cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of ground-water recharge on configuration of the water table beneath sand dunes and on seepage in lakes in the sandhills of Nebraska, U.S.A.

Abstract Analysis of water-level fluctuations in about 30 observation wells and 5 lakes in the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge in the sandhills of Nebraska indicates water-table configuration beneath sand dunes in this area varies considerably, depending on the configuration of the topography of the dunes. If the topography of an interlake dunal area is hummocky, ground-water recharge is focused at topographic lows causing formation of water-table mounds. These mounds prevent ground-water movement from topographically high lakes to adjacent lower lakes. If a dune ridge is sharp, the opportunity for focused recharge does not exist, resulting in water-table troughs between lakes. Lakes aligned in descending altitudes, parallel to the principal direction of regional ground-water movement, generally have seepage from higher lakes toward lower lakes.
Expressing the Kaplan-Meier estimator as a function of empirical subsurvival functions

Abstract The Kaplan-Meier estimator for the survival function in the censored data problem can be expressed for finite samples as an explicit function of two empirical subsurvival functions. This function is the natural one that expresses the survival function in terms of the sub-survival functions. As an illustration of the usefulness of expressing the Kaplan-Meier estimator in this way, the strong consistency of the Kaplan-Meier estimator is easily proved.
Characterization and differentiation potential of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells for translational regenerative medicine

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the adult bone marrow are multipotent stem cells that can give rise to lineages of bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, and others. The rabbit is a common preclinical model used for cardiovascular and orthopaedic applications. MSCs derived from the rabbit whole bone marrow are routinely investigated in these models for regenerative medicine applications. However, rabbit MSCs (rbMSCs) have not been extensively characterized in terms of immunophenotypic characteristics and differentiation potential and more specifically, in comparison to human MSCs (hMSCs). This study examined rbMSCs' surface antigens as well as their multipotent differentiation potential. In addition, the transduction efficiency of rbMSCs using a lentiviral vector with red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a method for labeling the cells for in vitro and in vivo use was also examined. RbMSCs were positive for CD44 and CD29 and negative for CD45 and CD14, which is similar to hMSCs, but rbMSCs did not express CD90. RbMSCs also expressed the pluripotent transcription factor, Sox2. The rbMSCs at early passages differentiated along the osteoblastic, chondrocytic, and adipocytic lineages. However, quantitative analyses demonstrated lower levels of differentiation markers for rabbit cells as compared to human cells. Transduction efficiency of 90.5% was observed for rbMSC transfected with RFP. Transduced cells also retained their osteogenic potential, but proliferation was reduced in comparison to nontransduced cells. This study demonstrates that MSCs isolated from the rabbit bone marrow have differences from human cells and should be considered when using rbMSCs in preclinical models for MSC regenerative medicine or tissue engineering strategies.
Bayesian approach to outlier detection in multivariate normal samples and linear models

Chaloner and Brant (1988) propose a Bayesian method for identifying outliers in univariate linear models. This paper presents an approach generalizing their idea to multivariate normal samples and multivariate linear models. The posterior distribution of the squared norm of the realized errors is used f o l outlier identification. Bayes factors are used for examining whether or not an observation is an outlier.
Experiential and physiological responses associated with anger and aggression in women and men.

Abstract In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, 48 male and female college students were either given a “sex-appropriate” provocation or were not provoked. Half of the subjects were then requested to give a “stream of consciousness” (SOC) report. Throughout the experiment, three physiological measures were monitored. Finally, all subjects delivered noxious sounds to their same-sex partner as part of a Buss-type learning task. No sex differences were found for subjects not giving the SOC report; provoked men and women were equally angry, hostile toward their partner, and displayed equal amounts of aggressive behavior. Provoked men reporting on their SOC, however, appeared to stimulate themselves to more aggression, whereas women seemed to adopt a nonhostile strategy for coping with their anger, thus reducing their inclination to behave aggressively. These patterns of results were closely paralleled by physiological changes. The relative validity of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as indicators of anger arousal was also discussed.
On theQ2-extrapolations of AF-corrected Drell-Yan processes

TheQ2-dependence of the integrated Drell-Yan cross sections with asymptotic freedom (AF) corrections is investigated forQ2≦ 107 GeV2. Existing AF-parametrizations lead to widely differing predictions. Lowest order QCD indicates a strong dependence on thex-behaviour of the input momentum distributions (atQ2=Q 0 2 ) which for sea quarks and gluons are guesses. Consequently, AF-corrected Drell-Yan extrapolations toW-energies and beyond involve considerable uncertainties.
Atomic physics: Atoms playing dress-up.

The idea of using ultracold atoms to simulate the behaviour of electrons in new kinds of quantum systems — from topological insulators to exotic superfluids and superconductors — is a step closer to becoming a reality. See Letter p.83 Spin-orbit coupling describes the interaction between a quantum particle's spin and its momentum, and is important for many areas of physics from spintronics to the quantum spin Hall effect and topological insulators. However, in systems of ultracold neutral atoms, there is no coupling between the spin and the centre-of-mass motion of the atom. Lin et al. use lasers to engineer such spin-orbit coupling in a neutral atomic Bose–Einstein condensate, the first time this has been achieved for any bosonic system. This should lead to the realization of topological insulators in fermionic neutral atom systems.
Energetics and possible formation and decay mechanisms of vortices in helium nanodroplets

Though vortices are an unavoidable presence in bulk superfluid helium, they have not been observed to date in helium nanodroplets. The energy and angular momentum of both straight and curved vortex states of a helium nanodroplet are examined as a function of droplet size. For droplets in the size range of many experiments, it is found that during the pickup of heavy solutes, a significant fraction of events deposit sufficient energy and angular momentum to form a straight vortex line. Curved vortex lines exist down to nearly zero angular momentum and energy, and thus could in principle form in almost any collision. Further, the coalescence of smaller droplets during the cooling by expansion could also deposit sufficient angular momentum to form vortex lines. Despite their high energy, most vortices are predicted to be stable at the final temperature (0.38 K) of helium nanodroplets due to lack of decay channels that conserve both energy and angular momentum.
Hypoxia-induced apoptosis: effect of hypoxic severity and role of p53 in neuronal cell death.

In various animal models of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, it is not clear whether neuronal apoptosis results from hypoxia alone or whether other factors mediate this process. We hypothesized that (1) hypoxia alone can induce neuronal apoptosis, (2) hypoxic severity alters the time course of neuronal apoptosis, (3) hypoxia increases neuronal p53, and this increase in p53 is critical for neuronal apoptosis. Embryonic neocortical neurons cultured for 7-10 days were placed in an incubator with levels set at 0.1%, 1%, and 3% O2 and were removed at 24-h intervals for study. Under all hypoxic conditions, observed changes in cellular morphology and DNA fragmentation, detected by the TUNEL method and gel electrophoresis, were consistent with apoptosis. These alterations were seen after a shorter period with increasing hypoxic severity. Immunoblot analysis revealed an increase in p53 protein in hypoxia-exposed neurons. Analysis of immunofluorescence-stained neurons revealed increases in p53 with increased duration and severity of hypoxia. Antisense oligonucleotides for p53 significantly increased the number of surviving neurons during hypoxic exposure. We conclude that hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis is, in part, a p53-dependent process whose time course is influenced by hypoxic severity and duration.
Physicians' needs in coping with emotional stressors: The case for peer support

Objective To design an evidence-based intervention to address physician distress, based on the attitudes toward support among physicians at our hospital. Design, Setting, and Participants A 56-item survey was administered to a convenience sample (n = 108) of resident and attending physicians at surgery, emergency medicine, and anesthesiology departmental conferences at a large tertiary care academic hospital. Main Outcome Measures Likelihood of seeking support, perceived barriers, awareness of available services, sources of support, and experience with stress. Results Among the resident and attending physicians, 79% experienced either a serious adverse patient event and/or a traumatic personal event within the preceding year. Willingness to seek support was reported for legal situations (72%), involvement in medical errors (67%), adverse patient events (63%), substance abuse (67%), physical illness (62%), mental illness (50%), and interpersonal conflict at work (50%). Barriers included lack of time (89%), uncertainty or difficulty with access (69%), concerns about lack of confidentiality (68%), negative impact on career (68%), and stigma (62%). Physician colleagues were the most popular potential sources of support (88%), outnumbering traditional mechanisms such as the employee assistance program (29%) and mental health professionals (48%). Based on these results, a one-on-one peer physician support program was incorporated into support services at our hospital. Conclusions Despite the prevalence of stressful experiences and the desire for support among physicians, established services are underused. As colleagues are the most acceptable sources of support, we advocate peer support as the most effective way to address this sensitive but important issue.
Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.
Assembling Carbon Nanotube Bundles Using Transfer Process for Fine-Pitch Electrical Interconnect Applications

As integrated circuit (IC) performance increases, many technical challenges appear in the areas of current-carrying capacity, thermal management, I/O density, and thermal-mechanical reliability. To address these problems, the use of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been proposed in IC packaging as electrical interconnects and thermal interface materials. For electronic device and packaging applications, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods are particularly attractive due to characteristic CNT growth features such as selective spatial growth, large area deposition capability and aligned CNT growth. However, the CVD technique suffers from several drawbacks. One of the main challenges for applying CNTs to the circuitry is the high growth temperature (>600degC). Such temperatures are incompatible with microelectronic processes. To fabricate microelectronics devices that incorporate CNT blocks, the CNTs should be selectively positioned and interconnected to other materials such as metal electrodes or bonding pads. However, the adhesion between CNTs and the substrates is usually very poor, which will result in long term reliability issues and high contact resistance. To overcome these disadvantages, we have successfully demonstrated a methodology that we term "CNT transfer technology". The distinctive CNT-transfer-technology features are separation of CNT growth and CNT device assembly at solder reflow temperature. In this paper, we combined our expertise in growth of well-aligned open-ended CNT bundles with the CNT transfer process to assemble CNT bundles for fine-pitch interconnects applications. The open-ended multi-walled CNT arrays could carry higher current density than close-ended CNTs, since the internal walls can participate in the electrical transport. We for the first time developed an in-situ process to grow well-aligned CNT bundles by water-assistant selective etching. The process is very efficient, with CNT growth rate of 80 mum/min. To demonstrate the feasibility of transfer process to assemble the fine-pitch CNT bundles, the CNT bundles with diameter, aspect-ratio and pitch of 25 mum, 4, and 80 mum, respectively, were assembled on the copper substrates. The measured resistivity of the long CNTs is ~2.3times 10-4 Omega-cm. The CNT-solder alloy interfaces were analyzed by the SEM. The results indicated that molten SnPb solder form strong mechanical bonding with CNTs. Overall, the advantages of CNT transfer technology are : low process temperature, improved adhesion and the feasibility of transferring CNT bundles to different substrates for fine-pitch interconnect applications.
Influence of endoscopic biopsy forceps characteristics on tissue specimens: results of a prospective randomized study

Abstract Background: A large variety of endoscopic biopsy forceps are commercially available. However, little is known regarding the influence of forceps characteristics such as disposability, size, shape, and presence of a needle on the adequacy of the specimens for histologic diagnosis. Our aim was to analyze in a prospective, randomized, pathologist-blinded study the performance of different biopsy forceps. Methods: Twelve biopsy forceps were tested, 6 each at upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Two biopsy specimens were obtained with each forceps, for a total of 12 specimens per patient. The tissue samples were examined for the following parameters: weight (mg), size (mm 3 ), depth, crush artifact, sheering effect, and adequacy of the specimens for histologic information (0 = inadequate, 1=suboptimal, and 2=adequate). Results: Fifty-five patients undergoing routine upper or lower gastrointestinal endoscopy were included in the study, and a total of 624 tissue samples were available for analysis. Overall, disposable forceps provided specimens of greater size and depth. At upper endoscopy, alligator-shaped forceps improved the depth of the sample as did the absence of a needle within the cup. These factors, however, had no impact on the specimens obtained at colonoscopy. When the adequacy of the specimens was assessed for histologic diagnosis, no significant difference was noted between any of the individual forceps, although collectively oval-shaped forceps were superior to alligator-shaped forceps at colonoscopy. Conclusions: The biopsy forceps currently available in the market are equally efficient in providing histologic diagnosis. The primary consideration when selecting an endoscopic biopsy forceps, therefore, should be the cost and ease of use and not any perceived advantage in performance. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:177-83.)
PPARγ in Vagal Neurons Regulates High-Fat Diet Induced Thermogenesis

Summary The vagus nerve innervates visceral organs providing a link between key metabolic cues and the CNS. However, it is not clear whether vagal neurons can directly respond to changing lipid levels and whether altered "lipid sensing" by the vagus nerve regulates energy balance. In this study, we systematically profiled the expression of all known nuclear receptors in laser-captured nodose ganglion (NG) neurons. In particular, we found PPARγ expression was reduced by high-fat-diet feeding. Deletion of PPARγ in Phox2b neurons promoted HFD-induced thermogenesis that involved the reprograming of white adipocyte into a brown-like adipocyte cell fate. Finally, we showed that PPARγ in NG neurons regulates genes necessary for lipid metabolism and those that are important for synaptic transmission. Collectively, our findings provide insights into how vagal afferents survey peripheral metabolic cues and suggest that the reduction of PPARγ in NG neurons may serve as a protective mechanism against diet-induced weight gain.
Glutathione stability and oxidative stress in P. falciparum infection in vitro: Responses of normal and G6PD deficient cells

Abstract Red cell oxidative stress in P. falciparum infection in vitro was investigated in relation to the G6PD-Malaria hypothesis. Glutathione stability was enhanced in infected red cells; glucose consumption and pentose pathway activity were not different in normal and G6PD deficient cells, although parasite growth was impaired in G6PD deficiency. Evidence for a response to oxidative stress was not found. Infected red cells have glutamate dehydrogenase activity which was not found in uninfected cells. This enzyme provides a separate pathway for the generation of NADPH independent from the pentose shunt. The data suggest that a significant oxidative stress is not present in falciparum malaria and that another mechanism may be operative in G6PD deficiency.
Arrays of micro-electrodes and electromagnets for processing of electro-magneto-elastic multifunctional composite materials

Large arrays of MEMS with programmable electrodes and electromagnets are used to achieve microscale positioning of particles, whiskers, and fibers in polymer matrix materials. Arrays of MEMS are placed above and beneath thin layers of a random particle-filled liquid polymer. Microscale variations in the electric and magnetic fields are then used to control body forces that move the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic particles. The body forces are due to the gradients in the E and B fields. Such body forces are generally small on a macroscopic scale. However, standard microfabrication methods enable the generation of very high gradients in E and B on the microscale, therefore generating body forces large enough to overcome microscopic sedimentation forces, viscous forces, and the mutual attraction of particles. We discuss the free body diagram of a particle, the design of MEMS arrays using a finite element code (ANSYS) to determine the electric and magnetic fields, and the fabrication of the MEMS arrays. Currently there is no way to affordably arrange the particles in the optimal microscale pattern in composite materials. Ideally, the current method will provide an affordable and versatile method of patterning the microstructure of multi-functional composite materials, sensors, actuators.
SU-E-T-191: PITSTOP: Process Improvement Techniques, Software Tools, and Operating Principles for a Quality Initiative Discovery Framework.

Purpose: To develop a quality initiative discovery framework using process improvement techniques, software tools and operating principles. Methods: Process deviations are entered into a radiotherapy incident reporting database. Supervisors use an in‐house Event Analysis System (EASy) to discuss incidents with staff. Major incidents are analyzed with an in‐house Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). A meta‐Analysis is performed using association, text mining, key word clustering, and differential frequency analysis. A key operating principle encourages the creation of forcing functions via rapid application development. Results: 504 events have been logged this past year. The results for the key word analysis indicate that the root cause for the top ranked key words was miscommunication. This was also the root cause found from association analysis, where 24% of the time that an event involved a physician it also involved a nurse. Differential frequency analysis revealed that sharp peaks at week 27 were followed by 3 major incidents, two of which were dose related. The peak was largely due to the front desk which caused distractions in other areas. The analysis led to many PI projects but there is still a major systematic issue with the use of forms. The solution we identified is to implement Smart Forms to perform error checking and interlocking. Our first initiative replaced our daily QA checklist with a form that uses custom validation routines, preventing therapists from proceeding with treatments until out of tolerance conditions are corrected. Conclusions: PITSTOP has increased the number of quality initiatives in our department, and we have discovered or confirmed common underlying causes of a variety of seemingly unrelated errors. It has motivated the replacement of all forms with smart forms.
Deuterium quadrupole-echo NMR spectroscopy. III: Practical aspects of lineshape calculations for multiaxis rotational processes

A multisite exchange formalism is developed for describing effects of molecular motion on quadrupole-echo spectra. Convenient multiple-frame transformation procedures are developed for constructing the matrix of site frequencies and rates, which properly describe noncommuting rotations about several noncoincident axes. The formalism is illustrated by lineshapes calculated for ortho or meta deuterons on a benzene ring which undergoes 180° flips about the p, p′ axis in the presence of small-angle librational motion. Several different types of motion, fitting this description, are considered and found to yield very different lineshapes. In particular, the difference between a “wobbling” p, p′ axis and a “wobbling” CD bond is illustrated. If reliable comparisons are to be made between experimental spectra and simulated lineshapes, the simulation must include lineshape distortions due to pulses of finite amplitude as well as exchange during pulses of finite width. A computer program is described which includes simulations of both these artifacts as well as very general procedures for including multiple-exchange processes. Timing and accuracy tests are described for typical calculations performed on machines ranging from a personal workstation to a supercomputer.
“Those That Have the Power to Hurt and Will Do None”: Shakespearean Dimensions of Lincoln's Statesmanship

Abstract The circumstances and gravity of the moral choices faced by a statesman like Abraham Lincoln are difficult to grasp. Those who have “the power to hurt” are seemingly bound by nothing but their private conscience as a guide to action. Lincoln himself chose constitutional order over other alternatives, but why then was his intense private study of Shakespeare devoted to plays addressing tyranny? This article examines two of Shakespeare's tyrants, both uninhibited by constitutional or obvious moral strictures, in order to highlight Lincoln's own political moderation.
Structural biology: Calcium-activated proteins visualized

The first crystal structures of bestrophin and lipid scramblase proteins cast light on how these protein families transport very different substrates across membranes, yet are both activated by calcium ions. See Articles p.207 & p.213 In two manuscripts published in this issue of Nature, the authors have solved X-ray crystal structures of two Ca2+-activated chloride channels — the first published structures for this type of channel. Janine Brunner et al. crystallized lipid scramblase, a membrane protein that catalyses the passive movement of lipids between the two leaflets of a bilayer. The structure reveals a hydrophilic membrane-traversing cavity that is exposed to the lipid bilayer, where catalysis likely occurs. Veronica Dickson et al. crystallized bestrophin-1. Proteins of this family open their anion-selective pores in response to a rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The structure shows that Ca2+ binds to the cytosolic region of a pentameric transmembrane channel and reveals that the pore is 95 A long, with at least fifteen distinct anion-binding sites.
Portal blood in collateral veins of patients with cirrhosis; acetylation by the intestine.

Summary1. Portal origin of blood in abdominal collateral veins of patients with portal hypertension may be demonstrated simply and rapidly by feeding fluorescein or thiocyanate and finding higher concentrations in the abdominal veins than in the antecubital veins.2. Seven out of 12 patients with cirrhosis gave positive tests for the portal origin of abdominal collateral vein blood. Patients with acites are more likely to give positive results than those without ascites.3. Evidence is presented for the acetylation of PABA by the human intestinal tract.
Response to Multiple Radiation Doses of Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells Infected With Recombinant Adenovirus Containing Dominant-Negative Ku70 Fragment

Purpose To investigate the effect of recombinant replication-defective adenovirus containing dominant-negative Ku70 fragment on the response of tumor cells to multiple small radiation doses. Our ultimate goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of using this virus in gene-radiotherapy to enhance the radiation response of tumor cells. Methods and Materials Human colorectal HCT8 and HT29 carcinoma cells were plated in glass tubes, infected with virus (25 multiplicity of infection), and irradiated with a single dose or zero to five doses of 3 Gy each at 6-h intervals. Hypoxia was induced by flushing with 100% nitrogen gas. The cells were trypsinized 0 or 6 h after the final irradiation, and cell survival was determined by colony formation. The survival data were fitted to linear-quadratic model or exponential line. Results Virus infection enhanced the radiation response of the HCT8 and HT29 cells. The virus enhancement ratio for single-dose irradiation at a surviving fraction of 0.1 was ∼1.3 for oxic and hypoxic HCT8 and 1.4 and 1.1 for oxic and hypoxic HT29, respectively. A similar virus enhancement ratio of 1.2–1.3 was observed for both oxic and hypoxic cells irradiated with multiple doses; however, these values were smaller than the values found for dominant-negative Ku70-transfected Rat-1 cells. This difference has been discussed. The oxygen enhancement ratio for HCT8 and HT29 receiving fractionated doses was 1.2 and 2.0, respectively, and virus infection altered them slightly. Conclusion Infection of recombinant replication-defective adenovirus containing dominant-negative Ku70 fragment enhanced the response of human colorectal cancer cells to single and multiple radiation doses.
Glycosaminoglycan variants in the C2 muscle cell line.

Abstract Using a replica technique, we have isolated and characterized five genetic variants of the C2 mouse muscle cell line that are defective in incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate into glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The variants incorporate free sulfate into GAGs at 5–20% of wild-type levels. None of the variants is defective in sulfate transport across the cell membrane, and in no case could the deficit in incorporation of sulfate be reversed by addition of an artificial initiator of GAG biosynthesis, p -nitrophenyl β- d -xyloside. Analysis of the incorporation of [ 3 H]glucosamine into GAGs by the variants revealed three different patterns: one variant incorporated [ 3 H]glucosamine at the wild-type level; one, S27, at a severely reduced level; and three at intermediate levels. Four of the five variants showed marked deficits in their ability to differentiate and fuse. The remaining variant, S27, formed multinucleated myotubes and expressed acetylcholine receptor with a normal time course. Differentiation of the first four variants could not be restored by addition of exogenous GAGs or extracellular matrix. Because of the important roles that GAGs and proteoglycans are thought to play in the differentiation of muscle, these genetic variants should serve as useful tools in functional analyses of these molecules.
The mitochondrion of the flagellate, Polytomella agilis

Three-dimensional scale models of the mitochondria of log-phase cells of Polytomella agilis were constructed on the basis of electron microscopy. These models revealed a single highly complex mitochondrion in one cell and 4–10 mitochondria in two other cells. This study indicates that at some stage in the growth of P. agilis there is a single mitochondrion, possibly arising from the fusion of small mitochondria. These observations are discussed with respect to respiratory activity in this organism.
Analysis of Surface Features on Single Crystals of Synthetic Garnets

Surface features observed on the faces of synthetic garnets grown from lead oxide-lead fluoride melts are described and interpreted in terms of growth processes. The growth processes involve (1) nucleation of new growth layers at corners and edges between crystal faces and (2) propagation of layers associated with growth systems located on the crystal faces. Growth systems on the faces of crystals that terminated growth at about 1000°C appear as growth hillocks. Continuing growth to lower temperatures produces large vicinal faces, which result from the propagation of polygonized growth steps associated with a single, dominant growth system. Growth steps on the vicinal faces in turn possess faces that are parallel to the nearest adjacent crystal faces. Growth spirals have been observed on the faces of crystals that were grown slowly by evaporation of flux. Several observations, including the presence of growth spirals, the nature and location of line imperfections and hollow tubes, and the etching behavior of crystal faces and polished sections, are interpreted as evidence in favor of a latter-stage growth mechanism that involves the propagation of steps associated with screw dislocations.
SIMULATION OF SOLVENT DYNAMICS EFFECTS ON THE FLUORESCENCE OF 3-METHYLINDOLE IN WATER

The UV absorption and fluorescence of 3-methylindole in water at 300 K has been simulated over periods of 4 to 30 ps in length using a combination of classical molecular dynamics simulations and a spectroscopically calibrated semiempirical molecular orbital method (INDO/S-SCI). The absorption redshift is predicted to be 545 +/- 150 cm-1 for 1La, and 85 +/- 15 cm-1 for 1Lb. The distribution of transition energies due to solvent fluctuations suggests inhomogeneous broadening at lower temperatures of about 2000 cm-1 for 1La, and 400 cm-1 for 1Lb, (fwhm). The large time-dependent shift of the 1La fluorescence was determined both by direct nonequilibrium response to an instantaneous charge redistribution and from the autocorrelation function of the fluctuations of the 1La transition energies from the equilibrated ground state. The two methods gave similar response times, roughly fitting a double exponential with time constants of 17 and 290 fs. The magnitude of the calculated shifts with partial and complete solute polarizability are 3000 and 5000 - 6000 cm-1, bracketing an experimental estimate of 3800 cm-1. A connection with perturbation-free energy of solvation ((Delta) As) results is made which identifies (Delta) As as the average of absorption and fluorescence maximum shifts upon solvation, ($DELTA(nu) a + (Delta) (nu) f)/2.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
When does Huntington's disease begin?

Recent studies have detected basal ganglia atrophy in clinically asymptomatic persons with the genetic mutation that causes Huntington's disease (HD). Whether reductions in caudate and putamen volume on MRI scans are associated with changes in cognitive and neurologic functioning was examined in 13 healthy adults with the IT-15 mutation. Reduced striatal volume was found to correlate with greater neurologic (largely motor) impairment, slower mental processing speed, and poorer verbal learning, although none of the participants met even liberal criteria for clinical diagnosis of HD. These correlations are strikingly similar to those observed in symptomatic HD patients, possibly reflecting the earliest manifestations of disease. ( JINS , 1998, 4 , 467–473.)
Using Active Canopy Sensors to Quantify Corn Nitrogen Stress and Nitrogen Application Rate

In-season corn (Zea mays L.) N sensing with active canopy sensors can provide input variables that direct variable rate N fertilizer applications. The objectives of this study were to assess corn N stress at the V10 to V12 growth stages, establish canopy indices that relate to optimum N application, and provide N rate algorithms for use in applying variable rate N fertilizer. Corn was sensed with the GreenSeeker Green 506 (GS-506) and Crop Circle ACS-210 (CC-210) active canopy sensors. Sensing was conducted in N rate trials over 3 yr encompassing 62 site-years across Iowa. The relationship between sensor indices and differential from economic optimum nitrogen rate (dEONR) was evaluated by fitting quadratic-plateau (QP) regression models between sensor values and dEONR. Sensing corn at the V10 to V12 stages resulted in statistically significant QP models relating sensor indices to corn N response. Relative canopy index models had greater adjR 2 values than others, resulting in better representation between canopy index values and dEONR. These were the relative simple ratio index (rSRI), relative green difference vegetative index (rGDVI), and relative modified simple ratio index (rMSRI) for the GS-506 sensor, and relative green normalized difference vegetative index (rGNDVI), rSRI, rMSRI, and rGDVI for the CC-210 sensor. Variability in sensor prescribed N rate was greatest at slight N deficiencies (0-50 kg N ha -1 deficit dEONR). Several indices relating to canopy biomass (rGNDVI) or canopy chlorophyll (rSRI, rMSRI, or rGDVI) can be used as an N rate algorithm for applying N fertilizer in-season.
Molecular reorientation and vibrational relaxation in dibromomethane

The polarized and depolarized Raman spectra of the ν2 (CH2 bend) and ν3 (CBr stretch) vibrations in dibromomethane have been studied as a function of temperature throughout the liquid range. Reorientational correlation times derived from the two modes were simllar in both magnitude and dependence on temperature. This result, together with other structural data, suggests that the rotational dynamics of this molecule in the liquid phase are quasi symmetric-top in character. Vibrational dephasing times calculated from the two lineshapes were also of the same magnitude. However, modulation times determined via the Kubo lineshpae formalism varied markedly between the vibrations. This provides evidence that vibrational dephasing of the bending and stretching modes are influenced by different intermolecular forces in the liquid.
Molecular weight of a D-glucose and L-histidine-binding protein from intestinal brush borders

WE describe here a sugar and amino acid transport protein that has been isolated from a cell for the first time. It is a homogeneous protein subunit from the mucosai brush border of hamster jejunum that is involved in the Na+-dependent binding of actively transported D-glucose and L-histidine. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 59,000 by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration1, 56,000 by sodium dodecyl sulphate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis2,3, and 50,934 by sedimentation velocity analysis4,5. The presence of both D-glucose and L-histidine-binding sites on the same protein with a molecular weight of approximately 55,000 may account for some of the observed competitive inhibitory effects between active intestinal sugar and amino acid transport that have been reported6.
Tobacco industry direct mail receipt and coupon use among young adult smokers.

Objective To examine young adult smokers' receipt of tobacco industry direct mail and use of coupons to purchase cigarettes.
Subcycling integration with non-integer time steps for structural dynamics problems

An explicit multi-time step integration algorithm is presented for structural dynamics equations. The scheme allows time steps that are non-integer multiples to be used for the different nodal partitions. A stability analysis of the method is given and critical time steps for the nodal subdomains are found to be dependent only on local parameters. The stability analysis can be extended to an arbitrary number of nodal groups. Numerical studies demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the method.
Hydrogenation of Ethylene and Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Ethane on Pt(111) and Pt(211): A Density Functional Theory Study

Hydrogenation of ethylene and dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of ethane on Pt(111) and Pt(211) have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Adsorption of CHx and C2Hx sp...
Self heat-shock protein 65-mediated regulation of autoimmune arthritis

Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) have been invoked in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65) has been studied extensively as one of the antigenic triggers of autoimmunity in experimental models of, as well as patients with, rheumatoid arthritis. As Hsps are highly conserved and immunogenic, it is generally anticipated that self Hsps might serve as the endogenous targets of the immune response initiated by the homologous foreign Hsps. Contrary to this expectation, studies in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model have revealed that priming of the self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65)-directed T cells in the Lewis rat leads to protection against AA instead of disease induction or aggravation. The arthritis-protective attribute of the self hsp65 is also evident following spontaneous priming of the anti-Rhsp65 T cells during the natural course of AA. Furthermore, immunization of rats with human hsp60, or with Bhsp65 peptides that are crossreactive with the corresponding self hsp65 peptides, leads to protection against AA. Importantly, high levels of T cell reactivity against self hsp60 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis positively correlate with a favorable outcome of the disease. Thus, immune response against self hsp65 in autoimmune arthritis is protective rather than being pathogenic.
Nitrogen Fixation, Ureide, and Nitrate Accumulation Responses to Soybean Aphid Injury in Glycine max

There is little information available about soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) effects on the physiology and mineral nutrition of soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.). Controlled-environment studies were conducted to measure soybean aphid infestation effects on dry weight, nitrogen (N) fixation, ureide-N, and nitrate-N concentration and accumulation. Plants grown in perlite using -N nutrient solution culture were infested at the 3rd trifoliolate (V3) stage and measured for N fixation, nodule characteristics, and ureide-N concentration at the full pod (R4) stage. When compared to uninfested control plants, aphid infestation reduced total nodule volume per plant by 34%, nodule leghemoglobin per plant by 31%, plant N fixation rate by 80% and shoot ureide-N concentration by 20%. Soil-grown plants were infested at the first trifoliolate (V1) stage and shoots were measured for dry weight, nitrate-N, and ureide-N at the full bloom (R2) stage. Infestation reduced shoot dry weight by 63%, increased nitrate-N concentration by 75%, but did not significantly affect ureide-N concentration. Because nutrient concentration is a single-point measurement that results from the integration of two dynamic processes, nutrient accumulation and dry matter production, we conclude that aphid-induced reductions in N fixation, coupled with decreased dry weight accumulation, caused shoot ureide-N concentration to remain unchanged in aphid-injured plants when compared to uninfested plants. Because nitrate-N concentration was greater in aphid-damaged shoot tissue, we further conclude that nitrate-N accumulation was less sensitive to aphid injury than dry weight accumulation.
Glucose Oxidase in Breadmaking Systems

ABSTRACT The mechanism of glucose oxidase action in breadmaking was investigated by studying the baking performance of glucose oxidase, the active ingredient that it produced, and its effect on the rheological properties of dough. Glucose oxidase improved the loaf volume of bread made by 45-, 70-, and 90-min fermentation processes. Although the increase in loaf volume was significant, it was less than that obtained with an optimum level of KBrO3. With the 90-min fermentation process, the crumb grain of bread was similar for loaves oxidized with optimum levels of glucose oxidase or KBrO3. The rheological properties of doughs containing glucose oxidase and doughs containing no oxidant were compared. Doughs made with glucose oxidase had higher G′ and G″ and lower tan δ values than doughs made without an oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide was responsible for a drying effect in doughs. This drying effect of glucose oxidase was reduced significantly by incorporation of free radical scavengers into the dough.
Alpha-Fetoprotein Response After Locoregional Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Oncologic Marker of Radiologic Response, Progression, and Survival

Purpose Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is considered to be an indicator of tumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We present a novel correlation of AFP response to radiologic response, time-to-progression (TTP), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with locoregional therapies. Patients and Methods Four hundred sixty-three patients with HCC were treated with chemoembolization or radioembolization at our institution. One hundred twenty-five patients with baseline AFP higher than 200 ng/mL were studied for this analysis. AFP response was defined as more than 50% decrease from baseline. One hundred nineteen patients with follow-up imaging were studied for the AFP imaging correlation analysis. AFP response was correlated to radiologic response, TTP, PFS, and OS. Multivariate analyses were performed. Results Eighty-one patients (65%) showed AFP response. AFP response was seen in 26 (55%) of 47 and 55 (70%) of 78 of patients treated with chemoembolization and radioem...
Macroalgal Distribution Patterns in a Shallow, Soft-bottom Lagoon, with Emphasis on the Nonnative Gracilaria vermiculophylla and Codium fragile

We determined the distribution of macroalgae in Hog Island Bay, a shallow coastal lagoon in Virginia, USA, seasonally at 12 sites from 1998 to 2000 and at 3 representative sites from 2000 to 2002. We analyzed macroalgal biomass, taxonomic richness, and abundance of two non-native species, the cryptic invaderGracilaria vermiculophylla and the conspicuousCodium fragile, with respect to season, location (mainland, mid lagoon, barrier island sites), and elevation (intertidal, subtidal). Taxonomic richness, total algal biomass, and nonnative biomass peaked in the summer months when temperature and light availability were highest. A few stress tolerant and ephemeral algae dominated the algal assemblage.G. vermiculophylla constituted 74% of the entire algal biomass, was the most abundant alga in all seasons, locations, and elevation levels, and was positively correlated with taxonomic richness and abundance of filamentous species.Ulva curvata, Bryopsis plumosa, andC. fragile accounted for an additional 16% of the algal biomass. There are distinct habitats in Hog Island Bay that can be classified into low diversity-low biomass regions near the mainland and barrier islands and high diversity-high biomass regions in the open mid lagoon, where abundant shells for attachment and intermediate levels of water column nutrients and turbidity likely create better growth conditions. Taxonomic richness and biomass were higher in subtidal than intertidal zones, presumably due to lower desiccation stress. This study provides an example of how a single invasive species can dominate an entire assemblage, both in terms of biomass (being most abundant in all seasons, locations, and tidal levels) and species richness (correlating positively with epiphytic filamentous taxa). By adding hard-substratum structural complexity to a relatively homogenous soft-substratum system,G. vermiculophylla increases substratum availability for attachment and entanglement of other algal species and enhances local diversity. Without widespread and abundantG. vermiculophylla, taxa likePolysiphonia, Ceramium, Bryopsis, Ectocarpus, andChampia would likely be much less common. This study also highlights the importance of using DNA analysis of voucher specimens in monitoring programs to accurately identify cryptic invaders.
RANGE AND DEPTH DOSE DISTRIBUTION OF LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES IN DOSIMETER GLASSES

Abstract : A new method for the direct determination of particle ranges and depth dose distributions in silver-activated phosphate glasses is based on the successive removal of extremely thin surface layers from the exposed glass by chemical etching ('peeling') and measurement of the residual radiophotoluminescence between successive etchings. Glass composition, etching chemicals and etching speed can be varied within wide limits. The experimental technique, using Yokota-type dosimeter glasses and 28% NaOH at 60C (etching speed 0.12 microns/min.) is briefly described. As examples for the practical application of the method, measurements using several types of radiation sources (aqueous solutions of 3H, 63Ni and 35S, solutions and thin and thick solid sources of 239Pu, 237Np and 235U, monoenergetic protons, deuterons and He(+) ions in a wide energy range) were made. Accuracy, possibilities and limitations of the method are briefly discussed. Possible sources of error are: discoloration of the glass because of very high surface doses; incertainties in the determination of the etching speed; etching speed along charged particle tracks higher than the bulk etch rate for ions of very high LET. (Author)
A door to HIV-prevention interventions: How female-targeted materials can enhance female participation

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of gender on exposure to gender-tailored HIV-prevention brochures. During an unobtrusive observation of participants' reading of brochures, both men and women were likely to avoid gender-mismatched brochures. However, women were more likely to selectively approach gender-matched brochures over gender-neutral brochures than were men. Furthermore, exposure to the female-targeted brochure predicted accepting an HIV-prevention video. This pattern was only the case for females and not for males or for the male-targeted brochure. This finding implies that the gender-tailored brochures are more useful for women than for men, and may open the door to other materials designed with preventive objectives.
Introduction: Where is the Individual Subject in Scientific Psychology?

Throughout its history as a science, psychology has been plagued by a double standard in its treatment of the individual subject. In research; psychologists often distrust their observations of an individual subject and strive toward an aggregation of data across many subjects, expecting that idiosyncratic “errors” can be eliminated if a sufficiently large number of subjects is studied. Psychologists justify this expectation by relying on the basic ideas of the statistical world view, which has become the epistemological basis for the activities of most psychologists over the past century.