cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared Camera For 10 μm Astronomy

We describe an infrared imaging photometer employing a monolithic 32x32 pixel bismuth doped silicon charge injection device array. The device is primarily useful in the 8-13 pm atmospheric window. The detector is sufficiently sensitive to provide good performance on ground-based telescopes and promises to be very good for low background space flight operation.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Letter from New Orleans.

Hurricane Katrina has provided an unprecedented opportunity to rebuild the health care system of New Orleans. My hope is that we don't retreat to comfortable ways but seize the day and develop a fu...
A New Technique for Estimating Recharge Using a Digital Modela

A new digital-computer modeling technique uses response curves for discrete regions of a stream-aquifer system to compute the percentage of applied irrigation water and precipitation that recharges the ground-water reservoir. The hydrologic system modeled is a part of the Arkansas River valley in southeastern Colorado. A 150-mile reach of the valley (Pueblo to the State line) was divided into seven smaller reaches. Streamflow, irrigation water applied from canals, ground-water withdrawal by wells, and precipitation data collected during 1964-68 were considered. A wide range of assumed values of recharge from applied irrigation water and precipitation were simulated by the model. The differences between computed and measured changes in ground-water storage were extremely sensitive to the programmed recharge value. Convergence of computed and measured change in ground-water storage values was obtained for most reaches when 20 to 30 percent of the applied irrigation water and precipitation was computed as recharge to the aquifer.
American state intervention in the parent-child legal relationship

Abstract There are two traditions in the history of American family law that are reflected in different state legislation dealing with child abuse and neglect. They indicate a continuing cultural dilemma about the rights of parents and those of children. One tradition supports the privacy and autonomy of the family, and the right of the parents to the child. Such a view of the permanence of the parental role helps to explain state laws which make the termination of parental rights nearly impossible to achieve. Social workers in such jurisdictions must protect children by means of long foster-care placements. Pennsylvania represents a state with laws supporting parental rights. Another tradition is derived from that of the court acting as a parent, the parens patriae heritage. In the United States the Juvenile Court has assumed this protective and intrusive role. Where such legal support exists, children may be freed for adoptive homes, as they are in Colorado. This paper outlines the state laws of Pennsylvania and Colorado pertaining to the termination of the parent-child legal relationship. These laws indicate that American children in families at risk are protected very differently. As long as state laws differ so greatly, equality of justice for families and children will exhibit substantial variation due to residence.
Jet-propelled escape in the squid Loligo opalescens: concerted control by giant and non-giant motor axon pathways.

Abstract Recordings of stellar nerve activity were made during escape responses in living squid. Short-latency activation of the giant axons is triggered by light-flash stimulation that elicits a stereotyped startle-escape response and powerful jet. Many other types of stimuli produce a highly variable, delayed-escape response with strong jetting primarily controlled by a small axon motor pathway. In such cases, activation of the giant axons is not necessary for a vigorous escape jet. When they are utilized, the giant axons are not activated until well after the non-giant system initiates the escape response, and excitation is critically timed to boost the rise in intramantle pressure. Squid thus show at least two escape modes in which the giant axons can contribute in different ways to the control of a highly flexible behavior.
Reduced postoperative infections with an immune-enhancing nutritional supplement

Objectives/Hypothesis: Malnutrition is a significant risk factor for postoperative infections in patients undergoing oncologic surgery. This study was undertaken to determine if perioperative nutritional supplementation with an immune-enhancing formula is superior to standard formula in the prevention of postoperative infectious complications. Study Design: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing perioperative nutritional supplementation with Impact and standard nutritional formulas. Methods: Following stratification, 136 patients undergoing oncologic head and neck surgery were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: preoperative/postoperative Impact, postoperative Impact, preoperative/postoperative standard formula, and postoperative standard formula. Outcome measures included laboratory evaluations of nutritional status, infectious and wound healing complications, and duration of hospitalization. Statistical analysis was performed using ξ2 or two-tailed Fisher Exact Tests, when appropriate. Results: Intent-to-treat (P = .02) and actual therapy (P = .04) analyses revealed a significant decrease in the incidence of postoperative infectious complications (all sites) in patients who received Impact. There was no significant difference in wound healing problems or duration of hospitalization. Postoperative measures of nutrition status demonstrated a higher serum albumin (P = .05) in patients who received Impact compared with standard formula. Conclusions: Compared with standard formula, perioperative nutritional supplementation with Impact significantly reduced the incidence of infectious complications. The length of hospitalization was significantly prolonged in patients with postoperative infections, suggesting potential cost savings with the use of immune-enhancing formulas such as Impact. Key Words: Nutritional supplements, malnutrition, head and neck cancer.
A Strategic Consultancy Model for Establishing a Center for Business Communication.

As a result of a major revision of the undergraduate curriculum in the Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, we were given the task of establishing a center for business communication. Based on this experience, we present our strategic consultancy model for launching such a center. The model employs the strategic management paradigm of identifying the principle players in the process; identifying stakeholders; defining goals; analyzing strengths, weak nesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis); establishing consultancy relationships; and evaluating results. The model proved successful in writing a proposal for the center, implementing the center, and evaluating the center's work.
Unmasking the complexities of mucinous ovarian carcinoma.

Objective Most collaborative studies for the treatment of primary and recurrent ovarian cancer have grouped all epithelial ovarian cancers together, leading to a common therapeutic approach to all the different subtypes. Emerging data, however, support the hypothesis that primary mucinous ovarian cancers are unique histologically, molecularly, and clinically from other epithelial subtypes. The objective of our review was to identify and synthesize the most current information on mucinous ovarian carcinoma with regard to pathologic, molecular, and clinical distinctions.
On Hensel factorization, I

Abstract A p-adic method for the constructive factorization of monic polynomials over a dedekind ring o and the ideal theory of o [x] are developed.
Toward a national policy for the elderly in Ghana

In this article, author Osei Darkwa discusses the need for the creation of a national policy to guide policy makers in addressing issues and challenges confronting the elderly in Ghana. It begins by providing a brief sociodemographic profile of the elderly Ghanaian population, then discusses the issues and challenges confronting this population. The article proposes the creation of a national policy—the Older Ghanaians Services Act—to be the framework for the creation of an array of programs and community-based services to address contemporary and emerging needs of elderly Ghanaians. Specific services such as adult day care, housing, transportation, health care, and longterm care are discussed. Finally, the article urges policy makers to seeks partners with businesses, corporations, religious institutions, local communities, and the private sector in creating programs geared toward meeting the needs of elderly Ghanaians.
Segregational mechanisms of sex chromosomes in megaloptera (Neuropteroidea)

In male meiocytes of 2 species of the megalopteran family Corydalidae, Corydalus cornutus (L.) (2n=24, comprising 11 pairs of autosomes plus X and Y in the male and 2 Xes in the female) and Neohermes filicornis (Banks) (2n=22, comprising 10 pairs of autosomes plus X and Y in the male and 2 Xes in the female), the sex chromosomes invariably form a bivalent and segregate synchronously with the autosomes. In Neohermes this sex-bivalent is of the parachute type. Absence of autosomal univalents and of the straight-jacket deformation of chromosomes in individual spindle units further distinguishes these megalopteran meiocytes from those of Neuroptera and Raphidioptera previously described. The bearing of these findings on phylogenetic relationships of the recent Orders of the Neuropteroidea is briefly considered.
Optically addressed thresholding very-large-scale-integration/liquid-crystal spatial light modulators

Two 32 × 32 array optically addressed thresholding spatial light modulators consisting of a very-large-scale-integration chip and a ferroelectric liquid-crystal modulator are presented. The intensity contrast ratios range from 3:1 and 11:1, and the response times range from 500 μs to 6 ms.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

The American community college has been considered a more democratic and meritocratic institution than its four‐year, BA counterpart. Accordingly, it has been touted as a leader in the battle for equal educational opportunity and social mobility for those of lower socio‐economic status. In the past decade, however, influential critics of the community college have argued that it is in reality a social expression of class‐based tracking that functions to preserve and reproduce the existing, unjust social order. Central to this indictment is the claim that the community college redirects the educational aspirations of large numbers of low‐status students away from four‐year degrees and toward two‐year terminal degrees and eventually lower‐status socioeconomic positions. The community college is neither democratic nor meritocratic. In this paper, we analyze such claims and re‐examine the situation of the community college in the American educational system. We are aided in this task through the analysis of h...
Infant-Directed Speech Drives Social Preferences in 5-Month-Old Infants

Adults across cultures speak to infants in a specific infant-directed manner. We asked whether infants use this manner of speech (infant- or adult-directed) to guide their subsequent visual preferences for social partners. We found that 5-month-old infants encode an individuals' use of infant-directed speech and adult-directed speech, and use this information to guide their subsequent visual preferences for individuals even after the speech behavior has ended. Use of infant-directed speech may act as an effective cue for infants to select appropriate social partners, allowing infants to focus their attention on individuals who will provide optimal care and opportunity for learning. This selectivity may play a crucial role in establishing the foundations of social cognition.
Type I collagen mutation alters the strength and fatigue behavior of Mov13 cortical tissue.

Abstract Despite advances in understanding the molecular basis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, the mechanisms by which type I collagen mutations compromise whole bone function are not well understood. Previously, we have shown that a heterozygous type I collagen mutation is associated with increased brittleness of long bones from Mov13 transgenic mice, a model of the mild form of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. In the current study, we investigated tissue-level damage processes by testing the hypothesis that the fatigue properties of Mov13 tissue were significantly compromised relative to littermate controls. We also quantified tissue structure and mineral content to explain variations in the fatigue behavior. Micro-beam specimens were machined from the anterior and posterior quadrants of Mov13 and control femurs and subjected to cyclic bending at one of four stress levels. Mov13 tissue exhibited a 22–25% reduction in tissue bending strength and a similar reductions in fatigue life and the stress level at which damage was apparent. These results provided tissue-level evidence that damage accumulation mechanisms were significantly compromised in Mov13 cortical tissue. Given that significant alterations in tissue structure were observed in Mov13 femurs, the results of this study support the idea that Mov13 femurs were brittle because alterations in tissue structure associated with the mutation interfered with normal damage processes. These results provide new insight into the pathogenesis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta and are consistent with bone behaving as a damaging composite material, where damage accumulation is central to bone fracture.
The impact on the US economy of changes in wait times at ports of entry

Abstract Inspections of people and vehicles at US border crossings are vital to homeland security and preventing unauthorized movement of people and freight into the US interior. However, these inspections incur various costs, including imposing delays on legitimate traffic and increasing expenditures to operate the crossings. In this study, we quantify the economic impacts of delays related to movement of passenger and commercial vehicles across 17 major land border crossings and international air travelers at 4 major US airports. We estimate the value of time spent in these delays, and how this changes if one inspection officer is added to each crossing׳s staff. We quantify how the transportation cost for shipping goods by truck into the US changes if wait time falls, and use the GTAP CGE model to estimate the change in macroeconomic activity in the US, Canada, and Mexico caused by the decrease in transportation cost. We also determine how many new cross-border passenger-vehicle trips result from a fall in wait time, and quantify the increase in economic activity in the US and its border regions associated with these new trips. Our results indicate that changes in US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) staffing would have significantly positive impacts on US GDP, trade balances, and employment, and would also significantly reduce the opportunity cost of waiting by passengers and truck drivers. These results should prove useful to those making decisions on border inspection resources, analysts researching trade facilitation issues, and the general public and its representative organizations who incur the costs but also the benefits of inspections.
Interconnect-Driven Nanoelectronic Circuits

The future of the hundred billion dollar semiconductor industry relies on novel nanoelectronic devices and circuits as well as new design approaches. In this paper, a novel interconnect-driven design method is proposed to build practical nanoelectronic circuits using nickel silicide (NiSi) nanowires. This interconnect-driven approach is to design nanoelectronic circuits by selecting efficient interconnect solution first, and then determining the appropriate logic style and material for the circuit based on the interconnect. By focusing on the interconnect bottleneck, rather than devices per se, this proposed solution would significantly improve the feasibility and overall performance of the nanoelectronic circuit. The interconnect-driven approach and NiSi nanowire are a perfect match. Using the interconnect-driven approach, NiSi nanowire and NiSi/Si transistors can form efficient interconnects, pseudo logics and hybrid circuits. This complete interconnect/circuit solution can be achieved by integrating both active devices and high-performance interconnects in a single NiSi nanowire building block.
Direct flux and 15 N tracer methods for measuring denitrification in forest soils

Estimates of denitrification are one of the key uncertainties in the terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycle, primarily because reliable measurements of this highly variable process—especially the production of its terminal product (N2)—are difficult to obtain. We evaluated the ability of gas-flow soil core and 15N tracer methods to provide reliable estimates of denitrification in forest soils. Our objectives were to: (1) describe and present typical results from new gas-flow soil core and in situ 15N tracer methods for measuring denitrification, (2) discuss factors that affect the relevance of these methods to actual in situ denitrification, and (3) compare denitrification estimates produced by the two methods for a series of sites in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Both methods were able to measure accumulations of N2 over relatively short (2–5 h) incubations of either unamended or tracer-amended intact soils. Denitrification rates measured by the direct flux soil core method were very sensitive to incubation oxygen (O2) concentration and decreased with increased O2 levels. Denitrification rates measured by the in situ 15N tracer method were very sensitive to the 15N content of the nitrate (NO3 −) pool undergoing denitrification, which limits the applicability of this method for quantifying denitrification in N-poor ecosystems. While its ability to provide accurate estimates of denitrification was limited, the 15N tracer method provided estimates of the short-term abiotic and biotic transformations of atmospheric N deposition to gas. Furthermore, results suggest that denitrification is higher and that N2O:N2 ratios are lower (<0.02) than previously thought in the northern hardwood forest and that short-term abiotic and biotic transformations of atmospheric N deposition to gas are significant in this ecosystem.
Century‐scale movement of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone linked to solar variability

[1] The abundance of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer in Gulf of Mexico (GOM) sediments is a proxy for the influx of Caribbean surface waters (the Loop Current) into the GOM. Penetration of the Loop Current into the GOM is related to the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): northward migration of the ITCZ results in increased incursion of the Loop Current into the GOM; southward migration of the ITCZ results in decreased penetration of the Loop Current into the GOM. Abundance variations of G. sacculifer in a sediment core from the Pigmy Basin in the GOM show distinct century-scale cyclicity over the last 5,000 years. The periodicity of these abundance variations is similar to the century-scale periodicity observed in proxy records of solar variability, which suggests that the average position of the ITCZ and thus Holocene century-scale variability in the Caribbean-GOM region is linked to solar variability.
The hydrogeomorphic approach to functional assessment of riparian wetlands: evaluating impacts and mitigation on river floodplains in the U.S.A.

Summary 1. The ’hydrogeomorphic‘ approach to functional assessment of wetlands (HGM) was developed as a synthetic mechanism for compensatory mitigation of wetlands lost or damaged by human activities. The HGM approach is based on: (a) classification of wetlands by geomorphic origin and hydrographic regime (b) assessment models that associate variables as indicators of function, and (c) comparison to reference wetlands that represent the range of conditions that may be expected in a particular region. In this paper, we apply HGM to riparian wetlands of alluvial rivers. 2. In the HGM classification, riverine wetlands are characterized by formative fluvial processes that occur mainly on flood plains. The dominant water sources are overbank flooding from the channel or subsurface hyporheic flows. Examples of riverine wetlands in the U.S.A. are: bottomland hardwood forests that typify the low gradient, fine texture substratum of the south-eastern coastal plain and the alluvial flood plains that typify the high gradient, coarse texture substratum of western montane rivers. 3. Assessment (logic) models for each of fourteen alluvial wetland functions are described. Each model is a composite of two to seven wetland variables that are independently scored in relation to a reference data set developed for alluvial rivers in the western U.S.A. Scores are summarized by a ’functional capacity index‘ (FCI), which is multiplied by the area of the project site to produce a dimensionless ’functional capacity unit‘ (FCU). When HGM is properly used, compensatory mitigation is based on the FCUs lost that must be returned to the riverine landscape under statutory authority. 4. The HGM approach also provides a framework for long-term monitoring of mitigation success or failure and, if failing, a focus on topical remediation. 5. We conclude that HGM is a robust and easy method for protecting riparian wetlands, which are critically important components of alluvial river landscapes.
Netnography as a consumer education research tool

‘Netnography’ is a research methodology in use since the late 1990s in the fields of consumer behaviour and marketing, but not fully utilized by researchers in the field of consumer education. This article argues that netnography is a helpful research tool for consumer education researchers who are interested in capturing and critically examining the education and learning occurring in informal sites of consumer education, especially in online communities. This article also presents an example of recent research conducted using netnography to understand how readers of the informal consumer education lifestyle magazine Budget Living created their own interpretations of meaning from the magazine.
Item sampling for information architecture

When creating a taxonomy for information architecture, practitioners or design participants typically work with a sample of content items to form categories that allow users to successfully navigate to desired information, commands, or items. In order to examine how sample selection affects the coverage of the desired taxonomy, computer simulations were conducted that models the process of sample selection. The simulations reveal how the number of categories, the distribution of items in the taxonomy and the method of selection affect the coverage of a sample at various sizes.
Oligogenesis and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Maturation Vary in Different Brain Regions and Partially Correlate with Local Angiogenesis after Ischemic Stroke

Oligogenesis plays an important role in functional recovery after ischemic stroke. We tested the hypothesis that oligogenesis and the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) vary in different brain regions using a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Compared to Day 1, olig2(+) OPCs and oligodendrocytes (OLGs) increased in the peri-infarct basal ganglia (BG) 7 (44%) and 14 (61%) days after 2 hours of MCAO; OPCs (PDGFRα(+)) and OLGs (CC1(+)) increased in this region 14 days after tMCAO by 139% and 126%, respectively. Although the olig2(+) cells and OLGs did not increase significantly in the peri-infarct cortex (CTX), the OPCs increased in this region by 95% at Day 14 vs. Day 1 after tMCAO. The numbers of OPCs and OLGs remained low after an initial reduction at Day 1 in the peri-infarct corpus callosum (CC). Correlation analyses showed that the numbers of olig2(+) cells (r=0.73, P=0.03) and OLGs (r=0.74, P=0.02) correlated with local vessel density; however, the number of OPCs did not correlate with vessel density (r=0.43, P=0.24). Our data show that oligogenesis and the maturation of OPCs differ in various brain regions and the difference in regional angiogenic response is one of the potential reasons.
Generalized nonlinear timing/phase macromodeling: theory, numerical methods and applications

We extend the concept of timing/phase macromodels, previously established rigorously only for oscillators, to apply to general systems, both non-oscillatory and oscillatory. We do so by first establishing a solid foundation for the timing/phase response of any nonlinear dynamical system, then deriving a timing/phase macromodel via nonlinear perturbation analysis. The macromodel that emerges is a scalar, nonlinear time-varying equation that accurately characterizes the system's phase/timing responses. We establish strong links of this technique with projection frameworks for model order reduction. We then present numerical methods to compute the phase model. The computation involves a full Floquet decomposition — we discuss numerical issues that arise if direct computation of the monodromy matrix is used for Floquet analysis, and propose an alternative method that are numerically superior. The new method has elegant connections to the Jacobian matrix in harmonic balance method (readily available in most RF simulators). We validate the technique on several highly nonlinear systems, including an inverter chain and a firing neuron. We demonstrate that the new scalar nonlinear phase model captures phase responses under various types of input perturbations, achieving accuracies considerably superior to those of reduced models obtained using LTI/LPTV MOR methods. Thus, we establish a powerful new way to extract timing models of combinatorial/sequential systems and memory (e.g., SRAMs/DRAMs), synchronization systems based on oscillator enslaving (e.g., PLLs, injection-locked oscillators, CDR systems, neural processing, energy grids), signal-processing blocks (e.g., ADCs/DACs, FIR/IIR filters), etc.
Small scale BWR core debris eutectics formation and melting experiment

Abstract A small scale experiment has recently been performed at Oak Ridge under the auspices of the Boiling Water Reactor Severe Accident Technology (BWRSAT) program to provide information concerning the formation of mixtures during heatup of representative BWR reactor vessel bottom head debris and to determine the composition and melting temperatures of these mixtures. The initial structure of the bottom head debris layers modeled in the experiment was taken from the results of recent Boiling Water Reactor Severe Accident Response (BWRSAR) code predictions for the short-term station blackout accident sequence. The experimental results provide useful information concerning the mixtures formed and their proportions and properties. The observed run-off of a stainless steel-zirconium eutectic alloy supports the contention that the initial pour from a BWR reactor vessel would consists of molten metals at relatively low temperatures.
Schur functions, chiral bosons, and the quantum-Hall-effect edge states

I demonstrate how the many-body wave function may be used to describe the bosonization of the edge excitations of a droplet of \ensuremath{\nu}=1 quantum-Hall liquid. In particular, I exhibit an isomorphism between the charge-neutral edge-state excitations of the droplet and the space of universal symmetric polynomials. There are two natural bases for this space; the first, the Schur functions, correspond to the fermion picture; the second, generated by the power sums, yields the Bose picture and the Kac-Moody algebra. I also show explicitly how the loop group LU(1) acts to create the coherent-state deformations of the droplet shape used in path-integral bosonization and in the quantization of chiral bosons.
Using Principles of Practice-Based Research to Teach Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work

Social work educators are in a good position to encourage the uptake of evidence-based practice more widely throughout the profession. Despite increasing attention being paid to it within professional literature, it seems to be making inroads to practice only very slowly. This article interprets that slow uptake as a function of confusion about the definition and scope of evidence-based practice, and also as an expression of the distance between the practice and research communities within the profession. Practice-based research is introduced as a framework that responds to both of these concerns. Finally the importance of social work education as a catalyst of evidence-based practice is articulated and the five-step evidence-based practice process is explicated with considerations from practice-based research incorporated along with pedagogical implications.
An approach to the dynamic analysis and synthesis of biped locomotion machines.

A method for the design of a dynamic biped machine is presented. Initially a minimum energy criteria is assumed. The design of a machine which satisfies this criteria follows. A conflict between this minimum energy design and stability is shown. The design of a more stable dynamic biped machine is then discussed. A set of control laws necessary for the biped's locomotion is derived. This machine is then simulated on a digital computer. The results demonstrate that the method can be effectively used for the design of prosthetic-orthodic equipment and for the analysis of human locomotion.
Autonomic arousal in good and poor premorbid schizophrenics.

Measurements of heart rate and palmar skin potential were obtained from good and poor premorbid schizophrenics and from normal subjects during rest and during the performance of two psychomotor tasks. Analysis of the data was concerned with level of arousal and with variability in the level of arousal with changes in the experimental situation. It was found that poor premorbid schizophrenics show moderately high, invariant levels of arousal as previously reported in the case of chronic schizophrenics. Good premorbid schizophrenics also appeared to be over-aroused relative to normals but did not show the invariance characteristic of poor premorbid schizophrenics.
Symposium explores percolation in porous media

The 6th International Conference on Electrical Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media (ETOPIM 6) broke new ground by inviting members of the geosciences community Previous conferences in this series had been attended primarily by physicists and mathematicians. The organizers decided to broaden attendance because geological materials are inhomogeneous media of widespread interest, and many challenges faced by physicists, such as homogenization, scaling, and dynamically changing properties, are also common to soil and rocks. This effort toward inclusion resulted in a symposium on percolation theory in geological porous media, and many fruitful exchanges between the geoscientists and others in attendance.
When the Social Structure Overshadows Competitive Incentives: The Effects of Network Embeddedness on Joint Venture Dissolution

The embeddedness of interfirm relationships in a social structure can engender order in new tie formation, but competitive incentives may undermine the order that firms seek to achieve and lead to ...
An unusually large turtle barnacle (Chelonibia p. patula) on a blue crab from Delaware Bay

A turtle barnacle,Chelonibia patula patula (Ranzani) of unusually large size was found on a large female blue crab in Delaware Bay in September, 1954. This appears to be the largest known specimen ofC. p. patula. The crab carapace was also fouled with the bryozoan,Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall), and the hydroid,Hydractinia echinata (Fleming). On the basis of established criteria for judging the spawning history of adult female blue crabs, it is inferred that the host crab had spawned two or more times, was at least 25 or 26 months old at time of capture, and that the large barnacle was at least one year of age.
Modeling urbanism: Economic, social and environmental stress in cities

The time has come for urban social indicator research to converge with the basic substantive efforts of urban researchers. Such a convergence may propel both basic and applied researchers toward more fruitful outcomes. This paper argues that the traditional model of urbanism provides the medium for the convergence. When urbanism is conceptualized to be multidimensional, seemingly discreet indicators of demographic, economic, social, and environmental conditions in cities may be incorporated into a more general model of urban structure and change. Specifically, using social indicators for 195 cities from ZPG's Children's Stress Index and the 1990 U.S. Census, we show empirically: (1) Urbanism is a complex factor with four distinct dimensions: demographic scale, economic stress, social stress, and environmental stress. (2) These four dimensions of urbanism may be reliably measured with standard composite variables used in today's social indicator research. (3) Within the Urbanism factor there are causal connections among the separate dimensions, the most basic of which is that asserted by arguments from the traditional theory of urbanism; specifically, that population size, density, and social heterogeneity are causally linked to stress in economic, social, and environmental systems of the city.
String propagation in backgrounds with curved space-time

Abstract We study propagation of bosonic strings and superstrings in background metrics with curved space-time using non-compact current algebras. We discuss 2 + 1 dimensional (super)strings on the SO(2,1) group manifold. Using a coset model we construct a ( d − 1)+1 dimensional de Sitter (super)strings for d =2,3,4…10 or 26. We also discuss the posibility of a discrepancy in counting the number of time (i.e. non-compact) coordinates for the classical string versus the quantum string. We illustrate this with several examples. We show evidence that a string or superstring propagating in a background with curved time cannot be excited to arbitrarily high states and that it is unitary only in low lying states. We offer a possible interpretation of this phenomenon.
Effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in chronic renal disease.

Effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in chronic renal disease. Calcium absorption was measured in eight uremic patients before and after eight days of treatment with 100 or 500 μg of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D 3 ) per day. Fractional calcium absorption was estimated by administering 47 Ca i.v. and orally on separate days and counting forearm radioactivity four hours later. Calcium absorption in four patients with residual renal function rose from 16.3 ± 2.5 to 40.8 ± 5.5% after treatment. In order to determine if the increased calcium absorption was mediated by an increase in the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) by virtue of increased substrate delivery to the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase system present in the residual renal tissue, identical studies were performed in four anephric patients. Calcium absorption in these patients averaged 15.7 ± 2.2% during the control period and rose to 46.0 ± 11.1% after treatment. Increments in serum calcium after treatment were similar in both groups of patients; the mean concentration rose from 9.6 ± 0.3 to 11.0 ± 0.6 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that 25(OH)D 3 can improve calcium absorption in the absence of renal tissue suggesting that its conversion to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 may not be necessary for its effect on the gastrointestinal tract in the uremic patient. Effet du 25-hydroxycholecalciferol sur l'absorption du calcium au cours de l'insuffisance renale chronique. L'absorption de calcium a ete mesuree chez huit malades uremiques avant et apres huit jours de traitement par 100 ou 500 μg de 25(OH)D 3 par jour. L'absorption fractionnelle du calcium a ete evaluee par l'administration de 47 Ca, intraveineuse et orale, a des jours differents, et par comptage de l'activite de l'avant-bras quatre heures apres. L'absorption du calcium chez quatre malades ayant une fonction renale residuelle augmente de 16, 3 ± 2, 5 a 40, 8 ± 5, 5% apres traitement. Des etudes semblables ont ete realisees chez quatre malades anephriques de facon a apprecier le role eventuel, dans l'augmentation de l'absorption intestinale, d'une augmentation de la production de 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 due a l'augmentation de l'apport de substrat a la 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase du tissu renal. L'absorption du calcium chez ces malades est en moyenne de 15, 7 ± 2, 2% pendant la periode controle et augmente apres traitement a 46, 0 ± 11, 1%. Les augmentations du calcium seriques sont semblables dans les deux groupes de malades, la concentration moyenne passe de 9, 6 ± 3 a 11, 0 ± 0, 6 mg/100 ml. Les resultats indiquent que 25(OH)D 3 peut ameliorer l'absorption du calcium en l'absence de tissu renal ce qui suggere que sa conversion en 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 peut ne pas etre necessaire a son action sur le tractus gastro-intestinal du malade uremique.
AOT and Pluronic F68 coadsorption at fluid/fluid interfaces: A continuous-flow tensiometry study

Efficient emulsifier surfactants reduce oil/water interfacial tensions to low values within a fraction of a second. Unfortunately, in many cases, these surfactants do not provide high coalescence resistance due to the poor structural-mechanical (viscoelastic) strength of the adsorption layer. The emulsifier interfacial layer can be fortified by including an emulsion stabilizer, usually of higher molecular weight, that imparts higher interfacial elasticity and provides long-term emulsion stability. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of emulsifier and stabilizer coadsorption at the fluid/fluid interface are not well understood. To attack this problem, we study mixed adsorption of an anionic surfactant, AOT, a well-known emulsifier, and a nonionic polymeric surfactant, Pluronic F68, at the mineral oil/water interface by applying continuous-flow tensiometry. Adsorption/desorption of AOT is instantaneous. Pluronic F68, however, exhibits a strong desorption barrier and is practically irreversibly adsorbed at the air...
The sources and consequences of corrections officers' stress: A South Korean example

Abstract Corrections officers play crucial roles in the functioning of correctional institutions. They create and maintain the social and security milieu within prisons and often have direct impact on the behavior of inmates through their daily contact with inmates. Studies showed, however, that the correctional work environment was fraught with stress. Many studies found that corrections officers experienced excessive stress, which manifested in physical illnesses, burnout, family problems, or their inability to perform their duties—compromising institutional safety and creating further stress for other staff. These studies were instrumental in instituting improvements in the correctional work environment; however, most were conducted in Western societies. To extend the knowledge of corrections officers' work environments, this study examined correctional work among officers in South Korea. Specifically, stress-related issues outlined in previous studies were examined here to assess their relevance and applicability in the South Korean society. Implications for policy and future endeavors are discussed.
Carbohydrate detection gains potential

Combined with liquid chromatography, pulsed amperometric detection extends the capabilities of carbohydrate analysis. The method allows direct electrochemical detection.
On the maximum temperature inside a porous catalyst

Abstract In the presence of an exothermic reaction, the interior temperature of a porous catalyst may greatly exceed the surface temperature. It is shown here that under transient conditions the temperature difference may be considerably greater than the steady-state temperature difference of Prater, but must be less than an upper bound derived here.
Health Department Violations in Restaurants by Ownership and Format Types

Abstract This study takes an initial step toward understanding the relationship between food safety performance and the foodservice establishment. In our analyses, we found that the more centralized the ownership structure (and thus marketing channel), the better it performed on food safety procedures. In addition, the level of service complexity (limited/full) was found to be inversely related to food safety performance. The more centralized marketing channels, with their greater size, are better able to efficiently and effectively develop food safety resources and disseminate this information to individual restaurants.
Transformation of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea occurs by DNA integration into single or multiple chromosomes

A procedure for stable transformation was developed for Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, an oomycete pathogen of soybean. Transformants were obtained using a bacterial hygromycin resistance gene fused to a promoter and terminator from the ham34 gene of another oomycete, Bremia lactucae. Vector DNA, alone or complexed to cationic liposomes, was introduced into protoplasts using polyethylene glycol and CaCl2. DNA and RNA hybridization, and phosphotransferase assays, confirmed the presence and expression of vector DNA in the transformants. Hybridization to electrophoretically separated chromosomes of P. m. glycinea showed that vector DNA had integrated into only one chromosome in four transformants, and into multiple chromosomes in one transformant.
Sciatica in a patient with unusual peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Abstract Background Other causes such as peripheral schwannomas can mimic lumbar disk disease. Case Description We present an unusual case of multiple nerve sheath tumors in a patient with left radicular leg pain accompanied by a Tinel sign. Initial lumbar MR imaging revealed a mass in the right lumbar plexus, side opposite the patient's symptoms. Magnetic resonance neurography subsequently revealed a compressive mass of the sciatic nerve proximal to the popliteal fossa, histologically identified as a schwannoma. Conclusion This case emphasizes the importance of continued investigation when the radiographic findings do not correlate with the patient's history in the presence of localizing signs on physical examination.
Radioimmunoassayable growth hormone in the rat pituitary gland: effects of age, sex and hormonal state.

A sensitive radioimmunoassay for rat growth hormone (GH) has been modified and used to study pituitary content of GH in the Sprague-Dawley rat under varying conditions. Growth hormone does not appear in the rat fetal pituitary until the 19th day of gestation. Day-old rats have low GH content and concentration but GH rapidly accumulates with age. By puberty the male rat has more pituitary GH than the female rat. This difference increases as the rats grow older. Estrogen treatment of the male rat lowers GH concentration and causes an increase in pituitary size. Testosterone treatment of the female rat leads to an elevation of GH content and concentration. Castration of male rats results in levels of GH that are indistinguishable from those of female rats. These studies indicate that factors of age, sex and gonadal hormones interact to affect pituitary content of growth hormone in the rat. (Endocrinology 81: 195,1967)
Diffusion of excitons in systems with non-planar geometry: theory

Abstract Hypothetical experiments are described in which excitons diffuse in systems that exhibit cylindrical or spherical symmetry. A line source of excitation will be assumed at the axis of the cylinder, and a point source at the center of the sphere. Diffusion equations that are appropriate for these geometries are set up and solved in closed form for the boundary conditions of complete quenching of excitons or complete reflection of excitons. Steady state and transient conditions are treated. Based upon assumed values of the diffusion lengths, plots are constructed of the spatial distribution of excitons. For a wide range of assumed values of the diffusion lengths, these values can be recovered from an analysis of the resultant diffusion currents and their absorption coefficient dependence to within a few percent.
Ghrelin increases the motivation to eat, but does not alter food palatability

Homeostatic eating cannot explain overconsumption of food and pathological weight gain. A more likely factor promoting excessive eating is food reward and its representation in the central nervous system (CNS). The anorectic hormones leptin and insulin reduce food reward and inhibit related CNS reward pathways. Conversely, the orexigenic gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin activates both homeostatic and reward-related neurocircuits. The current studies were conducted to identify in rats the effects of intracerebroventricular ghrelin infusions on two distinct aspects of food reward: hedonic valuation (i.e., “liking”) and the motivation to self-administer (i.e., “wanting”) food. To assess hedonic valuation of liquid food, lick motor patterns were recorded using lickometry. Although ghrelin administration increased energy intake, it did not alter the avidity of licking (initial lick rates or lick-cluster size). Several positive-control conditions ruled out lick-rate ceiling effects. Similarly, when the liquid diet was hedonically devalued with quinine supplementation, ghrelin failed to reverse the quinine-associated reduction of energy intake and avidity of licking. The effects of ghrelin on rats' motivation to eat were assessed using lever pressing to self-administer food in a progressive-ratio paradigm. Ghrelin markedly increased motivation to eat, to levels comparable to or greater than those seen following 24 h of food deprivation. Pretreatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 eliminated ghrelin-induced increases in lever pressing, without compromising generalized licking motor control, indicating a role for D1 signaling in ghrelin's motivational feeding effects. These results indicate that ghrelin increases the motivation to eat via D1 receptor-dependent mechanisms, without affecting perceived food palatability.
Endocrine control of fat mobilization in the isolated fat cells of cold-exposed rats

Adipose tissue in rats maintained at normal ambient temperature grows by a mixture of cell proliferation and lipid deposition in the early growth stage of the rat. In the mature rat, the tissue grows primarily by lipid deposition, mitotic activity being significantly decreased. When the rat is acclimated to 5 C, growth of adipose tissue is less than that of rats maintained at normal ambient temperature. Furthermore, growth of adipose tissue in the 5 C rat occurs through a mixture of cell proliferation and lipid deposition throughout the body weight range studied. The differences in tissue growth were taken into consideration in measuring the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine on lipolysis and reesterification of isolated fat cells. The results indicate that the cell size affects the lipolytic response; the larger the cell the less sensitive it is. Fat cells from cold-acclimated rats are more sensitive to the lipolytic action of norepinephrine, independent of differences in cell size. On the other hand, reesterification is not affected by cell size, nor by exposure of the rat to cold
Computer‐aided gynecologic intracavitary brachytherapy

The focus of this thesis is to address ways in which we can more accurately determine and assess the 3D dose in patients. Specifically, methods are developed to (a) reconstruct source positions in a Fletcher-Suit applicator which do not depend on the visualization of the individual dummy sources, but use applicator geometry; (b) reconstruct 3D locus and sources without requirement of one-to-one point correspondence between films; (c) detect, quantify, and adjust for patient motion during acquisition of biplane radiographs; (d) localize source positions from CT ScoutView images; (e) calculate dose and overlay on tomographic images with correction of shielding effect; (f) estimate error in the dose-volume (or surface) histogram calculation; and (g) investigate methods to combine external and intracavitary dose distributions which provides TCP and NTCPs for the tumor and organs at risk, respectively.