cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using band engineering to tailor the emission spectra of trichromatic semipolar InGaN light-emitting diodes for phosphor-free polarized white light emission

We report a polarized white light-emitting device that monolithically integrates an electrically injected blue light-emitting diode grown on the (202¯1¯) face of a bulk GaN substrate and optically pumped InGaN quantum wells (QWs) with green and red light emission grown on the (202¯1) face. To overcome the challenges associated with growing high indium content InGaN QWs for long wavelength emission, a p-i-n doping profile was used to red-shift the emission wavelength of one of the optically pumped QWs by creating a built-in electric field in the same direction as the polarization-induced electric field. Emission peaks were observed at 450 nm from the electrically injected QW and at 520 nm and 590 nm from the optically pumped QWs, which were situated in n-i-n and p-i-n structures, respectively. The optically pumped QW in the p-i-n structure was grown at a growth temperature that was 10 °C colder compared to the QW in the n-i-n structure, so the emission from the QW in the p-i-n structure was red-shifted due...
Superplasticity Achieved in a Non-Oxide Ceramic Composite

(1990). Superplasticity Achieved in a Non-Oxide Ceramic Composite. Materials and Processing Report: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 4-5.
Cocaine Use and Sexual Risk Among Individuals With Severe Mental Illness

ABSTRACTObjective: Rates of HIV remain elevated in select populations such as those with severe mental illness and also among those who abuse cocaine, a vehicle through which risky sexual behavior may occur. The objective of the present narrative review was to synthesize the literature regarding stimulant use and its association with sexual risk among individuals with severe mental illness. Methods: This narrative review of the literature utilized Boolean search logic and the PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES databases to identify articles that explored the relationships among stimulant use, risky sexual behavior, and severe mental illness. Only one article was identified that examined a stimulant other than cocaine. Thus, the review was further limited to the impact that cocaine has on risky sexual behavior among those with severe mental illness. Results: Of the 87 abstracts obtained, 58 underwent a full text review and eight were included in the final review. Studies had a mean sample size of 110 and predominan...
The New Politics of State Health Policy

(2002). The New Politics of State Health Policy. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 214-215.
Feasibility and Efficacy of Nurse-Driven Acute Stroke Care

Background Acute stroke care requires rapid assessment and intervention. Replacing traditional sequential algorithms in stroke care with parallel processing using telestroke consultation could be useful in the management of acute stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a nurse-driven acute stroke protocol using a parallel processing model. Methods This is a prospective, nonrandomized, feasibility study of a quality improvement initiative. Stroke team members had a 1-month training phase, and then the protocol was implemented for 6 months and data were collected on a "run-sheet." The primary outcome of this study was to determine if a nurse-driven acute stroke protocol is feasible and assists in decreasing door to needle (intravenous tissue plasminogen activator [IV-tPA]) times. Results Of the 153 stroke patients seen during the protocol implementation phase, 57 were designated as "level 1" (symptom onset P Conclusions The use of a nurse-driven protocol is feasible and effective. When used in conjunction with a telestroke specialist, it may be of value in improving patient outcomes by decreasing the time for door to decision for IV-tPA.
Cancer Pain: Interventional Therapies

Interventional therapies are considered when intolerable side effects are noted with systemic medications or when systemic pain medications provide inadequate relief or there is concern for respiratory depression with increasing doses. Timing of interventional therapies and risks of interventional versus oral therapies is controversial, but certain studies have found fewer side effects with neuraxial techniques as compared to oral medications.
Age Differences in the Time Course and Magnitude of Changes in Circulating Neuropeptides After Pain Evocation in Humans.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that older adults would have a stronger response for substance P (facilitatory) but weaker response to β-endorphin (inhibitory), in magnitude as well as time course. Eight younger and 9 older adults underwent 3 experimental sessions using well validated laboratory pain models: cold pressor task, contact heat pain, and a nonpainful control. Blood was collected through an indwelling catheter at baseline and 3, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after stimuli administration. Older adults had higher baseline levels of both neuropeptides suggesting increased peripheral activity compared with younger adults. After the cold pressor task, older adults demonstrated a quick and strong release of substance P with dramatic recovery, whereas young adults maintained a constant low-grade response. Unlike substance P, β-endorphin increased between 3 and 15 minutes for both groups with the upsurge substantially higher for older adults. After heat pain, younger adults had an immediate surge in circulating substance P and β-endorphin that was more pronounced than among older adults. However, levels of substance P for younger adults slowly tapered whereas they continued to climb for the older adults through 30 minutes. β-endorphin peaked at 30 minutes for both groups and returned to baseline. No changes were observed during the nonpainful control session. Perspective Older adults had higher baseline levels of substance P and β-endorphin suggesting increased peripheral activity compared with younger adults. After pain evocation, older adults demonstrated a more intense early response for both neuropeptides suggesting peripheral mechanisms involved in the response to pain may change with age.
A 272.49 pJ/pixel CMOS image sensor with embedded object detection and bio-inspired 2D optic flow generation for nano-air-vehicle navigation

We report a CMOS imager embedded with energy-efficient object detection and bio-inspired 2D optic flow generation cores for navigation of nano-air-vehicles (NAVs). The proposed vision-based navigation system employs spatial difference imaging and gradient orientation using mixed-signal circuits to achieve both energy-efficient and area-efficient implementation. The system achieved 272.49 pJ/pixel with 75% reduction in memory size for integrated operation of object detection and 2D optic flow generation.
Fundamental study of the bulge structure generated in laser polishing process

Abstract Laser polishing is an innovative part-finishing process to reduce the surface roughness by melting a thin layer of material on the part surface. The polished surface quality is influenced by many factors including initial surface condition, properties of material, laser power, scan speed, focal offset, beam shape, percentage of overlap, etc. In addition to removing the original asperities, the laser polishing process may also introduce new asperities including bulges, ripples, undercuts, etc. In this paper, a fundamental study is carried out on Ti-6Al-4 V alloy slabs to investigate the formation of bulge structure and the influence of processing parameters (the laser power, scan speed, focal offset and successive track displacement) on the bulge structure through parametric analyses. The formation of bulge structure is mainly caused by the phase transition in the heat-affected zone and the mass transport of the fluid flow in melting pool. The parameters of the laser power, scan speed and focal offset have significant influences on the width and depth of polished tracks, the amplitude of bulge structures and the relative volume expansion by the bulge structures. Two different melting modes and a maximum track width can be found in the parametric study of focal offset. The scan speed has a significant influence on the relative volume expansion at low speeds. By reducing the successive track displacement, the overlapped bulge amplitude can be reduced rapidly, but the finer solidification-induced surface structure would get intensified.
Automatic generation of semantic attachments in fol

Semantic attachment is provided by FOL as a means for associating model values (i.e. LISP code) to symbols of a first order language. This paper presents an algorithm that automatically generates semantic attachments in FOL and discusses the advantages deriving from its use.
Predict effective drug combination by deep belief network and ontology fingerprints

The synergistic effect of drug combination is one of the most desirable properties for treating cancer. However, systematically predicting effective drug combination is a significant challenge. We report here a novel method based on deep belief network to predict drug synergy from gene expression, pathway and the Ontology Fingerprints-a literature derived ontological profile of genes. Using data sets provided by 2015 DREAM competition, our analysis shows that this integrative method outperforms published results from the DREAM website for 4999 drug pairs, demonstrating the feasibility of predicting drug synergy from literature and the -omics data using advanced artificial intelligence approach.
The effects of ethnic identity and acculturation in mental health of immigrants: A literature review:

Objectives:The purpose of this literature review was to highlight the studies on mental health in relation to acculturation and ethnic identity and to identify research gaps. The results can be use...
Mapping Brain Structural Connectivities to Functional Networks Via Graph Encoder-Decoder With Interpretable Latent Embeddings

In this paper, the relationship between functional and structural brain networks is investigated by training a graph encoder-decoder system to learn the mapping from brain structural connectivity (SC) to functional connectivity (FC). Our work leverages a graph convolutional network (GCN) model in the encoder which integrates both nodal attributes and the network topology information to generate new graph representations in lower dimensions. Using brain SC graphs as inputs, the novel GCN-based encoder-decoder system manages to account for both direct and indirect interactions between brain regions to reconstruct the empirical FC networks. In doing so, the latent variables within the system (i.e., the learnt lowdimensional embeddings) capture important information regarding the relation between functional and structural networks. By decomposing the reconstructed functional networks in terms of the output of each graph convolution filter, we can extract those brain regions which contribute most to the generation of FC networks from their SC counterparts. Experiments on a large population of healthy subjects from the Human Connectome Project show our model can learn a generalizable and interpretable SC-FC relationship. Overall, results here support the promising prospect of using GCNs to discover more about the complex nature of human brain activity and function.
Segmenting the city: McDonald’s, the Metro, and the mobilization of the middle classes underground:

Following Romania’s accession into the European Union (EU) in 2007, a wave of foreign direct investment quickly transformed its capital city, Bucharest, into a global leader in business services. W...
Pharmacotherapy in the Public Sector Care of Hispanics

It is believed that the unique characteristics of Hispanics, rooted in their cultural heritage, play a major role in their utilization of mental health services and response to pharmacotherapeutic treatment (1,2). Moreover, it is believed that the Hispanic patient seen in the public sector typically suffers from a major psychiatric disorder. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the poor, including Hispanics, are more often labeled as being severely mentally disordered, and that the Hispanic population suffers a higher incidence of major psychiatric disorder than the general population (3,4). Some studies report that there are more Hispanics who have functionally impairing symptomatology compared to other persons who are mentally ill (4,5). Still other research has shown that low income, poorly educated patients, Hispanics included, are accepted less often into psychotherapy (7). Furthermore, low income groups generally receive less physician time than more affluent groups (8), and are more likely to be on chemotherapy (7). Thus the public sector mental health care network is most often the primary point of access for Hispanics who require mental health services in the United States, and pharmacotherapy is considered to be an integral part of the treatment plan for the Hispanic patient.
Effects of Residual Stress on Fatigue Crack Propagation

Experimental results on the effects of compressive and tensile residual stresses on Mode I fatigue crack growth are briefly reviewed. Prediction methods that attempt to account for the observed effects are compared. Current limitations of the methods and their relative advantages and drawbacks for use in design analysis are discussed. The possible role of residual stress re-equilibration on growth behavior, caused by crack extension itself, is also discussed.
Radiative Lifetime of the 2 S 0 1 Metastable State of Helium

A time-of-flight technique has been used to measure the radiative lifetime of the $2 ^{1}S_{0}$ state of helium. After passing from a cooled source, helium atoms are excited by a pulsed anti-parallel electron beam. The atomic beam then contains not only ground-state helium atoms but also metastable atoms in both the $2 ^{3}S_{1}$ and the $2 ^{1}S_{0}$ states. The metastable atoms are detected at two positions, 1.9 and 6.7 m from the electron gun, by Auger ejection of an electron from a copper target, the first of which is a 60% transmitting mesh. Ground-state helium atoms cannot cause an electron to be ejected and hence are not detected. The time-of-flight distribution for the metastable $2 ^{1}S_{0}$ state is separated from that of the $2 ^{3}S_{1}$ state by illuminating the beam with an rf-discharge helium lamp. The $2 ^{1}S_{0}$ state is quenched by resonant absorption of a 20 581 - \AA{}A photon, raising the atom to the $2 ^{1}P_{1}$ state, which then decays preferentially to the $^{1}S_{0}$ ground state; the $2 ^{3}S_{1}$ state remains unaffected because it is the ground state for the triplet system. The time-of-flight distribution for the $2 ^{1}S_{0}$ atoms is therefore obtained from the difference between the full beam and the quenched beam. A comparison of the number of $2 ^{1}S_{0}$ metastables within a given velocity interval at the two detectors determines the number which decay in flight and yields a value for the two-photon radiative lifetime. The value of the singlet lifetime for both ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ is 19.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 msec, agreeing with the theoretical value of 19.5 msec, but disagreeing with the value 38 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 8 msec measured by Pearl using a movable detector. The 1.0-msec error is an estimate of the remaining systematic errors in the experiment.
COVID-19 Screening Using Residual Attention Network an Artificial Intelligence Approach

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2). The virus transmits rapidly; it has a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.2−2.7. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. COVID-19 is currently affecting more than 200 countries with 6M active cases. An effective testing strategy for COVID-19 is crucial to controlling the outbreak but the demand for testing surpasses the availability of test kits that use Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). In this paper, we present a technique to screen for COVID-19 using artificial intelligence. Our technique takes only seconds to screen for the presence of the virus in a patient. We collected a dataset of chest X-ray images and trained several popular deep convolution neural network-based models (VGG, MobileNet, Xception, DenseNet, InceptionResNet) to classify the chest X-rays. Unsatisfied with these models, we then designed and built a Residual Attention Network that was able to screen COVID-19 with a testing accuracy of 98% and a validation accuracy of 100%. A feature maps visual of our model show areas in a chest X-ray which are important for classification. Our work can help to increase the adaptation of AI-assisted applications in clinical practice. The code and dataset used in this project are available at https://github.com/vishalshar/covid-19-screening-using-RAN-on-X-ray-images.
Examining the relations among moral foundations, potentially morally injurious events, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Military veterans are exposed to unique deployment stressors that can precipitate the onset of various psychological difficulties, including the perception that an important moral standard has been transgressed (i.e., potentially morally injurious events [PMIEs]) and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Vulnerability to these outcomes may be related to individual differences in moral foundations, including those that function to protect the individual (i.e., individualizing) and those that function to protect the group (i.e., binding). Objective This study examined the direct and indirect associations among moral foundations, PMIEs, and PTSD symptoms. Method Participants were 203 military veterans (M age = 35.08, 77.30% male) who completed an online survey. Results Only the binding moral foundation was found to be significantly and positively associated with both PMIEs and PTSD symptoms. Further, the association between the binding foundation and PTSD symptoms was explained by PMIEs. Conclusions These findings suggest that certain moral foundations, particularly those that serve "binding" functions-loyalty, authority, and purity-may be important considerations in military mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
A case of irreversible bradycardia after rituximab therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

This is a case of a middle-aged woman with underlying cardiac conduction system with episodes of AV Wenckebach, who subsequently developed significant AV conduction system abnormalities after receiving one standard dose of Rituximab infusion for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Rituximab, being a monoclonal antibody against CD-20 antigen, is effective in treatment of B-cell lymphoma but may also cause bradyarrythmias likely due to the calcium ion channel property of CD-20 antigen.
Polarization Effects in Giant Electric Dipole and Quadrupole Resonances

Most nuclei can be excited into strong electromagnetic multipole modes such as El, Ml, E2 and so forth. These modes are thought to be fundamental in character and have been studied intensively throughout the past two decades. They are usually observed as giant resonances in the following types of reactions: (i) Photonuclear reactions (γ,p), (γ,n), (γ,2n) (ii) Capture reactions (p,γy), (d,γ), (α,γ) (iii) Electro-excitation (e,e′) (iv) Heavy particle excitation (p,p′), (d,d′), (α,α′)
Is More Always Merrier? A Cloud-Based Architecture to Procure Impressions from Multiple Ad-Exchanges

We consider an ad-firm that acts on behalf of advertisers to execute mobile, in-app, ad campaigns. The firm commits to provide an advertiser a specified number of ad placements (impressions) on mobile apps, usually in a specified location, and within a specified time horizon. The supply for ad space arrives in real-time – in the form of bid-requests from one or more mobile ad-exchanges. The ad-firm needs to bid on each impression in such a way that the goals of several on-going campaigns are met at minimum cost. The ad-firm needs simultaneously executes multiple campaigns, and gets its supply (for ad space, or impressions) from multiple mobile ad-exchanges. By working with more than one ad-exchange, the direct cost of procuring the necessary impressions can be lowered. However, this lower cost needs to be balanced with the cost of the additional computing resources needed to work with multiple mobile ad-exchanges, as well as the (possible) extra cost of meeting the minimum spend (or participation fee) imposed by each ad-exchange. In this study, we propose a cloud-based architecture to procure impressions for an ad-firm. There are two key decisions that the firm needs to make. First, it needs to select the set of mobile ad-exchanges to obtain its supply. Each mobile ad-exchange is characterized by specific supply uncertainties, location dependent win-curves, and a participation fee. Second, for each ad-exchange and location, the ad-firm needs to determine its bidding policy, i.e., how much to bid for each bid-request. We show that the proposed near-optimal bidding strategy – the strategy to bid at each exchange-location combination – is state independent. We first analyze a special case with identical mobile ad-exchanges and show that, depending on the particular parameter setting, the near-optimal number of ad-exchanges and the near-optimal bid amount can be weak complements or substitutes. We next solve the general problem of selecting among multiple non-identical ad exchanges. Finally, we propose a supply flexibility architecture that can further lower procurement costs. The ideas of this paper are applied to a real problem and the savings from our approach (about 33% lower cost) are demonstrated.
Revisiting Kant’s Legacy in Continental Philosophy

Review of: Sorin Baiasu and Alberto Vanzo (eds.), Kant and the Continental Tradition: Sensibility, Nature and Religion . Milton, Routledge, 2020, 255 pp. 978- 1138503748.
Immune escape mechanisms for TCRLBCL.

T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (TCRLBCL) has a unique tumor microenvironment (TME) with an extensive infiltrate of T cells and histiocytes. In this issue of Blood, Griffin et al found that the unique immunoarchitecture of this TME could be an important contributor to immune escape of the lymphoma cells.
Towards the Development of the Multipurpose Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have made great progress in recent years having use in a wide variety of applications. With this, there have been many new designs developed to meet these needs. However throughout their advancement, there remains a handful of features which greatly increase the versatility of these vehicles. In this paper we introduce the Multipurpose Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (MAUV), its intended applications, and its methods of actuation. The primary actuator is the Differential Tilting Thruster (DTT), where herein its design and characterization is described, this is then followed by how the DTT, the Variable Buoyancy System (VBS), and the moving mass work together to enable both horizontal cruising and vertical diving configurations.
Cannabinoids accumulate in mouse breast milk and differentially regulate lipid composition and lipid signaling molecules involved in infant development

Maternal cannabis use during lactation may expose developing infants to cannabinoids (CBs) such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). CBs modulate lipid signaling molecules in the central nervous system in age- and cell-dependent ways, but their influence on the lipid composition of breastmilk has yet to be established. This study investigates the effects of THC, CBD, or their combination on milk lipids by analyzing the stomach contents of CD1 mouse pups that have been nursed by dams injected with CBs on postnatal days (PND) 1 -10 collected 2 hours after the last injection on PND10. HPLC/MS/MS was used to identify and quantify over 80 endogenous lipid species and cannabinoids in pup stomach contents. We show that CBs differentially accumulate in milk, lead to widespread decreases in free fatty acids, decreases in N-acyl methionine species, increases N-linoleoyl species, as well as modulate levels of endogenous CBs (eCBs) AEA, 2-AG, and their structural congeners. Our data indicate the passage of CBs to pups through breast milk and that maternal CB exposure alters breast milk lipid compositions.
Design and Performance Comparison of Nine-Phase Ferrite Spoke Interior Permanent Magnet Machines With Concentrated Windings for Traction Applications

Multiphase machines offer attractive fault tolerant features, compared to conventional three phase machines, which is significant for some safety-critical applications like electric vehicle traction and aerospace propulsion. This paper proposes a new nine-phase spoke interior permanent magnet machine with concentrated windings and ferrite magnets. An asymmetric nine-phase fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCW) with phase displacement are employed. Compared to conventional distributed windings, the concentrated windings are suitable for fault tolerant machines due to their inherent low coupling effect between each phase. Additionally, to address the high cost and price fluctuation of rare earth magnets, the low-cost ferrite magnets are used in the proposed design. The spoke type rotor design is capable of enhancing air-gap flux density because of the flux focusing effect. In this paper, the topology and nine-phase drive system will be introduced firstly. The torque capability and quality between different slot/pole combinations will be investigated. The torque density of the proposed design will be compared to conventional rare earth FSCW interior permanent magnet machine and a synchronous reluctance machine.
Molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO3 with a growth window

Many complex oxides with only nonvolatile constituents do not have a wide growth window in conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) approaches, which makes it difficult to obtain stoichiometric films. Here it is shown that a growth window in which the stoichiometry is self-regulating can be achieved for SrTiO3 films by using a hybrid MBE approach that uses a volatile metal-organic source for Ti, titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP). The growth window widens and shifts to higher TTIP/Sr flux ratios with increasing temperature, showing that it is related to the desorption of the volatile TTIP. We demonstrate stoichiometric, highly perfect, insulating SrTiO3 films. The approach can be adapted for the growth of other complex oxides that previously were believed to have no wide MBE growth window.
Expression and Maintenance of Mitochondrial DNA: New Insights into Human Disease Pathology

Mitochondria are central players in cellular energy metabolism and, consequently, defects in their function result in many characterized metabolic diseases. Critical for their function is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encodes subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes essential for cellular respiration and ATP production. Expression, replication, and maintenance of mtDNA require factors encoded by nuclear genes. These include not only the primary machinery involved (eg, transcription and replication components) but also those in signaling pathways that mediate or sense alterations in mitochondrial function in accord with changing cellular needs or environmental conditions. Mutations in these contribute to human disease pathology by mechanisms that are being revealed at an unprecedented rate. As I will discuss herein, the basic protein machinery required for transcription initiation in human mitochondria has been elucidated after the discovery of two multifunctional mitochondrial transcription factors, h-mtTFB1 and h-mtTFB2, that are also rRNA methyltransferases. In addition, involvement of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and gene expression has also recently been uncovered. These advancements embody the current mitochondrial research landscape, which can be described as exploding with discoveries of previously unanticipated roles for mitochondria in human disease and aging.
Undermining Ancient Patriarchy: The Apostle Paul's Vision of a Society of Siblings

The closest family tie in the ancient Mediterranean society was experienced among siblings. Paul of Tarsus followed the historical Jesus in his attempts 1) to undermine the authority and social coh...
Physics of Computational Elements

This chapter considers the physical principles and trends in nanoscale information-processing devices. It provides a coherent description and the performance analysis of diverse nanoelectronic devices that operate in different physical domains. A generic device abstraction for computational elements is developed for a uniform treatment of several classes of nanodevice that use different information carriers, such as electrons, spins, or photons. Estimates of theoretically attainable performance and of geometric scaling limits for these diverse devices are also provided. Keywords: binary switch; energy barrier; charge-based switch; spin-based switch; optical switch
KATP channel polymorphism is associated with left ventricular size in hypertensive individuals: a large-scale community-based study

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel mutations have been identified in individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy and overt heart failure. Here, a common E23K functional polymorphism in the Kir6.2 channel pore versus cardiac phenotype was studied in a cross-sectional community-based cohort (n = 2,031). The KK genotype was associated with greater left ventricular size among subjects with increased stress load due to hypertension. These findings implicate Kir6.2 K23 as a risk factor for adverse subclinical myocardial remodeling, and underscore the significance of cardiac KATP channels within the population.
Studies on serum carotene in man

1. A Carotene Tolerance Test employing 120 mg. of crystalline carotene in a vehicle of 24 gm. of butter was elaborated for the study of carotene metabolism in man. A test dose of 60 mg. carotene in 12 gm. of butter proved to be too small, while the higher dose of 180 mg. carotene in 36 gm. of butter offered no additional advantage. 2. The elevation of the serum level of carotene under these conditions is relatively smaller and occurs at a slower rate than that of vitamin A in oil in analogous absorption tests. 3. Bile acids moderately accelerated the absorption of the carotene from cottonseed oil, while lecithin caused pronounced acceleration and intensification of absorption. Cottonseed oil was inferior to butter as a carotene vehicle. It is suggested that the superiority of butter as a carotene vehicle is due to its high lecithin content. 4. Complete lack of carotene absorption from butter was observed in severe hepatic damage. Normal function of the liver is essential for absorption of carotene in man.
Seasonal phenotypic flexibility of flight muscle size in small birds: a comparison of ultrasonography and tissue mass measurements

Changes in flight muscle size are important mediators of phenotypic flexibility in birds, so the ability to track such changes over time in individual birds is a valuable tool for investigating phenotypic flexibility. Ultrasonography has been used to track changes in flight muscle size in shorebirds, but has not been previously used to track such changes in small birds, despite variation in flight muscle size being an important contributor to phenotypic flexibility in these birds. One prominent avian example of phenotypic flexibility is the seasonal phenotypes of small birds in response to climatic variation. The winter phenotype in these birds is characterized by increases in organismal metabolic rates and pectoralis muscle mass. We measured seasonal flight muscle size in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus, 25–30 g) using both ultrasonography and wet muscle mass and tested the correlation between ultrasonographic measures of breast muscle thickness and muscle mass. We further tested whether ultrasonographic measures of muscle thickness were sufficiently precise to detect seasonal variation in flight muscle mass. Muscle mass was significantly and positively associated with ultrasonographic measurements of breast muscle thickness for short-axis (SA), long-axis (LA), and combined SA and LA measurements. Breast muscle mass was significantly greater in winter than in summer (17.5 %) and muscle thickness also increased significantly in winter for both SA (9.1 %) and LA (7.5 %) measures. Thus, these data confirm that winter elevations of flight muscle mass consistently contribute to the winter phenotype in House Sparrows and that ultrasonography is effective in detecting seasonal changes in muscle mass in small birds.
Long-term HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy are associated with bone microstructure alterations in premenopausal women

Summary We evaluated the influence of long-term HIV infection and its treatment on distal tibia and radius microstructure. Premenopausal eumenorrheic HIV-positive women displayed trabecular and cortical microstructure alterations, which could contribute to increased bone fragility in those patients.
A simple rapid method for preparing parallel micropipette electrodes

Abstract An improved method is described for preparing and cementing a single barreled micropipette electrode to one with two or more barrels for drug ejection. These “parallel” pipettes can be used for intra- or extracellular recording of neuronal activity during extracellular drug application.
Validation of design methods: lessons from medicine

This paper discusses the validation of design methods. The challenges and opportunities in validation are illustrated by drawing an analogy to medical research and development. Specific validation practices such as clinical studies and use of models of human disease are discussed, including specific ways to adapt them to engineering design. The implications are explored for three active areas of design research: robust design, axiomatic design, and design decision making. It is argued that medical research and development has highly-developed, well-documented validation methods and that many specific practices such as natural experiments and model-based evaluations can profitably be adapted for use in engineering design research.
Decrease in dietary K intake stimulates the generation of superoxide anions in the kidney and inhibits K secretory channels in the CCD.

We previously demonstrated that K depletion inhibited ROMK-like small-conductance K channels (SK) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and that the effect was mediated by superoxide anions that st...
A Method of Approach to the Consideration of Power-Distribution-System Costs

THE design of the various component parts of a power-distribution system to obtain low cost has been discussed at length in many published articles. These have, in general, considered either specific parts of the system only, or all parts of the system but for only one specific set of conditions, such as load density, system voltages, continuity of service, and so forth. It is the purpose of this paper to present a generalized method of approach to the consideration of power-distribution-system costs for various combinations of conditions when considering collectively the costs of each of the three basic elements which make up the so-called distribution system. These elements are: 1. The subtransmission circuits supplying the distribution substations. 2. The substations which transform from the subtransmission to the primary voltage. 3. The primary distribution system.
Can MOOC Fires Bring Light to Shadow Education

The New York Times has named 2012 as “The Year of the MOOC.” With more than 1.3 million users, the Chronicle of Higher Education writers have called MOOCs the “Campus Tsunami”, declaring that “College May Never Be the Same.” How did we get here? What have been the drivers that led us to this point in our educational history? Scholars identify at least four drivers that have converged to make the timing ripe for MOOCs. This paper reviews the current literature on the new phenomenon of MOOCs, discusses its relationship on the international scene where shadow tutoring poses more problems than benefits, and recommends future research on areas in which clear gaps exist in the body of the literature.
Redistribution of connexin45 in gap junctions of connexin43-deficient hearts.

Objective: Adult ventricular myocytes express two gap junction channel proteins: connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin45 (Cx45). Cx43-deficient mice exhibit slow ventricular epicardial conduction, suggesting that Cx43 plays an important role in intercellular coupling in the ventricle. Cx45 is much less abundant than Cx43 in working ventricular myocytes. Its role in ventricular conduction has not been defined, nor is it known whether expression or distribution of Cx45 is altered in Cx43-deficient mice. The present study was undertaken to determine (1) whether expression of Cx45 is upregulated and (2) whether gap junction structure and distribution are altered in Cx43-deficient mice. Methods: Ventricular tissue from neonatal Cx43+/+, Cx43+/− and Cx43−/− and adult Cx43+/+ and Cx43+/− mice was analyzed by immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: Total Cx45 protein abundance measured by immunoblotting was not different in Cx43-deficient or null hearts compared to wild-type control hearts. However, the amount and distribution of Cx45 immunoreactive signal measured by quantitative confocal analysis were markedly reduced in both Cx43+/− and Cx43−/− hearts. Conclusion: Although the total content of Cx45 is not upregulated in Cx43-deficient hearts, the localization of Cx45 to cardiac gap junctions depends on the expression level of Cx43 and is dramatically altered in mice that express no Cx43.
Investigation of bend and shear waves in a geometrically exact elastic rod model

The propagation of bend and shear waves through an elastic rod is investigated in the framework of geometrically exact nonlinear elasticity. The model allows for shear, extension/compression, bend and twist thus enabling the study of the dynamics of all types of elastic deformations. Numerical and analytical solutions demonstrate that the propagation of planar bend or shear disturbances of finite wavelength require bend, shear and extension/compression waves. For the case of an intrinsically straight, twisted rod an exact large amplitude solution for bend-shear waves is found. In this case, the rod has a helical shape and it rotates in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. An exact analytical solution for the large amplitude shear oscillation of a straight, untwisted rod is derived. The same type of oscillation for a twisted rod is demonstrated to exist numerically. For the case of an intrinsically straight, untwisted rod, asymptotic theory predicts that the amplitude of the extension/compression wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the bend or shear wave and the wavelength of the extension/compression wave is one-half the wavelength of the bend or shear wave. The propagation of planar disturbances along an intrinsically straight, twisted rod is investigated numerically and compared to an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of DNA. The simulations are in good qualitative agreement and indicate that the chemical structure of DNA supports elastic wave propagation of the type obtained from the rod model.
Political engineering in knowledge security

Purpose – Knowledge security requires a balanced approach that incorporates and treats appropriately both tangible security needs and intangible environmental imperatives. This paper aims to investigate the concept of political engineering in knowledge security.Design/methodology/approach – The concept of a knowledge security architect is described.Findings – The study finds that commercial certification vendors, such as ISC(2) and ISACA, have recognized the need and are offering management certifications for information security professionals. This is not enough. The educational needs of a knowledge security architect would include not only the technologies and legal aspects of information security, but also the political engineering skills and decision capabilities of senior executives.Originality/value – The paper puts forward the conceptualization of a knowledge security architect as an integral part of the knowledge strategy team.
Writing the Exotic, the Authentic, and the Moral: Romanticism as Discursive Resource for the Ethnographic Text:

The influence of the literary discourse of romanticism on the textual construction of social problems is examined using secondary content analysis of classical and contemporary ethnographies. Three discursive elements of romanticism (the lure of the exotic, authenticity, and the moral project) are highlighted and critiqued in relation to the researcher-participant duality, the taken-for-granted self, and promises of amelioration. The analysis points to the relations of power and misrecognized realties embedded in how social problems and deviant others are written. It is recommended that ethnographers reevaluate the emancipatory potential of their texts by subverting and reinventing the constitutive themes of romanticism.
Sprouting of sympathetic axons in the hippocampal formation: Conditions necessary to elicit ingrowth

Abstract Sympathetic, noradrenaline (NA)-containing axons, which do not normally innervate the parenchyma of the hippocampal formation, grow into this structure following lesions of the fimbria. This anomalous innervation apparently arises by collateral sprouting from the normal sympathetic plexus on arteries within the subarachnoid space along the medial surface of the hemisphere. These NA axons travel orthogonal to the septotemporal axis within the dentate hilus and stratum oriens of CA3, and parallel to the septotemporal axis within the stratum lucidum of CA3. Regardless of the type of lesion (electrolytic, aspiration, knife cut) the septohippocampal input must be transected to elicit the ingrowth. No ingrowth follows selective lesions of the commissural or entorhinal cortical inputs or of the vasculature and cortex overlying the septal pole of the hippocampal formation, including central NA collaterals in the fasciculus cinguli. Discrete lesions of portions of the fimbria permit localized sympathetic ingrowth into the septal (medial fimbria) or temporal (lateral fimbria) ends of the structure. The pattern of anomalous innervation is neither extended by additional commissural or entorhinal cortical deafferentation, nor apparent in all areas deafferented by the septal lesion. Thus, the ingrowth is not regulated solely by the presence of degenerating terminal fields, and although damage to the septal afferent appears necessary, it is not sufficient to permit sympathetic axon and terminal proliferation within the entire hippocampal formation.
The Albedo of Various Materials for 1-Mev Photons

The Monte Carlo method has been used to determine the albedo of 1-Mev photons reflected from semiinfinite slabs of water, aluminum, copper, tin, and lead at various angles of incidence. The case histories of 67 photons were followed. For normal incidence the number albedo varies from 33 percent for water to 0.5 percent for lead, and the energy albedo from 5 percent for water to 0.1 percent for lead.
Radiofrequency ablation of ventricular myocardium using active fixation and passive contact catheter delivery systems

This study examined the qualitative and quantitative effects of radiofrequency energy using active fixation and passive contact catheter delivery systems on normal bovine atrium and ventricle and diseased human ventricle in vitro. Two active fixation (custom screw-in or suction electrode) catheters and two passive contact (custom ring or standard electrode) catheters were used with a 500 kHz radiofrequency current generator. Linear regression analysis between lesion dimensions and power output showed excellent correlation coefficients for all catheter delivery systems except the suction catheter. Lesion sizes also increased with duration of radiofrequency energy delivery at low power using the USCI quadripolar catheter. Lesion size in diseased human ventricle was considerably smaller than in the normal ventricle. Comparison of induced lesion dimensions using pulsed and continuous delivery modes showed only minor differences. Tissue impedance was relatively constant during energy delivery. Arcing was associated with a sudden increase in voltage and impedance and a sudden decline in current. This was most frequently observed at high power and with the suction electrode catheter. The use of high (50 W) power output and prolonged application (up to 180 seconds) in atrium and ventricle did not induce perforation. We conclude that a variety of catheter delivery systems can be used for effective radiofrequency energy delivery and ablation in atrial and ventricular myocardium in the pulsed or continuous mode. Impedance changes during radiofrequency ablation cannot be used to guide the extent of ablation but do detect arcing during the procedure.
A modified binary-tree search architecture for two-dimensional stack filtering

Abstract A modified binary-tree search (MBTS) architecture suitable for the development of a computationally efficient implementation of 2-D stack filters for image processing applications, is presented. The MBTS architecture uses a binary-tree search (BTS) configuration for stack filtering in conjunction with a new technique for encoding the samples appearing in the input window of the stack filter. This encoding technique is designated as a window-sequence coding (WSC) transformation, which takes advantage of the observation that in most images, many pixels appearing in the filter-window at a certain time instant assume non-distinct values. A comparison between the computational efficiency of a BTS-based architecture employing a recently developed encoding technique called input compression, and the efficiency of the proposed MBTS approach for performing an operation of 2-D stack filtering, is carried out. The comparison illustrates that with the MBTS approach, significant improvements in terms of the computational time can be achieved, without an increase in the chip area.
A comparison of the bias in four versions of the product-limit estimator

SUMMARY The bias of the product-limit estimator depends entirely on the method used to 'complete' the estimator beyond the last observation when it is censored. The bias has been investigated for the upper (Gill, 1980) and lower (Efron, 1967) bounds on these methods. Rather than using a completion method, investigators in practice commonly truncate the estimator using data-driven rules. The bias under two common truncation rules are considered: (i) truncating at the last observation if it is censored, and (ii) truncating at the (n - l)th order statistic. A number of inequalities between these biases are derived, and properties of the bias functions are proved. This investigation shows
4Phytoestrogens and coronary heart disease

While there have been ample studies of a cross-cultural nature and experimental evaluations establishing the cardioprotective effect of soy protein, efforts to clarify the proportion of those benefits related to its phytoestrogen content are relatively recent. In most cases, the general approach to evaluating the role of soy's phytoestrogens has been to compare the cardiovascular benefits of isolated soy protein with a comparable soy protein isolate that has been alcohol extracted. Based on that approach, soy phytoestrogens appear to lower low-density lipoprotein concentrations while increasing plasma concentrations of the high-density lipoproteins. Particularly noteworthy with respect to the high-density lipoprotein effects are the increases in apolipoprotein A-1. Phytoestrogens may also prevent the oxidation of lipoprotein particles. The soy phytoestrogens favourably influence coronary artery reactivity. They also inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in the coronary, iliac and common and internal carotid arteries. The cardiovascular benefits of soy phytoestrogens appear to be equal for males and females.