cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human brain microvascular endothelial cell traversal by Borrelia burgdorferi requires calcium signaling.

Neurological manifestations of Lyme disease (or neuroborreliosis) occur variably and while it is clear that Borrelia burgdorferi can invade the nervous system, how it does so is not well understood. Pathogen penetration through the blood brain barrier (BBB) is often influenced by calcium signaling in the endothelial cells triggered by extracellular host-pathogen interactions. We examined the traversal of B. burgdorferi across the human BBB using in vitro model systems constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) grown on Costar Transwell inserts. Pretreatment of the cell monolayers with BAPTA-AM (an intracellular calcium chelator) or phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 inhibited B. burgdorferi transmigration. By 5 h, BAPTA-AM significantly inhibited (82-99%; p or =99%; p <0.017) after pretreatment with the PLC-beta inhibitor U73122 as a result of barrier tightening based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). The data suggest a role for calcium signaling in CNS spirochete invasion through endothelial cell barriers.
Anaerobic Growth of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria Under Dark Conditions

Purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria were cultured anaerobically in the absence of light by a modification of the Hungate technique. Growth was slow and resembled that of fastidious anaerobes; on yeast extract-peptone-agar medium, each cell produced about 16 descendants in 15 to 20 days. Growth was stimulated by addition of ethyl alcohol, acetate and H2, or pyruvate and H2. Cells grown in the presence of pyruvate and H2 produced acetate and CO2; each cell produced approximately 10 descendants in 24 hr under anaerobic, dark conditions. Spectrophotometric evidence obtained from cells which were the product of five generations suggests no difference between the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids synthesized by cells grown anaerobically under dark or light conditions. Likewise, the ultrastructure of the photosynthetic apparatus in cells grown anaerobically in the dark and in the light appears similar. Images
Interaction of alkali metals with semiconductors

Abstract We discuss the interaction of alkali metals with semiconductors with emphasis on the nature of bonding. The particular system chosen to illustrate our ideas is the adsorption of potassium on silicon surfaces. The tendency towards metallization as a function of coverage is shown to differ from that usually believed to occur for alkali metals on transition metals. It is found that alkali metals on semiconductors form a strong ionic bond even up to monolayer coverages. The metallization of the overlayer is shown to be energetically unfavorable due to the presence of the dangling bonds. Thus the overlayer metallization is either suppressed or occurs at rather high coverages. We suggest that the tendency towards metallization at high coverages is the surface analog of the ionic-metal transition discussed by Phillips.
The mathematics of myth: Yield stress behavior as a limit of non-monotone constitutive theories

Abstract We formulate a model which can describe fluids with a non-monotone shear stress/shear rate relationship. It is shown how yield stress fluids arise as a limiting case of such a model. Differences between critical stresses for “fast” and “slow” yielding, hysteresis phenomena and thixotropy are naturally explained by the model.
Transport of solutes across aqueous phase interfaces by electrophoresis. Mathematical modeling

Polarizations of solutes undergoing electrophoresis occur at the interfaces of aqueous two-phase systems. The first mathematical model of this situation is presented, and is shown to predict results qualitatively similar to our experimental work. The numerical simulation of electrophoresis is based on an earlier single-phase model, extended with additional equations and boundary conditions needed in the two-phase case. Results from the simulation of some simple model systems are presented and discussed.
Uncoupling nicotine mediated motoneuron axonal pathfinding errors and muscle degeneration in zebrafish

Zebrafish embryos offer a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms by which nicotine exposure impacts early vertebrate development. Embryos exposed to nicotine become functionally paralyzed by 42 hpf suggesting that the neuromuscular system is compromised in exposed embryos. We previously demonstrated that secondary spinal motoneurons in nicotine-exposed embryos were delayed in development and that their axons made pathfinding errors (Svoboda, K.R., Vijayaraghaven, S., Tanguay, R.L., 2002. Nicotinic receptors mediate changes in spinal motoneuron development and axonal pathfinding in embryonic zebrafish exposed to nicotine. J. Neurosci. 22, 10731-10741). In that study, we did not consider the potential role that altered skeletal muscle development caused by nicotine exposure could play in contributing to the errors in spinal motoneuron axon pathfinding. In this study, we show that an alteration in skeletal muscle development occurs in tandem with alterations in spinal motoneuron development upon exposure to nicotine. The alteration in the muscle involves the binding of nicotine to the muscle-specific AChRs. The nicotine-induced alteration in muscle development does not occur in the zebrafish mutant (sofa potato, [sop]), which lacks muscle-specific AChRs. Even though muscle development is unaffected by nicotine exposure in sop mutants, motoneuron axonal pathfinding errors still occur in these mutants, indicating a direct effect of nicotine exposure on nervous system development.
Acquiring space for partial dentures.

Abstract Two methods which will aid in the solution of problems relating to insufficient interarch space for partial dentures have been described.
Biosynthesis and utilization of long-chain alcohols in rat brain: aspects of chain length specificity.

Abstract Chain Length specificity in alkyl glycerolipid biosynthesis was studied with microsomal preparations from 19-day-old rat brain. Saturated alcohols ranging from 12 to 22 carbon atoms were incorporated at different rates into alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate, the first intermediate in ether lipid biosynthesis. The rate of alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate formation was highest with hexadecanol and alcohols of either longer or shorter chain length were utilized much less efficiently. The monounsaturated octadecenol was incorporated more readily than any of the saturated alcohols. Rat brain microsomes were also found to reduce saturated fatty acids ranging from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, and oleic acid to the corresponding alcohols in the presence of ATP, coenzyme A, Mg2+, and NADPH. Chain length selectivity in the reduction was less pronounced than that in alkyl DHAP synthesis. The data indicate that the alkyl and alk-1-enyl composition of rat brain ether lipids is controlled by substrate specificity in the formation of both fatty alcohol and alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
A Magnetorheological Mount for Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles

Advanced vehicular technologies have been increasingly popular since they improve fuel economy. Automobiles with variable cylinder management are capable of turning on/off the cylinders in order to optimize the fuel consumption. Hybrid vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHVs) allow the engines to operate in the most efficient region. Besides, the hybrid technology includes capturing the braking energy, otherwise wasted as heat, to aid the acceleration. However, the enhancement in fuel efficiency comes with unbalance, shock and wider range of frequency vibration. Noise and vibration is actually one of the main obstacles in commercializing the HHV technology. This study is to design a vibration isolator to work for HHVs effectively and economically. The vibration profile of HHVs is proven to include both shock load at the switches of power sources and wide frequency range of vibration. That the HHV’s engine is turned on/off frequently and the hydraulic pumps/motors operate between 0 and 2000RPM, corresponding to 0–300Hz, poses difficult challenges for the isolation system. Rubber mounts are cheap, but only good for static load support and suitable for low power engine. Passive hydraulic mounts are only effective for conventional engines with unvarying working schedules. On the other hand, the active mounts are responsive for any condition, but too costly for commercial vehicles. Semi-active mounts with magnetorheological fluid (MRF) have been researched and recognized as a highly potential solution for hydraulic hybrid vehicles. The semi-active MRF mount is constructed very similar to a conventional hydraulic mount. However, the working fluid is an MRF which can quickly change its characteristics when the magnetic field is present. The main features of the MRF mount include multiple controllable MR valves, utilizing the flow (valve) mode, to connect the top and bottom fluid chambers. In addition, the mount is also capable of employing the fluid in squeeze mode. The structure of the MRF mount allows the stiffness and damping to be controlled in real time. The controllability makes the mount tunable to particularly fit the requirements of the HHVs. In this study, a mathematical model was constructed to predict the performance of the mount. The parameters were tuned so that the mount is effective within the whole operating frequency range of the HHV’s vibration.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Computer architecture simulation using a register transfer language

ASIM (Architecture Simulator) is a hardware description language for describing the hardware of a digital electronic system. The components of an electronic system are described by three primitives: ALU, Selector, and Memory, which are sufficient to describe any piece of digital electronic equipment. ASIM is different from other hardware description languages in that it uses only these three high-level primitives and is not based upon an underlying programming language. To ease the translation of the specification to hardware, ASIM description primitives closely resemble their hardware counterparts, which leads to more compact descriptions than other languages. ASIM is implemented both in an interpreter and a compiler.
Technology and innovation with notebook computers

Describes an initiative by two universities in North Dakota, USA, to implement an administrative partnership which was committed to lifelong learning and the sharing and development of resources. The collaboration involved the networking of computers using student notebook computers. Discusses the reasons for choosing notebook computers and presents the results of the initiative since the formation of the partnership.
Cataract Formation and Cataract Extraction after Penetrating Keratoplasty

Purpose: This retrospective study was done to identify risk factors for cataract formation and cataract extraction after penetrating keratoplasty to determine whether a combined procedure (simultaneous cataract extraction with keratoplasty) or penetrating keratoplasty alone should be performed. Methods: Variables from 342 phakic eyes having undergone penetrating keratoplasties were studied with univariate and multivariate analyses, including diagnosis, race, sex, age, preoperative lens opacities, preoperative vision, and length of follow-up. Results: For cataract formation, age was the only independent risk factor found by multivariate analysis ( P = 0.0001). For cataract extraction after penetrating keratoplasty, independent risk factors included age, sex, diagnosis, and preoperative lens opacities ( P Conclusion: The likelihood of cataract formation and cataract extraction subsequent to penetrating keratoplasty increases greatly after 50 years of age, regardless of the diagnosis leading to the need for keratoplasty. The need for cataract extraction also is increased for female patients, for patients with Fuchs dystrophy, and for those with early preoperative lens opacity.
Theoretical Review: Neo-Liberal Institutionalism and the Co-Operative Security Regime in Northeast Asia

This article examines several theoretical ideas on security regime applicable to Northeast Asia. Different from realists or idealists, two schools of international relations theory, neo-liberal ins...
The amino acid sequence of the eukaryotic DNA [N6-adenine]methyltransferase, M.CviBIII, has regions of similarity with the prokaryotic isoschizomer M.TaqI and other DNA [N6-adenine] methyltransferases.

Abstract The sequences of the genes coding for M · CviBIII (from virus NC-1A which infects a eukaryotic alga) [Narva et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (1987) 9807–9823] and M·TaqI (from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus) [Slatko et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (1987) 9781–9796] have been determined recently. Both enzymes methylate adenine in the sequence TCGA. We have compared the predicted amino acid sequences of these two methyltransferases (MTases), with each other and with ten other N6A-MTases and find regions of similarity. M · CviBIII and M · TaqI were most closely related followed by M · PaeR7, whose recognition sequence (CTCGAG) contains the M . TaqI/M · CviBIII recognition sequence TCGA, and M · PstI, whose recognition sequence is CTGCAG. All of the N6-MTases contain the sequence Asp/Asn-Pro-Pro-Tyr (B-P-P-Y) referred to by Hattman et al. [J. Bacteriol. 164 (1985) 932–937] as region IV. The predicted secondary structure of this region forms a finger-like structure (‘β finger’) containing a β-pleated sheet (…XXXB), two β-turns (P-P) followed by another β-pleated sheet [Y/FXXX…].
Raman study of hydrogen bonding in α and β‐oxalic acid dihydrate

The effects of different hydrogen bonding configurations upon the Raman spectrum of α-(COOH)2·2H2O, α-(COOD)2·2D2O, β-(COOD)2·2D2O and (COOK)2·H2O and the temperature stability of β- (COOD)2·2D2O are reported. The OH stretch frequencies correlate well to the changes in the hydrogen bond length and the bond angle. The band width of the stretch frequencies, however, is not related to the hydrogen bond strength. The α phase of oxalic acid dihydrate is the more stable, low temperature form and the β crystals were observed to transform to the α phase.
The structure of cytomegalovirus immune modulator UL141 highlights structural Ig-fold versatility for receptor binding.

Natural killer (NK) cells are critical components of the innate immune system as they rapidly detect and destroy infected cells. To avoid immune recognition and to allow long-term persistence in the host, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved a number of genes to evade or inhibit immune effector pathways. In particular, UL141 can inhibit cell-surface expression of both the NK cell-activating ligand CD155 as well as the TRAIL death receptors (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2). The crystal structure of unliganded HCMV UL141 refined to 3.25 A resolution allowed analysis of its head-to-tail dimerization interface. A ‘dimerization-deficient’ mutant of UL141 (ddUL141) was further designed, which retained the ability to bind to TRAIL-R2 or CD155 while losing the ability to cross-­link two receptor monomers. Structural comparison of unliganded UL141 with UL141 bound to TRAIL-R2 further identified a mobile loop that makes intimate contacts with TRAIL-R2 upon receptor engagement. Superposition of the Ig-like domain of UL141 on the CD155 ligand T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) revealed that UL141 can potentially engage CD155 similar to TIGIT by using the C′C′′ and GF loops. Further mutations in the TIGIT binding site of CD155 (Q63R and F128R) abrogated UL141 binding, suggesting that the Ig-like domain of UL141 is a viral mimic of TIGIT, as it targets the same binding site on CD155 using similar ‘lock-and-key’ interactions. Sequence alignment of the UL141 gene and its orthologues also showed conservation in this highly hydrophobic (L/A)X 6G ‘lock’ motif for CD155 binding as well as conservation of the TRAIL-R2 binding patches, suggesting that these host–receptor interactions are evolutionary conserved.
Photosensitized Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Semi-conductors supported on Silver

THE recently introduced method of using ultra-violet light to influence reversibly the electronic structure of semiconducting catalysts1–3 has been extended to a combination of the photovoltaic effect and a catalytic reaction. Illumination with ultra-violet light of thin layers of catalyst, supported on metal, changes the electron distribution in the catalyst reversibly by promoting electrons from the semiconductor into the metal. Other properties, such as porosity and surface area, are unaffected even though they may be changed in doping and alloying. Thus a new method is provided to investigate the relation between electronic structure on the one hand and kinetics and activation energy on the other for catalytic reactions on supported catalysts.
Feeding in response to repeated protamine zinc insulin injections.

Abstract Sustained overeating was induced in rats with repeated daily injections of protamine zinc insulin. The hyperphagia and hypophagia upon termination of insulin treatment were directly related to the amount of insulin that had been administered. The intake was regulatory since animals adjusted food consumption appropriately to compensate for caloric intake from glucose solutions, and they maintained stable caloric intake by reducing the weight of food ingested from a high fat diet. Overeating was unmodified by the use of an equicaloric high protein diet even though total weight gain was reduced. Injections of cycloheximide and dexamethasone prevented protamine zinc insulin induced overeating.
Empirical Quicksand: Probing Two Recent Articles on Haitian Creole

L'A. analyse de maniere critique les bases empiriques de deux etudes : Lefebvre (1997) et Deprez & Vinet (1997), portant respectivement sur les demonstratifs et la predication en creole haitien. L'analyse porte uniquement sur les defauts empiriques, c'est-a-dire les defauts existant dans les descriptions et les generalisations, qui rendent ensuite les constructions theoriques fragiles
Rotational spectrum and structure of the (OCS)2–C2H4 trimer: example of a polar OCS dimer ☆

Abstract The rotational spectra for seven isotopomers of the OCS–OCS–C 2 H 4 trimer have been observed with a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Their moments of inertia were fitted to a structure in which the plane of the ethylene is roughly parallel to a plane formed by the OCS monomers aligned with parallel dipoles. Dipole moment measurements and semi-empirical modeling confirmed this geometry. The transitions were split into doublets separated by 30–100 kHz by a tunneling motion in the complex. Isotopic studies indicated that this motion involved rotation of the ethylene in its molecular plane. The structure of the trimer is very similar to the HCCH–(OCS) 2 trimer in which the dipoles of the two OCS monomers were also aligned parallel. The complex is compared with several dimers containing ethylene which also show tunneling motions.
Wassermann Reaction in Rabbit Syphilis

Heusinkveld and Carroll,1 in a preliminary report, described the Wassermann technic employed in the Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute, as applied to experimental syphilis in the rabbit. More recently, we published the results of a year's research on the Wassermann reaction in this disease.2 We found that the reaction is a valuable diagnostic aid and index of the healing powers of therapeutic agents in experimental rabbit syphilis. There is a close parallelism between the clinical manifestations of the disease and the Wassermann test. The reaction
Audio-visual feedback for electromyographic control of vowel synthesis

We describe the design and testing of a human machine interface to use surface electromyography (sEMG) collected from a covert location in response audio-visual feedback. Using sEMG collected from the Auricularis Posterior muscle, N=5 healthy participants participated in 6 sessions over multiple days to learn to transition from visual and vowel synthesis feedback to vowel synthesis feedback alone. Results indicate that individuals are able to learn sEMG control of vowel synthesis using auditory feedback alone with an average of 67% accuracy and that this skill can also generalize to new vowel targets. Control of vowel synthesis using covertly-recorded sEMG is a promising step toward more reliable mobile human machine interfaces for communication.
Analysis of the projected utility of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban and their future impact on existing Hematology and Cardiology Anticoagulation Clinics at The Johns Hopkins Hospital

The purpose of this study is to determine the percentage of patients in the Johns Hopkins Anticoagulation Clinics that are potential candidates for the new oral anticoagulants, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients managed in the Johns Hopkins Cardiology and Hematology Anticoagulation Clinics between November 1, 2009 and October 31, 2010. Data elements collected include demographics, primary indication for anticoagulation, renal function, hepatic function, and concomitant medications. These factors were considered against product labeling guidelines and inclusion/exclusion criteria from clinical studies to derive candidacy status for each oral anticoagulant for each patient. Patients who met at least one caution or contraindication criteria were deemed “non-candidates”; potential dosage reductions of the new oral anticoagulants were not considered. Four hundred ninety-one patients participated in the study. Among participants, 63 % would be dabigatran candidates, 62 % rivaroxaban candidates, and 70 % would be candidates for apixaban. Dabigatran use would be cautioned against in 34 %, rivaroxaban in 18 %, and apixaban in 30 %. Four percent had contraindications to dabigatran, whereas 21 % had contraindications to rivaroxaban. More than 60 % of patients in the Johns Hopkins Anticoagulation Clinics appear to be potential candidates for each of the new oral anticoagulants, assuming they are eventually approved for the same indications as warfarin. Many patients fell into the “cautioned” category, which demonstrates the complexity associated with selecting candidates for these new agents.
Platelet aggregation induced by ultrasound under specialized conditions in vitro

Human platelets were induced by 2.1-megahertz ultrasound to form aggregates around gas-filled pores in membranes immersed in platelet-rich plasma. The spatial peak intensities required were only about 16 to 32 milliwatts per square centimeter. Ultrasound generated by a medical Doppler device, whose intensity exceeded this, induced aggregate formation under the same conditions.
The First Hundred Years of Corn Refining in the United States

In this brief essay I seek to provide a concise account of the evolution of the American corn refining industry during its first one hundred years, noting the market and technological forces that have driven institutional changes. The pioneers of the industry laid down a strong foundation of innovative resourcefulness that the industry continues today.
A low cost Mercury orbiter mission

Abstract Due to Mercury's small mass and position deep within the solar gravitational well, an orbiter mission poses difficult performance requirements (i.e. ΔV, thermal extremes). However, Yen (JPL) showed that with extended trip times, substantial Mercury missions are feasible. Low cost, quick concept-to-launch, high quality, and reliability are balanced in constraining a small spacecraft mission to Mercury. The primary science objective is high quality multispectral imagery and altimetry. The spacecraft is based on the Clementine spacecraft and sensors. UV/Visual/infrared cameras, star trackers, and a laser altimeter are proposed to determine mineralogical composition, surface structure/morphology, spectral/compositional mapping, and topography. Clementine sensors would require upgrades to enhance thermal dissipation and to increase radiation protection. The first available launch opportunity is in August 1996 and the target orbit is a 300 km polar Mercury orbit. Launch vehicle options are discussed. Options for companion or follow-on spacecraft are presented.
Role of hydrophilic and hydrophobic contacts in folding of the second β‐hairpin fragment of protein G: Molecular dynamics simulation studies of an all‐atom model

Predicting the folding mechanism of the second beta-hairpin fragment of the Ig-binding domain B of streptococcal protein G is unexpectedly challenging for simplified reduced models because the models developed so far indicated a different folding mechanism from what was suggested from high-temperature unfolding and equilibrium free-energy surface analysis based on established all-atom empirical force fields in explicit or implicit solvent. This happened despite the use of empirical residue-based interactions, multibody hydrophobic interactions, and inclusions of hydrogen bonding effects in the simplified models. This article employs a recently developed all-atom (except nonpolar hydrogens) model interacting with simple square-well potentials to fold the peptide fragment by molecular dynamics simulation methods. In this study, 193 out of 200 trajectories are folded at two reduced temperatures (3.5 and 3.7) close to the transition temperature T* approximately 4.0. Each simulation takes <7 h of CPU time on a Pentium 800-MHz PC. Folding of the new all-atom model is found to be initiated by collapse before the formation of main-chain hydrogen bonds. This verifies the mechanism proposed from previous all-atom unfolding and equilibrium simulations. The new model further predicts that the collapse is initiated by two nucleation contacts (a hydrophilic contact between D46 and T49 and a hydrophobic contact between Y45 and F52), in agreement with recent NMR measurements. The results suggest that atomic packing and native contact interactions play a dominant role in folding mechanism.
Mosquito glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase: cDNA, gene structure and enzyme kinetics

Mosquito midgut epithelial cells secrete digestive enzymes as well as components of the peritrophic matrix in response to blood-feeding. The peritrophic matrix is composed of proteins, glycoproteins and chitin fibrils in a proteoglycan matrix and may function to protect the midgut epithelium from mechanical damage and insult from pathogens and toxins. Chitin biosynthesis takes place via the hexosamine pathway converting fructose-6-phosphate to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, which is then polymerized to chitin by chitin synthase. Glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA) is one of the hexosamine pathway enzymes and catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the primary amine of glucosamine-6-phosphate. We cloned and sequenced the GNA cDNA, gene (AeGna) and its putative promoter regions from Aedes aegypti. AeGna consists of five exons and four introns and lacks a TATA box near the transcription start site. The AeGna cDNA is 1.3 kb in length and the predicted protein is approximately 23.6 kDa. The amino acid sequence of AeGna has high homology to its orthologues. AeGna mRNA is constitutively expressed in all developmental stages and blood-feeding causes no obvious effect on levels of AeGna transcript in the midgut. The Km value of recombinant GNA for glucosamine-6-phosphate was 330 microM and the Km for acetyl-CoA was 500 microM.
Natural history of angina pectoris.

Abstract An understanding of the natural history of angina pectoris is crucial to decision making in the management of patients with this disease. Early investigations suggested a highly variable annual mortality rate, ranging from 2.5 to 9 percent. These studies clearly pointed to the association of certain electrocardiographic changes, hypertension, cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure with increased mortality. Several recent studies based on findings at coronary arteriography indicate a high degree of correlation between the extent of coronary atherosclerotic occlusive disease and the likelihood of early death. A combination of data from several laboratories indicates that if only one of the three major coronary arterial branches (left anterior descending, left circumflex or right) is significantly stenosed, the annual mortality rate will be approximately 2 percent of the cohort. If two of the three major arteries are stenosed, the rate will be approximately 7 percent, and if all three arteries are stenosed, it will be approximately 11 percent. Some data suggest that these mortality figures based on the extent of atherosclerotic occlusive disease are importantly modulated by the extent of ventricular myocardial impairment as reflected by cardiac enlargement or symptoms of congestive heart failure.
Experimental Study of the Stability of a High-Speed Gas Jet Under the Influence of Liquid Cross-Flow

This paper reports on the interfacial character and deflection of a high-speed gas jet transverse to an aqueous cross-flow as a function of cross-flow speed and gas jet Mach number. Several gas exit velocities were tested including subsonic cases up to supersonic cases at cross-flow velocities from 0.3 m/s to 0.7 m/s. For the subsonic cases, it was found that the stability and resistance of the gas jet to deflect in the presence of cross-flow were increased with the jet Mach number. However, the Mach 1.6 jet was more stable than the Mach 1.9 jet, suggesting that there exists upper and lower bounds for jet stability which are Mach number dependent. Unstable gas jets were shown to pinch-off, meaning the interface of the gas jet in a plane parallel to the ejector exit collapsed to almost a point and an independent bubble rose to the free surface. The stagnation side gas/liquid interfaces were analyzed using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method to better understand the fundamental mode shapes contained in the interface waveforms. It was found that the subsonic jets shared many of the same characteristics in their first, second, and third mode shapes. The supersonic jets differed from the subsonic mode shapes. Interestingly, the mode shapes for the subsonic cases compared well to those of a beam in transverse vibration with sliding-free boundary conditions. The supersonic cases compared relatively well to pinned-free boundary conditions, owing to the more columnar nature of the gas jet as it exited the ejector.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
State-Of-The-Art In Coherent Near-mm Detectors

The different types of coherent millimeter and submillimeter detectors are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on heterodyne detection using GaAs Schottky diodes as quasi-optical mixers. A sufficiently sensitive radiometer has been developed to make the first ground-based submillimeter astronomical experiment using a laser local oscillator. Results for a millimeter wave monolithic mixer and a solid state local oscillator are also discussed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Contrasting Zones of Comfortable Competence: Popular Culture in a Phonics Lesson

Abstract The contrast between the current national skills-based reading agenda in the United States and the complex forms of technology and entertainment available for children today suggests a kind of “future shock” analogous to that identified by Toffler [Future Shock, Random House, New York, 1970] during the rise of television in the 1960s. He identified future shock as a disturbing recognition, in the face of rapid change, that one has grown up with expectations for a world that no longer exists. Adult reactions to future shock can take the form of a retreat to a comfort zone, in which one can deny that the world is changing. Children, however, bring their own familiarities with new media to the classroom, often in a way that can force adults out of this retreat, out of the role of expert, and into the role of novice. This paper looks at the notion of future shock as it becomes instantiated in language and interaction in a reading lesson with second language learners. Bringing the concepts of communicative competence and language socialization to a Vygotskian understanding of development, I suggest that current educational policy encourages teachers and students both to retreat to differing comfort zones, and that a policy which encourages them to depart from those retreats, by taking advantage of students’ multiple communicative competencies, could more adequately prepare students to take active roles in the current multimedia world.
Bi-1,10-phenanthrolines and their mononuclear Ru(II) complexes.

A series of four biphen (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) ligands, 2,2‘-biphen (1), 3,3‘-biphen (2), 2,2‘-dimethylene-3,3‘-biphen (3), and 2,3‘-dimethylene-3,2‘-biphen (4), is prepared by coupling and Friedlander methodology. The corresponding mononuclear Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(1−4)(Mebpy)2]2+ where Mebpy = 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, are prepared. These complexes show long wavelength electronic absorptions at 441−452 nm and emissions at 622−641 nm. Metal-based oxidations occur in the range 1.18−1.21 V, and ligand-based reductions, at −1.20 to −1.30 V. The addition of Zn2+, Cd2+, or Hg2+ ions results in a strong enhancement and red shift of the luminescence of complex Ru-3. Alkali and alkaline earth metal ions barely affect the luminescence of Ru-3 while transition metal ions such as Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ lead to efficient quenching of the Ru-3 luminescence. The luminescence of Ru-2 and Ru-4 is quenched in the presence of Zn2+ because of a conformationally induced reduction in electronic communication b...
A conservative level set method suitable for variable-order approximations and unstructured meshes

This paper presents a formulation for free-surface computations capable of handling complex phenomena, such as wave breaking, without excessive mass loss or smearing of the interface. The formulation is suitable for discretizations using finite elements of any topology and order, or other approaches such as isogeometric and finite volume methods. Furthermore, the approach builds on standard level set tools and can therefore be used to augment existing implementations of level set methods with discrete conservation properties. Implementations of the method are tested on several difficult two- and three-dimensional problems, including two incompressible air/water flow problems with available experimental results. Linear and quadratic approximations on unstructured tetrahedral and trilinear approximations on hexahedral meshes were tested. Global conservation and agreement with experiments as well as computations by other researchers are obtained.
1.28 Tbit/s-70 km OTDM transmission using third- and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation with a phase modulator

A single wavelength channel, optical time division multiplexed and polarisation multiplexed 1.28 Tbit/s signal has been successfully transmitted over 70 km. Third- and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation was used with a 10 GHz synchronous phase modulator. The input pulse width was 380 fs, and the transmitted pulsewidth was 400 fs. All 128 channels demultiplexed to 10 Gbit/s had a bit error rate of less than 1/spl times/10/sup -9/.
Phase Matching of Attosecond-to-Zeptosecond Kiloelectronvolt X-ray Supercontinua from High Harmonic Generation

Abstract (35 Word Limit) We demonstrate bright coherent X-ray supercontinua generated through fully phase-matched upconversion of mid-IR laser light into the keV spectral region. The ultrabroad bandwidths can support pulse durations of few attoseconds, scalable to zeptosecond time scales.
Approximation of the classes S_{p,\theta }^rB\left( {{\mathbb{R}^d}} \right) of functions of many variables by entire functions of a special form

Exact-order estimates are obtained for the approximations of the functional classes $ S_{p,\theta }^rB\left( {{\mathbb{R}^d}} \right) $ by entire functions of a special form.
Does pioglitazone reduce carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Does pioglitazone reduce carotid intima–media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Expanding poststroke depression research: Movement toward a dyadic perspective

Research on depression following stroke has traditionally been oriented toward understanding the experiences of individual survivors or their spousal caregivers outside of the context of their committed relationship. Moving toward a dyadic orientation to the problem of poststroke depression, in which the stroke survivor-spouse dyad is viewed as the primary unit of analysis, will open the door to new lines of inquiry and may eventually lead to more effective treatments for survivors and their spouses. The first half of this article discusses the rationale for moving poststroke depression research toward a more dyadic perspective and highlights current efforts in this area. The second half of this article discusses some methodological challenges associated with dyadic data and the practical benefits of one statistical methodology, multilevel modeling, for examining depression in survivor-stroke dyads.
Neurotensin analog selective for hypothermia over antinociception and exhibiting atypical neuroleptic-like properties.

Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It has been implicated in the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics. Central activity of NT can only be demonstrated by direct injection into the brain, since it is readily degraded by peptidases in the periphery. We have developed many NT(8-13) analogs that are resistant to peptidase degradation and can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we report on one of these analogs, NT77L. NT77L induced hypothermia (ED(50)=6.5 mg/kg, i.p.) but induced analgesia only at the highest dose examined (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Like the atypical neuroleptic clozapine, NT77L blocked the climbing behavior in rats induced by the dopamine agonist apomorphine (600 microg/kg) with an ED(50) of 5.6 mg/kg (i.p.), without affecting the licking and the sniffing behaviors. By itself NT77L did not cause catalepsy, but it moderately reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy with an ED(50) of 6.0 mg/kg (i.p.). Haloperidol alone did not lower body temperature, but it potentiated the body temperature lowering effect of NT77L. In studies using in vivo microdialysis NT77L showed similar effects on dopamine turnover to those of clozapine, and significantly different from those of haloperidol in the striatum. In the prefrontal cortex, NT77L significantly increased serotonergic transmission as evidenced by increased 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid:5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HIAA:5-HT) ratio. Thus, NT77L selectively caused hypothermia, over antinociception, while exhibiting atypical neuroleptic-like effects.
Multi-Chip Power Module Fast Thermal Modeling for Layout Optimization

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for fast thermal modeling of Multi-Chip Power Modules (MCPMs) for use in layout optimization. MCPMs integrate multiple high power semiconductor devices into a single package and allow for increased power densities and efficiencies critical for next generation alternative energy systems. In a typical MCPM layout, the design is modified iteratively to search for best electrical, thermal, and electromagnetic performance. In order to speed up design optimization, a novel thermal model is developed which can approximate thermal performance of a module under modifications of metal trace layout and power device positioning and quantity. Particle Swarm Optimization is chosen to perform the layout optimization process and is briefly compared against other optimization techniques.
3D-modelling of temperature gradients induced by electrical power dissipation in a 3-body Domen-type calorimeter for absorbed dose measurements

Abstract The effect of thermal gradients that appear in the core of a Domen-type absorbed-dose calorimeter during an electrical calibration run is revised using a finite element 3D-numerical analysis. The local thermal modelling, that is the method allowing for spatio-temporal distribution of temperature within the three bodies of the graphite calorimeter, combined with both a careful analysis on what really happens when a certain amount of electrical power is dissipated in a NTC heating thermistor and the consideration of heat loss through radiation from the surface of the calorimeter bodies, has led to results which are in agreement with those obtained from experimental measurements and reported in the literature.
A Controllable Test Bed to Assess Induction Motor Thermal Behavior under Time-varying Voltage Waveform Distortions

Analytical as well as experimental studies of the effects of waveform distortions on electrical appliances are important in power quality studies. A test bed for assessing the thermal behavior of induction motors is proposed in the paper. The test bed provides a flexible and controllable source of waveform distortions. The preliminary experimental results show the stability and accuracy of the test bed. Hitherto, the test bed has only been used for stationary distortions, but will be used for time-varying distortions in the near future. The test bed is envisioned to quantify the effects of time-varying, non-stationary voltage waveform distortions on the thermal response of induction motors.
Mitochondrial Respiration after Cardiac Perfusion with Ethanol or Acetaldehyde

Hemodynamics, energetics, and mechanics of isolated working rat hearts were studied during perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit medium containing either ethanol (24 +/- 2 mM) or acetaldehyde (74 +/- 6 microM). After 60-min perfusion with agent, mitochondria were isolated from the hearts and assayed polarographically using glutamate, alpha-keto-glutarate, pyruvate-malate, and succinate-rotenone substrates. Hemodynamic and mechanical function of the ethanol-treated hearts declined significantly more than that of control hearts during the 60-min perfusion. The acetaldehyde-perfused hearts did not differ from the controls. A 90-sec washout period reversed the ethanol-induced depression of physiologic function. Respiratory function (respiratory control ratio and Qo2) of mitochondria isolated from the ethanol- and acetaldehyde-treated hearts was slightly, though not significantly, depressed compared with control hearts. These data indicate that ethanol and acetaldehyde, at physiologically significant concentrations, have dissimilar effects on cardiac hemodynamics and mechanics: ethanol has a direct depressive effect which is reversible; acetaldehyde has no significant effect. Mitochondrial respiration is not irreversibly affected by brief exposure to ethanol or acetaldehyde at the concentrations tested.
Index to Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 25 (Fall 1992Summer 1993)

Consanguine marriage/family (xueyuan hun/jiating). Term used by Engels to refer to an evolutionary stage at which all men and all women of a certain age are united in a general group marriage.
The mechanism of electrolytic metal deposition

Possible mechanisms of electrolytic metal deposition from aqueous solutions of cupric, nickelous and silver ions are examined by deriving and comparing the relevant potential energy profiles with the purpose of indicating the rate-determining step. The following steps in the overall reaction are considered: ionic transfer from the solution to surface sites; surface diffusion of adsorbed ions; successive dehydration of the adions at lattice building sites. The formation of adions and adatoms in intermediate steps is distinguished and it is shown that neutral adatom formation is unlikely. The heat of activation (∆H 0‡ ) for transfer of ions from the solution to the metal surface, depends upon the site to which transfer occurs, that to a planar site being significantly less than that to other sites (e. g. edges, kinks, etc.). Transfer to form adatoms has prohibitively high ∆H 0‡ values. Lattice building is accomplished by surface diffusion of transferred adions to edges or kinks. At each of the consecutive stages of the deposition process, a change in hydration of the ion or adion occurs and has important effects on the mechanism and kinging of deposition. Direct deposition of divalent ions on to surface sites is shown to be associated with high heats of activation and low electrochemical rate constants as found experimentally for Ni 2+ , Fe 2+ and Co 2+ deposition. When the deposition reaction can occur through an intermediate redox step involving a stable ion as, e. g. in the case of copper, it is shown that lower free energies of activation can result than if the deposition of the divalent ion occurs in one step. This is consistent with the experimental behaviour found for copper deposition. At low overpotentials, it is shown that both the steps of ionic transfer and surface diffusion would have comparable rate constants in the case of copper and silver deposition whilst at higher overpotentials, the reduction of Cu 2+ ions becomes rate determining at copper, whilst ionic transfer of Ag + ions becomes rate determining at silver. This is in agreement with the behaviour observed experimentally.
Peroxynitrite-Mediated Heme Oxidation and Protein Modification of Native and Chemically Modified Hemoglobins

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) has been shown to play a critical role in tissue reperfusion injury. We have studied the reactions of ONOO- with native and two chemically modified hemoglobins that are being developed as oxygen-carrying reperfusion agents for use in a variety of clinical conditions. Reactions of native and chemically modified oxyhemoglobins (oxyHb) at 7.4 with ONOO- lead to a rapid oxidation of the heme iron to ferric (HbFe3+) form. Addition of excess molar ratios of ONOO- to the ferryl (HbFe4+) heme protein induced a spectral change indicative of the reduction of HbFe4+ to the HbFe3+ oxidation state. No major spectral changes were noted when ONOO- was added to methemoglobin (HbFe3+) or cyanomethemoglobin (Hb3+CN-), whereas the carbonmonoxy derivative of ferrous hemoglobin (HbCO) underwent an immediate spectral change suggesting the displacement of the CO ligand and oxidation of the heme iron. Rapid mixing of ONOO- with oxyHb in the stopped-flow spectrophotometer yielded biphasic kinetic plots for the oxidation of the ferrous iron (Fe2+). Replots of the apparent rate constants for native, cross-linked and polymerized, cross-linked hemoglobins as a function of ONOO- concentration were linear, yielding a single second-order rate for all hemoglobins of between 2 to 3 x 10(4) M-1 s-1, independent of the oxygen affinities and molecular sizes of the proteins. Oxidative modifications of the protein by ONOO-, occurring primarily at the beta subunits, were observed in reaction mixtures of oxyHb and ONOO- using reverse-phase HPLC. The immuno-detection method confirms that nitration of tyrosine residues by ONOO- occurs on the hemoglobin molecule and contributes to the modifications observed. We postulate that the presence of hemoglobin in close proximity to ONOO- production sites in the vasculature can contribute to possible in vivo toxicity by a two-step mechanism involving (i) direct oxidation of the heme iron and (ii) nitration of the tyrosine residues on the molecule, leading to subsequent instability and heme loss from the protein.