cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections around a mutilated tree

Abstract Pinus aristata Engelm., the Bristlecone Pine, has existed in Colorado, USA, since the Oligocene. This tree species is one of the most long-lived of all known organisms, reaching greater ages even than the Sequoias. In Colorado it now occupies only very limited areas, all at or near timber-line, on the higher mountains. Its continued existence is, however, severely threatened by ‘souvenir hunters’who indiscriminately saw off ‘decorative’ branches, some of which have been around 600 years old and belonged to a tree perhaps over 1,000 years old. The increasingly easier access to Nature by powered vehicles poses a definite threat to the vegetation; in winter, snowmobiles and skidoos cause considerable damage, and now a kind of all-terrain vehicle has been constructed which may be even more destructive during the snow-free months. It runs either on wheels or tracks, can climb steep hills, and according to advertisements will ‘run over sticks and stones’. A plea is entered for Man to approach Nature with more reverence and humility.
MODIS-N - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Nadir

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Nadir (MODIS-N) for the Earth Observing System (EOS) is intended to provide daily global surveys for the atmosphere, the oceans, and the land. To achieve this capability, MODIS-N requires an at-least 2300-km swath width, and provides geometric-instantaneous-fields-of-view (GIFOVs) that are either 856 m, 428 m, or 214 m in size with reference to a 705 km satellite altitude. The 214 m GIFOV may or may not be used depending on total data rate impact assessments traded with science needs. To achieve the data for the multiplicity of science investigations MODIS-N provides nominally 36 spectral bands that are selected for specific locations and bandpasses in the spectral range from the visible to the long wave infrared. Another driver of this instrument combination is the need for long term spectral and radiometric calibration stability. Specific calibration capabilities are to be built into MODIS-N to achieve calibration knowledge over a 5 year operational life.
Found Robust Calibration Model in Fermentation Process by Combining Different Sample Sets

Robust calibration model is the key factor for spectroscopic measurement. The commonly used way is build calibration model by crude samples collected from process. There are two deficiencies in fermentation processes in that: matrix effects variation always existed for different batch of fermentation and, chance correlation is sure existed which spoil robust of calibration model. In the research being presented, method of overcoming the weakness is examined. By combing the standard analyte and fermentation broth and spiking solvend, the calibration model can correlate specific spectral features only with the measured analyte concentrations so have good robustness.
The degree of abdominal imaging (AI) subspecialization of the reviewing radiologist significantly impacts the number of clinically relevant and incidental discrepancies identified during peer review of emergency after-hours body CT studies.

Purpose To evaluate if and to what extent the degree of subspecialization in abdominal imaging (AI) affects rates of discrepancies identified on review of body CT studies initially interpreted by board-certified radiologists not specialized in AI.
SU‐E‐J‐130: Hyperpolarized 13C Biomarkers of Response to Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Prior 13C MR imaging studies of hyperpolarized (HP) [1‐13C]pyruvate and 13C urea in the TRAMP murine model of prostate cancer have demonstrated the ability to monitor changes in metabolism and perfusion. Radiation therapy represents a common treatment of prostate cancer that could clinically benefit from an early assessment of therapeutic efficacy. The goal of this work was to investigate serial changes in perfusion (HP urea) and HP pyruvate metabolism in TRAMP tumors following exposure to increasing doses of radiation therapy in order to better understand the potential clinical value of HP 13C MR for predicting prostate cancerradiation therapy. Methods: Three TRAMP tumors (mean tumor size = 4.3 ± 1 cc) were exposed to varying doses of radiation by placing a single radioactive seed source using a Nucletron microSelectron‐HDR applicator on the surface of the tumor for ∼10 min. dwell periods. This resulted in doses of 14 Gy (close to the seed) to 5 Gy (deeper within the tumor ). MR imaging studies were acquired serially at baseline, 1 day, 4 days and 8 days following therapy using a 14T, 600WB micro‐imaging spectrometer. Results: There are visually clear dose dependent changes in the lactate/pyruvate ratio over time. HP urea and total HP carbon significantly decreased in tumor regions receiving both high (p < 0.01; and 0.05, respectively) and intermediate doses (p< 0.01, for both) by 1 day after treatment. Whereas HP urea initially increased in the low dose regions and then decreased. For all three doses, the lactate/pyruvate ratios significantly decreased (p < 0.01 for all doses) by 8 days following treatment. Conclusions: Significant, dose‐dependent decreases in perfusion and pyruvate‐to‐lactate flux were observed after radiation therapy. Ongoing serial radiation studies of TRAMP tumors are investigating the relationship between perfusion and metabolic changes and therapeutic efficacy.
Self-Efficacy, Valence of Self-Evaluation, and Performance

In two experiments, self efficacy theory was used to conceptualize the effect of efficacy expectancies and valence of self-evaluation on performance. In Experiment 1, efficacy expectancies were manipulated by practice item difficulty and feedback, and self-evaluation was manipulated by providing a standard of comparison. In Experiment 2, efficacy expectancies developed spontaneously while participants performed easy or difficult tasks, and the potential for self-evaluation was crossed with the potential for experimenter evaluation. In both experiments, as predicted, in the high-efficacy condition, self-evaluation participants performed better than no-self-evaluation participants, whereas in the low-efficacy condition, self-evaluation participants performed worse than no-self-evaluation participants. In addition, in Experiment 2, the equivalence of self-evaluation and experimenter evaluation was demonstrated. Implications for self-effcacy and self evaluation processes are discussed.
Studies on the interaction between catecholamines and tyrosine aminotransferase in brain.

Abstract The tyrosine transaminating enzyme present in whole homogenates of brain tissue is not localized specifically in catecholamine-containing nerve terminals; its activity is not altered by a drug-induced increase or decrease in whole brain norepinephrine concentration; and it is not induced by the addition, in vitro , of norepinephrine. We conclude on the basis of these and other considerations that interactions between norepinephrine and the transamination of tyrosine are of no apparent significance in the regulation of brain catecholamine metabolism.
Combating medical device fouling

When interfaced with the biological environment, biomedical devices are prone to surface biofouling due to adhesion of microbial or thrombotic agents as a result of the foreign body response. Surface biofouling of medical devices occurs as a result of nonspecific adhesion of noxious substrates to the surface. Approaches for biofouling-resistant surfaces can be categorized as either the manipulation of surface chemical functionalities or through the incorporation of regulatory biomolecules. This review summarizes current strategies for creating biofouling-resistant surfaces based on surface hydrophilicity and charge, biomolecule functionalization, and drug elution. Reducing the foreign body response and restoring the function of cells around the device minimizes the risk of device rejection and potentially integrates devices with surrounding tissues and fluids. In addition, we discuss the use of peptides and NO as biomolecules that not only inhibit surface fouling, but also promote the integration of medical devices with the biological environment.
Inversion for range-dependent water column sound speed profiles on the New Jersey shelf using a linearized perturbative method

The environment of the New Jersey shelf is characterized by high spatial and temporal variability of water column properties caused by intrusions of warm, salty water from the continental slope. These intrusions cause fluctuations in the water column sound speed profile which can have significant effects on acoustic propagation in shallow water. In this work, a linearized perturbative inverse technique is applied to estimate range-dependent water column sound speed profiles. This method utilizes estimates of horizontal wave numbers to determine sound speed as a function of depth. This technique is appropriate for the range-dependent shallow-water environment as horizontal wave numbers can be measured semilocally (1–2 km aperture) and their values are a direct measurement of the local environmental parameters. Difficulty is encountered in application of the perturbative inverse technique because the wave number data are insensitive to some portions of the waveguide and, as a result, the solution can deviate wildly from true values. This issue is addressed by application of approximate equality constraints which force the solution to be close to likely values at prescribed locations.
Liquid junction potentials calculated from numerical solutions of the Nernst-Planck and poisson equations

We present numerical solutions for the one-dimensional Nernst-Planck and Poisson system of equations for steady-state electrodiffusion. Commonly used approximate solutions to these equations invoke assumptions of local electroneutrality (Planck approximation) or constant electric field (Goldman approximation). Calculations were performed to test the ranges over which these approximate theories are valid. For a dilutional junction of a 1:1 electrolyte, separated from adjoining perfectly stirred solutions by sharp boundaries, the Planck approximation is valid for values of kappa dL greater than 10, where 1/kappa d is the Debye length of the more dilute solution. The Goldman approximation is valid for kappa cL less than 0.1 where 1/kappa c is the Debye length of the more concentrated solution. These results suggest that the modeling of electrodiffusive flows in and near membrane ion channels may require numerical solutions of this set of equations rather than the use of either limiting case.
The Pursuit of Opportunity: Explaining Selective Black Migration

Abstract This paper examines the destination choices of black migrants during the Great Migration. As previous research has shown, educated blacks were more likely to relocate to the North in the pre-World War II era. This analysis shows that this tendency can be attributed to the better educated migrants' ability to finance transportation costs, greater responsiveness to intercity wage differentials, and stronger distaste for Southern disamenities. After 1940, the destination choice gap closed, largely because migrant responses to wage differentials and valuation of Southern disamenities changed. These changes are observed both in the population at large and within birth-year cohorts.
Evidence for a single type of linkage in a fructofuranan from Lolium perenne

Abstract On extraction with water, rye grass (Lolium perenne) yielded a mixture of polysaccharides. Fractionation thereof led to the isolation of two fructofuranans, one of which preponderated. Analysis of the main polysaccharide by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy indicated that it is composed of fructofuranosyl residues linked only (2 → 6), and terminated by a glucosyl group linked as in sucrose.
Pain medicine: Why and when to call for the addictionologist and/or psychiatrist

Substance abuse and psychopathology are frequently present in pain patients and often complicate pain treatment. Whereas the pain physician does not necessarily need to possess the tools needed to effectively treat these complicating conditions, it is incumbent on the pain physician to determine their presence and secure appropriate consultation. Aberrant drug behaviors may be present when patients manifest one or more of the following: continued use despite self harm, daily functionality deteriorates, impaired control over use (unable to take medications as prescribed), preoccupation with use of analgesics for non-analgesics purposes, inability to use non-opioid pain interventions, and/or preference for medications with high reinforcing characteristics (ie, achieve rapid plasma levels). The most common psychopathology is depression and anxiety. The clinical presentation of depression is commonly: persistent low moods ("feeling blue"/down, anhedonia), self-attitude changes (feeling of guilt, being a "bad" person), and/or changes in vital sense (changes in sleep, appetite, or energy levels). Anxiety is somewhat different and the clinical signs are: personality trait (ie, periodically becomes excessive), symptom of another disorder (eg, depression) or triggered by stressful situation (eg, chronic pain), worry out of proportion about negative results, kinesophobia, thoughts of serious illness, amplification of pain perception, muscle tension, sleep disturbances, restlessness, and/or fatigue. Depression and anxiety (most commonly Generalized Anxiety Disorder) are most effectively treated by Cognitive Behavioral Therapies in combination with pharmacologic means. Practicing in an interdisciplinary manner, with appropriate specialty consultation, is indicative of a comprehensive pain management program which is associated with the best possible patient results when dealing with patients manifesting comorbid addiction and/or psychopathology conditions.
Quantitation of Verapamil and Norverapamil in Small Blood Samples From the Rat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A simple, sensitive HPLC assay using flurescence detection was developed for quantitation of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil in 100-200 μl blood samples from the rat. Baseline separation of verapamil, normverapamil and internal standard, propranolol, was attained within 14 minutes. Standard curves for verapamil and norverapamil were linear from 7 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml with limit of detection of 4 ng/ml for both Compounds. the intraday and interday coefficients of variation in verapamil and norverapamil concentrations, determined from spiked whole blood samples, were less than 10%.
Investigation of shape memory of red blood cells using optical tweezers and quantitative phase microscopy

RBC has been shown to possess shape memory subsequent to shear-induced shape transformation. However, this property of RBC may not be generalized to all kinds of stresses. Here, we report our observation on the action of radiation pressure forces on RBC's shape memory using optical manipulation and quantitative phase microscopy (OMQPM). QPM, based on Mach-Zehnder interferrometry, allowed measurement of dynamic changes of shape of RBC in optical tweezers at different trapping laser powers. In high power near-infrared optical tweezers (>200mW), the RBC was found to deform significantly due to optical forces. Upon removal of the tweezers, hysteresis in recovering its original resting shape was observed. In very high power tweezers or long-term stretching events, shape memory was almost erased. This irreversibility of the deformation may be due to temperature rise or stress-induced phase transformation of lipids in RBC membrane.
Growth management and recreational land development in Florida

Abstract Land use problems began in Florida more than a century ago in association with intensive settlement within some of the state's most sensitive natural environments. Pressures from growth and development mounted until an environmental crisis was proclaimed during the early 1970s. This was the decade during which growth management measures were adopted by the Florida legislature, largely in response to environmental degradation that was occurring in association with unprecedented growth and development. This article looks at the establishment of comprehensive growth management and control mechanisms, including areas of critical state concern, developments of regional impact and other land use laws aimed at controlling subdivisions that threaten Florida's fragile ecological system.
Influence of dietary carbohydrate intake on the free testosterone: cortisol ratio responses to short-term intensive exercise training

This study examined the effect of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) consumption on the free testosterone to cortisol (fTC) ratio during a short-term intense micro-cycle of exercise training. The fTC ratio is a proposed biomarker for overreaching–overtraining (i.e., training stress or imbalance) in athletes. The ratio was studied in two groups, control-CHO (~60% of daily intake, n = 12) and low-CHO (~30% of daily intake, n = 8), of male subjects who performed three consecutive days of intensive training (~70–75% maximal oxygen consumption, 60 min per day) with a dietary intervention (on the day before and during training). Resting, pre-exercise blood samples were collected under standardized-controlled conditions before each day of training (Pre 1, 2, 3) and on a fourth day after the micro-cycle (Rest). Bloods were analyzed for free testosterone and cortisol via radioimmunoassay procedures. Subjects performed no additional physical activity other than prescribed training. Statistical analysis (ANCOVA) revealed the fTC ratio decreased significantly (p 0.05) in the control-CHO group (−3%). Findings suggest if the fTC ratio is utilized as a marker of training stress or imbalance it is necessary for a moderately high diet of CHO to be consumed to maintain validity of any observed changes in the ratio value.
The correlation of the cosmic X-ray background with the light of galaxies

Models for the origin of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) radiation attribute it to numerous weak, unresolved discrete sources (e.g., active galactic nuclei), to some diffuse emission mechanism (e.g., thermal bremmstrahlung from a hot intergalactic plasma), or to an unresolved population of discrete sources which evolve substantially with redshift (e.g., quasars). It is shown that the comparison of the CXB flux variations with flux variations in the light from galaxies can measure the relative contribution of these possible sources of the CXB. Applying the technique to available Uhuru data, it is found that the absence of correlation between the optical flux variations and the X-ray flux variations sets an upper limit of approximately 50% on the fraction of the CXB originating with any classes of X-ray sources substantially represented among bright (apparent photographic magnitude less than or equal to 15.5) galaxies. The data are consistent with nearly all of the CXB being due to diffuse emission or to a class of sources whose density increases rapidly with redshift.
Theorems on M-splittings of a singular M-matrix which depend on graph structure☆

Abstract Let A=M−Ne R n n be a splitting. We investigate the spectral properties of the iteration matrix M-1N by considering the relationships of the graphs of A, M, N, and M-1N. We call a splitting an M-splitting if M is a nonsingular M-matrix and N⩾0. For an M-splitting of an irreducible Z-matrix A we prove that the circuit index of M-1N is the greatest common divisor of certain sets of integers associated with the circuits of A. For M-splittings of a reducible singular M-matrix we show that the spectral radius of the iteration matrix is 1 and that its multiplicity and index are independent of the splitting. These results hold under somewhat weaker assumptions.
Drug-metabolizing enzymes in ligand-modulated transcription

Genes encoding many of the so-called drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, suggesting that these genes arose on this planet more than 3.5 billion years ago--long before animal-plant divergence (estimated to be about 1.2 billion years ago) and long before the use and commercial development of drugs. What, therefore, are the real functions of DMEs? Several years ago I proposed that DMEs are upstream in the regulatory cascade of numerous signal transduction pathways, i.e. necessary for maintaining physiologically "safe", or "acceptable", steady-state levels of all small non-protein endogenous ligands (M(r) = 250 +/- 200) in each cell. Innumerable foreign chemicals and drugs mimic these small endogenous ligands, thus binding to a particular receptor and acting either as an agonist or antagonist in activating or inhibiting genes effecting growth, differentiation, apoptosis, homeostasis and neuroendocrine functions. Discussed in this review are additional examples consistent with this theory and not described in previous reviews, including: (i) insect-plant symbiosis; (ii) "cross-talk" amongst genes in the aromatic hydrocarbon-responsive [Ah] battery; (iii) signal transduction pathways involving the arachidonic acid cascade; and (iv) the explanation in carcinogen-screening studies as to why a maximum, or half maximum, tolerated dose (MTD, MTD50) of many test compounds might cause cell division and tumorigenesis in experimental animals.
De-enhancement of gold diffusion in lead by impurities in the lead

Measurements of the effects of alloying lead with silver and palladium on the diffusivity of gold in lead are reported. It is observed that both Pd and Ag strongly de-enhance Au diffusion in lead; in fact, the Pd de-enhances Au diffusivity in Pb more pronouncedly than alloying lead with gold. It was found that the binding energy between a Au tracer in an interstitial site and Pd, Au, or Ag atoms in substitutional sites to form substitutional dimers was the same in all three cases.
Viral Genes and Methylation

Epigenetics represents a new frontier in cancer research. Methylation is the best studied of the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression. Regulation of gene expression by means of methylation has been reported for tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, viral promoters, and age-related genes. In this review, the regulation of viral gene expression by methylation is discussed, with particular emphasis on: (1) the virus-specific factors that bind to promoter regions; (2) the implications of this knowledge for designing viral vectors that can be used to deliver genes for the purpose of gene therapy; and (3) the use of this knowledge for the early detection and prevention of cancer. Since methylation can be reversed by a variety of exogenous agents, great potential exists to develop interventions that target cancer-associated aberrant methylation in an effort to reverse or prevent carcinogenesis.
An examination of DSC as a method of characterization of PVC lubricants

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) has been used to characterize various lubricant additives for PVC in order to determine effectiveness. Depending on the processing period, and therefore the temperature profile, each lubricant undergoes a change in the internal vs. external nature of its behavior. In the process described, monitoring of the glass-transition temperature produces evidence for the effectiveness of additives as internal lubricants.
Area-level poverty and preterm birth risk: A population-based multilevel analysis

Preterm birth is a complex disease with etiologic influences from a variety of social, environmental, hormonal, genetic, and other factors. The purpose of this study was to utilize a large population-based birth registry to estimate the independent effect of county-level poverty on preterm birth risk. To accomplish this, we used a multilevel logistic regression approach to account for multiple co-existent individual-level variables and county-level poverty rate. Population-based study utilizing Missouri's birth certificate database (1989–1997). We conducted a multilevel logistic regression analysis to estimate the effect of county-level poverty on PTB risk. Of 634,994 births nested within 115 counties in Missouri, two levels were considered. Individual-level variables included demographics factors, prenatal care, health-related behavioral risk factors, and medical risk factors. The area-level variable included the percentage of the population within each county living below the poverty line (US census data, 1990). Counties were divided into quartiles of poverty; the first quartile (lowest rate of poverty) was the reference group. PTB < 35 weeks occurred in 24,490 pregnancies (3.9%). The rate of PTB < 35 weeks was 2.8% in counties within the lowest quartile of poverty and increased through the 4th quartile (4.9%), p < 0.0001. High county-level poverty was significantly associated with PTB risk. PTB risk (< 35 weeks) was increased for women who resided in counties within the highest quartile of poverty, adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) 1.18 (95% CI 1.03, 1.35), with a similar effect at earlier gestational ages (< 32 weeks), adjOR 1.27 (95% CI 1.06, 1.52). Women residing in socioeconomically deprived areas are at increased risk of preterm birth, above other underlying risk factors. Although the risk increase is modest, it affects a large number of pregnancies.
Parents' Readiness to Change Affects BMI Reduction Outcomes in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Evidence supports the importance of parental involvement for youth's ability to manage weight. This study utilized the stages of change (SOC) model to assess readiness to change weight control behaviors as well as the predictive value of SOC in determining BMI outcomes in forty adolescent-parent dyads (mean adolescent age = 15 ± 1.84 (13–20), BMI = 37 ± 8.60; 70% white) participating in a weight management intervention for adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adolescents and parents completed a questionnaire assessing their SOC for the following four weight control domains: increasing dietary portion control, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, decreasing dietary fat, and increasing usual physical activity. Linear regression analyses indicated that adolescent change in total SOC from baseline to treatment completion was not predictive of adolescent change in BMI from baseline to treatment completion. However, parent change in total SOC from baseline to treatment completion was predictive of adolescent change in BMI, (t(24) = 2.15, p = 0.043). Findings support future research which carefully assesses adolescent and parent SOC and potentially develops interventions targeting adolescent and parental readiness to adopt healthy lifestyle goals.
The mating behaviour of Empis barbatoides Melander and Empis poplitea Loew (Diptera: Empididae)

(1973). The mating behaviour of Empis barbatoides Melander and Empis poplitea Loew (Diptera: Empididae) Journal of Natural History: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 411-420.
Morphological stability and the ice-water interfacial free energy

Abstract The growth rates of slightly perturbed single crystal ice cylinders in supercooled water have been measured. Using morphological stability theory, the ice-water interfacial free energy is calculated from the experimental observations. A value of 0.016 J/m 2 (16 erg/cm 2 ) is obtained.
Species-related differences in percutaneous wound healing

Percutaneous devices permanently protrude through a surgically created defect in the skin. Usually they provide a connection for intracorporeal implants or organs with external devices. The skin penetration area presents unique medical problems. The interfacing tissue usually does not heal and seal to the implant but remains a focus of constant acute or chronic inflammation and eventually breaks down because of infection. This pathophysiological phenomenon has been studied previously with qualitative light microscopical methods. A large number of empirical studies have attempted to improve the implant-epidermal seal with various implant materials and designs. To allow systematic studies of the effect of biomaterials on implant-epidermal interface phenomena, quantitative histological parameters were evaluated. Test implants were made from Dacron velour and placed in dogs, goats, and rabbits for various preselected periods to determine time- and species-related histopathological variations. Results showed that the degree of connective tissue "maturity" within the pores of the implant appears to be related to the concentration of giant cells and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (histocompatibility). The process of epidermal proliferation around porous percutaneous implants appears to follow certain fixed patterns under different conditions that are accompanied by expelling forces, resulting in an outward movement of the implant until it is completely extruded. The presence of microhematomas throughout the implantation period indicates that mechanical forces disrupt interfacial tissue bridges. The basic histological processes are qualitatively the same in the three animal species studied. However, there are quantitative differences with regard to epidermal migration rate and connective tissue maturation within the implant pores, which may explain the different failure modes and times observed among species. The study indicated that percutaneous healing may be directly related to histocompatibility of the implant material, mechanical interfacial forces, and epidermal proliferative patterns. The first two may eventually be controlled by selection of optimal implant materials and device configurations. The control of epidermal migration, however, will be the key to prolonging percutaneous implant life.
The evolution and explosion of massive stars

amount of energy, a tiny fraction of which is sufficient to explode the star as a supernova. The authors examine our current understanding of the lives and deaths of massive stars, with special attention to the relevant nuclear and stellar physics. Emphasis is placed upon their post-helium-burning evolution. Current views regarding the supernova explosion mechanism are reviewed, and the hydrodynamics of supernova shock propagation and ‘‘fallback’’ is discussed. The calculated neutron star masses, supernova light curves, and spectra from these model stars are shown to be consistent with observations. During all phases, particular attention is paid to the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. Such stars are capable of producing, with few exceptions, the isotopes between mass 16 and 88 as well as a large fraction of still heavier elements made by the r and p processes.
Properties of impulsive responses and Green's functions

THE INVESTIGATION of general communication systems usually starts by considering a black box, N, with an input u and an output v (see Fig. 1). We express the relation between u and v symbolically by the equation $v = N_u. \eqno{\hbox{(1)}}$ (1)
Focus of Epithelial Dysplasia Arising in Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis

The gingiva of a 32-year-old black male was biopsied for evidence of vasculitis, but instead an area of epithelial dysplasia was found. Further investigation revealed that the patient and several members of his family had hereditary gingival fibromatosis. Treatment included four quadrants of gingivectomy plus inverse bevel incisions for trimming those areas which were too thick for simple gingivectomy. Histopathologic examination of the excised tissues supported the diagnosis of gingival fibromatosis, but no other areas of epithelial dysplasia were seen. To our knowledge, this is the only reported instance of a premalignancy or malignancy arising in gingival fibromatosis, and thus there is no reason to regard the gingival disorder as predisposing to carcinoma. However, the pedigree reported here supports a previous suggestion that hereditary gingival fibromatosis is not as rare among blacks as the literature has indicated.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of μ-opioid receptors in dendritic targets of dopaminergic terminals in the rat caudate–putamen nucleus

Many motor effects of opiates acting at μ-opioid receptors are thought to reflect functional interactions with dopaminergic inputs to the caudate–putamen nucleus. We examined the cellular and subcellular bases for this interaction in the rat caudate–putamen nucleus by dual immunocytochemical labelling for μ-opioid receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker mainly for dopamine in this region. μ-Opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity showed a patchy distribution by light microscopy. Within the patches, electron microscopy revealed that immunogold labelling for μ-opioid receptors was mainly distributed along extrasynaptic plasma membranes of medium spiny neurons. In contrast, immunoperoxidase labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase was exclusively located in axons and axon terminals without detectable μ-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity. Forty-six percent of the total μ-opioid receptor-labelled neuronal profiles (n=1441) were in contact with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons and terminals. These contacts were characterized by closely apposed parallel plasma membrane segments, without well-defined synaptic junctions, or with punctate symmetric specializations. From 639 noted appositions, over 90% were between μ-opioid receptor-labelled dendrites and/or dendritic spines and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals. The dendritic spines containing μ-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity often received asymmetric synapses characteristic of excitatory inputs from unlabelled terminals. Axon terminals containing μ-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity formed asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines, or apposed tyrosine hydroxylase-labelled terminals. Our results suggest that, in striatal patch compartments, μ-agonists and dopamine dually modulate the activity of single spiny neurons mainly through changes in their postsynaptic responses to excitatory inputs. In addition, our findings implicate μ-opioid receptors and dopamine in the presynaptic regulation of excitatory neurotransmitter release within the striatal patch compartments.
The gill and homeostasis: transport under stress.

in his recent cannon lecture, Cowley ([3][1]) pointed out the parallels between Cannon's time early in the last century and our own, i.e., the challenge facing us now, as then, is that of “systems integration” and understanding how organisms actually achieve homeostasis. We have begun to
Different Reasons, Different Results: Implications of Migration by Gender and Family Status

Previous research on migration and gendered career outcomes centers on couples and rarely examines the reason for the move. The implicit assumption is usually that households migrate in response to job opportunities. Based on a two-year panel from the Current Population Survey, this article uses stated reasons for geographic mobility to compare earnings outcomes among job migrants, family migrants, and quality-of-life migrants by gender and family status. We further assess the impact of migration on couples’ internal household economy. The effects of job-related moves that we find are reduced substantially in the fixed-effects models, indicating strong selection effects. Married women who moved for family reasons experience significant and substantial earnings declines. Consistent with conventional models of migration, we find that household earnings and income and gender specialization increase following job migration. Married women who are secondary earners have increased odds of reducing their labor supply following migration for job or family reasons. However, we also find that migrating women who contributed as equals to the household economy before the move are no more likely than nonmigrant women to exit work or to work part-time. Equal breadwinner status may protect women from becoming tied movers.
Quantification of uncertainty in estimated nitrate-N loads in agricultural watersheds

Summary Estimation of annual nutrient loads is critical for many applications in water quality management; however, measurement errors and infrequent monitoring could raise considerable uncertainty in the load estimations. The objectives of this study were to quantify the overall uncertainty in annual nitrate-N load estimates. Nitrate was selected as the study object because of the high loads common in Midwestern streams, and its important influence on hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. A standard error propagation method was used to quantify the uncertainty from both measurement and load calculation processes to evaluate the accumulative effect. The measurement uncertainty was assessed based on standard information; the load calculation uncertainty was evaluated through numerical simulation. The study found that uncertainty in annual nitrate-N load estimates for a 30-day sampling frequency, expressed as coefficient of variation (CV), was 14–34%. This included measurement (flow and concentration) uncertainty of 12% and load calculation uncertainty of 7–32%. These results can be used to evaluate different uncertainty sources, estimate uncertainty for similar watersheds, and design sampling programs balancing cost and accuracy.
How thermally activated deformation starts in metallic glass

Understanding the atomic-scale processes by which deformation occurs in a metallic glass remains a challenge. Here, the authors apply atomic-scale simulations to study the mechanism by which thermally activated deformation initiates in a model binary metallic glass.
Method for evaluating mold growth on ceiling tile

A method to extract mold spores from porous ceiling tiles was developed using a masticator blender. Ceiling tiles were inoculated and analyzed using four species of mold. Statistical analysis comparing results obtained by masticator extraction and the swab method was performed. The masticator method was demonstrated as efficient for bulk sampling of ceiling tiles.
THE COUPLED EVOLUTION OF ELECTRONS AND IONS IN CORONAL MASS EJECTION-DRIVEN SHOCKS

We present simulations of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) performed with a new two-temperature coronal model developed at the University of Michigan, which is able to address the coupled thermodynamics of the electron and proton populations in the context of a single fluid. This model employs heat conduction for electrons, constant adiabatic index (γ = 5/3), and includes Alfven wave pressure to accelerate the solar wind. The Wang-Sheeley-Arge empirical model is used to determine the Alfven wave pressure necessary to produce the observed bimodal solar wind speed. The Alfven waves are dissipated as they propagate from the Sun and heat protons on open magnetic field lines to temperatures above 2 MK. The model is driven by empirical boundary conditions that includes GONG magnetogram data to calculate the coronal field, and STEREO/EUVI observations to specify the density and temperature at the coronal boundary by the Differential Emission Measure Tomography method. With this model, we simulate the propagation of fast CMEs and study the thermodynamics of CME-driven shocks. Since the thermal speed of the electrons greatly exceeds the speed of the CME, only protons are directly heated by the shock. Coulomb collisions low in the corona couple the protons and electrons allowing heat exchange between the two species. However, the coupling is so brief that the electrons never achieve more than 10% of the maximum temperature of the protons. We find that heat is able to conduct on open magnetic field lines and rapidly propagates ahead of the CME to form a shock precursor of hot electrons.
Biochemical analysis of mutations at tyrosine-98 of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin

Molecular modeling and alignment of the primary amino acid sequence of the S1 subunit (S1) of pertussis toxin (PT) with other members of the family of ADP-ribosylating bacterial exotoxins predicted that tyrosine-98 (Y98) of S1 was a conserved residue among these exotoxins. To extend our understanding of the relationship between pertussis toxin and the other ADP-ribosylating exotoxins, we defined the function of Y98 of S1. Using site-directed mutagenesis, Y98 of S1 was substituted with alanine (Y98A), leucine (Y98L), histidine (Y98H), and phenylalanine (Y98F). Mutations were analyzed in the C180 peptide and C219 peptide, recombinant derivatives of S1 which contain the first 180 and 219 amino-terminal residues of S1, respectively. Periplasmic extracts containing the Y98n peptides expressed similar specific activities for the ADP-ribosylation of transducin (Gt) as the periplasmic extract containing wild-type peptides. Mutations at Y98 influenced the subcellular localization of the respective Y98n peptide. The majority of the wild-type Y98 and Y98F peptides localized to the periplasmic extract, while the majority of Y98A and Y98L peptides were associated with the insoluble bacterial outer membrane. Purified C180Y98A and C180Y98F and partially purified C180Y98H peptides possessed similar specific activities for the ADP-ribosylation of Gt as the wild-type C180 peptide. KmNAD and kcat for C180Y98A and C180Y98F in the NAD glycohydrolase reaction were similar to the wild-type C180 peptide. These data show that the R group of Y98 does not participate in the ADP-ribosylation of Gt, but appears to contribute to the proper folding of S1.
Free-radical reactions of silanes with 1,2-dihalopolyfluorocycloalkenes

Abstract The free-radical reactions of triethylsilane with 1-2-dichloropolyfluorocycloalkenes gave substitution, addition and reduction products. Under similar conditions, 1,2-dibromo- and 1,2-di-iodo-polyfluorocycloalkenes were reduced.
Impact of Rotor Wakes on Steady-State Axial Compressor Performance

This paper addresses the causal link first described by Smith between the unsteady flow induced by the rotor wakes and the compressor steady-state performance. As an initial step, inviscid flow in a compressor stage is examined. First of a kind numerical simulations are carried out to show that if the rotor wakes are mixed out after (as opposed to before) the stator passage, the time-averaged overall static pressure rise is increased and the mixing loss is reduced. An analytical model is also presented and shown to agree with the numerical results; the model is then used to examine the parametric trends associated with compressor design parameters.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: are they professional antigen-presenting cells?

Interferon-producing cells (IPCs) are a small subset of human blood leukocytes that secrete high levels of type I interferons (type I IFN, ie, IFN-α and -β) in response to viruses. Recently, it was shown that IPCs correspond to a unique dendritic cell (DC) subset, called plasmacytoid dendritic
A Model Quality Service Training Program for Recreational Food Service Employees in a University Setting

ABSTRACT Recreational food services in college and university settings include a wide array of food outlets, from fast food and beverage concessions to white linen service. While historically these university-operated food services have been considered “break even” ventures, more universities are considering all university food service operations, including recreational food service for athletic programs, to contribute to the total university revenue structure. A major component of revenue generating recreational food service is quality service, an area which, for many reasons, has received little attention to date. This paper presents a model quality service training program that was delivered to university recreational food service workers. Goals and objectives of the training, course content, and evaluation information is provided.
Incongruity in 360-Degree Feedback Ratings and Competing Managerial Values: Evidence from a Public Agency Setting

ABSTRACT This study examined the sources, patterns, and implications of incongruence in 360-degree feedback ratings in public organizations using the Competing Values Framework for organizational effectiveness. Performance self-ratings from 68 high-performing, middle-level public sector managers, as well as parallel ratings provided by their supervisors, peers, and subordinates, were assembled and analyzed. Results indicated that rating incongruence existed across organizational roles and resulted from raters' unique role perspectives. Implications of incongruence in 360-degree feedback ratings with respect to developing effective systems for management development in public organizations are discussed in detail.
Zeroing-in-on breakpoint susceptibility regions on chromosomes in breast carcinoma

Breast cancer is a complex disease in which numerous genetic aberrations occur whose causative effects on tumorigenesis remain illusive. It is becoming clearer that specific molecular alterations are required in the progression of this disease and have been implicated in the development of breast cancer. Therefore specific genetic changes have become critical factors towards understanding the development of this disease. At the chromosomal level, data of the least and most associated chromosomal sites, that may be relevant to breast tumorigenesis, are accumulating rapidly. The most frequently involved sites are: 1p32, 1p34, 1q25-qter, del(1)(q11-q12), der(1;16)(q10p10), t(1;3)(p31;q24), t(1;7)(p22q32), t(1;10)(p22;ql4); 2q; 3p14.2-21.1, 3p24.3-25, del(3)(p 12-21), t(3;4)(p14;q21); 4q21; 5q; 6p, del(6)(q21.2); 8p11, 8p12, 8q24; 9p21-24, 9p; 11p11, 11pl5, 11ql3, 11q23.1, 11q24.1; 12p, 12q13; 13q12-24; 14q; 15q; 16q22, 16q24; 17pl3.3, 17q11.2-21, 17ql2; 18q21; 20ql2-qter and 22q13.1. Strikingly, the breaks on different chromosomes are highly variable. The recurrent gains of chromosomes were 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 while less of chromosomes 6 and 7 were quite frequent. Some of these changes have been correlated with adverse prognosis in this disease. In addition, we present a detailed account of molecular markers and discuss their clinical relevance.
An Empirical Investigation on the Effects of Privacy Policies on Perceived Fairness of Online Vendors

Fairness of organizational policies regarding management of personal information about customers has gained heightened importance in the phase of the information age dominated by the Internet and e-commerce. This research employed a 2 × 2 × 2 within-subjects experimental design to test the effects of three organizational information management strategy variables on customers' perception of organizational fairness. The three strategy variables presented to customers through privacy policies are seeking customers' informed consent, allowing customers to limit data sharing, and limiting secondary use of data. Analyses of data collected from customers support three hypothesized main effects, all of which are positive.
Protecting C programs from attacks via invalid pointer dereferences

Writes via unchecked pointer dereferences rank high among vulnerabilities most often exploited by malicious code. The most common attacks use an unchecked string copy to cause a buffer overrun, thereby overwriting the return address in the function's activation record. Then, when the function "returns", control is actually transferred to the attacker's code. Other attacks may overwrite function pointers, setjmp buffers, system-call arguments, or simply corrupt data to cause a denial of service.A number of techniques have been proposed to address such attacks. Some are limited to protecting the return address only; others are more general, but have undesirable properties such as having a high runtime overhead, requiring manual changes to the source code, or forcing programmers to give up control of data representations and memory management.This paper describes the design and implementation of a security tool for C programs that addresses all these issues: it has a low runtime overhead, does not require source code modification by the programmer, does not report false positives, and provides protection against a wide range of attacks via bad pointer dereferences, including but not limited to buffer overruns and attempts to access previously freed memory. The tool uses static analysis to identify potentially dangerous pointer dereferences, and memory locations that are legitimate targets of these pointers. Dynamic checks are then inserted; if at runtime the target of an unsafe dereference is not in the legitimate set, a potential security violation is reported, and the program is halted.