cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardization of protein position in silver‐stained two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Methods for standardization of silver-“stained” protein position in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are presented for their application to simultaneous multiple gel systems. Four methods are discussed: the use of a single gel per simultaneous run for standardization with either (1) known quantities of commercially prepared high-or low-molecular-weight standards or (2) a known biological preparation such as T4 phage coat proteins; the use of each gel per simultaneous run to standardize itself by (3) including an internal carbamylation train such as creatine phosphokinase and using a one-dimensional gel pattern of proteins such as rat heart whole homogenate along the margin(s) or (4) identifying “marker” protein spots in test samples that occur in all gels in a given study and standardizing to relative position. Method four is discussed in detail and examples given of its use in a comparative study of proteins in spontaneous primary hepatocellular carcinomas occurring in mice, and its use compared to the other methods.
Direct Large-Scale N-Body Simulations of Planetesimal Dynamics

Abstract We describe a new direct numerical method for simulating planetesimal dynamics in which N ∼10 6 or more bodies can be evolved simultaneously in three spatial dimensions over hundreds of dynamical times. This represents several orders of magnitude improvement in resolution over previous studies. The advance is made possible through modification of a stable and tested cosmological code optimized for massively parallel computers. However, owing to the excellent scalability and portability of the code, modest clusters of workstations can treat problems with N ∼10 5 particles in a practical fashion. The code features algorithms for detection and resolution of collisions and takes into account the strong central force field and flattened Keplerian disk geometry of planetesimal systems. We demonstrate the range of problems that can be addressed by presenting simulations that illustrate oligarchic growth of protoplanets, planet formation in the presence of giant planet perturbations, the formation of the jovian moons, and orbital migration via planetesimal scattering. We also describe methods under development for increasing the timescale of the simulations by several orders of magnitude.
New analysis technique to measure the W production charge asymmetry at the Fermilab Tevatron

The charge asymmetry of W bosons produced in pp collisions at {radical}(s)=1.96 TeV is sensitive to the ratio of d and u quark distributions in the range of x>0.002 at Q{sup 2}{approx_equal}M{sub W}{sup 2}. We propose an analysis technique to directly measure W production charge asymmetry from W{yields}e{nu} events at the Tevatron and show the feasibility for this method using Monte Carlo simulations.
The Ideal of Harmony in Ancient Chinese and Greek Philosophy

This article offers a study of the early formation and development of the ideal of harmony in ancient Chinese philosophy and ancient Greek philosophy. It shows that, unlike the Pythagorean notion of harmony, which is primarily based on a linear progressive model with a pre-set order, the ancient Chinese concept of harmony is best understood as a comprehensive process of harmonization. It encompasses spatial as well as temporal dimensions, metaphysical as well as moral and aesthetical dimensions. It is a fundamentally open notion in the sense that it does not aim to conform to any pre-set order. This broader, richer, and more liberal understanding of harmony has had a profound influence on Chinese culture as whole in its long history.
New synthetic methods for the formation of basic, polyvalent, hyperbranched grafts

A practical synthetic route to polybasic, polyamine, hyperbranched grafts using commercially available polyethyleneimine (PEI) and cyanuric chloride as a coupling agent is described. The grafting process was followed by XPS spectroscopy, TGA analysis, ATR-IR spectroscopy, acid-base titration, and by 13 C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. In the case of silica gel, thermal gravimetric analyses showed that a 35 wt % loading of graft could be obtained. Acid-base titration of hyperbranched PEI grafts on silica gel and oxidized polyethylene powder showed the ion-exchange capacities of these PEI-grafted substrates were 1.00 and 0.17 mmol of base/g of solid, respectively. Although the focus of the paper is on grafting on silica gel, the influence of the kind of support and solvent on the grafting process and the ion-exchange capacity was examined. Water was a good solvent for PEI grafting onto silica gel, but a more hydrophobic polyethylene support required the use of dichloromethane as a solvent for PEI graft synthesis.
Dynamic simulation of articulated rigid bodies with contact and collision

We propose a novel approach for dynamically simulating articulated rigid bodies undergoing frequent and unpredictable contact and collision. In order to leverage existing algorithms for nonconvex bodies, multiple collisions, large contact groups, stacking, etc., we use maximal rather than generalized coordinates and take an impulse-based approach that allows us to treat articulation, contact, and collision in a unified manner. Traditional constraint handling methods are subject to drift, and we propose a novel prestabilization method that does not require tunable potentially stiff parameters as does Baumgarte stabilization. This differs from poststabilization in that we compute allowable trajectories before moving the rigid bodies to their new positions, instead of correcting them after the fact when it can be difficult to incorporate the effects of contact and collision. A poststabilization technique is used for momentum and angular momentum. Our approach works with any black box method for specifying valid joint constraints and no special considerations are required for arbitrary closed loops or branching. Moreover, our implementation is linear both in the number of bodies and in the number of auxiliary contact and collision constraints, unlike many other methods that are linear in the number of bodies, but not in the number of auxiliary constraints
The Complexity of Victim-Questioning Attitudes by Rape Victim Advocates Exploring Some Gray Areas

Despite efforts to educate and create community awareness, rape myths and victim-blaming attitudes persist in society. This research explores whether advocates express victim-questioning attitudes or questions, negative judgment, or frustration regarding victims' behavior or choices. Data from interviews with 58 advocates reveal that the majority (76%) of advocates never expressed any victim-questioning attitudes during the interview. However, responses from 14 advocates (24%) show that victim-questioning has evolved into a much more complex, subtle form than historical victim blaming or acceptance of rape myths.
From Inverted Spectra to Colorless Qualia: A Wittgensteinian Critique

Judging from their writings, most contemporary analytic philosophers have not been persuaded that “the inverted spectrum problem” is – as Wittgenstein maintained – really a conceptual puzzle calling for dissolution, rather than a straight problem calling for a solution. In this paper, I present Wittgenstein's view as clearly and persuasively as I can, contrasting it with the views of Sidney Shoemaker and Ned Block, two of his more prominent critics. I conclude with a look at Frank Jackson's well-known Knowledge Argument, which, if successful, would demonstrate the futility of looking for a physicalist solution to the inverted spectrum and related philosophical problems. My goal is to combat what I take to be the common and unfortunate failure – among both physicalistically inclined philosophers, including Shoemaker and Block, and anti-physicalists, such as Jackson – to appreciate the force of Wittgenstein's arguments. 2
Transnatural ethics: revisiting the nuclear cleanup of Rocky Flats, CO, through the queer ecology of Nuclia Waste

This article explores the cleanup and conversion of former plutonium production facility Rocky Flats, located near Denver, Colorado, into a wildlife refuge. The article addresses the ethical demands of the ‘post-nuclear’ nature refuge and offers transnatural ethics and aesthetics in response, a relational ethics that seeks to take waste as inspiration. The article employs the performative persona of Denver-based drag queen comedienne Nuclia Waste to explore how transnatural ethical practice might figuratively reconstruct subjectivity in waste and develop a queer-ecology approach. The paper asks: what might the irreverent performances of a ‘radioactive’ drag queen open up, particularly for those living as the remains of the nuclear facility? Through detailed empirical analysis of the cleanup of Rocky Flats, the paper outlines the ethical framework historically employed at the site, which has relied upon and reproduced a waste/nature divide; the cleanup and management of the site have further naturalized this binarism. I argue that any effective response to such ongoing containment efforts requires a fundamental reorientation of environmental ethics toward waste. Drawing on ideas about ‘naturecultures’ and Donna Haraway’s work, Michel Foucault’s relational ethics, and the work of Eric Darier and Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands on ‘queer ecology,’ the article seeks to delineate an alternative: a relational ethics that recognizes and politicizes the permutation of waste and human, nature and waste. I utilize the digital performances and mutant drag of Nuclia Waste to revisit Rocky Flats and make broad connections between contamination and militarism, sexuality and the environment. The article speculates that experimental politicizations of subjectivity in waste might potentially foster coalitions between queer, labor, and environmental activisms.
Energy-efficient platform designs for real-world wireless sensing applications

Real-world wireless sensing applications demand system platforms with a wide range of size, cost, power consumption, connectivity, performance, and flexibility requirements. These goals cannot be achieved without understanding the nature of the sensing functions in the first place, which can be classified into passive vs. active sensing, event detection vs. data acquisition, and real-time monitoring vs. data logging. This paper discusses platform design techniques for supporting these design goals through the trade-offs of sensing devices, wireless interfaces, and computation and control units. We also cover power subsystem design for supply-aware optimizations, including load/supply matching, power defragmentation in multi-supply systems, and use of supercapacitors. To evaluate these system platforms, we describe an emulation-based benchmarking methodology to quantify fitness metrics.
Structure-based whole-genome realignment reveals many novel noncoding RNAs

Recent genome-wide computational screens that search for conservation of RNA secondary structure in whole-genome alignments (WGAs) have predicted thousands of structural noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). The sensitivity of such approaches, however, is limited, due to their reliance on sequence-based whole-genome aligners, which regularly misalign structural ncRNAs. This suggests that many more structural ncRNAs may remain undetected. Structure-based alignment, which could increase the sensitivity, has been prohibitive for genome-wide screens due to its extreme computational costs. Breaking this barrier, we present the pipeline REAPR (RE-Alignment for Prediction of structural ncRNA), which efficiently realigns whole genomes based on RNA sequence and structure, thus allowing us to boost the performance of de novo ncRNA predictors, such as RNAz. Key to the pipeline's efficiency is the development of a novel banding technique for multiple RNA alignment. REAPR significantly outperforms the widely used predictors RNAz and EvoFold in genome-wide screens; in direct comparison to the most recent RNAz screen on D. melanogaster, REAPR predicts twice as many high-confidence ncRNA candidates. Moreover, modENCODE RNA-seq experiments confirm a substantial number of its predictions as transcripts. REAPR's advancement of de novo structural characterization of ncRNAs complements the identification of transcripts from rapidly accumulating RNA-seq data.
The Integrin α6β4 Functions in Carcinoma Cell Migration on Laminin-1 by Mediating the Formation and Stabilization of Actin-containing Motility Structures

Functional studies on the α6β4 integrin have focused primarily on its role in the organization of hemidesmosomes, stable adhesive structures that associate with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. In this study, we examined the function of the α6β4 integrin in clone A cells, a colon carcinoma cell line that expresses α6β4 but no α6β1 integrin and exhibits dynamic adhesion and motility on laminin-1. Time-lapse videomicroscopy of clone A cells on laminin-1 revealed that their migration is characterized by filopodial extension and stabilization followed by lamellae that extend in the direction of stabilized filopodia. A function-blocking mAb specific for the α6β4 integrin inhibited clone A migration on laminin-1. This mAb also inhibited filopodial formation and stabilization and lamella formation. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the α6β4 integrin is localized as discrete clusters in filopodia, lamellae, and retraction fibers. Although β1 integrins were also localized in the same structures, a spatial separation of these two integrin populations was evident. In filopodia and lamellae, a striking colocalization of the α6β4 integrin and F-actin was seen. An association between α6β4 and F-actin is supported by the fact that α6β4 integrin and actin were released from clone A cells by treatment with the F-actin– severing protein gelsolin and that α6β4 immunostaining at the marginal edges of clone A cells on laminin-1 was resistant to solubilization with Triton X-100. Cytokeratins were not observed in filopodia and lamellipodia. Moreover, α6β4 was extracted from these marginal edges with a Tween-40/deoxycholate buffer that solubilizes the actin cytoskeleton but not cytokeratins. Three other carcinoma cell lines (MIP-101, CCL-228, and MDA-MB-231) exhibited α6β4 colocalized with actin in filopodia and lamellae. Formation of lamellae in these cells was inhibited with an α6-specific antibody. Together, these results indicate that the α6β4 integrin functions in carcinoma migration on laminin-1 through its ability to promote the formation and stabilization of actin-containing motility structures.
A Bio-Inspired Ultra-Energy-Efficient Analog-to-Digital Converter for Biomedical Applications

There is an increasing trend in several biomedical applications such as pulse-oximetry, ECG, PCG, EEG, neural recording, temperature sensing, and blood pressure for signals to be sensed in small portable wireless devices. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for such applications only need modest precision (les 8 bits) and modest speed (les 40 kHz) but need to be very energy efficient. ADCs for implanted medical devices need micropower operation to run on a small battery for decades. We present a bio-inspired ADC that uses successive integrate-and-fire operations like spiking neurons to perform analog-to-digital conversion on its input current. In a 0.18-mum subthreshold CMOS implementation, we were able to achieve 8 bits of differential nonlinearlity limited precision and 7.4 bits of thermal-noise-limited precision at a 45-kHz sample rate with a total power consumption of 960 nW. This converter's net energy efficiency of 0.12 pJ/quantization level appears to be the best reported so far. The converter is also very area efficient (<0.021 mm2) and can be used in applications that need several converters in parallel. Its algorithm allows easy generalization to higher speed applications through interleaving, to performing polynomial analog computations on its input before digitization, and to direct time-to-digital conversion of event-based cardiac or neural signals
Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with early neoplasia : a comparison of endoscopic therapy and esophagectomy

Background Endoscopic therapies for early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus may be a viable alternative to esophagectomy. Objective Our purpose was to compare endoscopic therapy and esophagectomy. Design Retrospective review from a single institution. Setting A medium-sized tertiary referral center. Patients and Interventions All patients with Barrett's esophagus and dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT), EMR, or argon plasma coagulation (APC) or esophagectomy with curative intent from May 1998 until November 2005. Main Outcome Measurements Survival, progression to cancer, eradication of dysplasia and Barrett's esophagus, major and minor complications, and costs were compared. Results Sixty-two patients who underwent endoscopic therapy (2 APC alone, 18 EMR + APC, 20 PDT + APC, and 22 EMR + PDT + APC) and 32 patients who underwent esophagectomy met the inclusion criteria. The 30-day mortality rate included 1 patient in the endotherapy group (2%) and none in the surgical group ( P = .49). No deaths from esophageal cancer occurred in either group. Cancer developed in 6% of endotherapy patients and in none in the surgical cohort ( P P = .50, P P Limitations Retrospective study, relatively short follow-up, small numbers. Conclusions Both endotherapy and esophagectomy can effectively treat high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma associated with Barrett's esophagus. Endotherapy is associated with a higher risk of tumor progression, although this is uncommon. Esophagectomy incurs higher initial costs and results in more frequent minor complications but is usually curative.
Elevated serum levels of alpha foetoprotein (AFP)‐like immunoreactivity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma

. Alpha foetoprotein (AFP)-like immunoreactivity was detected by double immunodiffusion in thesera of adult rainbow trout, Oncorhyachus mykiss (Walbaum) with histologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma experimentally induced in microinjection of embryos with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Partial characterization indicated that this AFP-like immunoreactivity gave immunologic cross-reaction of partial identity with human AFP. had alpha1 electrophorctic mobility, and an estimated molecular weight of 72kDa. Elevated serum AFP-like immunoreactivity levels were also measured by RIA in seven out of eight adult rainbow trout with hepatocellular carcinoma, and in three out of 17 AFB1-exposed trout without demonstrable grosws or microscopic evidence for hepatocellular neoplasms. No serum AFP-like immunoreactivity was detected or measured in normal healthy age matched DMSO-control rainbow trout. These data are consistent with the following conelusions: (1) AFP-like immunoreactivity detected and measured in the sera of rainbow trout with hepaloecllular careinoma is an analogue to human AFP; and (2) the elevated serum AFP levels measured in adult rainbow trout wilh hepatocellular careinoma resrmble those found in humans with this same malignancy. These data further suggest that serum AFP measurements might be useful to confirm the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental fish carcinogen-assay systems, and to detect hepatocellular neoplasia in high-risk wild fish populations exposed to carcinogenie pollutants.
Development of Roughness Thresholds for Preventive Maintenance Action Aimed at Reducing Dynamic Loads

In this discussion, roughness threshold values and corresponding life extensions are determined using relative damage and reduction in pavement life concepts. Using the fourth power law the following were calculated and plotted for 333 sections: relative damages from the 95th percentile dynamic load at different roughness index values and the corresponding percent reduction in life. A newly developed roughness index, the dynamic load index (DLI), was used for this purpose. Estimates of pavement life extension resulting from smoothing its surface were then generated for different remaining service life (RSL) values. The results were presented in tables showing the expected life extension for a range of RSL and DLI values. These tables would enable a highway agency to determine when a particular pavement needs to be smoothed to obtain a given (desired) life extension. The analysis was done for the three pavement types (rigid, flexible, and composite). RSL values were calculated for 805-m (0.5-mi) sections u...
Periodic intensity variations in sulfur emissions from the Io plasma torus

In November and December 1988, we acquired 157 spectra of (S II) lambda 6731 emissions from the Io plasma torus with a Fabry-Perot interferometer at the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope facility on Kitt Peak. A major goal of this experiment was to extend our earlier studies of intensity variations in the plasma torus. Our earlier analysis (F. L. Roesler, F. Scherb, and R. J. Oliversen, 1984, of (S III) lambda 9531 emission spectra acquired in April 1982 had shown that the intensity of torus emissions varied periodically with a period of 10.20 +/- 0.06 hr (1-sigma uncertainty level), slightly longer than Jupiter's System 3 rotational period of 9.925 hr. We present here an reanalysis of our 1982 data revealing, in addition to the 10.20-hr period, a clear secondary periodicity at 9.95 +/- 0.906 hr. By constrast, we show that our new (S II) lambda 6731 data have a single period of 10.14 +/- 0.03 hr. which is neither the System 3 period nor the proposed 'System 4' period of 10.224 hr.
Survey of Modern Language Teaching in Catholic Women's Colleges of the Middle West

opinion in our Catholic Women's Colleges in the Middle Western area, a questionnaire was sent to the colleges in this region asking them to state the aim desired, the texts used, and the student enrollment in French, German and Spanish-the Modern Languages usually taught. The results secured from the thirty-four colleges which contributed are shown below. Twenty institutions seek to impart a reading and speaking knowledge, while thirteen wish reading ability alone. The methods used in securing these objectives are listed in Table I. The facility with which the language students of these colleges express themselves at the end of the first and second year is shown in Table II. Table III shows the most popular texts in use. Because of their great variety, it is impossible to include in this report more than the three most generally used in each language. The enrollment in the different languages is given in Table IV. It will be noted that the freshman groups are divided because many students beginning a language in college are placed in the elementary group, while others who have completed two years in high school are assigned to the intermediate group. The sophomore group contains those students who began the language in college and those who had it in high school. In this year, most colleges give a Literature course, however, to the latter. From an examination of the tables, it will be readily seen that our Catholic Women's Colleges in this area are rapidly abandoning the old objective of a reading knowledge alone as the ideal.
Local linearization of the finite element method and its applications to compressible flows

In applications of the finite element method to complicated nonlinear problems, it is proposed to simplify the operator in each element, typically by a linerization process. Local approximations can then be more easily constructed in the usual manner, and a proper assembly can be made. Such an approach would lead to an approximate global variational statement; or if the variational principle exists but is hard to handle, it should suggest an iterative scheme with a built-in physical basis, hence a better chance to converge. The case of high subsonic flow over a circular cylinder is studied in detail by this method. With linear triangular elements, numerical results are obtained for 100 nodal unknowns in each quadrant. The convergence is extremely rapid up to a free stream Mach number of 0.42, slightly above critical. The accuracy is excellent as compared against Imai's analytical results.
Excessive amounts of mu heavy chain block B-cell development

Antigen-independent B-cell development occurs in several stages that depend on the expression of Ig heavy and light chain. We identified a line of mice that lacked mature B cells in the spleen. This mouse line carried approximately 11 copies of a transgene of the murine heavy chain constant region locus, and B-lineage cells expressed excessive amounts of the intracellular μ heavy chain. B-cell development failed in the bone marrow at the pro/pre B-cell transition, and examination of other lines with various copy numbers of the same transgene suggested that deficiencies in B-cell development increased with increased transgene copy number. Expression of a transgenic (Tg) light chain along with the Tg μ heavy chain led to minimal rescue of B-cell development in the bone marrow and B cells in the spleen. There are several potential mechanisms for the death of pro/pre B cells as a consequence of excess heavy chain expression.
ShutEye: encouraging awareness of healthy sleep recommendations with a mobile, peripheral display

Sleep is a basic physiological process essential for good health. However, 40 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with sleep disorders, with many more undiagnosed. To help address this problem, we developed an application, ShutEye, which provides a peripheral display on the wall-paper of the user's mobile phone to promote awareness about recommended activities that promote good sleep quality. Based on preferences about the user's desired bed-time and activities' for example - consuming caffeine or performing vigorous exercise - ShutEye displays guidance about when engaging in those activities is likely to affect sleep without requiring any explicit interaction from the user. In this paper, we describe ShutEye and results from a four-week field study with 12 participants. Results indicate that a simple, recommendation-based peripheral display can be a very low-effort but still effective method for improving awareness of healthy sleep habits. We also provide recommendations about designing peripheral displays and extend insights for designing health-based mobile applications.
Miniaturized Multimode Circular Patch Antennas for MIMO Communications

This paper presents one miniaturized circular patch antenna (1-CPA) instead of two CPAs to generate multimode patterns for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. A suitable material composition using ferrite substrate materials is proposed. The proposed ferrite 1- CPA is tested using the FEKO simulator, and it is found that the size of the proposed ferrite 1-CPA can be significantly smaller, e.g., 25.7 times, than that of the recently developed dielectric two- CPAs stacked. However, the bandwidth of the proposed ferrite 1- CPA should be sacrificed by one quarter.
The effects of anxiety and attentional focus on sexual responding—II: Cognitive and affective patterns in erectile dysfunction

Abstract The present report reviews several cognitive and affective dimensions of responding during an anxiety-producing performance demand and two forms of attentional focus in sexually dysfunctional and functional men. Measures of focused attention, thought content, affective state, perceptions of concordance between tumescence and subjective states of arousal and a personality measure of self-consciousness were administered in conjunction with the four experimental conditions described in the previous report. The results indicate several dimensions of difference between the sexually dysfunctional and functional samples. Dysfunctional Ss were more likely to report diminished affective involvement, more attention to internal thoughts, sensations and feelings, a perception that physiological and subjective measures of arousal were poorly correlated and to score lower on public self-consciousness, relative to functional controls. The results are discussed in the context of defining relevant ‘anxiety’ and distraction processes occurring in sexual dysfunction and implications for treatment are proposed.
Aural-Visual Transfer of Paired-Associates Learning

(1962). Aural-Visual Transfer of Paired-Associates Learning. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 225-234.
Personal protective equipment use and safety behaviors among farm adolescents: gender differences and predictors of work practices.

Context: Children on farms perform work that places them at risk for acute and chronic negative health outcomes. Despite strategies for preventing and reducing the risk of disease and injury, children's use of personal protective equipment and safely equipped farm machinery has generally remained unreported. Purpose: This paper reports the use of personal protective equipment, self-protective work behaviors, and selected risk exposures of children aged 14-19, who perform farm work. Methods: Survey results of adolescent high school students (n = 593) enrolled in agriculture class in Kentucky, Iowa, and Mississippi. Students were part of the sample that participated in the Agricultural Disability Awareness and Risk Education Project. Findings: Boys were at a significantly higher risk of exposure compared to girls, and boys engaged more frequently in risky behavior. Hearing and respiratory protection was used minimally and sporadically. Physical symptoms influenced use of hearing and respirator use, as did physician recommendation to use such protection. Of students who operated farm tractors, only half most frequently operated tractors with safety bars and seat belts. Sixty percent of the students reported using equipment with damaged or missing safety shields. Conclusions: In addition to the usual risks of farm work, adolescents may be at even greater risk by not using personal protective equipment or not having access to machinery that is properly equipped for maximum protection. Health care providers should incorporate advice to adolescents and their parents on risk reduction, particularly on the use of personal protective equipment. Language: en
Preventing Disputes with Empathy

The engineer can prevent future disputes and failed engineering projects by employing a design strategy that incorporates empathy in all professional matters. The empathetic view can prevent disputes by considering the possible harm suffered as the result of engineering decisions. In this paper, we discuss how empathy can be a part of the design process, and we use a case study to show how the lack of empathy resulted in a failed engineering design. We propose that when the empathetic view becomes part of the engineering process, disputes can be avoided rather than resolved.
PRIMITIVE CLADID CRINOIDS FROM THE EARLY OSAGEAN BURLINGTON LIMESTONE AND THE PHYLOGENETICS OF MISSISSIPPIAN SPECIES OF CYATHOCRINITES

All 19 known species of the primitive cladid crinoid genera Atelestocrinus, Cyathocrinites, Goniocrinus, Parisocrinus, Pellecrinus, and Zygotocrinus from the early Osagean Burlington Limestone of the North American midcontinent are reviewed and redescribed or, where necessary, redefined. Nine of these species are illustrated for the first time herein. Sixteen are considered valid, including C. deroseari n. sp. Of the remaining three species, one is left in open nomenclature, and two are considered nomen dubia. Pellecrinus is recognized for the first time from the Burlington Limestone, although the specimens can not be identified to the species level and are left in open nomenclature. Cyathocrinites ranges from the Middle Silurian to at least the Middle Mississippian. During the Early Mississippian Cyathocrinites experienced an evolutionary radiation with a maximum diversity of nine species in the Burlington Limestone. Phylogenetic relationships were investigated in a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis by combining morphologic data from the Burlington species with data from the four other species of Cyathocrinites from the late Osagean and early Meramecian of the east-central United States. The Kinderhookian C. chouteauensis (Miller and Gurley, 1896) served as the outgroup. A phylogenetic analysis of 14 species of Missis- sippian Cyathocrinites yielded a single most parsimonious tree with a length of 28 steps (C. I. 5 0.607, H. I. 5 0.392, R. I. 5 0.718, R. C. 5 0.436). Results of this analysis suggest that at least two major clades existed within Mississippian Cyathocrinites. One clade contains C. sampsoni (Miller, 1891b), C. gilesi (Wachsmuth and Springer, 1878), C. farleyi (Meek and Worthen, 1866), and C. bary- dactylus (Wachsmuth and Springer, 1878). The second clade contains C. iowensis, C. kelloggi (White, 1862), C. barrisi (Hall, 1861a), C. rigidus, C. deroseari n. sp., C. asperrimus (Springer, 1911), C. lamellosus (White, 1863), and C. harrodi (Wachsmuth and Springer, 1880). Cyathocrinites multibrachiatus forms a polytomy with these two clades. Members of the first clade exhibit a unique overall morphology present only during the Mississippian, suggesting the clade arose during this time. Members of the second clade, plus C. multibrachiatus, exhibit some characters present in Cyathocrinites species as old as the Middle Silurian and, thus, may have its roots among Silurian and Devonian species.
Simultaneous Monotic Masking as a Function of Linguistic Violations

An investigation was conducted to determine whether grammatical, semantical, and phonological constraints affect aural masking. The rationale centered around the non-representative and non-optimal characteristics of white noise as a masker. Also, prior conclusions that content and linguistic rules do not influence masking warranted examination. Six lists, each of 25 monosyllabic words, were consecutively presented to the right ear along with a simultaneously competing message of 36 college-age, normal hearing, native speakers of English. The 6 classes of competing messages were forward grammatical strings, forward semantically anomalous strings, forward ungrammatical strings, and the same 3 sets reproduced backwards. Articulation scores computed in percentages served as measures. Performances when the forward semantically anomalous strings and the forward ungrammatical strings functioned as maskers were depressed relative to the other conditions and not significantly different from each other.
Effects of the antiprogesterone RU486 in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

To investigate the role of progesterone (P) in the early follicular phase, the antiprogesterone effect of RU486 was examined in five normally cycling women monitored by daily hormonal levels during three consecutive cycles (control, treatment, and recovery). In addition, luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse characteristics were assessed by frequent blood sampling (10 minutes for 10 hours) on day 3 of the control and the corresponding day of treatment cycles. Administration of RU486 (3 mg/kg, orally) for the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle did not significantly alter the length of the follicular phase (13.4 +/- 1.7 to 15.2 +/- 1.3 days), the LH surge, or the luteal phase length (12.2 +/- 0.5 to 12.6 +/- 0.7 days). The intermenstrual length of the treatment cycle (29.8 +/- 1.9 days) did not differ from the control (27.6 +/- 1.8 days) or recovery cycles (29.6 +/- 2.5 days). Integrated secretion of P and estradiol (E2) did not vary during the luteal phase of the control, treatment, or recovery cycles. During RU486 treatment, LH pulse frequency, pulse amplitude, and mean LH were not altered. Whereas mean E2 levels were significantly decreased from 150.5 +/- 15.1 to 110.1 +/- 7.0 pmol/L, follicle-stimulating hormone, P, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and cortisol were not significantly altered. Thus, in spite of the transient decrement in E2 secretion during RU486 treatment, the integrity of the ovulatory menstrual cycle was maintained. We conclude that administration of the antiprogesterone RU486 at the dose used during the first 3 days of the follicular phase does not perturb menstrual cyclicity.
The Feynman Operator Calculus

In response to the importance of time-ordering in relating the Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga theories, Segal [SG], in Chap. 6, suggested that the provision of (real) mathematical meaning for time-ordering is one of the major problems in the foundations for QED.
Themes in Nursing Situations

Three important phases in the continuing development of psychiatry have recently been identified (Ruesch & Bateson, 1951). The first phase is descriptive psychiatry in which peculiarities of behavior are listed and grouped into categories which are used in making diagnoses. The second phase is epithetic or typological psychiatry in which the primary focus is the identification of types of individuals, and placing them in such categories as schizoid, extroverted, ectomorphic, overactive, and so on. This labeling of “kinds” of people has also influenced lay and professional people’s attitudes and has in some instances led to the use of these labels as epithets with which to derogate people. The third, the thematic phase in psychiatry, is a trend that has recently gained prominence. The psychiatrist, or any other worker, who is interacting with, and studying his relations with a patient, becomes concerned with the focal problems, recurring patterns, or central themes in the patient’s past or present experience.
Solution for Graphs without Shared Nodes

In this section we describe a technique for finding an assignment of shapes to arcs which minimizes the total cost of a program graph. The technique depends on the graph having a certain structure which we call collapsible. A collapsible graph is a directed, acyclic graph which is series-parallel and includes treelike subgraphs. 17, 21, 12 A more precise definition of the collapsible graphs, which may be found in Appendix A, is not necessary to understand the collapsible graph algorithm.
Exercising Central Government Authority: the Ministry of Finance

The essence of Japanese government authority can be perceived by understanding the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and how it functions. It is generally considered to be the single most powerful entity in the national government, and a coveted political post. It exerts its influence over all other ministries as a principal instrument of the Cabinet to press its policies and initiatives, and it is a powerful counterfoil to balance off the demands of the professional staffs of the other ministries, primarily through its control of the budget. This influence also extends down into prefectures and municipalities because of the heavy flow of funds from the national government, all of which must be approved by the Ministry of Finance.
3D-audio news presentation modeling

With the emergence of the mobile Internet combined with wearable personal computing, we are now entering a new information era where PCs are self-adapting their resources to human bodies, minds and preferences, prevailing a more effective work environment. In this new world, working effectively is inextricably related to accessing reliable information sources when needed. Therefore, people eager to stay connected, consume daily information in a myriad of forms: news, weather, business, road/traffic reports, voicemails, emails, as well as information associated to their daily activities or interests. In this paper, we propose innovative UI information presentations based on three-dimensional (3D) audio modeling. In this framework, we illustrate how news, weather and business reports are extracted, spatialized and presented to end-users using 3D audio modality.
Why I Don’t Do Academic Social Media… or Do I?

A communications scholar at our university asked me recently whether I would take part in a debate about academic social media services such as ResearchGate. Yes, I responded, as long as I don’t have to argue the affirmative – that such online systems are necessarily a good thing. Personally I do not count myself as a user of academic social media, but I can easily understand why others could make an opposite decision. Academic social media can provide a way to get copies of full-length published articles, to pose questions to other researchers, to get various questions answered, and in general to foster relationships with well-networked and possibly influential people within one’s academic field. Or, like me, you might just enjoy having something mildly annoying that is fun to complain about.
Assessing the Role of Place and Timing Cues in Coding Frequency and Amplitude Modulation as a Function of Age

Natural sounds can be characterized by their fluctuations in amplitude and frequency. Ageing may affect sensitivity to some forms of fluctuations more than others. The present study used individual differences across a wide age range (20–79 years) to test the hypothesis that slow-rate, low-carrier frequency modulation (FM) is coded by phase-locked auditory-nerve responses to temporal fine structure (TFS), whereas fast-rate FM is coded via rate-place (tonotopic) cues, based on amplitude modulation (AM) of the temporal envelope after cochlear filtering. Using a low (500 Hz) carrier frequency, diotic FM and AM detection thresholds were measured at slow (1 Hz) and fast (20 Hz) rates in 85 listeners. Frequency selectivity and TFS coding were assessed using forward masking patterns and interaural phase disparity tasks (slow dichotic FM), respectively. Comparable interaural level disparity tasks (slow and fast dichotic AM and fast dichotic FM) were measured to control for effects of binaural processing not specifically related to TFS coding. Thresholds in FM and AM tasks were correlated, even across tasks thought to use separate peripheral codes. Age was correlated with slow and fast FM thresholds in both diotic and dichotic conditions. The relationship between age and AM thresholds was generally not significant. Once accounting for AM sensitivity, only diotic slow-rate FM thresholds remained significantly correlated with age. Overall, results indicate stronger effects of age on FM than AM. However, because of similar effects for both slow and fast FM when not accounting for AM sensitivity, the effects cannot be unambiguously ascribed to TFS coding.
Widespread Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection Maintains Diversity in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis: Balancing nodulation may explain the paradox of rhizobium diversity

The evolutionary origin and ecological maintenance of biodiversity is a central problem in biology. For diversity to be stable through time, each genotype or species must have an advantage when rare. This negative frequency-dependence prevents deterministic extinction and mitigates the stochastic loss of diversity. However, models of mutualism typically generate positive frequency-dependence that reduces diversity. Here, we report empirical evidence for negative frequency-dependence in the legume-rhizobium mutualism within a single host generation, a phenomenon that we term 9balancing nodulation9. Balancing nodulation increases rare rhizobia across all 13 legume genera investigated to date, at high and low inoculum densities, and with minimal genetic differentiation between rhizobia strains. While the mechanism generating this phenomenon is currently unknown, balancing nodulation could actively maintain variation in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis.
Equilibrium Point Analysis and Power Sharing Methods for Distribution Systems Driven by Solid-State Transformers

The feasible equilibria of operation of distribution-level power system models interfaced with solid-state transformers (SST) are analyzed and presented through a set of analytical relationships. The active and reactive power balances in the SST are realized through control of power electronic converters with appropriate choices for voltage and current setpoints. These setpoints parameterize the nonlinear model of the SST. Therefore, choosing them appropriately in sync with the generation and load profiles in the system is critical for maintaining a feasible equilibrium. These equilibrium sets are derived by first considering a fundamental physics-based model of a single-SST system, and thereafter, by extending them to systems with multiple SSTs connected to a radial distribution feeder. Power sharing methods are developed by which multiple SSTs can share a given change in load by generating an appropriate set of feasible setpoints for their input stage rectifiers. A control architecture is proposed for executing these load-sharing methods for both instantaneous and predictive load commands. The algorithms are verified by simulations on a representative distribution test system with nine SSTs.
How First-year Students Expressed Their Transition to College Experiences Differently Depending on the Affordances of Two Writing Contexts.

Drawing on theory that positions writing as a social process, this study compares how two distinct contexts influenced the linguistic features of college students’ writing over time. In one context, students blogged and received comments, while in the other context students word-processed and received no comments. Systematic qualitative and quantitative analyses of these natural language posts and comments indicated the bloggers used greater rates of cognitive and intensifying expressions in their writing over time than students who word-processed. These results suggest that the affordances of the context influenced narrators’ expressive writing over time. The current findings have significance for scholars seeking to understand connections between interactive media, writing processes, and audience, and for college programs across the U.S. that provide support for first-year students.
Venerable relic: the Great Elm on the Boston Common

The subject of endless speculation and stories, the “Great Elm”, “Old Elm” or the “Great Tree”, was the oldest and largest tree on the Boston Common and a beloved citizen of the city until its demi...
Ethics and Genetics: Examining a Crossroads in Nursing Through a Case Study .

Background The field of genetics and genomics is rapidly expanding, particularly in oncology. Genetics and genomics can lead to ethical concerns. Oncology nurses must balance the need for evidence-based oncology care with that of ethical care for patients and their family members. Objectives The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of cancer genetics and ethics and their impact on oncology nurses, patients, and families. Methods A case study of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is offered to illustrate the impact of a hereditary cancer syndrome on several generations of a family and ethical issues surrounding cancer genetics. In addition, a brief review of FAP, gene and tissue biobanking, and genome editing is provided. . Findings Genetics, genomics, and pharmaco-genomics are ubiquitous in cancer diagnosis and management. Nurses must be knowledgeable about the ethical issues related to cancer genetics and oncology care to advocate for the needs of patients with cancer. Communication with and education of patients and their families before germline genetic testing may reduce the emergence of ethical dilemmas.