cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High genetic connectivity and introgression from domestic reindeer characterize northern Alaska caribou herds

Defining genetic populations and detecting hybridization with introduced or domestic taxa are two major concerns for the conservation of population-level diversity. We studied the genetic population structure of large, migratory caribou herds (Rangifer tarandus granti) on Alaska’s North Slope and their potential hybridization with introduced domestic reindeer (R. t. tarandus). Using a population genetics approach, we determined: (1) whether the four caribou herds could be differentiated; (2) how distance and population size appear to drive genetic population structure; and (3) how contact with reindeer has affected the genetic identity of herds. Samples from four caribou herds (n = 245) and reindeer (n = 67) were analyzed at 19 microsatellite loci. We found that North Slope caribou are isolated by distance, with no differentiation among herd pairs except for the most geographically distant herds (F st = 0.003, Jost’s D = 0.023; P-values < 0.001). We detected reindeer-caribou admixture in all populations except Kodiak Island, including 8 % of individuals in caribou herds and 14 % of individuals in Seward Peninsula reindeer herds. However, considering the stable or increasing trend in North Slope herds, reindeer introgression has had no apparent deleterious effect on herd demographics. Our findings indicate long-term genetic exchange among North Slope caribou herds when their ranges overlap, and suggest that herd size may influence susceptibility to reindeer introgression. As North Slope herd ranges are increasingly altered by industrial development, this study can provide a baseline for detecting potential future impacts to what are currently large, diverse, and naturally evolving herds.
The Association between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Clinical Outcomes among Patients 1 Year after Hospitalization for Cardiovascular Disease

Residing in lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined this association for cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in a treated population in New York City (NYC). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between neighborhood level poverty and 1-year clinical outcomes (rehospitalization and/or death) among hospitalized patients with CVD. Data on rehospitalization and/or death at 1-year were collected from consecutive patients admitted at a university medical center in NYC from November 2009 to September 2010. NYC residents totaled 2,198. U.S. Census 2000 zip code data was used to quantify neighborhood SES into quintiles of poverty (Q1 = lowest poverty to Q5 = highest poverty). Univariate analyses were used to determine associations between neighborhood poverty and baseline characteristics and comorbidities. A logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios for the association between quintiles of poverty and rehospitalization/death at 1 year. Fifty-five percent of participants experienced adverse outcomes. Participants in Q5 (9 %) were more likely to be female [odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.33–0.73], younger (OR = 0.50, 95 % CI 0.34–0.74), of minority race/ethnicity (OR = 18.24, 95 % CI 11.12–29.23), and have no health insurance (OR = 4.79, 95 % CI 2.92–7.50). Living in Q5 was significantly associated with increased comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension, but was not a significant predictor of rehospitalization/death at 1 year. Among patients hospitalized with CVD, higher poverty neighborhood residence was significantly associated with a greater prevalence of comorbidities, but not of rehospitalization and/or death. Affordable, accessible resources targeted at reducing the risk of developing CVD and these comorbidities should be available in these communities.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) regulates expression of paneth cell lineage-specific genes in intestinal epithelial cells through both TCF4/β-catenin-dependent and -independent signaling pathways

Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) expression in the developing intestine is restricted to the undifferentiated epithelial cells within the lower portion of the crypt. We previously showed that mice lacking functional FGFR-3 have a significant decrease in the number of Paneth cells in the small intestine. Here, we used Caco2 cells to investigate whether FGFR-3 signaling can directly modulate expression of Paneth cell differentiation markers through its effects on TCF4/β-catenin or through other signaling pathways downstream of this receptor. Caco2 cells treated with FGFR-3 ligands or expressing FGFR-3K650E, a constitutively active mutant, resulted in a significantly increased expression of genes characteristic of mature Paneth cells, including human α-defensins 5 and 6 (HD5 and HD6) and Paneth cell lysozyme, whereas enterocytic differentiation markers were reduced. Activation of FGFR-3 signaling sustained high levels of β-catenin mRNA expression, leading to increased TCF4/β-catenin-regulated transcriptional activity in Caco2 cells. Sustained activity of the TCF4/β-catenin pathway was required for the induction of Paneth cell markers. Activation of the MAPK pathway by FGFR-3 is also required for the induction of Paneth cell markers in addition to and independent of the effect of FGFR-3 on TCF4/β-catenin activity. These studies suggest that coordinate activation of multiple independent signaling pathways downstream of FGFR-3 is involved in regulation of Paneth cell differentiation.
Pericardiectomy for uremic pericardial tamponade.

he occurrence of pericarditis has been recognized as an ominous prognostic manifestation of uremia, but only within the last T decade has cardiac tamponade been recognized as a lethal complication of uremic pericarditis. The introduction of regular intermittent dialysis and increased success in renal homotransplantation have necessitated a change in attitude toward uremic pericarditis. It now can be regarded as another manifestation of uremia which can be expected to improve with adequate therapy. The most hazardous feature of uremic pericarditis is cardiac tamponade, and this too is amenable to appropriate treatment. During the past five years we have encountered at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center 9 uremic patients in whom cardiac tamponade occurred as a result of pericarditis. This is a report of our experience in managing this aspect of renal failure.
An animal model of oral dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Relatively little is known about the underlying neuropathology of dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); thus, effective treatments remain elusive. Tremendous progress toward understanding and treating dysphagia in ALS may be possible through the use of an animal model of dysphagia in ALS research; however, no such animal model currently exists. The most logical candidate to consider is the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse, the most widely investigated animal model of ALS. To investigate whether this animal model develops dysphagia, oral behaviors (lick and mastication rates) of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (n = 30) were evaluated at three time points based on hind limb motor function: asymptomatic (60 days), disease onset (~110 days), and disease end-stage (~140 days). Age-matched nontransgenic littermates (n = 30) served as controls. At each time point, lick and mastication rates were significantly lower (p < 0.05) for transgenic mice compared with controls. Histologic analysis of the brainstem showed marked neurodegeneration (vacuolation) of the trigeminal and hypoglossal nuclei, two key motor components involved in mastication and licking behaviors. These results demonstrate a clinicopathologic correlation of oral dysfunction in SOD1-G93A transgenic mice, thereby establishing the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse as a bona fide animal model of oral dysphagia in ALS.
Expression of the RAD1 and RAD3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not affected by DNA damage or during the cell division cycle.

The RAD1 and RAD3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are required for excision repair of UV damaged DNA. In addition, the RAD3 gene is essential since rad3 deletions are recessive lethals. We have examined the induction of the RAD1 and RAD3 genes by DNA damage and during the cell division cycle. We have made fusions of the RAD1 and RAD3 genes with the Escherichia coli lacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase. β-galactosidase activity was measured in a Rad+ yeast strain containing the RAD1-lacZ or the RAD3-lacZ fusion, either in a multicopy replicating plasmid or as a single copy integrant resulting from transformation with an integrating plasmid which transforms yeast by homologous recombination in the yeast genome. No induction of β-galactosidase activity occurred after ultraviolet light (UV) or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) treatment. Haploid cells of mating type a were synchronized by treatment with α factor and β-galactosidase activity was determined during different cell cycle stages. No change in β-galactosidase activity was observed in the strain containing the RAD1-lacZ or the RAD3-lacZ fusion integrated in the yeast genome.
Multiple spontaneous small bowel anastomosis in premature infants with multisegmental necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Fulminant necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) may result in extensive bowel necrosis. Resection of involved segments may result in short bowel syndrome. Multiple stomas result in complications and further loss of intestinal length with closure. Methods: Two patients with extensive multisegmental NEC were treated with an intraluminal stent without anastomosis. All necrotic intestine was resected and the remaining viable intestine was lined up over a feeding tube without anastomosis of the intestinal segments. One patient had a diverting jejunostomy and mucous fistula with the tube used to orient the defunctionalized intervening intestinal segments. The second patient had the bowel left in continuity with the tube brought into the jejunem proximal to the first area of resection and distally brought out through the tip of the appendix. Both tubes were brought through the abdominal wall and secured in a loop. Results: Contrast study findings showed that the intestinal segments had auto-anastomosed. In the first case the tube was left in place and intestinal continuity was restored. The patient is now 4 years old and takes full enteral feeds. The latter patient had the enterostomy tube removed at the time of the contrast study, but only tolerated partial feedings and died at 1 year of total parenteral nutrition-related liver failure. Conclusion: The technique eliminates nonviable bowel, maximizes length, avoids multiple stomas, and may help avoid reoperation. J Pediatr Surg 35:170-172. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Le roi et le potier: étude technologique de l'assemblage céramique de Koumbi Saleh, Mauritanie (5e/6e–17e siècles)

The publication of Barbara van Doosselaere's dissertation marks a significant contribution to the growing, predominantly francophone literature on identifying technical production sequences (chaine...
Microwave Active Array Elements

Two types of active antenna elements have been investigated. One type uses a microstrip antenna with an active device mounted directly on the antenna. The other uses an active device coupled to a microstrip patch antenna through an aperture. Microstrip active antenna elements and two-element arrays have been demonstrated for both types of circuits. Injection locking of the antenna elements has been achieved through space and mutual coupling. The circuit Q-factor was calculated based on the locking gain and locking bandwidth. The power outputs from two elements have been successfully combined in free space with a combining efficiency of over 90 percent. An analytical method based upon the aperture coupling theory and the derivation of S-parameter matrix has been developed for modeling a microstrip line coupled to a microstrip patch antenna using a circular coupling aperture. The results should have many applications in low cost active arrays, active transmitters, and spatial power combiners.
Multiplet effects on the L(2,3) fluorescence yield of multiply ionized Ar

The 2p fluorescence yield of Ar in the presence of zero to six 3p holes has been calculated by statistically averaging the fluorescence yields of initial states that consist of individual multiplet configurations, formed by coupling the 2p vacancy to the partially filled 3p shell. The L(sub 2,3) fluorescence yields for the (2p)-1 (3p)-n configurations of Ar are found to be 1.48, 17.97, 24.83, 37.84, 79.61, 112.16, and 121.48 x .0001 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Results agree reasonably well with experimental fluorescence yields deduced from ion-atom collision measurements.
An ultrasonic imaging Lamb-wave system for reactor-fuel-plate inspection

An ultrasonic television system with a Lamb-wave technique for the inspection of flat reactor fuel plates is described. The system offers good resolution, high inspection speed and good sensitivity to the discontinuities of interest. A combined inspection system, in which a preliminary test would be made with this system and a final test of suspect items made with a mechanically scanned system, could make good use of the advantages of both.
Manometers for Routine Testing

THE use of manometers in the aircraft industry has extended very widely indeed since the outbreak of war, concurrently with the enormous development in aircraft instruments themselves.
Monotone homogeneity and planar manifolds with boundary

Abstract It is known that the disk is homogeneous with respect to open maps; however, it was unknown whether or not the disk was homogeneous with respect to monotone open maps. Using techniques from algebraic topology we show that not only is the disk not homogeneous with respect to monotone maps, but no compact planar manifold with boundary is monotone homogeneous. We end with an example of a noncompact planar manifold with boundary that is monotone open homogeneous.
Signatures of extra gauge bosons in the littlest Higgs model with T parity at future colliders

We study the collider signatures of a $T$-odd gauge boson ${W}_{H}$ pair production in the littlest Higgs model with $T$ parity (LHT) at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and Linear Collider (LC). At the LHC, we search for the ${W}_{H}$ boson using its leptonic decay, i.e. $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}_{H}^{+}{W}_{H}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{A}_{H}{A}_{H}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{-}}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, which gives rise to a collider signature of ${\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{-}}+{\mathrm{E\ensuremath{\llap{\not\;}}}}_{T}$. We demonstrate that the LHC not only has a great potential of discovering the ${W}_{H}$ boson in this channel, but also can probe enormous parameter space of the LHT. Because of four missing particles in the final state, one cannot reconstruct the mass of ${W}_{H}$ at the LHC. But such a mass measurement can be easily achieved at the LC in the process of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}_{H}^{+}{W}_{H}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{A}_{H}{A}_{H}{W}^{+}{W}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{A}_{H}{A}_{H}jjjj$. We present an algorithm of measuring the mass and spin of the ${W}_{H}$ boson at the LC. Furthermore, we illustrate that the spin correlation between the $W$ boson and its mother particle (${W}_{H}$) can be used to distinguish the LHT from other new physics models.
Youth-on-Parent Violence in a Central Illinois County

Research on family violence has focused on spousal violence and child abuse with little attention to youth-on-parent violence. Limited survey data suggest that 10% of all juveniles hit their parents. These assaults create long-term detrimental effects. This study of 83 adjudicated juveniles in central Illinois, charged with domestic battery or violence against their parents, examined demographic characteristics of the juveniles and their parents/caretakers, reported criminal behaviors, drug/alcohol use, gang involvement, medical/mental/emotional/behavioral conditions, and school disciplinary problems. In addition, family dynamics, such as criminal convictions of family members, were analyzed. Juveniles' mental/emotional conditions, drug/alcohol use, and gang involvement played important roles in parent battering.
Modeling gasoline demand in the United States: A flexible semiparametric approach☆

Abstract The focus of this paper is on the modeling and estimation of quarterly state-level gasoline demand in the United States. The existing literature may not appropriately evaluate the price elasticity and income elasticity of gasoline demand. Most studies fail to address the possible heterogeneity in gasoline demand elasticities that may arise from a variety of sources. The endogeneity issue of gasoline price has remained redundant throughout the literature. I address these challenges using a flexible demand model and a recently developed estimation technique. The econometric approach allows for functional coefficients to accommodate the heterogeneity in demand elasticities. Several instrumental variables are used to investigate the endogeneity of gasoline price. The estimation results provide strong evidence of heterogeneous gasoline demand elasticities across states and over time. Some state-level attributes along with income and macroeconomic shocks are the potential sources of heterogeneity.
Motorcycle Simulator Technology and Traffic-Related Injury Prevention: Global Health Potential

Road traffic related fatalities account for over 50% of the global deaths for individuals between ages 15 and 44Â and ranks 11th in the cause of death for all age groups. Itâ€™s future impact is equally dismal: within the next decade road traffic related morbidity is projected to be the 6th leading contributor global fatalities and 3rd leading contributor to global Disability-Adjusted Life Years, disproportionately impacting the overall global burden of disease. However, national-level traffic safety intervention by global health organizations lacks programmed efforts to include vehicle simulation-based technologies as a key element of comprehensive national traffic safety programs. This is particularly true for two wheel vehicles in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Importantly, US resources in diplomacy settings are also subject to loss because of deployment into these risky settings, lack of adaptability to traffic cultures and systems locally, and limited skills training. The United States Marine Corps has utilized two wheel motorcycle simulation based technologies as part of a comprehensive education and training strategy to reduce fatalities and injuries amongst military personnel operating motorcycles off-duty. Positive experiences with motorcycle vehicle-simulator training program indicate further potential to validate impact on injury rates and efficacy of motorcycle simulator technology both for those assigned abroad and for relevant LMICs personnel. Other international professional and charitable organizations contending with similar risks abroad would also benefit from shared advances in traffic safety training utilizing motorcycle simulators. By improving traffic safety in these environments, health care resources can be shifted from expensive reactive, acute care trauma settings to investments in longer term public health infrastructures, medicines, and outreach.
Attending to the fear in your eyes: Facilitated orienting and delayed disengagement

Fearful facial expressions convey threat-related information and automatically elicit modulations in spatial attention. The eye-region appears to be a particularly important feature for recognising and responding to fearful faces. However, it is unknown as to whether or not fearful eyes initiate modulations in spatial attention. In the current study, three dot-probe experiments with fearful and neutral eye stimuli were performed. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrate that fearful eyes capture spatial attention through facilitated attentional orienting to threat and delayed attentional disengagement from threat. In Experiments 2 and 3, these attentional effects were replicated, while ruling out the influence of overall size/shape and brightness differences between fearful and neutral eyes, respectively. Thus, fearful eye-whites appear to be a salient feature of fearful facial expressions that elicit modulations in spatial attention.
Innervation of human penile blood vessels

Nerve fibers and varicosities were localized with histochemical techniques in the tunica adventitia of human penile blood vessels. At the light microscopic level, these nerves were either adrenergic or acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive. With the electron microscope, adrenergic, cholinergic, and possible peptidergic varicosities were found in these pen vascular nerves. The physiological effect of such a varied innervation of the penile vasculature in the processes of erection and detumescence and recent data on these processes are discussed.
Anestesia en neurorradiología intervencionista

Resumen La neurorradiologia intervencionista esta firmemente establecida en el manejo de la patologia cerebrovascular. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es presentar una revision critica de la literatura e interpretacion por parte del autor, enfatizando las estrategias perioperatorias y anestesicas para prevenir complicaciones y minimizar sus efectos en caso de que estas se presenten. La planeacion de la gestion anestesica y perioperatoria se fundamenta en comprender las metas de la intervencion terapeutica y anticiparse a los problemas potenciales.
An initial study of the relationship between platelet adenylyl cyclase activity and alcohol use disorder criteria.

Low platelet adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity has been previously proposed to be a trait marker reflecting a genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence. To determine whether low platelet AC activity in alcohol-dependent subjects may be related to specific diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol use disorders, we analyzed responses obtained in structured clinical interviews of 36 subjects who were determined to be alcohol-dependent Platelet AC activity when stimulated by guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] or forskolin was significantly lower in alcohol-dependent subjects as a group, compared with controls. When we analyzed the responses of the alcohol-dependent subjects to questions used to establish the diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence and dichotomized the subjects by positive or negative responses, we found that Gpp(NH)p- and forskolin-stimulated platelet AC activities were significantly lower among those alcohol-dependent subjects who had positive responses to questions related to drinking despite negative effects on mood ("Did you ever continue to drink even though you knew it was making you feel depressed, uninterested in things, or suspicious or distrustful of other people?"), drinking despite negative effects on health ("Did you ever continue to drink even though you knew it was causing you a health problem or making a health problem worse?"), or violence when drinking ("Did you get into physical fights while drinking or right after drinking?"). The alcohol-dependent subjects who had negative responses to these questions exhibited Gpp(NH)p- and forskolin-stimulated platelet AC activity that did not differ significantly from values in control subjects. The DSM-IV diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder did not distinguish alcohol-dependent subjects with regard to platelet AC activity. Gpp(NH)p and forskolin-stimulated AC activity may distinguish certain subtypes of alcoholics (i.e., those who develop negative mood in response to drinking, those who continue drinking despite health effects, and those who become violent while drinking).
Handling operations and the lot size trade-off

Abstract This paper presents a handling cost model for a warehouse that supplies one or more stores with a large number of items and examines operating strategies whose objective is to minimize the sum of handling, transportation and inventory costs. Decisions must be made regarding the frequency of shipments to the store(s) (i.e. the transportation schedule) and the specific items and lot sizes included in each shipment. The paper shows that, conditional on a transportation schedule, lot sizes for the different items (i.e. their delivery frequency consistent with the transportation schedule) can be determined separately across items and independently for each store. The paper also examines how these lot sizes and the best transportation schedule can be identified. The results, unlike those of other inventory models such as the economic order quantity (EOQ) model, exhibit peculiarities caused by the nonsmooth nature of handling costs. For example, the optimal lot size for individual items sent to a specific store is not a continuous function of the value or size of the items. This suggests the need for practical routing and inventory control procedures that recognize handling explicitly.
Repression of the herpes simplex virus 1 alpha 4 gene by its gene product occurs within the context of the viral genome and is associated with all three identified cognate sites.

Abstract The infected cell protein 4 (ICP-4), the major regulatory protein encoded by the a4 gene of the herpes simplex virus 1, binds two sites (alpha 4-1 proximal, alpha 4-1 distal) at the 5'-untranscribed domain and at the transcription initiation site (alpha 4-2) of the alpha 4 gene. Chimeric genes consisting of the 5'-untranscribed and transcribed noncoding domains of the alpha 4 gene fused to the coding sequences of the thymidine kinase gene were mutagenized to abolish binding of ICP-4 by substitution of bases, including the guanines whose methylation interferes with binding of the protein, and recombined into the viral genome. The cytoplasmic RNAs extracted from infected cells treated with cycloheximide, from untreated infected cells maintained for 4 or 8 hr, and from cells infected first with a virus deleted in the alpha 22 gene and 3 hr later with the test viruses were tested in RNase protection assay for amounts of the chimeric gene RNA relative to amounts of alpha 22 gene RNA. We report the following: (i) Mutation of the alpha 4-2 binding site resulted in a 5-to 6-fold higher accumulation of chimeric gene RNA at 4 hr and as much as 15-fold higher accumulation by 8 hr after infection. (ii) Mutations of alpha 4-1 sites by themselves had no effect on RNA accumulation. However, mutagenesis of all three sites significantly increased mRNA amounts above the levels seen in cells infected with alpha 4-2 site mutants. (iii) The mutations have no effect on accumulation of alpha 4 mRNA in the absence of ICP-4 synthesis and, therefore, the mutations had no effect on RNA stability or transcription rate. (iv) Accumulation of alpha 4 mRNA relative to that of alpha 22 mRNA is highest in the presence of cycloheximide and decreases with time after infection. We conclude that ICP-4 autoregulates the transcription of its own gene in infected cells and that binding of ICP-4 to three sites in its promoter is additive in its effects on this process.
Continental volume and freeboard through geological time

The consequences of approximately constant freeboard for continental growth are explored using a model that relates the volumes of isostatically compensated continents and oceans to the secular decline in terrestrial heat flow. It is found that a post-Archean increase in freeboard by 200 m requires continental growth of only 10 percent, while a decrease in freeboard by 200 m during this same period necessitates a crustal growth of 40 percent. Shrinkage of the continental crust since the end of the Archean can be ruled out. Changes of more than 10 percent in post-Archean crustal thickness are highly unlikely.
Superconducting Tl2.0Ba2.0CuO6+δ: A high resolution neutron powder and single crystal x-ray diffraction investigation

Abstract The structure of the orthorhombic form of Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ(Tc=90 K), synthesized in sealed gold tubes using BaO2, has been refined using high resolution neutron powder diffraction data collected at 4 K. No significant deficiency in metal stoichiometry could be inferred from the crystal structure analysis. The space group (Fmmm) used in this study gives essentially the same results as the alternative (Abma, Amaa) proposed in earlier work. The large amount of disorder that exists in the Tl2O2-slab is mirrored in the large thermal parameters for this structural unit compared to those for the CuO2 sheet. A site at ( built1 4 built1 4 built1 4 ) is occupied by an amount of oxygen to give overall stoichiometry Tl2Ba2CuO6.10, suggesting that oxygen non-stoichiometry plays an important role in producing high Tc superconductivity in this system. Analysis of single crystal X-ray diffraction data of tetragonal Tl2Ba2CuO6+ δ is totally consistent with the neutron powder diffraction results.
Reliability of Admission History in Predicting HIV Infection Among Alcoholic Inpatients

The authors evaluated the reliability of admission history for assessing risk for HIV infection in alcoholic inpatients. Discard blood specimens were used and correlated with risk factors for HIV obtained from the admission record. Of 300 admissions, 31 (10.4%) tested seropositive for HIV. Of these 31 HIV-infected inpatients, 11 (35–5%) had no documented risk factors. Although history of injection drug use was associated with HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio = 506; P< 0.0001), history of male sex with males, crack-cocaine use, and heterosexual risk behaviors did not predict HIV seropositivity. Admission history was not reliable for assessing risk for HIV infection among inpatients on our alcohol rehabilitation unit.
Influence of hydropattern and vegetation on phosphorus reduction in a constructed wetland under high and low mass loading rates

Abstract Large constructed wetlands are extensively used in south Florida for surface water quality improvement as well as for flood control. Due to the periodic wet–dry climate of this region, it is likely that soils in these large constructed wetlands may become dry or partially dry (experiencing drawdown), which represent a challenge to managing and optimizing phosphorus (P) reductions in these systems. Therefore, we designed an experiment to study the interactive effect of hydropattern (batch vs. continuous flow) and the presence or absence of emergent vegetation on P exchange between surface water and organic soil in two sets of 12 mesocosms. These 24 mesocosms were filled with 30-cm deep peat soil, and each set were subjected to either high (12.5 g m −2 year −1 ) or low (3.4 g m −2 year −1 ) P loading from surface water. All treatments performed similarly prior to surface water drawdown with P reductions being relatively high for high P loading rates and being low for low P loading rates. Mesocosms subject to wet–dry–wet cycles exhibited a three- to four-fold increase in surface water effluent P concentrations immediately following soil re-flooding, which lasted 1–3 and 3–10 weeks for low and high P loading rates, respectively. The magnitude of P flux from sediment to surface water and the time period over which P release took place were P loading-dependent (higher loading led to higher P flux compared to lower P loading rates), and season-dependent (a longer duration of higher P flux experienced during dry- compared to wet-season drawdowns). Results indicated that hydropattern was the dominant factor affecting P flux to overlying surface water for the high P loading rate, while the presence or absence of emergent vegetation was the dominant factor influencing P release for the low P loading rate. Treatments lacking emergent vegetation generated the most particulate P (PP) for both high and low P loading rates. All P fractions were correlated to either hydropattern or inflow concentrations, for both low and high P loading rates, and, with the exception of PP, correlated to vegetation at low-P loading rate. Our results indicated that the presence or absence of emergent vegetation is a critical factor in the management of large constructed wetlands receiving low P loadings while hydropattern should be the focus in managing treatment systems receiving high loads of P. Regardless of the P loading rates, maintaining moist soils in large constructed wetlands is a good management strategy, particularly during dry climatic periods, to minimize soil P oxidation and P flux to surface water after soil re-flooding.
Effects of chronic hyperandrogenism and/or administered central nervous system insulin on ovarian manifestation and gonadotropin and steroid secretion.

Objective Polycystic ovarian syndrome is characterized by hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. We studied the effects of central hyperinsulinemia and peripheral hyperandrogenism on gonadotropin secretion, steroid secretion, and ovarian histology in female rats. Design Experimental in vivo animal study. Setting University research center. Animal(s) 250–300 g female Wistar rats. Intervention(s) Insertion of testosterone pellets and/or administration of intracerebroventricular (ICV) insulin. Main Outcome Measure(s) Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels before and after GnRH administration; testosterone, insulin, and glucose levels; and ovarian histology. Result(s) Compared with control, rats with testosterone implant had a lower LH and higher FSH while rats with testosterone plus insulin had a higher FSH. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) insulin alone increased LH in response to GnRH. Ovarian histology indicated that testosterone-implanted rats had larger ovaries and an increased number of cystic follicles >50 μm as well as substantial theca enlargement. The administration of testosterone did not alter serum insulin, and ICV insulin did not increase testosterone levels. Conclusion(s) We suggest that ICV insulin acts either directly or indirectly to increase the LH responsiveness to GnRH. ICV insulin arrested the maturation of follicles leading to an increase in the number of small follicles. Peripheral androgens stimulated theca enlargement with cystic follicles. The combination of ICV insulin and peripheral androgens attenuated ovarian histologic changes and gonadotropin secretion. Thus, central hyperinsulinemia and peripheral hyperandrogenism may play a role in gonadotropin secretion as well as ovarian morphology.
CSCW: an opportunity for action research

Computer-supported cooperative work(CSCW) technologies are being tried as part of complex projects. This paper describes a recent failed attempt at using CSCW technology by two organizations as part of a new product development project. Reasons for the failure are examined. The importance of organizational culture in the success or failure of CSCW is discussed. Approaching future research using the action research model from the organizational development field is proposed.
Geographic Variation in Cannibalism in Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations

Cannibalism can have a large effect on population growth and survival in stressful environments, possibly including those created by insecticide use. In this study, we collected Colorado potato beetles from three isolated areas in the northeastern United States known for high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids. We measured resistance to imidacloprid in each of those populations, a laboratory susceptible population, and in hybrids between the three field populations and the laboratory susceptible population. We fed neonates eggs from resistant dams fed either imidacloprid-treated or untreated foliage to determine whether cannibals are exposed to toxins sequestered in eggs. We measured egg cannibalism by hatchlings within the clutch in each population and hybrids, and examined how fecundity and several variables associated with egg development varied among populations and with cannibalism, to see which traits might enhance or reduce cannibalism. Cannibalism varied significantly among populations, accounting for most of the variation in hatching success. Variability in egg development time and hatch rate in the absence of cannibalism in some populations affected rates of cannibalism. Resistance varied significantly among the field populations but was not related to cannibalism. Neonates fed eggs from dams on treated foliage showed signs of intoxication or death. Cannibalism appears to be part of a varying life history strategy in this species, with some populations laying larger and more cannibalistic clutches and the New York population laying smaller clutches with higher hatching success owing to reduced cannibalism.
The Effect on Postmolt Performance of Different Crude Protein and Energy Levels During a Full-Fed Molt Procedure

Abstract There is a need to evaluate the different dietary levels of CP and ME needed by the hen and the time sequence during the molt period to feed these levels to simulate a molt similar to that of nature by utilizing full feeding molting procedures. This study was undertaken to determine that nutritional sequence information. The 4-d feed withdrawal molt procedure being used commercially was used to compare the effects of the 3 procedures studied. Very low levels of CP and ME (9.72% CP and 1,103 kcal or 9.72% CP and 1,433 kcal) were fed for 2, 3, and 4 wk to mimic the levels of nutrients consumed by hens during the first 4 wk of the 4-d molt procedure. The equivalent of zero egg production (≤0.3%) was achieved during wk 2, 3, and 4 of the study (postmolt initiation). The hens achieved 50% production during wk 7 postmolt and peak production, 6 to 8 points below the first cycle, occurred during wk 11 of the study. Body weight reduction ranged from 20 to 29%. The lowest energy level fed for 4 wk was not a desirable molting procedure. Full-fed molting procedures resulted in a significant but acceptable increase in cost of feed over the 4-d procedure.
The Conditional Effect of Specialized Governance on Public Policy

What are the policy consequences of creating functionally specialized venues for decision making? This study directly compares special districts with general purpose local governments to evaluate how specialization influences responsiveness and policy choice. Previous theorizing has assumed that specialization should have the same effect across all policy contexts. The findings presented here show instead that its effect is conditional on the status of public problems. Objective conditions related to a policy issue more strongly influence the responsiveness of multipurpose legislatures than that of special districts; thus the institutional effect of functional specialization varies with the severity of the public problem. The result is that governing structure matters most where problems are least severe. The findings demonstrate the importance of considering policy context when analyzing the effects of political institutions.
Safe Use of Codeine in the Recovering Alcoholic or Addict

The effect that codeine has on the process of addiction and recovery is unclear. Confusion about definitions, study endpoints, and a lack of well-controlled clinical studies has led to this uncertainty. Codeine addiction is uncommon in people who do not have existing vulnerability to addiction, including alcoholism. Codeine use can sustain addiction or increase the risk of relapse in patients afflicted with addiction. The risk of relapse must be considered when treating conditions such as pain or cough in a person recovering from addiction. Codeine use may be circumvented with the appropriate use of alternative treatments for pain or cough. If codeine use becomes necessary, cautious prescribing and reliance on the patient's recovery support network become imperative.
Probable Elevation in International Normalized Ratio from Cranberry Juice

Objective: To report a case in which cranberry juice interacted with warfarin, resulting in an elevated international normalized ratio (INR). Case Summary: A 77-year-old male had maintained stable INR values for 6 months while on a warfarin maintenance dose of 24 mg/wk. On a routine follow-up examination, the INR was 5.9; one month prior to presentation, the INR had been 2.4. The patient reported several recent nosebleeds and a red mark on his left eye. He stated he had been adherent to therapy and denied any changes in medications or recent illnesses such as fever, flu, or diarrhea. His physical activity level and diet had been consistent, with no alcohol intake. The only change identified was the addition of daily cranberry juice (1-3 cups/day) for the last month. Cranberry juice was stopped, and the dose of warfarin was decreased to 22 mg/wk. Subsequently, the INR stabilized at the low end of the therapeutic range. Discussion: Whether cranberry juice interacts with warfarin is unclear. Three previously published case reports suggested a possible interaction. In at least 2 of these cases, confounding factors and incomplete information make assessing the influence of cranberry juice difficult. The interaction in our patient was scored as probable by the Naranjo probability scale, based on the temporal relationship, return to the therapeutic INR range after discontinuing cranberry juice, and elimination of alternative causes for the INR elevation. Conclusions: This case suggests that cranberry juice may interact with warfarin, leading to an elevated INR.
Wavelet domain bearing estimation in unknown correlated noise

It is shown that the M-band wavelet domain correlation matrix of a noise process consists of linear structures as long as the spatial correlation function of the noise process decays asymptotically to zero as the distance between samples of the noise tends to infinity and the analyzing M-band wavelet has a large (/spl ges/5) number of vanishing moments. On the other hand, the M-band wavelet domain correlation matrix corresponding to plane waves consists of "plateau" like structures. Next, a procedure that discriminates between the signal information carried by plane waves and the noise information based on the structure of the M-band wavelet domain correlation matrix of the array outputs is proposed. >
Monolithic Integration of Enhancement- and Depletion-Mode AlN/GaN/AlGaN DHFETs by Selective MBE Regrowth

We have achieved the monolithic integration of two Ill-nitride device structures through the use of etching and re growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Using this regrowth technique, we integrated enhancement-mode (E-mode) and depletion-mode (D-mode) AIN/GaN/AlGaN double-heterojunction field-effect transistors (DHFETs) on a single SiC substrate, wherein the E-mode devices had a 2-nm-thick AlN barrier layer and the D-mode devices had a 3.5-nm-thick AlN barrier layer. The direct-current and radio-frequency (RF) performance of the resulting DHFETs was equivalent to devices fabricated using our baseline process with a normal MBE growth. D-mode devices with a gate length of 150 nm had a threshold voltage Vth of -0.10 V, a peak transconductance gm value of 640 mS/mm, and current gain and power-gain cutoff frequencies fT and fmax of 82 and 210 GHz, respectively. E-mode devices on the same wafer with the same dimensions had a Vth value of +0.24 V, a peak gm value of 525 mS/mm, and fT and fmax values of 50 and 150 GHz, respectively. The application of this regrowth technique is not, in any way, limited to the integration of E- and D-mode devices, and this method greatly expands the design possibilities of RF and power switching circuits in the nitride material system.
Dual and Multilanguage Systems.

Abstract Since ‘multicompetence’ was proposed by Cook, there have been debates about the nature of distinction between monocompetence and multicompetence, the distinctiveness of languages in the mind and the homogeneity of language knowledge across speakers and contexts. The paper will address these issues from a linguistic perspective and make an attempt to define multicompetence. The paper claims that trends in linguistics have affected bi and multilingualism research either directly or indirectly. Consequently, in order for us to understand approaches to multicompetence we should review the latest changes in linguistics research. All debates about multicompetence boil down to three major issues: (1) The interplay of the linguistic level and conceptual level in multilingual development and language use, (2) nature of difference (qualitative or quantitative or both) between monocompetence and multicompetence and (3) methods of analysing differences between monocompetence and multicompetence. Addressing t...
Grammatical processing of nouns and verbs in left frontal cortex

We report the case of a brain-damaged subject R.C. who is more impaired at producing grammatical forms of words and pseudo-words used as verbs (he judges, he wugs) than of the same words used as nouns (the judges, the wugs). This pattern of performance constitutes the first clear demonstration that grammatical knowledge about verbs can be selectively impaired following brain damage. A comparison of R.C.'s behavioral and neurological profile with that of a patient who shows similar difficulties with nouns suggests that nouns and verbs are processed by separate neural systems with components in the left frontal lobe.
Retracking ERS-1 altimeter waveforms for optimal gravity field recovery

SUMMARY We have reprocessed ERS-1 radar altimeter waveforms using an algorithm designed to minimize sea surface slope error and decouple it from significant wave height (SWH) error. Standard waveform retracking estimates three parameters—arrival time, SWH and amplitude. We show that errors in retracked estimates of arrival time and SWH are inherently correlated because of the noise characteristics of the returned waveform. This suggests that some of what is called ‘sea state bias’ in the literature may be caused by correlated errors rather than true electromagnetic or skewness bias. We have developed a retracking algorithm that reduces this error correlation and makes the resolution of sea surface slope signals independent of sea state. The main assumption is that the SWH varies smoothly along the satellite track over wavelengths of 90 km. This approach reduces the rms error in sea surface slope to only 62 per cent of that of standard retracking methods. While our method is optimized for gravity field recovery, it may also improve the resolution of sea surface height signals of interest to physical oceanographers.
A dynamic interactive theory of person construal

A dynamic interactive theory of person construal is proposed. It assumes that the perception of other people is accomplished by a dynamical system involving continuous interaction between social categories, stereotypes, high-level cognitive states, and the low-level processing of facial, vocal, and bodily cues. This system permits lower-level sensory perception and higher-order social cognition to dynamically coordinate across multiple interactive levels of processing to give rise to stable person construals. A recurrent connectionist model of this system is described, which accounts for major findings on (a) partial parallel activation and dynamic competition in categorization and stereotyping, (b) top-down influences of high-level cognitive states and stereotype activations on categorization, (c) bottom-up category interactions due to shared perceptual features, and (d) contextual and cross-modal effects on categorization. The system’s probabilistic and continuously evolving activation states permit multiple construals to be flexibly active in parallel. These activation states are also able to be tightly yoked to ongoing changes in external perceptual cues and to ongoing changes in high-level cognitive states. The implications of a rapidly adaptive, dynamic, and interactive person construal system are discussed.