cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topological microfluidics: present and prospects

Liquid crystals (LCs) are mesogenic phases of matter which combine liquid fluidity with crystalline solid properties. Precise knowledge of the molecular orientations – close to the boundaries and within the material bulk – is necessary for understanding their flow behaviour, especially in microfluidic settings. While the boundary conditions are set, passively, by surface-induced molecular orientations, the bulk orientation in flow is determined, actively, by the anisotropic coupling between the flow and the molecular orientation. Together, the surface and the bulk orientations offer a range of topological constraints within microfluidic channels, which affect the evolution and sustenance of flow-induced phenomena in LC-based systems. The concept of topological microfluidics can be extended to different classes of anisotropic fluids, allowing us to explore and to employ such fluids as complex functional materials for microfluidics, thereby significantly broadening the reach of conventional microfluidics.
Successful Management of Hemorrhage-Associated Hemiballism After Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation with Pallidal Stimulation: a Case Report.

Background Deep brain stimulation has been widely used for treating several movement disorders including idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD). The development of hemiballism after an iatrogenic injury to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) such as postoperative hemorrhage or stroke is rare. Employing pallidal DBS to manage hemiballism arising as a result of STN injury is a unique application of this therapeutic modality, which has only been reported twice in the literature. Clinical Presentation We present a case of a 54-year-old male with levodopa-responsive IPD who underwent STN electrode placement for deep brain stimulation. The immediate postoperative course was uneventful, but the patient suffered a fall 12 weeks after electrode implantation, leading to electrode displacement and subsequent STN hemorrhage, which led to hemiballism. The hemiballism was then subsequently treated with pallidal DBS after medical management was unsuccessful. Conclusion In our case pallidal DBS was effective in treating hemiballism that arose as a result of traumatic displacement of STN DBS electrodes. Medical management and changes in stimulation parameters failed to produce any significant change in the hemiballism. This report is only the third of its kind in the literature wherein hemiballism arising as a result of STN damage after DBS was successfully treated with pallidal stimulation.
Real-Time Plan Adaptation for Case-Based Planning in Real-Time Strategy Games

Case-based planning (CBP) is based on reusing past successful plans for solving new problems. CBP is particularly useful in environments where the large amount of time required to traverse extensive search spaces makes traditional planning techniques unsuitable. In particular, in real-time domains, past plans need to be retrieved and adapted in real time and efficient plan adaptation techniques are required. We have developed real time adaptation techniques for case based planning and specifically applied them to the domain of real time strategy games. In our framework, when a plan is retrieved, a plan dependency graph is inferred to capture the relations between actions in the plan suggested by that case. The case is then adapted in real-time using its plan dependency graph. This allows the system to create and adapt plans in an efficient and effective manner while performing the task. Our techniques have been implemented in the Darmok system (see [8]), designed to play WARGUS , a well-known real-time strategy game. We analyze our approach and prove that the complexity of the plan adaptation stage is polynomial in the size of the plan. We also provide bounds on the final size of the adapted plan under certain assumptions.
NEUTROPENIA IN AN INFANT SECONDARY TO HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE THERAPY: WITH A REVIEW OF HEMATOLOGIC REACTIONS TO "THIAZIDE" DRUGS

A 10-month-old infant had an asymptomatic maturation arrest of granulopoiesis secondary to hydrochlorothiazide therapy. In view of the absence of symptoms in this case and the possible lethal consequences, periodic examinations of the blood in patients receiving long-term "thiazide" treatment appears to be warranted.
Discrete Power MOSFET Package Design and Analysis

In the world of semiconductor packaging, most of the attention is focused on high pin count, stack die/3D/TSV, and mixed-signal ICs integration. But the real workhorses in most system are the power devices that fuel those flashy central processing unit and digital signal process ICs for power management and conversion (Trends of power packaging and modeling, 2008; Trends in analog and power packaging, 2009). Discrete power device is one of these applications. Typical discrete products include various Diodes, Bipolars, metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)s, and insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)s. One development in discrete power package is the trend of more leads for a large die. Example is the leads of the TO-220 package; they have been increased from 3 to 5 or 7 leads and above. The multiple direction heat transfer and lower electrical resistance of drain and source Rds(on) are also the development needs. Since power levels and power density requirements continue to increase for many types of end equipment such as personal computers, servers, network, and telecom systems, it demands higher performance from the components that make up the power management system. This chapter introduces the trends of discrete power package design, material usage, and the analysis of the discrete power package performance.
Review of methods applicable to the assessment of mold exposure to children.

This article presents discussion of the assessment of the exposure of children to fungi, substances derived from fungi, and the environmental conditions that may lead to exposure. The principles dr...
Neuro-epitheliomuscular cell and neuro-neuronal gap junctions in Hydra.

Gap junctions have been described ultrastructurally between neurons and epitheliomuscular cells and between neurons and their processes in the hypostome peduncle and basal disc ofHydra. All gap junctions examined inHydra exhibit two apposed plasma membranes having a 2–4 nm gap continuous with the extracellular space. The gap junctions are variable in length from 0.1–1.6 μm and appear linear or V-shaped in section. Neuronal gap junctions inHydra occur infrequently as compared to chemical synapses. Electron microscopy of serial sections has demonstrated the presence of adjacent electrical and chemical synapses (neuromuscular junctions) formed by the same neuron. In addition multiple gap junctions were present between two neurons. This is the first ultrastructural demonstration of electrical synapses in the nervous system ofHydra. Such synapses occur in neurons previously characterized as sensory-motor-interneurons on the basis of their chemical synapses; these neurons appear to represent a type of stem cell characterized by having both electrical and chemical synapses.
The Use Of Fiber Optics In The Determination Of Temperature And Extent Of Reaction In Detonating Explosives

A four channel fiber optic radiometer has been built to measure the temperature and extent of reaction of a detonation before the shock wave destroys the collection optics. The system is designed to be calibrated both in terms of the relative radiant response and the absolute sensitivity of each channel. Fiber optics and associated data acquisition electronics allow synchronization of radiometric and pressure transducer signals to under 10 nsec.
Tide, buoyancy, and wind‐driven circulation of the Charlotte Harbor estuary: A model study

[1] The circulation of the Charlotte Harbor (CH) estuary is explored with a primitive equation model that encompasses the estuary and the adjacent West Florida Shelf. Tidal forcing is from the shelf through the inlets. We use the M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents that account for 95% of the shelf tidal variance. River inflows are by the Peace, Myakka, and Caloosahatchee Rivers at their spring 1998 mean values. Wind effects are considered for upwelling or downwelling favorable winds that are either held constant or allowed to oscillate with varying periodicities. These factors are sequentially added to look at their individual and collective influences on the estuary's circulation and salinity fields. Tidal currents are asymmetric and slightly ebb dominant during spring tides. River inflows, combined with tidal mixing, result in a net estuarine circulation by gravitational convection, and the Coriolis acceleration causes the outflowing currents to be stronger and with lower salinity on the western side of the CH portion of the estuary. By virtue of shallow connecting passages the CH portion acts nearly independently from the San Carlos Bay portion of the combined CH estuary system. The addition of wind affects both the instantaneous and net circulation and salinity distributions by increasing mixing and by imposing a force that may add either constructively or destructively to the gravitational convection. The net up-estuary salt flux is also affected by tides and winds through their contributions to the Reynolds' flux, which exceeds the salt flux by gravitational convection alone.
Enhancement of transmission at the developing retinogeniculate synapse

Axon terminals from retinal ganglion cells in the left and right eyes initially overlap with each other in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the neonatal ferret, then segregate into eye-specific layers via an activity-dependent process. Brain slices were used to show that, during this period of reorganization, retinal terminals within the lateral geniculate nucleus evoke excitatory postsynaptic currents composed of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor-mediated currents. The amplitude of these currents could be enhanced for several tens of minutes to more than an hour by several bursts of high frequency synaptic stimulation, and the induction of enhancement appears to depend on NMDA receptor activation. Synaptic enhancement such as this could provide one of the physiological mechanisms by which retinal terminals segregate into eye-specific layers during development.
The diversity of avian influenza virus subtypes in live poultry markets before and during the second wave of A(H7N9) infections in Hangzhou, China

The diversity of avian influenza virus subtypes in live poultry markets before and during the second wave of A(H7N9) infections in Hangzhou, China
Breast Cancer Therapy Monitoring with Diffuse Optical Tomography and Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

Preliminary results on breast cancer suggest early changes in optically accessible parameters (e.g. blood flow, total hemoglobin concentration) by diffuse optical tomography and diffuse correlation spectroscopy may be related to pathological outcome of chemotherapy.
Productive activities and subjective well-being among older adults : The influence of number of activities and time commitment

This study examines relationships among three measures of subjective well-being (life satisfaction, happiness and depressive symptoms), and two global measures of productive activity (number of activities and time commitment). We argue that participation in multiple productive activities should increase subjective well-being because these behaviors increase social integration and provide meaningful social roles. Using the first two waves of the Americans’ Changing Lives survey, we estimate a series of OLS and ordered logistic regression models to examine this issue among a sample of respondents 60 years old and older. Our multivariate regression results show that as time committed to productive activities increases, life satisfaction increases. Both increasing numbers of productive activities and increasing time commitment predict higher levels of happiness. Also, we find only modest support for a relationship between productive activities and the number of and changes in depressive symptoms. Our results provide support for the idea that engaging in productive activities is beneficial to older persons’ well-being, implying confirmation of the role enhancement hypothesis and demonstrating the importance of social integration.
Thermionic Emission, Field Emission, and the Transition Region

Although the theories of thermionic and field emission of electrons from metals are very well understood, the two types of emission have usually been studied separately by first specifying the range of temperature and field and then constructing the appropriate expression for the current. In this paper the emission is treated from a unified point of view in order to establish the ranges of temperature and field for the two types of emission and to investigate the current in the region intermediate between thermionic and field emission. A general expression for the emitted current as a function of field, temperature, and work function is set up in the form of a definite integral. Each type of emission is then associated with a technique for approximating the integral and with a characteristic dependence on the three parameters. An approximation for low fields and high temperatures leads to an extension of the Richardson-Schottky formula for thermionic emission. The values of temperature and field for which it applies are established by considering the validity of the approximation. An analogous treatment of the integral, for high fields and low temperatures, gives an extension of the Fowler-Nordheim formula for field emission, and establishes the region of temperature and field in which it applies. Also another approximate method for evaluating the integral is given which leads to a new type of dependence of the emitted current on temperature and field and which applies in a narrow region of temperature and field intermediate between the field and thermionic emission regions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow in Patients with Leukemia, Aplastic Anemia, and Lymphoma

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the bone marrow was performed in 29 patients with leukemia, aplastic anemia, or lymphoma who were scheduled for bone marrow transplantation, and in 12 normals. T1-weighted coronal images (TR600/TE40) of the pelvis and proximal femurs demonstrated marrow pathology
Biologic basis of osteoarthritis: state of the evidence.

Purpose of reviewEvidence accumulated since 2010 indicates that human osteoarthritis should now be reclassified as a systemic musculoskeletal disease rather than a focal disorder of synovial joints.Recent findingsInflammation was seen as the key component promoting synovitis as well as progression o
Distributed detection with collisions in a random, single-hop wireless sensor network

We consider the problem of distributed detection in a large network of sensors under network communication constraints. Sensor nodes are randomly deployed and follow a random sleep/wake schedule. When awake, sensor nodes perform local detection tests and communicate detections over a multiple-access channel to a fusion center. The fusion center can detect both successful communications and communication collisions in the channel. We show that the optimum fusion rule is a weighted sum of the number of detections received and the number of collisions detected by the fusion node. We derive analytical expressions that characterize the performance of the system. Simulation examples compare theoretical predictions with numerical results.
An integrated circuit current source with a low temperature coefficient

An integrated circuit current source, which gives a low temperature coefficient (TC) of the reference current, was developed and analysed. Conditions for minimizing the TC were calculated theoretically: the circuit was simulated with the computer program, SPICE and an experimental breadboard using integrated transistor arrays was used to confirm the predicted results.
Interference mitigation via phase only transmit nulling: Preliminary experimental results

The increasingly crowded RF spectrum necessitates development of techniques that foster coexistence between multiple RF users. Radar systems can typically mitigate received interference using sidelobe cancellation and adaptive beamforming. In the future, radar systems could possibly use similar techniques to produce nulls in the transmit beampattern further reducing RF fratricide. However, transmit nulling is difficult due to the constant modulus constraint associated with the waveforms transmitted by high power radar systems. Several algorithms have been developed that attempt to determine phase only (PO) weights capable of inducing a transmit null. In this talk, the re-iterative uniform weight optimization (RUWO) algorithm is used as a means to produce PO weights from a measured interference covariance matrix.
Physiological correlates of ethanol self-selection by rats

High-drinker and low-drinker rats were given 1.2g/kg of ethanol intraperitoneally. Subsequent blood-alcohol measurement showed that low-drinker rats had a significantly higher level than high-drinker rats at 15 min postinjection. Previous studies measured ethanol levels starting at 60 min postinjection and reported no differences for high drinkers and low drinkers. The present results are interpreted to account for the observed behavioral differences between high-drinker and low-drinker rats.
Teaching Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Ecology in the United States: Survey Results

Teaching Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Ecology in the United States: Survey Results Joseph M. Craine, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Whendee L. Silver, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California F. S. Chapin, III, Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska Teresa Mourad, Ecological Society of America, Washington, D.C.
In Vivo Determination of Renal Tissue Oxygenation During Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Left Heart Bypass

Abstract Data favoring pulsatile over nonpulsatile left heart bypass are conflicting. To study this problem, renal cortical and medullary tissue oxygen availability (O 2 a) and total renal oxygen flow were compared with total renal oxygen consumption during four hours of pulsatile and nonpulsatile bypass in dogs. Although there was no difference in renal tissue O 2 a during the first two hours, thereafter the decrease in renal O 2 a was greater during nonpulsatile bypass; total renal blood flow was greater with pulsatile bypass, and at the given renal oxygen flow, renal oxygen consumption was greater during pulsatile bypass. These data, along with previous work, support the superiority of pulsatile bypass.
Thermal effect study in excimer laser ablation of polyimide

In this paper we reported the results of investigation on surface deformation caused by thermal effect during excimer laser ablation of polyimide. Obvious surface deformation around the hole entrance was observed during the experiment. The surface topology and cross-section of the ablated holes were analyzed using Zygo and SEM. It was shown that ring feature of 17 to 150 nm in height and 1 to 3 micrometers in width was formed above the level of the unablated surface. The deformed surface showed rough and color-changed characteristics. An optical diffraction model was employed to explain the causing of this kind of deformation. It was found that the ablating and heating by near- and under-threshold laser beam became thermal effect to polyimide material ablation, which was contributed by diffraction effect of optical projection system.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microscopic modelling of association

Abstract In a reformulation and extension of our earlier published work, exact equations which relate the cavity function to excess solvation free energies and equilibrium association constants are rederived by using a thermodynamic cycle. A zeroth-order approximation, derived previously by us as a simple interpolation scheme, is found to be very accurate if the associative bonding occurs on or near the surface of the repulsive core of the interaction potential. If the monomeric bonding radius is substantially less than the core radius, our zeroth-order approximation overestimates the association degree and association constant, and an alternative approach is found advantageous. In the case of the association A+B ⇌ AB, it is based on a calculation of the thermodynamics of a mixture of A, B, and AB species, with the species concentrations regarded as independent. From this, near-exact analytic results for binary hard-sphere association into RISM molecules are obtained. Solvent effects on binary hard-sphere association and ionic association are also investigated, and a theory of particle-particle correlation is given to supplement the above purely thermodynamic study. It reveals the sense in which the complete-association limit is like a critical point.
Asylums, the token economy, and the metrics of mental life

The history of asylums in this country reveals that these institutions were designed to provide a milieu in which disturbed citizens could escape from the economic opportunities in society-at-large that were assumed to cause insanity. The atmosphere of the asylum was believed to be curative by virtue of its replication of pre-revolutionary stability in status relationships without the encouragement of men's political and commercial ambitions. Numerous forces then contributed to making the asylum a repository of large numbers of chronic patients dealt with primarily in a custodial fashion and comprising the endpoint of careers in downward social mobility. The growth in token economies has been one of the recent attempts to cope with this affront to our personal and professional sensibilities. Chaos, and presumably mental illness itself, would be reduced by introducing into the asylum just that set of conditions which had earlier been held to be pathogenic, namely, a replication of the outside market economy. The source of the disease now became the doctor. While a certain kind of order is probably produced by token economies, questions are raised as to what is being learned by the patients. It would seem that participants in this economy are taught that certain behaviors earn a just reward and that greater predictability is possible through application to mental life of a metric prevalent in commerce. It is suggested that the greater orderliness achieved exacts a serious price, namely that the patient acquires a set which does not match human relationships outside the hospital. Token economies will, to a degree, work because most mental patients do not suffer from economic irrationality. By concentrating on this metric, token economists fail to make changes that will transfer to the demands of nonhospital life.
Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for humans and is converted to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, and to the hormone, retinoic acid. Vitamin A in animal-derived foods is found as long chain acyl esters of retinol and these are digested to free fatty acids and retinol before uptake by the intestinal mucosal cell. The retinol is then reesterified to retinyl esters for incorporation into chlylomicrons and absorbed via the lymphatics or effluxed into the portal circulation facilitated by the lipid transporter, ABCA1. Provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene are found in plant-derived foods. These and other carotenoids are transported into the mucosal cell by scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Provitamin A carotenoids are partly converted to retinol by oxygenase and reductase enzymes and the retinol so produced is available for absorption via the two pathways described above. The efficiency of vitamin A and carotenoid intestinal absorption is determined by the regulation of a number of proteins involved in the process. Polymorphisms in genes for these proteins lead to individual variability in the metabolism and transport of vitamin A and carotenoids. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
Manufacture of Microelectronic Circuitry by Drop-on-Demand Dispensing of Nano-particle Liquid Suspensions

An emerging selective metallization process utilizes Drop-On-Demand (DOD) inkjet printing, and recent developments in nano-particle fluid suspensions to fabricate fine-line circuit interconnects. The suspensions consist of silver or gold particulates of 1–10 nm in size that are homogeneously suspended in an organic carrier solvent. A piezo-electric droplet generator driven by a bipolar voltage signal is used to dispense 50–70 µm diameter droplets traveling at 1-3 m/s before impacting a compliant substrate. The deposit/substrate composite is subsequently processed at 300°Cfor 15 minutes to allow for evaporation of the solvent carrier and sintering of the nano-particles, thereby yielding a finished circuit product. Test vehicles created using this technique exhibited features as fine as 120–200 µm wide and 1–3 µm thick. The circuitry performed well during environmental conditioning studies. However, repeatability of the results showed sensitivity to the generation of steady, satellite-free droplets. In an effort to generate droplets consistently, it is essential to develop a strong fundamental understanding of the correlation between device excitation parameters and fluid properties, and resolve the microrheological behavior of the conductive ink as it flows through the droplet generator.
Design of the quasi-poloidal stellarator experiment (QPS)

Abstract The Quasi-poloidal stellarator (QPS), currently in the early design phase, is a low-aspect-ratio (R/a=2.7), concept exploration experiment with a non-axisymmetric, near-poloidally-symmetric magnetic configuration. The QPS design parameters are 〈R〉=0.9 m, 〈a〉=0.33 m, B=1 T, and a 1 s pulse length. The QPS device will be located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Lyon et al. [ http://qps.fed.ornl.gov/pvr/pdf/qpsentire.pdf , 2001] describes the physics and engineering features in detail. The QPS device is estimated to require 4 years from start of design to first plasma in 2007.
Cross-tolerance to centrally injected barbiturates.

Abstract Hypnotic responses to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of either barbital, pentobarbital, R(−) and S(+) mephobarbital, or racemic metharbital were compared to those produced by phenobarbital. Dose-response relationships were obtained for all except S(+) mephobarbital and metharbital. Chronic i.c.v. phenobarbital administration resulted in tolerance to the drug's hypnotic effects. However, chronic barbital administration using ann identical regimen did not produce tolerance, nor were phenobarbital tolerant rats cross-tolerant to barbital. Chronic i.c.v. pentobarbital resulted in an irreversible decrease in responsiveness to its own effects and to those of other barbiturates. This was attributed to the high alkalinity of the solution (pH 9.6) since i.c.v. injection of saline adjusted to the same pH also reduced responsiveness to i.c.v. barbiturates. However, rats tolerant to i.c.v. phenobarbital were tolerant to acute i.c.v. injection of pentobarbital. Similar cross-tolerance was observed on systemic administration of the barbiturates. The efflux rates of i.c.v. phenobarbital or barbital and their distribution to different brain areas were identical in tolerant and nontolerant rats. Awakening phenobarbital brain levels of the tolerant rats were approximately three times higher than those in nontolerant controls. The conclusion is reached that central administration of phenobarbital provides a valid model for studying functional tolerance.
Estimates for Mixed Character Sums

We give sharp estimates for certain families of exponential sums in several variables over finite fields.
Histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis arising from a nodular lymphoma with a special stromal reaction. An ultrastructural study

Histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis was found together with a small nodular lymphoma in a cervical lymph node biopsy from a 48-year-old man. Since the cellular origin of this entity is unclear and its ultrastructure has not been described before, we processed formalin-fixed samples for electron microscopy, which revealed three cell types: small lymphocytes with cleaved nuclei, large lymphocytes with vesticular noncleaved nuclei, and mesenchymal stromal cells occasionally bearing desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. In addition, there was an increase of the intercellular connective tissue, which consisted of a mixture of normal and fibrous long spacing collagen fibers. The results indicate that histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis can evolve from a nodular lymphoma, and that diagnostic information can be obtained by electron microscopy of tissue samples previously fixed in formalin.
Groundwater: A Resource in Decline

Around the world, groundwater sources are in decline due to overpumping and pollution. History informs us that as water supplies are lost so are civilizations. Such was the case with the Garamantian civilization, which thrived in the western Libya desert from 500 BCE to 400 CE, then disappeared when the groundwater ran out. Present-day mining of groundwater from large aquifers in the United States, North Africa, and China illustrates this problem. In less than a century, pressures from food production and population growth are leading to declines in supplies that appeared to many as inexhaustible. In many countries, there can be no replacement for declining water resources. Food scarcity and health epidemics, leading to societal decline, are likely outcomes as people chase dwindling water supplies.
Thermosensitive PNIPAAm cryogel with superfast and stable oscillatory properties

Through copolymerization/crosslinking in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at temperature below the melting point of DMSO, we demonstrated a novel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel with regularly oriented micromatrix; the superfast/stable oscillatory hydration–dehydration character of this hydrogel would find wide applications in biomedical field.
A semantic service-oriented architecture for distributed model management systems

Decision models are organizational resources that need to be managed to facilitate sharing and reuse. In today's networked economy, the ubiquity of the Internet and distributed computing environments further amplifies the need and the potential for distributed model management system (DMMS) that manages decision models throughout the modeling lifecycle and throughout the extended enterprise. This paper presents a service-oriented architecture for DMMS. The proposed architecture leverages service-oriented design principles and recent developments in semantic web services to enable model sharing and reuse in a distributed setting. The paper describes a prototype implementation, case study scenarios, and a discussion highlighting lessons learned and implications for research and practice.
Efficient correction of hemoglobinopathy-causing mutations by homologous recombination in integration-free patient iPSCs

Efficient correction of hemoglobinopathy-causing mutations by homologous recombination in integration-free patient iPSCs
Temporomandibular articulation tomography: A corrected anteroposterior and lateral cephalometric technique

A technique for temporomandibular articulation tomography employing cephalometric positioning is described. Head positioning is corrected for individual horizontal and vertical angulations of the condyle, producing accurate radiographic images. This method of corrected lateral and anterior posterior cephalometric tomography can accommodate the various skull sizes and shapes and produce maximum diagnostic information. It also provides a repeatable accurate technique for radiographic evaluation following therapeutic approaches.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY AND CALCIUM DEPOSITION DURING THE MOLT CYCLE OF THE BLUE CRAB CALLINECTES SAPIDUS

ABSTRACT Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the epidermis of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus increases significantly during ecdysis, and remains elevated during the postmolt stages. Branchial enzyme activity increases prior to the molt in the posterior gills; in the anterior gills CA activity parallels that in the epidermis. Calcium deposition, as measured by the incorporation of 45Ca into the cuticle, begins in the late premolt stages and increases thereafter. Acetazolamide did not inhibit Ca uptake by the isolated epidermis over a 4-h period in our experiments. Thus, while CA appears to be important to the molt cycle in general, the role of CA in shell deposition is not clear.
Discrimination and bias in the vegan ideal

The vegan ideal is entailed by arguments for ethical veganism based on traditional moral theory (rights and/or utilitarianism) extended to animals. The most ideal lifestyle would abjure the use of animals or their products for food since animals suffer and have rights not to be killed. The ideal is discriminatory because the arguments presuppose a “male physiological norm” that gives a privileged position to adult, middle-class males living in industrialized countries. Women, children, the aged, and others have substantially different nutritional requirements and would bear a greater burden on vegetarian and vegan diets with respect to health and economic risks, than do these males. The poor and many persons in Third World nations live in circumstances that make the obligatory adoption of such diets, where they are not already a matter of sheer necessity, even more risky. Traditional moral theorists (such as Evelyn Pluhar and Gary Varner whose essays appear in this issue) argue that those who are at risk would beexcused from a duty to attain the virtue associated with ethical vegan lifestyles. The routine excuse of nearly everyone in the world besides adult, middle-class males in industrialized countries suggests bias in the perspective from which traditional arguments for animal rights and (utilitarian) animal welfare are formulated.
Role of secondary metabolites in feeding associations between a predatory nudibranch, two grazing nudibranchs, and a bryozoan.

The carnivorous nudibranchRoboastra tigris preys preferentially upon two nudibranchs,Tambja abdere andT. eliora, that in turn feed upon the bryozoanSessibugula translucens. All four organisms contain tambjamines A–D (I–IV) that were shown to be fish feeding inhibitors. When attacked byRoboastra, T. abdere secretes a distasteful mucus containing a total of 3 mg of the tambjamines that sometimes causes theRoboastra to break off the attack. Under similar circumstancesT. eliora attempts to swim away; it presumably contains insufficient of the tambjamines to deterRoboastra. Roboastra follows the slime trail of nudibranchs using contact chemoreception and reverses direction when the trail is broken. The slime trail ofT. abdere contains low concentrations of the tambjamines. In Y-maze experiments,T. eliora was attracted towards seawater containingS. translucens and seawater containing 10−10 M tambjamines A and B (1∶1) but was repelled by seawater containing > 10−8 M tambjamines A and B. At higher concentrations the mixture of tambjamines may be recognized as an alarm pheromone.
Virtual Group Strategic Decision Making Using Structured Conflict and Consensus Approaches

Do procedures that improve face-to-face decision meetings also improve virtual â€œmeetingsâ€ ? Might the effectiveness of such procedures improve with practice? This longitudinal experiment investigated the efficiency, effectiveness and group member perceptions of dialectical inquiry (DI) and constructive consensus (CC) approaches to strategic decision making in a virtual (distributed) Computer-Mediated-Communications (CMC) environment. There were no differences between DI and CC groups in terms of decision effectiveness. However, this result has not been unusual in CMC research. DI groups had significantly higher perceived depth of evaluation than CC groups. CC groups reported greater decision acceptance and willingness to work together again than DI groups. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for Group Support Systems research and design in the era of the World Wide Web.
Correction Of Nonlinear Blur Due To Partial Optical Coherence

The lack of complete spatial incoherence of the optical field in the object plane of an imaging system results in a nonlinear relationship between the object and image intensity distributions. The problem of correcting such nonlinear distortions (which are quadratic and have a nonzero spread) by using post-detection image processing is addressed. A minimum mean-square-error linear filter is determined and its performance assessed by computer-simulated examples. Results of restoring images in a Kohler illumination system are obtained for different source sizes (i.e., different degrees of spatial coherence) and for different pupil sizes. Limits in which linearity is approached are determined.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TNF-α trips up Treg cells in rheumatoid arthritis

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important for protecting against pathogenic T cell responses, and impaired Treg functions have been linked with autoimmune diseases. A recent study reveals a new mechanism for the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rheumatoid arthritis, showing that it disables Treg cells by affecting the phosphorylation and function of a key transcription factor expressed in these cells (pages 322–328 ).
Effectiveness of Wireless Phones in Incident Detection: Probabilistic Analysis

Deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in major cities of the United States and inauguration or upgrading of transportation management centers (TMCs) have enhanced the ability to better manage transportation networks. One of the main goals in design and operation of TMCs is the ability to detect incidents promptly and reliably. Several methods are implemented to achieve this goal, including methods relying on data collected by loop detectors or other technologies. Recent limited experiments suggest that wireless telephones can be an effective tool in incident detection. A probabilistic analysis approach is adopted here to analytically determine the effectiveness of this method for incident detection. This analysis indicates that wireless phone calls to emergency services (i.e., 911) can provide valuable and timely information for incident detection. Furthermore, adoption of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements for identifying and locating E911 callers would reduce the likelihood of receiving false alarms from wireless phone callers; hence, it would provide TMCs with an inexpensive, fast, and reliable source of information for incident detection and verification.
Factors influencing inactivation of Klebsiella pneumoniae by chlorine and chloramine.

Abstract Inactivation of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures by chlorine and chloramine was evaluated under different growth conditions by varying nutrient media dilution, concentrations of essential inorganic nutrients (FeCl3, MgSO4, phosphate, and ammonium salts), and temperature. All inactivation assays were performed at room temperature (22–23°C) and near neutral pH (7.2–7.5). C*T99.9 values for chlorine increased >20-fold and for chloramine increased 2.6-fold when cells were grown in 100-fold diluted nutrient broth (2NB) solutions (final TOC of 35–40 mg/L). Background levels of Mg: 6.75×10−2 mM and Fe: 3.58×10−5 mM or high levels of FeCl3 (0.01 mM) and MgSO4 (1 mM) during growth resulted in the highest resistances to chlorine with C*T99.9 values of 13.06 (±0.91) and 13.78 (±1.97) mg-min/L, respectively. Addition of low levels of FeCl3 (0.001 mM) and MgSO4 (0.1 mM) to K. pneumoniae cultures during growth resulted in the lowest bacterial resistances to inactivation; C*T99.9 values ranged from 0.28 (±0.06) to 1.88 (±0.53) mg-min/L in these cultures. Increase in growth temperature from 22.5°C to 35°C for unamended 2NB cultures resulted in a 42-fold decrease in C*T99.9 values for chlorine. A similar change in temperature resulted in no significant change in C*T99.9 values for chloramine. These results indicate that inactivation of K. pneumoniae cultures by chlorine was highly sensitive to changes in growth conditions unlike inactivation by chloramine.
Laser-induced band-gap collapse in GaAs

We present experimentally determined values of the dielectric constant of GaAs at photon energies of 2.2 and 4.4 eV following excitation of the sample with 1.9-eV, 70-fs laser pulses spanning a fluence range from 0 to 2.5 kJ/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. The data show that the response of the dielectric constant to the excitation is dominated by changes in the electronic band structure and not by the optical susceptibility of the excited free carriers. The behavior of the dielectric constant indicates a drop in the average bonding-antibonding splitting of GaAs following the laser-pulse excitation. This drop in the average splitting leads to a collapse of the band gap on a picosecond time scale for excitation at fluences near the damage threshold of 1.0 kJ/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ and on a subpicosecond time scale at higher excitation fluences. The changes in the electronic band structure result from a combination of electronic screening of the ionic potential as well as structural deformation of the lattice caused by the destabilization of the covalent bonds.
Genetics of Herpes Simplex Virus

The most direct approach to elucidating the roles of herpes simplex virus (HSV) proteins in the viral replicative cycle has been to isolate temperature-sensitive, cytolysis-resistant, and drug-resistant mutants that exhibit alterations in the synthesis or activity of these proteins. The development of procedures for the introduction of temperature-sensitive mutations into physically defined regions of the viral genome and for fine mapping of these mutations has proven especially valuable. Thus, (1) hydroxy lamine mutagenesis of the HSV-1 BglII I fragment (coordinates 0.312–0.415) has facilitated the genetic and functional characterization of the gene for the major viral DNA-binding protein of 130 K molecular weight; (2) the selection of a mutant conditionally able to render infected cells resistant to immune cytolysis has led to identification of an HSV gene involved in the processing of viral glycoproteins; and (3) the combined use of temperature-sensitive and drug-resistant mutants has led to a better definition of the physical limits and functional domains of the gene for HSV DNA polymerase.
Unveiling in situ interactions between marine protists and bacteria through single cell sequencing

Heterotrophic protists are a highly diverse and biogeochemically significant component of marine ecosystems, yet little is known about their species-specific prey preferences and symbiotic interactions in situ. Here we demonstrate how these previously unresolved questions can be addressed by sequencing the eukaryote and bacterial SSU rRNA genes from individual, uncultured protist cells collected from their natural marine environment and sorted by flow cytometry. We detected Pelagibacter ubique in association with a MAST-4 protist, an actinobacterium in association with a chrysophyte and three bacteroidetes in association with diverse protist groups. The presence of identical phylotypes among the putative prey and the free bacterioplankton in the same sample provides evidence for predator–prey interactions. Our results also suggest a discovery of novel symbionts, distantly related to Rickettsiales and the candidate divisions ZB3 and TG2, associated with Cercozoa and Chrysophyta cells. This study demonstrates the power of single cell sequencing to untangle ecological interactions between uncultured protists and prokaryotes.
Multiterminal Secret Key Agreement

The problem of secret key agreement by public discussion is studied under a general multiterminal network, where each user can both send and receive over a private channel. Single-letter upper and lower bounds are for the maximum achievable key rate. The bounds are shown to match for a large class of private channels. A counter-example shows that the bounds do not match in general, and a better cooperative scheme can narrow the gap.
Overview of Center for Domain-Specific Computing

In this short article, we would like to introduce the Center for Domain-Specific Computing (CDSC) established in 2009, primarily funded by the US National Science Foundation with an award from the 2009 Expeditions in Computing Program. In this project we look beyond parallelization and focus on customization as the next disruptive technology to bring orders-of-magnitude power-performance efficiency improvement for applications in a specific domain.
The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction

In 1904, New York nuns brought forty Irish orphans to a remote Arizona mining camp, to be placed with Catholic families. The Catholic families were Mexican, as was the majority of the population. Soon the town's Anglos, furious at this "interracial" transgression, formed a vigilante squad that kidnapped the children and nearly lynched the nuns and the local priest. The Catholic Church sued to get its wards back, but all the courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, ruled in favor of the vigilantes. "The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction" tells this disturbing and dramatic tale to illuminate the creation of racial boundaries along the Mexican border. Clifton/Morenci, Arizona, was a "wild West" boomtown, where the mines and smelters pulled in thousands of Mexican immigrant workers. Racial walls hardened as the mines became big business and whiteness became a marker of superiority. These already volatile race and class relations produced passions that erupted in the "orphan incident." To the Anglos of Clifton/Morenci, placing a white child with a Mexican family was tantamount to child abuse, and they saw their kidnapping as a rescue. Women initiated both sides of this confrontation. Mexican women agreed to take in these orphans, both serving their church and asserting a maternal prerogative; Anglo women believed they had to "save" the orphans, and they organized a vigilante squad to do it. In retelling this nearly forgotten piece of American history, Linda Gordon brilliantly recreates and dissects the tangled intersection of family and racial values, in a gripping story that resonates with today's conflicts over the "best interests of the child."
Nanocrystalline NbAl3 powders and NbAl3/Al multilayers by laser ablation deposition

Abstract There is a considerable interest in nanocrystalline materials due to their unique atomic arrangements and the potential for novel properties (l). Nanocrystalline materials have the potential to realize novel properties, such as improved ductility of ceramic materials like TiO2, some of which have already been observed by various researchers. Enhanced solid solubility, specific heat, thermal expansion, and low temperature ductility of ceramics are other examples of novel or enhanced properties. One of the important challenges in synthesizing and studying nanocrystalline materials is the low yield, on the order of 0.1 – 0.3 gm/hr (2,3), for the present gas condensation technique. Several alternative methods, including laser ablation (4–6), sputtering (7), Sol-gel (8), high energy ball milling (9), and hydrothermal pyrolysis (10), are presently being explored by various researchers. This paper describes a comprehensive approach to study laser ablation process for synthesis of nanocrystalline intermetallic powders and multilayers by using: on-line absorption spectroscopy for characterization of ablation plume and powder yield; electron microscopy for microstructure evaluation and EDS for composition.