cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bonded planar structures for efficient surface-wave devices

Acoustic surface waves have been transferred from yz lithium niobate to s.t. cut quartz surfaces across thin epoxy-resin bonds in a planar geometry. In the best case to date, only 7 dB transmission loss was measured through two bonds at 50 MHz in a lithium-niobate-quartz-lithium-niobate structure.
Manufacturing and the internet — we haven't seen anything yet!

Abstract The Internet is changing the way we think and act in the world of manufacturing. Gone are the days when plants operated in a vacuum with a set number of local suppliers and distributors. The Internet is making the manufacturing world truly global, connecting buyers and sellers from around the world in all aspects of their business. With business to business e-commerce expecting to top $1.3 trillion by 2003, the Internet is a key driving force in the new millennium as manufacturers strive to optimize their supply chain. An example of this evolutionary change in the world of manufacturing is the web community MyPlant.com (www.myplant.com). Unique to the Internet, MyPlant.com focuses on knowledge-based solutions for the process industries, which include oil refining, oil and gas, petrochemical, chemical, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical, minerals processing, power generation, and food processing industries. MyPlant.com provides value to the plant-centric industries by offering innovative tools and interactivity to access a wide range of knowledge and solutions to overcome industry problems. This paper discusses how the Internet is changing the business paradigm in the process industries. Key industry trends are discussed and examples given on expected changes in the coming years ahead. And how if manufacturers today don't consider their Internet strategy as a top priority they will soon lose any competitive edge.
The final fates of neurogenin2-expressing cells include all major neuron types in the mouse retina

The molecular mechanism underlying vertebrate retinal development is not well understood. To examine whether neurogenin2 (ngn2) expression determines cell fate in the retina, we mapped the final fates of cells that once expressed ngn2, using the conditional, binary CreER™-LacZ system. We found LacZ+ cells in all 3 nuclear layers of the mouse retina and including all major types of neurons: photoreceptors, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. The distribution of LacZ+ cells among the 3 nuclear layers closely resembled a theoretical distribution of total retinal cells. The temporal window in which each cell type was marked appeared nonrandom, and was similar to its birthdate and birth sequence. These data indicate that cells expressing ngn2 at some point in their life histories may later differentiate into a variety of cell types.
Microwave Reflection and Transmission Measurements for Pulmonary Diagnosis and Monitoring

The potential of using low intensity penetrating microwave energy in diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary diseases such as edema and emphysema has been investigated theoretically and in selected animal models. These diseases are characterized by changes in total lung water which modify the permittivity and conductivity of the lung tissue, and consequently affect the microwave reflection from or transmission through the lung. Both reflection and transmission measurement techniques have been examined. Animal experiments have indicated changes in microwave reflection with lung water changes. The diagnostic capabilities of transmission measurements have been evaluated experimentally on a phantom model, and theoretically on a planelayered tissue model.
L-prolyl-L-arginyl-glycineamide induces memory enhancement in chicks

Abstract Two-day-old chicks were injected either intraventricularly or intraperitoneally with saline or a L-prolyl-L-arginyl-glycineamide solution. This C-terminal tripeptide of arginine vasopressin produced dose dependeant enhancement effects when injected centrally but not peripherally. Physical debilitation and/or aversive effects of the peptide were eliminated as the cause of the decreased responding noted in memory enhancement studies using this avoidance paradigm. Possible memory mechanisms are discussed in light of this peptide's relationship to vasopressin, vasotocin, and L-propyl-L-leucyl-glycineamide.
Up-regulation of estrogen responsive genes in hypospadias: microarray analysis.

Purpose: An unexplained increase in the incidence of hypospadias has been reported, and yet to our knowledge the molecular events and their regulation leading to hypospadias remain unknown, although environmental compounds capable of endocrine activity are suspected. We screened on a global scale abnormalities in gene expression in human hypospadiac tissue compared to those in nonhypospadiac tissue. Additionally, microarray analysis of tissue from a pair of fraternal twins, including 1 with and 1 without hypospadias, served as a control for genetic variability. We hypothesized that gene expression would differ between hypospadiac vs nonhypospadiac tissue and fraternal twin data would show patterns similar to those of group data on hypospadiac and nonhypospadiac tissue.Materials and Methods: Microarray analysis was performed on tissue from patients with and without hypospadias, and from a pair of fraternal twins, including 1 with and 1 without hypospadias. Analysis incorporated the expression of 22,000 gen...
Spousal Perceptions of Midlife Career Change

The impact of midlife career change on the changer's family is the focus of the study. It identifies several family adaptations characterizing the career change process.
Disruptive innovation in multinational enterprises

Purpose – This paper aims to address the link between the internationalization of the MNC and its location choices and the discovery of disruptive innovations among the dispersed network of subsidiaries. Design/methodology/approach – A recent categorization of innovation suggests that not all innovations can be treated the same. Distinguishing between the various innovation typologies, this paper focuses on disruptive innovation within an international context. Many researchers have found that large incumbent firms tend to have issues with developing disruptive innovation, and are often disrupted by new entrants. However, there are cases of MNEs being successful with disruptive innovation and this paper sets out to theoretically explain where MNEs find ideas for disruption to aid in the incumbent's curse. Specifically, this paper asks, where do disruptive innovations originate in a MNE? Findings – Using a transaction cost approach and resource-based view, along with other seminal pieces in international b...
Noninvasive assessment of hepatic triglyceride content in humans with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Hepatic lipid content was assessed noninvasively in 15 patients with hepatic steatosis by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and compared in a double-blind fashion with histological grading and morphometric quantitation of fat in liver biopsies taken within 2 weeks of the study. The lipid content in the liver biopsies was expressed as the volume fraction of total parenchyma occupied by fat. Hepatic triglyceride content was determined by comparing the 13C NMR signal intensity in vivo with the signal intensity obtained from a lipid phantom of known concentrations. There was an approximately 30-fold increase in the 13C NMR signals of the saturated carbons (methyl/methylene [CH2]n) region of hepatic triglycerides from patients with grade 4 steatosis compared with those with grade 0, yielding a good dynamic range for measuring hepatic triglyceride content. The correlation coefficient between the morphometric and 13C NMR techniques was 0.89 (P < .01). These studies demonstrate that 13C NMR spectroscopy can be used to noninvasively assess hepatic triglyceride content in humans. This method may be clinically useful for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with hepatic steatosis.
Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solutions of Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(vinyl alcohol)

A novel class of self-assembling amphiphilic polymers is introduced whereby a Pluronic poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO−PPO−PEO) triblock copolymer is end-mo...
Reliability of the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Comorbid for Children (ASD-CC)

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children are a serious and complex set of conditions that researchers have been attempting to quantify for many decades. In addition to the core symptoms of ASD, comorbid psychopathology is often present as well. Despite this fact and despite the many attempts to develop scaling methods for ASD, little has been done to develop tests specific to childhood psychopathology in ASD children. In this study we describe the initial psychometric properties of a new scale designed specifically to fill this assessment need, the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Comorbid for Children (ASD-CC). One-hundred and thirteen children with ASD between the ages of 2 and 16 years were assessed in order to determine interrater, test–retest, and internal reliabilities of this new scale. Implications of these promising findings with respect to further development of the ASD-DC are discussed.
Understanding ADHD from a Biopsychosocial-Cultural Framework: A Case Study

The biopsychosocial-cultural framework is a systemic and multifaceted approach to assessment and intervention that takes into account biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors that influence human functioning and service delivery. Although originally developed to assess physical health and medical illness, this contemporary model can be used as a framework for school psychologists to address the mental health needs of culturally and linguistically diverse youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). School psychologists can apply this model when conceptualizing academic, behavioral, and social-emotional functioning of children and adolescents, while also considering cultural barriers relating to treatment acceptability when working with families. Because it encourages school psychologists to address presenting problems in a culturally sensitive and contextual manner, this model may reduce bias and result in more equitable mental health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to discuss the biopsychosocial-cultural model, its advantages and disadvantages, and its application in a case study of a Hispanic child with ADHD.
Interleukin 6 induction in the canine myocardium after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Objective: Interleukin 6 is a proinflammatory cytokine with a plasma concentration that has been noted to increase in response to cardiopulmonary bypass. The source of interleukin 6 after cardiopulmonary bypass is unknown. This study examined the myocardium as a potential source of interleukin 6 in this context. Methods: Dogs underwent 90 minutes of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with 60 minutes of cardioplegic arrest. After rewarming, they were reperfused with the chest open for either 3 (n = 4) or 6 (n = 4) hours, at the end of which myocardial samples were obtained. Four additional animals undergoing open thoracotomy without bypass served as time-matched controls. Northern blot analysis, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization were used to examine the myocardium for the induction of interleukin 6 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Results: Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a marked increase in myocardial interleukin 6 messenger RNA in 3 of 4 dogs at 3 hours after bypass and 3 of 4 dogs at 6 hours after bypass, which was not present in sham-bypass control animals. Northern blots at 3 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass also demonstrated myocardial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 induction. In situ hybridization studies confirmed that cardiac myocytes were a principal source of interleukin 6 messenger RNA early after cardiopulmonary bypass. Northern blots of messenger RNA extracted from isolated neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes obtained from blood samples before bypass, at the end of bypass, and 3 hours after bypass failed to demonstrate interleukin 6 induction. Conclusion: Despite protection with cold cardioplegic arrest, the myocardium was a significant source of interleukin 6 synthesis after cardiopulmonary bypass. Local production of interleukin 6 may play a pivotal role in postoperative myocardial function. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:256-63)
Acupuncture and chronic pain mechanisms

Abstract Forty patients with chronic pain below the waist level not amenable to conventional medical and/or surgical treatment were randomly assigned to one of two different methods of acupuncture, after studying the underlying pain mechanisms using a Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic approach and the differential spinal block (DSB). One group received acupuncture needling in the classical acupuncture points referred to as meridian loci needling (MLN) and the other group received tender area needling (TAN) with needles inserted in the dermatomal distribution of the painful areas. The responses between the two groups showed no significant difference. Results were then related to the predetermined somatopsychological basis of the individual's pain problems as classified by the DSB. A group of patients in whom pain relief occurred upon subarachnoid injection of 0.25% procaine followed by sympathetic blockade or 0.5% procaine injection followed by hypalgesia without motor loss, also reported maximum subjective improvement in their pain level following acupuncture therapy performed at a later time. The other group of patients in whom pain persisted despite sensory and motor blockade (1% procaine) responded very poorly to acupuncture therapy. DSB was found to be complimentary to acupuncture therapy in that it facilitated patient selection for the therapy.
The phosphatidic acid binding site of the Arabidopsis trigalactosyldiacylglycerol 4 (TGD4) protein required for lipid import into chloroplasts.

Chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis relies on the import of glycerolipids from the ER. The TGD (TriGalactosylDiacylglycerol) proteins are required for this lipid transfer process. The TGD1, -2, and -3 proteins form a putative ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter transporting ER-derived lipids through the inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast, while TGD4 binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and resides in the outer chloroplast envelope. We identified two sequences in TGD4, amino acids 1–80 and 110–145, which are necessary and sufficient for PtdOH binding. Deletion of both sequences abolished PtdOH binding activity. We also found that TGD4 from 18:3 plants bound specifically and with increased affinity PtdOH. TGD4 did not interact with other proteins and formed a homodimer both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that TGD4 is an integral dimeric β-barrel lipid transfer protein that binds PtdOH with its N terminus and contains dimerization domains at its C terminus. Background: The phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) binding site of TGD4 is not yet known. Results: Amino acids 1–80 and 110–145 of TGD4 represent two PtdOH interacting sequences and TGD4 forms a homodimer in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: TGD4 N terminus binds PtdOH while its C terminus interacts with a second TGD4 protein. Significance: This work reveals the structural functional relationship of an essential chloroplast β-barrel lipid transfer protein.
Management recommendations based on matrix projection models: The importance of considering biological limits

Matrix population models are a common tool for evaluating different management strategies. In general, under deterministic analyses, management strategies are recommended that improve those matrix transitions that are most sensitive or elastic with respect to the asymptotic population growth rate, λ. These recommendations usually ignore the biological limit for these transitions. In this paper we use the endangered Serengeti cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) as a case study to illustrate that ignoring biological limits leads to a recommendation that will not always achieve the desired goal of an asymptotic population growth rate, λ ≥ 1. We estimate the survivorships of adult cheetahs in captivity using cheetah studbook data, which is a conservative estimate of the biological limit for the adult survivorship of wild cheetahs. Our analysis suggests that adult survival sharply decreases after 8.5 years. In addition, captive cheetahs older than 18 years do not reproduce. We modify a previously published population projection matrix to include the effect of senescence on survival and fecundity. Our model suggests that increasing adult survivorship alone is not sufficient to reverse population decline. However, an additional small increase in newborn survival is likely to result in a viable cheetah population. We show these conclusions hold even in the presence of relatively large parameter perturbations.
Challenge of conducting a multicenter clinical trial: experience in commencing a vulvodynia research protocol.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are widely accepted as the gold standard for guiding clinical practice, but anticipated and unanticipated challenges may plague these trials. The Gabapentin (GABA) Group is a multicenter, multiple principle investigator (PI) clinical trial group funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH). We describe the challenges encountered in implementing an RCT on a pharmacologic intervention for the treatment of vulvodynia, a cause of chronic dyspareunia. These implementation hurdles likely reflect common themes experienced in many multicenter RCT's, but are often accentuated in studies involving women, where outcome measures are frequently less studied and more complex.1 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently recognized the enormity of conducting multicenter trials and established clinical trial planning grants2,3 to support investigators in establishing research teams, developing data management tools, defining recruitment strategies, developing clinical protocols, and preparing operation manuals.
A phase 2 study of carboplatin plus docetaxel in men with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer who are refractory to docetaxel

Background Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality among men in the U.S. To the authors' knowledge, there is no proven, effective, second-line therapy for docetaxel-refractory disease. Recent data suggest that platinum salts may be effective when combined with taxanes in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). The authors conducted a phase 2 trial of docetaxel plus carboplatin chemotherapy in this disease setting. Methods Eligible men had metastatic HRPC that had progressed during or within 45 days after the completion of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Patients were treated with intravenous docetaxel at a dose of 60 mg/m(2) plus carboplatin at an area under the curve of 4 once every 21 days until they had either disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results Thirty-four patients were enrolled. Therapy was tolerated reasonably well; Grade 3 leukopenia (graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria grading system) was the most common adverse event (experienced by 56% of patients), but there was only 1 episode of febrile neutropenia reported. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines > or =50% were noted in 18% of patients, and measurable responses were observed in 14%. The median duration of PSA response was 5.7 months. The median progression-free survival was 3 months, and the median overall survival was 12.4 months. Patients were more likely to respond to the combination if they previously had responded to docetaxel. Conclusions In men with HRPC who developed progressive disease during or shortly after treatment with docetaxel, the addition of carboplatin resulted in modest additional activity. Taxane-refractory HRPC is an area of unmet need, and the current trial has provided evidence that platinum chemotherapy may be an important therapeutic option.
3Ms: A Response

This seems like as good a time as any to stop and catch our collective breaths during the ongoing reviews of Maple, Mathematica, and Matlab in this department. We understand and acknowledge that we aren't experts in any one of these three packages (let alone all three), but our inexperience gave us some initial objectivity and helps illustrate how experienced programmers new to these tools might realize certain implementations. We sent our near-final drafts to representatives at Maplesoft, Wolfram Research, and Mathworks--not to seek their approval, but to have them check for technical correctness. Some found explicit errors, but others objected to the quality levels of our implementation solutions. During the process of reading and responding to this feedback, we gained some new insights into these packages' "personalities." We want to share some of this dialogue with you, without additional comments, in the hopes that you, too, will find it instructive.
Rapid Electrical Stimulation of Contraction Reduces the Density of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Responsiveness of Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes Possible Involvement of Microtubule Disassembly Secondary to Mechanical Stress

Background—Although tachycardia is commonly present in patients with congestive heart failure, its role in the development of congestive heart failure remains unclear. We studied the effect of rapid electrical stimulation of contraction on β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signal pathway in cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats. Methods and Results—Contraction of cardiomyocytes was induced by electrical stimulation at 50 V with twice the threshold pulse width. β-ARs were identified by [3H]CGP-12177 and [3H]dihydroalprenolol. Electrical stimulation reduced cell-surface but not total β-AR density; the effect was dependent on pacing frequency (a reduction of 11%, 28%, and 18% in cells paced at 2.5, 3.0, and 3.3 Hz, respectively). This reduction was apparent at 3 hours, in contrast to reduced β-AR density after exposure to isoproterenol (ISP) for 1 hour. The fraction and inhibition constant of β-AR binding agonist with high affinity were not affected by rapid electrical stimulation. In cardiomyocytes paced at 3...
Polynomial Image Algebra Approach For Image Processing

This paper describes a polynomial approach to the representation of binary and gray images for machine vision. We show that most of the stan-dard image processing can be done by the template polynomial operations. Further, we also develop some operators which rely on the instrinsic properties of polynomials and can be done at a considerable advantage using the polynomial representation of images.
A Study of the One-Week Stability of the Michigan Restricted Association Norms

Sumn2ary.-The stubiliry of four tasks of the Michigan Restricted Association Norms has been tested over a period of 1 wk. 30 undergraduare studenrs served as Ss. Wide difterences in stability were observed benveen tasks but not between stimulus frequencies. Extensive norms of free association have been published and comparisons have been made by Jenkins and Russell ( 1960), Jenkins and Palermo ( 1965), Palermo ( 1965), and Riegel (1965a, b), noting changes over time and between age levels. However, an analysis of the stabilicy of word associations has never been attempted, presumably because the large size of the normative sample has been considered sufficient basis for such an inference. In the present study Ss gave free and rescricted associations to stimuli from the Michigan norms (Riegel, 1965) in two different sessions. The responses have been analyzed with regard to individual and group overlap between sessions. Method.-Ss, 30 students enrolled in an undergraduate psychology course at the University of Michigen, were given 33 stimuli, selected from the Michigan Restricted Association Ncrms. There were 21 nouns, 6 verbs and 6 adjectives. Eighteen were of high (AA) and 15 of low frequency (<AA), according to the general count of Thorndike-Lorge ( 1944). Three of the 16 tasks used in the Michigan norms (Superordinates, Parts and Following Words) plus Free Associations were employed. Ss responded to each stim~ilus under each task rescriction. The words and tasks were counterbalanced in the test booklets. Ss mere retested approximately 1 wk. after the initial testing. Further information concerning procedures and results has been presented elsewhere (Gekoski, 1965 ). Results.-The following measures were used in the analysis: incra-individual reliability (I1 = % of inera-individual agreement in responses between sessions averaged over Ss and stim~li) ; minimum group overlap (MGO = % of identical words occurring in both response distributions averaged over stimuli; always the lower of the two percentages is used in the evaluation); group overlaps (GO1 = % of words in the first distributions which also occurred in the second distributions averaged over stirnull; GO2 = % of words in the second disuibution which also occurred in the first averaged over stimuli). The following simp1:fied example will clarify the three measures. If the word BLADE is given 8 times in the first and 5 times in the second session as a
Experimental second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWDmule deer) agent to cattle

To compare clinicopathological findings in first and second passage chronic wasting disease (CWD(mule deer)) in cattle, six calves were inoculated intracerebrally with brain tissue derived from a first-passage CWD-affected calf in an earlier experiment. Two uninoculated calves served as controls. The inoculated animals began to lose both appetite and weight 10-12 months later, and five subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months, all cattle had been subjected to euthanasia because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopical lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but PrP(res) was detected in their CNS tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and rapid Western blot (WB) techniques. Thus, intracerebrally inoculated cattle not only amplified CWD PrP(res) from mule deer but also developed clinical CNS signs in the absence of SE lesions. This situation has also been shown to occur in cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent. The study confirmed that the diagnostic techniques currently used for diagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the US would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raised the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle, due to the absence of neuropathological lesions and to a distinctive multifocal distribution of PrP(res), as demonstrated by IHC which, in this study, appeared to be more sensitive than the WB technique.
Code generation for parallel execution of a class of irregular loops on distributed memory systems

Parallelization and locality optimization of affine loop nests has been successfully addressed for shared-memory machines. However, many large-scale simulation applications must be executed in a distributed-memory environment, and use irregular/sparse computations where the control-flow and array-access patterns are data-dependent. In this paper, we propose an approach for effective parallel execution of a class of irregular loop computations in a distributed-memory environment, using a combination of static and runtime analysis. We discuss algorithms that analyze sequential code to generate an inspector and an executor. The inspector captures the data-dependent behavior of the computation in parallel and without requiring complete replication of any of the data structures used in the original computation. The executor performs the computation in parallel. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated on several benchmarks and a climate modeling application.
Effect of Spatially-Varying GDL Properties and Land Compression on Water Distribution in PEM Fuel Cells

A multi-dimensional two-phase model of polymer electrolyte fuel cells is developed and employed to investigate through-plane water profiles with spatially-varying properties of gas diffusion layers (GDL) being accounted for. Both one-dimensional (1-D) and 2-D model predictions of liquid water profiles are presented. We find that the GDL properties can significantly affect the liquid through-plane profiles and local features, for example, liquid water may be trapped due to the spatial variation in GDL properties. Furthermore, land compression can cause GDL property variation in the in-plane direction, altering liquid water distribution. Model predictions are compared with experimental data from both neutron radiography and X-ray imaging. Reasonably good agreements are obtained.
Mouse Models for Studies of Cardiovascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes

Mouse models represent a powerful tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of disease. Type 1 diabetes results in a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular complications are manifested primarily as ischemic heart disease caused by accelerated atherosclerosis, but also as cardiomyopathy, defined as ventricular dysfunction in the absence of clear ischemic heart disease. Several mouse models are now available to study atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy associated with type 1 diabetes. For studies of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, these models include low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in which diabetes is induced by streptozotocin or viral infection. In these mouse models, type 1 diabetes can be induced without marked changes in plasma lipid levels, thereby mimicking the accelerated atherosclerosis seen in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, mouse models that exhibit thrombotic events and myocardial infarctions as a result of diabetes still need to be developed. Conversely, cardiomyopathy associated with diabetes has now been extensively evaluated in streptozotocin-treated C57BL/6 mice, and in transgenic mice expressing calmodulin under a beta-cell-specific promoter. These mouse models have given significant insight into the molecular mechanisms causing cardiomyopathy, and indicate that increased oxidative stress contributes to diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy. In this review, we will discuss the available mouse models for studies of cardiovascular complications of type 1 diabetes, the potential mechanisms underlying these complications, and the need for new and improved mouse models.
Health Promotion in Culturally Diverse and Vulnerable Populations

America is a diverse culture with multiple people, religions, cultural beliefs, and values. Health promotion is a basic nursing activity. Nurses working in distinct settings interact with multiples...
Scanning electron microscopic interpretation of the thermal analysis of kaolinite

The morphology of kaolinite thermally processed to 1600° in a thermoanalyzer was studied and related to DTA/TG/DTG data. The results show that DTA/TG/DTG data refined with scanning electron microscopic information offers insight into some of the controversies concerning the kaolinite-mullite transformation. In particular, the study supports the hypothesis that a spinel phase forms in the 950–1000° region. Further, the study shows that during dehyroxylation in the 450–700° region, water escapes by a process opposite to that generally supposed.
Axial ratio enhanced ultra wideband slot spiral on hybrid ebgs

We present a low-profile ultra wideband slot spiral antenna on a hybrid EBG-based reflecting cavity. A unique aspect of the proposed hybrid EBG impedance surfaces is its wide bandwidth performance via constructive interference of the ground plane with the antenna. This characteristic leads to highly improved axial ratio performance as compared to spirals on a metallic ground plane cavity. The proposed hybrid EBGs achieved a 7:1 bandwidth from 0.7GHz to 5GHz with 700MHz at its lowest operational frequency. As such, this slot spiral is attractive in enabling low-profile and conformal antenna installation for body-worn applications.
Langerhans cells from human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma induce strong type 1 immunity

Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells (DCs) localized to the epidermis. They should be the first antigen-presenting cells to encounter squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of LCs isolated from human SCC to induce T-cell proliferation and polarization. We investigated the ability of LCs from SCC and peritumoral skin to induce T-cell proliferation and polarization. We also studied the effect of SCC supernatant on the ability of LCs from normal skin, in vitro–generated LCs, and DCs to activate and polarize T cells. LCs from SCC were stronger inducers of allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production than LCs from peritumoral skin. We found that tumor supernatants (TSNs) were rich in immunosuppressive cytokines; despite this, allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ induction by LCs were augmented by TSN. Moreover, TSN facilitated IFN-γ induction by in vitro–generated LCs, but suppressed the ability of in vitro–generated DCs to expand allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We have demonstrated that LCs from SCC can induce type 1 immunity. TSN induces IFN-γ induction by in vitro–generated LCs. This contrasts greatly with prior studies showing that DCs from SCC cannot stimulate T cells. These data indicate that LCs may be superior to DCs for SCC immunotherapy and may provide a new rationale for harnessing LCs for the treatment of cancer patients.
The Invention of Science

Social and cultural studies of science revolutionized our understanding of science during the last quarter of the 20th century. This achievement has been accomplished in the face of great resistance and at great cost to the critics and theorists of science. In this paper, we explore some of the reasons for the resistance to and costs of analyzing science as a social fact. At the same time, we try to regain some of the momentum science studies achieved in the 1960s and 1970s. Our approach is to consider the consequences of bringing science into the dialogue on orientalism and occidentalism. We discuss the invention of science in terms of the traditions against or in opposition to which it was invented. Science, no matter how we define it, is intertwined with the industrial, and military technologies that grounded European movement into and around the world. Social theory is not only a route to critique and theory in science studies, but also a route for saving science as an intellectual enterprise.
The new language of lung cancer

Lung cancer management is an everevolving paradigm with a prescient need for cutting-edge communication to satisfy both clinicians and basic scientists. The scientific journal is a forum for communicating data and ideas. The technical nature of this information demands a unique and precise language. For many decades, these concepts have been presented in journals designed to reach narrowly defined audiences (i.e., clinical vs basic science, medicine vs surgery or generalist vs specialist). This environment fostered the proliferation of numerous highly specialized journals, each serving a homogeneous readership. While the trend toward specialization is unlikely to change, the composition of the audience has been appreciably altered by the dawning of the digital age and the advent of individualized patient care. Fueled by advances in molecular biology and computer science, personalized medicine mandates the integration of new knowledge, new therapies and new paradigms. Therefore, journals must adapt. Their structure and content must promote the integration of new information and a common understanding among individuals with diverse backgrounds and technical skills (e.g., physician, surgeon, clinician, researcher, computer scientist, software engineer, molecular biologist and mathematician, among many others). Delivering on the promise of individualized care not only demands a new partnership between basic and clinical science, but also more support for translational research leading to innovative personalized therapies. Following on from the dawn of this new era, Lung Cancer Management is specifically designed to serve this trend. Depending on your perspective, you may view this story as the rise of the clinician’s role in bench-to-bedside medicine, while others may champion the basic scientist’s role. In reality, the integration of personalized care is a 50/50 partnership between basic and clinical science. Each of the partners has to understand the language of the other. The language of the discipline must, too, evolve. Highly specialized techniques cannot be fully and successfully implemented without a meeting of the minds. It is communication, specifically the integration of specialist knowledge, that takes center stage in the drive for innovation in lung cancer research and treatment.
Defect stream function, law of the wall/wake method for compressible turbulent boundary layers

The application of the defect stream function to the solution of the two-dimensional, compressible boundary layer is examined. A law of the wall/law of the wake formulation for the inner part of the boundary layer is presented which greatly simplifies the computational task near the wall and eliminates the need for an eddy viscosity model in this region. The eddy viscosity model in the outer region is arbitrary. The modified Crocco temperature-velocity relationship is used as a simplification of the differential energy equation. Formulations for both equilibrium and nonequilibrium boundary layers are presented including a constrained zero-order form which significantly reduces the computational workload while retaining the significant physics of the flow. A formulation for primitive variables is also presented. Results are given for the constrained zero-order and second-order equilibrium formulations and are compared with experimental data. A compressible wake function valid near the wall has been developed from the present results.
A method for evaluating nonlinear servomechanisms

A method is presented for determining a valid mathematical description of a class of nonlinear servomechanisms from measurements of the servo response to a set of input signals. In the sense used here, a valid mathematical description means a description that predicts the response of the servomechanism to a given class of inputs with a desired degree of accuracy. The set of input signals may consist of either sinusoids or Gaussian random signals. The response of the servomechanism is measured as a function of the amplitude and frequency composition of the input. The types of servomechanisms treated are conventional, single-loop feedback systems having a zero energy-storage nonlinear element, which may be located anywhere in the forward part of the loop. The evaluation procedure determines the transfer functions of the linear elements on both sides of the nonlinear element and the response function of the nonlinear element. The characteristics of the nonlinear and linear element must be such that only a small amount of nonlinear distortion exists at the input to the nonlinear element.
Short-term Roost Fidelity of Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) Varies with Habitat

Abstract Conservation of cavity-roosting bats must take into account their frequent movements among multiple roosts within a forest. One such species, Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) is apparently rare or declining or both over its range. From 2001 through 2004 we captured C. rafinesquii at roosts located under bridges and used radiotelemetry to monitor movements of bats among roosts in southeastern Mississippi. We calculated an index of roost fidelity for individuals and compared indices based on sex, age-class, and location of capture (2 different sites). Of 25 different roost structures that we located, 14 were hollow trees and 11 were human-made (bridges, abandoned houses, and an oil tank). Overall, bats switched roosts every 2.1 days, changed roosts 2.6 ± 2.0 times (mean ± SD) per tracking period, and used 2.5 ± 1.2 roosts per tracking period. Bats that were captured together sometimes reunited at subsequent roosts. Dissimilarity in roosting opportunities between the 2 localitie...
Complementary apodized grating waveguides for tunable optical delay lines

A novel class of high-speed and tunable integrated photonic delay lines that compromise between loss and size is proposed. The devices consist of two cascaded apodized grating waveguides and with complementary (positively and negatively modulated) refractive index profiles for dispersion compensation. It is shown that the compact tunable delay lines are low-loss and offer long true-time delays and tuning ranges and high operation bit rates.
The laparoscopic reoperation of failed Heller myotomy

Background: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia has a 10–20% failure rate and may require reoperation to control persistent, or recurrent symptoms of dysphagia. We report our experience with laparoscopic reoperation for failed Heller myotomy. Methods: Between 1996 and 2001, 5 patients underwent reoperative laparoscopic Heller myotomy. The mean age was 39 years. The presenting symptoms were persistent dysphagia (n = 3), recurrent dysphagia (n = 1), and weight loss (n = 1). The mean duration between 1st surgery and recurrence of symptoms was 2 months and the mean duration between surgeries was 27.5 months. All operations were completed laparoscopically. Results: There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Incomplete gastric myotomy was the cause of all 5 primary surgical failures. The mean hospital stay was 2 days. Mean follow-up was 12.8 months. Results were excellent in 2 patients who reported no dysphagia postoperatively (dysphagia grade 0) and good in 3 patients (60%) who all reported improvement in swallowing (dysphagia grade I–II). Conclusion: Laparoscopic reoperation for failed Heller myotomy is feasible with encouraging preliminary results.
Novel analogues of degarelix incorporating hydroxy-, methoxy- and pegylated-urea moieties at positions 3, 5, 6 and the N-terminus: Part III†

Novel degarelix (Fe200486) analogues were screened for antagonism of GnRH-induced response (IC(50)) in a reporter gene assay. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone release over time was measured in the castrated male rat. N(omega)-Hydroxy- and N(omega)-methoxy-carbamoylation of Dab and Dap at position 3 (3-6), and N(omega)-hydroxy-,N(omega)-methoxy-carbamoylation and pegylation of 4Aph at positions 5 and 6 (7-10, 15-17, 22-25) were carried out. Modulation of hydrophobicity was achieved using different acylating groups at the N-terminus (11-14, 18-21, 26-28). Analogues 8, 15-17, 22, and 23 were equipotent to acyline (IC(50) = 0.69 nM) and degarelix (IC(50) = 0.58 nM) in vitro. Analogues 7, 17, and 23 were shorter acting than acyline, when 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 22 were longer acting. Only 9 and 14 were inactive at releasing histamine. No analogue exhibited a duration of action comparable to that of degarelix. Analogues with shorter and longer retention times on HPLC (a measure of hydrophilicity) than degarelix were identified.
Perception of depth in rotating objects. 2. Perspective as a determinant of stereokinesis.

10 Os viewed under extreme reduction conditions 5 simple, plane, featureless figures and an Ames trapezoidal window as they rotated slowly (5 rpm) in the frontoparallel plane. Judgments of shape, slant, and type of movement were obtained for 4-min. periods first with binocular regard and later with monocular. As more perspective cues were introduced and as viewing time increased, there were progressive increases in depth indicants with all three types of judgments.
Certified Nurse Aide Scope of Practice: State-by-State Differences in Allowable Delegated Activities

Abstract Objectives To gain a better understanding of the state-by-state differences in allowable delegated activities for Certified Nurse Aides (CNAs) working in long-term care settings, this exploratory descriptive study assessed what are the allowable tasks for CNAs based on findings from each state board of nursing. Specifically, findings from each state determined whether the care tasks allowed were consistent with those delineated by the 42 CFR § 483. Design This descriptive study included data drawn from all 50 states' regulatory offices or health care services agencies. Data were obtained from the regulations listed on each state's board of nursing, department of health, department of aging, department of health professions, department of commerce, and office of long-term care, among like agencies. Measures The Code of Federal regulations (42 CFR § 483) listed 9 tasks that are allowable by each state. These tasks are identified as items 1 to 9: (1) personal care skills, (2) safety/emergency procedures, (3) basic nursing skills, (4) infection control, (5) communication and interpersonal skills, (6) care of cognitively impaired residents, (7) basic restorative care, (8) mental health and social service needs, and (9) residents’ rights. Results Nine tasks delineated in the 42 CFR § 483 were identified as allowable in each state. On data analysis, it was found that 11 states noted that CNAs were able to perform workplace tasks that could be considered “expanded” care tasks, tasks beyond the basic care tasks listed in the 42 CFR § 483. Conclusions Findings from this exploratory study aid in limiting the confusion around the application of workplace duties across states, providing a useful description of the care tasks CNAs are allowed to perform in an attempt to find uniformity state-by-state. Overall, states reported considering expanding the scope of practice or authorized duties for CNAs to strengthen patient care and safety. States may choose to expand CNA authorized duties so as to equip CNAs with specific training so that the CNA is able to provide a certain level of care when or if he or she is needed to do so. Without uniformity of CNA authorized duties, it is difficult to interpret whether expanding the scope of the CNA can result in outcomes such as improved patient care. State regulations vary and there were state boards of nursing that were not sure about the true extent of CNA workplace responsibilities.