cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Paley Method Using Chronological Age with Use of Skeletal Maturity for Predicting Mature Limb Length in Children

Background: Treating patients with congenital or acquired limb-length inequality requires accurate estimations of limb length at skeletal maturity. There is controversy over the best indicator of maturity to be used for limb-length calculations. Paley popularized the multiplier method, in which chronological age is used, which has the virtue of simplicity but does not account for the wide variance in timing of the adolescent growth spurt. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of chronological age or the level of skeletal maturity provides more accurate limb-length predictions. Methods: We identified patients with limb-length inequality, for whom scanograms had been obtained before and at maturity, and who had had no surgical procedures on their normal lower limb. Skeletal maturity was determined with use of the Greulich and Pyle atlas, Tanner-Whitehouse-3 method, and simplified stages described by Sanders et al. The length of the lower extremity was compared with the ultimate limb length and the actual multiplier (final limb length divided by current limb length) for each point in time. A linear model was used to determine the log-transformed multipliers for the level of skeletal maturity, and Paley's multipliers were used for chronological age. Residual standard errors were determined to compare the results of the methods. We also conducted piecewise linear regression on each of the methods and used the residual standard errors to rank their performance and cross-validated the results. Results: We identified twenty-four patients (twelve girls and twelve boys) who met the study criteria. Most subjects had had multiple scanograms along with skeletal age radiographs (average, 4.5) at different ages. When all ages are considered, the Paley method had the best overall performance, with residual standard errors that were typically ≤5 cm. However, the Paley method did not perform best for subjects at stage-2 skeletal maturity or above; in those cases, skeletal-maturity-based predictions had residual standard errors of <2 cm. Conclusions: While the Paley method, which is based on chronological age, provides reasonable estimates of ultimate limb length for most patients, use of skeletal-maturity determinations appears to provide better predictions of mature limb length during adolescence.
The Political Attitudes of Sir Henry Maine: Conscience of a 19th Century Conservative

r HE AUTHOR OF Ancient Law, Sir Henry Maine (1882-88) was once regarded throughout the English-speaking world as "the father of political embryology." In his lifetime he enjoyed an unparalleled international reputation as a pioneering student of society. When Maine died in 1888, Fustel de Coulanges, standing at his open grave at Cannes to deliver a funeral oration, pronounced him the greatest scientific historian of the century. The Times of London, in an obituary notice, declared Maine an English Montesquieu. And, remarkable though it may seem today, a medallion paid for by public subscription to commemorate his scholarly contributions to the scientific study of man, was unveiled in Westminster Abbey in December, 1889.2 Yet curiously, despite his fame among contemporaries, we have until recently lacked even the most rudimentary biographical materials relating to the formulation of Maine's social and political thought. Surely few such distinguished scholars as Maine have had their basic biographical facts as variously interpreted. Grant Duff, in the most extensive biographical study of Maine yet published (1892), describes him as a native of Leighton, England, though no such place exists. R. H. Murray places Maine as a native of Kelso, Scotland. The Everyman's Library Edition of Ancient Law suggests that Maine was born in India-and, no less imaginatively, Peter Drucker, ad-
Labor's Geography: Capital, Violence, Guest Workers and the Post‐World War II Landscape

Abstract: The impetus to labor geography—putting workers and their practices and interests right at the heart of our analyses and making these ontologically prior in our theorizing—is the right one. Because this is the right impulse, work in labor geography has tended to over-valorize both the ability of workers to shape the landscapes of capitalism and the long-term efficacy of any such “shaping”. Arguing from a specific case—the struggles over agribusiness in California in the immediate post-World War II California—this paper seeks to understand those moments when workers are all but powerless. It argues that those of us interested in politically charged and politically efficacious labor geographies need to retrain our focus as much on the structures within which workers live and work as well as on the actions undertaken by powerful forces within capital and the state whose interests are served by various forms of worker powerlessness.
Detecting and quantifying oxygen functional groups on graphite nanofibers by fluorescence labeling of surface species

The ability to quantify functional groups on graphitic carbon nanofiber (GCNF) surfaces and to covalently attach ligands chemoselectively will aid in the development of functionalized GCNFs and potentially other carbon nanomaterials for applications in nanotechnology. Herein, we report the identification and quantification of functional groups on the surface of GCNFs using fluorescence labeling of surface species (FLOSS). Using reactions that are selective for specific functional groups and fluorescent dyes containing the dansyl group, surface aldehyde/ketone, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups were identified and quantified in their total and relative amounts by FLOSS. Oxygen-containing functionality that was detected by FLOSS on nitric acid-oxidized GCNFs totaled approximately 2.5% of surface carbon, present as 0.9% aldehyde/ketone, 1.2% carboxyl groups on average, and 0.4% hydroxyl groups. The amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups on as-produced and demineralized GCNFs were much lower, amounting to no more than 0.05% of aldehyde/ketone groups on demineralized GCNFs and 0.3% of these groups on as-produced fibers. The FLOSS method has revealed information about the fiber surface that is not accessible by other methods, while also providing insight into the chemical reactivities of functional groups that can be used as sites for the attachment of ligands to give covalently functionalized materials.
Genetic Regulation of Vascular Tissue Patterning in Arabidopsis

Plants transport water and nutrients through a complex vascular network comprised of interconnected, specialized cell types organized in discrete bundles. To identify genetic determinants of vascular tissue patterning, we conducted a screen for mutants with altered vascular bundle organization in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Mutations in two genes, CVP1 and CVP2 (for cotyledon vascular pattern), specifically disrupt the normal pattern of vascular bundles in cotyledons, mature leaves, and inflorescence stems. The spatial distribution of the procambium, the precursor to mature vascular tissue, is altered in cvp1 and cvp2 embryos, suggesting that CVP1 and CVP2 act at a very early step in vascular patterning. Similarly, in developing stems of cvp1 and leaves of cvp2, the pattern of vascular differentiation is defective, but the maturation of individual vascular cells appears to be normal. There are no discernible alterations in cell morphology in cvp2 mutants. In contrast, cvp1 mutants are defective in directional orientation of the provascular strand, resulting in a failure to establish uniformly aligned vascular cells, and they also show a reduction in vascular cell elongation. Neither cvp1 nor cvp2 mutants displayed altered auxin perception, biosynthesis, or transport, suggesting that auxin metabolism is not generally affected in these mutants.
The Shared Conceptual System and Language Processing in Bilingual Children: Findings from Literacy Assessment in Spanish and Nahuatl.

Findings are reported from a series of literacy assessments in which four classes of bilingual 3rd and 5th grade students from an indigenous community in Central Mexico participated. Subjects who completed the battery of tests of reading and writing in Spanish and Nahuatl range from balanced bilinguals to Spanish-dominant speakers with at least receptive language proficiency in Nahuatl, the principal indigenous language of the region (Tlaxcala and Puebla states). Typically, in bilingual schools in Mexico, instruction is predominantly or exclusively in Spanish. In the case of the present study, virtually all literacy teaching is carried out in Spanish, thus presenting investigators with the unique opportunity to examine the application of literacy skills learned through one language to literacy tasks in another language that children understand, but in which they have not had the opportunity to practice reading and writing. Findings offer a different vantage point from which to conceptualize the models of linguistic interdependence, common underlying proficiency, and transfer, developed and elaborated upon by researchers in the field of bilingual education. In the study of bilingualism and second language learning it is necessary to specify more precisely which aspects of language competence and language use are interdependent and which aspects are separate; what precisely does interdependence refer to? What are the conditions under which knowledge and skills stored in a common underlying proficiency can be accessed, in particular under special circumstances of language contact (for example, those that involve indigenous languages)? And is transfer a useful concept for describing the various aspects of bilingual proficiency?
Preventive War and the Balance of Power: A Game-Theoretic Approach

Preventive wars are commonly defined as wars initiated by a major power to preempt an anticipated disadvantageous position in terms of resources or military capabilities owing to the differential growth rates of countries. This essay extends a game-theoretic model of the balance of power to admit differential growth rates and also to permit countries to adjust their investments for the future. After establishing the conditions for equilibrium investment strategies, we then examine the properties of the nation-system that this equilibrium implies. Specifically, using a two-period model, we are interested in those first-period equilibria in which, because their sovereignty is subsequently threatened, countries will prefer to instigate a preventive war. We conclude by arguing that, although differential growth rates and the period 1 equilibria that initial resources imply can threaten the sovereignty of countries, there are a variety of coalitional strategies available to countries and that only some of them...
Pain and depression predict self-reported fatigue/energy in lupus.

This study examined the contribution of pain and psychological distress to fatigue.MethodsOne-hundred and twenty-five adult Caucasian and Hispanic lupus patients participated in this study. Demographic data, patient- and physician-reported disease activity, as well as psychological functioning, were collected. Fatigue, pain, and vitality were measured using visual analogue scales as well as a subscale of the SF-36 questionnaire. Linear and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. In the regression analysis, ethnicity was entered at the first step, followed by age, income and education at step 2, pain and disease activity measures at step 3, and psychological measurements at step 4.ResultsIn the linear regression analysis, Caucasians reported more fatigue. Fatigue positively correlated with income, education, pain, patient-reported disease activity, helplessness, and depression, and negatively with internality, and the energy analysis mirrored the results of the fatigue analysis. In the first regre...
Preparation, Characterization, and Value Assignment of Carbon Dioxide Isotopic Reference Materials: RMs 8562, 8563, and 8564

Three carbon dioxide isotopic reference materials (RM 8562, RM 8563, and RM 8564) have been prepared and characterized for composition, heterogeneity, and stability using dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RMs 8562−8564 are not certified, but their use as proxies for carbonate standards allows users to realize precisely the Vienna PDB scale and to provide comparability of stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratio data obtained by investigators in different laboratories. Samples (∼400 μmol each) are sealed in borosilicate glass tubes (9-mm outer diameter) for distribution by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). δ13C and δ18O value assignments and uncertainties for the CO2 RMs were determined by two complementary methods: (1) through an international comparison exercise, to allow single-point standardization onto the VPDB scale and (2) through isotopically verified measurements of relative (Δδ) values between RMs (Δδ45CO2, Δδ46CO...
Incidence of Porocephalus crotali (Pentastomida) in Florida Mammals

Nymphs of Porocephalus crotali were found in 20 (0.9%) of 2,254 mammals examined from localities in 22 counties in Florida. Of 27 species included in the survey, infections were found in the Florida mouse, Peromyscus floridanus; cotton mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus; and cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. The last two species represent new intermediate host records for this parasite. Based on total individuals examined, incidence was 0.6, 4.3, and 0.2% in P. floridanus, P. gossypinus, and Sigmodon, respectively. Considering only samples from localities at which infections occurred, prevalence was 1.8% in Florida mice, 13.9% in cotton mice, and 1.0% in cotton rats. There was some evidence of a higher infection rate in males than females of P. gossypinus but not in P. floridanus. Over half of the infected rodents examined had more than a single nymph, the maximum number recorded being 85. Nymphs occurred at numerous sites in the viscera, mesenteries and walls of the body cavity. Infected animals did not appear to...
The two alpha-tubulin genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi code for slightly different proteins.

Abstract Full-length cDNA clones corresponding to the transcripts of the two alpha-tubulin genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardi were isolated. DNA sequence analysis of the cDNA clones and cloned gene fragments showed that each gene contains 1,356 base pairs of coding sequence, predicting alpha-tubulin products of 451 amino acids. Of the 27 nucleotide differences between the two genes, only two result in predicted amino acid differences between the two gene products. In the more divergent alpha 2 gene, a leucine replaces an arginine at amino acid 308, and a valine replaces a glycine at amino acid 366. The results predicted that two alpha-tubulin proteins with different net charges are produced as primary gene products. The predicted amino acid sequences are 86 and 70% homologous with alpha-tubulins from rat brain and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, respectively. Each gene had two intervening sequences, located at identical positions. Portions of an intervening sequence highly conserved between the two beta-tubulin genes are also found in the second intervening sequence of each of the alpha genes. These results, together with our earlier report of the beta-tubulin sequences in C. reinhardi, present a picture of the total complement of genetic information for tubulin in this organism.
VertNet: A New Model for Biodiversity Data Sharing

Biodiversity is in a crisis caused by multiple human impacts on the environment [1]–[3]. The immediate and critical tasks in addressing this crisis are to examine global biodiversity patterns and document changes through time and space in order to understand the factors contributing to loss of biodiversity [4]. Meeting this challenge has emerged as a global priority [5]–[7] that requires approaches to mobilize data across broad geographic and taxonomic ranges. The community of vertebrate natural history collections has begun to meet this challenge by establishing social and technological infrastructures that provide open access to species occurrence data through broad participation and funding from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). One result is VertNet, a publicly accessible database of vertebrate biodiversity data from natural history collections around the world. VertNet currently consists of four existing global vertebrate networks: Mammal Networked Information System (MaNIS) (http://manisnet.org – mammals [8]); Ornithological Information System (ORNIS) (http://ornisnet.org – birds); HerpNET (http://herpnet.org – amphibians and reptiles); and FishNet 2 (http://www.fishnet2.net – fishes). These networks collectively mobilize over 52 million records from over 70 institutions, which represent about 70% of all the vertebrate species occurrence data that are accessible through GBIF. VertNet was created to develop the tools and infrastructure necessary to make the data in these distributed networks available in a standard format to maximize their potential for understanding and protecting biodiversity. GBIF and VertNet work synergistically to enhance biodiversity data mobilization efforts. GBIF has identified the important role that VertNet will play in its new emphasis on decentralization of services and applications [5]. In particular, VertNet provides important data maintenance services, including data cleaning and indexing, thus removing development and deployment burdens for many fundamental tasks from GBIF. Data from VertNet are currently accessed through the four networks by a broad audience at a high frequency of about 2.5 million records per week. The networks continue to grow, even those whose extramural funding have expired; MaNIS, for example, has grown from 17 contributing institutions under the original grant to 38 institutions, with a waiting list of 31 more that will be added to the network as time and resources permit. The same enthusiasm is mirrored across the other three vertebrate networks. This rapid growth demonstrates an important sociological shift from skepticism to enthusiasm for data sharing. Ironically, the success of these networks has become their biggest challenge, straining original architectures and demanding a scalable and more sustainable solution. Below, we provide perspectives on the sociological and technical developments that brought vertebrate biodiversity networks to this point and discuss solutions to the immediate and anticipated challenges.
Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in the United States: Did the Risks Change from 1987 to 2000?

Evaluation of the public health impact of air quality regulations, referred to as accountability research, is increasingly viewed as a necessary component of responsible governmental policy interventions. The authors present an example of accountability assessment based on evaluating change in the short-term effect of airborne particles over a period of increasingly stringent regulation that might have changed the chemical composition and toxicity of these particles. They used updated data and methods of the National Morbidity Mortality Air Pollution Study to estimate national average relative rates of the effects of particulate matter � 10 lm in aerodynamic diameter on all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality and on other-cause mortality for 1987–2000. They estimated national average relative rates of the effects of particulate matter � 2.5 lm in aerodynamic diameter on all-cause mortality for 1999–2000. The authors found strong evidence that lag 1 exposures to particulate matter � 10 lm and � 2.5 lm in aerodynamic diameter continue to be associated with increased mortality. They also found a weak indication that the lag 1 effects of particulate matter � 10 lm in aerodynamic diameter on mortality declined during 1987–2000 and that this decline occurred mostly in the eastern United States. The methodology presented can be used to track the health effects of air pollution routinely on regional and national scales. mortality; particulate matter; population surveillance; public policy; sentinel surveillance
'Who's Johnny?' Anthropomorphic Framing in Human-Robot Interaction, Integration, and Policy

People have a tendency to project life-like qualities onto robots. As we increasingly create spaces where robotic technology interacts with humans, this inclination raises ethical questions around use and policy. A human-robot-interaction experiment conducted in our lab indicates that framing robots through anthropomorphic language (like a personified name or story) can impact how people perceive and treat a robot. This chapter explores the effects of encouraging or discouraging people to anthropomorphize robots through framing. I discuss concerns about anthropomorphizing robotic technology in certain contexts, but argue that there are also cases where encouraging anthropomorphism is desirable. Because people respond to framing, framing could help to separate these cases.
Maternal clinical disease characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes in twin and singleton pregnancies with severe preeclampsia

Abstract Objective Based on anecdotal observations, there is concern that severe preeclampsia leads to greater morbidity and mortality for mothers and neonates of twin pregnancies than for mothers and neonates of singleton pregnancies. Because few studies have been done, this study compared maternal disease characteristics and maternal/neonatal clinical outcomes of twin and singleton pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia. Study design An historical cohort study of patients hospitalized at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, NY, USA, from 2006 to 2010, compared 63 twin and 339 singleton pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia via chart review. Women were analyzed in two groups: hospitalized ≤34 weeks gestational age (GA) and hospitalized >34 weeks GA. Univariable analysis (using Chi-square test, Fisher's Exact test, Student's t-test, or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, as appropriate) then multivariable analysis (using multivariable linear regression or multivariable logistic regression, as appropriate) compared maternal disease characteristics and maternal/neonatal clinical outcomes in twin and singleton pregnancies. Results Women with twins were older [mean age 34.9 years (standard deviation (SD) 7.9 years) vs. 29.4 years (SD 7.4 years), P-value Women with twins were admitted for severe preeclampsia at an earlier gestational age (GA) [median twin 34.9 weeks GA (interquartile range, IQR, 32.7, 36.1) vs. median singleton 37.1 weeks GA (IQR 35.0, 38.9), P 34 weeks GA (36 twins; 231 singletons), women with singletons had a higher prevalence of headache (54% vs. 28%, P = .004). Conclusion Mothers and neonates of twin pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia do not appear to have greater morbidity and mortality compared to mothers and neonates of singleton pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia.
Marine Nitrogen-Fixing Diatom-Cyanobacteria Symbioses

This review summarizes growth and nitrogen-fixation data on diatom-cyanobacteria symbioses. Symbiotic associations between diatoms and filamentous cyanobacteria are frequently noted in tropical and subtropical waters, and direct evidence indicates that at least two associations are diazotrophic. Abundance data is limited, but Rhizosolenia-Richelia blooms are recorded from the central Pacific gyre at up to 104 cells L−1. In-situ growth rates of these associations are not known; however, laboratory data on the Rhizosolenia-Richelia symbiosis suggests the host-symbiont association can reproduce at approximately 0.8–1.0 div day−1. Growth kinetics in nitrogen-poor medium suggest that transfer of fixed nitrogen from host to symbiont occurs and that this process can support the host’s growth under N-limiting conditions. Additional symbioses, particularly in Hemiaulus, may be more widespread than previously realized due to the difficulty in identifying the symbiont in standard light microscopy. Few field measurements of N2-fixation are available for these associations. Rhizosolenia-Richelia appears to be locally important in the central Pacific gyre. Hemiaulus spp. are a common and abundant diatom in oligotrophic seas, and if 80–100% of the cells are symbiotic as reported, then they represent an unquantified, and potentially substantial, source of nitrogen-fixation.
Tell it slant

I can't believe I'm doing this. I well remember the first Gray Lecture, also in conjunction with a Southern Convention. I was all nerves. I thought, “At least there'll never be a more stressful Gra...
Hormiscioideus Filamentosus Gen. Et Sp. Nov., A Termite-Infesting Fungus From Brazil

(1978). Hormiscioideus Filamentosus Gen. Et Sp. Nov., A Termite-Infesting Fungus From Brazil. Mycologia: Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 1274-1280.
Injuries presenting to a walk-in clinic at a summer dance intensive program: a three-year retrospective data analysis.

Summer dance intensive programs are an integral part of many serious dancers' training. The risk and rate of injury in this setting have not been well studied. The goal of this data analysis is to detail the epidemiology of dance injuries reported during a summer dance intensive over a consecutive 3 year period. Data collection included information regarding the number of evaluation and treatment sessions conducted at the program's walk-in clinic, body regions injured, whether the injuries were recurrences of pre-existing conditions or newly sustained during the intensive, and at what point in the program they were recorded. Overall, more of the clinic's clientele presented with multiple injuries than with single discrete injuries. The anatomic distribution of injuries appears to be consistent with previously reported data, with the four most commonly injured body regions being ankle, pelvis and hip, knee, and lumbar spine. Injuries sustained during the intensive (IR) occurred at a 2:1 ratio to pre-intensive injuries (PR). Relative to those with PR injuries, dancers with IR injuries were far more likely to present during the first half of the program. This study is a first step toward filling a gap in the literature by describing injury incidence in a specific population within the dance community. Language: en
Probing Resonance Energy Transfer and Inner Filter Effects in Quantum Dot–Large Metal Nanoparticle Clusters using a DNA-Mediated Quench and Release Mechanism

The energy transfer between DNA-linked CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (qdots) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is described. The assembly produced qdot–AuNP clusters with satellite-like morphology. Owing to the programmability of the DNA linkage, both assembly as well as disassembly were used as a tool to probe quenching efficiency. Upon assembly, resonance energy transfer between the qdot donor and AuNP acceptor was measured as photoluminescence (PL) quenching. The magnitude of the quenching was approximated upon measurement of PL recovery once the cluster was disassembled by addition of a ssDNA fuel strand, which effectively displaced the qdot-to-AuNP dsDNA linkage. This controllable assembly/disassembly behavior was then used as a morphological tool to separate PL quenching from an inner filter effect originating from the AuNP’s high surface plasmon resonance (SPR) extinction. This corrected quenching value was observed from steady state PL measurements, which were then substantiated by PL decay measurements. Fin...
Main Fan Denoise Optimization Design and Research

Describes the type of main fan noise,and to the adverse effects of noise on the ventilator flow optimization of structural design,using Fluent 6.0 software for computational fluid fan,the three-dimensional flow field,were simulated and analyzed simultaneously fan noise guesstimation.Meanwhile to the simulation results are analyzed.Simulation results will help understand the fan flow field in the motion law,in order to further optimize structure,reduce the air blower fan noise,and provided the beneficial reference value.
Dual Exchange in PCN-333: A Facile Strategy to Chemically Robust Mesoporous Chromium Metal-Organic Framework with Functional Groups.

A facile preparation of a mesoporous Cr-MOF, PCN-333(Cr) with functional group, has been demonstrated through a dual exchange strategy, involving a sequential ligand exchange and metal metathesis process. After optimization of the exchange system, the functionalized PCN-333(Cr), N3–PCN-333(Cr) shows well maintained crystallinity, porosity, as well as much improved chemical stability. Because of the exceptionally large pores (∼5.5 nm) in PCN-333(Cr), a secondary functional moiety, Zn-TEPP with a size of 18 A × 18 A, has been successfully clicked into the framework. In this article, we have also analyzed kinetics and thermodynamics during dual exchange process, showing our attempts to interpret the exchange event in the PCN-333. Our findings not only provide a highly stable mesoporous Cr-MOF platform for expanding MOF-based applications, but also suggest a route to functionalized Cr-MOF which may have not been achievable through conventional approaches.
Why does the United States lack a global warming policy? The corporate inner circle versus public interest sector elites

ABSTRACTWhy has the United States not adopted global warming policies? Because the inner circle of the corporate elite has opposed these policies despite some corporate support for cap-and-trade and other policies. Pro- and anti-positions taken by think tanks that have led the policy debate in the post-Kyoto period are analyzed in order to demonstrate this. The corporate and upper class social ties of the directors of these pro- and anti-think tanks are examined, revealing a corporate elite split between the inner circle opposing these policies, and a ‘public interest sector’ of corporate law and media corporations along with top executives from higher education and other nonprofits that is supportive of policies addressing global warming. To enable adoption of major global warming policies, the corporate inner circle will need to become supportive and forge a class-wide corporate consensus on the need to address global warming.
Two-hop networks with energy harvesting: The (non-)impact of buffer size

In this paper, a two-hop channel is considered with energy harvesting transmitter nodes. In particular, the offline throughput maximization problem is solved for a constant power relay, and a relay with one energy arrival, in both cases assuming a finite buffer is available at the relay for temporarily storing data received from the source. The focus is on assessing the impact of this data buffer at the relay on optimal transmission policies. The solution is found indirectly, by first assuming that the relay has an infinite size buffer, and then proving that an optimal policy exists that does not require any data buffer at the relay, thus solving the problem regardless of the data buffer size at the relay. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed solution performs significantly better than naive policies, and a constant relay rate limits the average throughput as the peak energy harvest rate for the source increases.
A mean stress correction model for tensile and compressive mean stress fatigue loadings

A new mean stress fatigue model based on the distortional strain energy is proposed to account for the mean stress effects on fatigue life. The proposed model is compared with the Morrow and the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) mean stress correction models using a number of experimental data sets for one cast iron, two steels and two aluminium alloys under tensile and compressive mean stress loadings. It is found that both the proposed mean stress correction model and the SWT model yield similar results and provide very good correlation for positive mean stress data and moderate negative mean stress data. For high compressive mean stresses, the proposed model shows reasonably good correlations, while the SWT model fails to correlate the fatigue data. The Morrow model was found to give poor correlations for all fatigue data analysed by yielding conservative results for compressive mean stresses and non-conservative results for tensile mean stresses.
Single Pd Atoms on θ-Al 2 O 3 (010) Surface do not Catalyze NO Oxidation

New convenient wet-chemistry synthetic routes have made it possible to explore catalytic activities of a variety of single supported atoms, however, the single supported atoms on inert substrates (e.g. alumina) are limited to adatoms and cations of Pt, Pd, and Ru. Previously, we have found that single supported Pt atoms are remarkable NO oxidation catalysts. In contrast, we report that Pd single atoms are completely inactive for NO oxidation. The diffuse reflectance infra-red spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results show the absence of nitrate formation on catalyst. To explain these results, we explored modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood type pathways that have been proposed for oxidation reactions on single supported atom. In the first pathway, we find that there is energy barrier for the release of NO2 which prevent NO oxidation. In the second pathway, our results show that there is no driving force for the formation of O=N-O-O intermediate or nitrate on single supported Pd atoms. The decomposition of nitrate, if formed, is an endothermic event.
Dunia Finance Llc (a)

Well suited for MBA, Executive MBA, Global Executive MBA, and executive education programs, this field-based case uses Dunia Finance LLC, an Abu Dhabi–based financial services company, to present circumstances that allow for an analysis of the firm's cross-selling process and how it could be leveraged. The unique aspects of the region leave the case open to exploring uncertainty and risk based on the firm's own experience with the customer. The case provides an overview of the customer relationship and allows a discussion of measuring and managing customer profitability and contrasting it with the management of customers in the developed world and emerging markets. In the case, Ali Hurbas, head of the Strategic Analytics Unit, faces two options. Did it make sense to focus on bringing in new customers, or would ramping up cross-selling efforts to existing customers offer greater profits? The material also allows for an evaluation of different statistical models that can be used to predict the next product a customer would most likely buy. A teaching note is available to instructors to assist in preparing for the debrief session. Excerpt UVA-M-0842 Rev. Mar. 25, 2015 Dunia Finance LLC (A) Analytics function has been a true franchise builder for Dunia since our launch, driving targeted cross-sell by focusing on all three Rs of consumer banking: risk, revenue, response. —Ali Hurbas Ali Hurbas, head of the Strategic Analytics Unit (SAU) at Dunia Finance LLC (Dunia), the Abu Dhabi­–based financial services company, was in an emergency meeting in Dunia's Dubai office with Rajeev Kakar and his management team in early October 2012. Kakar, executive director and founding CEO of Dunia and, concurrently, executive vice president and regional CEO for central and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa for Fullerton Financial Holdings, was a veteran of the banking industry, with more than 25 years of experience in multiple markets as regional head and CEO for Citibank's Turkey, Middle East, Pakistan, and Africa consumer businesses. With investor pressure growing, Kakar told his management team, “We are facing a severe challenge. We need to quickly increase volumes and reward our good customers. And there is a need for speed to get this done!” He had put together a SWAT team, led by Hurbas, to perform this critical task of doubling business growth. (Exhibit 1 lists all members of the Dunia teams mentioned in the case.) . . .
The Impact of Sexual Orientation on the Racial Dating Patterns of Hispanic Males

The present study investigates the racial dating preferences of homosexual and heterosexual Hispanic males. Data used to conduct this study were collected from a popular online dating website (N = ...
Christ of the American Road: E. Stanley Jones, India, and Civil Rights

This article, which emphasizes the importance of transnational history, tracks the influence of E. Stanley Jones, a missionary to India in the early twentieth century, on evangelicals in the United States. It contends that global encounters pushed Jones to hold integrated ashrams, conduct evangelistic crusades, and participate in the Congress on Racial Equality. During his time abroad, he discovered that racial segregation at home hurt the causes of missions and democracy abroad. Using this Cold War logic, Jones in turn provoked American evangelicals to consider more fully questions of racial inequality.
The association between monetary and sexual delay discounting and risky sexual behavior in an online sample of men who have sex with men

Delay discounting is a measure of impulsivity that has been found to be associated with numerous health-related outcomes. To the extent that delay discounting is associated with sexual risk-taking,...
The health consequences of intertemporal preferences

Intertemporal tradeoffs, the conflict between current and future costs and benefits, lie at the core of health decisions. An extensive literature on time discounting has documented the widespread tendency to place a lower value on distant outcomes and to favor benefits in the moment. These tendencies have been linked to key challenges to long-term health, including lack of exercise and preventative care, substance abuse, unsafe sex, overconsumption of calories and obesity. Understanding when and how people think of time, future outcomes, future resources, and their future selves may shed light on how to motivate health-promoting behaviors.
Machine Learning Based Adaptive Prediction Horizon in Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control

In this paper, an adaptive prediction horizon approach based on machine learning is presented for the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) of power converters. Usually, in FCS-MPC, the prediction horizon is kept constant. A large prediction horizon improves performance, however, it significantly increases the computational cost. The prediction horizon is typically chosen to be just large enough to give the required performance. We present a novel technique, where the prediction horizon adapts to the states of the converter. We define a cyber-physical objective function that penalizes both the error in converter performance and computational complexity. We perform several offline simulations to find the optimal prediction horizon based on the instantaneous state of the converter, based on a cyber-physical objective function. An artificial neural network is trained to calculate the optimal prediction horizon in run time. The proposed scheme allows a varying prediction horizon that reduces the overall computational complexity, while guaranteeing the required physical performance. The simulations and experimental results of the proposed technique justify the usefulness of our approach.
Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness to Common Corruptions and Surface Variations

In this paper we establish rigorous benchmarks for image classifier robustness. Our first benchmark, ImageNet-C, standardizes and expands the corruption robustness topic, while showing which classifiers are preferable in safety-critical applications. Unlike recent robustness research, this benchmark evaluates performance on commonplace corruptions not worst-case adversarial corruptions. We find that there are negligible changes in relative corruption robustness from AlexNet to ResNet classifiers, and we discover ways to enhance corruption robustness. Then we propose a new dataset called Icons-50 which opens research on a new kind of robustness, surface variation robustness. With this dataset we evaluate the frailty of classifiers on new styles of known objects and unexpected instances of known classes. We also demonstrate two methods that improve surface variation robustness. Together our benchmarks may aid future work toward networks that learn fundamental class structure and also robustly generalize.
Recent Progress in Molecular Design of Ionic Second-order Nonlinear Optical Materials

This chapter deals with recent and important developments in the field of the molecular design of ionic organic materials with and without metals for second-order nonlinear optics. The first section discusses 1) the origin of optical nonlinearity, 2) the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic polarizabilities and 3) the importance of ionic chromophores as second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. The second section reviews 4) the current experimental and theoretical developments in the design of dipolar and octupolar ionic chromophores for second-order nonlinear optics and 5) the progress on zwitterionic second-order NLO materials. The third section presents 6) possible device applications based on ionic chromophores
Evaluation of Waveform Mapping as a Signal Processing Tool for Quantitative Ultrasonic NDE

The mapping of one pulsed waveform into another, more desirable waveform by the application of a time-domain filter has been employed in a number of NDE situations [1-3]. The primary goal of these applications has been to improve the range resolution of an ultrasonic signal for detection of echoes arising from particular interfaces masked by the response of the transducer. The work presented here addresses the use of this technique for resolution enhancement in imaging situations and in mapping signals from different transducers to a common target waveform, allowing maintenance of quantitative calibration of ultrasonic systems. We also describe the use of this technique in terms of the frequency analysis of the resulting waveforms.
Factors Determining the Distribution of Arachnida

As factors of distribution of Arachnida are outlined paleogeography and paleodistribution, age of groups, barriers, bridges, ability to overcome them, phoresy, dispersal, climate, orography and many other fundamental concepts.
Lack of Influence by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 Genotypes on Pain Relief by Hydrocodone in Postoperative Cesarean Section Pain Management.

Background: Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 are contributors to variability in individual response to drugs. Within the P450 family, CYP2D6 is responsible for metabolizing hydrocodone, a widely prescribed opioid for pain management. Alternatively, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 can form norhydrocodone and dihydrocodeine. We have previously found that in a postcesarean section cohort, the rate of hydromorphone formation was dependent on the genotype of CYP2D6 and that plasma hydromorphone, not hydrocodone, was predictive of pain relief. Method: Blood was obtained from a postcesarean cohort that were surveyed for pain response and common side effects. Plasma samples were genotyped for CYP3A4/5, and their hydrocodone concentrations were measured by LC-MS. R statistical software was used to check for differences in the outcomes due to CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6, and a multivariate regression model was fit to determine factors associated with pain score. Results: Two-way ANOVA between CYP3A4/A5 and CYP2D6 phenotypes revealed that the former variants did not have a statistical significance on the outcomes, and only CYP2D6 phenotypes had a significant effect on total dosage (P = 0.041). Furthermore, a 3-way ANOVA analysis showed that CYP2D6 (P = 0.036) had a predictive effect on plasma hydromorphone concentrations, and CYP3A4/A5 did not have any effect on the measured outcomes. Conclusions: With respect to total dosages in a cesarean section population, these results confirm that CYP2D6 phenotypes are predictors for plasma hydromorphone concentration and pain relief, but CYP3A4/A5 phenotypes have no influence on pain relief or on side effects.
Effects of job satisfaction on the worker's wage and weekly hours: A simultaneous equations approach

Abstract The current study examines the effects of job satisfaction on the worker's weekly wage and hours. Under the assumption that these three variables may be simultaneously related, the study estimates wage, weekly hours and job satisfaction equations in a simultaneous equations framework by a two-stage procedure. Using three separate samples from the NLSY79, the study demonstrates that, regardless of the age of the worker, weekly wage is positively related to job satisfaction. The relation between weekly hours and job satisfaction, however, is not uniform among workers of all age-groups. Hours are related to job satisfaction positively when workers are younger or when they are mature adults and negatively when they are middle-age adults. Interestingly, weekly wage and weekly hours are found to be statistically insignificant in most job satisfaction equations, whereas job satisfaction emerges as a significant covariate in both wage and hours equations. This recursive relationship among these three variables indicates that job satisfaction may in fact influence wage and weekly hours in a causal sense. Since computationally tractable formulas for the corrected asymptotic variance-covariance matrices of the proposed two-stage estimators are not available in the literature, the study derives them for the benefit of econometrics practitioners.
Depressive adolescent girls exhibit atypical social decision-making in an iterative trust game.

Introduction Interpersonal trust behavior is an important target for the identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders with interpersonal dysfunction. Adolescent depression is a highly interpersonal disorder marked by impaired social interactions. However, trust has received little empirical attention. The examination of reward-related decision-making using behavioral economic methods is a relatively novel approach for studying trust in adolescent depression. The present study employed a modified trust game to examine whether depressive adolescents exhibited perturbed reward-related decision-making in social and/or nonsocial contexts. Methods One-hundred and thirty adolescent girls (65 depressive, 65 healthy comparisons) played a modified trust game under two conditions, interpersonal risk-taking (trust) and general risk-taking (lottery), and completed self-report psychopathology measures. Results Three-way repeated measures ANCOVA analyses revealed a significant group x game interaction such that while the depressive group invested more across trials in the trust game they invested similarly to healthy comparisons in the lottery condition. Discussion Findings highlight the interpersonal nature of adolescent depression. Future research may help determine whether increased trust behavior is characteristic of depression in adolescent girls. Behavioral economic games, like the trust game, may serve as valuable therapeutic tools for improving social interaction style among depressive adolescents.