cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles and Practices of Sustainable Vegetable Production Systems

Our production systems are at a pivotal stage in terms of meeting consumer demand for affordable food while improving sustainability. Current intensive crop production practices designed to maximize yield have created an unstable, fragile, and non-sustainable production system. Such systems are prone to reduced soil quality, frequent insect and disease resurgence, emergence of resistant weed species, reduced food quality, and detrimental effects on the health and well-being of our communities. With increasing awareness among consumers of produce quality, nutritional value, methods of crop production and effects of production techniques on the environment, there has been a strong move to improve the quality of our production systems. Grower response to this change has been supportive. Growers have shown interest in developing resilient and stable production systems through the adoption of production practices that enhance soil health, crop productivity, and improve long-term farm sustainability and profitability. This chapter will highlight various production techniques, practices, and tools employed by vegetable growers to improve sustainability of their production systems. Such practices emphasize the use of natural processes within farming systems, often called ‘ecologically sound’ practices which build resilience through synergies and complementarities within the field, the farm, and across our landscape and communities. Some of the key practices include conservation (or reduced) tillage systems, cover cropping, crop diversity including crop rotations and intercropping, use of suitable crop cultivars, efficient water use, sound nutrient management plans, and integrated pest management. Sustainable production systems are complex and dynamic and can involve diverse number of production practices. This chapter will also illustrate inherent challenges and trade-offs that growers could face while adopting such practices.
Pregnancy in Women With Systemic Lupus and Lupus Nephritis

Pregnancy is an altered immunologic state in which hormonal changes impact the immune system to enable maternal tolerance of the fetus. These hormonal and immunologic changes may affect disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Conversely, lupus nephritis and its complications may adversely impact pregnancy. Systemic lupus erythematosus increases the risk of pre-eclampsia and its complications, including preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. Comorbidities such as impaired kidney function and hypertension confer additional risk and complexity. Medications used to treat lupus nephritis may impact the fetus, so therapy needs to be tailored to balance maternal benefit and fetal risk. The diagnosis of lupus nephritis during pregnancy can be difficult, as it shares overlapping features with pre-eclampsia. Kidney biopsy is generally safe in pregnancy, and should be considered if the result will affect management. Here we review the clinical aspects of counseling, diagnosis, and management of lupus nephritis in pregnancy.
Segmental congenital hemangiomas: Three cases of a rare entity

Congenital hemangiomas (CHs) are unusual and diverse tumors distinguished from infantile hemangiomas by being largely developed at birth and glucose transporter (GLUT1)-negative. We describe three infants who presented in utero or at birth with segmentally distributed vascular tumors that were GLUT1-negative, had histology compatible with congenital hemangioma, and exhibited spontaneous clinical involution. One of the three patients had high-output cardiac failure and was found to have a mutation in GNAQ (c.626A>c, p.Gln209Pro); another had high-output cardiac failure, heterotaxy, and transient hematologic abnormalities and was found to have a mutation in GNA11 (c.626_627delinsCC, p.Gln209Pro). In addition to describing a novel segmental pattern of congenital hemangioma variant with genetic correlations, these cases illustrate the utility of targeted genetic testing to elucidate the exact mutation and thus classification of vascular tumors.
Mild behavioral impairment as a predictor of cognitive functioning in older adults.

Objective To assess the influence of mild behavioral impairment (MBI) on the cognitive performance of older adults who are cognitively healthy or have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Secondary data analysis of a sample (n = 497) of older adults from the Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center who were either cognitively healthy (n = 285) or diagnosed with MCI (n = 212). Over half of the sample (n = 255) met the operationalized diagnostic criteria for MBI. Cognitive domains of executive function, attention, short-term memory, and episodic memory were assessed using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results Older adults with MBI performed worse on tasks of executive function, attention, and episodic memory compared to those without MBI. A significant interaction revealed that persons with MBI and MCI performed worse on tasks of episodic memory compared to individuals with only MCI, but no significant differences were found in performance in cognitively healthy older adults with or without MBI on this cognitive domain. As expected, cognitively healthy older adults performed better than individuals with MCI on every domain of cognition. Conclusions The present study found evidence that independent of cognitive status, individuals with MBI performed worse on tests of executive function, attention, and episodic memory than individuals without MBI. Additionally, those with MCI and MBI perform significantly worse on episodic memory tasks than individuals with only MCI. These results provide support for a unique cognitive phenotype associated with MBI and highlight the necessity for assessing both cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
Tobacco smoke exposure limits the therapeutic benefit of tezacaftor/ivacaftor in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Objectives Tobacco smoke exposure reduces CFTR functional expression in vitro and contributes to acquired CFTR dysfunction. We investigated whether it also inhibits the clinical benefit of CFTR modulators, focusing on tezacaftor/ivacaftor, approved in February 2018 for individuals with CF age ≥12 years. Methods A retrospective longitudinal analysis of encounter-based data from the CF Foundation Patient Registry (2016–2018) compared the slope of change in lung function (GLI FEV1% predicted) before and after tezacaftor/ivacaftor initiation in smoke-exposed vs unexposed age-eligible pediatric patients. Tobacco smoke exposure (Ever/Never) was determined from caregiver self-report. Statistical analyses used hierarchical linear mixed modeling and fixed effects regression modeling. Results The sample included 6,653 individuals with a total of 105,539 person-period observations. Tezacaftor/ivacaftor was prescribed to 19% (1,251) of individuals, mean age 17 years, mean baseline ppFEV1 83%, 28% smoke-exposed. Tezacaftor/ivacaftor users who were smoke-exposed had a lower baseline ppFEV1 and experienced a greater lung function decline. Over two years, the difference in ppFEV1 by smoke exposure among tezacaftor/ivacaftor users increased by 1.2% (7.6% to 8.8%, p Conclusion Tobacco smoke exposure nullifies the therapeutic benefit of tezacaftor/ivacaftor among individuals with CF aged 12–20 years old. To maximize the therapeutic opportunity of CFTR modulators, every effort must be taken to eliminate smoke exposure in CF.
Impacts of Early Postpartum Metabolism on Follicular Development and Fertility

High producing dairy cows often experience low rates of conception during the target breeding period of 60 to 120 d postpartum (Faust et al., 1988; Harrison et al., 1990). Low fertility is costly for dairy producers because of extra expenditures for semen and insemination and because of reduced income from excessive days open (Britt, 1985). Cows that fail to conceive to AI between 60 and 120 d postpartum often are bred to clean-up bulls of unknown genetic merit. This not only affects long-range potential income for producers, but it reduces the number of records available for AI progeny testing programs. Review of experimental data and careful study of published papers reveal that not all high producing healthy cows experience low fertility during the breeding period (Butler and Smith, 1989; Fonseca et al.,1983; Helmer and Britt, 1986; Staples et al.,1990). On a within-herd basis, the association between level of production and fertility is often weak (Fonseca et al., 1983). This leads one to suspect that factors other than high production per se are responsible for low fertility. It is with this concept in mind that we have begun to examine various biological pathways that might account for differences in fertility in otherwise healthy high-producing cows. This paper will focus on one potential pathway namely the latent effect of early postpartum metabolism on quality of follicles destined to ovulate during the breeding period. Such follicles influence fertility in two ways: 1) through the quality grade or viability of the ovulated oocytes, and 2) through the amount of progesterone secreted by corpora lutea (CL) formed from these follicles (Fonseca et al., 1983). This paper examines the possibility that quality of a follicle is dependent on the conditions under which it begins its initial development many weeks prior to ovulation.
Leptospira interrogans Serovar hardjo Infection of Cattle

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by infection with the spirochete bacterium Leptospira interrogans. L. interrogans is further divided on the basis of antigenic relatedness into serovars. Approximately 200 different serovars of L. interrogans have been identified and within a geographic area, certain serovars are prevalent and become adapted to a particular maintenance host (Table 1). In the United States the serovars of L. interrogans most commonly associated with bovine leptospirosis are hardjo, pomona and grippotyphosa. Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and bratislava are also occasionally associated with leptospirosis in cattle.
To Delegate or Not to Delegate? On the Quality of Voluntary Corporate Financial Disclosure and Its Market Impacts

This study investigates the impact of delegation structure of the top management team upon the quality of corporate voluntary disclosure on financial outcomes. The paper develops two competing hypotheses pertaining to the functional relationship between the degree of delegation and the management forecast accuracy. On the one hand, as indicated by the literature on internal governance, the efficacy of the top management team is optimized when neither CEO nor subordinate managers are dominant. On the other hand, literature has extensively documented the importance and centrality of the CEO as well as the relevancy of the subordinate managers to the voluntary disclosure activities. The empirical findings are in support of an inverted hump shape relationship between the degree of delegation and the quality of voluntary information provision, suggesting that an internal optimality of responsibility sharing between CEO and her immediate subordinates does not exist for internal information production and external information dissemination. Partial delegation and mixed executive duties lead to deteriorating quality of voluntary disclosure. In particular, the paper analyzes several aspects of managerial earnings forecasts (MFs), including bias, error, accuracy and optimism. The uncovered functional shapes are generally persistent across multiple quality metrics for MFs. Consistent with the literature on executive horizon and risk propensity, the inverted hump shape is more significant when the top management team is led by an older CEO. The paper employs an identification strategy of structural equations, controlling for selection bias and reverse causality. The empirical results are more significant in the analysis of structural equations. To theoretically underpin the arguments and empirical findings, a model of internal information production is developed in the framework of Baysian Nash Equilibrium. The paper further documents that when the delegation structure is clear, namely either the CEO or subordinates are in charge, the liquidity of company’s shares improves. The empirical evidence also indicates that the variation of liquidity driven by delegation structure is not actively incorporated in stock prices.
Pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease by deficiency of NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A

The Ca2+ hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) conceives Ca2+ dyshomeostasis as a common mechanism of AD; the cause of Ca2+ dysregulation, however, is obscure. Meanwhile, hyperactivities of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), the primary mediator of Ca2+ influx, are reported in AD. GluN3A (NR3A) is an NMDAR inhibitory subunit. We hypothesize that GluN3A is critical for sustained Ca2+ homeostasis and its deficiency is pathogenic for AD. Cellular, molecular, and functional changes were examined in adult/aging GluN3A knockout (KO) mice. The GluN3A KO mouse brain displayed age-dependent moderate but persistent neuronal hyperactivity, elevated intracellular Ca2+ , neuroinflammation, impaired synaptic integrity/plasticity, and neuronal loss. GluN3A KO mice developed olfactory dysfunction followed by psychological/cognitive deficits prior to amyloid-β/tau pathology. Memantine at preclinical stage prevented/attenuated AD syndromes. AD patients' brains show reduced GluN3A expression. We propose that chronic "degenerative excitotoxicity" leads to sporadic AD, while GluN3A represents a primary pathogenic factor, an early biomarker, and an amyloid-independent therapeutic target.
Crowning Achievements: A historioludic analysis of the achievement metagame in historical simulation games

This research attempts to extend established broad typologies of digital badging (and its comparable game design patterns such as achievements and trophies) into a domain-specific area of scholarly inquiry–specifically that of historical games. By examining an initial set of historical games and their achievements within the combined context of extant theory on historical game studies, this work builds a typology of historical engagement via coding game achievements; this approach aims to provide insights into how these extra-ludic systems are used to influence historical engagement during play, and the degree to which specific games and game developers are invested in guiding historical inquiry via play.
Continuous Monitoring of Lead Contamination in Unleaded Gasoline

A field test was conducted to study the feasibility of monitoring trace lead in shipments of unleaded gasoline by means of an X-ray fluorescence continuous low lead analyzer. Field data of good precision were in agreement with the accepted ASTM D-3237 atomic absorption method. X-ray Fluorescence appears to be the best practical method available to determine the average level of lead contamination in large volumes of unleaded gasoline in the field with accuracy and precision. /GMRL/
Multidisciplinary dynamic optimization of horizontal axis wind turbine design

The design of physical (plant) and control aspects of a dynamic system have traditionally been treated as two separate problems, often solved in sequence. Optimizing plant and control design disciplines separately results in sub-optimal system designs that do not capitalize on the synergistic coupling between these disciplines. This coupling is inherent in most actively controlled dynamic systems, including wind turbines. In this case structural and control design both affect energy production and loads on the turbine. This article presents an integrated approach to achieve system-optimal wind turbine designs using co-design, a design methodology that accounts directly for the synergistic coupling between physical and control system design. A case study, based on multidisciplinary simulation, is presented here that demonstrates a promising increase (up to 8%) in annualized wind turbine energy production compared to the results of a conventional sequential design strategy. The case study also revealed specific synergistic mechanisms that enable performance improvements, which are accessible via co-design but not sequential design.
Pharmacodynamics of Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents

This chapter focuses on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the quinolone antimicrobials in in vitro models, in animal infection models, and in humans. It demonstrates that there are many more similarities in results among the various models than there are differences. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the quinolone antimicrobial agents exhibit concentration-dependent killing across a wide range of concentrations. A variety of different parameters have been used to characterize the killing characteristics of the quinolone antimicrobials. There are a variety of in vitro and in vivo persistent effects that have been characterized for the quinolone antimicrobial agents. The first study correlating pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of the fluoroquinolones with clinical response in humans was published by Peloquin. In this study, which evaluated intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients with lower respiratory tract infections, time above MIC was reported to be the important parameter for eradication of the organism from respiratory secretions. Knowledge of the major PK/PD parameter determining efficacy and the magnitude of that target required for efficacy of specific pathogens has proven to be helpful for developing new quinolone agents, predicting the activity of new quinolone formulations, developing guideline recommendations, and establishing susceptibility and resistance breakpoints for susceptibility testing. Initial studies suggest that pharmacodynamics can also be important in preventing the emergence of resistance. More in vitro, animal and human studies are necessary to fully document the usefulness of pharmacodynamic evaluation in optimizing therapy with the quinolone antimicrobial agents.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Can Induce B7-Independent Antigen-Specific Development of IL-4-Producing T Cells from Naive CD4 T Cells In Vivo

Th2 immune responses to a number of infectious pathogens are dependent on B7-1/B7-2 costimulatory molecule interactions. We have now examined the Th2 immune response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) in B7-1/B7-2(-/-) mice and show that Th2 effector cells develop that can mediate worm expulsion and produce substantial Th2 cytokines comparable with wild-type infected mice; however, in marked contrast, B cell Ag-specific Ab production is abrogated after B7 blockade. To examine the mechanism of T cell activation, OVA-specific DO11.10 T cells were transferred to recipient mice, which were then immunized with a combination of Nb plus OVA or either alone. Only the combination of Nb plus OVA triggered T cell differentiation to OVA-specific Th2 cells, suggesting that Nb acts as an adjuvant to stimulate Ag-specific naive T cells to differentiate to effector Th2 cells. Furthermore, using the DO11.10 TCR-transgenic T cell adoptive transfer model, we show that blocking B7-1/B7-2 interactions does not impair nonparasite Ag-specific DO11.10 Th2 cell differentiation; however, DO11.10 T cell cycle progression and migration to the B cell zone are inhibited.
Large-Molecular-Weight Precursors of Sindbis Virus Proteins

Infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Sindbis virus at the nonpermissive temperature leads to the accumulation of a large-molecular-weight protein. We have shown that this protein contains 14C-arginine tryptic peptides present in the three virion proteins. We have also found that a slightly smaller protein which is detected in Sindbis-infected BHK cells contains the 14C-arginine tryptic peptides of the two envelope proteins but not those of the capsid protein. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that the Sindbis virus protein in BHK cells is cleaved to the envelope proteins.
Shape Change and Variation in the Cranial Morphology of Wild Canids (Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Canis rufus) Compared to Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Using Geometric Morphometrics

Wild canid populations exhibit different anatomical morphologies compared to domesticated dogs in North America. This is particularly important concerning archaeological sites, which may contain early domesticated species, for the proper identification of osteological remains. Previous studies have indicated domestic dogs exhibit a shorter rostrum accompanied by a crowded tooth row; however, none describe the overall complexity of these changes. Consequently, using a landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis, cranial morphological characteristics were examined in North American wild canids: the gray wolf (Canis lupus), coyote (Canis latrans), red wolf (Canis rufus), and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). The shape and size of the cranium in lateral and ventral views were compared between the three wild species to the group of domesticated dogs. Wild canids clustered separately from the domestic group in all statistical analyses. Results indicate an expansion of the orbital region, a compression of the rostrum, and an overall warping in the shape and orientation of the skull. In domestic species, there is also a downward shift in the frontal portion of the skull accompanied by the braincase assuming a more upward position. This technique successfully depicted how slight changes in isolated areas of the cranium can have an impact on the overall shape and morphology of the skull. We presume these changes in cranial anatomy reflect the recent selective pressures domestic dogs have undergone since diverging from their wild ancestors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex Systems and Human Behavior by Christopher G. Hudson

In the introduction to Complex Systems and Human Behavior, author Christopher G. Hudson notes that this work is not “light reading.” This is true, and something readers should know before they begi...
Cultures of drinking: a workplace perspective

Michelle Fine, Ph.D., was, at the time Social workers have recognized that of writing, Research Director, Sheila a significant portion of the popula H. Akabas, Ph.D., was Director, tion that seeks help at social agencies and Susan Bellinger, MS, was Associand mentai health and medical care ate Director, Industrial Social Welfare facilities suffer from drinking prob Center, School of Social Work, Colum, , ^ , , » • jj v \t viai vi lems.1 For a long time, social workers bia University, New York, New York. . . , .. ... Dr. Fine is currently Assistant Profeshave regarded such clients with frus sor of Psychology and Education, Unit ration or, frequently, have neglected versify of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, themClients' denial of their problems and Ms. Bellinger is Program Consulwith alcohol often interfere with the tant, Human Services Management Inpotential for a positive outcome from stitute, New York, New York. A version the social work intervention. Recently, of this article was presented at a joint service providers have developed a meeting of the National Association of more hopeful outlook toward such Social Workers and the Association of die in as a resu,t of rience / /I n/ll* /I M/T/>/1 /» M I A si fcVl IMIkIi'mIaVI' * Labor-Management Administrators .iL , , ^ * m i r h// with occupational service programs. and Consultants on Alcoholism, Wash. . ington, D.C., October 1980. The While service Providers in occupational work for this article was funded in part settings have reconfirmed the wide ly Grant No. 5-T21-MH-l4462-05from spread existence of problem drinkers, the National Institute for Mental they have also identified a new and Health. The authors would like to acgenerally effective mechanism for knowledge the contributions of ameliorating the situation.2 Problem Meredith Hanson and James Bergin. drinkers who are seen by industrial so cial workers are often in jeopardy of losing their jobs, a situation that consti tutes a clear and present danger for the client.3 Professionals have been able to convert this "job jeopardy" into a strategy for helping many workers with this problem. This "constructive con frontation" model, which grows out of the work setting, has proved to be a useful first step in the treatment pro cess. Helping clients understand their drinking problems in terms of the jeop ardy they entail (loss of work, income, and peers) has also proved applicable to other practice settings. The important attributes of a service program in an occupational setting— access to clients in need of service and
Theorizing Land Cover and Land Use Change: The Peasant Economy of Amazonian Deforestation

Abstract This article addresses deforestation processes in the Amazon basin, using regression analysis to assess the impact of household structure and economic circumstances on land use decisions made by colonist farmers in the forest frontiers of Brazil. Unlike many previous regression-based studies, the methodology implemented analyzes behavior at the level of the individual property, using both survey data and information derived from the classification of remotely sensed imagery. The regressions correct for endogenous relationships between key variables and spatial autocorrelation, as necessary. Variables used in the analysis are specified, in part, by a theoretical development integrating the Chayanovian concept of the peasant household with spatial considerations stemming from von Thunen. Results from the empirical model indicate that demographic characteristics of households, as well as market factors, affect deforestation in the Amazon basin associated with colonists. Therefore, statistical result...
Pattern Recognition And Real-Time Boresight Correction-A Tutorial

Advancements in technology over the past decade have opened doors for accomplishing computational tasks that were not imagined possible at the beginning of that period. Coupled with some recent concepts in pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, optical tracking system configurations with excellent tracking reliability and with the capability to correct for boresight error in real-time are within the scope of current technology. Aspects of the problem and the new supporting technology are discussed in this paper to put these developments into perspective.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Explaining Afro-Caribbean Social Mobility in the United States: Beyond the Sowell Thesis

A considerable debate has surrounded the question of Afro-Caribbeans and their social mobility in the United States, much of it based on or written in response to the work of Thomas Sowell. The polemical purpose of a large portion of this literature has diminished its value: designed to deny or excuse American racism or to lay the blame for the sorry predicament of Afro-America on Afro-Americans themselves, it has operated in a historical vacuum as far as Afro-Americans are concerned. Equally so Afro-Caribbeans, whose history—largely ignored in studies of American and Afro-American history—is also, inexplicably, neglected in the large literature on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American immigration. The debate over Afro-Caribbean social mobility and Sowell's controversial arguments has been dominated by anthropologists and sociologists with little expertise or apparent interest in the history of Afro-Caribbeans and their immigration to the United States and little acquaintance with the historical experience of Afro-Americans. This historical vacuum must be filled if we are ever to make sense of the Afro-Caribbean experience and, in particular, the social mobility of black immigrants in the United States.
Detecting Departure From Additivity Along a Fixed-Ratio Mixture Ray With a Piecewise Model for Dose and Interaction Thresholds

For mixtures of many chemicals, a ray design based on a relevant, fixed mixing ratio is useful for detecting departure from additivity. Methods for detecting departure involve modeling the response as a function of total dose along the ray. For mixtures with many components, the interaction may be dose dependent. Therefore, we have developed the use of a three-segment model containing both a dose threshold and an interaction threshold. Prior to the dose threshold, the response is that of background; between the dose threshold and the interaction threshold, an additive relationship exists; the model allows for departure from additivity beyond the interaction threshold. With such a model, we can conduct a hypothesis test of additivity, as well as a test for a region of additivity. The methods are illustrated with cytotoxicity data that arise when Chinese hamster ovary cells are exposed to a mixture of nine haloacetic acids.
Acute mastoiditis with temporomandibular joint effusion.

Acute otitis media has a markedly lower incidence of intra- and extratemporal sequelae today than in the preantibiotic era. Among the complications of acute otitis media, mastoiditis continues to be the most common intratemporal complication. The classic description of acute mastoiditis involves a child with antecedent acute otitis media who develops high fever, severe otalgia, postauricular erythema, and tenderness. There is frequently a degree of postauricular swelling, suggesting the presence of subperiostial abscess. Contemporary studies of mastoiditis describe the clinical presentation with several prominent clinical features, including otalgia (98% incidence), fever (83%), abnormal appearance of the tympanic membrane (88%), abnormal appearance of the external auditory canal (80%), postauricular edema (76%), auricular proptosis (42%), and otorrhea (26%).1 Because the overall incidence of mastoiditis has plummeted in the postantibiotic era, it is less frequently encountered by the otolaryngologist. Atypical presentations, therefore, have become proportionately more scarce and present a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. We describe a case of acute, coalescent mastoiditis whose atypical presentation, with massive TMJ effusion and trismus, highlights the anatomic relationship of this joint to the mastoid and middle ear.
Design and certification of low-cost distributed Control-By-Light aircraft control systems for part 25 aircraft

Raytheon has developed and is certifying fault-tolerant low- cost distributed Control-By-Light TM technology for use in the next generation of Civil, Regional, and General Aviation aircraft. Distributed Control-By-Light TM holds significant promise when applied to complex sensor/actuator systems such as aircraft controls. CBL TM systems replace mechanical, hydraulic and electrical controls presently used to monitor, control and display flight, engine, and utility functions, and has substantial weight, cost, safety, and performance advantages over today's mechanical and Fly-By- Wire techniques. This paper describes the system concepts and outlines the formal certification program presently underway.
The post–NAFTA influence of Trade Adjustment Assistance on the U.S. garment industry

This paper analyses the influence of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) programme on the garment industry. It evaluates costs and benefits and the factors affecting TAA certification and denial processes of petitions for firms and displaced import–impacted garment employees following trade liberalisation. Theoretically, we place the TAA model within the Second Welfare theorem that considers welfare optimum after transfers such as TAA. Empirically, we used recently available TAA time–series data in both partial (PE) and computational general equilibrium (CGE) points of view. The partial equilibrium approach examines the conventional effect trade liberalization has in expanding the area of measuring consumer surplus. The resulting welfare gain, based on prevalent tariff rates, price elasticity, and value of imports, is netted for estimates of costs to the displaced employees. In the general equilibrium approach, we developed a NAFTA vs. the rest of the world (ROW) model with a view of reconciling the PE estimate with the usually upward biased CGE estimates. The resulting welfare estimates include the PE estimate. Both the PE and CGE assessments of TAA's influence on the troubled garment industry have shown that TAA benefits were significant for the performance of the industry during the trade liberalisation era. The twin estimations show a robust view of TAA performance, in the direction of cushioning distress to displaced workers and minimising transition costs to other job placements or to retirement, while allowing for an increase in efficiency that may be gained from liberalising trade.
Control of a robot interacting with an uncertain viscoelastic environment with adjustable force bounds

This paper focuses on developing a neural network (NN) based force limiting controller for a robot interacting with an uncertain Hunt-Crossley viscoelastic environment. The proposed controller consists of a bounded NN term and saturated feedback which limits the control force to a known bound, which can be changed by adjusting the feedback gains. The Lyapunov-based controller, dependent only on position and velocity measurements, is shown to guarantee global uniformly ultimately bounded (GUUB) stability of the system despite uncertainties in the robot and the viscoelastic environment.
Cheers: alcohol-aware strobing ice cubes

This video introduces 'Cheers' - ice cubes that measure alcohol consumption, illuminate to give visual feedback and strobe to the ambient music.
Diagnosing the site of gamma-ray burst prompt emission with spectral cut-off energy

The site and mechanism of gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt emission is still unknown. Although internal shocks have been widely discussed as the emission site of GRBs, evidence supporting other emission sites, including the closer-in photosphere where the fireball becomes transparent and further-out radii near the fireball deceleration radius where magnetic dissipation may be important, have been also suggested recently. With the successful operation of the GLAST experiment, prompt high-energy emission spectra from many GRBs would be detected in the near future. We suggest that the cut-off energy of the prompt emission spectrum from a GRB depends on both the fireball bulk Lorentz factor and the unknown emission radius from the central engine. If the bulk Lorentz factor could be independently measured (e.g. from early afterglow observations), the observed spectral cut-off energy can be used to diagnose the emission site of gamma-rays. This would provide valuable information to understand the physical origin of GRB prompt emission.
Rank-size distribution and primate city characteristics in India--a temporal analysis.

This paper is an analysis of the historical change in city size distribution in India from the perspectives provided by Zipf and Jefferson. Rank-size distribution at national level and primate city-size distribution at regional levels are examined. India's national urban system is gradually evolving towards Zipf's rank-size distribution. But primate cities have persisted in three of the four macro-regions in India. The paper also examines, in the Indian context, the relation between rank-size distribution and an integrated urban system, and the normative nature of the latter as a spatial organization of human society. Finally, we have made a modest attempt to locate the research on city-size distribution, especially Berry's system-theoretic interpretation of rank-size distribution, on the realm of the political economy of urbanization.
Terthienyl and Poly-terthienyl Ligands as Redox-Switchable Hemilabile Ligands for Oxidation-State-Dependent Molecular Uptake and Release

Mononuclear, dinuclear, and polymeric Ru(II) complexes formed from terthienylalkylphosphino redox-switchable hemilabile ligands demonstrate that this class of ligand provides electrochemical control over the electronic properties, coordination environments, and reactivities of bound transition metals. Specifically, [CpRuCO(κ2-3‘-(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)-5,5‘ ‘-dimethyl-2,2‘:5‘,2‘ ‘-terthiophene)][B(C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4] (4a) exhibits a 3 orders of magnitude increase in binding affinity for acetonitrile upon terthienyl-based oxidation. FT-IR spectroelectrochemical experiments on 4a indicate that terthienyl-based oxidation removes electron density from the metal center, equivalent to approximately 11−17% of the electronic change that occurs upon direct oxidation of Ru(II) to Ru(III) in analogous complexes. The spectroelectrochemical responses of 4a were compared to those of dimeric and polymeric analogues of 4a. The spectroelectrochemistry of the dimer is consistent with two sequential, one-electron ligand-b...
Preparation of a microporous cell by dissolution of core particles within a core-shell-type composite powder-preparation of titania or silica microporous cells

Core-shell-type composite powders were prepared by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide or tetraethyl orthosilicate in a dispersion of core particles adsorbed with water in hexane. Microporous cells could be made of the composite powder dissolved within the core particles in acetic acid solution. The content of titania in BaCO33-TiO2 composite powder was controlled by the amount of water adsorbed. The pore volume of the microporous cell changed with the content of titania. BaCO3-TiO2 composite powder was heated at 600°C for 10 h and barium ions in the core particles were diffused to titania. Thus, microporous cells composed of the BaTiO3 ultrafine particles were prepared.
Epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia: An institutional experience of safety and efficacy

Background Epicardial ablation has been shown to be a useful adjunct for treatment of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Objective To report the trends, safety, and efficacy of epicardial mapping and ablation at a single center over an 8-year period. Methods Patients referred for VT ablation (June 2004 to July 2011) were divided into 3 groups: ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), and idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Patients with scar-mediated VT who underwent combined epicardial and endocardial (epi-endo) mapping and ablation were compared with those who underwent endocardial-only (endo-only) ablation with regard to patient characteristics, acute procedural success, 6- and 12-month clinical outcomes. Results Among 144 patients referred for VT ablation, 95 patients underwent 109 epicardial procedures (94% access rate). Major complications were seen in 8 patients (8.8%) with pericardial bleeding (>80 cm 3 ) in 6 cases (6.7%), although no tamponade, surgical intervention, or procedural mortality was seen. Patients with ICM who underwent a combined epi-endo ablation had improved freedom from VT compared with those who underwent endo-only ablation at 12 months (85% vs 56%; P = .03). In patients with NICM, no differences were seen between those who underwent epi-endo ablation and those who underwent endo-only ablation at 12 months (36% vs 33%; P = 1.0). In idiopathic VA, only 2 of 17 patients were successfully ablated from the epicardium. Conclusions In this large tertiary single-center experience, complication rates are acceptably low and improved clinical outcomes were associated with epi-endo ablation in patients with ICM. Patients with NICM represent a growing referred population, although clinical recurrence remains high despite epicardial ablation. Epicardial ablation has a low yield in idiopathic VA.
Nature of the immunogenic moiety recognized by the human T cell proliferating in response to trinitrophenyl-modified self-antigens.

Abstract The nature of the immunogenic moiety recognized by the human T cell proliferating in response to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified self-antigens was investigated. T cells were primed in vitro for 7 days in the presence of TNP-modified monocytes, washed, and cultured for 48 hr in the presence of fresh TNP-modified autologous monocytes, and then their proliferation was measured. Rabbit antiserum against TNP inhibited the proliferative response of primed T cells to fresh TNP-modified monocytes as well as to TNP-modified monocytes that had been aged for 18 hr. This inhibition resulted from the masking of native TNP determinant by anti-TNP and not from the clearance of monocyte-processed TNP in a bystander fashion nor from the masking of TNP-deviatized HLA-DR determinants, because the proliferative response of fresh T cells to TNP-modified tetanus toxoid antigen-pulsed monocytes was not affected by the addition of anti-TNP. These results suggest that the immunogenic moiety relevant to the T cells is expressed at the surface of the monocytes and contains native TNP. Turkey antiserum to human B-cell glycoprotein p29.34 but not to human B 2 -microglobulin inhibited the proliferative response of primed T cells to TNP-modified monocytes. Furthermore, a HLA-DR-related gene dose effect was observed when TNP-primed T cells were stimulated in the presence of TNP-modified monocytes that shared none, one, or two of their DR antigens with the T cells. The present data can be interpreted to indicate that the human T cells that proliferate in response to TNP-modified self-antigens recognize the native TNP hapten configuration in association with products of the HLA-DR region. Unlike protein antigens such as tetanus toxoid the TNP hapten may not require processing by monocytes to elicit a proliferative response in T cells.
A Closer Look at the Advanced-Standing Program in Social Work Education

The abbrevtated advanced-standing program in social work education is evaluated in light of evidence that Bachelor of Social Work as compared to non-Bachelor of Social Work degree applicants are substantially less prepared to pursue graduate studies. Except for a few applicants from prestige colleges, discrepancies between the undergraduate grade potnt average and scores on the Graduate Record Examination and Test of Standard Written English reveal the existence of undergraduate grade inflation in most public and private institutions of higher education. A method for discounting the undergraduate grade point average is presented. Adopting an admissions policy that sets a higher graduate record examination or discounted undergraduate grade point average standard for acceptance into the advanced-standing program is recom mended by virtue of the unavoidable tradeoff between quantity and quality.
Immunohistochemical localizations of cytochromes P-450 in rat liver.

Abstract Antibodies produced against two forms of cytochrome P-450, PB-B and MC-B, which were purified to apparent homogeneity from hepatic microsomes of rats pretreated with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, respectively, have been employed to localize these hemoproteins immunohistochemically at the light microscopic level in the livers of untreated rats. Using these antibodies in an unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, immunohistochemical staining for the cytochromes P-450 was detected in parenchymal cells throughout the liver lobule. The patterns of immunohistochemical staining intensity observed with the two antibodies, however, were quite different. Exposure of liver sections to the antibody to cytochrome P-450 PB-B resulted in intense immunostaining within the centrilobular regions but produced staining of considerably weaker intensity in the peripheral regions of the lobule. In contrast to these observations, the antibody to cytochrome P-450 MC-B yielded a more uniform pattern of immunohistochemical staining, with the intensity of staining being only slightly greater in the centrilobular regions. The results of this immunohistochemical study thus demonstrate that different patterns of distribution exist for different forms of cytochrome P-450 within the liver lobule and that the greatest concentration of cytochrome P-450 occurs within the centrilobular regions of the liver.
Lunar rover developments at JPL

Results of previous JPL developments are summarized and the current work related to lunar roving missions is discussed. Objectives of a long lunar transverse are reviewed and include lunar resource prospecting and base site surveys. Rover design criteria are presented, noting that payload instrumentation would include both television cameras for driving and cameras producing panoramic facsimile for high-fidelity scientific imaging and landmark navigation, as well as a multipurpose imaging system with multispectral, close-up, and microscopic capabilities. Instrumentation providing for chemical and mineral analysis, a gravimeter, and a magnetometer are also important. Rover performance requirements include a capability to support a 50 kg payload mass with a rover mass of 500 to 600 kg, powering and supporting the payload, managing the on-board resources available to each instrument, and handling all of the mission data. Desert tests of lunar roving navigation and field geology are discussed.
Motivations for pleasure vacation

Abstract Crompton, John L., “Motivations for Pleasure Vacations,” Annals of Tourism Research, October/December 1979, VI(4):408–424. The study is concerned with identifying those motives of pleasure vacationers which influence the selection of a destination. It also seeks to develop a conceptual framework capable of encompassing such motives. Empirically nine motives were identified. Seven were classified as socio-psychological, namely: escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction. The two remaining motives, novelty and education, formed the alternate cultural category. The latter were noted to be at least partially aroused by the particular qualities that a destination offered. By contrast socio-psychological motives were found to be unrelated to destination attributes. Here the emphasis shifted from the destination itself to its function as a medium through which socio-pschological needs could be satisfied. The research data suggest that the tourist industry may usefully pay greater attention to socio-psychological motives in developing product and promotion strategies.
Preliminary considerations on meson cyclotrons

The design criteria for cyclotrons producing large fluxes of π and μ mesons are discussed. A sample design for the acceleration of protons to 700 MeV is described. The dees are placed in the valleys, which are made three times as wide as the hills. This geometry gives optimum focusing and results in a relatively weak average magnetic field, and this in turn leads to a magnet design which is relatively inexpensive in copper, steel and power.
Arsenate and Chromate Retention Mechanisms on Goethite. 1. Surface Structure

The molecular structure of ions retained on mineral surfaces is needed to accurately model their sorption process and to determine their stability. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used in this study to deduce the local coordination environment of two environmental contaminants, arsenate and chromate, on the mineral goethite (α-FeOOH). Based on the oxyanion−Fe distances, it was concluded that three different surface complexes exist on goethite for both oxyanions: a monodentate complex, a bidentate-binuclear complex, and a bidentate-mononuclear complex. At low surface coverages, the monodentate complex was favored while at higher coverages the bidentate complexes were more prevalentthe bidentate-binuclear complex appears to be in the greatest proportion at these highest surface coverages. Therefore, modeling efforts for chromate or arsenate retention on goethite need to consider a monodentate complex at very low coverages, both the monodentate and bidentate complexes at in...
Current Studies of Food and Foodways

This work is a special collection of book notes considering a group of monographs and edited collections in the field of food studies.