensional shapes. The system first builds semantic network shape descriptions based on Brady's smoothed local symmetry representation. It learns shape models from them using a modified version of Winston's ANALOGY program. The learning program uses only positive examples, and is capable of learning disjunctive concepts. We discuss the lcarnability of shape descriptions.
TREATING TRANSGENDERED CHILDREN: CLINICAL METHODS AND RELIGIOUS MYTHOLOGY

. Bruce Lincoln suggests that myth is “that small class of stories that possess both credibility and authority” (1992, 24). When studying the history of mythology we find that myths often are understood as something other people have—as if the group in question possesses the truth while others live by falsehoods. In examining contemporary North American society, we can see how Judeo-Christian narratives structure popular and medical discourses regarding sex and gender. The idea that humans are born into male and female, and male and female only, is a deeply held belief—so much so that it appears as fact rather than belief. Anthropologists such as Serena Nanda and Will Roscoe have documented the cross-cultural and historical “gender variants” who exist in societies where three or more genders are the norm. The origin of the belief in two sexes could well be the opening verses of Genesis where the origin of the human species is described in bipolar, dimorphic forms: “… in the image of God He created them; male and female created He them” (Genesis 1:27 NRSV). In the article I explore the mythology that underlies the clinical management of transgender children.
Recent Developments in Cancer Vaccines

The adoptive transfer of cancer Ag-specific effector T cells in patients can result in tumor rejection, thereby illustrating the immune system potential for cancer therapy. Ideally, one would like to directly induce efficient tumor-specific effector and memory T cells through vaccination. Therapeutic vaccines have two objectives: priming Ag-specific T cells and reprogramming memory T cells (i.e., a transformation from one type of immunity to another, for example, regulatory to cytotoxic). Recent successful phase III clinical trials showing benefit to the patients revived cancer vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in generation of immune responses, and as such represent targets and vectors for vaccination. We have learned that different DC subsets elicit different T cells. Similarly, different activation methods result in DCs able to elicit distinct T cells. We contend that a careful manipulation of activated DCs will allow cancer immunotherapists to produce the next generation of highly efficient cancer vaccines.
Synfuels to Replace Crude Oil Soon

The US energy strategy that would change the outlook worldwide is that for replacing crude oil with other liquids fuels to run automotive engines. Other strategies wander off into exotics requiring subsidies to produce heat or electricity not diesel, heating oil or gasoline. There is no “Plan” to produce a substitute for gasoline in our lifetimes (we are all more than 30 years old).
BETWEEN MT. MORIAH AND MT. GOLGOTHA: How Is Christian Ethics Possible?

In this paper, I explore a new way of understanding Christian ethics by critically interconnecting the theological meanings of the Aqedah (“binding”) narrative of Mt. Moriah and the Passion story of Mt. Golgotha. Through an in-depth critical-theological investigation of the relation between these two biblical events, I argue that Christian ethics is possible not so much as a moralization or as a literalistic divine command theory, but rather as a “covenantal-existential” response to God's will in the impossible love on Mt. Moriah as well as in the Son's willing embrace of God's will on Mt. Golgotha.
Effects of overfeeding on the neuronal response to visual food cues

Background The regulation of energy intake is a complex process involving the integration of homeostatic signals and both internal and external sensory inputs. Environmental visual cues are one of the first and primary inputs signaling the potential availability of food. Objective We examined the effects of short-term overfeeding on the neuronal responses to food-related visual stimuli in thin individuals. Design Twenty-five thin individuals (13 women, 12 men) were studied. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed after 2 days of eucaloric energy intake and after 2 days of 30% overfeeding in a counterbalanced design. fMRI was performed while the subjects were presented with visual stimuli in 3 different categories: neutral control objects, foods of neutral hedonic value, and foods of high hedonic value. Measures of appetite were obtained by using visual analogue scales before and after meals. Results In the eucaloric state, pictures of foods of high hedonic value elicited greater activation of neuronal regions than did neutrally rated foods, which is consistent with visual processing and attention (inferior temporal visual cortex, posterior parietal cortex, premotor cortex, and hippocampus) and with activation of the hypothalamus. Two days of overfeeding led to significant attenuation of these responses. Overfeeding also resulted in reduced hunger ratings and increased satiety ratings. Conclusion These findings emphasize the important role of external food-related visual cues and suggest that there are interactions between external visual sensory inputs, energy balance status, and brain regions important in the homeostatic regulation of energy intake.
Perceptual rate normalization in naturally produced bilabial stops

The perception of voicing categories is affected by the speaking rate, so that listeners’ category boundaries on a VOT continuum shift to a lower value when the syllable duration decreases (Miller and Volaitis, 1989; Volaitis and Miller, 1992). Previous rate normalization effects have been found using computer‐generated stimuli. This study examines the effect of speech rate on voicing categorization in naturally produced speech. Four native speakers of American English repeated syllables (/bi/ and /pi/) at increasing rates in time with a metronome. Three‐syllable stimuli were spliced from the repetitive speech. These stimuli contained natural decreases in VOT with faster speech rates. Besides, this rate effect on VOT was larger for /p/ than /b/, so that VOT values for /b/ and /p/ overlapped at the fastest rates. Eighteen native listeners of American English were presented with 168 stimuli and asked to identify the consonant. Perceptual category boundaries occur at VOT values 15 ms shorter than the values reported for synthesized stimuli. This difference may be due to the extraordinarily wide range of VOT values in previous studies. The values found in the current study closely match the actual division point for /b/ and /p/. The underlying mechanism of perceptual normalization will be discussed.
Metabolism of the Alcoholate of the Trimer of Hydroxypyruvic Aldehyde

Conclusions1. The oxidation of one primary alcoholic group in dihydroxyacetone with the production of hydroxypyruvic aldehyde destroys the capacity of the former compound to be stored as glycogen in the liver of the rat. 2. The oral administration or intravenous injection of the osone does not significantly affect the blood-sugar level of rabbits within 2 hours. 3. The intraperitoneal injection of hydroxypyruvic aldehyde into mice causes temporary recovery from insulin convulsions, although it is not a precursor of glucose.
Twin towers: A philosophy and theology of business

To be in business is first to be. To do in business, is to enhance one's being and the being of others; it ought never result in the diminishment of either. This article invites philosophical reflection on the purpose of business. To be and do in business looks for an explanation that goes beyond the meaning of work. The meaning of work is a worthy philosophical inquiry; the meaning of business is a separate question. The purpose of business is relational. Business is doing for others on condition of receipt of something of fair value in return. It deals essentially with exchanges. Persons in business relate to other persons whose needs, preferences, and desires are met, to some degree of satisfaction, by the product or service the business is organized to provide — at a price. To meet the need, preference or desire is the purpose of business. Theology, through the categories of creation and stewardship, sheds additional light on the purpose of business. There is theological significance in the human action of making available, through fair exchanges, the goods and services people need, prefer and, in some cases, simply desire. There is also theological meaning in the managerial and entrepreneurial function of making employment available for others, thus helping them to be more active and productive human beings. From a theological perspective, the purpose of business activity is to serve a people on the way to salvation by organizing the material basis of their transit through life.
Single-institution study evaluating the utility of surveillance bronchoscopy after lung transplantation.

Background Many lung transplant physicians advocate surveillance bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (TBB/BAL) to monitor lung recipients despite limited evidence this strategy improves outcomes. This report compares rates of infection (INF), acute rejection (AR), bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and survival in lung allograft recipients managed with surveillance TBB/BAL (SB) versus those with clinically indicated TBB/BAL (CIB). Methods We reviewed 47 consecutive recipients transplanted between March 2002 and August 2005. Of these recipients, 24 consented to a multi-center trial requiring SB and 23 were managed by our usual practice of CIB. Rates of freedom from INF, AR, BOS and survival were compared. BOS and AR were diagnosed according to published guidelines from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Results A total of 240 TBB/BALs were performed. CIB and SB groups underwent 84 (3.7 ± 3.4/patient) and 156 (6.5 ± 2.0/patient) TBB/BALs, respectively. In the SB group, 54 (2.2 ± 1.6/patient) TBB/BALs were true surveillance procedures, whereas 102 (4.2 ± 2.3/patient) were clinically indicated. No AR episode requiring treatment was detected by true surveillance. Freedom from respiratory INF, AR, BOS and survival in the SB and CIB groups showed no significant differences. Five patients in the CIB group remained stable without requiring TBB/BAL. In the SB group, 4 previously asymptomatic patients developed pneumonia within 2 weeks of surveillance TBB/BAL. Conclusions With no obvious advantage identified, surveillance bronchoscopy may pose a risk to stable lung transplant recipients. A multi-center, controlled trial is required to validate the utility and safety of surveillance bronchoscopy in lung transplantation.
Relative precision of ranked set sampling: A comparison with the regression estimator

Ranked set sampling (RSS) utilizes inexpensive auxiliary information about the magnitude of the variable of interest in order to rank randomly drawn sampling units before quantifying a selected subset of these units. The units to be quantified are chosen, on the basis of the ranking information, in a way that makes the RSS estimator of the population mean at least as efficient as the simple random sample estimator with the same number of quantifications. The RSS protocol does not prescribe or restrict the nature of the outside information that is used for ranking the units; however, a common method is on the basis of an auxiliary variable and, here it is natural to ask how the RSS estimator compares with the regression estimator. This paper compares the performance of the two estimators in four situations depending on whether the ranking is perfect or is on the basis of the auxiliary variable and depending on whether double sampling is or is not used for the regression estimator. With perfect ranking, we find that the RSS estimator is considerably more efficient than the regression estimator unless the correlation between the main variable and the auxiliary variable is quite high (say, |ρ| > 0.85). When the ranking is on the basis of the auxiliary variable, the performance of the two methods is comparable for low correlation (say,|ρ| < 0.85), but the regression estimator is more efficient at higher correlations. The investigation assumes that the main and auxiliary variables jointly follow a bivariate normal distribution; this model is considered to be favourable to the regression estimator since the latter is unbiased under bivariate normality, while the RSS estimator is always unbiased.
A "flipped" kidney in utero in an infant with a double collecting system and a Gartner's duct cyst with a vaginal ectopic ureter

We report an infant with two unique anatomic abnormalities. A “flipped” kidney in utero is described with the association of a Gartner's duct cyst and a vaginal ectopic ureter with a duplicated collecting system.
Survey of Hα Mass Transfer Structures in Classical Algol-Type Binaries

Five years of Hα survey data for 37 "classical" Algol-type binaries are presented. All these systems have primaries with a spectral type of A or B, have a period of less than 5 days, and are visible in the Northern Hemisphere. Data were collected with the 1.02 m reflector at the US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station. The survey consists of over 460 system spectra. Each system was observed at least once during the 5 years, with many systems observed several times over several epochs. Difference profiles are calculated for most spectra by modeling and subtracting the spectrum of the photospheres of the stellar components. We examined each spectrum for the presence of mass transfer, stream-star and stream-disk interaction, a disk or circumstellar bulge, and chromospheric emission. We present information on the prevalence of mass transfer activity, disk presence, and system states associated with particular mass transfer structures. We show that no currently published study, including this one, has enough data for a rigorous statistical identification of system states.
Modeling the response of normally achieving and at-risk first grade children to word reading instruction.

The purpose of this study was to identify important subject characteristics that predicted individual differences in responsiveness to word reading instruction in normally achieving and at-risk first grade children. This was accomplished by modeling individual word and nonword reading growth, and the correlates of change in these skills, in first grade students during two different phases of the school year. In the first phase of the study (October–January), word and nonword reading skill was modeled in normally achieving and at-risk children. Results of growth modeling indicated significant group differences in word and nonword reading growth parameters. A combination of phonemic awareness skill, advanced graphophoneme knowledge, and initial word/nonword reading skill predicted word and nonword reading growth in the control group, whereas, a combination of rapid naming speed, letter sound knowledge, and phonemic awareness skill predicted word and nonword reading growth in the at-risk group. In the second phase of the study (January–April), a subgroup of the at-risk subjects who exhibited limited growth in word reading skills during the first phase of the study was enrolled in 12 weeks of small group reading intervention designed to improve reading skills. Results of growth modeling indicated significant increases in word and nonword reading growth rates in this group during the intervention phase. Only rapid naming speed uniquely predicted word and nonword reading growth in the group of subjects receiving intervention.
Determining the Role of Starch in Flour Tortilla Staling Using α-Amylase

ABSTRACT Effects of α-amylase modification on dough and tortilla properties were determined to establish the role of starch in tortilla staling and elucidate the antistaling mechanism of this enzyme. Control and amylase-treated tortillas were prepared using a standard bake test procedure, stored at 22°C, and evaluated over four weeks. Amylase improved shelf-stability of tortillas. The enzyme also produced a significant amount of dextrins and sugars, decreased loss of amylose solubility, and weakened starch granules. Amylopectin crystallinity increased with time, but was similar for the control and treated tortillas. Staling of tortillas appears to mainly involve the starch in the amorphous phase. As such, amylase activity does not significantly interfere with amylopectin crystallization. It is proposed that amylase partially hydrolyzed the dispersed starch (i.e., mostly amylose), starch bridging the crystalline region, and protruding amylopectin branches. Starch hydrolysis decreases the rigid structure an...
Attributions of responsibility for motor vehicle crashes

A sample of 321 motor vehicle crash survivors completed a survey in which they provided attribution ratings of the extent to which they were responsible for their crashes, other people (drivers) were responsible, or road/weather conditions were responsible. The attribution ratings were consistent with the predictions of defensive attribution theory (DAT; [Walster, E., 1966. Assignment of responsibility for an accident. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 3, 73-79]) in that people who experienced crashes of greater severity (necessitating medical treatment for injuries) attributed greater responsibility to other drivers than to self or to weather/road conditions. People who were in crashes of lesser severity attributed approximately the same amount of responsibility to themselves as they did to others. An actor-observer effect also appeared in survivors' attribution ratings in that self-acceptance of responsibility for the crash was positively correlated with attributions to the situation (road/weather conditions) whereas such attributions to the situation were negatively correlated with attributions of responsibility to other drivers. Consistent with results of prior research, survivors who assigned crash responsibility to other drivers reported increased levels of driving and riding avoidance compared to people who accepted responsibility for their crashes.
A compiler framework for speculative analysis and optimizations

Speculative execution, such as control speculation and data speculation, is an effective way to improve program performance. Using edge/path profile information or simple heuristic rules, existing compiler frameworks can adequately incorporate and exploit control speculation. However, very little has been done so far to allow existing compiler frameworks to incorporate and exploit data speculation effectively in various program transformations beyond instruction scheduling. This paper proposes a speculative SSA form to incorporate information from alias profiling and/or heuristic rules for data speculation, thus allowing existing program analysis frameworks to be easily extended to support both control and data speculation. Such a general framework is very useful for EPIC architectures that provide checking (such as advanced load address table (ALAT) [10]) on data speculation to guarantee the correctness of program execution. We use SSAPRE [21] as one example to illustrate how to incorporate data speculation in those important compiler optimizations such as partial redundancy elimination (PRE), register promotion, strength reduction and linear function test replacement. Our extended framework allows both control and data speculation to be performed on top of SSAPRE and, thus, enables more aggressive speculative optimizations. The proposed framework has been implemented on Intel's Open Research Compiler (ORC). We present experimental data on some SPEC2000 benchmark programs to demonstrate the usefulness of this framework and how data speculation benefits partial redundancy elimination.
Mathematical modelling can predict adequacy rates and needle passes for fine needle aspiration cytology with rapid on-site evaluation.

Objective Fine needle aspiration is widely used to obtain tissue samples. There are two types of sampling processes: fixed and variable. In fixed sampling, the samples are not observed for adequacy during the sampling process. In variable sampling, samples are evaluated for adequacy as they are received, and sampling is stopped as soon as an adequate sample is obtained. Each sample involves a risk of harm to the patient, and so limits are often imposed on the number of samples. The impact of such limits has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sampling limits on the adequacy rate. Methods A mathematical model of the sampling process was developed. The model describes the per-case adequacy rate in terms of the per-pass probability of success, the number of needle passes, the accuracy of the assessor and an upper limit on the number of needle passes. Results Per-case adequacy was positively correlated with the per-pass adequacy and the accuracy of the assessor. Sampling limits reduced the per-case adequacy rate. The impact of sampling limits decreased as the sampling limit increased. The model provides good approximations of the adequacy rate even when the constant yield assumption is violated. Conclusion Mathematical modelling provides a useful approach to study sampling processes that would be difficult to evaluate with clinical studies.
GPU-based real-time face detector

The speed of face detection influences overall performance of applications like face recognition and human-robot interaction (HRI). In some applications such as long distance HRI, face detection is carried out on high resolution image up to 800×600 or more, leading to an increase in detection time and, in turn, deteriorating the application performance. To improve the speed of face detection, we propose a GPU-based face detection system consisting of modified census transform, AdaBoost and four phase cascades. To operate the face detection on GPU, we use CUDA. Experimental results demonstrated that the speed of our system than a CPU-based one was higher by a factor of five to eight compared with a CPU-based face detection system.
A description of all self-adjoint extensions of the Laplacian and Kreĭn-type resolvent formulas on non-smooth domains

This paper has two main goals. First, we are concerned with a description of all self-adjoint extensions of the Laplacian $$ - \Delta {|_{C_0^\infty (\Omega )}}$$ in L 2(Ω; d n x). Here, the domain Ω belongs to a subclass of bounded Lipschitz domains (which we term quasi-convex domains), that contains all convex domains as well as all domains of class C 1,r , for r > 1/2. Second, we establish Kreĭn-type formulas for the resolvents of the various self-adjoint extensions of the Laplacian in quasiconvex domains and study the well-posedness of boundary value problems for the Laplacian as well as basic properties of the corresponding Weyl-Titchmarsh operators (or energy-dependent Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps). One significant innovation in this paper is an extension of the classical boundary trace theory for functions in spaces that lack Sobolev regularity in a traditional sense, but are suitably adapted to the Laplacian.
Unique induced preference representations

Abstract Machina [Machina, M.J., 1984. Temporal risk and the nature of induced preferences. Journal of Economic Theory 33, 199–231] considers an individual who has to choose from a set of alternative temporal uncertain prospects, and must take an action before the uncertainty is resolved, seeking to maximize the expected value of an (action determined) von Neumann-Morgenstern utility index. It is natural to ask if the set of underlying von Neumann-Morgenstern utility indices can be uniquely recovered solely on the basis of the thus induced (ordinal) preferences over temporal prospects. Machina’s conclusion is that “ordinal preferences alone will not suffice.” However, we show that it is possible to recover the action–utility set inducing the preferences uniquely if we restrict attention to action–utility sets for which no two actions induce the same preference relation on the space of temporal prospects, no action is redundant, and no action leads to a risk free outcome.