cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Hybridization: Use of 35S-Labeled Probes on Paraffin Tissue Sections

Abstract The following protocol is for radioactive in situ hybridization detection of RNA using paraffin-embedded tissue sections on glass microscope slides. Steps taken to inhibit RNase activity such as diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treatment of solutions and baked glassware are unnecessary. The tissue is fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde, hybridized with 35 S-labeled RNA probes, and exposed to nuclear-track emulsion. The entire procedure takes 2–3 days prior to autoradiography. The time required for autoradiography is variable with an average time of 10 days. Parameters that affect the length of the autoradiography include: (1) number of copies of mRNA in the tissue, (2) incorporation of label into the probe, and (3) amount of background signal. Additional steps involved in the autoradiography process, including development of the emulsion, cleaning of the microscope slides, counterstaining of the tissue, and mounting coverslips on the microscope slides, are discussed. In addition, a general guide to the interpretation of the in situ results is provided.
CLINICAL TECHNIQUES: SURGICAL REMOVAL OF ELODONTOMAS IN THE BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG (CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS) AND EASTERN FOX SQUIRREL (SCIURUS NIGER)

Abstract Acquired dental disease and the formation of elodontomas are often diagnosed in sciurids. The formation of the elodontoma may be preceded by a traumatic tooth injury or other initiating factors. The degree of disease severity varies based on individual presentation and the time of detection. Maxillary elodontomas in sciurid species cause airway obstruction that can prove fatal for these obligate nasal-breathing animals. A thorough understanding of rodent dental anatomy and a complete diagnostic workup are required for diagnosis, prognosis, and surgical planning of elodontoma presentations. This article highlights 2 successful surgical techniques for the removal of the maxillary incisors in sciurid patients with almost total occlusion of the nasal passage.
A proton polarimeter for 3He(d,p)4He polarization transfer studies

Abstract A compact polarimeter has been constructed and calibrated to measure the polarization of 13–16 MeV protons, such as those emitted from the 3He(d,p)4He reaction near the Ed=430 keV resonance. The polarimeter uses p-4He elastic scattering as an analyzer. It consists of a 4He gas cell pressurized to 2.76 MPa and a left–right pair of CsI detectors collimated at 65° to maximize the figure of merit for the device. The effective analyzing power and efficiency of the polarimeter have been measured as a function of energy using a collimated polarized proton beam. These measured values are in good agreement with a Monte Carlo computer simulation that forms the basis for the calibration curve for the device. Preliminary results from the 3He(d,p)4He reaction with polarized deuterons confirm that the proton polarimeter can be used to determine polarization transfer coefficients near the low-energy resonance.
Role of flow dispersion in the computation of microvascular flows by the dual-slit method.

Abstract Microvascular blood flow is commonly calculated from a “centerline” velocity derived from the dual-slit method. This is done by relating the computed centerline velocity to an average velocity through an empirically derived conversion factor. To determine the physical basis of the conversion factor, we utilized a Fourier transform and indicator dilution theory to model the parameters governing the conversion factor. We assumed Poiseuille flow from slit 1 to 2 and that the signals from the two slits were sinusoidal functions. Under these conditions, the conversion factor was found to depend primarily on a dimensionless time which is the product of the frequency of the sinusoidal signals and their time delay. Theory shows that if this dimensionless time is in the range of 3 to 7, the conversion factor lies within 1.5 to 1.7. Analysis of original dual-slit samples showed the conversion factor, obtained from the data of five arterioles and three venules, to be 1.58 ± 0.03, and independent of the microvessel diameter.
Advances in the Understanding of the P-N Junction Triode

During the past ten years the junction triode has been studied extensively in attempts to improve the understanding of the device. The resulting increase in understanding has made possible improvements in both device design and in transistor-circuit design. Highlights of these studies including references to approximately 100 papers, are reviewed in this paper from the point of view of relating electrical characteristics to the physical construction of the device. First the ideal-diode model resulting from Shockley's 1949 analysis of the junction triode is reviewed, Then the differences between experimentally observed electrical characteristics and the corresponding characteristics of the ideal model, together with their explanations presented in the literature, are described, The dc characteristics are discussed first, followed by a detailed description of the increased understanding of the small-signal parameters. Other topics reviewed briefly include the effect of non-one-dimensional current flow, and switching characteristics of the triode.
Antagonists selective for estrogen receptor α

To develop compounds that are antagonists on ER(alpha), but not ER(beta), we have added basic side-chains typically found in nonsteroidal antiestrogens to pyrazole compounds that bind with much higher affinity to ER(alpha) than to ER(beta). In this way we have developed basic side-chain pyrazoles (BSC-pyrazoles) that are high affinity, potent, selective antagonists on ER(alpha). These BSC-pyrazoles are themselves inactive on ER(alpha) and ER(beta), and they antagonize E2 stimulation by ER(alpha) only. We investigated seven basic side-chain substituents on various alkyl-triaryl-substituted pyrazoles, and the most ER(alpha)-selective compound was methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP). ER(alpha)-selective antagonism was observed on diverse reporter-promoter gene constructs containing estrogen response elements that are consensus, nonconsensus (pS2), or comprised of multiple half-estrogen response elements (NHERF/EBP50) and on genes in which ER works indirectly by tethering to other DNA-bound proteins (TGF(beta)3). In contrast to these BSC-pyrazoles, the antiestrogens trans-hydroxytamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI 182,780 suppress E2 activity via both ER(alpha) and ER(beta). The most effective BSC-pyrazole, MPP, fully antagonized E2 stimulation of pS2 mRNA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, consistent with the fact that these cells contain almost exclusively ER(alpha). These compounds should be useful in studying the biological functions of ER(alpha) and ER(beta) and in selectively blocking responses that are mediated through ER(alpha).
Economics of Imitation Milk Products

effect of cheapening in cost the product, or any butter in the manufacture or manipulation of which any process or material is used with intent or effect of causing the absorption of abnormal quantities of water, milk, or cream." Questions have been asked about the butter substitutes recently marketed in Wisconsin. The Internal Revenue Service presently has under consideration the question of whether these come within the definition of "adulterated butter." The F D A is withholding any action pending that derision. I f the article, instead, should be found to come within the definition of margarine, it is subject to the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act even if the margarine is not shipped out of the state where it was produced, since Congress has declared that the sale and serving of adulterated or misbrandcd margarine depresses the market in interstate commerce for butter and margarine which are neither adulterated nor misbranded, irrespective of whether such margarine originates from an interstate source or from the state in which it is sold. There are on the market many products which imitate standardized cheeses or cheese products. 1V[ost of these are proper ly labeled as imitations. The addition of any vegetable or other fat or oil to cheese brings it within the definition of "filled cheese," making it subjeet to the Fil led Cheese Act administered by the Internal Revenue Service This includes cheeses made with milk or skimmed milk admixed with butter. Fil led cheese may be shipped interstate if it is manufactured and labeled in accordance with the Filled Cheese Act and complies with the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the Fa i r Packaging and Labeling Act.
Why has the Thai HIV epidemic in men who have sex with men been so silent

Dr Thanprasertsuk and his colleagues from the Royal Thai Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and the Thailand-based US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention took issue with my challenging statements regarding why there has been so much silence in the face of a mounting HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Thailand in response to their outstanding recent article. The task of the editorial writer is often to point out that which others do not wish to state. As a guest researcher in Thailand for the past 15 years I must say that I understand this ‘official’ response to my concerns but to paraphrase the Bard ‘Methinks that they doth protest too much’. To state that the MOPH conducted the 2003 assessment in response to the changing epidemiology is perhaps a little too ‘politically correct’ as it was nearly two decades in coming and was the first definitive study of the HIV situation among MSM in Thailand. (excerpt)
An immunotoxin for the treatment of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemic meningitis: studies in rhesus monkeys.

Monoclonal antibody WT1 (anti-CD7), conjugated to ricin A chain, was administered intrathecally to rhesus monkeys to test its suitability for use in the therapy of leukemic meningitis. The WT1-SMPT-dgRTA conjugate was cytotoxic to CEM (T-lymphoblastic leukemia) cells in vitro with an ID50 of 53 pM. Immunoperoxidase testing showed no binding of WT1 to normal human tissues other than lymph nodes. Thirteen animals received one or more intrathecal 60-μg doses of WT1-SMPT-dgRTA. All monkeys receiving repeated doses developed a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis (primarily eosinophils), which was generally resolving by 3–4 weeks after therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies showed a half-life of 99 min, consistent with CSF clearance by bulk flow. Peak CSF immunotoxin concentrations exceeded the ID50 for CEM cells by more than 2 log units and a concentration exceeding the ID50 was maintained for as long as 24 h. All eight monkeys receiving repeated doses of immunotoxin developed serum antibodies against both WT1 and ricin A chain. In six of these monkeys antibodies were also present in the CSF. Both anti-WT1 and anti-(ricin A chain) antibodies were able to inhibit in vitro cytotoxicity of the immunotoxin for CEM cells; however, only anti-WT1 antibodies could block immunotoxin binding to the cell surface. No monkey developed anti-immunotoxin antibodies fewer than 7 days after the initiation of therapy, suggesting that repeated doses could be administered for up to 1 week without inhibition of clinical activity.
Molecular mechanisms for the induction of chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells heated in S phase

Chromosomal aberrations are induced by heat only when Chinese hamster ovary cells are heated in S phase of the cell cycle. Studies on the hyperthermic inhibition of cellular DNA replication have indicated that four molecular aspects of DNA replication are affected after heating. New replicon initiation and DNA chain elongation are inhibited; the fork displacement rate is very sensitive to heat-inactivation; and finally, there is almost a two-fold increase in single-stranded regions in the replicating DNA after heating. From a comparison of these altered processes between S phase cells and heated G1 cells, which do not die from chromosomal aberrations, our current hypothesis involves 3 steps for the chromosomal aberration induction process. The first critical step is the persistent increase of single-stranded regions in the replicating DNA. Then, we hypothesize that the second step is the creation of transient double strand breaks (DSBs) induced at sites opposite these regions by endogenous endonucleases. Finally, the third step requires that improper repair of these DSBs occurs from either nonrepair or misrepair which then leads to the final chromosomal aberrations seen in the first mitosis after treatment. We believe that this 3 step induction process is common for any cytotoxic agent that induces chromosomal aberrations after DNA replication has been inhibited. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Are inbreeders better colonizers

In order to test whether inbreeders are better colonizers, the Flora of the British Isles was surveyed for tabulating the distribution of colonizers and noncolonizers in relation to breeding systems and longevity. Several criteria and difficulties associated with such comparative surveys are briefly discussed. No overwhelming evidence for association was found between longevity and colonizing ability although predominant selfing was found to be significantly more common among the colonizers. However, such evidence for associations among various genetic and ecological factors accounting for high colonizing ability must be interpreted with caution when the role of longevity, ploidy, interfamily and interpopulation genetic variation, uncertainties about the habitat classification, etc., are taken into account
Refining Satellite Methods for Pitot-Static Calibration

Nomenclature Fi (x) = error from fit circle to i th data point f, g = generic functions H(x) = optimization cost function h p,c = calibrated pressure altitude h p,i = indicated pressure altitude J (x) = Jacobian matrix pa = ambient pressure ps = (sensed) static pressure Vc = calibrated airspeed Vi = indicated airspeed Vgps = measured groundspeed VT = estimated true airspeed Xi = east–west component of measured ground speed, i th data point Xw = east–west component of estimated wind speed x = estimate state vector Yi = north–south component of measured ground speed, i th data point Yw = north–south component of estimated wind speed hpos = altitude position error p = static source position error Vpos = airspeed position error ψgps = global positioning satellite ground-track azimuth angle ψwind = wind direction
Intracranial EEG Seizure‐Onset Patterns in Neocortical Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: We investigated neocortical seizure-onset patterns recorded by intracranial EEG with regard to anatomic location, pathologic substrate, and prognostic value for surgical outcome. Methods: Seizure onset was analyzed in 53 neocortical re-sective epilepsy surgery patients. Anatomic location was divided into temporal and extratemporal. Pathologic substrate was classified as developmental, mature, and negative or non-specific gliosis. Onset frequency was categorized by visual analysis into tradition EEG frequency bands. Spatial extent was divided into focal (fewer than four contacts) and regional (more than five contacts). Waveform at seizure onset was divided into several types based on their morphology. Onset features were examined with respect to anatomic location, pathologic substrate, and surgical outcome. Results: Seizure-onset frequency was significantly related to spatial distribution and to anatomic location. Extratemporal and regional onset were more commonly in the gamma range, and temporal and focal onset in the beta frequency range or slower. Waveform could be categorized into five different patterns, of which low voltage fast activity (LVFA) was the most common form (57%). LVFA and rhythmic alpha-theta spike activity were more common in developmental than in mature pathology, whereas rhythmic sinusoidal waves at onset were found in only mature substrates. Waveform pattern showed a possible correlation with surgical outcome (p = 0.097): LVFA and rhythmic sinusoidal waves onset patterns were associated with favorable outcome more often (40.4%) than the other three patterns (6.3%). Slow onset suggested poor outcome in the subgroup of developmental pathology (p = 0.062). Conclusions: Certain electrographic seizure-onset features are associated with specific substrates and outcomes, whereas others reflect the anatomic location and its connections independent of the pathology.
Shadow-Tracking Algorithm For Moving Target Detection

An algorithm to detect the presence of ground-moving targets in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images has been investigated. Its performance is independent of the direction of the target velocity. Called the notch algorithm for its method of processing, it makes use of the shadow characteristics of a target moving over a clutter background in a unique way. While the image of a moving target may be displaced from its true position in a SAR image, the shadow cast by that target will not be shifted, although it will be de-focused and difficult to detect with conventional SAR processing. The notch algorithm attempts to find the target's ground-track and estimate its velocity vector using a single, coherent aperture of radar data. This information is critical to finding the moving target in the image of the scene and to indicating phase compensations required to begin to re-focus the target. Ground-track information can be obtained by applying the notch algorithm to the same data set several times while varying the algorithm parameters, followed by a comparison of the resulting images with the conventionally processed image. In this paper we describe the basis for the algorithm and present simulation results showing the performance over a range of target velocities. We also suggest several methods to improve detection.
Patterns of fatigue in adolescents receiving chemotherapy

Purpose/Objectives: To describe patterns of fatigue in adolescents and the impact of fatigue during one month of chemotherapy, to explore variables that affect fatigue, and to explore the feasibility of collecting daily self-report data in this population. Design: Longitudinal, descriptive. Setting: Two pediatric oncology centers in central Virginia. Sample: 20 adolescents with a variety of cancer diagnoses receiving chemotherapy. Methods: Adolescents described daily fatigue for one month using rating scales and qualitative diaries Main Research Variables: Fatigue severity. Finding: Adolescents commonly reported a peak in fatigue in the days immediately following chemotherapy administration. The most common pattern for adolescents who received chemotherapy on a schedule every three to four weeks was a "declining rollercoaster" pattern, with fatigue severity alternating on a daily basis but gradually declining until chemotherapy was scheduled again. Adolescents who received chemotherapy weekly showed more frequent peaks and troughs (the "yo-yo" pattern) that did not diminish in severity over the weeks of the study. Adolescents associated fatigue with other symptoms, particularly sleep-wake disturbances, pain, and nausea, and frequently reported that fatigue interfered with daily activities. Conclusions: Fatigue commonly bothers adolescents receiving chemotherapy, particularly in the days following chemotherapy administration and when other symptoms are present. Although fatigue interfered with the adolescents' abilities to maintain their usual lifestyles, many still participated in the typical activities of adolescence. Implications for Nursing: Fatigue is a complex and dynamic symptom. Oncology clinicians and researchers should frequently assess fatigue in adolescents receiving chemotherapy and apply timely and tailored interventions to match the factors that contribute to fatigue and influence fatigue severity. Management of fatigue during treatment will help adolescents stay involved in age-related activities and meet developmental milestones.
Longitudinally predicting late adolescent and young adult drug use: childhood and adolescent precursors.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the childhood and adolescent personality determinants of young adult drug use. Method Data were obtained on children when they were approximately 5.5 (time 1; T 1 ), 14 (T 2 ), 16 (T 3 ), and 22 (T 4 ) years of age. T 2 -T 4 interviews of subjects and their mothers assessed child personality and behavior. At T 1 , 976 mothers were interviewed. The analysis was based on 734 subjects. Results Specific childhood and adolescent personality traits are related to stage of drug use in young adulthood. Regressions showed that (1) traits at T 2 and T 3 mediated the effect of traits at earlier ages on T 4 drug use and (2) stage of drug use was stable from T 3 to T 4 despite controlling for personality. Significant interaction revealed two buffers weakening the effect of T 3 drug use on T 4 drug use. Many more T 1 -T 3 personality traits, particularly low aggression, enhanced the effect of low T 3 use on T 4 use. Conclusions Earlier findings that childhood personality is related to adolescent personality and then to drug use were extended to young adulthood. This mediational model indicates the stability of personality across development. Despite this stability, other results suggest ways to modify drug use.
Pen direction sequences in character recognition

Abstract A descriptive, generative model of the pen direction sequences measured during the hand drawing of characters is shown to be useful in recognition. Preprocessing and classification procedures are based on the properties of the model. Results are presented from tests with a realization of these methods as a real time recognition system running in a small computer.
The Three-dimensional Structure of the Human α2-Macroglobulin Dimer Reveals Its Structural Organization in the Tetrameric Native and Chymotrypsin α2-Macroglobulin Complexes

Three-dimensional electron microscopy reconstructions of the human alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) dimer and chymotrypsin-transformed alpha(2)M reveal the structural arrangement of the two dimers that comprise native and proteinase-transformed molecules. They consist of two side-by-side extended strands that have a clockwise and counterclockwise twist about their major axes in the native and transformed structures, respectively. This and other studies show that there are major contacts between the two strands at both ends of the molecule that evidently sequester the receptor binding domains. Upon proteinase cleavage of the bait domains and subsequent thiol ester cleavages, which occur near the central region of the molecule, the two strands separate by 40 A at both ends of the structure to expose the receptor binding domains and form the arm-like extensions of the transformed alpha(2)M. During the transformation of the structure, the strands untwist to expose the alpha(2)M central cavity to the proteinase. This extraordinary change in the architecture of alpha(2)M functions to completely engulf two molecules of chymotrypsin within its central cavity and to irreversibly encapsulate them.
Studies of a polymeric chromium phosphinate. Electron-spin resonance and spin dynamics

Magnetic properties of the chromium-tris-phosphinate polymer ${{\mathrm{Cr}{[{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5})]}_{2}[{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\mathrm{P}{({\mathrm{C}}_{8}{\mathrm{H}}_{17})}_{2}]}}_{N}$, known as PCrP-C, were studied with the use of conventional electron-spin-resonance (ESR) techniques. The chromium spins are coupled by antiferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange, with the value of $\frac{J}{{k}_{B}}=\ensuremath{-}2.5$ K for the nearest-neighbor exchange parameter determined from static magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ESR results show that the spins comprise a quasi-one-dimensional magnetic system with crystal-field anisotropy characterized by the site anisotropy parameter $\frac{|D|}{{k}_{B}}=0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ K. Magnetic interactions between linear polymer chain segments significantly influence the spin dynamics. A traditional memory function formalism is used to analyze the temperature-dependent ESR absorption line shape and linewidth. The theoretical predictions show general agreement with the experimental data, but certain discrepancies are obvious. In order to understand the underlying collective spin dynamics of exchange-coupled systems in a more intuitive, physical framework, three simple classical models were constructed: the two-spin model, the correlated cluster model, and the random-walk model. In addition to reproducing the results of the more formal, less transparent theory, these models also provide important insight into possible origins of the disagreement between the theory and experiments. Part of this disagreement, combined with the results of susceptibility measurements, strongly suggests that the chromium spin sites along PCrP-C chains are inequivalent with respect to the orientation of the principal axes of the crystal-field anisotropy. The remainder of the disagreement between the theory and data indicates that there are inherent inadequacies in the traditional theoretical approach.
Response—Open Access

Davis accurately observes that our analysis of open access only accounts for scientific literature provided by publishers. We chose to analyze when journal volumes come online through publisher Web sites because publishers do not select specific articles for availability; instead, they select a
Mechanism of chitin oligosaccharide hydrolysis by the binary enzyme chitinase system in insect moulting fluid

Abstract We have studied the kinetic mechanism for the production of product N-acetylglucosamine from the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin oligosaccharides by the binary enzyme system, chitinase plus β-N- acetyl- d -glucosaminidase , isolated from pharate pupal moulting fluid of Manduca sexta (L.). A synergism occurs with the rate of monomer production by the enzyme mixture greater than the sum of the rates of the individual enzymes. For the production of monosaccharide from tetrasaccharide, pentasaccharide and hexasaccharide the time courses exhibited by a mixture of purified insect enzymes are essentially identical to those developed using crude moulting fluid. Satisfactory agreement with the experimental data is obtained when using theoretical calculations based on the following: (1) a random attack mechanism with no interaction between the two enzymes, (2) monosaccharide is not produced to a significant extent from the original substrate, (3) chitinase forms both productive and nonproductive complexes with substrate, (4) nonproductive substrate binding to chitinase is more favorable than productive binding, (5) chitinase forms multiple substrate nonproductive complexes, and (6) intermediate metabolite concentrations are low during the course of hydrolysis. β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase is dependent to a great extent on chitinase for production of small fragments from which monosaccharide can be released.
Omental infarction preceded by anatomically upturned omentum

We report the case of a 49-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed spontaneous omental torsion with no other noticeable findings. Notably, a computed tomography exam 6 months prior demonstrated the omentum located within the anterior hepatic space, suggesting that the patient had a hypermobile, upturned omentum. To our knowledge, this is the first case report illustrating an anatomically upturned omentum as precursor to omental infarction.
Model visualization: graphical support for DSS problem structuring and knowledge organization

Abstract Model visualization is proposed as an approach for business problem model development and use within a Decision Support System environment. The goal of model visualization is to allow the model builder/user to form clear mental images of a model's structure and function. A model visualization system is a display-based system that: (1) is designed for implementation in a managerially-friendly, interactive problem solving environment; (2) supports the creative task of discovering and modeling the structure of a complex problem; (3) provides the capability for modeling the behavior of a system through time and (4) may serve as the basis for the incorporation of heuristic rules appropriate for model-based reasoning procedures. Efforts are currently underway to design, develop, and implement a prototype model visualization system in Smalltalk/V.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Application to the Aerodynamics of Symmetric Sabot Discard

Abstract : Computational fluid dynamics solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations have been applied to sabot discard aerodynamics for gun- launched, saboted, armor-piercing projectiles. The portion of the launch cycle which involves strong aerodynamic interference between the projectiles and discarding sabot components has been investigated. The complex system of shock/ boundary-layer interactions between the projectile and sabot, during the discard sequence, has been numerically simulated. Three sabot components were located symmetrically at various positions near a cone-cylinder projectile. Computed and measure surface pressures for the projectile and sabot compare favorably for Mach number 4.5 and Reynolds number six million. Solutions for a flight Reynolds number of 89 million have been obtained as well. Computational solutions indicate the importance of three-dimensional, multi-body simulations and boundary layer modeling. (EDC)
The near field of a locally illuminated diffracting edge

It is shown that when both the source and field point are sufficiently close to a diffracting edge to require a closer approximation to the field than is provided by the usual Fresnel integrals, the rigorous solution can be put in terms of the incomplete Hankel function, whose asymptotic properties are known and which is well tabulated. The solution remains valid without change of form in the vicinity of the shadow boundary, and it reduces, respectively, to the known Hankel or Fresnel formulation at the shadow boundary or when either the source or field point is distant from the edge.
Reticulate Evolutionary History of a Complex Group of Grasses: Phylogeny of Elymus StStHH Allotetraploids Based on Three Nuclear Genes

Background Elymus (Poaceae) is a large genus of polyploid species in the wheat tribe Triticeae. It is polyphyletic, exhibiting many distinct allopolyploid genome combinations, and its history might be further complicated by introgression and lineage sorting. We focus on a subset of Elymus species with a tetraploid genome complement derived from Pseudoroegneria (genome St) and Hordeum (H). We confirm the species' allopolyploidy, identify possible genome donors, and pinpoint instances of apparent introgression or incomplete lineage sorting. Methodology/Principal Findings We sequenced portions of three unlinked nuclear genes—phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, β-amylase, and granule-bound starch synthase I—from 27 individuals, representing 14 Eurasian and North American StStHH Elymus species. Elymus sequences were combined with existing data from monogenomic representatives of the tribe, and gene trees were estimated separately for each data set using maximum likelihood. Trees were examined for evidence of allopolyploidy and additional reticulate patterns. All trees confirm the StStHH genome configuration of the Elymus species. They suggest that the StStHH group originated in North America, and do not support separate North American and European origins. Our results point to North American Pseudoroegneria and Hordeum species as potential genome donors to Elymus. Diploid P. spicata is a prospective St-genome donor, though conflict among trees involving P. spicata and the Eurasian P. strigosa suggests either introgression of GBSSI sequences from P. strigosa into North American Elymus and Pseudoroegneria, or incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral GBSSI polymorphism. Diploid H. californicum and/or allotetraploid H. jubatum are possible H-genome donors; direct involvement of an allotetraploid Hordeum species would simultaneously introduce two distinct H genomes to Elymus, consistent with some of the relationships among H-genome sequences in Hordeum and Elymus. Conclusions/Significance Comparisons among molecular phylogenetic trees confirm allopolyploidy, identify potential genome donors, and highlight cases of apparent introgression or incomplete lineage sorting. The complicated history of this group emphasizes an inherent problem with interpreting conflicts among bifurcating trees—identifying introgression and determining its direction depend on which tree is chosen as a starting point of comparison. In spite of difficulties with interpretation, differences among gene trees allow us to identify reticulate species and develop hypotheses about underlying evolutionary processes.
Reflectance of Vitreous and Metallic Selenium in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

The reflectance of vitreous and metallic selenium has been measured in the spectral region between 550 and 1500 A. At the shorter wavelengths the metallic form is a very poor reflector, whereas the vitreous form has a reflectance comparable with that of glass.
Cache miss behavior: is it √2?

It has long been empirically observed that the cache miss rate decreased as a power law of cache size, where the power was approximately -1/2. In this paper, we examine the dependence of the cache miss rate on cache size both theoretically and through simulation. By combining the observed time dependence of the cache reference pattern with a statistical treatment of cache entry replacement, we predict that the cache miss rate should vary with cache size as an inverse power law for a first level cache. The exponent in the power law is directly related to the time dependence of cache references, and lies between -0.3 to -0.7. Results are presented for both direct mapped and set associative caches, and for various levels of the cache hierarchy. Our results demonstrate that the dependence of cache miss rate on cache size arises from the temporal dependence of the cache access pattern.
A randomized pilot study of MOtiVation and Enhancement (MOVE) Training for negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Abstract Introduction Among individuals with schizophrenia, those who have persistent and clinically significant negative symptoms (PNS) have the poorest functional outcomes and quality of life. The NIMH–MATRICS Consensus Statement indicated that these symptoms represent an unmet therapeutic need for large numbers of individuals with schizophrenia. No psychosocial treatment model addresses the entire constellation of PNS. Method 51 patients with PNS were randomized into one of two groups for a period of 9 months: 1) MOtiVation and Enhancement (MOVE) or 2) treatment as usual. MOVE is a home based, manual-driven, multi-modal treatment that employs a number of cognitive and behavioral principles to address the broad range of factors contributing to PNS and their functional consequences. The components of MOVE include: Environmental supports to prompt initiation and persistence, in-vivo skills training to ameliorate deficits and encourage interaction, cognitive behavioral techniques to address self-defeating attitudes, in-vivo training in emotional processing to address affective blunting and problems in identifying emotions, and specific techniques to address the deficits in anticipatory pleasure. Patients were assessed at baseline and each 3 months with multiple measures of negative symptoms. Results Repeated measures analyses of variance for mixed models indicated significant Group by Time effects for the Negative Symptom Assessment (NSA; p Conclusion Further investigation of a comprehensive treatment for PNS, such as MOVE, is warranted.
Biomechanical testing of titanium self-tapping versus pretapped lag screw fixation of spiral metacarpal fractures.

Biomechanical tests of torsional loading and cantilevered bending were used to study the effects of varying screw size and design of five different titanium miniscrews and microscrews in a metacarpal spiral oblique fracture model. Sixty-six fresh frozen human cadaveric metacarpal bones were subjected to torsional loading until failure, producing a spiral oblique fracture. The randomized fractured metacarpal bones were then repaired utilizing two 1.2-mm, 1.7-mm, or 2.3-mm self-tapping Leibinger lag screws ; and 1.5-mm or 2.0-mm pretapped Synthes lag screws. Following repair, the specimens were then subjected to cantilevered bending or torsional loading. Failure torque and bending loads were then used to calculate failure stresses at the midshaft for torsional loading or at the proximal screw for cantilevered bending. Analysis of variance statistical analysis revealed that within the cortical thickness of bone studied, no significant difference in shear stress or axial stress was observed with increasing screw diameter and screw design.
The asymptotic behavior of the Klein-Gordon equation with external potential☆

Let U0(t) and U(t) denote the temporal propagator of the Klein-Gordon equation □ϑ = m2ϑ and the perturbed equation □ϑ = (m2 + V(x))ϑ, respectively. If (i) V ϵ Lp(E3) for any 2 ⩽ p </ 3, (ii) V is real-valued and (iii) satisfies a restriction on the size of its negative part, then the (free-to-physical) wave operators, W±: = s − lim U(−t) U0(t), as t → ±∞ exist as bounded operators on the finite-energy and Lorentz-invariant solution space of the Klein-Gordon equation.
Partitioning of copper and zinc in the sediments and porewaters of a high-elevation alkaline lake, east-central Arizona, U.S.A.

Abstract In Pacheta Lake, a high-elevation alkaline lake proximal to the smelting region of southern Arizona-New Mexico, concentrations of transition metal ions in pore waters and co-existing sediments were compared. Copper, Fe, Mn and Zn have been partitioned among operationally defined sediment solid phases (exchangeable sites, organic complexes, amorphous oxides, crystalline oxides, sulfides and residual silicates) and their concentrations in interstitial waters were measured. Concentrations are reported as a function of depth in the sediment column. The diagenetic environment is described and cycling mechanisms postulated for the above metals. Selective, sequential extraction of metals from lake sediments showed different binding mechanisms for Cu and Zn, the former most strongly associated with organic complexes, and the latter with iron oxyhydroxides. This difference has strong implications for selective metal remobilization under variable environmental conditions, both naturally and anthropogenically induced. Copper and zinc in porewaters were estimated to diffuse to overlying waters at 12.8 and 21.9 μg/cm2/a, respectively. These fluxes are large enough to account for observed concentrations of Cu and Zn in overlying waters. No sediment metal contamination was directly attributable to smelting activity. However, this study does document a flux from sediments, which have accumulated Cu and Zn, to overlying waters no longer receiving trace metal deposition from now inactive smelters.
Petrogenesis and 230 Th- 238 U disequilibrium at Mt. Shasta, California, and in the Cascades

Petrogenesis at Mt. Shasta is dominated by mixing of magmas and/or assimilation of wall rock, as is shown by petrographic, major and trace element chemistry, and 238U-230Th disequilibrium data. At least three end- members are involved in these mixing processes. Lavas of very young Cascades lavas, from Mt. Garibaldi in the north to Lassen Peak in the south, are characterized by a large range of thorium isotopic ratios, although series of samples from single volcanoes are characterized by approximately constant (230Th/232Th). There is a monotonic decrease in this ratio from Crater Lake south through Lassen Peak, perhaps reflecting increasing thickness of the underlying crust. Th/U fractionation in Cascades lavas, as evidenced by (230Th/238U)≥ 1, is in the opposite sense to that in most island arc lavas. This trend suggests that fluid transport, which is thought to produce uranium enrichment in island arc, is lacking or somehow modified in the petrogenesis of the Cascades lavas.
Comparing a Scheduled Process with an Analogous Poisson Process

The generating function of a queue in which n arrivals occur at fixed times, of equal intervals apart, and in which the service times are independently and identically distributed exponentially is derived in recursive form. The state probabilities are calculated explicitly for n = 1. An analogous recursion formula for the generating function of a related Poisson process is used to estimate whether the scheduled process may be approximated by a Poisson one. In no instance is the approximation a good one.
Autopsy Findings and Syndromic Diagnoses: Bayesian Calculations for Pediatric Pathologists

Application of a standard statistical method knoiun as a Bayesian calculation to the findings in pediatric anatomic pathology may help the pediatric pathologist to recognize and express the likelihood of syndromic diagnoses. This assessment can be useful in counseling and deciding which (if any) confirmatory tests are ivarranted. An example shows the method and its utility.
Experiments with Simple Iris Recognition for Mobile Phones

Mobile phones play an increasingly important role on our everyday lives. It is becoming increasingly important to provide a reliable and easy to use method for securing these devices against unauthorized access. This paper describes an approach to adapt iris recognition for resource-constrained mobile phones by reducing its computational complexity. Experimental results indicate adequate run time and quality of recognition that is comparable to other, more complex iris recognition systems developed for mobile devices.
Management and short-term patency of lower extremity venous injuries with various repairs.

Abstract Background Although several methods of repair of extremity venous injuries have been shown to be efficacious, patency rates have varied significantly from center to center. Methods A retrospective review was made of treatment outcomes of adult and pediatric patients with major venous injuries of the lower extremity. Results From 1997 to 2002, 82 patients sustained 86 major lower extremity venous injuries. Venous injuries were treated with primary repair in 27, complex repair in 37 (autogenous vein, 10, and ringed polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE], 27) and ligation in 20. Prior to repair, temporary intraluminal venous shunts were used in 18 patients. Follow-up duplex imaging or venography or both were performed on 42 extremities at a mean of 10.9 ± 7.1 days after repair with an overall patency rate of 73.8% (primary repair 76.5%; autogenous vein graft 66.7%; and PTFE 73.7%). Conclusions Overall early patency rate of venous repairs performed by an experienced trauma team is similar irrespective of the type of repair. The use of temporary intraluminal shunts is acceptable in selected circumstances, while ringed PTFE grafts are reasonable alternatives when the contralateral saphenous vein is too small.
Experiments with Query Expansion at TREC 2006 Legal Track

This paper describes the UMKC TREC 2006 Legal Track experiments. We focus on a single technique that uses co- occurrence based thesaurus to expand queries. Our results indi- cate this technique is effective even towards the enormous vocab- ulary size in the IIT CDIP collection.
Genotype-by-Sex Interaction in the Regulation of High-Density Lipoprotein: The Framingham Heart Study

Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are widely docu- mented as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, there is marked sexual dimorphism in both HDL levels and the prevalence of CVD. However, the extent to which genetic factors contribute to such dimor- phism has been largely unexplored. We examined the evidence for genotype- by-sex effects on HDL in a longitudinal sample of 1,562 participants from 330 families in the Framingham Heart Study at three times points corre- sponding approximately to 1971-1974, 1980-1983, and 1988-1991. Using a variance component method, we conducted a genome scan of HDL at each time point in males and females, separately and combined, and tested for genotype-by-sex interaction at a quantitative trait locus (QTL) at each time point. Consistent findings were noted only for females on chromosome 2 near marker D2S1328, with adjusted LOD scores of 2.6, 2.2, and 2.1 across the three time points, respectively. In males suggestive linkage was detected on chromosome 16 near marker D16S3396 at the second time point and on chromosome 18 near marker D18S851 at the third time point (adjusted LOD 2.2 and 2.4, respectively). Although the heritability of HDL is simi- lar in males and females, sex appears to exert a substantial effect on the QTL-specific variance of HDL. When genotype-by-sex interactions exist and are not modeled, the power to detect linkage is reduced; thus our results may explain in part the paucity of significant linkage findings for HDL.
Consumption of restaurant foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes in African American women

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a major problem in Western nations. Profound secular changes in the food environment and eating habits may play a role. In particular, consumption of foods prepared outside the home has greatly increased. Objective: We investigated the relation of restaurant meal consumption to incidence of type 2 diabetes among African American women with the use of data from the prospective Black Women's Health Study. Design: The participants have completed mailed follow-up questionnaires every 2 y since 1995, including food-frequency questionnaires that asked about the frequency of eating restaurant meals of various types. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios and 95% CIs for the association of type 2 diabetes incidence with various categories of consumption of each restaurant food relative to the lowest category, with adjustment for diabetes risk factors. Results: Among 44,072 participants aged 30–69 y and free of diabetes at baseline, 2873 incident cases of type 2 diabetes occurred during 10 y of follow-up. Consumption of restaurant meals of hamburgers, fried chicken, fried fish, and Chinese food were independently associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Incidence rate ratios for ≥2 such meals per week relative to none were 1.40 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.73) for hamburgers and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.36, 2.08) for fried chicken. Control for body mass index greatly reduced the estimates, which suggests that the associations are mediated through weight gain and obesity. Conclusion: The present study has identified a risk factor for type 2 diabetes that may be readily modifiable by dietary changes.