cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-amplitude oscillatory shear rheology of dilute active suspensions

Suspensions of swimming microorganisms are a class of active suspensions that show an interesting rheological response in steady shear flow. In particular, the particle contribution to the viscosity can be negative, which has been calculated from models and measured experimentally. In this article, the material functions in large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow are calculated. In addition to the linear material functions, the nonlinearities are quantified analytically using the intrinsic nonlinear material functions. The particle contribution to both the storage and loss modulus can be negative. Since the suspending fluid is assumed Newtonian (and so has no storage modulus), the overall storage modulus can be negative. The intrinsic nonlinearities also show differences between passive and active suspensions. At small frequency, the active swimming can change the sign of the material functions. However, the viscous material functions are independent of the swimming motion at a very large frequency. The changes in sign of the material functions and the unique dependence on frequency may act as a rheological fingerprint of suspensions of swimming organisms.
MAGNESIOFOITITE FROM THE URANIUM DEPOSITS OF THE ATHABASCA BASIN, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA

Il y a deux generations de tourmaline dans la matrice des breches alterees associees aux gisements d'uranium du bassin d'Athabasca, au Saskatchewan, Canada. La tourmaline precoce se presente en cristaux isoles, tandis que les cristaux tardifs sont representes par des aggregats fibroradies (ou spherulitiques) de cristaux ou des surcroissances sur les cristaux precoces. La tourmaline dans les veines associees ressemble etroitement a la tourmaline de la matrice des roches brechifiees. La proportion des atomes, calculee a partir de donnees obtenues avec une microsonde electronique normalisees sur une base de 15 cations Y + Z + T, montre que la tourmaline precoce est partiellement depourvue de protons, tandis que la tourmaline tardive est fortement depourvue d'alcalins. Si on suppose une proportion stoechiometrique de bore, les formules structurales calculees pour les deux generations de tourmaline au gisement de Rabbit Lake (echantillon R81) sont: Na 0.48 K 0.01 Ca 0.51 (Mg 2.48 Fe 3+ 0.21 Mn 0.01 Ti 0.24 ) Al 5.34 Pe 3+ 0.66 (Si 6.06 )O 18 (BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 2.68 et□ 0.76 Na 021 K 0.01 Ca 0.02 (Mg 2.15 Fe 3+ 0.05 Al 0.80 )Al 6.00 (Si 5.89 Al 0.11 )O 18 (BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 4.01 .Des compositions semblables ont ete observees aux gisements d'uranium de Second Link Lake et Key Lake. Les tourmalines precoces correspondent a une dravite deficitaire en protons, tandis que les tourmalines tardives se rapprochent du pole magnesiofoitite du groupe des tourmalines.
Fear of Crime in Relation to Three Exterior Site Features: Prospect, Refuge, and Escape

This article examines fear of crime in relation to exterior site features on a college campus. The authors propose and test a theoretical model that posits that places that afford offenders refuge,...
Emergency management of the airway outside the operating room.

Successful emergency airway intervention incorporates the anaesthetist’s basic skills in airway management with the knowledge of the special nature of the clinical problems that arise outside the operating room. While a thorough but rapid evaluation of the key anatomical and physiological factors of an individual patient may result in an obvious choice for optimal management, clinical problems often arise in which there is not an evident “best approach.” In these less clearcut situations, the anaesthetist may do well to employ those techniques with which she/he has the greatest skills and experience. At times, however, some degree of creative improvisation is required to care for an especially difficult problem.
Progressive loss of SIRT1 with cell cycle withdrawal

Summary Sir2 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that regulates lifespan in yeast, worms and flies. The mammalian orthologs of Sir2 include SIRT1 in humans and mice. In this study, we analyzed the level of SIRT1 in human lung fibroblasts (IMR90) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from mice with normal, accelerated, and delayed aging. SIRT1 protein, but not mRNA, decreased significantly with serial cell passage in both human and murine cells. Mouse SIRT1 decreased rapidly in prematurely senescent (p44 Tg) MEFs, remained high in MEFs with delayed senescence (Igf-1r–/–), and was inversely correlated with senescence-activated β-galactosidase (SA-βGal) activity. Reacquisition of mitotic capability following spontaneous immortalization of serially passaged wild-type MEFs restored the level of SIRT1 to that of early passage, highly proliferative MEFs. In mouse and human fibroblasts, we found a significant positive correlation between the levels of SIRT1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a DNA processing factor expressed during S-phase. In the animal, we found that SIRT1 decreased with age in tissues in which mitotic activity also declines, such as the thymus and testis, but not in tissues such as the brain in which there is little change in mitotic activity throughout life. Again, the decreases in SIRT1 were highly correlated with decreases in PCNA. Finally, loss of SIRT1 with age was accelerated in mice with accelerated aging but was not observed in long-lived growth hormone-receptor knockout mice. Thus, as mitotic activity ceases in mouse and human cells in the normal environment of the animal or in the culture dish, there is a concomitant decline in the level of SIRT1.
Block copolymers as stabilizers in supercritical fluids

An emerging fundamental understanding of colloid and interface science in CO2-based systems is guiding the discovery and development of microemulsions, emulsions, inorganic suspensions and polymer latexes. Steric stabilization of these dispersions may be achieved with block copolymer surfactants that adsorb at CO2-organic or CO2-aqueous interfaces.
Protein targeting and calcium signaling microdomains in neuronal cells.

Over the last several years, a number of optical imaging, physiological, and molecular studies have clarified the mechanisms underlying differential calcium signaling in the postsynaptic neuron. These studies have revealed the existence of membrane-associated calcium microdomains, which are often specifically coupled to distinct protein signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss how these signaling microdomains are organized and regulated, emphasizing the structural and molecular features of synaptic protein complexes containing the metabotropic and N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors and the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). We conclude with a discussion of how these different signaling complexes may interact with one another, relationships which may be important in orchestrating the complex calcium signaling underlying developmental and activity- dependent changes in synaptic function.
A “tegmento-tubercular projection” as an artifact of third nerve stimulation

High-amplitude potentials recorded with “bipolar” electrodes within a discrete area of the basal forebrain in cats 0.7 msec after weak stimuli applied to the ventral tegmental area (Wyewicka and Doty 1966, Fig. 3) are shown to arise from activation of the extraocular muscles.
1800 THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO CARBON DIOXIDE IN HIGH RISK INFANTS

We examined the ventilatory response to CO2 in 123 infants tested with a computerized CO2 waveform analyzer measuring breath by breath responses. Seven SIDS siblings (BW 3.43+/−1.04 kg) were tested at 49.1+/−15.3 weeks post-conceptual age, 19 near-miss infants (2.84+/−0.88 kg) at 60.1+/−14.9 wks, 21 term infants with cyanosis (3.43+/−0.66 kg) at 41.0+/−1.2 wks, 43 preterm infants with apnea (1.56+/−0.31 kg) at 41.9+/−5.0 wks, 18 infants with IVH (1.16+/−0.3 kg) at 46.5+/−12.9 wks, 8 with BPD (1.4+/−0.9 kg) at 48.8+/−12.6 wks, 5 with reflux (2.43+/−0.6 kg) at 43.0+/−7.0 wks, and 5 controls (3.8+/−0.8 kg) at 39.0+/−1.0 wks. The slope of the CO2 response curve was 19.4+/−7.6 among siblings, 25.5+/−17.4 among near-miss, 30.2+/−16.4 among cyanotic, 33.0+/−19.0 in the apneic, 31.5+/−16.8 in the IVH, 28.3+/−19.2 in the BPD, 19.9+/−11.7 in the reflux, and 26.0+/−17.0 mm/kg/min/ mmHg BTPS in the control group. The highest proportion of abnormal slopes (<20 mm/kg/min/mmHg BTPS) were in the reflux (71%), near miss (44%), and sibling (40%) groups. The sibling and reflux groups also showed the lowest increase in minute ventilation (50–55%) compared to the other groups (90–140%) from baseline to 6% CO2. The sibling, near-miss, and reflux groups demonstrated blunted responses to CO2 and are deemed to be at highest risk by this test.
Genetic Determinants of Differential Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode Reproduction and Galling in Lima Bean

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important root parasites that limit lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) production, although genetic resistance is available. In accession L-136, we investigated the apparent independence of genes controlling nematode reproduction and root galling. Segregation of nematode egg production and root-galling phenotypes in F 1 , F 2 , F 2:3 , and F 2:7-9 populations from L-136 x susceptible 'Henderson Bush' was determined in growth pouch, greenhouse pot, and field screenings. Three nuclear genes designated mir-1 (recessive), Mig-1 (dominant), and Mjg-1 (dominant) were found to control M. incognita reproduction, M. incognita galling, and M. javanica galling, respectively. Contrast analysis indicated that gene combinations affected nematode egg production and gene combinations provided comprehensive resistance. This independent resistance to root-knot galling and reproduction, reported for other leguminous crops and cotton (Gossypium spp.), has important implications for breeding broad-based nematode resistance.
Cross-Cultural Outcomes of a Research Fulbright in Sweden

This article discusses outcomes of a research Fulbright in Sweden. I suggest that there are at least four major areas in which American counseling psychologists can benefit from contact with European psychologists: knowledge bases about psychological events, education methods and philosophies, views of psychology and science, and personal life-styles.
Learning without Representational Change: Development of Numerical Estimation in Individuals with Williams Syndrome.

Experience engenders learning, but not all learning involves representational change. In this paper, we provide a dramatic case study of the distinction between learning and representational change. Specifically, we examined long- and short-term changes in representations of numeric magnitudes by asking individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) and typically developing (TD) children to estimate the position of numbers on a number line. As with TD children, accuracy of WS children’s numerical estimates improved with age (Experiment 1) and feedback (Experiment 2). Both long- and short-term changes in estimates of WS individuals, however, followed an atypical developmental trajectory: as TD children gained in age and experience, increases in accuracy were accompanied by a logarithmic-to-linear shift in estimates of numerical magnitudes, whereas in WS individuals, accuracy increased but logarithmic estimation patterns persisted well into adulthood and after extensive training. These findings suggest that development of numerical estimation in WS is both arrested and atypical.
Causality Assessment of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions

Background: Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the most common adverse reactions attributed to drugs. A systematic and effective approach to a patient with suspected drug eruption allows for prompt recognition, classification and treatment of cutaneous ADRs. A standardized and effective approach for objective causality assessment is necessary to make consistent and accurate identification of ADRs. Objective: Although the Naranjo algorithm is the most widely used assessment tool, it contains many components which are not suitable for clinical assessment of ADRs in Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare correlations of the Naranjo algorithm and the Korean algorithm to evaluate usefulness of both algorithms in order to make a causal link between drugs and cutaneous ADRs. In addition, this study classifies the clinical types and causative agents of cutaneous ADRs. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical types and laboratory findings of patients who were diagnosed with cutaneous ADRs in the dermatology clinic at Gil hospital. One hundred forty-one patients were enrolled in this evaluation. The causal relationship of ADRs was assessed by using the Naranjo algorithm and Korean algorithm (version 2.0). Results: A cross-tabulation analysis was applied to the Naranjo algorithm and Korean algorithm (version 2.0). Simple correlation analysis and a Bland-Altman plot were used for statistical analysis. Correlation analysis confirmed that the two assessment algorithms were significantly correlated. Exanthematous eruptions (68.8%), StevensJohnson syndrome (10.6%), and urticaria (8.5%) were the most common types of cutaneoues ADRs. The most common causative agents were antibiotics/antimicrobials, antipyretics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and central nervous system depressants. Conclusion: The Naranjo algorithm and Korean algorithm (version 2.0) were significantly correlated with each other, and thus reliable assessment methods to determine cutaneous ADRs. (Ann Derma
Smoothing Methods in Statistics

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Smoothing Methods: a Nonparametric/Parametric Compromise.- 1.2 Uses of Smoothing Methods.- 1.3 Outline of the Chapters.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- 2. Simple Univariate Density Estimation.- 2.1 The Histogram.- 2.2 The Frequency Polygon.- 2.3 Varying the Bin Width.- 2.4 The Effectiveness of Simple Density Estimators.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- 3. Smoother Univariate Density Estimation.- 3.1 Kernel Density Estimation.- 3.2 Problems with Kernel Density Estimation.- 3.3 Adjustments and Improvements to Kernel Density Estimation.- 3.4 Local Likelihood Estimation.- 3.5 Roughness Penalty and Spline-Based Methods.- 3.6 Comparison of Univariate Density Estimators.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- 4. Multivariate Density Estimation.- 4.1 Simple Density Estimation Methods.- 4.2 Kernel Density Estimation.- 4.3 Other Estimators.- 4.4 Dimension Reduction and Projection Pursuit.- 4.5 The State of Multivariate Density Estimation.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- 5. Nonparametrie Regression.- 5.1 Scatter Plot Smoothing and Kernel Regression.- 5.2 Local Polynomial Regression.- 5.3 Bandwidth Selection.- 5.4 Locally Varying the Bandwidth.- 5.5 Outliers and Autocorrelation.- 5.6 Spline Smoothing.- 5.7 Multiple Predictors and Additive Models.- 5.8 Comparing Nonparametric Regression Methods.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- 6. Smoothing Ordered Categorical Data.- 6.1 Smoothing and Ordered Categorical Data.- 6.2 Smoothing Sparse Multinomials.- 6.3 Smoothing Sparse Contingency Tables.- 6.4 Categorical Data, Regression, and Density Estimation.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- 7. Further Applications of Smoothing.- 7.1 Discriminant Analysis.- 7.2 Goodness-of-Fit Tests.- 7.3 Smoothing-Based Parametric Estimation.- 7.4 The Smoothed Bootstrap.- Background material.- Computational issues.- Exercises.- Appendices.- A. Descriptions of the Data Sets.- B. More on Computational Issues.- References.- Author Index.
THE SOLAR FLARE 3.8-10 keV X-RAY SPECTRUM

The 3.8–10 keV solar flare spectrum includes lines of highly stripped Ca, Fe, and Ni ions, as well as a continuum steeply falling with energy. Groups of lines at � 7a nd� 8 keV, observed during flares by the broadband RHESSI spectrometer and called here the Fe line and Fe/Ni line features, are formed mostly of Fe lines but with Ni lines contributing to the � 8 keV feature. Possible temperature indicators of these line features are discussed: the peak or centroid energies of the Fe line feature, the line ratio of the Fe line to the Fe/Ni line features, and the equivalent width of the Fe line feature. The equivalent width is by far the most sensitive to temperature. However, results will be confused if, as is commonly believed, the abundance of Fe varies from flare to flare, even during the course of a single flare. With temperature determined from the thermal continuum, the Fe line feature becomes a diagnostic of the Fe abundance in flare plasmas. These results are of interest for other hot plasmas in coronal ionization equilibrium such as stellar flare plasmas, hot gas in galaxies, and older supernova remnants.
On the underlying order of Early West Saxon

Recent work by Lightfoot (1976a, 1977) and Malsch (1976) has led to conflicting hypotheses about the underlying order of old English. Lightfoot hypothesizes that OE is an SOV language, while Malsch hypothesizes that it is a VO language. Although Malsch's argument is far more rigorous than Lightfoot's, both arguments are unconvincing because both suffer from a conspicuous lack of attention to the data available in surviving OE texts: Lightfoot asserts the nonexistence of constructions which do in fact exist (1977: 21 I), while Malsch cites only constructions drawn or elaborated from secondary sources (39, note i). Furthermore, the two arguments are not directly opposed to each other. Lightfoot argues for a verb-final underlying order and an NP Postposing rule, while Malsch argues for a verb-initial underlying order and a Verb Postposing rule. Neither argues against the postposing rule of the other. At the same time, their only common assumptions seem to be that underlying representations of sentences have linear ordering and that surface auxiliaries in OE are derived from higher verbs. Except for that common ground, their arguments do not proceed within the same grammatical framework. Lightfoot argues within the framework suggested by Chomsky (I973), while Malsch argues within the framework suggested by Postal (I974). Ordinarily we would suppose that the acceptability of each hypothesized underlying order would depend upon the acceptability of the arguments that can be advanced in support of the accompanying postposing rule, arguments which in turn depend upon a particular grammatical framework. Yet in this case neither hypothesis offers an adequate explanation for the surviving data from Early West Saxon (EWS), the dialect of our earliest OE texts: Alfred's versions of Gregory's Cura Pastoralis and of Orosius' Historiarum and the Parker manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle up to the year 89I. Both Lightfoot and Malsch seem committed to the idea that we can find, in a language like OE, data that support a particular linguistic theory and its associated principles and thus, by implication at least, cast doubt upon the validity of some competing linguistic theory or theories. Lightfoot discusses
Success in Farm Start-ups in the Northeastern United States

On one hand, food system analysts have been concerned about many topics: the rising age of farm operators, declining farm numbers, lack of adoption of practices and systems supporting greater ecological sustainability, and interest in increased food production for local markets. On the other hand, many energetic and enthusiastic people express interest in farming and producing more community-based food. Many of these people also claim values related to sustainability. Despite prospective and new farmers’ strong interest and enthusiasm, most face numerous challenges in their start-up phase and many do not continue, even those showing considerable promise. In this paper we focus on the results from in-depth interviews with current and former start-up farmers in the Northeastern U.S. We illuminate four sets of factors related to “success” in farm start-ups: social context, personal characteristics, business characteristics, and luck. We then make three recommendations for the consideration of policy-makers, farm start-up advisors, and beginning farmers: advising and mentoring, conceiving of farms as parts of a larger food system, and focus on playing to strengths.
An Integer Linear Programming Problem with Multi‐Criteria and Multi‐Constraint Levels: a Branch‐and‐Partition Algorithm

In this paper, we propose a branch-and-partition algorithm to solve the integer linear programming problem with multi-criteria and multi-constraint levels (MC 2 -ILP). The procedure begins with the relaxation problem that is formed by ignoring the integer restrictions. In this branch-and-partition procedure, an MC 2 linear programming problem is adopted by adding a restriction according to a basic decision variable that is not integer. Then the MC 2 -simplex method is applied to locate the set of all potential solutions over possible changes of the objective coefficient parameter and the constraint parameter for a regular MC 2 linear programming problem. We use parameter partition to divide the (o, a) space for integer solutions of MC 2 problem. The branch-and-partition procedure terminates when every potential basis for the relaxation problem is a potential basis for the MC 2 -ILP problem. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the proposed algorithm in solving the MC 2 -ILP problems. The comparison study and discussion on the applicability of the proposed method are also provided.
Protecting the mental health of first responders: legal and ethical considerations.

The public safety, human services, health, and relief workers who comprise the first wave of a response to natural or man-made disasters play a critical role in emergency preparedness. These first responders provide care and services in the immediate aftermath of emergencies and may remain in affected communities for weeks or months. They often work long hours under stressful conditions, witnessing the human harms, physical destruction, and psychological devastation that can accompany disasters.
Is craving the source of compulsive drug use

Compulsive drug use, which is typically portrayed as a defining quality of addictive behavior, has been described as a pattern of drug consumption that is stimulus bound, stereotyped, difficult to regulate and identified by a loss of control over intake. It is widely assumed that compulsive drug use is caused by drug craving. This assumption is supported by numerous findings of a general correspondence between measures of craving and drug-use behavior. A more focussed analysis of the available data, however, reveals that craving and drug use are not coupled to the degree required by the hypothesis that craving is the source of all drug use in the addict. As an alternative to this craving-based view, compulsive drug use could be characterized as a form of automatized behavior. Automatic performance is assumed to develop over the course of repeated practice of motor and cognitive skills. Automatized behavior, like compulsive drug use, tends to be stimulus bound, stereotyped, effortless, difficult to control and regulated largely outside of awareness. The formulation of drug compulsion as a manifestation of automaticity rather than craving allows addiction researchers to apply methods and measures derived from cognitive sciences to investigate the fundamental organization of compulsive drug-use behavior.
Optimal sequences for CDMA under colored noise: a Schur-saddle function property

We consider direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA), modeling interference from users communicating with neighboring base stations by additive colored noise. We consider two types of receiver structures: first we consider the information-theoretically optimal receiver and use the sum capacity of the channel as our performance measure. Second, we consider the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) receiver and use the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of the estimate of the symbol transmitted as our performance measure. Our main result is a constructive characterization of the possible performance in both these scenarios. A central contribution of this characterization is the derivation of a qualitative feature of the optimal performance measure in both the scenarios studied. We show that the sum capacity is a saddle function: it is convex in the additive noise covariances and concave in the user received powers. In the linear receiver case, we show that the mini average power required to meet a set of target performance requirements of the users is a saddle function: it is convex in the additive noise covariances and concave in the set of performance requirements.
Host shifts favor vibrational signal divergence in Enchenopa binotata treehoppers

For specialized herbivorous insects, shifts to novel host plants can have dramatic evolutionary consequences. If mating traits diverge, assortative mating can develop between ancestral and novel host populations and facilitate speciation. Mating signals may diverge under a variety of scenarios. Signal differences may be a consequence of divergence in correlated traits, such as body size. If local communication environments differ, mating signals may also diverge through selection for enhanced transmission. We tested these hypotheses using 2 closely related species in the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers. Each member of this complex specializes on a different host plant species. Their communication modality may make signal divergence likely after a host shift: like many plant-dwelling insects, Enchenopa communicate using substrate-borne vibrations for which the plant itself is the transmission channel. Each species' mating signal is a relatively pure tone, and differences between species in signal frequency are critical for mate recognition. Whereas no support was found for a correlated selection hypothesis, we found support for a signal transmission hypothesis: both species use a signal frequency that transmits well in their contrasting communication environments, suggesting that host shifts may favor signal divergence and ultimately behavioral isolation.
Advances in Survey Methods and Measurement Techniques

Methodological advances of the past twenty years have been sparked by the development of opinion research centers, by the expansion of government-sponsored research during World War II, by the professional associations, and not least by the polling debacle of 1948. These advances have been reflected in a series of outstanding, and increasingly sophisticated, studies. Research methodology has been adapted to a wider field of subject matter, rapid strides have been made in attitude measurement techniques, and principal sampling problems have been partially solved. The author, Professor of Social Statistics at Princeton and President of the American Association for Public Opinion Research for 1957-58, has been one of the foremost practitioners of the application of statistical technique to social problems ever since 1931 when he became Director of the Bureau of Social Research, Pittsburgh 1 O SEE CLEARLY the advances in survey and attitude research methods which have taken place during the past two decades, we should start a bit farther back. Much of the present stage of technological advance in opinion research is foreshadowed by Rice in the papers he published during the Twenties and assembled in 1928 in his Quantitative Method's in Politics.' They are also reflected by Lundberg in his Social Research," published in
A fast algorithm for 3D SAR simulation of target and terrain using Xpatch

This paper describes a methodology of modeling 3D SAR images using ray-based high frequency electromagnetic (EM) techniques. Various ray-based EM techniques have been developed in the past for 2D SAR simulations (R. Bhalla and H. Ling, 1995). This work will extend on those approaches for modeling 3D SAR images.
Perioperative complications after living donor lobectomy.

Abstract Objective: Clinical lung transplantation has been limited by availability of suitable cadaveric donor lungs. Living donor lobectomy provides right and left lower lobes from a pair of living donors for each recipient. We reviewed our experience with living donor lobectomy from July 1994 to February 2000. Methods: Sixty-two donor lobectomies were performed. The hospital and outpatient records of these 62 donors were retrospectively analyzed to examine the incidence of perioperative complications. Results: Twenty-four (38.7%) of 62 donors had no perioperative complications and had a median length of hospital stay of 5.0 days. Thirty-eight (61.3%) of 62 donors had postoperative complications. Twelve major complications occurred in 10 patients and included pleural effusions necessitating drainage (n = 4), bronchial stump fistulas (n = 3), bilobectomy (n = 1), hemorrhage necessitating red cell transfusion (n = 1), phrenic nerve injury (n = 1), atrial flutter ultimately necessitating electrophysiologic ablation (n = 1), and bronchial stricture necessitating dilatation (n = 1). These 38 donors had 55 minor complications including persistent air leaks (n = 9), pericarditis (n = 9), pneumonia (n = 8), arrhythmia (n = 7), transient hypotension necessitating fluid resuscitation (n = 4), atelectasis (n = 3), ileus (n = 3), subcutaneous emphysema (n = 3), urinary tract infections (n = 2), loculated pleural effusions (n = 2), transfusion (n = 2), Clostridium difficile colitis (n = 1), puncture of a saline breast implant (n = 1), and severe contact dermatitis secondary to adhesive tape (n = 1). There were no postoperative deaths and only 1 donor required surgical re-exploration. Conclusions: Living donor lobectomy can be performed with low mortality and remains an important alternative for potential recipients unable to wait for cadaveric lung allografts. However, morbidity is high and must be considered when potential living donors are being counseled. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:909-15)
Partnering for perfection: An economics perspective on B2B electronic market strategic alliances

New technological innovations have made it possible for new intermediaries to create value in business processes that involve the procurement of manufacturing and services supplies. Associated with these innovations is the emergence of business-to-business (B2B) electronic markets. These act as digital intermediaries that aim to reduce the transaction costs and mitigate the risks inherent in procurement. They improve buyers’ capabilities to search for attractive prices, and also serve to increase the liquidity of sellers’ products. In this chapter, the authors explore the evolution of B2B e-market firms in terms of the strategies they employ to “perfect” their value propositions and business processes for the firms. This is a critical aspect of their attractiveness as business partners for the buyers and sellers that participate in their electronic marketplaces. The key theoretical perspectives of this work are adapted from economics and strategic management. They enable the authors to construct a “partnering for perfection” theory of strategic alliances in e-procurement markets. This perspective is captured in a series of inquiries about “why” and “when” B2B e-markets are observed to form alliances. The authors carry out an innovative econometric analysis that delivers empirical results to show the efficacy of the theory in interpreting real world events. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of this work in academic and managerial terms.
PROCEDURE FOR RAPID FABRICATION OF NON-ASSEMBLY MECHANISMS WITH EMBEDDED COMPONENTS

In this paper, the application of Rapid Prototyping in fabricating non-assembly robotic systems and mechanisms with inserts is presented. Previous work demonstrated the use of the Rapid Prototype Stereolithography and Selective Laser Sintering techniques to fabricate prototypes of mechanical mobile joints. As examples of their applicability, the joint designs were then used to fabricate complex multi-articulated, multi-link, multi-loop systems in one step, without requiring assembly while maintaining the joint desired mobility. Expanding upon this, current research explores methods of insertion of component parts during the rapid prototype process. A rapidly prototyped mobile vehicle, RP MOVe, was fabricated to show this method and is presented here.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Turbulent flow normal to a triangular cylinder

Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements are presented for a nominally two-dimensional constant-density flow over a surface-mounted triangular cylinder. The thickness of the boundary layer approaching the triangular cylinder is much less than the height of the triangle. Momentum and turbulent kinetic energy balances are presented and comparisons are made with other separated and reattaching flows. Also, time domain information is presented in the form of autocorrelations and spectra. From the energy balances, the importance of the pressure transport term at the high-speed edge of the shear layer is seen. Observations of the relationships between the shapes of the spectra and the details of the energy balance are made. For example, the slope of the velocity spectra varies from the free-stream value of −5/3 to a value of −1 in the middle of the recirculation region. Concurrent with this increase in slope is a decrease in the role of shear production in the turbulent kinetic energy balance and an increase in the role of advection and turbulent transport. From the two-component LDV measurements, a very low-frequency unsteadiness is shown to contribute energy preferentially to different components of the velocity fluctuations depending on the location in the flow.
An Automated Brightband Height Detection Algorithm for Use with Doppler Radar Spectral Moments

Because knowledge of the melting level is critical to river forecasters and other users, an objective algorithm to detect the brightband height from profiles of radar reflectivity and Doppler vertical velocity collected with a Doppler wind profiling radar is presented. The algorithm uses vertical profiles to detect the bottom portion of the bright band, where vertical gradients of radar reflectivity and Doppler vertical velocity are negatively correlated. A search is then performed to find the peak radar reflectivity above this feature, and the brightband height is assigned to the altitude of the peak. Reflectivity profiles from the off-vertical beams produced when the radar is in the Doppler beam swinging mode provide additional brightband measurements. A consensus test is applied to subhourly values to produce a quality-controlled, hourly averaged brightband height. A comparison of radar-deduced brightband heights with melting levels derived from temperature profiles measured with rawinsondes launched from the same radar site shows that the brightband height is, on average, 192 m lower than the melting level. A method for implementing the algorithm and making the results available to the public in near‐real time via the Internet is described. The importance of melting level information in hydrological prediction is illustrated using the NWS operational river forecast model applied to mountainous watersheds in California. It is shown that a 2000-ft increase in the melting level can triple run off during a modest 24-h rainfall event. The ability to monitor the brightband height is likely to aid in melting-level forecasting and verification.
The Leaky Oscillator: Properties of Inhibition-Based Rhythms Revealed through the Singular Phase Response Curve

Oscillatory neural activity has long been a subject of mathematical interest and has been studied with a range of mathematical tools including phase reduction and phase response curves. But many oscillatory systems of biological interest involve strong interactions with dynamics on multiple time scales, and standard mathematical simplifications may not preserve the interesting mathematical structure of such systems. Here we consider the general class of rhythms generated by spiking systems with slow-decaying, fast-resetting feedback inhibition. We use a simple model, the `inhibition-based rhythm” (IBR), to describe the dynamics of these rhythms under strong forcing or coupling. We define a “singular phase response curve” (sPRC), which describes the response of this system to a strong forcing pulse in the limiting case of well-separated time scales of membrane dynamics and inhibitory decay. Using geometric singular perturbation theory, we demonstrate that this function “persists,” i.e., continues to provid...
Plagues, Policy, & Patents: Addressing Overuse of Antibiotics

In response to the intensive use of antibiotics since their discovery in the 1930s, bacteria increasingly have evolved resistance to these critical medications. Because of this evolutionary process, antibiotics have an unusual characteristic that gives rise to a negative externality: Current use erodes their future usefulness. Society is squandering the limited supply of this precious resource for low-value uses, such as treating minor infections. The price of this profligacy? Patients in the future may die from bacterial infections that become resistant to all antibiotics. This negative externality is a market failure, calling for governmental measures to rationalize antibiotic use. Applying the economic literature on exhaustible resources, this article argues that the state should grant infinite-term patents on antibiotics. In addition to encouraging pricing that will prolong the useful life of antibiotics, infinite-term patents may create incentives for drug makers to hold some antibiotics in reserve to meet the extraordinary demand that will arise if and when there is a bacterial plague. The government also should subsidize the use of tests to determine the nature and resistances of infections, increase subsidies and research spending on vaccinations, and gather more information about the extent and nature of the threat posed by resistant bacterial pathogens.
Lost in Translation: Preserving Satellite Cell Function with Global Translational Control

Quiescence is highly regulated to preserve stem cell function. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Zismanov et al. (2016) show that P-eIF2α, a translational initiation factor, reinforces the quiescent state of muscle stem cells by safeguarding against cell-cycle entry and lineage progression.
Masculinization of Female Rats by Postnatal Administration of Male Sex Hormone

ConclusionThe administration of a sufficient quantity of testosterone propionate to the new-born female rat will cause a masculinization of the external genitalia.
Hazards from Methane on Contaminated Sites

Methane is not the only major constituent of landfill gas; carbon dioxide, which dominates at the early stages of decomposition, coexists as a major fraction during the anaerobic stages. Many investigations appear to ignore this fact and fail to monitor its presence. The significance of CO2 can be very considerable since a) it can act as a precursor to methane, b) elevated levels can suggest the oxidation of methane, c) it is highly toxic and asphyxiant (e.g. 3% CO2 is more hazardous than 3% CH4) and d) it can seriously affect plant growth.
Geographic Variation in Trends and Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction Hospitalization and Mortality by Income Levels, 1999-2013

Importance During the past decade, the incidence and mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the United States have decreased substantially. However, it is unknown whether these improvements were consistent across communities of different economic status and geographic regions since efforts to improve cardiovascular disease prevention and management may have had variable impact. Objective To determine whether trends in US county-level, risk-standardized AMI hospitalization and mortality rates varied by county-based median income level. Design, Setting, and Participants In this observational study, county-level risk-standardized (age, sex, and race) hospitalization and 1-year mortality rates for AMI from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2013, were measured for Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older. Data analysis was performed from June 2 through December 1, 2015. Counties were stratified by median income percentile using 1999 US Census Bureau data adjusted for inflation: low- ( 75th) income groups. Main Outcomes and Measures The effect of income on the slope of AMI hospitalizations and mortality, measured as differences in the rate of change in AMI hospitalizations and mortality by county income and by the 4 US geographic regions, and a possible lag effect among low-income counties. Results In the 15-year study period, AMI risk-standardized hospitalization and mortality rates decreased significantly for all 3 county income groups. Mean hospitalization rates were significantly higher among low-income counties compared with high-income counties in 1999 (1353 vs 1123 per 100 000 person-years, respectively) and in 2013 (853 vs 648 per 100 000 person-years, respectively). One-year mortality rates after hospitalization for AMI were similar across county income groups, decreasing from 1999 (31.5%, 31.4%, and 31.1%, for high-, average-, and low-income counties, respectively) to 2013 (26.2%, 26.1%, and 25.4%, respectively). Income was associated with county-level, risk-standardized AMI hospitalization rates but not mortality rates. Increasing 1 interquartile range of median county consumer price index–adjusted income ($12 000) was associated with a decline in 46 and 37 hospitalizations per 100 000 person-years for 1999 and 2013, respectively; interaction between income and time was 0.56. The rate of decline in AMI hospitalizations was similar for all county income groups; however, low-income counties lagged behind high-income counties by 4.3 (95% CI, 3.1-5.9) years. There were no significant differences in trends across geographic regions. Conclusions and Relevance Hospitalization and mortality rates of AMI declined among counties of all income levels, although hospitalization rates among low-income counties lag behind those of the higher income groups. These findings lend support for a more targeted, community-based approach to AMI prevention.
Granger Causality Analysis in Irregular Time Series.

Learning temporal causal structures between time series is one of the key tools for analyzing time series data. In many real-world applications, we are confronted with Irregular Time Series, whose observations are not sampled at equally-spaced time stamps. The irregularity in sampling intervals violates the basic assumptions behind many models for structure learning. In this paper, we propose a nonparametric generalization of the Granger graphical models called Generalized Lasso Granger (GLG) to uncover the temporal dependencies from irregular time series. Via theoretical analysis and extensive experiments, we verify the effectiveness of our model. Furthermore, we apply GLG to the application dataset of δO isotope of Oxygen records in Asia and achieve promising results to discover the moisture transportation patterns in a 800-year period.
Dexamethasone Regulation of the Rat 3α-Hydroxysteroid/Dihydrodiol Dehydrogenase Gene

Rat liver 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD/DD), a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, inactivates circulating steroid hormones and may contribute to the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by oxidizing trans-dihydrodiols to reactive o-quinones with the concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species. The 3alpha-HSD/DD gene has been cloned, and its 5'-flanking region contains a negative response element (NRE; -797 to -498 bp) that may repress constitutive expression by binding to Oct transcription factors. Upstream from the NRE are three distal imperfect glucocorticoid response elements (GRE1, GRE2, and GRE3); in addition, a proximal imperfect GRE (GRE4) is adjacent to an Oct binding site in the NRE. When rat hepatocytes were cultured on Matrigel and exposed to dexamethasone (Dex), steady state levels of 3alpha-HSD/DD mRNA were increased 4-fold in a dose-dependent manner, yielding an EC50 value of 10 nM. Time to maximal response was 24 hr, and the effect was blocked with the anti-glucocorticoid RU486. Measurement of the half-life of 3alpha-HSD/DD mRNA, with and without Dex treatment, indicated that the increase in steady state mRNA levels was not due to increased mRNA stability. By contrast, nuclear run-off experiments using nuclei obtained from Dex-stimulated hepatocytes indicated that Dex increased transcription of the rat 3alpha-HSD/DD gene. Tandem repeats of the imperfect GRE1, GRE2, GRE3, and GRE4 were inserted into thymidine kinase-chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase vectors and cotransfected with the human glucocorticoid receptor into human hepatoma cells. On treatment with Dex, maximal trans-activation of the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase reporter gene activity was mediated via the proximal GRE (GRE4). These data imply that GRE4 is a functional cis-element and that binding of the occupied glucocorticoid receptor to this element increases 3alpha-HSD/DD gene transcription. A model is proposed for the positive and negative regulation of the rat 3alpha-HSD/DD gene by the glucocorticoid receptor and Oct transcription factors, respectively.
A Pilot Study Exploring Obesity-Related Differences in Fall Rate and Kinematic Response Resulting From a Laboratory-Induced Trip

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS A higher percentage of young adults with a higher body mass index (BMI) fell after a laboratory-induced trip compared to young adults with a lower BMI, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Young adults with a higher BMI also exhibited a kinematic response to the trip that was less favorable than adults with a lower BMI. This study provides preliminary evidence that obesity may increase the risk of falls after tripping among young obese workers, and that this increased risk may be due to a less favorable balance recovery response after tripping. Additional larger scale studies are needed to better understand contributing and modifiable factors that can be targeted via intervention or other fall prevention strategies.TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Obese adults are reported to fall at a higher rate than non-obese adults. Purpose: To help determine the reason for this higher fall rate, we quantified fall rates, kinematics at trip onset, and kinematics duri...
Modeling Imaginary Worlds: Version 4 of the AMCP Format for Formulary Submissions

The question of demarcation between normal science and pseudoscience is critical to the discovery of new facts. The core elements supporting progress in science are: (i) empirically evaluable coherent theories and (ii) the testing of hypotheses through experimentation or systematic observation. If modeled or simulation-based claims for cost-effectiveness are to be accepted as a credible input to health care decision making than they must conform to these standards. Claims should be testable, falsifiable and replicable. If not then they are best seen as pseudoscience. This assessment of the latest version of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) Format for Formulary Submissions (Version 4.0; April 2016) concludes that, in their recommendations for cost-effectiveness modeling, the proposed standards do not meet those of normal science. Rather, in common with previous versions of the AMCP Format, the modeling framework proposed not only puts to one side the issue of testable claims, but supports the modeling of imaginary worlds or thought experiments where claims are immune to falsification. In consequence, the payer or other recipient of a modeled or simulated claim that follows the AMCP Format has no idea, in the absence of observation or experimentation, whether the claim is right or even if it is wrong. The claims are potentially misleading, possibly harmful, but to an unknown extent. They have no place in evidence-based medicine. Conflict of Interest None Type: Commentary