cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of trauma in postmortem blood alcohol determination

Abstract In postmortem cases, a blood sample is frequently obtained by transthoracic (TT) puncture. The purpose of this study was to determine if, in traumatic death, blood samples collected by TT provided a valid sample for blood alcohol analysis. A retrospective study (1980–1986) was conducted to evaluate possible contamination of blood by GI alcohol in traumatic death cases. Out of 6000 cases reviewed, 19 cses with BACs >500 mg/dl were found and 8 of these cases involved traumatic death with GI laceration and/or transection. The results of this study support the hypothesis that blood samples from the 8 cases had been contaminated, resulting in a falsely elevated BAC. A transthoracic study (1987–1989) was conducted under controlled conditions, where blood alcohol content of TT blood samples was compared with samples collected from the intact heart chamber. Seven out of 28 cases of traumatic injury revealed trauma to the GI tract. The results showed that when GI traumatic injury occurs and unabsorbed ethanol is present in the stomach, contamination of TT blood samples occurs and artificially elevated BACs are obtained. It is recommended that, in cases of traumatic injury, heart blood samples from the intact heart chamber, as well as samples of additional biological fluids, be collected to rule out the possibility of contamination and to ensure that the BAC used for forensic interpretation is accurate.
Open neural tube defects: Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuroepithelial cells in amniotic fluid

Cytologic evaluation of second trimester amniotic fluid (AF) is a rapid, inexpensive adjunct to prenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects (ONTDs). Our goal was to determine whether the neural-appearing cells and/or large foamy macrophages in the AF of anencephalics are indeed of neural and/or glial origin. In two second trimester patients with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and polyhydramnios, fetal sonogram studies showed anencephaly; amniocentesis was performed for AF-AFP, cytogenetic, and cytologic studies. AF sediment smears were initially Papanicolaou-stained; next, the same smears were immunoperoxidase (IP)-stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). If GFAP negative, slides were restained for synaptophysin (SYN) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Both AFs contained small neural-appearing cells (5–10 μm) singly and in clusters, with dense, round, homogeneous nuclei, an occasional nucleolus, and scant cytoplasmic rim. These were GFAP negative and SYN and NSE positive; the large vacuolated, lipid-laden macrophages (20–40 μm) were negative for all three IP stains. In conclusion, positive IP staining for SYN and NSE supports the morphologic impression that small dark cells in AF are of neural origin, while negative IP staining of large foamy macrophages suggests nonneural, nonglial origin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 16:143–144, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chop (Ddit3) Is Essential for D469del-COMP Retention and Cell Death in Chondrocytes in an Inducible Transgenic Mouse Model of Pseudoachondroplasia

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a secreted glycoprotein synthesized by chondrocytes, regulates proliferation and type II collagen assembly. Mutations in the COMP gene cause pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Previously, we have shown that expression of D469del-COMP in transgenic mice causes intracellular retention of D469del-COMP, thereby recapitulating pseudoachondroplasia chondrocyte pathology. This inducible transgenic D469del-COMP mouse is the only in vivo model to replicate the critical cellular and clinical features of pseudoachondroplasia. Here, we report developmental studies of D469del-COMP-induced chondrocyte pathology from the prenatal period to adolescence. D469del-COMP retention was limited prenatally and did not negatively affect the growth plate until 3 weeks after birth. Results of immunostaining, transcriptome analysis, and qRT-PCR suggest a molecular model in which D469del-COMP triggers apoptosis during the first postnatal week. By 3 weeks (when most chondrocytes are retaining D469del-COMP), inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage contribute to chondrocyte cell death by necroptosis. Importantly, by crossing the D469del-COMP mouse onto a Chop null background ( Ddit3 null), thereby eliminating Chop, the unfolded protein response was disrupted, thus alleviating both D469del-COMP intracellular retention and premature chondrocyte cell death. Chop therefore plays a significant role in processes that mediate D469del-COMP retention. Taken together, these results suggest that there may be an optimal window before the induction of significant D469del-COMP retention during which endoplasmic reticulum stress could be targeted.
Affinity purification of aminoacyl-tRNA

A procedure for separating Escherichia coli aminoacyl-tRNA from unacylated tRNA or components of the aminoacylation reaction, thereby achieving an aminoacyl-tRNA product with a very high specific activity, is described. The method utilizes the specific recognition of aminoacyl-tRNA for E. coli protein synthesis elongation factor Tu which has been immobilized on an affinity matrix. The application of the affinity procedure as a means of purifying a single aminoacyl-tRNA from an unfractionated mixture of tRNAs is also discussed.
Feature Simplification in Surface Models for Efficient Finite Element Mesh Generation

Sheet metal components are typically modelled as freeform surface models. Finite element meshes generated automatically for such models have poor quality around small detailed features. These features need to be simplified in order to obtain an acceptable mesh. Simplification involves recognition of the feature and modification of its geometry or complete suppression of the feature. This paper proposes techniques to directly query the CAD data structure to recognise and suppress two basic features, viz. holes and fillets in freeform surface models. Results of a software implementation for the same are discussed with suitable examples.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Numerical Simulation of Random Packing of Spherical Particles for Selective Laser Sintering Applications

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an efficient and rapid manufacturing technique because it allows for making complex parts that are often unobtainable by traditional manufacturing processes. However, the application of such technique is quite limited by the balling phenomenon, for which it largely reduces the manufacturing quality. Eliminating the structural defects is crucial to overcome the balling phenomenon. Therefore, a better understanding of the packing structure details is urgently needed for the SLS applications. In this study, the sequential addition packing algorithm is employed to investigate the random packing of spherical particles with and without shaking effect. The 3-D random packing structures are demonstrated by illustrative pictures and quantified in terms of pair distribution function, coordination number and packing density. The results are presented and discussed aiming to produce the optimal packing parameters for the SLS manufacturing process.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The effect of receiving diabetes self‐management education on preventive care practices and health‐related quality of life among type II diabetes adults

Objectives To assess the effect of diabetes self-management education (DSME) on preventive care practices and the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures among type II diabetes adults. Methods A retrospective database analysis was conducted using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare the utilization of preventive care practices among those receiving and not receiving DSME; and to determine the association between DSME status and HRQOL measures. Multiple logistic regression was employed to determine the likelihood of obtaining preventive care practices among those receiving DSME. Data analysis was performed using SAS version 9.2. Key findings Only 54% of type II diabetes adults received DSME. All preventive care practices except bi-annual HbA1c testing were utilized higher in adults receiving DSME. Adults receiving DSME were more likely to get an annual comprehensive foot examination (OR = 2.19, P < 0.0001), annual dilated eye examination (OR = 1.63, P = 0.0007), annual doctor visit (OR = 1.60, P = 0.0244), pneumococcal vaccine (OR = 1.48, P = 0.0042) and daily self-monitoring of blood glucose (OR = 1.46, P = 0.0065) than adults not receiving DSME. Higher proportion of adults receiving DSME reported good general health, <13 days of physical and mental distress as compared to adults not receiving DSME. Conclusions Patient programmes are needed to increase DSME, which in turn may increase the uptake of preventive care measures and improve HRQOL of type II diabetes adults.
Exploring the Role of the Tail in Bipedal Hopping through Computational Evolution

Bipedal hopping has evolved as a mode of terrestrial locomotion in relatively few mammalian species. Despite large differences in body size, habitat use, and having evolved independently, all species that use bipedal hopping have remarkably similar limb morphology and posture. In addition, these species all have relatively long tails, presumably to assist in maintaining stability. However, the evolution of this behavior, and specifically the role of the tail, is not well understood. In this paper, we explore the evolution of bipedal hopping in a simulated animat, using a relatively simple musculoskeletal model and a rigid-body physics simulation environment. Results indicate that characteristically different hopping gaits evolve with alterations to the morphology, including the structure and actuation of the tail. Many of the the results are consistent with behaviors and morphologies observed in natural organisms. However, in some cases effective hopping evolved despite key differences from nature, potentially inspiring new design approaches in robotic and biomechanical systems.
Fuzzy logic based sensor fusion for accurate tracking

Accuracy and tracking update rates play a vital role in determining the quality of Augmented Reality(AR) and Virtual Reality(VR) applications. Applications like soldier training, gaming, simulations & virtual conferencing need a high accuracy tracking with update frequency above 20Hz for an immersible experience of reality. Current research techniques combine more than one sensor like camera, infrared, magnetometers and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) to achieve this goal. In this paper, we develop and validate a novel algorithm for accurate positioning and tracking using inertial and vision-based sensing techniques. The inertial sensing utilizes accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure rates and accelerations in the body fixed frame and computes orientations and positions via integration. The vision-based sensing uses camera and image processing techniques to compute the position and orientation. The sensor fusion algorithm proposed in this work uses the complementary characteristics of these two independent systems to compute an accurate tracking solution and minimizes the error due to sensor noise, drift and different update rates of camera and IMU. The algorithm is computationally efficient, implemented on a low cost hardware and is capable of an update rate up to 100 Hz. The position and orientation accuracy of the sensor fusion is within 6mm & 1.5°. By using the fuzzy rule sets and adaptive filtering of data, we reduce the computational requirement less than the conventional methods (such as Kalman filtering). We have compared the accuracy of this sensor fusion algorithm with a commercial infrared tracking system. It can be noted that outcome accuracy of this COTS IMU and camera sensor fusion approach is as good as the commercial tracking system at a fraction of the cost.
Invariant properties of straight homogeneous generalized cylinders and their contours

A fundamental group in computer vision is the recovery of three-dimensional shape from image data. While this problem is in general underconstrained, the authors show that it can be simplified in the case where the objects being viewed are generalized cylinders. They consider the class of straight homogeneous generalized cylinders (SHGCs), without any further assumption on the viewing direction or the precise shape of these objects. They present a rigorous mathematical study of the geometry of SHGCs and characterize their Gaussian curvature and occluding contours, and use these results to prove several new invariant properties of the contours of SHGCs. These properties are, in turn, used in two implemented algorithms for recovering SHGC descriptions from image contours. Several examples of segmentation of real images are given. Other applications are also discussed. >
Experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of a computer-assisted instructional unit on sustainable agriculture

The 1980s were a time of change in United States agriculture. The environmental consequences of agriculture have also become increasingly important. The protection of natural resources has high priority nationally, within the state, and in local communities. A need exists to educate young people on the proper protection of our natural resources so that they may initiate efforts that will contribute to providing a safer environment in the future.
Cognitive and neuroimaging predictors of instrumental activities of daily living

Impaired ability to conduct daily activities is a diagnostic criterion for dementia and a determinant of healthcare services utilization and caregiver burden. What predicts decline in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is not well understood. This study examined measures of episodic memory, executive function, and MRI brain volumes in relation to baseline IADLs and as predictors of rate of IADL change. Participants were 124 elderly persons with cognitive function between normal and moderate dementia both with and without significant small vessel cerebrovascular disease. Random effects modeling showed that baseline memory and executive function (EXEC) were associated with baseline IADL scores, but only EXEC was independently associated with rate of change in IADLs. Whereas hippocampal and cortical gray matter volumes were significantly associated with baseline IADL scores, only hippocampal volume was associated with IADL change. In a model including cognitive and neuroimaging predictors, only EXEC independently predicted rate of decline in IADL scores. These findings indicate that greater executive dysfunction at initial assessment is associated with more rapid decline in IADLs. Perhaps executive function is particularly important with respect to maintaining IADLs. Alternatively, executive dysfunction may be a sentinel event indicating widespread cortical involvement and poor prognosis. (JINS, 2007, 13, 747–757.)
A fracture technique for Auger analysis of a zinc/steel interface

A low-temperature fracture technique was used to expose an extremely thin aluminium interface located between a very thick hot-dip galvanized coating and a steel substrate. The representative sample was saw-cut through the steel substrate just short of the hot-dip galvanized interface, immersed in liquid nitrogen and fractured. The exposed aluminum-rich boundary layer was analyzed by scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) to determine the effects of the galvanizing process on the boundary layer development.
Markov chain models of parallel genetic algorithms

Implementations of parallel genetic algorithms (GA) with multiple populations are common, but they introduce several parameters whose effect on the quality of the search is not well understood. Parameters such as the number of populations, their size, the topology of communications, and the migration rate have to be set carefully to reach adequate solutions. This paper presents models that predict the effects of the parallel GA parameters on its search quality. The paper reviews some recent results on the case where each population is connected to all the others and the migration rate is set to the maximum value possible. This bounding case is the simplest to analyze, and it introduces the methodology that is used in the remainder of the paper to analyze parallel GA with arbitrary migration rates and communication topologies. This investigation considers that migration occurs only after each population converges; then, incoming individuals are incorporated into the populations and the algorithm restarts. The models find the probability that each population converges to the correct solution after each restart, and also calculate the long-run chance of success. The accuracy of the models is verified with experiments using one additively decomposable function.
Nitric oxide decreases endothelin-1 secretion through the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase

The use of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to alter the regulation of other endothelially derived mediators of vascular tone, such as endothelin-1 (ET-1). However, the interaction betwee...
Ovarian follicle development during vitellogenesis in the house cricket Acheta domesticus.

To determine the morphological correlates of vitellogenin uptake and distribution, vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Acheta domesticus were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Yolk deposition was usually restricted to the terminal follicle of each panoistic ovariole, but if the terminal follicle had completed vitellogenesis and had not yet been ovulated, the penultimate follicle was often vitellogenic. Vitellogenesis occurred only in the ovaries of adults, with follicles representing all stages of vitellogenic development occurring simultaneously within a single ovary. Vitellogenic follicles were 0.75 to >2.0 mm long. The single irregularly shaped nucleus of each follicle cell contained two to three nucleoli. During vitellogenesis the epithelium of individual follicles progressed from columnar to cuboidal to squamous. The distribution of cytoplasmic organelles within individual follicle cells was polarized during early and middle stages of vitellogenesis. Near the end of vitellogenesis, polarity disappeared, the follicular epithelium became squamous, and the frequency of vesicular and multivesicular bodies in the follicle cell cytoplasm increased. A well-developed capability for follicle cell protein synthesis and secretion throughout vitellogenesis was indicated by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. Receptor-mediated endocytotic activity by the follicle cells during all stages of vitellogenesis was suggested by omnipresent coated pits on all surfaces. Septate junctions, gap-like junctions, and desmosomes all occurred in the lateral membranes, while gap-like junctions predominated at the oocyte-follicle cell interface. In follicles longer than 1 mm, adjacent follicle cells were separated by intercellular channels that widened to as much as 10 mm by the completion of vitellogenesis. The channels contained a flocculent material, and a similar-appearing material filled the space between the oolemma and follicle cell apical membranes. The oolemma contained a profusion of coated pits throughout vitellogenesis.
Genetic Factors Precipitating Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia in Hypolipidemic Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Apolipoprotein E2

Several factors are hypothesized to precipitate or exacerbate type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) in humans. Among such factors are those that directly overload remnant lipoprotein production or disrupt removal pathways, including an increased ratio of apolipoprotein (apo) E2 to normal apoE, overproduction of apoB-containing lipoproteins, and decreased LDL receptor activity. Hypolipidemic apoE2-transgenic mice bred onto an apoE-null background had dramatically higher plasma total cholesterol (192 +/- 26 mg/dL for males, 203 +/- 40 mg/dL for females) and triglyceride (295 +/- 51 mg/dL for males, 277 +/- 58 mg/dL for females) levels than apoE2 mice with endogenous mouse apoE. Thus, eliminating normal apoE in the presence of apoE2 (thereby increasing the relative abundance of the defective ligand) can convert a hypolipidemic to a hyperlipidemic phenotype. Hypolipidemic apoE2 transgenic mice overexpressing human apoB had moderate remnant accumulation compared with apoE2-only or apoB-only transgenic mice, indicating that overproduction of apoB-containing lipoproteins in the presence of apoE2 can augment remnant production. Hypolipidemic apoE2 transgenic mice bred-onto an LDL receptor-null background had markedly higher plasma total cholesterol (288 +/- 51 mg/dL for males, 298 +/- 73 mg/dL for females) and triglyceride (356 +/- 72 mg/dL for males, 317 +/- 88 mg/dL for females) levels than apoE2-only mice, and remnant accumulation increased even in apoE2 mice with a heterozygous LDL receptor-knockout background (compared with apoE2-only mice), suggesting that reducing or eliminating a major receptor-mediated remnant-removal pathway in the presence of apoE2 can also precipitate a hyperlipidemic phenotype. In all cases where either lipoprotein remnant production or removal pathways were severely stressed, increased remnant accumulation was apparent. As judged by the chemical characteristics of the remnant lipoproteins, the lipoprotein phenotype was quite similar to that of human type III HLP, especially in the apoE2-expressing mice with no endogenous apoE or LDL receptors, and thus these mice represent improved models of the disorder.
Hallway based automatic indoor floorplan construction using room fingerprints

People spend approximately 70% of their time indoors. Understanding the indoor environments is therefore important for a wide range of emerging mobile personal and social applications. Knowledge of indoor floorplans is often required by these applications. However, indoor floorplans are either unavailable or obtaining them requires slow, tedious, and error-prone manual labor. This paper describes an automatic indoor floorplan construction system. Leveraging Wi-Fi fingerprints and user motion information, this system automatically constructs floorplan via three key steps: (1) room adjacency graph construction to determine which rooms are adjacent; (2) hallway layout learning to estimate room sizes and order rooms along each hallway, and (3) force directed dilation to adjust room sizes and optimize the overall floorplan accuracy. Deployment study in three buildings with 189 rooms demonstrates high floorplan accuracy. The system has been implemented as a mobile middleware, which allows emerging mobile applications to generate, leverage, and share indoor floorplans.
An economic evaluation of ramipril in the treatment of patients at high risk for cardiovascular events due to diabetes mellitus

SUMMARYCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death and morbidity in the United Kingdom (UK) and carries with it a significant financial cost through health care resource use. More than one in three people die from CVD events, and the cost to the UK National Health Service (NHS) was £1.6 billion in 19961. The recently published MICRO-HOPE study evaluated the treatment of 3,577 patients at high risk for cardiovascular events from diabetes mellitus and demonstrated significant survival and morbidity benefits associated with ramipril.The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the significant clinical benefits offered by ramipril can be translated into economic benefits, and to what extent it can reduce the economic burden of CVD to the UK NHS.Applying the same analytical framework used in a previous economic analysis of the HOPE study, our base case estimate of cost-effectiveness for ramipril in the MICRO HOPE study is £2,396 per life-year saved (undiscounted) and £2,971 per life-year saved (di...
Reynolds Stresses and Dissipation Mechanisms Downstream of a Turbine Cascade

An experimental investigation was performed to measure Reynolds stresses in the turbulent flow downstream of a large-scale linear turbine cascade. A rotatable X-wire hot-wire probe that allows redundant data to be taken with solution for mean velocities and turbulence quantities by least-squares fitting procedures was developed. The rotatable X-wire was used to obtain the Reynolds stresses on a measurement plane located 10 percent of an axial chord downstream of the trailing edge. Here the turbulence kinetic energy exhibits a distribution resembling the contours of total pressure loss obtained previously, but is highest in the blade wake where losses are relatively low. The turbulent shear stresses obtained are consistent in sign and magnitude with the gradients of mean velocity. The measured Reynolds stresses are combined with measured distributions of velocity to show how and where losses are being produced. The mechanisms for the dissipation of mean kinetic energy in this swirling three-dimensional flow are revealed.
Comparison of state estimation algorithms for extreme contingencies

The electric power grid is a complex interconnected system that may be subjected to blackouts and external disasters. It is necessary for the utilities to restore their power system as quickly as possible during extreme conditions. The exact state of the electric grid is needed to perform any corrective or preventive action during such conditions. It is possible to get a reduced set of data or corrupted data during extreme contingencies for further analysis. Major loss of sensor data during extreme contingencies may not help to determine the exact state. State estimation (SE) helps to get a better picture of the power system with an available set of measurements. In the presence of phasor measurement unit (PMU) data, state estimation algorithm needs to be reformulated. The objective of this research is to identify the most efficient state estimation algorithm for different levels of data redundancy. This paper compares the performance of three state estimation algorithms with scattered and clustered loss of measurements.
Kilometric baseline space interferometry

Two versions of a space-based kilometric baseline interferometer with equivalent science capabilities have been studied, one located on the Moon and the other operating as a free-flyer. It has been found that the Moon is not the ideal site for interferometry because of the need for long delay lines and the large temperature swings from day to night. Automatic deployment of the Moon-based interferometer would be difficult and site preparation and assistance by man appear to be essential. The free-flyer would be implemented as a very accurately controlled cluster of independent satellites placed in a halo orbit around the 2nd Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system.
Absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid.

Summary Both vitamin B12 and folate are present in food as coenzymatically active forms bound to protein, from which they must be freed by processing or digestion prior to absorption. Folate is actively absorbed primarily from the upper third of the small intestine. A carrier glycoprotein (Castle's gastric intrinsic factor) binds to vitamin B12 and delivers it to receptor sites on the brush border of the ileal mucosal cell, to which it attaches in the presence of calcium and alkaline pH, thence to be absorbed. Thus, abnormal jejunal structure or function may reduce folate absorption, and abnormal gastric or ileal structure or function may reduce B12 absorption. In addition to the active absorption processes, which are of major physiologic importance, there is passive absorption by diffusion of a small percentage of food folate and B12. Megaloblastic anemia is the clinical result of any cause of inadequate absorption of either vitamin B12 or folate.
Curriculum infusion of the social norms approach: information only vs. service learning

ABSTRACTA two-group pretest–post-test quasi-experiment was conducted to analyze the impact of curriculum infusion of the social norms approach on students’ alcohol perceptions and behaviors. This study extended previous research by examining two types of curriculum infusion, information only (IO) and service learning (SL). Also, owing to variations in drinking behavior between women and men, sex differences in IO and SL were assessed. In support of previous research, curriculum infusion significantly reduced participants’ misperceptions of campus alcohol use. There were no differences found between the IO and SL groups. However, further analysis revealed differences based on participants’ sex. Men in the SL group significantly reduced their drinking behavior. Since men tend to drink more than women and because heavy drinkers are typically more resistant to alcohol interventions, the SL results have practical implications for instructional communication with this demographic.
Strength of Plate Girders in Bending

Investigation of welded plate girders to determine static carrying capacity of transversely stiffened plate girders was conducted at Lehigh Univ; theoretical considerations of study are presented; paper 2913 (Aug) covers bending strength, paper 2967 (Oct) covers shear strength and paper 2968 (Oct) covers interaction between bending and shear. (See also - n ST6 Aug 1961 paper 2913 p 153-81)
Grounding and Confounding the Educational Entrepreneur: An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Educational Practice Under Market Policy and Discourse in New Jersey

Purpose: This study explores the entrepreneurial behavior of public and charter school leaders in New Jersey as they contend with and are acted upon by the policy environment and develops a theory of the educational entrepreneur grounded in school leaders’ narratives. Research Methods: The work reported here is the qualitative phase of a sequential explanatory mixed methods project. This phase of the study engages situational analysis, a postmodern approach to grounded theory that takes into consideration the situation of the phenomenon under investigation. As a result of theoretical sampling consistent with this approach, 16 school leaders of New Jersey public and charter primary and secondary schools were interviewed between October 2012 and January 2013. Findings: Overall this study produced a grounded theory of an educational entrepreneur as researcher, synergist, and leader within the educational marketplace. These behaviors were mediated by global conditions, such as competition and policy change, and the extent to which the educational entrepreneur is acted upon by these conditions is related to organizational characteristics. As a result, public school educational entrepreneurs are more inward oriented, judging their performance and needs by the benchmarks established by other public schools within a district. Charter schools are more outward and forward oriented, establishing goals and comparing performance in relation to other charter schools and public schools within proximity. Implications: The practical and research implications of this work point toward the creation of graduate programs and educational entrepreneurs empirically situated in continued research on educationally contextualized entrepreneurship theory.
Case Fatality Rates Associated with Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period: United States, 1986 through 1987

In 1986, two thirds (65%) of all infant deaths in the United States occurred within the first 27 days of life. The underlying cause of death in almost one-half (47%) of all infant deaths was nonteratologic conditions originating in the perinatal period. Maternal complications of pregnancy was the fifth leading cause of infant mortality.1 National estimates of morbidity associated with conditions originating in the perinatal period have been examined in a study using the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS).2 A high proportion (33.7%) of newborns experienced morbidity due to conditions arising in the perinatal period.2 In the present study, we sought to quantify the severity of conditions originating in the perinatal period by estimating the proportion of deaths that occur among them.
Finite element investigation of friction and wear of microgrooved cutting tool in dry machining of AISI 1045 steel

This article studies the tribological performance of microgrooved cutting tool in dry orthogonal machining of mild steel (AISI 1045 steel) using finite element simulation. The purpose is to examine the effects of microgrooves on friction and wear of the textured tools and to compare it with non-textured cutting tools. For the cemented carbide (WC/Co) cutting inserts, microgrooves are designed on the rake face. Specifically, the following groove parameters are examined: groove width, groove depth, and edge distance (the distance from the cutting edge to the first groove). Their effects are assessed in terms of friction coefficient and wear on the rake face. It is found that microgrooved cutting tools can significantly reduce friction and wear in machining, which is attributed mainly to the reduced chip–tool contact length.
Iterated beam search for the combined car sequencing and level scheduling problem

The level scheduling problem is concerned with the final stage of a multi-stage just-in-time production system so that different models of a product are evenly distributed in a discrete production sequence, thereby making the problem practically an unconstrained optimisation problem. The car sequencing problem, on the other hand, is a constraint satisfaction problem based on a number of options constricting the final assembly schedule. The combined car sequencing and level scheduling problem aims to find the optimal production schedule that evenly distributes different models over the planning horizon and satisfies all option constraints. This paper proposes a parametric iterated beam search algorithm for the combined problem that can be used either as a heuristic or as an exact optimisation method. The paper includes a computational study based on a 54-instance test bed that proves the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Incorporation and Diffusion of P-Type Dopants for Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

The control of p-type dopants is very important in producing high performance minority carrier devices such as heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) and lasers. In this study, an electrical characterization technique is described which is very sensitive to the p-type dopant profile in a heterojunction. Both the placement of the dopant, i.e. the as-grown profile, and thermal diffusion effects have been investigated. The factors which control the initial placement and subsequent diffusion of the dopant species have been determined and used to produce device-quality GaAs/Al 0.30 Ga 0.70 As p + /n heterojunctions.
Significance of Salmonella in Ulcerative Cecitis of Rats.

SummaryIt appears, then, that no proof has been brought that salmonella is the cause of ulcerative cecitis of rats. In our laboratory a specific strain of salmonella was, to be sure, intimately associated with the lesions and this organism further was shown to be pathogenic for rats, since an acute diffuse enteritis was readily produced and the organism was again recovered from the lesions. Chronic cecitis, however, failed to develop to a significantly greater extent than in untreated controls. It is possible that some other agent is the primary cause of cecitis and that salmonella is merely an associated organism or one which tends to act as a secondary invader. Further search for such a primary agent is in progress.
Alzheimer Disease and Its Growing Epidemic: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and the Urgent Need for Therapeutics

Alzheimer disease (AD) represents one of the greatest medical challenges of this century; the condition is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide and no effective treatments have been developed for this terminal disease. Because the disease manifests at a late stage after a long period of clinically silent neurodegeneration, knowledge of the modifiable risk factors and the implementation of biomarkers is crucial in the primary prevention of the disease and presymptomatic detection of AD, respectively. This article discusses the growing epidemic of AD and antecedent risk factors in the disease process. Disease biomarkers are discussed, and the implications that this may have for the treatment of this currently incurable disease.
Estimating State-Specific Contributions to PM2.5- and O3-Related Health Burden from Residential Combustion and Electricity Generating Unit Emissions in the United States.

Background:Residential combustion (RC) and electricity generating unit (EGU) emissions adversely impact air quality and human health by increasing ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter ...
Ultrafast THz probes of non-equilibrium cooper pairs in iron pnictides

Ultrafast non-equilibrium quenching of superconductivity is shown to display a distinct two-step profile with strong excitation fluence and doping dependence in Ba(F 1-x Co x ) 2 As 2 which underpins, for the best first time, a new bosonic scattering channel from spin density wave fluctuations.
On wideband simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) with a single aperture

Multi-arm spiral antennas have not only ability to radiate multiple frequency independent modes [1,2], but also inherent ability to act as monostatic co-channel simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) apertures. Four-arm spirals are herein used for demonstrating this capability.
First Suburbs and Challenges of Shrinkage in Warren

First suburbs are characterized by older neighborhoods, strategic location, and well-structured infrastructure networks. First suburbs are prominent cases of shrinking with less population growth than outer suburbs between 1980 and 2010. Two-thirds of the suburbs in crisis are first suburbs and the Midwest has one of the highest proportions of first suburbs in crisis. Warren contains some of the oldest post-1950s neighborhoods; it has encountered high increase in low-income minority population and is learning to address diversity and cultural heterogeneity in a fast changing suburban population; Warren has suffered from greater income decline and higher increase in extreme suburban poverty due to restructuring of manufacturing industries; Warren is also highly fragmented in terms of metropolitan governance and regional planning in Metro Detroit.
MASS RELATIONS OF SU$sub 3$ IN A SOLUBLE $omega$-/phi/ MIXING MODEL

A soluble model of $S{U}_{3}$-invariant meson-vecton interactions is investigated. $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ mixing is introduced as a soluble, symmetry-breaking interaction. Small form-factor effects in this interaction are also treated. Mass renormalization is carried out to study higher order effects in the Gell-Mann-Okubo formula for mesons. Two new mass formulas for vectons and an equation relating vecton masses to meson masses is derived. Finally, relations between bare coupling constants are studied. The agreement with experiment is generally good.
A Low-cost Dithering Method for Improving ADC Linearity Test Applied in uSMILE Algorithm

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are an important component in electronics design. One of the difficulties being faced is to be able to accurately and cost-effectively test the continually higher performance of ADCs under budget constraints. Test time for static linearity is a major portion of the total test cost. Our group proposed an ultrafast segmented model identification of linearity error (uSMILE) algorithm for estimating linearity, which reduces test time dramatically compared to the conventional method. However, this algorithm produces large estimation errors in low resolution ADCs (10-12 bits) when the input is a ramp signal, for which the quantization noise of ADC becomes a dominant part in the total noise. In this study, we propose three types of distribution dithering methods added to the ramp input signal to reduce the estimation error when uSMILE was applied to low resolution ADCs. Fixed pattern was proved to be the most efficient and cost-effective method by comparing with the Gaussian, uniform, and fixed-pattern distributions. The simulation results indicate that the estimation error can be significantly reduced in a 12-bit SAR ADC with effective dithering. Furthermore, a hardware evaluation board with commercial ADC products was used to validate the effectiveness of the fixed-pattern dithering methods, and our measurement shows the INL estimation error can be reduced to less than 0.1 LSB. Such dithering method relaxes the input requirement of uSMILE algorithm which dramatically reduces the test setup cost.
Filtering Translation Bandwidth with Virtual Caching

Heterogeneous computing with GPUs integrated on the same chip as CPUs is ubiquitous, and to increase programmability many of these systems support virtual address accesses from GPU hardware. However, this entails address translation on every memory access. We observe that future GPUs and workloads show very high bandwidth demands (up to 4 accesses per cycle in some cases) for shared address translation hardware due to frequent private TLB misses. This greatly impacts performance (32% average performance degradation relative to an ideal MMU). To mitigate this overhead, we propose a software-agnostic, practical, GPU virtual cache hierarchy. We use the virtual cache hierarchy as an effective address translation bandwidth filter. We observe many requests that miss in private TLBs find corresponding valid data in the GPU cache hierarchy. With a GPU virtual cache hierarchy, these TLB misses can be filtered (i.e., virtual cache hits), significantly reducing bandwidth demands for the shared address translation hardware. In addition, accelerator-specific attributes (e.g., less likelihood of synonyms) of GPUs reduce the design complexity of virtual caches, making a whole virtual cache hierarchy (including a shared L2 cache) practical for GPUs. Our evaluation shows that the entire GPU virtual cache hierarchy effectively filters the high address translation bandwidth, achieving almost the same performance as an ideal MMU. We also evaluate L1-only virtual cache designs and show that using a whole virtual cache hierarchy obtains additional performance benefits (1.31× speedup on average).
Linear Continuous Models

At the dawn of optimization (the nineteen fifties), the state-of-the-art was defined by linear optimization models and the simplex method, the only reasonably efficient algorithm known at the time to solve such models. When I started studying this subject, one repeatedly heard from multiple sources that over 70% of the CPU cycles in the world were devoted to running various simplex codes. Surely an exaggeration, but it is indicative of the power of linear models. The world is not linear, but sometimes a linear approximation is good enough.
Mohanty’s Account of the Complementarity of Descriptive and Interpretive Phenomenology

Toward the end of situating the results of my study within the context of the second variation of the second tendency, noted above, in the literature addressing the Husserl-Heidegger relation, I will consider Mohanty’s careful and insightful attempts to seek a rapprochement between descriptive and hermeneutical phenomenology. He argues that [b]oth sorts of phenomenology—descriptive as well as interpretive—can be either naive or self-critical. When they are naive, they perceive each other as opposed. When they are self-critical, they recognize each other as complementary, and, in fact, as mutually inseparable.1 As a result, “phenomenology and hermeneutics stand in a peculiar dialectical relation to each other.”2 However, unlike Ricoeur’s formulation of a dialectic between the two in terms of the reciprocal “presupposition” of the intentional uncovering of meaning and Auslegung, in Mohanty’s formulation, this dialectic has its basis in the intentional “dialectic of reflection and reflected upon.”3 Such a dialectic has as its terms, on the one hand, the dimension of transcendental subjectivity whose corporeal, historical and linguistic excess makes reflection and transcendental philosophy possible; and, on the other hand, the impossibility of “a complete coincidence between reflection and the reflected upon,”4 which discloses the situatedness of consciousness in sedimented (and hence, in some sense, “opaque”5) meanings, and its consequent necessary involvement in the hermeneutical circle.6
Electric Field Jump Study of the Helix-Coil Transition of Aqueous Poly-α,L-Glutamic Acid

Preliminary kinetic results of a spectrophotometric E-jump study of aqueous poly-α,L-glutamic acid are reported.
Menaquinone-6 in the strict anaerobes DesulfovibriovulgarisandDesulfovibriogigas☆

Abstract Identical naphthoquinones have been isolated from the strict anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria D . vulgaris and D . gigas . The vitamin was identified from both organisms as a menaquinone-6 (MK-6) by its characteristic chromatographic mobility and by mass spectral analysis. As the organisms possess cytochrome c3 and carry out phosphorylation coupled to the oxidation of hydrogen with sulfite as electron acceptor, it is possible that MK-6 is involved as an oxidation-reduction component in the electron transport pathway in these anaerobes.
Transgender Legal Advocacy: What Do Feminist Legal Theories Have to Offer

Transgender persons face severe prejudice and discrimination in a wide variety of areas—from areas of public concern like employment, credit, public accommodations, and law enforcement, to more private areas such as marriage, parenting, healthcare, and inheritance. The main question this Comment seeks to answer is: given everything that feminist legal theory has done to help make the legal system more amenable to the needs and rights of women, what does feminism have to offer sexand gender-nonconforming persons seeking redress
The Zero Lower Bound: Frequency, Duration, and Determinacy

When monetary policy faces a zero lower bound (ZLB) constraint on the nominal interest rate, determinacy is not guaranteed even if the Taylor principle is satisfied when the ZLB does not bind. This paper shows the boundary of the determinacy region imposes a clear tradeoff between the expected frequency and average duration of ZLB events. We show this tradeoff using a global solution to a nonlinear New Keynesian model with two alternative stochastic processes?one where monetary policy follows a 2-state Markov chain, which exogenously governs whether the ZLB binds, and the other where ZLB events arise endogenously due to technology shocks. In both cases, the household accounts for the possibility of going to and exiting the ZLB in expectation. We quantify the expectation al effect of the ZLB and show it depends on the parameters of the stochastic process.
Introduction to the Issue of Proxy Consent

In brief, an immediate need for proxies arises when patients or research subjects are unable to give their own meaningful and legally valid informed consent because of insufficient or compromised competence or the complete lack thereof. This point of view has been endorsed by all of the human-rights documents examined in the second chapter except for the Nuremberg Code. Accordingly, proxy consent is required unless a consent exception is legitimated and validated by an emergency or other compelling factors as described above.
Finite Population Sampling

It is fair to say that most of the information we know about contemporary society is obtained as the result of sample surveys. Real populations are finite and the branch of statistics which treats sampling of such populations is called survey sampling. For many years survey sampling remained the province of “survey samplers” with very little input from statisticians involved in the more traditional aspects of the subject. The decades of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s saw somewhat successful mergers of the two areas using new approaches to finite population sampling theory based on prediction theory and population based models.