cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The immunotherapeutic value of a L1210 tumor cell vaccine depends upon the expression of cell-surface carbohydrates

Active, specific immunotherapy of L1210 leukemia (following reduction in tumor burden by chemotherapy) with an L1210 tumor cell subpopulation (con A-Fraction A) depended upon the integrity of cell-surface constituents. The immunotherapeutic value of con A-Fraction A cells was abrogated by treatment of the cells with either neuraminidase or galactosidase, and mice treated with these cells died faster than mice treated with chemotherapy alone. Glucosidase and protease treatment totally destroyed the immunogenicity of the tumor cell vaccine. The results suggest that the immunogenic properties of this vaccine may reside in the cell-surface expression of glycoprotein.
Basic governing equations for the flight regimes of aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles

The basic governing equations for the low-density, high-enthalpy flow regimes expected in the shock layers over the heat shields of the proposed aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles are derived by combining and extending existing theories. The conservation equations are derived from gas kinetic principles for a four-component ionized gas consisting of neutral molecules, neutral atoms, singly ionized ions, and electrons, assuming a continuum flow. The differences among translational-rotational, vibrational, and electron temperatures are accounted for, as well as chemical nonequilibrium and electric-charge separation. Expressions for convective and viscous fluxes, transport properties, and the terms representing interactions among various energy modes are explicitly given. The expressions for the rate of electron-vibration energy transfer, which violates the Landau-Teller conditions, are derived by solving the system of master equations accounting for the multiple-level transitions.
Introduction to the Special Issue on State Crime

This special issue is dedicated to crimes of the state. Although the study of state crime remains marginalized within the criminological literature (Rothe and Ross 2008), there is by no means a lack of past or current examples. Consider that since the twenty-first century the world has witnessed case after case of crimes by governments including the ongoing genocide in Darfur by Sudanese governmental officials and state-supported Janjaweed (see Mullins and Rothe 2007; Rothe and Mullins 2007); the United States illegal invasion and occupation of Iraq (see Kramer and Michalowski 2005, 2006); the conditions and torture at Abu Ghraib (Hamm 2007); the ongoing conflict and crimes against humanity in Uganda (see Mullins and Rothe 2008); the increased use of transnational corporations and/or private military companies as proxies of state crimes (see Whyte 2003). As state crime research continues to grow and become more visible within criminology, incorporated as courses in academic institutions and the occasional introduction to criminology texts (see Rothe and Ross 2008), it is both refreshing and promising to see and help produce this special issue focusing solely on state crime. The volume begins with what started as a two-part workshop on state crime at the American Society of Criminology, November 2007. Out of these sessions, the first article developed as several leading scholars of state criminality came together and reevaluated the state of state crime and the ways in which they perceived the field should move forward to advance the study. Their goal was to not only revisit past definitional issues and/or standards in an effort to find some consistency in the field, but to advance the methods and theoretical testing and development of state crime research. Their ideas about how the field should proceed are elaborated on in this article. Examples of both theoretical and methodological development can be read in the following articles as each author provides reviews of the literature, theoretical analysis, varying methodological approaches. Contributions include Mullins’ article which provides
Serotonin Syndrome and Linezolid

We present a case of serotonin syndrome in a patient who initiated linezolid therapy shortly after discontinuation of therapy with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine).
Secondary Confessions, Expert Testimony, and Unreliable Testimony

Two experiments examined two potential safeguards intended to protect accused persons against unreliable testimony from cooperating witnesses. Participants in both experiments read a trial transcript where secondary confession evidence was presented from either a jailhouse informant (Experiment 1 and 2) or an accomplice witness (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, testimony history was manipulated so that participants were informed that the jailhouse informant had testified as an informant in 0, 5, or 20 previous cases. In Experiment 2, participants were exposed to an expert who testified about the unreliable nature of testimony from cooperating witnesses. The results of both experiments demonstrated that participants who were exposed to secondary confession evidence were significantly more likely to vote guilty than were participants in the no secondary confession control group. Contrary to expectations, the percentage of guilty verdicts did not vary with incentive, testimony history, or expert testimony. Explanations for these results are discussed, as are the practical challenges of using testimony from cooperating witnesses.
The relationship of chronic medical illnesses, poor health-related lifestyle choices, and health care utilization to recovery status in borderline patients over a decade of prospective follow-up

Background The interaction of borderline personality disorder (BPD) with physical health has not been well characterized. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the long-term relationship of chronic medical illnesses, health-related lifestyle choices, and health services utilization to recovery status in borderline patients over a decade of prospective follow-up.
Dynamic response of a rotating thick ring to force or displacement excitation

The dynamic response of a rotating thick ring is obtained, subjected to either force or displacement excitation. The equations of motion are formulated in an inertial reference frame, with account taken of ring extensibility, transverse shear, rotatory inertia, rotation, initial stress due to pressure loading and an elastic foundation. A receptance approach is utilized for obtaining the solutions. These receptances have the special property of not following reciprocity because of Coriolis effects. Critical speeds corresponding to zero natural frequencies as observed in the inertial reference frame are found in free vibration. The damping effects on the forced vibrations are studied by using a structural damping model. The dynamic responses to different force or displacement excitations are compared. In particular, a tangentially constrained displacement excitation is investigated that can result in a considerable reaction torque to the ring support.
A miniaturized arrayed assay format for detecting small molecule-protein interactions in cells

Abstract Background : Two complementary approaches to studying the cellular function of proteins involve alteration of function either by mutating protein-encoding genes or by binding a small molecule to the protein. A mutagen can generate millions of genetic mutations; correspondingly, split-pool synthesis can generate millions of unique ligands attached to individual beads. Genetic screening of mutations is relatively straightforward but, in contrast, split-pool synthesis presents a challenge to current methods of screening for compounds that alter protein function. The methods used to screen natural products are not feasible for large libraries composed of covalently immobilized compounds on synthesis beads. The sheer number of compounds synthesized by split-pool synthesis, and the small quantity of individual compound attached to each bead require assay miniaturization for efficient screening. Results : We present a miniaturized cell-based technique for the screening of ligands prepared by split-pool synthesis. Spatially defined droplets with uniform volumes of approximately 50–150 nanoliters (depending on well dimensions) are arrayed on plastic devices prepared using a combination of photolithography and polymer molding. Using this microtechnology, approximately 6,500 assays using either yeast cells or mammalian tissue culture can be performed within the dimensions of a standard 10 cm petri dish. We demonstrate that the biological effect of a small molecule prepared by split-pool synthesis can be detected in this format following its photorelease from a bead. Conclusions : The miniaturized format described here allows uniformly sized nanodroplets to be arrayed on plastic devices. The design is amenable to a large number of biological assays and the spatially arrayed format ensures uniform and controlled ligand concentrations and should facilitate automation of assays. The screening method presented here provides an efficient means of rapidly screening large numbers of ligands made by split-pool synthesis in both yeast and mammalian cells.
Hemorrhagic Peripapillary Lesions in Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis

Eight eyes of five patients with hemorrhagic peripapillary histoplasmosis demonstrated prolonged symptomatic periods and recurrent bleeding episodes, although final visual acuity was equal to or better than 6/12 (20/40) in five eyes (63%). Fluorescein angiography demonstrated new subretinal neovascular growth at the margins of atrophic scars. In the late stages additional retinal pigment epithelium was lost and a white subretinal mass developed adjacent to the atrophic zone. Argon laser photocoagulation was used in two cases to destroy this neovascular tissue, but caused a permanent arcuate defect in one.
Localization and correlation of catecholamine‐containing cells with adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities in the human fetal heart

The present investigation attempts to correlate the appearance of catecholamines to receptor-induced metabolic events (adenyl cyclase-phospho-diesterase) in the developing human heart. Adrenergic innervation, examined with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence technique as well as by electron microscopy, reveals the presence of catecholamine-containing cells in or near the fetal heart at all ages studied (8–18 weeks). In most instances these cells occur either in association with extrinsic nerves along the aorta and pulmonary trunk or in the interatrial septum. Ultrastructural features of these cells include dense core vesicles. Acetylcholinesterase positive cardiac nerves and ganglion cells are observed. Highest basal activities of adenyl cyclase are found at the sixth fetal week. The enzyme is activated by fluoride ion from the eighth through the seventeenth fetal week, but not by catecholamines. Glucagon stimulates this enzyme at the seventeenth fetal week. Phosphodiesterase activity is progressively increased from the eighth to the seventeenth weeks and is inhibited by aminophylline from the tenth through the fifteenth week. Although catecholamine cells are present in the fetal heart, adrenergic fibers are absent at all ages studied. Failure to observe adrenergic fibers may correlate with the lack of hormonal activation of receptor mechanisms.
Embryonic stem cells deficient for Brca2 or Blm exhibit divergent genotoxic profiles that support opposing activities during homologous recombination.

Abstract The breast cancer susceptibility protein, Brca2 and the RecQ helicase, Blm (Bloom syndrome mutated) are tumor suppressors that maintain genome integrity, at least in part, through homologous recombination (HR). Brca2 facilitates HR by interacting with Rad51 in multiple regions, the BRC motifs encoded by exon 11 and a single domain encoded by exon 27; however, the exact importance of these regions is not fully understood. Blm also interacts with Rad51 and appears to suppress HR in most circumstances; however, its yeast homologue Sgs1 facilitates HR in response to some genotoxins. To better understand the biological importance of these two proteins, we performed a genotoxic screen on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells impaired for either Brca2 or Blm to establish their genotoxic profiles (a cellular dose-response to a wide range of agents). This is the first side-by-side comparison of these two proteins in an identical genetic background. We compared cells deleted for Brca2 exon 27 to cells reduced for Blm expression and find that the Brca2- and Blm-impaired cells exhibit genotoxic profiles that reflect opposing activities during HR. Cells deleted for Brca2 exon 27 are hypersensitive to γ-radiation, streptonigrin, mitomycin C and camptothecin and mildly resistant to ICRF-193 which is similar to HR defective cells null for Rad54. By contrast, Blm-impaired cells are hypersensitive to ICRF-193, mildly resistant to camptothecin and mitomycin C and more strongly resistant to hydroxyurea. These divergent profiles support the notion that Brca2 and Blm perform opposing functions during HR in mouse ES cells.
Eating Meat and Eating People

This paper is a response to a certain sort of argument defending the rights of animals. Part I is a brief explanation of the background and of the sort of argument I want to reject; Part II is an attempt to characterize those arguments: they contain fundamental confusions about moral relations between people and people and between people and animals. And Part III is an indication of what I think can still be said on—as it were–the animals' side.
Julien Benda’s Anti-Passionate Europe

In the early 1930s, Julien Benda provided one of the most uncompromising visions for a united Europe. In line with his rationalist universalism, Benda sought a continent that was cleansed of passion and particularism, and called on European intellectuals to act as a rationalist vanguard in constructing such a Europe. However, Benda fatefully wavered between polity-building strategies of reshaping and redirection. For the most part, Benda seemed to demand nothing less than a comprehensive reshaping of the moral and political psychology of European citizens. However, his universalism faltered frequently, and he conceived of Europe rather as a large nation, in which the ‘passion for reason’ would come to dominate other passions. Such ambiguities - and failures to draw a clear line between normative ideals and the pragmatics of polity-building - persist in many present debates on European unification.
Compactification of a class of conformally flat 4-manifold

In this paper we generalize Huber’s result on complete surfaces of finite total curvature. For complete locally conformally flat 4-manifolds of positive scalar curvature with Q curvature integrable, where Q is a variant of the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet integrand; we first derive the Cohn-Vossen inequality. We then establish finiteness of the topology. This allows us to provide conformal compactification of such manifolds.
Patency and intimal hyperplasia: the effect of aspirin on small arterial anastomosis.

This experiment evaluated the effect of aspirin (ASA) on the patency and development of intimal hyperplasia in autologous, small caliber, arterial end-to-side anastomosis. Twenty-eight adult female rabbits had their distal left external iliac artery transposed and anastomosed to the right proximal external iliac artery. Fourteen rabbits received ASA 40 mg by gavage twice in the 24 hours preceding the operation and 5 times a week postoperatively (experimental) and 14 rabbits received no ASA therapy (control). Plasma salicylate levels range from 25 to 36 micrograms per milliliter in experimental animals. Patency of the reconstruction was assessed by Doppler examination each month, confirmed by autopsy and calculated by life table analysis. Five cross sections of each patent anastomosis harvested at six and nine months were examined by light microscopy. A total of seven thromboses occurred in the control group versus two occlusions in the experimental group. Four of the thromboses in the control group occurred less than seven days after the reconstruction, whereas no such events occurred in the experimental group. Patency by actuarial methods at nine months was 45.5% versus 81.8% (p less than .05) in control and experimental groups, respectively. This improvement occurred in spite of similar values for intimal thickness and lumen-to-basement membrane ratios in both control and experimental groups. We conclude that aspirin significantly improves the nine month patency rate of small autologous end-to-side anastomosis, and its effect is most noticeable in the early postoperative period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structural Performance of a FRP Bridge Deck

The purpose of this paper is to present fatigue and strength experimental qualifications performed for an all-composite bridge deck. This bridge deck, made up of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) was installed on the campus at University of Missouri at Rolla on July 29th, 2000. The materials used for the fabrication of this 30 foot (9.144 m) long by 9 foot (2.743 m) wide deck were 3 inches (76.2 mm) pultruded square hollow glass and carbon FRP tubes of varying lengths. These tubes were bonded using an epoxy adhesive and mechanically fastened together using screws in seven different layers to form the bridge deck with tubes running both longitudinal and transverse to the traffic direction. The cross-section of the deck was in the form of four identical I-beams running along the length of the bridge. Fatigue and failure tests were conducted on a 30 foot (9.144 m) long by 2 foot (609.6 mm) wide prototype deck sample, equivalent to a quarter portion of the bridge deck. The loads for these tests were computed so as to meet American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) H-20 truckload requirements based on strength and maximum deflection. The sample was fatigued to 2 million cycles under service loading and a nominal frequency of 4 Hz. Stiffness changes were monitored by periodically interrupting the run to perform a quasi-static test to service load. Results from these tests indicated no loss in stiffness up to 2 million cycles. Following the fatigue testing, the test sample was tested to failure and no loss in strength was observed. The testing program, specimen detail, experimental setup and instrumentation, testing procedure, and the results of these tests are discussed in detail. A finite-element model of the laboratory test was also developed. The results from the model showed good correlation to deflections and longitudinal strains measured during the tests. The design of the bridge deck has been discussed in detail. (A) "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier".
Protective effect of total and supplemental vitamin C intake on the risk of hip fracture—a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study

Summary Vitamin C may play a role in bone health. In the Framingham Study, subjects with higher total or supplemental vitamin C intake had fewer hip fractures and non-vertebral fractures as compared to subjects with lower intakes. Therefore, vitamin C may have a protective effect on bone health in older adults.
Construct validity of four basic Vocational Interest factors

Abstract To find evidence of the generalizability of four interest factors established for tests within the Roe-Holland framework, factor scores derived from a Vocational Interest Inventory grounded in Roe's system were correlated with the empirically based Strong-Campbell Occupational scale scores. For this sample of 300 counseling clients, a majority of the hypothesized relations were found, and arranging the occupations along these bipolar dimensions both sharpened the definitions of the factors and provided an additional interpretive aid for counseling.
A Model for Evaluating Consequences of Changes in Federal Milk Order Pricing Policies

INQUIRIES about the effects of changes in pricing policies under federal milk orders frequently are received by USDA from Congress, producers, and consumers. However, there is often little information on the probable impact of a proposed price change, since no systematic procedure is employed to evaluate the effects. The need for a systematic evaluation procedure seems evident, since over 50 billion pounds of milk valued at over $3 billion [2] are priced under federal orders each year and even minor price changes sometimes may have undesired effects in the complex system. This note examines currently evolving federal order pricing policies with emphasis on (1) evaluating their effects on producer prices, producer incomes, consumer prices, intermarket competition, and the efficiency of resource allocation; and (2) examining the feasibility of using a systems model as an operational tool for analyzing alternative pricing plans.
FTO predicts weight regain in the Look AHEAD clinical trial

Genome-wide association studies have provided new insights into the genetic factors that contribute to the development of obesity. We hypothesized that these genetic markers would also predict magnitude of weight loss and weight regain after initial weight loss. Established obesity risk alleles available on the Illumina CARe iSelect (IBC) chip were characterized in 3899 overweight or obese participants with type 2 diabetes from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes), a randomized trial to determine the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) and diabetes support and education (DSE) on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Primary analyses examined the interaction between 13 obesity risk polymorphisms in eight genes and randomized treatment arm in predicting weight change at year 1, and weight regain at year 4 among individuals who lost 3% or more of their baseline weight by year 1. No single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with magnitude of weight loss or interacted with treatment arm at year 1. However, fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) rs3751812 predicted weight regain within DSE (1.56 kg per risk allele, P=0.005), but not ILI (P=0.761), resulting in SNP × treatment arm interaction (P=0.009). In a partial replication of prior research, the obesity risk (G) allele at BDNF rs6265 was associated with greater weight regain across treatment arms (0.773 kg per risk allele), although results were of borderline statistical significance (P=0.051). Variations in the FTO and BDNF loci may contribute risk of weight regain after weight loss.
Characterization and Functional Analysis of Interferon-γ-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Human Keratinocytes and A-431 Cells

Human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a cell-surface glycoprotein that serves as one of the major ligands for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a member of the integrin supergene family of adhesion molecules that is involved in cell-cell adhesion. Homotypic and heterotypic conjugate formation between leukocytes and between leukocytes and target cells via the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction has been demonstrated to be a critical event in numerous immunologic and inflammatory processes. While LFA-1 is expressed by all leukocytes, ICAM-1 is not normally expressed by all tissues with which leukocytes interact, but ICAM-1 may be induced de novo by various cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The constitutive and IFN-gamma-induced expression and function of ICAM-1 in human keratinocytes (HK) and A-431 cells in culture has been analyzed. While A-431 cells constitutively express ICAM-1 when assessed by northern blotting, by biosynthetic labeling and immunoprecipitation, and by flow cytometry, HK do not. When these two cell types are exposed to recombinant human (rh-) IFN-gamma at 1000 U/ml for 24 h, A-431 cells upregulate ICAM-1 and HK express ICAM-1 to an equal degree when assessed by these same parameters. Furthermore, in an in vitro adhesion assay, rh-IFN-gamma treatment of the HK or A-431 cells greatly increases the specific adherence of radiolabeled T cells to these cells. These data provide further evidence for the potential role of the regulated expression of ICAM-1 by keratinocytes in immunologic and inflammatory responses occurring in the skin.
The Effect of Water Chemistry on the Bioaccumulation of Cadmium byMenidia beryllina(Cope), the Tidewater Silverside. Part 1: A Simple and Rapid Method for the Digestion of Fish☆

Abstract The use of a nitric acid solution and a 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide with a microwave digestion method was shown to give cadmium recoveries in the range 95–107% when digesting fish. Accuracy was established using National Institute of Science & Technology standard reference oyster tissue and was found to be satisfactory.
How Much Does Low Socioeconomic Status Increase the Risk of Prenatal and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in First-Time Mothers?

Objective To examine socioeconomic status (SES) as a risk factor for depressive symptoms in late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. A secondary objective was to determine whether SES was a specific risk factor for elevated postpartum depressive symptoms beyond its contribution to prenatal depressive symptoms. Design Quantitative, secondary analysis, repeated measures, descriptive design. Setting Participants were recruited from paid childbirth classes serving upper middle class women and Medicaid-funded hospitals serving low-income clients in Northern California. Participants A sample of 198 first-time mothers was assessed for depressive symptoms in their third trimester of pregnancy and at 1, 2, and 3 months postpartum. Main Outcome Measure Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale. Results Low SES was associated with increased depressive symptoms in late pregnancy and at 2 and 3 months, but not at 1 month postpartum. Women with four SES risk factors (low monthly income, less than a college education, unmarried, unemployed) were 11 times more likely than women with no SES risk factors to have clinically elevated depression scores at 3 months postpartum, even after controlling for the level of prenatal depressive symptoms. Conclusion Although new mothers from all SES strata are at risk for postpartum depression, SES factors including low education, low income, being unmarried, and being unemployed increased the risk of developing postpartum depressive symptoms in this sample.
Identification of T helper type 1–like, Foxp3 + regulatory T cells in human autoimmune disease

In mice, T regulatory (Treg) cells show considerable phenotypic and functional plasticity. David Hafler and his colleagues report that the frequency of human Treg cells expressing IFN-γ is increased in the peripheral blood of individuals with multiple sclerosis. These Treg cells possess reduced suppressive activity, and in vitro studies suggest that IL-12 promotes the development of a T helper type 1–like phenotype.
Molecular charge influences transperitoneal macromolecule transport

Molecular charge influences transperitoneal macromolecule transport. The influence of molecular charge on macromolecule transport during peritoneal dialysis was assessed by determining transperitoneal transport rates for fluorescent-labeled macromolecules (molecular radii from 15 to 40 Å) that differed only in molecular charge: neutral dextran, anionic dextran sulfate and cationic diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran. The test macromolecules were infused into the bloodstream of unanesthetized New Zealand White rabbits at a constant rate, and isotonic dialysis solution (40 ml/kg) was instilled into the peritoneal cavity. Blood and dialysate samples were taken hourly over a four hour dwell. Transperitoneal transport rates were assessed by calculating both the dialysate to plasma concentration ratio at four hours and the permeability-area product for the peritoneum, the latter parameter determined from the increase in the dialysate concentration with time. Transport rates for DEAE dextran were less (P
Polarization of Comptonized photons

The polarization of Comptonized X-rays as a function of energy and emission angle is obtained. The geometry utilized is that of the semi-infinite plane with the source photons located on a plane at a finite optical depth below the surface. It is further shown what information is obtainable from polarization measurements at only two different energies. The observed values for the X-ray sources Cyg X-1 and Sco X-1 are used to illustrate the calculations.
Toward theory of group design activities: emphasizing engineering design

To provide a theoretical perspective for group design, the domain of aircraft design practiced by human beings was explored. An experimental observation of aircraft design to see how human designers perform design activity is presented. To match design tools to actual requirements rather than intuitions group design activity was analyzed and support tools were developed to meet the requirements that were identified. The analysis emphasized cooperative conflict resolution and replanning because these are essential to solving system-level problems. The experimental analysis, the emerging theory, and the system being developed based on the theoretical results are outlined. >
Joint Energy and Reserves Auction with Opportunity Cost Payment for Reserves

System operators in the electricity industry are required to procure reserve capacity to deal with unanticipated outages, demand shocks, and transmission constraints. One traditional method of procuring reserves is through a separate capacity auction with two-part bids. We analyze an alternative scheme whereby reserves are procured through the energy market using only energy bids, and capacity payments are made based on a generator's implied opportunity cost. By using the revelation principle, we are able to derive the equilibrium bidding function in this market and show that generators have a clear incentive to understate their costs in order to capture higher capacity rents. We then show that in spite of making energy payments based on the marginally procured unit, the expected energy costs under our scheme are bounded by that of a disjoint auction. We then give a numerical example for a special case of uniform demand distributions.
Hydroxyurea induces vasopressin release and cytokine gene expression in the rat hypothalamus

We previously showed that the cytostatic drug hydroxyurea (HU) activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in intact rats, whereas it is lethal in rats with impaired HPA function. In these animals, HU toxicity is mediated by increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, whose secretion cannot be counteracted by glucocorticoids, suggesting that HPA activation blunts HU toxicity. Here we investigated the mechanisms through which HU activates the HPA axis, looking at the direct effects of the drug on the isolated hypothalamus. We found that HU significantly increases the release of arginine vasopressin but not that of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in short-term incubation experiments. The levels of arginine vasopressin are also increased in the hypothalamus and systemic circulation 2 h after the in vivo administration of the drug. Furthermore, HU increased significantly the expression of interleukin-6 and, to a lesser extent, interleukin-1beta in the hypothalamus. Interestingly, experiments with HU on primary cultures of rat microglia and astrocytes suggested that the increase in cytokine gene expression observed in hypothalamic explants is not accounted for by glial cells. Since both vasopressin and cytokines can activate the HPA axis, our present findings provide a reasonable explanation of the HPA activation elicited by HU in vivo in the rat.
Development of efficient electron-transporting polymers for light-emitting diodes

Polyfluorenes are a class of very efficient conjugated polymers used in the development of LEDs that exhibit very high hole mobility. In order to balance the charge transport and enhance quantum efficiency of the LEDs, fluorene-based copolymers were synthesized based on the statistic copolymerization between fluorene and 2,5-dicyanobezene. By attaching two electron-withdrawing cyano groups onto the phenylene ring, both the electron affinity and the electron conduction of these copolymers are greatly enhanced comparing to the fluorene homopolymer. LED devices using the cyano-containing fluorene copolymers show very bright emission and low turn-on voltages. The emission color of these polymers could be also tuned by exciplex formation between the polymers and amine-containing hole transporting materials.
Analysis of a prediction-based mobility adaptive tracking algorithm

Target tracking in wireless sensor networks requires efficient coordination among sensor nodes. Existing methods have focused on tree-based collaboration, selective activation, and group clustering. This paper presents a prediction-based adaptive algorithm for tracking mobile targets. We use adaptive Kalman filtering to predict the future location and velocity of the target. This location prediction is used to determine the active tracking region which corresponds to the set of sensors that needs to be "lighted". The velocity prediction is used to adaptively determine the size of the active tracking region, and to modulate the sampling rate as well. In this paper, we quantify the benefits of our approach in terms of energy consumed and accuracy of tracking for different mobility patterns. Our simulation results show that advance resource reservation coupled with adaptively changing the size of the active tracking region and the sampling rate reduces the overall energy consumed for tracking without affecting the accuracy in tracking.
Inhibition of protein synthesis sensitizes thermotolerant cells to heat shock induced apoptosis.

Hyperthermia is a potent inducer of apoptosis in many cell lines. A brief exposure to mildly elevated temperatures elicits a transient state of augmented resistance to subsequent thermal stress. Here we show that a hyperthermic treatment of 43°C for 1 h is sufficient to induce apoptosis in the cell line HL-60. This observation is based on morphologic evaluation and on comet assay results (an extremely sensitive method of detecting and quantifying apoptotic DNA fragmentation in individual cells). The thermotolerance phenomenon was also verified in the same manner by giving the cells a brief 30 min sub-lethal heat conditioning treatment at 43°C followed by a 6 h incubation time prior to the administration of a lethal heat load (43°C for 1 h). We observed a dramatic decrease in resultant apoptoses in the thermotolerized cells in comparison to unconditioned cells. We assessed the necessity of de novo protein synthesis in the protective phenomenon. When the conditioned cells were given a cycloheximide treatment prior to heat conditioning we saw a sensitization of the conditioned cells to secondary thermal injury.
What Is Pornography

The October 1996 issue of Life magazine included, among other things, a photograph of Marilyn Monroe naked.' Most people will agree that had the same picture appeared in the pages of Hustler, it would have been pornographic. Furthermore, the picture was considered pornographic when it originally appeared in a calendar in the late 1940's, and it was banned in two states. But is it pornography in the pages of Life? Should Life have warned its readers that the October 1996 issue was an "adults only" issue, to be sold only from the top shelf of the magazine rack? Perhaps one will say that the difference is that in Hustler and in the calendar in which it originally appeared, but not in Life, the picture would have been treated primarily as a source of sexual arousal. But that can't be the whole story. It is a common joke that generations of American boys have treated the Sears catalog and National Geographic primarily as sources of sexual arousal without thereby making them pornographic. Or perhaps one will say that the difference is that the producers of the calendar and of Hustler but not the producers of Life (or of the Sears catalog and National Geographic) intend for the pictures they publish to be treated primarily as sources of arousal. But, again, this can't be the whole story. A woman who has a sexually explicit photo taken of herself for the private viewing pleasure of her husband can't reasonably be said to be a producer of pornography, despite the fact that she may intend the picture to be treated primarily as a source of arousal. In light of these remarks, it is easy to see why it is often lamented that the definition of 'pornography' is as elusive as the referent is pervasive. Of course, the same lament could be raised with respect to almost every other philosophically interesting term. But in the literature on pornography (as opposed to the literature on knowledge, analysis, identity, art, and so on) the lament often comes as part of an excuse for setting aside the project of offering a definition, or for providing an admittedly inadequate definition and moving on to more important business-such as the question of whether it is morally wrong to produce,
Information Processing, Knowledge Development, and Strategic Supply Chain Performance

Little is known about why some supply chains perform well while others do not. Drawing on the knowledge-based view of the firm and theory from the information processing and organizational learning...
An overview of the CCITT and ANSI T1 with emphasis on OSI network management activities

The author presents an overview of the Consultative Committee for Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) standards-making process as it relates to the development of network management standards, beginning with an overview of the goals of open systems interconnection (OSI) management and the market forces directing these goals. The standards-making process at both the international study group level and the corresponding USA national level (i.e., US CCIT), American National Standards Institute (ANSI) T1, is then discussed. The cross-hierarchical organizational relationship between the two major US groups defining network management standards for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the CCITT is presented, followed by an overview of the areas being addressed by these groups. Finally, a broad overview of the network management activities in progress within the CCITT Study Groups and the ANSI T1 Committee is presented. >
The impact of Hurricane Frances (2004) on the invasive Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia L.) on San Salvador Island, The Bahamas

Abstract On September 2, 2004 Hurricane Frances (Category 3) passed directly over San Salvador Island, The Bahamas. This event offered the opportunity to gather baseline data regarding the impact of hurricanes on populations of the invasive Australian pine (Casuarina equisettifolia L.) in the Bahamas. Results of vegetation surveys within both forest stands and beach environments suggest that the overall impact of this hurricane was minimal. Less than 13% of forest individuals and 17% of beach individuals surveyed were damaged, and the majority of damage was restricted to just one location for both the forest and beach study sites. The most common damage type within the forest sites was “snapped” trees (8%) and this primarily occurred within trees ranging in size from 7–12 cm in diameter. Browning of the entire foliage was the most common damage type within the beach sites (9.3%) but this damage type only occurred within tree sizes less than or equal to 90 cm in height. Thus it appears that Hurricane Franc...
The Theological Revival in The French Reformed Church, 1830–1852

The French Reformed Church merged from the period of the French Revolution and Napoleon stengthened by government recognition and support but weakened by the ideological offensive of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. Although it enjoyed a secure official and financial position, it had yet to reconcile itself intellectually with the contrasting currents of eighteenth-century rationalism and nineteenth-century romanticism. This process of assimilation and reconciliation took place after 1815 and culminated, during the July Monarchy and the Second Republic, in a theological awakening and renewal.
Multilayer coplanar waveguide for high speed digital applications

The authors present measurements of pulse distortion, coupling, and loss due to discontinuities of the coplanar waveguide (CPW) on single and multilayer structures. The CPW compares favorably to the microstrip line in terms of low coupling and distortion. A novel metal-backed coplanar waveguide on a multilayer structure is introduced to minimize or eliminate pulse distortion due to overmoding. The new CPW structure also has the advantage of relatively low loss at discontinuities. For a T circuit, the loss per bend in the new structure was about 0.2 dB less than a similar microstrip line. >
How do herbivorous insects cope with noxious secondary plant compounds in their diet

Herbivorous insects use a variety of physiological mechanisms to cope with noxious (i.e., unpalatable and/or toxic) compounds in their food plants. Here, I review what is known about this coping process, focusing on one species of caterpillar, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Herbivorous insects possess both preingestive (i.e., chemosensory) and postingestive response mechanisms for detecting plant secondary compounds. Stimulation of either class of detection mechanism inhibits feeding rapidly by reducing biting rate and/or bite size. This aversive response is highly adaptive during encounters with secondary plant compounds that are toxic. The insect’s dilemma is that many harmless or mildly toxic compounds also activate the aversive response. To overcome this dilemma, herbivorous insects employ at least three mechanisms for selectively deactivating their aversive response to relatively harmless secondary plant compounds: (1) the presence of carbohydrates can mask the unpalatable taste of some secondary plant compounds; (2) prolonged dietary exposure to some unpalatable secondary plant compounds can initiate long-term adaptation mechanisms in the peripheral and central gustatory system; and (3) dietary exposure to toxic compounds can induce production of P450 detoxication enzymes. Thus, herbivorous insects utilize an integrated suite of physiological mechanisms to detect potentially toxic compounds in foods, and then selectively adapt to those that do not pose a serious threat to their growth and survivorship.
Transport of Lactate-Modified Nanoscale Iron Particles in Sand Columns

Nanoscale iron particles have great potential for in-situ remediation of subsurface soils.The transport of reactive nanoscale iron particles (RNIPs) into the contaminated subsurface is essential for the success of this remediation technology. RNIP cannot be transported through porous media effectively without surface modification. In this study, the transport of RNIP modified with lactate was investigated in 1-D sand column experiments under pressurized conditions using a natural sandy soil and an electrolyte solution. Sodium lactate and aluminum lactate were considered as lactate species for modification of RNIP. Aluminum lactate was mixed with bare RNIP at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12%, and introduced at the top of the sand column. The elution of RNIP from the sand column increased with increasing concentration of aluminum lactate up to 10% using a constant air pressure of 30 psig. Elution of RNIP slug through the sand column ranged from 55% for bare RNIP to 90% for RNIP modified with 10% aluminum lactate using an RNIP dosage of 4.8 g/L. Using a constant aluminum lactate concentration of 10%, the elution of RNIP through the sand column decreased with increasing dosage of RNIP, ranging from 90% for 4.8 g/L to 65% for 12 g/L. Using a dosage of 4.8 g/L of RNIP, 10% sodium lactate performed worse than 10% aluminum lactate, resulting in an elution value of 80% versus 90%, respectively.
Low-threshold 833-nm GaAsP-AlGaAs tensile-strained quantum-well laser diodes

We report the demonstration of TM polarized laser emission at 833 nm from GaAsP-AlGaAs quantum well laser structures grown on GaAs substrates by low-pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy for the first time. This is the longest wavelength near infrared TM polarized laser ever reported. Broad area laser diodes containing single GaAs/sub 0.95/P/sub 0.05/ quantum well lased at a low threshold current density of 280 A/cm/sup 2/ for a cavity length of 1 mm and with a high differential quantum efficiency of 32%/facet for cavity length less than 500 /spl mu/m.
PI 2 PE: a suite of web servers for predictions ranging from protein structure to binding kinetics

PI2PE (http://pipe.sc.fsu.edu) is a suite of four web servers for predicting a variety of folding- and binding-related properties of proteins. These include the solvent accessibility of amino acids upon protein folding, the amino acids forming the interfaces of protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid complexes, and the binding rate constants of these complexes. Three of the servers debuted in 2007, and have garnered ∼2,500 unique users and finished over 30,000 jobs. The functionalities of these servers are now enhanced, and a new sever, for predicting the binding rate constants, has been added. Together, these web servers form a pipeline from protein sequence to tertiary structure, then to quaternary structure, and finally to binding kinetics.
Remodeling pharmaceutical care in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) amidst human resources challenges and the HIV/AIDS pandemic

Pharmaceutical care, meant to complement a proper drug supply system, is a key component of a robust health care system and is the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care designed to achieve definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life. Beyond simply dispensing medicine, pharmaceutical care promotes adherence to therapeutic regimens and addresses problems such as overdosage, sub-therapeutic dosage, adverse drug reactions, medication errors, and untreated indications. The dearth of health care workers trained in pharmaceutical care coupled with inadequate access to medications creates multiple disease management challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which has 25% of the world's disease burden but only 1.3% of the world's health workforce. To prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, and other maladies, the need is urgent to train and integrate the contributions of current workers who handle medications for major and minor health problems, especially those in licensed pharmacies and drug shops. On the aggregate in SSA, pharmaceutical care is in a nascent stage in most countries but needs to grow as a discipline as well as be tailored to specific country needs. The SSA solution lies in establishing health care system components where cadres of workers engage in pharmaceutical care practices, as well as store and distribute medications. Curriculum changes in pre-service education, more continuing education for the health workforce in place, and training pharmacists to supervise a lower cadre of assistants and others are among the elements in a pharmaceutical care paradigm shift which is the focus of this article.
Web Services Management Network

We introduce the architecture, object model, components, and protocols of a management overlay for federated service management, called Web Services Management Network (WSMN). WSMN targets management of web services that interact across administrative domains, and therefore typically involves multiple stakeholders (examples are business-to-business, service provider interconnections, help desks). The architecture is based on (implicit) SLAs to formalize relations across domains. It relies on a network of communicating service intermediaries, each such intermediary being a proxy positioned between the service and the outside world. WSMN also exchanges control information to agree on what to monitor, where to monitor, and whom to provide visibility.