cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Steroids and Hypertension

There is a sexual dimorphism in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans (1,2). The prevalence of total CVD, defined as coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure, stroke, and hypertension, is much lower in premenopausal women than in age-matched men, but rises quickly in women after the fifth decade to surpass that of men at later ages (2). Epidemiologic and observational studies of menopausal hormone therapy associate a lower risk of CHD development and CVD mortality with hormone treatment (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Based on this evidence and an extensive volume of mechanistic studies from in vitro and animal research, it was thought that ovarian hormones, principally estrogens, were vasoprotective. However, because large randomized controlled trials of menopausal hormone therapy have demonstrated no cardiovascular benefit and some evidence of harm (increased CHD, stroke, and thromboembolic events in women assigned to some hormone treatments), this concept of estrogenic vasoprotection has been called into question (10, 11, 12, 13).
Post-Transplant CD34+ Selected Stem Cell “Boost” for Mixed Chimerism after Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children and Young Adults with Primary Immune Deficiencies

Abstract Mixed chimerism and eventual graft loss occurs in a proportion of children with primary immune deficiencies receiving alemtuzumab, fludarabine, and melphalan reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We investigated the usefulness of a CD34+ selected stem cell "boost" without conditioning to treat mixed chimerism in children and young adults who received predominantly an alemtuzumab, fludarabine, and melphalan RIC regimen for primary immune deficiencies and reported the outcomes. Patients with a primary immune deficiency disorder who were either enrolled on a prospective CD34+ boost study for treatment of mixed chimerism from 2011 to 2014 (n = 9) or treated with a CD34+ boost on a clinical basis from 2014 to 2016 (n = 3) were included in this analysis. Response to a CD34+ boost was defined as a rise in donor chimerism by ≥15% with donor chimerism of at least 20%, stabilization was defined as a rise in chimerism by
A gradient-based optimization approach for the detection of partially connected surfaces using vibration tests

Abstract The integrity of engineering structures is often compromised by embedded surfaces that result from incomplete bonding during the manufacturing process, or initiation of damage from fatigue or impact processes. Examples include delaminations in composite materials, incomplete weld bonds when joining two components, and internal crack planes that may form when a structure is damaged. In many cases the areas of the structure in question may not be easily accessible, thus precluding the direct assessment of structural integrity. In this paper, we present a gradient-based, partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization approach for solving the inverse problem of interface detection in the context of steady-state dynamics. An objective function is defined that represents the difference between the model predictions of structural response at a set of spatial locations, and the experimentally measured responses. One of the contributions of our work is a novel representation of the design variables using a density field that takes values in the range [ 0 , 1 ] and raised to an integer exponent that promotes solutions to be near the extrema of the range. The density field is combined with the penalty method for enforcing a zero gap condition and realizing partially bonded surfaces. The use of the penalty method with a density field representation leads to objective functions that are continuously differentiable with respect to the unknown parameters, enabling the use of efficient gradient-based optimization algorithms. Numerical examples of delaminated plates are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Trichomonas vaginalis virus among women with trichomoniasis and associations with demographics, clinical outcomes, and metronidazole resistance.

Background Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) is a non-segmented, 4.5-5.5 kilo-base pair (kbp), double-stranded RNA virus infecting T. vaginalis. The objectives of this study were to examine the TVV prevalence in US Trichomonas vaginalis isolates and TVV's associations with patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and metronidazole resistance. Methods Archived T. vaginalis isolates from the enrollment visits of 355 women participating in a T. vaginalis treatment trial in Birmingham, Alabama, were thawed and grown in culture. Their total RNA was extracted using a Trizol reagent. Contaminating, single-stranded RNA was precipitated using 4.0 M Lithium Chloride and centrifugation. The samples were analyzed by gel electrophoresis to visualize a 4.5 kbp band representative of TVV. In vitro testing for metronidazole resistance was also performed on 25/47 isolates obtained from the women's test of cure visits. Results TVV was detected in 142/355 (40%) isolates at the enrollment visit. Women with TVV-positive (TVV+) isolates were significantly older (P = .01), more likely to smoke (P = .04), and less likely to report a history of gonorrhea (P = .04). There was no association between the presence of clinical symptoms or repeat T. vaginalis infections with TVV+ isolates (P = .14 and P = .44, respectively). Of 25 test of cure isolates tested for metronidazole resistance, 0/10 TVV+ isolates demonstrated resistance, while 2/15 TVV-negative isolates demonstrated mild to moderate resistance (P = .23). Conclusions Of 355 T. vaginalis isolates tested for TVV, T. vaginalis isolates tested for TVV, the prevalence was 40%. However, there was no association of TVV+ isolates with clinical symptoms, repeat infections, or metronidazole resistance. These results suggest that TVV may be commensal to T. vaginalis.
Recovered Memory Debate Revisited: Practice Implications for Mental Health Counselors

With the high incidence of childhood sexual abuse and the attendant serious negative consequences resulting from it clearly documented, there is a high probability that many mental health counselors will at some point in their career provide treatment to members of this population. Since memory retrieval is an integral part of the treatment protocol when working with such clients, it is imperative that clinicians have a good understanding of the controversy over recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. This article revisits the controversy, provides a detailed discussion of the issues involved, and offers practice implications for mental health counselors.
Structure and Binding for Cyclophane-Arene Complexes in Water From Monte Carlo Simulations

Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations have been used to study the complexation of disubstituted benzenes by Diederich’s octamethoxy tetraoxaparacyclophane host, 1. The calculations were carried out in the NPT ensemble at 25 °C and 1 atm in the presence of 768 water molecules. Relative free energies of binding were obtained for p-xylene, benzene, p-cresol, and hydroquinone from statistical perturbation theory. The computed preference of 2.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol in DGb for binding p-xylene over hydroqinone compares well with the experimental result of 2.5 ± 0.3 kcal/mol. The computed results for benzene (2.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mol) and p-cresol (2.4 ± 0.2 kcal/mol) relative to p-xylene were predictions; however, the experimental data are now available and are lower by 1–2 kcal/mol. The computed structures for the complexes reveal interesting details. For example, hydroquinone protrudes somewhat from one side of the complex and participates in hydrogen bonds between one hydroxyl group and 1–2 water molecules and in an intracomplex hydrogen bond between the other hydroxyl group and ether oxygens. Benzene is predicted to be bound even more off-center, while p-cresol is centered and has an intracomplex hydrogen bond as in the case of hydroquinone.
Comparative Analysis of Innovation Capability: Examining Across Career Strata and Gender using Item Response Theory Approach.

In view of increasing diversity in all sectors, and the growing connectivity and liberalization of most global economies, this paper seeks to analyze the effects on innovation as a firm transitions from predominantly male to a more equal distribution of genders across the main sectors of responsibility in an enterprise. Moreover, this paper uses psychometric tools and techniques to validate the Berkeley Innovation Index (BII) which is a tool used to measure innovation capabilities of individuals in an organization. Lastly, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the importance of gender diversity, particularly in top management positions, both by literature review and by showing statistically that notions of the superiority of male managers is a missguided bias with potentially severe consequences in the areas of risk, access to emerging markets, and product and process innovation, to name a few.
The Impact of Genetic Background and Cell Lineage on the Level and Pattern of Position Effect Variegation

Background: Chromatin-based transcriptional silencing is often described as a stochastic process, largely because of the mosaic expression observed in position effect variegation (PEV), where a euchromatic reporter gene is juxtaposed with heterochromatin. Here we closely examine the impact of genetic background on PEV phenotypes in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Results: Using consecutive generations of selective breeding, we isolated, from a single laboratory population, two inbred lines exhibiting contrasting degrees of variegation (A1: low expression, D1: high expression). Within each inbred population, remarkable similarity is observed in both the degree and the pattern of variegation. 89.63% of the differences between the two inbred lines in the degree of silencing can be explained by genotype, while a modest but significant sex effect is also observed. Further analyses of the PEV phenotype in the progeny of crosses between A1 and D1 suggest that the genotypic effect is the result of the combined effect of multiple independent trans-acting loci. While the initial observations are based on a PEV phenotype scored in the fly eye (hsp70-white reporter), similar degrees of silencing were observed using a beta-gal reporter that can be scored across the whole fly. The pattern of variegating hsp70-white expression among individual flies becomes almost identical after five generations of inbreeding. Using a reporter inserted into the heterochromatic fourth chromosome, image analysis found significant enrichment of pigmentation in the ventral-posterior quadrant in both the A1 and D1 lines, and in the F1 and F2 progeny produced from a cross between A1 and D1, despite different degrees of expression. Conclusions: Combining these results with the spreading model for local heterochromatin formation, we propose an augmented stochastic model to describe PEV. In this model, the genetic background, which determines the overall level of silencing, works with the cell lineage specific regulatory environment to determine the on/ off probability at the reporter locus in each cell. This model acknowledges cell-type specific events, as well as the general impact of heterochromatin formation.
The Millennium Cohort Study: A 21-year prospective cohort study of 140,000 military personnel

Does military service, in particular operational deployment, result in a higher risk of chronic illness among military personnel and veterans? The Millennium Cohort Study, the largest Department of Defense prospective cohort study ever conducted, will attempt to answer this question. The probability-based sample of 140,000 military personnel will be surveyed every 3 years during a 21-year period. The first questionnaire, scheduled for release in summer 2001, will be sent to 30,000 veterans who have been deployed to southwest Asia, Bosnia, or Kosovo since August 1997 and 70,000 veterans who have not been deployed to these conflict areas. Twenty thousand new participants will be added to the group in each of the years 2004 and 2007 to complete the study population of 140,000. The participants will have the option of completing the study questionnaire either on the paper copy received in the mail or through the World Wide Web-based version, which is available at www.MillenniumCohort.org. This will be one of the first prospective studies ever to offer such an option. The initial survey instrument will collect data regarding demographic characteristics, self-reported medical conditions and symptoms, and health-related behaviors. Validated instruments will be incorporated to capture self-assessed physical and mental functional status (Short Form for Veterans), psychosocial assessment (Patient Health Questionnaire), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Patient Checklist-17). Information obtained from the survey responses will be linked with other military databases, including data on deployment, occupation, vaccinations, health care utilization, and disability. In addition to revealing changes in veterans' health status over time, the Millennium Cohort Study will serve as a data repository, providing a solid foundation upon which additional epidemiological studies may be constructed.
A guided approach for subtomogram averaging of challenging macromolecular assemblies

Abstract Cryo-electron tomography is a powerful biophysical technique enabling three-dimensional visualization of complex biological systems. Macromolecular targets of interest identified within cryo-tomograms can be computationally extracted, aligned, and averaged to produce a better-resolved structure through a process called subtomogram averaging (STA). However, accurate alignment of macromolecular machines that exhibit extreme structural heterogeneity and conformational flexibility remains a significant challenge with conventional STA approaches. To expand the applicability of STA to a broader range of pleomorphic complexes, we developed a user-guided, focused refinement approach that can be incorporated into the standard STA workflow to facilitate the robust alignment of particularly challenging samples. We demonstrate that it is possible to align visually recognizable portions of multi-subunit complexes by providing a priori information regarding their relative orientations within cryo-tomograms, and describe how this strategy was applied to successfully elucidate the first three-dimensional structure of the dynein-dynactin motor protein complex bound to microtubules. Our approach expands the application of STA for solving a more diverse range of heterogeneous biological structures, and establishes a conceptual framework for the development of automated strategies to deconvolve the complexity of crowded cellular environments and improve in situ structure determination technologies.
Universality driven analytic structure of QCD crossover: radius of convergence and QCD critical point

Abstract Recent lattice QCD calculations show strong indications that the crossover of QCD at zero baryon chemical potential (μB) is a remnant of the second order chiral phase transition. The non-universal parameters needed to map temperature T and μB to the universal properties of the second order chiral phase transition were determined by lattice QCD calculations. Motivated by these advances, first, we discuss the analytic structure of the partition function – the so-called Yang-Lee edge singularity – in the QCD crossover regime, solely based on universal properties. Then, utilizing the lattice calculated non-universal parameters, we map this singularity to the real T and complex μB plane, in order to find the radius of convergence for a Taylor series expansion of QCD partition function around μB = 0 in the QCD crossover regime. Our most important findings are: (i) An universality-based estimate of the radius of convergence around μB = 0; (ii) Universality and lattice QCD based constraints on the location of the QCD critical point in the T −μB plane.
Tunable Chiroptical Coupling and Valley Dynamics using Active Chiral Metamaterials

Modulating near-field chiroptical couplings and handedness-selective valley behaviors in a monolayer semiconductor with active tunability is achieved using tunable plasmonic chirality in moire chiral metamaterials (MCMs).
Stigma from medication use: an under recognised burden of care

Children with respiratory diseases take treatments for the self-management of symptoms and to maintain disease control. Often, these treatments need to be taken in social environments like school. Respiratory treatments can foster a feeling of difference and stigmatisation, which negatively impact on the quality of life and adherence to treatment. Such perceptions can lead to a less than optimal disease control, a vicious cycle leading to further social exclusion and stigma. This aspect of “burden of treatment” is poorly recognised by clinicians. Recognition of how treatments and clinical practice can contribute to stigma, can help address this burden of care. Educational aims To understand the meaning of the term “stigma” within the context of respiratory health conditions and how medication or treatments can contribute to stigma in children and young people. To understand the potential impact of stigma on adherence, disease control and quality of life. To consider strategies to manage the stigma associated with health treatments across spheres of influence.
Unbalanced Regulation of α7 nAChRs by Ly6h and NACHO Contributes to Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease.

α7 nAChRs are widely expressed in the brain where they promote fast cholinergic synaptic transmission and serve important neuromodulatory functions. However, their high permeability to Ca2+ also predisposes them to contribute to disease states. Here, using transfected HEK-tsa cells and primary cultured hippocampal neurons from male and female rats, we demonstrate that two proteins called Ly6h and NACHO compete for access to α7 subunits, operating together but in opposition to maintain α7 assembly and activity within a narrow range that is optimal for neuronal function and viability. Using mixed gender human temporal cortex and cultured hippocampal neurons from rats we further show that this balance is perturbed during Alzheimer’s disease due to amyloid beta-driven reduction in Ly6h, with severe reduction leading to increased phosphorylated tau and α7-mediated neurotoxicity. Ly6h release into human cerebrospinal fluid is also correlated with Alzheimer’s disease severity. Thus, Ly6h links cholinergic signaling, amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau and may serve as a novel marker for Alzheimer’s disease progression. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: One of the earliest and most persistent hypotheses regarding Alzheimer’s disease attributes cognitive impairment to loss of cholinergic signaling. More recently, interest has focused on crucial roles for amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate that these elements are linked by Ly6h and its counterpart, NACHO, functioning in opposition to maintain assembly of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) within the physiological range. Our data suggests that amyloid beta shifts the balance away from Ly6h and toward NACHO, resulting in increased assembly of Ca2+-permeable nAChRs and thus a conversion of basal cholinergic to neurotoxic signaling.
Capacity Improvement in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted MIMO Communications

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is thought to be a potential key technique for future wireless communications due to its ability for manipulating the electromagnetic environment smartly. This paper focuses on the rank and capacity analysis when a RIS is introduced into a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. By establishing a system model for this communication system, various simulations are conducted for identifying the characteristics of the channel. The simulations of different distance between the access point (AP) and user equipment (UE) show that the condition number of the channel is worsen when the distance increases and the role of the RIS in rank improvement is weaken. The spatial distributions of the reciprocal condition number of the channel which corresponds to the RIS locations are obtained and rank-deficient zones are found in different AP, UE and RIS configurations, which depicts the spatial characteristics of the RIS-assisted MIMO channel. The simulations also indicate that the condition number of the channel not only varies with the RIS location, but is also affected by the antenna array size and orientation of AP and UE. In addition, when the AP has a larger amount of antennas than UE, it is advantageous to place the RIS near the UE rather than the AP to achieve better channel condition. Modulation and coding schemes are applied in the simulations for comparison and capacity improvement is witnessed. Beneficial suggestions for RIS deployment in the MIMO system are concluded according to the simulation results.
Thermodynamic Modeling of CO2 Separation Systems with Soluble, Redox-Active Capture Species

Electrochemical approaches hold promise for energy-efficient and modular carbon dioxide (CO2) separation systems that can make direct use of renewably-generated electricity. Here we employ a thermodynamic modeling approach to estimate the upper performance bounds of CO2 separation processes that use soluble, redox-active capture species. We contemplate the impact of tunable molecular and electrolyte properties on the thermodynamic and faradaic efficiencies of four characteristic system configurations. We find a tradeoff between these efficiency metrics, and propose a new metric, the combined efficiency, that can be used to further explore this tradeoff and identify desirable property sets that balance energy and materials requirements. Subsequently, we determine effective CO2 binding affinities of redox-active capture molecules and demonstrate how these values are dependent upon molecular properties, system format, and operating conditions. Overall, this analytical framework can help guide molecular discovery and electrolyte engineering in this emerging field by providing insight into target material properties.
Computerized Pump Analysis for Water Systems

The purpose of this note is to present a new computerized procedure for pump analysis of water systems, particularly sewage collection systems and distribution systems. This procedure for computer application is to determine operating points operating under varying flow conditions.
A primer on the history of food web ecology: Fundamental contributions of fourteen researchers

Abstract Food webs are one of the primary frameworks on which the ecological sciences have been built. Research in this field has burgeoned over recent decades, expanding into diverse sub-disciplines and employing many different methodological approaches. Here we structure a historical review around 14 researchers and the specific contributions they have made to the field. Beginning with Charles Elton's insights into food web structure, and continuing to contemporary ecologists and emerging areas of study, we highlight some of the most important empirical and theoretical advances made over the last century. The review highlights that there are fundamentally different ways in which food webs are depicted and studied. Specifically, when one views systems through mathematical, energy flow or functional lenses, very different perspectives on food web structure and dynamics emerge. The contributions of these scientists illustrate the considerable advances that the field has undergone, and they provide the foundation for expansive on-going research programs that fall under the broad umbrella of food web ecology.
Philosophy of Science and Empirical Social Research

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the way the philosophers of science are unfair to empirical social research. The modern philosophers of science are only concerned with the natural sciences; when occasionally they turn to the social sciences, they talk of Herbert Spencer or some other scholars who are concerned with the development of all societies from beginning to end. The philosophers of science do not pay attention to the empirical work in social research that is going on today. The chapter points out the example that comes from Carl Hempel and has an ironic implication. Hempel, probably without knowing it, had a considerable and highly salutary effect on empirical social research. The other example is somewhat more complex and still leaves work to be done by volunteers from the philosophical camp. The development of sampling and interviewing techniques temporarily shifted the trend of research in the direction of attitude surveys.
Nursing Students' Attitudes Toward Victims of Domestic Violence as Predicted by Selected Individual and Relationship Variables

Access to quality health care for victims of abuse is often limited by the attitudes of health care professionals. Data collected from female nursing students (n = 155) revealed that those students with more egalitarian sex-role beliefs and a greater sense of control over life events were more sympathetic to battered women than those students with more traditional sex-role attitudes and less perceived control. Sex-role egalitarianism was found to be the best predictor of attitudes toward victims of domestic violence. Implications for health care practitioners and policy makers are presented.
Whittaker-Fourier Coefficients of Metaplectic Eisenstein Series

It is shown that the Fourier–Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series on the n-fold cover of GL(n) are L-functions, improving prior results of T. Suzuki.
Learning Translation Invariant Recognition in Massively Parallel Networks

One major goal of research on massively parallel networks of neuron-like processing elements is to discover efficient methods for recognizing patterns. Another goal is to discover general learning procedures that allow networks to construct the internal representations that are required for complex tasks. This paper describes a recently developed procedure that can learn to perform a recognition task. The network is trained on examples in which the input vector represents an instance of a pattern in a particular position and the required output vector represents its name. After prolonged training, the network develops canonical internal representations of the patterns and it uses these canonical representations to identify familiar patterns in novel positions.
Duality in optimization and constraint satisfaction

We show that various duals that occur in optimization and constraint satisfaction can be classified as inference duals, relaxation duals, or both. We discuss linear programming, surrogate, Lagrangean, superadditive, and constraint duals, as well as duals defined by resolution and filtering algorithms. Inference duals give rise to nogood-based search methods and sensitivity analysis, while relaxation duals provide bounds. This analysis shows that duals may be more closely related than they appear, as are surrogate and Lagrangean duals. It also reveals common structure between solution methods, such as Benders decomposition and Davis-Putnam-Loveland methods with clause learning. It provides a framework for devising new duals and solution methods, such as generalizations of mini-bucket elimination.
Solving Stochastic Programs

This article reviews solution methods for stochastic programs. First, decomposition methods that exploit the special structure of stochastic programs are discussed. Then, approximate solution methods based on Monte Carlo sampling and bounding techniques are introduced. The algorithmic ideas are presented with a focus on two-stage stochastic programs with recourse. Extensions to other class of stochastic programs are pointed out. Keywords: stochastic programming; decomposition methods; optimization algorithms; Monte Carlo sampling; bounds; approximations
How to think about the `anti-science' phenomenon:

Opposition to science as conventionally defined can take a great variety of forms, from interest in astrology to attacks on relativity theory, from false beliefs based on scientific illiteracy to s...
FDDI performance at 1 Gbit/s

The 100 Mb/s fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is emerging as the preeminent high-speed LAN. Future applications will require an even higher speed LAN (e.g., 600 Mb/s or 1 Gb/s) to act as a backbone between FDDI rings. The feasibility of extending the medium access control (MAC) protocol of FDDI to higher speeds is examined. The throughput efficiency as well as the delay and fairness properties of the FDDI access protocol are also examined. Both symmetric and asymmetric traffic patterns are considered, and a stability condition is derived for the asymmetric traffic pattern case. The majority of the results presented are applicable to the FDDI MAC protocol independent of the transmission speed. >
Some Challenges in Assessment for Teacher Licensure, Program Accreditation, and Educational Reform

The author discusses issues relating to language teacher training, licensure, and assessment in the U.S., particularly commenting on the evaluation of foreign language teacher proficiency. He addresses the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) proficiency guidelines, as well as notes challenges to determining language proficiency. Other topics explored include the differences between accreditation and licensure assessment, variations between individual states' standards for education, and potential conflicts of interest relating to ACTFL test taking and administration.
Improving athletes' perspectives of sport psychology consultation: a controlled evaluation of two interview methods

Although investigations have consistently demonstrated the effectiveness of sport psychology interventions, these methods have been underutilized by athletes. In this study, 124 athletes completed the athletes' Attitudes Toward Seeking Sport Psychology Consultation Questionnaire (ATSSPCQ) and were subsequently randomly assigned to receive one of the two semistructured interview formats. One interview focused on discussing the athlete's experiences in sports, and the other focused on delineating sport psychology and its potential benefits to the athlete. Upon being interviewed, athletes were readministered the ATSSPCQ. Discussing sport psychology and its personal benefits was more effective in enhancing athletes' perception of need for sport psychology than discussing sport experiences. However, neither interview format enhanced athletes' perceptions of openness to discuss personal issues with a sport psychology consultant and tolerance of stigma associated with sport psychology consultation. Indeed, participants who received the discussion of sports intervention reported a significant decrease in personal openness to discuss personal issues relevant to sports psychology from pre- to postintervention. Intervention effects were similar for male and female athletes. Study implications and future directions are discussed in light of these results.
Implicit memory for novel figure-ground displays includes a history of cross-border competition.

When configural cues specify that a figure lies on opposite sides of a repeated border in prime and probe shapes, probe latencies are longer than when prime and probe borders are unrelated. Do such results reflect negative priming for the shape of the prime ground or cross-border competition from figure memory? The present study tested these alternatives by adding partial closure as a competing cue and reducing the similarity between the prime ground and the shape of the probe. Results supported the cross-border competition interpretation. Additional findings were that partial closure is a configural cue and that response effects can emerge from the potential shape on the ground side of a border. One prior experience was sufficient for these effects. The research reported in this article used novel shapes to investigate the relationship between shape memories and figure– ground assignment. Figure– ground assignment occurs when two regions share a border. The shared border is typically assigned to one region; that region—the figure—appears to have a definite shape and is said to “own” the border. The adjacent region, lacking a border, appears to be locally shapeless and often appears to continue behind the figure as a background; hence, it is called the ground (Rubin, 1915/1958). Much visual perception research assumes implicitly or explicitly that the substrate for the access of shape or object memories must be a shaped entity (i.e., a figure). Hence, matches to object memories necessarily follow the partial or complete determination of figure and ground. The Gestalt psychologists showed that novel regions that were convex, enclosed, small, and symmetric were more likely to be seen as figures than were adjacent regions that were concave, open, larger in area, and asymmetric. These cues provided a means by which figure assignment could occur before access to object memories. Both Peterson and her colleagues (e.g., Peterson, Harvey, & Weidenbacher, 1991; for review, see Peterson, 1994, 2003a; Peterson & Skow-Grant, 2003) and Treisman and DeSchepper (1996) have reported evidence inconsistent with this traditional figure– ground-first assumptionand have proposed theoretical alternatives. In what follows, we review these two lines of recent research and theory.
Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in tissue lipids of two species of predacious insects, Cicindela circumpicta and asilis sp.

Abstract 1. 1. C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids usually occur only in trace quantities in the lipids of terrestrial insects and are frequently overlooked in studies of insect lipid biochemistry. 2. 2. In two terrestrial predacious insects, the tiger beetle Cicindela circumpicta and a robber fly Asilis sp., arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) comprised about 5% and 12%, respectively, of phospholipid fatty acids. 3. 3. These are unusually high values for terrestrial insects, indicating the potential for biosynthesis of 2- and 3-series prostaglandins, as well as other possible physiological roles beyond eicosanoid biosynthesis. 4. 4. Both predators contained an extensive series of fatty acids that are rarely detailed in insect lipids, including odd-chain, methyl-branched, and multiple double-bond positional isomers.
Diffusional transport to nanoscopic band electrodes

Abstract : Diffusion controlled reactions of electroactive molecules at 2 0- 1000A wide platinum band electrodes are reported. The reduction of 5,6,11,12-?Cp Ru(eta-C6H5)4napthacene! 4+ and oxidation of Cp 2Fe (Cp = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) occur at significantly lower rates at electrodes less than 200A wide than predicted by transport equations based on continuum fluid structure. The results are in qualitative agreement with a recently proposed size-effect theory that accounts for (i) finite dimensions of the reacting molecule and (ii) a decrease in molecular diffusivity near a charged electrode surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy of Pt films used in electrode fabrication indicates an average surface roughness of ca. 10-15A. Microelectrodes molecular transport; Interfacial fluid structure.
Phosphorus losses in subsurface flow before and after manure application to intensively farmed land

A study was conducted to examine the loss of P in subsurface flow from three cultivated soils of varying soil P concentrations. Measurements were made in flow waters from the soils before applying manure and then 3 weeks after sowing the soils to grass. An additional measurement of P in flow waters was made 1 year later. Dissolved Ž. Ž 1 .Ž 1. reactive P DRP concentrations measured in flow water before 0.150.20 mg l and after 0.390.51 mg l Ž manure application exceed current estimates of those required to promote surface water eutrophication 0.05 mg 1 . l . Concentrations of DRP 1 year after manurial application increased compared to 3 weeks after application and was attributed to the slow movement of P down the cultivated soil. Concentrations of soil P were significantly increased down the soil profile and attributed to the P saturation of soils before manurial application. The results suggest that despite the establishment of fast growing grass, P concentrations would not be mitigated in the Ž. short-term 1 year , due to the large contribution of P in subsurface pathways. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Restoration of continuously sampled band-limited signals from aliased data

A continuously sampled signal is obtained by periodically placing a signal to zero. A straightforward closed form method is presented for restoration of continuously sampled bandlimited signals-even when the data is aliased. The sampled signal is simply multiplied by a periodic function specified by the duty cycle of the degradation and the severity of aliasing. This product is then placed through a filter with bandwidth equal to that of the signal. The filter acts as an interpolator and the original signal is restored.
Female Sexiles? Toward an Archeology of Displacement of Sexual Minorities in the Caribbean

This essay analyzes narratives by Pedro Juan Soto, Mayotte Capecia, and Michelle Cliff to propose an archaeology and working definition of “sexile” that expands the current use of the term in queer scholarship to explore links between the regulation of female sexuality and the creation of minor sexualities. Female protagonists in Soto and Capecia are exiled to the former or actual metropolis because of their excessive/transgressive sexuality, following an intracolonial pattern of displacement that is similar to contemporary forms of queer sexile in the Caribbean. Cliff’s text, on the other hand, links sexile with homecoming and with the negotiation of common spaces to fulfill disparate forms of desire in the postcolonial context of the Anglo Caribbean. The essay concludes with an evaluation of the advantages and pitfalls of expanding the meaning of the notion of sexile by exploring the intersections of race and gender in the regulation of minor sexualities in the Caribbean.
Comparative in vivo metabolism of apolipoproteins E2 and E4 in heterozygous apoE2/4 subjects

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exists in three common forms in humans: the wild-type apoE3 and two common genetic variants, apoE2 and apoE4. Although previous studies have examined the metabolism of the different apoE isoforms in human subjects, they have not involved direct comparison of two different isoforms in subjects heterozygous for the same two isoforms. We conducted this study to directly compare the catabolism of apoE2 and apoE4 in heterozygous E2/4 subjects in vivo. Iodine 131-labeled apoE2 and iodine 125-labeled apoE4 were simultaneously injected into three E4/2 heterozygous subjects. The mean residence time of apoE4 (0.40 ± 0.01 day) was found to be one-third that of apoE2 (1.20 ± 0.18 day). ApoE2 was present primarily in high-density lipoprotein, whereas apoE4 was present equally in very low density and high-density lipoprotein. In all lipoprotein subfractions, apoE4 was catabolized at a much faster rate than apoE2. In conclusion, E4 is catabolized three times faster than apoE2 in heterozygous E2/4 subjects, indicating that these two apoE isoproteins have distinct metabolic pathways. (J Lab Clin Med 2002;140:369-74)
Nd isotopic structure of the Pacific Ocean 70–30 Ma and numerical evidence for vigorous ocean circulation and ocean heat transport in a greenhouse world

The oceanic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is a crucial component of the climate system, impacting heat and nutrient transport, and global carbon cycling. Past greenhouse climate intervals present a paradox because their weak equator-to-pole temperature gradients imply a weaker MOC, yet increased poleward oceanic heat transport appears to be required to maintain these weak gradients. To investigate the mode of MOC that operated during the early Cenozoic, we compare new Nd isotope data with Nd tracer-enabled numerical ocean circulation and coupled climate model simulations. Assimilation of new Nd isotope data from South Pacific Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program Sites 323, 463, 596, 865, and 869 with previously published data confirm the hypothesized MOC characterized by vigorous sinking in the South and North Pacific ~70 to 30 Ma. Compilation of all Pacific Nd isotope data indicates vigorous, distinct, and separate overturning circulations in each basin until ~40 Ma. Simulations consistently reproduce South Pacific and North Pacific deep convection over a broad range of conditions, but cases using strong deep ocean vertical mixing produced the best data-model match. Strong mixing, potentially resulting from enhanced abyssal tidal dissipation, greater interaction of wind-driven internal wave activity with submarine plateaus, or higher than modern values of the geothermal heat flux enable models to achieve enhanced MOC circulation rates with resulting Nd isotope distributions consistent with the proxy data. The consequent poleward heat transport may resolve the paradox of warmer worlds with reduced temperature gradients.
The measurement of baseband pulse rise times of less than 10 -9 second

Tiffs is a review paper dealing with the measurement of fractional nanosecond pulse rise time in which the following subjects are discussed: oscillographic systems, pulse comparison techniques, a basic instrumentation system, and the distortion of pulses by transmission lines. Extensive references are provided. Included in the discussion is a delineation of equivalent-time oscillographic sampling systems and a classification into three sampling categories: sequential, random, and multiple. Also considered are single transient oscillographic systems employing either traveling-wave-deflection structure cathode ray tubes or multiple sampling methods. In order to clearly present the rise-time limitations caused by TEM transmission lines, attention is given to the distortion incurred by pulses upon passing through such lines. Some suggestions and predictions relating to future work are presented.
Several methods of studying fluctuations of ground‐water levels

As a result of increased interest in ground-water conditions in recent years, records of water-levels in wells are now being collected in many places in the United States for the primary purpose of determining the relation of precipitation and other natural factors to fluctuations in water-level. In the past, records of ground-water levels have been collected chiefly in connection with intensive investigations in areas where the water-levels were affected by artificial withdrawals and it has not been generally possible to correlate water-level fluctuations closely with natural factors. It now appears probable that certain methods of studying water-level fluctuations may be utilized advantageously in areas unaffected by heavy artificial withdrawals, but these methods generally do not yield satisfactory results in areas where there is considerable pumping or artesian flow. Three such methods are presented in this paper. The methods have not been given intensive study and their practical use is therefore not yet fully known. It is hoped that their application will be further investigated. Illustrations of the methods have been taken from records of ground-water levels in the Platte River Valley, Nebraska, collected by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska.
Vowel discrimination of hearing-impaired listeners.

Vowel discrimination ability was observed in two groups of 20 hearing-impaired subjects each. Each group listened to a different list of closed-set test items specifically designed for the study. A...
A practical approach to CT angiography of the neck and brain

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a rapidly developing technology with great potential. This is particularly true for evaluating neurovascular disease. Clinical stroke because of atherosclerotic disease of the carotid and vertebral arteries is a common examination indication; areas of stenosis, and soft and calcified plaque along the entire vessel, not only at the carotid bifurcation, permit a full assessment of the patient's disease process. Other diseases including dissection, trauma, intracranial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms can be readily diagnosed. Although duplex ultrasound may be a first line examination in many patients, both magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and CTA offer distinct advantages over it. CTA and MRA are both highly accurate but CTA has several key advantages. CTA has been advanced by the development of improved multidetector CT (MDCT) and workstations that postprocess the data. Methods to obtain quality CTA images and to rapidly analyze the data for abnormalities are the subject of this chapter. In addition, evolving techniques in future CT scanners and workstations, and developing methods of vulnerable plaque and CT perfusion imaging are discussed.
Neoliberalism as an asocial ideology and strategy in education

There have been many neoliberal education reforms around the world. At the bottom line, those reforms are intended to modify the education system based upon market principles. Reviewing and contrasting various perspectives on education (Adam Smith, Marxists, Veblen, Dewey, and neoclassicists), I argue that: 1) neoliberalism is an asocial ideology of the ruling class in the capitalist system, 2) neoliberalism justifies and propagates market principles in education, 3) there is a discontinuity between classical liberalism and neoliberalism, and 4) when it comes to Korean education reforms, neoliberalism has two contradictions and counter-movements which hinder the realization of market principles in education.
Interfacing CMOS Electronics to Biological Systems: from Single Molecules to Cellular Communities

Direct electronic interfaces between biological systems and solid-state devices offer considerable advantages over traditional optical interfaces by reducing system costs and affording increased signal levels. Integrating sensor transduction onto a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip provides further advantages by enabling reduction of parasitics and improved sensor density. We present two sensing platforms that demonstrate the range of capabilities of CMOS-based bioelectronics. The first platform electrochemically images signaling molecules in multicellular communities, while the second focuses on single-molecule, high-bandwidth sensing using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Keywords—Biosensor; CMOS; Redox; smFET; Biofilm; Single-Molecule; Electrochemistry; Carbon Nanotube
Power dependence of dynamic spatial replenishment of femtosecond pulses propagating in air

Numerical simulations of nonlinear pulse propagation in air show an initial pulse formed, absorbed by plasma generation, and subsequently replenished by power from the trailing edge. Here we show that this scenario implies that the length scale for filament propagation is relatively insensitive to the peak input power beyond the threshold for filament generation.
Model-robust supersaturated and partially supersaturated designs

Abstract Supersaturated designs are an increasingly popular tool for screening factors in the presence of effect sparsity. The advantage of this class of designs over resolution III factorial designs or Plackett–Burman designs is that n, the number of runs, can be substantially smaller than the number of factors, m. A limitation associated with most supersaturated designs produced thus far is that the capability of these designs for estimating g active effects has not been discussed. In addition to exploring this capability, we develop a new class of model-robust supersaturated designs that, for a given n and m, maximizes the number g of active effects that can be estimated simultaneously. The capabilities of model-robust supersaturated designs for model discrimination are assessed using a model-discrimination criterion, the subspace angle. Finally, we introduce the class of partially supersaturated designs, intended for use when we require a specific subset of m 1 core factors to be estimable, and the sparsity of effects principle applies to the remaining ( m - m 1 ) factors.