cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Possis Angiojet Rapid Thrombectomy System: A New Device for the Definitive Treatment of Thrombotic Coronary Lesions

The incidence of thrombotic lesions is relatively common, and is associated with increased risk and complications. The optimal approach to the percutaneous treatment of these high risk lesions remains unclear. The Possis Angiojet Rapid Thrombectomy System is a new device designed to remove intravascular thrombus by rheolytic thrombectomy. This article describes the use of the Possis Angiojet on a patient with peri-infarct angina and refractory thrombus in the left anterior descending coronary artery.
Mons pubis ptosis: classification and strategy for treatment.

Obesity and massive weight loss cause bulging and ptosis of the mons pubis. The pubic area can cause an embarrassment to patients. In some cases, the deformity can be seen even under clothing. Ptosis of the mons usually is addressed during abdominoplasty. The author presents a new clinical classification of mons deformity based on the amount of adipose tissue deposit and the degree of ptosis. A strategy of treatment to achieve a proper rejuvenation of mons deformities is provided. Between 2004 and 2009, a total of 132 patients with pendulous bellies and mons pubis deformities underwent abdominoplasty and lifting of the mons. A technique using a dermal-fascial suspension with permanent sutures to hang the weight of the mons skin and subcutaneous tissues on the musculoaponeuretic system of the lower abdomen is described. The age of patients undergoing the operation ranged from 20 to 53 years. During the follow-up period (12–38 months), all the patients by the author, who reviewed their medical charts. A Likert scale and an evaluation questionnaire were used to assess the aesthetic outcome of mons lifting. All the patients who underwent lifting of the mons pubis were free of postoperative contour deformities and had a long-lasting outcome. At this writing, patient satisfaction has remained high. The clinical classification and treatment guidelines reported are designed to provide simple procedures with minimal complications that have tremendously rejuvenated the mons.
Modeling of Metal-Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors

The characteristics for a MFSFET (metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor) is very different than a conventional MOSFET and must be modeled differently. The drain current has a hysteresis shape with respect to the gate voltage. The position along the hysteresis curve is dependent on the last positive or negative polling of the ferroelectric material. The drain current also has a logarithmic decay after the last polling. A model has been developed to describe the MFSFET drain current for both gate voltage on and gate voltage off conditions. This model takes into account the hysteresis nature of the MFSFET and the time dependent decay. The model is based on the shape of the Fermi-Dirac function which has been modified to describe the MFSFET's drain current. This is different from the model proposed by Chen et. al. and that by Wu.
Early Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Isoniazid and Rifampin among Diabetics with Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis in Virginia, USA.

Slow responders to tuberculosis (TB) treatment in Virginia have prolonged treatment duration and consume more programmatic resources. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for slow response and low serum anti-TB drug concentrations. Thus, a statewide initiative of early therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for isoniazid and rifampin at 2 weeks after TB treatment was piloted for all diabetics with newly diagnosed TB. During the period of early TDM, 12/01/2011–12/31/2012, 21 diabetics had concentrations performed and 16 (76%) had a value below the expected range for isoniazid, rifampin, or both. Fifteen had follow-up concentrations after dose adjustment and 12 (80%) increased to within the expected range (including all for rifampin). Of 16 diabetic patients with pulmonary TB that had early TDM, 14 (88%) converted their sputum culture to negative in <2 months. Early TDM for diabetics was operationally feasible, may speed response to TB therapy, and can be considered for TB programs with high diabetes prevalence.
Absolute configuration of (-)-gambogic acid, an antitumor agent.

(−)-Gambogic acid (1), a biologically active “caged xanthone” from gamboge, the dried resin of Garcinia hanburyi, is of interest as a potential anticancer agent. The planar structure of (−)gambogic acid has been determined previously by analysis of its detailed NMR data and confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, with the absolute configuration at C-13 deduced as R through a series of chemical degradations. Using (−)-morellic acid (2), an analogue of (−)gambogic acid, as a model compound, the 5R, 7S, 10aS, 13R, 27S absolute configuration of (−)gambogic acid was determined for the first time by comparison of physical and spectroscopic data, especially experimental and calculated electronic Circular Dichroism.
Follow your nose

Alice Shih-hou Huang draws on her own experience to highlight the many careers and opportunities open to scientists in the West and in China.
Enhanced frequency spectra of winds at the mesoscale based on radar profiler observations

Frequency spectra of horizontal winds in the troposphere and stratosphere, over a range of periods and frequencies, have been studied by means of two radar profilers, located at Plattenville, Colorado, and Poker Flat, Alaska, to determine if the spectra deviations from a consistent power law behavior can be verified in a statistical sense. At Plattenville, the spectrum of both zonal and meridional winds in the troposphere is found to obey a low-frequency regime at periods longer than a few hours and a high-frequency regime at periods less than 1/2 hour. The energy levels in the high-frequency regime are enhanced over those obtained by extrapolation of the low-frequency regime by a factor of 4. At Poker Flat, a similar pattern is found in the stratosphere, and the magnitude of the enhancement factor is 1.7. It is suggested that the enhanced amplitudes reflect the effects of upward-propagating gravity waves launched by the flow over a rough terrain, and that they influence the dynamics of the large-scale circulation to a great extent.
Neuropeptide Y Family of Hormones: Receptor Subtypes and Antagonists

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the most abundant peptide present in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system. NPY exhibits a variety of potent central and peripheral effects including those on feeding, memory, blood pressure, cardiac contractility and intestinal secretions. Classical pharmacological studies have shown that NPY effects are mediated by four different receptor subtypes, Y-1, Y-1-like, Y-2, and Y-3. However, the existence of numerous atypical activities provide strong evidence for the occurrence of additional NPY receptor subtypes. Pharmacological studies have further been facilitated by the recent cloning and expression of Y-1, Y-2, Y-4 (PP-1) and Y-5 receptors. Moreover, the cloned Y-5 receptor has been suggested to be the long awaited Y-1-like receptor involved in feeding. Structure-activity studies have laid a good foundation towards the development of receptor selective compounds, and to date potent Y-1 selective peptide and nonpeptide antagonists have been developed. The need to clone numerous receptor subtypes and to develop receptor selective compounds for physiological and perhaps clinical use is expected to keep NPY research active for many years to come.
Quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of arachidonoyl amino acids in mouse brain with treatment of FAAH inhibitor.

An additional class of endogenous lipid amides, N-arachidonoyl amino acids (Ara-AAs), is growing in significance in the field of endocannabinoids. The development, validation, and application of a sensitive and selective method to simultaneously monitor and quantify the level of Ara-AAs along with anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in mouse brain has been established. The linearity of the method over the concentration ranges of 0.2–120 pg/μl for the standards of N-arachidonoyl amino acids, N-arachidonoyl alanine (NAAla), serine (NASer), γ-aminobutyric acid (NAGABA), and glycine (NAGly); 0.7–90 pg/μl for AEA-d0/d8; and 7.5–950 pg/μl for 2-AG was determined with R2 values of 0.99. Also the effects of the FAAH inhibitor URB 597 on the endogenous levels of these analytes were investigated. AEA and NASer brain levels exhibit a dose-dependent increase after systemic administration of URB 597, whereas NAGly and NAGABA were significantly decreased after treatment. NAAla and 2-AG were not altered after URB 597 treatment. The potential benefit of establishing this assay extends beyond the quantification of the Ara-AAs along with AEA and 2-AG in mouse brain, to reveal a variety of pharmacological effects and physiological roles of these analytes.
Analysis, occurrence, and function of 9-cis-retinoic acid

Abstract Metabolic conversion of vitamin A (retinol) into retinoic acid (RA) controls numerous physiological processes. 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, is a high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptor (RXR) and also activates retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Despite the identification of candidate enzymes that produce 9cRA and the importance of RXRs as established by knockout experiments, in vivo detection of 9cRA in tissue was elusive until recently when 9cRA was identified as an endogenous pancreas retinoid by validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) methodology. This review will discuss the current status of the analysis, occurrence, and function of 9cRA. Understanding both the nuclear receptor-mediated and non-genomic mechanisms of 9cRA will aid in the elucidation of disease physiology and possibly lead to the development of new retinoid-based therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
Turing patterns in CNNs. I. Once over lightly

The aim of this three part tutorial is to focus the reader's attention to a new exciting behavior of a particular class of cellular neural networks (CNNs): Turing pattern formation in two-grid coupled CNNs. We first analyze the reduced Chua's circuit as the basic cell for the two-grid coupled CNNs capable of producing Turing patterns. We use a nonstandard normalization to derive a dimensionless state equation of the individual cell. Then, we present an intuitive explanation of Turing pattern formation mechanism for a 1-D two-grid coupled array in relation to the original mechanism proposed by Turing. Finally, we derive the first two conditions for Turing pattern formation, discuss the boundary conditions, and illustrate via an example on how the number of the equilibrium points of a CNN increases rapidly even though each isolated cell has only one equilibrium point. >
Origin of Reduced Efficiency in Cu(In,Ga)Se $_2$ Solar Cells With High Ga Concentration: Alloy Solubility Versus Intrinsic Defects

It is well known that adding Ga to CuInSe2 forming CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) alloy can significantly improve the solar cell efficiency, but adding too much Ga will lead to a decline of the solar cell efficiency. The exact origin of this puzzling phenomenon is currently still under debate. It is especially unclear whether it is caused by either structural or electronic issues. In this paper, we conclude that the defect issue, especially antisite defects MCu (M = In, Ga), rather than the alloy solubility is the key problem for the reduced efficiency in CIGS. The deep levels that are induced by MCu defects can pin the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of CIGS. Self-compensation in CIGS, which forms 2VCu + M Cu defect complexes, is found to be beneficial to quenching the deep-trap levels induced by MCu in CIGS. Unfortunately, the density of isolated MCu is quite high and cannot be largely converted into 2VCu + MCu complexes under thermal equilibrium condition. Thus, nonequilibrium growth conditions or low growth temperature that can suppress the formation of the deep-trap centers MCu will be necessary to improve the efficiency of CIGS solar cells, especially with high Ga concentrations.
The Effect of School-Based Health Clinics on Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting Outcomes: An Integrated Literature Review.

Teenage pregnancy outcomes have become an increasing concern in the United States. Education and support of pregnant teens are critical factors that may determine good or poor pregnancy outcomes. Poor outcomes may include low birth weight, developmental delays, and poor academic performance. Although the number of teenagers experiencing pregnancy and parenting has declined in the U.S., school-based health clinics can be used to provide support and guidance designed to avoid the negative outcomes associated with teenage pregnancy and parenting. By having school-based health clinics, nurse practitioners and school nurses can provide much needed services to pregnant and parenting teens. These services should include educational support, counseling, and community resources. This inquiry provides a metasynthesis of the literature and will review, examine, and summarize the literature relating to the effect of school-based clinics on teenage pregnancy and parenting outcomes.
Control of yeast cell type by the mating type locus: Positive regulation of the α-specific STE3 gene by the MATα 1 product

Abstract The mating type locus ( MAT ) determines the three yeast cell types, a, α, and a/α. It has been proposed that alleles of this locus, MAT a and MAT α, encode regulators that control expression of unlinked genes necessary for mating and sporulation. Specifically, the α1 product of MAT α is proposed to be a positive regulator of α-specific genes. To test this view, we have assayed RNA production from the α-specific STE3 gene in the three cell types and in mutants defective in MAT α. The STE3 gene was cloned by screening a yeast genomic clone bank for plasmids that complement the mating defect of ste3 mutants. Using the cloned STE3 gene as a probe, we find that a cells produce STE3 RNA, whereas a and a/a cells do not. Furthermore, mat α 1 mutants do not produce STE3 RNA, whereas mat α 2 mutants do. These results show that the STE3 gene, required for mating only by α cells, is expressed only in α cells. They show also that production of RNA from the STE3 gene requires the α1 product of MAT α. Thus α1 positively regulates at least one α-specific gene by increasing the level of that gene's RNA product.
TU-A-220-05: Imaging Shear Wave Velocity Using Thermal Ablation Electrode Vibration

Purpose: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is a minimally‐invasive treatment option for many hepatic tumors, and ultrasound strain imaging has been used to monitor these procedures. However, strain is not an inherent mechanical property of tissue; the Young's Modulus provides quantitative information. In this study, we generate shear waves in phantoms and liverablations using transient perturbation of the ablation needle and estimate shear wavevelocity, which is proportional to Young's Modulus. We then assess boundary delineation of these ablations. Methods: Two tissue mimicking phantoms were used in this study: phantom 1 contained a solid inclusion in a soft background, and phantom 2 contained an inclusion simulating a partially ablated region. A rod bonded to the inclusion was vibrated, and radiofrequency data of the inclusion and surrounding background were acquired to track propagation of the shear wave. Shear wavevelocity was estimated using the time‐to‐peak algorithm. This procedure was repeated on radiofrequency ablations formed in bovine liver tissue ex vivo. Results: Good boundary demarcation was observed between the inclusion and the background in both phantoms. In phantom 2, the partially ablated region was also visible. Shear wavevelocity estimates were 1.57 and 3.15 m/s in the background and inclusion, respectively in phantom 1, and 1.56, 3.27, and 2.06 m/s in the background, ablated region, and partially ablated region, respectively in phantom 2. Good boundary delineation was also observed in an ex vivo bovine ablation. Shear wavevelocity estimates were 0.79 and 18.64 m/s in the background and ablation, respectively. Conclusions: Shear waveimaging provides good boundary delineation, as well as quantitative information not provided with strain imaging. This technique can be used in conjunction with B‐mode imaging used for real‐time guidance of the electrode, allowing multiple imaging tasks to be performed using a single imaging modality. This work is supported by NIH grants R01CA112192‐04, R01CA112192‐ S103, and T32CA09206‐31.
Jetting and Detonation Initiation in Shock Induced Collapse of Nanometer-Scale Voids

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to characterize the dynamics of the shock-induced asymmetric collapse of nanometer-scale voids in cubane nitrogen and to characterize how this dynamics couples with local chemistry to increase the shock sensitivity relative to homogeneous initiation. Mesoscopic-scale features of the void collapse correspond well to experimentally observed features of micrometer-scale bubble collapse, including a transition from single to double jetting with an increasing transverse void length. An analytic model is developed for the enhanced shock sensitivity as a function of void size and shape that reproduces the simulation results. At the atomic level, the simulations show vibrational up-pumping of molecules in the jet front because of collisions with the downstream wall followed by bi-molecular reactive dynamics from continued jet impact that triggers the onset of initiation. These results provide important new insights into the coupling of hydrodynamic void collapse and the enhanced shock sensitivity of energetic materials.
Helminths of the San Diego Alligator Lizard, (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus webbi) (Anguidae)

Necropsy of 96 specimens of the San Diego alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus webbi) from Los Angeles County, California (USA) revealed the presence of two nematodes (Physaloptera sp. and Oswaldocruzia pipiens) and a cestode (Oochoristica sp.). Both O. pipiens and Oochoristica sp. represent new host records. Prevalence of helminth infection (all species) was only 4/96 (4%) indicating the lack of a helminth community and a depauperate helminth fauna in this host.
Hadronic transport properties in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract We introduce a set of coupled transport equations for nucleons, pions, and Deltas for the description of hadronic matter in heavy ion collisions up to beam energies per nucleon of 2 GeV. By investigating pion production, pion transverse momentum spectra, baryon collective flow, and two-proton intensity interferometry, we are able to obtain insight on the sensitivity of these observables to the parameters of the nuclear equation of state and to nuclear transport properties.
Parallel teams for knowledge creation: Role of collaboration and incentives

Parallel team strategy, in which multiple teams simultaneously pursue project goals, has been widely adopted by high-tech industries for knowledge creation. In this study, we investigate the design of organizational incentives, including a fixed wage payment and an additional reward structure, for effective management of the parallel team strategy. We consider two main variants of parallel teams-collaborative and non-collaborative teams. Proposing and investigating three types of organizational reward policies, individual, aggregate, and contingent, we analyze the viability and characteristics of these policies. We show that individual reward policy performs better than aggregate policy, and that collaboration in parallel teams is vital. When parallel teams work non-collaboratively or when aggregate reward policy is used for collaborative teams, the firm achieves optimal profits by only offering a share of the knowledge creation benefit as the reward. Under some conditions for collaborative teams, we demonstrate that individual and contingent reward policies can achieve maximal benefits (first-best) for the organization. This research provides valuable insights for firms in employing parallel team strategy for knowledge creation.
Japanese telecommunication reform and the standards-setting process

Abstract The recently proposed separation of NTT into three companies would have caused changes in the ways in which telecommunication standards are set in Japan: (a) there would no longer have been a virtual monopsony market in telecommunication equipment in Japan, and no one firm would have dominated; (b) NTT's research labs would have been divided up and might no longer have been the primary source of Japanese standards research effort; (c) MPT's power relative to smaller firms would have been greater, allowing it a greater role in telecommunication standards strategy. This paper explores what some of the effects of such changes might have been.
Discriminative probabilistic models for expert search in heterogeneous information sources

In many realistic settings of expert finding, the evidence for expertise often comes from heterogeneous knowledge sources. As some sources tend to be more reliable and indicative than the others, different information sources need to receive different weights to reflect their degrees of importance. However, most previous studies in expert finding did not differentiate data sources, which may lead to unsatisfactory performance in the settings where the heterogeneity of data sources is present. In this paper, we investigate how to merge and weight heterogeneous knowledge sources in the context of expert finding. A relevance-based supervised learning framework is presented to learn the combination weights from training data. Beyond just learning a fixed combination strategy for all the queries and experts, we propose a series of discriminative probabilistic models which have increasing capability to associate the combination weights with specific experts and queries. In the last (and also the most sophisticated) proposed model, the combination weights depend on both expert classes and query topics, and these classes/topics are derived from expert and query features. Compared with expert and query independent combination methods, the proposed combination strategy can better adjust to different types of experts and queries. In consequence, the model yields much flexibility of combining data sources when dealing with a broad range of expertise areas and a large variation in experts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that designs discriminative learning models to rank experts. Empirical studies on two real world faculty expertise testbeds demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed discriminative learning models.
The mediating effect of supplier oriented purchasing on conflict in inter‐firm relationships

Purpose – The paper has two main purposes: to define and examine supplier oriented purchasing (SOP) as an effective relational exchange practice for organizational buyers and to empirically examine the degree to which supplier oriented purchasing can mediate the impact of manifest conflict on buyer‐supplier relationships.Design/methodology/approach – A model is developed and tested examining the relationship among manifest conflict, relationship satisfaction and SOP. Data collection involved judgment sampling and survey methodology in a field setting using organizational buyers as subjects. Construct measures were based on existing measures and previous research. Measurement reliability and validity were established using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using SEM and accepted methods for testing mediation effects.Findings – All hypotheses were supported concerning SOP mediating the negative impact of manifest conflict on relationship satisfaction. Post hoc analyses of ...
The use of lasers for semiconducter scribing/singulation applications

Semiconductor manufacturing, is dominated by the relentless demand for electronic products with greater performance, minimized dimensions, increased sophistication, and higher speed, all at reduced process cost. Logic device manufacturers need to satisfy this demand by producing integrated circuits that meet the predicted density increase encapsulated in Moore's law. This has led to the use of low-κ dielectrics. For memory devices, thinner wafers are used to enable close stacking of multiple dies in a single low-profile package. And in a third market segment, newer photonic devices are using novel materials such as GaAs, SiC, GaN and sapphire. Traditional mechanical methods are struggling to meet the singulation needs in all three of these device types. Yet at the same time, market realities dictate that the effective cost for increased processing power, novel photonic performance, and higher memory density all continue to fall. As a result, laser-based methods are being adopted in all three areas. In this overview paper, we examine the drivers for each of these market segments and see how laser technology is meeting the singulation demands of current and future devices.
Evidence for elastic disorder in the elastically ordered phase of KCN

We have obtained evidence from /sup 13/C NMR measurements that the CN/sup -/ ion in the elastically ordered phase of KCN is misoriented slightly with respect to the orthorhombic b axis. This misorientation varies randomly over the lattice, averaging to zero on a macroscopic scale. The misorientations are manifested through small-angle CN/sup -/ reorientations which contribute to the spin-lattice relaxation time T/sub 1/ of the /sup 13/C nuclei, via dipolar interactions and chemical shift anisotropy.
FDTD Modeling of the Borehole EM Response of a Conductive Ore Deposit in a Lossy Dielectric

SUMMARY High frequency cross-borehole EM surveying is an increasingly important technique for investigating massive sulfide deposits and other conductive geological features in a resistive host. Since the geometric optics approximation is poor for frequencies which give a good depth of penetration, interpretation of field data depends on full-waveform m odeling. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) modeling is an effective means of generating the EM response of a conductive feature, modeled as a perfect conductor, to an EM incident field in a lossy dielectric. In this application, Perfect Matched Layer (PML) boundary conditions facilitate modeling with an economically sized grid.
Extended depth of field and aberration control for inexpensive digital microscope systems.

We present a new application and current results for extending depth of field using wave front coding. A cubic phase plate is used to code wave fronts in microscopy resulting in extended depths of field and inexpensive chromatic aberration control. A review of the theory behind cubic phase plate extended depth of field systems is given along with the challenges that are face when applying the theory to microscopy. Current results from the new extended depth of field microscope systems are shown
Pre-solar grains: outlook and opportunities for astrophysics

As pristine condensates from a large number of stars, presolar grains provide unique information on the sources, types, compositions and processing histories of dust in the Galaxy. However, their promise remains largely unfulfilled. Here we discuss some of the astrophysical problems for which presolar grains might provide important insights and constraints in coming years.
Fulfilling the promise: drug discovery in the post-genomic era

The genomic era has brought with it a basic change in experimentation, enabling researchers to look more comprehensively at biological systems. The sequencing of the human genome coupled with advances in automation and parallelization technologies have afforded a fundamental transformation in the drug target discovery paradigm, towards systematic whole genome and proteome analyses. In conjunction with novel proteomic techniques, genome-wide annotation of function in cellular models is possible. Overlaying data derived from whole genome sequence, expression and functional analysis will facilitate the identification of causal genes in disease and significantly streamline the target validation process. Moreover, several parallel technological advances in small molecule screening have resulted in the development of expeditious and powerful platforms for elucidating inhibitors of protein or pathway function. Conversely, high-throughput and automated systems are currently being used to identify targets of orphan small molecules. The consolidation of these emerging functional genomics and drug discovery technologies promises to reap the fruits of the genomic revolution.
Unintended Pregnancy and Intimate Partner Violence Before and During Pregnancy Among Latina Women in Los Angeles, California:

The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between unintended pregnancy and intimate partner violence (IPV) before and during pregnancy among Latinas. A cross-sectional interview measuring pregnancy intent, IPV, and acculturation, using the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA-II), was conducted among Latina women in their 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy at clinics in Los Angeles (n = 313). Overall, 44% of women reported an unintended pregnancy. The prevalence of physical (any) and emotional (only) abuse 12 months before pregnancy was 11% and 22%, respectively. Although both types of IPV decreased during pregnancy (10% and 19%, respectively), most reports of physical IPV during pregnancy (53%) were among women who did not report physical abuse before pregnancy. After adjusting for other factors, physical IPV before pregnancy was not associated with unintended pregnancy (adjusted OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.40, 2.16). The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was highest (76%) am...
Chicano-Mexican Cultural Assimilation and Anglo-Saxon Cultural Dominance

This article examines the cultural assimilationl proc.ess of a Mexicani-origini community in tIhe agrarian ciiyl of Sanita Paula, California. Thle aim of tlis stildy is to describe how the niotion of Anglo-Saxon sutperiority set forth t)he plhilosophical foutndatiolns that structiured the cultural assimilation of the Mexican-origin groups. It is argued that the philosophly of Aniglo-Saxoni suiperiority gen1erated a culturally ranked social order in Sanita Paula that serv>ed to ascribe to the Mexican-orIiginl gr'oulps ani inJrrior social positioni. Thlis nativist philosophly has historically beeli utsed bv ti/e domIIilnlant culture to inistill proper behav ior in the Mexicani-origini populationi anid to preserve tile existing social order of the Anglo elite. A major finiding of this invtlestigation1 c ontc liuded ihat althoughi the ideology of Aiglo-Saxon super-ior-ity genier-ated iititragrouip c'onIflict withinl the Mexic'an-origin contnttuti;, it simtultanleoulslyv promot'oied intrgi-outp unlity. Durzili...
Multiresolutional texture analysis of multispectral imagery for automated ground cover classification

The authors provide an introduction to wavelet-based texture recognition. The authors compare conventional approaches, such as co-occurrence matrix methods and Fourier-based techniques, to wavelet-based approaches. Practical remote sensing applications are presented, including the detection of weeds in agricultural crops and the detection and analysis of noxious weeds for environmental applications. For these case studies, the authors present a theoretical discussion as well as experimental classification results. These applications demonstrate the benefits of multiresolutional methods to the texture classification task in multispectral imagery.
Alcohol Use Disorder Clinical Course Research: Informing Clinicians’ Treatment Planning Now and in the Future

Objective:The clinical course of alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been widely researched over the past half-century and has been used to advance our understanding of the treatment of AUD. Nevertheless, new directions in AUD clinical course research could enhance its value in informing clinical decision-making in patient-centered treatment of AUD.Method:An overview, a critical analysis, and a discussion of AUD clinical course research are presented.Results:This article discusses three research directions that promote the advancement of the knowledge regarding the clinical course of AUD to better inform clinical decision-making in patient-centered treatment of AUD. Specifically, we hypothesized that (a) real-time data collection of the clinical course of AUD via ecological momentary assessment would help elucidate near real-time associations between risk factors and alcohol use, (b) future research designs should use person-centered and dynamic analyses of alcohol use over time, and (c) adaptive treatment des...
The Conceivability of Platonism

It is widely believed that platonists face a formidable problem: that of providing an intelligible account of mathematical knowledge. The problem is that we seem unable, if the platonist is right, to have the causal relationships with the objects of mathematics without which knowledge of these objects seems unintelligible. The standard platonist response to this challenge is either to deny that knowledge without causation is unintelligible, or to make room for causal interactions by softening the platonism at issue. In this essay I argue that the idea of causal relations with fully platonist objects is unproblematic.
An analysis of induced motion

Abstract The motion induced in a stationary object by a displacing surround invariably was accompanied by an apparent change in the erocentric location of that object. The degree of this apparent spatial displacement significantly correlated with the amount of induced motion seen. Induced movement was, therefore, interpreted in terms of a subjective change in the location of an object in space, as opposed to the object-relative displacement hypothesis proposed by Duncker in 1929. These findings were extended to test critically such other concepts in motion perception as separation of systems. The perception of motion into the third dimension was also found to require a subjective displacement of objects in space from one location to another or, more specifically, a change in the apparent distance of stimuli. It was concluded that visually perceived motion in a particular direction derives from a perceived spatial displacement in that direction over time.
An Analysis of the Demand Structure for Branded Consumer Products

This article reports the results of a demand analysis investigating the underlying structure and price responsiveness of a consumer product market. The analysis employs a non-linear demand model arising directly from recent empirical research on individual consumer behavior and is concerned with the determinants of market share in a competitive environment. The empirical investigation focuses on the form of the relationship relating price and adverstising expenditures to market share, and in this interest a number of linear models relating these variables were fitted to provide a reference for the results obtained with the non-linear model. Finally, the results of the study were put into perspective and related to the relevant literature.
To give is better than to receive: The benefits of peer review to the reviewer's own writing

Although peer review has been shown to be beneficial in many writing classrooms, the benefits of peer review to the reviewer, or the student giving feedback, has not been thoroughly investigated in second-language writing research. The purpose of this study is to determine which is more beneficial to improving student writing: giving or receiving peer feedback. The study was conducted at an intensive English institute with ninety-one students in nine writing classes at two proficiency levels. The ‘‘givers’’ reviewed anonymous papers but received no peer feedback over the course of the semester, while the ‘‘receivers’’ received feedback but did not review other students’ writing. An analysis in the gains in writing ability measured from writing samples collected at the beginning and end of the semester indicated that the givers, who focused solely on reviewing peers’ writing, made more significant gains in their own writing over the course of the semester than did the receivers, who focused solely on how to use peer feedback. Results also indicated that givers at the lower proficiency level made more gains than those at higher proficiency levels and that slightly more gains were observed on global than local aspects of writing.
Information Retrieval Systems and Learning

In the past, systems of instruction and retrieval have delivered different information, have served different functions, and have varied in content coverage, control, interaction, and amount of monitoring and guidance provided. However, technological trends that increase the amount and kind of information available on-line and that increase the speed and ease with which it can be searched are eroding these differences. It is now possible to put more primary information online in more varied forms and to make it more easily accessible to those who lack knowledge of computers or retrieval systems. Consequently, retrieval systems are becoming an alternative to instruction as a way to learn. In certain circumstances, letting people learn from information retrieval systems might be preferable to more formal approaches to instruction. Cognitive psychology provides clues about when to use retrieval systems to teach and train. Using retrieval systems or instructional systems is not an all-or-nothing decision. New instructional designs like hypermedia and “parallel systems” are appearing that integrate formal instruction and information retrieval.
Turning Toward Tincup: A Story of a Home Death

The following autoethnography explores the experience of one family as they accompany their mother/wife to a cabin where the mother spends her last days. The author explores her decision to write this story, drawing on her journal and dreams as prompts to do so. The author's relationship with her mother, past and present, unfolds as the dying process continues. As the mother makes her end-of-life decisions, the family takes on primary responsibilities for this home death. They confront their own feelings about death and each other as they become primary caregivers. The author compares childbirth experiences in the 1940s with what has become unusual—a death in a remote cabin, away from medical care. The story ends as the family completes the process a year later with the physical labor of tending the cemetery grounds.
Equivalence Checking of Datapaths Based on Canonical Arithmetic Expressions

Numerous formal verification systems have been proposed and developed for Finite Sate Machine based control units (notably SMV[19] as well as others). However, most research on the equivalence checking of datapaths is still confined to the bit-level. Formal verification of arithmetic expressions and synthesized datapaths, especially considering finite word-length computation, has not been addressed. Thus formal verification techniques have been prohibited from more extensive applications in numerical and Digital Signal Processing. In this paper a formal system, called Conditional Term Rewriting on Attribute Syntax Trees (ConTRAST) is developed and demonstrated for verifying the equivalence between two differently synthesized datapaths. This result arises from a sophisticated integration of attribute grammars, which provide expressive data structures for syntactic and semantic information about designed datapaths, and term rewriting systems, which transform functionally equivalent datapaths into the same canonical form. The equivalence relation is defined as a congruence closure in the rewriting system, which can be generated from arbitrary axioms, such as associativity, commutativity, etc. in a certain algebraic system. Furthermore, the effect of finite word-lengths and their associated arithmetic precision are also considered in the definition of equivalence classes. As a particular application of ConTRAST, a formal verification system is designed to check equivalence under precision constraints. The results of initial DSP synthesis experiments are displayed, where two differently implemented IIR filters in direct II and cascaded architectures are automatically compared under given precision constraints.
Error probabilities for generalized quadriphase DS/SSMA communication systems with random signature sequences

Methods to determine the average error probabilities in quadriphase direct-sequence spread spectrum multiple-access (DS/SSMA) communication systems are proposed. The systems being considered employ random signature sequences and arbitrary chip waveforms that are time-limited to one chip interval. The methods range from an algorithm that determines upper and lower bounds with arbitrary accuracy, to simple formulas that provide accurate estimates efficiently. Each method will find applications in different areas. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate each of the methods.
Researching Drug Robbery

Street robbery is widely seen as the epitome of acquisitive instrumentality, yet recent research suggests that the crime may be designed more to send a message than to generate capital. Drawing from in-depth, semistructured interviews with active offenders, we find that moralistic street robbery is a response to one of three types of violations. Market-related violations emerge from disputes involving partners in trade, rivals, or generalized predators. Status-based violations involve encounters in which the grievant's essential character or normative sensibilities have been challenged. Personalistic violations flow from incidents in which the grievant's autonomy or belief in a just world have been jeopardized. Discussion focuses on the data's implications for deterrence and the spread of urban violence.
Parent Support Services for Families of Children With Emotional Disturbances Served in Elementary School Special Education Settings Examination of Data From the Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study

Using data from the Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study, we describe parent involvement and support activities in schools educating a nationally representative sample of students with emotional disturbances (EDs). We describe the extent to which programs aimed at encouraging family involvement are offered by schools and received by families and their relationship to child, family, and school characteristics. Student-level information was obtained from students, teachers, and parents, whereas school-level information was obtained from school administrators. Although schools attended by 71% of the students reported offering at least one type of family involvement activity, teachers reported only 17% of families of children with ED received a parent support service. Compared with families who did not receive support services, those who did were more involved in their school, and their children received more services in the community and had higher achievement levels. The need and potential method...
A Real Little Game: The Pinocchio Effect in Pervasive Play

Mobile digital technologies and networks have fueled a recent proliferation of opportunities for pervasive play in everyday spaces. In this paper, I examine how players negotiate the boundary between these pervasive games and real life. I trace the emergence of what I call “the Pinocchio effect” ‐ the desire for a game to be transformed into real life, or conversely, for everyday life to be transformed into a "real little game.” Focusing on two examples of pervasive play ‐ the 2001 immersive game known as the Beast, and the Go Game, an ongoing urban superhero game — I argue that gamers maximize their play experience by performing belief, rather than actually believing, in the permeability of the game-reality boundary.
Reducing a Monotone Horizontal LCP to an LCP

In this note, we show how to reduce a monotone horizontal linear complementarity problem to a (standard) monotone linear complementarity problem. The main steps involved in this reduction are: finding a maximal linearly independent column set of a given matrix (or equivalently, converting a matrix to its reduced row echelon form) and inverting a nonsingular matrix.
Bikes, helmets, and public health: decision-making when goods collide

How ought public officials address policy choices that entail trade-offs between desirable public health goods? Increasing cycling improves public health both by promoting physical activity and by decreasing vehicle use, thus reducing vehicular emissions. Proponents of bicycle helmets argue that, used properly, they protect individual cyclists; however, there is concern that mandating helmet use may result in a decrease in cycling.In 2012, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg opposed a bicycle helmet mandate, concerned that it would have a negative impact on the city's cycling rate, which he had sought to increase. The mayor did not explain his rationale, leaving constituents unsure why he opposed the proposal.This case study underscores the challenge of creating public policy in the context of competing public health goods.
Sharp decrease in long-term chemical weathering rates along an altitudinal transect

We used cosmogenic nuclide and geochemical mass balance methods to measure long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion across a steep climatic gradient in the Santa Rosa Mountains, Nevada. Our study sites are distributed along a 2 km ridgeline transect that spans 2090 to 2750 m in altitude, and encompasses marked contrasts in both vegetative cover and snow depth, but is underlain by a single, roughly uniform, granodiorite bedrock. Cosmogenic nuclides in colluvial soils reveal that denudation rates vary by less than a factor of 1.4 (104–144 t/km2/yr) along this transect. Bulk elemental analyses indicate that, relative to the parent rock, soils are less intensively weathered with increasing altitude, and show little evidence of weathering-related mass losses near the top of the ridge. Chemical weathering rates decrease rapidly with increasing altitude, both in absolute terms (from 24 to 0 t/km2/yr) and as a fraction of total denudation rates (from 20 to 0%). Thus these results indicate an increasing dominance of physical erosion with altitude. The observed decrease in chemical weathering rates is greater than one would predict from the decrease in mean annual temperature using simple weathering kinetics, suggesting that weathering rates along our transect may also be affected by the progressive decline in vegetative cover and increase in snow depth with increasing altitude. These results, considered together with weathering rate measurements for a wide range of climates in the Sierra Nevada, USA, suggest that chemical weathering rates may be particularly sensitive to differences in climate at higher-altitude sites. Consistent with this hypothesis, chemical weathering rates fall virtually to zero at the highest sites on our transect, suggesting that sparsely vegetated, high-altitude crystalline terrain may often be characterized by extremely slow silicate weathering rates.