cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful methods of treating leg ulcers. The tried and true, plus the novel and new.

PREVIEWSome therapies for chronic leg ulcers, such as surgical debridement and split-thickness skin grafting, have been used for many years and still have a role in management. However, several new methods are also available. Among these are multilayer compression-bandage systems, topical recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor, and human skin equivalent for use in grafting, all of which aid in healing and wound closure. In this article, Dr Phillips discusses the role of established as well as novel therapies for chronic ulcer and summarizes other issues in the current standard of care.
Novel Channel Assignment Algorithm for Handoff Support in Hierarchical Wireless Mesh Networks

Seamless handoff support is an essential issue to ensure continuous communications in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Due to the existence of multi-hop wireless links, traditional handoff schemes designed for single-hop wireless access networks can hardly guarantee the low handoff latency requirement in WMNs. Existing solutions on reducing the handoff delay in WMNs ignore one important factor for the long handoff delay: the channel access delay of handoff signaling packets over the multi-hop wireless mesh backbone network. Various WMN channel assignment algorithms are designed to optimize the performance of data packets, but they do not address how to resolve the contentions between data packets and handoff signaling packets. In this paper, we propose a novel channel assignment algorithm in WMNs to reduce the channel access delay of handoff signaling packets over multihop wireless links. In addition, handoff solutions under the new channel assignment scheme are proposed. OPNET simulation results show that handoff performance can be improved by our proposed handoff schemes, as compared to existing solutions.
Writing In Between Worlds: Reflections on Language and Identity from Works by Nancy Huston and Leïla Sebbar

This article analyzes the themes of language, cultural heterogeneity, and writing as liminal space in autobiographical nonfiction texts by Canadian-born bilingual author Nancy Huston and Algerian-born French writer Leila Sebbar. In their coauthored correspondence on the theme of exile, Lettres parisiennes: Autopsie de l’exil, Huston and Sebbar describe writing as a land or territory, a place of one's own, and Sebbar defines exile as the very foundation of her being. Each writer explores the meaning of language in her life (English and French for Huston, French and Arabic for Sebbar), particularly as it relates to childhood and loss. Other themes include the construction and performance of self through language and writing; mobility, even instability, as vital constituents of identity; and exile and difference as freedom. While “exile” for these authors is not a question of forced migration, their reflections on living in between and across cultures—in the fault lines—have rich resonance for theorists, wri...
Reminiscence Interviews as Stress Management Interventions for Older Patients Undergoing Surgery

A standard reminiscence interview and one that focused on successfully met challenges reduced state anxiety and enhanced coping self-efficacy when measured against both attention-placebo and no-intervention control groups in a sample of 104 elderly male patients facing surgery. Age-peer interviewers did not elicit significantly greater overall reductions in state anxiety or increases in coping self-efficacy scores than younger interviewers (nonpeers), but did produce significantly higher coping self-efficacy scores than nonpeers when administering the challenge reminiscence interview.
Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide

TRACER-CALIBRATED models of the total uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the world's oceans give estimates of about 2 gigatonnes carbon per year1, significantly larger than a recent estimate2 of 0.3-0.8 Gt C yr-1 for the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 influx. Although both estimates require that the global CO2 budget must be balanced by a large unknown terrestrial sink, the latter estimate implies a much larger terrestrial sink, and challenges the ocean model calculations on which previous CO2 budgets were based. The discrepancy is due in part to the net flux of carbon to the ocean by rivers and rain, which must be added to the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 flux to obtain the total oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Here we estimate the magnitude of this correction and of several other recently proposed adjustments to the synoptic air-sea CO2 exchange. These combined adjustments minimize the apparent inconsistency, and restore estimates of the terrestrial sink to values implied by the modelled oceanic uptake.
Current and future peripherally-acting antitussives

Cough is among the most common complaints for which medical evaluation is sought. The clinical significance of this problem is evidenced by the enormous financial expenditure on prescription and non-prescription cough remedies worldwide. Centrally-acting antitussive agents, such as opiates, are often associated with undesirable or intolerable side effects, including sedation, nausea, and constipation. Therefore, safe and effective peripherally-acting antitussive agents are particularly desirable. Relatively few commercially-available products suppress cough through a peripheral mechanism of action. Recent research in the field of cough has resulted in the development of several new classes of compounds that may prove to be clinically useful peripherally-acting antitussives.
Test Conditions for Performance Characterization of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Actuators for Active Flow Control in Jet Engines

Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuators for active flow control in the jet engine need to be tested in the laboratory to characterize their performance at flight operating conditions. DBD plasma actuators generate a wall-jet electronically by creating weakly ionized plasma, therefore their performance is affected by gas discharge properties, which in turn depend on the pressure and temperature at the actuator placement location. Characterization of actuators is initially performed in a laboratory chamber without external flow. It is usually impractical to simultaneously set engine pressures and temperatures in a chamber, and a simplified approach is desired. It is assumed that the plasma discharge depends only on the gas density. Other temperature effects are assumed to be negligible. Therefore, tests can be performed at room temperature with chamber pressure set to yield the same density as in engine operating flight conditions. Engine data was obtained from four generic engine models; 300-, 150-, and 50-Passenger (PAX) aircraft engines, and a military jet-fighter engine. The static and total pressure, temperature, and density distributions along the engine were calculated for sea-level takeoff and altitude cruise, and the chamber pressures needed to test the actuators were calculated. The results show that testing has to be performed over a wide range of pressures from 12.4 to 0.03 atm, depending on the application. For example, if a DBD plasma actuator is to be placed at the compressor exit of a 300 PAX engine, it has to be tested at 12.4 atm for takeoff, and 6 atm for cruise conditions. If it is to be placed at the low-pressure turbine, it has to be tested at 0.5 and 0.2 atm, respectively. These results have implications for the feasibility and design of DBD plasma actuators for jet engine flow control applications. In addition, the distributions of unit Reynolds number, Mach number, and velocity along the engine are provided. The engine models are non-proprietary and this information can be used for evaluation of other types of actuators and for other purposes.
Craniosynostosis: computed tomographic evaluation of skull base and calvarial deformities and associated intracranial changes.

Computed tomography has proven useful in children with craniosynostosis for the evaluation of deformity of the skull base. calvarium. and parenchymal brain structures. A retrospective analysis of 24 children seen during a 4-year period who had adequate preoperative, postoperative. and follow-up scan
Discrete time age-dependent branching processes in relation to stable population theory in demography

Abstract A discrete time version of a generalized one-type age-dependent branching process is considered in relation to stable population theory in demography. The motivation underlying the discrete time version of the theory is to make it amenable to computations involving demographic data. After giving a brief discussion of the foundations underlying the process, discrete type renewal equations for the mean and covariance functions of the process are derived. It is then shown how those renewal type equations may be used for making population projections with respect to age-specific birth rates, rates of population growth, and the number of live individuals in each age group, given an initial population with an arbitrary age distribution. A novel feature of the method of population projection introduced in this paper is that it is possible to derive confidence bounds for the projected number of individuals in any age group by utilizing the covariance functions of the process and the central limit theorem.
Steroid-induced glaucoma in an infant

A 3-week-old infant developed buphthalmos and glaucoma after a 1-week course of topical steroid drops. The glaucoma resolved after cessation of the medication. This report underscores the sensitivity of infants and very young children to steroid-related intraocular pressure rises.
A short proof for the polyhedrality of the Chvátal-Gomory closure of a compact convex set

Recently Schrijver's open problem, whether the Chvatal-Gomory closure of an irrational polytope is polyhedral was answered independently in the seminal works of Dadush et al. (2011) and Dunkel and Schulz (2010); the former even applies to general compact convex sets. We present a very short, easily accessible proof.
The transnational world of Chinese entrepreneurs in Chicago, 1870s to 1940s: New sources and perspectives on southern Chinese emigration

This article contributes to an ongoing dialogue on the causes of migration and emigration and the relationship between migrants/emigrants and their homelands by investigating historical materials dealing with the Chinese in Chicago from 1870s to 1940s. It shows that patterns of Chinese migration/emigration overseas have endured for a long period, from pre-Qing times to today’s global capitalist expansionism. The key argument is that from the very beginning of these patterns, it has been trans-local and transnational connections that have acted as primary vehicles facilitating survival in the new land. While adjusting their lives in new environments, migrants and emigrants have made conscious efforts to maintain and renew socioeconomic and emotional ties with their homelands, thus creating transnational ethnic experiences.
The Evolutionary Biology of Education: How Our Hunter-Gatherer Educative Instincts Could Form the Basis for Education Today

Education is broadly defined as the set of processes by which each generation of human beings acquires the culture in which they grow up. By this definition, education is part and parcel of our biological makeup. An analysis of education in hunter-gatherer bands indicates that young humans are designed, by natural selection, to acquire the culture through their self-directed play and exploration. Research at a modern-day democratic school designed to facilitate self-education demonstrates that our hunter-gatherer educative instincts are quite adequate for education today, given an appropriate educational environment. The ideal environment for such education—found both in hunter-gatherer bands and at the school studied—is one in which young people (a) have unlimited free time and much space in which to play and explore; (b) can mix freely with other children of all ages; (c) have access to a variety of knowledgeable and caring adults; (d) have access to culturally relevant tools and equipment and are free to play and explore with those items; (e) are free to express and debate any ideas that they wish to express and debate; (f) are free from bullying (which includes freedom from being ordered around arbitrarily by adults); and (g) have a true voice in the group’s decision-making process. The per-student cost required to create such settings is less than half that of the average for our current public schools.
Rot diaphragm studies with 3-deoxyglucose (3-deoxy- d-ribohexose)

Abstract The uptake of 3-deoxyglucose has been studied in the isolated rat diaphragm. Neither insulin nor glucuse influenced the uptake of the sugar. 3-Deoxyglucose did not inhibit the uptake of glucose and did not affect the increased uptake of glucose caused by insulin. Glucose oxidation to CO 2 proceeded normally in the presence of this analog. 3-Deoxyglucose appears to be a metabolically inactive sugar.
Laser mass spectrometric studies of high-temperature superconductor ablation

Laser ablation of bulk High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) material promises to provide a useful means of producing high quality HTS thin films. Mass spectrometric probes of the ablation plume provide a microscopic understanding of the ablation event and plume development as well as providing a process monitor for the thin film production. Detection of the nascent ions in the plume provides real time analytical information, e.g., identification of impurities, major and minor ablation species, etc. The common contaminants sodium and strontium have been easily detected by this technique in a variety of different HTS bulk materials. In contrast, detection of the ablated neutral species by Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) provides physical information about the ablation process. Time-of-flight/RIMS detection of Cu, Y, and BaO ablated from YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} indicates the ablation involves post-desorption gas phase collisions, thereby influencing the ablation chemistry and dynamics (e.g., angular and velocity distributions). Approximately equal velocities are observed for all neutral species at constant ablation laser fluence. 17 refs., 4 figs.
Averaged motion of charged particles in a curved strip

This paper is concerned with the motion of electrically charged particles in a "curved" infinite strip. The system is $\Delta \varphi =-P,\;\partial ^2\psi /\partial t^2=-\nabla \varphi (\psi ,t) ,$ and $% P=P_0(\psi ^{-1}) J(\psi ^{-1}) $ with initial and boundary conditions, where $\varphi $ is the electric potential, $\psi $ is the particle trajectory, P is the charge distribution, and J is the Jacobian. The lower boundary $\Gamma _0$ of the strip is grounded. Therefore, once a particle reaches $\Gamma _0,$ it loses its charge and becomes immobile. We prove existence and uniqueness of solutions for small time. For nearly axially symmetric initial data, we also show that the solution can be extended until the time when all the particles have migrated to $\Gamma _0$. A numerical simulation based on our model is implemented. The results indicate that particles tend to accumulate less around the convex parts of $\Gamma _0$ and more around the concave parts.
Toolscape: enhancing the learning experience of how-to videos

Video tutorials on the web have gained popularity in various domains, but most video repositories are not designed to support the unique content and structure of how-to videos. Learners face difficulty in finding relevant videos and applying the skills embedded in a video clip. We introduce ToolScape, a video browsing interface with a storyboard summarization and an interactive timeline. It allows learners to quickly scan, filter, and review multiple videos without having to play them. Learners can also jump to or repeat a particular step within a clip by clicking interactive indices on the timeline. In a within-subjects study where participants engaged in end-to-end design tasks with ToolScape and a control interface based on YouTube, the participants using ToolScape rated their design work higher and showed a higher gain in self-efficacy. External raters ranked designs using ToolScape higher.
System–bath coupling dynamics by femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy

Abstract Femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy of a laser dye IR132 in the solvent DMSO has been performed. It is shown that the experimental spectra generated following excitation at two different wavelengths can be reasonably reproduced by simulations starting from an assumed system–bath energy autocorrelation function. The correlation times and coupling strengths compare favorably with results from previous studies. A novel oscillation of the spectral width is observed in the experimental spectra that can be traced to out of phase oscillations of the vibrational wavepacket between the ground and excited electronic states.
Optimal allocation in J‐stage sampling with stratification from finite population

Summary The known results of optimal allocation in two-stage simple random sampling with stratification from finite population are generalized for J-stages. The optimalization is treated by minimizing the cost function for given variance as well as by minimizing the variance for given cost. It turns out that for both cases the optimal values differ only for the first-stage units and are the same for all the subsequent. The general formula for minimum variance of the unbiased estimator of the population mean per element is given.
LIPIDS OF ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII : Composition and Effects of Phagocytosis on Incorporation of Radioactive Precursors

The lipids of Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff) consist of 52% neutral lipids and 48% polar lipids. Triglycerides account for 75% and free sterols for 17% of the neutral lipids. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine (45%), phosphatidylethanolamine (33%), phosphatidylserine (10%), a phosphoinositide (6%), and diphosphatidylglycerol (4%). The phosphoinositide is unique in that it contains fatty acids, aldehyde, inositol, and phosphate in the ratio of 1.4:0.5:1.1, but it contains no glycerol. Sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, psychosine, and glycoglycerides were not detected, but small amounts of unidentified long chain bases and sugars are present. The rates of uptake of palmitate-1-14C and of its incorporation into glycerides and phospholipids were not affected by the phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads. Although phagocytosis usually decreased the uptake by amebas of phosphate-32P, serine-U-14C, and inositol-2-3H, their subsequent incroporation into phospholipids was not demonstrably stimulated or inhibited by phagocytosis. Phagocytosis did seem to increase the incorporation into ameba phospholipids of phosphatidylcholine-1 ,2-14C but not that of phosphatidylethanolamine-1 ,2-14C. These experiments, in which the incorporation of radioactive precursors into total cell lipids was measured, do not, of course, eliminate the possibility that localized effects may occur.
Implication of a Distant Septic Focus in Parenteral Nutrition Catheter Colonization

During a 4-year period, 244 surgical patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were studied with emphasis on the relationship between TPN catheter colonization and a preexisting distant septic focus (DSF). A colonized catheter was defined as a catheter with a positive semiquantitative culture of the catheter tip (greater than or equal to 15 colonies on the plate). Catheter-related sepsis (CRS) was defined as a catheter with either the same organisms cultured from the catheter tip and from blood or with defervescence following catheter removal. Two hundred sixty-nine catheters were inserted for TPN for a total of 4433 patient days, with a mean length of stay of 16.5 days. Forty-two of the 269 catheters (15.6%) were colonized and more than half (57.1%) of the organisms cultured were Gram-negative bacilli or enterococci. Nineteen of the 42 colonized catheters were associated with CRS with a CRS rate of 7.1% among the 269 catheters. A DSF was present in 165 of the 244 patients or in 188 of the 269 catheters (69.9%). The colonization rate of 19.1% (36/188) in those catheters with DSF was significantly higher than that of 7.4% (6/81) in those without DSF (p less than 0.05). Those patients with DSF or with a colonized catheter were associated with a high mortality (p less than 0.001). Sepsis was responsible for 33 of the 48 patients (68.8%) who died. The data stress the important contribution of DSF to the colonization of TPN catheters and to the mortality of these critically ill surgical patients.
Effect of Atomization Surface on the Quantitation of Vanadium by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The effect of four different atomization surfaces (uncoated graphite, pyrolitically coated graphite, continuously in situ coated graphite, and molybdenum coated graphite) on the quantitation of vanadium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry was investigated. For the four different surfaces, tube lifetimes ranged from a high of 410 firings (uncoated graphite) to a low of 230 firings (molybdenum coated graphite), mass changes in the range from 5.6 to 7.2% were found, and the peak shape from the uncoated and pyrolytically graphite surface approached a good degree of symmetry. The single addition of several matrix modifiers to an uncoated graphite surface affected the signal over a range of –106.5% for ammonium molybdate to +12.3% for magnesium nitrate. A combined matrix modifier improved the signal from all four surfaces in the range from 12.8 to 34.0%. Detection limits ranged from 2 μg/L for the pyrolytic surface to 19 μg/L for the molybdenum coated surface. Electron micrographs of the four surfaces at various stages of the tube lifetime showed the deterioration of the surface with increasing use.
Pharmacologic considerations for cataract surgery.

Purpose of review A variety of options exist for perioperative, intraoperative, and postoperative medications in cataract surgery. This article reviews some of the more timely literature on "controversial" subjects in this area. Recent findings Recent literature may support the rationale for intracameral vancomycin at the time of cataract surgery. The recently released fluoroquinolones moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin are reviewed in terms of their clinical properties. Pharmacologic adjuncts to surgery are discussed, as is the use of intravitreal triamcinolone both at the time of cataract surgery and postoperatively. Summary Recent advances in ophthalmic pharmacology should aid the practicing anterior segment surgeon. This may affect preoperative, postoperative, and even intraoperative regimens.
Measurements of transients in high-voltage systems

The constant call for increased measurement accuracy has resulted in a strong demand for recording instruments with a wider bandwidth and a higher sensitivity. The resultant use of recording instruments with gigahertz bandwidths for measurements in high-voltage (HV) systems has created a situation in which the distributed character of field-structure interaction needs to be considered. An overall view of this problem, including theoretical modeling and practical measurements, is presented.
On the heat capacity of crystalline magnesium oxide

The heat capacity of single crystals of magnesium oxide has been measured in the temperature range 3 to 270 $^{o}$K with estimated accuracies of $\pm $0$\cdot $5% for 10 20 $^{o}$K. Reliable results were not obtained below 10 $^{o}$K because of desorption of helium exchange gas in the calorimeter vessel. With the assumption that the effect of anharmonicity of the lattice vibrations may be neglected for T < $\frac{1}{3}\Theta \_{D}$, the experimental results have been analyzed to obtain a number of properties of an effective harmonic frequency spectrum of magnesium oxide. In particular, several negative moments, three even positive moments, and the coefficients of the first three terms in the low-frequency expansion have been calculated. From the low-frequency expansion the apparent Debye characteristic temperature at 0 degrees K ($\Theta \_{0}$) is calculated to be 946 $\pm $ 4 degrees K, in good agreement with the measured elastic constants ($\Theta $ (elastic) = 949 $^{o}$K). The zero-point energy is found to be 3455 $\pm $ 25 cal mole$^{-1}$ deg$^{-1}$; it is pointed out that zero-point energy will cause some anharmonic effects even at the lowest temperatures. A comparison with the heat capacities and elastic constants of the alkali halides suggests that the interatomic forces in magnesium oxide may be rather similar to those in lithium fluoride. The difference between the present heat capacity results and earlier results of Giauque & Archibald (1937) for small particles of magnesium oxide is much larger than that predicted by theoretical estimates of the effect of particle size on the heat capacity of solids. A simple theoretical approximation is derived for the change of $\Theta _{\infty}$ with particle size; here again the experimental change is found to be much larger.
Effect of boundary treatments on quantum transport current in the Green's function and Wigner distribution methods for a nano-scale DG-MOSFET

In this paper, we conduct a study of quantum transport models for a two-dimensional nano-size double gate (DG) MOSFET using two approaches: non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) and Wigner distribution. Both methods are implemented in the framework of the mode space methodology where the electron confinements below the gates are pre-calculated to produce subbands along the vertical direction of the device while the transport along the horizontal channel direction is described by either approach. Each approach handles the open quantum system along the transport direction in a different manner. The NEGF treats the open boundaries with boundary self-energy defined by a Dirichlet to Neumann mapping, which ensures non-reflection at the device boundaries for electron waves leaving the quantum device active region. On the other hand, the Wigner equation method imposes an inflow boundary treatment for the Wigner distribution, which in contrast ensures non-reflection at the boundaries for free electron waves entering the device active region. In both cases the space-charge effect is accounted for by a self-consistent coupling with a Poisson equation. Our goals are to study how the device boundaries are treated in both transport models affects the current calculations, and to investigate the performance of both approaches in modeling the DG-MOSFET. Numerical results show mostly consistent quantum transport characteristics of the DG-MOSFET using both methods, though with higher transport current for the Wigner equation method, and also provide the current-voltage (I-V) curve dependence on various physical parameters such as the gate voltage and the oxide thickness.
Analyses of pyrimidine and purine bases by a combination of paper chromatography and time- of-flight mass spectrometry.

Pyrimidine and purine bases analysis by time of flight mass spectrometry and paper chromatography
Coherent optical adaptive techniques: design and performance of an 18-element visible multidither COAT system

Coherent Optical Adaptive Techniques (COAT) offer promise for overcoming the deleterious effects of phase distortions experienced by optical beams propagating in a turbulent and absorbing atmosphere. An 18-element, visible wavelength, multidither COAT system is described. The all solid-state servosystem design was based on the results of an extensive computer simulation. The optical system uses a 0.488-microm argon laser and an array of beam splitters, phase shifters, and beam combiners (termed a phasor matrix) to form the output array. To date, 6- and 8-element linear arrays and an 18-element axisymmetric array have been investigated. The system has demonstrated a convergence time of 1.2 msec and can form the array with a strehl ratio of 0.67. Moving glint tracking, multiple glint discrimination, and offset pointing from a fixed reference have been demonstrated. Good agreement has been observed between measured system results and theoretical predictions.
Subtypes of optic ataxia: Reframing the disconnection account

Abstract Optic ataxia (OA) is a disorder of visually guided reaching which is usually attributed to a disconnection of visual information from motor systems. The traditional disconnection account, however, cannot explain the most common form of the disorder, in which misreaching occurs only when targets are presented in non-foveal vision and not when they are viewed directly. On the basis of data from two subjects, as well as recent physiological evidence, we offer a new account which can accommodate the ‘non-foveal’ subtype of OA. We suggest that the fundamental deficit in OA is a failure to transform spatio-motor information into frames of reference appropriate to the reaching apparatus, that is, to code locations and actions within shoulder-, arm-, and hand-centered coordinate systems. We suggest that in the absence of normal spatio-motor transcoding, the accurate foveal reaching of some patients with OA may be accomplished by a pathologic linkage of systems mediating spatio-motor transformations for t...
Psychopharmacologic treatment of depression in the medically ill

Appropriate selection of an antidepressant agent in medically ill patients requires a careful risk-benefit assessment matching the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drug being considered against the patient's physiological vulnerabilities, potential for drug interactions, and primary symptoms of the patient's depression. While in the past antidepressant drug selection was limited by the almost sole availability of the tricyclic antidepressants, newer drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, and venlafaxine have vastly simplified treating depression in the medically ill. In refractory cases of depression in patients with medical illness, electroconvulsive therapy can be used with appropriate anesthetic management.
Time dependence of resonance scattering

The process of resonance scattering is studied in a time dependent approach. A formulation is given where one can see the time dependence of the prompt potential scattering and the delayed resonance scattering. It is shown that the usual expression for the resonance scattering is obtained in an experiment where the detectors are sensitive during a long time. Switching off the detectors after some time comparable to the life time of the resonance yields considerable modifications of the cross section: a broadening of the resonance and oscillations are observed in this case.
Computational Physics Education; why, what and how

Progress in developing, implementing, publishing, and refining a coherent set of education materials in computational physics education will be described. These materials form the binding for a four-year undergraduate degree program leading to a Bachelor's degree in Computational Physics. Also described will be the status of the conversion of these materials into electronic formats that may be used for online education and as electronic textbooks. The online materials are to be part of a proposed national repository of university-offered, undergraduate courses and modules in computational science gathered from various pioneering programs throughout the country.
Persistent breather excitations in an ac-driven sine-Gordon system with loss.

In a sine-Gordon system with loss and applied ac driver, a breather can be maintained as a persistent entrained oscillation if the driver is strong enough. The threshold field is determined by a perturbation method and compared to numerical experiments. Excellent agreement is found.
Competitive release modifies the impacts of hydrologic alteration for a partially migratory stream predator

Understanding ecological effects of altered stream flows is an essential objective. In a comparative field study of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that compared natural- and reduced-flow sites, we used mark–recapture modelling and information theory to quantify spatially and temporally explicit patterns of density, specific growth rate, survival and outmigration; and test predictions for biotic and abiotic drivers. Densities were lower in water withdrawal treatments, resulting in lower intraspecific competition and, higher specific growth rate and survival. We observed yearly differences in density and intraspecific competition, with a negative relationship between density and specific growth rate over a wide range of densities, but reductions in survival only at the highest densities. Moreover, individual variability within sites was important. At high density (sites and years), survival related negatively to body size. In contrast, when overall density was lower, specific growth rate was negatively related to body size. Lastly, individuals were more likely to outmigrate when they had larger body size, lower survival or reared in habitats with reduced flows, and these patterns appeared mediated by the intensity of intraspecific competition. Our results underscore the harsh bioenergetic conditions induced by higher temperatures and densities during summer baseflow (relative to other seasons), particularly for larger fish demanding more resources, and suggest a density-dependent mechanism for why this period is important for regulating salmonid populations. We found that a complex combination of natural (e.g., density) and anthropogenic (e.g., withdrawal) factors affected juvenile salmon populations and life history expression in the face of altered flows.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Globular Gd-DOTA-monoamide Conjugates with Precisely Controlled Nanosizes for Magnetic Resonance Angiography

The purpose of this study was to design and prepare macromolecular contrast agents (CAs) with a precisely defined globular structure for MR angiography and tumor angiogenesis imaging. Generations 1 through 3 (Gd-DOTA-monoamide)-poly-L-lysine octasilsesquioxane dendrimers were prepared as nanoglobular MRI CAs. The nanoglobular Gd(III) chelates had a well-defined compact globular structure and high loading of Gd-DOTA-monoamide at their surface. The size of the G1, G2, and G3 nanoglobular MRI CAs was approximately 2.0, 2.4, and 3.2 nm, respectively. The T1 relaxivity of G1, G2, and G3 nanoglobular MRI CAs was approximately 6.4, 7.2, and 10.0 mM(-1) sec(-1) at 3T, respectively. The nanoglobular MRI CAs showed size-dependent contrast enhancement within the mouse vasculature, which gradually decayed to baseline after a 60 min session. The G3 nanoglobular CA resulted in more significant and prolonged vascular enhancement than the smaller nanoglobular agents at 0.03 mmol Gd/kg. The G3 agent also provided significant and prolonged contrast enhancement in the heart and vasculature at a dose as low as 0.01 mmol Gd/kg, 1/10th of the regular clinical dose. Significant enhancement was observed in tumor for all CAs. The nanoglobular CAs cleared via renal filtration and accumulated in the urinary bladder as shown in the dynamic MR images. The nanoglobular Gd(III) chelates are effective intravascular MRI CAs at substantially reduced doses. The nanoglobular MRI CAs are promising for further preclinical development for MR angiography and MR imaging of tumor angiogenesis.
Evaluation of ventricular geometry and performance in congenital heart disease utilizing magnetic resonance imaging

We have recently embarked on a systematic evaluation of the regional and global mechanical processes of the systemic, morphologic right ventricle (RV) which is in either a single or dual chambered circulation as well as single left ventricles (LV). An MRI tagging technique which lays down 2 sets of parallel stripes perpendicular to each other on the myocardium as well as standard cine MRI were utilized. Finite strain analysis was applied to the grid lines to derive principle strains and the motion of the intersection points were tracked through systole to determine regional radial shortening and twist. Cine sequences were used to derive the various parameters of ventricular geometry and performance as well as visualizing flow profiles in the aorta. We noted a marked decrease in vol, EF, and CO in the Fontan group of patients when compared to other surgical subgroups. It is hypothesized that atrial stiffening by surgical placement of baffles may contribute to the observed changes in ventricular mechanics. Aortic flow profiles in the reconstructed aorta were noted to be heterogenous across the aortic diameter.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Out-of-the-Enterprise B2B Gateway Cloud Service for Emerging Markets

Traditionally, in a typical SOA environment, a B2B gateway is at the edge of an enterprise, and is responsible for performing business document exchanges with other enterprises. In the existing model often used in mature markets, the enterprise needs to incur the cost of hosting and maintaining the gateway. However, the scenario for emerging markets is different, since they are not totally reliant on exchanging business documents electronically. Specifically, the SMB enterprises in emerging markets may not be interested in hosting and maintaining the usually bulky gateway products. In this paper, we propose a novel approach wherein SMB enterprises would exchange secured business information to a B2B cloud service hosted outside of the enterprise. This service offers key B2B protocol capabilities and features such as packaging, security and partner on-boarding. In a typical document exchange flow, the SMB enterprise would send it's business information to this B2B cloud service which then packages it using the agreed upon B2B protocol and makes it available to the intended recipient enterprise. Using this model for B2B exchanges would work as an incentive to open up SMB enterprises for B2B business and will go a long way in reducing costs for SMB enterprises.
Cross-tolerance studies in the spinal cord of β-FNA-treated mice provides further evidence for delta opioid receptor subtypes

Abstract In this study we investigated the development of cross-tolerance among intrathecally (i.t.)- administered mu and delta opioid receptor selective peptides in β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA)-treated mice. Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of i.t. administered DPDPE was accomplished by administration of 16 nmol/mouse of DPDPE, i.t. 3 hr before testing in β-FNA-treated mice (10 μmol/kg, s.c., 24 hr before the experiment). Cross-tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effect of i.t. administered DADLE but not to those of DSLETT or DAMGO. DSLET (0.1 nmol/mouse i.t.) administration in β-FNA-treated mice resulted in tolerance development to its antinociceptive effect. The same pretreatment resulted in a marginally significant increase in the antinociceptive ED 50 value of DPDPE. There was no cross-tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of i.t. administered DADLE or DAMGO. These results provide further evidence for the existence of delta opioid receptor subtypes where DADLE and DPDPE interact with one site and DSLET with a different one.
Binding of insecticides by hemolymph proteins of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.)

Abstract The determination of DDT, fenvalerate, parathion, lindane, propoxur, and carbaryl binding to tobacco hornworm hemolymph proteins was evaluated by separating hemolymph treated with radioactive insecticides on Sephadex G-15 and G-100. Binding constants were determined using equilibrium dialysis techniques. Partial characterization of the proteins was determined on polyacrylamide disk gel electrophoresis. Results indicate that DDT, fenvalerate, and parathion bind with a high-molecular-weight fraction and lindane with a lower-molecular-weight fraction which contains the juvenile hormone binding protein. Competition was demonstrated between lindane and JH III for proteins in the lower-molecular-weight fraction. No binding was observed between hemolymph proteins and carbaryl or propoxur.
Plant cell factories and mucosal vaccines

Abstract Many advances continue to be made in the field of plant-derived vaccines. Plants have been shown capable of expressing a multicomponent vaccine that when orally delivered induces a T-helper cell subset 1 response and enables passive immunization. Furthermore, a plant-derived vaccine has been shown to protect against challenge in the target host. Increased antigen expression levels (up to 4.1% total soluble protein) have been obtained through transformation of the chloroplast genome. In view of these findings, plant-derived vaccines have been proved as valuable commodities to the world’s health system; however, before their application, studies need to focus on optimization of immunization strategies and to investigate antigen stability.
Finite deformation formulation of a shell element for problems of sheet metal forming

An elastic-plastic thin shell finite element suitable for problems of finite deformation in sheet metal forming is formulated. Hill's yield criterion for sheet materials of normal anisotropy is applied. A nonlinear shell theory in a form of an incremental variational principle and a quasi-conforming element technique are employed in the Lagrangian formulation. The shell element fulfills the inter-element C 1 continuity condition in a variational sense and has a sufficient rank to allow finite stretching, rotation and bending of the shell element. The accuracy and efficiency of the finite element formulation are illustrated by numerical examples.
Attainment of Syntactic and Morphological Accuracy by Advanced Language Learners.

The present study examines the relationship between syntactic development, or complexity, and overall accuracy evidenced in the written English of advanced adult foreign language learners. Similar acquisition profiles were found to exist for 30 learners across five language groups: Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Malay, and Spanish. Syntactic complexity, measured in number of clauses per T-unit, is found to be similar in all five groups. These advanced foreign language learners, who show similar patterns of error distribution, all show relative strength in syntax, what Newport, Gleitman, and Gleitman (1977) call a universal design feature of language, but relative weakness in morphology, which is always a language-specific system.
A laboratory model of severe downslope winds

Laboratory experiments are described in which flow visualization techniques were used to investigate the conditions under which a severe downslope wind may exist for linearly stratified flow over a ridge when the upstream flow is shear free. Three different ridges with similar cross sections but with maximum slopes of 40°, 27° and 13° were used. In the experiments for each ridge, the Froude number F = U /( NH ), where U is the free stream speed, N is the buoyancy frequency and H is the ridge height, was varied over the full range in which internal wave breaking was anticipated. The range of F over which a well-mixed region of turbulent fluid formed above the ridge was determined for each of the three ridges. This well-mixed region was observed to occur generally in conjunction with a strong downslope flow on the lee side of the ridge. The results of the laboratory experiments are compared with previous numerical simulations and with a nonlinear hydrostatic theory for severe downslope winds. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00391.x
Psychotherapy of a traumatized 10‐year‐old boy: Theoretical issues and clinical considerations∗

Abstract This paper examines various psychoanalytic conceptions of trauma, including ideas associated with classical psychoanalytic theory, object‐relations theory, self‐psychology and continuous construction theory. Clinical issues germane to the psychotherapy of children are then discussed and a clinical vignette presented. The vignette focuses upon the psychotherapy of a 10‐year‐old boy, with particular attention given to the narrative discourse that evolved in the course of the boy's therapy. The evolution of the child's narrative is illustrated through the use of transcribed material derived from different phases of the boy's treatment.
Effects of adolescent social defeat on adult amphetamine-induced locomotion and corticoaccumbal dopamine release in male rats

Maturation of mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems occurs during adolescence, and exposure to social stress during this period results in behavioral dysfunction including substance abuse disorders. Adult male rats exposed to repeated social defeat in adolescence exhibit reduced basal dopamine tissue content in the medial prefrontal cortex, altered dopamine tissue content in corticoaccumbal dopamine regions following acute amphetamine, and increased amphetamine conditioned place preference following repeated amphetamine treatment. Such changes may reflect altered amphetamine-induced extracellular dopamine release in the corticoaccumbal regions. Therefore, we used in vivo microdialysis to measure extracellular dopamine simultaneously within the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core of previously defeated rats and controls, in response to either acute or repeated (7 daily injections) of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg). Locomotion responses to acute/repeated amphetamine were also assessed the day prior to taking dopamine measurements. Adolescent defeat potentiated adult locomotion responses to acute amphetamine, which was negatively correlated with attenuated amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex, but there was no difference in amphetamine-induced accumbal dopamine release. However, both locomotion and corticoaccumbal dopamine responses to repeated amphetamine were equivalent between previously defeated rats and controls. These data suggest adolescent defeat enhances behavioral responses to initial amphetamine exposure as a function of diminished prefrontal cortex dopamine activity, which may be sufficient to promote subsequently enhanced seeking of drug-associated cues. Interestingly, repeated amphetamine treatment appears to normalize amphetamine-elicited locomotion and cortical dopamine responses observed in adult rats exposed to adolescent social defeat, providing implications for treating stress-induced dopamine dysfunction.