cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wilderness family therapy: Experiential dimensions

This paper describes the process in which families participate in a wilderness experience. Metaphors such as climbing or paddling a canoe are translated into daily living patterns to deepen individual and family self-knowledge, self-esteem, and intimacy.
Color measurements using a colorimeter and a CCD camera

Two new techniques are introduced for measuring the color content of printed graphic images with applications to web inspection such as color flaws and measurement of color quality. The techniques involve the development of algorithms for combining the information obtained from commercially available CCD color cameras and colorimeters to produce a colorimeter system with pixel resolution. 9 refs.
Comment on "Realism and quantum flux tunneling"

A reply is presented to Ballentine's (1987) critique of the Legett and Garg (1985) experiment to discriminate between the experimental predictions of quantum mechanics (QM) and those of a class of macrorealistic theories. Legett and Garg uphold their earlier conclusions on the basis of the fact that the present critique refers to an experiment which was not in fact proposed. It is stressed that the original work involved an analysis according to macrorealism, while the calculations of Ballentine only demonstrate the internal consistency of the formalism of QM when applied to three consecutive actually performed experiments.
Lead poisoning of children in Africa, IV: Exposure to dust lead in primary schools in south-central Durban, South Africa

Abstract Twenty primary schools in three areas (Merebank, Austerville and Bluff) of south-central Durban, South Africa were studied to determine if dust lead loading (μg/m 2 ) is high enough to constitute a risk to children. Atmospheric lead fallout rates in the schools varied from 9 to 264 μg/m 2 per day and were higher than the values now being reported in the developed countries. Mean outside dust lead loadings were 425 μg/m 2 in Merebank, 771 μg/m 2 in Austerville and 1174 μg/m 2 in Bluff areas, and 25% of the primary schools were found to have mean outside dust lead loading above 1000 μg/m 2 . Mean dust lead loadings inside classrooms were 2–4 times lower than the outside rates, and showed no significant difference among schools in the three areas. Dust lead loadings were correlated with lead concentrations in dust but not with distance from the highway or with atmospheric lead deposition rates. Exposure to dust lead in classrooms and in the school yard is considered to be an important contributor to blood lead levels in, and hence a potential health hazard to, children in many urban areas of the city.
Brain stem metastasis as the only site of spread in prostate carcinoma. A case report

Metastasis to the brain from prostate carcinoma is a rare event, having been reported in less than 5% of postmortem examinations. The incidence of cases detected antemortem is even smaller, and the incidence of brain metastasis as the only site of metastasis has been reported in only one other case. The authors present a second such case of a patient with a Stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate that metastasized to the brain stem; this was the only site of spread.
Effect of rotary inertia and shear on natural frequencies of cantilever bridges

A study of the natural frequencies of cantilever bridges including the effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation is presented. The bridge is assumed to act as a series of elastic beams with distributed mass. Frequency equations are derived for the symmetric and the antisymmetric vibrations. Values of the frequency parameter owing to the rotary inertia and shear effects are presented and are compared with those obtained by classical analysis.
Epinephrine-induced pulmonary oedema in rats is inhibited by corticotropin-releasing factor.

Abstract In various animal models of injury to skin, mucous membranes, muscle and brain, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) attenuated vascular leakage in the injured tissues. Here, the effects of CRF on a rat model of pulmonary oedema were examined. Male albino rats (220–290 g) received saline or CRF s.c., 30 min before pentobarbital anaesthesia, 60 mg/kg i.p., and 1 h before 1-epinephrine bitartrate (Epi), 30μg/kg i.v. Within 30 min after Epi all ( n =27) saline-pretreated rats were dead from pulmonary oedema, but animals receiving human/rat CRF at doses of 7 to 57 μg/kg s.c. ( n =25) were all alive. Body wt, wet and dry wt of lungs were used to calculate an oedema index. This index increased from 3.6±0.1 to 9.6±0.3 after Epi but was inhibited by 87% after CRF 28 μg/kg s.c. The ED50 of CRF for reducing pulmonary oedema was 3.2 (1.3–7.4) μg/kg s.c. Mean arterial pressure increased from 119±4 to 167±2 mmHg after Epi 10 μg/kg i.v., but was not different (118±3 to 169±4 mmHg) after CRF pretreatment, 6 μg/kg s.c., a dose which reduced lung oedema. Pharmacokinetic estimates suggest that plasma levels of CRF sufficient to attenuate lung oedema in rats approximate those seen in pregnant women at delivery, raising the possibility that endogenous CRF may protect the maternal organism during parturition.
Rural and urban breast cancer patients: health locus of control and psychological adjustment.

Objective: This study examines the moderating influence of rural residence on the associations between health locus of control (HLC) beliefs and psychological well-being. Method: Two hundred and twenty-four breast cancer patients were surveyed. Results: The results revealed that rurality interacted with HLC beliefs in predicting psychological adjustment. The pattern indicated that, whereas endorsing external forms of locus of control can be detrimental to the psychological well-being of urban breast cancer patients, the same is not true for rural breast cancer patients. For rural breast cancer patients, powerful others locus of control was beneficial for and chance locus of control was unrelated to well-being. Conclusions: Implications for future research and medical care are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Treatment and Doping Dependence of In2O3 Nanowires as Ammonia Sensors

Devices based on single-crystalline In2O3 nanowires were used to detect ammonia gas via electrical measurements at room temperature. Interesting phenomena have been observed, as the direction of the conductance modulation upon NH3 exposure depends on both the initial state of the nanowire surface and the nanowire doping concentration. For nanowires with surfaces cleaned via UV illumination in a vacuum, the conductance has been found to increase for lightly doped nanowires and decrease for heavily doped nanowires upon exposure. In contrast, for nanowires residing in ambient atmosphere, i.e., under practical conditions, the conductance has been consistently observed to increase upon NH3 exposure, regardless of the doping concentration. This is explained by considering electron transfer between In2O3 nanowires and NH3. Our work clearly demonstrates the potential of using In2O3 nanowires as NH3 sensors under practical conditions.
Drainage, streptomycin and tuberculosis.

In conclusion, it is of interest to speculate on the possible correlation between the degree of drainage from a tuberculous focus located in any part of the body, and the development of resistance of tubercle bacilli to streptomycin. In general it has been shown that when clearing of the lesion is taking place in a satisfactory manner, resistance of the organisms to streptomycin does not develop. Conversely where streptomycin does not affect an early favorable result, an increasing resistance of the organisms is the rule. A lack of adequate drainage may play a definite role in the development of resistance.
The impact of intellectual property regulation on global medical technology innovation

Technology innovation has the potential to expand equitable healthcare to underserved populations in global health. At the same time, device patents and their legislation can be barriers to innovation for developing countries. This article reviews the current landscape of international intellectual property regulation and reasons why inventors of healthcare devices for the developing world have varying interest in pursuing patent protection of their devices. Finally, we highlight some opportunities for frugal approaches to intellectual property protection as well as propose more imaginative legislation in developing countries.
Dielectric measurement of the model glass transition in orientationally disordered cyclo-octanol.

Orientationally disordered crystals possess translational order while retaining rotational and conformational degrees of freedom. Because these materials exhibit a glasslike transition, they are of great theoretical and experimental interest as model systems for structural glasses. We present detailed measurements of the complex dielectric susceptibility \ensuremath{\varepsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega},T) of the orientationally disordered phase of cyclo-octanol. The frequency dependence (${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$--${10}^{4}$ Hz) of the real and imaginary parts of \ensuremath{\varepsilon} are fit to Cole-Davidson and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts shape functions to extract values for the peak frequency and width exponents as functions of temperature. The temperature dependence of the peak frequency is described by a Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher form with ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$=92.4 K for the Cole-Davidson fit and 94.7 K for the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts fit. The correlation between the width exponent and fragility is consistent with the behavior of other glasses and glasslike materials. The data also obey a scaling form proven successful for a variety of organic glass formers. Both analyses demonstrate the close similarity of the transition in orientationally disordered cyclo-octanol to the structural glass transition and confirm that cyclo-octanol is an ideal candidate for further theoretical and experimental treatment as a model glass.
An examination of classical coupling of laser light to thin, dense plasma layers

Classical coupling, i. e. net absorption by inverse bremsstrahlung, of laser radiation in thin layers of dense (n >> nc) plasmas is described by Eqs. (19) and (26) according to a wave description of the radiation field and a simple hydrodynamic model of the plasma and by Eqs. (29) and (47) according to a photon transport model. Though it appears that neither of these descriptions can be explored further without computer assistance, their implications seem to be quite discrepant. Equation (28) implies that the Maxwell-hydrodynamic model leads to high reflectivity of thin, dense plasma layers. Equation (47), on the other hand, implies - because of the smallness of ? ~ ?ei/? ~10-3 - 10-2 - that any plasma layer is extremely absorptive in the density region for which n ~ nc. Though this discrepancy is, so far, based only upon qualitative arguments, it nevertheless appears real.
Nuclear threat as psychopathology: An interview with David Ingleby☆

Interview de D. Ingleby sur le theme de la psychologie de la menace nucleaire en tant qu'elle reflete le champ total de la psychologie. Ainsi sont abordes les problemes de la sante mentale, du role de la psychologie dans la sensibilisation aux problemes reels
The effect of rolling direction on the weld structure and hardness of gamma-TiAl sheet material

Abstract The microstructure and microhardness of a welded gamma-TiAl (γ-TiAl) sheet material was investigated to determine the effect that rolling direction had on its microhardness and microstructure. The alloy was received in the primary annealed condition which consisted of a microstructure containing equiaxed γ grains with α2 particles located at grain boundaries and triple points. Gas tungsten arc welding was performed both along and transverse to the direction of rolling. The fusion zone consisted of a dendritic microstructure with some microporosity. The microhardness of the fusion zone was significantly harder than the base metal regardless of rolling direction. Preliminary results showed that the specimens welded transverse to the rolling direction had cracks that were parallel to the welding direction (normal to the rolling direction) and the cracking was much more severe than for the specimens welded in the direction of rolling. A preliminary weld structure-property relationship was established as a function of rolling direction.
From Americanization to Multiculturalism: Political Symbols and Struggles for Cultural Diversity in Twentieth-Century American Race Relations:

Multiculturalism has been a central concept in conflicts over race/ethnic relations for more than a decade, yet the debates that it ignited offer little systematic understanding of its origins and meaning. This research seeks to clarify those issues through an analysis of multicul- turalism, and cultural diversity more broadly, from a symbolic and histori- cal perspective. Symbolic analysis of multiculturalism focuses on its multivalence-an essential property of political symbols thatfacilitates the synchronization of diverse interests. Historical analysis focuses on the shift- ing balance of interests, and political struggles over cultural diversity through the course of the century, which provides the layers of meanings from which multiculturalism draws. Of particular importance is the inter- play between movements seeking greater equity in race/ethnic relations and market-based interests that find elective affinities with specific sym- bolic expressions of those relations-particularly the affinity between cul- tural diversity and economic competitiveness that developed in the context of economic globalization. The fact seems to be that people of all shades of opinion-radical, liberal, conservative, and reactionary-as well as people of both Negro and white races have often based their opinions on shaky historical foundations or downright misinformation. Some of the most direful pre- dictions of disaster as well as some of the most hopeful forecasts of interracial felicity have been sofounded. -C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow
Quasi-Incestuous Paliyan Marriage in Comparative Perspective

Quasi-incestuous marriages of South Indian Paliyan foragers are described and compared with broadly similar arrangements in nine other cultures. Twelve percent of Paliyan marriages occur through pedogamous union with step- and adopted children, some calling this their preferred form of marriage. Paliyan subsistence, households, types of marriage, and pedogamy are described. Although two sample cultures exhibit more aversion to sex in quasi-incestuous marriages than Wolf's revision of Westermark's incest theory would predict, the 10 culture comparison suggests that the unions in question may best be looked at as: (a) ways for elders to control marriage to protect family resources, (b) contingency arrangements in tightly structured systems, or (c) products of individualized decision making in loosely structured, un-coercive systems.
TEACHING CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE WITH MULTIPLE-RELATED EXEMPLARS: ENHANCEMENT OF CONCEPT FORMATION, TRANSFER, AND ABSENCE OF STIMULUS OVERSELECTION '.

Summary.-In Exp. I (N=32), 4'/2-yr.-old children discriminated benveen two stimulus compounds, multiple and related stimulus components s Schover & Newsom, 1976). The phenomenon of attending to a restricted range of relevant cues has been described by Lovaas and Koegel (1979) as overselective attention or stimulus overselection, and they have documented the prevalence and hlitations of overselection for learning by autistic children, individuals with mental retardation and even young children of average intelhgence. Of possible significance is chat the components of the S+ and S- compound in overselection studies are arbitrary and thus more or less unrelated to each other, e.g., an ice cream cone and a cat versus a car arid a baseball (Gersten, 1983). In contrast, the stimulus members or components in concept-learning tasks are related to each other on some relevant dimension. If that sameness is recognized, greater control by the indvidual S+ compo
The effect of the combustor-turbine slot and mid-passage gap on vane endwall heat transfer

Turbine vanes are generally manufactured as single- or double-airfoil sections that are assembled into a full turbine disk. The gaps between the individual sections, as well as a gap between the turbine disk and the combustor upstream, provide leakage paths for relatively higher pressure coolant flows. This leakage is intended to prevent ingestion of the hot combustion flow in the primary gas path. At the vane endwall, this leakage flow can interfere with the complex vortical flow present there, and thus affect the heat transfer to that surface. To determine the effect of leakage flow through the gaps, heat transfer coefficients were measured along a first-stage vane endwall and inside the mid-passage gap for a large-scale cascade with a simulated combustor-turbine interface slot and a mid-passage gap. For increasing combustor-turbine leakage flows, endwall surface heat transfer coefficients showed a slight increase in heat transfer. The presence of the mid-passage gap, however, resulted in high heat transfer near the passage throat where flow is ejected from that gap. Computational simulations indicated that a small vortex created at the gap flow ejection location contributed to the high heat transfer. The measured differences in heat transfer for the various mid-passage gap flowrates tested did not appear to have a significant effect.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effects of dithiothreitol, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and n-ethylmaleimide on synaptic transmission at sympathetic ganglion cells of frog

The effects of disulfide bond and sulfhydryl group reagents on synaptic transmission were studied in the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion. Ten millimoles of dithiothreitol (DTT), a disulfide bond reducing agent, decreased the amplitude of the transmitted postganglionic compound action potential (CAP) to 41% of control. More than one hour wash-out of DTT with normal Ringer's solution did not reverse the block, but 1 mM 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), an oxidizing agent, rapidly restored the compound action potential amplitude. N-Ethylmalemide (NEM), an alkylating agent, added before DTNB, prevented the restoration of transmission by DTNB. Block of transmission induced by dithiothreitol was also reversed rapidly by 50 microns 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), to 87% of control compound action potential amplitude, and subsequent addition of DTNB restored transmission completely and this was accompanied by the stimulus-bound repetitive firing (SBR) which diaminopyridine produced in otherwise untreated ganglia. One to 3 mM dithiothreitol decreased the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP), and greater concentrations slightly depolarized the cell membrane and decreased membrane resistance. Washout with Ringer's solution reversed the depolarization, but not the block of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials was restored to threshold by 1 mM DTNB, which also slightly increased membrane resistance and the resting potential. It is concluded that the actions of dithiothreitol and DTNB in the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion are generally similar to those previously observed in other junctional tissues. Interactions between these drugs and 3,4-diaminopyridine in the present study also raise the question whether dithiothreitol and DTNB have any presynaptic effects.
The sweet smell of money: Economic dependency and local environmental political mobilization

Abstract This field research was conducted at six toxic waste contamination sites, in both the United States and Canada, designated as areas of concern by the International Joint Commission. The study argues that the effectiveness of the “control capacity”; of industry is increased to the extent that communities are (or perceive themselves to be) dependent on a given industry and that this economic and political leverage is further increased in economically peripheral regions. The data also indicate that although initially economic decline increases local resistance to environmental protection, a sustained economic downturn tends to reduce industrial control capacity and increase local receptivity to alteration of industrial processes and policies.
Extensional duplexing in the York Cliffs strike-slip fault system, southern coastal Maine

Abstract A 150 m-long sinistral strike-slip fault system, consisting of left-stepping en echelon fault segments, cuts deformed Paleozoic metasediments and early Mesozoic dike intrusions in coastal terrace outcrops in southern Maine. The longer fault segments follow the vertical bedding in the metasediments and accommodate approximately 1 m of displacement. Detailed mapping at scales down to 1:6, indicates that overlap zones between offset layer-parallel fault segments consist of high-dilation angular breccias, rounded attrition breccias and extensional duplexes where the offset segments straddle upright quartzite layers. In one 10 m-long duplex, R - and R ′-shears cut the layering in the quartzite at 28° and 69°, respectively, relative to the dominant layer-parallel fault segments, creating a doubly-tapered imbricate R -shear lens segmentation structure. Individual imbricate lenses accommodate additional layer-parallel extension through conjugate X - X ′-shear fractures with average orientations of 109° and 60°, respectively, relative to the dominant fault segments. Extensional fractures oblique to the dominant fault segments are rare within this duplex but commonly form distinctive “horsetail’ arrays at fault terminations that average 44° to the layer-parallel faults. Strain analysis shows that approximately 60–80 cm of measured strike-slip displacement is accommodated internally within this duplex as layer-parallel extensional strain using the R -shear and X - X ′-shear fracture mechanisms. The strain distribution and observed cross-cutting relations suggest an outward symmetric growth of the duplex structure from left-stepping, sinistral fault segments that developed sequences of tip-to-plane R -shear overlap linkages during continued displacements. Cyclic R - R ′- to X - X ′-shear fracturing may relate to stress reorientation following R -shear ruptures during episodic growth of the duplex and incremental slip of the fault system.
Cell-mediated and humoral responses to mycobacterial infection

Acquired antituberculous immunity is a paradigm for the purely cell-mediated response to an infectious agent. Resistance to such facultative intracellular parasites as Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, and Brucella abortus is mediated primarily by immunologically activated macrophages, often assisted by specific antibodies (opsonins) and other serum factors. On the other hand, antituberculous immunity is mediated by mononuclear cells alone, unaffected by the presence of immune antibodies which usually only appear relatively late in the infection. (4). Tuberculosis is an ancient human disease, with examples of osteotuberculosis dating back into prehistory. However, pulmonary tuberculosis only assumed real Public Health importance with the emergence of the Industrial Revolution, when overcrowding, malnutrition, alcoholism, and ignorance changed it from a comparatively rare disease in the Middle Ages to the socalled "White Plague" of the 19th Century. At its peak, mortality rates reached as high as 800 per 100,000 per annum, striking at all ages and socioeconomic groups. Its incidence then slowly declined, falling to 200 deaths per 100,000 by 1900 to around 2 per 100,000 at the present time (4). There was a particularly sharp drop with the introduction of chemotherapy in the second half of this century, leading to predictions that pulmonary tuberculosis would soon be eliminated from the Western World. However, more than 20,000 new cases of tuberculosis continue to be reported each year in this country, with a mortality rate which remains stubbornly at around 2,000. As a result, it is now generally conceded that these earlier forecasts were quite unrealistic and recent figures released by the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta actually show a small, though significant, increase in the incidence of this disease over the past two years (1), largely due to the emerging epidemic of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). As a result, tuberculosis seems likely to remain an important Public Health problem, both here and abroad, for many years to come.
Rate of development in young autistic children.

Abstract Prior research on rate of development in young autistic children has resulted in inconsistent findings. Some investigators suggest that early development follows an erratic, "lag‐spurt" course, whereas others conclude that rate of development in young autists is actually very stable. This study examined 15 preschool‐aged autistic children, over the course of a nursery school year, to determine the degree of stability in their rates of development. Perceptual‐performance skills, language skills, motor skills, and personal‐social skills were measured by the Gesell Developmental Examination. Although rates of development were significantly different across skill areas ( p p
Trabecular plates and rods determine elastic modulus and yield strength of human trabecular bone

The microstructure of trabecular bone is usually perceived as a collection of plate-like and rod-like trabeculae, which can be determined from the emerging high-resolution skeletal imaging modalities such as micro-computed tomography (μCT) or clinical high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) using the individual trabecula segmentation (ITS) technique. It has been shown that the ITS-based plate and rod parameters are highly correlated with elastic modulus and yield strength of human trabecular bone. In the current study, plate-rod (PR) finite element (FE) models were constructed completely based on ITS-identified individual trabecular plates and rods. We hypothesized that PR FE can accurately and efficiently predict elastic modulus and yield strength of human trabecular bone. Human trabecular bone cores from proximal tibia (PT), femoral neck (FN) and greater trochanter (GT) were scanned by μCT. Specimen-specific ITS-based PR FE models were generated for each μCT image and corresponding voxel-based FE models were also generated in comparison. Both types of specimen-specific models were subjected to nonlinear FE analysis to predict the apparent elastic modulus and yield strength using the same trabecular bone tissue properties. Then, mechanical tests were performed to experimentally measure the apparent modulus and yield strength. Strong linear correlations for both elastic modulus (r(2) = 0.97) and yield strength (r(2) = 0.96) were found between the PR FE model predictions and experimental measures, suggesting that trabecular plate and rod morphology adequately captures three-dimensional (3D) microarchitecture of human trabecular bone. In addition, the PR FE model predictions in both elastic modulus and yield strength were highly correlated with the voxel-based FE models (r(2) = 0.99, r(2) = 0.98, respectively), resulted from the original 3D images without the PR segmentation. In conclusion, the ITS-based PR models predicted accurately both elastic modulus and yield strength determined experimentally across three distinct anatomic sites. Trabecular plates and rods accurately determine elastic modulus and yield strength of human trabecular bone.
Improved T2 mapping accuracy with dual‐echo turbo spin echo: Effect of phase encoding profile orders

Turbo spin echo (TSE) pulse sequences have been applied to estimate T(2) relaxation times in clinically feasible scan times. However, T(2) estimations using TSE pulse sequences has been shown to differ considerable from reference standard sequences due to several sources of error. The purpose of this work was to apply voxel-sensitivity formalism to correct for one such source of error introduced by differing phase encoding profile orders with dual-echo TSE pulse sequences. The American College of Radiology phantom and the brains of two healthy volunteers were imaged using dual-echo TSE as well as 32-echo spin-echo acquisitions and T(2) estimations from uncorrected and voxel-sensitivity formalism-corrected dual-echo TSE and 32-echo acquisitions were compared. In all regions of the brain and the majority of the analyses of the American College of Radiology phantom, voxel-sensitivity formalism correction resulted in considerable improvements in dual-echo TSE T(2) estimation compared with the 32-echo acquisition, with improvements in T(2) value accuracy ranging from 5.2% to 18.6%.
Ambulatory diagnosis and medical management of ectopic pregnancy in a public teaching hospital serving indigent women.

Abstract Objective: The study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes of indigent women with possible ectopic pregnancy who were cared for in a public teaching hospital outpatient clinic by multiple residents. Study Design: Retrospective review of patients seen in the Obstetric-Gynecologic Urgent Care Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center from September 1, 2000, through August 30, 2001, was performed. Results: Of the 243 women being evaluated for possible ectopic pregnancy, 4 required surgical intervention during their diagnostic workup and 58 were lost to follow-up. Of the 31 women given methotrexate therapy, 25 successfully completed therapy, 2 required surgery, and 4 were lost to follow-up. Substantial investment was needed to contact patients who missed appointments. Conclusion: It is feasible to manage women with possible ectopic pregnancies on an ambulatory basis in a public teaching hospital, but close oversight is needed and both staff and patients must commit to significant follow-up. Local protocols can be modified to reduce the numbers of visits required. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1541-50.)
Mapping Large Educational Websites to Interactive DVDs

In areas lacking computers and Internet connectivity, one promising strategy for delivering electronic educational content is to utilize common household technologies such as TVs and DVD players. Recent work has demonstrated that it is possible to leverage the interactive features of DVD players to provide an (offline) Internet browsing experience, using the remote control for search and navigation. However, until now it has not been documented how to overcome the engineering challenges in mapping large numbers of interactive menus to a single DVD. This paper offers the first description of such a tool. We have applied this tool to burn over 257,000 screens of Wikipedia content to an interactive DVD, for use by low-income communities.
Audience personality and the selection of media and media genres.

The impact of personality characteristics (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism) on audiences' use of movies, television, and radio, and on genre preferences within these media was explored. Extraversion was associated positively with in-home movie viewing and with listening to urban, jazz-classical, and pop-rock music. Neuroticism was associated positively with pop-rock music listening. Psychoticism was associated negatively with watching romance and comedy films, but this relation was moderated by an interaction in that the impact of Psychoticism was most powerful among those who were also high in Neuroticism. Follow-up analyses evaluating the impact of personality within groups defined by gender and race were also carried out. The results point to the potential of incorporating audiences' perceptions of the gratifications offered by particular media into further research. These perceptions, which are likely to vary across audience groups, may contribute to how personality factors are expressed in me...
Laparoscopic surgical procedures for early ovarian cancer

Early stage la ovarian cancer diagnosed at the time of laparoscopic procedure was managed by laparoscopy accordingly. The procedures included oophorectomy, contralateral ovarian biopsy, total omentectomy, paraaortic lymphadenectomy and appendectomy. The patient tolerated the procedures smoothly and resumed work in two days.
Coaching Parents to Change: The Impact of In Vivo Feedback on Parents' Acquisition of Skills

Behavioral parent training (BPT) includes a variety of evidence-based treatments with diverse techniques to alter parent behavior. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy is an innovative BPT with its use of in vivo feedback (i.e., "coaching") during parent-child interactions. An experimental design was used to assess whether coaching without elaborate didactic improves parenting. Sixty mothers with children 2 to 7 years old were recruited from the community and randomly assigned to a coaching or no coaching group. After a baseline assessment, all dyads participated in two play interactions 1 week apart during which parents in the coaching group were provided with in vivo feedback. Coached parents displayed significant improvements in skills, and coaching predicted skill gains beyond the influence of baseline ability. Findings suggest that providing parents with feedback through in vivo coaching is an important mechanism of change.
Mating and feeding competition in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): the importance of short- and long-term strategies

I investigate the ecological context of intergroup agonism (IGA) in white-faced capuchins ( Cebus capucinus ) to elucidate the roles of feeding and mating competition, explicitly exploring both long- and short-term competitive strategies. Short-term mating competition is not a major function of IGA in C. capucinus . Males were the primary participants in IGA, but did not attempt to prevent extra-group copulations by herding females, and there was no relationship between IGA rate and conception rate. Long-term mating competition, on the other hand, may be important: 41% of interactions were low intensity, as would be expected if males were assessing the composition of neighboring groups in anticipation of a takeover. However, 59% of intergroup interactions escalated to chases or physical contact and females were frequent participants in IGA, directing aggression at adults of both sexes and at juveniles. These findings are not consistent with male mating competition and, in conjunction with overlapping home ranges, high interaction rate, and a positive relationship between IGA rate and both food availability and fruit patch size, they indicate that intergroup feeding competition may be important for capuchins. However, interactions do not preferentially occur at food sources, suggesting that capuchins may gain long-term, rather than short-term, benefits from IGA.
Integration Theory and Inoculation Theory as Explanations of the “Paper Tiger” Effect

Summary This experiment compared a weighted-average model from information integration theory with McGuire's inoculation theory as explanations of the “paper tiger” effect. Ss were 24 male and 24 female American college students. Procedure and design were similar to that used by McGuire, and his messages were used verbatim. Each S indicated his attitude on each of four health issues and also made direct estimates of the weight and scale value of each piece of information upon his attitude. An apparent paper tiger effect was observed for some issues, but the opposite effect was observed for other issues. The predictions of the averaging model were quite good in six of eight cases. The two discrepancies seemed to reflect an underestimation of the importance of attacking message. Overall, the results were interpreted as supportive of the informational interpretation. No need was found for the motivational concepts of belief threat and refutational practice used in inoculation theory.
Third prize: the role of endoscopic nephron-sparing surgery in the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UT-UC) is an uncommon disease with pronounced difference in 5-year survival for noninvasive (96%) versus invasive (17%) disease. High survival rate of early disease questioned the accepted norm of using radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for all stages. This review assesses effectiveness of endoscopic management for UT-UC. Methods: A review of 131 UT-UC patients seen between January 1999 and October 2009 was performed. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and outcomes data were collected and compared between patients initially managed with RNU versus those initially managed with nephron-sparing surgery (NSS). The chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables were used. Clinical and pathologic stages of RNU patients were evaluated with chi-square testing, whereas difference in length of stay was detected using linear regression. Recurrence rates were compared using multivariate Cox r...
Functional changes and adverse reactions after successful treatment of hereditary myokymia: A case report

Myokymia is a vermiform motion of muscle that can be found in conditions in which there is pathology to the peripheral nerve to that muscle. There are inherited syndromes that can present with muscle cramping and myokymia that have been described, but little information exists on long-term follow-up. In this case study, a 12-year-old girl had an inherited form of myokymia, as determined by clinical examination, electromyographic findings, and family history. The mode of inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance. Carbamazepine was used successfully to treat this disorder. Measurements were made of strength and endurance before and after treatment; significant improvement was seen in endurance with little effect on strength. The patient was able to discontinue carbamazepine without return of symptoms and subsequently was not limited in her activities. Return of symptoms was seen with prednisone treatment for exacerbated asthma. The symptoms resolved with restarting the carbamazepine and weaning of the prednisone. Discussion is presented on the possible mechanism by which anticonvulsant and steroid therapy exert their effects on myokymia.
Involvement of the substantia innominata/ventral pallidum complex in transmitting forelimb muscular rigidity evoked from the nucleus accumbens in rats

In the present study it was investigated whether muscular rigidity elicited from the nucleus accumbens could be transmitted via the substantia innominata/ventral pallidum (SI/VP) complex. For this purpose rats were equipped with cannulae aimed at the nucleus accumbens and/or the SI/VP, and with electrodes in the triceps muscle of the forelimb. In the first set of experiments it was found that the GABA agonist muscimol (10-25 ng/0.5 microliters) dose-dependently increased tonic EMG activity upon injection into the SI/VP region. The GABA antagonist bicuculline (50 ng/0.5 microliters) antagonized the effects of muscimol (25 ng/0.5 microliters). In the second set of experiments it appeared that the increase in tonic EMG activity induced by haloperidol (1000 ng/0.5 microliters) injected into the nucleus accumbens was antagonized by subsequent injection of bicuculline (25 ng/0.5 microliters) into the SI/VP complex. These data suggest that the SI/VP complex may be one station through which the muscular rigidity elicited from the nucleus accumbens is transmitted to lower brain structures.
The effect of passive cigarette smoke on birthweight in pregnant women with asthma

305 306 MATERNAL REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOME FOLLOWING FETAL SURGERY ROBERT WILSON, MARK JOHNSON, LORI HOWELL, ALAN FLAKE, TIM CROMBLEHOLM, HOLLY HEDRICK, SCOTT ADZICK, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pediatric Surgery, Philadelphia, PA OBJECTIVE: Retrospective database and maternal questionnaire information was used to determine the subsequent reproductive outcome for women following fetal surgery for non-life-threatening and emergency life -threatening fetal disease so that the information may be available for evidence-based presurgical counseling. STUDY DESIGN: The study was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects IRB 2003-2-3200. Database review identified 83 women with fetal surgery from a single institution (1996-2002). These women were sent a consent to participate form and a questionnaire looking at postoperative problems, fertility, obstetrical outcomes, and psychosocial concerns . RESULTS: The surgery anomaly in the 83 probands was 52 MMC, 14 thoracic pathology, 13 CDH, and 4 SCT. Present return rate is 46 returned (55% with 2 consent refused), 7 lost to follow-up (8%), and 30 still to be returned. Subsequent pregnancy rate is 47% with 6to 72-month duration and 17% patients having more than one pregnancy. Pregnancy outcome was 33% SA, 6% preterm delivery, and 61% term delivery. Patients with no further pregnancies had sterilization 10% andwanting a further pregnancy in 25%. Complications in a subsequent pregnancy were reported in 5/41 (12%) with uterine rupture at 24 weeks (1), cesarean hysterectomy (1), antepartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion (1), preterm delivery (2) (twin pregnancy; singleton with heart disease). Psychosocial comments re depression and posttraumatic stress following a proband fetal or neonatal death were common in 9 cases returning the questionnaire following loss. CONCLUSION: (1) Spontaneous pregnancy loss is increased over ‘‘quoted’’ 15%-20% background rate. (2) Uterine rupture or dehiscence is similar to classical C section rate (4%-9%). (3) Psychosocial factors for families having fetal surgery need further study. (4) Subsequent pregnancies following fetal surgery have an increased risk for maternal health compared to normal obstetrical population. Volume 189, Number 6 Am J Obstet Gynecol SMFM Abstracts S145
Social Categories and Social Interaction in Urban India

Categories into which people classify themselves and others in a North Indian city were collected, together with identifying characteristics and stereotypes. Utilizing a symbolic interactionist perspective, these were analyzed with reference to social behavior: the manner in which interaction was conditioned or influenced by the system of social categories and the meanings attached to them. The complexity of the terminological system, its variability and manipulability, the crucial importance of situation and audience, and the tenuous relationship between terminology and behavior were revealed.
Case Attraction in Ancient Greek

Case attraction has stood as a puzzling, and elusive, oddity of older Indo-European languages. This paper focuses on attraction in Ancient Greek, establishing both the regularity of the operation and its underlying motivation. A novel method is proposed for grounding case in terms of a feature-based representation of agentivity properties, loosely based on Dowty's proto-role theory, but reformulated in terms of privative opposition and hierarchically organized via a lattice. This structure is then used to model the case system of Ancient Greek and derive a hierarchical ordering on the case system in terms of agentivity. Modelling the interaction between this hierarchy and the other factors involved in case attraction in the Optimality Theory framework yields a full solution, predicting both its distribution and frequencies therein.
Combining Evidence in Hybrid Medical Decision Support Models

Hybrid methods are particularly useful for building diagnostic models based on biomedical data due to the wide variety of data types that are routinely encountered. Evaluation of the effectiveness of hybrid systems is complicated when multiple methods are combined to reach a conclusion. In the work described here, methods for combining results based on the general reliability of each model as well as its applicability to the case under evaluation are presented. Reliability measures differ depending on whether symbolic or numeric information is analyzed and depend on the strength of the decision algorithm as well as the soundness of the domain knowledge upon which the decision is based. In addition to reliability, combination of results is complicated by the need to weight each method to form the final conclusion. Weighting factors depend on the degree of certainty that the decision is correct for each of the methods. The process is illustrated in an application to cardiac diagnosis.
Enumerating solutions to p(a) + q(b) = r(c) + s(d)

Let p,q,r, s be polynomials with integer coefficients. This paper presents a fast method, using very little temporary storage, to find all small integers (a, b, c, d) satisfying p(a)+q(b) = r(c)+s(d). Numerical results include all small solutions to a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = d 4 ; all small solutions to a 4 + b 4 = c 4 + d 4 ; and the smallest positive integer that can be written in 5 ways as a sum of two coprime cubes.
Structure and pseudosymmetry of cholesterol at 310 K.

The structure of cholesterol above the (304.8 K) phase transition, previously published in preliminary form [Hsu & Nordman (1983). Science, 220, 604–606], has been fully refined using augmented X-ray data. The crystals are triclinic, space group P1, with (reassigned) cell parameters a = 27.565 (10), b = 38.624 (16), c = 10.748 (4) A, α = 93.49 (3), β = 90.90 (3), γ = 117.15 (3)°, and V = 10151 (7) A3. The unit cell contains Z = 16 molecules, of which eight are related to the other eight by unusual twofold rotational pseudosymmetry. The structure is related to the room-temperature phase, with Z = 8, by a rearrangement of some of the molecules, and by a doubling of the a axis.
The role of logical and nonlogical factors in making inferences about category membership

Abstract Three postulates are proposed concerning the manner in which persons infer the validity of propositions that do not necessarily follow logically from the information available. These postulates assume that subjects first attempt to identify the propositions that are most and least likely to follow from the information given. They then use their beliefs in these propositions as anchors, relative to which the validity of other propositions is evaluated on the basis of both logical and nonlogical criteria. Two experiments are reported in which these postulates are used successfully to diagnose the logical and nonlogical factors that underlie inferences based upon both single statements and sets of syllogistically related propositions. The implications of the proposed postulates for existing formulations of social inference and cognitive organization are discussed.
Phase Analysis in Multiple-Sensor Receivers with High Signal-to-Noise Ratio

The ideal phase detector characteristic is analyzed for estimating the phase difference between two stochastic input signals. This can essentially be described as a correlation process formed by multiplying the two input signals and extracting the phase. High signal-to-noise ratio conditions are assumed to linearize the system with respect to the noise. The effects of the nonlinearity on the signal are handled in terms of a series expansion and by using low-pass filtering on the receiver output. The mean square error of the system is calculated for some typical parameters.
Probing PrPSc structure using chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry: evidence of the proximity of Gly90 amino termini in the PrP 27-30 aggregate.

Elucidation of the structure of PrPSc continues to be one of the most important and difficult challenges in prion research. This task, essential for gaining an understanding of the basis of prion infectivity, has been hampered by the insoluble, aggregated nature of this molecule. We used a combination of chemical cross-linking, proteolytic digestion, and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF and nanoLC-ESI-QqTOF), in an attempt to gain structural information about PrP 27−30 purified from the brains of Syrian hamsters infected with scrapie. The rationale of this approach is to identify pairs of specific amino acid residues that are close enough to each other to react with a bifunctional reagent of a given chain length. We cross-linked PrP 27−30 with the amino-specific reagent bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3), obtaining dimers, trimers, and higher-order oligomers that were separated by SDS−PAGE. In-gel digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis showed that BS3 reacted preferentially with Gly90. A cross-l...