cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Speech to Voice: On the Content of Inner Speech

Abstract: Theorists have found it difficult to reconcile the unity of inner speech as a mental state kind with the diversity of its manifestations. I argue that existing views concerning the content of inner speech fail to accommodate both of these features because they mistakenly assume that its content is to be found in the ‘speech processing hierarchy’, which includes semantic, syntactic, phonemic, phonetic, and articulatory levels. Upon rejecting this assumption, I offer a position on which the content of inner speech is determined by voice processing, of which speech processing is but one component. The resulting view does justice to the idea that inner speech is a motley assortment of episodes that nevertheless form a kind.
Why Aren'T You Teaching Golf?

(1954). Why Aren'T You Teaching Golf? Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 22-22.
A Review of The Human Skull

A book on the forensic science analysis of the human skull should be a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of research, offering observations on the anatomy, morphology, metrics, and pathology of the skull. Such a volume would be a useful guide to the interpretation of a puzzling forensic science case, a “cookbook” of skull analysis.
Kinetic characterization of in vitro lead transport across the rat small intestine: mechanism of intestinal lead transport.

Lead transport through the everted rat small intestine was used as an in vitro model to examine the kinetics and mechanism of gastrointestinal lead absorption. Mucosal-to-serosal lead flux increased nonlinearly with increasing mucosal lead concentrations (0.5–48.3 μm), and an apparent capacity-limited lead flux was observed with intestines of both adult and adolescent rats. Uptake of lead by the adult intestinal tissue, measured at the end of the flux experiments, was also nonlinearly related to mucosal lead concentration. Both intestinal uptake and mucosal-to-serosal flux were reduced by anoxia and by inhibition of glycolysis using fluoride. The data were consistent with a model of lead intestinal transport which included both a carrier-mediated component and passive diffusion. Kinetic parameters for these transport processes were obtained. The relative contribution of passive diffusion to total lead flux increased with increasing lead concentration, but was quantitatively minor (<20%) at all lead concentrations tested. The apparent capacity-limited component of lead flux was not due artifactually to reduced lead solubility in the mucosal solution at high metal concentrations, nor was it due apparently to reduced viability of the intestinal tissue, since lead did not alter 3-O-methylglucose transport over the range of lead concentration used. When the same lead solution was placed on both sides of an everted intestine, net serosal-to-mucosal lead flux was observed at low lead concentrations. It is therefore likely that intestinal lead transport may be bidirectional, similar to calcium transport.
Roles of the Head of Reference: From the 1990s to the 21st Century.

Les services de reference des bibliotheques universitaires sont dans une decennie de transition, en effet ils se situent entre l'ere de l'information et le monde electronique. A l'arrivee de ces nouvelles technologies, les bibliotheques scolaires ont du redefinir leur mode de travail car les services de reference ont ete compliques par ces technologies. Pour definir ces 10 ans, l'auteur de cet article presente tout d'abord le role de l'equipe qui travail dans la biblitoheque, puis celui des nouvelles technologies et enfin celui des futurs changements technologiques
Modifying mixing and instability growth through the adjustment of initial conditions in a high-energy-density counter-propagating shear experiment on OMEGA

Counter-propagating shear experiments conducted at the OMEGA Laser Facility have been evaluating the effect of target initial conditions, specifically the characteristics of a tracer foil located at the shear boundary, on Kelvin-Helmholtz instability evolution and experiment transition toward nonlinearity and turbulence in the high-energy-density (HED) regime. Experiments are focused on both identifying and uncoupling the dependence of the model initial turbulent length scale in variable-density turbulence models of k-ϵ type on competing physical instability seed lengths as well as developing a path toward fully developed turbulent HED experiments. We present results from a series of experiments controllably and independently varying two initial types of scale lengths in the experiment: the thickness and surface roughness (surface perturbation scale spectrum) of a tracer layer at the shear interface. We show that decreasing the layer thickness and increasing the surface roughness both have the ability to increase the relative mixing in the system, and thus theoretically decrease the time required to begin transitioning to turbulence in the system. We also show that we can connect a change in observed mix width growth due to increased foil surface roughness to an analytically predicted change in model initial turbulent scale lengths.
A Clustering Poisson model for characterizing the interarrival times of sferics

[1] The noise waveform of atmospheric radio noise below 100 MHz is typically impulsive in nature. The impulses are caused by atmospheric events, mainly lightning strokes, that create electromagnetic emissions known as sferics. Sferic impulses in the noise waveform are seen to cluster in groups, indicating an underlying clustering process related to the physical characteristics of the lightning mechanism. The objective of this work is the statistical modeling of the clustering of noise impulses in atmospheric radio noise in the range 10 Hz to 60 kHz (denoted low-frequency noise). Based on hundreds of hours of impulse interarrival time measurements made by the Stanford Radio Noise Survey System on such noise, a new Clustering Poisson atmospheric noise model is developed to describe the clustering process. This new statistical model is based on several previously known statistical-physical models of atmospheric radio noise, but in addition to these models it takes into account the clustering of sferic impulses. It is shown that the clustering model accurately characterizes the impulse interarrival time distributions found in low-frequency radio noise data.
A prospective phase 2 study of surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation for superior sulcus tumors.

Superior sulcus tumors represent a unique subset of nonsmall cell lung malignancies that have been described as early as 1838.1 Over the past several decades, the treatment of superior sulcus tumors has evolved to become multimodal. In a highly cited trial by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), patients with T3-T4N0-N1 superior sulcus tumors were treated with preoperative cisplatin and etoposide and concurrent radiation to 45 grays (Gy), followed by thoracotomy for disease that was stable or responsive to this treatment. Five-year survival rates were promising at 44% for the entire group and >50% for cases in which a complete response was achieved.2,3 As a result, many have advocated preoperative chemoradiation, even for resectable superior sulcus tumors. However, no studies have established that preoperative chemotherapy, with or without radiation treatment, is superior to surgical resection followed by postoperative treatment in cases that are resectable at diagnosis. In this context, we initiated a prospective phase 2 study of patients with resectable superior sulcus tumors treated with surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemoradiation. Radiation was delivered in twice-daily fractions to minimize long-term toxicity, which is particularly important as these tumors are often close to the brachial plexus, and to minimize tumor-cell repair and repopulation between fractions.4 We report here the long-term results of this study, focusing on survival outcomes, failure patterns, and treatment complications, with the goal of establishing if this treatment approach is safe and effective for this relatively rare but aggressive disease.
Red Spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) Cold Hardiness and Freezing Injury Susceptibility

To survive subfreezing winter temperatures, perennial plant species have evolved tissue-specific mechanisms to undergo changes in freezing tolerance that parallel seasonal variations in climate. As such, most northern temperate tree species, including conifers, are adapted to the habitat and climatic conditions within their natural ranges and suffer little or no freezing injury under normally occurring environmental conditions. In fact, the maximum depth of cold hardiness in most well-adapted tree species is substantially greater than minimum temperatures encountered naturally, and cold hardening and dehardening are typically coordinated with environmental conditions so that plants are not injured by early or late season frosts or subfreezing temperatures that follow temporary winter thaws. Indeed, most examples of freezing or ‘winter injury’ in northern temperate woody plants involve species or provenances that are planted off-site. Furthermore, most cases of freezing injury are associated with improper timing or an insufficient rate of cold acclimation during autumn, resulting in injury at temperatures that a species could probably withstand at a more advanced stage of cold hardiness (Smithberg and Weiser 1968; Cannell 1985).
The Effect of Limiting Shoulder Belt Load with Air Bag Restraint

The dilemma of using a shoulder belt force limiter with a three point belt system is selecting a limit load that will balance the reduced risk of significant thoracic injury due to the shoulder belt loading of the chest against the increased risk of significant head injury due to the greater upper torse motion allowed by the shoulder belt load limiter. However, with the use of air bags, this dilemma is more mangeable since it only occurs for non-deploy accidents where the risk of significant head injury is low even for the unbelted occupant. A study was done using a validated occupant dynamics model of the Hybrid III dummy to investigate the effects of a prescribed set of shoulder belt force limits had on head and thoracic responses for 48 and 56 km/h barrier simulations with driver air bag deployment and for threshold crash severity simulations with no air bag deployment.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875168.
Epistemic Responsibility and Critical Thinking

Should we always engage in critical thinking about issues of public policy, such as health care, gun control, and LGBT rights? Michael Huemer (2005) has argued for the claim that in some cases it is not epistemically responsible to engage in critical thinking on these issues. His argument is based on a reliabilist conception of the value of critical thinking. This article analyzes Huemer's argument against the epistemic responsibility of critical thinking by engaging it critically. It presents an alternative account of the value of critical thinking that is tied to the notion of forming and deploying a critical identity. And it develops an account of our epistemic responsibility to engage in critical thinking that is not dependent on reliability considerations alone. The primary purpose of the article is to provide critical thinking students, or those that wish to reflect on the value of critical thinking, with an opportunity to think metacritically about critical thinking by examining an argument that engages the question of whether it is epistemically responsible for one to engage in critical thinking. Language: en
Intrinsic Self-DNA Triggers Inflammatory Disease Dependent on STING

Inflammatory diseases such as Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome and severe systemic lupus erythematosus are generally lethal disorders that have been traced to defects in the exonuclease TREX1 (DNase III). Mice lacking TREX1 similarly die at an early age through comparable symptoms, including inflammatory myocarditis, through chronic activation of the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that phagocytes rather than myocytes are predominantly responsible for causing inflammation, an outcome that could be alleviated following adoptive transfer of normal bone marrow into TREX1−/− mice. TREX1−/− macrophages did not exhibit significant augmented ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines compared with normal macrophages following exposure to STING-dependent activators, but rather appeared chronically stimulated by genomic DNA. These results shed molecular insight into inflammation and provide concepts for the design of new therapies.
The Effects of Perceived Rewards and Political Risk Factors on Audit Partner Motivation to Pursue Governmental Audits

Audits are the primary means of monitoring that public funds are appropriately spent by governmental entities, and previous research (O'Keefe and Westort, 1992; Copley and Doucet, 1993) suggests that competition among audit suppliers results in higher quality audits. To better understand the supply of governmental audit services, this study investigates independent audit partner opinions regarding governmental audits and their motivation to pursue public sector audit engagements. Results from multiple regression analyses of questionnaire data provide empirical evidence that partners are more likely to pursue governmental audits if they believe that desirable intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are attainable through performing these audits. Furthermore, environmental risk factors ?? an active political climate and authoritative changes ?? reduce partner motivation to pursue governmental audits. The present results enhance understanding of the governmental audit market and raise questions regarding the future supply of audit services to governmental entities.
Of Gog and Magog: The Geopolitical Visions of Jack Chick and Premillennial Dispensationalism

This paper is a study of the geopolitical vision of Jack Chick, author of Christian cartoon tracts. In over 50 years of publishing, Chick has sold over 500 million tracts, making him a significant, if idiosyncratic, example of a creative Christian force shaping geographic imaginations. The paper outlines the basics of his theology, known as premillennial dispensationalism, and then illustrates how Chick has rendered the prophetic geopolitics of the future visible in his tracts. A discussion follows that tracks the policy implications of the premillennial dispensationalist geopolitical vision and how it has played out in American history. The conclusion notes that Chick’s success is in part because of his selection of media, as the cartoon tracts structure the message that is mediated to recipients. Also, the paper calls for more research of religion as a structuring agent of geopolitical visions.
A data-driven approach to the design of photovoltaic maximum power point tracking techniques using field transient data

Conventional approaches for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (PV MPPT) design based on rule-of-thumb assumptions might not result in the optimal performance in the field. To improve the field performance of practical MPPT designs, this paper proposes a comprehensive approach to MPPT design driven by experimentally measured field data. The data on the dynamic behavior of PV panel I-V characteristics has been collected over a long period at a significantly higher rate than previously reported in the literature. This paper presents the measurement setup, the collected data and most importantly its design applications. The P&O method has been taken as an example to illustrate how this data can be applied to optimize a practical MPPT design in terms of tracking speed and efficiency.
Bile Salts Differentially Sensitize Esophageal Squamous Cells to CD95 (Fas/Apo-1 Receptor) Mediated Apoptosis

Background The role of nonacidic reflux contents on the pathophysiology of Barrett's esophagus remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that esophageal squamous epithelium differs from Barrett's columnar epithelium in response to bile salts with respect to subsequent changes in the cell surface expression of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) and sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis. Methods Immortalized esophageal squamous cells (HET-1A) and Barrett's esophagus cells (BAR-T), and esophageal adenocarcinoma cells (Flo-1) were treated with toxic and nontoxic bile salts at concentrations observed in gastroesophageal refluxate. CD95 cell-surface expression and apoptotic response to activating anti-CD95 antibody treatment was determined by FACScan analysis. Results Bile salt exposure resulted in a dose-dependent increase in CD95 cell-surface expression in HET-1A cells, but not BAR-T or Flo-1 cells. This response occurred rapidly, within a time-frame inconsistent with de novo protein synthesis and was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition. Surprisingly, PKC inhibition in Flo-1 cells resulted in an increase in CD95 cell surface expression. Following bile salt exposure, a corresponding increase in the induction of CD95-mediated apoptosis was observed in HET-1A cells; PKC inhibition sensitized Flo-1 cells to apoptosis. Conclusions Our findings suggest that esophageal squamous cells are sensitized to CD95-mediated apoptosis following bile salt exposure. This differential response, compared with columnar epithelial cells, could exert a selection pressure that contributes to the pathophysiology of Barrett's esophagus.
Iterative algorithms for constructing approximate solutions of nonlinear problems from erroneous inadequate data

Abstract Two iterative algorithms for constructing approximate solutions of nonlinear problems from erroneous inadequate data are presented. These algorithms are basically hybrids of Newton's iterative methods and the inversion technique of Backus and Gilbert. Error estimates and criteria for truncation are given for the general situation, and for illustration a class of nonlinear integral equations of the first kind is used as an example.
Primary synovial sarcoma of the parotid gland

Synovial sarcoma typically develops in the deep soft tissues of the extremities in adolescents and young adults. Uncommonly, these tumors may arise (9%) in the head and neck region (9%), especially at the cervical and parapharyngeal sites. Primary synovial sarcoma of the parotid gland is a rare occurrence that may not uncommonly cause differential diagnostic difficulties. In these cases, an origin from within the gland rather than a secondary involvement by tumor from a surrounding structure must be confirmed. We report a new case of biphasic synovial sarcoma arising in the parotid gland and review the previously documented cases.
“Concoctions”: Intrinsic Motivation, Creative Thinking, Frame Theory, and Structured Interactions in the Language Class

“Concoctions” constitutes a style of small group and pair activities that have proved highly successful in stimulating language interaction in a wide variety of instructional settings. Unlike many group activities, “Concoctions” are built around tasks which are fanciful and ambiguous. They involve unusual problems to be solved, a limited use of role play, and humor. Since many factors are at work during any group activity, it is difficult to establish definitively what it is about these activities that provokes language use. Fortunately, observations borrowed from motivation and creativity theory, frame theory, training and development, early childhood education, and literary criticism, taken together, suggest the principles that underlie “Concoctions.” From all these disciplines, the concepts of “intrinsic motivation” and “frame theory” are the most powerful in helping to explain how the activities work. “Intrinsic motivation” means here that students should be able to enjoy an activity for its own sake; “frame theory” suggests that students should be able to recognize, if only on an unconscious level, the structure inherent in the problem. This recognition prompts individual and group reactions to that structure. Along with the theoretical discussion, numerous “Concoctions” are included throughout the text and in an appendix.
Capitalist Shopfloor Initiatives, Restructuring, and Organizing in the '80s

We analyze QWL (Quality of Work Life) programs within the context of the economic crisis. We argue that QWL is fragile and its continuation must be guaranteed within a broader institutional context. We argue that QWL could become part of a corporate planning approach to resolving the crisis.If QWL is implemented in this context, the danger of greater labor market segmentation would lend added importance to the struggles of women and minorities and organizing the unorganized. The Left would also have to look more closely at the issues of co-optation and democracy raised by QWL.
Positive and negative symptoms in psychotic and other psychiatrically disturbed children.

Abstract The positive and negative symptom distinction has been found to be valid in research on schizophrenia in adulthood. The present study examined age-related changes in the occurrence of positive and negative symptoms in psychiatric ally disturbed children who were receiving psychiatric treatment for the first time The effect of age on the manifestation of positive and negative symptoms was significant; positive symptoms increased linearly with age, while negative symptoms were most frequent in early childhood and late adolescence. This finding held for the entire sample of children, as well as the subsample of children with psychotic diagnoses. There were few sex differences in the rate of symptoms, although age trends varied somewhat by sex. Examination of the relation between symptomatology and IQ revealed that high-IQ children showed greater positive and fewer negative symptoms than low-IQ children. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining developmental differences in positive and negative symptoms.
Information for corporate IP management

Abstract Intellectual property (IP) generates a significant portion of corporate revenue across industries. Technical, business and legal information is critical for IP development, protection and commercialization. This paper discusses resources, approaches and considerations in obtaining the right information for systematic IP management.
Measuring Multifrequency Magnetic Fields for Exposure Assessment Based on Induced Body Currents

Abstract Standards setting committees in the United States and Great Britain have adopted exposure limits for magnetic fields with a single frequency in the sub-radio frequency (sub-RF) range (1 Hz to 30 kHz). Since sub-RF magnetic fields in most occupational and residential settings have multiple frequencies, a more practical exposure assessment approach is derived in this article. To avoid adverse health effects, the present exposure limits control the currents induced in the body by the magnetic field. In this article, limits on induced current are shown to be equivalent to placing limits on the magnetic field's derivative dB/dt, both of which are applicable to the multifrequency fields found in the environment. The existing exposure limits are therefore used to derive bounds on dB/dt. Commercially available gaussmeters can be used to measure sub-RF magnetic fields for comparison with these limits on dB/dt exposures. To measure dB/dt, the gaussmeter needs a linear frequency response, and a correction f...
The action of aldosterone on transepithelial sodium transport in isolated ventral toad skin.

Abstract The character, pattern, quantification, and concentration dependence of the aldosterone-enhanced transepithelial sodium transport in ventral toad skin are reported. The metabolic requirements to support aldosterone's action on sodium transport in toad skin are identical to the requirements in toad urinary bladder. Preliminary evidence, using the inhibitors cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and spirolactone support the concept of the generation of an aldosterone-induced protein intermediate similar to findings in the urinary bladder. However, the difference in the basic short-circuit current pattern between freshly mounted skin and urinary bladder after overnight incubation may indicate a difference in kinetic rates of destruction of the aldosterone intermediates.
An investigation of the sources of influence of corporate public relations practitioners

Abstract Research is unclear about what types of measures contribute most to the influence of the public relations practitioner. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine what combination of measures—structural, individual, or relational—contribute most to the organizational influence of corporate public relations practitioners, and (2) to analyze what types of upward influence tactics have the most impact on corporate public relations practitioners’ organizational influence. Slightly more than 300 senior-level public relations practitioners employed at corporations across the United States participated. Factor analyses and multiple regression analyses were used to interpret the data. Four measures were found to contribute to the organizational influence of corporate public relations practitioners: perceptions of value, enactment of the managerial role, reporting relationship, and years of professional experience. The upward influence tactics of rationality, assertiveness, coalition, and ingratiation also contribute to practitioners’ organizational influence. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered.
The MukB-ParC Interaction Affects the Intramolecular, Not Intermolecular, Activities of Topoisomerase IV

Proper chromosome organization is accomplished through binding of proteins such as condensins that shape the DNA and by modulation of chromosome topology by the action of topoisomerases. We found that the interaction between MukB, the bacterial condensin, and ParC, a subunit of topoisomerase IV, enhanced relaxation of negatively supercoiled DNA and knotting by topoisomerase IV, which are intramolecular DNA rearrangements but not decatenation of multiply linked DNA dimers, which is an intermolecular DNA rearrangement required for proper segregation of daughter chromosomes. MukB DNA binding and a specific chiral arrangement of the DNA was required for topoisomerase IV stimulation because relaxation of positively supercoiled DNA was unaffected. This effect could be attributed to a more effective topological reconfiguration of the negatively supercoiled compared with positively supercoiled DNA by MukB. These data suggest that the MukB-ParC interaction may play a role in chromosome organization rather than in separation of daughter chromosomes.
PCBs and other toxicants in Mysis relicta

This research considers the role of Mysis relicta in the recycling of toxic organics in the Lake Michigan ecosystem. Mysids were collected at a station 20 km offshore of Grand Haven, Michigan in spring, summer, and autumn and then size-sorted. In October 1980 and May 1981, plankton samples were collected in two size categories: >78 μm and >156 μm. Mysid fecal pellets and Pontoporeia hoyi were collected in May 1981 while a fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadicornis) was collected in October 1980. Concentrated extracts of all samples were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons using electron capture gas chromatography. Toxic organics detected were, in order of concentration: PCB, DDE, dieldrin, γ-chlordane, and HCB. DDT, DDD, and α-chlordane were detected less frequently. PCB concentrations in mysids were similar to those observed in their plankton diet and there was no evidence of increased bioaccumulation with increased mysid age. Dieldrin and DDE generally occurred in higher concentrations in older than in younger mysids. Dieldrin concentrations were lower in the plankton than in mysids. Certain toxicants (PCBs, DDD, dieldrin, and γ -chlordane) occurred in higher concentrations in Pontoporeia hoyi than in mysids. Concentrations in the sculpin generally were intermediate to those in amphipods and mysids. Our study suggests that mysids have a significant role in the recycling of toxic organics and that the characteristic pathways vary with the contaminant.
Camera for the invisible

I built a camera for exploring and experimenting with the urban environment. The camera doesn't sense light, but rather things that the eye can't see like CO2, temperature, wind, etc. I plan to try out this "camera for the invisible" with urban-explorers-to-be, guided by Duckworth's Piagetian-derived Critical Exploration methodology.
Heterotic string path integrals with the Green-Schwarz covariant action

Abstract The covariant superstring action of Green and Schwarz provides a possible alternative to the more widely used Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond action. It is shown that standard gauge-fixing techniques can be applied to the Green-Schwarz action for the heterotic string, and that the resulting path integral has no conformal anomaly in the critical dimension. The path integral over surfaces with the topology of a cylinder is investigated in some detail, and is demonstrated to give a good tree level propagator. The propagator is Lorentz covariant in spite of the noncovariance of the gauge-fixing technique.
Female PCP-using jail detainees: Proneness to violence and gender differences☆

Previous studies indicate that PCP users have different characteristics from other drug users and that female PCP use is more common than use among males. Furthermore, there is evidence that those who respond to PCP with violence may differ from those who do not. This study attempted to examine comprehensively the psychological, behavioral, and background factors among female jail inmates that may contribute to a PCP preference and subjects' perception of various behavioral states while using PCP. Female PCP users were further examined relative to male PCP users to differentiate them on the basis of these perceptual factors. A distinction was further made between females and males prone to PCP-induced violence and those who do not become violent with respect to the above psychological and behavioral measures. Our results showed differences between male and female PCP users that are discrepant with the assumption that men and women perceive similar drug-related experiences. In particular, female PCP using subjects reported more dysphoria and aggressiveness when not using PCP, while male subjects were more likely to report aggressive behavior and dysphoria under the influence. Overall, these results suggest that males who prefer PCP may be self-stimulating and females who prefer PCP may be attempting to self-medicate.
Theoretical analysis of high-resolution digital mammography

The performance of a high-resolution charge coupled device-based full-field digital mammography imager was analysed using a mathematical framework based on an adaptation of cascaded linear systems theory described by other investigators. This work has been conducted in order to understand the impact of various design parameters on the physical performance characteristics of the imager. Specifically, the effect of pixel size, scintillator thickness and packing density, x-ray spectra, air kerma, dark current, charge integration time, and pixel fill-factor on the frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency was studied using a charge-coupled device as a reference platform. The imaging system was modelled as a series of physical processes with gain and spatial spreading. For each stage, the signal and noise power spectra were computed and propagated through the imaging chain as inputs to subsequent stages. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical predictions was obtained for various x-ray spectral conditions that were investigated. The modulation transfer function, MTF(f) and detective quantum efficiency DQE(f) characteristics obtained in this study are encouraging and comparable to other digital mammography systems. The results of this study strongly suggest the feasibility of large area scintillator-based digital mammography imagers with pixel sizes below 100 µm.
Semantic Tolerancing with Generalized Intervals

A new tolerance modeling scheme, semantic tolerance modeling, was recently developed to enable interpretable tolerance analysis. In this paper, a new dimensioning and tolerancing practice, semantic tolerancing, is proposed with the theoretical support of semantic tolerance models. Following principles of interpretability, this new tolerancing approach captures more design intent, including flexible material selection, component sorting in selective assembly, rigidity of constraints, and assembly sequence.
Making the Need Salient and the Benefits Clear: A Commentary on Mental Health Checkups for Children and Adolescents

This commentary addresses issues pertinent to school-based anxiety-targeted mental health checkups for children and adolescents. The commentary discusses (a) avenues toward policy change—how to “make the need salient” and (b) the utility of developing strategies that fit seamlessly into school routines and that have self-sustaining characteristics—how to “make the benefit clear.”
Narrative Review: Thrombocytosis, Polycythemia Vera, and JAK2 Mutations: The Phenotypic Mimicry of Chronic Myeloproliferation

The myeloproliferative disorders polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis are clonal disorders arising in a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, causing an unregulated increase in the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, or platelets, alone or in combination; eventual marrow dominance by the progeny of the involved stem cell; and a tendency to arterial or venous thrombosis, marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, or transformation to acute leukemia, albeit at widely varying frequencies. The discovery of an activating mutation (V617F) in the gene for JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), a tyrosine kinase utilized by hematopoietic cell receptors for erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, provided an explanation for the shared clinical features of these 3 disorders. Constitutive JAK2 activation provides a growth and survival advantage to the hematopoietic cells of the affected clone. Because signaling by the mutated kinase utilizes normal pathways, the result is overproduction of morphologically normal blood cells, an often indolent course, and (in essential thrombocytosis) usually a normal life span. Because the erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors are all constitutively activated, polycythemia vera is the potential ultimate clinical phenotype of the JAK2 V617F mutation and, as a corollary, is the most common of the 3 disorders. The number of cells expressing the JAK2 V617F mutation (the allele burden) seems to correlate with the clinical phenotype. Preliminary results of clinical trials with agents that inhibit the mutated kinase indicate a reduction in splenomegaly and alleviation of night sweats, fatigue, and pruritus.
ESR study of pyrrhotite iron vacancies and the adsorption of CO and H2S

Abstract The ESR spectra were determined for pyrrhotite in vacuum, under CO, H2S and a CO/H2S mixture. The singlet signal observed in vacuum at room temperature is split into a doublet in H2S and when heated in vacuum or CO. The g-values are dependent upon the nature of the adsorbing gas. The catalytic effect in H2S-CO mixture is explained by a two step reaction: (i) H2S+ and CO- adsorption, (ii) interaction of chemisorbed H2S+ with chemisorbed CO- on the surface of catalyst to form active hydrogen.
Abstract B06: Rural women's decision making about cervical cancer prevention in South Carolina.

Objective: Despite advances in screening and prevention, cervical cancer disparities have been detected in minority, rural, and underserved women. This study explored women's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer prevention in South Carolina, which ranks fourteenth in the United States in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Methods: Three focus groups were conducted in two rural and urban counties as part of a community-based participatory (CBPR) project. Instrument development and participant recruitment were conducted in partnership with a community advisory board. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit twenty-eight adult women (18-70 years of age). An Institutional Review Board approved the study and informed consent was obtained. Results: Cervical cancer prevention knowledge varied, with urban women reporting greater exposure to public health campaigns. Most participants had more positive views about screening than HPV vaccination, but were less knowledgeable about current screening guidelines. Lack of health insurance, transportation, and costs were main barriers to screening. Provider recommendations for HPV vaccination also emerged as a barrier. Lack of provider recommendations and ineffective patient-provider communication were viewed as greater barriers to HPV vaccination than cost due to expanded access vaccination programs. Conclusions: Rural women view cervical cancer screening as an important health service; however, their health decisions are informed by cancer prevention knowledge, access to care, cost concerns. Providers are a trusted source of health information and present an opportunity to convey culturally-appropriate evidence-based messages about cervical cancer prevention and control. Citation Format: Jessica D. Bellinger, Whitney Millegan, Azza Abdalla, Kim Creek. Rural women's decision making about cervical cancer prevention in South Carolina. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B06.
A Broad-Band Spherical Satellite Antenna

The design criteria and results of the design of a broad-band spherical antenna are discussed. The parameters of design and their effect on radiation patterns are briefly investigated. The particular antenna was developed from an equiangular spiral slot plotted on a plane and then projected on the surface of a sphere. Attention is given to problems of isolation and matching when the antenna is used for multifrequency operation. The particular antenna discussed is being used in the TRANSIT satellite program.
Recording the Sounds of “Words that Burn”: Reproductions of Public Discourse in Abolitionist Journalism

Phonographic or verbatim reports, in claiming to replicate extemporaneous speeches, offer a version of interactions that occurred in public settings. The “technology” of record represented the dialogic nature of abolitionist oratory, creating a discursive space for identification for attending and reading publics. Authorized by an appeal to accuracy, full-text reproductions of speeches were both a reflection and a performance of publicness. Full-text records represented abolitionists as truthful (offering an alternative to proslavery designations of “fanatic”), while also facilitating the circulation of the sounds of abolitionist events, using the means of mass production. The rhetorical force of these records depended on their assertions of accuracy, as well as the aural and embodied public presence that they implied. The narrative created by the phonographer, operating in the transitional space between fixed and unfixed text, emphasizes the rational, inclusive nature of abolitionist public discourse, si...
Dynamic regulation of synaptic maturation state by voltage-gated A-type K+ channels in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

Neuronal activity is critical for the formation and modification of neural circuits during brain development. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal dendrites, A-type voltage-gated K+ currents, formed primarily by Kv4.2 subunits, control excitability. Here we used Kv4.2 knock-out (Kv4.2-KO) mice along with acute in vivo expression of Kv4.2 or its dominant-negative pore mutant to examine the role of Kv4.2 in the development of CA1 synapses. We found that Kv4.2 expression induces synaptic maturation in juvenile WT mice and rescues developmentally delayed synapses in adult Kv4.2-KO mice. In addition, we show that NMDAR subunit composition can be reverted back to the juvenile form in WT adult synapses by functionally downregulating Kv4.2 levels. These results suggest that Kv4.2 regulation of excitability determines synaptic maturation state, which can be bidirectionally adjusted into adulthood.
Upgrading HTTPS in Mid-Air: An Empirical Study of Strict Transport Security and Key Pinning

We have conducted the first in-depth empirical study of two important new web security features: strict transport security (HSTS) and public-key pinning. Both have been added to the web platform to harden HTTPS, the prevailing standard for secure web browsing. While HSTS is further along, both features still have very limited deployment at a few large websites and a long tail of small, security-conscious sites. We find evidence that many developers do not completely understand these features, with a substantial portion using them in invalid or illogical ways. The majority of sites we observed trying to set an HSTS header did so with basic errors that significantly undermine the security this feature is meant to provide. We also identify several subtle but important new pitfalls in deploying these features in practice. For example, the majority of pinned domains undermined the security benefits by loading non-pinned resources with the ability to hijack the page. A substantial portion of HSTS domains and nearly all pinned domains leaked cookie values, including login cookies, due to the poorly-understood interaction between HTTP cookies and the same-origin policy. Our findings highlight that the web platform, as well as modern web sites, are large and complicated enough to make even conceptually simple security upgrades challenging to deploy in practice.
Fracture Toughness of Space Shuttle Foam

Fracture toughness of the rigid, low-density, closed-cell, polyurethane, foam used for insulation on the Space Shuttle External Tank is investigated. Data were obtained by loading double-edge-notched specimens in tension. To account for the anisotropic nature of the foam, two types, of specimens were tested so as to represent fracture properties along two different material directions. Additionally, for each type of specimen, two different notch sizes were tested.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Purification of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphohexonate aldolases of Pseudomonas saccharophila.

KDPG aldolase has been crystallized from extracts of sucrosegrown cells of Pseudomonas saccharophila. KDPGal aldolase, which is absent in sucrose-grown cells but is present together with KDPG aldolase in galactose-grown cells has been purified over 1000-fold. The two enzymes share many common features, but possess absolute substrate specificity and are immunochemically distinct. The equilibrium constants for the catalyzed reactions have been determined and found to favor the synthesis of the 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphohexonic acids.
A study of the laminar separation bubble on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers using flow visualization techniques

The use of flow visualization to study separation bubbles is evaluated. The wind tunnel, two NACA 66(3)-018 airfoil models, and kerosene vapor, titanium tetrachloride, and surface flow visualizations techniques are described. The application of the three visualization techniques to the two airfoil models reveals that the smoke and vapor techniques provide data on the location of laminar separation and the onset of transition, and the surface method produces information about the location of turbulent boundary layer separation. The data obtained with the three flow visualization techniques are compared to pressure distribution data and good correlation is detected. It is noted that flow visualization is an effective technique for examining separation bubbles.
The occupations of English immigrants to the United States 1836-1853.

This article examines the recent view that economic distress was not an important cause of English immigration [to the United States] before 1860. Demographic information is used to show that characteristics of males on suspect passenger [ship] lists (those that listed only laborers) matched those of laborers on other lists. Based on this result and other information laborers appear to be the dominant group of immigrants. Support is thus provided for the view that distress was the most important cause of immigration even though many other immigrants were not fleeing economic distress. (EXCERPT)
Modern tree species composition reflects ancient Maya "forest gardens" in northwest Belize

Ecology and ethnobotany were integrated to assess the impact of ancient Maya tree-dominated home gardens (i.e., "forest gardens"), which contained a diversity of tree species used for daily household needs, on the modern tree species composition of a Mesoamerican forest. Researchers have argued that the ubiquity of these ancient gardens throughout Mesoamerica led to the dominance of species useful to Maya in the contemporary forest, but this pattern may be localized depending on ancient land use. The tested hypothesis was that species composition would be significantly different between areas of dense ancient residential structures (high density) and areas of little or no ancient settlement (low density). Sixty-three 400-m2 plots (31 high density and 32 low density) were censused around the El Pilar Archaeological Reserve in northwestern Belize. Species composition was significantly different, with higher abundances of commonly utilized "forest garden" species still persisting in high-density forest areas despite centuries of abandonment. Subsequent edaphic analyses only explained 5% of the species composition differences. This research provides data on the long-term impacts of Maya forests gardens for use in development of future conservation models. For Mesoamerican conservation programs to work, we must understand the complex ecological and social interactions within an ecosystem that developed in intimate association with humans.
Graded gastric bypass.

Gastric bypass is an extensive exclusion operation which was developed in 1966 and has been used in over 600 patients for the treatment of morbid obesity. Stomal ulceration has developed in 2% of patients and has usually occurred because the stomach was transected at too low a level. To determine the effect of varying levels of transection and exclusion of the stomach, graded gastric bypass was studied in 2 peptic ulcer models in dogs. With histamine-in-beeswax, stomal ulcers occurred whenever there was more than 63% of the stomach located above the gastroenterostomy. With common duct ligation, stomal ulcers were not observed in dogs with 44% or less of the stomach excluded, but when more than 44% of the stomach emptied through the duodenum, duodenal ulcers developed. Stomal ulceration occurred as a result of excessive acid production from large fundic segments stimulated by histamine. Duodenal ulcers resulted from a deficiency in buffering of acid when sufficient stomach was excluded and when an adequate volume of acid entered the duodenum where bile was excluded. These experiments add further emphasis to the importance of high transection of the stomach in gastric bypass, but also suggest that the occurrence of common duct obstruction will introduce the risk of duodenal ulcer in patients who have had gastric bypass for the treatment of obesity.
A Versatile Actor Finds a New Role

RNA stars in many roles within the cell. In a recent paper published in Cell , Loh et al. demonstrate a new mechanism of action for natural riboswitches and provide important insights into the regulation of virulence in a pathogenic bacterium.