cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced detection of oral dysplasia by structured illumination fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

We demonstrate that structured illumination microscopy has the potential to enhance fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) as an early detection method for oral squamous cell carcinoma. FLIM can be used to monitor or detect changes in the fluorescence lifetime of metabolic cofactors (e.g. NADH and FAD) associated with the onset of carcinogenesis. However, out of focus fluorescence often interferes with this lifetime measurement. Structured illumination fluorescence lifetime imaging (SI-FLIM) addresses this by providing depth-resolved lifetime measurements, and applied to oral mucosa, can localize the collected signal to the epithelium. In this study, the hamster model of oral carcinogenesis was used to evaluate SI-FLIM in premalignant and malignant oral mucosa. Cheek pouches were imaged in vivo and correlated to histopathological diagnoses. The potential of NADH fluorescence signal and lifetime, as measured by widefield FLIM and SI-FLIM, to differentiate dysplasia (pre-malignancy) from normal tissue was evaluated. ROC analysis was carried out with the task of discriminating between normal tissue and mild dysplasia, when changes in fluorescence characteristics are localized to the epithelium only. The results demonstrate that SI-FLIM (AUC = 0.83) is a significantly better (p-value = 0.031) marker for mild dysplasia when compared to widefield FLIM (AUC = 0.63).
Distilling the Effect of the Great Recession on Food Access in a Segregated City: A Spatial, Quasi-Experimental Approach

The Great Recession greatly exacerbated income inequality and might have also magnified unequal access to healthy food in the United States. There is a growing need to examine small-area effects of...
Speaking of art

I. The Condition-Governed Model.- Unity in Music: A Test Case.- Refutations and Rejoinders.- Monothematic Structure and the Condition-Governed Model.- Recapitulation.- II. Two Concepts of Taste.- Taste and Non-Taste.- An Ability to Notice or See or Tell.- De Gustibus.- Recapitulation.- III. Are Aesthetic Terms Ungovernable.- Aesthetic and Nonaesthetic.- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Discourse.- Aesthetic Terms and Novel Objects.- Aesthetic Terms and Taste.- Recapitulation.- IV. Are Things Always What They Seem?.- Further Reflections on the Behavior of Aesthetic Terms.- The Doctrine of Aesthetic Vision.- Animadversions on the "Doctrine".- Recapitulation.- V. Duck-Rabbit and Other Perplexities.- Aspects or Qualities.- Aspect-Perceiving and Aesthetic Perceiving.- The Logic of Aspect-Ascribing.- Recapitulation.- VI. Art and Objectivity.- Two Footnotes to Plato.- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Qualities.- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Disagreements.- Conclusion.
Networks related to the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex; a substrate for emotional behavior?

Publisher Summary This chapter attempts to define the anatomical organization of the prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) in macaque monkeys, including its architectonic structure and intrinsic and extrinsic connections, in hopes that this will enable more complete analysis of its function. Lesions of the OMPFC, such as reported in the classical case of Phineas Gage and in similar contemporary cases, have been reported to produce disturbances in emotional reactions to sensory stimuli, and disruption of social conduct so severe that they constitute a radical change in personality. Although the basis for this deficit remains unclear, it has been suggested that it is related to disconnection of pathways between the cortex and autonomic systems that govern visceral responses normally associated with affective stimuli. The results indicate that the OMPFC, like other cortical regions, is composed of a number of relatively discrete cortical areas. Each of these areas has distinct structure and connections, and presumably plays a distinct functional role within the overall function of the region.
Corneille, Racine, La Fontaine, Boileau

In the period from 1784 to 1834 twenty-two plays concerning the life of Pierre Corneille (1606–1684) had been written. Of this number, however, only four plays were actually published and only six were staged in Paris.1 Since all the published plays present Corneille as already a mature man and a recognized master of French drama, it was necessary to search for the reviews of the unpublished plays, in order to find a dramatization depicting him in an earlier period of his life. Such a dramatization was found reviewed in the Courrier des spectacles of July 6, 1820.
The B Vitamins as Plant Hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the present knowledge concerning the hormonal role of the B vitamins in the higher plant. The green plant taken as a whole is in general able to synthesize amounts of the B vitamins adequate for its own needs and is with few exceptions independent of any external source of the chemical substances. The individual parts of the plant differ widely in their ability to synthesize the several vitamins of the B complex. The substances considered in the chapter include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, p -aminobenzoic acid, and the purines, especially adenine. These substances are required by all living tissues, means that a tissue lacking the ability to synthesize a given vitamin must obtain its supply from other tissues of the plant. Thiamine is required by roots and the thiamine which they need is produced in the leaves and translocated to the root system. The behavior of the several vitamins of the B group in the varied physiological processes is also described in the chapter.
Subunit Cell Wall of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

The cell wall of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been isolated. Cells were mechanically disrupted with a French press, and the cytoplasmic membrane was removed by extracting cell-envelope fragments with Triton X-100. The Triton-insoluble cell wall material retained the characteristic subunit structure when examined in the electron microscope. Isolated cell wall fragments formed in open sheets that were easily separated from cytoplasmic contamination. Chemical studies showed that the Triton-insoluble cell wall fragments consisted of lipoprotein with small amounts of carbohydrate and hexosamine. The amino acid composition indicated a highly charged hydrophobic cell surface. The presence of diaminopimelic acid with only traces of muramic acid indicates that the cell envelope does not have a rigid peptidoglycan layer. The results of chemical analyses and electron microscopy suggest a wall-membrane interaction stabilizing the cell envelope. The chemical and physical properties of this type of cell envelope would appear to form the basis for a new major division of bacteria with the definitive characteristics of a morphologically distinct subunit cell wall devoid of peptidoglycan.
WET ICE tools working group report

The authors discuss: 1. Three scenarios that represent different situations for collaboration, 2. A framework that can be used to describe collaborative tools and, 3. Some concerns, issues, and holes we found.
Fluconazole for life-threatening fungal infections in patients who cannot be treated with conventional antifungal agents.

tients were enrolled if they had a life-threatening fungal infection and conventional therapy had failed to eradicate the infection, had caused serious toxic reactions, or was contraindicated. Patients were treated with 200 mg/day, a dosage that could be increased to 400 mg/d if the initial response was not satisfactory. AIDS was the underlying risk factor in 65% of 232 patients evaluated in the study and in 85% of 151 patients with cryptococcal infection. Fifty-eight patients had active cryptococcal infection; 74% had a satisfactory clinical response, and 75% of 44 patients became culture-negative. Patients with inactive infection had a relapse rate of 4.5/1,000 patient-weeks. Twenty-three of 30 patients with coccidioidal infection and 10 of 14 patients with candidiasis or another mycosis were clinically improved. Five patients (2%) discontinued fluconazole therapy because of adverse effects possibly attributable to therapy. Fluconazole may be effective in the treatment of serious fungal infections in patients who cannot continue conventional antifungal therapy.
Factors Associated With Weight Loss, Low BMI, and Malnutrition Among Nursing Home Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Weight loss and poor nutrition are important quality measures in long term care. Long term care professionals need to identify factors associated with weight loss and poor nutrition to target high-risk patients. Methods The authors systematically searched Medline and CINAHL databases and included English language studies with more than 100 subjects analyzed, published after January 1, 1990, with data on factors associated with at least one of the following: weight loss, low body mass index (BMI), low Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score, or other standard measure of malnutrition. Data from all studies were systematically extracted onto a matrix table. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) questions were used to compare the quality of evidence extracted. Data from each article were then sorted and arranged into tables of factors associated with weight loss, low BMI, and malnutrition. Results Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The factors most consistently associated with weight loss were depression, poor oral intake, swallowing issues, and eating/chewing dependency. Staffing factors were associated with weight loss in most studies. The factors most consistently associated with low BMI included immobility, poor oral intake, chewing problems, dysphagia, female gender, and older age. The factors most consistently associated with poor nutrition included impaired function, dementia, swallowing/chewing difficulties, poor oral intake, and older age. Conclusion Potentially modifiable factors consistently associated with increased likelihood of weight loss, low BMI, or poor nutrition included depression, impaired function, and poor oral intake. Nursing home medical directors may wish to target quality improvement efforts toward patients with these conditions who are at highest risk for weight loss and poor nutrition.
Frontal circuitry degradation marks healthy adult aging: Evidence from diffusion tensor imaging.

Abstract In vivo study of white matter microstructural integrity through magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits examination of degradation of axonal circuitry that may underlie functional decline of frontally-based processes in normal adult aging. Determination of the pattern of age-related degradation of white matter microstructure requires quantitative comparison of the rostral–caudal and superior–inferior extents of the brain's white matter. To date, this has not been accomplished, probably because of significant artifacts from spatial distortion and poor signal resolution that precludes accurate analysis in prefrontal and inferior brain regions. Here, we report a profile analysis of the integrity of white matter microstructure across the supratentorium and in selected focal regions using DTI data collected at high-field strength (3 T), with isotropic voxel acquisition, and an analysis based on a concurrently-acquired field map to permit accurate quantification of artifact-prone, anterior and inferior brain regions. The groups comprised 10 younger and 10 older individuals; all were high functioning, highly educated, and in excellent health. The DTI profile analysis revealed a robust frontal distribution of low white matter anisotropy and high bulk mean diffusivity in healthy older compared with younger adults. In contrast to frontal fiber systems, posterior systems were largely preserved with age. A second analysis, based on focal samples of FA, confirmed that the age-related FA decline was restricted to frontal regions, leaving posterior and inferior brain regions relatively intact. The selective decline of anterior anisotropy with advancing age provides evidence for the potential of a microstructural white matter mechanism for the commonly observed decline in frontally-based functions.
Molecular determinants of TRPC1 regulation within ER-PM junctions.

Abstract Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is activated within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–plasma membrane (PM) junctions in the plasma membrane and involves assembly of the channels, Orai1 and TRPC1, with the regulatory protein, STIM1, in response to depletion of Ca2+ in the ER. The dynamic assembly of the channel complexes as well as regulation of channel activity and cell function is dependent on critical components that are either already localized in and/or recruited to the junctions following cell stimulation. These include proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane, ER, and cytosol. Together, these coordinated interactions lead to assembly and activation of Orai1/STIM1 and TRPC1/STIM1 channels. Recent studies demonstrate that Ca2+ signals generated by Orai1 are detected locally within the ER–PM junctions by various signaling proteins that trigger and regulate other Ca2+-dependent functions. One such function is the plasma membrane recruitment of TRPC1 channels where it is activated by STIM1. Activation of TRPC1 within the ER–PM junctions leads to generation of distinct [Ca2+]i signals and regulation of cellular functions different from those regulated by Orai1. Thus, it has been suggested that Orai1 and TRPC1 channels are compartmentalized in distinct microdomains. Such compartmentalization involves organization of plasma membrane lipids as well as structural and scaffolding proteins, the nature of which is still poorly understood. Importantly, there appears to be dynamic reorganization of the microdomains within existing ER–PM junctions that allow segregated proteins to interact. Together, these highly specific and coordinated remodeling of protein complexes and membrane domains results in generation of spatially- and temporally-controlled Ca2+ signals that are critical for numerous downstream cellular functions.
Growth and its disparity in rich and poor regions

Abstract We use international comparison data to relate the regional growth and the inequality across countries for four regions of the non-Communist world: The North, South-East Asia, South-Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Asia. The results are compared with findings by Kuznets and others.
A Comparison Between Numerical Calculations and Experimental Measurements of the Structure of a Counterflow Methane-Air Diffusion Flame

Abstract Results of a theoretical experimental study of the structure of a methane-air counterflow diffusion flame are reported. Concentration profiles of the stable species were measured using gas sampling techniques with quartz microprobes. The samples were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Temperature profiles were measured using coated thermocouples. Numerical calculations including C2 chemistry were performed with an adaptive nonlinear boundary value solver at conditions identical to those used in the experiment. The results are compared using both the physical coordinate and the mixture fraction as the independent variable. Excellent agreement is obtained for concentration profiles of CH4, O2, N2, CO2, H2O, H2, CO, C2H2, C2H4, AND C2H6, for the peak value of the temperature and for flame standoff distances.
The influence of death struggle on the rate of glycolysis in chicken breast muscle

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of killing procedures on the biochemical metabolites of broiler chicken breast muscle. The degree of struggle at death profoundly affected the onset of rigor mortis both in intact carcases and in muscles stored off the bird. Evidence was obtained that the amount of ATP present in the muscle, and hence the time of onset of rigor, could be estimated by measurement of the pH value of the muscle.
Can Personality Disorder Experts Recognize DSM-IV Personality Disorders from Five-Factor Model Descriptions of Patient Cases?

Background: Dimensional models of personality are under consideration for integration into the next Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), but the clinical utility of such models is unclear. Objective: To test the ability of clinical researchers who specialize in personality disorders to diagnose personality disorders using dimensional assessments and to compare those researchers' ratings of clinical utility for a dimensional system versus for the DSM-IV. Method: A sample of 73 researchers who had each published at least 3 (median = 15) articles on personality disorders participated between December 2008 and January 2009. The Five-Factor Model (FFM), one of the most-studied dimensional models to date, was compared to the DSM-IV. Participants provided diagnoses for case profiles in DSM-IV and FFM formats and then rated the DSM-IV and FFM on 6 aspects of clinical utility. Results: Overall, participants had difficulty identifying correct diagnoses from FFM profiles (t 72 = 12.36, P 2.19, all P<.05), but more useful for communicating with patients (t 69 =3.03, P<.01). Conclusions: The results suggest that personality disorder expertise and familiarity with the FFM are insufficient to correctly diagnose personality disorders using FFM profiles. Because of ambiguity inherent in FFM profile descriptors, this insufficiency may prove unlikely to be attenuated with increased clinical familiarity with the FFM.
Performance and carcass characteristics of bulls as influenced by exogenous hormones

One-hundred and forty-four weanling bulls of Angus (A, n = 48), Simmental x Hereford (SH, n = 8) and Simmental (S, n = 48) breeding were either castrated, left intact, left intact and implanted with Ralgro or left intact and implanted with Synovex S. Cattle were slaughtered after 190, 246 or 315 days of high-energy feeding. The right side of each carcass was electrically stimulated. Steers were inferior to intact treatments for most performance and carcass cutability traits, but steers were superior in marbling and lean quality (P 0·05) in dressing percentage or ribeye area per 100 kg of carcass weight among treatments. Relative to intact bulls, Ralgro and Synovex S increased carcass masculinity. Implanted intact treatments did not differ from nonimplanted intacts for feed conversion, average daily gain, yield grade characteristics, percent longissimus dorsi chemical fat and 9-10dash11th rib composition (P >0·05).
Simulating convectively coupled Kelvin waves using Lagrangian overturning for a convective parametrization

The first tests of a new Lagrangian atmospheric model (LAM) focus on its representation of moist convective processes. The LAM is constructed by modifying a Lagrangian ocean model to accommodate compressible fluid parcels. The model includes a simple convective parametrization referred to as ‘Lagrangian Overturning (LO)’, in which air parcels exchange vertical positions in convectively unstable regions. Radiative convective equilibrium experiments conducted with a single-column version of the LAM show that combining LO with simple parametrizations for surface fluxes, radiation and the evaporation of rain produces realistic temperature and moisture profiles for the Tropics. When LO is used in a tropical aquaplanet model, convectively coupled Kelvin waves spontaneously develop that have realistic temperature and zonal wind perturbations. These results have implications both for the potential usefulness of Lagrangian models for simulating moist convective processes, and for the mechanism of convectively coupled equatorial waves. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Disequilibrium Mapping of a Quantitative-Trait Locus in an Expanding Population

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping can be successful if there is strong nonrandom association between marker alleles and an allele affecting a trait of interest. The principles of LD mapping of dichotomous traits are well understood, but less is known about LD mapping of a quantitative-trait locus (QTL). It is shown in this report that selective genotyping can increase the power to detect and map a rare allele of large effect at a QTL. Two statistical tests of the association between an allele and a quantitative character are proposed. These tests are approximately independent, so information from them can be combined. Analytic theory is developed to show that these two tests are effective in detecting the presence of a low-frequency allele with a relatively large effect on the character when the QTL is either already a candidate locus or closely linked to a marker locus that is in strong LD with the QTL. The latter situation is expected in a rapidly growing population in which the allele of large effect was present initially in one copy. Therefore, the proposed tests are useful under the same conditions as those for successful LD mapping of a dichotomous trait or disease. Simulations show that, for detection of the presence of a QTL, these tests are more powerful than a simple t-test. The tests also provide a basis for defining a measure of association, gamma, between a low-frequency allele at a putative QTL and a low-frequency allele at a marker locus.
Locating the maximum of a simple random sequence by sequential search

Consider a stationary Gaussian process with EX_{i}X_{j}=a^{|i-j|} where 0 nd let 0 . It is shown that to locate the maximum of X_{l}, X_{2}, \cdots, X_{N} for large N with probability r , roughly -rN \log a/\log\log N observations at sequentially determined locations are both sufficient and necessary.
Optical Chinese character recognition using probabilistic neural networks

Building on previous work in Chinese character recognition, we describe an advanced system of classification using probabilistic neural networks. Training of the classifier starts with the use of distortion modeled characters from four fonts. Statistical measures are taken on a set of features computed from the distorted character. Based on these measures, the space of feature vectors is transformed to the optimal discriminant space for a nearest neighbor classifier. In the discriminant space, a probabilistic neural network classifier is trained. For classification, we present some modifications to the standard approach implied by the probabilistic neural network structure which yields significant speed improvements. We then compare this approach to using discriminant analysis and Geva and Sitte's Decision Surface Mapping classifiers. All methods are tested using 39,644 characters in three different fonts.
Temperatures of Saturn's Rings

The 20-micron brightness temperatures of the rings were determined using the 224-cm telescope of the Mauna Kea Observatory, and the standard University of Hawaii radiometer with a 17- to 25-micron filter. The observations were made on the nights of Aug. 20 and 21, and Sept. 26 and 27, 1972. The brightness temperatures of the A, B, and C rings are, respectively, 89 plus or minus 3 K, 94 plus or minus 2 K, and 89 plus or minus 4 K. A possible explanation of the relatively high temperature of the C ring is that Saturn has radiation belts and the inner ring is heated by particle bombardment.
Digital Simulation of Synchronous Machine Transients

When synchronous machine transients in an extensive system are to be accurately calculated, many problems arise for which the information required to resolve them is not available. The resulting accuracy will depend upon the assumptions used not only in the development of the machine model but also in the way in which the incomplete model is solved. The primary problems involve the manner in which the machine terminal relations are related to those of the system and in the handling of the various torques produced in the transient operation. The state of the art of machine analysis is now such that synchronous machine transients are fairly well understood and calculations may be reasonably comprehensive. The system representation is, however, not capable of accepting the information available from the machine with the result that a satisfactory marriage is difficult. Some of the inadequacies of large scale stability analysis as it now exists and some of the precautions and planning that should be observed before embarking upon extensive studies or in drawing conclusions from such studies are covered here, in a philosophic and general manner.
Study of the base analog 6-mercaptopurine in the mouse specific-locus test.

Abstract The base analog 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) was studied in the mouse specific-locus test in various male germ-cell stages. The overall finding of 3 mutations in 65 376 offspring rules out (at the 5% significance level) and induced mutation rate greater than 1.22 times the historical control rate. For spermatogonial stem cells alone, the multiple ruled out is 3.7; and for postspermatogonial stages, it is 0.7. For late differentiating spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes, stages that had earlier been found sensitive to dominant-lethal induction (a result confirmed in the present experiment), tthe results (0 mutations in 5214 offspring) do not rule out a positive effect; they indicate only that the induced rate is unlikely to be greater than 9.8 times the historical control rate. There is evidence that 6MP (or an active metabolite) reaches all germ-cell stages of concern. Because spermatogonial stem cells are not killed, the negative mutation mutation-rate results cannot be attributed to cell selection.
Review article: safety of infliximab in clinical trials

Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha, contains murine protein elements and targets the immune system, raising concerns about the potential for immune sensitization and immuno-suppressive sequelae. However, long-standing inflammatory disease with high activity and chronic immunosuppressant therapy can also predispose patients to immunosuppressive sequelae. Patients with Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis and other indications received single or multiple doses of infliximab and their condition was followed for up to 3 years. Adverse events, most frequently headache, nausea, and upper respiratory tract infection, were generally mild and occurred in 76% of infliximab-treated patients vs. 57% of placebo-treated recipients. Human antichimeric antibodies developed in 13% of patients, increasing the potential for subsequent infusion reactions. Antibodies to double-stranded DNA developed in a small percentage of patients. Other antinuclear antibodies characteristic of serum lupus erythematosus were not found; no patient developed a true lupus syndrome and no other autoimmune disorders were reported. Infliximab is not associated with typical immunosuppressive sequelae, such as infections and malignancy, or with autoimmune disorders. Infliximab therapy was well tolerated, serious adverse events were infrequent, successfully managed with medication and without sequelae, and overall mortality was within the expected incidence for this patient population.
A technique for precision estimation in analog cross-spectrum measurements

The precision of an analog cross-spectrum measurement can be estimated if the product of the two signals is integrated by a voltage-to-frequency converter having separate pulse outputs for positive and negative inputs. The difference between the two pulse counts gives the spectrum reading, while their ratio is used in estimating the precision. Coherence may also be estimated in this way.
A Description of the GFDL Global Spectral Model

Abstract A multi-level, global, spectral transform model of the atmosphere, based upon spherical harmonies, has been developed at GFDL. The basic model has nine sigma levels in the vertical and rhomboidal spectral truncation at wavenumber 30. However, finer spectral or vertical resolution versions are available as well. The model's efficient semi-implicit time differencing scheme does not appear to adversely affect medium range predictions. The model has physical processes commonly associated with grid point GCM'S. Two unique features are a linearized virtual temperature correction and an optional, spectrally-computed non-linear horizontal diffusion scheme. A parameterization of vertical mixing based upon the turbulent closure method is also optional. The GFDL spectral model has been widely utilized at GFDL for extended range weather prediction experiments. In addition, it has been adapted and applied to climate studies, four-dimensional data assimilation experiments and even to the atmosphere of Venus. T...
Construction of Ligand Group Orbitals for Polyatomics and Transition-Metal Complexes Using an Intuitive Symmetry-Based Approach

A molecular orbital (MO) diagram, especially its frontier orbitals, explains the bonding and reactivity for a chemical compound. It is therefore important for students to learn how to construct one. The traditional methods used to derive these diagrams rely on linear algebra techniques to combine ligand orbitals into symmetry-adapted linear combinations or ligand group orbitals (LGOs). Over the past 10 years, I have developed and refined a simple graphical method for generating ligand group orbitals. The method is an extension of concepts that the students already know from general chemistry: VSEPR and valence bond theory, which are then used to create a generator function. LGOs are prepared by matching symmetry (nodes and phase behavior) of the generator function. The LGOs generated by this technique are qualitatively correct and sufficient for the “back-of-the-envelope” MO diagrams for which they are intended. Through a series of in-class group work and out-of-class problem sets, students learn to deriv...
The Structure of Baroclinic Zones Using TIROS-N Temperature Retrievals

Abstract Case studies are used to examine the horizontal and vertical temperature structure in baroclinic zones for three synoptic situations. The studies compare analyses of 1000–500 mb and 700–300 mb thicknesses made from satellite data only with National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses made from conventional data. In addition, isentropic cross sections across baroclinic zones are shown using data from each of three sources; radiosondes, satellite soundings, and NMC global analyses. These cross sections demonstrate that the satellite soundings generally represent the baroclinic zones at least as well as the NMC analyses, with thermal wind speed maxima that are comparable with those obtained from either the radiosonde or NMC analysis cross sections. However, the computed speed maxima from the satellite data were achieved because the soundings depicted the frontal zones as being steeper than in the radiosonde versions. That condition, in which the principal horizontal temperature gradients were align...
Hyperuniformity, quasi-long-range correlations, and void-space constraints in maximally random jammed particle packings. II. Anisotropy in particle shape

We extend the results from the first part of this series of two papers by examining hyperuniformity in heterogeneous media composed of impenetrable anisotropic inclusions. Specifically, we consider maximally random jammed (MRJ) packings of hard ellipses and superdisks and show that these systems both possess vanishing infinite-wavelength local-volume-fraction fluctuations and quasi-long-range pair correlations scaling as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}(d+1)}$ in $d$ Euclidean dimensions. Our results suggest a strong generalization of a conjecture by Torquato and Stillinger [Phys. Rev. E 68, 041113 (2003)], namely, that all strictly jammed saturated packings of hard particles, including those with size and shape distributions, are hyperuniform with signature quasi-long-range correlations. We show that our arguments concerning the constrained distribution of the void space in MRJ packings directly extend to hard-ellipse and superdisk packings, thereby providing a direct structural explanation for the appearance of hyperuniformity and quasi-long-range correlations in these systems. Additionally, we examine general heterogeneous media with anisotropic inclusions and show unexpectedly that one can decorate a periodic point pattern to obtain a hard-particle system that is not hyperuniform with respect to local-volume-fraction fluctuations. This apparent discrepancy can also be rationalized by appealing to the irregular distribution of the void space arising from the anisotropic shapes of the particles. Our work suggests the intriguing possibility that the MRJ states of hard particles share certain universal features independent of the local properties of the packings, including the packing fraction and average contact number per particle.
Exploring Whiteness: A Study of Self Labels for White Americans.

This study examines the preferences and meanings of labels for white Americans as discursively defined expressions of identity. Preliminary investigation revealed resistance by white Americans to self‐labelling, and led to this systematic study of preferred labels and the reasons underlying this resistance. In all, 371 white respondents completed a survey, rating seven labels in terms of preference, and gave meanings for these labels. They also discussed their feelings and opinions about the process of self‐labelling. The results reveal that the most preferred label is “White” and the least preferred is “WASP.” The authors interpret the findings from a multi‐perspectival position, incorporating critical as well as social psychological interpretations.
Remission of Disseminated Cancer After Systemic Oncolytic Virotherapy

MV-NIS is an engineered measles virus that is selectively destructive to myeloma plasma cells and can be monitored by noninvasive radioiodine imaging of NIS gene expression. Two measles-seronegative patients with relapsing drug-refractory myeloma and multiple glucose-avid plasmacytomas were treated by intravenous infusion of 1011 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) infectious units of MV-NIS. Both patients responded to therapy with M protein reduction and resolution of bone marrow plasmacytosis. Further, one patient experienced durable complete remission at all disease sites. Tumor targeting was clearly documented by NIS-mediated radioiodine uptake in virus-infected plasmacytomas. Toxicities resolved within the first week after therapy. Oncolytic viruses offer a promising new modality for the targeted infection and destruction of disseminated cancer.
Discovery of numerous specific topics via term co-occurrence analysis

We describe efficient techniques for construction of large term co-occurrence graphs, and investigate an application to the discovery of numerous fine-grained (specific) topics. A topic is a small dense subgraph discovered by a random walk initiated at a term (node) in the graph. We observe that the discovered topics are highly interpretable, and reveal the different meanings of terms in the corpus. We show the information-theoretic utility of the topics when they are used as features in supervised learning. Such features lead to consistent improvements in classification accuracy over the standard bag-of-words representation, even at high training proportions. We explain how a layered pyramidal view of the term distribution helps in understanding the algorithms and in visualizing and interpreting the topics.
High-performance capillary electrophoresis of histones

Abstract A high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) system was developed for the fractionation of histones. This system involves electroinjection of the sample and electrophoresis in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) in a 35 cm × 50 μm I.D. coated capllary. Electrophoresis was accomplished in 9 min, separating a whole histone preparation into its components in the following order of decreasing mobility: (MHP) H3, H1 (major variant), H1 (minor variant), (LHP) H3, (MHP) H2A (major variant), (LHP) H2A, H4, H2B and (MHP) H2A (minor variant), where MHP is the more hydrophobic component and LHP is the less hydrophobic component. This order of separation is very different from that found in acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and, thus, brings the histone biochemist a new dimension for the qualitative analysis of histone samples.
An Algorithm for the Determination of the Economic Design of -Charts Based on Duncan's Model

An algorithm for the determination of the economic design of -charts based on Duncan's model is described in this paper. This algorithm consists of solving an implicit equation in design variables n (sample size) and k (control limit factor) and an explicit equation for h (sampling interval). The use of this algorithm not only yields the exact optimum but also provides valuable information so that the sensitivity of the optimum loss-cost (L*) can be evaluated. Loss-cost contours are used to discuss the nature of the loss-cost surface and the effect of the design variables. The effect of two parameters, the delay factor (e), and the average time for an assignable cause to occur (1/λ), on the optimum design is evaluated. Numerical examples are used for illustrations.
Representation through parties? Environmental attitudes and party stances in Europe in 2013

Public demand for environmental policies can only influence policies when political parties incorporate environmentalism into their platforms. The economic downturn that began in 2009 may have caused European parties to abandon their commitment to environmentalism as they focused on solutions to the economic crisis. Particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, where commitment to the environment is not as central to party competition, public environmental concerns may have been placed on the periphery of the policy agenda. Examining this issue, this study finds that political parties, especially mainstream parties, in Western Europe represented economic and environmental preferences of voters about equally as well in 2013 as they did prior to the economic crisis. However, in Central and Eastern Europe, parties tended to be less responsive to environmental preferences, presumably because economic differences dominate political divisions in newer democracies. It is concluded that environmental interests are ...
Antiidiotypic Antibody Recognizes an Amiloride Binding Domain within the α Subunit of the Epithelial Na+ Channel

Abstract We previously raised an antibody (RA6.3) by an antiidiotypic approach which was designed to be directed against an amiloride binding domain on the epithelial Na+channel (ENaC). This antibody mimicked amiloride in that it inhibited transepithelial Na+ transport across A6 cell monolayers. RA6.3 recognized a 72-kDa polypeptide in A6 epithelia treated with tunicamycin, consistent with the size of nonglycosylated Xenopus laevis αENaC. RA6.3 specifically recognized an amiloride binding domain within the α-subunit of mouse and bovine ENaC. The deduced amino acid sequence of RA6.3 was used to generate a three-dimensional model structure of the antibody. The combining site of RA6.3 was epitope mapped using a novel computer-based strategy. Organic residues that potentially interact with the RA6.3 combining site were identified by data base screening using the program LUDI. Selected residues docked to the antibody in a manner corresponding to the ordered linear array of amino acid residues within an amiloride binding domain on the α-subunit of ENaC. A synthetic peptide spanning this domain inhibited the binding of RA6.3 to αENaC. This analysis provided a novel approach to develop models of antibody-antigen interaction as well as a molecular perspective of RA6.3 binding to an amiloride binding domain within αENaC.
The relationship of older adults' activities and body mass index.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and older adults' hours of participation in 31 activities. Methods: Descriptive statistics are presented for the relationsh...
Thyrotropin Stimulation of 32P Incorporation into the Phospholipids of Canine Thyroid Adenocarcinoma

Six carcinomas of the canine thyroid were studied. Five of the six tumors were functional on 131I scan and caused hyperthyroidism in two cases. The tumors were all of predominantly compact cellular histology with rare to moderate numbers of microfollicles. After surgical removal tumor slices were incubated with 32P in Krebs-Ringer-tris buffer with or without 0.1 U/ml of bovine TSH, and the specific activity of the extracted phospholipids was measured. TSH stimulated phosphatide turnover clearly in 5 cases and probably also in the 6th. Analysis of fractionated phospholipids in 2 cases showed that the response to TSH was mainly in the phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol. These studies show that a malignant tumor may still retain at least one complete control system extending from TSH receptors to the final metabolic response. (Endocrinology 100: 346, 1977)
Spontaneous release of transmitter from growth cones of embryonic neurones

A nerve process grows by inserting new membrane material at its advancing tip, the growth cone. In embryonic cell culture and in embryos of Xenopus laevis, many growth cones establish functional synaptic transmission within minutes after contact with muscle cells. The rapidity of synapse formation suggests that the growth cone may have already acquired the appropriate neurotransmitter and the machinery for transmitter release before encountering the target cell. Here, we have used a patch of outside-out embryonic muscle membrane formed with gigaohm seal at the tip of a micropipette as an extracellular probe for the presence of channel-activating substances near the growth cones of the isolated Xenopus embryonic neurones in culture. We report that single-channel activity resembling that of muscle acetylcholine receptor channels was induced when the probe was positioned near the growth cones of 50% of the neurones, suggesting the spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) from these growth cones. The release of material from growth cones may occur as a consequence of the incorporation of new membrane during neurite extension; it may also have a role in the interaction between the growth cone and its immediate environment.
InGaN-based solar cells and high-performance broadband optical coatings for ultrahigh efficiency hybrid multijunction device designs

Efficiencies exceeding 40% have already been achieved with GaAs-based multijunction (MJ) solar cells. In this talk, we will discuss the unique advantages and challenges of fabricating hybrid InGaN-GaAs MJ cells for ultrahigh efficiency device designs.
An Integrated Vehicle Modeling Environment

This paper describes an Integrated Vehicle Modeling Environment for estimating aircraft geometric, inertial, and aerodynamic characteristics, and for interfacing with a high fidelity, workstation based flight simulation architecture. The goals in developing this environment are to aid in the design of next generation intelligent fight control technologies, conduct research in advanced vehicle interface concepts for autonomous and semi-autonomous applications, and provide a value-added capability to the conceptual design and aircraft synthesis process. Results are presented for three aircraft by comparing estimates generated by the Integrated Vehicle Modeling Environment with known characteristics of each vehicle under consideration. The three aircraft are a modified F-15 with moveable canards attached to the airframe, a mid-sized, twin-engine commercial transport concept, and a small, single-engine, uninhabited aerial vehicle. Estimated physical properties and dynamic characteristics are correlated with those known for each aircraft over a large portion of the flight envelope of interest. These results represent the completion of a critical step toward meeting the stated goals for developing this modeling environment.
Chromium [II]-mediated reductive cleavage of a tertiary halide bearing three β-alkoxy groups. Synthesis of the north hexacyclic steroid unit of the cephalostatin family

Transformation of aldehyde 4 to 17nat, a hexacyclic steroid bearing the requisite functionality and spiroketal stereochemistry of the North portion of the cephalostatin family is described. The key reaction involves CrCl2 mediated reductive cleavage of a tertiary bromide which is beta to three alkoxy groups.
Constitutive model for the finite deformation stress–strain behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) above the glass transition

Abstract A constitutive model for the finite deformation stress–strain behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) at temperatures above the glass transition temperature is presented. In this temperature regime, the behavior of PET is strongly dependent on strain rate and temperature; PET also experiences strain-induced crystallization at these temperatures. The constitutive model accounts for the rate and temperature dependence of the stress–strain behavior by modeling the competition between molecular orientation processes and molecular relaxation processes. The model is fully three-dimensional and is shown to be in good agreement with experimental data over a wide range in strain rates and temperatures as well as under both uniaxial compression and plane strain compression loading conditions.
Testicular adenoma and seminal vesicle engorgement in polyomavirus large-T antigen transgenic mice.

Six lines of transgenic mice harboring the cDNA for polyomavirus large-T antigen (PVLT) linked to the mouse metallothionein-1 promoter were isolated. The transgene was expressed in testes in all lines isolated and in testes and seminal vesicles in two lines. Three lines developed enlarged testes and seminal vesicles. Development of the phenotype was divided into three stages separable by age and pathology. In stage 1, birth to 6 mo, PVLT was expressed in testes but no pathology was noted; in stage 2, 6–10 mo, PVLT was expressed solely in testes and not in seminal vesicles, yet the seminal vesicles were enlarged; and in stage 3, 10 mo and older, both testes and seminal vesicles expressed PVLT and both were enlarged. Testes were up to sevenfold heavier and increased up to fourfold to fivefold in each dimension. Seminal vesicles were enlarged up to 20-fold as the result of an accumulation of seminal vesicle fluid. In addition to the four major proteins of seminal vesicle fluid, extra proteins, initially found in stage 2, were increased in stage 3 seminal vesicle fluid. The Leydig cell was the dominant cell type in affected testes, there were few or no normal Sertoli cells or seminiferous tubules remaining by stage 3. The Leydig cells were physiologically active, as indicated by a 8.5-fold higher testosterone level in sera from stage 3 affected mice compared with sera from age-matched normal males. PVLT was present in the nuclei of the Leydig cells and was able to confer an immortal phenotype in vitro. Formation of the Leydig cell adenoma was dependent on PVLT expression, but since PVLT expression occurred much earlier than did pathology, additional secondary factors must determine the delay in phenotype development. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and beef sample extracts on E. coli O157:H7 survival and gene expression of virulence genes yadK and hhA.

Bacterial cell-to-cell communication is mediated by autoinducer (AI) molecules such as AI-2 and has been reported to regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. We have previously shown that ground beef contains compounds that can inhibit sensing of AI-2 like activity. The hypothesis of this study was that AI-2 activ- ity observed in conditioned medium (CM) will enhance E. coli O157:H7 survival and expression of virulence genes, whereas compounds inhibitory (such as those present in ground beef extracts) to AI-2 activity will negate these ef- fects. E. coli O157:H7 luxS mutant strain VS 94 (incapable of synthesizing AI-2) was employed in these studies. The survival of this enteric bacterial pathogen as a function of AI-2 activity and the presence of AI-2 inhibitory com- pounds was studied at 4 ◦ C. The number of survivors in the presence of AI-2 was significantly higher compared to the absence of AI-2, and the addition of ground beef extracts to conditioned medium negated the influence of AI- 2 activity. Autoinducer AI-2 upregulated selected genes virulence genes (yadK ,a ndhha), whereas the ground beef extract reversed the effect of AI-2 on the expression of the selected genes.