cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A real options model to assess the role of flexibility in forestry and agroforestry adoption and disadoption in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Efforts to restore the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley's forests have not achieved desired levels of ecosystem services production. We examined how the variability of returns and the flexibility to change or postpone decisions (option value) affects the economic potential of forestry and agroforestry systems to keep private land in production while still providing ecosystem services. A real options analysis examined the impact of flexibility in decision making under agriculture, forestry, and agroforestry and demonstrated that adoption of forestry or agroforestry systems is less feasible than would be predicted by deterministic capital budgeting models.
National Security Versus National Welfare in American Foreign Economic Policy

Policies of freer trade and greater economic openness became a hallmark of U.S. foreign economic policy after World War II. American policymakers came to accept that the improvement of economic conditions abroad correlated directly with prosperity at home. During that period, U.S. support for policies of economic openness assumed the compatibility of economic liberalism and national security.
PREDICTORS OF REARREST FOR RAPISTS AND CHILD MOLESTERS ON PROBATION

As a result of sex crimes committed against vulnerable populations such as women and youth, American policy makers have increasingly focused on the risk that released sex offenders pose to the public. This study compared sex offender probationers to understand whether predictors of rearrest differ for rapists and child molesters. After a 3-year follow-up, rapists were significantly more likely than child molesters to be rearrested for a nonsexual offense, whereas a trend in the data indicated that child molesters were more likely than rapists to be rearrested for a sexual offense. Results of the study indicated that criminal histories and offender age were robust predictors for both rapists and child molesters.
Carotid endarterectomy versus stenting for stroke prevention: what we have and will learn from Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial

The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST) has major implications for the future of carotid revascularization and stroke prevention. The purpose of The William Hinter Harridge Lecture was to discuss the history of carotid revascularization before CREST, to delineate the emergence of carotid artery stenting as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy, analyze the key findings in CREST, and describe the next phase of investigation, CREST-2.
Affective and Sensory Correlates of Hair Pulling in Pediatric Trichotillomania.

Hair pulling in pediatric populations has not received adequate empirical study. Investigations of the affective and sensory states contributing to the etiology and maintenance of hair pulling may help to elucidate the classification of trichotillomania (TTM) as an impulse control disorder or obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. The current study aimed to examine children's self-reported affective and sensory states associated with hair pulling. Fifteen participants completed a questionnaire assessing children's experiences during first and recent hair pulling episodes. Results revealed that pulling hair for the first time was associated with pleasure and pain whereas recent hair pulling was associated with pleasure only, suggesting that the punishing quality of hair pulling may diminish over time. The findings also support the notion that hair pulling may be maintained primarily through positive reinforcement, which is consistent with its classification as an impulse control disorder.
Proteomic Analysis of the Spore Coats of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis

The outermost proteinaceous layer of bacterial spores, called the coat, is critical for spore survival, germination, and, for pathogenic spores, disease. To identify novel spore coat proteins, we have carried out a preliminary proteomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis spores, using a combination of standard sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and improved two-dimensional electrophoretic separations, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and/or dual mass spectrometry. We identified 38 B. subtilis spore proteins, 12 of which are known coat proteins. We propose that, of the novel proteins, YtaA, YvdP, and YnzH are bona fide coat proteins, and we have renamed them CotI, CotQ, and CotU, respectively. In addition, we initiated a study of coat proteins in B. anthracis and identified 11 spore proteins, 6 of which are candidate coat or exosporium proteins. We also queried the unfinished B. anthracis genome for potential coat proteins. Our analysis suggests that the B. subtilis and B. anthracis coats have roughly similar numbers of proteins and that a core group of coat protein species is shared between these organisms, including the major morphogenetic proteins. Nonetheless, a significant number of coat proteins are probably unique to each species. These results should accelerate efforts to develop B. anthracis detection methods and understand the ecological role of the coat.
Low energy sparks in dielectric liquids

Thermalization is the process during breakdown by which the plasma transitions from having low temperature neutrals to having high temperature. The rate and extent of thermalization are dependent on collisions between energetic electrons and neutrals, the amount of energy added to the system, and energy losses. This process has been studied thoroughly for sparks in air [1]. Recently microsparks in liquids has become a growing area of research and the fundamental physics of this type of discharge are yet unclear [2,3]. The process of spark generation in a liquid medium is thought to transition through several stages: 1) A low density region is generated, 2) localized corona breakdown in reduced field enhanced regions, 3) Streamer formation and propagation leading to complete breakdown 4) Thermalization of the steamers and formed conductive channel both prior to and after breakdown 5) Relaxation of the spark causing it to extinguish due to energy limitations. In order to gain a better understanding of this fundamental process we are exploring the effect of energy input on the degree of thermalization of sparks in dielectric liquids. It is hypothesized that when the total energy supplied for the spark is reduced it will prevent the complete thermalization of the spark resulting in a more non-equilibirum plasma. In order to gauge the temperature of the plasma optical emission spectroscopy is used. The energy of microsparks generated in mineral oil is controlled by varying the capacitance of the external circuit in the 1–10 pF range while the total energy of the spark is estimated from current measurements. Although it is difficult to obtain accurate estimations of temperature optical emission peaks characteristic of thermal plasmas, such as the presence and intensity of the hydrogen alpha peak, are used to establish trends associated with the temperature of the sparks.
Spectrum management for wireless networks using adaptive control and game theory

Radio frequency spectrum in wireless communication is a common resource shared by all collocated devices. Most spectrum management schemes rely on a centralized base station-receiver station relaying architecture. In contrast, infrastructure-less systems including wireless ad hoc networks require a scalable, distributed methodology. Moreover, the access has to be coordinated among the nodes in the network in the aspects which include power and rate adaptation. The challenge is to find an optimal tradeoff between such parameters not only for a particular link but also for an entire multi-hop network. Several existing schemes address power, throughput and Signal-to-Interference ratio (SIR) control on a link level. In contrast, the proposed work performs optimization for the entire network. The game theory methodology is employed to solve the distribution of the radio resources while the adaptive power and rate control estimates the required but unknown radio interface parameters online. Moreover, the adaptive power and rate control scheme optimizes the local channel access. The resulting spectrum channel management scheme becomes a hybrid of adaptive controls and game theory approaches that guarantees a fair and efficient channel sharing and maximizes the overall performance. The results are shown analytically and through simulations.
Reconceptualizing the Case Management Relationship in Intensive Treatment: A Study of Staff Perceptions and Experiences

The helping relationship or alliance is theorized to be an important process variable in case management services for people with serious mental illness. Previous studies of the case management relationship borrow concepts and measures from psychotherapy research and therefore may overlook important differences in tasks, settings, and clinical roles across settings. A study of client–provider relationships as perceived by case managers, based on a qualitative study of two intensive case management (ICM) teams, is presented. The findings, which delineate positive and negative experiential elements, may be used to improve measurement of the case management relationship in future research.
Numerical studies of turbulent jet hydrogen/air diffusion flames with local quenching using stiff complex chemistry

A turbulent hydrogen/air jet diffusion flame is numerically studied using a finite volume method. The chemical reactions are described by 9 species and 16 pairs of elementary steps. The stiff source terms of multi-species equations are treated semi-implicitly in order to get a stable simulation solution. The physical transport and thermodynamic properties for each species and gas mixture are obtained from the CHEMKIN-II database. The k - Ɛ turbulence model is used to account for the turbulence field. The mean temperature and major species (H2, O2, H2O, N2) are investigated and compared with experimental measurements of Barlow et al (1994). The overall agreement is reasonable between the predictions and experiment. The local quenching phenomena in the near-field are well captured and are found to be caused by the lift-off of the flame.
Intravenous heparin for acute stroke: What can we learn from the megatrials?

To the Editor: In a review on IV heparin for acute stroke, Swanson concludes that “… routine administration of IV heparin to acute stroke patients is likely to do more harm than good and suggests that this practice should be discontinued until better evidence . …”1 To reach this conclusion, Dr. Swanson’s review is mostly based on the low-recurrence stroke rates shown in recent megatrials. If low recurrence is the argument used against acute anticoagulation (ATC), a few things should be considered. TOAST, a study with a high proportion of strokes of undetermined etiology and lack of treatment benefit in patients with cardioembolic events, reported a significant morbidity and mortality associated with recurrence. For reasons discussed elsewhere (particularly the inclusion of patients in centers without experience in stroke diagnosis), IST results are probably biased to provide meaningful conclusions on recurrence.2 Among other studies, Moroney et al. reported a 7.4% recurrence rate within 3 months in 300 patients with acute stroke.3 Most recurrences were early (first month), associated with high mortality (32%) and predicted by large-vessel disease (not just cardioembolism). Different studies have consistently shown that cardioembolic stroke recurrence is not only high but that it tends to occur within the first month with half of the emboli reaching the brain.4 Surprisingly, Dr. Swanson also believes that treatment of cardiogenic emboli with heparin “may warrant reassessment in light of the IST findings… .” Another issue invoked is the risk …
A Simple, Rapid Method for Demonstrating Bacterial Flagella

We developed a simple, rapid method for demonstrating flagellation of bacteria using the fluorescent protein stain NanoOrange (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). The NanoOrange reagent binds to hydrophobic regions of proteins, which results in substantial enhancement of fluorescence. Unbound reagent is essentially nonfluorescent. NanoOrange fluorescently stained bacterial cell bodies, as well as flagella and other appendages, which could be directly observed by epifluorescence microscopy. Detection of flagella was further improved by using a charge-coupled device camera for image capture and processing. The reliability of the method was tested by using 37 pure cultures of marine bacteria. Detection of flagella on the isolates by NanoOrange staining was compared to detection by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For 36 of 37 cultures, the two methods yielded the same results. In one case, flagella were detected by TEM but not by NanoOrange, although the difference may be attributable to differences between the culture preparations. NanoOrange staining is rapid (10 to 15 min) and does not require fixation or dehydration, so live samples can be stained. Since NanoOrange is a general protein stain and works directly in seawater, it may also prove to be useful for staining other proteinaceous material that is of interest to aquatic microbial ecologists.
Optimized port placement for in vivo biosensors.

Background We discuss the implementation of an automated port placement system for use with laparoscopic in vivo biosensors. Biosensors have physical limitations that make port placement crucial to proper data collection. The port placement process is prohibitively complex to execute optimally by human estimation. Methods Port placement algorithms were integrated into an image-guided surgery system. Variables for optimization of ports include biosensor length, data collection restrictions, obstacles, and regions of interest. The port placement is applied to 3D virtual ‘patients’ created from medical imaging data. An example implementation for a Raman biosensor probe was created. Results The prototype system can correctly find ideal port locations on a virtual patient based on biosensor limitations and regions of interest. Conversely, the system can evaluate and score an individual port selected by a user. Conclusion As biosensors become incorporated into laparoscopic surgical environments, an automated port placement system would enable their optimized integration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Better sex from the knife? An intimate look at the effects of cosmetic surgery on sexual practices.

Background The positive effects of aesthetic plastic surgery with respect to body image and self-esteem have been reported in the literature. However, the possible effects of aesthetic surgery on the sexual practices and characteristics of patients have been largely unexplored. Objective This paper seeks to examine the degree to which a major aesthetic procedure affects the patient's postoperative psychosexual life. Methods An anonymous questionnaire regarding preoperative versus postoperative psychosexual health and sexual behaviors was mailed to 330 male and female patients who had undergone a major aesthetic procedure by the senior author (G.M.S). Major procedures were defined as breast augmentation and/or mastopexy; facial aesthetic surgery, including face lift, brow lift, and rhinoplasty; and body contouring procedures, including abdominoplasty with or without lipoplasty, or lipoplasty alone. Results Of the 330 surveys mailed out, 54 were returned as undeliverable. Seventy completed surveys were returned. All the respondents were women, with a mean age of 38 years. More than 95% of respondents reported improvements in body image. Eighty percent of breast augmentation respondents and 50% of body surgery respondents declared improvements in sexual satisfaction. Fifty percent of breast and 60% of body respondents had changed to more provocative attire. Approximately 70% of the breast and body group testified that their partner's sex life had been enhanced. More than 30% of breast patients and 50% of body patients reported an enhanced ability to achieve orgasm. When body and breast respondents were compared with face surgery respondents, statistical significance (P Conclusions The results of this study affirm that cosmetic surgery patients overwhelmingly tend to feel better about their body after surgery. The sex lives of both patients and their sexual partners can be strikingly enhanced after elective cosmetic surgery, particularly if the surgery is focused on the breasts, abdomen, and thighs.
Transmembrane signals in the activation of T lymphocytes by mitogenic antigens

Abstract Besides being activated through the T-cell receptor in response to antigen presented in the context of self MHC molecules, T lymphocytes can also be activated by mitogens such as plant lectins. In this case two separate signals — one from the mitogen the other from interleukin 2 — are required to complete the cell cycle. Here, John Hadden details the biochemical events associated with mitogenic activation and emphasizes the importance of calcium and arachidonic acid metabolism in these processes.
Understanding clinical trial outcomes: design, analysis, and interpretation.

: Outcomes (a variable intended for comparison between groups) are integral to the design, conduct, and data analysis of a clinical trial. They are broadly divided into four categories: physician based, patient reported, economic based, and technology based. Each is used in dermatology to some degree, but no consensus exists as to what type of outcome or degree of validation should be employed. This is problematical because poor quality outcomes or their incorrect use may invalidate the results of a clinical trial. Despite their importance, outcome measures in dermatology receive little attention. The present authors aim to provide an overview of important considerations for outcome measures and a practical approach to their analysis.
Local motion, free volume fluctuations, and the thermodynamic recovery of polymeric glasses

Abstract The now 20-year old experiments of and Kovacs on the volumetric recovery of poly(viny1 acetate) near its glass transition brought to light several unexpected results: although the kinetics of recovery of the equilibrium volume following a downward step in temperature seemed describable by a free volume model, the recovery kinetics following an upward step in temperature clearly was not a function of free volume alone. In other experiments involving a pair of temperature steps, in which the pair of steps and the time interval between was programmed to bring the glass to an equilibrium volume at the instant the second temperature step was made, the volume following the second step drifted away from this equilibrium value and then returned to it later. Although Kovacs, Aklunis, and Hutchinson have shown recently that these early results could be described by a linear irreversible thermodynamic theory with a set of 33 ordering parameters, we believe the molecular origin of these results is fairly sim...
No brain left behind: consequences of neuroscience discourse for education

Educational neuroscience represents a concerted interdisciplinary effort to bring the fields of cognitive science, neuroscience and education to bear on classroom practice. This article draws attention to the current and potential implications of importing biological ideas, language and imagery into education. By analysing examples of brain-based consumer products and services, we express a concern that neuroscience discourse can promote reductive and deterministic ways of understanding the developing child, masking phenomenological, psychosocial, or cultural influences. Moreover, a lack of neuroscience literacy and the appeal of neuroscience explanations may leave this field especially vulnerable to misunderstanding and misappropriation. We conclude by suggesting some opportunities to mitigate these problems, thereby facilitating constructive interdisciplinary dialogue.
First steps towards automatic recognition of spontaneous facial action units

We present ongoing work on a project for automatic recognition of spontaneous facial actions (FACs). Current methods for automatic facial expression recognition assume images are collected in controlled environments in which the subjects deliberately face the camera. Since people often nod or turn their heads, automatic recognition of spontaneous facial behavior requires methods for handling out-of-image-plane head rotations. There are many promising approaches to address the problem of out-of-image plane rotations. In this paper we explore an approach based on 3-D warping of images into canonical views. Since our goal is to explore the potential of this approach, we first tried with images with 8 hand-labeled facial landmarks. However the approach can be generalized in a straight-forward manner to work automatically based on the output of automatic feature detectors. A front-end system was developed that jointly estimates camera parameters, head geometry and 3-D head pose across entire sequences of video images. Head geometry and image parameters were assumed constant across images and 3-D head pose is allowed to vary. First a a small set of images was used to estimate camera parameters and 3D face geometry. Markov chain Monte-Carlo methods were then used to recover the most-likely sequence of 3D poses given a sequence of video images. Once the 3D pose was known, we warped each image into frontal views with a canonical face geometry. We evaluate the performance of the approach as a front-end for an spontaneous expression recognition task.
Postictal psychosis: A case control series of 20 patients and 150 controls

We compared clinical data, EEG, and video-EEG studies in a consecutive series of 20 patients with postictal psychosis (PP) to 150 consecutive epilepsy patients with complex partial (CPS) or generalized tonic-clonic (GTCS) seizures but without PP. There was a lucid interval between last seizure and onset of psychosis ranging from 2.3 to 72 h (mean, 25 h). Duration of PP ranged from 16 to 432 h (mean, 83 h). Age, sex, epilepsy type (partial vs. generalized), and history of febrile seizures were similar in the PP and control groups. Patients with PP had more frequent GTCS during monitoring than controls (2.8 vs. 1.3; P < 0.001). Patients with PP were more likely to have a history of encephalitis (P < 0.0001) and psychiatric hospitalization (P < 0.002). More patients with PP had bilateral interictal epileptiform discharges during monitoring than controls (P < 0.0002). Postictal psychosis most often develops in patients with bilateral dysfunction following a cluster of GTCS.
Teaching the Scientific Method in the Social Sciences.

Many undergraduates can tell you what the scientific method means but just a little probing reveals a rather shallow understanding as well as a number of misconceptions about the method. The purpose of this paper is to indicate why such misconceptions occur and to point out some implications and suggestions for teaching the scientific method in the social sciences. This paper describes how students come to internalize key words and views about science without grasping some important concepts such as inference. I suggest that misunderstandings and misconceptions about science are the result of how it is transmitted to students. Misconceptions are easily perpetuated through the twin processes of diffusion and socialization. The social sciences can provide a corrective to this situation by first recognizing how textbooks and teaching approaches may contribute to the problem and, secondly, by developing innovative teaching strategies. This essay is based on observations made while teaching introductory anthropology and sociology courses to students of all majors.
Schrödinger Theory: The Existence of Discrete Energy Levels

The Schrodinger equation for a single particle moving under title influence of a time-independent conservative force $$ - \frac{\hbar }{i}\frac{{\partial \Psi }}{{\partial t}} = - \frac{{{\hbar ^2}}}{{2m}}{\nabla ^2}\Psi + V\Psi = H\Psi $$ (1) can be converted to the time-independent equation for the function Ψ(x, y, z) by assuming $$ \Psi=f(t)\psi(x,y,z) $$ (2) , with $$ -\frac{1}{f}\left\{{\frac{\hbar}{i}\frac{{df}}{{dt}}}\right\}=\frac{1}{\psi}\left\{{-\frac{{{\hbar^2}}}{{2m}}{\nabla^2}\psi+V\psi}\right\}=\frac{1}{\psi}(H\psi)=const, $$ (3) where we have converted a function of the time only on the left-hand side of the equation into a function of x,y,z only on the right-hand side. Because this must hold for all values of t and all x,y,z, the left-hand side and the right-hand side must be equal to a constant. We have separated the equation. The physical significance of the constant can be seen to be the energy, E.
Unconventional Views of Terrorism: Culture, Objectives, and the Future

Christopher Coker. Warrior Geeks: How 21st Century Technology is Changing the Way We Fight and Think About War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. 384 pp., $37.50 hardcover. ISBN: 019932789...
MPV17 -Related Hepatocerebral Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Depletion Syndrome

Abstract Infants and young children who present in acute liver failure require a specific, multidisciplinary evaluation to determine the etiology. The etiology of liver failure provides the specific treatment modalities possible. An important cause of acute liver failure in young children includes metabolic disease, and in particular mitochondrial disorders. While acute liver failure may be the presenting symptom in some children with mitochondrial disease, typically other symptoms are already present, including developmental delay, seizures, muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, and renal involvement. The mitochondrial causes of hepatopathy and liver failure include mitochondrial depletion syndromes, and other specific mitochondrial or nuclear gene mutations leading to defects in the respiratory chain or fatty acid oxidation.
Bioethanol from Algae Polysaccharides

Bioethanol currently dominates the biofuel industry; however, the main bioethanol feeedstocks, sugarcane and maize, are all land-based crops. Algae polysaccharides represent an alternative substrate for bioconversion into ethanol, upon hydrolysis into fermentable sugars.
Complete hydatidiform mole and live fetus in a singleton pregnancy with confined placental mosaicism and fetomaternal hemorrhage: a case report.

BACKGROUND Coexistence of complete mole and a live fetus is uncommon (1:22,000-100,000), more so with euploidy. CASE We present a case of a molar pregnancy with a euploid fetus who had close fetal evaluation for second trimester bleeding. The patient presented at 29 weeks' pregnancy with decreased fetal movements, a result of fetomaternal hemorrhage. She underwent cesarean section and delivered a live infant. By close follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, the appropriate diagnosis and a favorable outcome were achieved. Both mother and the child at 5 years of age are doing well. CONCLUSION Detailed anatomic and molecular studies demonstrated a complete mole resulting from confined placental mosaicism, with molar tissue showing a single paternal allele at 8/8 informative loci, all shared with the fetus, thus this coexistent molar pregnancy was not that of a separate conceptus.
Food Logging and Blogging Toward Healthier Nutrition: Bringing the Curriculum Out of the Classroom and Into the 21st Century:

This article focuses on the benefits of promoting lifelong, healthy eating habits within a student-centered blog. A learning community, located in an urban, northeastern section of the United State...
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is an acquired condition resulting in the growth of exophytic, wart-like lesions anywhere in the upper aerodigestive tract. This chapter will solely focus on papillomatosis affecting the larynx, the most affected site. While RRP is a benign condition, its recurrent nature makes it a source of morbidity due to the frequent need for surgical debulking and rare potential for airway obstruction or malignant transformation. Management has evolved significantly over the last 50 years, and understanding the evidence basis for diagnostic and treatment approaches is critically important.
Interoperability among access control models

In the era of distributed computing and multi-user environment, federated organizations need to collaborate and access each other's resources. In order to access resources user must be authenticated seamlessly and authorized to perform access request. Existing centralized solution such as Single Sign On suffers with single point of failure. In our research, we propose a distributed solution by making access control models, existing in different organizations, interoperable. We show how decentralized and distributed yet federated organizations with heterogeneous access control models can share valuable resources/services in secure, reliable and efficient manner with no or minimal changes to their existing infrastructure. Our solution converts the existing policies of collaborating organization into ABAC model by a model transformation utility. Any cross organization transactions are handled by our plug-in based system without requiring any changes in the current authentication and authorization workflow of both collaborating parties.
Introduction: Pathways in the College-for-All Era

This study provides a close look at the postsecondary pathways of 50 mostly low-income Latino/a students in the San Francisco East Bay Area who were high school seniors in 2007–2008. Their progress was followed over the course of three primary waves of interviews, and follow-ups with select respondents in 2012 and 2015. Though previous research has focused on whether students go to college, these Latino/a students assumed that everyone goes to college, adopting a college-for-all orientation. The study offers an important empirical contribution to our knowledge of college choice processes among a population that, while strongly college-oriented, faces significant constraints due to both resource deficiencies and racialized status.
Acculturation Needs of Pediatric International Medical Graduates: A Qualitative Study.

ABSTRACTPhenomenon: International medical graduates (IMGs) play a key role in host countries' health systems but face unique challenges, which makes effective, tailored support for IMGs essential. Prior literature describing the acculturation needs of IMGs focused primarily on communication content and style. We conducted a qualitative study to explore acculturation that might be specific to IMG residents who care for children. Approach: In a study conducted from November 2011 to April 2012, we performed four 90-minute semistructured focus groups with 26 pediatric IMG residents from 12 countries. The focus group transcripts were analyzed using open and focused coding methodology. Findings: The focus groups and subsequent analysis demonstrated that pediatric IMG residents' socialization to their home culture impacts their transition to practice in the United States; they must adjust not only to a U.S. culture, different from their own, but also to the culture of medicine in the United States. We identified...
Interclausal NEG raising and the scope of negation

In this paper, we show that the syntactic analysis of one major type of NEG raising in Collins & Postal (2014) is inconsistent with the facts of negation scope revealed by Klima (1964) type tests for sentential negation. Two of the four original Klima tests plus three additional ones are discussed. We propose a novel alternative syntactic analysis, one also involving NEG raising, that is consistent with the relevant tests, as well as with all the principles of NEG raising and NEG deletion proposed in Collins & Postal (2014). We suggest, further, that the newer analysis permits a more uniform overall conception of the various cases of NEG Raising.
Edmund Husserl’s Internal Time Consciousness and Modern Times, a Socio-historical Interpretation

This article revisits Edmund Husserl’s philosophy of time in light of the modern standardisation of time. After assessing Husserl’s innovative analysis of the experience of time and raising key issues pertaining to his derivation of objective time from an originary ‘absolute flux of consciousness’, the article addresses potential relationships between this conception of time and the historically unique experience of time based in the rise of modern clock-time. Drawing on insights from the literature within the sociology of time, the article concludes that Husserl’s conception of time both reproduces and rejects certain features of modern time relations.
Rapid Elemental Analysis of Aerosols Using Atmospheric Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy.

A new, low-cost approach based on the application of atmospheric radio frequency glow discharge (rf-GD) optical emission spectroscopy (OES) has been developed for near real-time measurement of multielemental concentration in airborne particulate phase. This method involves deposition of aerosol particles on the tip of a cathode in a coaxial microelectrode system, followed by ablation, atomization, and excitation of the particulate matter using the rf-GD. The resulting atomic emissions are recorded using a spectrometer for elemental identification and quantification. The glow discharge plasma in our system was characterized by measuring spatially resolved gas temperatures (378–1438 K) and electron densities (2–5 × 1014 cm–3). Spatial analysis of the spectral features showed that the excitation of the analyte occurred in the region near the collection electrode. The temporal analysis of spectral features in the rf-GD showed that the collected particles were continuously ablated; the time for complete ablati...
An Investigation of Language-Learning Strategies in a Blogging Task

This study sought to identify the language-learning strategies employed by learners of Spanish while posting entries to a class blog. The project consisted of the development of a blogging activity and its implementation in an Intermediate Spanish course. In accordance with the literature’s recommendations about language-learning-strategy assessment, the study employed an actual-task strategy questionnaire which included open-ended questions, along with a checklist to identify the strategies used by participants while completing the blogging task. The analysis of the data revealed that participants employed a variety of strategies while posting their entries to the class blog. The most prevalent was the use of previous knowledge, which was mainly reflected in the choice of topic for blog entries made by participants. Participants also used the task-based strategy of re-wording and rephrasing to simplify the language and turned to available resources such as a Spanish-English dictionary, their textbook, the Internet, and help from friends or classmates. Additionally, participants used the metacognitive strategies of monitoring and evaluation to ensure the quality of their posts, coupled with the task-based strategy of applying general grammatical rules to specific blogging problems. Finally, the data analysis revealed that, contrary to the findings of previous research, students had some awareness of the existence of strategies that they could use to facilitate the blogging task.
A Case for Design Localization: Diversity of Website Aesthetics in 44 Countries

Adapting the visual designs of websites to a local target audience can be beneficial, because such design localization increases users' appeal, trust, and work efficiency. Yet designers often find it difficult to decide when to adapt and how to adapt the designs, mainly because there are currently no guidelines that describe common website designs in various countries. We contribute the first large-scale analysis of 80,901 website designs across 44 countries, made available via an interactive web-based design catalog. Using computational image metrics to compare the ~2,000 most visited websites per country, we found significant differences between several design aspects, such as a website's colorfulness, visual complexity, the number of text areas and the average saturation of colors. Our results contribute a snapshot of web designs that users in 44 countries frequently see, showing that the design of websites with a global reach are more homogenized compared to local websites between countries.
Kombinationen von Psychopharmaka

Viele der derzeit gultigen Therapiestandards (Falkai et al. 2005; Falkai et al. 2006; Gaebel et al. 2006; Miller et al. 2004; Rush et al. 1999) empfehlen in der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen nachdrucklich eine Monotherapie. In der klinischen Praxis werden jedoch je nach Krankheitsbild mehr oder weniger haufig Kombinations- oder Augmentationsbehandlungen durchgefuhrt, obwohl kontrollierte Studien, die ein solches Handeln unter dem Aspekt der evidenzbasierten Medizin rechtfertigen wurden, uberwiegend fehlen. Eine international konsentierte Definition existiert bislang nicht, so dass nachfolgend eine Kombination als die gleichzeitige Verordnung von zwei oder mehreren Psychopharmaka derselben Kategorie fur mindestens 90 Tage von einer Augmentation als die simultane Verordnung eines Psychopharmakons mit einem oder mehreren (Psycho)-pharmaka einer anderen Kategorie fur einen begrenzten Zeitraum unterschieden wird. In diesem Beitrag werden die wesentlichen verfugbaren Kombinations- und Augmentationsstudien fur verschiedene Diagnose- und Patientengruppen dargestellt. Eine Ubersicht findet sich bei (Messer und Schmauss 2006).
The Concept of Self-Executing Treaty Provisions

The ILO Committee of Experts has emphasized that only self-executing convention provisions are directly applied in automatic incorporation states. Non-self-executing provisions require implementing legislation and are not applied by courts or administrators unless such legislation has been adopted. The determination of whether implementing legislation is required is important to the ILO supervisory bodies who are charged with ascertaining whether conventions are effectively applied in national law. It is also important to national administrative agencies but particularly to individuals (the ultimate beneficiaries of ILO conventions) since individuals may not invoke convention provisions in automatic incorporation states if they are non-self-executing and implementing legislation has not been adopted.
Ignition Experiments with Advanced Fusion Fuels

Until recently the realization of a D-3He or a D-D burning reactor had been considered a goal to be achieved in the next century, since a near-term experiment to test the possibility of igniting these kinds of plasmas could not be foreseen. However, recent experimental observations, as well as new theoretical developments, have led to the identification of a class of experiments1 that can lead to the realization of ignition conditions for a D-3He system on the basis of present-day technology.2,3 In fact, in order to achieve this goal, as we shall show in the following sections, it is necessary to have a plasma confinement configuration that can attain,
Stem Diameter and Electrochemical Measurements

This discussion wil1 focus on the measurement of plant stem diameter and apoplast electrochemical status. Emphasis will be directed primarily towards the instrument techniques themselves under field conditions as opposed to the physiological interpretation of the data. For the latter see references 1,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,13,15.
The Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction: Variations and Scope

The Diels-Alder reaction has long been a useful tool in organic synthesis. Although the concept of covalently linking the diene and the dienophile was originated by Alder (1), it has only been in the last ten years that the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction has been widely used. Partly this has been because efficient routes to the requisite trienes have only recently been available, and partly it has been because there has not been enough data in the literature to allow one to predict with confidence the stereochemical outcome of a prospective cyclization.
Glucagon Secretion, Function, and Clinical Role

The cellular arrangement of the islets of Langerhans consists of an outer mantle of glucagon-containing A cells or, in some islets, pancreatic-polypeptide-containing F cells making up approximately 25% of the total islet cell population, somatostatin-containing D cells making up about 10%, and an inner core of insulincontaining B cells accounting for at least 65% of the total islet cell population (Orci and Unger, 1976).
Cognitive performance in antidepressant-free recurrent major depressive disorder.

Background Cognitive complaints are common in depression, and cognition may be an important treatment target as cognitive problems often remain during remission and may contribute to recurrence risk. Previous studies of cognitive performance in depression have mainly examined late-life depression, with a focus on older adults, or assessed performance in specific cognitive tasks rather than cognitive domains. Methods This study examined cognitive performance across multiple cognitive domains in antidepressant-free depressed adults with early onset recurrent depression compared to never-depressed controls. Domain scores were calculated for episodic memory, executive function, processing speed, and working memory, and the effect of depression diagnosis, depression severity, and depression duration on each domain score was examined, including interactions with age, sex, and education. Results Currently depressed adults (n = 91) exhibited poorer performance in the processing speed domain compared with never-depressed adults (n = 105). Additionally, there was an interactive effect of depression duration and age on processing speed and executive function domain performance, such that performance was worse with older age and longer duration of depression. There were no effects of depression severity on performance across the cognitive domains. Conclusions These findings support that processing speed deficits appear in young adults with early onset depression that may not be related to current mood. Additionally, the effects of cumulative depressive episodes may interact with aging such that cognitive performance deficits worsen with recurrence over the lifespan.
Continuing Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Infant Formula and Dairy Products from the United States: Implications for Environmental Sources

A total of 52 infant formulas and 42 dairy products, including milk, yogurt, cheese, and butter, as well as bread purchased from Albany, New York, were analyzed for melamine and its derivatives (cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide). ∑Melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) was found in infant formula, milk, yogurt, cheese, butter, and bread at median concentrations of 4.8, 7.9, 5.1, 17, 4.2, and 7.5 ng/g, respectively. Median ∑Melamine concentrations in infant formula collected in 2008 (9.4 ng/g) were significantly higher than those collected in 2018 (2.7 ng/g). Similarly, there were significant differences in ∑Melamine concentrations between powdered (median of 2.3 ng/g) and liquid forms (9.0 ng/g) of infant formula. However, no significant differences in ∑Melamine concentrations were found between milk-based (5.0 ng/g) and soy-based (2.3 ng/g) or between organic (4.4 ng/g) and nonorganic (4.8 ng/g) forms of infant formula. Cyanuric acid was the major derivative found in all products analy...
Compendium of Recent Neutron Testing of Electronic Parts at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory has been testing COTS electronic parts for potential use in small spacecraft and high altitude telemetry systems. In this paper, we present results of neutron and total ionizing dose (TID) testing.
Gender, HIV-Related Stigma, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Adults Enrolling in HIV Care in Tanzania.

HIV-related stigma has been associated with worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among people living with HIV (PLWH). Little is known about how different types of HIV-related stigma (i.e., anticipatory, internalized, or enacted HIV-related stigma) influence HRQoL and whether these relationships differ by gender. The sample included 912 PLWH aged 18 years or older enrolling in HIV care at four health facilities in Tanzania. HRQoL was assessed with the life satisfaction and overall function subscales of the HIV/AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life (HAT-QoL) instrument. Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression modeled the association of anticipatory, internalized, and enacted HIV-related stigma on poor HRQoL. Across all participants, the mean life satisfaction score was 63.4 (IQR: 43.8, 81.3) and the mean overall function score was 72.0 (IQR: 58.3, 91.7). Mean HRQoL scores were significantly higher for women compared to men for overall function (5.1 points higher) and life satisfaction (4.3 points higher). Fourteen percent of respondents reported recent enacted HIV-related stigma and 13% reported recent medium or high levels of internalized stigma. In multivariable models, high internalized and high anticipatory stigma were significantly associated with higher odds of poor life satisfaction and poor overall function in both men and women. Psychosocial interventions to prevent or reduce the impact of internalized and anticipatory stigma may improve HRQoL among persons in HIV care. Future research should longitudinally examine mechanisms between HIV-related stigma, poor HRQoL, and HIV care outcomes.
Stress-timing in Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract: This paper presents instrumental and phonological evidence that Brazilian Portuguese has a tendency toward stress-timing: (1) inter-stress durations are not directly proportional to the number of syllables; (2) many differences in interstress durations are not perceptible; (3) syllable duration is inversely proportional to the number of syllables in a word; (4) in casual speech unstressed syllables delete, which has the effect of equalizing the number of syllables in each stress group; and (5) shortening processes, which reduce duration, have the effect of aiding stress-timing, e.g. “raising” ([e, o] → [i, u] ), “monophthongization” (VG → V), and “syllabicity shifts” (VG → GV). The shortening processes operate increasingly as style changes from “Citation” to “Normal” to “Casual”. Since “Casual” represents the most progressive style and is often indicative of the direction of language change, the data suggest that Portuguese is changing from syllable-timing to stress-timing.
The Development of Educational Aspirations and Expectations From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study of Mexican-Origin Youth:

Mexican-origin youth are at increased risk for school dropout and low educational attainment. High educational aspirations and expectations provide a potential source of resilience, given their ass...
Recent Developments in the Clinical Management of Weaponized Nerve Agent Toxicity

Human exposure to weaponized organophosphates (e.g. nerve agents) occurs in the context of military and terrorist attacks, assassinations, laboratory accidents, and suicide attempts. Increasing global tensions have led to renewed scrutiny of nerve agents and their deliberate use to poison political enemies. Poisoning from these highly potent agents present several challenges. Toxicitiy from these agents may persist untreated if clinicians do not recognize the resultant cholinergic toxidrome. Despite clinicians lack of familiarity with nerve agent toxicity, large scale exposures due to chemical munitions may significantly stress healthcare systems and deplete antidote availability. Finally, recent history suggests that environmental persistence of some nerve agents may pose additional threat due to delayed exposure and injury to innocent bystanders. This chapter reviews important advances in the clinical management of individuals exposed to nerve agents. It discusses contingency management and alternate antidotes in the setting of mass depletion of existing antidote stock.
Open Pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)

This chapter discusses technical aspects of open pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), including instrumentation and equipment, patient positioning, and surgical steps. The authors also offer pearls and pitfalls.