cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The processing of novel and lexicalised prefixed words in reading

Two experiments compared how relatively long novel prefixed words (e.g., overfarm) and existing prefixed words were processed in reading. The use of novel prefixed words allows one to examine the roles of whole-word access and decompositional processing in the processing of non-novel prefixed words. The two experiments found that, although there was a large cost to novelty (e.g., gaze durations were about 100 ms longer for novel prefixed words), the effect of the frequency of the root morpheme on fixation measures was about the same for novel and non-novel prefixed words for most measures. This finding rules out a (“horse-race”) dual-route model of processing for existing prefixed words in which the whole-word and decompositional route are parallel and independent, as such a model would predict a substantially larger root frequency effect for novel words (where whole-word processes do not exist). The most likely model to explain the processing of prefixed words is a parallel interactive one.
Cretaceous Sediments of the Williston Basin: ABSTRACT

Correlation of the Cretaceous formation in eastern Montana and the Black Hills (South Dakota and Wyoming) section is reviewed, and certain correlations are extended to the eastern and southern sides of the Williston basin. Areal distribution and facies changes within some of the units are discussed in detail. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2617------------
The relationships among commitment to change,coping with change, and turnover intentions

Recent research has adopted a micro, people-oriented focus to the study of organizational change, where the focus is on individual employee behaviours, attitudes, and cognitions. The purpose of this study is to integrate and expand this research by examining the relationship among commitment to change, coping with change, and turnover intentions. Data were collected from 299 employees of 10 organizations undergoing significant organizational change. Results from structural equation modelling indicate that (a) the relationship between affective commitment to change and turnover intentions was fully mediated by coping with change, (b) the relationship between continuance commitment to change and turnover intentions was only partially mediated by coping with change, and (c) normative commitment to change had a direct impact on turnover intentions. Results are discussed in terms of implications for managing organizational change.
Enforcement and the Stability and Growth Pact; How Fiscal Policy Did and Did Not Change Under Europeâs Fiscal Framework

Although some have essentially written off the Stability and Growth Pact after a number of recent travails, a review of the evidence suggests that it has been a success in numerous European Union countries, especially in terms of guiding them towards underlying balance. These countries tended to be smaller, more volatile, and to rely on a form of fiscal governance that emphasizes fiscal rules and contracts. Since most of the new members share these characteristics, it is important that the external anchor function of the SGP be retained. The recent changes to the Pact—especially those pertaining to the preventive arm, which deals with medium-term fiscal objectives—need to be assessed in this light. Implementation will be key. But enforcement of the SGP is essentially in the soft law domain, which means that countries ultimately need to possess to right incentives to accept its precepts. In this regard, domestic governance reforms that increase the reputational costs for noncompliance are most useful, and primary among these is the establishment of independent fiscal councils that vet policies.
Letter by Patel Regarding Article, “A Primer in Longitudinal Data Analysis”

To the Editor: I read with great interest the article titled “A Primer in Longitudinal Data Analysis” by Fitzmaurice and Ravichandran.1 Focusing on longitudinal data, the authors highlighted the important chasm between advancements in statistical methods and the analysis of current biomedical studies. Furthermore, the pros and cons of 2 particular approaches (analysis of response profiles and linear mixed-effects models) were well explained through case examples of previous studies. However, with …
Cause-specific mortality following radical prostatectomy

To evaluate cause-specific mortality following radical prostatectomy (RP) in a population cohort of US men adjusting for competing risks. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify 120 392 men undergoing RP for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1988 and 2003. Cause-specific mortality data were extracted through 2006 and cumulative incidence was estimated using a competing risks approach. The stage distribution of the cancers was 32% local, 28% regional, 40% unknown, and 80% of tumors Gleason ⩽7. Median follow-up was 7 years. The 15-year prostate cancer-specific mortality was 5.3% and the non-prostate cancer mortality was 30.6%. Stage, grade and race had minimal impact on non-prostate cancer mortality. At 15 years following surgery, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases was 11%, other cancers 9.1%, and other causes 10.5%. Among men ⩾65 years, 15-year cancer-specific mortality was 6% and non-prostate cancer mortality was 40.8%. Following RP, death from cardiovascular diseases, other cancers, and other causes is far more common than death from prostate cancer. In men diagnosed with prostate cancer, significant efforts should be made to prevent, diagnose, and treat these diseases.
Hepatic uptake, intracellular protein binding and biliary excretion of amethopterin

Abstract Transport of the folate antagonist, amethopterin, from plasma to bile was studied in the isolated rat liver. The hepatic uptake of amethopterin was a saturable process with a Km of 1.3 mM and Vmax of 11.1 μmoles/hr/g liver. The uptake process was energy dependent and was inhibited by folate. The drug was bound to a soluble protein in the liver which was identified as dihydrofolate reductase. After an initial delay the biliary excretion of amethopterin paralleled the hepatic uptake and 80 per cent of the drug was recovered in the bile after a 5-hour perfusion. Chromatography of bile revealed no conjugation or metabolism of amethopterin during transcellular transport. The drug was 70–120 times more concentrated in the bile than in the perfusion medium; in separate experiments the amethopterin in bile was available for intestinal absorption and 25 per cent of the drug was excreted in the urine 48 hr after peroral administration. These studies suggest that hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of amethopterin is an active carrier-mediated process and may be dependent on two separate energy-requiring systems for the uptake and biliary excretion of the drug.
Complementation of an Escherichia coli adhE mutant by the Entamoeba histolytica EhADH2 gene provides a method for the identification of new antiamebic drugs

The pathogenic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscess, is an obligate anaerobe, and derives energy from the fermentation of glucose to ethanol with pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A as intermediates. We have isolated EhADH2, a key enzyme in this pathway, that is a NAD+- and Fe2+-dependent bifunctional enzyme with acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities. EhADH2 is the only known eukaryotic member of a newly defined family of prokaryotic multifunctional enzymes, which includes the Escherichia coli AdhE enzyme, an enzyme required for anaerobic growth of E. coli. Because of the critical role of EhADH2 in the amebic fermentation pathway and the lack of known eukaryotic homologues of the EhADH2 enzyme, EhADH2 represents a potential target for antiamebic chemotherapy. However, screening of compounds for antiamebic activity is hampered by the cost of large scale growth of Ent. histolytica, and difficulties in quantitating drug efficacy in vitro. To approach this problem, we expressed the EhADH2 gene in a mutant strain of E. coli carrying a deletion of the adhE gene. Expression of EhADH2 restored the ability of the mutant E. coli strain to grow under anaerobic conditions. By screening compounds for the ability to inhibit the anaerobic growth of the E. coli/EhADH2 strain, we have developed a rapid assay for identifying compounds with anti-EhADH2 activity. Using bacteria to bypass the need for parasite culture in the initial screening process for anti-parasitic agents could greatly simplify and reduce the cost of identifying new therapeutic agents effective against parasitic diseases.
Hydrolysis of urea by gelatin‐immobilized urease: Separation of kinetic and diffusion phenomena in a model immobilized‐enzyme‐reactor system

Experiments and appropriate mathematical models are presented in an attempt to elucidate and separate the effects of mass transfer and immobilization on the apparent kinetics of hydrolysis of urea by urease immobilized within a crosslinked gelatin film. Diffusion of urea through the gelatin matrix appears to exert the major influence on the observed kinetics. Diffusion coefficients are measured, and a model for the "effectiveness factor" is presented, accounting for this aspect of mass transfer control. A secondary, but significant, influence on apparent kinetics arises because the reaction products lead to an increased pH level which, because of diffusion resistance, remains high within the gelatin matrix. For pH levels in the 6.7 to 9.0 range the activity of urease is a strongly decreasing function of pH. An approximate model accounting for ionic equilibrium allows this pH-diffusion effect to be introduced in such a way as to lead to predictions of the apparent kinetics that are compared with experimental observations. Examination of these results indicates that the immobilization procedure leads to some loss of activity due to an interaction of the gelatin crosslinking reaction with the enzyme itself.
Location-based route self-recovery for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a radio packet network without dedicated infrastructures. In recent years it has received tremendous attention because of its self-configuration and self-maintenance capabilities. However, because of node mobility and shared wireless links, its routing protocol design presents nontrivial challenges such as broadcast storm, stale route and delay. This paper proposes a location-based route self-recovery technique for source-initiated routing protocols. The purpose of route self-recovery is to reduce overhead and delay during route maintenance as well as allowing continuous packet forwarding for fault resilience. The ns-2 based simulation shows throughput and overhead improvements of source-initiated routing with route self-recovery and in the case of highly dynamic environments and heavy traffic loads, it is more robust and scalable than other protocols.
Latency and bandwidth considerations in parallel robotics image processing

Parallel image processing for robotics applications differs in a fundamental way from parallel scientific computing applications: the problem size is fixed, and latency requirements are tight. This brings Amdhal's law in effect with full force, so that message-passing latency and bandwidth severely restrict performance. The authors examine an application from this domain, stereo image processing, which has been implemented in Adapt, a niche language for parallel image processing implemented on the Carnegie Mellon-Intel Corporation iWarp. High performance has been achieved for this application. It is shown how a I/O building block approach on iWarp achieved this, and the implications of this performance for more traditional machines that do not have iWarp's rich I/O primitive set are examined.
Dropping the Bomb: The Experience of Being Diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease

This qualitative descriptive study examined the advice people with Parkinson's disease have for someone newly diagnosed. Qualitative content analysis of interview data from 11 persons with Parkinson's resulted in 1 major theme: "Dropping the Bomb." This theme signified sorting through the rubble and picking up the pieces of lives shattered by the diagnosis. Four subthemes emerged: Guarded Anticipation, Becoming Informed, Disease Dynamics, and Negotiating with Mr. Parkinson. In planning and implementing interventions, nurses might ease the impact of the diagnosis and the context of the disease if they contextualize their interventions within the preferences of the persons living with it.
Correlations from gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging after methotrexate chemotherapy for hemorrhagic placenta increta.

To describe pre- and post-methotrexate (MTX) therapy images from pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast following chemotherapy for post-partum hemorrhage secondary to placenta increta. A 28-year-old Caucasian female presented 4 weeks post-partum complaining of intermittent vaginal bleeding. She underwent dilatation and curettage immediately after vaginal delivery for suspected retained placental tissue but 28 d after delivery, the serum β-hCG persisted at 156 IU/mL. Office transvaginal sonogram (4 mHz B-mode) was performed, followed by pelvic MRI using a 1.5 Tesla instrument after administration of gadolinium-based contrast agent. MTX was administered intramuscularly, and MRI was repeated four weeks later. While transvaginal sonogram suggested retained products of conception confined to the endometrial compartment, an irregular 53 × 34 × 28 mm heterogeneous intrauterine mass was noted on MRI to extend into the anterior myometrium, consistent with placenta increta. Vaginal bleeding diminished following MTX treatment, with complete discontinuation of bleeding achieved by ~20 d post-injection. MRI using identical technique one month later showed complete resolution of the uterine lesion. Serum β-hCG was <5 IU/mL. Reduction or elimination of risks associated with surgical management of placenta increta is important to preserve uterine function and reproductive potential. For selected hemodynamically stable patients, placenta increta may be treated non-operatively with MTX as described here. A satisfactory response to MTX can be ascertained by serum hCG measurements with pre- and post-treatment pelvic MRI with gadopentetate dimeglumine enhancement, which offers advantages over standard transvaginal sonography.
Electronic resistivity and deffect structure of β-LiAl as a function of temperature and composition

Abstract The electrical resistivity of β-LixAl1−x has been measured from 10 K to 290 K in single crystal samples for four different concentrations, x=0.480, 0.486, 0.500 and 0.525. An anomaly at 100 K is observed for the three lowest Li concentrations. This anomaly is associated with an ordering of constitutional Li vacancies. Above 100 K the temperature dependent part of the resistivity is independent of the Li concentration. However, the residual resistivity increases very rapidly with increasing Li concentration, becoming ∼ 75 μΩ-cm for x=0.525. These results suggest that the two defect model of β-LiAl may be incomplete.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Pneumocin, a Novel Apical Membrane Surface Glycoprotein Marker of Rat Type II Cells

Rat alveolar type II pneumocytes, in situ, label with Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA), a plant lectin that recognizes α-galactosyl oligosaccharide residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids. To study the glycoproteins recognized by the lectin, MPA lectin affinity chromatography was used to isolate a novel glycoprotein, pneumocin, from type II and whole rat lung cell membranes. Pneumocin isolated from adult rat lungs was a non-disulfide-linked sialoglycoprotein with an Mr of 165 kD. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides contributed 5 to 10% to the Mr. Two-dimensional chymotryptic peptide maps of pneumocin isolated from whole lung membranes and type II cells were similar. The glycoprotein partitioned in the detergent phase on Triton X-114 phase separation. Murine monoclonal antibodies developed against the purified glycoprotein localized on apical membranes of type II pneumocytes in situ. The antibodies did not label type I cells or lamellar bodies but labeled luminal surfaces of vesicular structures of type ...
Mechanisms underlying the recovery of lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury

Mechanisms underlying the recovery of lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury
The dual role of filamin A in cancer: can't live with (too much of) it, can't live without it

Filamin A (FlnA) has been associated with actin as cytoskeleton regulator. Recently its role in the cell has come under scrutiny for FlnA’s involvement in cancer development. FlnA was originally revealed as a cancer-promoting protein, involved in invasion and metastasis. However, recent studies have also found that under certain conditions, it prevented tumor formation or progression, confusing the precise function of FlnA in cancer development. Here, we try to decipher the role of FlnA in cancer and the implications for its dual role. We propose that differences in subcellular localization of FlnA dictate its role in cancer development. In the cytoplasm, FlnA functions in various growth signaling pathways, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, in addition to being involved in cell migration and adhesion pathways, such as R-Ras and integrin signaling. Involvement in these pathways and various others has shown a correlation between high cytoplasmic FlnA levels and invasive cancers. However, an active cleaved form of FlnA can localize to the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm and its interaction with transcription factors has been linked to a decrease in invasiveness of cancers. Therefore, overexpression of FlnA has a tumor-promoting effect, only when it is localized to the cytoplasm, whereas if FlnA undergoes proteolysis and the resulting C-terminal fragment localizes to the nucleus, it acts to suppress tumor growth and inhibit metastasis. Development of drugs to target FlnA and cause cleavage and subsequent localization to the nucleus could be a new and potent field of research in treating cancer.
An efficient detail-preserving approach for removing impulse noise in images

In this letter, we present a new efficient algorithm for the removal of impulse noise from corrupted images while preserving image details. The algorithm is based on the alpha-trimmed mean, which is a special case of the order-statistics filter. However, unlike some of the previous techniques involving order-statistics filters, the proposed method uses the alpha-trimmed mean only in impulse noise detection instead of pixel value estimation. Once a noisy pixel is identified, its value is replaced by a linear combination of its original value and the median of its local window. Extensive computer simulations indicate that our algorithm provides a significant improvement over many other existing techniques
Towing the party line: territoriality, risky boundaries and male group size in spider monkey fission–fusion societies

Spider monkey communities are classic fission–fusion primate societies. I present data suggesting that spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) at Lago Caiman are territorial; adult males traveled further and faster than adult females and subgroup size was significantly higher in boundary areas of the spider monkey territory where intercommunity disputes were observed than in non-boundary areas. I then go on to examine data from 20 Ateles communities distributed across 14 study sites and five species to investigate how a series of demographic, ecological and geographical parameters influence the number of males in a given spider monkey community. Analyses suggest that the number of males is not significantly related to the number of females in a community, the area of the community home range, or the total perimeter length of the community boundary. However, risky boundary perimeter length, or the length of perimeter that directly borders another spider monkey community, explains 88% of observed variations in the number of males in each community. I discuss the results in relation to spider monkey ecology and territoriality, as well as the potential of this relationship for explaining chimpanzee (Pan) behavior given their extremely similar fruit specialist, male philopatry, territoriality and fission–fusion social system. Am. J. Primatol. 70:271–281, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Operando Strain Measurement of Bicontinuous Silicon‐Coated Nickel Inverse Opal Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries

Elastic strains are measured in operando in a nanostructured silicon-coated nickel inverse opal scaffold anode, using X-ray diffraction to study the Si (de)lithiation-induced Ni strains. The volume expansion upon lithiation of the Si in the anode is constrained by the surrounding Ni scaffold, causing mismatch stresses and strains in the Si and Ni phases during cycling. The Ni strains are measured in operando during (dis)charge cycles, using diffraction peak position and peak broadness to describe the distribution of strain in the Ni. During lithiation, compressive strains in the Ni first increase linearly with charge, after which a gradually decreasing strain rate is observed as the maximum lithiation state is approached; upon delithiation a similar process occurs. In-plane average compressive strains on the order of 990 ± 40 μe are measured in the Ni scaffold during lithiation, corresponding to compressive stresses of 215 ± 9 MPa. The decreasing strain rates and decreasing maximum and recovered strains suggest that plasticity in Ni and/or Si, as well as delamination between Ni and Si, may occur during cycling. Rate sensitivity in capacity is correlated with strain and a maximum Ni compressive stress of 230 ± 40 MPa is measured at the maximum state of lithiation.
Reasons Why Patients Remain Uninsured after Massachusetts’ Health Care Reform: A Survey of Patients at a Safety-Net Hospital

BACKGROUND Following the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform, an estimated 316,492 residents remain uninsured. However, there have been no published studies that examine why Massachusetts residents remain uninsured four years into health reform.
The genome-wide distribution of background linkage disequilibrium in a population isolate

Recent interest in using association studies to investigate complex traits has focused attention on understanding linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome. We examined the genome-wide distribution and magnitude of such background LD (BLD) using 1036 densely spaced microsatellites, in a sample from the demographically well characterized population of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. High levels of BLD were found between linked markers several centiMorgans apart, and although BLD was significantly related to genetic distance between markers it was not spread uniformly throughout the genome. Understanding the forces governing the distribution of BLD in the genome will require similar investigations using a standard set of markers in other populations.
Stereo matching by compact windows via minimum ratio cycle

Window size and shape selection is a difficult problem in area based stereo. We propose an algorithm which chooses an appropriate window shape by optimizing over a large class of "compact" windows. We call them compact because their ratio of perimeter to area tends to be small. We believe that this is the first window matching algorithm which can explicitly construct non-rectangular windows. Efficient optimization over the compact window class is achieved via the minimum ratio cycle algorithm. In practice it takes time linear in the size of the largest window in our class. Still the straightforward approach to find the optimal window for each pixel-disparity pair is too slow. We develop pruning heuristics which gave practically the same results while reducing running time from minutes to seconds. Our experiments show that unlike fixed window algorithms, our method avoids blurring disparity boundaries as well as constructs large windows in low textured areas. The algorithm has few parameters which are easy to choose, and the same parameters work well for different image pairs.
Alteration of pulse configuration affects the pain response during diode laser photocoagulation.

Background and Objective: The shape of the treatment pulse of the diode laser (810 nm) can be easily altered electronically in contrast to ion laser photocoagulators. We investigated whether changes in laser pulse shape influenced the subjective pain response in patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation when only topical anesthesia was used. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Twenty consecutive patients required peripheral retinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy or extensive retinal breaks. Three diode pulse waveforms including a square wave, shaped-wave, and an envelope of micropulses were compared to one another. Power was adjusted so that each waveform delivered the same total energy. The patients subjectively ranked the intensity of any pain they experienced for each group of lesions. Responses were compared to one another using an analysis of variance. Results: 40% of patients found the standard square wave pulse to be significantly more painful (P < 0.05) than the shaped pulse mode and 30% found the square wave significantly more painful (P < 0.05) than the micropulse mode. Conclusion: Modification of the laser pulse waveform may ameliorate pain induced by diode laser photocoagulation of the retinal periphery. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dual-Quorum: A Highly Available and Consistent Replication System for Edge Services

This paper introduces dual-quorum replication, a novel data replication algorithm designed to support Internet edge services. Edge services allow clients to access Internet services via distributed edge servers that operate on a shared collection of underlying data. Although it is generally difficult to share data while providing high availability, good performance, and strong consistency, replication algorithms designed for specific access patterns can offer nearly ideal trade-offs among these metrics. In this paper, we focus on the key problem of sharing read/write data objects across a collection of edge servers when the references to each object (1) tend not to exhibit high concurrency across multiple nodes and (2) tend to exhibit bursts of read-dominated or write-dominated behavior. Dual-quorum replication combines volume leases and quorum-based techniques to achieve excellent availability, response time, and consistency for such workloads. In particular, through both analytical and experimental evaluations, we show that the dual-quorum protocol can (for the workloads of interest) approach the optimal performance and availability of Read-One/Write-All-Asynchronously (ROWA-A) epidemic algorithms without suffering the weak consistency guarantees and resulting design complexity inherent in ROWA-A systems.
Software Design Methods for Concurrent and Real-Time Systems

From the Publisher: real-time, and distributed systems, describing the concepts most important in their design, and surveys the design methods available for them. Drawing on his experience in industry, he takes two related object-oriented methods - ADARTS (Ada-based Design Approach for Real-Time Systems) and CODARTS (Concurrent Design Approach for Real-Time Systems) - and shows in detail how they can be applied. The author first introduces the reader to real-time and concurrency concepts, and reviews the background in software design and development needed for the balance of the book. He then describes a number of methods that can be used for real-time and concurrent system design, comparing them through application to a common problem. Methods described include Real-time Structured Analysis and Design, Jackson System Development, Naval Research Lab/Software Cost Reduction, and Object Oriented Design. For each design method treated, the author presents the concepts on which it is based, the steps used in its application, and an assessment of its effectiveness. Gomaa then focuses on ADARTS, a practical method developed by the author and proven over time, and CODARTS, which contains the author's latest ideas on software analysis and design. The final part of the book features practical case studies in which the ADARTS and CODARTS methods are demonstrated. Highlights Provides a basic understanding of concepts and issues in concurrent system design, while surveying and comparing a range of applicable design methods. Elaborates two object-oriented design methods for the effective design of concurrent and real-time systems. Describes a practical approach forapplying real-time scheduling theory to analyze the performance of real-time designs.
Antidepressant use with d-Cycloserine may block fear extinction

ABSTRACT FROM: Andersson E, Hedman E, Enander J, et al. d-Cycloserine vs placebo as adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and interaction with antidepressants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:659–67. d-Cycloserine (DCS) is a partial agonist at the N -methyl-d-aspartate receptor, which facilitates extinction learning in animal models and augments exposure therapy in humans with anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).1 In OCD, there have been other small randomised, placebo-controlled trials, in children and adults, examining DCS augmentation of exposure therapy, with inconsistent findings as to whether DCS is superior to placebo at post-treatment or follow-up.2–4 This study, which examined the efficacy of DCS augmentation of a validated internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy (ICBT) for OCD, is the first large-scale trial on DCS augmentation of CBT for OCD, and contributes to a growing body of literature on the moderators of DCS efficacy, suggesting that DCS is not universally effective. Andersson and …
Towards Selecting and Recommending Online Software Services by Evaluating External Attributes

Selecting an online software service for a given set of requirements can be based on the quality of results (i.e., relative ranking of the services) and associated recommendations (i.e., applicability of the suggested services). Prevalent approaches for product-based selection (e.g., the ones used by Amazon) and recommendations, such as Content-based Filtering (CBF) and Collaborative Filtering (CLF) do not typically consider information about products beyond primitive attribute-value pairs. Compared to a tangible physical product, a reusable and updatable software service cannot be effectively described using only a set of strict attribute-value pairs or using a sparse matrix of user-product relationship. This is because a software service has various programmatic, functional, and non-functional properties which potentially could also be dynamic in nature. Due to these challenges, it is not sufficient to apply product-based ranking and recommendation techniques to software services available from a marketplace. This research proposes an approach for better selection and recommendation of software services that enhances both CBF and CLF algorithms, using external reviews.
PEPTIDE YY EXPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT IN COLONIC ENDOCRINE CELL DIFFERENTIATION : EVIDENCE FROM NORMAL AND TRANSGENIC MICE

The hormone peptide YY is produced by endocrine cells in the pancreas, ileum and colon. We have previously shown that peptide YY is coexpressed in all four islet cell types in the murine pancreas when they first appear, suggesting a common peptide YY-producing progenitor. In the colon, peptide YY has been frequently identified in glucagon-expressing L-type endocrine cells. Characterization of colonic endocrine tumors in transgenic mice expressing simian virus 40 large T antigen under the control of the peptide YY gene 5' flanking region revealed tumor cells producing not only peptide YY and glucagon, but also neurotensin, cholecystokinin, substance P, serotonin, secretin, and gastrin. This suggested that multiple enteroendocrine lineages were related to peptide YY-producing cells. Subsequent examination of the ontogeny of colonic endocrine differentiation in nontransgenic mice revealed that peptide YY was the first hormone to appear during development, at embryonic day 15.5. Between embryonic days 16.5 and 18.5, cells expressing glucagon, cholecystokinin, substance P, serotonin, secretin, neurotensin, gastrin and somatostatin first appeared and peptide YY was coexpressed in each cell type at this time. Peptide YY coexpression continued in a significant fraction of most enteroendocrine cell types throughout fetal and postnatal development and into adulthood, with the exception of serotonin-producing cells. This latter population of cells expanded dramatically after birth with rare coexpression of peptide YY. These studies indicate that expression of peptide YY is an early event in colonic endocrine differentiation and support the existence of a common progenitor for all endocrine cells in the colon.
Epidemiological Analysis on New Smear Positive Tuberculosis Patients in Chongming County during 2008-2009

[Objective]To evaluate the epidemic characteristics of patients with smear positive tuberculosis,and explore the prevention and control countermeasures.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiology was adopted to analyze the epidemiological data of new smear positive tuberculosis cases in Chongming County during 2008-2009.[Results]Totally 214 cases of new smear positive tuberculosis were reported,the incidence was 17.55/100 000 in 2008,and 13.27/100 000 in 2009,respectively;the male incidence was higher than female,the ratio was 2.69:1;the endemic distribution was disproportion,Chengqiao County had the highest incidence of 18.22%;all patients were young adults and the elderly;for the occupation distribution,peasants (63.55%)and retirees (14.02%)were the main groups;the peak incidence (18.22%) appeared in March.[Conclusion]The epidemic of smear positive tuberculosis was relieved in 2009 compared with it in 2008,but it's still serious,and most cases were young peasants and the elderly retirees.Therefore,it is necessary to aim directly at emphasizing on investment and management of prevention and control of smear positive tuberculosis.
The Value of the Thyroid Autoimmune Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Objective To evaluate the value of the thyroid autoimmune antibodies(TPOAb) in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Methods We searched CNKI,VIP Information,Wanfang data for studies on he TPOAb and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.We also reviewed reference listserv to seek the data missed by our search.Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool data.Results The level of TPOAb and the percentage of TPOAb positive in the Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients were both significantly higher than the control group.The pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity on the thyroid autoimmune antibodies(TPOAb) in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis were 0.89(95% CI:0.870.91) and 0.96(95% CI:0.950.97) respectively,and the SROC AUC was 0.9843.Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity on the thyroid autoimmune antibodies(TPOAb) in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis are both in a high level.TPOAb might be a good biomarker in diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Analyses of normal and abnormal esophageal transport using computer simulations

Mathematical modeling and computer simulations are combined with concurrent manometric and videofluoroscopic data to analyze the contractile behavior of the esophageal wall during normal and abnormal esophageal bolus transport. The study focuses on axial variations in intraluminal pressure in relationship to deformations of the esophageal wall during the transport process. Four case studies of esophageal bolus transport described by Kahrilas et al. (Gastroenterology 94: 73-80, 1988), one normal and three abnormal, are analyzed in detail by capturing the major elements of both the videofluoroscopic and concurrent manometric data in the mathematical model. In all cases a strong correlation between the deformations of the luminal wall and the axial variations of intraluminal pressure is observed. Simulation of normal bolus transport shows that, whereas only gentle variations in intrabolus pressure occur in the main body of the bolus due to weak frictional forces there, large frictional forces force a rapid rise in pressure near the bolus tail induced by circular muscle squeeze. Of particular interest is the analysis of incomplete clearance of bolus fluid in the aortic arch region. The only physically correct model consistent both with the videofluoroscopic and the manometric data implies the existence of two separate contraction waves, one above and one below the transition zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cervicovaginal peroxidases: sex hormone control and potential clinical uses

Thirty-one normal women were studied daily in 41cycles. Venous blood samples were taken for measurements of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E 2 ), and progesterone (P), and vaginal examinations were done to obtain cervical mucus and vaginal fluid. The specific activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GP), extracted from cervicovaginal secretions with 0.5M CaCl 2 , was determined in the vaginal samples. In the follicular phase, from day −7 to day 0 (the LH +1day, when ovulation presumably occurred), there was a strong negative correlation between GP and the rising E 2 ( r =−0.94). On days 1 to 10 after ovulation, there was a strong positive correlation between GP and P ( r =0.84). In nine ovulatory cycles in which P levels did not exceed 8ng/ml on any day, indicating possible luteal phase inadequacy, there were significantly lower GP levels than in another 32 ovulatory cycles with higher P ( P =0.04). These results suggest that (1) at midcycle, E 2 seems to "down-regulate" the GP specific activity; and (2) in the luteal phase, serum P levels parallel those of GP activity, even in the presence of high luteal E 2 . GP activity profiles during the menstrual cycle can be used to define the fertile period, may prove useful in diagnosing pregnancy, and may be a simple, convenient test for an inadequate corpus luteum.
Molecular Imaging of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques in Animal Models

Atherosclerosis is characterized by intimal plaques of the arterial vessels that develop slowly and, in some cases, may undergo spontaneous rupture with subsequent heart attack or stroke. Currently, noninvasive diagnostic tools are inadequate to screen atherosclerotic lesions at high risk of acute complications. Therefore, the attention of the scientific community has been focused on the use of molecular imaging for identifying vulnerable plaques. Genetically engineered murine models such as ApoE−/− and ApoE−/−Fbn1C1039G+/− mice have been shown to be useful for testing new probes targeting biomarkers of relevant molecular processes for the characterization of vulnerable plaques, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, P-selectin, and integrins, and for the potential development of translational tools to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from early therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes the main animal models of vulnerable plaques, with an emphasis on genetically altered mice, and the state-of-the-art preclinical molecular imaging strategies.
An analytic noise model to aid in the development of total-variation-penalized CT image reconstruction

The use of a total-variation (TV) penalty in CT image reconstruction has shown great promise in reducing CT sampling requirements, thereby enabling sparse-view CT acquisitions [1], [2] and improved dynamic imaging [3], [4]. However, a practical and meaningful approach to image quality evaluation for TV-based reconstruction remains elusive. One reason for this is that TV-based iterative algorithms are highly nonlinear and lead to image noise properties which are unlike conventional algorithms [5]. In this work, we address the problem of characterizing image noise by proposing an analytic approximation of image covariance in TV-based images, and we demonstrate how this method can guide design of TV-based reconstruction algorithms.
Helping Others Regulate Emotion Predicts Increased Regulation of One’s Own Emotions and Decreased Symptoms of Depression:

Although much research considers how individuals manage their own emotions, less is known about the emotional benefits of regulating the emotions of others. We examined this topic in a 3-week study of an online platform providing training and practice in the social regulation of emotion. We found that participants who engaged more by helping others (vs. sharing and receiving support for their own problems) showed greater decreases in depression, mediated by increased use of reappraisal in daily life. Moreover, social regulation messages with more other-focused language (i.e., second-person pronouns) were (a) more likely to elicit expressions of gratitude from recipients and (b) predictive of increased use of reappraisal over time for message composers, suggesting perspective-taking enhances the benefits of practicing social regulation. These findings unpack potential mechanisms of socially oriented training in emotion regulation and suggest that by helping others regulate, we may enhance our own regulatory skills and emotional well-being.
The influence of inertia on the rheology of a periodic suspension of neutrally buoyant rigid ellipsoids

We investigate the rheological properties of a suspension of neutrally buoyant rigid ellipsoids by fluid–structure interaction simulations of a particle in a periodic domain under simple shear using the curvilinear immersed-boundary (CURVIB) method along with a quaternion–angular velocity technique to calculate the dynamics of the particle’s motion. We calculate all the different terms of particle stress for the first time for non-spherical particles, i.e. in addition to the stresslet, we calculate the acceleration and Reynolds stress, which are typically ignored in previous similar works. Furthermore, we derive analytical expressions for all these terms to verify the numerical results and deduce the effect of inertia by comparing our numerical results with the analytical solution. The effect of particle Reynolds number ( ), volume fraction ( ), and the shape of particles has been studied on all mechanisms of stress generation, the intrinsic viscosity, and normal stress differences of the suspension for the range and . We found that inertia increases the shear and the second normal difference of the stresslet (dominant term of the particle stress), and decreases the first normal difference that is generated due to the strain field. The contribution of acceleration stress to the total stress is found to be important in the second normal stress difference, with a cycle-average comparable to the stresslet component. We also discovered that the contribution of Reynolds stress in the first normal stress difference becomes important even when inertia is as low as , and its value can be even greater than the stresslet when inertia increases, i.e. Reynolds stresses cannot be ignored for non-spherical particles. For concentrations in the range from dilute to semi-dilute, the effect of inertia on the intrinsic viscosity of a suspension is found to be comparable to the volume fraction. Furthermore, our calculations show that for a dilute concentration and the low-inertia regime ( ), the intrinsic viscosity of a suspension consisting of ellipsoids with an aspect ratio of five can be 20 % higher than its Stokesian analytical value.
DTMF Audio Communication for Nao Robots

We propose an alternative to Wi-Fi for robotic communication, as its increased use in a competition environment has lead to highly overlapping and interfering networks. This interference often causes unreliable transmission of data, which affects teams’ ability to coordinate complex behaviors. Our method uses fixed length Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) messages and uses a basic packet structure designed to reduce data corruption as a result of noise. We conducted twelve different experiments varying the distance between robots and message format, as well as whether the robots are walking or sitting silently. Methods for scheduling messages to avoid crosstalk were also developed and tested. The results show that while this method appears to be sensitive to motor noise, room reverberation and multipath effects, it has very low data corruption rates, which makes it suitable for use in some applications.
Mobile robot control based on hybrid neuro-fuzzy value gradient reinforcement learning

This paper uses value gradient learning (VGL) to track a reference trajectory under uncertainties, by computing the optimal left and right torque values for a nonholonomic mobile robot. VGL is a high-performance algorithm in adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). Here, it is used as a critic function after fitting a first-order Sugeno fuzzy neural network (FNN) structure to critic and actor networks. Moreover, this work handles the impacts of unmodeled bounded disturbances with various friction values. The simulation is introduced to compare two approaches. The first uses an actor network that confirms the ability of the mobile robot dynamic model to follow a desired trajectory. This approach demonstrates a significant enhancement of the robot's capability to absorb unstructured disturbance signals and friction effects. The second type of results use a critic-optimal-control approach, calculating the optimal control signal for the affine dynamic model of the robot. This completely removes the actor network to exploit reduced computational complexity with faster responses. The simulation is introduced to compare both cases.
Multi-Fidelity Optimization of Complex Physics Involved Engineering Systems

This work presents an optimal design technique which allows for the use of multiple simulation models of varying physics and complexity (fidelity levels). An advancement of traditional Surrogate Based Optimization (SBO) techniques is intended to alleviate the computational cost associated with structural and multidisciplinary design optimization while maintaining a high degree of accuracy typically associated with fully coupled, nonlinear, complex physics-based models. This methodology, termed Bayesian Influenced Low-Fidelity Correction Approach to Multi-Fidelity Optimization, utilizes a combination of surrogate modeling, Bayesian statistics, and Trust Region Model Management (TRMM) techniques. A novel Bayesian Hybrid Bridge Function (BHBF) was developed to serve as the low-fidelity correction technique. This BHBF is a Bayesian weighted average of two standard bridge functions, additive and multiplicative. The correction technique is implemented in parallel with a modified Trust Region Model Management (TRMM) optimization scheme. It is shown that optimization on the corrected low-fidelity model converges to the same local optimum as optimization on the high-fidelity model in fewer high-fidelity function evaluations and ultimately lower computational cost. This work also extends the low-fidelity correction optimization beyond the traditional bi-fidelity (limited to 2 fidelity levels) optimization to that of a novel approach to handling optimization with multiple (2 or more) fidelity objective and constraint functions with commercial optimization solvers. It is shown that implementation of this Bayesian low-fidelity correction optimization approach results in high-fidelity results at a reduced computational cost. This is demonstrated on computationally different engineering design problems. First, a 27% computational savings over traditional optimization techniques is observed in the unconstrained minimization of thermally induced stresses in a quarter symmetric panel represented via 4 differing fidelity levels. Finally, a 71% reduction in computational cost is observed in an airfoil shape optimization in which both the objective and constraints are represented by 2 fidelity levels.