cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of an L-alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase from human liver.

Abstract l-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase was isolated from human liver and purified 900-fold. Pyridoxal phosphate was required for catalytic activity and enhanced the stability of the enzyme during purification and storage. The enzyme underwent activation when heated for 10 min in 10 µm pyridoxal phosphate. Activation resulted in the formation of a nondialyzable pyridoxal phosphate complex with the enzyme. The enzyme catalyzed the transfer of the α-amino group of l-alanine to glyoxylate, forming glycine. This reaction was completely irreversible under all experimental conditions used. Serine, arginine, tryptophan, and hydroxypyruvate were less effective substrates. The Michaelis constants for alanine and pyridoxal phosphate were 1 x 10-3 m and 1 x 10-6 m, respectively. The constant for glyoxylate could not be determined. The contribution of the enzyme to glycine, glyoxylate, and oxalate metabolism is considered, and the possible involvement of this enzyme in primary hyperoxaluria or oxalosis is discussed.
Activation of human B lymphocytes. XVII. Synergy between nonspecific and specific signals in the antigen-specific responses of human B cells.

Abstract We have previously described a system for the in vitro induction of anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cells (PFC) in human peripheral blood (PB) following polyclonal triggering with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). A soluble antigen derived from hemolyzed SRBC was added to cultures of PB mononuclear cells. Addition of this antigen to PWM-stimulated cultures led to a two- to three-fold increase in the anti-SRBC PFC response seen with PWM alone. The synergistic response was specific for soluble SRBC antigen (SRBC-SA). Depletion of adherent cells eliminated the synergy between PWM and SRBC-SA. The plaques produced were macroscopic, inhibited by the addition of puromycin, and were not seen in the absence of complement. The synergistic response was dependent on the presence of human A sera absorbed with SRBC. Thus, these studies demonstrate clear-cut synergy between SRBC-SA and PWM in the SRBC-specific response of human PB B cells indicating the potential role of nonspecific signals in the antigen-specific antibody response of human B cells.
Superconductivity in a Grain of Salt

For years, it has been thought that many materials would become metallic, and possibly superconducting, if put under high pressure. Testing that hypothesis has been difficult because of problems in measuring electrical properties of matter under high pressure. In his Perspective, Hemley discusses results reported in the same issue by Eremets et al . in which cesium iodide has been found to be a superconductor at pressures above 200 gigapascals. The measurements have been made possible by an innovative method for wiring samples in pressure cells, and the data raise new questions about the mechanisms of superconductivity in this and related materials.
Correlation of the Depth Effect on Film-Boiling Heat Transfer in Liquid Helium II

The quantum-liquid characteristics of helium II (He II) are evident in film boiling as two macroscopic effects. First, audible noise is emitted spasmodically from the test-surface region under many (but not all) test conditions. The presence of noise impedes heat transfer considerably. The noise phenomenon has been noted by a number of investigators [1–3]. Only Lemieux and Leonard [1] have characterized the effect for a range of test conditions.
‘Catalonia is not Spain’: projecting Catalan identity to tourists in and around Barcelona

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, Catalan nationalists have mobilised themselves to assert a political path that will distinguish their region, Catalonia, from the rest of Spain. Rich history and extensive heritage resources count among their best political assets. Meanwhile, Catalonia's capital, Barcelona, has become a premier destination for global tourists, not only for the fun and sun but also because these same Catalan national assets, such as Gaudi’s Sagrada Familia, are major tourist attractions. In fact, Catalanism and tourism are constructed one upon the other. Illustrated here are the ways that Catalonia's most prominent events and most-visited sites engage tourists as witnesses and potential advocates in the struggle to defend a political, linguistic, and cultural inheritance. Catalan nationalists know that tourists represent a means to publicise Catalan political aspirations to the wider world. Still, not everything about the relationship between Catalans and their tourist partn...
Fossil tragulids of the Siwalik Formations of southern Asia

Tragulids are common in the Early Miocene through Pliocene Siwalik faunas of the Indian Subcontinent where they are represented by as many as 17 species. Large collections of Siwalik fossils have recently been made by collaborative projects from Harvard University, the University of Arizona, the Geological Survey of Pakistan, and the Pakistan Museum of Natural History. The collections together comprise over 3700 specimens, including dental, cranial, and postcranial elements. Most of this fossil material is from northern and southwestern Pakistan from well-dated stratigraphic sections. The oldest definite tragulids are from the Early Miocene Vihowa Formation and are around 18.7 Ma, while the youngest are in the Pliocene Tatrot Formation and are 3.3 Ma. The fossil tragulids of the Siwaliks differ from the extant species in a number of ways. Importantly, they have a much wider range of body sizes, ranging from 1 to nearly 76 kg. Consequently the small species overlap with the smallest species of extant Tragulus, while the large species approach medium size bovids and cervids. Compared to other ruminants, Siwalik tragulids are also relatively abundant and species rich. Although the status of some described species is uncertain, preliminary analysis indicates there are many as yet undescribed species. Three genera are known and typically at least four species co-exist at any one time during the Miocene. The history of the south Asian tragulids can be correlated to documented environmental changes. The Siwalik deposits formed in a large fluvial system, with mostly forested or wooded low relief floodplains having abundant cover and fruit. Isotopic analyses of tooth enamel and soil carbonates indicate the vegetation was dominated by C3 plants until 9 Ma, after which there was a shift to a more seasonally dry monsoon climate, undoubtedly accounting for a Late Miocene change in the relative abundance of tragulids.
The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment for cancer and for certain benign conditions, utilizes a photosensitizer and light to produce reactive oxygen in cells. PDT is primarily employed to kill tumor and other abnormal cells, so it is important to ask how this occurs. Many of the photosensitizers currently in clinical or pre-clinical studies of PDT localize in or have a major influence on mitochondria, and PDT is a strong inducer of apoptosis in many situations. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate all of the recently published research on PDT-induced apoptosis, with a focus on studies providing mechanistic insights. Components of the mechanism whereby PDT causes cells to undergo apoptosis are becoming understood, as are the influences of several signal transduction pathways on the response. Future research should be directed to elucidating the role(s) of the multiple steps in apoptosis in directing damaged cells to an apoptotic vs. necrotic pathway and for producing tumor ablation in conjunction with tissue-level mechanisms operating in vivo.
“Todos Somos Migrantes” (We Are All Migrants): The Paradoxes of Innovative State-led Transnationalism in Ecuador

This study explores when, why, and how the Ecuadorian state has implemented programs and policies aimed at reaching out to its nationals living abroad. The evidence shows an increasing activism on the part of the state that has intensified under Rafael Correa’s administration and acquired some innovative traits; it has also translated into foreign policy actions that have placed Ecuador in a leadership role in the Andean region. The timing, motivation, and nature of those transnational policies do not exactly fit the assumptions and typologies of existing literature on the subject. The characteristics of this case, as well as some contradictions and tensions in policy content and implementation, are better explained by domestic political factors such as the nature and internal dynamics of the coalition in government, the political discourse that helped to sell and give shape to Correa’s political project, and the serious institutional instability and fragility in which an ambitious new reform of the state has been launched.
The Effect of Alcohol on Dopamine Metabolism in the Caudate Nucleus of an Unanesthetized Monkey

Previously it was shown that the acute administration of ethanol to the rat significantly alters the metabolism of the dopamine (DA) in liver but not in brain tissue. To extend this finding to the primate, two push-pull perfusion cannulae were implanted in the regions of the left and right caudate nucleus of a Macaca nemistrina. After 14C-DA was injected into the caudate, the site ws perfused with an artificial CSF and the perfusate analyzed for the major metalolites of DA. Ethanol was then administered in a dose of 6 g/kg by the nasopharyngeal route. The results show that very little alteration occurs in the metabolism of DA during or postethanol intoxication.
Cytosolic factors that alter the metabolism of N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene by rat liver microsomes

Abstract N , N -Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DAB), an azo dye carcinogen, is N -demethylated and 4′-hydroxylated by rat liver microsomes. Addition of hepatic cytosol to the microsomal system stimulated both pathways. This occurred in the presence of added NADPH or an NADPH-generating system. Cytosol was effective only when present prior to addition of substrate; no stimulation was seen when added after the reaction had begun. This suggested a direct effect on the microsomes rather than a chemical interaction with one or more metabolic intermediates of DAB. The degree of stimulation was somewhat different when using microsomes from phenobarbital- or β-naphthoflavone-treated animals, implying a selectivity of the cytosolic effect for various isozymes of cytochrome P-450. Some loss of stimulatory activity occurred with dialysis. Activity was restored by adding back glutathione (GSH) which can stimulate DAB metabolism even in the absence of cytosol. DAB metabolism is also stimulated by EDTA. Although both EDTA and cytosol inhibit lipid peroxidation, cytosol stimulated DAB metabolism even in the presence of EDTA. Therefore, suppression of lipid peroxidation does not explain satisfactorily the cytosolic effect. Separation of cytosolic proteins by gel filtration revealed a factor which inhibits N -demethylation but not 4′-hydroxylation of DAB. Heating at 100° partially inactivated the stimulatory activity. However, inhibitory activity was less susceptible to heat inactivation than was stimulatory activity. These results indicate that, in the whole cell, microsomal metabolism of xenobiotics is regulated to an appreciable extent by macromolecular cytosolic substances.
CUTANEOUS NERVE ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES OF THE CAT'S SKIN.

Abstract Cutaneous nerve activity was recorded in response to changes in skin temperature. The presence of activity from the number of receptors which theoretically should be present in the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous nerve could be detected by the method of cross-correlation even if from small myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. No specific response in the small myelinated or unmyelinated afferents was detected in response to skin temperature changes in the range of 15–45 C. Activity recorded from the A, alpha-beta and A, delta-gamma groups in response to mechanical stimulation was not altered by skin temperature ranging from 15 to 45 C. With the temperature below this, the activity in both groups was markedly depressed. Above 45 C, there was some suppression of the A, alpha-beta, but more of the A, delta-gamma groups activity. Above 50 C, irreversible damage to the tissue occurred. Unmyelinated fiber activity in response to mechanical stimuli was increased above and below skin temperature deviating from room temperature. Below 7 C, the response was suppressed. Above 50 C, there is a large amount of C-fiber activity which occurs during the rapid change in skin temperature and this adapts out and C-fiber activity in response to mechanical stimuli is suppressed. The data derived from this study would support the spatial-temporal pattern of cutaneous sensibility as expounded by the “Oxford” group.
Receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) – roles in signal transduction and human disease

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a fundamental regulatory mechanism controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and adhesion. Disruption of this key regulatory mechanism contributes to a variety of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, and auto-immune diseases. Net protein tyrosine phosphorylation is determined by the dynamic balance of the activity of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Mammals express many distinct PTKs and PTPs. Both of these families can be sub-divided into non-receptor and receptor subtypes. Receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) comprise a large family of cell surface proteins that initiate intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction in response to binding of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors and cytokines. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are enzymatic and functional counterparts of RPTKs. RPTPs are a family of integral cell surface proteins that possess intracellular PTP activity, and extracellular domains that have sequence homology to cell adhesion molecules. In comparison to extensively studied RPTKs, much less is known about RPTPs, especially regarding their substrate specificities, regulatory mechanisms, biological functions, and their roles in human diseases. Based on the structure of their extracellular domains, the RPTP family can be grouped into eight sub-families. This article will review one representative member from each RPTP sub-family.
Clinical usefulness of white blood cell count after cesarean delivery

Objective: To examine changes in white blood cell (WBC) count after cesarean and estimate risk of postoperative infection. Methods: We measured complete blood cell counts at admission and on postoperative day 1 for 458 women who had cesareans. Information from charts was abstracted, and definitions of infectious outcomes and fever were applied by three physicians masked to laboratory results. We examined changes in absolute and relative WBC counts by labor status. Likelihood ratios for postoperative infection were calculated for statistically distinct categories of percentage changes. Results: We excluded 60 women with chorioamnionitis. Of the remainder, 34 (8.5%) developed endometritis and three (0.8%) pneumonia. Women who labored before cesarean (n = 198) had higher antepartum (P < .001) and postoperative day 1 (P < .001) WBC counts than those who did not (n = 200). However, change in WBC count after cesarean relative to antepartum was similar for both groups (P = .41), averaging a 22% increase. We grouped percentage changes into the following three levels: up to 24%, 25–99%, and at least 100%. The lowest level (n = 246) corresponded to a category-specific likelihood ratio for diagnosis of serious postpartum infection of 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3, 0.8), the midlevel (n = 141) to a category-specific likelihood ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 1.2, 2.3), and the highest level (n = 11) to a category-specific likelihood ratio of 5.8 (95% CI 1.8, 18.7). Conclusion: Labor influenced postcesarean WBC counts but did not obscure changes associated with infection. Information gained from changes in WBC counts can be used to assess risk of infection.
Brain-gonad axis and photoperiodically-stimulated sexual maturation in the slug,Limax maximus

Physiological and endocrine mechanisms mediating long-day (LD 16∶8) triggered sexual maturation were studied in the terrestrial slug,Limax maximus. Our findings were: (1) Maturation was induced in immature slugs seeing only short days (LD 8∶16) after implantation of whole brains from maturing donors, but no development was found in sham-operated control slugs or in animals receiving implants of muscle from mature donors (Table 1). (2) Removal of the optic tentacles did not block maturation in LD 16∶8 or promote maturation in LD 8∶16 (Fig. 1). (3) Gonadectomy (castration) abolished penis development in 9 of 11 slugs exposed to LD 16∶8 for periods of up to 31 weeks (Table 2). The results are consistent with a model forLimax reproductive tract development in which the perception of long days by extraocular receptors results in the secretion of a “maturation hormone” by the brain followed by the production of a separate “male-phase sex hormone” by the developing gonad.
Computer simulation of electrochemical phenomena at the dropping mercury electrode

Recent studies have clearly demonstrated the importance of including the sphericity of the dropping mercury electrode in the theoretical analysis of certain polarographic phenomena. Experimental effects of sphericity on second harmonic a.c. polarograms1 and on polarograms for reversible electrode reactions with amalgam formation2.3 have been successfully described using a theoretical treatment augmented by computer simulation. The simulation procedure we present here allows one to simulate diffusion phenomena at the growing mercury drop (sphere) electrode without modification of other simulation operations, e.g. computation of surface boundary conditions4 or of homogeneous kinetics5. We treat two cases: “External” diffusion where the diffusing species, A, is in the solution phase with the boundary condition Ax=0=0 for t>0; and “internal” diffusion where the diffusing species is in the mercury phase with the same boundary condition.
A vision based ensemble approach to velocity estimation for miniature rotorcraft

Successful operation of a miniature rotorcraft relies on capabilities including automated guidance, trajectory following, and teleoperation; all of which require accurate estimates of the vehicle's body velocities and Euler angles. For larger rotorcraft that operate outdoors, the traditional approach is to combine a highly accurate IMU with GPS measurements. However, for small scale rotorcraft that operate indoors, lower quality MEMS IMUs are used because of limited payload. In indoor applications GPS is usually not available, and state estimates based on IMU measurements drift over time. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for state estimation that combines a dynamic flight model, IMU measurements, and 3D velocity estimates computed from an onboard monocular camera using computer vision. Our work differs from existing approaches in that, rather than using a single vision algorithm to update the vehicle's state, we capitalize on the strengths of multiple vision algorithms by integrating them into a meta-algorithm for 3D motion estimation. Experiments are conducted on two real helicopter platforms in a laboratory environment for different motion types to demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness of our approach.
An Empirical Study on the Impact of an Idle Limit in Distributed Systems

In this paper we empirically investigate the impact of an idle limit on a distributed system. A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effect of introducing an idle limit into the power management system for a cluster. The experiments tested the total power consumption of the cluster, as well as the number of times the nodes were cycled between power states. The idle limit was not proven to have an impact on the total power consumption, however, it was shown to have an impact on the number of power transitions. In some cases the addition of the idle limit was able to reduce the number of power transitions by 80%.
Studies of MRI relaxivities of gadolinium-labeled dendrons

In cancer detection, imaging techniques have a great importance in early diagnosis. The more sensitive the imaging technique and the earlier the tumor can be detected. Contrast agents have the capability to increase the sensitivity in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Until now, gadolinium-based contrast agents are mainly used for MRI, and show good enhancement. But improvement is needed for detection of smaller tumors at the earliest stage possible. The dendrons complexed with Gd(DOTA) were synthesized and evaluated as a new MRI contrast agent. The longitudinal and transverse relaxation effects were tested and compared with commercial drug Magnevist, Gd(DTPA).
A review of the validity and accuracy of self-assessments in health professions training.

Valid self-assessment is fundamental to continuing professional competence but is seldom explicitly taught in health professions training. This review analyzed 18 scholarly articles published between January 1970 and February 1990 (14 articles regarding health professions trainees, and four concerni
Nomenclature and Methodology for Classification of Nontraditional Biocatalysis

Recent nontraditional biocatalytic techniques, particularly those which have involved introduction of enzymes into organic liquid phases, have revolutionized the way we think about biocatalysis. Within the past decade, a variety of research programs and open literature publications have arisen investigating nonaqueous enzyme activities and the potential for using such processes commercially. However, because of the wide variety of reaction and reactor types possible, as well as vague and easily misinterpreted terminology, it is often difficult to ascertain which reaction configurations are being studied and how these may be contrasted with similar research. We propose a systematic nomenclature and vocabulary such that reaction types can be quickly classified and compared with other nontraditional systems. The approach we have taken to distinguish between systems is primarily dependent upon the phase in which each of the critical reaction components (biocatalyst, reactant(s), and product(s) ) is present. Possible resident phases include aqueous (A), organic (O), vapor (V), and supercritical (SC) . With this system, a reaction scheme may be classified with a three-character identifier, such as AAO (a system in which the enzyme and substrate are present in an aqueous phase and the product is recovered from an organic phase) . Special cases, such as when the biocatalyst is immobilized or the product forms an insoluble precipitate, are also discussed in the context of this nomenclature. This developed nomenclature and vocabulary also allow categorization of biocatalytic bioprocessing into two distinct classes: traditional (aqueous phase only) and nontraditional, the latter of which may be further subdivided into nonaqueous, aqueous, and supercritical biocatalysis. Such categorization provides a cohesive methodology by which to classify new work within the nontraditional arena, as well as to broaden or refine current research. Furthermore, this paper provides a technology roadmap which outlines nontraditional areas and their associated development issues which still require examination, in terms of both bridging and fundamental research, before these techniques will be adopted by the private sector.
A deep-towed hydrophone seismic-reflection survey around IPOD sites 417 and 418

Abstract Seismic-reflection data collected using 0.66–1 (40-in3) airgun and a single hydrophone towed within a few hundred meters of the seafloor defines the basement morphology close to IPOD drill sites 417A and 417D in the western Central Atlantic Ocean. The high resolution provided by this technique, together with accurate navigation from acoustic transponder beacons, allows the basement hill into which these holes were drilled to be defined. Excellent agreement exists between the drilling results and these deep hydrophone reflection data.
Reachable set computation for uncertain time-varying linear systems

This paper presents a method for using set-based approximations to the Peano-Baker series to compute overapproximations of reachable sets for linear systems with uncertain, time-varying parameters and inputs. Alternative representations for sets of uncertain system matrices are considered, including matrix polytopes, matrix zonotopes, and interval matrices. For each representation, the computational efficiency and resulting approximation error for reachable set computations are evaluated analytically and empirically. As an application, reachable sets are computed for a truck with hybrid dynamics due to a gain-scheduled yaw controller. As an alternative to computing reachable sets for the hybrid model, for which switching introduces an additional overapproximation error, the gain-scheduled controller is approximated with uncertain time-varying parameters, which leads to more efficient and more accurate reachable set computations.
A full-pressure space suit with bailout capabilities for experimental suborbital vehicles

Abstract This paper discusses the development of a full-pressure space suit to be used in the Argentine Gauchito suborbital space vehicle. Rationales for providing full-pressure suits with bailout capabilities for both crew and passengers are first discussed. Mishaps during past US and Russian space missions are also presented to show how the hazards of reentry and landing can be mitigated by a robust space suit with bailout capabilities. Results from the testing of the suit's helmet, enclosure mechanisms, gloves, cooling system, thermal garment, and mobility range are presented followed by a description of the suit's emergency operating procedures. Testing of the suit culminated in an altitude chamber and a high-altitude glider flight.
Mechanical Properties of Molecular Composites. I. Poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) Anion Molecules Dispersed in Poly(4-vinylpyridine)

Molecular composites have been prepared by dispersing rigid-rod molecules of ionically-modified poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA anion) in a polar poly(4- vinylpyridine) (PVP) matrix. For concentrations up to 5 wt % of the rigid-rod reinforce- ment, the resulting composites are transparent and possess a single glass transition temperature that increases with concentration of the PPTA anion. The mechanical properties of the molecular composites are found to increase with concentration and to attain maximum values at about 5 wt % of the PPTA anion. The enhancement in properties, and the miscibility induced between the two component polymers, is attrib- uted to the development of specific interactions between the ionic groups of the PPTA anion and the polar units of the PVP matrix. When such interactions are not present, as in composites reinforced with non-ionic PPTA, the samples are opaque and their properties are significantly reduced compared to those of the PPTA anion/PVP composites. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2201-2209, 1999
IS THE 'SUPERHOT' HARD X-RAY COMPONENT IN SOLAR FLARES CONSISTENT WITH A THERMAL SOURCE?

It has been shown by Brown and Emslie (1988) that any optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung source must emit an energy spectrum L(epsilon)(keV/s per keV) which has the property that higher derivatives alternate in sign. In this short note, this test is applied to the 'superhot' component discussed by Lin et al. (1981) in order to determine whether a strictly thermal interpretation of this component is valid. All statistically significant higher derivatives do indeed have the correct sign; this strengthens the identification of this component as due to a thermal source.
High accuracy measurements of objects with multiple reflective surfaces with wavelength shifting interferometry

A conventional phase shifting interferometer is capable of measuring opaque surfaces with sub-nanometer precision. However, it cannot be used to measure an object with multiple parallel reflective surfaces such as a transparent plate, a glass disk, or an Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) mask blank. This is because the plane parallel reflective surfaces generate multiple interferograms that are superimposed in the recording plane of the interferometer. Although every individual interferogram is associated with phase information that is related to the height or thickness, the conventional interferometer is not able to differentiate one surface from another. To measure these surfaces, we have developed a method that integrates a Fizeau interferometer with a tunable light source and a weighted least-square technique. The tunable light source controls the wavelength during the data acquisition process, producing phase shift speeds that are proportional to the optical path difference (OPD). The weighted least-square signal processing technique separates each surface from the others in an optimal manner. Thus the desired information, such as the front surface height, back surface height, and relative optical thickness of a plane-parallel transparent glass plate are extracted without multi-surface fringe print-through artifacts. In this paper we will present the method and demonstrate its performance. The demonstrated surface height accuracy for EUVL mask blank substrates is 5 nm and the RMS repeatability is <0.01 nm.
A formal definition of operation quality of factors: a focus on data and information

This paper presents a formal definition of the operation quality of factors that play a significant role in operations. The focus is on factors of symbolic nature, such as data, information, and rules of reasoning and/or proceeding. The definition includes a philosophical perspective of quality, communications, decision-making, implementing, and acting, which are always affected by explicit or implicit purposes. Purpose and circumstances pervade all aspects of quality assessment. The emphasis is on routine operations and assessment of quality from the operations-management perspective. Strategic management of operations requires a different perspective and a separate inquiry.
Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonate medications: a report of 60 cases

Background Bisphosphonates are nonmetabolized analogs of pyrophosphate that function to disrupt osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Pamidronate and zolendronic acid are intravenous bisphosphonates used in the treatment and maintenance of patients with symptomatic osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma and metastases of solid tumors; alendronate and risedronate are oral bisphosphonates commonly prescribed for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Objective We present 60 cases of osteonecrosis of the mandible and maxilla occurring in patients receiving bisphophonate therapy. Study design Patients with clinical evidence of osteonecrosis and a history of bisphosphonate use were referred to LIJMC from August 1999 to January 2004 for diagnosis, management, or entry into a bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis database. These patients were evaluated for gender, age, symptoms at presentation, primary underlying diagnosis, site of necrosis, histopathologic findings at biopsy or definitive management, and treatment rendered. Results Sixty patients, 43 (72%) females and 17 (28%) males, were identified with a mean age of 68. The most common underlying oncologic diagnoses were multiple myeloma (28, 47%) and breast cancer (18, 30%). Thirty-eight patients presented with mandibular disease and 23 patients with maxillary disease; concurrent involvement of both sites has been noted. Cases examined histologically revealed the presence of necrotic bone and associated bacterial debris and granulation tissue, with no evidence of metastatic deposits. Conclusion It appears that bisphosphonate therapy may be associated with development of osteonecrosis of the mandible and maxilla in certain patients; however, the pathomechanism of this process remains unclear at this time. The goal of this report is to heighten the awareness of the dental and medical community regarding this possible complication of bisphosphonate use.
Establishing an ethical literacy for learning analytics

This paper borrows multiple frameworks from the field of technical communication in order to review theory, research, practice, and ethics of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) discipline. These frameworks also guide discussion on the ethics of learning analytics "artifacts" (data visualizations, dashboards, and methodology), and the ethical consequences of using learning analytics (classification, social power moves, and absence of voice). Finally, the author suggests a literacy for learning analytics that includes an ethical viewpoint.
Antley-Bixler syndrome: report of a patient and review of literature.

We report a patient with Antley-Bixler syndrome and review 13 patients from the literature. The cardinal features of this condition include craniosynostosis, severe mid-face hypoplasia, proptosis, choanal atresia/stenosis, frontal bossing, dysplastic ears, depressed nasal bridge, radiohumeral synostosis, long-bone fractures and femoral bowing, urogenital abnormalities and a normal karyotype. Early death was identified in 54% of the reported cases, usually due to respiratory complications. The oldest patient at the time of follow up was 10 years of age. Intellectual performance has been variable (developmental testing of our patient at 30 months of age showed a range of developmental skills equivalent to 6 to 11 months of age). Chronic respiratory distress, especially if accompanied by periods of apnea, may be important in the causation of mental retardation. Some patients with the syndrome have normal intelligence, which suggests a normally developing brain, particularly if a craniectomy is performed to treat sutural synostosis and indicates that there may be secondary factors (e.g., apnea) playing a role in the mental retardation (as seen in our patient with a history of apnea) in patients with the Antley-Bixler syndrome. Since choanal atresia/stenosis which diminishes the airway passage is a cardinal feature of this syndrome, choanal stenting should be performed on those patients with this finding during infancy to decrease the airway obstruction. All patients followed beyond infancy were ambulatory, including our patient at 35 months of age, who will take steps with assistance. Although most cases are sporadic, there were reports of recurrence in siblings of both sexes in two families, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
Agglomeration and Competitiveness: From Marshall to Chinitz

Chinitz, like Marshall, is better known as a seminal theorist of the urban supply side than for his useful insights on continental economic regeneration. This paper draws on both themes in Chinitz'...
Social programs and household size: evidence from New York city

What determines how many adults live in a house? How do people divide themselves up among households? Average household sizes vary substantially, both over time and in the cross-section. In this paper, we describe how a variety of government policies affect living arrangements, intentionally or not. Using data from a survey of households in New York City, we find that these incentives appear to have an impact. Specifically, households receiving these housing and income subsidies are smaller on average (measured by number of adults). The impacts appear to be considerably larger than those that would occur if the programs were lump-sum transfers. Small average household size can be extremely expensive in terms of physical and environmental resources, higher rents, and possibly homelessness. Thus, we encourage policymakers to pay greater heed to the provisions built into various social policies that favor smaller households.
Determination of the γ-secretase inhibitor MK-0752 in human plasma by online extraction and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HTLC-ESI-MS/MS)

A sensitive and rapid HTLC-ESI-MS/MS method with an advanced online sample preparation was developed for determination of the gamma-secretase inhibitor MK-0752 in human plasma using an internal standard. Plasma samples (100 microL) were diluted and injected directly onto an online extraction column (Cohesive Cyclone MAX 0.5 mm x 50 mm, > 30 microm), the sample matrix was washed out with an aqueous solution, and retained analytes were eluted out and transferred directly to the analytical column (Phenomenex Gemini 3 micron C18 110A, 50 mm x 2.0 mm at 50 degrees C) for separation using a gradient mobile phase. The eluted analytes were then detected on an API-3000 LC-MS/MS System with ESI and a negative multiple reaction monitoring mode. The monitored ion transitions were m/z 441-->175 for MK-0752 and 496-->175 for the internal standard. Online extraction recoveries were 81%. The method was validated and was linear in the range of 0.05-50 microg/mL. Within-day and between-day precisions were<8.6%, and accuracies were 0.7 and 7.1%. This method was applied to the measurement of plasma MK-0752 levels in a Phase I study of pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory brain tumors.
Archival storage for digital libraries

We propose an architecture for Digital Library Repositories that assures long-term archival storage of digital objects. The architecture is formed by a federation of independent but collaborating sites, each managing a collection of digital objects. The architecture is based on the following key components: use of signatures as object handles, no deletions of digital objects, functional layering of services, the presence of an awareness service in all layers, and use of disposable auxiliary structures. Long-term persistence of digital objects is achieved by creating replicas at several sites.
SIM system testbed: 3-baseline stellar interferometer on a 9-meter-long flexible structure

The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) System Testbed-3 has been integrated in JPL's new Optical & Interferometry Development Laboratory. The testbed consists of a three baseline stellar interferometer whose optical layout is functionally equal to SIM's current flight layout. The main testbed objective is to demonstrate nanometer class stability of fringes in the dim star, or science, interferometer while using path length & angle feed-forward control, and while the instrument is integrated atop a flight-like flexible structure. This work marks the first time an astrometric 3-baseline interferometer is tested in air and on a flight-like structure rather than on rigid optical tables. This paper discusses the system architecture, dim star fringe tracking, and the testbed's latest experimental results.
Comparison of live bacteria infusions in a porcine model of acute respiratory failure

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) related to sepsis continues to have a high mortality and uncertain pathogenesis. With a reproducible live Pseudomonas aeruginosa infusion pig model, the gas exchange, hemodynamics, and pulmonary clearance of this organism were compared with live Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Lightly anesthetized, male, mixed-breed pigs, 15-30 kg, were intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and had femoral artery, central venous, and Swan-Ganz catheterization through cutdowns. After baseline data were collected, approximately 1 X 10(9) organisms/20 kg/min were infused into a central vein for 4 hr with frequent monitoring of the variables. Immediate autopsies were done for related quantitative tissue culture studies. S. aureus pigs maintained a high rate of lung bacterial clearance with pulmonary hypertension, a nonsignificant decrease in PaO2, and relatively normal lungs at autopsy. Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli animals developed systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, hypoxemia, and decreased pulmonary clearance. Their lungs had gross congestion and edema. These studies confirm the suitability of E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa infusion into pigs as a model of sepsis-induced ARF in man. The findings also indicate that neither pulmonary hypertension nor bacterial clearance by the lungs is sufficient to cause ARF.
The effect of rachitogenic diets, partial inanition, and sex on the resistance of cotton rats to the virus of poliomyelitis

T OOMEY (1937) ~ reported that the ingestion by Maaaca rhesus monkeys of massive doses of vitamins A, B, and C did not protect these animals from the effects of the virus of poliomyelitis when the latter was injected intraeerebrally or into the lumen or walt of the gut. On the other hand, when relatively large quantities of vitamin D were added to the diet, the monkeys were partially or wholly protected from the effects of the virus when the latter was injected into the lumen or walt of the gut , although they still became paralyzed when the virus was injected intracerebrally. Toomey deprived a nmnber of monkeys of vitamin D for a period of four months, during which tim, e they received several injections of vaccines made from the organisms of the colon groups and their toxins. Suspensions of the virus of poliomyelitis were then administered to these animals by injections beneath the serosa or directly into the lumen of a segment of the gut which had been isolated between clamps. All of the monkeys with vitamin D deficiency expired with anterior poliomyelitis within a period of twelve days, whereas the controls developed mild paralyses from which they soon recovered. Another group of monkeys was deprived of vitamin D for a period of two months, during which time they received from 150 to 200 e.c. of a 10 per cent suspension of the virus of poliomyelitis injected into the hlmen of the gut. The monkeys with vitamin D deficiency all contracted the disease, whereas the controls which were fed vitamin D survived. Sehultz (1932) 2 and Toomey (1937) 4 reported that the virus of poliomyelitis is inactivated in vitro following a somewhat prolonged, contact with ultraviolet irradiation. Toomey and Takaes (1938)6 stated that Flexner's eluted mixed virus is inactivated in vitro upon prolonged contact with ergosterol and with drisdol (crystalline vitamin D in propylene glycol). Itowever, inactivation of the virus of poliomyelitis was not demonstrable when crude suspensions of the virus were employed. Toomey and Takaes (1940) ~ and Toomey (1941) s reported the results of interesting studies during" the course of which suspensions of the virus of poliomyelitis were injected into the center of the adrenal
Work in progress — Entrepreneurship literacy for engineering students

Through entrepreneurship education, engineering students are increasingly being prepared to work for startup companies or launch their own ventures. Understanding and utilizing the language relevant to entrepreneurship is essential to establish legitimacy and participate fully in the entrepreneurial community. Identifying the entrepreneurship-related lexicon in which engineers should be fluent is a component of defining the body of knowledge for engineering entrepreneurs. This paper describes methods and instruments that have been used to arrive at terms and concepts that reflect entrepreneurship literacy. This work can provide a foundation for curriculum development, assessment, and the development of new instruments that measure knowledge or self-efficacy.
Effect of time of use utility rates on groundwater irrigation pumping costs for a simulated Arizona cotton-wheat farm

Abstract We have determined the effect of time of use electrical energy prices, as proposed by the Salt River Project, on groundwater irrigation costs for cotton/wheat farms. We have utilized a simulated 600 ac. farm in the analysis. Energy-demand schedules are developed for a representative farm with given cropping pattern, irrigation schedules, and pumping energy requirements. Inherent in the development of the data are assumptions of irrigation method and efficiency and of pumping depth and efficiency. We find that the proposed SRP TOD rates would result in lower pumping costs if some pumping can be shifted to off-peak rate periods. Water conservation could result in additional economic benefits. The results appear to be case-specific. However, the methodology and considerations outlined are applicable to a wide variety of regions, rate schedules, crops, and soil type situations.
Rearrangement of bimetallic cobalacarboranes

Abstract The thermal migration of cobalt atoms in cobaltacarboranes is reported and the spectral similarities of the new bimetallic compounds are discussed.
Child Care Work Environments: the Relationship with Learning Environments

The study explores the relationship between child care program administration, organizational climate, and global quality. The recently developed Program Administration Scale (PAS; Talan & Bloom, 2004) was utilized in the study. Both program administration and organizational climate were found to be positively correlated with preschool classroom global quality. There was also a significant relationship between organizational climate and a language/interaction factor of the ECERS-R. The level of education of the director was related to higher quality administrative practices and not-for-profit centers scored significantly better than for-profit centers did on the PAS. Additionally, a statistically significant relationship between the PAS and the Parents and Staff Subscale of the ITERS-R and ECERS-R was found.
Acyclic peptide inhibitors of amylases.

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, a library screening approach reveals a linear octapeptide inhibitor of α-amylases reached by de novo design [1]. The selected molecule shares characteristics with naturally occurring protein inhibitors—a result that suggests general rules for the design of peptide-based amylase inhibitors may be achievable.
Pituitary Content of Somatotropin, Gonadotropin, and Thyrotropin in Rats with Stunted Linear Growth following Head X-Irradiation

SummaryThe injection of homogenates of the pituitaries of rats stunted by 600 R of X-irradiation administered to the head and of nonirradiated controls into hypophysectomized immature female rats resulted in comparable responses in terms of tibial epiphyseal width, gonadal weight, and thyroidal 131I uptake. An exception occurred in 121-day-old females in which the pituitary homogenate of the stunted animals produced about twice the gonadal weight in the assay animals as did those of controls. These findings combined with those of earlier experiments, suggest that the permanent stunting resulting from head X-irradiation is not the result of hormonal deficit.
Circulating anticoagulants in the newborn: relation to hypercoagulability and the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.

Circulating Anticoagulants in the Newborn: Relation to Hypercoagulability and the Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Concentration-Dependent Conformation of Alkyl Tail in the Nanoconfined Space: Hexadecylamine in the Silicate Galleries

The conformation and melting of both hexadecylammonium ion, n-CH3(CH2)15NH3+, and neutral hexadecylamine, n-CH3(CH2)15NH2, within the clay silicate galleries have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The conformational ordering of the alkyl tail in the confined system shows strong dependence on amine concentration and orientation. While the amine chains with orientation parallel to the silicate layers are in various disordered states, those with orientation radiating from the clay surface take mostly ordered conformation. Ammonium ion shows a similar trend of ordering dependence on the concentration as neutral amine, although the former has lower ordering than the latter, under the same concentration level. Temperature-dependent FTIR study shows that the melting behavior of confined amine corresponds to the chain melting process.