cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The idiopathic polyradiculoneuropathies: a historical guide to an understanding of the clinical syndromes

Recognition of the idiopathic polyradiculoneuropathies began with Graves, Landry and Dumenil who, respectively, suggested, implied and established the peripheral nervous system as a site of disease. Over the ensuing decades other neurologists separated the idiopathic disorders from neuropathies of known cause, poliomyelitis and myelopathies. Guillain, Barre and Strohl described the acute benign syndrome and its cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. Haymaker & Kernohan solidified the features of the acute disorder as did Dyck et al and Prineas & McLeod for the relapsing and chronic conditions. Currently the idiopathic polyradiculoneuropathies are regarded as autoimmune in nature, clinically generalized with some cases having focal involvement, and of varying severity with only occasional fatalities. Neurologists are divided as to whether the acute and chronic disorders represent 2 different conditions or whether they are 2 forms in the spectrum of a single disorder. This author favors the concept of a single disorder with multifarious manifestations.
Deep inelastic scattering from arbitrary spin targets

Abstract We analyze inclusive inelastic lepton scattering from polarized targets of arbitrary spin, J . We express the cross-section and lepton spin asymmetry in terms of Lorentz invariant structure functions. In the Bjorken limit all information about the target is summarized by a set of 2 J + 1 quark distribution functions (for each flavor of quark and antiquark) which evolve logarithmically with Q 2 in a manner prescribed by QCD. We present both parton model and operator product expansion analyses. For nuclear targets we present the predictions for these structure functions based on a convolution model in which nuclei are composed only of bound protons and neutrons. Specific examples are worked out in detail.
Discovery of a Novel, Potent, and Src Family-selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor STUDY OF Lck- AND FynT-DEPENDENT T CELL ACTIVATION

Here, we have studied the activity of a novel protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is selective for the Src family of tyrosine kinases. We have focused our study on the effects of this compound on T cell receptor-induced T cell activation, a process dependent on the activity of the Src kinases Lck and FynT. This compound is a nanomolar inhibitor of Lck and FynT, inhibits anti-CD3-induced protein-tyrosine kinase activity in T cells, demonstrates selectivity for Lck and FynT over ZAP-70, and preferentially inhibits T cell receptor-dependent anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation over non-T cell receptor-dependent phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced T cell proliferation. Interestingly, this compound selectively inhibits the induction of the IL-2 gene, but not the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or IL-2 receptor genes. This compound offers a useful new tool for examining the role of the Lck and FynT tyrosine kinases versus ZAP-70 in T cell activation as well as the role of other Src family kinases in receptor function.
Maturation of GABAergic Inhibition Promotes Strengthening of Temporally Coherent Inputs among Convergent Pathways

Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), a form of Hebbian plasticity, is inherently stabilizing. Whether and how GABAergic inhibition influences STDP is not well understood. Using a model neuron driven by converging inputs modifiable by STDP, we determined that a sufficient level of inhibition was critical to ensure that temporal coherence (correlation among presynaptic spike times) of synaptic inputs, rather than initial strength or number of inputs within a pathway, controlled postsynaptic spike timing. Inhibition exerted this effect by preferentially reducing synaptic efficacy, the ability of inputs to evoke postsynaptic action potentials, of the less coherent inputs. In visual cortical slices, inhibition potently reduced synaptic efficacy at ages during but not before the critical period of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. Whole-cell recordings revealed that the amplitude of unitary IPSCs from parvalbumin positive (Pv+) interneurons to pyramidal neurons increased during the critical period, while the synaptic decay time-constant decreased. In addition, intrinsic properties of Pv+ interneurons matured, resulting in an increase in instantaneous firing rate. Our results suggest that maturation of inhibition in visual cortex ensures that the temporally coherent inputs (e.g. those from the open eye during monocular deprivation) control postsynaptic spike times of binocular neurons, a prerequisite for Hebbian mechanisms to induce OD plasticity.
Regularization of the Coulomb singularity in exact exchange by Wigner-Seitz truncated interactions: Towards chemical accuracy in nontrivial systems

Hybrid density functionals show great promise for chemically accurate first-principles calculations, but their high computational cost limits their application in nontrivial studies, such as exploration of reaction pathways of adsorbents on periodic surfaces. One factor responsible for their increased cost is the dense Brillouin-zone sampling necessary to accurately resolve an integrable singularity in the exact exchange energy. We analyze this singularity within an intuitive formalism based on Wannier-function localization and analytically prove Wigner-Seitz truncation to be the ideal method for regularizing the Coulomb potential in the exchange kernel. We show that this method is limited only by Brillouin-zone discretization errors in the Kohn-Sham orbitals, and hence converges the exchange energy exponentially with the number of $k$ points used to sample the Brillouin zone for all but zero-temperature metallic systems. To facilitate the implementation of this method, we develop a general construction for the plane-wave Coulomb kernel truncated on the Wigner-Seitz cell in one, two, or three lattice directions. We compare several regularization methods for the exchange kernel in a variety of real systems including low-symmetry crystals and low-dimensional materials. We find that our Wigner-Seitz truncation systematically yields the best $k$-point convergence for the exchange energy of all these systems and delivers an accuracy to hybrid functionals comparable to semilocal and screened-exchange functionals at identical $k$-point sets.
Non-archimedean string dynamics

Abstract Explicit formulas for the N-point tree amplitudes of the non-archimedean open string are derived. These amplitudes can be generated from a simple non-local lagrangian involving a single scalar field (the tachyon) in ambient space-time. This lagrangian is studied and is found to possess a tachyon free vacuum with no “particles” but with soliton solutions. The question of generalizing the adelic product formular to N-point amplitudes is taken up. The infinite product of 5-point amplitudes is shown to converge in a suitably chosen kinematic region whence it can be analytically continued. Though the precise form of the product formula for the 5-point (and N-point)amplitudes is not found, it is shown that the product is not equal to one as it is for the 4-point amplitudes but rather involves the famous zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Chan-Paton rules for non-archimedean open strings are given. A string over the (global) field of rational numbers is constructed. Other problems that are addressed are the introduction of supersymmetry, the nature of a p-adic string lagrangian, and the possibility of strings over other locally compact fields.
On distortion bounds for dependent sources over wireless networks

Characterizing the set of achievable distortions in lossy transmission of dependent sources over multi-user channels is an open problem. Even for a channel such as the multiple access channel, where the capacity is well-understood, the complete characterization of achievable distortions is still unknown. Since separation of source coding and channel coding is sub-optimal for this case, bounds on achievable distortions require tools beyond prior channel capacities and rate-distortion bounds. In this paper we propose a systematic approach for finding lower bounds on the set of distortions achievable through joint source-channel coding.
Melilotus officinalis (Yellow Sweetclover) Causes Large Changes in Community and Ecosystem Processes in Both the Presence and Absence of a Cover Crop

Non-native species are hypothesized to decrease native species establishment and cover crops are hypothesized to decrease non-native species abundance. Although many studies have compared invaded to non-invaded habitats, relatively few studies have experimentally added non-native species to directly examine their effects. In a greenhouse mesocosm experiment, we tested the effects of non-native forbs (Melilotus officinalis, Verbascum thapsus, and Lespedeza cuneata), a proposed C3 grass cover crop (Pascopyrum smithii), and a commonly seeded non-native C3 grass (Bromus inermis) on the establishment of target native C4 prairie grass species. All treatments contained the same seed density of target C4 species and were begun on bare soil collected from the field. The legume M. officinalis strongly decreased the abundance of all other species, species diversity, and light and soil moisture levels. Surprisingly, M. officinalis took up relatively large amounts of labeled nitrogen (15N) from the soil early in its development, but M. officinalis fixed nitrogen, thus increasing nitrogen in biomass nearly fivefold by the end of the study. We found few effects of either C3 grass species on non-native forbs or C4 target species, but seeded P. smithii did increase species diversity. Non-native plants therefore impeded native C4 grass establishment through long-lasting effects of target species seedbank depletion (death of most target seedlings) and altered nutrient availability. The effects of M. officinalis were not reduced by the presence of a cover crop.
DNA synthesis and cell survival after X-irradiation of mammalian cells treated with caffeine or adenine.

SummaryThe expression of the transient depression in the rate of DNA synthesis normally observed after exposure of randomly-dividing Chinese hamster V-79 or Chinese hamster CHO cells to ionizing radiation can be postponed or diminished by a post-irradiation treatment with 1·0 to 2·0 mM adenine or 1·5 mM caffeine. Caffeine may exert its effect by creating additional sites for replication in irradiated cells. Cells treated with caffeine or adenine for 2 or 4 hours after exposure to 3000 rad of 300 kVp X-rays exhibit depressed synthesis only after the removal of caffeine or adenine.These alterations in the timing of the X-ray-induced depression of the rate of DNA synthesis have no effect on X-ray-induced cell killing. Although a 4 hour post-irradiation treatment of randomly-dividing Chinese hamster V-79 cells with 1·0 or 2·0 mM caffeine potentiates X-ray-induced cell killing, this reduction in survival is due primarily to effects on cells not in S-phase.
The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations An Integrative Review

We review emerging research on the psychological and biological factors that underlie social group formation, cooperation, and conflict in humans. Our aim is to integrate the intergroup neuroscience literature with classic theories of group processes and intergroup relations in an effort to move beyond merely describing the effects of specific social out-groups on the brain and behavior. Instead, we emphasize the underlying psychological processes that govern intergroup interactions more generally: forming and updating our representations of “us” and “them” via social identification and functional relations between groups. This approach highlights the dynamic nature of social identity and the context-dependent nature of intergroup relations. We argue that this theoretical integration can help reconcile seemingly discrepant findings in the literature, provide organizational principles for understanding the core elements of intergroup dynamics, and highlight several exciting directions for future research a...
Optimal shortening velocity (V/Vmax) of skeletal muscle during cyclical contractions: length-force effects and velocity-dependent activation and deactivation.

The force-velocity relationship has frequently been used to predict the shortening velocity that muscles should use to generate maximal net power output. Such predictions ignore other well-characterized intrinsic properties of the muscle, such as the length-force relationship and the kinetics of activation and deactivation (relaxation). We examined the effects of relative shortening velocity on the maximum net power output (over the entire cycle) of mouse soleus muscle, using sawtooth strain trajectories over a range of cycle frequencies. The strain trajectory was varied such that the proportion of the cycle spent shortening was 25, 50 or 75 % of the total cycle duration. A peak isotonic power output of 167 W kg-1 was obtained at a relative shortening velocity (V/Vmax) of 0.22. Over the range of cyclical contractions studied, the optimal V/Vmax for power production ranged almost fourfold from 0.075 to 0.30, with a maximum net power output of 94 W kg-1. The net power output increased as the proportion of the cycle spent shortening increased. Under conditions where the strain amplitude was high (i.e. low cycle frequencies and strain trajectories where the proportion of time spent shortening was greater than that spent lengthening), the effects of the length-force relationship reduced the optimal V/Vmax below that predicted from the force-velocity curve. At high cycle frequencies and also for strain trajectories with brief shortening periods, higher rates of activation and deactivation with increased strain rate shifted the optimal V/Vmax above that predicted from the force-velocity relationship. Thus, the force-velocity relationship alone does not accurately predict the optimal V/Vmax for maximum power production in muscles that operate over a wide range of conditions (e.g. red muscle of fish). The change in the rates of activation and deactivation with increasing velocity of stretch and shortening, respectively, made it difficult to model force accurately on the basis of the force-velocity and length-force relationships and isometric activation and deactivation kinetics. The discrepancies between the modelled and measured forces were largest at high cycle frequencies.
Cognitive correlates of a functional COMT polymorphism in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome associated with a markedly elevated risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Cognitive impairments such as a low IQ and deficits in attention and executive function are common in childhood. The catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene maps within the deleted region and is involved in the degradation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter thought to be important in cognition and the development of schizophrenia. Thus, we examined the correlation between neurocognitive deficits and a common polymorphism Val158Met in the COMT gene in a cohort of children with 22q11DS. Our results show that children with 22q11DS who have the Met allele have higher IQ and achievement scores and perform better on measures of prefrontal cognition, such as the Continuous Performance Task, as compared with those with the Val allele. These results confirm that the hemizygous COMT Val158Met genotype impacts upon cognition in children with 22q11DS.
Cycling to work in 90 large American cities: new evidence on the role of bike paths and lanes

This article analyzes the variation in bike commuting in large American cities, with a focus on assessing the influence of bike paths and lanes, which have been the main approach to increasing cycling in the USA. To examine the role of cycling facilities, we used a newly assembled dataset on the length of bike lanes and paths in 2008 collected directly from 90 of the 100 largest U.S. cities. Pearson’s correlation, bivariate quartile analysis, and two different types of regressions were used to measure the relationship between cycling levels and bikeways, as well as other explanatory and control variables. Ordinary Least Squares and Binary Logit Proportions regressions confirm that cities with a greater supply of bike paths and lanes have significantly higher bike commute rates—even when controlling for land use, climate, socioeconomic factors, gasoline prices, public transport supply, and cycling safety. Standard tests indicate that the models are a good fit, with R2 ranging between 0.60 and 0.65. Computed coefficients have the expected signs for all variables in the various regression models, but not all are statistically significant. Estimated elasticities indicate that both off-street paths and on-street lanes have a similar positive association with bike commute rates in U.S. cities. Our results are consistent with previous research on the importance of separate cycling facilities and provide additional information about the potentially different role of paths vs. lanes. Our analysis also revealed that cities with safer cycling, lower auto ownership, more students, less sprawl, and higher gasoline prices had more cycling to work. By comparison, annual precipitation, the number of cold and hot days, and public transport supply were not statistically significant predictors of bike commuting in large cities.
The influence of life form on carbon and nitrogen relationships in tropical rainforest ferns

Tropical ferns are characterized by a high diversity of plant life forms, yet there have been few large- scale studies on the functional ecology of these diVerent forms. We examined epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, and terres- trial ferns, and asked whether there are diVerences in the mineral nutrition and water relations across diVerent growth forms of a diverse assemblage of species. We measured speciWc leaf area, leaf nitrogen concentrations, and natural abundance of the stable isotopes 15 N and 13 C of 48 fern species from 36 genera across a wide range of habitats at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. We found that epiphytes were signiWcantly diVerent in all mea- sured variables from hemiepiphytic and terrestrial species, and that terrestrial and soil-rooted hemiepiphytes were indistinguishable in all variables excluding SLW. A multi- variate analysis revealed that aspects of N nutrition were the most reliable at separating epiphytic species from other life forms. Our study demonstrates that the natural abundance of both C and N as well as N relations and leaf morphology are useful when segregating diVerent plant life forms, and that the N cycle of epiphytic and terrestrial hab- itats function independently from each other.
NEWLY DISCOVERED REDOX COFACTORS: Possible Nutritional, Medical, and Pharmacological Relevance to Higher Animals

▪ Abstract Research spurred by the discovery of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PPQ) in 1979 led to the discovery of four additional oxidation-reduction (redox) cofactors, all of which result from transmogrification of amino acyl side chains in respective enzymes. These cofactors are (a) topa quinone in copper-containing amine oxidases, enzymes found in nearly all forms of life, including human; (b) lysyl topa quinone of the copper protein lysyl oxidase, an enzyme required for proper cross-linking of collagen and elastin; (c) tryptophan tryptophylquinone of alkylamine dehydrogenases from gram-negative soil bacteria; and (d) the copper-complexed cysteinyl-tyrosyl radical of fungal galactose oxidase. Originally, PQQ was thought to be a covalently bound cofactor in numerous enzymes from eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Today, PQQ is only found as a noncovalent cofactor in bacterial enzymes. The ubiquity of PQQ in the environment and its ready accessibility in the human diet has raised questions concerning its role as a...
Comparative susceptibility of introduced forest-dwelling mosquitoes in Hawai'i to avian malaria, Plasmodium relictum

To identify potential vectors of avian malaria in Hawaiian native forests, the innate susceptibility of Aedes albopictus, Wyeomyia mitchellii, and Culex quinquefasciatus from 3 geographical sites along an altitudinal gradient was evaluated using local isolates of Plasmodium relictum. Mosquitoes were dissected 5-8 and 9-13 days postinfective blood meal and microscop- ically examined for oocysts and salivary-gland sporozoites. Sporogony was completed in all 3 species, but prevalence between species varied significantly. Oocysts were detected in 1-2% and sporozoites in 1-7% ofAedes albopictus that fed on infected ducklings. Wyeomyia mitchellii was slightly more susceptible, with 7-19% and 7% infected with oocysts and sporozoites, re- spectively. In both species, the median oocyst number was 5 or below. This is only the second Wyeomyia species reported to support development of a malarial parasite. Conversely, Culex quinquefasciatus from all 3 sites proved very susceptible. Prev- alence of oocysts and sporozoites consistently exceeded 70%, regardless of gametocytemia or origin of the P. relictum isolate. In trials for which a maximum 200 oocysts were recorded, the median number of oocysts ranged from 144 to 200. It was concluded that Culex quinquefasciatus is the primary vector of avian malaria in Hawai'i. The endemic avifauna of Hawai'i has suffered great losses since European expansion into the Pacific. More than half of the historically known species have become extinct over the past 200 yr and another half of the remaining species are en- dangered. Of special concern are the Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae), a morphologically and ecologically diverse as- semblage of some 50 species that has been reduced to 25 extant species (Freed et al., 1987; James and Olsen, 1991; Jacobi and
Ras family therapy: Rab, Rho and Ral talk to the exocyst.

Abstract The exocyst is an octameric protein complex implicated in tethering vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane in preparation for exocytosis. Recent studies indicate that the exocyst interacts with various members of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. In different systems, this includes a Rab protein, several members of the Rho family and a Ral protein. Collectively, these interactions might serve to control where, when and how many vesicles are tethered to an exocytic site. This regulation is crucial in situations such as directing polarized incorporation of new membrane in epithelial cells and modulating the strength of synaptic transmission in neurons.
An Evaluation of High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide Light Sources for Parking Lot Lighting

(1999). An Evaluation of High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide Light Sources for Parking Lot Lighting. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 16-32.
On the Performance of a Two-User MIMO Downlink System in Heavy Traffic

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink system in which data is transmitted to two users over a common wireless channel is considered. The channel is assumed to be fixed for all transmissions over the period of interest and the ratio of anticipated average arrival rates for the two users, also known as the relative traffic rate, is the system design parameter. A packet-based traffic model is considered where data for each user is queued at the transmit end. A queueing analog for this system leads to a coupled queueing system for which a simple policy is known to be throughput-optimal under Markovian assumptions. Since an exact expression for the performance is not available, as a measure of performance (in heavy traffic), a diffusion approximation is established. This diffusion process is a two-dimensional (2-D) Semimartingale Reflecting Brownian Motion (SRBM) living in the positive quadrant of 2-D space
Choosing a DIVA: a comparison of emerging digital imagery vegetation analysis techniques

Question: What is the precision of five methods of measuring vegetation structure using ground-based digital imagery and processing techniques? Location: Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Methods: Vertical herbaceous cover was recorded using digital imagery techniques at two distinct locations in a mixed-grass prairie. The precision of five ground-based digital imagery vegetation analysis (DIVA) methods for measuring vegetation structurewas tested using a split-splitplotanalysis ofcovariance. Variability within each DIVA technique was estimated using coefficient of variation of mean percentage cover. Results: Vertical herbaceous cover estimates differed among DIVA techniques. Additionally, environmental conditions affected the vertical vegetation obstruction estimates for certain digital imagery methods, while other techniques were more adept at handling various conditions. Overall, percentage vegetation cover values differed among techniques, but the precision of four of the five techniques was consistently high. Conclusions: DIVA procedures are sufficient for measuring various heights and densities of standing herbaceous cover. Moreover, digital imagery techniques can reduce measurement error associated with multiple observers’ standing herbaceous cover estimates, allowing greater opportunity to detect patterns associated with vegetation structure.
Integration of Hybrid ARQ and Space-Time Coding through Embedded Quasi-Orthogonal Block Codes

This work presents a novel use of the quasi-orthogonal space-time coding structure to greatly enhance the scalability and efficiency of wireless communication systems through the integration of ARQ and space-time block codes. The key concept is to integrate space-time coding with hybrid ARQ by utilizing joint receivers upon ARQ retransmissions. Our objective is to reduce the retransmission bandwidth when network conditions are suitable. The joint detection scheme requires standard maximum likelihood algorithms. To achieve low complexity, Alamouti codes and quasi-orthogonal codes are adopted. We have found that for moderate channel conditions, 39 percent of the retransmission bandwidth can be saved with very little performance or complexity penalty.
Limb-Loaded Cycling Program for Locomotor Intervention Following Stroke

Background and Purpose. This case report describes implementation of a limb-loaded cycling (LLC) training program as a feasible exercise for people in early phases of locomotor training following stroke. Case Description. Two individuals with early-stage poststroke hemiplegia participated in the LLC program as an adjunct to physical therapy intervention. Performance of LLC involved cycling while supporting progressive amounts of applied load and weight shifting from one lower extremity to the other lower extremity. The LLC was conducted daily during 2 to 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. Outcomes. The LLC progressed with increases in weight bearing and force generation, as evidenced by larger amounts of limb loading during pedaling. The patients tolerated all loads without cardiorespiratory distress. Discussion. Limb-loaded cycling can accommodate people with little force-generating capability or weight-bearing ability as they practice locomotor skills. Gains in locomotor ability may be aided by the addition of this exercise regimen to patients' daily physical therapy.
A GPS receiver with built-in precision pointing capability

A Global Positioning System (GPS) pointing experiment using a single five-channel AN/PSN-9 GPS receiver developed for military manpack/vehicular applications is described. The AN/PSN-9 basically a dual-port per channel design, which results in minimum hardware and highest pointing accuracy by using common hardware to perform the GPS differential phase measurements from two GPS antennas. Procedures to solve for the phase double-difference ambiguities are described, and results are presented which demonstrate pointing solution convergence in less than 10 s with arbitrary movement of the antenna beam. Pointing estimates based on filtered, unambiguous phase double-difference observables from AN/PSN-9 GPS pointing unit indicate the potential of achieving 0.5-mr (0.3 degrees ) AZ pointing accuracy with only 1-m antenna baseline separation. >
THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. XXIV. PARALLAX RESULTS FROM THE CTIOPI 0.9 m PROGRAM: STARS WITH μ ⩾ 1.″0 yr–1 (MOTION SAMPLE) AND SUBDWARFS

We present 41 trigonometric parallaxes of 37 stellar systems, most of which have proper motions greater than 1. �� 0y r −1 . These are the first trigonometric parallaxes for 24 systems. Overall, there are 15 red dwarf systems and 22 red subdwarf systems in the sample. Five of the systems are multiples with directly detected companions, and we have discovered perturbations caused by unseen companions in two additional cases, the dwarf LHS 501 and the subdwarf LHS 440. The latter system may eventually provide important dynamical mass points on the subdwarf mass‐luminosity relation. Two additional stars of note are LHS 272, the third closest M-type subdwarf at a distance of only 13.6 pc, and LHS 2734 AB, a high-velocity subdwarf binary with Vtan > 700 km s −1 , which likely exceeds
The Kar3-Interacting Protein Cik1p Plays a Critical Role in Passage Through Meiosis I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Meiosis I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent upon the motor protein Kar3. Absence of Kar3p in meiosis results in an arrest in prophase I. Cik1p and Vik1p are kinesin-associated proteins known to modulate the function of Kar3p in the microtubule-dependent processes of karyogamy and mitosis. Experiments were performed to determine whether Cik1p and Vik1p are also important for the function of Kar3p during meiosis. The meiotic phenotypes of a cik1 mutant were found to be similar to those of kar3 mutants. Cells without Cik1p exhibit a meiotic defect in homologous recombination and synaptonemal complex formation. Most cik1 mutant cells, like kar3 mutants, arrest in meiotic prophase; however, in cik1 mutants this arrest is less severe. These data are consistent with the model that Cik1p is necessary for some, but not all, of the roles of Kar3p in meiosis I. vik1 mutants sporulate at wild-type levels, but have reduced spore viability. This loss in viability is partially attributable to vegetative chromosome loss in vik1 diploids. Cellular localization experiments reveal that Kar3p, Cik1p, and Vik1p are present throughout meiosis and are consistent with Cik1p and Vik1p having different meiotic roles.
The Role of Humor Styles and Shared Laughter in the Postdivorce Recovery Process

ABSTRACTHumorous communication has the potential to bolster resilient outcomes in individuals, and this could be especially true postdivorce. Framed by the resilience model and the stress buffering hypothesis, this study examined humor styles and shared laughter as coping mechanisms following divorce. Results indicate that participants (N = 89) who used self-defeating humor experienced physical stress, the time since the divorce was finalized influenced stress and rumination, and physical stress symptoms are suppressed by shared laughter with a source of social support. The implications of humor as an individual resource and shared laughter as a social resource in postdivorce resiliency are discussed.
Kinetics study of reactions of α-pinene and β-pinene with hydroxyl radical at 1-8 Torr and 240-340 K using the relative rate/discharge flow/mass spectrometry method.

The kinetics of reactions of α-pinene and β-pinene with hydroxyl radicals (OH) has been investigated at 1–8 Torr and 240–340 K using the relative rate/discharge flow/mass spectrometry (RR/DF/MS) technique. Our kinetic results indicate that at 298 K the rate constant of the reactions of α-pinene and β-pinene with hydroxyl radicals has little pressure dependence over the 1–8 Torr pressure range, suggesting that the high pressure limit of these reactions has been reached at 1 Torr. The rate constant of these reactions was found to negatively depend on the temperature at 240–340 K, which is consistent with previous investigations using different techniques. The Arrhenius equation for α-pinene and β-pinene with hydroxyl radical was determined to be kα-pinene = (1.21 ± 0.20) × 10–11exp[(441 ± 46)/T] cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and kβ-pinene = (1.65 ± 0.10) × 10–11exp[(470 ± 17)/T] cm3 molecule–1 s–1, respectively. Using the rate constant determined at 277 K in this work and the average global hydroxyl radical concentrat...
Folk Historical Sense in Two Native American Authors

Most literary artists who are sympathetic to folklore view oral literature and traditional behavior as material useful for incorporation into their poetry, fiction, or drama. Writers have effected such incorporation in several ways and have put folklore to a number of literary uses: as local color embellishment, as source for characterization, as structuring device for plot, and as vehicle for theme among other possibilities.1 Yet no matter how they exploit folklore in their work, most writers, at least in the mainstreams of Western literary tradition, seem to view the texts and processes of folk culture as distinct from literary texts and processes. For them, written literature and oral literature (as well as the rest of folklore) represent separate traditions. The writer's involvement in a tradition has been treated by T. S. Eliot. In his well-known essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent," he insists, "the poet must develop or procure the consciousness of the past and ... he should continue to develop this consciousness throughout his career."2 Though he rejects both a slavish imitation of past models and a pedantry arising from tedious study of literary history, Eliot suggests that the writer cultivate a "historical sense":
Rare Earth Oxide Dispersoid Stability and Microstructural Effects in Rapidly Solidified Ti3Al and Ti3A1-Nb

The microstructures of titanium aluminide alloys containing a rare earth oxide dispersion have been characterized using analytical electron microscopy. The alloys, based on Ti3A1 (alpha-2), contained 0 to 10.7 atom% Nb and 0.5 atom% Er. Alloys were rapidly solidified by melt spinning and were subsequently consolidated by HIP and extrusion. The microstructure of each alloy was examined in the as-cast, as-HIP'ed, and as-extruded conditions. A fine dispersoid spaced less than 100 nm apart was observed in ribbon aged at 750°C. The effects of processing conditions on the dispersoid distribution as a function of matrix chemistry were studied. Hot deformation was also examined to investigate the nature of the interaction between the dispersoids and the matrix during deformation.
A comparison of model helicopter rotor Primary and Secondary blade/vortex interaction blade slap

A study of the relative importance of blade/vortex interactions which occur on the retreating side of a model helicopter rotor disk is described. Some of the salient characteristics of this phenomenon are presented and discussed. It is shown that the resulting Secondary blade slap may be of equal or greater intensity than the advancing side (Primary) blade slap. Instrumented model helicopter rotor data is presented which reveals the nature of the retreating blade/vortex interaction. The importance of Secondary blade slap as it applies to predictive techniques or approaches is discussed. When Secondary blade slap occurs it acts to enlarge the window of operating conditions for which blade slap exists.
Pseudomonas in the hospital.

From the kitchen to the mist therapy unit, the hospital provides numerous ecologic niches for this pathogen, as well as a high concentration of appropriate human hosts. Although P. aeruginosa is still the major troublemaker, P. cepacia is increasing in importance; it can grow even in disinfectants. The role of in-house epidemiology in controlling outbreaks of pseudomonas infection is spelled out.
Operation Omega and the Policy of Antagonism

By March 1956, the United States began to view the direction of Egypt’s policy as hindering its objectives, and attempted to defuse the nationalist challenge. The new policy, code-named Omega, was based on existing assumptions as Washington continued to seek to impose its aims on Cairo. While in the past few years that goal would have been sought through selective cooperation, now it would be accomplished by a program of gradual coercion. Thus, either the Egyptian government would have to accept the administration’s aims or face increasing marginalization. Omega, however, failed to achieve its intended result since the Egyptian regime neither altered its policies nor saw a reduction of its influence. The Eisenhower administration simply failed to understand that just as Egyptian pan-Arabism was too powerful a force to be subsumed in the Cold War framework, so too it would prove too resilient to be reoriented or marginalized through punitive measures.
The Impact of Children on Intimate Partner Abuse Victims’ Service-Seeking

Intimate partner abuse is a major problem. This is especially true when there are children present. In attempt to stop the cycle of abuse, it is of critical importance to understand the impact children have on the relationships and the decision-making process of those involved. This research is part of a larger project examining the help-seeking behaviors of victims of intimate partner abuse. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 26 victims of intimate partner abuse who eventually sought services. This paper reports on how children affect the decision of their parent to either seek services while in an abusive situation or to postpone seeking services. This study focuses on 19 of those respondents with children. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses were conducted. This paper utilizes part of the qualitative data relating to the import of children in the decision-making process. Analysis reveals that for all respondents, children were important to their decision-making process. Several the...
Lmo2 Induces T-Cell Leukemia with Epigenetic Deregulation of CD4.

The LIM domain Only-2 (Lmo2) oncogene is deregulated in the majority of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL). Enforced, constitutive expression of Lmo2 in transgenic mice using the T-cell-specific Cd2 promoter/enhancer induces T-ALL with median latency of 200 days and 100% penetrance. These transgenic mice have a pre-leukemic differentiation block at the double negative stage (CD4 − CD8 − ) of T-cell differentiation. Despite this, T-ALLs in these mice arise from various stages of T-cell differentiation. To explore the relationship between T-cell development and Lmo2 oncogene function, we established cell lines from four independent T-cell tumors representing the double negative (DN), double positive (DP), and single positive (SP) stages. Two of the lines showed variegated expression of CD4 antigen. One line, 32080, was striking in that CD4 was expressed in 50% of cells whereas CD8 was uniformly present. The cell line expressed markers consistent with the intermediate single positive stage (ISP) to double positive (DP) stage transition. We sorted the 32080 line for highly CD4 positive and negative cells and observed them in culture. After one week, both sorted populations showed variegated CD4 expression. We determined CD4 expression was regulated at the transcriptional level and not due to post-transcriptional effects and that cell replication was necessary to re-establish CD4 variegation. Importantly, variegated CD4 expression was dependent on Lmo2 because its knockdown resulted in decreased CD4 expression. HDAC inhibition by trichostatin A had the reciprocal effect of inducing more CD4 expression suggesting that chromatin modification was playing a role. The CD4 locus was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and histone H3 methylation patterns consistent with silencing were found in the CD4 negative sorted cells but not in the CD4 positive population. The 32080 cell line is a striking model of ISP to DP T-cell plasticity and invokes a novel mechanism by which Lmo2 functions.
A method for obtaining simian immunodeficiency virus RNA sequences from laser capture microdissected and immune captured CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages from frozen tissue sections of bone marrow and brain

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to extract cells or tissue regions for analysis of RNA, DNA or protein. Several methods of LCM are established for different applications, but a protocol for consistently obtaining lentiviral RNA from LCM captured immune cell populations is not described. Obtaining optimal viral RNA for analysis of viral genes from immune-captured cells using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and LCM is challenging. IHC protocols have long antibody incubation times that increase risk of RNA degradation. But, immune capture of specific cell populations like macrophages without staining for virus cannot result in obtaining only a fraction of cells which are productively lentivirally infected. In this study we sought to obtain simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RNA from SIV gp120+ and CD68+ monocyte/macrophages in bone marrow (BM) and CD163+ perivascular macrophages in brain of SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Here, we report an IHC protocol with RNase inhibitors that consistently results in optimal quantity and yield of lentiviral RNA from LCM-captured immune cells.
Mechanical Signaling in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are classically known to respond to differences in static extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and resemble a mesenchymal, more malignant state lacking any polarized...
Oral Language Issues and Assessment of Oral Language

This chapter details formal and informal measures and methods of assessing oral language proficiency in students’ first and second languages. An assessment of students’ oral proficiency in their first language should be made before administering measures of achievement, cognitive processing, and intelligence. Typically, speech-language pathologists take the lead in assessing oral language. However, psychologists must have an understanding of the issues so they can make determinations as to the reliability and validity of the measures they administer. For high-incidence languages, such as Spanish and French, there are standardized measures for assessing oral language proficiency. But even with Spanish and French, whereas it is reasonable to administer and interpret standardized tests when recent immigrants are assessed in their first language, it is not appropriate to administer those measures after a child has been immersed in the second language for 2 or more years because of first language attrition. Evaluation teams are often reluctant to assess children who have not yet had time to become proficient in English. However, this is discriminatory toward English learners with disabilities. In many cases, informal measures of gathering data about oral language proficiency in the first language must be employed. We detail sources of information that help determine oral language proficiency in the first language and in English, such as home language surveys and tests that are administered by English as a second language (ESL) teachers.
(Re)Presenting the Street: Video and Visual Culture in Planning

The practice of city planning cannot be separated from its visual culture: the images produced by urban professionals to make proposals, advance arguments, and assert expertise. By way of prologue, consider a drawing created by Jules Guerin for the 1909 Plan of Chicago (Fig. 5.1). In the blink of an eye, the picture embodies the plan. Reproduced on the paperback cover of Peter Hall’s Cities of Tomorrow (1988) for nearly every recent student of city planning to see, the image of a new Civic Center for Chicago has come to stand for many of the ideals of city planning: bold physical proposals, a progressive role for government, the enhancement of the public realm.
Repeats and Survival in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1

The myotonic dystrophies are multisystem disorders characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, myotonia, cataracts, endocrine abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and cardiomyopathy. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common of the myotonic dystrophies. The cardiac-specific phenotypes of DM1 include progressive atrioventricular conduction delay, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, impaired left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction, impaired contractile reserve, and mesocardial fibrosis. Cardiac conduction abnormalities in patients with DM1 range from asymptomatic preclinical conduction system disease to complete heart block or ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden death. In addition, DM1 patients are at increased risk for left ventricular dysfunction, ranging from impaired global longitudinal strain and impaired contractile reserve with preserved resting ejection fraction to overt left ventricular systolic dysfunction leading to overt heart failure. See Article by Chong-Nguyen et al Much concerning the pathogenesis of DM1 has been elucidated. Abnormal repeat expansion of a CTG triplet repeat in the 3′ untranslated region of the DMPK gene (dystrophia myotonica protein kinase)1 leads to accumulation of mutant transcripts in the nuclei of cells that in turn lead to dysregulated splicing and altered transcription.2,3 Sequestration of RNA-binding proteins including MBNL1 by DMPK mRNA CUG repeats and compensatory upregulation and activation of CUGBP1 (CUG-binding protein) lead to altered splicing of multiple transcripts.4–6 In addition to splicing defects, reduction of the DM protein kinase itself may contribute to the cardiac conduction defect seen in patients with DM1.7,8 Aberrant differential splicing of the SCN5A mRNA, with switching of exon 6 from the adult exon 6B to fetal 6A, is likely contributory to reductions in cardiomyocyte excitability and increased atrioventricular conduction delay.9 There is extensive evidence of a relationship between age-dependent neuromuscular dysfunction and DMPK CTG repeat length in DM1. Indeed, clinical phenotypes of late-adult-onset, classical-adult-onset, childhood-onset, …
THE USE AND INTERPRETATION OF ROBUST ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the use and interpretation of robust analysis of variance. The need for a robust analysis of variance follows from the advantages of classical analysis of varience (ANOVA). ANOVA is one of the principal statistical research tools in many scientific disciplines, its position probably more assured now than over 30 years ago when Eisenhart, 1947, made a similar observation. The primary reason for its popularity is that it provides a summary in convenient tabular form of complex patterns in data. This advantage accrues whether one regards the associated test statistics and p-values in an inferential or in a purely descriptive manner. The goal of robust analysis is to provide automatic detection and adjustment for outliers. As entries in a classical ANOVA table are functions of least squares estimates of regression coefficients and as least squares estimates are by now notorious for their lack of robustness, analogous procedures based upon robust estimates are needed. The chapter discusses robust analysis of variance procedures for the general non-full-rank linear model. The chapter describes the procedures in terms of their mathematical structure, demonstrating that the analysis has the same uses and interpretation as classical analysis of variance. This structure also leads to efficient computational algorithms. Necessary standardizing constants for the test statistics are motivated by consideration of likelihood ratio tests.
Invasive Parasites and the Fate of Darwin's Finches in the Galapagos Islands: The Case of the Vegetarian Finch (Platyspiza crassirostris)

ABSTRACT The Vegetarian Finch, Platyspiza crassirostris, is a relatively unstudied Darwin's finch that appears to be in decline in the Galapagos Islands. We monitored 11 nests of Vegetarian Finches during 2013 and 2014 on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, and found that 10 of these were infested with an invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi. This is the first report of P. downsi attacking this bird species. The number of P. downsi in nests of Vegetarian Finches was higher than for other Darwin's finch species, but nestling mortality was relatively low. We hypothesize that both of these trends may be related to fact that the Vegetarian Finch is one of the largest-bodied species of Darwin's finches. We also consider the conservation implications of P. downsi parasitism for populations of vegetarian finches and other Darwin's finch species in the Galapagos Islands.