cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Development on Cyberattack and Prospect Analysis for Cybersecurity

Technology and methods on cyberattack and strategy on cybersecurity always develop simultaneously. Once a knotty method of cyberattack has been created, information security specialists always react immediately and come up with a new security system that can prevent and eliminate the attack. Then, the hacker will try to find bugs from the system and perform alternative attacks. The war on security just never ends. The article tries to conclude our current information security environment and frontier battleground. The article is focused on some specific techniques such as machine learning and neural networks along with their applications on both the cyberattack side and cybersecurity side. The future predictions are made on how A.I. technology may change the current situation on information security. How attackers may use these technologies to steal user privacy and how a current security system should adapt to the evolution of cyberattack. Google has announced the realization of quantum supremacy on a quantum computer. As known, a quantum computer can solve problems required years with a current computer in seconds. This can be catastrophic to modern cryptology. The article discusses the problem and introduces potential reconstruction solutions on encryption. The ultimate goal of the article is to discuss the potentials with modern technology on information security and alarm people to be aware of these risks, also making predictions on how the future of information security will be like.
Gradient washout and secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus after brain injury in an infant: a case report.

Disorders of water and sodium balance can occur after brain injury. Prolonged polyuria resulting from central diabetes insipidus and cerebral salt wasting complicated by gradient washout and a type of secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, however, has not been described previously, to the best of our knowledge. We report an unusual case of an infant with glioblastoma who, after tumor resection, was treated for concurrent central diabetes insipidus and cerebral salt wasting complicated by secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A 5-month-old Hispanic girl was found to have a large, hemorrhagic, suprasellar glioblastoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Prior to mass resection, she developed central diabetes insipidus. Postoperatively, she continued to have central diabetes insipidus and concurrent cerebral salt wasting soon after. She was managed with a vasopressin infusion, sodium supplementation, fludrocortisone, and urine output replacements. Despite resolution of her other major medical issues, she remained in the pediatric intensive care unit for continual and aggressive management of water and sodium derangements. Starting on postoperative day 18, her polyuria began increasing dramatically and did not abate with increasing vasopressin. Nephrology was consulted. Her blood urea nitrogen was undetectable during this time, and it was thought that she may have developed a depletion of inner medullary urea and osmotic gradient: a “gradient washout.” Supplemental dietary protein was added to her enteral nutrition, and her fluid intake was decreased. Within 4 days, her blood urea nitrogen increased, and her vasopressin and fluid replacement requirements significantly decreased. She was transitioned soon thereafter to subcutaneous desmopressin and transferred out of the pediatric intensive care unit. Gradient washout has not been widely reported in humans, although it has been observed in the mammalian kidneys after prolonged polyuria. Although not a problem with aquaporin protein expression or production, gradient washout causes a different type of secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus because the absence of a medullary gradient impairs water reabsorption. We report a case of an infant who developed complex water and sodium imbalances after brain injury. Prolonged polyuria resulting from both water and solute diuresis with low enteral protein intake was thought to cause a urea gradient washout and secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The restriction of fluid replacements and supplementation of enteral protein appeared adequate to restore the renal osmotic gradient and efficacy of vasopressin.
A Biofuel-Cell-Based Energy Harvester With 86% Peak Efficiency and 0.25-V Minimum Input Voltage Using Source-Adaptive MPPT

This article presents an efficient cold-starting energy harvester system, fabricated in 65-nm CMOS. The proposed harvester uses no external electrical components and is compatible with biofuel-cell (BFC) voltage and power ranges. A power-efficient system architecture is proposed to keep the internal circuitry operating at 0.4 V while regulating the output voltage at 1 V using switched-capacitor dc–dc converters and a hysteretic controller. A startup enhancement block is presented to facilitate cold startup with any arbitrary input voltage. A real-time on-chip 2-D maximum power point tracking with source degradation tracing is also implemented to maintain power efficiency maximized over time. The system performs cold startup with a minimum input voltage of 0.39 V and continues its operation if the input voltage degrades to as low as 0.25 V. Peak power efficiency of 86% is achieved at 0.39 V of input voltage and 1.34 $\mu \text{W}$ of output power with 220 nW of average power consumption of the chip. The end-to-end power efficiency is kept above 70% for a wide range of loading powers from 1 to 12 $\mu \text{W}$ . The chip is integrated with a pair of lactate BFC electrodes with 2 mm of diameter on a prototype-printed circuit board (PCB). Integrated operation of the chip with the electrodes and a lactate solution is demonstrated.
Defect and Strain Engineering of Monolayer WSe 2 for Site-Controlled Single-Photon Emission up to 150K

Via a decoupled strain and defect engineering technique, a new approach for engineering site-specific single-photon emitters in WSe 2 is introduced, which enables high-yield, above 95% purity, and extended working temperatures up to 150 K.
Human adrenomedullin and its binding protein attenuate tissue injury and inflammation following hepatic ischemia reperfusion in rabbits.

Abstract Background Liver injury caused by ischemia reperfusion (I/R) during surgical procedures, such as liver resection or liver transplantation, is a major cause of liver damage and graft failure. The current method of treatment is mostly preventative (i.e., ischemic preconditioning). While a number of pharmacological modalities have been studied to reduce hepatic I/R injury, none have been entirely successful. It has been demonstrated that the administration of adrenomedullin (AM) in combination with AM-binding protein (AM/AMBP-1) exerts significant protective effects in various pathological conditions. In an effort to develop AM/AMBP-1 as a novel therapeutic for hepatic I/R injury, the present study examined the effect of a low dose of human AM, which does not induce hypotension, in combination with human AMBP-1 in a rabbit model of hepatic I/R (i.e., non-rodent species). Methods Ischemia of 70% of the liver was induced by placing a microvascular clip across the hilum of the left and median lobes for 60 min. The clip was then removed to commence reperfusion. At 15 min following clip removal (i.e., reperfusion), human AM/AMBP-1 was administered intravenously via the ear marginal vein continuously for 30 min. At 20 h, blood and tissue samples were collected for various measurements. Results The serum levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and lactate dehydrogenase, were elevated following hepatic I/R. The administration of AM/AMBP-1 significantly decreased these levels by 58, 44, 41%, respectively. Hepatic I/R increased the direct and total bilirubin levels, whereas treatment with human AM/AMBP-1 decreased these levels by 60% and 69%, respectively. Treatment with AM/AMBP-1 also inhibited interleukin-6 gene expression by 95%. There were no changes in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), lactate and Suzuki scores after treatment. The treatment, however, reduced apoptosis post-hepatic I/R in the ischemic portion of the liver. Conclusion Additional experiments with AM and AMBP-1 alone are needed to completely interpret the experimental results in this non-rodent species of hepatic I/R injury. The present study suggests that human AM/AMBP-1 may be developed as a novel therapeutic to attenuate hepatic I/R associated inflammation and liver injury.
GIS-KG: building a large-scale hierarchical knowledge graph for geographic information science

An organized knowledge base can facilitate the exploration of existing knowledge and the detection of emerging topics in a domain. Knowledge about and around Geographic Information Science and its ...
Structure of Glycoproteins and Their Oligosaccharide Units

The presence of oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to the peptide backbone is the feature that distinguishes glycoproteins from other proteins and accounts for some of their characteristic physical and chemical properties. Glycoproteins occur in fungi, green plants, viruses, bacteria, and in higher animal cells where they serve a variety of functions. Connective tissue glycoproteins, such as the collagens and proteoglycans of various animal species, are structural elements as are the cell wall glycoproteins of yeasts and green plants. The submaxillary mucins and the glycoproteins in the mucous secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, which consist of numerous oligosaccharide chains attached at closely spaced intervals to a peptide backbone, serve as lubricants and protective agents. The body fluids of vertebrates are rich in glycoproteins secreted from various glands and organs. Constituents of blood plasma which are glycoproteins include the transport proteins transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and transcobalamin I as well as the immunoglobulins, all the known clotting factors, and many of the components of complement. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (secreted by the pituitary) and chorionic gonadotropin are all glycoproteins as are the enzymes ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease (secreted by the pancreas) and α-amylase (secreted by the salivary glands). Fungi secrete a number of glycoprotein enzymes, for example, Taka-amylase and invertase. Another group of glycoproteins are those which occur as integral components of cell membranes in a variety of species. Enveloped viruses contain surface glycoproteins that are involved in the attachment of the virus to its host, and in eukaryotic cells the histocompatibility antigens are membrane glycoproteins. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that cell surface glycoproteins are involved in a number of physiologically important functions such as cell-cell interaction, adhesion of cells to substratum, and migration of cells to particular organs, for example, the “homing” of lymphocytes to the spleen and the metastasis of tumor cells to preferred sites.
Local Order and Low Frequency Modes in Amorphous Solids: Magnetic Resonance Techniques

The absence in amorphous materials of long range periodic order, and hence of many of the selection rules present in crystalline materials, makes the interpretation of x-ray, neutron or electron scattering experiments much more difficult. Information concerning the static and dynamic properties of these materials must therefore be extracted using many different experimental techniques. One technique which has proven quite useful is magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Competition Policy in Latin America

This paper reports on recent developments in Latin American competition (antitrust) policy from the perspective of the role competition policy in supporting market reform. Competition policy is an instance of the use of law to influence economic behavior. More than eighty nations have enacted antitrust laws in the last twenty years, mostly based on U.S. and E.U. models. A review of the antitrust activity in Latin America shows that all the larger countries have active competition agencies using modern economic theories and procedures that rely chiefly on administrative agencies rather than the courts. The issues mirror those in the developed world, especially competition problems in the infrastructure sectors. Formal laws and regulations also tend to mirror those in the developed world, perhaps inappropriately so in light of the differing economic scales and cultural traditions of Latin American countries. In many Latin American countries increased openness to international trade probably is more important to consumer welfare than increased local competition in tradable goods and services, but receives less attention. Some of the active agencies seem to have been quite successful, with Chile probably the leading example in sectoral reform and Mexico in price fixing and merger enforcement. In both cases there is a substantial national commitment to market reforms. In countries where the political and social commitment to market reforms is more ambivalent, or where other priorities prevail, competition agencies appear to have been less successful. Argentina and Brazil fall into this category. Coordination and regional integration of competition policy, both generally and within the context of the various customs unions (MEROSUR, Andes Pact, Caricom, FTAA, and WTO) remains an unachieved objective. This is a problem because relevant geographic markets in merger and monopoly cases are not, in general, contained in national boundaries and also because benign international mergers are penalized and delayed by the necessity to undergo review in multiple jurisdictions. No Latin American country appears to focus explicitly on the potential for helpful positive and negative incentive effects on economic behavior, and none appears to be engaged in systematic evaluation and measurement of the effects of its policies. Throughout the region, antitrust and other government policies are undercut by the inability of governments and courts to make credible commitments to consistent, transparent decision-making. Still, many Latin American countries are moving in sensible directions by emphasizing well-publicized actions against price fixers, by undertaking competition advocacy programs, and by targeting public sector restraints on competition.
Anti-scavenger receptor immune complexes disrupted marginal zone macrophage integrity via bruton's tyrosine kinase (BA4P.213)

Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and scavenger receptor A (SR-A) are marginal zone macrophage (MZM) restricted scavenger receptors that play important roles in apoptotic cell (AC) clearance in the spleens. We identified that in SLE patients, higher serologic levels of anti-scavenger antibodies at early stage were associated with the late development of end-stage-renal disease. In lupus prone BXD2 mice, elevated anti-MARCO/anti-SR-A antibodies in the sera correlated with the loss of MZMs in the spleens. To determine the molecular connection between anti-MARCO/anti-SR-A and MZM loss, immune complexes (ICs) generated from a mixture of AC-Ags and autoantibodies (autoAbs) produced from BXD2 mouse were administrated to B6 mice. Interestingly, disruption of MZMs was observed in mice administered ICs generated from AC-Ags plus polyreactive autoAbs that exhibit high reactivity to both MARCO and SR-A. Confocal imaging analysis showed that, in these mice, there were high levels of bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) phosphorylation (pBtk) in the MZMs. Increased pBtk was also observed in MZMs of BXD2. Delivery of Ibrutinib, a Btk inhibitor. systemically or Ibrutinib-liposome as MZM targeted, prevented MZM loss and attenuated autoantibodies and IC-mediated glomerulonephritis in BXD2 mice. As we also identified the loss of MARCO+ MZMs in SLE patient spleens, the present study suggests the potential in development of anti-Btk in MZMs as a novel therapy for lupus.
Abstract 269: Asymmetric laterality of breast tumors is correlated with place of birth, but not race

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA More breast cancers are diagnosed in the left breast than the right breast. The ratio of the number of tumors diagnosed in the left breast to the number diagnosed in the right in a population is called the laterality ratio. Previous studies showed that the breast cancer laterality ratio is significantly larger than 1 and significantly different in different quadrants of the breast. We analyzed 1.2 million cases of breast cancer diagnosed in the US between 1973 and 2010 and recorded by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data, November 2012 submission. We found that the laterality ratio depends upon the country of birth, but not race of the patient. We identified five countries of birth that had p-values larger than 0.995, while we expected to see less than 1. Those born in Japan (l/r=1.14, p=0.997), the Ryuukyu Islands (l/r= 2.6, p=0.998), Laos (l/r=1.62, p=0.9999) and Algeria (l/r=2.1 p=0.9959) had significantly larger laterality ratios compared to the overall SEER population (l/r=1.04). Those born in Poland (l/r=0.92, p=0.997) had a laterality ratio significantly less than expected. The SEER data classified patients into 30 different race categories. We expect about six of these categories to exceed the two tailed 90% confidence interval based upon chance. We found seven, three of which had p-values exceeding 0.95, but none of which exceeded 0.99. This finding suggests no correlation exists between race and laterality. Next we sought to establish whether the difference in birthplace laterality ratios arose from (1) different distributions of the quadrant in which the tumor occurs or (2) a shift in the laterality ratio of each quadrant where the tumor occurs. First, we compared the distribution of quadrants in which a breast tumor occurs in those born in Poland with those born in Japan. We found that the relative distributions of tumor quadrants were identical. Next, we compared the laterality ratio by quadrant for the two populations. We found the only significant difference was in the laterality ratio of the upper outer quadrant. Thus, the birthplace effect appears to only occur in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Finally, we found a small, but statistically significant, increase in the breast cancer laterality ratio with age, and decrease with birth year and year of diagnosis. Citation Format: Trevor Sughue, James P. Brody. Asymmetric laterality of breast tumors is correlated with place of birth, but not race. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 269. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-269
An Argument for Providing Drug Courts in all Alabama Counties Based on Judeo-Christian Ethics

A drug court is an alternative process in the criminal justice system for eligible nonviolent drug offenders that focuses on treatment and allows successful defendants to avoid prison time and a criminal record. This article first provides a snap-shot of the availability of drug courts both nationwide and in Alabama and presents two strong arguments supporting the drug court alternative. The first argument summarizes the substantial evidence indicating that the drug court alternative costs taxpayers substantially less money and enhances public safety. The second and even more compelling argument illustrates that the moral principles of Judeo-Christian ethics, which require laws to be compassionate towards the sick and support the reasonable opportunity of each person to reach their potential as well as condemn oppressive laws imposing excessive punishment, compel all Alabamians of faith to insist that political leaders adopt an appropriate plan that implements drug courts on all sixty-seven of the state's counties.
Amino acid compositions of the subunit chains of lamprey fibrinogen. Evolutionary significance of some structural anomalies.

Abstract Our original objective in studying lamprey fibrinogen was embodied in the notion that the proteins of this ancient vertebrate might themselves be more primitive. As such, it was possible that the subunits of lamprey fibrinogen might have been more similar, one to another, than is the case in higher vertebrates, or even identical. Amino acid analysis of the individual polypeptide chains indicates, however, that the α, β and γ-chains are instead more dissimilar from each other than are the corresponding chains from human fibrinogen. This finding was somewhat surprising because regions of homology have been detected recently among those three chains when isolated from human fibrinogen, suggesting that all three chains have indeed descended from a common ancestor. The paradox is especially evidenced by the unusual amino acid composition of the lamprey α-chain, 45% of which is composed of glycine, serine and threonine. This unusual amino acid distribution may be involved in the anomalous behavior of these chains on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis.
Shipping departments vs. shipping pacemakers: using thematic analysis to improve tagging accuracy

Thematic analysis is best manifested by contrasting collocations1 such as "shipping pacemakers" vs. "shipping departments". While in the first pair, the pacemakers are being shipped, in the second one, the departments are probably engaged in some shipping activity, but are not being shipped. Text pre-processors, intended to inject corpus-based intuition into the parsing process, must adequately distinguish between such cases. Although statistical tagging [Church et al., 1989; Meteer et al., 1991; Brill, 1992; Cutting et al., 1992] has attained impressive results overall, the analysis of multiple-contentword strings (i.e., collocations) has presented a weakness, and caused accuracy degradation. To provide acceptable coverage (i.e., 90% of collocations), a tagger must have accessible a large database (i.e., 250,000 pairs) of individually analyzed collocations. Consequently, training must be based on a corpus ranging well over 50 million words. Since such a large corpus does not exist in a tagged form, training must be from raw corpus. In this paper we present an algorithm for text tagging based on thematic analysis. The algorithm yields high-accuracy results. We provide empirical results: The program NLcp (NL corpus processing) acquired a 250,000 thematic-relation database through the 85- million word Wall-Street Journal Corpus. It was tested over the Tipster 66,000-word Joint-Venture corpus.
Analysis of expansions of a bus transit network considering the needs identified by the community: case study

Expansion analyses are performed on a bus transit network in the City of Laramie area in Wyoming. Expansion analysis is based on the needs identified by the bus transportation agency and the community. This paper examines the expansions, operations and sustainability of a bus transit in a small city having a population of 30,000 people. When funding is limited, it is very important to identify the best route that provides the services to the more people. Gravity model and ArcGIS software have been used to analyze the data. This paper examines the background of the transportation agency and existing services, finally develops a bus routing model for identifying future expansions. This research identified that one of the existing bus stops account for 1% of the ridership which can be closed. This research also found that adding a new loop considering same number of buses would increase the ridership significantly without increasing headway.
Rabies: Rare Human Infection – Common Questions

Rabies is an acute, rapidly progressive encephalitis that is almost always fatal. Prophylaxis is highly effective but economics limits disease control. The mechanism of death from rabies is unclear. It is poorly cytopathic and poorly inflammatory. Rabies behaves like an acquired metabolic disorder. There may be a continuum of disease severity. History of animal bite is rare. The diagnosis is often missed. Intermittent encephalopathy, dysphagia, hydrophobia and aerophobia, and focal paresthesias or myoclonic jerks suggest rabies. Laboratory diagnosis is cumbersome but sensitive. Treatment is controversial but survivors are increasingly reported, with good outcomes in 4 of 8 survivors.
A Call for Truth in the Fashion Pages: What the Global Trend in Advertising Regulation Means for U.S. Beauty and Fashion Advertisers

The advertising industry serves an important purpose in our society by acting as the main source of information for consumers about products. Global advertisement spending reaches into the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Because advertising plays such a large role in the economy, regulators across the globe have increasingly sought to promote truth in advertising. As a result, advertising regulation has exploded in the recent decades. Recently, the beauty and fashion industries have come under fire from advertising regulatory bodies, most notably in Europe, for misleading and offensive advertising practices. Regulators and interest groups are concerned by the unrealistic portrayals of models in these advertisements and the effects these portrayals have on consumers, young women in particular. While the call for heavier regulation of beauty and fashion advertising has picked up steam in countries across the world, the United States has been more reluctant to regulate. The protection of commercial speech under the First Amendment makes it more difficult to enact such regulations in the United States than in other countries that have more regulatory-friendly cultures. Despite the hesitation by U.S. regulators to police advertising practices in the beauty and fashion industries, U.S. advertisers must take note of the global advertising trend and alter their advertising practices to conform to the growing cultural concern about misleading advertising. Taking such steps is necessary for U.S. companies to maintain their foothold with consumers in foreign markets.
Information diffusion and social influence in online networks

The explosive growth of online social systems has changed how individuals consume and disseminate information. In this thesis, we conduct large-scale observational and experimental studies that allow us to determine the role that social networks play in information diffusion online, and the factors that mediate this influence. We first examine the adoption of user-created content in a virtual world, and find that social transmission appears to play a prominent role in the adoption of content. Ultimately, we are faced with a critical problem that underlies all contemporary empirical research on social influence: how do we measure whether individuals in a network influence one another, when the basis for their interaction rests upon commonalities that are predictive of their future behavior? We use two coupled experiments to address this question. In our first experiment, we randomize exposure to social signals about friends' information sharing behavior to determine the causal effect of networks on diffusion among 253 million subjects in situ. Our second experiment further tests how social information affects individual sharing decisions when viewing content. Finally, this thesis concludes with a study that examines how individuals allocate attention across their network of contacts, which has implications for influence and information diversity in networks.
COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, INTEGRINS AND PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PEPTIDE REGULATE PARIETAL ENDODERM DIFFERENTIATION IN MOUSE EMBRYOS

The outgrowth of parietal endoderm (PE) cells from precursor endodermal cells is one of the first differentiation events that occur in mouse embryos. We have analyzed the molecular determinants of this process by placing isolated inner cell masses (ICMs) on defined extracellular matrix substrata in microdrop cultures. Differentiation and outgrowth of PE required a fibronectin substratum. Laminin supported the adhesion and outgrowth of visceral endoderm (VE) and actively suppressed the differentiation of PE in mixtures of fibronectin and laminin. Collagen type IV, gelatin, vitronectin or entactin supported little or no endodermal outgrowth. Trophectoderm (TE) cells have been implied to be important in PE induction in vivo. We found that recombination of ICMs in culture with TE cells, or with medium conditioned by TE cells, greatly increased the differentiation of PE. TE cells stimulated PE outgrowth on substrata other than fibronectin. One cytokine secreted by trophoblast and endodermal cells, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), was critical for outgrowth on any substratum. A function-perturbing antibody to PTHrP reduced the number of PE cells, whereas the addition of PTHrP increased that number. Furthermore, addition of PTHrP changed the substratum requirements for outgrowth, making laminin, vitronectin and low concentrations of fibronectin permissive for PE outgrowth. Immunostaining with anti-integrin antibodies showed that fully differentiated PE cells outgrowing on fibronectin expressed alpha 5, alpha 6 and alpha v beta 3 integrins. However, analysis of outgrowths in the presence of function-perturbing antibodies to alpha 5, alpha 6 and alpha v beta 3 integrins showed that these integrins directed PE outgrowth only on fibronectin, laminin and vitronectin substrata, respectively. We have shown that there is a cooperative interplay of extracellular matrix, integrins and PTHrP that modulates PE outgrowth.
A Social Ecological Model of Syndemic Risk affecting Women with and At-Risk for HIV in Impoverished Urban Communities

Syndemic risk is an ecological construct, defined by co-occurring interdependent socio-environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal determinants. We posited syndemic risk to be a function of violence, substance use, perceived financial hardship, emotional distress and self-worth among women with and at-risk for HIV in an impoverished urban community. In order to better understand these interrelationships, we developed and validated a system dynamics (SD) model based upon peer-reviewed literature; secondary data analyses of a cohort dataset including women living with and at-risk of HIV in Bronx, NY (N = 620); and input from a Bronx-based community advisory board. Simulated model output revealed divergent levels and patterns of syndemic risk over time across different sample profiles. Outputs generated new insights about how to effectively explore multicomponent multi-level programs in order to strategically develop more effective services for this population. Specifically, the model indicated that effective multi-level interventions might bolster women’s resilience by increasing self-worth, which may result in decreased perceived financial hardship and risk of violence. Overall, our stakeholder-informed model depicts how self-worth may be a major driver of vulnerability and a meaningful addition to syndemic theory affecting this population.
Comparative evaluation of electrophilic aromatic iododemetallation techniques for labeling radiopharmaceuticals with iodine-122.

Abstract A series of metallated arenes bearing σ-bonded tin, mercury, germanium, boron, or silicon were evaluated as labeling substrates for the generator-produced positron emitter 122 I (t 1 2 = 3.6 min ) . Using dichloramine-T with 122I, radiochemical yields exceeding 90% were achieved after 1 min at 25°C using stannylated or mercurated arenes in ethanol, or germylated arenes in acidic solvent. Stannylated or mercurated arenes resulted in high labeling yields even with deactivated aromatics in ethanol, but regiospecifically-iodinated products were obtained only from stannylated precursors due to differences in the syntheses of these organometallics. The implications of these results to the labeling of radiopharmaceuticals with 122I are discussed.
Word search performance for diagnoses of equine surgical colics in free-text electronic patient records

Abstract The objectives of the current project were to: (1) identify limitations of search sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for free-text surgical diagnoses included in electronic patient records maintained at the University of California, Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), (2) develop procedural or programmable recommendations for removing these limitations, and (3) provide guidelines for effective search strategies for users performing aggregate searches using the VMTH clinical information system. Search sensitivity corresponds to detection sensitivity (the capacity of a search term to `identify' a relevant document) and search PPV indicates the proportion of retrieved documents that are relevant. All horses submitted to the VMTH for a gastrointestinal (GI) disorder requiring surgical intervention in 1995 were identified using procedure codes for billing purposes and stored in the electronic patient record. Patient records and surgical reports were reviewed for causes of GI disorders, and variation in naming of these disorders. Key word searches were performed for four GI disorders, and search performance was evaluated by estimating search sensitivity and PPV. Search sensitivity ranged from 33% to 98%, and PPV ranged from 2% to 74%. The procedural recommendation that would likely have the greatest influence on minimizing these search limitations would be more uniform naming of GI disorders. This would free searchers from having to anticipate all of the exact word combinations that could be used in the relevant documents, and also minimize retrieval of irrelevant documents.
Characterization of the effects of autoimmune nerve growth factor deprivation in the developing guinea-pig.

Abstract We have previously reported that female guinea-pigs immunized with mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) make antibodies which cross-react with guinea-pig NGF. Offspring born to the immunized female guinea-pig were born with marked decreases in numbers of sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. In this paper, we describe the degree and permanence of the destruction of these components in the nervous system of the offspring. Considerable variability is seen in the immunological response to NGF. Only those animals that generate a high titer antibody against mouse NGF which cross-reacts well with guinea-pig NGF produce offspring with deleterious effects on the developing nervous system. Female guinea-pigs with titers of approximately 4000 against guinea-pig NGF produce ‘severely’ affected offspring with gross sensory deficits which were easily observed as a complete lack of response to several painful stimuli. These ‘severely’ affected animals showed a virtual absence of unmyelinated axons in the sciatic nerve. These animals did not survive beyond a few days of age. Animals born to females with titers of 1000–2000 were ‘moderately’ affected; responses to painful stimuli were blunted but not absent. ‘Moderately’ affected animals survived and grew normally; maternal antibody in their circulation disappeared by six weeks of age. None of the moderately affected animals exhibited obvious deficits in proprioception and general coordination. Analysis of catecholamine levels showed that in severely and moderately affected animals norepinephrine levels were permanently reduced to almost non-detectable levels in heart and spleen. Less severe permanent effects were observed in small intestine and transient effects were seen in the sympathetic innervation of the male urogenital system. No adverse effects were seen upon light-microscopic examination of the adrenal medulla, nor was there any decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in this tissue; thus, we found no evidence for an adverse effect of anti-NGF on the developing adrenal medulla. We conclude that varying degrees of destruction of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems are produced by in utero exposure to maternal anti-NGF in the guinea-pig. The sources of the variability include differences in immunological responses among animals and varying degrees of susceptibility to NGF deprivation among neuronal types.
Women and the ASA: Degendering organizational structures and processes, 1964–1974

Contrary to the assumptions of most sociological and feminist writing, Joan Acker has argued that "organizational structure is not gender neutral" (1990 139). Does this assertion pertain to professional associations? If so, how and to what extent does it apply? And how do changes occur in professional associations' gendered structures and processes? Reviewing the history of the development of professions, Carr-Saunders ob served in his classic study that as soon as a profession emerges, members try to form a professional association to serve their common interests including estab lishing qualifications which distinguish between them and "unqualified per sons," maintaining a standard of professional conduct, and raising the status and remuneration of the profession (7-11, 495). Although there has been con siderable debate within the sociology of professions concerning the structural and attitudinal attributes of professions, there is general agreement that associ ations are a necessary part of professionalization (Goode; B?cher and Strauss; Wilensky; Gilb; Hall 1968, 1979; Moore; Friedson; Sarfatti-Larson). Further more, sociologists and historians have documented that once professional asso ciations are created, they tend to be characterized by continuous change (Bloom, Carr-Saunders, Gilb, Glazer, Levine, Meiksins). Scholars who have written generally about professional associations have not discussed their gendered structures and processes.2 In the 1980s, Judith Lorber and Cynthia Epstein published outstanding studies focused specifically on women in professions. In her study of women physicians, Lorber touches briefly on women's place in the American Medical Association. She notes,
Association of Human Herpesvirus-6 and Multiple Sclerosis: Here we Go Again?: Guest Editorial

For over 50 years, viruses have been implicated in the eitology of multiple sclerosis (MS) (Johnson, 1994). This is based on a number of epidemiological, genetic and virological studies. The epidem...
Prevalence of wood characters in eastern North America: what characters are most promising for interpreting climates from fossil wood?

The frequency of wood-anatomical characters in the eastern North America dicotyledonous tree flora shows spatial variance that can be related to climate (40% of the variation in 18 characters is explained by temperature and precipitation). Percent of taxa with rings varies with mean annual temperature, but the relationship is weak and the difficulties in making determinations as to presence or absence of rings make this character a problematic climatic indicator. Significant climate sensitivity is seen among characters pertaining to: (a) vessel size and density (in diffuse-porous woods); (2) vessel arrangement; (3) parenchyma types; and (4) rays. Overall, the anatomical variables can be used to represent 82% of the variance in total precipitation and 91% of the variance in mean annual temperature within the study area. These results demonstrate the possibility of deriving a multivariate representation of the response of wood to climate that will be useful in climate reconstruction and comprise a source of information similar to that obtainable from leaf morphology and permitting estimates of precipitation as well as temperature. 19 refs., 15 figs., 2 tabs.
The broadening of calcium II H and K lines by helium

Laboratory measurements of widths and shifts of the Ca II H and K lines have been made under conditions simulating those in the atmospheres of metallic-line white dwarfs, namely, densities of 10 to the 21st power helium atoms per cu cm and temperatures of 4500 to 6000 K. There are significant differences in the shifts and damping constants of the two fine-structure components. The impact theory is evidently applicable to the Ca II/He system under these conditions, and the observed damping constants are fortuitously close to the predictions of conventional Lindholm-Foley/van der Waals theory. The widths and shifts have also been analyzed in terms of Lennard-Jones potential theory.
Novelty, Age, and IQ: a Theoretical Look At Human Preference for Novelty

The differences in preferences for novelty among school-aged children who varied in chronological age and IQ were investigated. The results indicated that children in the high-IQ group spent significantly more time responding to novel items than did children in the low-IQ group. Also, children in the high-IQ group devoted a significantly higher percentage of time responding to novel items, relative to total item-inspection time, than did children in the low-IQ group. A significant CA X IQ interaction was found, which indicated that older children with higher IQs exhibited a significantly higher mean percentage of novelty preference than any of the other three groups (i.e., low CA-high IQ, high CA-low IQ, and low CA-low IQ). Correlations between novelty scores and IQ were consistent with those found in the infancy literature. The findings are congruent with the theory that preference for novelty is a continuing phenomenon from infancy through childhood and beyond. We infer that the interest shown by human ...
Globals of completely regular periodic semigroups

Cet article determine la determination globale des classes suivantes: la classe de tous les monoides periodiques completement reguliers ayant un element d'identite irreductible, la classe de toutes les sommes orthogonales de tels semi-groupes et la classe de toutes les sommes orthogonales des groupes
Personal Name Identification in the Practice of Digital Repositories.

Purpose – To propose improvements to the identification of authors' names in digital repositories.Design/methodology/approach – Analysis of current name authorities in digital resources, particularly in digital repositories, and analysis of some features of existing repository applications.Findings – This paper finds that the variations of authors' names have negatively affected the retrieval capability of digital repositories. Two possible solutions include using composite identifiers that combine author name, publication date, and author affiliation, and also asking authors to input the variants of their name, if any, at the time of depositing articles.Originality/value – This is the first time that the approach of authors self‐depositing their name variations is proposed. This approach will be able to reduce confusions in name identification.
A Puzzle about Ontology

Ontology is the philosophical discipline that tries to find out what there is: what entities make up reality, what is the stuff the world is made from? Thus, ontology is part of metaphysics, and in fact it seems to be about half of all of metaphysics. It tries to establish what (kinds of) things there are, the other half tries to find out what the (general) properties of these things are and what (general) relations they have to each other. Settling questions in ontology would bring with it major progress in metaphysics. And it would bring with it major progress in a variety of areas in philosophy outside of metaphysics as well. Many philosophical debates outside of metaphysics are quite directly influenced by how things turn out in ontology. Whether or not there are certain entities will give rise to quite different answers in various philosophical debates. I would like to very briefly describe three debates where ontological questions play a central role. These debates are either directly from metaphysics or from other areas of philosophy and they will be of central importance throughout this paper:
Attentional homogeneity in industries: the effect of discretion

Summary Industries differ in how homogeneous they are in terms of managerial cognitions. This study draws upon the concept of discretion, arguing that the more latitude managers have in an industry, the more varied their companies' attention patterns will be. Focusing on 14 industries assessed as differing widely in their discretion, we measured intraindustry attentional homogeneity using Computer Assisted Text Analysis of letters to shareholders in corporate annual reports. As expected, the greater the discretion in an industry, the less the attentional homogeneity. ? 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of a protective vest and spacer garment on exercise-heat strain

Protective vests worn by global security personnel, and weighted vests worn by athletes, may increase physiological strain due to added load, increased clothing insulation and vapor resistance. The impact of protective vest clothing properties on physiological strain, and the potential of a spacer garment to reduce physiological strain, was examined. Eleven men performed 3 trials of intermittent treadmill walking over 4 h in a hot, dry environment (35°C, 30% rh). Volunteers wore the US Army battledress uniform (trial B), B + protective vest (trial P), and B + P + spacer garment (trial S). Biophysical clothing properties were determined and found similar to many law enforcement, industry, and sports ensembles. Physiological measurements included core (T c), mean skin (T sk) and chest (T chest) temperatures, heart rate (HR), and sweating rate (SR). The independent impact of clothing was determined by equating metabolic rate in all trials. In trial P, HR was +7 b/min higher after 1 h of exercise and +19 b/min by the fourth hour compared to B (P < 0.05). T c (+0.30°C), T sk (+1.0°C) and Physiological Strain Index were all higher in P than B (P < 0.05). S did not abate these effects except to reduce T sk (P > S) via a lower T chest (−0.40°C) (P < 0.05). SR was higher (P < 0.05) in P and S versus B, but the magnitude of differences was small. A protective vest increases physiological strain independent of added load, while a spacer garment does not alter this outcome.
Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Infection

Chlamydia trachomatis sexually transmitted infections cause considerable morbidity and socioeconomic burden worldwide, despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology (29, 31, 57), pathogenesis (11, 83, 117), genomics (94), and epidemiology (91) of this parasite. Chlamydial urogenital tract infections are readily cured with antibiotics, but control measures based on antimicrobial chemotherapy alone are hampered by the frequency of asymptomatic infections and delayed diagnosis (9). Definitive control of C. trachomatis sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is possible through the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine (24). Progress toward the development of an effective vaccine has been disappointingly modest, as it has been for vaccines to other sexually transmitted pathogens that infect the genital tract mucosae. The strict tropism for mucosal epithelial cells, the complex biology and antigenic structure, and the predilection to cause persistent infection have presented formidable challenges to chlamydial vaccine development. A heightened understanding of protective immunity to C. trachomatis urogenital infection has emerged in the past decade from studies using a mouse model of chlamydial genital tract infection. The insights are of considerable interest because they offer promise for the development of an efficacious chlamydial vaccine. This review focuses on that progress and summarizes the current understanding of protective immune mechanisms that function against murine chlamydial urogenital infection. We also discuss specific requirements for a vaccine to protect against chlamydial STDs and the challenges presently confronting us in achieving that goal.