cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continental Shelf Baroclinic Instability. Part I: Relaxation from Upwelling or Downwelling

AbstractThere exists a good deal of indirect evidence, from several locations around the world, that there is a substantial eddy field over continental shelves. These eddies appear to have typical swirl velocities of a few centimeters per second and have horizontal scales of perhaps 5–10 km. These eddies are weak compared to typical, wind-driven, alongshore flows but often seem to dominate middepth cross-shelf flows. The idea that motivates the present contribution is that the alongshore wind stress ultimately energizes these eddies by means of baroclinic instabilities, even in cases where obvious intense fronts do not exist. The proposed sequence is that alongshore winds over a stratified ocean cause upwelling or downwelling, and the resulting horizontal density gradients are strong enough to fuel baroclinic instabilities of the requisite energy levels. This idea is explored here by means of a sequence of idealized primitive equation numerical model studies, each driven by a modest, nearly steady, alongs...
Umbilical Artery Hypoplasia in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome Complicated by Discordant Umbilical Artery Doppler Findings in the Donor Twin A Diagnostic Dilemma

Fetal Doppler assessment is a useful tool in diagnosing and staging mono-chorionic twins complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). 1 Umbilical artery absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity (UA-AREDV) is a poor prognostic factor in TTTS 2 , 3 and is associated with increased risk of in utero fetal death of the donor twin. 4 The etiology of donor twin UA-AREDV has primarily been attributed to 2 placental factors: unequal individual placental territories and the presence of arterioarterial anastomoses. 5 However, umbilical artery (UA) hypoplasia, which can result in UA-AREDV, has not to our knowledge been reported in association with TTTS. We present a case with donor twin umbilical artery absent end-diastolic velocity (UA-AEDV) caused by a hypoplastic UA, with emphasis on the diagnostic and management challenges associated with discordant UA Doppler findings in the setting of TTTS.
Kinetics of zinc metabolism in the rat: effect of dibutyryl cAMP.

N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Bt2cAMP) administration to rats is shown to reduce serum zinc levels and increase liver zinc and metallothionein significantly. Such redistrib...
Feedback Mechanisms in the Control of Exocrine Pancreatic Function

Recent physiological studies indicate that both cholecystokinin (CCK) and the cholinergic enteropancreatic reflexes are important to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion. Little is known, however, about regulating these pathways. In this study we investigated the mechanisms responsible for feedback modulation of CCK release and the enteropancreatic reflexes.
Reply to Commentary on “The Farm: The Misused Income Expansion Base of Emerging Nations”

about an increase in production but that a change must be wrought in the people themselves. This cannot be accomplished in crash programmes. Even authoritarian societies were not particularly lucky with crash programmes in the field of agriculture. Change and improvement require painstaking effort, great patience and perseverance, and results are slow in coming. It is not the type of work that appeals to an impatient and publicity-minded age. By coincidence a third paper published in the same issue of the Journal6 also discussed the problems of development of the less advanced countries, but showed a greater sense of realism than the paper of Mr. Lindholm. Amongst other things it said: ". . . some of the greatest obstacles to increased productivity lie in the area of cultural, institutional and community conditions." I fear that in his preoccupation with the need for building up a surplusproducing agriculture to provide the much needed "income expansion base," Mr. Lindholm has overlooked the importance of these factors and looked for a short cut. I hope the planners in the emerging nations will remember his opening statement and will give agricultural development the attention it deserves but in trying to develop agriculture in their countries will not follow his recommendations. We do not know, and for practical purposes need not speculate on how agriculture will be organized and what the ideal farm size will be in the emerging nations, once they start developing industries which will reduce their large agricultural populations. It seems certain that for the next few decades the small family farm will remain the dominant type of farm in these countries and the crux of their development programmes will be how to make these farms surplus-producing. A discussion of this problem would, however, exceed the permitted length of a commentary and would require a separate paper.
Cope, Conform, or Resist? Functions of a Black American Identity at a Predominantly White University

This study organized five black American undergraduate students into a participatory action research (PAR) team to examine Cross and Strauss’ (1998) and Cross, Smith, and Payne's (2002) functions of blackness theory (i.e., bonding, code switching, and individualism) within a sample of black American students, frontline staff (i.e., janitors), and faculty at a predominantly white institution (PWI) or university. The racial-ethnic lived experiences of black Americans at a PWI can reveal outcomes in terms of employee performance and student academic and social experience. Data were collected from four student focus groups (i.e., general student body, students in Greek organizations, student athletes, and student leaders), one frontline staff focus group, five individual faculty interviews, and one individual interview with a female student athlete. Each participant completed a demographic survey. Also, extensive field observations were taken of participants at this particular PWI. Findings revealed how black...
Tissue Repair and Wound Healing: A Trip Back to the Future

From the first mentions of honey-based liniments in papyri dating back to antiquity through to the present cell-based therapeutics, tissue repair and wound healing have held a central place for physicians, surgeons, and nurses. While most wounds in the past were secondary to injury or accident, we have now entered into an era of “decay,” where chronic diseases such as diabetes and peripheral vascular diseases predominate. This chapter aims to put these both into historical perspective as well as to peer into the future of care for what lies ahead in this most fascinating of disciplines.
Multi-disciplinary approach to identifying Native American impacts on Late Holocene forest dynamics in the southern Sierra Nevada range, California, USA

Abstract Fire is a natural disturbance component and driver of forest composition in the western United States. Cooler/wetter climates are typically associated with less frequent fires and succession of montane forests to more shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive taxa. Native Americans have lived in California since the terminal Pleistocene and used fire to alter the landscape and maximize natural resources. Determining the extent and impact of anthropogenic burning on California’s landscape is difficult; however, because the archaeological record is mostly silent on the subject. The region’s ethnographies also mention the practice from a prehistoric context only in passing. Here, we show that comparing the prevalence of fire-sensitive to fire-adapted taxa in the pollen record can help distinguish periods when vegetation does not respond as expected to climate change. We argue that the prevalence of shade-intolerant/fire-adapted taxa during climatically cool, wet periods such as the Little Ice Age provide evidence for anthropogenic burning. At Holey Meadow, in Sequoia National Forest, we find strong evidence for a Native American influenced landscape from 750 to 100 cal yr BP. We also see a strong anthropogenic effect on modern vegetation following European settlement in A.D. 1854, a period marked by a precipitous decline in traditional tribal use of the area and the inception of modern fire exclusion policies. These results indicate that anthropogenic impacts on forest composition can be distinguished from climatic drivers through the use of paleoenvironmental proxies. They further indicate that anthropogenic burning helped structure Late Holocene southern Sierra Nevada biomes.
The effects on cordal and leaflet stiffness of severe apical, posterior, and outward papillary displacement in advanced ventricular mechanism heart failure and mitral insufficiency.

Background and aim of the study During the normal opening and closing of the mitral valve there is a finely tuned interaction between the changing ventricular dimensions and fluid pressures, the movement of papillary muscles apically, posteriorly and apart during diastole and in the opposite direction during systole, interactions between leaflets and their controlling cords, and the fluid dynamic forces being exerted on them. The main rough zone cords and the smooth zone of the anterior leaflet are under maximum tension in systole, but retain some tension throughout the cycle. The free edge cords and the rough zone of the leaflets can have no or minimal tension during diastole, and much less tension than the main rough zone cords and the smooth zone in systole. The variability of the form and distribution of rough zone cords influences the flexibility of the rough zone. The net effect of this interaction is a valve that opens rapidly for unobstructed forward flow, and closes at the end of the cycle with minimal leakage. The apical displacement of, usually, the right inferior papillary muscle as a result of ischemic ventricular disease pulls the leaflets into separation because the origins of cords supporting the anterior and posterior leaflets arise specifically from the anterior and posterior sides of each papillary muscle. Myocardial ischemia producing apical papillary displacement can be associated with heart failure and mitral insufficiency. Annuloplasty reducing the annulus to less than the normal systolic dimension can be effective in eliminating both insufficiency and heart failure when the papillary displacement is dominantly apical. In more severe cases of heart failure and mitral insufficiency, the mid-ventricular dimensions increase to a more severe degree, and both papillary muscles are displaced outwards and posteriorly. Methods and results Static in vitro experiments performed on three human and nine pig hearts showed that the outward papillary displacements increased the tension on first-order cords, rendering the anterior leaflet and the central scallop of the posterior leaflet stiff. The addition of posterior displacement caused the anterior leaflet to become directed at an angle to the displaced papillary muscles, and the scallops of the posterior leaflet to be perpendicularly splayed around the posterior left ventricular wall, such that the valve no longer opened or closed correctly. Conclusion The valve no longer opens or closes properly, and annuloplasty is no longer of use in restoring valve function.
Changes in Residents’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs in a Clinically Rich Graduate Teacher Education Program

ABSTRACTIncreasing the clinical preparation of teachers in the United States to meet greater rigor in K-12 education has become a goal of institutions of higher education, especially since the publication of the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education Blue Ribbon Panel Report on Clinical Practice. Using a theoretical framework grounded in teacher self-efficacy, this article documents changes in perceptions of effectiveness in a cohort of preservice teachers over the course of a year-long clinically rich graduate-level residency program. Using the categories of the rubric that were being utilized for classroom observations, we surveyed residents about their perceptions of their own effectiveness in these areas prior to and at the conclusion of the residency program.
MIMO uplink NOMA with successive bandwidth division

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a key enabling technology for fifth generation (5G) wireless networks because of its ability to provide greater spectral efficiency. However, a conventional NOMA scheme offers significant interference and higher outage probability especially when the number of users in the network is large. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a suboptimal algorithm which uses the concept of successive bandwidth division (SBD) in NOMA system, which not only reduces the complexity of the receiver side to a great extent, but also enhances the overall signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of the uplink NOMA by supporting 2 N users with just N base station (BS) antennas. The BS is assumed to have perfect channel state information (CSI) and uses a zero-forcing (ZF) postcoding matrix to recover the signals of different users. Numerical results show that the performance of the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional NOMA techniques in terms of receiver complexity and outage probability.
Using Postinoculation Talk to Strengthen Generated Resistance

This study builds on the burgeoning concept of integrating a vocal component into inoculation-generated resistance. Specifically, this research attempts to isolate the vocal and subvocal components of the inoculation process to clarify recent research that has raised questions about the long-standing proposition that inoculation-motivated counterarguing is an exclusively subvocal process. Furthermore, it separately measures belief levels and belief certainty. The pattern of results indicates that postinoculation talk (PIT) following exposure to the inoculation message can boost belief certainty. These findings complement recent work that suggests that the content of PIT serves reassurance and advocacy purposes.
The illegal cigarette trade in New York City

This essay and review examines the historical development and the status quo of the cigarette black market in New York City as of 2015. Special emphasis is given to the situation in the South Bronx. Data are drawn from published research, official sources and open sources. Similar to other parts of the United States, the illegal cigarettes that are being sold in New York City are bootlegged from low-tax jurisdictions within the U.S. Large-scale smuggled cigarettes, counterfeit cigarettes and so-called cheap whites do not hold significant shares of the illegal market. Illegal cigarettes are most prevalent in economically deprived areas such as the South Bronx, where they are readily available to local residents through street vendors and through legitimate retail stores. Consumer preferences appear to be an important factor in shaping the illegal cigarette trade, namely with respect to the persistent dominance of genuine brand cigarettes on the black market.
Metabolic and endocrine neuropathies

Metabolic and endocrine neuropathies, although generally well characterized clinically and electrophysiologically, represent an area in which improved mechanistic understanding is still needed. Although in most cases early detection and reversal of underlying abnormalities is the most effective therapeutic intervention, there are clinical states where metabolic abnormalities may persist for decades without complete resolution, e.g., chronic renal or hepatic failure in the absence of transplantation. In these instances, there remains a compelling clinical impetus for scientific advances in this area.
An iteratively optimized linear coding scheme for correlated Gaussian channels with noisy feedback

Linear coding schemes for noiseless feedback channels have been well studied. These schemes have been shown to display favorable properties for a broad class of Gaussian noise processes. However, the design of linear codes for noisy feedback channels is much less developed. In this work, an analytical expression for the optimal linear code for the additive white Gaussian noise feedback channel is derived. Also, bounds are obtained on the post-processed signal-to-noise ratio for communication systems with similar noise statistics in the forward and the feedback channel. For the general case of arbitrary forward and feedback noisy channels, an iteratively optimized linear coding scheme is proposed.
Transition of Dislocation Glide to Shear Transformation in Shocked Tantalum

A TEM study of pure tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys explosively shocked at a peak pressure of 30 GPa (strain rate: ~1 × 104 sec-1) is presented. While no ω (hexagonal) phase was found in shock-recovered pure Ta and Ta-5W that contain mainly a low-energy cellular dislocation structure, shock-induced ω phase was found to form in Ta-10W that contains evenly distributed dislocations with a stored dislocation density higher than 1 × 1012 cm-2. The TEM results clearly reveal that shock-induced α (bcc) → ω (hexagonal) shear transformation occurs when dynamic recovery reactions which lead the formation low-energy cellular dislocation structure become largely suppressed in Ta-10W shocked under dynamic (i.e., high strain-rate and high-pressure) conditions. A novel dislocation-based mechanism is proposed to rationalize the transition of dislocation glide to twinning and/or shear transformation in shock-deformed tantalum. Twinning and/or shear transformation take place as an alternative deformation mechanism to accommodate high-strain-rate straining when the shear stress required for dislocation multiplication exceeds the threshold shear stresses for twinning and/or shear transformation.
Neuropathology Associated with Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Sudden Unexpected Natural Death in Neonates and Infants:

Unexpected death in neonates and infants has no explanation in a larger percentage of cases than is true for adults. Sudden death in neonates/infants secondary to central nervous system (CNS) cause...
Real-time Ultrasound Assessment of Astronaut Spinal Anatomy and Disorders on the International Space Station.

Objectives Back pain is one of the most common conditions of astronauts during spaceflight and is hypothesized to be attributed to pathologic anatomic changes. Ultrasound (US) represents the only available imaging modality on the International Space Station, but a formal US protocol for imaging the structures of the spinal column does not exist. This investigation developed a method of acquiring diagnostic-quality images of the anterior lumbar and cervical regions of the spine during long-duration spaceflight. Methods Comprehensive spinal US examinations were conducted on 7 long-duration spaceflight astronauts before flight, in flight, and after flight and compared to preflight and postflight magnetic resonance imaging data. In-flight scans were conducted after just-in-time training assisted by remote expert tele-US guidance. Results Novice users were able to obtain diagnostic-quality spinal images with a 92.5% success rate. Thirty-three anomalous or pathologic findings were identified during the preflight US analysis, and at least 14 new findings or progressions were identified during the postflight US analysis. Common findings included disk desiccation, osteophytes, and qualitative changes in the intervertebral disk height and angle. Conclusions Ultrasound has proven efficacy as a portable and versatile diagnostic imaging modality under austere conditions. We demonstrated a potential role for US to evaluate spinal integrity and alterations in the extreme environment of space on the International Space Station. Further investigations should be performed to corroborate this imaging technique and to create a larger database related to in-flight spinal conditions during long-duration spaceflight.
Statistical Methods for Scene and Event Classification

This chapter surveys methods for pattern classification in audio data. Broadly speaking, these methods take as input some representation of audio, typically the raw waveform or a time-frequency spectrogram, and produce semantically meaningful classification of its contents. We begin with a brief overview of statistical modeling, supervised machine learning, and model validation. This is followed by a survey of discriminative models for binary and multi-class classification problems. Next, we provide an overview of generative probabilistic models, including both maximum likelihood and Bayesian parameter estimation. We focus specifically on Gaussian mixture models and hidden Markov models, and their application to audio and time-series data. We then describe modern deep learning architectures, including convolutional networks, different variants of recurrent neural networks, and hybrid models. Finally, we survey model-agnostic techniques for improving the stability of classifiers.
Generalized Pain Sensitization and Endogenous Oxytocin in Individuals With Symptoms of Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective The current study examined pain and neurogenic inflammation responses to topical capsaicin during the interictal period (between headache) and their relationship with plasma oxytocin in individuals with migraine. Background Individuals with migraine can experience generalized (extracephalic) hyperalgesia, which can persist even between headache attacks. Elevated levels of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin have been observed during migraine attacks, oxytocin levels being positively associated with the intensity of migraine symptoms. However, whether oxytocin plays a role in the mechanisms of generalized pain sensitization and neurogenic inflammation during the interictal period has not been studied yet. Understanding migraineurs' interictal pain phenotype and endogenous oxytocin might help identify individuals who would benefit from intranasal oxytocin treatment. Methods Thirty-two subjects with migraine and 26 healthy controls underwent pain testing. The current study compared capsaicin-induced pain, central sensitization (areas of secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia), and neurogenic inflammation (capsaicin-induced flare) responses on the nondominant volar forearm between migraineurs and healthy controls. Additionally, we studied plasma oxytocin levels and their relationship to migraine symptoms, experimental pain and affect. Results The results indicated a significant group effect (P = .019): Migraineurs reported greater capsaicin-induced pain unpleasantness (M = 1.2, SD = 1.4) on a 0-10 scale and showed larger areas of flare (LnM = 2.8, SD = 0.4) than healthy controls (M = 0.5, SD = 0.8; LnM = 2.6, SD = 0.4; ps .200), migraineurs. The oxytocin levels were elevated in migraineurs and accounted for 18% of the group difference in capsaicin-induced pain unpleasantness. Within migraineurs, interictal oxytocin levels were negatively associated with psychological distress (Ps .074). Lastly, the results found no group difference in areas of secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia (Ps >.298). Conclusion The current study revealed that individuals with migraine exhibit enhanced extracephalic capsaicin-induced pain unpleasantness and flare responses during interictal periods. In addition, migraineurs, especially those with chronic migraine, had slightly elevated interictal oxytocin levels compared to controls, which was associated with their affective component of experimental pain. Therefore, treatment targeting affective pain during the interictal period may help to reduce generalized pain in migraine. Furthermore, endogenous increases in oxytocin may be a compensatory mechanism that may help decrease affective distress in migraineurs. The therapeutic effects of intranasal oxytocin may benefit migraineurs by reducing their affective distress.
BCL6 as a therapeutic target for lymphoma.

Introduction: B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional repressor critical for the development and maintenance of germinal centers (GCs), which are required for generation of an effective humor...
Low-level arsenic causes proteotoxic stress and not oxidative stress

Prolonged exposure to arsenic has been shown to increase the risk of developing a number of diseases, including cancer and type II diabetes. Arsenic is present throughout the environment in its inorganic forms, and the level of exposure varies greatly by geographical location. The current recommended maximum level of arsenic exposure by the EPA is 10μg/L, but levels>50-1000μg/L have been detected in some parts of Asia, the Middle East, and the Southwestern United States. One of the most important steps in developing treatment options for arsenic-linked pathologies is to understand the cellular pathways affected by low levels of arsenic. Here, we show that acute exposure to non-lethal, low-level arsenite, an environmentally relevant arsenical, inhibits the autophagy pathway. Furthermore, arsenite-induced autophagy inhibition initiates a transient, but moderate ER stress response. Significantly, low-level arsenite exposure does not exhibit an increase in oxidative stress. These findings indicate that compromised autophagy, and not enhanced oxidative stress occurs early during arsenite exposure, and that restoring the autophagy pathway and proper proteostasis could be a viable option for treating arsenic-linked diseases. As such, our study challenges the existing paradigm that oxidative stress is the main underlying cause of pathologies associated with environmental arsenic exposure.
A Survey of Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is the computational study of people’s opinions, appraisals, attitudes, and emotions toward entities, individuals, issues, events, topics and their attributes. The task is technically challenging and practically very useful. For example, businesses always want to find public or consumer opinions about their products and services. Potential customers also want to know the opinions of existing users before they use a service or purchase a product.
A systems modeling approach to the study of retinoid function: implications for evaluation of retinoids in cancer chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy.

Vitamin A-related compounds (retinoids) play critical roles in cell growth and differentia-tion (Roberts and Sporn, 1984). Since unregulated cell growth and differentiation are factors associated with most types of cancer, there has been a great deal of effort put into understanding the complex relationship between retinoids and various carcinogenic processes. An emerging body of evidence supports the notion that important relationships exist between retinoids and different types of cancer. Critical roles for naturally occurring-and synthetic retinoids in the prevention and/or therapy of certain cancers have been demonstrated in a wide variety of epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies (Lotan, 1980; Roberts and Sporn, 1984; Hong and Itri, 1994; Moon et al., 1994). However, human trials using retinoids in chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy programs have yielded mixed results. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. However, one likely problem is the relative paucity of information in a number of areas related to basic retinoid functioning and interactions. The importance of delineating the basic functions and interactions of the native and synthetic variants of retinoids, preferably in the physiological milieux in which they would normally exist, is of paramount importance if we are to more clearly understand the relationship between retinoids and carcinogenic processes. This is essentially the rationale we have used to guide and focus our research efforts. To obtain basic information on retinoid function and interactions, we have made extensive use of mathematical/compartmental modeling techniques not only to obtain critical information in this area, but also to optimize our experimental design and resources and thereby help to direct our research efforts appropriately.
Stability of wave equations with nonlinear damping in the dirichlet and neumann boundary conditions

Let f l be an open, bounded domain in R n with a smooth boundary F = F o u r t , where Fo and r t are disjoint portions of the boundary. Let "l(u) be a monotonnc increasing possibly multivalued function defined on R t such that 0c'~0). Let Aou ffi Au for u e H~ (f~) n H2(t2). Consider the following second-order hyperbolic problems: yu(xtt) = Ay(x,t) x ~ ; t > 0 ) y(x,O) = Yo(X) x ¢ f l / y,(x,0) = y t(x) (1.1)
The Policy and Practice Implications of Child Maltreatment Research: The Legacy of Penelope K. Trickett

The Discussion chapter provides a more in-depth look at the policy and practice implications of Penelope Trickett’s research on child maltreatment. The chapter begins with an overview of the current state of literature in the research to policy and practice gap, and specific recommendations for solutions. The chapter then provides an overview of key federal policies and services which address prevention and treatment of child maltreatment, linking them to key findings from Dr. Trickett’s research portfolio. Next, specific policy and practice implications from the studies in this monograph are detailed, particularly as they pertain to specific current federal policies and legislation as well as current prevention and treatment practices. These implications are tied to extant recommendations for the research to policy and practice gap, in an effort to bridge this chasm.
Philosophically Speaking...

I like nothing so much as a good philosophical discussion. For one thing, it just feels so delightfully scientific to be bandying about high minded terms like "epistemology," "ontology," "realism," "relativism," and "paradigm" with great abandon. For another thing, it is simply essential in my view of the world of science to which I enjoy belonging that one should be fully engaged in the ethical and normative underpinnings of scientific practice. That, to me, operationally characterizes philosophy of science. Our scientific philosophies facilitate the debating, codifying, and explicating of our "agreed-to rules of the road" for doing our work. They are our scientific code of conduct, so to speak. In my way of thinking, the rules of the road are important for all good researchers to understand and share if we are to hew faithfully to our paradigms and do good normal science research. The problem for me is that I see the emerging debate over whether our field is a science or not through two distinct lenses, and I'm getting some parallax out of it. I've earned two doctorates at two different stages of my career; one in marketing when I was much younger, and one more recently in information systems. That does not make me any smarter than the average bear, and it could certainly be argued that it's a sure sign of not being smarter, since one could say I had to do it twice to get it right. Yet, it has afforded me a very unique perspective on the emerging ontological debate about our discipline because, quite literally, I Have Been There Before! I've studied the Philosophy of Science two fulsome times in my career, and I've gotten some interesting perspectives each time as each was in the midst of an existential debate over status, and both of these experience bear upon my agenda-setting here, as an editor. While learning my scientific craft as a first-time doctoral student in marketing, I reveled in the debate that much of academic marketing was enmeshed in during the 80s on whether marketing was a science or a technology and if a science, how best to be practiced. We future scientists all read Kuhn (1970) in our philosophy of science seminar, as well as Dubin (1978) and a flock of excellent philosophical essays collected in a tome edited by the redoubtable Jagdish Sheth (Sheth & Garrett, 1986) - a philosophy of science volume that many in marketing and elsewhere still use, aged though it might be. We marketers also saw a collection of philosophical essays by thought leaders of the field under such titles as "Marketing, Scientific Progress, and the Scientific Method" (Anderson, 1983), "On Making Marketing Science more Scientific" (Arndt, 1985), "Paradigms Lost" (Deshpande, 1983), and "Metatheory and Metamethodology in Marketing" (Leong, 1985). The debate in marketing continued well past that point and has extended into recent years (e.g., Brown, 1996; Easton, 2002), indicating that the debate we have now in information systems has years yet to go. It is not a simple question we deal with, and the answers take time and fulsome consideration.
Interdiffusion between Sputtered MgO Films and Sapphire Substrates

Single crystalline αAl2O3 (sapphire) is a useful substrate material for a variety of thin film applications because of its inertness to processing chemicals and most film materials and the availability of high purity single crystalline substrates at reasonable size and cost. However, for films of the high temperature superconducting (HTS) oxides such as YBa2Cu3 O7−x (YBCO) grown directly on sapphire, there is a degradation in HTS properties occurring when deposition or subsequent annealing is carried out at high temperatures. In the early studies1 of YBCO on sapphire, the films were annealed at temperatures in the range of 850°–1000°C where interaction with sapphire was appreciable. More recent work2 has emphasized processing at temperatures as low as 400°C which significantly reduces but does not eliminate substrate-film interactions.
The Storytelling Project Model: A Theoretical Framework for Critical Examination of Racism Through the Arts

B ackground/C ontext: R esearch in E u rope an d the U n ited States show s that racial positionshapes an d gives voice to the stories people tell abou t race an d racism , an d filters how su chstories are perceived an d u n derstood by listen ers. A lthou gh n ot u n iform ly the case, peoplefrom the m ajority W hite racial grou p ten d to em phasize forw ard progress an d the declin in gsign ifican ce of race. M in oritized people of color m ore often n ote the en du rin g im pact ofracism as a barrier to racial progress.P urpose: T his article describes the evolu tion of a theoretical m odel for teachin g criticallyabou t racism an d racial stories u tilizin g the arts. W e reflect on the collaborative theory-bu ild-in g process u sed to develop the m odel, ou r u se of the arts to create spaces of teachin g an dlearn in g w here racial stories can be u n settled an d reexam in ed, an d the poten tial of thism odel to gu ide edu cation al projects in w hich participan ts con stru ct altern ative storiesgeared tow ard social ju stice.R esearch D esign: T his is an an alytic essay that describes the developm en t of a theoreticalcon stru ct.C onclusions/R ecom m endations:W e discu ss plan s for fu tu re research on the relevan ce of them odel for teachers, teacher staff developm en t, an d cu rricu lu m design in secon dary an d post-secon dary classroom s an d in com m u n ity-based dialogu es an d collaborative action n etw orks.
Problem-based learning in advanced photonics manufacturing: bringing real-world applications to the classroom

As the applications of photonics technology continue to expand into an ever-growing number of advanced manufacturing applications including laser materials processing, additive manufacturing, 3D sensing, medical devices, photonic integrated circuits and consumer products, science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs often struggle to prepare graduates with the critical thinking and problem solving skills needed to keep pace with this rapidly changing technology. In this paper, we describe how Springfield Technical Community College (STCC), in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AIM Photonics Academy, the New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE), and the National Science Foundation Advanced Technological Education (NSF-ATE) Regional Center for Next Generation Manufacturing (RCNGM) are addressing this struggle through a three-year NSF-ATE project entitled “Problem-based Learning in Advanced Photonics Manufacturing (APM-PBL).” In this project, we are creating eight multimedia problem-based learning (PBL) “Challenges” focused on authentic real-world problems in advanced photonics manufacturing in collaboration with photonics industry and research university partners. Training in the use of these Challenges and ongoing support will be provided for 24 high school and college STEM educators from throughout New England. These PBL Challenges will be made available online at no cost to high school and college STEM educators and will add to a growing online library of 20+ PBL Challenges created in three previous NSF-ATE grants awarded to NEBHE.
Low daily MEWS scores as predictors of low-risk hospitalized patients.

Background The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is a well-validated tool used by hospitals to identify patients at high risk for an adverse event to occur. However, there has been little evaluation into whether a low MEWS score can be predictive of patients with a low likelihood of an adverse event. Aim The present study aims to evaluate the MEWS score as a method of identifying patients at low risk for adverse events. Design Retrospective cohort study of 5676 patient days and analysis of associated MEWS scores, medical comorbidities and adverse events. The primary outcome was the association of average daily MEWS scores in those who had an adverse event compared with those who did not. Results Those with an average MEWS score of >2 were over 9 times more likely to have an adverse event compared with those with an average MEWS score of 1-2, and over 15 times more likely to have an adverse event compared to those with an average MEWS score of Conclusions Our study shows that those with average daily MEWS scores 2, deeming them 'low-risk patients'. Formal recognition of such patients can have major implications in a hospital setting, including more efficient resource allocation in hospitals and better patient satisfaction and safety by adjusting patient monitoring according to their individual risk profile.
Sensitivity Analysis of Thermal-Hydraulic Parameters and Probability Estimation of Boiling Transition in a Standard BWR/6

This paper reports on the development of a model correlating the minimum critical power ratio (MCPR) of standardized boiling water reactors (BWRs) to a set of thermal-hydraulic variables in parameter space. A statistical approach with fractional factorial sampling along with response surface methodology and orthogonal central composite design are employed. The COBRA-II computer code, after modifications to include MCPR calculation, is used to simulate the thermal hydraulics of the BWR/6. The sensitivity is obtained by differentiating a quadratic equation that represents the state of the system with respect to its constituent variables. Taking this correlation as a joint multivariable probability distribution function and using crude Monte Carlo integration techniques, the probability of boiling transition during normal operation in a standardized BWR/6 is estimated. The result agrees very well with data available in open literature.
What becomes of infantile traumatic memories? An adult "wild child" is asked to remember

A severely traumatized child, acting like a wild animal, was removed from her parents at thirteen months of age when her three-week-old sister was found, bitten and shaken to death. (Her father was later convicted of manslaughter and imprisoned.) The older child was also covered with bite marks. When she was twenty-nine months old, this child, whom I call "Cammie," was brought to me from miles away by herfoster parents for once-monthly psychotherapy. I have treated her, stressing abreaction, context, and correction, once a month ever since. When she was five years old Cammie's foster family adopted her. She is now twenty-two. I call her the "wild child" because of the growly voice, vomiting at will, grabbing at the genitalia of strangers, and cruelties to animals that she exhibited after her rescue. Presently she attends college and is training to be a preschool teacher or an aide to pediatricians. I have taken notes on what Cammie says and does during the twenty years she has come to me. In the spring of 2011, I was asked to speak later that year about infantile memories at the Margaret Mahler Symposium, Columbia University, New York. With the organizing committee's approval, I accompanied Cammie and her adoptive mother to the October 1, 2011, meeting and asked her in front of the psychoanalytic audience to recount her oldest remembrances. She, her mother, and I spoke about the nonverbal manifestations of her memory as well. I had briefly prepared Cammie and her mother for our presentation at the Mahler Symposium, but for the most part, it was spontaneous and unrehearsed. Their comments are quoted in this article. At twenty-two the "wild child" reports no verbal memory from her first year. On the other hand, her behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions over the years have reflected what occurred to her and indicate very active nonverbal memories of the traumatic experiences. Fragments of verbal memory that she recounted in therapy between ages two and three have entirely slipped away. Several kinds of behavioral reenactments of the abuses she received as an infant have been reversed into altruism. Other attitudes and behaviors have remained unaltered, however. Under the influence of street drugs or anesthetics, her infantile memories have been reawakened in the form of illusions, delusions, and condensation. Following a disaster in Japan, a shard of infantile memory was retrieved in the form of a repeated nightmare. Single cases like Cammie's inform us about the course of traumatic memories through childhood. Such cases may lead us to follow larger groups of infants for extended periods of time. We must try to further understand the effects of early trauma on the brains and minds of young children. This is of crucial importance to the future of psychiatry and psychoanalysis and to our duties to society.
Music therapy in the era of climate crisis: Evolving to meet current needs

Abstract Although climate change is recognized as a threat to individual and global health and well-being, the climate crisis has not previously been explored within music therapy. This article presents music therapy’s engagement with the climate crisis as a disciplinary imperative and lays the initial foundation for such engagement. The responsibilities and roles of music therapists in this context are discussed with reference to the relevant literature and practices. The development of a new approach that directly addresses the climate crisis, eco music therapy, is proposed. Eco music therapy is presented as the intersection between the discipline and practice of music therapy and the climate crisis, including political, environmental, and cultural elements. Music therapists are invited to re-consider and re-configure their work at the individual, associational, and disciplinary levels—thereby contributing to a global multidisciplinary effort to mitigate the impacts of the climate crisis.
Improving alkaline ionomers

Low-cost, efficient hydrogen production via water electrolysis is expected to be an important part of a future hydrogen economy. Towards this end, new polymers with high stability are demonstrated and paired with low-cost, earth-abundant metal catalysts in alkaline membrane electrolyzers.
Design and testing of a mechanized tube well installer

Abstract To combat water access problems, a mechanized means to install sustainable, driven tube wells was developed. A modified hydraulic post driver was mounted to a Purdue Utility Platform vehicle to provide the impact necessary for a driven tube well installation. The vehicle provided the positioning framework and hydraulic power for the post driver. Low-cost tube wells could potentially provide safe, clean water, increasing hygiene and reducing pathogens typically present in unimproved surface water or artesian sources used throughout the developing world. Five wells were installed at sites across West-Central Indiana, with the deepest well being driven to 7 m. One well was able to produce 13 L/min and remained sanitary after disinfection. This suggests that the well-driver vehicle could install shallow driven tube wells in developing countries.
No-till and carbon stocks: Is deep soil sampling necessary? Insights from long-term experiments

Abstract Confusion persists regarding the potential for no-till (NT) farming to accumulate soil organic C (SOC) and mitigate climate change. This uncertainty could be partly due to shallow sampling ( 34 yr). We quantified SOC stock (Mg ha−1) on an equivalent mass basis for the 0–60 or 100 cm soil depths for NT, disk, double disk, chisel plow, and moldboard plow under continuous corn and corn-soybean on silt clay loams after 34 yr and 39 yr in the western US Corn Belt. Results showed that NT did not increase SOC stocks near the surface but it did with cumulative depth relative to moldboard plow. No-till accumulated SOC at a rate of 0.68 Mg ha−1 yr-1 relative to inversion tillage (moldboard plow). However, NT did not store more SOC than common conventional (chisel plow) or reduced (disk) till practices for the whole soil profile. Results indicate that depth of soil sampling can affect conclusions about tillage system impacts on SOC stocks. For example, if we had sampled to 20 cm soil depth only, we would have incompletely concluded that NT does not significantly accumulate more SOC than moldboard plow. Results after 34 and 39 yr of tillage management also indicate that non-inversion tillage, particularly disk, can be as effective as NT for accumulating SOC. Overall, deep soil sampling can tell a different story about NT impacts on SOC stocks from shallow sampling.
Evaluation of Sacubitril/Valsartan Initiation in Outpatient Heart Failure Patients.

ABSTRACT Despite sacubitril/valsartan being on the market since 2015, clinicians are still determining the best way to initiate therapy to optimize outcomes and minimize potential for side effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate real-world outpatient experience of prescribing sacubitril/valsartan therapy based on appropriate patient selection, dosing conversion, and tolerability. This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients' prescribed sacubitril/valsartan therapy in cardiology clinics associated with an academic institution between February 1, 2016, and August 30, 2018. Patients were excluded if they were less than 18 years of age, enrolled in a clinical trial involving sacubitril/valsartan, or had insufficient data. The primary outcome was to determine how many heart failure patients initiated on sacubitril/valsartan were performed so appropriately based on guideline and package insert recommendations. Select secondary outcomes included rates of adverse events and need for adjustment of concomitant heart failure medications. A total of 250 patients were included in this study. For the primary outcome, 125 patients (50%) were appropriately initiated on sacubitril/valsartan. Those who were inappropriately initiated on the medication experienced more symptoms of hypotension (16% in the appropriate start group vs. 28% in the inappropriate start group; P = 0.022) and required more dose decreases of sacubitril/valsartan (6% in the appropriate start group vs. 13% in the inappropriate start group; P = 0.049). In outpatient clinical practice, almost half of patients initiated on sacubitril/valsartan were performed so outside of guideline recommendations, which was associated with an increased risk of hypotension and dose reductions.
Developmental changes in children’s recognition of the relevance of evidence to causal explanations

Abstract Identifying relevant evidence is necessary to evaluate scientific claims. Two studies explore how children ages 7–10 (n = 98) judge the relevance of different types of observations for evaluating the accuracy of a causal explanation, and how their judgments relate to domain-specific knowledge and other cognitive characteristics. All children recognized that observations involving the same entity and same underlying causal mechanism would be helpful for evaluating a claim. However, children ages 7–8 held a more fragile understanding than children ages 9–10 that observations involving a different entity but the same causal mechanism would be more helpful than observations involving the same entity but a different causal mechanism. Controlling for age, children’s biological knowledge also positively related to their recognition of the relevance of scientific evidence.