cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Idiom Recognition with Word Embeddings

Expressions, such as add fuel to the fire, can be interpreted literally or idiomatically depending on the context they occur in. Many Natural Language Processing applications could improve their performance if idiom recognition were improved. Our approach is based on the idea that idioms and their literal counterparts do not appear in the same contexts. We propose two approaches: (1) Compute inner product of context word vectors with the vector representing a target expression. Since literal vectors predict well local contexts, their inner product with contexts should be larger than idiomatic ones, thereby telling apart literals from idioms; and (2) Compute literal and idiomatic scatter (covariance) matrices from local contexts in word vector space. Since the scatter matrices represent context distributions, we can then measure the difference between the distributions using the Frobenius norm. For comparison, we implement [8, 16, 24] and apply them to our data. We provide experimental results validating the proposed techniques.
Conducting reproducible research with Umbrella: Tracking, creating, and preserving execution environments

Publishing scientific results without the detailed execution environments describing how the results were collected makes it difficult or even impossible for the reader to reproduce the work. However, the configurations of the execution environments are too complex to be described easily by authors. To solve this problem, we propose a framework facilitating the conduct of reproducible research by tracking, creating, and preserving the comprehensive execution environments with Umbrella. The framework includes a lightweight, persistent and deployable execution environment specification, an execution engine which creates the specified execution environments, and an archiver which archives an execution environment into persistent storage services like Amazon S3 and Open Science Framework (OSF). The execution engine utilizes sandbox techniques like virtual machines (VMs), Linux containers and user-space tracers, to create an execution environment, and allows common dependencies like base OS images to be shared by sandboxes for different applications. We evaluate our framework by utilizing it to reproduce three scientific applications from epidemiology, scene rendering, and high energy physics. We evaluate the time and space overhead of reproducing these applications, and the effectiveness of the chosen archive unit and mounting mechanism for allowing different applications to share dependencies. Our results show that these applications can be reproduced using different sandbox techniques successfully and efficiently, even through the overhead and performance slightly vary.
Applications of Integration

Work can be defined as the change of energy in a system. In an elementary physics class it is often calculated as force times distance for the movement of a mass along a straight line under the application of a constant force. For example, if a 2 kg mass is moved up 2 m from the surface of the earth we can approximate the force on the mass as \(F = 9.8 \cdot 2 = 19.6\) N. Since the mass is moved 2 m, the energy involved in moving the mass is \(E = 19.6 \cdot 2 = 39.2\) J. This section begins with a review of the ideas in Sect. 1.3 on page 19.
Effect of high density lipoprotein cholesterol on the relationship of serum iron and hemoglobin with kidney function in diabetes

Findings of increased hemoglobin inside the HDL proteome among persons with diabetes who have haptoglobin 2-2 genotype suggest that iron-induced lipid peroxidation may be involved in diabetic kidney disease. We investigated the relationships of serum hemoglobin and iron with kidney function, and whether this varied by level of HDLc, in 5296 adults with and 49,161 without diabetes. Estimated eGFR was our marker of kidney function. Hemoglobin was positively associated with eGFR among those with diabetes and inversely among those without diabetes (interaction p-value <0.0001). Iron was inversely associated with eGFR regardless of diabetes status. When stratified by median HDLc and median hemoglobin, among persons with diabetes mean eGFR was highest in those with high hemoglobin and low HDLc and lowest in those with both low hemoglobin and low HDLc. This divergent relationship was not observed in the non-diabetic population. In contrast to hemoglobin, high iron and low HDLc were associated with a lower mean eGFR regardless of diabetes status. Our data suggest that among persons with diabetes, both hemoglobin and iron are harmful to kidney function at high levels. Our data also suggest that HDLc may play a role in the relationship of high hemoglobin in kidney function in diabetes.
Long-term outcome of surgical cryoablation for refractory ventricular tachycardia in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Aims Limited data exist on the long-term outcome of patients (pts) with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) refractory to conventional therapies undergoing surgical ablation (SA). We aimed to investigate the long-term survival and VT recurrence in NICM pts with VT refractory to radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) who underwent SA. Methods and results Consecutive pts with NICM and VT refractory to RFCA who underwent SA were included. VT substrate was characterized in the electrophysiology lab and targeted by RFCA. During SA, previous RFCA lesions/scars were identified and targeted with cryoablation (CA; 3 min/lesion; target -150 °C). Follow-up comprised office visits, ICD interrogations and the social security death index. Twenty consecutive patients with NICM who underwent SA (age 53 ± 16 years, 18 males, LVEF 41 ± 20%; dilated CM = 9, arrhythmogenic right ventricular CM = 3, hypertrophic CM = 2, valvular CM = 4, and mixed CM = 2) were studied. Percutaneous mapping/ablation in the electrophysiology lab was performed in 18 and 2 pts had primary SA. During surgery, 4.9 ± 4.0 CA lesions/pt were delivered to the endocardium (2) and epicardium (11) or both (7). VT-free survival was 72.5% at 1 year and over 43 ± 31 months (mos) (range 1-83mos), there was only one arrhythmia-related death. There was a significant reduction in ICD shocks in the 3-mos preceding SA vs. the entire follow-up period (6.6 ± 4.9 vs. 2.3 ± 4.3 shocks/pt, P = 0.001). Conclusion In select pts with NICM and VT refractory to RFCA, SA guided by pre-operative electrophysiological mapping and ablation may be a therapeutic option.
Post syringomyelia progressive muscular atrophy: A late sequel to syringomyelia?

We review eight cases of syringomyelia with late sequelae of progressive muscular weakness that suggested the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We propose that this is not ALS, but ...
Chapter 1 - Discrete-Trial Training Techniques and Stimulus Variables1

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the factors known to govern the efficiency with which the nonhuman primates learn in situations that involve a trial-by-trial approach. The variables of interest are the nature of the cues, their modes of presentation to the subject, and the spatiotemporal relations of cues to responses and rewards. There now is a most substantial body of research related to this group of variables, and it has been shown that very powerful effects can be produced by their manipulation. The chapter also presents methods that involve the use of discriminanda and presents experiments in which the visual cues are of a fairly complex nature.
Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials

Three new low melting compositions have been developed based on the ingredients amino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate and ammonium nitrate, to create the formulation AAD, in addition to mixtures comprising guanidinium 5-amino-tetrazolate and ammonium nitrate in either a 1 : 3 or 1 : 6 mole ratio (GAN13 and GAN16 respectively). The materials melt in the range of 95–100 °C and do not begin to decompose until >195 °C. The formulations are insensitive to impact, spark and friction and were calculated to show promising explosive performance properties (VD=8.78–9.0 km/s, PCJ=28.4–30.6 GPa). HMX mixtures of AAD, GAN13 and GAN16 were also prepared and these materials were characterized with respect to their safety and performance as well.
The Circadian Rhythms in Bioluminescence, Photosynthesis and Organellar Movements in the Large Dinoflagellate, Pyrocystis fusiformis

The circadian rhythms of the marine photosynthetic dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra, are now well characterized. For a review of this work, see Sweeney 1969; Sweeney and Prezelin 1978. Circadian rhythms in bioluminescence, photosynthesis and cell division persist in constant light of either low or high irradiance for about 30 days (Sweeney 1979). The response of the circadian rhythms in Gonyaulax to short exposures of valinomycin (Sweeney 1974), alcohols (Sweeney and Herz 1977), vanillic acid (Kiessig et al. 1979) and 2-phenyl ethanol (Sweeney, unpublished) all suggest that the oscillator which is responsible for the timing of the rhythms includes an important membrane component. A membrane protein or proteins appear to be a part of the oscillator as well (Walz and Sweeney 1979 a). An indirect method for the measurement of the membrane resting potential in Gonyaulax gave evidence that this membrane property changes over a circadian cycle (Adamich et al. 1976). Direct measurement of membrane electrical parameters with electrodes inserted into the cell are not feasible with Gonyaulax because of its small size and dense contents. For this reason, we sought another photosynthetic dinoflagellate which might be more suitable for electrophysiology. The heterotrophic large dinoflagellate, Noctiluca miliaris, while suitable for this technique, shows no circadian rhythm in bioluminescence (Nicol 1958). Because of its large size and extensive vacuole, Pyrocystis fusiformis seemed a likely choice. In the smaller Pyrocystis lunula,a circadian rhythm in bioluminescence and chloroplast movement have been documented (Swift and Taylor 1967). However, before the best use of P. fusiformis could be made in the illucidation of questions concerning the circadian oscillator, the presence of at least one circadian rhythm had to be demonstrated and characterized with respect to circadian properties of persistance, temperature compensation and light resettability. This paper is a report of experiments which demonstrate that Pyrocystis fusiformis possesses well-defined circadian rhythms in bioluminescence, photosynthesis and organellar movement which persist in constant conditions. The results of electrophysiological experiments will be reported elsewhere.
Cultural Issues that Can Affect the Validity of Educational Evaluations

Educational evaluations are intended to provide evidence-based arguments about whether educational outcomes can be improved based on the implementation of intervention strategies. The goals underlying intervention strategies and the ways that the goals of an intervention connect with evidence are examined from a perspective emphasizing culture as embodied in ecologies of communities, institutions, and their practices. Culture is not a trait of individuals and contexts; it is constructed continuously through the everyday actions of participants in social and institutional settings and their ongoing historical evolution. This perspective raises fundamental questions about ways that evaluation goals, methods, and logical and empirical arguments about outcomes reflect the value systems of political, educational, social, and community institutions with vested interests in improving educational outcomes. Not properly understanding the cultural ways of persons targeted by interventions is a dominant concern that needs attention in evaluation studies.
Autoimmune biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration: a possible role player in disease development and progression.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness among people over the age of 50. In recent years, a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of both AMD in general and drusen in particular has been established at the biological, experimental, and genetic level. The purpose of this chapter is to (1) illustrate our rationale for the hypothesis that, in the aforementioned inflammatory context, auto-antibodies (auto-Abs) are biomarkers relevant to ocular disease status in AMD, based on a brief review of the literature; (2) present our preliminary data supporting this hypothesis from our ongoing investigations; and (3) propose a mechanistic framework for the formation of auto-Abs in AMD and their possible role in disease development and progression. Auto-Ab targets have the potential to be important disease biomarkers and may contribute significantly to AMD development and progression.
Semisimple Modules and Homological Dimension

A module M R is semisimple in case M is a direct sum Ц i ∈ I M i of a family of simple submodules {M i | i ∈ I}. A ring R is semisimple in case R R is. We have seen that any simple Artinian ring is semisimple. Finite ring products of simple Artinian rings are also semisimple. The Wedderburn-Artin theorem implies the converse: Every semisimple ring is isomorphic to a finite product of full matrix rings of various degrees over various fields. These rings are also characterized by the Wedderburn-Artin theorem (8.8) as right Artinian rings with no nilpotent ideals. (The condition is right-left symmetric.)
Development and Abundance of the Pear Thrips in a Connecticut Apple Orchard

Seasonality and abundance of the pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens, were studied in a Connecticut apple orchard. Thrips infested trees for ≈44 d in April and May 1991, and ≈50 d between mid-April and early June 1992. Adults were on trees for 35–38 d, eggs for 24–28 d, and larvae for 25–28 d. Over 90% of second instars entered the soil during 2 wk in May. Thrips appeared earlier in 1991 than in 1992. The onset or peak of activity was not well synchronized with bud development. Survival of immatures in herbicide-treated soil was 0.5% from 1991–1992 and 2.0% from 1992–1993. It may be prudent to monitor populations in forests and adult dispersal to predict potential damage to apple.
Effects of Labor Force Participation on Sex Differences in Mortality and Morbidity

This chapter analyzes the effects of men’s and women’s labor force participation on sex differences in mortality and morbidity. Labor force participation includes both employment and job seeking by the unemployed. Employment can have both harmful and beneficial effects on health (Palmore, Burchett, Fillenbaum, George, & Wallman, 1985; Repetti, Matthews, & Waldron, 1989; Sorensen & Verbrugge, 1987; Waldron, 1980). Employment can have harmful health effects due to exposures to physical and chemical occupational hazards and job stress. In addition, it has been hypothesized that strain or overload due to combined job and home responsibilities may have harmful effects on health, especially for employed women with children. Employment may also have beneficial effects on health due to increased income, social support from coworkers, and greater social status, self-esteem, and sense of accomplishment. Being an unemployed job seeker appears to have more harmful effects on health than being employed (Linn, Sandifer, & Stein, 1985; Moser, Fox, & Jones, 1984). The relative importance of the specific harmful and beneficial health effects of labor force participation varies, depending on characteristics of the individual and his or her occupation. As a result, the overall effect of labor force participation on health varies, depending on individual characteristics and job characteristics (Repetti et al., 1989).
Domestic Workers amongst Paradoxes of the Politics of Gender and the Politics of Developmentalism: A Case Study from Indonesia in New Order Era

As a political control over women to enforce them to follow state’s narrative of ideal women, the New Order regime produced and applied two contradictory forms of gender politics. On the one hand, Soeharto campaigned for state maternalism that promotes fulltime women’s role in domestic sphere. These women were claimed to be the pillar of the nation. On the other hand, the government endorsed the politics of developmentalism that carried out women in development and enforced women’s participation in the national development agendas. Women were encouraged to leave their homes and abandon their families. How was this contradictory gender politics produced, reproduced and applied toward female domestic workers? What were social-political contexts behind the deployment of this political approach? What are the implications of this politics to the situations of women’s domestic workers?
Critical Mathematics Education: An Application of Paulo Freire's Epistemology:

Paulo Freire's critical education theory is “re-invented” in the context of a mathematics curriculum for urban working-class adults. The problems Freire poses for teachers in that context are explo...
Improved Interface Circuits for CMUT Chemical Sensors

Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) chemical sensors have demonstrated outstanding sensitivity for chemical sensing in air. In order to achieve good low limit of detection and good sensor reliability, attention must be paid to the interface circuits. In this work, we demonstrate how a transistor-based oscillator circuit can be used to achieve low noise, small size and low power consumption for CMUT chemical sensor arrays. We show how to optimize these circuits, and show how they can be enabled and disabled to allow multiplexing in time.
Successful Cryopreservation of Vitis Shoot Tips: Novel Pre-treatment Combinations Applied to Nine Species.

Background Secure back-up of Vitis genetic resource collections requires cryopreservation methods that give long-term survival of clonal germplasm having diverse genetic backgrounds. Objective This work sought to increase survival of Vitis shoot tips exposed to liquid nitrogen using combinations of pretreatments and cryoprotection procedures. The new procedure should give high survival of shoot tips from a wide range of Vitis species. Materials and methods In vitro plants from nine Vitis species were used as source material for nodal sections. Shoot tips were then excised from nodal sections that were grown on medium containing benzyladenine, salicylic acid, glutathione, and ascorbic acid. The shoot tips were treated with loading solution, and then half-strength PVS2 for 30 minutes, prior to full-strength PVS2 treatments for between 60 and 90 minutes prior to liquid nitrogen (LN) exposure. Results Shoot tip regrowth levels were highest 90 minutes in PVS2+LN and ranged from 24-43% and averaged 35±2% across the nine Vitis species. Conclusion The pretreatment, cryopreservation, and recovery methods yielded successful regrowth for multiple Vitis species using a droplet-vitrification procedure.
Robotic Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy for an Intrapancreatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Liver parenchyma that resides outside of the normal hepatic confines is defined as accessory liver if in communication with the native biliary tree, or ectopic liver (EL) if it is not. ...
The Monotonic Lagrangian Grid for Rapid Air-Traffic Evaluation

The Air Traffic Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (ATMLG) is presented as a tool to evaluate new air traffic system concepts. The model, based on an algorithm called the Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (MLG), can quickly sort, track, and update positions of many aircraft, both on the ground (at airports) and in the air. The underlying data structure is based on the MLG, which is used for sorting and ordering positions and other data needed to describe N moving bodies and their interactions. Aircraft that are close to each other in physical space are always near neighbors in the MLG data arrays, resulting in a fast nearest-neighbor interaction algorithm that scales as N. Recent upgrades to ATMLG include adding blank place-holders within the MLG data structure, which makes it possible to dynamically change the MLG size and also improves the quality of the MLG grid. Additional upgrades include adding FAA flight plan data, such as way-points and arrival and departure times from the Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS), and combining the MLG with the state-of-the-art strategic and tactical conflict detection and resolution algorithms from the NASA-developed Stratway software. In this paper, we present results from our early efforts to couple ATMLG with the Stratway software, and we demonstrate that it can be used to quickly simulate air traffic flow for a very large ETMS dataset.
Enhancing surface characteristics of additively manufactured fiber reinforced thermoplastic mold using thermoset coating with ceramic particles

Abstract A commercially available thermoset polymer liquid coating reinforced with ceramic particles was applied on the surface of an additively manufactured carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites to improve its surface characteristics for composite mold application. The mold demonstrated herein was fabricated via material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) and served for the fabrication of autoclave-cured laminated composite structures. Test specimens used in this investigation were additively manufactured with Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) reinforced with 50% by weight of carbon fiber. Following the printing process, the surface of the specimens was finished in a numerical controlled milling machine. The effect of machining parameters such as the surface speed and the chip load on the surface roughness was investigated. The machining parameters that yielded the lowest surface roughness were used to machine the specimens used in this work. Following machining, an approximately 10 μm thick coating based on a thermoset resin reinforced with ceramic particles was applied on the surface of flat specimens via the liquid spray coating technique and cured at elevated temperature. Surface characteristics relevant to molds used in composite manufacturing such as surface roughness, abrasion resistance, hardness, friction, and vacuum integrity were assessed for the coated and noncoated specimens. The results showed that the coating decreased the abrasion wear index by about 89%, decreased the vacuum loss by about 95%, and lowered the static and kinetic friction by about 40% and 38%, respectively, compared to the non-coated printed material. However, the coated surface did not improve hardness nor roughness of the surface.
Appropriate Preoperative Planning Leads to Successful Removal of the Small Volume Ovarian Remnant

Study Objective To review the ovarian remnant syndrome characteristics and risk factors. To describe the correct surgical technique to prevent this condition. To demonstrate the appropriate preoperative evaluation and surgical resolution of the small volume ovarian remnant. Design Educational video. Setting Robotic assisted laparoscopic procedure. Patient in dorsal lithotomy position. Bilateral double ended tiger tail prophylactic ureteral stents used. Patients or Participants We describe a case of a 40-year-old patient who presented with a pelvic cystic mass and pelvic pain. She had a history of multiple laparotomies including an abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She had a known BRCA 1 mutation and a strong family history of ovarian cancer. Her estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were in the premenopausal range. Ovarian remnant syndrome was suspected. Interventions Robotic assisted removal of bilateral small volume ovarian remnants. Measurements and Main Results An overview of the preoperative evaluation and management of small volume ovarian remnant syndrome is described. The surgical technique to prevent ovarian remnant syndrome is discussed. The preoperative evaluation including hormone levels, ovarian stimulation, and imaging studies are discussed. Surgical planning including discussion with radiology and pathology are reviewed. Relying on anatomical landmarks, ureterolysis, proximal ligation of the infundibulopelvic ligament, and other surgical tips for the successful removal of the small volume ovarian remnant are presented. Conclusion Appropriate surgical technique prevents ovarian remnant syndrome. Serial MRIs may help identify cyclic changes of the ovarian remnant. Ovarian stimulation and hormone levels may assist with diagnosis and treatment planning. Preoperative discussion with Radiology to look for anatomical landmarks is important to successfully excise small volume lesions.
Marxism-Leninism and natural resources

Abstract To the USSR resource depletion is not a threat to be taken seriously on a world-wide basis but rather a manifestation of capitalism. Shortages caused by the system will aggravate the contradictions inherent in capitalism and hasten its downfall. The socialist world avoids resource crises by planning its economies. The author examines here the ideological basis of views held on the resources question in the USSR and the role resources planning will play in the eventual triumph of socialism.
Identifying Relevant Text Fragments to Help Crowdsource Privacy Policy Annotations

In today's age of big data, websites are collecting an increasingly wide variety of information about their users. The texts of websites' privacy policies, which serve as legal agreements between service providers and users, are often long and difficult to understand. Automated analysis of those texts has the potential to help users better understand the implications of agreeing to such policies. In this work, we present a technique that combines machine learning and crowdsourcing to semi-automatically extract key aspects of website privacy policies that is scalable, fast, and cost-effective.
Approximate greatest common divisor of polynomials and the structured singular value

In this note the following problem is considered: Given two monic coprime polynomials a(s) and b(s) with real coefficients, find the smallest (in magnitude) perturbation in their coefficients so that the perturbed polynomials have a common root. It is shown that the problem is equivalent to the calculation of the structured singular value of a matrix, which can be performed using efficient existing techniques of robust control. A simple numerical example illustrates the effectiveness of the method. The generalisation of the method to calculate the approximate greatest common divisor (GCD) of polynomials is finally discussed.
"Your breasts/sliced off": literary images of breast cancer.

This essay explores how breast cancer and mastectomy are Wayed in twentieth-century North American literature. The purpose in doing so is to examine our understandings of how women In contemporary North American culture may experience this potentially fatal disease and disfigurement-understandings that often are narrowly prescribed by the abstract, universalizing language of medicine. The essay is divided into four sections based on the readings of the selected literature: denial and fear; sadness and pain; shame through others' eyes; and transcendence.
The endurance performance of 0.5/spl mu/m FRAM products

Ferroelectric random access memories (FRAMs) are nonvolatile memory devices that store data by using the bistable switchable polarization state of a ferroelectric material. Ferroelectric thin films exhibit the hysteresis effect of polarization versus applied electrical field (P-E hysteresis loop) to realize its nonvolatile storage capability. FRAM is also known for its high endurance, a fast write speed, and low power consumption. Endurance is defined as the ability of the device to sustain switchable polarization after many switching cycles. It is one of the critical performance characteristics for FRAM applications. Due to the high endurance of FRAM devices, evaluating the endurance behavior in a reasonable amount of time becomes difficult
Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations, Chairs of Oceanographic Sciences

Abstract : The long term goals are: The central efforts are to conduct research in ocean acoustics and signal processing, educate graduate students and participate in the ONR research community. The objectives are to conduct long term basic research in ocean acoustics with emphasis on involving graduate students, post docs and junior researchers in the research. Concerning graduate students, goals include both exploring research ideas that may lead to thesis research and the thesis research itself. Another important objective is to establish a scale model acoustic facility that can be used for research and training. A further objective is to periodically interact with ONR personnel on issues concerning their research community. This grant has been supporting both pre and post qualifying graduate students as well as post docs. Further, a scale model research facility that has been constructed has now been used for experiments related to shallow water propagation, detection of objects on the bottom and underwater acoustics communications have been conducted.
Developmental changes in amino acid concentrations in human amniotic fluid: Abnormal findings in maternal phenylketonuria

Abstract The amino acid composition of amniotic fluid samples obtained from 51 patients at various stages of fetal gestation was determined by column chromatography. There is a decreasing concentration of most of the amino acids with increasing gestational age. The maximum rate of this decrease occurs between the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy. As it is well established that the offspring of women with phenylketonuria (PKU) will have in most cases intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation, and/or structural abnormalities, amniotic fluid samples from 2 pregnancies of a woman affected with PKU were also analyzed. In both pregnancies (eighth and fortieth weeks of gestation) the amniotic fluid phenylalanine concentration was elevated to about 35 times that of normal.
Other adverse pregnancy outcomes and future chronic disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in females worldwide. Pregnancy is associated with significant physiologic changes that may function as a natural stress test to detect women at future risk. It is established that women who have had a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes or a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, and there is growing evidence that women who deliver infants preterm or growth-restricted infants have an elevated risk as well. Consideration should be given to including these outcomes as indicators of cardiovascular risk. Pregnancy represents a teachable moment when it would be ideal to identify women at risk. Improved integration of women’s primary health care and an enhanced knowledge base on the part of clinicians will be necessary to fully incorporate these findings into the clinical care of women.
Conservation: The commonness of rarity

Stuart Pimm enjoys an exploration of what we can learn from rare species, if we care enough to keep them.
Moving Toward a Service Metaphor for Describing, Evaluating, and Designing Systems

This paper explores possible steps toward incorporating the increasingly important topics of service and service systems into the core of the IS field, thereby moving toward a service-oriented core without abandoning existing tool-oriented concepts and methods. Incorporating more of a service mindset into IS would add to the many service-related topics that it already contains. A service mindset would focus more on customer activities and concerns within the analysis of IT-reliant work systems. Following the lead from developments in marketing and operations, it would emphasize customer-centricity and the co-production of value by service providers and customers. It would encourage greater attention to customer concerns, rather than mostly user concerns, in the implementation of IT-reliant work systems. This paper presents frameworks and related tools that provide an indication of what a more service-oriented IS field might look like.
Stress and mood disorders during pregnancy: implications for child development.

Recent research suggests that stress, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy may have an impact on how the child develops. In this article, the central literature supporting this hypothesis is reviewed. Next, studies from our laboratory showing that differences in fetal heart rate patterns are associated with women's anxiety and depressive symptomatology are reviewed. The data indicate that we can detect fetal markers associated with alterations in women's mood that also are linked to differences in the neurobiological substrate of the fetus' emerging emotion regulation system. Identifying such fetal character-istics someday may contribute to the early detection and prevention of predispositions to childhood risk for emotional problems and even psychopatholgy.
Changes in chlorpropham residues in stored potatoes

Chlorpropham (CIPC)3 concentrations were measured in peel samples of tubers taken from large commercial potato storages and from test bins after aerosol application. Tuber samples were taken at different levels within the pile and at numerous sites near the surface. The minimum concentration of CIPC in the peel layer for complete inhibition of sprouting was estimated to be 20 ppm. Immediately after commercial application of CIPC, 99% of the sample sites had concentrations high enough to completely inhibit sprouting, and residues in the peel were generally highest in samples obtained from the surface and from the bottom of the pile. CIPC concentrations decreased during the storage season in nearly all sites tested. Storages differed in the rate at which CIPC was lost. Mean peel residues fell below the level necessary for sprout inhibition in some storages but not in others. The rate of CIPC loss increased at the same time that air movement to maintain the desired temperature increased. With the 20 ppm threshold level as a guide, it is possible to monitor commercial storages for sprout-inhibition status. Retreatment before peel residues drop below 20 ppm can extend sprout inhibition in storage.
Linear/Nonlinear Supersonic Panel Flutter in a High-Temperature Field

An analysis of the flutter and postflutter behavior of infinitely long flat panels in a supersonic/hypersonic flowfield exposed to a high-temperature field is presented. In the approach to the problem, the thermal degradation of thermoelastic characteristics of the material is considered. A third-order piston theory aerodynamic model in conjunction with the von Karman nonlinear plate theory is used to obtain the pertinent aerothermoelastic governing equations. The implications of temperature, thermal degradation, and of structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities on the character of the flutter instability boundary are analyzed. As a byproduct, the implications of the temperature on the linearized flutter instability of the system are discussed. The behavior of the structural system in the vicinity of the flutter boundary is studied via the use of an encompassing methodology based on the Lyapunov First Quantity. Numerical illustrations, supplying pertinent information on the implications of the temperature field and of the thermal degradation are presented, and pertinent conclusions are outlined.
Toward a general theory of fuzzy variables

Abstract A general framework for a theory is presented that encompasses both statistical uncertainty, which falls within the province of probability theory, and nonstatistical uncertainty, which relates to the concept of a fuzzy set and possibility theory [L. A. Zadeh, J. Fuzzy Sets 1 (1978), 3–28]. The concept of a fuzzy integral is used to define the expected value of a random variable. Properties of the fuzzy expectation are stated and a mean-value theorem for the fuzzy integral is proved. Comparisons between the fuzzy and the Lebesgue integral are presented. After a new concept of dependence is formulated, various convergence concepts are defined and their relationships are studied by using a Chebyshev-like inequality for the fuzzy integral. The possibility of using this theory in Bayesian estimation with fuzzy prior information is explored.
Resolving overlapping peaks in differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract In this work, a Gaussian function is fitted to exothermal peaks obtained through differential scanning calorimetry of amorphous semiconducting alloys. The validity of the approximation is tested by calculating the parameters E (activation energy), K 0 (frequency factor) and n (reaction order) which define the crystallization kinetics of two different alloys belonging to the Ge-As-Te and Cu-As-Te systems. Finally, the approximation is used to resolve thermographic peaks, by a numerical method, being applied to the kinetic study of two alloys in the Cu-As-Te glassy system which exhibit multiple peaks.
Lysine Adsorption on Cation Exchange Resin. II. Column Adsorption/Desorption Behavior and Modeling

Abstract Column adsorption and desorption of lysine on the strong acid cation exchanger Dowex HCR‐W2 are studied experimentally and theoretically. The lysine breakthrough curves have a complex behavior that depends on the pH of the feed solution. At high pH, when lysine is predominately monovalent, an equilibrium binding capacity approaching the total resin ion exchange capacity is obtained but the breakthrough curve is gradual. Conversely, at low feed pH, when lysine is predominately divalent, a sharper breakthrough curve is obtained but the equilibrium binding capacity is only about one half of the total resin ion exchange capacity. Finally, at intermediate feed pH, when divalent and monovalent lysine forms coexist in the feed solution, a breakthrough curve comprising an initial gradual wave followed by a plateau and then by a sharper front is obtained. A local equilibrium model is developed to describe the wave shapes. The model is in agreement with the experimentally observed wave shapes although it o...
Security Management Modeling in Collaborative Systems

Security management of modern collaborative systems raises challenges to supply chain and enterprise management, demanding an integrated and holistic solution framework. In this article we concentrate on two fundamental instruments to support the pursuit of a security centric management (SCM) mission. Firstly the security taxonomy within the SCM context provides a comprehensive knowledge map of relevant artifacts and issues for players to communicate and collaborate in this special field. Ultimately it supplies building blocks for qualitative modeling required by security management. Secondly security management in SCM seeks practical computation and analysis capabilities, thus requiring a migration from qualitative models to quantitative models. We utilize dependency modeling as the bridging facility and probabilistic modeling as the inference engine in our solution to deal with complexity and uncertainty dominant in SCM. In addition we explore the proposition within essential application of healthcare security management. Noticing the enormous challenge presented by the new research mission, we emphasize identifying and examining generic issues and potential solutions, rather than particular problems or algorithms with limited usage and significance.
Fluid inclusion geothermometry

Fluid inclusions trapped within crystals either during growth or at a later time provide many clues to the histories of rocks and ores. Estimates of fluid-inclusion homogenization temperature and density can be obtained using a petrographic microscope with thin sections, and they can be refined using heating and freezing stages. Fluid inclusion studies, used in conjunction with paragenetic studies, can provide direct data on the time and space variations of parameters such as temperature, pressure, density, and composition of fluids in geologic environments. Changes in these parameters directly affect the fugacity, composition, and pH of fluids, thus directly influencing localization of ore metals.
Towards Effective Security Policy Management for Heterogeneous Network Environments

In this paper, we overview a system-driven policy framework called Chameleos-x and discuss how a practical, system-driven approach could be used to address the problem of enforcing security policies consistently in a changing, diversity-rich environment. The Chameleos-x framework is specially designed to facilitate the management of consistent security policies in heterogeneous environments. We also describe our experimentation of Chameleos-x to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Femtosecond Multicolor Pump−Probe Spectroscopy of Ferrous Cytochrome c†

Ligand photolysis and subsequent electronic and structural relaxation, followed by ligand recombination, in ferrous cytochrome c (cyt c) have been studied using ultrafast laser spectroscopy. A broad-band white-light continuum, generated by amplified pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser, was used to monitor the transient absorption spectra of cyt c in the Soret and Q bands following 50-fs pulsed photoexcitation at 400 nm. The reconstructed photoproduct absorption spectrum is found to closely resemble that of a model pentacoordinate histidine-ligated complex, microperoxidase (MP-8), suggesting methionine photolysis. Vibrational modes at ∼40, ∼80, and ∼220 cm-1 are observed in femtosecond coherence spectroscopy (FCS) measurements, which also indicates photodissociation of the methionine ligand. The quantum yield of ligand photolysis is found to be ≥80%, which is consistent with the ultrafast photolysis time constant (≤40 fs) needed to induce coherent oscillations in the FCS measurements. The combination of high q...
Analysis of volatiles evolved during high-temperature treatment of thermally stable polymers. I. Nitrogen-containing acetylene-terminated resin

Cured samples of a nitrogen-containing acetylene-terminated resin, N,N′-(1,3-phenylene-dimethylidene)bis(3-ethynylaniline), have been heated at 10°C/min up to 900°C in a pyroprobe attached to a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Analysis of the volatiles evolved during heating identified both gases and higher boiling compounds. The major higher boiling compounds are benzene, toluene, xylene, aniline, benzonitrile, m-methylaniline, and m-methylbenzonitrile; the gases include ammonia, methane, and traces of carbon dioxide. Correlations between sample temperature and the evolution of each of these compounds have been made. The onset of all volatile formation occurs between 450 and 500°C. The higher boiling volatiles peak, then end by approximately 700°C, while the gases peak then fall off but are still being evolved at 900°C. Average weight loss measurements of 13.6% at 700°C and 15.7% at 900°C agree with previously published thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multinational Corporations and Knowledge Flows: Evidence from Patent Citations

AbstractThis study investigates whether foreign direct investment (FDI) by a multinational corporation increases the likelihood that knowledge about new technologies and production processes will be exchanged between foreign and domestic firms. This could be an important channel for knowledge diffusion since such flows have proven to be highly geographically localized. I develop a framework for measuring the degree to which the close proximity of a multinational subsidiary can enhance flows of knowledge between firms of different countries. I use an original data set on the innovative activity of firms of more than 30 countries and find a strong positive effect of both inward and outward FDI on knowledge flows. Interestingly, I find that countries that are technological followers gain three times as much knowledge from inward FDI as leaders.
Frequency-domain fluorescent diffusion tomography of turbid media and in-vivo tissues

The reconstruction of fluorescence lifetime distributions in heterogeneous turbid media and tumor-bearing animals are experimentally demonstrated by frequency-domain measurements. A set of coupled diffusion equations are used to describe the propagation of excitation and fluorescent emission light in multiply scattering media. A finite element based reconstruction algorithm combined with Marquardt and Tikhonov regularization methods are used to obtain the fluorescence images. The experimental set-up is an automatic multi-channel frequency-domain system. 16 sources and 16 detectors are used. Experiments are performed using indocyanine green (ICG) and 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTCI) in tissue-like phantoms of both single- and multi-target configurations with considerations of perfect and imperfect uptake of fluorescence dyes in the scattering media. ICG are used in tumor-bearing animal studies. Our results show that the fluorescence lifetime image of the heterogeneities within a circular surrounding medium and in-vivo tissue can be reconstructed successfully.
Moisture influence on near-infrared prediction of wheat hardness

Recently near infrared (NTR) reflectance instrumentation has been used to provide an empirical measure of wheat hardness. This hardness scale is based on the radiation scattering properties of meal particles at 1680 and 2230 nm. Hard wheats have a larger mean particles size (PS) after grinding than soft wheats. However wheat kernel moisture content can influence mean PS after grinding. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of MR wheat hardness measurements to moisture content and to make the hardness score independent of moisture by correcting hardness measurements for the actual moisture content of measured samples. Forty wheat cultivars composed of hard red winter hard red spring soft red winter and soft white winter were used. Wheat kernel subsamples were stored at 20 40 60 and 80 relative humidity (RH). After equilibration samples were ground and the meal analyzed for hardness score (HS) and moisture. HS were 48 50 54 and 65 for 20 40 60 and 80 RH respectively. Differences in HS within each wheat class were the result of a moisture induced change in the PS of the meal. An algorithm was developed to correct HS to 11 moisture. This correction provides HS that are nearly independent of moisture content. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Positron lifetime study of Fe40Ni40P14B6 glass

Positron lifetimes were measured in the as-received alloy after treatment to embrittle, crystallize, or deform the alloy thus changing its internal structure.
Predicting complex quantitative traits with Bayesian neural networks: a case study with Jersey cows and wheat

Background In the study of associations between genomic data and complex phenotypes there may be relationships that are not amenable to parametric statistical modeling. Such associations have been investigated mainly using single-marker and Bayesian linear regression models that differ in their distributions, but that assume additive inheritance while ignoring interactions and non-linearity. When interactions have been included in the model, their effects have entered linearly. There is a growing interest in non-parametric methods for predicting quantitative traits based on reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces regressions on markers and radial basis functions. Artificial neural networks (ANN) provide an alternative, because these act as universal approximators of complex functions and can capture non-linear relationships between predictors and responses, with the interplay among variables learned adaptively. ANNs are interesting candidates for analysis of traits affected by cryptic forms of gene action.