cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Alcohol on the Human Nervous System

Abstract Each year in the United States and throughout the world, there are a growing number of deaths and substantial disability from medical and psychiatric consequences of alcohol misuse. Alcohol's effects on the central nervous system are mediated through a complex interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neural systems. The impact on these systems differs with acute versus chronic alcohol use. Acute intoxication with alcohol has effects ranging from cognitive disinhibition and impaired judgment to alcohol-induced coma and death depending on the amount and rate of consumption and tolerance level. With chronic use, there is substantial nervous system damage from both the direct effects of alcohol and from the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on nutritional status and the absorption of essential vitamins. Nearly all alcohol-related nervous system toxicity is reversible, so education about safe levels of alcohol consumption as well as early detection and treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence is critical in minimizing the negative impact of alcohol on health.
Zenith TX2 Thoracic Endograft

The Cook TX2 stent graft is designed as a two-piece system that incorporates hooks and barbs, distal fixation, and a proximal controlled deployment. Thoracic stent graft treatment of thoracic aortic pathologies, including thoracic aortic aneurysms, has been associated with migration of both proximal and distal fixation points,1 erosion of uncovered proximal portion through the aortic arch,2 and component separation with modular devices.2,3 These problems have been described with most of the thoracic endoprosthesis implanted for thoracic aortic pathologies.3–5 The ideal thoracic stent graft currently does not exist but would need to be flexible enough to accommodate the tortuosity of the arch, incorporate a fixation system that is secure both proximally and distally, seal within both straight and tortuous segments, be readily deliverable, and have favorable effects on the excluded region of the aorta.
Anomalous scattering rate and microwave absorption in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ and YBa2Cu3O7-δ

We determine the scattering rate from microwave measurements for an optimally doped Bi-2212 single crystal, using a simple two-fluid model with a d-wave symmetry order parameter. In the superconducting state, the calculated scattering rate is three orders of magnitude smaller than that determined from ARPES experiments. A similar anomalously large decrease in the scattering rate is also required to explain the data within a gap-quasiparticle scenario for other HTS, such as YBa2Cu3O7−δ. The results suggest that the assumption of normal excitations vanishing at low T is invalid and an additional charge mode is responsible for the microwave absorption.
Identity construction among twice-minority immigrants: a comparative study of Korean-Chinese and Uyghurs in the United States

‘Twice-minority’ immigrants, immigrants who are ethnic minorities in both their home country and country of destination, may face ambiguity and multiple options in their ethnic self-identification ...
Omni-Resonant Micro-Cavity Toggling between Active and Passive Imaging

We have demonstrated an experimental scheme for incorporating two distinct functionalities in the same optical system: narrowband resonant filtering and broadband omni-resonant transmission. Both functionalities are realized in-line in an imaging configuration. © 2019 The Author(s)
High school value-added and college outcomes

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the relationship between high school value-added and college performance, which contributes to the literature on (1) the relationship between value-added and adult outco...
No-go bounds for quantum seals

We investigate the feasibility of quantum seals. A quantum seal is a state provided by Alice to Bob along with information which Bob can use to make a measurement, "break the seal," and read the classical message stored inside. There are two success criteria for a seal: the probability Bob can successfully read the message without any further information from Alice must be high, and if Alice asks for the state back from Bob, the probability Alice can tell if Bob broke the seal without permission must be high. We build on the work of [Chau, PRA 2007], which gave optimal bounds on these criteria, showing that they are mutually exclusive for high probability. We weaken the assumptions of this previous work by providing Bob with only a classical description of a prescribed measurement, rather than classical descriptions of the possible seal states. We show that this weakening does not affect the bounds but does simplify the analysis. We also prove upper and lower bounds on an alternative operational metric for measuring the success criteria.
K2CO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,5-Dialkyl-4,6,7-tricyano-Decorated Indoles via Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage.

We describe a novel method to synthesize 2,5-dialkyl-4,6,7-tricyanoindole derivatives from a base-catalyzed reaction of 1,3-diketones with fumaronitrile. The reaction proceeds by the condensation o...
Midterm outcomes of emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection in octogenarians.

Abstract Objective The incidence of elderly patients with acute type A aortic dissection is increasing. A recent analysis of the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection failed to show a mortality benefit with surgery compared with medical management in octogenarians. Therefore, we compared our institutional outcomes of emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection in octogenarians versus septuagenarians to understand the outcomes of surgical intervention in elderly patients. Methods From 2002 to 2017, 70 octogenarians (aged ≥80 years) and 165 septuagenarians (70-79 years) underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (N = 235, total). Quality of life was assessed by the RAND Short Form-36 quality of life survey. Midterm clinical and functional data were obtained retrospectively. Results At baseline, septuagenarians had a higher prevalence of diabetes (20.6% vs 5.7%, P = .01). The prevalence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 4.8% versus 10.0% (P = .24) in septuagenarians and octogenarians. The prevalence of cardiogenic shock was 18.2% versus 27.1% (P = .17). Thirty-day/in-hospital mortality was 21.2% versus 28.6% (P = .29). Multivariable logistic regression identified cardiogenic shock as an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 10.07; 95% confidence interval, 2.30-44.03) in octogenarians. Survival at 5 years was 49.7% (42.1%-58.6%) versus 34.2% (23.9%-48.8%) in septuagenarians and octogenarians, respectively. Responses to the quality of life survey were no different between septuagenarians and octogenarians across all 8 quality of life categories. Conclusions Clinical outcomes after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection are similar in octogenarians and septuagenarians. For discharged survivors, quality of life remains favorable and does not differ between the 2 groups.
Catholic education in Ireland and the United States: Teachers’ comparative perspectives:

This article provides a comparative examination of teachers’ experiences of both participating in Catholic teacher education programmes and teaching within Catholic schools in the Republic of Irela...
The Global Life of Genres and the Material Travels of Magical Realism

This chapter, by Mariano Siskind, traces the transcultural and global genealogy of the critical concept and aesthetic form of magical realism. For Siskind, what seems to be missing in the vast bibliography on magical realism that started growing exponentially since the mid-1980s is a historical narrative of how magical realism was transformed from a narrowly defined concept capable of explaining the scope of postexpressionist painting to the aesthetic that was supposed to define the Latin American cultural difference, to finally come to be seen, as Homi Bhabha suggested, as “the literary language of the emergent postcolonial world.” Siskind engages critical discussions of magical realism asking questions about the history, geography, and cultural politics of the concepts and practices at stake in such examinations.
Organization Communication Factors and Abnormal Mammogram Follow-up: a Qualitative Study Among Ethnically Diverse Women Across Three Healthcare Systems.

Regular mammogram screening for eligible average risk women has been associated with early detection and reduction of cancer morbidity and mortality. Delayed follow-up and resolution of abnormal mammograms limit early detection efforts and can cause psychological distress and anxiety. The goal of this study was to gain insight from women’s narratives into how organizational factors related to communication and coordination of care facilitate or hinder timely follow-up for abnormal mammogram results. We conducted 61 qualitative in-person interviews with women from four race-ethnic groups (African American, Chinese, Latina, and White) in three different healthcare settings (academic, community, and safety-net). Eligible participants had an abnormal mammogram result requiring breast biopsy documented in the San Francisco Mammography Registry in the previous year. Interview narratives included reflections on experience and suggested improvements to communication and follow-up processes. A grounded theory approach was used to identify themes across interviews. Participants’ experiences of follow-up and diagnosis depended largely on communication processes. Twenty-one participants experienced a follow-up delay (> 30 days between index mammogram and biopsy). Organizational factors, which varied across different institutions, played key roles in effective communication which included (a) direct verbal communication with the ability to ask questions, (b) explanation of medical processes and terminology avoiding jargon, and (c) use of interpretation services for women with limited English proficiency. Health organizations varied in their processes for abnormal results communication and availability of support staff and interpretation services. Women who received care from institutions with more robust support staff, such as bilingual navigators, more often than not reported understanding their results and timely abnormal mammogram follow-up. These reports were consistent across women from diverse ethnic groups and suggest the value of organizational support services between an abnormal mammogram and resolution for improving follow-up times and minimizing patient distress.
Day-case pelvic osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Abstract Purpose In this article we report the results of a pilot study analysing the implications of performing pelvic osteotomies for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as a day case. We as...
New Results on The Rate-Equivocation Region of The Optical Wiretap Channel with Input-Dependent Gaussian Noise with an Average-Intensity Constraint

This paper studies the degraded optical wiretap channel with an input-dependent Gaussian noise when the channel input is only constrained by nonnegativity and average-intensity constraints. We consider the rate-equivocation region of this wiretap channel and through solving a convex optimization problem, we establish that discrete input distributions with an infinite number of mass points exhaust the entire rate-equivocation region of the degraded OWC-IDGN with non-negativity and average-intensity constraints. This result implies that when nonnegativity and average-intensity constraints are imposed on the channel input: 1) the secrecy-capacity-achieving input distribution of the degraded OWC-IDGN is discrete with an unbounded support, i.e., the support set of the optimal distribution is countably infinite; 2) the channel capacity (the case with no secrecy constraints) is also achieved by a discrete distribution with an unbounded support set.
How Stable Are Transport-Related Attitudes over Time?

The utility of attitudes in travel demand forecasting requires predictability. Any attempt to simulate future attitudes, as is done in such models, would be impractical if they were subject to substantial unpredictable variation over time. We investigate the stability of attitudes using waves of the COVID Future survey answered 3.5–11 months apart. Attitudinal statements have moderate stability while factor-analyzed attitudes demonstrate moderately high stability. This stability is consistent across demographic groups. Attitudes about COVID-19 are particularly stable, while those about remote work and communication are more unstable. We conclude that attitudes display enough stability over 6 months to be useful.
The mechanics of crypt morphogenesis.

Intestinal organoids have been used to model development of the crypt–villus axis and uncover signalling pathways that govern the stem-cell niche and induce differentiation. Two studies now take advantage of intestinal organoids to measure the mechanical forces that drive morphogenesis of the crypt and fate specification of its resident cells.
Ultrafast High-Sensitivity Characterization of Refractive Index Transients Induced by Plasmas or Kerr Effect Using Cross-Polarized Common-Path Temporal Interferometry

A cross-polarized common-path temporal interferometer using balanced detection was developed for measuring refractive index transients due to plasmas or Kerr effect with a sensitivity of 0.5 mrad and a temporal resolution of 10 fs.
Development and Patient User Experience Evaluation of an mHealth Informational App for Osteoporosis

This mixed-methods study details the development, usability testing, and user experience evaluation of an informational mHealth app for older women who are considering diagnosis, treatment, and pre...
Multifunctional green infrastructure: planning and design for long-term care

Urban green space can provide multiple ecological functions such as stormwater management, relief from urban heat island effects, and habitat for wildlife, often within the same spatial area. However, little is known about how these areas in built projects should be maintained over time. How do activities in the process—from project planning through design and implementation—affect long-term care? To examine urban green infrastructure maintenance issues, this paper compares projects in four cities known for green solutions through (1) an evaluation of green infrastructure maintenance references in municipal and project plans, (2) post-occupancy site review of constructed projects, and (3) semi-structured interviews with participants charged with municipal and/or project planning, design, and management responsibilities. The practitioner stories identified issues in the development process with long-lasting implications. While projects met design goals for multifunctional urban landscapes, solutions appear to be at odds for a continued reliance on conventional maintenance procedures. Public/private partnerships for two of the projects provide a potential model for shared maintenance responsibilities. Competing interests among disciplines and agencies continue to drive decisions affecting long-term care. This research highlights the need for more comprehensive approaches to integrate planning goals with multiple and differing interests for urban green infrastructure, and further research in long-term care of urban green infrastructure.
Endovascular Thrombectomy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke During Pregnancy and the Early Postpartum Period.

Background and Purpose: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a rare occurrence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Existing literature evaluating endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for thi...
PTH and PTHrP Analogs

In contrast to antiresorptive agents, osteoanabolic therapies directly stimulate bone formation, improving not only bone mass but also bone microstructure. Osteoanabolic therapy has been approved for use for patients at high risk for fracture and for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Patients at high risk for fracture include those who have experienced an osteoporotic fracture, patients with very low T-scores, and patients with multiple risk factors for fracture. Teriparatide [PTH(1−34)] and abaloparatide [a PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) analog] significantly increase bone density and decrease the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Osteoanabolic therapy must be followed by an antiresorptive to maintain bone density gains. Osteoanabolic therapy is contraindicated in patients at increased risk for osteosarcoma.
The Principle of Non-perfect Synchronization

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the principle of non-perfect synchronization (PNS), a prime example of a physical organic concept that deals with chemical reactivity in a qualitative or semiquantitative way. The basic idea of the PNS is to relate certain features of transitionstate structure, deduced from substituent or solvent effects on rates and equilibria, to chemical reactivity. PNS describes the relationship between intrinsic rate constants and transition-state imbalances. The transition state of the majority of chemical reactions has the potential for being imbalanced. Among the PNS factors, the only ones that appear to develop ahead of bond formation are the soft acid–soft base interaction between a nucleophile and electrophile in thiolate ion additions to olefins, and steric effects. In view of the universality of the PNS, it would expect that it also operates in enzyme catalyzed reactions. No systematic studies have been performed in the area of enzyme reactions that would specifically address the contribution to the rate by the avoidance of PNS effects.
A Systolic Data Structure Chip for Connectivity Problems

In this paper we present an example of a design for a “data structure chip” and suggest how it can be used for problem solving in a digital system. In particular, we describe a systolic structure which can be used, for a graph, to find the connected components, a spanning tree, or, when used in conjunction with a systolic priority queue, a minimum spanning tree.
Adaptive critic neural network-based controller for nonlinear systems with input constraints

A novel adaptive critic-based multilayer neural network (NN) controller in discrete-time is designed to deliver a desired tracking performance for a class of nonlinear systems in the presence of magnitude constraints on the input. Reinforcement learning scheme in discrete-time is proposed for the NN controller, where the action generating NN learning is performed based on a certain performance measure, which is supplied from a critic. Using the Lyapunov approach and with a novel weight updates, the uniform ultimately boundedness (UUB) of the closed-loop tracking error and weight estimates are shown. The adaptive critic NN does not require an offline learning phase and the weights can be initialized at zero or randomly. It is shown via simulation that taking magnitude constraints on the input help reduce transients.
Abstractions of Net Models

The representation of a detailed model by one with less detail, but preserving input/output behavior, is an essential element in understanding, designing, and analyzing large systems. This paper presents a mechanizable approach to such abstraction, for a limited class of net models. The work is based on Pro-Nets, an application-oriented outgrowth of place/transition nets.
Northern Philippine Ophiolites: Modern Analogues to Precambrian Ophiolites?

Publisher Summary The northern Philippines is a possible modern analogue for some Precambrian greenstone belts. The Philippine islands constitute amateur island arc complex comprising mainly of ophiolites, island arc plutons, volcanics and volcaniclastics, and thick sedimentary basins filled with immature sediments. The Philippines is located in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific at the juncture of the Philippine Sea plate and Eurasian plate. It is a mature island arc that is in the process of being accreted to the Eurasian margin by subduction-related convergence along the east-dipping Manila and Negros trenches. The Marinduque basin is a pull apart basin associated with wrench faulting and is floored by young oceanic crust. It is formed by seafloor spreading type processes reflected in symmetric magnetic anomalies. It is a good actualistic example of formation of younger ophiolitic basement within older ophiolitic and arc basement. All of the ophiolites variably preserve residual mantle peridotite, gabbroic rocks and ultramafic cumulates, sheeted dikes or dike swarms, pillow lavas and pillow breccias.
Proctolin activates an inward current whose voltage dependence is modified by extracellular Ca2

The pentapeptide proctolin modulates the activity of the rhythmic pattern generators in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system. Proctolin strongly excites the lateral pyloric and the inferior cardiac neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), causing them to fire extended high-frequency bursts of action potentials (Hooper and Marder, 1987; Nusbaum and Marder, 1989a,b). We now report that proctolin depolarizes these cells maximally at membrane potentials close to the threshold for action potential generation. In voltage clamp, proctolin evokes an inward current, carried at least partially by Na+, that shows strong outward rectification. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ markedly increases the amplitude of the proctolin-evoked current and linearizes its current-voltage curve. The properties of the proctolin current make it ideally suited to contribute to the activity-dependent modulation of the pyloric network of the STG.
Accumulation of distortion in signal processing systems

The mean-square errors (MSE) of individual subsystems of a signal processing system generally don't add up to equal the overall MSE, due to mutual correlations among the errors on the individual subsystems. This makes it difficult to interpret the magnitude of contribution of each subsystem to the MSE. It is shown that if the MSE of each subsystem is defined alternatively as the MSE between conditional mean estimators of the original signal at the input and output of that subsystem, then the overall MSE is in fact the sum of the MSE's of individual subsystems. Several examples illustrate the usefulness of this principle in understanding the source of system impairments.
taking stock: the place of narratives in philosophical education

Recently fiction has been given a central role in the engagement in philosophical thinking, especially within an educational setting. We find many configurations of this intersection of the narrative and the philosophical and the variances among them need noting if we are to critically examine how each form works. But there remains a troubling question: can fiction really offer up philosophical ideas without failing as literature and missing the mark as philosophy? While allegories and analogies have a long and fruitful history of elucidating complex philosophical ideas, philosophers have taken pains to differentiate themselves from the crafter of tales. Philosophers have tended to prefer clear and sustained thinking through rational arguments over imaginative suggestion. Fiction is not philosophy. This paper will explore the different forms that narrative-as-philosophy can take and offer an assessment of the relative merits of these stories as invitations to philosophical thinking.
Thermal analysis of macromolecules

This review traces the development of thermal analysis over the last 50 years as it was experienced and contributed to by the author. The article touches upon the beginning of calorimetry and thermal analysis of polymers, the development of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), single-run DSC, and other special instrumentations, up to the recent addition of modulation to calorimetry and superfast calorimetry. Many new words and phrases have been introduced to the field by the author and his students, leaving a trail of the varied interests over 50 years. It began with cold crystallization and more recently the terms oriented, intermediate phase, glass transitions of crystals, and decoupled chain segments were coined. In-between the following phenomena were named and studied: extended-chain crystals, irreversible thermodynamics of melting of polymer crystals, zero-entropy-production melting, dynamic differential thermal analysis (DDTA), the rule of constant increase of C p per mobile bead within a molecule at the glass transition temperature, superheating of polymer crystals, melting kinetics, crystallization during polymerization, chin-folding principle, molecular nucleation, rigid amorphous phase, system of classifying molecules, macroconformations, amorphous defects, rules for the entropy of fusion based on molecular shape and flexibility, single-molecule single-crystals, systems for classifying phases and mesophases including condis phases, and the globally metastable semicrystalline polymers with reversible, local subsystems.
An experimental study to compare methods of eyelash ablation

Epilation, electrolysis, cryotherapy, and argon laser thermal ablation were used to remove eyelashes of rabbits. Epilation and electrolysis were done in the standard fashion. Nitrous oxide cryotherapy was applied in a double rapid-freeze/slow-thaw manner for either 30 or 60 seconds. Argon laser settings were 1 W, 50-micron spot size, and durations of 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 second. The rabbits were euthanized immediately, 24 hours, 2 weeks, or 3 months after the procedure. Epilation was followed by total regrowth of eyelashes within 2 weeks. Electrolysis showed focal destruction of follicles with variable regrowth. Cryotherapy resulted in moderate-to-severe eyelid scarring with minimal regrowth. Argon laser thermal ablation produced focal necrosis and variable follicle destruction. Argon laser thermal ablation may be a suitable alternative to electrolysis or cryotherapy in selected cases of trichiasis.
Dichotomies for linear differential equations with delays : the Caratheodory case

This work is concerned with differential equations with delays, on [0, ∞[, of the form $$\dot u$$ +Mu=r, and the corresponding homogeneous equation $$\dot u$$ +Mu=0, where u and r take values in a Banach space E, and M is a « memory ». The main results relate the existence of dichotomies or exponential dichotomies of the solutions of the homogeneous equation (a kind of conditional stability) to the admissibility of certain pairs of function spaces for the inhomogeneous equation. The « memory » M is quite general: it is a linear mapping that takes continuous E-valued functions on [−1, ∞[ into locally integrable functions on [0, ∞[ in such a way that Mu on [a, b] ⊂ [0, ∞[ depends only on u on [a −1, b], and satisfies a reasonable boundedness condition.
Evaluation of the Nonlinear Seismic Response of an Earth Dam: Nonparametric System Identification

A system identification framework is proposed to investigate the nonlinear dynamic response of massive earth dams using the seismic motion recorded by a sparse array of accelerometers. The framework includes a methodical step of nonparametric analyses to characterize the involved loading conditions and response mechanisms. This nonparametric step provides essential information to reduce the indeterminacy of the associated parametric identificatin problem and ensure a proper model selection, calibration, and validation. The proposed framework was applied to the Long Valley earth dam (California) and benchmarked using records of a series of 1980 earthquakes. This article presents the conducted correlation, spectral motion reconstruction, and nonparametric stress-strain analyses. These analyses revealed a complex three-dimensional dynamic response marked by non uniform boundary conditions and a shear stress-strain behavior slightly less nonlinear than what was observed in triaxial tests of soil samples taken...
Gender‐based income disparity among self‐employed professionals

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test two possible explanations for persistent income disparity between male and female self‐employed professionals. First, men are more likely than women to be motivated by the potential for high income to establish a professional practice. Second, men are more likely than women to adopt a thinking‐over‐feeling cognitive decision‐making style.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a gender role/career motivation model to develop a set of hypotheses that explain observed gender‐based income disparity among self‐employed professionals. Hypotheses were tested using multivariate regression analysis with data drawn from a large‐scale national survey of male and female veterinarians in private practice.Findings – Male veterinarians showed less empathy toward their clients and were more likely to use a thinking‐over‐feeling decision‐making style than were female veterinarians. Also, practice income was greater for male veterinarians with high client empathy (CE) a...
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in a unique proteoglycan form in avian embryonic growth plate cartilage

The appearance of a high molecular weight gelatinolytic enzyme (230 kDa) correlated with cartilage collagen loss in chick embryonic tibias cultured with lipopolysaccharide. This 230 kDa enzyme was purified and its activity was measured on synthetic and natural substrates. The enzyme was activated by aminophenylmercuric acetate and inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phenanthroline, marimastat or tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Amino acid sequences of peptides derived from the purified enzyme showed identity with avian MMP-9. Digestion of the intact enzyme with chondroitinase decreased the size of the molecule to 80 kDa on SDS-PAGE. When chick embryonic tibia cultures were radiolabeled with (35)S-sulfate, the radiolabel co-purified with the 230 kDa gelatinase. Chondroitinase treated 230 kDa gelatinase also reacted with specific anti-chondroitin sulfate antibodies and FACE analysis revealed a predominance of chondroitin-4-sulfate. These results demonstrate this avian matrix metalloproteinase contained glycosaminoglycan chains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a matrix metalloproteinase in a proteoglycan form.
Dietary low-phytate mutant-M 955 barley grain alters phytate degradation and mineral digestion in sheep fed high-grain diets

Greater production demands for ruminants require increased dietary inclusion of high-energy feeds. Grains and oil seeds are most commonly used to enhance diet energy density. However, use of such feeds proportionally increases the amount of dietary phytate phosphorus (P), which the ruminant may not be able to fully utilise. Our objectives for this study were to determine the extent of phytate degradation and mineral digestion in wethers fed high-grain diets consisting of either a non-mutant or low-phytate mutant barley grain. In two separate experiments, mature Columbia wethers (n = 7) fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas and Columbia × Polypay wether lambs (n = 8) were individually fed one of two finishing diets formulated with either non-mutant Harrington (HARR) variety or low-phytate mutant-M 955 (M955) barley grains. Total-P intake was similar (P=0.46–0.70) between the M955 and HARR treatments for mature (5756 and 5550 mg/day, respectively) and lamb (5207 and 4894 mg/day, respectively) wethers. Dietary water-soluble P was 3.6 times greater in M955 versus HARR diets and phytate P was 11 times greater in HARR versus M955 treatment diets. Apparent total-P digestion was similar between M955 and HARR treatments (P=0.52–0.69). More monoester P was identified in the duodenal chyme of mature wethers fed HARR treatment diet, presumably due to incomplete hydrolysis of phytate P in the rumen. Feeding M955, compared to HARR, treatment diet resulted in greater (P<0.05) apparent partial-tract digestion of calcium (Ca) and total-tract digestion of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc in mature wethers and apparent total-tract digestion of Mg and Fe and retention of Ca, Fe, and Mg in wether lambs. These results indicate that phytate in diets formulated with Harrington variety barley grain may not be fully digested in the rumen. Subsequent passage of partially digested phytate from the rumen may interfere with mineral digestion in wethers fed high-grain diets.
Historical perspective on the regulation of veterinary drugs residues in food : Japan

In Japan, veterinary drugs used for food production animals are imposed legal controls under the Pharmaceutical Affair Law and Food Sanitation Law. The Pharmaceutical Affair Law regulates the approval and use (appropriate dose level, route of administration, withdrawal period etc.) of veterinary drugs for food production animals such as cattle, horse, pig, chicken, fish, etc., to protect animal health. This is function of the Ministry of Agriculture Forest and Fisheries (MAFF). The Food Sanitation Law regulates residues of veterinary drugs in food to protect human health, in other words, to keep the food safe. This is function of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW).
High electrical conductivity in upper mantle

In a joint study by geophysicists at two national laboratories, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, it was concluded that upper-mantle rocks may have relatively high electrical conductivity, presumably because of small amounts of carbon situated along grain boundaries. This impurity conductivity is similar to values determined in the laboratory for low-grade oil shale during pyrolysis. The residual char has electrical conductivity of 10−1 to 10−2 S/m, which is as much as 106 greater than the conductivity of unpyrolized low-grade oil shale (T. Shankland and A. Duba, Carbon-enhanced electrical conductivity in rocks (abstract), Eos, 63, 438, 1982). This much is known; the implications follow.
Reduced Gi and Go protein function in the rat nucleus accumbens attenuates sensorimotor gating deficits

Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) is a cross-species measure of sensorimotor gating, which is severely disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. PPI deficits can be produced in experimental animals by administration of selective D(2)-like dopamine receptor agonists in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). G proteins coupled to these receptors reportedly are altered in the NAc of patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, we sought to determine whether experimental inactivation of intracellular G proteins in the NAc alters PPI. In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, baseline PPI was determined by presenting acoustic pulse stimuli (120 dB) alone or preceded 100 ms earlier by prepulse stimuli (3, 6 or 12 dB above 70 dB ambient noise). PPI disruption was assessed in the presence of quinpirole (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mg/kg, sc), and pertussis toxin (PTX; 0.05 microg/side) was then infused into the NAc bilaterally. Ten days later, quinpirole-mediated disruption of PPI was significantly reduced; neither PTX alone, nor heat-inactivated PTX had any effect on quinpirole-induced PPI reductions. PPI was significantly higher after PTX infusion upon moderate quinpirole challenge, suggesting that D(2)-like receptors were less effective. PTX treatment significantly reduced basal and dopamine-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in the NAc core and shell, and reduced G(i)(alpha) protein immunoreactivity in the NAc. The results suggest that PPI disruption mediated by D(2)-like receptor activation in the NAc depends on coupling to G(i) and G(o) proteins, alteration of which could cause sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia.
Shock in myocardial infarction--medical treatment.

Abstract The alterations that occur after acute myocardial infarction complicated by shock are reviewed with reference to corrective therapy. Variability of hemodynamic responses among patients who present with apparently the same clinical condition is now recognized. Therapy is intended to restore the critically depressed arterial pressure, thus increasing blood flow to the acutely ischemic myocardium. The indications for and hazards of alpha and beta adrenergic stimulating agents, fluid administration, inotropic drugs and hyperbaric oxygenation are reviewed, and a specific plan of therapy is detailed.
Thermodynamics of polyatomic fluid mixtures—I theory

Abstract Solution theories currently in use by chemical engineers (regular solutions, conformal solution theory, etc.) are based on an oversimplified view of the intermolecular forces, so that they are strictly valid only for such simple fluids as argon. We present here a solution theory (based on thermodynamic perturbation theory) which allows strong directional inter-molecular forces to be taken into account when calculating thermodynamic properties. This theory is in excellent agreement with computer simulation results for strongly polar or quadrupolar fluids. It is applied to the prediction of phase equilibrium surfaces, critical loci, three-phase lines, and azeotropic loci for mixtures containing constituents with (a) polar, (b) quadrupolar, and (c) anisotropic shape (charge overlap) intermolecular forces. The relation between these intermolecular forces and the type of phase behaviour is explored for binary mixtures. The anisotropic shape forces have little effect on the phase diagram; however, a wide variety of phase behaviour is found for the other cases. Mixtures with polar or quadrupolar constituents are shown to give rise to five of the six classes of binary phase diagrams found in nature.
Green's Functions and Boundary Integral Analysis for Exponentially Graded Materials: Heat Conduction

Free space Green s functions are derived for graded materials in which the thermal conductivity varies exponentially in one coordinate. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the steady-state diffusion equation, in two and three dimensions. The corresponding boundary integral equation formulations for these problems are derived, and the three-dimensional case is solved numerically using a Galerkin approximation. The results of test calculations are in excellent agreement with exact solutions and finite element simulations.
Molecular boxes as storage containers for H 2

All possible conformations of a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule inside the cubic water octamer ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{8}$ have been examined using ab initio molecular theory. Starting structures were based on the 14 geometries of the cubic water octamer. In all, optimizations were performed on 39 different ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{8}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ structures in order to determine which conformers could contain ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and which ones would release it. Of the 39 optimizations performed, nine resulted in structures with the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ contained within the molecular water box. Vibrational frequency analyses were used to determine that five of these nine were minima of the ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{8}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ potential-energy surface. An analysis of these structures from the perspective of relative and order of stability and hydrogen bonding was performed. From this analysis, we find a set of hydrogen-bonding topologies that contribute to stabilizing and destabilizing the ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{8}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ cage system.
The distribution of poplar mosaic virus in hybrid poplars and virus detection by ELISA

SUMMARY Purified poplar mosaic virus (PMV) at a concentration of 8 ng/ml was readily detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bioassay in Nicotiana megalosiphon was more sensitive (detecting 1–4 ng/ml) and latex flocculation less sensitive (c. 25 ng/ml) than ELISA assays. While the foliar sap of fresh, naturally-infected poplars (e.g. Populus. euramericana cv. Robusta) was not infective at dilutions greater than 2 . 10–2, ELISA easily detected PMV antigen when sap was diluted 4 . 10–3 in buffer or when one part of infected tissue was triturated with 99 parts healthy leaf. Furthermore, although sap from poplar leaves stored at -20 °C for 6 months was not infective, PMV was still detectable in ELISA tests. PMV antigen in poplar leaves was not all pelleted after centrifugation for 2.5 h at 130 000 g yet parallel tests using unbuffered sap from systemically infected Nicotiana megalosiphon foliage showed that infectivity was restricted to the pellet. In poplar foliage, the concentration of PMV antigen was generally greatest where symptoms were most obvious; least antigen was detected in the overwintering leaves located at the bases of long shoots. In winter, when root and inner bark tissue in the trunk was an erratic source of PMV, the virus was readily detected in buds, the concentration being greatest in the bases, including the meristem, of terminal buds. Propagation from single node cuttings of P. euramericana cv. Regenerata allowed the selection of clones that consistently showed either ‘severe’ or ‘mild’ foliar symptoms. The associated virus isolates also infected another poplar clone causing symptoms characteristic of their source. ELISA consistently detected less PMV antigen in field-grown cv. Regenerata than in cv. Robusta foliage, but this was reversed when the associated virus isolates were propagated in Nicotiana glutinosa at 24 °C. During 6 yr, 21 out of 127 poplars at a site in Western England, became infected with PMV. By contrast, in Eastern England, none of 46 were infected. The aphids Pterocomma populea and Myzus persicae did not transmit PMV.
Adsorption configuration and local ordering of silicotungstate anions on Ag(100) electrode surfaces.

X-ray reflectivity, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to examine the structure of α-SiW12O44- or silicotungstic acid (STA) adsorbed on Ag(100) in acid solution. The voltammetry shows that STA passivates the Ag surface relative to electron transfer to a solution redox species. STM images reveal the formation of a series of lattice structures, one of which can be associated with a commensurate (√13×√13)R33.69° structural model. X-ray reflectivity measurements show uniquely that STA orients with its four-fold axis perpendicular to the Ag(100) surface and that the center of the STA molecule is 4.90 A above the top layer of the Ag substrate. Analysis of bond lengths leads to a footprint of STA on Ag(100), in which the four terminal O atoms are located near the hollow sites and have a Ag−O bond length of 2.06 A. This bond length is consistent with a strong covalent interaction between STA and the Ag surface.
Neuropsychological performance of recently abstinent alcoholics and cocaine abusers

To examine possible influences of premorbid and comorbid factors on the neuropsychological test performance of recently abstinent (3-5 weeks) drug abusers, we studied 24 alcoholics, 23 cocaine abusers, and 22 healthy controls of comparable age and education. Both alcoholics and cocaine abusers performed significantly more poorly than controls on most measures of learning and memory, problem solving and abstraction and perceptual-motor speed, but the groups did not differ on the measure of sustained attention. Correlational analyses revealed no significant relationships between measures of childhood and residual hyperactivity and neuropsychological performance; scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were related only to performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The findings indicate that abuse of cocaine or alcohol is associated with deficits on neuropsychological tests which cannot be attributed to specific premorbid or comorbid factors such as depression or childhood or residual attention deficit disorder.
The role of chloride ion in Photosystem II I. Effects of chloride ion on Photosystem II electron transport and on hydroxylamine inhibition

1. Chloroplasts washed with Cl--free, low-salt media (pH 8) containing EDTA, show virtually no DCMU-insensitive silicomolybdate reduction. The activity is readily restored when 10 mM Cl- is added to the reaction mixture. Very similar results were obtained with the other Photosystem II electron acceptor 2,5-dimethylquinone (with dibromothymoquinone), with the Photosystem I electron acceptor FMN, and also with ferricyanide which accepts electrons from both photosystems. 2. Strong Cl--dependence of Hill activity was observed invariably at all pH values tested (5.5--8.3) and in chloroplasts from three different plants: spinach, tobacco and corn (mesophyll). 3. In the absence of added Cl- the functionally Cl--depleted chloroplasts are able to oxidize, through Photosystem II, artificial reductants such as catechol, diphenylcarbazide, ascorbate and H2O2 at rates which are 4--12 times faster than the rate of the residual Hill reaction. 4. The Cl--concentration dependence of Hill activity with dimethylquinone as an electron acceptor is kinetically consistent with the typical enzyme activation mechanism: E(inactive) + Cl- in equilibrium E . Cl- (active), and the apparent activation constant (0.9 mM at pH 7.2) is unchanged by chloroplast fragmentation. 5. The initial phase of the development of inhibition of water oxidation in Cl--depleted chloroplasts during the dark incubation with NH2OH (1/2 H2SO4) is 5 times slower when the incubation medium contains Cl- than when the medium contains NH2OH alone or NH2OH plus acetate ion. (Acetate is shown to be ineffective in stimulating O2 evolution).
Surgical stress impairs natural killer cell programming of tumor for lysis in patients with sarcomas and other solid tumors.

Background. Natural killer (NK) cells may provide a first line of defense against the metastatic implantation of circulating tumor emboli. Because tumor emboli are discharged systemically in patients undergoing solid tumor resection, it is important to determine the nature of surgical-stress impairment of perioperative NK cell cytotoxic function. Methods. The authors studied 85 patients undergoing surgical resection of solid tumors, most of whom had an abrupt and marked decrease in NK cell cytotoxicity that was detectable within 18 hours of surgical resection. Results. This impairment was not caused by rapidly emerging suppressor cells (measured in autologous effector cell mixing studies) or decreased NK cell frequency in the peripheral blood (assessed phenotypically and morphologically). Instead, surgical stress exerted a direct “toxic” effect on NK cells that could be localized to a specific phase of the NK cell tumor lysis cycle. Tumor binding and the first round of tumor lysis were intact postoperatively (measured in single-cell assays). However, postbinding programming for lysis was decreased sharply after surgery (assessed by calcium pulse assays). In addition, the kinetics of lysis and the rate of lytic programming were slower after surgery (assayed in target saturation kinetic chromium-51 release tests). Conclusions. These latter defects probably were related to the programming for lysis deficiency because postprogramming NK cell maximal recycling capacity was not affected by surgical stress.
Scaling Of Classically Stochastic Many-Photon Absorption Processes From The Microwave Region To Higher Frequencies

Both experiments and quantum calculations have revealed some validity of classical predictions for the classically stochastic or "diffusive" many-photon excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms with principal quantum number n near 60 in an intense microwave field. These processes partially arise from the relatively dense number of excited atomic states present near the continuum, and from the large radiative couplings between these states. The classical scaling relations are supplemented to predict approximate threshold conditions for "diffusion" and ionization. Diffusion occurs when an electron orbit changes during one orbit time, while ionization requires adequate energy absorption from the the external field. Indicated are interesting experiments at ten micron wavelengths, intensities of tens of gigawatts per square cm, and bound electrons such as in the helium ion with n=6. These values are similar to those predicted for n=1 electrons in quantum well structures, where the situation is somewhat different because of the inverted anharmonicity of the ladders of field-free atom energy levels.