cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Headaches as a Cause of Non-traumatic Ecchymosis: a 120-Year Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Published Case Studies (P1.307)

OBJECTIVE: We aim to characterize and critically appraise the association between non-traumatic ecchymosis and primary headache disorders by systematically reviewing all case reports of ecchymosis in primary headache disorders and conducting a pooled analysis of the data. BACKGROUND: Head pain is a cardinal feature of primary headache disorders and is oftentimes accompanied by autonomic and vasomotor changes. Ecchymosis as a feature of primary headache disorders is a poorly characterized and rarely recognized entity. DESIGN/METHODS: Advanced search strategies employing PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases inclusive of relevant grey literature search were employed for Clinical Studies by combining the terms ‘headache AND ecchymosis’ spanning all years from 1890 until October 21, 2014. PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were applied. RESULTS: Nontraumatic ecchymosis in primary headache patients was first described in 1898. Since then 25 additional case reports have been published exploring the occurrence of ecchymoses in association with primary headache disorders including - migraine with and without aura (79.3[percnt]), trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (13.8[percnt]), chronic paroxysmal headaches (6.9[percnt]). Half of the cases were published in the pre-ICHD (International Classification of Headache Disorders) era; 50[percnt] of the remaining applied ICHD diagnostic criteria. Median age of presentation was 46 years (IQR 31.5 - 55.5 years). Female-to-male ratio was 1 : 1.25 among all. The headache frequency was episodic in 77[percnt] of cases while chronic in 23[percnt]. Median time from first headache to first episode of ecchymosis was 2.5 years (IQR 0.17 - 7 years). Time from headache onset to ecchymosis onset ranged from a few minutes to 60 hours. Eight [percnt] had single ecchymotic episodes; 48[percnt] were recurrent (average of 15 per case). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that non-traumatic ecchymoses can be a feature of primary headache disorders. Future studies would benefit from a systematic characterization of ecchymosis in relation to headaches. Disclosure: Dr. Peretz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woldeamanuel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cowan has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc., MAP Pharmaceuticals, Nautilus Neurosciences, and Nupathe.
Aerodynamics of Strake-Wing Interactions

This paper reports on an experimental investigation where the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics were determined up to high angles of attack for configurations employing parametric variations in strake span and wing sweep and includes correlations with theory. The investigation included both component and complete configuration studies to provide information for the analysis of interaction effects. Comparisons between strake-wing and high canard-wing configurations demonstrate the strake wing to develop higher lift coefficients than did the canard wing due to enhanced interference effects. Correlations with theory demonstrate the suction analogy to be a useful method for estimating the effects of vortex flow aerodynamics on both component and total forces and moments.
PiOS : Detecting privacy leaks in iOS applications

With the introduction of Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android operating systems, the sales of smartphones have exploded. These smartphones have become powerful devices that are basically miniature versions of personal computers. However, the growing popularity and sophistication of smartphones have also increased concerns about the privacy of users who operate these devices. These concerns have been exacerbated by the fact that it has become increasingly easy for users to install and execute third-party applications. To protect its users from malicious applications, Apple has introduced a vetting process. This vetting process should ensure that all applications conform to Apple’s (privacy) rules before they can be offered via the App Store. Unfortunately, this vetting process is not welldocumented, and there have been cases where malicious applications had to be removed from the App Store after
The new conservatism and the critique of equity planning

This essay examines neoconservative criticisms of equity planning, and the challenges against the right of government to regulate local development and land use. The specific concern of this essay is how, or if, local development administrators (equity planners), should use their discretionary powers to ensure that city officials and private developers promote and protect the interests of urban residents, particularly the poor and disadvantaged. The essay begins by discussing the alleged conflict said to exist between needy urban residents and the more secure urban taxpayers. The contrary views of equity planners are then reviewed, and the tensions within the neoconservative arguments are exposed and critiqued. Finally, the dispute between equity planners and neoconservatives is further explored by examining the dispute over the voucher system to address the problem of equal educational opportunity in urban communities.
Correlation of separation shock motion with pressure fluctuations inthe incoming boundary layer

Fluctuating wall pressures have been measured simultaneously in the incoming undisturbed turbulent boundary layer and under the unsteady separation shock in a Mach 5 compression ramp interaction. Conditional sampling algorithms, a variable-window ensemble averaging technique, and the variable interval time averaging technique have been used to investigate the possibility of a correlation between pressure fluctuations in the incoming flow and the separation shock wave motion.
The Debate Over Raising Chinese Labor Standards Goes International

This article describes and evaluates the arguments surrounding China's issuance of the Labor Contract Law in 2007, with a specific focus on the role of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in the legislative process. The article analyzes the amendments made to the law throughout the process and the prospects of the new provisions having a meaningful effect on improving labor conditions in China. It is argued that the crucial factor in bettering the situation for workers is more robust enforcement of existing standards, not necessarily creating new or higher ones.
Within and between population variation in plant traits predicts ecosystem functions associated with a dominant plant species

Linking intraspecific variation in plant traits to ecosystem carbon uptake may allow us to better predict how shift in populations shape ecosystem function. We investigated whether plant populations of a dominant old-field plant species (Solidago altissima) differed in carbon dynamics and if variation in plant traits among genotypes and between populations predicted carbon dynamics. We established a common garden experiment with 35 genotypes from three populations of S. altissima from either Tennessee (southern populations) or Connecticut (northern populations) to ask whether: (1) southern and northern Solidago populations will differ in aboveground productivity, leaf area, flowering time and duration, and whole ecosystem carbon uptake, (2) intraspecific trait variation (growth and reproduction) will be related to intraspecific variation in gross ecosystem CO2 exchange (GEE) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) within and between northern and southern populations. GEE and NEE were 4.8× and 2× greater in southern relative to northern populations. Moreover, southern populations produced 13× more aboveground biomass and 1.4× more inflorescence mass than did northern populations. Flowering dynamics (first- and last-day flowering and flowering duration) varied significantly among genotypes in both the southern and northern populations, but plant performance and ecosystem function did not. Both productivity and inflorescence mass predicted NEE and GEE between S. altissima southern and northern populations. Taken together, our data demonstrate that variation between S. altissima populations in performance and flowering traits are strong predictors of ecosystem function in a dominant old-field species and suggest that populations of the same species might differ substantially in their response to environmental perturbations.
Spatiotemporal contrast of high-field laser

We introduce a new concept of spatiotemporal contrast and demonstrate its relevance in experiments with high field lasers. Methods of mitigating effect of limited spatiotemporal contrast are discussed. Double-pass hollow-fiber cleaner for contrast improvement is proposed.
A two‐point dynamic model for the coupled evolution of channels and tidal flats

[1] A dynamic model for the morphological evolution of channels and unvegetated tidal flats is proposed. Channels and tidal flats are schematized as two reservoirs that exchange sediment through the tidal dispersion mechanism, which stems from the presence of a tidal exchange flow and spatial gradients in sediment concentration. The reference concentration in each reservoir is determined by the shear stress associated to tidal currents and surface wind waves, which are a function of the geometry of the system. A simplified procedure to compute flow partition between channels and tidal flats is developed and compared to the numerical solution of the shallow water equations, showing good agreement. In the absence of wind waves, tidal flats reach a stable dynamic vertical equilibrium close to mean high water level, resembling a creek-marsh morphology. For intermediate wind conditions, an additional stable dynamic vertical equilibrium, characterized by a channel flanked by tidal flats close to mean low water, arises. Such equilibrium stems from a sediment exchange dynamic balance between current-dominated channels and wave-dominated tidal flats, and it likely represents the morphological configuration of most tidal flats. Waves associated with intense winds suppress the channelization process. The model suggests that tidal flat elevation is primarily controlled by waves and can be decoupled from channels. Channel depth is also indirectly controlled by waves, through the influence of tidal flat elevation on channel hydrodynamics. Finally, the model predicts that variations in environmental parameters, such as sea level, storminess, and sediment availability, can induce catastrophic morphological shifts.
C-N bond formation via ligand-induced nucleophilicity at a coordinated triamidoamine ligand.

Reaction of (N3N)ZrX complexes (X = amido, Cl−, CH3−) with carbodiimide substrates results in insertion into an Zr–N bond of the triamidoamine ligand rather than the Zr–X bond as has been observed for related (N3N)ZrX complexes (X = PR2−, AsR2−).
Approximate calculation method for heat transfer in laminar boundary layers with constant surface temperature

Abstract A simple method for the calculation of heat transfer in a laminar, constant property and constant surface temperature flow, was described by Smith and Spalding [1]. In the present paper, the method is extended to the range of Prandtl numbers 0.7 to 10. Examples are given of heat transfer calculations for ellipses of 2:1 and 4:1 fineness ratio.
Two Cases of Fatal Hypoxemia after Talc Pleurodesis for Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusion

Talc pleurodesis is a safe and effective treatment for a recurrent malignant pleural effusion. However, acute hypoxemia, pulmonary edema or acute respiratory failure can develop in a small number of patients. We report 2 patients who developed fatal hypoxemia after talc pleurodesis which was necessary the control recurrent pleural effusion. The first case was an 18-year old male diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma with bilateral lung metastases and pleural effusion. The performance status was ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Foncology Group) grade 3. Fever along with hypoxemia and leukocytosis developed 10 hours after the second talc pleurodesis on the right side for an uncontrolled pleural effusion, The patient died from respiratory failure after 13 days. The second case was a 66-year old female diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer with a bone metastasis. Two weeks after systemic chemotherapy, she complained of dyspnea, and a pleural effusion was observed on the right side. Her performance status was ECOG grade 3. Talc pleurodesis was performed for recurrent pleural effusion, but hypoxemia developed 6 days after pleurodesis and she died from respiratory failure 10 days after pleurodesis. In conclusion, talc pleurodesis should be performed very carefully in patients with a poor performance status, in cases with repeated pleurodesis, bilateral pleural effusion, recent chemotherapy, radiotherapy and when there are parenchymal metastatic lesions present.
Templating CdSe tetrapods at the air/water interface with POPC lipids

Abstract Surfactants have been widely used as templating agents to pattern the orientation of nanoparticles of various conformations. Here we report the use of a lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), as a template to order CdSe tetrapods (TPs) at the air/water interface using a Langmuir–Blodgett trough. The surface pressure versus area isotherms for CdSe TPs and CdSe TPs/POPC are examined and monitored by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The transferred thin films are further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Initially disc-like structures containing randomly oriented TPs form during solvent evaporation. Upon decreasing surface area, these discs merge into larger continental structures. In a mixed CdSe TPs/POPC system, these discs organize into wire-like networks upon compression. We detail how lipid molecules can be used to direct the two-dimensional assembly of TPs.
The Use of Midodrine in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

In many patients, the treatment of heart failure (HF) cannot be optimized because of pre-existing or treatment-induced hypotension. Midodrine, a peripheral alpha1-adrenergic agonist may allow for up-titration of neurohormonal antagonist therapy leading to improved outcomes. Ten consecutive patients with HF due to systolic dysfunction and symptomatic hypotension interfering with optimal medical therapy were started on midodrine. After a 6-month follow-up, a higher percentage of patients were on optimal HF therapy (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker mg % of optimal dose 20% vs 57.5%; P<.001) (beta-blockers mg % optimal dose 37.5% vs 75%; P<.001) (spironolactone/eplerenone mg % 43.7% vs 95%; P<.001). This led to an improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (baseline 24+/-9.4 vs 32.2+/-9.9; P<.001) and clinical outcomes, with a significant reduction in total hospital admissions (32 vs 12; P=.02) and total hospital days (150 vs 58; P=.02).
Normal expression of a rearranged and mutated c-myc oncogene after transfection into fibroblasts

Expression of the c-myc oncogene is deregulated in a variety of malignancies. Rearrangement and mutation of the c-myc locus is a characteristic feature of human Burkitt's lymphoma. Whether deregulation is solely a result of mutation of c-myc or whether it is influenced by the transformed B cell context has not been determined. A translocated and mutated allele of c-myc was stably transfected into fibroblasts. The rearranged allele was expressed indistinguishably from a normal c-myc gene: it had serum-regulated expression, was transcribed with normal promoter preference, and was strongly attenuated. Thus mutations by themselves are insufficient to deregulate c-myc transcription.
Dynamical loops in D = 1 random matrix models

Abstract We discuss adding “quarks” to random matrix models. We then study the Veneziano type random matrix model in D = 1. It is found that there is no spontaneous tearing of the world sheet. If we instead take dynamical loops according to Kazakov in D = 1, a phase structure similar to that of D = 0 occurs. The loops are necessarily generated by bosonic “quarks”.
Density estimation at unknown points and tail ordering

In this paper, two separate problems are solved by similar techniques. The first involves estimating a density at an unknown point such as a quantile or the mode. The second involves providing a competitor to the interquartile range in selection of that one of k populations with the lightest tail.
Intratracheal Superoxide Dismutase Inhibits Nitrotyrosine Staining in Hyperoxic Rabbit Lungs Treated with L-Arginine. • 208

Intratracheal Superoxide Dismutase Inhibits Nitrotyrosine Staining in Hyperoxic Rabbit Lungs Treated with L-Arginine. • 208
The cyanide insensitive stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the housefly, Musca domestica: possible interactions of cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450

Abstract It is well known that cyanide is toxic to many species of vertebrate animals. However, many different insect groups have a resistance to the effects of cyanide. One of the reactions affected by cyanide is the conversion of stearate to oleate by the acyl-CoA desaturase. At concentrations of cyanide (1–2 mM) which completely inhibit the vertebrate desaturase, we observed that the housefly desaturase was inhibited only 37%. We showed cyanide to be a non-competitive inhibitor of the desaturase. We also have studied the sensitivity of this reaction to other inhibitors, to metal chelators and to free radical scavengers. Data from the free radical scavengers suggested that some form of free radical is involved in desaturation. Piperonyl butoxide and carbon monoxide, inhibitors of cytochrome P−450, resulted in 19% and 29% inhibition, respectively, in the housefly. These compounds did not inhibit the vertebrate desaturase. Combining piperonyl butoxide with cyanide resulted in an additive inhibitory effect. These data suggest that, in the housefly there is an interaction between both cytochrome P−450 and cytochrome b5 and the desaturase which may help to explain the insensitivity of the desaturase to cyanide. Another interpretation of our data suggests the possibility of three forms of the desaturase: one sensitive to cytochrome P−450 inhibitors; one sensitive to cyanide; and one insensitive to cyanide.
Triplet halocarbene chemistry: p-nitrophenylchlorocarbene and p-nitrophenylbromocarbene

Reactions of p-nitrophenylchlorocarbene with cumene and of p-nitrophenylbromocarbene with toluene afford C–H abstraction–recombination products that suggest the involvement of triplet arylhalocarbenes.
Changes in cochlear PMCA2 expression correlate with the maturation of auditory sensitivity

The plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 2 (PMCA2) is necessary for auditory transduction and serves as the primary Ca2+ extrusion mechanism in auditory stereocilia bundles. To date, studies examining PMCA2 in auditory function using mutant mice have focused on the phenotype of late adolescent and adult mice. Here, we focus on the changes of PMCA2 in the maturation of auditory sensitivity by comparing auditory responses to RNA and protein expression levels in haploinsufficient PMCA2 and wild-type mice from P16 into adulthood. Auditory sensitivity in wild-type mice improves between P16 and 3 weeks of age, when it becomes stable through adolescence. In haploinsufficient mice, there are frequency-dependent loss of sensitivity and subsequent recovery of thresholds between P16 and adulthood. RNA analysis demonstrates that α-Atp2b2 transcript levels increase in both wild-type and heterozygous cochleae between P16 and 5 weeks. The increases reported for the α-Atp2b2 transcript type during this stage in development support the requisite usage of this transcript for mature auditory transduction. PMCA2 expression also increases in wild-type cochleae between P16 and 5 weeks suggesting that this critical auditory protein may be involved in normal maturation of auditory sensitivity after the onset of hearing. We also characterize expression levels of two long noncoding RNA genes, Gm15082 (lnc82) and Gm15083 (lnc83), which are transcribed on the opposite strand in the 5′ region of Atp2b2 and propose that the lnc83 transcript may be involved in regulating α-Atp2b2 expression.
Bioanalytical quality assurance: concepts and concerns

The BioAnalytical Specialty Section (BASS) of the Society of Quality Assurance is a group of Quality Assurance professionals who have an interest and expertise in assuring the quality of bioanalytical data. This paper presents an overview of the regulatory requirements for bioanalysis and some of the topics that have been discussed by the BASS group. This initial article will be followed by more specific articles that we hope will contribute to better understanding and consistency in the conduct, audit and reporting of bioanalytical studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of endogenous modulation and reduced decay of prolonged heat pain in older adults

This study supports the hypothesis that healthy older adults exhibit decreased endogenous pain inhibition compared to younger healthy controls. Twenty-two older adults (56-77years of age) and 27 controls aged 20-49 participated in five experimental sessions following a training session. Each experimental session consisted of five 60-s trials in which the experimental heat stimulus was presented to the thenar eminence of the left palm with or without a conditioning stimulus (cold-water immersion of the foot). The temperature for the palm (44-49 degrees C) and foot (8-16 degrees C) was customized for each subject. The intensity of experimental pain produced by the contact thermode was continuously measured during the 60-s trial with an electronic visual analogue scale. No significant associations were found between subjects rating of concentration and the overall inhibitory effect. Older subjects failed to demonstrate conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and showed facilitation in the trials using painful concurrent immersion of the foot. A novel aspect of the study was that we recorded "pain offset" (i.e., after-sensations) and found that ratings for the older sample decreased at a slower rate than observed for the group of younger adults suggesting increased central sensitization among the older sample. Decrements in CPM could contribute to the greater prevalence of pain in older age. Since a number of neurotransmitter systems are involved in pain modulation, it is possible age-related differences in CPM are due to functional changes in these systems in a number of areas within the neuroaxis.
Comparisons of Empirical Localization Techniques for Serial Ensemble Kalman Filters in a Simple Atmospheric General Circulation Model

AbstractTwo techniques for estimating good localization functions for serial ensemble Kalman filters are compared in observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) conducted with the dynamical core of an atmospheric general circulation model. The first technique, the global group filter (GGF), minimizes the root-mean-square (RMS) difference between the estimated regression coefficients using a hierarchical ensemble filter. The second, the empirical localization function (ELF), minimizes the RMS difference between the true values of the state variables and the posterior ensemble mean. Both techniques provide an estimate of the localization function for an observation’s impact on a state variable with few a priori assumptions about the localization function. The ELF localizations can have values larger than 1.0 at small distances, indicating that this technique addresses localization but also can correct the prior ensemble spread in the same way as a variance inflation when needed. OSSEs using ELF localiza...
Scanning limitations of liquid-crystal displays

The scanning limitations of rms-responding liquid-crystal devices as influenced by device characteristics, the type of matrix addressing scheme, and waveform tolerances are quantified in this paper. An rms selection scheme that yields a greater number of scanned lines than a 3:1 selection scheme is presented and analyzed, together with a two-frequency addressing scheme that overcomes limitations on scanning associated with the cutoff frequency for dynamic-scattering, Dynamic-scattering liquid-crystal displays are the main emphasis of this paper. However, many of the results apply to field-effect liquid-crystal displays.
High Pressure Gas Scintillation Drift Chambers With Wave-Shifter Readout

We present results from a prototype high pressure xenon gas scintillation drift chamber using a novel wave-shifter fiber readout scheme. We have operated the chamber at pressures as high as 20 atmospheres and have determined that the secondary light yield is linear in both reduced field and pressure. We have measured the primary scintillation light yield to be one photon per 76±12 eV deposited energy. We present initial results of our chamber for the two-interaction separation (<4 mm in the drift direction, mm orthogonal to the drift); for the position resolution (<400 gm rms in the plane orthogonal to the drift direction); and for the energy resolution (ΔE/E < 6% FVVHM at 122 keV).
A comparison of quasi-steady with short-pulse discharge thruster operation.

The performance and erosion behavior of a solid teflon pulsed plasma thruster were determined when the accelerator nozzle was operated either as a short pulse discharge thruster or as a quasi-steady thruster. Comparisons were made for two different initial discharge energy levels and also for breech propellant feed and side propellant feed configurations. The limited number of test results showed thrust efficiency, based upon directly measured thrust, of short pulse discharge operation to be better than quasi-steady operation when the comparison is made at the same specific impulse. Short pulse operation also experienced less erosion.
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: Testing the Spatial and Communal Hypotheses

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft often have been and still are equated with the rural-urban continuum and are employed to describe the "way of life" or the "moral basis" for rural/urban living. By employing common American values that seem to represent Gemeinschaftliche or Gesellschaftliche attributes, this article (1) explicates the value basis for the two concepts and (2) tests for the spatial (rural-urban) hypothesis and the communal (collectivistic-individualistic) hypothesis. In 1887 Toennies introduced the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, which have "proved to be one of the discipline's most enduring and fruitful concepts for studying social change" (Bender, 17). Gemeinschaft describes binding, primary interactional relationships based on sentiment; while Gesellschaft describes an interactional system characterized by selfinterest, competition, and negotiated accommodation. Much of rural and urban sociological theory has looked to these concepts as "ideal types." Fischer (a) observes that, even in advanced industrial societies like the United States, different ways of life are ascribed to people in urban and rural areas. While Toennies' concepts continue to be used to describe different ways of living, little empirical research has been generated to document this relationship. Kasarda and Janowitz point out that Toennies' concepts encompass general philosophical ideas and value conditions that describe more of a "reasoned moral position" than a plan "for empirical research" (329). When the concepts are used for empirical research, indicators selected often equate the concepts with an ecological (rural-urban or city *This research was partially supported by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Project #825, journal article #82-14-50, and is published with approval of the Director. I appreciate the helpful comments of Louis Swanson, Jim Copp, Harry Cohen, Don Dillman, Andy Deseran, Will Goudy, Al Luloff, Keith Warner, and Ken Wilkinson. Address correspondence to the author, Department of Sociology, S-205 Agricultural Sciences Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. ? 1984 The University of North Carolina Press
An automated approach for constructing road network graph from multispectral images

We present an approach for automatically building a road network graph from multispectralWorldView II images in suburban and urban areas. In this graph, the road parts are represented by edges and their connectivity by vertices. This approach consists of an image processing chain utilizing both high-resolution spatial features as well as multiple band spectral signatures from satellite images. Based on an edge-preserving filtered image, a two-pass spatial-spectral flood fill technique is adopted to extract a road class map. This technique requires only one pixel as the initial training set and collects spatially adjacent and spectrally similar pixels to the initial points as a second level training set for a higher accuracy asphalt classification. Based on the road class map, a road network graph is built after going through a curvilinear detector and a knowledge based system. The graph projects a logical representation of the road network in an urban image. Rules can be made to filter salient road parts with different width as well as ruling out parking lots from the asphalt class map. This spatial spectral joint approach we propose here is capable of building up a road network connectivity graph and this graph lays a foundation for further road related tasks.
Effects of manifolds and corner singularities on stretching in chaotic cavity flows

It has been assumed that the stretching field in chaotic flows evolves as the result of a random multiplicative process [F.J. Muzzio, C. Meneveau, P.D. Swanson and J.M. Ottino, Scaling and multifractal properties of mixing in chaotic flows, Phys. Fluids A, 4, 1439–1456, (1992); F. J. Muzzio, P.D. Swanson and J.M. Ottino, Partially mixed structures produced by multiplicative stretching in chaotic flows, Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, 2, 37–50 (1992)]. This assumption has been used to derive an asymptotic scaling formalism of distributions of stretching values that has useful predictive capabilities. Deviations from this scaling were thought to be limited to cases with regular islands. However, as is shown in this paper for the chaotic cavity flow, deviations from the proposed scaling can also occur for globally chaotic flows as a result of the joint action of unstable manifolds of hyperbolic periodic point and of singularities at the corners of the cavity. A detailed examination of random multiplicative stretching, the conditions necessary for its validity, and the intensity of manifold interaction effects is performed here for the cavity flow.
Present and future teachers of the world’s children How internationally-minded are they?

EnglishThe purpose of the study was to investigate the ‘international mindedness’ (IM) of a group of pre- and in-service international school teachers. This included an analysis of their beliefs about teaching and learning successfully in international settings. Ninety respondents completed a 55-item survey, eight of whom then participated in eight-item interviews. Results were multifold; most notably demographics of this group tended to vary while teaching beliefs and international mindedness remained relatively similar. This may suggest that many present and future international educators, while somewhat diverse, share many values and beliefs.FrenchCette etude avait pour but d'etudier la 'sensibilite internationale' d'un groupe d'enseignants avant et apres qu'ils n'aient commence a travailler dans un etablissement scolaire international. Elle comprend une analyse de leurs convictions concernant la reussite de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage dans un cadre international. Une enquete, composee de 55 q...
Tertiary sea-level fluctuation in South Carolina

Abstract Recognition of physical, chemical, and biotic parameters associated with cyclic formations allows determination of former marine fluctuation. It is possible to observe major sea-level changes from at least the Late Miocene to the Recent with respect to the Atlantic coastal plain and to infer relative changes of sea level in earlier Tertiary time. The following major fluctuations are indicated: ( 1 ) sea-level rise in Cretaceous and relative stability through Early Eocene (Black Mingo) time; ( 2 ) sea-level fall in pre-Claiborne; ( 3 ) sea-level rise in Claiborne (Congaree, McBean, and Santee) and relative stability through Late Eocene (Barnwell), Oligocene (Cooper), and Early and possibly Median Miocene (Hawthorne) time; evidence of a change from warm pre-Oligocene seas to cooler waters during Oligocene and through Early and possibly Median Miocene; tectonic warping during this Oligocene-Median Miocene interval; ( 4 ) sea-level fall; ( 5 ) sea-level rise to at least 190 ft. in warm climate in Late Miocene (Duplin) time; ( 6 ) slow sea-level fall with prograding 3lluvial fans-deltas? to possibly less than 140 ft. in Late Miocene?-Pliocene?; ( 7 ) pause or rise to 140 ft. and formation of Parler Scarp during Late Miocene?- Pliocene?; ( 8 ) sea-level fall; ( 9 ) pause at 100 ft. or possible lower fall and rise to 100 (circa) ft.; formation of Surry Scarp (Pleistocene); ( 10 ) sea-level fall to less than 0 ft. with pause at 70 ft.; and ( 11 ) sea-level rise to 45 ft. (Sangamon). The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary must lie between the cutting of the Parler Scarp and the formation of the Wicomico terrace (100 + ft. or less) and may be represented by the regression to 100 ft. or to a stand below 100 ft. and return.
New interpretation of the angular-resolved photoemission measurements from cleaved silicon

Abstract A new interpretation of a recently observed surface state using angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy near the top of the valence band on the cleaved (111) face of Si has been provided. We are able to explain satisfactorily the observed anisotropy, dispersion and splitting of this peak by examining the electronic structure of a (2 × 1) reconstructed surface.
Similarities in the Infrared Spectra of Homologous Compounds

The possibility of treating the environment of molecular structure groups having quasi-stable absorptions as a perturbation on some basic state of the absorbing group is suggested and briefly investigated by the study of homologous series of both esters and acids. It is concluded that the series possess only one group which can be treated in this fashion with certainty, the carbonyl group. Absorptions commonly assigned to C–O–C in the esters, and C–C–O in the acids are probably nonlocalized vibrations of the entire hydrocarbon skeleton, in which the oxygen undergoes large displacements.
Energy cost and physiological responses of males snowshoeing with rotating and fixed toe-cord designs in powdered snow conditions.

The purpose of this study was to measure the energy cost and physiological responses of males while snowshoeing with two separate toe-cord designs (rotating toe-cord system vs. fixed toe-cord design) in powdered snow conditions. Eight males snowshoed at self-selected intensity for two, 1600 m trials in two snowshoes, with a rotating toe-cord system and a fixed-toe cord design. It was found that heart rate (HR) (140 vs. 134 beats min-1), oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O2) (63.4 vs. 34.0 ml kg-1min-1), energy cost (56.0 vs. 52.4 kJ min-1), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (13 vs. 12) were significantly (p<0.05) higher while snowshoeing with the fixed toe-cord design than with the rotating toe-cord system. Snowshoeing with the rotating toe-cord system at an average speed of 3.96 km h-1 produced mean VO2 values that were 56% of [Vdot]O2 max, while snowshoeing with the fixed toe-cord design at 3.86 km h-1 evoked mean [Vdot]O2 values that were 60% of [Vdot]O2 max. Mean HR while snowshoeing with the rotat...
Synthesis and Characterization of Diblock Copolymers Containing Oligothiophenes with Defined Regiospecificity and Molecular Weights

A series of regiospecific, alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes were synthesized and their structure/property relationships were studied. The formylation of the oligothiophenes introduced an aldehyde functionality into one of the terminals which can be used to couple with living anionic polystyrene species to generate diblock copolymers. Three diblock copolymers were synthesized by coupling the oligothiophene aldehyde with living polystyrenes of different chain lengths. These copolymers were stable at temperature up to 380 °C and have similar glass transition temperatures to the corresponding polystyrene homopolymers.
Fermi surface evolution in cuprates: an angle-resolved photoemission study

Abstract We report angle-resolved photoemission measurements on an insulating CuO 2 plane compound, Ca 2 CuO 2 Cl 2 . This so-called parent compound to the high- T c superconductors is a Mott insulator. We observe that the lowest energy feature loses its spectral weight as it crosses the approximate position where band theory predicts the existence of the Fermi surface. Complemented with an analysis from metallic Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 (Bi2212), this suggests that the loss of spectral weight is due to the remnants of the non-interacting Fermi surface. Further analysis shows a d-wave-like dispersion along this `Fermi surface' contour that is destroyed in the insulator.
Bacteriophages as model organisms for virus emergence research

Viruses fully emerge by gaining the ability to sustainably infect new host populations. When the hosts are humans, emerging viruses can present major public health issues, as exemplified by the AIDS pandemic. Therefore, heuristic approaches to identify nascent diseases before they become pandemic would be valuable. Unfortunately, the current patient-based and epidemiological approaches are ill-suited in this regard because they are largely responsive and not predictive. Alternative approaches based on virus evolutionary ecology might have greater potential to predict virus emergence. However, given the difficulties encountered when studying metazoan viruses in this context, the development of new model systems is greatly desirable. Here, I highlight studies that show that bacteriophages are appropriate model organisms for virus emergence research because of the ease in which important population parameters can be manipulated. Ideally this research will permit identifying major factors determining the persistence or extinction of emerging viruses. If such viruses could be recognized in advance, patient-based and epidemiological strategies could be better mobilized to deal with them.
Low cost BT organic material for wireless 60 GHz application

Low cost organic materials have gained a lot of attention as a potential high-performance microwave substrate and packaging material. BT organic substrate has been the substrate of choice for electronics packaging during the last few decades. BT is an organic material that offers a unique, low-cost, all-in-one solution for high frequency designs due to its ability to act as a high-performance stable substrate for multilayer packaging. Many materials have been developed in the last few years, like Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) but suffer from many issues regarding high volume manufacturing for multi-layer structure. Because of these characteristics, BT is very appealing for many applications, and it can be viewed as a prime material for enabling system-on-package RF and millimeter wave designs. Commercial interest in millimeter wave frequencies has initiated a large scale, world-wide effort to develop systems requiring low cost HVM high-performance dielectric materials. Examples of this trend include 60 GHz Wi-Gig and wireless personal area network (WPAN) systems, ~77GHz automotive radar, and ~94GHz millimeter wave. This dictates the integration of Antenna with RFIC on the same module substrate posing numerous architecture challenges. This research uses several methods to determine the electrical properties of BT for mm-wave frequencies. Microstrip, Coplanar Waveguide, Stripline, Straight and Ring Resonators are measured in order to characterize the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the BT from 1 GHz to 65 GHz.
Zinc-induced metallothionein synthesis by caco-2 cells

Caco-2 cells possess many morphological and biochemical characteristics of intestinal absorptive cells, including the ability to transport zinc. In the present study, metallothionein (MT) synthesis in response to increased levels of zinc was examined. Increased incorporation of [35S]cysteine into MTs was observed when excess ZnCl2 was added to the medium. The rate of MT synthesis was found to be concentration dependent. Also, induction of MT synthesis was greater early in the culture, before the cells were fully differentiated. Incubation of the monolayers with 65Zn and 200 microM zinc revealed that approximately 50% of the zinc incorporated into the cells was associated with MTs. The remainder was associated with large proteins as well as amino acids and small peptides. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide both inhibited the induction of MT synthesis, suggesting that the newly synthesized MTs are a result of expression of MT genes. Hence, Caco-2 cells, a model of intestinal absorptive cells, may be used to examine the role of MTs in zinc absorption.
UniSpacer: insufficient data to support its widespread use.

The concept of a Unispacer is not new. McKeever and Macintosh metallic hemiarthroplasties have been available for more than 50 years. Two decades ago, published reports for patients with unicompartmental OA revealed good initial results in 85% of patients. This procedure is conservative and easily revised, if necessary, to any type of arthroplasty in the future. The Unispacer can be thought of as a mobile McKeever or Macintosh metallic hemiarthroplasty. Rather than attempting fixation to the tibial plateau via a keel or a roughened undersurface, it is designed to translate freely on the tibial plateau as determined by the conforming articulation of its top side surface with the femoral condyle. This mobility makes it inappropriate for use in the lateral compartment where the femoral roll-back could cause prosthetic dislocation or soft tissue impingement or both. The eventual role of the Unispacer in arthroplasty currently is uncertain. There are no published reports of its effectiveness. Its indication should be similar to those for McKeever arthroplasty. A patient with unicompartmental OA in whom an osteotomy is contraindicated but is considered too young, heavy, or active for a metal-to-plastic arthroplasty is ideal. Less than 1% of patients with OA should be appropriate candidates. The procedure is technically demanding and sensitive, making its widespread success unlikely.
The development of organelles in embryos of Fraxinus americana

Summary The capacity of the dormant embryos in seeds of Fraxinus americana to develop enzyme activity in glyoxysomes increased during incubation at 22 °C in the dark. The investigations on the behaviour of the glyoxysomes and mitochondria in incubated ash embryos during stratification demonstrated a jump in catalase and isocitrate lyase activity in the glyoxysomes and in fumarase activity in the mitochondria before the embryos are able to germinate. A second increase in activity of these enzymes occurred after germination. The development of catalase, isocitrate lyase and fumarase in the organelles can be regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid A 3 (GA 3 ) and zeatin in germinating and nongerminating embryos.
Systemic arterial embolism in rheumatic heart disease.

Abstract Rheumatic heart disease is an important cause of systemic arterial embolism. In 1933, Weiss and Davis 76 published a report on embolic episodes in rheumatic heart disease, using autopsy material as their source of study. Harris and Levine 25 , in 1941, reported on a series of cerebral emboli complicating rheumatic heart disease. In 1950, Bourne 6 published a report on the relationship of exertion to embolism in mitral stenosis. Recent publications (Warren and Linton 75 , Haimovici 23 , and Andrus 3 ) on the general subject and the treatment of arterial embolism emphasized further the importance of rheumatic heart disease as an etiological factor. The considerable progress in the past few years with anticoagulant agents as a protection against embolism and the recent surgical obliteration of the left atrial appendage as a possible focus of thrombus formation in rheumatic heart disease were responsible for the present study. It was undertaken primarily to elucidate the factors favoring intracardiac thrombosis, to ascertain the relative frequency of the atrial appendage as the offending site, and to appraise the results of therapy. The records of 194 patients, including the autopsy findings in thirty-nine patients, were obtained from the Massachusetts General Hospital, the House of the Good Samaritan, and the private practice of two of the authors (E. F. B. and P. D. W.). The period covered was from 1923 to 1950. Patients suffering from bacterial endocarditis have been excluded.
Hip-Hop, Social Justice, and Environmental Education: Toward a Critical Ecological Literacy

This essay describes an educational initiative that used environmentally themed (green) hip-hop to stimulate learning in an environmental science classroom. Students were then challenged to compose their own green hip-hop and their lyrics demonstrated skills that have thematic consistency around what is called a Critical Ecological Literacy (CEL). An analysis of more than 200 creative pieces collected from eight runs of this curriculum over four years shows that CEL can be used as a guiding concept for the creation of curriculum targeting urban areas and racially diverse learners. Several examples of this student-produced green hip-hop are shared to delineate elements of CEL that can help educators evaluate student learning as well as their own teaching materials.
Framing the Fat Body: Contested Meanings between Government, Activists, and Industry*

Sociologists have long recognized that social problems do not derive solely from objective conditions but from a process of collective definition. At the core of some social issues are framing competitions, struggles over the production of ideas and meanings. This article examines competing cultural meanings about the fat body. Through frame analysis of organizational materials, I map the contested field of obesity and document three cultural frames—medical frame, social justice frame, and market choice frame—as represented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA), and the food industry group the Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), respectively. Using the “framing matrix,” I explore each frame's key signature elements and discuss its social and cultural significance. Notably, each frame leads to different outcomes for social equality and how society thinks about fat bodies, health, and public policy.
Investigation of Chemical Looping Combustion by Solid Fuels. 2. Redox Reaction Kinetics and Product Characterization with Coal, Biomass, and Solid Waste as Solid Fuels and CuO as an Oxygen Carrier

This paper is the second in a series of two on the investigation of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) of solid fuels. The first paper put forward the concept of the CLC of solid fuels using a circulating fluidized bed as a reactor and Cu−CuO as the oxygen carrier, which was based on an analysis of oxygen transfer capability, reaction enthalpy, and chemical equilibrium. In this second paper, we report the results of the evaluation of the reduction of CuO reduced by solid fuels such as coal and some other “opportunity” solid fuels. Tests on the reduction of CuO by the selected solid fuels were conducted using simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, which simulates a microreactor. An attached mass spectrometer (MS) was used for the characterization of evolved gaseous products. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterization of the solid residues. Results strongly supported the feasibility of CuO reduction by s...