cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a new CMOS output buffer with low switching noise

In this paper, a new CMOS output buffer with low switching noise and load adaptability is presented. Instead of using current source, the current limiter is proposed to reduce switching noise and the static power dissipation. The output ringing is lowered by automatically turning off one driving stage near the end of the output transition. Compared with the previous designs, the proposed buffer has less switching noise and optimized output ringing and speed. Without the feedback control circuit, the proposed method is simple and easy to be implemented.
A Monte Carlo Dispersion Analysis of the X-33 Simulation Software

A Monte Carlo dispersion analysis has been completed on the X-33 software simulation. The simulation is based on a preliminary version of the software and is primarily used in an effort to define and refine how a Monte Carlo dispersion analysis would have been done on the final flight-ready version of the software. This report gives an overview of the processes used in the implementation of the dispersions and describes the methods used to accomplish the Monte Carlo analysis. Selected results from 1000 Monte Carlo runs are presented with suggestions for improvements in future work.
Postmodernism, Efficiency, and Comprehensive Policy Argument in Public Administration A Tool for the Practice of Administrative Decision Making

How can public managers hope to incorporate the imperatives of postmodern theory into their concrete daily decisions? This article is an attempt to give an analytic tool to the administrator in the form of a formal logic of questions—Comprehensive Policy Argument (CPA). This analysis tool, in the spirit of postmodernism, allows one to deconstruct the methods of conventional efficiency analysis into its fundamental assumptions and principles so that these can be consciously scrutinized. In addition, it opens up the possibility of converting nonmarket assumptions about individuals, collective action, and the role of the state into alternative theoretical foundations for practical policy argument and choice.
Yesterday's Freeway Network of Tomorrow

In 1939, the Futurama exhibit at the New York World's Fair amazed visitors with its diorama showing futuristic freeways crossing the countryside and reshaping cities. After the fair, the exhibit's ...
Kinetic modeling of controlled living microemulsion polymerizations that use reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a useful technique for the formation of polymers with controlled architectures and molecular weights. However, when used in the polymerization of microemulsions, RAFT agents are only able to control the polymer molecular weight only at high RAFT concentrations. Here, a kinetic model describing RAFT microemulsion polymer- izations is derived that predicts the reaction rates, molecular weight polydispersities, and particle size. The model predicts that at low RAFT concentrations, the RAFT agent will be consumed early in the reaction and that this will result in uncontrolled polymerization in particles nucleated late in the reaction. The higher molecular weight polydispersity that is observed in RAFT microemulsion polymerizations is the result of this uncontrolled polymerization. The model also predicts a shift in the con- version at which the maximum reaction rate occurs and a decrease in the particle size with increasing RAFT concentration. Both of these trends are also consistent with those observed experimentally. V
Is vitamin D important for preserving cognition? A positive correlation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with cognitive function

This study investigates the association of vitamin D status with cognitive function and discusses potential mechanisms for such an effect. The relationship of vitamin B12 with cognition was also assessed. A retrospective review of older adults presenting to a university-affiliated clinic providing consultative assessments for memory problems was performed. Charts of all patients (n=80) presenting for initial visits were reviewed to identify those who had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), vitamin B12, and mini-mental state examination score (MMSE) all obtained on their first visit (n=32). Correlation analyses between MMSE and 25(OH)D and vitamin B12 levels were performed. Serum 25(OH)D concentration and MMSE showed a (p=0.006) positive correlation; no (p=0.875) correlation was observed between serum B12 concentration and MMSE. In conclusion, the positive, significant correlation between serum 25(OH)D concentration and MMSE in these patients suggests a potential role for vitamin D in cognitive function of older adults.
Role of vapBC toxin–antitoxin loci in the thermal stress response of Sulfolobus solfataricus

TA (toxin-antitoxin) loci are ubiquitous in prokaryotic micro-organisms, including archaea, yet their physiological function is largely unknown. For example, preliminary reports have suggested that TA loci are microbial stress-response elements, although it was recently shown that knocking out all known chromosomally located TA loci in Escherichia coli did not have an impact on survival under certain types of stress. The hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus encodes at least 26 vapBC (where vap is virulence-associated protein) family TA loci in its genome. VapCs are PIN (PilT N-terminus) domain proteins with putative ribonuclease activity, while VapBs are proteolytically labile proteins, which purportedly function to silence VapCs when associated as a cognate pair. Global transcriptional analysis of S. solfataricus heat-shock-response dynamics (temperature shift from 80 to 90 degrees C) revealed that several vapBC genes were triggered by the thermal shift, suggesting a role in heat-shock-response. Indeed, knocking out a specific vapBC locus in S. solfataricus substantially changed the transcriptome and, in one case, rendered the crenarchaeon heat-shock-labile. These findings indicate that more work needs to be done to determine the role of VapBCs in S. solfataricus and other thermophilic archaea, especially with respect to post-transcriptional regulation.
Measuring Privacy Protection in Web Services

The growth of the Internet has been accompanied by the growth of Web services (e.g. e-commerce, e-health) leading to the need to protect the personal privacy of Web service users. However, it is also important to be able to measure a Web service in terms of how well it protects personal privacy. Such a capability would benefit both users and developers. Users would benefit from being able to choose (assuming that such measures were made public) the service that has the greatest ability to protect user privacy (this would in turn encourage Web service providers to pay more attention to privacy). Developers would benefit by being able to incrementally measure and modify their services during development until certain target levels of privacy protection are reached. This paper presents an approach for measuring how well a Web service protects personal privacy and illustrates the approach with an example
Strongly Depth-Dependent Aftershock Production in Deep Earthquakes

The mechanisms that permit earthquake rupture at the high pressures occurring below 100 km depth remain enigmatic and controversial. The most distinct difference between deep and shallow earthquakes is a scarcity of aftershocks below 100 km. We report strong changes in aftershock productivity with depth. From 100 to 300 km, aftershock productivity normalized to account for the effect of main- shock magnitude is more than an order of magnitude lower than that of shallow events. Between 300 and 550 km, aftershock productivity is particularly low, falling to about one-third the level between 100 and 300 km. Below 550 km, however, aftershock productivity abruptly increases to more than twice as great as that between 100 and 300 km. A similar pattern is seen in alternate measures of aftershock productivity, including the raw numbers of aftershocks, the fraction of mainshocks that have aftershocks, and the fraction of mainshock seismic moment released in aftershocks. The depth dependence of aftershock productivity is consistent with a previously proposed change in earthquake generation mechanism near 300 km depth. Notably, the abrupt increase in aftershock productivity below 550 km corresponds with abrupt decreases in earthquake duration and complexity and sug- gests a major change in the rupture mechanism at that depth, as well. Online Material: Catalog of mainshocks and related aftershocks used in this study.
Invited clinical suggestion: "on the sidelines"- emergency care basics for the sports physical therapist.

An integral part of the responsibilities of the sports physical therapist is emergency care that is provided on the sidelines and courtside during athletic events. Often times, the sports physical therapist is the “most medical” individual present at athletic events, especially at high school, middle school, and club level events. The sports physical therapist is looked upon to provide appropriate care in the event of an injury to or sudden illness of an athlete, or in the event of an unexpected medical emergency that arises in members of the coaching staff, officials, and fans.
Risk of Implant Loosening After Cyclic Loading of Fusionless Growth Modulation Techniques: Nitinol Staples Versus Flexible Tether.

STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical evaluation using porcine spines. OBJECTIVE Compare the fixation strength of two currently used fusionless adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction techniques following cyclic loading using porcine spines. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The ability of fusionless implants to control or correct scoliosis in a growing patient requires such implants to maintain spinal fixation. Because they cross the disc, motion may weaken fixation over time. METHODS Eight pig spines were divided into cycled segments (T10-T13) and uncycled segments (T7-T8, L2-L3). Initial range of motion (ROM) was determined in torsion, flexion-extension, and lateral bending (0.5°/s to 1.75 N·m).Staple group (n = 4): 6 mm parallel staples were inserted on the right anterolateral spine across each intervertebral disc. Cycled segments received six staples (three adjacent discs) and uncycled segments received four staples (two separate discs).Tether group (n = 4): 5.35 × 35 mm right anterolateral vertebral body screws were placed into each vertebra. Cycled segments received four screws and uncycled segments received four screws. Screws in cycled segments were connected with a flexible tether tensioned to straight alignment.ROM of instrumented cycled segments was measured, and then segments were loaded to the measured ROM in flexion-extension (2000 cycles), lateral bending (1000 cycles), and axial rotation (2000 cycles). Implants were axially loaded to failure. Parametric tests compared pre- to postimplant ROM; nonparametric tests compared staple to screw pullout strength; P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS There were no differences in ROM before instrumentation between groups. ROM was not changed except tethers decreased left lateral bending (-6.2°). Although staple pullout was less than screw pullout for cycled and uncycled segments (P < 0.05 and P = 0.057, respectively), there was no difference in pullout strength with and without cyclic loading for either group (P = 0.4). CONCLUSION Tethers decreased lateral bending away from the tether. Screws had almost five times greater load to failure than staples. Five thousand cycles did not result in loosening of either staple or tether screws. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
'Religious Structures Under the Federal Constitution' and 'Religiously Affiliated Education' in Religious Organizations in the United States: A Study of Identity, Liberty, and Law

These two chapters are part of a multi-chapter, multi-contributor treatise on the law as it affects the autonomy and identity of religious organizations. Chapters in the treatise range from discussions of theological views of religious organizational structures, or polities, to the practical details of how religious organizations are affected by tax, employment, education, health-care, and other regulation. The chapter on Religious Structures and the Federal Constitution discusses the effect of federal constitutional rules on religious organizations' decisions about how to structure their affairs, from formal legal structure to the myriad of other organizational decisions affected by regulation or government funding. The chapter first presents a case for religious organizational autonomy, and then discusses the extent to which legal treatment of different religious institutions - both in regulation and in government funding - can differ according to the institution's organizational structure. The chapter on Religiously Affiliated Education first sets forth a number of models for the ideal relationship between government and religious education, including models favoring secular common schools, favoring a plurality of institutions for delivering education, favoring a separation in which government is limited both in regulating and funding religious education, and favoring generally equal treatment of religious and secular schools. With these models as background, the chapter examines the range of regulations on religious schools (elementary, secondary, and colleges/universities) and how regulation varies according to the school's effect on the broader society, its degree of religiosity, and its organizational structure, as well as the degree of interference that regulation would cause. The chapter makes recommendations for preserving religious schools' ability to maintain their identity in areas such as the scope of academic freedom, decisions about employment, and others.
Pathologic complete response (pCR) following weekly (wkly) paclitaxel (cremophor or albumin-bound) and carboplatin (TC) {+/-} trastuzumab (H), {+/-} bevacizumab (B) in patients (pts) with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-resistant (AC-Res) and AC-sensitive (AC-S) large and inflammatory breast cancer

591 Introduction: Historically, pCR is rare in AC-Res in contrast to AC-S BC except following TCH in HER2+ BC in preliminary analysis (SABCS-2004, #1110). Moreover, robust predictors of pCR are nee...
Role of Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterase in the Uptake and Esterification of Cholesterol by Isolated Intestinal Cells

SummaryIsolated intestinal mucosal cells from normal and common duct-cannu-lated rats have been prepared by collagen-ase dissociation. These cells displayed ultra-structural integrity and retained several metabolic characteristics typical of intact intestinal mucosa. These included galactose accumulation and its inhibition by dinitro-phenol, glucose oxidation, incorporation of labeled leucine into cellular protein, and the uptake and esterification of fatty acid. The uptake of cholesterol by cells from common duct-cannulated rats was comparable to that in cells from control animals; however, esterification was only about 25% of that in control cells. Preincubation of the “defective” cells for 30 min with the purified subunit or active form of pancreatic sterol ester hydrolase had no effect on cholesterol uptake but resulted in a fourfold to sixfold increase in the ability of the cells to esterify cholesterol. These studies provide additional evidence for the essential role of pancreatic sterol ester hydro...
Pharmacological Effects of Sedative-Hypnotics, Narcotic Analgesics, and Alcohol During Sleep

This article briefly reviews the well known effects of sedative-hypnotics, alcohol and narcotics on sleep. These drugs also have respiratory depressant effects, and the limited information about their effects on sleep-related breathing disturbances is reviewed. They exacerbate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and have moderate to minimal effects on occasional apnea or hypopnea, but do not induce breathing disturbances de novo.
Targeting Glycans for Immunotherapy of Human Cancers

Surface carbohydrate-containing molecules, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids, have been shown to play crucial regulatory roles in the normal physiological process as well as in pathological conditions including tumor progression. Those glycans which are overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells, but not detected or only weakly expressed in some limited normal tissues, are designated as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). These TACAs may serve as potential targets for immunotherapy. The biological functions of TACAs and therapeutic strategies against TACAs will be addressed in this review.
Secretion of endolymph by semicircular canals of the shark.

The semicircular canals of the vestibular labyrinth of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, may serve as a simple in vitro system for the study of the ionic transport mechanisms involved in endolymph formation. Electron microscopy showed that the epithelium was made up of at least three distinct cell types divided into separate regions running the length of the canals. Secretion of endolymph was studied in isolated canals by the split droplet method; when the lumens of the canals were filled with shark Ringer a potassium-rich fluid was secreted into the lumen at a rate of 0.34 microliter.cm-2.min-1. The K concentration of the secreted fluid averaged 112 mM; the calculated rate of K secretion was 2.3 mumol.cm-2.h-1, comparable to recent measurements in mammalian utricle. Fluid secretion was dependent on active transport and was inhibited by ouabain, bumetanide, or methazolamide in the external bathing solution. Fluid secretion was unaffected by the K channel blocker, Ba, in the luminal droplet or by the adenylate cyclase stimulator, forskolin, in the external bathing solution. For electrophysiological analysis, isolated canals were perfused in a chamber designed for voltage/current clamping; an axial wire was inserted into the canal lumen and constant-current pulses were passed to determine tissue resistance. When the luminal fluid was high-K Ringer, transepithelial potential difference was -1.1 mV (lumen negative) and resistance 37 omega.cm2. Dilution and bi-ionic potential measurements showed that the epithelium of the canals exhibited only slight cation selectivity. These results are consistent with a model for endolymph secretion involving cotransport secondary to the ion gradients created by the Na+-K+-ATPase.
Saliva as a Matrix for Measuring free Androgens: Comparison with Serum Androgens in Polycystic Ovarian Disease*

We report a simple and direct procedure for the measurement of circulating free testosterone concentrations by using saliva as a matrix rather than serum. There is a close correlation between saliva testosterone values measured by radioimmunoassay, calculated values of free testosterone, and free testosterone estimated by equilibrium dialysis. Our method is direct and has the advantage that the biologic fluid can be obtained routinely by noninvasive techniques outside the clinic during a course of therapy. We also show that a single saliva value is of greater diagnostic use than any of the currently used androgen assays. Testosterone was found to be elevated in the saliva of 17 infertility patients diagnosed as having polycystic ovarian syndrome, 14 of these patients were hirsute.
Determination of thiocyanate in milk by headspace gas chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of thiocyanate in milk by headspace gas chromatography.Methods:After processing the sample,the thiocyanate in sample reacted with chloramine T to form cyanogen chloride(CNCl) in headspace bottle.The CNCl was determined by GC-ECD with DB-5 capillary column.Results:The linearity was good in the range of 0.04 mg/L～1.2 mg/L.The detection limit of the method was 3.6 μg/kg for SCN-in milk samples.The average recovery was 98.0%～100.5%.Conclucion:This method is sensitive,quick and convenient.It can be used for determination of SCN-in milk products.
Turing++ Questions: A Test for the Science of (Human) Intelligence

It is becoming increasingly clear that there is an infinite number of definitions of intelligence. Machines that are intelligent in different narrow ways have been built since the 50s. We are entering now a golden age for the engineering of intelligence and the development of many different kinds of intelligent machines. At the same time there is a widespread interest among scientists in understanding a specific and well defined form of intelligence, that is human intelligence. For this reason we propose a stronger version of the original Turing test. In particular, we describe here an open-ended set of Turing++ Questions that we are developing at the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines at MIT — that is questions about an image. Questions may range from what is there to who is there, what is this person doing, what is this girl thinking about this boy and so on. The plural in questions is to emphasize that there are many different intelligent abilities in humans that have to be characterized, and possibly replicated in a machine, from basic visual recognition of objects, to the identification of faces, to gauge emotions, to social intelligence, to language and much more. The term Turing++ is to emphasize that our goal is understanding human intelligence at all Marr’s levels — from the level of the computations to the level of the underlying circuits. Answers to the Turing++ Questions should thus be given in terms of models that match human behavior and human physiology — the mind and the brain. These requirements are thus well beyond the original Turing test. A whole scientific field that we call the science of (human) intelligence is required to make progress in answering our Turing++ Questions. It is connected to neuroscience and to the engineering of intelligence but also separate from both of them.
Globalization and Emerging Markets

In pursuit of new revenue opportunities and lower-cost operations, manufacturers around the world are creating ever-more complex global networks of sourcing, manufacturing, marketing, sales, and service, and research and development activities. Over the last two years, we have monitored the development of such networks through our global benchmark studies of the global operations of nearly 800 manufacturers based in North America, Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, South Africa, and Asia-Pacific. These companies represent a broad range of industries, including consumer business, automotive, hightech, diversified industrials, pharmaceuticals, and the chemical process sector, and together account for about $1 trillion in global sales.1
Role of magnetic resonance imaging in acute spinal trauma: a pictorial review

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been playing an increasingly important role in the spinal trauma patients due to high sensitivity for detection of acute soft tissue and cord injuries. More and more patients are undergoing MRI for spinal trauma in the emergency settings, thus necessitating the interpreting physicians to be familiar with MRI findings in spinal trauma. In this pictorial review, we will first describe the normal anatomy of various ligamentous structures. Indications of MRI in spinal trauma as well as the role of MRI in diagnosing spinal cord and soft tissue injuries will then be discussed. Illustrated cases are mainly of cervical spine trauma, but thoracolumbar spine injuries are also included where appropriate in our review.
Exploring Advanced Euclidean Geometry with GeoGebra: The Theorem of Menelaus

The theorem we study next is ancient, dating fromabout the year AD 100. It was originally discovered by Menelaus of Alexandria (70–130), but it did not become well known until it was rediscovered by Ceva in the seventeenth century. The theorem is powerful and has many interesting applications, some of which will be explored in later chapters. Duality In the last chapter we studied the problem of determining when three lines through the vertices of a triangle are concurrent. In this chapter we study the problem of determining when three points on the sidelines of a triangle are collinear. The relationship between the two problems is an example of duality. Before studying the main result of the chapter we will pause to consider the principle of duality because discerning larger patterns such as duality can lead to a deeper understanding of the theorems of geometry than studying each geometric result in isolation. Roughly speaking, the principle of duality asserts that any true statement in geometry should remain true when the words point and line are interchanged. Just as two points lie on exactly one line, so two lines intersect in exactly one point; just as three points may be collinear, so three lines may be concurrent. The use of the term incident makes these statements even more symmetric. For example, two distinct points are incident with exactly one line and two distinct lines are (usually) incident with exactly one point.
Attaining Proficiency in Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy While Maximizing Safety During Procedure Development.

ObjectiveRobotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) is an emerging complex operation with limited reports detailing morbidity, mortality, and requirements for attaining proficiency. ...
Fine particulate matter exposure and olfactory dysfunction among urban-dwelling older US adults.

Abstract Objectives The olfactory nerve is anatomically susceptible to injury from pollution in inspired air, but there are no large-scale epidemiologic studies investigating this relationship. Methods Cross-sectional study using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a representative sample of home-dwelling US adults age 57–85 years. Olfactory function was tested using a validated 5-item odor identification test (Sniffin' Sticks). Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at each respondent's home was estimated as 1–12 month moving averages prior to olfactory assessment using validated spatio-temporal models. Results Olfactory dysfunction was significantly associated with PM2.5 exposures averaged over 3–12 months in urban-dwelling respondents. The strongest effect was for 6 month average exposure (per 1-IQR increase in PM2.5: OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05, 1.55) adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, cognition, comorbidity, smoking, and the season. Interestingly, the most deleterious effects were observed among the youngest respondents, 57–64 years old, and those living in the northeast and south. Conclusions We show for the first time that air pollution exposure is associated with poor olfaction among urban-living, older US adults.
Performance of Receivers in Digital Radio Applications Operating in the Presence of Noise and Jamming

The performance of digital communication systems operating in the presence of noise and jamming is analyzed and evaluated. Specifically, by modeling the jamming as additive colored Gaussian noise, and considering transmission via M-ary phase shift keyed (MPSK) modulation as well as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), receiver performance is determined in terms of symbol error probability, P s . The receiver analyzed is optimum for the modulation used when the channel interference consists of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) only, and does not process signals utilizing spread spectrum modulation or forward error correction schemes. Furthermore, the derived results for P s are used in order to optimize the shape of the colored noise (jamming) spectrum so as to cause maximum receiver degradation, subject to a jamming power constraint. Results on numerical evaluations are presented graphically, thus displaying receiver vulnerability to a specific form of jamming.
Wiretap Channel With Two-Sided Channel State Information

We consider the problem of secure communication over a (not necessarily degraded) wiretap channel with two-sided channel state information available at the transmitter and the main receiver, respectively. Using the time sharing argument [1], we establish an achievable rate equivocation region for this channel model. The obtained achievable region generalizes several existing results in the literature. More importantly, through examining various cases with different knowledge of channel state information, we provide a systematic study of the impact of channel state information on secure communication.
Going where the action is to conceptualize the person

Abstract Contemporary psychology is highly structured in terms of conventional and traditional methodological practices, including fragmenting, objectifying, and aggregating. Such practices sometimes impede understanding and investigating the person in terms of what he/she does as an integrated active individual who develops. The goal of this paper is to outline a systems conceptualization of the person as a developing individual who acts in relation to others in cultural practices. Such action is conceptualized as emerging through multiple and interrelated individual, social, and cultural processes, as well as in terms of multiple and interrelated domains of functioning that develop. This conceptualization is applicable to a wide range of issues in psychology as a whole. Moreover, starting with an overall conceptualization of action provides ways to overcome some limitations of conventional practices, and also provides a basis for conducting systematic and integrative research on the person.
Chagga chiefs’ and others’ advice for saving Mount Kilimanjaro

This paper analyses four different but connected explanations for addressing environmental change on Mount Kilimanjaro. These explanations are: the scientific, the chiefly, the economic, and that which pertains to social policy. Scientists document that the glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro are thinning and disappearing. Descendants within chiefly lineages argue that their authority needs to be revitalised to protect the environment. Economists defend the value of harvesting and exporting natural and agricultural resources, while social policy advocates recommend teaching the public about these interweaving interests. An effort is needed to connect and question these four narratives through an environmental education that promotes deep anthropological analysis.
Same Story, Different Story: The Neural Representation of Interpretive Frameworks

Differences in people's beliefs can substantially impact their interpretation of a series of events. In this functional MRI study, we manipulated subjects' beliefs, leading two groups of subjects to interpret the same narrative in different ways. We found that responses in higher-order brain areas-including the default-mode network, language areas, and subsets of the mirror neuron system-tended to be similar among people who shared the same interpretation, but different from those of people with an opposing interpretation. Furthermore, the difference in neural responses between the two groups at each moment was correlated with the magnitude of the difference in the interpretation of the narrative. This study demonstrates that brain responses to the same event tend to cluster together among people who share the same views.
Resilience Theory and Praxis: a Critical Framework for Architecture

The growing use of resilience as a goal of architectural practice presents a new challenge in architects’ responsibility for health, safety, welfare and poetic expression of human-building interaction. With roots in disaster response, resilience in the building industry emphasizes the preservation and rapid restoration of the physical environment’s normal function in the face of shocks and disturbances of limited duration. The focus on maintaining function, and/or rapidly returning to the status quo ante necessarily affords a narrow understanding of architecture and a limited view of the concept of resilience. While useful at certain scales of time and inquiry, this so-called engineering resilience approach is only one among many within the broad discourse across diverse disciplines such as psychology, economics, and ecology. Drawing on the academic and professional literature of resilience outside the discipline, this paper explores the multiple competing frameworks represented; considers their influences and implications for architecture and the built environment at multiple scales; and examines the overlaps with existing discourse on change, architecture and time. The analysis of alternative concepts enables a critical perspective to move beyond the circumscribed, functionalist approach afforded by engineering resilience currently guiding architecture practice, towards a framework of social- ecological resilience that can fully embrace the richness of architecture, and results in a necessary and clear theoretical basis for the resilience of architecture over time in a climate of increasing uncertainty.
A New Updated Model Of CO2/H2S Corrosion In Multiphase Flow

Following the introduction of an integrated mechanistic model of CO2 corrosion in multiphase flow a few years ago, new advances have been made in understanding internal corrosion of mild steel pipelines. The original model was mechanistic and covered the key underlying processes such as: kinetics of electrochemical reactions at the steel surface, dynamics of coupled transient transport of multiple species between the bulk solution and the steel surface, through the turbulent boundary layer and through a porous surface film, kinetics of chemical reactions including precipitation of iron carbonate, as well as growth and protectiveness offered by iron carbonate scales. A new updated model based on the latest experimental results covers previously unknown territory: corrosion at very low temperatures (as low as 1C) and corrosion in very high salinity brines (up to 25%wt. NaCl). However the biggest breakthrough was the development of a mechanistic H2S corrosion model which includes the kinetics of iron sulfide growth by solid state reaction. The overall model has been extensively calibrated and verified with a reliable experimental database.
Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things

Although the Internet of Things (IoT) computing paradigm is promising new applications, it introduces unprecedented security and privacy threats to individuals and their environments. The interactions within the IoT make it more challenging to protect users and their devices against these threats.
Fabrication and characterization of novel microsphere-embedded optical devices for enhancing microscopy resolution

Microsphere-assisted imaging can be incorporated onto conventional light microscopes allowing wide-field and flourescence imaging with enhanced resolution. We demonstrated that imaging of specimens containing subdiffraction-limited features is achievable through high-index microspheres embedded in a transparent thin film placed over the specimen. We fabricated novel microsphere-embedded microscope slides composed of barium titanate glass microspheres (with diameter ~10-100 μm and refractive index~1.9-2.2) embedded in a transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer layer with controllable thickness. We characterized the imaging performance of such microsphere-embedded devices in white-light microscopies, by measuring the imaging resolution, field-of-view, and magnification as a function of microsphere size. Our results inform on the design of novel optical devices, such as microsphere-embedded microscope slides for imaging applications.
Mental models of adherence: parallels in perceptions, values, and expectations in adherence to prescribed home exercise programs and other personal regimens

Purpose: A mental model is the collection of an individual's perceptions, values, and expectations about a particular aspect of their life, which strongly influences behaviors. This study explored orthopedic outpatients mental models of adherence to prescribed home exercise programs and how they related to mental models of adherence to other types of personal regimens. Methods: The study followed an interpretive description qualitative design. Data were collected via two semi-structured interviews. Interview One focused on participants prior experiences adhering to personal regimens. Interview Two focused on experiences adhering to their current prescribed home exercise program. Data analysis followed a constant comparative method. Results: Findings revealed similarity in perceptions, values, and expectations that informed individuals mental models of adherence to personal regimens and prescribed home exercise programs. Perceived realized results, expected results, perceived social supports, and value of convenience characterized mental models of adherence. Conclusion: Parallels between mental models of adherence for prescribed home exercise and other personal regimens suggest that patients adherence behavior to prescribed routines may be influenced by adherence experiences in other aspects of their lives. By gaining insight into patients adherence experiences, values, and expectations across life domains, clinicians may tailor supports that enhance home exercise adherence. Implications for Rehabilitation A mental model is the collection of an individual's perceptions, values, and expectations about a particular aspect of their life, which is based on prior experiences and strongly influences behaviors. This study demonstrated similarity in orthopedic outpatients mental models of adherence to prescribed home exercise programs and adherence to personal regimens in other aspects of their lives. Physical therapists should inquire about patients non-medical adherence experiences, as strategies patients customarily use to adhere to other activities may inform strategies to promote prescribed home exercise adherence.
Increased T cell immunosenescence and accelerated maturation phenotypes in older kidney transplant recipients.

Older kidney transplant recipients experience increased rates of infection and death, and less rejection, compared with younger patients. However, little is known about immune dysfunction in older compared with younger kidney transplant recipients and whether it is associated with infection. We evaluated T cell phenotypes including maturation, immune senescence, and exhaustion in a novel investigation into differences in older compared with younger patients receiving identical immune suppression regimens. We evaluated PBMC from 60 kidney transplant recipients (23 older and 37 matched younger patients) by multiparameter immune phenotyping. Older kidney transplant recipients demonstrated decreased frequency of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased frequency of terminally differentiated, immune senescent, and NK T cells expressing KLRG1. There was a trend towards increased frequency of T cell immune senescence in patients experiencing infection in the first year after transplantation, which reached statistical significance in a multivariate analysis. This pilot study reveals immune dysfunction in older compared with younger transplant recipients, and suggests a likely mechanism for increased vulnerability to infection. The ability to assess T cell maturation and immune senescence in transplant recipients offers the potential for risk stratification and customization of immune suppression to prevent infection and rejection after transplantation.
Variational surface cutting

This paper develops a global variational approach to cutting curved surfaces so that they can be flattened into the plane with low metric distortion. Such cuts are a critical component in a variety of algorithms that seek to parameterize surfaces over flat domains, or fabricate structures from flat materials. Rather than evaluate the quality of a cut solely based on properties of the curve itself (e.g., its length or curvature), we formulate a flow that directly optimizes the distortion induced by cutting and flattening. Notably, we do not have to explicitly parameterize the surface in order to evaluate the cost of a cut, but can instead integrate a simple evolution equation defined on the cut curve itself. We arrive at this flow via a novel application of shape derivatives to the Yamabe equation from conformal geometry. We then develop an Eulerian numerical integrator on triangulated surfaces, which does not restrict cuts to mesh edges and can incorporate user-defined data such as importance or occlusion. The resulting cut curves can be used to drive distortion to arbitrarily low levels, and have a very different character from cuts obtained via purely discrete formulations. We briefly explore potential applications to computational design, as well as connections to space filling curves and the problem of uniform heat distribution.
Positive and negative factors in movement control:: A current review of Denny-Brown's hypothesis

In his extensive writings, Denny-Brown hypothesized that two competitive 'tropisms,' one positive (exploratory) and one negative (withdrawal) act to coordinate normal movements at all levels of the neuraxis. Lesions in particular areas of the central nervous system result in disequilibrium between these tropisms, leading to disorders of posture and movement, including involuntary movements. The tactile manifestations of unbalanced exploratory tropisms are grasping responses, whereas the complementary withdrawal tropisms are avoiding responses. In Denny-Brown's view, at the level of the cerebral cortex, grasping responses result from frontal lobe injury whereas avoiding responses result from parietal lobe lesions. In this report we review Denny-Brown's conceptions of positive and negative tropisms, their anatomical loci, and whether his hypothesis has merit in a contemporary approach to brain function. We find that Denny-Brown's view on the anatomical loci associated with these behaviors is incomplete, but that the idea of conflicting behavioral tendencies is valuable for understanding and managing some neurological and perhaps also psychiatric disorders. For example, his hypothesis offers an important perspective in understanding the paradoxical success of stereotaxic surgery to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Tobacco and Health Overview

A conference on the neurobiology of smoking, sponsored by the Tobacco and Health Research Institute of the University of Kentucky, summarized the role of the brain in tobacco dependence. This volume contains the reports and reviews of 34 investigators who addressed the conference. These scientific reports are technical in nature.
From Python to Raspberry Pi: Celebrating Pi Day with data science

T he University of California-San Francisco (UCSF) Library is a graduate-only health science university with four professional schools (medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and dentistry), a graduate division, and an academic medical center. For several years UCSF has been the number one public recipient of NIH funding, reflecting the school’s dedication to biomedical research. Around 2015, the UCSF Library began investigating new ways to serve the university’s research population. Seeing a need for more computational and entrepreneurship training the library piloted two new programs: the Data Science Initiative (DSI) and the Makers Lab.
Evaluation of Sleep Position for Possible Nightly Aggravation and Delay of Healing in Tennis Elbow.

Tennis elbow symptoms are reportedly most severe in the morning, which prompted a search for a pathological process while asleep. A "pathological sleep position" was hypothesized that repetitively aggravates an elbow lesion if the arm is overhead and pressure is on the lateral elbow. This hypothesis was tested by using a restraint to keep the arm down while asleep. Methods This study was a retrospective review. All patients were advised to use a restraint to keep the arm down at night. The presence of the restraint in the morning was correlated with the subjective report. The control group consisted of the noncompliant patients. Results Compliance and subjective improvement was documented in 33 of 39 patients (85%). Subjective improvement was reported by 66% of the compliant patients after 1 month. Pain continued after the first 3 months only in 6 of 39 noncompliant patients (15%). Discussion In this pilot study, patients who kept the arm down at night improved, whereas patients who were noncompliant continued to be symptomatic. Sleep position should be considered as a possible aggravating factor that delays healing of an acute injury and results in chronic pain. If validated, keeping the arm down at night can be recommended for tennis elbow.
Associations among eating disorder symptoms and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in college students.

To identify associations between eating disorder (ED) attitudes and behaviors and scores on the MMPI-2-RF in college students. The study included 425 undergraduate students (38.5% males and 61.5% females) with a mean age of 19.13 (SD = 1.77). Measures included the MMPI-2-RF and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Correlations and relative risk ratios were computed between MMPI-2-RF scores and ED variables. Scores on several MMPI-2-RF Scales were associated with the presence of subthreshold ED symptoms. Manifestations of emotional/internalizing dysfunction were associated with all ED symptom presentations. The results of this study identified narrowly defined personality and psychopathology constructs relevant to, and found across college students experiencing various subthreshold ED symptoms. Considering this additional information in ED screening or treatment planning could reduce the likelihood of subthreshold symptoms worsening and increase the effectiveness of ED interventions with at-risk college student populations. Level III, evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.
Design of a 180 nm CMOS transceiver for implantable wireline communication, achieving 800 Mbps at BER<1e-12 with 22.4 dB of channel loss

Wireline communication for implantable devices is an emerging topic in circuits and systems research, motivated by progress in electronic interfaces that are used in experimental neuroscience and emerging medical applications. Special considerations are required for maintaining robust operation in a physiological environment, including low voltage signaling over specialized interconnect that experiences high channel loss. This manuscript reports on the design and simulation of a full wireline transceiver in 180 nm CMOS, which achieves 800 Mbps at BER < 1e-12 with 22.4 dB of channel loss, with power utilization of 10.8 pJ/bit in the TX and 2.3 pJ/bit in the RX with +/-500 mV supplies. The design was simulated with S-parameters extracted from characterization of a 0.5 meter implantable wireline link immersed in saline. Implementation in the 180 nm process, which is desirable for integration with neural recording and stimulation electronics, presents design challenges for achieving efficient high speed communication circuits with low voltage operation.