cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
0.25-μm multilevel interconnect with DUV processing

Decreasing critical dimensions and pitch at metal and hole levels requires the use of Deep-UV processing. Associated with this processing are issues of resist-substrate interactions, small process margins, and increasing aspect ratios forcing the modification of etch processes. In overcoming these issues at metal, we evaluate resist profiles on TiN, oxide hard mask, organic BARC and Ti metal. In all cases we see an improved profile when compared to resist on TiN. Electrical performance is compared in terms of linewidth, process linearity, and isolated to dense line bias for TiN, oxide hard mask, and Ti. Post etch electrical CD repeatability results are presented for TiN, Ti, and oxide. Cross section micrographs demonstrate consistent metal post etch profiles regardless of the metal stack. Results show the process is scaleable to 0.36 micrometers pitch metal. For hole patterning we see a major obstacle is achieving the required resolution capability with sufficient process latitude. We investigate the process margin for 0.25 micrometers contacts on BPSG substrates and the effect of pitch on the contact dimensions. Evaluation of the contacts after etch shows vertical sidewalls. The ability to extend the process to 0.20 micrometers is also explored. The results presented in this discussion demonstrate some of the issues and requirements for Deep-UV processing. With this technology we must explore the use of interfacial layers to overcome resist interactions with substrates and consider what might be non-standard processing to achieve desired results.
Molecular water accumulation on silica measured with picometer height resolution

We observed water film accumulation on silica surfaces to 1 picometer resolution using optical land-contrast (LC) interferometry. The land-contrast approach is non-destructive and allows real-time measurement of thickness variation of small molecular films.
Effect of the Androgen-insensitivity Mutation on a Cytoplasmic Receptor for Dihydrotestosterone

A mutation which confers insensitivity to androgenic hormones causes a great decrease in the ability of kidney cytoplasmic receptors to bind dihydro-testosterone. This results in a lower nuclear uptake of the steroid.
Design analysis of PEMFC bipolar plates considering stack manufacturing and environment impact

Abstract Stack and vehicle performance, design for manufacturing, and design for environment principles are used to develop bipolar plate design requirements and analyze design concepts for PEM fuel cells. Specifically, a list of 18 requirements identified in the literature is extended to 51 requirements and design rules. Given these design requirements, engineering characteristics or metrics used to indicate how well different bipolar plate designs meet each requirement and related targets and benchmarks are identified. Next, a subset of the engineering characteristics are used to evaluate six example bipolar plate designs made from graphite, stainless steel, and carbon composite in solid and integrated cooling configurations for a specific hybrid vehicle. For the case study of bipolar plates, correlations are interpreted for the considering relationships to compressive strength, the mass of the bipolar and cooling plates, the size of the stack required to move the ‘generic vehicle’, stack volume, disassembly efficiency, and select manufacturability metrics. Also, advantages and disadvantages specific to materials and design configurations are presented and discussed. Finally, power density and specific volume without consideration for vehicle performance was found not to be enough to assess the case study plates and, because of their common use in assessing fuel cell system design, is an important conclusion of this research.
Optically programmed neural network capable of stand-alone operation.

A two-dimensional amorphous silicon photoconductor array and a liquid-crystal display form the core components of a hardware system for the implementation of a multilayer perceptron neural network. All connections between layers, as well as the nonlinear transfer characteristics associated with the hidden-and output-layer neurons, are implemented in analog circuitry so that the network, once trained, behaves as a stand-alone processor. Subject to a standard backpropagation training algorithm, the network is shown to train very successfully. Training of the network is studied under different levels of weight quantization, neuron output resolution, and random weight-defect probability. A computer simulation of the hardware network is also performed, and excellent agreement is shown between the results of the hardware network and those of the computer simulation. It is concluded that the training capability of the present hardware network is very little degraded by its nonidealities, including the level of weight quantization and limit in neuron output resolution.
Hypnosis for Reduction of Vomiting Associated with Chemotherapy and Disease in Adolescents with Cancer

Vomiting is often a major source of distress for adolescent oncology patients. This study evaluates the effectiveness of hypnosis in reducing the vomiting associated with chemotherapy and disease in 12 adolescents with cancer. Eight patients receiving chemotherapy demonstrated significant reductions in the frequency ( p p p
Dinosaurs in a Jetson world: A dozen ways to revitalize your microforms collection

Microforms collections are at a crossroads and how effective libraries are in increasing the visibility and usability of these collections will determine whether they endure. In the last decade many libraries have made significant changes in how they process, catalog, and provide access to their traditional book and journal collections, even in how they view their library's physical spaces and the role of library services in providing support for their collections. This article will suggest changes libraries will need to make if they expect to mainstream the most useful and valuable parts of their microforms collections by applying some of the same innovative and change-oriented approaches they have used in other areas of their libraries.
An unconventional proposal: using the x86 architecture as the ubiquitous virtual standard architecture

There are 100+ million computers in the world. Even smaller organizations have easily 100+ machines; 10,000+ are typical for medium-sized organizations like a university or a bank. Current network technology is so ubiqitious and so powerful that we increasingly use these crowds of computers as one “technical being” instead of thinking of them as single machines. Consequently, we try to support distributed applications, not only by moving data around but also by remote execution of downloaded/uploaded code (applets, servlets) and even dynamically migrating active objects, i.e., curently executing programs (agents, load distribution). Unfortunately, not all of these 100+ million machines are compatible with each other. Currently, in the workstation/PC/NC segment, we see about 7 different hardware architectures: x86, PowerPC, Alpha, Mips, Sparc, PA-Risc, 68K. Some architectures are likely to disappear over time, e.g. 68K; however, new ones will show up (perhaps Intel’s IA-64). Heterogeneity will probably remain a problem over the next decade. More or less compatible OS APIs and tools, in particular compilers, help to move a source program from an x-machine to a y-machine. Moving a compiled program is harder; moving a currently executing program (migrating) between x and y is the hardest. One approach to move compiled programs between architectures is based on architectureindependent intermediate representations for compiled programs, e.g. Java bytecodes [10] or slim binaries [6]. However, it does not seem likely that in the near future all compilers will use a single intermediate language. (The language community has dreamed about the UNCOL (unitary compiler language) approach for nearly 40 years [15]. The UNCOL idea is to have a single language-independent code generation interface and thus architectureindependent compilers.) So the mentioned approach is restricted to certain programming languages and does not (yet?) give us general mobility for compiled programs. To solve the inter-architecture mobility problem for portable agents and for load distribution, we must be able to migrate a currently executing program with all its data, including temporary stack and heap data. A first approach to this problem is the ubiquitous interpreter. For example, the Aglets system [9] uses a JVM; Ara [11] uses Tcl. A second approach [14] is based on generating special (native) code that permits migration at certain synchronization points (“bus stops”) (Per architecture, a native-code version was generated when the source was compiled.). Similar to the techniques mentioned in the previous paragraph, both solutions suffer from the fact that they are specific to a single language.
Approaches to working in high-dimensional data spaces : gene expression microarrays

This review provides a focused summary of the implications of high-dimensional data spaces produced by gene expression microarrays for building better models of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. We identify the unique challenges posed by high dimensionality to highlight methodological problems and discuss recent methods in predictive classification, unsupervised subclass discovery, and marker identification.
Lateral and crestal bone planing antrostomy: A simplified surgical procedure to reduce the incidence of membrane perforation during maxillary sinus augmentation procedures

This clinical report presents a simplified surgical procedure for accessing the maxillary sinus antrum via lateral and crestal approaches, which reduces the potential for sinus membrane perforation and subsequent complications when graft materials and dental implants are placed into the sinus. Due to visual limitations, perforations and associated complications can jeopardize the success rate of the graft and the implants. While there is a lack of clinical data, clinical observations suggest that the procedure, described by the authors as lateral/crestal bone planing antrostomy, can reduce the possibility of perforation of the maxillary sinus membrane during the lateral and crestal approaches to the grafting of the maxillary sinus floor. The technique involves the use of specially designed rotary instruments that plane away the bone in thinner layers, with less chance of excess bone removal and membrane perforation.
Visualization of primate high density lipoproteins isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation.

High density lipoproteins (HDL) isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation from the plasma of monkeys ingesting semipurified diets are barely visible. This creates difficulty in separating HDL from other lower density lipoproteins following centrifugation and necessitates collecting large quantities of background density solution to insure complete recovery of the HDL fraction. A simple procedure is described involving the addition of β-carotene to nonhuman primate plasma prior to centrifugation which results in the delineation of HDL as a discrete yellow-orange band without affecting certain physical properties of HDL or interfering with standard lipid and protein assays.
Research on Thermal Characteristic of Spindle System of CNC Machine Tool

The main heat source of the spindle system of CNC machine tool has been analyzed. The friction heat of the motor as well as the bearing has been calculated. This paper established the finite element model of the spindle system of a precise CNC turning center, and used ANSYS to analyze the steady temperature field of the spindle system and the thermal deformation of the spindle. Finally, this paper proposed a solution to install a cooling sleeve in front of the spindle box, which can apparently reduce the thermal error of machine spindle.
Hydrogen Tunneling in Peptidylglycine α-Hydroxylating Monooxygenase

The temperature dependence of the primary and secondary intrinsic isotope effects for the C−H bond cleavage catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase has been determined. Analysis of the magnitude and Arrhenius behavior of the intrinsic isotope effects provides strong evidence for the use of tunneling as a primary catalytic strategy for this enzyme. Modeling of the isotope effect data allows for a comparison to the hydrogen transfer catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase in terms of environmental reorganization energy and frequency of the protein vibration that controls the hydrogen transfer.
A caution regarding use of the hint procedure to determine whether partial stimulus information activates responses.

Two experiments examined the hint procedure that Miller (1983) developed to determine whether response preparation begins before stimulus recognition finishes. Miller obtained an underaddi­ tive hint x discriminability interaction for reaction times to two-dimensional, symbolic stimuli assigned to the index and middle fingers of each hand. He interpreted this interaction as indicat­ ing that response preparation begins when the first stimulus dimension is identified. The present experiments failed to replicate the underadditive interaction for reaction times in three situa­ tions that met the logical requirements for producing the interaction. In Experiment 2, error rates did show an underadditive hint x discriminability interaction, but detailed analyses of the specific incorrect responses implicated stimulus-response translation processes rather than response­ preparation processes. Because the results obtained with the hint procedure arise from nonmo­ toric processes, we recommend caution regarding use ofthe procedure to determine whether par­ tial stimulus information activates responses. Continuous models of human information processing indicate that partial stimulus information should activate responses (e.g., Eriksen & Schultz, 1979), whereas discrete-stage models indicate that it should not (e.g., Sternberg, 1969). Intermediate models allow preliminary
Volumetric imaging of supersonic boundary layers using filtered Rayleigh scattering background suppression

We demonstrate the use of Filtererd Rayleigh Scattering and a 3D reconstruction technique to interrogate the highly three dimensional flow field inside of a supersonic inlet model. A 3 inch by 3 inch by 2.5 inch volume is reconstructed yielding 3D visualizations of the crossing shock waves and of the boundary layer. In this paper we discuss the details of the techniques used, and present the reconstructured 3D images.
Heavy-lepton interpretation of multimuon events produced in neutrino and antineutrino beams

We calculate neutrino production of a charged heavy lepton ${M}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from an isoscalar target assuming both light-to-light and light-to-heavy quark transitions. Then we examine the cascade decay of the ${M}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ into another heavy lepton ${L}^{0}$ via ${M}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}^{0}+X$ and ${M}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, followed by the decay of the ${L}^{0}$ into both ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+X$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. These decays yield ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$, and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ multimuon events. We compute event rates and distributions for these types of lepton cascade chains. Also, we discuss results for the antineutrino production of the ${M}^{+}$ followed by analogous decay chains resulting in ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ events.
Role of longitudinally polarized W 's in slepton production and decay

We demonstrate that WW fusion is possibly an important mechanism for slepton pair production if the slepton mass is larger than approx.300 GeV. In addition, we note that for a large range of M/sub l-italic-tilde/ the mass splitting between the l-italic-tilde and its SU(2)-doublet nu-tilde partner can be larger than m/sub W/ without violating limits on ..delta..rho, and that in this case the l-italic-tilde decay can easily be dominated by the two-body mode, l-italic-tilde..-->..Wnu-tilde. In both situations it is the longitudinal W polarizations that dominate. Finally, we remark on the possible importance of similar mechanisms in charged-Higgs-boson production and decay, and in squark production and decay
Kinetics and mechanism of the enhanced reductive degradation of nitrobenzene by elemental iron in the presence of ultrasound

Enhanced rates of sonolytic degradation of CCl_4 in the presence of Fe^0 are demonstrated. In Ar-saturated solutions, the first-order rate constant for CCl_4 degradation is k_(US) = 0.107 min^(-1), whereas in the presence of Ar and Fe^0, the apparent first-order rate constant is found to depend on the total surface area of elemental iron in the following fashion: k_(obs) = (k_(US) + k_(Fe)^0A_(Fe)^0) min^(-1), where k^(US) = 0.107 min^(-1), k_(Fe)^0 = 0.105 L m_(-2) min^(-1), and A_(Fe)^0) = reactive surface area of Fe^0 in units of m^2 L^(-1). In the coupled ultrasound and iron system, the contribution to the overall degradation rate by direct reaction with Fe^0 results in an overall rate enhancement by a factor of 40. These enhancements are attributed (1) to the continuous cleaning and chemical activation of the Fe^0 surface by the combined chemical and physical effects of acoustic cavitation and (2) to accelerated mass transport rates of reactants to the Fe^0 surfaces. Additional kinetic enhancements are due to the production of H^+ during the course of the reaction. Furthermore, the concentrations of the principal reaction intermediates, C_2Cl_6 and C_2Cl_4, are influenced substantially by the total available surface area of Fe^0.
Jasmonate, Salicylate, and Benzoate in Insect Eggs

Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are key molecules in the initiation of plant defensive responses to attack by herbivores and pathogens, respectively. Our previous work has shown that JA occurs at high concentrations in eggs and neonates of lepidopteran species. Here, we extend our analyses to eggs of 15 non-lepidopteran insect species spanning eight orders, again screening for JA, but also including SA and one of its metabolic precursors, benzoic acid. We detected all three compounds in eggs of almost all the species examined. Moreover, concentrations of these compounds were variable across species, suggesting that species accumulate and/or utilize the compounds differently. Eggs of the fruit-feeding fly Rhagoletis pomonella contained the greatest concentrations of all three compounds, which appear to be common in fruit. The presence of these plant-derived compounds in eggs may serve defensive or other functions for insects, and could conceivably trigger plant defensive responses after oviposition.
A Functionalist Framework for Identifying Business Clusters: Applications in Far North Queensland:

The extant literature on industry-cluster identification recommends the use of both quantitative and qualitative data to uncover clusters. We argue for a functionalist approach to identifying clusters. The logic here is that since spatial proximity of firms is an observed fact, attempts to uncover business clusters should begin with a statistical test of the randomness of firm density in a region. Rejection of this hypothesis should lead to an inter-firm analysis that identifies the relationships among firms in the region. Data from a regional area in the state of Queensland, Australia, are employed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework.
On generating topologically consistent isosurfaces from uniform samples

A set of sample points of a function of three variables may be visualized by defining an interpolating functionf of the samples and examining isosurfaces of the formf(x, y, z)=t for various values oft. To display the isosurfaces on a graphics device, it is desirable to approximate them with piecewise triangular surfaces that (a) are geometrically good approximations, (b) are topologically consistent, and (c) consist of a small number of triangles. By topologically consistent we mean that the topology of the piecewise triangular surface matches that of the surfacef(x, y, z)=t, i.e., the interpolantf determines both the geometry and the topology of the piecewise triangular surface. In this paper we provide an efficient algorithm for the case in whichf is the piecewise trilinear interpolant; for this case existing methods fail to satisfy all three of the above conditions simultaneously.
Innate immune defects in atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that becomes clinically apparent in the pediatric population. It is well recognized that subjects with AD have an increased susceptibility to cutaneous colonization and infection with bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The notion that subjects with AD have a cutaneous immune defect has received widespread acceptance, and several plausible explanations for this have been proposed. We will review the evidence that this susceptibility to cutaneous infection is at least in part due to a defect in the first line of defense against microbes, namely the innate immune system.
Flame Synthesis of C-Doped TiO2 Nanopowders for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Anatase TiO2 is still of interest as a candidate material for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), since it was first developed in 1991 [1]. This is due to the low cost of processing, relative to that of single and amorphous Si-based materials. Given its wide bandgap (3.2 eV), it displays excellent photoelectric activity with UV light absorption. Nevertheless, to further improve efficiency, much effort is being directed to shift its absorbance edge toward the visible wavelength region by modifying the bandgap. Various processing methods have been considered, including doping with nitrogen and carbon [2]. The role of these elements is not fully understood, and further work is needed to understand mechanisms that control efficiency. In this paper, we describe the flame synthesis of C-doped TiO2 nanopowders utilizing a flat-flame burner of novel design, which is capable of continuous operation at reduced pressures (<20 torr).
Crisis in the boardroom: fact and fiction

Executive Overview In recent years the popular press has been replete with articles suggesting that a “crisis” is taking place in America's boardrooms. The culprit—shareholder suits—is blamed not only for the difficulty directors are having in securing affordable liability insurance but also for the exodus of outsiders from corporate boards. Based on a study of 162 publicly held firms, Kesner and Johnson take a closer look at the rise in shareholder suits to distinguish fact from fiction. The authors address trends in shareholder lawsuits and judgments against corporate boards, escalating insurance premiums, the link between corporate size and shareholder suits, and commonly accepted boardroom reforms such as inside/outside composition, separation of the CEO and chairperson positions, stockholding requirements for directors, and decreasing board size. Kesner and Johnson reveal some surprising findings regarding the legal exposure of corporate directors and the related costs of liability insurance. Their r...
Clinical implications of the cervical Papanicolaou test results in the management of anal warts in HIV-infected women.

The Papanicolaou test (or Pap test) has long been used as a screening tool to detect cervical precancerous/cancerous lesions. However, studies on the use of this test to predict both the presence and change in size of genital warts are limited. We examined whether cervical Papanicolaou test results are associated with the size of the largest anal wart over time in HIV-infected women in an on-going cohort study in the US. A sample of 976 HIV-infected women included in a public dataset obtained from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) was selected for analysis. A linear mixed model was performed to determine the relationship between the size of anal warts and cervical Pap test results. About 32% of participants had abnormal cervical Pap test results at baseline. In the adjusted model, a woman with a result of Atypia Squamous Cell Undetermined Significance/Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (ASCUS/LSIL) had an anal wart, on average, 12.81 mm2 larger than a woman with normal cervical cytology. The growth rate of the largest anal wart after each visit in a woman with ASCUS/LSIL was 1.56 mm2 slower than that of a woman with normal cervical results. However, they were not significant (P = 0.54 and P = 0.82, respectively). This is the first study to examine the relationship between cervical Pap test results and anal wart development in HIV-infected women. Even though no association between the size of anal wart and cervical Pap test results was found, a screening program using anal cytology testing in HIV-infected women should be considered. Further studies in cost-effectiveness and efficacy of an anal cytology test screening program are warranted.
Computer Literacy, Technique, and Gender.

This article concerns the curriculum of computer literacy (CL). A strong sense of technical necessity informs the design of the CL curriculum, and as a result, instruction is inadequate at best and dehumanizing at worst. CL curriculum and instruction are informed by a sense of technical determinism and a particular form of masculinity. This article draws mainly from the sociology of education, supplemented by personal observation. The article has two implications. First, to reduce the failure and frustration that many feel as they attempt to become computer literate, greater attention ought to be given in CL curriculum design to the concept of learning as enculturation and to cognitive context. Second, to counter the sense of necessity that leads designers and others to ignore culture and context, the formal CL curriculum must give serious attention to the social construction of educational technology/technique, especially the in fluence of gender.
Physical Activity as a Normalizing Experience for School-Age Children with Physical Disabilities: Implications for Legitimation of Social Identity and Enhancement of Social Ties

Children with physical disabilities are frequently excluded by classmates and discouraged from participating in such typical childhood experiences as physical activity. By being restricted from this context, these children have fewer opportunities to enhance physical and social skills. The purpose of this study is to examine the socialization potential of physical activity for children with physical disabilities. In-depth, tape-recorded interviews were conducted with 21 boys and girls with physical disabilities (age 10 to 17 years) regarding perceived outcomes of their physical activity and reactions of others toward their participation. Findings indicate that physical activity is a normalizing experience for these children because it facilitates perceptions of legitimating their social identity as children and provides a setting in which social networks with peers are enhanced. Implications of physical activity as a context for socialization of children with physical disabilities as well as a setting for...
Leveraging for big data regression

Rapid advance in science and technology in the past decade brings an extraordinary amount of data, offering researchers an unprecedented opportunity to tackle complex research challenges. The opportunity, however, has not yet been fully utilized, because effective and efficient statistical tools for analyzing super-large dataset are still lacking. One major challenge is that the advance of computing resources still lags far behind the exponential growth of database. To facilitate scientific discoveries using current computing resources, one may use an emerging family of statistical methods, called leveraging. Leveraging methods are designed under a subsampling framework, in which one samples a small proportion of the data (subsample) from the full sample, and then performs intended computations for the full sample using the small subsample as a surrogate. The key of the success of the leveraging methods is to construct nonuniform sampling probabilities so that influential data points are sampled with high probabilities. These methods stand as the very unique development of their type in big data analytics and allow pervasive access to massive amounts of information without resorting to high performance computing and cloud computing. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:70–76. doi: 10.1002/wics.1324 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Plasticity of [14C]2-deoxy-d-glucose incorporation into neostriatum and related structures in response to dopamine neuron damage and apomorphine replacement

Unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the lateral hypothalamus or ventral tegmental area that damage extensively the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic projection result in significant hemispheric asymmetries in autoradiographic labeling after [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration. The incorporation of this glucose analog into the ipsilateral neostriatum, nucleus accumbens septi, olfactory tubercle, and central nucleus of amygdala is decreased relative to the contralateral hemisphere. Concurrently, structures receiving projections from the neostriatum (globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra, pars reticulata) show enhanced labeling in the 6-hydroxydopamine-injected hemisphere, as do diencephalic structures receiving basal ganglia inputs (ventromedial nucleus and ventrolateral portion of the ventral anterolateral complex of thalamus, lateral portion of lateral habenular nucleus). Most of these 6-hydroxydopamine-induced asymmetries of [14C]2DG labelling are abolished or reversed by the injection of apomorphine i.p. (0.25 mg/kg) or directly into the denervated neostriatum (5 microgram) 7--20 days postoperatively. The metabolic effecgs of apomorphine administration are prevented by pretreatment with the dopamine receptor blocking agent, haloperidol (2mg/kg i.p., 2 h before). Thus, this autoradiographic technique can be used to demonstrate neostriatal output circuits that show altered metabolic activity in response to diminished or excessive forebrain dopamine receptor stimulation. The relevance of these findings to: (1) the behavioral abberations resulting from damage to mesotelencephalic dopaminergic systems; and (2) the 'denervation supersensitivity' to DA receptor stimulants is discussed.
Prediction of metal distribution in electroplating systems

Three methods of approximation were developed to predict the metal distribution in electroplating systems. The results were compared with Watson's experimental data for the Watts-nickel (close to 100% current efficiency), tin-nickel (alloy deposition, also close to 100% current efficiency), and the standard chromium (approximately 20% current efficiency) systems. Method 1 predicted too uniform a distribution whereas Methods 2 and 3 showed good agreements with all three systems. The same experimental data were also used to evaluate three predictive methods frequently used in the literature. The primary current distribution and an empirical formula by Hull were found to be inadequate in describing these systems. The secondary current distribution which involved a great deal of numerical analysis showed a considerable improvement.
Constrained multiple kernel tracking for human limbs

In the human body tracking based on video sequences, the pose estimation of the upper/lower limbs is the most challenging task since the limbs possess most variations of motions and are easily occluded. In this work, we present a sophisticated scheme to track the human limbs. First, the tracking is formulated as a constrained optimization problem with multiple kernels. The color features of the upper/lower limbs are used as the control variables in the objective function. Moreover, the inequality constraints are imposed to control the angle between the arm/forearm or upper/lower legs during tracking. Finally, the gradient projection algorithm is adopted to solve the optimization problem with inequality constraints. The proposed scheme is implemented and experimented on HumanEva dataset and self-recorded video sequences including tracking of arm/forearm and upper/lower legs.
Risk Factors for a Positive Neoaortic Arch Gradient After Stage I Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Background Providing unobstructed systemic blood flow is one goal of stage I palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Although clinically significant obstruction is defined when the arch gradient exceeds 15 mm Hg, any positive gradient constitutes obstruction, which may impair ventricular function. We sought to identify risk factors before stage I palliation that result in a positive neoaortic arch gradient before bidirectional Glenn. Methods Reviewed were 51 neonates who underwent stage I palliation and subsequent bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis procedures for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Echocardiograms before stage I palliation were reviewed for aortic dimensions. Cardiac catheterization before bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis determined the aortic arch gradient and degree of right ventricular dysfunction. Results Of the 51 patients, 24 (47%) had a negative or absent arch gradient. Patients with a positive gradient had a median gradient of 5 mm Hg (range, 1 to 60 mm Hg). The diameter of the ascending aorta and proximal transverse arch indexed to the descending thoracic aorta (0.5 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.4 and 0.4 ± 0.2 vs 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, p = 0.02 and p = 0.01) and lower birth weight (3.1 ± 0.5 vs 3.4 ± 0.4 kg, p = 0.03) were risk factors of a positive neoaortic arch gradient. Further, the degree of arch obstruction was inversely related to the degree of right ventricular function (odds ratio, 1.08; p Conclusions Lower birth weight and a smaller aortic diameter confer a higher risk of developing a positive neoaortic arch gradient, resulting in reduced right ventricular function.
Polyadenylation of Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase genomic genes and minigenes after gene transfer.

The major alternative polyadenylation sites in the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr)gene have been identified by DNA sequencing and RNase protection experiments. Comparison of the 3′ gene sequence and polyadenylation sites with those of the mouse reveals that, despite an overall sequence homology, the major sites are different in the two species. A series of minigenes was constructed containing the dhfrpromoter and the first intron but lacking the four large introns of the genomic sequence. These minigenes contained either all three polyadenylation sites, no polyadenylation sites, or just the first site. All of these minigenes, as well as a cosmid clone containing the full genomic sequence, could transform DHFR-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants to a DHFR-positive phenotype with approximately equal efficiencies. A minigene lacking the first intron was markedly less efficient. Analysis of dhfrmRNA from transfectant clones derived from minigenes showed that the dhfrpolyadenylation sites were used when included, but novel sites were often used in addition. When endogenous polyadenylation sites were absent, new sites in flanking carrier or host DNA were recruited. Transfectants produced by the full genomic dhfrgene yielded mRNA species that were identical in size and relative abundance to the endogenous dhfrgene. The results indicate that the minimal signals for polyadenylation are not complex and can be easily acquired from foreign sequences.
The Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Human Diacylglycerol Kinase, DGKι

Diacylglycerol (DAG) plays a central role in both the synthesis of complex lipids and in intracellular signaling; diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of DAG, which yields phosphatidic acid. A family of DGKs has been identified in multicellular organisms over the past few years, but the physiological function(s) of this diversity is not clear. One clue has come from theDrosophila DGK2, rdgA, since mutations in this gene cause retinal degeneration. We isolated a novel DGK, which we designated DGKι, from human retina and brain libraries. DGKι contains two cysteine-rich repeats, a region similar to the phosphorylation site domain of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, a conserved catalytic domain, and four ankyrin repeats at its C terminus. By primary structure, it is most similar to human DGKζ and Drosophila rdgA. An >12-kilobase mRNA for DGKι was detected only in brain and retina among the tissues examined. In cells transfected with the DGKι cDNA, we detected an approximately 130-kDa protein by immunoassay, and activity assays demonstrated that it encodes a functional DAG kinase. The protein was found to be in both the cytoplasm and nucleus with the localization controlled by PKC isoforms α and γ. The gene encoding DGKι was localized to human chromosome 7q32.3–33, which is known to be a locus for an inherited form of retinitis pigmentosa. These results have defined a novel isoform of DAG kinase, which may have important cellular functions in the retina and brain.
Effect of Load Spectra on Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design

The transition from equivalent single-axle loads to load spectra represents a significant change in traffic characterization as many agencies begin the migration from empirically based pavement design methods to mechanistic-empirical (M-E) approaches. A key issue lies in determining appropriate representative load spectra that can be used for design. Previous studies have examined differences between load spectra and have largely found them statistically different and site-specific. This study proposes an approach to evaluating different load spectra in terms of practical effects on resulting flexible pavement thickness design. Load spectra from 12 sites in Alabama were evaluated against a statewide load distribution. Customized M-E design software featuring Monte Carlo simulation and layered elastic analysis generated pavement response distributions for a range of three-layer pavement structures. The responses were transformed through calibrated transfer functions into predictions of pavement performance...
High-performance 1.3μm quantum dot lasers on GaAs and Silicon

ABSTRACT We have investigated the molecular beam epitaxial growth and characteristics of self-organized In(Ga)As quantum dot lasers grown on GaAs and silicon. Utilizing the techniques of tunnel injection and acceptor-doping of quantum dots, we have achieved high performance 1.3 µm InAs quantum dot lasers on GaAs, which exhibit J th =180 A/cm 2 , T 0 =  , dg/dn § 1×10 -14 cm 2 , f -3dB =11 GHz, chirp of 0.1 A and zero . -parameter. Utilizing thin ( 2 µm) GaAs buffer layers and quantum dots as dislocation filters, we have demonstrated room-temperature operational In 0.5 Ga 0.5 As quantum dot lasers grown directly on silicon, which are characterized by relatively low threshold current (J th ~ 900 A/cm 2 ), high output power (> 150 mW), large characteristic temperature (T 0 = 244 K) and constant output slope efficiency (  0.3 W/A) in the temperature range of 5 to 95 o C. Keywords : Quantum dot, semiconductor laser, monolithic integration, silicon photonics, and optical interconnect
Adoption of just-in-time and electronic data interchange systems and perceptions of cost management systems effectiveness ☆

Abstract The adoption of just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing techniques and electronic data interchange (EDI) systems that allow for the electronic exchange of data in the accounting and production processes, represent two significant dimensions of manufacturing strategy that might assist a firm's operational ability to respond to demands of the new manufacturing environments. The specific manufacturing strategy of a firm influences the effective management of costs and the design of cost management systems (CMS). The primary motivation for this study is driven by the assumption that information needs for the support of strategic and operational decisions are influenced by the internal production and external environment of a manufacturing organization. The effective design and use of CMS should therefore assist in the successful implementation of manufacturing strategy. This study examines a number of research hypotheses that address these issues. The concepts and relationships involved with regard to cost management have not been considered in past research. An extensive sample selection process was carried out in order to identify organizations that had adopted JIT manufacturing techniques as well as EDI systems. The results of the empirical study were, in general, supportive of the hypothesized relationships. These results offer significant contributions to professionals and researchers. Suggestions for future research could extent the concepts and relationships presented.
Posttranslational modification of mammalian AP endonuclease (APE1)

A key issue in studying mammalian DNA base excision repair is how its component proteins respond to a plethora of cell-signaling mediators invoked by DNA damage and stress-inducing agents such as reactive oxygen species, and how the actions of individual BER proteins are attributed to cell survival or apoptotic/necrotic death. This article reviews the past and recent progress on posttranslational modification (PTM) of mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1).
Dynamics of uracil and 5-fluorouracil in DNA

The prodrug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), after activation into 5-F-dUMP, is an extensively used anticancer agent that inhibits thymidylate synthase and leads to increases in dUTP and 5-F-dUTP levels in cells. One mechanism for 5-FU action involves DNA polymerase mediated incorporation of dUTP and 5-F-dUTP into genomic DNA leading to U/A, 5-FU/A, or 5-FU/G base pairs. These uracil-containing lesions are recognized and excised by several human uracil excision repair glycosylases (hUNG2, hSMUG2, and hTDG) leading to toxic abasic sites in DNA that may precipitate cell death. Each of these enzymes uses an extrahelical base recognition mechanism, and previous studies with UNG have shown that extrahelical recognition is facilitated by destabilized base pairs possessing kinetically enhanced base pair opening rates. Thus, the dynamic properties of base pairs containing 5-FU and U are an important unknown in understanding the role of these enzymes in damage recognition and prodrug activation. The pH dependence of the (19)F NMR chemical shift of 5-FU imbedded in a model trinucleotide was used to obtain a pK(a) = 8.1 for its imino proton (10 °C). This is about 1.5 units lower than the imino protons of uracil or thymine and indicates that at neutral pH 5-FU exists significantly as an ionized tautomer that can mispair with guanine during DNA replication. NMR imino proton exchange measurements show that U/A and 5-FU/A base pairs open with rate constants (k(op)) that are 6- and 13-fold faster than a T/A base pair in the same sequence context. In contrast, these same base pairs have apparent opening equilibrium constants (αK(op)) that differ by less than a factor of 2, indicating that the closing rates (k(cl)) are enhanced by nearly equal amounts as k(op). These dynamic measurements are consistent with the previously proposed kinetic trapping model for extrahelical recognition by UNG. In this model, the enhanced intrinsic opening rates of destabilized base pairs allow the bound glycosylase to sample dynamic extrahelical excursions of thymidine and uracil bases as the first step in recognition.
An Abbreviated Response to Diane Moore: “Overcoming Religious Illiteracy”

I begin with a deep sense of appreciation for Diane Moore's presentation and more generally for her work on overcoming religious illiteracy in public life. My response draws on my own quest as a re...
Using the Phase of Light as a Photochemical Tool

It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the phase of a transition dipole matrix element may be determined from the interference between competing quantum mechanical paths. Specifically, we consider simultaneous m- and n-photon excitation of a molecule to a degenerate continuum state, leading to multiple reaction products. Variation of the relative phase of the electromagnetic fields produces a modulation of the product signals in the various channels. A relation between the phase lag between a pair of product signals and properties of the continuum is established. Information is revealed about coupling mechanisms, the properties of weak spectroscopic transitions, and the phases of quasi-bound wave functions.
Construction Management Game - Deterministic Model

A construction management game in which the market demands are predetermined is presented. The game is programmed for computers to simulate the competition for the market by five general contractors who are required to make managerial decisions at 12 successive time periods for a total simulated time of 3 yr. The decisions include the evaluation of available information, choice of jobs to bid, selection of subcontractors, the determination of profit level, and the expansion and contraction of capital. At the beginning of each period, jobs available for bidding will be generated by the computer, and at the end of each time period, each company will submit its decisions as input to the computer. After the decisions are processed according to the programmed game model, the computer will output the contract awards, the cost of performing work, and a statement of earnings for each general contractor. The company which shows the largest relative gain at the end of 3 yr will be the winner.
Leavened dough processing by supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX).

Yeast-leavened dough processing is semicontinuous due to the requirement for fermentation at constant temperature and humidity. Also, new regulations on the emission of alcohols are becoming burdensome on the baking industry. Extrusion processing of dough with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is envisioned to alleviate emission problems and to decrease production time by eliminating fermentation. A bread dough formulation with 50% (w/w) moisture was leavened by injecting 1.5% (w/w) SC-CO2 in a twin-screw extruder at 37 °C. Specific mechanical energy input was 260 kJ/kg. The operating apparent shear rate range was 60−260 s-1. SCFX-leavened dough density (420−430 kg/m3) was in good agreement with values reported for similar doughs. The flow behavior index, obtained by an on-line slit rheometer, was 0.49 for the nonleavened control and 0.63 for the SCFX-leavened dough. Apparent viscosity of the SCFX-leavened dough varied from 37 to 23 Pa-s. This new continuous process offers attractive possibilities for...
The behaviour of Philanthus crabroniformis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Observations were made over a two year period on the nesting and hunting behaviour of a population of Philanthus crabroniformis Smith. Data are presented on the time and speed of provisioning, the capture of prey and the species taken, the design and location of nests, the approach to the nest with prey, and aggressive interactions between females. P. gibbosus Fabr., also nested in the same area and took much the same prey. Unlike other sympatric pairs of Philanthus which have been studied, the two species in question were not totally segregated by separate nesting seasons nor by mutually exclusive habitat preferences. One aspect of the behaviour of the two Philanthus which was highly distinctive was the manner in which prey-laden females approached their nests. Selection for divergence in approach patterns may have been exerted by miltogrammine flies, a major parasite of many digger wasps.