cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POTLIB2Math: A Mathematica interface to the potential energy surface library for chemical systems☆

Abstract The theoretical description of molecular dynamics proceeds from the specification of an appropriate Born–Oppenheimer potential energy surface (PES) or surfaces. For many chemical systems, such surfaces are incorporated within a repository of standardized FORTRAN codes known as POTLIB . The present work describes a Mathematica package that uses a MathLink interface to interactively call POTLIB subroutines from within a Mathematica session. This allows for rapid prototyping and deployment of new algorithms and is useful for both pedagogical and research applications in chemical physics. We present basic usage of the package functions and several simple applications for illustration. Program summary Program title: POTLIB2Math Catalogue identifier: AEQJ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEQJ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 63859 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1481706 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C, FORTRAN, and Mathematica. Computer: Developed and tested on GNU/Linux PC, Macintosh, and Windows PC platforms running Mathematica version 8 or higher. Operating system: Tested on MacOSX, SUSE Linux, and WindowsXP/7/8. RAM: Varies depending on user-defined applications. Classification: 16.8. External routines: GNU make, gcc, gfortran, Mathematica, and MathLink DeveloperKit Subprograms used: Cat Id Title Reference ADPJ_v1_0 POTLIB 2001 CPC 144(2002)169 Nature of problem: POTLIB [1, 2] is a collection of FORTRAN subprograms that calculate potential energy surfaces and gradients for various chemical systems as a function of molecular geometry. The objective of this work is to develop an interface that allows users to interactively execute POTLIB subprograms from within a Mathematica session. Solution method: POTLIB2Math is a fully-documented Mathematica package that uses a MathLink interface for passing data between Mathematica and POTLIB subprograms. GNU make and C/FORTRAN compilers are used to automate building the executables on various platforms. Running time: The examples included in the distribution file take just a few minutes to run. References: [1] R.J. Duchovic, Y.L. Volobuev, G.C. Lynch, A.W. Jasper, D.G. Truhlar, T.C. Allison, A.F. Wagner, B.C. Garrett, J. Espinosa-Garcia, and J.C. Corchado, POTLIB, http://comp.chem.umn.edu/potlib . [2] R.J. Duchovic, Y.L. Volobuev, G.C. Lynch, D.G. Truhlar, T.C. Allison, A.F. Wagner, B.C. Garrett, and J.C. Corchado, Comput. Phys. Comm. 144, 169–187 (2002). Comput. Phys. Comm. 156, 319–322(E) (2004).
Validation of Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry Biosensor Response for Protein–Antibody Interactions: Cross-Correlation of Theory, Experiment, and Complementary Techniques

One of the critical steps in the development of an analytical technique is to confirm that its experimental response correlates with predictions derived from the theoretical framework on which it is based. This validates the technique quantitatively and, in the case of a biosensor, facilitates a correlation of the sensor’s output signal to the concentration of the analyte being tested. Herein we report studies demonstrating that the quantitative response of arrayed imaging reflectometry (AIR), a highly sensitive label-free biosensing method, is a predictable function of the probe and analyte properties. We first incorporated a standard one-site Langmuir binding model describing probe–analyte interactions at the surface into the theoretical model for thickness-dependent reflectance in AIR. This established a hypothetical correlation between the analyte concentration and the AIR response. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance, and AIR were then used to validate this model for two biomedicall...
Triton’s Surface Age and Impactor Population Revisited in Light of Kuiper Belt Fluxes: Evidence for Small Kuiper Belt Objects and Recent Geological Activity

Neptune's largest satellite, Triton, is one of the most fascinating and enigmatic bodies in the solar system. Among its numerous interesting traits, Triton appears to have far fewer craters than would be expected if its surface were primordial. Here we combine the best available crater count data for Triton with improved estimates of impact rates by including the Kuiper belt as a source of impactors. We find that the population of impactors creating the smallest observed craters on Triton must be subkilometer in scale and that this small-impactor population can be best fitted by a differential power-law size index near -3. Such results provide interesting, indirect probes of the unseen small body population of the Kuiper belt. Based on the modern, Kuiper belt and Oort cloud impactor flux estimates, we also recalculate estimated ages for several regions of Triton's surface imaged by Voyager 2, and find that Triton was probably quite geologically active on a timescale no greater than 0.1–0.3 Gyr ago (indicating Triton was still active after some 90% to 98% of the age of the solar system), and perhaps even more recently. This activity must surpass that explainable by the surface geysers seen by Voyager 2 by many orders of magnitude. The time-averaged volumetric resurfacing rate on Triton implied by these results, 0.01 km3 yr-1 or more, is likely second only to Io and Europa in the outer solar system, and is within an order of magnitude of estimates for Venus and for the Earth's intraplate zones. This finding indicates that Triton likely remains a highly geologically active world at present, some 4.5 Gyr after its formation. We briefly speculate on how such a situation might obtain.
Measurement of agency, communion, and emotional vulnerability with the Personal Attributes Questionnaire.

Factor analytic studies of the 24-item Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence & Helmreich, 1978) have reported inconsistent results, and a previous confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated inadequate fit for factors corresponding to Masculinity, Femininity, and Masculinity–Femininity scales. In this research, we used CFA in a college sample (N = 382) to evaluate the 3-factor model, and we revised scales by eliminating 6 misspecified items. The revised model fit well in another college sample (N = 230). We renamed the revised scales Agency, Communion, and Emotional Vulnerability. In relation to Five-factor theory, Emotional Vulnerability and Communion correlated well with Neuroticism and Agreeableness, respectively, and Agency had moderate correlations with Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness. Psychometric results in the context of current theory suggest that Agency (Masculinity) may not be a fully adequate measure of the agency construct.
An electron spin resonance study of a novel radical cation produced during the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of tetramethylhydrazine

Summary The one-electron oxidation of tetramethylhydrazine by the horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide system forms a novel stable radical cation. The steady-state concentration of the tetramethylhydrazine radical cation increases with the hydrazine concentration, but depends on neither the enzyme concentration nor the hydrogen peroxide concentration. A mechanism involving the enzymatic one-electron oxidation of the tetramethylhydrazine radical cation to a dication is proposed to account for the enzyme independency. Incubations containing horseradish peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide and tetramethylhydrazine produced formaldehyde which was found to increase with either HRP or tetramethylhydrazine concentration. The cation radical, the dication, and the imine (the deprotonated dication) are proposed as intermediates in the mechanism of formaldehyde production.
Extracting Value from the Supply Chain with Mobile Technologies

Abstract This paper attempts to alleviate some of the current confusion about the capabilities of mobile technologies in the context of the enterprise and its supply chain. Unique features that differentiate m-business from e-business are explored. We highlight the sources of value creation of m-business applications by extending a theoretical framework proposed by Amit and Zott (2001), and we suggest potential areas in which mobile technologies appear exceptionally suited to produce cost savings or opportunities for differentiation of product or services. Two dimensions of value creation stand out: efficiency and novelty.
The sweet smell of success: floral scent affects pollinator attraction and seed fitness in Hesperis matronalis

Summary 1Patterns of floral scent are generally assumed to have been shaped by pollinator-mediated natural selection. However, while many studies document behavioural responses of pollinators to floral scent, few document the relationship between floral scent and fitness. 2In this study, we explore the effect of variation in floral scent emission in colour polymorphic Hesperis matronalis on both pollinator visitation and seed fitness. 3Using target inflorescences augmented with colour-specific floral scent extracts, we find that diurnal floral visitors significantly prefer night-scent extracts to non-augmented controls; inflorescences augmented with day-scent extracts receive an intermediate level of visits. Colour did not have a significant effect on visitation. 4We characterized the relationship between natural variation in floral scent emission rate and seed production for plants under two settings: in small experimental arrays exposed to either day- or night-flying pollinators, and in wild populations exposed to all pollinators. In arrays, we found greater emission rate led to higher seed production, but only in plants exposed to day-flying pollinators. In contrast, we found a significant positive relationship between night-time floral emission rate and seed fitness in wild populations. In neither setting did floral anthocycanin concentration (colour) affect fitness. 5This study reinforces the idea that scent-mediated pollinator visitation is an important component of plant fitness. Moreover, our results suggest that plants emitting more scent have higher fitness, although there is variation as to when this positive relationship occurs (i.e., at day or night). Research connecting floral scent and fitness is a necessary first step in understanding the evolution of floral scent.
Hydrophilic form of dopamine β-hydroxylase from purified noradrenergic vesicles

Bovine splenic nerve and adrenal medulla were used as homologous sources of dopamine β-hydroxylase permitting the isolation of enzyme specific to a purified fraction of large dense cored noradrenergic vesicles and chromaffin granules, respectively. The hydrophilic (water soluble) form of the enzyme was purified to homogeneity on the bases of gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and double immunodiffusion tests from the physical lysates of the vesicles and granules. Amino acid analyses suggest that the hydrophilic dopamine β-hydroxylase is the predominant form in the nerve vesicles. It has higher neutral and lower hydrophobic amino acid group residues when compared to the adrenomedullary enzyme prepared in this and most other laboratories. Among the neutral amino acids, this difference appears to reflect ∼40% higher serine and glycine contents, and among the hydrophobic amino acids it may reflect in part ∼25% lower leucine content. Although the terms hydrophilic and amphiphilic can be properly applied to certain chemical properties of the DsH forms, it is not at all certain that these terms can be used quantitatively to describe the matrix and membrane associated forms of the enzyme, respectively.
The origin of male haploid genetic systems and their expected sex ratio

Two models for the evolution of species in which the females are diploid and the males are haploid have been analyzed in detail. In both models we suppose that some factor overcomes the barriers to the development of unfertilized eggs; in one case, the factor is assumed to be an environmental variable; in the other model the factor is a newly mutated gene. In both cases there follows a population in which haploid males and diploid males coexist. Whether the mixed population is stable depends on the value of 2vs(1 − u), where u and v are the fractions of eggs left unfertilized by the diploid and haploid males, respectively, and where s is the fitness of haploid males relative to diploids. If 2vs(1 − u) ⩾ 1, the haploid males replace the diploids; otherwise, the mixed population is permanent. When the fitnesses of the haploid males are different in successive generations, then s is their geometric mean. These calculations show that male haploidy can evolve in a single, panmictic, diplodiploid population by a process which is not very different from the replacement of one gene by another. The rarity of haplodiploidy in nature can be attributed to the infrequency with which diplodiploid populations would be expected to satisfy simultaneously the stringent preconditions required for arrhenotoky to be possible, and to the small chance that haploid males could compete favorably with diploid males. Haplodiploid populations tend toward and maintain sex ratios in which the ratio of males to females is one-to-one, provided that the populations are undergoing random mating and provided that a negligible fraction of females remains unmated.
Changes in lower extremity biomechanics due to a short-term fatigue protocol.

Context: Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury has been reported to occur during the later stages of a game when fatigue is most likely present. Few researchers have focused on progressive c...
SU-FF-I-62: Planning Image-Guided Endovascular Interventions: Models to Determine Point-Specific Vessel Tortuousity

Purpose: Clinicians often have difficulty passing guidewires and stents during endovascular interventions. Therefore, we are developing models to assess the access path based on stent as well as vessel dimensions. Method and Materials: Multi-view images of the carotid are acquired during clinical endovascular interventions. The vessel centerlines in the images are indicated and fit with splines. The vessel sizes are measured in the images. The multi-view imaging geometry is determined using the vessel information, and the three-dimensional (3D) vessel centerline is reconstructed using epipolar constraints. The vessel lumen is generated using the measured sizes and a circular cross-section model. Simulated models of devices are created and passed through the 3D patient-specific vessel. The models for this study included (a) a two-segment flexing device centered on the centerline, (b) a four-segment flexing device centered on the centerline, and (c) an unbound six-segment flexing device. The models were placed at all points along the vessel length and the point-specific tortuousity was calculated at each point. The tortuousity was calculated (a) as the ratio of the device length divided by the maximum length of the device inside the vessel, (b) and (c) as the inverse of the cosine of the average angular deviation from a straight device while keeping all segments inside the vessel. Results: The tortuousities calculated for each model are in good agreement with the apparent tortuousity of the vessel, with tortuousity decreasing from models one through three, reflecting the increased flexibility of the stent model. Conclusion: These models should provide the basis for more accurate assessment of the passage of devices through access vessels and perhaps be useful in decisions regarding stent lengths and flexibilities.
Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Studies of Smooth Muscle Cells in Iris Arterioles of Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis

In this study, we report on the ultrastructural and immunocytochemical changes that occur in smooth muscle cells of iris arterioles in S-antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). The inflammatory phase (8-10 days postimmunization) was marked by infiltration of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes in the iris stroma and perivascular tissue. Smooth muscle cells became hypertrophic with an 11.5-fold average increase in cell volume compared with control cells. In some of the cells, there was a marked increase in endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi elements and a concomitant decrease in myofilaments, similar to that reported previously (Wang et al., Curr. Eye Res. 13, 747-754, 1994). However, the majority of hypertrophic smooth muscle cells showed only a slight increase in these synthetic organelles while retaining large amounts of myofilaments. There was no evidence for the migration or mitosis of the hypertrophic cells. Immunogold (IG) labeling of hypertrophic smooth muscle cells revealed changes in the immunoreactivity of several antigens. Labeling density for type I collagen increased progressively between 8 and 10 days, while that of decorin was slightly increased at 8 days and decreased at 10 days postimmunization. IG labeling for an alpha-actin isoform was significantly increased during the 8-10 day period, while that of beta-actin isoform was decreased. The results suggest that hypertrophic smooth muscle cells do not fully modulate to the kind of synthetic phenotype described in aortic smooth muscle cells. The significance of the transition in immunoreactivity from alpha- to beta-actin isoform is not known although it may reflect an increased synthetic state of muscle cells. The increased immunoreactivity of type I collagen and the changes in decorin, on the other hand, suggest that smooth muscle cells in EAU may be involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
Large Area X-Ray Image Receptor With Electrophoretic Display

The feasibility of an x-ray imaging device based on photoconductive control of an electrophoretic display has been explored. Contrast ratios of 18 to 1 and resolutions of 8 line pairs/mm have been measured. The radiation to reflectance transfer characteristic is non-linear, with substantially less sensitivity to small exposures. Radiation exposures of 2.4.mR have produced satisfactory x-ray images. Excellent quality images have been obtained but cell stability and linearity need to be improved.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Full-wave modeling device parasitics of sub-millimeter wave HEMTs

Extrinsic parasitic couplings of millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated in the context of THz integrated circuits. More specifically, a multiple-step HEMT parasitic extraction procedure, aimed at improving device performance in the THz band, is developed. A distributed circuit model of lossy substrate is introduced to better approximate the propagation and attenuation through the mesa of the device. Intrinsic and extrinsic effects are considered independently to clearly identify the factors impacting high frequency operation. Numerical examples, involving a submmW HEMT are presented to illustrate the working mechanism of the proposed characterization technique.
Biotin levels in plasma and urine of healthy adults consuming physiological doses of biotin

Abstract Methods of assessing biotin status in humans, while not welldelineated, are likely to include measuring plasma and urine biotin response to an oral load of biotin. In order to successfully apply the loading technique to questions of biotin status, data are needed regarding the magnitude of change in plasma and urine biotin concentrations across time in response to various dose levels of biotin. In this study, plasma and urine biotin of men and women were monitored before (0 hr), and 2, 4 and 24 hr after oral administration of placebos or biotin (75, 150 or 300 μg). Biotin levels in plasma and urine were highest 2 hr after administration of the test dose, fell between 2 and 4 hr and were not significantly different from pre-dosing levels after 24 hr. Plasma biotin levels were increased approximately 4-fold in men and 6-fold in women taking 300 μg of biotin; yet, percent of dose in plasma never exceeded a mean of 2.4 percent. Up to 33 percent of the dose was excreted in urine within 4 hr of dosing. The 75 and 150 μg levels of biotin appeared to be adequate for loading studies with the 75 μg dose producing a more sensitive response to percent of dose in urine. At that dose level, a lower percent of dose was excreted in urine suggesting that measurable amounts were being retained by tissue stores.
Understanding of colorectal cancer screening guidelines among internal medicine residents

Purpose: We conducted this survey to evaluate the knowledge and practice regarding colorectal cancer screening among internal medicine residents.
The SFX citation linker and its enhancements

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to implement and enhance the citation linker that enables users to search articles, journals, and books with minimal but sufficient citation metadata.Design/methodology/approach – The research work was mainly based on experimental results with a large amount of specific articles, journals, books, and eBooks. Further Ex Libris was consulted during the implementation process.Findings – The paper found ways to implement and enhance the citation linker that facilitates citation search with minimal but sufficient citation metadata. Different methods to search papers and books were identified and possible future endeavors to enhance the citation linker by Ex Libris were also suggested.Originality/value – The paper elaborates how to implement and enhance the citation linker that facilitates citation search with minimal but sufficient citation metadata. The author did not find any research work specifically focused on configurations of the citation linker and their effects o...
Effect of corticosteroid therapy on the acute injury and recovery stage of oleic acid induced lung injury in the rat.

In the rat model of lung injury induced by oleic acid (OA), we studied the effect of corticosteroid therapy on pulmonary inflammation and compliance at acute (1 day post OA) and recovery (3 and 7 days post OA) stages. Methylprednisolone (MP) and dexamethasone (DM) were examined for therapeutic benefit in this model. Histologic examination, lung compliance, and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were used to assess lung injury. Our results demonstrated that, at 1 day post OA, both steroids effectively reduced pulmonary inflammation and restored lung compliance when compared to animals that received only OA. In comparison to DM, MP was more effective in inhibiting the pulmonary inflammation induced by OA, but was less effective in restoring lung compliance. However, at 3 and 7 days post OA, cell and/or protein levels in BAL fluid from both MP- and DM-treated OA animals were significantly higher than levels observed in animals that received only OA. Lung compliance returned to normal by 3 days in...
Variable boundary dual mode current modulation scheme for three-phase micro-inverter

A traditional half-bridge three-phase inverter topology can achieve zero voltage switching by implementing BCM operation which requires no additional power devices or magnetic components. In this paper a variable boundary dualmode current modulation method that combines ZVS and ZCS is proposed in order to improve the efficiency of the BCM current controlled micro-inverter. Decreasing output current moves the ZVS/ZCS boundary toward the peak of the line half cycle which reduces the switching losses at light loads. Increasing output current will move this boundary toward the line zero crossing which reduces conduction losses at heavier loads. The experimental results show that using the proposed current modulation scheme peak efficiency of 98.7% for a 400W three-phase micro-inverter can be achieved with no additional cost.
The effect of aureomycin on the growth and metabolism of the pig.

Abstract The effect of dietary aureomycin on the growth of the pig has been studied under conditions of full-feeding and equalized feed intake. The growth response to aureomycin appeared to be dependent upon an increased daily feed intake. Such factors as hemoglobin level, efficiency of feed utilization, nitrogen balance, and energy balance did not seem to be influenced by feeding aureomycin under the conditions imposed by this experiment.
Aryl boronic acid inhibition of synthetic melanin polymerization.

Abstract Inhibitors of melanin formation are sought after for a range of applications. Boronophenylalanine is known to inhibit melanogenesis via boronic acid–catechol interactions. A spectroscopic assay was developed to study the polymerization of l -dopa to synthetic melanin in the presence of para-substituted aryl boronic acids. The best inhibition was observed for aryl boronic acids with electron-withdrawing substituents. The IC50 values exhibit a correlation with the Hammett σp parameter (ρ = 0.97, r2 = 0.92).
Manufacture of tumor- and virus-specific T lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapies

Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and genetically engineered T lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or conventional alpha/beta T-cell receptors (TCRs), collectively termed adoptive cell therapy (ACT), is an emerging novel strategy to treat cancer patients. Application of ACT has been constrained by the ability to isolate and expand functional tumor-reactive T cells. The transition of ACT from a promising experimental regimen to an established standard of care treatment relies largely on the establishment of safe, efficient, robust and cost-effective cell manufacturing protocols. The manufacture of cellular products under current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) has a critical role in the process. Herein, we review current manufacturing methods for the large-scale production of clinical-grade TILs, virus-specific and genetically modified CAR or TCR transduced T cells in the context of phase I/II clinical trials as well as the regulatory pathway to get these complex personalized cellular products to the clinic.
18O isotope effect on Tc in La2-xSrxCuO4 as a function of X

Abstract The 18O/16O isotope effect on Tc in La2-xSrxCuO4 is a strong function of x with α ≊ (0.4−0.06) at x and α ≊ 0.1 at x ≥ 0.15 .
Approximate Solution of the Laminar Boundary-Layer Equations with Mass Transfer

The Galerkin-Kantorovich-Dorodnitsyn (GKD) multimoment method is employed for the calculation of compressible steady laminar boundary-layer flows around two-dimensional and axially symmetric bodies with insulated walls and mass transfer. The two basic elements of the GKD method are a system of N integral conditions derived from the boundary-layer equations and an approximating function with N undetermined coefficients. Two forms of the approximating function are employed: one throughout most regions of flow and the other in the immediate vicinity of zero wall shear stress. Approximate solutions for a variety of similar and nonsimilar flows are presented. The trial calculations include cases with flow separation, blowoff, and discontinuities in the boundary conditions. The approximate solutions are generally uniformly convergent as the number of coefficients is increased and are less than about 1 % in error for the third- and higher-order solutions except in the neighborhood of blowoff on a flat plate.
The Role of Fee Structures in Repository Sustainability

AbstractSustainability is a critical problem for archaeological repositories. Curation in perpetuity is a heavy burden and it is impossible to bill enough up-front to cover long-term costs. In this article, we chart the effects of the curation crisis and the recent global financial meltdown on the Arizona State Museum — the largest non-federal repository in the United States. Several years ago, a lack of space forced the Museum to stop accepting new collections. For the short-term, we rented additional, off-campus warehouse space and began accepting archaeological material again, but at a substantial increase in our costs. As a result, we revised our fee structure and made long-term plans for a new, state-funded curation facility. The economic downturn of 2007–2010, which resulted in massive cuts to state budgets and doomed a planned downtown Tucson cultural campus, has stalled progress on a new repository building and has increased pressure on already scarce on-campus space and state funds. Because devel...
Calculation of equilibrium constants for the solvation of chlorophyll from spectral data

Abstract A procedure is devised for dissecting spectral changes accompanying solvation from those due merely to changing dielectric environment, and applied to the calculation of equilibrium constants among chlorophyll solvates in the following binary solvent systems: acetone—ethanol, ethanol—pyridine, 4-ethylpyridine—nitromethane, acetonitrile and t -butanol. Chlorophyll has a marked preference for forming mixed solvates, i.e. of the type Chl (a) (b).
Singlet/Triplet Reversal in Strongly-Coupled GaSe Nanoparticle Aggregates

GaSe nanoparticles have been synthesized in the absence of tightly binding edge ligands. These particles are ligated primarily with TOP and TOPO ligands that are easily displaced by far less bulky alkyl aldehydes. Ligand replacement results in nanoparticle aggregates in which the lowest energy optical transitions are strongly coupled, resulting in a large red shift of the absorption spectrum (about 2600 cm−1) and a reversal of the singlet and triplet states. The reversal of the spin states results in changes in the polarization spectroscopy and a dramatic decrease in the radiative lifetime. Specifically, the exciton singlet states are linear oscillators, and time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy gives an initial anisotropy very close to the linear oscillator limit of 0.4. The radiative lifetime of this fluorescence is about 12 ns, compared to about 82 ns for the monomers. Upon aggregation, the fluorescence quantum yield increases from 4.7 to 61%.
Epidemiology of wheat take-all as influenced by soil pH and temporal changes in inorganic soil N

Soil pH, NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations in soil, and take-all root rot of winter wheat grown in the field were measured concurrently from sowing to anthesis in order to relate disease development to liming and N fertilization practices. Experimental variables included soil pH (5.5 and 6.0) and three N sources (NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl) banded with the seed at sowing in factorial combination with the same three N sources topdressed in the spring. Take-all severity was increased by increasing soil pH and by fertilization with NO 3 − . Disease severity on crown roots increased exponentially following spring N fertilization and was affected more by soil pH and N-form than was severity on seminal roots. Grain yield ranged from 4.70 Mgha−1 with spring NH4NO3 at soil pH 6.0 to 7.65 Mgha−1 with spring NH4Cl at soil pH 5.5. Sixty-six percent of the variability in grain yield was explained by the number of take-all infected crown roots per tiller at anthesis.
Pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

These diseases are virtually always characterized by mono­ nuclear cell alveolar and interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. Furthermore, the lung is the major site of involvement, and there are no granulomatous lesions in other organs such as the liver and lymph nodes, bone and skin, as seen in sarcoidosis. Although there have been isolated reports of biopsy-proved vasculitis during the early stages of acute disease, pulmonary vasculitis4,5 is not a consistent feature of this disease. The infiltrates consist of large numbers of lymphocytes, particularly T cells, as well as numerous activated alveolar macrophages. 67 In subacute forms of the disease, noncaseating granulomas closely resembling those noted in sarcoidosis are often prominent. There may be marked involvement and narrowing of bronchial walls char­ acteristic of bronchiolitis obliterans. With time, the pulmo­ nary granulomatous lesions may persist or disappear. In recent experimental models of the disease, animals appropri­ ately sensitized to antigen followed by antigen challenges, either by the IV or aerosol route, became "desensitized," with disappearance rather than progression of the mono­ nuclear cell pulmonary infiltrates after repeated challenge. 8,9 The explanation for this type of "desensitization" is unclear at this time. It may involve suppressor factors or suppressor cells; it does not, however, appear to involve classic immu­ nologic tolerance, since it occurs even in the face of persist­ ently increased levels of specific antibody.
For goodness' sake.

Humans engage in complex social interactions, including altruism. A study in this issue finds that watching a computer perform an altruistic act, earning money for charity, is sufficient to activate a brain region that has been implicated in the evaluation of others' motives and goals, suggesting that this area may be involved in detecting agency in other creatures.
Toward a Transdisciplinary Environmental and Resource Sociology in China

Environmental sociology and the sociology of natural resources constitute two research traditions regarding the interactions between societies and the natural world. While discussion of the relationships between these two fields is largely restricted to the United States, their implications for developing disciplines focused on environment and society issues in other countries have seldom been addressed. In this article we introduce the dialogue between environmental sociology and the sociology of natural resources into the context of China, where environmental sociology is being established as an important academic subdiscipline. We suggest that with a transdisciplinary orientation, environmental sociology in China holds promise for integrating environmental and natural resource sociologies in responding to China's strategic goal of building a “resource-efficient and environment-friendly” society.
Biofilms formed by the archaeon Haloferax volcanii exhibit cellular differentiation and social motility, and facilitate horizontal gene transfer

Archaea share a similar microbial lifestyle with bacteria, and not surprisingly then, also exist within matrix-enclosed communities known as biofilms. Advances in biofilm biology have been made over decades for model bacterial species, and include characterizations of social behaviors and cellular differentiation during biofilm development. Like bacteria, archaea impact ecological and biogeochemical systems. However, the biology of archaeal biofilms is only now being explored. Here, we investigated the development, composition and dynamics of biofilms formed by the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii DS2. Biofilms were cultured in static liquid and visualized with fluorescent cell membrane dyes and by engineering cells to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Analysis by confocal scanning laser microscopy showed that H. volcanii cells formed microcolonies within 24 h, which developed into larger clusters by 48 h and matured into flake-like towers often greater than 100 μm in height after 7 days. To visualize the extracellular matrix, biofilms formed by GFP-expressing cells were stained with concanavalin A, DAPI, Congo red and thioflavin T. Stains colocalized with larger cellular structures and indicated that the extracellular matrix may contain a combination of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and amyloid protein. Following a switch to biofilm growth conditions, a sub-population of cells differentiated into chains of long rods sometimes exceeding 25 μm in length, compared to their planktonic disk-shaped morphology. Time-lapse photography of static liquid biofilms also revealed wave-like social motility. Finally, we quantified gene exchange between biofilm cells, and found that it was equivalent to the mating frequency of a classic filter-based experimental method. The developmental processes, functional properties and dynamics of H. volcanii biofilms provide insight on how haloarchaeal species might persist, interact and exchange DNA in natural communities. H. volcanii demonstrates some biofilm phenotypes similar to bacterial biofilms, but also has interesting phenotypes that may be unique to this organism or to this class of organisms, including changes in cellular morphology and an unusual form of social motility. Because H. volcanii has one of the most advanced genetic systems for any archaeon, the phenotypes reported here may promote the study of genetic and developmental processes in archaeal biofilms.
“Public Anthropology” in Its Second Decade: Robert Borofsky's Center for a Public Anthropology

ABSTRACT For more than a decade, Robert Borofsky has encouraged anthropologists to pursue a “public anthropology.” In this time, he has played a key role in a larger movement that has seen increasing numbers of anthropologists attempting to engage with and serve the needs of public audiences outside academia. In this review essay, I review Borofsky's work through his Center for a Public Anthropology, including the center's website and its four major projects: The Anthropology Journal Archive; the Community Action Website Project; the California Series in Public Anthropology; and the Public Outreach Assessment of anthropology doctoral programs. I discuss the results and significance of the center's projects, identifying important innovations that Borofsky has achieved in anthropological teaching, scholarship, academic publishing, and the structure of academic anthropology. The review also offers constructive criticism of Borofsky's efforts and suggestions for advancing the center's projects and his vision for a public anthropology. [public anthropology, applied anthropology, public engagement, academia, universities] More than a decade has passed since Robert Borofsky asked whether anthropologists should “laugh or cry” over the discipline's place in the public sphere (Borofsky 2000). At the time, Borofsky was starting to receive widespread attention—both laudatory and critical—for calling on anthropologists to pursue a “public anthropology.”1 Many embraced his call as a much-needed antidote for a discipline many thought had become insular, often incomprehensible, and generally irrelevant to the lives and struggles of most people. Others were angered that Borofsky's vision for a public anthropology seemed to overlook a long tradition of anthropologists working beyond the academy, while perpetuating a hierarchy between academic and applied anthropology (e.g., Singer 2000). Amid the debates, we have witnessed the creation of classes in public anthropology, master's and doctoral programs in public anthropology (including one in my department), public anthropology conferences, numerous conference panels, a lecture series, an institute, a working group, a fellowship, a department initiative, and, of course, this AA section, all named for “public anthropology.” Although the debates about the name are beyond the scope of this article, given Borofsky's seminal role in what has become a broader movement of anthropologists engaging in new kinds of work outside academia, this section's coeditors believed it important to offer a detailed review of Borofsky and his Center for a Public Anthropology.
Environmental perturbation effects on baseline δ15N values and zooplankton trophic flexibility in the southern California Current Ecosystem

Nitrogen isotopic compositions of zooplankton in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) are known to vary over inter-annual scales of climate variability, but the extent to which those changes are driven by variations in baseline phytoplankton d15N values vs. zooplankton trophic position (TP) is poorly resolved. We use field samples collected during a large natural environmental perturbation, the 1998-1999 alternation between El Nino and La Nina states, to test the ability of large dominant CCE zooplankton Euphausia pacifica and Calanus pacificus to alter their TPs in response to environmental variability. To distinguish trophic changes from variations of d15N values at the base of the food web, the zooplankton were assayed by Compound Specific Isotope Analysis of Amino Acids (CSIA-AA). Linear mixed-effect models were developed to utilize data from all amino acids (AAs), providing greater statistical power than the typical CSIA-AA approach of using only phenylalanine and glutamic acid. We confirm a significant 15N enrichment of , 2% at the base of the food web for all AAs and all zooplankton groups during the 1998 El Nino. This baseline enrichment in 15N has been speculated to occur during El Nino events but never conclusively shown. We also demonstrate a significantly elevated TP, implying increased carnivory during 1998, for E. pacifica while C. pacificus did not alter their TP between years. Lastly, TPs calculated from the standard CSIA-AA equation with laboratory-derived constants gave unrealistically low estimates, suggesting an assessment of these variables in situ is needed for an accurate application in natural systems.
Renal neoplasms in younger adults: analysis of 112 tumors from a single institution according to the new 2004 World Health Organization classification and 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System.

Abstract Context.—Adult renal neoplasms have a predilection for older patients and are clinically and morphologically distinct from renal neoplasms found in pediatric age groups. Relatively rare tumors occur in younger adults (18–45 years of age). Whether these renal tumors are morphologically and clinically distinct from those of older adults has been the subject of controversy. Recent modification of the World Health Organization histologic classification and the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system of adult renal tumors further highlighted the need for case analysis in this age group. Objective.—To analyze renal tumors in younger adults based on a large surgical series from a single institution. Design.—Of 780 renal mass nephrectomy (partial, total, or radical) specimens that were available for evaluation and had been obtained between 1986 and 2004 at Loyola University Medical Center, 112 specimens were from patients between 18 and 45 years of age. The tumors were reevaluated according to ...
Cyber crumbs for successful aging with vision loss

Two-thirds of the people who have lost their vision are over the age of 65. Rehabilitation strategies and assistive technologies must be designed to meet the changing needs of this older and aging population. At this age, they might also have a diminished interest in learning new skills and might find it difficult or impossible to learn braille. With peripheral neuropathy, they lose the sense of touch, and so the ability to use braille, raised letters, and other tactile-based technologies. These age-related factors profoundly impact the design strategies employed in developing successful assistive technology. A group of investigators at the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Center and the author designed cyber crumbs to support successful aging with progressive vision loss. Cyber crumbs - the electronic equivalent of a trail of bread crumbs - provides support for independent travel and an in situ awareness of elements in the surroundings.
Origin of defect-related green emission from ZnO nanoparticles: effect of surface modification

We investigated the optical properties of colloidal-synthesized ZnO spherical nanoparticles prepared from 1-octadecene (OD), a mixture of trioctylamine (TOA) and OD (1:10), and a mixture of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and OD (1:12). It is found that the green photoluminescence (PL) of samples from the mixture of TOA/OD and TOPO/OD is largely suppressed compared with that from pure OD. Moreover, it is found that all spherical nanoparticles have positive zeta potential, and spherical nanoparticles from TOA/OD and TOPO/OD have a smaller zeta potential than those from OD. A plausible explanation is that oxygen vacancies, presumably located near the surface, contribute to the green PL, and the introduction of TOA and TOPO will reduce the density of oxygen vacancies near the surfaces. Assuming that the green emission arises due to radiative recombination between deep levels formed by oxygen vacancies and free holes, we estimate the size of optically active spherical nanoparticles from the spectral energy of the green luminescence. The results are in good agreement with results from TEM. Since this method is independent of the degree of confinement, it has a great advantage in providing a simple and practical way to estimate the size of spherical nanoparticles of any size. We would like to point out that this method is only applicable for samples with a small size distribution.
Social security disability and clinical neuropsychological assessment

Abstract This paper reviews the guidelines for Social Security disability evaluation of mental impairments in general and organic syndromes in particular. The listings of diagnostic categories for application and procedures for evaluation are outlined. The qualifications and roles of the clinical neuropsychologist are discussed. In addition, the special problem of malingering is considered.
Comparative study of corn germ and soy proteins utilization in comminuted meat products

Soy flour (SF), soy concentrate (SC) and corn germ protein flour (CGPF) at 3.5%, or 2% of soy isolate (SI) were incorporated in the formulations of frankfurters. There was no significant differences in proximate composition of frankfurters containing SF, SC, SI, and CGPF. Frankfurters formulated with high plant protein flour had lower cholesterol, and higher protein content than the all-meat control frankfurters. Control frankfurters had lower water holding capacity and higher cooking losses than those containing plant proteins
Vagueness and the verifiability of ordinary faith

The analysis of religious assertions in terms of a language game or in terms of eschotological verification are the two most notable defences today of the factual significance of religious language. But both of these approaches, I believe, are to be found wanting, not only on philosophical grounds, but especially on the grounds of faith. Neither of these approaches reflects ordinary faith, the faith of ordinary believers. And it is in terms of such ordinary faith that we can find the key to a more adequate answer to the challenge of verifiability.