cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a novel precision instrument for high-resolution simultaneous normal and shear force measurements between small planar samples.

In the design and development of end effector pads for silicon wafer handling robots, it is imperative that the static friction/adhesion force properties of the pads with respect to a variety of planar surfaces be characterized. In this work, the overall design, calibration, and data acquisition procedure of an instrument developed for performing these measurements on small (<10 mm × 10 mm) planar samples is presented. This device was used to perform adhesion/maximum shear force measurements on polydimethylsiloxane, a silicon wafer, and custom carbon nanotubes forest surfaces. The device was successfully able to measure an effective, mean profile adhesion force of 715 μN between a silicon wafer and a polydimethylsiloxane (2.768 × 10−6 m2) sample. In addition, a nonlinear maximum shear over normal force relationship was also measured between custom carbon nanotubes forest and the silicon wafer surfaces. The maximum shear over a normal force coefficient was found to decrease with increasing initial normal f...
Adsorption of alcohols on a two-dimensional SiO2 single crystal – Alcohol adsorption on silicatene

Abstract The adsorption kinetics of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol) was studied on monoatomic, two-dimensional SiO2 single crystals (silicatene) using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Silicatene was grown on Mo(1 1 2) at ultra-high vacuum. In contrast to Mo, the alcohols physisorb molecularly on the hydrophobic SiO2/Mo surface. Zero coverage binding energies vary from 46.5 to 65.5 kJ/mol and increase with molecular size. Silicatene was characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and water TDS.
A Self-Alignment System for LOS Optical Wireless Communication Links

This letter presents a self-alignment system using a continuous and a proportional-to-position-error correction algorithm. The system is designed to address uninterrupted point-to-point high-speed line-of-sight optical wireless links. The alignment correction employs amplitude detection from a mm2-scale CMOS-compatible 4-PD array connected to a 4-channel receiver and followed by digital-processing and feedback toward the receiver lens position. The proposed self-alignment method is validated with a receiver position varying over about 5-cm range and a receiver angle covering around ±10 degree with roughly $\times 4$ field-of-view widening due to the automatic alignment. A 50-Mb/s ON–OFF-keying transmission link is maintained across 4 meters distance using a 650-nm-red light-emitting-diode source with a bit-error-rate below the forward-error-correction limit of $3.8\times 10^{-3}$ .
Motion compensation using critically sampled DWT subbands for low-bitrate video coding

In this paper, we propose a novel motion estimation/motion compensation (ME/MC) method for wavelet-based (i.e. in-band) motion compensated temporal filtering (MCTF), with application to low-bitrate video coding. Unlike the conventional in-band MCTF algorithms, which require redundancy to overcome the shift-variance problem of critically sampled (i.e. complete) discrete wavelet transforms (DWT), we perform ME/MC steps directly on DWT coefficients by avoiding the need of shift-invariance. We omit upsampling, inverse-DWT (IDWT), and calculation of redundant DWT coefficients, while achieving arbitrary subpixel accuracy without interpolation, and high video quality even at very low-bitrates, by deriving the exact relationships between DWT subbands of input image sequences. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, confirming that our model for ME/MC effectively improves video coding quality.
A joint TOA and DOA approach for positioning with LTE signals

An approach to jointly estimate the time-of-arrival (TOA) and azimuth and elevation angles of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) from received cellular long-term evolution (LTE) signals is developed. The approach uses a uniform planar antenna array and an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to estimate the receiver's position and difference between its clock bias and drift with those of each of the eNodeBs' without any a priori knowledge about the receiver's state. Simulation results evaluating the performance of the proposed method are presented for different transmission bandwidths, carrier-to-noise ratios, and number of antennas. Experimental results show an accuracy of 0.55 m in estimating the position of the receiver with real LTE signals.
Stereotactic insertion of an ommaya reservoir: technical note.

BACKGROUND Stereotactic insertion of catheters into deep-seated tumors or developmental cysts is easily accomplished, but connecting the catheter to an Ommaya reservoir while maintaining catheter position can be difficult. We describe a technique for easy placement of a catheter-Ommaya reservoir construct with one pass. METHODS Standard stereotactic imaging is performed. The distance from the outer table of the skull to the target point is measured. A catheter-Ommaya reservoir construct is assembled to this length and directed to the target position with a standard Cosman-Robert-Wells (CRW) stereotactic frame. RESULTS Use of this technique placed catheters into tumor or developmental cysts accurately and with no surgical complications in 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS This technique is simple, safe, reliable, and requires no special equipment. It avoids the risk of dislodging the catheter when it is being connected to the Ommaya reservoir, reducing the chances of cyst leakage and collapse.
Caloric intake, dietary fat level, and experimental carcinogenesis.

The percentage of calories provided by the fat content of the diet is a major public health issue. In order to lessen the probability of developing certain types of cancers, one of the most frequently recommended dietary changes is to lessen the percentage of calories provided by fat. The question that will be addressed herein is: What is the evidence for a specific role for dietary fat as a factor determining the incidence of cancer in laboratory animals? Because of the limitations inherent in epidemiology attributable to very large differences in life-style, human data on the role of nutrition on cancer incidence/mortality are often inconclusive.
Consent and Resistance: The Modern Struggle between American Indian Tribes and the United States

After a few years of late 19th century confusion, the United States Supreme Court held definitively in 1898 that the United States Constitution does not bind Indian tribes. Indian tribes were not invited to the Constitutional Convention. Indian tribes never ratified the Constitution (nor were they asked). The Constitution places Indian tribes and foreign nations in the same category of governments that, by definition, were not American. And yet in the 21st century, it is well understood that Indian tribes are a part – somehow – of the American Constitutional structure. Justice O’Connor wrote that Indian tribes are the “third sovereign.” It remains hornbook law that the Constitution does not bind Indian tribes, but the three branches of the federal each purport to maintain plenary control over critical aspects of Indian tribes, citing to admittedly dubious authority. The book project will parse through that history into the modern era, and highlight areas in which federal government control over Indian affairs no longer makes sense. Using aspects of consent theory to generate separate theories of tribal and individual Indian consent, I propose a new way of viewing Indian affairs, in which Indian tribes and individual Indians strategically exercise resistance to federal law as a means of vesting Indian tribes and Indian people in the American constitutional structure.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Azolium-Based Halogen-Bond Donors

A method for the synthesis of iodinated imidazolium and triazolium N-heterocyclic halogen-bond-donor catalysts has been developed. This approach was applied to the synthesis of a variety of 1,2,4-triazolium salts to prepare a series of novel chiral halogen-bond-donor catalysts. The counterions of the iodinated triazoliums can be readily exchanged with chiral and achiral non-coordinating counterions to produce unique scaffolds. Their ability to promote/catalyse a conjugate addition reaction with indole was investigated. Through these initial studies, a set of general guidelines and considerations for the application of these halogen-bond donors in organocatalysis have been established.
Serum biomolecules unable to compete with drug refilling into cyclodextrin polymers regardless of the form

Polymers that are refillable and sustain local release will have a great impact in both preventing and treating local cancer recurrence as well as addressing non-resectable diseases. Polymerized cyclodextrin (pCD) disks, which reload drugs into molecular “pockets” in vivo through affinity interactions, have been previously shown to localize doxorubicin (Dox) to treat glioblastoma multiforme. However, one concern is whether drug refilling is influenced by competition from local biomolecules. In addition the impact of the polymer form on drug refilling is unknown. Herein, different pCD formulations were synthesized from γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and were compared in vitro using competitive drug filling/refilling assays. Data reveal that affinity-based drug refilling occurs as a function of both the polymer form and the sustained release polymeric liquid (SRPL) dilution factor, pointing to the surface/volume ratio, as well as the CD pocket density, and the effects of the distance between pocket. In vitro refilling experiments with cholesterol demonstrated no interference with Dox filling of the CD polymer, while the presence of albumin only slightly reduced Dox filling of pCD-γ-MP (microparticle) and pCD-γ-SRPL forms, but not pCD-γ-disks. Moreover, whole serum competition did not inhibit filling or refilling of pCD-γ-MP with Dox at multiple concentrations and filling times, which indicates that this polymer (re)filling is primarily driven by affinity-based interactions that can overcome the physiological conditions which may limit other drug delivery approaches. This was supplemented by isolating variables through docking simulations and affinity measurements. These results attest to the efficiency of in vivo or in situ polymer filling/refilling in the presence of competitive biological molecules achieved partially through high affinity drug to polymer interactions.
Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Marker-Trait Association for Drought Tolerance in US Rice Germplasm

Drought is a major constraint in some rice-growing areas of the United States. Its impact is most severe at the reproductive stage resulting in low grain yield. Therefore, assessment of genetic and phenotypic variation for drought tolerance in US rice germplasm is necessary to accelerate the breeding effort. Evaluation of 205 US rice genotypes for drought tolerance at the reproductive stage revealed tolerant response in rice genotypes Bengal, Jupiter, Cypress, Jazzman, Caffey, and Trenasse. Harvest index and fresh shoot weight were identified as important traits to explain the majority of variability among the genotypes under drought tolerance. Genotyping with 80 SSR markers indicated a low level of genetic diversity in US germplasm. Population structure analysis grouped the genotypes into eight clusters. The genotypes from California, Louisiana, and Arkansas formed distinct subgroups. Texas genotypes were similar to those from Louisiana and Arkansas. Marker-trait association analysis showed significant association of RM570 and RM351 with grain yield, spikelet fertility, and harvest index whereas shoot dry weight showed association with RM302 and RM461. The drought-tolerant genotypes identified in this study and the SSR markers associated with drought tolerance attributes will be helpful for development of improved drought-tolerant rice varieties through marker assisted selection.
Memory FORESHADOW: Memory FOREnSics of HArDware CryptOcurrency Wallets – A Tool and Visualization Framework

Abstract We present Memory FORESHADOW: Memory FOREnSics of HArDware cryptOcurrency Wallets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the primary account of cryptocurrency hardware wallet client memory forensics. Our exploratory analysis revealed forensically relevant data in memory including transaction history, extended public keys, passphrases, and unique device identifiers. Data extracted with FORESHADOW can be used to associate a hardware wallet with a computer and allow an observer to deanonymize all past and future transactions due to hierarchical deterministic wallet address derivation. Additionally, our novel visualization framework enabled us to measure both the persistence and integrity of artifacts produced by the Ledger and Trezor hardware wallet clients. The framework can be generalized for use in future memory forensics work.
Schizotypy dimensions are associated with altered resting state alpha connectivity

Abstract The disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia says that symptoms are explained by dysfunctional connections across a wide range of brain networks. Despite some support for this hypothesis, there have been mixed findings. One reason for these may be the multidimensional nature of schizophrenia symptoms. In order to clarify the relationship between symptoms and brain networks, the current study included individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders who either report extreme levels of positive schizotypy traits (perceptual aberrations and magical ideation, or “PerMag”; n = 23), or an extreme negative schizotypy trait (social anhedonia, or “SocAnh”; n = 19), as well as a control group (n = 18). Resting-state alpha electroencephalography was collected, and functional networks for each subject were measured using the phase-lag index to calculate the connectivity between channel pairs based on the symmetry of instantaneous phase differences over time. Furthermore, graph theory measures were introduced to identify network features exclusive to schizotypy groups. We found that the PerMag group exhibited a smaller difference in node strength and clustering coefficient in frontal/occipital and central/occipital regional comparisons compared to controls, suggesting a more widespread network. The SocAnh group exhibited a larger difference in degree in the central/occipital regional comparison relative to controls, suggesting a localized occipital focus in the connectivity network. Regional differences in functional connectivity suggest that different schizotypy dimensions are manifested at the network level by different forms of disconnections. Taken together, these findings lend further support to the disconnection hypothesis and suggest that altered connectivity networks may serve as a potential biomarker for schizophrenia risk.
Iron chelation with desferrioxamine B in adults with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia [see comments]

To determine if iron chelation therapy has activity against human malaria, we administered desferrioxamine B in amounts of 100 mg/kg per day by continuous 72-hour subcutaneous infusions to 28 volunteers with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Peripheral blood concentrations of P falciparum ring forms were determined at 12-hour intervals in all subjects and serum concentrations of desferrioxamine B + ferrioxamine (the iron complex of desferrioxamine B) were measured in 26 subjects. Geometric mean concentrations of asexual intraerythrocytic parasites decreased with both chelator and placebo treatment, but the decrement with desferrioxamine B was significantly greater than that with placebo (P less than .006) during both the initial and crossover periods. Compared with placebo, desferrioxamine B treatment was associated with an almost 10-fold enhancement of the rate of parasite clearance during both phases of the trial (P less than .007). Mean +/- SEM steady state concentrations of desferrioxamine B + ferrioxamine were 6.90 +/- 0.60 mumol/L at 36 hours and 7.72 +/- 0.68 mumol/L at 72 hours; in vitro, the ID50 has been reported to be approximately 4 to 20 mumol/L. No drug toxicity was detected. Parasitemia recurred in 19 of 24 participants followed-up over 1 to 6 months. We conclude that desferrioxamine B enhances the clearance of P falciparum parasitemia and that iron chelation may provide a new strategy to be developed for the treatment of malaria.
Zika virus is transmitted in neural progenitor cells via cell-to-cell spread and infection is inhibited by the autophagy inducer trehalose.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne human pathogen that causes congenital Zika syndrome and neurological symptoms in some adults. There are currently no approved treatments or vaccines for ZIKV, and exploration of therapies targeting host processes could avoid viral development of drug resistance. The purpose of our study was to determine if the non-toxic and widely used disaccharide trehalose, which showed antiviral activity against Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in our previous work, could restrict ZIKV infection in clinically relevant neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Trehalose is known to induce autophagy, the degradation and recycling of cellular components. Whether autophagy is proviral or antiviral for ZIKV is controversial and depends on cell type and specific conditions used to activate or inhibit autophagy. We show here that trehalose treatment of NPCs infected with recent ZIKV isolates from Panama and Puerto Rico significantly reduces viral replication and spread. In addition, we demonstrate that ZIKV infection in NPCs spreads primarily cell-to-cell as an expanding infectious center, and NPCs are infected via contact with infected cells far more efficiently than by cell-free virus. Importantly, ZIKV was able to spread in NPCs in the presence of neutralizing antibody.Importance Zika virus causes birth defects and can lead to neurological disease in adults. While infection rates are currently low, ZIKV remains a public health concern with no treatment or vaccine available. Targeting a cellular pathway to inhibit viral replication is a potential treatment strategy that avoids development of antiviral resistance. We demonstrate in this study that the non-toxic autophagy-inducing disaccharide trehalose reduces spread and output of ZIKV in infected neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the major cells infected in the fetus. We show that ZIKV spreads cell-to-cell in NPCs as an infectious center and that NPCs are more permissive to infection by contact with infected cells than by cell-free virus. We find that neutralizing antibody does not prevent the spread of the infection in NPCs. These results are significant in demonstrating anti-ZIKV activity of trehalose and in clarifying the primary means of Zika virus spread in clinically relevant target cells.
Efficiently exploiting process-structure-property relationships in material design by multi-information source fusion

Abstract Materials design calls for the (inverse) exploitation of Process-Structure-Property (PSP) relationships to produce materials with targeted properties. Unfortunately, most materials design frameworks are not optimal, given resource constraints. Bayesian Optimization (BO)-based frameworks are increasingly used in materials design as they balance the exploration and exploitation of design spaces. Most BO-based frameworks assume that the design space can be queried by a single information source (e.g. experiment or simulation). Recently, we demonstrated microstructure-sensitive design of alloys with a BO framework capable of exploiting multiple information sources. While promising, the previous framework is limited as it assumes that the optimal microstructure is always feasible and considers microstructural features as the design space. Herein, we sidestep this unwarranted assumption and instead consider that chemistry and processing conditions constitute the design space amenable to optimization. We demonstrate the efficacy of our expanded framework by optimizing the mechanical performance of a ferritic/martensitic dual-phase material by adjusting composition/processing parameters. The framework uses thermodynamic results to predict microstructural attributes which are then used to predict the mechanical properties using a variety of micromechanical models and a microstructure-based finite element model. The final stage involves implementing model reification and information fusion, and a knowledge-gradient acquisition function to determine the next best design point and information sources to query. A detailed discussion of the various components and demonstration of how the framework can be implemented under three sets of cost-based constraints is presented.
Role of Chitinase 3-Like 1 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A recently discovered human glycoprotein, chitinase 3-like 1 (Chi3L1), may play a role in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and visceral fat accumulation. We hypothesize that Chi3L1 gene expression is important in the development of hepatic insulin resistance characterized by the generation of pAKT, pGSK, and pERK in wild type and Chi3L1 knockout (KO) murine liver following insulin stimulation. The Chi3L1 gene and protein expression was evaluated by Real Time PCR and ELISA; lipid accumulation in hepatocytes was also assessed. To alter Chi3L1 function, three different anti-Chi3L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were administered in vivo and effects on the insulin signaling cascade and hepatic lipid deposition were determined. Transmission of the hepatic insulin signal was substantially improved following KO of the CHi3L1 gene and there was reduced lipid deposition produced by a HFD. The HFD-fed mice exhibited increased Chi3L1 expression in the liver and there was impaired insulin signal transduction. All three anti-Chi3L1 mAbs partially restored hepatic insulin sensitivity which was associated with reduced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes as well. A KO of the Chi3L1 gene reduced lipid accumulation and improved insulin signaling. Therefore, Chi3L1 gene upregulation may be an important factor in the generation of NAFLD/NASH phenotype.
The Impact of Urodynamics on Surgery for Incontinence in Children with Exstrophy

The urologic management of the exstrophy patient has always been a daunting experience for clinicians. Following closure, these children often have continued to suffer from urinary incontinence. The decision to enlarge the bladder and/or increase urethral resistance has been a difficult choice for the urologic surgeon, based solely on clinical grounds and radiographic assessment. The ability to accurately predict which procedure singly or in combination would achieve continence has never been very high. In recent years urodynamic testing (UDS) has become an integral part of the preoperative evaluation of the exstrophy patient following closure, especially if incontinence remains an issue. The findings in children with intractable wetting treated at Children’s Hospital is presented to provide guidelines for managing this complex anomaly.
OBSERVATIONS OF ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLERS IN VINE MAPLE

We conducted a pilot study assessing the role that Orange-crowned Warblers (Oreothlypis celata) may play in the pollination of Vine Maple (Acer circinatum). We observed an Orange-crowned Warbler probing its head into different inflorescences between 2 focal trees. We also incidentally observed O. celata individuals foraging in Big-leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) inflorescences and a Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla) feeding in the flowers of a Vine Maple. Our observations and results from the pilot experiment excluding large-bodied pollinators from flowers lead us to suggest that warblers may forage at Vine Maple flowers in a manner that could contribute to pollination; however, further study to confirm that warblers transfer pollen from anthers to conspecific stigmas is warranted.
Regulating Internet Services by Size

In their zeal to curb Big Tech, regulators are crafting legislative reforms that make distinctions between Internet services based on size. A crucial Internet law, Section 230, is among the targets for such reforms. This essay discusses the nuanced considerations that regulators should address when drafting size-based distinctions for Internet services. It also raises concerns that such distinctions are not good policy in the context of Section 230.
The Constitutionally Prescribed Role of States in Protecting the Nation's Security

Lost in the debates over the respective powers of Congress and the President in foreign affairs has been any recognition of the role that states play in the national security arena. Although states currently exercise almost no direct authority, such was not the case at our Founding. Indeed, as a matter of necessity, states played a critical role in defending the new nation, as they had under the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution in Article I enshrines the role of the states in national security by authorizing Congress to agree to state compacts with foreign entities, to permit states to have standing armies, and to entrust supervision of militias to the states. Congress tasked the states with significant functions thereafter, and that lost history strongly suggests that, at least according to the framework at the Founding, Congress can exercise substantial discretion in deciding how best to pursue national security measures, including placing some responsibilities outside the President’s direct control.
Influence of different chelators (HYNIC, MAG3 and DTPA) on tumor cell accumulation and mouse biodistribution of technetium-99m labeled to antisense DNA.

We have shown recently that cell accumulation in culture of antisense DNA is strongly influenced by the presence of a 99mTc-MAG3 group for radiolabeling. We have now compared the in vitro and mouse in vivo behavior of 99mTc when radiolabeled to one antisense phosphorothioate DNA by three different methods. The 18-mer antisense DNA against the RIα subunit of PKA was conjugated via a primary amine on the 5'-end with the NHS esters of HYNIC and MAG3 and by the cyclic anhydride of DTPA. Surface plasmon resonance measurements revealed that the association rate constant for hybridization was unchanged for all three chelators as compared with that of the native DNA. Size exclusion HPLC showed rapid and quantitative protein binding for all three chelators upon incubation of labeled DNAs in 37°C serum and cell culture medium. However, in each case, radiolabeled and intact oligonucleotide was still detectable after 24 h. Cellular uptake was tested in an RIα mRNA-positive cancer cell line. The order of cellular accumulation of 99mTc was DTPA>HYNIC(tricine)>MAG3, with the differences increasing with time between 4 and 24 h. The rate of 99mTc egress from cells was found to be MAG3>HYNIC>DTPA, which may explain the order of cellular accumulation. The biodistribution in normal mice was heavily influenced by the labeling method and followed a pattern similar to that seen previously by us for peptides labeled with the same chelators. In conclusion, although these studies concerned only one antisense DNA in one cell line, the results suggest that the success of antisense imaging may depend, in part, on the method of radiolabeling.
The Behaviour of the Outer Solar Corona (3 R⊙ to 10 R⊙) during a Large Solar Flare Observed from OSO-7 in White Light

A very bright coronal streamer was observed on December 13, 1971 by the Naval Research Laboratory’s coronagraph on board of OSO-7. The next day, the streamer had changed it’s brightness and configuration considerably. Three subsequent coronagraph images, taken on December 14 at 0407, 0418 and 0430 UT show a large plasma cloud moving outward from the Sun between 3 and 10 solar radii. They also show distinct smaller clouds moving outward with projected velocities between 950 and 1100 km s-1. Traced back in time to the lower solar corona, these clouds coincide with discrete type II radiobursts observed from Culgoora between 0241 and 0256 UT. Each single cloud shows it’s signature in the radio recording between 100 and 20 MHz. The drift velocity of the radio bursts can be determined to be 1600 km s-1 using Newkirk’s coronal streamer model. Assuming, that the plasma clouds are ejected from an active region 30° behind the east limb vertically, their true velocities close to the surface of the Sun would be approximately 1400 km s-1 which is in good agreement with the drift velocities determined from the type II bursts, considering all uncertainties. Therefore, the type II burst disturbance moves with the same velocity as the driving material.
The Madden-Julian Oscillation and Boreal Winter Forecast Skill: An Analysis of NCEP CFSv2 Reforecasts

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the main mode of tropical intraseasonal variations and bridges weather and climate. Because the MJO has a slow eastward propagation and longer time scale relative to synoptic variability, significant interest exists in exploring the predictability of the MJO and its influence on extended-range weather forecasts (i.e., 2–4-week lead times). This study investigates the impact of the MJO on the forecast skill in Northern Hemisphere extratropics during boreal winter. Several 45-day forecasts of geopotential height (500 hPa) from NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) reforecasts are used (1 November–31 March 1999–2010). The variability of the MJO expressed as different amplitudes, durations, and recurrence (i.e., primary and successive events) and their influence on forecast skill is analyzed and compared against inactive periods (i.e., null cases). In general, forecast skill during enhanced MJO convection over the western Pacific is systematically higher...
Unconscious: History of the Concept

The history of the concept of the unconscious in western thought will be discussed here in three phases of its development: 1. from as early as the sixth century BCE to the seventeenth century, when the concept was not usually distinguished from other, wholly metaphysical concepts in which it was embedded; 2. the beginning of the attempt, under the influence of Descartes, to distinguish the concept of the unconscious from its metaphysical moorings and to submit it to scientific examination; 3. the modern period, in which the concept is very commonly assumed by researchers in the social sciences despite doubts by some about whether the concept's separation from its metaphysical origins is, or ever can be, complete.
Comparing Apples to Apples: Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Current ICE and Fuel Cell Vehicle Technologies

ABSTRACT Because of their high efficiency and low emissions, fuel-cell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development. When considering the introduction of advanced vehicles, a complete well-to-wheel evaluation must be performed to determine the potential impact of a technology on carbon dioxide and Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions. Several modeling tools developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) were used to evaluate the impact of advanced powertrain configurations. The Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) transient vehicle simulation software was used with a variety of fuel cell system models derived from the General Computational Toolkit (GCtool) for pump-to-wheel (PTW) analysis, and GREET (Green house gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Transportation) was used for well-to-pump (WTP) analysis. This paper compares advanced propulsion technologies on a well-to-wheel energy basis by using current technology for conventional, hybrid and fuel cell technologies.
Factors of Persistence Among Graduates of Athletic Training Education Programs

Context: Previous researchers have indicated that athletic training education programs (ATEPs) appear to retain students who are motivated and well integrated into their education programs. However...
The Inherent Power to Impose Sanctions: How a Federal Judge is Like an 800-pound Gorilla

Barrels of ink have been spilled over Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, the sanctions rule. It has been panned and praised by seemingly equal numbers of experts and inside:J;"s in countless law journals and judicial opinions. 1 Pol$ing in the abstract, the Rule often surfaces in closely contested and highly visible litigation; it seems that every trial lawyer has a Rule 11 horror story to tell. Perhaps no other Rule has been more frequently the object of intense study and debate.
Automated generation of testing tools for domain-specific languages

Domain-specific languages (DSLs) assist a domain expert (or end-user) in writing a software program using idioms that are closer to the abstractions found in a specific problem domain. Language tool support for DSLs is lacking, however, when compared to the capabilities provided for standard general purpose languages (e.g., Java and C++). For example, support for debugging and testing a program written in a DSL is often nonexistent. A DSL grammar serves as the primary artifact for defining DSLs from a higher level of abstraction. This paper describes an investigation into a grammar-driven technique to build a testing tool from existing DSL grammars. The DSL grammars are used to generate the hooks needed to interface with a supporting infrastructure written for an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that assists in debugging and testing a program written in a DSL. We describe a DSL framework that we have implemented to generate DSL testing tools (e.g., debugger and test engine). This framework demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of using the information derived from DSL grammars and existing software components and services to support end-user debugging and testing in a domain friendly programming environment.
The Unified Procurement Strategy for Enterprise Software: A Test of the Move to the Middle Hypothesis

To increase their firms' competitiveness, information technology (IT) managers are adopting a strategy that many deemed risky in the past. Recent IT advances combined with certain firm and industry characteristics are prompting firms to move toward a unified procurement strategy for enterprise software solutions. Unified procurement occurs when a firm elects to purchase all compatible products and services from a single vendor. Key benefits of unified procurement involve motivating managers to alter their procurement strategy. At the top of the list of benefits is transferred risk, which includes risks that can be transferred from one participating party to another during a transaction. In the case of unified procurement, they include technology risks and integration costs that are transferred from the procurement firm to its vendor. Firms have been shifting toward a unified procurement strategy for enterprise software solutions. We discuss the evolution of procurement practices in an industry that exemplifies a manifestation of Clemons et al.'s [10] "move to the middle" hypothesis predictions. The adoption of unified procurement is being driven by changes in IT, firm, and industry structure. We explore the "move to the middle," transaction cost economics, and industry clockspeed theory to explain this phenomenon. We present a series of propositions that extend the prior theory to the more specific setting of enterprise software procurement-an example of middle range theory development-and use mini-cases to validate the various perspectives that we offer.
Direct Demonstration of Lactate–Acrylate Interconversion in Clostridium Propionicum

We present evidence that acrylate is an intermediate in the direct reduction of lactate to propionate in Clostridium propionicum. In the presence of 3–butynoic acid, an inhibitor of acyl–CoA dehydrogenase, acrylate was formed from D–lactate and detected by gas–liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. This represents the first direct demonstration of acrylate accumulation from lactate in C. propionicum.
Blood Amino Acids and Milk Composition from Cows Fed Soybean Meal, Fish Meal, or Both

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows at 48 +/- 8 d in milk were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods to determine the effect on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and blood amino acids when soybean meal was replaced with fish meal. Fish meal substituted for soybean meal on an isonitrogenous basis at 0, 25, 50, and 100% of supplemental protein. Total mixed diets were (dry matter basis) 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix. Intake of dry matter (27.9, 27.8, 26.1, and 25.8 kg/d for diets 1 to 4, respectively) was similar for all diets. Milk yield (37.5, 37.8, 37.2, and 37.7 kg/d) was not affected by diets. Milk protein percentages (3.23, 3.24, 3.31, and 3.35) increased with 100% fish meal supplementation and tended to be higher, with 50% fish meal supplementation compared with 100% soybean meal diet. Milk fat percentages (3.18, 2.99, 3.04, and 2.87) and yields were lower with the 100% fish meal than with the 100% soybean meal diet. Molar proportions of ruminal volatile fatty acids and ammonia were not greatly affected by diet. Fish meal supplementation slightly improved Met status, as shown when blood amino acid data were evaluated. Both extraction efficiency and transfer efficiency of amino acids from the blood by the mammary gland indicated that Met, Lys, and Phe were the most limiting amino acids in all diets. Replacing as much as 50 or 100% of dietary soybean meal with fish meal may improve the amino acid balance and increase the protein content in milk; however, feeding 100% fish meal will likely decrease milk fat percentages.
The viral set point in primary HIV infection is associated with specific amino acids in position 97 of MHC class I

Background Sequence variations which affect the peptide binding groove of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele HLA-B are strongly associated with viral control in chronic HIV infection. We sought to determine if these differences affect primary HIV infection and establishment of the early viral set point. Methods We longitudinally followed 428 individuals during primary HIV infection. In 110 individuals, we were able to determine the viral set point at six months following diagnosis. Associations between known genetic polymorphisms in HLA class I residues and HIV viral load and viral set point were identified. Results The identity of the amino acid at position 97 in the peptide binding groove of HLA-B was significantly associated with the level of initial viremia in acute infection (p=0.04) and the viral set point (p=0.025). Individuals with valine at position 97 had a nearly 10-fold lower mean viral set point than those with serine. This association was dependent on presence of the B*57 allele, which was also associated with a lower viral set point. The initial viral load at the time of primary HIV diagnosis was closely correlated with the level of the subsequent viral set point (R=0.4, p=<0.0001). Conclusion Control of HIV during acute infection and the viral set point are strongly associated with the amino acid in position 97 of HLA-B. These results provide evidence for genetic predictors of HIV control in primary infection and highlight the importance of sequence polymorphisms in the binding pocket of MHC class I which may be relevant to the development of future HIV vaccines.
Equivalent N-Person Games and the Null Space of the Shapley Value

Two n-person games may be said to be equivalent if they have the same Shapley value. In this paper, we attempt to simplify the determination of the equivalence of two games. We do this by recognizing that a pair of games are equivalent if and only if their difference lies in the null space of the Shapley value. Using the representation theory of the symmetric groups we construct a direct-sum decomposition of this null space into invariant subspaces. We then use this same theory to derive a characterization of a very general type of value, of which the Shapley value is one particular example.
Allosensitization and outcomes in pediatric heart transplantation.

Background Allosensitization among children being considered for heart transplantation remains a great challenge. Controversy exists as to the best approach for those with elevated panel-reactive antibody (PRA) titers. We sought to define the association between elevated PRA and outcomes using data from the multi-institutional Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Group. Methods Between January 1993 and December 2008, 3,016 patients (>1 month of age) were listed for heart transplantation. PRA data at listing were available for 2,500 (83%) patients, and 2,237 underwent transplantation with PRA data being available for 1,904 (85%). Because various PRA assays were employed (e.g., cell-based and solid phase) we entered the highest value regardless of methodology. Results Among the factors associated with high PRA at transplant were Status 1 at listing, previous sternotomy and prior Norwood procedure. An elevated PRA at listing was associated with higher risk of death while waiting. Of subjects with PRA ≥50% only 57% were transplanted by 1 year on the waitlist, as compared with 76% of those with PRA p Conclusions Significant allosensitization is associated with more than a 2-fold increased risk of death within the first transplant year. Although prospective crossmatching abrogates the risk of post-transplant mortality, it may contribute to higher pre-transplant attrition due to longer waitlist times. There is a critical need for strategies to minimize the impact of allosensitization and antibody-mediated rejection immediately after transplantation.
Public opinions of biofuels: attitude strength and willingness to use biofuels

Most surveys of public opinion regarding biofuels focus on overall evaluations, but not all support or opposition is created equal. Some opinions are more consequential than others. The current article discusses the literature on attitude strength and presents the results of a national survey of United States citizens. Attitudes predicted a willingness to purchase biofuels and flexible-fuel vehicles, especially when the attitudes were associated with high levels of knowledge or low levels of ambivalence. Therefore, overall support or opposition for biofuels does not provide a complete picture of public opinion. If consequential support for biofuels and related technologies is to be developed, attention must be paid to features of the opinions that predict lasting impact.
Site Value Taxation and Manvel's Land Value Estimates

Replacement of the existing property tax with a. tax on site value requires that the site value base be sufficiently large to generate the same revenue as the existing tax. The adequacy of the site value base is examined in view of Manvel's land value/property value estimates. The conclusion is that only partial replacement may be feasible in many cases, but this may still produce a desirable effect.
THE EFFECT OF PYRIDOXINE AND PYRIDOXAL ON THE CIRCULATORY RESPONSE OF RATS TO MICROWAVE IRRADIATION.

L'administration intraveineuse de pyridoxine et pyridoxal (10 mg/kg) a des rats anesthesies inhibe l'augmentation du rendement du cocur. En meme temps, une hyperthermie est provoquee par l'irradiation du corps entier avec des ondes de longueur minime (2,450 Mc. c.w. 0.08/w/cm2). Cet effet peut etre attribue a l'interaction de ces composes d'amines vasoactifs liberes pendant l'irradiation.
The politics of the “New North”: putting history and geography at stake in Arctic futures

References to a “New North” have snowballed across popular media in the past 10 years. By invoking the phrase, scientists, policy analysts, journalists and others draw attention to the collision of global warming and global investment in the Arctic today and project a variety of futures for the region and the planet. While changes are apparent, the trope of a “New North” is not new. Discourses that appraised unfamiliar situations at the top of the world have recurred throughout the twentieth century. They have also accompanied attempts to cajole, conquer, civilize, consume, conserve and capitalize upon the far north. This article examines these politics of the “New North” by critically reading “New North” texts from the North American Arctic between 1910 and 2010. In each case, appeals to novelty drew from evaluations of the historical record and assessments of the Arctic’s shifting position in global affairs. “New North” authors pinpointed the ways science, state power, capital and technology transformed...
Induction Charging and Electrostatic Classification of Micrometer-Size Particles for Investigating the Electrobiological Properties of Airborne Microorganisms

Our earlier studies have shown that the electrostatic collection technique, a potentially "gentle" bioaerosol collection method, allows for efficient collection of airborne bacteria, but sensitive bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens ( P. fluorescens ) lose their culturability during collection. We hypothesized that excessive stress was imposed on the sensitive bacteria by the sampler's conventional corona charging mechanism. In this research, we developed and built an experimental setup that allows us to analyze electrobiological properties of airborne microorganisms. In this experimental system, we imparted electric charges on airborne biological and nonbiological particles by aerosolizing them in the presence of an electric field. The charged P. fluorescens test bacteria and NaCl test particles were then channeled into a parallel plate mobility analyzer, which we have designed so that bacteria and inert particles carrying specific charge ranges can be extracted and made available for further analys...
Randomized Clinical Trial of Interceptive and Comprehensive Orthodontics

Focusing public insurance programs on interceptive orthodontics (IO) may increase access for low-income children. This report presents outcomes from a randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing IO with comprehensive orthodontics (CO) in Medicaid patients. One hundred seventy pre-adolescents with Medicaid-eligible malocclusions were randomized to IO (n = 86) followed by observation (OBS) or OBS followed by CO (n = 84). One hundred thirty-four completed the trial. Models at pre-treatment (baseline) and following ≤ 2 years of intervention and 2 years of OBS (48 mos) were scored by calibrated examiners using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) and Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON). Overall outcomes and clinically meaningful categorical ICON data on need/acceptability, complexity, and improvement were compared. At baseline, groups were balanced by age, gender, ethnicity, and PAR/ICON scores. Most were minorities. Most (77%) were rated as difficult-to-very difficult. Scores improved significantly for both groups, but CO more than IO (PAR, 18.6 [95%CI 15.1, 22.1] vs.10.1 [95%CI 6.7, 13.4]; ICON, 44.8 [95% CI 39.7, 49.9] vs. 35.2 [95%CI 29.7, 40.6], respectively). On average, IO is effective at reducing malocclusions in Medicaid patients, but less than CO. (ClinicalTrials.gov number CT00067379)