cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid increase in copper concentrations in a new marina, San Diego Bay

Concentrations of copper in water rose rapidly following the introduction of boats to a new marina in San Diego Bay. Two months after the marina reached half its capacity, a majority of water samples exceeded chronic and acute criteria for dissolved copper, and copper concentrations in several samples exceeded the highest concentrations observed in another marina that has been listed as an impaired water body. A box model suggested that a small fraction of the leached copper was sequestered in sediment. Copper concentrations in water entering the marina from the bay was more than half the chronic concentration limit, so only 50% of marina boat capacity could be accommodated without exceeding the chronic criterion more than 50% of the time. Copper concentrations in water may increase rapidly following boat introduction in small marinas, but could return to pre-introduction levels by controlling boat numbers or reducing use of copper-based paints.
Complex coordinates in transformation optics

We show that complex coordinates used in conjunction with transformation optics offer an extra degree of freedom that allows control over not only the propagation direction of electromagnetic waves but also their amplitude. We illustrate this idea in two applications. First, we show that in an $n$-dimensional space one can manipulate the field amplitude for up to $n$ different amplitude distributions in regions that are critical to the performance of the device under consideration, and thus reduce the device's sensitivity to design imperfections in these regions. Second, we expand previous work on reflectionless perfectly matched layers and show how complex coordinates and transformation optics are a natural choice for designing perfectly matched layers of arbitrary shape.
A taxonomy of sports rating systems

Systems analysis is applied to a milieu of sports rating systems (SRSs) resulting in a unifying taxonomy. Each SRS operates in three phases: evaluation of sports performance, weighting of the evaluated performance and creation of a rating for each competitor using the weighted evaluated performance. In the first phase, sports are classified as: combat sports where each competitor tries to control the opponent, object sports where each competitor tries to control an object in direct competition with the opponent and independent sports where each competitor is unimpeded by the opponent. Each sports performance is evaluated by judging, measuring and/or scoring. In the second phase, weighting may be represented by matrix operations. In the third phase, there are two combinations of operations that classify SRSs: accumulative and adjustive approaches. Examples of SRSs are presented for boxing, track and field, golf, skiing, Olympic performances, chess, soccer, tennis, and those with the ability to predict future outcomes.
On thermal convection driven by non-uniform heating from below: an experimental study

Abstract It was shown with streak photographs and temperature diagrams that a linear temperature distribution will generate a single convecting cell of marked asymmetric structure. Rayleigh and Nusselt numbers were defined and numerical values for these were computed for the different studies. With the experiments in mind, a simple scale analysis was developed to provide a more formal interpretation of the results. It was inferred that under certain limitations the Nusselt number should be proportional to the Rayleigh number to the one-fifth power. These experiments were conducted in a non-rotating system, but it is believed that they are of interest in understanding the effect of differential insolation on large-scale ocean circulation systems.
CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of Solidification of Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) in the Presence of Cooled Fibers

A new experimental configuration for the casting of metal matrix composites (MMCs) using Al-4.5 wt pct Cu have been used to obtain finer microstructures around the fiber reinforcement. The new configuration allows the fibers to be extended out the mold and cooled by a heat sink. By doing so, the solidification can be made more rapid, and more primary alpha-aluminum phase can be formed on the surface of the fibers. It is believed that this can lead to improvement in the properties of the composite. CFD simulation of the solidification of Al-4.5 wt pct Cu in the casting process has been carried out by using commercial CFD code. Parametric studies on the effects of different processing parameters on solidification time have been simulated using the CFD code. These parameters include, but are not limited to, the pouring temperature of the liquid melt, sink temperature, fiber length extended out of the mold, the mold initial temperature, fiber conductivity, applied pressure, and fiber bundle diameter. Selected simulation results are compared with the available experimental data obtained from the UWM Center for Composites.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency enhances non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Previously we reported that mice deficient in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signalling were protected from diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Another member of the toll-like receptor family, TLR-2, has been shown to play a role in lipid trafficking via uptake of diacylated lipoproteins. However, a role for TLR-2 in NASH has not been elucidated. The objectives of the current study were to examine the influence of dietary fat quality and TLR-2 on NASH pathogenesis. Steatohepatitis was induced in male Db, C57BL/6 and TLR-2-/- mice by feeding an L-amino acid-defined diet that was deficient in methionine and choline (MCDD). Mice fed the base diet supplemented with methionine and choline (control diet; CD) were used as controls. To determine the role of fat quality, MCDD was enriched with polyunsaturated corn oil (PUFA) or coconut oil that is comprised mostly of saturated fat (SAFA); the total amount of each fat was 112.9 g/kg of diet. After 8 weeks of feeding CD or MCDD, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and necrosis were evaluated in histological sections. Total RNA was extracted from frozen liver samples and mRNA expression of TNFα, collagen α1, IL-10, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), TLR-4, and CD14, was analyzed via real-time PCR. Protein levels of TLR-2 were analyzed by western blot. Panlobular macrovessicular steatosis and diffuse leukocyte infiltration were noted in PUFA-fed Db mice. Histological scores demonstrated significantly less steatosis, inflammation and necrosis in SAFA-fed mice of all mouse strains. However, compared to wild type mice, hepatocellular damage was notably more severe in TLR-2-/- mice. Consistent with histological findings, mRNA expression of TNFα was elevated by approximately 3-fold in TLR-2-/- mice; PPAR-γ expression was blunted in this strain compared to wild type. Expression of the matrix protein collagen αI was also significantly higher in TLR-2-/- mice, indicating a pro-fibrogenic state. Sensitivity to steatohepatitis due to dietary fat or TLR-2 deficiency correlated significantly with alterations in the expression of TLR-4 as well as the co-receptor CD-14. Our findings suggest that dietary saturated fat plays a protective role against MCDD-induced steatohepatitis, whereas TLR-2 deficiency exacerbated NASH. The mechanism underlying the response to dietary fat and TLR-2 likely involves altered signalling via the TLR-4 pathway.
S-score: A novel scoring method of gene signatures for molecular classification

Gene signatures have been utilized to discover the inferred biological functions under gene expression profiles. We present a novel sample scoring method called Signature-score (S-score). S-score quantifies the expression pattern by using gene signatures and has better accuracy and robustness than other scoring methods. A confidence boundary of S-score is determined to identify the status of samples for which gene signatures represent. Through the quantitative and qualitative analyses of S-score, we will be able to unambiguously identify the qualitative status of enriched pathways or biological processes. This scoring method will not only allow researchers to explore novel functions for microarray studies, but also to focus on known biological functions that manifest the phenotype.
Aggregation of silica dispersions by iron(III)

Abstract The coagulation and restabilization of silica dispersions by iron(III) has been studied as a function of pH, applied metal ion concentration (Ct), and the surface area of the dispersed phase (S). Understanding and interpretation of these phenomena in the iron(III)-silica system requires a knowledge of the interrelationships among Ct, pH, and S. Results are presented graphically as log Ct-pH and log Ct-log S domains of coagulation and restabilization. Hydrolyzed iron(III) is observed to be a better coagulant than nonhydrolyzed ferric ions and is also able to restabilize silica dispersions. Adsorption of hydrolyzed iron(III) species is responsible for the influence of the surface area of the solid silica phase on coagulation and restabilization. The observed dependence on surface area is in agreement with that predicted by a Langmuir model. Light scattering and refiltration rate measurements are shown to provide complementary quantitative measures of coagulation and restabilization, permitting these phenomena to be studied over a wide range of solid phase concentrations.
Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity

The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral and cellular defense responses. Humoral defenses include antimicrobial peptides, the cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of hemolymph, and the production of reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen. Cellular defenses refer to hemocyte-mediated responses like phagocytosis and encapsulation. In this review, we discuss the cellular immune responses of insects with emphasis on studies in Lepidoptera and Diptera. Insect hemocytes originate from mesodermally derived stem cells that differentiate into specific lineages identified by morphology, function, and molecular markers. In Lepidoptera, most cellular defense responses involve granular cells and plasmatocytes, whereas in Drosophila they involve primarily plasmatocytes and lamellocytes. Insect hemocytes recognize a variety of foreign targets as well as alterations to self. Both humoral and cell surface receptors are involved in these recognition events. Once a target is recognized as foreign, hemocyte-mediated defense responses are regulated by signaling factors and effector molecules that control cell adhesion and cytotoxicity. Several lines of evidence indicate that humoral and cellular defense responses are well-coordinated with one another. Cross-talk between the immune and nervous system may also play a role in regulating inflammation-like responses in insects during infection.
A mobile coherent low-frequency acoustic range

A portable system for the measurement of certain underwater acoustic propagation phenomena is described. Acoustic sources and receivers of special design are used. A precision tracking system enables coherent signal reception in the presence of source-receiver motion. The major elements of the acoustic range are described and examples of data are presented.
Cervical synovial sarcoma at the bifurcation of the carotid artery.

Cervical synovial sarcoma has been reported in only 15 cases; in none of these was there any association with a vascular structure. A patient with cervical synovial sarcoma encompassing the bifurcation of the left carotid artery underwent a left radical neck dissection, including excision of the left external carotid artery and the hypoglossal nerve. The tumor was dissected away from the common carotid and internal carotid arteries. Although the fibrous pseudo-capsule of the tumor was focally infiltrated by malignant cells it appeared that the tumor had not involved the fibrous adventitia of the carotid arteries. Radiation therapy with 6000 rads tumor dose was administered to a wide local field. There is no evidence of recurrence 1 year postoperatively. Histologic and ultrastructural findings were similar to those reported previously in a case of synovial sarcoma of an extremity.
Oxidative Cleavage of Esters and Amides to Carbonyl Products by Cytochrome P450

A series of esters and several amides were shown to undergo oxidative cleavage with the formation of carbonyl products in the presence of purified isoforms of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) in a reconstituted enzyme system. The reaction also requires NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and is stimulated by phosphatidylcholine. Kinetic constants were determined in experiments in which the predicted aldehyde product was identified and quantitated by gas chromatography. A relationship was seen with P450 2E1 between the structures of the esters and the Vmax values, with the rates decreasing in the series of methyl formate to methyl valerate, and similarly in the series of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl acetates. Furthermore, a clear correlation exists between the Km values of the ethyl esters examined and the log of the octanol/water partition coefficients of these substrates. With P450 2E1, the Km decreases significantly between one and four carbon atoms in the chain length of the acyl component of the ester but is unaffected by a further increase in length. However, no correlation was found between the Km value and the chain length of the alcohol moiety of the esters. Similarly, with P450 2B4 a large decrease in Km occurs between one and five carbons in the acyl component of the ethyl esters but is unaffected by a further increase in chain length. The observed correlation is presumed to arise from hydrophobic interactions between the access channel to the active site of P450 and the acyl side chain of the esters. P450 1A2 is also active in ester cleavage, and the three cytochromes examined with esters are active in the conversion of N-alkyl amides to aldehydes, as are P450s 2C3, 1A1, and 3A6. Studies on 2-butyl acetate oxidation by P450 2B4 in the presence of 18O2 showed 88% 18O incorporation into the product, 2-butanone. This is consistent with a mechanism that involves hydroxylation at the alpha-carbon of the alcohol component of the ester to yield an unstable geminal hydroxy ester, as proposed earlier by F. P. Guengerich et al. (1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8176-8183) for several dihydropyridine carboxylic esters. Our results further indicate that such an intermediate decomposes by a nonhydrolytic mechanism and also rule out the possibility of transient ester hydrolysis with subsequent oxidation of the alcohol formed. In addition, they establish that oxidative cleavage is a widespread reaction among P450 cytochromes and commonly used esters and amides.
Suicide in the elderly

Abstract In the vast majority of countries the suicide rate of elderly persons (referring to those aged 65 years and above) is significantly higher than in younger age groups. In the US, by age 80 the suicide rate ranges from 3/100 000 among African American women to 60/100 000 among Caucasian men. Although in all age groups men have higher suicide rates than women, the difference is the most striking in older men living in industrialized countries. In the US the elderly have the highest suicide rate of all age groups, with men accounting for 81% of completed suicides in late-life. It seems that certain life events such as widowhood pose a higher risk for suicide on men than women. It is also possible that the aging process has different effects among men than women and/or elderly women may possess distinct protective factors that could explain the dramatic gender difference. The clinical profile of depressed elderly suicide victims suggests that, if treated for depression, these patients would have had a favorable prognosis. In older people suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide occur most frequently in the context of major depression. Studies have observed that depression in elderly suicide victims is more often without comorbid substance abuse or personality disorders than in younger age groups. Furthermore, while the elderly carry out high lethality attempts, the time to intervene may be longer as the elderly are less impulsive, contemplating suicide for months. Psychological autopsy studies may overestimate the number of elderly suicides that occur in the first episode of late onset depression. It is possible that in a subgroup of suicidal elderly men previous depressive episodes may have been undetected. The detection of suicide in the elderly (especially in men) is more challenging, as they are less likely to communicate their depressed mood and overt suicide intent and are often present with symptoms of masked depression. Although 50% of elderly suicide victims visited their GP the month before their death, more than half of the visits were exclusively for physical complaints. Following an overview of epidemiology and risk factors, we report data on the development and preliminary testing of the Yale Evaluation of Elderly Suicidality Scale and summarize interventions that can be effective in treating suicidal elderly. Finally, we briefly describe two prevention and treatment studies that are currently underway in primary care settings. The aim of these studies is to determine whether the improved detection of depression, improved compliance, and state of-art pharmacotherapy and/or psychotherapy will reduce the prevalence of depressive symptoms, hopelessness and suicidal ideation. These studies aim to investigate whether all the above decrease the rate of suicide attempts and lethal suicide in older adults.
Foreign Investment and the Terms of Trade

Exchange and ultimate effects of foreign investment, 444. — Changes in productivity under simple conditions, 445. — Relation to ratios of productive efficiency, 447. — Changes in productivity under complex conditions, 448. — Distribution of gain from foreign investment, 454. — Significance of diversification, 458. — Linked competition, 461. — Summary of conclusions, 463.
Significance of seismic response spectrum normalization in nuclear power plant design

Abstract Peak ground acceleration has been used most commonly to normalize seismic response spectra. Apparently, there is a general consensus that this is not the best parameter for spectrum normalization. Several other parameters have been proposed, such as, peak acceleration-velocity-displacement triad, peak velocity and spectrum intensity. This paper presents statistical studies of response spectra from a number of recorded earthquake motions normalized by several different parameters. The parameters used are peak acceleration, peak velocity, spectrum intensity, spectrum ordinate, etc. Spectrum shapes are generated corresponding to 84 percentile probability level for different normalization parameters. These shapes are compared with the other standrad spectrum shapes used in the nuclear power plant design to investigate significance of different normalization techniques.
The Distribution of Inspired Air in Interstitial Lung Disease

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.The distribution of inspired gas was studied by the helium equilibration method using a commercially available apparatus. Of the 26 patients studied, 11 had no cardiac or pulmonary disease, ten had interstitial lung disease and five had obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. 2.Previous methods of analysis of the helium equilibration curves were discussed, and a method of standardized plotting was proposed. 3.The finding of a significant degree of uneven ventilation in obstructive disease was once more confirmed. 4.There was no significant difference in the helium equilibration curves in the control group compared with those of patients with interstitial lung disease.
Synthesis of minimal (irreducible) realisations

A method is presented here for synthetising minimal realisations from the given transfer-function matrix of a multivariable system having multiple poles. The method is simple and convenient because it involves the computation of only the minimal order of the system and the constant-coefficient matrices.
Evaluation of Monoaminergic Neurotransmitters in the Rat Striatum during Varied Global Cerebral Ischemia

Neurotransmitter release during cerebral ischemia has been extensively studied and is thought to play a key role in excitotoxic neuronal death. The changes in neurotransmitter release and its metabolism may reflect changes in cellular metabolism during ischemia. The purpose of this study is to assess alterations in extracellular dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites under varied degrees of ischemia in rat striatum to elucidate the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Twenty rats were used to induce varied forebrain ischemia by means of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion along with hemorrhagic hypotension. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the striatum was measured every 40 minutes by methods of hydrogen clearance and maintained within certain ranges for 6 hours. Dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites were measured every 20 minutes by in vivo microdialysis. Varying degrees of ischemia were obtained, ranging from 9.4 to 81.3% of control CBF. The animals were divided into three groups according to CBF levels measured 20 minutes after the induction of ischemia. In the mild ischemia group (n = 5), CBF ranged from 65 to 88% of baseline levels and resulted in only a slight increase of dopamine. In the moderate ischemia group (n = 10), CBF ranged from 21 to 48% of baseline levels and resulted in transient increases of dopamine (24-fold) and serotonin (5-fold). In the severe ischemia group (n = 5), CBF was below 14% of baseline levels and resulted in marked increases in dopamine (462-fold) and serotonin (225-fold). These alterations remained elevated for 3 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diterpenoids and acetogenins of Blepharizonia plumosa

Abstract The chemical investigation of the methylene chloride extract of Blepharizonia plumosa has resulted in the isolation of eight new compounds in addition to two known isomeric labdane diterpenoids [13 R ,14 R ,15-tri-hydroxylabd-(8,9)-ene and 7-ene]. The new compounds include three acetogenins [3 R ,11 R -dihydroxy-, 3 R -acetoxy-11 R -hydroxy- and 3 R -hydroxy-11-ketododecanoic acid (isolated as Me esters)], the E and Z isomers of 2-cinnamoyl-3-butanol, and three diterpenoids [7α,13 R ,14 R ,15-tetrahydroxylabd-8(17)-ene (blepharizol A), S R ,13 R -oxido-14 R ,15-dihydroxylabd-9(11)-ene (blepharizol B) and 8-keto-8,9-seco-9,14 R ,15-trihydroxygrindelane (blepharizone)].
Performance of linear discriminant analysis in stochastic settings

This paper provides, for the first time, exact analytical expressions for the first moment of the true error of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) when the data are univariate and taken from two stochastic Gaussian processes. We assume a general setting in which the sample data from each class do not need to be identically distributed or independent within or between classes. As an application of this framework, we characterize the performance of LDA in situations that the data are generated from autoregressive models of the first order.
Potential impact of tumor registry rule changes for recording inflammatory breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: New tumor registry rules for abstracting multiple primaries and histologies include 1 specifically for inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), which states that the International Classification for Oncology (ICD-O) histology code 8530 (3) for IBC should be used only when it is on the pathology report. IBC is typically clinically diagnosed. The purpose of this project is to determine the potential impact of this new rule on identifying IBC cases by searching on the ICD-O histology code. METHODS: Two hundred forty patients were identified from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Tumor Registry database, who had initially presented to the institution from 2005 through 2007 with a diagnosis of IBC. RESULTS: The basis of diagnosis of IBC was pathologic for 73 patients and clinical for 167. Of the 167 patients with a clinical diagnosis of IBC, 164 patients also had a pathologic diagnosis of a non-IBC histology. Following the new rule, the non-IBC histology would be recorded for these 164 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center's patients with IBC, the new Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results multiple primary rule will result in the ICD-O IBC histology code being recorded for approximately 30% of patients with IBC. Clinically diagnosed cases are to be identified using the collaborative staging extension codes or the American Joint Committee on Cancer/TNM classification T value of 4 days. However, many researchers may continue to search only on the histology field, resulting in a perceived decrease in IBC. Cancer 2010;116(11 suppl):2745–7. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
6-methoxyflavonoids from Brickellia laciniata (Compositae)

Abstract One new and fourteen known flavonoids, including thirteen containing 6-methoxy groups, were isolated from Brickellia laciniata . The new flavonol is quercetagetin 6,4′-dimethyl ether. Among the known compounds identified were the 4′-methyl and 7,4′-dimethyl ethers of eupafolin and luteolin 4′-methyl ether, and the flavonols: patuletin, spinacetin, eupatolitin, eupatin, centaureidin, casticin, patuletin 3-glucoside and 3-galactoside, eupatolitin 3-galactoside, patuletin 3-SO 3 K and eupatin 3-SO 3 Ca 1/2 .
Lipids-Я-Us: peroxisome generation of iNKT ligands.

The identification of the natural lipids that select invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) in vivo has been somewhat elusive and controversial. A new study shows that ether-bonded phospholipids, generated mainly in peroxisomes, are responsible for the development of a major subpopulation of iNKT cells.
A Note on a Modified Ternary Simulator Capable of Initializing All Fault Machine Memory Elements

Generation of test patterns and diagnostics for complex digital modules often involves a ternary (0, 1, u) simulation program. A non-Boolean technique, presented herein, initializes u (unknown) values in such a way that diagnostic resolution and accuracy is enhanced. A pure ternary simulator lacks this initialization capability.
Enhancing childrearing skills in lower income women.

There are many ways parents can affect the behavior of their children. They can demand, suggest, and even explain why their suggested idea is a good one. They can praise a child who complies, or discipline one who does not. While momentary needs may be satisfied, often more those of the parent than of the child, the parent is either thinking for the child, or urging desired behavior with no thought at all.
Intrahepatic hematoma after aspiration liver biopsy. A prospective randomized trial using two different needles.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the incidence of intrahepatic hematoma after liver biopsy by the aspiration technique and (2) to compare the incidence of hematoma after biopsy with a needle of 1.6 mm vs 1.9 mm OD. Fifty-one patients were randomly assigned to be biopsied with the smaller needle and 46 with the larger. Hematomas, diagnosed by development of characteristic transient defects on liver scans done shortly after biopsy, occurred in two (4%) of those biopsied with the smaller needle and in none of those biopsied with the larger. This difference is not statistically significant. Neither patient who developed a hematoma had changes in vital signs, CBC, or serum alkaline phosphatase. One had a fivefold rise in SGOT; in the other, the SGOT remained normal. If these results are considered with those of other prospective trials of similar design, the overall incidence of intrahepatic hematoma after aspiration biopsy may be estimated to be 2.3% when needles of 1.6–2.0 mm (OD) are used. Many of these go undetected because, justifiably, scans are not routinely done shortly after biopsies.
Cadmium concentrations in recent snow and firn layers in the Canadian arctic

It is becoming increasingly evident that long-range transported pollutants can have a devastating effect on the fragile ecosystems of the Canadian Arctic region. The phenomenon of Arctic haze which prevails during the late winter-early spring period results in the flux of elevated quantities of toxic pollutants to the region. Although there have been studies of the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants in the region, there are no reliable measurements of the accumulation of trace metals in the snow and ice layers. Analysis of dated snow and ice layers in Greenland has furnished a wealth of information on the history of global air pollution with toxic metals. Similar studies in Arctic Canada should provide additional insights into the hemispheric transport processes and the sources of trace metals in this polar region. This report presents the first set of data on the concentrations of cadmium in recent snow layers (deposited during the past 7 years) of the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada. The data were obtained using an ultra-clean sampling and analysis procedures.
DEFLECTIONS OF FAST CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS AND THE PROPERTIES OF ASSOCIATED SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS

The onset times and peak intensities of solar energetic particle (SEP) events at Earth have long been thought to be influenced by the open magnetic fields of coronal holes (CHs). The original idea was that a CH lying between the solar SEP source region and the magnetic footpoint of the 1 AU observer would result in a delay in onset and/or a decrease in the peak intensity of that SEP event. Recently, Gopalswamy et al. showed that CHs near coronal mass ejection (CME) source regions can deflect fast CMEs from their expected trajectories in space, explaining the appearance of driverless shocks at 1 AU from CMEs ejected near solar central meridian (CM). This suggests that SEP events originating in CME-driven shocks may show variations attributable to CH deflections of the CME trajectories. Here, we use a CH magnetic force parameter to examine possible effects of CHs on the timing and intensities of 41 observed gradual E approx 20 MeV SEP events with CME source regions within 20 deg. of CM. We find no systematic CH effects on SEP event intensity profiles. Furthermore, we find no correlation between the CME leading-edge measured position angles and SEP event properties, suggesting that the widths of CME-driven shock sources of the SEPs are much larger than the CMEs. Independently of the SEP event properties, we do find evidence for significant CME deflections by CH fields in these events
There's No Place like Home: Constructing Ethos in Dorothy Leigh's Seventeenth-Century Conduct Manual

As one of the most popular conduct manuals of the early seventeenth century, Dorothy Leigh’s The Mother’s Blessing is often categorized as private, domestic literature. However, Leigh’s strategic depiction of herself as a “fearful, faithful, careful” mother helped her authorize herself as a public figure. Nan Johnson argues that home has often been perceived as a confining space with windows shut against winds of controversy. 1 Nedra Reynolds contends that public and private spaces form part of complex evolutionary chains. 2 The seventeenth century represents a pivotal time; people were fashioning themselves and their spaces, and some writers created windows of opportunity. Home was a complex place. One popular sermon explains that although the woman is confined within the walls of her home, knowledge of her good deeds climbs the walls and goes out the chimney for the world to praise. 3 In The Mother’s Blessing, Leigh references the Old Testament book of Habakkuk where the stones of the home “shout,” and the wood “answers.” The “very walls” testify against the inhabitants who bring idols into their homes. Leigh stresses that home is a place for essential silent reading and meditation. Home, as a conceived space, is ripe with rhetorical complexities that Leigh accesses to construct mother-based ethos. From within the supposed confinement of domestic sphere, Leigh specifically, actively, and successfully engages social, political, and religious debates. I argue that Leigh preaches a public sermon as if she were, as she describes herself, “a man and a preacher.” The Mother’s Blessing is a rich and compelling example of rhetoric that transcended barriers of gender and genre to become one of the most popular conduct books of the seventeen century.
Biochemical and physiologic response to isoproterenol in patients with left ventricular failure

Abstract Isoproterenol, the prototype beta-adrenergic agonist, reverses the physiologic defects of the failing left ventricle toward normal: decreased ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure, increased ejection fraction, rate of rise of ventricular pressure and mean systolic ejection rate. There is also an increase in mean velocity of fiber shortening and in calculated maximal velocity of shortening of contractile elements. These responses of the heart are integrated with increase in heart rate and venous return to augment cardiac output to the periphery. The enhanced contractile state and work output of the heart produced by isoproterenol are associated with increases in coronary vasodilatation and coronary blood flow, with decrease in coronary arteriovenous oxygen differences. Myocardial oxygen consumption usually increases commensurate to demand, although in ischemic heart disease isoproterenol may induce myocardial lactate production as an anaerobic source of energy. Increases in energy requirement due to the enhanced contractile state may be offset in part by the reduction in ventricular wall stress associated with decreased ventricular volume. These effects of isoproterenol on cardiac muscle are accompanied by activation of adenyl cyclase, a membrane receptor that leads to increases in intracellular cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate, the “messenger” hormone that activates phosphorylase and glycogenolysis. The specific intracellular mechanism whereby isoproterenol increases myocardial contractility is not yet clear.
Ionization of proteins: analogue computer analysis.

Abstract The titration curve of a protein is represented by the buoyancy of a series of volume integrators. The integrators are molded according to the buffer capacity of a single group. The positions of the integrators relative to the water level gives the p K values of the ionizing groups. The carboxyl ionization of lysozyme, of ribonuclease, and of cytochrome c are spread over a wide range of pH. The proteins exhibit individuality in respect to their ionizing behavior. The shift of the p K values of ribonuclease as a result of a temperature induced conformational change is especially conspicuous.
Characterization of a surrogate swelling polymer as a functional sensor for distributed liquid sensing

Abstract In this paper, the kinetics of swelling for a cylindrically shaped hydrogel element intended for use as the sensing component of a water sensor for geological materials or infrastructure are examined. The anisotropy of swelling in transient state is quantified in aqueous solution. The changes in elastic and shear moduli and Poisson ratio values are obtained by ultrasonic methods during the swelling process. A mathematical simulation model is developed using stress diffusion coupling formulations. A parameter estimation approach is used in identification of collective diffusion coefficient from experimental and computational swelling results for the cylindrical gel. Finally, the validated and calibrated model is used to examine the impact of changes in elastic moduli and Poisson ratio on kinetics of swelling.
BiP, HSP70, NDK and PDI in wheat endosperm. I. Accumulation of mRNA and protein during grain development

Biosynthesis and accumulation of seed storage proteins such as the wheat glutens depend on the activity of a variety of other proteins, including chaperones and foldases. cDNA probes and antibodies to two chaperone proteins and a foldase were used to follow mRNA and protein accumulation in developing grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs Cheyenne and Butte). Endosperm was separated from other grain components and protein accumulation was analyzed on a per mg fresh weight basis. The ER resident chaperone BiP (binding protein) and foldase PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) accumulated to maximal levels in the middle stage of endosperm development, a period of rapid cell expansion and storage protein accumulation, whereas levels of a cytosolic chaperone, HSP70, remained relatively constant throughout grain development. In contrast, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), a cytosolic enzyme needed for synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates, accumulated early in endosperm development during the period of nuclear division and cell formation. When analyzed as a fraction of total protein the relative abundance of all four proteins peaked early in grain development and then declined. Accumulation of mRNA for the four proteins also peaked early in grain development. Although BiP and PDI formed a declining percentage of total protein as storage protein accumulated, their pattern of accumulation was compatible with a proposed role as catalysts for storage protein folding and accumulation in the ER.
A retinoic-acid critical period in the early postnatal mouse brain

Background A normal supply of vitamin A, which regulates gene expression through its active form retinoic acid, is required by many organs; both excess and deficiency can be teratogenic. Very little is known about the role of retinoic acid in maturation of the mammalian forebrain. Methods As retinoic acid cannot be visualized directly, we mapped its actions in the forebrain with indirect morphologic methods and by applying retinoic acid overdoses to early postnatal mice. Results During this time, the morphologic indicators of retinoic acid actions are localized mainly in the limbic system and they undergo rapid changes. Retinoic acid overdoses can cause lasting behavioral abnormalities that point to disrupted limbic functions. In the anterior cingulate cortex, inhibitory interneurons are affected, and in the hippocampus, primarily the dentate gyrus is abnormal. Conclusions Retinoic acid is involved in functional maturation of limbic regions of the forebrain with a critical stage early postnatally in mice, when their brains are particularly vulnerable to vitamin A perturbations. This developmental time in mice compares with the second trimester of gestation in humans, a stage when in genetically predisposed individuals the corresponding brain regions are known to pass through a period of increased susceptibility to environmental disturbances.
A simple and stable method to generate ultra-short optical pulse by using EAM and fibers

Author will demonstrate a simple and stable method to generate ultra-short optical pulse by using electro-absorption modulation (EAM) and fibers. Dual wavelength, high power ultra-short optical pulses are generated.
Performance characteristics of strongly correlated bilayer graphene for post-CMOS logic devices

Post-CMOS logic in bilayer graphene is very promising due to the possibility of observing room temperature collective states. We present calculations of graphene bilayers and the conditions necessary for excitonic superfluidity. At room temperature, the maximum current the condensate can support is increased over low temperature values and we can achieve negative differential resistances greater than 3 orders of magnitude between the condensate current and the non-interacting quasiparticle current which flows after exceeding the maximum current.
But We Don't Have an Instructional Designer: Designing Online Library Instruction Using ISD Techniques

Librarians offer a variety of library instruction utilizing multiple formats. Many struggle with the task of transferring instruction to the online environment. Principles of instructional design can be leveraged to effect quality change in the delivery of instruction to make teaching more effective, efficient, and appealing to learners. Although having an instructional designer on the staff of the library can be extremely beneficial in designing library instruction, for many libraries this is not a reality. Libraries can offer quality instruction without hiring an instructional designer. Instructional design is, in and of itself, a systematic way to approach learning. While it is impossible to share the breadth and scope of instructional design in a single paper, it is the goal of this paper to provide some overview of the design process and to point the reader to references and resources that serve to improve the quality of instruction given by librarians.
TPL2/COT/MAP3K8 (TPL2) Activation Promotes Androgen Depletion-Independent (ADI) Prostate Cancer Growth

Background Despite its initial positive response to hormone ablation therapy, prostate cancers invariably recur in more aggressive, treatment resistant forms. The lack of our understanding of underlying genetic alterations for the transition from androgen-dependent (AD) to ADI prostate cancer growth hampers our ability to develop target-driven therapeutic strategies for the efficient treatment of ADI prostate cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings By screening a library of activated human kinases, we have identified TPL2, encoding a serine/threonine kinase, as driving ADI prostate cancer growth. TPL2 activation by over-expressing either wild-type or a constitutively activated form of TPL2 induced ADI growth, whereas the suppression of TPL2 expression and its kinase activity in ADI prostate cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation under androgen-depleted conditions. Most importantly, TPL2 is upregulated in ADI prostate cancers of both the Pten deletion mouse model and the clinical prostate cancer specimens. Conclusions/Significance Together these data suggest that TPL2 kinase plays a critical role in the promotion of ADI prostate cancer progression. Furthermore, the suppression of TPL2 diminishes ADI prostate cancer growth and a high frequency of TPL2 overexpression in human ADI prostate cancer samples validates TPL2 as a target for the treatment of this deadly disease.
Angiotensin II: tapping the cell cycle machinery to kill endothelial cells.

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an insidious and progressive disease that has devastating consequences on affected individuals and their families ([4][1], [22][2]). Approximately 50,000 individuals in the United States have this disease and most will develop respiratory failure within 3 to 5
Coupled Librational Motions of a Gyrostat Satellite

3 Ondrasik, V. J. and Rourke, K. H., "Application of New Radio Tracking Data Types to Critical Spacecraft Navigation Problems," JPL Quarterly Technical Review, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 116-131, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif., Jan. 1972. 4 Ingram, D. S. and Tapley, B. D., "Orbit Determination in the Presence of Unmodeled Accelerations," A AS Preprint No. 71-371, Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Aug. 1971. 5 Esposito, P. B. et al., "Classical Least Squares and Sequential Estimation Techniques as Applied to the Analysis of the Mariner VI and VIII Tracking Data," AAS Preprint No. 71-384, Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Aug. 1971. 6 Nishimura, T., "Modeling Errors in Kalman Filters," JPL Tech. Rept. 32-1319, June 1970, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif. 7 Griffin, R. E. and Sage, A. P., "Large and Small Scale Sensitivity Analysis of Optimum Estimation Algorithms," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-13, No. 4, Aug. 1968, pp. 320-329. 8 Hanson, R. J. and Lawson, C. L., "Extensions and Applications of the Householder Algorithm for Solving Linear Least Squares Problems," Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 23, Oct. 1969, pp. 787-812. 9 Dyer, P. and McReynolds, S. R., "The Extension of Square-Root Filtering to Include Process Noise," Journal of Optimization: Theory and Applications, Vol. 3, June 1969, pp. 92-105. 10 Kizner, W., "A Method of Describing Miss Distances for Lunar and Interplanetary Trajectories," External Publication No. 674, Aug. 1959, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
Near-surface common-midpoint seismic data recorded with automatically planted geophones

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com".
Learning from Practice: Learning to See What Matters in Program Planning.

Planning responsibly requires educators to learn to read situations in terms of power relations and interests.
Identification of cell cycle regulators in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibition of septum formation and global transcriptional analysis

In Mycobacterium tuberculosis the mechanism of septum formation and regulation of cell division remains undefined. In other bacterial species FtsZ polymerization and septum formation are influenced through protein interactions in addition to transcriptional regulation, and the combination of these provides tight regulation of this process. However, homologues of proteins known to affect FtsZ assembly have not been identified and substantiated in M. tuberculosis. This suggests that M. tuberculosis may possess unique processes for regulation of septum formation. To begin to address this poorly understood aspect of M. tuberculosis physiology, FtsZ inhibitors were used to block cell division and the effects on bacterial morphology and the transcriptional response were examined. Inhibition of septum formation prevented cell division and led to bacterial filamentation. Microarray-based transcriptional profiling allowed the evaluation of multiple metabolic processes in response to inhibition of septum formation and when coupled with bioinformatics provided a means to identify regulatory elements and other gene products that probably influence septum formation.
Influences on the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square in detection of differential item functioning under Rasch conditions.

The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square (χ2MH) is widely used to detect differential item functioning (item bias) between ethnic and gender-based subgroups on educational and psychological tests. The empirical behavior of χ2MH has been incompletely understood; previous research is inconclusive. The present simulation study explored the effects of sample size, number of items, and trait distributions on the power of χ2MH to detect modeled differential item functioning. A significant effect was obtained for sample size with unacceptably low power for 250 subjects each in the focal and reference groups. The discussion supports the 1990 recommendations of Swaminathan and Rogers, opposes the 1993 view of Zieky that a sample size of 250 for each group is adequate.
Life cycles of radio galaxies: introductory remarks

Abstract I present an introduction to the topics covered by this workshop. I start with a brief review of the historical development of ‘big’ questions in the study of extragalactic radio galaxies. I then give my own perspective on the current meta-questions which are addressed in the current workshop.
In vivo assessment of blood flow patterns in abdominal aorta of mice with MRI: implications for AAA localization.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) localize in the infrarenal aorta in humans, while they are found in the suprarenal aorta in mouse models. It has been shown previously that humans experience a reversal of flow during early diastole in the infrarenal aorta during each cardiac cycle. This flow reversal causes oscillatory wall shear stress (OWSS) to be present in the infrarenal aorta of humans. OWSS has been linked to a variety of proatherogenic and proinflammatory factors. The presence of reverse flow in the mouse aorta is unknown. In this study we investigated blood flow in mice, using phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) imaging. We measured blood flow in the suprarenal and infrarenal abdominal aorta of 18 wild-type C57BL/6J mice and 15 apolipoprotein E (apoE)−/− mice. Although OWSS was not directly evaluated, results indicate that, unlike humans, there is no reversal of flow in the infrarenal aorta of wild-type or apoE−/− mice. Distensibility of the mouse aortic wall in both the suprarenal and infrarenal segments is higher than reported values for the human aorta. We conclude that normal mice do not experience the reverse flow in the infrarenal aorta that is observed in humans.