cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New approach to the solution of problems of scattering by bounded obstacles

In this paper we introduce a new numerical method for the calculation of the patterns of electromagnetic scattering produced by bounded obstacles. Our approach to this classical problem is based on a rigorous [3] boundary perturbative technique which we call method of variation of boundaries (MVB). We have previously used this method in the solution of problems of diffraction by gratings [4, 5, 6]. In what follows we present preliminary results indicating that the MVB can also produce results of good numerical accuracy, with limited computational effort, in a variety of challenging obstacle-scattering problems. Our algorithms are applicable to obstacle problems throughout and above the resonance regime —that is, for obstacle sizes ranging from much smaller to substantially larger than the wavelength of radiation. This is a critical regime in which high frequency approximations such as geometrical optics are not valid. The MVB approach provides fast and accurate solutions even in cases in which the boundary of a large scatterer contains a number of protuberances of a size comparable to the size of the scatterer itself. Our numerics do not use integral equations or Green functions. Instead they solve two- and three-dimensional scattering problems —involving arbitrary obstacles admitting polar or spherical-coordinate parametrizations— by means of analytic continuation, methods of complex variable and approximation theory.
Mitigation Planning Why Hazard Exposure, Structural Vulnerability, and Social Vulnerability Matter

Increasing interest in fostering resilient communities requires a more comprehensive approach to hazard mitigation planning that overcomes the limitations of traditional hazard assessments, notably...
A comparison of treatment strategies for hypoplastic left heart syndrome using decision analysis.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to identify the optimal treatment strategy for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). BACKGROUND Surgical treatment of HLHS involves either transplantation (Tx) or staged palliation of the native heart. Identifying the best treatment for HLHS requires integrating individual patient risk factors and center-specific data. METHODS Decision analysis is a modeling technique used to compare six strategies: staged surgery; Tx; stage 1 surgery as an interim to Tx; and listing for transplant for one, two, or three months before performing staged surgery if a donor is unavailable. Probabilities were derived from current literature and a dataset of 231 patients with HLHS born between 1989 and 1994. The goal was to maximize first-year survival. RESULTS If a donor is available within one month, Tx is the optimal choice, given baseline probabilities; if no donor is found by the end of one month, stage 1 surgery should be performed. When survival and organ donation probabilities were varied, staged surgery was the optimal choice for centers with organ donation rates CONCLUSIONS The best strategy for centers that treat patients with HLHS should be guided by local organ availability, stage 1 surgical mortality and patient risk factors.
Reconsidering Affective Engagement in Historical Empathy

The question of how students might concurrently engage in historical empathy as both a cognitive and affective construct remains as a sticking point in the understanding of historical thinking. This study employed three instructional units to place students in situations in which they were likely to engage in historical empathy using both the cognitive and affective domains. Three historical figures from a traditional social studies curriculum were chosen for their specific need to confront a historical paradox. Data include student responses gathered from investigative activities, discussions, historical narratives, metacognitive activities, and researcher notes. Findings indicate that students demonstrate an affective connection to historical figures, and use source evidence and personal experiences to better understand difficult situations. The results further support previous preliminary findings that engagement in historical empathy is not necessarily a mutually exclusive exercise in either cognitive...
Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Its Regulation

Studies of the mode of action of a family of plant hormones are of great interest to the plant physiologist. But at the same time the mechanisms which govern the production of that group of growth regulatory substances must be examined for possible clues as to how environmental factors interact with the plant and regulate its development. The problem of the biosynthesis of the plant hormones can be considered at several levels, although naturally these different aspects are highly interrelated: (1) the biosynthetic pathway, that is the sequence of intermediate structures leading from metabolites of the central metabolic pathways to the active regulatory agent or agents; (2) the nature of the enzymes involved in these steps; (3) the localization and organization of this biosynthetic machinery within the various tissues, cell-types and organelles of the plant; and (4) the regulation of activity of this biosynthetic sequence by the metabolic and environmental factors to which the plant responds. Information in these areas will lead to a better understanding of the natural regulation of plant development and may suggest ways of modifying a plant’s response to its environment.
CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF CANINE INTERLEUKIN-10

We describe here the cloning of canine IL-10 cDNA (GenBank accession No. U33843) and the expression of recombinant IL-10 in a dog kidney cell line (DK6247) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). Canine IL-10 exhibits strong sequence homology to the known sequences of human, mouse, rat, and bovine genes at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The IL-10 gene, when introduced into DK and CHO cell lines, produces recombinant IL-10 that causes an inhibitory effect on allogeneic MHC-driven lymphoproliferative responses.
Trends and patterns of justifiable homicide: a comparative analysis

This paper reports the first national level analysis of police and citizen justifiable homicides for a twelve year period. Utilizing data from the Comparative Homicide File, trends and characteristics of police and citizen justifiable homicides are described and reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to comparing justifiable homicides to criminal homicides. The results establish that while similar to criminal homicide, police and citizen justifiable homicides differ significantly in terms of factors such as circumstance, relationship, weapons, and racial characteristics. Language: en
Routensuchalgorithmen für Erreichbarkeitsrechnungen im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr

In zunehmendem Mase erweisen sich Bewertungen alternativer Verkehrsnetze fur den OPNV nur mit Hilfe der Kartierung von Fuswegeinzugsbereichen oder mit Hilfe der Darstellung von Isochronen als nicht mehr problemadaquat. Daher werden immer ofter komplexe Erreichbarkeitsindikatoren verwendet, um die Erschliesungskapazitat der Verkehrsnetze zu bewerten.
Illustrations of Fungi—XXVI

The rosy-spored gill-fungi of North America have recently been monographed in volume Io, part 2, of North American Flora, and a summary of the genera and species was published in the last number of Mycologia. The accompanying plate represents in their natural colors several species of this interesting group. The original drawings of figures 2, 3, and 7 were made several years ago in Maine by Miss Violette S. White; figure 6 is from a recent sketch by Dr. H. D. House; and the other figures are from originals by Miss Eaton. Other rosy-spored species have been previously illustrated in this series, as follows: Claudopus nidulans in Mycologia 6: pl. I13, f. 6; Entoloma Grayanum in Mycologia 5: pl. 92, f. 4; Lepista personata in Mycologia 2: pl. 19, f. I; Lepista tarda in Mycologia 6: pl. 113, f. 4; Pleuropus abortivus in Mycologia 4: pl. 56, f. I2; and Pluteus cervinus in Mycoolgia I; pl. 3, f. 2.
Chemical Protein Polyubiquitination Reveals the Role of a Noncanonical Polyubiquitin Chain in DNA Damage Tolerance

Polyubiquitination of proteins regulates a variety of cellular processes, including protein degradation, NF-κB pathway activation, apoptosis, and DNA damage tolerance. Methods for generating polyubiquitinated protein with defined ubiquitin chain linkage and length are needed for an in-depth molecular understanding of protein polyubiquitination. However, enzymatic protein polyubiquitination usually generates polyubiquitinated proteins with mixed chain lengths in a low yield. We report herein a new chemical approach for protein polyubiquitination with a defined ubiquitin chain length and linkage under a mild condition that preserves the native fold of the target protein. In DNA damage tolerance, K63-polyubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an important yet unclear role in regulating the selection of the error-free over error-prone lesion bypass pathways. Using the chemically polyubiquitinated PCNA, we revealed a mechanism of the K63 polyubiquitin chain on PCNA in promoting the error...
Probing Behavior of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. II. Comparisons of Salivation and Ingestion in Host and Non-Host Plant Leaves

Differences in probing behavior of the Chualar pea aphid biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) became evident when salivation and ingestion activities in host and nonhost plants were electronically recorded on strip charts. Leaves of healthy broadbean, Vicia faba L., and V. faba plants infected with the Geneva 2 strain of bean yellow mosaic virus were used as hosts. Cowpea, Vigna sinensis Endl., and lettuce, Lactuca saliva L., were used as the non-host plants. Lettuce and cowpea were judged to be non-host plants when young adult pea aphids confined to leaves of these plants were unable to survive for more than 5 days. During this period, these aphids produced about 20 times fewer offspring than did aphids of comparable age on the V. faba plants. Specimens from 1 group of pea aphids were allowed to ingest for 10 minutes. Waveform sequences and the study of histological preparations showed that 70% of the aphids ingested fluid during their first probe regardless of whether the leaf was from a host or a non-host. Of the aphids probing host plant leaves, 78% ingested sap from the sieve elements during their first probe. Sixty-one percent of the aphids probing V. sinensis and 53% probing L. sativa ingested sap from epidermal or sulxjpidermal cells during their first ingestion probes. None of the aphids probing non-host plants ingested sap from the sieve elements during the first probe. Salivation and ingestion activities of another test group of aphids were continuously recorded for 24 hours. Twelve activity parameters were analyzed statistically. Significant differences in probing behavior occurred between aphids on host and non-host plants. Some differences in ingestion behavior were evident between aphids on lettuce and aphids on cowpea. There were some statistical differences in probing behavior between aphids on healthy V. faba and those on diseased V. faba. Aphid probing behavior is discussed in light of the results and some hypotheses are presented in explanation of these phenomena.
Polymers and random walks—Renormalization group description and comparison wit

Although real polymers involve the sequential addition of monomers having fixed bond lengths, fixed bond angles and some freedom of rotation about single bond, the properties of polymers aver large length scales can be modeled by treating the polymer configuration as that of a random walk formed by the monomer units. Serious complications arise in the theoretical description of these polymers because of excluded volume constraints which prohibit different monomers from occupying the same position in space. This polymer excluded volume problem has been modeled in terms of a simple continuous random walk with short range repulsive interactions. The expansion of polymer properties in this repulsive interaction can readily be shown by dimensional analysis to involve an expansion in a large parameter, in the limit of long polymers. The renormalization group method is utilized as a systematic means for resuming this divergent perturbation expansion. The theory proceeds by analytically continuing the treatment to continuous range of spatial dimensionalities to expose and regularize the singularities in the analytically continued theory. The renormalization group approach is described from a heuristic physical standpoint and extensive comparisons are provided to show how it quantitatively reproduces vast amounts of dilute solution polymer properties with no adjustable parameters.
Double Layer Novel Left-handed Metamaterial Cover Applied in WLAN Antenna

In order to research characteristic of the antenna with left-handed Metamaterial(LH MTM) cover,a novel LH MTM is designed,which is based on common combination of split ring resonators and metal wires.When this LH MTM cover is placed above WLAN antenna operating at 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz,the radiation patterns are improved obviously.Moreover,the operating frequencies are shifted downwards.Simulation results by HFSS and MATLAB show that this LH MTM structure has multitude frequency bands(2-3.5 GHz,3.8-7.3 GHz and 7.5-12 GHz) with characteristics of negative permittivity and negative permeability.As to WLAN antenna with double layer LH MTM,its operating frequencies decrease by 0.04 GHz and 0.09 GHz and the maximum gains increase 1 dB and 1.4 dB respectively.So,this proves that the design of the proposed LH MTM is valid.Besides,it provides a new method for design of antenna with LH MTM cover.
Hepatolenticular Degeneration in 37 Children

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of children with hepatolenticular degeneration(WD). Methods The first onset symptoms of various organ dysfuncion in 37 children with WD were reviewed.Their clinical feature,laboratory examination,imaging examination and therapy were analyzed. Results The first onset symptoms in 33 cases were manifestations of the liver problems and in 3 cases manifestated central nervous system problems,and 1 case manifestated both liver and CNS problems.Two cases had clear family history.Among 6 misdiagnosed cases,1 case was misdiagnosed as intestinal obstruction,2 cases cholelithiasis,2 cases nephritis,and 1 case diarrhoea.Three had positive cornea K-F ring.All patients had increased urinary copper excretions higher than 100 μg/24 hours and ceruloplasmin decreased(0.2 g/L),32 cases had increased ALT(40 U/L),21 cases had decreased albumin(40 g/L).Children′s severe liver dysfunction,blood ammonia increased,and 9 patients had increased blood ammonia(45 μmol/L).Lactic acid and galactitol in patients detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested liver injury and multiple amino acids in renal dysfunction.Multiple amino acids detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrum were in severe liver injury.Hepatomegaly or splenomegaly were detected by abdominal ultrasound in 26 cases.Density anomaly on liver CT were found in 3 cases.Abnormal signal on brain CT or MRI were found in 4 cases.Liver biopsy showed chronic hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis in 1 case.The results of treatment with low copper diet,D-penicillamine and zinc sulphate in 37 cases were that 32 patients became better,4 cases died and 1 case gave up treatment. Conclusions The clinical characteristics are diverse,which leads to the higher misdiagnosis rate.Further understanding of hepatolenticular degeneration is helpful to the early clinic diagnosis and therapy.Blood ammonia,urine organic acid and plasma amino acid would be the index for the condition of the illness.
Fault Analysis of 110kV Outdoor HV Isolator for Shengli Oil Field

During ensuring safe operation of the network,reiability of the isolater operation has become a important link.The paper analyzes the status of the isolator for Shengli Oil Field network,the position and cause of faults takes place and puts forware improving methods and measures.
Pregnancy and autoimmune connective tissue diseases

Autoimmune connective tissue diseases predominantly affect women and often occur during the reproductive years. Thus, specialized issues in pregnancy planning and management are commonly encountered in this patient population. This chapter provides a current overview of pregnancy as a risk factor for onset of autoimmune disease, considerations related to the course of pregnancy in several autoimmune connective tissue diseases, and disease management and medication issues before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and in the postpartum period. A major theme that has emerged across these inflammatory diseases is that active maternal disease during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and that maternal and fetal health can be optimized when conception is planned during times of inactive disease and through maintaining treatment regimens compatible with pregnancy.
Human B-Cell Growth and Differentiation Factors Secreted by T-Cell Hybridomas

Application of the technique of cell hybridization (Kohler and Milstein, 1975) to human and murine T lymphocytes has been an area of recent intense interest and investigation. T-cell hybridomas have been developed that secrete a variety of immunoregulatory factors, such as interleukin 2 (IL-2) (Harwell et al., 1980), killer helper factor (Okada et al.,1981), and factors that help or suppress immunoglobulin (Ig) production (Irigoyen et al., 1981; Grillot-Courvalin and Brouet, 1981). Supernatants from these hybrid cell lines have proven to be a valuable source of monoclonal lymphokines for use in immunochemical as well as functional studies.
Molecular Markers in Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors

Bone and soft tissue tumors encompass a remarkably diverse spectrum of benign and malignant entities. Over the last couple decades, molecular genetic abnormalities have demonstrated to be an important, sometimes necessary adjunct for diagnosis, prognostication, and therapeutics of bone and soft tissue tumors. In general, bone and soft tissue tumors can be classified broadly into two groups: those neoplasms with complex, nonspecific cytogenetic profiles (Table 12.1) and those with relatively simple, consistent, and recurrent cytogenetic and molecular aberrations (Tables 12.2 and 12.3). The methods used to detect those molecular genetic aberrations include fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. Those tests are frequently performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in the clinical laboratories. However, with the popularity of new technologies such as interventional radiology and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, clinicians often request that specific molecular genetic tests be performed on the limited material. It is feasible to have some molecular tests done on cytology specimens, such as touch prep, thin-prep, cell block, or fluid. Some tests are actually more easily performed on cytology specimens and can provide much better results (such as FISH performed on thin-prep slide). This chapter is divided into two major sections: (1) summary of recurrent or tumor-specific genetic events in bone and soft tissue tumors, and (2) overview of the molecular approaches commonly used in clinical practice. A brief discussion of some molecular tests for bone and soft tumor performed on cytology samples is also provided.
Envelope viscosity solutions of first- and second-order PDEs with u-dependence

ABSTRACTGeneral envelope methods are introduced which may be used to embed equations with u-dependence into equations without solution dependence. Furthermore, these methods present a rigorous way to consider so-called nodal solutions. That is, if w(t,x,z) is the viscosity solution of some pde, the nodal solution of an associated pde is a function u(t,x) so that w(t,x,u(t,x)) = 0. Examples are given to first- and second-order pdes arising in optimal control, differential games, minimal time problems, scalar conservation laws, geometric-type equations, and forward backward stochastic control.
On prediction to dynamically assign heterogeneous microprocessors to the minimum joint power state to achieve Ultra Low Power Cloud Computing

Cloud computing centers are designed to be scalable and to process large varieties of software applications. However, the total power required by cloud computing systems is high since excess processors must be available to service both on-demand applications, as well as existing processes. We describe novel concepts that can enable the introduction of Ultra Low Power Cloud Computing systems. Our approach involves using a variety of heterogeneous processors, each with different power and performance capabilities. By predicting the load and jointly allocating tasks to the processors and dynamically turning off reserve processors, we prove that power reductions of up to 60–80% can be achieved.
The Relation of the Impostor Phenomenon to Future Intentions of Mathematics-Related School and Work:

Currently, the number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) jobs are expanding faster than the U.S. labor market; yet many individuals with STEM degrees choose to work in othe...
A Monte Carlo study of traditional and rank-based picked-points analyses

ABSTRACTIn analysis of covariance with heteroscedastic slopes a picked-points analysis is often performed. Least-squares based picked-points analyses often lose efficiency (at times substantial) for nonnormal error distributions. Robust rank-based picked-points analyses are developed which are optimizable for heavy-tailed and/or skewed error distributions. The results of a Monte Carlo investigation of these analyses are presented. The situations include the normal model and models which violate it in one or several ways. Empirically the rank-based analyses appear to be valid over all these situations and more powerful than the least squares analysis for all the nonnormal models, while losing little efficiency at the normal model.
Modeling Diversity in Structures of Bacterial Outer Membrane Lipids.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are vital components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and they act as extremely strong stimulators of innate immunity in diverse eukaryotic species. The primary immunostimulatory center of the LPS molecule is lipid A, a disaccharide-bound lipophilic domain. Considering the broad diversity in bacterial species, there are variations in the lipid A structures and their immunogenic potencies. In this work, we model the lipid A structures of eight commensal or human pathogenic bacterial species: Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Campylobacter jejuni, Neisseria meningitidis, and Salmonella minnesota. The membrane properties of these bacterial species were characterized and compared using molecular simulations. The structure–property relationships that emerge from this lipid A molecular library highlight the roles of acyl chain lengths, number of chains, phosphorylation state, membrane compo...
Some new results in passivity based control of robots

Abstract The passivity paradigm and the notion of passivity based control have contributed important insights into our understanding of the dynamics and control of robots, teleoperators, and other mechanical systems. In this paper we discuss some uses of passivity-based control in the areas of bipedal locomotion and master/slave teleoperation. These applications are chosen here because they illustrate applications of passivity based control to hybrid systems and networked control systems, which are two areas of great current interest.
KIF5B-RET Oncoprotein Signals through a Multi-kinase Signaling Hub

Gene fusions are increasingly recognized as important cancer drivers. The KIF5B-RET gene has been identified as a primary driver in a subset of lung adenocarcinomas. Targeting human KIF5B-RET to epithelia in Drosophila directed multiple aspects of transformation, including hyperproliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and extension of striking invadopodia-like processes. The KIF5B-RET-transformed human bronchial cell line showed similar aspects of transformation, including invadopodia-like processes. Through a combination of genetic and biochemical studies, we demonstrate that the kinesin and kinase domains of KIF5B-RET act together to establish an emergent microtubule and RAB-vesicle-dependent RET-SRC-EGFR-FGFR signaling hub. We demonstrate that drugs designed to inhibit RET alone work poorly in KIF5B-RET-transformed cells. However, combining the RET inhibitor sorafenib with drugs that target EGFR, microtubules, or FGFR led to strong efficacy in both Drosophila and human cell line KIF5B-RET models. This work demonstrates the utility of exploring the full biology of fusions to identify rational therapeutic strategies.
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular mass 302 in Standard Reference Material 1597a by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and stop-flow fluorescence detection.

The identification of isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex samples via reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with fluorescence detection (FL) is normally based on matching the chromatographic retention times of suspected peaks of interest with reference standards. Since no spectral information is obtained during the chromatographic run, the accurate identification of co-eluting PAHs with similar chromatographic behaviors requires confirmation with additional chromatographic methods. This is particularly true for the analysis of PAH isomers with the relative molecular mass (MM, g mol−1) 302. The work presented here explores the information content of room-temperature fluorescence spectra for the analysis of PAHs with MM 302 in the Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1597a. Fluorescence spectra were recorded under stop-flow conditions with the aid of a commercial HPLC system. Of the 21 MM 302 PAHs known to be present in the SRM 1597a, 20 were tentatively identified based on retention times and the presence of 18 was confirmed based on excitation and emission spectral profiles.
Predicate completion for non-Horn clause sets

The standard semantics of a logical program described by a set of predicative Horn clauses is minimal model semantics. To reason about negation in this context, Clark proposed to enrich the description in such a way that all Herbrand models but the minimal one are excluded. This predicate completion is used in explicit negation as failure, and also for example by Comon and Nieuwenhuis in inductive theorem proving. In this article, I extend predicate completion to a class of non-Horn clause sets. These may have several minimal models and I show how predicate completion with respect to a ground total reduction ordering singles out the same model as the model construction procedure by Bachmair and Ganzinger.
Directing Development Effort with Simulated Students

Our goal is to find a methodology for directing development effort in an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Given that ITS have several AI reasoning components, as well as content to present, evaluating them is a challenging task. Due to these difficulties, few evaluation studies to measure the impact of individual components have been performed. Our architecture evaluates the efficacy of each component of an ITS and considers the impact of a particular teaching goal when determining whether a particular component needs improving. For our AnimalWatch tutor, we found that for certain goals the tutor itself, rather than its reasoning components, needed improvement. We have found that it is necessary to know what the system's teaching goals are before deciding which component is the limiting factor on performance.
Panacea or Pandora's Box?: The Costs of Options in Negotiation

The prescriptive literature on negotiation advises negotiators to generate, evaluate, and select from multiple options at the bargaining table. At first glance, this "option-generation prescription" seems unassailable. After all, negotiators can include in their agreements only those options that they actually consider, so the more options they consider, the more likely it seems they will reach an agreement that maximizes their preferences. Upon closer inspection, however, the option-generation prescription begins to appear vulnerable, for it rests on a questionable premise about negotiator behavior. The option-generation prescription assumes that negotiators will make rational decisions when selecting from multiple options; regardless of the number of options available or the manner in which they are presented, it assumes that negotiators will independently assess the subjective value of each option, rank-order them, and then select the one that offers the most value. In fact, however, people can have great difficulty selecting the value-maximizing option when multiple options are on the table. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the predictable decision-making problems that can arise as a consequence of option generation in negotiation: namely, option devaluation, context dependence (contrast and compromise), non-compensatory decision making, and decision regret. Taken together, these "option costs" stand for the ironic proposition that negotiators who heed the option-generation prescription may be more likely than those who ignore it to enter into inferior agreements with which they may be less satisfied. Recognizing the benefits that option generation can provide, the article does not argue that negotiators should cease generating options. Its more modest goal is merely to cast some doubt on the wisdom of the prescriptive negotiation literature's uncritical endorsement of option generation. The article also explores the implications for lawyer-negotiators. It argues that lawyer-negotiators, acting on behalf of their clients, are more likely than non-lawyer-negotiators, acting on their own behalf, to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs of option generation. Specifically, lawyer-negotiators are more likely to assess decision options rationally; because of this, they can help their clients make "better" decisions and can use decision options strategically to influence their counterparts. Thus, this article identifies another way in which lawyers can add value for their clients.
The clinical information system. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center system for clinical oncology.

Clinical investigation of new therapies generates a tremendous amount of patient information. Much of this information is also used to direct the day to day care of the individual patients. It is imperative that these data be collected in a systematic manner that includes an efficient and flexible quality control mechanism and the ability to rapidly and easily retrieve individual study parameters for specific patients. In addition, statistical analyses must often be performed on subsets of the patient information and the results of these analyses presented in the form of a report. A computerized system that accomplishes each of these goals and several others has been developed at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The Clinical Information System is described and examples of its capabilites are presented.
Insights into medical management of pediatric intestinal failure

Medical management of children with Intestinal failure continues to evolve. The development of specialized teams focused on the management of these children has made the most significant impact in improving outcomes. Medical management strategies are centered on the provision of adequate fluid electrolytes and calories to allow for appropriate growth and neurological development. Enteral therapy and drugs are required to enhance bowel adaptation while parenteral nutrition is the main source of nutrients, electrolytes and fluid. Modification in parenteral nutrition with the availability of lipid alternatives are contributing to decreasing incidence of Intestinal failure associated liver disease. Utilization of patient centered central line care bundles has also significantly contributed to the decrease in morbidity and mortality. This review provides insight into the current medical therapy available for managing intestinal failure in children.
Supply location and transportation planning for hurricanes: A two-stage stochastic programming framework

Abstract We develop a two-stage stochastic programming model with recourse actions for hurricane preparedness. In the first stage, it works to optimize the locations of Points of Distribution (PODs), medical supply levels, and transportation capacity, and in the second, transportation decisions or flow. Our model minimizes the total social cost, comprised of deprivation and commercial logistics costs. Contrary to the extant literature, which typically employs robust optimization, we use probability distributions to avoid overly conservative estimates of hurricane impact. Additionally, our model facilitates the determination of optimal deployment time. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach in a case study. As risk attitude goes from optimistic to pessimistic, decision makers increase the number of PODs exponentially to spread the risk around. A similar trend holds for total costs as a function of hurricane category and its interplay with risk. Further, for lower strength hurricanes, regardless of risk attitude, the optimal decision is to deploy closer to landfall at 12 hours; for higher strength hurricanes, resources are best deployed earlier, at 36 hours, based on an exponential increase in demand for medical supplies. Deployment cost also increases exponentially as landfall approaches. These costs outweigh deprivation savings from an accurate demand estimate closer to landfall. However, when budget is limited, risk attitude is found to influence deployment decisions and a funding preference for lower severity-level supplies.
Towards Low-Cost, Real-Time, Distributed Signal and Data Processing for Artificial Intelligence Applications at Edges of Large Industrial and Internet Networks

Digital Signal Processors (DSP) are vital system components in industrial Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. In this paper, FIR filters that could be used for industrial AI applications are designed from the Spline Biorthogonal 1.5 (SB1.5) mother wavelet using a real-time, low-cost, generic industrial IoT (IIoT) hardware: the C28x DSP and low-level, Embedded C, system software. Our contribution in this paper is the first reported application of the C28x for SB1.5 wavelet construction. The significance of this approach is to be able to repurpose low-cost, readily available hardware for distributed AI applications. Our approach is different from the state of the art, in which specialized hardware are always manufactured for implementing AI applications at large network edges. Our approach supports low-cost and fast single-stage FIR implementation suitable for use in real-time, distributed AI application at network edges, since in our case, successive recursion of FIR filters leading to a full implementation of Pyramid Algorithm is not implemented. The designed FIR filter is evaluated and found capable of both low-pass and high pass filtering operations. Results of this paper indicate that the C28x real-time DSP, which exists in many IoT devices, could have improved scalability by being deployed for other important AI and IoT network edge analytic applications, different from its present uses.
Epigenetics of Prostate Cancer and Novel Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of male cancer-related mortality. Risk factors associated with prostate cancer include age, race, family history, and dietary factors. Although several etiological factors govern prostate cancer occurrence, epigenetic mechanisms are an important means of gene regulation in prostate cancer. In this chapter, we will briefly review the causal genomic factors involved in prostate tumorigenesis and will then elaborate on the roles of different epigenetic components, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, and their alterations in prostate tumor cell lines and in patient-derived tumors. Frequent epigenetic aberrations, such as DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation as well as altered histone acetylation and methylation, have been observed in prostate cancer leading to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. In addition, small noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs are involved in regulating the prostate cancer epigenome. Recent studies have highlighted the important cross talk between microRNAs and cellular epigenetic mechanisms and will be discussed here. Further, dietary factors/nutraceuticals play an important role in regulation of the epigenome and the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. In this chapter, we examine the current literature regarding diet-mediated epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer with a particular focus on microRNAs. We will review how different dietary components regulate DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expression and can be utilized as chemopreventive agents in prostate cancer.
Intelligent Infrastructure, Ubiquitous Mobility, and Smart Libraries – Innovate for the Future

This paper presents an empirical research on the strategic development of a large-scale transdisciplinary area, named Intelligent Infrastructure for Human-Centered Communities or IIHCC, in the institutional context of Virginia Tech. In such an innovative space, this study investigated the change dynamics, system thinking, and adaptive design strategies associated with the IIHCC evolution and libraries’ innovation. It employed a mixed-methods approach combining semi-structured interviews, ethnographic participant observation, and document analysis. The results present an emerging horizon of intelligent infrastructure and ubiquitous mobility and the evolving knowledge space and shifting data sphere in this cyber-physical-human integrated environment. Within such developments, this study discusses the developing scenarios of “smart” libraries as innovative testbeds for data exploration, community knowledge base, and intelligent information interface. It further projects an intelligent, learning, and adaptive library system, featuring exemplary data science platform and dynamic data management mechanism, smart design and innovation space, as well as collective intelligence and creative partnership. During this extraordinary time of horizon change, this timely work informs academic library transformation and its architectural innovation in the age of “smartness.”
Two Separation-of-Function Isoforms of Human TPP1 Dictate Telomerase Regulation in Somatic and Germ Cells

Telomerase replicates chromosome ends in germ and somatic stem cells to facilitate their continued proliferation. Telomerase action depends on the telomeric protein TPP1, which recruits telomerase to telomeres and facilitates processive DNA synthesis. Here, we identify separation-of-function long (TPP1-L) and short (TPP1-S) isoforms of TPP1 that appear to be generated from separate transcripts and differ only in 86 amino acids at their N terminus. Although both isoforms retain the ability to recruit telomerase, only TPP1-S facilitates efficient telomere synthesis. We find that TPP1-S is the predominant isoform in somatic cells, and strikingly, TPP1-L is the major isoform in differentiated male germ cells. We observed that TERT expression persists in these germ cells, suggesting that TPP1-L could restrain telomerase in this context. We show how differential expression of TPP1 isoforms determines telomerase function and demonstrate how alternative transcription start sites allow one gene to perform distinct functions in different biological contexts.
International Multiparty Mediation: Prospects for a Coordinated Effort

The field of international peace mediation has become increasingly complex. Proliferation of actors that are able and willing to mediate has made multiparty mediation a standard format through which conflicts get managed. Due to their ad hoc nature, multiparty mediation efforts require specific mechanisms that will provide sufficient clarity and direction for the mediators involved. This paper departs by differentiating three distinct, yet highly interrelated, fundamental aspects that contribute to the overall success in multiparty mediation: cooperation, coordination and leadership. Treating coordination as a subset element of wider cooperation, this paper addresses the main challenges of achieving effective coordination in a given context. The paper highlights the relevance of information carrying capacity and premediated appointment of a leader when developing particular coordination mechanisms.
Achieving Effective Mortgage Modifications: The Importance of Household Characteristics

This analysis uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 2009 to 2013 to model the likelihood that a mortgage modification can be obtained by homeowners with mortgages that are in foreclosure, who have defaulted on one or more payments, or who have not yet defaulted on a payment but who are concerned they may do so in the immediate future. In addition, for those households who obtain a mortgage modification, the likelihood that the modification eliminates their mortgage problem is also estimated. Consistent with the existing literature, we find little direct evidence (significance of categorical variables identifying the borrowers race/ethnicity, sex/marital status, etc.) that being in a protected or otherwise potentially at risk class influences the likelihood that these households will get a mortgage modification, or that it will effectively deal with their payment problem. However, the analysis does find substantial indirect evidence that many of these households are at disadvantage because of differences in their socioeconomic characteristics. Some interesting finding are that independent variables which capture educational attainment, access to the internet, financial experience, and early identification of potential mortgage payment problems all have significant impacts on the likelihood that households will receive effective mortgage modifications.
The Free Serratus-Rib Flap for Orbital Floor Reconstruction After Oncologic Resection.

Introduction Maxillary cancer is relatively rare but devastating for those affected with the disease. For patients who require suprastructural or total maxillectomy for oncologic resection, the resection of the orbital floor can be challenging to reconstruct. The serratus-rib flap is a well-known and useful method of head and neck reconstruction, albeit infrequently used. However, the serratus-rib flap has not previously been described for reconstruction of the orbital floor and has the potential to provide excellent globe support after orbital floor resection in patients after undergoing maxillectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients who had undergone orbital floor reconstruction using the serratus-rib osteomyofascial free flap by the senior author throughout their career. Surgical technique, postoperative course, complications, and additional required procedures were evaluated. Results Six patients were found to have undergone the serratus-rib osteomyofascial free flap for orbital floor reconstruction. Average follow-up was 26.7 months from initial surgery. Fifty percent of patients had later minor revision surgery such as fat grafting or scar revision. No patients had any significant complications, and all patients were noted to have good ocular function without diplopia postoperatively. Conclusion The serratus-rib osteomyofascial free flap is an efficacious method for reconstruction of the orbital floor after oncologic resection. Surgeons should consider this flap when performing orbital floor reconstruction, particularly when dead space also needs to be filled with the use of a free flap.
Taking pigeons to heart: Birds proficiently diagnose human cardiac disease.

In two experiments, we trained pigeons (Columba livia) to sort visual images (obtained by clinical myocardial perfusion imaging techniques) depicting different degrees of human cardiac disfunction (myocardial hypoperfusion of the left ventricle) into normal and abnormal categories by providing food reward only after correct choice responses. Pigeons proved to be highly proficient at categorizing pseudo-colorized images as well as highly sensitive to the degree of the perfusion deficit depicted in the abnormal images. In later testing, the pigeons completely transferred discriminative responding to novel stimuli, demonstrating that they had fully learned the normal and abnormal categories. Yet, these pigeons failed to transfer discriminative responding to grayscale images containing no color information. We therefore trained a second cohort of pigeons to categorize grayscale image sets from the outset. These birds required substantially more training to achieve similar levels of performance. Yet, they too completely transferred discriminative responding to novel stimuli by relying on both global and local disparities in brightness between the normal and abnormal images. These results confirm that pseudo-colorization can enhance pigeons’ categorization of human cardiac images, a result also found with human observers. Overall, our findings further document the potential of the pigeon as a useful aide in studies of medical image perception.
Verifying the Performance of a Correlation-Based Channel Sounder in the 3.5 GHz Band with a Calibrated Vector Network Analyzer

We verified the performance of a correlation-based channel sounder in the 3550 MHz to 3650 MHz band with a calibrated vector network analyzer (VNA) by comparing measurements in a stable, coaxial environment at the same reference planes. The purpose of this experiment was to focus on the performance of the channel sounder's hardware, as opposed to antenna effects or channel variations. Two conducted propagation channels were utilized - one consisting of a length of cable and an attenuator to simulate a line-of-sight channel, and another with a pair of splitters joined by cables of different lengths to simulate a multipath environment. Performing repeated measurements and estimating the components of uncertainty due to random effects, we found that the channel sounder and VNA measurements agreed to within 0.25 dB for values of path gain, and the peaks in the power delay profile agreed to within 2 dB.
Human Cognition and the Expert Systems Interface Mental Models and Explanation Facilities

Expert systems have been used to automate complex decision processes, enabling a human problem-solver to use them as an aid in making decisions. Often, these decisions would not have been possible in the time available. The purpose of this research was to investigate human cognition and the expert system interface, exploring tow key variables affecting user/expert system interaction: 1) User Mental Models and 2) the nature of the expert system Inference Explanations. This research explored the reasoning, problem solving and decision making processes of both expert systems and human decision makers. The research empirically established the variables affecting user/expert system interaction and contributed to the development of the theoretical relationship between human cognition and the use of intelligent machines.