cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASSESSING THE TRANSITION FROM PLAN TO MARKET: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED—ABOUT POLICIES AND ECONOMIC THEORY?

The World Bank's 1996 World Development Report focuses on the transition from plan to market in 28 countries, including those in Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Mongolia, China and Vietnam. Experience differs a great deal between countries; also between individuals in countries. Many issues have been hotly debated. For example, should reforms be fast or slow? How important are reform policies relative to initial conditions? Is privatization really vital, and does it matter how it is done? How can countries build institutions to support efficient market systems? In these and other areas, the experience of the transition countries can inform the development debate. In particular, it draws attention to the need to consider policy alternatives realistically and against each other, rather than simply against 'ideal' solutions. Despite many initial surprises, the experience of transition countries strongly confirms the power of economic reforms to reshape the economy, even in countries where the foundations of market systems are weak. However, reforms have to be broad enough to change behaviour, and to sustain the change over a period of time. The 'big bang' versus 'gradual' debate misses the main point. Reform credibility is particularly important, because of moral hazard and, in the longer run, the cost of uncertainty. Further, three types of initial conditions are important in understanding the trade-off between fast and slow reforms, and also the response of economics to reforms: economic structure, initial macroeconomic imbalance, and the dynamics of political change. Clear property rights are important. Yet privatization is more urgent in some countries than others, depending on the degree of structural reallocation, and also on the ability of governments to exert control over state property and rents. Transition countries proceed through distinct stages in terms of competition for rents and its effect on the economy. Supply-side measures to create institutions are important. Yet, equally important is ensuring demand for institutions, through appropriate economic policies. Finally, the outstanding reform agenda for the countries, and the implications for foreign assistance will be discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religion in Environmental and Climate Change: Suffering, Values, Lifestyles

Religion in Environmental and Climate Change: Suffering, Values, Lifestyles DIETER GERTEN & SIGURD BERGMANN, eds., 2012 London & New York: Continuum 269 pp., £65.00, US$120.00 (hb) ISBN 978–1–4411–...
Effect of spinning temperature and blend ratios on electrospun chitosan/poly(acrylamide) blends fibers

Abstract We report the formation of non-woven fibers without bead defects by electrospinning blend solutions of chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAAm) with blend ratios varying from 75 wt% to 90 wt% chitosan using a modified electrospinning unit wherein polymer solutions can be spun at temperatures greater than ambient up to 100 °C. Electrospinning at elevated temperature leads to further expansion of the processing window, by producing fibers with fewer defects at higher chitosan weight percentage in the blends. Effects of varying blend ratios, spinning temperatures, and molecular weights on fiber formation were studied and optimum conditions for formation of uniform non-woven fiber mats with potential applications for air and water filtration were obtained. Uniform bead-less fiber mats with fiber diameter as low as 307 ± 67 nm were formed by spinning 90% chitosan in blend solutions at 70 °C.
Furthering Career Education through Counseling.

There is no provision in career education for formally fostering such general attitudes as a sense of agency and a feeling of self-esteem or such bask skills as time management and interpersonal cooperation. Counselors can contribute directly to career education by teaching such attitudes and skills. This article discusses the need for providing basic attitude and skill training, and it outlines some new replicable counseling procedures that can be used to develop and build such attitudes and skills.
Lattice approach to semi-leptonic decays of charm mesons☆

Abstract Lattice efforts to compute matrix elements relevant to semi-leptonic form factors are reviewed. The emphasis is on D → K ∗ where the two groups seem to find appreciably different results for A2(0)/A1(0). Lattice measurements at the end-point region for both the 0− and the 1− final states are emphasized. All the lattice results seem to suggest that for D, Ds decays to 1− final states, the A1 form factor at the endpoint is always close to unity. We note that the FNAL experiment E691 does not agree with lattice results for A1 at the endpoint; in addition it tends to disagree with our value for A2(0)/A1(0).
Q-modules: internally clocked delay-insensitive modules

Q-modules are internally clocked modules that can be used to satisfy delay-insensitive specifications. A single delay element is required with a one-sided bound that its value be greater than the maximum delay of the combination logic. Prototypes of components to implement Q-modules have been designed, and a design aid program, QSYN, to place instances of these components, personalize a PLA, and generate a MAGIC or CIF file for a CMOS realization, including the delay circuitry, is being developed. Testability is one of the advantages of Q-modules over clock-free delay-insensitive modules; circuitry is included in the cells for testing the logic and interconnections. >
Functional heterogeneity of human antigen-presenting cells: presentation of soluble antigen but not self-Ia by monocytes.

These studies were undertaken to examine the phenotype of the antigen-presenting cells (APC) circulating in human peripheral blood. Cells adherent to glass were found to be efficient APC, restoring antigen-induced3H-thymidine incorporation to T4-positive T cells that had been rigorously depleted of contaminating APC. In order to identify the APC within the glass-adherent cells (AC), these cells were stained with a number of monocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mo-Mab) including 3C10, 63D3, and 61D3, and the Mo-Mab-positive and -negative cells were separated with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. This method of preparation yielded Mo-Mab(+) AC populations that were more than 98% positive for the relevant Mab when reanalyzed with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Less than 1% of the Mo-Mab(−) AC populations were positive when reanalyzed with the Mab used for the separation. However, each Mo-Mab(−) AC population was contaminated with variable numbers (4–60%) of Mo as detected by morphologic criteria, histochemical analysis for esterase activity, or staining with a different Mo-Mab. Both Mo-Mab(+) and (−) AC populations were found to be similarly effective APC, with as few as 500 cells/well supporting responses to streptokinase-streptodornase, tetanus toxoid, andCandida albicans antigen. In the absence of antigen, only 3C10(−), 63D3(−), or 61D3(−) AC consistently stimulated3H-thymidine incorporation of autologous T4 cells; large numbers (>5×103/well) of APC were necessary to induce this response. These results support the conclusion that cells identified by Mo-specific Mab are capable of functioning as APC, inducing3H-thymidine incorporation in response to exogenous antigens. However, Mo-Mab(+) AC are not unique in this activity since Mo-Mab(−) AC also appeared to be able to present antigen. These Mo-Mab(−) AC appear to contain the majority of cells inducing autologous T4-cell reactivity.
Non-Invasive Measurement of Pathological Heterogeneity of Cancer Tissues Using Water State Information from Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging.

Background: In our previous work, we have shown that biochemical tissue water state correlates with histopathological scores of breast cancer (R=-0.96). Based on the result, we extended our research to test whether the tissue water measurement can differentiate heterogeneous pathological structures of cancer tissues of different grades. Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) measures water molecular vibrational states associated with macro-molecular complexes in tissues such as proteins in a non-invasive way without compression of the breast. For DOSI measurements, a large region over breast tumors is scanned using a hand-held probe and spectral information on each point is spatially mapped to generate an image.Subjects and Methods: DOSI was employed to measure 19 primary cancers (18 IDC and 1 ILC). The spectral features of tissue water absorption from 935 nm to 998nm were compared to those of a pure water spectrum measured at body temperature in order to acquire the Bound Water Index (BWI: the residual between tissue and pure water spectra). In the spectroscopic images, the average and standard deviation of the pixels less than 20% of the range of the BWI in the image were calculated based on our previous finding that carcinoma tissues have lower BWI (more free water). The same parameters were calculated on normal tissues from the same patients in order to compare the tissue heterogeneity. The standard deviation was divided by the average value of each tissue type, and this value is communicated as a Heterogeneity Index (HI).Results: In our in vivo clinical studies, the cancer tissues showed 51% higher heterogeneity than the normal tissues (cancer HI: 0.046±0.018, normal HI: 0.024±0.018, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5008.
Mathematical analysis of delay differential equation models of HIV-1 infection

Models of HIV-1 infection that include intracellular delays are more accurate representations of the biology and change the estimated values of kinetic parameters when compared to models without delays. We develop and analyze a set of models that include intracellular delays, combination antiretroviral therapy, and the dynamics of both infected and uninfected T cells. We show that when the drug efficacy is less than perfect the estimated value of the loss rate of productively infected T cells, δ, is increased when data is fit with delay models compared to the values estimated with a non-delay model. We provide a mathematical justification for this increased value of δ. We also provide some general results on the stability of non-linear delay differential equation infection models.
Nursing Home Staff Characteristics and Knowledge Gain from a Didactic Workshop on Depression and Behavior Management

Abstract Depression is a prevalent and serious problem among nursing home residents. Nursing home staff members are gatekeepers for mental health treatment for residents, but may know little about depression and its management. We evaluated a didactic workshop for nursing home staff on depressive symptoms and management. Results for 58 staff participants showed significant gains in knowledge about depression diagnosis and management after the workshop. A regression predicting pre-test knowledge indicated that significant contributors were age (beta = .27;p < .05), education (beta = .28, p = < .05), and experience in long-term care (beta = −.53, p < .01). Results provide preliminary support for didactic training about depression, but suggest that differences in staff knowledge related to experience should be addressed in training.
Use of the Microprecision Interferometer testbed for developing control technology for spaceborne optical interferometer missions

This paper describes the Micro-Precision Interferometer (MPI) testbed and its major achievements to date related to mitigating risk for future spaceborne optical interferometer missions. The MPI testbed is ground-based hardware model of a future spaceborne interferometer. The three primary objectives of the testbed are to: (1) demonstrate the 10 nm positional stability requirement in the ambient lab disturbance environment, (2) predict whether the 10 nm positional stability requirement can be achieved in the anticipated on-orbit disturbance environment, and (3) validate integrated modeling tools that will ultimately tools that will ultimately to be used to design the actual space missions. This paper describes the hardware testbed in its present configuration. The testbed simulation model, as it stands today, will be described elsewhere. The paper presents results concerning closed loop positional stabilities at or below the 10 nm requirement for both the ambient and on-orbit disturbance environments. These encouraging results confirm that the MPI testbed provides an essential link between the extensive ongoing ground-based interferometer technology development activities and the technology needs of future spaceborne optical interferometers.
A study of the flexibility of wrought wire clasps

T he 18-gauge platinum-gold-palladium (PGP) wrought wire clasp arm is often used as a direct retainer for distal-extension removable partial dentures instead of a cast chromium-cobalt clasp arm, when the retentive undercut is on the mesial-buccal part of the abutment tooth. The wrought wire clasp arm can flex in any direction so that stresses caused by movement of the removable partial denture are dissipated. This helps to protect the abutment tooth from harmful forces. The 18-gauge PGP clasp wire has a fusing temperature sufficiently high that it can be safely cast against by gold and some chromium-cobalt alloys and soldered without changing its physical properties. An 18-gauge clasp wire is thick enough to resist breakage and allow tapering for additional flexibility.’ However, clinical observations of some wrought wire clasps on removable partial dentures constructed at the School of Dentistry, University of Washington, have indicated that these clasps may be less flexible than expected. Several reports in the dental literature have documented similar findings.
The use of metrizamide (amipaque) to visualise the gastrointestinal tract in children: A preliminary report

Metrizamide (amipaque) has not been used previously as a diagnostic contrast agent in the gastrointestinal tract. Metrizamide is a water-soluble isotonic contrast material having many advantages over barium and existing hypertonic water-soluble agents. There are many clinical situations in children in which metrizamide should be the contrast agent of choice for investigating the gastrointestinal tract. Four neonates are presented in whom barium or gastrografin were absolutely contraindicated. In each case metrizamide gave excellent visualisation of the gastrointestinal tract. It could be followed through the bowel giving excellent visualisation even up to 120 h after ingestion. No harmful effects were noted in the four cases studied.
Nanostencil lithography for high-throughput fabrication of infrared plasmonic sensors

We demonstrate a novel fabrication approach for high-throughput fabrication of engineered infrared plasmonic nanorod antenna arrays with Nanostencil Lithography (NSL). NSL technique, relying on deposition of materials through a shadow mask, offers the flexibility and the resolution to fabricate radiatively engineer nanoantenna arrays for excitation of collective plasmonic resonances. Overlapping these collective plasmonic resonances with molecular specific absorption bands can enable ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy. First, nanorod antenna arrays fabricated using NSL are investigated using SEM and optical spectroscopy, and compared against the nanorods with the same dimensions fabricated using EBL. No irregularities on the periodicity or the physical dimensions are detected for NSL fabricated nanorods. We also confirmed that the antenna arrays fabricated by NSL shows high optical quality similar to EBL fabricated ones. Furthermore, we show nanostencils can be reused multiple times to fabricate selfsame structures with identical optical responses repeatedly and reliably. This capability is particularly useful when high-throughput replication of the optimized nanoparticle arrays is desired. In addition to its high-throughput capability, NSL permits fabrication of plasmonic devices on surfaces that are difficult to work with electron/ion beam techniques. Nanostencil lithography is a resist free process thus allows the transfer of the nanopatterns to any planar substrate whether it is conductive, insulating or magnetic. As proof of the versatility of the NSL technique, we show fabrication of plasmonic structures in variety of geometries. We also demonstrate that nanostencil lithography can be used to achieve functional plasmonic devices in a single fabrication step, on variety of substrates. We introduced NSL for fabrication of nanoplasmonic structures including antenna arrays on rigid surfaces such as silicon, CaF2 and glass. In conclusion, Nanostencil Lithography enables plasmonic substrates supporting spectrally narrow far-field resonances with enhanced near-field intensities which are very useful for vibrational spectroscopy. We believe this nanofabrication scheme, enabling the reusability of stencil and offering flexibility on the substrate choice and nano-pattern design could significantly enhance wide-use of plasmonics in sensing technologies.
A convenient pH-gradient method for the determination of the maximum and minimum pH for microbial growth

Previously existing methods for determining the pH limits for the growth of microorganisms have involved (1), the setting up of individual cultures, each having a specific pH; (2), the pH gradient plate technique devised by Sacks (1956) in which a continuous pH gradient is established in a Petri dish by means of a buffer system; and (3), the pH gradient plate technique of Zak (unpublished), in which a continuous pH gradient is established by means of an electric current. The discontinuous pH gradient technique described here provides a convenient method of determining the maximum and minimum pH at which a microorganism can grow. The technique can be used aerobically or anaerobically, and has a precision of about ± 0.1 pH unit. Data are given for several yeasts and forSerratia marcescens. In all cases, the organisms tested continued to metabolize at pH values beyond those representing the limits for growth, sometimes by as much as 0.5 pH unit. The results suggest that pH limits are unsuitable criteria in microbial classification.
Structure–Activity Relationship of Semicarbazone EGA Furnishes Photoaffinity Inhibitors of Anthrax Toxin Cellular Entry

EGA, 1, prevents the entry of multiple viruses and bacterial toxins into mammalian cells by inhibiting vesicular trafficking. The cellular target of 1 is unknown, and a structure–activity relationship study was conducted in order to develop a strategy for target identification. A compound with midnanomolar potency was identified (2), and three photoaffinity labels were synthesized (3–5). For this series, the expected photochemistry of the phenyl azide moiety is a more important factor than the IC50 of the photoprobe in obtaining a successful photolabeling event. While 3 was the most effective reversible inhibitor of the series, it provided no protection to cells against anthrax lethal toxin (LT) following UV irradiation. Conversely, 5, which possessed weak bioactivity in the standard assay, conferred robust irreversible protection vs LT to cells upon UV photolysis.
Analytical laboratories for the handling of plutonium

Abstract For the safe handling of Pu in analytical chemical laboratories, equipment is required capable of handling up to 1-g quantities of the radioactive material per analytical sample and the storage of 100-g quantities in the form of unused samples and residues. Special enclosures, known as dryboxes, or glove boxes, have been designed for this purpose. The analytical chemistry laboratories at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory that are so equipped are described in this paper. The philosophy of handling Pu is also discussed. These boxes are so designed that all required operations in chemical analyses may be performed safely without contamination of the room and with a minimum of risk to the analyst. Included are operations such as weighing, dissolving, precipitation, filtering, evaporating, centrifuging, and igniting of precipitates and also electrometric, polarographic, spectrophotometric, and spectrochemical techniques. The designs of individual boxes are varied to permit various operations, and at the same time they may be arranged interchangeably in circumstances requiring several boxes in a row. For routine and Semiroutine analyses, these boxes are arranged for an assembly-line type of operation. The sample to be analyzed is introduced at one end of the assembly, successive steps in the analysis are performed as the sample is moved progressively through the assembly, and the residue is temporarily stored at the other end of the assembly in a suitable container. These boxes are fabricated of stainless steel, with windows of Lucite or safety glass. All metal exposed on the inside is painted with a strippable plastic-base paint. Glove ports are located at a convenient height to permit easy use of rubber gloves. Experience has shown that Pu in solution can be safely handled in these enclosures without rubber gloves being on the ports but that for Pu in solid form, rubber gloves must be attached to the glove ports. These enclosures are equipped with all the usual laboratory services. Doors between boxes are of an unusual design, vertically operated by compressed air. Provisions are included for the operation of equipment such as centrifuges and pH meters within the boxes, yet permitting their removal in an uncontaminated condition. Ventilation is provided through niters for all gloved boxes. It is so regulated by means of dampers in the exhaust ducts that it does not interfere with operations. In case of open front boxes, the flow of air is maintained at a minimum face velocity of 100 ft/min. Stainless steel as an exhaust duct material has been found to be unsatisfactory, especially for those boxes in which acids are fumed. Polyvinyl plastic has been used for the more recently installed exhaust ducts and has been found to be quite satisfactory. The descriptive material is adequately illustrated by 20 photographs.
Emerging drugs for acute lymphocytic leukemia

Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is typically treated with complex multi-agent chemotherapy regimens over a prolonged time period. Long-term outcomes depend on the age of the patient and the biological characteristics of the leukemic cells. While pediatric patients achieve cure more often than adults, therapy can continue to be improved for all patients with this disease. Areas covered: The current management strategy for ALL is reviewed. Recently, targeted therapies have been shown to improve survival in subsets of patients, most notably in those with Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL or with leukemic cells that express the surface antigen CD20. Several innovative compounds are under investigation, and the most promising ones to date will be discussed. Expert opinion: The incorporation of monoclonal antibody therapy represents a targeted and powerful approach to the management of ALL. Bispecific T-cell engaging agents, such as blinatumomab, are able to facilitate immune-mediated killin...
Critical-region thermal expansion in CuK2Cl4 · 2H2O

The Curie-point anomaly in thea-axis linear thermal expansion coefficient of CuK2Cl4 · 2H2O (Tc=0.88° K) has been observed using the three-terminal capacitance technique. Length changes of the 3.8-mm single-crystal sample were determined to within approximately 0.1 A. In the critical region our data suggest a logarithmic singularity as found previously for the specific heat. However, imperfections in the sample limit the divergence of the expansion coefficient at temperatures closer than 0.01Tc to the transition. From a comparison of the linear expansion coefficient with the specific heat in the critical region, the stress dependence of the Curie temperature is calculated. We find that the temperature derivative of the spin-correlation function describing nearest neighbor magnetic ions is not proportional to the temperature derivative of the spin-correlation function describing next nearest neighbors. Furthermore, the exchange parameters characterizing nearest and next nearest neighbor interactions do not have equal stress dependences. Between 1.5 and 2.5° K the thermal expansion coefficient is proportional to the inverse square of the temperature. Comparison of the expansion coefficient with the specific heat in this temperature range indicates that the temperature derivative of both spin-correlation functions is proportional toT−2. The stress dependence of the Curie temperature calculated from data in this region agrees within experimental error with the value found from different considerations using data in the critical region.
Development, implementation and outcomes of a training program for responders to acts of terrorism

Introduction. Responding to acts of terrorism requires the effective use of public-safety andmedical-response resources. The knowledge, skills andattitudes necessary to respond to future threats is unfamiliar to most emergency responders. Objectives. The purpose of this report to describe the development, implementation andevaluation of a multidisciplinary, interactive andsimulation-enhanced course to prepare responders to acts of terrorism. Methods. We used a 5-step systematic process to develop a blended-learning, simulation-enhanced training program. Learners completed a self-confidence questionnaire andwritten examination prior to the course anda self-confidence questionnaire, written examination andcourse evaluation when they finished the course. Results. From July 7, 2003 to March 8, 2005, 497 consenting learners completed the course. After course completion, learners demonstrated significant increases in their knowledge of terrorism response (t = −64.3, df = 496, p < 0.05) andtheir confidence in re...
Color naming of small foveal fields

Abstract Using a color-naming procedure, it is found that the central fovea is not dichromatic, although it tends toward tritanopia. The trichromacy can be eliminated by presenting the test flashes against a bright blue background. More nearly normal responses are obtained by increasing the intensity and/or retinal eccentricity of the stimulus. Support is given for Brindley's hypothesis that dichromatic color-matching for small foveal fields is due to a selective adaptation of the blue-mediating system which occurs during fixation.
Resonant Transfer and Excitation (RTE) in Ion-Atom Collisions and Dielectronic Recombination in Plasmas

In the resonant (charge) transfer and excitation (RTE) process, resonance states in the charge changed projectile are formed due to Coulomb-interaction with the target electrons. The calculated RTE cross section is proportional to the cross section for dielectronic recombination and its projectile energy dependence reflects the momentum distribution of the target electrons. Sample calculations for K x-ray production in S13+ + Ar collisions are discussed. An estimate of the experimental background indicates that RTE is more pronounced for heavy projectiles and light targets.
Synthesis and structure of cuboctahedral and anticuboctahedral cages containing 12 quadruply bonded dimolybdenum units.

The syntheses and structures of two clusters containing 12 Mo−Mo quadruple bonds, [Mo24(C12H12O4)24](C5H5N)12 and Mo24(C8H4O4)24, are reported. The 12 paddlewheel building blocks and 24 ligands self-assemble into cuboctahedral and anticuboctahedral polyhedra, respectively, depending on the manner in which the two halves of the cluster are aligned. These clusters contain twice as many dimolybdenum units as any previously reported cluster. Possible assembly mechanisms are also proposed.
Revising Method in Psychological Studies of Religious Matters: From Repeating to Remembering and Working-Through

Fundamental criticisms of research in psychology of religion are recurrently leveled by scholars—including psychologists of religion themselves: the character, intention, and validity of many studies are suspect; approaches are parochial; findings are often insubstantial. These valid critiques betray a neglected root cause: a problem of method. This essay examines method and method change, considers why inadequate methods persist as well as how operative methods are corrected. It identifies tacit problematic commitments and outlines contours of a revised method.
Public-Private Partnerships, Professional Sports Teams and the Protection of the Public’s Interests

Across the past 15 years, governments have invested more than $10 billion in the playing facilities used by professional sports teams to produce a set of tangible and intangible benefits. Too often...
Catholic social teaching and the employment relationship: A model for managing human resources in accordance with Vatican doctrine

Using relevant encyclicals issued over the last 100 years, the author extracts those principles that constitute the underpinnings of Catholic Social Teaching about the employment relationship and contemplates implications of their incorporation into human resource policy. Respect for worker dignity, for his or her family's economic security, and for the common good of society clearly emerge as the primary guidelines for responsible human resource management. Dovetailing these three Church mandates with the economic objectives of the firm could, in essence, alter the firm's nature because profit motivations would be constrained by consideration for worker and societal welfare. Integration of Church teaching with current corporate goals should therefore impact greatly on a variety of human resource policies.
Demonstration of a non-RNA nucleolar fraction by silver staining

Modifications are described of a technique for the silver staining of the nucleoli of plant and animal cells. The technique makes it possible to detect the sequences is the formation of nucleoli in cells. Autoradiographic studies of the same cells show that tritiated thymidine incorporation into micronuclei is correlated with the presence of silver stainable nuclear material. Applications of the technique for the study of nuclear formation and function in a variety of plant and animal cells are described. A non-RNA nuclear fraction was demonstrated by this technique.
Interaction between the glutamine cycle and the uptake of large neutral amino acids in astrocytes.

: When astrocyte cultures are incubated with glutamate and ammonium, the clearance of these substrates followed by the formation and export of glutamine simulates the action of the “glutamine cycle” that is believed to function in the CNS. In the present study this process was found to increase the uptake of large neutral amino acids (LNAAs), namely, histidine, kynurenine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, by two-to threefold in mouse cerebral astrocytes. The enhancement of kynurenine uptake was shown to depend on the formation of glutamine and to saturate at low levels of glutamine. LNAAs transiently lowered the glutamine content of astrocytes that were incubated with glutamate and ammonium, but they did not affect net export of glutamine to the solution at normal physiological pH. However, on adjustment of the pH of the solution to 7.8, which causes a large increase in glutamine content without affecting export, kynurenine now significantly increased net glutamine export. These findings relate to proposed mechanisms of cerebral dysfunction in hyperammonemia.
Relative sensitivity of Daphnia Magna, rainbow trout and fathead minnows to endosulfan

Flow-through and static tests were conducted with fathead minnows, rainbow trout and Daphnia magna to determine their relative sensitivities to measured concentrations of the insecticide endosulfan and to compare responses of fish in replicated static and flow-through exposure procedures. Fathead minnow 96-h static LC50 values were 1.3, 0.8 and 1.3 μg/L endosulfan. The 96-h LC50 values for fatheads in flow-through tests were 1.7 and 1.0 μg/L. Rainbow trout 96-h static LC50 values were 1.7 and 1.6 μg/L. The 96-h LC50 values for rainbows in flow-through tests were 0.3 and 0.4 μg/L. Acute 48-h static EC50 values for D. magna were 343 and 271 μg/L endosulfan. These results suggest that differences in species sensitivity can be as great as three orders of magnitude.
Hume on Regulating Belief and Moral Sentiment

There have been numerous discussions in recent years of Hume's general point of view. Some of the issues raised have been (1) Is the general point of view the moral point of view? (2) Is the general point of view necessary in order for a judgment to count as a moral judgment? (3) Does the general point of view provide a justificatory perspective or is it a psychological explanatory concept that explains how moral judgments are made without necessarily offering a standard or normative basis for moral judgments? (4) If a general point of view yields some notion of impartiality, then how does it do so without introducing rationalistic elements that would undermine the sentimentalist approach Hume defends?1 In this paper I offer an interpretation of Hume's general point of view in morals as, employing a photographic analogy, a kind of focusing activity. It allows for strengthening of sentiments for those remote and, through contrariety, weakening of sentiments for those near such that we are moved to focus on those effects that are typical and, through conversing with others, arrive at general principles of praise or blame. I also examine the general point of view in comparison to what Hume has to say about regulation of belief. The comparison with belief sheds new light, I think, on how production of contrariety through the general point of view is regulative in morals. On my interpretation of the general point of view, it does not undermine Hume's sentimentalist thesis in morals, but rather is a device by which sentiment is properly aroused and directed. The comparison with the belief-regulating
Dynamics of forward filtration combustion at the pore-network level

A pore-network model is developed, based on a dual lattice, to study the dynamics of forward filtration combustion (FC) in porous media at the pore-network scale. A novel moving coordinate method is also implemented that allows for the long-term profiles to be obtained in a straightforward manner. The model is used to reproduce recent analytical work, including the multiplicity of steady states for the nonadiabatic case, and to study a number of other effects. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect of the heterogeneity in the microstructure, introduced by the randomness in the pore radius. It is found that the local disorder leads to less oxidant consumption, as compared to the homogeneous case. This underprediction increases with an increase in the disorder, a decrease in the thermal conductivity, and a decrease in the spatial correlation. Temporary local extinction can result for sufficiently large injection rates. As a result of the heterogeneity, the spatially averaged reaction rate is generally different from the rate calculated based on the microscale Arrhenius expression, using the averaged variables, with discrepancies of a factor of 2 or higher not uncommon. Although this effect depends on the parameter values, it can be a cause of concern when the fronts at the small scale are sufficiently distorted. Coupling of fronts occurs in a layered system, when there is sufficient oxidant supply. These results show that the microscale geometry can have a strong influence on the overall macroscopic behavior of the process. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Sizing energy storage systems for wind power firming: An analytical approach and a cost-benefit analysis

Installing energy storage systems (ESS) for firming wind farm power can bring many benefits to both power grids and wind power developers. The grids benefit from better-behaved wind farms with less negative impacts while the wind power developers benefit from increased revenues. This study develops an analytical approach to determine the rating of ESS for the application. The approach effectiveness is validated by a case study where the ESS optimal ratings for eight wind farms are determined. The study also provides an economic analysis to estimate the profitability of the ESS projects. The approach proves to be a simple and flexible guide for solving the ESS-sizing problem. The quantitative results show that the ESS-application could be profitable. The study also reveals the need to further define and establish benefit criteria for ESS-related application with wind farms.
Magnetic Sensing with Ferrofluid and Fiber Optic Connectors

A simple, cost effective and sensitive fiber optic magnetic sensor fabricated with ferrofluid and commercially available fiber optic components is described in this paper. The system uses a ferrofluid infiltrated extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) interrogated with an infrared wavelength spectrometer to measure magnetic flux density. The entire sensing system was developed with commercially available components so it can be easily and economically reproduced in large quantities. The device was tested with two different ferrofluid types over a range of magnetic flux densities to verify performance. The sensors readily detected magnetic flux densities in the range of 0.5 mT to 12.0 mT with measurement sensitivities in the range of 0.3 to 2.3 nm/mT depending on ferrofluid type. Assuming a conservative wavelength resolution of 0.1 nm for state of the art EFPI detection abilities, the estimated achievable measurement resolution is on the order 0.04 mT. The inherent small size and basic structure complimented with the fabrication ease make it well-suited for a wide array of research, industrial, educational and military applications.
Comparison between calculated and measured photoelectron fluxes from Atmosphere Explorer C and E

The two-stream method has been used to calculate photoelectron fluxes. These results have been compared to those obtained by the photoelectron spectrometer on Atmosphere Explorers C and E. At both low altitudes, and higher altitudes (where transport effects are significant) the calculated and measured photoelectron fluxes yield good agreement. It is suggested that (1) better photoionization and scattering cross-section data will yield improved flux calculations, and (2) measurements of the pitch angle distribution are necessary for better high-altitude comparisons.
Linear prediction of ARMA processes with infinite variance

Abstract In order to predict unobserved values of a linear process with infinite variance, we introduce a linear predictor which minimizes the dispersion (suitably defined) of the error distribution. When the linear process is driven by symmetric stable white noise this predictor minimizes the scale parameter of the error distribution. In the more general case when the driving white noise process has regularly varying tails with index α, the predictor minimizes the size of the error tail probabilities. The procedure can be interpreted also as minimizing an appropriately defined l α -distance between the predictor and the random variable to be predicted. We derive explicitly the best linear predictor of X n +1 in terms of X 1 ,..., X n for the process ARMA(1, 1) and for the process AR( p ). For higher order processes general analytic expressions are cumbersome, but we indicate how predictors can be determined numerically.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of derivatives of various substituted indanones and tetralones

Abstract The proton NMR spectra of a series of 2-benzal-, 2-benzyl-, and 2-benzyl-2-bromo-indanones and a series of substituted 4,4-dimethyltetralones have been determined. The cis and trans isomers of 2-benzalindanones are easily identified through analysis of their PMR spectra. Peculiarities in the complex spectra of 2-benzyl and 2-benzyl-2-bromoindanones and tetralones are partially accounted for on the basis of conformational preference about the carbon-carbon bond attaching the 2-benzyl moiety to the 2-position of the indanone and tetralone rings. An internal complexation between the benzyl phenyl and the carbonyl group may be involved in some of these structures. The 4,4-dimethyltetralones exhibited two methyl resonances as a result of substitution in the 2-position and the stereo-structures are discussed in terms of conformational analysis.
Inactivation of Hippocampus or Caudate Nucleus with Lidocaine Differentially Affects Expression of Place and Response Learning

Involvement of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus in place and response learning was examined by functionally inactivating these brain regions bilaterally with infusions of lidocaine. Rats were trained to approach a consistently baited arm in a cross-maze from the same start box (four trials/day/14 total days). On Days 8 and 16 a single probe trial was given, in which rats were placed in the start box opposite that used in training and allowed to approach a maze arm. Three minutes prior to the probe trial, rats received bilateral injections of either saline or a 2% lidocaine solution (in order to produce neural inactivation) into either the dorsal hippocampus or dorsolateral caudate nucleus. On the probe trials, rats which entered the baited maze arm (i.e., approached the place where food was located during training) were designated place learners, and rats which entered the unbaited maze arm (i.e., made the same turning response as during training) were designated response learners. Saline-treated rats displayed place learning on the Day 8 probe trial and response learning on the Day 16 probe trial, indicating that with extended training there is a shift in learning mechanisms controlling behavior. Rats given lidocaine injections into the hippocampus showed no preference for place or response learning on the Day 8 probe trial, but displayed response learning on the Day 16 probe trial, indicating a blockade of place learning following inactivation of the hippocampus. Rats given lidocaine injections into the caudate nucleus displayed place learning on both the Day 8 and the Day 16 probe trials, indicating a blockade of response learning following inactivation of the caudate nucleus. The findings indicate: (1) the hippocampus and caudate nucleus selectively mediate expression of place and response learning, respectively (2), in a visually cued extramaze environment, hippocampal-dependent place learning is acquired faster than caudate-dependent response learning, and (3) when animals shift to caudate-dependent response learning with extended training, the hippocampal-based place representation remains intact.
“You Leave in a Body Bag or You Leave on the Points System”: Participant Perceptions of a Points and Levels System of Behavior Management

This qualitative study highlights the lived experiences of former residents of an adolescent residential treatment facility that utilizes the points and levels system of behavior management. Data from 30 in-depth interviews reveal participants’ overall perceptions of the lack of effectiveness of the points system for behavior change and emotional growth. Specifically, this analysis offers information about how the points system operated in this facility, helpful and hurtful aspects of the system, and ways in which the system itself forms barriers to genuine change. These findings strengthen advocacy for alternative methods in residential treatment that encourage meaningful and lasting behavioral and emotional change.
Quartz Fibre Accelerometers

New vertical and horizontal accelerometers based on torsion fibres of fused quartz and differential capacitance position sensors are discussed. The instruments have low drift, flat response from d.c. to nearly 1 Hz, and gain sufficient to measure tidal and seismic accelerations. They are small, weigh less than 9 kg, and have strict control of internal temperature and pressure. Tidal, free oscillation, and seismic data from the accelerometers are presented. Records of earthquakes of surface wave magnitude 6.5 to 7.5 yield free oscillation spectra with greater than 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Records of distant teleseisms provide a detection threshold of surface wave magnitude 2.5 at a distance of 30°. A record of the San Fernando earthquake of February 1971 gives an upper bound of 1mm for a vertical displacement step 190 km from the source.
Proper and common nouns: form class judgments in Broca's aphasia.

Abstract Studies of agrammatic Broca's aphasics' comprehension of sentences containing articles have demonstrated profound deficits. It has not been clear whether the impairments are due to an inability to isolate the article in the stream of speech, or to difficulty in the construction and/or interpretation of various syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic levels of representation. This paper reports three experiments on Broca's aphasics' ability to distinguish between common nouns (e.g., “a rose”) and proper nouns (e.g., “Rose”). This grammatical form class decision is signaled by the presence or absence of an article, and is represented at the lexical node level of linguistic analysis. The three experiments demonstrated that Broca's aphasics point to pictures representing classes of objects when asked to point to “the X” and point to pictures representing unique individuals when asked to point to “X”. Thus, they were shown to be able to use the presence or absence of an article to determine lexical category. Their performance was especially accurate in an oral language context which was highly redundant and in a written language context where patients themselves could control the rate of information flow. They were quantitatively impaired, relative to controls, in a third study, which made higher information processing demands. Moreover, in this third study nonsense syllables preceding the noun which are phonologically similar to a known article were much more likely to evoke the misclassification of its noun as common than were phonologically distinct nonsense syllables. These data indicate that Broca's aphasics indeed have some difficulty isolating the article in the stream of speech. Nevertheless, detailed analyses of aphasics' performance revealed their ability to distinguish between common nouns and proper nouns even under these demanding conditions. Taken together, the three studies show that insofar as agrammatic patients are able to keep track of the presence or absence of articles, they can make a grammatical decision at the lexical node level of linguistic analysis. We conclude, then, that agrammatic Broca's aphasics are particularly impaired in the use of articles to construct and/or interpret phrasal constituents.