cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hearing sounds as words: Neural responses to environmental sounds in the context of fluent speech

Environmental sounds (ES) can be understood easily when substituted for words in sentences, suggesting that linguistic context benefits may be mediated by processes more general than some language-specific theories assert. However, the underlying neural processing is not understood. EEG was recorded for spoken sentences ending in either a spoken word or a corresponding ES. Endings were either congruent or incongruent with the sentence frame, and thus were expected to produce N400 activity. However, if ES and word meanings are combined with language context by different mechanisms, different N400 responses would be expected. Incongruent endings (both words and ES) elicited frontocentral negativities corresponding to the N400 typically observed to incongruent spoken words. Moreover, sentential constraint had similar effects on N400 topographies to ES and words. Comparison of speech and ES responses suggests that understanding meaning in speech context may be mediated by similar neural mechanisms for these two types of stimuli.
Visualizing invisible dark matter annihilation with the CMB and matter power spectrum

We study the cosmological signatures of invisibly annihilating dark matter (IAnDM), where DM annihilates into dark radiation particles that are decoupled from the Standard Model (SM). In the simple benchmark model we consider here, such invisible annihilation determines the relic abundance of DM via dark thermal freeze-out. We demonstrate that IAnDM may reveal itself through observable, novel signatures that are correlated: scale-dependent $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{N}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ (number of extra effective neutrinos) in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum due to DM residual annihilation, while the phase of acoustic peaks shifts towards the opposite direction relative to that due to SM neutrinos, resembling the effect due to scattering (fluidlike) thermal dark radiation; in addition, IAnDM induces modifications to the matter power spectrum that resemble those due to warm dark matter. Current data are sensitive to IAnDM with masses up to $\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$, while future observations will improve this reach, especially if the late-time DM annihilation cross section is enhanced relative to the standard thermal value, which can be realized in a variety of scenarios. This work also demonstrates a new possibility of realizing thermal sub-MeV DM with observable signals.
The ideal Thurston-Andreev theorem and triangulation production

This paper contains a generalization of the convex ideal case of the Thurston-Andreev theorem when the genus is greater than 1. The heart of the paper concerns taking formal angle data on a surface and ``conformally flowing'' this formal angle data to uniquely associated uniform angle data. This flow turns out to be the gradient of an objective function related in a rather magical way to hyperbolic volume.
Model vanadium-phosphorous-oxygen catalysts for the selective oxidation of C4 hydrocarbons to maleic anhydride

The vapor phase conversion of maleic anhydride was studied using two model vanadium-phosphorus-oxygen (V-P-0) catalysts, 3-VOPO^ and Maleic anhydride was fed directly to an integral flow reactor using a molten maleic anhydride saturator system developed for this work. Direct evidence for the combustion of maleic anhydride was established with the simultaneous production of maleic acid. The conversion of maleic anhydride increased with temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and residence time.
Gamma tocopherol effect on LPS-induced sputum neutrophilia is not modified by BMI or GSTM1 genotype

Gamma tocopherol may be beneficial as a primary or complementary therapeutic agent in conditions with neutrophilic airway inflammation. Its effects are not modified by BMI or GSTM1 genotype, allowing for its use in a broader population.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY FOR GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND ESTIMATION OF CLAY DEPOSIT IN ARAGBA-OKPE, OKPE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, DELTA STATE NIGERIA

Electrical resistivity survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding techniques of Schlumberger arrangement were carried out at seven (7) fairly distributed stations with 154 Vertical Electrical Soundings in Aragba-Okpe. The data obtained from the field were plotted on a log-log graph and interpreted qualitatively by inspection and quantitatively by partial curve matching. The results obtained were improved with the aid of computer iteration using the Winresist Software to delineate the thickness and depth of each layers as well as the resistivity value. These layers were grouped together in to geologic depth intervals known as the Geoelectric sections for interpretations. Using knowledge of both the local geology of Aragba-Okpe and the resistivity of the layers, the Geoelectric sections were interpreted. The study revealed that boreholes for sustainable water supply could be drilled to a depth of 30 m in Aragba-Okpe, However, the fifth layer within Aragba Primary School, Aragba Secondary School and Oviri Aragba Road (VES 1, 5 and 7) are the best locations for sustainable water supply The overburden protective capacities of the aquifer in Aragba-Okpe were evaluated using the Dar-zarrouk parameters. The result also revealed poor aquifer protection ratings of less than 0.1 in all the stations. The groundwater in Aragba-Okpe is therefore not protected and prone to contamination in the event of pollution.
Haematopoietic stem cell activity and interactions with the niche.

The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) microenvironment in the bone marrow, termed the niche, ensures haematopoietic homeostasis by controlling the proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of HSCs and progenitor cells at steady state and in response to emergencies and injury. Improved methods for HSC isolation, driven by advances in single-cell and molecular technologies, have led to a better understanding of their behaviour, heterogeneity and lineage fate and of the niche cells and signals that regulate their function. Niche regulatory signals can be in the form of cell-bound or secreted factors and other local physical cues. A combination of technological advances in bone marrow imaging and genetic manipulation of crucial regulatory factors has enabled the identification of several candidate cell types regulating the niche, including both non-haematopoietic (for example, perivascular mesenchymal stem and endothelial cells) and HSC-derived (for example, megakaryocytes, macrophages and regulatory T cells), with better topographical understanding of HSC localization in the bone marrow. Here, we review advances in our understanding of HSC regulation by niches during homeostasis, ageing and cancer, and we discuss their implications for the development of therapies to rejuvenate aged HSCs or niches or to disrupt self-reinforcing malignant niches. The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the bone marrow ensures haematopoiesis by regulating the function of HSCs and progenitor cells. An improved understanding of this regulation in homeostasis, ageing and cancer should aid the development of therapies to rejuvenate aged HSCs or niches and treat malignancies.
Study on distributed cognition processes and participation in collaborative construction activities in digital media

This research presents a work in progress in which we propose a mapping of digital experiences through the analysis of the behavior of a group of users from the social site Facebook with regard to the self perception of the interactive processes provided by some tools made available in this digital environment. We believe that the user of social networks, even when only recognizing the movements of their production process, access and information sharing reveals initial connection structures that act as mediating agents in the construction of social representations. Thus, the focus of interest is to observe the characteristics and properties conferred to the technological artifacts highlighting the correlation between the processes of distributed cognition and the participation in activities of collaborative construction in digital medium. This research assumed an exploratory nature, being the method employed essentially quantitative from the use of a structured questionnaire to perform the data collection organized by three sessions: a) characterization of the respondents; b) indication of the number of social networks that it is part of; c) evaluation scale composed of 15 variables on various aspects of interaction in the social network Facebook. The instrument was answered from a Likert scale of ‘5’ (five) points, with values between ‘0’ (zero) and ‘4’ (four), zero being ‘totally disagree’ and ‘4’ (four) “I totally agree”. The questionnaire was applied on a university campus during the month of October 2017, with 10.79% of students enrolled in the institution responding to the instrument. The data obtained from the analyzes of the assertions of the questionnaire were examined by the SPSS software, through which the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used a multivariate statistical technique that consists in reducing a number of original variables in components not related to priori, aiming at reducing data to facilitate its interpretation.
Dietary Pattern Score, Diet Quality, and Major Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Meta-analysis of Observational Cohort Studies (OR33-07-19)

Objectives Diet is an important lifestyle factor that may prevent or slow the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Recent studies suggest that adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline. Few studies have examined the relationships between dietary patterns and risk of clinical neurodegenerative disease outcomes. In this meta-analysis, we examined the associations between overall dietary patterns, assessed a priori and a posteriori, and risk of major neurodegenerative disease including dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Analytic connectivity of k-uniform hypergraphs

In this paper, we study the analytic connectivity of a k-uniform hypergraph H, denoted by . In addition to computing the analytic connectivity of a complete k-graph, we present several bounds on analytic connectivity that relate it with other graph invariants, such as degree, vertex connectivity, diameter and isoperimetric number.
A 220-900mV 179Mcode/s 36pJ/code Canonical Huffman Encoder for DEFLATE Compression in 14nm CMOS

A 82,000μm2 canonical Huffman encoder (CHE) for accelerating DEFLATE data compression is fabricated in 14nm CMOS. Concurrent 2-stage sorting and binary tree construction, opportunistic skipping of missing symbols during Huffman code generation, and in-line length-limitation without recursive weight pruning eliminates serial data dependency in encoder pipeline enabling 179Mcode/s throughout at 650MHz operation measured at 0.75V, 25°C with 1150cycle total CHE latency, 17× faster than previously reported hardware accelerators. Unified datapath for literal-length and distance symbol processing, optimal register-file partitioning, shared address generation and reconfigurable ALU circuits maximize logic sharing resulting in fully synthesizable 330Kgate design that improves area-efficiency by 25% over prior-art. Absence of custom memory macros enables robust ultra-low voltage operation down to 220mV with 36pJ/code peak energy-efficiency (4.9× higher than nominal) measured at near-threshold voltage operation of 290mV.
INTERVERTEBRAL-DISC CALCIFICATION IN CHILDHOOD: A DISTINCT CLINICAL SYNDROME.

Review of 2,355 roentgenographic studies of the spine at Children's Hospital of East Bay revealed six cases of intervertebral-disc calcification which were noted to be associated with typical clinical findings. Another case was discovered recently. The following diagnostic criteria for the syndrome of intervertebral-disc calcification emerged from this study: (1) pain, local or referred, (2) limitation of motion, (3) evidence of inflammation, (4) calcification of the intervertebral disc visible on roentgenogram, (5) pediatric age group only, and (6) self-limited course. The effectiveness of conservative therapy is emphasized. Long-term follow-up of six patients revealed abnormalities in the cervical spine in four.
Introduction to Plasma Physics : With Space and Laboratory Applications

The emphasis of this text is on basic plasma theory, with applications to both space and laboratory plasmas. All mathematical concepts beyond those normally covered in an advanced calculus course are fully explained. Topics covered include single-particle motions, kinetic theory, magnetohydrodynamics, small amplitude waves in both cold and hot plasmas, nonlinear phenomena and collisional effects. Applications include planetary magnetospheres and radiation belts, the confinement and stability of plasmas in fusion devices, the propagation of discontinuities and shock waves in the solar wind, and the analysis of various types of plasma waves and instabilities that can occur in planetary magnetospheres and laboratory plasma devices. This book is structured as a text for a one- or two-semester introductory course in plasma physics at the advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate level. It can also serve as a resource book on the basic principles of plasma physics.
Consistent, essentially conservative and balanced-force Phase-Field method to model incompressible two-phase flows

Abstract In the present work, the Cahn-Hilliard Phase-Field model of incompressible two-phase flows is considered. Conditions needed for consistency of reduction, consistency of mass and momentum transport, and consistency of mass conservation are proposed. The mass flux in the Navier-Stokes equations is defined such that it satisfies the proposed consistency conditions. The analysis in both continuous and discrete levels shows that violation of the consistency conditions result in unphysical solutions and the inconsistent errors are proportional to the density contrast of the fluids. After considering the conservative form of the inertial term, a consistent and conservative scheme for momentum transport is developed. The balanced-force algorithm for the sharp interface model is extended to the surface force derived from the Cahn-Hilliard model. The proposed scheme is formally 2nd-order accurate in both time and space, satisfies the consistency conditions, conserves mass globally and momentum essentially, and is balanced-force, in the discrete level. Its convergence to the sharp interface solution is systematically discussed in cases including large density and viscosity ratios, surface tension, and gravity. Various two-phase flow problems with large density ratios are performed to validate and verify the proposed scheme and excellent agreements with published numerical and/or experimental results are achieved. The proposed scheme is a practical and accurate tool to study two-phase flows, especially for those including large density ratios.
The Global Crisis of Antimicrobial Resistance: Perspectives from Medicine, Geography, Food Science, and Chemistry

Antimicrobials are perhaps the greatest public health gain ever of humankind. As 2000 approached, many claimed penicillin to be the greatest discovery of the millennium; commercially available only from the early 1940s, the drug had already saved an estimated 200 million lives. Currently, however, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens threatens to reverse these benefits, and experts believe we are in the dawn of a post-antibiotic era. The global projections are alarming: AR infections may cause ten million deaths/year and lead all causes of mortality by 2050. Similar to other pressing global issues, the burden of AR is inequitably distributed, with 90% of AR infections occurring in Asia and Africa. This chapter discusses various forces, natural and anthropogenic, that contribute to AR, and how successful containment demands coordinated efforts from environmental, behavioral, and medical scientists, to public health educators and leaders in agricultural and international policy.
Almond by-product composition impacts the rearing of black soldier fly larvae and quality of the spent substrate as a soil amendment.

Author(s): Palma, Lydia; Fernandez-Bayo, Jesus; Putri, Ferisca; VanderGheynst, Jean S | Abstract: BackgroundInsect biomass is a sustainable alternative to traditional animal feeds, particularly when insects are produced on low-value high-volume agricultural by-products. Seven samples of almond by-product (hulls and shells) were obtained from processors in California and investigated for larvae production. Experiments were completed with and without larvae and spent substrate samples were assessed for their potential as soil amendments based on standard compost quality indicators.ResultsOn average, specific larvae growth and average larval harvest weight were 158% and 109% higher, respectively, when larvae were reared on Monterey and pollinator hulls compared to nonpareil hulls and mixed shells. Larvae methionine and cystine contents were highest when larvae were reared on Monterey hulls and mixed shells, respectively. Available phytonutrients in spent substrate were affected by feedstock sample and larvae rearing. Spent nonpareil substrate without larvae had the highest NH4 -N levels and spent pollinator substrate incubated without larvae had the highest PO4 -P levels. Spent mixed shell substrate had the lowest availability of phytonutrients.ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that by-product composition has a significant impact on larvae growth and the properties of the spent substrate, and that spent substrate from larvae rearing requires further stabilization before application as a soil amendment. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley a Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
IoTRepair: Systematically Addressing Device Faults in Commodity IoT

IoT devices are decentralized and deployed in unstable environments, which causes them to be prone to various types of faults, such as power failure and network disruption. Yet, current IoT platforms require programmers to handle faults manually, a complex and error-prone task. In this paper, we present IoTRepair, a fault-handling system for IoT that (1) integrates with fault identification modules to track faulty devices, (2) provides a library of fault-handling functions for effectively handling different fault types, (3) provides a fault handler on top of the library for autonomous IoT fault handling, with deployed devices, user preferences, and developer configuration as input. Through an evaluation in a simulated lab environment, we find IoTRepair reduces the incorrect states on average 63.51%, which corresponds to less unsafe and insecure device states. Overall, through a systematic design of an IoT fault handler, we provide users flexibility and convenience in handling complex IoT fault handling, allowing safer IoT environments.
Symbolic politics and government response to a national emergency: Narrating the COVID-19 crisis

The U.S. government’s response to the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions of whether its role is in fact limited to symbolic politics courtesy of its highly fragmented authority. This ...
Ecstatic Parenting: The 'Shareveillant' and Archival Subject and the Production of the Self in the Digital Age.

This article situates the recent concept of ‘sharenting’ in relation to the literature on the ‘parenting culture’. Jean Baudrillard’s notion of the ecstatic is then introduced and used as a lens th...
Physical and Behavioral Health Characteristics of Aging Homeless Women in the United States: An Integrative Review.

Background: The average age of the homeless population is and will continue to rise. Although women comprise a significant and growing percentage of this vulnerable population, their age- and sex-specific health characteristics are poorly understood. Materials and Methods: This integrative review appraises published research addressing the physical and behavioral health characteristics of aging homeless women (≥50 years) in the United States (2000-2019). The authors searched six electronic databases to identify eligible studies. Studies were screened for methodological quality by using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice model. The review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Results: Ten primary studies met the review eligibility criteria. All were level III (non-experimental); nine appraised as "good" quality (level B), and one as "lower" quality (level C). Aging homeless women demonstrate elevated rates of physical health conditions, related to suboptimal nutrition, lower than expected preventive health screening uptake, and geriatric concerns. Disproportionate rates of mental health conditions are compounded by substance use and interpersonal trauma. Familial and social dynamics and socioeconomic disadvantage contribute to social health concerns. Spiritual health is a critically important yet underexplored protective factor. Conclusions: Studies are limited, though collective findings suggest that aging homeless women endure a disproportionate physical, behavioral, and social health burden compared with aging non-homeless women and aging homeless men. Implications for research on early aging, preventative health strategies, and homelessness among women, and clinical practice in the context of geriatric and women's health are described.
Palliative Care for Parkinson's Spectrum Disorders: an Emerging Approach

Parkinson's spectrum disorders (PSD) are neurodegenerative parkinsonian conditions that carry a tremendous symptom burden. Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical specialty that focuses on improving quality of life for patients and caregivers affected by serious life-limiting illnesses, at any stage of disease. Research and clinical programs into this emerging therapeutic approach remain limited. This review focuses on the role of palliative care in the treatment of patients with PSD. Gaps in knowledge and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Compression Reduces Recurrent Cellulitis in Patients with Chronic Leg Edema.

Following a high-quality colonoscopy (adequate bowel preparation, full visualization, and high rates of detection by the colonoscopist), patients at average risk with no neoplasm found on examination had the same rate of developing colorectal cancer or dying from it in the 10- to 17-year interval compared with the first five-year interval and the five- to 10-year interval.
Socrates on the Impossibility of a Reasonable Politics

How can Socrates the man be so impressive in his main political acts and yet so misguided (even naive) as a political theorist? To resolve this paradox, many try to isolate Socrates’ political philosophy from his practice. He was, we are told, simply concerned with a different set of political questions than those that interest us. When we see this, the paradox dissolves, his views are largely rehabilitated, and any appearance of a contradiction is removed. In this essay, I take on three tasks. First, I explore three versions of the isolationist strategy, those offered by Karl Popper, Richard Kraut, and Rachana Kamtekar. Second, I argue that although these accounts make progress, they do not ultimately resolve the paradox. Third, I suggest a rival (“accommodationist”) view that aims to reconcile Socrates’ personal behavior with his theoretical commitments by embracing a strongly pessimistic account of Socratic politics. On this interpretation, Socrates’ fundamental political concern is with the very possibility of a good, well-functioning society that is responsive to both reasons and the well-being of its citizens. His worry is that the demands of a reasonable politics are high, unlikely to be met, and perhaps necessarily so. This pessimism explains the apparent disconnect between Socrates’ theory and his practice, and also why Socratic politics initially seems to have an unusual (and “isolated”) focus. It also casts light on why Socrates is sometimes thought to be a founder of political thought and why his views are of enduring interest.
Structure and Function of Jak3- SH2 Domain

Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Though expression of Jak3 is necessary for adaptive immune functions, non-hematopoietic cell expression of Jak3 is also essential for the regulation of several physiological functions of gastrointestinal mucosa. Both in immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), Jak3 regulates cell migration and mucosal restitution respectively by cytoskeletal remodeling through interactions with actin binding proteins (ABPs). Jak3 also regulates chronic inflammation of gastrointestinal tract through intestinal differentiation, mucosal homeostasis, regulation of proliferation and apoptosis, and maintenance of mucosa barrier functions. Molecularly, these functions are regulated through posttranslational and transcriptional regulation of Jak3, ABPs, and adapter proteins p52ShcA. For all these functions of Jak3, tyrosine phosphorylation of the SH2 domain plays a central role not only during common gamma chain induced auto-phosphorylation of Jak3 but also during phosphatases mediated deactivation of Jak3. In this chapter, we discuss the intramolecular and trans-molecular switches that regulate Jak3 interactions with other proteins and several aspects of its functions. Since SH2 domain plays a central role not only in Jak3 functions but the functions of all non-receptor tyrosine kinases, last section of the chapter discusses SH2 domain as drug target for the amelioration of different chronic inflammatory and other diseases.
Clinical efficacy of dofetilide for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease.

Background Atrial tachyarrhythmias (AT) including atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), and atrial tachycardia represent a clinical challenge in the adult with congenital heart disease (CHD). Dofetilide (D) is a rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKr) blocker effective in pharmacological conversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with AF and AFL. There is limited knowledge regarding the role of D in adults with CHD. Methods Safety and efficacy of D was evaluated in a consecutive group of thirteen adult patients (age 40 ± 11; six women) with CHD and refractory AT. Results Ten patients had persistent (four AFL, one AF, and five atrial tachycardia) and three paroxysmal (one AF and two atrial tachycardia) AT. All patients were symptomatic during tachycardia, 12 patients had previously failed 2 ± 1 antiarrhythmic drugs. Mean systemic ventricular ejection fraction was 55 ± 9%; baseline QRS complex duration was 129 ± 45 ms (>120 ms in six patients). Patients were followed on D for 33 ± 39 months (median 16). Among 10 patients with persistent AT, seven patients (70%) pharmacologically converted to sinus rhythm on D and three patients (30%) required direct current cardioversion. Two patients (15.4%) experienced complete arrhythmia suppression, and seven (53.8%) experienced significant clinical improvement with sporadic recurrences; average time to recurrence was 5.5 ± 3.5 months. One patient developed torsade de pointes during loading, and the drug was discontinued. D was discontinued in five (38.5%) other patients due to recurrence of AT (n = 4) and renal failure (n = 1). Corrected QT interval (QTc) increased from 452 ± 61 to 480 ± 49 ms (P = .04) and corrected JT interval (JTc) from 323 ± 39 to 341 ± 33 ms (P = .09). Conclusions D should be considered a pharmacologic alternative when adult patients with CHD develop AT. D does not depress conduction, sinus node, or ventricular function but needs close monitoring for potential ventricular pro-arrhythmia.
A Novel Approach to Process Modeling for Instrument Surveillance and Calibration Verification

This work presents an empirical modeling approach combining a bilinear modeling technique, partial least squares, with the universal function approximation abilities of single hidden layer nonlinear artificial neural networks. This approach, referred to as neural network partial least squares (NNPLS), is compared to the common autoassociative artificial neural network. The NNPLS model is embedded into a graphical user interface and implemented at the Electrical Power Research Institute's Instrumentation and Control Center located at Tennessee Valley Authority's Kingston fossil power plant. Results are presented for 51 process signals with an average absolute estimation error of {approx}1.7% of the mean value, and sample drift detection performances are shown.
Consecutive polymerization and depolymerization of kraft lignin by trametes cingulata

Abstract In extracellular solutions from white-rot fungal cultures, lignin components typically encounter opposing tendencies to be polymerized and depolymerized. The enzymes most commonly purported to bring about lignin depolymerization—lignin peroxidase, manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase—can all act as single-electron oxidants. Accordingly they may produce from particular lignin monomer residues, either indirectly or directly, phenoxy radicals that will undergo bimolecular coupling, unless they are otherwise pre-emptively transformed. The present work has sought to elucidate whether discrimination between polymerization and depolymerization is really so precariously established in the progenitorial step of the biodegradative pathway. Some white-rot fungi express no detectable peroxidase activity of any kind and yet degrade lignins very effectively. For the sake of simplicity, one of these, Trametes cingulata, was selected to explore whether there might be some connection between lignin polymerization and depolymerization in vivo. The (Mn-free) culture medium was a multicomponent homogeneous solution containing 0.55 gl−1 softwood kraft lignin, which was adopted as the substrate because of its adequate solubility. As it grew vegetatively, T. cingulata polymerized the dissolved lignin components but then, after cessation of primary growth, the high molecular weight polymerized substrate was completely degraded. No lignin peroxidase or Mn-dependent peroxidase activity was detected in the extracellular culture solution during either metabolic phase, although (laccase-like) oxidase activity towards 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) persisted throughout the entire process. The results suggest that the overall effect of T. cingulata upon the kraft lignin substrate is governed by the consecutive release of distinct polymerizing and depolymerizing enzymes.
Characterization of Injury Incurred by Escherichia coli upon Freeze-Drying

When cells of Escherichia coli ML30 were suspended in 2% gelatin and frozen at −40 C, no appreciable metabolic damage or death occurred. After freeze-drying for 8 hr at a platen temperature of 49 C and rehydration with a mineral salts medium, survival of the cells was 0.6%. Metabolic damage of the survivors was found to be 23%. Permeability alterations were detected by several criteria. Freeze-dried cells were susceptible to antibiotics normally ineffective against E. coli and leakage of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurred. Analysis of ribosomal extracts of rehydrated freeze-dried cells demonstrated the presence of appreciable degradation products. Permeability alterations were shown to be reversible by the observation that antibiotic susceptibility was a time-dependent process and that the gratuitous inducer of β-galactosidase was not concentrated by freeze-dried cells until the injured cells had been incubated in a nutrient medium for 300 min or more. At approximately the same time, metabolic damage was repaired. RNA synthesis preceded protein synthesis by about 150 min, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis occurred with the resumption of normal growth. This was interpreted to be the result of repair of RNA taking place before protein synthesis and growth could resume. A pronounced increase in the lag time of freeze-dried cells was also observed. Peptides and Casamino Acids shortened the lag time for freeze-dried cells but not for the controls. Glycerol and glucose were found to be better carbon sources for growth of freeze-dried cells than sodium lactate or sodium succinate.
Transient Effects in Beam-Plasma Interactions in a Space Simulation Chamber Stimulated by a Fast Pulse Electron Gun

During the 1950’s and 1960’s there was increased interest in the interaction of electron beams with plasma generated by ionization caused by the primary electron beam. This interest was stimulated by the need to develop special vacuum tubes to operate in the kMHz frequency region. Thus, much of the early work was performed using small plasma containers and high current density beams.
Stereogular polymers of methyl, iso‐butyl and tert‐butyl vinyl ethers

Development of new catalysts allowed the synthesis of more highly stereoregular poly(methyl vinyl ethers) (PMVE). PMVE properties are markedly dependent on the degree of stereoregularity. Infrared is employed to establish an index of stereoregularity. This index is correlated with nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, density, stiffness, and tensile properties. A method of characterizing a catalyst system by the stereoregularity distribution obtained in the polymer product is presented. Data is also presented for stereoregular polymers of iso-butyl and tert-butyl vinyl ethers. Es wurden neue Katalysatoren fur die Synthese von Poly(methylvinylather) (PMVE) mit einer hoheren sterischen Regelmasigkeit entwickelt. Eine auffallende Abhangigkeit der PMVE-Eigenschaften vom Taktizitatsgrade wird festgestellt. Die Infrarotanalyse wird zur Bestimmung des Taktizitatsindexes herangezogen. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Index und kernmagnetischen Resonanzspektren, Dichte, Drehfestigkeit und Festigkeitseigenschaften ist vorhanden. Eine Charakterisierungsmethode fur ein Katalysatorsystem, basierend auf der Taktizitatsverteilung in dem erhaltenen Polymerenprodukt, wird dargelegt. Mesergebnisse an sterisch regelmasigen Polymeren von iso-Butyl- und tert-Butylvinylathern werden angegeben.
Gender-specific differences in birthweight and the odds of puberty: NHANES III, 1988–94

The association between birthweight and the odds ratio (OR) of pubertal status in girls aged between 8 and 11 and in boys aged between 8 and 12 was examined using the 1988-94 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Girls (n = 956), and boys (n = 1199), who had data on birthweight and Tanner staging were included. Maternal-reported birthweight, smoking in pregnancy and other information were provided in a home interview, while Tanner staging to assess pubertal status was part of a medical examination. Multiple logistic regression models were computed for the endpoints of the OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] of being Tanner Stage 2+ vs. 1 or being 2+ vs. 1 in an asynchronous pubertal pathway after adjustment for the complex sampling design of NHANES, age, race, height and body mass index (BMI). Birthweight was not associated with the OR of Tanner stage 2+ among girls; however, boys who were low birthweight ( 4000 g) were more likely to have breast development 3+ than girls of normal birthweight, OR = 3.18 [95% CI 1.39, 8.25]. Thus, the birthweight-puberty association varies by gender and by pubertal pathway. Our findings need replication in prospective longitudinal studies, and research to understand the mechanisms underlying the relation of early life exposures to cancer risk.
The Relationship of Physical Activity and the Built Environment within the Context of Self-Determination Theory

Background Evidence is emerging of the combined effects of psychosocial and environmental determinants on exercise.
Ion concentrations and pH of the hemolymph of the scorpions Hadrurus arizonensis and Paruroctonus mesaensis.

Abstract o 1. The concentrations of Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Cl − ions in the hemolymph of two southwestern USA scorpions, Hadrurus arizonensis and Paruroctonus mesaensis , were determined (Table 1). The pH was also measured. 2. On the basis of these determinations, perfusion salines were established. Hadrurus arizonensis : NaCl—20.47 g/l; KCL—0.84 g/l; CaCl 2 —1.08 g/l; MgCl 2 —0.16 g/l (pH 7.2 with Tris buffer). Paruroctonus mesaensis : NaCl—19.30 g/l; KCl—0.70 g/l; CaCl 2 —0.84 g/l; MgCl 2 —0.17 g/l (pH 7.5 with a Tris buffer). 3. Previously published major ion determinations and pH measurements on the hemolymph of 6 additional species of scorpions are presented in Table 2. These values are in general quite comparable to those of Hadrurus arizonensis and Paruroctonus mesaensis .
The early time course of the inhibition of stem growth of etiolated pea seedlings by fluorescent light

The stem elongation responses of etiolated peas (Pisum sativum L.) to fluorescent light (35–45 μmol.mt-2.s-1) were recorded using high resolution position transducers. Continuous fluorescent light decreased growth by 70% within 9 min. The growth rate declined to 5% of the control over the next 2 h and remained at this level for 7 h. Pulses of fluorescent light ranging from 8 s to 34 min led to partial suppression of growth and resulted in a complex kinetic response. The distinctive kinetics of blue and red light inhibition were apparent as components of the responses to non-saturating levels of fluorescent light. The rapid suppression of growth by blue light was not affected by concomitant red light. The lag time for the onset of red light inhibition was not affected by concomitant blue, but the rate of inhibition appeared accelerated.
Radiation-induced epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma in a patient previously treated with mantle-field radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma.

Background Radiation-induced salivary gland tumors are well described in the literature, with mucoepidermoid cancer being the most common histologic entity. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare tumor accounting for <1% of all tumors in the salivary glands. Methods and Results We describe the first case of radiation-induced epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma in the English-language medical literature. A 48-year-old man presented with right-sided mandibular pain and trismus, 25 years after mantle-field radiation therapy (RT) for Hodgkin lymphoma. He underwent excision of a right submandibular mass, which revealed a diagnosis of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. Although typically a low-grade tumor, the histology revealed extensive necrosis and high mitotic activity. The patient required multiple resections and adjuvant therapy after multiple recurrences over a 4-year period. Conclusion Reports of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma are relatively rare and this case highlights the importance of long-term follow-up and increased awareness of the risks of salivary gland tumors in this population. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E96–E98, 2015
Structural response and optimization of a supercavitating torpedo

A conceptual supercavitating torpedo model is developed and the weapon structure is designed to satisfy potentially conflicting performance criteria from multiple disciplines. These disciplines include static strength, dynamic, and buckling analyses that require extensive computer simulation. Therefore, a high fidelity finite element model of the supercavitating torpedo was developed in order to make the complex task of analyzing multiple configurations feasible. Using this model, an initial parametric investigation was performed to determine the effect of multiple structural members on the performance of the torpedo with respect to the disciplines investigated. Static analysis was performed to determine the effect of depth pressure, cavitator forces, and fin forces. Using information obtained from these analyses, it was determined that the preliminary torpedo design was not sufficiently meeting the performance criteria, such as minimum stress requirements. Therefore, multi-disciplinary optimization of the torpedo structure was performed to determine the optimal configuration of the stiffeners, stiffener dimensions, and shell thickness of the torpedo. The design strategy developed in this work can be extended with minimal effort to multiple configurations that might be dictated by the cavity shape requirements in the future.
Credit-based congestion pricing: a policy proposal and the public’s response ☆

Abstract Credit-based congestion pricing (CBCP) is a novel strategy proposed here. A revenue-neutral policy where road tolls are based on the negative externalities associated with driving under congested conditions, its generated tolls are returned to all licensed drivers in a uniform fashion, as a sort of driving “allowance”. Essentially, the “average” driver pays nothing, while frequent long-distance peak-period drivers subsidize others, in effect paying them to stay off congested roads. In order to anticipate initial public response to a CBCP policy, 500 individuals completed a detailed survey regarding perceptions of, and likely travel reactions to, such a policy. Weights were developed to correct for survey biases in gender, age and household income. Analytical results suggest that 25% support this new strategy, and support is strongly related to familiarity with the concept of congestion pricing. Respondent estimates of congested travel times to work or school are almost double the uncongested times. Values of travel time vary greatly across respondents, as also trip flexibility. Those without children, younger respondents, and those with fewer vehicles appear more willing to support such a policy and more likely to modify their travel behaviors. Older people and full time employed people were willing to pay higher CBCP tolls to drive during peak hours and so were men as compared to women. The survey results corroborate the potential of a CBCP policy to alleviate congestion and generate benefits across income groups and traveler types.
Predation risk suppresses mating success and offspring production in the coastal marine copepod, Eurytemora herdmani

We investigated the effects of a common mysid predator, Neomysis americana on the mating success of an estuarine copepod, Eurytemora herdmani. The presence of a mysid predator, or only a predator cue, reduced copulation frequency and spermatophore transfer success of E. herdmani. and led to a substantial decrease in E. herdmani nauplius production. Thus, mysid predators can influence copepod population growth through nonconsumptive processes by reducing the frequency and success of mating events. This highlights the need to look beyond population-level demographic factors (i.e., sex ratio and population density) and consider community-level ecological factors (such as predation risk) when modeling population growth rates of prey species critical to marine food webs.
Effective viscosity in the simulation of spatially evolving shear flows with monotonic FCT models

Abstract The global numerical diffusion of a model for the low-Mach-number simulation of free mixing layers is investigated. The numerical model solves the inviscid time-dependent conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for ideal gases. The equations are solved using an explicit Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) algorithm, directional timestep-splitting techniques on structured grids, and appropriate inflow and outflow boundary conditions. Effective measurement of the numerical diffusion of the model in uniform grids is performed by comparison of the laminar spread of the simulated mixing layers with that predicted by boundary layer theory. The results show that the residual numerical diffusion of the FCT model can emulate physical viscosity for laminar shear flows at moderately high Reynolds numbers. The global numerical diffusion is not very sensitive to changes in free-stream velocity ratio and can be reduced in a predictable way by refining the grid spacing.
The value of innovation: the economics of targeted drugs for cancer

Oncology therapeutics have entered a new era, with the recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of 16 novel targeted agents. In many instances, these agents have led to breakthroughs in cancer care, such as imatinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and bevacizumab for the treatment of colorectal, lung, and breast cancers. Toxicities of targeted agents are also novel-no longer primarily resulting in hematologic, gastrointestinal, and skin toxicities. As with all new and innovative therapies, the price tags for these agents are substantial, ranging from a mean per person annual cost of $13,000 to $100,000 in many cases. Despite the high cost of these drugs, the value of these agents has been important. In this paper, we review the concepts of value and cost effectiveness as they apply to targeted cancer agents and provide some initial insights on the economics of targeted oncology drugs.
Epilepsy in Indonesia: Notes from Development

Based on interviews with neurologists and medical personnel throughout Indonesia, the paper reports on the medical and cultural situation of epilepsy in a developing country. After briefly reviewing the context of Indonesian medical care, the paper examines the indigenous perspectives of epilepsy with particular attention the “underutilization” of western medical care. Contributing factors discussed include cultural beliefs, perception of stigma, and cost and accessibility of medical care. This is followed by a discussion of two grassroots initiatives to modify the image and treatment of epilepsy.
Simple quantum circuit of linear-optics gates

We describe a multi-photon quantum interference experiment used to demonstrate a circuit of two probabilistic linear-optics-type exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gates for single-photon qubits. Although XOR gates are not reversible, such a circuit may still be useful for a variety of applications.
The enumeration of connected graphs and linked diagrams

Abstract Constructive combinatorial proofs are given for recurrence formulas which count, respectively, labeled connected graphs and linked diagrams. Previous proofs were analytical in nature. Our combinatorial proofs give rise to algorithms for selecting at random a labeled connected graph or a linked diagram.
Synthesis of Alkyl-Terminated Silicon Nanoclusters by a Solution Route

We describe the synthesis and characterization of alkyl-capped nanocrystalline Si (R-n−Si) prepared by the reaction of SiCl4 with Mg2Si in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) and surface-terminated with various alkyl groups, R-n−Si (R = methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, and n-octyl). This reaction produces crystalline nanoparticles with surfaces that can be chemically modified. The resultant crystalline nanoparticles can be suspended in organic solvents or isolated as a powder. The nanoclusters were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, UV−vis absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The average cluster size depends on the reflux time of Mg2Si with SiCl4, which provided nanoclusters with an average size of 2−5 nm. HRTEM confirms the presence of crystalline nanoclusters, and SAED is consistent with diamond-structured sil...
Seeing the light in bone metabolism imaging

Abstract Conventional in vivo imaging of bone metabolism is dominated by γ-ray bone scintigraphy: a technique in which γ-ray emissions from radioactively labeled regions of metabolically active bone are mapped. More recently, however, near-infrared fluorescent probes have been developed that optically emulate these radionuclides. Although still in their infancy, techniques based on the use of such functionally targeted fluorophores might one-day offer improved resolution, sensitivity and speed in bone metabolism imaging – without any of the health risks posed by the internalization of radioactive sources.