cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term impact of patient navigation (PN) for breast cancer (BCA) screening in an urban academic medical center.

130Background: PN improves BCA screening rates in underserved women, and decreases health care disparities. However, there is limited data regarding the ability of PN effect sustained change. We ev...
Exercise and Adipose Tissue Immunity: Outrunning Inflammation.

Chronic inflammation is considered a precipitating factor and possibly an underlying cause of many noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, and some cancers. Obesity, which manifests in more than 650 million people worldwide, is the most common chronic inflammatory condition, with visceral adiposity thought to be the major inflammatory hub that links obesity and chronic disease. Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is triggered or heightened in large part by (1) accelerated immune cell recruitment, (2) reshaping of the AT stromal-immuno landscape (e.g., immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocyte progenitors), and (3) perturbed AT immune cell function. Exercise, along with diet management, is a cornerstone in promoting weight loss and preventing weight regain. This review focuses on evidence that increased physical activity reduces AT inflammation caused by hypercaloric diets or genetic obesity. The precise cell types and mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of exercise on AT inflammation remain poorly understood. This review summarizes what is known about obesity-induced AT inflammation and immunomodulation and highlights mechanisms by which aerobic exercise combats inflammation by remodeling the AT immune landscape. Furthermore, key areas are highlighted that require future exploration and novel discoveries into the burgeoning field of how the biology of exercise affects AT immunity.
Gluteal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection and Hip Osteomyelitis due to Candida Glabrata.

Background Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a rapidly progressive and often fatal infection of the soft tissue. Classically, it is attributed to bacterial infection and immunocompromised patients are particularly vulnerable. However, NSTI due to fungal infection rarely does occur, including from Candida species, and can pose a diagnostic challenge for unfamiliar providers. Expedient clinical recognition, surgical debridement, fungal tissue culture, and initiation of antifungal therapy are key. Case presentation We report a 39-year-old obese male with long-standing history of poorly controlled diabetes who presented to a community hospital, noted to have NSTI of the sacrum, bilateral buttocks, and left hip, and was treated only with antibiotics. After transfer to an academic center, the patient underwent aggressive debridement and tissue diagnosis of Candida glabrata NSTI was made. He received broad-spectrum antibiotic and antifungal therapy for several months. Over the course of 4 months, his infection was cleared, and his large tissue defects were reconstructed with rotation flaps and the patient was discharged home. Conclusions Fungal NSTI is a rare entity, especially when due to Candida species. It can be exceedingly difficult to diagnose and manage, as these patients may suffer higher mortality than those with NSTI due to bacteria. A high index of suspicion for the entity, rapid debridement, intraoperative tissue culture, and treatment with appropriate antifungal therapy offers the greatest chance of survival.
A Dynamic Delegated Investment Model of SPACs

We study SPACs in a continuous-time delegated investment model. Our model is built upon three unique features of SPACs: the sponsor and the investor are only partially aligned, a SPAC has a short time horizon, and the investor has the final control over investment approval. Due to the misalignment in incentives, the sponsor has an increasing incentive to propose unprofitable projects to the investor; in response, the investor exerts more stringent screening based on her information. Although the screening helps curb the sponsor’s moral hazard, it also dampens the disciplining effect of partial alignment in incentives. When the investor’s information is sufficiently noisy, the second effect dominates, so giving the investor the control over investment approval reduces everyone’s welfare. This adverse effect is more pronounced if entrepreneurs’ strategic choices of SPAC or the sponsor’s strategic choice of effort are considered. We find that introducing public assessment and making the investor’s control right contingent on it may benefit both parties. We also explore whether a SPAC should be allowed to continue after the current project is disapproved by the investor.
Process and Data Needs for Local Calibration of Performance Models in the AASHTOWARE Pavement ME Software

Local calibration of the performance models in the AASHTOWARE Pavement ME software (Pavement ME) is a challenging task, especially if the data are limited. This paper summarizes the local calibration process for flexible and rigid pavements in Michigan. Other agencies can learn from the steps needed to accomplish a more streamlined local calibration. The local calibration process includes several sequential steps. An adequate number of pavement sections needs to be identified from the pavement management system (PMS) database on the basis of pavement type, age, geographical location, and number of collection cycles for performance data. The selection of the final set of pavement sections is based on distress magnitude over time. The selected pavement sections must be categorized on the basis of measured distresses because the local calibrated models are typically used to predict normal pavement performance at the design stage. For the selected pavement sections, the as-constructed input variables are coll...
Multiple Identifications in Boundary Spanning Virtual Teams

One of the challenges in remote and boundary spanning work contexts is maintaining identification with their employer when employees work remotely and interact mostly with external employees. The purpose of this study is to understand the interplay of multiple identities (employer, team, and client) and their impact on employee's job satisfaction, employer commitment, and turnover intention. In addition, the study investigates the moderating role of boundary spanning virtual team identification on these relationships. The findings challenge the notion that that the target of the identification should predict the outcome variable related to the same target.
Magnetospheric effects from man‐made ELF/VLF modulation of the auroral electrojet

[1] A model for the magnetospheric effects of ELF/VLF modulation of the auroral electrojet using high-power ground-based high-frequency radio waves is developed. The effects of ducted topside whistler wave power flux, as generated from ELF/VLF auroral electrojet modulation, on the magnetospheric equatorial pitch angle diffusion coefficient are computed for a range of ELF/VLF modulation frequencies. We find that the precipitation lifetime in the presence of this whistler wave flux is smaller than for purely collisional processes. We find that aspects of the model are in agreement with recent experimental observations.
MoM analysis of a reflector antenna design for omnidirectional coverage

Radio base stations for point-to-multipoint communications usually employ arrays of antennas at a certain height from the ground for omnidirectional coverage, with element excitations being exercised in order to achieve a suitable elevation pattern synthesis. Prospective reflector designs, while producing cosecant squared-like power patterns in the vertical plane to account for free space attenuation, should also concentrate radiated energy bellow the horizon line for reduced interference. A compact configuration employing a single circularly symmetrical shaped reflector surface fed by an axial horn, has been investigated by Bergmann, Hasselmann and Branco (see Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol.24, p.426-29, March 2000). A specific design of the latter configuration is further explored herein with a view towards evidencing the benefit of a strictly numerical analysis tool such as the method of moments (MoM) for both reflector and feed structures, as compared to the more conventional optical (geometrical and physical) route.
Lithium Aluminum Hydride–2,2′‐Dihydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl

(LiAlH4) [16853-85-3] AlH4Li (MW 37.96) InChI = 1S/Al.Li.4H/q-1;+1;;;; InChIKey = OCZDCIYGECBNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ((R)-BINAL) [18531-94-7] C20H14O2 (MW 286.34) InChI = 1S/C20H14O2/c21-17-11-9-13-5-1-3-7-15(13)19(17)20-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)10-12-18(20)22/h1-12,21-22H InChIKey = PPTXVXKCQZKFBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ((S)-BINAL) [18531-99-2] InChI = 1S/C20H14O2/c21-17-11-9-13-5-1-3-7-15(13)19(17)20-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)10-12-18(20)22/h1-12,21-22H InChIKey = PPTXVXKCQZKFBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used for enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones to alcohols1) Alternate Name: BINAL-H. Physical Data: BINAL: white solid, mp 208–210 °C. Also see Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Solubility: sol THF. Preparative Methods: prepared in situ from commercially available lithium aluminum hydride and BINAL. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: sensitive to moisture (see Lithium Aluminum Hydride).
The spectral function of composites: The inverse problem

The dielectric function of a composite depends on the geometry of the composite and the dielectric functions of the constituent materials. In the Bergman-Milton spectral representation for a two-component composite, all of the relevant geometric information can be captured in a spectral function which is independent of the material properties. Extracting the spectral function from experimental values of the dielectric function would be a compact way of presenting a large body of data and highlight the role of geometry in determining the electrical properties of the composite. We show that known constraints on the spectral function make it possible to solve the inverse problem of determining the spectral function directly from experimental measurements of the reflectance if one of the components has a resonance and data are taken in the restrahlen band, where the real part of the dielectric function of the optically active material is negative. We demonstrate the method using numerical simulations of the reflectance of a model system with physically reasonable values for the dielectric functions of the two components. Our results show that the spectral function determined by this method is stable against the introduction of noise and agrees with that previously calculated directly for the same model geometry. We suggest that this technique will be useful when used with real experimental data.
Analysis techniques for coherent airborne radar sounding: Application to West Antarctic ice streams

[1] Analysis of coherent radar sounding echoes from polar ice sheets can provide information suitable for classifying the subglacial environment. Echoes from a general interface consist of both specularly reflected and diffusely scattered contributions. Specular reflection results from smooth uniform interfaces, whereas diffuse scattering results from rough nonuniform interfaces and inhomogeneous media. This article discusses how these phenomena are important to the acquisition and analysis of coherent radar sounding data. Reflection results are presented from airborne surveys conducted in 1987 over the downstream portions of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Stream C, West Antarctica. Additionally, reflection and scattering analyses along with new results are presented for repeat profiles flown in 2001 over Ice Stream C. Analysis methods include using echo amplitudes to compute reflection coefficients which are used for inferring the dielectric properties of the subglacial material. Echo phase analysis provides the locations of dominant scattering centers which relate to reflection or scattering from the interface as well as provide interface roughness estimates. Comparison of low- and high-resolution imaging obtained from synthetic aperture radar techniques indicates a reflecting and/or scattering interface. Combining the results from these independent analyses provides classification of the subglacial environment. Classified regions include smooth seawater, smooth saturated sediments, accreted marine ice, rough bottom crevasses, mixed conditions with partial subglacial water, and dry frozen conditions.
A Hierarchy of Promotional Blogs

ABSTRACT Consumers greatly influence each other's buying decisions. Promotional blogs allow customers to “spread the word” about a marketer. They are large in numbers and in variety. This article attempts to differentiate and classify promotional blogs based on their objectives and uses.
Characterization of orientation clustering in short-fiber composites

During flow of concentrated fiber suspensions, the proximity of the fibers induces interactions in their orientation space. These fiber-fiber interactions may lead to clustering in orientation of fibers and a nonhomogeneous fiber orientation field. An orientation cluster is a group of fibers in a specific neighborhood sharing the same orientation state. It is important to characterize clustering to understand and quantify fiber-fiber interactions. Such characterization will also be useful in the prediction of the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting composite material
Interspecific Competition between Steinernematid Nematodes within an Insect Host

Abstract Larvae of Galleria mellonella exposed to infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema glaseri were coinfected by both nematode species. Infective juveniles of both species that penetrated and established in their insect hosts always developed into apparently normal adults. In both nematode species, the proportion of established females was reduced in cadavers that had been exposed to both species compared with cadavers exposed to one species. Although S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae produced progeny from the same cadavers, S. glaseri was less affected by mixed infection than S. carpocapsae . In the mixed infection at a rate of 8 infective juveniles of each species, the progeny production of S. glaseri was not reduced, whereas that of S. carpocapsae was significantly reduced by 79% compared with the respective single species treatments. At a rate of 25 infective juveniles of each species, progeny production of both S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae was significantly reduced by 38 and 94%, respectively, compared with the respective single species treatments. The ratio of inocula between the two species affected the progeny production. If S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae were combined at the rates of 8:16, 16:16, and 16:18 infective juveniles, respectively, S. glaseri had reductions in progeny production of 53, 9, and 30%, respectively, whereas S. carpocapsae had reductions of 35, 85, and 98%, respectively. The intrinsic superiority of S. glaseri can be ascribed to its faster development that deprives its slower competitor of food resources. In addition, the less specific association of S. glaseri to its bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus poinarii , allows it to develop in cadavers colonized by Xenorhabdus nematophilus , the symbiont of S. carpocapsae .
Aspects of amino acid and protein metabolism in cancer‐bearing states

Overt malnutrition is seen in about 40% of patients hospitalized for treatment of cancer. In patients whose primary treatment modality is surgical, morbidity and mortality is twice as high in the malnourished group as in the normally nourished patients. This clinically important malnutrition is a consequence of obligatory parasitism by the tumor, which grows at its own genetically determined rate and which competes effectively with the host for the limited available nutrients. Administration of extra nutritional support as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) can alter the tumor-host nutritional balance so that host repletion may occur. Provision of a significant proportion of TPN calories as fat diminishes the incidence of glucose intolerance and reduces the incidence of abnormal liver function. In vitro and in vivo studies both show that leucine is the significant controlling branched-chain amino acid in the TPN mixture, and adequate leucine content is a crucial component of effective TPN. Variations in TPN content of large neutral amino acids have important effects on brain tyrosine and tryptophan availability and hence may also effect neurotransmitter activity. Although the usefulness of TPN for correcting malnutrition in cancer patients is clear, the optimal choices of constituents for the TPN mixture continue to evolve.
ACTION SPECTRA FOR MITOTIC SPINDLE DESTRUCTION AND ANAPHASE DELAY FOLLOWING IRRADIATION OF THE CYTOPLASM WITH AN ULTRAVIOLET MICROBEAM

— Previous workers have reported that, in a variety of cells, ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of cytoplasm adjacent to the mitotic spindle causes the spindle to diminish or disappear and have postulated that this effect is mediated by a spindle “poison” produced photochemically from a cytoplasmic precursor. In the present work, a microbeam action spectrum for this effect has been obtained to aid in the identification of this mediator material. A small portion of the cytoplasm of Ambystoma(salamander) tissue-culture cells was irradiated in early metaphase with ultraviolet microbeams of various wavelengths and intensities but of the same diameter (8 μ). Spindle destruction was scored by observing diminution of its image as seen with a polarization microscope. In addition, the time of anaphase was recorded so that an action spectrum for anaphase delay was also obtained. These two action spectra are quite similar and are nearly parallel to the absorption spectrum of a tyrosine-containing protein. A few proteins are discussed which might mediate this effect.
Energy efficient transmission scheduling for non-stationary underwater acoustic channels

The performance of underwater acoustic communications is linked to the capability of a communication system to cope with a large variety of underwater acoustic channel dynamics, which are dependent on the environmental and seasonal acoustic propagation conditions. One possible way to increase reliability of these systems, is to allow retransmissions, which however, may result in a large energy consumption, since transmission is the most energy consuming activity of an acoustic modem. Therefore, we here focus on a stochastic optimization problem, whereby we aim at minimizing the number of transmissions necessary to reliably transmit a given amount of information B by a given deadline T.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY VITAMIN E AND HYPEROXIA ON ERYTHROCYTE GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE OF MICE

Abstract The effects of dietary vitamin E and hyperoxic exposure upon glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were examined in erythrocytes of 186 adult female mice. The animals were fed diets containing either 0, 50 or 150 mg vitamin E per kg diet. Once animals that were fed the deficient ration exhibited weight loss and markedly depressed plasma vitamin E levels, half of the mice in each dietary group was exposed to FiO 2 > 0.95 for 72 h while the other half was placed in filtered room air. GST data were evaluated as to both treatments—dietary vitamin E and oxygen exposure, together and separately. An inverse relationship was observed between dietary vitamin E and GST activity. The lowest activities were observed in erythrocytes of mice fed the supplemented (150 mg/kg) diets, the highest levels in those of the the deficient group. GST activities of the three dietary groups were significantly different from each other (P
Vomiting is not associated with poor outcomes in pediatric victims of unintentional submersions

Abstract Introduction The outcome of submersion victims depends on submersion duration and the availability of timely and effective resuscitation. The prognostic implication of vomiting during resuscitation of submersion victims is unclear. The study sought to determine whether vomiting during resuscitation in children treated for unintentional submersion injuries adversely impacts outcome. Methods This was a retrospective study of unintentional submersion victims under age 18 treated at an urban tertiary-care children’s hospital from 2003–2009. Submersion and victim details were obtained from hospital, EMS, and fatality records. Outcomes studied were survival at 24 hours and condition (Favorable: good/mild impairment or Poor: death/severe disability) at hospital discharge. Descriptive comparisons between emesis groups (yes/no) and categorical covariates were analyzed. Results There were 281 victims. The median age was 3 years; 66% were males. Most incidents occurred at swimming pools (77%) and bathtubs (16%). Most were hospitalized (83%). The presence or absence of emesis was documented in 246 (88%). Victims with emesis were significantly less likely to have apnea or be intubated in the ED, have a low ED GCS or die. No patient who had emesis died at 24 hours or had a poor outcome at hospital discharge. Victims who had emesis post-resuscitation were significantly more likely to have received CPR or chest compressions than rescue breaths. Conclusions Emesis in pediatric submersion victims is inversely associated with death at 24 hours or poor outcome at hospital discharge. The relationship between emesis and the adequacy of resuscitation of pediatric submersion victims needs to be further studied.
MeCP2 deficiency enhances glutamate release through NF-κB signaling in myeloid derived cells

The signaling pathway involved in regulating glutamate release was investigated. Glutaminase mRNA levels were higher in microglia isolated from mice treated with lipopolysaccharide. Pam3CSK and lipopolysaccharide stimulated glutamate release in neonatal mouse microglia cultures, which was attenuated by NF-κB inhibitors. Higher levels of glutaminase mRNA and glutamate release were observed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells made MeCP2 deficient with MeCP2 shRNA, which was blocked by NF-κB inhibitors. NF-κB inhibitors also decreased the higher levels of glutaminase mRNA in MeCP2 deficient THP1 monocyte cell lines. Finally, an inverse relation was observed between MeCP2 levels and NF-κB reporter activity in THP1 cells. We suggest that NF-κB pathway is involved in the release of glutamate in MeCP2 deficient cells from the myeloid lineage.
Elevated sexual risk behaviors among postincarcerated young African American males in the South.

The dramatic racial disparities in the rates of HIV/STIs(sexually transmitted infections) among African Americans make understanding broader structural factors that increase the risk for HIV/STIs c...
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE CRITICAL CURRENT IN TIN AND INDIUM WHISKERS.

Abstract The temperature dependence of the critical current in tin and indium whiskers has been measured. The results are in quantitative agreement with the Ginzburg-Landau theory and yield a value of ξ 0 equal to 0.22 ±0.01 μm. Within this uncertainty ξ 0 is isotropic in tin. In whiskers with cross sections less than 1 μm 2 deviations from the Ginzburg-Landau mean field theory are apparent at low currents. These deviations are in accord with the theory of Langer and Ambegaokar.
A criterion of strength for orthotropic materials

The criterion of strength for anisotropic media proposed by Gol'denblat and Kopnov2 is adopted in this paper. The invariants for the strength function having orthotropic symmetry are used to formulate a criterion of strength for orthotropic materials. The present result is reduced to the Hill criterion of strength for anisotropic media by imposing further restrictions. A criterion of strength for transversely isotropic materials is obtained by direct application of the new results. For illustration, a quadratic strength function for orthotropic media is formulated explicitly in terms of engineering strengths, and a strength surface for Textolite, a glass-reinforced plastic, is presented as a numerical example. The convex properties of the strength function are discussed.
Estimating continuous body size-based shifts in δ15N–δ13C space using multivariate hierarchical models

Stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) offer one representation of an individual’s trophic niche and are important tools for elucidating ecological patterns and testing a diversity of hypotheses. Because δ15N and δ13C values are often obtained from the same sample, they compose a bivariate response that researchers commonly analyze using multivariate statistical methods. However, stable isotope data sets often exhibit hierarchical structure whereby samples may be clustered or grouped at multiple levels either as an artifact of sampling design or due to structure inherent in the sampled population (e.g., samples from individuals grouped according to life history stages, social groups, ages, or sizes classes). Ignoring such structure can result in overly optimistic confidence intervals and heighten the risk of observing significant differences where none exist. To address these issues, we suggest researchers utilize multivariate hierarchical models, which are a simple extension of univariate hierarchical methods. The models account for potential dependencies between δ15N and δ13C values, permit valid predictions of shifts in δ15N–δ13C space related to predictor variables, provide more accurate estimates of parameter uncertainty, and improved inferences on coefficients that correspond to groups with small to moderate quantities of data. We demonstrate advantages of multivariate hierarchical models by examining size-dependent shifts in δ15N–δ13C space in outmigrating post-smolt Chinook salmon sampled from an estuarine habitat. Given the prevalence of complex structure in ecological stable isotope data sets, multivariate hierarchical models should hold considerable value to food web and stable isotope ecologists.
Monitoring neovascularity as an indicator of response to chemotherapy in osteogenic and Ewing sarcoma using magnetic resonance angiography

Histologic studies on resected specimen have shown that tumor neovascularity is related to prognosis and response to therapy in a variety of human neoplasms. In nine patients with osteogenic or Ewing sarcoma, we evaluated the use of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to assess neovascularity non-invasively in vivo and to monitor response to chemotherapy. Seven patients with osteosarcoma and two patients with Ewing sarcoma were studied before and after chemotherapy by MRA (2-D time-of-flight gradient-echo sequence, TR = 50 msec, TE = 9.5 msec, θ = 50°, acquisition time 13 min). MR angiograms were assessed for chemotherapy-induced changes in neovascularity. MRA showed both feeder vessels and neovascularity. Six patients responded to chemotherapy (≥90% histologic tumor necrosis). MRA demonstrated marked reduction in neovascularity in all responders. Three patients did not respond to chemotherapy (<90% histologic tumor necrosis). MRA demonstrated persistent or increased neovascularity in the nonresponders. MRA provides a unique opportunity to study tumoral neovascularity noninvasively in vivo and helps to assess response to chemotherapy in patients with osteogenic or Ewing sarcoma. These general principles may be applicable to other human tumors. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phosphodiesterase type V: A novel therapeutic target for hypertension

Introduction: Primary (essential) hypertension is characterized by increased peripheral vascular resistance, and vasodilator administration constitutes a major approach to treatment. The therapeutic armamentarium consists of a limited number of direct vasodilators, including hydralazine and minoxidil, and a large number of indirect vasodilators, such as blockers of the reninangiotensin system, calcium channels, and noradrenergic activity. Additional options for the direct dilation of resistance vessels via independent or complementary mechanisms of action would be predicted to improve the opportunity for control of blood pressure in primary hypertension. The study that is the subject of this report introduces a novel approach using the phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-V) inhibitor, sildenafil. PDE-V enzymatically degrades cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), the vasodilator-signaling molecule stimulated by nitric oxide (NO) activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in vascular endothelium. PDE-V inhibition increases cyclic GMP, dilating systemic resistance vessels.
Plane grating monochromators for synchrotron radiation

Abstract The general background and theoretical basis of plane grating monochromators (PGMs) is reviewed and the particular case of grazing incidence PGMs suitable for use with synchrotron radiation is considered in detail. The theory of reflection filtering is described and the problem of the finite source distance is shown to be of special importance with high brightness storage rings. The design philosophy of previous instruments is discussed and a new scheme proposed, aimed at dealing with the problem of the context of Wolter-type telescopes and microscopes. Some practical details concerning an instrument presently under construction using the new design are presented.
Nonlinear-optical-loop-mirror-based, phase-preserving 2R regeneration of a high-duty-cycle RZ-DPSK signal

We use a NOLM with a directional attenuator for regeneration of 50% duty-cycle RZ-DPSK signal and demonstrate eye-opening improvement of 1.5 dB for a signal degraded by a combination of ASE noise and amplitude jitter.
Socioeconomic stress in rural families: Part II from the co-guest editors

This issue is a continuation of the presentation of reports from W-167 Western Regional Agricultural Experiment Station project, Coping with Stress, Adaptation of Nonmetropolitan Families to Socioeconomic Changes. The first set of articles was published in Volume 9, Issue 2. In all, there were nine states participating in the project, and a total of 11 articles are included in the two special issues of this journal. The first article included here, by Krannich, Riley, and Leffier, examines the broad question of perceived stress as related not only to various life events, but also as affected by economic satisfaction, health problems, and selected demographic characteristics. Their data were collected in Utah. Several similar characteristics are discussed in the article by Berger, Powell, and Cook. This study, however, concentrated on families who had relocated within the last year within Colorado and Wyoming. Awareness and use of community services by families experiencing economic problems is the focal point of the s tudy in Washington stare. Price and Dunlap analyze and compare various types of services generally available in most rural communities. Marotz-Baden studies two-generation farm and ranch families in Montana. She analyzes stress, income, and economic satisfaction for each of the four members of these families. Haldeman and Peters identify and quantify resources which are used by rural Nevadans as resistors to stress. In the final article of this issue, Weigel discusses the implications of all of the studies presented in these two special issues. He suggests service and educational approaches which build on the fmdings of these and other retated studies. Suggestions of direct value to families and to
Connection between several perturbation theories of intermolecular forces

Abstract The perturbation theories of intermolecular forces as proposed by Murrell and Shaw, and Musher and Amos are shown to be equivalent, and further, Hirschfelder's recently proposed HAV method is equivalent to a Rayleigh-Schroedinger type expansion of Van der Avoird's method.
Liberation of ammonia during nitrogen fixation by a facultatively heterotrophic cyanobacterium

Abstract Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) and ammonia liberation were studied in a facultatively heterotrophic cyanobacterium. Autotrophically grown cells lost acetylene reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic conditions; the activity was maintained in the presence of methionine sulfoximine; or by pretreatment of the cells with a carbon supply. Heterotrophically grown cells maintained acetylene reduction activity anaerobically in the absence of methionine sulfoximine. Both cell types required light for maintenance of activity. The data indicate that methionine sulfoximine preserves the intracellular pool of reductant needed for nitrogenase. Autotrophs and heterotrophs both liberated ammonia when treated with methionine sulfoximine under nitrogen-fixing conditions. However, on treatment with methionine sulfoximine under anaerobiosis, heterotrophs also accumulated large amounts of intracellular ammonia in a pool which was diminished by the Photosystem II inhibitor, 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). DCMU enhanced ammonia liberation without affecting acetylene reduction activity, and hence changed the ratio of acetylene reduced to ammonia formed by the heterotrophs. These data suggest a role for Photosystem II in ammonia liberation by the cyanobacteria.
Analytic model of the shear modulus at all temperatures and densities

An analytic model of the shear modulus applicable at temperatures up to melt and at all densities is presented. It is based in part on a relation between the melting temperature and the shear modulus at melt. Experimental data on argon are shown to agree with this relation to within 1%. The model of the shear modulus involves seven parameters, all of which can be determined from zero-pressure experimental data. We obtain the values of these parameters for 11 elemental solids. Both the experimental data on the room-temperature shear modulus of argon to compressions of $\ensuremath{\sim}2.5,$ and theoretical calculations of the zero-temperature shear modulus of aluminum to compressions of $\ensuremath{\sim}3.5$ are in good agreement with the model. Electronic-structure calculations of the shear moduli of copper and gold to compressions of 2, performed by us, agree with the model to within uncertainties.
Reliability of cerebral blood volume maps as a substitute for diffusion‐weighted imaging in acute ischemic stroke

Purpose: To assess the reliability of cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps as a substitute for diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in acute ischemic stroke. In acute stroke, DWI is often used to identify irreversibly injured “core” tissue. Some propose using perfusion imaging, specifically CBV maps, in place of DWI. We examined whether CBV maps can reliably subsitute for DWI, and assessed the effect of scan duration on calculated CBV. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 58 patients who underwent DWI and MR perfusion imaging within 12 h of stroke onset. CBV in each DWI lesion's center was divided by CBV in the normal-appearing contralateral hemisphere to yield relative regional CBV (rrCBV). The proportion of lesions with decreased rrCBV was calculated. After using the full scan duration (110 s after contrast injection), rrCBV was recalculated using simulated shorter scans. The effect of scan duration on rrCBV was tested with linear regression. Results: Using the full scan duration (110 s), rrCBV was increased in most DWI lesions (62%; 95% confidence interval, 48–74%). rrCBV increased with increasing scan duration (P < 0.001). Even with the shortest duration (39.5 s) rrCBV was increased in 33% of lesions. Conclusion: Because DWI lesions may have elevated or decreased CBV, CBV maps cannot reliably substitute for DWI in identifying the infarct core. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1083–1087. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The grain size distribution of silicon carbide as a factor in the properties and structure of refractories

The microstructure of silicon carbide products with added fine-ground silicon carbide contains an evenly distributed silicon carbide binder and predominantly fine pores, viz. of radii 7.6-0.5μ (about 70% on the total).
Optical properties of agglomerated acetylene smoke particles at 0.5145-μm and 10.6-μm wavelengths

Optical extinction measurements of acetylene smoke in a 1.8-m tube at wavelengths of 0.5145 and 10.6 μm give specific extinction coefficients AE of 9.8 ± 0.8 and 0.94 ± 0.1 m2 g−1 respectively. The Mie theory applied to unagglomerated small carbon spheres can simulate the optical properties of acetylene smoke in the visible region but underestimates the specific extinction at 10.6 μm by at least a factor of 2. Both the visible and infrared experimental data are consistent with a model in which agglomeration of the smoke particles enhances the infrared extinction over that from small individual spheres.
Risk and reluctance: understanding impediments to colorectal cancer screening

Purpose. Screening to detect and prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) is well below optimal, contributing to needless CRC-related morbidity and mortality. Little detailed information exists explaining why screening technologies are underutilized and why screening adherence rates are low. Prior to the design of an intervention study, we assessed knowledge about CRC among adult women and men with access to health care. We also investigated patterns of perceived risk for CRC, barriers and facilitators to screening, and experience and intentions with regard to both fecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Methods. We analyzed data from semistructured focus group interviews with a small, nonrepresentative sample (n = 39) of community-dwelling adult men and women ages 50 to 64 and 65 plus. Results. CRC-related knowledge is low, and misperceptions are common. Provider practices reinforce low levels of perceived risk. Multiple barriers to screening exist, of which many are remediable. Conclusions. We are at an early stage in the diffusion of information about CRC. Screening utilization may be improved through development of appropriate public health awareness campaigns and by addressing service factors. Recommendations are provided.
Intravascular Ultrasound Assessment of Cobalt Chromium Versus Stainless Steel Drug-Eluting Stent Expansion

It is not clear whether the thin struts and different alloy of a cobalt chromium stent will cause greater acute stent recoil compared to conventional stainless steel stents. We used postintervention intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examinations to study 99 patients with 116 stented lesions: 61 Xience/Promus stents (cobalt chromium stent group) and 27 Taxus Liberte and 28 Cypher stents (stainless steel stent group). The IVUS images were obtained before and immediately after stent implantation with only the stent-delivery balloon. The ratio of the IVUS-measured to manufacturer-predicted stent diameter and area was the measure of acute stent recoil and expansion. The baseline patient characteristics, lesion morphology, and procedural details were comparable between the 2 groups. The ratio of the IVUS-measured to manufacturer-predicted stent diameter and area was 0.74 versus 0.73 (p = 0.57) and 0.63 versus 0.63 (p = 0.69), respectively, for the cobalt chromium and stainless steel stents. In conclusion, the acute performance of Xience/Promus was similar to that of previous stainless steel stents, and the thinner cobalt chromium metallic platform did not compromise the radial strength of the stent.
Physical and Thermal Properties of Ground Beef During Cooking

., 1996). Studying the physical and thermalproperty changes of ground beef during heating canprovide useful information for determining heat andmass transfer processes in hamburger patties to ensurethe quality and safety of cooked patties.Themostdramaticchangesof meatduring heating,suchas shrinkage, tissue hardening, juice release, and discol-oration, are caused by the changes in muscle proteindenaturation (Hamm & Deatherage, 1960; Bouton
Some remarks on the perturbation and variation-perturbation calculations of the free energy for quantum systems

A generalization of the Gibbs–Bogoliubov inequality F ⩽ F0 + 〈H − H0〉0 for the free energy F is studied which leads to a variation principle for this quantity that may be of importance in certain computational applications to quantum systems. This approach is coupled with a study of the perturbation expansion of the free energy for a canonical ensemble with H = H0 + λV in the general case when H0 and V do not commute. The second- and high-order derivatives of the free energy with respect to the perturbation parameter λ are calculated. From the second-order term is finally obtained a second-order correction to the previous variational minimum for the free energy.
Improved Methylene Blue Two-Phase Titration Method for Determining Cationic Surfactant Concentration in High-Salinity Brine

The methylene blue (MB) two-phase titration method is a rapid and efficient method for determining the concentrations of anionic surfactants. The point at which the aqueous and chloroform phases appear equally blue is called Epton’s end point. However, many inorganic anions, e.g., Cl–, NO3–, Br–, and I–, can form ion pairs with MB+ and interfere with Epton’s end point, resulting in the failure of the MB two-phase titration in high-salinity brine. Here we present a method to extend the MB two-phase titration method for determining the concentration of various cationic surfactants in both deionized water and high-salinity brine (22% total dissolved solid). A colorless end point, at which the blue color is completely transferred from the aqueous phase to the chloroform phase, is proposed as titration end point. Light absorbance at the characteristic wavelength of MB is measured using a spectrophotometer. When the absorbance falls below a threshold value of 0.04, the aqueous phase is considered colorless, ind...
MIT bag model with center-of-mass correction

Abstract Center-of-mass corrections to the static MIT bag model lead to desirable decreases in the zero-point and color coupling constants. Dibaryon masses increase. The flavor-singlet dilambda moves above the ΛΛ threshold. Energies of strange quark matters and mass splittings of baryon excitations both increase.
The effect of colchicine on aqueous humor dynamics.

Abstract The plant alkaloid, colchicine, which binds specifically to tubulin, was studied for its effect on aqueous humor dynamics in the rabbit. Topical application of either 50 or 100 μg of colchicine resulted in a significant lowering of intraocular pressure after 24 hr. Colchicine significantly increases the rate of aqueous humor outflow while having no effect on aqueous inflow. Intraocular pressure returns to baseline despite continued administration of colchicine, which results in severe ocular toxicity. This study suggests that the aqueous outflow system contains microtubules or membrane-associated tubulin, the integrity of which is necessary for the maintenance of intraocular pressure.
Community Policing or Zero Tolerance?Preferences of Police Officers from 22 Countries in Transition

Since the 1970s, approximately 60 countries in the world have experienced major political transition away from authoritarianism towards democracy and more liberal modes of governance. Subsequently, this era has provided opportunities for researchers to observe how major changes in the political environment affect a country's policing practices. This study is the first of a two paper series on the relationship between democratization and police attitudes, preferences and behaviours. This study reports the results of a pilot study of 315 police supervisors from 22 transitioning nations asking about their preferences towards two different styles of crime prevention--community-oriented policing and zero tolerance approaches. The results indicate that the officers from countries more democratically consolidated tend to have stronger relative preferences towards community-oriented policing over zero tolerance styles.
Linkage of extracellular plasminogen activator to the fibroblast cytoskeleton: colocalization of cell surface urokinase with vinculin.

Several cell types display binding sites for [125I]urokinase (Vassalli, J.-D., D. Baccino, D. Belin. 1985. J. Cell Biol. 100:86-92) which in certain cases are occupied with endogenous urokinase. These sites appear to focus urokinase at cell surfaces and hence may participate in tissue matrix destruction and cell invasion. Recently Pollanen et al. (1987) demonstrated that the cell surface urokinase of human fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells is deposited underneath the cells in strands, apparently at sites of cell-to-substratum contact. Here, using immunofluorescence double labeling, we show that the urokinase strands present on human foreskin fibroblasts are colocalized with strands of vinculin, an intracellular actin-binding protein that is deposited at cell-to-substratum focal adhesion sites. Thus, this indicates linkage of the plasminogen/plasmin system both to sites of cell adhesion and to the cytoskeleton. The urokinase strands on HT 1080 fibrosarcoma cells are more numerous and have shapes that are more tortuous than those on normal fibroblasts. In intact HT 1080 cells, colocalized vinculin strands are obscured by an intense background of soluble vinculin but are apparent on isolated ventral plasma membranes. Certain properties of the urokinase strands suggest that they are related to the [125I]urokinase-binding sites that have been described by several groups: (a) incubating fibroblasts with dexamethasone for 48 h or at pH 3 at 5 degrees C for 10 min greatly decreases the number and intensity of the urokinase strands; (b) strands reappear when glucocorticoid-treated cells are incubated with exogenous 54-kD (but not 35-kD) urokinase, and this process is inhibited by a previously described 16-amino acid peptide that blocks [125I]urokinase binding to the cells.
Failure Surfaces for Finitely Strained Two-Phase Periodic Solids Under General In-Plane Loading

For ductile solids with periodic microstructures (e.g., honeycombs, fiber-reinforced composites, cellular solids) which are loaded primarily in compression, their ultimate failure is related to the onset of a buckling mode. Consequently, for periodic solids of infinite extent, one can define as the onset of failure the first occurrence of a bifurcation in the fundamental solution, for which all cells deform identically. By following all possible loading paths in strain or stress space, one can construct onset-of-failure surfaces for finitely strained, rate-independent solids with arbitrary microstructures. The calculations required are based on a Bloch wave analysis on the deformed unit cell. The presentation of the general theory is followed by the description of a numerical algorithm which reduces the size of stability matrices by an order of magnitude, thus improving the computational efficiency for the case of continuum unit cells. The theory is subsequently applied to porous and particle-reinforced hyperelastic solids with circular inclusions of variable stiffness. The corresponding failure surfaces in strain-space, the wavelength of the instabilities, and their dependence on micro-geometry and macroscopic loading conditions are presented and discussed.
University/Industry research collaborations: an analysis of interorganizational relationships

Theory and research from the field of interorganizational analysis is applied to University/Industry Research Collaborations with the intent of better understanding these relationships and facilitating innovation. Four general perspectives are employed: population ecology resource dependence marketing and process The analysis suggests that: 1. These collaborations may be a function of major changes in industry structure which deserves more macro-level policy analysis. 2. Competitive forces may encourage organizations to invest in collaborations with limited potential for innovation. 3. Geographical proximity, and exchange of personnel and information are critical factors in the design of successful collaborations.