cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of the cyanophycin granule polypeptide of Anabaena cylindrica by circular dichroism and raman spectroscopy

The cyanophycin granule polypeptide, or multi-l-arginyl-poly(l-aspartic acid), from the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica has been examined by circular dichroism and laser Raman spectroscopy. The polypeptide exhibits defined secondary structure in acidic solution, but not in alkaline medium. Raman spectra show the structure of the insoluble (storage?) form of the polypeptide is similar but not identical to that of the acid soluble form. Analysis of the CD spectra suggests that β-sheets exist in the acid soluble form, and by inference, in the insoluble cellular material.
Why Puberty Matters for Psychopathology

Few periods of the life span are as dynamic, tumultuous, and emotionally salient as puberty. The combination of biological and social change during this transition contributes to sweeping shifts in the prevalence and nature of psychopathology. In this article, I highlight the role of puberty in psychological well-being, reviewing both individual and population-wide trends in psychological symptoms and disorders. Emphasis is on three domains associated with maturation: typicality of symptoms, epidemiological shifts, and individual differences.
Form, genesis, and deformation of central California wave-cut platforms

Modern and ancient wave-cut platforms on Ben Lomond Mountain in central California are broadly similar in shape. They have a seaward slope composed of two segments: a steeper, slightly concave inshore segment, with gradients of generally 0.02 to 0.04 (20 to 40 m/km), and a flatter, planar offshore segment with gradients of 0.007 to 0.017 (7 to 17 m/km). The flattest inshore and offshore gradients measured were, respectively, 0.015 (15 m/km) and 0.005 (5 m/km), suggesting that these are close to minimum gradients for erosional platforms in central California. The inshore segments are generally 300 to 600 m wide and extend to a depth of 8 to 13 m. Platforms are widest in areas where soft sandstone crops out and where there has been least uplift. Major storm waves now break in water 7 to 12 m deep. We conclude that inshore platform segments were associated with storm-wave surf zones and that offshore segments were associated with the zone of deep-water wave transformation. A gradient of 0.005 for the offshore segment would keep wave energy at the bottom constant (Zenkovich, 1967). A steeper gradient for the inshore segment would enable backwash undertow to counteract the strong onshore movement of surf, so that available coarse sediment could be moved laterally. Slopes less than the minimum would so dissipate wave energy in offshore areas that the surf zone would not be able to provide the needed longshore transport for coarse sediment, and beach progradation would result. Thus, platforms have a shape that allows efficient conversion of wave energy into erosion and longshore transport; their seaward gradient is not used for the downhill transport of sediment. Platform gradients decrease with time, at least until the minimum is achieved. Whether the offshore segments were eroded at their existing depths or were eroded by surf zones as sea level rose remains a matter of controversy. Ben Lomond platforms have been uplifted and progressively tilted in a seaward direction, indicating that late Tertiary domical uplift has continued into Quaternary time. Uplift rates have ranged from 0.16 m/1,000 yr near Santa Cruz to 0.26 m/1,000 yr near Greyhound Rock. Tilts have varied from 0.001 (1 m/km) for the lowest prominent platform to 0.009 (9 m/km) for the highest platform (which may be as old as 10 6 yr). Because of uplift, platforms must have been cut at times of eustatically high sea level.
Loss Differentiated Rate Adaptation in Wireless Networks

Data rate adaptation aims to select the optimal data rates for current channel conditions leading to substantial performance improvement. This paper proposes a data rate adaptation technique that: (1) exploits the periodic IEEE 802.11 beacons; (2) discriminates between frame losses due to channel fading and those due to collisions and takes actions appropriate for each type of loss; and (3) recommends and justifies the use of the lowest data rate for the very first retransmission after a frame loss. The last feature - namely retransmitting at the lowest data rate - helps in diagnosing the real cause of a frame loss. Moreover, this work analytically shows that retransmitting at the lowest data rate is more efficient, especially in poor SNR environments or when there is no knowledge of the cause of a loss (channel degradation or transmission collision). This scheme, dubbed loss differentiated rate adaptation (LDRA), is extensively evaluated through simulations and shown to perform better especially when network traffic is heavy.
EXAMINING INTERVENTION EffECTIVENESS AND EffICIENCY OUTCOMES IN SINGLE-CASE DESIGN STUDIES

The research literature on evidence-based academic interventions focuses predominantly on measures of intervention effectiveness. Intervention efficiency measures, in contrast, include the dimension of time required to achieve a level of effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to review the research literature for single-case design studies that included measures of both effectiveness and efficiency for academic (i.e., reading, math, writing, and spelling) interventions in schools. The study reviewed single-case design research on academic interventions published in six dominant peer-reviewed journals in school psychology between 2003-2013: School Psychology Review, School Psychology Quarterly, Psychology in the Schools, Journal of School Psychology, Journal of Behavioral Education, and the Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools. The results of this study suggest that intervention efficiency measures are largely absent from the academic intervention research. The implications of this study are that both effectiveness and efficiency measures need to be considered as they each provide a unique contribution to determining
Demand Side Secular Stagnation

Abstract The experience of first Japan and now Europe and the USA suggests that Hansen's concept of secular stagnation is highly relevant. Recovery has been anemic and follows a generation of financially unsustainable and often lackluster growth. Investment demand has declined while the supply of saving has increased, leaving the economy vulnerable to liquidity traps. Although some US indicators have improved, forward real rates have declined sharply, European prospects remain muddled, and the zero-bound will likely constrain again during the next recession. Infrastructure and private investment are the best ways to both minimize the risk of secular stagnation and raise demand.
Why Are Obstetric Units in Rural Hospitals Closing Their Doors

Objectives To understand hospital- and county-level factors for rural obstetric unit closures, using mixed methods. Data Sources Hospital discharge data from Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Statewide Inpatient Databases, American Hospital Association Annual Survey, and Area Resource File for 2010, as well as 2013–2014 telephone interviews of all 306 rural hospitals in nine states with at least 10 births in 2010. Via interview, we ascertained obstetric unit status, reasons for closures, and postclosure community capacity for prenatal care. Study Design Multivariate logistic regression and qualitative analysis were used to identify factors associated with unit closures between 2010 and 2014. Principal Findings Exactly 7.2 percent of rural hospitals in the study closed their obstetric units. These units were smaller in size, more likely to be privately owned, and located in communities with lower family income, fewer obstetricians, and fewer family physicians. Prenatal care was still available in 17 of 19 communities, but local women would need to travel an average of 29 additional miles to access intrapartum care. Conclusions Rural obstetric unit closures are more common in smaller hospitals and communities with a limited obstetric workforce. Concerns about continuity of rural maternity care arise for women with local prenatal care but distant intrapartum care.
The ethics of exclusion and the myth of control.

For just one moment, try to forget you are the emergency nurse. Step outside that world. Pretend you are someone else, and ask yourself: Is it really justifiable to routinely exclude someone who wants to be there from the bedside of a dying loved one, even if-perhaps especially if-the dying is sudden and unexpected? This question has provoked mild debate among emergency nurses recently,‘, 2 but in most institutions, family exclusion is still accepted as the norm, even ihough family presence has been shown to not interfere with resuscitation efforts.3, 4 Is such exclusion ethical? There are many ways to experience the events surrounding a resuscitation or “code” situation in the emerqency department. For you as nurse, the scenario follows a predictable course. The stretcher is swept into the room and you are among those immediately surrounding it. CPR is in progress. There are shouted questions, commands; the mood may be intense, but tlie circumstances are familiar. You take control; jrou’ve done this before; you play hero in the battle agsmst sudden, unexpected death. It feels good to be in control, to know what you are supposed to do and to do it skillfully, efficiently. In the background, almost ir)visibly, the family is hurried off to someplace else, someplace where they will be asked to stay, perhaps asked to provide information, while the heroic struggle is being waged. In a small room dotted with ominous boxes of tissue, they wait. But stop-you are not a nurse just now. Just now, you are a wife, wrenched from your safe and familiar world by your husband’s sudden collapse, his awful color, the strange distant sound of your own voice crying out in fear and love. Your hands are so shaky
Reducing Structural Error in Function Generating Mechanisms via the Addition of Large Numbers of Four-Bar Mechanisms

This paper presents a methodology for synthesizing planar linkages to approximate any prescribed periodic function. The mechanisms selected for this task are the slider-crank and the geared five-bar with connecting rod and sliding output (GFBS), where any number of drag-link (or double crank) four-bars are used as drivers. A slider-crank mechanism, when comparing the input crank rotation to the output slider displacement, produces a sinusoid-like function. Instead of directly driving the input crank, a drag-link four-bar may be added that drives the crank from its output via a rigid connection between the two. Driving the input of the added four-bar results in a function that is less sinusoid-like. This process can be continued through the addition of more drag-link mechanisms to the device, slowly altering the curve toward any periodic function with a single maximum. For periodic functions with multiple maxima, a GFBS is used as the terminal linkage added to the chain of drag-link mechanisms. The synthesis process starts by analyzing one period of the function to design either the terminal slider-crank or terminal GFBS. A randomized local search is then conducted as the four-bars are added to minimize the structural error between the desired function and the input-output function of the mechanism. Mechanisms have been “grown” in this fashion to dozens of links that are capable of closely producing functions with a variety of intriguing features.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Water Conservation in Insects

Insects which live on food low in water have the capacity, like the cactus, of holding much of their water in the bound or colloidal condition. In this form the water is held firmly against the force of desiccation. This capacity varies inversely as the total water content of the insect.
Cotton square damage by the plant bug, Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), and abscission rates

Numbers of Lygus Hesperus Knight per 50 net sweeps and numbers of abscised and lygus bug damaged squares per cotton plant terminal were counted weekly. Square abscission and square damage showed a high positive correlation with L. hesperus numbers ( r = 0.92, n = 7, for week of count and r = 0.69, n = 63, for June through July) and with square age ( r = 0.96, n = 20); fruit set on first and second sympodial branch positions showed a high negative correlation with L. Hesperus numbers ( r = -0.65, n = 25, for zero to six bugs per 50 sweeps). Comparisons of the proportion of squares damaged by lygus bugs between the terminal 5 nodes, terminal 10 nodes, and all nodes on one to three dates per location indicate that the terminal 5 nodes provide a reliable estimate of L. Hesperus feeding damage to squares. Our calculations indicate that before 1 August each lygus bug collected in the sweep net indicates a potential for 23,400 abscised plus damaged squares per hectare on the day of sample. Boll retention in relation to lygus bug numbers is presented. This information is expected to provide guidance when developing management strategies for L. hesperus on cotton. Square damage and loss can be used to estimate need for pesticide use and for refining the lygus bug: square ratio as an estimator of treatment threshold.
Effects Of Grain Boundaries on the Resistivity of Cosputtered Wsi2 Films

Resistivity and grain size measurements on thin films of co-sputtered WSi2 show that the resistivity in this material is dominated by grain boundary scattering. The reflection coefficient for the transport of charge carriers through the grain boundaries was determined to be approximately 0.9.
Control of bending oscillation of cantilevers via adaptive materials technology

This paper is concerned with the problem of controlling the bending oscillations of cantilevers subjected to time-dependent external excitations. The structural model consists of a thin-walled beam of arbitrary cross section and includes a number of nonclassical effects, such as transverse shear, secondary warping, and heterogeneity. The control is achieved via the converse effect of piezoelectric materials bonded to or embedded into the host structure. A dynamic control law relating the piezoelectrically induced bending moment to the angular velocity at the tip of the structure is implemented, and the closed-loop eigenvalues and dynamic response to harmonic excitations are highlighted. A computational methodology based on the extended Galerkin's technique for determining the closed-loop frequency-response characteristics is used, and numerical results revealing the strong implications of the adaptive technology are displayed. (Author)
The Moderating Effect of Smoking Status on the Relation between Anxiety Sensitivity, Sexual Compulsivity, and Suicidality among People with HIV/AIDS

The present study examined the moderating effect of cigarette smoking status on the relation between anxiety sensitivity (fear of the expected negative consequences of anxiety and bodily sensations) and hazardous alcohol consumption, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality. A series of multiple hierarchical regressions were used to test the proposed hypothesis among a sample of 94 persons living with HIV/AIDS in the USA (64.5 % male, M age = 48.3, SD = 7.5). Fifty-seven percent of the participants (n = 54) reported past-month smoking. The results indicated that those who reported smoking and had higher anxiety sensitivity demonstrated the highest rates of hazardous alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality. Simple slope analyses indicated that anxiety sensitivity was associated with higher rates of hazardous alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality among individuals who reported past-month smoking, but not among individuals who did not smoke. The present results suggest that smoking status moderates the relation between anxiety sensitivity and hazardous alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality among persons living with HIV/AIDS. These data add to a growing literature, suggesting that smoking has a negative impact among persons living with HIV/AIDS, which extends beyond physical health problems to a variety of clinically significant behavioral health sequelae.
Effects of Tempering Temperatures on Microstructure and Properties of Low Carbon High Strength Bainitic Steels

The variations of microstructure,mechanical properties of a low carbon high-strength bainitic steel tempered at different temperatures were investigated with optical microscopy(OM),SEM and TEM.The results showed that the appearance of variations of the dislocation density,morphology of the precipitates,merging and coarsening of lath bainite,and decomposition of M/A islands after tempring were the main reasons for the variations of mechanical properties.Compared with the as-rolled steel,after tempered at 600 ℃,the yield strength of the tempered steel increased35 MPa,meanwhile,the impact absorbing energy at-40 ℃ enhanced 49 J,thus the test steel obtained the best combination of the strength and toughness.The improvement of the low temperature impact toughness after tempering mainly relied on the decomposition of the bulk M/A islands.Fine and evenly dispersed M/A islands effectively prevented the propagation of cracks,thus improved the low temperature impact toughness.
A Reversible Defect in α-β T Cell Receptor Assembly

Abstract A human leukemia cell line, SUP-T13, can gain and lose TCR/CD3 expression at rates incompatible with spontaneous mutation. In this study, we determined (i) the generality of this phenomenon among other T cell lines, (ii) the specificity of this phenomenon to the TCR/CD3 complex, and (iii) the molecular mechanism of TCR/CD3 loss in the SUP-T13 cell line at a biochemical level. We show that two other T cell lines can undergo gain and loss of TCR/CD3 expression at similar rates. However, class I MHC molecules do not switch expression on and off, demonstrating that such switching is not an artifact of the analysis. To determine the mechanism for loss of surface TCR/CD3 expression, pulse–chase labeling and immunoprecipitation were performed on SUP-T13 TCR/CD3 − cells. These analyses revealed that TCR α proteins are produced, but do not covalently associate with TCR β-CD3 proteins in the negative cells. Thus, these variants represent a novel level of posttranslational regulation of TCR/CD3 expression, namely, the disulfide linkage of α and β TCR chains.
Effects of Buprenorphine Added to Bupivacaine Infraorbital Nerve Blocks on Isoflurane Minimum Alveolar Concentration Using a Model for Acute Dental/Oral Surgical Pain in Dogs

Bupivacaine appears to have a duration of action longer than previously reported. Results of this study demonstrate that the addition of buprenorphrine may enhance the analgesic duration of effect for bupivacaine regional nerve blocks. In addition, the use of bupivacaine alone may have analgesia that exceeds 24 hours in many cases. Although not statistically significant based on sample size, 50% of dogs receiving the bupivacaine/buprenorphine regional anesthetic block demonstrated a decreased anesthetic requirement 48 hours postadministration when compared to 25% of dogs receiving the bupivacaine anesthetic. No adverse cardiorespiratory effects were noted secondary to either local anesthetic treatment. Use of bupivacaine may have analgesic effects extending greater than 24 hours (24-72) when used in regional anesthetic blocks in veterinary dental patients with acute dental pain. The addition of buprenorphine to bupivacaine may extend the duration of analgesia (48-96 h). The limited sample size, in addition to patient variability in response to medications, may account for the fact that no differences were detected between the treatments administered.
Isidorean Wolf Lore and the felafæcne deor of Maxims I.C: Some Rhetorical and Legal Contexts for Recognising Another Old English wulf in Sheep’s Clothing

ABSTRACTThe tripartite Exeter Maxims, or Maxims I, is an Old English verse catalogue of proverbs and gnomic utterances that is often assumed to be a Germanic repository of pre-conversion lore. Departing from this critical assumption, this essay identifies book twelve of Isidore’s Etymologiae as the probable source for an evocative passage featuring predatory wolves who threaten travellers in Maxims I.C, lines 7–14. This Isidorean analogue introduces several new rhetorical contexts for interpreting this proverb poem as a sophisticated cultural synthesis of vernacular traditions and imported Latin learning. Comparing the wolf of Maxims I.C with lupine imagery in the writings of ecclesiastics like Wulfstan, AEthelwold and AElfric—and with several early English wolf proverbs—emphasises the spiritual symbolism and didactic value of wolves in the poem and Anglo-Saxon culture more generally. It also connects the diction of Maxims I.C with the legal vocabulary of the “Durham Proverbs” and Old English law codes mean...
The Local Ensemble Tangent Linear Model: an enabler for coupled model 4D-Var

A leading Data Assimilation (DA) technique in meteorology is 4D-Var which relies on the Tangent Linear Model (TLM) of the nonlinear model and its adjoint. The difficulty of building and maintaining traditional TLMs and adjoints of coupled ocean–wave–atmosphere–etc. models is daunting. On the other hand, coupled model ensemble forecasts are readily available. Here, we show how an ensemble forecast can be used to construct an accurate Local Ensemble TLM (LETLM) and adjoint of the entire coupled system. The method features a local influence region containing all the variables that could possibly influence the time evolution of some target variable(s) near the centre of the region. We prove that high accuracy is guaranteed provided that (i) the ensemble perturbations are governed by linear dynamics, and (ii) the number of ensemble members exceeds the number of variables in the influence region. The approach is illustrated in a simple coupled model. This idealized coupled model has some realistic features including reasonable predictability limits in the upper atmosphere, lower atmosphere, upper ocean and lower ocean of 10, 96, 160 and 335 days, respectively. In addition, the length-scale of eddies in the ocean is about one fifth of those in the atmosphere. The easy manner in which the adjoint is obtained from the LETLM is also described and illustrated by demonstrating how the LETLM adjoint predicts the high sensitivity of oceanic boundary-layer evolution to changes in the atmosphere. Finally, the feasibility of LETLMs for 4D-Var is demonstrated. Specifically, a case is considered with a 5-day data assimilation window in which nonlinear terms play a significant role in the evolution of forecast error; it is shown that the posterior mode delivered by 4D-Var with an LETLM, its adjoint and ten outer loops approximately recovers the true state in spite of a spatially sparse observational network.
Atomic precision pays off in the nucleus

Physicists have over the years been using more and more powerful accelerators to probe the behaviour of nature at ever higher energy scales. While these enormous endeavours have led to a great deal of progress, it is remarkable that precision atomic physics experiments, which easily fit on a tabletop and involve only a few workers, can also give valuable information about the same high-energy behaviour. A state-of-the-art example of such an experiment is a new measurement of the size of the deuteron – the bound state of a proton and neutron that forms the nucleus of a deuterium atom – at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany (A Huber et al. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett.80 468)
HIV Risk Interventions

Behavioral interventions remain the most realistic means for curtailing the spread of HIV infection. In this article, factors associated with HIV transmission risks and interventions directed at reducing risks associated with injection drug use and sexual relations are examined. HIV transmission risk is affected by both biological and sociocultural co-factors. Interventions designed to reduce sexual risk practices that permit HIV transmission have occurred at three primary levels: individual-risk reduction counseling, small group workshops, and community mobilization campaigns. In each case, effective interventions that reduce high-risk behavior almost universally include three primary elements: educational information about HIV and how it is transmitted and prevented; motivation to induce individuals to make behavioral changes; and interactive exercises to improve risk reduction behavioral skills such as sexual assertiveness skills.
»Xenodoxus« (Fragment 1954)

Den Plan zu einem weiteren volkstumlichen – fur die Salzburger Festspiele bestimmten – Drama fasste Hofmannsthal nach einer Auffuhrung des Jedermann in Salzburg im August 1920. Er arbeitete bis 1925 an dem unvollendet gebliebenen Stuck, dessen Vorbild das Jesuitendrama Cenodoxus von Jakob Bidermann war.
Strata of the Soul: The Queer Archaeologies of Vernon Lee and Oscar Wilde

This essay explores Vernon Lee's ‘Amour Dure’ and ‘Prince Alberic and the Snake Lady’, as well as Oscar Wilde's ‘The Sphinx’, ‘The Truth of Masks’, and ‘The Portrait of Mr. W. H.’ to uncover how writers at the turn of the twentieth century represented encounters with material artefacts of the past to facilitate the expression of queer identity and experience. While Lee's stories address derelict material remains to expose neglected individual histories, illustrating unconventional relationships through temporal collision, Wilde's ‘The Sphinx’ adopts the exoticism of ancient Egypt to more explicitly discuss sexual transgression. Furthermore, through ‘The Truth of Masks’ and ‘The Portrait of Mr. W. H.’, Wilde can be seen to employ archaeological experience to envision queer desire. In their appropriation of the mysteries of the buried past to suggest non-normative desires buried within the self, these late-Victorian works constitute a precursor to major concepts generally associated with the twentieth centu...
Promoting Scholarship at Regional Medical Campuses

Multiple regional medical campuses (RMCs) have been established in North America as part of the effort to train physicians in locations geographically removed from the main medical school campus. RMCs may vary in size, geographic location and mission from the main campus, but scholarly activity by faculty and students is expected and should be promoted on all campuses. If the definition of scholarship is limited to research demonstrated by publication, and academic recognition and advancement is largely based on this criterion, faculty at the RMC who fail to participate may be at a disadvantage. Thus, in addition to expanding research opportunities at the RMC, it is argued that the definition of scholarship needs to be expanded to recognize the accomplishments of RMC faculty. RMC students must also be introduced to biomedical research principles and provided opportunities to engage in scholarly pursuits. Documented participation in scholarly activity may be necessary to make the student more competitive for residency positions. The authors review an expanded definition of scholarship, present an approach to promote faculty and student scholarship, and describe achievable options for scholarly activity on the RMC.
Evaluating the capacity of California's publicly funded universities to provide medication abortion.

Abstract Objective To explore capacity of University of California (UC) and California State University (CSU) student health centers (SHCs) to provide medication abortion (MA) and SHC staff perspectives on providing MA. Study design SHC staff completed an online survey; we conducted site visits and conference calls with a subset of SHCs. The survey focused on barriers to abortion, resources needed for MA, and potential benefits and challenges. Results 11 UCs (100%) and 20 CSUs (87%) completed surveys. All facilities provided basic primary care, including sexual and reproductive health services and some contraceptive services, but not abortion. All sites had adequate staffing and physical plant, but most would require training, access to ultrasound when needed, 24-hour hotlines (CSUs), and back-up care to provide MA. Conclusion It would be feasible to provide MA at SHCs, but investment is needed to support staff training, equipment, 24-hour hotlines, back-up care, and minimal security upgrades, in order to implement MA services. Implications If SB320 is passed, provision of MA services at student health centers could improve access to early abortion for students in California. This model may be scaled up at other universities around the country.
Response properties of the human frequency-following response (FFR) to speech and non-speech sounds: level dependence, adaptation and phase-locking limits

AbstractObjective: The frequency-following response (FFR) is a neurophonic potential used to assess auditory neural encoding at subcortical stages. Despite the FFR’s empirical and clinical utility, basic response properties of this evoked potential remain undefined.Design: We measured FFRs to speech and nonspeech (pure tone, chirp sweeps) stimuli to quantify three key properties of this potential: level-dependence (I/O functions), adaptation and the upper limit of neural phase-locking.Study sample: n = 13 normal-hearing listeners.Results: I/O functions showed FFR amplitude increased with increasing stimulus presentation level between 25 and 80 dB SPL; FFR growth was steeper for tones than speech when measured at the same frequency. FFR latency decreased 4–5 ms with decreasing presentation level from 25 and 80 dB SPL but responses were ∼2 ms earlier for speech than tones. FFR amplitudes showed a 50% reduction over 6 min of recording with the strongest adaptation in the first 60 s (250 trials). Estimates of...
Neuro-ophthalmologic features of pituitary tumors.

Skillful neuro-ophthalmologic examination is essential in the diagnosis of pituitary adenomas and useful in monitoring their course and the effect of treatment. Pituitary adenomas produce characteristic visual field defects that allow precise anatomic localization. Recognition of the typical signs and symptoms leads to early diagnosis, successful treatment, and reversal of vision loss.
Electrochemical equilibria in coal flotation systems and their role in determining the interfacial properties of pyrite and its separation from coal

Abstract Various chemical reactions occurring during grinding and conditioning of Pittsburgh No. 8 coal prior to flotation were studied using electrochemical equilibrium method. The effect of these reactions on the interfacial properties of coal and pyrite as well as on the separation of pyrite from coal by flotation was investigated. Enhanced pyrite rejection obtained by increasing the pH during flotation was attributed mainly to the reduced pyrite hydrophobicity. Induction time measurements showed that pyrite hydrophobicity decreases with increasing solution pH. Results of the solution electrode potential measurements suggested that the conversion of pyrite surface from partially hydrophobic FeS 2 to hydrophilic Fe(OH) 3 around pH 6 may be the reason for decrease of the pyrite hydrophobicity with increase in pH.
Environmental bottlenecks in children’s genetic potential for adult socio-economic attainments: Evidence from a health shock

This paper explores gene-environment interactions-interactions between family environments and children's genetic predispositions-in determining educational attainment. The central question is whether poor childhood family environments reduce children's ability to leverage their genetic gifts to achieve high levels of educational attainment-are there important 'bottlenecks' for poor children? The multigenerational information and genetic data contained in the United States' Health and Retirement Study are used to separate two mechanisms for intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status: genetic endowments and family environments. Using parental in utero exposure to the 1918-19 influenza pandemic as a source of quasi-experimental variation in family environments (that did not affect children's genetic endowments), I estimate interactions between parental investments and children's genetic potential. The main finding suggests that girls with high genetic potential whose fathers were exposed to influenza face reduced educational attainments-a gene-environment interaction-but there is no similar effect for boys.
Designing liquid repellent, icephobic and self-cleaning surfaces with high mechanical and chemical durability

Liquid repellent, icephobic and self-cleaning surfaces are of interest in industrial applications, including solar panels, self-cleaning windows, wind turbines, and automotive and aerospace compone...
Answering the crisis with intellectual activism: Making a difference as business schools scholars:

Should business school scholars engage in intellectual activism? This article explicates the origin, the intellectual tradition and politics of intellectual activism, making a case for why manageme...
Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantitatively analyze outcomes in operative versus nonoperative management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients.Data Sources:Using the Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and
How Naturalism Could Explain Morality, Rationality, and Intentionality

This chapter evaluates the lines of data Rasmussen raised in the previous chapter and their bearing on theistic and naturalistic hypotheses. For each, I do two things. First, I discuss concerns a naturalist might have for a theistic explanation of the data. Second, with our common goal in mind, I offer a naturalistic explanation of the data that grants as much common ground as possible to the theist. In particular, I take the data to be fundamental features of reality, rather than trying to reduce or eliminate them. In all of this, I aim to underscore how much the theist and the naturalist can hold in common without losing what is distinctive about each.
CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF AORTIC BIOPROSTHETIC VALVE DYSFUNCTION

Aortic sinus dimensions may associate with mechanical stress on valve leaflets and impact risk of aortic prosthetic valve dysfunction (PVD). We aimed to examine impact of clinical and echocardiographic (echo) variables on PVD. We retrospectively examined clinical and echo data of patients that
Fusing and refining convolutional neural network models for assembly action recognition in smart manufacturing

Assembly carries paramount importance in manufacturing. Being able to support workers in real time to maximize their positive contributions to assembly is a tremendous interest of manufacturers. Hu...
Developmental Disorders of Attention

Most of the disturbances of attention discussed earlier in the book occur primarily among adults secondary to neurological or medical diseases or injury that affect the brain. Major psychiatric disturbances, such as major depression and schizophrenia, likely reflect phenotypic variations in brain development and development but also typically occur as full-blown disorders when people reach adulthood. There are actually many cases of acquired attention disturbance among children suffering from congenital or chronic medical disease. For example, children with heart defects often experience attention disturbances for many of the same reasons that adults do [1–6]. Attention disturbances also occur in children as the result of certain cancers and their treatment with radiation and chemotherapy [7–17]. The functional impact of these childhood conditions is often substantial since they occur against the backdrop of the developing brain. While devastating for the children who experience these illnesses, they are relatively uncommon, as only a small percentage of children in the population experience these conditions, compared to the relatively high relevance of brain disturbances arising from stroke, cardiovascular disease, and other medical conditions in older adults. Yet, attention deficit disorder (ADD) is among the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder, occurring in approximately 10 % of school-age children in this country [18]. The assessment and treatment of ADD has become a major focus of child psychiatry. There are now thousands of published studies on ADD and a number of excellent texts on the subject, including Russell Barkley’s “Attention Deficit Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment” [19] and the NICE guidelines [20], as well as several books that address the clinical neuroscience of ADD [21] and cognitive development [22]. In this chapter section, an overview of the normal development of attention and neuropsychological considerations regarding ADD will be provided.
Predicting Networks-on-Chip traffic congestion with Spiking Neural Networks

Abstract Network congestion is one of the critical reasons for degradation of data throughput performance in Networks-on-Chip (NoCs), with delays caused by data-buffer queuing in routers. Local buffer or router congestion impacts on network performance as it gradually spreads to neighbouring routers and beyond. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to NoC traffic prediction using Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and focus on predicting local router congestion so as to minimize its impact on the overall NoCs throughput. The key novelty is utilizing SNNs to recognize temporal patterns from NoC router buffers and predicting traffic hotspots. We investigate two neural models, Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) and Spike Response Model (SRM) to check performance in terms of prediction coverage. Results on prediction accuracy and precision are reported using a synthetic and real-time multimedia applications with simulation results of the LIF based predictor providing an average accuracy of 88.28%–96.25% and precision of 82.09%–96.73% as compared to 85.25%–95.69% accuracy and 73% and 98.48% precision performance of SRM based model when looking at congestion formations 30 clock cycles in advance of the actual hotspot occurrence.
The intersection of gender and drug use-related stigma: A mixed methods systematic review and synthesis of the literature.

Abstract Background Substance use-related stigma is a significant barrier to care among persons who use drugs (PWUD). Less is known regarding how intersectional identities, like gender, shape experiences of substance use-related stigma. We sought to answer the following question: Do men or women PWUD experience more drug use stigma? Methods Data were drawn from a systematic review of the global, peer-reviewed scientific literature on substance use-related stigma conducted through 2017 and guided by the Stigma and Substance Use Process Model and PRISMA guidelines. Articles were included in the present analysis if they either qualitatively illustrated themes related to the gendered nature of drug use-related stigma, or quantitatively tested the moderating effect of gender on drug use-related stigma. Results Of the 75 studies included, 40 (53 %) were quantitative and 35 (47 %) were qualitative. Of the quantitative articles, 22 (55 %) found no association between gender and drug use-related stigma, 4 (10 %) identified women who use drugs (WWUD) were more stigmatized, and 2 (5 %) determined men who use drugs (MWUD) were more stigmatized. In contrast, nearly all (34; 97 %) of the qualitative articles demonstrated WWUD experienced greater levels of drug use-related stigma. Conclusion The quantitative literature is equivocal regarding the influence of gender on drug use-related stigma, but the qualitative literature more clearly demonstrates WWUD experience greater levels of stigma. The use of validated drug use-related stigma measures and the tailoring of stigma scales to WWUD are needed to understand the role of stigma in heightening the disproportionate harms experienced by WWUD.
Entropic regression with neurologically motivated applications

The ultimate goal of cognitive neuroscience is to understand the mechanistic neural processes underlying the functional organization of the brain. The key to this study is understanding the structure of both the structural and functional connectivity between anatomical regions. In this paper, we use an information theoretic approach, which defines direct information flow in terms of causation entropy, to improve upon the accuracy of the recovery of the true network structure over popularly used methods for this task such as correlation and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. The method outlined above is tested on synthetic data, which is produced by following previous work in which a simple dynamical model of the brain is used, simulated on top of a real network of anatomical brain regions reconstructed from diffusion tensor imaging. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method of AlMomani et al. [Chaos 30, 013107 (2020)] when applied to data simulated on the realistic diffusion tensor imaging network, as well as on randomly generated small-world and Erdos–Renyi networks.
The Characterization of Phospholipids by Gas Phase Analytical Methods

It is generally believed that phospholipids are not amenable to direct study by gas phase analytical methods. Although it is true that ionized substances can not be volatilized and separated by gas chromatography, there are nevertheless ways in which volatile derivatives might be prepared for many phospholipids. Since this area of analytical biochemistry has not been explored, an investigation was undertaken with a view to determining the behavior of phospholipids under a variety of conditions known to be suitable for derivative formation for phosphates.
SU-E-T-549: Modeling Relative Biological Effectiveness of Protons for Radiation Induced Brain Necrosis

Purpose: To develop a model of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons as a function of dose and linear energy transfer (LET) for induction of brain necrosis using clinical data. Methods: In this study, treatment planning information was exported from a clinical treatment planning system (TPS) and used to construct a detailed Monte Carlo model of the patient and the beam delivery system. The physical proton dose and LET were computed in each voxel of the patient volume using Monte Carlo particle transport. A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study registered to the treatment planning CT was used to determine the region of the necrosis in the brain volume. Both, the whole brain and the necrosis volumes were segmented from the computed tomography (CT) dataset using the contours drawn by a physician and the corresponding voxels were binned with respect to dose and LET. The brain necrosis probability was computed as a function of dose and LET by dividing the total volume of all necrosis voxels with a given dose and LET with the corresponding total brain volume resulting in a set of NTCP-like curves (probability as a function of dose parameterized by LET). Results: The resulting model showsmore » dependence on both dose and LET indicating the weakness of the constant RBE model for describing the brain toxicity. To the best of our knowledge the constant RBE model is currently used in all clinical applications which may Result in increased rate of brain toxicities in patients treated with protons. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to develop more accurate brain toxicity models for patients treated with protons and other heavy ions.« less
Proton‐Induced Transformation in Gating and Selectivity of the Calcium Channel in Neurons

Steady-state elevation of [H+]o inhibits both Ca2+ and Na+ currents in neurons. Step changes in [H+]o, however, induce a transient inward Na+ current (INa(H] in isolated neurons. In outside-out patches of dorsal root ganglion cells, INa(H) was fully activated within 2 ms at pH 6.7, and inactivated with a time constant of 300 ms. Deactivation t1/2 was 3 ms at pH 7.9. INa(H) was blocked by Ca2+ channel blockers. This observation, and the finding that the voltage-gated ICa disappeared rapidly during activation of INa(H) and reappeared with inactivation of INa(H), suggested that INa(H) occurs through a transformed Ca2+ channel. The proton-sensitive site was located at the external mouth of Ca2+ channel. The single channel conductance of INa(H) was 28 ps in symmetrical 120 mM NaCl solutions. Increase of [H+]o during the activation of ICa suppressed ICa within 2 ms. Our studies suggest that the Ca2+ channel exists in two conformational states; a voltage-gated Ca2+-transporting state, and a proton-gated Na+-transporting state. The dominance of the proton-gated state over the voltage-gated state suggests that proton modification of the Ca2+ channel may be extremely important in neurophysiological and neurosecretory function.
Automatic Statistical Processing of Multibeam Echosounder Data

This paper presents the CUBE (Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator) algorithm. Our aim is to take advantage of statistical redundancy in dense Multibeam Echosounder data to identify outliers while tracking the uncertainty associated with the estimates that we make of the true depth in the survey area. We recognise that a completely automatic system is improbable, but propose that significant benefits can still be had if we can automatically process good quality data, and highlight areas that probably need further attention. We outline CUBE and its associated support structures, and apply it to a dataset from Woods Hole, MA, USA. We illustrate CUBE'S output surfaces, show that the algorithm faithfully maintains significant bathymetric detail, and how the algorithm's auxiliary outputs can be used in the decision-making process. Comparison with a selected sounding set shows that CUBE’S outputs agree very well with traditional approaches.
Photopolymerizable nanogels as macromolecular precursors to covalently crosslinked water-based networks

We present a strategy for directly and efficiently polymerizing aqueous dispersions of reactive nanogels into covalently crosslinked polymer networks with properties that are determined by the initial chemical and physical nanogel structure. This technique can extend the range of achievable properties and architectures for networks formed in solution, particularly in water where monomer selection for direct polymerization and the final network properties are quite limited. Nanogels were initially obtained from a solution polymerization of a hydrophilic monomethacrylate and either a hydrophilic PEG-based dimethacrylate or a more hydrophobic urethane dimethacrylate, which produced globular particles with diameters of 10–15 nm with remarkably low polydispersity in some cases. Networks derived from a single type of nanogel or a blend of nanogels with different chemistries when dispersed in water gelled within minutes when exposed to low intensity UV light. Modifying the nanogel structure changes both covalent and non-covalent secondary interactions in the crosslinked networks and reveals critical design criteria for the development of networks from highly internally branched, nanoscale prepolymer precursors.