cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pesticide resistance: can we make it a renewable resource?

Negative cross-resistance (NCR) occurs when a mutant allele confers (i) resistance to one toxic chemical and (ii) hyper-susceptibility to another. Sequential deployment of NCR toxins is useful for insect control in few situations (Pittendrigh et al., 2000). Using Monte Carlo simulations, we investigated the concurrent use of a pair of NCR toxins to control a hypothetical insect pest population. When the toxins killed more heterozygotes than homozygotes, the resistance allele became either extremely common or rare depending on starting allelic frequency. If the NCR toxins did not kill the two homozygous groups equally, then the toxin with lesser toxicity eventually played a greater role in the control of the pest population. Based on our results, we present an approach for the systematic development of an NCR toxin after the commercial release of the first toxin. First, large-scale screens are performed to find chemicals that kill the resistant homozygous insects, but not the susceptible ones. Chemicals that preferentially kill resistant insects are then tested for toxicity to the heterozygotes. Those highly toxic to both homo- and heterozygotes are given the highest priority for development. This screen can be adapted to identify compounds useful in controlling antibiotic-, herbicide- or fungicide-resistant organisms.
Clonal variation in colony morphology and growth of CHO cells cultured on agar

Single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells plated on agar form macroscopic colonies with high efficiency. Colonies produced by cells from the uncloned cell line increase in diameter continuously for 10-12 days after plating to form mounds of cells about 1 mm in diameter. With further incubation, some of these colonies do not increase in diameter (arrested dome), some form an expanding annular monolayer of cells around the central mount (fried egg), and some grow by enlarging the central mound into a low multilayered disc (saucer). These colony types on agar appear to be clonal characteristics of the CHO cell line. Cloning the line gives two kinds of isolates: one forms a mixture of arrested dome and fried egg colonies in an inheritable ratio, and the other forms saucer colonies. Cells from saucer colonies form saucer colonies when replated on agar. Cells from all colony types replate with similar efficiency on plastic or agar, and exhibit the same growth rate and cell size in liquid suspension culture. On plastic substrate, all these CHO cells form colonies which increase continuously in diameter for as long as 21 days, and little clonal difference in the morphology of colonies or of single cells is observed. These observations reveal a previously unsuspected heterogeneity in an established line of cultured mammalian cells and provide a method for studying new classes of in vitro growth control phenomena. These control phenomena may help in the building an in vitro model for tumor growth.
Myeloid lineage skewing due to exacerbated NF-κB signaling facilitates osteopenia in Scurfy mice

Immune surveillance through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells plays a crucial role in bone homeostasis. Scurfy, the mouse model of autoimmune IPEX syndrome, bears a loss-of-function mutation in Foxp3 that leads to multi-organ inflammation. Herein, we report that scurfy mice exhibit severe bone loss mediated by accelerated osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistically, Foxp3 deficiency results in the upregulation of NF-κB in T helper cells through the loss of repressive Foxp3/NEMO interaction, thereby unleashing NF-κB-mediated over-production of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines. Flow cytometry analysis shows marked increase in lin-Sca-1+c-kit+ hematopoietic stem cells (LSK HSCs) and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMPs) in bone marrow of scurfy mice with corresponding exacerbated osteoclastogenic potential, implying that osteoclast progenitors are affected at a very primitive stage in this disorder. Scurfy LSK HSCs exhibit greater sensitivity to M-CSF and contain abundant PU.1+ Sf LSK HSCs compared with WT. Accordingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of M-CSF or mTOR signaling, but not IL-17 signaling, attenuates osteoclastogenesis and osteopenia in scurfy. Thus, our study suggests that Foxp3 deficiency leads to osteopenia owing to dysregulated NF-κB activity and subsequent cytokine-mediated hyper-proliferation of myeloid precursors, and positions the NF-κB pathway as a potential target for therapeutic intervention for this disorder.
Periodontal bone loss and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer

Purpose Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria in the oral microbiome, is common among adults. It is associated with several medical conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, and potentially with esophageal, lung, oral, and pancreatic cancer. One of the proposed mechanisms behind these associations is systemic inflammation, which has also been implicated in ovarian cancer etiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate association between ovarian cancer and periodontal bone loss.
The impact of language barriers on the health care of Latinos in the United States: a review of the literature and guidelines for practice.

Although Spanish was the primary language of an estimated 11% of adults in the year 2000, the U.S. health care system is largely geared toward serving English speakers. A systematic review was conducted of studies published in biomedical journals from 1990 to 2000 examining language barriers in health care for Latino populations. Aspects of the problem examined were access to health care, quality of care, and health status/health outcomes. Five (55%) of the nine studies examining access to care found a significant adverse effect of language; three (33%) found mixed or weak evidence that language affected access. Six (86%) of the seven studies evaluating quality of care found a significant detrimental effect of language barriers. Two of the three studies examining health status or outcomes found language to be a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Evidence was mixed as to the level of importance attributable to language when access to care is considered; however, non-English-speaking status was a marker of a population at risk for decreased access. Solid evidence showed that language barriers can adversely affect quality of care. Health care practitioners are recommended to devise an effective strategy to bridge language barriers in their setting. National laws and policies are discussed; practical guidelines and resources for providing language access in health care are provided. This article is intended to supply basic knowledge for providers and institutions in devising effective strategies for bridging the language barrier.
Finding robust strategies to defeat specific opponents using case-injected coevolution

Finding robust solutions that are also capable of beating specific opponents presents a challenging problem. This paper investigates solving this problem by using case-injection with a coevolutionary algorithm. Specifically, we recorded winning strategies used by a human player against a coevolved strategy and then injected the player's strategies into the coevolutionary teachset. We compare the strategies produced by case-injected coevolution to strategies produced by a genetic algorithm that only evaluated against the player's strategies. In this paper, our results show that genetic algorithms do not work well against sufficiently difficult opponents. However, coevolution eventually learns to defeat these opponents by first bootstrapping strategies that work well in general, which drives the population closer to strategies that can defeat the challenging opponent. This work informs our research on finding robust real-time strategy game players that also defeat specific opponents.
Women's use of hormone therapy before and after the Women's Health Initiative: A psychosocial model of stability and change

Abstract Objective . This longitudinal study examined factors underlying hormone therapy (HT) use before and after termination of the landmark Women's Health Initiative (WHI) estrogen plus progestin HT trial in July 2002, after which dramatic reductions in HT use occurred. Methods . A community sample of 324 women (aged 40–86) from Arizona was interviewed four times between 1995 and 2003. A model of medical and psychological factors underlying intentions for long-term HT use expressed in 1995/1996 was developed and employed to predict subsequent use and discontinued use pre- and post-WHI. Results . Philosophy of menopause and perceived susceptibility to breast cancer predicted perceived benefits of and barriers to long-term HT use, beyond age, oophorectomy, and physician recommendation. Age, benefits, and barriers predicted intentions for long-term HT use over and above current use. Intentions predicted use 3 years later, controlling for previous use. HT use in 1995/1996 predicted use until the WHI announcement, but not thereafter. Oophorectomy predicted continued HT use before WHI trial termination; perceived barriers, expressed 8 years earlier, predicted discontinued use after WHI trial termination. Conclusions . Medical and psychological factors predicted sustained and discontinued HT use before and after the WHI announcement. The WHI findings apparently activated potential barriers to use expressed almost a decade earlier.
Structural and physical properties of Tl1−xBixSr2CuO5 (0.20≤x≤0.50)

Abstract The crystal structure of Tl0.5Bi0.5Sr2CuO5 was determined by powder x-ray diffraction with the Rietveld method. The structure of Tl0.5Bi0.5Sr2CuO5 is analogous to TlSr2CuO5, having a tetragonal structure with space group P 4 mmm and a =3.7527(1) A and c =9.0278(4) A . Similarities and differences between Tl0.5Bi0.5Sr2CuO5 and other Tl-based cuprate materials are discussed. Structural and physical properties of solid solutions of Tl1−xBixSr2CuO5 (0.20≤x≤0.50) were also studied as a function of Bi stoichiometry. Superconductivity was not found in any of the compositions; all of the samples show only metal-like properties.
Building procurement capability for firm performance: a service‐dominant logic view

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore four integrative supply chain practices – customer information technology (IT) integration, supplier IT integration, customer collaboration, and supplier collaboration – using a service‐dominant logic (SDL) lens to inform their relationships with procurement capability and ultimately firm performance. The study goes on to examine how firms with high and low procurement capability differ in their use of these practices, thus informing curiosity regarding “best practices”.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 711 firms in 23 countries during the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS). Exploratory factor analysis established simple factor structure and construct validity. Stepwise regression was employed to analyze relationships among customer collaboration, supplier collaboration, customer IT integration, supplier IT integration, procurement capability, and firm performance. T‐tests examined differences between the practices empl...
Iterated Moiré maps and braiding of chiral polymer crystals.

In the hexagonal columnar phase of chiral polymers a bias towards cholesteric twist competes with braiding along an average direction. When the chirality is strong, screw dislocations proliferate, leading to either a tilt grain boundary phase or a new ``moir\'e state'' with twisted bond order. In the latter case, polymer trajectories in the plane perpendicular to their average direction are described by iterated moir\'e maps of remarkable complexity.
Micropatterned Schwann cell-seeded biodegradable polymer substrates significantly enhance neurite alignment and outgrowth

Biomimetic strategies were employed to promote directional outgrowth of neurites in vitro by using a synergistic combination of physical, chemical, and cellular cues. Compression molded and solvent...
Proposal for a Required Advanced Clerkship in Chronic Disease and Disability for Medical Students

ABSTRACTMayer RS, Shah A, DeLateur BJ, Durso SC: Proposal for a required advanced clerkship in chronic disease and disability for medical students. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:162–167.
Bone disease prediction and phenotype discovery using feature representation over electronic health records

With the expansion of the healthcare industry and the overwhelming amount of electronic health records (EHRs) shared by healthcare institutions and practitioners, we now wish to take advantage of EHR data to develop an effective disease risk management model that not only improve disease prediction but also shows clinically meaningful feature grouping which can be used to define the bone disease phenotypes. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of extracting critical risk factors for osteoporosis and bone fracture prediction based on heterogeneous electronic health records (EHRs). This will improve our understanding of bone disease risk arising from the complex interplay of the human bone mineral density (BMD) assessment with major risk factors such as gender, age, family history, and life styles. We focus on addressing the problem of identifying individual or integrated risk factors (RFs) to predict osteoporosis and bone fractures, which are common diseases associated with aging and may be clinically silent but cause significant mortality and morbidity. On the other hand, the unbiased, EHR-driven phenotype discovery could be achieved using a massive EHR dataset and a computationally intense analysis capable of identifying all of the phenotypes in the dataset. We infer the precise phenotypic patterns from the new feature representation from EHR data for grouping risk factors for osteoporosis. We present a 2-layer deep graphical model to use EHR with minimal human supervision which derives a new representation of medical objects by embedding them in a low-dimensional vector space. This new low-dimensional risk factor representation will ultimately present the risk factor embedding/clustering by offering intuitive visualization by projection onto a 2D plane. We demonstrate the capability of our framework on a 9704 Caucasian women of 20 years of prospective dataset under osteoporosis and bone fracture assessment. The integrated representation not only improves the risk prediction accuracy but also presents clinically meaningful risk factor grouping for bone diseases.
Applied customer knowledge in a manufacturing environment: Flexibility for industrial firms

Abstract Dynamic business markets are forcing B2B marketers to create flexibility in their firms. The present study investigates: (1) made-to-stock (MTS) versus made-to-order (MTO, which is considered more flexible); (2) production technology routineness (with nonroutine considered more flexible); and (3) a marketing-based enabler of flexibility, i.e., applied customer knowledge. SEM analysis shows that applied customer knowledge completely mediates the relationships of both MTO and routineness with financial performance. This delineates two routes to financial performance, beginning with manufacturing-based flexibility constructs and operating through marketing-based applied knowledge. In addition, exploratory analysis of a subsample confirmed empirically that the financial success of mass customization depends on extensive customer knowledge application and low finished goods inventory levels. Managerial implications are discussed, along with ideas for future research.
Love Is a Battlefield: Risk Factors and Gender Disparities for Domestic Violence among Mexican Americans

Debate continues regarding whether domestic violence is mutual or more often perpetrated by men against women. Results from this study indicate relatively high incidence rates for physical assault victimization (32%–38%) among Mexican Americans. Men and women reported approximately equal levels of domestic violence victimization. A small percentage (8.5%) of young adult males were most prone to weapon use during domestic violence. Physical assault perpetration in relationships is otherwise equal between genders. Being physically abused in childhood was the most consistent risk factor for men, whereas viewing domestic violence in the family of origin was the most consistent risk factor for women. Watching violent television or playing violent video games were not associated with the perpetration of domestic violence.
Portugal and the Luso-Atlantic World in the Age of Revolutions

The "Age of Revolutions" paradigm, pioneered by R.R. Palmer and Eric Hobsbawm, has been enormously influential, especially in the study of the Atlantic World c. 1750-1850. Yet it was developed without reference to the Luso-Brazilian World (and a mere passing reference to Spanish America). This essay explores the utility of the "Age of Revolutions" framework for the study of the Luso-Atlantic and suggests that Luso-Brazilian History can enrich, and modify, the prevailing understanding of the "Age of Revolutions".
Interactive Tango Milonga: designing internal experience

The Argentine tango concept of connection refers to the experience of complete synchronicity between self, partner, and music. This paper presents Interactive Tango Milonga, an interactive system giving tango dancers agency over music in order to increase this sense of relation between both partners and music. Like an improvising musician in an ensemble, each dancer receives musical feedback from both her movements and her partner's. Thus, each dancer can respond to the music, driving musical feedback, thereby heightening awareness and agency in both the sound and her partner's movements. Via presentation of this system, this paper illustrates methods for developing interactive systems engaging with distinct musical, movement, and social traditions as well for composing sound-movement relationships leading to specific internal experiences within these social contexts.
Hyperdynamic circulation and the insulin resistance syndrome ("syndrome X").

The insulin resistance syndrome ("syndrome X") consists of hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, although the inclusion of hypertension has been challenged. Insulin has biological effects that could produce a hyperdynamic circulation. We therefore postulated that an insulin-induced hyperdynamic circulation is an early feature of the insulin resistance syndrome and that this circulatory abnormality leads to later fixed hypertension. The San Antonio Heart Study cohort, a population-based cohort of 3,301 Mexican Americans and 1,857 non-Hispanic whites, was used to define individuals who were hyperdynamic (pulse pressure and heart rate in the upper quartile of their respective distributions), intermediate, and hypodynamic (pulse pressure and heart rate in the bottom quartile). The characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome were then examined according to these three hemodynamic categories. We also examined the 8-year incidence of hypertension and of type II diabetes according to these hemodynamic categories. A hyperdynamic circulation was associated with statistically significant increases in body mass index (BMI) (p or = 27 kg/m2) individuals, the above effects persisted, although they were somewhat attenuated. The odds ratio for the hyperdynamic state as a predictor of future hypertension was 1.66, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.304). The odds ratio for predicting future type II diabetes was 3.97, which was statistically significant (p = 0.047).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Postbuckling and failure characteristics of stiffened graphite-epoxy shear webs

Results are presented from an experimental study of the postbuckling response and failure characteristics of flat, stiffened graphite-epoxy shear webs in which attention was given to the influence of stiffener attachment concepts, circular holes, and low speed impact damage on postbuckling performance. The laminate specimens chosen for testing are typical of those employed for transport aircraft primary structures. Test results show that low speed impact damage midway between stiffeners initiated specimen failure; the strength of an impact-damaged specimen was less than that of the corresponding control specimen.
NBTI resistant SRAM design

Increasing operating temperatures and electrical fields, combined with the scaling of dimensions, have contributed to faster device aging due to negative bias temperature instability (NBTI). This problem is further compounded in SRAM cells because SRAMs use devices that are among the smallest for a technology node. Since device degradation is a gradual process, it is proposed that if the threshold voltage increase in PMOS devices of SRAM cells can be monitored, failing cells in SRAMs can be detected and the SRAM can be operated without failures, given available memory redundancy. Using an experimentally verified NBTI model, we study the performances of conventional 6T SRAM cells, as a function of NBTI degradation, in the presence of process variations. An on-chip monitoring scheme is presented that can be embedded within conventional SRAM designs without affecting normal device operation. It identifies cells susceptible to read and write failures in the near future, enabling the prediction of cell failure before its occurrence in order to trigger reconfiguration.
Identification and mutagenicity of aflatoxicol-M1 produced by metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxicol by liver fractions from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed β-naphthoflavone

Abstract β-Naphthoflavone (βNF) fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at 50 or 500 ppm in the diet, modified the in vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by the postmitochondrial fraction (PMF) of the liver. Production of aflatoxicol (AFL) was significantly less in the 500 ppm βNF-fed group (33.9 ng/mg protein) than in the control group (45.7 ng/mg protein), aflatoxin M1 production was dependent on the dose of βNF, being greatest in the 500 ppm βNF-fed group (48.9 ng/mg protein), intermediate in the 50 ppm βNF-fed group (3.7 ng/mg protein), and was not detected in controls. A new trout metabolite, 4-hydroxyaflatoxicol (aflatoxicol M1, AFLM1) was also detected in small amounts from in vitro metabolism by liver PMF from βNF-fed trout. Sufficient quantities of AFLM1 for confirmation of identity by ultraviolet spectra, mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were prepared by biotransformation of AFL using liver microsomes and isolation by HPLC. In a modified Ames mutagen assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, ALFM1 was 4.1% as mutagenic as AFB1 in a previous determination. The carcinogenicity of AFLM1 to rainbow trout is expected to be considerably less than that of AFB1.
After Foucault: Humanistic Knowledge, Postmodern Challenges

The essays in this collection assess the impact of Foucault's work on the conditions of disciplinary knowledge in humanistic studies and speculate on the directions we might take from his work. Topics covered include philology, history, phychoanalysis, feminism and politics.
New Concepts of Metallic Bonding Based on Valence-Bond Ideas

From generalized-valence-bond calculations on numerous Li-atom clusters (${\mathrm{Li}}_{n}$ and ${{\mathrm{Li}}_{n}}^{+}$, $nl~13$), we conclude that the optimum bonding involves singly occupied orbitals localized interstitially (in tetrahedra). Rules based on the calculations are used to predict low-energy isomers (leading for ${\mathrm{Li}}_{13}^{+}$ to low-symmetry structures that are significantly more stable than the icosahedron but retain local fivefold-symmetry axes) and are applied to infinite metallic systems.
Glass experiments in space

Abstract Current and potential glass research under microgravity includes studies of minimum cooling rate, homogeneous nucleation, diffusion, surface tension and enrichment, fining without buoyancy, avoidance of liquid phase separation, gel synthesis, composites and uniform microballoons. The experiments do not just anticipate space fabrication, but will also provide information and innovation encouraging advanced processing on earth.
Hybrid failure: Field evidence and influence on fault refraction

Abstract The occurrence of hybrid failure – the transition from tensile to shear failure – has been controversial. Production of hybrid failure in laboratory experiments in recent years has strengthened the case for hybrid failure, but field recognition has remained elusive. In this paper, we present data from a small-displacement fault in the Hidden Valley fault zone at Canyon Lake Gorge, Texas, which is refracted through mechanically layered carbonates and exhibits surface characteristics expected for hybrid failure on steep fault segments. We discuss field criteria for identifying hybrid fractures and the deformation conditions under which hybrid failure is to be expected. Documented field examples of hybrid fractures are rare, yet presence of hybrid fractures can be useful indicators of stress conditions at the time of failure. Specifically, hybrid fractures are likely indicators of tensile minimum effective stress and low differential stress at failure.
Single-Step Fabrication and Characterization of Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces with Hierarchical Roughness

Hydrophobic surfaces with microscale roughness can be rendered ultrahydrophobic by the addition of sub-micron scale roughness. A simple yet highly effective concept of fabricating hierarchical structured surfaces using a single-step deep reactive ion etch process is proposed. Using this method the complexities generally associated with fabrication of two-tier roughness structures are eliminated. Experiments are conducted on two double-roughness surfaces with different surface roughness, achieved by varying the size of the microscale roughness features. The surfaces are characterized in terms of static contact angle and roll-off angle and compared with surfaces consisting of only single-tier microscale roughness. The robustness of the new hierarchical roughness surfaces is verified through droplet impingement tests. The hierarchical surfaces are more resistant to wetting than the single roughness surfaces and show higher coefficients of restitution for droplets bouncing off the surface. The droplet dynamics upon impingement are explored.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Does class analysis still have anything to contribute to the study of politics? — comments

We can accept Michael Mann's recent claim that in their endless debates about the social and political importance of class, sociologists are sometimes guilty of engaging in what he calls “classrurbation.”1 Far from being an intellectually immature activity, classturbation — to apply the former U.S. Surgeon General's remarks to a novel context — is in reality a safe and productive outlet for healthy questions about the linkages between inequalities and political alignments. We recognize, as does every serious contemporary class analyst we have ever read, that a class-analytic framework can shed light on some types of social phenomena, but not others. It certainly is true that class analysis no longer has any claim, if it ever did, to a privileged position in the development of a critical sociology. But we firmly reject PW's claims that for class to matter in understanding political behavior, its effects must necessarily be larger than that of all other salient cleavages for every time and place. Not only have class analyses of political behavior progressed well beyond dated and misleading conceptualizations, they provide no evidence for a universal pattern of class dealignment.
Magnesium and potassium metabolism in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and chronic congestive heart failure.

SummaryThe relationship between Mg and K was studied for 3 metabolic profiles observed simultaneously in 2 control subjects and 4 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and chronic congestive heart failure under controlled metabolic conditions. The correlation between the daily cumulative balances of Mg and K was high, positive and statistically significant in all subjects except one patient with severe chronic congestive heart failure. The pathophysiologic significance of the correlations was discussed. The correlation between the plasma concentrations of Mg and K was neither high nor significant. The correlation between the renal clearances of Mg and K was high and statistically significant in the patients with chronic congestive heart failure but low in the control subjects. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.
Information systems for business: a look past and a glimpse into the future

An organizing classification or taxonomy of the bewildering variety of information systems is useful. The taxonomy set out here begins with two basic types of system: transactional (flow) systems and decision support (batch) systems. It is also possible to devise a taxonomy of system failures which takes account of organizational and human issues. 'Who's in charge' of information system change is a particularly crucial personnel and organizational problem.
Targeting host cofactors to inhibit viral infection

The majority of FDA-approved drugs indicated for the treatment of viral infections are inhibitors of viral proteins, of which the emergence of resistant strains is a major concern. This issue is exacerbated as most developed antiviral therapies are indicated for the treatment of viruses with error-prone replication. These problems may be addressed by the development of drugs that modulate the function of host factors involved in various aspects of a viral life cycle. Targeting host factors uncouples the mutation of a druggable protein gene from the replication and survival selection pressure exerted on a virus. Currently, a host-targeting antiviral (HTA), maraviroc, is approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In addition, several HTAs indicated for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV infection are at various stages of clinical evaluation. Targeting host factors is an attractive complement to therapies directly targeting a viral protein because of the expected higher genetic barrier for resistance and an overall increase in the diversity of treatment options. We examine how the integrated roles of emerging host cofactor screening approaches and drug development strategies may advance current treatment options.
Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation of Albino Rats

The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the extent to which microwave radiation would reinforce operant behavior in a cold environment. A reversal-design with the single subject serving as its own control was used for testing the reinforcing properties of microwaves. Six albino rats were conditioned to produce 6-sec. pulses of microwave radiation within a refrigerated environment. The schedule of reinforcement was continuous (crf). Each lever press produced a 6-sec. output of microwave radiation. The intensity of radiation was varied across blocks of sessions in the reversal design. Microwave values used were as follows: 62.5 W, 125 W, 250 W, and 437.5 W. Sessions lasted from 8 to 9 hr. over an approximate 7-mo. period. Results showed that rates of operant responding varied as a direct function of microwave intensity. Relatively high mean rates were associated with moderate microwave intensity (250 W), whereas lower mean rates of responding were associated with extreme microwave intensities (62.5 W and 437.5 W) in the reversal design. These data are explained in terms of satiation and deprivation of the reinforcing value of microwave radiation.
Behavioral and biochemical effects of preferentially protecting monoamines in the brain against the action of reserpine

Abstract The relative importance of brain monoamines for behavior maintained by a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food reinforcement was evaluated using drug regimens designed to preferentially prevent reserpine-induced depletion of catecholamines, of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), or of all 3 monoamines. In all regimens the animals were studied 24 hr after reserpine. A severe depression of lever-pressing was observed in mice in which monoamines were depleted by 2.5 mg/kg reserpine alone and those in which catecholamine content was reduced but 5-HT maintained at control levels by injections of 200–400 mg/kg DL-5-hydroxytryptophan before and after reserpine treatment. Injections of 300–400 mg/kg L-dopa prior to and after reserpine prevented depletion of catecholamines whereas central 5-HT content dropped to 62% control. Following this regimen, mice showed a slight but significant decrease in lever-pressing rate. Pre-reserpine administration of 200 mg/kg tetrabenazine maintained dopamine and 5-HT levels at 76–77% with norepinephrine dropping to 56% control. Despite this partial depletion of monoamine stores, tetrabenazine-protected mice displayed no change in their post-injection lever-pressing performance. We conclude that catecholamines are necessary for conditioned lever-pressing but that 5-HT may play a contributory role. Further, the ratio of brain monoamine levels may be an important correlate of fixed-ratio performance.
Emancipation in decision-making in women's health care.

Background. Emancipation as a nursing concept is derived from a long-standing history of social oppression and is easily addressed by both critical social theory and feminist theory. It is the apparent concept to describe a phenomenon witnessed in nursing when caring for women in the decision-making process about health care issues. Emancipation has been recognized by expert clinical observation. Aim. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of emancipation for possible future application to nursing practice for the promotion of humanistic nursing care in women's health, specifically applied to the decision-making process. Method. A literature search was carried out using the CINAHL database and the keywords nursing and emancipation, and covering the period 1985–2003. The Rodgers and Knafl (2000) method of concept analysis was then used to derive a conceptual meaning of emancipation that benefits patient care as well as professional nursing development. Emancipation is broken down into antecedents, attributes and consequences. Related concepts are also explored, compared and discussed to synthesize relevant characteristics. Findings. This concept analysis identifies emancipation in decision-making as a nursing phenomenon by discussing the antecedent of oppression and exploring the identified attributes: (a) empowerment, (b) personal knowledge, (c) social norms, (d) reflection and (e) flexible environment. The consequence of emancipation is free choice. It is a futuristic concept with strong historical ties in need of exploration and development within the context of women's health care in relation to decision-making. Conclusions. The concept model illustrates emancipated decision-making, with its five attributes in relation to oppression as a non-linear phenomenon. Areas for further study include the exploration of the contribution of each critical attribute and its relationship to emancipated decision-making, and the decision-making process in relation to patient satisfaction and how long the person continues to adhere to the decision. Also the professional nursing role in promotion of emancipated decision-making is virtually unexplored, but is an important concept in the paradigm of shared decision-making about health care alternatives.
A Predictive Model for Food Particle interactions with Contact Surfaces

The protein adsorption rate from whole milk onto various surfaces was modeled as a function of contact surface tension, surface temperature, and time. A new kinetic parameter related to the value of contact surface tension which corresponds to a minimal interaction between food components and the solid surface is introduced. This experimentally measurable parameter quantifies the influence of contact surface tension on the activation energy required for irreversible protein adsorption. In spite of its simplicity, the model adequately predicted initial adsorptive behavior under steady flow conditions for a wide range of surface properties.
Progress or More of the Same? Electronic Monitoring and Parole in the Age of Mass Incarceration

Often billed as an “alternative to incarceration”, electronic monitoring (EM) is widely trumpeted as a key method of reducing incarceration costs while maintaining public safety. However, little research has been done which closely examines EM in the historical context of mass incarceration and the paradigm of punishment. This article focuses on the use of EM in parole in that broader context. Through research into the legal and policy frameworks for EM as well as via personal interviews with people who have been on EM while on parole, the author concludes that the present EM practice reinforces the dominant punishment paradigm and places major obstacles in the way of the successful re-entry for people returning from prison. He concludes with some concrete recommendations about changes in law, policy and implementation guidelines that would allow EM to operate in an environment more conducive to rehabilitation.
Campus‐wide partnerships through Teaching, Learning and Technology Roundtables

Teaching, Learning and Technology Roundtables (TLTRs) are present at over 600 campuses nationwide. They provide the academic community with excellent opportunities to form collaborative partnerships among a variety of campus groups and individuals. The process used to investigate, form, and carry out the mission of a TLTR on one campus is described along with the progress and accomplishment of the TLTR over a two‐year period. It includes the membership selection, vision statement, sub‐committee structure and work, faculty and student surveys, investigations of current campus practices, “best practices” on a national level, and future directions for its continued work.
A reaction route graph analysis of the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions

The reaction route (RR) graph approach recently developed by us for complex, non-linear kinetic mechanisms is applied to the hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions. A corresponding RR graph is constructed and translated into an equivalent electrical circuit network by associating each elementary step with a characteristic resistance for the steady-state case and considering the overall reaction as a power source. It is further shown that the steady-state kinetics of the reaction can be investigated employing the conventional methods of the electrical network theory. Using a set of rate constants for the hydrogen evolution reaction (her) in alkaline solutions from the literature, the dominant RRs are identified and simplified mechanisms and kinetics derived.
Evaluation of formation damage due to frac stimulation of a Saudi Arabian clastic reservoir

Abstract Several wells in a Central Saudi Arabian reservoir were selected as candidates for frac stimulation to mitigate near-wellbore formation damage induced during drilling. The reservoir is a meander to braided stream complex with reservoir quality controlled by grain size, total clay content, and quartz cementation. Mineralogical findings included the identification of pore filling vermicular and finely crystalline kaolinite that were susceptible to salinity shock. Swelling illite/montmorillonite clays were shown to be present. The presence of chlorite clays necessitated the use of an iron control chemical in conjunction with acid stimulation procedures. A coreflood study highlighted problems with low-salinity treatment brines and a linear polymer (guar gum) used for the step-rate test. It demonstrated that the recommended clay stabilizer was ineffective at low concentrations. The critical salt concentration (CSC) to KCl was found to be significantly higher than that reported by previous researchers. The effect is a consequence of the multiple clay systems, and the synergistic effects of clay juxtaposition in the pore space. CSC values of 10 wt.% KCl were required to fully stabilize the formation clays. Core-based tests using methods employing minutely gradual changes in salinity or pH [Khilar, K.C., Fogler, H.S., 1984. The existence of a critical salt concentration for particle release. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 101, 214–224.] [Khilar, K.C., Vaidya, R.N., Fogler, H.S., 1990. Colloidally induced fines release in porous media. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 4, 213–221.] are believed to be inappropriate for evaluation of formation damage problems relevant to field scale operations, and CSC values determined by these methods are too low.
Hierarchies of chaotic maps on continua

Let is weakly mixing. We first show that (1) implies (2), (2) implies (3) and (3) implies (4). Then we investigate what topological conditions will force the reverse implications to hold and give examples of when the reverse conditions do not hold. In particular, a map of the universal dendrite is given that is weakly mixing but not mixing.
Electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensors fabricated using cytochrome c immobilized on macroelectrodes and ultramicroelectrodes.

Abstract We report the design and fabrication of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensors using heme proteins immobilized on macroelectrodes and ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs). In this sensor design, the heme centers are directly “wired” to the electrode via the use of an imidazole-terminated self-assembled monolayer. We have systematically evaluated the effect of electrode type and size on sensor performance. The limit of detection for H2O2 determined using a 10-μm gold UME is significantly lower than that obtained using a stationary macroelectrode. Our results also highlight the advantages of using UMEs for enzyme kinetics analysis; the Km determined using a 10-μm UME is similar to that obtained from a rotating disk electrode.
Modeling, simulation, sensitivity analysis, and optimization of hybrid systems

Hybrid (discrete/continuous) systems exhibit both discrete state and continuous state dynamics which interact to such a significant extent that they cannot be decoupled and must be analyzed simultaneously. We present an overview of the work that has been done in the modeling, simulation, sensitivity analysis, and optimization of hybrid systems, paying particular attention to the interaction between discrete and continuous dynamics. A concise intuitive framework for hybrid system modeling is presented, together with discussions on robust state event location, transfer functions of the continuous state at discontinuities, parametric sensitivity analysis of hybrid systems, and challenges in optimization.
Hard-disk based development systems with multiprocessor emulation

Abstract An entirely new series of hard-disk based development systems is introduced, with particular reference to multiply in-circuit emulation stations for multi-user or multiprocessing configurations.
The European fiscal reform and the plight of the euro

Th e paper presents the background of the American crisis in 2007-2008 that lat- er spread into the global crisis. It distinguishes and discusses four phases of the crisis: sub- prime mortgage crisis, soaring dollar and the Lehman Brothers fi asco, US and global reces- sion, and, fi nally, European debt crisis. In the above context, the benefi ts and costs of join- ing the Eurozone are presented, particularly from the Polish perspective. Th e need of fi scal reforms and concerns regarding Eurozone institutions are addressed. Th e paper has been prepared based on the Keynote Speech by Robert Mundell during the 17 th Global Finance Conference held in Poznan, Poland in June 2010. Th e Speech presented here was made possible in part by support from the Polish Financial Supervision Authority.
Breaking down the barriers to CASE

A discussion is presented of how organizations overcome firmly entrenched behaviors and attitudes that create the barriers to the acceptance of computer-aided software engineering (CASE). Four strategies for diffusing dissatisfaction, proposed by B. Spector (1989), are summarized. They are sharing competitive information, pointing to shortcomings in individual on-the-job behavior, offering organizational models that establish company directions and stress how far it is from its goals, and mandating dissatisfaction. >
ARCHITECTING A COMMUNICATION SATELLITE PRODUCT LINE

Current unfavorable market conditions have shifted the preference of commercial communication satellite operators from large spacecraft systems with high bandwidth capacities, to small and medium size spacecraft. However, most satellite manufacturers have not caught up yet with this trend and are still positioned as providers of large capacity satellite systems. This paper investigates the application of product family concepts to the design of commercial satellites in an effort to formulate an approach that allows a manufacturer to develop a series of satellites with varying sizes based on similar architectures. Applying product family concepts could allow satellite manufacturers to lower cost, shorten development cycles, and reduce market risk by catering to a number of market segments. This paper formulates the satellite product line design problem into a multiobjective optimization problem that characterizes the tradeoffs and resolves the tension between product line commonalities and the performance of each of the product line individual satellites. This research couples a Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is an evolutionary global search method that mimics the behavior of biological populations, with a satellite sizing model to find optimal product lines with common technology choices. The preliminary results demonstrate the effectiveness of the multiobjective optimization approach in applying product family concepts to the design of commercial communication satellites. NOMENCLATURE
The Seasonal Evolution of the Atmospheric Circulation over West Africa and Equatorial Africa

Abstract This paper examines the mean annual cycle of rainfall and general circulation features over West Africa and central Africa for 1958–97. Rainfall is examined using a 1400-station archive compiled by the first author. Other circulation features are examined using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset. Important features of the reanalysis zonal wind field are shown to compare well with the seasonal evolution described by the radiosonde observations. In addition to the well-known African easterly jet (AEJ) of the Northern Hemisphere, the seasonal evolution of its Southern Hemisphere counterpart is also described. Thermal wind calculations show that although the southern jet is weaker, its existence is also due to a local reversal of the surface temperature gradient. In the upper troposphere, a strong semiannual cycle is shown in the 200-mb easterlies and a feature like the tropical easterly jet (TEJ) is evident south of the equator in January and February. The paper describes the movement of the rainbelt ...
Health information integrating and size reducing. 2003 IEEE nuclear science symposium, 'medical imaging conference, and workshop of room-temperature semiconductor detectors'

With the development of digital technique, more and more digital medical images are used by physicians in their clinical diagnosis. Existing Healthcare Management Systems take the images and corresponding patient medical record separately. Two subsystems, one for images and one for patient records, have to be used to handle the separate units. The system routine load, maintenance and cost could increase. Further it breaks the patient data integrity and incurs unavoidable mistake in medical practice. DICOM format images are being widely used in hospitals. However, the header file to DICOM image adds additional size to the image. We use a lossless data embedding scheme to integrate the separate units. It can effectively reduce the total information size. The scheme is distortion-tolerant in application. The distortion from data embedding can be removed completely. The original image can be recovered losslessly. Existing applications with lossless compressing schemes emphasize on data hiding. We aim to reduce information size.