cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental targeting of chaos via controlled symbolic dynamics

In this Letter, we report experimental targeting in a chaotic system by controlling symbolic dynamics. We acquire and control an electronic circuit using small perturbations to elicit a desired objective state starting from an arbitrary, uncontrolled state. The control perturbations are calculated using a symbolic targeting sequence and applied using dynamic limiting control.
Flow cytometric identification of cell surface markers on cultured human colonic cell lines using monoclonal antibodies

Background. The expression of tumor-associated cell surface antigens is a reflection of the state of cell differentiation of tumor cells in culture. Method. Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against the tumor-associated antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 and the extracellular matrix protein CD44 were used to label the cell surface of human colonic cells in culture. The binding of each antibody to its respective antigen was measured by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry and expressed as a percentage of positive cells. Results. The human colon adenocarcinoma cell (HCAC) line, LS-180, showed strong binding with CEA (81%), CA 19-9 (87%), and CD44 (83%). LS-174t cells, a trypsinized variant of LS-180 cells, showed less binding with CEA (66%) and CA 19-9 (49%), but no binding with CD44. With cells from HCAC line HT-29, antigen expression was highly variable for CEA (13% ± 18) and CD44 (31% ± 35) but was consistently positive for CA19-9 (33% ± 13). The expression of CEA in the Caco-2 cell line was weak (24%), whereas there was no expression of CA19-9 and CD44. Normal human colon fibroblast cells (CCD-18Co) did not recognize the monoclonal antibodies to CEA or CA 19-9, but were strongly positive with the CD44 antibody (97%). Conclusions. These results support the concept that the expression of the tumor associated markers CEA and CA19-9 and the cell surface marker CD44 on human colonic cell lines varies with the degree of cellular differentiation. Carcinoembryonic antigen and/or CA19-9 were expressed in all four human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines, but not in the normal colon fibroblast cells (CCD-18Co). Using these two MoAbs appeared to be a more reliable measure of the state of differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer 1995; 75:195–200.
Nonconservative lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics

Traditional Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics cannot be used with nonconservative forces such as friction. A method is proposed that uses a Lagrangian containing derivatives of fractional order. A direct calculation gives an Euler-Lagrange equation of motion for nonconservative forces. Conjugate momenta are defined and Hamilton's equations are derived using generalized classical mechanics with fractional and higher-order derivatives. The method is applied to the case of a classical frictional force proportional to velocity. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pathologic findings in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens in high-risk women.

Abstract Objective. To ascertain the frequency of significant pathologic alterations in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens in high-risk women referred to a tertiary care center. Methods. Surgical cases for prophylactic oophorectomy referred to a gynecologic oncology clinic from November 1996 to January 2001 were reviewed. Serial sections of entirely submitted tubes and ovaries were procured and reviewed by a pathologist with expertise in gynecologic malignancies. All patients had undergone genetic counseling and either underwent mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or had family history suggestive for ovarian and breast cancer susceptibility. Results. Thirty women with either a documented deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation or a suggestive family history underwent prophylactic oophorectomy during the study period. Seventy-three percent of women had undergone genetic testing. Of those, 63.5% harbored a BRCA1 mutation, 13.5% were BRCA2 carriers, and the remaining 23% tested negative. Five of the 30 women (17%) were found to have clinically occult malignancy. Four of the five were diagnosed only on histologic review. A single patient had grossly apparent primary peritoneal carcinoma at the time of laparoscopy. Three patients were found to have primary fallopian tube malignancy, two with in situ papillary serous carcinoma, and one with early invasive disease. Each of the fallopian tube neoplasms measured less than 1 cm. The final patient was diagnosed with an ovarian adenofibroma with a focus of low malignant potential neoplasm and clear cell features. Three of the five were known BRCA1 mutation carriers, one had a documented BRCA2 mutation, and one has not yet been tested. Conclusions. The high rate of occult malignancy detected in this series suggests that this finding in women at heightened risk for ovarian cancer is relatively common. Further, clinically occult tumors were not limited to ovarian origin, and the majority of cases harbored malignant foci less than 1 cm in greatest dimension that were not recognized at the time of surgery. These findings support the recommendations that in this high-risk population (1) the fallopian tubes and ovaries should be submitted entirely and be evaluated by a pathologist with expertise in gynecologic malignances in serial sections; (2) laparoscopy and laparotomy are the surgical modalities of choice to allow inspection of the peritoneal surfaces at time of prophylactic oophorectomy and collect fluid for cytologic evaluation; (3) despite the rarity of fallopian tube carcinoma in the general population, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers may be at increased risk for tubal cancers.
Illicit exploitation of natural resources: The forest concessions in Brazil

Abstract The Brazilian forest sector has undergone crisis with complexities involved in investment in an insecure political environment, a regime of ambiguous property rights, forest sector illegality and enormous pressure for agricultural expansion. To address these challenges, Brazil's Public Forest Management Law was approved in 2006 enabling private forest management on public forestland. Assessing the policy in a dynamic computable general equilibrium framework, we find that household welfare improves and legal forestry grows faster. In the absence of improved monitoring and enforcement, however, forest concessions are shown to have a depressing effect on the price of forestland and accelerate illegal forestry operations.
Evaluation of clinical outcomes in anterior cruciate ligament surgery

In the past several decades, there have been many advances in the diagnosis, surgical care, and rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, there are few data in the literature as to whether these advances have successfully improved clinical outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Thus, future research efforts should focus on the valid evaluation of clinical outcomes after ACL reconstruction. This article reviews the relevant clinical outcome measures for the evaluation of patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The outcome evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries should include measures of structure and function of the knee as well as measures of activity and participation of the individual. Measures of structure and function of the knee most directly related to injury of the ACL include measures of laxity and degeneration of the joint over time. Activity and participation can be measured by observing performance of the individual during a variety of activities or through the use of general and knee-specific a patient-reported measures of health related quality of life. When evaluating clinical outcomes following ACL injury, validated measures with established reliability and responsiveness must be used.
An Analysis of the Caries Process by Finite Absorbing Markov Chains

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA UN ANALYSE DEL PROCESSO DE CARIE A BASE DEL PRINCIPIOS DE FINITE ABSORBENTE CATENAS DE MARKOV.—Si le presentia o absentia de carie in le cinque superficies de un dente esseva considerate como statos mutualmente exclusive, il sequerea que le processo de carie ha proprietates de un finite absorbente catena de Markov con le configuration de cinque superficies cariose como configuration absorbente. Le tempore medie e le numero medie de statos post que cata normal dente individual va attinger le stato de absorption e le probabilitates associate con varie circuitos de connexion inter le differente statos es calculate. Es opinate que le resultatos es utile in le planation de programmas de salute public e de assecurantia dental.
Linkage disequilibrium of interleukin-1 genetic polymorphisms with early-onset periodontitis.

Background: Genetic polymorphisms at interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β were recently suggested to be associated with severity of adult periodontitis. We evaluated whether these polymorphisms might also be associated with early-onset periodontitis (EOP) in 28 African American families and 7 Caucasian American families with 2 or more affected members. Methods: Genomic DNA from peripheral blood was amplified, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion and acrylamide gel electrophoresis to distinguish alleles of different fragment sizes. Genetic epidemiological methods suitable for family data were used that are robust to false-positive findings due to mismatching of cases and controls or mixed subpopulations of different ethnic or geographic origin. The 2 major EOP subtypes, localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), and generalized early-onset periodontitis (GEOP, encompassing rapidly progressive periodontitis and generalized juvenile periodontitis), were analyzed both separately and together. Results: We obta...
c-jun Cooperates with SV40 T-Antigen to Sustain MMP-2 Expression in Immortalized Cells

The c-jun gene is a major regulator of proliferative and stress responses of both normal and transformed cells. In general, during immortalization/transformation c-jun cooperates with oncogenic signals rather than acting as an oncogene itself. Here we report a novel example of this cooperation, the requirement for c-jun to sustain expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene in cells immortalized by SV40 large T-antigen (TAg). MMP-2 encodes a type IV collagenase that is secreted by cells within normal and tumor microenvironments. We used wild-type and c-jun null primary and TAg-immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) to investigate the importance of c-jun for the regulation of this activity, and observed that c-jun is essential for MMP-2 expression in immortalized but not primary mEFs. This finding directly demonstrates a cooperative interaction of c-jun with an oncogene, and suggests that TAg dependent immortalization/transformation may require other c-Jun/AP-1-dependent genes.
Tilted specimen in the electron microscope: A simple specimen holder and the calculation of tilt angles for crystalline specimens

Abstract A simple specimen holder is described for a Siemens electron microscope which will allow the specimen grid to be set at inclinations up to 75° to the electron beam in any azimuthal direction. This device is suitable for measuring tilted images for the three-dimensional reconstruction of crystalline specimens. A method is also described for calculating the tilt angles for such crystalline specimens by comparing the unit cell dimensions in tilted and untilted images.
Resistance welding improves motor frames

The ever present demand for cost reduction calls for continual revision of manufacturing methods. Motor frames as now made from rolled plate instead of castings as formerly used represent one such revision. Manufacturing methods are outlined here; oscillographic records reveal something of the character of a resistance flash weld.
An algorithm for integrating stepwise the restricted problem in Thiele's coordinates

Planar restricted three body problem in Thiele coordinates, developing recurrence formulas for coefficients in Taylor series expansions of solution
Type II Estrogen-Binding Sites in Human Ovarian Cancer: Correlation with Estrogen, Progesterone, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Type II estrogen-binding sites (Type II EBS) and the recently identified bioflavonoid-like ligand methyl-p-hydroxyphenyllactate may be regarded as a growth regulatory system active on both normal and neoplastic tissues. It has been reported that, in addition to estrogen and progesterone receptors, primary ovarian cancers also express Type II estrogen binding sites. These sites are able to bind estrogenic compounds and also some naturally occurring flavonoids such as quercetin. In this study we report the presence of cytosolic Type II EBS in a series of 10 normal ovaries, 42 primary ovarian tumors, and 14 metastatic deposits. Scattered levels of Type II EBS were found in normal ovarian tissues (median, 1603 fM/mg protein, range, 271-4943). In primary ovarian tumors and in omental metastases median levels of Type II EBS were 835 fM/mg protein (range, 134-4875) and 758 fM/mg protein (range, 204-2007), respectively. Although Type II EBS tend to be higher in normal than in malignant tissues the difference was not statistically significant. No correlation was found between Type II EBS levels and the common clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors. Moreover there was no relation between Type II EBS and estrogen and epidermal growth factor receptors. A significative inverse correlation with progesterone receptor levels was observed. The presence of Type II EBS in ovarian cancer could be of clinical importance since it has been demonstrated that bioflavonoids, through the interaction with Type II EBS, may exert a growth inhibitory activity both alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents on ovarian cancer cell lines and primary tumors.
Digital HUDs for tactical aircraft

For over four decades the Head Up Display (HUD) has been a critical instrument in tactical aircraft, as well as in an increasing number of commercial air transports. HUDs provide a unique means to present vital information to the pilot, precisely overlaid on the real world, without the need to look down or refocus onto the instrument panel displays. HUD imaging technology, using high brightness CRTs, has remained largely unchanged during this period, despite dramatic advances in display technology across the remainder of the avionics spectrum. As reliability improvements have reduced life cycle costs for other avionics systems, the relative cost of ownership for CRT-based HUDs has become increasingly unacceptable. Further, as special-purpose CRTs have steadily been replaced by digital display alternatives the number of potential sources has dwindled, raising growing parts obsolescence issues. These issues can be resolved by replacing the CRT and its associated electronics with a solid-state digital image engine. Such "digital" HUDs (DHUDs) have been certified for use in a number of commercial air transports, and are gaining wide acceptance in the user community. The operational and environmental requirements for DHUDs for tactical aircraft are more demanding than for transports, however the core technologies are in place to meet these needs. The stage is set to achieve excellent performance, dramatic life cycle cost reductions and low cost, for both legacy and new tactical aircraft. This paper describes digital HUD development efforts to date and summarizes key performance parameters and design issues.
Acid Chloride Modification of Wool in Dimethylformamide

Wool has been acylated with several aliphatic acid chlorides. Hot dimethylformamide allows the reagent to pene trate the crosslinked structure of wool. Myristoyl chloride can give a 30% uptake in 0.5 h at 105°C. Increase in crosslinking by diacid chlorides is demonstrated by lower solubility in ammonia after peracetic acid oxidation, by single fiber stress-strain data, and by decreased supercontraction. Also shown are the effects of hydrocarbon chain length and acid chloride functionality on acid solubility, alkali solubility, and fabric mechanical properties. Many treatments greatly reduce laundering shrinkage.
A panorama of mammalian gene expression evolution

Thirty-six years ago, King and Wilson (1975) noticed in their comparison of humans and chimps that the two species, despite having numerous phenotypic differences, are extremely similar in protein sequences. They speculated that changes in gene expression levels and patterns must have played a more important role in phenotypic evolution than changes in protein sequences and functions. However, testing King and Wilson’s hypothesis has not been easy, in part because of the difficulty in comparing gene expressions between species, especially at the genomic scale. Since B10 years ago, microarray has been used to quantify and compare genome-wide gene expressions across species, but this technology has serious limitations. First, if different probes are used to measure the expressions of orthologous genes in two species, the estimated expression levels are usually not directly comparable because of differential affinities of different probes to their respective targets (Liao and Zhang, 2006a). Second, if the same probes are used for different species, the probe-targeting sequences must be identical between the species to avoid creating spurious expression differences. For these reasons, it has not been possible to examine genome-wide evolutionary patterns of gene expression except in a few closely related species (Khaitovich et al, 2005). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) quantifies messenger RNA concentrations by directly sequencing their complementary DNAs, and therefore is immune to the hybridization-caused non-comparability problem of microarray. RNA-seq data have been generated from a number of genetic model organisms such as yeast, Arabidopsis, and mouse, and have been used to address a few evolutionary questions (Qian et al, 2010). What is lacking, however, are RNA-seq data from multiple conditions or tissues of non-model organisms that fill the huge evolutionary gaps among the few model organisms. In a recent issue of Nature, Brawand et al (2011) reported a large RNA-seq data set from six organs (cerebral cortex or whole brain without cerebellum, cerebellum, heart, kidney, liver, and testis) of nine mammals (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, mouse, opossum, and platypus), and one bird (chicken), including both males and females. This data set, largest of its kind in the literature, promises to provide a grand view of gene expression evolution in mammals.
Gynecological care for teenagers with disabilities.

General principles of reproductive health care for women with developmental disabilities are as follows: (1) No gynecological exam in any patient should ever be done by using force or inducement of fear (2) the patient’s autonomy needs to be respected and she should be allowed to participate in her own care as much as possible and (3) any therapeutic intervention should provide the optimal and least harmful alternative form of care. (excerpt)
Anthropometric predictors of low birth weight outcome in teenage pregnancy.

The highest relative risks of low birth weight are found among births to teenage mothers. An analysis of anthropometrics (weight, mid-arm circumference, and triceps skinfold) among black teenagers attending an adolescent prenatal program was studied. The sample consisted of 100 girls under 17 years. Data were collected from 19 to 35 weeks gestation. Adolescent mothers who delivered low birth weight (LBW) infants demonstrated different patterns of anthropometric changes than teen mothers who delivered normal birth weight (NBW) infants. Mean mid-arm circumference increases in the LBW group (0.05 mm/wk) were significantly less than mean increases in the NBW group (0.80 mm/wk) (p less than 0.05). Arm fat area estimates of the LBW mothers demonstrated weekly depletion (-24.9 mm2/wk), which was significantly less than those of the NBW group, who accumulated fat (+15.3 mm2/wk) (p less than .05). Changes in maternal nutritional status may in part mediate the birthweight outcome in adolescent pregnancy. Anthropometrics may be useful in predicting those teens at highest risk of bearing LBW infants.
Gender Differences in Employment after Spouse's Retirement

A central characteristic of the family retirement transition is its prolonged nature, beginning with the first spouse's retirement and ending with the second spouse's retirement or the first spouse...
Did Turnpike Trusts Increase Transportation Investment in Eighteenth- Century England?

Turnpike trusts were private organizations that financed road improvements by levying tolls and issuing mortgage debt. They were established by Acts of Parliament throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. The acts transferred authority from parishes to a body of trustees, composed of local landowners and merchants. Parishes financed road improvements with local property taxes; but they could not levy tolls. This article uses a new data set to show that turnpike trusts increased road expenditure, rather than replacing existing or forthcoming parish expenditure. It also illustrates how institutional changes contributed to the process of economic development in England.
Peasants, Revolution, and Drinking: Interethnic Drinking Patterns in Two Bolivian Communities

A comparison of interethnic drinking patterns demonstrates how the outcome of social revolution differs in two contrasting communities in Bolivia. Drastic social reforms introduced in the 1950's were explicitly intended to weaken the control of mestizo landlords and to give peasants a greater share of wealth and power.Anthropological research conducted between 1956 and 1965, combining directed and non-directed interviews with participant observation in two towns of about the same size and similar agricultural, commercial, and administrative importance, reveals both the pervasiveness and the inconsistency of revolutionary change in that ethnically diverse country.Around Montero, mestizo landlords used to drink occasionally with the Camba tenant farmers on their haciendas, but there is now almost no sociability between the groups. By contrast, around Coroico, where mestizo landlords used to scorn the Aymara tenant farmers as an almost untouchable servile caste, they now symbolize new relationships by drinki...
Stevie: A Dynamic, Between-Instructor Collaborative Internet Tool for Learning Cardinalities

Instructors increasingly use a data modeling approach to teach accounting information systems (AIS). An important part of data modeling is the specification of cardinalities. Cardinalities represent constraints on the participation of entities in a relationship and are used to express business practices. Stevie is an Internet tool that helps students learn cardinalities. Stevie has a number of unique features. First, Stevie is a collaborative effort; its content is created by a number of instructors. Second, Stevie is a dynamic Internet application. Dynamic Internet technology enables instructors to manage student accounts, add exercises, and create customized assignments. Further, customized assignments make it easy for instructors to adapt Stevie's content to specific learning objectives for their AIS course. For example, instructors can create assignments where students have to define stereotypical cardinality patterns or heuristics for REA relationships. Finally, Stevie supports accounting‐specific cl...
Myocardial contrast echocardiography in humans. II. Assessment of coronary blood flow reserve

The hypothesis that myocardial contrast echocardiography could be used to simultaneously assess coronary blood flow reserve and the size of the perfusion bed supplied by a coronary artery was examined in nine patients and six dogs. All patients were undergoing cardiac catheterization and had single vessel coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 85% stenosis of either the proximal left anterior descending or the left circumflex coronary artery); the six dogs had a critical stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery. Three milliliters of sonicated Renografin-76 (mean microbubble size 6 micron) was injected into the left main coronary artery before and after intracoronary administration of papavarine, 6 to 9 mg. The beds supplied by the normal and stenotic vessels could not be differentiated during contrast echocardiography before injection of papavarine. However, after papavarine, the normal vascular bed showed significantly more contrast enhancement than did the bed supplied by the stenotic artery. This disparity in contrast enhancement made it possible to delineate the size of the bed perfused by the stenotic vessels. When quantitative analysis of the time-intensity curves obtained from the echocardiograms was performed in the dogs, the absolute values for the area under the curve, peak contrast intensity and curve width did not correlate with absolute blood flows measured with radiolabeled microspheres. However, the ratios of the areas under the curves derived from the two vascular beds before and after papavarine correlated well with the ratios of blood flows between the two beds during the same stages (r2 = 0.73 by linear regression and r2 = 0.85 by an exponential function). In comparison, the ratios of peak amplitudes and curve widths before and after papavarine had poor correlations with ratios of flows from the two beds (r2 = 0.18 and 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, myocardial contrast echocardiography can be used to simultaneously assess coronary blood flow reserve and the size of the perfusion bed supplied by a stenotic vessel.
Matrix isolation investigation of the photochemical reaction of methyl-substituted benzenes with CrCl2O2.

The matrix isolation technique, combined with infrared spectroscopy, has been used to characterize the products of the photochemical reactions of toluene, m-, o-, and p-xylene, mesitylene, and hexamethylbenzene with CrCl2O2. While initial twin jet deposition of the reagents led to no visible changes in the recorded spectra, strong product bands were noted following irradiation with light of λ > 300 nm. The irradiation was shown to lead to oxygen atom transfer, forming complexes between methylcyclohexadienone derivatives and CrCl2O. With the xylenes and mesitylene, di- and trimethylphenols, complexed to CrCl2O, were also observed, respectively. This latter result arises from C−H bond activation and oxygen atom insertion into a C−H bond. The identification of the complexes was further supported by isotopic labeling (2H) and by density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G++(d,2p) level. Product distributions were rationalized by an analysis of the electron density distribution.
Antibody-Independent Control of γ-Herpesvirus Latency via B Cell Induction of Anti-Viral T Cell Responses

B cells can use antibody-dependent mechanisms to control latent viral infections. It is unknown whether this represents the sole function of B cells during chronic viral infection. We report here that hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cells can contribute to the control of murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) latency without producing anti-viral antibody. HEL-specific B cells normalized defects in T cell numbers and proliferation observed in B cell−/− mice during the early phase of γHV68 latency. HEL-specific B cells also reversed defects in CD8 and CD4 T cell cytokine production observed in B cell−/− mice, generating CD8 and CD4 T cells necessary for control of latency. Furthermore, HEL-specific B cells were able to present virally encoded antigen to CD8 T cells. Therefore, B cells have antibody independent functions, including antigen presentation, that are important for control of γ-herpesvirus latency. Exploitation of this property of B cells may allow enhanced vaccine responses to chronic virus infection.
Entrepreneurial Traditionalism in Nineteenth-Century France: A Study of the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie

The late nineteenth century was a critical epoch in the history of French industry. During this period, many French industrialists adopted, for the first time, entrepreneurial attitudes towards business. At the same time, however, traditional skilled trades continued to play an important role in the national economy. In this article, Professor Weissbach explores the attitudes and practices of nineteenth-century entrepreneurs in the French luxury trade. By focusing specifically on the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ebenisterie—an organization established to assist, educate, and moralize children apprentices in the French furniture industry—Weissbach reveals that traditional and entrepreneurial attitudes and practices coexisted throughout the nineteenth century.
A “model” proposal for reform in teacher training

The present paper uses as a point of departure two of Benton and Hoyt's (1990) survey items concerning undergraduate teaching and their finding that Holmes Group and Division 15 members favored more “sweeping changes” in teacher education whereas TESCSU members favored more “incremental changes.” It: (a) suggests that reform is unlikely to succeed without change in the behavior of those who teach prospective teachers; (b) suggests ways in which educational psychologists can improve the effectiveness of teachers and teacher training; and (c) questions whether moving teacher training to the graduate level will in fact improve such education.
Overlapping clusters for distributed computation

Most graph decomposition procedures seek to partition a graph into disjoint sets of vertices. Motivated by applications of clustering in distributed computation, we describe a graph decomposition algorithm for the paradigm where the partitions intersect. This algorithm covers the vertex set with a collection of overlapping clusters. Each vertex in the graph is well-contained within some cluster in the collection. We then describe a framework for distributed computation across a collection of overlapping clusters and describe how this framework can be used in various algorithms based on the graph diffusion process. In particular, we focus on two illustrative examples: (i) the simulation of a randomly walking particle and (ii) the solution of a linear system, e.g. PageRank. Our simulation results for these two cases show a significant reduction in swapping between clusters in a random walk, a significant decrease in communication volume during a linear system solve in a geometric mesh, and some ability to reduce the communication volume during a linear system solve in an information network.
Unidirectional replication of plasmid ColE1 DNA

COLICINOGENIC plasmid E1 (ColE1) has been isolated from Escherichia coli both as a supercoiled DNA molecule of 4.2 × 106 molecular weight and as a supercoiled DNA-protein relaxation complex1. Treatment with certain agents that denature protein structure induces conversion of the super-coiled ColE1 DNA-protein complex to an open circular (relaxed) DNA form with one single strand break specifically in the poly (U,G) binding or ‘Crick’ strand2,3. It has been shown that the EcoRl restriction endonuclease cleaves ColE1 DNA at a single site. Using that site as a reference point it was demonstrated that the single strand break in the open circular product of induced relaxation is located at a unique site, approximately 19% of the length of ColE1 DNA from one end of the EcoRl cleaved molecule4. Only certain restriction endonucleases have previously been shown to cleave DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence and the result of their action is a double strand break5–7.
Possible contribution of alternative nitrogenases to nitrogen fixation by asymbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in soils

Abstract The relative contributions of the alternative (V- and Fe-only) and canonical (Mo-) nitrogenases to N 2 fixation in natural environments are still largely unknown. Here we combine chemical and molecular approaches to examine their role in terrestrial ecosystems. Pure-culture studies show that while the R ratio (defined as R = acetylene reduction rate/N 2 fixation rate by nitrogenase) is highly variable, low R ratios (0.5 R R ratios and a large increase in N 2 fixation rates in response to vanadium amendments, indicating V-nitrogenase activity. Using RT-PCR, we were able to demonstrate expression of the V-nitrogenase, together with the Mo-nitrogenase, in these soils. An analysis of published R ratios showed that the contribution of alternative nitrogenases to asymbiotic N 2 fixation in soils may be more prevalent than previously recognized.
Teaching about Unintentional Racism in Introductory Psychology.

This article describes a case study technique for teaching unintentional racism in the introductory psychology course. A case study followed by a lecture generated rich discussions on the nature of...
Phenylene Coupling of Methylene Sites. The Spin States of Bis(X−methylene)-p-phenylenes and Bis(chloromethylene)-m-phenylene

We judge the energetic sequence of spin states in substituted methylenes by ab initio multiconfigurational computations and, where feasible, density functional modeling techniques. The best of these calculations reproduce well-established singlet−triplet gaps in X−C−Y species, in which X can be phenyl and Y can be H, methyl, or chloro. Similar computations on p-phenylene-coupled Y−methylenes and meta-coupled Y−methylenes support the suggestion by Zuev and Sheridan that bis(chloromethylene)-p-phenylene has a singlet diradical ground state. However, despite the density functional computations' support for those authors' suggestion that bis(chloromethylene)-m-phenylene has a singlet ground state, we find that our best MCSCF calculations place the quintet ground state suggested by the simplest theory almost equal in energy to that singlet.
Miss Manners for social networking: a new role for medical librarians.

Conjure up in your mind the picture we all abhor, the image of the stereotypical librarian. The bun, the thin tight lips ready to display their disapproval at the slightest provocation, that knowingly superior look in her eye. Now think of Miss Manners. It is that knowingly superior exterior she presents to the world that reminds me of the stereotype. Maybe librarians are something like Miss Manners; we do so like to tell others what to do and how to do it.
Synthesis, spectroscopic studies, and crystal and molecular structure of bismuth hexacyanoferrate(III) tetrahydrate, BiFe(CN)6·4H2O

Le compose du titre cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe d'espace P2 1 /m et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,030
Respiratory Hospital Admissions Associated with PM10 Pollution in Utah, Salt Lake, and Cache Valleys

This study assessed the association between respiratory hospital admissions and PM10 pollution in Utah, Salt Lake, and Cache valleys during April 1985 through March 1989. Utah and Salt Lake valleys had high levels of PM10 pollution that violated both the annual and 24-h standards issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Much lower PM10 levels occurred in the Cache Valley. Utah Valley experienced the intermittent operation of its primary source of PM10 pollution: an integrated steel mill. Bronchitis and asthma admissions for preschool-age children were approximately twice as frequent in Utah Valley when the steel mill was operating versus when it was not. Similar differences were not observed in Salt Lake or Cache valleys. Even though Cache Valley had higher smoking rates and lower temperatures in winter than did Utah Valley, per capita bronchitis and asthma admissions for all ages were approximately twice as high in Utah Valley. During the period when the steel mill was closed, differences in per capita admissions between Utah and Cache valleys narrowed considerably. Regression analysis also demonstrated a statistical association between respiratory hospital admissions and PM10 pollution. The results suggest that PM10 pollution plays a role in the incidence and severity of respiratory disease.
Multiplex CARS for simultaneous measurement of temperature and CO(2) and H(2) concentrations in a combustion environment.

Simultaneous temperature and CO2 concentration measurements with multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra of CO2 were performed. CARS spectra of pure CO2 and various mixtures of CO2 and N2 in a furnace were recorded at various temperatures to test the computer code that simulates CO2 CARS spectra using recent spectroscopic constants. The temperatures obtained from the CO2 CARS spectra were in good agreement with thermocouple temperature measurements. However, the CO2 concentrations cannot be accurately extracted from these spectra. It is believed by the authors that the cross-coherent effect, which has not been included in the present model, and the difficulty of accurately accounting for the background are two important factors affecting the CO2 concentration measurements. H2 pure rotational lines S(4) and S(5) were found in the CO2 CARS spectra of a hydrocarbon flame. These assignments were confirmed from intensity ratio measurements of S(4) and S(5) lines at different temperatures. A theoretical study shows that the H2 concentration measurement from the S(5) line should be more sensitive than that of the S(4) and S(9) lines at the flame temperature. CARS spectra of preanalyzed mixtures of N2, CO2, and H2 in a furnace were recorded to investigate the feasibility of inferring the H2 concentration from these spectra. Simultaneous CO2 and H2 multiplex CARS spectra were also recorded in a CH4/O2 diffusion flame and in the MSU/DIAL test stand to observe the high temperature spectra. The results of these measurements are presented.
Hierarchical video content description and summarization using unified semantic and visual similarity

Video is increasingly the medium of choice for a variety of communication channels, resulting primarily from increased levels of networked multimedia systems. One way to keep our heads above the video sea is to provide summaries in a more tractable format. Many existing approaches are limited to exploring important low-level feature related units for summarization. Unfortunately, the semantics, content and structure of the video do not correspond to low-level features directly, even with closed-captions, scene detection, and audio signal processing. The drawbacks of existing methods are the following: (1) instead of unfolding semantics and structures within the video, low-level units usually address only the details, and (2) any important unit selection strategy based on low-level features cannot be applied to general videos. Providing users with an overview of the video content at various levels of summarization is essential for more efficient database retrieval and browsing. In this paper, we present a hierarchical video content description and summarization strategy supported by a novel joint semantic and visual similarity strategy. To describe the video content efficiently and accurately, a video content description ontology is adopted. Various video processing techniques are then utilized to construct a semi-automatic video annotation framework. By integrating acquired content description data, a hierarchical video content structure is constructed with group merging and clustering. Finally, a four layer video summary with different granularities is assembled to assist users in unfolding the video content in a progressive way. Experiments on real-word videos have validated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Characteristics Shaping College Student Organizational Citizenship Behavior.

This study explored the concept of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in relation to undergraduate college students. The extensive research on OCB within traditional work environments indicates that while workers who demonstrate OCB usually receive more favorable performance evaluations, those behaviors also help build community and culture within the organization. This study expands the extant research by examining OCB of college students, where very few studies exist. For this research 490 undergraduate students completed an online survey, where we looked to identify correlations between OCB and four variables: gender, year in school, religious practice, and major. The statistically significant correlation between three of these variables and OCB will help faculty and student life staff identify and encourage OCB in their students. It will also help students be more successful in school, help prepare them for careers, while also enriching the college community.
Response of avian embryonic brain to spatially segmented x-ray microbeams

Duck embryo was studied as a model for assessing the effects of microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) on the human infant brain. Because of the high risk of radiation-induced disruption of the developmental process in the immature brain, conventional wide-beam radiotherapy of brain tumors is seldom carried out in infants under the age of three. Other types of treatment for pediatric brain tumors are frequently ineffective. Recent findings from studies in Grenoble on the brain of suckling rats indicate that MRT could be of benefit for the treatment of early childhood tumors. In our studies, duck embryos were irradiated at 3-4 days prior to hatching. Irradiation was carried out using a single exposure of synchrotron-generated X-rays, either in the form of parallel microplanar beams (microbeams), or as non-segmented broad beam. The individual microplanar beams had a width of 27 microm and height of 11 mm, and a center-to-center spacing of 100 microm. Doses to the exposed areas of embryo brain were 40, 80, 160 and 450 Gy (in-slice dose) for the microbeam, and 6, 12 and 18 Gy for the broad beam. The biological end point employed in the study was ataxia. This neurological symptom of radiation damage to the brain developed within 75 days of hatching. Histopathological analysis of brain tissue did not reveal any radiation induced lesions for microbeam doses of 40-160 Gy (in-slice), although some incidences of ataxia were observed in that dose group. However, severe brain lesions did occur in animals in the 450 Gy microbeam dose groups, and mild lesions in the 18 Gy broad beam dose group. These results indicate that embryonic duck brain has an appreciably higher tolerance to the microbeam modality, as compared to the broad beam modality. When the microbeam dose was normalized to the full volume of the irradiated tissue. i.e., the dose averaged over microbeams and the space between the microbeams, brain tolerance was estimated to be about three times higher to microbeam irradiation as compared with broad beam irradiation.
Can Cosmic Parallax Distinguish Between Anisotropic Cosmologies

In an anisotropic universe, observers not positioned at a point of special symmetry should observe cosmic parallax--the relative angular motion of test galaxies over cosmic time. It was recently argued that the nonobservance of this effect in upcoming precision astrometry missions such as GAIA may be used to place strong bounds on the position of off-center observers in a void-model universe described by the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi metric. We consider the analogous effect in anisotropic cosmological models described by an axisymmetric homogeneous Bianchi type I metric and discuss whether any observation of cosmic parallax would distinguish between different anisotropic evolutions.
Bio-inspired Self-Assembly of Micro and Nano-Structures for Sensing and Electronic Applications

Bio-inspired assembly, through the use of bio-molecules such as DNA and proteins, will play a critical role in the advancement of novel sensing techniques and for the realization of heterogeneous integration of materials. For many of these applications, such as antibody-based biosensor and the study of controlled cell growth, DNA and protein patterning techniques are crucial. We will present an update of our work on protein patterning techniques using microelectronic fabrication, DNA hybridization and biotin-streptavidin pairing. To show its application in biological inspired self-assembly, this technique was used successfully in the self-assembly of 20 nm streptavidin conjugated gold particles. In addition, the integration of nano-and micro-scale heterogeneous materials is very important for novel material synthesis and electro-optic applications. We will present an update on our work to assemble silicon electronic devices using DNA/charged molecules and electric fields. Devices are fabricated, released, charged with molecules, and subsequently manipulated in electric fields. The techniques described can be used to integrate the hybrid devices such as nano- or micro-scale resistors, PN diodes, and MOSFETs on silicon or other substrates such as glass, plastic, etc.
Estimating the Run-Time Progress of a Call Graph Construction Algorithm53-62

This work considers static analysis algorithms that are integrated with a development environment. In this context, IDE users can benefit from continuouslyupdated information about the run-time progress of the analysis algorithm (i.e., what portion of the analysis work is completed). IDEs can provide the means to convey this information back to the user - for example, the Java IDE in Eclipse achieves this by employing GUI elements such as progress bars. Precise tracking of the run-time progress of an analysis algorithm requires a priori knowledge of the total running time of the analysis. Such knowledge is typically not available, and analysis builders need to employ various heuristics to estimate run-time progress. In this paper we describe our initial work on defining and evaluating such heuristics for a whole-program analysis in Eclipse. The analysis, based on the wellknown Rapid Type Analysis (RTA) approach, builds a call graph for a Java program, for subsequent use in various software tools. We propose multiple heuristics to estimate run-time analysis progress; these heuristics have been implemented in a publicly available Eclipse plug-in. We report the results of evaluating each heuristic on an large set of Java programs.
Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 2. Competition for water

A study was carried out in an alley cropping system in the Eastern Maize Belt of the United States with the objective of quantifying the competition for water between trees (black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture, tree and maize rooting patterns, tree and maize water uptake, and maize leaf area expansion were determined in three treatments; ‘barrier’ (polyethylene root barriers separating maize and tree roots), ‘trench’ (trenching without a polyethylene barrier), and ‘no barrier’ (control). Significant temporal variation in soil moisture was observed in both black walnut and red oak alley cropping systems. The ‘barrier’ and ‘trench’ treatments resulted in higher soil moisture in the ‘maize alley’ and lower soil moisture in the ‘tree row’ than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. Uptake of water by maize was higher in the ‘barrier’ than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. However, tree water uptake was higher in the ‘no barrier’ treatment than in the ‘barrier’ treatment because tree roots utilized water from the ‘maize alley’. Maize leaf area was negatively impacted by water stress in the ‘no barrier’ treatment. Quantification of rooting patterns revealed that maize and tree roots were concentrated in the top 30 cm soil layer where water fluctuations were greatest. The ‘barrier’ and ‘trench’ treatments successfully eliminated the belowground root competition between trees and maize and resulted in greater leaf area and higher grain yields than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. Thus, competition for water rather than competition for light seems to be critical in defining the productivity and sustainability of this alley cropping system.