cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atom Probe Tomography of Zinc Oxide Nanowires

Wide-bandgap zinc oxide (ZnO) semiconductors and nanowires have become important materials for electronic and photonic device applications. In this work, we report the growth of well-aligned single-crystal ZnO nanowire arrays on sapphire substrates by chemical vapor deposition and the development of atom probe tomography, an emerging nanoscale characterization method capable of providing deeper insight into the three-dimensional distribution of atoms and impurities within its structure. Using a metal-catalyst-free approach, the influence of the growth parameters on the orientation and density of the nanowires were studied. The resulting ZnO nanowires were determined to be single crystalline, with diameter on the order of 50 nm to 150 nm and length that could be controlled between 0.5 μm to 20 μm. Their density was on the order of high 108 cm−2 to low 109 cm−2. In addition to routine characterizations using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy, we developed the atom probe tomography technique for ZnO nanowires, comparing the voltage pulse and laser pulse modes. In-depth analysis of the data was carried out to determine the accurate chemical composition of the nanowires and reveal the incorporation of nitrogen impurities. The current–voltage characteristics of individual nanowires were measured to determine their electrical properties.
Period-colour and amplitude-colour relations in classical Cepheid variables - II. The Galactic Cepheid models

In this paper, we construct full amplitude non-linear hydrodynamical models of fundamental mode Galactic Cepheids and analyse the resulting theoretical period-colour (PC) and amplitude-colour (AC) relations at maximum, mean and minimum light. These theoretical relations match the general form of the observed relations well. This agreement is, to some extent, independent of the mass-luminosity (ML) relations used, pulsation code, numerical techniques, details of the input physics and methods to convert theoretical quantities, such as bolometric luminosity and temperature, to observational quantities, such as V-band magnitudes or (V - I) colours. We show that the PC and AC properties of fundamental mode Galactic Cepheids with periods such that log (P) > 0.8 can be explained by a simple application of the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the interaction of the photosphere with the hydrogen ionization front (HIF). We discuss the implications of our results for explaining the behaviour of Galactic Cepheid PC and period-luminosity (PL) relations at mean light.
Molecular characterization and hypoxia-induced upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in Atlantic croaker: Reversal by antioxidant and estrogen treatments.

Abstract Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) catalyzes production of nitric oxide in vertebrate brains. Recent findings indicate that endothelial NOS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are significantly increased during hypoxic stress and are modulated by antioxidants. However, the influence of antioxidants and steroids on nNOS upregulation by hypoxia is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized nNOS cDNA and examined the effects of hypoxia and antioxidant and steroid treatments on nNOS expression in Atlantic croaker hypothalamus. Hypoxia exposure (dissolved oxygen, DO: 1.7 mg/L for 2 and/or 4 weeks) caused significant increases in hypothalamic nNOS mRNA, protein and its neuronal expression. Hypothalamic nNOS expression and superoxide radical (O2 −, an index of ROS) production were increased by pharmacological treatment of fish exposed to normoxic conditions with N-ethylmaleimide, an alkene drug which covalently modifies sulfhydryl groups and inhibits aromatase activity. In contrast, treatments with Nω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester, a competitive NOS-inhibitor, or vitamin E, an antioxidant, prevented the upregulation of O2 − production and nNOS expression in hypoxia-exposed (DO: 1.7 mg/L for 4 weeks) fish. Moreover, treatment with 1,4,6-androstatrien-3,17-dione, an aromatase inhibitor, increased hypothalamic O2 − production and nNOS expression in normoxic control fish; whereas estradiol-17β treatment significantly reduced O2 − production and nNOS expression in hypoxia-exposed fish. Double-labeled immunohistochemical results showed that nNOS and aromatase proteins are co-expressed in the hypothalamus. Taken together, the results suggest that upregulation of nNOS and ROS in the croaker hypothalamus in response to hypoxia is influenced by antioxidant and overall estrogen status.
Heterodyned Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Solvent-Dependent Conformations of Acetylproline-NH2†

Heterodyned femtosecond infrared two-pulse and three-pulse photon echoes of the dipeptide acetylproline-NH2 in D2O and CDCl3 have been measured and the results have been compared with force field calculations of the peptide structures. The heterodyned two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra obtained from the measurements exhibit diagonal peaks and cross-peaks that are determined by the structures and vibrational dynamics of the acetylproline-NH2 molecule. The two-pulse measurements are analogous to 2D COSY experiments in NMR spectroscopy. In CDCl3, the 2D IR spectra from the two-pulse experiments resolve two acetyl amide I bands and two amino amide I bands that are not resolved in the linear spectrum. Thus, acetylproline-NH2 must have at least two structures in CDCl3. The angles between the amide I transition dipoles of the structures were determined to be <20° and 35° from polarized 2D IR measurements. A single structure is found in D2O with an angle of <20°. The infrared analogue to 2D NMR NOESY experi...
Program directors’ attitudes towards residents’ care of patients who have AIDS

Objective:To evaluate the educational strategies and experiences of residency programs regarding the training of primary care providers in the care of patients who have AIDS. Design:Cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire survey. Setting:Survey conducted November 1988–April 1989. Participants:All 771 non-military U.S. internal medicine and family medicine program directors were surveyed; 80% responded. Interventions:None. Measurements and main results:While 91% of the directors felt that primary care of AIDS patients was an important educational experience and 94% reported that their programs usually had AIDS inpatients, only 16% reported that the majority of trainees cared for AIDS patients in their continuity clinics. Even at programs that typically had six or more AIDS inpatients, only 26% of directors reported that most residents had cared for an AIDS patient in their continuity clinics. Among the 57% who did not believe or were unsure whether their residents were adequately trained in AIDS ambulatory care, only 38% reported improving resident education in this area to be a high priority. Among the 39% who did not encourage residents’ assumption of primary care, 60% had at least one of the following concerns: AIDS care too stressful for residents (24%), AIDS care too complicated for generalists (31%), or clinic faculty not qualified to supervise residents’ caring for AIDS patients (39%). Conclusion:Although program directors view education in AIDS ambulatory care as important, most do not believe that residents are adequately trained, many do not encourage residents’ assumption of primary care of AIDS patients, and residents usually have not provided such care in their programs. Strategies to augment residents’ ambulatory experience in AIDS care are needed.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing of GaN

Chemical mechanical polishing of (0001) GaN has been demonstrated with sodium-hypochlorite-based solutions. Slurries including alumina abrasive provide an efficient means of planarization for both the Ga- and N-face that does not induce significant crystalline damage. Removal rates were found to be ∼ 50 nm/min and were equivalent for both polarities. Additionally, a fine polishing method was developed that includes abrasive-free solutions of either sodium hypochlorite for the N-face or a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and citric acid for the Ga-face. With this fine polishing step, scratch-free surfaces were achieved with a root-mean-square roughness of 0.5-0.6 nm.
GENETIC VARIATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE GENUS MABRYA (SCROPHULARIACEAE-ANTIRRHINEAE): SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY INFERENCES

Nine populations of the five species of Mabrya have been examined for allozyme variation at 22 loci using enzyme electrophoresis. The species are homoploid (n = 12), herbaceous perennials and occur in small populations in canyons and barrancas in North American desert scrub and thorn scrub habitats. Although of ancient polyploid origin, the number of isozymes considered typical for diploids is encountered except for a probable duplication at a TPI locus. The average interspecific pairwise comparisons of genetic identities (range 0.434-0.731) are very dissimilar to intraspecific values (range 0.886-0.968). The uniformly low interspecific genetic divergence estimates (average I value of 0.593), large number of unique alleles (average of five per species), pronounced morphological differences, reduced interspecific cross-compatibilities, and (usually) allopatric distributions support recently proposed specific and infrageneric delimitations and hypotheses of a geographical speciation mode, a long period of reproductive isolation, and relictual endemism. Estimates of populational genetic variation are concordant with previous reproductive observations and suggest an outcrossing breeding system for M. geniculata and a mixed mating system for the other species. Because of approximately similar divergence values, phylogenetic relationships in the genus remain unresolved. MABRYA ELIsENs is a genus of showy-flowered,
The nucleotide sequence of the HhaII restriction and modification genes from Haemophilus haemolyticus.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cloned 1710-bp segment of Haemophilus haemolyticus DNA which contains the Hha II restriction ( r ) and modification ( m ) genes. The m gene is 513 bp in length and the r gene is 681 bp in length. Both are in the same reading frame, being separated by a 21-bp region. A ribosome-binding site is identified in front of each gene, but no Haemophilus promoter is apparent on the cloned fragment. Transcription originates from a plasmid promoter and proceeds in the direction m to r .
CHARGE association in a child with de novo inverted duplication (14)(q22-->q24.3).

We report on a 4-{1/2} year old girl with apparent CHARGE association who had a de novo inverted duplication (14) (q22{r_arrow}24.3), iris colobomas, ventricular septal defect, soft tissue choanal atresia, intellectual impairment, growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, apparently low set ears, and upslanting palpebral fissures. Family history was unremarkable and parental chromosomes were normal. Similarities between this and previously reported cases of 14q duplication suggest that a locus for a gene or genes causing some of the anomalies of CHARGE association may reside in the region 14q22 to 24.3. 26 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Issues of Crowding Research: Vulnerable Participants, Assessing Perceptions, and Developmental Differences

Issues, problems, and findings that evolved from recent studies on density and crowding effects on children are discussed. Topics include an attempt to study a vulnerable sample of the population, methods of assessing the perceptions of children to density conditions, devel opmental differences in personal space preferences, and findings that substantiate differences in density effects as a function of age. Ethical dilemmas of studying vulnerable participants and findings which caution against generalizing from results based on one age and normalcy sample to differing samples are discussed as well. This article is a discussion of three major issues that arose in the process of conducting experimental research on the effects of density and crowding on children. In the first section the dilemma of determining the effects of crowding on vulnerable participants while adhering to ethical principles of research is discussed. In the second section, methods and problems of determining the perceptions of children are addressed. The last section is based on the findings of three studies and focuses on developmental differences. Developmental differences are first discussed in terms of personal space and its relationship to The research studies referred to in this article were supported by research grant MH25522 from the National Institute of Mental Health, and by a summer Faculty
Correlated effects of the Y-chromosome of mice on developmental changes in testosterone levels and intermale aggression

Abstract Serum testosterone (T) was studied developmentally in DBA/1/Bg and C57BL/10/Bg inbred mice, as well as in their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Testosterone determinations were made using a radioimmunoassay. At 35 and 40 days post partum , DBA/1/Bg mice had higher levels of T than C57BL/10/Bg males. Comparison of the regression coefficients for the serum T values over days 30, 35, 40, and 50 also indicated statistical differences in the two curves of developmental changes in T. The pubertal rise in B10D1F1 but not D1B10F1 males was found to be steeper in slope over days 30, 35, 40, and 50 than that of C57BL/10/Bg males. These data suggest that during the pubertal period there may be a more rapid increase in serum T titer associated with the DBA/1 Y-chromosome. However, the developmental curves of T for the two reciprocal hybrids were not statistically different from each other or from that of the DBA/1/Bg males. These findings are suggestive of a Y-chromosome effect on developmental changes in T and of a genetic correlation with intermale aggression.
LumiNOC: a power-efficient, high-performance, photonic network-on-chip for future parallel architectures

Achieving scaling performance as core counts increase to the hundreds in future chip-multi-processors (CMPs) requires high performing, yet energy-efficient interconnects. Silicon nanophotonics is a promising replacement for electronic on-chip interconnect due to its high bandwidth and low latency, however, prior techniques have required high static power for the laser and ring thermal tuning. We propose a novel nano-photonic NoC architecture, LumiNOC, optimized for high performance and power-efficiency. In a 64-node NoC under synthetic traffic, LumiNOC enjoys 50% lower latency at low loads and 40% higher throughput per Watt on synthetic traffic, versus other reported photonic NoCs. LumiNOC reduces latencies 40% versus an electrical 2D mesh NoCs on the PARSEC shared memory, multithreaded benchmark suite.
An Experimental Analogue of Reaction-Formation

(1953). An Experimental Analogue of Reaction-Formation. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 97-123.
Depth-Penetrating Temperature Measurements of Thermal Barrier Coatings Incorporating Thermographic Phosphors

Thermographic phosphors have been previously demonstrated to provide effective non-contact, emissivity-independent surface temperature measurements. Because of the translucent nature of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), thermographic phosphor-based temperature measurements can be extended beyond the surface to provide depth-selective temperature measurements by incorporating the thermographic phosphor layer at the depth where the temperature measurement is desired. In this paper, thermographic phosphor (Y2O3:Eu) fluorescence decay time measurements are demonstrated to provide through-the-coating thickness temperature readings up to 1100 C with the phosphor layer residing beneath a 100 micron thick TBC (plasma-sprayed 8wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia). With an appropriately chosen excitation wavelength and detection configuration, it is shown that sufficient phosphor emission is generated to provide effective temperature measurements, despite the attenuation of both the excitation and emission intensities by the overlying TBC. This depth-penetrating temperature measurement capability should prove particularly useful for TBC diagnostics where a large thermal gradient is typically present across the TBC thickness. The fluorescence decay from the Y2O3:Eu layer exhibited both an initial short-term exponential rise and a longer-term exponential decay. The rise time constant was demonstrated to provide better temperature indication below 500 C while the decay time constant was a better indicator at higher temperatures.
Adenovirus inhibition of cellular protein synthesis involves inactivation of cap-binding protein

Adenovirus (Ad) infection results in a marked inhibition of cellular protein synthesis that initiates during the late phase of the viral infectious cycle. We show that the mechanism used for suppression of cellular protein synthesis during cell cycle progression is exploited by Ad to repress host and enhance late viral mRNA translation. Discrimination between cellular and late Ad mRNAs and inhibition of host protein synthesis are shown to involve viral-mediated underphosphorylation of cap-binding protein (CBP) and subsequent inactivation of CBP complex, a large enzymatic complex required for cap-dependent mRNA translation. Late Ad mRNAs, like those of poliovirus, possess the unique ability to translate independent of a normal cap recognition process and do not require the activity of CBP complex. Inhibition of cellular translation by these two viruses is quite similar, except that whereas CBP complex is proteolytically degraded by poliovirus, it is functionally inactivated by Ad.
The dawn of synthetic genomics.

The first month of 2008 was unusually quiet in terms of microbial genome sequencing. Still, even the relatively short list of newly released genomes includes several interesting environmental microorganisms, such as the anoxygenic phototroph Chloroflexus aurantiacus, the toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, and the methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens (Table 1). However, arguably the biggest news was the announcement by J. Craig Venter and colleagues that they ‘have synthesized a 582 970 bp Mycoplasma genitalium genome’ (Gibson et al., 2008). The authors used chemically synthesized oligonucleotides ∼50 nucleotides in length to assemble ‘cassettes’ 5–7 kb in length, then to join them by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies, gradually increasing in size. Finally, four 144 kb pieces were cloned in Escherichia coli as bacterial artificial chromosomes, transferred into yeast and assembled into a full-length genome. The genome of the resulting strain, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, was virtually identical to the genome of the original strain M. genitalium G37. It was not immediately clear whether this technically very challenging and truly monumental work had any purpose beyond just serving as a proof of principle. However, J. C. Venter and colleagues have a record of overcoming enormous technical challenges and launching entirely new areas of biotechnology. It might be simply too early right now to ask them to explain the future of this work. In any case, the era of synthetic biology has officially begun and who knows what kind of molecules people will be synthesizing 10 or 20 years from now.
Nearby Young Stars Selected by Proper Motion. I. Four New Members of the β Pictoris Moving Group From The Tycho-2 Catalog

We describe a procedure to identify stars from nearby moving groups and associations out of catalogs of stars with large proper motions. We show that from the mean motion vector of a known or suspected moving group, one can identify additional members of the group based on proper motion data and photometry in the optical and infrared, with minimal contamination from background field stars. We demonstrate this technique by conducting a search for low-mass members of the β Pictoris moving group in the Tycho-2 catalog. All known members of the moving group are easily recovered, and a list of 51 possible candidates is generated. Moving group membership is evaluated for 33 candidates based on X-ray flux from ROSAT ,H α line emission, and radial velocity measurement from high-resolution infrared spectra obtained at Infrared Telescope Facility. We confirm three of the candidates to be new members of the group: TYC 1186-706-1, TYC 7443-1102-1, and TYC 2211-1309-1 which are late-K and early-M dwarfs 45–60 pc from the Sun. We also identify a common proper motion companion to the known β Pictoris Moving Group member TYC 7443-1102-1, at a 26. 3 separation; the new companion is associated with the X-ray source 1RXS J195602.8−320720. We argue that the present technique could be applied to other large proper motion catalogs to identify most of the elusive, low-mass members of known nearby moving groups and associations.
Decreased structure‐linked latency of lysosomal dipeptidyl aminopeptidase‐I activity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy fibroblasts

Crude lysosomal pellets were prepared from skin fibroblasts grown from patients having Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and from normal controls. Disruption of the lysosomes by nonionic detergents resulted in the expression of latent activity of the enzyme dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-I(DAP-I). Duchenne lysosomes showed less structure-linked latency than those from normal controls, and sedimentation studies demonstrated that the difference was not caused by increased leakage of the enzyme from lysosomes. Permeability properties of the lysosomes for an artificial substrate revealed no difference of the apparent K m . However, in intact lysosomes the apparent K a for CI of this chloride-requiring enzyme was found to be lower in DMD lysosomes. The apparent increase in entry of Cl was closely related with the decreased amount of the DAP-I latency. High concentrations of extra-lysosomal Cl − corrected the abnormality.
Spatial resolution of ultrasound-modulated optical tomography used for the detection of absorbing and scattering objects in thick scattering media

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) combines the spatial resolution of ultrasonic waves and the spectroscopic properties of light to detect optically absorbing and/or scattering objects in highly scattering media. In this work, a double-pass confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer is used as a bandpass filter to selectively detect the ultrasoundtagged photons. The limited etendue of the confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer is compensated by using a singlefrequency laser emitting high-peak-power optical pulses. Compared to photoacoustic tomography, UOT is not only sensitive to optical absorption but also to scattering properties. In this paper, we consider the detection of absorbing and scattering objects embedded in thick (30 to 60 mm) tissue-mimicking phantoms and biological tissues. The experimental evaluation of the spatial resolution of the technique is compared to that expected from the ultrasonic beam intensity profile. Preliminary results indicate that the edge spread function is influenced by the level of absorption of the embedded object.
Computing elliptic membrane high frequencies by Mathieu and Galerkin methods

Resonant modes of an elliptic membrane are computed for a wide range of frequencies using a Galerkin formulation. Results are confirmed using Mathieu functions and finite-element methods. Algorithms and their implementations are described to handle Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions and draw animations or contour plots of the modal surfaces. The methods agree to four or more digit accuracy for the first one hundred modes. The effects of high function order and high frequency parameter upon the convergence of the modified Mathieu function series are discussed and quantified. The Galerkin method is conceptually simple and requires only an eigenvalue solver without the need of special functions.
Pediatric knee fractures.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fractures about the knee are a common occurrence in children, and characteristics of the growing skeleton make children susceptible to specific fractures that do not occur in adults. The purpose of this review is to help the clinician to recognize, understand, and appropriately treat these injuries. RECENT FINDINGS Pediatric knee fractures are diagnosed by a comprehensive history and physical examination supplemented with appropriate imaging modalities. Depending on the injury, treatment may include immobilization, arthroscopic treatment, or open reduction and internal fixation. SUMMARY A thorough understanding of pediatric knee fractures will enable clinicians to appropriately manage these injuries and provide patients with a rapid return to preinjury activities.
Communal and Associational Social Structures: Their Underlying Behavioral Components and Implications for Marketing

Sociologists have frequently utilized the concepts of communal and associational social structures as bipolar ideal types for describing and interpreting behavioral patterns. An empirical examination is made of this conceptualization, underlying behavioral components are investigated, and implications concerning the generalizability of current marketing research efforts are cited.
Transforming growth factor-alpha in human hepatocellular carcinoma and coexpression with hepatitis B surface antigen in adjacent liver.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is closely associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in many patients, but the mechanisms by which HBV contributes to HCC are not known. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), a regulator of growth and regeneration in rat liver that can be found in high levels in some human cancers, theoretically could play such an intermediate role in the development of HCC. METHODS The expression of TGF-alpha and its relation to the HBV antigens were evaluated in human HCC and adjacent nontumorous livers from 33 patients from the United States and China using immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded sections. RESULTS TGF-alpha was detected in HCC from 27 of 33 (82%) patients; the frequencies were similar in patients from the United States and China. TGF-alpha was detected in HCC more frequently in patients whose adjacent nontumorous livers had detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) than in those whose adjacent livers lacked HBsAg and HBcAg. Detection of TGF-alpha was not affected by tumor size, histologic type, or grade. TGF-alpha was detected in adjacent nontumorous livers from 31 of 33 patients (94%). Coexpression at a high intensity of TGF-alpha and HBsAg in the same hepatocytes could be demonstrated by specific staining of consecutively cut sections for 17 of 33 patients (52%). CONCLUSIONS TGF-alpha is expressed at a high level in 82% of human HCC. Localization of HBsAg within the same hepatocytes as TGF-alpha suggests a possible interaction between HBV and TGF-alpha during hepatocarcinogenesis in humans. Stimulation of TGF-alpha expression could be part of a chain of events by which HBV contributes to the development of HCC in some patients.
Characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene transcripts in a mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT1 cell line

Abstract We have characterized the nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA transcripts derived from the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) gene in a mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT1 cell line. Analyses of nuclear GnRH RNA precursors present in the GT1 cells by RNase protection assay show that there is no particular order of intron excision, suggesting the existence of multiple processing pathways. A similar pattern is observed in mouse preoptic area–anterior hypothalamus (POA-AH). In GT1 cells, approximately 5% of the total GnRH RNA transcripts are found in the nucleus. In contrast, in the POA-AH of mice, nuclear transcripts comprise 40% of the total GnRH transcripts. Thus the GT1 cells, while similar in overall GnRH RNA processing to mouse hypothalamic GnRH neurons, do not exhibit the high abundance of nuclear GnRH RNA transcripts seen in the rodent GnRH neuron in vivo. Quantitative analysis of the nuclear RNA species shows that the GnRH primary transcript comprises more than 90% of the total nuclear GnRH mRNA precursors in both GT1 cells and mouse POA-AH and thus GnRH processing intermediates account for fewer than 10% of these precursors. Using these probes, we have examined changes in GnRH primary transcript expression in GT1-7 cells. In the presence of RNA synthesis inhibitors, the half-life of the GnRH primary transcript was found to be quite short, ∼ 18 min, suggesting that the level of primary transcript would reflect levels of GnRH gene transcription. When GT1-7 cells are treated with the phorbol ester PMA (phorbol, 12-myristate, 13-acetate) for 1 h, GnRH primary transcript levels decrease by ∼ 70%. Supporting the hypothesis that GnRH primary transcript is a good indicator of GnRH gene transcription is the finding that 1 h of PMA treatment results in a similar (∼ 50%) decrease in GnRH gene transcription, as assayed by nuclear run-on assay. Our observation that GT1 cells resemble mouse hypothalamic GnRH neurons in their pattern of intron excision and in the ratio of primary transcript to other nuclear transcripts emphasizes the utility of these cells for studying the regulation of GnRH gene expression in this immortalized hypothalamic cell line.
Learning the Spectrum via Collaborative Filtering in Cognitive Radio Networks

Secondary users in cognitive radio networks need to learn the statistics of spectrum in order to achieve efficient communications. Due to the spatial correlation, the efficiency of learning is improved by letting secondary users collaborate and exchange information. Due to the similarity between the collaborative learning in cognitive radio networks and the recommendation systems of electronic commerce like Amazon, the technique of collaborative filtering is applied. Prediction oriented and reward oriented criteria are proposed to derive the procedure of collaborative filtering. For the former criterion, linear prediction is used for the parameter estimation, heuristic metric is derived for channel selection, and similarity based Boltzman distribution is used for collaborator selection. For the latter criterion, the technique of multi-armed bandit is applied to maximize the total reward of spectrum access. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed collaborative filtering scheme can significantly improve the performance of spectrum learning.
The 'Gator' Mouse Suit for early bioluminescent metastatic breast cancer detection and nanomaterial signal enhancement during live animal imaging.

Optical imaging is a cornerstone of modern oncologic research. The aim of this study is to determine the value of a new tool to enhance bioluminescent and fluorescent sensitivity for facilitating very-low-level signal detection in vivo. Experimental: For bioluminescent imaging experiments, a luciferase expressing breast cancer cell line with metastatic phenotype was implanted orthotopically into the mammary fat pad of mice. For fluorescent imaging experiments, near-infrared (NIR) nanoparticles were injected intratumorally and subcutaneously into mice. Images were compared in mice with and without application of the ‘Gator’ Mouse Suit (GMS). Results: The GMS was associated with early detection and quantification of metastatic bioluminescent very-low-level signal not possible with conventional imaging strategies. Similarly, NIR nanoparticles that were undetectable in locations beyond the primary injection site could be visualized and their very-low-level signal quantifiable with the aid of the GMS. Conclusion: The GMS is a device which has tremendous potential for facilitating the development of bioluminescent models and fluorescent nanomaterials for translational oncologic applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De communicatietoets en de context van het consult

De communicatietoets en de context van het consult. Huisarts Wet 2015;58(4):186-90. Communicatie is voor artsen een belangrijke competentie en de toetsing van communicatievaardigheden is een integraal onderdeel van de huisartsenopleiding. Die toetsing is echter vatbaar voor verbetering. In de huisartsgeneeskunde hecht men er veel waarde aan dat de arts klachten interpreteert binnen de context. De toetsing van arts-patientcommunicatie houdt echter geen rekening met de context waarin zij plaatsvindt. Wij gingen na hoe die context in de toetsing verdisconteerd kan worden. Met een mixed-method design onderzochten we hoe de scores van huisartsen en aios op de MAAS-Globaal communicatietoets zouden veranderen wanneer men bij de scoring rekening zou houden met een aantal vooraf gedefinieerde contextfactoren. We bepaalden de scores van de deelnemers tweemaal: een keer de score op de standaardtoets en een keer de score op de toets waarin ook contextfactoren waren opgenomen. In de consulten vonden we alle vooraf geidentificeerde contextfactoren terug. Zowel voor de huisartsen als voor de aios steeg de gemiddelde score, al was het verschil bij de aios over het algemeen kleiner. De huisartsen scoorden op de contextgevoelige toets gemiddeld boven het vastgestelde niveau voor ‘adequaat communicerend’. Bij het toetsen van de arts-patientcommunicatie in de huisartsenopleiding moeten contextfactoren eerder als signaal dan als ruis worden opgevat. Het expliciet betrekken van contextfactoren in de toets maakt deze transparanter. Contextspecifieke toepassing van communicatievaardigheden verdient in de vervolgopleiding meer nadruk, zowel bij het onderwijs als bij de toetsing.
In vitro lipid metabolism, growth and metabolic hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid chickens.

Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were fed on diets containing energy:protein values varying from 43 to 106 MJ/kg protein and containing 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T3)/kg diet to study effects on growth, metabolic hormone concentrations and in vitro lipogenesis. In vitro lipid synthesis was determined in liver explants in the presence and absence of ouabain (Na+, K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) inhibitor) to estimate the role of enzyme activity in explants synthesizing lipid. Growth and feed consumption increased (P 53 MJ/kg protein) and dietary T3 lowered (P 53 MJ/kg protein) increased (P < 0.01) lipogenesis, plasma growth hormone (GH) and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Also, T3 decreased plasma GH, IGF-1 in vitro lipogenesis. Ouabain inhibited a greater proportion of in vitro lipogenesis in those explants synthesizing fat at a high rate. Both dietary T3 and in vitro ouabain decrease lipogenesis, but, when combined, the effects are not cumulative.
Application of “Falling Drop” Measurement of Density to Quantitative Determination of Antibody in Immunological Reactions.∗

SummaryThe falling drop method devised by Barbour and Hamilton for the determination of the concentration of protein solutions has been found applicable to the estimation of the antibody content of antipneumococcus serum. After the precipitate has been separated from the reacting mixture by centrifugation, the density of the supernatant fluid can be determined in less than one minute by this method.
Investigation to expand the collimated transillumination method for improved identification and determination of the location of small details in very thick tissues

A collimated transillumination system has been developed for the detection of small lesions in thick tissues. The test object is raster scanned by a collimated light beam and a synchronous in-line post collimated receiver. The images are recorded either in analog form to a film using a light emitting diode, or stored digitally in a microcomputer and displayed by a 256 gray shade monitor. Tests show that the system can achieve high resolution in detecting small details in images of whole teeth, live mice, breast sections, and bones in the regular operating mode. The resolution can be increased by using a newly developed high resolution method and/or by digitizing the image. In addition, different types of details can be separated from each other by using different wavelengths of light.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative Evaluation of Stripping Potential in Hot-Mix Asphalt, Using Ultrasonic Energy for Moisture-Accelerated Conditioning:

The ultrasonic moisture-accelerated conditioning process is a quantitative analysis to establish the moisture sensitivity of any given hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement. While in a water bath at a constant 60°C, a sample from an HMA mix is conditioned by ultrasonic energy for a specified period of time. The repeated cycle of compression then cavitation accelerates the detachment and displacement of the asphalt binder from the aggregate's surface. The proportion of separated particles versus conditioning time has been statistically shown to have a unique linear relationship for each HMA mix. The test procedure was implemented on a variety of pavement mixtures and was found to distinguish among aggregate sources, different asphalt binders, specimens containing lime versus no lime, and variability in asphalt binder content. Simplicity of the ultrasonic moisture-accelerated conditioning process is attributed to the ease in which a sample is prepared and conditioned. Samples can be derived from pavement cores or ...
How predictive are photosensitive epilepsy models as proof of principle trials for epilepsy

Abstract Purpose Human photosensitive epilepsy models have been used as proof of principle (POP) trials for epilepsy. Photosensitive patients are exposed to intermittent photic stimulation and the reduction in sensitivity to the number of standard visual stimulation frequencies is used as an endpoint. The aim of this research was to quantify the predictive capabilities of photosensitive POP trials, through a survey of current literature. Methods A literature search was undertaken to identify articles describing photosensitive POP trials. Minimally efficacious doses (MEDs) in epilepsy were compared to doses in the POP trials that produced 50–100% response (ED 50–100 ). Ratios of these doses were calculated and summarised statistically. Results The search identified ten articles describing a total of 17 anti-epileptic drugs. Of these, data for both MED and ED 50–100 were available for 13 anti-epileptic drugs. The average ratio of MED to ED 50–100 was 0.95 (95% CI 0.60–1.30). The difference in MED to ED 50–100 ratios between partial epilepsy (0.82) was not significantly different from that of generalised epilepsy (1.08) ( p =0.51). Conclusion Photosensitive POP trials are a useful tool to quantitatively predict efficacy in epilepsy, and can be useful as early and informative indicators in anti-epileptic drug discovery and development.
THE OPPORTUNITY COSTS OF REDWOOD NATIONAL PARK: COMMENT AND ELABORATION

In a recent issue of this journal, Walker (1984) emphasized the need for good economic analysis in public evaluation of national park expansions. We support this but would like to show that a possible reason the economic analysis referred to in Walker's paper was ignored may be the very narrow way in which his analysis was performed. In particular, the opportunity cost per visitor day of Redwood National Park may have been overstated by a factor of 10 by implying the sole benefits of the park expansion were associated with only 10 percent of the park's use days. More importantly, substantial literature on off-site economic benefits arising from preservation of natural environments is completely ignored. Since the legal purpose of the national parks is not solely related to recreation, this omission reflects a large error in the analysis. This paper's purpose is to apply sensitivity analysis to the opportunity costs per visitor day and illustrate some policy analysis tools commonly used by natural-resource economists, in and out of government, for evaluating the economic efficiency benefits of preserving unique natural environments. Applying these tools indicates the cost of Redwood National Park may have been as low as 90 cents per household in the United States.
The physical trace

This paper examines the pedagogical implications of the integration of different orders of images in architectural design studios and the re-introduction of what might be called existential or phenomenal dimensions to a representational agenda that has become predominantly conceptual as opposed to physical, rationalistic as opposed to experiential, production-oriented instead of purely investigative. By attempting to historicise the idea of the deployment of representations of space into real space I hope to contribute to a discourse which emphasises the experience of images rather than technologies and techniques of representation. Examples of seemingly antique and forgotten media that synthesised aesthetic and scientific ways of investigating the world are examined for their relevance and utility in twenty-first-century design education.
Perceptions and Recall of Advertising Content Presented on Mobile Handled Devices

ABSTRACTWith the advancements in mobile phone technology and the increase in consumer use of wireless devices to access the internet, there is a need to explore the inevitable effect of these factors on mobile advertising. In this project, we presented commercial content on wireless devices, designed to represent various modality combinations (text, audio, and pictures) to test hypotheses based on cognitive load theory. Results showed that modality significantly affected subjects’ perceptions toward and recall of the commercial content. However, modality did not affect perceptions of the mobile device itself, or influence behavioral intentions and attitudes toward mobile advertising on wireless devices. Behavioral intentions to use mobile devices were significantly predicted by consumer perceptions of content and of the device. Marketers can use these results to design more effective ads to be presented on mobile devices.
Land application of sludge generated by the anaerobic fermentation of biomass to methane

Abstract Although energy prices have remained relatively stable, or even declined, over the past several years, the problem of long-term reliance on finite fossil fuel reserves has not changed. Methane from the anaerobic digestion of biomass may offer at least a partial solution to this problem. Digester sludge generated from this process will have to be disposed of, most likely by land application. Nutrient concentrations in sludge normally increase during digestion, enhancing its value as a potential fertilizer. Mineralization kinetics will determine the conversion rate of organic nutrient forms in sludge to plant-available, inorganic forms. Ideally, sludge nutrient release would be synchronous with plant demand and would not create significant concentrations of residual soluble nutrients, which might result in environmental degradation. Excessive loading rates of methane generator sludge are of concern primarily because of potential nitrate (NO3−) contamination of groundwater. The purpose of this review of the literature and research summary is to emphasize potential problems and benefits associated with land application of this waste.
Mesopelagic-boundary community in Hawaii : micronekton at the interface between neritic and oceanic ecosystems

The present study demonstrates that a distinct land-associated community of mesopelagic micronekton exists around the Hawaiian Islands. This “mesopelagic-boundary community” replaces the oceanic mesopelagic community over bottom depths of approx 400 to 700 m and includes about 14 species of fishes, 5 of shrimps and 4 of squids. Similar species of the mesopelagic micronekton have been reported in association with other landmasses at the boundary between the oceanic mesopelagic realm and upper continental or island slopes. These species may form a cosmopolitan “mesopelagic-boundary community” which shows regional differences in taxonomic composition, abundance and diversity. Boundary communities, with populations which are both tightly constrained geographically and relatively accessible to shore-based research programs, offer unique opportunities for studying biological processes of the mesopelagic realm and the interactions between neritic and oceanic populations. Data is presented from three midwater and two neuston sampling projects undertaken around the main Hawaiian Islands between 1987 and 1989; additional evidence from the literature is also discussed.
An intelligent agent approach for teaching neural networks using LEGO® handy board robots

In this article we describe a project for an undergraduate artificial intelligence class. The project teaches neural networks using LEGO® handy board robots. Students construct robots with two motors and two photosensors. Photosensors provide readings that act as inputs for the neural network. Output values power the motors and maintain the robot along the designated path. In doing this project, students come to realize the difference between training a neural network and the trained neural network. The fun factor associated with this project has encouraged students to elect artificial intelligence as part of their course of study.
Intermolecular recognition and crystal packing in molybdenum and tungsten coordination polymers as deduced from powder X-ray diffraction data.

The molecular conformations and packing of [(tBuCO2)3M2(μ-X)M2(O2CtBu)3], where M = Mo and W, and X = oxalate and perfluoroterephthalate, determined in the solid-state from powder X-ray diffraction analysis, reveal one-dimensional coordination polymers involving pivalate-oxygen to metal interactions (X = perfluoroterephthalate), and oxalate- as well as pivalate-oxygen to metal bonds (X = oxalate), and allows explanation of the unusual state-dependent chromic properties of these compounds.
Analysis of the genes involved in the insulin transmembrane mitogenic signal in Chinese hamster ovary cells, CHO-K1, utilizing insulin-independent mutants

Abstract CHO-K1 cells, wild type (WT), grow in a defined medium with insulin as the only essential hormone. When starved for insulin, these cells accumulate in G0/G1 stage. Insulin binding to its receptor stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division and induces an increase in abundance of mRNA for c-fos, c-jun, Krox-20, Krox-24 (zif/268), fra-1, jun-B, c-myc, and JE. The kinetics of induction of these genes are similar to that shown with serum induction of 3T3. These genes show maximum stimulation at insulin concentrations of 20, 160, or 320 ng/ml and their expression is inhibited at higher concentrations. The addition of cycloheximide results in superinduction. The WT and insulin-independent mutants show no detectable signal for KC, fos-b, or nur77 and no increase over the basal level of pI-15, probably eliminating these genes as participants in the insulin mitogenic signal. These mutants synthesize DNA in the absence of insulin at rates that vary from 4 to 12 times that of the quiescent (insulin unstimulated) WT and are further inducible by insulin. The mutants have "constitutive" levels of Krox-24 (zif/268), fra-1, jun-B, c-myc, and JE (INS-type 2 genes) mRNAs that vary from mutant to mutant, reaching a maximum of an 8-fold increase for fra-1 and JE over the quiescent WT levels. There were no detectable levels of mRNA for genes c-fos and Krox-20 and no increase in level of mRNA for c-jun (INS-type 1 genes) as compared to the quiescent WT. Thus, although these INS-type 1 and type 2 genes may be involved in the full insulin mitogenic signal, the constitutive up-regulation of only genes in INS-type 2 is sufficient for insulin-independent DNA synthesis and cell division. Analysis of hybrids constructed between WT and mutant 27 indicate that the mutant phenotype is recessive, pointing to the existence of a regulatory gene producing a negative regulator.