cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation and Compliance Motivations: Examining Different Approaches

This research examines how traditional regulatory and voluntary approaches affect motivations to address potential harms to water quality. The traditional approach consists of governmental enforcement of mandatory requirements; the voluntary approach consists of government calling attention to potential harms and facilitating actions to address them. These approaches are best thought of as ends of a continuum rather than as the sole choices. Three sets of findings emerge from the research. One, not surprisingly, is that traditional regulation is more effective than the voluntary approach alone. A second shows that deterrent fears and the sense of duty to comply are important motivations for action. A third concerns factors that account for the variation in each motivation for which inspections, peer reputation, and attitudes toward government are shown to be important considerations. These findings point to the duality of deterrent fears and civic obligations as motivations to address potential harms.
Transport and release of transition elements during early diagenesis: Sequential leaching of sediments from MANOP Sites M and H. Part I. pH 5 acetic acid leach

Sediments from MANOP sites M and H in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean can be partitioned into operationally defined phases by means of a sequential leach procedure. This paper reports the results of the first leach in the sequence, an acetic acid solution buffered as p H 5 with sodium acetate. This leach is designed to remove carbonate-bound and sorbed cations. The only cation bound in a consistent ratio to calcium in the carbonate is strontium. The molar ratio is 2 × 10−3. In contrast, transition metals are sorbed onto the surfaces of other sedimentary particles. The proportions sorbed range from 2 to 10% of the total manganese, about 10% of the total nickel and copper, and less than 1% of the total iron. The pool of sorbed metals in surface sediments is sufficiently large and the rate of biological stirring is sufficiently rapid for this metal reservoir potentially to dominate the porewater reservoir in supplying metals to ferromanganese nodules. A simple model for nodule growth based upon transfer of metals through this reservoir suggests that only 1% of the sedimentary sorbed metals within a radius of 2 to 9 cm is required to support typical nodule growth rates.
Body water turnover in cattle with parasitic gastroenteritis.

Abstract Total body water turnover and total body water volume in normal and severely parasitized cattle were studied with tritium labeled water. The parasitized cattle were all Hereford feeders which had acquired infections with Ostertagia ostertagi , Trichostrongylus axei , and Cooperia spp. while on permanent pasture. During the water turnover studies all animals had free access to feed and water. In one group of parasitized animals, an anthelmintic was used in order to determine the turnover rate of body water during convalescence. Analysis of results revealed the following: (1) The mean total body water volume in parasitized animals was 78 ± 1.08 per cent of the body weight. This represents an increase of 8 to 15 per cent over that found in normal animals of similar age. (2) The mean turnover rate (pool fraction per day) of body water in normal animals was 0.223 ± 0.043, while that of parasitized cattle was 0.110 ± 0.005. (3) After therapy the turnover rate in parasitized cattle began to increase within two to five days. Between 20 and 30 days after treatment the mean turnover rate was 0.158 ± 0.011. The reduced turnover rate of body water, assuming a steady state, reveals that in one group of parasitized animals the mean daily water flux was only 13.4 liters, whereas in normal animals having a comparable total body water volume the mean daily flux would have been 27.2 liters.
Choice of mixed diets by herbivores: the idiosyncratic effects of plant secondary compounds

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine whether an unspecialized herbivore (the laboratory mouse) was capable of improved performance and increased microsomal detoxification when presented with multiple rather than single toxic diets. Mice presented with diets containing caffeine or rauwolfia alkaloids did not increase food consumption following a period of depressed food intake. These mice did not exhibit increased rates of detoxification through time. Mice presented with tannic acid diets increased their food intake through time, although this was not based on enhanced rates of microsomal detoxification. Mice presented with a choice of caffeine and rauwolfia, caffeine and tannic acid or rauwolfia and tannic acid diets ate from both food sources. Quantities of each toxic food eaten were dependent on the choice presented. Mice presented with dietary choices failed to ingest more food per unit time than mice presented with one of the toxic diets. These mice also failed to exhibit detoxification based increases in ingestion through time. Patterns of diet choice and mixing of diets appeared to result from the mice attempting to minimize the negative effects of individual toxins. Even gross patterns of weight gain, rates of ingestion and costs of detoxification appear unpredictable in the absence of information specific to the particular herbivore and the idiosyncratic physiologies of individual toxins. Interactions among toxins may have required generalist herbivores to evolve tolerances to and detoxification mechanisms for, highly select combinations of plant secondary compounds. Evolution in response to plant defences may provide a basis for interpreting niche definition and community structure of herbivorous mammals.
Comparison of front-loaded recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, anistreplase and combination thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 4 trial

Objectives. The aim of our study was to determine a superior tbrombolytic regimen from three: anistreplase (APSAC), frontloaded recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or combination thrombolytic therapy. Background. Although thrombolytic therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity after acute myocardial infarction, it has not been clear whether more aggressive thrombolyticantithrombotic regimens could improve the outcome achieved with standard regimens. Methods. To address this issue, 382 patients with acute myocardial infection were randomized to receive in a double-blind fashion (along with intravenous heparin and aspirin) APSAC, front-loaded rt-PA or a combination of both agents. The primary end point “unsatisfactory outcome” was a composite clinical end point assessed through hospital discharge. Results. Patency of the infarct-related artery (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] grade 2 or 3 flow) at 60 min after the start of thrombolysis was significantly higher in rt-PA-treated patients (77.8% vs. 59.5% for APSAC-treated patients and 59.3% for combination-treated patients [rt-PA vs. APSAC, p = 0.02; rt-PA vs. combination, p = 0.03]). At 90 min, the incidence of both infarct-related artery patency and TIMI grade 3 flow was significantly higher in rt-PA-treated patients (60.2% had TIMI grade 3 flow vs. 42.9% and 44.8% of APSAC- and combination-treated patients, respectively [rt-PA vs. APSAC, p < 0.01; rt-PA vs. combination, p = 0.02]). The incidence of unsatisfactory outcome was 41.3% for rt-PA compared with 49% for APSAC and 53.6% for the combination (rt-PA vs. APSAC, p = 0.19; rt-PA vs. combination, p = 0.06). The mortality rate at 6 weeks was lowest in the rt-PA-treated patients (2.2% vs. 8.8% for APSAC and 7.2% for combination thrombolytic therapy [rt-PA vs. APSAC, p = 0.02; rt-PA vs. combination, p = 0.06]). Conclusions. Front-loaded rt-PA achieved significantly higher rates of early reperfusion and was associated with trends toward better overall clinical benefit and survival than those achieved with a standard thrombolytic agent or combination thrombolytic therapy. These findings support the concept that more rapid reperfusion of the infarct-related artery is associated with improved clinical outcome.
AdS/CFT Overview and Recent Applications to Strongly Interacting Systems

Abstract We review recent applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence in strongly coupled systems, including quark gluon plasma and ultracold atomic gases.
Work function and structural studies of alkali-covered semiconductors

Abstract Work function and LEED measurements have been made on clean and alkali-covered Ge and Si surfaces. Aluminosilicate ion sources have been used to deposit accurately measurable quantities of Na, K, and Cs ions on surfaces normal to the Ge(111), Ge(100), Si(111) and Si(100) crystal directions. The resulting work function versus alkali metal coverage curves, when plotted on semi-log paper, consist of nearly-straight line segments with distinct breaks. The coverages at which the breaks occur are consistent with the clean surface structures determined for each surface by LEED observations. The breaks occur at multiples of 1 8 monolayerfor the Ge(111) surface which has a 2 × 8 surface unit mesh and at multiples of 1 7 monolayer for the Si (111) surface which has a 7 × 7 surface unit mesh. The data make an excellent fit with a model which uses the Topping calculation for depolarization and a different dipole moment for each line segment of the curve. This model implies migration of the alkali metal to different preferred binding sites during each region of coverage.
Effects of Decenylsuccinic Acid on the Permeability and Growth of Bean Roots

Decenylsuccinic acid (DSA) at 10 −3 m has been reported to increase the permeability of bean root systems to water without seriously injuring the plants. We have confirmed the increase in permeability at 10 −3 m, but have found that 10 −4 m DSA reduces the permeability. Both concentrations cause leakage of salts from the roots and cessation of root pressure exudation. The roots of intact bean plants are killed by 1 hour9s immersion in 10 −3 m DSA, but the plants may survive by producing new roots. Up to 4 hours in 10 −4 m DSA causes only temporary cessation of growth. Comparisons are made between the effects of DSA and some metabolic inhibitors. It is suggested that DSA is acting as a metabolic inhibitor, and that increase in water permeability is the result of injury to the roots. Experiments with 3 other species indicated variations in response to 10 −3 m DSA. These could be largely attributed to differences in susceptibility to injury.
A protocol analysis of the influence of technology on students' actions, verbal commentary, and thought processes during the performance of acid‐base titrations

We investigated students' initial and final understanding of acid-base concepts and their concurrent thought processes and actions during the process of acid-base titrations. Here we report students' actions and thought processes while titrating. Different levels of information were presented by three technologies: chemical indicators, pH meters, and microcomputer-based laboratories. We speculated that the level of information would influence students' actions and thought processes, as expressed in verbal commentary. Data were collected from 14 secondary chemistry students. Each student used one technology to titrate a strong acid, a weak acid, and a polyprotic acid with a strong base. They verbalized their thoughts while titrating. Students then graphed pH versus volume of base and discussed the titration with the investigator. Verbal commentaries were coded and analyzed for patterns in actions and for frequency of statement categories. Drawings were analyzed for shape, scale, and direction; discussions were analyzed for understanding of acid-base neutralization. We found that the technology's level of information affected the focus of students' observations. The microcomputer group focused primarily on the graph; other groups exhibited multiple foci. We speculate the screen display functions as an auxiliary short-term memory. The discussion data also reveal that students held three main ideas about how acids and bases behave when mixed. Implications for instruction are discussed.
Symmetry of Solutions to the Generalized 1-D Optimal Sojourn Time Control Problem

The optimal sojourn time control (OSTC) problem tries to find the feedback control law with reasonable cost that can keep the system state in a certain subset of the state space, called the safe set, for the longest time under random perturbations. The radial symmetry property of its solutions has been proved previously when the state dimension is higher than one. However, the proof does not apply in the one dimensional case. This paper generalizes the OSTC problem by introducing arbitrary weighting functions for both the cost function and the performance measure function, and shows that the solution to the 1-D generalized OSTC problem is radially symmetric. Our proof can also be extended to the multi-dimensional case. Numerical simulation is performed to verify the proof.
Oxygen protection of nitrogenase in Frankia sp. HFPArI3.

O2 protection of nitrogenase in a cultured Frankia isolate from Alnus rubra (HFPArI3) was studied in vivo. Evidence for a passive gas diffusion barrier in the vesicles was obtained by kinetic analysis of in vivo O2 uptake and acetylene reduction rates in response to substrate concentration. O2 of NH 4 + -grown cells showed an apparent K m O2 of approximately 1μM O2. In N2-fixing cultures a second K m O2 of about 215 μM O2 was observed. Thus, respiration remained unsaturated by O2 at air-saturation levels. In vivo, the apparent K m for acetylene was more than 10-fold greater than reported in vitro values. These data were inter oreted as evidence for a gas diffusion barrier in the vesicles but not vegetative filaments of Frankia sp. HFPArI3.
Persisting changes in brain glucose uptake following neurotoxic doses of phencyclidine which mirror the acute effects of the drug.

Phencyclidine (PCP) can induce a model psychosis which has a number of similarities to dementias and schizophrenia. In some cases the psychosis persists for prolonged periods after drug discontinuation.N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists such as PCP induce increases in glucose metabolism in a variety of brain structures but most notably in limbic regions such as retrosplenial, piriform, and entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory tubercle. When given continuously for several days, these NMDA antagonists induced neural degeneration in these same critical limbic areas. In the present study regional 2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake was measured in rats at both 24 h and 10 days after neurotoxic, 5-day “binge” PCP administration. At 24 h after minipump removal there were persisting and large increases in glucose uptake in many brain regions, with maximal changes in the same limbic structures in which neurotoxicity has been observed. Surprisingly, many of these regions still showed elevated glucose metabolism after 10 days of recovery. These findings suggest an anatomical and neurochemical substrate for the persisting psychosis which can occur following PCP.
BOND GRAPHS, NORMAL MODES AND VEHICULAR STRUCTURES

SUMMARY Bond graph modeling techniques are used to represent the normal mode dynamic behavior of uniform Bernoulli-Euler beams. The independent beam models are then coupled together to form a distributed system structure of arbitrary complexity. The resulting overall system bond graph is shown to yield the governing state equations in a straightforward manner. Then, through proper ordering of the equations, the normal modes and frequencies of the coupled system are easily obtained This procedure is demonstrated for a vehicle A-frame structure. In addition, the bond graph model is modified to include primary and secondary suspension dynamics.
Acute chondrolysis complicating Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

Of 270 children with Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) disease, roentgenographic evidence of chondrolysis was noted in 12 (4.5%) within one year after diagnosis and appropriate management. Only in six hips of these 12 patients did the retrospective clinical, histological, and orthopedic findings fulfill the diagnostic requirements for chondrolysis. Sequential roentgenographic findings included initial periarticular osteoprosis and subchondral cortical irregulatities, subsequent narrowing of the joint space, premature fusion of the growth plate, and eventual development of degenerative arthritis. The early roentgenographic recognition of chondrolysis is emphasized because it has an untoward effect on the prognosis of LCP and should there-fore prompt a different orthopedic approach.
Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection in Partitioned Enclosures

Natural convection heat transfer within a two-dimensional, partitioned enclosure of aspect ratio 1 was investigated experimentally using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The vertical walls were maintained isothermal at different temperatures, while the horizontal walls and the partitions were insulated. Local and average heat-transfer coefficients were determined for the air and carbon dioxide filled enclosures both with and without partitions for Grashof numbers between 1.7×105 and 3.0×106 . Good agreement was found between the results in the present study for the nonpartitioned enclosure and those previously published. The partitions were found to significantly influence the convective heat transfer. Observations of the interferometric fringes indicated that the core region is unsteady, with the unsteadiness occasionally affecting the flow along the vertical isothermal walls, beginning at Grashof numbers as low as 5×105 .
Quantum Logic, Conditional Probability, and Interference

Claim : The quantum logical interpretation of quantum mechanics gives us an explanation of interference that the Copenhagen interpretation cannot supply.
Localization and function of SulP, a nuclear-encoded chloroplast sulfate permease in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Recent work [H.-C. Chen et al. (2003) Planta 218:98–106] reported on the genomic, proteomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary aspects of a putative nuclear gene (SulP) encoding a chloroplast sulfate permease in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this article, evidence is provided for the envelope localization of the SulP protein and its function in the uptake and assimilation of sulfate by the chloroplast. Localization of the SulP protein in the chloroplast envelope was concluded upon isolation of C. reinhardtii chloroplasts, followed by fractionation into envelope and thylakoid membranes and Western blotting of these fractions with specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant SulP protein. The function of the SulP protein was probed in antisense transformants of C. reinhardtii having lower expression levels of the SulP gene. Results showed that cellular sulfate uptake capacity was lowered as a consequence of attenuated SulP gene expression in the cell, directly affecting rates of de novo protein biosynthesis in the chloroplast. The antisense transformants exhibited phenotypes of sulfate-deprived cells, displaying slow rates of light-saturated oxygen evolution, low levels of Rubisco in the chloroplast and low steady-state levels of the photosystem-II D1 reaction-center protein. The role of the chloroplast sulfate transport in the uptake and assimilation of sulfate in C. reinhardtii is discussed along with its impact on the repair of photosystem-II from a frequently occurring photo-oxidative damage and potential use for the elucidation of the H2-evolution-related metabolism in this green alga.
Understanding efficacy end-points in studies of field-directed therapy for actinic keratosis.

Background The rates of short-term clearance of actinic keratoses appear to be comparable in clinical trials of topical treatments used in field therapy, but direct comparisons of efficacy results can be problematic. Trials use different efficacy end points, have different study designs, involve different anatomic sites, and enroll different patient populations. In addition, because adherence in real-world clinical practice differs from that observed in clinical trials, conclusions drawn from efficacy outcomes can be misleading. The objective of this review was to examine the efficacy end points used in studies of topical therapy for actinic keratosis, address other factors influencing efficacy outcomes in these studies, and discuss the possible influence of nonadherence on effectiveness. Methods Review of the available literature on topical therapy for actinic keratosis. Results The end points used to determine efficacy of therapies for actinic keratosis include a disparate group of outcomes, which can often make comparison between studies impossible. Conclusions Efficacy end points of clinical studies designed to assess the treatment of actinic keratosis should be standardized to facilitate between-trial comparisons, and studies should focus on the end points that are most clinically relevant.
Recent advances on electromigration in very-large-scale-integration of interconnects

Today, the price of building a factory to produce submicron size electronic devices on 300 mm Si wafers is over billions of dollars. In processing a 300 mm Si wafer, over half of the production cost comes from fabricating the very-large-scale-integration of the interconnect metallization. The most serious and persistent reliability problem in interconnect metallization is electromigration. In the past 40 years, the microelectronic industry has used Al as the on-chip conductor. Due to miniaturization, however, a better conductor is needed in terms of resistance–capacitance delay, electromigration resistance, and cost of production. The industry has turned to Cu as the on-chip conductor, so the question of electromigration in Cu metallization must be examined. On the basis of what we have learned from the use of Al in devices, we review here what is current with respect to electromigration in Cu. In addition, the system of interconnects on an advanced device includes flip chip solder joints, which now tend ...
Dietary Intake and Counseling, Weight Maintenance, and the Course of HIV Infection

Abstract Objective To define relationships among dietary intake and counseling, weight maintenance, and the clinical course of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). Design A prospective cohort study in an HIV clinic in a county hospital. Subjects HIV-infected patients (68 with and 40 without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]) who had a good performance status and no chronic diarrhea were assessed at entry to the study and after 6 months. The following assessments were made: energy and nutrient intake based on 7-day food records, anthropometric measurements, immunologic function as lymphocyte T-cell subpopulations (ratio of CD4 to CD8), and serum cholesterol level. Patients were monitored to determine clinical outcome. Intervention All patients received standardized dietary counseling designed to address identified intake deficiencies and maintain body weight. Main outcome measures Changes in energy and nutrient intake, body weight, and clinical outcome (ie, time to AIDS-defining illness and overall survival time). Statistical analyses performed Group differences (HIV group vs AIDS group) were sought using χ 2 analyses and Student's t test. A multivariate regression model was used to determined the best predictors of clinical outcome. Results At baseline, total energy intake (based on 30 kcal/kg usual body weight) was adequate in both HIV and AIDS patients (101±4% and 103±5% [mean±standard deviation] of need, respectively). Despite dietary counseling and continued maintenance of energy intake, body weight, serum cholesterol level, and CD4 level progressively decreased. Consequently, saturated fat intake was found to be inversely related ( P P P P P P Applications Weight loss in patients with HIV infection is independently prognostic of clinical outcome, and development of hypocholesterolemia is not favorable for clinical outcome. Because weight loss progresses despite conventional dietary counseling to identify energy need, interventions earlier in the disease course should be considered along with increased target levels for energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:428–432, 435.
Human Immune Responses to Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine

Experiences with the use of the live attenuated varicella vaccine for the immunization of varicella-susceptible adults and healthy and leukemic children are described. Healthy children, for whom a greater than 90% rate of seroconversion and protective efficacy was noted, showed the best response. Leukemic children experienced a 40%-50% rate of vaccine-associated rash; protective efficacy approached 90%. For adults, a 10% rate of vaccine-associated rash and a protective efficacy of 70% were noted. Breakthrough cases of vaccine were mild, indicating modification of the course of the illness by the vaccine.
A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD

Although research supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for PTSD, some evidence suggests that exposure is under-utilized in general clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to assess licensed psychologists' use of imaginal exposure for PTSD and to investigate perceived barriers to its implementation. A total of 852 psychologists from three states were randomly selected and surveyed. An additional 50 members of a trauma special interest group of a national behavior therapy organization were also surveyed. The main survey results indicate that a large majority of licensed doctoral level psychologists do not report use of exposure therapy to treat patients with PTSD. Although approximately half of the main study sample reported that they were at least somewhat familiar with exposure for PTSD, only a small minority used it to treat PTSD in their clinical practice. Even among psychologists with strong interest and training in behavioral treatment for PTSD, exposure therapy is not completely accepted or widely used. Clinicians also appear to perceive a significant number of barriers to implementing exposure.
The sum of orthogonal matrices

Abstract Let F ∈ { R , C , H } . Let U n ( F ) be the set of unitary matrices in M n ( F ) , and let O n ( F ) be the set of orthogonal matrices in M n ( F ) . Suppose n ⩾ 2 . We show that every A ∈ M n ( F ) can be written as a sum of matrices in U n ( F ) and of matrices in O n ( F ) . Let A ∈ M n ( F ) be given and let k ⩾ 2 be the least integer that is a least upper bound of the singular values of A. When F = C , we show that A can be written as a sum of k matrices from U n ( F ) . When F = R , we show that if k ⩽ 3 , then A can be written as a sum of 6 orthogonal matrices; if k ⩾ 4 , we show that A can be written as a sum of k + 2 orthogonal matrices.
Characterization of plasmin-mediated activation of plasma procarboxypeptidase B. Modulation by glycosaminoglycans.

Abstract Plasma carboxypeptidase B (PCB) is an exopeptidase that exerts an antifibrinolytic effect by releasing C-terminal Lys and Arg residues from partially degraded fibrin. PCB is produced in plasma via limited proteolysis of the zymogen, pro-PCB. In this report, we show that the K m (55 nm) for plasmin-catalyzed activation of pro-PCB is similar to the plasma concentration of pro-PCB (50–70 nm), whereas the K m for the thrombin- or thrombin:thrombomodulin-catalyzed reaction is 10–40-fold higher than the pro-PCB level in plasma. Additionally, tissue-type plasminogen activator triggers activation of pro-PCB in blood plasma in a reaction that is stimulated by a neutralizing antibody versusα2-antiplasmin. Together, these results show that plasmin-mediated activation of pro-PCB can occur in blood plasma. Heparin (UH) and other anionic glycosaminoglycans stimulate pro-PCB activation by plasmin but not by thrombin or thrombin:thrombomodulin. Pro-PCB is a more favorable substrate for plasmin in the presence of UH (16-fold increase ink cat/K m). UH also stabilizes PCB against spontaneous inactivation. The presence of UH in clots prepared with prothrombin-deficient plasma delays tissue-type plasminogen activator-triggered lysis; this effect of UH on clot lysis is blocked by a PCB inhibitor from potato tubers. These results show that UH accelerates plasmin-catalyzed activation of pro-PCB in plasma and PCB, in turn, stabilizes fibrin against fibrinolysis. We propose that glycosaminoglycans in the subendothelial extracellular matrix serve to augment the levels of PCB activity thereby stabilizing blood clots at sites where there is a breach in the integrity of the vasculature.
Intensities of two-photon absorptions to low-lying even-parity states in linear-chain conjugated polymers

Interest in the lowest even-parity two-photon states in linear-chain \ensuremath{\pi}-conjugated polymers has been largely limited to their energies relative to the lowest odd-parity one-photon state. We show that the intensities of the two-photon absorptions to even-parity states that occur below the lowest one-photon states should be tiny in the infinite chain, because of cancellations. This has important implications for the interpretation of third-harmonic generation spectra of polydiacetylenes. A resonance seen in third-harmonic generation of polydiacetylenes that has commonly been assigned as a two-photon resonance is interpreted here as a three-photon resonance.
Acylation of plant acyl carrier proteins by acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase from Escherichia coli☆

The acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase from Escherichia coli has been examined for its ability to specifically acylate acyl carrier protein (ACP) from higher plants in order to develop an assay for plant ACP, and to prepare labeled acyl-ACP of plant origin. It was found that the E. coli enzyme was able to acylate ACP from spinach, soybean, avocado, corn, and several other plants. The acylation was very specific because, in crude extracts of spinach leaves where ACP represented approximately 0.1% of the total soluble protein, ACP was shown to be the only protein acylated. In contrast to other E. coli enzymes that display 2- to 10-fold lower rates with plant versus bacterial ACP, the kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) for acyl-ACP synthetase were found to be essentially identical for spinach and E. coli ACP when acylated with palmitic acid. Palmitic, myristic, lauric, stearic, and oleic acid could all be esterified to both spinach and E. coli ACP with similar specificity. Procedures are described that allow the assay of ACP in plant extracts at the nanogram level.
Maternal transfer of antibodies to eggs in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract The immune system of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, includes nearly the full repertoire of lymphoid organs and immune cell types found in mammals. In contrast to the mammalian immune system, the development of the amphibian immune system occurs in the open environment. Oviparity necessitates a rapid ontogeny of the immune system. X. laevis larvae become immunocompetent about 2 weeks after fertilization of the egg. During this 2-week window, larvae cannot mount an adaptive immune response to potential pathogens and presumably must depend on innate responses. In the present study, the possibility of maternal transfer of antibodies to eggs was examined. Adult female X. laevis were injected three times at weekly intervals with the hapten–carrier complex, trinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA). The sera of immunized frogs demonstrated antibody activity to BSA, TNP-BSA, and, importantly, trinitrophenylated ovalbumin (TNP-OVA) when examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactivity to TNP-OVA confirmed that antibodies were produced against TNP. The adult female frogs were induced to lay eggs by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Next, membrane-free extracts of the eggs were treated with protease inhibitors in order to prevent proteolysis of proteins found in the eggs. On analysis by ELISA, it was found that TNP-specific antibodies were present in the egg extracts. This demonstrated the transfer of antigen-specific antibodies from adult females to eggs in X. laevis.
Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists, 1994: PHARMACODYNAMICS OF LEVODOPA IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE

SUMMARY 1. Levodopa markedly reduces parkinsonism during the first years of treatment. However, with continued therapy the response to levodopa becomes erratic and is complicated by involuntary movements. To improve the therapy of parkinsonism, the challenge is to understand why fluctuations in response develop and, once developed, what controls the moment to moment motor status. 2. In patients with a fluctuating response to levodopa, three distinct responses can be recognized: a short-duration response, a long-duration response and a negative response. 3. The short-duration response, measured in minutes to hours, has a steep concentration-response relationship such that the response appears ‘all or nothing.’ The duration of effect is dose-responsive. The short-duration response becomes shorter during chronic therapy, possibly because of tolerance. The onset to effect becomes briefer and the magnitude of the response becomes larger during chronic therapy, possibly because of sensitization. 4. The long-duration response, measured in days to weeks, develops and decays slowly. The rate of decay is proportional to the severity of the parkinsonism and therefore this response may relate to dopamine storage capacity of remaining nerve terminals. 5. The negative response, measured in minutes, is a worsening of motor function as the short-duration improvement wears off. It may reflect a biphasic concentration-response relationship. 6. The response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients is a complex interplay between responses with different time courses and variably affected by sensitization, tolerance and disease progression.
An Action‐Oriented Approach to Strategy

Top and middle management can play an expanded role in developing and implementing strategy. The executives and their companies featured in this article demonstrate how they were able to strengthen the link between strategy and operations.
Aortic Insufficiency and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Aortic Valve Procedures at the Time of Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Purpose Pts with aortic valve (AV) prostheses and/or preexisting aortic insufficiency (AI) typically undergo AV surgery at the time of continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation to prevent the development of valve thrombosis and clinically significant AI. However, the efficacy and long-term outcomes of such procedures remain unclear. Methods and Materials Baseline and postoperative echocardiograms and clinical records of all pts at our institution who received a HeartMate II (HMII) were reviewed. Pts who underwent manipulation of the AV either prior to or at the time of LVAD implantation were included. Results 46 pts met inclusion criteria. Mean age at the time of LVAD implantation was 66 ± 8 years, 89.1% were male, and 54.3% vs 45.7% underwent LVAD implantation as a bridge to transplantation or as destination therapy respectively. AV procedures at the time of implantation were performed in 6 (13.0%) pts with AV prostheses (3 closures, 2 repairs, and 1 replacement). All other pts underwent AV repair for preexisting AI which was mild or mild-moderate in 29 (63.0%), moderate in 10 (21.7%), and severe in 1 (2.2%). The mean total support time was 298 ± 257 days. No adverse events related to AV procedures were reported. 1 (2.2%) pt died within 30 days of implantation from refractory cardiogenic shock and 2 (4.3%) ischemic strokes occurred at postoperative day 20 and 91 in pts who required AV repair. 19 pts had undergone heart transplant at a mean of 221 ± 168 days post CF-LVAD support. 20 pts remained on LVAD support with a mean follow up of 418 ± 281 days, 1 pt required a device exchange for device thrombosis on postoperative day 40, and 6 had died after a support time of 187 ± 288 days. Only 2 (4.3%) pts went on to develop moderate AI or greater. Conclusions Surgical manipulation of the AV preformed concurrently at the time of CF-LVAD implantation in pts with AV prostheses or preexisting AI is safe and effectively prevents the development of clinically significant AI.
Cardiovascular, colloid osmotic pressure, and hemostatic effects of 2 formulations of hydroxyethyl starch in healthy horses.

Background Lower molecular weight and molar substitution formulations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions might maximize cardiovascular function and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and minimize adverse effects on coagulation. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare effects of 1 low and 1 high molecular weight and molar substitution HES solution on cardiovascular variables, COP, and hemostasis in normal horses. Animals Eight healthy adult horses. Methods Randomized, crossover designed study: 10 mL/kg bolus of 6% HES (600/0.75) (hetastarch) (HS), 6% HES (130/0.4) tetrastarch (TS), and 0.9% NaCl (NS). Variables recorded included central venous pressure (CVP), noninvasive arterial blood pressure, packed cell volume (PCV), COP, and automated platelet analysis (CT). Results Central venous pressure was increased for 8 hours after all treatment (baseline = 8.4 ± 3.8; 8 hours = 10.3 ± 3.5 cm H2O; P < .001). HS and TS produced an increase in systolic arterial pressure (HS = 109.1 ± 11.9; TS = 109.5 ± 10.9 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (HS = 80.4 ± 13.0; TS = 82.3 ± 10.1 mmHg) compared to NS (SAP = 103.2 ± 13.2 [P = .023]; MAP = 74.2 ± 11.4 mmHg [P = .048]). PCV decreased transiently with HS (baseline = 37.1 ± 4.4%; 1.5 hours = 31.6 ± 3.9%) and TS (baseline = 38.4 ± 3.9%; 1.5 hours = 32.2 ± 3.3%), but not NS (P = .007). COP was greater with HS (1 hour; 24.0 ± 2.1 mmHg) and TS (8 hours; 25.9 ± 2.1 mmHg) than NS (1 hour = 20.8 ± 2.6; 8 hours = 22.9 ± 3.1 mmHg; P < .001). CT was greater at 8 (HS = 178.6 ± 36.9; TS = 121.9 ± 33.3; NS = 108.3 ± 23.6 seconds) and 24 hours (HS = 174.2 ± 41.7; TS = 100.8 ± 26.0; NS = 118.7 ± 38.7 seconds; P < .001) in horses receiving HS than TS or NS. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Both TS and HS resulted in more effective volume expansion and arterial pressure support than NS. TS produced a more sustained effect on COP with shorter duration of adverse effects on platelet function than HS.
Characterization of Human Liver Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expressed inEscherichia coli

Abstract We have cloned the human liver inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) into anEscherichia coliexpression vector and have expressed and purified the enzyme. The protein has been expressed with and without a polyhistidine tail. In both cases, expression of functional protein requires coexpression with calmodulin and inclusion of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) in the purification buffers. Unlike the constitutive isoforms of NOS, this isoform is unstable in the absence of l -arginine ( l -Arg) and H4B toward loss of the heme group and the formation of a low-spin species spectroscopically distinct from that of the cofactor-bound protein. The enzyme purified in the presence of both l -Arg and H4B is highly active, with aVmaxof ∼800 nmol NO min−1mg−1and aKmfor l -Arg of 22 μ m . The cytochrome c reductase activity is 38,000 nmol·min−1mg−1. Similar values are obtained for the enzyme with and without the polyhistidine tail. Ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid does not inhibit the activity of the protein, nor is the activity of the enzyme increased by the addition of exogenous calmodulin and/or Ca2+. These findings contrast with an earlier report, based on experiments with extracts of COS-1 cells expressing the recombinant enzyme, that the enzyme responds to changes in the Ca2+concentration. The human hepatic isoform is similar in its properties to the inducible NOS isoform purified from macrophages.
“Pay 80%” versus “get 20% off”: The effect of novel discount presentation on consumers’ deal perceptions

Consumers often undervalue price promotions because they discount the discounts. In this research, we examine the effect of using a novel type of discount presentation (e.g., “Pay 60% of the regular price”) on deal evaluations, and compare it to that of an equivalent discount presentation commonly used in the U.S. (e.g., “Get 40% off the regular price”). In three experiments we show that the former discount presentation results in higher perceived savings and higher purchase likelihood than the latter. Using process measures, we demonstrate that this effect is due to increased systematic processing induced by the novelty of the discount presentation, which improves calculation accuracy and hence decreases the underestimation of discounts. We also report a boundary condition of the effect of discount presentations on deal evaluations by showing that it is eliminated when consumers do not need to expend effort to accurately process price information.
A content-aware multimedia accessing model in ad hoc networks

In this paper, we show that data content distribution can be employed to facilitate content-based multimedia retrieval in ad-hoc networks. It is challenging to perform content-based multimedia retrieval in ad hoc networks due to the dynamic network topology. The autonomy and heterogeneity of data sources introduce additional complexity to this task. Motivated by the data organization methodology of the summary-schemas model (SSM), we proposed a logic-based content summary framework that is able to represent semantic contents of multimedia data using concise logic terms. Furthermore, we proposed a virtual infrastructure to cluster mobile nodes based on semantic contents. The proposed framework has been simulated, and the simulation results are presented and analyzed based on various performance metrics.
Recurrent disseminated vasculomyelinopathy.

The monosymptomatic (recurrent infantile hemiplegia) and the polysymptomatic forms of disseminated vasculomyelinopathy that follow various infections and antigenic challenge to the nervous system were seen in two cases. These cases emphasize the importance of vasculopathy as the initial and obligatory component of the postinfectious and postimmunization neurologic syndromes as well as the clinical and pathological variability of the secondary effects on the nervous system. Recurrent infantile hemiplegia occurred in the first patient. In the second patient, after two episodes of postinfectious myelinoclastic encephalopathy, concurrent acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy and an acute Guillain-Barre syndrome following swine flu vaccination developed.
XXXVI. Influence of atomic weight

(1879). XXXVI. Influence of atomic weight. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 8, No. 49, pp. 305-324.
Cache optimization for memory-resident decision support commercial workloads

Dramatic increases in the main-memory size of computers is allowing some applications to shift their main data storage area from disk to main memory and, as a result, increase their performance. This trend is at work in some databases, resulting in what is called memory-resident databases. However, because of the increasing gap between processor and main memory speed, in these systems, effective use of the cache hierarchy is crucial to high performance. Unfortunately, there has been relatively little work on building cache-friendly database systems. We present several cache-oriented optimizations to enable effective exploitation of caches in memory-resident decision support databases. The main optimization involves developing a query optimizer that includes the cost of cache misses in its cost metrics. The other optimizations are sophisticated data blocking and software prefetching. These optimizations require no custom-designed hardware support and are effective for the more complicated TPC-D queries. In a simple database, these queries run about 13% faster with the cache-oriented optimizer and blocking, and a total of 31% faster if, in addition, we add prefetching. The effectiveness of these optimizations is stable across a range of cache sizes, cache line sizes, and miss penalties.
Environmental inspections and emissions of the pulp and paper industry : the case of Quebec

Since the early 1970s, industrial countries have enacted (or amended) many environmental laws and regulations to control and improve air and water quality. Developing countries are increasingly enacting similar legislation. But imposing a ceiling on a plant's emissions does not guarantee reduced emissions or an improved environment. Ensuring the attainment of the regulation's objectives requires monitoring the behavior of the regulated facility and enforcing environmental standards. Most of the literature in environmental economics is theoretical and simply assumes that polluters comply with regulations. Although monitoring and enforcement problems are clearly a pitfall of environmental regulation, little empirical work has been done about the effect of current monitoring strategies on pollution emissions. The authors supply an empirical framework for measuring the impact of environmental inspections on plant emissions. They apply it to pulp and paper plants in Quebec for which reliable data were available. The results suggest that both inspection and the threat of inspections reduce pollution emissions. They also show that a plant's decision whether to report its emissions levels to the regulator is not random. Inspections improve the frequency of reporting.
Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures.

Summary Bone mass declines and the risk of fractures increases as people age, especially as women pass through the menopause. Hip fractures, the most serious outcome of osteoporosis, are becoming more frequent than before because the world's population is ageing and because the frequency of hip fractures is increasing by 1–3% per year in most areas of the world. Rates of hip fracture vary more widely from region to region than does the prevalance of vertebral fractures. Low bone density and previous fractures are risk factors for almost all types of fracture, but each type of fracture also has its own unique risk factors. Prevention of fractures with drugs could potentially be as expensive as medical treatment of fractures. Therefore, epidemiological research should be done and used to identify individuals at high-risk of disabling fractures, thereby allowing careful allocation of expensive treatments to individuals most in need.
Direct reconstruction of dynamic PET parametric images using sparse spectral representation

To generate parametric images for dynamic PET, direct reconstruction from projection data is statistically more efficient than conventional indirect methods that perform image reconstruction and kinetic modeling in two separate steps. Existing direct reconstruction methods often use nonlinear compartmental models, which require the knowledge of model order. This paper presents a direct reconstruction approach using a linear spectral representation and does not require model order assumption. A Laplacian prior is used to ensure sparsity in the spectral representation. The resultant maximum a posteriori (MAP) formulation is solved by an expectation maximization shrinkage algorithm. A bias correction step is developed to improve theMAP estimate. Computer simulations show that the proposed method achieves better bias-variance tradeoff than a conventional indirect method for estimating parametric images from dynamic PET data.