cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNIT 15G.1 Influenza: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage

Influenza viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Three types exist, influenza A, B, and C. All infect humans, but only A and B are major human pathogens. Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on genetic and antigenic differences in the two surface spike proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The appropriate cell lines to be used for isolation of influenza A or B viruses depend on the clinical information and the host of origin. MDCK cells are the preferred cell line for isolation of human influenza viruses from clinical specimens. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 29:15G.1.1-15G.1.24. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: human influenza; Madin Darby canine kidney; MDCK; embryonated chicken eggs; EID50; TCID50; plaque-forming units
Association Cortex Is Essential to Reverse Hemianopia by Multisensory Training

Hemianopia induced by unilateral visual cortex lesions can be resolved by repeatedly exposing the blinded hemifield to auditory-visual stimuli. This rehabilitative "training" paradigm depends on mechanisms of multisensory plasticity that restore the lost visual responsiveness of multisensory neurons in the ipsilesional superior colliculus (SC) so that they can once again support vision in the blinded hemifield. These changes are thought to operate via the convergent visual and auditory signals relayed to the SC from association cortex (the anterior ectosylvian sulcus [AES], in cat). The present study tested this assumption by cryogenically deactivating ipsilesional AES in hemianopic, anesthetized cats during weekly multisensory training sessions. No signs of visual recovery were evident in this condition, even after providing animals with up to twice the number of training sessions required for effective rehabilitation. Subsequent training under the same conditions, but with AES active, reversed the hemianopia within the normal timeframe. These results indicate that the corticotectal circuit that is normally engaged in SC multisensory plasticity has to be operational for the brain to use visual-auditory experience to resolve hemianopia.
The lack of electron momentum correlation in strong-field triple ionisation of molecules

We report the results of direct measurements of electron momentum correlation in strong-field-driven molecular triple ionisation. With a camera-based imaging apparatus, measurement of quadruple coi...
Time-scales modulate optimal lysis-lysogeny decision switches and near-term phage fitness

Temperate phage can initiate lysis or lysogeny after infecting a bacterial host. The genetic switch between lysis and lysogeny is mediated by phage regulatory genes as well as host and environmental factors. Recently, a new class of decision switches was identified in phage of the SPbeta group, mediated by the extracellular release of small, phage-encoded peptides termed arbitrium. Arbitrium peptides can be taken up by bacteria prior to infection, modulating the decision switch in the event of a subsequent phage infection. Increasing concentration of arbitrium increases the chance that a phage infection will lead to lysogeny, rather than lysis. Although prior work has centered on the molecular mechanisms of arbitrium-induced switching, here we focus on how selective pressures impact the benefits of plasticity in switching responses. In this work, we examine the possible advantages of near-term adaptation of communication-based decision switches used by the SPbeta-like group. We combine a nonlinear population model with a control theoretic approach to evaluate the relationship between a putative phage reaction norm (i.e., the probability of lysogeny as a function of arbitrium) and the near-term time horizon. We show the adaptive potential of communication-based lysis-lysogeny responses and find that optimal switching between lysis to lysogeny increases near-term fitness compared to fixed responses. We further find that plastic responses are robust to the inclusion of cellular-level stochasticity. These findings provide a principled basis to explore the long-term evolution of phage-encoded decision systems mediated by extracellular decision-signaling molecules, and the feedback between phage reaction norms and ecological context.
The Philosophical Dimensions of the Doctrine of Unconscionability

The doctrine of unconscionability permits courts to invalidate contracts that they deem to be fundamentally unfair. Section 2-302 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC),' which embodies this doctrine, is one of the Code's most controversial provisions.2 By 1967, only 16 years after the first official version of the Code appeared, over 130 articles had been published on the doctrine of unconscionability.3 Many of the articles published in the 1960s were aimed at providing guidance to courts applying the unconscionability doctrine. However, in 1970, Robert Braucher, author of the UCC's provisions concerning unconscionability, remarked that "we are probably not much more ready now than we were twenty years ago to arrive at comprehensive reasoned elaboration of what is unconscionable .... We may not have added much to the old saw,'A fair exchange is no robbery."'5 Braucher's remark raises two important questions. First, why after nineteen years and well over one hundred law review articles did legal scholars feel that they were unable to provide courts with a "rea-
Proinflammatory Role of Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules

The adhesive interaction between circulating leukocytes and the vessel wall is a critical event in host defense against microbial invasion and in the repair of tissue damage. Altered leukocyte-endothelial interactions, however, may sometimes contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular and tissue injury in inflammatory and immune disorders. This chapter will briefly summarize our current understanding of the molecular basis of leukocyte adherence to endothelium in inflammatory and immune reactions and discuss anti-adhesion therapy as a novel approach to the treatment of a wide spectrum of clinical disorders.
On the location of plumes and lateral movement of thermochemical structures with high bulk modulus in the 3-D compressible mantle

The two large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) at the base of the lower mantle are prominent features in all shear wave tomography models. Various lines of evidence suggest that the LLSVPs are thermochemical and are stable on the order of hundreds of million years. Hot spots and large igneous province eruption sites tend to cluster around the edges of LLSVPs. With 3-D global spherical dynamic models, we investigate the location of plumes and lateral movement of chemical structures, which are composed of dense, high bulk modulus material. With reasonable values of bulk modulus and density anomalies, we find that the anomalous material forms dome-like structures with steep edges, which can survive for billions of years before being entrained. We find that more plumes occur near the edges, rather than on top, of the chemical domes. Moreover, plumes near the edges of domes have higher temperatures than those atop the domes. We find that the location of the downwelling region (subduction) controls the direction and speed of the lateral movement of domes. Domes tend to move away from subduction zones. The domes could remain relatively stationary when distant from subduction but would migrate rapidly when a new subduction zone initiates above. Generally, we find that a segment of a dome edge can be stationary for 200 million years, while other segments have rapid lateral movement. In the presence of time-dependent subduction, the computations suggest that maintaining the lateral fixity of the LLSVPs at the core-mantle boundary for longer than hundreds of million years is a challenge.
Charging coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicles based on the line flow limits and power losses

The increased popularity of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) over the years has resulted in their large deployment across the traditional Electric Power Grid (EPG). Sudden addition of these highly intermittent, excessive capacity loads along with the increase in generation will result in potential stress, overloading of lines and efficiency degradation of the EPG. To overcome these potential issues, a coordinated PEV charging strategy is proposed in this paper to prevent the overloading of the lines and minimizing the power losses incurred by the random charging of the PEVs. Two factors referred as line flow and power loss sensitivity factors are derived from the Newton Raphson Jacobian to coordinate the charging activities of the PEVs. These sensitivity factors are used to identify the nodes and lines in the EPG that are prone to overload. Charging commands are sent to the identified nodes to assist in a coordinated charging. The proposed methodology is implemented on a small radial IEEE 6 bus distribution system and its performance is demonstrated.
FUSE Binding Protein 1 Facilitates Persistent Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Hepatoma Cells by Regulating Tumor Suppressor p53.

UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunohistochemistry of archived HCC tumors showed abundant FBP1 expression in HCC tumors with the CHC background. Oncomine data analysis of normal versus HCC tumors with the CHC background indicated a 4-fold increase in FBP1 expression with a concomitant 2.5-fold decrease in the expression of p53. We found that FBP1 promotes HCV replication by inhibiting p53 and regulating BCCIP and TCTP, which are positive and negative regulators of p53, respectively. The severe inhibition of HCV replication in FBP1-knockdown Huh7.5 cells was restored to a normal level by downregulation of either p53 or BCCIP. Although p53 in Huh7.5 cells is transcriptionally inactive as a result of Y220C mutation, we found that the activation and DNA binding ability of Y220C p53 were strongly suppressed by FBP1 but significantly activated upon knockdown of FBP1. Transient expression of FBP1 in FBP1 knockdown cells fully restored the control phenotype in which the DNA binding ability of p53 was strongly suppressed. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we found no significant difference in in vitro target DNA binding affinity of recombinant wild-type p53 and its Y220C mutant p53. However, in the presence of recombinant FBP1, the DNA binding ability of p53 is strongly inhibited. We confirmed that FBP1 downregulates BCCIP, p21, and p53 and upregulates TCTP under radiation-induced stress. Since FBP1 is overexpressed in most HCC tumors with an HCV background, it may have a role in promoting persistent virus infection and tumorigenesis. IMPORTANCE It is our novel finding that FUSE binding protein 1 (FBP1) strongly inhibits the function of tumor suppressor p53 and is an essential host cell factor required for HCV replication. Oncomine data analysis of a large number of samples has revealed that overexpression of FBP1 in most HCC tumors with chronic hepatitis C is significantly linked with the decreased expression level of p53. The most significant finding is that FBP1 not only physically interacts with p53 and interferes with its binding to the target DNA but also functions as a negative regulator of p53 under cellular stress. FBP1 is barely detectable in normal differentiated cells; its overexpression in HCC tumors with the CHC background suggests that FBP1 has an important role in promoting HCV infection and HCC tumors by suppressing p53.
Application of a finite strain elastic-plastic self-consistent model to deformation of magnesium

Magnesium alloys are unique materials because tensile twinning and de-twinning can be easily activated, which leads to rapid texture and hardening evolution [1]. Here we present a study of the mechanical response of a magnesium alloy (AZ31) when deformed under twinning dominated conditions, i.e. uniaxial compression along prior extrusion axis. In-situ neutron diffraction measurements were carried out using the SMARTS (Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress) instrument at LANSCE (Los Alamos Neutron Science Center) [2].
Results from a State-Based Surveillance System for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning:

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe results from a pilot surveillance system for carbon monoxide poisoning--a significant yet preventable public health issue for which most public health agencies do not conduct routine public health surveillance. METHODS: The authors developed a rate-based statewide surveillance system. Cases were identified using the 1998 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists' case definition in hospital discharges, emergency department and hospital outpatient visits, and mortality data. Intentional and fire-related injuries were excluded. The system was supplemented with qualitative information from newspaper articles. Annual, age, and sex-specific incidence rates were estimated. Exposure source/setting was described using E-codes; occupational setting was assessed by combining E-codes and payer code. Cases occurring during a disaster-related power outage in January 1998 were compared with cases identified during routine surveillance from 1999 through 2003. RESULTS: During the five years of routine surveillance, 740 cases were identified; 47 (6.4%) were hospitalized, 442 (59.7%) were seen in an emergency department, and 251 (34.3%) were seen in another outpatient setting. More cases were observed in fall/winter; 23.1% of patients aged 16 or older were classified as exposed in an occupational setting. Among disaster-related cases, more were older (> or =65 years of age; 11.9% vs. 4.2%) and female (61.6% vs. 45.3%); and fewer were in occupational settings (1.8% vs. 23.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Establishing state-based public health surveillance for CO poisoning is feasible and essential for guiding prevention and control efforts. The finding that more than 20% of cases were classified as occupational should be investigated further. Language: en
3-D laser radar development with arrays of photon-counting detectors

M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory is developing technologies for three-dimensional laser radar. The detector technology is based on arrays of avalanche photodiodes operating in the Geiger mode, with integrated timing circuitry for each pixel.
Optimizing equivalence‐based instruction: Effects of training protocols on equivalence class formation

Two experiments evaluated the effects of the simple-to-complex and simultaneous training protocols on the formation of academically relevant equivalence classes. The simple-to-complex protocol intersperses derived relations probes with training baseline relations. The simultaneous protocol conducts all training trials and test trials in separate portions of the protocol. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants formed 4 3- and 4-member neuroanatomy classes, respectively. When trained with the simple-to-complex protocol, 100% of participants immediately formed the 3- or 4-member classes. When trained with the simultaneous protocol, the 3- and 4-member classes were formed immediately by 75% and 42% of participants, respectively. Thus, the immediate emergence of equivalence classes was an interactive function of training protocol and class size. The remaining participants eventually formed classes after a few cycles of retraining. The incorporation of these training and testing parameters could optimize the use of equivalence-based instruction for teaching college-level course content.
Critical Thinking: Incorporation into the Paramedic Curriculum

The purpose of this paper is to present approaches to foster critical thinking skills within the context of the current paramedic curriculum. It reviews some of the definitions and concepts of critical thinking from selected adult education and nursing literature in an attempt to formulate a workable definition as it applies to paramedics. From that definition, elements are identified and incorporated to form a teaching model for use in presenting the curriculum content. Some sample teaching strategies based on revised objectives of the airway/ventilation section also are included.
Is percutaneous proximal gracilis tenotomy as effective and safe as the open procedure

There is currently an increasing trend for percutaneous surgical interventions mainly in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous proximal gracilis tenotomy (PPGT) in children with CP scheduled for hip adductor tenotomy. This is a prospective study of 59 hips in 31 consecutive patients with CP scheduled for hip adductor tenotomy in the setting of multilevel tenotomies or hip osteotomy (femoral or Dega). A pediatric orthopedic surgeon conducted a percutaneous adductor longus and gracilis tenotomy through the same stab wound. Another surgeon extended the wound to explore what had been cut during the PPGT, and completed the tenotomy if necessary (open proximal gracilis tenotomy; OPGT). Hip abduction with the hip and knee extended (HA) was assessed by a third surgeon (1) immediately before PPGT, i.e., directly after percutaneous adductor longus tenotomy (prePPGT), (2) after PPGT (postPPGT), and (3) following OPGT (postOPGT), using a goniometer, in a standardized reproducible manner. All three surgeons were blinded to each other’s findings. Primary end-points included the percentage of muscle portion sectioned percutaneously and the improvement of HA angle. Comparison between HA before and after PPGT was performed using a paired t test with 95 % confidence interval (CI), and comparison between HA after PPGT and OPGT was performed using a Student’s t-test with 95 % CI. The bleeding was assessed and other iatrogenic lesions were identified. The relationship between HA after PPGT and the percentage of muscle portion sectioned percutaneously was evaluated by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (p < 0.01). Mean HA measured 33.71 degrees prePPGT and increased to 45.90 degrees postPPGT (p < 0.0001). The postOPGT HA averaged 48.71 degrees with no statistically significant gain compared with postPPGT (p = 0.21). The muscular portion of gracilis origin was cut to an average of 91.95 %; completely in only 14 hips, between 90 and 100 % in 35 hips, between 70 and 90 % in 9 hips, and between 60 and 70 % in 1 hip. The gain in HA did not correlate with the extent of the muscular portion sectioned percutaneously (R = −0.043). Minimal accidental section of adductor brevis postPPGT was encountered in 39 hips. Considerable bleeding postPPGT with hematoma formation requiring hemostasis during the open control procedure occurred in 30 hips. Partial iatrogenic injury of the anterior branch of the obturator nerve was encountered in one patient bilaterally with severe adductor contracture, due to an anatomic too medial variant. This is the only prospective study concerning the outcome of PPGT. Although PPGT is fast, simple and effective, it is not as safe as the open procedure even when performed correctly by an experienced surgeon, mainly because of the increased risk of bleeding. The findings of the current study do not support its use as a ‘standard-of-care’ technique in children with hip adductor contracture. Level II therapeutic study—prospective comparative study.
Copper(I) Oxide

[1317-39-1] Cu2O (MW 143.08) InChI = 1S/2Cu.O InChIKey = BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (weak base; activates halides towards nucleophilic substitution;1 forms carbenoid intermediates from diazo compounds2 and radicals from arenediazonium salts;3 activates isocyanides towards 1,1-addition4) Physical Data: mp 1235 °C; d ∼6 g cm−3. Solubility: insol most organic solvents; slightly sol quinoline and benzonitrile;1a variously sol acids (salt formation, in some cases disproportionation to Cu0 and CuII). Form Supplied in: red to brown powder; widely available. Typical impurities: Cu, CuO,5 NaCl,5 stabilizers (e.g. gelatine,5 oil, zinc stearate), moisture.5 For reactions in anhydrous media the reagent is vacuum-dried before use. Preparative Methods: since reactions involving Cu2O are heterogeneous, they may critically depend on the particle size.6b An active preparation is obtained by reduction of CuII solutions7 but may suffer deactivation at high reaction temperatures1a octahedral,54 cubic,55, 56 thread/wire,56 tube/rod,57 crystalline,58 amorphous,59 or poly(vinyl alcohol) coated60 nanoparticles can be prepared. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Cu2O is incompatible with alkynes, diazonium salts, and diazo compounds. Copper compounds are moderately toxic.
Anomalous Quantum Hall Effect: An Incompressible Quantum Fluid with Fractionally Charged Excitations

This Letter presents variational ground-state and excited-state wave functions which describe the condensation of a two-dimensional electron gas into a new state of matter.
Energy efficient inverters for wind energy applications

In this paper, efficiency and standby mode of operation of power conversion unit for wind power application is investigated. Mathematical model to calculate the power losses in three phase voltages source inverters, LCL filters, DC link capacitors and disconnect switches are presented. A comparison of inverter losses with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM), space vector PWM and discontinuous PWM (DPWM) is discussed. Selection of power modules based on switching frequency, effect of modulation and gate resistance are presented. Techniques to improve the efficiency of the power conversion units are provided. The standby mode of operation is proposed to saves energy during unavailability of wind power. Efficiency of power conversion unit is calculated based on mathematical model and compare it with actual measurement.
Update on bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer.

Advances in the development of bone-modifying agents have led to the approval of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. In light of these advances, the American Society of Clinical Oncology has published a guideline update.
Low-angle laser light scattering-aqueous size exclusion chromatography of polysaccharides: molecular weight distribution and polymer branching determination

A low-angle laser light scattering detector (LALLS) used with size exclusion chromatography (SEC/LALLS) has been applied for the determination of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution (MWD), and degree of branching of polysaccharides in 0.5N NaOH aqueous solution. Data from both detectors [differential refractive index (DRI) and LALLS] are used to calculate the absolute molecular weight at each point in a sample chromatogram. The correct average molecular weight and MWD can be obtained without calibration methods used in conventional SEC. As a consequence of this technique, Mark—Houwink coefficients can be predicted from a single broad-distribution, homopolymer without recourse to time-consuming fractionation methods. Moreover, the hydrodynamic volume separation mechanism of SEC can be exploited with the SEC/LALLS method to gain information about polymer branching. In the studies described in this paper, SEC/LALLS has been employed to obtain data about the branching parameters gv and gM for samples of amylose, amylopectin, starch, and glycogen. For three homopolymers (amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen), branching frequency (as measured by chemical means), and the branching parameters (gv and gM) are inversely related. This trend is consistent with theoretical predictions. For starch, a nonhomogeneous branching distribution is observed as a function of molecular weight.
Chemical studies of two cerebral biopsies in juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy: the molecular composition of cerebrosides and sulfatides.

The cerebral lipid composition and the molecular structure of cerebrosides and sulfatides were studied in two patients with juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy. In both specimens, there was a reduction in cholesterol and cerebrosides, with the abnormality being more striking in the brain which, by histologic examination, showed a loss of white matter. In this specimen, there was also a striking reduction in the fatty acid chain length of both cerebrosides and sulfatides. The loss of the long-chain fatty acids in these lipids was almost certainly secondary to demyelination. The concentration of sulfatides was greater than normal in both specimens, with the increase being in part due to an accumulation of short-chain sulfatides.
Immunoglobulin (IgA) deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a case and family studies.

SummaryA woman with an idiopathic convulsive disorder developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) while on dilantin treatment. The patient's serum was IgA-deficient, a finding which prompted study of all available members of her family. Among 14 relatives, low to absent IgA levels were found five times suggesting a genetically determined pattern of IgA deficiency. Various clinical and laboratory data of the patient and her family are presented.
The Influence of Immigrant Status and Acculturation on the Development of Overweight in Latino Families: A Qualitative Study

Exposure to obesogenic environments in the U.S. may foster development of overweight in immigrants with greater acculturation. Few studies document mechanisms of the acculturation process from immigrants’ own perspectives or describe implications on the children of immigrants. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted with immigrant Latina mothers (N = 51) examining mothers’ beliefs, attitudes and practices related to early child feeding and weight. Focus group participants completing the Marin Acculturation Scale more closely identified with Latino culture, although the mean score (2.04, SD = 0.59) was close to “bicultural”. Analysis revealed seven themes when mothers compared lifestyles between their native countries and the U.S., related to changes in (1) diet, perceived food quality and availability, (2) food and eating practices, (3) breastfeeding practices, (4) beliefs about food, child feeding and weight status, (5) weight status of mothers and children, (6) physical activity and sedentary lifestyles, and (7) social isolation and support.
Spectrophotometric determination of palladium in titanium-base alloys, with dimethylglyoxime.

A rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of 0.1-1.0% of palladium in titanium alloys with dimethylglyoxime is described. The complex is extracted with chloroform and its absorbance measured at 380 nm. Beer's law is obeyed and the molar absorptivity is 170 l.mol(-1).mm(-1). None of the elements in common titanium alloys interfere. The method is rapid, simple and reproducible.
Understanding the volume-outcome effect in cardiovascular surgery: the role of failure to rescue

Importance To effectively guide interventions aimed at reducing mortality in low-volume hospitals, the underlying mechanisms of the volume-outcome relationship must be further explored. Reducing mortality after major postoperative complications may represent one point along the continuum of patient care that could significantly affect overall hospital mortality. Objective To determine whether increased mortality at low-volume hospitals performing cardiovascular surgery is a function of higher postoperative complication rates or of less successful rescue from complications. Design, Setting, and Participants We used patient-level data from 119 434 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 to 99 years undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve repair, or abdominal aortic aneurysm repair between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006. For each operation, we first divided hospitals into quintiles of procedural volume. We then assessed hospital risk-adjusted rates of mortality, major complications, and failure to rescue (ie, case fatality among patients with complications) within each volume quintile. Exposure Hospital procedural volume. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospital rates of risk-adjusted mortality, major complications, and failure to rescue. Results For each operation, hospital volume was more strongly related to failure-to-rescue rates than to complication rates. For example, patients undergoing aortic valve replacement at very low-volume hospitals (lowest quintile) were 12% more likely to have a major complication than those at very high-volume hospitals (highest quintile) but were 57% more likely to die if a complication occurred. Conclusions and Relevance High-volume and low-volume hospitals performing cardiovascular surgery have similar complication rates but disparate failure-to-rescue rates. While preventing complications is important, hospitals should also consider interventions aimed at quickly recognizing and managing complications once they occur.
Update on the Toxicity of Inhaled Methyl Methacrylate Vapor

ABSTRACTThe current threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm for methyl methacrylate vapor was originally set because it was considered to be a value sufficiently low to preclude either systemic toxicolo-gical effects or discomfort from irritation i n workers chronically exposed to the vapor. Shortly after this limit was proposed we became interested in evaluating the toxicological properties of methyl methacrylate vapor and, subsequently, of providing experimental data which would be useful in evaluating the adequacy of this TLV. The purpose of this article is to review some of the more relevant literature prior to 1976 which pertains to inhalation exposure and to summarize our more recent data which resulted from statistically designed studies employing acute and subchronic exposures to known concentrations of the vapor including the near-TLV value of 116 ppm.
Focusing of a weak three-dimensional shock wave

TECHNICAL NOTES arc short manuscripts describing new developments or important results of a preliminary nature. These Notes cannot exceed 6 manuscript pages and 3 figures; a page of text may be substituted for a figure and vice versa. After informal review by the editors, they may be published within a few months of the date of receipt. Style requirements are the same as for regular contributions (see inside back cover).
Readings on Race, Gender, Class, and Ethnicity: Results of a Course Survey

This bibliography presents relevant readings from forty-one courses taught in fifteen graduate planning programs in the United States. Issues of race, gender, class, and ethnicity were a major theme in these courses, which were taught from the 1994-95 to the 1997-98 academic years. The readings are grouped into nine broad categories in this bibliography: community development and neighborhood planning; economic development planning and regional economics; environmental and natural resources planning; housing, real estate development, and zoning; international planning and development; physical planning, urban design, and historic preservation; planning theory, history, practice, and education; public policy and human services planning; and miscellaneous readings. The bibliography is by no means an exhaustive list of sources on these topics. It reflects the material that was employed by planning academicians primarily in the mid-1990s.
Flutamide Blocks the Self-Priming Effect of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Pubertal Male Rats

AbstractCastration of pubertal or young adult male rats eliminates the self-priming effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on luteinizing hormone secretion. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol will maintain this effect in castrated animals. In order to explore the mechanism by which both dihydrotestosterone and estradiol are capable of maintaining the effect, intact rats as well as castrated animals implanted with testosterone capsules were treated with the antiandrogen Flutamide. In both intact animals and castrated rats bearing testosterone-filled Silastic capsules, Flutamide blocked the self-priming effect. These data suggest that the androgen receptor is of primary importance in the maintenance of the self-priming effect.
Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy and preterm birth: systemic review and analysis of heterogeneity

Objective. To systemically review published studies of vaginal bleeding and the risk of preterm birth (PTB) and explore sources of heterogeneity between them.Methods. The literature was searched for peer-reviewed articles from 1980 to 2009 in which the primary analysis was the risk of PTB among low-risk subjects with and without bleeding. Heterogeneity was assessed through I2 statistics, and sources of heterogeneity were explored through subgroup analyses and meta-regression.Results. 218 studies were initially identified, 64 reviewed and 23 included. The pooled Odds Ratio for PTB was 1.74, though significant heterogeneity was present (I2 = 49.7%). Meta-regression demonstrated a significant association between a study's incidence of bleeding and quality assessment and subsequent odds ratio, such that studies with a lower quality assessment or lower incidence of bleeding demonstrated an increased odds of PTB.Conclusions. Bleeding in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of PTB; however, exces...
Solid-like growth

Abstract In this paper we consider particulate growth and coalescence beyond the liquid-like model when surface energy anisotropy effects are important. First the idea of multiple minima for composite particles via a modified Wulff construction is described. Experimental results for room temperature gold thin films are then presented, showing clear evidence for two-dimensional polyparticle network growth. These results are then combined with models of liquid-like and amorphous growth by a structure map for thin film structure. It is proposed that the structural aspects of particulate thin film growth can be described via such structure maps.
Inhibition of the splicing of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase precursor mRNA by polyunsaturated fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the expression of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) by changes in the amount of G6PD pre-mRNA in the nucleus in the absence of changes in the transcription rate of the gene. We have compared the nuclear accumulation of partially and fully spliced mRNA for G6PD in the livers of mice fed diets high versus low in polyunsaturated fat. Consumption of a diet high in polyunsaturated fat decreased the accumulation of partially spliced forms of the G6PD pre-mRNA. Examining the fate of multiple introns within the G6PD primary transcript indicated that in mice fed a high fat diet, G6PD pre-mRNA containing intron 11 accumulated within the nucleus, whereas G6PD mature mRNA abundance was inhibited 50% or more within the same livers. Transient transfection of RNA reporters into primary hepatocyte cultures was used to localize the cis-acting RNA element involved in this regulated splicing. Reporter RNA produced from constructs containing exon 12 were decreased in amount by arachidonic acid. The extent of this decrease paralleled that seen in the expression of the endogenous G6PD mRNA. The presence of both exon 12 and a neighboring intron within the G6PD reporter RNA was essential for regulation by polyunsaturated fatty acid. Inhibition was not dependent on the presence of the G6PD polyadenylation signal and the 3'-untranslated region, but substitution with the SV40 poly(A) signal attenuated the inhibition by arachidonic acid. Thus, exon 12 contains a putative splicing regulatory element involved in the inhibition of G6PD expression by polyunsaturated fat.
100-Watt sonoluminescence generated by 2.5-atmosphere-pressure pulses.

A Xenon gas bubble introduced into a vertically suspended steel cylinder is driven to sonoluminescence by impacting the apparatus against a solid steel base. This produces a 150-ns flash of broadband light that exceeds 100-W peak intensity and has a spectral temperature of 10 200 K. This bubble system, which yields light with a single shot, emits very powerful sonoluminescence. A jet is visible following bubble collapse, which demonstrates that spherical symmetry is not necessary to produce sonoluminescence.
Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, strychnine and yohimbine do not alter prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex.

Rats were presented with noise bursts alone or noise bursts 60 ms after presentation of either a 60 dB or an 80 dB prepulse after injection of the dopamine agonists apomorphine (3 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg), the glycine antagonist strychnine (1.5 mg/kg) or the α2 antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg). Presentation of prepulses inhibited startle, with greater inhibition following an 80 dB versus 60 dB prepulse. Apomorphine, d-amphetamine and strychnine increased overall startle levels but did not attenuate prepulse inhibition, since the absolute change in startle following prepulse presentation was significantly greater after administration of these drugs. A lower dose of apomorphine also increased startle but had no effect on prepulse inhibition using test intervals of 10, 60, 100, 200 or 1000 ms. While these drugs did decrease per cent prepulse inhibition, this seemed wholly attributable to their increasing overall startle levels, rather than a real attenuation of prepulse inhibition. Yohimbine did not alter either startle baseline or prepulse inhibition. The results do not support the conclusion that overactivity of dopamine systems attenuates prepulse inhibition and, in addition, suggest that prepulse inhibition does not result from activation of either glycine or norepinephrine projecting to α2 adrenergic receptors.
Differential Expression of Alpha 4 Integrins on Effector Memory T Helper Cells during Bordetella Infections. Delayed Responses in Bordetella pertussis

Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) is the causative agent of whooping cough, a respiratory disease that is reemerging worldwide. Mechanisms of selective lymphocyte trafficking to the airways are likely to be critical in the immune response to this pathogen. We compared murine infection by B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and a pertussis toxin-deleted B. pertussis mutant (BpΔPTX) to test the hypothesis that effector memory T-helper cells (emTh) display an altered pattern of trafficking receptor expression in B. pertussis infection due to a defect in imprinting. Increased cell recruitment to the lungs at 5 days post infection (p.i.) with B. parapertussis, and to a lesser extent with BpΔPTX, coincided with an increased frequency of circulating emTh cells expressing the mucosal-associated trafficking receptors α4β7 and α4β1 while a reduced population of these cells was observed in B. pertussis infection. These cells were highly evident in the blood and lungs in B. pertussis infection only at 25 days p.i. when B. parapertussis and BpΔPTX infections were resolved. Although at 5 days p.i., an equally high percentage of lung dendritic cells (DCs) from all infections expressed maturation markers, this expression persisted only in B. pertussis infection at 25 days p.i. Furthermore, at 5 days p.i with B. pertussis, lung DCs migration to draining lymph nodes may be compromised as evidenced by decreased frequency of CCR7+ DCs, inhibited CCR7-mediated in vitro migration, and fewer DCs in lung draining lymph nodes. Lastly, a reduced frequency of allogeneic CD4+ cells expressing α4β1 was detected following co-culture with lung DCs from B. pertussis-infected mice, suggesting a defect in DC imprinting in comparison to the other infection groups. The findings in this study suggest that B. pertussis may interfere with imprinting of lung-associated trafficking receptors on T lymphocytes leading to extended survival in the host and a prolonged course of disease.
Association of membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein APP with the apolipoprotein E receptor LRP

In order to identify cell surface proteins that interact with the amyloid precursor protein (APP), we biotinylated H4 human neuroglioma cells in culture with a water soluble biotinylating agent, immunoprecipitated APP with an antibody specific to the intracellular domain, and probed the precipitated proteins with anti-biotin. In human neuroglioma cells overexpressing APP751, we found a high molecular weight protein that immunoprecipitated with APP. This band was identified as the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) by three criteria: first, the band immunolabeled with anti-LRP antibodies; second, the band bound the LRP receptor associated protein, RAP; and third, this band was present in LRP-expressing fibroblasts, but not LRP-deficient fibroblasts. In complementary experiments, we found that APP co-precipitated with LRP, with a preference for an isoform of APP containing the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain. Interaction of APP and LRP on the surface of living cells was demonstrated by crosslinking APP and LRP with the water-soluble cross-linking agent BS(3). APP and LRP were shown by confocal microscopy to colocalize in perinuclear structures, but to primarily remain separate in vesicles and on the cell surface. We propose that full-length APP can transiently interact with the receptor LRP on the cell surface, affecting the processing and intracellular transport of APP.
Control of human eye movements: I. modelling of extraocular muscle

Abstract The properties of extraocular muscle are important in consideration of the control of human eye movements. A proposed model for human extraocular muscle is based on the anatomical and physiological evidence; it considers both the static and dynamic properties of active and passive muscle. The passive parallel elasticity was determined from the length-tension curves for passive muscle, while the active series elasticity was defined utilizing quick stretch results for active muscle. The characteristics of active muscle as the tension generator were computed from length-tension data; the force-velocity relationship was used to describe the viscosity of active muscle. Simulations using the muscle model accurately depicted the quick stretch experiments of both active and passive muscle as well as the isometric development of muscle force to a state of tentanus. The model will be incorporated into an overall representation of the extraocular plant mechanism in the immediately suceeding paper.
Influenza virus as enzyme: mode of action against inhibitory mucoprotein from egg white.

Abstract Influenza viruses possess enzymatic activity (Hirst, 1942) against certain mucoproteins, which were discovered first as cell constituents and later as dissolved components of biological fluids (reviewed by Svedmyr, 1949 ; Briody, 1950 ; Burnet, 1951 , Burnet, 1952 ). The dissolved mucoproteins function as inhibitors of virus hemagglutination, and the action of the virus enzyme can be studied conveniently through its effect on their inhibitory activity. Gottschalk, 1952 , Gottschalk, 1954 has proposed that a molecule of urinary mucoprotein consists of an elongated protein core with perhaps two hundred polysaccharide prosthetic groups distributed over the surface. These groups, individually or collectively, constitute receptors for virus and contain the bonds susceptible to the virus enzyme. During virus action, peripheral portions of the prosthetic groups are split off in dialyzable form. On this model, it seems more likely that a given substrate molecule would be “stripped” progressively, rather than that all the susceptible bonds would be broken simultaneously. Moreover, progressive stripping would probably reveal itself in a progressive decrease in the virus affinity of the molecule. We have already endeavored to explain in this fashion certain anomalies in the inhibitory behavior of virus-treated mucoprotein ( Hirst, 1948 ; Lanni et al., 1951a , Lanni et al., 1951b ). The present investigation deals further with these anomalies and also with other aspects of virus action.
Synthesis of 15N‐1 nicotinamide. A general, one step synthesis of 15N labeled pyridine heterocycles

A one step, high yield synthesis is reported of 15N-1 nicotinamide from the reaction of 15N ammonia with 1-N-(2,4-dinitrobenzene)-3-carbamoyl-pyridinium chloride. This reaction represents a specific example of a general and facile method for the synthesis of a wide variety of 15N labeled pyridine heterocycles.
A Bluff-Bidding Exercise.

Consider an auction in which one potential buyer wishes to participate, but the other potential buyer would rather the bidding not start. However, once bidding starts, the reluctant firm participates (submits “bluff bids”) simply to make the eventual winner pay more. This incentive exists when the marginal effect of the winning bid is to increase a rival's profit. In 2004, AT&T Wireless placed itself for sale in an English auction. Some predicted Vodafone would make bluff bids (to make Cingular pay more. Students experience this sort of activity in the game that this article describes. Students also learn that bluff bidding affects profits of the firms involved and therefore has important implications for stock prices of participating firms.
17 beta-estradiol inhibits cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in the central nervous system of female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Cytokines and chemokines govern leukocyte trafficking, thus regulating inflammatory responses. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of low dose 17 beta-estradiol were evaluated on chemokine, chemokine receptor, and cytokine expression in the spinal cords (SC) of BV8S2 transgenic female mice during acute and recovery phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In EAE protected mice, 17 beta-estradiol strongly inhibited mRNA expression of the chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-2, IP-10, and MCP-1, and of the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 at both time points. Conversely, ovariectomy, which abrogated basal 17 beta-estradiol levels and increased the severity of EAE, enhanced the expression of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 that were over-expressed by inflammatory mononuclear cells in SC. 17 beta-estradiol inhibited expression of LT-beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma in SC, but had no effect on IL-4 or IL-10, indicating reduced inflammation but no deviation toward a Th2 response. Interestingly, elevated expression of CCR1 and CCR5 by lymph node cells was also inhibited in 17 beta-estradiol treated mice with EAE. Low doses of 17 beta-estradiol added in vitro to lymphocyte cultures had no direct effect on the activation of MBP-Ac1-11 specific T cells, and only at high doses diminished production of IFN-gamma, but not IL-12 or IL-10. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of 17 beta-estradiol are mediated in part by strong inhibition of recruited inflammatory cells, resulting in reduced production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in CNS, with modest effects on encephalitogenic T cells that seem to be relatively 17 beta-estradiol insensitive.
Scalar‐relativistic LCGTO DFT calculations for atoms using the Douglas–Kroll transformation

Haberlen and Rosch (HR) demonstrated [Chem. Phys. Lett. 199, 491 (1992)] the feasibility of performing scalar-relativistic, density functional theory (DFT) linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals–fitting function (LCGTO-FF) calculations on clusters of atoms using an “incomplete” Douglas–Kroll transformation. Some of the approximations used in their multiatom calculations have not yet been fully explored for isolated atoms, especially the neglect of matrix elements involving vector products of the momentum and the use of fitting functions. In this investigation, scalar-relativistic LCGTO calculations (without fitting functions) were carried out at four levels of approximation, including that employed by HR, for four atoms: Ce, Au, Pb, and Pu. The results of these calculations suggest that the HR approximation should be applicable to atoms through the light actinides, so long as spin–orbit effects are unimportant. A comparison of very large basis-set results with results obtained using ordinary-size basis sets indicates that the valence (bonding) states from scalar-relativistic LCGTO-FF calculations should be no more sensitive to the orbital basis-set size than are their nonrelativistic counterparts. Published 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65: 565–574, 1997