cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐A‐137‐10: Comprehensive Investigation of Dose Calculation for Lung Stereotactic Ablative Radiation (SABR): Effects of Tumor Size and Location and Clinical Recommendations

Purpose: To determine the influence of tumor size and location on dose calculation accuracy of 6 different algorithms in treatment of lung cancer patients using SABR. Methods: The study consisted of 135 patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer previously treated using SABR treatment plans created using a 1‐D pencil beam algorithm (1‐D equivalent‐path‐length (1D‐EPL) in iPlan). The dose regimen was 12Gy in 4 fractions. Dose was recomputed using six clinically commissioned dose calculation algorithms; 3‐D pencil beam (3D equivalent‐path‐length (3D‐EPL) in Eclipse), anisotropic analytical algorithm (convolution/superposition type, AAA in Eclipse), collapsed cone convolution (convolution/superposition type CCC in Pinnacle), AcurosXB (Eclipse), and Monte Carlo (MC iPlan). Location of the lung tumors was categorized as follows: island‐type peripheral tumors surrounded by lung tissues (lung‐island; N=39), tumors attached to the chest‐wall (lung‐wall; N=44), and tumors located in the central area (lung‐central; N=52). Average irradiated field size (FS) was subdivided into three groups, between 3–5, 5–7, and 7–10 cm. Results: For lung‐island tumors, D95 values relative to the 1D‐EPL (with which the patients were treated) were 81.6±4.4%, 81.4±5.8%, 78.4±6.6%, and 81.4±5.8% for AAA, CCC, AcurosXB, and MC algorithms respectively. For lung‐wall tumors, dose values for AAA, CCC, AcurosXB, and MC were 86.8±4.9%, 87.4±5.6%, 84.7±6.6%, and 86.9±5.7%, while respective values for lung‐central tumors dose values were 86.1±5.9%, 86.5±6.6%, 85.0±7.0%, and 86.7±6.2%. Considering the effects of both tumor size and location, the lowest D95 values (relative to 1D‐EPL) were observed for the smallest lung‐island tumors (3−5 cm): 80.2±4.3%, 80.0±6.0%, 76.6±6.9%, and 79.7±5.9% for AAA, CCC, AcurosXB, and MC algorithms, respectively. The smallest dose difference was observed for the largest tumors (7–10 cm) for lung‐central tumors. Conclusion: For small lung tumors located peripherally, treated using SABR, EPL‐based algorithms must be used with extreme caution. Under these circumstances even convolution/superposition and MC‐based algorithms show larger variation in PTV dose.
Implication of Posttranslational Histone Modifications in Nucleotide Excision Repair

Histones are highly alkaline proteins that package and order the DNA into chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a conserved multistep reaction that removes a wide range of generally bulky and/or helix-distorting DNA lesions. Although the core biochemical mechanism of NER is relatively well known, how cells detect and repair lesions in diverse chromatin environments is still under intensive research. As with all DNA-related processes, the NER machinery must deal with the presence of organized chromatin and the physical obstacles it presents. A huge catalogue of posttranslational histone modifications has been documented. Although a comprehensive understanding of most of these modifications is still lacking, they are believed to be important regulatory elements for many biological processes, including DNA replication and repair, transcription and cell cycle control. Some of these modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination on the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) or the histone H2A variant H2AX, have been found to be implicated in different stages of the NER process. This review will summarize our recent understanding in this area.
Weak meiofaunal trophic linkages in Crangon crangon and Carcinus maenus

Abstract To document the relative importance of meiofauna as prey for juvenile Crangon crangon and Carcinus maenus , short interval (1.5–2 h) collections were made in the muddy Lynher Estuary (Plymouth, Great Britain) and in the sandy-bottom Ythan Estuary (Aberdeenshire, Scotland) in 1990. Gut passage times of Crangon fed flaked fish food and fluorescent tracer in the laboratory at 13 °C ranged from 4 to 20 h. Wild shrimp exhibited feeding periodicity, with guts fullest during high tide in both locations. Visual and immunological gut contents analyses revealed that meiofaunal nematodes and harpacticoid copepods were present only in recently settled shrimp from 8 to 12 mm total length on muddy bottoms. Larger shrimp collectively consumed up to 33 different macrobenthic prey types. Shrimp were fullest at night (mean gut contents weight = 8% wet body weight, Lynher) or at dawn (6%, Ythan). The Lynher Carcinus gut contents—from animals 8 to 30 mm carapace width, examined visually only—contained mostly fluids, green benthic algae, sediment particles, and masses of unidentifiable prey remains plus digestion-resistant hard parts visually identifiable as macrobenthic in origin. None of the 203 crabs examined from the 24-h collection contained meiofaunal prey. Crangon shrimp probably eat meiofaunal prey for only a brief period of time after their initial settlement to the bottom. Evidence for significant top–down impacts on meiofauna from these two abundant shallow-water predators was weak. More trophic studies are needed on newly settled epibenthic predators to test the hypothesis that biological control of shallow-water meiofauna is important.
Multicomponent-Fuel Film-Vaporization Model for Multidimensional Computations

A multicomponent-fuel e lm-vaporization model is developed to be used in multidimensional spray and combustion computations. For the gas phase the vaporization rate was evaluated using the turbulent boundary-layer assumption and the Prandtl mixing-length theory. A third-order polynomial was used to model the temperature and species concentration proe les within the liquid e lm in order to predict accurate surface temperature and surface mass fractions, which are crucial to evaluating the species vaporization rates. By this approach the governing equations for the e lm were reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations. The new model offers a signie cant reduction in computational cost and sufe cient accuracy compared to solving the governing equations for the e lm directly. The new model was verie ed against exact numerical solutions with excellent agreement for several cases concerning the vaporization process of a e lm on a e at plate. The results were also compared with the solutions obtained using an ine nite-diffusion model. The new model predicted the vaporization history more accurately than the ine nite-diffusion model. Finally, the new model was applied to study the e lm evolution for a spray/wall impingement case, and physical insight was gained from the study.
Analysis of Quadrupole Focusing Lattices for Electron Beam Transport in Traveling-Wave Tubes

Analysis of quadrupole focusing lattices for high-frequency traveling-wave tubes is presented. This paper is motivated by recent work performed at the Naval Research Laboratory which demonstrated an advantageous case for strong focusing employing a Halbach quadrupole lattice. Using realistic permanent magnet quadrupole (PMQ) field cancellation, the advantage of using PMQ to transport higher current densities than a permanent periodic magnet disappears, while other advantages for employing quadrupole focusing remain.
Transmission planning and investment in the competitive environment

This paper describes the underlying complexities and nature of the situation for the transmission planning and investment challenges in the competitive environment. In the past, the ownership, operation and planning of the transmission network were in the hands of a single central entity. However, the unbundling of the electricity business has raised new challenges that confront the restructured industry. The previous vertically integrated structure has been replaced by a decentralized decision making paradigm. The large number of new players, the proliferation in the number of transactions on the networks, the markedly different utilization of the transmission than in the way it was planned have all contributed to the severe stress of the transmission network. This has resulted in frequent congestion situations with too many customers attempting to obtain what, in effect, are limited transmission services. Investments in the transmission network have failed to keep pace with the increasing demand. The causes for the sorry state of transmission are discussed and the key challenges in the transmission investment arena in the competitive environment are outlined.
Chondromodulin I and pleiotrophin gene expression in bovine cartilage and epiphysis.

Abstract Pleiotrophin and chondromodulin-I are low molecular weight proteins that are abundant (20 μg/g tissue) in fetal cartilage and difficult to detect in adult cartilage. We characterized their gene and protein expression patterns to gain a better understanding of their roles in the regulation of limb development and growth. In order to compare and contrast the relative amounts of the respective mRNA species within the developing epiphysis, a competitive PCR assay was developed. The results showed that the mRNAs for both proteins were abundant in fetal cartilage and while present in adult cartilage, were at 20–60-fold lower levels. Northern blotting revealed gradients of mRNA for both of these proteins in growth plate cartilage, with the highest levels in the resting zone, and the lowest in the hypertrophic zone. In contrast to pleiotrophin, chondromodulin-1 is down-regulated by retinoic acid with a pattern of expression similar to collagen type II and link protein, and may play a more specific role than pleiotrophin in modulating the chondrocyte phenotype.
The Dimensions of Lawyer‐Client Relations: Notes Toward a Theory and a Field Study

Recent research on lawyer-client relations has called into question the traditional image of the lawyer as the autonomous professional. This research note reviews this research and proposes a three-dimensional framework for interpreting lawyer-client relationships. The utility of the framework is illustrated using data collected through interviews with corporate lawyers and their clients in Toronto.
A Folk Model of Treatment Readiness Among Drug Users in Ohio

Despite the benefits of substance abuse treatment, only a small proportion of drug users enter treatment. Understanding "readiness" is critical for engaging drug users in treatment and for involving them in the recovery process. This paper reports on ethnographic interviews conducted with 35 active drug users as they were entering treatment services, to describe how they perceive readiness for treatment. Drug users expressed readiness for treatment in terms reflective of twelve step programs, a folk model of treatment. A better understanding of drug users' perceptions can help to inform interventions designed to improve readiness for treatment.
Molecular Structures of RN(H)Py (R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, 2,6-Et2C6H3, Ph3C), and the Copper Complex [Cu{(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)N(H)Py}2]BF4

The molecular structures of RN(H)Py [R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (1), 2,6-Et2C6H3 (2), -CPh3 (3)] have been determined along with the copper(I) complex [Cu{(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)N(H)Py}2]BF4 (4). Each of the amines exists as a hydrogen-bonded head-to-tail dimer. Compound 3 has four independent molecules in the asymmetric unit as a consequence of changes in the relative orientation of the pyridyl and phenyl rings. The copper in 4 is two-coordinate with the conformation of the aryl rings being dominated by inter-cation packing. Crystal data: 1 space group P21/c, a = 14.047(3), b = 7.154(1), c = 13.890(3) A, β = 116.45(3)°; V = 1,249.7(4) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0547, wR 2 = 0.1397; 2 space group P21/n, a = 13.035(3), b = 8.120(1), c = 13.562(3) A, β = 111.87(3)°; V = 1,345.2(5) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0669, wR 2 = 0.1512; 3 space group P21/c, a = 26.729(5), b = 17.008(3), c = 18.903(4) A, β = 92.42(3)°; V = 8,586(3) A3, Z = 8, R = 0.0911, wR 2 = 0.163; 4 space group P21/c, a = 9.149(1), b = 15.901(3), c = 19.703(4) A, β = 102.89(3)°; V = 2,794(1) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0504, wR 2 = 0.1291. The hydrogen-bonded head-to-tail dimer structures of RN(H)Py [R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, 2,6-Et2C6H3, -CPh3] have been determined along with the two-coordinate copper complex [Cu{(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)N(H)Py}2]BF4
Expression of recombinant dystrophin and its localization to the cell membrane

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked progressive myopathy caused by a defect in the DMD gene locus. The gene corresponding to the DMD locus produces a 14-kilobase (kb) messenger RNA that codes for a large cytoskeletal membrane protein, dystrophin. DMD and Becker's muscular dystrophy are the consequences of dystrophin mutations. The exact biological function of dystrophin remains unknown but it has been demonstrated that it is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane and has direct interaction with several other membrane proteins. We report here the synthesis of a 14-kb full-length complementary DNA for the mouse muscle dystrophin mRNA and the expression of this cDNA in COS cells. The recombinant dystrophin is indistinguishable from mouse muscle dystrophin by western blot analysis with anti-dystrophin antibodies and was shown by an immunofluorescent technique to be localized in the cell membrane. Our successful construction of a functional full-length cDNA opens opportunities for the study of structure and function of dystrophin and provides an opportunity to initiate gene therapy studies.
Three-dimensional fusion computed tomography decreases radiation exposure, procedure time, and contrast use during fenestrated endovascular aortic repair

Objective Endovascular surgery has revolutionized the treatment of aortic aneurysms; however, these improvements have come at the cost of increased radiation and contrast exposure, particularly for more complex procedures. Three-dimensional (3D) fusion computed tomography (CT) imaging is a new technology that may facilitate these repairs. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the effect of using intraoperative 3D fusion CT on the performance of fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR). Methods Our institutional database was reviewed to identify patients undergoing branched or FEVAR. Patients treated using 3D fusion CT were compared with patients treated in the immediate 12-month period before implementation of this technology when procedures were performed in a standard hybrid operating room without CT fusion capabilities. Primary end points included patient radiation exposure (cumulated air kerma: mGy), fluoroscopy time (minutes), contrast usage (mL), and procedure time (minutes). Patients were grouped by the number of aortic graft fenestrations revascularized with a stent graft, and operative outcomes were compared. Results A total of 72 patients (41 before vs 31 after 3D fusion CT implementation) underwent FEVAR from September 2012 through March 2014. For two-vessel fenestrated endografts, there was a significant decrease in radiation exposure (3400 ± 1900 vs 1380 ± 520 mGy; P = .001), fluoroscopy time (63 ± 29 vs 41 ± 11 minutes; P = .02), and contrast usage (69 ± 16 vs 26 ± 8 mL; P = .0002) with intraoperative 3D fusion CT. Similarly, for combined three-vessel and four-vessel FEVAR, significantly decreased radiation exposure (5400 ± 2225 vs 2700 ± 1400 mGy; P P = .02), contrast usage (90 ± 25 vs 39 ± 17 mL; P P = .002) was noted. Estimated blood loss was significantly less ( P P = .07) toward being lower for all patients in the 3D fusion CT group. Conclusions These results demonstrate that use of intraoperative 3D fusion CT imaging during FEVAR can significantly decrease radiation exposure, procedure time, and contrast usage, which may also decrease the overall physiologic impact of the repair.
CELLULAR RECOGNITION BY MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO I. DEFINITION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE AND RESULTS OF STIMULATION BY PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ AND SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

The media and culture conditions required for in vitro stimulation of mouse lymphoid cells are described. The medium was arginine-rich and contained heat-inactivated human serum. A component of the human sera necessary for stimulation of the cells was a natural mouse cell agglutinin, which affected both background stimulation and the degree of induced stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Absorption of the agglutinin from the human serum rendered the medium incapable of sustaining DNA synthesis in the presence of PHA. The response to PHA of mouse spleen and thymus cells was age-dependent and, although this response was not present at birth, it rapidly rose to adult levels. Spleen cells from mice immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) showed increased in vitro reactivity to added purified protein derivative (PPD) or SRBC stroma, dependent on the time of immunization. The dose response curve for the SRBC stroma stimulated, immune spleen cells is compatible with a theory of cell to cell interaction being necessary for an in vitro reaction to antigen. The possible role of the mouse cell agglutinin (AMLG) is discussed.
Wet season vegetable protein use among riverine tropical American cultures: a neglected adaptation?

Abstract It has been thought that throughout the South American tropical lowlands sources of vegetable protein such as maize and beans have been unimportant to the subsistence economies of Amerindian cultures. Such cultures subsist upon a binary economic system based on cultivated carbohydrates and protein obtained from hunting and fishing. This model is called into question by evidence from fieldwork carried out among the Macusi Indians of northern Amazonia. The Macusi depend on maize, beans, and other vegetable proteins during the rainy season when water levels are high and fishing is unproductive. For the Macusi and many other riverine groups, fishing heavily outweighs hunting as an animal protein source. In an examination of several cultures in the South American tropical lowlands, it is found that vegetable proteins enter the diet during the rainy season. Wet season vegetable protein use may represent a selective adoption of maize and other Mesoamerican crops by tropical lowland groups, who use them to overcome seasonal scarcities of animal protein. Interpretations of the culture history of the South American tropical lowlands assuming an unimportant role for maize and other vegetable protein sources are challenged. The diversity of environments suitable for maize cultivation in the tropical lowlands of South America is stressed, along with the complex patterns of human adaptation to the tropical environment
Evaluation of the absorption from some commercial enteric-release theophylline products

In a single-dose bioavailability study, Wales, Robinson, Columbia, and Choledyl (Warner/Chilcott) enteric-coated tablets all allowed a bioavailability of theophylline (99%±25%, 102%±23%,103%±18%, and 98%±15%;mean±SD, n=12) statistically indistinguishable from that of the standard uncoated tablet (Searle 200 mg aminophylline). Only the Wales and Choledyl tablets (7.6, 4.2 hr) could be shown (p<0.05) to generate a peak plasma theophylline concentration later than the standard (1.4 hr). All tablet brands demonstrated a significant lag time before appearance of theophylline in the plasma, and both Wales and Choledyl tablets also had a (t peak -t tag )statistically different from that of the standard. Despite misleading indications from the mean plasma profile (plasma concentrations at each sampling time averaged over all subjects), plasma data from the individual participants and in vitrodissolution data show that, while release of theophylline from the Wales tablet might be inordinately slow, this is not a sustained-release preparation. Of the enteric-coated tablets only the Columbia product allowed significant levels in the first sample after dosage. Five of the 18 Columbia doses gave rise to 40–99%of the peak concentration in the 1- hr sample. In vitro,it takes 39±14 min for 40% of the theophylline content of Columbia tablets to dissolve in simulated intestinal fluid. Surprisingly rapid delivery of an entericcoated tablet to the duodenum would appear to be required to allow a significant percentage of theophylline to be dissolved and absorbed before 1 hr. None of 12 Columbia tablets tested in vitro,however, allowed dissolution of more than 0.2% of their theophylline content during 1 hr immersion in simulated gastric fluid. Since once in intestinal fluid Columbia tablets appear to dissolve more rapidly than the other enteric products, it is not clear whether the five Columbia tablets in question had imperfections or whether, in fact, this tablet brand more closely than the others represents the ideal of immediate release once in the duodenum. Plasma samples should be taken as early as 15 min after dosage when evaluating the bioavailability of enteric release products.
Determination of effective axion masses in the helium-3 buffer of CAST

The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) is a ground based experiment located in Geneva (Switzerland) searching for axions coming from the Sun. Axions, hypothetical particles that not only could solve the strong CP problem but also be one of the favoured candidates for dark matter, can be produced in the core of the Sun via the Primakoff effect. They can be reconverted into X-ray photons on Earth in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields. In order to look for axions, CAST points a decommissioned LHC prototype dipole magnet with different X-ray detectors installed in both ends of the magnet towards the Sun. The analysis of the data acquired during the first phase of the experiment yielded the most restrictive experimental upper limit on the axion-to-photon coupling constant for axion masses up to about 0.02 eV/c2. During the second phase, CAST extends its mass sensitivity by tuning the electron density present in the magnetic field region. Injecting precise amounts of helium gas has enabled CAST to look for axion masses up to 1.2 eV/c2. This paper studies the determination of the effective axion masses scanned at CAST during its second phase. The use of a helium gas buffer at temperatures of 1.8 K has required a detailed knowledge of the gas density distribution. Complete sets of computational fluid dynamic simulations validated with experimental data have been crucial to obtain accurate results.
A new variety of cardamine angustata (Cruciferae) from the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas.

Cardamine angustata var.ouachitana E. B. Smith, a new variety differing fromC. angustata var.angustata in absolutely glabrous leaf segments, is described from the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas.
Growth and Repassivation of Single Corrosion Pits in Stainless Steel

Abstract Single pits were produced in AISI 304 stainless steel using a neutral 1M sodium chloride solution with 0.04M sodium thiosulfate. The dependence of pit growth kinetics on potential was meas...
On the Treatment of Circuit Boards as Thermal Two-Ports

It is shown that a thin circuit board with a single heat source may be treated as a “two-port,” a concept borrowed from electrical network theory. In situations where a circuit board may be approximated by varying regions of roughly axisymmetric geometry, a cascaded two-port model may be easily constructed and solved analytically. Each axisymmetric segment of the model is a two-port (in thermal terms, a circular fin lacking the traditional adiabatic boundary condition at the outer radius), hence an arbitrarily complex (axisymmetric) board model is represented by a cascaded two-port network. The overall network is driven by a heat source at its inner radius, and some outer radius boundary condition; the two-port concept naturally separates the interior conduction and surface convection properties from the temperature and heat flux boundary conditions. Thus, using this scheme, temperature and heat flow may be easily determined at every position within the model, thus providing necessary information on the interactions between locations within the model — permitting yet more complex analyses of a circuit board as a multiple heat source system. Application of the axisymmetric two-port method is made to thermal characterization of semiconductor devices, including the relationship between so called “min pad” and “1-inch pad” device characteristics. The model is also compared to other experimental data, where the “best fit” of the model parameters shows a reasonable correlation with the expected physical values of the experiment.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Metastasis Caught in the Act

Figure 1. A 52-year-old man with no history of serious illness presented with abdominal pain, dark-colored urine, light-colored stools, and jaundice. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed dilatation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Surgical exploration and a pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple's resection) were performed, revealing an infiltrating, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct. The carcinoma measured 2.0 cm in its greatest dimension. All margins of resection were negative for tumor. Fifteen lymph nodes were examined histologically for evidence of metastasis, and a single micrometastasis was identified (arrow). The carcinoma is present in sinusoids within the node and in a dilated . . .
On the universal fermi-type interaction (II)

We search for a universal interaction among all known fermions based on invariance under the extended Lorentz group which will exclude all processes not occurring in nature. Two mutually exclusive interactions appear ultimately to be the only ones consistent with certain plausible criteria of simplicity. The two possible interactions are proved to yield identical numerical answers in the case of free fermions; one at least of them is in excellent agreement with all the experimental evidence available thus far.
Information systems requirements for a deregulated electric power industry: Assessment and perspectives from the 1996 Informatics Workshop☆

Abstract Electric utility restructuring promises to radically alter the information requirements of the electric power industry. In contemplating the impact of restructuring on information flows between and among power generators, distributors, and consumers, two key question arise: (1) what are the information systems (informatics) requirements for a fully competitive electric power industry? And (2) what (if any) is the appropriate role for public agencies in deregulated power markets? In April 1996, speakers at the Workshop on Informatics Requirements for a Restructured Competitive Electric Power Industry addressed these questions. What follows is an initial assessment of key issues surrounding electric utility restructuring, informatics, and public policy concerns followed by a series of speaker perspectives from the Workshop. These perspectives draw together the views of academic, government and industry analysts on the issues of informatics requirements and public involvement in information systems for a deregulated power industry.
Relationships between graduate training, professional affiliation, and individual psychological assessment practices for personnel decisions

Survey data on 321 psychologists who conduct individual assessments were analyzed to compare practices and opinions of those with differing graduate training (I/O or non-I/O) and professional affiliation (SIOP or non-SIOP). Differences in practice on the basisof training and affiliation occur in licensing, types of assessments conducted, specific testing instruments used, and knowledge of legal guidelines governing selection practices. However, when purpose of assessment was controlled for by examining only managerial selection assessments, few practice differences related to training and affiliation emerged. Implications for the training of individual assessors are discussed, and several practice variations warranting further research are presented.
Increased expression of the integral membrane protein ErbB2 in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL.

Abstract Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the second largest family of membrane receptors and play a key role in the regulation of vital cellular processes, such as control of cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and migration. The production of whole-length RTKs in large quantities for biophysical or structural characterization, however, is a challenge. In this study, a cell engineering strategy using the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-x L , was tested as a potential method for increasing stable expression levels of a recombinant RTK membrane protein in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Wild-type and CHO cells stably overexpressing heterologous Bcl-x L were transformed with the gene for a model RTK membrane protein, ErbB2, on a plasmid also containing the Zeocin resistance gene. While CHO cells exhibited a gradual decrease in expression with passaging, CHO- bcl-x L cells offered an increased and sustained level of ErbB2 expression following continuous passaging over more than 33 days in culture. The increased ErbB2 expression in CHO- bcl-x L cells was evident both in stable transfected pools and in clonal isolates, and demonstrated both in Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the sustained high-level protein expression in CHO- bcl-x L cells does not alter the correct membrane localization of the ErbB2 protein. Our results demonstrate that cellular engineering, specifically anti-apoptosis engineering, can provide increased and stable ErbB2 membrane protein expression in mammalian cells. This approach may also be useful for other membrane proteins in which large quantities are needed for biophysical and structural studies.
Hyperbolic methods for the Landau–Lifschitz inverse scattering problem

In this article, we present a direct approach to the Landau–Lifschitz scattering problem. A special fixed point problem is derived, which must be satisfied by the solution of the inverse scattering problem. A uniqueness result under a certain regularity condition is given and numerical methods based on the fixed point iteration and the layer stripping method are presented and illustrated.
Increased norepinephrine synthesis in the cerebral hemispheres of rats following subarachnoid hemorrhage

Norepinephrine (NE) was assayed in rat brains 72 h after the creation of an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). NE in the cerebral hemispheres was found to increase by 64% when compared to controls. NE in the brainstem and cerebellum was unchanged. The kinetics of hemispheric NE metabolism were then studied in control and SAH rats. SAH caused a 3-fold increase in NE synthesis and a 44% reduction in turnover time when compared to controls. These results may reflect increased activity of central noradrenergic neuronal pathways in SAH.
Medication treatment for eating disorders

Existing studies of medication treatment for eating disorders have tended to focus on the acute phase of recovery. In the case of Anorexia Nervosa, most studies have been carried out in inpatients, the goal being more rapid or greater weight gain, and medication effects have been marginal at best. For Bulimia Nervosa, antidepressants have been found to be superior to placebo in the short term treatment of outpatients not receiving concurrent psychotherapy, but their long term utility is questionable. We are now entering a second phase of progress in which the role of medication in an overall treatment plan and in all phases of recovery is being explored. In addition, the utility of medication treatment for related syndromes, such as Binge Eating Disorder, remains to be more fully assessed.
Calorie Intake, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption, and Obesity Among New York City Adults: Findings from a 2013 Population Study Using Dietary Recalls

Obesity and overweight-obesity have contributed to increases in early mortality and noncommunicable disease incidence. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is linked to obesity, weight gain, and metabolic syndrome. To further explore this relationship in a large urban environment, we assessed disparities in calorie intake between SSB and non-SSB consumers and determine the association between varying SSB consumption, obesity, and overweight-obesity using data from a 2013 representative dietary survey conducted in New York City. Results show that adult SSB drinkers consume 193 kcal/day from SSBs, approximately 10 % of daily caloric needs. Compared to non-SSB drinkers, those who consume SSBs have a 572 kcal greater daily intake. Total calorie differences are due to greater SSB calorie and food calorie consumption. Among SSB consumers, each 10-oz increase in SSB consumption is associated with a greater likelihood of obesity (OR 1.62, 95 % CI 1.05, 2.05) and overweight-obesity (OR 2.23, 95 % CI 1.31, 3.80). Additionally, each 10-kcal SSB increase is related to obesity (OR 1.04, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.08) and overweight-obesity (OR 1.07, 95 % CI 1.02, 1.11).
Caregiver Quality of Life Is Related to Severity of Otitis Media in Children

ObjectiveOtitis media (OM) in children is the most frequent reason for physician visits in developed countries and burdens caregivers, society, and the child. Our objective was to describe the impact of OM severity on parent/caregiver quality of life (QoL).Study DesignMulti-institutional prospective cross-sectional study.SettingOtolaryngology, family, and pediatric practices.Subjects and MethodsChildren 6 to 24 months old with and without a primary diagnosis of recurrent OM and their caregivers. Physicians provided patient history, and parents/caregivers completed a Family Information Form, the PedsQL Family Impact survey, the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) survey, and the OM 6-item severity survey (OM-6).ResultsA total of 2413 subjects were enrolled and data from 1208 patients and physician were analyzed. The average child age was 16 months, and 54% were male. The mean OM-6 score was 3.2. The mean PedsQL Family Impact score for parents was 66.9 from otolaryngology sites...
Group velocity and nonlinear dispersive wave propagation

By the use of a Hamiltonian formulation, a basic group velocity is defined as the derivative of frequency with respect to wavenumber keeping action density constant, and is shown to represent an incremental action velocity in the general nonlinear case. The stability treatment of Whitham and Lighthill is extended to several dimensions. The water-wave analysis of Whitham (1967) is extended to two space dimensions, and is shown to predict oblique-mode instabilities for kh smaller than 1.36. A treatment of Lighthill's (1965) solution in the one-dimensional elliptic case resolves the problem of the energy distribution in the solution past the critical time.
Local economic development and the academy

Abstract This brief introduction highlights the various ways the Academy approaches local economic development (LED). It shows that the Academy is not always been favorable to the advancement of LED as its practical demands often transcend the tightly defined disciplines of a typical university structure. Caught between disciplines, LED to often neglected by theorists as the subject matter is difficult to model and depends heavily on the social fabric of the regional economy. The paper concludes with a brief outline of this special issue. The papers in this volume show the diversity of approaches and topics that characterize the practice of LED. They are multidisciplinary and depict a variety of approaches from the more theoretical to the applied.
How confident should we be that smoking cessation treatments work

Aim To determine (i) the concordance among recent meta-analyses about which treatments for smoking cessation are efficacious; (ii) the similarity of odds ratios (ORs) across meta-analyses; and (iii) among the validated treatments, the proportion of studies that found higher quit rates. Methods Computerized literature search for meta-analyses during the last 5 years in PubMed and PsychInfo. Data were extracted from summary tables of overall effect of validated treatments. Results Fourteen meta-analyses agreed 100% on the presence/absence of efficacy of 17 proven treatments. The ORs differed by 85% of the studies reported numerical superiority for the active treatment. Conclusions The efficacy of treatments for smoking cessation are extremely reliable. This argues for inclusion of treatment as an essential feature of tobacco control and clinical practice and argues for reimbursement of smoking cessation treatments on a par with other medical and behavioral disorders.
Further implications of the reversion level in agenda-setter models

Abstract The reversion level affects price and income elasticities of demand when expenditure levels are chosen by agenda-setters. This paper develops this relationship and shows how agenda-setter-produced elasticities differ from median voter elasticities.
Ted Geballe: A lifetime of contributions to superconductivity

Abstract The editors have dedicated this special issue on superconducting materials “to Ted Geballe in honor of his numerous seminal contributions to the field of superconducting materials over more than 60 years, on the year of his 95th birthday.” Here, as an executive summary, are just a few highlights of his research in superconductivity, leavened with some anecdotes, and ending with some of Ted’s general insights and words of wisdom.
The transition from water to air breathing:Effects of CO2 on hemoglobin function

Abstract o 1. The pH dependence of the specific effect of CO2 (pCo2 = 30 torr) on oxygen equilibria has been measured for the hemoglobins of four species of fish and one amphibian. Leiostomus xanthurus (marine teleost). Brachyplatystoma sp. (Amazonian catfish), Hoplosternum littorale (air-breathing catfish), Lepidosiren paradoxa (air-breathing lungfish), and Typhlonectes compressicauda (a caecilian). 2. The blood CO2 content of air-breathing fish and amphibians is considerably higher than that of water breathers, yet the hemoglobins examined from the air breathers showed no special adaptation to the increased CO2 load. 3. Although the effect of pH on the oxygen equilibria of the different hemoglobins varied greatly, from Root effect to reverse Bohr effect, the effect of CO2 on the oxygen affinity was very similar for all but that of the catfish, Brachyplatystoma sp., for which the effect was somewhat larger. 4. The drop in oxygen affinity brought about by CO2 increased with increasing pH for each hemoglobin examined, and was about half that produced by CO2 for human Hb A. This suggests that half the chains of each hemoglobin may have blocked amino terminal groups, except possibly Brachyplatystona s.p. hemoglobin.
The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation site at the tibia on knee stability: Evaluation using a robotic testing system☆

Despite its current popularity and relative success, endoscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft has not yet been perfected. Using a recently developed robotic/UFS testing system, we assessed the overall stability of porcine knees following ACL reconstruction with different sites of tibial graft fixation--proximal, central, and distal. Testing of the intact knee was performed first to determine the normal anterior-posterior (A-P) displacements and in situ forces of the ACL under 110 N of anterior tibial loading of 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of knee flexion. The knee was then reconstructed with a BPTB autograft, and the distal end of the graft was fixed sequentially at three different locations in each specimen--proximal, central, distal. A-P testing was repeated for each fixation site, and the resulting knee kinematics and the in situ forces of the grafts were compared to the intact case. The site of tibial fixation was demonstrated to have a significant effect on the resulting anterior displacement and internal rotation of the tibia as well as the in situ forces of the graft. Proximal fixation produced the most stable knee (A-P displacements reduced to 120% of intact at 30 degrees and 170% at 90 degrees), becoming significantly less stable with more distal fixation. These results suggest that proximal graft fixation may provide the most acute stability of the reconstructed knee.
The structure of carotatoxin, a natural toxicant from carrot☆

Abstract A substance has been isolated from extracts of the common carrot, Daucus carota , which is toxic to the bioassay organism Daphnia magna and to mice. Physical and chemical evidence showed this compound, termed carotatoxin, to be trans -1,10-heptadecadiene-5,7-diyn-3-ol (III).
Theory of Raman scattering from Leggett's collective mode in a multiband superconductor: Application to MgB 2

In 1966, Leggett used a two-band superconductor to show that a new collective mode could exist at low temperatures, corresponding to a counterflow of the superconducting condensates in each band. Here, the theory of electronic Raman scattering in a superconductor by Klein and Dierker (1984) is extended to a multiband superconductor. Raman scattering creates particle/hole (p/h) pairs. In the relevant ${A}_{1g}$ symmetry, the attraction that produces pairing necessarily couples excitations of superconducting pairs to these p/h excitations. In the Appendix, it is shown that for zero wave-vector transfer $q$, this coupling modifies the Raman response and makes the long-range Coulomb correction null. The two-band result is applied to ${\text{MgB}}_{2}$ where this coupling activates Leggett's collective mode. His simple limiting case is obtained when the interband attractive potential is decreased to a value well below that given by local-density approximation (LDA) theory. The peak from Leggett's mode is studied as the potential is increased through the theoretical value. With realistic ${\text{MgB}}_{2}$ parameters, the peak broadens through decay into the continuum above the smaller ($\ensuremath{\pi}$ band) superconducting gap. Finite $q$ effects are also taken into account, yielding a Raman peak that agrees well in energy with the experimental result by Blumberg et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 227002 (2007)]. This approach is also applied to the $q=0$, two-band model of the Fe pnictides considered by Chubukov et al. [Phys. Rev. B 79, 220501(R) (2009)].
Am E. coli gene product required for λ site-specific recombination

We report characteristics of himA mutations of E. coli, selected for their inability to support the site-specific recombination reaction involved in the formation of lysogens by bacteriophage lambda. The himA allele lies at minute 38 on the chromosome. Three noncomplementing and closely linked mutations define the himA locus; one is a nonsense mutation which shows that the gene product is a protein. HimA mutations reduce both lambda integrative and excisive site-specific recombination. Since dominance tests demonstrate that himA mutations are recessive, it is probable that the himA protein is either a necessary component for site-specific recombination or, alternatively, regulates the expression of such a function. HimA mutations exhibit pleiotropic effects. They reduce integration of phages that have different attachment specificities from lambda and inhibit the growth of phage mu. In addition, himA mutations reduce precise excision of integrated phage mu as well as Tn elements. This pleiotropy suggests that the role of himA protein is nonspecific. Since all of the processes affected by himA mutations ultimately rely on protein-DNA interactions, we suggest that himA protein may act in an auxillary manner to facilitate these interactions.
Views from the Margins: News Coverage of Women in Abortion Protests, 1960–2006

This study links two traditionally marginalized groups in media coverage: women and protesters. Both have generally been found to be underrepresented and misrepresented in mainstream news coverage. Employing a content analysis of abortion protest coverage over 46 years, this study assesses the impact of protesters' goals and tactics on the proportion of women in news coverage. Results indicate that female mentions were more likely to appear when protesters supported the status quo and when protesters were treated more favorably in coverage. Overall, however, the focus on men as sources over women as sources remained quite apparent. Implications for news treatment of women in protest coverage are discussed.
The sporophyte-gametophyte junction in the moss Acaulon muticum (Pottiaceae): early stages of development

The sporophyte-gametophyte junction in Acaulon muticum is composed of the sporophyte foot, the surrounding gametophyte vaginula, and an intervening placental space. At an early stage of development the foot has a large basal cell, characterized by extensive wall ingrowths beginning at the lowermost tip of the basal cell and extending along its tangential walls. Sporophyte cells in contact with the basal cell develop ingrowths on their outer tangential walls and on radial walls in contact with the basal cell. All sporophyte cells at this stage are characterized by numerous mitochondria, strands of endoplasmic reticulum, and dictyosomes, particularly in the cytoplasm adjacent to areas of extensive wall development. Plastids typically contain abundant starch reserves. As development proceeds, wall ingrowths become more extensive on all walls in the sporophyte foot but are never found on the upper wall of the basal cell in contact with the remainder of the sporophyte. Plastids in the foot contain fewer starch reserves later in development. Wall ingrowths are not visible in the cells of the gametophyte vaginula until well after extensive development has occurred in the sporophyte foot. Stacks or layers of endoplasmic reticulum are characteristic of the cells of the gametophyte vaginula, along with numerous mitochondria, dictyosomes, and well-developed plastids. Starch reserves typically are less abundant in cells of the gametophyte. The early development of extensive wall elaborations in the cells of the sporophyte foot, and particularly in the basal cell, may favor the rapid movement of water and nutrients from the gametophyte into the sporophyte at a time when rapid development in this minute, ephemeral moss is critical.
The stability of the 19th-century Phillips curve relationship☆

Abstract Information plays a crucial role in several influential modern theories of the Phillips curve relationship. The 19th century, which witnessed dramatic improvements in information technology, would seem therefore to be a particularly appropriate period in which to assess the macroeconomic implications of improved information flows. The paper estimates a Phillips curve relationship over the last two-thirds of the century and finds, notwithstanding the revolutionary changes in communications and transportation technology, the output responses to aggregate demand changes to have been quite stable.
Symmetric and conforming mixed finite elements for plane elasticity using rational bubble functions

We construct stable, conforming and symmetric finite elements for the mixed formulation of the linear elasticity problem in two dimensions. In our approach we add three divergence-free rational functions to piecewise polynomials to form the stress finite element space. The relation with the elasticity elements and a class of generalized $$C^1$$ C 1 Zienkiewicz elements is also discussed.