cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal blood calcium responses to maternal calcium infusion in sheep.

Although it has bum proposed that alterations in maternal calcium metabolism have specific effects on the fetus, the details of maternal-fetal calcium metabolism have not been clearly defined. The experiment described in this study made use of a previously described surgical technique, employing sheep, which permits sampling of the maternal and fetal circulations while the lamb is maintained on the placental-uterine circulation. Two ewes were infused with calcium gluconate solutions and maintained at blood calcium levels considerably above normal values for a period of 4 hours. Plasma samples were analyzed for total plasma calcium and calcium levels in the filtrable plasma fraction. It was observed that, in spite of marked maternal hypercalcemia, fetal blood calcium levels remained relatively unchanged during the course of the experiment.
Noninvasive Diagnostic Modalities for the Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease

Noninvasive cardiac imaging plays a pivotal role in the initial diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). In patients with known or established CAD, they provide very powerful prognostic information and are useful for risk stratification, optimization of therapy, and long-term follow-up of these patients. A large portfolio of noninvasive imaging techniques, based on different imaging modalities is available for use in current clinical practice. Whereas, all of these modalities are based on the common principles of cardiac anatomy, pathophysiology, coronary vascular biology and hemodynamics, they differ from each other from imaging perspectives, which imparts a degree of uniqueness to each of these modalities. Therefore each modality has its strengths and weaknesses. The differences amongst different imaging modalities should be used to exploit their strengths so as to provide best possible care to the patients. Exercise electrocardiography, nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging, stress echocardiography, cardiac CT (computed tomography) imaging, and stress MR (magnetic resonance) imaging of heart are the noninvasive tests for diagnosing, risk-stratification and follow up of patients with known or suspected CAD. This chapter provides a brief review of these techniques and the recent advances in the respective fields.
Chapter 74 – Alterations in 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Structure that Produce Profound Changes in in Vivo Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the modifications of the 1,25(OH)2D3 molecule and assesses their impact on in vivo biological activity. The early attempts at the preparation of analogs of the hormonally active form of vitamin D were driven primarily by the convenience of the chemistry, known requirements of in vivo 25-hydroxylation, or the availability of simple modifications of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) molecule. Many extremely interesting analogs have been made by several excellent chemical laboratories, but unfortunately a clear pattern of in vivo structure—activity relationship has not been understood. The molecular and even physiological basis of biological activity in the multiple actions of vitamin D have not been adequately described and thus in vivo measurements that would indicate activity in one aspect of vitamin D function versus another are not yet available. Furthermore, many laboratories have been working on modeling systems that would describe how an analog might interact with the VDR. Certainly in vivo evaluation of calcemic activity is available but even in this circumstance, the measurements of calcemic activity differ widely among research groups, making comparisons difficult.
IC-MCN: An architecture for an information-centric mobile converged network

Rapid increases in bandwidth-intensive communications on mobile devices is challenging the Internet's scalability. Mobile converged networking, with its threefold convergence of technology, service, and network, is receiving significant attention as a potential solution to this problem. Unfortunately, proposed mobile convergence approaches are limited by the prevailing IP-based Internet infrastructure. The inherently host-centric IP lacks scalability to accommodate an explosion in multimedia content traffic, especially in the context of mobile convergence. Information-centric networking, a new networking paradigm, has been proposed to overcome IP's scalability problems. By routing requests and data using content names instead of host addresses, information-centric networking enables the exploitation of in-network caching, multi-homing, and multiple radio technologies, and avoids the restrictions of a host-centric foundation. We believe that information- centric networking can play a central role in a mobile converged network. We use named data networking, a popular information- centric networking architecture, as the foundation for a novel information-centric mobile converged network (IC-MCN). Our architecture allows different networks, multiple interfaces, and in-network caching to all be leveraged effectively by mobile devices. We discuss the details of the architecture, identify its advantages, and explore open challenges to the creation of a practical IC-MCN for the future.
Lawrence R. Frey and David L. Palmer (Eds.), Teaching Communication Activism: Communication Education for Social Justice

Lawrence R. Frey and David L. Palmer's Teaching Communication Activism highlights ways in which communication educators are teaching students how to accomplish social justice. For Frey and Palmer, ...
Is Rumination a Risk and a Protective Factor

High trait positive affect (PA) protects against depressive symptoms through cognitive responses such as rumination. However, how rumination in response to positive emotions (positive rumination) protects against depressive symptoms while rumination in response to negative emotions (brooding) predicts depressive symptoms is poorly understood. We hypothesized that (a) positive rumination and brooding represent a shared cognitive process of affect amplification on distinct affective content and (b) less brooding and greater positive rumination would distinctly mediate greater trait PA in predicting fewer depressive symptoms. Our prospective design among 321 adults first compared three confirmatory factor analysis models of the relationship between brooding and positive rumination. We then utilized structural equation modeling to examine whether brooding and positive rumination mediated the relationship between trait PA and depressive symptoms, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, trait negative affect (NA), and the distinct effects of each mediator. Results supported a conceptualization of brooding and positive rumination as distinct but related constructs, represented as a common process of affect amplification to explain how rumination may amplify resilience or risk in predicting depressive symptoms (χ = 195.07, Δχ = 8.78, p < .001, CFI = .91, RMSEA = .07). Furthermore, positive rumination and brooding were distinctly predicted by trait PA, suggesting that trait PA exerts distinct effects on protective and risk forms of rumination. Less brooding mediated the relationship between greater trait PA and fewer depressive symptoms (β = -.04, p = .012), but positive rumination did not (β = .02, p = .517). Rumination may represent a protective and a risk factor, which may better enable individuals who brood to redirect their rumination on positive content and thereby reduce their risk of depressive symptoms.
Angiogenesis and Collateral Formation

Angiogenic cytokines constitute a potentially novel form of therapy for patients with cardiovascular disease. The feasibility of using recombinant formulations of angiogenic growth factors to expedite and/or augment collateral artery development in animal models of myocardial and hindlimb ischemia — “therapeutic angiogenesis” — has now been well established. These studies have suggested that two angiogenic growth factors in particular, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are sufficiently potent to merit further investigation. More recently, experiments performed in our laboratory have indicated that in the case of VEGF, a secreted protein, similar results may be achieved by percutaneous arterial gene transfer. Further laboratory and clinical studies may yield promising insights into the fundamental basis for native as well as therapeutic angiogenesis, and at the same time more explicitly define the manner in which therapeutic angiogenesis may be successfully incorporated into clinical practice.
Stock portfolio selection using learning-to-rank algorithms with news sentiment

In this study, we apply learning-to-rank algorithms to design trading strategies using relative performance of a group of stocks based on investors' sentiment toward these stocks. We show that learning-to-rank algorithms are effective in producing reliable rankings of the best and the worst performing stocks based on investors' sentiment. More specifically, we use the sentiment shock and trend indicators introduced in the previous studies, and we design stock selection rules of holding long positions of the top 25% stocks and short positions of the bottom 25% stocks according to rankings produced by learning-to-rank algorithms. We then apply two learning-to-rank algorithms, ListNet and RankNet, in stock selection processes and test long-only and long-short portfolio selection strategies using 10 years of market and news sentiment data. Through backtesting of these strategies from 2006 to 2014, we demonstrate that our portfolio strategies produce risk-adjusted returns superior to the S&P500 index return, the hedge fund industry average performance - HFRIEMN, and some sentiment-based approaches without learning-to-rank algorithm during the same period.
Complacency, capabilities, and institutional pressure: understanding financial institutions’ participation in the nascent mobile payments ecosystem

As mobile payments become increasingly popular, their ecosystem is also evolving. The participation of financial institutions in this ecosystem, although is rapidly improving, remains relatively low. This paper studies why some financial institutions choose to, or not to, participate in this nascent mobile payments ecosystem. We developed hypotheses for the influence of three factors as aspiration gaps, customer-facing IT capabilities, and institutional pressures based on three theoretical foundations including the threat rigidity thesis, capability-based view, and institutional theory. We then empirically tested our hypotheses by analyzing the diffusion of mobile payments among 3549 U.S. credit unions from 2013 to 2016. Results from our event history analyses provide support to the hypotheses that credit unions experiencing performance gaps, having superior customer-facing IT capabilities, and facing strong institutional pressures are more likely to start providing mobile payment services.
A biocompatible betaine-functionalized polycation for coacervation

The aqueous nature of complex coacervates provides a biologically-relevant context for various therapeutic applications. In this sense, biological applications demand a corresponding level of biocompatibility from the polyelectrolytes that participate in complex coacervation. Continued development with naturally-occurring polyelectrolytes such as heparin and chitosan underscore such aims. Herein, we design a synthetic polycation, in which betaine is conjugated to a biodegradable polyester backbone. Betaine is a naturally-occurring methylated amino acid that is ubiquitously present in human plasma. Inspired by its vast range of benefits - including but not limited to anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, protein stabilization, and cardiovascular health - we aim to impart additional functionality to a polycation for eventual use in a complex coacervate with heparin. We report on its in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, in vitro and in vivo effect on angiogenesis, in vitro effect on microbial growth, and ability to form complex coacervates with heparin.
Integrated Primary Care in Assertive Community Treatment

Assertive community treatment (ACT) has the potential to serve as a medical home for adults with serious mental illness, a population that experiences some of the most significant health disparities in the United States. Using site visit methodology, the authors describe partnerships that were created between five ACT programs and federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) to provide integrated behavioral health and primary care. The authors examined rates of screening for common chronic conditions. The programs used three distinct approaches: two programs colocated ACT teams at an FQHC, two programs employed primary care providers who split their time between the FQHC and the ACT program, and one program embedded a primary care provider within the ACT team. Effective communication between staffs may be more important than type of partnership in determining integration success.
The Origins Survey Spectrometer (OSS): a far-IR discovery machine for the Origins Space Telescope

The OSS on the Origins Space Telescope is designed to decode the cosmic history of nucleosynthesis, star formation, and supermassive black hole growth with wide-area spatial-spectral 3-D surveys across the full 25 to 590 micron band. Six wideband grating modules combine to cover the full band at R=300, each couples a long slit with 60-190 beams on the sky. OSS will have a total of 120,000 background-limited detector pixels in the six 2-D arrays which provide spatial and spectral coverage. The suite of grating modules can be used for pointed observations of targets of interest, and are particularly powerful for 3-D spectral spectral surveys. To chart the transition from interstellar material, particularly water, to planetary systems, two high-spectral-resolution modes are included. The first incorporates a Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) in front of the gratings providing resolving power of 25,000 (δv = 12 km/s) at 179 µm to resolve water emission in protoplanetary disk spectra. The second boosts the FTS capability with an additional etalon (Fabry-Perot interferometer) to provide 2 km/s resolution in this line to enable detailed structural studies of disks in the various water and HD lines. Optical, thermal, and mechanical designs are presented, and the system approach to the detector readout enabling the large formats is described.
Recent developments in photonic, plasmonic and hybrid nanowire waveguides

Recent years have seen a rapid expansion of research into photonic and plasmonic nanowire waveguides for both fundamental studies and technological applications, because of their ability to propagate and process optical signals in tightly confined light fields with high speed and low power, space and material requirements. This comprehensive review summarizes recent advances in the fabrication, characterization and applications of both photonic and plasmonic NW waveguides, with a special focus on the comparative discussion of their differences and similarities in mechanisms and properties, strengths and limitations in performance, and how they can work together in hybrid devices with performances and applications that neither can achieve individually. We also provide an outlook on the future opportunities and directions in this exciting field.
A skin patch for sensing blood pressures

A wearable ultrasound patch enables the continuous monitoring of cardiovascular performance outside the intensive care unit.
Engineering with Biomolecular Motors.

ConspectusBiomolecular motors, such as the motor protein kinesin, can be used as off-the-shelf components to power hybrid nanosystems. These hybrid systems combine elements from the biological and synthetic toolbox of the nanoengineer and can be used to explore the applications and design principles of active nanosystems. Efforts to advance nanoscale engineering benefit greatly from biological and biophysical research into the operating principles of motor proteins and their biological roles. In return, the process of creating in vitro systems outside of the context of biology can lead to an improved understanding of the physical constraints creating the fitness landscape explored by evolution. However, our main focus is a holistic understanding of the engineering principles applying to systems integrating molecular motors in general.To advance this goal, we and other researchers have designed biomolecular motor-powered nanodevices, which sense, compute, and actuate. In addition to demonstrating that biol...
Solar System Impact Rates Measured from Lunar Spherule Ages

Solar system impact rates back to about 3.5 Ga have been determined by measuring the ages of 155 individual lunar spherules from the Apollo 14 lunar mission. Statistical analysis shows that most (>90%) of these spherules come from different craters. The distribution of spherule ages shows a gradually decreasing rate of impacts from 3.5 Ga, to a low about 0.5 Ga, followed by a sharp increase by a factor of 3.7 ± 1.2 in the last 0.4 Gyr.
Impact of resin-rich layer on the through-thickness resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymers:

Increasing applications of carbon fiber reinforced polymers exploiting its electrical properties demand a good understanding of the electrical conduction mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polym...
Data Logistics: Toolkit and Applications

We live in an age of highly distributed collaboration in nearly every field of science coupled with widely disparate technological capabilities. Such heterogeneity makes the movement and management of data that supports scientific and end-user communities a global challenge, particularly when placed in the context of under-served populations without access to advanced network and storage infrastructure. This paper describes an approach known as Data Logistics as a model for exposing generic storage throughout the network, enabling broader access to data sharing capabilities supporting a wide range of devices and networking infrastructure. We present a survey of the underlying Data Logistics technologies, the software components and packaging, and some representative applications of our approach that highlight its use in different environments.
Neutrophil-selective deletion of Cxcr2 protects against CNS neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) driven by demyelination and gray matter neurodegeneration. We previously reported an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) MS mouse model with elevated serum CXCL1 that developed severe and prolonged neuron damage. Our findings suggested that CXCR2 signaling may be important in neuronal damage, thus implicating neutrophils, which express CXCR2 in abundance, as a potential cell type involved. The goals of this study were to determine if CXCR2 signaling in neutrophils mediate neuronal damage and to identify potential mechanisms of damage. EAE was induced in wild-type control and neutrophil-specific Cxcr2 knockout (Cxcr2 cKO) mice by repeated high-dose injections of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MOG35–55 peptide. Mice were examined daily for motor deficit. Serum CXCL1 level was determined at different time points throughout disease development. Neuronal morphology in Golgi-Cox stained lumbar spinal cord ventral horn was assessed using recently developed confocal reflection super-resolution technique. Immune cells from CNS and lymphoid organs were quantified by flow cytometry. CNS-derived neutrophils were co-cultured with neuronal crest cells and neuronal cell death was measured. Neutrophils isolated from lymphoid organs were examined for expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-related genes. Thioglycolate-activated neutrophils were isolated, treated with recombinant CXCL1, and measured for ROS production. Cxcr2 cKO mice had less severe disease symptoms at peak and late phase when compared to control mice with similar levels of CNS-infiltrating neutrophils and other immune cells despite high levels of circulating CXCL1. Additionally, Cxcr2 cKO mice had significantly reduced CNS neuronal damage in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Neutrophils isolated from control EAE mice induced vast neuronal cell death in vitro when compared with neutrophils isolated from Cxcr2 cKO EAE mice. Neutrophils isolated from control EAE mice, but not Cxcr2 cKO mice, exhibited elevated ROS generation, in addition to heightened Ncf1 and Il1b transcription. Furthermore, recombinant CXCL1 was sufficient to significantly increase neutrophils ROS production. CXCR2 signal in neutrophils is critical in triggering CNS neuronal damage via ROS generation, which leads to prolonged EAE disease. These findings emphasize that CXCR2 signaling in neutrophils may be a viable target for therapeutic intervention against CNS neuronal damage.
A Case Studies Approach to Teaching Introductory Physics

Over the past several years, we have contributed several articles to TPT that focused on a forensics-style reexamination of historical events. In each article, we presented a case study as a pedagogy for teaching topics from introductory-level physics courses. Recently, we assembled our prior work into a series of “MythBusters”-style modules for pre-service teachers (PSTs). The goal of these modules is to widen the pedagogical viewpoint of the PSTs by exposing them to case studies as a means of teaching physics, problem solving, and critical thinking. In this article, we describe the design and rationale of our modules while providing anecdotal commentary from a cohort of PSTs who trial tested them. We identify several unique teaching opportunities that we share with readers of TPT.
Generalized Modular Transformations in (3+1)D Topologically Ordered Phases and Triple Linking Invariant of Loop Braiding

Topologically ordered systems exhibit long-range quantum entanglement. New calculations show that a trio of looplike excitations can be braided to produce rich information about both the underlying topological order.
Dialogical Breakdown and Covid-19: Solidarity and Disagreement in a Shared World

This article considers the limitations, but also the insights, of Gadamerian hermeneutics for understanding and responding to the crisis precipitated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Our point of departure is the experience of deep disagreements amid the pandemic, and our primary example is ongoing debates in the United States about wearing masks. We argue that, during this dire situation, interpersonal mutual understanding is insufficient for resolving such bitter disputes. Rather, following Gadamer’s account of our dialogical experience with an artwork, we suggest that our encounter with the virus gives rise to new ways of seeing and experiencing ourselves and the world. Further, we draw on Gadamer’s account of the fusion of horizons to show how even competing perspectives on wearing masks arise within a shared space of meaning created by the virus. These insights provide hope for an improved model of political dialogue in the world of Covid-19.
Postsurgery echocardiography can predict the amount of ischemia-reperfusion injury and the resultant scar size

We believe our work is noteworthy due to its creation of standards for early evaluation of the level of myocardial injury in mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion. This improvement to study design c...
Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce irrigation and wash water using large-volume sampling techniques

The recent increase of reported cyclosporiasis outbreaks associated with fresh produce has highlighted the need for understanding environmental transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis in agricultural settings and facilities. Conducting such environmental investigations necessitates robust sample collection and analytical methods to detect C. cayetanensis in water samples. This study evaluated three sample collection methods for recovery of C. cayetanensis oocysts from water samples during seeded recovery experiments. Two filtration-based methods, dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) and USEPA Method 1623.1, were evaluated for oocyst recovery from irrigation water. A non-filter-based method, continuous flow centrifugation (CFC), was evaluated separately for recovery from creek water and spent produce wash water. Median C. cayetanensis recovery efficiencies were 17% for DEUF and 16-22% for Method 1623.1. The DEUF method proved to be more robust than Method 1623.1, as the recovery efficiencies were less variable and the DEUF ultrafilters were capable of filtering larger volumes of high-turbidity water without clogging. Median C. cayetanensis recovery efficiencies for CFC were 28% for wash water and 63% for creek water, making it a viable option for processing water with high turbidity or organic matter. The data from this study demonstrate the capability of DEUF and CFC as filter-based and non-filter-based options, respectively, for the recovery of C. cayetanensis oocysts from environmental and agricultural waters.
What are We Forgetting? Sexuality, Sex, and Embodiment in Abortion Research.

Abortion has been alternately legalized and criminalized, tacitly approved of, and stigmatized, in various settings over time. The contours of its treatment are dependent on social and political co...
Exposure to IPV among Children in the Child Welfare System and an Emotional-Behavioral Disability: the Role of Maternal Depression and Social Support

This study examines the relationship between children’s exposure to IPV and EBD among children involved in the child welfare system for suspected maltreatment (both substantiated and unsubstantiated). It specifically examines how children’s trauma symptoms, maternal depression, and maternal social support may impact the relationship between exposure to IPV and EBD. This study uses structural equation modeling with data from the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing to examine the relationship between exposure to IPV and EBD among 989 children (ages 8–17) involved in the child welfare system. Moderated mediation was employed to examine whether children’s trauma symptoms mediate the relationship between IPV exposure and EBD and whether differences in maternal depression and social support impact such mediation effect. Child trauma symptoms and maternal social support were significantly related to EBD. The current study highlights the relationship between children’s trauma symptoms and EBD among children in the child welfare system. The study also provides preliminary evidence for maternal social support as a protective factor for children developing EBD. Implications of this research include providing interventions as well as increasing maternal social support to potentially reduce the likelihood of children developing EBD.
Temperature Variations of A Lithium-ion Polymer Battery Cell During Electric Vehicle Driving Cycles

The lithium-ion battery is the most widely-used onboard energy storage device for electric vehicle application thanks to its high energy-to-weight ratio, high energy-to-volume ratio, deep depth of discharge, and excellent cycle life. However, these appealing characteristics are heavily affected by the battery's operating temperature, which is the result of the ambient temperature augmented by the heat generated from the battery. To maintain the lithium-ion battery's operating temperature within the optimal range, an efficient battery thermal management system (TMS) is important and essential. Understanding the battery heat generation and battery temperature variation during its operations is required for designing the efficient battery TMS. In this paper, the temperature variations of a 20Ah lithium polymer battery cell during different driving cycles with different cooling media are studied. An electric vehicle model based on the 2018 Nissan Leaf is built in the GT-SUITE with experimental battery data. The temperature variation of the battery cell during different driving cycles is tested and simulated by using the terminal current generated by the GT-SUITE driving cycle simulations. Effects of air cooling and liquid cooling are also compared. With cooling air at 298K, the cell temperature increases between 2.3K to 5.1K to steady state from 298K, depending on the driving cycles. Cell temperature increase with cooling by liquid is only between 0.7K to 2.8K.
Factors Associated with Successful Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Thoracotomy in the Management of Traumatic Hemothorax.

ABSTRACT Background Few studies have identified factors associated with successful VATS or thoracotomy as the initial operative strategy among patients with traumatic hemothorax. Material and methods We performed an exploratory analysis using the 2008 to 2017 TQP database. We identified all patients aged 18 to 89 years with traumatic hemothorax who were treated with tube thoracostomy alone in the first 24-hours of admission, followed by VATS or thoracotomy. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with successful VATS (no conversion or reoperation) or thoracotomy (no reoperation) as the initial operative strategy. Results Among 2052 patients managed with initial VATS after chest tube drainage, 1710 (83%) were successful, while 263 (13%) were converted to thoracotomy and 79 (4%) required reoperation. On multivariable analysis, poor GCS (OR = 0.96 [95% CI = 0.94-0.99]), major injury (OR = 0.69 [95% CI = 0.53-0.90]), and diaphragmatic injury (OR = 0.42 [95% CI = 0.30-0.60]) were associated with lower odds of successful VATS, while rib fractures (OR=1.29 [95% CI=1.01-1.66]) were associated with higher odds of success of the initial operative plan. Among 3486 patients initially managed with thoracotomy after drainage with tube thoracostomy, 3118 (89.4%) were successful, while 11% (n = 368) required reoperation. Multivariable analysis revealed that major injury (OR = 0.68 [95% CI = 0.50-0.92]), blunt mechanism (OR = 0.63 [95% CI = 0.50-0.78]), and diaphragmatic injury (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.53-0.84]) were associated with lower odds of successful thoracotomy as the initial operative plan. Conclusions More severe injuries and diaphragmatic injuries have lower odds of successful of VATS or thoracotomy as the initial operative management strategy among patients with traumatic hemothorax. Rib fractures may be associated with higher odds of success of VATS as the initial management strategy.
Family Adaptation to Substance Abuse

At the present time, it is commonly accepted that substance abuse has a profound effect on the family, generally leading to greater psycho-pathology in all or most individual members as well as to impairment in family system functioning. Several other major issues remain controversial. The first of these deals with which specific types of family dysfunction lead to substance abuse, particularly to abuse of different drugs and alcohol. A second major problem in the field is the relative lack of a clear demonstration of the efficacy of family therapy, and particularly of its superiority over other forms of treatment for substance abuse. Our current knowledge of these areas will be a major emphasis of this chapter. Lastly, another area worthy of exploration is the extent to which family pathology precedes and leads to substance abuse as opposed to the extent to which it is a consequence of substance abuse.
Project X: Accelerator Reference Design

Part 1 of "Project X: Accelerator Reference Design, Physics Opportunities, Broader Impacts". Part 1 contains the volume Preface and a description of the conceptual design for a high-intensity proton accelerator facility being developed to support a world-leading program of Intensity Frontier physics over the next two decades at Fermilab. Subjects covered include performance goals, the accelerator physics design, and the technological basis for such a facility. Part 2 is available as arXiv:1306.5009 [hep-ex] and Part 3 is available as arXiv:1306.5024 [physics.acc-ph].
Features of entrainment of spinal pattern generators for locomotor activity in the lamprey spinal cord

The in vitro lamprey spinal cord contains a “central pattern generator” (CPG) that can generate locomotor activity with excitatory amino acids added to the bath. The motor pattern can be entrained by imposed rhythmic bending of either the caudal or rostral end of the notochord/spinal cord. In the present study, the quantitative and mechanistic features of entrainment were investigated. Increasing the amplitude of the imposed movement increased the range of frequencies over which entrainment occurred. Brief, pulsed, imposed movements could reset the locomotor rhythm. During entrainment at different imposed movement frequencies, the burst duration was a constant proportion of about 35% of the cycle time. The intersegmental phase lag, which is usually constant at about 0.01 during locomotion, decreased significantly with caudal imposed movements. A small increase in the phase lags was observed with rostral imposed movements. In low-calcium Ringer9s, briefly bending the notochord/spinal cord activated intraspinal mechanoreceptors and elicited ascending and descending unit activity in lateral spinal fascicles many segments from the point of bending. However, this ascending or descending movement-related activity was insufficient to fully entrain the locomotor rhythm, since blocking the pattern in the region of bending abolished 1:1 entrainment. The mechanoreceptors appear to act locally on the CPG networks, since interrupting the ascending or descending movement- related activity with lesions of the lateral fascicles did not abolish entrainment. In contrast, stripping the very lateral margins of the spinal cord in the region of bending did abolish entrainment, presumably by destroying the transduction region of the mechanoreceptors. The data, taken together, suggest that the mechanoreceptors entrain the local CPG networks, and this timing information is then distributed to the other parts of the spinal motor networks through the coordinating system.
'When You Eat the Labor of Your Hands, You Shall be Happy': Entrepreneurship and the Hebrew Bible

Over the past few decades, there has been tremendous growth in entrepreneurship, along with a concomitant resurgence of spirituality in corporate America and much of the world; people want their jobs to have meaning. The Hebrew Bible, especially the Pentateuch (Torah), has had a profound effect on billions of people, both believers and non-believers. By understanding what it demands of humankind, entrepreneurs can see the special role they play in improving the world. This paper surveys the scholarly literature on entrepreneurship, spirituality, and religion, and then examines some principles derived from the Hebrew Bible that can be especially useful to entrepreneurs interested in establishing a spiritual firm. These principles include: humankind must live a spiritual life; gratitude to God for success; caring for the weak and helpless in society; respectful treatment of employees; conducting one's business in an ethical and aboveboard manner; environmental stewardship and improving the world; and servant-leadership.
Kiowa humanity and the invasion of the state

1. The American Problem 2. The Kiowa Scheme of Life 3. Values of the State and U.S. Indian Policy 4. Young Kiowa Men, Kiowa Social Values, and the Politics of Rations 5. Fictions of Nineteenth-Century American Assimilation Policy 6. Households of Humanity 7. ConclusionAppendix A: U.S. Indian Appropriations and Disbursements, 1860-1910 Appendix B: Government Document Sources of Population Figures
Helium conservation: Supply and demand projections in the USA reconsidered

Abstract In a recent paper, B.C. Liu developed and estimated a model of the helium market in the USA. There are significant shortcomings in both the data and the model specification. Some of the problem areas are examined here.
Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Cubed Beef Steak Dipped in Edible Protective Solutions of Thermized Cheddar Whey

Thermized (heated at 70C for 0, 5, 10 and 15 min) Cheddar whey protein concentrate, with and without enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (CH), was added to protective edible coatings of cubed beef steak. Antioxidative activity, bacteriostatic activity and sensory attributes were evaluated over 8 days of refrigerated shelf life. Thermized treatments, with and without CH, significantly inhibited thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance formation in steak. Peroxide value was also significantly reduced by coating treatments. Carbonyl content of all treatments was lower than controls and blanks during storage with 5-min treatment (5TCH), showing the lowest carbonyl content (34.5% versus 46% for blank). Thiols were also significantly protected in the treatments. Sensory evaluation showed significant protection of key sensory attributes by treatments throughout the storage period compared with controls. Data indicate marked improvement of shelf life and quality as a result of the effective and natural treatments. Practical Applications Oxidation of proteins and lipids is considered the most important factor responsible for quality loss of meat. Oxidative degradation negatively impacts appearance and overall quality of retail-cut meats. Cubed steak is particularly susceptible with a retail shelf life of only 1–2 days at 2–4C. Although various synthetic antioxidants have been used successfully to control oxidation in meat products, consumers prefer the use of natural antioxidants because of the health risks associated with synthetic antioxidants. Edible coatings and films provide a promising alternative. Whey, an inexpensive by-product of cheese manufacture, is abundantly available and has great potential for use as raw material in antioxidative edible coatings. Functionality and antioxidative properties of whey proteins can be further improved by thermization. Our research investigates the efficacy of thermized Cheddar whey protein concentrate as an antioxidative and bacteriostatic agent and evaluates its influence on basic sensory characteristics of commercially available cubed beef steak.
Daily almond consumption (1.5 oz./d) decreases abdominal and leg adiposity in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals (117.8)

Almonds are an energy-dense food that do not promote weight gain or increased waist circumference (WC); however, the effects of almond consumption on total body and sub-regional fat and lean mass d...
Hypernatremia in infants; an evaluation of the clinical and biochemical findings accompanying this state.

It has been shown that hypernatremia may accompany dehydration in infants with diarrhea and with infections associated with interference with water intake. Suitable modification of the treatment dehydration for these patients has appeared to improve the results of their care. Hypernatremic dehydration may be suspected from the history and clinical features and is readily diagnosed by laboratory procedures. The occurrence of neurological manifestations, some of which may be irreversible, is a feature of outstanding importance. Despite loss of body water the usual changes in tissue turgor and the circulatory state associated with severe dehydration may not be present. Because in this type of dehydration, a large intracellular water deficit exists, the repair solution should be relatively dilute with respect to sodium. The best results have been obtained by administering fluids which, if combined, would have a final sodium concentration of from 15 to 40 mEq./l. Hypocalcemia has been a frequent complication and more study is needed to elucidate its pathogenesis. Awareness of its occurrence facilitates therapy. As in other types of dehydration in infants, the potassium deficit may be impressive and should be corrected promptly after restoration of renal function. The somewhat special treatment indicated for patients with hypernatremic dehydration makes recognition important. Recognition or suspicion from clinical signs and rapid laboratory diagnosis are essential for optimal management.
A chromatographic survey of methods for extracting long‐chain grass fructans

To optimize yields of long-chain fructans extracted from herbage, fructan concentrations and chromatographic profiles were compared in four cool-season grasses extracted by different methods. In a preliminary study, extraction temperatures, pH prior to extract concentration, numbers of extractions, and tissue coarseness were varied to evaluate their effects on chromatographic profiles and quantities of total long-chain fructan (degree of polymerization (DP) of ∼7 or higher). Fructans were separated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The identity of the putative fructan peaks was confirmed by acid hydrolysis of fructans to fructose. Tall fescue and bluegrass fructans were below the detection limits used in this study. Pooled timothy and cocksfoot data indicated that two or three extractions at the same temperature yielded similar amounts of fructans and that adjusting pH from 6 to 7 did not affect recovery. Replicated extractions of cocksfoot by four methods chosen from the preliminary study demonstrated that the least fructan was extracted from chopped cocksfoot at ambient temperature (P = 0·019). One C18 solid-phase extraction cleanup step sufficed for analysis. The extraction method recommended is two boiling water extractions of either chopped or ground material. However, ground material extracted at ambient temperature is comparable in total fructan concentration and maximum DP.
Generalized three-dimensional harmonic imaging of buried nonlinearly loaded scatterers

Wideband electromagnetic sensing and imaging of buried nonlinearly loaded scatterers is considered. Harmonic scattering theory is first presented, and then a generalized near-field, direct imaging functional is proposed for target localization within the context of downward-looking ground penetrating radar (GPR) detection exploiting sequential single-tone excitation. The developed scattering and sensing analysis framework is illustrated for a canonical scatterer through numerical simulations performed with a hybrid method-of-moments solver integrated with harmonic balance. Three-dimensional subsurface imaging is obtained with a moving linear transceiver array by re-focusing the steady-state harmonic responses received over a two-dimensional synthetic aperture.
Infrared Chemiluminescence Study of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Acetaldehyde and the Secondary Reactions of Acetyl Radical with NO2, OH, and H

The hydrogen abstraction reactions from CH3CHO by OH and OD radicals were studied in a fast-flow reactor by observation of the infrared chemiluminescence from H2O and HOD. The fraction of available energy released as the vibrational energy of water was 〈fv〉 = 0.52 with ∼30% released as bending excitation and ∼65% released as stretching excitation of the newly formed OH bond. The pattern of energy disposal closely resembles that for OH + H2CO or (CH3)2S reactions, but differs from abstraction from secondary C−H bonds of hydrocarbons. Secondary reactions of CH3CO radical with NO2, OH, and H also were observed by infrared emission of products formed from the unimolecular decomposition of CH3C(O)ONO, CH3C(O)OH, and CH3C(O)H intermediate adducts. The CO2 vibrational distributions from the decomposition of CH3C(O)OH, CH3C(O)ONO, and HC(O)ONO are compared.
Aerodynamic flow around a sport utility vehicle—Computational and experimental investigation

Abstract Standard CFD methods require a mesh that fits the boundaries of the computational domain. For a complex geometry the generation of such a grid is time-consuming, and often requires modifications to the model geometries particularly when one begins with the “raw” CAD data. This paper evaluates the newly developed Immersed Boundary (IB) approach which does not require mesh to be conformal to body and thus would speed up the process of the grid generation. The IB approach starts directly from CAD (STL) files, and has the potential in mitigating the process of CAD cleanup and surface meshing for the CFD simulations. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver based on the Immersed Boundary technique is used to investigate the aerodynamic flow field around a generic Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV). The simulations are compared with the experimental data for the same vehicle geometries. The experimental data include particle image velocimetry (PIV) velocity, surface pressure and drag coefficient measurements. The results show that the CFD simulations were able to track the flow very well for the generic SUV (both qualitatively and quantitatively). The predicted drag coefficients for the generic SUV model was within 5% of the measured values. Finally, the IB approach was used to predict the flow structures and the drag coefficient for a production SUV (Chevy Tahoe). In addition, the same geometry was simulated using the standard body-fitted approach for direct comparison with the IB simulations. The flow results of both simulations were similar. The simulated drag coefficients for the IB and the body-fitted approaches were within 3% and 3–7% of the measured value, respectively. It should be noted that, the paper is about a comparison of the IB to body-fitted approaches for automotive aerodynamics, and these approaches are simulations of wind tunnel measurements. Since the wind tunnel testing is a cold process using an “engine-off” condition, there was no need to perform the simulations with thermal boundary conditions activated for engines, exhaust, heat exchangers, etc.
Flexible Fabrication of Long‐Period Fiber Grating Devices Based on Erasing Effect by Controlled Co2 Laser Pulse Exposure

An easy way to flexibly fabricate special long-period fiber grating (LPFG) devices by controlled CO2 laser pulses are presented in this paper. By controlling the pulse power and duration, consecutive exposures were made on an optical fiber to fabricate an LPFG. Existing LPFGs can also be erased or modified by applying CO2 laser exposures on specific grating sections. The erasing effect has been studied to fabricate special grating devices for various applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1735–1738, 2013
Absolute cross sections for the dipole-allowed transitions 30s-30p and 29d-30p in collisions between charged particles and Na Rydberg atoms.

Collisions between charged particles and highly excited Na Rydberg atoms have been measured to continue a study of the projectile-velocity dependence of collisionally induced dipole-allowed and dipole-forbidden transitions. Experiments involving H{sup +}, H{sub 2}{sup +}, He{sup +}, and Ne{sup +} projectiles incident on Na(30{ital s}) and Na(29{ital d}) cover the projectile-velocity range from 1.6 to 10 times the mean orbital velocity of the excited electron. The ratio of the sum of the two largest dipole-allowed cross sections that depopulate an initial 30{ital s} state (30{ital s}{r_arrow}30{ital p} and 30{ital s}{r_arrow}29{ital p}) to the total depopulation cross section of 30{ital s} has been measured for reduced velocities ranging from 5 to 10. {ital Absolute} cross sections for the two dipole-allowed transitions 30{ital s}{r_arrow}30{ital p} and 29{ital d}{r_arrow}30{ital p}, where large quantum defects play a significant role, are also presented. These exhibit characteristic velocity-dependent thresholds. The experimental data are in good agreement with close-coupling calculations that use an {ital m}-averaged dipole coupling to describe both allowed and forbidden channels. The results emphasize the importance of optically forbidden transitions and have implications in the study of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas.