cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essential Features of Tier 2 and 3 School-Wide Positive Behavioral Supports

Chronic and increasingly intense behavioral challenges continue to vex educators from pre- through high school. While early intervention and prevention are essential to alter these patterns, schools are still responsible for ensuring student success regardless of their prior learning history. Unfortunately to date, educators have had limited impact with students with emotional and behavioral disabilities. Response-to-intervention research has documented that early identification of high-risk learners coupled with a continuum of empirically validated instructional practices can both reduce the numbers of students requiring intensive supports and lead to improved learning outcomes among students with disabilities. A parallel process of school-wide positive behavior support (SW-PBS) also applies the logic of early identification of risk coupled with research-based supports to reduce the numbers of students requiring intensive supports as well as provide more comprehensive and integrated supports for students with disabilities. This chapter provides an overview of SW-PBS with a specific emphasis on essential features of tier 2/3 systems within the context of a complete multi-tiered system of support. Research to date on both the individual practices as well as integrated tier 2/3 supports is discussed. Implications for practice are also provided.
Older Thinopyrum intermedium (Poaceae) plants exhibit superior photosynthetic tolerance to cold stress and greater increases in two photosynthetic enzymes under freezing stress compared with young plants

Effects of plant age on resource acquisition and stress tolerance processes is a largely unstudied subject in herbaceous perennials. In a field experiment, we compared rates of photosynthesis (A), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation capacity (V Cmax), maximum electron transport rate (J max), and triose phosphate utilization (TPU), as well as concentrations of Rubisco and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) in 5-year-old and 2-year-old intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) under both optimal growing conditions and cold stress in early spring and autumn. This species is a relative of wheat undergoing domestication. An additional experiment compared photosynthetic rates in different cohorts at mid-season and under colder conditions. We hypothesized that photosynthetic capacity in older plants would be lower under favorable conditions but higher under cold stress. Our hypothesis was generally supported. Under cold stress, 5-year-old plants exhibited higher A, TPU, and temperature-adjusted V Cmax than younger plants, as well as 50% more SPS and 37% more Rubisco. In contrast, at mid-season, photosynthetic capacities in older plants were lower than in younger plants in one experiment, and similar in the other, independent of differences in water status. Both cohorts increased A, temperature-adjusted TPU and J max, [Rubisco], and [SPS] under cold stress, but changes were greater in older plants. Photosynthetic differences were largest at 1.2 oC in very early spring, where older plants had 200% higher A and maintained up to 17% of their peak photosynthetic capacity. We find evidence of increased cold tolerance in older cohorts of wheatgrass, consistent with a growing body of research in woody perennials.
Compactness and asymptotic behavior of entropy solutions without locally bounded variation for hyperbolic conservation laws

We discuss some recent developments and ideas in studying the compactness and asymptotic behavior of entropy solutions without locally bounded variation for nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. Several classes of nonlinear hyperbolic systems with resonant or linear degeneracy are analyzed. The relation of the asymptotic problems to other topics such as scale-invariance, compactness of solutions, and singular limits is described.
Technology road map for high frequency integrated DC-DC converter

This preliminary road map is provided for state-of-the-art technologies and trends toward integration of point-of-load converters. This paper encompasses an extended survey of literature ranging from device technologies and magnetic materials to integration technologies and approaches. The paper is organized into three main sections. 1) Device technologies, including the trench MOSFET, lateral MOSFET and lateral trench MOSFET, are discussed along with their intended applications. The critical role of device packaging to high-frequency integration is assessed. 2) Magnetic materials: In recent years, a number of new magnetic materials have been explored in various research labs to facilitate magnetic integration for high-frequency POL applications. These data are collected and organized to help selecting magnetic material for various current levels and frequency ranges. 3) Levels of integration, which are defined with the focus on magnetic integration techniques and approaches, namely board-level, package-level and wafer-level, each with suitable current scale and frequency range.
Lightweight Materials for Transportation

(1993). Lightweight Materials for Transportation. Materials Technology: Vol. 8, No. 9-10, pp. 221-223.
Tumor cell proliferation, proliferative index and mitotic count in lung cancer.

In conclusion, we believe that in addition to mitotic count which is a well-established and incorporated test for the diagnosis of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, evaluation of Ki-67 by IHC has an extreme importance and in our opinion may be soon incorporated into the classification scheme of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, similar to the classification of the neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. This finding is practical in small endobronchial biopsies with extensive crush artifact. For other tumor types however, lack of standardization and absence of established cut off points make both mitotic count and Ki-67 less important than other well-known and well validated tumor characteristics, (e.g., tumor stage and tumor histology). Despite meta-analyses which correlated a high Ki-67 PI with a poor prognosis in NSCLC, the most important rationale in treating patients with lung cancer in this era of precision medicine is shifting towards immediately finding genomic targets for personalized therapy.
Learning a Spatial Ensemble of Classifiers for Raster Classification: A Summary of Results

Given a spatial raster framework F, a set of explanatory feature maps, training and test samples with class labels on F, as well as a base classifier type, the problem of ensemble learning in raster classification aims to learn a collection of base classifiers to minimize classification errors. The problem has important societal applications such as land cover classification but is challenging due to existence of class ambiguity from spatial heterogeneity, i.e., Samples with the same feature values may have distinct class labels in different areas. Many existing approaches are non-spatial ensembles (e.g., Bagging, boosting, random forest), which assume that learning samples follow an identical distribution. Some spatial ensemble approaches also exist, which simply partition the raster framework into several regular sub-blocks and combine classification results on each sub-block. However, these existing approaches can not address the class ambiguity issue among pixels. In contrast, this paper proposes a new spatial ensemble approach, which partitions the spatial framework into several spatial footprints to minimize class ambiguity of training samples and then learns a base classifier for each footprint. Experimental evaluations on a real world remote sensing dataset show that the proposed spatial ensemble approach outperforms existing approaches when strong class ambiguity exists.
Decreased and increased relative acetabular volume predict the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: an osteological review of 1090 hips.

AimsRecently, there has been considerable interest in quantifying the associations between bony abnormalities around and in the hip joint and osteoarthritis (OA). Our aim was to investigate the rel...
Analyzing the role of correlation-awareness in sparse estimation and detection

It has been recently shown that judicious use of correlation priors can lead to significant improvement in the performance of sparse estimation algorithms. This happens primarily due to two reasons: (i) second order statistics or covariance matrix of signals can possess unique structures that are not captured in the raw measurements (ii) these structures involve non linear functions of the underlying (linear) sampling operator, which can be manipulated to overcome performance bottlenecks (in terms of size of recoverable support) of traditional compressive sensing (CS)/sparse reconstruction algorithms. In particular, by properly designing non-uniform structured samplers, it is possible to recover sparsity levels which are orders of magnitude larger than traditional sparse reconstruction algorithms. Moreover, unlike conventional compressed sensing which mostly advocate the use of random samplers, “correlation-aware” samplers can be highly structured, obeying the physical laws governing a specific application of interest (such as radar target localization, or Fourier based optical imaging).
Glimpses of Silence: Creative Love and the Way of the Mystic in Paul Klee

This article interprets Klee’s journey into art in the context of the mystical teachings of Nicolas Berdyaev (1879–1940) and Klee’s trip to Italy. Berdyaev connects creativity with “divine Eros.” Therefore the creative act is erotic in nature. Klee’s art embodies Berdyaev’s creative ideal through an erotic love that he personally experiences, but that also has to pass through the fire of purification, of self-renunciation, of humility, and of asceticism in order that it might be transformed into creative love. The article suggests that Klee’s trip to Italy transforms Klee’s erotic energy into a creative or spiritual love, which his art illustrates.
A topical report on the design principles of metabolism

Physiological processes in living organisms are achieved by processing nutrients from the environment in a highly orchestrated manner. Metabolism is the collection of all the biochemical reactions and cellular processes involved in nutrient processing. Metabolic activity can be divided generally into processes that break down macromolecules to generate cellular energy (catabolism) and those that synthesize basic and complex biomolecular building blocks (anabolism) (Fig. 2.1).
A two-stage procedure for the optimal sizing and placement of grid-level energy storage

Abstract The economic benefit realized from energy storage units on the electric grid is linked to the control policy selected to govern grid operations. Thus, the optimal sizing and placement (OSP) of such units is also dependent on the operating policy of the power network. In this work, we first introduce economic model predictive control (EMPC) as a viable economic dispatch policy for transmission networks with energy storage. However, the numeric basis of EMPC makes it ill-suited for the OSP problem. In contrast, the method of economic linear optimal control (ELOC) can be easily adapted to the OSP problem. However, the relaxation of point-wise-in-time constraints, inherent to ELOC, will introduce a systematic underestimation of operating costs. Thus, we introduce a 2-step OSP algorithm that begins with the ELOC-based approach to determine the placement of energy storage units. Then, an EMPC-based gradient search is used to determine optimal sizes.
Geometric Measure Theory. A Beginner's Guide. By Frank Morgan

(1989). Geometric Measure Theory. A Beginner's Guide. By Frank Morgan. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 8, pp. 753-756.
The Upwardly Mobile: Identity Killers or Chameleons?

This paper draws on social identity theory and status-based identity to propose a model of identity work for upwardly mobile individuals. Specifically, I discuss the experience of upward mobility and how it may result in identity conflict at work as individuals navigate a new social class context, considering discrete emotions (envy and shame) as the determining mechanism for the methods upwardly mobile individuals may engage in to mitigate the conflict experienced between social class identities. Endorsed meritocracy is discussed as a contextual variable in that when individuals more strongly endorse a meritocratic worldview, shame rather than envy is the more likely emotional response, thus resulting in differing types of identity work, called long-term class work (LTCW). Finally, LTCW success is discussed as a feedback loop in that when the individual experiences success, the identity conflict is likely to be reduced. Theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research directions are...
Antitumor and Antiviral Activity of N6-Hydroxyadenine Nucleosides and Related Derivatives

ABSTRACT The first member of the series, N6-hydroxyadenosine (HAPR), exerted an antitumor activity in mouse leukemias and underwent clinical trials. A toxicity was observed, due to enzymatic hydrolysis by adenosine deaminase. 9-β-D-Arabinosyl-N6-hydroxyadenine (ara-HA) had an inhibitory effect in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication, but it was also toxic. The 6-nitroso purine nucleosides of the ribosyl and arabinosyl series were obtained by oxidation of the corresponding N6-hydroxyadenine (HAP) derivatives. Nitrosation of N6-hydroxyadenine led to the N6-(nitroso)hydroxyamino derivative which, in contrast to its base, was inactive. Nitrosation of 9-3-D-ribofuranosyl-N6-(1-methylhydrazino) or N6-methylaminopurine gave N6-(methylnitroso)adenosine which exerted growth inhibitory activity in mouse leukemia. The use of adenosine deaminase inhibitors, erythro-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (EHNA) and 2′-deoxycoformycin (2′-DCF) resulted in an increased antitumor and antiviral activity of the ribosyl and arabinosyl N6-hydroxyadenines, but they were ineffective in blocking the toxic effects in primates. These results prompted the study of new derivatives with substituents at C-2, as it is known that 2-substituted adenosines are resistant to enzymatic attack. In fact, the 2-amino (AHAPR) and 2-fluoro (FHAPR) N6-hydroxyadenosines were less affected by enzymatic hydrolysis than the unsubstituted nucleosides. The N2,N6-dihydroxyaminopurine ribonucleoside (DHAPR) was effective against mouse leukemia and colon 38 tumor. All these N6-hydroxyadenosines had potent anti-HSV-1 activity in vitro. The biological effect of substituents in the nucleosides depends on their structure, being more effective those with N-OH function on the purine nucleus.
E5. Points in Convex Figures

During the summer of 1987, I taught at the International Summer Institute in Orange, California. Students came from the U.S., Japan, Israel, Hungary, Switzerland, and France. For their test I decided to create a problem requiring the use of the Pigeonhole Principle in geometry. I came up with Problem 5.4(A).When you solve a problem like that, you ask yourself, can I prove a stronger result, i.e., a result with a smaller n? This train of thought led me to problem 5.4(B), and consequently to problem 5.5(A). The problem became too good to be used for a test. I saved it for the Fifth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad. Problem 5.5(B) shows that the result of problem 5.5(A) is best possible: you cannot reduce n to below 5. Does it mean that we have reached the end of the road? Not at all! Instead of looking at triangles alone, we can include all convex figures.
The Role of Consumers in Structuring Seagrass Communities: Direct and Indirect Mechanisms

Seagrass ecosystems were traditionally assumed to be structured by competition as well as by “bottom up forces” such as resource availability and disturbance. However, a wealth of new evidence demonstrates that exertion of “top down control” by animals may be widespread. The strength and direction of top down control is context dependent, however, and varies with properties of organisms, the community, and the physical environment. Consumers can facilitate, consume, or destroy primary producers, aid or inhibit seagrass reproduction, or alter bottom up processes with implications for the properties and persistence of seagrass ecosystems. Studies in Australian ecosystems have been critical in helping to elucidate the role of consumers in seagrass ecosystems. Specifically, work investigating the roles of megaherbivores and apex predators and the pioneering of novel experimental approaches which allow for cage-free manipulations of mesograzers have substantially furthered our understanding of top-down control. At the broadest scale, megagrazers are likely to dominate grazing pathways in Australian tropical and subtropical seagrass ecosystems, while macrograzers and mesograzers do so in temperate seagrass ecosystems. However, while we have learned much about mechanisms through which top-down control can operate and its effects on seagrass ecosystems, predicting which grazing pathways dominate at smaller spatial scales, and net herbivore effects on seagrasses in specific ecosystems remains challenging due to context dependence and the highly complex nature of species interactions. Anthropogenic impacts further complicate these relationships. Australian seagrass habitats possess unusual properties, including relatively intact populations of megafauna, remote and pristine locations, and distinctive oceanographic features which allow these habitats to provide unique insights of top down control in seagrass ecosystems.
Sensitivity of contaminant travel time to the combined effect of porosity and hydraulic conductivity

An approach is developed to analyze sensitivity of advective contaminant travel time to porosity and hydraulic conductivity and their dependence. The approach is applicable in situations when groundwater specific discharge can be calculated from an available groundwater flow model that has already been developed. The groundwater specific discharge results allow estimate of advective contaminant travel time together with porosity values for all grid cells in the groundwater flow model. This is particularly useful when a full contaminant transport model is not available. In this study, a sensitivity index is developed based on the covariance between the advective contaminant travel time and grid cell porosity and its relationship with hydraulic conductivity. The spatially variable sensitivity index provides a quantitative measure of the combined effect of porosity and hydraulic conductivity on the sensitivity of advective contaminant travel time. The index can be used to identify the most influential region to reduce uncertainty of predicting advective contaminant travel time, which in turn helps to facilitate field characterization to reduce uncertainty and to aid the design of monitoring networks. Three theoretical examples are presented and discussed to illustrate the approach. However, the approach can be easily applied to more complex aquifer domains where advective contaminant travel time can be calculated based on simulated flow results from available groundwater flow models.
On-chip Wavefront Shaping with High Contrast Dielectric Metalens

Compact and lossless on-chip high-contract transmit-array is experimentally demonstrated on a standard SOI substrate. The integrated metalens has a focal spot size of 0.38 λ, transmission of 94% and focusing efficiency of 71%. © 2019 The Author(s)
RF Read-Out of Minority Carrier Lifetimes in Micro-Scale Infrared Materials

We present micro-scale time-resolved microwave resonator response (μ-TRMRR), a sensitive technique capable of measuring carrier lifetimes in micron-scale materials, something not typically achievable using common techniques like time-resolved photoluminescence or time-re-solved microwave reflectance. © 2019 The Author(s)
Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Operations

The natural opiate (morphine) and the synthetic opioids have profound analgesic properties and are useful in high doses for the maintenance of cardiac patients because of the relatively benign effects of these agents on hemodynamics. Muscle relaxants are used to facilitate endotracheal intubation, to aid in surgical exposure, and to prevent patient movement during critical periods during surgery. Catheterization of central veins and arterial cannulation for pressure monitoring are almost universally done for cardiovascular surgery. The EEG is generally used to monitor brain activity and gross perfusion of the brain during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Intraoperative echocardiography is very helpful in evaluating mitral valve repair, and to aid in diagnosis of atheromatous plaques and dissection of the thoracic aorta.
What Do Other People Think the Worst Problems in the World Are

Here I provide other viewpoints on the worst problems. This includes informal surveys from several classes of students as well as discussions with an array of individuals. It also provides results of some large-scale surveys done by several different global initiatives.
Quantifying the effects of wound healing risk and potential on clinical measurements and outcomes of severely burned patients: A data-driven approach.

Abstract Introduction Given recent advances in computational power, the goal of this study was to quantify the effects of wound healing risk and potential on clinical measurements and outcomes of severely burned patients, with the hope of providing more insight on factors that affect wound healing. Methods This retrospective study involved patients who had at least 10% TBSA% “burned” and three burn mappings each. To model risk to wounds, we defined the variable θ, a hypothetical threshold for TBSA% “open wound” used to demarcate “low-risk” from “high-risk” patients. Low-risk patients denoted those patients whose actual TBSA% “open wound” ≤θ, whereas high-risk patients denoted those patients whose actual TBSA% “open wound” >θ. To consider all possibilities of risk, 100 sub analyses were performed by (1) varying θ from 100% to 1% in decrements of 1%, (2) grouping all patients as either “low-risk” or “high-risk” for each θ, and (3) comparing all means and deviations of variables and outcomes between the two groups for each θ. Hence, this study employed a data-driven approach to capture trends in clinical measurements and outcomes. Plots and tables were also obtained. Results For 303 patients, median age and weight were 43 [29–59] years and 85 [72–99] kg, respectively. Mean TBSA% “burned” was 25 [17–39] %, with a full-thickness burn of 4 [0–15] %. Average crystalloid volumes were 4.25 ± 2.27 mL/kg/TBSA% “burned” in the first 24 h. Importantly, for high-risk patients, decreasing θ was matched by significant increases in PaO2-FiO2 ratio, platelet count, Glasgow coma score (GCS), and MAP. On the other hand, increasing their risk θ was also matched by significant increases in creatinine, bilirubin, lactate, blood, estimated blood loss, and 24-h and total fluid volumes. As expected, for low-risk patients, clinical measurements were more stable, despite decreasing or increasing θ. At a θ of 80%, statistical tests indicated much disparity between high-risk and low-risk patients for TBSA% “burned”, full thickness burn, bilirubin (1.66 ± 1.16 mg/dL versus 0.83 ± 0.65 mg/dL, p = 0.005), GCS (7 ± 2 versus 12 ± 3, p Conclusion Wound healing risk and potential may be forecasted by many different clinical measurements and outcomes and has many implications on multi-organ function. Future work will be needed to further explain and understand these effects, in order to facilitate development of new predictive models for wound healing.
Effect of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors on Plasma Ceramide Levels.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are novel drugs that provide striking lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) when added to maximum tolerated therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Ceramides, novel cardiac risk markers, have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The Ceramide Risk Score (CRS) predicts the likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events within 1 to 3 years in patients with coronary artery disease. The effect of PCSK9 inhibition on plasma ceramides is not well known. The study examines the effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on plasma ceramides and CRS in patients with clinical indication for this therapy. Retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with hypercholesterolemia on PCSK9 inhibitors was conducted (n = 24; Mayo Clinic 2015 to 2018). Plasma ceramides were measured before the initiation of PCSK9 inhibitors and 2 to 12 months after treatment. CRS was calculated before and after therapy based on individual plasma concentrations of 4 ceramides. Treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors was associated with significant reduction in mean CRS and individual ceramides levels (p
A 3-2-1 Approach to Undergraduate Reading Compliance and Critical Analysis

Studies show only 20 to 40 percent of students read assigned texts and are prepared for class discussions. To address this issue we created the 3-2-1 Reading Assignment, in which students engage in...
Documentary Filmmaking and U.S. Public TV’s Independent Television Service, 1989-2017

Public TV has played a crucial role in shaping opportunities for documentary, and one of its units, the Independent Television Service (ITVS), has since 1989 played an important but largely unsung role in a generation of social-issue, point-of-view documentaries in the U.S. It is an unlikely creation, the product of activist efforts by documentarians who often found themselves excluded in post-1967 public broadcasting. It is an even more unlikely success, as an organization largely funded with tax dollars by the entity that documentarians protested against in its creation — Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In its thirty years, it has co-produced dozens of documentaries a year with independents and found public TV distribution for them. It has been not only incubator but broker between sometimes-obstreperous or even oppositional filmmakers and always-cautious station programmers and PBS. ITVS has evolved in playing this role, becoming a leading support and gateway to broadcasting for the kind of U.S. documentary that is most difficult to make in commercial environments: the independent, point-of-view work on issues of public importance. Understanding how ITVS has shaped opportunities for filmmakers illuminates evolution in form, as well as helping to explain the limits on public affairs programming in the distribution service that reach the greatest number of Americans. Finally, understanding ITVS’ often-hidden contribution demonstrates the importance of focusing on cultural production in understanding genre.
DNA Detectives: Outreach Activity Teaching Students to Identify Fish Eggs Using DNA Barcoding.

Fish are an important resource worldwide and their management requires a combination of strategies, including the protection of spawning areas. However, the identification of fish early life stages, especially fish eggs, is challenging due to the lack of distinguishing morphological features. Here we present an outreach activity, named “DNA Detectives”, that allows students to discover the method of DNA barcoding, a technique used by scientists to determine which species of fish are spawning in a given location. Students will learn about fish reproduction strategies, methods used by scientists for collecting fish eggs, and how to identify these eggs using their genetic code, or DNA sequence. During this activity, students receive a short lesson about fish reproduction and fish egg collection before performing their own DNA Detective work by choosing a fish egg, deciphering its genetic code to identify the species it belongs to, learning about the fish through a coloring page, and earning a sticker reward. The DNA Detectives activity is designed for grades 2-5, but has been used in a wide range of settings such as public science festivals and the Great American Teach-In. This activity is also available to remote learners via a website (https://sites.google.com/view/dnadetectives/home).
Fast-Wave Averaging with Phase Changes: Asymptotics and Application to Moist Atmospheric Dynamics

Many systems involve the coupled nonlinear evolution of slow and fast components, where, for example, the fast waves might be acoustic (sound) waves with a small Mach number or inertio-gravity waves with small Froude and Rossby numbers. In the past, for some such systems, an interesting property has been shown: the slow component actually evolves independently of the fast waves, in a singular limit of fast wave oscillations. Here, a fast-wave averaging framework is developed for a moist Boussinesq system with additional complexity beyond past cases, now including phase changes between water vapor and liquid water. The main question is: Do phase changes induce coupling between the slow component and fast waves? Or does the slow component evolve independently, according to moist quasi-geostrophic equations? Compared to the dry dynamics, a substantial challenge is that the method needs to be adapted to a piecewise operator with variable coefficients, due to phase changes. A formal asymptotic analysis is presented here. For purely saturated flow without phase changes, it is shown that precipitation does not induce coupling, and the slow modes evolve independently. With phase changes present, the limiting equations show that phase boundaries could possibly induce coupling between the slow modes and fast waves.
Introduction: Theorizing Talkback

This chapter theorizes talkback as a theoretical framework through which one can understand the kind of activism that challenges existing structures of normativity on lines of space, time, and affect. In addition, introduction introduces the main argument for the rest of the book: talkback as a framework is not only useful but also necessary to fully grasp the ways in which activism challenges normative discourses in a given sociopolitical context.
Coronary Physiology and Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion

Quantitative myocardial perfusion by positron emission tomography (PET) is the optimal guide for diagnosis and management or interventions for obstructive or non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) for the following reasons documented in this chapter: PET guided elective revascularization in chronic CAD reduces death and myocardial infarction (MI) by 54% compared to medical treatment alone whereas FFR or FFRct or angiogram guided interventions show no reduced death or MI compared to medical treatment. In a large cohort with high prevalence of CAD, PET excludes 60–80% of elective coronary angiograms as unnecessary for mild or moderate, low risk CAD not needing angiogram versus identifying patients with CAD severity getting PCI or CABG in 78% of PET guided angiograms. By comparison, for FFRct ≤0.8, only 38% have pressure derived FFR ≤0.8 at angiogram, hence FFRct is false + in 62% of + FFRct cases. On head to head comparison with analysis for intent to diagnose, PET is superior to FFRct on a per patient and per artery analysis due FFRct variability of ±25% for predicting FFR ≤0.8 and due to 17% FFRct failures of acquiring useable data versus 0.7% failed data acquisition for PET that has ±10% variability. In addition to this data, PET quantitative perfusion is the accepted Gold Standard of physiologic CAD severity since: (i) PET is the reference standard to which FFR was compared for validation and for the extensive PET literature since validating FFR. (ii) Quantitative myocardial perfusion explains symptoms and abnormal physiologic function broadly in all coronary pathophysiologies to guide management. (iii) Quantitative myocardial perfusion by PET has mainstream status in cardiology texts including Hurst’s The Heart and The Atlas of Nuclear Cardiology (in press).
Local adaptive capacity to climate change in mountainous agricultural areas in the eastern Mediterranean (Lebanon)

Abstract The potential capacity of an agricultural community to adapt to climate change is directly related to several indicators, mainly the initial state of local farmers’ perceptions to climate and adaptation, the socio-economy, the space and biophysical characteristics, the institutional efficiency, and the technological aspects. Adaptive capacity reflects directly on the ease or difficulty of the current and future adaptation processes of a system. In this study, the adaptive capacity in mountain agriculture is weighed in 4 different zones of Mount-Lebanon on the East coast of the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most vulnerable hot spots to climate change worldwide. The assessment was based on a multi-criteria analysis of the key indicators of local adaptive capacity, assisted by a survey conducted on 378 farmers (apple growers) in the study area consisting of 24 villages grouped in 4 clusters. Results show that, while presenting a variation between the 4 clusters, the local adaptive capacity is weak and less than the average for the concerned area of study in general. None of the considered zones concurrently had the highest score for all the assessed criteria and each cluster had its own strong potency indicators. The overall comparative approach reveals that the local potential for adaptation to climate change in agriculture, specifically apple growing, is the highest in the Bcharreh cluster area compared to the three other clusters of Aqoura, Mayrouba and Jouar el Hoz.
Automation of an Off-Grid Vertical Farming System to Optimize Power Consumption

The world’s resources are finite. As the population increases, these resources must be better utilized to maintain or improve living standards. One area ripe for improvement is agricultural farming. Farms use the most available freshwater and vast swaths of land. Additionally, fertilizer runoff pollutes nearby rivers and reservoirs. One solution is vertical farms. Vertical farms can be stacked on top of each other, reducing land, water, and fertilizer usage significantly. However, this comes at the trade-off of increased energy usage. Renewable energy sources can supply the power, reducing the compromise, but they are unreliable, and their power production varies hourly and by season. An automated system can adapt to the changing power availability without harming plants because plants acclimate to a wide variety of growing conditions in nature. This research focused on automating a vertical farm system to adjust to weather variations without experiencing blackouts while maximizing power usage and improving growing conditions for the plants in the systems.
The Annual BUILD Snapshot: Tracking Alumni Outcomes.

As the number of alumni of the CSULB BUILD Student Training Program continues to grow, it has become vital to develop a systematic way to track each trainee’s graduate school enrollment and persistence. Developing a system that tracks post-graduate outcomes is not only important for determining the success of the program, but it also creates opportunities for the program to continue supporting its former trainees. A major challenge to tracking is that alumni are not very engaged in the process. To address this challenge, we developed the Annual BUILD Snapshot, a personalized unique Excel file designed to collect information on student activities during their time in the BUILD Program and after graduation. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of the Annual BUILD Snapshot. We also discuss the strategies we used to launch the Snapshot, the administration process, and the outcomes and lessons learned from the process. Our findings have implications for similar training programs that need to track the short-term and long-term outcomes of their students and aim to remain connected to their alumni in unique and creative ways.
The Latvian banking crisis : lessons learned

Lessons from Latvia's banking crisis can be applied in other transition economies. In the spring of 1995, Latvia experienced the largest banking crisis in the former Soviet Union to date, involving the loss of about 40 percent of the banking system's assets and liabilities. Fleming and Talley outline the Latvian authorities' strategy for developing the banking system and identify how and why it unraveled. They discuss the World Bank's role and the lessons to be learned from the crisis, including the following: Banking systems are exposed to stress in several major ways. Enterprises - the main borrowers - become subject to hard budget constraints (are cut off from government funds) and are privatized. Inflation declines so enterprises can't rely on rapidly increasing revenues to service bank debts. Economic reform tends to produce banking systems that are mainly privately owned - making them vulnerable to withdrawals, as the public does not assume that failing banks will be bailed out. The government must protect against this vulnerability by establishing a proper legal framework for banking, developing effective bank supervision and regulation, and implementing solid accounting, disclosure, and auditing standards. It must also develop effective ways to handle problem banks and to close insolvent banks promptly. For banks in the state sector to be a source of strength to the banking system, they must have strong effective management and be relatively free from political influence. Outlier banks - those expanding assets very quickly or offering particularly high deposit rates - should be subject to intense supervision. Four things must be done to prevent fraud, incompetent management, and excessive risk-taking: Carefully screen those who want to get into banking; subject all banks to thorough, frequent onsite examinations and assign the best examiners to the largest banks; require annual audits of all banks by reputable auditing firms required to report significant irregularities to authorities; and act decisively when fraud or bank difficulties are detected or suspected. This paper - a product of the Enterprise and Financial Sector Development Division, Europe and Central Asia, Country Department IV - is part of a larger effort in the region to distill the lessons of the first five years of transition.
MS Channels in Tip‐Growing Systems

Publisher Summary Wall‐enclosed cells expanding by tip growth face the problem of delivering new wall and membrane material to the growing tip, and regulating the turgor pressure so that an appropriate force for overcoming wall resistance is applied, without inducing bursting. This chapter reviews four diverse organisms, based on electrophysiological data showing the existence of mechanosensitive (MS) channels in the plasma membranes of these organisms and imaging data showing ion gradients at the tip. The four organisms are—namely, pollen tubes of the lily, Lilium longiflorum ; hyphae of the water mold, Saprolegnia ferax ; rhizoids of the fucoid embryo; and hyphae of the bread mold, Neurospora crassa . MS channels play an essential role as the sensors of turgor pressure in these organisms and act through feedback mechanisms to regulate various aspects of growth and the response to osmotic challenge. There is striking divergence in the roles played by the MS channels in the four cases. Tip growth is a form of extension in which cellular expansion occurs at a single restricted site. The tip‐growing organisms share common features at both the cellular level and the tip growth regions as well with the physiology associated with tip growth.
Histidyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase Mutants Requiring a High Internal Pool of Histidine for Growth

Mutants that require histidine due to an altered structural gene for the histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (hisS) have been isolated by a general selection for histidine-requiring strains in which the mutation producing histidine auxotrophy is unlinked to the histidine operon. One of the mutants has been shown to require an abnormally high internal histidine pool for growth owing to an altered synthetase that is unstable at low histidine concentrations. It is difficult to determine accurately the K(m) for histidine of the synthetase enzyme from the mutant because of the instability of the enzyme at limiting histidine concentrations; however, a histidine K(m) value has been estimated that is approximately 100 times higher than the histidine K(m) of the wild-type enzyme. For the mutant strains to achieve the high internal pool of histidine required for growth, all the systems that transport histidine from the growth medium must be functioning to capacity. Amino acids that interfere with histidine transport strongly inhibit the growth of the mutants. The mutants have been useful in providing a selective genetic marker for transductional mapping in the hisS region. The mutants are discussed as representative of a general class of curable mutants that have an altered enzyme with poor affinity for a substrate or coenzyme.
Experimental investigation of the performance of two new types of soft-switching power converters for electric ships

Power electronic converters are significant contributors to system mass, system loss, and system cost in the all-electric ship, and are, therefore, a significant area of interest. This paper investigates the reduction of switching losses in high power (MW level) converters. These losses remain a major obstacle to the development of converters capable of operating at higher frequencies and higher power densities using silicon power electronics. The Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole (ARCP) soft-switching converter topology offers the potential for minimization of switching losses, but has some inherent limitations. This paper examines two new converter designs based on the ARCP soft-switching topology that allow for more compact converter units by reducing the semiconductor switching losses generated within them. These concepts have been proven with simulation and laboratory testing of a sub-scale 20 kW test converter configurable in four distinct modes of operation. Efficiency has been measured for the two new ARCP topologies, as well as the original ARCP and standard hard-switching (conventional) technology using an induction motor as a load. New control algorithms to drive the ARCPs switches have also been developed, which improve the performance and reduce the amount of sensors that are required. The new proposed topologies are described and experimental waveforms and efficiency measurements are given.
Amino acid sequencing by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using perfluoro-dideuteroalkylated peptide derivatives: B. Interpretation of the mass spectra

Abstract The mass spectra of the O-trimethylsilylated trifluoro-dideuteroethyl polyamino alcohols, produced by LiAlD4-reduction and O-trimethylsilylation of N-trifluororacetyl oligopeptide methyl esters, are evaluated. Characteristic mass spectra of derivatives are shown which are derived from peptides containing all protein amino acids including Arg, His, Trp, Gln, Asn and carboxyl terminal amides as well as modified Cys-residues. The mass spectra of these derivatives can be easily interpreted in terms of the amino acid sequence of the original peptides since they contain abundant and intensity-balanced sequence-determining ions.
Particulate Trends in the United States

Particulates are one indicator of air quality. This paper estimates particulate production functions to study how particulates co-move with manufacturing activity. I study whether more regulated counties enjoy less pollution per unit of economic activity and whether particulate regulation displaces economic growth to less regulated areas.
Experimental Investigations of Dusty Plasmas

This paper highlights some of the history of laboratory experiments in dusty plasmas, beginning with an early unexpected discovery of Langmuir. Although there was a great deal of theoretical work on dusty plasmas long before dedicated laboratory experiments were initiated, the experimental work is catching‐up and new discoveries in the laboratory are motivating further theoretical work.
A random utility model for total maximum daily loads: Estimating the benefits of watershed‐based ambient water quality improvements

[1] A random utility maximization (RUM) model is presented for the purpose of providing benefits estimates to aid in the implementation of the total maximum daily load (TMDL) process. The specific application is to North Carolina, for which the 1994 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Demand for Water-Based Recreation Survey is used to characterize the demand for water recreation in the state as a function of ambient water quality. The RUM choice set is defined to include all 8-digit hydrological units or watersheds in the state, allowing benefits estimates to match the spatial aggregate of interest for the TMDL process. Water quality measures are linked to the choice set via the use of EPA's Index of Watershed Index database. A significant relationship between watershed-level water quality and recreation trip taking behavior is found. Per trip and aggregate benefits estimates are presented for watershed, river basin, and statewide improvements in water quality.
Spectrophotometric determination of traces of formaldehyde

A comparative study of various colorimetric methods for determining and detecting traces of formaldehyde has been made. Chromotropic acid and 2,7-duiydroxynaphthalene were found to be the best reagents and were subjected to a thorough study. Precise and accurate methods for determining formaldehyde using either chromotropic acid or 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene are described. The color system produced by following the standard procedure obeys Beer's law. Using chromotropic acid 0.05 μg to 2.0 μg of formaldehyde per ml can be determined quite accurately. Acrolein seems to be the only seriously interfering substance, and its interference can be much diminished by slightly modifying the standard procedure. The reagent solutions are perfectly stable.
Short-Term Memory in Normals and Retardates as a Function of Stimulus Intensity and Recall Interval: A Test of Ellis's st Theory

Two predictions derived from Ellis's (1963) stimulus trace (st) deficit theory were tested with equal CA (approximately 9 years) normal and retarded children in a digit recall task. Length of recall interval (0 vs 8 sec.) and intensity level of the aurally presented items (55 vs 90 db) were varied factorially. All of the material was taped and received by subjects through earphones. Contrary to Ellis's theoretical predictions, the two IQ groups demonstrated parallel retention functions, and the performance of neither group was affected by the intensity manipulation.
Comparison of the WISC‐R and PPVT‐R with Navajo children

Explored the relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) for a sample of Native American children who reside on the Navajo Reservation. The sample consisted of 37 children aged 6 to 12−4 (M = 8−9, SD = 1−10). The PPVT-R standard scores correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the WISC-R Verbal IQ (0.87). Performance IQ (0.52), and Full Scale IQ (0.82). The mean PPVT-R standard score was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than all of the mean WISC-R IQ scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed.
Numerical analysis of heat input effects in thermography

A numerical model, suited for use on microcomputers, has been developed to examine the effect of heat input function on surface temperature contrast for passive thermographic NDE. Single and double step input functions have been compared, and the effects of varying pulse length and power, defect condition, defect depth to diameter ratio, and maximum allowed front face temperature rise examined. Results indicate that a two-step heat input function enhances the generated surface temperature contrast by up to 10% over the single pulse and compares well with that generated by contact heating.