cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical generation of superconducting order of different symmetries in hexagonal lattices

The growth of superconducting order after an interaction quench in a hexagonal lattice is studied. The cases of both time-reversal (TR) preserving graphene, as well as the TR broken Haldane model, are explored. Spin singlet superconducting order is studied where the $s,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}d+id$, and $d\ensuremath{-}id$ wave orders are the irreducible representations of the hexagonal lattice. For small quenches, the $d$-wave order parameter grows the fastest, a result also expected when the system is in thermal equilibrium. For the TR symmetry preserving case, the growth rate of the two $d$-wave orders is identical, while the TR-broken case prefers one of the chiral $d$-wave orders over the other, leading to a TR broken topological superconductor. As the interaction quench becomes larger, a smooth crossover is found where eventually the growth rate of the $s$ wave becomes the largest. Thus for large interaction quenches, the $s$ wave is preferred over the $d$ wave for both TR preserving and TR broken systems. This result is explained in terms of the high energy quasiparticles responsible for the dynamics as the interaction quench amplitude grows. The results are relevant for time-resolved measurements that can probe the symmetry of the superconducting fluctuations in a transient regime.
Venezuela as a Case Study in Limited (Sovereign) Liability

Venezuela is in a severe economic crisis. An October 2016 debt swap bought some time for the beleaguered state-owned oil company Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), but there remains speculation about default by both PDVSA and the government. The fact that Venezuela’s economy is heavily dependent on oil exports has led some observers to assume that, in the wake of a default, creditors could easily seize assets associated with natural resource exploitation. In this article, we explore some of the legal considerations that would govern such litigation. Our primary claim is that matters are not so simple. Even ignoring issues associated with sovereign immunity and bankruptcy law, we emphasize the doctrine of separate corporate personhood (i.e., the fiction that corporations are independent legal persons responsible for their own, and only their own, debts). We do not purport to predict the outcome of any disputes that might arise in the wake of a default. Instead, we use Venezuela as a case study, identifying the many ways in which the doctrine of separate corporate personhood may affect the relative rights and bargaining power of a sovereign debtor and its creditors.
Role of accelerated developmental pathway and limited nurturing capacity on soldier developmental instability in subterranean termite incipient colonies

In the subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), soldiers developing in incipient colonies display strong fluctuating asymmetry when compared with soldiers developing in mature colonies. This strong asymmetry may arise from two different types of stress factors on individuals. First, the accelerated development of nanitic (small) soldiers may impose a direct physiological stress as Coptotermes soldiers produced in incipient colonies have two less molting events than soldiers produced in mature colonies. Second, the environmental conditions in incipient colonies present a major constraint with limited access to resources and small numbers of workers to care for the developing brood. In this study, 459 soldiers from 73 incipient colonies (6-month-old) displaying only nanitic soldiers were investigated in a range of nurturing capacity scenarios. Nanitic soldiers developing in incipient colonies with high nurturing capacity displayed more symmetrical traits than the ones developing in colonies with low nurturing capacity. In addition, the first soldiers to emerge in the colony were the most asymmetrical individuals, showing that as the conditions improve rapidly with the growth of the colony, newly produced nanitic soldiers manifest the lessening of stress in normalization of their morphology. However, the nurturing capacity of the colony only partially explained the developmental instability variability, implying that the accelerated development of nanitic soldiers remains an important stress factor in incipient colonies, in comparison with soldiers developing in mature colonies with two additional molts and homeostatic environmental conditions.
Cancer. Checkpoint for invasion.

Growth, invasion into surrounding tissues and migration to distant organs are hallmarks of a malignant tumour. Proteins called RAGE and amphoterin have now been identified as a receptor-ligand pair that regulates all three of these characteristics.
Lessons Learned from Two Cohorts of Personal Informatics Self-Experiments

Self-experiments allow people to investigate their own individual outcomes from behavior change, often with the aid of personal tracking devices. The challenge is to design scientifically valid self-experiments that can reach conclusive results. In this paper, we aim to understand how novices run self-experiments when they are provided with a structured lesson in experimental design. We conducted a study on self-experimentation with two cohorts of students, where a total of 34 students performed a self-experiment of their choice. In the first cohort, students were given only two restrictions: a specific number of variables to track and a set duration for the study. The findings from this cohort helped us generate concrete guidelines for running a self-experiment, and use them as the format for the next cohort. A second cohort of students used these guidelines to conduct their own self-experiments in a more structured manner. Based on the findings from both cohorts, we propose a set of guidelines for running successful self-experiments that address the pitfalls encountered by students in the study, such as inadequate study design and analysis methods. We also discuss broader implications for future self-experimenters and designers of tools for self-experimentation.
‘Quill Flatteners’ Or Pottery Modeling Tools?

(1956). ‘Quill Flatteners’ Or Pottery Modeling Tools? Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 17-20.
Multicomponent, Enantioselective Michael-Michael-Aldol-β-Lactonizations Delivering Complex β-Lactones.

Optically active, tertiary amine Lewis bases react with unsaturated acid chlorides to deliver chiral, α,β-unsaturated acylammonium salts. These intermediates participate in a catalytic, enantioselective, three-component process delivering bi- and tricyclic β-lactones through a Michael–Michael-aldol-β-lactonization. In a single operation, the described multicomponent, organocascade process forms complex bi- and tricyclic β-lactones by generating four new bonds, two rings, and up to four contiguous stereocenters. In the racemic series, yields of 22–75% were achieved using 4-pyrrolidinopyridine as Lewis base. In the enantioselective series employing isothiourea catalysts, a kinetic resolution of the initially formed racemic Michael adduct appears operative, providing yields of 46% to quantitative (based on 50% max) with up to 94:6 er. Some evidence for a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation for tricyclic-β-lactone 1d was obtained following optimization (yields up to 61%, 94:6 er) through a presumed reve...
A Decade of Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair in New York State: Volumes, Outcomes, and Implications for the Dissemination of Endovascular Technology.

Background The purpose of this study was to characterize utilization and outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (TEVAR) in New York State during the first decade of commercial availability, with respect to evolving indications, results, and costs. Of specific interest was evaluation of the volume-outcome relationship for this relatively uncommon procedure. Methods The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was queried to identify patients undergoing TEVAR from 2005 to 2014 for aortic dissection (AD), non-ruptured aneurysm (NRA), and ruptured aneurysm (RA). Outcomes assessed included in-hospital mortality, complications, and costs. Linkage to the National Provider Identifier and New York Office of Professions databases facilitated comparisons by surgeon and facility volume. Results One thousand eight hundred thirty-eight patients were identified: 334 AD, 226 RA, and 1,278 NRA. Since introduction, TEVAR implantation increased significantly over the 10-year period in all groups (P 17 per year) and by high-volume surgeons (>5 per year), (P Conclusions Since the introduction of TEVAR, comparable results have been obtained across hospital and surgeon volume strata. Favorable outcomes, even in low-volume settings, underscore the complexity of volume-outcome relationships in high-acuity procedures. These findings have implications for credentialing, regionalization, and future dissemination of advanced endovascular technology.
Online vocabulary adaptation using contextual information and information retrieval.

This paper presents an algorithm for automatic online vocabulary adaptation based on contextual information and information retrieval. Experiments are presented on a transcription task of spoken annotations of business cards recorded by a hand-held device. Contextual information is used to trigger web search which is used to adapt the vocabulary for a given business card. Finally, the language model for the adapted vocabulary is modified by taking into account the relative value of each context information source. On the business card task, the proposed algorithm reduces 75% of the out-of-vocabulary rate and 16% of the word error rate.
RNA Structural Differentiation: Opportunities with Pattern Recognition

Our awareness and appreciation of the many regulatory roles of RNA have dramatically increased in the past decade. This understanding, in addition to the impact of RNA in many disease states, has renewed interest in developing selective RNA-targeted small molecule probes. However, the fundamental guiding principles in RNA molecular recognition that could accelerate these efforts remain elusive. While high-resolution structural characterization can provide invaluable insight, examples of well-characterized RNA structures, not to mention small molecule:RNA complexes, remain limited. This Perspective provides an overview of the current techniques used to understand RNA molecular recognition when high-resolution structural information is unavailable. We will place particular emphasis on a new method, pattern recognition of RNA with small molecules (PRRSM), that provides rapid insight into critical components of RNA recognition and differentiation by small molecules as well as into RNA structural features.
Limiting Lengths of OL with Differential Phase Protection Without Compensation for Capacitive Currents

The limiting lengths of lines equipped with differential phase protections with current starting elements and without devices for compensating capacitive currents are evaluated approximately.
Light induces accumulation of isocitrate lyase mRNA in a carotenoid-deficient mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

A cDNA with sequence similarity to isocitrate lyase (ICL) genes was isolated from the unicellular eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a light-induced mRNA in the carotenoid biosynthetic mutant strain FN68. The 416 amino acid open reading frame shows significant sequence similarity to isocitrate lyases of bacteria (70%), molds (48%), yeasts (45%), and plants (47%). Expression of the Chlamydomonas ICL gene was tested in the mutant strain FN68, which when grown in the dark fails to accumulate carotenoids and is deficient in chlorophyll, and in CC400G, a strain that accumulates wild-type levels of carotenoids and chlorophyll. In vegetative CC400G cells, ICL mRNA accumulated to a high level in the dark and declined to a barely detectable level within 30 min of exposure to light. This response was more sensitive to white (tungsten filament) or red light than green or blue light, excluding cryptochrome and rhodopsin as the photoreceptor. These results are consistent with excitation by chlorophyll and/or a phytochrome-related photoreceptor. In vegetative FN68 cells, ICL mRNA abundance was very low in the dark, but increased dramatically in response to light. At intensities above threshold, excitation by far-red or red light-induced ICL mRNA accumulation to the highest levels. The threshold of the response was lowest for far-red and blue light. These results are consistent with excitation of a photochromic far-red-responsive pigment.
Screening for HIV Infection in Asymptomatic, Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

Importance Untreated HIV infection can result in significant morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission. A 2012 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found antiretroviral therapy (ART) associated with improved clinical outcomes and decreased transmission risk in persons with CD4 cell counts less than 500/mm3. Objective To update the 2012 review on HIV screening to inform the USPSTF. Data Sources Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 2012 to June 2018, with surveillance through January 2019. Study Selection Nonpregnant individuals 12 years and older; randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled observational studies of screening vs no screening, alternative screening strategies, earlier vs later initiation of ART, and long-term harms of ART. Data Extraction and Synthesis One investigator abstracted data; a second checked accuracy. Two investigators independently rated study quality. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality, AIDS events, quality of life, function, and HIV transmission; harms of screening and long-term (≥2 years) harms of ART; screening yield. Results Eighteen new studies (5 RCTs, 11 cohort studies, and 2 systematic reviews; N = 266 563) were included, and 11 studies (2 RCTs and 9 cohort studies; N = 218 542) were carried forward from the prior USPSTF report. No study directly evaluated effects of HIV screening vs no screening on clinical outcomes or harms, or the yield of alternative screening strategies. Two newly identified RCTs conducted completely or partially in low-resource settings found ART initiation at CD4 cell counts greater than 500/mm3associated with lower risk of a composite outcome of mortality, AIDS-defining events, or serious non-AIDS events (relative risk [RR], 0.44 [95% CI, 0.31-0.63] and RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.35-0.95]); results were consistent with those from a large observational study. Early ART was not associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. Early ART initiation was associated with sustained reduction in risk of HIV transmission at 5.5 years (RR, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.02-0.22] for linked transmission). New evidence regarding the association between abacavir use and risk of cardiovascular events was inconsistent. Certain antiretroviral regimens were associated with increased risk of long-term neuropsychiatric, renal, hepatic, and bone adverse events. Conclusions and Relevance In nonpregnant adolescents and adults there was no direct evidence on the clinical benefits and harms of screening for HIV infections vs no screening, or the yield of repeat or alternative screening strategies. New evidence extends effectiveness of ART to asymptomatic individuals with CD4 cell counts greater than 500/mm3and shows sustained reduction in risk of HIV transmission at longer-term follow-up, although certain ART regimens may be associated with increased risk of long-term harms.
Palmitic Acid-Enriched Diet Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Injury in Adult Zebrafish.

Abstract Palmitic acid (PA) is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in fast foods and is known to induce inflammation and cellular injury in various tissues. In this study, we investigated whethe...
Reversing Course on Environmental Justice under the Trump Administration

This Article traces how policy reversals in the first years of the Trump Administration implicate protections for diverse, low-income communities in the context of environmental pollution and climate change. The environmental justice movement has drawn critical attention to the persistent inequality in exposure to environmental harms, tracking racial and income lines. As a result of decades of advocacy, environmental justice has become an established, if not realized, principle in environmental law. Shifting positions under the Trump Administration now undermine this progress. To illustrate, this Article uses three exemplary contexts — agency transition, environmental law implementation, and international relations on climate change — to outline the impacts of reversing course on environmental justice.
Effectiveness of clinical decision support to enhance delivery of family planning services in primary care settings.

Abstract Purpose There is a need to improve delivery of family planning services, including preconception and contraception services, in primary care. We assessed whether a clinician-facing clinical decision support implemented in a family medicine staffed primary care network improved provision of family planning services for reproductive-aged female patients, and differed in effect for certain patients or clinical settings. Methods We conducted a pragmatic study with difference-in-differences design to estimate, at the visit-level, the clinical decision support’s effect on documenting the provision of family planning services 52 weeks prior to and after implementation. We also used logistic regression with a sample subset to evaluate intervention effect on the patient-level. Results 27,817 eligible patients made 91,185 visits during the study period. Overall, unadjusted documentation of family planning services increased by 2.7 percentage points (55.7% pre-intervention to 58.4% intervention). In the adjusted analysis, documentation increased by 3.4 percentage points (95% CI: 2.24, 4.63). The intervention effect varied across sites at the visit-level, ranging from a −1.2 to +6.5 percentage point change. Modification of effect by race, insurance, and site were substantial, but not by age group nor ethnicity. Additionally, patient-level subset analysis showed that those exposed to the intervention had 1.26 times the odds of having family planning services documented after implementation compared to controls (95% CI: 1.17, 1.36). Conclusions This clinical decision support modestly improved documentation of family planning services in our primary care network; effect varied across sites. Implications Integrating a family planning services clinical decision support into the electronic medical record at primary care sites may increase the provision of preconception and/or contraception services for women of reproductive age. Further study should explore intervention effect at sites with lower initial provision of family planning services.
Did Fund Managers Deliver Value During the Financial Crisis

This study provides evidence that individual investors are better off by investing through mutual funds run by skilled fund managers, who not only deliver higher risk-adjusted returns in normal times, but also attain similar performance even during turbulent economic states, such as the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. Specifically, we show that, on average, fund managers with the highest skill (top 20%) added $6.877 million of value annually during the early crisis period and $4.065 million of value during the late crisis period, compared with $3.198 million gain realized during the entire sample period. Low-skill fund managers (bottom 20%), however, lost $0.844 million of value during the early crisis period and $5.323 million of value during the late crisis period. TOPICS:Performance measurement, manager selection, wealth management Key Findings • Active managed mutual funds with skilled managers can serve an important insurance and value generating function not only during normal times, but also in extreme economic downturns. • Funds run by skilled managers experienced significant capital inflows during both the early and late stages of the financial crisis, while their low skilled counterparts incurred significant capital outflows. • Fund management skill persists at least one year during the whole financial crisis period.
Mitochondria in Alzheimer brains: A PET project shows complex changes

Autopsy brains have long informed views of Alzheimer disease (AD) but cannot always reveal the order in which pathologies arise or resolve cause vs consequence relationships. Limitations particularly apply in cases in which molecular changes precede cognitive decline. To resolve questions of AD chronology, investigators increasingly rely on biomarker-based approaches. In living individuals, it is possible to watch biomarker endpoints appear and evolve over time. This provides insight into temporal schemas and rates of change and, when cautiously applied, can inform mechanistic hypotheses.1 A caveat of this ability to order events depends on our ability to measure them. If we cannot measure something, we cannot place it within a chronologic model, and flawed measurements produce flawed models.
Early recruiting in NCAA sport: An exploratory study of scarcity effects

Current sources of information regarding the effects of early recruiting in college athletics, on which recent NCAA bylaw changes were predicated, are grounded in anecdotal accounts of deleterious ...
Opposing Regulation of Cocaine Seeking by Glutamate and Enkephalin Neurons in the Ventral Pallidum

Projections from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum (VP) regulate drug relapse. The VP contains predominately GABAergic (VPGABA) and glutamatergic (VP Glu) neurons, and a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons co-express enkephalin (VPPenk). Rabies tracing revealed that VPGlu and VPPenk receive a high proportion of innervation from D1- relative to D2-expressing accumbens neurons, while GABAergic cells receive equivalent D1- and D2-innervation. Chemogenetic stimulation of each VP subtype showed that VPGlu inhibit, while VPPenk potentiate cocaine-seeking in mice withdrawn from cocaine self-administration. Miniature microscopic calcium imaging for each neuronal cell-type revealed distinct activity patterns during extinction training and relapse to cocaine-seeking. VPPenk were selectivity activated around nosepokes during cue-induced cocaine-seeking, whereas VPGlu neurons increased their spike rate following extinction training, and their activity negatively regulated drug seeking during reinstatement. These data show that VP subpopulations differentially encode and regulate cocaine seeking, with VPPenk facilitating and VPGlu inhibiting cocaine seeking in extinguished mice.
Anaphylaktischer Schock nach Galette-Verzehr

Wir berichten von einer 37-jahrigen Patientin, bei der es zweimal jeweils nach Genuss von Galettes zu anaphylaktischen Reaktionen kam. Crepes isst die Patientin seit Jahren ohne Probleme. Als Ursache der allergischen Reaktion konnten wir im Pricktest und mittels CAP-FEIA eine Typ I-Allergie auf das enthaltene Buchweizenmehl nachweisen. Buchweizen ist im Gegensatz zu Weizen kein Getreide, sondern ein glutenfreies Knoterichgewachs, das ursprunglich aus Mittelasien kommt. Bei allergischen Reaktionen nach Genuss von Teigwaren oder Geback, insbesondere bei glutenfreier Kost, sollte daher eine Typ I-Allergie auf Buchweizenmehl mitbedacht werden.
Complementation In Vitro Between Mutationally Altered β2 subunits of Escherichia coli Tryptophan Synthetase

Cross-reacting beta(2) subunits (CRMs) were purified from eight trpB missense mutants to test for complementation in vitro after urea dissociation and reaggregation. One CRM (B290, demonstrating "repairability," i.e., the appearance of enzymatic activity on combination with alpha subunits) was clearly positive with four others, all "non-repairable" CRMs resulting from mutations at three different but neighboring sites. One complementing pair, B290-B248, was studied in more detail and found, upon mixing purified proteins, to give complementation in the absence of denaturants. Complementation activity was low in each case. To study the mechanism of the modest increases in activity, we used a reduced beta(2) subunit as an artificial CRM to form hybrids where both the amount of activity due to complementation and the amount of hybrid could be measured. (In a reduced beta(2) subunit, the two pyridoxal phosphate cofactors have been chemically reduced by sodium borohydride and are covalently attached to lysine residues. This abolishes activity in the tryptophan synthetic reaction and causes the protein to migrate much faster than normal in acrylamide gel electrophoresis.) Reduced beta(2) subunit formed hybrid dimers with the non-repairable CRMs B244 and B248 at pH 6.0, but no enzymatic activity appeared. On the other hand, when reduced beta(2) subunit was mixed with B290 CRM at pH 6.0 to 6.6, an activity increase was seen that was proportional to the amount of hybrid. We conclude that hybrid formation is essential for complementation and that the mechanism of complementation in this system is the correction of a repairable active site on the B290 beta chain by a conformational change occuring when hybrid dimer is formed. This type of complementation must be restricted to a small class of CRMs having a conformationally deformed active site. From the amount of hybrid present and the increase in activity, a specific activity of 50 U/mg was calculated for the hybrid containing reduced and B290 beta chains. This value is slightly less than but close to the activity of the hybrid formed between reduced and normal beta chains, shown earlier to have half the specific activity of the normal dimer.
22 Hepatitis C and iron

Publisher Summary More recently, there has been considerable interest in the role of iron in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C and also in the role of iron depletion therapy as an adjunctive measure for the treatment of liver disease because chronic hepatitis C infection. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge pertaining to the role of iron in chronic hepatitis C. Iron clearly influences the response of chronic hepatitis C to treatment and perhaps to the natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Mechanisms responsible for the effects of iron are not clear, but emerging data would suggest that the cellular location of iron within the hepatic lobule and the subsequent effects on immune function may well be critical determinants for these effects. Continued evaluation of therapies for chronic hepatitis C that either remove iron or interfere with the action of iron at the cellular level may prove useful clinically and may provide some insights into the mechanisms of cellular injury in this disease.
Fatal All-Terrain Vehicle Crashes Injury Types and Alcohol Use

BACKGROUND: Since the 1990s, West Virginia has led the U.S. in the per-capita death rate from all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes, with rates eight times the national average and continually increasing. A comprehensive assessment was conducted of ATV fatalities to provide critical guidance for community interventions and public health policy to prevent further deaths. METHODS: In 2007, death certificates for 2004 to 2006 with ICD-10 codes correlating to ATV crashes were used to identify decedents involved in crashes occurring in West Virginia. Data were abstracted from medical examiner records regarding crash circumstances, sustained injuries, and toxicology. RESULTS: During 2004-2006, a total of 112 fatal ATV crashes were identified. Nearly all (92%) decedents were the ATV operator, and only 15% were known to have worn helmets. Among 54 traffic crashes, collisions (56%) and head injuries (65%) predominated, whereas the majority of 58 nontraffic crashes were rollovers (55%) and were most commonly associated with compression injuries of the thorax and abdomen (36%). Regardless of crash class (i.e., traffic versus nontraffic), alcohol was detected in the blood of 50% of decedents; of those, 88% had blood alcohol concentrations >/=0.08% (mean=0.17%), West Virginia's legal limit. Drugs of abuse were identified in 21% of decedents, including marijuana (11%); opioid analgesics (7%); diazepam (6%); cocaine (2%); and methamphetamine (1%). CONCLUSIONS: Fatal crash and injury types differ significantly depending on the location of ATV use, although alcohol and drug abuse are frequent risk factors in all types of ATV crashes. In addition to promoting helmet use, interventions are needed to address alcohol use among ATV users. Language: en
OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS (OA)-INDUCED LUNG HYPOPLASIA (LH): INFLUENCE OF TIMING AND DURATION, (ANIMAL MODEL)

Having documented that OA leads to significant LH in the fetal guinea-pig, we looked to see if the effect varied with the timing of onset and the duration of OA. OA was induced by creating amnio-peritoneal fistulas in 4 experimental groups: I, long term OA early (d 40-50); II, long term OA late (d 45-55); III, short term OA early (d 45-50); IV, short term OA late (d 50-55). For each group, untouched littermate or gestational age-matched fetuses were used as controls. OA was documented by lack of amniotic fluid (AF) at sacrifice in each experimental animal (N=23)whereas controls had normal AF volumes (N=23). Lung DNA content was used as an index of cell number. Since there was a slight but not significant difference in body weight, we expressed the values as lung DNA per gram of fetal weight. Significant differences (p<.005) were found in groups I, II, III. The "magnitude" of the effect, (i.e. the percentage difference between experimental and control values) was as follows: I:-38%; II:-26%; III:-24%; IV:-14%. This experimental study confirms the clinical impression that the earlier the onset of OA and the longer its duration, the greater is the impact on lung growth. Morphometric studies of 4 lungs in group III showed that the experimental lungs had lower volumes (83%), lower volumetric density of lung parenchyma (95%), less total # of alveolar-like structures (74%), lower ISA (84%) and a disproportionate reduction in total length of elastic tissue (47%).
Parsing to Stanford Dependencies: Trade-offs between Speed and Accuracy.

We investigate a number of approaches to generating Stanford Dependencies, a widely used semantically-oriented dependency representation. We examine algorithms specifically designed for dependency parsing (Nivre, Nivre Eager, Covington, Eisner, and RelEx) as well as dependencies extracted from constituent parse trees created by phrase structure parsers (Charniak, Charniak-Johnson, Bikel, Berkeley and Stanford). We found that constituent parsers systematically outperform algorithms designed specifically for dependency parsing. The most accurate method for generating dependencies is the Charniak-Johnson reranking parser, with 89% (labeled) attachment F1 score. The fastest methods are Nivre, Nivre Eager, and Covington, used with a linear classifier to make local parsing decisions, which can parse the entire Penn Treebank development set (section 22) in less than 10 seconds on an Intel Xeon E5520. However, this speed comes with a substantial drop in F1 score (about 76% for labeled attachment) compared to competing methods. By tuning how much of the search space is explored by the Charniak-Johnson parser, we are able to arrive at a balanced configuration that is both fast and nearly as good as the most accurate approaches.
Choline-containing Teichoic Acid As a Structural Component of Pneumococcal Cell Wall and Its Role in Sensitivity to Lysis by an Autolytic Enzyme

The cell wall of Diplococcus pneumoniae was isolated and purified and its macromolecular components were characterized in two ways: (a) by selective extractions and (b) by solubilization of the wall with the pneumococcal autolytic enzyme followed by fractionation of the enzyme products. Two major macromolecular components could be identified. One, the peptidoglycan, is composed of glucosamine, muramic acid (plus muramic acid phosphate), lysine, alanine, and glutamic acid in the molar ratios of 1.0:1.2:1.5:3.8:2.0. The presence of additional amino acids, namely, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, and threonine in the molar ratios (with respect to glucosamine) of 0.9:1.0:1.0:0.5 was also detected. The other major component, teichoic acid, is rich in galactosamine, phosphate, and choline which occur in the molar ratios 1.0:1.65:0.9. These three constituents together make up 23% of the cell wall mass. After treatment of cell walls with cell-free pneumococcal autolytic enzyme, most of the cell wall material can be recovered in the form of two soluble macromolecular fractions which are separable by gel filtration. Fraction I is of high molecular weight and contains teichoic acid polymers plus what appears to be the polysaccharide backbone of the peptidoglycan. Fraction II contains material of lower molecular weight and is rich in the amino acids lysine, glutamic acid, and alanine; these amino acids appear to represent cross-linked dimers and trimers of the peptide portion of the peptidoglycan. The teichoic acid and the polysaccharide components of Fraction I can be separated after sequential degradation with nitrous acid and periodate. It has already been proposed in the literature that the antigenic C-polysaccharide of pneumococcus is a teichoic acid. Our studies further indicate that this teichoic acid contains choline and is a major structural component of pneumococcal cell wall. The major autolytic activity in pneumococcal extracts appears to be an amidase which splits the bond between muramic acid and alanine in the peptidoglycan portion of the cell wall. Experiments are described which indicate that the lysis of pneumococci by deoxycholate occurs through the participation of this enzyme. The choline component of the teichoic acid plays a key role in determining sensitivity to the autolytic enzyme, since walls prepared from pneumococci in which cell wall choline was replaced by ethanolamine were found to be totally resistant to the action of the autolytic enzyme.
Using relationship styles based on attachment theory to improve understanding of specialty choice in medicine

Background Patient-provider relationships in primary care are characterized by greater continuity and depth than in non-primary care specialties. We hypothesized that relationship styles of medical students based on attachment theory are associated with specialty choice factors and that such factors will mediate the association between relationship style and ultimately matching in a primary care specialty.
Evidence-based Update of Pediatric Dental Restorative Procedures: Preventive Strategies.

Background: There has been significant advances in the understanding of preventive restorative procedures regarding the advantages and disadvantages for restorative procedures; the evidence for conservative techniques for deep carious lesions; the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants; and the evidence for use of resin infiltration techniques. Aim: The intent of this review is to help practitioners use evidence to make decisions regarding preventive restorative dentistry in children and young adolescents. Study Design: This evidence-based review appraises the literature, primarily between the years 1995-2013, on preventive restorative strategies. The evidence was graded as to strong evidence, evidence in favor, or expert opinion by consensus of authors Results: The preventive strategy for dental caries includes individualized assessment of disease progression and management with appropriate preventive and restorative therapy. There is strong evidence that restoration of teeth with incomplete caries ex...
The Life Rope: a transactional approach to exploring worker and life role development

The Model of Human Occupation offers a framework for analyzing occupational roles including that of worker; however, it does not describe the dynamics of role change after a traumatic injury. This paper reports a qualitative study of sixteen individuals who experienced a traumatic spinal cord injury in the midst of their occupational career development. The study examined their role change processes involved in redeveloping the worker role. Data were collected across 24 months of the participant's lives and triangulated via participant observations, guided interviews, mapping, and archival document review. Results showed that individuals formed multiple strands within their role repertoires at any point in time. After a traumatic injury, the worker role became an optional, elective role strand, one that often unraveled first as they encountered breakdowns in more basic survival roles, such as home manager, assistive technology user and attendant care employer. The metaphor of a Life Rope emerged as a useful conceptual framework for explaining life role development, including that of worker.
Purification and properties of benzoate-coenzyme A ligase, a Rhodopseudomonas palustris enzyme involved in the anaerobic degradation of benzoate.

A soluble benzoate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase was purified from the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Synthesis of the enzyme was induced when cells were grown anaerobically in light with benzoate as the sole carbon source. Purification by chromatography successively on hydroxylapatite, phenyl-Sepharose, and hydroxylapatite yielded an electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 25 mumol/min per mg of protein and a molecular weight of 60,000. The purified enzyme was insensitive to oxygen and catalyzed the Mg2+ ATP-dependent formation of acyl-CoA from carboxylate and free reduced CoA, with high specificity for benzoate and 2-fluorobenzoate. Apparent Km values of 0.6 to 2 microM for benzoate, 2 to 3 microM for ATP, and 90 to 120 microM for reduced CoA were determined. The reaction product, benzoyl-CoA, was an effective inhibitor of the ligase reaction. The kinetic properties of the enzyme match the kinetics of substrate uptake by whole cells and confirm a role for benzoate-CoA ligase in maintaining entry of benzoate into cells as well as in catalyzing the first step in the anaerobic degradation of benzoate by R. palustris. Images
A Mixed-Method Study: Assessing the BAR Model's Impact on Preservice Teachers' Efficacy Beliefs

This study took place at a mid-sized, Midwestern university located in a mid-sized town. The researchers developed the BAR model to teach mathematics methods both in the classroom and in the field. The preservice teachers took Enochs, Smith, and Huinker's Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (MTEBI) on the first and last day of class. A total of 297 responses were collected from the pre- and posttests, with 280 matching responses, which were then used for data analysis. Mixed methods were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative data. The researchers sought to determine if the specific teaching methods from the BAR model led to positive changes in preservice teacher efficacy beliefs. They also explored if efficacy beliefs changed as a result of field experiences. Preservice teachers' efficacy scores changed positively on every item on the MTEBI. The researchers also determined that there was an increase in preservice teachers' outputs as a result of their field experiences.
Sickle-cell trait and pregnancy: A review of a community hospital experience.

Abstract The obstetric experiences of 128 gravidas delivered at Charlotte Memorial Hospital in 1973 who, on hemoglobin electrophoresis, exhibited an SA pattern of hemoglobin are reviewed. In addition to previously reported complications of increased rates of pyelonephritis and refractory anemia, this group of patients exhibited a marked increase in premature rupture of membranes and prematurity. It is suggested that the routine screening procedures be used for discovering sickle-cell trait individuals and that they be categorized as “high-risk” obstetric patients because of the increased complication rates described here and by previous authors.
Radiometric surface temperature measurements during dye-assisted laser skin closure: in vitro and in vivo results.

Author(s): Fried, NM; Choi, B; Welch, AJ; Walsh, JT | Abstract: Background and objectiveA thermal camera was used to measure surface temperatures during laser skin welding to provide feedback for optimization of the laser parameters.Study design/materials and methodsTwo-centimeter-long, full-thickness incisions were made in guinea pig skin in vitro and in vivo. India ink was applied to the incision edges, which were then mechanically apposed. Continuous-wave, 1.06-microm Nd:YAG laser radiation was scanned over the incisions, producing an effective pulse duration of approximately 100 msec. Cooling durations between scans of 1.6, 4.0, and 8.0 sec were studied in vitro. A 5-mm-diameter laser spot was used with the power kept constant at 10 W. Thermal images were obtained at 30 frames per second with a thermal camera detecting 3-5 microm radiation. Surface temperatures were recorded at 0, 1, and 6 mm from the center line of the incision.Results/conclusionsCooling durations of 1.6 and 4.0 seconds in vitro resulted in temperatures at the weld site that remained above approximately 65 degrees C for prolonged periods of time. Cooling durations of 8.0 seconds were sufficient both in vitro and in vivo to prevent a significant rise in baseline temperatures at the weld site over time.
Energy Absorption in Composite Tubes

The collapse characteristics and energy absorption of a variety of tubes made in glass, graphite and Kevlar fiber composites have been examined. Tubes made from glass or graphite fibers collapsed by a fracture mode. There was a critical range of tube geometry over which stable collapse occurred with high energy absorption; thinner wall tubes tended to collapse in an unstable manner with lower energy absorption. Changes in the lay-up which increased the modulus increased the energy absorption of the tube. Tubes made from, or including Kevlar fiber, tended to collapse in an unstable mode by buckling rather than by fracture, which led to low values for specific energy absorption.
Hierarchical semantic organization in educable mentally retarded children.

Abstract Fifty-four educable mentally retarded (EMR) children looked at eight familiar pictures. Subsequently they attempted to recall each picture when given as retrieval cues the corresponding noun and four other words that represented a hierarchical class inclusion system for that particular picture. Five predictions based on a model of semantic distance in the structure were tested. Four of the predictions were significantly confirmed. Thus, EMR children showed evidence of functional use of a hierarchical class inclusion system in memory retrieval. These results are not suggested by most of the relevant literature in mental retardation.
Keeping Secondary School Hearing Impaired Students on Task.

AbstractStudent attention to the task at hand Is conditioned by the projection of a businesslike attitude toward the classroom as a workplace. In a study of hearing impaired teachers and students, a set of variables is described which predicts student’s attention to the task. Twenty secondary school teachers of the hearing impaired were studied in interaction with their classes over a two-month period. Results indicate that the effective teacher of secondary school hearing impaired students will avoid excessive reprimands, maintain sufficient contact time to ensure task comprehension, only periodically monitor comprehension of procedures, use limited but clear and appropriate structure, and use a mix of student and task oriented feedback.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium for the system hydrogen—benzene—cyclohexane—n-hexane

This paper presents vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system hydrogen—benzene—cyclohexane—n-hexane over the pressure range of 500 to 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and the temperature range of 200° to 300°F. Experimental equipment was constructed that was capable of operating at pressures of 3,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and at temperatures of 400°F. A static equilibrium cell, which had a sample port for both the liquid and vapor phases, was employed. Separation of the hydrogen from the hydrocarbons by means of a liquid nitrogen cold trap was utilized before performing the hydrocarbon analyses on a mass spectrometer. Three hydrocarbon mixtures were charged to the equilibrium cell, and for each charge, isotherms of 200°, 250°, and 300°F. were run for equilibrium pressures of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. These thirty-six quaternary equilibrium runs resulted in a total of one hundred and forty-four equilibrium data points. In addition, four binary equilibrium runs were determined both for the hydrogen-benzene and hydrogen-cyclohexane systems. A modified version of the Chao-Seader correlation was used to predict the data. This correlation was able to predict all the quaternary equilibrium ratios with an average deviation of 4.86%.
Exponential stabilization of a class of uncertain time-delay systems with bounded controllers

In this work, the problem of robust exponential stabilization of a class of uncertain dynamic systems with time-varying delays and bounded controllers is considered. A memoryless controller is synthesized to guarantee that there is a region of attraction from which all solutions of the class of systems considered converge to a given ball whose radius and the rate of exponential convergence toward it can be chosen arbitrarily. Finally, an example is included to illustrate the results developed in this work.
British and American community design: Clarence Stein's Manhattan transfer, 1924–74

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright's 1928 design for the new town of Radburn, New Jersey, was much influenced by Hampstead Garden Suburb, designed by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. Radburn was written about and discussed as the ‘Radburn concept’ in the 1930s and 1950s, especially after Gordon Stephenson published Stein's community designs in the Town Planning Review in 1949. Lewis Mumford championed its cul‐de‐sacked traffic safety, continuous pedestrian systems and linear, open space structure of superblocks. Stephenson, Arthur Ling and Hugh Wilson, joined by many UK town planners, designed many Radburnesque higher density layouts in many post‐World War II new town residential areas. The idea was a feature of Cumbernauld's pedestrianized design. It fell into disfavour in the mid‐1960s in Britain and at the same time was transferred again from Manhattan by Stein himself through Albert Mayer and Julian Whittlesey to Kittimat, British Columbia, Reston, Virginia, and via Stein's book, Toward New Towns for Amer...
Physician attitudes toward and prevalence of the hospitalist model of care: results of a national survey ☆

Abstract PURPOSE: We sought to determine the availability and utilization of, as well as physician attitudes toward, the hospitalist model in the United States. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using a telephone survey, we asked physicians who were board certified in internal medicine about their inpatient practice arrangements, the availability of hospitalist services, and their attitudes toward the hospitalist model. All physicians were generalists in active clinical practice. Using multivariable methods, we determined factors associated with attitudes toward the hospitalist model. RESULTS: We were able to contact 787 of 2,829 physicians who were randomly selected from a national list of board-certified internists, of whom 400 agreed to participate. Most respondents were familiar with the term "hospitalist" and had hospitalist services available in their community, and 28% used hospitalists for their inpatients. Few (2%) reported the presence of the "mandatory" hospitalist model. Physicians reported that the model was more commonly available in Western states (84% vs 55% to 63% in other regions, P CONCLUSIONS: Although agreeing that quality of care and efficiency might be improved, physicians were concerned about patient–doctor relationships and patient satisfaction in a hospitalist model. Future studies should determine the effect of the hospitalist model on these outcomes.