cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-speed modulation characteristics and small-signal circuit modeling of deeply implanted GRINSCH-VCSELs with graded heterointerfaces

ABSTRACT The high frequency behaviour of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) has been investigated.The small-signal optical modulation response and the impedance characteristics of several differentmultiple-quantum-well (MQW) VCSEL device structures have been measured and modeled as a function of dc bias and frequency in the 0. 1 3 -- 20.00 gigaHertz range. An equivalent circuit model describing theintrinsic and extrinsic response of the VCSEL was derived, and a good fit to the experimental impedanceand modulation data has been achieved. The extrinsic model yields the VCSEL electrical transfer functionfrom which the 3 dB corner frequency (attributed to RLC parasitics) can be evaluated. In some of thedevices measured, the 3 dB cutoff frequency is higher than the 3 dB optical modulation bandwidth measured. It is demonstrated that the electrical circuit parasitics alone are not the limiting factor in obtaining the maximum modulation bandwidth from these devices. It is found that the output power roll-over effectdue to thermal heating is also a significant limit in obtaining higher optical modulation frequencies. Byfitting the model of the intrinsic modulation response to the measured data a maximum resonant relaxationfrequency of over 22 GHz is obtained (for a device with an 1 1 .tm diameter active region). It is also found
Inhibin: measurement and role in the immature female rat

The possible physiological significance of endogenous inhibin has been evaluated in the female rat during sexual maturation. Plasma inhibin levels measured by a specific RIA were very low, but detectable at 5 days of age, then progressively increased until day 17, when, they showed an abrupt rise. This rise was concurrent with a dramatic fall in plasma FSH levels. At day 30, inhibin values were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those Of adult females. The immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin had no statistically significant (P > 0.05) effect on plasma FSH levels in 10-day-pld immature female rats, but markedly (P < 0.01) increased them at day 20 and 30. These results suggest that endogenous inhibin plays a physiological role in modulating FSH secretion from day 20 of age in the female rat.
Methodological issues in diabetes research. Measuring adherence.

The prevalence of nonadherence in IDDM and NIDDM populations and conceptual and methodological issues relevant to measuring diabetes regimen adherence are reviewed. The prevalence of nonadherence varies across the different components of the diabetes regimen, during the course of the disease, and across the patient's life span. Although prevalence rates might be expected to differ between IDDM and NIDDM populations, this rarely has been evaluated. Conceptual problems in defining and measuring adherence include: the absence of explicit adherence standards against which the patient's behavior can be compared; inadvertent noncompliance attributable to patient-provider miscommunication and patient knowledge/skill deficits; the behavioral complexity of the diabetes regimen; and the confounding of compliance with diabetes control. Methods for measuring adherence include: health status indicators, provider ratings, behavioral observations, permanent products, and patient self-reports, including behavior ratings, diaries, and 24-h recall interviews. A measurement method should be selected on the basis of reliability, validity, nonreactivity, sensitivity to the complexity of diabetes regimen behaviors, and measurement independence from the patient's health status. The timing of measurements should be based on the stability of adherence behaviors and temporal congruity with other measures of interest (e.g., indexes of metabolic control). Directions for future research and suggestions for clinical practice are provided.
Overview: The treatment of drug dependence

Addictive disorders resemble other chronic medical disorders in that they are characterized by relapses and remissions. This central feature of the addictions is addressed by many of the contributors in their individual chapters. There are also several specific points raised in the chapters which merit further discussion. For instance, any assumption that long-term anti-anxiety treatment with benzodiazepines implies a form of dependence that requires treatment could be set against an alternative view that there may be appropriate medical/psychiatric indications for such prolonged treatment. There are also interesting questions which deserve discussion surrounding the debate over treatment setting for opiate dependence treatments. The paper by Johns presents a case for inpatient treatment whereas in the United States long-term methadone maintenance is seen as one of the most effective treatments. Given the complexity of the bio-psycho-social mechanisms involved in addiction, a combination of therapeutic approaches tailored to individual needs should probably continue to be the guiding principle.
Acquisition and liberation of Histomonas wenrichi by Heterakis gallinarum

Abstract Simultaneous infections with Histomonas wenrichi Lund, 1963 and Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank, 1788) Madsen, 1949, were established in 15 chickens and seven turkeys. In six chickens and two turkeys, at least one female Heterakis developed eggs that transmitted H. wenrichi when fed to chicks and poults. Such heterakids were usually from birds in which histomonads were most numerous when the larvae were 12–20 days old. On other tests, chicks and poults were given Histomonas-bearing eggs of Heterakis, and the cecal discharges examined for the first appearance of H. wenrichi. This occurred from day 10 to day 28, after the eggs were given, but most frequently from 12 to 20 days. Allowing 5–6 days for histomonads to multiply sufficiently to be detected in cecal discharges, their liberation from the larvae must usually have occurred about 6–15 days after Heterakis eggs were ingested. Thus, H. wenrichi may be acquired by heterakids of the same generation as those that initiate the Histomonas infection in the definitive host, which obviously has survival value for H. wenrichi.
The Impact of National Culture on Information Systems Planning Autonomy

Hofstede's national culture model has been applied in prior research to better understand the management of multinational firms. That research suggests that national culture may influence the information systems planning autonomy of the subsidiaries of multinational firms, but such an impact has not yet been tested empirically. A postal survey of 131 chief information officers and 103 senior non-IS managers of U.S. subsidiaries of such firms collected data to test hypotheses based on the model. Structural equation modeling using PLS-Graph 3.0 revealed that Individualism-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity, and Uncertainty Avoidance predicted autonomy for particular IS planning phases as rated by the CIOs. On the basis of the supported hypotheses, the study provides evidence of the relevance of the national culture model to IS planning effectiveness and IS contribution. The study also suggests to subsidiary managers that an understanding of the national culture of their parent firm can help them gain an insight into the parent's management perspective.
NEXRAD NWS Polarimetric Precipitation Product Evaluation for IFloodS

AbstractThe NEXRAD program has recently upgraded the WSR-88D network observational capability with dual polarization (DP). In this study, DP quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) provided by the current version of the NWS system are evaluated using a dense rain gauge network and two other single-polarization (SP) rainfall products. The analyses are performed for the period and spatial domain of the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) campaign. It is demonstrated that the current version (2014) of QPE from DP is not superior to that from SP mainly because DP QPE equations introduce larger bias than the conventional rainfall–reflectivity [i.e., R(Z)] relationship for some hydrometeor types. Moreover, since the QPE algorithm is based on hydrometeor type, abrupt transitions in the phase of hydrometeors introduce errors in QPE with surprising variation in space that cannot be easily corrected using rain gauge data. In addition, the propagation of QPE uncertainties across multiple hydrological scales is investig...
Expertise and Professional Standards

Although professional expertise is generally considered to be a key attribute of any profession, little analysis of it has been directly undertaken. Using a model that distinguishes the kinds of uncertainty faced by the profession from those faced by individual practitioners, this study suggests how uncertainty is absorbed through professionalization and managed by practitioners through the use of professional standards. Examination of this use reveals the professional contradictions in expertise between individual virtualities and collective science; the dilemmas that standards produce by permitting the democratization of expertise yet enabling the proletarianization of professionals; and how standards may be used by outsiders to analyze and evaluate directly a profession's expertise, thereby facilitating a measure of societal control over seemingly autonomously generated knowledge.
Tropical Plant–Herbivore Networks: Reconstructing Species Interactions Using DNA Barcodes

Plants and their associated insect herbivores, represent more than 50% of all known species on earth. The first step in understanding the mechanisms generating and maintaining this important component of biodiversity is to identify plant-herbivore associations. In this study we determined insect-host plant associations for an entire guild of insect herbivores using plant DNA extracted from insect gut contents. Over two years, in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica (La Selva Biological Station), we recorded the full diet breadth of rolled-leaf beetles, a group of herbivores that feed on plants in the order Zingiberales. Field observations were used to determine the accuracy of diet identifications using a three-locus DNA barcode (rbcL, trnH-psbA and ITS2). Using extraction techniques for ancient DNA, we obtained high-quality sequences for two of these loci from gut contents (rbcL and ITS2). Sequences were then compared to a comprehensive DNA barcode library of the Zingiberales. The rbcL locus identified host plants to family (success/sequence = 58.8%) and genus (success/sequence = 47%). For all Zingiberales except Heliconiaceae, ITS2 successfully identified host plants to genus (success/sequence = 67.1%) and species (success/sequence = 61.6%). Kindt's sampling estimates suggest that by collecting ca. four individuals representing each plant-herbivore interaction, 99% of all host associations included in this study can be identified to genus. For plants that amplified ITS2, 99% of the hosts can be identified to species after collecting at least four individuals representing each interaction. Our study demonstrates that host plant identifications at the species-level using DNA barcodes are feasible, cost-effective, and reliable, and that reconstructing plant-herbivore networks with these methods will become the standard for a detailed understanding of these interactions.
Seasonal Variations in Aerosol Composition and Acidity at Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks

The concentration of elements Na through Pb, select ions, and organic carbon from fine (<2.5 µm) particles has been monitored at Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks from 1988 through 1995. The data obtained from 1988 through 1994 show that significant changes in the concentrations of many aerosol constituents occur on a seasonal basis. Particulate sulfate and organic carbon are shown to exhibit substantially higher concentrations during the summer, while sulfur dioxide and nitrate concentrations are highest during the winter. A method for estimating the degree of neutralization of particulate sulfate is given. This method uses routinely measured aerosol elemental compositions because ammonium ion, the primary neutralizing species for sulfate, is not measured on a routine basis. Application of this method to the selected data set shows that sulfate aerosol is most acidic during summer with an average molar Hs (moles of hydrogen associated with sulfur) to S (moles of sulfur) ratio of approxi...
Interactions with Iridophores and the Tissue Environment Required for Patterning Melanophores and Xanthophores during Zebrafish Adult Pigment Stripe Formation

Skin pigment patterns of vertebrates are a classic system for understanding fundamental mechanisms of morphogenesis, differentiation, and pattern formation, and recent studies of zebrafish have started to elucidate the cellular interactions and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. In this species, horizontal dark stripes of melanophores alternate with light interstripes of yellow or orange xanthophores and iridescent iridophores. We showed previously that the highly conserved zinc finger protein Basonuclin-2 (Bnc2) is required in the environment in which pigment cells reside to promote the development and maintenance of all three classes of pigment cells; bnc2 mutants lack body stripes and interstripes. Previous studies also revealed that interactions between melanophores and xanthophores are necessary for organizing stripes and interstripes. Here we show that bnc2 promotes melanophore and xanthophore development by regulating expression of the growth factors Kit ligand a (Kitlga) and Colony stimulating factor-1 (Csf1), respectively. Yet, we found that rescue of melanophores and xanthophores was insufficient for the recovery of stripes in the bnc2 mutant. We therefore asked whether bnc2-dependent iridophores might contribute to stripe and interstripe patterning as well. We found that iridophores themselves express Csf1, and by ablating iridophores in wild-type and mutant backgrounds, we showed that iridophores contribute to organizing both melanophores and xanthophores during the development of stripes and interstripes. Our results reveal an important role for the cellular environment in promoting adult pigment pattern formation and identify new components of a pigment-cell autonomous pattern-generating system likely to have broad implications for understanding how pigment patterns develop and evolve.
Theory into Practice: The (Missing) Link between Instruction and Assessment

(2011). Theory into Practice: The (Missing) Link between Instruction and Assessment. Strategies: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 32-34.
A campus-wide testbed over the TV white spaces

We have deployed a wireless network that operates in the white spaces of the TV band spectrum and covers most of Microsoft campus in Redmond, WA. Since the campus is large (approximately 1 mile x 1 mile), there are several shuttles that move employees from one building to another. We have used the white spaces network to enable a key productivity scenario on campus - Internet connectivity in campus shuttles. We have modified one such shuttle to operate over the TV band white spaces. A white space radio in this shuttle communicates with two base stations deployed on buildings on campus. Inside the shuttle, we bridge the white space connection to Wi-Fi, so that an employee's laptop that does not have an integrated white space radio can nevertheless connect to the Internet, using Wi-Fi within the shuttle, and white spaces between the shuttle and the base stations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first network deployed over the TV white spaces.
Time Space Tradeoffs for SAT on Nonuniform Machines

The arguments used by R. Kannan (1984, Math. Systems Theory17, 29?45), L. Fortnow (1997, in “Proceedings, Twelfth Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, Ulm, Germany, 24?27 June, 1997,” pp. 52?60), and R. J. Lipton and A. Viglas (1999, in “40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, New York, 17?19 Oct. 1999,” pp. 459?469) are generalized and combined with an argument for diagonalizing over machines taking n bits of advice on inputs of length n to obtain the first nontrivial time?space lower bounds for SAT on nonuniform machines. In particular, we show that for any a 0, SAT cannot be computed by a random access deterministic Turing machine using na time, no(1) space, and o(n2/2??) advice nor by a random access deterministic Turing machine using n1+o(1) time, n1?? space, and n1?? advice. More generally, we show that if for some ?>0 there exists a random access deterministic Turing machine solving SAT using na time, nb space, and o(n(a+b)/2??) advice, then a?12(b2+8?b). Lower bounds for computing \overline{{\bfSAT}} on random access nondeterministic Turing machines taking sublinear advice are also obtained. Moreover, we show that SAT does not have NC1 circuits of size nl+o(1) generated by a nondeterministic log?space machine taking no(1) advice. Additionally, new separations of uniform classes are obtained. We show that for all ?>0 and all rational numbers r?1, DTISP(nr, n1??) is properly contained in NTIME(nr).
Dissolution potentials and disintegration of beryllium dissolving in some mineral acids

Abstract Dissolution potential (ϵ′)-time. ϵ′-acid-concentration and ϵ′-current-density curves were obtained for Be dissolving in dilute HF, HCl, HClO4 and H2SO4 at about 30°C. The potential increased (became more noble) with time in HF and H2SO4; in HCl and HClO4 the potentials changed only slightly with time. The potential increased with increasing concentration of the acids only in HF; there was a pronounced decrease in HCl, HClO4 and H2SO4. The potential increased linearly in all cases with current density, although in HF the measurements were very erratic. The most active values were obtained in HF (0·05 N) with the sample containing the smaller amount of oxygen: about −1·15 V (hydrogen scale); the least active—in H2SO4 (0·02 N): about −0·23 V. The small change in ϵ′ with time and the downward trend of the ϵ′-acid-concentration curves can be regarded as a symptom of disintegration of the dissolving anode. The ϵ′-current-density curves do not suggest a possible disintegration of Be.
Valeur classique ou valeur humaniste: qu’est-ce que la rhétorique pour Dolet?

Dolet’s five guidelines for good translation, listed in his 1540Maniere de bien traduire d'une langue en aultre, stress the importance of classical rhetoric in his theory of imitative writing; amplification is promised in hisOrateur Francoys, but he never survived to publish this latter work. We can therefore only speculate as to what this lost text might have contributed to our understanding of French Renaissance theories of translation andimitatio. There is however good reason to believe that, far from locking Ciceronianism (from which he drew his notion of rhetoric) into a sterile enslavement to the past and its values (one of the strongest criticisms made against it, notably by Erasmus), Dolet found in classical rhetoric an ideal vehicle, both as personal expression and as public discourse, for the promotion of Humanist learning: Classical values can be seamlessly integrated into contemporary values. This theory is supported by a consideration of his praxis in theOrationes Duae in Tholosam of 1534.
Behavioral disturbance in children of native‐born and immigrant parents

To examine the mental health status of children whose parents were foreign-born and to determine if these youngsters have a special need for mental health services, this study compared the incidence of behavioral disturbance in 2,991 children who were native-born and white with 97 children of immigrant parents. General information and ratings on a behavior problem checklist were obtained from teachers. Based upon an analysis of variance procedure, the results revealed that subjects of Chinese, Japanese, or Southeast Asian descent exhibited significantly fewer disorders, such as conduct problems and inadequacy-immaturity, than children of native-born parents.
Engaging the emotions in conflict intervention

Given that emotion plays a central role in driving intractable Conflict, it is important to develop Conflict intervention strategies that acknowledge and address the emotional side of Conflict. This article explores ritual, art, and joking as indirect, symbolic activities that facilitate emotional reappraisal and create a space where new understandings about identity and relationships can emerge.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of RF Localization for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Applications

This paper presents an assessment of the accuracy of cooperative localization of a wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) using radio frequency (RF) signals with particular emphasis on localization inside the small intestine. We derive the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for cooperative location estimators using the received signal strength (RSS) or the time of arrival (TOA) of the RF signal. Our derivations are based on a three-dimension human body model, an existing model for RSS propagation from implanted organs to the body surface and a new TOA ranging error model for the effects of non-homogeneity of the human body on TOA of the RF signals. Using models for RSS and TOA errors, we first calculate the 3D CRLB bounds for cooperative localization of the WCE in three major digestive organs in the path of GI tract: the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. Then we analyze the performance of localization techniques on a typical path inside the small intestine. Our analysis includes the effects of the number of external sensors, the external sensor array topology, number of WCEs used in cooperation and the random variations in the transmitted power from the capsule.
Impact of casinos on crime: The case of Biloxi, Mississippi

This study measures the impact of casinos on crime on the basis of data for 118 criminal offenses collected from Biloxi, Mississippi. Overall, there was no increase in crime rates during the first two years of casino operations. A substantial decrease in crime rates was noticed during the first full year of casinos, but crime rates appear to have returned to the pre-casino level in the second year.
Ensemble routing for datacenter networks

This paper describes Hash-Based Routing (HBR), an architecture that enhances Ethernet to support dynamic management for multipath networks in scalable datacenters. This work enhances HBR to support flow ensemble management for large-scale networks of arbitrary topology. Ensemble routing eliminates measurement and control for individual flows and instead manages using summary data thus providing a unique capability for reactive datacenter-wide network management. HBR provides seamless interoperability with Ethernet and supports the attachment of unmodified L2 hosts and devices including FCoE devices within converged fabrics. Simulation experiments demonstrate efficient multipath routing for a variety of scalable topologies. Optimized routing maintains efficiency in the presence of network faults and implements spatial Quality of Service to dynamically provision physical network hardware among co-hosted tenants or applications.
The big data challenges of connectomics

Due to recent technological developments in acquisition techniques, the field of electron microscopy-based connectomics now produces colossal amounts of data. Here, the authors discuss the practical and analytical challenges associated with such large amounts of data and propose some solutions to surmount them. The structure of the nervous system is extraordinarily complicated because individual neurons are interconnected to hundreds or even thousands of other cells in networks that can extend over large volumes. Mapping such networks at the level of synaptic connections, a field called connectomics, began in the 1970s with a the study of the small nervous system of a worm and has recently garnered general interest thanks to technical and computational advances that automate the collection of electron-microscopy data and offer the possibility of mapping even large mammalian brains. However, modern connectomics produces 'big data', unprecedented quantities of digital information at unprecedented rates, and will require, as with genomics at the time, breakthrough algorithmic and computational solutions. Here we describe some of the key difficulties that may arise and provide suggestions for managing them.
Thermally activated pressure-sensitive adhesives

We describe an approach to form stimuli-responsive pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) films that are activated by thermal energy. This approach is used to form films that do not adhere on contact to any non-adhesive substrates. However, upon activation using heat as a stimulus, the films change irreversibly into PSA coatings. In order to develop this system, a PSA polymer emulsion stabilized by a novel low-molecular-weight polymeric stabilizer was synthesized. This emulsion was dried at ambient conditions to form films with a well-defined morphology with the PSA encapsulated by a protective matrix of polymeric stabilizer. This morphology is not thermodynamically stable and is disrupted when the temperature is elevated above the glass transition temperature of the protective polymeric stabilizer. Thermodynamically-driven rearrangement of the phases leads to the PSA migrating to and occupying the air–film interface. The impact of the amount and composition of the stabilizer in the PSA emulsion on emulsion st...
Phonon transmission across the interface between solid helium and a3He-4He dilute solution

We report phonon transmission studies of the interface between solid helium and dilute solutions of3He in liquid4He. We have measured the transmission of phonons from the solid into the liquid and the rate of exchange of energy between the phonons in the solid and the3He quasiparticles in the liquid. We compare the results with two theoretical calculations; in the first it is assumed that the interface is atomically rough and mobile; in the second the interface is assumed to be facetted, and therefore immobile. The experimental results indicate strongly that the interface in our experiment is rough. Agreement between theory and experiment is good.
Thermolytic 4-methylthio-1-butyl group for phosphate/thiophosphate protection in solid-phase synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides.

The thermolabile 4-methylthio-1-butyl phosphate/thiophosphate protecting group for DNA oligonucleotides has been investigated for its potential application to a “heat-driven” process for either oligonucleotide synthesis on diagnostic microarrays or, oppositely, to the large-scale preparation of therapeutic oligonucleotides. The preparation of phosphoramidites 10a−d is straightforward, and the incorporation of these amidites into oligonucleotides via solid-phase techniques proceeds as efficiently as that achieved with 2-cyanoethyl deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites. The versatility of the 4-methylthio-1-butyl phosphate/thiophosphate protecting group is exemplified by its facile removal from oligonucleotides upon heating for 30 min at 55 °C in an aqueous buffer under neutral conditions or within 2 h at 55 °C in concentrated NH4OH. The deprotection reaction occurs through an intramolecular cyclodeesterification mechanism leading to the formation of sulfonium salt 18. When mixed with deoxyribonucleosides an...
Sodium-calcium ion exchange in the weathering of shales: Implications for global weathering budgets

Unpolluted rivers and streams that drain marine shales show an excess of sodium compared to chloride and a deficiency of calcium and magnesium compared to sulfate and alkalinity. This is due in part to cation exchange of sodium for divalent cations on clay minerals. Consideration of the global weathering budget suggests that up to 34% of the sodium in the total dissolved stream load may be due to cation exchange rather than sodium production via silicate dissolution weathering reactions. These results suggest that the weathering budgets for sodium and calcium are in need of revision because of the inclusion of cation-exchange processes in the weathering cycle. This implies that silicate dissolution is less important in determining the composition of global river water than was previously thought.
Choice model calibrated on current behavior predicts public response to new policies

The standard approach to predicting public response to possible changes in transportation policy is to describe the changed environmental conditions in a scenario and ask individuals what their choice would be. These stated intentions tend to mislead policy makers in the absolute sense because of the varying degrees of overestimation. Sophisticated attribute choice models which are calibrated in terms of the stated intentions also tend to be weak predictors of actual public response to new policies. Empirical research is presented in which a logit model that is calibrated using the attribute ratings of the alternatives under the new policy conditions described in the scenario in relation to current behavior rather than stated intentions provides highly accurate predictions of the actual ppublic r eaction to neew policies. (a) (TRRL)
Neurovesical dysfunction in children after surgery for high or intermediate anorectal malformations.

Aim: To evaluate problems with bladder dysfunction in patients operated on for imperforate anus. Methods: All patients (11M, 25F) with high or intermediate imperforate anus seen in this institution between 1987 and 1997 were subjected to the investigation. They had all undergone a posterior sagittal anorectoplasty procedure with the aim of preserving as much as possible of the fistula. Hospital charts were reviewed. A detailed and structured interview regarding micturition habits was performed. If the results of this were abnormal the patients were also subjected to flow registration, measurements of residual urinary volume and in some cases also cystometry. Results: Micturition habits were normal in 30 out of 36 children. The remaining six, considered to have neurovesical dysfunction (NVD), had difficulties in emptying their bladder and exhibited pathological residual volumes. Two were boys with rectourethral fistulae, two were girls with cloacal malformations and two were girls with rectovestibular fistulae. Four out of six children with NVD had sacral anomalies. Conclusion: NVD may occur even in the absence of sacral anomalies. A 4h micturition observation is recommended in all newborns with intermediate or high anorectal anomalies to recognize the occurrence of NVD at an early stage.
Arrays of randomly spaced sensors

This paper considers a class of blind beamforming problems in which the amount of prior information is very limited. The array sensors are placed in unknown locations within a geographical region, and have unknown frequency/spatial response. The sensors communicate synchronously with a main processor unit. The array is illuminated by a source, which may be narrow- or broadband, in near or far field. Additional disturbances may be present, in the form of interferers, possibly correlated or coherent with the main signal, and additive noise. The goal is required to steer beam toward the desired signal. Four schemes are presented, each based on the type of prior available information.
Intelligent Microscopes: Recent And Near-Future Advances

Robert Hooke conjectured about fluid circulation in plants as well as in animals in Micrographia in a passage that is equally important as a commentary on the dependence, not of technology on science, but of science on technology: It seems very probable that Nature has ... very many appropriated instruments and contrivances, whereby to bring her designs and end to pass, which 'tis not improbable but that some diligent observer, if helped with better Microscopes, may in time detect. This paper, written in the form of a scientific poem, reviews the current and near-future state-of-the-art of automated intelligent microscopes based on computer science and technology. The basic concepts of computer intelligence for cytology and histology are presented and elaborated. Limitations of commercial devices and research proto-types are examined (Dx), and remedies are suggested (Rx). The course of action pro-posed and being undertaken constitutes an original contribution toward advancing the state-of-the-science, in the hope of advancing the state-of-the-art of medicine. With rapid, contemporary advances in both science and technology, it may now be appropriate to modify Hooke's passage: It seems very probable that Nature has ... very many appropriated instruments and contrivances, whereby to bring her designs and end to pass, which 'tis not improbable but that some diligent observer, if helped with Intelligent Microscopes, may in time detect.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimization of pseudorandom coded apertures for compressive spectral imaging

A new pseudorandom coded aperture design framework for multi-frame Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging (CASSI) system is presented. Our previous work determines a matrix system model for multi-frame CASSI which is used to design sets of spectrally selective coded apertures. Then, the required number of CASSI measurements is dictated by the desired profile of spectral bands. This work aims at optimizing the set of selective coded apertures such that the number of FPA CASSI measurements is reduced to a desired number of shots, regardless of the targeted spectral profile. A set of pseudorandom weights are determined such that the rank of the matrix representing the ensemble of weighted spectrally selective coded apertures is optimized. Simulations show higher quality of spectral image reconstruction than those attained by systems using random coded aperture sets.
The ML-PMHT Multistatic Tracker for Sharply Maneuvering Targets

The maximum likelihood probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracker (ML-PMHT) is applied to a benchmark multistatic active sonar scenario with multiple targets, multiple sources, and multiple receivers. We first compare the performance of the tracker on this scenario when it is applied in Cartesian measurement space, a typical implementation for many trackers, against its performance in delay-bearing measurement space, where the measurement uncertainty is more accurately represented. ML-PMHT is a batch tracker, and the motion of a target being tracked must be given a parameterization that describes the motion of the target throughout the batch. In the scenario in which we apply the tracker, the majority of target returns have low amplitudes (i.e., the targets are low-observable), which makes the choice of a batch tracker very appropriate. In prior work, ML-PMHT was implemented with a straight-line parameterization to describe target motion. However, in order to track maneuvering targets, the tracker was implemented in a sliding-batch fashion under the assumption that a maneuvering track could be approximated as a series of short straight lines. Here, we augment the straight-line parameterization by a maneuver-a single course change within the batch-that allows ML-PMHT to follow even sharply maneuvering targets, and we apply it in both Cartesian and delay-bearing measurement space. We also implement this maneuvering-model parameterization with both a fixed batch-length implementation as well as a variable batch-length implementation. Finally, we develop an expression for the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the maneuvering-model parameterization and show that the ML-PMHT tracker with the maneuvering-model parameterization is an efficient estimator.
Effects of pH on the accumulation of sulfonamides by fish

The pH of water affects the accumulation of weak electrolytes by fish in the water. However, the relationships among water pH, weak electrolyte pKa and the rate and extent of accumulation of the weak electrolyte are poorly characterized. To better define these relationships, goldfish were immersed for varying periods of time in solutions of sulfonamides that were buffered at pHvalues from 5.4 to 9.4. Sulfapyridine, sulfisomidine, and sulfadimethoxine were chosen for investigation, because their pKa's, 8.4, 7.4, and 5.9, respectively, bracketed the pH of fish body fluids. Each fish carcass was assayed for the amount of sulfonamide that had accumulated. Several pharmacokinetic models were used to analyze the data. The model that best described the accumulation of the sulfonamides represented the fish as a single compartment having an apparent volume of distribution (V)and clearance constants for absorption of both the nonionized (kHAand ionized (kA)forms. Values of Vwere between 5 and 60% of the body weight of the fish. Values for kAwere all approximately 0.2 μl/min/g fish, while values of kHAwere 3–100 times larger than the corresponding kAvalues. The kHAvalues correlated with the isoamyl acetate/ water partition coefficients of the nonionized forms. The extent of accumulation of the sulfonamides showed two pH-independent regions, with the low pHregion having the greater accumulation. The pHmidway between the two regions was equal to the pKa of the sulfonamide. The accumulation half-lives were 1.5–4.5 hr and independent of the pHof the water.
Stacking faults in steam-oxidized silicon

Abstract Silicon wafers oriented along 〈111〉 and in which surface damage was removed were annealed in vacuum at 800, 1000 and 1200°C. After steam oxidation at 1150°C, only the wafers annealed at 1000 and 1200°C showed significant generation of stacking faults. The faults were observed through both chemical etching and transmission electron microscopy. The faults often showed accumulation of impurities believed to be silicon-oxygen complexes. Single-stacking faults were identified as extrinsic, and mechanism of generation of these faults is discussed.
Recent Power MOSFET Single Event Testing Results

The results of recent Single Event Effect (SEE) testing of newly available power MOSFETS are presented.
Down-regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor type I, II, and III during liver regeneration

Background After partial hepatectomy (PH), it has been shown that hepatocytes are resistant to the mitoinhibitory effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Three types of TGF-β receptors have been characterized in mammals. Materials and methods In this study, changes in the protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β types I, II, and III receptors relative to DNA synthesis were studied as a function of time after PH in the rat. Results There was a significant decrease in the protein and mRNA for all three receptor subtypes immediately after PH. All three receptors reached a nadir at 24 hours after PH, which correlated to the time of peak DNA synthesis. The type II receptor recovered to preoperative levels by 120 hours after PH, whereas the types I and III receptors remained at 60% of prehepatectomy levels. Sham-operated rats did not experience a significant drop in receptor protein or mRNA levels. Conclusions This decrease in TGF-β type II receptor expression may account for the reduction in the sensitivity of hepatocytes to TGF-β after PH. Furthermore, the TGF-β receptors appear to represent a class of immediate-early genes that are negatively, rather than positively, regulated after PH.
Epstein-Barr virus infection in salivary gland tumors in children and young adults.

BACKGROUND Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain subtypes of salivary gland tumors in the adult population. However, to the authors' knowledge its role in pediatric salivary gland tumors, a rare disease, has not been explored previously. METHODS Thirteen cases of primary tumors of the salivary gland occurring in children were retrieved from the tumor registry at the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Clinical data were analyzed from the medical records and formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumor tissues were examined by the in situ hybridization (ISH) technique for the presence of latent EBV infection. RESULTS Twelve of 13 tumors originated from the parotid gland and 1 originated from the submandibular gland. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the predominant tumor type; it was observed in seven patients, rhabdomyosarcoma was the diagnosis in three patients, acinic cell carcinoma was noted in two patients, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma was diagnosed in one patient. The ages of the patients ranged from 4.1–29.2 years, with a median age of 11 years. The outcome was excellent with all patients alive and free of disease at the time of last follow-up. The ISH tested negative in all tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the current study, EBV infection does not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of pediatric salivary gland tumors. Cancer 2000;89:463–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Quality of life and perceived health status in adults with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

Objective The purpose of this study is to assess perceived health status and quality of life in adults with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries who have not undergone anatomic repair. Methods Quality of life as measured by the satisfaction with life scale and linear analog scales and perceived health status as measured by the Short Form 36 Health Survey (version 1) were evaluated in 25 adults with congenitally corrected transposition and compared with a control group of 25 adults with mild, hemodynamically insignificant defects. Results Instruments were returned by 83% of patients (25/30; 11 male; mean age, 44.6 ± 16 years). Health status by the linear analog scale was significantly lower ( P = .03) in subjects (median, 80; range, 15–100) than in controls (median, 85; range, 65–100). Quality of life by the satisfaction with life scale was also lower ( P = .009) in subjects (mean, 24 ± 8) compared with controls. Age was negatively correlated with the Short Form 36 Health Survey physical functioning ( r = −0.41, P = .04), bodily pain ( r = −0.5, P = .01), and physical component ( r = −0.56, P = .004) summary scores in adults with congenitally corrected transposition but not in controls. Conclusions Adults with congenitally corrected transposition have lower reported health status and satisfaction with life than a control population, with perceived health status declining with advancing age.
Human Obesity Is Characterized by a Selective Potentiation of Central Chemoreflex Sensitivity

Abstract—The chemoreflexes are an important mechanism for regulation of both breathing and autonomic cardiovascular function. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of alveolar hypoventilatio...
Policing Space: Territoriality and the Los Angeles Police Department. Steve Herbert; Planning Ethics: A Reader in Planning Theory, Practice and Education. Sue Hendler, editor

(1997). Policing Space: Territoriality and the Los Angeles Police Department. Steve Herbert; Planning Ethics: A Reader in Planning Theory, Practice and Education. Sue Hendler, editor. Urban Geography: Vol. 18, Review Symposium on Steve Herbert's Policing Space: Territoriality and the Los Angeles Police Department, pp. 468-470.
Metastatic atrial myxoma to the skin at 15 years after surgical resection

Metastasis from atrial myxoma is uncommon. We report on a patient who developed metastasis of the left atrial myxoma to the skin at 15 years after surgical resection. The primary lesion had not recurred. The myxoma has the potential for metastatic growth.
Lysosomal dysfunction reduces brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression

Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in hippocampus and cortex is considerably reduced in Alzheimer's disease. The present study tested if lysosomal disturbances, a concomitant of brain aging, impair basal and/or induced expression of BDNF. Cultured hippocampal slices were incubated with N -CBZ- l -phenylalanyl- l -alanine-diazomethylketone (ZPAD), an inhibitor of cathepsins B and L, for 6 days and processed for in situ hybridization using radiolabeled cRNA probes against BDNF mRNA. Multiple densitometric readings were collected from each of the three principal hippocampal subdivisions. Within-slice averages were substantially lower in the ZPAD-treated group compared to controls. Treatment with the inhibitor did not change average neuron diameter or packing density. Intense stimulation of glutamate receptors with kainate for 30 min (followed by a 90-min recovery period) caused a nearly threefold increase in BDNF mRNA concentrations in the dentate gyrus while having only marginal effects in the other subdivisions. Slice averages of ZPAD-exposed cultures treated with kainate were lower than those of controls exposed to the excitotoxin; however, on a percentage basis, the kainate-induced increase in the dentate gyrus was comparable for the two groups (175 ± 31 vs 179 ± 39%). Kainate for 1 h (with a 5-h recovery) affected BDNF mRNA in a manner similar to that found with shorter infusions, i.e., induction in stratum granulosum but not elsewhere, lower overall slice averages with ZPAD treatment, and no evidence that ZPAD blocked the percentage increase in the dentate gyrus. These results provide evidence that lysosomal dysfunction occurring during brain aging could disrupt ongoing BDNF production without substantially impairing the neurotrophin response to intense physiological activity. The first observation suggests a plausible aging sequence leading to pathology while the second may be of interest with regard to possible therapeutics.
Electrical sensitivity of a weakly electric fish

Abstract The South American gymnotid, Sternarchus albifrons produces a weak electric field of high frequency (600–1000 Hz) by means of a caudal electric organ (1,2). Electroreceptor organs have been found in the skin, innervated by the lateral line nerve (2,3). Electrical sensing by several other gymnotids has been studied (2,4–6). The present study is concerned with a series of experiments on S . albifrons aimed at determining the behavioral electrical threshold sensitivity of the whole fish to imposed electric fields. Conditioned response experiments with both uniform and non-uniform alternating current (A.C.) fields as stimuli and food as reward were employed to determine the frequency response spectrum.
The dTAFII80 subunit of Drosophila TFIID contains beta-transducin repeats

A KEY component of the RNA polymerase II transcriptional apparatus, TFIID, is a multi-protein complex containing the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) and at least seven tightly associated factors (TAFs)1,2. Although the functions of most TFIID subunits are unknown, it is clear that TAFs are not necessary for basal activity but that one or more are required for regulated transcription, and so behave as coactivators1–4. The presence of multiple subunits indicates that there is an intricate assembly process and that TAFs may be responsible for other activities. We have described the properties of the subunit dTAFII110, which can interact directly with the transcriptional activator Sp1 (ref. 5). In addition, the largest subunit, dTAFII250, binds directly to TBP and links other TAFs to the complex6. Here we describe the cloning, expression and partial characterization of the Drosophila TAF of Mr 80,000, dTAFII80. Sequence analysis reveals that dTAFII80 contains several copies of the WD40 (β-transducin) repeat7. Moreover, dTAFII80 shares extended sequence similarity with an Arabidopsis gene, COP1, which encodes a putative transcription factor that is thought to regulate development8. We have expressed recombinant dTAFII80 and begun to characterize its interaction with other members of the TFIID complex. Purified recombinant dTAFII80 is unable to bind TBP directly or to interact strongly with the C-terminal domain of dTAFII250 (Δ250). Instead, dTAFII80 is only able to recognize and interact with a higher-order complex containing TBP, Δ250, 110 and 60. These findings suggest the formation of TFIID may require an ordered assembly of the TAFs, some of which bind directly to TBP and others that are tethered to the complex as a result of specific TAF/TAF interactions.