cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Malaria (Plasmodium lophurae).

THE main function of the mature erythrocyte is the transport of oxygen to and the removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues. The obligate intraerythrocytic parasite, malaria, not only requires constituents of the red blood cell such as haemoglobin and glucose, but also the gases transported by its host cell. The role of oxygen in the metabolism of the malaria parasite is well documented, and stems from the early observation that in vitro blood infected with malaria soon loses its bright red appearance and darkens1. Aerating the cells restores the brightness, and the parasites continue to maintain themselves by utilizing the oxyhaemoglobin for aerobic metabolism. In spite of the fact that infected erythrocytes and even erythrocyte free malaria parasites consume oxygen in the presence of suitable substrates, only 25–50 per cent of the available glucose is aerobically degraded to carbon dioxide and water2. Thus, malaria parasites are principally facultative aerobes and the best gas mixture for maintaining parasitized erythrocytes in vitro is 95 per cent air + 5 per cent carbon dioxide3. By contrast, the role of carbon dioxide in the metabolism of malaria is not well understood and is restricted to a single, equivocal record some 20 years ago4. The present communication presents unequivocal evidence for a functional role of carbon dioxide in the metabolism of malaria parasites and erythrocytes infected with malaria.
Nishanchi: CAD for hand-fabrication

We present Nishanchi, a position and orientation aware handheld inkjet printer which can be used to transfer the reference marks from CAD to the workpiece for use in manual fabrication workflows. Nishanchi also has a digitizing tip that can be used to input features about the workpiece to a computer model. By allowing for this two-way exchange of information from CAD to a nonconcormal workpiece, we believe that Nishanchi might help make inclusion of CAD in manual fabrication workflows more seamless.
Spatial Distribution of Flying Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) and the Predator Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera:Cleridae)

Spatial dispersion patterns of flying southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., and the clerid predator Thanasimus dubius (F.) were determined within 3 natural infestations of southern pine beetle (SPB) in eastern Texas using grids of sticky traps. There was significant positive association of the 2 insects throughout the trapping grids, although aerial population densities of the clerid were inversely related to aerial densities of SPB. Aggregation patterns were quantified using the index of patchiness (IP) and the regressions of mean crowding (M*) on mean density ( m ). Both methods showed a highly clumped pattern for both beetle species. SPB density in the infestations was positively associated with the daily rate of tree attack by the beetles, but the degree of population aggregation in the infestations was inversely related to the daily rate of tree attack. Although densities of the two species did not follow the same trends among the 3 infestations, the degree of aggregation did (i.e., SPB was most highly aggregated in the location where T. dubius was most highly aggregated) and Lloyd's index of interspecific patchiness indicated overlapping aggregate distributions. A kairomonal response mechanism for T. dubius , and SPB co-aggregation within infestations is hypothesized.
Ciglitazone-induced p27 gene transcriptional activity is mediated through Sp1 and is negatively regulated by the MAPK signaling pathway.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that the PPARγ ligand, ciglitazone, increases p27kip1 protein levels in HT-29 colon cancer cells through both inhibition of proteasome associated degradation and activation of transcriptional activity. [F. Chen, L.E. Harrison, Cell Signal. 17 (2005) 809] The purpose of this investigation was to further elucidate the mechanism of ciglitazone-induced activation of p27 gene transcription. We observed that the region − 774 / − 462 of the p27 promoter plays a key role in ciglitazone-induced gene transcriptional activity and this region contains two Sp1 binding sites. When the p27PF-luc reporter was co-transfected with Sp1 expression plasmids, ciglitazone-induced p27PF-luc activity significantly increased, while mithramycin A, a Sp1 inhibitor, was able to abrogate its effects. Ciglitazone exposure increased both Sp1 protein expression and Sp1–DNA binding, which was also associated with a decrease of Erk1/2 phosphorylation. A similar increase of Sp1–DNA binding was observed when phosphorylation of Erk1/2 was inhibited by pretreatment with the MAP kinase inhibitor, U0126. In addition, a significant increase of p27PF-luc reporter luciferase activity was noted after MAP kinase inhibition, which could be abolished with co-treatment with mithramycin A. Based on these data, we postulate that ciglitazone induces p27 gene transcription through increased Sp1 binding to its promoter region, which in turn is mediated through increased Sp1 protein levels and decreased inhibitory regulation by the MAP kinase pathway.
Managing human error in aviation.

SUBTITLE: MISTAKES BY FLIGHT CREWS CONTRIBUTE TO MORE THAN TWO-THIRDS OF AVIATION ACCIDENTS: TRAINING TO ENHANCE TEAM PERFORMANCE MAY REDUCE POTENTIALLY FATAL ERRORS.
Joint influence of child care and infant attachment security for cognitive and language outcomes of low-income toddlers

Abstract Examined two hypotheses on the joint effects of 19-month attachment security and child care experience in the second year of life on six cognitive and language measures at 24, 30, and 36 months in a sample of low-income toddlers. Both hypotheses were tested with planned single degree of freedom simple main effect contrasts. The compensatory hypothesis, that center care mitigates the adverse effects of insecure attachment on cognitive and language development of low-income children by providing children with a more stimulating environment than would have been experienced at home with mothers, was supported. However, there was little support for the lost resources hypothesis, that any type of out-of-home care would negatively impact secure children’s language and cognitive development because of the time spent away from a secure mother–child relationship.
The metabolic and biochemical impact of glucose 6-sulfonate (sulfoquinovose), a dietary sugar, on carbohydrate metabolism.

Abstract Increased activity of the main carbohydrate pathways (glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and hexosamine biosynthetic pathways) is one of the hallmarks of metabolic diseases such as cancer. Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol is a sulfoglycolipid found in the human diet that possesses anticancer activity that is absent when its carbohydrate moiety (glucose 6-sulfonate or sulfoquinovose) is removed. This work used bacterial systems to further understand the metabolism of this sugar through three main carbohydrate processing pathways and how this could influence its biological activity. Using 13C NMR spectroscopy and enzyme assays, we showed that glucose 6-sulfonate cannot enter the pentose phosphate pathway, hence decreasing pentose and nucleotide biosyntheses. In glycolysis, glucose 6-sulfonate only provides one pyruvate per monosaccharide molecule, decreasing the flux of this pathway by half when compared to glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose 6-sulfonate can enter the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway by producing glucosamine 6-sulfonate, which is a reported antibacterial agent that competitively inhibits hexosamine production. All these interactions with carbohydrate routes might help explain the observed anticancer activity that glucose 6-sulfonate has in vitro. This adds to our knowledge of how vegetables rich in glucose 6-sulfonate can also act as metabolic inhibitors of pathways that are increased in metabolic diseases.
Time-resolved photoluminescence study of GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We have investigated the time decay of the photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature of high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) GaN epitaxial layers grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. For undoped and Si-doped HQ GaN, the full-width at half-maximum of the (1 0 2) X-ray diffraction curve is 562 and 427 arcsec and the dislocation density is 4×10 8 and 2×10 8 cm −2 , respectively. It is found that the PL of HQ GaN has a higher intensity and decays slower than that of LQ GaN. The PL decay time is found to be much longer in HQ GaN. The dual-exponential decay times are 50 and 250 ps for undoped HQ GaN, and 150 and 740 ps for Si-doped HQ GaN. To our knowledge, the decay times of 150 and 740 ps are the longest ever reported in GaN thin films at room temperature. Furthermore, the characteristics of PL decay with different excitation intensities and laser beam focusing conditions are also reported.
Isolation, purification, and characterization of anticapsin.

Anticapsin is a new biologically active metabolite isolated from the culture filtrate of a strain of Streptomyces griseoplanus. The metabolite inhibits the formation of the hyaluronic acid capsules of Streptococcus pyogenes at a minimal concentration of 3 mcg/ml. Anticapsin (C9H13O4N), an amino acid (pKa=4.3; 10.1 in 66% DMF), is chemically related to bacilysin.
Characterization of transcript processing of the gene encoding precerebellin-1.

Precerebellin-1 (Cbln1) is a cerebellum-specific protein that shares significant sequence identity with the globular domains of the complement components C1qA, B and C, suggesting some common aspects of function and/or structure. As the C1q complex is composed of heterotrimers of C1qA, B and C it was hypothesized that multiple precerebellins may exist in a ternary complex. Northern blotting for cbln1 revealed multiple bands that could represent further family members or alternatively spliced variants. To discriminate these alternatives, probes derived from different regions of the cbln1 gene were used to identify and clone the transcripts detected on Northern blots. Four independent transcripts were repeatedly cloned from an adult mouse cerebellum cDNA library. Upon sequencing, all of these clones were found to be derived from the cbln1 gene and no additional precerebellin-related genes were isolated. Moreover, these clones accounted for the four cbln1-hybridizing bands (1.9, 2.2, 3.2 and 5.5 kb) detected on Northern blots of adult cerebellum RNA. With one possible exception, these clones were all derived through alterations in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of cbln1 that did not affect the coding sequence. This was achieved by the use of two polyadenylation sites and alternative (non-canonical) splicing in the 3′-UTR. Some additional variation in mRNA structure is provided by the use of alternative transcription start sites in cbln1. The possible significance of this level of diversity in the 3′-UTR is discussed.
A comparison of the law of the sea claims of mexico and brazil

Abstract The maritime claims of Mexico and Brazil, Latin American emerging or middle powers, indicate that both countries are demonstrating an increasing assertiveness over their sovereign offshore natural resources and are exerting increasingly independent foreign policies. The development of their claims provides rich source material to compare and contrast the various geographical, historical, economic, and political factors which are responsible for their positions. Mexico's exclusive economic zone seems to be the product of a historical protectionist stance over petroleum and fishery resources of the coastal zone. Military factors and dreams of global greatness seem to be secondary or absent. On the other hand, Brazil's aggressiveness was manifested in the 1970s through a 200‐mile territorial sea claim stimulated by concern over national security as well as protection of natural resources. Regardless of the differences in the tones of their maritime claims, both countries have demonstrated independen...
Feasibility of Benefit-Cost Analysis of Data Programs

Statistical data are expanding in use and importance in our society. Good data are expensive, and the increasing demand must compete with other needs for scarce resources. A recommended way to cope with this problem involves rational setting of statistical priorities. The need for benefit-cost analysis of statistical programs has risen sharply with the mushrooming uses of data in determining the allocations of funds. Thus, a recent study found that statistical data were used in determining the distribution of $122 billion - one-fifth of the federal budget - under 150 domestic assistance programs in fiscal year 1979. The explosion in allocative uses of data has serious consequences for statistical activities. As allocation of funds forms a highly visible use of statistical data, there will be a tendency to emphasize the importance of quality in these series used for fund allocations to the detriment of other statistical series. Benefit-cost analysis is currently practicable for several kinds of statistical activities, including the production, analysis, and dissemination of forecasts and projections, data used for determining allocations, and physical monitoring data. More benefit-cost analysis needs to be carried out for the kinds of data programs just mentioned. Lack of benefit-cost analysis will likely resultmore » in overemphasis of statistical activities with the most obvious, but not the greatest, benefits. Support for many of the most expensive data programs will tend to erode if their benefits are not perceived. The greatest potential value of benefit-cost analysis for data may arise in connection with social monitoring data, such as price indexes, achievement test scores, and other social indicators. Benefit-cost may be more difficult in these cases but pilot studies are feasible and appropriate. 45 refs.« less
A note on the relationship between temperature and water vapor over oceans, including sea surface temperature effects

An ideal and simple formulation is successfully derived that well represents a quasi-linear relationship found between the domain-averaged water vapor, Q (mm), and temperature, T (K), fields for the three tropical oceans (i.e., the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans) based on eleven GEOS-3 [Goddard Earth Observing System (EOS) Version-3] global re-analysis monthly products. A Q-T distribution analysis is also performed for the tropical and extra-tropical regions based on in-situ sounding data and numerical simulations [GEOS-3 and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model]. A similar positively correlated Q-T distribution is found over the entire oceanic and tropical regions; however, Q increases faster with T for the former region. It is suspected that the tropical oceans may possess a moister boundary layer than the Tropics. The oceanic regime falls within the lower bound of the tropical regime embedded in a global, curvilinear Q-T relationship. A positive correlation is also found between T and sea surface temperature (SST); however, for one degree of increase in T, SST is found to increase 1.1 degrees for a warmer ocean, which is slightly less than an increase of 1.25 degrees for a colder ocean. This seemingly indicates that more (less) heat is needed for an open ocean to maintain an air mass above it with a same degree of temperature rise during a colder (warmer) season [or in a colder (warmer) region]. Q and SST are also found to be positively correlated. Relative humidity (RH) exhibits similar behaviors for oceanic and tropical regions. RH increases with increasing SST and T over oceans, while it increases with increasing T in the Tropics. RH, however, decreases with increasing temperature in the extratropics. It is suspected that the tropical and oceanic regions may possess a moister local boundary layer than the extratropics so that a faster moisture increase than a saturated moisture increase is favored for the former regions. T, Q, saturated water vapor, RH, and SST are also examined with regard to the warm and cold “seasons” over individual oceans. The Indian Ocean warm season dominates in each of the five quantities, while the Atlantic Ocean cold season has the lowest values in most categories. The higher values for the Indian Ocean may be due to its relatively high percentage of tropical coverage compared to the other two oceans. However, Q is found to increase faster for colder months from individual oceans, which differs from the general finding in the global Q-T relationship that Q increases slower for a colder climate. The modified relationship may be attributed to a possible seasonal (warm and cold) variability in boundary layer depth over oceans, or to the small sample size used in each individual oceanic group.
A Vibrational Structural Analysis of Benzotriazole Adsorption and Phase Film Formation on Copper Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The adsorption of benzotriazole (BTAH) on copper in aqueous electrolytes is examined by means of a vibrational analysis utilizing surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a function of solvent deuteration, pH, and electrode potential in order to examine adsorbate speciation, surface bonding, and the potential-dependent onset of CuIBTA phase film formation. In acidic media at pH > 1, the monoprotonated acid BTAH constitutes the predominant adsorbate, being replaced by the diprotonated BTAH2+ species by pH 0, and the basic BTA- form in alkaline electrolytes. The analysis of adsorbate speciation is facilitated by the presence of several coupled ring modes yielding vibrational bands in the 1050−1350 cm-1 region that are sensitive to deuteration of the triazole ring nitrogen(s). Insight into the adsorbate molecular geometry and mode of surface attachment is obtained by examining the adsorption-induced alterations in frequency, bandwidth, and relative intensity of the various benzotriazole ring modes. Thes...
Exact solution of shear-flexible doubly curved anti-symmetric angle-ply shells

Abstract Exact solution to the boundary value problem of shear-flexible doubly curved anti-symmetric angle-ply shells of rectangular planform and subjected to transverse loading is presented. Sanders' kinematic relations, extended to include the first-order shear deformation through the thickness of the laminate, are utilized in the formulation. Novel solution methodology, based on a recently developed general double Fourier series approach, is applied to solve the five coupled linear partial differential equations with constant coefficients, that characterize the deformation of (first-order) shear-flexible doubly curved anti-symmetric angle-ply shells. This yields “exact” solution to a problem which was previously thought to be incapable of admitting exact solution. Numerical results presented should serve as bench-mark solutions for future comparisons of such approximate numerical techniques as, e.g., finite elements.
Optimal portfolio choice and consistent performance

Consistent financial performance is the key element to success in asset management. We use a dynamic wealth constraint to represent the consistent performance requirement, which takes into account the entire historical records as a benchmark so that the wealth always stays at or above the benchmark. The optimal policy under this wealth constraint is characterized, and several implications are presented in this paper. This consistent performance constraint could be an appealing tool to be implemented in a volatile market and have rich practical implications.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MALARIA ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN SERUM FOLLOWING INDUCED INFECTION WITH PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI.

Evidence has been presented which indicates that antibodies appear in the serum of individuals following an induced malaria infection with Plasmodium knowlesi .
DNA sequencing and comparative sequence analysis reveal that the Escherichia coli genomic DNA may replace the target DNA during molecular cloning: evidence for the erroneous assembly of E. coli DNA into database sequences.

Abstract DNA sequencing and similarity search of databases provide experimental evidence that portions of the host Escherichia coli genome may get ligated into the cloning vector, resulting in clones containing non-targeted inserts. Several lines of evidence suggest that this non-targeted ligation, as observed by us while subcloning troponin I cDNA, is presumably due to a recombination-mediated mechanism by which host DNA replaces the target DNA in the cloning vector. The E. coli genome mapping to 64–65 min and 92.8–00.1 min, the latter containing insertion sequences, appears to be the hotspot regions involved in this process. We examined the possibility that some sequences reported in the databases may also contain genomic sequences of E. coli . A search of current databases revealed that a rat hepatic glutathione transporter cDNA contains a 2.2-kb-long portion of the E. coli genome that has been wrongly assembled into its 5′ untranslated and coding regions. In addition, about 30 sequences in databases, including a Yersinia pestis toxin gene, showed relatively high sequence identity with those portions of the E. coli genome that were present in the nonauthentic clones.
The Driving Behavior Survey: Scale construction and validation

Abstract Although long recognized in the clinical literature, problematic behavior characteristic of anxious drivers has received little empirical attention. The current research details development of a measure of anxious driving behavior conducted across three studies. Factor analytic techniques identified three dimensions of maladaptive behaviors across three college samples: anxiety-based performance deficits, exaggerated safety/caution behavior, and anxiety-related hostile/aggressive behavior. Performance deficits evidenced convergent associations with perceived driving skill and were broadly related to driving fear. Safety/caution behaviors demonstrated convergence with overt travel avoidance, although this relationship was inconsistent across studies. Safety/caution scores were associated specifically with accident- and social-related driving fears. Hostile/aggressive behaviors evidenced convergent relationships with driving anger and were associated specifically with accident-related fear. Internal consistencies were adequate, although some test–retest reliabilities were marginal in the unselected college sample. These data provide preliminary evidence for utility of the measure for both research and clinical practice.
Quality and Maturity of BIM Implementation in the AECO Industry

The overall adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has increased considerably in recent years; however, utilization of BIMs post-construction is still seldom explored or documented. Much of this may be due to the fact that there still remains great inconsistency between stakeholders levels of BIM proficiency. In order to achieve a life-cycle use of BIMs, it is critical that the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry determine if it is moving closer to achieving a mature BIM standard or if organizationally it is still just grazing the surface of what BIM can do. Based on a survey of a diverse sample of the construction industry, this study evaluates the quality and maturity of BIM implementation across various organizations as well as the quality of BIM execution on current construction projects.
Current concepts in periodontal disease testing

Dr. Jeffcoat provides an overview of new technologies in identifying and monitoring periodontal disease. Tests for periodontal disease fall into four categories 1 The test may identify putative periodontopathic plaque bacteria, 2 the susceptible host, 3 metabolic changes associated with inflammation, tissue damage or death 4 or anatomic changes including periodontal probing and radiographs. The current understanding of tests for periodontal disease is reviewed within a framework for understanding the rationale for such tests.
Adrenal Gland Abnormality Detection Using Random Forest Classification

Adrenal abnormalities are commonly identified on computed tomography (CT) and are seen in at least 5 % of CT examinations of the thorax and abdomen. Previous studies have suggested that evaluation of Hounsfield units within a region of interest or a histogram analysis of a region of interest can be used to determine the likelihood that an adrenal gland is abnormal. However, the selection of a region of interest can be arbitrary and operator dependent. We hypothesize that segmenting the entire adrenal gland automatically without any human intervention and then performing a histogram analysis can accurately detect adrenal abnormality. We use the random forest classification framework to automatically perform a pixel-wise classification of an entire CT volume (abdomen and pelvis) into three classes namely right adrenal, left adrenal, and background. Once we obtain this classification, we perform histogram analysis to detect adrenal abnormality. The combination of these methods resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 80 and 90 %, respectively, when analyzing 20 adrenal glands seen on volumetric CT datasets for abnormality.
Compatibilization of PBT–PPE blends using low molecular weight epoxy

Abstract Compatibilization of blends of an immiscible polymeric system consisting of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) by a set of low molecular weight epoxy, varying in chain flexibility and functionality, was studied in terms of morphology and mechanical properties. Evidences, such as reduction of epoxide peak in FT-IR spectra and viscosity and glass transition temperatures higher than PBT of melt-blended materials of PBT–epoxy indicated formation of PBT–epoxy copolymers, which in turn compatibilized and stabilized the morphology in PPE–PBT–epoxy blends. Significant improvements in tensile and impact strengths resulted.
Transforming Teaching through Technology

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the issue of the integration of technology into the foreign language curriculum. As more and more technological resources become available, it is necessary that instructors become aware of how those resources might be used to enhance foreign language teaching and learning. This discussion gives an overview of some of those resources and their pedagogical benefits; suggests creative activities for using those resources; assesses students' reaction to the integration of technology into their classes; offers guidelines for this integration; and finally, provides a glimpse into the future of language learning.
On the reliability of SiGe HBT cascode driver amplifiers

This paper investigates the RF reliability of SiGe HBT cascode driver amplifiers. By subtracting capacitive currents internal to the common-base device from its collector waveform, a more accurate depiction of electrical stress in the I-V plane is achieved, and from this revised load line, RF stress data is better correlated to DC stress data. This novel analysis technique provides a framework for designers to simulate the effects of RF stress using DC data from both TCAD models and measurements, allowing for optimized performance in high power and high frequency applications where reliability concerns often lead to under-utilization of the transistor's capabilities.
The application of chromatographic methods to study the incorporation of 32P-labeled orthophosphate into the phosphatides of rat liver homogenates

Abstract The incorporation of 32 P-labeled orthophosphate into the phosphatides of rat liver homogenates was studied by paper and column chromatographic methods. The results show that the degree of incorporation is small and that the lipides having the highest activity correspond chromatographically to phosphatidic acids but still remain to be characterized. On the other hand, the common and abundantly occuring phosphatides such as lecithin and phospatidyl ethanolamine show very little incorporation. The incorporation is an aerobic dependent process and is stimulated by glycerol. By column chromatography it appears that phosphatides behaving like phosphatidal cholines occur in rat liver.
Aging in Place in a Retirement Community: 90+ Year Olds

Aging in place, an image of growing old in one's home and maintaining one's daily routine, is desired by most older adults. To identify variables promoting such independent living in the oldest-old, we examined the association between living situation of a population-based cohort of 90+ year olds with health and lifestyle variables. Of 1485 participants, 53% still lived in their home at a retirement community designed to foster wellness. Those living at home tended to be healthier, with smaller proportions having chronic diseases or hospitalizations in the preceding year and a greater proportion having normal functional ability. Dementia was the chronic disease most significantly related to living situation. In addition to not having dementia, not using a wheelchair or bath aid, receiving meals on wheels, and being married were jointly related to living at home. With the help of family and friends and with a medical and social support system, many 90+ year olds can age in place. This is often because they...
Microbial transformations in deep-sea sediments: free-vehicle studies

Radiotracer techniques can be used to assess eitherin-situ metabolic activities of natural microbial populations or potential turnover rates of specific substrates under the givenin-situ conditions. The second approach has been used in deep-sea sediment studies where steady-state conditions are unlikely to occur because of the heterogeneous distribution of nutrients as a result of a patchy input by depositing particulates. Recent sediment trap studies have shown that particulate matter reaching the deep sea does contain simple organic compounds. Therefore, the present experiments dealt with the measurement of carbon incorporation and respiration of14C-labeled acetate, glucose, glutamate and trimethylamine in deepsea sediments. Free vehicles, i.e. aluminum framed tripods that descend untethered to the deep sea floor and return automatically, were used for thein-situ injection and incubation of cores at depths of 2600 to 5330 m. The data were compared to those obtained from (1) parallel samples incubated at 1 atm andin-situ temperature and (2) a shallow-water station (Buzzards Bay, 12 m). Rates measuredin situ generally decrease with water depth as well as with depth in the upper 9 cm of top sediment. In most experiments, rates measured in the 1 atm controls were higher than those observedin situ. This fact supports the general notion that natural populations of deep-sea sediment contain barotolerant and barophilic microorganisms in varying proportions.
Colonic stricture complicating formula protein intolerance enterocolitis

Cases of formula protein intolerance (FPI), in which many of the features of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have been exhibited (vomiting, diarrhea, hematochezia, abdominal distention, and pneumatosis intestinalis), have been reported (1-6). This case of combined cow's milk and soy protein intolerance illustrates further the difficulty in distinguishing clinically between NEC and FPI. Moreover, it demonstrates that intestinal stricture is a potential long-term complication of FPI, as it is also of NEC, and suggests that significant morbidity may result when the diagnosis of FPI is not considered as a cause of the NEC syndrome.
Shaking the World for Jesus: Media and Conservative Evangelical Culture

In 1999, the Reverend Jerry Falwell outed Tinky-Winky, the purple character from TV's Teletubbies. Events such as this reinforced in many quarters the idea of evangelicals as reactionary, out of touch, and just plain paranoid. But reducing evangelicals to such caricatures does not help us understand their true spiritual and political agendas and the means they use to advance them. Shaking the World for Jesus gets beyond the sensationalism of the evangelical movement and considers how it has effectively targeted Americans since the 1970s. Thousands of products that promote the Christian faith are sold to millions of consumers each year through the Web, mail order catalogs, and even national chains such as Kmart and Wal-Mart. Heather Hendershot explores in this book the vast industry of film, video, magazines, and kitsch that evangelicals use to spread their message. Focusing on the center of conservative evangelical culture - the white, middle-class Americans who can afford to buy "Christian lifestyle" products - she examines the industrial history of evangelical media, the curious subtleties of the products themselves, and their success in the religious and secular marketplace. To garner a wider audience, Hendershot argues, evangelicals have had to temper their message. But in so doing, they have painted themselves into a corner. In the postwar years, evangelical media wore the message of salvation on its sleeve, but as the evangelical media industry has grown, its most popular products have become those with heavily diluted Christian messages. In the eyes of many followers, the evangelicals who purvey such products are considered sellouts - hucksters more interested in making money than spreading the word of God.
Biological Activity of Furanoses I: Tetrofuranosyl Adenines

A number of aldofuranosyl adenines, including all eight possible tetrofuranosyl adenines, were tested for biological activity with adenosine deaminase and with a strain of Streptococcus faecalis, ATCC 8043, in which adenosine deaminase activity is undetectable. Ten compounds were either substrates or inhibitors of the adenosine deaminase, and, of these, nine showed significant capacity to inhibit the growth of the Streptococcus faecalis. Eleven compounds showed no capacity either to interact with adenosine deaminase or to inhibit the cells. In view of this parallelism of activity in 20 of 21 cases, it is suggested that adenosine deaminase may be a useful model for testing the likelihood that fraudulent adenine nucleosides may have growth-inhibitory capacity against whole cells.
Conversion of Bibliographic Information to Machine Readable Form Using On-Line Computer Terminals

A description of the first six months of a project to convert to machine readable form the entire shelf list of the Libraries of the State University of New York at Buffalo. IBM DATATEXT, the on-line computer service which was used for the conversion, provided an upper- and lower-case typewriter which transmitted data to disk storage of a digital computer. Output was a magnetic tape containing bibliographic information tagged in a modified MARC I format. Typists performed all tagging at the console. All information except diacriticals and non-Roman alphabets was converted. Direct costs for the first six months were $.55 per title.
Support for a two-dimensional model of conflict behavior.

Abstract The limitations of the unidimensional “cooperative-competitive” classification of interpersonal conflict-handling behavior are discussed, and a model is proposed which includes two dimensions: a cooperative dimension and an assertiveness dimension. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether individuals use the two dimensions in understanding another's conflict-handling behavior. In Study I, 150 subjects engaged in a negotiation task. Each subject rated another's use of five conflict-handling modes and described the person on a semantic differential. A factor analysis of the semantic differential yielded an evaluative factor and a dynamism factor. Next, ratings of the other's conflict-handling modes were collapsed into indices of cooperation and assertiveness. The index of cooperation was correlated with the evaluative factor but not with the dynamism factor. In contrast, the index of assertiveness was correlated with the dynamism factor but not the evaluative factor. In Study II, 65 subjects completed semantic differentials in response to hypothetical conflict-handling behavior of another. A factor analysis again identified evaluative and dynamism factors. The mean ratings of the evaluative and dynamism factors for the five conflict-handling modes were consistent with the expectations based on the two-dimensional model. Thus, two studies using different designs yielded rather consistent results supporting the two-dimensional model.
CD4(+) T-cell subsets and host defense in the lung.

CD4+ T-helper subsets are lineages of T cells that have effector function in the lung and control critical aspects of lung immunity. Depletion of these cells experimentally or by drugs or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans leads to the development of opportunistic infections as well as increased rates of bacteremia with certain bacterial pneumonias. Recently, it has been proposed that CD4+ T-cell subsets may also be excellent targets for mucosal vaccination to prevent pulmonary infections in susceptible hosts. Here we review recent findings that increase our understanding of T-cell subsets and their effector cytokines in the context of pulmonary infection.
Verification of the role of PCP 4-monooxygenase in chlorine elimination from pentachlorophenol by Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723.

Abstract The bacterial enzyme PCP 4-monooxygenase from Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 catalyzes the oxygenolytic removal of the first chlorine from pentachlorophenol. PCP 4-monooxygenase is an FAD binding, NADPH requiring oxygenase, with similar functional domains as other bacterial flavoprotein monooxygenases specific for phenolic substrates. However, the definitive proof for the singular role of an oxygenolytic elimination of the primary chlorine from pentachlorophenol by Flavobacterium sp. has awaited the development of a genetic system whereby targeted mutagenesis via allelic exchange could be carried out with the corresponding gene from PCP 4-monoxygenase, pcpB. We report the development of a genetic system for Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723, and its application in targeted mutagenesis of the pcpB allele for elimination of PCP 4-monooxygenase activity.
An algorithm for the mixed-integer nonlinear bilevel programming problem

The bilevel programming problem (BLPP) is a two-person nonzero sum game in which play is sequential and cooperation is not permitted. In this paper, we examine a class of BLPPs where the leader controls a set of continuous and discrete variables and tries to minimize a convex nonlinear objective function. The follower's objective function is a convex quadratic in a continuous decision space. All constraints are assumed to be linear. A branch and bound algorithm is developed that finds global optima. The main purpose of this paper is to identify efficient branching rules, and to determine the computational burden of the numeric procedures. Extensive test results are reported. We close by showing that it is not readily possible to extend the algorithm to the more general case involving integer follower variables.
Rat-bite fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis): a potential emerging disease.

Abstract Objectives: To determine the relative prevalence of human infections attributable to Streptobacillus moniliformis in California over the past 3 decades. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all the data collected was conducted on S. moniliformis cultures identified by the Microbial Diseases Laboratory (MDL) from January 1970 to December 1998. Results: Information on a total of 45 S. moniliformis isolates was analyzed. Overall, 91 % of the isolates were from human sources; 58% were received since 1990. These strains were divided almost equally between males and females, with 50% of the isolates from patients 9 years old or younger. In 75% of the cases of human infections where a diagnosis was given, rat-bite fever (RBF) was suspected; 83% of these suspected cases involved either a known rat bite or exposure to rodents. Conclusions: As crowding becomes an increasing environmental reality, humans are more frequently being exposed to zoonotic diseases as a result of encounters with "wild" animals. Domesticated animals also are exposed more frequently to wild animals; thus, increasing human exposure to once rare zoonotic illnesses. Rat-bite fever is a disease that seems to be easily recognizable by clinicians, easily identified in the clinical laboratory (if suspected), and successfully treated when the appropriate therapy is administered. Physicians should consider RBF as a possible diagnosis when fever, rash, and exposure to rats are part of the patient's history.
Fe Sparing and Fe Recycling Contribute to Increased Superoxide Dismutase Capacity in Iron-Starved Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Fe deficiency is one of several abiotic stresses that impacts plant metabolism because of the loss of function of Fe-containing enzymes in chloroplasts and mitochondria, including cytochromes, FeS proteins, and Fe superoxide dismutase (FeSOD). Two pathways increase the capacity of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast to detoxify superoxide during Fe limitation stress. In one pathway, MSD3 is upregulated at the transcriptional level up to 103-fold in response to Fe limitation, leading to synthesis of a previously undiscovered plastid-specific MnSOD whose identity we validated immunochemically. In a second pathway, the plastid FeSOD is preferentially retained over other abundant Fe proteins, heme-containing cytochrome f, diiron magnesium protoporphyrin monomethyl ester cyclase, and Fe2S2-containing ferredoxin, demonstrating prioritized allocation of Fe within the chloroplast. Maintenance of FeSOD occurs, after an initial phase of degradation, by de novo resynthesis in the absence of extracellular Fe, suggesting the operation of salvage mechanisms for intracellular recycling and reallocation.
Whispering- Gallery Mode Silica Micro-Sensors for Temperature and Gas-Phase Concentration Measurements

** † ‡ Temperature measurement utilizing Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM) in silica microspheres is analytically and experimentally studied over a wide range of temperature, cryogenic (~110K) to above room temperatures (310K). Experimental results using a resonance wavelength shift technique show excellent sensitivity and repeatability for point temperature measurements as well as the capability for ultrahigh-resolution operation. Gas phase molecular detection utilizing spectra shift of WGM is also shown for coated microspheres. Mie theory analysis is utilized to explain coating sensitivity. A demonstration experiment is realized using a hydrophilic SiO 2 nanoparticle coating on the microsphere. High measurement resolution (1ppm H 2 O change) at low humidity levels (0%~10%) is seen which far exceeds previous studies based on the similar coating techniques.
Laser Beam Cleanup At 830 nm

One of the most troublesome problems encountered when using diode laser arrays is that their beam quality is typically quite poor. In this paper, we present a possible solution to this problem. By using the photorefractive properties of materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) it is possible, through two-wave mixing (TWM) and phase conjugation, to obtain near-diffraction-limited Gaussian beams from diode laser sources.
Indirect land use change and biofuel policy

Biofuel debates often focus heavily on carbon emissions, with parties arguing for (or against) biofuels solely on the basis of whether the greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels are less than (or greater than) those of gasoline. Recent studies argue that land use change leads to significant greenhouse gas emissions, making some biofuels more carbon intensive than gasoline. We argue that evaluating the suitability and utility of biofuels or any alternative energy source within the limited framework of plus and minus carbon emissions is too narrow an approach. Biofuels have numerous impacts, and policy makers should seek compromises rather than relying solely on carbon emissions to determine policy. Here, we estimate that cellulosic ethanol, despite having potentially higher life cycle CO2 emissions (including from land use) than gasoline, would still be cost-effective at a CO2 price of $80 per ton or less, well above estimated CO2 mitigation costs for many alternatives. As an example of the broader approach to biofuel policy, we suggest the possibility of using the potential cost reductions of cellulosic ethanol relative to gasoline to balance out additional carbon emissions resulting from indirect land use change as an example of ways in which policies could be used to arrive at workable solutions.
Feature integration that routinely occurs without focal attention.

To analyze visual scenes, the visual system decomposes the visual scene into features that are processed in parallel by separate subsystems. Certain theories (Treisman, Wolfe) propose that these subsystems function independently before focal attention integrates their output. We describe a new paradigm—the gestalt detection task—that directly assesses the degree of preattentive dependence between any two subsystems. We present five experiments that test whether the subsystems that process form and color function independently in processing brief (and, therefore, preattentively processed) stimuli. Our data show that these two subsystems interact during the preattentive processing of featuredependent information. They are synergistic when the information they receive is consistent; they are antagonistic when the information they receive is inconsistent.
Decisions About Dendritic Cells: Past, Present, and Future

A properly functioning adaptive immune system signifies the best features of life. It is diverse beyond compare, tolerant without fail, and capable of behaving appropriately with a myriad of infections and other challenges. Dendritic cells are required to explain how this remarkable system is energized and directed. I frame this article in terms of the major decisions that my colleagues and I have made in dendritic cell science and some of the guiding themes at the time the decisions were made. As a result of progress worldwide, there is now evidence of a central role for dendritic cells in initiating antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. The in vivo distribution and development of a previously unrecognized white cell lineage is better understood, as is the importance of dendritic cell maturation to link innate and adaptive immunity in response to many stimuli. Our current focus is on antigen uptake receptors on dendritic cells. These receptors enable experiments involving selective targeting of antigens in situ and new approaches to vaccine design in preclinical and clinical systems.
Induction of Central Deletional T Cell Tolerance by Gene Therapy

Transgenic mice expressing an alloreactive TCR specific for the MHC class I Ag K(b) were used to examine the mechanism by which genetic engineering of bone marrow induces T cell tolerance. Reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice with bone marrow infected with retroviruses carrying the MHC class I gene H-2K(b) resulted in lifelong expression of K(b) on bone marrow-derived cells. While CD8 T cells expressing the transgenic TCR developed in control mice reconstituted with mock-transduced bone marrow, CD8 T cells expressing the transgenic TCR failed to develop in mice reconstituted with H-2K(b) transduced bone marrow. Analysis of transgene-expressing CD8 T cells in the thymus and periphery of reconstituted mice revealed that CD8 T cells expressing the transgenic TCR underwent negative selection in the thymus of mice reconstituted with K(b) transduced bone marrow. Negative selection induced by gene therapy resulted in tolerance to K(b). Thus, genetic engineering of bone marrow can be used to alter T cell education in the thymus by inducing negative selection.