cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO‐E‐332‐03: Improving Image Quality of CCD Cameras Exposed to Stray Radiation From a Linac

Purpose:Charge coupled devices (CCDs) are being increasingly used in radiation therapy.CCDcameras are becoming the tool of choice for applications such as two‐dimensional dosimetry of scintillator sheets or to read hundreds of miniature scintillation detectors arranged in arrays. However, CCDs are sensitive to stray radiation. This effect induces transient noise. Radiation‐induced noise strongly alters the image and therefore limits its quantitative analysis. The purpose of this work is to characterize the radiation‐induced noise and to develop filtration algorithms to restore image quality. Method and Materials: Two models of CCDcameras (Andor Luca and Apogee U2000) were used for measurements in linac environments. Images were acquired with and without radiation. The structure of the transient noise was first characterized. Then, three methods of noise filtration were compared: median filtering of a time series of identical images, uniform median filtering of single images and an adaptive filter with hard‐switching mechanism. Results: The intensity distribution of noisy pixels was similar in both cameras. However, the spatial distribution of the noise was different: the average noise cluster size was 1.2±0.6 and 3.2±2.7 pixels for the U2000 and the Luca respectively. The median of a time series of image resulted in the best filtration and minimal image distortion. For applications where time series is impractical, an adaptive filter must be used to reduce image distortion. We have implemented a modification to the switch filter in order to handle non‐isolated group of noisy pixels. Conclusion: We have characterized the transient noise produced in CCDcameras by scattered radiation from a linac and have developed an efficient filtration scheme to remove this noise and restore image quality. Use of our filtration scheme allows detailed quantitative analysis of an image even when subjected to scattered radiation. Supported by the NCI (1R01CA120198‐01A2).
Epidemiology of Travel-related Morbidity and Mortality in Children

1. Margaret K. Hostetter, MD* 1. 2. *Professor of Pediatrics; Chief, Section of Immunology; Director, Yale University Child Health Research Center, New Haven, CT. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Name the most common cause of morbidity and mortality for pediatric patients traveling abroad. 2. Describe the therapy for travelers’ diarrhea. 3. Delineate effective preventive measures for malaria. 4. Describe appropriate immunization protection against polio and diphtheria for infants traveling to an endemic area. 5. List appropriate contents of travel medicine kits. The relative ease of air travel has made family vacations in exotic locales common. Moreover, many adults who have jobs in foreign countries now wish to have children and other family members reside with them. These circumstances have combined to make the pediatrician a major source of advice for travel or residence in foreign countries. Two excellent recent publications provide comprehensive information for pediatric clinicians (see Knirsch and Cappello in Suggested Reading). Despite the fascination with exotic infectious diseases, injuries, particularly automobile crashes, remain the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients traveling abroad. Whenever possible, parents should request rental cars that have seatbelts and should bring car seats for infants and toddlers. Drowning is the second most common cause of death for children traveling abroad. In addition to supervising children at all times, whether in hotel swimming pools or in more remote conditions, parents also should exercise caution by avoiding fresh water lakes or rivers that may harbor schistosomes. Finally, a simple reminder to wear shoes or sandals on all hiking expeditions, even on beaches, will prevent minor cuts, more serious lacerations or penetrating wounds, and infections by hookworms or Strongyloides sp. Following accidents, the next most common cause of morbidity and mortality among children traveling abroad is medications that have been left at home. Typical examples include inhalers, nebulizers, insulin, anti-inflammatory agents for arthritis, and simple antibiotics for children who are receiving daily prophylaxis for otitis media or human …
Mechanism, temporal patterns, and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to the KATP channel agonist diazoxide

To assess the mechanism, temporal patterns, and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to the ATP-dependent potassium channel agonist diazoxide, neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to intravenous...
Hedonic prices and contractual contingencies

Abstract Hedonic models are widely used to analyze markets for differentiated goods. This paper examines the appropriate specification of characteristics to be included in the hedonic price function. We develop a model that shows that the characteristics of the contract used to transfer a good from the buyer to the seller should also be included in the price function and present an empirical application of the model using data for single-family house transactions. The results indicate that the market exacts a price for the uncertainties created by contractual contingencies in the way described by the model.
Severe depression of host immune functions following closed-bone fracture, soft-tissue trauma, and hemorrhagic shock

Objective To determine the contribution of soft-tissue trauma plus hemorrhage, bone fracture and hemorrhage, as well as the contribution of bone fracture, soft-tissue trauma and hemorrhage on host immune function. Subjects Adult male mice (n = 6/group). Design Prospective, randomized, controlled study. Setting Animal laboratory at a university-affiliated hospital. Interventions Closed-bone fracture (right lower leg; external fixation) and/or soft-tissue trauma (2.5-cm midline laparotomy, closed in two layers) were induced before hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure of 35 +/- 5 (SEM) mm Hg for 90 mins, followed by fluid resuscitation) in male C3H/HeN mice and the animals were killed at 72 hrs after initiation of the experiment. Measurements and main results Splenocyte interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-3 release capacity, as well as splenic and peritoneal macrophage IL-1 and IL-6 release capacity were determined. Different traumatic insults, i.e., bone fracture or soft-tissue trauma in conjunction with hemorrhage, produced comparable immune depression. More significant depression of splenocyte IL-2 and IL-3 release capacity as well as macrophage IL-1 and IL-6 release capacity occurred with the combined insult (i.e., bone fracture/soft-tissue injury and hemorrhage) than after bone injury or tissue trauma alone with hemorrhage. Conclusions The combination of closed-bone fracture and soft-tissue trauma before hemorrhage leads to even more compromised immunity than either soft-tissue trauma or closed-bone fracture along with hemorrhage. The markedly depressed immune function following bone injury, soft-tissue trauma, and hemorrhagic shock may contribute to the increased susceptibility of severely injured patients to sepsis and the ensuing multiple organ failure in the clinical situation.
Breast cancer chemoprevention

Chemoprevention of breast cancer is a rapidly growing field. Chemoprevention was initiated with the development of the antiestrogen tamoxifen. A major clinical trial in the United States found that tamoxifen reduced the incidence of breast cancer by almost 50% in women at an increased risk for the disease. Although two European trials did not confirm these findings, the Food and Drug Administration found the American studies significant enough to approve tamoxifen for the delaying of breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease. However, adverse effects associated with tamoxifen include a minimally increased rate of endometrial cancer, cataracts, and strokes. Newer classes of antiestrogens, called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), are being investigated as potential chemopreventive agents. These SERMS, such as raloxifene, will hopefully provide some of the benefits of estrogens without its inherent risks. In addition, naturally occurring compounds and their analogues are also under investigation.
Greenline parks in France: Les Parcs Naturels Régionaux

Greenline parks are typically regions of mixed agricultural,grazing, and forest lands of sufficient scenic and/orecological value to merit conservation and preservationunder a land-use management plan for land largely in privateownership. The Parcs Naturels Regionaux (PNR) are anational system of greenline parks created in France in1967 to protect agriculture and other values in less favoredareas (typically hills or low mountains) suffering depopulationand economic deprivation aggravated by the Common AgriculturalPolicy created under the European Economic Community in 1956with a major objective of self-sufficiency in food production.Two developments contributing to creation of the PNR were themechanization of French agriculture and increasing environmentalawareness in France. The PNR emphasizes rural agriculturaldevelopment, conservation, and recreation, but ecologicalpreservation has increased in importance, as reflected inrecent policy changes. The national parks of the United Kingdomare a system of greenline parks slightly older than the PNR.Recent research has allowed comparative studies of the twosystems, leading to the conclusion that the British NationalParks have suffered from heavy-handed centralized planningthat has alienated local farmers and communities, while thePNR, under more local control, has neglected some of itsconservation and preservation responsibilities. However,recent policy reform promises to improve the PNR throughmore rigorous enforcement of conservation and ecologicalgoals by the central government.
Implementation of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevention bundle results in decreased MRSA surgical site infections

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surgical site infections (SSIs) increase morbidity and mortality. We examined the impact of the MRSA bundle on SSIs. METHODS: Data regarding the implementation of the MRSA bundle from 2007 to 2008 were obtained, including admission and discharge MRSA screenings, overall MRSA infections, and cardiac and orthopedic SSIs. Chi-square was used for all comparisons. RESULTS: A significant decrease in MRSA transmission from a 5.8 to 3.0 per 1,000 bed-days (P .05) was found after implementation of the MRSA bundle. Overall MRSA nosocomial infections decreased from 2.0 to 1.0 per 1,000 bed-days (P .016). There was a statistically significant decrease in overall SSIs (P .05), with a 65% decrease in orthopaedic MRSA SSIs and 1% decrease in cardiac MRSA SSIs. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that successful implementation of the MRSA bundle significantly decreases MRSA transmission between patients, the overall number of nosocomial MRSA infections, and MRSA SSIs. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Software plus Services: New IT- and Business Opportunities by Uniting SaaS, SOA and Web 2.0

Service-orientation is the core of three industry phenomena we are currently experiencing in enterprise IT: SaaS with the idea of providing applications composed of services hosted in "the cloud", reducing cost and time to run; SOA with the orchestration of loosely coupled services, increasing flexibility and agility of enterprise IT; and Web 2.0 focusing on services consumption and user experience, originating in the consumer space and now entering the arena of enterprise IT. This session describes how Microsoft's Software-plus-Services-approach unites these concepts by extending its platform into "the cloud" allowing combination of local and Internet-based services with multiple-device client and server software enabling more compelling IT and business opportunities and solutions.
Intracellular Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels modulated by variations in extracellular Ca2+ in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells

The modulation of K+ channels by Ca2+ may have important functional implications in parathyroid cells, since in most endocrine cells they control membrane voltage regulating Ca2+ influx and hormone secretion. To characterize specific channel mechanisms regulating membrane voltage in parathyroid cells, the patch-clamp technique was used to determine the activities of K+ channels at different levels of intracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+i) associated with changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+o). This study shows that the membranes of dispersed bovine parathyroid cells contain a K+ channel that is activated by elevated Ca2+o through an indirect mechanism (i.e. exposure of the entire cell to high Ca2+o activates the channel despite a low Ca2+ concentration within the pipette solution on the external side of the channel under study). This K+ channel has a unitary conductance of 191 pS and is highly selective for K+, similar to the so-called maxi type of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel previously def...
Laetrile — An Overview

The original theory in the 1920s on the mode of action of Laetrile is described along with the research that followed in light of this theory. For over 40 years, studies were conducted, using test animals, in an attempt to substantiate the theory. All of these studies have shown Laetrile does not preferentially kill cancer cells. In spite of these studies, the misconception persists that Laetrile prevents and cures cancer. The legal and socioeconomic implications of Laetrile are examined and the role of health education in combating this problem is explored.
Action recognition using probabilistic parsing

A new approach to the recognition of temporal behaviours and activities is presented. The fundamental idea, inspired by work in speech recognition, is to divide the inference problem into two levels. The lower level is performed using standard independent probabilistic temporal event detectors such as hidden Markov models (HMMs) to propose candidate detections of low level temporal features. The outputs of these detectors provide the input stream for a stochastic context-free grammar parsing mechanism. The grammar and parser provide longer range temporal constraints, disambiguate uncertain low level detections, and allow the inclusion of a priori knowledge about the structure of temporal events in a given domain. To achieve such a system we provide techniques for generating a discrete symbol stream from continuous low level detectors and for enforcing temporal exclusion constraints during parsing. We demonstrate the approach in several experiments using both visual and other sensing data.
Stimulation of microsomal uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase by glucuronic acid derivatives

The glucuronic acid adducts of 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol and 4-methylumbelliferone activate microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) when the enzyme is assayed with p-nitrophenol as aglycone. Phenyl glucuronide and oestriol 3β-glucuronide also activate UDP-glucuronyltransferase. but to a lesser extent. Activation by glucuronides is not dependent on metal ions, but is blocked by prior treatment of microsomal fractions with p-chloromercuribenzoate. The kinetic mechanism of activation is concluded to be an increase in the affinity of the enzyme for UDP-glucuronic acid. Activation by 1-naphthyl glucuronide, at high concentrations of p-nitrophenol, is not affected by 1-naphthol. Apparently 1-naphthyl glucuronide activates the preparation by binding at a site that is separate from the site of glucuronidation of 1-naphthol. Further evidence for the existence of distinct effector sites for the glucuronides was provided by the finding that activation by glucuronides is inhibited competitively by aglycone glucosides. These glucosides do not inhibit the rate of glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol in the absence of glucuronide adducts, nor do they alter the rate of glucuronidation of 1-naphthol. When UDP-glucuronyltransferase is assayed with 1-naphthol as aglycone it is activated by p-nitrophenyl glucuronide, 4-methyl-umbelliferyl glucuronide and under appropriate conditions by its own glucuronide. These activations are similarly inhibited by aglycone glucosides. p-Nitrophenyl glucuronide also stimulates the rate of glucuronidation of o-aminophenol, o-aminobenzoate and bilirubin.
Beth's Theorem and Deflationism

In 1999, Jeffrey Ketland published a paper which posed a series of technical problems for deflationary theories of truth. Ketland argued that deflationism is incompatible with standard mathematical formalizations of truth, and he claimed that alternate deflationary formalizations are unable to explain some central uses of the truth predicate in mathematics. He also used Beth’s definability theorem to argue that, contrary to deflationists’ claims, the T-schema cannot provide an ‘implicit definition’ of truth. In this article, I want to challenge this final argument. Whatever other faults deflationism may have, the T-schema does provide an implicit definition of the truth predicate. Or so, at any rate, I shall argue.
Psychiatric Versus Social Factors: An Attempt at Integration

This paper attempts to resolve the controversy between the proponents of clinical psychiatry and their critics who favor sociocultural explanations of mental disorders. The validity and the limitations of both approaches are analyzed. The labeling and societal reaction approaches are differentiated from more general sociological explanations and, depending on which of their tenets is under evaluation, are shown to have varying degrees of validity. Similarly, empirical research in psychiatry suggests that levels of reliability and validity are low compared to other branches of medicine. The problems of validity and reliability are compounded in psychiatry due to the lack of demonstrable organic pathology for the functional mental disorders and the lack of convergent but independent diagnostic indices. The question of whether psychiatry's primary function is medical or one of social control is discussed. Finally, an interactional framework is presented. This framework encompasses major research findings fro...
A latent factor linear mixed model for high‐dimensional longitudinal data analysis

High-dimensional longitudinal data involving latent variables such as depression and anxiety that cannot be quantified directly are often encountered in biomedical and social sciences. Multiple responses are used to characterize these latent quantities, and repeated measures are collected to capture their trends over time. Furthermore, substantive research questions may concern issues such as interrelated trends among latent variables that can only be addressed by modeling them jointly. Although statistical analysis of univariate longitudinal data has been well developed, methods for modeling multivariate high-dimensional longitudinal data are still under development. In this paper, we propose a latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM) for analyzing this type of data. This model is a combination of the factor analysis and multivariate linear mixed models. Under this modeling framework, we reduced the high-dimensional responses to low-dimensional latent factors by the factor analysis model, and then we used the multivariate linear mixed model to study the longitudinal trends of these latent factors. We developed an expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate the model. We used simulation studies to investigate the computational properties of the expectation-maximization algorithm and compare the LFLMM model with other approaches for high-dimensional longitudinal data analysis. We used a real data example to illustrate the practical usefulness of the model.
Regional Culture and Patterns of Homicide

In 1998, Cohen described a study showing that in the United States, regionally distributed culture controls the direction of the relationship between social stability and homicide rates. In the South and West, where, according to Cohen, there is a culture of honor, strong community and family bonds increase honor-related violence. Conversely, in the North, where the culture of honor is rare, strong social bonds restrain violence of all kinds. This article describes a reanalysis using Cohen's data sources that finds little association between measures of social stability and homicide rates. Cohen's findings are due to errors in the measurement of homicide that lead to an excessive number of zero values and a few extremely high values that heavily influence the slope estimates. Alternative estimates using larger counties or a logistic regression model that eliminates the impact of the extreme values lead to estimates that are inconsistent with the theory.
Protein expression in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.

Liquid chromatographies coupled to mass spectrometry and database analysis techniques are used to carry out a large-scale proteome characterization for a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Semiquantitative analysis is performed on A30P α-synuclein expressing transgenic Drosophila and a control lacking the gene at presymptomatic, early, and advanced disease stages. Changes in gene expression at the level of the proteome are compared with changes reported from published transcriptome measurements. A summary of the comparison indicates that ∼44% of transcripts that show changes can also be observed as proteins. However, the patterns of change in protein expression vary substantially compared with the patterns of change observed for corresponding transcripts. In addition, the expression changes of many genes are observed for only transcripts or proteins. Proteome measurements provide evidence for dysregulation of a group of proteins associated with the actin cytoskeleton and mitochondrion at presymptoma...
Identification of signaling components required for the prediction of cytokine release in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Background Release of immuno-regulatory cytokines and chemokines during inflammatory response is mediated by a complex signaling network. Multiple stimuli produce different signals that generate different cytokine responses. Current knowledge does not provide a complete picture of these signaling pathways. However, using specific markers of signaling pathways, such as signaling proteins, it is possible to develop a 'coarse-grained network' map that can help understand common regulatory modules for various cytokine responses and help differentiate between the causes of their release.
Brinksmanship Redux: Employee Assistance Programs’ Precursors and Prospects

Originating in the U.S. 70 years ago as industrial alcoholism programs, and promoted for decades by R. Brinkley “Brink” Smithers, these programs finally gained popularity during the 1970s and 1980s, when they were renamed “employee assistance programs” and given a broader mission than identifying alcoholics. Attempting to change their image as instruments of coercion, EAPs added a variety of social work functions to their portfolios but, now primarily operating as external contractors, have seen cash flows fall dramatically in the face of intense competition from similar services. EAP practitioners have called for restoring the approach promoted by academics supported by Smithers, who aggressively maintain that eliminating behavioral health problems is the responsibility of employees rather than employers. This article compares the evidence addressing the efficacy of that approach with that of alternatives, being developed outside of the U.S., that expand employee rights.
Lung overexpansion increases pulmonary microvascular protein permeability in young lambs

To study the effects of inflation pressure and tidal volume (VT) on protein permeability in the neonatal pulmonary microcirculation, we measured lung vascular pressures, blood flow, lymph flow (QL), and concentrations of protein in lymph (L) and plasma (P) of 22 chronically catheterized lambs that received mechanical ventilation at various peak inflation pressures (PIP) and VT. Nine lambs were ventilated initially with a PIP of 19 +/- 1 cmH2O and a VT of 10 +/- 1 ml/kg for 2-4 h (base line), after which we overexpanded their lungs with a PIP of 58 +/- 3 cmH2O and a VT of 48 +/- 4 ml/kg for 4-8 h. QL increased from 2.1 +/- 0.4 to 13.9 +/- 5.0 ml/h. L/P did not change, but the ratio of albumin to globulin in lymph relative to the same ratio in plasma decreased, indicating altered protein sieving in the pulmonary microcirculation. Seven other lambs were mechanically ventilated for 2-4 h at a PIP of 34 +/- 1 cmH2O and a VT of 23 +/- 2 ml/kg (base line), after which their chest and abdomen were bound so that PIP increased to 54 +/- 1 cmH2O for 4-6 h without a change in VT. QL decreased on average from 2.8 +/- 0.6 to 1.9 +/- 0.3 ml/h (P = 0.08), and L/P was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
iProClass: an integrated, comprehensive and annotated protein classification database

The iProClass database is an integrated resource that provides comprehensive family relationships and structural and functional features of proteins, with rich links to various databases. It is extended from ProClass, a protein family database that integrates PIR superfamilies and PROSITE motifs. The iProClass currently consists of more than 200,000 non-redundant PIR and SWISS-PROT proteins organized with more than 28,000 superfamilies, 2600 domains, 1300 motifs, 280 post-translational modification sites and links to more than 30 databases of protein families, structures, functions, genes, genomes, literature and taxonomy. Protein and family summary reports provide rich annotations, including membership information with length, taxonomy and keyword statistics, full family relationships, comprehensive enzyme and PDB cross-references and graphical feature display. The database facilitates classification-driven annotation for protein sequence databases and complete genomes, and supports structural and functional genomic research. The iProClass is implemented in Oracle 8i object-relational system and available for sequence search and report retrieval at http://pir.georgetown.edu/iproclass/.
ELECTRON SUPPLY AND CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF NITROGEN BY CYTOCHROME P450 AND NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE

Cytochrome P450 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) oxidize nitrogen atoms, although the substrates and transformations are highly restricted for NOS. The first reaction catalyzed by NOS is mediated by a P450-like ferryl species, although it is generated by a distinct process in which a tetrahydrobiopterin molecule in NOS serves as a transient electron donor. The second NOS reaction appears to be mediated by an iron dioxygen precursor of the ferryl species. The transient tetrahydrobiopterin radical formed in these reactions is quenched by electron transfer from the NOS flavin domain. Electron transfer from the flavins is controlled by the binding of calmodulin, the presence of peptide inserts in the flavin domain, the substrate structure, and phosphorylation of the enzyme.
Development of a PCR assay and marker-assisted transfer of leaf rust resistance gene Lr58 into adapted winter wheats

Leaf rust resistance gene Lr58 derived from Aegilops triuncialis L. was transferred to the hard red winter wheat (HRWW) cultivars Jagger and Overley by standard backcrossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS). A co-dominant PCR-based sequence tagged site (STS) marker was developed based on the sequence information of the RFLP marker (XksuH16) diagnostically detecting the alien segment in T2BS·2BL-2tL(0.95). STS marker Xncw-Lr58-1 was used to select backcross F1 plants with rust resistance. The co-dominant marker polymorphism detected by primer pair NCW-Lr58-1 efficiently identified the homozygous BC3F2 plants with rust resistance gene Lr58. The STS marker Xncw-Lr58-1 showed consistent diagnostic polymorphism between the resistant source and the wheat cultivars selected by the US Wheat Coordinated Agricultural Project. The utility and compatibility of the STS marker in MAS programs involving robust genotyping platforms was demonstrated in both agarose-based and capillary-based platforms. Screening backcross derivatives carrying Lr58 with various rust races at seedling stage suggested the transferred rust resistance in adapted winter wheats is stable in both cultivar backgrounds. Lr58 in adapted winter wheat backgrounds could be used in combination with other resistance genes in wheat rust resistance breeding.
Augmenting reality for medicine, training, presence and telepresence

At least since Sutherland's 1968 head-mounted display, augmented reality systems have inspired (and frustrated) generations of developers, users, and enthusiasts. These inspirations have led to decades of effort that yielded major innovations in technologies for 3D capture, 3D displays, tracking, and real-time image generation. Some of these component technologies, such as head-mounted displays, have proven much more difficult to bring to widespread adoption than many of us expected. Others, such as real-time image generation, have become phenomenally successful, with major societal impacts extending far beyond the initial applications.
A potential function view of information theoretic interference games

Recently, Berry-Tse introduced a model for information theoretic games on interference channels, which combines game theory and information theory to analyze the interaction of selfish users. The fundamental quantity in such games is the Nash equilibrium region which has been characterized in several specific interference channels. This paper uses the game theoretic techniques of potential functions to study this region for general K-user linear deterministic interference channels. In particular, it is shown that the Nash equilibrium region is non-empty for any such K-user interference channel.
Co-Creating the Society of Counseling Psychology With Early Career Psychologists:

This reaction article values the Major Contribution as an opportunity to hear the voices of ECPs who do not feel included in the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP) and to engage in dialogue about the SCP as an organization. This response employs Gestalt theories of field and dialogue to understand how all members and affiliates of the SCP co-create the field. The particular challenges for ECPs in practice are addressed, and four levels of relating are described as ways to engage in dialogue through transaction, behavior, assumptions, and identity. Reflections are offered about the experiences and assumptions of early career psychologists, SCP leaders, and the ECP Committee. The article recommends specific approaches for ECPs to become more involved in the Society and serves as a call for broader dialogue about the SCP as a field.
Distinct monomial orders with same induced orderings

We prove that the lexicographic, degree lexicographic and the degree reverse lexicographic orders for monomials in Rn = K[X1;:::;Xn] are uniquely determined by their induced orderings, (i.e. their restrictions to Rn;i = K[X1;:::; ^ Xi;:::;Xn]), when n > 4. We also show that for any n > 4 there are monomial orders that are not uniquely determined by their induced orderings, and provide examples of these orders for each n.
Human Rights and Arctic Resources

Because the res nullius, the unowned thing, is potentially the property of whoever successfully claims it, the scramble to claim and exploit resources deemed “unowned” has been a black chapter of human history. Cherished social and human values have been trampled in the rush for riches. The very idea of an “owned” versus an “unowned” resource, be it land, oil or living organisms, is, of course, a political construct, fraught with unspoken value judgments about the kind of use or possession worthy of that recognition. Throughout history, biases and prejudices have morphed judgments about the uses sufficient to demonstrate ownership into an assessment of whose use or possession will be dignified with the label of ownership. This latter assessment, implicit in the first whenever there are competing claims to a resource, has been wielded to systematically dispossess indigenous peoples around the world. This article explores how the developing international human rights jurisprudence might translate into a better, more just, more environmentally responsible process for deciding the fate of Arctic resources.
Neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus infection induces neuronal, endothelial, and glial apoptosis.

Studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated dementia have shown neuronal loss in discrete areas. The presence and mechanism of neuronal death, however, has remained quite elusive. One mechanism of cell death, apoptosis, has been clearly demonstrated outside the central nervous system (CNS) in HIV-1 infection but has not been firmly established within the CNS. Therefore, we set out to ascertain whether neuronal cell loss in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encephalitis, an animal model of HIV-1–associated dementia, is a result of apoptosis. With the aid of an in situ technique for identifying the 3′-OH ends of newly fragmented DNA characteristic of apoptosis, in conjunction with specific detected morphological criteria via light microscopy, we have examined encephalitic and nonencephalitic brains of macaques infected with a neurovirulent, neuroendotheliotropic strain of SIV to see if virus is spatially associated with apoptosis of neurons and nonneuronal cell types. We demonstrate the presence of DNA damage, indicative of apoptosis, in neurons, endothelial cells, and glial cells of the CNS of SIV-infected macaques. Furthermore, we observe an association between the localization of cells with significant DNA fragmentation and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates containing SIV-infected macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Quantitative analysis reveals significantly more cells with DNA fragmentation in the CNS of macaques infected with neurovirulent, neuroendotheliotropic SIV strains as compared with strictly lymphocyte-tropic SIV strains and SIV negative controls. Our findings of apoptosis in SIV-infected CNS may potentially lead to a better understanding of the AIDS dementia complex, ultimately providing a basis for better treatments.
The Whisker Thalamus

Sensory information from the whiskers ascends through the trigeminal nuclei in the brainstem to the midbrain and forebrain where it reaches primarily the superior colliculus, the pretectal nuclei, the zona incerta, and the thalamus. The whisker thalamus is at the center of this network because it regulates passage to the barrel cortex as dictated by behavioral state. From barrel cortex, descending activity is fed back to the thalamus and to the other nuclei that process ascending information. Thalamocortical cells in the whisker thalamus receive sensory, cortical, inhibitory, and modulatory afferents. The physiological properties of this network and the functions that emerge from its activity are described here.
Individual USH2 proteins make distinct contributions to the ankle link complex during development of the mouse cochlear stereociliary bundle

Usher syndrome (USH) is the leading cause of inherited deaf-blindness, with type 2 (USH2) being the most common clinical form. Studies suggest that proteins encoded by USH2 causative genes assemble into the ankle link complex (ALC) at the hair cell stereociliary bundle; however, little is known about the in vivo assembly and function of this complex. Using various USH2 mutant mice, we showed by immunofluorescence that USH2 proteins play different roles in cochlear ALC assembly, with G protein-coupled receptor 98 being the most important protein. Complex assembly likely occurs at the stereociliary bundle but not along the protein transport route in the cell body. Stereociliary morphological defects in USH2 mutant mice suggest roles for the ALC in regulating inner hair cell stereociliary growth and differentiation as well as outer hair cell stereociliary rigidity and organization during development. These roles are unique from the bundle cohesion role of Usher syndrome type 1 protein complexes. Loss of individual USH2 gene expressions leads to variable morphological and functional consequences, correlating with the severity of ALC disruption. This finding suggests a potential genotype-phenotype correlation in USH2 patients. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying cochlear stereociliary bundle development and hearing loss pathogenesis of various USH2 subtypes. Our thorough phenotypical characterization of USH2 mouse models is essential for future use of these animal models in therapeutic development.
Inhibition of thyroid cancer proliferation in vitro by a novel small molecule HSP90 inhibitor.

C239 Introduction: Thyroid cancer represents 1% of all malignancies worldwide with papillary cancers representing the majority of cases having a good prognosis. Poorly differentiated and metastatic thyroid cancer, however carry a poor survival due to lack of effective systemic therapies. Currently several agents that target the MAP kinase pathway or inhibit heat shock protein 90 (HSP90I) are undergoing human clinical trials. These agents have thusfar shown limited efficacy and moderate systemic toxicity profiles. The search for novel small molecule inhibitors with good efficacy and low toxicity is critical to advancing treatment of these cancers. The purpose of this study is to determine the antiproliferative properties and mechanism of action of a novel carboxy-terminal inhibitor of HSP90 in thyroid cancer cell-lines in vitro. Methods: Human thyroid cancer cell lines for papillary cancer (DRO), follicular cancer (FTC-133) and anaplastic cancer (NPA) were cultured in RPMI medium and exposed to varying concentrations of KU-135, a novel C-terminal inhibitor of HSP90, with controls (no inhibitor) for 24 to 72 hours. Cellular protein was analyzed by immunoprecipitated Western blot analysis probing with monoclonal antibodies to B-RAF and N-RAS. Cell proliferation was determined by MTS assay at 72 hours exposure and apoptosis induction was evaluated by annexinV-PI co-staining with flow cytometry with cells incubated with drug for 18, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results: Cell proliferation analysis by MTS assay at 72 hours exposure to KU-135 demonstrates IC50 levels of 900 nM for DRO, 2 µM for FTC and 3 µM for NPA. Western blot analysis of DRO and NPA cells incubated with varying concentrations (500nM - 50 µM) of KU-135 demonstrate modulation of the MAP kinase pathway in a dose-dependant manner with initial effects occurring at 1 micromolar concentration of drug. Annexin V- PI costaining with flow cytometry analysis of all three cell lines demonstrate that over 30% of cell death observed is likely due to apoptosis. This occurred in a dose-dependant manner with gating of early apoptotic cells seen within 24 hours exposure to KU-135. Conclusions: KU-135 is a novel C-terminal HSP90 inhibitor which demonstrates antiproliferative effects in both differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines in a dose dependant manner with IC50 levels close to 1 µM. This inhibitory effect is almost 10-fold greater than other HSP90 inhibitors currently being used in clinical trials. Initial analysis of the mechanism of action of KU-135 in thyroid cancer suggests a combination of MAP kinase pathway modulation along with induction of apoptosis, although other client proteins and pathways may also be involved. While this study shows promising in vitro data for KU-135, the role of this agent as a potential novel targeted therapy in thyroid cancer will require further analysis of toxicity and efficacy in vivo.
Connectionist Computation

The following three theses are inconsistent: (1) (Paradigmatic) connectionist systems perform computations. (2) Performing computations requires executing programs. (3) Connectionist systems do not execute programs. Many authors embrace (2). This leads them to a dilemma: either connectionist systems execute programs or they don't compute. Accordingly, some authors attempt to deny (1), while others attempt to deny (3). But as I will argue, there are compelling reasons to accept both (1) and (3). So, we should replace (2) with a more satisfactory account of computation. Once we do, we can see more clearly what is peculiar to connectionist computation.
An Economist Defends Advertising

In this article an economist presents a highly critical review of a standard economic attack on the advertising industry. He pinpoints errors in economic analysis, and shows how the advertising industry is in an excellent position for a counterattack.In this connection, see “Marketing's Challenge to Economists,” by Quentin L. Coons, pp. 11–15.
Epidemic analysis of hand,foot and mouth disease in Dashiqiao District from 2008 to 2010

Objective:To investigate the epidemic features of hand,foot and mouth disease,thus to provide evidence for future prevention and control measures.Methods:Epidemic situation data of hand,foot and mouth disease in Dashiqiao District from 2008 to 2010 was performed.Results:A total of 2 168 cases of hand,foot and mouth disease was reported from 2008 to 2010,with an average annual incidence rate of 99.87/10 million.Among all the patients,2 cases died,resulted in a mortality rate of 0.09%.All of the city's townships reported cases of the disease,among which the highest incidence was 168.79/100 thousand in Shiqiao directorial area and the lowest incidence was 42.26/100 thousand in Gouyan town.May to August was the peak period of disease onset,reporting a total of 1 843 cases and accounting for 85.01% of all the cases.Patients were mainly children younger than(including) five years old,with a total of 1 990 cases,which was 91.79% of the total cases.1 308 cases(60.33%) were scattered children and 749 cases(34.55%) were children in kindergarten.64 stool samples of the patients were examined and 54 samples results were positive,of which 37 samples(57.81%) were EV71,13 samples were cox16 type(20.31%) and the rest 4 samples(6.25%) were enteric viruses.Conclusion:Dashiqiao city has high incidence of hand,foot and mouth disease.Future focus of disease prevention and control organizations in the region should be on the monitoring of the disease epidemic,and decisive measures should be taken immediately after disease outbreak;Schools and nurseries need to vigorously carry out health education and medical institutions need to strengthen early diagnosis and treatment of hand,foot and mouth disease.
IDENTIFICATION OF A1 ADENOSINE RECEPTORS IN RAT COCHLEA COUPLED TO INHIBITION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE

A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) are found in a number of tissues in the body where their physiological roles have been identified. In the cochlea, neither the existence of these receptors nor a physiological role of adenosine has been described previously. Membranes prepared from rat cochlea demonstrated high affinity and saturable binding to N6-2-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodophenyl)ethyladenosine ([125I]APNEA), an A1AR agonist, with maximum binding capacity and dissociation constant values being 40.5 +/- 0.5 fmol/mg protein and 1.28 +/- 0.03 nM, respectively. Adenosine analogues competed for [125I]APNEA binding sites with a rank order of potency characteristic of these sites being the A1AR. The [125I]APNEA binding was significantly reduced by pertussis toxin, indicating coupling of these receptors with the Gi and/or Go proteins in cochlear membranes. Photoaffinity labeling of the receptor protein with the A1AR agonist N6-2-(4-azido-3[125I]iodophenyl)ethyladenosine showed specific labeling of a 36-kDa receptor protein. Activation of the A1AR with R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) led to inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. Amplification of reverse-transcribed RNA derived from cochlear tissue by polymerase chain reaction (using primers for the bovine A1AR) yielded a 770-bp product that hybridized to an A1AR cDNA probe on Southern blots. These data indicate the presence of an inhibitory receptor in the peripheral auditory system, which may play an important role in modulating auditory functions.
Color Associations as Advertising Strategies: An Analysis of Consumer Attitudes Toward the Healthfulness of Energy Bar Packaging

Color plays a strong role in shaping consumers’ attitude toward brands, expectations, and likeability in the field of advertising. Associations with colors are formed within consumers’ culture and are often universal in meaning. Through three studies, the role of color in relationship to perceived healthfulness on energy bar packaging is observed. The results show a strong correlation between a particular color associated with healthfulness due to preconceived color associations often highlighted in advertising strategies. However the results raised unexpected, yet insightful correlations with other colors, which participants identified as healthy. When participants were asked to pick the energy bar that they perceived as the healthiest out of the group, their answers suggested a consistent idea of health related colors. Implications are discussed for using color as an advertising strategy in order to sustain strong brand recognition and likeability in the energy bar market.
Chromogenic Substrates Selective for Activated Protein C

To the Editor: Over the past 20 years, efforts from several laboratories have led to the identification and synthesis of chromogenic substrates specific for thrombin, factor Xa, trypsin, kallikreins and urokinase, plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator, and other enzymes.[1][1] However, several
Theory of Spin Dynamics of Excitons and Free Carriers in Quantum Wells

A survey of the theoretical understanding of the spin relaxation processes in quantum wells is given in relation to the recent time-resolved polarization measurements. A new theory is described of the spin dynamics and relaxation of the exciton through the exchange interaction, momentum scattering, and valence band mixing. Spin relaxation processes for the conduction electron and for the valence hole are analyzed for their importance in quantum wells.
Sedentary Agriculturalists or Mobile Hunter-Gatherers? Recent Evidence on the Late Archaic Occupation of the Northern Tucson Basin

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the Late Archaic occupation of the northern Tucson Basin using data gathered during the Tucson Basin Survey. The distribution of Late Archaic sites is analyzed in relation to the major environmental zones in this region. Artifact assemblages and other site data, including information from two excavated sites, are used to determine the possible roles of sites in the Late Archaic settlement system. Three potential settlement-subsistence models are proposed to account for the observed settlement patterns.
Network Structure and Centrallity: A Simualtion Experiment

This study examines how establishing early centrality in company networks may predict later performance. Using a simulation, we show that there are strategies that correlate with eventual centrality and profit, and other strategies that correlate with isolation and poor performance. The paper also defines a way of classifying centrality trajectories in social networks, providing a method that can be used more generally to predict network change over time.