cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Induced Vorticity in the Vaneless Diffuser on Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor

The following equation represents the vorticity induced in the flow of the diffuser by a gradient in total pressure parallel to the axis of the compressor:Display FormulaΩ¯−Ω¯2=2V2gp(dptdz)2(rr2−1)[i¯tanα2r/r2(rr2+1)+j¯]The ith component is the component of vorticity which is tangent to the flow direction while the jth component is that which is normal to the flow direction. The velocity and vorticity vectors are shown schematically in Fig. 1.Copyright © 1960 by ASME
Reconfigurable metamaterial terahertz filters based on graphene

A reconfigurable metamaterial terahertz filter based on graphene is presented and discussed. The device structure consists of periodic metallic rings with gaps, where graphene stripes are located. It is shown that the filter resonance frequency can easily be adjusted by varying the conductivity of graphene; this is practically implemented via changing the number of stacked graphene layers. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy measurements of the fabricated samples show that the resonance of the structure can be altered a 40% (i.e. from 0.2 THz to 0.12 THz).
Motivational Counseling: Implications for Counseling Male Juvenile Sex Offenders

Juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) often appear unmotivated to change, which thus necessitates a therapeutic approach that matches “resistant” client characteristics. In this article, the authors review common traits of JSOs, introduce motivational counseling as an effective treatment modality, and offer a case illustration.
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE AS PRISMATIC

This symposium seeks to contribute to an expanding core for Organization Development and Change (ODC) in the global arena. ODC is developing “prismatic” features, and these at once signal robust activity even as they threaten spin‐offs. The five contributions below deal with generic measurement issues; the introduction of a Hawaiian design for conflict management; the central roles of interlevel designs and dynamics in ODC; gender proportions and their organizational covariants; and an updating of the evaluative literature on ODC applications in national settings having moderate‐to‐low GNP per capita.
Tylophora compounds as Na+/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors.

Abstract 1. Acetyltylophoroside (AcT) and tylogenin inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase in spite of having structures very different from cardiac glycosides (CGs). 2. Calculation of the lowest energy conformations of AcT and tylogenin and superpositions of these with the X-ray conformations of CGs and chlormadinone acetate led to a model for the interaction of these different types of Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors with the receptor.
Domain-specific responses to power-based interaction

Abstract Variations in power-relevant information-processing (response latency on a lexical-decision making task), acoustical responses (vocal amplitude and pitch), and affective responses were measured as a function of a power-relevant priming manipulation, and gender. When participants were primed for a power challenge (as opposed to other challenges), males (but not females) manifested exceptionally fast processing of power-relevant adjectives – suggesting the greater accessibility of power cues for males. Regardless of gender, participants primed for a power challenge manifested lower vocal amplitude (consistent with a de-escalating strategy). However, only women manifested an elevated pitch level and self-reported apprehension – indicating that women, even more than men show a de-escalating response to a power challenge.
Putin's Plan

The roots of Putin's Plan lie not in Marxism-Leninism, but in Western business theory. True to these roots, Putin is orchestrating the election of someone to succeed him as strategic planner, the CEO of "Russia Inc.," who will continue to seek domestic and international stability.
A consolidation and appraisal of science meta-analyses

This article is directed to consolidating information on selected matters reported in two or more of the separate meta-analysis reported in this issue of the Journal and examining the relationship between the results of these meta-analyses and other work of this nature reported in other places. A high degree of consistency was found among the results of these various meta-analyses.
An alternative drift shell parameter for modeling trapped particles

Abstract The McIlwain L parameter has been widely used to label magnetic drift shells of trapped particles. In a dipolar magnetic field, L gives the equatorial radius of a drift shell. When the total magnetospheric magnetic field is significantly altered by the presence of external magnetospheric currents, particularly during geomagnetically active periods, L has to be calculated by using an appropriate magnetic field model that includes the external fields. Thus, an L value computed at a given local time does not always give the position of a drift shell in configuration (real) space, especially at high L values (>4). Since L is one of the magnetic coordinates typically used to organize trapped particle data, the external current effects on the L calculation need to be assessed. In this paper, we show that by conserving the second adiabatic invariant, I , in a model magnetospheric magnetic field given by the sum of the IGRF and the Tsyganenko T89c models, a configuration-space-based drift shell parameter can be defined. It has been found that for a given mirroring field strength B m on a magnetic field line, the quantity I is empirically related to the radial distance r t to the point of minimum field strength along that field line. By conserving I, r t measured in units of Earth radii ( R E ) at any local time can be mapped to its equivalent value L tn at noon, and vice versa. We show that L tn can be used as a parameter to label drift shell in configuration space, analogous to the use of L in magnetic space.
Comparison of Two Target Classification Techniques

It has been shown that radar returns in the resonance region carry information regarding the overall dimensions and shape of targets. Two radar target classification techniques developed to utilize such returns are discussed. Both of these techniques utilize resonance region backscatter measurements of the radar cross section (RCS) and the intrinsic target backscattered phase. A target catalog used for testing the techniques was generated from measurements of the RCS of scale models of modern aircraft and naval ships using a radar range at The Ohio State University. To test the classification technique, targets had their RCS and phase taken from the data base and corrupted by errors to simulate full-scale propagation path and processing distortion. Several classification methods were then used to determine how well the corrupted measurements fit the measurement target signatures in the catalog. The first technique uses nearest neighbor (NN) algorithms on the RCS magnitude and (range corrected) phase at a number (e.g., 2, 4, or 8) of operating frequencies. The second technique uses an inverse Fourier transformation of the complex multifrequency radar returns to the time domain followed by cross correlation. Comparisons are made of the performance of the two techniques as a function of signal-to-error noise power ratio for various processing options.
Compensatory versus Overcompensatory Dynamics in Density-dependent Leslie Models

The role of compensatory and overcompensatory dynamics in generating multiple attractors in density-dependent Leslie models with or without the Allee effects are studied. In the presence of the Allee effect the models support multiple attractors. However, in the absence of the Allee effect single attractors are supported when the dynamics are compensatory while multiple attractors are supported under overcompensatory dynamics. The existence of multiple attractors in density-dependent Leslie models implies that the qualitative population dynamics depend on initial conditions.
What really happened to the 1960s: how mass media culture failed American democracy

by Edward P. Morgan, Lawrence, University Press of Kansas, 2010, 405 pp., $39.95 (cloth), ISBN-13: 978-0700617562 When the Swift Boat controversy engulfed the 2004 United States presidential campai...
Localization and Reoperation Results for Persistent and Recurrent Parathyroid Carcinoma

Hypothesis Reoperation is safe and benefits patients with persistent and recurrent parathyroid carcinoma. Design Retrospective study. The mean follow-up time was 8.1 years (median, 7 years; range, 1-23 years). Setting A university tertiary referral center. Patients Eighteen patients treated for parathyroid carcinoma from 1966 to 1999. Results The mean serum calcium level was 13.7 mg/dL (3.43 mmol/L), and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was 1.6 to 20 times the upper limit of normal. Fourteen of 18 patients had persistent or recurrent parathyroid carcinoma and underwent 54 reoperations (28 at our institution). Mean time to recurrence was 4.8 years (range, 1-20 years). Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism were relieved in 86% of patients who had reoperation (P Conclusions Recurrence is common in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Patients with this disease should have frequent, lifelong follow-up to ensure early detection of recurrence. Although reoperation for persistent or recurrent parathyroid carcinoma provides significant symptomatic relief and normalizes serum calcium and PTH levels in most patients, it is associated with some morbidity. Localizing studies of parathyroid carcinoma are helpful but do not detect all tumor foci.
Time domain design of sampled-data control systems

A CONTROL ENGINEER usually begins the design of a sampled-data feedback control system with two sets of data. These are the fixed components that the system must include and the specifications which the final system must meet. The fixed components, which will be referred to as the plant, are inherent in the process to be controlled and in many cases are not subject to change. The commonest specifications are generally in terms of time-response and may include rise time, peak overshoot, and steady-state position errors. In general, the plant will not, of itself, satisfy the specifications; hence, the designer's problem is to select such additional components as will produce the desired system. These components, called the compensator, may then give the final system the form shown in Fig. 1, where Gp(s) represents the transfer function of the plant and Gc(s) is the compensator. Determination of this compensator is the central problem in feedback control system design.
Situational Segmentation of Industrial Markets

Proposes that grouping industrial market transactions into separate segments can be aided by use of individual dimensions and combinations of dimensions. Examines the idea that knowledge about the composition of the decision‐making unit or buying centre in specified situations helps marketers to design or modify communication programmes – concentrating attention on those market segments to which the competitive advantages are most meaningful. Uses interviews with purchasing personnel (over several years with more than 30 organisations in the USA, of differing products/services, location and size). Says there is a four dimensional classification system for industrial buying situations and these are: buyers' familiarity with the buying task (new or rebuy); product type; importance of the purchase to the buying organisation; and principal type of uncertainty present in the purchase situation. Goes on to discuss these and uses tables for extra emphasis in explanation. Concludes that interview data suggest that the use of situational segmentation, when combined with segmentation based on ability to refine market programmes, select the most promising on which to focus.
Validity of a retrospective National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scoring methodology in patients with severe stroke.

Objective: Quantifying stroke severity is essential for interpreting outcomes in stroke studies; severity impacts outcomes. Because outcome studies often enroll patients some time after stroke and there is little standardization of the history and physical examination, objective measurement of stroke severity is limited. A method for retrospectively scoring the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) based on history and physical examination has been proposed, but has yet to be validated in patients with higher NIHSS score. We evaluate the validity of this scoring method across the spectrum of the NIHSS scores. Methods: The retrospective scoring algorithm was applied to history and physical examinations documented for 58 patients with ischemic stroke presenting to any of 17 regional acute care facilities who had a NIHSS score recorded by a stroke team physician. The retrospective NIHSS score was obtained by standardized chart review. Linear regression was used to estimate scale-dependent and scale-independent bias. Limits of agreement quantify deviation of the retrospective NIHSS score from the prospective NIHSS score. Results: Mean (SD) age at stroke was 66 (14) years; 27 (46.6%) patients were men, and 38 (65.5%) were white. The mean (SD) prospective NIHSS score was 13.6 (7.8); the mean (SD) retrospective NIHSS score was 13.7 (7.8). There were 23 (40%) prospective NIHSS scores above 15, and 13 scores (22%) above 20. The linear regression constant was 0.290 (95% confidence interval −0.107, 0.687); the slope was 0.987 (95% confidence interval 0.962, 1.013). The R 2 for the model was 0.991. Limits of agreement were −1.35 and 1.59. Conclusion: The retrospective NIHSS appears valid across the entire spectrum of scores.
A model of the phonatory response time of stutterers and fluent speakers to frequency-modulated tones.

Stutterers and fluent speakers tracked frequency‐modulated tones by humming. The response time (RT) to the first corrective change in fundamental frequency in response to linear ramps of increasing and decreasing frequency was measured. The results demonstrate that RT is a function of the stimulus ramp velocity. A model of this dependency is provided which consists of parameters of threshold frequency and a fixed time delay. The estimated threshold frequency for the fluent speakers is 2.029 Hz with 95% confidence interval: (1.70 Hz, 2.35 Hz) whereas that of the stutterers is 3.937 Hz (3.28 Hz, 4.60 Hz). These threshold frequencies are significantly different (p<0.0001). This implies that stutterers are slower to respond to changes in frequency than are fluent speakers. The fixed time delays for the two groups are not significantly different. This means that it is possible for the stutterers to respond as fast as the fluent speakers (i.e., their basic ‘‘reflexes’’ are the same); however, they spend more time in the detection of the change in a tracking signal. This supports the model of the stuttered event as being triggered by an instability in a multiloop speech motor control system.
Optimizing fast spin echo acquisitions for hepatic imaging in normal subjects

The purpose of this study was to determine which implementations of a T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequence of the liver resulted in observer preference in normal subjects. Five volunteers were scanned with a series of fast spin-echo sequences modified to allow for flow compensation, respiratory triggering (RT), ECG triggering, randomized phase encoding (RPE), breathholding, and echo train length (ETL). Images were compared with conventional 2500/40/80 msec spin-echo images using flow compensation and spatial presaturation by two observers blinded to the specific sequence parameters. All FSE sequences were completed in less than the 12 minutes necessary to perform a conventional spin-echo sequence. The most preferred fast spin-echo sequence employed flow compensation, RT, and used an 8 ETL. Analysis of image preference, signal to noise, and contrast to noise showed that RT was the single most important variable in determining each image response (P < .01, P < .02, P < .01, respectively). There was some evidence that images obtained with an 8 ETL were preferred over those using a 16 ETL (P=.07). No other variables approached statistical significance although one reader preferred images with flow compensation in the frequency direction to those either not flow compensated or flow compensated in the slice direction. Respiratory triggered fast spin-echo images combined with flow compensation in the frequency direction and using ETL=8 can provide image quality equal to conventional spin-echo sequences with significant time savings.
Approximations in nonlinear viscoelasticity

Abstract The limiting process of passing from a compressible solid to an imcompressible one is considered. By the analysis of successive transformations, strain tensors with explicit dilatational components of deformations are derived. Corresponding constitutive equations in multiple integral form with explicit volumedependent terms are given. They are convenient for approximations. The second portion of this paper discusses the short-time approximations. By means of interpolation formulas, different approximations of the kernel functions are studied. The error bounds of these constitutive equations are investigated.
Bounded rationality of identity thieves: Using offender‐based research to inform policy*

Data for this study were collected in semistructured interviews with 59 individuals serving time in federal prisons for identity theft. We explore how offenders’ experiences and life circumstances affected their subjective assessments of risks and rewards and thus facilitated the decision to engage in identity theft. Our findings suggest that offenders perceive identity theft as an easy, rewarding, and relatively risk-free way to fund their chosen lifestyles.
Potential roles for short RNAs in lymphocytes

RNA interference (RNAi) is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved process. In some eukaryotes, RNAi silences parasitic genetic elements. In plants, RNAi serves as an immune system against RNA viruses and transgenes and in worms, RNAi silences transposons. In mammals, RNAi has yet unknown functions. However, emerging roles for short RNAs and the factors that interact with them in other eukaryotes include chromatin modification, DNA deletion and DNA methylation, which may provide clues to the roles for short RNA function in mammals. For example, antigen receptor expression in lymphocytes is a highly regulated process and although much is known about chromatin modification and DNA deletion in the immune system, several molecular details of chromatin regulation remain elusive. This review compares emerging roles for short RNA function to processes required for antigen receptor expression in mammalian lymphocytes and predicts that short RNAs direct events required for successful lymphocyte-restricted gene expression.
Differential phytoplankton sinking- and growth-rates: An eigenvalue analysis

Abstract An eigenvalue analysis of the vertical phytoplankton biomass equation is applied to calculate the differential sinking- and loss-rates of phytoplankton for different taxonomic groups in Lake Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) (Texas) and in Lake Erie. The analysis includes factors determining the phytoplankton composition, including losses due to turbulent mixing and to sinking, and a death-term to account for endogenous decay and predation. Gross growth-rates were obtained from community and individual 14C production data (autoradiography) and from biomass measurements. Green algae produced the largest gross growth-rates, 1–1.75 d−1, and the largest calculated sinking-rates, 1–3 m d−1. The lowest gross growth-rates (
BANANAS: Providing Child Care Services to a Multi-Ethnic Community

BANANAS, Inc. is a nonprofit organization that has provided child care resource and referral services for over 35 years. BANANAS emerged as a grassroots effort initiated by a group of female volunteers who sought to build a network of women with children who needed childcare. As the organization developed, its leaders recognized and responded to additional needs, including resource and information sharing, workshops and classes, and political advocacy. Beginning as a collective, BANANAS has grown into a multifaceted service delivery and advocacy nonprofit operating with an annual budget of $12 million. This history of the agency reflects the development of a unique community-based effort, its challenges and rewards, and the multiple successes that this pioneering nonprofit has experienced.
Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons—1. Identification and characterization

Intracellular recordings were obtained from directly identified rat nigral dopamine cells in vivo. This identification was based on an increase in glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence in the impaled dopamine neurons. One of three compounds was injected intracellularly into each cell to produce the heightened fluorescence: (1) L-DOPA, to increase the intracellular dopamine content by precursor loading; (2) tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase, to increase intracellular dopamine concentration through activation of the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis and (3) colchicine, to arrest intraneuronal transport and thus allow the build-up of dopamine synthesizing enzymes and dopamine in the soma. In addition, dopamine cells were antidromically activated from the caudate nucleus and collision with a directly elicited action potential was demonstrated. Identified dopamine neurons were shown to possess an input resistance of 31.2 +/- 7.4 M omega (means +/- SD) and a time constant of 12.1 +/- 3.2 ms. The action potentials were of long duration (2.75 +/- 0.5 ms) with a marked break between the initial segment and the somatodendritic spike components. The initial segment was the only component commonly elicited during antidromic activation. Spontaneously occurring action potentials were usually preceded by a slow, pacemaker-like depolarization. Burst firing by summation of depolarizing afterpotentials was observed to occur spontaneously, but could not be triggered by short depolarizing current pulses. Intravenously administered apomorphine demonstrated the same inhibitory effect on cell firing that was previously reported to occur when recording extracellularly from identified dopaminergic neurons. The determination of the electrophysiological characteristics of a population of cells directly identified as containing a specific neurotransmitter (in this case, dopamine) may allow one to construct better models of a system's functioning. Thus, the high input resistance and long time constant of dopamine-containing cells, combined with their burst/pause firing mode, may be important functionally with respect to a possible modulatory effect of dopamine in postsynaptic target areas.
Food, Laxatives, and Catharsis in Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Tale

THE NUN'S PRIEST'S COMMANDED RESPONSE to the surfeit of disasters narrated by the monk has a remarkable fullness comic, epic, scientific, theological which finally comes to rest in an exhortation to temperate caution. Epic plenitude is parodied, but also held out for our serious contemplation. The Nun's Priest himself believes that sorrow quickly follows joy in this life, but he has been ordered to cheer the company up. The tale begins and ends on a Horatian or almost Stoic note; but plenitude in the form of emotional and intellectual fulfillment, or even ecstasy, is dangled enticingly before us in the course of the story. Its ample mixture of the comic and the serious invokes an ideal of harmony between the physical and the spiritual, and the empirical and transcendent, which forms an enriching and even necessary background to our reading of the tale. A new analogue for the fruit and chaff image found in the medieval translation of Plato's Timaeus by Chalcidius illuminates a pattern of food imagery and different kinds of catharsis in the story. The word, "purgatio," in the context of the "cleansing of the grain" translates Plato's word, "catharsis," and harmonizes with other uses of the term throughout the Timaeus in a complementary medical and religious context.' It was this general meaning that Aristotle adapted in introducing catharsis to literary history in his Poetics.2 There is a parallel in the Timaeus
SPIN TRAPPING OF THE SUPEROXIDE RADICAL BY 4‐(N‐METHYLPYRIDINIUM) t‐BUTYL NITRONE

— The synthesis of 4-(N-methylpyridinium) t-butyl nitrone (4-MePyBN) and its use as a spin trap for superoxide radicals produced in aqueous solutions is reported (aN= 13.78 G, aHs= 1.65 G, and g = 2.0091). The half-life of the spin adduct as a function of pH (83 s at pH 5.5, 78 s at pH 7.0, and 65 s at pH 8.0) the effects of iron salts, diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DETAPAC), and superoxide dismutase were examined, and comparisons made between 4-MePyBN and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as spin trapping agents for the superoxide radical.
Kinetics of OH reactions with aliphatic thiols

The kinetics of OH reactions with 1–4 carbon aliphatic thiols have been investigated over the temperature range 252–430 K. OH radicals were produced by flash photolysis of water vapor at λ > 165 nm and detected by time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy. All thiols investigated react with OH at nearly the same rate; k(298 K) = 3.2–4.6 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, -Eact = 0.6–1.0 kcal/mol, A = 0.6–1.2 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. CH3SH and CH3SD react with OH at identical rates over the entire temperature range investigated. We conclude that the dominant reaction pathway is addition to the sulfur atom.
Scientific explanations and piagetian operational levels

Explaining natural phenomena is an important goal in science teaching. A logical analysis reveals that causal explanations exhibit formal operational structures in that they consist of implication statements chained together through transitive reasoning. It was hypothesized in the present study that individuals who do not reason formally will have difficulty in learning explanations presented in instruction. To test this hypothesis, the effect of levels of operational thought on the explanations which ninth-grade (n = 26) and college (n = 40) physical science students reconstructed after instruction was investigated. Subjects in the study were classified through Piagetian tests as concrete or formal operational. Both concrete and formal subjects were successful in recalling explanations requiring the chaining of two implication statements. Formal operational subjects performed significantly better than concrete operational subjects in three of the four tests of the reconstruction of complex explanations requiring the chaining of six implication statements. In teaching complex causal explanations to students at the concrete operational level, it is suggested that teachers be prepared to furnish some external structuring which the students can rely on in logically relating the various propositions of the explanation to one another.
The Telecom Crisis and beyond Restructuring of the Global Telecommunications System

The global telecom system has undergone dramatic change under neoliberal globalization. A swift restructuring of the telecom industries, which began in the early 1980s, was possible because governm...
Improving scalability of data-centric services using in-network traffic inspection

A growing number of network services are being constructed using the XML Web services architecture. By design, client interactions with such services are governed by open protocols such as UDDI, WSDL, and SOAP that permit programmatic discovery and functionality invocation. Additionally, for a large number of currently deployed services, it is possible to interpret service requests as structured accesses against a (physical or virtual) database. These two trends suggest the possibility of building network intermediaries that can inspect traffic flowing between clients and services, infer models for service access patterns, and potentially improve service scalability by taking actions such as replication, request redirection, or admission control. This paper reports on our experience designing and implementing such a network intermediary architecture. Experiments on an emulated WAN using synthetic workloads show that our approach achieves significant performance improvements in client-perceived response time.
Computational studies of proton transport through the M2 channel.

The M2 ion channel is an essential component of the influenza A virus. This low-pH gated channel has a high selectivity for protons. Evidence from various experimental data has indicated that the essential structure responsible for the channel is a parallel homo-tetrameric α-helix bundle having a left-handed twist with each helix tilted with respect to the membrane normal. A backbone structure has been determined by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Though detailed structures for the side chains are not available yet, evidence has indicated that His37 and Trp41 in the α-helix are implicated in the local molecular structure responsible for the selectivity and channel gate. More definitive conformations for the two residues were recently suggested based on the known backbone structure and recently obtained NMR data. While two competitive proton-conductance mechanisms have been proposed, the actual proton-conductance mechanism remains an unsolved problem. Computer simulations of an excess proton in the channel and computational studies of the His37/Trp41 conformations have provided insights into these structural and mechanism issues.
Quraysh and the Roman army: Making sense of the Meccan leather trade

This paper argues that the trade in leather and other pastoralist products, which the tradition ascribes to the Meccans, could make sense on the assumption that the goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment. The hypothesis that the Meccans were servicing the Roman military is examined and found to be impossible to prove in our current state of knowledge; it is at least compatible with the evidence, however, and also highly promising in terms the light it could throw on the political aspects of the rise of Islam.
Etic Plus Emic Versus Pseudoetic A Test of a Basic Assumption of Contemporary Cross-Cultural Psychology

A basic assumption of cross-cultural psychology, that instruments made in one culture and applied to another culture would not be as useful as instruments made in each of the cultures in which they are to be used, was tested with samples of "Mainstream" and Hispanic naval recruits. Some subjects (62 Mainstream and 60 Hispanic recruits) responded to a role differential that consisted of 30 roles judged on 20 behavior scales taken from a previous study of American and Greek role perceptions; 54 Mainstream and 51 Hispanic recruits responded to a role differential specially constructed after interviews with Hispanics and Mainstream individuals. As expected, the second role differential identified more cultural differences than the first. However, the first was not entirely useless. It did identify more cultural differences than could be expected by chance. The results are discussed in terms of the relative advantage of developing instruments after pretests in the relevant cultures and the increased time and e...
Centroid scale-space maps

An image representation based on mapping image centroids as a function of spatial and scale variables is introduced. This new representation has the advantage that the contours within this scale-space coordinate system consist primarily of curves (i.e., one-dimensional forms) even when the input function is an image with two (or more) spatial coordinates. This is contrasted with the more well-known scale-space approaches based on tracking edge locations through scale when the scale-space contours become curved surfaces for two-dimensional input images. The one-dimensional form of the centroid scale-space contours simplifies the process of extracting useful information from the scale-space maps. Centroid scale-space maps for one- and two-dimensional input functions are examined, and a preliminary set of properties relating the inputs to the maps is presented. We demonstrate the applications of finding the locations and size distributions of objects in an image and of determining the medial-axis transform of an image.
Supershear and subrayleigh to supershear transition observed in Laboratory Earthquake Experiments

In conclusion, we designed an experimental setup to study the dynamics of an earthquake rupturing process. With a unique triggering mechanism, we are able to mimic the earthquake ruptures which are spontaneous in nature. We observed supershear earthquake ruptures and furthermore, the subRayleigh to supershear rupture transition. The transition mechanism qualitatively conforms to the well-known Burridge-Andrews mechanism.
Molecular subtyping to detect human listeriosis clusters

We analyzed the diversity (Simpson’s Index, D) and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in human listeriosis cases in New York State (excluding New York City) from November 1996 to June 2000 by using automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We applied a scan statistic (p<0.05) to detect listeriosis clusters caused by a specific Listeria monocytogenes subtype. Of 131 human isolates, 34 (D=0.923) ribotypes and 74 (D=0.975) PFGE types were found. Nine (31% of cases) clusters were identified by ribotype or PFGE; five (18% of cases) clusters were identified by using both methods. Two of the nine clusters (13% of cases) identified corresponded with investigated multistate listeriosis outbreaks. While most human listeriosis cases are considered sporadic, highly discriminatory molecular subtyping approaches thus indicated that 13% to 31% of cases reported in New York State may represent single-source clusters. Listeriosis control and reduction efforts should include broad-based subtyping of human isolates and consider that a large number of cases may represent outbreaks.
Arrested Coalescence of Particle-coated Droplets into Nonspherical Supracolloidal Structures†

Colloidal and supracolloidal structures with anisotropic shape and surface chemistry are potential building blocks for the fabrication of novel materials. Droplets or bubbles are often used as templates for the assembly of particles into supracolloidal structures of spherical shape. Particle-coated droplets or bubbles have recently been shown to also retain nonspherical geometries after deformation, suggesting that the templating approach can also be used to produce supracolloidal structures with anisotropic shape. We show that partially coated droplets generated in a microcapillary device can undergo spontaneous coalescence into stable nonspherical structures. By positioning the droplets into regular arrays before coalescence, we produce anisotropic geometries with well-defined bonding angles between adjacent merged droplets. This approach allows for the fabrication of novel anisotropic supracolloidal structures with deliberately designed shapes.
Poly-L-lactic Acid for Facial Lipoatrophy in HIV

Objective:To review the clinical data for poly-L-lactic acid, a synthetic polymer used as an intradermal injection for the treatment of HIV associated facial fat loss (lipoatrophy).Data Sources:A literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1966–August 2006). The search was limited to articles published in English and used the key words polylactic acid, polylactides, degradation, lipodystrophy, lipoatrophy, and HIV/AIDS. Dermik Laboratories was contacted to obtain unpublished information. Additional articles were retrieved from citations of selected references.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Relevant information on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid from clinical trials were selected.Data Synthesis:Poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra) is a biocompatible, biodegradable, synthetic polymer able to be tailored into various desired morphologic features. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the correction of facial lipoatrophy in people with HIV. Six ...
Identification of a Phosphorylation Site for Calcium/Calmodulindependent Protein Kinase II in the NR2B Subunit of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of excitatory glutamate receptors plays critical roles in embryonic and adult synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. The receptor is a heteromultimer of core subunits, NR1, and one or more regulatory subunits, NR2A-D. Protein phosphorylation can regulate NMDA receptor function (Lieberman, D. N., and Mody, I. (1994) Nature 369, 235-239; Wang, Y. T., and Salter, M. W. (1994) Nature 369, 233-235; Wang, L.-Y., Orser, B. A., Brautigan, D. L., and MacDonald, J. F. (1994) Nature 369, 230-232). Here we identify a major phosphorylation site on subunit NR2B that is phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II), an abundant protein kinase located at postsynaptic sites in glutamatergic synapses. For the initial identification of the site, we constructed a recombinant fusion protein containing 334 amino acids of the C terminus of the NR2B subunit and phosphorylated it with CaM kinase II in vitro. By peptide mapping, automated sequencing, and mass spectrometry, we identified the major site of phosphorylation on the fusion protein as Ser-383, corresponding to Ser-1303 of full-length NR2B. The Km for phosphorylation of this site in the fusion protein was ~50 nM, much lower than that of other known substrates for CaM kinase II, suggesting that the receptor is a high affinity substrate. We show that serine 1303 in the full-length NR2B and/or the cognate site in NR2A is a major site of phosphorylation of the receptor both in the postsynaptic density fraction and in living hippocampal neurons.
Cysteine-Scanning Analysis of the Chemoreceptor-Coupling Domain of the Escherichia coli Chemotaxis Signaling Kinase CheA

The C-terminal P5 domain of the histidine kinase CheA is essential for coupling CheA autophosphorylation activity to chemoreceptor control through a binding interaction with the CheW protein. To locate P5 determinants critical for CheW binding and chemoreceptor control, we surveyed cysteine replacements at 39 residues predicted to be at or near the P5 surface in Escherichia coli CheA. Two-thirds of the Cys replacement proteins exhibited in vitro defects in CheW binding, either before or after modification with a bulky fluorescein group. The binding-defective sites were widely distributed on the P5 surface and were often interspersed with sites that caused no functional defects, implying that relatively minor structural perturbations, often far from the actual binding site, can influence its conformation or accessibility. The most likely CheW docking area included loop 2 in P5 folding subdomain 1. All but four of the binding-defective P5-Cys proteins were defective in receptor-mediated activation, suggesting that CheW binding, as measured in vitro, is necessary for assembly of ternary signaling complexes and/or subsequent CheA activation. Other Cys sites specifically affected receptor-mediated activation or deactivation of CheA, demonstrating that CheW binding is not sufficient for assembly and/or operation of receptor signaling complexes. Because P5 is quite similar to CheW, whose structure is known to be dynamic, we suggest that conformational flexibility and dynamic motions govern the signaling activities of the P5 domain. In addition, relative movements of the CheA domains may be involved in CheW binding, in ternary complex assembly, and in subsequent stimulus-induced conformational changes in receptor signaling complexes.
The role of angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction

: The role of primary angioplasty versus thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of coronary thrombosis has been the subject of recent randomised trials. They have shown a higher early patency rate after angioplasty with no differences in later patency. Recurrent ischaemia was more frequent after thrombolysis, but the one study that examined myocardial salvage showed no difference. There were fewer intracerebral bleeds in the angioplasty group, but owing mostly to much higher than usual stroke occurrence in the thrombolysis group. With less than 800 patients in all the studies, no final conclusions can yet be drawn about effects on mortality and larger studies are needed. Primary angioplasty is an option when operators are skilled and the procedure can be done quickly. (Aust NZ J Med 1993; 23: 753–755.)
The Superordinate Nature of Cultural Competence

What a pleasure and honor it is to be able to write a rejoinder to the scholarly and insightful comments of Reynolds (2001 [this issue]); Ridley, Baker, and Hill (2001 [this issue]); and Suzuki, McRae, and Short (2001 [this issue]). One always hopes for a fruitful and stimulating dialogue in professional circles, and it is always a delight when it becomes a reality. Before I comment on their critiques, however, I would like to make some general statements that should help frame my own response to their articles. I had originally thought of titling my response “Confessions of a Multicultural Psychologist” because I have inadequate answers to many of the complex problems raised by the respondents. They have all made excellent and legitimate points in their reactions to my proposed model. Furthermore, the page limitation allowed for my response makes it impossible to comment fully on all the important issues they raise. As a result, I hope the respondents will forgive me for addressing only a select few of them at this time. First, I am humbled by the respondents’ kind remarks concerning my past contributions to the field of multicultural counseling competencies and feel quite uncomfortable about accepting credit for those achievements. One only has to look at the multiple authorships of these documents (Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992; Sue, Bernier, Durran, Feinberg, Pedersen, Smith, & Vazquez-Nutall, 1982; Sue, Bingham, Porche-Burke, & Vasquez, 1999; Sue, Carter, Casas, Fouad, Ivey, Jensen, LaFromboise, Manese, Ponterotto, & Vazquez-Nutall,1998; Sue, Ivey, & Pedersen, 1996) to note that the development of multicultural counseling competencies has always been and remains a collective endeavor. This acknowledgment does not even do justice to those in leadership positions of the Division of Counseling Psychology (17), the Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues (45), and the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development who made organizational decisions to support these projects and their eventual publications. Nor does it adequately acknowledge the many other scholars who contrib-
Magnetic Resonance Assessment of the Substrate for Inducible Ventricular Tachycardia in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Background— Patients with left ventricular dysfunction have an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death. However, the substrate for ventricular arrhythmia in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that the distribution of scar identified by MRI is predictive of inducible ventricular tachycardia. Methods and Results— Short-axis cine steady-state free-precession and postcontrast inversion-recovery gradient-echo MRI sequences were obtained before electrophysiological study in 26 patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured from end-diastolic and end-systolic cine images. The transmural extent of scar as a percentage of wall thickness (percent scar transmurality) in each of 12 radial sectors per slice was calculated in all myocardial slices. The percentages of sectors with 1% to 25%, 26% to 50%, 51% to 75%, and 76% to 100% scar transmurality were determined for each patient. Predominance of scar distribution involving 26% t...
Examining the Long-Haul Relationship between Primary Education and Economic Growth: Evidence from Three Populous Nations

The prominence of early education as a significant source of economic growth has long been an intriguing topic among economists. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between primary education and GDP as a measure of economic growth in China, India, and the U.S, the top three populous nations in the world, and to investigate for plausible reasons leading to the differences observed among the mentioned countries of study. Data derived from the Education Statistics of the World Bank from 1970-2012 were subject to the ordinary least square (OLS) estimation procedure, to obtain regression coefficients as a measure of influence of the study variables on economic growth. Results revealed that for all the three study countries characterized by high populations, an increase in the number of students enrolled in primary education positively impacted economic growth. Mortality rate, primary school graduation age population (female), population aged 0 to 14 as percentage of total population, and primary school enrollment ratio showed significant negative impacts on GDP. Marked differences were revealed for individual country regressions regarding the influence of the study variables on economic growth. Gender related differences in primary education graduating population can be attributed to varied differences in the cultural and social systems among the study countries. Both male and female primary education graduation age population showed no statistical significance on economic growth in the U.S, while for China and India the effects on economic growth were significant with clearly outlined gender related differences in primary education graduation age population. This study builds ground for further research on how the accumulation of human capital through education in these countries will impact the geographical concentration of global economic power in the future.
A Quantitative Model for the Mechanism of Antibody Formation and Tolerance

Following immunization, an animal can produce a variety of immunoglobulins of different classes, various degrees of specificity, and heterogeneity with respect to affinity for antigen (1). Also, it is primed to respond to a subsequent challenge with an enhanced response (immunologic memory). In addition, under certain conditions exposure to antigen may result in non-reactivity (tolerance) rather than immunity. This was first observed following the administration of massive doses of antigen. Subsequently, however, it was shown that very small doses of antigen, when given in an appropriate manner, may produce unresponsiveness as well. These states are known as “high zone” and “low zone” paralysis. The immunologic phenomena involved are the result of interactions between a variety of different cell types, under the control of poorly understood regulatory mechanisms. The events are ultimately dependent upon the interaction of antigen with some component, presumably on the surface, of one or more of the reacting cells. Because of the specificity of the immune response, this component, or “receptor” must have a stereospecific configuration which complements that of the antigen, and in this sense it is antibody-like. Many otherwise puzzling observations are explainable in terms of receptor theory.
Integrating Television Sensors for Space Astronomy

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the requirements for astronomical image sensors with particular emphasis on the optimum interface, with a large diffraction-limited telescope and with an echelle spectrograph. Sensor requirements include integration periods exceeding an hour, quantitative photometric measurements accurate to approximately one %, and a well-defined geometric transfer function. All image sensors have modulation transfer functions that decrease with increasing spatial frequency, and the elemental storage capacity decreases as the square of the limiting spatial frequency. The close-space isocon had good resolution, and high resistivity glass targets make long integration times possible. Measurements to date are not definitive with regard to its low signal characteristics. An isocon optimized for slow-scan operation is also evaluated. A possible fundamental problem with the isocon is the somewhat arbitrary dependence of the output signal on the information stored on the target. It is suggested to solve this problem by providing a calibration light source in each frame.