cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Host’s Dispersal Ability on Fine-Scale Spatial Differentiation

Gene flow of a parasite is commonly contingent upon its most motile host’s dispersal rate. High gene flow can reduce local differentiation and potentially the rate of adaptation to local hosts (Blasco-Costa, Waters, & Poulin, 2011; Louhi, Karvonen, Rellstab, & Jokela, 2010). We investigated fine-scale spatial differentiation in a parasitic trematode ( Microphallus sp. ), which alternates between two hosts: a relatively sedentary invertebrate, a freshwater snail ( Potamopyrgus antipodarum ), and a highly motile vertebrate, a duck (Hechinger, 2012). In 2014, adult snails were sampled from 13 different sites around a New Zealand lake to determine the distribution of infection. Juvenile snails were also collected from these sites for experimental manipulation. Finally, parasite eggs were collected by sampling duck feces from a northern and southern site on the lake. Juvenile snails from each site were exposed to parasites from either the northern or southern source. The infection status of field-collected adults and experimental juveniles was determined by dissection. Given the close proximity between sites and the duck host’s strong dispersal ability, we predicted low spatial variation in infectivity of the two parasite sources. The results, however, indicate significant spatial variation in both host resistance and parasite infectivity. Though infection rates across host sites were significantly correlated, the two sources differed significantly in their infectivity to hosts from different sites. This result suggests that the two parasite sources are adapted to infect different hosts, indicating genetic differentiation of the parasite. In addition, the frequency of infection and resistance of the freshwater snail differed significantly between sites within close proximity to one another. Detection of strong variation indicates that dispersal of the vertebrate host does not prevent fine-scale spatial differentiation in this host-parasite system. Further studies are needed to investigate the forces that maintain the extensive spatial variation in disease observed.
Highly nonlinear As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching.

We have synthesized a series of chalcogenide glasses from the As–S–Se system that is designed to have strong nonlinearities. Measurements reveal that many of these glasses offer optical Kerr nonlinearities greater than 400 times that of fused silica at 1.25 and 1.55 µm and figures of merit for all-optical switching greater than 5 at 1.55 µm.
Measurements of the oxidation rate of sulfur (IV) by ozone in aqueous solution and their relevance to SO2 conversion in nonurban tropospheric clouds

Abstract An experimental survey of the rate of oxidation of sulfur (IV) by ozone in aqueous solution at 25 C in the pH range 3.1 to 6.2 has been conducted using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The rates obtained are faster than those reported by Penkett et al. (Atmospheric Environment (1979) 13, 123–137), but are in good agreement with an extension of the rates reported by Erickson et al. (Atmospheric Environment (1977) 11, 813–817). Comparison of the present data with reported rates of oxidation of sulfur (IV) by H2O2 in aqueous solution at typical pH levels encountered in non-urban tropospheric cloud water, and at representative concentrations of O3 and H2O2, indicates the potential importance of O3 as a contributor to the oxidative conversion of SO2 to sulfate in clouds. However, several orders of magnitude extrapolation in O3 concentration are required in applying the present results to the environment, and verification by an experimental technique employing more representative O3 concentrations is desirable.
A New Principle of Potential Ore Separation and Recovery from Dilute Suspensions of Sub-Microscopic Particles

Abstract Aqueous dispersed systems containing a mixture of ultra-microscopic crystals of inorganic compounds can be fractionated by differential surface coagulation. The method can be applied in those cases where flotation is not applicable or not effective. Absence of any risk of water pollution by detergent collectors is another welcome feature of the new method. The method was tested successfully on mixtures of CuO and TiO2 and FeOOH and TiO2
Studies of the configuration of the Venus ionospheric magnetic field

Abstract The dayside ionospheric magnetic field of Venus has been modelled from two different points of view. The Cloutier et al. electrodynamic model makes specific predictions about the behavior of the global magnetic field configuration that can be compared with those expected from the alternate diffusion/convection model. Although the diffusion/convection model is currently only one-dimensional, it is found that it is consistent with the observations in several areas where the 3-dimensional electrodynamic model is not.
Secondary Students’ Internalization of Letter-Sound Correspondences

AbstractThis study examined secondary students’ knowledge of eight types of letter-sound correspondences. Equal numbers of high, average, and low ability readers in grades seven, nine, and eleven were administered a forty- eight-item multiple-choice test that required them to identify the letter-sound correspondences in synthetic words. Results indicated that, in general, secondary students have mastered letter-sound correspondences. However, results further revealed that in the seventh and ninth grade low ability readers have not fully mastered certain correspondence types, while in the eleventh grade low ability readers’ knowledge of letter-sound correspondences is similar to good readers for all but one correspondence type.
Androgen receptor immunoreactivity in the male and female Syrian hamster brain.

To investigate potential mechanisms for sex differences in the physiologic response to androgens, the present study compared the hormonal regulation of intracellular androgen receptor partitioning and the distribution of androgen receptor immunoreactivity in select brain regions from male and female hamsters. Androgen receptors were visualized on coronal brain sections. Two weeks after castration, androgen receptor immunoreactivity filled the neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm in males and females. In gonad-intact males and females, androgen receptor immunoreactivity was limited to the cell nucleus. Whereas exogenous dihydrotestosterone prevented cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, estrogen at physiologic levels did not. These results suggest that nuclear androgen receptor immunoreactivity in gonad-intact females is maintained by endogenous androgens, and that androgens have the potential to influence neuronal activity in either sex. However, sex differences in the number and staining intensity of androgen-responsive neurons were apparent in select brain regions. In the ventral premammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and medial amygdaloid nucleus, androgen receptor staining was similar in gonadectomized males and females. In the lateral septum, posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTpm), and medial preoptic nucleus, the number of androgen receptor-immunoreactive neurons was significantly lower in females (p < .05). Moreover, the integrated optical density/cell in BNSTpm was significantly less in females (1.28+/-0.3 units) than in males (2.21+/-0.2 units; p < .05). These sex differences in the number and staining intensity of androgen-responsive neurons may contribute to sex differences in the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to androgens.
State Performance on Child Support Enforcement under CSPIA

ABSTRACT Using state administrative data, this study documents the changes of state child support enforcement since the enactment of the Child Support Performance and Incentive Act of 1998 (CSPIA). The results show that although states substantially improved their performance of paternity establishment, establishment of child support orders, and collection of current orders from 1999 to 2004, less progress was made in the areas of arrearage payment collection and general cost-effectiveness of the enforcement system. Several states, such as North Carolina and Texas, demonstrated substantial improvement during this time. However, wide variations in state performance continue to exist and indicate that low child support performance is attributable, in part, to states' poor child support enforcement efforts.