cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-bond probing of TSVs in 3D stacked ICs

Through-Silicon Via (TSV)-based 3D stacked ICs (SICs) are becoming increasingly important in the semiconductor industry, yet pre-bond testing of TSVs continues to be difficult with current technologies. In this paper, we present a test and DFT method for pre-bond testing of TSVs using probe technology. We describe the on-die test architecture and probe technique needed for TSV testing, in which individual probe needles make contact with multiple TSVs at a time. We also describe methods for capacitance and resistance measurements, as well as stuck-at and leakage tests. Simulation results using HSPICE are presented for a TSV network. We demonstrate that we can achieve high resolution in these measurements, and therefore high accuracy in defect detection when we target one or multiple TSVs at a time. We also show that the test outcome is reliable even in the presence of process variations or multiple defective TSVs.
Influence of Surface Roughness Lay Directionality on Scuffing Failure of Lubricated Point Contacts

The influence of roughness lay directionality on scuffing failure is studied considering different roughness lay direction combinations of the contacting surfaces of a ball-on-disk contact. Using a recently developed scuffing model Li et al., (2013, “A Model to Predict Scuffing Failures of a Ball-On-Disk Contact,” Tribol. Int., 60, pp. 233–245)., the bulk temperature and flash temperature are predicted for each roughness lay combination within the load range from 0.76 GPa to 2.47 GPa in a step-wise manner under the rolling velocity of 10 m/s and slide-to-roll ratio of −0.5 to show substantial impacts of roughness lay directionality on scuffing resistance performance (SRP). It is found (i) the lay direction combination that results into contacts of asperities with small contact radii leads to increased local contact pressures and frictional heat flux, reducing SRP; (ii) the continuous asperity contact along the sliding direction leads to continuous surface temperature rise and lowers SRP; and (iii) the lubricant side leakage caused by the pressure gradient in the direction normal to the sliding direction leads to reduced SRP. With these main mechanisms in effect, the SRP of a contact decreases as the deviation between the roughness texture orientations of the two surfaces increases. The surfaces with their roughness lay directions both perpendicular to the sliding direction exhibits best SRP. The surfaces with one roughness lay direction positioned in line with the direction of sliding and the other positioned perpendicular to the sliding direction shows worst SRP.
Three Steps Forward, One Step Back: Two Preservice Teachers Learn To Teach in Consecutive, Field-Based Literacy Courses.

Abstract This eight month intrinsic case study takes an ethnological microanalytic stance to look closely at two preservice teachers as they learn to teach literacy during two consecutive, field‐based methods courses. Analysis of the two main data sources shows a recurring, yet distinct hierarchical progression in the preservice teachers’ professional knowledge and understanding. Conclusions gleaned from the inquiry indicate that the preservice teachers attempted to modify their instruction in response to their week‐by‐week teaching dilemmas. The research also supports the efficacy of multiple field placements, and suggests that preservice teachers hold remarkable abilities to learn from their own teaching experiences.
THE REGULATION OF HEPATIC ENZYME ACTIVITY BY ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP).

Abstract Ethionine has been found to produce a rapid fall in the level of ATP in the liver of female rats. The decrease in ATP concentration has at least two consequences upon the hepatic enzymic spectrum, namely, the accumulation of inactive phosphorylase due to diminished reactivation of the enzyme and an inhibition of protein synthesis. The male also shows a decrease in ATP concentration following ethionine administration but of a lesser magnitude than the female. The difference in the levels of ATP between the two sexes appears to be sufficient to account for the observed sex difference in the decrease in the activity of hepatic phosphorylase and in protein synthesis induced by ethionine. Despite the decrease in ATP concentration in the female, sufficient ATP is made available for the con version of a considerable amount of free fatty acid to triglyceride in the liver. These data are consistent with the existence of a priority system for ATP utilization in the liver cell whereby certain reactions may continue uninhibited even when the levels of ATP drop to very low levels. The results of the present study indicate that, at least under some pathologic circumstances, the tissue level of ATP may be an important determinant of enzymatic activity in the liver.
Lymphogranuloma venereum conjunctivitis with a marginal corneal perforation.

The authors have recently treated a case of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome due to Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L2, a causative agent of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). The ocular manifestations included a mixed papillary-follicular conjunctivitis with fleshy superior limbal lesions in both eyes. A superior marginal corneal perforation requiring a therapeutic corneal graft was present in the right eye. The patient had vaginitis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, a history of Sjogren's syndrome, and seropositivity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The ocular disease resolved completely after 6 weeks of oral tetracycline therapy.
Prediction of nitric oxide concentrations in colonic crypts during inflammation.

Nitric oxide production in the colon has been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and increased risk for colon cancer. However, measurements of NO concentration in the inflamed colon have not been available and it is not known what NO levels are pathophysiological. A computational model, based on anatomical length scales and rates of NO production measured in cell cultures, was used to predict spatially varying NO concentrations within a colonic crypt under inflammatory conditions. A variety of scenarios were considered, including different spatial distributions of macrophages and a range of possible macrophage and epithelial synthesis rates for NO. Activated macrophages arranged as a monolayer at the base of the crypt elicited maximum NO concentrations of approximately 0.3 μM. The epithelial contribution to NO synthesis was calculated to be negligible. Assuming a uniform macrophage layer, NO synthesis rates greater than 20 μM/s, or more than three times that measured in vitro, would be necessary to achieve maximum NO concentrations of 1 μM in the crypt. Thus, unless NO synthesis rates in macrophages and/or epithelial cells greatly exceed those measured in cell cultures, NO concentrations will remain submicromolar in the crypt during inflammation. Additionally, the results were used to predict the range of NO concentrations (<0.3 μM) and cumulative NO dose (560 μM min) experienced by a given epithelial cell migrating from the base to the top of the crypt. These estimates of NO concentrations in inflamed crypts should facilitate efforts to elucidate the molecular biological linkage between NO exposure and carcinogenesis in IBD.
Recovery of anal sphincter function after the ileoanal reservoir procedure in patients over the age of fifty.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to postoperatively assess the progression of anal sphincter function and clinical outcome in patients ≥50 years old (Group I) compared with those <50 years old (Group II). METHODS: Clinical data were assessed after ileostomy closure by a questionnaire. These data were compiled to obtain an incontinence score, which ranged from 0 (perfect continence) to 20 (total incontinence). Anorectal manometry was performed preoperatively (MN1) and postoperatively, before (MN2) and after (MN3) ileostomy closure. Wilcoxon and pairedt-test were used to compare the clinical and functional results, respectively. RESULTS: Group I consisted of 22 patients (mean age, 56 years) and Group II, 50 patients (mean age, 32 years). No differences were found relative to either preoperative pressures or clinical outcome. However, both the mean and high resting pressures were significantly lower in Group I at the MN2 examination. CONCLUSION: The effect on anal sphincters of ileoanal reservoir in patients over the age of 50 years is similar to that noted in younger patients. Transient impairment of internal anal sphincter function observed after ileoanal reservoir is more severe in older patients (P=0.01). However, as in younger patients, it does completely recover after ileostomy closure.
Cuprate Superconductivity: Dependence of T c on the c -Axis Layering Structure

Without relying on any ``model'' of the in-plane behavior of the electrons in either the normal or the superconducting state, I show that for identically doped members of the same homologous series, as a result of the interplane Coulomb interaction, the difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}^{(n)}$ of the transition temperature for the $n$th member from the single-layer value is given by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}^{(n)}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{const}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ensuremath{-}1/n)$. On taking the constant from experiment, I predict large changes in the electron-energy-loss spectroscopy and optical properties in the midinfrared regime on entering the superconducting state, and further infer that the basic mechanism of superconductivity in the cuprates has a large contribution from the small- $q$ regime.
The Urban Working Class and Social Protest in Latin America

Recent events in Latin America have underscored the political impor tance of the urban working class, whether as protagonists of social protest or as targets of military repression. At the same time, the development of promis ing new approaches to the study of urban workers in Europe and the United States has transformed a neglected subject into a frontier of scholarship, an example which has begun to inspire a new generation of Latin Americanists. This conjunction of political concern and scholarly opportunity promp ted a workshop on "The Urban Working Class and Social Protest in Latin America" at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., on November 30 and December 1,1978. The workshop was convened at the intiative of Eugene Sofer and Alexander Wilde of the Center. Eighteen specialists from the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Cuba, and Italy participated in the meeting. Most of them contributed papers, which were circulated in advance of the gathering and which will be available from the Center as "Working Papers." The workshop's underlying hope was that bringing together some of the leading students of the urban working class in Latin America with representa tive practitioners of the new labor studies in Europe and the United States would facilitate an assessment of the state of the field, an exploration of the most promising new approaches, and a definition of the most important ques tions for future research. Although the colloquium did not fulfill all of these expectations, it gave promise of important new developments in the field. A mixture of the old and the new in labor studies, the workshop itself exemplified the Janus-headed character of contemporary scholarship. Al though several examples of new approaches were presented, most of the papers were limited to the traditional focus on unions, leaders, and parties. The workshop prospectus, prepared by Sofer, had encouraged participants to abandon this older perspective in favor of the concern with culture and cons ciousness viewed from below that typifies the new labor studies in Europe and the United States. It was striking how difficult this reorientation proved to be in practice. In some cases, the spirit was willing but the pull of tradition was
Campylobacter Enteritis and the Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide with approximately 2.4 million infections per year in the United States. A now clearly recognized sequelae following Campylobacter infection is the Guillain-Barre syndrome, an acute immune-mediated attack on the peripheral nervous system. How Campylobacter induces Guillain-Barre syndrome is the subject of intense investigation, and this article discusses some of the recent advances in our understanding of the clinical, epidemiologic, and pathogenic features of the disease.
The Thomson Effect and Thermal Conduction in Metals.

The Thomson EJfect.-In these PROCEEDINGS for March, 1920, is a paper in which I undertook to account for the Thomson effect values, as found by Bridgman for many metals, in accordance with the hypothesis of dual electric conduction. Using data obtained by the methods of that paper, I was able, as I stated at the Washington meeting of the National Academy in April, 1920, to account quantitatively for the values of thermal conductivity found in a large number of metals at room temperature. I stated further, however, that the temperature-coefficient of thermal conductivity indicated by my calculations was far too large to accord with the obvious facts, and that a revision of my formulae was therefore necessary. This revision, which has now been made, enables' me to deal pretty satisfactorily with thermal conduction, if my assumptions are granted. It involves important changes in most of the numerical tables in the paper referred to, but no great change in the method there followed. The revision begins with equation (11), which is changed by the substitution of s for 2.5, so that it now stands
The influence of carbon - nutrient balance on herb and woody plant abundance in temperate forest understories

Question: We present a general structural carbon - nutrient balance hypothesis parallel to Bryant et al.’s defensive chemistry hypothesis. Our hypothesis suggests that because herb species require a lower investment of carbon per unit length of stem than do woody plants, herbs should be at a competitive advantage where the leaf area of plants in the ground layer is limited by light (or fixed carbon, C) rather than soil resources (R) such as nutrients or water. We test the derivative predictions that in temperate deciduous forests (1) herb cover and species richness increase as soil resources increase, and (2) woody ground-layer cover, density, and species richness increase as soil resources decrease. Location: To maximize generality, the eight temperate deciduous forest sites were dispersed along an 800 km band from the Coastal Plain of eastern North Carolina to the Central Basin of middle Tennessee, USA. Methods: Soil nutrients and moisture, herb cover and woody stem densities were observed in six plots at each site, randomly located in high, medium, and low herb cover areas. Multiple regression, correlation, and Redundancy Analysis ordination were used to test predictions. Results: Plants with herbaceous (low C:R) stems are generally abundant where soil moisture and basic cations (Ca, Mg) are high (low C:R environments), and woody (high C:R) plant cover, basal area, stem density, and species richness are all greatest on dry or nutrient-poor soils (high C:R environments). Plots with intermediate soil resource availability and herb cover have the most species, and maximum herb species richness occurs at higher soil resource levels than maximum woody species richness. Conclusions: Our observations are consistent with our structural carbon - nutrient balance hypothesis.
Nonaxisymmetric g-Mode and p-Mode Instability in a Hydrodynamic Thin Accretion Disk

It has been suggested that quasi-periodic oscillations of accreting X-ray sources may relate to the modes named in the title. We consider nonaxisymmetric linear perturbations to an isentropic, isothermal, unmagnetized thin accretion disk. The radial wave equation, in which the number of vertical nodes (n) appears as a separation constant, admits a wave action current that is conserved except, in some cases, at corotation. Waves without vertical nodes amplify when reflected by a barrier near corotation. Their action is conserved. As was previously known, this amplification allows the n = 0 modes to be unstable under appropriate boundary conditions. In contrast, we find that waves with n > 0 are strongly absorbed at corotation rather than amplified; their action is not conserved. Therefore, nonaxisymmetric p-modes and g-modes with n > 0 are damped and stable even in an inviscid disk. This eliminates a promising explanation for quasi-periodic oscillations in neutron star and black hole X-ray binaries.
Multinational Corporations and Culture in Liberia

The proportion of multinational corporations (MCs) in a developing country (DC) has little to do with the degree of corruption of local culture that takes place. Rather, policy decisions taken by governments of DCs determine whether or not multinationals have a positive or negative impact, according to the author's research in Liberia among foreign managers, African supervisors, and Liberian workers. Even though Liberia has an open door policy toward MCs, very little violence has been done to Liberian culture. The reason is two-fold: 1) multinationals have maintained tight enclaves and have generally refused to integrate their values, managerial and otherwise, with those of the Liberian society; and 2) Liberian government officials have done little to generate Liberian interest in the business field or to force multinationals to play a more participative role in the society. The result has been growth without development, in the sense that the country's growth rate has increased over the years, but the Liberian people remain very much underdeveloped. A change of policy could bring about continued growth with development and without cultural disintegration.
Identification of a novel integrin signaling pathway involving the kinase Syk and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1.

Abstract Background: Integrins induce the formation of large complexes of cytoskeletal and signaling proteins, which regulate many intracellular processes. The activation and assembly of signaling complexes involving focal adhesion kinase (FAK) occurs late in integrin signaling, downstream from actin polymerization. Our previous studies indicated that integrin-mediated activation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Syk in hematopoietic cells is independent of FAK and actin polymerization, and suggested the existence of a distinct signaling pathway regulated by Syk. Results: Multiple proteins were found to be activated by Syk, downstream of engagement of the platelet/megakaryocyte-specific integrin α IIb β 3. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 was inducibly phosphorylated in a Syk-dependent manner in cells following their attachment to fibrinogen. Together, Syk and Vav1 triggered lamellipodia formation in fibrinogen-adherent cells and both Syk and Vav1 colocalized with α IIb β 3 in lamellipodia but not in focal adhesions. Additionally, Syk and Vav1 cooperatively induced activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and the kinase Akt, and phosphorylation of the oncoprotein Cbl in fibrinogen-adherent cells. Activation of all of these proteins by Syk and Vav1 was not dependent on actin polymerization. Conclusions: Syk and Vav1 regulate a unique integrin signaling pathway that differs from the FAK pathway in its proximity to the integrin itself, its localization to lamellipodia, and its activation, which is independent of actin polymerization. This pathway may regulate multiple downstream events in hematopoietic cells, including Rac-induced lamellipodia formation, tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl, and activation of JNK, ERK2 and the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-regulated kinase Akt.
Frontiers of research on children, youth, and families: Initiative recognizes young and mid-career scholars

The social and behavioral sciences are becoming more recognized, with federal research budgets increasing substantially over prior years. They are also experiencing a period of rapid expansion, with prior boundaries between disciplines, between basic and applied research, and between various levels of analysis ranging from the neurological to the community, being seriously reassessed and reformulated. The questions being asked by social and behavioral scientists are increasingly ambitious, focusing, for example, on the big social questions of race relations, the role of technology, and precursors of violence and conflict, and often involving multi-investigator, large-scale investigations. At the same time, critical questions about the readiness of the field to support and sustain social and behavioral research, effective strategies and mechanisms for communicating this research to the public, and the preparation of the next generation of scientists are the subjects of debate. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Digital Multi-Mode Multi-Phase IC Controller for Voltage Regulator Application

This paper presents a digital multi-mode multi-phase IC controller for the voltage regulator application. The IC controller combines load current feedforward with a load-scheduled digital PID feedback control to achieve a fast load transient response. The multi-mode control strategy is applied in the designed controller IC, allowing high efficiency operation of a voltage regulator over a wide load range. A high resolution 13-bit digital pulse width modulator (DPWM) and 4mV quantization bin analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is implemented in the IC controller to ensure tight DC regulation of the regulator. The prototype 4-phase IC controller takes 0.5 mm2 active area in a 0.18 ?m CMOS process.
Base modification and strand breakage in isolated calf thymus DNA and in DNA from human skin epidermal keratinocytes exposed to peroxynitrite or 3-morpholinosydnonimine.

Exposure of isolated calf thymus DNA and human skin epidermal keratinocytes to peroxynitrite or the peroxynitrite generator, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), led to extensive DNA base modification. Large increases in xanthine and hypoxanthine, possible deamination products of guanine and adenine, respectively, and in 8-nitroguanine were observed, but only small changes in some oxidized base products were seen. This pattern of damage suggests that hydroxyl radicals were not major contributors to base modification caused by peroxynitrite, as OH• is known to cause multiple oxidative modifications to all four DNA bases. Instead, it seems that reactive nitrogen species play a much greater role in the mechanism of base damage, producing both nitration and deamination of purine bases when DNA or whole cells are exposed to peroxynitrite. If this pattern of damage is unique to peroxynitrite, it might act as a marker of cellular damage by this species in vivo.
Effects of intragastric nutrients upon simultaneously determined plasma insulin, glucagon, insulin/glucagon ratios and glucose in red-tailed hawks, Buteo jamaicensis gmelin

Abstract 1. Short-term effects (120 min) of an orally intubated amino-acid mixture upon simultaneously-determined plasma insulin, glucagon, I/G ratios and glucose levels were studied in five (nonsexed) 24-hr-fasted adults and two immature red-tailed hawks, Buteo jamaicensis Gmelin. For control and comparative purposes the effects of isosmotic saline, free fatty acids (FFA) or mouse puree (MP) were also determined. 2. Mean preintubation levels (PIL) of plasma insulin, glucagon, (I/G) ratios and glucose ( X ± SE) were 3.8 ± 0.30 μU/ml, 198 ± 7.3 pg/ml, 0.4399 ± 0.0514 and 341 ± 10.2 mg/dl, respectively. N = 25 for each parameter. 3. Mean plasma insulin or glucagon levels or I/G ratios did not significantly differ from PIL during intubation (40 ml) of isosmotic saline (0.95%). However, a significant decrease (21%) in mean plasma glucose occurred 10 min postintubation (p
Monotonous Percussion Drumming and Trance Postures: A Controlled Evaluation of Phenomenological Effects

Felicitas Goodman (1990) observed that naive participants experienced unique trance states, characterized by specific visionary content, when they assumed particular postures and listened to monotonous rattling. Students (n = 284), enrolled in various sections of the course Introduction to Psychology, experienced one of four conditions with their eyes closed: Sitting Quietly with and without Drumming, Standing (Feather Serpent) Posture plus Drumming with and without Suggested Experiences. Participants completed the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (Pekala 1982, 1991c) and wrote narratives following their respective stimulus conditions. Participants reported less imagery, joy, and absorption, but more internal dialogue, self-awareness, and muscular tension in the posture, compared to the sitting quietly, conditions. Goodman's results of specific posture (content-related) effects with naive participants were not replicated.
Using Magnetic Resonance of Protons to Image Flowing Blood

Physicians often request angiograms or images of arteries. Conventional angiography requires catheterizing a patient, injecting an iodine compound into an artery, and X-ray photography. All 3 steps have hazards and, compared to clinical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) examinations, the procedure is painful, time consuming, and expensive. Iodine distinguishes blood from other tissues in conventional angiography; blood motion serves the same purpose in several recent NMR experiments reviewed here. Blood spins can be inverted upstream of a region of interest. After they flow downstream, blood will be labeled in the region of interest. Comparing NMR images made with and without labeling identifies blood. Alternatively, equal and opposite magnetic field gradient pulses can mark moving blood by changing the phase of its magnetization. The second gradient cancels the phase effect of the first for spins which are still in the same place, thus only blood is affected. Two images with different blood phases are compared. The blood phases may differ because gradients used to produce the images differ or because blood velocities differ owing to different synchronization with the heart. Results of several NMR experiments are presented. All have much lower quality and higher convenience than the conventional X-ray method.
What Is the Clinical Significance of FDG Unexpected Uptake in the Prostate in Patients Undergoing PET/CT for Other Malignancies?

Purpose. To determine the clinical significance of unexpected, abnormal FDG uptake in the prostate in patients undergoing FDG-PET/CT for staging of other primary malignancies without a prior history of prostate carcinoma. Methods. Retrospective search of FDG-PET/CT studies to identify patients with unexpected, abnormal FDG uptake in the prostate gland, who underwent subsequent biopsy, was performed. 26 patients were identified. Images were reviewed to determine the pattern of uptake within the prostate (focal or diffuse) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). PSA and Gleason scores were recorded. Results. 15/26 (58%) patients were found to have prostate carcinoma. Gleason scores ranged from 6 to 9.9. There was no statistical difference in the pattern of uptake (focal versus diffuse) or the SUVmax. Serum PSA levels with cancer (range, 2–26.8 ng; mean, 10.2 ng) and those without cancer (range, 2–10.5 ng; mean, 2.2 ng) were statistically significant (, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Conclusions. Patients with abnormal uptake in the prostate have a 58% likelihood of occult prostate cancer. In the setting of elevated serum PSA levels, abnormal prostate uptake should therefore be viewed with suspicion and a urology consult should be obtained; however, it is irrelevant in patients with underlying aggressive malignancies.
Hedging Holstein Steers in the Live Cattle Futures Market

Feeding Holstein steers to slaughter weights is a growing component of the U.S. beef production industry. The U.S. dairy cow inventory that calved in 1993 was approximately 9.6 million head (United States Department of Agriculture, Cattle). Thus, approximately 4.8 million male dairy calves were born in 1993 representing approximately 10 percent of the total U.S. calf crop. Recent declines in the veal market' imply that more Holstein steers are being fed for the beef markets. The vast majority of the dairy steers fed are Holstein because Holstein account for 90 percent of the dairy cow herd (Fox). One reason for raising dairy for beef is uniformity of growth and carcass composition in comparison to the beef herd (Johnson). This characteristic is attributed to the intensive
Vi antigens of the Enterobacteriaceae. IV. Purification and properties of Vi antigen of S. paratyphi C.

Summary and ConclusionsA method has been outlined for isolation and purification of the Vi antigen produced by S. paratyphi C. Consideration of both the chemical biological properties of this antigen indicated that it is very similar to, if not identical with, those produced by other Entcrobactcriaccac.
Welfare and population growth: The effect of the spatial dimension

This paper examines regional population growth and welfare levels in relation to the following variables: population size of the region; spatial location; and access. A theoretical model is developed relating welfare to income and range of choice, and empirically testable implications are derived. Regression equations estimated on 1960–1970 census data are used to test the implied hypotheses. It is shown that growth in both population and income (and the level of the latter) in a regional economy are directly and significantly related to the size of the regional population center and inversely related to the distance from that center. Quality of access is also found to be an important determinant of growth and welfare levels. The results suggest that national and/or local population distribution analysis or policy must take explicit account of spatial location and access quality.
Effect of thermocouple sensor dynamics on surface heat flux predictions obtained via inverse heat transfer analysis

Abstract A simple thermocouple model is used in this paper to generate data by simulating the imposition of a triangular heat flux history on a one-dimensional domain. A general inverse heat conduction (IHC) analysis computer program is developed and used to estimate the heat flux history based on the generated data. The results show that the effect of the thermocouple's time constant is to diminish the magnitude of the predicted heat flux history and displace its distribution in time.
Internal knowledge generation: the research laboratory and innovative productivity in the pharmaceutical industry

Abstract As firms face increasing pressures associated with new forms of knowledge-based competition, researchers have begun to focus on knowledge acquisition strategies to the point of ignoring knowledge creation strategies. This paper investigates the impact of research centers in the pharmaceutical industry upon this neglected form of knowledge creation–innovation productivity. We find that firms with separate research facilities are more innovative than firms without such facilities. The results diverge when locational distance of the laboratory is considered for patent versus drug innovations, and vary across diversification types. These findings suggest that managers and researchers need to consider the relationship between the research center and corporate headquarters — and the role of the corporate headquarters — when developing knowledge generation strategies.
Conversion of acyclic nonpeptide CCK antagonists into CCK agonists

Abstract The CCK antagonists RP 69758 and ( R )-lorglumide were converted into CCK agonists by the introduction of an N -isopropylanilide agonist “trigger.” The common structural features of these ligands suggest that nonpeptide agonists and antagonists bind to a common site in the CCK receptor.
Validation of a Spanish adaptation of the Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

The US Spanish-speaking population has rapidly increased in recent years and there is a need for valid Spanish measures to assess gambling behaviour. This study reports on the development of a Spanish measure of self-efficacy to control gambling behaviour (Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire [GSEQ]; May, Whelan, Steenbergh, & Meyers, 2003). One hundred and eighty-seven Spanish-speaking individuals residing in the south-east United States completed the 16-item measure. The GSEQ-Spanish version (GSEQ-S) showed high internal consistency (α = 0.99) and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Factor analytic data supported a single factor structure similar to that found with the English version. As expected, pathological gamblers scored significantly lower on the GSEQ-S than non-pathological gamblers. The results provide initial psychometric support for the GSEQ-S and suggest that the measure can be used as a valid assessment of gambling self-efficacy among Spanish-speaking gamblers. Further evaluat...
Resistance of cells biochemically transformed by herpes simplex virus DNA fragments to thymidine and deoxyadenosine cytotoxicity

Summary LM(TK − ) mouse fibroblast cells that were biochemically transformed to the Thyd kinase (TK)-positive phenotype by restriction nuclease fragments of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA, all of which contained the HSV TK coding region, formed colonies about as well in media with, as in media without, dThd or dAdo. In contrast, colony formation by TK + LM and by LM(TK − ) cells transformed to TK + by HeLa S3 DNA was inhibited by both dAdo and dThd, although these cells were less sensitive to dAdo inhibition than were dThd-resistant LM(TK − ) cells. The results suggest that the dCyd kinase salvage function of HSV TK contributes to alleviating the cytotoxic effects of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate imbalance.
Major Safety and Ethical Concerns in Brain Stimulation

AbstrAct: Over the last few decades, a great deal of progress has been made in the therapeutic use of electrical stimulus in alleviating pain, in correcting heart, motor and autonomic nervous system control problems, and in many more applications. Deep brain stimulation has been successfully used in treating various psychiatric disorders and may even help improve cognitive impairments. However, although its benefits outweigh its perils, electrical stimulation, especially of the brain, has not been fully accepted. Some researchers, medical professionals, and a few skeptical members of the target community still question its validity. This article discusses the generally debated central safety and ethical issues. As similar points are commonly raised regarding its use in or on various body parts, problems and possible solutions are presented using the examples of the most widely used application of electrical stimulus, deep brain stimulation. Generally, side effects from system implant surgery or the actual activity of stimulating the targeted brain areas affecting symptoms, such as depression and lesions where they occur, are still major sources of concern. Large gaps exist among the challenges that have to be overcome, what is known, and what needs to be communicated. Major ethical dilemmas concerning side effects such as suicidal tendencies, cognitive impairment, even personal identity crises, remain to be addressed.
Brief Patient-Centered Clinician-Delivered Counseling for High-Risk Drinking: 4-Year Results

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the effect at 48 months of a screening and brief patient-centered physician- and nurse practitioner-delivered intervention implemented during a routine primary care visit on the reduction of alcohol consumption by high-risk drinkers.
The role of plasma semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in allylamine and β-aminopropionitrile cardiovascular toxicity: mechanisms of myocardial protection and aortic medial injury in rats

Abstract Allylamine (AA; 3-aminopropene) and β-aminopropionitrile (βAPN) combined treatment (AA+βAPN) results in myocardial protection from AA-induced subendocardial necrosis and a rapid and extensive aortic medial smooth muscle injury in rats. To determine the mechanisms of AA+βAPN-induced vascular toxicity, cardiovascular parameters were monitored during a 10-day exposure by gavage in male Sprague–Dawley rats (180–200 g). Water intake and urine output were measured in rats treated with water, AA (100 mg kg −1 body weight), βAPN (1 g kg −1 body weight), and AA+βAPN for 10 days in metabolic cages. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen, CO 2 , creatinine, hematocrit, electrolytes (Na + , K + , Cl − ), and osmolality. Heart and plasma semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase metabolic capacity (SSAO) was also measured following 1, 3 and 10 days of treatment. Following 10 day exposure to control or AA+βAPN treatment, thoracic aortic rings (∼3 mm) were removed, and aortic reactivity to contractile and relaxant agonists was tested in vitro. In addition, cultured rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells or rat heart beating myocytes were exposed to various concentrations of AA and βAPN or AA metabolites and βAPN to test for synergism in vitro. Several of the changes in in vivo cardiovascular parameters were shared, both in direction and magnitude, between the AA+βAPN and the AA alone or the βAPN alone treatments. This suggests that these effects (e.g. increased water intake and urine flow, decreased hematocrit, decreased heart and plasma SSAO metabolic capacity) were dependent on an AA alone or a βAPN alone effect and were not AA+βAPN specific effects. Significant inhibition of plasma and heart SSAO metabolic capacity occurred in the βAPN alone and the AA+βAPN treatments, but not in the AA alone treatment. Aortic rings from AA+βAPN treated rats were contracted significantly less than anatomically-matched control rat aortic rings by 100 mM potassium chloride or by 10 μM norepinephrine. βAPN offered substantial protection against AA cytotoxicity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and beating myocytes, but did not alter the cytotoxicity of AA metabolites (i.e. acrolein, H 2 O 2 , or ammonia) in vascular smooth muscle cells as determined by the MTT viability assay. Overall, these data suggest that myocardial protection from AA injury that occurs in the combined AA+βAPN treatment is likely due to inhibition of plasma SSAO. This may result in an increase in the AA dose accumulation and metabolism in the aorta leading to the severe aortic medial injury.
Selectivity in the Solvolysis of 1-Adamantyl Halides in Binary Solvents

The products of solvolysis of 1-bromoadamantane in twenty-six binary solvent mixtures were studied. The solvent systems included aqueous aliphatic alcohols, mixtures of trifluoroethanol with water, formic acid, acetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and mixtures of HFIP with methanol and ethanol. Also, 1-chloroadamantane was studied in three binary solvents. The relative rates of reaction of the components of each of the binary mixtures (selectivity values) were calculated. These selectivity values provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that both steric bulk and electrophilicity of the solvent components strongly affect the selectivities. Intrinsic nucleophilicity is of lesser importance. The front-side nucleophilicities are shown to be composition dependent, especially when highly electrophilic solvents are used. It is suggested that solvent sorting may account for this but other possible causes are discussed.
Multistage, multidirectional Tertiary shortening and compression in north-central New Mexico

The nature of Laramide deformation in the southern Rocky Mountains remains highly debated. Advocates of north-south strike-slip faulting favor transpression and northward displacement of the Colorado Plateau, whereas advocates of east-west shortening by thrust faulting contest evidence for large right-lateral displacements. Minor faults (n = 2552) were measured to determine the Laramide to Holocene structural evolution of north-central New Mexico. Multimodal slickenline and ideal σ1 orientations, as well as consistent crosscutting relationships, indicate multiphase, multidirectional faulting. The oldest set of thrust and strike-slip faults indicates east-northeast– to east-trending shortening and compression. The faults cut rocks as young as the upper Paleocene–lower Eocene Diamond Tail Formation. Strike-slip faults from a second phase of northeast- to north-northeast–trending shortening and compression cut the Eocene Galisteo Formation but do not cut the 27 Ma Galisteo dike. Elsewhere, later north-striking strike-slip faults cut 24 Ma igneous units, indicating north-northeast– to north-trending shortening and compression of mid-Tertiary age. Subsequent north-striking normal faults related to Rio Grande rifting commonly reactivate the mid-Tertiary strike-slip fault planes. These results show the validity of both strike-slip and thrust hypotheses in north-central New Mexico, although neither is adequate in exclusion of the other. Early Laramide east-west thrusting probably formed the north-trending Laramide arches of the region. Later counterclockwise rotation of regional shortening and compression directions may have caused transpression, opening some late Laramide axial basins and causing limited northward displacement of the Colorado Plateau. Subsequent mid-Tertiary strike-slip deformation may be a missing link between Paleogene Laramide shortening and Neogene Rio Grande rifting.
Ecological momentary assessment of environmental and personal factors and snack food intake in African American women

This study examined contributions of environmental and personal factors (specifically, food availability and expense, daily hassles, self-efficacy, positive and negative affect) to within-person and between-person variations in snack food intake in 100 African American women. Participants were signaled at random five times daily for seven days to complete a survey on a study-provided smartphone. Women reported consuming snack foods at 35.2% of signals. Easier food availability accounting for one's usual level was associated with higher snack food intake. Being near outlets that predominately sell snacks (e.g., convenience stores), while accounting for one's usual proximity to them, was associated with higher snack food intake. Accounting for one's usual daily hassle level, we found that on days with more frequent daily hassles snack food intake was higher. The positive association between within-person daily hassles frequency and snack food intake was stronger when foods were easily available. Public and private policies to curb ubiquitous food availability and mobile health interventions that take into account time-varying influences on food choices and provide real-time assistance in dealing with easy food availability and coping with stressors may be beneficial in improving African American women's day to day food choices.
Placenta Percreta: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Temporary Bilateral Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Occlusion

Placenta percreta is an implantation disorder, which can cause potentially life-threatening hemorrhage especially when diagnosed during delivery. Traditionally, ultrasound has been the first-line diagnostic imaging modality used to diagnose placenta percreta. However, in cases where ultrasound cannot dependably establish a diagnosis or placental invasion involves adjacent structures, such as the bladder, magnetic resonance imaging has been reported as a more precise imaging modality. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered for early, more accurate diagnosis of placenta percreta to avoid massive hemorrhage during delivery and cesarean hysterectomy. If the diagnosis of placenta percreta is made, temporary balloon occlusion of bilateral internal iliac arteries should be considered to prevent excessive blood loss. This case report should alert radiologists and obstetricians of the precise diagnosis offered by magnetic resonance imaging, the use of temporary balloon occlusion, and the need for further research on magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and Doppler imaging of placenta percreta.
Natural coordinate systems an automatic input data generation scheme for a finite-element method

Abstract A description of a scheme for automatic input data generation for a finite-element method is presented. The basic algorithm is based on a suitable classification of the topological properties of complex geometrical configurations in one-, two-, or three-dimensional space. The algorithm provides for an automatic means of discretization for continuous domains of any form by using the concept of natural coordinate systems; this concept is introduced in this paper. Depending on the complexity of the geometrical form and the diversity of the field quantities associated with different regions in the domain considered or on its boundary, the solution domain is divided into subdomains. Each subdomain has homogeneous field properties and reasonably convex form. The field quantities and geometrical properties associated with each region and the connectivity information of the adjacent subdomains are provided by the user as input. The generation of the mesh, computations of nodal coordinates, and the distribution of the field properties to each finite element are automatically performed. Examples from stress analysis are given.
The Design and Analysis of the Observational Study—A Review

Abstract In recent years the number of studies which attempt comparisons without adequate randomization has increased rapidly, particularly in disciplines and areas of research involving human populations. This article highlights some of the more important developments (and emerging needs) in the design and analysis of such investigations. It provides a historical overview of those techniques adapted to bias reduction, covers recent developments in contingency table analysis, particularly as this relates to the identification and estimation of possible bias components, and considers recent work on the statistical evaluation of methods of bias removal. Since it is clearly relevant to considerations of bias, pertinent work on measurement error is also included.
The Economic and Psychosocial Impact of Migraine before and after Diagnosis and Treatment

Background: Migraine headache is associated with significant costs. Many patients with migraine do not receive appropriate care. Correct diagnosis of migraine is often elusive, which may impact patient care. Objective: Todetermine the economic and disability burdens that patients with migraine experience before treatment and after diagnosis and treatment. Methods: This survey was administered to patients in a community pharmacy. Eligible patients were 18-40 years of age with diagnosed migraine who had prescriptions for an ergotamine, triptan, or combination product containing acetaminophen, isometheptene, and dichloralphenazone. Main outcome measures included pre- and postdiagnostic comparison of patient disability measures, migraine medication use, migraine-related patient costs, and physician office visit characteristics and diagnostic testing. Results: Forty-nine patients completed the study (mean ′ SD age 38 ′ 14 y, 90% female). The average age of symptom onset was 24 ′ 13 years, with first presentation to physician at age 28 ′ 12 and diagnosis made at age 31 ′ 12 years. The mean number of physicians visited was 2.3 ′ 4.7, comprising 5.3 ′ 7.8 office visits before diagnosis. After diagnosis and treatment, significantly fewer patients experienced attacks lasting ≥16 hours and reported missing ≥5 days of work/month from migraine symptoms. Patients also reported significantly increased effectiveness at work when experiencing symptoms after diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that migraine often eludes formal diagnosis and diagnosis is difficult for the primary care physician to make without expensive tests and / or consultation. Patient outcomes were greatly improved after a formal diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment.