cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital elements of Saturn's F ring and its shepherding satellites

The orbital parameters of Saturn's F-ring and the shepherding satellites were estimated from Voyager images. The method, results and associated uncertainties are described. Braids were observed in a few frames near shepherd satellite conjunctions.
Abstract P334: Ankle-Brachial Index and Future Diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: Individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD) often experience reduced physical function and activity, which may increase the future risk of diabetes. Although diabetes is a risk factor of PAD, whether low ankle-brachial index (ABI) predates diabetes has not been studied. Hypothesis: Low ABI is independently associated with increased risk of incident diabetes. Methods: ABI was measured on a randomly selected leg in 12,244 black and white participants without prevalent diabetes at baseline (1987-1989). Incident diabetes cases were identified by glucose measurements (fasting ≥126 mg/dl or non-fasting ≥200 mg/dl) at subsequent three visits (1990-92, 1993-95, and 1996-98) and self-reported diagnosis or medication use at those visits or during annual phone interview through 2011. We examined the association of ABI with incident diabetes after accounting for potential confounders using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A total of 3304 participants developed diabetes during a median of 2...
Nonsyntactic Explanations of Island Constraints

The explanation of island phenomena has been a central feature of formal grammatical theory practically since its inception. However, a growing number of linguists have provided explanations for these phenomena that are not based on purely syntactic constraints. Some have proposed alternative explanations that appeal to information structure or to semantic information, and others find the basis for island constraints to lie in processing. This review documents the full range of nonsyntactic explanations of island constraints.
Morphological and functional effects of bile salts on rat colon.

Abstract By correlating morphological observations with quantitative measurements of net water transport, we determined whether bile salts altered colonic absorptive cells. Epithelial alteration was equivocal, and water absorption was uninhibited during infusions of 1 mM deoxycholate or of concentrations of taurocholate less than 10 mM. In contrast, 3 mM deoxycholate and greater than 10 mM taurocholate caused severe alteration of colonic epithelium and inhibited water absorption. These studies suggest that bile salts in the low concentrations normally found within the colon have little effect on colonic structure or water absorption. On the other hand, abnormally high concentrations of bile salts do alter colonic mucosal structure and function.
A Diffusion Model of Aerobic Deterioration at the Exposed Face of Bunker Silos

Abstract A mathematical model is presented for oxygen flow, heat transfer, and yeast growth at the exposed face of bunker silos. The model considers the diffusion of oxygen and conduction of heat within the silage mass; volume flow is neglected. A single comparison of yeast counts and temperatures with measurements by previous authors shows areas of good agreement, but much more experimental work is needed to determine the conditions in which diffusion is the primary mechanism of oxygen infiltration. The model predicts a rapid influx of oxygen early in aerobic exposure followed by a decrease in oxygen levels deep within the silage. Higher silage densities and a faster removal rate from the exposed face are predicted to mitigate aerobic deterioration substantially, while treatment with propionic acid in the outermost layer still results in extensive deterioration under the treated layer.
Involuntary transfer of a top-down attentional set into the focus of attention: evidence from a contingent attentional capture paradigm.

In the present study, we investigated whether involuntarily directing attention to a target-colored distractor causes the corresponding attentional set to enter a limited-capacity focus of attention, thereby facilitating the identification of a subsequent target whose color matches the same attentional set. As predicted, in Experiment 1, contingent attentional capture effects from a target-colored distractor were only one half to one third as large when subsequent target identification relied on the same (vs. a different) attentional set. In Experiment 2, this effect was eliminated when all of the target colors matched the same attentional set, arguing against bottomup perceptual priming of the distractor’s color as an alternative account of our findings. In Experiment 3, this effect was reversed when a target-colored distractor appeared after the target, ruling out a feature-based interference account of our findings. We conclude that capacity limitations in working memory strongly influence contingent attentional capture when multiple attentional sets guide selection.
Magnetic excitations in the longitudinally modulated spin structure of erbium metal

The magnetic excitation spectrum for the longitudinally modulated incommensurate spin structure of Er metal has been studied by inelastic neutron scattering. Since the Er spins order parallel to the $c$ axis of the hcp crystal structure, it is possible to separate the longitudinal and transverse spin fluctuations. We find no sharp spin waves for the transverse fluctuations owing to the spatial variations of the exchange and anisotropy energies. The longitudinal fluctuations, however, produce neutron scattering, at small wave vectors, which possesses rather sharp peaks that have a linear dispersion relation.
The implications of point source phosphorus management to potable water treatment

The Vaal River Barrage reservoir is an important source of raw water for Rand Water which supplies at least 10 million people with drinking water daily. Return effluents from waste water treatment works, industries and informal urban settlements in the catchment has resulted in algal problems in the raw water and treatment process. In order to attempt to reduce the effect of eutrophication of South African inland water quality the Department of Water Affairs implemented in 1985 a 1 mg/l ortho-phosphate standard for waste water treatment works effluents. The amount of phosphate originating from the waste treatment works decreased significantly over the 10 years after the standard was implemented even though 40% of the time the works do not comply to the standard. This has resulted in no significant change in the chlorophyll values at Rand Water Intake No. 1. The algal species composition has changed with blue-greens becoming more dominant which has resulted in a higher incidence of algal related problems. The stabilizing of the chlorophyll values is not only as a result of lower ortho-phosphate levels but also due to residence times, turbidity and conductivity. To further reduce the algal concentrations at Rand Water Intake No. 1 the 1 mg/l ortho-phosphate standard will have to be enforced, the standard possibly reduced and diffuse sources managed on a catchment basis.
Ability of Low Antihypertensive Medication Adherence to Predict Statin Discontinuation and Low Statin Adherence in Patients Initiating Treatment After a Coronary Event

Low statin adherence and discontinuation of statins are common in patients with coronary heart disease. We hypothesized that low antihypertensive medication adherence would be associated with future statin discontinuation and low adherence in patients initiating statins. Using a 5% national sample of Medicare beneficiaries, we conducted a cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries initiating statins after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Antihypertensive medication adherence, defined using the average proportion of days covered across 5 classes during the 365 days before hospitalization, was categorized as ≥80% (high), 50% to
Blowoff Characteristics of Bluff-Body Stabilized Conical Premixed Flames in a Duct with Upstream Spatial Mixture Gradients and Velocity Oscillations

An experimental study of flame blowoff phenomenon in a bluff body stabilized flame confined in a cylindrical duct is presented. Blowoff equivalence ratios were determined for two approach velocities and three different upstream equivalence ratio profiles (uniform, inner, and outer fuel enrichment) in the absence and presence of imposed upstream velocity oscillations. The results were compared with those for the unconfined flame configuration as well. It is found that the blowoff equivalence ratios exhibit somewhat different trends for different approach velocities. For the uniform mixture profile, blowoff equivalence ratio first increases with increasing excitation frequency and then decreases at higher frequencies for the approach velocity of 5 m/s. For the 11 m/s approach velocity, the trend is different, and the blowoff equivalence ratio continuously increases with increasing excitation frequency. The blowoff equivalence ratios are higher for the confined flame configuration. An empirical correlation o...
Parameterizations for Water Vapor IR Radiative Transfer in Both the Middle and Lower Atmospheres

Abstract Water vapor contributes a maximum of 1°C/day to the middle atmospheric thermal infrared (IR) cooling. This magnitude is small but not negligible. Because of the small amount of mass involved and the extremely narrow molecular absorption lines at pressures less than 1 mb, only a few existing parameterizations can compute accurately the water vapor cooling in this region. The accuracy and efficiency of two IR parameterizations are examined in this study. One is the correlated-k distribution method, and the other is the table look-up using precomputed transmission functions. Both methods can accurately compute the cooling rate from the earth's surface to 0.01 mb with an error of only a few percent. The contribution to the cooling rate at pressures <1 mb comes from a very small fraction (<0.005) of the spectrum near the centers of the absorption bands, where the absorption coefficient varies by four orders of magnitude. It requires at least 100 terms of the k-distribution function to accurately compu...
The axon reaction of the goldfish Mauthner cell and factors that influence its morphological variability

The axon reaction of the goldfish Mauthner cell, elicited by spinal cord transection, included somatic swelling, nuclear eccentricity, chromatolysis, nuclear infolding, and a perinuclear buildup of basophilic material. The latter three changes were found most consistently and showed gradations which were ranked quantitatively. The time of onset of chromatolysis and nucleus-associated changes depended upon the distance of the wound from the Mauthner cell soma. Specifically, for Mauthner axons cut at 5, 10.5, and 20 mm distal to their somata, the approximate postoperative times of onset were 10, 20, and 40 days, respectively. Mauthner cells axotomized 42 mm distally did not display a consistent axon reaction. Cell atrophy and death were not found in cells axotomized 10.5, 20, or 42 mm from their somata up to 285 postoperative days, but were observed at the longer postoperative intervals (421 days) in neurons cut 5 mm distally and were consistently found in neurons axotomized less than 1.6 mm from their somata. The axon reactions of Mauthner cells within a pair were frequently different. This variability cannot be explained by the influence of cut site or postoperative interval and is hypothesized to result from different metabolic conditions of the individual cells.
Signal editing : a new approach to upgrade concatenated coding communications

Based on the property that correction coding is more sensitive to the number of errors than the number of erased code symbols, results of an analytical investigation to improve the performance of concatenated coding communications are presented. We propose a new tactic, ‘signal editing’, to estimate and erase unreliable data prior to the final outer decoding process. We show that signal editing has a capability to detect and delete individual erroneous digits that has not been achieved by other methods. As a result, system performance can be markedly improved. Specific recommendations for using the procedure are suggested and discussed. We illustrate how signal editing is implemented in the case of a convolutional code with Viterbi decoding. A new concatenated (or hybrid) coding technique is constructed integrating the code with interleaving and signal editing. Performance improvement is evaluated and analysed. In this study, signal editing is derived from the information available in the Viterbi decoding process. Not limited to convolutional code with Viterbi decoding, signal editing can be applied to other linear codes without any restriction.
Preserving sport and recreation facilities through the 'rehabilitation' of building codes

Over the next decade, the majority of the building stock within the USA and across the globe will be renovated or replaced by new structures. During the construction process, local government building codes must be respected and adhered to in order to ensure the safety and protection of the community infrastructure and incorporated constituent activity. Interestingly, many building codes lack the normative position to adequately govern renovation activities such as preservation, reconstruction, rehabilitation and restoration. This particularly holds true when discussing large-scale construction projects such as sport and recreation venues. By first establishing that sport and recreation facilities are significant sources of community heritage, the main aim of this review is to raise public and managerial awareness about the need for new building codes (i.e., rehabilitation codes) that take sport and recreation facility renovation efforts into consideration.
User toolkits for innovation

Manufacturers must accurately understand user needs in order to develop successful products-but the task is becoming steadily more difficult as user needs change more rapidly, and as firms increasingly seek to serve “markets of one.” User toolkits for innovation allow manufacturers to actually abandon their attempts to understand user needs in detail in favor of transferring need-related aspects of product and service development to users along with an appropriate toolkit. User toolkits for innovation are specific to given product or service type and to a specified production system. Within those general constraints, they give users real freedom to innovate, allowing them to develop their custom product via iterative trial-and-error. That is, users can create a preliminary design, simulate or prototype it, evaluate its functioning in their own use environment, and then iteratively improve it until satisfied. As the concept is evolving, toolkits guide the user to insure that the completed design can be produced on the intended production system without change. Pioneering applications in areas ranging from the development of custom integrated circuits to the development of custom foods show that user toolkits for innovation can be much more effective than traditional, manufacturer-based development methods.
Liposomal Doxorubicin for Treatment of Metastatic Chemorefractory Vulvar Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Background. Primaryadenocarcinoma of the vulva is a rare entity, and for widely metastatic vulvar adenocarcinoma, no effective treatment has been established. Case. A 65-year-old woman was diagnosed with regionally advanced vulvar adenocarcinoma, with bulky involvement of bilateral groin lymph nodes, and associated extramammary Paget's disease. Initial therapy consisted of multiagent chemotherapy and vulvar and groin irradiation, followed by radical vulvectomy with groin and pelvic lymph node dissection. She subsequently developed widely metastatic disease including brain, pulmonary, hepatic, osseus, and subcutaneous lesions. Treatment with liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) resulted in dramatic regression of metastatic lesions and marked improvement in quality-of-life. She remains clinically well, greater than 1 year since initiating Doxil treatment for widely metastatic vulvar adenocarcinoma, and has surpassed 5 years of survival since her initial diagnosis. Conclusions. We report the first case of Doxil used for the treatment of metastatic chemorefractory vulvar adenocarcinoma. We observed that Doxil was a well-tolerated and effective agent for this gynecologic malignancy, and warrants further investigation.
Mass Spectrometric Probing of Laser-Induced Materials Vapor Transport: Graphite and Superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox

A very high pressure-sampling mass spectrometer has been used to identify the vapor transport species and determine the thermochemistry and kinetics of laser-induced plumes produced from graphite and superconducting composition YBa 2 Cu 3 O x targets (x = 6.5 to 7). An electron impact ion source was used for the ionization and detection of neutral plume species. The plumes initially contain -1 atm (1 atm = 101.325 kPa) of neutral and charged atomic and molecular species in a vacuum of −7 atm. Time resolved mass spectra were obtained with graphite targets for the neutral plume species C n (n = 1-9) for varying laser fluence, laser-surface interaction geometry, vapor plume-sampling geometry, and target surface morphology. Relatively low abundance charged species C1 + , C 2 + , C 3 + , and impurities Na + and K + were also observed in the laser-induced plume. Mass spectra obtained with superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O x targets showed a variety of species in the laser-induced plumes including both neutral and ionic Y, Ba, and Cu. In addition, molecular species such as O 2 , BaO, CuO + , YO and bimetallics (BaCu, YCu) were observed.
Association of urinary macromolecules with calcium oxalate crystals induced in vitro in normal human and rat urine

This study was undertaken to identify proteins which are found associated with calcium oxalate crystals induced in vitro in normal human and rat urine. Crystallization was initiated by adding sodium oxalate individually to each urine sample without centrifugation and filtration. Crystals were collected and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Crystal matrix proteins (CMPs) were obtained by demineralization of the crystals with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and analyzed by western blotting technique for immunological identification. Crystals produced in human urine were found to be a mixture of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) while those produced in rat urine were exclusively COD. CMPs extracted from crystals in human urine comprised, in addition to prothrombin-related proteins, osteopontin and albumin. However, CMPs extracted from crystals in rat urine contained only osteopontin and albumin. Prothrombin-related proteins were found only in trace amounts. In a separate experiment, rat urine samples were supplemented with COM before inducing crystallization. Similar results were observed showing that CMP contained osteopontin, albumin and trace amounts of prothrombin-related proteins. We conclude that several urinary macromolecules including not only prothrombin-related proteins, but also osteopontin and albumin, become associated with CaOx crystals. The incorporation of these proteins in growing stones is not only due to the presence of γ-carboxyglutamic acid as it was suggested for prothrombin-related proteins, but may be due to other factors such as urinary chemistry, presence of glutamic and aspartic acid residues, and calcium-binding sites.
International Political Economy and the Persistent Scare Quotes around “Development”

Where does one locate the subfield of international political economy (IPE) with its study of North-South relations and developing countries? Attempts to map the field usually work on at least two levels. In the first instance, an intra-political science conceptualization conventionally invokes the fields of international relations and comparative politics and then uses words like “intersection,” “inform,” and “complement.” Indeed, if comparative politics is traditionally viewed as the study of politics within countries (often with attention to a specific region of the globe) and international relations is preoccupied with the relationships between countries in the international arena, efforts to understand the politics of developing countries obliges IPE scholars to engage both fields. How can one understand the development experience of a country (or region) without situating it in a broader international context? Undeniably, a country's experience with its colonial legacy, the evolution of state institutions, economic growth, poverty, corruption, globalization, and natural resource exploitation can only be understood in the dynamic context of the international arena.Gregory White is Associate Professor of Government at Smith College, Northampton, MA (gwhite@email.smith.edu). He is the author of On the Outside of Europe Looking In: A Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (2001) and articles and book chapters on Moroccan politics and labor migration.
Exploiting edge semantics in citation graphs using efficient, vertical ARM

Graphs are increasingly becoming a vital source of information within which a great deal of semantics is embedded. As the size of available graphs increases, our ability to arrive at the embedded semantics grows into a much more complicated task. One form of important hidden semantics is that which is embedded in the edges of directed graphs. Citation graphs serve as a good example in this context. This paper attempts to understand temporal aspects in publication trends through citation graphs, by identifying patterns in the subject matters of scientific publications using an efficient, vertical association rule mining model. Such patterns can (a) indicate subject-matter evolutionary history, (b) highlight subject-matter future extensions, and (c) give insights on the potential effects of current research on future research. We highlight our major differences with previous work in the areas of graph mining, citation mining, and Web-structure mining, propose an efficient vertical data representation model, introduce a new subjective interestingness measure for evaluating patterns with a special focus on those patterns that signify strong associations between properties of cited papers and citing papers, and present an efficient algorithm for the purpose of discovering rules of interest followed by a detailed experimental analysis.
Effects of adrenergic antagonists on prereplicative changes during nafenoplin-induced liver growth in the rat

Abstract Nafenopin (NP) induces hepatomegaly characterized by cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. An investigation was carried out on the effects of adrenergic antagonists on prereplicative changes in the livers of rats treated with NP. After a single dose of 200 mg/kg, induction of amino acid uptake (AAU) was maximal at 9 hr, induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was biphasic with peaks at 9 and 21 hr, and DNA synthesis was maximally induced at 21 hr. The α-adrenergic antagonists phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine, injected 0.5 hr before or 3hr after NP, further enhanced AAU and ODC activity at 9 hr. The β-adrenergic antagonists propranolol and pindolol elicited a similar enhancement (superinduction) when injected 0.5 hr before but not 3 hr after NP. When α- and β-antagonists were injected simultaneously, no net enhancement of NP-induced AAU or ODC was seen at 9 hr. Enhancement of the 21 hr peak of ODC activity is seen in response to α- and β-antagonists injected at 12 hr but not at 3 hr. Despite the marked stimulation in AAU and ODC activity in response to the antagonists, DNA synthesis was not affected. Inferences drawn from these results are: (1) α- and β-receptors may interact to exert a modulating affect on NP induction such that blockade of one site elicits superinduction while blockade of both sites does not significantly alter the NP response, (2) there appear to be time-related changes in these receptor relationships after administration of NP, (3) the superinduction of AAU and ODC associated with α-antagonists injected 3 hr after NP may specifically involve β-receptors, (4) the two peaks of ODC activity are at least partially independent of each other, and (5) the adrenergic receptor mechanisms responding to administration of NP are somewhat different from those functioning during liver regeneration.
Extrusion processing of restructured peach and peach/starch gels

This study investigated the potential of twin screw extrusion technology to produce value-added, restructured peach and peach/starch gels. The effects of water content, melt temperature, sugar and starch concentration on product color, water activity and texture were determined. Water exhibited the greatest effects. As water content increased, product color darkened significantly, water activity increased, and hardness and springiness values decreased significantly in both peach and peach/starch gels. Increasing melt temperatures resulted in darker products. Significant interactions between water content and temperature were observed for 100% peach gels. Starch addition resulted in significant increases in hardness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness values, as well as decreases in product springiness. Increasing melt temperatures resulted in peach/starch gels with softer, more adhesive and cohesive textures. The addition of sugar to peach gels did not significantly affect their color; however, sugar addition did significantly increase the L, a and b values of peach/starch gels. Sugar concentration did not affect peach gel texture, but sugar and starch concentration interacted significantly in peach/starch gels. As sugar concentration increased, the effect of starch concentration on the hardness and adhesiveness decreased. Polynomial regression analysis was utilized to model the relationship between specific mechanical energy and product hardness.
Raman spectra in the libration region of concentrated aqueous solutions of lithium-6 and lithium-7 halides. Evidence for tetrahedral Li(OH2)4+

The Raman spectra of saturated solutions of6LiCl and7LiCl have been decomposed into Gaussian components, one of which is a polarized band that occurs at 360 cm−1 when the ion is6Li+ and shifts to 335 cm−1 when the ion is7Li+. Equivalent bands occur in the spectra of saturated solutions of6LiBr and7LiBr at 343 and 320 cm−1, respectively. These bands are assigned to solvent-separated ion aggregates. The Raman spectra of 8.0 and 3.5 m solutions of the isotopic lithium chlorides have been decomposed into five Gaussian components, three of which are assigned to water librations. In addition, there is a polarized band at 440 cm−1 independent of the lithium isotope used, and a depolarized band which occurs at 385 cm−1 in the6LiCl solutions and 360 cm−1 in the7LiCl solutions. We interpret these two additional bands as theA 1 andF 2 stretching modes of Li+ tetrahedrally solvated by water molecules.
The Bcl-2 family member BIM has multiple glaucoma-relevant functions in DBA/2J mice

Axonal insult induces retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death through a BAX-dependent process. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member BIM is known to induce BAX activation. BIM expression increased in RGCs after axonal injury and its induction was dependent on JUN. Partial and complete Bim deficiency delayed RGC death after mechanical optic nerve injury. However, in a mouse model of glaucoma, DBA/2J mice, Bim deficiency did not prevent RGC death in eyes with severe optic nerve degeneration. In a subset of DBA/2J mice, Bim deficiency altered disease progression resulting in less severe nerve damage. Bim deficient mice exhibited altered optic nerve head morphology and significantly lessened intraocular pressure elevation. Thus, a decrease in axonal degeneration in Bim deficient DBA/2J mice may not be caused by a direct role of Bim in RGCs. These data suggest that BIM has multiple roles in glaucoma pathophysiology, potentially affecting susceptibility to glaucoma through several mechanisms.
Stereoselective synthesis of the cis-275B decahydroquinoline ring system ☆

Abstract The Diels–Alder precursor was constructed from readily available d -glutamic acid utilizing a series of functional group transformations. The stereocenter of the amino acid provided the desired stereochemistry at C2 and diastereoselectively directed the intramolecular Diels–Alder cyclization. This simultaneously generated the three remaining stereocenters and yielded a bicyclic intermediate with all four stereocenters of the target decahydroquinoline 275B.
SU‐FF‐I‐77: Relationship of Uncertainty in Pixel Intensity to Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Calculation

Purpose: To estimate how variations in pixel uncertainty can affect calculations of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients (ADCs) used in therapy evaluation. Methods and Materials: ADCs are calculated for a Region of Interest (ROI) using Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWMRI). Uncertainties in pixel intensities, e.g. due to noise, are simulated by increasing or decreasing pixel intensities by ± 50% from their nominal value. The large value (50%) of variation allows trends to be observed more easily. The resulting modified DWMRI images are then used to calculate ADC for ROIs, and the variation of the ADC as a function of position and/or slice number and/or ROI size is then observed. We have analyzed DWMRI scans for a number of patients. Results: Positive increases in pixel intensity result in lower ADC values and we hence observe the largest relative variation with this change. For the nominal ∼300mm2 ROI, with a +50% increase in pixel intensity, we see a maximum relative change of roughly a factor of six going from left to right (as the ROI crosses the ventricles) compared with a factor of three for the nominal pixel intensity. Similar changes were observed for inferior — superior positions (slice number). We see minimal or no variation in ADC Values as the area of the ROI is varied from 150 mm2 to 600 mm2. Conclusion: Positive variations in pixel uncertainty result in the largest variation of ADCs and have the most effect in the region which has low average pixel intensity. This behavior is due to low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) in that region.
An areal method for calibrating microburettes

Abstract At a given temperature and humidity the areas of spots produced on filter paper by minute droplets of dye solution are related exponentially to the corresponding volumes. Areal calibration can be used to check the linearity of delivery of microburettes and microinjection syringe systems, and to estimate the variation between repeated deliveries of volumes as small as 0.1 ml. Bei einer bestimmten Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit sind die von sehr kleinen Tropfen einer Farbelosung auf Filterpapier hinterlassenen Flecke, den entsprechenden Volumina exponentiell proportional. Diese Kalibriermethode kann benutzt werden, um die Regelmassigkeit des Ausflusses von Mikroburetten und Mikroinjektionsspritzen zu kontrollieren und die Volumanderungen bis zu 0.1 ml zu verfolgen.
Effects of Treatment for Cervical Disc Degenerative Disease in Military Populations

Numerous clinical and biomechanical evaluations of cervical disc replacement and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion as treatment of cervical disc herniation have been performed. Military patients represent a unique patient population as they may be subject to large external forces in theatre. Military patients are more susceptible to degenerative disease of the cervical spine, and if treated with single-level bony fusion, the treated level may be subject to large forces postoperatively. Literature reviews were conducted to determine patient outcomes following cervical disc replacement compared to bony fusion surgery; compare cadaver studies that evaluated the two conditions; and finite element modeling studies. In the civilian population, patients treated with each type of surgery have clinical improvement that is at least equivalent in the 2- and 5-year follow-up periods. Based on the finite element and cadaver biomechanical studies, semiconstrained devices, ProDisc-C and Prestige, are less mobile and a larger load is placed on the core of the device in comparison to the more mobile and unconstrained Bryan disc.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Design and uses of selective agonistic and antagonistic analogs of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin

Agonistic and antagonistic analogs of oxytocin and vasopressin are proving to be valuable pharmacological tools for studies on (a) the central and peripheral effects of vasopressin in the regulation of blood pressure under normal and pathophysiological states, (b) the characterization of receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in different tissues including the CNS, (c) the effects of vasopressin on memory processes and (d) in modulating the release of corticotropin. How the structures of some of these analogs were arrived at together with some of their pharmacological and potential therapeutic uses are the subjects of this review.
Graphene on Ru(0001): Evidence for two graphene band structures

High-resolution photoemission illustrates that the band structure of graphene on Ru(0001) exhibits a well-defined splitting. This splitting is largest with the graphene directly on the Ru(0001) substrate, whereas with a chemisorbed oxygen spacer layer between the graphene and the metal substrate, this splitting is considerably reduced. This splitting is attributed to a combination of chemical interactions between graphene and Ru(0001) and to screening of the former by the latter, not spin-orbit coupling.
Crack tip shielding--an elastic theory of dislocations and dislocation arrays near a sharp crack

An elastic solution has been found for a screw dislocation near a crack in the absence of any external stresses. The dislocation produces a stress intensity factor on the crack even without external stresses. The stress intensity factor at the crack tip plus the dislocation's contribution to the stress intensity factor add to the stress intensity factor due to the applied stresses. Also the interaction between the crack and dislocations, and between dislocations in the presence of the crack can be solved by simply considering the associated stress intensity factors at the crack tip. Several additional solutions derived are two dislocations at the crack tip, a dislocation off the crack plane, a circle of dislocations around the crack tip and a finite length crack with external stresses.
Analysis of the role of the NUC1 endo/exonuclease in yeast mitochondrial DNA recombination

Mitochondrial DNA recombination was reduced in an yeast mutant lacking the NUC1 endo/exonuclease. Between linked markers in either the ω or cob region the frequency of recombination decreased nearly 50% compared to wild-type. Gene conversion frequencies in the var1 gene and in the ω region were also lower in the mutant strain. In particular, the gradient of gene conversion at ω was most affected by the absence of the NUC1 nuclease. In crosses between nuclease-deficient and wild-type strains, gene conversion frequencies at ω were reduced only when the ω+ allele was contributed to the zygote by the nuclease-deficient parent. We propose that the 5′ exonuclease activity of the NUC1 nuclease functions during recombination to enlarge heteroduplex tracts following a double-strand break in DNA. In crosses between nuclease-deficient and wild-type strains, the anisotropy in gene conversion frequencies at ω is hypothesized to be due to the slow mixing of parental motochondrial membranes as they fuse in the zygote.
Determination of Filtrable Orthophosphate in Water from Fish Ponds

Abstract Millipore (R) membrane filters (0.45 μm), Gelman glass fiber filters (Type A-E), and filter papers (Whatman No. 42 and No. 1) were all suitable for preparing pond water samples for orthophosphate determination. The stannous chloride method was just as accurate and precise, but more sensitive, than the ascorbic acid method for orthophosphate. However, the longer stability of the colored sol made the ascorbic acid method more suitable for analyzing pond waters for filtrable orthophosphate. Concentrations of filtrable orthophosphate changed rapidly during storage of unpreserved samples in polyethylene bottles. When a high degree of accuracy is necessary, samples should not be stored for more than 1 hour before analysis.
Enhancement of renal excretion of zinc by hydrochlorothiazide.

Abstract The effect of hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg twice a day orally for 5 days) on the metabolism of zinc was examined in four patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, one with idiopathic osteoporosis, one with normocalciuric nephrolithiasis, one normal volunteer, and one with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Urinary zinc progressively increased until the peak value, at approximately twice the mean of control values, was reached on the fifth day of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. After treatment was stopped, it gradually decreased towards control values. Serum concentration of zinc increased slightly or did not change during treatment. In contrast, furosemide, triamterene, mercaptomerin, or oral “sodium loading” did not affect renal excretion of zinc.
Methylation of the Claudin 1 Promoter Is Associated with Loss of Expression in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer

Downregulation of the tight junction protein claudin 1 is a frequent event in breast cancer and is associated with recurrence, metastasis, and reduced survival, suggesting a tumor suppressor role for this protein. Tumor suppressor genes are often epigenetically silenced in cancer. Downregulation of claudin 1 via DNA promoter methylation may thus be an important determinant in breast cancer development and progression. To investigate if silencing of claudin 1 has an epigenetic etiology in breast cancer we compared gene expression and methylation data from 217 breast cancer samples and 40 matched normal samples available through the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Moreover, we analyzed claudin 1 expression and methylation in 26 breast cancer cell lines. We found that methylation of the claudin 1 promoter CpG island is relatively frequent in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer and is associated with low claudin 1 expression. In contrast, the claudin 1 promoter was not methylated in most of the ER-breast cancers samples and some of these tumors overexpress claudin 1. In addition, we observed that the demethylating agents, azacitidine and decitabine can upregulate claudin 1 expression in breast cancer cell lines that have a methylated claudin 1 promoter. Taken together, our results indicate that DNA promoter methylation is causally associated with downregulation of claudin 1 in a subgroup of breast cancer that includes mostly ER+ tumors, and suggest that epigenetic therapy to restore claudin 1 expression might represent a viable therapeutic strategy in this subtype of breast cancer.
Absence of detectable interferon in jejunal biopsies, jejunal aspirates, and sera in experimentally induced viral gastroenteritis in man.

SummarySeven of thirteen normal volunteers inoculated with either the Norwalk of Hawaii agent of viral gastroenteritis demonstrated clinical illness, with typical rapid onset, short duration, and rapid recovery. Examination of sera, jejunal aspirates, and jejunal biopsy specimens obtained 48-96 hr after inoculation, failed to reveal the presence of interferon in samples from either ill or well subjects.
Epistatic Interactions in Crosses of Illinois High Oil × Illinois Low Oil and of Illinois High Protein × Illinois Low Protein Corn Strains

Epistasis has been proposed as a possible explanation for the long continued progress from selection in the Illinois long-term corn (Zea mays L.) selection strains. From the crosses of Illinois High Oil (IHO) × Illinois Low Oil (ILO) and of Illinois High Protein (IHP) × Illinois Low Protein (ILP), 500 S 2 lines were developed. Each IHO×ILO line was genotyped for 479 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and each IHP×ILP line was genotyped for 499 SNP markers. Per se and testcross progenies of each S 2 line were evaluated for oil, protein, and starch. A large number of QTL were found to control these traits. The objective of this paper is to report the results of analysis of these crosses for two-way epistatic interactions. More epistatic interactions were signifi cant than expected by chance. The proportion of signifi cant interactions that involved a marker signifi cant in a single marker analysis (SMA) was no greater than expected by chance. The number of markers associated only with signifi cant epistatic effects ranged from 46.3 to 72.2% of the total number of markers signifi cant for either an interaction effect or from SMA. The number of QTL controlling a trait is much greater than will be found by analyzing for signifi cant QTL main effects. Thus, epistasis could contribute to the long continued response to selection in the Illinois long-term selection strains and also may help explain the continued success of commercial corn breeding.
Enhancement of the reactivity of photochemically generated enediynes via keto-enol tautomerization.

Ten- and eleven-membered-ring cyclic enediynes that possess a carbonyl group in a β position with respect to the one of acetylenic termini undergo very facile cycloaromatization at ambient temperatures. Kinetic data and deuterium-labeling experiments indicate that this reaction proceeds via rate-determining tautomerization to the allene−eneyne form followed by very rapid Myers−Saito cyclization.
Morphological Characterization of Bicontinuous Phase-Separated Polymer Blends and One-Phase Microemulsions

The morphological similarity between a phase-separated polymer blend and a one-phase bicontinuous microemulsion is discussed in detail by comparing their respective light and X-ray scattering intensity distributions with structure factors computed according to the random wave model (RWM). In the RWM, a three-parameter spectral function introduced by Lee and Chen is used in conjunction with Berk's theory and Cahn's clipping scheme to calculate the Debye correlation function for the scattering intensity. The agreement between experiment and theory is excellent. The three parameters determined by fitting the scattering intensities are then used to calculate the average Gaussian curvature of the interfaces between the two isometric phases for the first time. The RWM can also be used to generate the 3D morphologies of both the bicontinuous phase-separated polymer blend and the one-phase microemulsion. There is a striking resemblance between the morphologies of these two unrelated systems, in spite of a differe...
Analysis of Displacement Fields near Dislocation Cores in Ordered Polymers

We have significantly improved a method to characterize the displacement fields near edge dislocations in ordered polymers. Our extended analysis now makes it possible to predict and explain the variation in tilt of different lattice planes in the vicinity of dislocations in isotropic solids, anisotropic crystals, and liquid crystals in terms of their elasticity constants. Direct images of the dislocation cores were obtained in three different polymer systems using bright field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). A b[010] = 63 nm edge dislocation was imaged in the ABC triblock copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (SEBM). The isotropic displacement fields according to theories by Taylor and Burgers were compared to the SEBM data. Fitting the theoretical displacement fields to the displacements measured from the image, an estimate of the elastic constant anisotropy was obtained. For this material the ratio o...
Effects of Selected Herbicides on Bacterial Populations in Nontreated and Treated Water

: Bacterial populations in nontreated and herbicide-treated waters were subjected to three different herbicides. Diuron, dichlobenil, and diquat were added (100 mg/l) to water samples from two fresh water lakes and two herbicide-treated ponds. Total numbers of bacteria were monitored. Bacterial populations in fresh lake water decreased after herbicide additions; however, final populations were significantly greater than the controls. Similar observations were recorded for bacteria in dichlobenil- and diuron-treated waters. Selective enrichment is probably expressed in these experiments.
Use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the direct determination of silver in sea water and in solid reference materials

Abstract Laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry is used with a novel diffusive graphite tube electrothermal atomizer for the determination of silver in sea water and three National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) soil reference materials (SRM 2709, 2710 and 2711). The samples are contained in a small graphite boat which is attached to one of two graphite electrodes. The boat is inserted into the center of a graphite tube which is then sealed by the electrodes and heated. The vaporized sample diffuses through the heated graphite walls and is excited by a laser beam which passes a few mm above the tube. The seawater matrix causes a two-fold suppression in the silver fluorescence signal compared with a pure aqueous standard of the same concentration. The depression is constant over a concentration range of 6 orders of magnitude. When aqueous standards were used for the determination of Ag in the solid samples, no significant difference between the measured values and the certified values were found. A limit of detection of 40 fg (4 ppt) was obtained for pure aqueous solutions and 90 fg (9 ppt) in a 1:1 diluted seawater matrix. A concentration of silver of 14 ng L−1 was determined in a sample of coastal Atlantic water.
Investigation of equivalence principle violations using solar neutrino oscillations in a constant gravitational potential

Neutrino oscillations induced by a flavor–dependent violation of the Einstein Equivalence Principle (VEP) have been recently considered as a suitable explanation of the solar �e deficiency. Unlike the MSW oscillation mechanism, the VEP mechanism is dependent on a coupling to the local background gravitational potential �. We investigate the differences which arise by considering three–flavor VEP neutrinos oscillating against fixed background potentials, and against the radially–dependent solar potential. This can help determine the sensitivity of the gravitationally–induced oscillations to both constancy and size (order of magnitude) of �. In particular, we consider the potential of the local supercluster, |�SC| = 3×10 5 , in light of recent work suggesting that the varying solar potential has no effect on the oscillations. The possibility for arbitrarily large background potentials in different cosmologies is discussed, and the effects of one such potential (� = 10 3 ) are considered.
Book Review: Materials and Medicine: Trade, Conquest, and Therapeutics in the Eighteenth Century

Pratik Chakrabarti, Materials and Medicine: Trade, Conquest, and Therapeutics in the Eighteenth Century, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2010, pp. 259.
Microprocessor Based Controller for Complex Turbine Systems

The increasing complexity of control system requirements has led to the use of microprocessor based controllers on gas turbine systems. For this automotive turbine system, precise temperature controlled accelerations and modulating clutch spools demanded complex schedules and tight control of system non-linear behavior. The control system also monitors turbine performance and START/STOP requirements.The control system hardware consists of a single string controller, fitted with auxiliary overspeed and temperature monitors. Eight proportional integral derivative (P ID) loops are run concurrently to control the fuel and clutch valves, as well as the schedules, logic and monitoring functions. The control functions are scheduled to run every 20 to 160 milliseconds, as a function of their bandwidth requirements.System diagnostics are also provided, allowing rapid service of the system when shutdowns occur.Copyright © 1983 by ASME