cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Knowledge and Self-Reference

Self-Knowledge and Self-Reference is a defense and reconciliation of the two apparently conflicting theses that the self is peculiarly elusive and that our basic, cogito-judgments are certain. On the one hand, Descartes seems to be correct that nothing is more certain than basic statements of self-knowledge, such as “I am thinking.” On the other hand, there is the compelling Humean observation that when we introspect, nothing is found except for various “impressions.” The problem, then, is that the Humean and Cartesian insights are both initially appealing, yet they appear to be in tension with one another. In this paper I attempt to satisfy both intuitions by developing a roughly descriptivist account of self-reference according to which our certainty in basic beliefs stems precisely from our needing to know so little in order to have them.
tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME). Thermodynamic analysis of reaction equilibria in the liquid phase

Ethers derived from C5 olefin streams provide a good mix of octane-enhancing and carbon monoxide-reducing qualities and are, therefore, being considered as a replacement for the more common isobutylene-derived fuel additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). This paper provides data on the thermodynamic reaction equilibria for the synthesis of tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), which is produced from the etherification reaction of 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene with methanol. Thermochemical parameters for the reaction mixture are experimentally verified, and expressions for the thermodynamic equilibrium constants as a function of temperature are developed. A corrected value for the Gibbs free energy of formation for TAME is provided.
Preparation of Terfenol-D by float zone solidification

Abstract Alloys of TbFe 2 , DyFe 2 and Tb 0.27 Dy 0.73 Fe x were prepared by float zone solidification where x was varied from 1.90 to 1.975. The results reveal several interesting aspects on the solidification characteristics of these RFe 2 compounds.
The minimum size of 3-graphs without a 4-set spanning no or exactly three edges

Let G"i be the (unique) 3-graph with 4 vertices and i edges. Razborov [A. Razborov, On 3-hypergraphs with forbidden 4-vertex configurations, SIAM J. Discrete Math. 24 (2010) 946-963] determined asymptotically the minimum size of a 3-graph on n vertices having neither G"0 nor G"3 as an induced subgraph. Here we obtain the corresponding stability result, determine the extremal function exactly, and describe all extremal hypergraphs for n>=n"0. It follows that any sequence of almost extremal hypergraphs converges, which answers in the affirmative a question posed by Razborov.
The monoclonal antibody to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, ipilimumab (MDX-010), a novel treatment strategy in cancer management

Background: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory regulator of the T cell immune response against tumor cells. Ipilimumab (MDX-010) is a monoclonal antibody directed against CT...
AALO: Activity recognition in smart homes using Active Learning in the presence of Overlapped activities

We present AALO: a novel Activity recognition system for single person smart homes using Active Learning in the presence of Overlapped activities. AALO applies data mining techniques to cluster in-home sensor firings so that each cluster represents instances of the same activity. Users only need to label each cluster as an activity as opposed to labeling all instances of all activities. Once the clusters are associated to their corresponding activities, our system can recognize future activities. To improve the activity recognition accuracy, our system preprocesses raw sensor data by identifying overlapping activities. The evaluation of activity recognition performance on a 26-day dataset shows that compared to Naive Bayesian (NB), Hidden Markov Model (HMM), and Hidden Semi Markov Model (HSMM) based activity recognition systems, our average time slice error (24.15%) is much lower than NB (53.04%), and similar to HMM (29.97%) and HSMM (26.29%). Thus, our active learning based approach performs as good as the state of the art supervised techniques (HMM and HSMM).
SNP-based pathway enrichment analysis for genome-wide association studies

Background: Recently we have witnessed a surge of interest in using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to discover the genetic basis of complex diseases. Many genetic variations, mostly in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been identified in a wide spectrum of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and psychiatric diseases. A common theme arising from these studies is that the genetic variations discovered by GWAS can only explain a small fraction of the genetic risks associated with the complex diseases. New strategies and statistical approaches are needed to address this lack of explanation. One such approach is the pathway analysis, which considers the genetic variations underlying a biological pathway, rather than separately as in the traditional GWAS studies. A critical challenge in the pathway analysis is how to combine evidences of association over multiple SNPs within a gene and multiple genes within a pathway. Most current methods choose the most significant SNP from each gene as a representative, ignoring the joint action of multiple SNPs within a gene. This approach leads to preferential identification of genes with a greater number of SNPs. Results: We describe a SNP-based pathway enrichment method for GWAS studies. The method consists of the following two main steps: 1) for a given pathway, using an adaptive truncated product statistic to identify all representative (potentially more than one) SNPs of each gene, calculating the average number of representative SNPs for the genes, then re-selecting the representative SNPs of genes in the pathway based on this number; and 2) ranking all selected SNPs by the significance of their statistical association with a trait of interest, and testing if the set of SNPs from a particular pathway is significantly enriched with high ranks using a weighted KolmogorovSmirnov test. We applied our method to two large genetically distinct GWAS data sets of schizophrenia, one from European-American (EA) and the other from African-American (AA). In the EA data set, we found 22 pathways with nominal P-value less than or equal to 0.001 and corresponding false discovery rate (FDR) less than 5%. In the AA data set, we found 11 pathways by controlling the same nominal P-value and FDR threshold. Interestingly, 8 of these pathways overlap with those found in the EA sample. We have implemented our method in a JAVA software package, called SNP Set Enrichment Analysis (SSEA), which contains a user-friendly interface and is freely available at http://cbcl.ics.uci.edu/SSEA. Conclusions: The SNP-based pathway enrichment method described here offers a new alternative approach for analysing GWAS data. By applying it to schizophrenia GWAS studies, we show that our method is able to identify statistically significant pathways, and importantly, pathways that can be replicated in large genetically distinct samples.
Children Associate Racial Groups with Wealth: Evidence from South Africa

Group-based social hierarchies exist in nearly every society, yet little is known about whether children understand that they exist. The present studies investigated whether 3- to 10-year-old children (N = 84) in South Africa associate higher status racial groups with higher levels of wealth, one indicator of social status. Children matched higher value belongings with White people more often than with multiracial or Black people and with multiracial people more often than with Black people, thus showing sensitivity to the de facto racial hierarchy in their society. There were no age-related changes in children’s tendency to associate racial groups with wealth differences. The implications of these results are discussed in light of the general tendency for people to legitimize and perpetuate the status quo. Nearly every human society includes groups of people who vary in social status (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). History is replete with examples of societies in which groups are clearly delineated by status, from the caste systems of India and New Spain to the Jim Crow policies of the American South. The country at the center of the present article—South Africa—was home to one of the most notorious examples of legally sanctioned social hierarchy: apartheid. From 1948 to 1994, the South African government built upon and strengthened an existing race- and privilege-based social hierarchy created by the Dutch and British colonial administrations. Apartheid laws enforced a strict race-based hierarchy with Whites as the highest status group, Blacks as the lowest status group, and groups like Coloureds (people of mixed racial heritage) and Indians in between (Finchilescu & Tredoux, 2010). Even societies without de jure hierarchy delineations often feature de facto groupbased hierarchies (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Most children are born into and develop in societies with legally enforced or culturally implied group-based hierarchies. The present article investigates whether or not children in South Africa are sensitive to group-based social hierarchies in their society. We focus in particular on children’s perceptions of wealth, one observable aspect of social status. Determining whether children represent differences between the relative status of different racial groups is important, given evidence that people tend to believe that the way things are is the way they ought to be (e.g., Jost & Banaji, 1994; Kahneman, Knetsch, & Thaler, 1991; Lerner, 1980; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Observing status hierarchies in their society may lead children to see higher status racial groups as more deserving of their status; even more insidiously, children may set their own aspirations according to their perception of their group’s status in society. We focus on children in South Africa, a country with a long history of race-based status differences, including wealth disparities that persist to the present day.
Hepatitis C virus NS3 mutations in haemophiliacs.

Summary Haemophiliacs have high hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure risk from blood products that did not undergo heat inactivation or disease-specific screening prior to 1987. Repeated exposure to infected factor concentrates predisposes haemophiliacs to higher likelihood of HCV from multiple sources. HIV coinfection could result in impaired clearance of less fit variants resulting in enrichment of quasispecies carrying resistance mutations. We postulated that haemophiliacs demonstrate increased prevalence of baseline signature mutations in the HCV NS3/4 serine protease coding domain. We examined the prevalence of putative HCV protease inhibitor mutations, mutations, subclassified into dominant mutations if changes conferred resistance, and minor variants not associated with drug resistance, in patients with haemophilia A or B, infected with HCV or HCV/HIV, prior to HCV PI exposure. A total of 151 subjects were evaluated, including 22 haemophiliacs and 129 non-haemophilic controls. Of the 58 mutations detected, 55 (95%) were resistance mutations and three (5%) were minor variants. Dominant mutations were detected in 10 (45.5%) haemophiliacs and in 43 (33.3%) controls (OR 1.67, 95% CI 0.67–4.16). There was no statistical difference in proportion of dominant mutations (P = 0.27) or minor variants (P = 0.47) between groups, despite adjustment for HIV status (P = 0.44). No significant differences in dominant or minor resistance mutations between haemophiliacs and non-haemophiliacs were observed. HIV presence or prior HAART exposure did not affect baseline distribution. We conclude that haemophiliacs are not at higher risk for pre-existing HCV PI mutations, and prospective studies of response to PI-based regimens with HCV activity are indicated.
Comparison of radar polarimetric and lidar scattering matrix measurements and systems calibration methods

A systematic approach to the measurements of the four basic scattering matrices used in radar and also recently more frequently in lidar metrology of isolated scatterers and distributed scatter ensembles is considered. The pertinent scattering matrices in use are the 2/spl times/2 complex JONES propagation matrix [T] or the 2/spl times/2 complex Sinclair scattering matrix [S] for the coherent point scatter case; the 2/spl times/2 complex radar power GRAVES matrix [G]=[S] [S] for the coherent case; the 4/spl times/4 real power density Mueller propagation matrix [M] or the 4/spl times/4 real power density Kennaugh scattering matrix [K] and the 3/spl times/3 symmetric (4/spl times/4 asymmetric) case covariance matrix [Z] for the partially polarized cases, which all are distinct but can be related to one another. The authors provide a comparison of polarimetric methods. Measurement made with respective radar and lidar systems are compared with specific applications for assessing EMC noise and clutter signatures. This study shows that the covariance matrix provides the greatest utility. >
Effects of temperature and altitude on ventilation and gas exchange in chukars (Alectoris chukar)

The effects of ambient temperature (T a) on ventilation and gas exchange in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) were determined after acclimation to low and high altitute (LA and HA; 340 and 3,800 m, respectively). At both LA and HA, oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ ) increased with decreasingT a atT a from 20 to −20°C. AtT a of 35 to 40°C, $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ increased above thermoneutral values at HA but remained constant and minimal at LA. Water loss rates increased rapidly atT a>30°C at both altitudes as birds began to pant. Ventilation rates (f) during panting were 5-to 23-fold greater than the minimalf at thermoneutralT a. Increased $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ atT a below thermoneutrality was supported by increased minute volume (V i) at both altitudes. The change inV i was primarily a function of changing tidal volume (V t), althoughf increased slightly asT a declined. Oxygen extraction ( $$E_{O_2 } $$ ) remained fairly constant atT a below 20°C at both altitudes. BothV t and $$E_{O_2 } $$ were considerably lower when birds were panting than at lowerT a. Chukars showed few obvious ventilatory adaptations to HA. The 35% change in $$P_{O_2 } $$ between 340 and 3,800 m was accommodated by a corresponding change inV i (btps), most of which was accomplished by increasedf at HA, along with a slight increase in $$E_{O_2 } $$ .
Divorce in the People's Republic of China: Analysis of a new law

Divorce has become increasingly common in the People's Republic of China, despite traditional disapproval and prohibitions. A new marriage law that makes divorce easier than it was in the past, and that mandates mediation of disputes was recently promulgated in China. This paper reports and analyzes the articles of the new law that regulate divorce, mediation, custody and support of children, spousal support, and property rights and settlements in terms of Chinese traditions, contemporary context, and implications for the future.
Variant superfield representations

Abstract We discuss some variant superfield representations which can arise by the replacement of some of the usual fields in a multiplet with p-form gauge fields.
High repetition-rate Q-switched and intracavity doubled diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser

A Nd:YAG laser was end pumped with 2.2 W of continuous-wave (CW) diode laser output. Efficient operation of the laser at high repetition rates was emphasized. This laser provides 890 mW of TEM/sub 00/ CW output at 1064 nm, and 340 mW of 532 nm average power at a Q-switched repetition rate of 25 kHz. Experimental data are compared with analysis. >
TIME COURSE OF OPSIN EXPRESSION IN DEVELOPING ROD PHOTORECEPTORS

We have investigated the time course of rod photoreceptor determination in the goldfish retina. Rod precursor cells located in the outer nuclear layer of the mature retina continuously generate rod photoreceptors. In this study, we asked when rod precursor cells begin to express opsin, which would signal their commitment to the rod pathway of differentiation. There are three possibilities: a rod precursor could express opsin while still mitotic, at or shortly after the terminal mitosis but before differentiation, or during differentiation. We used immunocytochemistry with antibodies against bromodeoxyuridine, BrdU (a thymidine analogue) and against opsin to determine when during the mitotic history of a cell the expression of opsin first occurred, taking a double labelled cell to be evidence of commitment to the rod cell fate. We found that the first double labelled cells appeared at 4 days after BrdU injection. The number of double labelled cells increased to peak at 10 days, and then fell. These results support the hypothesis that dividing rod precursor cells are probably multipotent stem cells not committed to the rod cell fate.
Variable selection in spatial regression via penalized least squares

We consider variable selection in linear regression of geostatistical data that arise often in environmental and ecological studies. A penalized least squares procedure is studied for simultaneous variable selection and parameter estimation. Various penalty functions are considered including smoothly clipped absolute deviation. Asymptotic properties of penalized least squares estimates, particularly the oracle properties, are established, under suitable regularity conditions imposed on a random field model for the error process. Moreover, computationally feasible algorithms are proposed for estimating regression coefficients and their standard errors. Finite-sample properties of the proposed methods are investigated in a simulation study and comparison is made among different penalty functions. The methods are illustrated by an ecological dataset of landcover in Wisconsin. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 37: 607–624; 2009 © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada Nous considerons la selection de variables en regression lineaire sur des donnees geostatistiques. Ceci se fait frequemment lors d'etudes environnementales et ecologiques. Une procedure des moindres carres penalises est etudiee pour selectionner les variables et estimer les parametres simultanement. Plusieurs penalisations sont considerees dont l'ecart absolu avec coupure lisse (SCAD). Les proprietes asymptotiques de l'estimateur des moindres carres penalises, particulierement les proprietes oracles, sont demontrees sous certaines conditions de regularite imposees sur le modele de champ aleatoire du processus des erreurs. De plus, des algorithmes calculables en pratique pour estimer les coefficients de regression et leur erreur standard sont proposes. Les proprietes des methodes proposees pour de petits echantillons sont etudiees par une etude de simulation et une comparaison de differentes penalisations est aussi faite. Ces methodes sont illustrees a l'aide d'un jeu de donnees sur la couverture vegetale du Wisconsin. La revue canadienne de statistique 37: 607–624; 2009 © 2009 Societe statistique du Canada
Performance evaluation of multipoint routing algorithms

The problem of developing efficient multipoint routing algorithms for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks is considered. Emphasis is placed on practical algorithms that have efficient distributed implementation. In particular, the weighted greedy algorithm (WGA) is investigated. This algorithm is of particular interest since one version can be implemented as a simple extension of point-to-point routing and since a straightforward distributed implementation is possible. The performance of the WGA is studied by means of computer simulations and compared to that of a theoretically good algorithm. Experiments are conducted under realistic conditions involving different connection types, including point-to-point and dynamic multipoint connections. Performance is evaluated in terms of an algorithm's load carrying potential. The goal is to find algorithms that maximize the load carrying ability of a network. >
Solution structures of polcalcin Phl p 7 in three ligation states: Apo‐, hemi‐Mg2+‐bound, and fully Ca2+‐bound

Polcalcins are small EF-hand proteins believed to assist in regulating pollen-tube growth. Phl p 7, from timothy grass (Phleum pratense), crystallizes as a domain-swapped dimer at low pH. This study describes the solution structures of the recombinant protein in buffered saline at pH 6.0, containing either 5.0 mM EDTA, 5.0 mM Mg 21 , or 100 lM Ca 21 . Phl p 7 is monomeric in all three ligation states. In the apo-form, both EF-hand motifs reside in the closed conformation, with roughly antiparallel N- and C-terminal helical segments. In 5.0 mM Mg 21 , the divalent ion is bound by EF-hand 2, perturbing interhelical angles and imposing more regular helical structure. The structure of Ca 21 -bound Phl p 7 resembles that previously reported for Bet v 4—likewise exposing apolar surface to the solvent. Occluded in the apo- and Mg 21 -bound forms, this surface presumably provides the docking site for Phl p 7 targets. Unlike Bet v 4, EF-hand 2 in Phl p 7 includes five potential anionic ligands, due to replacement of the consensus serine residue at –x (residue 55 in Phl p 7) with aspartate. In the Phl p 7 crystal structure, D55 functions as a helix cap for helix D. In solution, however, D55 apparently serves as a ligand to the bound Ca 21 . When Mg 21 resides in site 2, the D55 carboxylate withdraws to a distance consistent with a role as an outer-sphere ligand. 15 N relaxation data, collected at 600 MHz, indicate that backbone mobility is limited in all three ligation states.
Plasticity of the Unconditional Response: Evidence Linking Pain and Cardiovascular Regulation?

Plasticity of Unconditional Response. Dogs were classically conditioned by presenting them with a 30-second tone (the conditional stimulus) followed by 1/2-second shock (the unconditional stimulus). Well-trained animals respond to presentation of the conditional stimulus with increases in blood pressure and heart rate (the conditional response); the unconditional stimulus produces additional cardiovascular reactions (the unconditional response). In the present experiments, shock delivery increased heart rate < 20/min in six of 11 dogs. If the size of the heart rate increase following shock delivery is used as an index of the animal's perception of pain, the relatively small unconditional response in these six animals may indicate a blunting of their perception of the painful nature of the unconditional stimulus. Two additional dogs tested during the acquisition of the conditional cardiovascular response showed a diminution of the unconditional tachycardia as the conditional blood pressure response increased in magnitude. These data thereby tentatively support the concept that learned increases in blood pressure have an antinociceptive effect that, in man, may contribute to the development of hypertension.
Using domain specific languages to instantiate object-oriented frameworks

Prior research has shown that high levels of software reuse can be achieved through the use of object-oriented frameworks. An object-oriented framework captures the common aspects of a family of applications, thus allowing the designers and implementers to reuse this experience at the design and code levels. In spite of being a powerful design solution, frameworks are not always easy to use. A technique is described that uses domain specific languages (DSL) to describe the framework variation points and therefore syntactically assure the creation of valid framework instances. This approach allows framework users to develop applications without the worry of framework implementation, so allowing them to remain focused on the problem domain. In addition, the use of DSLs allows for better error handling, when compared to the standard approach of adapting frameworks by directly adding subclasses. The DSL programs are translated to the framework instantiation code using a transformational system. The approach is illustrated through two real-world frameworks.
Impedance measurements in coaxial waveguide systems

This article is a tutorial review of impedance measurements and standards in coaxial waveguide systems propagating a TEM wave. It describes the development of coaxial air lines as impedance standards, reviews representative measurement methods, and discusses the errors and measurement techniques of the slotted line in detail.
Improved quantification precision of human brain short echo‐time 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high magnetic field: A simulation study

Purpose The gain in quantification precision that can be expected in human brain 1H MRS at very high field remains a matter of debate. Here, we investigate this issue using Monte-Carlo simulations. Methods Simulated human brain-like 1H spectra were fitted repeatedly with different noise realizations using LCModel at B0 ranging from 1.5T to 11.7T, assuming a linear increase in signal-to-noise ratio with B0 in the time domain, and assuming a linear increase in linewidth with B0 based on experimental measurements. Average quantification precision (Cramer–Rao lower bound) was then determined for each metabolite as a function of B0. Results For singlets, Cramer–Rao lower bounds improved (decreased) by a factor of ∼ as B0 increased, as predicted by theory. For most J-coupled metabolites, Cramer–Rao lower bounds decreased by a factor ranging from to B0 as B0 increased, reflecting additional gains in quantification precision compared to singlets owing to simplification of spectral pattern and reduced overlap. Conclusions Quantification precision of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in human brain continues to improve with B0 up to 11.7T although peak signal-to-noise ratio in the frequency domain levels off above 3T. In most cases, the gain in quantification precision is higher for J-coupled metabolites than for singlets. Magn Reson Med 72:20–25, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simple Objective Detection of Human Lyme Disease Infection Using Immuno-PCR and a Single Recombinant Hybrid Antigen

A serology-based tiered approach has, to date, provided the most effective means of laboratory confirmation of clinically suspected cases of Lyme disease, but it lacks sensitivity in the early stages of disease and is often dependent on subjectively scored immunoblots. We recently demonstrated the use of immuno-PCR (iPCR) for detecting Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in patient serum samples that were positive for Lyme disease. To better understand the performance of the Lyme disease iPCR assay, the repeatability and variability of the background of the assay across samples from a healthy population (n = 36) were analyzed. Both of these parameters were found to have coefficients of variation of <3%. Using eight antigen-specific iPCR assays and positive call thresholds established for each assay, iPCR IgM and/or IgG diagnosis from Lyme disease patient serum samples (n = 12) demonstrated a strong correlation with that of 2-tier testing. Furthermore, a simplified iPCR approach using a single hybrid antigen and detecting only IgG antibodies confirmed the 2-tier diagnosis in the Lyme disease patient serum samples (n = 12). Validation of the hybrid antigen IgG iPCR assay using a blinded panel of Lyme disease and non-Lyme disease patient serum samples (n = 92) resulted in a sensitivity of 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50% to 84%), compared to that of the 2-tier analysis at 59% (95% CI, 41% to 76%), and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 91% to 100%) compared to that of the 2-tier analysis at 97% (95% CI, 88% to 100%). A single-tier hybrid antigen iPCR assay has the potential to be an improved method for detecting host-generated antibodies against B. burgdorferi.
Prospective echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical repair of anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an interarterial course

Abstract Objectives In this study, we sought to describe the mode of presentation, anatomic features, diagnostic techniques, and surgical outcome in a group of patients with anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an interarterial course between the great arteries (AOCA). Background Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an interarterial course is associated with myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Methods The cardiology database at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin was reviewed to identify all patients diagnosed with AOCA. Results From September 1997 to August 2002, 10 patients were identified with AOCA; all were children/adolescents (age range, 3 months to 20 years; weight range, 4.7 to 72 kg), and nine were diagnosed prospectively by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Symptoms of cardiac ischemia initiated investigation in 4/10 patients at a mean age of 16 ± 2.8 years; the other six had TTE for suspected congenital heart disease/musculoskeletal chest pain. The left coronary artery originated from the right sinus in six patients, and the right coronary artery originated from the left sinus in four patients. An intramural course of the AOCA within the anterior aortic wall was found in 9/10 patients and was reliably identified by TTE; the other patient had an intramyocardial course of the anomalous coronary. Surgical repair was performed in 8/10 patients at a mean age of 13 ± 4.7 years. Unroofing of the intramural portion of the AOCA to relocate the ostia in the appropriate sinus was successfully performed in seven patients. All patients status post unroofing were asymptomatic with patent coronary flow by Doppler and normal exercise treadmill testing at a median follow-up interval of 1.5 years. Conclusions Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an interarterial course is frequently characterized by an intramural course, which can be prospectively identified by TTE. Unroofing the intramural segment without bypass grafting can reliably repair the intramural form of AOCA.
Effective potential of lattice φ 4 theory

The structure of the effective potential for lattice ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory is discussed. It is shown that the effective potential $V(\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}})$ is undefined in an infinite lattice system for certain values of $\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ if spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs. It is also shown that $\frac{{d}^{2}V}{d{\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}^{2}}\ensuremath{\ge}0$ for all $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, thus precluding the familiar "double-well" shape suggested by the classical potential. These results do not depend on the spacetime dimensionality of the lattice or upon the particulars of any loop expansion. A graphical approximation procedure for the effective potential is formulated and compares very favorably with Monte Carlo results. Comparisons with strong-coupling-expansion predictions are also made.
An event-based framework for model integration

Modern driven development (MDD) defines a new approach to develop software system other than programming. MDD emphasizes the model level design by defining the specifications for a software system, and uses automatic tools to generate implementations on specific platforms. In the MDD process, many separate views and models are specified for different parts of the system. In the ZOOM notation, which is a formal notation we proposed to enhance the existing modeling notations and support MDD, the structural, behavioral and UI models are three components for a software model. In this paper, we present a pre-defined event model, processed through an event-driven framework, which integrates these views, and provides the run-time execution model for ZOOM
Analysis of reflection traveltimes in 3-D transversely isotropic heterogeneous media

A two‐point ray‐tracing technique for rays reflected from irregular, but smooth, interfaces in 3-D transversely isotropic heterogeneous media is developed. The method is based on Chebyshev parameterization of curved segments of the reflected rays, of the reflectors, and of the velocity and anisotropy distributions in the model. Chebyshev approximation also can describe the reflection traveltime surfaces to compress traveltime data by replacing them with coefficients of the corresponding Chebyshev series. The advantage of the proposed parameterization is that it gives traveltime as an explicit function of the model parameters. This explicitly provides the Frechet derivatives of the traveltime with respect to the model parameters. The Frechet derivatives are used in two ways. First, a two‐term Taylor series is constructed to relate variations in the model parameters to the corresponding perturbations in the traveltimes. This makes it possible, based on the results of a single ray tracing in a relatively sim...
Inactivation of Brca2 promotes Trp53-associated but inhibits KrasG12D-dependent pancreatic cancer development in mice.

Background & Aims Inherited mutations in the BRCA2 tumor suppressor have been associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. To establish the contribution of Brca2 to pancreatic cancer we developed a mouse model of pancreas-specific Brca2 inactivation. Because BRCA2-inactivating mutations cause defects in repair of DNA double-strand breaks that result in chromosomal instability, we evaluated whether Brca2 inactivation induced instability in pancreatic tissue from these mice and whether associated pancreatic tumors were hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents. Methods We developed mouse models that combined pancreas-specific Kras activation and Trp53 deletion with Brca2 inactivation. Development of pancreatic cancer was assessed; tumors and nonmalignant tissues were analyzed for chromosomal instability and apoptosis. Cancer cell lines were evaluated for sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. Results In the presence of disrupted Trp53 , Brca2 inactivation promoted the development of premalignant lesions and pancreatic tumors that reflected the histology of human disease. Cancer cell lines derived from these tumors were hypersensitive to specific DNA damaging agents. In contrast, in the presence of KrasG12D , Brca2 inactivation promoted chromosomal instability and apoptosis and unexpectedly inhibited growth of premalignant lesions and tumors. Conclusions Trp53 signaling must be modified before inactivation of the Brca2 wild-type allele, irrespective of Kras status, for Brca2- deficient cells to form tumors.
Police Officer Frustrations about Handling Domestic Violence Calls

Police officers have reported that their work is often stressful and responding to domestic violence calls is often viewed with frustration. Frustration can lead to poor health, low morale and beha...
Consultation as a Technology and the Politics of School Reform Reaction to the Issue

Special education and school psychology researchers have demonstrated that consultation can be effective. Yet, practitioner surveys suggest it is used infrequently. What accounts for this research-to-practice gap? We argue that consultation is effective and unused for the same reason: It is an educational technology. That is, whereas its developers have perfected a methodical and replicable problem-solving process that draws on an armamentarium of validated interventions, this very model and related methods are viewed as out of step with the zeitgeist of school reform. We explore this unfortunate irony and propose several modest recommendations.
Experimental evaluation of Ca-K exchange selectivity reactions in estuarine sediments

Clay materials separated from estuarine sediments in Louisiana exhibit a selectivity for exchangeable calcium in laboratory experiments. The studies were conducted at 25°C and 60°C in mixed calcium and potassium chloride solutions in which the equivalent fraction of potassium varied from 0.12 to 0.54. Calcium selectivity was observed to increase with an increase in the equivalent fraction of potassium in the external solution and the temperature. The results suggest the possible importance of ion exchange reactions in the regulation of calcium availability during early diagenetic reactions in sediments.
Development of parallel auditory thalamocortical pathways for two different behaviors.

Auditory thalamocortical connections are organized as parallel pathways that originate in different divisions of the medial geniculate body (MGB). These pathways may be involved in different functions. Surprisingly little is known about the development of these connections. Here we review studies of the organization and development of auditory thalamocortical pathways in the pallid bat. The pallid bat depends primarily on passive hearing of prey-generated noise for localizing prey, while reserving echolocation for general orientation and obstacle avoidance. In the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex, physiological studies show that noise and echolocation calls are processed in segregated regions. Injection of retrograde tracers in physiologically characterized cortical sites show that the ventral division of the MGB (MGBv) projects to the cortical region selective for noise. The cortical region selective for echolocation calls receives input from the suprageniculate (SG) nucleus in the dorsal MGB, but not from the MGBv. Taken together, these studies reveal parallel IC-MGB-cortex pathways involved in echolocation and passive listening. There is overlap of thalamocortical pathways during development. At two weeks postnatal, when the bat begins to exhibit adult-like hearing thresholds, the SG projects to both noise- and echolocation call-selective regions. The MGBv, as in adults, projects only to the noise-selective region. The connections become adult-like only after two months postnatal. These data suggest that parallel auditory thalamocortical pathways may segregate in an experience-dependent fashion, a hypothesis that remains to be tested in any species.
Supporting the Software Architekt: Selected Patterns Covering Different Perspectives.

Large software systems and projects develop a high degree of internal complexity by their sheer size, and are bound to experience trouble. This complexity is not limited to software design, but is also inherent to the process and the organization. Experienced software architects have learned to detect problems before they have become critical, and know a variety of different measures that can be applied in different situations. This knowledge of early symptom recognition and selection of a reaction can be collected in the form of diagnoses and therapies. The presented patterns are therapies from a broad range of aspects.
Evolutionary Theory in Cognitive Neuroscience: A 20-Year Quantitative Review of Publication Trends

Evolutionary cognitive neuroscience is an emerging and promising new scientific field that combines the meta-theoretical strengths of an evolutionary perspective with the methodological rigor of ne...
Abstract 24: Resolvin D2 Reduces Thrombus Burden and Attenuates Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in a Murine Model of Venous Thrombosis

Background: Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as Resolvin D2 (RvD2), play a critical role in the resolution of acute inflammation. In recent years, total organic synthesis of SPM have enabled investigation of their bioactivity in-vivo. It is known that the effects of RvD2 include limited neutrophil influx in-vivo, reduced neutrophil transmigration and counter-regulation of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-α in mice. However, SPMs have not been studied in the context of experimental venous thrombosis (VT). Methods: Mice C57Bl/6, 10 week-old, 25grams. Groups: Control non-VT mice; VT-control-vehicle; VT-RvD2; Flow model: Electrolytic IVC model. Intra-peritoneal injection was used for RvD2 and vehicle administration 4 hours after surgery. Harvest was performed 2 days after surgery, acute VT. Thrombus weight, qRT-PCR for inflammatory cytokines panel and subsets of white blood cell (WBC) counts were performed at the site of thrombosis his...
Reverse Limited Liability and the Design of Business Associations

The proliferation of partnership-type entities raises questions about how these entities relate to corporations and one another. It has also created strains as the use and scope of the statutes has expanded. This article discusses a particular problem that has arisen in the development of partnership-type business forms, "reverse limited liability." Reverse limited liability refers to the use of partnership-type entities as, effectively, asset-protection trusts. This has occurred because of the combination of limitations on creditors' access to debtors' interests in partnership-type firms and provisions permitting use of such firms by non-profit, one-owner entities. The courts have attempted to curtail this unexpected development with fraudulent conveyance, veil-piercing, and bankruptcy rules that do not reach the basic problem. The article suggests a statutory fix. More broadly, the advocates for a greater level of respect for the core functions of business entities and coherence of business association statutory provisions.
An agent-based model of supplier management in regional food systems (WIP)

Regional food systems provide economic support for small- and medium-sized farmers and help consumers become better-informed about their food, emphasizing the development of producer-consumer relationships and transparency with regard to production practices. However, most existing regional food supply chains (RFSCs) have not implemented appropriate supply chain management methodologies, and this has resulted in system-wide inefficiencies. In this paper, we describe new developments to our work in the area of RFSC supplier selection. We are currently testing the impacts of a variety of supplier selection policies on regional food system success, as well as assessing how coordination among producers would impact these policies. In our current research we are specifically interested in studying coordinated farmer logistics. To study this system, we developed an agent-based model of a theoretical regional food system in NetLogo. This model will be used to provide RFSC managers and participants with insights into the impacts that various supplier selection policies would have on their economic and social objectives.
Diminished fitness in an endemic Hawaiian snail in nonnative host plants

Hawaii’s diverse achatinellid tree snails occur almost exclusively in host trees and shrubs that are native to the Hawaiian Archipelago. A few exceptions to this pattern are known, where an arboreal gastropod population has persisted in introduced plants. On Oahu, Hawaii, the last known population of the single-island endemic snail Auriculella diaphana has persisted in nonnative plants for multiple decades, leading to the following question: are there differences in the relative fitness of native gastropods in native versus nonnative host plants? To address this we conducted laboratory trials with A. diaphana in three treatment groups, one with the two dominant nonnative host plants from their current distribution, another group with two primary native host plant species, and a third treatment maintained in cages with a mixture of equal parts of both the nonnative and native plants. Trials were replicated in two 16-week intervals, with 100 snails. Relative fitness was assessed among treatments as survival...
Improved trap to recover dead and abnormal honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from hives

An improved, multifunctional trap is described which enables the efficient collection of dead, diseased, intoxicated, and abnormal bees at the hive entrances of honey bee colonies. Versatile applications include determination of flight activity, pollen collection, drone and queen trapping, compatibility with a magnetic recapture system, and preservation of samples for pesticide residue analysis. Detailed observations on housecleaning behavior are described, and data on trap performance are presented. Approximately 96.9% of bee bodies are recovered by the trap. Examination of hives significantly increased daily mortality. The trap enables accurate monitoring of the effects of pesticides, microorganisms, parasites, and chemical treatments on honey bee colonies.
Friction and adhesion of gecko-inspired PDMS flaps on rough surfaces.

Geckos have developed a unique hierarchical structure to maintain climbing ability on surfaces with different roughness, one of the extremely important parameters that affect the friction and adhesion forces between two surfaces. Although much attention has been paid on fabricating various structures that mimic the hierarchical structure of a gecko foot, yet no systematic effort, in experiment or theory, has been made to quantify the effect of surface roughness on the performance of the fabricated structures that mimic the hierarchical structure of geckos. Using a modified surface forces apparatus (SFA), we measured the adhesion and friction forces between microfabricated tilted PDMS flaps and optically smooth SiO2 and rough SiO2 surfaces created by plasma etching. Anisotropic adhesion and friction forces were measured when sliding the top glass surface along (+y) and against (−y) the tilted direction of the flaps. Increasing the surface roughness first increased the adhesion and friction forces measured ...
Pathway of enterogastric reflex.

SummaryAcid in upper small intestine causes immediate inhibition of gastric motility. Sixteen dogs were prepared with gastric fistula and/or Heidenhain pouch plus a Maydl fistula of upper jejunum. ...
Bibliometric Modeling of Human Factors

Citation frequencies of publications in a review article on engineering psychology, primarily for the period 1976 to 1983, were analyzed by a bibliometric technique to assess their conceptual organization and development over that time frame. One of the technical areas described in the review of those publications, the attentional aspects of engineering psychology, was isolated by this technique and its salient feature identified as the measurement of mental workload. It was inferred that the other technical areas not delineated by this technique may not be developing in a systematic fashion with shared concepts, methodologies, and terminology.
Just Caring: Fair Innings and Priority Setting

Let us start with a scene that I ask the reader to imagine. I am fishing in a boat with a 90-year-old acquaintance. He stands up in the boat, is a bit unsteady, and falls into the water. He used to be a very good swimmer, but he is afflicted with arthritis, which makes it impossible to swim to save his life. I have a lifesaver at hand. Am I morally obligated to throw it to him? Or is it his time to die? I have to imagine that anyone reading this essay would instantly assert that I had a moral obligation to throw that lifesaver to him. Now imagine a 90-year-old with late-stage heart failure in our clinic or in our health plan. Apart from the heart failure, he is in reasonably good health. He loves life; he is not ready to die. He is aware of the fact that we now have a totally implantable artificial heart [TIAH]. These devices cost $300,000 with the surgery and hospitalization (SynCardia, FDA approves the SynCardia total artificial heart for destination therapy study, http://3blmedia.com/News/FDA-Approves-SynCardia-Total-Artificial-Heart-Destination-Therapy-Study, 2015). He asks his cardiologist to get access to this device for himself through his health plan. He can reasonably expect five extra years of life of good enough quality from this device. This would be a lifesaver for him. Is his health plan morally obligated to provide the TIAH to him? Or is it his time to die because he has had his “fair innings”? How is his situation ethically like or unlike the situation of our 90-year-old at risk of drowning? We are not talking about a scarce resource; no one else is competing for this resource with him (as would be the case if we were talking about absolutely scarce natural hearts for transplantation). What would justify his health plan not providing this lifesaving TIAH to him?