cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards reliable missing truth discovery in online social media sensing applications

Social media sensing has emerged as a new application paradigm to collect observations from online social media users about the physical environment. A fundamental problem in social media sensing applications lies in estimating the evolving truth of the measured variables and the reliability of data sources without knowing either of them a priori. This problem is referred to as dynamic truth discovery. Two major limitations exist in current truth discovery solutions: i) existing solutions cannot effectively address the missing truth problem where the measured variables do not have any reported measurements from the data sources; ii) the latent correlations among the measured variables were not fully captured and utilized in current solutions. In this paper, we proposed a Reliable Missing Truth Finder (RMTF) to address the above limitations in social media sensing applications. In particular, we develop a novel data-driven technique to identify the lagged and latent correlations among measured variables, and incorporate such correlation information into a holistic spatiotemporal inference model to infer the missing truth. We evaluated the RMTF using the real-world Twitter data feeds. The results show that the RMTF scheme significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art truth discovery solutions by correctly inferring the missing truth of the measured variables.
Observer-Based Capacitor Current Sensorless Control Applied to a Single-Phase Inverter System With Seamless Transfer

In this paper, capacitor current sensorless control by using an observer is applied in a seamless transfer single-phase inverter. The proposed control system is a multiloop control system. The control loop is composed of a capacitor voltage outer control loop and capacitor current inner control loop for stand-alone mode. For on-grid mode, the grid current outer loop controller is combined with the stand-alone control structure to form a simple controller structure for mode switching. The capacitor current feedback signal is calculated using the observer in the discrete-time domain and thus sensors are not required. Use of the proposed observer for the inverter with capacitor current control has many advantages, such as sensorless capacitor current calculation, one-sample-ahead data prediction for sampling delay compensation, and an average capacitor current without ripple components. Verification of the theoretical analysis is presented through simulation and experiment. A 5-kW single-phase inverter prototype combined with a Li-ion battery is set up with a digital controller using a TI TMS320F28377D microcontroller unit to confirm the feasibility of the system.
Organic functional group analysis via gas chromatography. II

The determination of alkoxyl and alkimino groups has been extended to compounds which produce from methyl to hexyl iodide on treatment with hydriodic acid. An apparatus is described for the decomposition and collection of the alkyl iodides, followed by gas Chromatographic separation and determination on the 0.1 milliequivalent scale. Single compounds and mixtures containing both alkoxyl and alkimino groups have been successfully analyzed.
The Floating Ball “Paradox”

An earlier work by the present author questioned a concept of solid/liquid surface tension introduced by Thomas Young in 1805. The paper just preceding this one presents an explicitly computable example as supporting evidence by analogy that Young’s concept could be correct. The present note suggests a different view, and offers an alternative interpretation of the example.
Incidence, Trends and Outcomes of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in a Community Cohort

Background: Type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) occurs because of an acute imbalance in myocardial oxygen supply and demand in the absence of atherothrombosis. Despite being frequently encountered ...
A Rare Tumor of the Nasal Cavity: Hemangiopericytoma

Hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are soft tissue neoplasms that account for 3 to 5% of all soft tissue sarcomas and 1% of all vascular tumors. The vascular tumors originate from pericytes in the head and neck. The most common sites are the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbital region, parotid gland, and neck. HPC arising from the nose and paranasal sinuses is a rare entity. Till now, less than 200 cases have been reported in the literature. The treatment of choice is complete surgical resection, if possible, combined with preoperative embolization. We are presenting a rare case of HPC of the nasal cavity for its rarity and for concerns in management. This case was managed by endoscopic resection, which gave complete clearance of the disease and achieved better cosmesis.
The autonomic nervous system in its natural environment: Immersion in nature is associated with changes in heart rate and heart rate variability.

Stress Recovery Theory (SRT) suggests that time spent in nature reduces stress. While many studies have examined changes in stress physiology after exposure to nature imagery, nature virtual reality, or nature walks, this study is the first to examine changes in heart rate (HR) and vagally mediated HR variability, as assessed by Respiratory Sinus Arrythmia (RSA), after a longer duration of nature exposure. Consistent with SRT, we hypothesized that immersion in nature would promote stress recovery, as indexed by an increase in RSA and a decrease in HR. We also predicted that exposure to nature would improve self-reported mood. We used a within-subjects design (N = 67) to assess changes in peripheral physiology before, during, and after a 5-day nature trip. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in RSA and a significant increase in HR during the trip compared to before or after the trip, suggesting that immersion in nature is associated with a shift toward parasympathetic withdrawal and possible sympathetic activation. These results were contrary to our hypotheses and may suggest increased attentional intake or presence of emotions associated with an increase in sympathetic activation. We also found an improvement in self-reported measures of mood during the trip compared to before or after the trip, confirming our hypotheses and replicating previous research. Implications of this study are discussed in the context of SRT.
Victim Incentives and Criminal Activity: Evidence from Bus Driver Robberies in Chile

This paper analyzes crime as a function of the interaction between offenders and victims. I study robbery of bus drivers, a crime that remains common in cities throughout the world. Exploiting the ...
Successful management of an intraluminal superior sagittal sinus meningioma causing elevated intracranial pressure using gamma knife radiosurgery in subacute setting: A case report.

Background Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS) facilitates precisely focused radiation to an intracranial target while minimizing substantial off-target radiation in the surrounding normal tissue. Meningiomas attached to or invading the superior sagittal sinus may result in sinus occlusion and are often impossible to completely resect safely. The authors describe successful management of a patient with a meningioma located completely inside the posterior aspect of the superior sagittal sinus. Case description A 46-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with progressive generalized headaches accompanied by worsening vision. The patient underwent a diagnostic brain magnetic resonance imaging which showed a solitary a 7 × 6 × 10 mm homogeneously contrast-enhancing lesion within the lumen of the posterior aspect of superior sagittal sinus without ventricular enlargement or peritumoral edema. The lesion was thought to be a meningioma radiographically. To evaluate the suspected increased intracranial pressure, a lumbar puncture was subsequently performed and demonstrated an opening pressure of 30 cm H2O. After drainage of 40 cc of CSF, the spinal closing pressure was 9 cm H2O. After failure of conservative management with acetazolamide, and determination of surgical inoperability due to the critical intraluminal location of the mass lesion, the patient underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The 0.36 cc tumor was treated as an outpatient in the Perfexion® model Gamma Knife with a highly conformal and selective plan that enclosed the 3D geometry of the tumor with a minimal margin tumor dose of 14 gy at the 50% isodose. Three months after GKRS, the patient reported continued reduction in the frequency and severity of both her headaches and her visual disturbance. Ophthalmological consultation noted progressive resolution of her optic disc edema confirmed by formal optical coherence tomography. The patient is now 3 years out from GKRS with complete resolution of headache symptoms along with persistent reduction in tumor size (3 × 1 × 4 mm) on serial period imaging and resolution of papilledema. Conclusion Tumors located in such critical anatomic regions, as in our patient, should be considered for primary GKRS when the risks of biopsy or removal are too high. GKRS was able to provide great radiographic and clinical result in an intricately located meningioma.
Microbial colonization promotes model cockroach gut tissue growth and development.

Abstract Background Digestive tissues are essential for diet processing and nutrient accessibility, especially in omnivores, and these functions occur despite and in collaboration with dynamic microbial communities that reside within and upon these tissues. Prolonged host development and reduced digestive tissue sizes have been observed in germ-free animals, and normal host phenotypes were recovered following the re-introduction of typical gut microbiomes via coprophagy. Results High-resolution histological analyses of Periplaneta americana cockroach digestive tissues revealed that total prevention of microbial colonization of the gut had severe impacts on the growth and development of gut tissues, especially the posterior midgut and anterior hindgut subcompartments that are expected to be colonized and inhabited by the greatest number of bacteria. Juveniles that were briefly exposed to normal gut microbiota exhibited a partial gut morphological recovery, suggesting that a single inoculation was insufficient. These data highlight gut microbiota as integral to normal growth and development of tissues they are in direct contact with and, more broadly, the organism in which they reside. Conclusions We draw on these data, host life history traits (i.e. multigenerational cohousing, molting, and filial coprophagy and exuvia feeding), and previous studies to suggest a host developmental model in which gut tissues reflect a conflict-collaboration dynamic where 1) nutrient-absorptive anterior midgut tissues are in competition with transient and resident bacteria for easily assimilable dietary nutrients and whose growth is least-affected by the presence of gut bacteria and 2) posterior midgut, anterior hindgut, and to a lesser degree, posterior hindgut tissues are significantly impacted by gut bacterial presence because they are occupied by the greatest number of bacteria and the host is relying upon, and thus collaborating with, them to assist with complex polysaccharide catabolism processing and nutrient provisioning (i.e. short-chain fatty acids).
P7 You SNAP, We Match: Improving Food Access and Stimulating a Rural, Local Food System During a Public Health Crisis

Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the implementation of a rural farmer's market You SNAP, We Match (YSWM) program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Theory of Research In 2018, the St. Helena Healthy Communities Coalition held a forum to develop strategies to improve community health. Participants identified that a local farmer's market accepting Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits was no longer operational and reopening the market with SNAP would increase food access and improve community health. Target Audience SNAP recipients in a rural, majority Black parish in Louisiana. Program Description The St. Helena Farmer's Market YSWM program launched during the COVID-19 pandemic (July 2020), offering a $3 match for fresh fruit and vegetables for every $1 in SNAP benefits spent at the market. Evaluation Methods Observational data (customer counts, zip codes, and vendor sales) were collected at the market before and after the implementation of the YSWM program. Results Prior to implementation, the market averaged 33 customers per day. Five months following implementation, the market averaged 76 customers per day (+131.42%), and a total of $6,6213 SNAP and “match” dollars were reinvested into the local food system. Market reach also expanded. Prior to YSWM implementation, a majority of customers (95%) resided in the same town as the market. Following implementation, 66% of market customers resided in the market town (with 5% coming from over 30 miles away). More than half of SNAP customers reported being first time customers, with 92% reported visiting the market specifically for SNAP. Conclusion Since implementation, the YSWM program has remained successful while confronting unique challenges. YSWM Program implementation generated an increase in market customers, a wider geographical reach, and increased access to fresh produce for surrounding communities during a public health crisis.
The Timing of In Utero Caffeine Exposure Influences the Morphological, Functional, and Trans-generational Effects on Adult Hearts

It is recognized that the disruption of the intrauterine environment by nutritional or chemical factors may influence the developing fetus, resulting in long-term adverse effects in adulthood and s...
Neuronal Field Analysis Using Fourier Series

Most mammalian neurons have very complex structures. Fibrous processes protrude from the somata and extensively bifurcate to form arborizations similar in nature to the structure of a tree. Data models have been developed which approximate these complex structures to within a certain degree of resolution. The data model most commonly used to represent the bifurcating structure of neuronal processes is the stick or wire model (Lindsay, Chapter 1). Automated data-acquisition techniques have been developed to acquire the structural data for this model. Several detailed descriptions of systems for data acquisition have been presented in earlier chapters of this volume.
The Case of the Fictitious Taxpayer: The Federal Taxpayer's Suit Twenty Years after Flast v. Cohen

I am asked in this case to decide whether a federal taxpayer's suit, challenging the constitutionality of an expenditure by the United States, may be maintained by a plaintiff who alleges that he is not now and never has been a taxpayer. Having attained this enviable status as a lifelong recipient of tax-exempt welfare payments, he states that he finds the prospect of receiving taxable income so unappealing that he intends to eschew any such opportunities; in keeping with this prediction, his complaint candidly admits that he is unlikely to pay any federal taxes in the future. In characterizing himself as a non-taxpayer, he would seem to invite a summary dismissal of his suit, were it not for the development in recent years of the concept of the fictitious-or, as some have termed it, the spurious-taxpayer's suit. Before discussing the application of this legal doctrine to the plaintiff before me, however, I think it well to review briefly the history of the federal taxpayer's suit since Flast v. Cohen.' In the Flast case, the Supreme Court held that a federal statute authorizing expenditures that allegedly violated the establishment clause of the first amendment could be attacked by plaintiffs whose standing to sue rested solely on the fact that they paid federal income taxes:
Applications of geometric algebra to the theory of molecular conformation: Part 1. The optimum alignment problem

Abstract Geometric algebra is an elegant and practical merger of classical vector algebra with Hamilton's quaternions. As part of our ongoing studies of its many potential applications to the theory of molecular conformation, we show how geometric algebra can be used to characterize the solutions to the classical problem of computing the optimum alignment of rigid structures. Using this characterization, we derive a new iterative algorithm for finding optimum alignments, which we can show is both globally and quadratically convergent.
Lexicographic parsimony pressure

We introduce a technique called lexicographic parsimony pressure, for controlling the significant growth of genetic programming trees during the course of an evolutionary computation run. Lexicographic parsimony pressure modifies selection to prefer smaller trees only when fitnesses are equal (or equal in rank). This technique is simple to implement and is not affected by specific differences in fitness values, but only by their relative ranking. In two experiments we show that lexicographic parsimony pressure reduces tree size while maintaining good fitness values, particularly when coupled with Koza-style maximum tree depth limits.
Forced Displacement From Rental Housing: Prevalence and Neighborhood Consequences

Drawing on novel survey data of Milwaukee renters, this study documents the prevalence of involuntary displacement from housing and estimates its consequences for neighborhood selection. More than one in eight Milwaukee renters experienced an eviction or other kind of forced move in the previous two years. Multivariate analyses suggest that renters who experienced a forced move relocate to poorer and higher-crime neighborhoods than those who move under less-demanding circumstances. By providing evidence implying that involuntary displacement is a critical yet overlooked mechanism of neighborhood inequality, this study helps to clarify why some city dwellers live in much worse neighborhoods than their peers.
Double Stars: The Closest and the Most Distant Systems

Review and comments on two extremely different samples of binary and multiple stars: systems within 10 parsecs of the sun and systems discovered in galaxies of the Local Group.
4.4.3 Extending Platforming to the Sequential Development of System Families

Creating system designs that efficiently satisfy an evolving set of needs is critical for improving program lifecycle properties such as cost, development time, and risk; properties that are often in conflict with near-term system requirements. This paper proposes that system evolution can be viewed as a family of sequentially developed systems and that existing work in the platforming domain serves as a useful foundation. An overview of related work is provided with emphasis on the platforming literature in an attempt to strengthen the connection between the systems engineering and product platforming communities. A classification scheme is proposed for multi-system design strategies. Preliminary cost model work is presented, with the ultimate goal being a model that provides program managers with a clear understanding of the economic trades associated with sequential platform development and alternative strategies.
Application of a dispersive hybrid phase-pole macromodel to the time-domain simulation of frequency-dependent lossy interconnects

This paper describes a broadband transient simulator for frequency-dependent lossy interconnects that uses a dispersive hybrid phase pole macromodel. The method employs canonical Bessel-function-based integrals to calculate the transient signal in an efficient manner.
Pathology of Incipient Neoplasia

Our knowledge of the pathology of malignant tumors is based largely on invasive forms of cancer. Less is known about early or preclinical stages of tumor development. However, many of the morphologic and molecular abnormalities found in malignant tumors also exist in precursor or incipient lesions. New laboratory techniques, such as microdissection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have stimulated interest in early cancer development and events that precede invasion.
Promoting Recycling Behavior in Office Environments

Rapid declines in available landfill space have sparked specific interest in recycling programs focused on increasing the quantity of materials recycled. This focus on quantity, rather than quality...
Abstract 12049: The Association of Subclinical Vascular Disease and Erectile Dysfunction at 9-Year Assessment: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background: In cross sectional studies, erectile dysfunction (ED) and overt clinical cardiovascular disease commonly coexist. However, the temporal relationship between subclinical vascular disease and subsequent identification of ED remains unclear. Methods: After excluding participants taking ED medications at baseline, we studied 1,862 asymptomatic men from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with complete baseline multi-modality subclinical disease phenotyping who underwent ED assessment at MESA visit 5 (9.4 years after baseline). ED was defined by self-report per the single question self-assessment in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Using multivariable logistic regression (see figure legend for adjustments), we assessed the relationship between three different categories of baseline subclinical vascular disease with subsequent self-identification of ED. Subclinical vascular disease measures tested were: atherosclerosis: coronary artery calcium [CAC], carotid intima-media thickness [C...
Category Captainship vs. Retailer Category Management under Limited Retail Shelf Space

Shelf-space scarcity is a predominant aspect of the consumer goods industry. This paper analyzes its implications for category management. We consider a model where two competing manufacturers sell their differentiated products through a single retailer who determines the shelf space allocated to the category. The scope of category management is pricing. We consider two category management mechanisms: retailer category management (RCM), where the retailer determines product prices and category captainship (CC), where a manufacturer in the category determines them. Our analysis reveals that the retailer can use the form of category management and the category shelf space to control the intensity of competition between manufacturers to his benefit. We also show that the emergence of CC depends on the degree of product differentiation, the opportunity cost of shelf space, and the profit sharing arrangement in the alliance. The equilibrium category shelf space under CC may be higher than under RCM if the value to the retailer of eliminating double marginalization and putting price pressure on the non-captain manufacturer dominates the loss from sharing the profit with the category captain. CC has been criticized for disadvantaging non-captain manufacturers. While we provide some support for this claim, we also find that CC may benefit non-captain manufacturers when implemented by a powerful retailer in categories with sufficiently differentiated products, because the shelf space allocated to the category increases in this case.
The absence of a non-nucleotide linker in polyoma and ΦX174 DNA

Abstract We have examined ФX174 DNA and polyoma DNA for the presence of a block to digestion by Escherichia coli exonuclease I. In these experiments the DNA's were first incubated with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease to introduce 1 to 2 singlestrand scissions per molecule. After exposure to pH 12 and reneutralization, the resulting single strands were incubated with exonuclease I. The quantity of linear DNA remaining after digestion was small enough to indicate the absence of a block within the single strands of these two DNA's. The exonuclease preparation contained a low level of endonuclease activity. This activity was measured and its effect considered in the evaluation of the results A semi-quantitative analysis of the effects of the exonucleolytic activity ( Champoux , private communication) at the 5′-phosphate end of denatured DNA in preparations of exonuclease I showed that the conclusion regarding the absence of a block may be regarded as reliable. To invalidate our results, we would have to postulate that the ratio of activity at the 5′-phosphate end of the molecule to that at the 3′-hydroxyl end would have to be greater by a factor of 10 for ФX174 DNA and 1000 for polyoma DNA than the ratio observed by Champoux , 1 : 8000.
Identification of growth hormone receptor (GHR) tyrosine residues required for GHR phosphorylation and JAK2 and STAT5 activation.

To determine whether GH receptor (GHR) cytoplasmic tyrosine residue(s) and tyrosine phosphorylation are required for signal transduction, we have substituted the eight porcine (p) GHR cytoplasmic tyrosines with phenylalanine individually or in a stepwise manner from the C terminus. Conversely, the eight tyrosines were individually regenerated in a non-tyrosine-containing pGHR analog. Mutated pGHR cDNAs were transfected into mouse L cells (MLCs) and cell lines were established. Each individual tyrosine-substituted pGHR analogs was able to activate STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; previously termed pp95) at levels comparable to those of wild type pGHR. Analyses of these pGHR analogs revealed that a single tyrosine residue at position 487, 534, 566, or 627 is sufficient for STAT5 phosphorylation. This result suggested that a redundancy in tyrosine residue requirement may be employed in GH-mediated signal transduction. Also, we found that the requirement of tyrosine residues for STAT...
GNOME: An introductory programming environment based on a family of structure editors

Structure editors have frequently been used as powerful and unifying interfaces for programming environments in computer science research settings. Few, however, have found their way into common use. GNOME is an attempt to channel the experience gained in the use of structure editing for software development environment research of the Gandalf Project into a practical novice programming environment. Based on a family of structure editors, it is currently being used to teach programming to undergraduates at Carnegie-Mellon University. This paper describes the GNOME environment, recounts lessons learned in adapting structure editors to novice programmers, and discusses its effectiveness as a teaching environment.
Interstitial water profiles and sites of diagenetic reactions, Leg 35, DSDP, Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain

Abstract Discrepancies between predicted and observed interstitial water profiles for sites 322 and 323, Leg 35, Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain, were used to identify sites of reaction for further mineralogical and chemical investigations. Two major reaction sites were identified at site 323: (1) In the silicification zone between 410 and 505 m depth, where dissolution of biogenic (opaline) silica, plagioclase and a few coccoliths and the formation of opal-CT, Mg-rich smectite and K-feldspar are responsible for the observed silica, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + interstitial water gradients. Dissolution of biogenic silica provided most of the silica for the porcelanites. (2) In the basalt, weathering of pyroxene and plagioclase and the formation of celadonite, smectite, calcite, and goethite are probably responsible for the observed Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + interstitial water gradients below the silicification zone. The chemistry of authigenic smectites reflects the composition of their precursor(s).
The metabolism of a kinin, benzyladenine

The kinin, 6-benzylaminopurine (benzyladenine), is converted to a number of low-molecular-weight materials by senescing leaves of Xanthium pensylvanicum Wall. (cocklebur). A major product is the riboside, benzyladenosine, which has been identified by comparison of its properties with those of authentic benzyladenosine, enzymically synthesized by E. coli nucleoside phosphorylase, and by degradative studies. The ribotide, benzyladenylic acid, also appears to be produced in Xanthium leaves. Labelled adenylic, guanylic and inosinic acids are produced, from [8-14C]benzyladenine as are small amounts of adenine and guanine. Substantial amounts of label are also found in urea and a ureide. Small amounts of labelled adenylic and guanylic acids are incorporated into the RNA of the leaf, but benzyladenylic acid itself does not appear to be thus incorporated to any significant extent. Preliminary experiments with bean (Phaseolus) leaves indicate that the products of benzyladenine metabolism in this material are different from those in Xanthium.
Proteinaceous precipitate in nodular (follicular) lymphomas.

A heretofore undescribed proteinaceous material was observed within the neoplastic nodules of malignant lymphomas with nodular patterns. The amount of this precipitate varied from case to case and from nodule to nodule. Malignant lymphoma, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, was diagnosed in five patients, and malignant lymphoma, mixed cell type (lymphocytic-histiocytic) was seen in the remaining eight cases. No correlation was found between the amount of the proteinaceous precipitate and the clinical behavior. Of 13 patients in this study, 9 were alive, with or without clinical evidence of lymphoma from 5 to 58 months after onset of symptoms. The remaining four patients died 12, 28, 42, and 48 months after clinical onset, with clinical evidence of disseminated disease at the time of their death. Eight patients were women and five were men. Their ages ranged from 34 to 76 years. Special histochemical procedures failed to reveal the nature of the precipitate, and electron micrographs prepared from one patient showed extracellular clusters of a fine fibrillar material of unknown nature.
Empirical Studies on Test Effectiveness for Database Applications

This paper presents empirical studies of test effectiveness for Java database applications. We primarily address two research questions: (1) What is the relationship between test set size, coverage criteria, and test effectiveness for Java/JDBC programs? (2) Which adequacy criterion is more suitable for testing Java database applications, statement coverage, branch coverage, or command form coverage? We collected data sets by experimenting on several moderately complex open source database application programs, and performed a series of rigorous and comprehensive statistical analyses. The results show that linear models fit the relationship of size and coverage to effectiveness well and that coverage appears to have greater impact on effectiveness than size. However, surprisingly, command form coverage was not consistently more effective than statement or branch coverage.
What Is “Urban Studies”? Context, Internal Structure, and Content

The record of learned concern with cities is nearly as old as the city itself. In the past several decades, however, a distinct academic field of "Urban Studies" has emerged. This article characterizes the context, internal structure, and content of the field through interviews with leading scholars, probabilistic multidimensional scaling analyses of survey data, and a content analysis of a leading journal. The article concludes that although Urban Studies is in some respects not a bounded "academic discipline," it is an intellectually coherent, distinctively structured, and promising field of inquiry steered by complex, ever-changing, and often-large-scale realities and real-world problems of evolving human settlements. The record of learned concern with cities is nearly as old as the city itself. In the past several decades, however, a distinct academic field of "Urban Studies" has emerged. This field was founded upon two propositions roughly stated as follows: first, urban areas are a phenomenon worthy of investigation in their own right, and second, the development of knowledge specifically about urban areas can help in the solution to urban problems (American Behavioral Scientist, 1963, pp. 3-4). Despite the intellectual coherence of these propositions, the domain of interest in Urban Studies is criticized for being insufficiently conceptualized, restricted, and narrow for the field to obtain the status of a formal academic discipline. Arguably, the field does not fully qualify as such according to Warfield's (1984) model of a discipline. There exist no explicit and widely agreed upon criteria with which to demarcate its boundaries in relation to those of other recognized academic disciplines. Moreover, there is neither a single and dominant method employed in research, education, and extension programs within the field, nor are there clearly established unifying goals and objectives with which to shape the internal structure of the field itself. Uncertain of the academic parameters of the newly emerging field, David Popenoe, in the secondissueofthenewlymintedjournalUrbanAffairsQuarterly(1965),firstraisedthequestion, "What is Urban Affairs?" This question turns out to have been prescient. It still gets asked today by (potential) students, business people, policymakers, and even colleagues in other disciplines throughout the United States. Moreover, the lack of a single, clear, realistic, and widely agreed upon conception of the nature and content of the field makes it a challenging question to answer. Those who ask tend to be dissatisfied by references to a domain of academic interest in which
A UNIFIED MATRIX POLYNOMIAL APPROACH TO MODAL IDENTIFICATION

Abstract One important current focus of modal identification is a reformulation of modal parameter estimation algorithms into a single, consistent mathematical formulation with a corresponding set of definitions and unifying concepts. Particularly, a matrix polynomial approach is used to unify the presentation with respect to current algorithms such as the least-squares complex exponential (LSCE), the polyreference time domain (PTD), Ibrahim time domain (ITD), eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA), rational fraction polynomial (RFP), polyreference frequency domain (PFD) and the complex mode indication function (CMIF) methods. Using this unified matrix polynomial approach (UMPA) allows a discussion of the similarities and differences of the commonly used methods. the use of least squares (LS), total least squares (TLS), double least squares (DLS) and singular value decomposition (SVD) methods is discussed in order to take advantage of redundant measurement data. Eigenvalue and SVD transformation methods are utilized to reduce the effective size of the resulting eigenvalue–eigenvector problem as well.
The Mechanics of Crack Initiation at Hard Particles in Rolling Line Contacts

The mechanics of crack initiation in rolling contact bearings is investigated by considering the possibility of hard particle debonding from the surrounding softer matrix. The local elastoplastic stress and strain fields around a hard cylindrical particle located at the point of maximum shear stress below the Hertz contact are calculated by the finite element method. The calculations show that if the applied Hertz loading is sufficiently high, the matrix contiguous with the particle deforms plastically
Corticosterone primes the neuroinflammatory response to DFP in mice: potential animal model of Gulf War Illness

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom disorder with features characteristic of persistent sickness behavior. Among conditions encountered in the Gulf War (GW) theater were physiological stressors (e.g., heat/cold/physical activity/sleep deprivation), prophylactic treatment with the reversible AChE inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), the insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), and potentially the nerve agent, sarin. Prior exposure to the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), at levels associated with high physiological stress, can paradoxically prime the CNS to produce a robust proinflammatory response to neurotoxicants and systemic inflammation; such neuroinflammatory effects can be associated with sickness behavior. Here, we examined whether CORT primed the CNS to mount neuroinflammatory responses to GW exposures as a potential model of GWI. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with chronic (14 days) PB/ DEET, subchronic (7-14 days) CORT, and acute exposure (day 15) to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a sarin surrogate and irreversible AChE inhibitor. DFP alone caused marked brain-wide neuroinflammation assessed by qPCR of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, IL-1β, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M. Pre-treatment with high physiological levels of CORT greatly augmented (up to 300-fold) the neuroinflammatory responses to DFP. Anti-inflammatory pre-treatment with minocycline suppressed many proinflammatory responses to CORT+DFP. Our findings are suggestive of a possible critical, yet unrecognized interaction between the stressor/environment of the GW theater and agent exposure(s) unique to this war. Such exposures may in fact prime the CNS to amplify future neuroinflammatory responses to pathogens, injury, or toxicity. Such occurrences could potentially result in the prolonged episodes of sickness behavior observed in GWI. Gulf War (GW) veterans were exposed to stressors, prophylactic medicines and, potentially, nerve agents in theater. Subsequent development of GW Illness, a persistent multi-symptom disorder with features characteristic of sickness behavior, may be caused by priming of the CNS resulting in exaggerated neuroinflammatory responses to pathogens/insults. Nerve agent, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), produced a neuroinflammatory response that was exacerbated by pre-treatment with levels of corticosterone simulating heightened stressor conditions. While prophylactic treatments reduced DFP-induced neuroinflammation, this effect was negated when those treatments were combined with corticosterone.
Book and video reviews

John Zondlo. Discovering Dxing! How to hear distant AM, FM & TV stations (2nd ed.). Reynoldsburg, OH: Universal Radio Research, 1998. Chris Weigant. Careers as a Disc Jockey. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1998. Michele Hilmes. Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Robert J. Brown. Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America. Jefferson, NC, 1998. Tony Jones, editor. International Broadcasting Services, Ltd. Passport to Web Radio (2nd ed.). Penn's Park, PA: IBS North America, 1998. Joanna R. Lynch & Greg Gillispie. Process and Practice of Radio Programming. Lanham: University Press of America Inc., 1998. Tim Crook. International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 1998. Michael B. Kassel. America's Favorite Radio Station: WKRP in Cincinnati. Bowling Green, OH: Popular Culture Press, 1993. Robert L. Hilliard and Michael C. Keith. Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right. Armon...
DIVAS: an integrated networked system for mask defect dispositioning and defect management

Mask quality is a prime concern to the Intel Mask Operation (IMO) and the Intel wafer fabrication customers. Extreme concern is taken to inspect and repair all defects before shipment. Given that the classification and repair of defects detected by inspection systems is labor intensive, the procedure is prone to human error. Futhermore, since operators manually disposition hundreds of defects each day, it is virtually impossible to eliminate all misclassifications. Due to diffraction effects, not all defects resolve on a wafer. Hence, a defect that an operator may classify as 'real' may indeed be 'lithographically insignifincant'. Conversely an operator may miss a defect that prints, causing a serious reduction in product yield. The DIVAS (Defect, Inspection, Viewing, Archiving and Simulation) system has been described previously and was developed to address these manual classification issues. This paper outlines the fully automated system deployed in a production environment.
Templating multiple length scales by combining phase separation, self-assembly and photopatterning in porous films.

Patternable nanoporous silica thin films with pore sizes on multiple length scales are fabricated using preformed block copolymer/homopolymer blend films as templates. Previous work by Tirumala et al. [V.R. Tirumala, R.A. Pai, S. Agarwal, J.J. Testa, G. Bhatnagar, A.H. Romang, C. Chandler, B.P. Gorman, R.L. Jones, E.K. Lin, J.J. Watkins, Adv. Mater. 18 (8) (2008) 1603] has demonstrated that hydrogen bonding between an amphiphilic copolymer and a homopolymer leads to significant enhancements in the long range order of the template self assembly. However if the copolymer template is simply changed from Pluronic F127 to Brij78, a well ordered template is no longer always obtained; the blend phase separates with apparent selective partitioning of the photoacid generator (PAG) at the interface of the polymer phases. UV exposure selectively generates a photoacid, which is utilized to catalyze tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) condensation. The large disparity in diffusivity of the photoacid between the glassy poly(hydroxystyrene) (PHOSt) and rubbery Brij78 phases results in selective templating of the Brij mesostructure and limited reaction into the PHOSt. Calcination yields relatively monodisperse mesopores from the Brij phase and macropores from the PHOSt phase. Simple variations in processing parameters allow the macropore morphology to be tuned to create high surface area materials with structures on the order of 1 nm, 100 nm and μms from self assembly, phase separation and lithographic patterning respectively.
Planning and Acting

A new theory of problem solving is presented, which embeds problem solving in the theory of action; in this theory, a problem is just a difficult action. Making this work requires a sophisticated language for talking about plans and their execution. This language allows a broad range of types of action, and can also be used to express rules for choosing and scheduling plans. To ensure flexibility, the problem solver consists of an interpreter driven by a theorem prover which actually manipulates formulas of the language. Many examples of the use of the system are given, including an extended treatment of the world of blocks. Limitations and extensions of the system are discussed at length. It is concluded that a rule-based problem solver is necessary and feasible, but that much more work remains to be done on the underlying theory of planning and acting.
Evidence for the ionization steps in monoterpene cyclization reactions using 2-fluorogeranyl and 2-fluorolinalyl pyrophosphates as substrates

Abstract Conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to cyclic monoterpenes is considered to involve the preliminary isomerization of this acyclic precursor to enzyme-bound linalyl pyrophosphate and the cyclization of this tertiary intermediate. 2-Fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate and 2-fluorolinalyl pyrophosphate are effective competitive inhibitors of the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate by several different monoterpene cyclases, and the electron withdrawing α-fluorine substituent was shown to suppress the rate of cyclic product formation from both tritium-labeled analogs by at least two orders of magnitude. These results indicate that both steps of the coupled isomerization-cyclization sequence are initiated by ionization of an allylic pyrophosphate, and they confirm the electrophilic nature of this enzymatic reaction type and its similarity to the prenyltransferase reaction.
Antimicrobial substances from resistant and non-resistant seeds.

WHY certain plant varieties are resistant to plant pathogenic micro-organisms while others are not resistant is not understood. It is possible that resistant plants produce more antibacterial and antifungal substances than non-resistant plants in order to protect themselves against microbial invasion. This idea was advanced by Irving, Fontaine and Doolittle1 and was tested by Little and Grubaugh2. The latter investigators used the expressed juices of several resistant and non-resistant common garden plants and tested them against both plant and animal pathogenic micro-organisms. They concluded that no distinction could be drawn between the activities of the juices of resistant and non-resistant plants. Similar results were reported by Tims3. It was thought advisable to investigate seeds in an attempt to demonstrate any difference between resistant and non-resistant plants. Furthermore, the solvents used in the preparation of seed extracts was not only water but also di-ethyl ether, acetone, ethyl alcohol (95 per cent) and n-butyl alcohol. The use of organic solvents for removing antimicrobial substances from plants is the more common procedure4,5.
Iron induced arthritis in immature rabbits

Intramuscularly administered iron dextran in immature rabbits leads to iron deposition in the articular cartilage chondrocyte followed by lacunar enlargement, the appearance of transverse striations in the matrix, abnormal staining characteristics of the middle layer of cartilage, rounding of the surface chondrocytes, fibrillation and fraying of the cartilage matrix, and death and disappearance of the chondrocytes. Iron deposition also occurs in the synovium and leads to mild thickening with no inflammatory cell reaction. In mature rabbits, iron is deposited in the synovium only, and none of the above cartilage changes occur.
Ethnic Influences on Pharmacy Patronage: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate ethnic influences on motives for pharmacy store choice and selection of pharmacy outlets among Chinese Americans, Korean Americans, and non-Oriental Americans. Respondents (n = 414) were sampled in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area using a self-administered survey. The return rate was 67.8%, with a usable response rate of 58.7%. The survey instrument contained 23 statements describing patronage motives. Using exploratory factor analysis, these statements fell into six dimensions which explained 50.3% of the variance and were identified as professional services, store strength, decision network, store-supplied services, economics, and location. Overall results showed that ethnic differences were found on choice of pharmacy outlets for both prescription and OTC drugs and the motive dimensions of professional services, decision network, and store strength.
Reflectance Models And Field Measurements: Some Issues

Electro-optical field measurements of scene reflectance, together with appropriate target characterization, will play an increasingly important role in the testing, intercomparison, and extension of scene radiation models. Such models, in turn, will serve to extrapolate the range of applicability of field measurements to a wider set of environmental conditions and sensor/source viewing geometries than could practically be obtained by direct measure-ment. This paper presents several issues which must be addressed before such a symbiotic relationship between modeling and measurement approaches can be achieved. The direct comparison of model predictions with field measurements is seen to be a somewhat more subtle task than might be suspected.
PROBLEM OF LARGE DEVIATIONS FOR MARKOV RANDOM EVOLUTIONS WITH INDEPENDENT INCREMENTS IN THE SCHEME OF ASYMPTOTICALLY SMALL DIFFUSION

The problem of large deviations for random evolutions with independent increments is solved in the scheme of asymptotically small diffusion by passing to the limit in the nonlinear (exponential) generator of semigroups by using the solution of the problem of singular perturbation for a reducibly invertible operator.