cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Processing Effects on the Textural Attributes of Previously Frozen Shrimp

Abstract Shrimp texture changes during thermal processing based on its temperature history. Texture measurements and sensory tests were performed on large, medium, and small tiger shrimp. In isothermal experiments, shrimp were cooked in water at 55, 65, 75, 85 and 95°C for two time periods: for their slowest heating point to reach within 0.5°C of water temperature, and 50% longer than this. Transient experiments were also conducted at 75, 85, 95°C, and in boiling water for a time necessary to achieve a certain microbial lethality. Cooling after heat treatment was done in ice slush and in Ziploc bags in ice slush. Texture Profile Analysis and shear test were performed with a Instron Universal testing machine. Tenderness, juiciness, rubberiness, and overall acceptability were determined by sensory panels and correlated with instrumental results. Temperature significantly affected all textural properties and sensory attributes. High correlation between textural properties and sensory attributes was obtained....
Mathematics teachers' "learning to notice" in the context of a video club

Abstract This study examines changes in teachers’ thinking as they participated in a video club designed to help them learn to notice and interpret students’ mathematical thinking. First, we investigate changes in teachers’ talk about classroom video segments before and after participation in the video club. Second, we identify three paths along which teachers learned to notice students’ mathematical thinking in this context: Direct, Cyclical, and Incremental. Finally, we explore ways the video club context influenced teacher learning. Understanding different forms of teacher learning provides insight for research on teacher cognition and may inform the design of video-based professional development.
Planning Information Technology-Knowledge Worker Systems

A model is introduced to examine the long-term planning associated with the purchase and implementation of information technologies IT that indirectly contribute to output through enhancement of an organization's knowledge workers. For example, architectural firms in the service industry and manufacturers developing new or modified products invest in computer-aided design systems CAD to increase the volume of output generated by the engineering specialist. A critical element of the IT-knowledge worker model introduced is the inclusion of implementation-related dynamics. In particular we model both the short-term disruption to output that typically occurs at the start of the implementation period and the effect of worker learning during implementation. The ability of the organization to generate output is examined in relation to the levels of workforce, information technology, worker skill, and a variety of features of the IT. Seven production function attributes are introduced to quantify the manner in which output is generated for the IT-knowledge worker system. The production function is embedded into an optimization model in which profit is maximized. The formulation is dynamic in order to capture important elements of the decision-making environment, including the learning process, technological change, increasing wages, and changes in the labor supply. Optimal policies are obtained depicting the manner in which an organization should hire and fire its workforce and acquire information technology over time. A fundamental result is obtained establishing the existence of a complementary relationship between IT and knowledge workers. It is shown that a greater level of effective IT increases the desirability of hiring additional workers. In addition, as the ability of the IT to enhance knowledge worker productivity improves reflecting IT features such as ease of use, functionality, connectivity, etc., the desirability of hiring additional workers increases. Similarly, due to a high volume of workforce or a high level of worker skill, the desirability of acquiring IT increases. It is also shown that if an organization ignores the nature of the lagged effect of workforce learning, or if the impact of workforce learning on output is underestimated, then the projected volume of output over time is largely exaggerated. These results have important implications to management decision making with respect to effective implementation practices, technology choice issues, and workforce selection. Numerical results are generated to explore the effect of organizational size. It is shown that a smaller organization as measured by the size of its workforce relies more heavily on information technology to enhance worker productivity and generate output. Lastly, in response to higher wages, analytic results are derived demonstrating that an organization should reduce its level of hiring and its purchase of IT. Furthermore, numerical results show that an organization paying higher wages should allocate a greater amount of IT per worker to enhance productivity.
Development of beta-lactam resistance and increased quinolone MICs during therapy of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis.

The in vivo efficacies of pefloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, and amikacin-ceftazidime were compared in 50 rabbits with experimental aortic endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Animals were randomly chosen to receive 4 or 10 days of no therapy (controls), pefloxacin (40 mg/kg [body weight] per day, intramuscularly [i.m.]), or amikacin (30 or 80 mg/kg per day, i.m.)-ceftazidime (150 mg/kg per day, i.m.). Pefloxacin and both amikacin regimens significantly reduced vegetation bacterial densities compared with controls at days 4 and 10 of treatment (P less than 0.0005). By day 10 of therapy, between 33 and 40% of vegetations from amikacin-ceftazidime recipients contained ceftazidime-resistant bacteria (MICs, greater than 25 micrograms/ml); nitrocefin agar overlay confirmed that these ceftazidime-resistant variants were constitutive overproducers of beta-lactamase. At therapy days 4 and 10, approximately 30% of vegetations sampled from pefloxacin recipients contained bacteria for which pefloxacin MICs were four- to eightfold higher than the MIC for the parental strain used to initially induce endocarditis (MIC, 0.19 microgram/ml). These variants also exhibited increases in ciprofloxacin and ticarcillin MICs, as well as pleotropic resistance to chloramphenicol (but not to amikacin, ceftazidime, or tetracycline). Amikacin-ceftazidime, as well as pefloxacin, was effective in this model of aortic pseudomonal endocarditis. However, in vivo development of ceftazidime resistance and step-ups in pefloxacin MICs among intravegetation isolates were associated with inability to completely eradicate P. aeruginosa from aortic vegetations.
Transdermal scopolamine and sialorrhea.

To the Editor. —Atropine is often used to diminish salivation in patients with sialorrhea or difficulty handling salivary secretions because of disorders of swallowing. The related muscarinic antagonist scopolamine is known to have a more potent action on the salivary glands. 1 However, undesirable side effects associated with high peak serum levels following oral administration have precluded its use. The availability of scopolamine in a transdermal delivery system provides an alternative means to administer the antisialogogue and may have advantages over oral atropine for some patients. When applied to the skin, the system releases scopolamine at a constant rate to maintain a steady plasma level (after an initial delay of two to four hours). A 57-year-old woman with a two-year history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis encountered difficulty with drooling due to bulbar weakness. Placement of a scopolamine transdermal delivery system (Transderm-Scop, CIBA Pharmaceutical Co, Summit, NJ) in the postauricular area
Kinetics of dopant incorporation in GaAs grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy

A diffusive capture reaction of dopant atoms by relevant host atoms, via the Rideal–Eley mechanism, in GaAs grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy is shown to result in the dopant concentration in the crystal acquiring a dependence on pGa (which is proportional to the growth rate) in agreement with data on SAs, ZnGa, and SiGa where pGa is the partial pressure of trimethylgallium in the input gas stream.
Toward working hypotheses of effective management: Conditions, thought processes, and behaviors

The purpose of this article is to develop a set of working hypotheses about the conditions, thought processes, and behaviors that define managerial effectiveness. The Deacon and Firebaugh model of managerial behavior is extended to form the basis for the hypotheses developed. The overall hypothesis is that differences in managerial effectiveness are specifically linked to the timing, completion, frequency, and duration of particular thoughts and actions performed by the manager that are focused on the allocation of resources to meet value-based goals and events. If it is assumed that meeting demands is an appropriate measure of managerial effectiveness, then validation of the hypotheses, the next logical step, can occur by correlating the conditions, processes, and behaviors thought to represent managerial effectiveness with objective and subjective measures of demand responses.
Evaluation of sCMOS cameras for detection and localization of single Cy5 molecules

The ability to detect single molecules over the electronic noise requires high performance detector systems. Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device (EMCCD) cameras have been employed successfully to image single molecules. Recently, scientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (sCMOS) based cameras have been introduced with very low read noise at faster read out rates, smaller pixel sizes and a lower price compared to EMCCD cameras. In this study, we have compared the two technologies using two EMCCD and three sCMOS cameras to detect single Cy5 molecules. Our findings indicate that the sCMOS cameras perform similar to EMCCD cameras for detecting and localizing single Cy5 molecules.
Human DNA-demethylating activity: a glycosylase associated with RNA and PCNA.

We have partially purified and characterized the 5-methylcytosine removing activity (5-meC-DNA Glycosylase) from HeLa cells with 700-fold enrichment. This activity cleaves DNA specifically at fully methylated CpG sites. The mechanism of 5-meC removal is base excision from fully methylated CpG loci on DNA, producing abasic sites. Hemi-methylated DNA is not a substrate. A prominent 52 KDa protein is present in all partially purified fractions. This activity is tightly associated with other nuclear factors and proteins, which resulted in differential fractionation of this activity on ion exchange columns. One nuclear factor associated with this activity is identified as RNA. Another nuclear protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is also associated with this enzyme. Glycosylic removal of 5-meC from DNA by this activity could be involved in the regulation of transcription, replication, differentiation, and development through resultant hypomethylation of DNA. J. Cell. Biochem. 79:249–260, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spatial Economic Model for Forecasting the Percentage Splits of External Trips on Highways Approaching Small Communities

The main difficulty in forecasting traffic volumes in small urban communities is identifying the amount and destination of the external traffic. Three methods exist for determining the percentage of external traffic destined for the study community (external-internal trips) or through the study community (external-external trips): a comprehensive origin-destination study, a cordon line origin-destination study, and the use of regression equations. This paper examines the possibility of the use of an alternative technique, based on a spatial economic model, to determine the traffic distribution. The project uses an economic model, which includes surrounding community factors, to determine the trip rates for three communities within Alabama and compares the results obtained from this model with the results given by a commonly accepted regression equation and a recently completed cordon line origin-destination study performed by using video surveillance. It is demonstrated that the economic model performs we...
Dust in the SINGS galaxy sample

Dust models have been applied to interpret the IR emission from 65 galaxies in the SINGS galaxy survey, allowing dust masses, PAH fractions, and starlight intensities to be determined. The dust models reproduce the global SEDs without requiring “cold” ( T $\lesssim$ 12 K) dust. The bulk of the IR emission appears to be radiated by dust in the diffuse ISM, with starlight intensities similar to the intensity in the solar neighborhood. A fraction f PDR of the IR emission is radiated by dust in regions of high starlight intensities ( e.g. , PDRs), with median f PDR = 0.08. The dust composition is characterized by q PAH , the fraction of the dust mass contributed by PAHs with 3 C atoms. Galaxies with metallicities Z / Z ๏ < 0.2 tend to have q PAH $\lesssim$ 0.01, but galaxies with Z / Z ๏ > 0.4 have q PAH = 0.02 - 0.05. Over the entire sample, with Z / Z ๏ ranging from 0.1 to 1, the observations are consistent with a constant fraction of interstellar metals being in dust, with M dust / M H ≈ 0.01( Z / Z ๏ ).
Thermal boundary resistance at metal-epoxy interfaces

Measurements of the thermal impedance across copper-epoxy-copper sandwiches have been made over a temperature range of 0.05--10 K. The data are consistent with the suggestion that only low-frequency phonons contribute to thermal transport across the sandwich. As a result the apparent thermal boundary resistance at the interfaces may be a factor of 100 larger than calculated from the theory of Little. A similar behavior should be observed whenever an amorphous material is involved.
The influence of pre‐radiation salivary flow rates and radiation dose on parotid salivary gland dysfunction in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancers

Radiotherapy (RT) used for head and neck cancers causes permanent salivary gland dysfunction (SGD). Previous short-term studies have demonstrated that pre-RT salivary flow rates and the amount of radiation exposure to parotid glands influence the amount of RT-induced SGD. The purpose of this study was to determine which variables are related to the development of long-term post-RT SGD. Parotid flow rates (PFR) were assessed prior to and 1 year after completion of RT in spared parotid glands from 34 patients from 2 parotid-sparing protocols. The results reveal that spared PFR were not significantly higher 1 year post-RT in patients who had high pre-RT PFR, when compared with patients with low pre-RT PFR. However, patients who received higher doses of RT to spared parotid glands had lower PFR 1 year post-RT, compared with patients who had received lower doses of RT. These one-year findings suggest that high pre-RT PFR do not provide protection against RT-induced SGD. Conversely, reduced RT dosages to contralateral parotid glands are protective of PFR after completion of RT.
A survey of consultation-liaison psychiatry program characteristics and functions

A survey of medical school affiliated consultation-liaison psychiatry programs has provided useful information on several aspects of current C-L program activity, including: (a) patients seen and treatments provided; (b) C-L training; (c) program structure (and fiscal operations); and (d) subjective appraisal by program directors. Data on patients, diagnostic categories, and treatments support the findings of similar, previous studies. Training and research appear to be continuing at past levels rather than increasing. Limited information on fiscal operations and program structure preclude adequate assessment of their strengths and vulnerabilities. Recording of better data and the development of more aggressive management techniques are proposed as appropriate foci of attention for C-L program leaders.
Variety in the level of gene control in eukaryotic cells

In light of present progress in the understanding of how messenger RNA is constructed in eukaryotic cells, the levels of gene control are discussed. Transcriptional control, assessed by the rate of synthesis of specific nuclear RNA, is strongly indicated to be the most frequent level of control. Definition of eukaryotic transcription units as simple (encoding one protein} and complex (encoding two or more proteins) affords a framework in which to discuss control at the level of RNA processing for which several examples also are known. Finally, differential stability of cytoplasmic mRNAs and differential translation, both well established, are briefly described.
Excitation of collective nuclear states by fast particles

Abstract The elastic and inelastic scattering of a fast particle by a vibrating nucleus is discussed in the semicalssical approximation. For elastic scattering it is shown that the effect of the vibrations can be described by an effective deformed optical potential which is axially symmetric about the incident direction. Explicit results are obtained for inelastic scattering. In an appendix, the validity of the semiclassical approximation for potential scattering is discussed and numerical tests made.
On computing the discrete Hartley transform

The discrete Hartley transform (DHT) is a real-valued transform closely related to the DFT of a real-valued sequence. Bracewell has recently demonstrated a radix-2 decimation-in-time fast Hartley transform (FHT) algorithm. In this paper a complete set of fast algorithms for computing the DHT is developed, including decimation-in-frequency, radix-4, split radix, prime factor, and Winograd transform algorithms. The philosophies of all common FFT algorithms are shown to be equally applicable to the computation of the DHT, and the FHT algorithms closely resemble their FFT counterparts. The operation counts for the FHT algorithms are determined and compared to the counts for corresponding real-valued FFT algorithms. The FHT algorithms are shown to always require the same number of multiplications, the same storage, and a few more additions than the real-valued FFT algorithms. Even though computation of the FHT takes more operations, in some situations the inherently real-valued nature of the discrete Hartley transform may justify this extra cost.
Components of song used for species recognition in the common yellowthroat

Abstract Territorial male common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) were presented modified songs to determine the species-identifying song components. Presentations were paired, with the response elicited by a synthetic normal song (control) compared to that elicited by modified songs. Modified songs in which the frequency range was held constant yet lowered by 1 kHz from the average elicited a response that was significantly lower than the control. Doubling internote time intervals resulted in lower responses. Removing downslurred and upslurred hooks on notes did not alter responses. A simple two-noted repeated phrase song, one note an upstroke, the other a downstroke, with a frequency envelope of approximately 2 to 6 kHz, may provide the minimum requirements for species recognition.
Pre-desilication and digestion of gibbsitic bauxite with lime in sodium aluminate liquor

The effect of lime on the pre-desilication and digestion of gibbsitic bauxite in synthetic sodium aluminate liquor at different temperatures was investigated. The bauxite is comprised of gibbsite, aluminogoethite, hematite, kaolin, quartz, and minor boehmite. Lime increases the desilication efficiency of the bauxite during the pre-desilication process by promoting the conversion of sodalite and cancrinite to hydrogarnet. Desilication reactions during the digestion process promoted by lime result in the loss of Al2O3 entering the red mud, but the amount of aluminogoethite-to-hematite conversion promoted by lime leads to the increase of aluminogoethitic Al2O3 entering the digested liquor. The alumina digestion rate at 245°C is higher than that at 145°C due to the more pronounced conversion of aluminogoethite to hematite. The soda consumption during the digestion process decreases due to lime addition, especially at higher temperatures.
Effect of Levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Performance of Rice

A field experiment was conducted on rice (Oryza sativa L.) for three consecutive rabi seasons of 2007, 2008 and 2009 on Godavari alluvials (Vertic chromusters) at Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute, Maruteru, with an objective to revise the existing fertilizer doses of major nutrients for rabi rice in Krishna Godavari delta regions of Andhra Pradesh. Grain yield was increased by 11.5% and 6.3% due to increase in recommended dose of N from 100% (120 kg ha-1) to 125% and 150%. Increase in P & K doses from 100 to 125% (P from 60 to 75 and K from 40 to 50 kg ha-1) also improved grain yield significantly. Agronomic efficiency of N P and K was progressively increased with incremental doses of respective nutrients. Energy use efficiency of K is remarkably high particularly with first increment (4.87) followed by P and N. Highest gross returns, net returns and rupee per rupee invested were recorded with application of NPK @ 210-60-40 kg ha-1. Incremental doses of N, P and K over the recommended dose recorded significant improvement in uptake of respective nutrients. Grain quality, milling characters were significantly influenced by incremental doses of N P & K. While considering the economics, nutrient depletion and quality parameters, application of N @ 180-90-60 kg ha-1 appears to be the most optimum dose for rabi rice in deltaic alluvial soils of Andhra Pradesh.
Gender Self-Concepts in the USA and Yugoslavia:

This study was designed to measure differences between Yugoslavian and US college students in sex-role orientation. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the number of Yugoslavian and US students classified as androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. 52 male and 52 female students at the University of Belgrade, and 43 male and 63 female students from San Francisco Bay Area colleges and universities completed the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Analysis supported the hypothesis. Significantly more US males and females than their Yugoslavian peers were classified as androgynous. Significantly more Yugoslavian male and female students than US students were classified as undifferentiated. Significantly more US female than Yugoslavian female students were classified as masculine, and significantly more Yugoslavian female than US female students were classified as feminine. The results were discussed in terms of differences in the political, sociocultural, and economic condi...
The Impact of the Australian Ballot on Member Behavior in the U.S. House of Representatives

Katz and Sala linked the development of committee property rights in the late-nineteenth-century U.S. House of Representatives to the introduction of the Australian ballot. If, as they posited, members sought personal reputations to carry them to reelection in the new electoral environment, the current article argues that behaviors with more immediate political payoffs also should have changed in ways their theory would predict. The article examines whether committee assignments, floor voting behavior, and the distribution of pork barrel projects changed in predicted ways and finds supportive outcomes, but usually only when the office bloc ballot, and not the party bloc ballot, was in use.
Turnover of Palmitate C-14 in Diabetics and Normals.∗:

SummaryTurnover rate of free fatty acids was studied during rest and exercise in 8 normals and 28 diabetics using carboxyl labeled palmitate C-14. Conditions during exercise do not satisfy the criteria for steady state dynamics. During rest the turnover rate of free fatty acids does not differ in normals and diabetics. At both higher and lower levels of blood glucose the turnover rate is increased.
TREATMENT OF CUSHING’S SYNDROME WITH AMPHENONE: REPORT OF TWO CASES, ONE WITH PROBABLE THYMOMA

Two patients with Cushing’s syndrome were treated with amphenone before undergoing adrenal surgery. One of these patients also had an anterior superior mediastinal neoplasm of probable thymic origin. The other suffered from severe mental depression, and manifested unusual adrenal sensitivity to corticotropin. The administration of amphenone in each case resulted in decreased formation and excretion of glucocorticoids, as shown by changes in the levels of 17-hydroxycorticoids in the plasma and urine, as well as other metabolic and biochemical effects secondary to these changes. In Case 1, during intravenous infusion of amphenone, urinary 17-ketosteroids were unchanged; during oral therapy they were depressed less than the corticoids. In Case 2, during oral therapy, urinary 17-ketosteroids were depressed, but more slowly than the corticoids.
Effects of Aging on Angiogenesis

Aging is a dominant risk factor for most forms of cardiovascular disease. Impaired angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction likely contribute to the increased prevalence of both cardiovascular diseases and their adverse sequelae in the elderly. Angiogenesis is both an essential adaptive response to physiological stress and an endogenous repair mechanism after ischemic injury. In addition, induction of angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic diseases. For these reasons, understanding the basis of age-related impairment of angiogenesis and endothelial function has important implications for understanding and managing cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that contribute to impaired angiogenesis in the elderly and potential therapeutic approaches to improving vascular function and angiogenesis in aging patients.
Selectivity of acaricide exposure on Galendromus occidentalis reproductive potential

Abstract The effects of fenpyroximate (Fujimite®), acequinocyl (Kanemite®), etoxazole (Zeal®), spiromesifen (Oberon®) and bifenezate (Acramite®) on adult female Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) survival, fecundity and fertility were assessed following exposure to leaf surface residue and direct contact. Exposure to leaf surface residues of either bifenezate or acequinocyl did not affect fecundity or egg hatch, while spiromesifen decreased fecundity and etoxazole reduced egg hatch. Treating adult females with bifenezate, acequinocyl or spiromesifen reduced fecundity but did not reduce egg hatch, while etoxazole reduced both fertility and fecundity. Fenpyroximate killed all of the females by either method of exposure. Total effects on female G. occidentalis varied among chemicals. Knowledge of specific effects of these acaricides on spider mite predators may facilitate their use in integrated pest management programs.
Germanium lasers for the near and mid IR

Ge lasers, monolithically integrated on a Si CMOS platform, offer great potential for future on-chip photonic systems. In addition, the wide gain spectrum opens the possibility for inexpensive tunable lasers in the near- and mid-IR.
A large‐scale study of handedness and pregnancy/birth risk events: Implications for genetic theories of handedness

Whether left‐handedness is due to genetic factors or to pregnancy and birth stress events is an important question for models that attempt to explain the origins and distribution of human handedness. Major genetic theories of handedness, such as those of Annett (1985) and McManus (1981), allow for a nondetermination of some left‐ or right‐handedness by “chance”, but they hold that “pathological left‐handedness”, specifically, is of minimal influence. On the other hand, theorists such as Bakan (1971) and Coren (1995) take the view that right‐handedness is a universal human characteristic, presumably due to a polygenic influence, and that left‐handedness is essentially always the product of pregnancy and birth risk factors. Research attempting to find associations of left‐handedness and unfortunate pregnancy and birthing events has produced very inconsistent results. We report a large‐scale study that employed handedness for writing as the criterion for handedness, mothers' reports regarding the occurrence ...
Darwin and Deep Ecology

This essay explores connections between Charles Darwin’s thinking and the writings of theorists in the deep ecology movement. It begins by placing Darwin’s thought in the context of Western attempts to reject teleological descriptions of nature. It then shows that while some authors cite Darwin’s naturalistic view of human origins as a positive contribution to deep ecological thought, the fact that his work also helped eliminate teleological explanations of natural phenomena is problematic for non-anthropocentric environmental ethics. Because of this, the argument is made that the significance of Darwin’s work for deep ecology theorists is not simply that it views humans as a part of nature, but that it asserts a basic continuity between humans and other living things. The essay concludes by suggesting that an outlook grounded in a Darwinian sense of continuity does not necessarily issue in a strictly bio-centric understanding of nature’s value. Upon first encountering the writings of deep ecology theorists, people are sometimes surprised to learn that, despite its moniker, deep ecology is not a branch of the natural sciences. It is, rather, a branch of the environmental movement that was formally introduced to the English-speaking world by Arne Naess in his essay “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary” (Naess 1973). Naess’s goal in this article was, as its title indicates, to contrast more conventional, “shallow” approaches to environmental issues with a new and ostensibly “deeper” perspective that some environmentalists had been expressing. He did not intend, however, to suggest that this emerging perspective was directly associated with or derived from the scientific study of natural systems.
Density and one-matrix functionals generated by constrained-search theory

In principle, it is possible to construct analytical energy functionals of the electron density and the one-particle density matrix by using the constrained-search theory of Levy (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S 76, 6062 (1979)) to calculate the parameters in either model wave functions or two-particle density matrices. Illustrations are attempted through several specific examples. A very simple model set of two-particle matrices is shown to contain all forms of local exchange-correlation expressions for the electron-electron repulsion contribution to the total energy. A special feature of the model two-particle matrices is that they depend explicitly on the interelectronic distance. Constrained-search theory is used to derive values for the two parameters in the model two-particle matrices. The resulting functional shows promise for preserving charge distribution and bond directionality information absent in other functionals. A generalization of this model two-particle matrix allows derivation of a one-matrix functional, thereby skirting a common, implicit approximation in some local-density approximations to the total energy. Finally, outlines of constrained-search modifications to functionals due to Gunnarsson-Jones and to Colle and Salvetti illustrate the many possible variations of the central theme. For the Colle-Salvetti functional, a method is proposed that produces an {ital N}-representable total energy, rather than anmore » electron-electron repulsion, functional, i.e., a functional based on a model wave function, and consequently obeys the variational principle for the true Hamiltonian system.« less
Hepatic distribution of a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide within rodents following intravenous administration

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of ISIS 1082, a 21-base heterosequence phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide, were characterized within rodent whole liver, and cellular and subcellular compartments. Cross-species comparisons were performed using Sprague-Dawley rat and CD-1 mouse strains. Although whole liver oligonucleotide deposition and the proportion of drug found within parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells were similar between the two rodent species as a function of both time and dose, dramatic differences in subcellular pharmacokinetics were observed. Specifically, within murine hepatocyte nuclei, drug was observed at the 10 mg/kg dose, whereas in the rat nuclear-associated levels required the administration of 25 mg/kg. Under all experimental regimens, murine hepatic nuclear-associated drug concentrations were at least 2-fold higher than those found in rat liver cells. More detailed metabolic analysis was also performed using high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ES-MS) and demonstrated that although the extent of metabolism was similar for rat and mouse, the pattern of n-1 metabolites varied as a function of both species and cell type. While rat and mouse hepatocytes and rat nonparenchymal cellular metabolites were predominantly products of 3′-exonuclease degradation, mouse nonparenchymal cells contained a majority of n-1 metabolites produced by 5′-exonucleolytic activity. Based upon these data, it would appear that subcellular oligonucleotide disposition and metabolism among rodent species are more divergent than whole organ pharmacokinetics might predict.
The world as purposed: A phenomenological approach

(1967). The world as purposed: A phenomenological approach. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 3-53.
Calcium salts of fatty acids in diets that differ in neutral detergent fiber: effect on lactation performance and nutrient digestibility.

Total mixed rations containing 31 or 25% NDF were supplemented with 0 or .5 kg/cow per d Ca salts of fatty acids to study the effect of adding Ca salts of fatty acids to diets that differed in NDF content. Rations were fed for ad libitum intake to 12 early to midlactation Holstein cows in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. No significant interactions were detected between Ca salts of fatty acids and ration NDF content. The Ca salts of fatty acids lowered milk protein percentage. Cows increased yield of milk, fat, and 4% FCM when they were fed Ca salts of fatty acids. Intake of DM and NE1 increased when NDF was 25% rather than 31% of the total mixed ration. Milk from cows fed 25% NDF contained less fat and more protein. Yields of milk, fat, protein, and 4% FCM increased when diets contained 25% NDF. Conversion of DM intake to 4% FCM, however, decreased. Apparent digestibility of DM increased when diets contained 25% compared with 31% NDF. In this study, Ca salts of fatty acids increased yields of milk and 4% FCM, regardless of ration NDF content. Production increased but efficiency decreased when diets contained 25% vs. 31% NDF.
Presentation of the 1996 American Pediatric Society John Howland Award to Mildred T. Stahlman.

Dr. Battaglia, members, and guests, I would like to thank the American Pediatric Society for the opportunity to introduce the recipient of the John Howland Medal for 1996.
Effects of Public Policy on Marketing Channels in Transitional Economies: The Case of Poland

A field study in Poland assessed the effects of government actions on distribution activities in the private sector. The research showed that politically expedient decisions targeted at weakening craftsmen's cooperatives were prejudicial to small manufacturers that relied on co-ops for intermediary functions. Findings suggest that economies undergoing major transformations should view the structures of business systemically. Redirection of cooperatives' work activities is also recommended.
Interferon-γ and Interleukin-2 Stimulate Production of a Soluble Factor by L1210 and P815 Tumor Targets to Promote Macrophage Activation

Previously it was established that L1210 mouse leukemia and a variety of other tumor cell types produced a soluble factor(s), designated tumor-derived recognition factor (TDRF), which synergized with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to promote increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA synthesis by murine macrophages (M phi). Other work revealed that pretreatment of L1210 tumor targets with IFN-gamma rendered them more susceptible to NO-mediated killing by LPS-activated M phi. Now we have combined these observations to determine if pretreatment of L1210 or P815 tumor targets with IFN-gamma and/or IL-2 would augment production of TDRF to enhance M phi activation. Results confirmed that pretreatment of either L1210 or P815 targets with 200 u/ml of IFN-gamma or 1,000 u/ml of IL-2 significantly increased their susceptibility to M phi-mediated cytotoxicity owing to increased NO production. Similar pretreatment of L1210 targets with suboptimal concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-2 in combination resulted in additive rather than synergistic augmentation of NO-mediated cytotoxicity by cytotoxic M phi. Pretreatment of L1210 targets with IFN-gamma or IL-2 alone or in combination increased the production of TDRF above constitutive levels as demonstrated by increased production of NO and induction of NOS mRNA expression by cytotoxic M phi. Thus IFN-gamma and/or IL-2 promoted increased TDRF production by tumor targets which in turn promoted M phi generation of tumor cytotoxic NO. It appears that M phi activating cytokines have a dual role in acting on certain tumor targets to augment the process of M phi activation through the increased elicitation of immunopotentiating tumor-derived soluble factor(s).
Preferences, Identity, and Competition: Predicting Tie Strength from Demographic Data

This research examines the combined influence of three causal mechanisms shaping interpersonal dynamics. Sharing a demographic characteristic has been shown to strengthen a relationship between people. The initial explanation for this positive effect emphasized the importance of individual preferences for social contact. Similar people share common interests, which makes them more attractive as exchange partners. More recent explanations have highlighted the important role of identification and competition. Identification increases the tendency for strong ties to develop among similar people, while competition reduces that tendency. I argue that tie strength is a function of all three mechanisms: a baseline level of interpersonal attraction, a positive identification effect, and a negative competition adjustment. Identification and competition vary with the number of people sharing the focal attribute to define a predictable association between sharing the focal attribute and the strength of a network connection. Predictions are tested with tenure and tie-strength data from a small research and development firm. Analysis indicates that having the same tenure has the predicted effect on communication frequency. The implications of the findings are discussed for homophily research in particular and demography research in general.
Phase I Study of Vorinostat in Combination with Temozolomide in Patients with High-Grade Gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 04-03

Purpose: A phase I, dose-finding study of vorinostat in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics in patients with high-grade glioma (HGG). Experimental Design: This phase I, dose-finding, investigational study was conducted in two parts. Part 1 was a dose-escalation study of vorinostat in combination with TMZ 150 mg/m 2 /day for 5 days every 28 days. Part 2 was a dose-escalation study of vorinostat in combination with TMZ 150 mg/m 2 /day for 5 days of the first cycle and 200 mg/m 2 /day for 5 days of the subsequent 28-day cycles. Results: In part 1, the MTD of vorinostat administered on days 1 to 7 and 15 to 21 of every 28-day cycle, in combination with TMZ, was 500 mg daily. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) included grade 3 anorexia, grade 3 ALT, and grade 5 hemorrhage in the setting of grade 4 thrombocytopenia. In part 2, the MTD of vorinostat on days 1 to 7 and 15 to 21 of every 28-day cycle, combined with TMZ, was 400 mg daily. No DLTs were encountered, but vorinostat dosing could not be escalated further due to thrombocytopenia. The most common serious adverse events were fatigue, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and thromboembolic events. There were no apparent pharmacokinetic interactions between vorinostat and TMZ. Vorinostat treatment resulted in hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 in peripheral mononuclear cells. Conclusion: Vorinostat in combination with temozolomide is well tolerated in patients with HGG. A phase I/II trial of vorinostat with radiotherapy and concomitant TMZ in newly diagnosed glioblastoma is underway. Clin Cancer Res; 18(21); 6032–9. ©2012 AACR .
Differential expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), IRF-2, and interferon consensus sequence binding protein genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive and LPS-hyporesponsive macrophages

Macrophages secrete interferon (IFN), as well as other cytokines, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) comprise a family of DNA-binding proteins that have been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of IFN and certain IFN-inducible genes. We therefore characterized basal and LPS-inducible levels of IRF-1, IRF-2, and interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP) mRNA in LPS-responsive macrophages and compared the expression of these genes in macrophages that typify two murine models of LPS hyporesponsiveness. In the first model, the LPS-hyporesponsive phenotype of the C3H/HeJ mouse is genetically determined and maps to the Lps locus on mouse chromosome 4. In the second model, normally LPS-responsive macrophages acquire a transient LPS-hyporesponsive phenotype following a prior exposure to LPS, a phenomenon referred to as "endotoxin tolerance." Using reverse transcription PCR, we detected basal levels of IRF-1 mRNA in LPS-responsive (Lpsn) macrophages that were approximately 15 times higher than those found in LPS-hyporesponsive (Lpsd) macrophages. Conversely, Lpsd macrophages expressed basal levels of IRF-2 mRNA that were approximately 18 times higher than those expressed in Lpsn macrophages. LPS stimulation resulted in a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of IRF-1, IRF-2, and ICSBP mRNA only in Lpsn macrophages. Cycloheximide inhibited the accumulation of LPS-stimulated IRF-2 and ICSBP mRNA, but not IRF-1 mRNA, thus designating IRF-1 an immediate-early, LPS-inducible gene. Finally, macrophages rendered tolerant to endotoxin expressed elevated but nonmaximal mRNA levels for all three transcription factors that are not reinduced upon secondary challenge with LPS. Thus, the IRFs may represent yet an additional molecular pathway in the complex response to LPS.
Geologic Controls on Regional and Local Erosion Rates of Three Northern Gulf of Mexico Barrier-Island Systems

ABSTRACT Twichell, D.C.; Flocks, J.G.; Pendleton, E.A., and Baldwin, W.E., 2013. Geologic controls on regional and local erosion rates of three northern Gulf of Mexico barrier island systems. In: Brock, J.C.; Barras, J.A., and Williams, S.J. (eds.), Understanding and Predicting Change in the Coastal Ecosystems of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 63, pp. 32–45, Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The stratigraphy of sections of three barrier island systems in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Apalachicola, Mississippi, and Chandeleur) have been mapped using geophysical and coring techniques to assess the influence of geologic variations in barrier lithosomes and adjoining inner shelf deposits on long-term rates of shoreline change at regional and local scales. Regional scale was addressed by comparing average geologic characteristics of the three areas with mean shoreline-change rates for each area. Regionally, differences in sand volume contained within the p...
Regge-Pole Eikonal Theory of Small-Angle Kaon-Nucleon Scattering

A quantitative model for small-angle, high-energy kaon-nucleon scattering is presented. The model is a generalization of an eikonal Regge model of Arnold and Blackmon. Improvements on pure Regge models are naturally obtained. We find a natural crossover effect in ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering and we predict polarizations in $K\ensuremath{-}N$ charge-exchange processes. We use two pairs of exchange-degenerate Regge poles (the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${A}_{2}$ and the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and a flat Pomeranchon with a residue function given by a product of dipoles. All differential and total cross sections are fitted quite well.
Blind Insertion of Feeding Tubes in Intensive Care Units: A National Survey

Background Although most critically ill patients experience at least 1 blind insertion of a feeding tube during their stay in an intensive care unit, little is known about the types of health care personnel who perform these insertions or about methods used to determine proper positioning of the tubes. Objectives To describe results from a national survey of critical care nurses about feeding tube practices in their adult intensive care units. The questions asked included who performs blind insertions of feeding tubes and what methods are used to determine if the tubes are properly positioned. Methods Data were collected from members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses via pencil-and-paper and online surveys. Results from both forms were combined for data analysis and were compared with practice recommendations of national-level organizations. Results A total of 2298 responses were obtained. Physicians perform more blind insertions of styleted feeding tubes than do nurses; in contrast, nurses place more nonstyleted tubes. Radiographic confirmation of correct position is mandated more often for blindly inserted styleted tubes (92.3%) than for nonstyleted tubes (57.5%). The 3 most commonly used bedside methods to determine tube location are auscultation for air injected via the tube, appearance of feeding tube aspirate, and observation for indications of respiratory distress. Conclusions Recommendations from multiple national-level organizations to obtain radiographic confirmation that each blindly inserted feeding tube is correctly positioned before the first use of the tube are not adequately implemented. Auscultation is widely used despite recommendations to the contrary.
Proteome of monocyte priming by lipopolysaccharide, including changes in interleukin-1beta and leukocyte elastase inhibitor

Monocytes can be primed in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for release of cytokines, for enhanced killing of cancer cells, and for enhanced release of microbicidal oxygen radicals like superoxide and peroxide. We investigated the proteins involved in regulating priming, using 2D gel proteomics. Monocytes from 4 normal donors were cultured for 16 h in chemically defined medium in Teflon bags ± LPS and ± 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), a serine protease inhibitor. LPS-primed monocytes released inflammatory cytokines, and produced increased amounts of superoxide. AEBSF blocked priming for enhanced superoxide, but did not affect cytokine release, showing that AEBSF was not toxic. After staining large-format 2D gels with Sypro ruby, we compared the monocyte proteome under the four conditions for each donor. We found 30 protein spots that differed significantly in response to LPS or AEBSF, and these proteins were identified by ion trap mass spectrometry. We identified 19 separate proteins that changed in response to LPS or AEBSF, including ATP synthase, coagulation factor XIII, ferritin, coronin, HN ribonuclear proteins, integrin alpha IIb, pyruvate kinase, ras suppressor protein, superoxide dismutase, transketolase, tropomyosin, vimentin, and others. Interestingly, in response to LPS, precursor proteins for interleukin-1β appeared; and in response to AEBSF, there was an increase in elastase inhibitor. The increase in elastase inhibitor provides support for our hypothesis that priming requires an endogenous serine protease.