cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of HER2 in cancer therapy and targeted drug delivery

HER2 is highly expressed in a significant proportion of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer. Since the discovery of its role in tumorigenesis, HER2 has received great attention in cancer research during the past two decades. Successful development of the humanized monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody (Trastuzumab) for the treatment of breast cancer further spurred scientists to develop various HER2 specific antibodies, dimerization inhibitors and kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. On the other hand, the high expression of HER2 and the accessibility of its extracellular domain make HER2 an ideal target for the targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs as well as imaging agents. Although there is no natural ligand for HER2, artificial ligands targeting HER2 have been developed and applied in various targeted drug delivery systems. The emphasis of this review is to elucidate the roles of HER2 in cancer therapy and targeted drug delivery. The structure and signal pathway of HER2 will be briefly described. The role of HER2 in tumorigenesis and its relationship with other tumor markers will be discussed. For the HER2 targeted cancer therapy, numerous strategies including the blockage of receptor dimerization, inhibition of the tyrosine kinase activity, and interruption of the downstream signal pathway will be summarized. For the targeted drug delivery to HER2 positive tumor cells, various targeting ligands and their delivery systems will be described in details.
Cross‐cultural mentoring as a context for learning

Cross-cultural mentoring relationships are an important site of struggle for learning and for power. We use the example of one mentoring relationship to illustrate six common issues facing people involved in these relationships.
Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring.

Objective: Vitamin D may have a protective role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the effect of gestational vitamin D on adult onset MS has not been studied. Methods: In 2001, 35,794 mothers of participants of the Nurses' Health Study II completed a questionnaire inquiring about their experiences and diet during pregnancy with their nurse daughters. We studied the association of maternal milk intake, maternal dietary vitamin D intake, and predicted maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during pregnancy and their daughters' risk of developing MS. Results: MS was diagnosed in 199 women. The relative risk of MS was lower among women born to mothers with high milk or vitamin D intake during pregnancy. The multivariate adjusted rate ratio (RR) of MS was 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.95; p trend = 0.001) for nurses whose mothers consumed 2 to 3 glasses of milk per day compared with those whose mothers consumed <3 glasses per month, and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.35–0.91; p trend = 0.002) for nurses with mothers in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin D intake compared with those in the lowest. The predicted 25(OH)D level in the pregnant mothers was also inversely associated with the risk of MS in their daughters. Comparing extreme quintiles, the adjusted RR was 0.59; (95% CI, 0.37–0.92; p trend = 0.002). Interpretation: Higher maternal milk and vitamin D intake during pregnancy may be associated with a lower risk of developing MS in offspring. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Recovery of Gold and Silver from Ores by Hydrometallurgical Processing

Abstract The Bureau of Mines has played an important role in the revival of precious-metal mining in the Western United States. During the past 30 years, many techniques used by industry to recover gold and silver were pioneered and developed by the Bureau of Mines. In 1952, technology was developed to strip gold from granular activated carbon and allow the carbon to be reused. In 1969, the heap leaching concept was applied to low-grade gold and silver ores and mine wastes. Heap leaching in conjunction with carbon adsorption-desorption permits very low value material to be economically processed. In 1970, an oxidation treatment based on hypochlorite was developed to increase the recovery of gold from carbonaceous gold ores by cyanidation. In the early 1950's, attempts were made to employ carbon-in-pulp technology to recover gold from ores, but the fixed price of gold and increasing operational costs made cyanidation unprofitable. The Bureau of Mines and Homestake Mining Co. jointly operated a carbon-in-pu...
Generation of Defective Interfering Particles by Two Vaccine Strains of Measles Virus

A systematic study was made to measure the generation of defective interfering particles upon up to 13 serial passages of two measles vaccine strains, Edmonston and Edmonston-Zagreb, through either simian (Vero) or human (WI-38) cell lines. Results for the Vero cell passage were nearly identical for both viruses. Infectivity titers dropped by nearly 8 logs to undetectable levels at passage 4 and cycled between maximum and minimum levels every 4 passages. Samples with the lowest infectivity titers produced the greatest reduction in titer of standard virus and contained an approximately 900-nucleotide subgenomic RNA for the Edmonston strain and two subgenomic RNAs of 4300 and 3000 nucleotides for the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine strain. A defective interfering RNA-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected subgenomic RNAs at all passage levels. In contrast, samples obtained after passage of these viruses in WI-38 did not reduce the yield of standard virus and did not contain subgenomic RNAs in both Northern blot and RT-PCR assays. These results clearly show that cell type rather than virus strain affects defective interfering particle generation for measles virus.
Neuroprotective Effects of IGF-I against TNFα-Induced Neuronal Damage in HIV-Associated Dementia

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection often results in disorders of the central nervous system, including HIV-associated dementia (HAD). It is suspected that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) released by activated and/or infected macrophages/microglia plays a role in the process of neuronal damage seen in AIDS patients. In light of earlier studies showing that the activation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) exerts a strong neuroprotective effect, we investigated the ability of IGF-I to protect neuronal cells from HIV-infected macrophages. Our results demonstrate that the conditioned medium from HIV-1-infected macrophages, HIV/CM, causes loss of neuronal processes in differentiated PC12 and P19 neurons and that these neurodegenerative effects are associated with the presence of TNFα. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IGF-I rescues differentiated neurons from both HIV/CM and TNFα-induced damage and that IGF-I-mediated neuroprotection is strongly enhanced by overexpression of the wt IGF-IR cDNA and attenuated by the antisense IGF-IR cDNA. Finally, IGF-I-mediated antiapoptotic pathways are continuously functional in differentiated neurons exposed to HIV/CM and are likely supported by TNFα-mediated phosphorylation of IκB. All together these results suggest that the balance between TNFα and IGF-IR signaling pathways may control the extent of neuronal injury in this HIV-related experimental setting.
What Is an Affordance

What should and should not be considered an affordance is still an open issue. At the 2002 North American meeting of the International Society for Ecological Psychology, a symposium was held concerning this topic. The articles in this special issue are expanded versions of the papers presented at that symposium. To set the stage for those discussions, this article presents an analysis of the evolution of J. J. Gibson's thinking on this issue, from some of his earliest writings (i.e., J. J. Gibson & Crooks, 1938) through his most recent writings (i.e., J. J. Gibson, 1979/1986). It is hoped that this forum will stimulate thinking concerning this important ecological concept.
Why and how mathematicians read proofs: an exploratory study

In this paper, we report a study in which nine research mathematicians were interviewed with regard to the goals guiding their reading of published proofs and the type of reasoning they use to reach these goals. Using the data from this study as well as data from a separate study (Weber, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 39:431–459, 2008) and the philosophical literature on mathematical proof, we identify three general strategies that mathematicians employ when reading proofs: appealing to the authority of other mathematicians who read the proof, line-by-line reading, and modular reading. We argue that non-deductive reasoning plays an important role in each of these three strategies.
HIGHER SYMMETRIES FOR THE VECTOR MESONS

To explain the existence of nine vector mesons and the degeneracy of the unmixed masses of the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$, we postulate that the vector mesons possess a higher symmetry than S${\mathrm{U}}_{3}$. We discuss various properties of the adjoint representation of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{n}$ and propose three simple models for the symmetry-breaking interaction. We specialize the results to S${\mathrm{U}}_{4}$, and find good agreement between mass formulas and experiment. We introduce a new quantum number, "hyperstrangeness," and six hyperstrange vector mesons with fractional hypercharge but integral electric charge. These particles, which form an isotopic doublet and an isotopic singlet (together with their antiparticles) are approximately degenerate with the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${K}^{*}$, respectively, and are stable with respect to the strong and electromagnetic interactions. We also discuss the production and decay of these particles.
Fecal Sodium and Potassium Losses in Low Birth Weight Infants

We measured 24-hour fecal losses of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in immediate post natal period of preterm neonates to determine the role of this route in the electrolyte imbalances seen in such infants. The values from preterm infants were compared to a group of age matched term infants. Eleven studies were done on unfed extremely low birth weight infants (group I, birth weight < 1200 gms), seven on fed preterm infants (group II, birth weight 1201-2500 gms) and nine on fed term infants (group III, birth weight 2501-4000 gms). Measured and derived variables compared between the groups were 24 hour fecal volume, total fecal electrolyte contents, Na or K lost per kg of body weight and per gm. of stool and Na or K losses as percent of intake. Although 24 hour fecal volume was lowest in group I, none of the variables related to Na differed between groups I and II whereas all of them were significantly lower in group I when compared with group III. Groups II and III differed only in terms of Na loss/gm stool which was lower in the previous group. Conversely K loss/gm of stool was significantly higher in group I when compared with both groups II and III and the only variable that differed between groups II and III was a higher fecal K content as fraction of intake. Fecal K/Na ratio was highest in group I, and decreased progressively with advancing gestational age, whereas creatinine clearance was lowest in group I and increased along with gestational age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NILE DELTA : RECENT GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND HUMAN IMPACT

Few countries in the world are as dependent on water from a single source as Egypt. The natural Nile cycle of flow and sediment discharge has been disrupted by human intervention, including closure of the High Aswan Dam; this intervention has resulted in a series of responses that now threaten the northern Nile delta. Erosion, salinization, and pollution are inducing a marked decline in agricultural productivity and loss of land and coastal lagoons at a time when the population is expanding exponentially. Geological analyses of radiocarbon-dated cores across the northern delta are used to interpret the interaction of sea-level changes, climatic oscillations, subsidence, and transport processes during the past 35,000 years. Recognition of long-term trends of these natural factors provides a basis to evaluate the profound impact of human activity and to assess future changes in the Nile delta ecosystem.
Pack-and-Go Delivery Service: A Multi-Component Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Learning Resource

AbstractThis educational case, in two parts (A and B), requires students to assume the role of a business consultant and to use Excel to develop a profit-planning or a cost-volume-profit (CVP) model for a package-delivery company opportunity currently being evaluated by a client. The name of the proposed business is Pack-and-Go, which would provide an intra-city package delivery service similar to that provided by large competitors such as FedEx. To complete the task students are asked to respond, in the form of a consulting report, to a specific set of questions posed by the client. The required report includes numerous calculations associated with the profit-planning models created by students, as well as interpretive insights and evaluations of two cost-structure alternatives (in Case A) that the client is considering, and whether the client should engage in a single service line or in dual service lines (in Case B). For both Case A and B, students are required to use various functions in Excel and to ...
Comparison of azithromycin and clarithromycin in triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

Comparison of azithromycin and clarithromycin in triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Surface radioactivity measurements of monomolecular films

In the last several years there has been a resurgence of interest in surface films at the air/water interface. The use of radioactive tracers in interfacial studies is attractive due to the sensitivity to detect small quantities of matter. The radiotracer method, therefore, has been utilized in various surface studies at the air/water interface including adsorption from solution [ 1,2], surface chemical reactions [ 31, monolayer desorption [ 4,5], surface diffusion [ 4-81, and surface concentration of insoluble monolayers [ 91. In this communication, we report simultaneous measurements of film loss from a sparingly soluble monolayer by radiotracer and Wilhelmy plate methods. Our findings indicate that greater caution should be exercised in the interpretation of surface radiotracer measurements of monomolecular films because of a previously unrecognized mass transport process, when a Geiger-Miiller (G-M) tube is employed, due to a possible electric field effect. Myristic [ l-‘*Cl acid (Rosechem Products, 59 mCi mmol-l) was deposited from a purified n-hexane spreading solution onto a 0.01 N HCl solution at 20-21 ‘C. The experimental apparatus is described in detail elsewhere [ 81. Compression barriers were not used in order to eliminate any possible film leakage past barriers. The monolayer was spread to an initial surface pressure of 5.5 mN m-‘, and then the surface pressure was measured as a function of time at constant area by the Wilhelmy plate method. Experimentally measured surface pressure-specific surface area (l7-A ) isotherms were then used to obtain the surface concentration dependence with time. The results were evaluated by plotting the ratio r/r, versus &, where r is the surface concentration of the myristic acid molecules, r,, is the initial surface concentration, and t is time. Simultaneously, the beta radiation emanating from the radioactive monolayer was measured by an end-window G-M tube ( Amperex 18526) and decade scaler, and the ratio of the surface concentrations, r/r,, is equal to the ratio of the monolayer activities after subtraction of the background count. Figure 1 shows the film loss measurements using the Wilhelmy plate and
Cardiopulmonary responses during isoflurane anaesthesia in llamas.

This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary responses during isoflurane (ISO) anaesthesia in llamas.
Recrafting the national imaginary and the new “vanguardism”

An opportunity exists to assess the limitations in building long-term peace in post-conflict states, particularly given the extent to which negotiated settlements incorporate demands for democratic mechanisms. By assessing how post-conflict governments construct new majorities through policy tools as well as assessing how they are constrained by the structural realities of negotiated settlements, we gain some purchase on the reasons why some post-conflict state projects succeed while others fail. This has potentially transformative implications for our understanding of how social contracts, and their attendant issues of consent, dissent, and legitimacy, operate in the modern world and the ways they impact such critical discussions as democratic transition, post-conflict reconciliation, and nation-building. We use the case of post-apartheid South Africa to analyse how post-conflict states are limited in terms of forging social contracts among citizens and between citizens and governments. Of specific inter...
What Does it Take to Reduce Observer Bias

The strength of the observer bias in the attribution of attitudes is further demonstrated. Observers read an essay purportedly written by another student. Some were told that the writer freely chose the position taken in the essay, some were told that the writer was assigned the position taken, and some were told that the writer was required to write a counterattitudinal essay. Although perceived freedom for the essay writer was less and confidence in their judgements was less, observers still judged the writer's attitude to be congruent with the position taken in the essay even when told that the behavior was the opposite of the writer's true beliefs. The reasons for such an apparently illogical judgement are discussed.
In vivo effects of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073 and phytocannabinoid Δ9-THC in mice: Inhalation versus intraperitoneal injection

Human users of synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) JWH-018 and JWH-073 typically smoke these drugs, but preclinical studies usually rely on injection for drug delivery. We used the cannabinoid tetrad and drug discrimination to compare in vivo effects of inhaled drugs with injected doses of these two SCBs, as well as with the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Mice inhaled various doses of Δ9-THC, JWH-018 or JWH-073, or were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with these same compounds. Rectal temperature, tail flick latency in response to radiant heat, horizontal bar catalepsy, and suppression of locomotor activity were assessed in each animal. In separate studies, mice were trained to discriminate Δ9-THC (IP) from saline, and tests were performed with inhaled or injected doses of the SCBs. Both SCBs elicited Δ9-THC-like effects across both routes of administration, and effects following inhalation were attenuated by pretreatment with the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant. No cataleptic effects were observed following inhalation, but all compounds induced catalepsy following injection. Injected JWH-018 and JWH-073 fully substituted for Δ9-THC, but substitution was partial (JWH-073) or required relatively higher doses (JWH-018) when drugs were inhaled. These studies demonstrate that the SCBs JWH-018 and JWH-073 elicit dose-dependent, CB1 receptor-mediated Δ9-THC-like effects in mice when delivered via inhalation or via injection. Across these routes of administration, differences in cataleptic effects and, perhaps, discriminative stimulus effects, may implicate the involvement of active metabolites of these compounds.
Mapping genes for oligodendroglioma.

Oligodendroglioma is the second most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Pathologically, oligodendrogliomas are categorized as grade 2 (low grade) or 3 (anaplastic) tumors. The median survival is 7–10 years for patients with low-grade oligodendrogliomas and 3.5 years for anaplastic tumors. The genetic hallmark of these tumors is an imbalanced translocation between chromosome 1 and 19 t(1;19)(q10;p10), resulting in loss of 1p and 19q. This codeletion is found in 50–70% of all oligodendrogliomas [1]. For years, scientists have searched for the basis of this unbalanced translocation. Unlike most translocations found within tumors, such as the Philadelphia chromosome, where the translocation results in an activated oncogene, the t(1;19) (q10;p10) occurs in gene poor peri centromeric regions. As a result, it was postulated that the biological basis for the translocation is a mechanism for unmasking tumor suppressor gene(s) via the loss of 1p/19q. Candidate gene approaches, like those used prior to the advent of current sequencing and genomic technologies, have failed to identify the driving force behind this translocation [2–5].
Radioactive Decay of Lutetium 173

Ytterbium oxide enriched to 92.6% in the 173 mass number was irradiated with 6-Mev protons. An activity with a half-life of 625\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 days was produced and its assignment to ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$ confirmed by the identification of the ytterbium $K$ x-ray, gamma rays corresponding to transitions among the energy levels established in ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{173}$ by Coulomb excitation of the separated isotope, and the activities produced by the similar proton irradiations of the other enriched isotopes of ytterbium. The observed activity of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$ consists of the $L$ and $K$ x-rays of ytterbium and gamma rays with energies of 79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, 101\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, 172\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 273\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 349\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, \ensuremath{\sim}450, 556\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, and 630\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 kev and two other gamma rays not resolved in the gamma-ray spectrum but observed in gamma-gamma coincidence measurements. These two gamma rays have energies of approximately 179 and 282 kev. Because no positron radiation exists in the activity of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$, the mode of decay is solely by electron capture to ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{173}$. Gamma-gamma coincidence measurements have lead to the assignment of a 633-kev level with a probable spin of $\frac{5}{2}+$ and the confirmation of a 351-kev level in ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{173}$ in addition to the previously known 179.5- and 78.7-kev levels. The disintegrations of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$ to the 633-kev level are by $L$ capture only. Branching ratios for the electron capture transitions of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$ to the levels of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{173}$ and approximate relative probabilities for the transitions in ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{173}$ are given in a proposed energy level scheme for the decay of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$. The choice of $\frac{9}{2}$- for the ground-state spin of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$ is the most consistent with the proposed energy level scheme.
Monte carlo calculations for the two-dimensional triangular lattice gas- supercritical region

Detailed calculations have been carried out, using a Monte Carlo numerical procedure in a grand canonical ensemble, for the thermodynamic properties of a 10×10 triangular lattice gas model along six isotherms in the supercritical region (reduced temperatures Tr=1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, and 1.40). For each isotherm the thermodynamic properties are given at β(μ—3e) =0.0, —0.04, —0.20, and —0.40, where μ is the chemical potential and e is the nearest‐neighbor interaction energy. Symmetry relations for calculating all the properties at the corresponding positive values of β(μ—3e) are also given.
A review of the toxicity of nonionic contrast agents in children.

Objectives The safety of nonionic contrast agents with that of ionic iodinated contrast agents in children is compared. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all publications on the safety profile of nonionic contrast agents administered intravenously to children. This information was compared to published data on the safety of nonionic media in adults and on the safety of ionic agents in children. Results There appears to be strong evidence for increased safety of nonionic agents in children compared with ionic agents, although the published data reviewed are subject to methodological criticism. Moderately severe and minor reactions occur less frequently with nonionic agents. Deaths occur too infrequently to permit a valid evaluation. Contrary to previous beliefs, the incidence of adverse reactions in children appears to be similar to the incidence in adults. Conclusions Although nonionic agents offer improved safety, it is still not clear whether this benefit justifies the associated costs, because conventional ionic agents are already extremely safe. However, it may be possible to justify the increased cost of nonionic agents in children based solely on the reduction of minor reactions. Data regarding the safety of nonionic agents in children are limited, and large, prospective studies are warranted.
Multi-baseline IFSAR study using an SBR based simulator

This paper describes the results of a multi-baseline IFSAR study using a shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) based IFSAR simulator. The SBR technique has been used in the past for 2-D SAR and IFSAR simulations. This paper extends on those approaches for modeling multi-baseline IFSAR images. IFSAR gives the height estimate for a target and hence leads to a 3-D image of the target. The 3-D reconstruction is dependent on the choice of IFSAR sensor parameters. We present a tradeoff study the sensor resolution versus the number of baselines using the SBR based simulator.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Land Hunger: Land as a Commodity and as a Status Good, England, 1500–1910

Abstract Historians believe that land in preindustrial societies was sought partly for status. Later land became a commodity like any other. Per unit of monetary return preindustrial land prices should thus be higher than those of nonstatus assets. Surprisingly in England from 1560 to 1800 the price of land per £1 of return was little above that of nonstatus assets. Only in the 19th century does a possible price premium emerge. Any change in the land market in England from 1560 to 1910 was the reverse of the expected: from land as a commodity in preindustrial England to land as a status good in industrial England.
Prospects for IR emissivity control using electrochromic structures

Abstract Electrochromic devices were investigated as a means of efficiently modulating the IR emissivity of space structures. The optical properties of electrochromic materials are modified upon application of a voltage allowing a high degree of control of the modulation. This degree of control is necessary for some low earth orbit space missions where effects such as rapid changes in the earth's albedo can change the temperature of a satellite.Optical constants of semicrystalline WO3 and NiO in their unintercalated and fully intercalated states were measured by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry over a spectral range of 2–14 μm. Ta2O5 optical constants were measured for use as a hydrogen ion conductor and Au and ITO optical constants were measured for use as electrodes. Calculations were made of the emissivity modulation of an electrochromic device structure for a 300 K blackbody based on the measured optical constants.
Acute withdrawal from chronic escalating-dose binge cocaine administration alters kappa opioid receptor stimulation of [35S] guanosine 5'-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate acid binding in the rat ventral tegmental area.

Abstract There is evidence that the kappa opioid system plays an important role in cocaine addiction and that chronic cocaine administration and withdrawal from chronic cocaine alter kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) density. The present study employed in situ [ 35 S]guanosine 5′-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate acid (GTPγS) binding autoradiography to measure KOPr-stimulated activation of G-protein in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell, lateral hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, substantia nigra compacta, substantia nigra reticulata and ventral tegmental area (VTA), in response to chronic cocaine administration or acute and chronic withdrawal from chronic cocaine. Male Fischer rats were injected i.p. with saline or cocaine three times daily at 1 h intervals in an escalating-dose paradigm for 14 days (from 3×15 mg/kg/injection on days 1–3 up to 3×30 mg/kg/injection on days 10–14). Identically treated separate groups were withdrawn from cocaine or saline for 24 h or 14 days. No significant change in KOPr agonist U-69593-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS was found in the seven regions studied 30 min or 14 days after chronic 14 days escalating-dose binge cocaine administration. However there was an increase in KOPr -stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in the VTA ( P
Conformational Preferences of 2-Phenethylamines. A Computational Study of Substituent and Solvent Effects on the Intramolecular Amine−Aryl Interactions in Charged and Neutral 2-Phenethylamines

A computational investigation of the conformational preferences of 2-phenethylamine has been carried out with a variety of techniques. To determine the intrinsic (in the absence of a solvent medium) conformational preferences of the 2-phenethylamine system, ab initio calculations at various levels of theory up to the MP2/6-311+G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d,p) level were carried out. This is the most sophisticated level of theory that has been applied to this biologically important system to date. In the absence of a solvent medium, phenethylamines prefer a folded gauche conformation for both the charged and neutral amines, indicating a favorable interaction between the amino group and the aromatic ring. To probe the nature of this intramolecular interaction further the effects of ring substituents on the conformational preferences were studied. The results have been compared to those obtained with semiempirical and molecular mechanics force field methods. The molecular mechanics force fields employing default param...
STERIC FACTORS MODERATE CONFORMATIONAL FLUIDITY AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGH PROTON SENSITIVITY OF ROOT EFFECT HEMOGLOBINS

Abstract The structural basis of the extreme pH dependence of oxygen binding to Root effect Hbs is a long-standing puzzle in the field of protein chemistry. A previously unappreciated role of steric factors in the Root effect was revealed by a comparison of pH effects on oxygenation and oxidation processes in human Hb relative to Spot ( Leiostomus xanthurus ) and Carp ( Cyprinodon carpio ) Hbs. The Root effect confers five-fold increased pH sensitivity to oxygenation of Spot and Carp Hbs relative to Hb A 0 in the absence of anionic effectors, and even larger relative elevations of pH sensitivity of oxygenation in the presence of 0.2 M phosphate. Remarkably, the Root effect was not evident in the oxidation of the Root effect Hbs. This finding rules out pH-dependent alterations in the thermodynamic properties of the heme iron, measured in the anaerobic oxidation reaction, as the basis of the Root effect. The alternative explanation supported by these results is that the elevated pH sensitivity of oxygenation of Root effect Hbs is attributable to globin-dependent steric effects that alter oxygen affinity by constraining conformational fluidity, but which have little influence on electron exchange via the heme edge. This elegant mode of allosteric control can regulate oxygen affinity within a given quaternary state, in addition to modifying the T–R equilibrium. Evolution of Hb sequences that result in proton-linked steric barriers to heme oxygenation could provide a general mechanism to account for the appearance of the Root effect in the structurally diverse Hbs of many species.
A New Twist on Spelling Instruction for Elementary School Teachers.

General and special educators are frequently confronted with the problem of how to provide spelling instruction that meets the needs of all their students, especially their students with mild disabilities. The purpose of this article is to combine two effective instructional methods (Classwide Peer Tutoring and a spelling strategy) to help students acquire and maintain spelling competence both inside and outside of the classroom.
Growth of influenza virus in eggs in the presence of bacterial contamination and streptomycin.

Conclusions1. Streptomycin appears to have no adverse effect on the 10- to 11-day chick embryo when injected into the allantoic sac.2. Streptomycin is demonstrable in bac-teriostatic or bactericidal concentrations in the allantoic fluid 48 hours after a single injection of 2,500 units into the allantoic sac. Only small amounts appear in the amniotic fluid.3. Streptomycin in the concentrations used appeared to have no adverse effect on the growth of either Influenza A or B virus in the allantoic sac.4. Streptomycin is highly effective in preventing gross contamination of allantoic fluids of chick embryos injected with un-filtered throat washings and suspensions of human stool.5. Influenza A virus, when highly diluted and mixed with unfiltered throat washings or stool suspensions containing added streptomycin, can be readily recovered after growth in the allantoic sac of the developing chick embryo.6. The results indicate that the loss of virus which may follow removal of contaminants by filtration may be a...
Police Response to Domestic Violence

Abstract This article reviews published works covering police response to domestic violence. Issues reviewed include historical data, impetus for change, empirical studies on effectiveness, critiques of research paradigms, rationales and objections in relation to mandatory arrest policies, victim and offender characteristics that affect police response, and alternative response for police intervention. The weight of the literature seems to suggest that mandatory arrest policies may not universally achieve positive goals. Moreover, some studies show that police agencies do not work effectively with other social welfare agencies. Future research should seek alternative police interventions that yield more integrated methods for societal response to domestic violence.
Embryonic cellular organization: differential restriction of fates as revealed by cell aggregates and lineage markers.

Des cellules d'embryon d'oursin ont ete dissociees et placees dans un systeme permettant leur agregation afin d'etudier le potentiel d'agregation qui intervient dans l'organisation embryonnaire et la differenciation
Capillary LC coupled with high-mass measurement accuracy mass spectrometry for metabolic profiling.

We have developed an efficient and robust high-pressure capillary LC−MS method for the identification of large numbers of metabolites in biological samples using both positive and negative ESI modes. Initial efforts focused on optimizing the separation conditions for metabolite extracts using various LC stationary phases in conjunction with multiple mobile-phase systems, as applied to the separation of 45 metabolite standards. The optimal mobile and stationary phases of those tested were determined experimentally (in terms of peak shapes, theoretical plates, retention of small, polar compounds, etc.), and both linear and exponential gradients were applied in the study of metabolite extracts from the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142. Finally, an automated dual-capillary LC system was constructed and evaluated for the effectiveness and reproducibility of the chromatographic separations using the above samples. When coupled with a commercial LTQ-orbitrap MS, ∼900 features were reproducibly detected f...
Optimal pricing of a product with periodic enhancements

Abstract Consider a company whose customers may purchase annual (or periodic) updates of the product (the book of the year for an encyclopedia, for example). We determine how the profitability of the update affects the price of the company's main product (the encyclopedia). Our major result is that the product's price should be more than the ‘myopic price’ if and only if the profitability of the update is less than the profitability per potential customer. We also show that an increase in the profitability of the update decreases the price of the product, and we derive several other sensitivity results.
Modified binary watershed transform for segmentation of agricultural products

Segmentation of agricultural products on a conveyor belt is a first step for product inspection. We consider a new algorithm to achieve segmentation (locating each individual item and placing it in a separate file). We use X-ray images which provide useful internal information on the state of the product (good or bad). The product items considered vary in size, shape, gray-scale properties, and lie at random orientations. Many items touch and thus new techniques are necessary to detect each item at any orientation, estimate the number of touching items and their centers, and segment overlapping touching items to provide separate image files for touching input items. Test results are presented for X-ray film and linescan images of various agricultural products including one extensive database.
Finite ma corrections for sea quark matrix elements on the lattice.

We compute the finite ma corrections associated with the measurement of sea quark matrix elements on the lattice. The results differ from the (1+ma) correction factor commonly used for valence quarks and connected current insertions. We find that for sea quarks the correction factors are in general larger and depend strongly on the Lorentz structure of the current under consideration. Results are presented both for the Wilson action and for the two-link improved action of Hamber and Wu. Phenomenological implications are also briefly discussed in two examples.
Hormonal regulators of muscle and metabolism in aging (HORMA): design and conduct of a complex, double masked multicenter trial.

Background Older persons often lose muscle mass, strength, and physical function. This report describes the challenges of conducting a complex clinical investigation assessing the effects of anabolic hormones on body composition, physical function, and metabolism during aging.Methods HORMA is a multicenter, randomized double masked study of 65—90-year-old community dwelling men with testosterone levels of 150—550 ng/dL and IGF-1 < 167 ng/dL. Subjects were randomized to transdermal testosterone (5 or 10 g/day) and rhGH (0, 3, or 5 μg/kg/day) for 16 weeks. Outcome measures included body composition by DEXA, MRI, and 2H2O dilution; muscle performance (strength, power, and fatigability), VO2peak, measures of physical function, synthesis/breakdown of myofibrillar proteins, other measures of metabolism, and quality of life.Results Major challenges included delay in startup caused by need for 7 institutional contracts, creating a 142-page manual of operations, orientation and training, creating a 121-page CRF; e...
How Not to Be Lakatos Intolerant: Appraising Progress in IR Research

Despite the popularity of Imre Lakatos's ideas and numerous references to his Methodology of Scientific Research Programs (MSRP), IR scholars often misstate and misapply his criteria for appraising theoretical development. This article provides a more complete description of Lakatos's metric, addresses a number of critiques related to its use, and surveys how MSRP has been used to evaluate IR research. It suggests that IR proponents of Lakatos's methodology could better appreciate the limits of its application, and that those who use his metric could do so in a more informed way. The article argues for a sustained discussion about the promises and difficulties of theory appraisal, and suggests that MSRP may be a useful point of departure for that dialogue. It calls for IR theorists to undertake comparative analyses of different rationalist metrics to provide the basis for making informed judgments about their different strengths and weaknesses in helping to produce better theories.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials. 44. Rapid thermal decomposition of the propyl-1,3-diammonium salts of NO3− and ClO4−, and the crystal structure of the ClO4− salt

The temperature dependence of the IR spectra of the condensed phase (dT/dt=5°C min−1) and the fast thermolysis (dT/dt≥100°C sec−1) of propyl-1,3-diammonium dinitrate (PDD) and diperchlorate (PDP) are compared. Rapid-scan FTIR/temperature profiling shows that PDP explodes on heating while PDD decomposes with much less energy. HNO3(g) is formed by deneutralization in the initial decomposition of PDD, but HClO4(g) is not detected from PDP. PDP is unique among the compounds studied by this technique in that a solid-solid phase transition can be detected during rapid heating. The initial phase of PDP has been characterized by X-ray crystallography: monoclinic,P21/c,a=7.316(2),b=14.428(2),c=9.742(2) A,β=96.81°,V=1021.1(3) A3,Z=4,D=1.789 g cm−3,R(F)=0.034,R(wF)=0.040.
Librarian-Facilitated Problem-Based Learning Course in a School of Dental Medicine

While problem-based learning has been used in medical practice for several decades, dental education was slower to adapt this education model. However, as dental curricula are embracing this pedagogy, dental and other health sciences librarians are in a position to provide important curricular support. This article will detail one dental liaison librarian's experience with facilitating a problem-based, case-based studies course within the curriculum of a dental school.
Delivering energy to nanoscale: rapid adiabatic transformation, concentration, and stopping of radiation in nano-optics

In nanooptics, we theoretically predict a possibility with high efficiency to deliver electromagnetic energy to and concentrate it on the nanoscale. It is achieved by converting light waves to surface plasmon polaritons (SPP's) and slowly (adiabatically) varying in space dielectric (semiconductor) environment of a metal surface to gradually slow down and completely stop SPP's, converting them to surface plasmons localized on the nanoscale. Though adiabatic, this transformation should be as rapid as possible to minimize the absorption losses in the metal. Another way is to launch SPP's to propagate toward the tip of a tapered plasmonic waveguide. The SPP's are slowed down and asymptotically stopped when they tend to the tip, never actually reaching it (the travel time to the tip is logarithmically divergent). The rapid adiabatic stopping of SPP's causes accumulation of energy and giant local fields at the stopping point. There are multiple applications possible of these phenomena in nanooptics, nanoprobing, and nanomodification.
Mechanistic Inferences from the Crystal Structure of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase with a Bound Phosphorus-based Inhibitor

Abstract Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of a carbon–carbon bond in fumarylacetoacetate to yield fumarate and acetoacetate as the final step of Phe and Tyr degradation. This unusual reaction is an essential human metabolic function, with loss of FAH activity causing the fatal metabolic disease hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1). An enzymatic mechanism involving a catalytic metal ion, a Glu/His catalytic dyad, and a charged oxyanion hole was previously proposed based on recently determined FAH crystal structures. Here we report the development and characterization of an FAH inhibitor, 4-(hydroxymethylphosphinoyl)-3-oxo-butanoic acid (HMPOBA), that competes with the physiological substrate with aK i of 85 μm. The crystal structure of FAH complexed with HMPOBA refined at 1.3-A resolution reveals the molecular basis for the competitive inhibition, supports the proposed formation of a tetrahedral alkoxy transition state intermediate during the FAH catalyzed reaction, and reveals a Mg2+ bound in the enzyme's active site. The analysis of FAH structures corresponding to different catalytic states reveals significant active site side-chain motions that may also be related to catalytic function. Thus, these results advance the understanding of an essential catabolic reaction associated with a fatal metabolic disease and provide insight into the structure-based development of FAH inhibitors.
Turbulent drag reduction in dilute fiber suspensions: Mechanistic considerations

Both fibrous and polymeric additives, used alone or in combination, appear to affect primarily the fluid in the sublayer region adjacent to a solid surface, contrary to previous predictions. An analysis of fluid deformation modes shows tentatively why drag reduction levels become less sensitive to system scale when fibrous additives are employed, and why polymeric and fibrous additives may be more effective in combination than when either additive is used alone.
Use of a Three-Dimensional Laser Scanner to Digitally Capture the Topography of Sand Dunes in High Spatial Resolution

We herein report the results of a ﬁeld study that was designed to test the feasibility of using ground-based LIDAR to map the topography of a sand dune in high spatial resolution. A portable Cyrax 2500 three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner was used to digitally capture the topography of a barchan, roughly 4 m tall and 50 m long, located in the White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. We performed eleven scans around the barchan and obtained the elevation relative to the inter-dune ﬂat at roughly 1/4 million points on the dune surface. The elevation point data were then interpolated to yield a continuous surface model of the dune topography with c. 10 cm spatial resolution and c. 6 mm position accuracy. The results from this ﬁeld study clearly demonstrate the potential of ground-based LIDAR as a mapping tool for use in aeolian research and other earth science applications. The 3D surface model of the dune can describe the morphology with hitherto unprecedented detail. Moreover, the surface of the dune is mapped with a minimum of foot trafﬁc on the dune itself. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary cholecalciferol and phosphorus influence intestinal mucosa phytase activity in broiler chicks.

1. The role of cholecalciferol and phosphorus in the regulation of intestinal mucosa phytase was investigated in broiler chicks. 2. A total of 144 7-d-old male broiler chicks were grouped by weight into 6 blocks of 4 cages with 6 broiler chicks per cage. Four maize–soybean meal-based mash diets were randomly assigned to cages within each block. The 4 diets consisted of cholecalciferol at 0 or 75 µg/kg and total phosphorus at 3·6 or 7·0 g/kg in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The birds were given the experimental diets for 12 d under conditions which excluded ultraviolet light. 3. Broiler chicks fed on diets with the higher concentration of cholecalciferol had higher V max and K m of the mucosa phytase, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and percentage tibia ash, higher ileal digestibility of dry matter, energy, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), and increased retention of dry matter, nitrogen, P, Ca and energy. 4. Broiler chicks receiving diets with the higher P concentration showed lower V max and K ...
Iteration procedures for association constants

Abstract An analytical proof is given that an iteration procedure, applied to equations which have been derived to relate concentrations and spectrophotometric properties of a dimerization reaction, does not lead to convergent values if the two species are assumed to absorb at the same wavelength.