cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidental Finding of Tumor While Investigating Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Ethical Considerations and Practical Strategies

High-resolution neuroimaging modalities are used often in studies involving healthy volunteers. Subsequently, a significant increase in the incidental discovery of asymptomatic intracranial abnormalities raised the important ethical issues of when follow-up and treatment may be necessary. We examined the literature to establish a practical set of criteria for approaching incidental findings. Our objective is to develop an algorithm for when follow-up may be important and to provide recommendations that would increase the likelihood of follow-up. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases to identify articles describing brain tumors and intracranial aneurysms. The treatment algorithm we present suggests that incidental intracranial masses suspicious for glioma should be biopsied or resected, while other masses are to be followed with serial imaging based on the expected growth pattern. Lack of follow-up can result in adverse outcomes that can be mitigated by using technology to facilitate communication and improve follow-up care. The importance of training physicians to be good communicators is also stressed. New technology including automated telephone systems, texting and email will improve access to patients and hopefully encourage compliance and follow-up.
Low oxygen tension decreases receptor binding of peptide growth factors in dermal fibroblast cultures.

We have investigated receptor binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β) in cultures of human dermal fibroblasts exposed to low (2%, hypoxia) or standard (20%) oxygen tension. Compared to standard oxygen, the binding of both 125I-TGF-β and 125 I-EGF in low oxygen tension was diminished by a mean of 65 and 62%, respectively (P < 0.02), and was reversed by reexposure of cultures to standard oxygen tension. Low oxygen tension decreased the number of binding sites of both EGF (mean = 44%) and TGF-β (mean = 33%). Preincubation of the media in the two different oxygen conditions showed that alterations in the redox potential of the medium was not responsible for the changes observed in receptor binding. As shown by Northern analysis, diminished TGF-β receptor binding in hypoxia was accompanied by up to a 10-fold decrease in mRNA levels of TGF-β type II receptor. We conclude that oxygen tension decreases EGF and TGF-β receptor binding and synthesis.
Contribution of chlorophyll fluorescence to the apparent vegetation reflectance

Current strategies for monitoring the physiologic status of terrestrial vegetation rely on remote sensing reflectance data, which provide estimates of vigor based primarily on chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) measurements offer a non-destructive alternative and a more direct approach for diagnosis of vegetation stress before a significant reduction in chlorophyll content has occurred. Thus, technology based on ChlF may allow more accurate carbon sequestration estimates and earlier stress detection than is possible when using reflectance data alone. However, the observed apparent vegetation reflectance (Ra) in reality includes contributions from both the reflected and fluoresced radiation. The aim of this study is to determine the relative contributions of reflectance and ChlF fractions to Ra in the red to near-infrared region (650-800 nm) of the spectrum. The practical objectives of the study are to: 1) evaluate the relationship between ChlF and reflectance at the foliar level for corn, soybean and maple; and 2) for corn, determine if the relationship established for healthy vegetation changes under nitrogen (N) deficiency. To obtain generally applicable results, experimental measurements were conducted on unrelated crop and tree species (corn, soybean and maple) under controlled conditions and a gradient of inorganic N fertilization levels. Optical reflectance spectra and actively induced ChlF emissions were collected on the same foliar samples, in conjunction with measurements of photosynthetic function, pigment levels, and carbon (C) and N content. The spectral trends were examined for similarities. On average, 10-20% of Ra at 685 nm was actually due to ChlF. The spectral trends in steady state and maximum fluorescence varied significantly, with steady state fluorescence (especially red, 685 nm) showing higher ability for species and treatment separation. The relative contribution of ChlF to Ra varied significantly among species, with maple emitting much higher fluorescence amounts, as compared to corn and soybean. Steady state fluorescence from individual red and far-red emission bands (F685 and F740, respectively) and their ratio consistently enabled species separation. For corn, the relative ChlF fraction increased in concert with the nutrient stress levels from 7% for severely N deficient plants. Steady state ChlF at 685 nm provided optimal N treatment separation. This study confirms the trends in the steady state red/far-red ratio (F685s/F740s) associated with N deficiency and vegetation stress, previously established using active single narrow band excitation.
Neurotoxicity of antineoplastic agents

Abstract Purpose: to review the neurotoxicity associated with antineoplastic agents. Methods: four hundred articles, abstracts and book chapters were selected for review. One hundred and ninety (articles, book chapters and abstracts) were identified as representative of the important aspects of neurotoxicity to be presented in this review. Results: in general the dose, schedule and route of administration significantly determine the incidence and outcome of antineoplastic agents neurotoxicity. An updated and detailed review of neurotoxicity is provided with special attention to vinca alkaloids, cisplatin and biologic response modifiers. The neurotoxic side effects of some of the new approaches in cancer therapy and some of the investigational agents are discussed. Guidelines for the prevention and management of this toxicity are presented. In addition, suggestions are made in regard to the preclinical and clinical screening of new agents for neurotoxicity. Conclusion: quality of life issues have become a focal point in many clinical trials. Neurotoxicity associated with antineoplastic therapy clearly has an impact on the short and long term quality of the life of cancer patients. A better understanding of this toxicity requires developing reliable and predictive models to screen new agents prior to their introduction into clinical trials; a more detailed and uniform grading system; and the prospective evaluation of neurotoxicity in clinical trials of new antineoplastic agents.
PAX6 Is Expressed in Pancreatic Cancer and Actively Participates in Cancer Progression through Activation of the MET Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Gene

Tumors of the exocrine pancreas have a poor prognosis. Several proteins are overexpressed in this cancer type, including the MET tyrosine kinase receptor and the transcription factor PAX6. In this report, we find that PAX6(5a), an alternately spliced variant form of PAX6, is expressed in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines at higher levels than the canonical PAX6 protein. Both protein forms of PAX6 bind directly to an enhancer element in the MET promoter and activate the expression of the MET gene. In addition, inhibition of PAX6 transcripts leads to a decline in cell growth and survival, differentiation, and a concurrent reduction of MET protein expression. These data support a model for a neoplastic pathway, where expression of a transcription factor from development activates the MET receptor, a protein that has been directly linked to protumorigenic processes of resisting apoptosis, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.
Can we learn to distinguish between "drug-like" and "nondrug-like" molecules?

We have used a Bayesian neural network to distinguish between drugs and nondrugs. For this purpose, the CMC acts as a surrogate for drug-like molecules while the ACD is a surrogate for nondrug-like molecules. This task is performed by using two different set of 1D and 2D parameters. The 1D parameters contain information about the entire molecule like the molecular weight and the the 2D parameters contain information about specific functional groups within the molecule. Our best results predict correctly on over 90% of the compounds in the CMC while classifying about 10% of the molecules in the ACD as drug-like. Excellent generalization ability is shown by the models in that roughly 80% of the molecules in the MDDR are classified as drug-like. We propose to use the models to design combinatorial libraries. In a computer experiment on generating a drug-like library of size 100 from a set of 10 000 molecules we obtain at least a 3 or 4 order of magnitude improvement over random methods. The neighborhoods def...
Beyond apoptosis in lupus.

Purpose of review Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by autoantibodies directed against nuclear autoantigens normally concealed from immune recognition in healthy individuals. Here we summarize recently identified mechanisms of abnormal cell death leading to exposure and aberrant processing of nucleoprotein self antigens, and discuss their role in the SLE pathogenesis.
An Evaluation of Diet and Physical Activity Messaging in African American Churches

The use of faith-based organizations as sites to deliver diet and physical activity interventions is increasing. Methods to assess the messaging environment within churches are limited. Our research aimed to develop and test an objective assessment methodology to characterize health messages, particularly those related to diet and physical activity, within a sample of African American churches. Written messages (bulletins, brochures, magazines) were systematically collected over 1 year and analyzed with a coding scheme that had high interrater reliability (average κ = .77). Within all health messages (n = 1109), diet and physical activity messages were prevalent (47% and 32%, respectively). Consistent with prior qualitative research, messages related to meals and to providing food to people in need were frequently found (54% and 25% of diet messages, respectively). Contrary to past research, sports and physical activity as praise (e.g., praise dancing) were the most prevalent physical activity messages (36% and 31% of physical activity messages, respectively). Bulletins, flyers, and brochures were the media in which diet and physical activity messages were most frequently found (14%, 33%, and 24%, respectively), and the church was the most frequent source (41%). Only diet and physical activity messages focused on disease prevention were more likely to originate from national health organizations than from the church (26% vs. 16%). Churches varied in the topics, media types, and sources of health messages, an important factor to consider when planning and implementing health promotion research. Future research should determine whether the enhancement of church messaging environments can produce behavioral change.
Role of the Nurse in the Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Care of Liver Transplant Patients

Nursing plays an important contributory role in the multidisciplinary team approach to patient care. The nurse who is responsible for the care of liver transplant patients requires special preparation to meet the patient's needs during the critical phases of the liver transplant process. In the hospital setting, a primary nursing-care delivery system enhances the nurse's role in supporting the goal of patient recovery. Primary nursing places the accountability and responsibility for planning, administering, and evaluating the care of the liver transplant patient with the primary nurse. The transplant nurse acts as a key link in the communication network within the multidisciplinary team, and effective communication is essential in the care of the liver transplant patient. For achievement of a life-style of independence after transplantation, the patient is assisted by the nurse, who provides instruction in such areas as diet, medications, monitoring of vital signs, and record keeping. Although the nurse is only one member contributing to the care of liver transplant patients, the nurse's role in the success of treatment is vital.
A study of human performance in computer‐aided architectural design

This paper describes the development and application of a cognitively‐based performance methodology for assessing human performance on computer‐aided architectural design (CAAD) tasks. Two CAAD tasks were employed that were hypothesized to be different in terms of the underlying cognitive processes required for these tasks to be performed. Methods of manipulating task complexity within each of these tasks were then developed. Six architectural graduate students were trained on a commercially available CAAD system. Each student performed the two experimental design tasks at one of three levels of complexity. The data collected included protocols, video recordings of the computer screen, and an interactive script (time‐stamped record of every command input and the computers textual response). Performance measures and methods of analysis were developed which reflected the cognitive processes used by the human during design (including problem‐solving techniques, planning times, heuristics employed, etc.) and ...
Rapid Identification of Periodontal Pathogens in Subgingival Plaque: Comparison of Indirect Immunofluorescence Microscopy with Bacterial Culture for Detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

The sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific polyclonal or monoclonal serodiagnostic reagents for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival dental plaque ranged from 82-100% as compared with culture on selective or non-selective media. This bacterium was found in 100% of the periodontally diseased sites examined in localized juvenile periodontitis patients and was statistically related to clinical indices of periodontal disease including the Gingival Index, Plaque Index, and Pocket Depth. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy is a useful technique for the rapid and reliable determination of A. actinomycetemcomitans in human subgingival dental plaque which may be applied to the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of periodontitis associated with A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Synthesis of Analogs of 2-Methoxyestradiol with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Tubulin Polymerization and Cancer Cell Growth

A new series of estradiol analogs was synthesized in an attempt to improve on the anticancer activity of 2-methoxyestradiol, a naturally occurring mammalian tubulin polymerization inhibitor. The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and the binding of [3H]colchicine to tubulin, as well as for in vitro cytotoxicity in human cancer cell cultures. Overall, the most potent of the new compounds were 2-(2‘,2‘,2‘-trifluoroethoxy)-6-oximinoestradiol, 2-ethoxy-6-oximinoestradiol, and 2-ethoxy-6-methoximinoestradiol. These agents lacked significant affinity for the estrogen receptor. The cytotoxicities of the compounds correlated in general with their abilities to inhibit tubulin polymerization, thus supporting inhibition of tubulin polymerization as the primary mechanism causing inhibition of cell growth.
Defining genes that govern longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans

We previously identified five regions on the chromosomal map of Caenorhabditis elegans, containing genes that help specify life span in this species, by comparing the genotypes of young and long-lived progeny from a cross between strains Bristol-N2 and Bergerac-BO [Ebert et al. (1993): Genetics 135:1003-1010]. Analyses of additional crosses, and of putative polymorphisms for the implicated genes, are necessary to clarify the roles of naturally occurring polymorphic alleles in determining longevity. We therefore carried out a second multigenerational cross, between strains Bristol-N2 and DH424 (both nonmutators at 20 degrees C), to create a different heterogeneous recombinant-inbred population. We again found strong evidence implicating multiple genes, which differ between the parental strains, in the determination of life span. Increased variance of survival, for F2 and homozygous F25 worms relative to F1 hybrids, is consistent with such alleles assorting randomly in the cross progeny. Moreover, chromosome mapping data corroborate the polygenic nature of this quantitative trait. Genotypes of young and very long-lived adult worms from a synchronous F15 population were determined by polymerase chain reaction, to identify the parental strain of origin for each of 10 polymorphic loci. Two regions, on chromosomes II and IV, each contain at least one gene with allelic differences in associated longevity. A recombinant-inbred Bergerac-BO x Bristol-N2 population, derived from the earlier cross between those strains, was exposed to an acute toxic level of hydrogen peroxide. Genotyping of H2O2-resistant worms implicated at least one of the five chromosomal regions previously identified in the same cross progeny as harboring a longevity-determining gene. Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels, determined for the three parental strains as they aged, confirm the existence of polymorphisms in the corresponding genes (or their regulatory mechanisms) inferred from the chromosome-II mapping data, and are consistent with the hypothesis that increased longevity is conferred by high levels of these enzymes late in life.
Acid burns of the rectum and colon: report of a case

The case of a patient with acid burns of the large bowel from a self-administered enema of 95 percent sulfuric acid solution is reported. The authors were unable to find a similar case in the English medical literature. The patient presented in metabolic acidosis, and flexible sigmoidoscopy was of limited value. Peritoneal signs warranted early laparotomy, which revealed coagulation necrosis of the anus, rectum, and colon up to the hepatic flexure without any free perforation. The extent of damage was more severe than seen in the upper digestive tract from acid ingestion. Juxtaposed small bowel and the appendix sustained serosal burns. Subtotal proctocolectomy and perineal resection were done and the patient made an uneventful recovery. Early laparotomy is warranted, irrespective of endoscopic findings, for appropriate surgical correction.
Eliminating Lateral Forces During AFM Indentation

We have implemented a technique to eliminate the in-plane lateral tip motion for AFM experiments that involve a cantilever deflection change due to bending. Because of the geometry limitation, there is an undesired lateral tip position change associated with the bending of the cantilever. Previous approaches for solving this problem used X-piezo motion to compensate this tip lateral motion based on the distance change between the tip and sample, or the Z-piezo travel. This method partially works based on the assumption that the cantilever deflection change is always proportional to the Z-travel distance, which is not true in many cases. The key factor in our approach is to apply X-piezo motion based on the cantilever deflection change. This is a direct and accurate method that will also take into account of the probe sample interactions. We will demonstrate the application results of this method with nanoindentation on polymer samples, as well as imaging on heterogeneous materials. The various kinds of calibration methods will be also discussed. Research supported by NIST/ATP Award #70NANB4H3055.
Pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin in rats

The plasma nitroglycerin levels obtained after intracardial (0.7 mg/kg), oral (7 mg/kg), and topical (7--14 mg/kg) doses of nitroglycerin in rats are reported. Nitroglycerin followed essentially one-compartment kinetics after intracardial administration, showing a mean half-life of about 4 min and a mean apparent volume of distribution of about 3 liters/kg. After oral drug administration, "flip-flop" kinetics were evident. The mean oral bioavailability was determined to be 1.6%, firmly supporting the contention that nitroglycerin is extensively metabolized during first passage through the liver. Under the experimental conditions studied, no detectable levels of nitroglycerin were observed after topical application.
Plant growth and production of grassland ecosystems: A comparison of modelling approaches

Abstract Nine plant growth models for grassland ecosystems were examined. Model objectives, complexity and inclusiveness were compared. A large degree of diversity in model complexity and structure exists in grassland models. The models examined during this comparison consisted primarily of linear and nonlinear difference/differential equations. Though grassland models use many of the same concepts of other plant growth models, grassland models tend to be more concerned with moisture and nutrient status then their cropland counterparts. The system level models require large amounts of data to use, yet these data are often unavailable and parameters are hard to establish. These models seem best suited to merely approximate system behavior, but it will become extremely useful as more understanding of the grassland ecosystem is gained. Grassland models which combine plant growth with animal grazing tend to include spatial heterogeneity of vegetation, thereby allowing these models to simulate multiple landscape points and patchy grazing by herbivores.
Commentary on Herbert Gintis, “A Radical Analysis of Welfare Economics and Individual Development”

As a sociologist who for many years has had a special interest in the relations of economic theory to the more general theory of social systems, I have been very much concerned with definitions of the scope and boundaries of economic theory in relation to the other conceptual schemes that are relevant to social system theory. Like certain economists, I have in this connection been distressed by the narrowness of the boundaries as drawn by proponents of welfare economics from Pigou 1 to Kenneth Arrow; 2 in the case of Arrow, at least, until quite recently. A particularly narrowing assumption it has seemed to me, has been that of the principled incomparability of the wants of different individuals. My own view has been much closer to that of Pareto, who, it will be remembered in his discussion of social utility, distinguished four different levels, two within the economic sphere of what he called the "opthelimity" for and of individuals in the economy and the "utility" for and of the society as a whole. Opthelimity was for Pareto 3 a strictly economic concept, whereas utility concerned welfare in general, dropping restrictions to economic relevance. Clearly, at the level of utility the wants of different individuals were treated as, in principle, comparable. In a recent article in this Journal, Herbert Gintis 4 sharply criticizes what he calls the neoclassical welfare economics, again on grounds of its unacceptable narrowness. He does so, however, in a rather special way that is foreshadowed by his use of the word "radical" in his title. He certainly broadens the concept of welfare with a vengeance, but this is accomplished by following a path that, to say the least, is not the only possible path. I should like first to
Midsession reversal learning: why do pigeons anticipate and perseverate?

Past research has shown that when given a simultaneous visual-discrimination midsession reversal task, pigeons typically anticipate the reversal well before it occurs and perseverate after it occurs. It appears that they use the estimation of time (or trial number) into the session, rather than (or in addition to) the more reliable cue, the outcome from the previous trial (i.e., a win–stay/lose–shift response rule), to determine which stimulus they should choose. In the present research, we investigated several variables that we thought might encourage pigeons to use a more efficient response strategy. In Experiment 1, we used a treadle-stepping response, rather than key pecking, to test the hypothesis that reflexive key pecking may have biased pigeons to estimate the time (or trial number) into the session at which the reversal would occur. In Experiment 2, we attempted to make the point of reversal in the session more salient by inserting irrelevant trials with stimuli different from the original discriminative stimuli, and for a separate group, we added a 5-s time-out penalty following incorrect choices. The use of a treadle-stepping response did not improve reversal performance, and although we found some improvement in reversal performance when the reversal was signaled and when errors resulted in a time-out, we found little evidence for performance that approached the win–stay/lose–shift accuracy shown by rats.
In Pursuit of Connection: Reflections on Collaborative Work

La reflexion sur ses trois collaborations, respectivement avec son mari, avec quatres femmes de disciplines differentes et avec une femme s'interessant au sujet des lesbiennes comme l'A., montre les difficultes mais aussi les recompenses qu'apporte un tel travail de groupe
The β-blocker heart attack trial: studies of platelets and factor VIII

Serial studies of platelets and factor VIII were performed in 16 patients enrolled in the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial. Eight patients received placebo, and eight were treated with propranolol, in doses ranging from 40 to 320 mg per day for periods of from 6 to 31 months. No differences in platelet-collagen affinity, factor VIII coagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen, or ristocetin cofactor activity were observed between treated and untreated patients. However, circulating platelet aggregates, which were initially increased in both groups, significantly declined in those receiving propranolol (p less than 0.05). This indicates that customarily used doses of propranolol affect platelet reactivity in vivo.
Making good neighbors: the right fence for the right job.

Function analysis of 'insulators' has led to the idea that they comprise two separable and mechanistically distinct insulating activities — one blocking enhancer cross-talk and the other barring heterochromatin spreading. However, results from two recent studies have blurred this mechanistic distinction.
The UroLume Stent Revisited: The Duke Experience

Objective To describe our experience with the UroLume Urethral Stent, showing that it provides a viable option for the devastated, obstructed outlet after prostate cancer treatment. Methods We conducted an institutional review board–approved retrospective study of all men at our facility who underwent placement of the UroLume stent from January 2001 to January 2012. Records were reviewed for patient demographics, outcomes, and complications. We specifically evaluated urinary continence, ingrowth of the UroLume stent, need for repeat operations, and complications related to this treatment including artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) erosion. Results Forty-five men underwent placement of the UroLume stent with an average follow-up of 55.8 months. Of these, 41 had simultaneous or subsequent placement of an AUS with an overall continence rate of 35 of 45 (78%). Ingrowth was seen in 16 of 45 (36%) and AUS erosion in 8 of 41 (19.5%). Of the 16 patients treated for ingrowth, the average number of treatments was 2.7 per patient. There was no association between treatment for ingrowth and rate of AUS erosion ( P = .92). Conclusion Although no longer commercially available, our long-term data indicate that the UroLume was a reasonable minimally invasive treatment option for the devastated, obstructed outlet providing a reasonable rate of need for subsequent interventions. The UroLume maintains patency of the urethral lumen, which usually results in incontinence, but this can be managed with placement of the AUS. The alternative open operative reconstructive options have similar limitations with possibly greater morbidity.
Absorption Enhancement of Coated Absorbing Aerosols: Validation of the Photo-Acoustic Technique for Measuring the Enhancement

A photo-acoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) and a cavity ring down aerosol extinction spectrometer (CRD-AES) were used, in conjunction with Mie Theory, to measure the refractive index (RI) of absorbing polystyrene spheres (APSS). The PAS and CRD-AES were also used to measure the absorption and extinction enhancement after these APSS were coated in oleic acid. The experimental enhancements were then compared to predictions from coated-sphere Mie Theory. The measured absorption and extinction enhancements both agreed with modeled enhancements to within an average of 5%. A filter-based absorption technique (particle soot absorption photometer, PSAP) was also used to measure the absorption by the APSS and showed a significant size-dependent bias, as evidenced by the filter-based method measuring significantly lower absorption for both uncoated and coated APSS compared to the PAS. These results suggest the validity of applying photo-acoustics to measure the absorption enhancement created by semi-volatile at...
Cardiac Hodgkin's disease. A clinical, hemodynamic, and angiocardiographic evaluation of a case.

Abstract A unique case of cardiac involvement by Hodgkin's disease has been demonstrated by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. An excellent response was obtained with radiotherapy.
Study designs fail to represent the intricate effects of HIV testing and counselling on condom use and HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa

This letter to the editor comments on a longitudinal study with measurements of condom use and coital frequency before and after HIV testing and counseling (HTC). Although they state that the study is an improvement to previous studies they discuss two related flaws with the study. The first is that the authors treat behavioral change as a homogeneous process that is well described by statistical measures of central tendency. Secondly the authors assume that changes in condom use will translate into reduced HIV transmission in a predictable linear manner.
B cell diversification and differentiation in the periphery.

T and B lymphocytes make physical contact (6). Though both swift and brief (4, 7), this encounter initiates a complex program of B cell differentiation leading to specialization for early antibody production or immune memory. In the spleen, B cells initially proliferate in the T cell-rich periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and then either develop locally into foci of antibody-secreting cells or migrate to the nearby lymphoid follicle to initiate germinal center (GC) formation (3-5).
Pressure‐driven, shoreline currents in a perennially ice‐covered, pro‐glacial lake in Antarctica, identified from a LiCl tracer injected into a pro‐glacial stream

The distribution of streamwater within ice-covered lakes influences sub-ice currents, biological activity and shoreline morphology. Perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, provide an excellent natural laboratory to study hydrologic–limnologic interactions under ice cover. For a 2 h period on 17 December 2012, we injected a lithium chloride tracer into Andersen Creek, a pro-glacial stream flowing into Lake Hoare. Over 4 h, we collected 182 water samples from five stream sites and 15 ice boreholes. Geochemical data showed that interflow travelled West of the stream mouth along the shoreline and did not flow towards the lake interior. The chemistry of water from Andersen Creek was similar to the chemistry of water below shoreline ice. Additional evidence for Westward flow included the morphology of channels on the ice surface, the orientation of ripple marks in lake sediments at the stream mouth and equivalent temperatures between Andersen Creek and water below shoreline ice. Streamwater deflected to the right of the mouth of the stream, in the opposite direction predicted by the Coriolis force. Deflection of interflow was probably caused by the diurnal addition of glacial runoff and stream discharge to the Eastern edge of the lake, which created a strong pressure gradient sloping to the West. This flow directed stream momentum away from the lake interior, minimizing the impact of stream momentum on sub-ice currents. It also transported dissolved nutrients and suspended sediments to the shoreline region instead of the lake interior, potentially affecting biological productivity and bedform development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A workstation approach to integrating theoretical and experimental design work

To improve the laboratory component of the electrical engineering curriculum, the authors have been developing a workstation environment to provide effective integration of theoretical calculations, computer simulations, and electrical measurements. The goal is to provide a standardized computer interface that coordinates and eases the student's utilization of these components in their work and thus increases their productivity. Several faculty are involved in this wide-ranging, ongoing project which is partially supported by NSF's Instrumentation and Laboratory Improvement Program. The project includes assessing the capabilities of the NeXT computer for such an environment. The workstation environment is described for circuit analysis, digital signal processing, and digital design applications. The applications described demonstrate the potential effectiveness of the integrated workstation approach and lay a foundation for future work. >
5'-nucleotidase in the rodent ventral striatum: relation to the distribution of leu-enkephalin, cell clusters, and infralimbic cortical innervation.

The goal of this study was to determine the compartmental organization of 5′-nucleotidase within the rodent ventral striatum and to compare the distribution of 5′-nucleotidase with that of leu-enkephalin, cell clusters, and infralimbic cortical innervation. In the core, 5′-nucleotidase is present in several contiguous patchy structures that are in register with leu-enkephalin compartments. In the shell, 5′-nucleotidase is concentrated in a longitudinal band along the septal border. This “medial band” extends from the rostral pole of the ventral striatum to the bed nucleus of stria terminalis. The ventral portion of the medial band is in register with a cluster of cells, located medial to the most dorsal island of Cajella. A second 5′-nucleotidase compartment along the border of the core and shell is in register with a cell cluster and is most evident at caudal levels of the ventral striatum. The innervation of the ventral striatum by the infralimbic cortex is denser in the shell than in the core. In the shell, fibers from the superficial layers of the infralimbic cortex tend to avoid the 5′-nucleotidase-rich cell clusters and terminate in areas of moderate 5′-nucleotidase density. By contrast, fibers from the deep layers terminate in the ventral striatum without regard to the 5′-nucleotidase-rich cell clusters. Overall, the compartmental structure of 5′-nucleotidase in the ventral striatum segregates projections from different layers of the infralimbic cortex. Dense 5′-nucleotidase compartments are innervated by neurons in the deep layers of the infralimbic cortex. The area of moderate 5′-nucleotidase density surrounding the 5′-nucleotidase compartments is innervated by neurons in both the superficial and deep layers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hierarchical content description and object formation by learning

Efficient management of digital multimedia databases requires the storage, searching, browsing and retrieval of large amounts of visual information effectively. This paper proposes a hierarchical representation scheme and a hierarchical content matching technique that provide a learning mechanism for effective and efficient retrieval from user profiles and search patterns. The proposed representation, together with a low-level image analysis procedure, also enables the automatic analysis of images into meaningful objects for object-based content description. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed representation scheme, the hierarchical matching technique and the learning concept.
Information Management to Support Distributed Decision-Making in the National Airspace System

For Summer 2000, the Federal Aviation Administration introduced a new collaborative procedure for reducing departure delays during weather events. This initiative involved the used of predefined Coded Departure Routes (CDRs). Goals of this procedure included:Providing airline operations centers and FAA air traffic facilities with a process for working collaboratively to develop earlier plans for dealing with predicted constraints.Giving airport control towers greater flexibility to respond to the often rapidly changing picture regarding available airspace during weather events.Keeping airline dispatchers in the loop through the early identification of alternative departure routes to expedite departures from an airport.An analysis of the use of CDRs was completed, based on interviews with staff at six airlines and four enroute air traffic control Centers, on analyses of System Command Center advisories and on analyses comparing filed with flown routes. Based on this analysis, recommendations are made for t...
A user's perspective on the state of parallel processing

The author describes his experience with the development of large-scale, highly parallel applications hosted on a variety of parallel processing architectures. He suggests that researchers should not become so caught up in the search for general and consistent models and programming tools for parallel processing that they forsake the ability to tailor the processing resources of the system to the requirements of the problem, and vice versa. High-level abstractions that hide architectural details may obscure performance issues that are important to the algorithm design process. It is concluded that the parallel processing community does not need a single, uniform set of models, tools or paradigms to achieve success. All that is needed is the same sort of basic design and analysis tools that have served the sequential processing community for a number of years. >
A histochemical study of epithelial mucin in the chick chorioallantois

Histochemical methods demonstrate the accumulation of two types of mucous inclusion in the allantoic epithelial cells of the chick embryo. One type of inclusion contains a sialomucin that is PAS-reactive, unstained by Alcian blue and other anionophilic dyes and is susceptible to digestion by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. The second inclusion contains an apparent sulfomucin which is Alcianophilic at pH 1.0, unstained by anionophilic dyes after a methylation-demethylation sequence and resistant to testicular hyaluronidase. This sulfomucin exhibits PAS reactivity after desulfation procedures. Both types of mucus occur in individual cells and are normal components of the chorioallantois. Accumulation of the inclusions is enhanced by lowering the pH of the allantoic fluid or as a result of organ transplantation.
The essential implications of gender in human behavioral endocrinology studies.

Carney et al. (2010) recently published a study in which they examined the effect of assuming “high- and low-power” body postures on changes in testosterone levels in men and women. To do so, they randomly assigned participants to two groups (high-power and low-power), and then placed them in two successive 1-min poses appropriate for their group. They reported that “high-power” poses produced testosterone increases in participants and “low-power” poses produced testosterone decrements, while collapsing over gender in their analyses. This study tested an important hypothesis regarding the effects of dominance posturing on endocrine changes that may be critical precursors to dominance competition, in which dominance posturing could lead to pre-competition changes in testosterone that influence the impending dominance competition (Mazur, 1985; Salvador et al., 2003; Gleason et al., 2009; Edwards and Kurlander, 2010). While Carney et al. (2010) asked an important research question, there are a number of methodological and analytical factors regarding gender and testosterone that must be considered in greater detail before their data can be fully understood and used to motivate future research.
Recent advances in mapping environmental microbial metabolisms through 13C isotopic fingerprints

After feeding microbes with a defined 13C substrate, unique isotopic patterns (isotopic fingerprints) can be formed in their metabolic products. Such labelling information not only can provide novel insights into functional pathways but also can determine absolute carbon fluxes through the metabolic network via metabolic modelling approaches. This technique has been used for finding pathways that may have been mis-annotated in the past, elucidating new enzyme functions, and investigating cell metabolisms in microbial communities. In this review paper, we summarize the applications of 13C approaches to analyse novel cell metabolisms for the past 3 years. The isotopic fingerprints (defined as unique isotopomers useful for pathway identifications) have revealed the operations of the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, new enzymes for biosynthesis of central metabolites, diverse respiration routes in phototrophic metabolism, co-metabolism of carbon nutrients and novel CO2 fixation pathways. This review also discusses new isotopic methods to map carbon fluxes in global metabolisms, as well as potential factors influencing the metabolic flux quantification (e.g. metabolite channelling, the isotopic purity of 13C substrates and the isotopic effect). Although 13C labelling is not applicable to all biological systems (e.g. microbial communities), recent studies have shown that this method has a significant value in functional characterization of poorly understood micro-organisms, including species relevant for biotechnology and human health.
28.1: Distinguished Student Paper: High Performance Fringe‐Field Switching with a Negative Dielectric Anisotropy Liquid Crystal

Using our new negative Δe LC material in a fringing field switching (n-FFS) cell, we demonstrated superior performances to conventional positive ΔeFFS (p-FFS) LCD in transmittance, viewing angle, cell gap sensitivity, gamma curve, while keeping a comparable operation voltage and response time. Therefore, n-FFS has potential to replace p-FFS for next-generation mobile displays.
An analysis of activities in Facebook

Human dynamics in real-world social networks has been a long lasting topic of research. Recently, the rapid growing of online social networks with their data made accessible has given researchers a door of opportunity to study large-scale social networks. Facebook has been the largest, most influential, and fastest growing social network on the Internet to date. As Facebook's userbase is extremely diverse, spreading across different countries, races, ages, professions, and interests, to name a few, this network is a good model to study our society. In this paper, we present an analysis of a regional Facebook dataset, with attention given to the correlation among user connectivity, activity, and similarity.
Mathematical Description of Complex Chemical Kinetics and Application to CFD Modeling Codes

A major effort in combustion research at the present time is devoted to the theoretical modeling of practical combustion systems. These include turbojet and ramjet air-breathing engines as well as ground-based gas-turbine power generating systems. The ability to use computational modeling extensively in designing these products not only saves time and money, but also helps designers meet the quite rigorous environmental standards that have been imposed on all combustion devices. The goal is to combine the very complex solution of the Navier-Stokes flow equations with realistic turbulence and heat-release models into a single computer code. Such a computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) code simulates the coupling of fluid mechanics with the chemistry of combustion to describe the practical devices. This paper will focus on the task of developing a simplified chemical model which can predict realistic heat-release rates as well as species composition profiles, and is also computationally rapid. We first discuss the mathematical techniques used to describe a complex, multistep fuel oxidation chemical reaction and develop a detailed mechanism for the process. We then show how this mechanism may be reduced and simplified to give an approximate model which adequately predicts heat release rates and a limited number of species composition profiles, but is computationally much faster than the original one. Only such a model can be incorporated into a CFD code without adding significantly to long computation times. Finally, we present some of the recent advances in the development of these simplified chemical mechanisms.
Correlation-based decision-feedback equalizer for underwater acoustic communications

The purpose of this paper is to develop a decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) using a fixed set of parameters applicable to most shallow oceans with minimal user supervision (i.e., a turn key system). This work is motivated by the superior performance [bit error rate (BER)] of the multichannel DFE compared with other methods, such as passive-phase conjugation (PPC), at the same time noting its sensitivity to different acoustic environments. The approach is to couple PPC, utilizing its adaptability to different environments, with a single-channel DFE. This coupling forms an optimal processor for acoustic communications in theory, but it has never been implemented in practice. By coupling with DFE, the method achieves the same spatial diversity as conventional multichannel DFE, without requiring a large number of receivers as does PPC. The correlation-based DFE in terms of the autocorrelation functions of the channel impulse responses summed over the receiver channels (the Q function) is derived. This paper shows in terms of waveguide physics, further supported by real data, the many desirable features of the Q function that suggest, given adequate sampling of the water column, a general applicability of the correlation-based equalizer to different environments, irrespective of the sound speed profiles, bottom properties, and source-receiver ranges/depths. This property can be expected to hold approximately for a small number of receivers with spatial diversity. This paper demonstrates the robustness of the new equalizer with moving source data despite the range change (which modifies the impulse response) and symbol phase change due to time-varying Doppler
Demonstration of neuropil thread-like structures in the spinal cord white matter in progressive supranuclear palsy: An immunohistochemical investigation

The presentation and distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuropil thread-like structures (T-LS) and smaller structures (dots) in the spinal cord of two patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is discussed. Monoclonal antibodies to Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (ANT) and tau protein were used. Immunoreactive NFT were detected in the spinal cord gray matter. The number of tau-positive NFT was significantly smaller than that of NFT stained by the anti-ANT antibody. However, T-LS and dots immunolabeled by the latter were detected in the gray and white matter. Most white matter T-LS and immunoreactive dots were found in the anterior funiculus. These findings provide immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of these abnormal structures in the spinal cord white matter of patients with PSP.