cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrial production, application, microbial biosynthesis and degradation of furanic compound, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)

Biorefinery is increasingly embraced as an environmentally friendly approach that has the potential to shift current petroleum-based chemical and material manufacture to renewable sources. Furanic compounds, particularly hydroxymethylfurfurals (HMFs) are platform chemicals, from which a variety of value-added chemicals can be derived. Their biomanufacture and biodegradation therefore will have a large impact. Here, we first review the potential industrial production of 4-HMF and 5-HMF, then we summarize the known microbial biosynthesis and biodegradation pathways of furanic compounds with emphasis on the enzymes in each pathway. We especially focus on the structure, function and catalytic mechanism of MfnB (4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxyaldehyde-phosphate synthase) and hmfH (HMF oxidase), which catalyze the formation of phosphorylated 4-HMF and the oxidation of 5-HMF to furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), respectively. Understanding the structure-function relationship of these enzymes will provide important insights in enzyme engineering, which eventually will find industry applications in mass-production of biobased polymers and other bulk chemicals in future.
Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability in the Assessment of Dysplasia in Ampullary Mucosal Biopsies

Endoscopic mucosal biopsies of the ampulla of Vater (AmpBx) are obtained to histologically assess for dysplasia or carcinoma. However, biopsy material is often scant and a host of factors can induce histologic changes that pose diagnostic challenges. We sought to investigate observer variability in interpretation of AmpBx and the impact clinical data may have on diagnostic interpretation. Thirty-one cases from institutional archives were selected, including 12 cases of reactive atypia (RA), 8 indefinite for dysplasia (ID), and 11 showing low-grade dysplasia (LGD). Slides were independently reviewed at 3 time points with and without clinical information by 6 pathologists who categorized the biopsies RA, ID, or LGD. Following the reviews, intraobserver and interobserver agreement was assessed. Review of AmpBx without clinical data showed fair (κ, 0.27), poor (κ, 0.07), and good (κ, 0.42) interobserver agreement for diagnoses of RA, ID, and LGD, respectively. Interobserver agreement improved for LGD (κ, 0.66 and 0.73) when clinical information was provided; however, agreement remained fair for RA (κ, 0.4 and 0.42) and poor-to-fair for ID (κ, 0.17 and 0.25). When follow-up data were reviewed, all cases that reached unanimous agreement had that diagnosis substantiated by subsequent endoscopic or histologic findings. The same was true of 13 of 19 cases that reached majority consensus. Given the potential clinical consequences of these diagnoses combined with the significant intraobserver and interobserver variability found in this study, we conclude that better-defined diagnostic criteria and consensus reads on difficult cases would assist in the histologic assessment of these challenging cases.
Perceived importance of substance use prevention in juvenile justice: a multi-level analysis

Youth under juvenile justice (JJ) supervision are at high-risk of adverse outcomes from substance use, making prevention important. Few studies have examined prevention-related attitudes of JJ employees, yet such attitudes may be important for implementing prevention programs. Attitudes toward prevention may reflect individual characteristics and organizational contexts. Mixed effects regression was used to analyze data from 492 employees in 36 sites participating in the Juvenile Justice—Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) cooperative agreement. JJ employees’ perceived importance of substance use prevention was measured. Staff-level variables included attitudes, job type, and demographic characteristics. Site-level variables focused on use of evidence-based screening tools, prevention programs, and drug testing. On average, JJ employees rated substance use prevention as highly important (mean = 45.9, out of 50). JJ employees generally agreed that preventing substance use was part of their agency’s responsibility (mean = 3.8 on scale ranging from 1 to 5). At the site level, 72.2% used an evidence-based screening tool, 22.2% used one or more evidence-based prevention program, and 47.2% used drug testing. Reported importance of prevention was positively associated with site-level use of screening tools and drug testing as well as staff-level attitudes regarding prevention being consistent with the agency’s mission. The associations between screening and prevention attitudes suggest that commitment to identifying youth needs may result in greater openness to preventing substance use. Future efforts to implement substance use prevention within JJ agencies charged with supervising youth in the community may benefit from highlighting the fit between prevention and the agency’s mission.
Changes in Aqueous Immunoglobulin and Albumin Levels following Penetrating Keratoplasty

The feline model of induced rejection of corneal allografts was employed to define the changes in the concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin in the anterior chamber prior to, and concomitant with the rejection of the transplanted cornea. Fourteen animals received unilateral exchange corneal allografts. Aqueous humor obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis at regular intervals prior to and following the performance of the penetrating keratoplasties was analyzed for IgG, IgM and albumin concentrations using the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Two patterns of anterior chamber protein modulation were observed. Eight of the animals demonstrated a biphasic pattern in which both immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations were elevated two- to five-fold above presurgical values 14 days postkeratoplasty, returning to preoperative values by day 42. Three to 5 weeks after corneal rejection was induced increases in protein concentrations were observed that correlated with the appearance of clinical signs of rejection. A second, monophasic pattern of anterior chamber protein modulation following keratoplasty was observed in four of the animals. It was distinguishable from the biphasic pattern in that levels did not return to baseline values after the initial rise following keratoplasty until the rejection process was completed. The monophasic response was found to be characteristic of more rapid and vigorous corneal rejection. Examination of albumin to immunoglobulin ratios suggested that all changes in protein levels following keratoplasty were a result of increased influx of serum proteins into the anterior chamber, rather than due to local immunoglobulin synthesis.
p53 Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation

p53 levels and activity are controlled in large part through regulated ubiquitination and subsequent destruction by the 26S proteasome. Monoubiquitination of p53 is mediated primarily by the RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 and impacts p53 activity through modulation of p53 localization and transcription activities. Recently, several E4 ubiquitin ligases (E4s) have been identified which serve to extend these monoubiquitin chains. The ubiquitin ligase activity of these factors toward p53, and their contribution to p53 degradation, can be studied using a variety of in vitro and in vivo methods and reagents which will be described in this chapter. These methods include in vivo ubiquitination of p53 using HA-ubiquitin or his-ubiquitin; the in vitro E3 ubiquitin ligase assay, in which ubiquitin reaction components (URC) are incubated with a purified E3 or E4 ligase; a one-step E4 assay, in which URC are incubated with a substrate, E3, and E4; and a two-step E4 assay in which p53 is monoubiquitinated in an E3 reaction, and subsequently purified and incubated with an E4. Finally, we will describe an in vitro degradation assay in which ubiquitinated p53 is incubated with purified 26S proteasomes. Together, these assays can be used to provide insight into the biochemical nature of p53 ubiquitination and degradation.
Earth-Centered World Views in Classical Europe

Two major world views predominated in early European astronomy: the geocentric model, which placed the Earth in the center of the universe, and the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun in the center. There also were hybrid models where some of the planets revolved around the Sun, but the Sun and its retinue and possibly some of the other planets revolved around the Earth (the so-called geoheliocentric world view). All of the stars and even God’s heaven surrounded the central Earth or Sun, and there was no real separation between our Sun and planets and the rest of the universe until the 17th Century.
CDX-011 (Glembatumumab Vedotin, CR011-vcMMAE)

The development of monoclonal antibodies as cancer therapeutic agents has improved the outlook for many patients as evidenced by the number of such drugs that have been approved for oncologic indications [1]. Monoclonal antibodies allow selective killing of malignant cells (targeted therapy) with relative sparing of the normal tissues resulting in higher therapeutic efficacy and lower toxicity. The advances in the monoclonal antibody field have been expedited by the discovery of targets or pathways that are uniquely present or upregulated in cancer cells along with the advances in the technology used for the production of human or “humanized” reagents [2]. An additional strategy to enhance monoclonal antibody therapy is to utilize these reagents to selectively deliver radioisotopes (radioimmunotherapy) or cytotoxic agents (antibody–drug conjugates) to tumor cells [3, 4]. CDX-011 is a recently described antibody–drug conjugate in early clinical trials.
How Does Your PHI Formula Deal with the Evidence that Consciousness Is State Dependent? More Specifically, if PHI Were Higher in REM Sleep Than in Waking, Would You Conclude That Dreaming Was More Conscious Even Than Waking?

I like to say that dreaming is the single most important experiment in psychology and neuroscience. It proves that the adult brain, virtually cut off from the environment both on the input and the output side, can generate the entire world all of its own. That is, it gives rise to consciousness, and does it so well that at times dreaming experiences are hard to distinguish from waking ones. This fact is so fundamental that it forces us to acknowledge that consciousness is an intrinsic property of the brain, or at least of certain brain circuits, and to search for what this intrinsic property might consist of.
Transcription Profiling of Brain Tumors: Tumor Biology and Treatment Stratification

The spectrum and diversity of primary brain tumors has made prognostic determinations based purely on clinicopathologic variables inexact. For the most frequently occurring and lethal tumors, the malignant astrocytomas, the use of large-scale gene expression profiling experiments has led to a better understanding of the biology of these tumors, giving insights into their origin and development, as well as more powerful outcome prediction. It has also paved the way for the possibility of personalized medicine, where a patient’s tumor expression profile can be used to design treatment specific to that individual with the greatest possibility of response. This chapter will focus on the use and development of transcriptional profiles as biomarkers of outcome and treatment response in patients with brain tumors. The discussion will be limited to array-based profiling, as other techniques, such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), have had less widespread use (Ljubimova et al. 2001a; Boon et al. 2003; Boon and Riggins 2003; Beaty et al. 2007; Kavsan et al. 2007). While mRNA-based profiles have been described for a variety of tumors that affect the central nervous system, this chapter will focus particularly on malignant gliomas, to which the majority of large-scale efforts have been focused to date, both due to the larger tumor populations available for analyses and due to the poorer outcome of patients with these devastating tumors (Kleihues et al. 2000; Behin et al. 2003).
NASA-TLX Assessment of Surgeon Workload Variation Across Specialties.

Objective With advancements in surgical equipment and procedures, human-system interactions in operating rooms affect surgeon workload and performance. Workload was measured across surgical specialties using surveys to identify potential predictors of high workload for future performance improvement. Summary background data Surgical instrumentation and technique advancements have implications for surgeon workload and human-systems interactions. To understand and improve the interaction of components in the work system, NASA-Task Load Index can measure workload across various fields. Baseline workload measurements provide a broad overview of the field and identify areas most in need of improvement. Methods Surgeons were administered a modified NASA-Task Load Index survey (0 = low, 20 = high) following each procedure. Patient and procedural factors were retrieved retrospectively. Results Thirty-four surgeons (41% female) completed 662 surgery surveys (M = 14.85, SD = 7.94), of which 506 (76%) have associated patient and procedural data. Mental demand (M = 7.7, SD = 5.56), physical demand (M = 7.0, SD = 5.66), and effort (M = 7.8, SD = 5.77) were the highest rated workload subscales. Surgeons reported difficulty levels higher than expected for 22% of procedures, during which workload was significantly higher (P 0.001). Surgeons reported poorer perceived performance during cases with unexpectedly high difficulty (P Conclusions When procedural difficulty is greater than expected, there are negative implications for mental and physical demand that result in poorer perceived performance. Investigations are underway to identify patient and surgical variables associated with unexpected difficulty and high workload. Future efforts will focus on re-engineering the surgical planning process and procedural environment to optimize workload and performance for improved surgical care.
Corrigenda a los escarabajos (Coleoptera) en la lista de artrópodos de la Hispaniola

Some errors were made in the Checklist of Hispaniolan Arthropods (Perez-Gelabert, 2008). Here I correct the errors relative to the beetles (Coleoptera), the animal group with the highest species diversity. Some of these refer to important insect pests, which is a good reason to make these corrections immediately available.
Using qualitative research to reduce readmissions and optimize perioperative cystectomy care

Background Preventable complications and readmissions after cystectomy may be detectable via postoperative monitoring of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, no study has defined meaningful PROs or the use of mobile communication devices (mobile health [mHealth]) to capture them. The objectives of this study were to determine which high-priority PROs influence patients' perioperative experience, what processes influence these outcomes, how patients and caregivers differ in their experiences, and how mHealth might be used to improve outcomes. Methods Forty-five semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with readmitted cystectomy patients, caregivers, and providers with an interview guide that addressed perioperative education, symptoms, function, and the potential for mHealth interventions. Among 15 patients, 10 had an interviewed partner. A thematic analysis of interviews conducted with readmitted patients, caregivers, and providers was performed to examine processes that affected perioperative care and readmission and to determine how mHealth interventions might be implemented. Results Readmitted patients and caregivers ranged in age from 33 to 78 years and were diverse in race and stage. The providers included a diverse representation of physicians, nurses, and other specialists. Cystectomy preoperative education was overwhelming and lacked personalization, and this contributed to a fundamental lack of knowledge regarding normal and abnormal symptoms after surgery. Three connecting themes were identified: 1) cystectomy education overload, 2) a need to define normal symptoms, and 3) education with incremental learning through mHealth. Conclusions A personalized mHealth intervention addressing themes of education overload, the definition of normality, and incremental learning could be realized through mHealth technology and provide the right information for the right patient at the right time.
Design and Control of a High-Torque and Highly Backdrivable Hybrid Soft Exoskeleton for Knee Injury Prevention During Squatting

This letter presents design and control innovations of wearable robots that tackle two barriers to widespread adoption of powered exoskeletons: restriction of human movement and versatile control of wearable co-robot systems. First, the proposed high torque density actuation comprised of our customized high-torque density motors and low ratio transmission mechanism significantly reduces the mass of the robot and produces high backdrivability. Second, we derive a biomechanics model-based control that generates assistive torque profile for versatile control of both squat and stoop lifting assistance. The control algorithm detects lifting postures using compact inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors to generate an assistive profile that is proportional to the human joint torque produced from our model. Experimental results demonstrate that the robot exhibits low mechanical impedance (1.5 Nm backdrive torque) when it is unpowered and 0.5 Nm backdrive torque with zero-torque tracking control. Root mean square (RMS) error of torque tracking is less than 0.29 Nm (1.21% error of 24 Nm peak torque). Compared with squatting without the exoskeleton, the controller reduces 87.5%, 80% and 75% of the three knee extensor muscles (average peak EMG of 3 healthy subjects) during squat with 50% of human joint torque assistance.
A Mouse Model of PR1-CTL Adoptive Cell Therapy Demonstrates Rapid Reduction of Leukemia Burden in Both Bone Marrow and Extramedullary Organs.

Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for a nine amino acid HLA-A2-restricted peptide, PR1 (derived from proteinase 3, P3), are capable of killing leukemia cells and contribute to the elimination of CML. PR1-specific CTL (PR1-CTL) elicited in vitro from healthy donors also can lyse P3-expressing AML blasts. Here, we examined whether PR1-CTL can be adoptively transferred to NOD-SCID/HLA-A2 transgenic mice to eliminate blasts as a preclinical model for PR1-CTL cell therapy for AML. Human AML blasts isolated from bone marrow were transferred into irradiated (200 rad) NOD-SCID/HLA-A2 mice and engrafted in bone marrow at various doses (107, 106, 105) between 2–8 weeks. Human CD45 Ab and mouse CD45.1 Ab were used to identify cells of human origin by FACS and IHC, and human CD33 and CD34 Abs were used to identify AML cells. PR1-CTL were elicited from healthy donors that specifically lysed P3-expressing leukemia. These PR1-CTL were predominantly CD45RA−/CCR7−/CD28+ and maintained an activated effector phenotype following adoptive transfer. Transferred AML blasts were significantly decreased in the bone marrow of mice receiving co-transferred PR1-CTL compared to those that received only AML: 0.5×106 AML cells plus 1×104 PR1-CTL or 0.5×106 AML cells (control) were infused into irradiated mice respectively. Mice were sacrificed at 2–4 weeks post-transfer and tissues were analyzed by FACS and IHC. Bone marrow aspirate from mice that received AML alone had 72–88% blasts in hypercellular marrow, whereas mice that received AML plus PR1-CTL had normal hematopoietic elements and only 10–11% blasts in hypocellular marrow. PR1-CTL also migrated to the secondary lymphoid organs including spleen, peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes, and in the liver. Leukemia cells also infiltrated extramedullary organs. In the liver, intrasinuosidal and periportal collections of leukemic blasts were associated with vascular damage, and PR-CTL infiltrated these same regions by 2 weeks post-transfer. The PR1-CTL in the bone marrow and liver maintained an effector phenotype similar to the pre-infusion CTL, whereas PR1-CTL in secondary lymph organs such as blood and spleen also contained some cells expressing CCR7 that either reverted to a naive phenotype or had expanded from the precursor population. By 4 weeks post-transfer, leukemia was no longer evident in the liver, although PR1-CTL remained. In conclusion, we found that PR1-CTL generated in vitro can eliminate the AML cells in NOD-SCID/HLA-A2 mice. PR1-CTL can migrate to sites of disease and maintain their capacity to eliminate leukemic blasts. Surface phenotype of PR1-CTL were consistent with their trafficking pattern in both vascular and end-organ tissues. Our results justify a clinical trial with adoptively transferred PR1-CTL in patients with AML.
Beyond mass spectrometry, the next step in proteomics

Proteins can be the root cause of a disease, and they can be used to cure it. The need to identify these critical actors was recognized early (1951) by Sanger; the first biopolymer sequenced was a peptide, insulin. With the advent of scalable, single-molecule DNA sequencing, genomics and transcriptomics have since propelled medicine through improved sensitivity and lower costs, but proteomics has lagged behind. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS), but instead of truly sequencing, it classifies a protein and typically requires about a billion copies of a protein to do it. Here, we offer a survey that illuminates a few alternatives with the brightest prospects for identifying whole proteins and displacing MS for sequencing them. These alternatives all boast sensitivity superior to MS and promise to be scalable and seem to be adaptable to bioinformatics tools for calling the sequence of amino acids that constitute a protein.
Three Etudes on Logical Dynamics and the Program of Natural Logic

This chapter has three discussions related to one of Johan van Benthem’s longstanding interests, the areas of interaction of logic and linguistics. We review much of what is known on the landscape of syllogistic logics. These are logics which correspond to fragments of language. The idea in this area is to have complete and decidable systems. Next we present a very simple form of dynamic logic, essentially a logic of two worlds with a back-and-forth arrow between them. This is then related to an issue in dynamic semantics, the logic of “and then”. Our last discussion is related to an area which van Benthem again did so much to stimulate, the area of monotonicity reasoning in language. We connect the topic to reasoning in elementary mathematics. We formalize a monotonicity calculus following van Benthem and Sanchez Valencia, and we interpret this on hierarchies of preorders rather than sets.
Patient Perceptions in a Nonblinded Randomized Trial of Radiation Therapy Technologies: A Novel Survey Study Exploring Therapeutic Misconception

Purpose Therapeutic misconception is the tendency for a clinical trial participant to overlook the scientific objective of a clinical trial and instead believe that an experimental intervention is intended for personal therapeutic benefit. We sought to evaluate this tendency in the setting of a clinical trial of a new radiation therapy technology. Methods Patients with left-sided, node positive breast cancer enrolled in a randomized clinical trial evaluating intensity modulated radiation therapy with deep inspiration breath hold (IMRT-DIBH) versus 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT). Patients who enrolled completed surveys at baseline, after randomization, and upon completion of radiation therapy to evaluate expectations, satisfaction, and experiences. Results Forty women participated in the survey study, with 20 in each arm. Most participants endorsed the perception that participation in the trial might result in better treatment than the current standard treatment (77%) and more medical attention than being off trial (54%). At baseline, most women (74%) believed that a new treatment technology is superior than an established one. Before randomization, 43% of participants believed IMRT-DIBH would be more effective than standard treatment with 3DCRT, none believed that 3DCRT would be more effective, 23% believed that they would be the same, and 34% did not know. None believed that IMRT-DIBH would cause worse long-term side effects, whereas 37% thought that 3DCRT would. Most (71%) reported that they would choose to be treated with IMRT-DIBH; none would have elected 3DCRT if given a choice. Nearly half (44%) in the 3DCRT arm wished that they had been assigned to the IMRT-DIBH arm; none in the IMRT-DIBH arm expressed a wish for crossover. Conclusions Most participants reported the perception that trial participation would result in better treatment and more medical attention than off trial, hallmarks of therapeutic misconception. Our observations provide empirical evidence of a fixed belief in the superiority of new technology and highlight the importance of adjusting expectations through informed consent to mitigate therapeutic misconception.
The Insidious Impacts of Climate Change: Mood, Mental Health, and Psychosocial Well-Being

In this issue of One Earth, Wang et al. provide evidence that extreme temperatures, particularly unusually warm days, are associated with more negative sentiment, as expressed in social media posts. This research is a reminder that the effects of climate change will include some that are both subtle and widespread.
Therapeutic songwriting to address distress tolerance for adults on an acute care mental health unit: A pilot study

Abstract The Stress Vulnerability Model describes how stressors can function as a precursor for mental health episodes that may result in hospitalization. As such, it is crucial for people with mental health conditions to be able to anticipate and tolerate distress. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effects of a group therapeutic songwriting intervention on distress tolerance with adults in an acute care mental health setting. Due to the temporal parameters of acute mental health care in the United States, participants (N = 58) were cluster-randomized to a single songwriting session or control condition. Experimental participants composed lyrics for a two-verse blues song identifying causes of distress and how to tolerate them while living in the community. Results indicated no significant between-group difference. However, the songwriting condition tended to have slightly more favorable scores in all subscales (tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation) and total distress tolerance than the control condition. While results of this underpowered pilot effectiveness study should be interpreted with caution, highly-structured group-based songwriting may be clinically relevant for addressing distress tolerance. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Making a Tiger’s Day: Free-Operant Assessment and Environmental Enrichment to Improve the Daily Lives of Captive Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris)

There are more captive tigers in the United States than there are wild tigers in the entire world. Many animals under human care engage in problem behaviors such as excessive grooming and aggression, although the origin of these behaviors is typically unknown. Environmental enrichment may mitigate these issues in captive animals of all kinds. In order to individualize enrichment experiences, the current study used a free-operant assessment procedure to establish a menu of most preferred play items and scents among 7 Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) housed at a sanctuary in southwest Missouri. Each tiger was tested 3 times with scents (cinnamon and Calvin Klein Obsession perfume) and play items (boxes, balls, leaves, and pumpkins). The importance of rigorous assessment of presumed reinforcers among captive wild animals, as well as the difficulty of effectively assessing tigers while ensuring the safety of both the participants and researchers, is discussed.
Evaluating and improving technologies for energy storage and backup power

Expanded deployment of renewable energy technologies can help society mitigate climate change. However, solar and wind energy resources are inherently variable. In this issue of Joule, Hunter and colleagues quantitatively compare a diverse set of energy storage and backup power technologies that can help variable energy resources meet demand. They estimate current technology costs, consider improvement potential, and approximate the uncertainties.
Acquisition, Doppler Tracking, and Positioning with Starlink LEO Satellites: First Results

This letter shows the first acquisition, Doppler tracking, and positioning results with Starlinks low Earth orbit (LEO satellite signals. A generalized likelihood ratio (GLR -based test is proposed to acquire Starlinks downlink signals. A Kalman filter (KF -based algorithm for tracking the Doppler frequency from the unknown Starlink signals is developed. Experimental results show Doppler tracking of six Starlink satellites, achieving a horizontal positioning error of 10 m.
(in)Fidelity: The Narrative Rationality of Tiger Woods:

In this article, the narrative paradigm is applied to the documented life of Tiger Woods, viewing his story as sports folklore and public moral argument, asking, what patterns exist in his narrativ...
Generation of reactive oxygen species in the enzymatic reduction of PbCrO4 and related DNA damage.

Free radical reactions are believed to play an important role in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. Most studies concerning the role of free radical reactions have been limited to soluble Cr(VI). Various studies have shown that solubility is an important factor contributing to the carcinogenic potential of Cr(VI) compounds. Here, we report that reduction of insoluble PbCrO4by glutathione reductase in the presence of NADPH as a cofactor generated hydroxyl radicals (’OH) and caused DNA damage. The ‘OH radicals were detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) using 5,5-dimethyl-N-oxide as a spin trap. Addition of catalase, a specific H202scavenger, inhibited the ‘OH radical generation, indicating the involvement of H2O2in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced ‘OH generation. Catalase reduced ‘OH radicals measured by electron spin resonance and reduced DNA strand breaks, indicating ‘OH radicals are involved in the damage measured. The H202formation was measured by change in fluorescence of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. Molecular oxygen was used in the system as measured by oxygen consumption assay. Chelation of PbCrO4impaired the generation of ‘OH radical. The results obtained from this study show that reduction of insoluble PbCrO4by glutathione reductase/NADPH generates ‘OH radicals. The mechanism of ‘OH generation involves reduction of molecular oxygen to H2O2, which generates ‘OH radicals through a Fenton-like reaction. The ‘OH radicals generated by PbCrO4caused DNA strand breakage. (Mol Cell Biochem 234/235: 309-315, 2002)
Innate Immunity to Viruses

Viruses are the most abundant infectious agents on earth and the most primitive form of life, predating us by billions of years. Due to the fact that viruses utilize host cell machinery to replicate, the host has the daunting task of distinguishing virus infection signatures from self-molecules. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms used to sense virus infection (innate recognition), the cytokine system that evolved to rapidly induce antiviral states in neighboring cells (type I interferons), and the methods used to contain and destroy viruses (effector functions). Analysis of animals deficient in the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) revealed important and distinct roles for the sensing molecules in innate immunity. DNA viruses such as adenovirus stimulate the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 inflammasomes in vivo. The existence of a TLR-independent cytoplasmic DNA sensing molecule leading to type I IFN production was suggested from studies utilizing DNA viruses and bacteria. The mechanism of RNAi involves two steps. First, viral dsRNA is recognized by Dicer-like endonuclease family, which processes it into siRNA. Second, the siRNA are incorporated into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which guide the RNase enzyme AGO to complementary sequences (viral RNA) for cleavage and degradation of viral RNA. Tetherin associates with lipid rafts and inhibits retrovirus particle release in the absence of Vpu. Vpu utilizes the beta-TrCP E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to induce endosomal trafficking events that remove tetherin from the cell surface, rendering it incapable of restricting the release of enveloped viruses.
Milton and the Spiritual Reader: Reading and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England

Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One: "Thou art sufficient to judge aright:" Spiritual Reading in Areopagitica Chapter Two: Spiritual Reading in Milton's Eikonoklastes Chapter Three: Godly Reading in Milton's De Doctrina Christiana Chapter Four: "There plant eyes": Spiritual Interpretation and Reading in Paradise Lost Chapter Five: The Reader Within: Spiritual Interpretation in Paradise Regained Chapter Six: Baxter, Fox, Winstanley and Miltonic Spiritual Reading Notes Bibliography Index
Three Patterns in the Diffusion of Transparency Rules: Money, Guns and Human Rights

As several scholars have noted, policies governing access to information can serve as powerful tools for regulation, including the regulation of governmental bodies by civil society and business actors. Indeed, the proliferation of transparency policies over the last decade is thought to herald a new era of governmental openness. The reality is more complex. In fact, the last decade has witnessed three distinct trends. The first is a diffusion of national right-to-information laws, which appears to follow the classical path of diffusion, driven by civil society organizations seeking to protect basic rights. A second trend is one of top-down diffusion, this time of policies inimical to transparency: the binding of governments to rules on handling of state secrets as a condition for intelligence or defense cooperation. A third trend is also one of top-down diffusion, in which institutions such as the IMF and WTO impose transparency requirements designed to promote conditions favorable to economic liberalization. The second and third of these trends are probably more powerful. The result is one in which the state is constrained to release information where this is desirable to promote liberalization; and left free to withhold information in areas where it is necessary for defense coordination.
Clinical Psychology, Historical Roots of

Clinical psychology is probably the most common specialty within psychology around the world today (Lunt & Portinga, 1996). Its principal aims include the study of psychopathology and its assessment and treatment. Many clinical psychologists are also concerned with the psychological aspects of physical health problems as well. This same territory is shared by a number of other professional disciplines, including psychiatry, social work, mental health nursing, and various types of counseling and psychotherapy. Compared to professionals in these neighboring fields, present-day clinical psychologists are distinctive in the quality of their training in research, behavior therapy, and objective assessment methods.
Decreased structural defence of an invasive thistle under warming

Plant structural defences play a key role in preventing fitness loss due to herbivory. However, how structural defences are affected by potential climate change is rarely examined. We examined how leaf morphological traits that relate to the structural defence of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans, change in a warmer climate. We manipulated warming using open-top chambers (OTCs) and examined the morphology of leaves at three different positions (the 5th, 10th and 15th leaves, counted from the top of the plant) in two destructive summer censuses. We found that structural defence traits were different under ambient versus warmed conditions. Prickle densities (both the number of prickles per leaf area and the number of prickles per leaf mass) were significantly lower in plants grown in a warmer climate. Our results suggest that plant structural defences may be reduced under warming, and therefore should be considered when examining species' responses to climate change.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Cascading style sheets (CSS) are a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium for applying styles to Web pages and other documents. Using CSS gives Web producers great control over the appearance of Web documents and can make documents adaptable to different display media, including adaptive media used by persons with sensory impairments. CSS enables Web producers to keep information about appearance and presentation separate from the content and structure of Web documents. This separation simplifies the maintenance of Web sites and reduces the redundancy of presentational information. CSS defines selectors, a syntax for expressing the context to which a style applies. It also defines properties and values that apply style to document elements. A conservative approach is recommended for applying CSS. Certain best practices are identified and explained, and practical examples are provided. Keywords: cascade; cascading style sheets (CSS) properties; cascading style sheets (CSS) selectors; inheritance; media types; user agent
The Argument Form "Appeal to Galileo": A Critical Appreciation of Doury’s Account

Following a linguistic-descriptivist approach, Marianne Doury has studied debates about “parasciences” (e.g. astrology), discovering that “parascientists” frequently argue by “appeal to Galileo” (i.e., defend their views by comparing themselves to Galileo and their opponents to the Inquisition); opponents object by criticizing the analogy, charging fallacy, and appealing to counter-examples. I argue that Galilean appeals are much more widely used, by creationists, global-warming skeptics, advocates of “settled science”, great scientists, and great philosophers. Moreover, several subtypes should be distinguished; critiques questioning the analogy are proper; fallacy charges are problematic; and appeals to counter-examples are really indirect critiques of the analogy.
A Mechanism-Based Approach From Low Cycle Fatigue to Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Prediction

Deformation and damage accumulation occur by fundamental dislocation and diffusion mechanisms. An integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) has been developed, based on the physical strain decomposition rule that recognizes the role of each deformation mechanism and thus relate damage accumulation to its underlying physical mechanism(s). The ICFT formulates the overall damage accumulation as a holistic damage process consisting of nucleation and propagation of surface/subsurface cracks in coalescence with internally distributed damage/ discontinuities. These guiding principles run through both isothermal low cycle fatigue (LCF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) under general conditions.This paper presents a methodology using mechanism-based constitutive equations to describe the cyclic stress strain curve and the non-linear damage accumulation equation incorporating i) rate-independent plasticity-induced fatigue, ii) intergranular embrittlement, iii) creep and iv) oxidation to predict LCF and TMF lives of ductile cast iron (DCI). The complication of the mechanisms and their interactions in this material provide a good demonstration case for the model, which is in good agreement with the experimental observations.Copyright © 2015 by The Crown
An Evaluation of Seven Methods for Estimating Parameters of EV1 Distribution

Extreme value type 1 distribution parameters and quantiles were estimated by methods of moments, maximum likelihood estimation, Probability weighted moments, entropy, mixed moments, least squares and incomplete means for Monte Carlo samples generated from two Sampling cases: purely random process and serially correlated process. The performance of these estimators was statistically evaluated. The methods of maximum likelihood estimation and entropy provided most efficient quantile estimates. The methods of moments and probability weighted moments were comparable in efficiency of estimating the quantiles for small samples. The methods of mixed moments and incomplete means resulted in poor estimation of parameters and the quantiles.
Abstract 3088: Essential roles of ATM in GM-CSF-induced bone marrow differentiation to dendritic cells

The gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia (ATM) encodes 370-kD protein, belonging to a family of PI-3 protein kinases (PIKKs). ATM has been implicated in cellular responses under conditions of DNA damage that causes DNA lesions, playing crucial roles in activating DNA repair machinery and cell-cycle checkpoints. Recent studies have also illustrated that ATM regulates cellular growth, development, and stem cell renewal. Although mice model has demonstrated that ATM deficiency results in both multiple defects in DNA repair in response to ionizing radiation and severe developmental abnormality in T/B cells development as well as weight-loss, it remains unclear whether ATM is involved in development of other cell lineage. We found that levels of ATM are significantly low in primary bone marrow cells (BMs), and that they are increased when BMs’ are differentiated to dendritic cells (DCs) when stimulated with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF. BMs derived from ATM mice (ATM-/- BMs) demonstrate decreased cell proliferation, and their differentiation to DCs is markedly impaired, suggesting that ATM is essential for development of DCs. ATM-deficiency is also associated with a decreased capability of BMs to activate T cells. We also found that an ATM specific inhibitor, KU-55933, abrogated GM-CSF-induced DCs development in BMs cell culture. ATM-deficiency in BMs also resulted in reduced expression of Akt compared with control cells, and inhibited Ser493 phosphorylation of Akt by GM-CSF. Levels of expression and phosphorylation of STAT5 were differentially regulated in ATM-/- BMs, and ectopic expression of STAT5 restored DCs differentiation of ATM-/- BMs. Together, our findings reveal that ATM plays a physiological role in BMs’ differentiation to DCs by regulating Akt/STAT5 pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3088. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3088
Proposed calfhood immunization program for the commercial dairy herd.

Abstract Immunization programs never will usurp the central role of sound management practices and good nutrition in the disease prevention program of the commercial dairy operation. However, certain immunizations against disease such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and clostridial infections should be routine. Other disease such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine virus diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, colibacillosis, and pasteurellosis should be considered if it can be determined that the herd is infected chronically. The present knowledge of other disease conditions, vaccine effectiveness and safety makes the use of vaccines for other diseases of questionable value.
Alfalfa cultivar responses to phosphorus and potassium deficiency: Biomass

Abstract Soil phosphorus (P) fertility needs for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the intermountain western United States have been a concern since the inception of irrigation during the late 19th century. Soil potassium (K) fertility needs have received much less attention because K deficiencies, related to long term use of high quality, low‐K irrigation water, have developed only in recent years. The objectives of this research were to compare the responses of five commercial alfalfa cultivars (CVs) to phosphorus (P) and K deficiency and to examine the interactions between CVs and P and K soil fertility. An experiment was established on a highly calcareous Redfield silt loam soil (Fine‐silty carbonatic, mesic Xeric Torrifluvents) that was low in both P and K. The CVs, planted in 1988, were studied through 1993. A 3x3 complete factorial combination of P and K fertilizer rates was established in a split plot design where CV was the whole plot. There was a significant CV x year interaction in biomass produc...
Cellulosates of group ia metals—their preparation and reactivity with β‐chloroethyldiethylamine

Mercerized cotton printcloth converted to a cellulosate of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium by reaction with metal methoxide is a good substrate for the preparation of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cotton at low temperatures in nonaqueous media. The pretreatment to form the cellulosate of the alkali metal does not adversely affect mechanical properties of the cotton fabric. There is no advantage to using a cellulosate other than sodium cellulosate in reactions with β-chloroethyldiethylamine to form DEAE cotton. The reaction occurs in organic solvents of low and high dielectric constants. The hydrochloride of the amine rather than the free amine can be used to prepare DEAE cotton, provided the ratio of reactants is within specific limits. Consideration has been given to the mechanism of the reaction.
The classification of inherited hyperconics in Hall planes of even order

In this note we complete the classification of inherited hyperconics in Hall planes of even order that was started by O'Keefe and Pascasio by proving that in the cases left open in [C.M. O'Keefe, A.A. Pascasio, Images of conics under derivation, Discrete Math. 151 (1996) 189-199] there are no inherited hyperconics.
Human Factors Considerations in Aviation Maintenance

The role of the airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic or aviation maintenance technician (AMT) in the safe operation of the aviation system has evolved into an essential component of the system. T...
Infrared spectra of normal paraffins in the hexagonal crystal form

Abstract At a certain temperature, at most a few degrees below the melting point, long-chain normal paraffins suffer a first-order transition to a hexagonal crystal form. The infrared spectra of hexagonal crystals of n -C 24 H 50 , n -C 29 H 60 , n -C 28 H 58 and n -C 36 H 74 have been investigated with linearly polarized radiation. In addition, the spectra of a polycrystalline aggregate of hexagonal n -C 29 H 60 and of hexagonal n -C 36 H 74 in potassium bromide pellet have been observed. The spectrum of the hexagonal crystal form is compared with those of the orthorhombic or monoclinic forms and with the spectrum of the liquid phase. The results support the assumption that the molecules execute hindered rotation about their axes in the hexagonal crystal form.
The science in computer science

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2447976.2447988
Density Distortion within a Rotating Body

This paper ascertains the distortion of the density distribution within a self-gravitating body in hydrostatic equilibrium under the influence of rotation.
Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation

According to political liberalism, the most effective way to address regime wrongdoing is through legal accountability. This dominant legalist perspective assumes that perpetrators, whether acting ...