cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test measuring college biology students' understanding of diffusion and osmosis after a course of instruction.

This study involved the development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test measuring college biology students' understanding of diffusion and osmosis after a course of instruction. The development procedure had three general steps: defining the content boundaries of the test, collecting information on students' misconceptions, and instrument development. Misconception data were collected from interviews and multiple-choice questions with free response answers. The data were used to develop 12 two-tier multiple choice items in which the first tier examined content knowledge and the second examined understanding of that knowledge. The conceptual knowledge examined was the particulate and random nature of matter, concentration and tonicity, the influence of life forces on diffusion and osmosis, membranes, kinetic energy of matter, the process of diffusion, and the process of osmosis. The diagnostic instrument was administered to 240 students (123 non-biology majors and 117 biology majors) enrolled in a college freshman biology laboratory course. The students had completed a unit on diffusion and osmosis. The content taught was carefully defined by propositional knowledge statements, and was the same content that defined the content boundaries of the test. The split-half reliability was .74. Difficulty indices ranged from 0.23 to 0.95, and discrimination indices ranged from 0.21 to 0.65. Each item was analyzed to determine student understanding of, and identify misconceptions about, diffusion and osmosis.
Abstract PD05-05: Hormone-Independent Breast Cancer Cells Maintain an ERα — Dependent, E2F-Directed Transcriptional Program

In order to discover mechanisms of escape from hormone dependence, we established four ERα-positive human breast cancer cell lines after long-term estrogen-deprivation (LTED). Growth of MCF-7/LTED and HCC-1428/LTED cells was inhibited by the ER downregulator fulvestrant and by ER siRNA, suggesting continued dependence upon estrogen-independent ER signaling. Fulvestrant also prevented the emergence of hormone-independent MCF-7, HCC-1428, and BT-474 cells, but not ZR75- 1, MDA-361, and T47D cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that ER modulates a transcriptional program directed by the E2F proteins, a family of transcription factors derepressed by CDK4/6-mediated phosphorylation of Rb. A set of 1,003 genes with expression altered ≥1.5-fold (P Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD05-05.
Generalized quantum measurements and approximate simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables

Abstract The importance of generalized quantum measurements in quantum optics and precision measurements is indicated. These measurements are formally realizable within conventional quantum mechanics and can often be interpreted as approximate simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables. An uncertainty relation more stringent than the usual one is derived for these measurements.
Specific heterologous antimacrophage serum: in vitro effects, and the effect on the efferent arm of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity.

A heterologous rabbit anti-rat macrophage serum was prepared which showed cross-reactions with both rat erythrocytes and rat thymocytes. After sequential absorptions a specific antimacrophage serum was prepared, which did not show agglutination or cytotoxicity for rat thymocytes or lymph node cells. This specific AMS was cytotoxic for macrophages and inhibited phagocytosis in vitro but not in vivo. It completely inhibited the efferent arm of the tuberculin sensitivity reaction.
Amino acid transport across blood-aqueous barrier of mammalian species.

Abstract The concentration of free amino acids in the plasma, aqueous and vitreous humors of sheep was determined by ion exchange chromatography. With the possible exception of methionine and glycine, the concentration of every amino acid in the aqueous humors of posterior and anterior chamber was found to be significantly higher than in the corresponding plasma while the vitreous humor was deficient in all amino acids with respect to these fluids. The most pronounced concentration gradients between aqueous humors and plasma were noted for aspartic acid and glutamic acid, which were found to be 9–13 times higher in the aqueous humors. Cystine and lysine, which were least concentrated in the aqueous humors, were approximately 1·7 times that in the corresponding plasma; for all other compounds the aqueous/plasma ratios were greater than 2. These observations lead to the conclusion that most of the amino acids are transported across the ciliary epithelium by an active process. While the concentration gradients between the anterior aqueous and plasma were similar to those existing between the aqueous of posterior chamber and plasma for all amino acids, the relative concentration of arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, serine and threonine in the anterior chamber with respect to plasma appeared to be higher than in the posterior chamber, suggesting the possibility that there may also be active transport across the iris. The role of vitreous humor in regulating the amino acid levels in the aqueous humors was investigated in rats by abolishing the vitreous/plasma gradient. Following a single intravenous injection of sodium iodate the steady state concentration of [ 14 C]cycloleucine in the vitreous increased from 34% of plasma to 90% of plasma value while that in the anterior aqueous increased from 80 to 120% of plasma level. The results suggest that cycloleucine and possibly other amino acids are actively transported across the blood-aqueous barrier of these animals. It is concluded that the deficiency of amino acids observed in the aqueous humors of certain species may be due to the “sink effect” of the vitreous humor and that active transport of amino acids across the blood-queous barrier may be involved in all mammalian species.
Chemically crosslinked polyethylene: Modulus‐temperature relations and heat stability

The influence of MT black concentration on the shear modulus of low-density crosslinked polyethylene can be approximated by the Guth–Gold equation, at temperatures below the crystalline melting zone. Above the melting zone shear modulus does not depend practically on the carbon black level. At high temperatures both degradation and crosslinking reactions are taking place. The variation of the shear modulus with temperature due to these reactions is shown for various carbon black loadings. A preliminary chemical stress-relaxation study at 250°C is presented.
The concept of dichotomous correlation

Abstract.— Intuitive correlation was studied in a 2-by-2 paradigm so as to obtain both quantitative data from prediction behavior and qualitative data from inquiries about the concept. Subjects were relieved of information processing and memory demands. Their prediction behavior but not their understanding of the concept of dichotomous correlation was improved over previous experiments.
3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein and CCAAT Enhancer-Binding Protein Are Dispensable for Insulin Inhibition of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Transcription and for Its Synergistic Induction by Protein Kinase A and Glucocorticoids

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) transcription is induced by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and glucocorticoids [dexamethasone (Dex)] and is inhibited by insulin to regulate blood glucose. Recent reports suggested that CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) binding to the PEPCK cAMP response element (CRE) plays a role in Dex induction and that insulin-induces inhibitory forms of C/EBPβ to inhibit transcription. Here, we assessed the roles of CRE-binding protein (CREB) and C/EBP factors in mediating hormone-regulated transcription. Neither cAMP nor insulin regulated the phosphorylation of C/EBP. Cycloheximide did not block insulin inhibition, indicating that alternate translation of C/EBPβ is not required. Dominant-negative CREB or C/EBP blocked induction by PKA, but neither affected regulation by Dex or insulin. Tethering the activation domains of CREB or C/EBP to a CRE→Gal4 (G4) site mediated varying extents of basal and PKA-inducible activity, but neither activation domain affected induction by De...
Optimal Control of Semilinear Unbounded Evolution Inclusions with Functional Constraints

This paper is devoted to the study of a Mayer-type optimal control problem for semilinear unbounded evolution inclusions in reflexive and separable Banach spaces subject to endpoint constraints described by finitely many Lipschitzian equalities and inequalities. First we construct a sequence of discrete approximations to the optimal control problem for evolution inclusions and prove that optimal solutions to discrete approximation problems uniformly converge to a given optimal solution for the original continuous-time problem. Then, based on advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation, we derive necessary optimality conditions for discrete-time problems under fairly general assumptions. Combining these results with recent achievements of variational analysis in infinite-dimensional spaces, we establish new necessary optimality conditions for continuous-time evolution inclusions by passing to the limit from discrete approximations.
Uncomputability: the problem of induction internalized

I argue that uncomputable formal problems are intuitively, mathematically, and methodologically analogous to empirical problems in which Hume's problem of induction arises. In particular, I show that a version of Ockham's razor (a preference for simple answers) is advantageous in both domains when infallible inference is infeasible. A familiar response to the empirical problem of induction is to conceive of empirical inquiry as an unending process that converges to the truth without halting or announcing for sure when the truth has been reached. On the strength of the analogies developed, I recommend the adoption of a similar perspective on uncomputable formal problems. One obtains, thereby, a well-defined notion of "hyper-computability" based entirely on classical computational models and on standards of success that have long been regarded as natural in the empirical domain.
Search for a matching or mismatching letter pair

The perceptual matching task was modified in order to increase the error rate and thus to reveal more clearly whether internal noise more often changes an objective match into a perceived mismatch than vice versa (noisy-operator theory). In Experiment 1, subjects searched for a “same” pair in a list of “different” pairs or for a “different” pair in a list of “same” pairs. As predicted, the target pair was overlooked or missed more often on “different” lists. False alarms, though, were not higher on “same” lists, owing apparently to rechecking, which also produced slower search through “different” lists. To disable the rechecking mechanism, rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) was used in Experiments 2 and 3. As predicted, misses exceeded false alarms on “different” lists, whereas the reverse held on “same” lists, both at the physical level (Experiment 2) and at the name level (Experiment 3). Letter set size and repetition were varied in Experiments 1 and 2, and the results indicate that when letter pairs are presented in close temporal and spatial proximity, subjects are influenced by extraneous interpair comparisons in addition to relevant intrapair comparisons in deciding whether or not a target pair is present.
Use of a two-diagonal measurement method for reducing scatter in Knoop microhardness testing

Abstract Geometrical calculations and experimental measurements on Cu and Cu-30wt%Zn have demonstrated an inherent flaw in using conventional Knoop hardness values. Future studies could provide more meaningful microhardness-based information if the additional effort is made to use two-diagonal Knoop indentation measurement techniques.
Valid-time indeterminacy

In valid-time indeterminacy, it is known that an event stored in a temporal database did in fact occur, but it is not known exactly when the event occurred. An extension of the tuple-timestamped temporal data model, called the possible chronons data model, is presented to support valid-time indeterminacy. In the possible chronons data model, each event is represented with a set of possible chronons, delimiting when the event might have occurred and a probability distribution over the set. The TQuel query language is extended using constructs that specify the user's credibility in the underlying valid-time data and the user's plausibility in the relationships among that data. A formal tuple calculus semantics is outlined, and it is shown that this semantics reduces to the determinate semantics on determinate data. >
Spatial occupancy models for predicting metapopulation dynamics and viability following reintroduction

Summary 1. The reintroduction of a species into its historic range is a critical component of conservation programmes designed to restore extirpated metapopulations. However, many reintroduction efforts fail, and the lack of rigorous monitoring programmes and statistical models have prevented a general understanding of the factors affecting metapopulation viability following reintroduction. 2. Spatially explicit metapopulation theory provides the basis for understanding the dynamics of fragmented populations linked by dispersal, but the theory has rarely been used to guide reintroduction programmes because most spatial metapopulation models require presence– absence data from every site in the network, and they do not allow for observation error such as imperfect detection. 3. We develop a spatial occupancy model that relaxes these restrictive assumptions and allows for inference about metapopulation extinction risk and connectivity. We demonstrate the utility of the model using six years of data on the Chiricahua leopard frog Lithobates chiricahuensis, a threatened desert-breeding amphibian that was reintroduced to a network of sites in Arizona USA in 2003. 4. Our results indicate that the model can generate precise predictions of extinction risk and produce connectivity maps that can guide conservation efforts following reintroduction. In the case of L. chiricahuensis, many sites were functionally isolated, and 82% of sites were characterized by intermittent water availability and high local extinction probabilities (0� 84, 95% CI: 0� 64–0� 99). However, under the current hydrological conditions and spatial arrangement of sites, the risk of metapopulation extinction is estimated to be <3% over a 50-year time horizon. 5. Low metapopulation extinction risk appears to result from the high dispersal capability of the species, the high density of sites in the region and the existence of predator-free permanent wetlands with low local extinction probabilities. Should management be required, extinction risk can be reduced by either increasing the hydroperiod of existing sites or by creating new sites to increase connectivity. 6. Synthesis and applications. This work demonstrates how spatio-temporal statistical models based on ecological theory can be applied to forecast the outcomes of conservation actions such as reintroduction. Our spatial occupancy model should be particularly useful when management agencies lack the funds to collect intensive individual-level data.
How Did Britain Democratize? Views from the Sovereign Bond Market

To assess competing theories of democratization, we analyze British sovereign bond market responses to the 1832, 1867, and 1884 Reform Acts, and to two failed Chartist agitations for reform. Analyses of high-frequency 3 percent consol yield data and historical financial press suggest three conclusions. First, democratic reform episodes were preceded by increases in perceived political risk, comparable to democratizing episodes in other countries. Second, both democratic reform and repression were followed by yield declines. Third, the source of political risk in Britain was both social unrest and political deadlock. Together, the findings challenge the “Whig” characterization of British democratization as exceptionally risk-free.
Unemployment and suicides during the recession in Italy.

Arie writes about suicides resulting from the crisis and budget cuts in Italy.1 To date, no study has investigated the impact of austerity on suicides in Italy. To answer this question, I retrieved annual data on suicides and unemployment rates (for people over 15 years) for all Italian regions from the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) from 2000 to 2010.2 Then, I obtained data on per capita expenditure on social services and benefits delivered by single and associated municipalities in 2008 from the SocialCohesion.Stat database.3 I investigated the association between change in unemployment …
IBM Enterprise System/900 Type 9121 Model 320 air-cooled processor technology

The basic component of the new IBM Enterprise System/9000™ Type 9121 Model 320 processor is an air-cooled thermal conduction module (TCM). The fabrication of this module required the integration of new bipolar chips, CMOS SRAM chips, and ECL and DCS logic circuitry in a TCM that could dissipate heat by means of air cooling. The method and details of this process of integration are described and discussed.
New Zealand Police and Restorative Justice Philosophy

In New Zealand, selected sworn police officers called youth aid officers participate in discussions and deliberations concerning the actions required to restore the sense of community balance upset by the actions of juvenile offenders. The author explores a representative sample of all sworn police officers serving in the New Zealand Police, including a subsample of youth aid officers, looking at the nature of support for the philosophical underpinnings of restorative justice and the likely impact of such work and values on officer attitudes toward the workplace. A 1996 management survey of all branches of the New Zealand national policing organization contained a number of specific questions that tap dimensions of both restorative justice philosophy and workplace orientations. This study represents a descriptive examination of these self-reported perspectives for all sworn officers, including breakdowns by selected personal-biographical variables. Implications for the implementation of restorative justic...
The Revolving Field Theory of the Capacitor Motor

The paper presents an accurate theory of the split phase motor, both as regards starting and running performance. The general equations for an unbalanced two-phase motor are first derived, and the results are then applied to the special case of the capacitor motor. Evidence of the validity of the theory is given in the form of curves, comparing test results with calculations. The principal factors affecting practical capacitor motor design are discussed, and finally the performance characteristics of the motor are compared with those of repulsion-start induction motors. It is concluded that the capacitor motor has important advantages, which will justify its extensive use. The complete derivation of the theory is given in an appendix.
The Incidence of a Tax on Urban Real Property

Four different schools now to be found among economists, 398. — Assumptions made here, 399. — Conflicting views where the total demand for houses is inelastic, 400. — Brown's position substantially correct, 401. — But the "partial equilibrium" approach is open to certain objections, 404. — Separability of the tax into a tax on site value and a tax on building value, 405. — Houses in different locations not quantities of a single commodity but different competing commodities, 409. — Summary of conclusions, 411. — Mathematical appendix, 412.
Water availability alters the tri-trophic consequences of a plant-fungal symbiosis

Plant–microbe protection symbioses occur when a symbiont defends its host against enemies (e.g., insect herbivores); these interactions can have important influences on arthropod abundance and composition. Understanding factors that generate context-dependency in protection symbioses will improve predictions on when and where symbionts are most likely to affect the ecology and evolution of host species and their associated communities. Of particular relevance are changes in abiotic contexts that are projected to accompany global warming. For example, increased drought stress can enhance the benefits of fungal symbiosis in plants, which may have multi-trophic consequences for plant-associated arthropods. Here, we tracked colonization of fungal endophyte-symbiotic and aposymbiotic Poa autumnalis (autumn bluegrass) by Rhopalosiphum padi (bird-cherry-oat aphids) and their parasitoids (Aphelinus sp.) following manipulations of soil water levels. Endophyte symbiosis significantly reduced plant colonization by aphids. Under low water, symbiotic plants also supported a significantly higher proportion of aphids that were parasitized by Aphelinus and had higher above-ground biomass than aposymbiotic plants, but these endophyte-mediated effects disappeared under high water. Thus, the multi-trophic consequences of plant-endophyte symbiosis were contingent on the abiotic context, suggesting the potential for complex responses in the arthropod community under future climate shifts.
Disengagement and reinforcement in the elderly.

Misinterpretation of disengagement theory as the ideal way of aging has led to a laissez-faire attitude in some settings. The problem is to determine the extent to which disengagement may be related to situational factors, and thus be potentially reversible, rather than the extent to which disengagement may be related to aging per se. In this study, disengagement is conceptualized in behavioral terms as an extinction phenomenon. The relationship between the degree of disengagement exhibited by elderly persons and the self-reported reinforcement occurring in their lives was explored in a survey of two elderly groups. A disengagement index incorporating role-set counts, role participation, role importance, and perceived life space was administered to 50 nursing home residents and 50 community registered voters. A Reinforcement Survey Schedule was used to identify positive reinforcers, level of reinforcement, and anticipated reinforcement. A significant correlation (p < .001) was found between disengagement and reinforcement for both groups: the greater the degree of disengagement, the lower the reported reinforcement. The findings indicate that the application of social learning principles may be useful in retarding disengagement and promoting engagement of the elderly, particularly in nursing homes.
Diffuse Bilateral Fibrocystic Disease of Lungs (Honey-Comb Lungs)

1) Four cases are presented as examples of diffuse bilateral fibro-cystic disease of the lungs. Two were proved at autopsy and two are suggestive clinically, but unproved. 2) Diffuse bilateral fibro-cystic disease of the lungs (polycystic disease, honey-comb lung) is quite rare. The entity differs from ordinary cystic emphysema and alveolar cysts. 3) Diffuse bilateral fibro-cystic disease occurs in younger patients, usually males, and often produces secondary effects on the lungs and heart (cor pulmonale) with subsequent death. 4) The fundamental lesion is believed to be focal segmentation preceded or followed by focal dilatation of small bronchi and bronchioles. Isolated bronchial segments may gradually develop into cysts. 5) Treatment is unsatisfactory and the ultimate prognosis is poor.
High precision logic form transformation

This paper presents few extensions to the logic form representation and a method for transforming WordNet glosses into logic forms using a set of high-precision rules combined with a set of high recall heuristics. An almost 3% increase in POS tagging accuracy is achieved over state-of-the art results at the expense of user intervention on only 7.52% of words. We apply a nearest neighbor solution to parser switching that leads to 6.43% increase in exact sentence accuracy for glosses. Logic Forms are derived with an accuracy of 89.46%.
Dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease: neurocardiological abnormalities.

Summary Symptoms of abnormal autonomic-nervous-system function occur commonly in Parkinson's disease (PD). Orthostatic hypotension in patients with parkinsonism has been thought to be a side-effect of treatment with levodopa, a late stage in the disease progression, or, if prominent and early with respect to disordered movement, an indication of a different disease, such as multiple system atrophy. Instead, patients with PD and orthostatic hypotension have clear evidence for baroreflex failure and loss of sympathetic innervation, most noticeably in the heart. By contrast, patients with multiple system atrophy, which is difficult to distinguish clinically from PD, have intact cardiac sympathetic innervation. Postmortem studies confirm this distinction. Because PD involves postganglionic sympathetic noradrenergic lesions, the disease seems to be not only a movement disorder with dopamine loss in the nigrostriatal system of the brain, but also a dysautonomia, with norepinephrine loss in the sympathetic nervous system of the heart.
Softly Broken Supersymmetry and SU(5)

We construct an explicit realistic SU(5) model in which softly broken supersymmetry is used to protect the Higgs doublets from quadratic mass renormalization. The model requires one natural but incredibly accurate adjustment of parameters. We argue that such an adjustment will be required in any supersymmetric GUT in which baryon number is not conserved.
On phase statistics of complexwavelet coefficients at edges

We investigate the phase information in the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-ℂWT) framework. The probability density function (pdf) of the phase of a complex wavelet coefficient is derived for the edge-type input. A simple method to estimate the parameters of the pdf is presented. The simulation results confirm that the results are consistent with the actual coefficients for both synthetic input and natural images.
Opiate Pharmacology and Relief of Pain

Opioids remain the mainstay of severe pain management in patients with cancer. The hallmark of pain management is individualization of therapy. Although almost all clinically used drugs act through mu opioid receptors, they display subtle but important differences pharmacologically. Furthermore, not all patients respond equally well to all drugs. Evidence suggests that these variable responses among patients have a biologic basis and are likely to involve both biased agonism and the many mu opioid receptor subtypes that have been cloned.
Defective venous beta-adrenergic response in borderline hypertensive subjects is corrected by a low sodium diet.

Abstract Hypertensive patients have reduced lymphocyte beta-adrenergic responsiveness which is corrected by a low sodium (Na) diet. To determine if this represents a more generalized abnormality in beta adrenoceptor response, we studied beta adrenergic-mediated vasodilation in hand veins of borderline hypertensive subjects and controls. Subjects received a 5-d diet containing high Na/low potassium (K), high Na/high K, or low Na/high K. Venous distension, as evaluated by a linear variable differential transformer, was measured in relation to infusion of phenylephrine followed by isoproterenol and nitroglycerin. On both the high Na/high K and high Na/low K diets, hypertensive subjects had significantly decreased isoproterenol-mediated vasodilation (47% decrease, P less than 0.01 and 36% decrease, P less than 0.01, respectively). On the low Na/high K diet, isoproterenol-mediated vasodilation in hypertensive subjects increased 41% (P less than 0.01) to a level not different from controls. Nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation was not different in normotensive and hypertensive subjects, nor was it altered with Na intake. Phenylephrine-mediated vasoconstriction did not differ between normotensive and hypertensive groups. Venous beta-adrenergic response correlated with lymphocyte beta adrenoceptor density in normotensive (r = 0.53, P less than 0.005) but not hypertensive subjects. This study demonstrates that beta-adrenergic responsiveness is selectively reduced in peripheral veins of borderline hypertensive subjects, and this is corrected by a low Na diet. In view of our previous findings of reduced lymphocyte beta-adrenergic responsiveness in borderline hypertension, these studies suggest a generalized defect of beta adrenoceptor responsiveness in human hypertension. Further, dietary Na may play an important role in regulating this abnormality.
The Adenovirus L4-33K Protein Regulates both Late Gene Expression Patterns and Viral DNA Packaging

The adenovirus (Ad) L4-33K protein has been linked to disparate functions during infection. L4-33K is a virus-encoded alternative RNA splicing factor which activates splicing of viral late gene transcripts that contain weak 3' splice sites. Additionally, L4-33K has been indicated to play a role in adenovirus assembly. We generated and characterized an Ad5 L4-33K mutant virus to further explore its function(s) during infection. Infectivity, viral genome replication, and most viral gene expression of the L4-33K mutant virus are comparable to those of the wild-type virus, except for a prominent decrease in the levels of the late proteins IIIa and pVI. The L4-33K mutant virus produces only empty capsids, indicating a defect in viral DNA packaging. We demonstrate that L4-33K does not preferentially bind to viral packaging sequences in vivo, and mutation of L4-33K does not interfere with the binding of the known viral packaging proteins IVa2, L4-22K, L1-52/55K, and IIIa to the packaging sequences in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the phenotype of an Ad5 L4-33K mutant virus is complex. The L4-33K protein regulates the accumulation of selective Ad late gene mRNAs and is involved in the proper transition of gene expression during the late phase of infection. The L4-33K protein also plays a role in adenovirus morphogenesis by promoting the packaging of the viral genome into the empty capsid. These results demonstrate the multifunctional nature of the L4-33K protein and its involvement in several different and critical aspects of viral infection.
WiiLab: Bringing together the Nintendo Wiimote and MATLAB

It is often a daunting task for engineering students to learn programming. Learning by playing has proven to be an effective way to engage students at nearly all levels of the curriculum. In this work, we will describe how we developed modules for teaching MATLAB to freshmen engineers through the use of the Nintendo Wiimote and motion capture. Through the work of a summer REU project, we developed and prototyped a unified set of C# and MATLAB libraries for Windows entitled WiiLab. In particular, the work focused on creating an easy-to-use API that largely abstracted the complexity of interacting with the Wiimote. In the work, we describe several laboratory modules developed for WiiLab and experiences from using the Wiimote in a four hundred student freshmen engineering course.
DIETARY VITAMIN A AND LUNG CANCER RISK: AN ANALYSIS BY HISTOLOGIC SUBTYPES

A case-control study was conducted based on 427 white males with lung cancer of the squamous, small cell, and adenocarcinoma histologic subtypes and 1,094 white male controls admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute between the years 1957 and 1965. The relation between selected dietary factors and lung cancer risk was examined for each histologic subtype while controlling for past cigarette use. Dietary vitamin A was found to be negatively associated with risk for squamous cell and small cell carcinoma, but not for adenocarcinoma of the lung. No significant association was observed, however, between dietary vitamin C, fats, or fiber and any of the lung cancer subtypes. These results suggest that the apparent protective effect of vitamin A in lung cancer may be histologic type-specific.
Understanding Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Cutaneous Carcinoma and Cancer Immunotherapy

Dendritic cells (DC) represent a diverse group of professional antigen-presenting cells that serve to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their capacity to initiate a robust and antigen-specific immune response has made them the ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapies. To date, the clinical impact of DC immunotherapy has been limited, which may, in part, be explained by the complex nature of DC biology. Multiple distinct subsets of DCs have been identified in the skin, where they can be broadly subcategorized into epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), myeloid-derived dermal dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Each subset is functionally unique and may activate alternate branches of the immune system. This may be relevant for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, where we have shown that the tumor microenvironment may preferentially suppress the activity of mDCs, while LCs remain potent stimulators of immunity. Here, we provide an in depth analysis of DC biology, with a particular focus on skin DCs and their role in cutaneous carcinoma. We further explore the current approaches to DC immunotherapy and provide evidence for the targeting of LCs as a promising new strategy in the treatment of skin cancer.
How Robust Standard Errors Expose Methodological Problems They Do Not Fix, and What to Do About It

“Robust standard errors” are used in a vast array of scholarship to correct standard errors for model misspecification. However, when misspecification is bad enough to make classical and robust standard errors diverge, assuming that it is nevertheless not so bad as to bias everything else requires considerable optimism. And even if the optimism is warranted, settling for a misspecified model, with or without robust standard errors, will still bias estimators of all but a few quantities of interest. The resulting cavernous gap between theory and practice suggests that considerable gains in applied statistics may be possible. We seek to help researchers realize these gains via a more productive way to understand and use robust standard errors; a new general and easier-to-use “generalized information matrix test” statistic that can formally assess misspecification (based on differences between robust and classical variance estimates); and practical illustrations via simulations and real examples from published research. How robust standard errors are used needs to change, but instead of jettisoning this popular tool we show how to use it to provide effective clues about model misspecification, likely biases, and a guide to considerably more reliable, and defensible, inferences. Accompanying this article is software that implements the methods we describe.
Incidence, Prevalence, Recurrence, and Mortality of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize data on the incidence, prevalence, mortality and recurrence rate of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in a way that gives an overall picture of the impact of this disease on American society. Almost all the data presented in this chapter comes from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program or the National Cancer Data Base (2004). The results that we present from the SEER database include all types of thyroid cancer, unless otherwise stated. Data that we summarize in this chapter applies mainly to differentiated thyroid cancer (Papillary, Follicular, and Hurthle Cell carcinoma) because these histologies account for approximately 94% of all thyroid cancer cases. Major points from this chapter are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.
CNS sympathetic outflow neurons to white fat that express MEL receptors may mediate seasonal adiposity.

Many animals show seasonal changes in adiposity that are triggered by changes in the photoperiod. For example, in short “winterlike” days, the nocturnal duration of pineal melatonin (MEL) secretion...
The Early Nineteenth-Century American Peace Movement: From Consensus to Division

Not everyone in 1815 greeted the formation of the first peace societies in America with joy. John Adams, for one, thought the idea was nonsense. Replying petulantly to an offer from the Massachusetts Peace Society to join its ranks, he insisted that what America needed was not less martial spirit, but more. In light of that fact, he continued, "I do, sir, most humbly supplicate the theologians, the philosophers, and the politicians to let me die in peace. I seek only repose."1 Ironically enough, peace and repose were one topic on which the peace societies were unable to agree. From the beginning, they debated how radical a stance toward war and violence they ought to take. David Low Dodge, founder of the first society, adamantly declared all wars and violent acts of any nature—including self-defense and capital punishment—to be inimical to the gospel. Noah Worcester and William Ellery Channing, who helped to organize the Massachusetts Peace Society a few months after Dodge began his group in New York, condemned all wars of aggression, but refused to decry defensive wars and acts of personal self-defense. The two groups managed to achieve a working truce when they joined together in the American Peace Society in 1828. That fragile balance was upset in 1838, however, when a group of radicals led by William Lloyd Garrison and Adin Ballou left to form the New England Nonresistance Society.2 It is a misconception, however, to imagine that the peace movement
Disaggregate Tree-Structured Modeling of Consumer Choice Data:

A new approach to inferring hierarchical models of consumer choice is described. A classification algorithm is used to estimate decision trees at an individual level without requiring prior assumpt...
Cayley-Dickson algebras and loops

The Cayley-Dickson process is used in connection with square array representations of the Cayley-Dickson algebras. This involves an array operation on square arrays distinct from matrix multiplication. The arrays give a convenient representation of the octonion division algebra and a description of octonion multiplication. The connection between this description of pure octonion multiplication and seven dimensional real space using products related to the commutator and associator of the octonions is extended to the other Cayley-Dickson algebras and the appropriate real vector space.
Analysis of seasonal variation of vivax malaria by circular distribution way in Suqian city

Objective:To provided references for prevention and control of malaria prevalence by seasonal analysis from 2003 to 2009,and to research malaria prevalent characteristics in Suqian.Methods: Vivax malaria epidemic datum was collected from malaria monitoring information network direct report management system and monthly calculating incidences of vivax malaria,peak incidence day or period of vivax malaria were analyzed by circular distribution way.Results: The incidence of vivax malaria showed obvious seasonality in Suqian(P0.01).The incidence peak day in an average occurred on August 16,the earliest incidence peak day appeared on July 25,2009 and the latest day appeared on September 14,2006,between which had 50 days difference.Conclusion: The incidence of vivax malaria in Suqian existed obvious seasonal peak and incidence peak day concentrated in August;the relationship between the extension the peak of the epidemic in vivax malaria and global warming was still waiting for discussion.
Analysis of 10kV Shunt Capacitor Device Adopting Differential Protection

In this paper,the loss and overvoltage of capacitor unit for differential protection wiring,which is launched recently for 10 kV frame type shunt capacitor devices,is simply calculated and analyzed,and it is concluded that inside the capacitor unit,used in this device,only two serial section,high current of capacitor in normal operation,additional loss increase,heating problems easy to appear. In case of capacitor failure,overvoltage transmission is easily happened. The capacitor and the intact series section are damaged by heating of capacitor and its connectors as well as overvoltage transmission,which will bring hidden danger for operation. Therefore,such wiring at 10 kV frame type capacitor type shall be used as less as possible so to avoid fault development of capacitor device endanger safety of power system.
The survey of vaccination certificates inspection in school and kindergarten children in Futian district of Shenzhen city in 2010

Objective: To understand the prophylactic immunization condition in school and kindergarten children in Futian district of Shenzhen city in 2010,in order to provide the basis for advancing preventive vaccination certificate inspection system and strengthening the supervision system.Methods: According to The notice on further strengthening inspection of vaccination certificates in school and kindergarten beginners of Futian district,inoculate certificates and inoculate registration condition of 28 192 children in 211 schools and kindergartens were checked.Results: Inspection coverage rate of vaccination certificates was 100%.The number of 28 192 children should be checked,and 27 625 children were really checked,the rate of inspection was 99.79%,among which the rate of certificates holder was 99.16%.The full vaccination rate was 76.32%,5 975 children were supplementary vaccination,with the rate of 91.35%.The rate of full vaccination and supplementary vaccination of children in kindergartens were higher than that in schools,the differences were statistically significant(χ2=6.632,20.392,P=0.01,0).The average vaccination rate of BCG vaccine,hepatitis B vaccine and measles vaccine were up to 98%,whereas the average vaccination rate of DBT,OPV and JEV were relatively low.Conclusion: Vaccination certificates inspection of children in school and kindergarten of Futian district has achieved great progress.Education Department and health Department need coordinate and increase propaganda,in order to improve the rate of full and supplementary vaccination of type Ⅰ vaccine.
Cultural Considerations in Forensic Interviewing of Children

The United States is a diverse country. Because forensic interviews are such an integral part of an investigation of alleged child abuse, ensuring that interviews are conducted in manner that minimizes suggestibility and maximizes the chance that true and accurate information is obtained from the child is of utmost importance. While research on forensic interviews and cultural sensitivity is essentially absent our review of the existing literature led us to the following conclusions/recommendations: (1) rapport remains a critical element to the forensic interview and therefore should be carefully established with the child; (2) the child should be interviewed in the language in which s/he is most proficient; (3) when possible and/or necessary existing, translated versions of forensic interviewing protocols should be used; (4) if the use of a translator is necessary, the translator should be trained in forensic interviewing; (5) family or friends should not be used as a translator (expect in the most dire of circumstances); and (6) there may be cultural factors (e.g., shame, guilt, immigration status) that require consideration in the context of forensic interviewing.
Patterns of Symbiodinium spp. associations within the family Aiptasiidae, a monophyletic lineage of symbiotic of sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria)

Although the symbiotic relationships between dinoflagellates and cnidarians are well recognized, few studies have examined these associations from an evolutionary perspective. This is especially true for symbiotic sea anemones, in which many reports consist of an approximate species identification of the host, followed by the identification of the dinoflagellate symbiont using molecular genetic markers. To further explore the evolutionary history of sea anemone–dinoflagellate associations, we documented the diversity of Symbiodinium spp. in a monophyletic clade of sea anemones, the family Aiptasiidae. We combined information from several molecular genetic markers, including nuclear ITS2 and plastid cp23S-rDNA, to evaluate the patterns of evolution and diversification of Symbiodinium in the light of an existing phylogenetic framework for the sea anemone host. At the host family level, we found no evidence for coevolution or reciprocal phylogenies between host and endosymbiont. However, within some individual host species, Symbiodinium spp. exhibited patterns of host specialization and cladogenesis. This pattern suggests that coevolution between host and symbiont occurred within species and genera lineages, but that this process was regularly disrupted and symbiotic partners were recombined during the longer-term evolutionary history of the Aiptasiidae. Furthermore, we observed independent cases of phylogeographical partitioning of Symbiodinium within a single host species, suggesting that ecological speciation along an environmental gradient contributed to the diversity of associations found in nature.
Effect of K‐Point Convergence on Derived Properties for Pure CRYSTALS

In planewave DFT calculations, a number of parameters have an effect on the overall accuracy of the calculation. Typically, a few of these parameters are under user control and have a significant effect. In this proceeding paper, these effects are explored through calculations of an fcc Al model system. The convergence of the total energy and several derived properties (e.g. unit cell volume and bulk modulus) is assessed with respect to the number of k points used to sample the Brillouin zone and the magnitude of the smearing parameter. Results are compared to those computed using the tetrahedron method. It is seen that some properties converge quickly with respect to the varied parameters, while others are more sensitive.
Trimerization Reaction Kinetics and Tg Depression of Polycyanurate under Nanoconfinement

Trimerization of a mixture containing a mono- and difunctional cyanate ester is investigated under the nanoporous confinement of silanized hydrophobic controlled pore glass using differential scanning calorimetry. The trimerization reaction of the nanoconfined monomer mixture is accelerated relative to the bulk by as much as 12 times in 8 nm pores, but this acceleration is less than half that observed for nanoconfinement of the individual monomers. The absolute reaction rate of the monomer mixture lies between those of the individual species, being slower than the monocyanate ester and faster than the dicyanate ester. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the reaction acceleration is due to monomer ordering or layering at the pore surface, leading to a local concentration of reactive groups higher than in the bulk. In addition to the influence of nanoconfinement on trimerization kinetics, the molecular weight and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polycyanurate formed in the nanopores ...
Upholding Online Anonymity in Internet Governance: Affordances, Ethical Frameworks, and Regulatory Practices

This paper argues that anonymity in networked digital communications is indispensable as an enabler of other inalienable rights, including informational privacy and freedom of expression. This work traces how an alignment of government policy and private interests, norms, practices, and ethics assert a persistent identity ecosystem online. And it reappraises the democratic uses, techno-social affordances, and human rights dimensions of online anonymity to help shape discourse that can guide policy makers and other stake-holders towards its protection.