cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An essential role for a discrete parasubthalamic nucleus subpopulation in appetite suppression

Food intake behavior is regulated by a network of appetite-inducing and appetite-suppressing neuronal populations throughout the brain. The parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN), a relatively unexplored population of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus, has been hypothesized to regulate appetite due to its connectivity with other anorexigenic neuronal populations and because these neurons express Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, following a meal. However, the individual cell types that make up the PSTN are not well characterized, nor are their functional roles in food intake behavior. Here we identify and distinguish between two discrete PSTN subpopulations, those that express tachykinin-1 (PSTNTac1 neurons) and those that express corticotropin-releasing hormone (PSTNCRH neurons), and use a panel of genetically encoded tools in mice to show that PSTNTac1 neurons play an essential role in appetite suppression. Both subpopulations increase activity following a meal and in response to administration of the anorexigenic hormones amylin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY (PYY). Interestingly, chemogenetic inhibition of PSTNTac1, but not PSTNCRH neurons, reduces the appetite-suppressing effects of these hormones. Consistently, optogenetic and chemogenetic stimulation of PSTNTac1 neurons, but not PSTNCRH neurons, is sufficient to reduce food intake in hungry mice. PSTNTac1 and PSTNCRH neurons project to distinct downstream brain regions, and stimulation of PSTNTac1 projections to individual anorexigenic populations reduces food consumption. Taken together, these results reveal the functional properties and projection patterns of distinct PSTN cell types and demonstrate an essential, anorexigenic role for PSTNTac1 neurons in the hormonal and central regulation of appetite.
Hearing Preservation Microsurgery in Vestibular Schwannomas: Worth Attempting in "Larger" Tumors?

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To review hearing preservation after microsurgical resection of sporadic vestibular schwannomas according to tumor size. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Baseline, intraoperative, and postoperative patient and tumor characteristics were retrospectively collected for a cohort who underwent hearing preservation microsurgery. Serviceable hearing was defined by a pure tone average ≤50 dB and word recognition score ≥50%. RESULTS A total of 243 patients had serviceable hearing preoperatively. Fifty (21%) tumors were confined to the internal auditory canal, and the median tumor size was 16.2 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 11.3-23.2) for tumors with cerebellopontine angle extension. Serviceable hearing was maintained in 64% of patients with tumors confined to the internal auditory canal, 28% with cerebellopontine angle extension <15 mm, and 9% with cerebellopontine angle extension ≥15 mm. On multivariable analysis, the odds ratios of acquiring nonserviceable hearing postoperatively for tumors extending <15 mm and ≥15 mm into the cerebellopontine angle were 5.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13-15.53; P < .001) and 22.11 (95% CI 7.04-69.42; P < .001), respectively, compared with intracanalicular tumors. CONCLUSIONS The strongest predictor of hearing preservation with microsurgery after multivariable adjustment is tumor size. Approximately 10% of patients with tumors ≥15 mm of cerebellopontine angle extension will retain serviceable hearing after microsurgery. Furthermore, hearing preservation techniques offer cochlear nerve preservation and cochlear patency allowing for possible future cochlear implantation. An attempt at hearing preservation, including avoiding surgical approaches that necessarily sacrifice hearing, is worthwhile even in larger tumors if serviceable hearing is present preoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV Laryngoscope, 2021.
Interleukin-2 and Killer Cells in Cancer

This is the first-and only-publication available which provides the most recent information in this particular field of biomedicine. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 activated killer cells have been shown to have a potential in the treatment of a variety of human malignant diseases. This work comprehensively summarizes basic aspects of IL-2 as well as its clinical application, therefore making all these aspects easily accessible to the readers. Because of the clinical significance of this molecule in the treatment of cancer, the basic and clinical investigations in the IL-2 field are rapidly expanding, together with the interest of the scientific and medical community. This book is an excellent educational and teaching tool for scientists, clinicians, and students. Those who already have expertise in research in the IL-2 area will find this reference indispensible.
Meeting the Financial Challenges

In an attempt to meet the ever-present need for financial resources to rehabilitate and restore historic properties, this chapter explores a wide range of approaches to assemble and conserve capital. In some instances the importance of the site will be widely recognized and direct government support follows. Millions of dollars have been raised, thanks to the advocacy of preservation organizations and agencies. In addition, private financial support from corporations and philanthropic organizations can contribute significantly. Most historic properties do not qualify for governmental support or meet the giving priorities of foundations. For those, direct investment and several types of indirect subsidies are important. These include below-market rate loans, density bonuses, and bonds. Increasing income to a project is another way to provide assistance. Decreasing the operating costs of the income-producing landmark by lowering property taxes also helps strengthen the net operating income (NOI).
Energy-flux model of seismic coda: Separation of scattering and intrinsic attenuation

A new model of seismic coda is presented, based on the balance between the energy scattered from the direct wave and the energy in the seismic coda. This energy-flux model results in a simple formula for the amplitude and time decay of the seismic coda that explicitly differentiates between the scattering and intrinsic (anelastic) attenuation of the medium. This formula is valid for both weak and strong scattering and implicitly includes multiple scattering. The model is tested using synthetic seismograms produced in finite difference simulations of wave propagation through media with random spatial variations in seismic velocity. Some of the simulations also included intrinsic dissipation. The energy-flux model explains the coda decay and amplitude observed in the synthetics, for random media with a wide range of scattering Q. In contrast, the single-scattering model commonly used in the analysis of microearthquake coda does not account for the gradual coda decay observed in the simulations for media with moderate or strong scattering attenuation (scattering Q less than or equal to 150). The simulations demonstrate that large differences in scattering attenuation cause only small changes in the coda decay rate, as predicted by the energy-flux model. The coda decay rate is sensitive, however, more » to the intrinsic Q of the medium. The ratio of the coda amplitude to the energy in the direct arrival is a measure of the scattering attenuation. Thus, analysis of the decay rate and amplitude of the coda can, in principle, produce separate estimates for the scattering and intrinsic Q values of the crust. We analyze the coda from two earthquakes near Anza, California. Intrinsic Q values determined from these seismograms using the energy-flux model are comparable to coda Q values found from the single-scattering theory. The results demonstrate that coda Q values are, at best, measures of the intrinsic attenuation of the lithosphere and are unrelated to the scatteing Q. « less
Is the kinematic diversity in ellipticals reflected in their color gradients

Recent observations of the kinematics of elliptical galaxies have shown a variety of outstanding features: a significant fraction of galaxies have kinematically-distinct cores, while some even appear to rotate around their long axes. These discoveries lead one to ask whether the stellar populations in ellipticals differ in any way that can be related to the dynamical properties of the galaxies. Such relationships could provide further clues about the formation process in early-type galaxies. Remarkably enough, the colors and color gradients of ellipticals are very regular. Even more surprising, the local color within an elliptical appears to be related to the local escape velocity. The most straightforward interpretation is that the mean metallicity is a function of the local escape velocity. Such a relation could result from the star formation and metallicity enrichment being regulated by interplay between the input of energy from supernovae, and the temperature and pressure of the hot X-ray gas in ellipticals. Since color gradients may not be strongly affected by subsequent merging and evolution, we may have a diagnostic of early events during formation.
Sick of Inequality: Gender and Support for Paid Sick Days

Abstract Background The availability of paid sick days (PSD) is on the forefront of policy issues relating to women's health and well-being. Previous research regarding PSD and other forms of family–work balance legislation has linked access to paid time off from work for addressing one's own or another's health concerns to a range of health benefits for working women and their families. In general, public support for such policies is high, but little work has tested the extent to which support extends to PSD. Researchers have yet to engage in a rigorous statistical analysis of public opinion on PSD, including whether opinion varies by gender. Methods Using data from a 2013 poll of adults in New Jersey ( n = 925), we bridged this research gap by conducting the first multivariate analysis of public attitudes toward PSD. Results As expected, we found markedly high levels of support for PSD across all respondents, with a preponderance of most sociodemographic categories supporting proposed PSD legislation in New Jersey. We also found that gender was a strong predictor of support for PSD, with women significantly (odds ratio, 1.916; p ≤ .01) more likely than men to be in favor of such legislation. Conclusions We discuss the implications of our findings for future work on PSD as well as for research concerning women, wellness, and work-life legislation more broadly.
Applying adaptive algorithms to epistatic domains

John Holland has shown that when adaptive algorithms are used to search certain kinds of extremely large problem spaces, they will converge on a "good" solution fairly quickly. Such problem spaces are characterized by a low degree of epistasis. A host of classical search problems, however, are epistatic in nature. The present paper describes some new techniques for applying adaptive algorithms to epistatic domains, while retaining some of the strength of Holland's convergence proof. These techniques are described for two-dimensional bin-packing problems, and summarized for graph coloring problems. What makes these problems amenable to an adaptive approach is a two-stage evaluation procedure. Encodings of solutions are mutated and reproduced as they are in non-epistatic domains, but their evaluation is carried out after a decoding process. Using the techniques described, convergence is promoted in two ways: one of the natural mutation operators is a weaker version of Holland's crossover, and domain knowledge may be built into decoding processes so that the size of the search space is radically cut down.
Bayesian population inference for effective connectivity

A hierarchical model based on the Multivariate Autoregressive (MAR) process is proposed to jointly model functional neuroimaging time series collected from multiple subjects, and to characterize the distribution of MAR, coefficients across the population from which those subjects were drawn. Thus, model-based inference about the interaction between brain regions, termed effective connectivity, may, be generalized beyond those subjects studied. The posterior density of population- and subject-level connectivity parameters is estimated in a Variational Bayesian (VB) framework, and structural model parameters are chosen by the corresponding evidence criterion. The significance of resulting connectivity statistics are evaluated by permutation-based approximations to the null distribution. The method is demonstrated on simulated data and on actual multi-subject functional time series from electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Ductile-to-brittle transition of rubber-modified polypropylene

The deformation behaviour of blends of polypropylene (PP) with ethylene-propylene rubber was studied as a function of temperature and composition under tension. The damage ahead of the deliberately introduced defect was traced quantitatively as a function of external load with the aid of intensity analysis. In unmodified PP or in rubber-modified blends, no stable crack growth was obtained up to 99% of the maximum stress. However, a hierarchy of failure events was observed. First, there was a gradual occurrence of a fan-shaped damage zone. Then an intense damage zone initiated. Finally, a slow tearing mode of crack growth occurred at the maximum stress and the sample failed. The size and shape of the damage zone were influenced by temperature, composition and the artificially introduced stress-raiser. Voids were dominant in the fan zone with some crazes close to the intense damage zone. In the intense damage zone, the crazes coalesced to form a network of deformation bands. The description of the fan zone was achieved by a non-linear or elastoplastic failure approach, analogous to the Hilton-Hutchinson formalism, and the analysis of the intense zone by a critical stress instability criterion. There was also a fair correlation with the Dugdale model for the growth of a wedge-like intense damage zone in the specific case of unmodified PP at −40° C.
Cytokine-dependent Blimp-1 expression in activated T cells inhibits IL-2 production.

After Ag activation of naive T cells in vitro, extensive growth and differentiation into effector cells depend upon IL-2. DNA microarray analysis was used to identify IL-2-dependent molecules regulating this process. In this study, we show that the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) is expressed by a cytokine-dependent pathway in activated T lymphocytes. IL-2 production by activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells inversely correlated with Blimp-1 levels as higher IL-2 production was associated with lower Blimp-1 expression. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Blimp-1 by activated T cells inhibited IL-2 production but enhanced granzyme B and CD25 expression. Collectively, these findings indicate that there is a negative feedback regulatory loop in activated T cells such that IL-2 inhibits its own production through induction of Blimp-1 while promoting an effector cell phenotype.
Clonal Evolution: Multiregion Sequencing of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Before and After Chemotherapy

It is possible to decipher the clonal architecture of a tumor and the sequence in which cancer clones acquire genomic alterations through multiregion sequencing (M-seq). Serial evaluation of tumor specimens through M-seq can provide valuable information on the molecular basis of resistance to therapy.
SLOPE: AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR NORMALIZING FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY DATA '

A number of techniques have been utilized to normalize fundamental frequency (F0) data in investigations of F0 variation associated with intonation. While such techniques have proven useful within specific investigations, information which could be relevant to the understanding of the production and perception of intonation is often lost by utilizing these techniques. An alternative method for calculating slope was devised to deal with some of the problems encountered in previous normalization techniques.
GIST: Graphical Interactive Display Tools Defining a Model for Interactive Search

Information retrieval methods represent query results in a ranked, one dimensional list without revealing connections among documents and document groups. We propose a new model of document representation and extend the notion of similarity to consider document length and word synonyms to organize documents into topically relevant groups. Matches to a user query are presented in an intuitive, interactive map that facilitates browsing information and finding the most relevant matches within the overall landscape of results. Current research is aimed at finding the best metric to group documents, and in defining the visual model. Our system, named GIST, is built using the PREFUSE toolkit for graphical display [1].
Bombesin antagonists inhibit growth of MDA-MB-435 estrogen-independent breast cancers and decrease the expression of the ErbB-2/HER-2 oncoprotein and c-jun and c-fos oncogenes

Previous studies showed that antagonists of bombesin (BN)/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) inhibit the growth of various cancers by interfering with the growth-stimulatory effects of BN-like peptides and down-regulating epidermal growth factor receptors on tumors. Because the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2/HER-2/neu) oncogene plays a role in the progression of many breast cancers, we investigated whether BN/GRP antagonists can affect HER-2 in mammary tumors. Female nude mice bearing orthotopic xenografts of MDA-MB-435 human estrogen-independent breast cancers were treated daily with BN/GRP antagonists RC-3095 (20 μg) or RC-3940-II (10 μg) for 6 weeks. The expression of BN/GRP receptors on tumors was analyzed by reverse transcription–PCR and immunoblotting. We also evaluated whether the mRNA expression for the c-jun and c-fos oncogenes is affected by the therapy. Both BN/GRP antagonists significantly inhibited growth of MDA-MB-435 cancers; RC-3095 reduced tumor volume by 40% and RC-3940-II by 65%. The GRP receptors (subtype 1) were detected in MDA-MB-435 tumors, showing that they mediate the inhibitory effect of the antagonists. Tumor inhibition was associated with a substantial reduction in the expression of mRNA and protein levels of the ErbB/HER receptor family as well as with a decrease in the expression of c-jun and c-fos oncogenes. BN/GRP antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3095 could be considered for endocrine therapy of estrogen-independent breast cancers that express members of the ErbB/HER receptor family and the c-jun and c-fos oncogenes.
Pillared layered structures based upon M(III) ethylene diphosphonates : The synthesis and crystal structures of MIII(H2O)(HO3P(CH2)2PO3) (M =Fe, Al, Ga)

A three-dimensional iron(III) diphosphonate, FeIII(H2O)(HO3P(CH2)2PO3), I, has been synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (no. 61) where a = 9.739(5) A, b = 9.498(5) A, c = 15.940(8) A, V = 1474.4(1) A3, Z = 8, and R1 = 0.0380. The structure consists of inorganic sheets pillared by the 1,2-ethylenediphosphonate groups. The sheets are composed of Fe(H2O)O5 octahedra connected through PO3C tetrahedra. The corresponding isostructural aluminum (II) and gallium (III) compounds were also synthesized and indexed: II, a = 9.534(1) A, b = 9.255(2) A, c = 15.724(1) A, V = 1387.5(1) A3; III, a = 9.670(1) A, b = 9.357(2) A, c = 15.862(4) A, V = 1435.4(1) A3.
Teaching HOTS in the Middle and High School: A District-Level Initiative in Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills.

The call for the teaching of thinking skills has been underscored by national reports on educational reform. This report describes a school district initiative addressing thinking skills instruction through inservice education.
Dipeptidyl peptidase III of human cataractous lenses. Partial purification.

A partial purification of dipeptidyl peptidase III has been achieved from human cataractous lens. The specific activity was increased 45.5-fold over that of the original aqueous extract. The exodopeptidase exhibited a marked preference for the release of Arg-Arg from Arg-Arg-2-NNap at the optimum pH 8.8 and 37°. The Km for this substrate was estimated to be 6.061 × 10-3. Lens DPP III was inhibited by EDTA, p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfolate, puromycin and DFP. The preparation contained leucyl aminopeptidase and a neutral endopeptidase as contaminating proteases.
Addressing and Benchmarking Variations in Airport Demand in the U.S. Domestic Market

A framework quantifies and benchmarks the factors that contribute to airport demand variations for the 100 largest airports in the U.S. domestic market. First, a time series modeling approach is proposed to address and quantify factors that contribute to airport demand variations. The airport demand variation is represented by the quarterly percentile change in the number of passengers flying to and from the airport. The quarterly demand data for each airport are used, with local traffic of the airport separated from its connecting traffic. This separation allows better analysis of demand variations and avoids a portfolio effect on variation attenuation. Factors considered in the modeling approach include seasonality, financial conditions, and incidents. Next, the parameters of the estimated models for the 100 largest airports in the U.S. domestic markets are analyzed to gain more insight into how these parameters vary by airport. Several airport characteristics are considered to explain the parameter dif...
Ion etching for sharp tip features on titanium and the response of cells to these surfaces

Abstract Oblique angle ion etching at incidences of 30° and 75° from surface normal were used to produce sharp tipped topographical features on Ti6Al4V alloy. The 30° etching resulted in a random distribution of needles raising ~ 4 μm from the base surface, while needles from the 75° etching laid closer to the surface. The cellular response of these surfaces was evaluated by a weeklong culture of hFOB 1.19 cells. It was shown that the features of the 30° etch prevented cells from spreading while cells on the 75° etched surface displayed preferential elongation in the direction of the needles.
Cryogenic behavior of low-noise monolithic preamplifiers using a JFET as a front-end element

The noise behavior of monolithic preamplifiers using JFETs as input elements has been investigated on a broad temperature range, from room temperature down to 77 K. The preamplifiers under study are charge integrators intended for use with radiation detectors. The parameter of dominant interest in the analysis is the equivalent noise charge (ENC). The investigation addresses two issues. One is the ENC dependence on temperature. The other one is the extent to which ENC is affected when the preamplifiers are irradiated in cryogenic conditions.
Influence and predictive capacity of climate anomalies on daily to decadal extremes in canopy photosynthesis

Significant advances have been made over the past decades in capabilities to simulate diurnal and seasonal variation of leaf-level and canopy-scale photosynthesis in temperate and boreal forests. However, long-term prediction of future forest productivity in a changing climate may be more dependent on how climate and biological anomalies influence extremes in interannual to decadal variability of canopy ecosystem carbon exchanges. These exchanges can differ markedly from leaf level responses, especially owing to the prevalence of long lags in nutrient and water cycling. Until recently, multiple long-term (10+ year) high temporal frequency (daily) observations of canopy exchange were not available to reliably assess this claim. An analysis of one of the longest running North American eddy covariance flux towers reveals that single climate variables do not adequately explain carbon exchange anomalies beyond the seasonal timescale. Daily to weekly lagged anomalies of photosynthesis positively autocorrelate with daily photosynthesis. This effect suggests a negative feedback in photosynthetic response to climate extremes, such as anomalies in evapotranspiration and maximum temperature. Moisture stress in the prior season did inhibit photosynthesis, but mechanisms are difficult to assess. A complex interplay of integrated and lagged productivity and moisture-limiting factors indicate a critical role of seasonal thresholds that limit growing season length and peak productivity. These results lead toward a new conceptual framework for improving earth system models with long-term flux tower observations.
DOVE: Data dissemination to a fixed number of receivers in VANET

Efficient data dissemination to a fixed number of receivers in VANET is a new issue and is challenging considering the dynamic nature of VANET. We aim to accurately control the number of receivers, achieve low dissemination delay and incur only small communication overhead. To achieve the goal, we design DOVE (Data Dissemination to A Fixed Number of Receivers in VANET) inspired by processor scheduling, which treats roads as processors to optimize the workload assignment and improves the efficiency of on-road dissemination. DOVE reaches the desired number of receivers with little inaccuracy and minimizes the dissemination delay with low communication overhead. We enhance our protocol with workload backup to deal with vehicles' quitting the network. We utilize the unique characteristics of VANET and propose heuristics accordingly to significantly reduce the dissemination delay and overhead. Simulation results show that our scheme disseminates data to all the pre-given number of receivers in a very light overhead and low delay.
From Hominoid to Hominid Mind: What Changed and Why?*

The living great apes, and in particular members of the genus Pan, help test hypotheses regarding the cognitive skills of our extinct common ancestor. Research with chimpanzees suggests that we share some but not all of our abilities to model another's perspective in social interactions. Large-scale comparisons among human infants, bonobos, chimpanzees, and orangutans on both social and physical problem-solving tasks demonstrate that human infants are unique for their early emerging social cognitive skills, which facilitate participation in cultural interactions. Comparisons between bonobos and chimpanzees also reveal cognitive differences that are likely due to developmental shifts. These comparative studies suggest that our species' capabilities to assess the psychological states of others are built on those abilities that were present in our last common ape ancestor and were derived, in part, owing to shifts in cognitive ontogeny that likely account for species differences among other apes as well.
Smoking cessation among coal miners as predicted by baseline respiratory function and symptoms: A 5-year prospective study

A prospective analysis was used to test whether respiratory impairment or the presence of respiratory symptoms predicts 5-year cigarette smoking cessation in a sample of 1,118 U.S. white, male, underground coal miners. Miners were examined in 1977 and re-examined in 1982 by NIOSH, and all miners with test abnormalities were so informed by letter. Respiratory impairment was measured by an index of airways obstruction combining the spirometric measures of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1). Bronchitis symptoms were measured by an index that combined chronic cough (3+ months/year) and chronic phlegm (3 + months/year). Among these coal miners, the presence of chronic respiratory symptoms initially was inversely associated with cigarette smoking cessation. Respiratory impairment, however, was positively associated with cigarette smoking cessation but did not reach statistical significance.
Purification and properties of a protein that accumulates in the fat body of pre-diapausing larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

Abstract A low molecular weight protein, the diapause-associated protein, which selectively accumulates in the fat body of last instar pre-diapausing larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , was purified and characterised. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatofocusing on Polybuffer Exchanger 96 were used to purify the protein and rocket immunoelectrophoresis showed that an overall yield of 10% was obtained. Electrophoresis under non-dissociating and dissociating conditions and visualization with silver stain revealed that the purified protein was present as a single polypeptide chain. Double immunodiffusion of the purified protein against antiserum generated in rabbits to the purified protein, and to proteins present in a whole fat body extract, yielded single fused bands indicating that the isolated protein was pure, and identical to the protein present in the fat body. Gel filtration and dissociating electrophoresis indicated that the protein has a mol. wt of approx. 35,000. Cation exchange chromatography revealed that the protein contains about 12% aromatic amino acids (24 residues tyrosine/mol, 12 residues phenylalanine/mol). The protein also has a pI of 6.1 at 24°C, a Stokes' radius of 25.3 × 10 −8 cm, a diffusion coefficient of 8.44 × 10 −7 cm 2 /sec, a partial specific volume of 0.73 ml/g, a frictional ratio of 1.01 and an average hydrophobicity of 1032.4 cal/mol. These properties indicate that the protein has a compact globular structure. Since substantial amounts of the protein accumulate in the fat body before diapause begins, the protein serves as a storage molecule. The specific function of the protein, however, remains to be determined.
Will the real β‐pinene please stand up

In the past year, two complete analyses of the proton NMR spectrum of β-pinene have appeared from different laboratories. The assignments of the chemical shifts to the protons on carbon-3 were consistent in botgh studies although there was disagreement in the values assigned to the coupling constants associated with these protons. A molecular modeling study shows β-pinene to exist in a single conformation. The proton spectrum has been reexamined with the aid of the Ag(fod)-Yb(fod) 3 reagent, and the coupling constants redetermined. The results are consistent with the modeling results and confirm that the existing assignments for the C-3 protons should be reversed
Atrial pacing in the treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia associated with hypokalemia

Abstract Four cases of ventricular tachycardia associated with hypokalemia are presented. The tachycardia in each case was resistant to conventional drug therapy and direct-current cardioversion. Atrial pacing quickly restored normal rhythm in each case. Atrial pacing should be considered in the therapy of resistant ventricular tachycardia when hypokalemia is suspected. In cases with proved hypokalemia atrial pacing, by controlling ventricular tachycardia, permits unhurried restoration of normal serum potassium levels.
On Bickel and Ritov's conjecture about adaptive estimation of the integral of the square of density derivative

Bickel and Ritov suggested an optimal estimator for the integral of the square of the kth derivative of a density when the unknown density belongs to a Lipschitz class of a given order $\beta$. In this context optimality means that the estimate is asymptotically efficient, that is, it has the best constant and rate of risk convergence, whenever $\beta > 2k + 1/4$, and it is rate optimal otherwise. The suggested optimal estimator crucially depends on the value of $\beta$ which is obviously unknown. Bickel and Ritov conjectured that the method of cross validation leads to a corresponding adaptive estimator which has the same optimal statistical properties as the optimal estimator based on prior knowledge of $\beta$. We show for probability densities supported over a finite interval that when $\beta > 2k + 1/4$ adaptation is not necessary for the construction of an asymptotically efficient estimator. On the other hand, it is not possible to construct an adaptive estimator which has the same rate of convergence as the optimal nonadaptive estimator as soon as $k < \beta \leq 2k + 1/4$.
On the formulation of a nonlinear atmospheric tidal theory from the meteorological primitive equations

The theory of atmospheric tides is derived from the meteorological primitive equations by means of a perturbation expansion in Rossby number. Separation of the system for the first order variables into the standard horizontal and vertical structure equations of tidal theory is effected.
Heritability of Coronary Artery Calcium Quantity Measured by Electron Beam Computed Tomography in Asymptomatic Adults

Background— Electron beam computed tomography is an accurate, noninvasive method to detect and quantify coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of subclinical and clinical coronary artery atherosclerosis. CAC quantity predicts future coronary artery disease end points in asymptomatic adults, but measured risk factors explain less than half the variability in CAC quantity. Although several candidate genes for CAC have been identified, the relative importance of genetic influences on CAC quantity has not been assessed in asymptomatic adults in a community. Methods and Results— We quantified the relative contributions of measured risk factors and genetic influences on CAC quantity measured by electron beam computed tomography in 698 asymptomatic white adults from 302 families. Before adjusting for any risk factors, 43.5% of the variation in CAC quantity was attributable to genetic factors (P=0.0007). Independent predictors of CAC quantity were identified with stepwise linear regression. After adjusting...
Water-Soluble Copolymers. XLI. Copolymers of Acrylamide and Sodium 3-Acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate

Abstract Copolymers of acrylamide (AM, M 1) with sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate (NaAMB, M 2) synthesized in 1 M NaCl (the ABAM2 series) are compared to those synthesized in deionized water (the ABAM1 series). At fixed feed ratios, higher incorporation rates were found for NaAMB with increasing ionic strength of the polymerization solvent. Reactivity ratios calculated by the methods of Kelen-Tudos changed from r 1 = 1.23 and r 2 = 0.50 in deionized water to r 1 = 1.00 and r 2 = 0.64 in 1 M NaCl. This change is in accord with a decrease in electrostatic repulsion between the macroradical and unreacted NaAMB. Dilute solution properties, examined as a function of composition and added electrolytes, indicate differences in microstructure for the ABAM1 and ABAM2 copolymers.
Theoretical models of chemoreceptor discharge patterns

Abstract The firing patterns of single afferent fibers from the carotid body chemoreceptors exhibit an apparently random behavior in that the inter-spike interval histogram has an exponential form and a plot of standard deviation versus mean interval results in an identity relationship over much of the physiological range. When only these fundamental tests are applied, there are a large number of models which can account for this kind of activity. There are six such models which are being investigated in our laboratory. Among these are models which assume the involvement of a transmitter substance and those which provide for local potential fluctuations resulting from the opening and closing of ionic channels. Also included are models which utilize either the notion of a transmitter reservoir or the concept of several regularly firing collateral receptor axons summing centrally to produce an apparently random pattern. Each of the models produce data similar to that which has been experimentally developed when only interspike interval histograms, means and standard deviations are used. However, they are distinguishable when more sophisticated measures such as higher moments, autocorrelation functions, and serial correlation measures are applied.
Effects of a Vocally Fatiguing Task and Systemic Hydration on Men's Voices☆

Abstract Summary: Voice disorders, specifically vocal fatigue, are more commonly reported by women than by men. Previously, 4 women with normal untrained voices read loudly for 2 hours in an attempt to fatigue the voice. Vocal function deteriorated, as indicated by increases in phonation threshold pressure (PTP) and self-perceived phonatory effort. The increase in PTP was delayed or attenuated to some degree in 3 of the women when they drank ample amounts of water before the experiment. The current study examined the same vocal-loading task and water-drinking condition in 4 vocally normal men. PTP increased after the loud-reading task. Although 2 of the men appeared to benefit from increased systemic hydration (PTP increased more when they were underhydrated than well-hydrated), the other 2 men's data changed in the opposite direction. Phonatory effort correlated well with PTP; this varied across subject and pitch. Laryngeal endoscopy revealed an anterior glottal gap in two men after the loud-reading task. Amplitude of vocal fold vibration was judged to be reduced after the loud-reading task in three subjects when underhydrated and one subject when well hydrated. The high between-subject variability prohibits a conclusion that drinking water is beneficial to vocal function in men, but all subjects studied to date demonstrated detrimental vocal effects of prolonged loud talking.
PALEOLIMNOLOGY AND THE FRONTIERS OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

For almost a century biogeographers have used paleoecological methods, including tree-ring, pollen, macrofossil, and charcoal analysis, to reconstruct climate and environmental conditions for the late Quaternary, but paleolimnological proxies and approaches provide new opportunities for biogeographers. In the last two decades, paleolimnology has grown rapidly as a result of several technical advancements: (1) the development of new proxies, (2) improved coring, sampling, and dating techniques that provide finer temporal resolution, and (3) more sophisticated statistical techniques and greater computing power, which allow for enhanced quantitative calibration of climate and environmental signals from paleolimnological proxies. These advances have led to a plethora of research projects, many using novel approaches, on climate change, anthropogenic impacts, conservation and restoration, aquatic/terrestrial links, resource management, succession, biodiversity, and introduced species. Paleolimnologists are wor...
Synthesis of Todorokite

Todorokite of chemical composition (Mg0.77Na0.03)(Mg0.18Mn2+0.60Mn4+5.2222) O12·3.07 H2O was synthesized by a two-step procedure. First, sodium birnessite was synthesized and magnesium was exchanged for sodium to form magnesium birnessite, which was autoclaved under a saturated steam pressure at 155°C for 8 hours to form well-crystallized todorokite. Synthesized todorokite particles consisted of fibers extending from a central plate. The plate itself was made of twinned fibers forming a trilling pattern. The infrared spectra and x-ray diffraction patterns were similar to those of natural todorokite samples. Calcium birnessite and nickel birnessite, when autoclaved under conditions similar to those for magnesium birnessite, yielded a todorokite structure. However, the formation of todorokite from calcium and nickel birnessite was less extensive.
The effect of MK-801 and SCH23390 on the expression and sensitization of morphine-induced oral stereotypy

Abstract Repeated high doses of morphine sulfate, administered in a 24–36 h period, stimulates the expression of oral stereotypy in rats. Sensitization to this effect of morphine is demonstrated by the reexpression of the stereotypy by the administration of 4.0 mg/kg of morphine one week following the original exposure. To investigate the role of N -methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) and D 1 dopamine (DA) receptors in the acute expression and sensitization of morphine-induced oral stereotypy, rats were administered four injections of morphine (10.0 mg/kg) one injection every 12 h and observed for the expression of stereotyic behaviors following pretreatment with selective antagonists. Pretreatment with the NMDA antagonist, MK-801 (0.7 mg/kg), before each of the four morphine injections antagonized both the initial expression of oral stereotypy and the development of sensitization. In contrast, the DA D 1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (40.0 μg/kg) administered during the four high-dose treatments with morphine antagonized the initial expression of oral stereotypy and not the development of sensitization. These findings implicate glutamate's action at the NMDA receptor in both the acute expression of morphine-induced oral stereotypy, and the development of sensitization of this morphine effect, whereas DA D 1 receptors may only be involved in the acute expression of the stereotypy.
THE DETECTION OF ALDEHYDE BOND IN ELASTIN IN LATHYRITIC ANIMALS

1) A highly sensitive aliphatic aldehyde reacting reagent, (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone, “Sawicki reagent”) was applied to connectivetissue histochemically, particularly for collagen and elastin. 2) Nomarked constant difference in the staining of lathyritic elastica or collagenwas noted. 3) The striations of striated muscle showed a faintly positivereaction. 4) All other elements (adipose tissue, muscles, skin appendages, epithelial cells, serum, etc.) appeared dusky purple in color.Further studies at critical levels are necessary for the practical application of this biochemical procedure on tissue sections.
A Convenient Synthesis of D-Psicofuranosyl Nucleosides1

Abstract As part of our studies on the synthesis of conformationally restricted nucleosides of types 1 and 2, where X = CH2, O or S, we required access to differentially substituted D-psicofuranosyl nucleosides such as 3. As shown in the table, we have developed a convenient approach to such compounds that depends on the direct condensation of the 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-psicofuranose derivative 4 with an appropriate silylated purine or pyrimidine base.2 Although the α and β anomers of 3 are formed in a 1:1 ratio, the yields of the β anomers are generally comparable with earlier condensation methods that use psicofuranosyl- halide2, 2-benzoates4 or 2-nitro derivative5. However, the present method has the advantage that the starting sugar 4 is more readily accessible. The precursor 6′-alcohol can be prepared in very large amounts from D-fructose using the method of Prisbe et al.4
Finkelhor's risk factor checklist: A cross-validation study

Finkelhor's (1979) Risk Factor Checklist factors were reexamined as predictors of childhood sexual abuse. Special procedures were employed, designed to facilitate a high degree of honest and diligent task implementation by the female college students who served as subjects, and to provide strong ethical safeguards for them. Results indicated (a) that subjects reported a relatively high incidence, 24.3%, of childhood sexual abuse; and (b) that the eight factors comprising the Risk Factor Checklist, employed individually and collectively, did not strongly and significantly predict sexual victimization. Only one factor, low family income, proved predictive, while three others showed trends in the predicted direction. Results sound a cautionary note regarding our ability to actuarially predict childhood sexual victimization.
A Continuum of Options for Developing Instructional Plans in Reading for Elementary Mildly and Moderately Handicapped Students.

Instructional alternatives to basal reading texts and a monitoring system are presented as options for teaching handicapped students.
The carbon abundance of the Lyman-alpha clouds

A search for C IV 1548, 1550A absorption associated with Ly-alpha forest clouds is attempted, using a method similar to the composite spectrum method developed by Norris, Hartwick, and Peterson (1983). A detection of C IV 1548 absorption feature at not less than 99.99-percent significance level is tentatively reported. If confirmed, not all Ly-alpha clouds have primordial composition. Assuming that the absorption feature is real, the relative abundance of carbon of the Ly-alpha forest clouds is estimated to be roughly C/H = -3.2 from photoionization models. Some other interesting results are also discussed.
The spectrum of an invariant submanifold

This paper is concerned with vector fields on smooth compact manifolds. The exponential growth of solutions of the linearized equations is described by the already well-known Spectral Theorem applied to the induced linear flow on the tangent bundle. The spectrum of the tangent bundle flow is compared to the two secondary spectra obtained by first taking the spectrum of the bundle of tangent spaces to an invariant submanifold and second, the spectrum of an induced flow on an arbitrary complementary bundle to the latter. The relationship among the three spectra is studied and it is shown that whenever these secondary spectra are disjoint then an invariant complementary bundle can be found. The results have implications in the theory of perturbation of invariant manifolds. The problem is studied in the setting of skew-product dynamical systems and the results are applicable to block triangular systems of ordinary differential equations.
Spatially adaptive stochastic methods for fluid-structure interactions subject to thermal fluctuations in domains with complex geometries

We develop stochastic mixed finite element methods for spatially adaptive simulations of fluid-structure interactions when subject to thermal fluctuations. To account for thermal fluctuations, we introduce a discrete fluctuation-dissipation balance condition to develop compatible stochastic driving fields for our discretization. We perform analysis that shows our condition is sufficient to ensure results consistent with statistical mechanics. We show the Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution is invariant under the stochastic dynamics of the semi-discretization. To generate efficiently the required stochastic driving fields, we develop a Gibbs sampler based on iterative methods and multigrid to generate fields with O ( N ) computational complexity. Our stochastic methods provide an alternative to uniform discretizations on periodic domains that rely on Fast Fourier Transforms. To demonstrate in practice our stochastic computational methods, we investigate within channel geometries having internal obstacles and no-slip walls how the mobility/diffusivity of particles depends on location. Our methods extend the applicability of fluctuating hydrodynamic approaches by allowing for spatially adaptive resolution of the mechanics and for domains that have complex geometries relevant in many applications.
Measurements of the humidity structure function parameters, C q 2 and C Tq , over the ocean

Atmospheric turbulence measurements, including temperature and humidity fluctuations, were made from the R/V Acania off the coast of California in June, 1979. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the scaling properties of the humidity structure function parameter (C q 2) and temperaturehumidity cospectrum structure parameter (C Tq) in the marine surface layer. The bulk parameterization method was used to obtain Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS) scaling parameters u *, T *, q *and L. Assuming a neutral stability humidity drag coefficient c qn = 1.3 × 10-3the dimensionless humidity structure function parameter C q 2Z2/3/q* 2was found to be 18% lower than the corresponding temperature function obtained by Wyngaard et al. (1971). Furthermore, the measurements indicate that the temperature-humidity fluctuations are highly coherent well into the inertial subrange. The results have direct application to turbulent scattering of waves propagating in the atmosphere (particularly microwaves) and methods of estimating air-sea surface fluxes.
Estimation in change-point hazard rate models

SUMMARY This paper discusses the estimation of parameters in hazard rate models with a changepoint. Due to the irregularity of the models, the classical maximum likelihood method and the method of moments cannot be used. A consistent estimator of the change-point is obtained by examining the properties of the density represented as a mixture. The performance of the estimator is checked via simulation.