cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Evaluation of Two Decades of WRF-CMAQ Ozone Simulations over the Contiguous United States

Dynamic evaluation of the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)– Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model ozone simulations over the contiguous United States (CONUS) using two decades of simulations covering the period from 1990 to 2010 is conducted to assess how well the changes in observed ozone air quality are simulated by the model. The changes induced by variations in meteorology and/or emissions are also evaluated during the same timeframe using spectral decomposition of observed and modeled ozone time series with the aim of identifying the underlying forcing mechanisms that control ozone exceedances and making informed recommendations for the optimal use of regional-scale air quality models. The evaluation is focused on the warm season's (i.e., May–September) daily maximum 8-hr (DM8HR) ozone concentrations, the 4th highest (4th) and average of top 10 DM8HR ozone values (top10), as well as the spectrally-decomposed components of the DM8HR ozone time series using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter. Results of the dynamic evaluation are presented for six regions in the U.S., consistent with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climatic regions. During the earlier 11-yr period (1990–2000), the simulated and observed regional average trends are not statistically significant. During the more recent 2000–2010 period, all observed trends are statistically significant and WRF-CMAQ captures the observed downward trend in the Southwest and Midwest but under-predicts the downward trends in observations for the other regions. Observational analysis reveals that it is the magnitude of the long-term forcing that dictates the maximum ozone exceedance potential; there is a strong linear relationship between the long-term forcing and the 4th highest or the average of the top10 ozone concentrations in both observations and model output. This finding indicates that improving the model's ability to reproduce the long-term component will also enable better simulation of ozone extreme values that are of interest to regulatory agencies.
EVALUACIÓN Y RACIONALIZACIÓN DE LA REFORMA DE LOS DELITOS CONTRA LA LIBERTAD SEXUAL

El articulo repasa y enjuicia la reforma a los delitos contra la libertad sexual en Chile a partir de la modificacion inicial, en 1999, poniendo de manifiesto como las modificaciones sucesivas han perdido de vista la libertad como objeto de tutela y colocado en su lugar exigencias moralizantes, de integrismo en la esfera de la sexualidad. Examina y critica su regimen en los ultimos proyectos de reforma total al Codigo vigente, y formula algunas propuestas politico-criminales para una racionalizacion de esta maltratada materia.
Cancer Immunotherapies: Are They as Effective in the Elderly?

Almost two-thirds of all new cancer diagnoses are made in persons over the age of 65 years, yet it is unclear if age affects patient responsiveness to immunotherapy, which is increasingly becoming first-line therapy in advanced stages of different tumor types. Preclinical animal studies may be difficult to translate into humans since they frequently use young mice (2–3 months of age) equivalent to adolescent human subjects. Nevertheless, ex vivo studies from humans are concordant with mice tissue findings—older patients have an increased density of circulating regulatory immune cells and a decreased ratio of naive-to-memory T cells. A review of different immunotherapy trials reveals that contrary to expectations, advanced age generally does not hinder safety and clinical response to different treatment modalities. A growing number of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy trials have been published with basic safety and clinical response data stratified by age. We present the clinical response data from 21 phase II/III clinical trials based on age stratification into young and old subgroups. Data from these trials indicate that these agents have an overall low toxicity profile and that they are similarly well-tolerated in young and old patient subgroups. However, drug-specific differences exist for immune checkpoint inhibition in elderly subjects when comparing overall survival and progression-free survival hazard ratios with those of young subjects. Additional work is needed to better stratify ‘responders’ and ‘nonresponders’ within the elderly age group in order to optimize immunotherapy use in a heterogeneous patient population.
Take DAT, Flu!

Some microbial metabolites can be immunomodulatory, but there is limited understanding of how these contribute to inter-individual variation in response to infection. In a recent study in Science, Steed et al. (2017) show that the bacterial metabolite desaminotyrosine (DAT) increases type I interferon expression, resulting in an improved immune response to influenza infection.
Unit Support, Past Experience and Researcher Attitude for Intra-institutional Research Collaboration: Survey Study in a US Doctoral/Research University

Intra-institutional collaboration is an often neglected type of research collaboration from the literature. This study aimed to understand what factors contribute to this type of collaboration as well as what types of factors can impact negatively the likelihood of this collaboration. We deployed a survey in a US research institution and measured for factors relating to environmental, past researcher behavior and personal research characteristics. We developed a model that demonstrates how these sets variables influence intra-institutional collaboration and developed recommendations for units. Unit support for collaboration and past behavior were found to impact intra-institutional collaboration. Additionally, researcher’s attitudes toward sharing knowledge and resources were also found to impact the likelihood for collaboration within institution.
Drive field filter design for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) apparatus

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emergent imaging modality that can produce quantitative maps of injected superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) [1,4]. In MPI, the SPION magnetization is driven into saturation by an AC magnetic field at the drive frequency, f 0 , generating harmonics, which are measured by Faraday detector coils. The large size of the SPION magnetization compared to nuclear spins suggests that functional neuroimaging with MPI (fMPI) will have a significant sensitivity benefit compared to fMRI. MPI requires a drive field at a single frequency, without harmonics, in order to have high contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Consequently, an MPI system should include a transmit filter to attenuate frequencies greater than f 0 . In this paper, the design, construction, and characterization of a high power low-pass filter for the drive field is presented. The filter achieves an attenuation of 69.3 dB between the drive frequency, 25 kHz, and the 3rd harmonic frequency, 75 kHz. The design of this filter fits into a larger experiment, in which MPI will be used to image CBV changes in the rat somatosensory cortex.
Using naturalistic driving study data to evaluate the effects of intersection balance on driver behavior at partial cloverleaf interchange terminals

Past studies showed that poor intersection balances at partial cloverleaf (parclo) interchange terminals significantly impact traffic safety and sight distance of drivers making left turns to entra...
Integrated Quality Assurance Program for the Hydra-70 Solid Rocket Motor

The Hydra-70 uses small solid rocket motors, which are produced in large numbers. It is used by all branches of the US armed forces and those of several other countries. A research and development program was initiated in 1994 which had the objective of improving the quality of the motors. The motors use solid fuel grain and the effort reported in this paper focuses on providing motors with higher reliability in terms of performance and safety, and at the same time achieving a significant reduction in inspection costs.
Contacts on Ionic Solids

There are, of course, many aspects of contact theory which are common to ionic and homopolar solids. Of these, only matters which are frequently overlooked or else in need of further clarification will be discussed in this paper. In addition, there are matters which arise from the ionic character of the contacted solid itself, and these can have different forms of origin: (a) the special nature of surface states on ionic solids, (b) the generally large (≫kT) activation energy of donor and acceptor states in such materials, (c) the fact that such materials are often near-insulators, or in more modern terminology, “relaxation semiconductors”, and (d) the importance of trapping effects. All these factors have specific consequences for the manner in which charge is transported across a metal-semiconductor boundary, and for the propagation of contact-related effects into the interior of the material. These effects, whether large or small in specific cases, always involve non-equilibrium carrier concentrations. In some practical contexts, the task is to maximize the non-equilibrium, in others to minimize it. In both it is necessary to understand what is happening and why. These problems are discussed below.
Microsurgical Testicular Sperm Extraction: Technical Considerations

Treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) has changed radically over the past 15 years, evolving from a clinical diagnosis with no direct treatment options to a highly treatable entity. The condition of NOA is typically characterized by a man who has small volume testes and elevated FSH. Therefore, the condition is often diagnosed clinically without extensive laboratory evaluation or invasive tests. Up to 1% of all men may have this condition, but it has represented a substantial therapeutic challenge for urologists. Up until recently, the only therapies that would allow a man with NOA to father a child was to provide donor insemination or adoption. Obviously, these “replacement” therapies do not directly treat the condition. Several steps allowed us the opportunity to consider treatment of men with NOA, so these men could have their own biological children. In the early mid-1990s, recognition of the potential presence of sperm in some of these men occurred (Jow et al., J Androl 14(3):194–8, 1993). Subsequent refinements in our ability to use these sperm for assisted reproduction were advanced in the late 1990s to optimize treatment for men with NOA. In this chapter, we will overview the development of a technique referred to as microdissection TESE (testicular sperm extraction) (Schlegel, Hum Reprod 14(1):131–5, 1999). This surgical technique appears to optimize the ability of treating physicians to localize small regions of sperm production within the testis. Micro-TESE’s utility, in comparison to other techniques of sperm retrieval, safety, and efficacy will be discussed.
Association between anemia and postoperative complications in infants undergoing pyloromyotomy

Abstract Background Although preoperative anemia has been suggested to predict postsurgical morbidity and mortality among infants Methods Infants Results We identified 2948 patients who met our inclusion criteria, of whom 843 were anemic (29%). The overall rate of complications in this cohort was 6%. The most common postoperative complications were readmission (97 cases), surgical site infection (43), reoperation (39), prolonged hospital stay (24), urinary tract infection (3), 30-day mortality (3) and cardiac arrest (2). We found no differences in the incidence of complications in anemic versus nonanemic patients on bivariate analysis or multivariable logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval: 0.8–1.7; P = 0.319). Conclusions In relatively healthy infants undergoing pyloromyotomy, untreated preoperative anemia was not associated with postoperative compilations and should not be considered a significant risk factor. Level of evidence III.
Risk of Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Fludarabine and Bendamustine

Abstract Background: Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) receive a variety of treatments that have the potential to induce myeloid malignancies. One such treatment, fludarabine, has been associated with a five-year risk of therapy-related myeloid neoplasia (t-MN) of 4.8% (Smith et. al 2011). This finding was supported by others showing a rate of t-MN of approximately 2.8% to 11% associated with fludarabine (Short et. al 2015). It is not known where new therapies, such as bendamustine, have a similar rate of t-MN compared to fludarabine. Using the Veterans Administration Central Cancer Registry (VACCR), we sought to identify the association between CLL-directed therapy and t-MN. Methods: We used the VACCR to identify patients diagnosed with CLL between September 1999 and October 2015. Pharmacy Benefits Management records were used identify patients who received bendamustine or fludarabine as initial treatment of CLL. ICD-9 codes for myeloid leukemia, monocytic leukemia, and other unspecified leukemia (205-208.8) as well as myelodysplastic syndrome (238.72-238.76) were used to identify cases of t-MN. Medical records of all cases were reviewed for diagnosis of t-MN through review of clinical notes, laboratory data, and subsequent treatment. Comparisons between groups were performed with independent samples t-test. Comorbidity was assessed using the Charlson (Romano) index score. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to assess associations between treatment and development of t-MN while controlling for age and comorbidity index. The study was approved the Saint Louis VA Medical Center institutional review board. Results: A cohort of 7155 patients with CLL were available for analysis of which 1084 received fludarabine and 460 received bendamustine as initial therapy. Mean age at initial therapy was higher with bendamustine (68.9 years vs. 64.9, p Conclusion: In this retrospective analysis of treatment for CLL, bendamustine was not associated with reduced rates of t-MN compared to fludarabine. This study is limited by a shorter follow-up period for patients treated upfront with bendamustine, longer follow-up is needed. Disclosures Sanfilippo: Bristol Meyers Squibb: Speakers Bureau. Carson: Seattle Genetics: Honoraria.
Central pontine myelinolysis: Insight into pathogenesis, in the absence of hyponatremia

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a well-recognized iatrogenic complication of rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia. Dehydration of the brain and shrinkage of the oligodendrocyte cause separation of the myelin sheath from the axons. This damage can cause the full clinical spectrum of CPM. We report a patient with pseudohyponatremia, diabetes with hyperglycemia, hepatitis C-induced liver cirrhosis, malnutrition, and hypokalemia who developed CPM. The patient had not used insulin for 3 days during which he became hyperglycemic. After reinstitution of his insulin treatment, he developed clinical signs and radiological evidence of CPM. We review the cerebral adaptive mechanisms for the prevention of cellular shrinkage and CPM. This will help identify patient population who are at an increased risk of developing CPM in the absence of hyponatremia. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care, medical knowledge.
Social isolation, acculturative stress and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Korean immigrant women

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious health and social problem among Korean immigrant population. To identify risk factors that might be related to their initial IPV victimization as well as their continuous victimization by their partners, this study examined the relationship between social isolation, acculturative stress and IPV victimization among Korean immigrant women. Using the case-control design, 127 participants (64 IPV victims and 63 non-victims) were recruited for this study. The findings of this study revealed that acculturative stress and a lack of social support (i.e., social isolation) among Korean immigrant women are independently associated with IPV victimization. However, social support did not have a stress-buffering role for IPV. Also, acculturative stress partially mediates the effect of social isolation (lack of social support) on IPV. Based on this study’s findings, we then discuss policy implications to prevent further victimization focusing on social network and acculturative stress.
Race and Imperial Defence in the British World, 1870–1914

The first comprehensive account of the cultural and racial origins of the imperial security partnership between Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Drawing on research from every corner of the globe, John C. Mitcham merges studies of diplomacy, defense strategy, and politics with a wider analysis of society and popular culture, and in doing so, poses important questions about race, British identity, and the idea of empire. The book examines diverse subjects such as the South African War, the Anglo-German naval arms race, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and the birth of the Boy Scout Movement, and positions them within the larger phenomenon of British race patriotism that permeated the fin de siecle. Most importantly, Mitcham demonstrates how this shared concept of 'Britishness' gradually led to closer relations between the self-governing states of the empire, and ultimately resulted in a remarkably unified effort during the First World War.
Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Patterns Among Pregnant Women in New Mexico.

Introduction:Seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for pregnant women, but half of the pregnant women in the United States remain unvaccinated. Vaccine coverage in U.S.–Mexico border states...
Approach to narrow complex tachycardia: non-invasive guide to interpretation and management

### Learning objectives Narrow QRS complex tachycardia (NCT) represents an umbrella term for any rapid cardiac rhythm greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm) with a QRS duration of less than 120 milliseconds (ms). The operative word ‘narrow’ maintains that regardless of the arrhythmia mechanism or atrial activity, ventricular depolarisation is rapid via engagement of the His-Purkinje system (HPS). Thus, the great majority of NCT encountered routinely are supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) or forms of tachycardia arising above the bifurcation of the bundle of His (HB). These arrhythmias are frequently symptomatic and often result in recurrent or persistent palpitations, breathing disturbances, exercise intolerance, lightheadedness and/or chest pain,1 2 and symptomatic patients require medical attention.3 4 As many as 20% of patients have history of syncope, some may experience hypotension or heart failure, and rarely (2%) patients can present with non-lethal cardiac arrest.5 Cardiologists, as well as Family, Internal and Emergency Medicine practitioners regularly care for patients with NCT. Although documentation of NCT via 12-lead ECG is considered the gold standard, identification of the specific arrhythmia mechanism can be made with telemetry, ambulatory Holter ECG, implantable loop recorders, as well as novel wearable technologies including adhesive patch recorders and smartwatch/smartphone-based applications.6 Using one or more of these tools, a comparison during tachycardia and sinus rhythm (NSR) may in fact reveal the aetiology of the arrhythmia. The purpose of this current document is to offer clinicians: (a) a survey of involved mechanisms, (b) a systematic approach to the differential diagnosis and (c) management options for NCT. A basic understanding of mechanisms involved in arrhythmia initiation can be used to assist in the evaluation of NCT and support the provider in choosing therapies, as well as …
Detecting Driver Behavior Using Stacked Long Short Term Memory Network With Attention Layer

Driver distraction is one of the primary reasons for fatal car accidents. Modern cars with advanced infotainment systems often take some cognitive attention away from the road, consequently causing more distraction. Driver behavior analysis can be used to address the driver distraction problem. Three important features of intelligence and cognition are perception, attention and sensory memory. In this work, we use a stacked LSTM network with attention to detect driver distraction using driving data and compare this model with both stacked LSTM and MLP models to show the positive effect of using attention mechanism on the model’s performance. We conducted an experiment with eight driving scenarios and collected a large dataset of driving data. First, an MLP was built to detect driver distraction. Next, we increased the intelligence level of the system by using an LSTM network. Third, we used the attention mechanism increment on the top of the LSTM model to enhance the model performance. We show that these three increments increase intelligence by reducing train and test error. The minimum train and test error of the stacked LSTM were 0.57 and 0.9 that were 0.4 less than the MLP minimum train and test error. Adding attention to the stacked LSTM model decreased the train and test error to 0.69 and 0.75. Results also show diminished the overfitting problem and reduction in computational expenses when adding attention.
Caution When Screening for Autism among Socially Anxious Youth

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is commonly comorbid with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, in a sample of 86 children and adolescents (MAGE = 12.62 years; 68.6% male), 28 of whom were diagnosed with ASD, 34 with SAD, and 24 with comorbid ASD and SAD, we compared parent-reported scores from the Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition (SRS-2; Constantino and Gruber in Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; Constantino and Gruber 2012) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the measure in cases of differential diagnosis between SAD and ASD. Results suggest that neither the subscales, nor the SRS-2 total score, consistently differed between ASD and SAD. Sensitivity and specificity analyses suggested that the SRS-2 total poorly discriminated ASD from SAD. When screening socially anxious youth for possible ASD, caution should be taken.
Incidence, mortality, and complications of acute myocardial infarction with and without percutaneous coronary intervention in hip fracture patients.

Abstract Introduction Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common cause of death following hip fracture surgery. This study aimed to determine the incidence and timing of perioperative AMI treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in hip fracture patients, and to compare in-hospital mortality and complications between hip fracture patients who did not have an AMI, those who sustained a perioperative AMI and did not undergo PCI, and those who sustained an AMI and underwent PCI. Methods The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried from 2010 through the third quarter of 2015 to identify all patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Patients were stratified into three cohorts: perioperative AMI but no PCI (no PCI cohort), perioperative AMI with PCI (PCI cohort), and no perioperative AMI or PCI (no AMI cohort). Patient demographics, comorbidities, in-hospital mortality, and complications were compared between cohorts. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, procedure, and Elixhauser score was used to assess the relative odds of in-hospital mortality for each cohort. Results A total of 1,535,917 hip fracture cases were identified, with 1.9% in the no PCI cohort, 0.01% in the PCI cohort, and 98.0% in the no AMI cohort. In-hospital mortality was lower in the PCI cohort than in the no PCI cohort (8.8% vs. 14%), and was greater for both than in the no AMI cohort (1.6%, p Conclusions Perioperative AMI both with and without PCI independently increases the risk of mortality in hip fracture patients, with the highest risk of mortality in those with AMI without PCI. Providers should understand the increased morbidity and mortality associated with AMI in hip fracture patients, as well as the risks and benefits of perioperative PCI, in order to better counsel and manage these patients. Level of Evidence III
Uncovering solvation heterogeneity in live cells via hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

The structure and dynamics of intracellular water constitute the cornerstone for understanding all aspects of cellular function. However, direct visualization of subcellular solvation heterogeneity has remained elusive. To explore this question, we have demonstrated a vibrational-shift imaging approach to probe solvation at the microscopic level by combining spectral-focusing hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hsSRS) with an environmentally-sensitive nitrile probe. When applied to quantitatively measure the spatial variation of solvation in live cells, this new method reveals significantly reduced solvation in the cytoplasm compared to the nuclear compartment and bulk water! This work sheds light on heterogenous solvation at the subcellular level and opens up new avenues to explore solvation variance in complex systems.
Advanced Technology and Systems of Cross Point Memory

Cross point memories are ideally suited to fill computer memory hierarchy gaps of memory capacity-cost and storage performance. System innovations exploiting the capability of 3D XPoint based cross point memory challenge historical notions of separate semantics of memory and storage, significantly boosting system performance.
Deficits in decision-making induced by parietal cortex inactivation are compensated at two time scales

Perceptual decisions arise through the transformation of samples of evidence into a commitment to a proposition or plan of action. Such transformation is thought to involve cortical circuits capable of computation over time scales associated with working memory, attention, and planning. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) are thought to play a role in all of these functions, and much of what is known about the neurobiology of decision making has been influenced by studies of LIP and its network of cortical and subcortical connections. However a causal role of neurons in LIP remains controversial. We used pharmacological and chemogenetic methods to inactivate LIP in one hemisphere of four rhesus monkeys. Inactivation produced clear biases in decisions, but the effects dissipated despite the persistence of neural inactivation, implying compensation by other unaffected areas. Compensation occurs on a rapid times scale, within an experimental session, and more gradually, across sessions. The findings resolve disparate studies and inform interpretation of focal perturbations of brain function.
Course Overview Note: Implementing Urban Economic Development

This course described in this note provides a guide to implementing urban economic development at the local and regional level. This course is based on the assumption that, effective implementation of urban and regional economic development requires an entrepreneurial approach. Development is entrepreneurial in the sense that, from the point of view of an urban official, most of the big picture policy levers will probably be set exogenously. (For example, Federal income tax rates, immigration policy, and much else are set by the US Government, and a local official has little room to directly change these policies.) So, a local economic development official must understand the goals of the community and its overall economic environment, and imaginatively use the available tools to create public value. Among the issues commonly facing urban development professionals are: persistent racial inequality, rising income inequality, climate change, hollowing out of middle class jobs, and so on. Hence, the course’s focus is on tools available to state and city leaders (without dramatic changes in legislation) to drive economic development at the regional and urban levels. Finally, this is a case study course on the implementation of policy – it’s not a course on urban economic theory, nor is it a course on what Federal policy should be towards urban areas – though to some extent both of these topics are touched on. At Princeton, this is taught as a semester long graduate course of twenty-four 80 minute sessions. If you are a faculty member and would like a copy of the full syllabus for the current version of this course, please e-mail me from your university account.
Self-focused attention, authenticity, and well-being

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether two distinct forms of self-focusing tendencies (i.e., self-rumination and self-reflection) predict authenticity, as well as to determine whether authenticity mediated the relationship between these self-focusing tendencies and both life satisfaction and distress. Data of this study were collected from 619 adults through an online survey. The hypothesized model was examined using structural equation modeling. Supporting the hypotheses of the study, after controlling for gender and age, both self-rumination and self-reflection had significant indirect effects on life satisfaction and distress through authenticity. Specifically, participants with a tendency to engage in self-reflection reported higher levels of authenticity, which then was associated with increased life satisfaction and decreased distress. On the other hand, participants who are inclined to self-ruminate reported lower levels of authenticity, which in turn, mediated the effect of rumination on both life satisfaction and distress.
Review of Isomorphisms of Types: from λ-calculus to information retrieval and language design by Roberto Di Cosmo (Birkhauser, 1995)

The λ-calculus is an elegant computational model used extensively in the formal semantics of programming languages. It was first described by Alonzo Church in 1932, as a foundation of mathematics based not on sets, but directly on functions. λ-calculus was, in part, the inspiration for the programming language Lisp, and its typed versions have become the foundation for a family of modern type-safe languages that includes Haskell and ML.In its original untyped form, the λ-calculus is an extremely simple rewrite system with the concise syntax e :: x|e1e2|λx.e, where x ranges over variable names, e1e2 is called an application, and λx.e is called an abstraction. An abstraction is analogous to a function; x is the formal parameter and e is the body. Effectively, there is just one rewrite rule, called β-reduction: (λx.e1) e2 →β e1[e2/x], where e1[e2/x] means that we substitute e2 for occurrences of x in the expression e1 Voila---Turing equivalence.Actually, there are a few technicalities we are glossing over, having to do with renaming bound variables and such. And in modern usage we generally augment the system with natural numbers, arithmetic, and boolean logic as primitives, although these can be completely encoded in the raw calculus.This book is about types (a familiar notion in both mathematical logic and programming languages) and a family of typed λ-calculi. Armed with these formalisms, Di Cosmo explores various isomorphisms of types, which then prove useful in building a software engineering tool to classify and retrieve software components! Specifically," Chapters 1-3 present a quick introduction to the various typed λ-calculi, sketch some isomorphisms, and then prove important results about confluence, decidability, and normalization." Chapters 4-5 contain the meat of the theoretical contribution of this work, presenting complete theories for first- and second-order isomorphic types." Chapters 6-7 demonstrate the utility of these isomorphisms in a software engineering application, and sketch other potential applications and extensions.
APPLICATION OF INFRARED FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY TO PROBLEMS IN CONSERVATION

Though infrared spectroscopy is the single most powerful technique for the characterization of materials and though it is widely used in the chemical industries, its application to conservation has been severely limited due to the complexity and limited sample size of the materials presented for examination. In the past decade, the development of infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy has made possible the study of small samples and complex mixtures. The technique of infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy is compared to conventional infrared spectroscopy with reference to spectra of paper, egg yolk, albumin, madder, Indian yellow, purpurin, alizarin, indigo, and linseed oil.
Abstract 1811: Evaluation of anti-CXCR2 small molecule inhibitors as novel chemotherapy targeting the Interleukin-8 pathway in colorectal cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Despite new and improved chemotherapy treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC) contributing to enhanced treatment response rates and patient prognosis, it has been suggested that an overwhelming 90% of metastatic CRC patients encounter treatment failure due to drug resistance. The Interleukin-8/CXCR2 pathway has been validated as a promising target for novel chemotherapy due to its overarching effects on various cell types within the tumor microenvironment that ultimately drive tumor growth, proliferation, survival, chemoresistance, metastasis and angiogenesis. A series of homologous small molecule inhibitors, which competitively bind to the active site of CXCR2, was developed and evaluated in terms of their efficacy in inhibiting the various cellular responses induced by IL-8/CXCR2 signaling, utilizing MTS cell proliferation, angiogenesis tube formation, colony formation, Western blot, cell migration and invasion assays. The anti-CXCR2 compounds developed produce potent repression of proliferation and colony forming capacity in HCT116, HT29, SW620 and LoVo CRC cell lines, achieving IC50 values as low as 9.6 μM in HCT116 and 9.6 μM in HT29, along with colony formation fold changes as low as .163 in HCT116 and .255 in HT29. Additionally, the compounds demonstrated inhibition of angiogenesis, migration and invasion and induced significant down-regulation of pathways downstream of CXCR2, including NF-κB, MAPK and Akt. The proposed targeting of the IL-8 pathway offers an attractive and promising approach to CRC therapy. Based on the structure and functional relationship of these compounds, new inhibitors will be designed and validated in hopes of having improved drug properties by utilizing our in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Citation Format: Yinghui Jane E. Huang, Kevin J. Gaffney, Ethan Gerdts, Nicos A. Petasis, Heinz-Josef Lenz, Melissa J. LaBonte. Evaluation of anti-CXCR2 small molecule inhibitors as novel chemotherapy targeting the Interleukin-8 pathway in colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1811. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1811
Tumor Suppressor Inactivation in the Pathogenesis of Adult T-Cell Leukemia

Tumor suppressor functions are essential to control cellular proliferation, to activate the apoptosis or senescence pathway to eliminate unwanted cells, to link DNA damage signals to cell cycle arrest checkpoints, to activate appropriate DNA repair pathways, and to prevent the loss of adhesion to inhibit initiation of metastases. Therefore, tumor suppressor genes are indispensable to maintaining genetic and genomic integrity. Consequently, inactivation of tumor suppressors by somatic mutations or epigenetic mechanisms is frequently associated with tumor initiation and development. In contrast, reactivation of tumor suppressor functions can effectively reverse the transformed phenotype and lead to cell cycle arrest or death of cancerous cells and be used as a therapeutic strategy. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disease associated with infection of CD4 T cells by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-I). HTLV-I-associated T-cell transformation is the result of a multistep oncogenic process in which the virus initially induces chronic T-cell proliferation and alters cellular pathways resulting in the accumulation of genetic defects and the deregulated growth of virally infected cells. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating the inactivation of tumor suppressors in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I.
The digital arterioles of normal and hypertensive individuals

Abstract The sensitivity of the digital arterioles of normal and hypertensive subjects to intravenous administration of epinephrine was investigated. We found that there is no essential difference in the sensitivity of the arterioles of these two groups of individuals to the administration of epinephrine. The possible relationship that the results of these observations might have to the abnormal vasomotor mechanism present in cases of hypertension has been considered.
Contract Damages in Montana Part 1: Expectancy Damages

This article surveys the Montana statutes and case law in the area of expectancy damages in order to test the thesis that because contract law severely limits the available remedies, parties will try to obtain more than the benefit of the bargain in order to enhance the damages.
Chapter 9 Speaking

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the nature of units of spoken language and the means by which they are ordered in speech production. The chapter describes what the essential properties of a planned string of words may be and how the plan is implemented as a sequentially ordered activity of the vocal tract. The chapter discusses the contrast between two theoretical proposals concerning the nature of consonants and vowels. The proposals lead to quite different perspectives on speech activity and on the relationship it bears to those units of the language. The chapter examines certain prosodic properties of utterances that emerge when sequences of phonological segments are realized as sequentially ordered, dynamical activities of the vocal tract. The chapter provides a description of linguistic phonological theories both because these perspectives have been influential in shaping speech production theories and because they should be influential.
Initial crystallization of Bi4Ca3Sr3Cu4Oy glasses.

The initial crystallization of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{y}}$ glasses has been studied. It is found that the first crystalline phase from the glasses is the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$(Sr,Ca${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{\mathit{y}}$ crystalline phase, and that the bulk crystallization dominates for the glasses with a low [${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$]/[${\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathrm{total}}$] ratio. The isothermal and nonisothermal differential-scanning-calorimetry (DSC) studies indicate that the crystallization of the glasses follows the Avrami equation, x=1-exp[-(kt${)}^{\mathit{n}}$], where x is the fraction crystallized after time t. The value of the Avrami exponent n is about 3, implying three-dimensional crystal growth at a constant number of nucleation sites. The activation energy of the crystallization ranges from 437 to 489 kJ/mol.
"Ye relief of ye poor of sd towneâ€: Poverty and Localism in Eighteenth-Century New Jersey

In keeping with all the colonies of British North America in the eighteenth century, New Jersey residents grappled with the poor in their midst. Since the early seventeenth century, people in Britain and in its colonies had accepted that even hard working people could slip into poverty through no fault of their own. This, in turn, meant that officials and townspeople recognized the need for some form of poor relief either through providing work options for the able poor or through direct relief for those unable to work. In eighteenth-century New Jersey, provincial poor laws and local town practices imitated, to some extent, common practices in Britain. However, these practices were modified by both the character of New Jersey settlement and by the broad requirements of provincial legislation which allowed for a significant degree of local interpretation. Thus, poor relief in New Jersey towns was carried out on a personal level and was influenced by both compassion and pragmatism.Â Research for this article was funded in part by grants from the New Jersey Historical Commission and the University of Nebraska-Omaha's Committee on Research and Creative Activity.
Productivity of Chicory and Plantain Cultivars under Grazing

The bimodal distribution of growth of cool-season grass species generates an imbalance in the amount of forage available during the summer, which could be improved by using alternative forage species. Several chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) cultivars were evaluated for such purpose and contrasted against 'Pennlate' orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) under different grazing strategies in two experiments during 3 yr. In Exp. 1, 'Grasslands Puna' chicory and Pennlate orchardgrass achieved similar dry matter (DM) yields during spring (6500 vs. 7250 kg DM ha -1 , respectively) and summer (3350 vs. 3900 kg DM ha -1 , respectively). Between plantain cultivars, yields similar to Pennlate orchardgrass were achieved by 'Grasslands Lancelot' (7350 kg DM ha -1 ) in spring and by 'Ceres Tonic' (3150 kg DM ha -1 ) in summer. Grazing every 3 wk vs. 5 wk reduced DM yield in summer (1650 vs. 4450 kg DM ha -1 , P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, spring DM yields of Puna chicory were greater than those of Pennlate orchardgrass (5750 vs. 3600 kg DM ha -1 , average yield over years; P < 0.05). In summer, DM yield of Puna chicory relative to that of Pennlate orchardgrass varied between years. Yield of Lancelot plantain decreased during 2000 and 2001 following decreases in plant density. Our results suggest that most cultivars tested may not increase forage availability during the summer, which may be related to plant density losses. Of all cultivars, Puna chicory appeared as the most promising. Due to very low plant survival, the plantain cultivars tested may not be appropriate for perennial pastures in northeastern USA.
Ritualized violence in the prehistoric American Southwest

The disarticulated and commingled human remains of at least 13 individuals were recovered from an archaeological site during salvage operations for a natural gas pipeline project near Ram Mesa in northwestern New Mexico. The condition of the remains and the nature of their interment suggested that unusual circumstances surrounded their deposition. The skeletal remains exhibited peri-mortem modification in the form of breaking, cutting and burning. This late Pueblo II (ca ad 900–1100) assemblage shares similarities with other mass inhumations from the American Southwest described as cannibalized. Interpretations of cannibalism have long overshadowed consideration of other reasonable alternatives. We suggest that the ritualized violence associated with the persecution and execution of witches offers a more parsimonious explanation for the bone damage patterns seen in this modified assemblage. Witchcraft is an integral part of Puebloan and Athabascan religious belief and the well documented accounts in the Southwestern literature are compelling. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Street ‘doctory’ among a group of heroin addicts in India: naturalistic peer learning

Street ‘doctory’ is a form of peer-based medical care performed in street settings among a group of heroin addicts in Yamuna Bazaar, New Delhi. Using participant observation and semi-structured interviews, this study describes three components of the practice, and suggests that each contained peer learning processes. First, participants conducted procedures such as injections and wound care that involved apprenticeship relationships in which ‘novices’ learned through observation and participation with ‘experts’. Second, addicts participated in illness discussions in which they co-constructed meanings about the causes, symptoms and remedies of prevalent diseases. Third, individuals engaged in health consultancy for peers who were sick which involved synthesising, interpreting and communicating concepts and experiences through meaningful units of advice. Analysis suggests that these practices may be theorised as instances of situated learning involving legitimate peripheral participation, meaning negotiatio...
Therapy: Antiphospholipid syndrome research needs more collaboration

Pathogenesis, treatment options and outcomes for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are poorly defined. A new observational collaborative study has analysed morbidity and mortality in APS, but, ultimately, the data that will guide us to optimally treat patients with APS are lacking. Here we provide a construct for future large-scale collaborative studies.
Capabilities of a giant hybrid air shower detector

Abstract Recent reports of superhigh energy cosmic rays beyond the expected spectral cutoff have intensified interest in the unknown origin of the highest energy cosmic rays. There is a need for a much larger data base of more precisely measured air showers. This requires new sensitive detectors of enormous aperture. Combining a ground array of particle counters with an optical detector of atmospheric fluorescence yields a detector of outstanding capability. Such a hybrid detector provides far more accurate measurements of energies, arrival directions, and primary particle atomic masses than can be achieved by either type of detector separately.
Relationship of the WISC-R factors to the adaptive behavior scale-school edition in a referral sample

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) factor deviation quotients (DQ) were calculated for Verbal Comprehension (VCDQ), Perceptual Organization (PODQ), and Freedom From Distractibility (FDDQ) factors for 83 referred children aged 7 years, 5 months to 16 years, 2 months who received a psychoeducational evaluation. The DQs were then compared to the factor domain and Comparison scores of the Adaptive Behavior Scale-School Edition (ABS-SE) by separate stepwise regression analyses. The results indicated that the two significant models were Community Self-Sufficiency (F(3, 76)=6.67,p<.001,R2=.208) and the Comparison Score (F(3, 76)=7.30,p<.001, R2=.223). The VCDQ and Verbal IQ scores were essentially equal predictors of adaptive behavior, but the PODQ and Performance IQ scores were not predictive. It is suggested that practitioners using the ABS-SE consider the differential predictive characteristics of the Verbal IQ/VCDQ and Performance IQ/PODQ when making placement decisions and when predicting success in various programs. Verbal comprehension is presented as being a common construct that underlies the WISC-R and ABS-SE. The suggestion that cognitive processes enable persons to acquire skills that make performance of adaptive skills possible also is discussed.
Evolutionary Significance of Virus Infection

VIRUS infection is widespread throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, and produces most human illness1, possibly including certain types of cancer2. Particles with viral morphology are easily isolated from sea3 or river water suggesting that they are ubiquitous. In this communication we have assembled evidence to support the view that viral transduction is a key mechanism for transporting segments of DNA across species and phylum barriers, and that evolution depends largely on this transfer. The evidence may be summarized as follows.
Proposed detailed structural model for tRNA and its geometric relationship to a messenger.

Abstract A new model for transfer ribonucleic acid which is different in concept from those published to date and a relationship of transfer RNA to messenger RNA is postulated. The above new concepts are combined to provide a molecular theory for protein biosynthesis.