cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Prosodic Frameworks: Investigating the Acoustic-Symbolic Relationship in ToBI and RaP

ToBI is the dominant tool for symbolically describing prosodic content in American English speech material. This is due to its descriptive power and its theoretical grounding, but also to the amount of available annotated data. Recently, a modest amount of material annotated with the Rhythm and Pitch (RaP) framework was released publicly. In this paper, we investigate the acoustic-symbolic relationship under these two systems. We present experiments looking at this relationship in both directions. From acoustic to symbolic, we compare the automatic prediction of prosodic prominence as defined under the two systems. From symbolic to acoustic, we examine the utility of these annotation standards to correctly prescribe the acoustics of a given utterance from their symbolic sequences. We find RaP to be promising, showing a somewhat stronger acoustic-symbolic relationship than ToBI given a comparable amount of data for some aspects of these tasks. While with more annotated data ToBI results are stronger, it remains to be shown whether RaP performance can scale up.
Assess Before Rx: Reducing the Overtreatment of Asymptomatic Blood Pressure Elevation in the Inpatient Setting.

Background Asymptomatic blood pressure elevation is common in the inpatient setting. National guidelines recommend treating with oral agents to slowly decrease blood pressure; however, many clinicians use intravenous antihypertensive medications, which can lead to unpredictable changes in blood pressure. Objective To decrease the number of inappropriate orders (without symptoms of hypertensive emergency or order for NPO) of intravenous antihypertensives and adverse events associated with intravenous orders. Design Quasi-experimental study with multidisciplinary intervention. Participants Inpatients with a one-time order for an intravenous antihypertensive agent from January 2016 to February 2018. Main measures The main outcomes were the total numbers of orders and inappropriate orders, adverse events, and alternate etiologies per 1,000 patient-days. As a balancing measure, patients were monitored for adverse events when blood pressure was elevated and not treated. Key results There were a total of 260 one-time orders of intravenous antihypertensives on two medical units. Inappropriate orders decreased from 8.3 to 3.3 per 1,000 patient days (P = .0099). Adverse events associated with intravenous antihypertensives decreased from 3.7 to 0.8 per 1,000 patient days (P = .0072). Conclusion This initiative demonstrated a significant reduction in inappropriate use of IV antihypertensives and an associated reduction in adverse events.
A call to arms: Mustering secondary metabolites for success and survival of an opportunistic pathogen.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic mold able to grow on a diversity of material ranging from decayed organic matter in the environment to space station cupolas [1]. Yet this fungus is equally adept as a serious opportunistic pathogen, causing pulmonary aspergillosis and the more deadly invasive aspergillosis (IA). There are an estimated 3,000,000 cases of pulmonary aspergillosis annually and more than 200,000 cases of IA each year reaching a mortality rate of up to 90% in the most susceptible populations [2]. Difficulties in treating IA include delayed detection and increasing resistance to antifungal treatment. Like many opportunistic fungi, there is no one gene that makes A. fumigatus such a threatening pathogen. One unique feature of this pathogen is its arsenal of small molecules that impact disease development. Secondary metabolites are characterized as bioactive molecules of low molecular weight that are not required for growth of the organism but instead aid survival in harsh environments, resisting desiccation and UV stress and improving competition with other microbes. For A. fumigatus, these benefits extend to aiding growth not only in the environment but in the human body as well. Some secondary metabolites combat the host immune system by affecting immune cell function or by shielding the fungus against host attack, whereas others allow the fungus to acquire essential, scarce cofactors. The following synopsis of secondary metabolites produced by the opportunistic human pathogen A. fumigatus highlights how microbial metabolites, although undoubtedly evolved as environmental protectants, can impact infectious disease development (Fig 1). Although we delineate the roles of each metabolite by category for ease of discussion (e.g., “on the offensive,” “scavenging the battlefield,” “arms race”), the reader should note that each metabolite may have several biological roles for the fungus, in part illustrated in Fig 1. Open in a separate window Fig 1 Roles of Aspergillus fumigatus secondary metabolites. A list of the secondary metabolites produced by A. fumigatus, flanked by their proposed roles in the environment (right) and the host (left). Metabolites with a “?” indicate that the compound has not been examined in a niche. Bracketed numerals (e.g., [22]) indicate the reference associated with the role of the metabolite. Nidulanin A is a proposed metabolite produced by A. fumigatus, whereas all other metabolites are characterized end-product metabolites from a biosynthetic gene cluster. ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Prognostic Utility of Troponin I and N Terminal-ProBNP among Patients with Heart Failure due to Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Important Correlations.

Background Heart Failure (HF) is accompanied by a high cost of care and gloomy prognosis despite recent advances in its management. Therefore, efforts to minimize HF rehospitalizations is a major focus of several studies. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 140 patients 18 years and above who had baseline clinical parameters, echocardiography, NT-ProBNP, troponin I and other laboratory parameters following a 3-year electronic medical record review. Patients with coronary artery disease, preserved ejection fraction, pulmonary embolism, cancer, and end-stage renal disease were excluded. Results Of the 140 patients admitted with HF with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) secondary to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, 15 were re-hospitalized within 30 days of discharge while 42 were rehospitalized within 6 months after discharge for decompensated HF. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) cutoff points were obtained for NT-ProBNP at 5178 pg/ml and serum troponin I at 0.045 ng/ml. After Cox regression analysis, patients with HFrEF who had higher hemoglobin levels had reduced odds of re-hospitalization (p = 0.007) within 30 days after discharge. NT-ProBNP and troponin I were independent predictors of re-hospitalization at 6 months after discharge (p = 0.047 and p = 0.02), respectively, after Cox regression analysis. Conclusion Troponin I and NT-ProBNP at admission are the best predictors of re-hospitalization 6 months after discharge among patients with HFrEF. Hemoglobin is the only predictor of 30 -day rehospitalization among HFrEF patients in this study. High-risk patients may require aggressive therapy to improve outcomes.
A 350mV Complementary 4-5 GHz VCO based on a 4-Port Transformer Resonator with 195.8dBc/Hz Peak FOM in 22nm FDSOI

This paper presents an ultra-low voltage and power complementary VCO topology based on a 4-port transformer resonator. The design benefits from the high current efficiency of a CMOS topology and the low phase noise and supply voltage of the NMOS/PMOS-only structure without sacrificing reliability. A 4-port transformer resonator is used to provide two differential-mode (DM) and two common-mode (CM) harmonic impedances for lower phase noise, voltage supply, and sensitivity to CM tuning. The CMOS VCO is implemented in 22nm FDSOI with a core area of 0.19 mm2. The VCO dissipates < 0.45mW from 350mV supply while achieving a peak figure-of-merit (FOM) of 192-195.8 dBc/Hz across the 20% continuous tuning range of 4.06-to-4.96 GHz. To the authors knowledge, the 4-port resonator-based CMOS VCO has the highest reported FOM for oscillators with sub-0.5mW power consumption and the lowest supply voltage (350mV) for complementary designs.
Using Historical Data to Predict Parking Occupancy

This paper describes methods that use historical data on the rates of occupancy of car parking facilities to predict future occupancy rates. The methods are evaluated using a publicly available dataset of car park occupancy rates. The results suggest that a usable level of prediction accuracy may be achieved using only a modest amount of data that is easy to gather using current technologies.
Racial Differences in Bone Strength

Osteoporosis has been defined as a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture. The clinical consequences of fracture include short- and long-term morbidity as well as increased mortality. Several authors have examined data from the Health Care Financing Administration and noted that fracture risk, particularly risk of hip fracture, is higher in whites than blacks in both sexes; the most recent published data reported an age-adjusted annual incidence rate for hip fracture of 10.1 and 4.1 per 1000 in white and black women, respectively, and 4.3 and 3.1 per 1000 in white and black men, respectively. Other analyses estimated the actuarial risk of hip fracture of persons age 65 by age 90 to be 16.3 and 5.3 percent in white and black women, respectively, and 5.5 and 2.6 percent in white and black men, respectively. This lower incidence of fractures among blacks has generally been explained by greater bone strength among blacks, although differences in non-skeletal risk factors for fracture, such as falls, cannot be completely excluded. Data from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and the Baltimore Men's Osteoporosis Study (MOST) show that, in both sexes, blacks have higher adjusted bone mineral density than whites and a slower age-adjusted annual rate of decline in bone mineral density. Genetic, nutritional, lifestyle and hormonal factors may contribute to these ethnic/racial differences in bone strength.
Investigation of Dynamic Temperature-Sensitive Electrical Parameters for Medium-Voltage Low-Current Silicon Carbide and Silicon Devices

This paper presents five dynamic temperature-sensitive electrical parameters (TSEPs) for the medium-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon (Si) devices. The theoretical temperature dependence of these parameters is analyzed. A test platform that enables to implement the temperature relevant dynamic characterization is developed. The tested TSEPs are summarized in terms of their relationship with junction temperature, drain/collector current, DC voltage, and external gate resistance. The comparison between the 3 kV 12 A Si IGBT and 3.3 kV 5 A SiC MOSFET with the identical TO-263 package is conducted. The results verify that the turn-off drain-source voltage switching rate achieves better thermal sensitivity for medium-voltage low-current SiC MOSFETs compared with Si IGBTs. Both the turn-on and turn-off delay time exhibit better thermal linearity for the two devices. The turn-off delay time further achieves five times better thermal sensitivity than the turn-on delay time for investigated medium-voltage SiC MOSFETs.
An Analysis of Political Contributions from Neurosurgeons in the United States.

Background As the uncertainty surrounding the future of U.S. health care policy intensifies, political advocacy and campaign contributions have become increasingly relevant. This study describes the trends of political contributions of U.S. neurosurgeons from the years 2003–2019. Methods Individual contribution data from 2003–2019 were obtained from the Federal Election Commission website. Contributions were filtered for occupation lines matching either “neurosurg,” “neurologic surgeon,” or “neurological surgeon.” Each contribution is designated to a recipient committee associated with a political candidate or group. The party designations of these committees were used to catalogue donations as “Republican,” “Democratic,” or “Independent.” Results From 2003–2019 a total of 9242 political donations were made by self-identified neurosurgeons amounting to $8,469,121. Most of these contribution dollars were directed to Independent committees (47.9%). Of all Independent contribution dollars from 2005–2019, 95.9% were directed to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Political Action Committee. The total number of unique contributions increased from 442 contributions in 2003 to 650 in 2019. Democrats experienced the most substantial increase in support, from 4.8% of all contribution dollars in 2003 to 26.3% in 2019. Republican support was noted to be more widespread across the United States compared with Democratic support. Conclusions Political contributions from U.S. neurosurgeons have increased steadily over time. Donations were largely Independent but became increasingly partisan in recent years. Overall, this displays an increase in political involvement among the neurosurgeon community. Future studies are warranted into how this involvement translates to representative health policy.
Characterizations of certain Morita context rings

Characterizations of Morita context rings satisfying various additional ring properties, including reflexive, semiprime, prime, NI, weakly 2-primal and 2-primal, are given. The connections between ...
Down Is Not Always Out: An Infantry Leader’s Guide to Persons Hors De Combat Under the Law of War

Persons protected as hors de combat and persons wounded during an armed conflict are not always coextensive under the law of war. This article aims to help tactical level leaders understand and train the distinction.
Pancreatic enzyme autodigestion of an unresectable retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

This is a case of a 71-year-old man who had multiple synchronous retroperitoneal liposarcoma (LPS) foci composed of both well-differentiated and dedifferentiated histologies. In addressing this, the patient underwent a margin negative resection of a 11.8×8.8 cm right-sided dedifferentiated LPS requiring pancreaticoduodenectomy; however, a 13.1×7.2 cm left-sided well-differentiated LPS (WDLPS) was not resected due to its involvement of the proximal mesenteric vessels. The patient’s postoperative course was complicated by grade B postoperative pancreatic fistula involving the anatomical territory of the residual WDLPS. Over the next 12 months, serial CT scans demonstrated a stepwise reduction in size of the WDLPS until it completely regressed. The authors hypothesise that enzymes shed from the pancreatic fistula initiated the autodigestion and subsequent necrosis of the WDLPS with associated tumour regression.
Market systems, stakeholders and value propositions

Purpose – This paper aims to provide an overview of the European Journal of Marketing's special section on the Forum of Markets and Marketing, “Extending Service‐Dominant Logic”.Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of a conceptual integration of core concepts in S‐D logic, markets, and marketing.Findings – This special section provides insight into the complexity of markets by investigating markets as configurations and systems and how value propositions drive value co‐creation.Research limitations/implications – This introduction to the special section integrates individual contributions toward advancing S‐D logic and suggests that additional research in this area will help to develop a general theory of markets and marketing.Practical implications – The overview of this special section provides insight into how the development of a positive theory of the market(s) will help to further advance normative marketing theories and practice.Originality/value – This overview of the special ...
Risk evaluation and control of automobile manufacturing supply chain

Automobile manufacturing industry is an important pillar industry in our national economic. The risk level of automobile manufacturing supply chain has direct impact on the development of automobile manufacturing industry. It becomes a significant topic in academic research to evaluate the risk level of automobile manufacturing supply chain. The connotation and composition of the risk of automobile manufacturing supply chain are analyzed. An evaluation system on the risk level of automobile manufacturing supply chain is established. Moreover, various evaluation indexes are deeply analyzed, and the quantitative computational method for the evaluation system is given. A case study on an automobile manufacturing supply chain is introduced. The key factors which impact the risk level are analyzed, the improvement suggestions are given.
Supervised harvesting of expression trees

We propose a new method for supervised learning from gene expression data. We call it 'tree harvesting'. This technique starts with a hierarchical clustering of genes, then models the outcome variable as a sum of the average expression profiles of chosen clusters and their products. It can be applied to many different kinds of outcome measures such as censored survival times, or a response falling in two or more classes (for example, cancer classes). The method can discover genes that have strong effects on their own, and genes that interact with other genes. We illustrate the method on data from a lymphoma study, and on a dataset containing samples from eight different cancers. It identified some potentially interesting gene clusters. In simulation studies we found that the procedure may require a large number of experimental samples to successfully discover interactions. Tree harvesting is a potentially useful tool for exploration of gene expression data and identification of interesting clusters of genes worthy of further investigation.
Submarine fresh water outflow detection with a dual-frequency microwave and an infrared radiometer system

The surface area above submarine springs of fresh water exhibit temperatures of 4°C and salinities of 5 °/oo lower than the surrounding sea waters. The Langley multifrequency radiometer system which earlier demonstrated (Blume et al, 1978) an accuracy of 0.3°C and 1 °/oo in remotely detecting the surface temperature and salinities respectively was used to detect submarine fresh water springs. The first mission on February 4, 1978 consisted of overflight measurements over 3/4 of the coastal areas around the island of Puerto Rico. During the second mission on February 6, 1978 special attention was directed to the northwest portion of Puerto Rico where several submarine springs had been reported.
A kirigami approach to engineering elasticity in nanocomposites through patterned defects

Networks of notches in nanocomposite sheets prevent unpredictable local failure and increase the ultimate strain of the sheets from 4% to 370% without affecting their electrical conductance.
Designer platinum nanoparticles: Control of shape, composition in alloy, nanostructure and electrocatalytic property

Summary Recent advances in the design and preparation of platinum-based nanostructures and their applications as electrocatalysts for low-temperature fuel cells are reviewed. Discussions are focused on the fundamental understanding and new experimental designs in the control of shape, composition and nanoscale structure of platinum and its alloy particles in colloidal systems. We explain the formation of various heteronanostructures using the Frank–van der Merwe (FM), Volmer–Weber (VW) and Stranski–Krastanov (SK) growth modes. Phenomena that exist in nanometer-sized regime, such as the disappearance of miscibility gaps for certain platinum alloys are given special attentions. The relationship between electronic structure or surface atomic arrangement and catalytic properties of platinum-based nanostructures is discussed.
Water, ice and mud: lahars and lahar hazards at ice- and snow-clad volcanoes

Large-volume lahars are significant hazards at ice and snow covered volcanoes. Hot eruptive products produced during explosive eruptions can generate a substantial volume of melt water that quickly evolves into highly mobile flows of ice, sediment and water. At present it is difficult to predict the size of lahars that can form at ice and snow covered volcanoes due to their complex flow character and behaviour. However, advances in experiments and numerical approaches are producing new conceptual models and new methods for hazard assessment. Eruption triggered lahars that are ice-dominated leave behind thin, almost unrecognizable sedimentary deposits, making them likely to be under-represented in the geological record.
Genome research: fulfilling the public's expectations for knowledge and commercialization

This article provides a historical perspective for the patenting of gene sequences and describes the fundamentals and evolution of patent law. It summarizes federal technology transfer law and policy and assesses the impacts of patenting on academic research. The patentability of gene sequences is then considered along with potential impacts that published sequence data may have on obtaining patent protection for downstream products. Industry's position on gene patenting is summarized and perspectives from the emerging public record on these issues are presented. The article discussing points at which the filing of patent applications and the licensing of patents may be appropriate. It concludes that technology transfer policies for genome research must be adopted carefully so that they remain viable in a time of rapid technological change.
Interactions and Properties of Smooth Muscle Myosin Phosphatase

Interactions of the type 1 phosphatase catalytic subunit (PP1c) and the myosin phosphatase holoenzyme (MBP) were compared using affinity columns. In the absence of ATP, MBP bound to dephosphorylated myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), and subfragment 1. In contrast, PP1c was not bound. In the presence of ATP, the binding of MBP occurred only with phosphorylated protein. The interaction of MBP with phosphorylated proteins also was demonstrated using thiophosphorylated proteins as competitive inhibitors. Kinetics parameters were determined. With phosphorylated light chains (P-LC20), the major difference between PP1c and MBP was a lower K(m) for the latter. With myosin, MBP showed a marked increase in kcat, compared to PP1c. ATP did not affect these parameters. To investigate the role of the large phosphatase subunit, two recombinant proteins representing the N-terminal two-thirds of the molecule were expressed. These activated PP1c, and activation was maximum at approximately an equimolar ratio. The equimolar mixture of recombinant fragment and PP1c exhibited K(m) values similar to MBP and increased kcat values, compared to PP1c alone. An affinity column was prepared using the recombinant fragment. Phosphorylated HMM and P-LC20 were bound in the presence and absence of ATP. The interaction of P-LC20 was not ATP-dependent. Dephosphorylated HMM did not bind in the presence of ATP. The N-terminal fragment of the large subunit also contained a binding site for PP1c. These results indicate that the N-terminal portion of the large subunit of MBP contained binding sites for P-LC20 and PP1c.
Photoreduction of Methyl Viologen in Zeolite X

The photoreduction of methyl viologen (MV2+) was examined in zeolite X. A series of alkali metal ion-exchanged zeolite X materials with ion-exchanged methyl viologen was photoionized with 320 nm light at room temperature in the absence of any reducing counteranion. Photoreduction of methyl viologen containing alkali metal ion-exchanged zeolite X results in the formation of methyl viologen cation radicals (MV•+). The radicals were identified by electron spin resonance (ESR). Upon irradiation at room temperature the samples turn light blue in color and a single line ESR spectrum characteristic of the methyl viologen radical cation is observed. The photoyield depends on the nature of the alkali metal ion-exchanged into the zeolite framework. The photoyield increases in the order Li−X/MV2+ < Na−X/MV2+ < K−X/MV2+ < Rb−X/MV2+ < Cs−X/MV2+. The donor strength of the zeolite framework increases in the order Li−X < Na−X < K−X < Rb−X < Cs−X. Thus, the electron donor is suggested to be the anionic aluminosilicate fra...
Treating Childhood Anxiety in Schools: Service Delivery in a Response to Intervention Paradigm.

Millions of youth who attend schools in the United States suffer from clinically significant anxiety. Left untreated, these students often experience significant disruptions in their academic, social, and family functioning. Fortunately, promising treatments exist for childhood anxiety that are amenable for delivery in school settings. However, educational law and new service delivery paradigms such as response-to-intervention (RtI) affect the delivery of anxiety interventions. In light of extant laws and practices that govern education, this article discusses the provision of supportive services to address childhood anxiety. Specifically, this article reviews how RtI, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act guide service delivery and subsequently impact school-based anxiety treatments. Suggestions are provided to address childhood anxiety within a framework that allows for graduated and fluid service delivery.
Measurement of tunnel diode capacitance vs. voltage by switching techniques

Abstract A means for measuring capacitance of tunnel diodes as a function of forward bias voltage is presented. The method differs from the usual bridge-type measurements in that the parameters are determined while the diode is switching between stable states. This eliminates the difficult requirement of stabilisation in the negative resistance region, and the need to correct for series resistance, inductance and shunt conductance. Unexpected results were obtained which depend on the ‘direction’ of switching. A qualitative explanation of this behavior is offered which involves the filled or empty condition of traps at the start of switching.
A large scale preparation of bradykinin.

1. 1. A method for the preparation of crude bradykinin has been developed utilizing fresh bovine plasma as a substrate and low concentrations of heat treated Bothrops jararaca venom as releasing agent. 2. 2. The procedures outlined in this work as applied to 15–25-l. quantities of plasma give yields of 3700–4700 units of bradykinin/l. This represents a 50–65 % recovery of the bradykinin release in the form of a crude powder. Initial and small-scale chromatography experiments with aluminum oxide eliminate 98% of the impurities in a preliminary purification step. 3. 3. The methodology employed is discussed in terms of its suitability for optimal releases of bradykinin under large-scale conditions.
Effects of benzalkonium chloride-preserved, polyquad-preserved, and sofZia-preserved topical glaucoma medications on human ocular epithelial cells

Introduction| To investigate potentially adverse effects of different topical glaucoma medications and preservatives on cultured ocular epithelial cells.
Laparoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters in children

Abstract Background Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is preferred over hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with laparoscopic PD catheter placement and omentectomy in children. Methods We reviewed all children (N = 21) who underwent laparoscopic placement of PD catheters and omentectomy. Ages ranged from 3 months to 16 years. Five children had previous major abdominal surgery and required extensive lysis of adhesions. During the same intervention, other surgical procedures were performed using laparoscopy or open technique, including umbilical hernia repair in 3, bilateral inguinal hernia repair in 3, ventral hernia repair in 2, gastrostomy in 4, kidney biopsy in 2, and cholecystectomy in 1. Results Thirteen children received successful kidney transplantation and no longer needed dialysis. Two children still have functioning PD catheters. One patient developed membrane failure and was converted to hemodialysis. Four patients recovered enough renal function and no longer need dialysis. There were no complications related to the laparoscopic procedure. Conclusion Laparoscopy is ideal for PD catheter placement. It facilitates omentectomy, and it allows for the catheter to be placed in the proper position under direct vision and for lysis of adhesions to increase peritoneal surface. Other abdominal procedures can be performed laparoscopically at the same time.
The Relationship of Egocentrism and Measures of Socialization in a Sample of Elementary School Children

This paper is about egocentrism and its relationship to certain socialization variables. The 219 subjects in grades I through 5 were from two rural communities in southern Illinois. It was expected that the study would support Piaget's theory on egocentrism. The most significant results were the high correlations of egocentrism scores, of sociometric scores, and of teachers' ratings of popularity with observed playground behaviors.
The Weil-Petersson geometry of the moduli space of SU( n≧3) (Calabi-Yau) manifolds I

The Weil-Petersson metric is defined on the moduli space of Calabi-Yau manifolds. The curvature of this Weil-Petersson metrics is computed and its potential is explicitely defined. It is proved that the moduli space of Calabi-Yau manifolds is unobstructed (see Tian).
Optimal rate allocation in wireless networks with delay constraints

The optimal rate allocation problem with end-to-end delay constraints in wireless networks is highly challenging due to the dynamics incurred by delay related factors, such as traffic arrival pattern, queuing process, and wireless resource sharing mechanism. In this paper, we solve the problem through a utility maximization framework with two sets of constraints: (1) capacity and schedulability constraints and (2) end-to-end delay constraints. The end-to-end delay of a flow can be adjusted by controlling the per-link delays via a novel parameter called Virtual Link Capacity Margin (VLCM), which is the measurement of the gap between the schedulable link capacity and the maximum allowable flow rate over a link. This optimization problem can be solved via its dual decomposition through two prices derived with regard to the constraints: the link congestion price that reflects the relationship between the traffic load and the capacity of a link, and the flow delay price that reflects the margin between the average packet delay and the delay constraint of a flow. We prove that the algorithm converges to the optimal solution under the M/M/1 queuing model. We have also discussed using our algorithm under generalized traffic patterns, where we use link delay functions to formulate the relationship between VLCM and the average link delay. The algorithm is implemented distributedly via joint wireless link scheduling, VLCM adjustment and congestion control. Extensive experiments are conducted over diverse network topologies and traffic arrival models. The experimental results show that our algorithm is able to achieve optimal rate allocation while satisfying the end-to-end delay constraints.
Social Networks in Comparative Perspective

a sense, the study of comparative politics is the study of the role that context plays in structuring behavior. Institutional contexts, such as the nature of the electoral system or the existence of an independent judiciary, drive differences in electoral outcomes or human rights across nations. Individual-level contextual factors such as norms, culture, or ethnic or religious identity can be determinative in understanding when social movements will likely flourish and which cleavages will lead to political parties or ethnic strife. Variation in context leads to variation in political outcomes and behavior across both peoples and nations, and provides comparative politics with its richness. Context also leads to dissent among scholars as we engage in internecine methodological warfare over the best way to understand the complexity introduced through the inclusion of contextual factors in our theories and data (Mahoney and Goertz 2006). Quantitative approaches tend to look at issues broadly but shallowly, effectively averaging out complexity to make generalizations across cases. Qualitative approaches tend to look narrowly but deeply, yielding a weaker argument for generalization to other cases but a stronger one for truly understanding the determinants of behavior in a particular case. Because practitioners of each methodological school require substantial training to be successful, an insufficient commonality tends to exist between them, leading to less than ideal communication.
I-cell disease: Intracellular desialylation of lysosomal enzymes using an influenza virus vector

Abstract It has been proposed that I-cell disease results from a primary deficiency of acid neuraminidase activity. Infection by influenza virus of fibroblasts from a patient with I-cell disease resulted in the production of abundant intracellular α2–3 neuraminidase activity. Despite electrophoretic evidence of desialylation of intracellular and fibroblast-secreted arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) and β-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) from the infected cells, there was no consequent alteration of the abnormal distribution of β-hexosaminidase activity between the intracellular spaces characteristic of I-cell disease. This suggests that deficiency of α2–3 neuraminidase activity is not the primary biochemical defect in I-cell disease.
Isoniazid hepatitis in adolescents

Prophylactic isoniazid therapy is currently recommended for adolescents with positive tuberculin reactions because of the risk of activation of tuberculosis in this age group. Since this drug has been associated with hepatic dysfunction in adults, the present study was undertaken to evaluate its effect on liver function in teen-agers. Accordingly, liver function tests were performed on 178 adolescents prior to and following administration of INH. Abnormalities in SGPT values were encountered in 10% of these patients and occurred in the main within the first 10 weeks of testing, suggesting INH may be hepatotoxic. However, jaundice was notably absent in the patients with enzyme elevations and prompted a further investigation into the possible effect of INH on bilirubin metabolism. Thus, Sprague-Dawley rats were given four daily injections of INH. These animals manifested increased hepatic bilirubin glucuronyl transferase activity when compared with control rats, supporting the hypothesis that enzymatic induction may be responsible for the absence of jaundice in our adolescent subjects.
Separation and Circulation Control on an Elliptical Airfoil by Steady Blowing

The application of blowing over a thick elliptical airfoil is considered for the purpose of identifying the hierarchy of additional parameters affecting the flow, such as slot width, its location, and orientation, in addition to the mass and momentum flow that were considered as being significant in the past. When a single jet emanates from a narrow slot at a prescribed location, the incremental lift coefficient scales mostly with the momentum coefficient (C_µ). For wider slots, the slot width has to be considered as an independent parameter even when the jet velocity is much higher than the freestream. The lift increment depends strongly on the slot location when the latter is near the natural separation location of the flow, but it is independent of Reynolds number. Deleterious effects of steady blowing on C_L were observed for low momentum inputs. For wider slots located upstream of the natural separation location, the drag is sensitive to Reynolds number and it is not solely affected by C_µ. Flowfield measurements are used to explain some of the observations made.
The use of lignosulfonic acid in the synthesis of water‐dispersible polyaniline

Polyaniline was synthesized in the presence of lignosulfonic acid to yield a product (LIGNO-PANI) that is water-dispersible. Several samples ranging from 0 to 70% lignosulfonate (LS) were prepared. These samples were then evaluated for differences in dispersibility and conductivity. As the percent of LS in the samples was increased, the water-dispersibility of the LIGNO-PANI also increased. The particle size of the samples as well as the conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing percentages of LS in the samples. After extensive washings, however, the conductivity remained fairly constant (∼ 0.4 S/cm) regardless of the amount of LS in the samples. Additionally, elemental analysis, TGA, and IR data were used to demonstrate that the LS is grafted to polyaniline during the synthesis of LIGNO-PANI. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
The field theoretic definition of the nuclear potential — III

It is shown that the static limit (µ/M → 0) leads to completely unreliable results in a perturbation theory definition of the potential, even in graphs without elastic scattering intermediate states. However, it is still possible to define a potential which is an energy-independent function ofr alone, which when inserted into a non-relativistic Schrodinger equation reproduces the relativistic field-theoretic scattering matrix at sufficiently low energies. A method is developed whereby such a potential, in which bothμ andM occur as parameters, is defined unambiguously for the case of a proton and a neutron scattering through a neutral meson field. By using dispersion relations for proton-neutron scattering, it is concluded that the potential reproduces the scattering matrix for momenta ≪ √Mµ. Finally, a general method for explicit construction of the potential as a superposition of Yukawa potentials of different masses is proposed, and the one- and two-meson exchange contributions to the potential are evaluated.
Temperature dependence of the elastic constants of niobium and lead in the normal and superconducting states

The temperature dependence of the elastic constants of niobium and lead was measured in the normal and superconducting states. Both a continuous wave and a coherent gated-carrier technique were used to measure the velocity changes associated with the superconducting transition. The elastic constants were found to exhibit the same temperature dependence as the free energy in either state. The discontinuity in the modulus associated with longitudinal strains and the slope discontinuities at the transition temperature were used to calculate the strain dependence of the transition temperature. The strain dependence in all cases is mainly quadratic.
The Enhancement Of Armored Vehicle Fire Control (Stationary And Fire-On-The-Move) Performance Using Modern Control Techniques

This presentation summarizes the analytical work that has been preformed to date by the Ballistic Research Laboratory in evaluating proposed conceptual fire control systems which utilize modern control theory to enhance: Stationary Firer/ Maneuvering Target, and Fire-On-The-Move Performance. Both conventional man-in-the-loop and automated tracking sytems were used in conjunction with the conceptual fire control systems. Much of work was performed for the US Army Research Development and Engineering Center, ARDEC, as part of that Agency's Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) Program. The presentation begins with a brief overview of the different types of control systems currently being employed in US and foreign production and testbed armored vehicles. The following systems are treated in a generic manner: Driven Reticle, Gun Director, Free Floating Gun Director. The presentation contiunes with an evaluation of each of the above fire control systems' stationary firer performance against maneuvering targets. The fire-on-the-move anlysis follows, with a discussion of the digital optimal controller that was used in place of conventional classical analog controller. To date only the manual tracking system has been evaluated. However, an automatic tracking system using a FUR tracker will he evaluated in the near future.
Making the Tent function complex

This note can be used to illustrate to the student such concepts as periodicity in the complex plane. The basic construction makes use of the Tent function which requires only that the student have some working knowledge of binary arithmetic.
Growth of Fe-doped GaN by RF plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Iron-doped GaN films were grown using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) for various III/V ratios. Iron concentrations were determined by calibrated secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and films were characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The iron incorporation strongly depended on the growth conditions, with increasing incorporation with decreasing III/V ratio. The behavior was explained by promotion of surface segregation of iron by the gallium adlayer and droplets. AFM indicated no effect of iron doping on surface morphology. Precipitation of intermetallic FeGa3 was found for gallium droplet regime growth and high iron fluxes. Nitrogen-rich growth resulted in significantly enhanced iron incorporation and reduced segregation, and nitrogen-rich iron-doped films were grown for iron concentrations of up to 1×1019 cm−3 with no evidence of iron-related phase precipitation or crystalline degradation. Highly-doped nitrogen-rich films were overgrown with gallium-rich GaN, resulting in specular surface morphologies and sharp turn-on and turn-off of the iron profile in SIMS. Similarities to the reported behavior of manganese doping of GaN suggests that surface segregation of transition metal dopants may be important for PA-MBE growth.
Can weight loss improve migraine headaches in obese women? Rationale and design of the Women's Health and Migraine (WHAM) randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Research demonstrates a link between migraine and obesity. Obesity increases the risk of frequent migraines and is associated with migraine prevalence among reproductive-aged women. These findings are substantiated by several plausible mechanisms and emerging evidence of migraine improvements after surgical and non-surgical weight loss. However, no previous study has examined the effect of weight loss on migraine within a treatment-controlled framework. The WHAM trial is an RCT to test the efficacy of behavioral weight loss as a treatment for migraine. Study design Overweight/obese women ( n = 140; BMI = 25.0–49.9 kg/m 2 ) who meet international diagnostic criteria for migraine and record ≥ 3 migraines and 4–20 migraine days using a smartphone-based headache diary during a 4-week baseline period, will be randomly assigned to 4 months of either group-based behavioral weight loss (intervention) or migraine education (control). Intervention participants will be taught strategies to increase physical activity and consume fewer calories in order to lose weight. Control participants will receive general education on migraine symptoms/triggers and various treatment approaches. Both groups will use smartphones to record their headaches for 4 weeks at baseline, after the 16-week treatment period, and at the end of a 16-week follow-up period. Changes in weight and other potential physiological (inflammation), psychological (depression), and behavioral (diet and physical activity) mediators of the intervention effect will also be assessed. Conclusion The WHAM trial will evaluate the efficacy of a standardized behavioral weight loss intervention for reducing migraine frequency, and the extent to which weight loss and other potential mediators account for intervention effects.
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: Diagnosis, management, and long-term outcome in thirty-two children

The diagnosis, management, and long-term outcome of 32 patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome are summarized. Sleep hypoventilation was severe in all cases, resulting in an alveolar carbon dioxide pressure (mean±SEM) of 62±2.5 mm Hg and a hemoglobin saturation of 65%±3.3% without ventilatory or arousal response. Awake hypoventilation on initial assessment was present in 12 of the 32 patients, resulting in an alveolar carbon dioxide pressure of 58±2.2 mm Hg and a hemoglobin saturation of 59%±7%. Associated conditions included pulmonary hypertension or cor pulmonale or both (78%) heart block and sick sinus syndrome requiring a cardiac pacemaker (two patients), mild atrophy by cranial imaging evidence (40%), seizures (72%), normal brain-stem auditory evoked responses in all but one patient tested, ganglioneuroblastomas (one patient), Hirschsprung disease (16%), and ophthalmologic abnormalities (60%). Growth was deficient in 44% of patients; hypotonia or major motor delay or both were apparent in all. Twenty-two patients are living; 12 of them require continuous ventilatory support and 10 breathe spontaneously while awake and require ventilatory support while asleep. Ten patients have died. Autopsy performed in six cases indicated diffuse central nervous system astrocytosis, gliosis, and atrophy but no primary brain-stem abnormality. Although these data support a diffuse central nervous system process, the specific cause and the mode of inheritance remain unclear. With early diagnosis and careful ventilatory management, the sequelae of hypoxia and morbidity should be minimized and long-term outcome improved.
NEW CALIBRATION OF INFRARED MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED WATER IN RHYOLITIC GLASSES

This paper presents a new calibration for infrared analyses of dissolved water and its species concentrations in rhyolitic glasses. The new calibration combines infrared/manometry measurements and infrared study of hydrous rhyolitic glasses heated at different temperatures. The heating experiments show that the ratio of the molar absorptivity of the 5230 cm−1 band to that of the 4520 cm−1 band varies with water concentration. Therefore, earlier calibrations assuming constant molar absorptivities are not accurate. Using our new calibration, total water concentration, and species concentrations can be calculated as follows: (ϱϱ0)C1 = a0−523, (ϱϱ0)C2 = (b0 + b1−523 + b2−452)−452, and C = C1 + C2, where C1, C2, and C are the mass fractions of molecular H2O, H2O present as OH, and total H2O, πϱ0 is the ratio of the density of the hydrous glass to that of the anhydrous glass and is approximately 1 − C, −523 and −452 are the absorbances (peak heights) of the 5230 cm−1 and 4520 cm−1 bands per mm sample thickness and relative to a baseline that was fit by a flexicurve, a0 = 0.04217 mm, b0 = 0.04024 mm, b1 = −0.02011 mm2, and b2 = 0.0522 mm2. The new calibration has a high internal reproducibility in calculating H2Ototal, six times better than the calibration of Newman et al. (1986). We expect the new calibration to be accurate in retrieving H2Ototal for H2Ototal ≤ 5.5 wt% and in retrieving molecular H2O and OH concentrations for H2Ototal ≤ 2.7 wt%. Using the new calibration, the equilibrium coefficient K for the reaction H2O + O = 2OH is independent of H2Ototal (for H2Ototal ≤ 2.4 wt%) at a given temperature and can be expressed as lnK = 1.876 − 3110T, where T is in K. The bulk water diffusivity reported before is not affected by the new calibration, but the molecular H2O diffusivity will be roughly 4–30% greater.
A pituitary N-acetylgalactosamine transferase that specifically recognizes glycoprotein hormones

The glycoprotein hormones lutropin (LH) and follitropin (FSH), which have common alpha-subunits but hormone-specific beta-subunits, are both synthesized in the gonadotroph. However, they bear Asn-linked oligosaccharides that differ in structure. Those on LH terminate with the sequence SO4-4GalNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha, whereas those on FSH terminate with the sequence sialic acid alpha-Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha. A GalNAc-transferase was identified in bovine pituitary membranes that recognizes features of the alpha-subunit peptide and adds GalNAc to its oligosaccharides with an apparent Michaelis constant of 25 micromolar. The different patterns of glycosylation for LH and FSH indicate that access to the protein recognition marker on the alpha-subunit is modulated by the associated beta-subunit. The tightly regulated synthesis of sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on the pituitary glycoprotein hormones suggests these oligosaccharides have an important biological role.