cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Geology of Alluvial Fan Aquifers Located in the Western Third of the Gwydir River Valley, New South Wales, Australia

One hundred eighteen water wells located in the western third of the Gwydir River Valley are studied for their log data. Well depths, aquifer thickness, maximum water yields and geographic location data are tabulated, mapped, and correlated in order to determine the location and extent of good water-yielding aquifers within the alluvial fan in which they are located. These aquifers consist of sand, gravel, and basaltic alluvium located at varying depths in distributary channels extending westward through the fan. There are four identified aquifers, the deepest one is situated from 75 feet to 250 feet below the fan's sloping surface. This aquifer has a maximum capacity for water-yield totalling 180,000 gallons per hour from 30 wells. The three other aquifers are situated at less depth within the fan, each sloping downward to the west from near Moree. These 45 wells have a total maximum water yield of about 138,000 gallons per hour. The 43 remaining wells studied have low water-yields totalling 7000 gph. The surface expression of these high-yield aquifer channels may become a guide to locating favorable sites in drilling for additional supplies of ground water suitable for extended irrigation requirements. SUMMARY Well-log data from 118 wells located in the lower part of the Gwydir river watershed are studied. These data reveal the nature and extent of aquifers in the alluvial fan situated below Moree. Information on the recharge of these aquifers is found in a study of the climate, physiography, and geology of the upper two-thirds of teh Gwydir river watershed. It is noted that recharge water comes from the runoff water from the mountainous upper one-third of the watershed; and from water filled fractured rocks of the faulted zone in the middle of the watershed. In addition to this recharge of the alluvial fan aquifers some five miles above Moree from subsurface runoff located higher in the watershed, considerable recharge from surface floodwater takes place in the lower third of the watershed from the surface of the alluvial fan into the subsurface aquifers by downward bleeding.
Transactional and Contextual Invalidation between the Parents of Disturbed Families: A Comparative Study

This study was based on a standard task — the discussion of the question, “How, out of all the millions of people in the world, did the two of you get together?”— administered to the parents in “disturbed” and “non-disturbed” families. The family disturbance in the 46 families was classified according to its presence or absence, its degree, and its kind. The diagnoses were: schizophrenias (S), delinquency (D), under-achievement and/or enuresis, or psychosomatic complaints (U), ulcerative colitis (UC), and non-disturbed (N). Seven scales were used to score the parents' verbal exchanges. Three scales that measure transactional and contextual validation and invalidation significantly differentiated the groups. Mutual validation was maximal in the N couples and minimal in the D and S couples. Invalidation between the D and S couples appeared to arise from their unsuccessful metacommunications.
Temperature effects on evoked potentials of hippocampal slices from noncold-acclimated, cold-acclimated and hibernating hamsters

1. 1.|Neural activity was recorded in hippocampal slices from noncold-acclimated, cold-acclimated and hibernating hamsters. 2. 2.|Action potentials from a population of hippocampal pyramidal neurons were evoked by stimulating an afferent fiber tract, the Schaffer collaterals. The temperature of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid bathing the slice was varied by controlling the temperature of a water chamber jacketing the recording chamber. 3. 3.|The temperature just below that at which a population spike could be evoked, Tt, was 15.8 ± 0.9°C (mean ± SEM) for noncold-acclimated hamsters, 13.9 ± 0.3°C for cold-acclimated hamsters and 12.3 ± 0.3°C for hibernating hamsters. 4. 4.|These thresholds for evoked activity were significantly different in noncold-acclimated, cold-acclimated and hibernating hamsters, and may reflect acclimation of hippocampal neurons to cold.
Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ-induced pulmonary inflammation

Exposure of mice to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increases nitric oxide (NO) production, which is proposed to play a role in the resulting pulmonary damage and inflammation. To determine the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-induced NO in this lung reaction, the responses of inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS KO) versus C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice to aspirated LPS + IFN-gamma were compared. Male mice (8-10 weeks) were exposed to LPS (1.2 mg/kg) + IFN-gamma (5000 U/mouse) or saline. At 24 or 72 h postexposure, lungs were lavaged with saline and the acellular fluid from the first bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, albumin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). The cellular fraction of the total BAL was used to determine alveolar macrophage (AM) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts, and AM zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence (AM-CL). Pulmonary responses 24 h postexposure to LPS + IFN-gamma were characterized by significantly decreased TAC, increased BAL AMs and PMNs, LDH, albumin, TNF-alpha, and MIP-2, and enhanced AM-CL to the same extent in both WT and iNOS KO mice. Responses 72 h postexposure were similar; however, significant differences were found between WT and iNOS KO mice. iNOS KO mice demonstrated a greater decline in total antioxidant capacity, greater BAL PMNs, LDH, albumin, TNF-alpha, and MIP-2, and an enhanced AM-CL compared to the WT. These data suggest that the role of iNOS-derived NO in the pulmonary response to LPS + IFN-gamma is anti-inflammatory, and this becomes evident over time.
Microanalysis of ozone depression of motor activity.

Ozone, the principal oxidant in photochemical smog, impairs athletic performance and induces complaints of fatigue and lethargy. It also reduces motor activity in rodents. A detailed analysis of this finding was attempted. Eight male Long-Evans rats were housed in cages attached to running wheels located within a 2-m3 exposure chamber. Each revolution of a wheel closed a switch with the time between switch closures recorded by an attached computer. The rats were exposed for 6-hr periods during the nocturnal phase of their light cycle to ozone concentrations of 0.12, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 ppm. Five days or more separated successive exposures. The 3 days preceding an exposure served as control observations. Ozone produced initial decrements in the number of revolutions and a progressively greater decrease with continued exposure. Statistically significant depression took place at 0.12 ppm. Analysis of the individual components of wheel running revealed differential susceptibility to ozone. An increase in the interval between bursts of running was primarily responsible for the decrease in the number of revolutions; this interval was also more sensitive to disruption than either time per revolution or burst length at low concentrations. After termination of exposure to low concentrations of ozone, animals showed increased running. At the higher concentrations, running remained suppressed below control values for several hours. A new multivariate graphical technique, the biplot, is presented as a way to simultaneously display the relationships among many complex variables.
Fighting, assessment, and frequency alteration in Blanchard's cricket frog

This study examines the use of dominant frequency for assessment of fighting ability in Blanchard's cricket frog Acris crepitans blanchardi. Like most anurans, the dominant frequency of the call is negatively correlated with size. However, unlike many anurans, dominant frequency varies within individual males, providing a less reliable signal of size. Wrestling contests between male cricket frogs were differentially won by larger males. I thus tested the hypothesis that males use dominant frequency for assessment of an opponent's fighting ability. Males retreated from, or became satellites of, broadcasts of synthetic low frequency calls, simulating the calls of a large male. In contrast, males attacked broadcasts of synthetic high frequency calls, simulating the calls of a small male. The dominant frequency of the call therefore appears to contain information about size which males use to assess the fighting ability of opponents, despite the lower degree of reliability resulting from individual variation in the signal. Individual variation in dominant frequency arises partially as a consequence of active alteration of the signal in response to social competition. Males differentially lowered their dominant frequencies in response to lower frequency broadcasts, thus in response to larger opponents. Furthermore, the higher a male's dominant frequency relative to that of an opponent, the greater was the decrease in dominant frequency. These results suggest that smaller males may conditionally lower their dominant frequencies in order to sound larger to larger opponents, thereby inflating their apparent fighting ability. Two alternative hypotheses are discussed.
Complex formation of poly(ethylenimine) with sodium triflate and conductivity behavior of the complexes

Influence de la concentration du sel sur la cristallinite du complexe. La conductivite du complexe amorphe est superieure a celle du complexe cristallin
Cross-sections for hydrogen production from vanadium in a fusion neutron environment

The experimental and evaluated information available from the literature on neutron cross-sections for hydrogen production from vanadium in a fusion neutron environment has been reviewed. Discrepancies in these results were identified and likely explanations for their existence are suggested. Nuclear-model calculations were performed using the statistical pre-compound code GNASH. The results from this analysis are compared with existing information. Revised cross-section values for use in contemporary calculations of hydrogen gas production in fusion reactors are recommended. The impact of these revisions on other neutron cross-sections of vanadium that affect neutronic calculations for fusion reactors is also discussed. Finally, integral calculations of hydrogen production were performed for a typical fusion reactor using the present recommended cross-section values. It was found that this alternative cross-section set leads to a calculated value of hydrogen production at the fusion reactor first wall which is a factor of 3.25 smaller than obtained from similar calculations that employ evaluated cross-sections from the ENDF/B-6.4 Library exclusively.
Long prereproductive selection and divergence by depth in a Caribbean candelabrum coral

Long-lived corals, the foundation of modern reefs, often follow ecological gradients, so that populations or sister species segregate by habitat. Adaptive divergence maintains sympatric congeners after secondary contact or may even generate species by natural selection in the face of gene flow. Such ecological divergence, initially between alternative phenotypes within populations, may be aided by immigrant inviability, especially when a long period separates larval dispersal and the onset of reproduction, during which selection can sort lineages to match different habitats. Here, we evaluate the strength of one ecological factor (depth) to isolate populations by comparing the genes and morphologies of pairs of depth-segregated populations of the candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa across the Caribbean. Eunicea is endemic to the Caribbean and all sister species co-occur. Eunicea flexuosa is widespread both geographically and across reef habitats. Our genetic analysis revealed two depth-segregated lineages. Field survivorship data, combined with estimates of selection coefficients based on transplant experiments, suggest that selection is strong enough to segregate these two lineages. Genetic exchange between the Shallow and Deep lineages occurred either immediately after divergence or the two have diverged with gene flow. Migration occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow to Deep lineage. Limited recruitment to reproductive age, even under weak annual selection advantage, is sufficient to generate habitat segregation because of the cumulative prolonged prereproductive selection. Ecological factors associated with depth can act as filters generating strong barriers to gene flow, altering morphologies, and contributing to the potential for speciation in the sea.
Time domain de Broglie wave interferometry along a magnetic guide

Time domain de Broglie wave interferometry [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 784 (1997)] is applied to Rb87 atoms in a magnetic guide. A standing wave light field is carefully aligned along the guiding direction of the magnetic trapping potential from a soft-ferromagnetic 4-foil structure. A sequence of two standing wave pulses is applied to the magnetically trapped atoms. The backscattered light at the atomic density grating revival time is collected and detected via a heterodyning technique. In addition to the observed recoil oscillations that fit the interferometer theory for atoms in free space, we observe a decay of the interferometer contrast on a millisecond time scale with unexpected millisecond-scale oscillations. We find that the oscillating decay is explained by a residual variation of the linear trapping potential along the standing wave direction.
Lunar soil: iron and titanium bands in the glass fraction.

A study of absorption bands in simulated lunar glasses resulted in the discovery of a Ti 4+- O 2– charge transfer band at 0.26 micrometer and two Fe 2+- Ti 4+ bands at 0.34 and 0.42 micrometer. These results indicate that the properties of lunar soil are somewhat affected by the glass content but are controlled by other factors.
Reconstructing transoceanic migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna using a chemical tracer toolbox

Large pelagic predators play important roles in oceanic ecosystems, and may migrate vast distances to utilize resources in different marine ecoregions. Understanding movement patterns of migratory marine animals is critical for effective management, but often challenging, due to the cryptic habitat of pelagic migrators and the difficulty of assessing past movements. Chemical tracers can partially circumvent these challenges by reconstructing recent migration patterns. Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis; PBFT) inhabit the western and eastern Pacific Ocean, and are in steep decline due to overfishing. Understanding age-specific eastward transpacific migration patterns can improve management practices, but these migratory dynamics remain largely unquantified. Here, we combine a Fukushima-derived radiotracer (134Cs) with bulk tissue and amino acid stable isotope analyses of PBFT to distinguish recent migrants from residents of the eastern Pacific Ocean. The proportion of recent migrants to residents decreased in older year classes, though the proportion of older PBFT that recently migrated across the Pacific was greater than previous estimates. This novel toolbox of biogeochemical tracers can be applied to any species that crosses the North Pacific Ocean.
Conservative management of iatrogenic superior vena cava (SVC) perforation after attempted dialysis catheter placement: case report and literature review

Abstract A 68-year-old male with end-stage renal disease, congestive heart failure, and facial and bilateral arm swelling was referred for placement of a tunneled dialysis catheter. Distal left subclavian vein access was obtained. The procedure was complicated by iatrogenic perforation of the superior vena cava (SVC). This resulted in rapid development of a right-sided hemothorax and hemodynamic instability. A right-sided thoracostomy tube was placed to drain the pleural cavity. Extrapericardial perforation of the SVC can be managed conservatively in select cases without endovascular balloon dilatation and/stent graft deployment or surgical repair provided the antegrade blood flow is maintained via patent collateral circulation.
Purification and characterization of bimodular and trimodular derivatives of the erythromycin polyketide synthase

Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), such as the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), catalyze the biosynthesis of structurally complex and medicinally important natural products. DEBS is a dimeric protein complex that consists of three large multidomain polypeptide chains, DEBS 1, DEBS 2, and DEBS 3. In turn, each polypeptide includes two modules, where one module is responsible for a single round of condensation and associated reduction reactions. A hybrid protein comprised of the first two modules of DEBS fused to a thioesterase domain (DEBS 1 + TE) was purified to homogeneity in a fully active form (Kcat = 4.8 min-1). Synthesis of the anticipated triketide lactone required the presence of (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA and NADPH. When available, propionyl-CoA is the preferred source of primer units. However, in its absence the enzyme can derive primer units via decarboxylation of a methylmalonyl extender. The two subunits of an engineered trimodular derivative of DEBS, DEBS 1 and module 3 of DEBS 2 linked to the TE domain (module 3 + TE), were also individually purified and reconstituted to produce the expected tetraketide lactone in vitro (Kcat = 0.23 min-1). The considerably lower specific activity of this trimodular PKS relative to its bimodular counterpart presumably reflects inefficient association between DEBS 1 and module 3 + TE. As expected, module 3 + TE could be efficiently cross-linked as a homodimer. In contrast, no cross-links were detectable between modules 2 and 3, even though biosynthesis of the tetraketide requires transient interactions to occur between these two modules. Since module 3 only contains the minimal set of active sites required in a module (a ketosynthase, an acyltransferase, and an acyl carrier protein domain) and is the first active unimodular protein to be purified to homogeneity, it represents an attractive target for future biophysical and structural studies.
Same-sex sexual relationships in the national social life, health and aging project: making a case for data collection.

This study describes the previously unexplored subsample of respondents who reported at least 1 same-sex sexual relationship (SSSR) in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP). The NSHAP collected data from 3,005 adults (aged 57–85). Approximately 4% (n = 102) of respondents reported at least one SSSR. These sexual minority elders were younger, more educated, were more likely to be working, had fewer social supports, and better physical health. Results may indicate crisis competence in sexual minority elders. Collecting sexual orientation and gender identity data in larger, US-based probability samples would inform the development of appropriate community-based services and supports.
Phosphatidic acid potentiates Gαq stimulation of phospholipase C-β1 signaling

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is interactive with G(alpha)q-linked agonists to stimulate GPCR signaling via phospholipase C-beta(1) (PLC-beta(1)). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increases cellular levels of PA and phospholipase D activity (PLD). This study evaluated whether PMA can stimulate PLC-beta(1) activity via PA, independent of GPCR input in transfected COS 7 cells. PMA alone had little effect on PLC activity in cells co-transfected with PLC-beta(1) and G(alpha)q. Activated G(alpha)q, induced by co-transfecting muscarinic cholinergic receptor (m1R), was necessary for stimulation of PLC-beta(1) activity by PMA. Stimulation by PMA was dependent on the PA-regulatory motif of PLC-beta(1) implicating PA in this mechanism. PLD1 knockdown by antisense decreased responsiveness of PLC-beta(1) to both PMA and carbachol. PA alone thus has little effect on PLC-beta(1) activity, but PA and PLD1 synergize with activated G(alpha)q to stimulate PLC-beta(1) signaling. Coordinate interaction with activated G(alpha)q may serve as an important mechanism to fine tune response to ligands while preventing spurious initiation of PLC-beta signaling by PA in cells.
The Motion of Multiple-Phase Junctions under Prescribed Phase-Boundary Velocities

Abstract Suppose that a material is composed of single crystals of three or more different phases of the same composition, which may have been in equilibrium at some time but the conditions now are such that the phases are not in equilibrium. The interface between any pair of crystals A i ( t ) and A j ( t ) at time t moves at a prescribed velocity υ j → i . A least-time formulation is given for the motions of the interfaces, provided hypotheses are made on the velocities which are appropriate to this situation, and existence and uniqueness of solutions are proved by an optimization procedure which essentially constructs the solutions. A consistent formulation is also given, based on characteristics, which needs no hypotheses on the velocities. For arbitrary initial interface configurations consisting of three half-lines in the plane meeting at a point, or six planar pieces separating four phases in R 3 and sharing a common point, an explicit construction of consistent solutions is given (except in one non-physical case where no solutions can exist) and these solutions are unique except in one other case. When infinitessimally thin layers form in the least-time solutions, least-time and consistent solutions differ. Additionally, a catalog is given and proved to be complete for which configurations of three half-lines in the two-dimensional plane can result in flat growth for constant velocities; analogous results could be proved in three dimensions.
Assessment of cardiac function with MR imaging

A variety of black or white blood imaging techniques are available for assessing global and regional LV and RV function during cardiovascular MR imaging examinations. In addition to providing information about LV function at rest, these techniques provide diagnostic and prognostic information regarding myocardial ischemia and viability during MR imaging stress tests.
Boethius and the history of medieval rhetoric

In Boethius’ view, rhetoric was clearly subordinate to dialectic, and rhetorical topics derived their force from the inference rules contained in dialectical logic. Early medieval rhetoricians were not influenced by this conception of rhetoric, but it came to play an important role in rhetorical theory after the tenth century A.D.
Triangle for the entropic index q of non-extensive statistical mechanics observed by Voyager 1 in the distant heliosphere

Abstract Tsallis [Physica A 340 (2004) 1] identified a set of numbers, the “ q -triplet” ≡{ q stat , q sen , q rel }, for a system described by nonextensive statistical mechanics. The deviation of the q 's from unity is a measure of the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium. We present observations of the q -triplets derived from two sets of daily averages of the magnetic field strength B observed by Voyager 1 in the solar wind near 40 AU during 1989 and near 85 AU during 2002, respectively. The results for 1989 do not differ significantly from those for 2002. We find q stat = 1.75 ± 0.06 , q sen = - 0.6 ± 0.2 , and q rel = 3.8 ± 0.3 .
A comparison of the cytotoxic potential in polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from normal donors and cancer patients

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) obtained from both normal donors and cancer patients kill human tumor cells in vitro. Furthermore, the PMNs were shown to exert a greater cytotoxic effect on malignant targets than they did on nonmalignant targets. In addition, colon and breast cancer patients with stage I disease were found to possess PMN cells which were less effective in killing the tumor cells than were the PMN cells from normal donors. In contrast, the colon and breast cancer patients with stage IV disease possessed PMN cells which were more effective than normal cells in killing the tumor targets. No clear cut trend was found for PMN cells obtained from breast and colon cancer patients diagnosed with stage II and III disease. However, it must also be noted that individual patients did not always conform to the group pattern.
Schwann cell galactocerebroside induced by derivatives of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate

Indirect immunofluorescence was used to show the presence of galactocerebroside (galC), a lipid found in myelin, on the surface of about half of the Schwann cells isolated from neonatal rat sciatic nerves and cultured for 1 day without neurons. By day 4 in vitro, the Schwann cells had all lost their surface galC. Three days after beginning treatment with 10(-3) molar 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (8-bromo cyclic AMP) or N6,O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP), galC reappeared on the Schwann cells, and 2 days later 48 percent of the cultured Schwann cells showed surface galC. Tritium from tritiated D-galactose was incorporated into galC by the 8-bromo cyclic AMP-and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-treated cultures at a rate 15 times the control rate.
Height Control of Vegetable Seedlings by Greenhouse Light Manipulation

ABSTRACT The response of bell pepper and watermelon transplants to rigid photoselective plastic panels with four concentrations of a far red (FR) light absorbing dye was tested to develop greenhouse light manipulation as a non-chemical alternative for height control. Far red light interception increased, and transmission of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) decreased as dye concentration increased. Light transmitted through photoselective panels reduced height of bell pepper and watermelon seedlings by ≈ 30%. The shoot dry weight of plants was also reduced with increasing dye concentration. Rigid panels with a higher dye concentration were slightly more effective in reducing plant height but the reduction in PPF with increasing dye concentration can adversely affect plant growth and development. Based on initial results, photoselective, polyethylene films were produced with a dye concentration that resulted in 75% light transmission (phytochrome photoequilibrium of 0.80) for further testing. The response o...
Helminth infection reactivates latent γ-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter

Mammals are coinfected by multiple pathogens that interact through unknown mechanisms. We found that helminth infection, characterized by the induction of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the activation of the transcription factor Stat6, reactivated murine γ-herpesvirus infection in vivo. IL-4 promoted viral replication and blocked the antiviral effects of interferon-γ (IFNγ) by inducing Stat6 binding to the promoter for an important viral transcriptional transactivator. IL-4 also reactivated human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency in cultured cells. Exogenous IL-4 plus blockade of IFNγ reactivated latent murine γ-herpesvirus infection in vivo, suggesting a "two-signal" model for viral reactivation. Thus, chronic herpesvirus infection, a component of the mammalian virome, is regulated by the counterpoised actions of multiple cytokines on viral promoters that have evolved to sense host immune status.
School of pharmacy–based medication therapy management program: Development and initial experience

Objective To describe a school of pharmacy–community pharmacy collaborative model for medication therapy management (MTM) service and training. Setting University of Washington (UW) School of Pharmacy (Seattle), from July to December 2008. Practice description MTM services and training. Practice innovation A campus-based MTM pharmacy was established for teaching, practice, and collaboration with community pharmacies to provide comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) and MTM training. Main outcome measures Number of collaborating pharmacies, number of patients contacted, number of CMRs conducted, and estimated cost avoidance (ECA). Results UW Pharmacy Cares was licensed as a Class A pharmacy (nondispensing) and signed "business associate" agreements with six community pharmacies. During July to December 2008, 10 faculty pharmacists completed training and 5 provided CMR services to 17 patients (5 telephonic and 12 face-to-face interviews). A total of 67 claims (17 CMRs and 50 CMR-generated claims) were submitted for reimbursement of $1,642 ($96.58/CMR case). Total ECA was $54,250, averaging $3,191.19 per patient. Seven student pharmacists gained CMR interview training. Conclusion Interest in collaboration by community pharmacies was lower than expected; however, the campus–community practice model addressed unmet patient care needs, reduced outstanding MTM CMR case loads, increased ECA, and facilitated faculty development and training of student pharmacists.
Ignition of an overheated, underdense, fusioning tokamak plasma

Methods of igniting an 'overheated' but 'underdense' D-T plasma core with a cold plasma blanket are investigated by using a simple two-zone model with a variety of transport scaling laws, and also using a one-dimensional transport code. The power consumption of neutral-beam injectors required to produce ignition can be reduced if the underdense core plasma is heated to temperatures much higher than the final equilibrium ignition values, followed by fuelling from a cold plasma blanket. The reduction in power consumption varies from a modest saving if energy confinement improves rapidly with increasing density in the reactor regime, to a significant saving if energy confinement improves slowly with increasing density. It is also found that the allowed impurity concentration in the initial hot core can be higher than normally permitted for ignition provided that the blanket is free from impurities.
Memory effects due to phase conversion and hysteresis in Li/LixMnO2 cells

When electrochemical cells of Li/LixMnO2 made from electrolytic manganese dioxide are cycled over a range of x, the heat (measured in a calorimeter) and the voltage depend upon the previous history of the cell cycling. In particular, when the cycling range is increased, the cells behave differently on the first cycle than on subsequent cycles. We show experimental results which illustrate this, and then discuss how the theories of hysteresis in systems of domains can explain the results. This explanation implies that the insertion of Li in LixMnO2 occurs by a first-order phase transition.
Circulation time measurement from sleep studies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Introduction:Lung to finger circulation time (LFCT) can be estimated from polysomnography (PSG) in the presence of an apneic event by using oxygen as an indicator and a finger as the site of detect...
Automated Immunofluorescent Speciation of Oral Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry

Mixtures containing two bacterial species were analyzed using flow cytometric techniques. Light scattering characteristics of Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus show unique profiles for pure cultures. However, the light scatter analysis of a mixture containing these two species demonstrates overlapping near the origin. Thus, light scatter analysis was not sufficient to speciate bacteria with different morphologies. Labeling of samples with species-specific immunofluorescent antibodies permitted speciation of mixtures. As the percentage of the bacterium to which the antibody is directed increased in a two-component mixture, fluorescent flow cytometric analysis showed a corresponding increase in the percentage of cells displaying fluorescent labeling. These methods could permit the rapid identification of bacteria from oral sites without culturing.
Membranes undergoing phase transitions are preferentially hydrolyzed by beta-bungarotoxin.

Abstract β-Bungarotoxin preferentially hydrolyzes choline phospholipids (dilauroyl, dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl) at their respective gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures. Cholesterol markedly reduces the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis; at 0.33 mol percent cholesterol:phospholipid, the toxin's phospholipase activity is completely inhibited.
Borehole Layer Coupling Effects In Induction Log Interpretation

In induction logging, the measured apparent resistivity may not resemble at all the true earth conductivity. A typical and important case where interpretation can be difficult is a three layer formation with the center layer being an oil bearing (resistive) layer sandwiched between two conductive shoulder layers. In order to obtain the resistivity of the oil layer from induction logs, the effect of borehole and shoulder layers must be compensated for.
Surface Molecular Vibrations as a Tool for Analyzing Surface Impurities in Copper Phthalocyanine Organic Nanocrystals

Comparison of the IR spectra of the Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc) nanocrystals obtained using surface sensitive attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and bulk sensitive transmittance sample configurations revealed small but measurable changes of some vibrational frequencies of the molecules at the surface of nanocrystals with the outermost part of the surface CuPc molecules being the most affected. These changes are caused by electrostatic interactions between the polar components of the molecules on the surface of nanocrystals and external polar molecular species vicinal to the nanocrystals. The external polar species can be either chemically bonded to the CuPc nanocrystal's surface or they can reside in its vicinity without forming a chemical bond with the nanocrystal. Molecular modeling (DMOL3 - Materials Studio and Gaussian calculations) of the impact of selected external polar species vicinal to a CuPc molecule on the CuPc molecular vibrations confirmed experimentally observed changes in the vibrational frequencies of the selected CuPc molecular bonding configurations and provided detailed information on the forces involved in these interactions. The population of external polar species vicinal to the CuPc surface can be modified by washing the nanocrystals or by introducing polar molecular additives miscible with the CuPc nanocrystals. Reduction in the number of external polar additives was accomplished by either centrifuging the aqueous dispersion of the nanocrystals or by organic solvent-based Soxhlet extraction, while their number was increased by soaking (followed by drying) the nanocrystals in high and low pH aqueous solutions containing SO3- and OH- ions. These quantitative and qualitative modifications of the population of external polar species surrounding CuPc nanocrystals were reflected in the corresponding changes of the selected vibrational frequencies of the CuPc surface molecules providing an effective tool for not only recognizing the molecular species vicinal to a nanocrystal but also quantifying their concentration. Some of these modifications can also be observed with a naked eye in the form of noticeable color changes of the CuPc nancrystalline powder. This is due to the extremely high visible extinction coefficient of the CuPc nanocrystals causing that the impinging light is mostly absorbed/reflected within the surface region of the nanocrystals. Changes of the electronic structure within this region, caused by the interactions with the vicinal polar species, shift the vis absorption/reflection spectra changing the observed color of the nanocrystalline powder. Similar results were obtained for other molecular nanocrystals, including yellow chromophore molecules. Preliminary data indicate that the described analytical method of analyzing the molecular polar species vicinal to a molecular nanocrystal could find variety of applications ranging from molecular device fabrication to pharmaceutical materials.
Emotional reactivity, emotional eating, and obesity: A naturalistic study

Laboratory studies indicate that obese individuals are more emotionally reactive and more likely to overeat when distressed than are those of normal weight. These studies were conducted under highly artificial conditions, however, and their generality outside of the laboratory remains largely untested. The present study compared the emotional reactivity and emotional eating of normal and overweight female college students in the natural environment. Subjects self-monitored their food intake and mood just prior to each instance of eating for 12 consecutive days. The results indicated that obese subjects were more emotionally reactive and more likely to engage in emotional eating than normals, but these findings applied only to snacks, not to meals. Correlational analyses indicated that emotional distress associated with snacks and emotional eating associated with both snacks and meals were related to subjects' percentage overweight. The two groups did not differ on any measure of positive emotions of consumption following positive emotions, nor were these two variables related to percentage overweight. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Vinland re‐read

The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. By R. A. Skelton, Thomas E. Marston and George D. Painter, with a foreword by Alexander 0. Vietor; New Edition with an Introduction by George D. Painter and Essays by Wilcomb E. Washburn, Thomas A. Cahill and Bruce H. Kusko, and Laurence C. Witten II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0 300 06520 5. Pp. lxvi, 291, ill. STG£30 (cloth).
Improved isolation of proteins tagged with glutathione S-transferase

A common affinity tag used to express and purify fusion proteins is glutathione S-transferase. However, many researchers have reported difficulty eluting GST-tagged proteins from the affinity matrix. This report demonstrates that the problem likely is due to the propensity of glutathione S-transferase to dimerize combined with a propensity of the tagged protein to oligomerize, which results in formation of large oligomers of fusion protein that are chelated by the affinity matrix. The solution to the problem is to use S-butylglutathione instead of glutathione to elute, as S-butylglutathione binds more tightly to glutathione S-transferase and overcomes the chelate effect. Moreover, in contrast to glutathione, S-butylglutathione has no reducing capability that might inactivate a tagged protein.
Microcosm experiments on element transfer

Transfer of elements in microcosms is illustrated using results from multifactorial experiments with microcosms of increasing complexity. Major factors affecting element transfer from detritus to roots are rate of leaching and the nature of the leachate, microbial immobilization, and release of elements, and the primarily mechanical action of fauna on detritus and microflora. Effect of mineral soil on mineral transfer under the conditions of the experiments were only minor. Use of radionuclides in the experiments and of systems analysis of the data provides coefficients of gross transfer and predictions of transfers under conditions other than those of the experiments.
Isolation and characterization of posteriorly restricted genes in the zebrafish gastrula.

In order to understand anteroposterior axis formation in vertebrates, we have used subtractive hybridization to clone genes expressed posteriorly in the zebrafish gastrula-stage embryo. Here we report the initial characterization of eight clones isolated from this screen. We find that all eight genes are expressed in posteriorly restricted domains, suggesting that they are involved in regulating posterior development during zebrafish embryogenesis. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Major histocompatibility complex variation at three class II loci in the northern elephant seal.

Northern elephant seals were hunted to near extinction in the 19th century, yet have recovered remarkably and now number around 175 000. We surveyed 110 seals for single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequence variation at three major histocompatibility (MHC) class II loci (DQA, DQB and DRB) to evaluate the genetic consequences of the population bottleneck at these loci vs. other well-studied genes. We found very few alleles at each MHC locus, significant variation among breeding sites for the DQA locus, and linkage disequilibrium between the DQB and DRB loci. Northern elephant seals are evidently inbred, although there is as yet no evidence of correlative reductions in fitness.
Addressing the "New" NEC: Part I: rediscovering the basics.

Epithelial cell functions ultimately define the ability of the extremely low birth weight human fetus to survive outside of the uterus. These specialized epithelial cell capacities manage all human interactions with theex utero world including (i) lung mechanics, surface chemistry and gas exchange, (ii) renal tubular balance of fluid and electrolytes, (iii) barrier functions of the intestine and skin for keeping bacteria out and water in, plus enabling intestinal digestion, as well as (iv) maintaining an intact neuroepithelium lining of the ventricles of the brain and retina. In Part I of this two part review, the authors describe why the gut barrier is a clinically relevant model system for studying the complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, dendritic & epithelial cell interactions, intraepithelial lymphocytes, M-cells, as well as the gut associated lymphoid tissues where colonization after birth, clinician feeding practices, use of antibiotics as well as exposure to prebiotics, probiotics and maternal vaginal flora all program the neonate for a life-time of immune competence distinguishing “self” from foreign antigens. These barrier defense capacities become destructive during disease processes like necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) when an otherwise maturationally normal, yet dysregulated and immature, immune defense system is associated with high levels of certain inflammatory mediators like TNFα. In Part II, the authors will discuss the theoretical advantages of using rhG-CSF in managing NEC or sepsis by augmenting neonatal neutrophil number and killing capacity including an unexpected, paradoxical and potent anti-TNFα function that may serve to limit extension of tissue destruction without impairing bacterial killing capacity. The authors conclude by arguing that NEC may be the ideal disease process for testing whether a clearly defined clinical benefit of cytokine therapy can prove beneficial.
Response to Nieminen et al.'s Feature Article on Executive Coaching and Facilitated Multisource Feedback: Toward Better Understanding of a Growing HRD Practice.

Executive coaching is a booming, but understudied, HRD-related practice. Given the limited number of available studies that have been deployed with rigor and systematic methods, the study by Nieminen et al. adds to our understanding of the impact of executive coaching and multisource feedback on leadership development. Explored in the context of a U.S. government agency, the study used two large groups of respondents. One group received executive coaching as part of a leadership development program and was compared to a group not receiving coaching. The study design and limitations articulated by the authors provide both interesting results and insights regarding design improvement for future studies.
Semantic Schema Matching without Shared Instances

Semantic heterogeneity across data sources remains a widespread and relevant problem requiring innovative solutions. Our approach towards resolving semantic disparities among distinct data sources aligns their constituent tables by first choosing attributes for comparison. We then examine their instances and calculate a similarity value between them known as entropy-based distribution (EBD). One method of calculating EBD applies a state-of-the-art instance matching strategy based on N-grams in the data. However, this method often fails because it relies on shared instance data to determine similarity. This results in an overestimation of semantic similarity between unrelated attributes and an underestimation of semantic similarity between related attributes. Our method resolves this using clustering and a measure known as Normalized Google Distance. The EBD is then calculated among all clusters by treating each as a type. We show the effectiveness of our approach over the traditional N-gram approach across multi-jurisdictional datasets by generating impressive results.
Grand network convergence

A report of the Systems Biology: Networks meeting, Cold Spring Harbor, USA, 22-26 March 2011.
Use of kidneys from hepatitis C seropositive donors shortens waitlist time but does not alter one-yr outcome

: Utilization of hepatitis C seropositive kidney donors remains controversial. We examined the use of hepatitis C seropositive donors for renal transplantation. Data for creatinine, liver function tests, cold ischemia time, and graft and patient survival were analyzed from 20 hepatitis C seropositive recipients receiving cadaveric renal allografts from seropositive donors and were compared with 20 hepatitis C seropositive recipients receiving allografts from seronegative donors. Recipients receiving a kidney from a hepatitis C seropositive donor were on the waitlist for 9.9 ± 1.8 months, compared with 17.8 ± 3.3 months for those receiving a kidney from a seronegative donor (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in graft or patient survival. Incidences of acute cellular rejection and acute tubular necrosis were similar. There were no significant differences in creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, or bilirubin values. While there was a significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase at 2 wk and 6 months, these differences were of questionable clinical importance. In conclusion, donor seropositivity for hepatitis C should not preclude renal transplantation into a hepatitis C seropositive recipient and utilization of these organs decreases waitlist time for hepatitis C seropositive recipients.
Inequivalent, bordant group actions on a surface

An action of a group, G , on a surface, F , consists of a homomorphism o: G → Homeo ( F ). We will restrict our discussion to finite groups acting on closed, connected, orientable surfaces, with o(g) orientation-preserving for all g e G . In addition we will consider only effective ( o is injective) free actions. Free means that o(g) is fixed-point-free for all g e G, g ≠ 1. This paper addresses the classification of such actions.
Rapid prototyping of image processing workflows on massively parallel architectures

Many-core Graphics Processing Units (GPU) provide a high-performance parallel hardware platform on the desktop at an incredibly low cost. However, the widespread use of this computational capacity is hindered by the fact that programming GPUs is difficult. The state-of-the-art is to develop code utilizing the NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). However, effective use of CUDA requires developers highly skilled in both low-level systems programming and parallel processing. Recognizing this roadblock to widespread adaption of General-Purpose Computing on GPUs (GPGPU), the NVIDIA Performance Primitives (NPP) library was released recently. While greatly easing the burden, utilizing NPP still requires one to learn CUDA. In this paper, we introduce a graphical environment for the design of image processing workflows that automatically generates all the CUDA code including NPP calls necessary to run the application on a GPU. Experimental results show that the generated code is almost as efficient as the equivalent hand written program and 10 times faster than running on the CPU alone in the typical case.