cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The scientific inferential relationships between statistical estimation, decision theory, and modern filter theory.

Scientific inferential relationships between statistical estimation, decision theory and modern filter theory
Prediction of helicopter rotor discrete frequency noise for three scale models

A new computer program that uses Farassat's most advanced subsonic time domain formulation has been written to predict helicopter rotor discrete frequency noise. A brief description of the program (WOPWOP), is followed by a comparison of predicted and experimentally measured acoustic pressure and spectra for a V* scale UH-1 model rotor blade and a V? scale OLS (AH-1G) model rotor blade. The rotorcraft flight simulation computer program C81 was used to predict the spanwise loading on the rotor for aerodynamic input into the acoustic prediction. Comparisons are made for different flight conditions and microphone locations with good results. In general, the acoustic pressure is underpredicted. The acoustic predictions for a tapered rotor blade and predictions for microphones well below the tip path plane show less underprediction. Finally, in-plane motion of the rotor blade is shown to significantly affect the peak-to-peak amplitude of the acoustic pressure for high advancing tip Mach numbers.
The value of referral status as a solitary indicator to predict severity of illness in children

Abstracts ingediend voor het Amsterdam Kindersymposium 2013 39 The value of referral status as a solitary indicator to predict severity of illness in children Anouk L.M. Eikendal, Fleur de Lorijn, Sabien G.J. Heisterkamp, Chris C. de Krui ﬀ , Diederik K. Bosman Department of general paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital AMC OBJECTIVE To assess whether referral status of children who present in an Emergency Department is an adequate indicator to predict severity of illness. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed. During ﬁ ve months, we performed data collections of all children who presented at the Emergency Department of the Academic Medical Centre. Children with most prevalent paediatric, non-surgical complaints were included. Markers for severity of illness that were obtained and analyzed were urgency classiﬁ cation according to the Manchester Triage System, abnormal vital signs at presenta-tion, and admittance were performed. RESULTS Of 941 eligible children, 353 (37.5%) were referred and 588 (62.5%) were self-referred. With adjustment for age and gender, referred patients were signiﬁ cantly more likely to have urgent triage categories (P<0.001); one or more abnormal vital signs at presentation (P=0.003); additional diagnostics performed (P=0.001); be admitted (P<0.001) or have a longer duration of admittance (P=0.009) when compared to self-referred patients. 41.2% of the self-referred children, only seen by an EP and sent home, had an urgent triage category. 19.3% of this group had one or more abnormal vital signs at presentation.
Clinical Outcomes Following the Latarjet Procedure in Contact and Collision Athletes

Objectives:Although there are several reports of clinical outcomes after the Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability, the literature is sparse for these Latarjet outcomes...
Parasitic flies (Diptera: Phoridae) influence foraging rhythms and caste division of labor in the leaf-cutter ant, Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Three lines of evidence, including interspecific comparisons, temporal division of foraging between size castes, and experimental manipulations, suggest that the diurnal parasitoid Neodohrniphora curvinervis (Diptera: Phoridae) influences both the caste sizes and numbers of leaf-cutter ants (Atta cephalotes) that leave their underground nests to collect leaves. At Parque Nacional Corcovado in Costa Rica, A. cephalotes was attacked by Neodohrniphora during the daytime, and foraged less during the day than at night; a closely related ant at the same site, A. colombica, had no phorid parasites and foraged exclusively during the day. Most daytime foragers of A. cephalotes were smaller than the lower size threshold for attack by Neodohrniphora, while nocturnal foragers, active when parasitoids were absent, were both larger than this threshold and within the energetically optimal size range for foraging. When I supplied artificial lighting to allow phorids to hunt at A. cephalotes colonies past dusk, ants foraged less than when light was provided but flies were removed. The influence of Neodohrniphora on the foraging activity of A. cephalotes may explain why investigations focusing on abiotic factors have largely failed to discover what drives this ant's daily foraging cycles, and suggests that forager sizes are influenced not only by energetic efficiency, but also by the threat of parasitism.
Proton magnetic resonance of some cyclopropane derivatives

The proton magnetic resonance of fifteen cyclopropane derivatives were studied. In each case the substituent groups were on only one of the ring carbons. The chemical shifts of the four protons on the remaining two carbons were determined to range from δ values of 0 40 to 1.62 ppm, using as an internal reference tetramethyl silane (with δ = 0. 00). Direct evidence on the relative electron withdrawing ability of the substituent groups is presented
The relative frequencies of causes of widespread ground-glass opacity: a retrospective cohort.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of our study was to determine the relative frequencies of causes of widespread ground-glass opacity (GGO) in an unselected, consecutive patient population and to identify any associated imaging findings that can narrow or reorganize the differential. Materials and methods The study was approved by the center's IRB and is HIPPA compliant. Cases with widespread GGO in the radiology report were identified by searching the Radiology Information System. Medical records and CT scan examinations were reviewed for the causes of widespread GGO. Associations between a less dominant imaging finding and a particular diagnosis were analyzed with the chi square test. Our study group consisted of 234 examinations with 124 women and 110 men and a mean age of 53.7 years. Results A cause was established in 204 (87.2%) cases. Hydrostatic pulmonary edema was most common with 131 cases (56%). Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) were the next most common, most often hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) ( n =12, 5%) and connective tissue disease related ILD ( n =7, 3%). Infection accounted for 5% (12 cases). A few miscellaneous diseases accounted for 5 cases (2.1%). The combination of septal thickening and pleural effusions had a specificity of 0.91 for hydrostatic pulmonary edema ( P The relative frequency of disease dramatically changed according to the setting. In the inpatient setting, diffuse alveolar disease and diffuse infection accounted for all of the known diagnoses. Pulmonary edema accounted for 75% of the diagnoses and diffuse infection accounted for approximately 7%. In the outpatient setting, interstitial lung disease was the most common cause, accounting for 26 of 53 cases (49%). Regarding immunocompromised patients, hydrostatic pulmonary edema was still the most common cause (46%) with diffuse infection (24%) the next most likely diagnosis. For patients with bone marrow suppression, 80% of the cases were due to opportunistic viral infection. Conclusion Widespread GGO is most commonly a manifestation of hydrostatic pulmonary edema. Outpatients will most often have HP or connective tissue disease related ILD. Associated findings are helpful for the diagnosis of hydrostatic pulmonary edema and HP.
Tendons in the plantar aspect of the foot: MR imaging and anatomic correlation in cadavers

The purpose of this anatomic imaging study was to illustrate the normal complex anatomy of tendons of the plantar aspect of the ankle and foot using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with anatomic correlation in cadavers. Seven fresh cadaveric feet (obtained and used according to institutional guidelines, with informed consent from relatives of the deceased) were studied with intermediate-weighted fast-spin-echo MR imaging. For anatomic analysis, cadaveric specimens were sectioned in 3-mm-thick slices in the coronal and axial planes that approximated the sections acquired at MR imaging. The entire courses of the tendons into the plantar aspect of the foot were analyzed. The tibialis posterior tendon has a complex distal insertion. The insertions in the navicular, second, and third cuneiforms bones were identify in all cases using axial and coronal planes. A tendinous connection between the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus tendons was identified in five of our specimens (71%). The coronal plane provided the best evaluation. The peroneus longus tendon changes its direction at three points then obliquely crosses the sole and inserts in the base of the first metatarsal bone and the plantar aspect of the first cuneiform. MR imaging provides detailed information about the anatomy of tendons in the plantar aspect of the ankle and foot. It allows analysis of their insertions and the intertendinous connection between the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus tendons.
Characterization of the Multiple Transferable Resistance Repressor, MtrR, from Neisseria gonorrhoeae

MtrR represses expression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae mtrCDE multidrug efflux transporter genes. MtrR displays salt-dependent DNA binding, a stoichiometry of two dimers per DNA site, and, for a protein that was expected to be essentially all helical, a high percentage of random coil and possibly β-sheet structure.
“I Don't Feel Right Sized; I Feel Out-of-Work Sized” Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and the Unequal Costs of Displacement

This article attempts to disentangle the effects of race and gender by examining what happens to Black, White, and Hispanic men and women as they reenter the job market after displacement from their previous jobs. The authors use data from the 1996 Displaced Worker Survey (a supplement to the February 1996 Current Population Survey) and focus on postdisplacement employment and earnings as the main dependent variables. Queuing theory is used to help understand the powerful ranking and sorting processes in a race- and gender-conscious job market. The authors find the distribution of displacement costs unequal. White men appear to head the post-displacement queue. White women experience a gender disadvantage. Black men lose as a result of their race and do not benefit from gender in most cases. Black women generally experience the double burden of race and gender. Hispanic men do appear to generally benefit from gender, but Hispanic women lose.
When TV and Marriage Meet: A Social Exchange Analysis of the Impact of Television Viewing on Marital Satisfaction and Commitment

Although several studies have examined the association between television viewing and romantic relationships, differences in theoretical grounding, methodology, and findings have produced a picture that is decidedly unclear. Furthermore, past research has been directed primarily toward general relational attitudes and hypothetical relational behaviors without considering potential effects of viewing on existing, long-term relationships. This study sought to address these issues by drawing on the theoretical traditions of cultivation analysis, uses and gratifications, and social exchange theory to explore the associations among relationship variables and measures of both television viewing and belief in television portrayals by analyzing data collected from 392 married individuals. Results revealed that both heavier viewing of romantically themed programming and greater belief in television's portrayals of romantic relationships were associated with lower marital commitment, higher expected and perceived c...
Effect of heptachlor and related compounds on growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Previous work in this laboratory has shc~a~ that the grouch of Staphylococcus aureus in broth media was affected by as little as 3 ug per milliliter of heptachlor (2,4). In addition, pesticides containing 72% heptachlor were found to be more inhibitory than those containing 99.8% heptachlor (4). This study was made to determine the cause of the greater inhibition of 72% heptachlor and to obtain additional information on factors affecting the inhibition of S. aureus by heptachlor and related compounds. Methods and ~terials Pesticides. The following pesticides were used in this study: purified chlordane, 99.8% ganlma chlordane, 99.5% nonachlor and 72, 73, 74, 99 and 99.8% heptachlor. Stock solutions of each pesticide were made to contain 3 n~ per milliliter of absolute alcohol. The stock solutions were diluted with alcohol so that addition of 2 ml or less to 50 to 300 ml of sterile media would result in concentrations of 5 to 50 ug per ml of media. The pesticides were added to the sterile media prior to inoculation with S. aureus. Organism and cultural procedure. A 15 to 18 hour trypticase soy broth (TSB) culture of S. aureus (Departr~nt of Animal Sciences, Food Science Sect[on,~rsity of Kentucky) was used to inoculate flasks containing the desired pesticide and either TSB or skinmtilk. Control flasks contained media with and without alcohol and were treated the same as flasks ccntaining pesticides. All flasks were incubated at 37 C either in a water bath or incubator. In one part of the study, the flasks were shaken at 140 oscillations per minute during incubation in a water bath. Determination of growth. Determinations of numbers of bacteria were made every 2 hours during the initial 12 to 24 hours, and then daily for the duration of the incubation period. Numbers of S. aureus were determined by making standard plate counts on trypticase soy agar and incubating the plates at 37 C for 48 hours (i). In several trials, growth also was determined by following change in turbidity at 600 mu with a Klett-S~mnerson
Households, Local Labor Markets, and Youth Labor Force Participation

Drawing on studies dealing with the relationship between family and work, the authors develop a model of youth labor force participation incorporating household, local economic, and individual vari...
Scattering of Holes by Phonons in Germanium

The lattice scattering of holes within and between the two valence bands of germanium, degenerate at k=0, is calculated. Scattering by both acoustical and optical modes is considered. The electron-lattice interaction Hamiltonian is seen to be separable into two parts: the first, associated with acoustical modes, arises from vibrations of the unit cells as a whole and the other, associated with both acoustical and optical modes, arises from the relative motion of the two atoms in the unit cell of the germanium lattice. The matrix elements for scattering are expressible in terms of two constants, ${C}_{1}$ and ${C}_{4}$, associated respectively with the two parts of the interaction Hamiltonian. The wave functions used to calculate the matrix elements are determined by k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p and spin-orbit perturbations and assume spherical surfaces of constant energy in $k$-space and a parabolic relation between energy and wave number. For the terms in ${C}_{1}$ the scattering is treated using both the deformable and rigid ion models. The angular distributions for scattering are such that heavy holes are scattered predominantly in the forward direction and light holes in the backward direction for the deformable ion model, whereas the opposite is true for the rigid ion model. The scattering resulting from transverse and longitudinal phonons is about equally important for deformable ions; for rigid ions scattering by transverse modes is less significant. The matrix elements depending on ${C}_{4}$ are obtained from the rigid ion model alone. The transition probabilities for scattering are presented in a form which can be applied readily to the transport properties of germanium.
Organization setsize and diversity: People-Processing Organizations and Their Environments

This study investigates the interorganizational linkages ofpeople-processrng organiza tions. Specifically, the determinants of the size and diversity of their organization sets are examined. Predictors are grouped according to the amount of discretion local agency directors have to manipulate them. It is shown that the best predictors of organization set size and composition are variables over which local adminrstrators have little control. The implications of this finding for the design of social service de livery systems are discussed.
Effects of Initial Seeding Density and Fluid Perfusion Rate on Formation of Tissue-Engineered Bone

Abstract We describe a novel bioreactor system for tissue engineering of bone that enables cultivation of up to six tissue constructs simultaneously, with direct perfusion and imaging capability. T...
CYP2D6 and pharmacogenomics: where does future research need to focus? Part 1: technical aspects.

The CYP2D6 enzyme contributes to the metabolism and bioactivation of approximately a quarter of drugs clinically used, including many antidepressants and antipsychotics, codeine and tramadol prescribed for pain, the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen, a drug frequently used to treat women with breast cancer, and many others [1,2]. CYP2D6 activity is highly variable in most populations ranging from no activity in poor metabolizers (PMs) to reduced, normal and higher than normal activity in intermediate metabolizers (IMs), extensive metabolizers (EMs) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), respectively. This variation is, in large part, attributable to the highly polymorphic nature of the CYP2D6 gene locus [3]. Among the known allelic variants, many contain one or multiple single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and/or insertions or deletions of multiple nucleotides. However, this gene locus is also hampered by extensive gene copy number variation, including the deletion of the entire gene as well as gene duplications and multiplication of functional, reduced function and nonfunctional genes [4,5]. Also, a growing number of rearrangement events involving the CYP2D7 pseudogene, which is located just upstream of CYP2D6 within the gene locus, have been described; these typically contain nonfunctional CYP2D7/2D6 hybrid genes [6,7]. Furthermore, the most complicated allelic variants may include a combination of SNVs and copy number variations as well as hybrid genes [7–9]. In addition, allele frequencies dramatically differ among ethnic populations. A comprehensive list of CYP2D6 allele frequencies is maintained by the author and can be found at [101]. To date over 100 allelic variants and subvariants have been defined by the Human
Controlling left and u-turns in the routing of refuse collection vehicles

Abstract In this paper, a well-known algorithm for the one-vehicle directed branch routing problem is reviewed. The parts of the algorithm which permit left and u-turns to be created are analyzed. Left and u-turns are generally undesirable in refuse collection vehicle routes, because they may be dangerous and/or time consuming. Techniques which can be used to reduce the number of left and u-turns are presented.
Epigenetic Modifications in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Diabetic vascular complications such as DN can progress despite subsequent glycemic control, suggesting a metabolic memory of previous exposure to hyperglycemia. Diabetes profoundly impacts transcription programs in target cells through activation of multiple signaling pathways and key transcription factors leading to aberrant expression of pathologic genes. Emerging evidence suggests that these factors associated with the pathophysiology of diabetic complications and metabolic memory also might be influenced by epigenetic mechanisms in chromatin such as DNA methylation, histone lysine acetylation, and methylation. Key histone modifications and the related histone methyltransferases and acetyltransferases have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory and profibrotic genes in renal and vascular cells under diabetic conditions. Advances in epigenome profiling approaches have provided novel insights into the chromatin states and functional outcomes in target cells affected by diabetes. Because epigenetic changes are potentially reversible, they can provide a window of opportunity for the development of much-needed new therapies for DN in the future. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field of epigenetics and their relevance to diabetic vascular complications and DN pathogenesis.
Comparison of renal response parameters for juvenile membranous plus proliferative lupus nephritis versus isolated proliferative lupus nephritis: a cross-sectional analysis of the CARRA Registry

Lupus nephritis (LN) affects many patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is a significant cause of disease morbidity. Membranous plus proliferative LN (M + PLN) may represent a more difficult to treat subtype of juvenile LN, compared to isolated proliferative LN (PLN). In this retrospective observational study, we utilized data from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatism Research Alliance (CARRA) registry to compare response rates for pediatric M + PLN versus PLN. Response was assessed at the most recent CARRA registry visit gathered ≥6 months after diagnostic kidney biopsy. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 90 ml/min/1.73 m2, indicating renal insufficiency, was found in 16.1% of patients with M + PLN and 6.1% of patients with PLN (P = 0.071). We found no significant difference in achievement of response in either hematuria or proteinuria between PLN and M + PLN groups or between subgroups determined by presence of class III vs. class IV proliferative disease. Exp...
Wideband stair-shaped dielectric resonator antennas

Wideband stair-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRAs) are designed. Wide bandwidths are achieved with one-step or two-steps stair geometries. Cricular and square cross-sections are discussed with two different excitation methods: coaxial feed and aperture coupled. The DRAs are designed in the X-band. An impedance bandwidth (S 11 <-10 dB) of 54.3% is obtained with the two-steps stair-shaped DRA. The antennas have broadside radiation patterns in all cases across the matching band. In addition, embedding the base into another dielectric material reduces the size of the stair-shaped DRA. Simulation results are compared with measurements and reasonable agreement is obtained
Strategic stability in repeated signaling games

This paper extends selection rules now used in the signaling literature (such as the Intuitive Criterion of Cho and Kreps (1987)) to a class of repeated signaling games, where each player can exchange the messages conditioned on his private information. STABAC (STAbility and BACkward induction) is defined as a procedure whereby forward induction arguments (Kohlberg and Mertens (1986)) are applied in combination with the backward induction process. We specify the conditions under which any strategically stable outcome of a repeated signaling game includes an equilibrium that induces a stable equilibrium outcome in every subform, whence STABAC does not eliminate any stable outcome of the repeated signaling game.
A Comparative Review of the Effectiveness Trial of N-O-T in Alabama: Guideposts for Future Research.

The American Lung Association’s Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) program is federally recognized as an accessible and effective option for teen smoking cessation. The program is the most widely used teen smoking cessation program in schools and communities across the U.S. Over a decade of research demonstrates the program’s solid evidence base, with overwhelmingly positive findings for both smoking cessation and reduction. A recent publication detailing a Not On Tobacco trial in Alabama reported low impact and negative findings. Given the program’s widespread use across the country, it is important to understand differential outcomes between the Alabama study and past Not On Tobacco studies, and to explore what we can learn from these differences. The current manuscript: (1) details and compares the methodological differences between the Alabama study and previous Not On Tobacco efficacy and effectiveness studies in other states, (2) explores important issues surrounding the analysis of teen smoking cessation outcomes, and
Extracorporeal Life Support to Left Ventricular Assist Device Bridge to Heart Transplant A Strategy to Optimize Survival and Resource Utilization

Background—The use of extracorporeal life support (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]) as a direct bridge to heart transplant in adult patients is associated with poor survival. Similarly, the use of an implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to salvage patients with cardiac arrest, severe hemodynamic instability, and multiorgan failure results in poor outcome. The use of LVAD implant in patients who present with cardiogenic shock who have not been evaluated for transplantation or who have sustained a recent myocardial infarction also raises concerns. ECMO may provide reasonable short-term support to patients with severe hemodynamic instability, permit recovery of multiorgan injury, and allow time to complete a transplant evaluation before long-term circulatory support with an implantable LVAD is instituted. After acquisition of the HeartMate LVAD (Thermo Cardiosystems, Inc), we began using ECMO as a bridge to an implantable LVAD and, subsequently, to transplantation in selected high-ris...
Rhabdovirus-Based Vaccine Platforms against Henipaviruses

ABSTRACT The emerging zoonotic pathogens Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are in the genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. HeV and NiV infections can be highly fatal to humans and livestock. The goal of this study was to develop candidate vaccines against henipaviruses utilizing two well-established rhabdoviral vaccine vector platforms, recombinant rabies virus (RABV) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), expressing either the codon-optimized or the wild-type (wt) HeV glycoprotein (G) gene. The RABV vector expressing the codon-optimized HeV G showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in incorporation compared to the RABV vector expressing wt HeV G. There was no significant difference in HeV G incorporation in the VSV vectors expressing either wt or codon-optimized HeV G. Mice inoculated intranasally with any of these live recombinant viruses showed no signs of disease, including weight loss, indicating that HeV G expression and incorporation did not increase the neurotropism of the vaccine vectors. To test the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidates, we immunized mice intramuscularly with either one dose of the live vaccines or 3 doses of 10 μg chemically inactivated viral particles. Increased codon-optimized HeV G incorporation into RABV virions resulted in higher antibody titers against HeV G compared to inactivated RABV virions expressing wt HeV G. The live VSV vectors induced more HeV G-specific antibodies as well as higher levels of HeV neutralizing antibodies than the RABV vectors. In the case of killed particles, HeV neutralizing serum titers were very similar between the two platforms. These results indicated that killed RABV with codon-optimized HeV G should be the vector of choice as a dual vaccine in areas where rabies is endemic. IMPORTANCE Scientists have been tracking two new viruses carried by the Pteropid fruit bats: Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV). Both viruses can be fatal to humans and also pose a serious risk to domestic animals. A recent escalation in the frequency of outbreaks has increased the need for a vaccine that prevents HeV and NiV infections. In this study, we performed an extensive comparison of live and killed particles of two recombinant rhabdoviral vectors, rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), expressing wild-type or codon-optimized HeV glycoprotein, with the goal of developing a candidate vaccine against HeV. Based on our data from the presented mouse immunogenicity studies, we conclude that a killed RABV vaccine would be highly effective against HeV infections and would make an excellent vaccine candidate in areas where both RABV and henipaviruses pose a threat to human health.
Read-Shockley Grain Boundaries and the Herring Equation

We compute the strain fields and the interactions between dislocations at the junctions of classical small-angle grain boundaries. It is shown that, in contrast with the results for infinite small-angle boundaries, there are always forces acting on the dislocations in the arrays that define the grain boundaries, and that there is also an excess elastically stored energy associated with the triple junction (TJ). The forces on the dislocations and the excess stored energy of the TJ are shown to vary with the dihedral angles formed by the grain boundaries, and that the “equilibrium” dihedral angle based upon the Herring equation and the energies of the individual grain boundaries does not correspond to any kind of force or energy minimum. This relates to an unwarranted assumption in Herring's original derivation, that no interactions occur between the grain boundaries that make up a TJ.
Advancing the Usefulness of Research for Victims of Crime

Most researchers who study victimization are interested in finding ways to make their work more useful. The articles in this issue discuss how the practice of research can be better linked to policy making, how hard-to-reach victims might be better served, how risk is correlated across various domains and tied to broader structural conditions, and how legal remedies might better serve victims of crime. In this article, the authors examine some of the practical matters that have made it difficult to build a solid empirical foundation on which to base effective policies. These practical challenges include the very large and diverse literatures and disciplinary perspectives and the unique set of methodological difficulties associated with research on victims of crime. Several ways in which these challenges might be overcome are discussed, including multidisciplinary literature reviews, coordinated assessments of methodological approaches and findings, and greater dialogue among those with specialized underst...
The Role of Facilitating Conditions and Institutional Trust in Electronic Marketplaces

Given the uncertainties of e-business, this paper examines the role of institutional trust, which has been viewed as a key facilitator of electronic marketplaces (Pavlou, Tan, & Gefen 2003). In doing so, we draw upon the principles of research on traditional EDI via value-added-networks to develop a set of theory-driven institutional trust-building facilitating conditions; namely, (a) IT connectivity, (b) standards, (c) security, and (d) uniform product descriptions. This study has implications for (1) the nature and role of institutional trust in e-marketplaces, (2) the strategic design of trust-building mechanisms in e-marketplaces, and (3) an extension of the literature on institutional trust.
Biased DNA Segregation During Stem Cell Division

### A Subpopulation of Adult Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells Retains All Template DNA Strands After Cell Division Rocheteau et al Cell . 2012;148:112–125. Adult skeletal muscle stem cells are a heterogeneous cell population characterized by a small subset of undifferentiated cells that express at high levels the paired/homeodomain gene Pax7 . This category of satellite cells divides predominantly by asymmetric chromatid segregation, generating a daughter cell that carries the mother DNA and retains stem cell property, and a daughter cell that inherits the newly synthesized DNA and acquires the myocyte lineage.1 Recently, the established modalities of stem cell self-renewal, that is, generation of a daughter stem cell and a daughter-committed cell, have been questioned, and an old theory that may have important implications in stem cell function and senescence has been reconsidered. The possibility that nonrandom chromatid segregation regulates stem cell division has gained interest, promoting intense discussion in the field.2–6 The immortal DNA strand hypothesis advanced by John Cairns in 19752 suggests that stem cell division is characterized by asymmetric segregation of chromatids so that one daughter cell contains only the old intact DNA and the other carries chromatids composed exclusively of the newly synthesized DNA (Figure 1). This process would attenuate the accumulation of replication errors in the parental DNA strand.2,7 In the event that deleterious mutations are acquired during DNA replication, they would be transmitted to daughter cells, which may undergo senescence and apoptosis,8–11 having a reduced capacity to repair DNA damage.2,12,13 Moreover, telomeric shortening dictated by DNA synthesis would affect only partly the actual stem cells retaining the old DNA, and telomere attrition would be largely restricted to the newly synthesized strands and become templates in subsequent descendants.6,14 Figure 1. Nonrandom and random chromatid segregation. With asymmetric chromatid segregation, a dividing mother …
Influence of Nurse Aide Absenteeism on Nursing Home Quality

PURPOSE In this analysis, the association of nurse aide absenteeism with quality is examined. Absenteeism is the failure of nurse aides to report for work when they are scheduled to work. DESIGN AND METHODS Data used in this investigation came from survey responses from 3,941 nursing homes; Nursing Home Compare; the Online System for Survey, Certification and Administrative Reporting data; and the Area Resource File. Staffing characteristics, quality indicators, facility, and market information from these data sources were all measured in 2008. The specific quality indicators examined are physical restraint use, catheter use, pain management, and pressure sores using negative binomial regression. RESULTS An average rate of 9.2% for nurse aide absenteeism was reported in the prior week. We find that high levels of absenteeism are associated with poor performance on all four quality indicators examined. IMPLICATIONS The investigation presented, to our knowledge, is one of the first examining the implications of absenteeism in nursing homes. Absenteeism can be a costly staffing issue, one of the potential costs identified in this analysis is an impact on quality of care.
True Bacterial Mural Endocarditis

A rare example of acute bacterial mural endocarditis and myocardial abscess is presented. The patient is notable clinically by the absence of any specific manifestation of endocarditis or myocarditis. The unusual features disclosed by autopsy were: focal interstitial myocarditis, large myocardial abscess, localized mural endocarditis with septic vegetations (caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus), and the lack of involvement of the valvular endocardium. Pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.
Hamstring/quadriceps ratios in college football players: A high velocity evaluation

Hamstring/quadriceps ratios were assessed on 60 intercollegiate football players at functional speeds of 90, 180, and 300 deg/sec on the Cybex II. The ratio rose as velocity of exercise increased and the quadriceps was stronger than the hamstrings at all speeds. The flexor/extensor ratio differed bilaterally at all speeds with ratio lower for the dominant knee. The study helped establish normative data on hamstring/quadricep ratios on football players at functional speeds. Furthermore, the ratio provides a guide to observe muscle imbalances which could be a factor in injury.
House Fly Larvae: Biodegradation of Hen Excreta to Useful Products

Abstract BIODEGRADATION or the use of some natural living organism to break down the hen excreta may be one practical means of solving the problem of poultry waste disposal. The work at Beltsville utilizes the house fly (Musca domestica L.) to process the raw hen excreta, producing a potential fertilizer and/ or soil conditioner and high protein feed supplement (Calvert et al., 1969a,b). Miller and Shaw (1969) have also utilized the house fly to reduce the moisture content in poultry manure. This report presents the results of experiments to establish the concentration of fly eggs that can be used to process hen excreta most efficiently, and a means of separating the house fly pupae from the processed hen excreta and to simplify their collection. The initial studies determined the number of fly eggs to use per gram of fresh excreta, the number and weight of pupae produced, weight loss during fly. . .
Aluminized composite solid-propellant burning rates in acceleration fields

The average burning rates of a parametric series of propellants were determined in acceleration fields up to 1000 g using a combustion bomb mounted on a centrifuge. The propellant strands were burned at 500, 1000, and 1500 psia with the acceleration field directed normal and into the burning surface. Acceleration caused a time-dependent increase of as much as 100% in the burning rate of relatively slow-burning aluminized propellants. The relative amount of burning-rate increase for the various propellants was strongly dependent on the amount of aluminum retained on the propellant surface during burning. The burning rates of two very fast-burning propellants were found to be essentially accelerationindependent. OLID-PROPELLANT rocket motors are currently being used in applications which subject the metallized propellant grains to acceleration fields. The propellant burning rates increase appreciably when the acceleration field is imposed normal and into the burning surface.1'2 Postfire inspections of motors containing metallized propellants have revealed the presence of metal and/or metal oxide residue in the motor cases. The propellant burning-rate increase and the retention of residue appear to be interrelated. The review and abstracting of the literature on the effects of acceleration on solid-propell ant performance are presented in Refs. 3 and 4. Although progress has been made toward an understanding of some aspects of burning-rate augmentation in acceleration fields, it was believed that additional experimental studies with well-controlled propellant parameters would yield valuable insight. A parametric series of aluminized propellants was formulated to establish the importance of some of the propellant parameters that could be controlled to minimize the effects of acceleration. The objectives of this investigation were twofold. The first objective was to obtain the quantitative effect of acceleration on the burning rate of the propellants as a function of propellant composition, acceleration level, and time. The second objective was to obtain quantitative information on the amount of aluminum and/or aluminum oxide residue retained in the inhibitor case as a function of propellant -composition, acceleration level, pressure level, and propellant burning rate.
Histologic features of scalp melanocytic nevi.

Background The scalp has been proposed as an anatomic site that harbors melanocytic nevi with distinctive histologic attributes, so-called "special-site" nevi, similar to nevi on the breast and genitalia. However, detailed studies are lacking. Objective We sought to better delineate the features of scalp melanocytic nevi, particularly lesions that may qualify as special-site nevi. Methods The histologic features of 365 total melanocytic nevi of the scalp were studied from 322 patients over a consecutive period of 18 months from July 2007 through January 2009. Results A total of 56 nevi with characteristic features were identified. The most common features were: (1) random melanocytes containing large nuclei (92.9%) and abundant pale cytoplasm with dusty melanin granules (96.4%); (2) large nests (76.8%) situated along the sides of rete and between rete ridges (85.7%); (3) nests of poorly cohesive melanocytes (82.1%); (4) overlap features with Clark nevi (75.0%); and (5) overlap features with superficial congenital nevi (50.0%). Pagetoid spread (14.3%), asymmetry (23.2%), and poor lateral demarcation (16.1%) were less common. These 56 lesions predominated in the first 2 decades of life and were not observed after age 35 years. Limitations Lack of long-term clinical follow-up of patients is a limitation; however, no recurrences or malignancies from these patients' scalps were submitted in the time period (≥3 years) since the initial biopsies. Conclusion A special site scalp nevus is recognizable amongst scalp melanocytic nevi, and this lesion is more common in younger patients. Familiarization of its features should assist in the diagnosis and management of scalp melanocytic lesions.
Metastatic Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urethra in a Male Patient: Report of a Case

A 39-year-old white male presented with urinary hesitancy 2.5 years ago. He was referred to a urologist who performed cystoscopic evaluation and discovered a urethral mass with no abnormalities in the bladder. A staging positron emission tomography (PET) scan revealed fluorine-18 (F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in a soft tissue prominence in the urethra and bilateral inguinal and iliac FDG-avid lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography (CT) of the hest also demonstrated several bilateral lung nodules. Needle biopsy f a left pelvic lymph node showed adenocarcinoma with micropapllary architecture (Figure 1A). Immunohistochemical analysis howed the carcinoma was positive for CK7 and CAM 5.2 and negtive for CK20, -fetoprotein, CDX-2, and prostate-specific antigen the immunostains are not shown). Sections from the subsequent ransurethral resection specimen of the urethral tumor showed an denocarcinoma with a tubulocystic, micropapillary, and solid archiecture (Figure 1B-D). The tumor had hobnail cells, clear and amhophilic cytoplasm, and high-grade nuclear atypia (Figure 1E). An
Principals as Bricoleurs: Making Sense and Making Do in an Era of Accountability

Purpose: The study investigates the ways in which principals engage with, and attend to, the data-driven accountability measures of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and local mandates. Theoretical framework: The study is framed with the notion of assemblage, a term often associated with actor-network theory (ANT)—a theory that focuses analytic attention on how disparate actors, material, and discursive practices come together to form dynamic associations. Within the assemblage, principals are situated as bricoleurs.Research methods and data: Data for analysis come from interviews conducted with 45 New York City principals between June 2005 and October 2008 as part of a larger ethnographic study examining NCLB, and a series of interviews with 12 of the 45 principals, conducted annually through March 2012. District surveys, various documents, and field notes of participant observation also inform the study. Findings: Principals play active policy roles in negotiating federal regulations and local initiatives, as...
The T-Cell Receptor ζ Chain Contains Two Homologous Domains with Which Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Nef Interacts and Mediates Down-Modulation

We have recently demonstrated that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef binds to the ζ chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to its down-modulation from T-cell surfaces (I. Bell, C. Ashman, J. Maughan, E. Hooker, F. Cook, and T. A. Reinhart, J. Gen. Virol. 79:2717–2727, 1998). Using a panel of human as well as rhesus macaque TCR ζ cytoplasmic domain mutants, we have identified in this report two linear peptides in the cytoplasmic domain of TCR ζ which independently interact with SIV Nef. Each SIV Nef interaction domain was sufficient in the absence of the other for interaction with SIV Nef in a yeast two-hybrid assay. In parallel, we demonstrated that Nef down-modulation of CD8-TCR ζ fusion proteins containing full-length or truncated portions of the TCR ζ cytoplasmic domain occurs in transiently transfected 293T cells. Furthermore, using proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, a glutathione S-transferase–Nef fusion protein coprecipitated histidine-tagged portions of the TCR ζ cytoplasmic domain which contained SNID-1 or SNID-2. The peptides targeted by SIV Nef, YNELNL and YSEIGMKGERRR, are portions of the first and second of three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs which are important in signal transduction, thymocyte development, and TCR biogenesis. These results demonstrate that SIV Nef binds to two distinct domains on TCR ζ in the absence of other T-cell-specific factors, and that interaction with either domain is sufficient to cause down-modulation of TCR ζ.
Evidence for posttranslational translocation of β-lactamase across the bacterial inner membrane

Secretion of beta-lactamase was studied in Salmonella typhimurium infected with P22 phage carrying wild-type and mutant alleles of the structural gene. Cellular location of precursor and mature products of wild-type and temperature-sensitive and chain-terminating mutants was analyzed by cell fractionation and by trypsin accessibility in intact and lysed spheroplasts. The precursors of wild-type and all these mutants (none of which alter the signal peptide) are found sequestered within the cell, while all the mature forms have at least partially been translocated across the inner membrane. Thus most beta-lactamase molecules traverse the membrane after completion of their translation. It seems that the carboxyl terminus of beta-lactamase is not required for translocation across the inner membrane but is required for the protein to appear in the periplasm as a soluble species.
Optimal and suboptimal protocols for a class of mathematical models of tumor anti-angiogenesis.

Abstract Tumor anti-angiogenesis is a cancer treatment approach that aims at preventing the primary tumor from developing its own vascular network needed for further growth. In this paper the problem of how to schedule an a priori given amount of angiogenic inhibitors in order to minimize the tumor volume is considered for three related mathematical formulations of a biologically validated model developed by Hahnfeldt et al. [1999. Tumor development under angiogenic signalling: a dynamical theory of tumor growth, treatment response, and postvascular dormancy. Cancer Res. 59, 4770–4775]. Easily implementable piecewise constant protocols are compared with the mathematically optimal solutions. It is shown that a constant dosage protocol with rate given by the averaged optimal control is an excellent suboptimal protocol for the original model that achieves tumor values that lie within 1% of the theoretically optimal values. It is also observed that the averaged optimal dose is decreasing as a function of the initial tumor volume.
Reconsidering the Utility of Case Study Designs for Researching School Reform in a Neo-Scientific Era: Insights From a Multiyear, Mixed-Methods Study

In recent years, policy makers and researchers once again have embraced the traditional idea that quasi-experimental research designs (or reasonable facsimiles) can provide the sort of valid and generalizable knowledge about “what works” that educational researchers had promised—but never really produced—during the previous century. Although critics have challenged this thinking, to date most critiques have been more epistemological than methodological.The purpose of this article is to critique neo-scientific thinking about case study methods. In the process of doing this, the article also provides a more general, methodologically oriented critique of neo-scientific thought. The authors use a mixed-method, multiyear study of a reform initiative to keep their discussion tethered to relatively concrete methodological concerns.