cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acylation of steryl glucosides by phospholipids: Solubilization and properties of the acyl transferase

Abstract Particulate enzyme preparations of cotton fibers catalyze the acylation of exogenous steryl glucoside to form acylated steryl glucoside. The acyl transferase involved in this reaction was solubilized by treatment of the membrane fractions with Triton X-100 and was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration. This solubilized enzyme had an absolute requirement for Triton X-100 and phospholipid in order to catalyze the acylation of the steryl glucoside. The best phospholipid substrate was phosphatidylethanolamine but egg and soybean phosphatidylcholine were also active. The phospholipid was shown to function as an acyl donor by demonstrating that [ 14 C]fatty acid from 14 C-labeled phospholipid could be transferred to steryl-[ 3 H]glucoside to form [ 14 C, 3 H]acylated steryl glucoside. Saponification of this compound yielded [ 14 C]fatty acid and steryl-[ 7 H]glucoside.
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force: The Smoking Cobras

Brazil was the only Latin American country to send troops into combat in World War II. This chapter takes the reader from the level of policy formation to the front lines north of Rome. Brazil’s war role is not well remembered today. At the outset the Brazilians talked about raising three divisions, but in the end the poor health of the population reduced the proposal to a single division and replacements. Initially it was thought that what was called an expeditionary force might be sent to North Africa, but the war moved too fast. They entered allied lines north of Rome near Pisa. For a time they fought alongside the 92nd Black Buffalo Division and then on the flank of the 10th Mountain Division. It is worth mention that the 10th had been training for three years, while the Brazilians’ preparation had been less than a year. Around 1000 Brazilians, mostly officers, were trained in the United States.
ELECTROCHEMICAL REMEDIATION OF CHICKEN PROCESSING PLANT WASTEWATER

Abstract Chicken Processing Plant (CPP) produces a large amount of wastewater containing a variety of readily biodegradable organic compounds, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Experiments were conducted on the removal of pollutants from CPP wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC). Two types of EC-reactors with horizontally and vertically arranged sacrificial iron electrodes were used for this purpose. The treatment efficiency of the CPP wastewater using iron sacrificial anode was checked by changing the pH of the mixtures, EC operating time, and the current density. EC was found to be a feasible process for treating the CPP wastewater. The results showed that COD, BOD5, fecal coliform, NH3-N, and oil–grease can be effectively removed by EC. Treatment mechanism was discussed by characterizing EC-floc through XRD, SEM/EDS, and FTIR techniques. The BOD/COD ratio for EC treated CPP was found to be 0.53. The optimal current density was determined as 4 mAcm−2. Vertical electrode assembly was more efficient to treat poultry wastewater than that of horizontal electrode assembly. EC operating time and current density have significant influences for improving removal efficiency.
Choosing among Regularized Estimators in Empirical Economics: The Risk of Machine Learning

Many settings in empirical economics involve estimation of a large number of parameters. In such settings methods that combine regularized estimation and data-driven choices of regularization parameters are useful. We provide guidance to applied researchers on (i) the choice between regularized estimators and (ii) data-driven selection of regularization parameters. We characterize the risk and relative performance of regularized estimators as a function of the data generating process, and show that data-driven choices of regularization parameters yield estimators with risk uniformly close to the risk attained under the optimal (unfeasible) choice of regularization parameters. We illustrate using examples from empirical economics.
Coarsening of Mesoporous α-Al2 3 Ceramics

Until recently, the processing of high surface area alumina ceramics has been restricted to transitional phases such as γ, δ, and θ. In this study, a nanocrystalline α-Al23 powder (100 m2/g) was processed into mesoporous α-Al23 ceramics with surface areas in the range 20 to 80 m2/g. Hence, the opportunity exists to study the effect of thermal treatment on the pore structure of a high surface area α-Al23 ceramic in the temperature range 600°C to 1000°C. The reduction in surface area was characterized as pure coarsening by surface diffusion. Examination of the pore structure showed both intraparticle pores and interparticle pores in the temperature range 600°C to 800°C and only interparticle pores above 800°C. The powder particles were dense and polycrystalline. However, much of their internal structure is lost in heat treatments above 1000°C.
Functions of a Markov Process that are Markovian

In this paper we are primarily concerned with discrete time parameter Markov processes {X(n)}, n = 0, 1, 2, …, with stationary transition mechanism. The processes {Y(n)} = {f(X(n))} generated by a given many-one function f and the processes {X(n)} with a fixed stationary transition mechanism are constructed. The processes {Y(n)} are in a one-to-one correspondence with the possible initial distributions of {X(n)}. The object of the paper is to determine conditions under which {Y(n)} is Markovian, whatever the initial distribution of {X(n)}. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the new processes {Y(n)} to be Markovian are obtained under the assumption that the family of measures corresponding to the fixed transition mechanism (of {X(n)}) is dominated [4]. The conditions are expressed, of course, in terms of the function f(•) and the transition mechanism. Generally the processes {Y(n)} do not have stationary transition mechanism. The conditions simplify in the case of a continuous time parameter Markov chain. Some of the discussions may at times have the flavor of those used in considering the concept of sufficiency [4]. Some aspects of the problem discussed in the paper are touched on in [2].
Factors Associated With Lymphedema in Women With Node-Positive Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Axillary Dissection.

Importance Most lymphedema studies include a heterogeneous population and focus on patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Objective To examine factors associated with lymphedema after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and axillary lymph node dissection in women with node-positive breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included data from 701 women 18 years or older with cT0-T4N1-2M0 breast cancer with documented axillary nodal metastasis at diagnosis who were enrolled in the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z1071 (Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology) trial, which took place from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2012. Data analysis was performed from January 11, 2018, to November 9, 2018. Interventions All participants received NAC, breast operation, and axillary lymph node dissection. Participants underwent prospective arm measurements and symptom assessment after NAC completion and at 6-month intervals to 36 months postoperatively. Main Outcomes and Measures Factors associated with lymphedema were defined as self-reported arm heaviness or swelling (lymphedema symptoms) or an arm volume increase of 10% or more (V10) or 20% or more (V20). Results A total of 486 patients (mean [SD] age, 50.1 [10.8] years) were included in this study. Median follow-up for the 3 measures was 2.2 to 3.0 years. Cumulative lymphedema incidence at 3 years was 37.8% (95% CI, 33.1%-43.2%) for lymphedema symptoms, 58.4% (95% CI, 53.2%-64.1%) for V10, and 36.9% (95% CI, 31.9%-42.6%) for V20. Increasing body mass index (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06) and NAC for 144 days or longer (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.01-2.17) were associated with lymphedema symptoms. The V20 incidence was higher among patients who received NAC for 144 days or longer (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.19-2.68). The V10 incidence was highest in patients with 30 nodes or more removed (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.15-2.52) and increased with number of positive nodes (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06). On multivariable analysis, obesity was significantly associated with lymphedema symptoms (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06), and NAC length was significantly associated with V20 (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.15-2.62). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, longer NAC duration and obesity were associated with increased lymphedema incidence, suggesting that patients in these groups may benefit from enhanced prospective lymphedema surveillance.
Whistler modes excited by magnetic antennas: A review

A review of a deceptively simple topic is presented, i.e., the excitation of whistler modes by antennas. It includes the knowledge of antennas and of the waves and their coupling. This review will show how the research in the last few decades has advanced and become a refined and complex topic which covers nonlinear effects, instabilities, nonuniform fields, whistler modes with orbital angular momentum, wave field topologies, etc. This review is mainly focused on experimental work in laboratory plasmas, but the findings will be related to research on whistler waves in space plasmas, helicon plasma sources in the laboratory, and significant findings of other research groups. This review starts with antenna properties such as radiation patterns, radiation efficiencies, and the topology of the emitted wave packets. Next, the propagation of whistler modes in highly nonuniform ambient magnetic fields will be presented. Even in the linear regime, new phenomena have been discovered such as the reflection of whistler modes from strong magnetic field gradients or the eigenmodes of waves on circular magnetic field lines. Important nonlinear effects of whistler modes are presented. Whistler instabilities will be briefly reviewed although this is a broad topic by itself. Examples of magnetic reconnection in the Hall parameter regime will be shown. This review will also discuss the advances of wave diagnostics in dedicated laboratory plasmas, the difficulties of diagnostics in high power laboratory plasmas, and the limiting multipoint diagnostics in space plasmas.
Contemporary and Historical Species Relationships Reveal Assembly Mechanism Intricacies among Co-occurring Darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)

Examination of contemporary (ecological) and historical (evolutionary) relationships within fish assemblages may provide understanding of the relative influences of competitive exclusion and habita...
Research on the Discharge between High - voltage Cable Metal Sheath and Insulation Shield

In this paper, through the establishment of model between the outer insulation discharge and shielding layer of cable sheath, analyzes the emergence and development process of discharge, the electric field simulation of cable eccentricity and buffer layer dielectric constant changes the distribution and the distribution of electric field between the metal sheath and the insulating outer shielding layer are summarized.
Sum rules for massive spin-2 Kaluza-Klein elastic scattering amplitudes

Author(s): Chivukula, R Sekhar; Foren, Dennis; Mohan, Kirtimaan A; Sengupta, Dipan; Simmons, Elizabeth H | Abstract: It has recently been shown explicitly that the high-energy scattering amplitude of the longitudinal modes of massive spin-2 Kaluza Klein states in compactified 5-dimensional gravity, which would naively grow like O(s^5), grow only like O(s). Since the individual contributions to these amplitudes do grow like O(s^5), the required cancellations between these individual contributions result from intricate relationships between the masses of these states and their couplings. Here we report the explicit form of these sum-rule relationships which ensure the necessary cancellations for elastic scattering of spin-2 Kaluza Klein states in a Randall-Sundrum model. We consider an Anti-de-Sitter space of arbitrary curvature, including the special case of a toroidal compactification in which the curvature vanishes. The sum rules demonstrate that the cancellations at O(s^5) and O(s^4) are generic for a compact extra dimension, and arise from the Sturm-Liouville structure of the eigenmode system in the internal space. Separately, the sum rules at O(s^3) and O(s^2) illustrate the essential role of the radion mode of the extra-dimensional metric, which is the dynamical mode related to the size of the internal space.
Fluorophore‐Promoted RNA Folding and Photostability Enables Imaging of Single Broccoli‐Tagged mRNAs in Live Mammalian Cells

Spinach and Broccoli are fluorogenic RNA aptamers that bind and activate the fluorescence of DFHBI, a mimic of the green fluorescence protein chromophore. Although Spinach/Broccoli-DFHBI complexes exhibit high fluorescence in vitro, their fluorescence is considerably lower in cells. Here we used an in silico screen to identify BI, a DFHBI derivative that binds Broccoli with higher affinity and leads to markedly higher Broccoli fluorescence in cells compared to other DFHBI-related ligands. We show that BI prevents thermal unfolding of Broccoli at 37°C in mammalian cells, leading to substantially more folded Broccoli and subsequently more fluorescent Broccoli-BI complexes. Additionally, Broccoli-BI complexes are significantly more photostable due to impaired light-induced photoisomerization, and rapid unbinding of photoisomerized cis-BI. These optimized fluorescence properties enable single mRNA transcripts containing 24 Broccoli aptamers in the 3’UTR to be imaged in cells treated with BI. These studies reveal that small molecule ligands can promote RNA folding and function in cells, and show the feasibility of single mRNA imaging with fluorogenic aptamers.
Evaluating the Power Quality Impacts of Large-Scale Solar and Wind-Generation Applications on Tennessee Valley Authority’s (TVA) Power System

Over 36 large (greater than 50-MW) inverter-based generation resources are currently being evaluated or already have been evaluated by TVA in recent years. These are primarily solar installations. The locations of these proposed projects are chosen for access to land and other factors not necessarily related to power system interconnection. Because of this, the strength of the transmission system may be less than ideal at the proposed generation sites. TVA’s power quality (PQ) staff have assisted the transmission planning group in evaluating issues related to the operations of these facilities: TVA 161-kV capacitor switching and the switching transients affecting the generation’s 34.5-kV buses Large transformer banks energizations creating transient voltage sags on 161-kV systems Harmonic flows from renewable energy generation creating resonance with TVA 161-kV capacitors resulting in voltage distortion This paper presents actual case studies and the use of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) to evaluate these three major PQ issues. Lessons learned are presented in this paper.
The Role of Scientific Source Credibility and Goodwill in Public Skepticism Toward GM Foods

The complex web of political-economic relations that constitutes biotechnology coupled with a contentious history of public resistance, illustrates the power of perceptions of credibility in mediat...
Performance Analysis of GaN-based Converter with Integrated Magnetics

Increase in the use of DC-consuming electronic devices and renewable energy sources in daily applications necessitates significant improvements to power conversion and distribution methodologies. DC-DC converters form an integral part of such systems and improvements to overall efficiency, reduction of volume, weight and cost are of utmost interest. Thus, a lot of research efforts are targeted towards identifying each source of loss and attempting to reduce it, thereby improving the associated power electronics. This paper discusses the use of Gallium Nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) as switch in a variant of traditional buck-boost topology with integrated magnetics. This combination has several benefits when used together but has not been studied extensively due to the complexity of the associated design and modeling aspects. The modeling of such a converter is described, performance analysis is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS, and the comparison with silicon-based converter is presented.
1.1 – Allyl Organometallics

The widespread occurrence and biological significance of the macrolide ansamycin and polyether antibiotics, and of polyhydroxylated natural products, including rare carbohydrates, among others, has stimulated considerable interest in the development of concise, efficient synthetic methodology for the stereoand enantio-selective construction of stereochemically adorned acyclic molecules.1,2 Indeed, considerable effort has been devoted towards the development of highly stereoselective syntheses of the so-called propionate (e.g.CHMeCHOHCHMeCHOH), acetate (e.g.CHOHCH2CHOHCH2) and glycolate (e.g.CHOHCHOHCHOH) segments that are commonly found in these natural products.3
Classification of PTSD and Non-PTSD Using Cortical Structural Measures in Machine Learning Analyses—Preliminary Study of ENIGMA-Psychiatric Genomics Consortium PTSD Workgroup

Classification and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on brain imaging measures is important because it could aid in PTSD diagnosis and clinical management of PTSD. The goal of the present study was to test the effectiveness of using cortical morphological measures (i.e. volume, thickness, and surface area) to classify PTSD cases and controls on 3571 individuals from the ENIGMA-Psychiatric Genomics Consortium PTSD Workgroup, the largest PTSD neuroimaging dataset to date. We constructed 6 feature sets from different demographic variables (age and sex) and cortical morphological measures and used four machine learning algorithms for classification: logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, and multi-layer perceptron. We found that classifiers trained using only cortical morphological measures (any one of volume, thickness, or surface area) performed better than classifiers trained using only demographic variables. Among all 6 feature sets, combining demographic variables and all three cortical morphological measures yielded the best prediction accuracy, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) scores ranging from 0.615 for logistic regression to 0.648 for random forest. These findings suggest that using cortical morphological measures only has modest prediction power for PTSD classification. Future studies that wish to produce clinically and practically significant findings should consider using whole brain morphological measures, as well as incorporating other neuroimaging modalities and relevant clinical and behavioral symptoms.
Utilization of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders

Objective To determine the rate of utilization, factors influencing the decision-making process, and patient satisfaction with preimplantation genetic diagnosis for monogenic disorders (PGT-M). Design Survey study. Setting Academic center. Patient(s) Genetically at-risk patients seen for PGT-M consultation between January 2010 and 2018. Intervention(s) Electronic survey including demographics, genetic history, consultation experience, decision-making process, and satisfaction with PGT-M process. Main Outcome Measure(s) Rate of utilization of PGT-M, importance of decision-making factors, and satisfaction with PGT-M process. Result(s) Among survey respondents (n = 49), the rate of utilization of PGT-M after consultation was 89.8%. Ninety-three percent of participants decided whether to pursue PGT-M within 3 months of consultation. Factors that were considered most important to this decision-making process included information provided at consultation, accuracy of test results after PGT-M, avoidance of suffering of an affected child, and ability to avoid termination of an affected pregnancy. Key barriers to utilization included financial burden and overall complexity of the in vitro fertilization (IVF)/PGT-M process. Of those utilizing PGT-M (n = 44), 72.1% had at least one live birth or were pregnant during the study period. Satisfaction with PGT-M was high, and most couples would use IVF/PGT-M for a future pregnancy (84.1%). Participants with a live birth were more satisfied with the PGT-M process than those who had no live birth. Conclusion(s) Most patients seeking consultation for PGT-M were likely to pursue this technology despite financial burden and complexity of the process. Exploring factors that influence patient decision-making regarding PGT-M is important for tailoring the consultation and optimizing the overall experience.
Chronic exposure of ErbB TKIs inhibits DRA expression and activity through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway

Diarrhea is the major side effect of first- and second-generation ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the mechanism of which remains incompletely understood. The current studies were carried out over the time frame that ErbB TKIs usually initiate diarrhea. We report in Caco-2/bbe cells that exposure of ErbB TKIs, but not non-ErbB TKIs for six days at clinically-relevant concentrations significantly reduced the expression of DRA and inhibited apical Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity. The ErbB TKIs decreased DRA expression through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway. The blockade of ERK phosphorylation by ErbB TKIs decreased the phosphorylation of Elk-1 and the amount of total and p-CREB, and reduced the expression of C-Fos, which is part of the AP-1 complex that maintain DRA expression. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that ErbB TKIs decrease expression and activity of DRA, which occurs over the time frame that these drugs clinically cause diarrhea, and since DRA is part of the intestinal neutral NaCl absorptive process, the reduced absorption is likely to represent a major contributor to the ErbB TKI-associated diarrhea.
Stakeholder Board Representation as a Means of Governance

This chapter begins with the reforms that have taken place during the last 10 years and points out that although these reforms may be necessary for a system of appropriate corporate governance, they will not be sufficient. I then briefly review stakeholder theory with a special emphasis on Freeman’s suggestion that corporate boards consist of stakeholder groups. The most important part of the chapter explains my model of stakeholder governance. Finally I consider some objections to stakeholder governance and provide some suggestions as to how these criticisms can be answered.
Electrocoagulation-electrooxidation for mitigating trace organic compounds in model drinking water sources.

Abstract In-situ water treatment can be accomplished using electrochemical treatments such as electrocoagulation (EC), which generates coagulants, and electrooxidation (EO), which generates oxidants (e.g., free chlorine and reactive oxygen species) via electrolysis using boron-doped diamond electrodes. In sequential EC-EO, EC can remove oxidant scavengers present in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), thereby improving the efficacy of downstream oxidation via EO. This study evaluated sequential EC-EO (and each process independently for comparison) for mitigating the trace organic compounds (TOrCs) acyclovir (ACY), trimethoprim (TMP), and benzyldimethyldecylammonium chloride (BAC-C10) in model groundwaters and surface waters. EO-only removed greater than 70% of ACY and TMP but negligible BAC-C10 in model groundwaters. In model surface waters, EO-only removed ∼55–75% BAC-C10, but had less removal for ACY and TMP (∼20–55%), primarily due to DOC interference. Sequential-EC-EO was investigated to better gauge the potential process improvement due to the addition of EC ahead of EO. EC removed 74 ± 7% DOC from model surface water and improved downstream EO treatment relative to EO-only by a factor of 3.4 for ACY, 1.7 for TMP, and 1.4 for BAC-C10. When treating model groundwater, EC-EO resulted in no improvement compared to EO-only for ACY and TMP. BAC-C10 removal was attributed to the particle separation step between EC and EO rather than electrochemical inputs. EO-only treatment was more energy efficient for model groundwater compared to model surface waters based on electrical energy per order (EEO) values. Sequential EC-EO further improved the energy efficiency for treating model river water.
Comparing physiological responses during cognitive tests in virtual environments vs. in identical real-world environments

Immersive virtual environments (VEs) are increasingly used to evaluate human responses to design variables. VEs provide a tremendous capacity to isolate and readily adjust specific features of an architectural or product design. They also allow researchers to safely and effectively measure performance factors and physiological responses. However, the success of this form of design-testing depends on the generalizability of response measurements between VEs and real-world contexts. At the current time, there is very limited research evaluating the consistency of human response data across identical real and virtual environments. Rendering tools were used to precisely replicate a real-world classroom in virtual space. Participants were recruited and asked to complete a series of cognitive tests in the real classroom and in the virtual classroom. Physiological data were collected during these tests, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), electrooculography (EOG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and head acceleration. Participants’ accuracy on the cognitive tests did not significantly differ between the real classroom and the identical VE. However, the participants answered the tests more rapidly in the VE. No significant differences were found in eye blink rate and heart rate between the real and VR settings. Head acceleration and GSR variance were lower in the VE setting. Overall, EEG frequency band-power was not significantly altered between the real-world classroom and the VE. Analysis of EEG event-related potentials likewise indicated strong similarity between the real-world classroom and the VE, with a single exception related to executive functioning in a color-mismatch task.
Case of an unreported genetic variant of salt losing 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.

Salt losing 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (HSD3B2) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, seen in G; p.His232Asp). This patient was referred to pediatric endocrinology and pediatric biochemical genetics following a fourth hospitalization for emesis and electrolyte derangements including hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia. Endocrinology evaluation yielded elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHPreg), dehydroepiandrosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH stimulation test indicated flat response. Sequencing of the HSD3B2 revealed a pathogenic variant inherited in trans with the novel c.694C > G (p.His232Asp) variant. The patient was started on daily glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement and has since had no further adrenal crises.
Archival representation

This paper defines and discusses archival representation and its role in archival practice. Archival representation refers to both the processes of arrangement and description and is viewed as a fluid, evolving, and socially constructed practice. The paper analyzes organizational and descriptive schemas, tools, and systems as a means of uncovering representational practices. In conclusion the paper argues that the term ‘archival representation’ more precisely captures the actual work of archivists in (re)ordering, interpreting, creating surrogates, and designing architectures for representational systems.
How do auditors respond to competition? Evidence from the bidding process

Prior research provides mixed evidence on whether competition among auditors impairs or improves audit quality. An impediment to this stream of research is the inability to directly observe the audit engagement bidding process. In this study, we develop a measure of audit engagement bidding and examine its effect on audit quality and pricing. In particular, we apply a machine learning algorithm to non-incumbent (i.e., competitor) auditor views of public companies’ SEC filings to estimate the probability that competitors are bidding for an audit engagement. We validate our probability estimates using a proprietary sample where all instances of bidding are known. Contrary to concerns that competitive pressure may cause auditors to compromise their independence, we find that incumbent auditors perform higher quality audits during bidding years. This improvement in audit quality occurs regardless of whether the bidding ultimately results in an auditor change and persists for several years when the incumbent auditor wins reappointment. We also find that bidding is associated with modest audit fee concessions by incumbent auditors. However, the likelihood of a fee concession depends on the strength of the incumbent auditor’s position in the market.
Brain responses to glucose ingestion are greater in children than adults and are associated with overweight and obesity

OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake respond differently to glucose ingestion in children and adults and the relationship between brain responses and weight status. METHODS Data included 87 children (ages 7-11 years) and 94 adults (ages 18-35 years) from two cohorts. Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity were defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Brain responses to glucose were determined by measuring cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging in brain regions involved in the regulation of eating behavior. RESULTS Children showed significantly larger increases in brain responses to glucose than adults in the dorsal striatum (p < 0.01), insula (p < 0.01), hippocampus (p < 0.01), and dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01). Responses to glucose in the dorsal striatum (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52, 95% CI 1.05-2.20; p = 0.03), hippocampus (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.02-2.22; p = 0.04), insula (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.11-2.42; p = 0.01), and orbitofrontal cortex (OR = 1.63 95% CI: 1.12-2.39; p = 0.01) were positively associated with overweight or obesity, independent of age group. CONCLUSIONS Children have greater brain responses to glucose ingestion than adults in regions involved in eating behavior, and these responses are associated with weight status.
A Hypothesis Framework for Students’ Difficulties with Proof By Contradiction

In mathematics education, the research on proof by contradiction (PBC) often claims that this activity is more difficult for students than direct proof, or simply difficult in general. Many hypotheses have been offered to support or explain this belief, yet they span a disorientingly wide swath of journal articles, conference papers, dissertations, book chapters, etc. In addition, few attempts have been made to organize these hypotheses or carefully test them. In this paper, we conduct a thorough literature review on PBC, organize existing hypotheses about challenges with PBC into a Hypothesis Framework for (Students’ Difficulty with) Proof By Contradiction (HFPBC), discuss the state of research related to each hypothesis, and offer thoughts on the future study of these hypotheses.
Chatter Identification and Control for a Boring Process

Previous work on machine-tool dynamics has identified three mechanisms that lead to the dynamic instability known as chatter, namely the regenerative effect, velocity-dependent friction or stick-slip, and modecoupling. It has long been recognized that the underlying physics of these mechanisms is nonlinear, yet traditional treatments of the problem focus on linearized reduced-order approaches.
When Transformation Fails: Twelve Case Studies in the American Automobile Industry

The demise of 12 American automobile brands over the past century is discussed. Companies can respond to various difficulties by making decisions on their automobile offerings. These decisions are central to relationships between companies and consumers. These decisions included broadening their offerings to address a larger portion of the automobile market, narrowing their offerings to address the company's financial situation, focusing on current offerings to keep them successful, or switching to other offerings to achieve greater profits. A case-based approach is used to explore the detailed nature of this range of attempts to change. Due to a variety of factors characterized in terms of four levels of explanation, these brands failed. Consequently, these companies' attempts to transform via offering-related decisions failed. These failures reflect, to a great extent, inabilities to balance the tension between differentiated offerings and economies of scale or market demands.
Generating adaptive multimedia presentations based on a semiotic framework

We describe a prototype for generating adaptive multimedia presentations through the dynamic selection of files from a large data repository The presentation is generated based on a conceptual framework encompassing the technical (syntactic), semantic and relational textual annotation of the data as well as context-sensitive rules and patterns of selection discovered with the aid of the system during the preparation phase The prototype was developed using Java, Flash-MX and XML.
Piceatannol Inhibits Lipolysis in Adipocytes by promoting autophagy-lysosome-induced degradation of Lipolytic Proteins

Obesity is closely linked to the development of insulin resistance. This is largely through overly activated lipolysis in adipose tissue for providing excess fatty acids to peripheral tissues for developing hyperglycemia. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)/desnutrin, catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of triglyceride hydrolysis for the release of free fatty acids to circulation. Thus, inhibiting lipolysis by lowering ATGL activity and/or expression has been proposed to be a therapeutic approach to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obesity. The objective of this study was to determine the role of piceatannol, a resveratrol analogue found in various fruits and red wine, in adipose lipolysis. Unlike resveratrol, acute treatment of piceatannol inhibited the release of glycerol and fatty acids from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and isolated mouse adipose tissue both in basal and stimulated conditions. Piceatannol-inhibited lipolysis was resulted from marked decrease in ATGL and its cofactor CG...
7. Amplifying and Position Sensitive Detectors

Publisher Summary This chapter presents focuses on amplifying and position sensitive detectors. In the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region between 1000 and 3000 A, the principal detection mechanism for amplifying detectors is the photoelectric effect. Normally a photocathode material is used to enhance the detection efficiency of a detector. Photocathodes may be opaque (reflection) photocathodes or transmission (semi-transparent) photocathodes. Photoemission from opaque photocathodes occurs from the front surface of the photocathode, while photoemission from transmission photocathodes occurs from the back surface. The chapter presents a figure related to the deposition of transmission photocathodes onto the entrance window of a sensor. The window must be transparent to the wavelength of interest. Opaque photocathodes are deposited directly onto the amplifying device, such as a microchannel plate, and photoemit into the multiplier, or away from it. Quantum detection efficiency (QDE) curves as a function of UV wavelength for two common photocathodes are compared with a bare microchannel plate. The stability of a photocathode is critical to its application in long-term experiments. CsTe and RbTe photocathodes in ultra high vacuum sealed tubes are normally stable over long periods if the integrity of the vacuum is held. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been used for many decades and a wide variety are available commercially. Microsphere plates (MSPs) are a relatively recent innovation for signal amplification. Position sensing event centroiding techniques derive individual photon event positions either with continuous readout anodes, or discrete element anodes with interpolation to provide essentially a continuous position readout.
Athletic Training Educators' Pedagogical Strategies for Preparing Students to Address Sudden Death in Sport.

Context: Educational training programs both impart knowledge and allow students to practice skills to gain clinical competence. Objective: Understand the educational training provided to athletic t...
Biologic Approaches to Treat Substance-Use Disorders

In contrast to traditional pharmacodynamic approaches to treat substance-use disorders (SUDs), the use of biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and genetically modified enzymes) is based on a pharmacokinetic principle: reduce the amount of (and, ideally, eliminate) abused drug entering the central nervous system (CNS). Preclinical studies indicate that biologics are effective in both facilitating abstinence and preventing relapse to abused substances ranging from nicotine to heroin. While data are still emerging, the results from multiple clinical trials can best be described as mixed. Nonetheless, these clinical studies have already provided important insights using 'first-generation' tools that may inform the development of effective and commercially viable biologics to treat tobacco-, cocaine-, and methamphetamine-use disorders.
High Resolution Climate Scenarios on Mediterranean Test Case Areas for the Hydro-Climate Integrated System

This document is aimed to show the main results of climate projections, under two RCPs, at 2100 obtained in WP A.2.6 “High-resolution climate scenarios” on the geo-hydrological hotspots identified within WP A.2.17 “Analysis of geo-hydrological risk related to climate change” of GEMINA project. The main goal of WP A.2.17 is the analysis of the effect of climate changes on occurrence and magnitude of landslides, floods and low flows hazards on some specific contexts of the Mediterranean area. To reach this objective, climate data at the same horizontal resolution (
Distance education-sources and control of air pollution

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the contents of a course in air pollution in terms of major anticipated changes in university priorities that will affect engineering education. The course is intellectually rigorous and designed for students from many fields of engineering. The course relies on material learned in these separate engineering disciplines. Steps to be taken to offer the course via distance education are proposed. The engineering faculty can expect to experience efforts by universities to balance budgets by reducing costs, since there are severe limitations on generating sufficient new revenue. It is important that faculty understand and discuss candidly the ramifications of such efforts.
Age-Related Differences in Sleep-Wake Symptoms of Adults Undergoing Polysomnography.

Objectives To evaluate age-related differences in sleep–wake symptoms. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Technologist-attended, laboratory-based polysomnography (PSG). Participants Community-dwelling adults aged 20 to 89 (N = 201): 52 aged 18 to 39, 72 aged 40 to 59, and 77 aged 60 and older. Measurements Medical burden (Charlson Comorbidity Index, medications, health status), PSG-defined sleep disorders (sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), sleep-associated hypoxemia, periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS)), sleep–wake symptoms (Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), fatigue (Facit-F Scale)). Results Medical burden increased significantly with age (Charlson Comorbidity Index and number of medications, P < .001; health status, P = .005). Severity of sleep disorders also increased significantly with age (SDB and hypoxemia, P < .001; PLMS, P = .008). Conversely, sleep–wake symptoms decreased with age (daytime drowsiness (ESS ≥ 10), P = .02; insomnia (ISI ≥ 8), P = .04; fatigue, P < .001). In adjusted models, a 1-year increase in age was significantly associated with a 4% decrease in the odds of having daytime drowsiness (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93–0.98). Similarly, but only in those with mild SDB, a 1-year increase in age was significantly associated with a 5% decrease in the odds of having insomnia (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92–0.99). Conclusion Older age was characterized by less-severe sleep–wake symptoms (daytime drowsiness, insomnia, fatigue), despite an age-related increase in disease severity (medical burden, sleep disorders). Because the increase in disease severity included well-established risk factors for having sleep–wake symptoms, the age-related decrease in sleep–wake symptoms may reflect a decrease in symptom awareness.
Reducing Uncertainty in Visual Search through the Priming of Visual-Relatedness and the Manipulation of Observer Expectancy

We examined two means of reducing uncertainty in visual search: 1) visual-relatedness of a prime to a target and 2) expectancy (based on the proportion of validly primed trials). The two processes were decoupled using a short and a long inter-stimulus interval to examine their respective time courses in visual search. Twelve participants engaged in a discrimination task and a visual search task. The obtained results suggest that visual-relatedness affects search performance early, but its effects rapidly decay. They also suggest that expectancy requires time to accrue before it can affect visual search performance, but its effects are more long lasting than visual-relatedness. These results offer guidance for designing visual displays. In tasks that require split-second decisions designers should be encouraged to prime visual-relatedness. Moreover if the onset of the display and the required decision are separated by a longer interval, displays should inform users of likely outcomes (i.e. manipulate user'...
Matrix Isolation of Mass-Selected Cations: Are Counterions Present and How Are They Formed?

It has been demonstrated that sufficient numbers of mass-selected cations can be directly deposited into growing inert gas matrices at low temperatures for spectroscopic analysis. However, the mechanism that must exist to maintain electrical neutrality in the matrix is not understood. We report here the direct observation of counterions in matrices formed during the codeposition of mass-selected cations and neon. The addition of carbon dioxide to the neon matrix gas during deposition of a mass-selected cation beam results in detectable quantities of CO2•-. The direct measurement of negative charges, as positive ions impinge on a cold target, provides insights into the mechanism through which charge neutrality is maintained in this experiment. Negative charge formation is strongly dependent on the temperature of the metallic surfaces surrounding the matrix window and the presence of condensable gases on these surfaces.
Systematic Examination of Infant Size and Growth Metrics as Risk Factors for Overweight in Young Adulthood

Objective To systematically examine infant size and growth, according to the 2006 WHO infant growth standards, as risk factors for overweight status in young adulthood in a historical cohort. Specifically, to assess: Whether accounting for length (weight-for-length) provides a different picture of risk than weight-for-age, intervals of rapid growth in both weight-for-age and weight-for-length metrics, and what particular target ages for infant size and intervals of rapid growth associate most strongly with overweight as a young adult. Patients/Methods Data analysis of 422 appropriate for gestational age white singleton infants enrolled in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Odds ratios (OR) for overweight and obesity in young adulthood (age 20–29) were calculated using logistic regression models for the metrics at each target age (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months) comparing ≥85th v. <85th percentile, as well as rapid growth (Δ≥0.67 Z-score) through target age intervals. Models accounted for both maternal and paternal BMI. Results Infants ≥85th percentile of weight-for-age at each target age (except 3 months) had a greater odds of being overweight as a young adult. After accounting for length (weight-for-length) this association was limited to 12, and 18 months. Rapid weight-for-age growth was infrequently associated with overweight as a young adult. Rapid weight-for-length growth from 0 to 24 months, 1 to 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months and from 3 to 9, 12, 18, and 24 months was strongly associated with overweight status as a young adult. Conclusions The WHO weight-for-length metric associates differently with risk of being overweight as a young adult compared to weight-for-age. Intervals of rapid weight-for-length growth ranging from months (0–24), (1–12, 18, and 24) and (3–9, and 12) displayed the largest OR for being overweight as a young adult.
Percolation of the Phd Repressor-Operator Interface

Transcription of the P1 plasmid addiction operon, a prototypical toxin-antitoxin system, is negatively autoregulated by the products of the operon. The Phd repressor-antitoxin protein binds to 8-bp palindromic Phd-binding sites in the promoter region and thereby represses transcription. The toxin, Doc, mediates cooperative interactions between adjacent Phd-binding sites and thereby enhances repression. Here, we describe a homologous operon from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium which has the same pattern of regulation but an altered repressor-operator specificity. This difference in specificity maps to the seventh amino acid of the repressor and to the symmetric first and eighth positions of the corresponding palindromic repressor-binding sites. Thus, the repressor-operator interface has coevolved so as to retain the interaction while altering the specificity. Within an alignment of homologous repressors, the seventh amino acid of the repressor is highly variable, indicating that evolutionary changes in repressor specificity may be common in this protein family. We suggest that the robust properties of the negative feedback loop, the fuzzy recognition in the operator-repressor interface, and the duplication and divergence of the repressor-binding sites have facilitated the speciation of this repressor-operator interface. These three features may allow the repressor-operator system to percolate within a nearly neutral network of single-step mutations without the necessity of invoking simultaneous mutations, low-fitness intermediates, or other improbable or rate-limiting mechanisms.
Arthroscopic Approach to Posterior Shoulder Instability

Posterior shoulder instability is becoming an increasingly diagnosed and treated entity especially recognized in the contact athlete. Historically, the open technique of addressing posterior shoulder labral and capsular pathology has had marginal results and unacceptable high rates of recurrence. Arthroscopic posterior stabilization has become more popular recently, given its ability to address labral and capsular pathology, as well as deal with pathology that is encountered intraoperatively. It has also been postulated that the arthroscopic approach may lead to less postoperative morbidity and decreased time to return to athletic activity. The surgical technique presented is an arthroscopic approach to posterior labral tears and capsular laxity has been successful in dealing with this challenging entity.