cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Shark Behavior Analysis

An important step in the study of free-ranging animals is to perform automatic identification and estimation of their natural different behaviors. This task is especially challenging for the species in the aquatic environment, for example, California horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci). Because they are relatively small, demersal, and active in the nighttime. It is quite impossible to conduct the observations in a continuous direct way. The shark lab at California State University Long Beach (CSULB) conducted laboratory trials to quantify acceleration signatures of horn sharks for different behaviors including resting, swimming, feeding, and nondeterministic movement (NDM). Currently, most of the existing methods have applied machine learning algorithms to estimate sharks’ different behaviors. However, there is still a lack of an efficient and effective way to conduct automatic prediction. In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks have shown the great promise in various computational biology, bioinformatics and neuroscience areas such as biological image analysis, gene expression pattern representation, 3D neuron reconstruction, automatic tumor detection, etc. In this work, we propose novel deep learning models to automatically classify four different shark behaviors using overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) through laboratory trial data sets. In specific, we design three deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to make fast and accurate predictions and classification. We perform thorough experiments, and the experimental results demonstrate that our proposed models overall produce the best performance than the prior traditional machine learning methods.
Keynes, and Only J. M. Keynes, Was Responsible for the Logical and Mathematical Development of the Multiplier Concept in 1921(1908) in His a Treatise on Probability (1921) That He Later Used in the General Theory (1936)

J M Keynes had already developed the theory of the Multiplier concept mathematically, logically, and technically in his "A Treatise on Probability" (1921). The same analysis can be found in his second Cambridge Fellowship Dissertation of 1908. Samuelson explicitly covered the material, Keynes’s risk (R) formula, presented by Keynes on page 315 of the A Treatise on Probability, in his 1977 article in the Journal of Economic Literature. However, Samuelson overlooked the footnote, footnote 1 on page 315 of the A Treatise on Probability, in which Keynes applies an explicit multiplier analysis to a geometric, declining, infinite series because Keynes left out the intermediate steps of taking the limit of the series as n, the number of terms in the series, approached infinity. Keynes simply gave the final answer one will obtain after he has taken the limit. Samuelson also overlooked Keynes’s generalized risk analysis on page 353 of the A Treatise on Probability ,which extended Keynes’s Risk analysis ,which used Chebyshev’s Inequality to derive a lower bound .This would be an imprecise probability that would become more accurate as more observations were obtained, leading eventually to a precise estimate of probability from the normal distribution if the decision maker could afford to delay action for the period of time needed. R. Kent’s 2007 article in the History of Political Economy leaves completely unresolved the issue of where Richard Kahn got the idea for the use of the multiplier from. Kahn, in 1936, stated, in a note on a paper of Neisser’s that appeared in the Review of Economic Statistics, that “…my own ideas were largely derived from Mr. Keynes.” (Kahn,1936, p.144). Kahn’s contribution originated in private conversations with Keynes, where Keynes showed Kahn his chapter 26 analysis contained in the A treatise on probability on page 315 in footnote 1. Keynes, and no one else in history, was the person who had already originated the mathematical theory of the multiplier, which Keynes in the General Theory called the logical theory of the multiplier. Keynes's discussion of the logical theory of the Multiplier on pp.122-123 of the General Theory is simply a literary description of the mathematical analysis presented by Keynes on page 315 of the A Treatise on Probability. Kent's belief that Keynes had presented a multiplier analysis in 1929 is correct. The issue of whether Keynes made an arithmetic error in adding up the terms of the series is completely irrelevant to the main issue, which is “who is the person who created the theory of the multiplier?”
Coarse woody debris decomposition assessment tool: Model development and sensitivity analysis

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component in forests, hosting a variety of organisms that have critical roles in nutrient cycling and carbon (C) storage. We developed a process-based model using literature, field observations, and expert knowledge to assess woody debris decomposition in forests and the movement of wood C into the soil and atmosphere. The sensitivity analysis was conducted against the primary ecological drivers (wood properties and ambient conditions) used as model inputs. The analysis used eighty-nine climate datasets from North America, from tropical (14.2° N) to boreal (65.0° N) zones, with large ranges in annual mean temperature (26.5°C in tropical to -11.8°C in boreal), annual precipitation (6,143 to 181 mm), annual snowfall (0 to 612 kg m-2), and altitude (3 to 2,824 m above mean see level). The sensitivity analysis showed that CWD decomposition was strongly affected by climate, geographical location and altitude, which together regulate the activity of both microbial and invertebrate wood-decomposers. CWD decomposition rate increased with increments in temperature and precipitation, but decreased with increases in latitude and altitude. CWD decomposition was also sensitive to wood size, density, position (standing vs downed), and tree species. The sensitivity analysis showed that fungi are the most important decomposers of woody debris, accounting for over 50% mass loss in nearly all climatic zones in North America. The model includes invertebrate decomposers, focusing mostly on termites, which can have an important role in CWD decomposition in tropical and some subtropical regions. The role of termites in woody debris decomposition varied widely, between 0 and 40%, from temperate areas to tropical regions. Woody debris decomposition rates simulated for eighty-nine locations in North America were within the published range of woody debris decomposition rates for regions in northern hemisphere from 1.6° N to 68.3° N and in Australia.
Assessing the sequestration time scales of some ocean-based carbon dioxide reduction strategies

Ocean-based carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction (CDR) strategies are an important part of the portfolio of approaches needed to achieve negative greenhouse gas emissions. Many ocean-based CDR strategies rely on injecting CO2 or organic carbon (that will eventually become CO2) into the ocean interior, or enhancing the ocean's biological pump. These approaches will not result in permanent sequestration, because ocean currents will eventually return the injected CO2 back to the surface, where it will be brought into equilibrium with the atmosphere. Here, a model of steady state global ocean circulation and mixing is used to assess the time scales over which CO2 injected in the ocean interior remains sequestered from the atmosphere. There will be a distribution of sequestration times for any single discharge location due to the infinite number of pathways connecting a location at depth with the sea surface. The resulting probability distribution is highly skewed with a long tail of very long transit times, making mean sequestration times much longer than typical time scales. Deeper discharge locations will sequester purposefully injected CO2 much longer than shallower ones and median sequestration times are typically decades to centuries, and approach 1000 years in the deep North Pacific. Large differences in sequestration times occur both within and between the major ocean basins, with the Pacific and Indian basins generally having longer sequestration times than the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Assessments made over a 50-year time horizon illustrates that most of the injected carbon will be retained for injection depths greater than 1000 m, with several geographic exceptions such as the Western North Atlantic. Ocean CDR strategies that increase upper ocean ecosystem productivity with the goal of exporting more carbon to depth will have mainly a short-term influence on atmospheric CO2 levels because ~70% will be transported back to the surface ocean within 50 years. The results presented here will help plan appropriate ocean CDR strategies that can help limit climate damage caused by fossil fuel CO2 emissions.
Drivers of Success to Effective Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of Immigrant and Native-Born Perceptions

According to research, immigrants in the United States are more likely to start businesses than nonimmigrants, but few studies compare first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs to nonimmigrant entrepreneurs in the United States. This research contributes to the literature by exploring how immigrant and nonimmigrant entrepreneurs moderate the relationship between innovation, proactiveness, risk-taking (Entrepreneurial Orientation [EO]), and financial capabilities, marketing orientation, leadership skills (Business Orientation [BO]), and entrepreneurial success. Because little is known about differences and similarities in the perception of success drivers, I employed an in-depth multi-case study of eight immigrant and eight nonimmigrant entrepreneurs to investigate how these groups perceive entrepreneurial success. My research answers the following question: How do immigrant and nonimmigrant entrepreneurs perceive the drivers of success? I employed adaptive comparative causal maps (CCM), a qualitative methodology, that illustrated the groups’ differences and similarities. I collected the data using semi-structured interviews conducted with immigrant and nonimmigrant entrepreneurs operating in the United States. I detected connection and deviations in map constructs and causal linkages and portrayed overlaps and divergences in the perception of drivers of success between the participants' groups. I identified 155 drivers of success. Despite some similarities, the groups perceived and emphasized drivers of success differently. Bboth groups identified BO drivers of success (leadership skills, market orientation, financial capabilities) as the top three most potent factors that influence entrepreneurial success. This is the first study in business and entrepreneurship disciplines that employs CCM technique to identify the differences and similarities between the groups, and the first qualitative study that observes the separate effects of both EO and BO upon entrepreneurial success.
Optical Analysis and Optimization of Micropyramid Texture for Thermal Radiation Control

While anti-reflective properties of pyramid texture are widely used, their use for thermal radiation control has received relatively little attention and the understanding of geometric parameters f...
Influence of an exotic species, Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. on seedling emergence and growth of native grasses

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of an invasive perennial forb, Acroptilon repens (Russian knapweed), on seed emergence and seedling survival of four native grass species that are important in semiarid grasslands of North America. Greenhouse experiments and field studies conducted at three sites in Colorado, USA were used to examine the response by four perennial grasses: Bouteloua gracilis, Koelaria cristata, Sporobolus cryptandrus, and Agropyon smithii to A. repens. In the greenhouse, seeds of each species were sown in pots that contained either live A. repens roots, A. repens litter on the soil surface, or both roots and litter. Field transects were placed inside stands of A. repens with adjacent control transects in the surrounding grass-dominated community. Emergence and initial survival were decreased by the presence of A. repens roots for K. cristata (35%), B. gracilis (31%), and S. cryptandrus (44%) in the greenhouse, and 57, 32, and 36%, respectively, in the field. Root weight was decreased by the presence of A. repens roots for both B. gracilis and K. cristata by more than 55% in the greenhouse. A. smithii survival and growth were unaffected by A. repens in either the greenhouse or the field. These species-specific responses to the presence of A. repens may explain, at least in part, differences in susceptibility and recovery of sites with different native grass species composition.
Psychological Adjustment to Infertility

The great majority of young adults assume that their life course will include bearing and raising children (Regan & Roland, 1985; Zuckerman, 1981). Presuming fertility, couples often use contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy until conditions in their lives are conducive to the achievement of this central goal. When pregnancy is attempted, however, some couples find that their goal of becoming a parent is beyond their control. Try as they might, an avenue they have expected to provide fulfillment in life remains out of reach.
Constitutionalizing Labour Rights in Europe

This paper explores the relationship between the related processes of constitutionalizing market freedoms and labor rights in the Europe Union by combining Stephen Gill’s notion of new constitutionalism with Karl Polanyi’s idea of the “double movement.” Its specific focus is the role of the courts in constitutionalizing labor rights., and it discusses a series of recent decisions by the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights between 2007 and 2009 in which labor rights were characterized as fundamental rights. It concludes by explaining why the results of the attempt to constitutional labor rights are paradoxical.
Research, Design, and Implementation of an Internship Course in Dance: Turning Student Knowledge into Professional Know-How

AbstractA successful internship experience can provide invaluable learning experiences connecting students’ classroom knowledge to professional “know-how” in the field. Over the past three decades, post-secondary internship programs have flourished, generating considerable research literature from a variety of disciplinary perspectives; however, little is known about internships in dance. The purpose of this article was to describe the research, design, and implementation of an internship program as part of a required web-based course within an undergraduate BS program in dance professions. This curriculum research study presents the 1) development process and methodology; 2) literature review; 3) key internship elements; and 4) prototype internship manual. The author concludes with a discussion of challenges incorporating preliminary recommendations for the field.
Identifying and Prioritizing Best Practices to Achieve Flash Track Projects

AbstractThis paper presents the initial findings of an ongoing research effort focused on identifying, quantifying, and ranking essential industry practices for the successful delivery of faster fast-track, or Flash Track, projects. The research data collection involves literature search, engineering, procurement, construction industry interviews, and discussions with an industry expert panel. This research has extensively explored and analyzed U.S. and international practices and has deeply explored project execution practices in industries other than construction, including manufacturing, shipbuilding, and software engineering/development. The methodology employed in this research entails deployment of a three-round Delphi process and an Analytic Hierarchy Process to produce a comprehensive list of prioritized recommendations on essential Flash Track practices. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying and ranking 18 industry best practices essential to successfully manage the uniqu...
Oxalate contents of commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs.

Abstract Objective To assess the total and soluble oxalate contents of commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs. Methods Twenty-two Chinese medicinal herbs were extracted in both acid and water prior to determination of total and soluble oxalate, respectively. Oxalate was assayed in herbal extracts using a well-established enzymatic procedure. Results Among the 22 medicinal herbs, there was significant variation in oxalate content; Houttuynia cordata contained the highest amount of soluble oxalate (2146 mg/100 g) and Selaginella doederleinii contained the lowest amount (71 mg/100 g). Conclusion The results indicated that different Chinese medicinal herbs, even from the same family, contain significantly different amounts of oxalate. In susceptible individuals, the use of medicinal herbs with the highest oxalate contents could increase risk of kidney stone formation.
ISOBUTANOL AS SOLVENT FOR FPC PRODUCTION

SUMMARY Use of isobutanol in the manufacture of FPC from Chilean hake (Marluccius gayi) was suggested since it will soon be produced in Chile and would be advantageous compared with imported solvents. The process used consists of washing the whole raw fish with fresh water, comminuting it, extracting with isobutanol for 30 min at room temperature and for 4 hr at 90°C, with continuous extraction of water and volatiles by azeotropic distillation, then washing with pure solvent and drying at 25 mm Hg, 60–65°C for 18 hr. The flour was than finely ground. The resulting product was light in color, with practically no odor and only a slight fishy taste, while containing 0.3% fat, 80% protein and 4% volatile matter. The PER value was 2.9, identical to the value obtained in the control test with casein. The digestibility with pepsin was over 97% and the available lysine 7.5%. Results indicate that isobutanol is a promising solvent for this process but economics of the process should be determined in the future.
A new Bandung?: Economic growth vs. distributive justice among emerging powers

Abstract The demographic weight and the scale and magnitude of economic growth in China and India—as well as in Brazil and South Africa—marks a seismological transformation in world politics. However, despite their economic clout, the emerging powers of the global South have done little to challenge the Euro-North American domination of the international stage—leaving that task to Bolivia, Venezuela, and Iran. The reluctance of the large states of the global South to challenge the contemporary world order—and the widening income and wealth inequalities within their borders—suggests that they are increasingly complicit in this new world order. However, as growing inequalities unleash greater political instability, it is in the interests of states in the global South to cooperate with each other to change the rules of the game.
Lower brain glutamate is associated with cognitive deficits in HIV patients: A new mechanism for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

Purpose—To determine whether subjects with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) show altered concentrations of brain glutamate (GLU), and whether lower GLU levels correlate with cognitive deficits. Materials and Methods—GLU concentrations were measured in the basal ganglia, frontal gray and white matter, and parietal gray matter of 45 HIV-positive and 46 age-and-education-matched HIV-negative subjects, using echo-time averaged proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS). Results—Compared to controls, HIV subjects with cognitive deficits had lower GLU in the parietal gray matter, while those without cognitive deficits tended to show higher basal ganglia GLU. Lower parietal and frontal gray matter GLU were associated with a greater number of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and were predictive of poorer cognitive performance. Correlations between GLU and cognitive performance, but not the other findings, remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusion—Parietal gray matter GLU is lower in HIV subjects with cognitive deficits. This reduction might result from reduced astrocytic reuptake of GLU, secondary excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial toxicity from antiretroviral treatments. The glutamatergic system may play an important role in the pathophysiology of HAND, and brain GLU on 1 H MRS may provide an early surrogate marker for monitoring disease severity and treatment effects.
Humanistic Psychology and Intellectual Identity: The "Open' System of Gordon Allport

This article examines the relationship between Gordon Allport and humanistic psychology. Allport was an important figure in the early history of humanistic psychology. His work in personality psych...
The Role of AKT and RAFTK in β1 Integrin Mediated Survival of Precursor B-acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells

In this study, we report that the related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase RAFTK, is an upstream kinase in beta1 integrin mediated activation of Akt. Stimulation through beta1 integrins by fibronectin reversed apoptosis induced by adriamycin. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase)/Akt (LY 294002), tyrosine kinases (Herbimycin-A) and the cytotoxic agent adriamycin induced apoptosis of REH cells. beta1 integrin ligation induced activation of Akt, and tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK and FAK, but not SYK in REH cells. This suggested that RAFTK and FAK activation might be linked to Akt activation. Evidence that RAFTK is a modulator of Akt came from phorbol myristic acetate (PMA) stimulation. RAFTK and Akt were activated but FAK was not. Using fibroblasts from FAK -/- mice, which express high levels of RAFTK, fibronectin plating enhanced Akt activation. Pretreatment of REH cells with a P13 kinase/Akt inhibitor LY 294002 did not inhibit RAFTK tyrosine phosphorylation showing that RAFTK is upstream of P13k/Akt. Further evidence for a link between RAFTK tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt activation was the observation that the p85 subunit of P13 kinase associated with RAFTK following integrin ligation in REH cells. These results suggest that RAFTK plays an anti-apoptotic role through the activation of Akt.
Angiogenesis in brain tumours

Despite aggressive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas remain uniformly fatal. To progress, these tumours stimulate the formation of new blood vessels through processes driven primarily by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the resulting vessels are structurally and functionally abnormal, and contribute to a hostile microenvironment (low oxygen tension and high interstitial fluid pressure) that selects for a more malignant phenotype with increased morbidity and mortality. Emerging preclinical and clinical data indicate that anti-VEGF therapies are potentially effective in glioblastoma — the most frequent primary brain tumour — and can transiently normalize tumour vessels. This creates a window of opportunity for optimally combining chemotherapeutics and radiation.
Age-dependent foraging depths of two species of Notonecta (Heteroptera : Notonectidae) breeding together in a small pond

Clear plastic funnel‐traps were placed with their opening 1.5 to 72 cm below the surface in water ranging from 15 to 80 cm deep to examine the distribution of two Notonecta species in a small pond in Connecticut, USA. The results indicate that swimming depth increases with age in both species, but that at all ages N. insulata tend to forage in deeper water and at greater depths in the water column than N. undulata. N. undulata capture rates were highest in shallow water and in traps placed within 10 cm of the surface, while N. insulata comprised an increasing percentage of the Notonecta captured at greater pond and trap depths. It is suggested that an ontogenetic increase in foraging depth range provides older notonectids an expanded prey resource pool to meet their greater energy requirements. It is also suggested that N. undulata and N. insulata reduce interspecific competition by partially partitioning the prey resource pool along a water depth axis.
INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR AND FARM BUSINESS EXPANSION

Ordinal logit models were used to investigate the expansion investment behavior of farmers during the 1985–86 period. Holdout samples were used to determine final model statistics. Age and farm size were found to be important determinants of farmer actions.
Spatial Data, Coordinate Systems, and the Science of Measurement

Many disciplines work with spatial data and use a geographic information system to reference geospatial data. Based upon a concise definition of spatial data, this paper describes how spatial data and their accuracy are related to the measurement process and the choice of a coordinate system. The goal is to describe how 3D spatial data can be manipulated more efficiently and how spatial data accuracy can be established without ambiguity using the global spatial data model as the foundation for geographic information systems and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure.
An inside-out theory of attention

The brain has two attentional systems; one attentional system is devoted to intrapersonal space and the second attentional system to extrapersonal space. The development of these two attentional systems with inward or outward focus arose from the hemispheral neural systems designed for attending to extrapersonal contralateral space. As a necessary consequence of the brain changes to develop language, one of the hemispheral attentional systems was altered for intrapersonal attention while the other hemispheral attentional system became obligated to attend to all of extrapersonal space. This conceptualization of attention provides a coherent explanation for the confusing hemispheral dominance proposed for attention on the basis of clinical hemineglect, i.e. that the left hemisphere attends to right extrapersonal space and that the right hemisphere attends to both left and right extrapersonal space. This conceptualization also provides a meaningful account of denial of limbs (anosognosia) and imagery.
Sugar administration is an effective adjunctive therapy in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.

Treatment of acute and chronic pulmonary infections caused by opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is limited by the increasing frequency of multidrug bacterial resistance. Here, we descri...
Both the Amino and Carboxyl Termini of Dictyostelium Myosin Essential Light Chain Are Required for Binding to Myosin Heavy Chain

Abstract Dictyostelium myosin deficient in the essential light chain (ELC) does not function normally either in vivo or in vitro (Pollenz, R. S., Chen, T. L., Trivinos-Lagos, L., and Chisholm, R. L.(1992) Cell 69, 951-962). Since normal [Medline] myosin function requires association of ELC, we investigated the domains of ELC that are necessary for binding to the myosin heavy chain (MHC). Deleting the NH-terminal 11 or 28 amino acid residues (ΔN11 or ΔN28) or the COOH-terminal 15 amino acid residues (ΔC15) abolished binding of the ELC to the MHC when the mutants were expressed in wild-type (WT) cells. In contrast, the ELC carrying deletion or insertion of four amino acid residues (D4 or I4) in the central linker segment bound the MHC in WT cells, although less efficient competition with WT ELC suggested that the affinity for the MHC is reduced. When these mutants were expressed in ELC-minus (mlcE) cells, where the binding to the heavy chain is not dependent on efficient competition with the endogenous ELC, ΔN28 and ΔN11 bound to the MHC at 15% of WT levels and ΔC15 did not bind to a significant degree. I4 and D4, however, bound with normal stoichiometry. These data indicate that residues at both termini of the ELC are required for association with the MHC, while the central linker domain appears to be less critical for binding. When the mutants were analyzed for their ability to complement the cytokinesis defect displayed by mlcE cells, a correlation to the level of ELC carried by the MHC was observed, indicating that a stoichiometric ELC-MHC association is necessary for normal myosin function in vivo.
Ancient latitudinal gradients of C3/C4 grasses interpreted from stable isotopes of New World Pleistocene horse (Equus) teeth

Carbon and oxygen isotopic data are reported from 116 Pleistocene Equus teeth from sixty-six localities in the New World ranging from 68°N (Alaska, Canada) to 35°S (Argentina). Equus species have been predominantly grazers, and as such, carbon isotopic values of their tooth enamel provide evidence of the Pleistocene distribution of C3 and C4 grasses. The carbon data presented here indicate a gradient (δ13C range of 10 parts/mil) in the relative proportion of C3 and C4 grasses between high latitude and equatorial Equus samples. The largest amount of change from C3 to C4 grasses during the Pleistocene occurred in the mid-latitudes between about 30 to 40°. The oxygen data, which vary proportionately with temperature, indicate a latitudinal gradient (δ18O range of 20 parts/mil) between high-latitude and equatorial Equus samples. The basic pattern of latitudinal gradients of C3/C4 grass distribution and temperature as interpreted from these Pleistocene data is similar to the modern-day. The use of stable isotopes of fossil herbivore teeth represents a new means to interpret Pleistocene climates and terrestrial ecology.
Image-based Wavefront Sensing for Telescope Aberrations

This paper reviews ways to sense aberrations in optical telescopes using images collected with the telescope. Various forms of diversity makes it more robust, allowing extended scenes as well as point-like stars to be used.
Biothermal Modeling of Post-Cryoplasty Atheroscelerosis in Restenotic Patients

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of heart diseases and mortality around the world. Recently, cryoplasty has emerged as a potential alternative method to treat arterial atherosclerosis. Finite element heat transfer and mass transfer models are developed using ANSYS in this study. The model analyzes the heat transfer within the atherosclerotic plaque and arterial wall during the cryoplasty procedure. The model is useful in predicting the transient temperature through the diseased wall tissues. The results may be used to decide required treatment procedure to effectively freeze the plaque with minimal damage to the healthy arterial tissues. Finally, the model investigates the parameters that may effect temperature distribution within the tissues during the ablative procedure.
State Policies and Private Higher Education in the USA: Understanding the Variation in Comparative Perspective

Abstract Private higher education has a long, proud history in the USA that is of considerable interest globally. As the United States is a federal state where higher education is a state responsibility, it is of interest to examine public policies toward private higher education across the 50 states (which vary widely) comparatively, both for understanding (policy science) and for the sake of illuminating policy choices (policy analysis). This article lays out the relevant state policies, i.e. aid accessible to private students, direct subventions to institutions, involvement in state planning, etc., and offers a basic conceptual framework for understanding how they may cluster into more or less coherent policy postures, called here laissez-faire, central planning and market competitive postures (plus two hybrids). Further, it points to evidence that such postures can be identified empirically and suggests how the framework can be used to illuminate more and less feasible policy regime shifts as state go...
Drug Treatment of Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure

Decompensated heart failure (HF) may be defined as sustained deterioration of at least one New York Heart Association functional class, usually with evidence of sodium retention. Episodes of decompensation are most commonly precipitated by sodium retention, often associated with medication noncompliance. Our therapeutic approach to hospitalized patients is based on the documented hemodynamic responses to vasodilator therapy, with redistribution of mitral regurgitant flow to forward cardiac output and decompression of the left atrium. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring is seldom required for the effective management of patients with HF and there are risks associated with pulmonary artery catheterization.
Border talk: narratives of Spanish language encounters in the United States

Abstract US foreign language education is often presented as an opportunity to foster intercultural communication; yet, curricula frequently build borders between an English-speaking ‘we’ and a non-English-speaking ‘they’. Little is known, however, about how language students make sense of their changing linguistic identities as they encounter users of the language of instruction outside the classroom. This paper examines the stories those enrolled in university-level Spanish courses tell about their language learning histories and experiences. It considers how these stories construct particular, and frequently asymmetrical, social and linguistic borders.
The SLC31 (Ctr) copper transporter family

Copper is essential for many copper-dependent processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, free-radical detoxification, pigmentation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and iron metabolism. The identification of proteins for high affinity copper uptake and export has greatly expanded our understanding of cellular copper homeostasis. Copper export in human cells is mediated by the ATP7A and ATP7B P-type ATPases, which are, respectively, affected in the genetic disorders of copper metabolism, Menkes disease and Wilson disease. A different class of transporter known as the SLC31 or Ctr family of proteins mediates cellular copper uptake. These high-affinity copper transporters exist in all eukaryotes and their discovery has provided new insights into how cells acquire and regulate this essential nutrient. The following is a brief overview of the SLC31 copper transporter family with a focus on the human hCtr1 protein.
Spectrophotometric accuracy, linearity and adherence to beer's law

The distinction between the terms photometric accuracy, photometric linearity, and adherence to Beer's Law is discussed. To describe the last, a new term "analytical linearity" is suggested. Some instrument response functions which exhibit acceptable analytical linearity are shown, nevertheless, to be photometrically inaccurate. Methods of measuring true photometric accuracy, the search for absolute photometric standards, and the ultimate limitations of such standards are reviewed.
Clinical significance of microcytosis in patients with primary myelofibrosis

Abstract Microcytosis is a relatively frequent finding in primary myelofibrosis (PMF); however its prognostic significance is unknown. We identified factors associated with microcytosis in PMF and measured its impact on outcomes. Among 725 patients with PMF, 140 (19%) showed microcytosis. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with microcytosis were absence of prior therapy, low iron, low transferrin saturation (satTF), and splenomegaly. Among 375 untreated patients, low satTF and splenomegaly were associated with microcytosis. Overall, microcytosis was associated with a higher risk of transformation to leukemia ( p = 0.03), but not shorter leukemia-free survival. Microcytosis in PMF may be related to dysregulation of iron homeostasis.
The California State University: a case on branding the largest public university system in the US

Branding of universities is an area that is growing in importance as competition between universities increases and creates an imperative for strong brand positioning and visual identity as the basis for differentiation. In this context, this paper describes the process by which the California State University (CSU), a major, multi-campus public university system developed a corporate visual identity system and analyzes the key issues in developing this system, as well as the key challenges ahead. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal protein-folding systems in hyperthermophilic archaea.

Although many archaeal species thrive in extreme environments, including hydrothermal vents, geothermal springs, acid seeps or hypersaline pools, there are also numerous species that are mesophilic. Mesophilic archaeal genomes encode complex protein-folding systems, which include combinations of bacterial and eukaryotic heat-shock proteins. Hyperthermophilic archaea, however, typically have reduced genomes that encode simplified heat-shock systems, with chaperones that are homologous to eukaryotic chaperones, and are reviewed here.
Revisiting the Rise of the West

Arrighi, Giovanni. 1994. The Long Twentieth Centu ry. London, UK: Verso. . 2007. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the 21s' Century. New York, NY: Verso. . Takeshi Hamashita and Mark Selden, eds. 2003. The Resurgence of East Asia: 500,150 and 50 Year Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge. Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1998. Global Formation: Structures of the World-Economy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas D. Hall. 1997. Rise and Demise: Comparing World Systems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Goldfrank, Walter L. 2000. "Paradigm Regained?: the Rules of Wallerstein's World-System Meth od." In Giovanni Arrighi and Walter L. Gold frank, eds. 2000. Festschrift for lmmanuel Wallerstein. Journal of World-Systems Research 6 (2): 150-95. Moore, Jason. 2003. "The Modern World-System as Environmental History? Ecology and the Rise of Capitalism." Theory and Society 32 (3): 307-77.
Enzymatic sulfation of N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides by endothelial cell membranes

Abstract Homogenates of human vascular endothelial cells catalyze the transfer of 35 SO 4 from 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phospho[ 35 S]sulfate into macromolecular endogenous acceptors with properties of both glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. Analysis of the 35 S-glycoprotein products by both DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that these 35 S-glycoproteins correspond to the major sulfated glycoproteins observed when endothelial cell cultures were labeled with 35 SO 4 [ A. Heifetz, C. Watson, A. R. Johnson, and M. K. Roberts (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257 , 13581–13586 ]. The pH optimum of the glycoprotein sulfotransferase is 7.0–7.5, which is distinctly different than that of endothelial glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferase(s), whose pH optimum is 6.0. The 35 S-glycoprotein products were characterized as sialated, triantenary-branched, N-linked 35 SO 4 -oligosaccharides containing an endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase D-sensitive site. The site of sulfation was characterized as the GlcNAc residue on the reducing end of the N-linked oligosaccharide. Thus, these sulfotransferases in a cell-free homogenate appear to preferentially add sulfate moieties to a specific class of glycoprotein acceptors at a specific site on sialated oligosaccharides.
The Effects Of Turbulence In Clear And Turbid Atmospheres On Millimeter Wave Propagation

Atmospheric turbulence, which is a readily observed phenomenon at visible wavelengths, also causes fluctuations in intensity and phase at millimeter wavelengths. This paper describes a series of experiments conducted at a site near Flatville, IL which measured these effects at a broad range of MMW frequencies in clear air, rain, fog, and snow. It was found that the maximum rms intensity fluctuations observed were 14% of the mean, while the largest rms angle-of-arrival fluctuations were 36 microradians. Discussions of the experimental arrangement, as well as results obtained in measuring the probability distribution functions of fluctuations, the mutual coherence function, spectral densities, and pertinent atmospheric parameters will be presented.
Disappearance of thermal magnetic fluctuations in a superconductor

Abstract A quantum interference magnetometer has made possible the observation of thermal magnetic noise in conductors below 4.2°K. These fluctuations, which are of order B 2 = μ o kT / volume in a normal conductor, decrease by more than an order of magnitude when the specimen becomes superconducting.
Exploring the stereochemical requirements for protease inhibition by ureidopeptides.

: A novel ‘ureidopeptide’ substrate analog inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease, created by substitution of a urea for the scissile amide bond of a hexapeptide substrate, was synthesized and tested for inhibition of HIV-1 protease. This inhibitor was designed as a stereochemical mutant of an earlier ureidopeptide inhibitor in which the P1′ phenylalanine residue was changed from an l-isomer to a d-isomer. This was done in an attempt to increase binding to the enzyme by compensating for a lengthening of the peptide backbone. The inhibitor was synthesized from two protected tripeptide precursors using an oxidative Hoffmann rearrangement of a C-terminal peptide amide. The new inhibitor was found to inhibit HIV-1 protease with an observed IC50 of 47 μm.
Two New Examples for the Unusual R12I17Z2-Structure Type: La12I17Fe2and Ce12I17Mn2

Reactions of KI, La, LaI{sub 3}, and Fe in niobium tubes at 900{degrees}C yield black crystals of La{sub 12}I{sub 17}Fe{sub 2} which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (triclinic, P1, Z = 1, a = 11.967(8), b = 11.851(6), c = 9.918(7) {angstrom}, {alpha} = 114.59(5){degrees}, {beta} = 104.83(6){degrees}, {gamma} = 93.05(5){degrees}, R(F)/R{sub w} = 3.8/4.3%). Similar experiments also gave the isostructural Ce{sub 12}I{sub 17}mn{sub 2} according to the Guninier powder pattern (a = 11.863(6), b = 11.840(6), c = 9.857(5) {angstrom}, {alpha} = 14.90(4){degrees}, {beta} = 104.47(4){degrees}, {gamma} = 93.28(4){degrees}). The Pr{sub 12}I{sub 17}Fe{sub 2}-type structure contains octahedral rare-earth-metal cluster units R{sub 6} centered by a transition-metal atom Z and sheathed by iodine atoms. These are closely linked by seven I{sup i-i} and one I{sup i-a-a} bridges that lead to the unusually low I:Pr ratio for phases with isolated clusters. The compounds reported here together with Pr{sub 12}I{sub 17}Z{sub 2}, Z = Fe, Re are the only phases known to adopt this structure type. The La{sub 12}I{sub 17}Fe{sub 2} phase for data are consistent with equal numbers of 17-e and 18-e (closed shell) clusters, with {mu} = 1.11 BM for the former.
Persistent Visitation with Fuel Constraints

This work is motivated by the periodic vehicle routing problem (PVRP) where a vehicle is to perpetually visit customers within a given area. In this work there is no sense of horizon or days as in classic PVRP. Instead, it is assumed that each customer has a rate at which it must be visited for the vehicle to satisfy its mission. The vehicle's fuel limitations are taken into account and fuel depots with a fixed fuel price are included. The problem of finding paths that satisfy the locations’ revisit rates and minimize the total cost of fuel is treated. An algorithm that provides solutions to this problem under given constraints is presented.
Macrophage Microbicidal Mechanisms In Vivo: Reactive Nitrogen versus Oxygen Intermediates in the Killing of Intracellular Visceral Leishmania donovani

To determine the relative contributions of respiratory burst–derived reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) versus reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) to macrophage-mediated intracellular host defense, mice genetically deficient in these mechanisms were challenged with Leishmania donovani, a protozoan that selectively parasitizes visceral tissue macrophages. During the early stage of liver infection at wk 2, both respiratory burst–deficient gp91phox−/− (X-linked chronic granulomatous disease [X-CGD]) mice and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout (KO) mice displayed comparably increased susceptibility. Thereafter, infection was unrestrained in mice lacking iNOS but was fully controlled in X-CGD mice. Mononuclear cell influx into infected liver foci in X-CGD and iNOS KO mice was also overtly impaired at wk 2. However, granuloma assembly in parasitized tissue eventually developed in both hosts but with divergent effects: mature granulomas were functionally active (leishmanicidal) in X-CGD mice but inert in iNOS-deficient animals. These results suggest that (a) ROI and RNI probably act together in the early stage of intracellular infection to regulate both tissue recruitment of mononuclear inflammatory cells and the initial extent of microbial replication, (b) RNI alone are necessary and sufficient for eventual control of visceral infection, and (c) although mature granulomas have traditionally been associated with control of such infections, these structures fail to limit intracellular parasite replication in the absence of iNOS.
Efficient solving of structural constraints

Structural constraint solving is being increasingly used for software reliability tasks such as systematic testing or error recovery. For example, the Korat algorithm provides constraint-based test generation: given a Java predicate that describes desired input constraints and a bound on the input size, Korat systematically searches the bounded input space of the predicate to generate all inputs that satisfy the constraints. As another example, the STARC tool uses a constraint-based search to repair broken data structures. A key issue for these approaches is the efficiency of search.This paper presents a novel approach that significantly improves the efficiency of structural constraint solvers. Specifically, most existing approaches use backtracking through code re-execution to explore their search space. In contrast, our approach performs checkpoint-based backtracking by storing partial program states and performing abstract undo operations. The heart of our approach is a light-weight search that is performed purely through code instrumentation. The experimental results on Korat and STARC for generating and repairing a set of complex data structures show an order to two orders of magnitude speed-up over the traditionally used searches.
Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran

The texts published here are in an eastern Mazandarani dialect spoken in the Caspian littoral in northern Iran. The informant is a rural woman who recollects the supernatural deeds of her father-in-law, revered like a saint after his death. The stories are narrated in a most intimate manner, something rarely published previously in Iranian dialect documentations. The folkloric songs typify those sung in Caspian rice paddies by women, who traditionally have a dominant role in the rural economy. The stories and songs provide both linguistic and ethnographic data for this poorly studied but important province with its unique culture among the Iranian-speaking groups in Iran.
Discrete mesoscopic modeling for the simulation of woven-fabric reinforcement forming

A discrete modeling approach is proposed to simulate woven-fabric reinforcement forming via explicit finite element analysis. The tensile behaviour of the yarns is modeled by truss, beam or seatbelt elements, and the shearing behaviour of the fabric is incorporated within shell or membrane elements. This method is easy to set up using the user-defined material subroutine capabilities of explicit finite element programs. In addition, the determination of the material parameters is straightforward from conventional tensile and shear-frame tests. The proposed approach has been implemented in the ABAQUS and LS-DYNA explicit finite element programs. Two types of fabric, a plain-weave and a twill-weave Twintex® (commingled polypropylene and glass fibres) were characterized and used to validate the modeling approach. For this validation, shear-frame and bias-extension tests have been modeled, and the finite element results are compared to experimental data. The determination of experimental shear angle contours was possible via Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The finite element results from ABAQUS and LS-DYNA are similar and agree well with the experimental data. As an example of the capabilities of the method, the deep drawing of a hemisphere is simulated using both finite elements programs.