cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal control of fungal natural product synthesis

Despite their oftentimes-elusive ecological role, fungal natural products have, for better or worse, impacted our daily lives tremendously owing to their diverse and potent bioactive properties. This Janus-faced nature of fungal natural products inevitably ushered in a field of research dedicated towards understanding the ecology, organisms, genes, enzymes, and biosynthetic pathways that give rise to this arsenal of diverse and complex chemistry. Ongoing research in fungal secondary metabolism has not only increased our appreciation for fungal natural products as an asset but also sheds light on the pivotal role that these once-regarded "metabolic wastes" play in fungal biology, defense, and stress response in addition to their potential contributions towards human mycoses. Full orchestration of secondary metabolism requires not only the seamless coordination between temporal and spatial control of SM-associated machineries (e.g. enzymes, cofactors, intermediates, and end-products) but also integration of these machineries into primary metabolic processes and established cellular mechanisms. An intriguing, but little known aspect of microbial natural product synthesis lies in the spatial organization of both pathway intermediates and enzymes responsible for the production of these compounds. In this highlight, we summarize some major breakthroughs in understanding the genes and regulation of fungal natural product synthesis and introduce the current state of knowledge on the spatial and temporal control of fungal natural product synthesis.
New Routes for Aerobic Biodegradation of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an osmolyte in marine plants, is biodegraded by cleavage of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or by demethylation to 3-methiolpropionate (MMPA) and 3-mercaptopropionate (MPA). Sequential demethylation has been observed only with anoxic slurries of coastal sediments. Bacteria that grew aerobically on MMPA and DMSP were isolated from marine environments and phytoplankton cultures. Enrichments with DMSP selected for bacteria that generated DMS, whereas MMPA enrichments selected organisms that produced methanethiol (CH3SH) from either DMSP or MMPA. A bacterium isolated on MMPA grew on MMPA and DMSP, but rapid production of CH3SH from DMSP occurred only with DMSP-grown cells. Low levels of MPA accumulated during growth on MMPA, indicating demethylation as well as demethiolation of MMPA. The alternative routes for DMSP biodegradation via MMPA probably impact on net DMS fluxes to the marine atmosphere.
Impact of benzene metabolites on differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are responsible for maintaining survival and stimulating growth of early dormant hematopoietic progenitor cells (H...
Systematic error associated with apparatus 2 of the USP dissolution test I: Effects of physical alignment of the dissolution apparatus.

The physical alignment of the paddle and the vessel is critical in obtaining reproducible results from the USP dissolution test with Apparatus 2. Large variations in dissolution results were traced to minor variations in alignment of different apparatuses.
Applications of amperometric titrations to microanalysis

Abstract Examples are given of several different types of amperometric titrations, including the use of inorganic and organic reagents at the dropping mercury electrode and of cathodic and anodic titrations at the rotating platinum electrode. Oxidation-reduction reactions, precipitation reactions, and complex-formation reactions are illustrated. The general utility of the amperometric technique in microanalysis is emphasized by showing the sensitivity, accuracy, and speed which is obtainable. Several methods are presented which are of immediate interest to most chemical laboratories, including the end determination for halogens in organic compounds, sulfur in organic compounds, and many inorganic ions.
Electromigration of copper in lead

Abstract The electromigration of copper in lead was measured under isothermal conditions by a steady-state method. 64Cu was introduced into the lead solvent as a radioactive tracer solute. After electromigration, the steady-state, concentration-distance curve was determined by standard sectioning, weighing and counting techniques. Although the experiments extend from 215 to 303°C, the measurements for Z∗, the effective charge number for copper in lead, appear to show at low temperature a strong dependence on concentration and are also difficult to reproduce satisfactorily in this temperature range. Accordingly only the results in the range from 240°C and up have been included in calculating the electromigration parameters. These results give Z∗ in the range 1.1 ± 0.3 and indicate an electrostatic charge, Zel, of 1,8 ±0.9.
Exocrine pancreatic secretion in the Syrian golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus--III. Effects of carcinogen administration and development of pancreas cancer.

Abstract 1. 1. The short- and long-term effects of the administration of the pancreas carcinogen N -nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) on pancreatic exocrine secretion were examined in Syrian hamsters with and without stimulation by secretin and pancreozymin. 2. 2. Protein concentration, flow rate, pH and ion content, (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , HCO − 3 , Cl − , HPO 4 2− and SO 4 2− ) were measured. 3. 3. An immediate effect of BOP is the stimulation of flow rate in females and of protein secretion in both sexes. 4. 4. Multiple doses of BOP significantly altered the parameters mentioned in Section 2 only in the later stages of tumorigenesis. When these animals were stimulated with secretin or pancreozymin large decreases in flow rate and protein content of secretions were observed as early as 8 weeks after BOP treatment. 5. 5. Insulin-like immunoreactivity and growth hormone-like immunoreactivity were detected in collected pancreatic secretions.
Cost and Scale-Up Factors, International Inflation Indexes and Location Factors

Abstract This paper updates and expands upon a previous study (Int. J. Prod. Econom. 54 (1998) 41) on cost and location factors used in the US and internationally. The current study includes 43 US cost and location factors and 30 international cost and location factors for 12 countries. In addition, cost scale-up factors for a wide variety of equipment, plants and processes from air pollution abatement to waste-to-energy facilities are presented. This study reviews the use of these indexes and scale-up factors, and presents caveats for their use.
A high-Q magnetostatically-tunable all-silicon evanescent cavity resonator

We present, for the first time, an all-silicon magnetostatically-tunable evanescent-mode cavity resonator that is capable of analog tuning from 9.5 to 17 GHz (1∶1.8) while maintaining a high unloaded quality factor (Q) of 650–950 (70–80% of the simulated results). The resonator is fabricated using silicon micromachining and is tuned by moving a gold-covered single-crystal silicon diaphragm over the capacitive post using magnetostatic actuation. The overall volume of the complete device is 600-mm3 including the tuning mechanism. Both the experimental and modeling results show that high-Q all-silicon tunable resonators can be achieved by minimizing the cavity-wall roughness and ensuring a highly conductive gold-gold thermocompression bonding between the diaphragm and cavity.
Two dimensional photonic crystal active and passive devices

We describe the quantum dot photonic crystal microcavity light sources with electrical injection and PC guided wave devices for microfluidic and gas detection and sensing. The devices are realized with GaAs and InP based heterostructures.
On the calculation of the exponential bound parameter for phase quantized 8-PSK

The exponential bound parameter is numerically evaluated for 16-zone quantized 8-PSK for signal vectors bisecting decision regions and for signal vectors lying on decision boundaries. For decision regions of equal span, signal vectors lying on decision boundaries are superior, confirming the result of Parsons and Wilson (1990). Signal vectors bisecting decision regions are superior if span of decision regions not containing signal vectors is optimized. Using the partial derivative, it is shown that the optimal configuration depends on SNR. Furthermore, the optimal configuration is not necessarily one in which the decision boundaries are straight lines. >
The α Glycerophosphate Cycle in Drosophila melanogaster VI. Structure and Evolution of Enzyme Paralogs in the Genus Drosophila

The genome sequences of 12 Drosophila species contain 3 paralogs for alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and for the mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate oxidase (GPO). These 2 enzymes participate in the alpha glycerophosphate cycle in the adult thoracic flight muscles. The flight muscle enzymes are encoded by gpdh-1 at 26A2 and gpo-1 at 52C8. In this paper, we show that the GPDH paralogs share the same evolutionarily conserved functional domains and most intron positions, whereas the GPO paralogs share only some of the functional domains of mitochondrial oxidoreductases. The GPO paralogs not expressed in the flight muscles essentially lack introns. GPDH paralogs encoded by gpdh-2 and gpdh-3 and the GPO paralogs encoded by gpo-2 and gpo-3 are expressed only in the testes. Gene trees for the GPDH and GPO paralogs indicate that the genes expressed in the flight muscles are evolving very slowly presumably under strong purifying selection whereas the paralogs expressed in the testes are evolving more rapidly. The concordance between species and gene trees, d(N)/d(S) ratios, phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood-based tests, and analyses of radical and conservative substitutions all indicate that the additional GPDH and GPO paralogs are also evolving under purifying selection.
Multitasking Teams With Variable Complementarity: Challenges for Capability Management

Wasted effort—work that is performed but not used—reduces capability effectiveness. A simple model shows that the simultaneous presence of complementary and substitutable tasks creates a vulnerability to diverse causes of wasted effort. Managerial interventions, such as providing output-based incentives or improving coordination, may backfire or fail if applied to the wrong problem or if problems interact. The model indicates when particular standard types of interventions are or are not likely to reduce wasted effort.
Laboratory and Field Investigation of Surfactant Sorption Using Single‐Well, “Push‐Pull” Tests

Sorption to aquifer sediments can limit the effectiveness of surfactants injected to solubilize residual nonaqueous phase liquid contaminants in the subsurface. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the single-well, push-pull test to characterize sorption of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and hexadecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (DOWFAX) surfactants to natural aquifer sediment in situ. Batch sorption isotherms for both surfactants exhibited Langmuir-type sorption behavior with larger apparent sorption maxima for LAS than for DOWFAX. However, numerical transport simulations based on batch sorption isotherms were unable to predict the retardation and chromatographic separation of LAS homologs and conservative transport of DOWFAX observed during laboratory and field push-pull tests, indicating that the single-well, push-pull test method can more accurately describe in situ surfactant sorption and transport behavior than batch sorption isotherms.
High-resolution analysis of DNA regulatory elements by synthetic saturation mutagenesis

We present a method that harnesses massively parallel DNA synthesis and sequencing for the high-throughput functional analysis of regulatory sequences at single-nucleotide resolution. As a proof of concept, we quantitatively assayed the effects of all possible single-nucleotide mutations for three bacteriophage promoters and three mammalian core promoters in a single experiment per promoter. The method may also serve as a rapid screening tool for regulatory element engineering in synthetic biology.
Expression of c-kit (CD117) in benign and malignant human endometrial epithelium.

Abstract Background.—The proto-oncogene c-kit encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor (CD117) with a molecular weight of 145 kd. Previous studies, predominantly utilizing immunohistochemistry, have led to contradictory findings regarding the expression of CD117 in the endometrium. To help resolve this issue, we analyzed a series of benign and malignant endometrial tissues using both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Objective.—To examine the expression of CD117 in benign and malignant human endometrial tissues. Methods.—The expression of CD117 in 35 benign endometrial tissues (7 hyperplastic, 14 proliferative, 14 secretory) and 10 endometrioid carcinomas was investigated by immunohistochemistry (clone K45 monoclonal antibody). Immunoprecipitation (clone K69 monoclonal antibody) followed by Western blotting (clone K45 monoclonal antibody and clone 1.D9.3D6 monoclonal antibody) was performed to confirm CD117 expression. Results.—Fifty-seven percent of the hyperplasias, 93% of proliferative endometr...
Symbiodinium sp. associations in the gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae in the Bahamas: high levels of genetic variability and population structure in symbiotic dinoflagellates

Little is known concerning the fine-scale diversity, population structure, and biogeography for Symbiodinium spp. populations inhabiting particular invertebrate species, including the gorgonian corals, which are prevalent members of reef communities in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and the western Atlantic. This study examined the Symbiodinium sp. clade B symbionts hosted by the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Bayer). A total of 575 colonies of P. elisabethae were sampled in 1995 and 1998–2000 from 12 populations lying along an ~450 km transect in the Bahamas and their Symbiodinium sp. clade B symbionts genotyped at two polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci. Twenty-three unique, two-locus genotypes were identified in association with these P. elisabethae colonies. Most colonies hosted only a single Symbiodinium sp. clade B genotype; however, in some instances (n=25), two genotypes were harbored simultaneously. For 10 of the 12 populations, 66–100% of the P. elisabethae colonies hosted the same symbiont genotype. Added to this, in 9 of the 12 populations, a Symbiodinium sp. clade B genotype was either unique to a population or found infrequently in other populations. This distribution of Symbiodinium sp. clade B genotypes resulted in statistically significant (P<0.05 or <0.001) differentiation in 62 of 66 pairwise comparisons of P. elisabethae populations. Tests of linkage disequilibrium suggested that a combination of clonal propagation of the haploid phase and recombination is responsible for maintaining these distinct Symbiodinium sp. clade B populations.
Hydrologic Response of Grasslands: Effects of Grazing, Interactive Infiltration, and Scale

Data collected at two measurement scales from a semiarid grassland are presented and analyzed to explore the hydrologic effects of grazing, interactions between overland flow and infiltration, and scale issues. Rainfall-runoff simulations were used to quantify the areal ~3 by 10 m plot scale! response, and small-diameter ~ 9c m! disk infiltrometers were used to estimate point-scale hydraulic conductivity of bare and vegetated soil. Plot-scale data show that grazing increases runoff overall, a common result, but infiltrometer measurements indicate that only the point-scale hydraulic conductivity of vegetated soil is changed by grazing. In light of this and the well-known relationship between microtopography and vegetation in semiarid grasslands, we hypothesize that small-scale surface inter- actions ~in particular, the so-called run-on phenomenon! are a significant component of the observed effects of grazing, as well as a factor in the hydrologic response of grasslands. Results obtained from high-resolution numerical simulations support this hypothesis. This phenomenon is not captured by classical infiltration theory or by the usual methods of statistical parameterization. In general, interactions are more likely to be important as spatial variability increases, and the relative importance of these interactions will be a function of the spatial structure of the variability and the hydrodynamics of overland flow, as controlled by microtopography.
The Role of Gender and Work Experience on Career and Work Force Diversity Expectations

Graduating business students at a large public university participated in a study designed to gain insight into the effects of gender and work experience on salary expectations, career characteristics, job search methods and intensity, internship participation, expected hours required and willingness to work, and sensitivity to gender issues. The study reveals that students with more work experience while in college place greater importance on higher compensation than students with less experience. The study finds that female students place greater importance on work life balance and cultural fit within the organization and are more aware of, and sensitive to, gender issues.
Role Stress and Job Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Emotional Intelligence

Despite significant attention and broad claims of its importance, research has consistently provided disappointing empirical support for the incremental direct effects of emotional intelligence on ...
A Theoretical Approach to Actin Filament Dynamics

Dynamic control of the actin network in eukaryotic cells plays an essential role in their movement, but to date our understanding of how the network properties are controlled in space and time is still rudimentary. For example, how the cell maintains the pools of monomeric actin needed for a rapid response to signals, how the filament length distribution is controlled, and how the actin network properties are modulated by various bundling and severing proteins to produce the mechanical response is not known. Here we address the simplest aspect of this, which is to understand the temporal evolution of the length distribution in vitro in order to understand what the relevant time scales are for establishment of a time-invariant distribution. Surprisingly, we find that there are very long-lived intermediate length distributions that are not exponential. The results shed light on the time scale needed to observe genuine steady-state distributions, and emphasize the necessity of control molecules for modulating the time scale.
Tunneling-based SRAM

This paper describes a new high-density low-power circuit approach for implementing static random access memory (SRAM) using low current density resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). After an overview of semiconductor random access memory architecture and technology, the concept of tunneling-based SRAM (TSRAM) is introduced. Experimental results for a compound semiconductor 1-bit 50-nW TSRAM gain cell using low current density (/spl sim/1 A/cm/sup 2/) RTDs and low-leakage heterostructure field effect transistors are presented. We describe a one-transistor TSRAM cell which could convert silicon dynamic RAM (DRAM) to ultradense SRAM if an ultralow current density (/spl sim/1 /spl mu/A/cm/sup 2/) silicon bistable device is developed. Finally, we present experimental and simulation results for a TSRAM cell using multipeaked I-V curve devices and a multivalued word line. This approach aims at increasing storage density through vertical integration of bistable devices such as RTD's.
Prospective Study of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer After Surgery

Importance Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in surgery patients, but little data exist on the incidence of VTE in head and neck cancer surgical patients. Objective To determine the incidence of VTE in postoperative patients with head and neck cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients hospitalized at a tertiary care academic surgical center who underwent surgery to treat head and neck cancer. Routine chemoprophylaxis was not used. On postoperative day (POD) 2 or 3, participants received clinical examination and duplex ultrasonographic evaluation (US). Participants with negative findings on clinical examination and US were followed up clinically; participants with evidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) were given therapeutic anticoagulation. Participants with superficial VTE underwent repeated US on POD 4, 5, or 6. Participants were monitored for 30 days after surgery. Main Outcome and Measure Total number of new cases of VTE (superficial and deep) identified within 30 days of surgery and confirmed on diagnostic imaging. Results Of the 111 participants enrolled, 11 withdrew before completing the study; thus, 100 participants were included. The overall incidence of VTE was 13%. Eight participants were identified with clinically significant VTE: 7 DVT and 1 PE. An additional 5 participants had asymptomatic lower extremity superficial VTE detected on US alone. Fourteen percent of patients received some form of postoperative anticoagulation therapy; the rate of bleeding complications in these patients (30.1%) was higher than that in patients without anticoagulation therapy (5.6%) ( P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance Hospitalized patients with head and neck cancer not routinely receiving anticoagulation therapy after surgery have an increased risk of VTE. Bleeding complications are elevated in patients receiving postoperative anticoagulation.
Mesoscale Structures of Two Comma Cloud Systems over the Pacific Ocean

Abstract Satellite and synoptic data are used to establish the environments in which two comma cloud systems occurred over the Pacific Ocean; serial rawinsonde, aircraft, and single- and dual-Doppler radar data provide information on the mesoscale and microscale structures of the systems. The disturbances formed within polar air masses in regions of moderately strong cyclonic vorticity. A surface low-pressure center was associated with the comma cloud, and a surface-pressure trough was situated under the tail of the comma cloud. In both cases, there was a wind maximum near 850 mb, located on the southeast flank of the comma cloud, just ahead of the short-wave trough. Well-defined rainbands were present in both comma cloud systems. The average width of the rainbands was ∼20 km and their average separation ∼30 km. The rainbands were aligned along the direction of the mean wind and perpendicular to the thermal wind over the depth of the rainbands. Precipitation cores, produced by embedded convection, within ...
Methotrexate potentiates bradykinin-induced increase in macromolecular efflux from the hamster oral mucosa

The purpose of this study was to determine whether methotrexate modulates bradykinin-induced increase in macromolecular efflux from the in situ oral mucosa and whether this response is mediated by ...
G457(P) Would some emergency admissions from children’s accident and emergency be suitable for care in the community?

There has been a sharp increase in short-term paediatric admissions over the past decade. Not only is this costly, but could also be detrimental to the children’s health; increasing the risk of hospital acquired infections and impacting on their psychological welfare. The Royal College of Nursing states that ‘every child and young person has the right to expect care to be provided at home unless they need to be admitted to a hospital environment’ (2009). The aim of this paper was to determine whether any patients either admitted from Children’s AE medication administration, recording observations, reassuring and advising patients, performing investigations, changing dressings and relaying test results. This audit identified an unmet need and showed that the introduction of a CCN service could reduce the number of acute hospital admissions as well as decrease the number of children returning to an A&E review clinic.
Screening ECGs for young competitive athletes: it is complicated.

Purpose of review The role of the ECG in preparticipation sports screening for adolescent athletes is a major area of controversy today. Sudden cardiac death, especially in a young seemingly healthy individual, is a tragic and highly publicized event, which is often surrounded by cries from the public and medical community to 'do something.' Recent findings This emotional need to address these catastrophic events has led to over 4000 articles addressing the optimal way to screen the young athlete, as well as conflicting recommendations from the American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology, specifically in regards to inclusion of a screening ECG. This article will review the advances in the field over the last year, including the new guidelines on screening of the young athlete from the American Heart Association. Summary This last year has seen several important additions to the controversy surrounding the use of the 12-lead ECG in the screening of the young athlete. Although improved ECG criteria have decreased the prevalence of false positives, the actual utility of this practice has not been tested in real clinical practice outside of a formal investigation.
Targeted Mutagenesis of Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing

ABSTRACT The cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are among the most genetically complex mammalian viruses, with viral genomes that often exceed 230 kbp. Manipulation of cytomegalovirus genomes is largely performed using infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which necessitates the maintenance of the viral genome in Escherichia coli and successful reconstitution of virus from permissive cells after transfection of the BAC. Here we describe an alternative strategy for the mutagenesis of guinea pig cytomegalovirus that utilizes clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing to introduce targeted mutations to the viral genome. Transient transfection and drug selection were used to restrict lytic replication of guinea pig cytomegalovirus to cells that express Cas9 and virus-specific guide RNA. The result was highly efficient editing of the viral genome that introduced targeted insertion or deletion mutations to nonessential viral genes. Cotransfection of multiple virus-specific guide RNAs or a homology repair template was used for targeted, markerless deletions of viral sequence or to introduce exogenous sequence by homology-driven repair. As CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis occurs directly in infected cells, this methodology avoids selective pressures that may occur during propagation of the viral genome in bacteria and may facilitate genetic manipulation of low-passage or clinical CMV isolates. IMPORTANCE The cytomegalovirus genome is complex, and viral adaptations to cell culture have complicated the study of infection in vivo . Recombineering of viral bacterial artificial chromosomes enabled the study of recombinant cytomegaloviruses. Here we report the development of an alternative approach using CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis in guinea pig cytomegalovirus, a small-animal model of congenital cytomegalovirus disease. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis can introduce the same types of mutations to the viral genome as bacterial artificial chromosome recombineering but does so directly in virus-infected cells. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis is not dependent on a bacterial intermediate, and defined viral mutants can be recovered after a limited number of viral genome replications, minimizing the risk of spontaneous mutation.
Abnormal electrical activity induced by H2O2 in isolated canine myocytes.

Free oxygen radicals may participate in a variety of pathological cardiac conditions which are associated with an increased incidence of arrhythmias. For example, adriamycin, an anti-cancer agent that undergoes redox-cycling and produces radicals, causes arrhythmias that restrict its therapeutic usefulness.1 The arrhythmias that accompany reperfusion of ischemic hearts are reduced by the presence of allopurinol2 or free radical scavengers3,4 and enhanced by Fe-ADP4. Such reports imply that radicals have a direct effect on the electrical activity of myocardial cells. Yet this indirect evidence is weak because it relies on the production of radicals during pathological conditions which simultaneously produce hypoxia, acidosis, hyperkalemia or other biochemical changes. Previously, we have described a distinct sequence of electrophysiological changes that occur in the presence of free-radical-generating systems consisting of 3 mM dyhydroxyfumaric acid or xanthine:xanthine oxidase.5,6 The changes induced by exogenous generating systems follow a reproducible pattern. They are not readily reversed by removal of the generating system but can be partially prevented by the addition of the free radical scavengers superoxide dismutase and catalase.6 The generating systems used previously should produce a spectrum of free radicals in our superfusion solutions, but they also require the addition of one or more compounds to the superfusate.
Genetik der epileptischen Enzephalopathien

Epileptische Enzephalopathien sind durch einen Anfallsbeginn in den ersten Lebensjahren, einen therapierefraktaren Verlauf sowie das Auftreten von psychomotorischen Entwicklungsstorungen gekennzeichnet. Zum Teil handelt es sich um wohl definierte elektroklinische Syndrome wie bspw. das West-Syndrom, das Dravet-Syndrom oder das Lennox-Gastaut-Syndrom, welche durch charakteristische EEG-Merkmale, Anfallstypen und Erkrankungsbeginn gekennzeichnet sind. Im klinischen Alltag ist jedoch eine eindeutige Zuordnung zu diesen spezifischen Syndromen in vielen Fallen nicht moglich. Diese „nicht-klassischen“ epileptischen Enzephalopathien zeigen haufig Uberschneidungen zu den klassischen Syndromen jedoch auch distinkte Charakteristika. Neben strukturellen und metabolischen Ursachen konnten in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche neue Genveranderungen in Zusammenhang mit epileptischen Enzephalopathien nachgewiesen werden. Hierbei wird zunehmend die genetische Heterogenitat dieser Erkrankungsgruppe deutlich. So verursachen verschiedene Gene gleichartige Krankheitsbilder und im Gegenzug konnen Veranderungen im gleichen Gen sehr unterschiedliche Phanotypen bedingen. Um dieser Tatsache auch im klinischen Alltag gerecht zu werden, bieten das next-generation sequencing und hierbei insbesondere die Gen-Panel-Diagnostik eine effektive und schnelle diagnostische Methode. Die Bedeutung der Sicherung der genetischen Diagnose liegt nicht nur in der Ersparnis weiterer, moglicherweise belastender Diagnostik, sie dient auch der genetischen und prognostischen Beratung und eroffnet zudem zunehmend spezifische Therapieoptionen. In dieser Ubersichtsarbeit werden neue genetische Erkenntnisse der letzten Jahre auf dem Gebiet der epileptischen Enzephalopathien dargestellt – sowohl in Hinblick auf die klassischen Syndrome als auch die „nicht-klassischen“ Enzephalopathie-Formen.
James Walter Fleshman Jr., MD: a conversation with the editor.

James Fleshman (Figure 1) came to Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas (BUMC) as chief of surgery and as the Helen Buchanan and Stanley Joseph Seeger Endowed Professor and Chairman in 2012. He was born on August 2, 1954, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and grew up in various southern US cities, in St. Louis, Missouri, and in Northern Ireland, which he loved and allowed him to do a good bit of traveling in continental Europe. He received his bachelor's degree from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, summa cum laude, and received his medical degree 4 years later from Washington University School of Medicine. His training in general surgery was at the Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, a part of Washington University School of Medicine. He did a fellowship in colon and rectal surgery at the University of Toronto in Canada. After returning to St. Louis in 1987 as a member of the Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery of Washington University School of Medicine, he rapidly rose through the ranks to become full professor of surgery in 2000. When he came to BUMC in 2012, he was also made professor of surgery at Texas A&M Health Science Center.
Intubation Attempts Increase the Risk for Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants—A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective To evaluate whether neonates exposed to multiple intubation attempts within the first 4 days after birth have an increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Study design This is a retrospective cohort study of infants intubated during the first 4 days after birth. Infants had birth weights (BWs) less than 1500 g and were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the University of California, San Diego, between January 1, 2005, and July 30, 2009. A subgroup analysis was done for infants with BW less than 750 g. Results A total of 308 infants with BW P = .008). For infants with BW P = .016). Conclusion Increased intubation attempts were associated with increased incidence of severe IVH in infants with BW less than 750 g and in infants less than 1500 g who were intubated only in the delivery room. Prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the relationship between intubation attempts and severe IVH.
Technical Aspects of Glycoprotein Enrichment

Publisher Summary In biological materials such as cellular extracts and physiological fluids, glycoproteins are often encountered in minute quantities, placing high demands on both the measurement sensitivity and proper isolation procedures. A combination of orthogonal separation techniques and the use of affinity principles are the most commonly practiced isolation/enrichment strategies. Glycoproteins of interest may be encountered as either soluble or membrane-bound molecules. The isolation strategies will vary, depending upon whether such glycoproteins occur in cytosolic space, nucleus, extracellular space, cellular, or subcellular membranes. Also, any isolation protocol has to be adjusted to take into account the physicochemical properties of a given glycoprotein or a glycoprotein class. The methods used in any glycoprotein isolation and enrichment protocols are very dependent on whether or not a biological activity must be retained for further studies. Generally, glycoproteins can be purified by most conventional protein separation methodologies, including gel electrophoresis and various chromatographic forms such as ion-exchange, size exclusion, reversed phase using C 18 , C 8 , or C 4 columns, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity. A most useful, specific isolation principle is currently the use of lectins that are immobilized on chromatographic resins.
People with aphasia using AAC: are executive functions important?

ABSTRACTBackground: Many people with aphasia (PWA) who are introduced to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) struggle to become effective and independent users of AAC. Aims: In this article, we discuss how impairments of executive functioning (EF) might be expected to interact with ability to use AAC effectively. We also review the research literature that has investigated the relationship between EF and response to AAC treatment in aphasia. Assessment tools that may be useful in predicting successful use of AAC by PWA are also discussed.Main Contribution: Results from the few available studies are mixed with respect to the importance of EF to successful AAC use. At present, there is a paucity of research directly investigating which aspects of EF might be the best predictors for response to treatment to learn AAC, although some researchers have reported that EF tasks designed to measure cognitive flexibility (shifting) appear to have some predictive utility.Conclusions: Using terminology fro...
How does the evolution of the mammalian autonomic nervous system help to explain religious prosociality

Human cooperation relies extensively on evolved neurobiological mechanisms of positive affect and social engagement. Nevertheless, current models of religious prosociality – aimed at explaining the...
Double diffusive natural convection in a vertical rectangular enclosure—II. Numerical study

Abstract A numerical study is performed on double diffusive natural convection fluid flow in a vertical rectangular cavity of aspect ratio 4 when the temperature and concentration gradients are imposed in the horizontal direction. A finite difference algorithm is adopted to solve the non-linear momentum equations coupled with the energy and concentration equations. Double diffusive multicell flow structures observed in experiments by the authors are simulated successfully. Different flow structure regimes are obtained as a function of the Grashof number ratio for aiding and opposing buoyancy conditions.
Bioethics and the Human Goods: An Introduction to Natural Law Bioethics, by Alfonso Gómez-Lobo, with John Keown

John Keown has done a tremendous service to the bioethics community by bringing to light the late Alfonso Gomez-Lobo’s succinct, but sure to be impactful, volume. The authorship remains primarily G...
Preparing School Leaders: Standards-Based Curriculum in the United States.

For the last few decades, leadership standards have served as a de facto “recommended curriculum” for preparation programs in the United States. In this article, we: (1) share the new National Educ...
Transforming geographic scale: a comparison of combined population and areal weighting to other interpolation methods

Transforming spatial data from one scale to another is a challenge in geographic analysis. As part of a larger, primary study to determine a possible association between travel barriers to pediatric cancer facilities and adolescent cancer mortality across the United States, we examined methods to estimate mortality within zones at varying distances from these facilities: (1) geographic centroid assignment, (2) population-weighted centroid assignment, (3) simple areal weighting, (4) combined population and areal weighting, and (5) geostatistical areal interpolation. For the primary study, we used county mortality counts from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and population data by census tract for the United States to estimate zone mortality. In this paper, to evaluate the five mortality estimation methods, we employed address-level mortality data from the state of Georgia in conjunction with census data. Our objective here is to identify the simplest method that returns accurate mortality estimates. The distribution of Georgia county adolescent cancer mortality counts mirrors the Poisson distribution of the NCHS counts for the U.S. Likewise, zone value patterns, along with the error measures of hierarchy and fit, are similar for the state and the nation. Therefore, Georgia data are suitable for methods testing. The mean absolute value arithmetic differences between the observed counts for Georgia and the five methods were 5.50, 5.00, 4.17, 2.74, and 3.43, respectively. Comparing the methods through paired t-tests of absolute value arithmetic differences showed no statistical difference among the methods. However, we found a strong positive correlation (r = 0.63) between estimated Georgia mortality rates and combined weighting rates at zone level. Most importantly, Bland–Altman plots indicated acceptable agreement between paired arithmetic differences of Georgia rates and combined population and areal weighting rates. This research contributes to the literature on areal interpolation, demonstrating that combined population and areal weighting, compared to other tested methods, returns the most accurate estimates of mortality in transforming small counts by county to aggregated counts for large, non-standard study zones. This conceptually simple cartographic method should be of interest to public health practitioners and researchers limited to analysis of data for relatively large enumeration units.
A ±10ppm −40 to 125°C BAW-based frequency reference system for crystal-less wireless sensor nodes

A frequency reference system is implemented with a BAW-based 2.52GHz oscillator, divider, temperature sensor, digital PLL, and final test at three temperatures to create a 48MHz reference frequency with +/−10ppm stability from −40 to 125°C. This reference clock periodically recalibrates a fully integrated 32kHz RC oscillator to less than +/−500ppm frequency variation so that it can be used as the wireless node sleep timer. The reference system enables a Bluetooth Low Energy compliant radio in 65nm CMOS to be realized without any crystals.
Improving I/O bandwidth with Cray DVS Client-side Caching

Summary Cray's Data Virtualization Service, DVS, is an I/O forwarder providing access to native parallel filesystems and to Cray DataWarp application I/O accelerator at the largest system scales while still maximizing data throughput. This paper introduces DVS Client-side Caching, a new option for DVS to improve I/O bandwidth, reduce network latency costs, and decrease the load on both DVS servers and backing parallel filesystems. Client-side caching allows application writes to target local in-memory cache on compute nodes. This provides low latency and high throughput for write operations. It also allows aggregation of data to be written back to the filesystem so fewer network and parallel filesystem operations are required. Caching also enables applications to reuse data previously read or written without further network overhead. This paper will discuss motivations for this work, detailed design and architecture, acceptable use cases, benchmark testing results, and possibilities for future improvement.
Vowel Shortening and Surface Ternary Feet : Ternary Rhythm Through Strictly Binary Footing

The focus of this paper is on two types of shortening observed in recent Japanese loanwords and on the trochaic shortening in Fijian. I will argue that the Japanese shortenings take place when a metrically unstable binary foot (extrametrical foot) becomes a stray mora so as to be accommodated into one of the two proposed surface ternary foot structures whereas Fijian Trochaic Shortening occurs when a metrically unstable mora (extrametrical mora) is obligatorily accommodated into the other proposed surface ternary foot structure. I will conclude that the distinct shortening phenomena observed in the two languages can be accounted for simply on the ground of parametrical differences.
The Impact of Molecular Biological Research on Current Views of Olfactory Coding

The past decade has seen groundbreaking work in the molecular biology of olfaction. Results from studies investigating the components of olfactory transduction constitute major advances in olfactory research, elucidating peripheral encoding mechanisms, but also having an impact on our understanding of central olfactory processing. This chapter summarizes some of the findings of molecular biological work in both the main and accessory olfactory systems, raising the issue of how our understanding of olfactory coding has been influenced by the discovery of, and subsequent work with, the putative olfactory receptor genes and downstream molecular events. Projection patterns of different subclasses of receptor neurons characterized by molecular techniques hint at possible processing strategies in both systems. In the main olfactory system, there is now physiological evidence to support the idea of a functional chemotopic map across the glomerular layer of olfactory bulb, as suggested by gene expression patterns. Further functional experiments may verify additional hypotheses on olfactory coding generated by results of studies on the molecular biology of the peripheral olfactory systems.
A Novel Soap-Film Tunnel for Studying Two-Dimensional Flows

The concept and operation of a novel device to study two-dimensional flows is presented. A suspended liquid film (soap film) is set to motion in a long frame by using the shearing action of an impinging planar water jet By reshaping the frame’s structure, various shear flows for qualitative (flow visualization) or quantitative (laser Doppler velocimetry) studies can be produced. Several examples of shear flows are presented. It is shown that this device can be a valuable tool in establishing a quantitative experimental basis for two-dimensional flows including wakes, jets and grid-generated flows.
Introduction to Tic Disorders, Trichotillomania, and Other Repetitive Behavior Disorders: Behavioral Approaches to Analysis and Treatment

This book represents the most comprehensive collection of information available on the behavioral approach to the assessment and treatment of tic disorders, trichotillomania, and other repetitive behavior disorders. As you read the book, you will notice we addressed a variety of audiences including researchers, practicing clinicians, and persons or parents of persons with the disorders. For example, the treatment manuals should be valuable as a guide for clinicians, but may also be of interest to researchers engaged in treatment outcome studies or individuals with the disorders who may wish to become better-educated consumers.
The limits of evil and the role of moral address: A defense of Strawsonian compatibilism

P.F. Strawson defends compatibilism by appeal to our natural commitment to the interpersonal community and the reactive attitudes. While Strawson's compatibilist project has much to recommend it, his account of moral agency appears incomplete. Gary Watson has attempted to fortify Strawson's theory by appeal to the notion of moral address. Watson then proceeds to argue, however, that Strawson's theory of moral responsibility (so fortified) would commit Strawson to treating extreme evil as its own excuse. Watson also argues that the reactive attitudes do not lend unequivocal support to Strawsonian compatibilism and that the reactive attitudes are sometimes sensitive to considerations which suggest an incompatibilist or skeptical diagnosis. Watson attempts to provide a Strawsonian defense against these difficulties, but he ultimately concludes that the skeptical threats raised against Strawsonian compatibilism cannot be sufficiently silenced. I believe that Watson has done Strawsonian compatibilism a great service by drawing upon the notion of moral address. In this paper I attempt to defend the Strawsonian compatibilist position, as Watson has cast it, against the problems raised by Watson. I argue against Watson that Strawson's theory of responsibility, as well as the notion of moral address, does not commit the Strawsonian to treating extreme evil as its own excuse. I also argue that Watson misinterprets the point of certain reactive attitudes and thereby wrongly assumes that these attitudes are evidence against Strawsonian compatibilism.
The Effects of Gender and Setting on Accountants' Ethically Sensitive Decisions

This paper investigates whether gender affects ethically sensitive decisions of a personal or business nature. Data from 51 practicing accountants from both public accounting and private industry suggest that while differences exist between female and male accountants in responses to specific situations, overall responses are quite similar. Statistically significant differences were found for only five of the sixteen ethically sensitive situations. Further, when personal and business situations of a similar nature were paired together, two of the eight differences between personal and business responses were significantly different between females and males. Taken as a whole, the results refute the suggestion that the ethical decision making of organizations may be enhanced as more women enter the business field.
The New Development of China-Middle East Relations since the Arab Upheaval

Abstract:Since the upheaval, the Middle East region has been suffering from persisting conflicts and rising tension. China is facing a changing situation in the Middle East, along with increasingly...