cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration in Teaching-Learning: Honoring the Wisdom of Diverse Perspectives:

As complexity challenges healthcare providers across disciplines, calls arise for greater collaboration across settings and disciplines. In this column, the importance of honoring the wisdom of the diverse perspectives of collaborators with varying educational and experiential backgrounds is explored. For authentic collaboration to be possible, collaborators must have a solid theoretical, scientific, and experiential foundation within their particular discipline. The challenge for nurse faculty is to prepare students for collaboration by providing teaching-learning opportunities for building a solid foundation in the discipline, being clear about the distinctions across disciplines as well as the distinctions among the many degree levels within nursing.
Guide to Development and Use of Electronic Computer Programs: Program Planning

Program planning, which is the definition of the computational process to be executed by the computer, is described. The ranges of potential programs in terms of length, development, programmer, and programming language availability are examined, and the factors influencing the decision of whether or not to program a particular application, are presented. The basic requirements of an adequate problem statement, and the accompanying planning considerations are detailed. Finally, the responsibility for cooperation and review of the problem statement by all parties concerned in terms of feasibility, utility, ease of use, completeness, and generality is emphasized.
First-Order Algorithms for Constrained Nonlinear Dynamic Games

This paper presents algorithms for non-zero sum nonlinear constrained dynamic games with full information. Such problems emerge when multiple players with action constraints and differing objectives interact with the same dynamic system. They model a wide range of applications including economics, defense, and energy systems. We show how to exploit the temporal structure in projected gradient and Douglas-Rachford (DR) splitting methods. The resulting algorithms converge locally to open-loop Nash equilibria (OLNE) at linear rates. Furthermore, we extend stagewise Newton method to find a local feedback policy around an OLNE. In the of linear dynamics and polyhedral constraints, we show that this local feedback controller is an approximated feedback Nash equilibrium (FNE). Numerical examples are provided.
Within-person coupling of estradiol, testosterone, and cortisol in women athletes.

Purpose In variety of settings cortisol and testosterone are positively "coupled." That is, within-person fluctuations of cortisol and testosterone levels occur in parallel-increases and decreases in one hormone are associated with corresponding increases and decreases in the other. The present report explored hormone coupling in women athletes in two studies selected because they included measurements of salivary levels of cortisol, testosterone, and estradiol-a hormone that has been only infrequently studied in the context of competitive athletics. Methods Consenting members of Emory University's varsity volleyball and soccer teams gave saliva samples on multiple occasions in the run-up to and over the course of two different intercollegiate contests. Results Volleyball and soccer players showed remarkably similar hormone-specific patterns of increase in relationship to the different stages of competition-before warm-up, after warm-up, and after competition. For both the volleyball and soccer team, Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) analyses showed estradiol as being significantly coupled with testosterone which was also coupled with cortisol. Conclusions This is, apparently, the first report of significant within-person coupling between estradiol and testosterone in the context of competitive athletic stress. These two hormones may be coupled in a wide variety of circumstances not limited to ones involving sport competition, and results reported here should encourage exploration of the extent to which coordinated fluctuations in estradiol, testosterone, and cortisol levels are present in other, more neutral settings and the ways in which the coordination of these fluctuating hormone levels may benefit human performance.
Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer

In 2007, we reported a summary of data comparing diabetic foot complications to cancer. The purpose of this brief report was to refresh this with the best available data as they currently exist. Since that time, more reports have emerged both on cancer mortality and mortality associated with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), Charcot arthropathy, and diabetes-associated lower extremity amputation. We collected data reporting 5-year mortality from studies published following 2007 and calculated a pooled mean. We evaluated data from DFU, Charcot arthropathy and lower extremity amputation. We dichotomized high and low amputation as proximal and distal to the ankle, respectively. This was compared with cancer mortality as reported by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute. Five year mortality for Charcot, DFU, minor and major amputations were 29.0, 30.5, 46.2 and 56.6%, respectively. This is compared to 9.0% for breast cancer and 80.0% for lung cancer. 5 year pooled mortality for all reported cancer was 31.0%. Direct costs of care for diabetes in general was $237 billion in 2017. This is compared to $80 billion for cancer in 2015. As up to one-third of the direct costs of care for diabetes may be attributed to the lower extremity, these are also readily comparable. Diabetic lower extremity complications remain enormously burdensome. Most notably, DFU and LEA appear to be more than just a marker of poor health. They are independent risk factors associated with premature death. While advances continue to improve outcomes of care for people with DFU and amputation, efforts should be directed at primary prevention as well as those for patients in diabetic foot ulcer remission to maximize ulcer-free, hospital-free and activity-rich days.
Cluster surface states for Ti O 2 , SrTi O 3 , and BaTi O 3

The properties of cluster surface states of the transition-metal oxides Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are derived from an empirical molecular-orbital model. The relation between cluster states and bulk and surface energy bands is discussed. The possible role of surface states in producing the 2.0-eV peak observed in the electron energy-loss spectrum of Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is suggested. Some comments on the use of a cluster model for the interpretation of optical properties are also included.
A longitudinal analysis of sexual minorities’ acceptance concerns and internalised homonegativity on perceived psychological stress

Acceptance concerns and internalised homonegativity are associated with deleterious health outcomes for sexual minority persons, including psychological stress. However, previous studies examining ...
Transcriptome sequencing reveals signatures of positive selection in the Spot-Tailed Earless Lizard

The continual loss of threatened biodiversity is occurring at an accelerated pace. High-throughput sequencing technologies are now providing opportunities to address this issue by aiding in the generation of molecular data for many understudied species of high conservation interest. Our overall goal of this study was to begin building the genomic resources to continue investigations and conservation of the Spot-Tailed Earless lizard. Here we leverage the power of high-throughput sequencing to generate the liver transcriptome for the Northern Spot-Tailed Earless Lizard (Holbrookia lacerata) and Southern Spot-Tailed Earless Lizard (Holbrookia subcaudalis), which have declined in abundance in the past decades, and their sister species, the Common Lesser Earless Lizard (Holbrookia maculata). Our efforts produced high quality and robust transcriptome assemblies validated by 1) quantifying the number of processed reads represented in the transcriptome assembly and 2) quantifying the number of highly conserved single-copy orthologs that are present in our transcript set using the BUSCO pipeline. We found 1,361 1-to-1 orthologs among the three Holbrookia species, Anolis carolinensis, and Sceloporus undulatus. We carried out dN/dS selection tests using a branch-sites model and identified a dozen genes that experienced positive selection in the Holbrookia lineage with functions in development, immunity, and metabolism. Our single-copy orthologous sequences additionally revealed significant pairwise sequence divergence (~.73%) between the Northern H. lacerata and Southern H. subcaudalis that further supports the recent elevation of the Southern Spot-Tailed Earless Lizard to full species.
Host-Pathogen Interactions after Lung Transplant: Are Cystic Fibrosis Patients Unique?

The impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization on lung allografts is not entirely clear. In this issue of Cell Reports Medicine, Dugger et al.1 identify distinct clinical outcomes and lung allograft biology in recipients with and without cystic fibrosis.
An Ultraluminous X-Ray Object with a 2 Hour Period in M51

Ultraluminous X-ray objects (ULXs) are off-nucleus point sources with LX = 1039-1041 ergs s-1, but the nature of such systems is largely unidentified. Here we report a 2.1 hr period observed in a Chandra ACIS observation for ULX M51 X-7, which is located on the edge of a young star cluster in the star-forming region in a spiral arm. In two ACIS observations separated by 1 yr, the ULX changed from a high-hard to a low-soft spectral state, in contrast to most Galactic low-mass X-ray binaries. On the basis of its period and spectral behaviors, we suggest that this ULX is a low-mass X-ray binary system, with a dwarf companion of 0.2-0.3 M☉ and a compact accretor, either a neutron star or a black hole, whose mass is not well constrained. Relativistic beaming effects are likely involved to produce the observed high X-ray luminosities, given its low accretion rate as inferred from a sustainable accretion scenario via Roche lobe overflow.
Time of Day Affects Squid Catch In the U.S. Illex illecebrosus Squid Fishery

Abstract A mid-water otter trawl fishery targeting Illex illecebrosus operates in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The majority of I. illecebrosus are captured during mid-June to early September. Diel migratory behavior limits the fishery to daylight hours, but does the time-of-day affect catch? Illex illecebrosus were collected from each tow from a subset of the trawler fleet fishing on the outer continental shelf of the Mid-Atlantic Bight over the fishing season to determine the influence of time-of-day on catch. The male-to-female ratio was not influenced by time-of-day of capture. The size–frequency​ distribution of I. illecebrosus varied between tows within the same day of capture. Time-of-day of capture influenced average weight and, to a lesser degree, mantle length. Shorter and lighter squid were caught in the middle of the day. Larger and heavier squid were caught during the morning and afternoon. Data collection on commercial fishing vessels required that squid be frozen onboard, thawed onshore, and then weighed and measured. Differences between fresh and frozen squid were significant, but small, which permitted combining fresh and frozen measurements from different boats to track temporal and spatial trends in squid size. As time-of-day differences in catch were significant, obtaining unbiased size data from fishing vessel-based reports requires that samples be collected from the morning, afternoon, and evening tows during the trip.
Aerobic fitness moderates girls' affective and working memory responses to social exclusion

Abstract Because self-regulation skills are in development through adolescence, social exclusion can pose significant challenges to the well-being of young people. Thus, an understanding of factors that may ease the self-regulation demands of social exclusion is particularly important. One such factor is aerobic fitness. Using a quasi-experimental within-subject design in a sample of girls (N = 47, 10.4 ± 1.2 years), we examined whether affective and working memory changes following social exclusion differ by level of aerobic fitness. Overall, findings suggest that more aerobically fit girls may better regulate the demands of social exclusion than less aerobically fit girls. Specifically, girls with higher aerobic fitness evidenced smaller decreases in pleasant affect and larger increases in working memory performance following social exclusion than girls with lower aerobic fitness. This research extends understanding of how aerobic fitness may benefit well-being in young people.
Filamentation-free Self-compression of LWIR Pulses in a CO 2 Gas-filled Multi-pass Cell: A Numerical Study

Pulse self-compression is demonstrated numerically for 10.3 µm pulses in a gas-filled multi-pass cell. The cell is filled with the 13CO 2 isotope, which exhibits a shifted absorption spectrum from the 12CO 2 laser gain medium.
¿En qué sentido es libre la potestad constituyente? Una aproximación al concepto de libertad política a partir de la obra de David Hume

This article explores in the relationship between the concepts of liberty and constituent power, applicable to contexts of constitutional change in the contemporary world. Using a philosophically skeptical approach to the concept of liberty, the paper provides a reflection on the meaning of political liberty as applied to our everyday social interaction. In line with some of the traditions of classical and early modern thought, this work outlines the link between constituent power and liberty as a complicated relationship. As will be argued, it is not plausible to identify sovereign instances of political interaction as moments of full autonomy to establish long-term normative guidelines within a society. Contrary to what might be thought, however, the awareness of relative political liberty is a central element in the politically emancipatory performance of constitutional power.
Controlling the size, structure and orientation of semiconductor nanocrystals using metastable phase recrystallization

Materials engineering at the nanometre scale should provide smaller technological devices than are currently available1,2. In particular, research on semiconductor nanostructures with size-dependent optical and electronic properties is motivated by potential applications which include quantum-dot lasers and high-speed nonlinear optical switches3,4. Here we describe an approach for controlling the size, orientation and lattice structure of semiconductor nanocrystals embedded in a transparent matrix. We form nanocrystalline precipitates by implanting ions of the semiconductor into a single-crystal alumina substrate and applying thermal annealing5,6,7. Control over the microstructure of the nanocrystals is achieved using substrate amorphization and recrystallization. In essence, the substrate microstructure is manipulated using ion beams to induce changes in impurity solubility, crystal symmetry and cation bonding, which exert a profound influence on the microstructure of the embedded precipitates—a concept familiar in metallurgy8. This approach can be extended to exercise control over virtually any type of precipitate (such as metals, insulators or magnetic clusters) as well as epitaxial thin films.
High‐Reliability Organizations

High-reliability organizations (HROs) are organizations in which Errors can have catastrophic consequences, but which avoid them. Keywords: high-reliability organizations
Asymptotic worst-case identification with bounded noise

This paper presents an overview of the problem of asymptotic worst-case identification in the presence of bounded noise.
Hormones in Plant Senescence

Senescence, as the terminal phase of development of a biological structure, follows characteristic patterns of decomposition and metabolism, that are modulated by a host of internal and environmental cues. All of the major classes of plant hormones, as well as cellular regulators such as nucleotides, calcium, and polyamines alter the rate and/or pattern of senescence in diverse plant materials. Light, temperature, as well as nutritional status also strongly influence this aging process.
Knowledge as an interactional tool in the management of client empowerment

Abstract Objective To examine the way speaker and recipient knowledge is managed in interaction by a call taker at a mental-health information line, to achieve the institutional goals of information provision and client empowerment. Methods This study utilizes conversation analysis in the analysis of a single call to the line. Results Analysis demonstrates the ways in which a call taker produces turns-at-talk that construct a caller as knowing what help they wanted prior to that moment in the interaction, and that invoke ‘common’ knowledge of sources of such help. Conclusion Talk that orients to knowledge is used as an interactional resource that allows the call taker to avoid talk that may be considered advice, and to be heard to achieve the goal of client empowerment. The asymmetric identities of help-seeker and help-provider are managed in this process. Practice implications Client empowerment can be seen as something interactionally achieved and managed in talk-in-interaction, while not necessarily objectively experienced by the client.
Local time and excursions of reflected Brownian motion in a wedge

Quand le sommet est un point regulier pour un mouvement brownien reflechi dans un coin, avec une direction constante de reflexion sur chaque cote du coin, on determine la loi des excursions a partir de ce sommet. On donne explicitement la nature du temps local au sommet et la transformee de Laplace de la loi d'entree en ce point
Managed Care and Its Effect on Residency Training in Internal Medicine

THE APPARENT mandate to move to a predominantly managed-care health delivery system is a major concern to all internal medicine residency programs. The consequences of managed care for these programs are profound and include an acceleration of the shifts from the following: hospital to out-patient training; an environment of service use to service conservation; a culture of "cure" to one of "care"; a relatively narrow to a broader patient population base for residents; and a focus on specialism to an emphasis on generalism. The implications of these consequences are far-reaching, requiring curricular changes and placing constraints on programs and residents while potentially enhancing the residency education—career continuum. The challenges of managed care for internal medicine residencies are considerable. While struggling to develop appropriate patient and faculty bases and assure quality control and effective teaching, programs also need to maintain a scholarly approach to care. The resident's traditional focus on the
Multi-scale image fusion using the Parameterized Logarithmic Image Processing model

Image fusion is the process of combining multiple images into a single image which retains the most pertinent information from each original image source. More recently, multi-scale image fusion approaches have emerged as a means of providing a more meaningful fusion which better reflects the human visual system. In this paper, multi-scale decomposition techniques and image fusion algorithms are adapted using the Parameterized Logarithmic Image Processing (PLIP) model, a nonlinear image processing framework which more accurately processes images. Experimental results via computer simulations illustrate the improved performance of the proposed algorithms by both qualitative and quantitative means.
The Meaning of Working and Professional Development Needs of Employees in a Post-Communist Country

This study represents one of the first attempts to explore the meaning of working in countries undergoing transition from centrally planned to market-oriented economies. The study surveyed 260 engi...
Development and validation of a stability-indicating LC method for simultaneous determination of related compounds of guaifenesin, terbutaline sulfate and ambroxol HCl in cough syrup formulation

Abstract A new liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of terbutaline sulfate (TLS), guaifenesin (GFN) and ambroxol HCl (AML), for its potential impurities in drug substances and drug products. Efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on X-Terra RP-18 column with a simple mobile phase combination containing a gradient mixture of solvents A and B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 and quantitation was carried out using ultraviolet detection at 222 nm with column temperature of 35 °C. The resolution between TLS, GFN and AML, its associated impurities was found to be greater than 1.5. Regression analysis shows an r value (correlation coefficient) greater than 0.998. This method was capable to detect all the process impurities of TLS, GFN and AML, at a level below 0.015% with respect to a test concentration of 0.125, 5.0 and 1.5 mg mL−1, respectively. The % RSD for the inter-day and intra-day precisions for all the impurities of TLS, GFN and AML were found to be less than 3.0. The method has shown good, consistent recoveries. The drugs were subjected to stress conditions of acid, base, water hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation, as prescribed by international conference on harmonization (ICH).
Use of Superheated Saline Aerosols as a Diagnostic Measure in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Preliminary Report

SUMMARY A study of the value of inhaling heated hypertonic aerosols in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out in 62 patients. Comparative observations were made on 24-hour spontaneous sputum. A total of 163 paired sputum specimens were tested. The heated aerosol technique resulted in cultures positive for tubercule bacilli in 15 instances in which spontaneous sputum, collected during the same 36-hour period was negative, or in which no sputum was expectorated. An analysis of the experimental data indicates that positive sputum would have been missed in only one of 163 (0.6 per cent) instances in which the heated aerosol technique was employed. With the use of the 24-hour sputum for culture, positive sputum would have been missed in 15 instances (9.2 per cent).
Acetylcholine receptor availability and transmission efficacy.

Abstract Recovery of cholinergic transmission after in vivo blockade with α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX), and the relationship of recovery to availability of unbound acetylcholine receptors (AChR) were studied in rat diaphragm. When 83% of endplate acetylcholine receptor binding sites were blocked, transmission was absent. A barely detectable recovery of the blocked receptors (25 h after exposure to α-bungarotoxin) restored transmission. In fact, 25% of the endplate receptor ACh binding sites were just sufficient for action potential generation. As discussed, slow turnover ( t 1 2 = 11 days) of junctional receptors would be sufficient to provide the observed recovery of transmission. Good agreement was observed between the minimum fraction of total receptor sites required for transmission and the computed fraction of maximum quantal release of acetylcholine required to reach threshold. In addition, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that at the neuromuscular junction, AChR exists in considerable excess.
Reduction of the effects of spurious PLL tones on A/D converters

In a non-ideal PLL circuit, leakage of the reference signal into the control line produces spurious tones. When the distorted PLL signal is used in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), it creates spurious tones in the sampled data as well. This paper analyzes this effect and proposes a solution to remove the leakage effects. The algorithm estimates the jitter errors from the spurious sidebands and provides a way to compensate the distorted sampled data in the digital domain.
Behavioral circuit modeling using neural networks

A technique is presented for automatic generation of Analog Behavioral circuit models using feed-forward neural networks in static and dynamic configurations. These models are generated, by using the data output from an accurate SPICE simulation to train a neural network to model a particular circuit function. Results are given using two types of neural networks, a static neural network to model an analog multiplier, and a recurrent neural network for modeling the dynamics of a bandlimited circuit. Simulations show that neural networks are able to learn the essential nonlinear and dynamic properties found in these circuits using the training technique described.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cell-cell contact elicits cAMP secretion and alters cAMP signaling in Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Cell-cell contact and cAMP regulate Dictyostelium discoideum development. Aggregation-competent D. discoideum amoebae respond to cell-cell contact by secreting cAMP and altering the amount of cAMP secreted after stimulation by extracellular cAMP. cAMP-stimulated cAMP secretion is called cAMP signaling. Depending upon experimental conditions, the cAMP signaling response following cell-cell contact can be enhanced or inhibited. The two contact-induced responses are elicited by Enterobacter aerogenes -amoebal and amoebal-amoebal contact. Latex beads, charged or neutral, elicit amoebal secretion of cAMP but do not alter the magnitude of a subsequent cAMP signaling response. These results suggest that the stimulus which leads to the secretion of cAMP may be a mechanical one such as a contact-induced deformation of the plasma membrane. A more specific interaction must be necessary to alter the magnitude of the cAMP signaling response. Examination of the temperature-dependence of cAMP signaling, phagocytosis, contact-elicited cAMP secretion, and contact-induced alterations of cAMP signaling suggests that the contact-induced responses are not the result of enhanced amoebal sensitivity to cAMP, nor are they a result of phagocytosis. A mutant of D. discoideum , which is unable to (1) phagocytose charged particles, (2) cohere to other amoebae, or (3) adhere to plastic, secretes cAMP upon particle-amoebal contact. This mutant does not alter the magnitude of its cAMP signaling response following bacterialamoebal contact. These four phenotypes revert coordinately, suggesting that they are linked. Contact-induced cAMP secretion and the alteration in the responsiveness of amoebae to external cAMP demonstrate a relationship between cAMP and cell-cell contact, the two known regulators of Dictyostelium discoideum development. These results suggest that the reversal of Dictyostelium development following refeeding may be facilitated by a bacterial-amoebal contact-induced inhibition of cAMP signaling. Amoebal-amoebal contact might coordinate Dictyostelium discoideum development by altering cAMP levels.
Beta blockade by oral propranolol and labetalol.

β-Adrenergic blockade after single, oral doses of labetalol or propranolol was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study by an isoproterenol sensitivity test and handgrip exercise in 10 healthy men. The tests were performed with subjects resting in a supine position. At the doses used, there was no effect on heart rate and blood pressure in either the resting position or in the isometric exercise phase. It is possible that exercise-induced changes in blood pressure and heart rate were reduced by higher vagal tone in this young group tested in the supine position. Isoproterenol increased heart rate and reduced diastolic blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. The dose of isoproterenol at which heart rate increased 25 bpm above the resting rate (CD25; 1.36 ± 0.18 µg) was of the order of that at which diastolic blood pressure fell 25 mm Hg from baseline (HD25; 1.07 ± 0.07 µg). There was a significant positive correlation between CD25 and HD25 in the 10 subjects. Propranolol and labetalol induced a dose-dependent, parallel shift to the right in the dose-response curves of isoproterenol effects on heart rate and diastolic blood pressure, indicating that both drugs are nonselective, competitive antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors. On the average, propranolol was 17 and 19 times more potent than labetalol in antagonizing the chronotropic and hypotensive actions of isoproterenol, respectively. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 37, 277–283; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.40
A comparison of ethane, ethylene and CO2 peel permeance for fruit with different coatings☆

Oranges, bell peppers and apples were treated with different coatings, and measurements were made of gas permeance through the peel. Shellac and wood resin coatings reduced ethane permeance of orange and apple peels by approximately 95% from the values for non-coated peel, and carnauba wax coatings gave about 85% reduction. The experimental procedure enabled us to make multiple measurements on the individual fruit CO2 and ethylene production, internal gas concentrations and permeance. These measurements showed that some individual fruit were atypical in terms of CO2 and ethylene production or permeance. Application of coatings resulted in some fruit having markedly high values of internal CO2 and low O2. High-barrier coatings not only caused large decreases in internal O2 and increases in CO2; but these also resulted in much larger variation in internal gas concentrations in different individual fruit with the same coating, much larger than the variation between different individual non-coated fruit. Because fruit quality is much dependent on internal gas concentrations, this means that high-barrier coatings result in fruit with higher variation in product quality.
Cafe Gelman: An innovative use of library space

L ive jazz? Espresso and cappuccino? Food? In the library? Wait a minute; what’s going on here? What’s going on is a unique use of library space in partnership with studentsa 24-hour study room transformed for an evening into a coffee house, an intellectual and social gathering that offers a new means of contributing to the campus community. The Melvin Gelman Library of the George Washington University opened a 24-hour study room on the first floor of the building in Fall 1991. Students enjoyed the new, comfortable furnishings, finding the street-level windows and the quiet atmosphere conducive to study around the clock.
Distributed fault detection and isolation for multimachine power systems

This paper presents a distributed fault detection and isolation scheme for multimachine power systems. Each generator is interconnected with other machines through a transmission network, where the interactions between directly interconnected machines are nonlinear. In the distributed FDI scheme, a local FDI component is designed for each generator excitation system in the overall system based on local measurements and certain communicated information from other FDI components associated with other machines that are directly interconnected to the local subsystem. Under certain assumptions, in each FDI component, adaptive thresholds for distributed fault detection and isolation are derived, ensuring robustness with respect to nonlinear interconnection and unstructured modeling uncertainty. A simulation example of a two-machine power system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Expression of the cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) in maize seeds and a combined mucosal treatment against cholera and traveler’s diarrhea

The non-toxic B subunit (CT-B) of cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae is a strong immunogen and amplifies the immune reaction to conjugated antigens. In this work, a synthetic gene encoding for CT-B was expressed under control of a γ-zein promoter in maize seeds. Levels of CT-B in maize plants were determined via ganglioside dependent ELISA. The highest expression level recorded in T1 generation seeds was 0.0014% of total aqueous soluble protein (TASP). Expression level of the same event in the T2 generation was significantly increased to 0.0197% of TASP. Immunogenicity of maize derived CT-B was evaluated in mice with an oral immunization trial. Anti-CTB IgG and anti-CTB IgA were detected in the sera and fecal samples of the orally immunized mice, respectively. The mice were protected against holotoxin challenge with CT. An additional group of mice was administrated with an equal amount (5 μg per dose each) of mixed maize-derived CT-B and LT-B (B subunit of E. coli heat labile toxin). In the sera and fecal samples obtained from this group, the specific antibody levels were enhanced compared to either the same or a higher amount of CT-B alone. These results suggest that a synergistic action may be achieved using a CT-B and LT-B mixture that can lead to a more efficacious combined vaccine to target diarrhea induced by both cholera and enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli.
Prospects for communication policy

At stake in communication policymaking is control and use of technologies central to the process of governance in society. Future policies must admit a broader range of social goals than present ones. Defining such goals will require shifting conceptual approaches from regulation to investment, from information goods to communication resources, and from consumerism to politics. Persons engaged in communication policy research and planning had best avoid traps of being blinded by the technology, underestimating the political process and making easy assumptions about goals and values.
Three-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Flow About an Ablating Slender Cone

A theoretical analysis is presented for three-dimensional laminar boundary-layer flow about slender conical vehicles including the effect of transverse surface curvature. The boundary-layer equations are solved by standard finite difference techniques. Numerical results are presented for hypersonic flow about a slender blunted cone. The influences of Reynolds number, cone angle, and mass transfer are studied for both symmetric flight and at angle-of-attack. The effects of transverse curvature are substantial at the low Reynolds numbers considered and are enhanced by blowing. The crossflow wall shear is largely unaffected by transverse curvature although the peak velocity is reduced. A simplified “channel flow” analogy is suggested for the crossflow near the wall.
Evidence for vapor fractionation in the origin of chondrules.

The major-element compositions of 47 individual Chainpur (LL-3) chondrules were determined. There appears to be no correlation between Na and Al, in contrast with the correlation previously found in Bjurbole chondrules in which these elements are characteristically found in equal molar proportions. The correlation in Bjurbole chondrules is considered to be the effect of metamorphism. The compositional variations among Chainpur chondrules point to a fractionation which basically involved only silica. This can best be explained as being the result of vapor fractionation which took place during or after the formation of the chondrules. The ratio of Ca to Al in the individual chondrules is generally close to the value 1.08, which has been found to be characteristic of the chondrites in general.
Modelling storms in sound: the Atmospherics/Weather Works project

Atmospherics/Weather Works is an interdisciplinary project in the sonification of storms and other meteorological events generated directly from atmospheric data produced by a highly detailed and physically accurate simulation of weather systems. This paper discusses the background, conception and execution of the first stage of the project that has resulted in several performances, stereo recordings, a multi-channel spatialised sound installation, and an interactive sound environment.
Integrating inquiry science and language development for English language learners

The traditional approach to the education of language minority students separates English language development from content instruction because it is assumed that English language proficiency is a prerequisite for subject matter learning. The authors of this article take the alternate view that the integration of inquiry science and language acquisition enhances learning in both domains. The report describes a conceptual framework for science-language integration and the development of a five-level rubric to assess teachers' understanding of curricular integration. The science-language integration rubric describes the growth of teacher expertise as a continuum from a view of science and language as discreet unrelated domains to the recognition of the superordinate processes that create a synergistic relationship between inquiry science and language development. Examples from teacher interviews are used to illustrate teacher thinking at each level. 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 664-687, 2002 Over the past decade the number of language minority students in the United States has increased dramatically. Across the nation there are between 3.5 million and 5 million school age students whose primary language is not English (Council of Chief State School Officers, 1990; Macias, 1998). Almost 70% of these students are being educated in just five states—California, New York, Illinois, Florida, and Texas (August & Hakuta, 1997). The context for this study is California, where there are currently over 1.4 million K-12 English language learners, the majority of whom are Latino (California Department of Education, 1998). Although California is enriched by this linguistic and cultural diversity, it poses significant challenges for the education of students from diverse language backgrounds and their teachers. The education of English language learners is complex because it involves teaching academic subjects to students while they are developing a second language (Rosebery, Warren, & Conant, 1992). The dominant instructional approach separates the teaching of English language from the
Selectivity of adaptation in single units : Implications for fMRI experiments

Understanding the neural basis of adaptation (repetition suppression) is critical for interpreting fMRI-adaptation experiments. Sawamura and colleagues provide a critical stepping-stone by elucidating the relation between neural adaptation and response selectivity. They find some cross-adaptation by two different stimuli that activate the same neuron.
STUDY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF MENINGOCOCCI

The meningococcus, like some other pathogenic species, varies in its agglutination in immune serum, some strains being readily agglutinable while others agglutinate with difficulty in their homologous serum as well as in heterologous serums. The different strains appear to vary also in their action as antigens. In order to secure representative strains, therefore, it was thought necessary to consider the antigenic action as well as the agglutinability of the cultures.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: cosegregation of the phenotype to a COL3A1 allele of type III procollagen.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV is a rare and catastrophic genetic disorder of the connective tissue. Individuals from two families with this disorder were studied for a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with the COL3A1 gene. Our results suggested cosegregation of the EDS type IV phenotype with a COL3A1 RFLP allele. Biochemical studies in cultured skin fibroblasts indicated the presence of different mutations affecting the stability and secretion of the proα1(III) chains of type III procollagen in the two families, thus suggesting that EDS type IV is biochemically heterogeneous. Our data demonstrated the feasibility of molecular diagnosis in this condition using COL3A1 gene related RFLPs.
Limit theorems for stable processes with application to spectral density estimation

This paper deals with issues pertaining to estimating the spectral density of a stationary harmonizable α-stable process, where 0 < α < 2. The estimator we consider is obtained by smoothing the periodogram, which has a similar flavor as the usual kernel spectral density estimator for a second-order stationary process. We derive the basic asymptotic properties of the estimator and show how to pick the optimal smoothing parameter for α in different intervals of (0, 2). At the heart of these derivations is the theoretical problem of finding the asymptotic distribution of a weighted average of |Y(u)|p over an increasing interval, where 0 < p < ∞ and Y is a nearly stationary moving average α-stable process. Our results partially extend the limit theorems in Davis (1983) and LePage et al. (1981).
Optimal Multi-species Harvesting in Ecologically and Economically Interdependent Fisheries

Single-species management of multi-species fisheries ignores ecological interactions in addition to important economic interactions to the detriment of the health of the ecosystem, the stocks of fish species, and fishery profits. This study maximizes the net present value from a multi-species fishery where species interact ecologically in the ecosystem, and economically through vessels’ multi-product harvesting technology, switching gear types, and interactions in output markets. Numerical optimization techniques are used to determine the optimal harvest quota of each species over time. This study highlights the need to incorporate both ecological and economic interactions that occur between species in an ecosystem.
Monopolist optimum pricing and advertising policies for diffusion models of new product innovations

On the theoretical side, this paper contains a general diffusion model of innovation that includes previous models in the literature as special cases. Optimal price and advertising are characterized qualitatively for the general model and several specific cases. Cost learning effects and discounting of future profits are considered, but repeat sales and likely entry of competitors are disregarded. On the empirical side, eighteen alternative diffusion models for a newly introduced innovation have been estimated and compared using non-linear procedures. Empirical research findings suggest that for the considered case study, price affects the coefficient of imitation whereas advertising affects the coefficient of innovation. Price (advertising) elasticity of demand is found to be increasing (decreasing) over time.
Post-translational processing of thyrotropin-releasing hormone precursor in rat brain: identification of 3 novel peptides derived from pro TRH

Abstract The sequence of rat hypothalamic pro-thyrotropin releasing hormone, deduced by sequencing of cDNA, in addition to 5 TRH progenitor genitor sequences contains leader, trailer and 4 intervening sequences separated by paired basic amino acid sequences. We have developed radioimmunoassays to synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of these cryptic proTRH sequences and have used these assays to identify and partially characterize proTRH peptides, distinct from TRH, in extracts of rat brain. Two of these peptides correspond closely in size to one intervening sequence and the car☐y-terminal sequence of proTRH. Three other peptides correspond to the intact amino-terminal leader sequence and two peptides formed by a further cleavage of the leader sequence at an internal paired basic amino acid sequence.
Neighborhood Poverty and Public Policy: A 5-Year Follow-Up of Children's Educational Outcomes in the New York City Moving to Opportunity Demonstration.

Data from the Moving to Opportunity Program, a randomized mobility experiment in which a subset of low-income minority families living in public housing in high-poverty neighborhoods were given vouchers to move to low-poverty neighborhoods, were used to evaluate 1 policy approach for improving children's educational outcomes. Four hundred twenty-five New York City children were seen 2 1/2 and 5 years following relocation (mean age=14.64 years, SD=3.21 years). Analyses examining program effects on 5-year educational outcomes, accounting for 2 1/2-year outcomes, revealed that program effects on adolescent boys' achievement found at 2 1/2 years were not sustained at 5 years. Rather, male and female youths 14-20 years of age in low-poverty neighborhoods reported lower school grades and engagement relative to youths in high-poverty neighborhoods. From a policy standpoint, the complexity of enhancing low-income minority children's educational outcomes is underscored by the multiple dynamics involved--family, neighborhood, housing, and school.
On strong shift equivalence over a Boolean semiring

Shift equivalence is the relation between A, B that there exists S, R, n > 0 with RA = BR, AS = SB, SR = An, RS = Bn. Strong shift equivalence is the equivalence relation generated by these equations with n = 1. We prove that for many Boolean matrices strong shift equivalence is characterized by shift equivalence and a trace condition. However, we also show that if A is strongly shift equivalent to B, then there exists a homomorphism from an iterated directed edge graph of A to the graph of B preserving the traces of powers. This yields results on colourings of iterated directed edge graphs and might distinguish new strong equivalence classes.
Applicability of the Continuum-Shell Theories to the Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes

Validity of the assumptions relating the applicability of continuum shell theories to the global mechanical behavior of carbon nanotubes is examined. The present study focuses on providing a basis that can be used to qualitatively assess the appropriateness of continuum-shell models for nanotubes. To address the effect of nanotube structure on their deformation, all nanotube geometries are divided into four major classes that require distinct models. Criteria for the applicability of continuum models are presented. The key parameters that control the buckling strains and deformation modes of these classes of nanotubes are determined. In an analogy with continuum mechanics, mechanical laws of geometric similitude are presented. A parametric map is constructed for a variety of nanotube geometries as a guide for the applicability of different models. The continuum assumptions made in representing a nanotube as a homogeneous thin shell are analyzed to identify possible limitations of applying shell theories and using their bifurcation-buckling equations at the nano-scale.
Developing and Disseminating Financial Guidelines for Retirement Planning

Financial planning and decision making for retirement are challenging tasks. The effects on retirement finances of expected health-care costs, tax-based preferences for retirement saving, retirement benefits, housing values, and asset allocation mean that many retirees must play the roles of—or at least assess the advice from—doctor, accountant, realtor, and stockbroker. Retirees’ financial planning efforts are often hampered by lack of basic financial literacy, confusing or misleading financial products, high levels of debt, and the additional burdens of dependent adult offspring or advanced-age parents. There is substantial evidence that older households often lack financial literacy and often make poor financial choices, which can result in real economic hardship. The authors discuss criteria for developing and disseminating a single, comprehensive graphic to retirees and near-retirees to help bolster financial acumen and security.