cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of conventional and garnet-aluminosilicate-quartz O isotope thermometry; insights for mineral equilibration in metamorphic rocks

Oxygen isotope thermometry based on fractionations among quartz, garnet, kyanite, sillimanite, and potassium feldspar in amphibolite to granulite facies schists and gneisses was compared to thermometry based on mineral equilibria ("conventional thermometry"). The former approach takes advantage of the exchange between quartz and more refractory minerals such as garnet and the aluminosilicates, and their potential for preserving peak oxygen isotopic fractionations. Although isotopic thermometry using these phases is potentially an approach for circumventing the problem in slowly cooled rocks of retrograde oxygen isotopic exchange with micas and feldspars, and of Fe and Mg exchange between garnet and biotite, the results are accurate or geologically meaningful in only certain settings. In most cases, the results of isotopic thermometry must be evaluated with the aid of quantitative forward models for calculating the amount of retrograde diffusive exchange among micas, feldspars, and quartz. Two models used here predict quartz isotopic compositions that differ by only 0.1 per mil and, in most cases, reproduce to within 0.2 per mil the measured isotopic composition of quartz. Excellent agreement between isotopic and conventional thermometry is obtained for mid-to-upper amphibolite facies rocks that have experienced one period of recrystallization and mineral growth, and if they are coarse-grained or cooled in the absence of a hydrous fluid phase. Isotopic temperatures of 850 degrees C are in excellent agreement with conventional thermometry in migmatitic granulite facies metapelites if cooling occurred under anhydrous conditions. In other cases, isotopic temperatures in granulite facies rocks are higher than conventional temperatures, a reasonable result in view of the tendency for retrograde cation exchange between garnet and biotite. In samples that have undergone multiple periods of recrystallization or metamorphism, isotopic temperatures from coexisting quartz, garnet, and aluminosilicates may be modified by diffusional exchange of quartz with micas and feldspars aided by recrystallization, by retrograde reactions involving the latter phases, or by open-system interaction with externally derived fluids. External fluid infiltration, combined with recrystallization of quartz and aluminosilicate, may result in isotopic reversals between garnet and matrix phases. Conventional thermobarometry in such complex rocks, based in large part on mineral equilibria involving garnet, may be erroneously assigned geological significance in the absence of insights provided by oxygen isotope analysis.
Protecting Action of Chemicals Related to Procaine on Ventricular Fibrillation During Cyclopropane Anesthesia

ConclusionsThe administration of p-amino benzoic acid, the calcium double salt of benzyl succinic and p-amino benzoic acids, or sodium p-amino benzoate prior to a test dose of epinephrine during cyclopropane anesthesia reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. The intracardiac injection of procaine at the time when ventricular fibrillation developed effected a return to normal in a number of cases. Ventricular fibrillation was not ameliorated by the intracardiac injection of the other three p-amino benzoic acid derivatives.The authors wish to express their appreciation for the helpful suggestions of Dr. Arthur C. DeGraff.
Life-Cycle Fossil Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Bioderived Chemicals and Their Conventional Counterparts

Biomass-derived chemical products may offer reduced environmental impacts compared to their fossil-derived counterparts and could improve profit margins at biorefineries when coproduced with higher-volume, lower-profit margin biofuels. It is important to assess on a life-cycle basis the energy and environmental impacts of these bioproducts as compared to conventional, fossil-derived products. We undertook a life-cycle analysis of eight bioproducts produced from either algal-derived glycerol or corn stover-derived sugars. Selected on the basis of technology readiness and market potential, the bioproducts are propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, acrylic acid, polyethylene, succinic acid, isobutanol, and 1,4-butanediol. We developed process simulations to obtain energy and material flows in the production of each bioproduct and examined sensitivity of these flows to process design assumptions. Conversion process data for fossil-derived products were based on the literature. Conversion ...
Identification of ErbB3-stimulated genes using modified representational difference analysis

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases is involved in the growth of normal and tumour cells. The specific contribution of each of the four family members to these processes remains unclear. In the present study we have used a PCR-based subtractive approach to identify differences in messages induced in response to activation of ErbB3 and EGFR. The approach described is a modification of the representational difference analysis technique adapted for analysis of cDNA, which we have modified to permit identification of differential gene expression using as little as 20 microg of total RNA as the starting material. The mRNA obtained from EGF-stimulated NIH-3T3 cells expressing chimaeric EGFR-ErbB3 receptors provided the tester amplicons (small PCR-amplified fragments) which were subtracted against driver amplicons derived from unstimulated NIH-3T3 cells expressing the EGFR-ErbB3 chimaera or EGF-stimulated NIH-3T3 cells overexpressing the EGFR. A total of 22 different clones were isolated, 90% of which showed increased expression in the tester amplicons. Six of these, corresponding to known DNA sequences, were selected for further Northern blot analysis against total RNA prepared from the starting cell lines. Of these, the gene encoding the protein dlk (or a closely related protein, Pref-1) was identified as being regulated by ErbB3 but not by the EGFR. Other genes appeared to be elevated by both ErbB3 and EGFR, including those encoding c-jun, Ret finger protein (RFP), neuroleukin and amyloid protein precursor. One gene product, TIS11, was identified as being regulated by EGFR but not by ErbB3.
More Than One Meaning of “Chain” in Food Chains, a Documentary Film

First paragraph: On November 18, 2014, I had the opportunity to see an advance screening of Food Chains, a documentary from the producers of Fast Food Nation and Food, Inc. (It was released in the U.S. on November 21.) The film is about the long and arduous journey of the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) to win rights — basic rights — as farmworkers. The film was shown at the American Public Health Association (APHA) meetings in New Orleans, sponsored by the Food and Environment Working Group at APHA and hosted by Healthy Food Action. Worker rights have a lot to do with public health. But the film serves a much bigger audience. It can be used as a transdisciplinary starting point for discussion by scholars and practitioners in the food system who are interested in health, worker safety, food justice, labor laws, unlikely partners, and economic power and concentration in the food industry...
Attraction and Ovipositional Response of Screwworms, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), to Simulated Bovine Wounds

An olfactometer oviposition bioassay was developed to study behavior of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax , in the laboratory. Maximum oviposition (95.5%) occurred when females contacted bovine blood heated to 40°C; also, bovine blood had the lowest mean attractancy (10.3%) in olfactometer tests. Contact with all test materials was necessary to stimulate oviposition. Vat Auid (incubated larval medium containing meat-blood mixture contaminated with larval waste products and microorganisms) had an attractancy of 80.3%, but inhibited oviposition at concentrations greater than 2.5%. Temperature and concentration of stimulants were important factors that affected both the attractancy of the test materials and oviposition in the screwworm fly.
Springing into Action: Reg2 Negatively Regulates Snf1 Protein Kinase and Facilitates Recovery from Prolonged Glucose Starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

ABSTRACT Glucose is the preferred carbon source for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose limitation activates Snf1 protein kinase, a key regulator of energy homeostasis that promotes utilization of alternative carbon sources and enforces energy conservation. Snf1 activation requires phosphorylation of its T-loop threonine (Thr210) by upstream kinases. When glucose is abundant, Snf1 is inhibited by Thr210 dephosphorylation. This involves the function of the type 1 protein phosphatase Glc7, which is targeted to Snf1 by a regulatory subunit, Reg1. The reg1 mutation causes increased Snf1 activity and mimics various aspects of glucose limitation, including slower growth. Reg2 is another Glc7 regulatory subunit encoded by a paralogous gene, REG2. Previous evidence indicated that the reg2 mutation exacerbates the Snf1-dependent slow-growth phenotype caused by reg1, suggesting a link between Reg2 and Snf1. Here, we explore this link in more detail and present evidence that Reg2 contributes to Snf1 Thr210 dephosphorylation. Consistent with this role, Reg2 interacts with wild-type Snf1 but not with nonphosphorylatable Snf1-T210A. Reg2 accumulation increases in a Snf1-dependent manner during prolonged glucose deprivation, and glucose-starved cells lacking Reg2 exhibit delayed Snf1 Thr210 dephosphorylation and slower growth recovery upon glucose replenishment. Accordingly, cells lacking Reg2 are outcompeted by wild-type cells in the course of several glucose starvation/replenishment cycles. Collectively, our results support a model in which Reg2-Glc7 contributes to the negative control of Snf1 in response to glucose refeeding after prolonged starvation. The competitive growth advantage provided by Reg2 underscores the evolutionary significance of this paralog for S. cerevisiae. IMPORTANCE The ability of microorganisms to respond to stress is essential for their survival. However, rapid recovery from stress could be equally crucial in competitive environments. Therefore, a wise stress response program should prepare cells for quick recovery upon reexposure to favorable conditions. Glucose is the preferred carbon source for the yeast S. cerevisiae. Glucose depletion activates the stress response protein kinase Snf1, which functions to limit energy-consuming processes, such as growth. We show that prolonged glucose deprivation also leads to Snf1-dependent accumulation of Reg2 and that this protein helps to inhibit Snf1 and to accelerate growth recovery upon glucose replenishment. Cells lacking Reg2 are readily outcompeted by wild-type cells during glucose depletion/replenishment cycles. Thus, while prolonged glucose deprivation might seem to put yeast cells “on their knees,” concomitant accumulation of Reg2 helps configure the cells into a “sprinter9s crouch start position” to spring into action once glucose becomes available.
Inhibition of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors in rats by the soybean isoflavones.

Soy-based diets, rich in the isoflavones genistein and daidzein, are thought to protect against breast and prostate cancer. We used the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis animal model to test the effectiveness of these two isoflavones as chemopreventive agents. Each isoflavone was injected daily into 35-day-old rats for six months while we monitored the animals' body weight and mammary tumor appearance. Genistein was effective in reducing tumor multiplicity, but it reduced tumor incidence only marginally. Daidzein was less effective in reducing both tumor incidence and multiplicity. To investigate genistein's mechanism of action, we determined the topoisomerase II (topo II) activity and detected the phosphotyrosine-containing peptides in the extracts of mammary tissues isolated from control and isoflavone-treated animals. Mammary tumors contained over 60-fold higher topo II enzymatic activity than the mammary glands. Similarly, more tyrosine phosphopeptides were detectable in mammary tumors than in mammary glands. Tissue samples from genistein treated animals contained similar topo II and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activities as the control group. These data suggest that mammary tumorigenesis is accompanied by an extensive increase in topo II and PTK activities. The mechanism of chemoprevention by genistein. however, is independent of topo II or PTK inhibition.
RECOGNIZING EATING DISORDERS IN WOMEN

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are currently classified as eating disorders. Both disorders are the product of a complex interaction between psychological and physiological processes and both show considerable comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Physiological and endocrine abnormalities, including primary or secondary amenorrhea and menstrual dysfunction, are common and for the most part a function of the severity of weight loss, malnutrition and/or abnormal eating habits. Therefore, assessment needs to include several steps: (1) Clinical evaluation to ascertain the diagnosis, including weight and height measurements; (2) Determination of co-existing psychiatric illnesses; and (3) Physical examination and evaluation of the physiological and endocrine status. Eating disorders interfere with reproductive function. In view of the fact that dieting has reached epidemic proportions among the young female population, and given the high association between eating disorders and endocrine abnormalities as well as menstrual disturbances, all women participating in research studies should be screened for the presence of eating disorders, disordered eating, and excessive exercise.
The United States and Haiti: An Exercise in Intervention

(2001). The United States and Haiti: An Exercise in Intervention. Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 71-94.
Hot Surface Ignition of n-Hexane Mixtures Using Simplified Kinetics

Hot surface ignition is relevant in the context of industrial safety. In the present work, two-dimensional simulations using simplified kinetics of the buoyancy-driven flow and ignition of a slightly lean n-hexane–air mixture by a rapidly heated surface (glowplug) are reported. Experimentally, ignition is most often observed to occur at the top of the glowplug; numerical results reproduce this trend and shed light on this behavior. The numerical predictions of the flow field and hot surface temperature at ignition are in quantitative agreement with experiments. The simulations suggest that flow separation plays a crucial role in creating zones where convective losses are minimized and heat diffusion is maximized, resulting in the critical conditions for ignition to take place.
The signal in noise: acoustic information for soundscape orientation in two North American tree frogs

Lay Summary Information conveyed by the timing and temporal structure of calls embedded in sounds of breeding choruses is necessary for eliciting orientation in treefrogs. In contrast, information based on emergent acoustic properties arising from the collective mixture of calls constituting the chorus is not enough. Orientation based on the timing and temporal properties of the actual calls composing choruses could limit the distances over which female frogs could use sound to orient toward and localize breeding aggregations.
Obstacles to reducing plasma levels of uremic solutes by hemodialysis

More intensive hemodialysis has provided limited clinical benefit. The lack of benefit may be due in part to the failure of intensive dialysis to reduce uremic solute levels in plasma. Two well-described factors limiting the reduction in these levels are the intermittency of dialysis treatment and the distribution of solutes in multiple body compartments. Efforts to increase the clearance of large solutes and protein-bound solutes have revealed two other considerations-the presence of nonrenal clearance and increases in solute generation. For β2 microglobulin, a commonly measured large solute, nonrenal clearance limits reduction in its levels. For the bound solute p-cresol sulfate, an increase in generation appears to limit its reduction. A variety of factors likely determine the behavior of different solutes. More data on solute toxicity are needed as is better knowledge of solute kinetics. We will then be better able to design optimal therapeutic interventions. A combination of dialytic and nondialytic strategies may well be needed to reduce the plasma levels of toxic solutes and improve patients' health.
Understanding and Managing the Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services in the Rocky Mountains

Public lands in the US Rocky Mountains provide critical ecosystem services, especially to rural communities that rely on these lands for fuel, food, water, and recreation. Climate change will likely affect the ability of these lands to provide ecosystem services. We describe 2 efforts to assess climate change vulnerabilities and develop adaptation options on federal lands in the Rocky Mountains. We specifically focus on aspects that affect community economic security and livelihood security, including water quality and quantity, timber, livestock grazing, and recreation. Headwaters of the Rocky Mountains serve as the primary source of water for large populations, and these headwaters are located primarily on public land. Thus, federal agencies will play a key role in helping to protect water quantity and quality by promoting watershed function and water conservation. Although increased temperatures and atmospheric concentration of CO2 have the potential to increase timber and forage production in the Rocky Mountains, those gains may be offset by wildfires, droughts, insect outbreaks, non-native species, and altered species composition. Our assessment identified ways in which federal land managers can help sustain forest and range productivity, primarily by increasing ecosystem resilience and minimizing current stressors, such as invasive species. Climate change will likely increase recreation participation. However, recreation managers will need more flexibility to adjust practices, provide recreation opportunities, and sustain economic benefits to communities. Federal agencies are now transitioning from the planning phase of climate change adaptation to implementation to ensure that ecosystem services will continue to be provided from federal lands in a changing climate.
Preparation and characterization of crosslinked electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous membranes

Abstract Membranes prepared by electrospinning nonwoven mats have been receiving an increasing amount of interest recently with potential applications as water filtration membranes, drug delivery mats, and environmental sensors. Innovations in membrane processing and characteristics enabled by electrospinning could impact the industry. In this investigation, we demonstrate the effects of changing the chain length of an α,ω-bis(2-carboxymethyl)poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG diacid) crosslinker on the physical properties of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibrous mats. Analysis of as-spun PVA mats showed average fiber diameters of 0.13 ± 0.02 μm with average pore areas of 1.67 ± 0.51 μm2. Average fiber diameters for mats crosslinked with a shorter PEG diacid (Mn = 250) were 0.20 ± 0.04 μm with average pore areas of 0.64 ± 0.18 μm2. Similarly, mats crosslinked with a longer PEG diacid (Mn = 600) had average fiber diameters of 0.22 ± 0.04 μm with average pore areas of 0.44 ± 0.23 μm2. Further studies on the durability of the mats showed dramatic improvements in the Young's modulus, the stress at break, and the strain at break that increased with the length of the crosslinker. Developing further knowledge regarding the enhancement and control of electrospun membranes can help improve the field of electrospun membranes with great potential for water purification and can reveal new opportunities for existing technologies moving forward.
Differential persistence favors habitat preferences that determine the distribution of a reef fish

Baby reef fish have great taste when choosing a home. For most coral reef fishes, babies hatch as tiny larvae that develop offshore before returning to choose a home on the reef. Using experimental and observational approaches, we show that baby sponge-dwelling neon gobies use visual cues to choose sponge homes that will improve their chances of persistence. Ultimately, these choices result in the distribution of neon gobies on the reef.
A semi-locally scaled eddy viscosity formulation for LES wall models and flows at high speeds

We show that the mean wall-shear stresses in wall-modeled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) of high-speed flows can be off by up to $$\approx 100\%$$ with respect to a DNS benchmark when using the van-Driest-based damping function, i.e., the conventional damping function. Errors in the WMLES-predicted wall-shear stresses are often attributed to the so-called log-layer mismatch, which, albeit also an error in wall-shear stresses $$\tau _\mathrm{w}$$ , is an error of about $$15\%$$ . The larger error identified here cannot be removed using the previously developed remedies for the log-layer mismatch. This error may be removed by using the semi-local scaling, i.e., $$l_\nu =\mu /\sqrt{\rho \tau _\mathrm{w}}$$ , in the damping function, where $$\mu $$ and $$\rho $$ are the local mean dynamic viscosity and density, respectively.
Pentosanpolysulfate (Elmiron) is a potent inhibitor of mast cell histamine secretion.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a sterile bladder condition that occurs primarily in women. It is characterized by intense urinary frequency, urgency, burning, and suprapubic pain.56,61,74 The two most plausible, but not mutually exclusive, theories to explain the pathophysiology of IC are: (a) some defect in the protective glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer of the bladder mucosa,50 and (b) an increased number of activated bladder mast cells.69 IC patients also suffer from allergies,40 irritable and inflammatory bowel syndrome, and migraines,70 all of which are exacerbated by stress.70,74
Geography and Cognitive Science

The current interest that geographic researchers have in spatial cognition has directly evolved from the behavioral paradigm established in geography in the late sixties (Cox and Golledge 1969) and early seventies (Downs and Stea 1973). Early landmark studies in this era by researches, such as Lynch (1960) on images of cities, Gould (1966) on mental maps, Lowenthal (1961) on environmental images, and Wolpert (1964) on decision-making processes, had sown the seeds of some new ideas that took root. These roots established a cognitive perspective that attracted the attention of geographers interested in a variety of topics. Geographers had always been interested in exploring environments and representing them on maps and this new interest in spatial cognition was a natural extension of this tradition. Because the basic concepts of spatial cognition focus on the environmental information we all have stored in our memories, these concepts have a broad range of applications in many subareas of geography.
Integrated Approaches to Acute Illness

Acute minor illness is defined as routine, health problems (e.g., respiratory and gastrointestinal infections) and common occurrences of physical trauma experienced by all children (Carey, 1992). Related to acute illness are Stressors that may be felt by both children and their families. For children, these Stressors may include discomfort of the illness and its treatment, emotional reactions to the illness (e.g., fear, anger), restricted activity (e.g., peer contacts, diet), altered sensory input, and modified relationship with family members (e.g., greater leniency) (Carey, 1992;Sibinga & Carey, 1976). For families, stress may generate from the illness and its treatment (e.g., additional responsibility and expense, obstacles with employment) or be associated with personal and situational variables that negatively affect responses to the illness (e.g., parental depression, marital conflict) (Carey, 1992; Sibinga & Carey, 1976).
Contour Method Advanced Applications: Hoop Stresses in Cylinders and Discontinuities

The traditional contour method measures a cross-sectional map of residual stress by cutting a body carefully in two and measuring the surface contour. This talk will present two new advances, both motivated by the measurement of a single challenging part. The first advance is a two-step process for measuring hoop stresses in cylinders. In the first step, a cut is made to split the cylinder (from an “o” cross-section to a “c”). That cut releases a bending moment which would otherwise causes errors in the contour measurement. The amount the cylinder springs open or closed is measured and used to determine the bending moment stresses. In the second step, the traditional contour method is applied: a cut is made to measure the remaining hoop stresses on a cross section normal to the hoop direction. The total residual stresses are given by superimposing the bending stresses and the remaining stresses. In this paper, the two-step process is applied to measuring the stresses in a circumferential welded cylinder of depleted uranium and is compared to neutron diffraction results. The welded cylinder also contains a further measurement complication. The weld was only partial penetration, leaving part of the joint unwelded. The measured surface contour therefore had a discontinuity across the joint. Proper handling of the surface discontinuity is presented.
Changing Practices, Changing Identities as Museum Educators

The main goal of this chapter is to describe how research findings on a scaffoldingfocused,reflection-oriented community of practice transformed museum educators’identities as educators. A second goal is to describe the theory, the multiple methodologies drawing on that theory,and the layered analysis that accompanied this research. Our theoretical lens is sociocultural,placing great emphasis on community building,dialogic negotiation,and ongoing reflection and research on practice.
Gender, Nationalism, and War: Conflict on the Movie Screen

Virginia Woolf famously wrote 'as a woman I have no country', suggesting that women had little stake in defending countries where they are considered second-class citizens, and should instead be forces for peace. Yet women have been perpetrators as well as victims of violence in nationalist conflicts. This unique book generates insights into the role of gender in nationalist violence by examining feature films from a range of conflict zones. In The Battle of Algiers, female bombers destroy civilians while men dress in women's clothes to prevent the French army from capturing and torturing them. Prisoner of the Mountains shows a Chechen girl falling in love with her Russian captive as his mother tries to rescue him. Providing historical and political context to these and other films, Matthew Evangelista identifies the key role that economic decline plays in threatening masculine identity and provoking the misogynistic violence that often accompanies nationalist wars.
Laparoscopic loop ileostomy reversal with intracorporeal anastomosis is associated with shorter length of stay without increased direct cost.

Laparoscopic ileostomy closure with intracorporeal anastomosis offers potential advantages over open reversal with extracorporeal anastomosis, including earlier return of bowel function and reduced postoperative pain. In this study, we aim to compare the outcome and cost of laparoscopic ileostomy reversal (utilizing either intracorporeal or extracorporeal anastomosis) with open ileostomy reversal. A retrospective review of sequential patients undergoing elective loop ileostomy reversal between 2013 and 2016 at a single, high-volume institution was performed. Patients were stratified on the basis of operative approach: open reversal, laparoscopic-assisted reversal with extracorporeal anastomosis (LE), and laparoscopic reversal with intracorporeal anastomosis (LI). Linear and logistic regressions were utilized to perform multivariate analysis and determine risk-adjusted outcomes. Of 132 sequential cases of loop ileostomy reversal, 50 (38%) underwent open, 49 (37%) underwent LE, and 33 (22%) underwent LI. Demographic data and preoperative comorbidities were similar between the three cohorts. Median length of stay was significantly shorter for LI (52.1 h, p < 0.05) compared to open (69.0 h) and LE (69.6 h). After risk-adjusted analysis, length of stay was significant shorter in LI compared to LE (GM 0.78, 95% CI 0.64–0.93, p < 0.01) and open reversal (GM 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.93, p < 0.01). Risk-adjusted 30-day morbidity rates were similar for LI compared to LE (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.081–2.33, p = 0.33) and open reversal (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.09–3.125, p = 0.48). Median in-hospital direct cost was similar for LI ($6575.00), LE ($6722.50), and open reversal ($6181.00). Laparoscopic ileostomy reversal with intracorporeal anastomosis was associated with shorter length of stay without increased overall direct cost. The technique of laparoscopic ileostomy reversal warrants continued study in a randomized clinical trial.
Physiological Waveform Imputation of Missing Data using Convolutional Autoencoders

Machine Learning has great potential to improve automated real-time patient diagnostics. For the majority of machine learning algorithms, taking advantage of this potential requires a complete dataset with no missing data. In practice, missing values are estimated using a variety of imputation methods in the pre-processing stage. However, with time-series data, and physiological waveforms in particular, imputation can be difficult due to the unique patterns and shapes of each waveform, as well as how these patterns vary between patients, and even for a single patient over longer durations. We demonstrate that deep learning techniques can reconstruct missing data using patient-specific patterns present in the non-missing portions of the waveform. Using convolutional neural network (CNN) autoencoders trained on 288 15-minute samples from each of 138 pediatric patients, we develop a generalizable model to analyze and extract information from arbitrary physiological waveforms, and use this model to develop methods for mid-channel missing time-series imputation. We further show that the autoencoder can be used to compress the dense physiological waveforms to a low-dimensional representational space.
Multiple Sclerosis: A Global Concern with Multiple Challenges in an Era of Advanced Therapeutic Complex Molecules and Biological Medicines.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has become a common neurological disorder involving populations previously considered to be infrequently affected. Genetic dissemination from high- to low-risk groups is a determining influence interacting with environmental and epigenetic factors, mostly unidentified. Disease modifying therapies (DMT) are effective in treating relapsing MS in variable degrees; one agent is approved for primary progressive disease, and several are in development. In the era of high-efficacy medications, complex molecules, and monoclonal antibodies (MAB), including anti-VLA4 (natalizumab), anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab), and anti-CD20 (ocrelizumab), obtaining NEDA (no evidence of disease activity) becomes an elusive accomplishment in areas of the world where access to MS therapies and care are generally limited. Countries’ income and access to public MS care appear to be a shared socioeconomic challenge. This disparity is also notable in the utilization of diagnostic tools to adhere to the proposed elements of the McDonald Criteria. The impact of follow-on medications (“generics”); injectable non-biological complex drugs (NBCD), oral sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, and biosimilars (interferon 1-a and 1-b), utilized in many areas of the world, is disconcerting considering these products generally lack data documenting their efficacy and safety. Potential strategies addressing these concerns are discussed from an international point of view.
Open Descending and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Repairs in Patients Younger Than 50 Years Old.

Background The purpose of this study was to redefine indications of open descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the younger population. Methods Between 1991 and 2017, 2012 patients undergoing descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair at our institution were divided into 2 groups for comparison: younger ( Results Younger patients had significantly more heritable thoracic aortic disease (HTAD; 53% vs 9%, P Conclusions Patients younger than 50 years with descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm have low surgical risks, and open repairs can be performed with excellent short-term and durable long-term results. Open surgical repairs should be considered initially in younger patients requiring descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs. HTAD warrants closer postoperative surveillance.
Neuroprotection of Glibenclamide against Brain Injury after Cardiac Arrest via Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome

Glibenclamide (GBC) improves cerebral outcome after cardiac arrest (CA) in rats. We aim to investigate the effect of GBC on electrophysiological recovery and to explore the mechanism of neuroprotective effects of GBC on the acute stage of brain injury after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in a rodent model of CA. 16 anesthetized male Wistar rats subjected to 8-min asphyxia-CA were randomly assigned to the GBC or control group (N=8 each group). GBC was administered with a loading dose of 10ug/kg i. p. injection 10 min after ROSC and followed with a maintaining dose of 1.6ug/kg per 8 hours throughout the first 24 hours. Quantitative measures of EEG-information quantity (qEEG-IQ) and neurological deficit score (NDS) were used to predict and evaluate the functional outcome. There was a significant improvement of NDS in rats treated with GBC compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Compared to the control group, the rats treated with GBC showed qEEG-IQ scores that indicated better recovery (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, early QEEG-IQ was significantly correlated with 72-hr NDS as early as 45min after ROSC. Furthermore, on the molecular basis, the NLRP3 inflammasome was strongly activated in the hippocampal CA1 area 3 days after CA in control rats, which was suppressed with GBC treatment. Taken together, GBC treatment markedly improved electrophysiological and neurologic outcomes of the acute brain injury after CA. These neuroprotective effects may be associated with the attenuation of inflammatory response via down-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome signal.
Are Perceptions of Local Conditions Rooted in Reality? Evidence From Two Large-Scale Local Surveys

In this research note, we test an assumption that is often made in the literature on local retrospective voting—that peoples’ perceptions of local conditions are well-grounded in reality. To do so,...
Coupled Light Capture and Lattice Boltzmann Model of TiO2 Micropillar Array for Water Purification

TiO2 has been widely studied as a photocatalytic material due to its non-toxicity, chemical inertness, and high photocatalytic activity. Here, we explore the operational behavior of a novel TiO2 micropillar s array being developed to use solar radiation to treat recycled wastewater in long-duration space missions. A Light Capture model was developed to model light absorption. The Lattice Boltzmann method was used to simulate water flow, and the finite element method was used to model waste mass transfer.
A Rare Case of Metastatic Heterogeneous Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Ileum: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a diverse group of tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells. Current World Health Organization (WHO) classification is based on tumor differentiation and grade defined by mitotic rate and/or Ki-67 index to determine prognosis and treatment options. However, some NENs do not meet WHO pathology criteria due to morphologic heterogeneity and this leads to management challenges. WHO defines poorly differentiated NENs of the gastrointestinal tract as having morphologically large or small cell features with marked elevation of Ki-67. We present a unique clinical case that does not fit either growth pattern and also has heterogeneity with a well-differentiated component. This case report and literature review highlights the current limitations of the WHO classification of small bowel NENs and the subsequent challenges in management decisions for the patients. J Med Cases. 2020;11(1):6-11 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3401
Symplecticness conditions of some low order partitioned methods for non-autonomous Hamiltonian systems

We consider the application of partitioned Runge-Kutta (PRK) methods to non-autonomous Hamiltonian systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the symplecticness of PRK methods are given, more particularly for two low order PRK methods: the partitioned (explicit-implicit) Euler method and the 2-stage Lobatto IIIA-B PRK method. Both methods are often the basis of composition schemes of higher order. In particular for irreducible PRK methods we show the necessity for the nodes of the two underlying PRK methods to be equal.
Enhanced Lasso Regularization-Based Self-Adaptive Feature Selection Algorithm for the High-Dimensional Uncertainty Quantification of TREAT Transient Test Modeling

The paper presents a self-adaptive feature selection algorithm we developed for solving high-dimensional uncertainty quantification problems. The development of the algorithm was motivated and supp...
The landscape of genomic alterations detected in serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in clinical progressive metastatic breast cancer.

1084Background: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is associated with genomic evolution, representing a challenge at clinical progression. While tissue and blood next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows...
Management of Patients with Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Requiring Surgery

Cirrhosis significantly increases surgical morbidity and mortality as it causes derangement of multiple organ systems and physiological processes. As such, chronic liver disease and the resultant portal hypertension present distinct perioperative challenges. The risk conveyed by liver disease is dependent on its etiology, the severity of liver dysfunction, the degree to which other organ systems are affected, and the type and timing of surgery to be performed. Careful preoperative planning as well as informed intra- and postoperative decision-making strategies are key factors in ensuring acceptable outcomes in the surgical management of cirrhotic patients. This review will discuss the challenges that cirrhosis with portal hypertension presents to the surgeon, intensivist, and anesthesiologist alike, and identifies key perioperative strategies to mitigate these risks.
Trends in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program for Low-income Older Adults in Wisconsin.

Introduction: Many older adults face difficulty in affording their prescription drugs, despite having coverage available through Medicare Part D. SeniorCare is Wisconsin’s pharmaceutical assistance program that provides comprehensive drug coverage for low-income older adults who are not eligible for full Medicaid benefits. Methods: We analyzed SeniorCare enrollment and pharmacy claims data from 2014 to 2018. Results: Total drug expenditures increased by 19.3%, with the proportion of expenditures paid by SeniorCare and members decreasing while the proportion paid by other payers increased. Specialty drugs accounted for a substantial and growing proportion of total expenditures (20.4% in 2018) despite accounting for <0.2% of all claims. Conclusions: Total drug expenditures in SeniorCare have steadily increased over time, primarily due to rising average expenditures per drug fill and increased use of specialty drugs. However, SeniorCare members have been largely protected from these increases and have paid a decreasing proportion of costs over time. Article Type: Case Study
Interview with James Thackara

Andrew Thackara is an American novelist who lived most of his life in London, where he met and spent time with Rhys in the 1970s. He returns to Wide Sargasso Sea and its impact on him as an acquaintance of Rhys and as a writer, and he fills in some of the blanks surrounding Rhys’s relationship to social and literary circles of her time.
Solvent molecules form surface redox mediators in situ and cocatalyze O2 reduction on Pd

Solvent molecules influence the reactions of molecular hydrogen and oxygen on palladium nanoparticles. Organic solvents activate to form reactive surface intermediates that mediate oxygen reduction through pathways distinct from reactions in pure water. Kinetic measurements and ab initio quantum chemical calculations indicate that methanol and water cocatalyze oxygen reduction by facilitating proton-electron transfer reactions. Methanol generates hydroxymethyl intermediates on palladium surfaces that efficiently transfer protons and electrons to oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde subsequently oxidizes hydrogen to regenerate hydroxymethyl. Water, on the other hand, heterolytically oxidizes hydrogen to produce hydronium ions and electrons that reduce oxygen. These findings suggest that reactions of solvent molecules at solid-liquid interfaces can generate redox mediators in situ and provide opportunities to substantially increase rates and selectivities for catalytic reactions.
Highly consistent temporal lobe interictal spike networks revealed from foramen ovale electrodes.

Abstract Objective A major challenge that limits understanding and treatment of epileptic events from mesial temporal structures comes from our inability to detect and map interictal networks reproducibly using scalp electrodes. Here, we developed a novel approach to map interictal spike networks and demonstrate their relationships to seizure onset and lesions in patients with foramen ovale electrode implantations. Methods We applied the direct Directed Transfer Function to reveal interictal spike propagation from bilateral foramen ovale electrodes on 10 consecutive patients and co-registered spatially with both seizure onset zones and temporal lobe lesions. Results Highly reproducible, yet unique interictal spike networks were seen for each patient (correlation: 0.93 ± 0.13). Interictal spikes spread in both anterior and posterior directions within each temporal lobe, often reverberating between sites. Spikes propagated to the opposite temporal lobe predominantly through posterior pathways. Patients with structural lesions (N = 4), including tumors and sclerosis, developed reproducible spike networks adjacent to their lesions that were highly lateralized compared to patients without lesions. Only 5% of mesial temporal lobe spikes were time-locked with scalp electrode spikes. Our preliminary observation on two lesional patients suggested that along with lesion location, Interictal spike networks also partially co-registered with seizure onset zones suggesting interrelationship between seizure onset and a subset of spike networks. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of patient-specific, reproducible interictal spike networks in mesial temporal structures that are closely linked to both temporal lobe lesions and seizure onset zones. Significance Interictal spike connectivity is a novel approach to map epileptic networks that could help advance invasive and non-invasive epilepsy treatments.
Proposal for a Negative Capacitance Vacuum Field Effect Transistors with sub-60mV/dec Subthreshold Swing

Over the last few years, there has been increased interest in Vacuum Field Effect Transistors (VFETs) with nanoscale features [1]-[4]. Compared to traditional MOSFETs and FINFETs, VFETs offer advantages in terms of electron velocity, fast switching speed, extreme operating temperatures, and radiation robustness. We calculate the field emission (FE) characteristics of a back-gated nanomembrane VFET making use of the concept of negative capacitance. It is found that the proposed negative capacitance VFET (NC-VFET) has a minimum subthreshold swing (SS) of 34mV/decade, well below the thermionic limit of 60mV/dec at room temperature.
The Logic of Persecution: Free Expression and the McCarthy Era

@fmct:Contents @toc4:Preface iii @toc1:1 Introduction: Logic, History and the McCarthy Era 0 2 The Legal Topography of the McCarthy Era 00 3 McCarthyism, Free Expression and the Role of Pathology in American History 00 4 Unlawful Advocacy, Free Speech, and the McCarthy Era 000 5 HUAC, The Hollywood Ten, and the First Amendment Right of Non-Association000 6 Public Education, Free Speech and the McCarthy Era 000 7 Conclusion: The McCarthy Era as a First Amendment Laboratory 000 @toc4:Notes 000 Bibliography 000 Index 000
Framing effects on distance perception in rear-vision displays

The increasing availability of camera-based displays for indirect vision in vehicles is providing new opportunities to supplement drivers’ direct views of the roadway and surrounding traffic while raising new issues about how drivers perceive the positions and movements of surrounding vehicles. Evidence recently reported shows that drivers’ perception of the distance to rearward vehicles seen in camera-based displays is affected not only by the visual angles subtended by the images of those vehicles, but also by the size of those images relative to the sizes of the displays within which they are seen (an influence that is referred to as a framing effect). There was also evidence for a similar, but weaker effect with rearview mirrors. This paper will investigate the possibility of framing effects in rearview mirrors by comparing distance judgments made in a typical center rearview mirror (with a larger frame size) to judgments made in a typical driver-side rearview mirror (with a smaller frame size). Distance judgments the same in both mirrors and there was no evidence for a framing effect. The current results do not provide for a definitive explanation for the apparent difference in framing effects between rearview mirrors and camera-based displays. Among the issues that should be addressed by future work are the possibility that frame effects are generally weaker with large displays and the possible role of learning how people perceive distance in camera-based displays.
Phosphorylation of initiation factor IF-2 from Escherichia coli with skeletal muscle kinase.

Abstract Pure Escherichia coli initiation factor IF-2 was phosphorylated with ATP and rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase. The phosphorylated IF-2 thus formed retains full activity in several functional assays. The [32P]IF-2 is useful in studies on the binding of the factor to ribosomes and its mechanism in the initiation of protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of IF-2 in vivo does not appear to occur during exponential growth.