cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy ARTMAP with input relevances

We introduce a new fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) neural network: Fuzzy ARTMAP with relevance factor (FAMR). The FAMR architecture is able to incrementally "grow" and to sequentially accommodate input-output sample pairs. Each training pair has a relevance factor assigned to it, proportional to the importance of that pair during the learning phase. The relevance factors are user-defined or computed. The FAMR can be trained as a classifier and, at the same time, as a nonparametric estimator of the probability that an input belongs to a given class. The FAMR probability estimation converges almost surely and in the mean square to the posterior probability. Our theoretical results also characterize the convergence rate of the approximation. Using a relevance factor adds more flexibility to the training phase, allowing ranking of sample pairs according to the confidence we have in the information source. We analyze the FAMR capability for mapping noisy functions when training data originates from multiple sources with known levels of noise.
Hardware Acceleration of Short Read Mapping

Bioinformatics is an emerging field with seemingly limitless possibilities for advances in numerous areas of research and applications. We propose a scalable FPGA-based solution to the short read mapping problem in DNA sequencing, which greatly accelerates the task of aligning short length reads to a known reference genome. We compare the runtime, power consumption, and sensitivity of the hardware system to the BFAST and Bowtie software tools. The hardware system demonstrates a 250X speedup versus BFAST and a 31X speedup versus Bowtie on eight CPU cores. Also, the hardware system is more sensitive than Bowtie, which aligns approximately 80% of the short reads, as compared to 91% aligned by the hardware.
Constructing a dental electronic information resource (DEIR)

This paper discusses the construction of a dental electronic information resource (DEIR). Development is based on the Internet gopher client/server model. Information is organized in a series of hierarchical menus. A DEIR can be browsed by traversing the menu hierarchy or by performing keyword searches. Searches can result in a menu of found items from across the Internet. Initially, contents of the DEIR will be text files. Electronic copy will be given to an editorial board that will review submissions for conformity to publication standards. A current estimate for electronic storage costs of a DEIR is $1.25/Mb per year. There will be additional costs associated with any purchases of data (e.g. Current Contents), production of data (e.g. development time), and editorial and managerial activities. The DEIR will be accessible from any computer or terminal that can connect to the Internet. Primary user groups will be faculty, staff, and students of dental schools. However, access to the DEIR will be free, and an extensive user community will be encouraged, including practicing dentists, dental associations, public health agencies, and dental insurance companies.
Capacity of the bovine intestinal mucus and its components to support growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli increases the risk of contamination of food products at slaughter. Our study aimed to shed more light on the mechanisms used by E. coli O157:H7 to thrive and compete with other bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. We evaluated, in vitro, bovine intestinal mucus and its constituents in terms of their capacity to support growth of E. coli O157:H7 in presence or absence of fecal inoculum, with and without various enzymes. Growth of E. coli O157:H7 and total anaerobic bacteria were proportionate to the amount of mucus added as substrate. Growth of E. coli O157:H7 was similar for small and large intestinal mucus as substrate, and was partially inhibited with addition of fecal inoculum to cultures, presumably due to competition from other organisms. Whole mucus stimulated growth to the greatest degree compared with other compounds evaluated, but the pathogen was capable of utilizing all substrates to some extent. Addition of enzymes to cultures failed to impact growth of E. coli O157:H7 except for neuraminidase, which resulted in greater growth of E. coli O157 when combined with sialic acid as substrate. In conclusion, E. coli O157 has capacity to utilize small or large intestinal mucus, and growth is greatest with whole mucus compared with individual mucus components. There are two possible explanations for these findings (i) multiple substrates are needed to optimize growth, or alternatively, (ii) a component of mucus not evaluated in this experiment is a key ingredient for optimal growth of E. coli O157:H7.
Pulkkinen & Kivikoski: Changes in uterine volume following the intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline (Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 50: 149, 1971)

(1972). Pulkkinen & Kivikoski: Changes in uterine volume following the intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline (Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 50: 149, 1971) Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 194-194.
Glucose enhancement of 24-h memory retrieval in healthy elderly humans

When administered soon before or after training, glucose facilitates memory in rodents and in several populations of humans, including healthy elderly people. Thus, glucose appears to enhance memory formation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. By assessing the effects of glucose at the time of memory tests, the present experiment examined the role of glucose on memory retrieval in healthy elderly people. On four sessions separated by a week, glucose or saccharin were administered immediately before hearing a narrative prose passage, as in previous experiments, or immediately before being tested for recall of the passage (24 h after training). Subjects recalled significantly more information after glucose ingestion than after saccharin ingestion whether the glucose was given before acquisition or memory tests. In addition, recall was significantly better in the preacquisition glucose condition relative to recall in the retrieval glucose condition. These findings provide evidence that glucose enhances both memory storage and retrieval.
FPGA Implementation of an Interpolation Processor for Soft-Decision Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes

This paper presents an FPGA implementation of a high-speed interpolation processor for algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed-Solomon codes. In the design, pipelining and parallel processing techniques are exploited to increase the decoding throughput. In addition, different parts of the interpolation processor are properly scheduled to achieve maximum overlap in processing time for the computations occurring at adjacent iterations. Synthesis results show that the FPGA implementation of the interpolation architecture can achieve a throughput of 149Mbps, which is multiple times higher than conventional design.
Understanding modulus trends in ultra low K dielectric materials through the use of molecular modeling

Molecular modeling has previously been used to study adhesion and surface energy effects of die attach, underfill and viafill formulations, and is currently being used to study the mechanical property trends of the new class of ultra low k nanoporous dielectric materials, NANOGLASS/spl reg/ porous spin-on-glass (SOG) and GX3-P/sup TM/ porous organic, being developed within Honeywell. The need to understand material performance from a molecular level is especially understandable when considering the target application in IC fabrication. With such small microstructures, the impact of the molecular mechanical properties imparted by the molecular structure and architecture become more and more important. In addition, we are finding that by understanding the effects of the formulation on the mechanical properties from the molecular level, formulation changes can be planned directly targeted at specific properties. Although we are using many aspects of molecular modeling to help us understand SOG and organic dielectric properties such as density, wetting, solubility and adhesion, for this paper we have concentrated on reporting our observations on modulus. Our studies have found that we can correlate the experimental modulus of these materials very simply with a molecularly derived modulus.
Phage Evolution and Speciation

One of the most important conceptual advances in evolutionary science during this century was the populational definition of the biological species (Mayr, 1969.) A species is defined not by the resemblance of individuals to some type specimen but rather by the cause of that resemblance—their genetic relatedness as members of a closed interbreeding population whose genes can be considered a common pool. Even among sexually reproducing higher eukaryotes, the species thus conceived is an ideal seldom fully realized. Attempts to apply the concept too literally have been justly criticized (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969). Nevertheless, the realization that the essence of speciation lies in reproductive isolation must qualify as one of the major insights in all of biology.
Continuity and Continuousness: The Chain of Ideas Linking Peirce's Synechism to Veblen's Cumulative Causation

Abstract:This paper seeks to establish that a chain of ideas connects and effectively links together core thoughts advanced by philosopher Charles Peirce with economist Thorstein Veblen. Peirce introduced into 19th century American philosophical inquiry the ancient Greek understanding of continuity and continuousness — derived from “synechism.” We argue that Peirce’s understanding and use of synechism serves as the foundation for Veblen’s understanding and formation of the concept and principle of “cumulative causation.” This stands at the center of Veblen’s attempts to introduce evolutionary thinking into modern economics.
Carious Lesions in Cotton Rat Molars. II. Effect of Removal of Principal Salivary Glands.

SummaryThe removal of the principal salivary glands of cotton rats prior to maintenance on purified, caries-producing rations resulted in a significantly greater average number and average extent o...
Vitamin C Requirement of Man. Prolonged Study of Daily Excretion and Plasma Concentration of Vitamin C.

The vitamin C requirement was determined on 2 male adults who were hospitalized during the study and fed diets containing constant minimal amounts of vitamin C. The 24-hour urinary excretion of vitamin C was determined daily and the plasma concentration 3 times a week. The determination of vitamin C in both plasma and urine was done by the indophenol titration method1 in the first case and in the second case both by titration and by the photoelectric colorimeter.2, 3 The use of the photoelectric colorimeter reduces the error due to the small amount of non-vitamin C reducing substances present in the urine. On the diet fed, titration gave urine figures which were consistently higher by 10 mg per day. No significant differences were found in the plasma values.The first case, L. R., age 57, height 72.5 in., weight 160 lb., was observed for a total of 110 days. In the first period of 19 days he received 50 mg of ascorbic acid daily; during the second period of 53 days he received 100 mg of ascorbic acid daily...
Revised Estimates of Food Expenditures

Probably more attention is given to the development and study of food statistics than to those for any other group of consumer goods. This is due to the significance of food even in an “affluent so...
THE DEADLY IMPACT OF CORONARY PERFORATION IN WOMEN UNDERGOING PCI: INSIGHTS FROM BMC2

We evaluated the incidence, risk factors, outcomes and predictors of mortality of the rare but serious complication of coronary artery perforations (CAP). 151,479 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. Endpoints included the development of CAP, in-hospital
Using Text Analysis to Assess Qualitative Student Works, Deal with Inter-rater Reliability, and Simultaneously Comply with AACSB Standard 8 and Middle States Standard V Web Appendix

The purpose of this research is to determine if the analytical process of text analysis or text mining can be adapted successfully as a tool to help automate assessment of student works related to ways in which they demonstrate progress in meeting institutional and accreditation standards. Student works in this case are assignments from graduate and undergraduate courses in business. An electronic library with six dictionaries was built containing Jesuit and Catholic keywords, phrases, concepts and synonyms so text analysis has the ability to identify these institutional learning goals within student work products. Conclusions from this study are that text mining can be adapted successfully as an automated solution for assessing large volumes of student works without involvement of large numbers of assessors and therefore without the problem of inter-rater reliability that comes from using multiple human assessors.
Encoding policy based on Beidou communication satellite for improving reliability of data transmission in hydrological telemetry system

In light of the problems of power consumption increase,high charges resulted from by long time delay of point-to-point communication of Beidou satellite,a special data encoding policy and communication timing sequence control procedure are designed for the automatic system of hydrologic data collection and transmission established by Beidou satellite communication network. By the broadcast function in command terminal of Beidou satellite,the confirmation of the center station to the telemetry data of all hydrological stations is realized in a broadcast package,which improves the reliability of data transmission of the system and saves the communication cost.
Relationship between hypoalbuminemia and prognosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborns

Objective To explore the relationship between hypoalbuminemia and prognosis in newborns with disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Methods A total of 142 newborns diagnosed with DIC were divided into normal albumin group(≥30 g/L) and hypoalbuminemia group(30 g/L) according to the albumin levels within 24 hours of admission.Moreover,the relationship between albumin levels and clinical manifestation,laboratory indices and prognosis of newborns with DIC were analyzed.Results The occurrence rate of hypoalbuminemia in 142 DIC newborns was 68.3%(97/142).The mortality of newborns with DIC in hypoalbuminemia group was 42.3%,significantly higher than that of normal albumin group(22.2%)(P0.05).Compared with normal albumin group,in hypoalbuminemia group,the rates of shock and multiple organ dysfunction were significantly higher,the prothrombin time(PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) were significantly longer,and the platelet count(PLT) was significantly reduced(P0.05).The level of serum albumin in non-survived group was sinificantly lower than that of the survived group(P0.05).Conclusions Hypoalbuminemia is common among newborns with DIC,and serum albumin level is closely related to the prognosis.
450 IMPACT OF INFANT PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINATION ON COLONIZATION AND INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE IN ELDERLY ALASKANS.

Purpose of Study In 2001, the State of Alaska began routine use of the infant heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7; Prevnar). This has resulted in a 90% decline in vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children Methods Used We used statewide surveillance to compare IPD rates, pneumococcal serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance before (1995-2000) and after (2002-2004) widespread PCV7 use. Colonization data, before (1998-2000) and after (2002-2004) PCV7 use, was obtained from community-wide pneumococcal colonization study in eight rural Alaska villages. Summary of Results In the post vaccine time period, annual IPD rates declined by 22% for persons over age 55, from 47.0 cases/100,000 to 36.6 cases/100,000 (p = .04). IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes declined by 60% in this group (rate = 19.0/100,000 pre-vaccine and 7.6 in the post-vaccine time period p Conclusion Pediatric PCV7 use has been associated with reductions in IPD due to PCV7 serotypes, infections complicated with cefotaxime, as well as reduced PCV7 serotype colonization in Alaskans 55 and older.
PREDICTING GROUND-BASED AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH WITH SATELLITE IMAGES VIA GAUSSIAN PROCESSES

A Gaussian process regression technique is proposed to predict ground-based aerosol optical depth measurements from satellite multispectral images, and to select the most informative ground-based sites by active learning. Satellite images provide spatial and temporal information in addition to the spectral features, and such heterogeneity of available features is captured in the Gaussian process model by employing an additive set of covariance functions. By finding an optimal set of hyperparameters, relevance of each additional information is automatically determined. Experiments show that the spatio-temporal information contributes significantly to the regression results. The prediction results are not only more accurate but also more interpretable than existing approaches. For active learning, each spatio-temporal setup is evaluated by an uncertainty-sampling algorithm. The results show that the active selection process benefits most from the spatial information.
Ventricular excitation in experimental bundle-branch block.

Multipolar recording apparatus has been used to study the pattern of ventricular excitation in experimental bundle-branch block. After block, the wave of activation spreads uniformly from the contralateral ventricle across the septum to the free wall of the homolateral ventricle. Septal activation consumes more time than in the normal. Changes occur in the site and extent of early endocardial activity in the blocked ventricle. Alterations in both septal and mural depolarization contribute to QRS changes. Endocardial depolarization is described during recovery from transient bundle-branch block.
Cocaine-induced ecchymotic rash.

Levamisole-adulterated cocaine can induce an ANCA-associated vasculitic rash within hours or days.
Belief Combination for Uncertainty Reduction in Microarray Gene Expression Pattern Analysis

Many classification methods are used in microarray gene expression data analysis to identify genes that are predictive to clinical outcomes (survival/fatal) of certain diseases. However, the reliability of these methods is often not well established due to the imprecision of the method and uncertainty of the dataset. In this paper, a knowledge-based belief reasoning system (BRS) is proposed to solve the problem by dealing with the uncertainties inherent in the results of various classification methods. Through the belief combination process, we pursue a means to reduce the uncertainty and improve the reliability of classification so that the underlying features of gene behavior recorded in the microarray expression profiles could be convincingly revealed.
Semantic Networks, Schema Change, and Reincarceration Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Graduates.

Background Therapeutic community (TC) clinical theory assumes that peer interaction forms a framework for social learning that will displace ingrained cognitive schema that underlie substance abuse. There has been no direct test of this hypothesis.
A novel experimental method to study metal vapor condensation/oxidation: Mg in CO and CO2 at reduced pressures

Abstract A novel method is presented to study magnesium metal vapor condensation/oxidation in CO and CO 2 atmosphere at reduced pressures. Mg(s) was evaporated and mixed with an equimolar amount of CO or CO 2 at 1000 °C after which the gaseous mixture flowed through an air cooled tubular condenser. Measurements of the axial temperature profile, calculation of partial pressures and analysis of deposits within the condenser allowed for identification of deposition/condensation onset temperatures, supersaturation ratio and reaction mechanism. In the presence of CO 2 , rapid oxidation of Mg(g) has been observed. In the presence of CO, no Mg(g) oxidation was found above 950 °C. Mg(g) oxidation observed at lower temperatures is believed to be initiated by CO disproportionation. The proposed mechanism is able to explain the increase in Mg metal yield with decreasing CO partial pressure. At a CO partial pressure 90 w% were found. The presented method is applicable to the study of a variety of metal vapor/oxidizer combinations e.g. of interest in metal and solar fuel production.
Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Raw and Pasteurized Milk

Raw milk (100 samples) and pasteurized milk (100 samples) were assayed for presence of Yersinia enterocolitica , using four different enrichment and post-enrichment techniques. Isolation of Y. enterocolitica was made on MacConkey agar and Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar directly from incubated broths containing the milk, and after treatment of enrichment broths with a potassium hydroxide solution. Twelve samples of raw milk and one of pasteurized milk contained Y. enterocolitica . Nearly all isolates were found after KOH treatment. All isolates except that obtained from the pasteurized milk sample produced detectable levels of heat-stable enterotoxin. However, none of the 13 isolates agglutinated in WA-SAA, an antiserum specific for virulent Y. enterocolitica .
The 2016 AANS Presidential Address: Leading the way.

This AANS presidential address focuses on enduring values of the neurosurgical profession that transcend the current political climate. The address was delivered by Dr. Batjer during a US presidential election year, but the authors have intentionally avoided discussing the current chaos of the American health care system in the knowledge that many pressing issues will change depending on the outcome of the 2016 elections. Instead, they have chosen to focus on clarifying what neurosurgeons, and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, in particular, stand for; identifying important challenges to these fundamental principles and values; and proposing specific actions to address these challenges. The authors cite “de-professionalism” and commoditization of medicine as foremost among the threats that confront medicine and surgery today and suggest concrete action that can be taken to reverse these trends as well as steps that can be taken to address other significant challenges. They emphasize the i...
Hohfeldian Analysis and the Separation of Rights and Powers

At the time he wrote, Wesley Hohfeld seemed to be of the view that longstanding conceptual confusions that had blocked progress in legal thought — particularly confusions about legal rights — would soon be put to rest. If so, rights have proved a tougher nut to crack than he expected. Indeed, the difficulty of providing an adequate account of rights has led many scholars, including scholars who share Hohfeld’s aptitude and aspirations for analytic philosophy, to lose sight of a distinction central to Hohfeld’s project, namely, the distinction between a right (or claim right) and a power. Or so we argue in Part I. Worse, confusions over rights and powers, when combined with a particular understanding of what constitutes clear-eyed analysis of legal issues, has contributed to the now-widely shared but mistaken supposition that common law reasoning must (or should) take the form of instrumental reasoning. We outline this claim in Parts II and III. Ultimately, we suggest that Hohfeld’s juristic legacy contains two profound ironies. His entirely sound insistence on the analytic separation of legal rights and legal powers has helped to obscure their deep substantive connection in certain bodies of law, especially tort and contract law. And his implicit acceptance of the idea that a commitment to conceptual clarity goes hand in hand with instrumentalism in legal analysis has indirectly led prominent courts — including most famously the California Supreme Court in landmark decisions such as Rowland v. Christian — to mangle how rights, duties, and powers are linked within private law.
Optogenetic Approaches to Drug Discovery in Neuroscience and Beyond

Recent advances in optogenetics have opened new routes to drug discovery, particularly in neuroscience. Physiological cellular assays probe functional phenotypes that connect genomic data to patient health. Optogenetic tools, in particular tools for all-optical electrophysiology, now provide a means to probe cellular disease models with unprecedented throughput and information content. These techniques promise to identify functional phenotypes associated with disease states and to identify compounds that improve cellular function regardless of whether the compound acts directly on a target or through a bypass mechanism. This review discusses opportunities and unresolved challenges in applying optogenetic techniques throughout the discovery pipeline – from target identification and validation, to target-based and phenotypic screens, to clinical trials.
Human Rights and the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines: Religious Opposition to the Marcos Dictatorship, 1972-1986

As a representative of Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP), Sr. Mariani Dimaranan traveled worldwide, working to highlight human rights injustice in the Philippines and to gather support for the efforts of her organization. TFDP’s efforts to highlight political detention took place in the milieu of 1970s international human rights discourse. While the importance of Western Europe and the United States on this discourse is often highlighted, less attention is given to the work of grassroots activists in places such as the Philippines. This article highlights the navigation between local and international political issues within Philippinebased grassroots opposition to the Marcos dictatorship. In so doing, I add to the literature on international human rights as well as religious social movements in opposition to martial law.
Test-Driven Development for Parallel Applications

This paper describes the use and benefits of the testdriven development paradigm in parallel application development. A brief background on test-driven development for traditional applications, techniques for parallel development, and the xUnit framework is given. This work then gives direction for using the given technologies for the development of parallel applications using the test-driven development process by mapping the functions of a parallel language to the functions of the testing framework as illustrated by a programming assignment given to college sophomores.
Thermal Sensations—Burning the Flesh of the World

Heat is an inescapable cosmological force. This thought experiment radiates around thinking thermal sensations as elemental intensities, “beings” in themselves, always moving through bodies, object...
NUMERICAL MODELING OF DYNAMIC MATERIAL RESPONSE

Most analyses of the propagation of shock waves in condensed matter are based on the continuum approximation, and are conducted numerically. This approach not only lends itself to the solution of practical problems in complex geometrical settings but also permits analyzing the physical response of materials in considerable detail, using theories of corresponding complexity. The responses of condensed matter to shock compression vary widely, with the greatest variation being manifest in the regime of moderate compression–that in which inelastic effects are dominant and subtle changes in material microstructure have a significant influence on mechanical responses. Materials of interest cover the range from simple liquids and monocrystals to the most complex natural and synthetic composites. They exhibit viscoelasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity, compaction, phase transformation, electromagnetic activity, chemical decomposition, fracture, fragmentation, and other responses. In many cases, these responses involve nuances unique to the shock process. A continuum description of these phenomena must be consistent with macroscopic thermomechanical principles, must reflect our knowledge of the microscopic basis of the phenomena to be represented, and must appear in a form that lends itself to computation. Recent theoretical studies of structured mixtures and continua having evolving internal state variables has opened the way to further progress in this area. These issues are discussed generally and are illustrated by examples.
Hormones Part 2: Insulin and Other Glucose-Controlling Medications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an extremely common disease process worldwide. Diabetic patients often need surgical interventions for a wide variety of reasons. One of the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM is that patients with type 1 would die without insulin and is associated with an autoimmune attack on the patient’s beta cells in the pancreas. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic glucose output. The chronic state of elevated glucose levels affects the whole body at a macro- and microvascular level, ultimately leading to the deterioration of vital organs, such as the kidney, cardiac, and nervous system. Diabetes is the leading cause of renal insufficiency in the United States and is a strong risk factor for coronary artery disease. This chronic state affects many perioperative patients currently, and its prevalence is projected to increase substantially in the near future.
Analytics for Investigation of Disease Outbreaks (AIDO)

Objective: Analytics for the Investigation of Disease Outbreaks (AIDO) is a web-based tool designed to enhance a user’s understanding of unfolding infectious disease events. A representative library of over 650 outbreaks across a wide selection of diseases allows similar outbreaks to be matched to the conditions entered by the user. These historic outbreaks contain detailed information on how the disease progressed as well as what measures were implemented to control its spread, allowing for a better understanding within the context of other outbreaks. Introduction: Situational awareness, or the understanding of elemental components of an event with respect to both time and space, is critical for public health decision-makers during an infectious disease outbreak. AIDO is a web-based tool designed to contextualize incoming infectious disease information during an unfolding event for decision-making purposes. Methods: Public health analysts of the Biology Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory curated a diverse library of historic disease outbreaks from publicly available official reports and peer reviewed literature to serve as a representation of the range of potential outbreak scenarios for a given disease. Available outbreak metadata are used to identify properties that relate to the magnitude and/or duration of the outbreak. Properties vary by disease, as they are related to disease-specific characteristics like transmission, disease manifestation, risk factors related to disease severity, and environmental factors specific to the given location. These properties are then incorporated into a similarity algorithm ( s in Figure 1) to identify outbreaks that are similar to user inputs. Results: AIDO currently includes libraries for 39 diseases that are diverse across pathogen type (viral, bacterial and parasitic) as well as transmission type (vectorborne (e.g., Dengue, Malaria), foodborne (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacteriosis), waterborne (e.g., Cholera), and person-to-person transmitted (e.g., Measles)). In addition to providing a similarity score to the user’s outbreak, we provide aggregated comparisons to multiple historical outbreaks, descriptive statistics to show the distribution of property values for each disease, and extensive contextual information about each outbreak. Conclusions: The analytics provided by AIDO allow users to interact with a unique data set of historic outbreaks and the associated metadata to contextualize incoming information and generate hypotheses about appropriate decisions. The tool is continually updated with new functionalities and additional data.
Zea mays L. Response to Humic Acid and Vaccination with Bacteria Azotobacter and Azospirillum

A field experiment was conducted in the agricultural season (2016 - 2017) in one of the fields of college of Agriculture - University of AL-qadisiyah on mays L. Zea to study the interrelated effect of both the acid and Azotobacter and Azospirillum. The experiment was applied according to RCBD design and three replicates. The treatment included 12 treatments resulting from the treatment of Control and Azotobacter , Azospirillum , organic fertilizer, The most important results reached:1. Azotobacter + Azospirillum + organic fertilizer have the superior to the vegetative growth characteristics of mays by giving the highest average (number of leaves, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of root total) (24.67, 17.5 g, 8.17) g respectively, except for treatment (Azospirillum + organic fertilizer) was superior in plant height 92.0 cm.2. Azotobacter + Azospirillum + organic fertilizer has the highest values for the chemical grade of mays in (potassium, calcium, sodium, respectively (0.243, 2.60 and 0.077) %.
Combined zinc and vitamin B6 deficiency in a patient with diffuse red rash and angular cheilitis 6 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

A 39-year-old woman with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and alcohol use presented with a confluent erythematous rash involving the perineum spreading outward to the abdomen, thighs and lower back. She had angular cheilitis and glossitis. The rash was painful and blistering in scattered areas. She was hypotensive and appeared to be in septic or hypovolemic shock at presentation. Serum levels of zinc and vitamin B6 were critically low and biopsy of her rash returned suggestive of a nutritional deficiency as its source. The rash slowly improved over the following 2 weeks with oral zinc and vitamin B6 replacement. The body rash resembled that of infants born with inherited defects in zinc transporters, referred to as acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE). This case may represent an acquired case of AE in the setting of prior RYGB.
Draft Genome Sequence of Duganella sp. Strain DN04, Isolated from Cultivated Soil.

ABSTRACT Here, we sequenced Duganella sp. strain DN04, a novel species within the genus Duganella that was isolated from a maize field in North Carolina. The assembled draft genome size is 6,562,230 bp, with a total of 6,039 protein coding sequences and 3,889 functionally assigned genes, including genes putatively involved in the colonization of plants.
Acute intestinal iron intoxication. II. Metabolic, respiratory and circulatory effects of absorbed iron salts.

Following oral or rectal administration of toxic doses of dissociable iron salts in dogs and rabbits, the rapidly and excessively absorbed iron produced a profound metabolic acidosis with blood pH values as low as 6.7. The acidosis was mainly due to the hydrolysing effect of ferric ions and partly due to an increase in lactic and citric acid. The latter findings suggest a possible interference of the absorbed iron with enzymes in the Krebs cycle. The respiratory changes were those seen in metabolic acidosis: greatly increased respiratory rate and minute volume, lowering of the blood CO2, excessive CO2 output. The cardiac output decreased progressively due to diminished venous return, but a normal blood pressure was maintained by arteriolar constriction until the final collapse occurred, which was preceded by respiratory failure. A marked capillary congestion and increased capillary permeability were noted, the latter possibly being the result of a direct action of the high non-protein bound serum iron upon the capillary wall. The increased capillary permeability caused a reduction in plasma volume and hemoconcentration. No abnormal hemoglobin derivatives were found.
Health insurance coverage and contraceptive use at the state level: findings from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Abstract Objective To examine associations between health insurance coverage, income level and contraceptive use — overall and most/moderately effective method use — among women ages 18–44 at risk of pregnancy, within and across 41 United States jurisdictions in 2017. Study design Using data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we calculated the proportions of women using any contraceptive method and using a most or moderately effective method for each state/territory and across all jurisdictions, categorized by health insurance coverage and income groups. For both contraceptive use outcomes, we ran simple and multivariable logistic regression models to test for significant differences in outcomes between insured and uninsured individuals. Results Across jurisdictions, compared to uninsured women, those who had health care coverage had higher levels of contraceptive use (65% versus 59%; p Conclusions Variation in contraceptive use across the states likely reflects broader demographic, social and structural differences across state and local populations. States' political will and support around contraceptive access likely play a role in individuals' ability to obtain and use contraception. Implications Our key finding that insurance coverage is significantly associated with use of most/moderately effective contraceptive methods across the states but not any contraceptive use underscores the importance of health insurance in aiding access to methods that are more costly and often require a visit to a health care provider.
What Matters to Formerly Incarcerated Men? Looking Beyond Recidivism as a Measure of Successful Reintegration:

This study explored how men recently released from prison conceptualized successful reentry. Qualitative analysis of 12 in-depth life history interviews with formerly incarcerated men revealed that...
Diatom Microfossils in Archaeological Settings

The full potential of diatom microfossils in archeology has yet to be realized. Here were present a review of the use of diatoms in archeological settings. Included in this, we explain what diatoms are, the important components of their morphology, how they can be recovered from a range of materials, and how to distinguish these microfossils from other siliceous fossils with which they might be confused. We discuss their ability to provide robust environmental information from sites within and adjacent to archeological sites, along with specific examples from case studies that have used diatoms. We also recommend ways to avoid potential interpretive biases.
Stress, Coping, Resilience and Trust during the Flint Water Crisis

In 2014, government officials in the City of Flint, Michigan switched the municipal water source from the Detroit Water System (water source: Lake Huron) to the Flint River. During this time, an estimated 102,000 Flint residents were potentially exposed to multiple chemical (e.g., lead) and biological threats (e.g., Legionella). After the switch to water sourced from the Flint River, Flint residents consistently reported concerns over water quality while also experiencing rashes, hair loss, and other health problems, including anxiety and depression. This study 1) reports on the Flint Water Crisis and its subsequent impact on residents' stress, coping, resilience and trust and 2) describes a process methodology that trained, hired and deployed Flint residents as members of a multidisciplinary research team. A random sample of 320 Flint residents underwent household-based interviews to assess their health and mental health needs. Concomitantly, household water samples were obtained and residents were connected to known resources based on interview responses relative to need. This study found that declines in health and mental health status were correlated with increased stressors (i.e., fatigue, financial concern, anxiety), coping and less resilience or the capacity to recover. Perceived trust in government officials was significantly lower after the water crisis. While the water crisis generated numerous stressors, the event also galvanized community competence to engage in solution-focused coping and other adaptive capacities. By assessing and building upon Flint residents' resilience, community resource specialists, identified and subsequently strengthened city residents' ability to survive devastating challenges.
A Pilot Survey for C III] Emission in the Reionization Era: Gravitationally Lensed z ∼ 7-8 Galaxies in the Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744

We report results of a search for C iii] λλ1907, 1909 A emission using Keck's MOSFIRE spectrograph in a sample of 7 z_(phot) ~ 7-8 candidates H ~ 27) lensed by the Hubble Frontier Field cluster Abell 2744. Earlier work has suggested the promise of using the C iii] doublet for redshift confirmation of galaxies in the reionization era given that Lyα (λ1216 A) is likely attenuated by the neutral intergalactic medium. The primary challenge of this approach is the feasibility of locating C iii] emission without advanced knowledge of the spectroscopic redshift. With an integration time of 5 hr in the H band, we reach a 5σ median flux limit (in between the skylines) of 1.5 x 10^(-18) ergs cm^(−2) s^(−1) but no convincing C iii] emission was found. We also incorporate preliminary measurements from two other CLASH/HFF clusters in which, similarly, no line was detected, but these were observed to lesser depth. Using the known distribution of OH emission and the photometric redshift likelihood distribution of each lensed candidate, we present statistical upper limits on the mean total C iii] rest-frame equivalent width (EW) for our z ≃ 7-8 sample. For a signal-to-noise ratio of 5, we estimate that the typical C iii] doublet rest-frame EW is, with 95% confidence, <26 ± 5 A. Although consistent with the strength of earlier detections in brighter objects at z ≃ 6-7, our study illustrates the necessity of studying more luminous or strongly lensed examples prior to the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope.
Ownership and board structures in publicly traded corporations

Abstract We examine the equity ownership structure and board composition of a sample of 583 firms over the ten-year period 1983–1992. Our evidence suggests that a substantial fraction of firms exhibit large changes in ownership and board structure in any given year. These changes are correlated with one another and are not reversed in subsequent years. Ownership and board changes are strongly related to top executive turnover, prior stock price performance, and corporate control threats, but only weakly related to changes in firm-specific determinants of ownership and board structure. Furthermore, large ownership changes are typically preceded by economic shocks and followed by asset restructurings.
Review of Intravenous Acetaminophen for Analgesia in the Postoperative Setting.

BackgroundAcetaminophen is a non-opioid analgesic commonly utilized for pain control after several types of surgical procedures.MethodsThis scoping primary literature review provides recommendation...
Expanding feminist affective atmospheres

Abstract Atmospheres are increasingly used as a metaphor for thinking about worldly relations and the life-making projects contained therein. Picking up on this phenomenon, geographer Ben Anderson helpfully develops the term “affective atmospheres” into a tool for mapping affectively charged spaces (Anderson, 2009). While Anderson's affective atmosphere is useful for examining the ways in which the excessive nature of affective atmospheres create space and time, this paper seeks to expand on the critical implications of the term and embed feminist considerations of how atmospheres are felt unevenly. Taking advantage of the porous ontology of the body, affective atmospheres have the potential to reinforce social inequity or build coalitions of resistance. The histories we carry with us mingle with the material composition of atmosphere in ways that we need critical feminist analysis to grapple with. Building from existing literature on breath, breathing, and atmosphere, I blend Anderson's formulation of affective atmospheres with ongoing debates within feminist theories of affect in order to produce an account of how affective atmospheres can help us navigate political worlds.
Student satisfaction and self-confidence in learning with virtual simulations

Abstract Background This research investigated student satisfaction and self-confidence in learning with virtual simulations in a prelicensure class. Method A descriptive mixed-method approach used the National League for Nursing's Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning questionnaire with additional items to survey 28 students' perception after using three vSim for Nursing™ Pharmacology clinical scenarios. Results Although the initial use of vSims were perceived as helpful and effective, difficulty with navigation and unrealism was reported by most students as limitations. Conclusion These findings reveal a consistent trend with previous research that suggests upgrades in vSim software design might ease the navigation, realism, and fluid actions of the computer-animated nurse and patient avatar to improve the usefulness of vSims as an active learning strategy in class. Additional research is warranted into students' perceptions with vSims and the effect on various learning outcomes to assist nurse educators with integrating vSims effectively into a didactic course.
At a Loss: The Real and Reporting Elasticity of Corporate Taxable Income

We provide novel insights into firm behavior by investigating their response to the corporate income tax. First, we expand the set of firms typically studied to include the full distribution of firms by using administrative tax data on the population of nearly 2 million corporations filing an IRS Form 1120. Second, we develop an empirical strategy that produces estimates with less bias, smaller variance, and less sensitivity to model parameters than previous methods. We find that the corporate income tax distorts firms’ behavior, causing them to report 8 percent less taxable income, implying an elasticity of corporate taxable income of 0.5. We also find that firms reduce their income primarily by making adjustments to reported revenues and costs, rather than making real changes to hiring or investment. Finally, we find that optimizing frictions caused by accounting rules substantially reduce the magnitude of the response of firms to the corporate income tax.
Management of recurrent rectal cancer: Practical insights in planning and surgical intervention

Over the last two decades the oncologic treatment results for primary rectal cancer have improved due to refinements in neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Nevertheless, there is still a 10% rate of local recurrence, threatening the survival and quality of life of affected patients. Due to variability of anatomy and clinical presentation, detection, staging, and clinical management are complex. Without treatment, patients will suffer from progressive local symptoms-pain, obstruction, hemorrhage, sepsis-and rarely survive beyond five years. The overall goals of surgical treatment-complete tumor resection, preservation of function, and avoidance of complications-are identical to those of surgery for primary rectal cancer, but are unfortunately much more difficult to achieve in the setting of recurrence. Tumor resection is highly challenging, as the surgical field has generally been anatomically disrupted and irradiated, and the tumors are typically adherent or invasive into organs in the middle and low pelvis. Standard total mesorectal excision (TME) resections are rarely sufficient, and therefore techniques to achieve extended multivisceral resections are required. While aggressive resections offer the best opportunity for local control, palliation, and cure, they also carry a high risk of complications and long-term morbidity. The aim of this review is to provide an updated look at surgical resection for recurrent rectal cancer, its indications, preoperative considerations, operative technique, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) and long-term outcomes and sequelae.