cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Great Recession and Charitable Giving

We examine the impact of the Great Recession on charitable giving. We find sharp declines in overall donative behavior that is not accounted for by shocks to income or wealth. These results suggest that overall attitudes towards giving changed over this time period.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Guillain-Barre Syndrome Following Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine

Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, Coronavirus - 19 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic with multiple neurological complications. In December 2020, two vaccines have been approved in the United States for the prevention of COVID-19. We report a case of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) after receiving the first dose of Pfizer - COVID-19 vaccine.
"They Can Only Ever Guide": How an Open Source Software Community Uses Roadmaps to Coordinate Effort

Unlike in commercial software development, open source software (OSS) projects do not generally have managers with direct control over how developers spend their time, yet for projects with large, diverse sets of contributors, the need exists to focus and steer development in a particular direction in a coordinated way. This is especially important for "infrastructure" projects, such as critical libraries and programming languages that many other people depend on. Some projects have taken the approach of borrowing planning tools that originated in commercial development, despite the fact that these techniques were designed for very different contexts, e.g. strong top-down control and profit motives. Little research has been done to understand how these practices are adapted to a new context. In this paper, we examine the Rust project's use of roadmaps: how has an important OSS infrastructure project adapted an inherently top-down tool to the freewheeling world of OSS? We find that because Rust's roadmaps are built in part by summarizing what motivated developers most prefer to work on, they are in some ways more a description of the motivated labor available than they are a directive that the community move in a particular direction. They allow the community to avoid wasting time on unpopular proposals by revealing that there will be little help in building them, and encouraging work on popular features by making visible the amount of consensus in those features. Roadmaps generate a collective focus without limiting the full scope of what developers work on: roadmap issues consume proportionally more effort than other issues, but constitute a minority of the work done (i.e issues and pull requests made) by both central and peripheral participants. They also create transparency among and beyond the community into what central contributors' plans are, and allow more rational decision-making by providing a way for evidence about community needs to be linked to decision-making.
A Phase Ib Study of Sotrastaurin, a PKC Inhibitor, and Alpelisib, a PI3Kα Inhibitor, in Patients with Metastatic Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare subset of melanoma characterized by the presence of early initiating GNAQ/11 mutations, with downstream activation of the PKC, MAPK, and PI3Kα pathways. Activity has been observed with the PKC inhibitors sotrastaurin (AEB071) and darovasertib (IDE196) in patients with UM. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway enhances PKC inhibition in in vivo models. We therefore conducted a phase Ib study of sotrastaurin in combination with the PI3Kα inhibitor alpelisib to identify a tolerable regimen that may enhance the activity of PKC inhibition alone. Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (n = 24) or GNAQ/11 mutant cutaneous melanoma (n = 1) were enrolled on escalating dose levels of sotrastaurin (100-400 mg BID) and alpelisib (200-350 mg QD). The primary objective was to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of these agents when administered in combination. Treatment-related adverse events (AE) occurred in 86% (any grade) and 29% (Grade 3). No Grade 4-5-related AEs occurred. Dose Level 4 (sotrastaurin 200 mg BID and alpelisib 350 mg QD) was identified as the maximum tolerated dose. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated increasing concentration levels with increasing doses of sotrastaurin and alpelisib, without evidence of interaction between agents. Pharmacodynamic assessment of pMARCKS and pAKT protein expression with drug exposure suggested modest target inhibition that did not correlate with clinical response. No objective responses were observed, and median progression-free survival was 8 weeks (range, 3-51 weeks). Although a tolerable dose of sotrastaurin and alpelisib was identified with pharmacodynamic evidence of target inhibition and without evidence of a corresponding immunosuppressive effect, limited clinical activity was observed.
Production of interspecific F1 hybrids, BC1, BC2 and BC3 populations between Lycopersicon esculentum and two accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum carrying new root-knot nematode resistance genes

Two accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill. (PI270435, PI126443) carrying Mi-2 and Mi-3, respectively, new root-knot nematode resistance genes, were selected as the male parents for crosses with L. esculentum Mill. in order to produce interspecific hybrids. Crossability barriers between these two distantly related species were circumvented by ovule culture. A total of ten interspecific F1 hybrid plants were produced. The hybrid nature of the putative F1 plants was confirmed by a comparison of several morphological characteristics and a PCR-based assay. Eight of ten hybrid plants were backcrossed with L. esculentum to generate a total of 98 BC1 progeny. Two lines were advanced to the BC2 and BC3 levels. Based on these results, ovule culture was found to be an effective method for the production of novel interspecific F1 and BC1 plants.
Treatment of Medical Emergencies

The nurse stands in a critical position in respect to all medical emergencies. On the one hand, she is usually the first to appreciate that the patient’s condition is taking a critical turn, while on the other hand she is not always in a position to apply the proper drugs either because she does not have the authority or because she does not have the training. Yet the fact remains that in a number of medical emergencies if the nurse were in a position to treat at once, the patient’s life might be spared or prolonged. Many physicians anticipate the emergencies which are possible and leave orders for medications to be used should such situations develop.
Enhanced antiopiate activity and enzyme resistance in peptidomimetics of FMRFamide containing (E)-2,3-methanomethionine.

Abstract FMRFamide is a molluscan peptide that has shown antiopiate activity in a number of mammalian test systems. The current study determined the antiopiate potency of FMRFamide and two conformationally constrained peptidomimetics of FMRFamide containing stereoisomers of (E)-2,3- methanomethionine . Morphine abstinence signs were observed after varying doses (0.25–25.0 μg) of these substances were injected into the third ventricle of morphine-dependent rats. Both peptidomimetics were far more potent than FMRFamide itself. In addition, although both peptidomimetics bound with lower affinity than FMRFamide to rat spinal cord receptors for NPFF (the mammalian FMRFamide-like peptide), they were far more resistant than FMRFamide to enzymatic degradation by leucine aminopeptidase.
Stone-Age Property in Domestic Animals

Only yesterday, all animals were wild. Zoological archaeologists assert that about 15,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer forebears achieved the first domestication — the dog. Over the course of ensuing millennia, they proceeded to domesticate sheep, cattle, and other livestock. By the advent of the Bronze Age, domestic animals had come to constitute a major component of human wealth. Domestications required Stone Age people to create various informal property rules to resolve conflicting claims to the ownership of a domestic beast. A brand on an animal, for example, might have been considered adequate notice to a hunter that another person’s tamed animal was no longer up for grabs. This article marshals indirect sources of evidence, such as the practices of modern-day hunter-gatherers and the historical materials left by the earliest civilizations, to ground hypotheses about the substance of primeval property rights in domestic animals. These sources suggest, for example, that during the Neolithic Period (the late Stone Age) both dogs and livestock conventionally would have been owned privately by either an individual or a family, and not, as Friedrich Engels speculated, communally by a band or a tribe.
The Association Between Global DNA Methylation and Telomere Length in a Longitudinal Study of Boilermakers

The objectives of this study were to determine if global DNA methylation, as reflected in LINE-1 and Alu elements, is associated with telomere length and whether it modifies the rate of telomeric change. A repeated-measures longitudinal study was performed with a panel of 87 boilermaker subjects. The follow-up period was 29 months. LINE-1 and Alu methylation was determined using pyrosequencing. Leukocyte relative telomere length was assessed via real-time qPCR. Linear-mixed models were used to estimate the association between DNA methylation and telomere length. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to explore the hypothesized relationship between DNA methylation, proxies of particulate matter exposure, and telomere length at baseline. There appeared to be a positive association between both LINE-1 and Alu methylation levels, and telomere length. For every incremental increase in LINE-1 methylation, there was a statistically significant 1.0 × 10(-1) (95% CI: 4.6 × 10(-2), 1.5 × 10(-1), P < 0.01) unit increase in relative telomere length, controlling for age at baseline, current and past smoking status, work history, BMI (log kg/m(2) ) and leukocyte differentials. Furthermore, for every incremental increase in Alu methylation, there was a statistically significant 6.2 × 10(-2) (95% CI: 1.0 × 10(-2), 1.1 × 10(-1), P = 0.02) unit increase in relative telomere length. The interaction between LINE-1 methylation and follow-up time was statistically significant with an estimate -9.8 × 10(-3) (95% CI: -1.8 × 10(-2), -1.9 × 10(-3), P = 0.02); suggesting that the rate of telomeric change was modified by the degree of LINE-1 methylation. No statistically significant association was found between the cumulative PM exposure construct, with global DNA methylation and telomere length at baseline.
On the stability and robustness of switched systems

This paper develops some new results on semistability and asymptotic stability of switched systems using multiple Lyapunov functions. The main results of the paper involve sufficient conditions for guaranteeing semistability and asymptotic stability of switched systems using multiple Lyapunov functions and a class of switching conditions. Moreover, converse Lyapunov theorems for a finite family of pairwise commuting semistable systems are also developed. Using these stability results and an extended notion of homogeneity for switched systems, we derive some robustness results for asymptotic stability and semistability of switched systems.
Depression and Cognitive Impairment in Older Adult Emergency Department Patients: Changes over 2 Weeks

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate older adult emergency department (ED) patients for depression and cognitive impairment and to re-evaluate those findings 2 weeks later. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: ED. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand two hundred six older community-dwelling ED patients consented to participate; 811 (67%) completed the 2-week follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Screening for depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) and cognitive impairment (Six-Item Screener) was performed. Changes were evaluated through paired comparisons. RESULTS: At 2-week follow-up, for depression, 27 of 97 (28%) with baseline positive tests remained positive, and 22 of 706 (3%) with baseline negative tests were positive. At 2-week follow-up, for cognitive impairment, five of 43 (12%) with baseline positive tests remained positive, and 11 of 765 (1%) with baseline negative tests were positive. CONCLUSION: Significant variability exists for depression and cognitive impairment testing completed during and after the ED visit, with markedly fewer subjects testing positive at follow-up. The variability may reflect changes in clinical state, confounding from other conditions, or poor validity of the instruments in the ED setting. Further studies are needed to explain these findings before case-finding for these conditions is implemented in the ED setting.
Electronic structure of NaCuO2.

The electronic structure of ${\mathrm{NaCuO}}_{2}$ has been calculated within the local-density approximation, using an extended general-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave method. These calculations reveal that (i) ${\mathrm{NaCuO}}_{2}$ is a conventional insulator with a band gap arising from simple covalent effects and (ii) Cu is far from trivalent in this material.
Sliding mode variable structure control for smith prediction monitoring AGC system based on double power reaching law

To overcome unfavorable influence of the large time delay existing in monitoring automatic gauge control (AGC) of tandem hot mill and model mismatching greatly on strip rolling process on system stability, a sliding mode variable structure control for Smith prediction monitoring AGC system based on double power reaching law was designed. The mathematical model of the hydraulic gap control (HGC) system was established based on the 7# stand in 1450 mm tandem hot mill of a factory and model parameters were identified by Levy curve fitting method. Based on the identified model, conventional Smith prediction monitoring AGC system (SP-MNAGC), sliding mode variable structure control for Smith prediction monitoring AGC system based on constant rate reaching law (CR-SPSMC-MNAGC) and sliding mode variable structure control for Smith prediction monitoring AGC system based on double power reaching law (DP-SPSMC-MNAGC) were researched with Matlab/Simulink software. The results show that the three different controllers acquire good control effect during model matching. But during model mismatching, for SP-MNAGC system, the maximum value of rising time will increase to 2102.3 ms, the overshot will increase to 39.6 %; for CR-SPSMC-MNAGC system, the maximum value of rising time will increase to 348.3 ms, the overshot will increase to 13.1 %; for DP-SPSMC-MNAGC system, the overshot is less than 8.7 %, and the rising time is less than 36.1 ms in any case. Besides this, DP-SPSMC-MNAGC system can weaken the chattering of sliding mode effectively.
Rethinking Intrinsic Value

According to the dominant philosophical tradition, intrinsic value must depend solely upon intrinsic properties. By appealing to various examples, however, I argue that we should at least leave open the possibility that in some cases intrinsic value may be based in part on relational properties. Indeed, I argue that we should even be open to the possibility that an object's intrinsic value may sometimes depend (in part) on its instrumental value. If this is right, of course, then the traditional contrast between intrinsic value and instrumental value is mistaken.
Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy: Euripides' “ Ion ” and the Family Romance of Athenian Racialism

THE FAMILY PLOT: ATHENIAN RACIALISM ON STAGE Euripides' Ion , produced sometime between 420 and 409, recapitulates Athenian racial ideology as a family romance. Characters in the play both embody and act out the belief that citizens were thought to inherit the patriotism and special characteristics that qualified them for citizenship. For this reason, the Ion provides a rare glimpse of the play of ideologies (gender, kinship, etc.) that orchestrate racial citizenship as a cultural practice and political ideology. This is, of course, neither to say that the Ion offers us an accurate portrait of exactly how these negotiations worked in practice nor to imply that Euripides intended to endorse the dysfunctional family dynamics he portrays. Rather, the Ion stages what would have been necessary in order for the Athenians to be who they claimed themselves to be. In broad outline, the story is as follows. Creousa, the sole surviving carrier of Athens' autochthonous bloodline, has traveled to Delphi to consult the oracle about the long sterility of her marriage and about the fate of her abandoned child. Years before, when she was an unwed parthenos , Apollo had raped and impregnated her in a cave. She bore the resulting child, but exposed it in fear because of her unmarried state. Circumstances in Delphi lead her to conclude that Apollo has allowed the child to die. At this juncture, her husband, Xouthos, makes his belated arrival and successfully consults Apollo's oracle.
Nuestras culturas: An Intermediate Course in Spanish. by BARCELÓ, BRENDA

The article reviews the books "Nuestras culturas: An Intermediate Course in Spanish," with a DVD, by Brenda Barcelo, and "Nuestras culturas: Student Activities Manual," also available as an audio CD-ROM, by Brenda Barcelo and Marta Navarro.
The impact of interest rate reset period on the bid-offer rates in an interest rate swap contract — an empirical investigation

Abstract Although numerous studies have analyzed the interest rate swap market, the major influences on the swap spreads have not been fully examined. Using bi-weekly interest rate swap quotations from a swap dealer, this study documents the impact of semi-annual versus annual interest payments on the bid and offer rate quotations in the interest rate swap market. A univariate analysis indicates that the bid-offer spreads over the Treasuries in a one-year London Interbank Offer-Rate (LIBOR) indexed interest rate swap contract bracket similar spreads in a six-month LIBOR-indexed swap contract. Also, the spread between the bid and offer rate in an annual interest rate swap is also higher than the spread in a semi-annual interest rate swap contract. In addition, a one-year LIBOR-indexed all-in swap rate incorporates higher term premiums in comparison to a six-month LIBOR-indexed swap contract.
Availability and use of services for maternal and child health care in rural Nigeria.

Abstract A personal in-home interview was conducted in four rural towns in Nigeria. The aims of the interview were to describe the content of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) care in these rural towns and to assess how patterns of prenatal, delivery and postnatal service use are related to a variety of demographic and socioeconomic variables in the population. Findings from data analysis indicate that services available are deficient in terms of the number of centers and content of care. Variables found to be statistically significant (P
The A.R.T. of content management training

Keeping your institution's website accurate, relevant and timely (A.R.T) can be a challenge when you have multiple content management specialists/web publishers with varying skills and knowledge contributing to your website.After Widener University migrated to a new content management system, the challenge of training a distributed and disparate staff in web-related computer skills was paramount.A six-week course totaling twelve hours of instruction, which included basic computer skills, web design concepts, basic HTML coding, writing for the web, and content management systems training was created through a collaboration between the Office of Information Technology Services, Office of Human Resources, and University Relations. This series of courses was offered through Widener's University College in conjunction with their Lifelong Learning Professional Development program.
A Disneyland Dilemma: Two-Part Tariffs for a Mickey Mouse Monopoly

Examines the two-part tariffs for the monopoly pricing of amusement park rides at Disneyland in California. Effect of a monopoly on prices; Determination of a nondiscriminatory two-part tariff; Applications of the two-part tariffs. (From Ebsco)
Crack detection diagnostics using ultrasonic insonification and pattern recognition

Sudden crack growth has the potential to cause catastrophic failure when a crack reaches a critical crack size. Early detection of crack formation helps to minimize this potential. This research focuses on the use of guided ultrasonic waves (GUWs) to detect crack formation. Experiments are conducted on test specimens in which fatigue cracks are grown through cyclic loading. Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) and piezoelectric disc actuators are used as sensors to induce and receive various GUWs ranging in frequency from 25 to 100 kHz. Preliminary experimental results are given.
Solid-state physics: Recipe for spin currents.

Generating currents that rely on the spins of electrons to make electronic devices requiring less power is both desirable and daunting. A neat way of creating such currents eases that task.
High-temperature specific heat of UO2 ThO2, and A12O3

Abstract The high-temperature specific heat of solid UO2, ThO2, and Al2O3 can be represented by an equation of the form C p(s) = 3 n RF(⊖ D /T) + dT 3 , (1) where ⊖D is the Debye temperature, F(⊖D/T) is the Debye function, d represents contributions of the anharmonic vibrations within the lattice, and n denotes the number of atoms per molecule. In the liquid the corresponding equation is C p(1) = 3 n RF(⊖ D /T) + h T 2 , (2) where h is the anharmonic term. It is shown that for Al2O3 and UO2, where experimental data for the liquid phase are also available, d h has the same value, Indicating that both materials behave identically. If we compare the thermodynamic relationship C p − C v = Vα 2 KT , (3) where V is the volume, α the volume expansion coefficient, and K the bulk modulus, with equation (1), It follows that d must be equal to Vα 2 K T 2 ; the value of Vα 2 K T 2 is calculated in the temperature region where d was obtained; within experimental error they are equal.
2.5.1 A NEW SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TAXONOMY

Although real-world systems exhibit considerable differences, there is very little distinction in the literature between the system type and the description of its actual system engineering pursuit. We suggest here a new approach to systems engineering. It is based on the premise that the actual process of systems engineering must be adaptive to the real system type. Using this concept, we present a two-dimensional taxonomy in which systems are classified according to four levels of technological uncertainty, and three levels of system scope. We then describe the differences found in systems engineering styles in various areas, such as system requirements, functional allocation, systems design, system testing, and project organization. Furthermore, we show that adapting the wrong system and management style may cause major difficulties during the process of system creation.
SU-FF-T-481: Computerized Implementation of Radiation Treatment Planning Directives

Purpose: This presentation describes the implementation of a system for capturing radiation treatment planning directives. These directives capture site and protocol specific requirements for the various processes required for planning namely imaging studies, registration, contouring, and specification of target goals, and planning objectives. Method and Materials: The computer software used for this work is based on an open‐source electronic healthcare record (EHR) system . The software is based on industry standards and runs on a windows server, is written in Java, a standard database, and provides a web‐based user interface. The system uses a data model based on the HL7 V3 and continuity of care records. Patient related information (documents) trigger a rules‐based decision support engine that is used to maintain lists and initiate messaging to external systems. Documents can also be fed to the system via messages from external system. Customizations of this system have been made to capture and manage template treatment planning directives that are then selected and modified to create patient specific directives. Rules have been created and are triggered by completing various components of the planning directives. Over 50 treatment planning directives have been developed using paper forms and these have served as a guide for the development of the data requirements and user input styles. Extensive processes mapping has been undertaken to determine the best ways to implement this system within our clinical environment. Results: The resulting system has been used to implement most of our current planning directives. Messages from the hospital's HL7 feed provide basic patient identification information and clinical results as needed. Various worklists are maintained along with e‐mail notifications, and communications with our planning system are used to initialize planning parameters. Conclusion: This system for computer‐supported management of treatment planning directives has proven to be flexible and extensible.
Response to an exercise intervention after endometrial cancer: Differences between obese and non-obese survivors ☆

Objective The objective of this paper is to describe baseline differences between obese and non-obese endometrial cancer survivor in anthropometrics, exercise behavior, fitness, heart rate and blood pressure, and quality of life, and to analyze whether the effect of a home-based exercise intervention on these outcomes differed for obese and non-obese participants.
Calcium Release-Dependent Actin Flow in the Leading Process Mediates Axophilic Migration

Proper assembly of neural circuits requires newly born neurons to migrate from their place of origin to their final location. Little is known about the mechanisms of axophilic neuronal migration, whereby neurons travel along axon pathways to navigate to their destinations. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-expressing neurons migrate along olfactory axons from the nose into the forebrain during development, and were used as a model of axophilic migration. After migrating, GnRH neurons are located in the hypothalamus and are essential for puberty and maintenance of reproductive function. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying axophilic migration, we investigated in mice the regulation of movement from calcium signals to cytoskeletal dynamics. Live imaging revealed robust calcium activity during axophilic migration, and calcium release through IP3 receptors was found to stimulate migration. This occurred through a signaling pathway involving the calcium sensor calcium/calmodulin protein kinase kinase, AMP-activated kinase, and RhoA/ROCK. By imaging GnRH neurons expressing actin-GFP or Lifeact-RFP, calcium release was found to stimulate leading process actin flow away from the cell body. In contrast, actin contractions at the cell rear were unaffected by this calcium signaling pathway. These findings are the first to test the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics in axophilic migration, and reveal mechanisms of movement that have broad implications for the migration of other CNS populations.
Analysis of major ampullate silk cDNAs from two non-orb-weaving spiders.

Compared to other arthropods, spiders are unique in their use of silk throughout their life span and the extraordinary mechanical properties of the silk threads they produce. Studies on orb-weaving spider silk proteins have shown that silk proteins are composed of highly repetitive regions, characterized by alanine and glycine-rich units. We have isolated and sequenced four partial cDNA clones representing major ampullate spider silk gene transcripts from two non-orb weavers: three for Kukulcania hibernalis and one for Agelenopsis aperta. These cDNA sequences were compared to each other, as well as to the previously published orb-weaver silk gene sequences. The results indicate that the repeats encoding conserved amino acid motifs such as polyA and polyGA that are characteristic of some orb-weaving spider silks are also found in some of the cDNAs reported in this study. However, we also found other motifs such as polyGS and polyGV in the cDNA sequences from the two non-orb-weaving spiders. The amino acid...
Simultaneous versus sequential public good provision and the role of refunds — An experimental study

Abstract We experimentally study contributing behavior to a threshold public good under simultaneous and sequential voluntary contribution mechanisms and investigate how refund policies interact with the mechanism. We find that, for a given refund rule, efficiency is greater under a sequential contribution mechanism than under a simultaneous contribution mechanism. Furthermore, for a given order of contributions, we find that full refund unambiguously achieves higher efficiency in the simultaneous mechanism while this is not the case in the sequential mechanism.
On the Ethics of At-Will Employment in the Public Sector

Some public agencies are substituting at-will employment relations for civil service protection. At-will employees can be dismissed for any reason or no reason at all. Proponents see it as a way to improve managerial flexibility and efficiency, and to motivate employees to work harder under competitive conditions similar to those in the private sector. Such claims may seem attractive in this era of budgetary deficits and fiscal conservatism, but they ignore legal, political, and managerial factors that complicate the picture dramatically. They also overlook the ethical relation of these factors to the public trust. This article examines the issue in terms of its practical and ethical significance.
Collisional dark matter and the origin of massive black holes

If the cosmological dark matter is primarily in the form of an elementary particle which has mass ${m}_{p}$ and cross section for self-interaction $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, then seed black holes (formed in stellar collapse) will grow in a Hubble time ${t}_{H}$ due to accretion of the dark matter to a mass, ${M}_{H}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\sqrt{{\mathrm{IC}}_{A}^{9}{t}_{H}(\ensuremath{\sigma}{/G}^{3}{m}_{p}{c}^{2})}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}7.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}(\ensuremath{\sigma}{/m}_{p}{)}^{1/2}{V}_{c}^{9/2}{t}_{H,15}^{1/2}$ solar masses. Here $I$ is a numerical factor, ${C}_{A}$ the galactic velocity dispersion, and ${V}_{c}$ its rotation velocity. For the same values of ( $\ensuremath{\sigma}{/m}_{p}$) that are attractive with respect to other cosmological desiderata, this produces massive black holes in the $({10}^{6}--{10}^{9}){M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ range observed, with the same dependence on a ${V}_{c}$ seen, and with a time dependence consistent with observations. Other astrophysical consequences of collisional dark matter and tests of the idea are noted.
Discriminating and Imaging Different Phosphatidylcholine Species within Phase-Separated Model Membranes by Principal Component Analysis of TOF-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Images

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) enables chemically imaging the distributions of various lipid species in model membranes. However, discriminating the TOF-SIMS data of structurally similar lipids is very difficult because the high intensity, low mass fragment ions needed to achieve submicrometer lateral resolution are common to multiple lipid species. Here, we demonstrate that principal component analysis (PCA) can discriminate the TOF-SIMS spectra of four unlabeled saturated phosphatidylcholine species, 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) according to variations in the intensities of their low mass fragment ions (m/z ≤ 200). PCA of TOF-SIMS images of phase-separated DSPC/DLPC and DPPC/DLPC membranes enabled visualizing the distributions of each phosphatidylcholine species with higher contrast and specificity th...
How to Sharpen Words: Mayakovsky’s Machines of Poetic Humour

AbstractAnalysis of Mayakovsky’s prose writings of the mid-1920s on the craft of satire reveals that he understood it to be a scientific discipline subject to strict cause-and-effect relationships: if the satirical treatment of a theme — any theme — is correct, then the piece will produce ‘involuntary laughter’ (neproizvol’nyi smekh). As an example, he puts forward his 1923 poem ‘Schematic of Laughter’ (Skhema smekha) — a text he claims contains no comic ideas, but only the correct satirical sharpening of discourse. As a barebones inventory of comic devices, the poem is a perfect place to begin an examination of Mayakovsky’s poetics of humour. But it is not alone; in a note to the 1925 poem ‘Shallow Philosophy in Deep Places’ (Melkaia filosofiia na glubokikh mestakh), Mayakovsky explains that it too is a ‘skeleton poem’ (stikh-skelet), just like the ‘Schematic’, and another compendium of humorous devices. Together, then, these poems represent the purest and most concentrated expression of Mayakovsky’s und...
Weak Ferromagnetism and Field-Induced Spin Reorientation in K 2 V 3 O 8

Magnetization and neutron diffraction studies of the 2D $S\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/2$ antiferromagnet, ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$, indicate an ordered state exhibiting weak ferromagnetism and field-induced spin reorientations. Of particular interest is the behavior in a basal plane magnetic field where a unique spin reorientation is observed in which the spins rotate from the easy $c$ axis to the basal plane while remaining normal to the applied field. The experimental observations are well described by a two spin exchange model incorporating Heisenberg and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions with an additional $c$-axis anisotropy.
CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR studies on S(6)-(4-nitrobenzyl)mercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR) analogs as inhibitors of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1).

Abstract 3D-QSAR (CoMFA and CoMSIA) studies were performed on human equlibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1) inhibitors displaying Ki values ranging from 10,000 to 0.7 nM. Both CoMFA and CoMSIA analysis gave reliable models with q2 values >0.50 and r2 values >0.92. The models have been validated for their stability and robustness using group validation and bootstrapping techniques and for their predictive abilities using an external test set of nine compounds. The high predictive r2 values of the test set (0.72 for CoMFA model and 0.74 for CoMSIA model) reveals that the models can prove to be a useful tool for activity prediction of newly designed nucleoside transporter inhibitors. The CoMFA and CoMSIA contour maps identify features important for exhibiting good binding affinities at the transporter, and can thus serve as a useful guide for the design of potential equilibrative nucleoside transporter inhibitors.
Interspecific Aggression between Lizard Competitors, Anolis cooki and Anolis cristatellus

Aggressive encounters were staged between two species of Puerto Rican lizards (Anolis cooki and Anolis cristatellus) which share the same microhabitat (syntopic). The intensity of these interspecific matches was as great as their respective conspecific matches. When the two species interacted with either “look alike” congeners (A. cooki with A. monensis and A. cristatellus with A. gundlachi) or with the quite different appearing A. evermanni, aggressive intensity was only 1/6 that of the cooki-cristatellus encounters. It seems that A. cooki and A. cristatellus recognize each other as competitors; it was improbable that this interspecific aggression was caused by the two species misidentifying each other as conspecifics. Because A. cristatellus eventually dominated A. cooki during staged encounters, it is predicted A. cristatellus should ecologically displace A. cooki in their syntopic zones of contact.
Toxicological and Chemical Evaluation of Emissions From Carpet Samples

This study investigated findings that the off-gassing of certain carpets caused sensory and pulmonary irritation, changes in neurobehavioral signs, and death in exposed mice. Two standard test method measures—one for estimating sensory irritancy (ASTM-E981-84), the other for evaluating the neurotoxic potential of chemicals (functional observational battery)—were coupled with a postmortem assessment to ascertain the mechanism of toxicity. The postmortem evaluation included measurements of hemoglobin, serum clinical chemistries, blood and lung lavage white cell counts and differential, organ weights, and a gross necropsy with a microscopic evaluation of all major organs. The study evaluated three treatment groups composed of two preheated carpet emission exposures and one preheated air-control exposure. No toxic effects were associated with exposure to the off-gassing of the two tested carpets. Clinical chemistry and histopathological alterations were observed with exposure to either filter-air or carpet wh...
Screening for fitness in professional preparation: three cross-cultural views.

Abstract Should physical fitness be a prerequisite for acceptance into and continuation in physical education teachers preparation program? In this article, three Scandinavian countries provide cross-cultural perspectives of this issue.
Language Problems to Be Coped with in Web Localization

Web Localization means the process of making all kinds of information on a Web site culturally, linguistically, graphically, and technologically customized to the needs of the users of the target country. Web site localization is an important means by which an industry or organization wins an international market for its products or services since the Internet has billions of users and has the world wide access. However, language problems are still an obstacle to successful Web localization or online writings for cross-cultural audiences, which result in failing to achieve the communication purpose of the organization or company that has the problems on its Web site. This article mainly focuses on the language problems in online writing or localizing a Web linguistically for cross-cultural audiences from semantic, syntactical, textual, and rhetorical perspectives and makes some suggestions for solving the problems.
Singlet and triplet absorption spectra of carotenoids bound in the reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26

The singlet and triplet state absorption spectra are reported for two carotenoids, methoxyneurosporene and spheroidene, incorporated into the reaction center protein of the photosynthetic bacterial carotenoidless mutant Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26. The spectra for the two different carotenoid molecules are identical suggesting a strong interaction between the protein and the different chromophores. Combined effects of electrochromic band shifts and carotenoid structural changes are invoked to account for the spectral observations.
Leak mitigation in mechanically pumped fluid loops for long duration space missions

Mechanically pumped fluid loops (MPFLs) are increasingly considered for spacecraft thermal control. A concern for long duration space missions is the leak of fluid leading to performance degradation or potential loop failure. An understanding of leak rate through analysis, as well as destructive and non-destructive testing, provides a verifiable means to quantify leak rates. The system can be appropriately designed to maintain safe operating pressures and temperatures throughout the mission. Two MPFLs on the Mars Science Laboratory Spacecraft, launched November 26, 2011, maintain the temperature of sensitive electronics and science instruments within a -40 deg C to 50 deg C range during launch, cruise, and Mars surface operations. With over 100 meters of complex tubing, fittings, joints, flex lines, and pumps, the system must maintain a minimum pressure through all phases of the mission to provide appropriate performance. This paper describes the process of design, qualification, test, verification, and validation of the components and assemblies employed to minimize risks associated with excessive fluid leaks from pumped fluid loop systems.
Simulated Wind Pollination and Airflow Around Ovules of Some Early Seed Plants

Scale models of various early seed plant ovules and cupules were analyzed both for their characteristic air disturbance patterns and for the frequency of impact with airborne models of pollen (pseudopollen). The fossils on which the models were based had been arranged in an evolutionary sequence purporting to show the origin of the integument by the acropetal fusion and reduction in length of a subtending truss of lobes. Wind tunnel analyses of scale models showing the various stages in the consolidation of these preintegumentary lobes indicated that turbulent flow increases and becomes localized around the nucellar apex (salpinx) with the syngenesis and length reduction of those lobes. Similarly, the frequency of windborne pseudopollen impact increased. Thus, the transition from the megasporangium to the fully integumented ovule appears to favor increased wind-mediated pollination.
Computational transonic flow about realistic aircraft configurations

A numerical method has been developed to compute transonic flows about realistic wing-fuselage configurations. The finite difference scheme employs an improved small disturbance flow equation. A unique grid embedding technique, which was heretofore applied to airfoils and wings, has been extended to include the treatment of both body and wing-body shapes. The resulting high-density mesh is shown to be a valuable asset in resolving details of the three-dimensional flow. A mathematical modeling system is used to process arbitrary fuselage geometries for body boundary conditions. Correlations with experimental data for simple isolated bodies, an isolated fuselage, and wing-fuselage combinations are included.
Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)-Performance Requirements And Design Considerations

The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) is to be a free flying national X-ray observatory that is Shuttle-launched (in mid-1987), maintainable on-orbit, and retrievable. The design lifetime is > 10 years. The AXAF is conceived as an X-ray telescope with 6 nested Wolter type I mirrors (maximum aperture of 1.2m), a focal length of 10m, and interchangeable and replaceable focal plane instruments. The optics will provide 0.5 arcsecond imagery over a several arcminute field and somewhat reduced resolution over 1 degree in the X-ray band from 0.1 to 8 keV. The performance requirements and design of the facility will be discused and comparisons made with present X-ray observatories. The scientific objectives of the AXAF will also be discussed briefly.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
No Rush To Judgment

One of the lessons we ought to have learned from the history of philosophy and science is that it is rarely, if ever, useful in dealing with challenges from a new movement or in distinguishing one's position from a different school of thought, to "draw a line in the sand" and claim that everything on this side is le gitimate (philosophy, epistemology, science . . . ) and that everything on that side is not, and can therefore be dismissed without serious consideration or discussion. On some analyses, Plato sought to dismiss all of natural science in this way, by claiming that since it dealt with change it can yield at best belief, not knowledge. The logical positivists, building on the work of Hume, tried to use the analytic/synthetic distinction and various forms of verificationism to dismiss as nonsense everything but science, logic, mathematics, and the philosophy of science. Neither of these moves succeeded in banishing what was placed on that side of the line to intellectual never-never land. More recently, critics of creation ism have dismissed the views they are attacking as "not science at all" and therefore of neither concern nor interest to the scientific (and educated lay) com munities. These maneuvers tend to be unsuccessful not just because they rely on distinctions (permanence/change, analytic/synthetic, verifiable/non-verifiable, real science/pseudo science) which cannot, in the end, be sustained?or can be drawn and maintained only after all the hard work which they are frequently claimed to make unnecessary has been done?but because they refuse to deal with the specific evidence and arguments advanced by the challengers, bad as those might be. Quine taught us that a theory is a set of sentences, no more, no less. Given this view, it is impossible to dismiss creationism as "not a theory at all, and therefore not science." The problem with creationism is not that it is not a theory, not science, but that it is a very bad theory, extremely bad science. Better to let creationism in the door and show that it fails by all the standard tests for what constitutes a good theory (predicts and explains experience, is congruent with other going theories, suggests new lines of research . . . ) than to leave it outside banging at the imagined door, crying "foul." The broad lesson is apt in the present context. Suggesting that feminist epis temology and feminist philosophy of science are category mistakes, non-starters
Degassing of copper wires in an ultrahigh vacuum: Part I. Diffusion

Degassing characteristics of commercially available copper products have been studied in an ultrahigh vacuum system at temperatures greater than 700°C. Gases evolved are identified and relative quantities of H, O, C, and N evolved from nine different copper products during a 1-hr anneal at 930°C are reported. Qualitatively the evolved nitrogen originated on the surface, the hydrogen originated principally from the bulk, the carbon originated in the bulk and the oxygen originated both on the surface and in the bulk. Bulk diffusion of oxygen and hydrogen to the surface is not rate controlling. The degassing process seems sensitive to an impurity element, carbon being highly suspect.
EFFECTIVENESS AND DISSIPATION IN CRYOGENIC SHIELDS FOR SUPERCONDUCTING FIELD WINDINGS

ABSTRACT This paper is a contribution to the analysis of rotor shielding systems, particularly with respect to shielding and losses in cryogenic shielding systems. The method of surface wave impedance is used in a modified way, and extended to accomodate transposed shields. Solid shields are found to have good shielding properties but relatively large losses, while transposed shields have lower losses but poor shielding. Combination screens may be expected to present satisfactory characteristics, but only with the provision of adequate radial spacing within the rotor.
The Development of a Measure to Assess Vocational Maturity in Adults with Delayed Career Development.

Abstract The development and validation of a measure of vocational maturity for educationally and economically “disadvantaged” adults who experience delayed career development is described. The Adult Vocational Maturity Assessment Interview (AVMAI) measures the attitudinal, cognitive, and behavior aspects involved in coping with exploratory and early entrance stage vocational development tasks. The measure employs a structured interview format accompanied by a detailed content scoring manual. It includes 120 items which yield scores for eight scales: Orientation to Education; Orientation to Work; Concern with Choice; Self-Appraisal: Interests and Abilities; Self-Appraisal: Personality Characteristics; Self-Appraisal: Values; Exploring Occupations; and Using Resources. Evidence for the measure's reliability, content, and construct validity is presented by examining the internal consistency of the scales, the reliability of its scoring procedures, its interscale correlations, and its performance in a pretest-post-test experimental situation. Research and counseling uses of the measure are discussed in the context of the need for vocational psychologists to develop and use measures that are appropriate for the specific career development problems of different groups in society.