cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humor Ratings of Sex-Stereotyped Jokes as a Function of Gender of Actor and Gender of Rater

ing jokes depicting gender-stereotypic behaviors. Both 51 male and 57 female raters judged jokes as less humorous when men blundered in female roles than in their "appropriate" male roles but more humorous when women blundered in male roles than in their "appropriate" female roles. Theorists have long been interested in the subject of humor and its use in society. Numerous investigations have dealt with humor and with the ratings of varying types of jokes. These investigations have yielded conflicting results as to the essence of humor. A long line of thinkers, including Plato, Aristotle, and Hobbes have contended that disparagement of others underlies much of what is considered humorous (Zillman & Stocking, 1976). According to Berger ('1976), humor is produced in many different ways. Some of these ways include revelation of ignorance (logic), double punch line (leading the listener on), and stereotypes (identity). Cantor (1976) in a series of studies, investigated the humor of disparaging jokes which involved either male or female victims and male or female dominators. These jokes always described roles and behaviors which were considered to be neutral in content, i.e., neither masculine nor feminine stereotypes. . Cantor concluded that the sex of the victim was the crucial factor influencing the rating of humor of these jokes, not the rater's gender or the gender of the dominator in the joke. If the victim was female, the joke was judged funnier than if the victim was male. In contrast to Cantor's study, Zillrnan and Stocking (1976) found that males and females rated humorous "put down" materials differently depending on whether the target of disparagement was male or female. However, again, the content of the joke was not systematically varied as to whether the action was more typical of males or females. However, many jokes depict roles or behaviors which are gender-stereotypic. In the present study, humor ratings of jokes which depicted three different contents were compared: jokes disparaging male-stereotypic behavior, jokes disparaging female-stereotypic behavior, and disparaging jokes whose content was not related to gender stereotypes (neutral content). Raters' gender and gender of the disparaged actor were also systematically varied to examine their effects on the ratings of humor.
Mini review of ultrafast fluorescence polarization spectroscopy [invited]

A mini review is presented on the theory, experiment, and application of the ultrafast fluorescence polarization dynamics and anisotropy with examples of two important medical dyes, namely Indocyanine Green and fluorescein. The time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectra of fluorescent dyes were measured with the excitation of a linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulse, and detected using a streak camera. The fluorescence emitted from the dyes is found to be partially oriented (polarized), and the degree of polarization of emission decreases with time. The decay of the fluorescence component polarized parallel to the excitation beam was found to be faster than that of the perpendicular one. Based on the physical model on the time-resolved polarized emission spectra in nanosecond range first described by Weber [J. Chem. Phys.52, 1654 (1970)], a set of first-order linear differential equations was used to model fluorescence polarization dynamics and anistropy of dye in picoseconds range. Using this model, two important decay parameters were identified separately: the decay rate of total emission intensity and the decay rate of the emission polarization affected by the rotation of fluorescent molecules causing the transfer of emission polarization from one orthogonal component to another. These two decay rates were separated and extracted from the measured time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectra. The emission polarization difference among dyes arising from different molecular volumes was used to enhance the image contrast.
Evaluating export markets: Experienced exporters' hierarchical cognitive structures

Abstract This paper investigates experienced exporters' use of export environmental information in decision making, specifically examining the cognitive structure export managers manifest when contemplating market alternatives in the international arena. The authors develop and test a cognitive structure consisting of three levels of export market information, including (1) primary environmental constructs, (2) secondary export concepts, and (3) specific export market decision variables. Findings indicate experienced export managers do manifest a distinct cognitive export information structure, and they consider information related to exporting environments hierarchically when analyzing international markets. Implications for practicing exporters, future exporters and facilitators of exporting are drawn from the results.
Some determinants of entry into the rapeutic drug markets

This paper investigates empirically some determinants of entry into the U.S. pharmaceutical industry during the period 1964–1974. The statistical findings of the study are consistent with a priori expectations. Market growth is found to provide incentives for entry, Product differentiation, market concentration, and drug innovation are found to be significant barriers to entry into drug markets.
The deceptive allure of a Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement: A US perspective

The idea of a Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement enjoys strong support in both the United States and Europe. Our author takes a critical view of such an agreement in the light both of his overall assessment of the implications of regional trading pacts for the larger multilateral trading system and of issues raised by the particular details of a US-EU agreement.
Sex differences in knowledge of occupational dimensions across four age levels

The purpose of the present study was to better understand the development of children's occupational knowledge, as assessed by their ability to give ratings to jobs along various dimensions that were similar to ratings given by adults, and to investigate differences in boys' and girls' ratings. Overall, younger students gave higher ratings to the jobs pictured than did older students. Also, females gave higher ratings to three of the four dimensions investigated. Girls rated traditionally female jobs higher on respect and service, while boys rated traditionally male jobs higher on respect and service. Both males and females agreed that more education would be required for the female jobs pictured, but that males would be paid more money for the male jobs pictured.
Leaf epidermal transmittance of ultraviolet radiation and its implications for plant sensitivity to ulraviolet-radiation induced injury.

Leaf epidermal transmittance of ultraviolet radiation (280–400 nm) was examined in several plant species to determine the capability of the epidermis to attenuate solar ultraviolet radiation. Epidermal samples were mechanically isolated and examined with a spectroradiometer/integrating sphere for transmittance. A survey of 25 species exposed to natural insolation was conducted. Although the species differed in life form, habitat type, and epidermal characteristics, epidermal transmittance was generally less than 10%. Ultraviolet radiation was attenuated 95 to 99% in more than half of the species. In 16 species, flavonoid and related pigments in the epidermis accounted for 20 to 57% of the attenuation. Several species exposed to supplemental ultraviolet irradiation (288–315 nm) in a greenhouse exhibited significant (P≦0.05) depressions in epidermal transmittance of 31 to 47%, apparently resulting from an increase in ultraviolet-absorbing pigments.
Management and Financing of Vertical Coordination in Agriculture: Discussion

Barry, Sonka, and Lajili (BSL) provide a succinct discussion of changes in the organization and management of agriculture which are moving us from open market transactions to different forms of market coordination. Farm-level product differentiation is becoming a potent engine of change. Different perspectives and theoretical frameworks are needed to understand and evaluate the new forms of coordination. BSL briefly describe how concepts such as agency relationships, transaction costs, incomplete contracting, asymmetric information, moral hazard, and boundaries of a firm may be used in analyzing vertical coordination. One reason producers may enter contractual arrangements is to reduce risk. Some of the complexities of risk sharing between borrowers and lenders are explored in all three papers. The risk inherent in a contract may be different from that anticipated by either borrower or lender. Featherstone and Sherrick also describe some of the risk allocated to producers and contractors by contractual arrangements. These may differ from conventional wisdom. For example, contract cancellation or nonrenewal is usually considered a producer risk. Most hog contracts are on an annual basis and can be canceled by either party. Contract cancellation may be a greater risk to the contractor and the lender than to the producer who can continue production as an independent. The contractor, who may also be the lender, loses access to the farm production and the lender may have loans in facilities without the anticipated controls and safeguards. If the contract were canceled because of poor producer performance, it would suggest poor judgment on the part of the contractor and adversely affect its expansion of hog contracting. If cancellation caused default on a loan, this would damage the reputation of the contractor and banks would be reluctant to make loans involving this contractor. In fact, the selection process is done very carefully. An agency relationship develops where there is mutual trust among parties, reinforced by a history of performance. It is becoming apparent that new methods and/ or appropriate data are needed to evaluate economic performance under various forms of coordination. In addition to the studies cited by FS, low returns to producers under hog contracting have been reported by Harper, Kenyon and Thornsbury and by Zering and Beals. In the face of expansion in hog contracting, it seems unlikely that finishing feeder pigs under a conract would return an average of -$0.40 per pig o labor and management during an 11 year period, compared to $4.25 per pig if finished under traditional, non-contract production, as reported by FS. Irrespective of capital constraints and risk considerations, the trends in contract hog production would not have emerged under a $4.65 per pig difference in returns. A review of the cost and return studies and discussions
Improving Systemwide Sustainability in Pavement Preservation Programming

Highway agencies seek the participation of the private sector in pavement preservation, to raise revenue, share risks, and reduce project delivery costs. With public-private partnerships (PPP) representing an increasingly common approach for project delivery, recent studies have highlighted the potential of PPP and hybrid contracting (a combination of outsourcing and in-house preservation options) in enabling project-level cost savings. This paper investigates in-house and PPP practices in pavement preservation programming, and proposes a network-level hybrid approach that beneficially combines the two. Using a mixed integer programming-based optimization model and predetermined pavement preservation strategies, a holistic multiyear, multiconstraint, network-scale pavement management system methodology is described and compared with the commonly used year-by-year approach. The goal is to identify the set of recommended in-house and PPP strategies applied to a set of individual road sections, which improve the infrastructure system’s sustainability by minimizing the overall preservation cost or maximizing the condition-based benefit across the network, subject to some desired constraints, applied simultaneously. Using data from Indiana, the benefits of the multiyear, multiconstraint optimization are demonstrated, and the results show significant network-level cost savings of the proposed hybrid approach over the in-house and PPP approaches.
A shaping procedure for heart-rate control in chronic tachycardia.

6 experiments of single-subject design are presented in which an operant conditioning paradigm, utilizing a variable criterion shaping procedure with commercial television programs or money as rein...
SURFACTANT ADSORPTION TO SPHERICAL PARTICLES: THE INTRINSIC LENGTH SCALE GOVERNING THE SHIFT FROM DIFFUSION TO KINETIC-CONTROLLED MASS TRANSFER

When a drop or bubble of radius b is formed in surfactant solution, surfactant adsorbs, diffuses from solution, and desorbs to establish the equilibrium surface concentration. The transport coefficients for diffusion, adsorption, and desorption are fundamental parameters. However, the transport mechanisms that control the interface far from equilibrium are highly context dependent. Thus, no surfactant has universal “diffusion-controlled” transport. Here we identify a new length scale, R D-K , that depends on surfactant physicochemistry, and which ranges from roughly 15 to 65 microns. For drops or bubbles with b≪R D-K , mass transfer is kinetically controlled. For b≫R D-K , mass transfer is diffusion controlled. Simulations of adsorption to quiescent spherical interfaces support the importance of R D-K in determining the controlling transport mechanism for surfactant solutions with concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). While the case of surfactant adsorbing to a bubble is discussed...
IS URINE METHYLHISTAMINE A USEFUL MARKER FOR INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined whether urine methylhistamine (MH) is associated with other clinical features and bladder biopsy findings in interstitial cystitis (IC).Materials and Methods: Urine MH and University of Wisconsin symptom scores were measured before and 1 month after bladder distention for IC. Bladder biopsies were done at the time of distention. In new patients with IC who met cystoscopic criteria urine MH was compared before and after distention, and changes in urine MH were compared with changes in symptom scores. Pre-distention urine MH was tested for associations with the results of a symptom questionnaire, symptom response after distention, cystoscopic findings and bladder biopsy findings.Results: There were no significant associations between urine MH and symptom scores, response to bladder distention, cystoscopic findings or bladder biopsy features, including mast cell count by tryptase staining. Urine MH was similar in new patients with IC who did vs did not meet cystoscopic criteria...
Reconstructing Nineteenth-Century Midwest Foodways: Ceramic and Zooarchaeological Information from the Moore-Youse House and Huddleston Farmstead

Settled by families from the South and the Northeast, during the 1800s Indiana was a cultural crossroads. Ceramic and faunal data recovered from excavations conducted at the Moore-Youse house and Huddleston farmstead in east central Indiana provide a relevant archaeological example of midwestern foodways during the nineteenth century. Vertebrate faunal material from the two sites reveals early use of wild resources followed by greater reliance on beef and pork after the 1850s. Stratigraphic analysis results of zooarchaeological information are also presented to illustrate diachronic trends in faunal use at the two residences.
Fuzzy coefficient fields of fuzzy subrings

Abstract Conditions are given for a fuzzy subring of a commutative ring with identity to have a fuzzy coefficient field with respect to a fuzzy ideal. Pertinent topological properties of such fuzzy subrings are examined. The paper lays groundwork for local considerations of fuzzy algebraic geometry problems.
Clinical Correlates of Insomnia in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

This study sought to examine the prevalence of insomnia and its association with depression, anxiety, and medical comorbidities in patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Insomnia increases risk of recurrent cardiac events in ACS patients, but little is known about the prevalence and clinical correlates of insomnia in this setting. Patients (n = 102, 58.3 ± 10.6 years-old) admitted for ACS to a cardiology service at an urban academic medical center completed the Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and measures of depression and anxiety. A subset (n = 20) completed ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) in their homes several weeks after discharge. Moderate or severe insomnia was reported by 37% of patients during hospitalization and was associated with 76 minutes more wake after sleep onset measured by home PSG. Although depression and insomnia were strongly associated, about 1 in 4 patients with insomnia did not report significant depressive symptoms. Sleep apnea was documented in 80% of patients on PSG, but insomnia was not associated with sleep apnea, periodic limb movements, demographic factors, or medical conditions other than liver disease. Insomnia is present in over one-third of ACS patients during hospitalization, but at-risk patients could not be readily identified by demographic or medical factors or by depression symptoms.
Probabilistic Analysis of Identification Evidence

A brief review of psychological studies of probability judgements is said to support a prima facie case that formal methods of analysis could correct biases present in intuitive judgments in legal cases. A simple probability model for using matching identification evidence (like blood types) to find posterior probabilities of identity between a suspect and a responsible party in a legal case is illustrated by the use of Steinhaus’ data from 1515 paternity cases in Poland. Various extensions of and issues surrounding this basic model are then introduced: a potential third party in a ‘whodunit’, probability of guilt as well as identity, classifications of cases, personal probability estimates of priors on identity, frameups, observation and source error in the evidence, selection of the suspect by the evidence, double-counting of the evidence.
Statistical Validity and Clinical Merits of a New Civilian Gunshot Injury Classification

Background Despite the high prevalence of civilian gunshot injuries (GSIs) in the United States, no universally accepted classification currently exists. Recently, two of us (ZG, RWL) proposed a GSI classification based on energy transferred, vital structure damage, wound characteristics, fracture, and degree of contamination. This classification has not been validated in a clinical setting.
Quantum chemical calculations of coupled vibrations of adsorbates: A comparative study of CO/Cu(1 1 0) and O/diamond (1 0 0)

Abstract We have performed quantum chemical calculations for coupled oscillations examining CO adsorbed on Cu(1 1 0) and atomic oxygen on the (1 0 0) diamond face. For CO, we find that our calculations show coupling consistent with a dynamic dipole–dipole interaction. In the case of the adsorbed oxygen atoms the dominant coupling seems to be mechanical. The limits of the semiempirical method SAM1 are tested for consistency and precision. Our model gives accuracy within 10% when compared to experiment and works well with near neighbor adsorbates.
Slipping the surly bonds: The value of autonomy in self-employment

Abstract This paper models the tradeoff between increased autonomy from self-employment and the generally higher income that traditional employment offers. While the demand for autonomy is a purely psychological construct, the economic tradeoffs involved in its achievement are eminently amenable to quantification and analytical modeling characteristic of economic analysis. We use this setup to offer a multifactor utility formulation formalizing the notion of an explicit, autonomy-based preference for self-employment. We propose such a formulation as a theoretically-defensible alternative to the classic (and also psychologically-based) overconfidence hypothesis in explaining why self-employment is chosen despite evidence that newly self-employed individuals earn less than comparable individuals who continue their current employment. Our model, founded on utility maximization by a rational individual, demonstrates not only that newly self-employed individuals are willing to accept lower earnings outcomes in exchange for psychic benefits from self-employment, but also that the structure of their optimal launch-timing decision guarantees that they will quit at a time such that their income will (at least initially) be reduced. We conclude with implications for the design of empirical instruments to quantify the relative importance of autonomy and income.
New Radical−Molecule Association Compounds

The formation of two new association species, hydroperoxy−formic acid and hydroperoxy−acetic acid, are examined. These species have especially large binding energies of 12.8 and 18.6 kcal mol-1, re...
Signs and symptoms of hangover: Prevalence and relationship to alcohol use in a general adult population

The post-intoxication state, commonly called hangover, has been known since antiquity; yet there has been little systematic research examining the signs and symptoms of hangover among the general population. The frequency and the various symptoms of hangovers, as well as the relationships between hangovers and alcohol consumption, were analyzed using a sample of 1041 adults 18 years and older living in Western New York State. Hangovers were experienced in the previous year by only about 50% of the population of heavier drinkers; the frequency was even less among those with lower alcohol consumption. Factor analysis of the various symptoms revealed significant clusters. The findings suggest that the aversive aspects of alcohol consumption, including the hangover syndrome, may deter excessive consumption; certain individuals in whom aversive reactions as hangover do not occur may be at high risk for excessive alcohol use.
Political Parties and the Representativeness Of Legislative Committees

What role do parties play in determining which interests committees represent? In this article, I compare committee organization and representativeness in Nebraska's nonpartisan legislature with those in the partisan senates of Kansas and Iowa. I demonstrate that when parties do not organize legislative conflict, committees are less representative of the full chamber. I argue, however, that committee representativeness does not necessarily result from parties actively working to create representative committees. Rather, when legislative conflict has a definitive partisan structure and the committees are always controlled by the majority party, representative committees will result as a simple by-product of the partisan structure and organization.
What Makes a College Administrator an Effective Leader?: An Exploratory Study

This exploratory study examines the necessary leadership skills for hospitality management education administrators. Eight subjects were used in this exploratory study. Qualitative methods, including triangulation of observation and in-depth interviews, were used to analyze information provided by participants. Study results indicate current administrators believe that communication, diplomacy, and human resources skills are required. Faculty participants believe that communication, goal setting, the ability to encourage collaborative and collegial relationships among staff and faculty, fund-raising, empathy, compassion, and facilitation skills are most important.
Organisms in nature as a central focus for biology

In his recent discussion in TREE [1], Greene eloquently and effectively describes the value of natural history, the study of organisms in their natural environment. As he noted, natural history is the reason why many of us became scientists, and is also the basis for widespread human interest in biology. Opportunities for biological conservation and future funding for biology rely on maintaining that strong human interest.
Stability of Vitamins A, B1, and C in Selected Vehicle Matrices

The relative stability of vitamins A, B1, and C in eight commonly used solid vehicle matrices was determined. Vitamin preparations, each containing one vitamin and one solid matrix, were first subjected to accelerated aging tests and were evaluated for their loss in vitamin contents. The results indicated that a diluent moisture content in excess of one per cent played an important role in determining the stability of these preparations. Mannitol and lactose were found to be superior solid diluents on the basis of the stability studies conducted. The influence of formulation (use of coated or U.S.P.-grade vitamins), method of combination, and manufacturing procedures were studied for their effect on vitamin stability in an uncoated tablet dosage form.
Structural characterization and 5′‐mononucleotide binding of polyalanine β‐sheet complexes

A study was initiated into the formation and stability of highly soluble beta-sheet macrostructures. Such beta-sheet macrostructures are useful model systems for the study of the biological function of the hydrophobic core of proteins and for the de novo design of novel catalytic mimics. In the current study, a 16-mer-alanine-based peptide (Ac-KA14K-NH2) that is highly water soluble and adopts an extremely stable macromolecular beta-sheet structure was synthesized. A tyrosine-containing analog (Ac-KYA13K-NH1) was used to study the tertiary structure of the complex by circular dichroism spectroscopy, while the influence of the charges on the complex formation and binding affinity was evaluated using a zwitterionic analog (Ac-KEA13KE-NH1). Both the secondary and tertiary structures of the beta-sheet complex were stable to denaturants, as demonstrated by far- and near-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy. Binding studies with mononucleotides have shown that the beta-sheet complex binds to molecules through both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. These intrinsic properties were found to be a prerequisite for the observed enhanced cleavage of phosphodiester bonds.
Cumulative risk assessment lessons learned: A review of case studies and issue papers

Cumulative risk assessments (CRAs) examine potential risks posed by exposure to multiple and sometimes disparate environmental stressors. CRAs are more resource intensive than single chemical assessments, and pose additional challenges and sources of uncertainty. CRAs may examine the impact of several factors on risk, including exposure magnitude and timing, chemical mixture composition, as well as physical, biological, or psychosocial stressors. CRAs are meant to increase the relevance of risk assessments, providing decision makers with information based on real world exposure scenarios that improve the characterization of actual risks and hazards. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has evaluated a number of CRAs, performed by or commissioned for the Agency, to seek insight into CRA concepts, methods, and lessons learned. In this article, ten case studies and five issue papers on key CRA topics are examined and a set of lessons learned are identified for CRA implementation. The lessons address the iterative nature of CRAs, importance of considering vulnerability, need for stakeholder engagement, value of a tiered approach, new methods to assess multiroute exposures to chemical mixtures, and the impact of geographical scale on approach and purpose.
A new paradigm for tobacco control policy and legislation

Substantial research on the effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) has been published over the past few decades, which resoundingly warns of the severe health hazards caused by ETS. Tobacco control policy and legislation has also evolved rapidly over the course of the past few decades as a response to a variety of social, economic, political and legal forces. Consequently, the present realm of tobacco control legislation differs substantially from what it was only a few years ago, having suddenly shifted from more permissive to highly restrictive policy and legislation. In response to this shift, a new framework is necessary to guide future tobacco control policy and legislation. This article examines the recent movement in tobacco control policy in the USA and the forces behind this recent movement, and proposes a new framework in which to develop future tobacco control policy and legislation.
Fibrin sealant: past, present, and future: a brief review.

Fibrin sealant is a two-component topical hemostat, sealant, and tissue adhesive consisting of fibrinogen and thrombin that has been used in the United States as a blood bank- or laboratory-derived product since the 1980s and has been commercially available since 1998. Initially, surgeons employed hospital-based materials because of the lack of availability of a commercially produced agent. At present, there are five U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved forms including products derived from pooled or autologous human plasma as well as bovine plasma. On-label indications include hemostasis, colonic sealing, and skin graft attachment. Recent clinical and experimental uses include tissue or mesh attachment, fistula closure, lymphatic sealing, adhesion prevention, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The modern literature on fibrin sealant now exceeds 3000 articles and continues to expand. This brief review presents the history of this material, its present clinical use, and its future applications.
NEIGHBORHOOD CONFLICT AND URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: QUESTIONS OF HISTORICITY, CLASS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE

(1984). NEIGHBORHOOD CONFLICT AND URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: QUESTIONS OF HISTORICITY, CLASS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE. Urban Geography: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 343-355.
Exploring the Science of Sound.

ABSTRACTThis investigation-based lesson is geared toward third through fifth grade students. The lesson presented in this article was the first of three lessons designed and taught by us for our first preservice teaching course. UTeach is a teacher preparation program for undergraduate STEM majors, which originated at the University of Austin, Texas. The first course taken by UTeach interns is STEP 1—Inquiry Approaches to Teaching. All UTeach courses promote the use of the 5E (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate) instructional model. We planned this first lesson by incorporating only Exploration, Explanation, and Elaboration and addressed the most basic principle of sound, which is that sounds are caused by vibrations that travel through some materials (mediums) better than others.
Effect of M-Type Dart Tags on Field Growth of Juvenile Lemon Sharks

Abstract Previous experience with M-type dart tags suggested that their implantation causes trauma and retards growth of small sharks. To test this hypothesis, we marked a group of 76 juvenile lemon sharks Negraprion brevirostris of a precaudal length of less than 80 cm with tiny (2 mm × 11 mm), passive integrated transponder (PIT) microtags, implanted intramuscularly. A second group of 563 lemon sharks of the same size range was marked with M-type dart tags, and both groups were released around Big Pine Key in Florida Bay. Growth of 10 recaptured fish with the M-type tag averaged 8.6 ± 2.34 (SD) cm/year, compared with an average of 17.1 ± 4.25 cm/ year for 10 recaptured fish with PIT tags. Growth of the PIT-tagged group was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that of the dart-tagged group (one-way ANOVA). We recommend that biologists refrain from marking young or small sharks with M-type dart tags, especially for age and growth studies.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase Attenuates Nitric Oxide-induced β-Cell Death

During the initial autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes, islets are exposed to a damaging mix of pro-inflammatory molecules that stimulate the production of nitric oxide by β-cells. Nitric oxide causes extensive but reversible cellular damage. In response to nitric oxide, the cell activates pathways for functional recovery and adaptation as well as pathways that direct β-cell death. The molecular events that dictate cellular fate following nitric oxide-induced damage are currently unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that AMPK plays a primary role controlling the response of β-cells to nitric oxide-induced damage. AMPK is transiently activated by nitric oxide in insulinoma cells and rat islets following IL-1 treatment or by the exogenous addition of nitric oxide. Active AMPK promotes the functional recovery of β-cell oxidative metabolism and abrogates the induction of pathways that mediate cell death such as caspase-3 activation following exposure to nitric oxide. Overall, these data show that nitric oxide activates AMPK and that active AMPK suppresses apoptotic signaling allowing the β-cell to recover from nitric oxide-mediated cellular stress.
Depressed Mothers’ Newborns Show Less Discrimination of Other Newborns’ Cry Sounds

Newborns’ crying in response to the cry of another newborn has been called an empathetic response. The purpose of this study was to determine whether newborns of depressed mothers showed the same response. Newborns of depressed and non-depressed mothers were presented with cry sounds of themselves or other infants, and their sucking and heart rate were recorded. The newborns of non-depressed mothers responded to the cry sounds of other infants with reduced sucking and decreased heart rate. In contrast, the newborns of depressed mothers did not show a change in their sucking or heart rate to the cry sound of other infants. This lesser attentiveness/responsiveness to other infants’ cry sounds may predict their later lack of empathy.
Becoming kink-aware – a necessity for sexuality professionals

Bondage and discipline (B/D), dominance and submission (D/s), and sadism and masochism (S/M), also known as BDSM/kink, is becoming an increasingly popular topic in both mainstream media and people's sexual lives. As such, it is vital for sexuality professionals to have an understanding of BDSM and training in working with clients, over and above the current requirements. We present a three part training program which utilizes Sexual Attitude Reassessments (SARS), independent reading, and skills development through supervision, which will ensure that sexuality professionals are more than simply “kink-friendly” but are highly trained and able to help clients navigate concerns with kink and BDSM relationships.
Differential expression of genes from nitrate-tolerant rat aorta.

Organic nitrates act as vasodilators and have long been used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic effect of nitrates is limited by induction of nitrate tolerance which is associated with endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction. Multiple mechanisms cause nitrate tolerance including alterations in gene expression. To identify genes whose expression is altered due to chronic treatment with nitroglycerin (NTG), nitrate-tolerant rats were made by infusion of NTG for 3 days (10 µg/kg/min) using an osmotic minipump. We constructed a PCR-selected cDNA subtracted library from NTG-treated and vehicle-treated rat aortas. Screening of ∼500 clones in the subtracted library showed that four genes were regulated by NTG treatment. Specifically, mRNA levels of β-globin, tropoelastin, gelsolin and a small G protein were confirmed to be upregulated consistently by NTG treatment. These identified genes may play important roles in the development of nitrate tolerance and represent promising candidates to understand the mechanisms of nitrate tolerance and endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature.
SHP-2 is required for the maintenance of cardiac progenitors

The isolation and culturing of cardiac progenitor cells has demonstrated that growth factor signaling is required to maintain cardiac cell survival and proliferation. In this study, we demonstrate in Xenopus that SHP-2 activity is required for the maintenance of cardiac precursors in vivo. In the absence of SHP-2 signaling, cardiac progenitor cells downregulate genes associated with early heart development and fail to initiate cardiac differentiation. We further show that this requirement for SHP-2 is restricted to cardiac precursor cells undergoing active proliferation. By demonstrating that SHP-2 is phosphorylated on Y542/Y580 and that it binds to FRS-2, we place SHP-2 in the FGF pathway during early embryonic heart development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of FGF signaling mimics the cellular and biochemical effects of SHP-2 inhibition and that these effects can be rescued by constitutively active/Noonan-syndrome-associated forms of SHP-2. Collectively, these results show that SHP-2 functions within the FGF/MAPK pathway to maintain survival of proliferating populations of cardiac progenitor cells.
High-Density Power-Efficient Parallel Multi-Wavelength Optical Interconnect for Computer Systems

This paper describes a 3 W 500-Gbps (4x12x10.42-Gb/s) parallel wavelength-division multiplexed optical interconnect that uses a 12-fiber ribbon with 4 wavelengths per fiber. The transmitter and receiver are each 5mm x 8 mm chip-scale packages.
Mixed planning approach at Geneva

Abstract This article reports on the proceedings of WARC-ORB-85, held in Geneva in August and September this year. Agreements reached included a priori allotment planning for new frequencies, improved coordination, with the possibility of burden sharing in accommodating new entrants for currently used C band and Ku band frequencies, and first come, first served for other frequencies — a mixed planning approach. The article also considers the issues remaining after the conference that will dominate the intersessional period to WARC-ORB-88.
Organic Brain Syndromes

Awareness of the medical disorders that frequently present with neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms and careful attention to a basic medical evaluation in every "psychiatric" patient will obviate referral of such patients to mental health facilities where their medical problems are less likely to be property diagnosed and treated. These disorders can be organized according to the predominant area of psychopathology (delirium, dementia, organic amnestic, delusional, hallucinatory, affective, and personality syndromes).
Efficacy of a novel two-day EMT refresher training program focused on essential EMS knowledge and skills

Methods Study participants were GVK EMRI EMT instructors who attended the inaugural EMT refresher training course. These participants were from nine states within India and represented mixed educational backgrounds, including doctors and EMTs. After receiving a confidential unique ID, each study participant took a 30 multiple-choice question (MCQ) pre-test and a 60 MCQ post-test before and after the course, respectively. Differences between preand post-test scores were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test paired by participant.
Novel resveratrol analogues attenuate renal ischemic injury in rats.

Abstract Background Renal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) is a severe clinical complication with no specific treatment. Resveratrol has been shown as a promising experimental agent in renal I/R due to its effect on cellular energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Recently, we identified two biologically active resveratrol analogues (RSVAs), RSVA405 and RSVA314. We hypothesized that both RSAVs would attenuate I/R-induced renal injury. Methods Adult male rats were subjected to renal I/R through bilateral renal pedicle clamping for 60 min, followed by reperfusion. RSVA405 (3 mg/kg Body Weight), RSVA314 (3 mg/kg Body Weight), or vehicle (10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 33% Solutol in phosphate buffered saline) were administered by intraperitoneal injection 1 h before ischemia. Blood and renal tissues were collected 24 h after I/R for evaluation. Results Administration of RSVA405 and RSVA314 significantly reduced the serum levels of renal dysfunction and injury markers, including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, compared with vehicle. The protective effect of RSVA405 and RSVA314 was also reflected on histologic evaluation. Both RSVAs reduced the number of apoptotic cells by more than 60% as determined by transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, compared with vehicle. The renal adenosine triphosphate levels of the vehicle group was decreased to 52.4% of control, whereas those of the RSVA405 and RSVA314 groups were restored to 72.3% and 79.6% of control, respectively. Both RSVAs significantly reduced the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine and the messenger RNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β. Conclusions RSVA405 and RSVA314 attenuate I/R-induced renal injury through the modulation of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Hardware/software co-design approach for a DCT-based watermarking algorithm

The rapid increase in the distribution of digital multimedia data over networks creates the need for copyright protection. Watermarking is one of the techniques that can be used for this copyright protection. Many authors have proposed pure software or hardware solutions for the implementation of watermarking algorithms. In this paper we propose a hardware/software co-design approach for the implementation of the watermarking algorithm. Processes that demand high performance are implemented in hardware while those that are not computationally expensive are implemented in software. As a result, power consumption is reduced since only portion of the algorithm is implemented in hardware. In this paper we implement a DCT-based visible watermarking algorithm. Our system is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro board. 21% of the slices were utilized with a maximum frequency of 131.092 MHz
Optimal Strategic Petroleum Reserve Policies: A Steady State Analysis

A simple model is presented which allows us to determine the optimal size, fillup, and drawdown rates for a Strategic Petroleum Reserve SPR under a variety of supply and demand conditions. The optimal policy variables are determined by minimizing an analytic expression which we derive for the expected insecurity cost rate to the U.S. due to uncertainty in supply of imported oil. The oil market is modeled in terms of an elastic demand curve and two levels of supply which alternate according to a stationary, continuous time Markov process. The SPR policy is characterized by a fixed fillup rate up to the reserve's capacity, when supply is at its normal level, and a fixed drawdown rate during shortages. The insecurity cost rate being minimized includes consumer welfare loss due to price hikes, reserve holding cost and capital appreciation of the reserve. Base case results and sensitivity analysis are presented and compared to results obtained by previous approaches. These comparisons suggest that the proposed model can reasonably approximate the more computationally demanding stochastic dynamic programming formulation. The main advantage of the new approach is that it permits extensive sensitivity analysis which is important given the quality of the data.
THE MODIFYING EFFECTS OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES OF BACTERIAL ORIGIN ON THE COURSE OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)

Evidence is presented which indicates that certain polysaccharide preparations derived from various bacterial species, as well as similar materials not of bacterial origin, are capable of lessening the severity of infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and inhibiting multiplication of the virus in mouse lungs infected with this agent. It seems probable that modification with respect to the virus is mediated by a substance which may be polysaccharide in nature.
Macrophage membrane glycoproteins that bind Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4: effect on cytotoxicity and protein secretion.

Thioglycollate elicited peritoneal (TG-Mos) but not resident peritoneal Mos (R-Mos) were found to bind the lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isotype I-B4 (GSI-B4). This was demonstrated by ultrastructural studies and FACS analyses. Membranes from TG-Mos were isolated, separated on SDS-PAGE, electrotransferred onto nitrocellulose, and exposed to peroxidase-labeled GSI-B4. These procedures revealed two major membrane glycoproteins of molecular weights 180,000 and 94,000 daltons that bound the lectin GSI-B4 which has a specificity for recognizing terminal alpha-galactosyl residues. The presence of these epitopes on the two membrane glycoproteins was further substantiated by the fact that treatment of the membranes with alpha-galactosidase destroyed their capacity to bind GSI-B4 and that alpha-D-galactopyranoside but not N-acetyl-D-glucosamine competitively inhibited GSI-B4 from binding to the glycoproteins. Treatment of TG-Mos with GSI-B4 reduced the capacity of interferon (IFN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or IFN alone, to induce Mo mediated cytotoxicity towards tumor cells by as much as 40%. GSI-B4 also caused alterations in the pattern of biosynthetically 35S-methionine labeled secreted proteins as early as 2 hours after contact with TG-Mos. Out of 35 discernible proteins on fluorograms of SDS-PAGE separated proteins, 5 were down-regulated and 9 were enhanced. It is suggested that the two novel Mo membrane proteins may play a role in regulating the response of Mo subpopulations to their humoral and cellular environments.
Speech Processing on a Reconfigurable Analog Platform

We describe architectures for audio classification front ends on a reconfigurable analog platform. Real-time implementation of audio processing algorithms involving discrete-time signals tend to be power-intensive. We present an alternate continuous-time system implementation of a noise-suppression algorithm on our reconfigurable chip, while detailing the design considerations. We also describe a framework that enables future implementations of other speech processing algorithms, classifier front ends, and hearing aids.
Genetic variation in the odorant receptors family 13 and the mhc loci influence mate selection in a multiple sclerosis dataset

Background When selecting mates, many vertebrate species seek partners with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes different from their own, presumably in response to selective pressure against inbreeding and towards MHC diversity. Attempts at replication of these genetic results in human studies, however, have reached conflicting conclusions.
Intentionality: evolutionary development in healing: a grounded theory study for holistic nursing.

Although intentionality has been implicated as a causal variable in healing research, its definition has been inconsistent and vague. The objective of this grounded theory study is to develop a substantive theory of intentionality in a naturalistic encounter between nurse-healers and their healee-clients, and to consider the implications for practice and research. Six expert nurse-healers and six healee-clients were interviewed as individuals and in dyads before and after treatments. Interviews and observational data were analyzed using the constant comparative method and synthesized analysis. Participants described their experience of intentionality in healing as an evolutionary process characterized by distinctive shifts. The theory of intentionality: the matrix for healing (IMH) includes definitions of intentionality and a conceptual framework of three developmental phases of intentionality (generic, healing, and transforming intentionalities).The predominant attribute, development, is described. The t...
The coordination of aluminum ions in the palygorskite structure

NMR spectra ofPF1 - 1 Floridan palygorskite strongly suggest that AI 3§ occurs only in octahedral coordination. X-ray microanalysis of the palygorskite fibers indicate a chemical composition defined by the atomic ratios: Mg/Si = 0.34, AI/Si = 0.27, and Fe/Si = 0.04. Considering the NMR and CEC data in this report along with the previously published results of IR and M6ssbauer spectroscopic studies, the following structural formula is proposed for PFI-1 palygorskite: (Mg2A 2A1,.6a Fe3+o 24Do.96)SisO20(OH)2(OH2)4 where () represents the vacant Ml octahedral sites in the structure, and Al 3§ and Fe 3+ are all exclusively assigned to the octahedral sites.