cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Overview of Autophagy

This chapter highlights those scientists who founded the field of autophagy (APG) research during its beginnings to those that have made key discoveries to advance the field into the mainstream of science. In the beginning, researchers were interested in lysosome morphology and function and how it related to protein turnover. These early studies were limited to morphological and biochemical methods that were restricted to mammalian cells and organs. APG was thought to be a highly regulated nonselective degradative process that could lead to cell death. When APG was characterized in yeast, a genetic model emerged allowing the identification of APG-related genes. Soon, new protein markers became available to better monitor and characterize APG in yeast, plants, insects, and animals. We now appreciate that APG has a positive role in cellular homeostasis and cell survival by recycling needed nutrients to sustain cellular functions and removing dysfunctional organelles and intracellular pathogens.
Functionalizing Titanium Disilicide Nanonets with Cobalt Oxide and Palladium for Stable Li Oxygen Battery Operations

Li oxygen (Li-O2) batteries promise high energy densities but suffer from challenges such as poor cycling lifetime and low round-trip efficiencies. Recently, the instability of carbon cathode support has been recognized to contribute significantly to the problems faced by Li-O2 batteries. One strategy to address the challenge is to replace carbon materials with carbon-free ones. Here, we present titanium silicide nanonets (TiSi2) as such a new material platform for this purpose. Because TiSi2 exhibits no oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities, catalysts are required to promote discharge and recharge reactions at reduced overpotentials. Pd nanoparticles grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were observed to provide the bifunctionalities of ORR and OER. Their adhesion to TiSi2 nanonets, however, was found to be poor, leading to drastic performance decay due to Pd detachments and aggregation. The problem was solved by adding another layer of Co3O4, also prepared by ALD. Together, the Pd/Co3O4/TiSi2 combination affords the desired functionalities and stability. Li-O2 test cells that lasted more than 126 cycles were achieved. The reversible formation and decomposition of Li2O2 was verified by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ferrocenium back-titration, and gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results provide a new material platform for detailed studies of Li-O2 operations for better understanding of the chemistries involved, which is expected to help pave the way toward practical Li-O2 battery realizations.
Physician mothers: a conceptual model for planning and coping with motherhood and medical practice.

Women medical students residents fellows and physicians think about the best time to become pregnant. Most reports center on pregnancy during medical school when women are still young. Even though 1 study shows that almost 70% of women physicians thought that after residency would be the best time to have the 1st child another study shows that 50% had their 1st child and 25% had their 2nd child during training. Things the woman resident must contemplate are how is a pregnancy going to affect their residency patient care colleagues husband and training and board certification. She is also concerned about stress fatigue and exposure to infection radiation and anesthetic agents. She often does not receive emotional support from fellow residents attendings and program directors. Thus hospitals must set up maternity paternity and family leave policies. Policies should be clearly written; consider the health of the mother and the health of the fetus and newborn board certification requirements and the effect on patient care and other residents. They should not be written to intimidate residents. In the early 1990s 66% of Boston area hospitals had maternity leave policies. Husbands must also be aware of the stress of residency so they do not add to the existing stress of residency and pregnancy or motherhood. The presence of family nearby also helps relieve the stress since they can care for the child shop and/or make meals. Hospitals are beginning to provide on site day car with extended hours. A 1990 survey of maternity leave policies for radiologists shows that only 79 of 144 reported such policies. A UK study reveals that only 71% of young women physicians met maternity leave requirements. As more and more women enter the field of medicine it would be beneficial for hospitals to establish sound maternity leave policies.
A Disabled Woman’s Journey

This is the story of the author’s journey from an early childhood characterized by severe physical and cognitive disability to an adulthood devoted to challenging distorted views of disabled persons. The author’s goal is to be among the disability studies scholars who impart at schools and at places of employment understanding of and respect for persons with disabilities.
Role of bivalent cations in the phosphoglucomutase system. I. Characterization of enzyme-metal complexes.

Abstract The metal ion requirement of the phosphoglucomutase reaction is satisfied by Mg2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, or Zn2+. The relative activities elicited, by these metals are 100, 60, 15, 5, 0.8, and 0.3, respectively, at pH 7.4 and saturating substrate; the relative activity of enzyme extensively dialyzed against EDTA type chelating agents is less than 0.001 under the same conditions but the expected activity is restored on addition of stoichiometric amounts of Co2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+ or by treatment with millimolar Mg2+. A differential effect of pH on the competitive binding of Mg2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ is observed; the differential effect may be caused by metal-dependent differences in pKa of two groups in the enzyme·metal complex which are not directly involved in metal binding. Two different types of pH effects on the activity of the various enzyme·metal complexes were observed: plots of log Vmax against pH for the Mg2+ enzyme were flat in the neutral pH range with down turns at extremes of pH; for the Co2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ enzymes, such curves were sigmoidal with inflections in the neutral pH range. It thus seems possible that the rate-controlling step differs in the two different cases.
Abstract 13262: A Potent and Selective Covalent Inhibitor of JNK Protects Heart from both Ischemia/Reperfusion- and Hypertension-induced Heart Failure

Introduction: c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinases (JNKs) are critical mediators of a variety of detrimental stimuli including ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and mechanical stress induced by pressure overload. Recently, we reported that a novel synthesized highly selective JNK inhibitor, JNK-IN-8, can form an ATP site-directed covalent bond with a conserved cysteine residual in all JNKs. Therefore, JNK-IN-8 may be broadly useful as a pharmacological tool for inhibiting JNK-dependent signal transduction that is involved in various pathological conditions. Hypothesis: The potent JNK inhibitor, JNK-IN-8, could act as a cardioprotectant against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)- or hypertension-induced heart failure. Methods: The effects of JNK-IN-8 were monitored in a mouse I/R models with the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occluded and subsequently released, and a mouse model of trans-aortic constriction (TAC), in which pressure overload hypertrophy was induced in 2 weeks. Results: JNK-IN-8 significantly reduced myocardial infarct area by 40% in I/R model relative to the vehicle group (p shc signaling pathways, while the levels of other family signals (p-p38 and p-ERK) remained unchanged, further indicating the specificity of JNK-IN-8 on JNK signaling in the heart. Conclusions: JNK-IN-8 can reduce I/R-injury induced myocardial infarction size, and attenuate pressure overload induced inflammation, apoptosis, hypertrophy and fibrosis. Thus JNK-IN-8 is a potential therapeutic drug for both I/R injury and pressure overload induced hypertrophy.
The contributions of individual gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the calcium-dependent binding of recombinant human protein C to acidic phospholipid vesicles.

Abstract The dependence on the integrity of the human protein C (PC) gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain on its Ca(2+)-dependent binding properties to acidic phospholipid (PL) vesicles has been examined by analysis of these interactions with recombinant (r)-PC Gla domain muteins. The concentration of Ca2+ that results in 50% saturation (C50-Ca) of PL with wild-type (wt) r-PC was not altered by more than 2-fold for the following r-variants of PC, viz. [Gla6-->Asp]r-PC, [Gla14-->Asp]r-PC, [Gla19-->Asp]r-PC, [Gla25-->Asp]r-PC, [Gla29-->Asp]r-PC, and [Gln32-->Gla]r-PC. The C50-Ca was substantially higher than that of wtr-PC for [Gla7-->Asp]r-PC (8.2 mM), [Arg15-->Leu]r-PC (4.5 mM), [Gla16-->Asp]r-PC (> 10 mM), [Gla20-->Asp]r-PC (> 10 mM), and [Gla26-->Asp]r-PC (> 10 mM), indicating that the Ca(2+)-induced conformations of these latter variants interacted poorly with these acidic PL vesicles. Titration of the PL vesicles with wtr-PC at a constant concentration of 20 mM Ca2+ leads to calculation of a concentration of PC that results in 50% saturation of the PL (C50-PC) of 0.38 microM. Essentially this same value was determined for the r-mutants, [Gla7-->Asp]r-PC and [Gln32-->Gla]r-PC. An approximate 2-fold lower C50-PC was obtained for [Gla14-->Asp]r-PC (0.14 microM), [Gla25-->Asp]r-PC (0.16 microM), and [Gla29-->Asp]r-PC (0.15 microM). Somewhat higher C50-PC values were found for [Gla6-->Asp]r-PC (1.2 microM), [Arg15-->Leu]r-PC (1.2 microM), [Gla16-->Asp]r-PC (1.2 microM), [Gla19-->Asp]r-PC (1.8 microM), [Gla20-->Asp]r-PC (1.1 microM), and [Gla26-->Asp]r-PC (1.6 microM). The results of this investigation, in conjunction with other structural and functional studies with these mutants, and the x-ray crystallographic structure of the prothrombin Gla domain-Ca2+ complex, show that Gla16 and Gla26 are the most indispensable Gla residues for maintenance of the functional Ca(2+)-dependent structure of the Gla domain of PC, whereas Gla14 is the least critical Gla residue in this regard. Of the non-Gla residues investigated, Arg15 is of great importance for maintenance of a functional Ca(2+)-dependent structure of PC, and insertion of a Gla residue at position 32, a situation that exists in the cases of some other proteins of this type, does not significantly alter these characteristics of r-PC.
Exaggerated Positivity in Self-Evaluation: A Social Neuroscience Approach to Reconciling the Role of Self-esteem Protection and Cognitive Bias

Recent neuroscience research provides new insight into why people tend to view themselves through rose-colored glasses and suggests a different approach for improving self-insight. Rose-colored glasses (sometimes referred to as positive illusions, positivity bias, self-serving bias, self-enhancement, or overconfidence) are a pervasive characteristic of self-evaluation. While it is intuitive to think about rose-colored glasses as a self-esteem protection tactic, research has shown that people tend to exaggerate their positive attributes even when self-esteem is not at stake. This raises questions about the relation of the exaggerated positivity used to protect self-esteem to the exaggerated positivity seen in other circumstances. Are people using a consistent thought pattern to overemphasize their positive attributes which generalizes across situations regardless of whether self-esteem is at stake? Or is there something different about the way people go about overemphasizing their positive attributes when coping with a threat to self-esteem? Recent neuroscience research supports the latter: inducing the need for self-esteem protection changes the neural profile underlying exaggerated positivity. When self-esteem is threatened, exaggerated positivity in self-evaluation engages orbitofrontal cortex and a functional network of increased basal ganglia activation and decreased middle frontal gyrus activation. In contrast, exaggerated positivity arising in the absence of self-esteem threat tends to reduce orbitofrontal cortex activation and its functional connectivity with the temporal, occipital, and frontal lobes. This discovery suggests that not all rose-colored glasses are created equally and, therefore, curtailing them may require different interventions depending on whether self-esteem protection is their underlying driving force.
Assisted Gestation and Transgender Women

Developments in uterus transplant put assisted gestation within meaningful range of clinical success for women with uterine infertility who want to gestate children. Should this kind of transplantation prove routine and effective for those women, would there be any morally significant reason why men or transgender women should not be eligible for the same opportunity for gestation? Getting to the point of safe and effective uterus transplantation for those parties would require a focused line of research, over and above the study of uterus transplantation for non-transgender women. Some commentators object to the idea that the state has any duty to sponsor research of this kind. They would limit all publicly-funded fertility research to sex-typical ways of having children, which they construe as the basis of reproductive rights. This objection has no force against privately-funded research, of course, and in any case not all social expenditures are responses to 'rights' properly speaking. Another possible objection raised against gestation by transgender women is that it could alter the social meaning of sexed bodies. This line of argument fails, however, to substantiate a meaningful objection to gestation by transgender women because social meanings of sexed bodies do not remain constant and because the change in this case would not elicit social effects significant enough to justify closing off gestation to transgender women as a class.
Decline in the Frequencies of Borrelia burgdorferi OspA161–175-Specific T Cells after Antibiotic Therapy in HLA-DRB1*0401-Positive Patients with Antibiotic-Responsive or Antibiotic-Refractory Lyme Arthritis

Synovitis in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis persists for months to several years after antibiotic therapy. This course, which may result from infection-induced autoimmunity, is associated with T cell recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA(161-175)) and with HLA-DR molecules that bind this epitope, including the DRB1*0401 molecule. In this study, we used tetramer reagents to determine the frequencies of OspA(161-175)-specific T cells in samples of PBMC and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) from 13 DRB1*0401-positive patients with antibiotic-responsive or antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Initially, three of the six patients (50%) with antibiotic-responsive arthritis and four of the seven patients (57%) with antibiotic-refractory arthritis had frequencies of OspA(161-175)-specific CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood above the cutoff value of 4 per 10(5) cells. Among the five patients with concomitant PBMC and SFMC, four (80%) had OspA tetramer-positive cells at both sites, but the mean frequency of such cells was 16 times higher in SFMC, reaching levels as high as 1,177 per 10(5) cells. In the two patients in each patient group in whom serial samples were available, the frequencies of OspA(161-175)-specific T cells declined to low or undetectable levels during or soon after antibiotic therapy, months before the resolution of synovitis in the two patients with antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Thus, the majority of patients with Lyme arthritis initially have increased frequencies of OspA(161-175)-specific T cells. However, the marked decline in the frequency of such cells with antibiotic therapy suggests that persistent synovitis in the refractory group is not perpetuated by these cells.
The Hair Erector Muscle: Order and Disorder of this Often Forgotten Structure

Hair erector muscle (HEM) is everywhere in dermatopathology but has been less studied than other smooth muscle systems in the skin. HEM disorders are passive and active, the former related to the involvement, as a bystander fascicle, by nearby conditions. The muscle can be permeated by nevus cells, infiltrated or destroyed by keratoacanthoma and other malignancies, encroached by hemangiomas, suffused by erythrocytes in purpura and pyocytes in an abscess, incorporated into scars and entrapped and deformed by a dermatofibroma. Less passively, HEM can participate in follicular processes, insect bites, collagen-vascular diseases, syphilis, solar elastosis and amyloid. More proper to the muscle yet rarely encountered are myositis (dermatomyositis), poorly understood myopathies (atrophy, vacuolar changes, eosinophilic globules), deposit diseases (glycogenosis) and, even, rare dystrophies (Duchenne/Becker). Finally, other than HEM tumors (leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma), hamartomatous conditions include disorganized/hypertrophic muscle in blue nevi, hyperplasia in Becker’s nevus, and more substantial muscle mass increase as in smooth muscle hamartoma (including similar changes in mature port-wine stain) and in the rare congenital midline hamartoma. This presentation outlines orderly features and, mainly, compiles disorders of HEM, few of them a disease on its own but still a supplement to a gamut of many more noticeable entities.
Cholecystokinin and satiety.

Abstract Fourteen normal volunteers were given intravenous or subcutaneous injections of the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (SQ-19, 844) 10 or 20 minutes prior to the ad libitum consumption of a liquid noontime meal. The drug was given in doses of 20 ng/kg, 40 ng/kg, or 80 ng/kg versus equal volumes of a normal saline control in a random double blind fashion. There was no significant difference between the volumes of lunch consumed after injecting SQ-19, 844 and saline control except one patient who consumed less (p
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in giant cell arteritis. a descriptive study of 41 cases

Objective. To determine the features and outcomes of patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) who have aneurysms or rupture of the thoracic aorta. Methods. Patients with GCA seen over a 40-year period who had aneurysms and/or rupture of the thoracic aorta were identified by assistance of a computerized indexing system. The presence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA), with or without aortic valve insufficiency (AI), was determined by radiographs, computed tomography scans, and ultrasound studies of the thorax, angiograms of the aorta, and postmortem examination. Results. Ten men and 31 women with GCA were found to have TAA and/or rupture. Three developed TAA before GCA was diagnosed, 5 developed aortic findings near the time of the diagnosis, and 33 after the diagnosis of GCA (median of 7 years after diagnosis). Sixteen patients developed acute aortic dissection, which caused death in 8. Nineteen patients also had AI due to aortic root dilation, 15 of whom developed congestive heart failure. Eighteen patients underwent 21 surgical procedures for TAA resection and/or aortic valve replacement or repair. Aortitis was documented histologically in 10 cases. Conclusion. Thoracic aortic complications in GCA are associated with serious outcomes that have been underrecognized and may be fatal. Physicians should be alert to the development of these complications at any time in the course of GCA, even many years after usual symptoms have subsided.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I (IGF-I) REGULATES IGF BINDING PROTEIN-5 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) plays an important role during brain development. IGF binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) is known to be capable of modulating IGF-I actions and is expressed in brain during development. To begin to investigate the interaction between IGF-I and IGFBP-5 in brain, we asked whether IGF-I influences the brain expression of IGFBP-5. We quantified IGFBP-5 expression in multiple brain regions of two lines of IGF-I transgenic (Tg) mice that exhibit distinctive patterns of brain transgene expression. MT-I/IGF-I Tg mice carry a transgene driven by metallothionein-I (MT-I) promoter and exhibit highest levels of transgene expression in cerebral cortex, whereas in IGF-II/IGF-I Tg mice the mouse IGF-II promoter drives the transgene and the expression is highest in the cerebellum. In normal adult mice, IGFBP-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected in all brain regions examined, and the highest levels of the mRNA were found in cerebellum, followed by brainstem, diencephalon, hippocampus, and cerebr...
‘The Cry of the Children’ : The Edwardian Medical Campaign Against Maternal Drinking

Summary In the years 1899-1907 a new critique of alcohol evolved which pointed to increasing female insobriety as a factor in infant mortality. Exploiting the opportunity of a governmental committee appointed to investigate physical deterioration, 14 leading medical doctors, well known for their antipathy to drink, submitted evidence which subsequently formed the basis for the Report's conclusion associating alcoholic abuse with racial deterioration. Between 1905 and 1907 six of these doctors, together with Sir Thomas Brunton and Professor Sims Wood head, orchestrated concern over drink's deleterious impact on pregnant women and babies. By condemning alcohol as one important source of infant deaths and national inefficiency, these anti-drink doctors, all except one numbers of the Society for the Study of Inebriety, encouraged the medical profession to adopt a more critical public posture towards drink and compelled the Government to permit hygiene and temperance instruction in elementary schools. They further provided the rationale early in 1907 for George Sims’ newspaper articles, which emphasized the imperial consequences of Britain's high infant mortality. He alone publicized the prevalence of babies and small children taken into public houses, where they were given alcohol or contracted fatal respiratory diseases. Breast milk contaminated with alcohol also endangered their lives. Following these revelations, sympathizers formed the Tribune Committee, and, with the support of the eight anti-drink doctors and others, helped translate Sims’ proposal to prohibit children under 14 from licensed premises into legislation.
Effects of amphetamines and small related molecules on recovery after stroke in animals and man

Drugs modulating the levels of specific central neurotransmitters may influence both the rate and amount of functional recovery after focal brain injuries such as stroke. Because such drugs may be effective long after brain injury, the "therapeutic window" may be widened beyond the first few hour after stroke and an entirely new avenue for pharmacological intervention may be possible. The impact of drugs affecting norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid have been among the most extensively studied in the laboratory, and preliminary clinical data suggest similar effects in humans.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix in a 41-year-old woman treated with radical hysterectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Cervical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) mostly affects young girls. The current treatment protocols are based on trials done on patients under 21 years old. ERMS in women over 40 is rare, and studies on treatment and outcome are limited. Case We report a case of a 41 year-old woman with cervical ERMS who was treated with radical hysterectomy followed by chemotherapy. She is currently disease-free. Conclusion Cervical ERMS in women over the age of 40 can be treated using protocols established for the pediatric population.
BECOMING DISCOURSE ANALYSTS: CONSTRUCTING MEANINGS AND IDENTITIES

Discourse analysts are concerned with how language both reflects and constructs the social world. As a field of study, there are scores of books, journals, and conferences devoted to the theoretical and methodological issues among the varieties of discourse analysis. Less discussed in the field of discourse studies is how one learns to become a discourse analyst. This question is the subject of the current article that reports on a study of my teaching and my students' learning within the scope of a one-semester graduate discourse analysis course. In this study, I set out to describe, interpret, and explain the discursive patterns used by students through out the course. Their learning was most profound in three areas that I expand on in this article: “exploring theories of meaning making,” “using tools to locate patterns,” and “making micro-macro- connections.” Learning unfolded differently for students in each area, depending on their background, area of study, and experience with discourse analysis. I ...
An Interactive Shell for Batch Programs

Many programs have been and are currently being developed in which the input files or associated data bases must be produced independently of the main program. This article describes two programs which are used to develop an interactive, menu-driven system of input prompts which is then used to create and maintain information files for other programs. The two program system provides an easy method to develop well-structured, interactive input programs without the high development costs required to write original code. Graphics can be developed for any input screen and a command language can be specified for data output. Two examples are provided to present an overview of the system.
RU_CAGeochem, a database and sample repository for Central American volcanic rocks at Rutgers University

The Rutgers University Central American geochemical dataset focuses on the active volcanoes related to the Cocos-Caribbean convergent plate boundary that extends from Guatemala to Costa Rica in Central America. The RU prefix signifies that the data and samples are primarily from the long-term Central American research project started at Dartmouth College in 1970 and continued at Rutgers University from 1974 to the present. The database is decidedly uneven because of the impressive improvement of analytical techniques over the span of data collection. Further complications arose because most of the sampling and analysis were part of the educational process for many different undergraduate and graduate students using different types of instruments. This note presents, as a reasonably coherent whole, geochemical data and metadata for about 1400 samples collected by at least 40 students and colleagues. Many unpublished Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios are included here but most of the new data are metadata that provide greatly improved descriptions of the tectonic settings, locations, and status of the samples as well as estimates of data quality.
Formation of hydrogen peroxide in water by 1-MeV. protons.

EXPERIMENTS using monoenergetic protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator have been carried out on the formation of hydrogen peroxide in water. The irradiation chamber was of ‘Pyrex’ glass, including a thin window through which the protons entered. The total volume of water irradiated was 0.4 c.c.; however, the irradiation volume was only 6.9 × 10−4 c.c., because of the short range of the protons in the sample. The absolute amount of hydrogen peroxide which is formed does not change when the total amount of water is varied from 0.2 to 0.5 c.c. The chemical determinations were made with a Beckman model B spectrophotometer at 3500 A. utilizing the iodide method suggested by Ghormley1; this method is capable of measuring 2 × 1018 molecules of hydrogen peroxide per litre. The water was freshly prepared by redistillation from a permanganate solution with a ‘Pyrex’ still.
Temperature dependence of mobility in AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs heterostructures for impurity scattering.

We calculate the mobility of a two-dimensional electron gas in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs heterostructures for low temperatures. Remote impurity doping and homogeneous background doping is considered and a linear decrease of the mobility with increasing temperature is found. For remote doping the coefficient for the linear temperature dependence is strongly reduced. We argue that in heterostructures with ultrahigh mobility the relevant scattering is due to homogeneous background doping and the linear temperature dependence should be measurable.
Molecular weight decrease in the early pyrolysis of crystalline and amorphous cellulose

Samples of ordinary “ash-free” cellulose papers and similar samples decrystallized by swelling in liquid ammonia were pyrolyzed in vacuo to a weight loss ranging from <0.1% to nearly 20%. The samples were then nitrated and their molecular weight distributions determined by gel permeation chromatography. When weight loss reached 1%, both the ordinary and the ammonia-swelled celluloses showed a large drop in average degree of polymerization (D.P.). However, the ordinary cellulose showed this sharp drop long before there was any measurable weight loss; the ammonia-swelled cellulose changed D.P. only gradually in the early stages. Further, x-ray diffraction measurements showed that by the time the D.P. of the ammonia-swelled cellulose had dropped appreciably, the material had developed a significant crystalline pattern. These results support the suggestion that initial rupture of the cellulose molecule occurs at strain points at the crystalline–amorphous boundaries.
Social media network size and semantic networks for collaboration in design

Social media are fundamentally based on communication networks containing friends, acquaintances, or others. Because communication is essential to collaboration on activities, we assume that those who have more contacts in work-oriented social media are more likely to be collaborative in their work behaviours. Design educators have been stressing of importance of collaboration in training recent cohorts of design students. Our goal was to empirically examine designers on the LinkedIn social media site in terms of how they describe collaboration and why. The results supported hypotheses that designers with larger networks of online contacts were more verbal, had higher collaborative word use, were more positive, were more evaluative, used more competence-oriented words, and had semantic networks for collaboration that were more complex, with greater discrimination, differentiation, and integration. Given the experiences of current young adults with social media, we further hypothesise that future design wo...
Paradigm shifts: new techniques to answer new questions.

The advent of a multiple-channels approach to spatial vision 20 years ago raised important questions that were difficult to approach empirically, given the technology and analytic tools of the time. These questions concerned the interaction or combination of different components of a stimulus—questions that have recently resurfaced in more complex form. Classical psychophysical methods for assessing whether two stimulus aspects are coded independently (eg masking, adaptation, and cue-summation) provide only limited information about the nature of whatever interactions are discovered. In both older work in detection and recent work in complex pattern discrimination, we have used a double-judgment paradigm in which the observer rates two aspects of a stimulus simultaneously. The paradigm provides a rich source of information about the codes underlying each psychophysical decision and which are unique in permitting us to psychophysically investigate effects resulting from neural noise in the system. Our anal...
A comparison of the sediment loads carried by the Missouri and upper Mississippi rivers

A comparative study was made of the sediment load carried by the Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers, making corrections for the types of sampler used, abnormal runoff, and bed sediment. At the confluence of these two rivers, long-term sediment concentration in the Mississippi was found to be 20 per cent of that in the Missouri. However, the mean annual rate of sediment production per square mile of drainage area for the Mississippi at the confluence was found to be 84 per cent of that of the Missouri. The reason that the rate of sediment production of the Mississippi is 4.2 times as great, relatively, as its sediment concentration, in comparison with the Missouri, is that the annual runoff per square mile in the Upper Mississippi basin averages 4.2 times that in the Missouri basin. Contrary to the usual condition, the sediment concentration and rate of sediment production for both these rivers increases with increasing size of drainage area up to about 200,000 sq mi.
A large-scale goal programming model-based decision support for formulating global financing strategy

Abstract A large scale goal programming (GP) model-based decision support system (DSS) is developed to support the formulation of a global financing strategy for a multinational corporation (MNC). The GP model-based DSS provides a major technological breakthrough by presenting a solution to the critical issues in global financial planning that is an improvement over existing approaches. The DSS allows the financial managers of an MNC to choose an appropriate global financing strategy to satisfice multiple, and often conflicting, management goals and provides a tool for analyzing the trade-offs among financing costs, foreign exchange risks, political risks, capital structure goal, and agency costs.
Physiology and transcriptomics of water-deficit stress responses in wheat cultivars TAM 111 and TAM 112

Hard red winter wheat crops on the U.S. Southern Great Plains often experience moderate to severe drought stress, especially during the grain filling stage, resulting in significant yield losses. Cultivars TAM 111 and TAM 112 are widely cultivated in the region, share parentage and showed superior but distinct adaption mechanisms under water-deficit (WD) conditions. Nevertheless, the physiological and molecular basis of their adaptation remains unknown. A greenhouse study was conducted to understand the differences in the physiological and transcriptomic responses of TAM 111 and TAM 112 to WD stress. Whole-plant data indicated that TAM 112 used more water, produced more biomass and grain yield under WD compared to TAM 111. Leaf-level data at the grain filling stage indicated that TAM 112 had elevated abscisic acid (ABA) content and reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis as compared to TAM 111. Sustained WD during the grain filling stage also resulted in greater flag leaf transcriptome changes in TAM 112 than TAM 111. Transcripts associated with photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, phytohormone metabolism, and other dehydration responses were uniquely regulated between cultivars. These results suggested a differential role for ABA in regulating physiological and transcriptomic changes associated with WD stress and potential involvement in the superior adaptation and yield of TAM 112.
Admission function portends discharge function and length of stay after stroke

This retrospective study of 51 patients with stroke examined the relationship between functional independence and length of stay in a hospital-based acute rehabilitation unit. Functional independence increased significantly over the course of rehabilitation. The patients' functional independence at discharge and length of stay both correlated significantly with admission function. Self-care, mobility, and locomotion items and categories provided the best prediction of length of stay. Such variables, therefore, may prove most useful in program planning.
Influences of T, S and PCO2 on the pseudo-homogeneous precipitation of CaCO3 from seawater : implications for whiting formation

The influences of temperature, salinity and PCO2 on the pseudo-homogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate from natural seawater were investigated to determine if whitings could be produced by this mechanism under ‘reasonable’ natural conditions. Increasing temperature and salinity substantially raises the PCO2 at which calcium carbonate nucleation can occur. The saturation state of the water, at which precipitation takes place, is essentially independent (range 20–25 times with respect to calcite) of temperature and salinity, from 25 to 40°C and for S = 35–70 psu. These findings indicate that formation of whitings on the Great Bahama Bank are unlikely to be due to the nucleation of calcium carbonate. However, whitings observed near the Trucial Coast of the Persian Gulf could possibly be the result of direct nucleation of calcium carbonate in waters of lowered PCO2 associated with phytoplankton blooms.
Attitudes Toward Physician Assisted Suicide: Poland and the United States

A scale to measure attitudes toward physician assisted suicide was administered to a sample (N=246) of Polish citizens and a sample (N=246) of U.S. citizens equated on gender, marital status, religion, and socioeconomic level. In both samples the reliability was substantial (Cronbach's alphas of .93 and .89), and the factor structure identical (one major factor). Significant ethnic differences were found for 10 of the 12 scale items, but no differences related to demographic variables. The obtained differences appear to parallel a conservative-liberal dimension, though this will need to be assessed in future studies.
The effect of bile on the gastric secretory responses of vagally denervated canine fundic pouches.

The gastric secretory responses of vagally denervated canine fundic pouches stimulated by a meat meal have been defined following preliminary exposure of the pouches to ox bile at various pH levels. Generally, exposure of the pouches to bile caused reduced outputs of H+ and increased outputs of Na+ which were unassociated with significant changes in secretory volumes or in outputs of Cl−. These changes were compatible with increased exchange-diffusion unaccompanied by significant inhibition of acid secretion. The changes were most pronounced when the bile was administered at pH 2. These studies support the concept that biliary reflux is harmful to the stomach. Furthermore, they indicate that bile is more injurious to the gastric mucosa at low pH levels.
Distinctive neuropathology revealed by alpha-synuclein antibodies in hereditary parkinsonism and dementia linked to chromosome 4p.

The identification of the α-synuclein gene on chromosome 4q as a locus for familial Lewy-body parkinsonism and of α-synuclein as a component of Lewy bodies has heralded a new era in the study of Parkinson’s disease. We have identified a large family with Lewy body parkinsonism linked to a novel locus on chromosome 4p15 that does not have a mutation in the α-synuclein gene. Here we report the clinical and neuropathological findings in an individual from this family and describe unusual high molecular weight α-synuclein-immunoreactive proteins in brain homogenates from brain regions with the most marked neuropathology. Distinctive histopathology was revealed with α-synuclein immunostaining, including pleomorphic Lewy bodies, synuclein-positive glial inclusions and widespread, severe neuritic dystrophy. We also discuss the relationship of this familial disorder to a Lewy body disease clinical spectrum, ranging from Parkinson’s disease to dementia with psychosis.
Conspecific Attraction is a Missing Component in Wildlife Habitat Modeling

Wildlife biologists use knowledge about wildlife-habitat relationships to create habitat models to predict species occurrence across a landscape. Researchers attribute limitations in predictive ability of a habitat model to data deficiencies, missing parameters, error introduced by specifications of the statistical model, and natural variation. Few wildlife biologists, however, have incorporated intra- and interspecific interactions (e.g., conspecific attraction, competition, predator-prey relationships) to increase predictive accuracy of habitat models. Based on our literature review and preliminary data analysis, conspecific attraction can be a primary factor influencing habitat selection in wildlife. Conspecific attraction can lead to clustered distributions of wildlife within available habitat, reducing the predictive ability of habitat models based on vegetative and geographic parameters alone. We suggest wildlife biologists consider incorporating a parameter in habitat models for the clustered distribution of individuals within available habitat and investigate the mechanisms leading to clustered distributions of species, especially conspecific attraction.
Jaśkowski's Universally Free Logic

A universally free logic is a system of quantification theory, with or without identity, whose theses remain logically true if (a) the domain of quantification is empty and (b) some of the singular terms present in the language do not denote existing objects. In the West, (inclusive) logics satisfying (a) and (free) ones satisfying (b) were developed starting in the 1950s. But Stanislaw Jaśkowski preceded all this work by some twenty years: his paper "On the Rules of Supposition in Formal Logic" of 1934 can be regarded as containing, at least implicitly, the first universally free logic. The system proposed there is an inclusive logic as it is, and a straightforward extension of it is also free.
Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals

Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite which utilizes felids as definitive hosts, and which has an unusually wide intermediate host range. The parasite was initially described by Nicolle and Manceaux in 1908 from the rodent, Ctenodactylus gundi. Infection with T. gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections of man and other warm-blooded animals. It has been found worldwide from Alaska to Australia. Nearly one-third of humanity has been exposed to this parasite; serologic surveys indicate that T. gondii infections are common in wild carnivores, including pigs, bears, felids, fox, raccoons, and skunks. Clinical and subclinical toxoplasmosis has been reported from wild cervids, ungulates, marsupials, monkeys, and marine mammals. Southern sea otter populations have been severely impacted by Toxoplasma infections.
Multiple-step random walks : distribution functions from Toeplitz matrices

Abstract Toeplitz matrices are used to calculate the distribution function for a random walk on a lattice in continuous time where multiple hops covering an arbitrary number of lattice sites are allowed. The method employed is similar to that used to calculate the complete end-to-end distance distribution for polymers.
Effect of Maternal Inhalation of 10% Oxygen upon the Human Fetus

Summary: The effect of material inhalation of 10% oxygen upon the human fetus was studied under careful conditions. Fetal acidosis developed in 1 patient with pre-eclampsia and significant FHR changes (late dips) in 2 others. Although the study was abandoned for ethical reasons it is thought that the development of an oxygen stress test for the fetus is possible.
Peptides influence retinal ganglion cells.

Abstract Neurotensin, substance P and ( d -Ala 2 , Met 5 )-enkephalinamide were iontophoresed onto ganglion cells of the amphibian retina. Substance P and neurotensin were found to be excitatory while ( d -Ala 2 , Met 5 )-enkephalinamide suppressed all types of ganglion cells. These findings are consistent with a functional role for peptides in the vertebrate retina.
Judgments of release readiness as related to discharge from a neuropsychiatric hospital

Objectives of this study were to determine whether judgments of release readiness are related to discharge. Subjects included 465 male schizophrenic patients continuously hospitalized in the Veterans Administration Hospital, Brecksville, Ohio, for a minimum of 30 days. Major findings are (1) over the 4-year period, the differences in percentages discharged between the “ready” and “not ready” groups are statistically significant; (2) judgments of release readiness were found statistically significant in relationship to discharge or nondischarge of patients; and (3) patient's previous hospitalization was proven to be significant in relationship to release readiness judgments and discharge for those judged ready but not for others.
Argon Laser Welding Induces Degradation And Crosslinking Of Extracellular Matrix Protein: A Preliminary Report

Extracellular matrix components from untreated and laser-welded skin and blood vessels were extracted with guanidine hydrochloride and separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When compared to matched, untreated tissues, protein electrophoretic profiles from laser-treated samples showed several changes. In both tissue types, the concentration of a protein normally migrating between alpha and beta chains of type I collagen decreased in laser-treated samples. However, laser-treated blood vessels showed significantly more low molecular weight protein, whereas significantly more high molecular weight protein appeared in laser-treated skin samples when compared to untreated tissue. These results suggest that the argon laser either degrades or crosslinks proteins in-vivo. Laser induced protein crosslinks may be the biochemical basis of laser welding.
Performance of GOCE and GRACE-derived mean dynamic topographies in resolving Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts

Presently, two satellite missions, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE), are making detailed measurements of the Earth’s gravity field, from which the geoid can be obtained. The mean dynamic topography (MDT) is the difference between the time-averaged sea surface height and the geoid. The GOCE mission is aimed at determining the geoid with superior accuracy and spatial resolution, so that a more accurate MDT can be estimated. In this study, we determine the mean positions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts using the purely geodetic estimates of the MDT constructed from an altimetric mean sea surface and GOCE and GRACE geoids. Overall, the frontal positions obtained from the GOCE and GRACE MDTs are close to each other. This means that these independent estimates are robust and can potentially be used to validate frontal positions obtained from sparse and irregular in situ measurements. The geodetic frontal positions are compared to earlier estimates as well as to those derived from MDTs based on satellite and in situ measurements and those obtained from an ocean data synthesis product. The position of the Sub-Antarctic Front identified in the GOCE MDT is found to be in better agreement with the previous estimates than that identified in the GRACE MDT. The geostrophic velocities derived from the GOCE MDT are also closer to observations than those derived from the GRACE MDT. Our results thus show that the GOCE mission represents an improvement upon GRACE in terms of the time-averaged geoid.
Intersite variations of the Gillette Gait Index

The Gillette Gait Index (GGI) is a tool used to measure pathologic gait severity and assess outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess the variation in calculated GGI values with different sets of control data. Five able bodied control sets from four labs were used to establish the basis of the GGI. Gait data from three pediatric patients seen pre- and post-operatively at one lab and one adult control subject that visited each lab were input to calculate GGI values. Differences in underlying control data created large differences in computed GGI values for both pathologic and able bodied subjects. Initial pre-operative GGI values calculated for the three patients with cerebral palsy using different control data sets varied widely with differences as large as 1129 and had magnitudes of improvement differing by as much as 800 (or 21%). GGI value differences greater than 250 were determined from an able bodied control subject seen at each lab, both when examining a single trial with different control sets, and when examining different trials of the same individual collected from different labs using a single control set. These results highlight the importance of the underlying control set for establishing mean values and variance in the GGI and suggest that if GGI values are compared longitudinally or between sites these comparisons should be based on a single control dataset.