cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse the curse - the role of deubiquitination in cell cycle control

Reversible protein ubiquitination is a crucial mechanism regulating the progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. Ubiquitin-dependent signaling is terminated by specific deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which now are known to be integral components of the core cell cycle machinery and cell cycle checkpoints. The importance of DUBs for cell cycle control is underscored by their frequent misregulation in cancer. Here, we discuss the role of deubiquitinating enzymes in controlling proliferation.
Droplet Size Effects on NOx Formation in a One-Dimensional Monodisperse Spray Combustion System

A one-dimensional monodisperse aerosol spray combustion facility is described and experimental results of post flame NO/NO(x) emissions are presented. Four different hydrocarbon fuels were studied: isopropanol, methanol, n-heptane, and n-octane. The results indicate an optimum droplet size in the range of 48-58 microns for minimizing NO/NO(x) production for all of the test fuels. This NO(x) behavior is associated with droplet interactions and the transition from diffusive type of spray burning to that of a prevaporized and premixed case. Decreasing the droplet size results in a trend of increasing droplet interactions, which suppresses temperatures and reduces NO(x). This trend continues until prevaporization effects begin to dominate and the system tends towards the premixed limit. The occurrence of the minimum NO(x) point at different droplet diameters for the different fuels appears to be governed by the extent of prevaporization of the fuel in the spray, and is consistent with theoretical calculations based on each fuel's physical properties.
Force on a conducting current loop

Abstract There has been some discussion about whether the force on a current loop in a time-variant electromagnetic field is different from the force on a magnetic-charge dipole. Several workers have concluded that the force is the same. In this paper, this conclusion is reinforced by a calculation of force in a class of conducting current-loop models. We show that the force is the same as that calculated by simpler means for a magnetic-charge dipole of the same magnetic moment.
Analysis of laser source nonlinearity due to longitudinal mode-hopping

The nonlinearity of a frequency-ramped single-mode laser source to be used in optical heterodyne interferometry has been investigated. The analysis is based on mode-hopping due to variation in injection current, temperature and mismatch reflections.
Protecting users from "themselves"

Computer usage and threat models have changed drastically since the advent of access control systems in the 1960s. Instead of multiple users sharing a single file system, each user has many devices with their own storage. Thus, a user's fear has shifted away from other users' impact on the same system to the threat of malice in the software they intentionally or even inadvertently run. As a result, we propose a new vision for access control: one where individual users are isolated by default and where the access of individual user applications is carefully managed. A key question is how much user administration effort would be required if a system implementing this vision were constructed. In this paper, we outline our work on just such a system, called PinUP, which manages file access on a per application basis for each user. We use historical data from our lab's users to explore how much user and system administration effort is required. Since administration is required for user sharing in PinUP, we find that sharing via mail and file repositories requires a modest amount of administrative effort, a system policy change every couple of days and a small number of user administrative operations a day. We are encouraged that practical administration on such a scale is possible given an appropriate and secure user approach.
A comparative outcome study of behavioral social-skills training, interpersonal-problem-solving and non-directive control treatments with child psychiatric outpatients.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare the short- and long-term efficacy of behavioral social-skills training and interpersonal-problem-solving with a control condition (non-directive treatment) with a clinical population of 61 socially-maladjusted outpatient boys. Treatment consisted of 12 weekly 1-hr sessions, with follow-up conducted at 12 months. A comprehensive assessment strategy was employed which included direct behavioral observations, parent, teacher, peer, self-report and academic performance measures. The results of this social-skills comparative outcome study indicated that the behavioral and interpersonal treatments resulted in changes on parent, teacher, self-report and peer sociometric ratings at post-treatment. At the 1-yr follow-up, the behavioral treatment maintained it's gains and continued to show modest improvement. Conversely, the interpersonal treatment manifested significant declines, as did the control group. These findings and implications for future research are discussed.
SU-FF-T-377: Radiation Shielding Calculations and Measurement for a Helical TomoTherapy Unit in An Existing Treatment Room

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the appropriateness of an existing LINACtreatment room shielding for a Helical TomoTherapy (HT) (TomoTherapy Inc., Madison, WI, USA) unit operating under typical radiation oncology department workload. Methods and Materials: A treatment room previously designed for a Varian Clinac 600C LINAC was considered for housing a HT unit. Shielding calculations for primary and secondary radiations (leakage and scatter) were performed to evaluate whether additional shielding was needed. A typical radiation oncology patient load (40,000 rem/wk) was used. Use factors were derived and calculated based on unique HT rotational beam delivery. Leakage and scatter was included in the calculation based on corresponding measurements as documented by TomoTherapy Inc. After installation of the HT unit, a radiation survey was performed to verify calculation results. Results: Calculations showed that a typical 600C shielding design is generally sufficient for a HT unit for typical workloads. However, in our situation, additional shielding was required for a small area of one wall due to positioning of the HT unit isocenter. The radiation survey carried out after HT installation showed all barrier calculation locations satisfied radiation safety requirements. Conclusions: It is recognized that leakage radiation levels for IMRTtreatments on HT are increased significantly due to increased beam‐on time to deliver modulated fields. This investigation showed that a typical 6 MV room design provides adequate shielding barriers for a HT unit operating under typical radiation oncology workload in most cases. Under some circumstances, such as placement of unit in the room away from original isocenter design, extra shielding materials may be required. A caution is thus needed for institutions considering installing new HT unit within an existing LINACtreatment room.
Heat transfer analysis of Rabinowitsch fluid flow due to metachronal wave of cilia

Abstract The present investigation concerns with the mechanical properties of a Rabinowitsch fluid model and the effects of thermal conductivity over it. Flow is considered to be occurring due to metachronal wave produced as a result of constant beating of cilia at the walls of a horizontal circular tube. The expressions for flow characteristics have been derived results are analyzed graphically and discussed briefly.
Metabolic studies of quercetin labeled with C14

Abstract Quercetin, randomly labeled with C 14 , was administered by stomach tube to adult rats. Twelve hours later, 44% of the radioactivity was still found in the intestinal tract and 15.1% was recovered in respiratory carbon dioxide. Small amounts were found in the blood and kidney, and an appreciable amount in the lungs and in the gastrointestinal walls. No other organs contained detectable amounts of radioactivity. The urine contained about 4% of the administered activity. Paper chromatography studies of the urine indicated the presence of radioactive homovanillic and m -hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Several unidentified radioactive areas were noted on the chromatograms. None of these was proved to be unchanged quercetin. Following intraperitoneal injection of the labeled quercetin, an area with the mobility of vanillic acid was found in the urine. It is suggested that quercetin may possibly be degraded in the rat by at least two metabolic pathways.
Ultrastructural features of the retina and optic nerve of Strombus luhuanus, a marine gastropod

The retina and optic nerve of Strombus luhuanus were examined by transmission electron microscopy in order to provide an ultrastructural basis for their electrophysiological responses, described elsewhere. The retina exhibits a distinct rhabdomeric layer and layers of cell nuclei and neuropile. These layers are comprised predominantly of three cell types that can be readily distinguished on the basis of their shape, their nuclei and cytoplasmic inclusions such as vesicles and filaments. One type of cell, apparently a photoreceptor that depolarizes in response to photic stimulation, possesses a long distal segment with microvilli; such distal segments comprise the bulk of the rhabdomeric layer. A second cell type, which appears to be supportive in function, contains a bundle of tightly packed tonofilaments that extend across the retina from the capsule to the vitreous body; this cell is quite narrow except in the region near the rhabdomeric layer, where it is expanded and wraps around the other cell types. A third type of cell possesses many short microvilli that project from its apical end into the rhabdomeric layer; it may be a second type of photoreceptor or another type of neuron. The retina also contains bundles of cilia that appear to project from a possible fourth type of cell. The layer of neuropile contains numerous processes that exhibit a variety of vesicle types and structures generally associated with synapses; these appear to play a role in mediating inhibitory and excitatory interactions between the retinal neurons. The optic nerve exhibits two populations of fiber distinguishable on the basis of mean diameter. Fibers in these two populations apparently yield "on" and "off" discharges in response to photic stimulation of the eye.
N-acetylcysteine prevents endotoxin-induced degeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors and hypomyelination in developing rat brain

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the dominant form of brain injury in premature infants, is characterized by diffuse white matter injury and is associated with cerebral palsy (CP). Maternal and placental infections are major causes of prematurity and identifiable etiology of PVL and CP. Here we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant and precursor of glutathione, to attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced white matter injury and hypomyelination in the developing rat brain, an animal model of PVL. Intraperitoneal pretreatment of pregnant female rats with NAC (50 mg/kg), 2 hr prior to administration of LPS at embryonic day 18 (E18), attenuated the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in fetal rat brains. There were significantly reduced numbers of TUNEL(+) nuclei coimmunostained for platelet-derived growth factor-alphaR(+) [a surface marker for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)] at E20 in the subventricular zone of fetal rat brain in the NAC + LPS group compared with the untreated LPS group. Interestingly, immunostaining for O4 and O1 as markers for late OPCs and immature oligodendrocytes demonstrated fewer O4(+) and O1(+) cells in the LPS group compared with the NAC + LPS and control groups. Consistent with O4(+)/O1(+) cell counts, the expression of myelin proteins such as myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, including transcription factors such as MyT1 and Gtx, was less in the LPS group at late postnatal days, indicating severe hypomyelination in the developing rat brain when compared with NAC + LPS and control groups. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that NAC may provide neuroprotection and attenuate the degeneration of OPCs against LPS evoked inflammatory response and white matter injury in developing rat brain. Moreover, these data suggest the possible use of NAC as a treatment for pregnant women with maternal or placental infection as a means of minimizing the risk of PVL and CP.
Tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombination in articular chondrocytes of adult Col2a1-CreERT2 transgenic mice

Summary Objective To determine the specificity and efficiency of the tamoxifen (TM)-induced Cre-recombination in articular chondrocytes of adult Col2a1-CreER T2 transgenic mice. Methods Col2a1-CreER T2 transgenic mice were bred with Rosa26 reporter mice. Two-week-old Col2a1-CreER T2 ;R26R mice were administered TM for 5 days and were sacrificed 1 and 6 months after TM induction. X-Gal staining was performed. Results Efficient Cre-recombination is achieved in adult articular chondrocytes 1 and 6 months after TM induction. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the Col2a1-CreER T2 transgenic mouse model is a valuable tool to target genes specifically expressed in articular chondrocytes in a temporally controlled manner in adult mice.
Adhesion measurements of non-crystalline diamond films prepared by a laser plasma discharge source

Films of amorphic diamond can be deposited with a laser plasma discharge source of multiply-charged carbon ions in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment without the use of any catalyst in the growth mechanism. The beam from a pulsed Nd-YAG laser is focused at very high power densities onto a graphite feedstock and the resulting plasma ejects carbon ions carrying keV energies through a discharge space to the substrates to be coated. The high energies of condensation produce interfacial layers between the films and substrate materials, resulting in levels of adhesion which can support the protection of fragile and sensitive substrates subjected to harsh environmental conditions. Coatings of 2-5 μm thicknesses have extended the lifetimes of substrate materials such as Si, Ti, Ge, ZnS, and stainless steel against the erosive wear from high-speed particles and droplets by factors of tens to thousands. In this paper, we give details of the adhesion and mechanical properties of amorphic diamond films. Emphasis i...
Individual addressing of trapped 171Yb+ ion qubits using a microelectromechanical systems-based beam steering system

The ability to individually manipulate the increasing number of qubits is one of the many challenges towards scalable quantum information processing with trapped ions. Using micro-mirrors fabricated with micro-electromechanical systems technology, we focus laser beams on individual ions in a linear chain and steer the focal point in two dimensions. We demonstrate sequential single qubit gates on multiple 171Yb+ qubits and characterize the gate performance using quantum state tomography. Our system features negligible crosstalk to neighboring ions ( <3×10−4), and switching speed comparable to typical single qubit gate times (<2 μs).
Follicular population dynamics during the estrous cycle of the mare

Abstract Ovarian follicles ≥2 mm were studied in 40 mares by daily ultrasound examinations. There were significant differences among days of the estrous cycle in the populations of 2–5 mm, 16–20 mm, and > 20 mm follicles. Significant orthogonal contrasts of the mean follicular profiles were cubic ( P 20 mm categories, the cubic profile appeared to be due to increased mean numbers of follicles which began between Days 6 to 10. A reciprocal temporal association existed between the decrease in mean number of 2–5 mm follicles and the increase in mean numbers of 16–20 mm and > 20 mm follicles. A decrease ( P 20 mm follicles and in the mean diameter of the second largest follicle between Day-7 to Day-1. There was a striking reciprocal relationship between the mean numbers of 2–10 mm and > 10 mm follicles. An effect ( P 20 mm categories although there was not a day by season interaction. The mean number of follicles was greater for the May–July group than for the August–October group for both endpoints. Results supported the hypotheses that the number of entries into the 2–5 mm pool was not constant during the interovulatory interval, and the total number of follicles ≥2 mm did not change throughout the estrous cycle. Results did not support a two-wave theory of follicular growth. There was a continuous increase in number of follicles greater than 10 mm until Day-6 or Day-7 when the follicle destined to ovulate was selected.
From parallel play to meshed interaction: the evolution of the eSTEP system

In this paper, we describe the evolution of the eSTEP system. The eSTEP system is an integrated online learning environment for teacher education that provides videocases of classroom practice, an online learning sciences hypertext, and a collaborative problem-based learning environment. The central tool in the problem-based learning environment is the group whiteboard. In face-to-face PBL activities, a whiteboard serves to focus negotiation and represent current understanding. Seeking to offer the same functionality online, we adapted the structure and functionality of a basic whiteboard to easily allow students to exchange and develop ideas online, and effectively represent current understanding. This tool serves as the focus of negotiation in face-to-face PBL but required considerable adaptation to serve this function in an online environment. This paper describes the refinement of the whiteboard and the concomitant refinement of our theory of how students learn through meshing the conceptual ideas of the learning sciences with perceptual information from the problems of practice.
The English Landed Estate in the Age of Coal and Iron: 1830–1880

Few present-day historians of English society use the phrase “the landed gentry” with the same easy confidence that Lecky could muster. They hesitate to draw too hard and fast a line between the landed and commercial classes, for they see in the society of the gentry something more than fox-hunting squires and Church of England parsons. The works of Miss Scott Thomson and of A. S. Turberville, for example, have revealed a class more elusive in its activities and outlook, a class that was becoming increasingly amphibious: at home in two elements, the city and the countryside and engaged in economic enterprise that was by no means exclusively agrarian. In other words, the life of the country house may be as broad as English life itself; and it may come as no surprise, therefore, to discover that the growth of industrialism between 1830 and 1880 impinged on the society of the gentry, diversifying the nature of both its economic activities and its income.
Mid-dosing interval concentration of atazanavir and virological outcome in patients treated for HIV-1 infection.

Objectives We investigated the clinical significance of monitoring the mid-dosing interval atazanavir (ATV) concentration (measured 12 ± 2 h after intake; C12 h) in patients taking this drug once daily in the evening. Methods We retrospectively selected HIV-infected patients harbouring ATV-susceptible virus who underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ATV C12 h during routine out-patient visits, and we correlated C12 h to the 24-week virological response and toxicity. Results A total of 115 plasma samples from 86 patients (76.7% with baseline HIV RNA 0.23 mg/L showed virological failure in 14.3% of cases (P=0.021). In multivariate analysis, C12 h>0.23 mg/L was an independent predictor of virological response [odds ratio (OR) 4.23, P=0.031]. ATV levels correlated with concomitant unconjugated bilirubin levels (r=0.223, P=0.037), but a concentration cut-off predictive of moderate/severe hyperbilirubinaemia could not be identified. Conclusions We identified a C12 h efficacy threshold that predicted virological response; this could be useful for morning TDM in selected subjects receiving ATV in the evening. Results must be interpreted with caution given the retrospective design of the study.
Raman scattering and lattice-dynamical calculations of alkali-metal sulfates

Raman-scattering measurements on single crystals of ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$, and ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$ have been made at both room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. Lattice-dynamical calculations, based on a rigid-ion model using the Gordon-Kim method to calculate the short-range potentials, were performed. The influence of the alkali-metal ions on the lattice-dynamical properties of the crystals is discussed.
Interaction of paraffin wax gels with random crystalline/amorphous hydrocarbon copolymers

The control mechanisms involved in the modification of wax crystal dimensions in crude oils and refined fuels are of joint scientific and practical interest. An understanding of these mechanisms allows strategies to be developed that lead to decreases in crude oil pour points or (for refined fuels) cold filter plugging points. The attainment of these goals involves the control and modification of wax crystals that spontaneously form in mixed hydrocarbon systems upon decreasing temperature. This work reports on the influence of random crystalline-amorphous block copolymers (ethylene-butene) upon the rheology of model oils. In a parallel fashion small-angle neutron scattering was exploited to gain microscopic insight as to how added poly(ethylene-butene) copolymers modify the wax crystal structures. The copolymers with different contents of polyethylene are highly selective with respect to wax crystal modification. Thus, the copolymer with the highest crystalline tendency is more efficient for the larger wax molecules while the less crystalline one is more efficient for the lower waxes.
Through the service operations strategy looking glass: Influence of industrial sector, ownership, and service offerings on B2B e-marketplace failures

Abstract This paper contributes to the emerging area of e-service strategy in the context of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces, which we view as Internet-based service delivery systems that link sellers’ offerings to buyers. Although a myriad of new B2B e-marketplaces were launched over the past decade, a substantial number failed shortly after the peak of the NASDAQ in 2000. The bursting of the Internet bubble provides a setting for assessing salient, theory-based determinants of failure—and success. Accordingly, we apply a service operations strategy lens and complementary organizational theories to explain how three strategic factors—industrial sector characteristics, ownership structure, and functionality of service offering—may have influenced B2B e-marketplaces’ odds of survival after the bubble. We empirically test these factors using logistic regression analysis on a sample of 854 B2B e-marketplaces. Consistent with emerging e-services literature, our empirical results indicate that B2B e-marketplaces serving industrial sectors that are a better fit with the Internet service delivery systems—by high information dependence and low information tacitness—have the highest likelihood of success, as do e-marketplaces with service offerings that facilitate collaboration among multiple buyers and sellers. We also demonstrate the positive influence of consortium ownership structure on B2B e-marketplace survival, albeit not for first-mover consortia-backed e-marketplaces. Our findings contribute to the service operations strategy literature and provide direction for managers in the areas of e-service strategy and investment.
A genetic algorithm for designing job rotation schedules considering ergonomic constraints

Job rotation is one method that is sometimes used to reduce exposure to strenuous material handling, however, developing effective rotation schedules can be complex in even moderate size facilities. The purpose of this research is to develop methods of incorporating safety criteria into scheduling algorithms to produce job rotation schedules that reduce the potential for injury. Integer programming and a genetic algorithm were used to construct job rotation schedules. Schedules were comprised of lifting tasks whose potential for causing injury was assessed with the Job Severity Index. Each method was used to design four job rotation schedules that met specified safety criteria in a working environment where the object weight, horizontal distance, and repetition rate varied over time. Each rotation was assigned to a specific gender/lifting capacity group. The advantages and limitations of these approaches in developing administrative controls for the prevention of back injury are discussed.
Life after a ventricular arrhythmia

Abstract Background There are few data from community-based evaluations of outcomes after a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia (LTVA). We evaluated patients' quality of life (QOL) and medical costs after hospitalization and treatment for their first episode of an LTVA. Methods We prospectively evaluated QOL by use of the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 mental health and vitality scales, the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) symptom scale, and resource use in patients discharged after a first episode of an LTVA in a managed care population of 2.4 million members. Results We enrolled 264 subjects with new cases of LTVA. Although functional status initially decreased compared with self-reports of pre-event functional status, both functional status and symptom levels improved significantly during the study period. These improvements were greater in patients receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) than in patients receiving amiodarone. Ratings of mental health and vitality were not significantly different between the treatment groups and did not change significantly during follow-up. The total 2-year medical costs were higher for patients receiving an ICD than for patients receiving amiodarone, despite lower costs during the follow-up period for the patients receiving an ICD. Conclusions New onset of an LTVA has a substantial negative initial impact on QOL. With therapy, most patients have improvements in their QOL and symptom level, possibly more so after treatment with an ICD. The costs of treating these patients are very high. (Am Heart J 2002;144:404-12.)
The effect of C1 inhibitor on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury

Background Activation of the complement system has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism in the mediation of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MIR) injury. C1 inhibitor (C1INH) has been shown to be beneficial in experimental MIR models. The underlying mechanism of this effect has been assumed to result primarily from inhibition of complement system activation. We recently demonstrated that C1INH plays a direct role in suppression of leukocyte transmigration in the mouse intestinal ischemia and reperfusion model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the beneficial effect of C1INH in mouse MIR model.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Medical Imaging: Historical Review, Current Status and Future Potential

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has become one of the major research subjects in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology. In this article, the motivation and philosophy for early development of CAD schemes are presented together with the current status and future potential of CAD in a PACS environment. With CAD, radiologists use the computer output as a “second opinion” and make the final decisions. CAD is a concept established by taking into account equally the roles of physicians and computers, whereas automated computer diagnosis is a concept based on computer algorithms only. With CAD, the performance by computers does not have to be comparable to or better than that by physicians, but needs to be complementary to that by physicians. In fact, a large number of CAD systems have been employed for assisting physicians in the early detection of breast cancers on mammograms. A CAD scheme that makes use of lateral chest images has the potential to improve the overall performance in the detection of lung nodules when combined with another CAD scheme for PA chest images. Because vertebral fractures can be detected reliably by computer on lateral chest radiographs, radiologists’ accuracy in the detection of vertebral fractures would be improved by the use of CAD, and thus early diagnosis of osteoporosis would become possible. In MRA, a CAD system has been developed for assisting radiologists in the detection of intracranial aneurysms. On successive bone scan images, a CAD scheme for detection of interval changes has been developed by use of temporal subtraction images. In the future, many CAD schemes could be assembled as packages and implemented as a part of PACS. For example, the package for chest CAD may include the computerized detection of lung nodules, interstitial opacities, cardiomegaly, vertebral fractures, and interval changes in chest radiographs as well as the computerized classification of benign and malignant nodules and the differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. In order to assist in the differential diagnosis, it would be possible to search for and retrieve images (or lesions) with known pathology, which would be very similar to a new unknown case, from PACS when a reliable and useful method has been developed for quantifying the similarity of a pair of images for visual comparison by radiologists.
Distortion of a Harmonic Elastic Wave Reflected From a Dry Friction Support

This study is motivated by the need to understand the elastodynamic response of belts in frictional contact with pulleys. To this end, a simplified model for belt~pulley contact is used to investigate the dynamic response of a belt subject to a train of harmonic tension waves. Through a nondimensionalization, a single dimensionless parameter f~ is identified which governs the dynamic response. A numerical solution is developed and exercised over a wide range of values of fL An approximate closedform solution is derived assuming the belt stretches quasi-statically, and is shown to yield accurate results for small values of ~. Reported results include the distortion of an initially harmonic tension wave, the energy reflected from the frictional support, and the distance harmonic waves penetrate into the support. The results suggest that the quasi-static stretching assumption may be further utilized as a modeling 1 simplification for belt drives characterized by values of f~ < -j. This study is principally motivated by belt drive mechanics which have been studied by many researchers, starting with Leonard Euler (1762). Euler proposed the well-known capstan formula for the tension distribution in a belt wrapped around a fixed pulley or a capstan (a fixed post used in docking a ship). A comprehensive survey of belt drive mechanics after Euler and up to 1981 is provided by Fawcett (1981). Much of the research cited in Fawcett (1981) and work since its appearance has been concerned with either (1) frictional contact (slip) between a belt and a steadily rotating pulley (neglecting vibratory effects) or (2) vibration of belts neglecting frictional contact. Early research on frictional contact was carried out by Grashof (1883), who studied frictional mechanics of belt drives under steady operating speeds and applied torques. The belt was treated as a string and the mechanism of elastic creep of the belt along the pulley was shown to yield a single slip arc on the exit region of the pulley. In this classical creep theory, the transition from low to high tension (or vice-versa) occurs in this slip arc; see also (Johnson, 1985). Later investigators, including Firbank (1970) and Gerbert ( 1991, 1996), considered the influence of belt thickness as well as its length, and proposed revised estimates of the extent of the slip zone based on belt creep, shear, radial deformation, and seating/unseating behavior. These new analyses predicted tension transitions in the adhesion arc as well as in the slip arc. Finally, Townsend and Salisbury (1988) used a control volume approach to calculate the energy efficiency of a two-pulley belt drive based solely on the stiffness per unit length of the belt and the transmitted torque. Again, the operating conditions of the drive were assumed to be steady. More recently, substantial research has concentrated on serpentine belt drive systems which include an automatic tensioning element, as commonly employed in vehicle front end
Interdisciplinary Leadership Training Outcomes of Maternal and Child Health-Funded Pediatric Pulmonary Centers

Objectives: To describe career paths, leadership accomplishments, and extent of incorporation of Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) values into professional activities of all previous long-term trainees. Method: In 1998 the Pediatric Pulmonary Centers (PPCs) completed a Leadership Training Outcomes Survey of all previous long-term trainees. The survey included 1) characteristics, 2) career paths, 3) current professional activities, 4) leadership roles and activities, and 5) career incorporation of MCHB values. Results: There was a 63% response rate (N = 274) from 431 mailed surveys. Most respondents provided clinical care in varied health-related settings. Of the respondents, 44% (N = 120) served mothers, 87% (N = 239) served children, and 78% (N = 214) served children with special health care needs. Forty-seven percent of the mothers and children served were from racial or ethnic minority groups. Ninety-two percent (N = 252) of respondents had conducted training since graduation and 56% (N = 153) had provided technical assistance. Many provided leadership in the acquisition and dissemination of new knowledge through research publication (33%), advocacy (37%), and program administration/oversight (87%). Thirty percent of the respondents (N = 83) had received special recognition awards for professional activities. Conclusions: Most PPC graduates serve families and children as a central aspect of their career, providing or enhancing family-centered, community-based, culturally competent, comprehensive interdisciplinary care.
Impedance ratio in bioelectrical impedance measurements for body fluid shift determination

Impedance ratio is presented as an additional parameter in bioelectrical impedance measurements to ensure data reliability as well as a parameter with strong significance for the analysis of body fluid shifts.
Trust in Government and Support for Municipal Services

This article examines the relationship between trust in government and support for local governmental services. It is hypothesized that trust in government will predict support for local government...
Experimentally Determined Impedance Characteristics of Cylindrical Antennas

Measurements of resistance and reactance of cylindrical antennas operated against ground have been made, with a wide variation of both antenna length and diameter. These data are displayed by means of a series of graphs. The maximum values of resistance encountered are displayed. The shortening effect near the quarter-wave resonance point is also shown. Terminal conditions, such as capacitance of the base of the antenna to ground, are briefly considered, and a series of measurements shows the wide variation in impedance for varying terminal conditions. Measurements made in the course of the investigation show that the impedance of the antenna is independent of whether the top of the radiator is open or closed. The measured impedance data are also directly applicable to the case of a center-fed dipole.
Atmosphere–Ocean Interaction in the North Atlantic: Near-Surface Climate Variability

The impact of an interactive ocean on the midlatitude atmosphere is examined using a 31-yr integration of a variable depth mixed layer ocean model of the North Atlantic (between 208 and 608N) coupled to the NCAR Community Climate model (CCM1). Coupled model results are compared with a 31-yr control simulation where the annual cycle of sea surface temperatures is prescribed. The analysis focuses on the northern fall and winter months. Coupling does not change the mean wintertime model climatology (December‐February); however, it does have a significant impact on model variance. Air temperature and mixing ratio variance increase while total surface heat flux variance decreases. In addition, it is found that air‐sea interaction has a greater impact on seasonally averaged variance than monthly variance. There is an enhancement in the persistence of air temperature anomalies on interannual timescales as a result of coupling. In the North Atlantic sector, surface air and ocean temperature anomalies during late winter are uncorrelated with the following summer but are significantly correlated (0.4‐0.6) with anomalies during the following winter. These autocorrelations are consistent with the ‘‘re-emergence’’ mechanism, where late winter ocean temperature anomalies are sequestered beneath the shallow summer mixed layer and are reincorporated into the deepening fall mixed layer. The elimination of temperature anomalies from below the mixed layer in a series of uncoupled sensitivity experiments notably reduces the persistence of year-to-year anomalies. The persistence of air temperature anomalies on monthly timescales also increases with coupling and is likely associated with ‘‘decreased thermal damping.’’ When coupled to the atmosphere, the ocean is able to adjust to the overlying atmosphere so that the negative feedback associated with anomalous heat fluxes decreases, and air temperature anomalies decay more slowly.
The Use of Game Theory

This chapter demonstrates an application of mathematical game theory for allocating cost savings (gains) between cooperating providers. As an alternative to traditional accounting allocation basis, there is a growing interest in cost allocation principles based on logic of game theory. The most widely used method of joint-cost (savings) allocation is the Shapley value, which provides a fair cost allocation based on each participant’s estimates of the net benefits (net values) expected from cooperation with other groups of participants (coalitions). An example is provided for distributing the savings of the bundled payment between four cooperating participants: hospital, physician group, skilled nursing facility, and home health agency.
Creating Respectful and Inclusive Environments: The Role of Physical Educators and Coaches

More than ever, there is urgency for educators to provide an inclusive and respectful environment for all. This article provides practical suggestions for teachers and coaches.
High Temperature Solid–Solid Transition in Ammonium Chloride Confined to Nanopores

This paper describes a calorimetric (DSC) study of the high temperature (∼190 °C) solid–solid phase transition in ammonium chloride in silica nanopores (4–30 nm) and in bulk. The study focuses on the values of the transition heat and temperature as well as on the transition kinetics. Because ammonium chloride is loaded from a solution, the pores are only filled partially. Thermogravimetric analysis is employed to evaluate the pore fullness, which is further used to estimate the height of ammonium chloride layer deposited inside the pores. With increasing the layer height, the heat of transition increases toward the bulk value. Relative to the bulk value, the transition temperature measured on heating and on cooling respectively increases and decreases with decreasing the layer height. In larger pores (15 and 30 nm), the transition has revealed a second DSC peak that appears above 210 °C on heating and below 100 °C on cooling. The temperature dependencies of the effective activation energy derived from iso...
GIS and LiDAR Use for Identification of Potential Road Hazard Locations

In Northerly climates snowstorms are common occurrences that pose severe hazards to drivers. Thousands of lives and property worth of millions of dollars are lost annually. This paper presents a novel method of identifying road segments that pose special hazards to drivers during and after snowstorms by using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and a Geographic Information System (GIS). The methodology presented herein can be used for prioritizing roadway snow clearing efforts by identifying the most hazardous road segments. The proposed methodology uses the spatial analysis functionality provided by GIS software and three-dimensional (3D) data obtained from an airborne LiDAR scanning system. The computing focus of this paper is on spatial data analysis. The data include road centerline 3D coordinates (to identify roadway crests and troughs), aspect data (to determine ground surface slope), and sunlight data (to determine ground surface illumination values and identify shaded areas). Combining and analyzing these data sets identify potentially dangerous north facing, shaded, steep slopes over large geographic areas.
Giant Intracranial Aneurysms: Rapid Sequential Computed Tomography

Giant intracranial aneurysms often present as mass lesions rather than with sub-arachnoid hemorrhage. Routine computed tomographic (CT) scans with contrast material will generally detect them, but erroneous diagnosis of basal meningioma is possible. Rapid sequential scanning (dynamic CT) after bolus injection of 40 ml of Renografin-76 can conclusively demonstrate an intracranial aneurysm, differentiating it from other lesions by transit-time analysis of the passage of contrast medium. In five patients, the dynamics of contrast bolus transit in aneurysms were consistently different from the dynamics in pituitary tumors, craniopharyngiomas, and meningiomas, thereby allowing a specific diagnosis. Dynamic CT was also useful after treatment of the aneurysms by carotid artery ligation and may be used as an alternative to angiographic evaluation in determining luminal patency or thrombosis.
Flow-induced release of EDRF in the pulmonary vasculature: site of release and action

Pulsatile flow is thought to lower pulmonary vascular resistance by passive recruitment of capillaries and by active vasodilation. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) during pulsatile flow in isolated canine left lower lobes pretreated with indomethacin. The lobes were perfused in situ with autologous blood (approximately 500 ml/min) using a nonpulsatile pump (Masterflex) or a pulsatile pump (Harvard). With the occlusion techniques, vascular resistance was partitioned into four segments: arterial (Ra), small arterial (R'a), small venous, and venous (Rv). Pulsatile flow (frequency = 70 min-1) did not lower total vascular resistance during baseline or during vasoconstriction. Distribution of vascular resistance among the four segments was not altered significantly by pulsatile flow during normoxia and angiotensin. In contrast, switching to pulsatile flow during hypoxia was associated with an increase in Ra and a decrease in R'a and Rv. N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) had no effect on total or segmental resistance during baseline conditions but potentiated the hypoxic pressor response and prevented its recovery by 50%. In addition, the reduction in R'a by pulsatile flow was attenuated by L-NNA, suggesting that EDRF is released by pulsatile flow in this segment. We conclude that a shear stress-induced EDRF release from the small arteries is present in canine lungs and is experimentally demonstrable during pulsatile flow and hypoxia.
Study on Response of Suitable Environment for Oncomelania Breeding Grounds to Variation of Flow Regime

On the basis of the trend influence of ecological hydraulics characteristics of Oncomelania and variation of flow regime on the environment variation of Oncomelania breeding grounds in epidemic area,the flow regime indices are put forward to characterize the breeding environmental conditions of Oncomelania Hupensis Gredler.Taking the Dongting Lake with most widely distributed Oncomelania Hupensis Gredler and most serious schistosomiasis epidemic situation in China as an example,the size of Oncomelania Hupensis Gredler breeding grounds in recent years is deduced from analysing the variation of flow regime in Dongting Lake,and the response relation between the area of Oncomelania Hupensis Gredler breeding grounds in Dongting Lake and the mean water level at Chenglingji Station during flood season is revealed.The research shows that the relation is remarkably linear.The results are not only helpful for the forecast and prevention of schistosomiasis epidemic situation,but also for the technical service of the spot check and kill off of Oncomelania Hupensis Gredler.
Effect of vitamin D on tissue calcium of rat duodenum.

Urban, E. & Schedl, H. P. 1970. Effect of Vitamin D on Tissue Calcium of Rat Duodenum. Scand. J. Gastroent. 5, 33-37.The effects of vitamin D on distribution during transport of 40Ca and 45Ca in du...
An analysis of body weights and maturing patterns in western range ewes.

The objectives were to determine the association of maturing patterns with growth rates and body weights and to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among these characters of sheep. Records of 1,109 range ewes from the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Red Bluff Research Ranch at Norris were analyzed. Body weight and degree of maturity of body weight at birth, weaning, 12 mo of age, 18 mo of age and maturity (body weight only), and absolute growth rate (AGR), absolute maturing rate (AMR) and relative growth rate (RGR) over various age intervals were examined. Mature weight, required to calculate degree of maturity and AMR, was estimated by the average of the fall weights taken at 42, 54, 66 and 78 mo of age. Heritability estimates were .53 +/- .12 for mature weight and from .26 to .46 for immature weights. Genetic correlations among body weights at all ages were positive and generally large between immature weights and mature weights. Heritability estimates for degree of maturity ranged from .63 +/- .12 at 12 mo of age to .19 +/- .11 at 30 mo of age, at which time maturity was being approached. Genetic correlations between degree of maturity and body weight at the same age were positive; however, degree of maturity at all ages was negatively correlated with mature weight. Animals more mature at any age or stage during growth tended to be more mature at later stages, to be lighter at maturity, and to grow faster and weigh more up to 12 mo of age. Heritability estimates for AGR, RGR and AMR were moderate to high and were similar for the same age intervals. Selection for any one of the measures of growth rate would tend to expand the shape of the growth curve toward heavier weights and lower degree of maturity for any interval.
'Utility-Based Utility', Second Version

A major virtue of von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities, for example, in the theory of general financial equilibrium (GFE), is that they ensure intertemporal consistency: consumption-portfolio plans (for the future) are in fact executed (in the future) - assuming that there is perfect foresight about relevant endogenous variables. This note proposes an alternative to expected utility, one which also delivers consistency between plan and execution - and more. In particular, it turns out that one special case is in fact simply discounted (subjective) expected utility. Moreover, this alternative formulation affords an extremely natural setting for introducing extrinsic uncertainty. The key idea behind my approach is to divorce the concept of filtration (of the state space) from any considerations involving probability (on the state space), and then concentrate attention on nested utilities of consumption looking forward from any date-event: utility today depends only on consumption today and prospective utility of consumption tomorrow, utility tomorrow depends only on consumption tomorrow and prospective utility of consumption the day after tomorrow, and so on.