cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of patellofemoral disorders.

Summary Patellofemoral disorders represent a large portion of the average orthopedist's practice. Despite the improvements in patellofemoral radiographs and arthroscopic diagnostic techniques, these disorders are too frequently misunderstood and frustrating to treat. This report proposes a clinical classification for patellofemoral disorders that, it is hoped, wil aid our understanding and improve our results of treatment. A major feature of this classification is the recognition that a developmental and familial abnormality, patellofemoral dysplasia, is the etiology for most patellofemoral disorders. Equally important is the assignment of chondromalacia patellae to a secondary position for the most part. Other causes of anterior knee pain and disability are included to complete the classification.
Comparisons of inter-domain routing schemes for heterogeneous ad hoc networks

We propose three inter-domain routing schemes for ad hoc networks, namely the implicit foreign degree based protocol (IFD), the explicit locally optimal protocol (ELO) and the explicit limited scope protocol (ELS). We studied the performance of these different schemes. Our simulation studies reveal that the explicit schemes can achieve high packet delivery ratio and good average end-to-end delay at a lower overhead cost compared to IFD. We also compared our approaches with LANMAR, an existing scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks. The results show that our approach outperforms LANMAR in terms of the packet delivery ratio and control overhead, while maintaining comparable end-to-end delay at low and medium mobility rate (less than 8 m/s).
A new synthesis of diferrocenylketones

Abstract Diferrocenylketone (I) and [1.1]ferrocenophane-1,12-dione (II) have been obtained in 86% and 13% yields, respectively, via a simple route analogous to the Barbier synthesis involving N,N -disbustituted carbamylchlorides and the appropriate bromoferrocene derivatives.
A Network Analysis of Social Contagion Processes in an Organizational Intervention

Interventions aimed at changing the psychological attributes of individuals who form a social system may be limited by reliance on models and methods which do not account for the effects of social interaction on individual attributes. The use of network analysis to model the effects of social contagion on personal attributes is demonstrated in an evaluation of an organizational intervention. Sociometric indices of the norms created by social contagion predicted subjects' self-perceptions better than either expectations imposed on them in small groups or their own observable behavior. Social contagion stabilized the subjects' self-perceptions over time, despite the efforts of the intervention to change their self-perceptions through small group socialization and organizational restructuring. Network models of social contagion may provide useful tools for the design and evaluation of interventions that aim to change the attributes of individuals who form social systems. Further, these models theoretically i...
Requisite Skills of Business School Graduates: Perceptions of Senior Corporate Executives

Abstract The list of skills required of graduating business students is continually revised to reflect the changing needs of students, academia, and industry. Curriculum changes intended to provide these skills have typically been made by business school faculty and administration in verbal, nonautomated meetings. This article describes an innovative, more effective and efficient method of determining the skills students need and appropriate curriculum changes. Advisory boards at the University of Georgia and the University of Mississippi used group decision support systems to discuss and rank requisite skills of business students. The findings of the two boards provide insights into the changing needs of industry and implications for academic programs.
Efficient time-to-space conversion of femtosecond optical pulses

We report femtosecond time-to-space transformation by means of a potassium niobate nonlinear optical crystal inside a femtosecond pulse shaper. We achieve an upconversion efficiency higher than 50%, a more than 500-fold increase as compared with previous results. We also present theoretical guidelines for estimating the efficiency of such time-to-space converters.
Application of artificial neural networks in power system security and vulnerability assessment

In a companion paper by A.A. Fouad et al. the concept of system vulnerability is introduced as a new framework for power system dynamic security assessment. Using the transient energy function (TEF) method of transient stability analysis, the energy margin /spl Delta/V is used as an indicator of the level of security, and its sensitivity to a changing system parameter p (/spl delta//spl Delta/V//spl delta/p) as an indicator of its trend with changing system conditions. These two indicators are combined to determine the degree of system vulnerability to contingent disturbances in a stability-limited power system. Thresholds for acceptable levels of the security indicator and its trend are related to the stability limits of a critical system parameter (plant generation limits). Operating practices and policies are used to determine these thresholds. In this paper the artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique is applied to the concept of system vulnerability within the recently developed framework, for fast pattern recognition and classification of system dynamic security status. A suitable topology for the neural network is developed, and the appropriate training method and input and output signals are selected. The procedure developed is successfully applied to the IEEE 50-generator test system. Data previously obtained by heuristic techniques are used for training the ANN. >
On the validity of solutions and equilibrium points in a nonlinear network

For constrained differential equations arising in a specific nonlinear network, the inconsistency between two seemingly equivalent unconstrained representations has been long debated in the literature. One of the representations has nonunique solutions which violate the network constraints. Using new analytical tools, this brief proves that the two representations are not equivalent. Also the "explanations" for the discrepancy which appeared recently are incorrect as such, but can be restated precisely.
The Interaction of Katabatic Flow and Mountain Waves. Part I: Observations and Idealized Simulations

Abstract The mutual interaction of katabatic flow in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) and topographically forced gravity waves is investigated. Due to the nonlinear nature of these phenomena, analysis focuses on information obtained from the 1993 Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain field program held at the mountain–canyon–plains interface near Eldorado Canyon, Colorado, and idealized simulations. Perturbations to katabatic flow by mountain waves, relative to their more steady form in quiescent conditions, are found to be caused by dynamic pressure effects. Based on a local Froude number climatology, case study analysis, and the simulations, the dynamic pressure effect is theorized to occur as gravity wave pressure perturbations are transmitted through the atmospheric column to the surface and, through altered horizontal pressure gradient forcing, to the surface-based katabatic flows. It is proposed that these perturbations are a routine feature in the atmospheric record and represent a significant p...
Why Elections Matter

Do elections impede genuine democratization? Some think so. Here are four ways that elections can be improved to play their proper role in sustaining global democratic development.
Recognizing Students' Scientific Reasoning: A Tool for Categorizing Complexity of Reasoning During Teaching by Inquiry

Teaching by inquiry is touted for its potential to encourage students to reason scientifically. Yet, even when inquiry teaching is practiced, complexity of students’ reasoning may be limited or unbalanced. We describe an analytic tool for recognizing when students are engaged in complex reasoning during inquiry teaching. Using classrooms that represented “best case scenarios” for inquiry teaching, we adapted and applied a matrix to categorize the complexity of students’ reasoning. Our results revealed points when students’ reasoning was quite complex and occasions when their reasoning was limited by the curriculum, instructional choices, or students’ unprompted prescription. We propose that teachers use the matrix as a springboard for reflection and discussion that takes a sustained, critical view of inquiry teaching practice.
Ecological immunology and tolerance in plants and animals

Summary 1. Most animal studies of ecological immunology have focused on parasite resistance: defence mechanisms through which animals prevent infection or reduce parasite growth. Resistance mechanisms have obvious fitness benefits by reducing the fitness losses attributed to infection. 2. Intriguingly, animal researchers have largely ignored the role of tolerance mechanisms, through which hosts do not reduce parasite infection or growth, but alleviate the negative fitness consequences of parasite infection or growth instead. This omission stands in sharp contrast with the plant literature, where tolerance has been studied for decades and led to many important insights. 3. Here, we show that the plant literature has a lot to offer for understanding defence against parasites in animals. We argue that the prevailing views on tolerance in the plant literature should direct research on animals, and that theoretical ecological and evolutionary studies should be built on tolerance measures that are feasible and relevant in empirical studies. 4. Studying tolerance will enhance our understanding of how animals deal with parasites in their natural environments and may provide novel ways to combat disease.
An Evaluation of Restoration Efforts in Fishless Lakes Stocked with Exotic Trout

Detrimental effects of introduced fishes on native amphibian populations have prompted removal of introduced cutthroat ( Oncorhynchus clarki ), rainbow ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), and brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) from naturally fishless lakes at Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington (U.S.A.). Using paleo- limnological indicators (diatoms, invertebrates, and sediment characteristics) in eight 480-year-old sediment cores from eight lakes, we (1) derived estimates of baseline environmental conditions and natural variation, (2) assessed the effects of stocking naturally fishless lakes, and (3) determined whether lakes returned to pre- disturbance conditions after fish removal (restoration). Diatom floras were relatively stable between 315 and 90 years before present in all lakes; we used this time period to define lake-specific "baseline" conditions. Dissimilarity analyses of diatoms revealed sustained, dramatic changes in diatom floras that occurred ap- proximately 80 years ago (when fish were introduced) in four of five stocked lakes, whereas the diatom flo- ras in two unstocked lakes had not changed significantly in the last 315 years. Diatoms were not preserved in an eighth lake. State changes also occurred in two lakes over 200 years before European settlement of the Pa- cific Northwest. Preserved invertebrate densities fluctuated dramatically over time in all cores, providing a poor reference for assessing the effects of fishes. Nevertheless, fish-invertebrate interactions have been demon- strated in other paleolimnological studies and may be useful for lower-elevation or more productive lakes. Because diatom communities have not returned to predisturbance assemblages in restored lakes, even 20-30 years after fish removal, we conclude that Mt. Rainier lakes were not successfully restored by the removal of fishes.
Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a range of higher order 'executive functions' that subserve the selection and processing of information in such a way that behavior can be planned, controlled and directed according to shifting environmental demands. Impairment of executive functions typifies many forms of psychopathology, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders and addiction, that are often associated with a history of trauma and stress. Recent research in animal models demonstrates that exposure to even brief periods of intense stress is sufficient to cause significant structural remodeling of the principle projection neurons within the rodent PFC. In parallel, there is growing evidence that stress-induced alterations in PFC neuronal morphology are associated with deficits in rodent executive functions such as working memory, attentional set-shifting and cognitive flexibility, as well as emotional dysregulation in the form of impaired fear extinction. Although the molecular basis of stress-induced changes in PFC morphology and function are only now being elucidated, an understanding of these mechanisms could provide important insight into the pathophysiology of executive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease and foster improved strategies for treatment.
Persistence-based temporal filtering for MODIS snow products

Abstract Single-day snow covered area (SCA) products are incomplete and often inadequate representations of ground conditions due to short term variation in cloud cover, snow cover, and sensor geometry. To mitigate these effects, we developed a by-pixel filtering algorithm to produce relatively cloud-free SCA products from 16 days of MODIS imagery. The algorithm uses previous days' data to estimate the current SCA value of each pixel and uses a simple persistence test to reduce the effects of spurious SCA/cloud classifications in the input products. To be positively identified as SCA, a pixel must be snow-covered in the two most recent, cloud-free scenes of the 16-day period. We applied this time-domain-filtering (TDF) methodology to two single-day MODIS fractional snow cover products (MOD10A1 and MODSCAG) over the MODIS period of record (2000-present) and compared the outputs to the unfiltered products, to filtered maps generated using the cloud-gap-filled algorithm (CGF, Hall et al., 2010), and to historical snow assessment reports from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL). The CRREL reports were manually generated and quality-controlled by an analyst and are treated as ground truth. We find that, when applied to MODSCAG, the TDF algorithm successfully fills in gap pixels and limits the effects of snow/cloud confusion and produces a filtered product that is more consistent and accurate than the MODSCAG CGF product and comparable to the MOD10A1 CGF product.
Eocene activity on the Western Sierra Fault System and its role incising Kings Canyon, California

Combining new and published apatite (U–Th)/He and apatite ^4He/^3He data from along the Kings River canyon, California we rediscover a west-down normal fault on the western slope of the southern Sierra Nevada, one of a series of scarps initially described by Hake (1928) which we call the Western Sierra Fault System. Integrating field observations with apatite (U–Th)/He data, we infer a single fault trace 30 km long, and constrain the vertical offset across this fault to be roughly a kilometer. Thermal modeling of apatite ^4He/^3He data documents a pulse of footwall cooling near the fault and upstream in the footwall at circa 45–40 Ma, which we infer to be the timing of a kilometer-scale incision pulse resulting from the fault activity. In the context of published data from the subsurface of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, our data from the Western Sierra Fault System suggests an Eocene tectonic regime dominated by low-to-moderate magnitude extension, surface uplift, and internal structural deformation of the southern Sierra Nevada and proximal Great Valley forearc.
Naloxone Prevents Increased Vascular Sensitivity in Goldblatt Hypertensive Rats

These experiments were designed to determine if the opiate antagonist naloxone affects vascular sensitivity in 2K-1C hypertensive rats. Group 1 was 2K-1C hypertensive rats. Group 2 was 2K-1C rats given a naloxone infusion (100 μg/h) for 14 days. Group 3 received naloxone without clipping. Group 4 was untreated rats. At day 14 following clipping, systolic blood pressure was increased significantly in the 2K-1C rats. Those infused with naloxone showed a significant attenuation of the increase in blood pressure. Vascular responses to norepinephrine and KCI in the aortae from all groups were tested. Strips from untreated, 2K-1C rats were more sensitive to the contractile effects of norepinephrine than those from naloxonetreated, 2K-1C rats, and from both groups of normotensive rats. Contractile responsiveness to depolarizing concentrations of KCI were not different among the four groups. These data demonstrate that naloxone attenuates the development of renal hypertension and prevents the increase in vascular...
An Overview of Some Issues in the Licensing of Botulinum Toxins

Botulinum toxin is a protein neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin blocks neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction by inhibiting the presynaptic release of acetylcholine (for a recent review, see ref. 1). The ability of botulinum toxin to block neurotransmission and paralyze or weaken muscles has been useful in the treatment of different neurologic disorders. A number of focal dystonias and other conditions with involuntary muscle movements currently are being treated with botulinum toxin, and it appears to be a potentially valuable therapy for many of these conditions.2 A preparation of botulinum toxin type A (trade name Oculinum, manufactured by Allergan) was approved for human use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989. Oculinum is approved for the treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus, and also has been used experimentally for a number of other disorders. Oculinum has also been designated as an orphan drug under the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983, which entitles the manufacturer to a seven year period of exclusive marketing for the specific indication for which the product has been approved. This exclusive marketing granted to the manufacturer of Oculinum raises questions of how additional botulinum products can be licensed, for either the same approved indications as Oculinum or for other indications. This article will review general requirements for approval of botulinum toxin by the FDA, and discuss how regulations in the Orphan Drug Act might affect approval of additional botulinum toxin products.
Impact of dobesilate calcium on 24 h urine protein and urinary β_2-MG in children with purpura nephritis

Objective To study the impact of dobesilate calcium on 24 h urine protein and urinaryβ2 microglobulin(β2-MG) in children with purpura nephritis. Methods There were 86 children with purpura nephritis who were randomly divided into two groups, control group(n=43) and observation group(n=43). The children in control group were treated through the conventional treatment, while observation group were treated through the conventional treatment plus dobesilate calcium.They were all treated for 8 weeks, and urinary β2-MG were measured before and after treatment. Results After treatment, 24 h urinary protein excretion in children with varying degrees were reduced(P0.01), and compared with the control group after treatment, the observation group significantly decreased(P0.05), and compared with the control group after treatment, the observation group significantly decreased(P0.05). After treatment, urinary β2-MG were significantly lower, and compared with the control group after treatment, the observation group significantly decreased(P0.05). Conclusion Dobesilate calcium can decrease urinary β2-MG in children with purpura nephritis.
The Contemporary Diplomatic Idea of Neoconservatism in American and its Effect

Neoconservatism is a term that generate in the end of 60th of last century.The basis of its idea derives from political philosophy of Leo Strauss.It invent an new foreign idea after cold war,whose philosophical basis is value universalism;the guideline is the "Hard Wilsonism";and the goal is to win the peace governed by American Empire.The critical of Neoconservatism's foreign idea is to maintain American's hegemony in the world.Thus,although it can be popular at some special time,due to American's special culture of diplomatic decision and the craze and persist of their theory,it doom to can't influence American's diplomatic policy forever.
Community pharmacists help HMO cut drug costs.

Abstract Twenty-seven independent community pharmacies that were preferred providers for a health maintenance organization (HMO) were enrolled in a study to determine the effect of increased intervention activities on the cost of a drug benefit in a managed care environment. Pharmacists from nine pharmacies were trained to initiate changes in medication prescriptions to contain costs, to enhance communication with patients and prescribers, and to intervene in drug-related problems. Their intervention activities during the nine-month study period were compared w ith activities of nine pharmacies assigned to a control group and nine pharmacies assigned to a comparison group. Patients who visited the intervention pharmacies had a 6.5% lower prescription mean ingredient cost; a 6.0% higher generic substitution rate; an 8.3% lower average patient drug cost per month; and no difference in the days supply, the average number of prescriptions per patient, or the aggregate hospital admission rate. The pharmacists in the intervention group spent more time with patients before preparing prescriptions (2.4-fold increase); initiated more requests for prescribers to change prescriptions (2.5-fold increase); intervened more often to reduce the cost of drug therapy (3.7-fold increase); and suggested medication changes more often for better quality of care (1.9-fold increase). In this study, community pharmacists altered their practice procedures and settings to foster communication with patients and prescribers. Also, the prospective drug regimen review changed prescribing patterns: physicians permitted increased use of generic medications, which reduced monthly prescription expenditures.
Contact and Dipolar NMR Shifts: Theory and Applications

The fundamental equations and basic qualitative ideas regarding paramagnetic nmr shifts are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to lanthanide systems. Including the problem of nonaxiality. Modes of metal-ligand spin transferrai are discussed as are theoretical models of spin-delocalization in ligands. The evaluation of dipolar nmr shifts from magnetic susceptibility anisotropy data is treated along with other methods for the separation of contact and dipolar contributions. The theoretical evaluation of magnetic anisotropy from ligand field models is considered with particular emphasis on low-spin d5 iron(III) hemin systems and on lanthanide ion complexes. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical and experimental aspects of the temperature dependencies. Mention is made of the use of lanthanide ions and cobalt(II) and substitutional or extrinsic shift probes for the study of biological macromolecules.
Demo: Wanda, Securely Introducing Mobile Devices

Nearly every setting is increasingly populated with wireless and mobile devices -- whether appliances in a home, medical devices in a health clinic, sensors in an industrial setting, or devices in an office or school. There are three fundamental operations when bringing a new device into any of these settings: (1) to configure the device to join the wireless local-area network, (2) to partner the device with other nearby devices so they can work together, and (3) to configure the device so it connects to the relevant individual or organizational account in the cloud. The challenge is to accomplish all three goals simply, securely, and consistent with user intent. We developed Wanda -- a `magic wand' that accomplishes all three of the above goals -- and will demonstrate a prototype implementation.
ArchFeature: integrating features into product line architecture

Product line architecture (PLA) captures the architectural commonality and variability among products of a product family. Existing PLA modeling approaches are limited in the sense that (1) it is often difficult to relate a product line feature to its implementation in the PLA, and (2) variation points in the PLA have to be manually developed and maintained. In this paper, we present a novel PLA modeling approach and a toolset called ArchFeature that addresses these two challenges. ArchFeature integrates PLA and feature specification in a single monolithic architecture model. It includes a graphical modeling environment that can (1) automatically capture, maintain, and visualize the feature-PLA relationship, (2) encapsulate variability modeling from the user, and (3) support automatic derivation of architecture instances from the PLA. ArchFeature is an Eclipse plugin integrated in ArchStudio, an Eclipse-based architecture development platform. We assessed its usability and effectiveness in a case study by using it to develop a full-featured architecture model for an open-source software system, Apache Solr.
The effects of repeated forced ethanol consumption during adolescence on reproductive behaviors in male rats

Abstract Adolescence is a sensitive period of brain development when changes in hormone levels may have long-lasting effects on synaptic connections and behavior. In humans, alcohol consumption frequently begins during this critical period, although the impact of early exposure has not been fully examined. The current study was designed to investigate short- and long-term effects of repeated forced ethanol consumption during adolescence on emerging reproductive behaviors. Twenty-six young male Long-Evans rats were assigned to ethanol (Young EtOH, n = 12) or water (Young Control, n = 14) groups at postnatal day (P) 32, receiving a modified binge protocol of 3 g/kg of solution via gavage twice per week from P32 to P80. For comparison, another cohort of rats received a similar treatment paradigm in adulthood from P75–P133 (Adult EtOH, n = 8; Adult Control, n = 10). Reproductive behavior was assessed with tests for copulation, partner preference, and 50-kHz vocalizations during forced consumption (intoxication) and again after a 4–5 week period of abstinence. During forced consumption, the Young EtOH group showed significantly longer latencies on copulation tests than Young Controls, but these differences did not persist after abstinence. Different patterns were observed in Adult animals, who only showed significant, delayed impairments in the post-ejaculatory interval. Preference for sexually receptive females increased with sexual experience in both adolescent and adult rats, regardless of treatment during the forced consumption phase. However, after abstinence, the Young EtOH group showed a significantly reduced partner preference compared to the Young Control group, which may indicate long-term effects on sexual motivation. Additionally, during forced consumption the Young EtOH group tended to emit fewer ultrasonic vocalizations, perhaps reflecting impairments in sexual communication. Adult groups showed no differences in partner preference or vocalization tests at any time. Taken together, these findings indicate that repeated, intermittent ethanol exposure may have moderate effects on reproductive behavior that vary as a function of age. After abstinence, differences were only observed in the younger group, suggesting that the adolescent brain and behavior are more sensitive to ethanol exposure than the adult brain for sexual motivation and performance.
The Relationship Between Modality and Metacognition While Interacting with AutoTutor

In this paper we explored the relationship between metacognitive statements and learning gains with students' typed and spoken interactions with an intelligent tutoring system, called AutoTutor. Analyses revealed that students who entered their contributions via speech showed a significantly higher proportion of metacognitive statements (e.g., I'm not following, I understand). There was a significant negative correlation between metacognitive statements and posttest scores on both typed and spoken interactions. Students with low prior knowledge expressed more metacognitive statements than did students with high prior knowledge. Therefore, metacognitive expressions reflect the learners' knowledge deficits as opposed to improved knowledge monitoring from greater subject matter knowledge.
Region Specific Activation Of The AKT And mTORC1 Pathway In Response To Excessive Alcohol Intake In Rodents

We previously reported that the kinase AKT is activated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rodents in response to excessive consumption of alcohol. One of the important downstream targets of AKT is the mammalian Target Of Rapamycin in Complex 1 (mTORC1), which was also activated by alcohol intake. mTORC1 controls dendritic protein translation, and we showed that the mTORC1-dependent translational machinery is activated in the NAc in response to alcohol intake. Importantly, systemic or intra-NAc inhibition of the AKT/mTORC1 pathway attenuated alcohol-drinking behaviors. Here, we mapped the activation patterns of AKT and mTORC1 in corticostriatal regions of rodents consuming large amounts of alcohol. We found that the activation of AKT and mTORC1 in response to cycles of binge drinking of 20 percent alcohol was centered in the NAc shell. Both kinases were not activated in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS); however, AKT, but not mTORC1, was activated in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) of mice but not rats. Interestingly, excessive intake of alcohol produced a selective activation of the AKT/mTORC1 pathway in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which was not observed in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, this signaling pathway was not activated in the NAc shell or OFC of rats consuming moderate amounts of alcohol nor was it activated in rats consuming sucrose. Together, our results suggest that excessive alcohol intake produces a brain region selective activation of the AKT/mTORC1 pathway, which is likely to contribute to NAc shell and OFC-dependent mechanisms that underlie the development and maintenance of alcohol drinking behavior.
Seymour J. Klebanoff: Discoverer of WBC killing mechanisms

Seymour J. Klebanoff, MD, PhD, died peacefully on August 31, 2016 at the age of 89. He began his medical and scientific career at the University of Toronto (Doctor of Medicine, 1951), where he coauthored his first paper, dealing with renal anatomy, in 1950 (1). Klebanoff proceeded to complete Doctor of Philosophy studies in biochemistry at the University of London (1954), followed by postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Toronto and the Rockefeller University. Studies conducted at the Rockefeller, investigating thyroid peroxidase and its role in iodinating tyrosine to form thyroid hormones, attracted the attention of the distinguished endocrinologist Robert H. Williams, founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Washington. Klebanoff was recruited to the University of Washington, where he spent the remainder of his career, making many important scientific contributions and serving in key leadership positions.
STANDARD COSTING AND SClENTlFlC MANAGEMENT

Many have suggested that scientific management had a direct influence on the development of standard costing. This paper examines the relationship between these concepts in broad terms. While it is concluded that no direct relationship exists between scientific management and standard costing, the existence of an indirect relationship is acknowledged. Scientific management does not require any specific type of accounting system and standard costing does not require a certain type of management organization to operate. However, certain reports developed for the scientifically managed enterprise, when added to the germs of standard costing that existed, expedited the evolution of standard costing.
A Two-Level Strategy for Optimizing the Reliability of Redundant Inverse Kinematic Solutions

This paper presents a novel computational algorithm for selecting an optimal inverse kinematic solution in response to a pose specification in a redundant robotic manipulator. In a previous work [9], the optimization of an entropy function was suggested as the selection criteria for determining a solution to the redundant inverse kinematics problem; it was shown that judicious selection of joint values that minimize this entropy function will result in a highly-reliable solution to the inverse kinematics problem. The technique was demonstrated in a simple case study, where a closed-form expression could be developed to describe the pose uncertainty of the manipulator. In this paper, a novel computational technique is presented for minimizing the entropy function which described the positioning uncertainty of the robotic manipulator. This two-level algorithm allows the reliability-based inverse kinematic formulation to be extended to more complex manipulators, where simulation techniques must be used to determine the pose uncertainty of the manipulator. This technical note presents a review of the reliability-based inverse kinematic formulation, a description of the novel computational algorithm used to minimize the entropy function describing the reliability of the inverse kinematic solution, and an example implementation in a four degree of freedom manipulator.
Adhocracy and Management Accounting – An Opportunity for Strategic Leadership

In a business environment and marketplace that continuously evolves requires a management methodology that is well situated toward dealing with a dynamic business landscape. Managers across industry lines must be able to proactively guide and lead the organization through a competitive situation that shifts on an almost quarterly basis. conducive to meeting these shareholder and stakeholder requirements. Adhocracy, a management philosophy based on allocating resources and personnel to projects and initiatives that are priorities, and doing so in a dynamic manner, appears to offer a solution to this dilemma.
Tween 85-Modified Low Molecular Weight PEI Enhances Exon-Skipping of Antisense Morpholino Oligomer In Vitro and in mdx Mice.

We investigated a series of Tween 85 modified low molecular weight polyethylenimine (LPEI, 0.8k/1.2k/2.0k)-copolymers (Zs) through simple formulation and covalent conjugation with phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) for their potential to enhance delivery in vitro and in dystrophic mdx mice. Z polymers significantly enhanced PMO-induced exon-skipping in a GFP reporter-based cell culture system. Application of optimized formulations of Zs with PMO targeted to dystrophin exon 23 demonstrated a significant increase in exon-skipping efficiency in mdx mice. Consistent with our observations in vitro, optimization of molecular size and hydropholic-lipopholic balance (HLB) of polymers are important factors to achieve enhanced PMO delivery in vivo. The best formulation of Zs enhanced PMO delivery with 20- and 6-fold over PMO alone in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Further, chemical conjugation of the polymer and PMO exhibits greater benefit than polymer/PMO simple formulation in PMO delivery efficiency. Observed cytotoxicity of the Zs was lower than Endo-porter and PEI 25k in vitro, and no tissue toxicity was clearly detected with the Zs at the dosage tested. These results indicate the potential of the Zs as effective and safe PMO delivery carriers for treating diseases such as muscular dystrophy.
Assessing Improvement and Professional Career Skills in Senior Capstone Design through Course Data

An objective internal departmental review of course data indicates that a one credit hour fall seminar course which allows many preparatory topics to be engaged by the senior capstone teams makes the spring laboratory portion of the course run more smoothly. Professional topics such as team building, oral and written communication skills, and organizational interaction have been suggested by industrial partners and are now integrated into the course sequence before the students perform their physical work, reducing issues during the lab component. Course adjustments are on-going, and in the spirit of continuous improvement, those adjustments are periodically evaluated for effectiveness. It has been statistically demonstrated that the addition of an internally reviewed feasibility pitch early in the fall semester has resulted in better external reviews for both the fall management and spring technical design presentations. Likewise, providing the chance for the teams to see a video tape of their final presentation, before it is reviewed by various outside parties, has resulted in significantly better final presentations. In general, the formation of all engineering and mixed teams has been found to produce better end projects than those created by all technology-based student teams. These elements and other demonstrated positive changes to the Xxxxxx Agricultural & Biological Engineering capstone sequence can be described as cultivating professional attributes, and the experience is reviewed in this paper.
Just Vibrations: The Purpose of Sounding

This book asks an important question: “What is the purpose of sounding good?” (p. 8). Instead of asking this question of musicians, composers or of the field of musicology, it is directed at musico...
National Trends in the Adoption of Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment for Student Assessment and Remediation

Objective. To determine and describe the current uses of the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA) by US schools and colleges of pharmacy.Methods. Assessment professionals from 135 US scho...
A machine learning approach to the accurate prediction of monitor units for a compact proton machine.

PURPOSE Clinical treatment planning systems for proton therapy currently do not calculate monitor units (MUs) in passive scatter proton therapy due to the complexity of the beam delivery systems. Physical phantom measurements are commonly employed to determine the field-specific output factors (OFs) but are often subject to limited machine time, measurement uncertainties and intensive labor. In this study, a machine learning-based approach was developed to predict output (cGy/MU) and derive MUs, incorporating the dependencies on gantry angle and field size for a single-room proton therapy system. The goal of this study was to develop a secondary check tool for OF measurements and eventually eliminate patient-specific OF measurements. METHOD The OFs of 1754 fields previously measured in a water phantom with calibrated ionization chambers and electrometers for patient-specific fields with various range and modulation width combinations for 23 options were included in this study. The training data sets for machine learning models in three different methods (Random Forest, XGBoost and Cubist) included 1431 (~81%) OFs. Ten-fold cross-validation was used to prevent "overfitting" and to validate each model. The remaining 323 (~19%) OFs were used to test the trained models. The difference between the measured and predicted values from machine learning models was analyzed. Model prediction accuracy was also compared with that of the semi-empirical model developed by Kooy (Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 2005). Additionally, gantry angle dependence of OFs was measured for three groups of options categorized on the selection of the second scatters. Field size dependence of OFs was investigated for the measurements with and without patient-specific apertures. RESULTS All three machine learning methods showed higher accuracy than the semi-empirical model which shows considerably large discrepancy of up to 7.7% for the treatment fields with full range and full modulation width. The Cubist-based solution outperformed all other models (P < 0.001) with the mean absolute discrepancy of 0.62% and maximum discrepancy of 3.17% between the measured and predicted OFs. The OFs showed a small dependence on gantry angle for small and deep options while they were constant for large options. The OF decreased by 3%-4% as the field radius was reduced to 2.5 cm. CONCLUSION Machine learning methods can be used to predict OF for double-scatter proton machines with greater prediction accuracy than the most popular semi-empirical prediction model. By incorporating the gantry angle dependence and field size dependence, the machine learning-based methods can be used for a sanity check of OF measurements and bears the potential to eliminate the time-consuming patient-specific OF measurements.
Pilot testing of the spring operated wearable enhancer for arm rehabilitation (SpringWear)

Robotic devices for neurorehabilitation of movement impairments in persons with stroke have been studied extensively. However, the vast majority of these devices only allow practice of stereotyped components of simulated functional tasks in the clinic. Previously we developed SpringWear, a wearable, spring operated, upper extremity exoskeleton capable of assisting movements during real-life functional activities, potentially in the home. SpringWear assists shoulder flexion, elbow extension and forearm supination/pronation. The assistance profiles were designed to approximate the torque required to move the joint passively through its range. These three assisted DOF are combined with two passive shoulder DOF, allowing complex multi-joint movement patterns. We performed a cross-sectional study to assess changes in movement patterns when assisted by SpringWear. Thirteen persons with chronic stroke performed range of motion (ROM) and functional tasks, including pick and place tasks with various objects. Sensors on the device measured rotation at all 5 DOF and a kinematic model calculated position of the wrist relative to the shoulder. Within subject t-tests were used to determine changes with assistance from SpringWear. Maximum shoulder flexion, elbow extension and forearm pronation/supination angles increased significantly during both ROM and functional tasks (p < 0.002). Elbow flexion/extension ROM also increased significantly (p < 0.001). When the subjects volitionally held up the arm against gravity, extension at the index finger proximal interphalangeal joint increased significantly (p = 0.033) when assisted by SpringWear. The forward reach workspace increased 19% (p = 0.002). Nine subjects could not complete the functional tasks unassisted and only one showed improvement on task completion with SpringWear. SpringWear increased the usable workspace during reaching movements, but there was no consistent improvement in the ability to complete functional tasks. Assistance levels at the shoulder were increased only until the shoulder could be voluntarily held at 90 degrees of flexion. A higher level of assistance may have yielded better results. Also combining SpringWear with HandSOME, an exoskeleton for assisting hand opening, may yield the most dramatic improvements in functional task performance. These low-cost devices can potentially reduce effort and improve performance during task practice, increasing adherence to home training programs for rehabilitation.
Epiploic appendagitis: A self-limiting cause of abdominal pain

Epiploic appendagitis (EA) is a rare cause of acute to subacute lower quadrant abdominal pain. It has two subtypes: primary and secondary EA. Primary EA is characterized by inflammation of the epiploic appendages caused by torsion or thrombosis of the draining vein of the appendage whereas secondary EA often occurs in association with other inflammatory processes in the abdomen and pelvis. Due to its similarity to other causes of acute abdomen, patients with primary EA often undergo unnecessary treatment with antibiotics and surgical intervention. We present a case of a middle-aged female who was diagnosed with primary EA based on imaging studies and was successfully managed with conservative treatment.
Anticancer Properties of Curcumin and Its Efficacy for Treating Central Nervous System Neoplasms

Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric is a rhizomatous member of the Zingiberaceae family. Its medicinal value was recognized thousands of years ago in Asia and was integrated into Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine practices. Turmeric is used to treat ailments such as skin conditions, liver disorders, abdominal pain, and rheumatism. The application of modern analytics has discovered over 100 chemical compounds in the rhizome of turmeric. Curcuminoids are a group of chemical compounds found in turmeric that impart the medicinal properties to this plant. It has been proved that curcumin possesses numerous biochemical properties and is used as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent. Further, data collected from human studies suggest that it exhibits extremely low toxicity, thus making it an attractive candidate for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. Current multimodal standard of care and treatment for individuals with brain malignancies often only extend survival minimally and must be improved. Data from preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies showed curcumin has efficacy for treating brain tumors including glioblastoma. Curcumin is thought to have anticancer properties by a variety of mechanisms including induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest, activating apoptotic pathways, and induction of autophagy. One obstacle preventing curcumin from being a clinically useful adjunct is its poor absorption and rapid metabolism. As such, many delivery systems have been studied to improve curcumin’s pharmacokinetic profile and improve its penetration through the blood-brain barrier. If pharmacokinetic barriers are overcome, curcumin is ready to enter clinical trials and improve treatment strategies for patients with brain tumors.
Examining Time to Treatment and the Role of School-Based Health Centers in a School-Based Sexually Transmitted Infection Program.

BACKGROUND Barriers to health care service utilization contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among teens. School-based STI screening programs reach adolescents outside of the clinic-based health care model and schools with school-based health centers (SBHCs) may expedite treatment because of their proximity to the population. This study examined whether students who tested positive for STIs in a school-based screening program had differing times to treatment based on treatment location. METHODS All positive cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea from the 2012-2013 school year in a Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) and Chicago Public Schools school-based STI screening program were reviewed. Median time to treatment was compared for those treated at an SBHC versus those treated elsewhere (CDPH STI clinic, community health center, private physician). RESULTS Overall, 540 students had positive results. The median age was 17 years, 427 had chlamydia (79.1%), 59 had gonorrhea (10.9%), and 54 had dual infections (10.0%); 144 were tested in a school with a SBHC on site (26.7%). Of the 483 students who received treatment (89.4%), those treated at a SBHC had a faster time to treatment compared to CDPH STI clinics (median 17 days versus 28 days, respectively, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS For students testing positive in the Chicago school-based STI program, time to treatment is accelerated in locations with SBHCs.
Chemoaffinity Hypothesis: Development of Topographic Axonal Projections

Most neural connections in vertebrates are organized into topographic maps that retain through axon projections the neighbor relationships of receptors present in peripheral sense organs or somatic tissues from which sensory information initiates, carrying that information to higher-order brain centers in which it is processed and ultimately perceived. We summarize development of topographic projections using its predominant model, the projection from the retina to the midbrain of vertebrates. Although gradients of topographic guidance molecules were surmised half a century ago in the ‘chemoaffinity hypothesis’ proposed by Sperry, they have been identified only over the past decade. In addition, considerable progress has been made toward understanding the precise mechanisms of map development, but much remains to be learned.