cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Results of a Prospective, Phase II Study of Long-Term Androgen Ablation, Pelvic Radiotherapy, Brachytherapy Boost, and Adjuvant Docetaxel in Patients With High-Risk Prostate Cancer

Purpose We report the long-term results of a prospective, Phase II study of long-term androgen deprivation (AD), pelvic radiotherapy (EBRT), permanent transperineal prostate brachytherapy boost (PB), and adjuvant docetaxel in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Eligibility included biopsy-proven prostate adenocarcinoma with the following: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 20 ng/ml; or Gleason score of 7 and a PSA >10 ng/ml; or any Gleason score of 8 to 10; or stage T2b to T3 irrespective of Gleason score or PSA. Treatment consisted of 45 Gy of pelvic EBRT, followed 1 month later by PB with either iodine-125 or Pd-103. One month after PB, patients received three cycles of docetaxel chemotherapy (35 mg/m 2 per week, Days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days). All patients received 2 years of AD. Biochemical failure was defined as per the Phoenix definition (PSA nadir + 2). Results From August 2000 to March 2004, 42 patients were enrolled. The median overall and active follow-ups were 5.6 years (range, 0.9–7.8 years) and 6.3 years (range, 4–7.8 years), respectively. Grade 2 and 3 acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities were 50.0% and 14.2%, respectively, with no Grade 4 toxicities noted. Grade 3 and 4 acute hematologic toxicities were 19% and 2.4%, respectively. Of the patients, 85.7% were able to complete the planned multimodality treatment. The 5- and 7-year actuarial freedom from biochemical failures rates were 89.6% and 86.5%, and corresponding rates for disease-free survival were 76.2% and 70.4%, respectively. The 5- and 7-year actuarial overall survival rates were 83.3% and 80.1%, respectively. The 5- and 7-year actuarial rates of late Grade 2 GI/GU toxicity (no Grade 3–5) was 7.7%. Conclusions The trimodality approach of using 2 years of AD, external radiation, brachytherapy, and upfront docetaxel in high-risk prostate cancer is well tolerated, produces encouraging long-term results, and should be validated in a multi-institutional setting.
Financial motivation to work among people with psychiatric disorders

Background: Supported employment is an effective intervention for people with serious mental illnesses (SMI) but is underutilized. Clients’ desire to work might be heightened by programs that provi...
Physical background of cycles in biological systems

Abstract Using an argument based on statistical mechanics, it is shown that the flow of energy through a system leads to the existence of material cycles within that system. Biological systems represent examples of such energy flow and consequently of cyclic processes demonstrated by such examples as the carbon cycle.
Demonstration of simultaneous all-optical up-conversion of Gigabit wireless services at 60-GHz and 64-GHz in converged optical wireless system carried by single wavelength lightwave

All-optical simultaneous up-conversion of multiple, separate 1-Gb/s wireless services at 60GHz and 64GHz mm-wave band carried by one single lightwave for in-building radio-over-fiber based optical wireless access system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.
Pain management and humane endpoints.

(1999). Pain Management and Humane Endpoints. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 259-261.
Differences in brain area 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover and rearing behavior in rats and mice of both sexes

Abstract Rats and mice of both sexes were compared as to rearing behavior and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover in forebrain and areas caudal to this. Turnover rates were calculated from changes in 5-HT metabolism in animals pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (75 mg/kg, i.p.). The results indicate that the female of each species has both a more functional 5-HT system and a higher rate of rearing. These data were interpreted on the basis that 5-HT systems normally depress the ability of an animal to habituate to a novel environment.
Work in progress — The age of apathy: Reigniting engineering educating

The last several decades have seen great changes in education. Technology has altered both the way we teach and learn. Students today are cited as being no less inherently intelligent than their peers of the past but as being much less focused and much less capable of the inductive thinking required for innovation. The attitude has shifted from needing to understand the basics to relying on technological resources to provide the answers. The result is students who are able to solve problems more efficiently than 30 years ago but who lack the understanding necessary to distinguish between reasonable and unreasonable findings. While faculty are finding fault in the unfocused student, students feel neglected by the faculty. As university priorities shift from education to innovation in pursuit of research funding, students suffer from inattentive professors. Between running a quality laboratory, applying for grants, and publishing papers, faculty have little time left to devote to the other portion of their job — teaching. This lack of time results in uninteresting lectures, unattended office hours, and a growing gap between students and instructors. As learning becomes less personal, interest and motivation fade, compounding the effect of any potential technology-induced attention problems.
High order iterative methods for approximating square roots

Given any natural numberm ≥ 2, we describe an iteration functiongm(x) having the property that for any initial iterate\(x_0 > \sqrt \alpha \), the sequence of fixed-point iterationxk+1 =gm(xk) converges monotonically to\(\sqrt \alpha \) having anm-th order rate of convergence. Form = 2 and 3,gm(x) coincides with Newton's and Halley's iteration functions, respectively, as applied top(x) =x2 − α.
Rich chemistry of copper in crystalline silicon

The interstitial copper ion $({\mathrm{Cu}}_{i}^{+})$ is a very fast-diffusing impurity in Si. While the isolated interstitial is a shallow donor, it reacts with impurities and defects and these reactions affect the electrical properties of the material. Copper passivates shallow acceptors, forms pairs with various impurities, including itself, and precipitates at defects. Some Cu precipitates are strong electron-hole recombination centers. In this paper, interstitial and substitutional copper, copper-acceptor pairs, and the precipitation of copper at a model nanodefect, the ring hexavacancy, are studied in clusters at the ab initio Hartree-Fock level. The chemistry of copper in Si is not as simple as commonly believed, even in the case of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{i}^{+}.$ The interstitial ion is not in the ${3d}^{10}{4sp}^{0}$ configuration as often assumed, but transfers some electrons into the $4sp$ shell, which ultimately is responsible for the various covalent interactions between copper and its host crystal. In addition to energy-optimized configurations and binding energies, a number of details of the chemical interactions shed light on the behavior of copper in silicon.
Formation of ribosomes by a “relaxed” mutant of Escherichia coli

A preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein was observed in a methionine-requiring “relaxed” mutant of Escherichia coli during recovery from methionine starvation. The ribosomal RNA-eontaining “relaxed” particles, which had accumulated during methionine starvation, rapidly combined with the ribosomal protein, subsequently produced upon restoration of methionine, to form ribosomes. When 5-fluorouracil was present during methionine starvation, “relaxed” particles containing the analogue in their RNA were produced but these particles failed to form ribosomes after removal of the analogue and addition of methionine: preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein did not occur during recovery in this case. On the other hand, normal “relaxed” particles formed ribosomes in the presence of 5-fluorouracil when methionine was restored to methionine-starved cells: a preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein also took place in the presence of the analogue. A cell-free preparation containing “relaxed” particles appeared to produce a substantial amount of ribosomal protein in vitro: a partial conversion of “relaxed” particles to 30 s and 50 s particles was observed in this system. A similar preparation consisting of “relaxed” particles which contained 5-fluorouracil failed to do so. Since the ribosomal RNA in “relaxed” particles showed template activity for in vitro amino acid incorporation, it is proposed that the ribosomal RNA of “relaxed” particles directs the synthesis of ribosomal protein. “relaxed” particles, free of normal ribosomes, incorporated amino acids in the presence of an energy-generating system, transfer RNA and the necessary enzymes, but in the apparent absence of messenger RNA.
Henry's law constants for selected pesticides, PAHs and PCBs

Henry's law constants (HLCs) were determined for 12 pesticides, 9 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 2 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners using a wetted-wall column (WWC) technique. The WWC equilibrates an organic solute between a thin film of water and a concurrent flow of air in a vertical column. Air and water collected from the WWC were either solvent extracted or trapped on solid phase sorbents and were analyzed by gas chromatographic methods. HLCs were calculated from analyte concentrations in air and water collected from the WWC. Results of the HLCs determined by the WWC are compared with calculated values and determinations made by other investigators using purge bottle and static equilibration techniques.
Incommensurate epitaxial growth of Cu on Pd{111}

A low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) study of the growth of Cu on Pd{111} shows that the Cu films are epitaxial but are incommensurate with the substrate and have the equilibrium fcc Cu structure, in contrast to the growth on Pd{001}, where the Cu films are both epitaxial and pseudomorphic. The different behavior of the growth of the same material on two different surfaces of the same substrate is probably due to different magnitudes of the ratio of adatom-adatom interactions to the adatom-substrate interactions on the two surfaces.
Cellular origin of ionizing radiation-induced NF-kappaB activation in vivo and role of NF-kappaB in ionizing radiation-induced lymphocyte apoptosis

Purpose: To investigate the cellular origin of ionizing radiation (IR)‐induced NF‐κB activation in vivo and the role of NF‐κB in IR‐induced lymphocyte apoptosis.Materials and methods: NF‐κB activities were analysed by gel shift/supershift assay in isolated murine T‐ and B‐cells, macrophages (Mϕ) and tissues from normal and T‐ and B‐cell‐deficient Rag1 mice with or without exposure to IR. IR‐induced lymphocyte apoptosis was determined by analysis of 3,3′‐dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6) uptake, annexin‐V staining and the sub‐G0/1 population, or by TUNEL assay.Results: The results showed that IR activated NF‐κB in lymphocytes, including both T‐ and B‐cells, but failed to do so in Mϕ. Furthermore, T‐ and B‐cell‐deficient Rag1 mice exposed to IR exhibited a significant reduction in NF‐κB activation as compared with normal mice. Although NF‐κB1 (p50) gene knockout or NF‐κB decoy oligonucleotide treatment specifically inhibited IR‐induced lymphocyte NF‐κB activation, they had no significant effect on IR‐in...
Circular dichroism of bovine serum albumin--testosterone systems.

Abstract The interaction of testosterone and BSA has been followed by CD spectroscopy. Testosterone had no significant effect on the BSA CD spectrum at a variety of testosterone-BSA ratios in the region of 300 nm to 200 nm. This lack of change in the CD spectrum under conditions generating a difference U.V. spectrum indicated that testosterone has little overall effect on the secondary-tertiary structure of BSA.
Resource constraint measures in a dual constrained job shop

Abstract Over the last couple of decades scheduling in the dual constrained job shop has been extensively studied by researchers. Previous scheduling research on dual constrained job shops has assumed that both the resources uniformly constrain the system. However, practice has shown that in job shops, due to the varying product mix, the resource constraining the system changes over time. Also, the interaction of the constraining resources affects shop performance to a much greater degree that the effect caused by either individual constraint. The importance of scheduling based on the resource constraint has been discussed by [2]. Previous literature has not presented any techniques by which to identify the resource constraining the system. In this paper, based on a review of the previous literature, alternative indices are developed to measure the degree to which constraints are operative in the dual constrained job shop. The alternative indices of resource constraint are used in a shop loading algorithm in order to study which of the two measures is a better indicator of resource constraint. A simulation study suggests there may be no major differences in the two indicators of resource constraint with respect to improving shop performance (i.e. root mean squares of tardiness and average job flow time).
An Assessment of Violence Prevention and Intervention Programs in Michigan: Policy and Programmatic Insights and Implications

In-depth telephone interviews were conducted with 134 individuals from violent crime prevention and intervention programs in Michigan. Primary areas of inquiry included program focus and activities, target audience characteristics, research and evaluation efforts, and barriers and needs for successful implementation. The three most common programmatic areas dealt with violent crimes against women, and the three most common programmatic activities included public presentations, public education, and counseling. Programs provided services to females more then males, adolescents and young adults more than other age groups, and victims more than perpetrators. By far the biggest barrier was funding, and the biggest needs concerned program evaluation, data collection and analyses methods, and knowledge about behavioral change theory. Implications for violent crime prevention and intervention policy and programs are discussed.
54 NORMATIVE DATA FOR AGE AND SEX VARIABILITY IN NEUROMATURATIONAL FUNCTION

A collection of soft neurological signs including horizontal visual tracking, dysdiadochokinesis, motor impersistence, finger differentiation , choreiform movements, stereognosis, synkinesias,stimulus extinction, and laterality were studied in a cross-sectional population of 114 children(5-12y) without learning or behavior problems to determine the effect of age and sex on the variability of their manifestation. The items were viewed as a composite measure of neurologic maturity and scores on individual items were summed and designated the “Neuromaturation Total” or NMT(interobserver reliability= 0.92). The NMTs demonstrated a curvilinear distribution with the greatest rate of change occurring between ages 6 to 8 years. A non-linear regression model indicated that 64% of the variability in scores was accounted for by age and sex indicating that NMT is a maturational and sex dependent function and not necessarily indicative of specific brain damage. The regression analysis generated a normative equation: These normative data facilitate comparison of actual versus predicted NMTs and thereby a means to quantify neuromaturation. NMTs can determine if neuromaturational delay is present as a contributing factor in children with learning disabilities, “hyperactivity” or related dysfunctions.
Structure and Function of the Conserved Domain in αA-Crystallin. Site-Directed Spin Labeling Identifies a β-Strand Located near a Subunit Interface†

Twelve sequential single cysteine mutants of αA-crystallin extending between amino acids Y109 and L120 were prepared and reacted with a sulfhydryl specific spin label in order to investigate the role of this sequence in the assembly of the αA-crystallin quaternary structure and its chaperone-like function. The sequence is located in the region of highest homology in the α-crystallin domain, a stretch of 100 amino acids conserved among lens α-crystallins and small heat-shock proteins (sHSPs). Analysis of the solvent accessibility and mobility of the attached nitroxides reveals that the sequence, as a whole, is relatively sequestered from the aqueous solvent. Furthermore, as the nitroxide is scanned across the sequence, both mobility and accessibility vary with a periodicity of 2, demonstrating that the backbone conformation is that of a β-strand. One face of the strand, containing the highly conserved residues R112 and R116, is buried with virtually no accessibility to the aqueous solvent. Equivalent stran...
The subcellular localization of administered N-acetylneuraminic acid in the brains of well-fed and protein restricted rats

1. This study investigated the subcellular localization of injected N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) in brain. Forty pregnant rats were distributed into four groups. Two groups were given a 200 g casein/kg diet and the other two groups a 100 g casein/kg diet throughout gestation. One group from each of the low- and high-protein groups were given their respective diets for the first 11 d of lactation. On day 12 of lactation, 2.5 microCi [14]NeuNAc/kg body-weight were injected intraperitoneally into their pups. After 1 h the pups were killed, their brains removed and subjected to subcellular fractionation. On day 16 of lactation the other two groups were similarly treated. 2. In all groups of animals 80% of the [14C]NeuNAc incorporated into the brains was found in the synaptosomal fraction and the remainder distributed among the other subcellular fractions in proportion to their total NeuNAc content. 3. These results suggest that NeuNAc exerts its effects on behaviour via the synaptic membrane.
Light-induced phosphorylation of retina-specific polypeptides of Drosophila in vivo

A moderate light stimulus induced isoelectric point (pI) changes in three classes of retina-specific polypeptides (80, 49, and 39 kilodaltons) of Drosophila in vivo. When inorganic phosphate labeled with phosphorus-32 was fed to flies, the radioactive label was incorporated into these polypeptides during the pI changes, indicating light-induced phosphorylation of the polypeptides. A 1-millisecond flash induced a detectable amount of phosphorylation in the 80- and 49-kilodalton polypeptides within 3 seconds. These results, and our previous results with norpA mutants, suggest that phosphorylation of these two polypeptides may be involved in some early stages of photoreceptor excitation or its modulation.
Two suggestions of how to define a stochastic stress-strength system

Abstract In this paper we suggest how to generalize a stress-strength system treated in Ebrahimi (1984) at a fixed point of time to a dynamic situation in two ways. In the first approach we assume that a stress factor starts and stops to influence the system and different stress factors add up to total system stress at any time. In the second approach we assume that a stress factors starts and stops to influence the system and stress factors do not accumulate additively.
Perturbations in Perigee Height of Vanguard I.

The effect of solar radiation pressure on the perigee height of satellite 1958s2 (Vanguard I) has been considered. Previous consideration of the effect of the third hairmonic and the lunar and solar gravitational perturbations left an unexplained discrepancy between the observed and calculated values of perigee height. The inclusion of the effect of radiation pressure leads to close agreement between the orbit data and the theoretical results for Vanguard I.
Interleukin 33 as a Mechanically Responsive Cytokine Secreted by Living Cells

Interleukin 33 (IL-33), a member of the Interleukin 1 cytokine family, is implicated in numerous human inflammatory diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite its pathophysiologic importance, fundamental questions regarding the basic biology of IL-33 remain. Nuclear localization and lack of an export signal sequence are consistent with the view of IL-33 as a nuclear factor with the ability to repress RNA transcription. However, signaling via the transmembrane receptor ST2 and documented caspase-dependent inactivation have suggested IL-33 is liberated during cellular necrosis to effect paracrine signaling. We determined the subcellular localization of IL-33 and tracked its intracellular mobility and extracellular release. In contrast to published data, IL-33 localized simultaneously to nuclear euchromatin and membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles. Fluorescent pulse-chase fate-tracking documented dynamic nucleo-cytoplasmic flux, which was dependent on nuclear pore complex function. In murine fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo, mechanical strain induced IL-33 secretion in the absence of cellular necrosis. These data document IL-33 dynamic inter-organelle trafficking and release during biomechanical overload. As such we recharacterize IL-33 as both an inflammatory as well as mechanically responsive cytokine secreted by living cells.
Flavin Recognition by an RNA Aptamer Targeted toward FAD

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is one of the primary cofactors in biological redox reactions. Designing cofactor-dependent redox ribozymes could benefit from studies of new RNA-cofactor complexes, as would our understanding of ribozyme evolution during an RNA World. We have therefore used the SELEX method to identify RNA aptamers that recognize FAD. Functional analysis of mutant aptamers, S1 nuclease probing, and comparative sequence analysis identified a simple, 45 nt helical structure with several internal bulges as the core-binding element. These aptamers recognize with high specificity the isoalloxazine nucleus of FAD but do not distinguish FAD from FADH(2), nor are they removed from an FAD resin with UMP (which shares a pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors along one face). Thus, these aptamers are structurally and functionally distinct from previously identified FMN and riboflavin aptamers. Circular dichroism data suggest a conformational change in the RNA upon FAD binding. These aptamers require magnesium and are active across a wide pH range (4.5-8.9). Since general acid-base catalysis plays a role in some flavin-dependent redox reaction mechanisms, these aptamers may be particularly well-suited to the design of new redox ribozymes.
Data types are values

An important goal of programming language research is to isolate the fundamenal concepts of languages, those basic ideas that allow us to understand the relationships among various language features. This paper examines one of these underlying notions, that of data type, with particular attention to the treatment of generic or polymorphic procedures and static type-checking.
OPTIMUM SLENDER BODIES IN HYPERSONIC FLOW WITH A VARIABLE FRICTION COEFFICIENT

This paper considers the problem of minimizing the total drag of a nonlifting, slender, twodimensional or axisymmetric body of given length and diameter in hypersonic flow under the assumption that the distribution of pressure coefficients is Newtonian and that the distribution of friction coefficients vs the abscissa is represented by a power law. For the two-dimensional problem, the extremal arc is a wedge regardless of the amount of friction drag and the way it is distributed along the contour. For the axisymmetric problem, the extremal arc includes at most two subarcs, one of which is called the regular shape, and the other, the spike of zero thickness. Furthermore, the solution depends strongly on the friction parameter Kf, which is proportional to the cubic root of the average friction coefficient divided by the thickness ratio. If the friction parameter is less than or equal to a certain critical value K/c, the extremal arc of the axisymmetric problem consists of a regular shape only. For Kf — 0, the regular shape is a -f-power body. However, for all other values of Kf Kfc9 the extremal arc includes a spike of zero thickness and a regular shape. This regular shape is conical only in the constant friction coefficient case; otherwise, it is not conical but approaches a cone in the immediate neighborhood of the axis of symmetry. The difference between the shapes calculated for a constant friction coefficient and those calculated for a variable friction coefficient are of some importance in the laminar flow case but small for the turbulent flow case. For the turbulent regime, it seems entirely permissible to determine the optimum shapes assuming a constant friction coefficient but correcting the drag a posteriori to account for the variation of the friction coefficient along the contour.
Transcription in leech: mRNA synthesis is required for early cleavages in Helobdella embryos

Abstract Zygotic transcription was analyzed in embryos of the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis by autoradiographic detection of tritiated uridine incorporated in the presence of absence of low concentrations of α-amanitin. RNA synthesis was first detected after the second cleavage and α-amanitin-sensitive RNA synthesis was first detected during the divisions yielding the embryonic stem cells, or teloblasts . RNA synthesis increased as development progressed, and the bulk of α-amanitin-sensitive RNA synthesis was found in two classes of cells, the blast cells , which are the progeny of the teloblasts, and the micromere-derived cells. The time during which zygotic gene products are required was determined by observing the developmental consequences of α-amanitin exposure. Zygotes microinjected with α-amanitin underwent the first several cleavages with normal timing and symmetry, but underwent aberrant cleavages and produced supernumerary large blastomeres during the time that the control embryos generated teloblasts. Once the teloblasts were formed, the microinjection of α-amanitin did not affect the production of blast cells by the teloblasts, but it did block the divisions and movements of the blast cells and the micromere-derived cells. These data suggest that zygotic transcription is activated during the early cleavages of Helobdella embryos and that newly synthesized transcripts are required for the generation of teloblasts. Thus, there is an early, critical period of messenger RNA synthesis essential for teloblast production that is distinct from the later phase of messenger RNA synthesis required for cell divisions and cell movements during gastrulation.
The impact of hypertext versus sequential information presentation on decision making: A conceptual model

This research proposes a conceptual model to examine hypertext information presentation effects on decision making performance when compared with traditional sequential information presentation and access. It also considers which particular combination of task knowledge type (superficial, causal) and information presentation styles (sequential, hypertext) yield the best decision making performance. This is achieved by comparing performance effect of hypertext and sequential information presentation when applied to superficial and causal type of knowledge required for the task. The two surrogates used for measuring the outcome or the performance effects are decision time and decision accuracy.
The Biological Nature of Meaningful Information

One of the major impediments to understanding the concept of information is that the term is used to describe a number of disparate things, including a property of organized matter and messages sent from a sender to a receiver. Information is essentially an attribute of the form that matter and energy take, not of matter and energy themselves. Intrinsic information is a theoretical measure of the degree to which an entity is organized, the opposite of entropy. Meaningful information, however, involves the detection of a pattern of organized matter or energy by an animate or a man-made receptor, which triggers a change in the behavior, function, or organizational structure of the receiving entity. The ability to detect and respond to meaningful information is one of the defining characteristics of living entities; the process that enables cells and organisms to receive their genetic heritage, regulate their internal milieu, and respond to changes in their environment. Although energy and information are the two fundamental causal agents in the natural world, they bring about change through completely different mechanisms. The energy involved in physical interactions is supplied by the originating entity, while the energy involved in informational interactions is provided by the recipient. There is no predictable relationship between the nature of the informational stimulus and the response it engenders, for this is primarily determined by the pattern of connections between the involved receptors and effectors that evolution and learning have fashioned. As a result, a living entity’s response to information cannot be predicted on a purely mechanical basis. The laws that describe the physical interaction of organized matter apply to the transfer of energy, not to the transfer of information. This is why biology cannot be reduced to physics.
Rapid prototyping tools for FPGA designs: RapidSmith

Designer productivity for FPGA design is significantly limited by the time-consuming nature of the FPGA compilation process (synthesis, map, placement, and routing). However, experimentation on alternative CAD tools for this purpose for Xilinx devices has been somewhat limited. This paper describes the development and distribution of RapidSmith, a software library to facilitate the manipulation of XDL designs and upon which a complete CAD system can be based. The demonstration portion of this paper will show prototypes of representative CAD tools which can be easily built on top of the RapidSmith system.
Spatially-modulated radar waveforms inspired by fixational eye movement

We consider a class of MIMO radar emissions in which a coherent spatial beam is formed while the direction is modulated during the pulse width. This type of spatial modulation has a direct analog to the rapid, small movements of the human eye during fixation (staring) to enhance contrast and sensitivity to fine detail. To replicate this passive sensing capability of the eye for the active sensing modality of radar we leverage and expand the continuous phase modulation (CPM) framework for code-to-waveform implementation and thereby realize a physical delay-angle coupled emission. Through analysis of a defined angle-delay ambiguity function for specific waveform/spatial modulation examples it is shown that enhanced discrimination is enabled at the cost of some SNR loss, which may be an acceptable tradeoff for some applications.
Tolerance of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase D overexpression by Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with aberrant GPI biosynthesis

Mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) is capable of releasing GPI-anchored proteins by cleavage of the GPI moiety. A previous study indicated that overexpression of GPI-PLD in mouse RAW 264.7 monocytes/macrophages could be cytotoxic, since survivors of stable transfections had enzymic activity no higher than untransfected cells [Du and Low (2001) Infect. Immun. 69, 3214-3223]. We investigated this phenomenon by transfecting bovine GPI-PLD cDNA stably into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a bi-cistronic expression system. The surviving transfectants showed an unchanged cellular level of GPI-PLD, supporting the cytotoxicity hypothesis. However, when using a CHO mutant defective in the second step of GPI biosynthesis as host, the expression level of GPI-PLD in stable transfectants was increased by 2.5-fold compared with untransfected or empty-vector-transfected cells. To identify the mechanism, we studied another CHO cell mutant (G9PLAP.D5), which seems to be defective at a later stage in GPI biosynthesis. In sharp contrast with wild-type cells, GPI-PLD activity in G9PLAP.D5 transfected with bovine GPI-PLD cDNA was 100-fold higher than untransfected or empty-vector-transfected cells. This was accompanied by a significant release of alkaline phosphatase into the medium and a decrease in membrane-associated alkaline phosphatase. Taken together, our results indicate that overexpression of GPI-PLD is lethal to wild-type cells, possibly by catalysing the overproduction of GPI-derived toxic substances. We propose that cells with abnormal GPI biosynthesis/processing can escape the toxic effect of these substances.
Environmental Impact Evaluation Methodology for Emerging Silicon-Based Technologies

Semiconductor technology evolves rapidly to enable continued improvements in performance and capability, and reductions in cost. We emphasize the need also for rapid EHS assessment of new technology alternatives. This effort provides a rapid methodology for evaluating new process options in the research phase, particularly to identify unit processes which may be of environmental concern compared to existing technologies. The use of novel materials should be estimated, in the context of both the fabrication facility and the local and global natural cycles. Unit processes of concern should be jointly optimized on the three axes of cost, performance, and environment. A case study examining 3D integration of ICs, with a focus on the handle wafer unit process steps, illustrates the proposed methodology
Classification and a Scheme for the Identification of Layer Silicates

The classification for the layer silicates (including most of the clay minerals) proposed here is based on structural studies of numerous investigators on natural materials. In many instances, however, the limits of chemical composition have been determined by research on synthetic layer silicates. The layer lattice silicates can be subdivided by the successive application of three criteria: (1) height of fundamental repeat unit or “thickness of layer”; (2) gross composition, whether diocta-hedral or trioctahedral, and ionic content of layers; (3) stacking sequence of layers and degree of orderliness of stacking. The relationship between compositional and structural divisions is clearly indicated in compositional diagrams. These show that some structurally similar families may be widely separated in composition (kaolinite and septechlorite), whereas others — e.g., phengites (micas) and beidellites—are not far apart with respect to bulk composition. A scheme of successive operations that will permit the identification of layer lattice silicates singly or in simple mixtures is outlined, particularly for the nonspecialist. The essential apparatus includes only that for powder X-ray diffraction and a small laboratory furnace.
Calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women: prospective cohort study

Objective To examine the association between calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Nurses’ Health Study I, which originally recruited participants from the 11 most populous states in the United States. Participants 58 354 female registered nurses enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study I aged 39-66 years in 1986 and with no history of primary hyperparathyroidism. Calcium intake was assessed every four years using semiquantitative questionnaires on food frequency. Main outcome measure Incident primary hyperparathyroidism, confirmed by medical record review. Results During 22 years of follow-up, we recorded 277 incident cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Women were divided into five equal groups, according to intake of dietary calcium. After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, and other factors, the relative risk of primary hyperparathyroidism for women in the group with the highest intake of dietary calcium was 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.37 to 0.86, P=0.009 for trend), compared with the group with the lowest intake. The multivariable relative risk of primary hyperparathyroidism for women taking more than 500 mg/day of calcium supplements compared with no calcium supplements was 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.60, P Conclusion Increased calcium intake is independently associated with a reduced risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women.
Facet-mediated pain.

he zygapophyseal joint, frequently referred to as the facet or z-joint, is a true ynovial joint with articular cartilage, a synovial membrane, and a fibrous oint capsule. It is formed by the articulation of the inferior articular process f one vertebrae with the superior articular process of the vertebrae below. he lumbar z-joints are load-bearing structures, with the amount of load ependent on the degree of degeneration of surrounding structures, as well as he angle between adjacent vertebrae. The joint becomes more biplanar, or C”-shaped, with aging, developing from an essentially coronally oriented oint to a biplanar joint with a coronal and larger sagittal component. ignificant variability exists in the shape and orientation of the z-joints, which as ramifications in the biomechanical behavior of the spine. The coronal omponent acts to limit flexion, and the sagittal component acts to limit otation. The orientation of each joint with respect to the sagittal plane ( ) can iffer between the left and right joint at the same level. This is referred to as ropism and has an incidence of 20-30% among the general population (Fig ). The joint capsule is richly innervated by mechanosensitive afferents nvolved in both nociception and proprioception. The strength of the apsule decreases with age, and degenerative changes are common in the -joint with aging. These characteristics suggest that the zygapophyseal joint as the potential to act as a pain generator in back pain syndromes. However, he frequency with which the lumbar z-joint is responsible for axial and lower xtremity pain remains unclear. The existence of multiple pain generators and ack of a true “gold standard” for diagnosis complicate the clinician’s ability o identify the facet as the anatomic structure responsible for the patient’s ymptoms. The prevalence of z-joint pain has been estimated from single iagnostic blocks to range anywhere from 7.7 to 75. This broad range is a esult of different inclusion criteria and definition of response among the tudies and demonstrates the difficulty in making the diagnosis. Nevertheless,
Disseminated equine herpesvirus-1 infection in a two-year-old filly.

emus infected with WEE were depression, loss of appetite, leg weakness, ataxia and side stepping in an effort to maintain balance. The prominent gross lesion observed was congestion of the blood vessels of the viscera, meninges, and brain. The significant histologic lesion observed was multifocal meningitis with mild axonal degeneration. In reported cases of EEE, 7 most birds died without premonitory signs. However, a severe hemorrhagic diarrhea and emesis of blood-stained ingesta was observed terminally in some birds. Gross lesions were reported to be petechial to ecchymotic serosal hemorrhages in the small and large intestines with unclotted or partially digested blood in the intestinal lumina. Consistent microscopic lesions in EEE 7 were diffuse congestion and hemorrhage in the liver with disruption of the hepatic cords, widespread necrosis of individual hepatocytes, and multifocal coagulative necrosis. Fibrinoid degeneration of splenic sheathed arterioles with necrosis of endothelial a.
Affect from the top down: How powerful individuals' positive affect shapes negotiations

We tested the hypothesis that the positive affect of powerful negotiators shapes the quality of negotiation processes and outcomes more than the positive affect of less powerful negotiators. Findings from two studies supported the hypothesis: powerful individuals' trait positive affect was the best predictor of negotiators' trust for each other and of whether they reached integrative outcomes. Positive affect predicted joint gains above and beyond negotiators' trait cooperativeness and communicativeness. However, positive affect was unrelated to distributive outcomes; thus, there were no observed disadvantages of being positively affective.
Equilibrium and disequilibrium in migration modelling.

HUNT G. L. (1993) Equilibrium and disequilibrium in migration modelling, Reg. Studies 27, 341–349. Equilibrium and disequilibrium approaches to migration modelling are elucidated and distinguishing features are identified. Relevant econometric evidence bearing on these distinctions is reviewed. A summary of current knowledge and priorities for future research is presented. HUNT G. L. (1993) Equilibre et desequilibre dans la modelisation de la migration, Reg. Studies 27, 341–349. On explique deux facons d'aborder la modelisation qui portent sur les notions d'equilibre et de desequilibre, et on en identifie les caracteristiques particulieres. On fait la critique des preuves econometriques relatives a ces particularites. On resume les connaissances actuelles et les priorites pour la recherche future. HUNT G. L. (1993) Gleichgewicht und Ungleichgewicht bei Wanderungsmodellierung, Reg. Studies 27, 341–349. Gleichgewichts- und Ungleichgewichtsansatze zur Wanderungsmodellierung werden erlautert, und unterscheide...
Should a School of Business Change Its Ethics to Conform to the Cultural Diversity of Its Students

Abstract This article presents a case study that concerns the effects of the changing demographics of business school students on educational ethics. Specifically, should business schools change their ethical standards to adapt to the mores or customs of students from other cultures? In the case described, a university business school encountered a dramatic rise in “cheating” on the part of students, enrolled from a cultural group, who did not view these actions as cheating. The business school decided to maintain its ethical standards intact, and all those students eventually left the school without an MBA.
Analysis of creep failure times of cured-in-place pipe rehabilitation liners

In experimental studies involving accelerated time until failure, each specimen is usually tested until failure or a given time t whichever occurs first. In analyzing such data, the conventional method used is least squares regression. The recommendation (ASTM D2992) is to include non-failed observations (censored data) as failures in establishing the regression line. Such an approach could lead to a serious error in prediction. To remedy this situation, we recommend instead a maximum likelihood approach in which non-failed observations are incorporated as censored and not as failed observations in the analysis. We compare the two methods of analyses using data on accelerated time until buckling of cured-in-place plastic liners.
Common Factors and Local Factors: Implications for Term Structures and Exchange Rates

This paper studies a multi-factor, two-country term structure and exchange rate model when a diversification effect for an international bond portfolio is expected. It shows that the diversification gain calls upon certain restrictions on the process of the stochastic discount factor in a factor-structured economy. Existence of local factors is shown to be a necessary condition for the gains from investing in foreign bonds. Further, the exchange rate risk premia are shown to be a function of the differentials of the risk premia of the factors in bond returns. Empirical results reveal the tendency for investors to respond sensitively to rare shocks, which is shown to be a potential solution to the forward premium puzzle.
Leveraging health information exchange to improve population health reporting processes: lessons in using a collaborative-participatory design process.

Introduction: Surveillance, or the systematic monitoring of disease within a population, is a cornerstone function of public health. Despite significant investment in information technologies (IT) to improve the public’s health, health care providers continue to rely on manual, spontaneous reporting processes that can result in incomplete and delayed surveillance activities. Background: Participatory design principles advocate including real users and stakeholders when designing an information system to ensure high ecological validity of the product, incorporate relevance and context into the design, reduce misconceptions designers can make due to insufficient domain expertise, and ultimately reduce barriers to adoption of the system. This paper focuses on the collaborative and informal participatory design process used to develop enhanced, IT-enabled reporting processes that leverage available electronic health records in a health information exchange to prepopulate notifiable-conditions report forms used by public health authorities. Methods: Over nine months, public health stakeholders, technical staff, and informatics researchers were engaged in a multiphase participatory design process that included public health stakeholder focus groups, investigator-engineering team meetings, public health survey and census regarding high-priority data elements, and codesign of exploratory prototypes and final form mock-ups. Findings: A number of state-mandated report fields that are not highly used or desirable for disease investigation were eliminated, which allowed engineers to repurpose form space for desired and high-priority data elements and improve the usability of the forms. Our participatory design process ensured that IT development was driven by end user expertise and needs, resulting in significant improvements to the layout and functionality of the reporting forms. Discussion: In addition to informing report form development, engaging with public health end users and stakeholders through the participatory design process provided new insights into public health workflow and allowed the team to quickly triage user requests while managing user expectations within the realm of engineering possibilities. Conclusion: Engaging public health, engineering staff, and investigators in a shared codesigning process ensured that the new forms will not only meet real-life needs but will also support development of a product that will be adopted and, ultimately, improve communicable and infectious disease reporting by clinicians to public health.