cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amide Bond Activation: The Power of Resonance

The amide bond represents the most fundamental functional group in numerous areas of chemistry, such as organic synthesis, drug discovery, polymers, and biochemistry. Although typical amides are planar and the amide N–C(O) bond is notoriously difficult to break due to nN→π⁎C=O resonance, over the past 5 years remarkable breakthroughs have been achieved in the activation of amides by complementary mechanisms that ultimately hinge on ground-state destabilization of the amide linkage. In this review, we present an overview of the main reactivity manifolds employed in the activation of amides by selective N–C(O) cleavage pathways along with their main applications in catalytic as well as stoichiometric synthesis. This cutting-edge platform clearly demonstrates how to harness the power of amidic resonance to achieve a host of previously elusive transformations of amides and holds the promise to change the landscape of how chemists perceive the traditionally unreactive amide bonds into readily modifiable linchpin functional groups that can be readily triggered for the desired reactivity.
The inverse relationship between solar-induced fluorescence yield and photosynthetic capacity: benefits for field phenotyping.

Improving photosynthesis is considered a promising way to increase crop yield to feed a growing population. Realizing this goal requires non-destructive techniques to quantify photosynthetic variation among crop cultivars. Despite existing remote sensing-based approaches, it remains a question whether solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) can facilitate screening crop cultivars of improved photosynthetic capacity in plant breeding trials. Here we tested a hypothesis that SIF yield rather than SIF had a better relationship with the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax). Time-synchronized hyperspectral images and irradiance spectra of sunlight under clear-sky conditions were combined to estimate SIF and SIF yield, which were then correlated with ground-truth Vcmax and Jmax. With observations binned over time (i.e. group 1: 6, 7, and 12 July 2017; group 2: 31 July and 18 August 2017; and group 3: 24 and 25 July 2018), SIF yield showed a stronger negative relationship, compared with SIF, with photosynthetic variables. Using SIF yield for Jmax (Vcmax) predictions, the regression analysis exhibited an R2 of 0.62 (0.71) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 11.88 (46.86) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 1, an R2 of 0.85 (0.72) and RMSE of 13.51 (49.32) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 2, and an R2 of 0.92 (0.87) and RMSE of 15.23 (30.29) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 3. The combined use of hyperspectral images and irradiance measurements provides an alternative yet promising approach to characterization of photosynthetic parameters at plot level.
Cash of the Titans: Arbitrating Challenges to Executive Compensation

Excessive executive compensation is endemic to U.S. corporations, and the trend is spiraling out of control. To challenge excessive pay packages, shareholders sometimes institute derivative suits. This approach has had limited success, however, because several principles of law – most notably the business judgment rule – shield directors from liability for awarding exorbitant pay to high-level managers. The business judgment rule removes the unreasonableness of compensation packages from the reach of judicial review. This Article proposes that corporations duly approve procedures to arbitrate shareholder challenges to excessive compensation agreements. Arbitration is uniquely suited for this purpose. Arbitrators are not bound by procedural and substantive law. They could therefore decide the reasonableness of executive compensation packages without the constraints of the business judgment rule and other legal impediments. Objections that the business judgment rule should not apply to compensation cases are unpersuasive because the justifications for the business judgment rule – (1) to prevent judges from meddling in the formulation of corporate policy and strategy and (2) to encourage reasonable corporate risk-taking – do not apply to executive compensation cases. Corporations would select private arbitrators, who, unlike judges, would be chosen for their expertise and experience in executive compensation cases.
Usability of a Fall Risk mHealth App for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Mixed Methods Study

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disease that causes a range of motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms. Due to these symptoms, people with MS are at a high risk for falls, fall-related injuries, and reductions in quality of life. There is no cure for MS, and managing symptoms and disease progression is important to maintain a high quality of life. Mobile health (mHealth) apps are commonly used by people with MS to help manage their health. However, there are limited health apps for people with MS designed to evaluate fall risk. A fall risk app can increase access to fall risk assessments and improve self-management. When designing mHealth apps, a user-centered approach is critical for improving use and adoption. Objective: The purpose of this study is to undergo a user-centered approach to test and refine the usability of the app through an iterative design process. Methods: The fall risk app Steady-MS is an extension of Steady, a fall risk app for older adults. Steady-MS consists of 2 components: a 25-item questionnaire about demographics and MS symptoms and 5 standing balance tasks. Data from the questionnaire and balance tasks were inputted into an algorithm to compute a fall risk score. Two iterations of semistructured interviews (n=5 participants per iteration) were performed to evaluate usability. People with MS used Steady-MS on a smartphone, thinking out loud. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and developed into codes and themes. People with MS also completed the System Usability Scale. Results: A total of 3 themes were identified: intuitive navigation, efficiency of use, and perceived value. Overall, the participants found Steady-MS efficient to use and useful to learn their fall risk score. There were challenges related to cognitive overload during the balance tasks. Modifications were made, and after the second iteration, people with MS reported that the app was intuitive and efficient. Average System Usability Scale scores were 95.5 in both iterations, representing excellent usability. Conclusions: Steady-MS is the first mHealth app for people with MS to assess their overall risk of falling and is usable by a subset of people with MS. People with MS found Steady-MS to be usable and useful for understanding their risk of falling. When developing future mHealth apps for people with MS, it is important to prevent cognitive overload through simple and clear instructions and present scores that are understood and interpreted correctly through visuals and text. These findings underscore the importance of user-centered design and provide a foundation for the future development of tools to assess and prevent scalable falls for people with MS. Future steps include understanding the validity of the fall risk algorithm and evaluating the clinical utility of the app. Trial Registration:
Eight flavors of cyclic homology

We introduce eight “flavors” of cyclic homology of a mixed complex and study their properties. In particular, we determine their behavior with respect to Chen’s iterated integrals.
InAsP quantum dot nanowires for single photon emission (Conference Presentation)

Sources that can produce single photons in the telecom band, capable of traveling long distances over optical fibers, are of great interest for long-haul quantum communications. In recent years, there has been a major drive to demonstrate single-photon sources (SPSs) for quantum key distribution to provide secure communications over long distances. Nanowires containing a single quantum dot emitting around 1μm have been proven to be viable source to emit a very pure photon with multiphoton probability below 1% [1]. Extending the emission wavelength to the telecom window seemed inevitable to fully exploit the available architecture of long-haul fiber-based quantum optical networks. In this invited talk, we will report on our recent results on the fabrication of InAsP single quantum dot embedded within an InP photonic waveguide nanowire for single photon emission at telecom band. In particular, we outline the importance of the photonic waveguide design for optimum photons generation and coupling to the external optics. Manipulating the dot growth conditions as well as engineering the band structure around the dot (dot-in-a-rod configuration) are some of the approaches [2, 3] that have been applied to achieve emission at 1310nm and will be presented. SPS operating at 1310nm with multiple photon probability below 2% is achieved 4K. [1] D. Dalacu, K. Mnaymneh, J. Lapointe, X. Wu, P. J. Poole, G. Bulgarini, V. Zwiller and M. Reimer, Nano Letters 12, 5919 (2012). [2] S. Haffouz, K. D. Zeuner, D. Dalacu, P. J. Poole, J. Lapointe, D. Poitras, K. Mnaymneh, X. Wu, M. Couillard, M. Korkusinski, E. Scholl, K. D. Jons, V. Zwiller, and R. L. Williams. Nano Letters 18, 3047 (2018). [3] S. Haffouz, P. J. Poole, J. Jin, X. Wu, K. Mnaymneh, D. Dalacu, and R. L. Williams., Appl. Phys. Lett. 117, 113102 (2020).
Last Words: Towards a Feminization of Wealth

The longstanding coined phrase “feminization of poverty” refers to the fact that many women are poor and many of the poor are women, a phenomenon that stems from social, economic, and legal systems which reinforce an antiquated single-earner family model. In response, this Afterword advocates for working towards a new phenomenon: the feminization of wealth. This phenomenon should occur on an individual basis—as women assert more control over financial resources that are rightfully theirs—and on a collective one, as social institutions that control and direct money in the U.S. are rethought to accommodate modern families and lifestyle choices.
Do CFO Expertise and Experience Matter to Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in 10-Ks?

In this study, we examine whether and how CFO expertise and previous work experience influence voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure, using text mining techniques. In particular, we find that firms’ CFOs with accounting accreditation and management-related work experience disclose more CSR issues in their 10-K financial reports. We also find that firms with older and female CFOs as well as CFOs with higher education disclose less CSR information, whereas CFOs hired from outside voluntarily disclose more CSR in their 10-Ks. In addition, CFOs with accounting expertise and management experience disclose more CSR issues with economic substance such as business practice and environmental concerns. Overall, this study provides evidence of the impact of CFOs’ professional and personal attributes on voluntary CSR disclosure in corporate annual reports.
A Simplified Concept of Hygroscopic Seeding

A bulk-water microphysical convective cloud model is used to investigate the maximum effect of hygroscopic seeding. Using the fact that the desired cloud seeding effect is to transform the cloud from a continental one to a maritime one makes hygroscopic seeding a particularly easy process to simulate in bulk-water microphysics cloud models. In those types of cloud models, one only has to change the autoconversion threshold (i.e., the onset of coalescence) and the number concentration and dispersion characteristics of the cloud water to switch from a continental-type cloud to a maritime-type cloud. The continental cloud has no autoconversion, the maritime cloud an extremely efficient autoconversion process. Admittedly, this tests two extreme situations and makes the assumption that the effects of hygroscopic seeding will be somewhere between the two extremes, the maximum effect being represented by the maritime-type cloud. Very preliminary results indicate that the hygroscopic seeding would be quite efficient on small to moderate size clouds but its effect is much less definite on larger clouds. The dynamics of the clouds are crucial to the results.
Revision of Some Lower PalæOzoic Sections of Central China

The main fact herein developed is the separation of the Canadian or Skiddavian from the Ordovician in China, the two being divided by the Petrovian Interpulsation Hiatus. The Canadian is represented by the Nanshan Shales with the trilobite Taihungshania, or by the underlying limestones (Ichang, Lunshan) or the Meitan Shale with Phyllograptus. The shale which normally overlies the Petrovian disconformity is the true Neichia with the brachiopod Yangtzeella poloi. Sometimes only the Ordovician Neichia shale is present sometimes only the Canadian Nanshan shale. When both occur in a section the disconformity is usually masked, and they have both been identified as Neichia shale (Ordovician). Thus much confusion has arisen both in stratigraphy and in the age of the respective faunas.
On Making Problems Evolutionarily Friendly - Part 2: Evolving the Most Convenient Coordinate Systems Within Which to Pose (and Solve) the Given Problem

The idea of evolutionary friendliness recognizes that problem representations have a significant impact on the performance of evolutionary algorithms. There are two aspects of these representations. Different solution schemes exploit different natural symmetries. Very commonly, problems also possess symmetries that arl determined by the coordinate systems used to represent them. Solution symmetries are typically specified by the user and are not allowed to evolve. The problem coordinate system is again typically chosen by the user and not evolved. In the first paper, the most appropriate symmetry was evolved. In this second paper, the coordinate system is evolved. In this paper, common detection problems arl solved by evolving appropriate coordinate systems. These coordinate systems effectively transform the nonlinear detection problem into a linear detection problem, which is then solved using simple gradient descent. These coordinate systems arl modeled through a pair of equations and are represented as parse trees. Evolutionary programming (EP) is used to optimize these coordinate systems in light of a fitness function based on the number of correct detections. Results indicate that such coordinate systems can be efficiently evolved to solve non-trivial detection problems.
Privately computing a distributed k -nn classifier

The ability of databases to organize and share data often raises privacy concerns. Data warehousing combined with data mining, bringing data from multiple sources under a single authority, increases the risk of privacy violations. Privacy preserving data mining provides a means of addressing this issue, particularly if data mining is done in a way that doesnt disclose information beyond the result. This paper presents a method for privately computing k-nn classification from distributed sources without revealing any information about the sources or their data, other than that revealed by the final classification result.
Selling Winners, Holding Losers: Effect on Fund Flows and Survival of Disposition-Prone Mutual Funds

We examine whether U.S. equity mutual funds exhibit a disposition bias, the tendency to sell winners and hold losers, and how this influences performance, investor flows and fund survival. About 30% of all funds exhibit some degree of disposition behavior. Funds with a disposition bias underperform funds that are not disposition prone by 4-6% per year. Moreover, even after controlling for performance, tax overhang and other factors that potentially affect flows, funds with a disposition bias attract significantly smaller flows than other funds. These results suggest that performance and tax efficiency are all important to mutual fund investors. Rational explanations for a disposition bias are not supported by the evidence. However, we find that mutual fund investors are smart enough to minimize investment in disposition-prone funds. As a result, these funds have significantly higher rates of failure than other funds, thereby potentially reducing the impact of irrational trading behavior on security prices.
Approximating the minimum net expansion: near optimal solutions to circuit partitioning problems

We address the problem of finding an approximation to the minimum net expansion (MNE) of a hypergraph H=(V, E h ), MNE is defined to be the minimum total weight of hyperedges with endpoints into two different sets divided by the number of nodes of the smaller set. We prove that a solution or a constant times optimal approximation to the optimization version of a multicommodity flow problem yields a logarithmic, to the number of nets, approximation of the minimum net expansion of the input hypergraph. This is a generalization of the result that Leighton and Rao proposed for graphs. Our flow problem can be solved or approximated to a constant factor of the optimal solution in polynomial time. Next, we show important applications of our result to achieve provably good solutions for a variety of partitioning and partitioning related problems on hypergraphs including bipartitioning, multiway partitioning and nonplanar net deletion. For several of the problems the solutions are within a polylogarithmic factor to the optimal solution.
Complex Numbers and Functions

One of the advantages of dealing with the real numbers instead of the rational numbers is that certain equations which do not have any solutions in the rational numbers have a solution in real numbers. For instance, x 2 = 2 is such an equation. However, we also know some equations having no solution in real numbers, for instance x 2 = −1, or x 2 = −2. We define a new kind of number where such equations have solutions. The new kind of numbers will be called complex numbers.
Evaluation of Health Care Quality in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Providing medical care for adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) is a complex endeavor requiring an understanding of all aspects of the health system. Adult patients with CHD often have multiple medical issues related to the underlying CHD, the sequelae of surgical or catheter interventions, and the addition of typical conditions of adulthood superimposed on the CHD. In this article, the authors first frame the assessment of quality in the health care system as a whole and then focus on CHD and the unique approach required in the care of the adult with CHD.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF DEVELOPING BILE CANALICULI IN THE RAT.

The development of bile canaliculi and the sequence of appearacne of iculi appear on about the thirteenth embryonic day in close association with linear attachment zones between adjacent hepatic cells. These canaliculi are formed by only two apposed cell surfaces and the configuration of a central biliary lumen bounded by 4– contiguous cells described classically as typical for developing mammalian liver is not apparent until day 16 or 17. The enlarged biliary spaces apparently arise as separate vesicles or saccules which subsequently elongate into tubules and interconnect. Evidence obtained in this study supports the concept that terminal bile ductules develop by direct transformation of tubular channels lined by hepatic cells under the influence of periportal connective tissue. Pericanalicular bodies develop in association with an hypertrophied Golgi zone. The sequence of appearance is: multivesicular bodies, microbodies, typical lysosomes. There is no evidence from this study that microbodies are related to differentiating mitochondria but the chronology of appearance suggests a close relationship to lysosomes.
Late Tertiary Sediment Basin on Continental Slope off Western Nova Scotia: ABSTRACT

The continental slope off Nova Scotia was shaped during the Cenozoic by progradation, erosion, and intrusion by salt-cored diapirs termed the "Sedimentary ridge." No evidence has previously been reported that Cenozoic sediment accumulation on the slope landward of the Sedimentary ridge was affected by sea-floor deformation owing to growth of diapirs. As part of a regional survey, seismic stratigraphy in reflection profiles shot on the slope between 61° and 64°W was tied to wells on the upper slope and shelf. Dip profiles show three reflector sequences, each about 0.5 sec two-way travel time thick, which terminate in a seaward direction against diapirs of the Sedimentary ridge. Whereas reflectors within the upper and lower sequences dip at least 2° seaward, reflectors within the middle sequence lie flat, lap out onto an unconformity postdating the Eocene-Oligocene canyon-cutting event along the Scotian shelf, and are truncated seaward by a sharp Pliocene-Pleistocene(?) unconformity. Neither rotation along listric faults nor back-tilting by uplift in the Sedimentary ridge can account for the geometry and along-strike ontinuity (200 km) of the middle sequence. It is proposed that sediments forming the flat reflectors were ponded landward of a sea-floor ridge in the present position of the Sedimentary ridge. The dam was formed in the late Paleogene by sediments uplifted above linear salt ridges. Subsequently, erosion removed both the dam and the outward portion on the ponded sediments, and diapirs rose from the salt ridges. End_of_Article - Last_Page 310------------
Pluto‐Charon mutual events

Since 1985, planetary astronomers have been working to take advantage of a once-per-century apparent alignment between Pluto and its satellite, Charon, which has allowed mutual occultation and transit events to be observed. There events, which will cease in 1990, have permitted the first precise determinations of their individual radii, densities, and surface compositions. In addition, information on their surface albedo distributions can be obtained.
Mood following emotional crying: Effects of the situation

Abstract Following film-induced emotional crying, the effects of five situations on mood were studied: waiting, exposure to humorous material, repetition of film scenes, processing, and music. Thought focus on the movie or on extraneous themes was assessed after the waiting and music situations. Although crying was associated with depressed mood when they were measured closely in time, there was no evidence to suggest that crying facilitated the reduction of subsequent depressed mood. Crying was related to later thought focus on the movie, but depressed mood, indepdent of crying, was not. The need for assessment of response variables that are not direct components of crying was discussed.
A Developmental Study of Aggression and Self-Destruction in Adolescents Who Received Residential Treatment

Self-destructive and aggressive adolescents who had received residential treatment were followed up after discharge to the community. Severity of acting out prior to treatment or during residential treatment was not predictive of follow-up status. Frequency of early separations from parents and the age at which they occurred during thefirst six years was found to be related to outcome after treatment. Disruptions of parenting during the first year in particular were predictive of an inability to profit from treatment. A relationship between age at separation from the parent and type of acting out is also suggested.
Iron and menopause: does increased iron affect the health of postmenopausal women?

Abstract Estrogen deficiency has been regarded as the main causative factor in menopausal symptoms and diseases. Here, we show that although estrogen decreases by 90%, a concurrent but inverse change occurs in iron levels during menopausal transition. For example, levels of serum ferritin are increased by two- to threefold from before menopause to after menopause. This observation has led us to hypothesize that, in addition to estrogen deficiency, increased iron as a result of menopause could be a risk factor affecting the health of postmenopausal women. Further studies on iron and menopause are clinically relevant and may provide novel therapeutic treatments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11, 2939–2943.
The nature of Krause's adducts: The structure of the 1:1 adduct of triphenylborane with sodium metal

Triphenylborane (7) undergoes reductive dimerization with sodium metal in diethyl ether solution to form a yellow solid (3) having the empirical composition Ph3B· Na· (C2H5)2O. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, 3 has now been shown to have the structure depicted. By the action of heat or strongly donor ethers, 3 rearranges into 6, whose structure was likewise determined by 1H and 11B NMR spectroscopy and by deuteriodeboronation with DOAc. Prolonged reaction of sodium metal with 7 or with diphenylboron chloride (8) in DME leads to biphenyl precursors, sodium tetraphenylborate (9), and sodium phenylborohydrides. All these results can be reconciled by the formation of the radical–anion 10 from 7 and its subsequent coupling or fragmentation. The coupling of 10 to form 3 and the rearrangement of 3 to yield 6 shows that there is a striking parallel in behavior between the isoelectronic (Ph3B·)− and the triphenylmethyl radical (Ph3C·). In this light, the solution of the “hexaphenylethane riddle” is also applicable to the solution of the “hexaphenyldiborate dianion riddle,” which was posed by the discovery of Krause's adduct over 68 years ago.
DRIVING AND ALTERNATIVES: OLDER DRIVERS IN MICHIGAN

Method: A statewide telephone survey of Michigan drivers and former drivers aged 65 and older collected information on transportation mode choices, experience with alternatives to driving, and whether drivers planned for when they could no longer drive. Results: Results showed that most older adult households owned at least one automobile, and that the automobile was the primary mode of transportation. Most former drivers obtained rides from relatives and friends. Use of public transportation was low, and some seniors were not aware of available public transportation services. Older drivers did not plan for driving cessation. Over half the drivers who perceived a likelihood of driving problems within 5 years expected to keep driving beyond 5 years. Impact on industry: Because of their lifelong reliance on the automobile, their desire to drive themselves, and their lack of experience with public transportation, efforts to enhance the mobility of older people should consider this background while alternatives to the personal automobile are developed.
Effectiveness factors for photocatalytic reactions occurring in planar membranes

Effectiveness factors for porous catalysts have been determined for photocatalytic reactions characterized by integer order and by generalized Langmuir−Hinshelwood/Hougen−Watson rate expressions. The geometry of interest is a planar porous membrane that is illuminated from either the front or the rear by a planar light source. Effectiveness factors for these systems depend not only on Thiele moduli defined herein but also on the product of the effective membrane thickness and the optical absorption coefficient of the porous membrane.
Automatic reduction of combinatorial filters

We consider the problem of filtering whilst maintaining as little information as possible to perform a given task. The literature includes several illustrations of how adroit choices for state descriptions may lead to concise -or even minimal- filters tailored to specific tasks. We introduce an efficient algorithm which is able to reproduce these handcrafted solutions. Specifically, our algorithm accepts as input an arbitrary combinatorial filter, expressed as a transition graph, and outputs an equivalent filter that uses fewer information states to complete the same filtering task. We also show that solving this problem optimally is NP-hard, and that the related decision problem is NP-complete. These hardness results justify the potentially sub-optimal output of our algorithm. In the experiments we describe, our algorithm produces optimal or near-optimal reduced filters for a variety of problem instances. These reduced filters are of interest for several reasons, including their direct application on platforms with severely limited computational power and in systems that require communication over low-bandwidth noisy channels. Moreover, inspection of reduced filters may provide insights into the structure of a problem that can guide the design of the other elements of a robot system.
Reduction in initial ventricular systolic and diastolic velocities after heart transplantation in children: improvement over time identified by tissue Doppler imaging.

Background Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a non-invasive method for measuring ventricular function that can provide insight into the changes in hemodynamics that occur after pediatric heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to quantify longitudinal changes in myocardial velocities within the first 6 months after transplantation in children. Methods Thirteen patients were serially studied (median age at transplant 5.9 years) and compared with controls. Tissue Doppler systolic (S), early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities were recorded at the tricuspid annulus, mitral annulus and interventricular septum. Results TDI studies were serially performed during 6 months post-transplantation: n = 48); 11 to 30 days ( n = 26); 31 to 60 days ( n = 13); 61 to 120 days ( n = 12); and 121 to 180 days ( n = 16). Mean systolic tissue velocities at the tricuspid annulus were 3.8 cm/s (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1 to 4.6) at baseline ( p = 0.02). Early diastolic (E) velocities at the tricuspid annulus and mitral annulus significantly improved over time ( p p = 0.002, respectively). Systolic and diastolic velocities measured at >121 days after transplantation, however, remained significantly lower than those of normal controls. Conclusions TDI demonstrated systolic and diastolic velocities improved during the initial 180 days after heart transplantation. Systolic and diastolic velocities were reduced in children after heart transplantation when compared with controls.
Severe steroid-responsive nephrosis associated with hypersensitivity

Sensitivity to cow's whole milk investigated in six patients with the idiopathic nephrotic and an elemental diet was given. After proteinuria had decreased to less than or equal to 500 mg/24 hours on consecutive days patients were challenged with cow's milk. This resulted in the return of significant proteinuria, oedema, and decreased urine volume together with a decrease in serum-IgG concentrations in four patients. Acute alteration of plasma C3 complement component accompanied milk challenge in all 6 patients. There were no consistent alterations in other immunoglobulin concentrations. Intradermal skin testing with cow's milk extract was positive in all patients. These results suggest that in some individuals clinical and biochemical manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome of childhood may be related to hypersensitivity of food products.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF DEOXYADENOSINE AND DEOXY GUANOSINE ON IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ARE EXPRESSED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION: 182

In earlier studies we showed that deoxyguanosine(dGuo) which confers immunodeficiency in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficient patients, inhibits the in vitro proliferation of normal human T and B lymphocytes. Deoxyadenosine (dAdo) being the toxic metabolite in adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, also inhibits the in vitro proliferation of normal human T lymphocytes under conditions where ADA activity is inhibited. We analyzed the kinetics of the inhibition of T cell proliferation by dAdo and dGuo respectively and found significant differences. Whereas dAdo has to be present from the initiation of the culture onwards, dGuo can be added as late as 48 hrs. after the initiation of the culture to exert its toxic effect. This finding points towards an interference of dAdo with early lymphocyte activation events which preceed the onset of DNA synthesis. Subsequently, the effect of dAdo and dGuo on a number of events associated with lymphocyte activation was investigated like e.g. on mitogen-induced Ca-influx, on Ca-ionofoor-mediated expression of the receptor for Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and on the IL-2 dependent proliferation of receptor carrying T lymphocytes. The results provide evidence for different mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of dAdo and dGuo for lymphocytes.
Nonlinear dielectric tensor for relativistic Vlasov plasmas

Abstract Second order perturbation theoretic calculations are presented for the quadratic conductivity and dielectric tensors of relativistic Vlasov plasmas in self-consistent electromagnetic fields.
Highly Enantio- and Diastereoselective Tandem Generation of Cyclopropyl Alcohols with up to Four Contiguous Stereocenters

Three highly enantio- and diastereoselective one-pot procedures for the synthesis of cyclopropyl and iodocyclopropyl alcohols with up to four contiguous stereocenters are reported. Route 1 involves asymmetric addition of an alkylzinc reagent to an enal followed by diastereoselective cyclopropanation. Route 2 parallels route 1, except that iodoform is used to generate the zinc carbenoid, and the products are iodocyclopropyl alcohols. Route 3 entails asymmetric vinylation of an aldehyde with divinylzinc reagents and subsequent diastereoselective cyclopropanation.
Targeting autophagy overcomes Enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells and improves therapeutic response in a xenograft model

Macro-autophagy is associated with drug resistance in various cancers and can function as an adaptive response to maintain cell survival under metabolic stresses, including androgen deprivation. Androgen deprivation or treatment with androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitor (ARSI), Enzalutamide (MDV-3100, ENZA) or bicalutamide induced autophagy in androgen-dependent and in castration-resistant CaP (castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)) cell lines. The autophagic cascade triggered by AR blockage, correlated with the increased light chain 3-II/I ratio and ATG-5 expression. Autophagy was observed in a subpopulation of C4-2B cells that developed insensitivity to ENZA after sustained exposure in culture. Using flow cytometry and clonogenic assays, we showed that inhibiting autophagy with clomipramine (CMI), chloroquine or metformin increased apoptosis and significantly impaired cell viability. This autophagic process was mediated by AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activation and the suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) through Raptor phosphorylation (Serine 792). Furthermore, small interfering RNA targeting AMPK significantly inhibited autophagy and promoted cell death in CaP cells acutely or chronically exposed to ENZA or androgen deprivation, suggesting that autophagy is an important survival mechanism in CRPC. Lastly, in vivo studies with mice orthotopically implanted with ENZA-resistant cells demonstrated that the combination of ENZA and autophagy modulators, CMI or metformin significantly reduced tumor growth when compared with control groups (P<0.005). In conclusion, autophagy is as an important mechanism of resistance to ARSI in CRPC. Antiandrogen-induced autophagy is mediated through the activation of AMPK pathway and the suppression of mTOR pathway. Blocking autophagy pharmacologically or genetically significantly impairs prostate cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo, implying the therapeutics potential of autophagy inhibitors in the antiandrogen-resistance setting.
Nonlinear interaction of shear flow with a free surface

In this paper the nonlinear evolution of two-dimensional shear-flow instabilities near the ocean surface is studied. The approach is numerical, through direct simulation of the incompressible Euler equations subject to the dynamic and kinematic boundary conditions at the free surface. The problem is formulated using boundary-fitted coordinates, and for the numerical simulation a spectral spatial discretization method is used involving Fourier modes in the streamwise direction and Chebyshev polynomials along the depth. An explicit integration is performed in time using a splitting scheme. The initial state of the flow is assumed to be a known parallel shear flow with a flat free surface. A perturbation having the form of the fastest growing linear instability mode of the shear flow is then introduced, and its subsequent evolution is followed numerically. According to linear theory, a shear flow with a free surface has two linear instability modes, corresponding to different branches of the dispersion relation: Branch I, at low wavenumbers; and Branch II, at high wavenumbers for low Froude numbers, and low wavenumbers for high Froude numbers. Our simulations show that the two branches have a distinctly different nonlinear evolution.Branch I: At low Froude numbers, Branch I instability waves develop strong oval-shaped vortices immediately below the ocean surface. The induced velocity field presents a very sharp shear near the crest of the free-surface elevation in the horizontal direction. As a result, the free-surface wave acquires steep slopes, while its amplitude remains very small, and eventually the computer code crashes suggesting that the wave will break.Branch II: At low Froude numbers, Branch II instability waves develop weak vortices with dimensions considerably smaller than their distance from the ocean surface. The induced velocity field at the ocean surface varies smoothly in space, and the free-surface elevation takes the form of a propagating wave. At high Froude numbers, however, the growing rates of the Branch II instability waves increase, resulting in the formation of strong vortices. The free surface reaches a large amplitude, and strong vertical velocity shear develops at the free surface. The computer code eventually crashes suggesting that the wave will break. This behaviour of the ocean surface persists even in the infinite-Froude-number limit.It is concluded that the free-surface manifestation of shear-flow instabilities acquires the form of a propagating water wave only if the induced velocity field at the ocean surface varies smoothly along the direction of propagation.
Changes in Permeability Induced by Victorin

When susceptible oat tissues were treated with victorin, the toxin produced by the fungus Helminthosporium victoriae, and suspended and shaken in water, they lost electrolytes much more rapidly than untreated controls. Similar results were obtained with susceptible plants infected with H. victoriae but not with victorin-treated or inoculated, resistant plants. These results provide further evidence of the specificity of victorin and its ability to produce all the symptoms of Victoria blight of oats. They also suggest that changes in permeability, by affecting the salt balance of cells, may play a role in the augmented respiration characteristic of diseased plants.
Two-photon microscopy enhanced by anti-bunching

Anti-bunching in two-photon correlations from a doubly driven Raman source is shown to have spatial periodicity comparable to optical two-slit interference. This can be applied to enhance microscopic resolution.
Vibrational and rotational transition frequencies and the stability of the HeHNCH+ ion

Abstract Large basis, well-correlated ab initio calculations have been carried out to predict the J = 1 → 0 rotational transition frequency and the helium strechingfrequency of the species HeHCNH+ and HeHNCH + . These unobserved ions are suggested as being. important in interstellar ion—molecule reactions, and formation energies have been calculated as well.
Informative communication instruction: An application of theory and research to the elementary school classroom

In order to communicate information effectively, speakers must use certain analytic skills in regard to their listeners, their task, and their message. Young children appear to have an inadequate understanding of these three components. Laboratory research indicates, however, that direct instruction can have a significant positive effect on a young child's referential communication. This study applies that research to the elementary school classroom. Kindergarten and fourth‐grade treatment groups engaged in a five‐week training unit that involved playing seven different informative communication games. Both treatment groups increased significantly in information “fluency,” but only fourth‐graders increased in “contrastiveness.”
Nutrient Dynamics in Vegetated and Unvegetated Areas of a Southern Everglades Mangrove Creek

Flow-through flumes were used to quantify net areal fluxes of nutrients in the fringe mangrove zone of lower Taylor River in the southern Everglades National Park. We also quantified net areal fluxes along the open water portion of the channel to determine the relative importance of either zone (vegetated vs. unvegetated) in the regulation of nutrient exchange in this system. Taylor River's hydrology is driven mainly by precipitation and wind, as there is little influence of tide. Therefore, quarterly samplings of the vegetated and unvegetated flumes were slated to include typical wet season and dry season periods, as well as between seasons, over a duration of two years. Concentrations of dissolved and total organic carbon (DOC and TOC) were highest during the wet season and similar to one another throughout the study, reflecting the low particulate loads in this creek. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (nitrate+nitrite+ammonium) was 10–15% of the total nitrogen (TN) content, with NO−x and NH+4 showing similar concentration ranges over the 2-year study. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was usually <0·05μM, while total phosphorus (TP) was typically an order of magnitude higher. Net areal fluxes were calculated from nutrient concentration change over the length of the flumes. Most flux occurred in the vegetated zone. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and DOC were usually taken up from the water column; however, we saw no seasonal pattern for any constituent over the course of this study. Total nutrients (TOC, TN, and TP) showed little net exchange and, like SRP, had fluxes that shifted irregularly throughout the study. Despite the lack of a clear seasonal pattern, there was a great deal of consistency between vegetated flumes, especially for NO−x and NH+4, and fluxes in the vegetated flumes were generally in the same direction (import, export, or no net flux) during a given sampling. These findings suggest that the fringe mangrove zone is of considerable importance in regulating nutrient dynamics in lower Taylor River. Furthermore, the influence of this zone may at times extend into northeast Florida Bay, as the bay is the primary recipient of water and nutrients during the wet season.
Lipoprotein lipase activator deficiency in very low density lipoproteins in rat nephrotic syndrome

Marked urinary loss of lipoprotein lipase activator in experimental rat nephrotic syndrome may be partly responsible for its deficiency in plasma very low density lipoproteins.
Linear viscoelastic behavior of matrix cracked cross-ply laminates

Abstract The linear viscoelastic behavior of matrix cracked symmetric cross-ply laminates is studied. A lower bound solution and an approximate 3D solution to the properties are obtained by using the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle. The accuracy of Schapery's approximate Laplace inversion technique in the solution procedure is discussed.
Effects of left ventricular pressure on sonicated albumin microbubbles: Evaluation using an isolated rabbit heart model

Abstract Objectives. We used an isolated, crystalloid-perfused rabbit heart model to test the hypothesis that the phasic changes in left ventricular contrast are due to bubble compression and decompression during systole and diastole, respectively. Background. Contrast enhancement of the left ventricular cavity has been shown to decrease during ventricular systole. This phenomenon has been attributed to pressure-induced microbubble destruction. Such destruction, if confirmed, would severely confound the quantitative interpretation of contrast echocardiographic data. Methods. A fixed volume of contrast solution (5% human albumin and Albunex, ~400:1 ratio) was introduced into a latex balloon placed within the left ventricular cavity of an isolated paced rabbit heart preparation (n = 12). Instantaneous left ventricular pressure was measured using a high fidelity microtip catheter and digitized on-line. The beating heart was placed in a water tank, and ultrasound images wert obtained using a 7.5-MHz transducer and were recorded and digitized off-line at 12 frames/s. Simultaneously, the pacing signal was used for gated on-line acquisition of end-diastolic frames. A simple theoretic model based on surface tension physical principles was used to predict changes in bubble size and, consequently, the reflection intensity in response to the measured changes in left ventricular pressure. Results. We found that under peak left ventricular systolic pressures ranging from 89 to 155 mm Hg, 1) end-diastolic videointensity decreased by 8 ± 6% (mean ± SD) over 25 consecutive heart beats; and 2) intracyclic variations in measured videointensity were in close agreement with the theoretic calculations: 80.1 ± 2.9% versus 80.2 ± 4.6% of diastolic videointensity at systole. Conclusions. The major cause of systolic decrease in contrast enhancement is periodic bubble compression (as opposed to bubble destruction) induced by high systolic pressures. The minor progressive decrease in end-diastolic videointensity reflects the degree of instability of Albunex microbubbles under left ventricular pressures. However, the clinical impact of these destructive effects is likely to be only minor because of the rapid transit of microbubbles through the left heart chambers and myocardial microcirculation.
Continuous fractionation of enantiomer pairs in free solution using an electrophoretic analog of simulated moving bed chromatography.

Abstract Continuous fractionation of the left and right enantiomers of Piperoxan was performed in free solution in a vortex-stabilized electrophoresis apparatus. Sulfated β-cyclodextrin was used as the chiral selector. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) study of the separation of Piperoxan enantiomers was carried out in order to find the buffer conditions that produce the maximum peak separation time between the two enantiomers and the optimal chiral selector concentration. These peak separation times were then used to calculate the electrophoretic mobilities of the enantiomer–ligand complexes. The difference in electrophoretic mobilities, when used in a preliminary model of the enantiomer separation, indicated that, by imposing a fluid flow opposite the direction of electromigration, it would be possible to force the fast and slow enantiomers to move in opposite directions within the vortex-stabilized apparatus. Using the predictions of the preliminary separation model, the vortex stabilized electrophoresis apparatus was configured with a feed port at the center of the chamber axis and offtake ports near the cathode and anode. This allowed for continuous operation of the apparatus. Continuous fractionations were completed at throughputs of 1.5 and 4.0 mg/h with both offtakes showing greater than 99% enantiomeric purity at 4.0 mg/h using CE. Fractionation was achieved at a throughput of 10 mg/h, but while the slow enantiomer was recovered with greater than 99% purity, only 96% enantiomeric purity of the fast stereoisomer was achieved. The loss of resolution at higher volumetric throughputs supports our hypothesis that a mobility-dependent “window” of operation exists in which two solutes can be completely separated.
DSA-aware assist features

DSA-aware optical or EUV lithography assist features (AFs) extend the capabilities of both traditional SRAFs and printable AFs (PrAFs). For instance, in a graphoepitaxy DSA process, where confinement wells are formed by DUV lithography, the process window of the DUVL process may be further improved by using PrAFs, as long as the confinement wells resulting from these PrAFs are sized and shaped so that they are “sealed” by the etch resistant outcomes of the DSA process. A method to optimize placement of such DSA-aware PrAFs is presented, along with a method utilizing a regular array of etch resistant confinement wells with localized modifications of their size or shape to form etch transferrable features. Both methods are tested and verified in simulations of DUV lithography and DSA.