cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of Biaxially Aligned Conducting Oxides with Silicon using Ion-Beam Assisted Deposited MgO Templates

Two conducting oxides, La0.5Sr0.5CoO3(LSCO) and SrRuO3, were deposited by pulsed laser ablation onto silicon substrates coated with biaxially textured MgO on an amorphous silicon nitride isolation layer. Comparison is made between templates using just 10 nm of ion-beam assisted deposited (IBAD) MgO and substrates with an additional 100 nm of homoepitaxial MgO. Both of these conducting oxide layers exhibited in-plane and out-of-plane texture, on the order of that obtained by the underlying MgO. The SrRuO3 was c-axis oriented on both substrates, but exhibited a slightly sharper out-of- plane texture when the homoepitaxial MgO layer was included. On the other hand, the LSCO showed only (100) orientation when deposited directly on the IBAD-MgO templates, whereas a significant (110) peak was observed for films on the homoepitaxial MgO. A simple calculation of the distribution of grain boundary angles, assuming a normal distribution of grains, is also presented.
Bismuth Subgallate–Epinephrine Paste in Adenotonsillectomies

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the role of bismuth subgallate–epinephrine (BSE) paste as a hemostatic in adenotonsillectomies.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE (January 1966–October 1999) and Current Contents (January 1997–October 1999) were searched, using bismuth subgallate, adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, and adenotonsillectomy as search terms. A citation search was performed using Science Citation Index (January 1977–October 1999).DATA SYNTHESIS:Adenotonsillectomies are common procedures; although there are few complications, hemorrhage is a concern. Bismuth subgallate has historically been used as an astringent and hemostatic. An evaluation of studies of bismuth subgallate and BSE paste was conducted.CONCLUSIONS:There is minimal evidence to support this practice, but data suggest that epinephrine may be the active ingredient in BSE paste. BSE paste is inexpensive, poses little risk, and may decrease postoperative bleeding; therefore, it may be a reasonable hemostatic agent.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Diagnosis and Therapy of the Nonrehabilitated Alcoholic Personality

(1960). A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Diagnosis and Therapy of the Nonrehabilitated Alcoholic Personality. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 377-381.
Ultrafast 2D IR spectroscopy of the excess proton in liquid water

Despite decades of study, the structures adopted to accommodate an excess proton in water and the mechanism by which they interconvert remain elusive. We used ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy to investigate protons in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions. By exciting O-H stretching vibrations and detecting the spectral response throughout the mid-IR region, we observed the interaction between the stretching and bending vibrations characteristic of the flanking waters of the Zundel complex, [H(H2O)2](+), at 3200 and 1760 cm(-1), respectively. From time-dependent shifts of the stretch-bend cross peak, we determined a lower limit on the lifetime of this complex of 480 femtoseconds. These results suggest a key role for the Zundel complex in aqueous proton transfer.
Getting to Sesame Street? Fifty Years of Federal Compensatory Education

“Sunny day, sweeping the clouds away, On my way to where the air is sweet, Can you tell me how to get, How to get to Sesame Street?” —Stone and Hart Theme Song, Sesame Street Education research primarily draws from the social science disciplines of psychology and sociology (and to some extent, economics). Each of these disciplines contributes much to our understanding of education in complex societies. This article argues for the inclusion of anthropological or cultural perspectives in understanding the policy known as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. Rethinking culture might help policymakers be more aware of and challenged to include culture as an important construct to factor into decision-making when serving traditionally underserved communities.
Statinetherapie bij 80-plussers: starten of staken?

Koning AS. Statinetherapie bij 80-plussers: starten of staken? Huisarts Wet 2016;59(2):50-3. Onderzoek heeft duidelijk aangetoond dat statines het risico op hart- en vaatziekten (HVZ) verminderen. In die onderzoeken zijn echter zelden 80-plussers geincludeerd. In deze beschouwing worden de voors en tegens van statinegebruik door 80-plussers tegen elkaar afgewogen. Statines geven een risico op bijwerkingen, zoals leverfunctiestoornissen, een licht verhoogde kans op diabetes mellitus en, vooral, soms ernstige spierklachten. Er is weinig bewijs dat statines zinvol zijn voor 80-plussers zonder HVZ in de voorgeschiedenis. Zulke primaire preventie leidt waarschijnlijk alleen tot een verschuiving van de sterfte aan HVZ naar sterfte aan kanker. Uitzondering zijn 80-plussers met diabetes: bij hen reduceren statines zowel de cardiovasculaire als de totale sterfte. Ook bij 80-plussers met HVZ in de voorgeschiedenis zijn statines bewezen effectief. Bij deze twee categorieen patienten kan men de NHG-Standaard Cardiovasculair risicomanagement onverkort volgen.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE ALLELES OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ALONG A CLINE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. MAINE, NORTH CAROLINA, AND FLORIDA.

Clinal variation in natural populations is often assumed to be due to the operation of natural selection. However, for many clines there exist plausible neutralist explanations which suggest that aspects of population structure maintain differences among subpopulations for particular traits. We used a restriction-mapping technique to investigate the contributions of population subdivision and selection to the maintenance of the allozyme polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Digestions of genomic DNAs from 270 lines of flies by seven enzymes reveal 15-20% of all possible nucleotide substitutions and virtually all of the insertion/deletion variation in a 2.7-kilobase region containing the Adh structural locus. Analysis of large samples from each of three populations along the east coast of the United States provides evidence of founder effects in the most northerly population. Although there are signs of population differentiation among the samples, similarities between two of the populations indicate that migration among populations is extensive and strengthen the argument that natural selection plays a role in maintaining the cline.
Characterization and mechanisms of the pharyngoesophageal inhibitory reflex

The objectives of this study were to identify and to characterize the pharyngoesophageal inhibitory reflex (PEIR) in an animal model. Thirty-one cats (2.4–5.0 kg) were anesthetized using α-chloralo...
Building a primary care/research partnership: lessons learned from a telehealth intervention for diabetes and depression.

Introduction. Evidence-based interventions are often poorly translated into primary care settings due to inadequate integration into organizational cultures and clinical workflows. Study designs that blend evaluation of effectiveness and implementation may enhance uptake of interventions into primary care settings. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) models are useful for developing partnerships between research teams and primary care clinical partners to test blended study designs. Methods. We conducted a formative evaluation of partnership building between a health services research team and a primary care community in US Veterans Affairs Health System to conduct a randomized effectiveness trial of an intervention embedded in routine primary care. The formative evaluation used qualitative data drawn from research/clinical partnership meetings. Data were coded and analysed using qualitative framework analysis. Results. The CBPR model guided development of a research/clinical partnership based on a facilitation team consisting of ‘external facilitators’ (research team), ‘internal facilitators’ (primary care leadership) and a ‘clinical advisory committee’ drawn from the primary care community. Qualitative themes focused on: how the intervention components (‘evidence’) aligned with local clinical cultures, barriers and facilitators to acceptance and adoption of the intervention processes within the context of clinical workflows and identified ‘facilitators’ of intervention uptake and sustainability. Conclusion. A CBPR model can guide the development of research/clinical partnerships. Partnerships can identify barriers and craft modifications to intervention procedures that promote integration and into primary care workflows. Formative research/clinical partnerships are critical for designing and testing interventions focused on implementation and sustainability of new evidence within routine primary care.
Preparation Protocols of Beta-Amyloid (1-40) Promote the Formation of Polymorphic Aggregates and Altered Interactions with Lipid Bilayers

The appearance of neuritic amyloid plaques comprised of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a predominant feature in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the aggregation process, Aβ samples a variety of potentially toxic aggregate species, ranging from small oligomers to fibrils. Aβ has the ability to form a variety of morphologically distinct and stable amyloid fibrils. Commonly termed polymorphs, such distinct aggregate species may play a role in variations of AD pathology. It has been well documented that polymorphic aggregates of Aβ can be produced by changes in the chemical environment and peptide preparations. As Aβ and several of its aggregated forms are known to interact directly with lipid membranes and this interaction may play a role in a variety of potential toxic mechanisms associated with AD, we determine how different Aβ(1–40) preparation protocols that lead to distinct polymorphic fibril aggregates influence the interaction of Aβ(1–40) with model lipid membranes. Using three distinct protocols ...
Optimal control of discrete event systems

We are interested in the problem of designing control software for large-scale systems having discrete event-driven dynamics, in situations where the performance is specified by numerical measures. The paradigm of Supervisory Control Theory, developed for Discrete Event Systems (DES) constrained by legality specifications (0, $\infty$-cost structure), is useful and we show how it can be extended to this more general class of specifications. We assume the DES is represented by a formal language consisting of strings contained in the Kleene closure of an alphabet. This language has two kinds of costs on its usage of resources. The design objective is to find sublanguages that minimize these costs. Both deterministic and stochastic languages are looked at. We present modelling methods and examples to motivate interesting ways of using our problem formulation. An existence theory is developed. Amongst other things, the theory establishes the existence of minimally restrictive solutions. Various related paradigms in stochastic control, dynamic programming and finite vertex directed graphs are discussed. For DES modelled by finite state machine we establish computability and present algorithms of polynomial complexity to compute optimal sublanguages. Our findings can collectively be considered as a theory of optimal control for DES, though it differs from the classical theory in interesting ways.
STUDY ON MAGNETIZING ROASTING-MAGNETIC SEPARATION-REVERSE FLOTATION OF A HIGH-PHOSPHORUS OOLITIC HEMATITE ORE IN HUBEI

The technology of magnetic roasting and separation for a high-phosphorus oolitic hematite ore with an iron grade of 46. 31%,phosphorus content of 1. 25% in Hubei was studied,which is mainly red limonite with high content of harmful impurities phosphorus,silicon,aluminum,it is difficult to attain a effective utilization. The test results show that an iron concentrate with an iron grade of 57. 17%,recovery of 82. 74% and phosphorus content of 1. 12% can be obtained under the conditions of grinding fineness 75% passing 0. 074 mm,coal powder content11%,roast temperature 800 ℃,roast time 30 min. The rough iron concentrate was treated by reverse flotation to enrich iron and reduce phosphorus,Through the separation process,an iron concentrate with an iron grade of 60. 53%,recovery of 70. 22% and phosphorus content of 0. 32% can be obtained.
Progress in oral osmotic pump preparations of Chinese materia medica

This paper searched relevant literatures with oral osmotic pump preparation,the results showed that the studies on themonomer compounds,effective fractions,and compound prescriptions of Chinese materia medica (CMM) have been reported.Thereports are mainly focused on the preparation technology,evaluation on in vitro release,the comprehensive evaluation method ofsustained-release preparation,and the mechanism of in vitro release.The research progress in oral osmotic pump preparations of CMMin recent years is reviewed.With the further development of basic research of traditional Chinese medicines and preparation technologyof osmotic pumps,the studies on the oral osmotic pump preparations of CMM will have the broad developing prospects.
Social psychology of food faddism. Speculations on health food behavior.

Food faddism—however misconceived—meets the psychologic needs of those holding such beliefs. The authors list these needs and ways in which they are served by the fad.
Labour as a Commons: The Example of Worker-Recuperated Companies:

This article argues that labour can be understood as a commons, located in the discussion of how commons can advance the transformation of social relations and society. To manage labour as a common...
The Art of Saying Yes.

This column is designed to help new nurses in their first year at the bedside—a time of insecurity, growth, and constant challenges—and to offer advice as they learn what it means to be a nurse. This article discusses the personal and professional benefits of going the extra mile at work, and explai
Oxidation suppression during hydrothermal phase reversion allows synthesis of monolayer semiconducting MoS2 in stable aqueous suspension

This letter demonstrates a simple method to achieve high-yields of 1H semiconducting MoS2 monolayers in concentrated, colloidally-stable aqueous suspension. The method is based on oxidation suppression during the hydrothermal processing step used for metal-to-semiconductor phase reversion. Accompanying DFT calculations on elementary steps in the MoS2 wet oxidation reaction suggest that a two-site corrosion mechanism is responsible for the observed high reactivity and low stability of 1T metallic MoS2.
Earnings Management Through OCI Components

This study examines whether firms transfer income between the income statement and other comprehensive income (OCI) to manage earnings. The results are consistent with managers opportunistically reclassifying income as OCI and OCI as income. Specifically, we find that firms strategically designate and de-designate derivatives in cash flow hedges to reach three earnings benchmarks: meet or beat analysts’ forecasts, meet or beat prior period return on assets (ROA), and avoid reporting a loss in the current period. However, we find that while the increase in transparency of OCI components after the adoption of ASU 2011-05 does not eliminate this practice, it does reduce it significantly.
Abstract 1006: Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition

Acquired drug resistance prevents chemotherapy and targeted therapy from achieving stable and complete responses. Emerging evidence implicates a key role for nonmutational mechanisms during early stages of acquired drug resistance. Drug-tolerant “persister” cells are a model of nonmutational cancer drug resistance in which small fractions ( Citation Format: Matthew J. Hangauer, Vasanthi S. Viswanathan, Matthew J. Ryan, Dhruv Bole, Jake Eaton, Stuart L. Schreiber, Frank McCormick, McManus T. Michael. Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1006. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1006
Regular Optimal Trajectories

In the ensuing discussion of optimal control we shall utilize the fundamental properties, established in Chapter 10, at points of an optimal trajectory Γ*(C) where the limiting surface Σ(C) possesses a tangent plane.
Exact traveling wave solutions for nonlinear elastic rod equation

Abstract An analytical study on a nonlinear elastic rod equation is conducted in this paper. The modified Kudryashov method, the (G′/G)-expansion method, and the Exp-function method are employed to extract exact solutions for the equation. As a result, a range of exact traveling wave solutions is obtained, including: solitary wave solutions, trigonometric and hyperbolic function solutions. Some particular cases of the general solutions derived from each of the proposed techniques are compared and verified together. Finally, merits and drawbacks of these methods are comprehensively discussed.
An inventory and estimate of water stored in firn fields, glaciers, debris-covered glaciers, and rock glaciers in the Aconcagua River Basin, Chile

Abstract An inventory of firn fields, glaciers, debris-covered glaciers, and rock glaciers was conducted in the Aconcagua River Basin of the semiarid Andes of central Chile. A total of 916 landforms were identified, of which rock glaciers were the most abundant (669) and occupied the most total area. Glaciers and debris-covered glaciers were less numerous, but were about five times larger in comparison. The total area occupied by glaciers and debris-covered glaciers was roughly equivalent to the total area of rock glaciers. Debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers were subcategorized into six ice-content classes based on interpretation of surface morphology with high-resolution satellite imagery. Over 50% of rock glaciers fell within a transitional stage; 85% of debris-covered glaciers were either fully covered or buried. Most landforms occupied elevations between 3500 and 4500 m. Glaciers and firn occurred at higher elevations compared to rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers. Rock glaciers had a greater frequency in the northern part of the study area where arid climate conditions exist. Firn and glaciers were oriented south, debris-covered glaciers west, and rock glaciers southwest. An analysis of water contribution of each landform in the upper Andes of the Aconcagua River Basin was conducted using formulas that associate the size of the landforms to estimates of water stored. Minimum and maximum water storage was calculated based on a range of debris to ice content ratios for debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers. In the Aconcagua River Basin, rock glaciers accounted for 48 to 64% of the water stored within the landforms analyzed; glaciers accounted for 15 to 25%; debris-covered glaciers were estimated at 15 to 19%; firn fields contained only about 5 to 8% of the water stored. Expansion of agriculture, prolonged drought, and removal of ice-rich landforms for mining have put additional pressure on already scarce water resources. To develop long-term, sustainable solutions, the importance of the water stored in rock glaciers or other alpine permafrost landforms, such as talus slopes, must be weighed against the economic value of mineral resources.
Soft Systems in Requirements Engineering: A Case Study.

Soft systems methodology should offer substantial benefits in managing expectations and requirements for a software-intensive system, but the benefits have not yet been examined empirically. This paper reports an exploratory case study investigating the hypothesis that “soft systems approach would identify all the flaws in requirements practices and suggest improvements suited to an organization’s context”. We analyzed problematic requirements practices in an ongoing software project, modeled potential changes, and asked the project team to assess the organizational fit of these changes. We conclude that soft systems methodology could indeed uncover a relatively complete set of flaws in requirements engineering, but not all changes were necessary.
Fiction and Essence

Lycan and Shapiro (1986) constructed a system of possible worlds, out of our familiar if not unproblematic abstract entities, identifying “nonactual worlds” with certain sets of structured propositions--including singular propositions--and identifying “nonexistent” individual objects with certain complex properties. In our formal system Shapiro and I accommodated the transworld identity, in the strict sense, of actually existing individuals: Since “worlds” are just sets of propositions, it is easily determined which individuals inhabit a given nonactual world; individual i is in world w iff w has as an element some proposition singularly about i (that is, some proposition of the form .) Thus, actually existing individuals are transworld-identified directly with themselves, not with sets of properties or with mere counterparts; we embraced Haecceitism.
Shear-banding and liquefaction in granular materials on the basis of a Cosserat continuum theory

The constitutive equations of a two-dimensional flow theory of plasticity for granular materials with Cosserat structure are outlined. The post-failure behavior is modeled by means of softening rule that is based on a two fractions mixtures theory for sand. The paper is focusing on the two major bifurcation phenomena observed in element tests, i.e. shear-banding and liquefaction.
Up the Decade! Predictions, Prescriptions, and International Collaborations by the American Astronomical (and Other) Communities

Astronomers have a 200 + year history of international collaborative projects, some more successful than others. Section 1 looks briefly at earlier ones of these, and we return to the topic at the end. The International Astronomical Union remains unique among more than a dozen such organizations in that its primary members are individual scientists (currently about 9,000) rather than nations, academies of science, and other institutions. In addition, American astronomers appear to have been the first community to engage in deliberate surveys of the health of their subject, predictions for its future, and prioritization of widgets required to make their predictions come true. Sections 2.1–5 look in detail at those decadal reviews, their content, procedures, successes, and failures. Section 2.6 addresses very briefly the sixth survey and some of its implications for international astronomy.
Some Recent Advances in Multiscale Geometric Analysis of Point Clouds

We discuss recent work based on multiscale geometric analyis for the study of large data sets that lie in high-dimensional spaces but have low-dimensional structure. We present three applications: the first one to the estimation of intrinsic dimension of sampled manifolds, the second one to the construction of multiscale dictionaries, called Geometric Wavelets, for the analysis of point clouds, and the third one to the inference of point clouds modeled as unions of multiple planes of varying dimensions.
The Egg Cortex in Early Development of Sea Urchins and Starfish

The outer few microns of cytoplasm in eggs and embryos exert a powerful organizing influence during development. The cell cortex, as this “layer” is called, is a cellular domain whose dynamic properties account for much of the appearance and behavior of eggs and early embryos. In an abstract sense, the cortex can be considered a separate component of an egg, but in actuality it interacts with other domains such as the deeper cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. There is no distinct demarcation between the egg cortex and other parts.
On Music and Memory through Μνήµη and Ἀνάµνησις

Memory plays an integral role in music listening and music performance. But what specific memory structures do we employ when we engage with music? Taking Aristotle’s De memoria et reminiscentia as principle guide, I aim to press upon a matter of central interest to the phenomenologist of music, focusing on the relation between memory proper [µνήµη] and recollection [ἀνάµνησις]. Drawing upon Physics IV and De anima III , I clarify a two-fold temporal structure—a structure comprised of sensation and flowing continuity—at work in the experience of remembering. Finally, I claim that music, through the ordered expression of its successive sensations, pertains directly to ἀνάµνησις but supports access to µνήµη, as well.
Developmental and reproductive characteristics of beef heifers classified by number of estrous cycles experienced by start of first breeding.

A retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of number of estrous cycles exhibited before breeding on growth and reproductive performance of replacement beef heifers fed ad-libitum or restricted by 20% less than ad-libitum during postweaning development over a 9-yr period. Progesterone concentration in blood samples collected at 9- to 11-d intervals were used to assign heifers into groups by number of estrous cycles exhibited before the start of breeding: 0 (nonpubertal; n = 395), 1 (n = 205), 2 (n = 211), 3 (n = 116), or >3 (n = 249). Heifers (P 3 cycle group. Weight of heifers at birth decreased (P 3 (94%) estrous cycles groups and tended to differ (P 3 (92%) estrous cycle groups. Restricted level of feeding during postweaning development resulted in greater (P 3 cycle group, but reproductive performance was not influenced (P > 0.1) by level of feeding or interaction of feeding and estrous cycle grouping. In summary, date of birth and rate of physical maturation (weight, height, and fat deposition) were associated with timing of puberty. Pregnancy rate was greater in heifers that exhibited estrus before the start of breeding, but did not improve from having more than one estrous cycle. Proportion conceiving early was greater for heifers having two or more cycles before breeding.
Of the Coming of John: A Contemporary Counter-Story of Race and Gifted Education:

Upholding critical race theory (CRT)’s transdisciplinary approach to unveil the educational violence against Students of Color, we apply W.E.B. Du Bois’s story of John from the chapter “Of the Comi...
Eight-Letter DNA

Steve Benner and collaborators have recently reported an analysis of DNA containing eight nucleotide letters, the four natural letters (dG, dC, dA, and dT) and four additional letters (dP, dZ, dS, and dB). Their analysis demonstrates that the additional letters do not perturb the structure or stability of the base pairs formed between the natural letters and, remarkably, that the new base pairs, dP-dZ and dS-dB, behave virtually identically to the natural base pairs. This unprecedented result convincingly demonstrates that the thermodynamic and structural behavior previously thought to be the purview of only natural DNA is in fact not unique and can be imparted to suitably designed synthetic components. In addition, the first evidence that the eight-letter DNA can be transcribed into RNA by a mutant RNA polymerase is presented, paving the way for the transfer of more information from one biopolymer to another. Along with others working to develop unnatural DNA base pairs for both in vitro and in vivo applications, this work represents an important step toward the expansion of the genetic alphabet, a central goal of synthetic biology, and has profound implications for our understanding of the molecules and forces that can make life possible.
Comparative Analysis of Static Eccentricity Faults of Double Stator Single Rotor Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motors

This paper studies the impact of static eccentricity faults on a double stator single rotor (DSSR) axial flux interior permanent motors (AFIPMs) by using 3-D finite element (FE) analysis. Eccentricity in DSSR motors can lead to mechanical faults and vibrations. However, eccentricity fault detection method for DSSR AFIPMs have not been studied before. In this paper, three types of static eccentricity named angle, space and combination of angle and space eccentricity have been modeled in a DSSR AFIPM by using 3-D FE analysis. After that, the motor was simulated for different degrees of static eccentricity. Different performance parameters such as torque, air gap flux density and back electromotive force (BEMF) of the coils for all three types of static eccentricities have been analyzed for different eccentricity levels. This study indicates that the lower order harmonics of BEMF can be effectively used to identify and compare the types of static eccentricity present in the DSSR type AFIPMs.
Cultural Capital and The Educational Experiences of Women with Disabilities in Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this research was to explore the educational experiences of women with disabilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study analysed interviews from women with disabilities ...
Registration-free Distortion Correction of Diffusion Weighted MRI

Abstract Diffusion magnetic resonance images may suffer from geometric distortions due to susceptibility induced off resonance fields, which cause geometric mismatch with anatomical images and ultimately affect subsequent quantification of microstructural or connectivity indices. State-of-the art diffusion distortion correction methods typically require data acquired with reverse phase encoding directions, resulting in varying magnitudes and orientations of distortion, which allow estimation of an undistorted volume. Alternatively, additional field maps acquisitions can be used along with sequence information to determine warping fields. However, not all imaging protocols include these additional scans and cannot take advantage of state-of-the art distortion correction. To avoid additional acquisitions, structural MRI (undistorted scans) can be used as registration targets for intensity driven correction. In this study, we aim to (1) enable susceptibility distortion correction with historical and/or limited diffusion datasets that do not include specific sequences for distortion correction and (2) avoid the computationally intensive registration procedure typically required for distortion correction using structural scans. To achieve these aims, we use deep learning (3D U-nets) to synthesize an undistorted b0 image that matches geometry of structural T1w images and intensity contrasts from diffusion images. Importantly, the training dataset is heterogenous, consisting of varying acquisitions of both structural and diffusion. We apply our approach to a withheld test set and show that distortions are successfully corrected after processing. We quantitatively evaluate the proposed distortion correction and intensity-based registration against state-of-the-art distortion correction (FSL topup). The results illustrate that the proposed pipeline results in b0 images that are geometrically similar to non-distorted structural images, and more closely match state-of-the-art correction with additional acquisitions. In addition, we show generalizability of the proposed approach to datasets that were not in the original training / validation / testing datasets. These datasets included varying populations, contrasts, resolutions, and magnitudes and orientations of distortion and show efficacious distortion correction. The method is available as a Singularity container, source code, and an executable trained model to facilitate evaluation.
Fibronectin-Based Nanomechanical Biosensors to Map 3D Strains in Live Cells and Tissues

Abstract Mechanical forces are integral to a wide range of cellular processes including migration, differentiation and tissue morphogenesis; however, it has proved challenging to directly measure strain at high spatial resolution and with minimal tissue perturbation. Here, we fabricated, calibrated, and tested a fibronectin (FN)-based nanomechanical biosensor (NMBS) that can be applied to cells and tissues to measure the magnitude, direction, and dynamics of strain from subcellular to tissue length-scales. The NMBS is a fluorescently-labeled, ultrathin square lattice FN mesh with spatial resolution tailored by adjusting the width and spacing of the lattice fibers from 2-100 µm. Time-lapse 3D confocal imaging of the NMBS demonstrated strain tracking in 2D and 3D following mechanical deformation of known materials and was validated with finite element modeling. Imaging and 3D analysis of the NMBS applied to single cells, cell monolayers, and Drosophila ovarioles demonstrated the ability to dynamically track microscopic tensile and compressive strains in various biological applications with minimal tissue perturbation. This fabrication and analysis platform serves as a novel tool for studying cells, tissues, and more complex systems where forces guide structure and function.
10.5 – Biogeochemistry of Primary Production in the Sea

Earth is the only planet in the solar system that contains vast amounts of liquid water on its surface and high concentrations of free molecular oxygen in its atmosphere. These two features are not coincidental. All of the original oxygen on Earth arose from the photobiologically catalyzed splitting of water by unicellular photosynthetic organisms that have inhabited the oceans for at least 3 Gy. Over that period, these organisms have used the hydrogen atoms from water and other substrates to form organic matter from CO2 and its hydrated equivalents. This process, the de novo formation of organic matter from inorganic carbon, or primary production, is the basis for all life on Earth. In this chapter, the author examines the evolution and biogeochemical consequences of primary production in the sea and its relationship to other biogeochemical cycles on Earth.
Challenges for Safe and Healthy Drinking Water in China

Rapid economic growth and its huge population are putting tremendous pressure on water sustainability in China. Ensuring clean drinking water is a great challenge for public health due to water shortage and pollution. This article reviews current scientific findings on health-related issues on drinking water and discusses the challenges for safe and healthy drinking water in China. From literature published since 2010, a variety of emerging contaminants were detected in drinking water, including disinfection byproducts (DBPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), antibiotic resistance genes, and pathogens. Arsenic and fluoride are still the two major contaminants in groundwater. Microcystins, toxins produced by cyanobacteria, were also frequently detected in surface water for drinking. Health effects of exposure to arsenic, fluoride, nitrates, DBPs, and noroviruses in drinking water have been reported in several epidemiological studies. According to literature, water scarcity is still a severe ongoing issue, and regional disparity affects the access to safe and healthy drinking water. In addition, urbanization and climate change have strong influences on drinking water quality and water quantity. Multiple classes of contaminants of emerging concern have been detected in drinking water, while epidemiological studies on their health effects are still inadequate. Water scarcity, regional disparity, urbanization, and climate change are the major challenges for safe and healthy drinking water in China.
A new long-lasting lozenge for applying drugs to the oral mucous membranes. II. Studies in volunteer dental and dental hygiene students.

T he clinician is well aware of the fact that many diseases of the oral mucous membranes and skin are often best treated by the topical application of drugs to the surfaces of the lesions and that these active agents may be more suitably prepared for topical application by incorporation into demulcent, protectant, and adhesive vehicles. It is also generally accepted that the vehicle thus used for topical administration of drugs to the oral mucosae should have certain basic qualities and properties : (1) it should be nonirritating to mucosal tissues ; (2) when ingested, as it usually is, the vehicle should be innocuous to the gastrointestinal system ; (3) it should be compatible with the active agent incorporated in it ; (4) it should have a pleasant feel and taste ; (5) it should be easily administered; and (6) it should be long lasting ins0fa.r a,s its dissolution time is concerned, thus assuring prolonged contact of the active agent with the lesion at high concentration. Although there are numerous vehicles whose qualities and properties fully satisfy most of the desirable prerequisites enumerated above (such as the usual candied lozenges, petrolatum and oil formulations, and various paste and powder vehicles), none fulfills the last and perhaps one of the most desirable prerequisites, namely, that of possessing a long-lasting quality or capacity. Thus,
Interpol review of controlled substances 2016–2019

This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
Immunoassay using dendritic Au-Pt nanoparticles as signal labels for detection of the biomarker of Burkholderia pseudomallei

In this work, the peroxidase-like properties of dendritic Au-Pt nanoparticles (30~60 nm) were investigated and these nanoparticles were applied in the immunoassay as signal labels for the detection of capsular polysaccharides (CPS, ~ 300 kDa, expressed on the cell envelopes of Burkholderia pseudomallei causing melioidosis). The immunoassay adopts monoclonal anti-CPS antibodies. The assay limit of detection (LOD), which is calculated through the 3σ method, is at 0.36 ng/mL for CPS spiked in PBS with 5% milk, and at 0.88 ng/mL for CPS spiked in human serum. The results from this work show that the dendritic Au-Pt nanoparticles can produce similar assay performance in detecting CPS as HRP did. Considering these particles can be easily prepared and stable in environments (thus avoiding cold-chain based storage/transportation), they have potential to be applicable for both in-house and in-field immunoassay development for the pathogen B. pseudomallei detection.
Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Myomectomy Surgery

Study Objective We aim to evaluate antibiotic use in myomectomy surgeries and its association with the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI). Design A retrospective cohort study design. Setting Two university-affiliated hospitals in Los Angeles. Patients or Participants The cohort includes 1177 women who underwent either laparoscopic or abdominal myomectomy between February 2013 – December 2017. Interventions We collected information regarding patient demographics, antibiotic use, surgical findings, and SSI outcomes. Measurements and Main Results Antibiotics were used in 907 (76.9%) cases. Laparoscopic myomectomy was performed in 620 (53%) cases and open myomectomy in 563 (48%) cases. Thirty-four cases (2.9%) had SSI within a 6-week postoperative period. Univariate analyses were used to compare the control group without antibiotics to treatment group with antibiotics. Patients with obesity (BMI≥30) (p=0.009), previous abdominal surgery (p=0.001), laparotomy (p 1 fibroid (p=0.0004) or aggregate fibroid weight >500g (p Conclusion ACOG guidelines do not recommend use of prophylactic antibiotics for myomectomies. However, our study demonstrates that the majority of surgeons elect to use antibiotics prophylactically. Additionally, our study suggests that antibiotic use decreases SSI in abdominal myomectomy, but does not decrease SSI in laparoscopic myomectomy. These findings contribute to the limited data informing guidelines regarding antibiotic use in myomectomy surgery.
Introduction to Feedback Economics

Since the time of Adam Smith, economists have studied the dynamics of economic systems. From a system dynamics perspective, the change in any system over time occurs when flows accumulate in stocks—i.e., by the process of integration. Of course, economists have long been familiar with, and utilized, the concept of stocks and flows in their analyses. Stocks define the state of a system, and flows change the stocks over time. A concept that is used less frequently in economics is that of feedback. Feedback is the transmission and return of information about the amount of “stuff” that has accumulated in a system’s stocks. Stated differently, stocks and flows do not exist in isolation but are rather part of feedback loops. This introductory chapter reviews the use of the stock-flow concept, as well as the feedback concept, in economics and sets the stage for the stock-flowfeedback loop modeling that is presented in the book.
Case 48: A Case of a Ruptured Ectopic

In Case 12, you heard about my friend Brother John who, while working as an anesthesiologist and a surgeon in Borneo, gave his own blood to patients if they needed blood. This was because there were no blood bank and he was “O” negative.
Changing Food Systems in the Developing World

Publisher Summary Eating and diets in the developing world have been affected by major changes in food systems in the past few decades. Food supply and demand have both driven and been driven by these changes. While changing diets is a well-known consequence of economic growth and development, what is unique in current trends is the convergence with Western diets as well as the speed at which this transformation is occurring. Also of note is the increasing presence of the double burden of over- and undernutrition. This chapter first reviews the factors currently driving changes in food supply and demand and then discusses the impact of these on diet. Their impact on the dynamics between smallholder farmers and leading actors in modern food value chains is also examined. The implications for policy and government action are then discussed.
Polymer Monolayer Dynamics

This is to review viscoelastic properties of monomolecular layers of polymers on the air/water interface,as probed principally by surface light scattering. The method is a non-invasive one that makes useof spontaneous capillary waves, induced by density fluctuations within liquids under thermal equilibrium.The capillary waves are also called ripplons, and they propagate with temporal damping. The interface isdetermined to be molecularly smooth but still dielectric permittivity difference between air and water islarge enough to give rise to strong light scattering. Thus, the scattering amounts to a surface analogof Brillouin scattering in bulk liquid wherein spontaneously propagating phonons interact with light. Thus,the power spectra of scattered light from the interface provide the propagation rate and the damping coefficient.Analysis is based on the resonant mode-coupling of lateral and transverse waves that are recast into thelateral storage modulus and the corresponding loss modulus. By virtue of the two-dimensional characterof the monolayers, many intriguing observations have been made with respect to amphiphilic properties andchain architecture of homopolymers and copolymers. Close connection and correspondence between the staticproperties of polymer monolayers and their rheological behavior have been established, and the review coversreports over the past two decades.
Tonic Control of Peripheral Cutaneous Nociceptors by Somatostatin Receptors

The peptide somatostatin [somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)] is widely distributed in the body and exerts a variety of hormonal and neural actions. Several lines of evidence indicate that SRIF is important in nociceptive processing: (1) it is localized in a subset of small-diameter dorsal root ganglion cells; (2) activation of SRIF receptors results in inhibition of both nociceptive behaviors in animals and acute and chronic pain in humans; (3) SRIF inhibits dorsal horn neuronal activity; and (4) SRIF reduces responses of joint mechanoreceptors to noxious rotation of the knee joint. The goal of the present study is to show that cutaneous nociceptors are under the tonic inhibitory control of SRIF. This is accomplished using behavioral and electrophysiological paradigms. In a dose-dependent manner, intraplantar injection of the SRIF receptor antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (c-SOM) results in nociceptive behaviors in normal animals and enhancement of nociceptive behaviors in formalin-injected animals, and these actions can be blocked when c-SOM is coapplied with three different SRIF agonists. Furthermore, intraplantar injection of SRIF antiserum also results in nociceptive behaviors. Electrophysiological recordings using an in vitro glabrous skin–nerve preparation show increased nociceptor activity in response to c-SOM, and this increase is blocked by the same three SRIF agonists. Parallel behavioral and electrophysiological studies using the opioid antagonist naloxone demonstrate that endogenous opioids do not maintain a tonic inhibitory control over peripheral nociceptors, nor does opioid receptor antagonism influence peripheral SRIF effects on nociceptors. These findings demonstrate that SRIF receptors maintain a tonic inhibitory control over peripheral nociceptors, and this may contribute to mechanisms that control the excitability of these terminals.
Deep crustal structure in the eastern Gulf of Mexico

We use air gun data recorded by ocean bottom seismometers to constrain the velocity structure along Gulf of Mexico Basin Opening Line 4, a profile extending from the northwestern Florida peninsula across the Florida Escarpment to the central Gulf of Mexico. Moderately thinned continental crust with a Moho depth of 32–33 km, average sediment thickness of 6 km, and an average crustal thickness of 27 km is interpreted on the northeast end of the profile offshore Florida. Thinned and intruded continental crust is identified over a horizontal distance of 225 km where the crustal layer thins from 25 km to 6–7 km; mean seismic velocities of the crust in this region increase from 6.55 km/s to 6.95 km/s from northeast to southwest and are evidence for increased magmatic input as rifting developed. Oceanic crust with an average thickness of 5.6–5.7 km is observed over a distance of 175 km on the southwest end of the profile, with an extinct spreading ridge with an axial valley morphology imaged on a coincident seismic reflection profile. Anomalously high upper oceanic crust velocities of 6.0–6.7 km/s are interpreted as massive basalt flows and could reflect increased temperatures during emplacement. Integrating well, seismic reflection and our seismic refraction data allow us to estimate a full-spreading rate of 2.2 cm/yr for seafloor spreading along the profile; this indicates that oceanic crust was emplaced at a slow-spreading center.
Household stress and adolescent behaviours in urban families: the mediating roles of parent mental health and social supports

Using exploratory data analysis techniques, we propose a model of parent psychosocial well-being that links financial strains and household stressors to adolescents' pro-social behaviours and vulnerability through parent mental health and social supports. Parents of urban youth (n = 781) who planned to attend a summer camp for at-risk youth responded to questions surveying household, parent and child factors related to early adolescent development. We expected that the relationship of household stressors – including financial strain and household difficulties – with adolescent behaviours would be mediated by parent depression and anxiety. We also anticipated that parent social supports would have both direct and indirect effects (via parent mental health) on adolescents' pro-social behaviours. Study findings are consistent with our hypotheses and the model performed similarly for both adolescent males and females. Implications for practice and policy in the context of programmes for urban youth are discussed.