cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-level erythroid lineage-directed gene expression using globin gene regulatory elements after lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer into primitive human and murine hematopoietic cells.

Lentiviral vectors efficiently transduce primitive human hematopoietic cells and are capable of transferring complex genomes. Vectors were designed with hypersensitive sites containing regulatory elements from the beta-globin locus control region linked to the beta-globin gene promoter to drive expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein marker to facilitate analysis of the pattern of gene expression in various hematopoietic lineages. Such vectors gave higher level, induced expression in mouse erythroleukemia cells than a previously described vector that utilized an enhancer from the alpha locus and the ankyrin-1 promoter [Moreau-Gaudry, F., Xia, P., Jiang, G., Perelman, N.P., Bauer, G., Ellis, J., Surinya, K.H., Mavilio, F., Shen, C.K., and Malik, P. (2001). Blood 98, 2664-2672]. The addition of gamma-globin intron sequences further augmented vector expression. Expression was also effectively targeted to the erythroid lineage in cultured human cells from peripheral blood and in mouse red blood cells in vivo, although lower levels of expression were also observed in other lineages. Thus, these newly described vectors provide a means to achieve high-level gene expression, predominantly in erythroid cells, an outcome that may have potential therapeutic application.
Preparation of Fatty Acids Labeled with C14 from Ochromonas danica

SYNOPSIS. Labeled fatty acids were produced by adding 10 mc acetate-1,2-C14 to cultures of Ochrosonas danica, with a recovery of 21.4% of the radioactivity as mixed methyl esters. Individual esters, or mixtures of isomers, were isolated in amounts between 2 and 200 mg by liquid-liquid chromatography followed by gas-liquid chromatography. Several esters, including Δ8,11,14-C20, Δ5,8,11,14,17-C20, Δ7,10,13,16-C22 and Δ4,7,10,13,18-C22 were obtained pure. Linoleate and arachidonate contained not more than 4% isomers; isomerism was more pronounced with C18:3 and C20:2. The effect of different culturing conditions on fatty acid yield, composition and incorporation of C14 was explored. The radioactive level of acids from the preparative run varied within a factor of 3, the average being about 1 μc/mg. All analytical and preparative procedures are described in detail and discussed.
Renal tubular acidosis type 2 with Fanconi's syndrome, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and secondary hyperaldosteronism in an adult consequent to vitamin D and calcium deficiency: effect of vitamin D and calcium citrate therapy

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a unique example of renal tubular acidosis type 2 (RTA 2) in conjunction with Fanconi’s syndrome and osteomalacia consequent to vitamin D and calcium deficiency in an adult without underlying gastrointestinal disease. Methods We review the clinical, hormonal, histomorphometric, and micro-computed tomographic findings and the response to therapy with vitamin D and calcium in our patient. Results On admission, a 33-year-old African American woman had the following laboratory findings: serum ionized calcium 3.8 mg/dL (0.95 mmol/L), venous pH 7.26, bicarbonate 20 mEq/L, chloride 111 mEq/L, alkaline phosphatase 1,192 U/L (20.26 μkat/L) (normal, 40 to 136 U/L), 25-hydroxyvitamin D Conclusion Nutritional vitamin D and calcium deficiency may cause RTA 2, Fanconi’s syndrome, and osteomalacia in adults as well as in children. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12:559-567)
A case for the advancement of the design and study of online positive psychological interventions

As PPI research embraces the use of the Internet, it is incumbent on the research community to keep up with the ever-evolving best practices in online intervention research. This paper provides an overview of current practices in online positive psychological intervention (OPPI) research and suggests improvements to those practices. Drawing from the broader online intervention literature, the paper outlines important considerations in the design of OPPIs (including user engagement, dosage, and free choice) as well as in their empirical evaluation (including sample selection, statistical approaches, and comparison groups).
Cytometrically detected specific binding of interleukin 2 to cells.

Abstract We have developed a new technique for detecting binding of interleukin 2 (IL-2) to cells. This technique involves incubating the cells with IL-2 and then analysing the cell surface with specific anti-IL-2 antibodies and flow cytometry. This binding was only detected on tumor cells that possessed the p55 subunit of the IL-2 receptor. The role of p55 was ascertained by inhibition of the binding with a monoclonal antibody to p55. Although p55 is necessary for cytometrically detected IL-2 binding, further studies demonstrated that p55 is not sufficient. Thus, cytometrically-detected binding is likely to involve the contribution of other IL-2 surface receptors. Interleukin-2 binding to peripheral blood T lymphocytes and to a non-transformed T-cell clone was also detected cytometrically and it was shown that this binding is regulated by the activation status of the cells. Whereas IL-2 binding to quiescent T cells could not be detected, upon activation abundant binding was seen. The functional consequences of this type of cellular binding were studied. Interleukin-2 binding to cells during a short pulse was shown to have significant long-term consequences both for T-cell proliferation and for the enhancement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-non-restricted cytotoxicity.
The appearance of plasmaspheric plasma in the outer magnetosphere in association with the substorm growth phase

Short intrevals ( 10 cm{sup {minus}3}), cold (< 10 eV) plasmaspheric plasma are observed at synchronous orbit in association with the growth phase of geomagnetic substorms. The authors interpret the strong correlation between these phenomena in terms of the reconfiguration of the duskside/nightside magnetosphere during the growth phase of geomagnetic substorms. This reconfiguration moves plasmapheric plasma outward to synchronous orbit, occasionally even in the midnight region. 24 refs., 4 fig.
Intraepithelial γδ T lymphocytes: sentinel cells at mucosal barriers

It is clear that γδ T cells, especially IEL, play more than an accessory role to αβ T cells in immune responses at mucosal borders. They are clearly unique and required for protective immune responses and repair of damaged epithelium. In fact, their role in epithelial surveillance, response and repair may reflect a fundamental role for this lineage of T cells in the overall homeostasis of microenvironments that comprise the mucosal barriers of the host. The consequence of this would make them ideal targets for therapeutic intervention in irreversible and degenerative diseases of the lung and other mucosal environments. In the near future it is anticipated that we will make definitive connections between their physiological stimuli and patterns of responsiveness. Once this is accomplished we may finally be able to construct a more comprehensive map of the functions of T cell immunity in host defense and homeostasis.
Role of intradermal skin tests in the evaluation of clinically relevant respiratory allergy assessed using patient history and nasal challenges

Background Skin testing, correlated with patient history, is the accepted method of identifying clinically relevant aeroallergen sensitivity. Traditionally, intradermal tests are believed to be more sensitive in identifying aeroallergen sensitivity than the epicutaneous and percutaneous methods. Therefore, many allergy practitioners use the epicutaneous or percutaneous method first and, if the results are negative, follow up with intradermal tests. Objectives To compare the epicutaneous, percutaneous, and intradermal methods to determine their sensitivity to patient history and to evaluate the value of intradermal tests when epicutaneous and percutaneous test results are negative. Methods Participants were evaluated for rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and then were skin tested using the prick and Multi-Test II (MTII) methods. Intradermal tests were performed when prick and MTII test results were negative to an aeroallergen. Participants with negative prick and MTII test results and corresponding positive intradermal test results underwent nasal challenges with evaluation by anterior rhinomanometry. Results Compared with patient history, average sensitivity for MTII was 77% and for the prick method was 62%. When MTII results were negative, 17% of intradermal tests corresponded with probable patient histories of allergy but none with positive nasal challenge results. Nasal challenge results were similar to those of the negative control group and significantly different from those of the positive control group ( P Conclusions The MTII tests are more sensitive and equally specific compared with the prick method. When MTII results are negative, positive intradermal test results are unlikely to identify clinically relevant aeroallergen sensitivity. Routine performance of intradermal tests when MTII results are negative is likely to be of low clinical yield.
Microstructural techniques in the study of physical properties of rock

Abstract Techniques have been developed to further understanding of rock behavior in terms of its microstructure. The techniques measure certain fabric parameters on rock discs and in thin sections with the petrographic microscope, for correlation with physical property laboratory tests. They include (a) diametric mineralogical analysis, (b) defect analysis, (c) grain elongation analysis, (d) macro-grid analysis, and (e) transgranular-intergranular analysis. Pulse velocities and breaking strengths in samples of granite and limestone are compared with their fabric properties obtained through these techniques. Examples of such comparisons include the influence of feldspar and quartz abundance in Salisbury Granite on longitudinal pulse velocity, the tendency for the frequency of microscopic defects to be inversely proportional to breaking strength in Barre Granite, the proportionality of average grain size parallel with foliation to breaking strength in Yule Marble, and the inverse proportionality of the ration of transgranular to intergranular failure to breaking strength in Tennessee marble.
Mucous adenocarcinoma of the bladder

R. S., a white maIe, age 41, was admitted to the Jersey City Medical Center, January 23, 1936, compIaining of intermittent hematuria for one month. This had started as a termina1 bleeding of a few drops, with only occasiona slight burning at the end of micturition. Apart from this, the patient was quite comfortabIe, experiencing no dysuria, urgency, difficulty, frequency or other untoward symptom. He daiIy pursued his occupation as mechanical engineer, without restriction. Gradually, the bleeding increased from a few terminal drops to a compIete hematuria, with cIots, mucus shreds and occasiona fineIy granuIar calcareous material. ceIIs with conspicuous nuclei devoid of any demonstrabIe mitosis. The stroma was edematous, vascular and diffuseIy infiltrated with poIymorphonucIear neutrophiIes. The biopsy was considered inadequate to render a defmite diagnosis. The possibihty of papiIIoma was suggested.
The Fanconi anemia pathway in replication stress and DNA crosslink repair

Interstand crosslinks (ICLs) are DNA lesions where the bases of opposing DNA strands are covalently linked, inhibiting critical cellular processes such as transcription and replication. Chemical agents that generate ICLs cause chromosomal abnormalities including breaks, deletions and rearrangements, making them highly genotoxic compounds. This toxicity has proven useful for chemotherapeutic treatment against a wide variety of cancer types. The majority of our understanding of ICL repair in humans has been uncovered through analysis of the rare genetic disorder Fanconi anemia, in which patients are extremely sensitive to crosslinking agents. Here, we discuss recent insights into ICL repair gained using new repair assays and highlight the role of the Fanconi anemia repair pathway during replication stress.
Dual-cathode method for sputtering magnetoelastic iron-boron films

Abstract Magnetoelastic sensors have gained attention in recent years due to their wireless nature and versatility in sensing applications, but there have been issues with fabrication, especially as sensor platform sizes approach the microscale. In this work, a dual-cathode method is presented for the co-deposition of iron and boron to produce magnetoelastic films that serve as the basis for wireless sensors. Deposition rate and film composition experiments were performed to optimize sputtering conditions for obtaining high-quality films with compositions near to the goal of 80/20 at.% iron/boron. The magnetoelasticity of films produced using this method, along with the potential of wireless sensors based upon these films, was confirmed by fabricating small (500 × 100 × 5 μm) sensor platforms and then testing for resonance using a coil and a network analyzer. These sensors were found to have resonance frequencies of around 4 kHz with Q-values, in air, of over 1000. By coating the sensor platforms with gold using a third cathode, and then annealing in a vacuum oven at 220 °C, the environmentally sensitive iron-based alloy that forms the core of the sensor platform may be protected from corrosion.
Fat quantification and T2 measurement.

Sir, We have read with interest the paper by Kim et al. [1] published in Pediatric Radiology in the November 2013 issue about fat measurement in healthy children using T2 maps and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As the author stated, it is important to quantify structural muscle changes such as fatty infiltration. NMR spectroscopy is a possible way to quantify fat, with the limitation of providing localized measures and this was shown in the paper. Besides, many other alternatives are available and they exploit the frequency shift between fat and water components [2]. However, Kim et al. [1] did not consider these techniques and presented a quantification approach based on T2 mapping and fat T2, which was defined as the difference between the T2 maps with and without fat suppression. We found confounding and misleading the choice by the authors to coin an inappropriate term «T2 fat value» and to show that «T2 fat value» is proportional to the muscle fat content. At best, one should speak of an “apparent delta T2 related to fat content.”As a result of this unfortunate decision, we read that mean fat T2 value in the gluteus is 5 ms! To the best of our knowledge, fat T2 is in the 80 to 150 ms range depending on the method used [3–6] and it is independent of fat concentration. The idea of operating a subtraction on T2s is physically incorrect, at best, 1/T2s can. The authors also used proton spectroscopy for fat quantification as it is the case of several studies [7, 8]. But, they acquired only one spectrum at TE=31 ms where the amplitudes of water and fat peaks are T2-weighted. In other words, even for equal quantities of water and fat in the voxel, the signal of fat will be twice the signal of water for TE=31 ms. For an accurate fat quantification using NMR, several spectrums at different TEsmust be acquired to account for the T2 relaxation of each component. Regarding fat saturation, it is well known that it is sensitive to B0 inhomogeneities and it may fail in cases with large volumes. To identify the exams with unsuccessful fat suppression, Kim et al. [1] hypothesized that if fat suppression was correctly achieved, the T2 in the subcutaneous fat region should be equal to zero. This claim is questionable because in case of perfect fat suppression, only Rician noise is measured in the subcutaneous fat and mono-exponential fit will give a long T2 not a zero value. At the end of the discussion, the authors mention the existence of the Dixon method; in reality, a large group of water-fat imaging techniques are now available from all vendors. There is no indication that the indirect method introduced in this paper adds to the well-established Dixon methods.
Ordered Overlayers of C60 on GaAs(110) Studied with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Studies of C60 overlayer growth on GaAs(110) with scanning tunneling microscopy show large first monolayer islands that are locally well ordered, structurally stable, and commensurate with the GaAs surface owing to molecule-substrate interactions. Within the distorted close-packed structure, two distinct adsorption sites were identified, one of them being elevated because of stress in the C60 monolayer.
Induced and constitutive responses of digestive enzymes to plant toxins in an herbivorous mammal.

SUMMARY Many plants produce plant secondary compounds (PSCs) that bind and inhibit the digestive enzymes of herbivores, thus limiting digestibility for the herbivore. Herbivorous insects employ several physiological responses to overcome the anti-nutritive effects of PSCs. However, studies in vertebrates have not shown such responses, perhaps stemming from the fact that previously studied vertebrates were not herbivorous. The responses of the digestive system to dietary PSCs in populations of Bryant9s woodrat (Neotoma bryanti) that vary in their ecological and evolutionary experience with the PSCs in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) were compared. Individuals from naive and experienced populations were fed diets with and without added creosote resin. Animals fed diets with creosote resin had higher activities of pancreatic amylase, as well as luminal amylase and chymotrypsin, regardless of prior experience with creosote. The experienced population showed constitutively higher activities of intestinal maltase and sucrase. Additionally, the naive population produced an aminopeptidase-N enzyme that was less inhibited by creosote resin when feeding on the creosote resin diet, whereas the experienced population constitutively expressed this form of aminopeptidase-N. Thus, the digestive system of an herbivorous vertebrate responds significantly to dietary PSCs, which may be important for allowing herbivorous vertebrates to feed on PSC-rich diets.
Application of Geographic Perturbation Methods to Residential Locations in the Oregon Household Activity Survey: Proof of Concept

Travel demand models have advanced from zone-based methods to favor activity-based approaches that require more disaggregate data sources. Household travel surveys gather disaggregate data that may be used to inform advanced travel demand models better and also to improve the understanding of how nonmotorized travel is influenced by a household's surrounding built environment. However, the release of these disaggregate data is often limited by a confidentiality pledge between the household participant and survey administrator. Concerns about the disclosure risk of survey respondents to household travel surveys must be addressed before these household-level data may be released at their disaggregate geography. In an effort to honor this confidentiality pledge and facilitate the dissemination of valuable travel survey data, this research (a) reviews geographical perturbation methods that seek to protect respondent confidentiality; (b) outlines a procedure for implementing one promising practice, referred to...
Surface topography of the enamel margins of butt and beveled Class V preparations

A major shortcoming of the composite restorative resins is that they do not adhere to enamel and dentin.’ The alteration of tooth surfaces by acid conditioning with phosphoric acid increased the bonding of acrylic restorative resins to enamel,:: and the effects of phosphoric acid etching on enamel surfaces have been studied extensively with the scanning electron microscope @EM). ‘-? The classic cavity preparation for silicate cement, acrylic resin, and composite resin restorations is box-shaped with internal retention and a cavosurface angle of 90 degrees resulting in a butt joint. The concept of beveling the enamel margins of conventional butt preparations to produce a cavosurface angle of 135 degrees was proposed for the following reasons: 1. A beveled margin results in improved esthetics because it provides for the gradual transition from tooth structure to composite resin.” 2. A beveled marqin provides more enamel for c acid etchinK for retentive purposes.: 3. Acid etching of a beveled enamel margin provides improved marginal seal.‘ The poor leakage results obtained in butt restorations when compared to beveled restorations were explained on the basis that bonding of composite resins to surfaces of longitudinally cut enamel prisms was not as strong as to cross-cut enamel prisms.” Microleakage studies have been used extensively to evaluate the effect of restorative techniques on the integrity of the seal at the restoration/tooth inter-
Equine fetal kinetics: Allantoic-fluid shifts and uterine-horn closures

Uterine filling by the conceptus and uterine constrictions and allantoic-fluid shifts after filling were studied by daily ultrasound examinations on Days 40 to 74 in 10 mares. Allantoic fluid was first detected at the extremities of the uterus on the following days: 1) tip of umbilical-cord horn, Day 60.0 +/-1.9 (mean +/-SEM); 2) tip of noncord horn, Day 64.8 +/-1.3; and 3) near cervix, Day 48.5 +/-1.3. Transient uterine constrictions with expulsion of allantoic fluid were detected in 37% of 271 examinations. Other end points were studied by weekly ultrasound examinations from Day 40 to term. Height of cross-sections of the fetal body increased (P<0.01) progressively over Monthes 2 to 8, whereas the height of placental fluid minus fetal body decreased (P<0.05) after Month 3. An increasing (P<0.05) frequency of examinations with a reclosed uterine horn occurred between Months 3 and 4. The frequency of reclosed noncord horns continued to increase (P<0.05) after Month 4 and reached 96% at Month 7. The frequency of reclosure of cord horns plateaued (no significant differences) at 54% over Months 4 to 7 and then rapidly decreased (P<0.05). Both uterine horns were closed during the examination that preceded the permanent entry of the fetal hind limbs into the cord horn in all of 9 mares in which this temporal relationship was studied. After entry of the fetal hind limbs, the cord horn remained constricted upon the limbs until at least Month 10. The results provide rationale for the following hypotheses: 1) The gradual decrease in fetal mobility (location and presentation changes) previously reported for Months 4 to 8 is associated with growth of the fetus and a concomitant decrease in volume of allantoic fluid and number of open uterine segments; 2) Closure of both uterine horns near mid-pregnancy plays a role in final selection of cranial fetal presentation followed by entry of the fetal hind limbs into the cord horn.
A Program Proposal for New Technology Assessment

ABSTRACT New perioperative technology is developing constantly. To ensure the integration of quality, effectiveness, efficacy, and efficiency in patient care, an overall structure to new technology assessment should be implemented. This program for technology assessment, evaluation, and implementation was created to be a cohesive process using both human and monetary resources and to incorporate a cooperative plan used by all services within the mission of the hospital and under the guidance of administrative services. AORN J 61 (Feb 1995) 391–399.
Depth from subjective color and apparent motion

We report that color and depth, as well as form, are recovered in tandem with seeing motion. The stimulus, consisting of multiple frames, was designed to keep all aspects, except color, of the binocular images identical. In still view, rivalry occurs due to the unmatched color of some corresponding image elements in the two eyes. When frames--created by translating color assignments and nothing else--are rapidly cycled, a colored object is seen moving in depth. In natural scenes the same mechanisms may be used to reconstruct depth, color, and form of hidden objects so that they can be seen as if in plain view.
The recursion-theoretic complexity of the semantics of predicate logic as a programming language

The coupling of resolution techniques for automatic theorem proving with what is termed the procedural interpretation of logic (Kowalski 1979) has resulted in efforts to implement predicate logic as a programming language. These efforts have already resulted in the language PROLOG. The semantics of predicate logic as a programming language have been formulated with an orientation toward the precedural interpretation of logic in van Emden and Kowalski (1976) and Apt and van Emden (1980). The predicate logic core of PROLOG is a restriction to universally quantified Horn sentences with atomic conclusions, so-called definite clauses, and therefore prevents the user from fully expressing logical negation. In the procedural interpretation of logic, a logic program is regarded as its "if and only if'' version of which half is explicitly presented. The precise definition of this "if and only if" version is given in Clark (1980). The interpretations of a logic program are then restricted to the Herbrand models of the "if and only if,' version of the program, and the formula F is Herbrand valid in logic program P iff F is valid in all such Herbrand interpretations of P. Although the user does not have negation available the control features of PROLOG do allow the user to have a useful but still limited form of negation: to infer ~A from a proof of the unprovability of A. This is sound, as we shall see, in the procedural interpretation of logic. Our purpose here is to use a connection between the semantics of predicate logic as a programming language and the well-studied theory of inductive definability to given a measure to the incompleteness of the negation as failure rule for proving Herbrand valid negations of formulas, and then to show that the negation as failure rule is very highly incomplete in the sense of the measure. Moreover, the general problem of deciding whether a formula is Herbrand
Adaptive consensus filters for collocated infinite dimensional systems

This paper considers a class of infinite dimensional systems with structured perturbation. Such a perturbation is assumed to be expressed in terms of the output operator and an unknown matrix. The proposed adaptive observers include a coupling term which penalizes the disagreement of the estimates. The enforcement of consensus is applied to both state and parameter estimates, thereby constituting the main contribution of this work. Due to the specific operator Lyapunov equation that the nominal plant operator satisfies, the convergence of the estimation errors along with the asymptotic convergence of the state and parameter deviations from the mean are established. Extensive simulation studies examine also the case of adapting the consensus gains, which describe the case where the consensus gain is adjusted according to the disagreement of the estimates.
A dayside auroral energy deposition case study using the Polar Ultraviolet Imager

In this letter, we report preliminary results from a study of dayside auroral energy deposition during quiet times using global auroral images acquired by the Ultraviolet Imager experiment on the Polar spacecraft. Solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field measurements from the Wind spacecraft and kp values were used to characterize the state of the magnetosphere. The auroral oval was observed for a two- hour period in spring and summer during relatively quiet times (k(sub p) approx. 0 to 1). We find that, although the nightside energy deposition rate varied by an order of magnitude to as low as 1 x 10(exp 16) ergs per second (1 GW), the dayside was much less variable and remained between 4 and IO GW.
Biosynthesis of phytoalexin in carrot root requires ethylene action.

The role of ethylene in phytoalexin production by carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots was investigated using the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP). Exposure of carrot roots to ethylene, UV-B irradiation, inoculation with fungal pathogens, treatment with 2,4-D or methyl jasmonate induced accumulation of the phytoalexin 6-methoxymellin (6-ME). Exposure to MCP for 4-12 h prior to the treatments completely inhibited 6-ME accumulation, indicating that 6-ME synthesis by carrot roots requires ethylene action.
Reference remains inscrutable

Jerry Fodor has argued against Willard Quine's claim that reference is inscrutable. Fodor argues by way of an analogy. I show that his argument begs the question against Quine (for a reason other than one that Fodor himself identifies and corrects). Independently of this question-begging nature of Fodor's argument, I show that there is a critical disanalogy between Fodor's case and Quine's. This disanalogy is itself sufficient to undermine Fodor's argument. The inscrutability of reference remains unscathed.
ON THE THEORETICAL LINK BETWEEN PERSONALITY AND LEISURE

The purpose of this paper is to examine recent developments in personality research and then, on this basis, to enhance the significance of research on personality and leisure. A theoretical relati...
Absorption spectrum of the Mg2 molecule in solid rare gases

Abstract The Mg 2 molecule has been synthesized in solid rare-gas matrices at 20°K. The absorption bands of the Mg 2 molecule found between 3750 and 4100 A are correlated to the A 1 Σ ← X 1 Σ transition between a very weakly bonded ground state and a more stable excited state. Some less well understood features are also reported and tentative explanations are presented.
Corrigendum to “Jarosite dissolution rates and maximum lifetimes in high salinity brines: Implications for Earth and Mars” [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 357–358 (2012) 327–336]

0.75 295 NaCl −10.0 K This study 0.75 295 NaCl −9.98 K This study 0.75 295 NaCl −9.83 K This study 0.35 295 CaCl2 −11.52 K This study 0.35 295 CaCl2 −11.46 K This study 0.35 295 CaCl2 −11.68 K This study 0.75 263 NaCl −11.55 K This study 0.75 263 NaCl −11.55 K This study 0.75 295 CaCl2 −10.31 Na This study 0.75 295 CaCl2 −11.01 Na This study 0.75 295 CaCl2 −10.41 Na This study 0.35 295 CaCl2 −11.00 Na This study 0.35 295 CaCl2 −11.33 Na This study 0.35 295 CaCl2 −11.25 Na This study 1 5.0 280 water −9.71(0.16) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 1 4.4 296 water −9.2(0.05) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 1 4.3 313 water −8.59(0.03) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 1 4.0 323 water −8.24(0.10) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 0.9 296 H2SO4 −7.15(0.08) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 2.0 296 H2SO4 −8.54(0.06) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 3.0 296 H2SO4 −9.09(0.05) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 4.0 296 H2SO4 −9.28(0.02) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 4.5 296 NaOH −9.24(0.23) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 4.7 296 NaOH −9.20(0.10) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 5.0 296 NaOH −8.93(0.05) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 6.7 296 NaOH −8.71(0.09) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 10.9 296 NaOH −6.59(0.07) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 ∼1 6.2 296 MES −8.49(0.07) K Elwood Madden et al., 2012 (continued on next page)
A Multidimensional Theory and Measure of Social Decentering

Abstract A multidimensional conceptualization of social decentering is presented grounded in social cognition, social information theory, attribution, implicit personality theory, social judgement, empathy, perspective-taking, and role-taking. That conceptualization is based upon two types of information input (experienced-based and fantasy-based), three methods of processing the information (use-of-self, use-of-specific other, and use-of-generalized other), and two forms of response (affective and cognitive). An instrument was developed based upon this conceptualization of social decentering. Evidence for the measure′s reliability and validity is presented.
1.0 to 2.5 Micrometer Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR) Linear Array Technology For Low Background Applications

A design concept is presented for a hybrid linear focal plane array operating in the 1.0 to 2.5 micron band under low background conditions such as encountered in spaceborne missions. The concept is based on direct gate coupling of the input from a photovoltaic mercury-cadmium telluride detector into a CCD multiplexer. Theoretical analysis indicates a specific detectivity at peak wavelength on the order of 10 to the 12th cm sq rt Hz/W when the system is operating at 200 K. Values of the voltage responsivity, specific detectivity and the relative voltage noise levels of the coupled system obtained in experimental studies with direct-gate-coupled 4.0-micron detectors support the theoretical analysis performed for the case of system detectivity limited by the CCD 1/f noise.
The electronic structure of bicyclo [2.1.1] hexane

Non empirical SCF-LCAO-MO calculations have been performed on bicyclo [2.1.1] hexane using a molecule optimized minimal basis set of gaussian functions. The electronic structure, the nature of the molecular orbitals and of the bonds are analyzed. The most notable results lie in the strong interaction between the two bridgehead sites and between two of the CH bonds of the methylene bridges. Interactions between fragment orbitals are considered. The relations with the molecular properties are discussed, especially with respect to molecular strain.
Effect of pH on the self-association of erythrocyte band 3 in situ

The human erythrocyte anion exchanger (band 3) contains a cytoplasmic domain (cdb3) that exists in a reversible, pH-dependent structural equilibrium among three native conformations. To understand how this conformational equilibrium might influence the association state of band 3, we have incubated stripped erythrocyte membranes in solutions ranging from pH 6.0 to pH 10.5 and have examined the oligomeric state of the protein by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. We demonstrate that incubation of membranes in slightly acidic conditions favors dimer formation, whereas extended incubation at higher pHs (pH>9) leads to irreversible formation of an oligomeric species larger than the tetramer. Since the pH dependence of the conformational state of the cytoplasmic domain exhibits a similar pH profile, we suggest that the conformation of the cytoplasmic domain can modulate the self-association of band 3. Importantly, this modulation would appear to require the structural interactions present within the intact protein, since the isolated membrane-spanning domain does not display any pH dependence of association. The irreversible nature of the alkali-induced aggregation further suggests that a secondary reaction subsequent to band 3 association is required to stabilize the high molecular weight aggregate. Although we were able to eliminate covalent bond formation in this irreversible aggregation process, the exact nature of the secondary reaction remains to be elucidated.
Supercomputer network selection: a case study

With the purchase of a Cray-2 supercomputer, Eli Lilly and Company needed a high-performance network to provide communications with this computer. At the time of installation of the Cray, this network had to provide access from VAX/VMS computers using Cray Station software while also supporting communications from UNIX and other machines utilizing TCP/IP. The capability of access from other computers, especially IBM mainframes, was also desirable in the longer term. Finally, this network needed to have a migration path to standards-based networks in the future, including the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) and the High Performance Parallel Interface (HPPI). The author discusses the process used in selecting this network. All three of the systems examined, HYPERchannel 100, UltraNet, and the VAX Supercomputer Gateway, are viable systems that are being used successfully in multiple locations. Lilly's particular set of requirements made HYPERchannel the best choice for them. It provided the greatest degree of connectivity and a certain amount of greater interoperability, with its ability to run Cray Station over HYPERchannel. It also has the slowest speed, however, UltraNet offers much greater speed potential, but provides its best connectivity between large IBM 3090's and Crays having HPPI channels. The VAX Supercomputer Gateway may provide the fastest speeds between VAX and Cray, but is limited in its protocol handling and its ability to network to other systems. >
Protein S-nitrosylation: role for nitric oxide signaling in neuronal death.

Abstract Background One of the signaling mechanisms mediated by nitric oxide (NO) is through S -nitrosylation, the reversible redox-based modification of cysteine residues, on target proteins that regulate a myriad of physiological and pathophysiological processes. In particular, an increasing number of studies have identified important roles for S -nitrosylation in regulating cell death. Scope of review The present review focuses on different targets and functional consequences associated with nitric oxide and protein S-nitrosylation during neuronal cell death. Major conclusions S -Nitrosylation exhibits double-edged effects dependent on the levels, spatiotemporal distribution, and origins of NO in the brain: in general Snitrosylation resulting from the basal low level of NO in cells exerts anti-cell death effects, whereas S -nitrosylation elicited by induced NO upon stressed conditions is implicated in pro-cell death effects. General Significance Dysregulated protein S -nitrosylation is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Elucidating specific targets of S -nitrosylation as well as their regulatory mechanisms may aid in the development of therapeutic intervention in a wide range of brain diseases.
Computational Study of 10-X-2 Ate Complexes Derived from Vinyllithiums and Vinyl Halides

The 10-X-2 ate complexes formed by reaction of vinyllithiums with the corresponding vinyl halides have been studied via B3LYP/6-31++G** geometry optimization. The effect of fluorine substitution on the structures and energies of the both the vinyllithiums and the ate complexes is examined. The results of the calculations indicate that trifluoroethene is 35 kcal/mol more acidic than ethene. The ate complexes generated by reaction of vinyllithium with vinyl bromide or iodide are calculated to be transition states, but the corresponding perfluorinated complexes are found to be minima on the potential energy surface.
Cap-independent Translation of Tobacco Etch Virus Is Conferred by an RNA Pseudoknot in the 5′-Leader

The tobacco etch virus (TEV) 5′-leader promotes cap-independent translation in a 5′-proximal position and promotes internal initiation when present in the intercistronic region of a dicistronic mRNA, indicating that the leader contains an internal ribosome entry site. The TEV 143-nucleotide 5′-leader folds into a structure that contains two domains, each of which contains an RNA pseudoknot. Mutational analysis of the TEV 5′-leader identified pseudoknot (PK) 1 within the 5′-proximal domain and an upstream single-stranded region flanking PK1 as necessary to promote cap-independent translation. Mutations to either stem or to loops 2 or 3 of PK1 substantially disrupted cap-independent translation. The sequence of loop 3 in PK1 is complementary to a region in 18 S rRNA that is conserved throughout eukaryotes. Mutations within L3 that disrupted its potential base pairing with 18 S rRNA reduced cap-independent translation, whereas mutations that maintained the potential for base pairing with 18 S rRNA had little effect. These results indicated that the TEV 5′-leader functionally substitutes for a 5′-cap and promotes cap-independent translation through a 45-nucleotide pseudoknot-containing domain.
Comments on “Oscillatory Bottom Boundary Layers”

where z0 is the roughness scale without wave-induced currents, ub is the magnitude of the wave-induced bottom current, u*c is the mean friction velocity due to the mean current, ks 30z0 is the Nikuradse equivalent roughness, is the angle between the mean current and wave propagation direction, and Ab ub/ , with being the wave frequency. Of the parameters that affect function F, the most important are ub/u*c and Ab/ks; parameter has a somewhat weaker influence. Mellor (2002, henceforth M02) has applied a secondmoment closure-based turbulence model (Mellor and Yamada 1982) to oscillatory bottom boundary layers. He simulates a purely oscillatory boundary layer and demonstrates that the resulting numerical model velocity profiles compare reasonably well to the laboratory data of Jensen et al. (1989). He then applies the same method to oscillatory flows superimposed on a mean flow and plots z0a /z0 as a function of ub/u*c for various values of A/z0. However, he does not compare his results with published data on apparent roughness. Instead, he compares them with the analytical results of Grant and Madsen (1979, 1986, henceforth GM) plotted the same way (his Fig. D1). He concludes that his curves are shifted to the right vis-a-vis GM curves. This of course means that for the same values of ub/u*c and A/z0, M02 underestimates the increase in roughness due to wave-induced motions by roughly an order of magnitude. For example, for ub/u*c 20 and 0, M02 yields z0a /z0 3.4, whereas GM yields z0a /z0 69 for z0/Ab 10 . If z0/Ab is decreased to 10 , M02 value is substantially unchanged while GM yields z0a /z0 693. The study raises several questions. First, how do M02 results compare with published data? Does GM theory, the accepted standard for the past two decades, perform better? Is there anything that can be done to improve the agreement with data? This note is an attempt to answer these questions. Considerable effort has gone into determining the form of function F in Eq. (1). Because it is hard to estimate z0 from field experiments and hence z0a /z0, only laboratory experiments (Kemp and Simons 1982, 1983; Asano et al. 1986; van Doorn 1981, 1982; Sleath 1990) have provided a reliable means of estimating z0a /z0. Figure 1a shows z0a /z0 plotted against ub/u*c; Fig. 1b shows z0a /z0 plotted against (ub/u*c)(Ab/ks) . Sleath (1991) has suggested the following empirical relationship:
Efficient Multi-stage Image Classification for Mobile Sensing in Urban Environments

With the recent dramatic increase in the popularity of mobile electronic devices equipped with cameras, there is a growing number of real-world applications for image classification. Nevertheless, some of these real-world applications aim to classify images captured in an unconstrained manner and in complex environments where existing image classification techniques may not perform well. We propose an efficient image classification system that is robust enough to cope with challenging imaging conditions, and demonstrate its effectiveness in the context of classification of real-world images of dumpsters captured by mobile phones in the Indian metropolitan city of Hyderabad. Our system is able to achieve accurate classification of the cleanliness state of the dumpsters despite the challenging uncontrolled urban environment by utilizing a multi-stage approach, where the first stage is the efficient detection of the dumpster, and the second stage is the classification of its state. We analyze the performance of the system and provide comprehensive experimental results on a real-world public dataset.
How do the news media frame crises? A content analysis of crisis news coverage

The present study is a content analysis of crisis news frames found in 2006 crisis news coverage. A total of 247 news stories were analyzed to examine which of five news frames (attribution of responsibility, human interest, conflict, morality, and economic) and level of responsibility (individual and organizational level) were used by the media according to crisis type. While the attribution of responsibility frame was the most predominantly used in crisis news coverage, the use of each of the five frames depended on crisis type. The use of level of responsibility also varied by crisis type and was related to the five frames; individual level of responsibility was used more with morality, human interest, and attribution of responsibility frames. Implications and suggestions based on the results were discussed.
A Reason to Doubt: The Suppression of Evidence and the Inference of Innocence

The government’s duty to disclose favorable evidence to the defense under Brady v. Maryland has become one of the most unenforced constitutional mandates in criminal law. The intentional or bad faith withholding of Brady evidence is by far the most egregious type of Brady violation and has led to wrongful convictions, near executions, and other miscarriages of justice. This Article suggests that two ramifications should flow from intentional Brady violations. First, courts should have the power to inform the jury of the government’s Brady misconduct by imposing a specially crafted punitive jury instruction. Unlike the ineffective sanctioning scheme currently used to redress Brady violations, the proposed “Brady Instruction” could serve as a powerful deterrent against this virulent form of prosecutorial misconduct. Second, under wellestablished evidentiary principles, a litigant’s intentional suppression of relevant evidence gives rise to an inference that the litigant’s case is weak and that the litigant knew his case would not prevail if the evidence was presented at trial. The government’s intentional Brady misconduct falls within the scope of the “consciousness of a weak case” inference. Given that the government always has the burden of proof in a criminal case,
Being a Good Mom: Low-Income, Black Single Mothers Negotiate Intensive Mothering

The tenacity of the intensive mothering ideology—the notion that good mothers should invest vast amounts of time, money, energy, and emotional labor in mothering—is well documented, particularly among affluent White mothers. Drawing on 16 interviews with low-income, Black single mothers, we analyze how gender, race, class, and the ideology of intensive mothering intersect to shape these mothers’ parenting. Mothers repeatedly emphasized the importance of sacrifice, self-reliance, and protection. In short, good mothers sacrifice for their children; they are self-reliant and teach their children to be this way too; and they protect their children. We argue that low-income mothers embrace and perform intensive mothering in the absence of larger social supports for their children’s upbringing and at a cost to their own emotional and physical well-being.
In Vitro Potential of Ascophyllum nodosum Phenolic Antioxidant‐Mediated α‐Glucosidase and α‐Amylase Inhibition

Ascophyllum nodosum is a brown seaweed that grows abundantly in the Northeast coastal region. In this study, the potential of A. nodosum for type 2 diabetes management through antioxidant-mediated alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition was investigated. After the initial screening of 4 locally harvested seaweeds, A. nodosum was chosen for its highest phenolic content and was subjected to water extraction. Among extraction ratios of 50 g to 100 to 1000 mL at room temperature, 50 g/400 mL yielded the highest phenolic content of 4.5 mg/g wet weight. For evaluation of extraction temperature ranging from 20 to 80 degrees C, 50 g/400 mL was chosen as a minimum amount of extractant. Among temperatures studied, extraction at 80 degrees C resulted in the highest total phenolic contents (4.2 mg/g wet weight). All extracts had similar levels of antioxidant activity in the range of 60% to 70% in terms of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. The 80 degrees C extract had the highest alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity with IC(50) of 0.24 and 1.34 microg phenolics, respectively, compared to the IC(50) of acarbose, reference inhibitor, being 0.37 and 0.68 microg. The results show that fresh A. nodosum has strong alpha-glucosidase and mild alpha-amylase inhibitory activities that correlated with phenolic contents. This study suggests a nutraceutical potential of A. nodosum based on phytochemical antioxidant and antihyperglycemia activities.