cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric Anomalies of 700 mb Height and Sea Level Pressure Related to Mean Summer Temperatures over the United States

Abstract Hemispheric composites of 700 mb height during each of four unusually warm summers in the contiguous United States show a characteristic “3-wave” pattern of anticyclonic anomalies over the eastern North Pacific, the United States and the North Atlantic. Other common features are an anticyclonic anomaly over eastern Russia and mostly above-normal heights for the entire Northern Hemisphere north of 15°N, especially over subtropical and lower middle latitudes. For tour unusually cool summers, generally inverse composite patterns are noted. Sea level pressure composites for those warm and cool summers show similar, but less well defined, anomalies. More generally, based on 33 years of data and Monte Carlo testing procedures, there appears to be a statistically significant lagged relation between zonally averaged 700 mb height anomalies at lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and subsequent mean summer temperatures in the United States. Relations from sector-averaged anomalies are mostly inferio...
Sporulation operon spoIVF and the characterization of mutations that uncouple mother-cell from forespore gene expression in Bacillus subtilis.

During the process of endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis the appearance of the mother-cell transcription factor σK by conversion from its inactive precursor pro-σK is coupled to events under the control of the forespore transcription factor σG. This intercompartmental coupling is believed to be mediated by the products of a sporulation locus called spoIVF because certain bypass-of-forespore (bof) mutations that map at the spoIVF locus relieve the dependence of pro-σK processing on the action of σG in the forespore. We now report that spoIVF is a two-cistron operon whose transcription is under the control of the sporulation transcription factor σE and whose products are likely to be integral membrane proteins. We show that the products of both the promoter-proximal (spoIVFA) and promoter-distal (spoIVFB) cistrons are required for spore formation at 37 †C, but that the spoIVFA gene product is dispensable at 30 †C. The bypass-of-forespore mutations are located at the extreme 3′ end of the spoIVFA cistron, one such mutation causing a proline to serine substitution eight residues from the COOH terminus of SpoIVFA and another (a nonsense mutation) causing the absence of the terminal six amino acid residues of the protein. We also show that at a permissive temperature for spore formation spoIVFA null mutants exhibit a bypass-of-forespore phenotype. We hypothesize that SpoIVFA functions positively in stabilizing SpoIVFB, which we propose is thermolabile in the absence of the promoter-proximal gene product, and negatively in inhibiting the action of SpoIVFB. A model for intercompartmental coupling is presented in which SpoIVFB promotes pro-σK processing in response to a signal from the forespore that relieves or otherwise counteracts the inhibitory effect of SpoIVFA on SpoIVFB.
Compact Free-Electron Laser at the Los Alamos National Laboratory*

ABSTRACT The design and construction of a second-generation free-electron laser (FEL) system at Los Alamos will be described.Comprising state-of-theart components, this FEL system will be sufficiently compact, robust, and user-friendly for application inindustry, medicine, and research. 1. INTRODUCTION We initiated the Advanced Free-Electron Laser (AFEL) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to build a second-generation free-eleciron-laser (FEL) system. Our goal is to demonstrate that an EEL that is suitable for industrial, medical, andresearch applications can be built. State-of-the-art components will be incorporated so that the FEL system will be compact insize, robust, and user friendly. The system will later be used to research and develop advanced FEL components, such as electronsources, wiggler-magnet arrays, optical systems, diagnostics, and control systems.In the initial FEL system, a 20-MeV high-brightness beam will be injected into a 15-period conventional wiggler to producenominal 3.7-jim light. We will incorporate such state-of-the-art components as a laser-driven photoelectron source, a compacthigh-gradient accelerator, a computer-based control system, and permanent-magnet bean-transport elements into the system. Thesesubsystems and our planned future upgrades are described in this paper.
Ruthenium Porphyrins Containing Nitrosyl, Nitrosamine, Thiolate, and Amine Ligands

Reaction of (OEP)Ru(CO) (1) with NO+ followed by crystallization in air gives [(OEP)Ru(NO)(H2O)]+ (2). Reaction of 1 with diethylnitrosamine gives (OEP)Ru(CO)(Et2NNO) (4). Nitrosyl derivatives of the form [(OEP)Ru(NO)(Et2NNO)]+, [(OEP)Ru(NO)(Et2NH)]+, and (OEP)Ru(NO)(SR) have also been prepared from 2. The single-crystal X-ray structures of 2 and 4 have been determined.
Accuracy of Reagent Strips in Detecting Hypoglycemia in the Emergency Department

Abstract Study objective: Although reagent strips are commonly used, their reliability to estimate blood glucose concentration and guide administration of dextrose solutions in the emergency department environment has not been proved. We determined the accuracy of visually interpreted reagent strips (Chemstrip bG, Boehringer Mannheim Corp, Indianapolis, IN) and their ability to identify hypoglycemic patients in the ED. Methods: We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized blinded clinical study of the visual estimation of blood glucose values by ED personnel using Chemstrip bG reagent strips during a 4-month period. Simultaneously obtained blood samples sent for laboratory glucose determination served as controls. The study was conducted at a large university hospital ED with an urban patient population. A convenience sample of 215 adult ED patients underwent serum glucose determination with data form completion. No study intervention was tested, although timing of administration of dextrose solutions, if given, was recorded. Results: Hypoglycemia was defined as a glucose concentration less than 60 mg/dL on standard laboratory analysis. Reagent strips identified 28 of 29 of these patients (sensitivity=97%), and 171 of 182 patients without hypoglycemia (specificity=94%, negative predictive value=99%) compared with control samples. The 1 false-negative reagent strip reading of 80 mg/dL was obtained from blood stored in a serum separator tube and had a laboratory glucose value of 39 mg/dL. Eighty-seven percent of the reagent strips were within ±60 mg/dL of the control value for the laboratory glucose reference range less than 350 mg/dL. Conclusion: Visually interpreted Chemstrip bG reagent strips provide an acceptable estimation of blood glucose concentration in the ED and are highly sensitive in detecting hypoglycemia. [Scott PA, Wolf LR, Spadafora MP: Accuracy of reagent strips in detecting hypoglycemia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med September 1998;32:305-309.]
Courting LULUs: Characteristics of Suitor and Objector Communities*

This research examines nonmetropolitan places most likely to support or oppose proposals for locally undesirable land uses (LULUs) involving waste management facilities. Two hypotheses are tested : (1) that relatively remote communities of lower socioeconomic status will be less likely to oppose such proposals ; and (2) that support for such proposals is widespread among nonmetropolitan communities because of growth machine activities. Using key informants and secondary data for 166 nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania places, we find that local growth promotion, especially efforts to promote business and industry, is related positively to community experience with plant closings and to proposals for these LULUs. Where these proposals are made, community opposition tends to be present as well, particularly in larger communities and, surprisingly, in those of lower socioeconomic status. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the growth machine and the opposition they can provoke to protect the use value of land in a single nonmetropolitan region
Aging Decreases Oxidative Metabolism and the Release and Synthesis of Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in vivo is known to decrease during the aging process (senescence). To elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) of this age-related decline, we studied brain slices from 3-, 10-, and 30-month-old mice of two strains (C57B1 and Balb/c). In low K+ media, oxidative metabolism as measured by 14CO2 production decreased with aging from 100% (3 months) to 85% (10 months) or 71% (30 months) whether [U-14C]glucose, [3,4-14C]glucose, or [1-14C]pyruvate was the substrate. In the aged brain (30 months) the increase in 14CO2 production with K+ stimulation was about twofold higher than in the young brain (3 months). Thus, in high K+ media, only slight decreases (less than 10%) in oxidative metabolism occurred with aging. Changes in ACh synthesis paralleled the decreases in 14CO2 production. Synthesis of [14C]ACh from [U-14C]glucose in low K+ media declined from 100% (3 months) to 85% (10 months) or 66% (30 months), while in high K+ media only slight decreases (less than 10.5%) occurred with aging. The Ca2+-dependent, K+-stimulated release of [14C]ACh declined from 100% (3 months) to 58% (10 months) or 25% (30 months). Only the decrease in he release of ACh declined to the same extent as the reduced in vivo synthesis of ACh with aging. The results suggest that decreases in oxidative metabolism, ACh synthesis, and in the release of ACh contribute to a reduction in cholinergic function in senescent brain.
Measurements of Time-Variable Gravity Show Mass Loss in Antarctica

Using measurements of time-variable gravity from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites, we determined mass variations of the Antarctic ice sheet during 2002-2005. We found that the mass of the ice sheet decreased significantly, at a rate of 152 +/- 80 cubic kilometers of ice per year, which is equivalent to 0.4 +/- 0.2 millimeters of global sea-level rise per year. Most of this mass loss came from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Biocompatibilities of sapphire and borosilicate glass as cortical neuroprostheses

The in vivo biocompatibility of pure sapphire and borosilicate glass (BSG) implanted onto the cerebral cortex was studied via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology. Each implant was embedded onto the cortical surface of an adult rat brain for a total of 28 days. Rats underwent surgery with and without implants, and rats with purposely damaged cortical implant sites were also studied. Each animal was imaged via MRI before surgery as well as 10 and 28 days after the surgery. Histopathological results of animals were obtained on the 28th day to determine the specific effect on neurons. Despite the fact that sapphire has been widely used in a variety of medical implants, both MRI and histopathological results indicate that pure sapphire is not biocompatible with the cerebral cortex. On the contrary, BSG implants appear to be biocompatible with the cortical surface.
Selenium content of feedstuffs and effects of dietary selenium levels upon tissue selenium in chicks and poults.

Abstract DURING the 13 years since the discovery of the nutritional need for selenium in diets for rats (Schwarz and Foltz, 1957) and chicks, (Scott et al, 1957; and Stokstad et al., 1957) numerous nutritional studies conducted on selenium have shown that in addition to preventing dietary liver necrosis in vitamin E-deficient rats and exudative diathesis in vitamin E-deficient chicks, selenium is needed to prevent myopathies of the heart and skeletal muscles in calves and lambs, of the heart and gizzard muscles in turkeys, and to prevent atrophy and fibrosis of the pancreas in chicks. While most of these selenium-responsive nutritional diseases also are responsive to vitamin E, degeneration and fibrosis of the pancreas of the chick (Thompson and Scott, 1970) and hairlessness, poor growth and reproductive failure in rats (McCoy and Weswig, 1969) are prevented with as little as 0.1 mg of dietary selenium per kg. of diet, but not…
Current red blood cell transfusion practices

The appropriate use of blood transfusions remains variable among health-care institutions and patient populations. Transfusion practices are discussed in this article in relation to medical practice guidelines and utilization review. Specific transfusion practices in the settings of intensive care, orthopedic surgery, and open heart surgery are reviewed. A new, promising approach to improving transfusion outcomes is the use of transfusion algorithms. Transfusion algorithms may prove especially useful if they incorporate point-of-care testing that is both physiologic and patient-specific for transfusion decisions. Transfusion algorithms are discussed and data presented for cardiac surgical adults.
The fate of the five‐cent fare. IV. The twin cities lose control of rates and also the five‐cent fare

The Twin Cities, unable to solve their street railway diflculties, lose control to the state railroad commission. Efforts of recent years yield disappointments, and no one knows what the future holds.
Research and Evaluation Issues in Existential Psychotherapy

Existential psychotherapists generally have serious reservations and concerns about the use of systematic experimental research methods to generate knowledge about the practice and effectiveness of existential treatment. For many existential psychotherapists such experimental research methods are best replaced with the process of participation. The primary methods of participation research described in this article are: Case Story Research, Case Transcript Research, Single-Subject Case Research, Before-After Field Study Research, and Grounded Theory Research.
Government policy influences on rangeland conditions in the United States : a case example

Since the early 1970s the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Forest Service have emphasized the monitoring approach in managing their rangelands. After a 5-year period of intensive monitoring, stocking rate and other management actions are typically adjusted, depending on whether a definite downward or upward trend in range condition is observed. Examining the Afton Allotment on BLM land in southcentral New Mexico, we demonstrate serious flaws in the monitoring approach and other BLM grazing policies. Monitoring reflects past management but does not consider the future. Perverse incentives for permittees to maximize permit value rather than sustain the forage base still remain in place. The “Range Reform ′94” proposals by the U.S. Department of the Interior do not address these incentives and other flaws in public land policy. We would reform federal grazing land policy by coupling grazing fees to grazing intensity. Ranchers choosing conservative sustainable grazing intensities would pay low fees, whereas those choosing heavy grazing intensities would be charged higher rates. We would also implement other reforms: making livestock grazing permits transferable to other uses, discontinuing subsidies, eliminating restrictions on nonuse, offering incentives for public land investment, and establishing a biodiversity fund.
Regulation of Organelle Membrane Fusion by Pkc1p

Membrane fusion relies on complex protein machineries, which act in sequence to catalyze the fusion of bilayers. The fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes requires the t-SNARE Ufe1p, and the AAA ATPase p97/Cdc48p. While the mechanisms of membrane fusion events have begun to emerge, little is known about how this fusion process is regulated. We provide first evidence that endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion in yeast is regulated by the action of protein kinase C. Specifically, Pkc1p kinase activity is needed to protect the fusion machinery from ubiquitin-mediated degradation.
A Critique of Traditional Relationship Models

Today's ever-widening expert/novice gap–in technology generally but in healthcare technology especially–has been implicated as both cause and consequence of a sharp rise in fundamental misunderstandings between medical professionals and lay populace. Recently created social roles (e.g., clinical medical ethicists) and institutions (e.g., hospital ethics committees) have further prompted critics to suggest that a multiplication of “disinterested” experts not only fails to resolve such misunderstandings, it compounds them. As a result, it should come as no surprise that the problem of paternalistic expertise has emerged as an ethical issue of immense interest from both a theoretical and practical standpoint. For this reason, a critical inquiry in healthcare today centers on finding a practical model that most adequately and accurately characterizes patient–physician relationships.
The political ecology of poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE)

Abstract The CAMPFIRE program in Zimbabwe is one of a `new breed' of strategies designed to tackle environmental management at the grassroots level. CAMPFIRE aims to help rural communities to manage their resources, especially wildlife, for their own local development. The program's central objective is to alleviate rural poverty by giving rural communities autonomy over resource management and to demonstrate to them that wildlife is not necessarily a hindrance to arable agriculture, “but a resource that could be managed and `cultivated' to provide income and food”. In this paper, we assess two important elements of CAMPFIRE: poverty alleviation and local empowerment and comment on the program's performance in achieving these highly interconnected objectives. We analyze the program's achievements in poverty alleviation by exploring tenurial patterns, resource ownership and the allocation of proceeds from resource exploitation; and its progress in local empowerment by examining its administrative and decision making structures. We conclude that the program cannot effectively achieve the goal of poverty alleviation without first addressing the administrative and legal structures that underlie the country's political ecology.
Natriuretic Peptides Inhibit G Protein Activation MEDIATION THROUGH CROSS-TALK BETWEEN CYCLIC GMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE AND REGULATORS OF G PROTEIN-SIGNALING PROTEINS

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits the proliferation of many cells, in part through interfering with signal transduction enacted by G protein-coupled growth factor receptors. Signaling interactions between ANP and the G protein-coupled growth factor receptor ligand, endothelin-3 (ET-3), regulate astrocyte proliferation at a very proximal but undefined point. Here, we find that ANP inhibits the ability of ET-3 to activate Galpha(q) and Galpha(i) in these cells. ANP stimulated the translocation of endogenous regulators of G protein-signaling (RGS) proteins 3 and 4 from the cytosol to the cell membrane, and enhanced their association with Galpha(q) and Galpha(i). ANP effects were significantly blocked by HS-142-1, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase activation, or by ET-3. KT5823, an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) reversed the RGS translocation induced by ANP; conversely, expression of an active catalytic subunit of PKG-I, or 8-bromo-cyclic GMP stimulated RGS translocation. ANP caused the phosphorylation of both RGS proteins in a PKG-dependent fashion, and the expressed PKG (in the absence of ANP) also stimulated RGS phosphorylation. A novel cross-talk between PKG and RGS proteins is stimulated by ANP and leads to the increased translocation and association of RGS proteins with Galpha. The rapid inactivation of G proteins provides a mechanism by which ANP inhibits downstream signaling to the cell proliferation program.
A conceptual approach to alternative memory measures for advertising effectiveness

Abstract This review assimilates a large body of research in memory measures not yet introduced to advertising researchers. “Implicit” memory measures do not ask respondents to consciously retrieve information from memory. Implicit measures are presented as complementary to current measures for advertising evaluations providing additional information to analyze information processing where consumers do not use conscious memory retrieval. The “explicit versus implicit” memory framework is described along with some of the theoretical and measurement issues involved. Implicit memory measures are classified to facilitate understanding, and potential applications to advertising research are explored.
Activity measurements in Pt-Ni, Pd-Ni and Pd-Co alloys at 1000 and 1200°C☆

Abstract Activities of Ni in Pt-Ni and Pd-Ni alloys and of Co in Pd-Co alloys have been determined from e.m.f. measurements at 1000 and 1200°C and from equilibrations of the alloys with pure oxide (NiO or CoO) and a gas of known oxygen pressures at 1200°C. The data obtained are used to derive the activities of Pt or Pd in these alloys from a Gibbs-Duhem integration and to calculate the excess free energies of mixing. The activity-composition relations for the above systems are compared with those previously determined for the systems Pt-Co, Pt-Fe, Pt-Mn and Pd-Fe.
Parasites reduce attractiveness and reproductive success in male grain beetles.

Sexual characters may reveal the quality of a potential mate, including the mate's level of infection with parasites. Females that prefer males with low levels of infection or no infection may benefit in several ways. Direct benefits may include avoidance of infection, acquistition of larger nuptial gifts or enhancement in fecundity due to differences in male fertility. Females may also benefit indirectly by producing offspring that are more resistant to infections. We measured female preference for odours produced by male grain beetles, Tenebrio molitor, that were either infected by a tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, or uninfected. This parasite is not transmitted directly between conspecifics. Females were attracted to odours of all males, but they were less attracted to those from parasitized males. To the contrary, females were preferentially attracted to infected females. Males did not show any biased attraction to odours from infected and uninfected male beetles. Females that mated with highly infected males produced fewer offspring than females mated to uninfected males, indicating parasitic infection inflicts multiple costs to males. These results are consistent with models of parasite-mediated sexual selection.
2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine in grape berries and its dependence on genotype

Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (MIBP) contributes a bell pepper aroma to many grape cultivars and has a reported aroma threshold of 2n g L 1 in water. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) develop a pro- cedure using headspace solid phase micro-extraction combined with GC-MS in the selected ion monitor- ing mode (HS-SPME-GC-MS-SIM) for analysis of MIBP in grape berries, and (2) determine the location of MIBP biosynthesis in grapevines by approach grafting clusters of Vitis vinifera L. cvs Cabernet Sauvignon and Muscat blanc onto each other. The soluble solids and pH of the grape juice/homogenate matrix from different grape berry developmental stages influenced the method precision; therefore, quantification via the method of standard addition was used. Using our developed method, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of MIBP were 0.1 ng L 1 and 2 ng L 1 , respectively, measured in a model juice and non-MIBP containing Chardonnay juice. Spiked recoveries averaged between 91% and 112% in Cab- ernet Sauvignon and Pinot noir homogenates and the overall relative standard deviation was less than 10%. The method was used to analyze MIBP in 29 grape cultivars and in fruit from clusters grafted to Cab- ernet Sauvignon or Muscat vines. Quantifiable levels were found only in Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvi- gnon, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc and Semillon, providing information on the genetic connection for the occurrence of MIBP in grapes. No MIBP was detected in the berries of Muscat blanc clusters grafted onto Cabernet Sauvignon vines when sampled at fruit maturity. MIBP was detected in all berries of Cabernet Sauvignon regardless the graft configuration. The data indicate that MIBP or its precursors originate in the berry and its formation depends upon grape genotype.
Isolation of toxohormone from tumor tissues of germfree mice.

SummaryWe have given a detailed description of the methods for extraction and bioassay of toxohormone. Tumor tissues from conventional and from germfree mice produce toxohormone in abundance.
Fast statistical analysis of rare circuit failure events via subset simulation in high-dimensional variation space

In this paper, we propose a novel subset simulation (SUS) technique to efficiently estimate the rare failure rate for nanoscale circuit blocks (e.g., SRAM, DFF, etc.) in high-dimensional variation space. The key idea of SUS is to express the rare failure probability of a given circuit as the product of several large conditional probabilities by introducing a number of intermediate failure events. These conditional probabilities can be efficiently estimated with a set of Markov chain Monte Carlo samples generated by a modified Metropolis algorithm, and then used to calculate the rare failure rate of the circuit. To quantitatively assess the accuracy of SUS, a statistical methodology is further proposed to accurately estimate the confidence interval of SUS based on the theory of Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Our experimental results of two nanoscale circuit examples demonstrate that SUS achieves significantly enhanced accuracy over other traditional techniques when the dimensionality of the variation space is more than a few hundred.
Virtual Design and Verification of Cyber-physical Systems: Industrial Process Plant Design

Abstract This paper discusses a research project to support virtual design and verification of industrial process plant designs. Process plants are a class of cyber-physical systems (CPS), and these research results should generally apply to other types of CPS such as those associated with the Smart Grid. Modeling is an essential part of process plant design and integral in other applications such as manufacturing. Models produced in design have obvious roles in system implementation, deployment and certification. For manufacturing systems, models also have use in downstream activities including system certification, performance optimization, real-time diagnostics and prognostics, and maintenance. The paper discusses the results associated with a prototype that uses domain-specific models of different views of a system design that improves collaboration through integrated models and aligned semantics and provides examples of how the integration with formal methods can identify defects in designs, and automatically generate test vectors with requirement-to-test traceability.
Image of mass media news sources

(1975). Image of mass media news sources. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 169-180.
Localizing a sensor network via collaborative processing of global stimuli

In order for nodes in a sensor network to meaningfully correlate their sensor readings, they must first determine their position in a globally shared coordinate system. Though there are many approaches which are suitable for achieving localization in the general case, sensor nodes are uniquely suited to use their sensing capabilities to aid them in this task. Global events which are detected in the environment surrounding the sensor network can serve as points of correspondence which, through collaborative processing on the network, provide nodes with sufficient information to compute their position. We have implemented an algorithm based on this approach in the Pushpin Computing sensor network: a dense, 55 node network which is spread over an area of 0.5 square meters. By queuing off of the minimum number of ultrasound pulses and light flashes needed to determine 2D coordinates using a simple lateration approach, we show that nodes in the Pushpin network can compute their position with an average error of 5-cm and a error standard deviation of 3-cm. In this paper we present this localization system and characterize its accuracy in our hardware testbed.
Visual servoing by partitioning degrees of freedom

There are many design factors and choices when mounting a vision system for robot control. Such factors may include the kinematic and dynamic characteristics in the robot's degrees of freedom (DOF), which determine what velocities and fields-of-view a camera can achieve. Another factor is that additional motion components (such as pan-tilt units) are often mounted on a robot and introduce synchronization problems. When a task does not require visually servoing every robot DOF, the designer must choose which ones to servo. Questions then arise as to what roles, if any, do the remaining DOF play in the task. Without an analytical framework, the designer resorts to intuition and try-and-see implementations. This paper presents a frequency-based framework that identifies the parameters that factor into tracking. This framework gives design insight which was then used to synthesize a control law that exploits the kinematic and dynamic attributes of each DOF. The resulting multi-input multi-output control law, which we call partitioning, defines an underlying joint coupling to servo camera motions. The net effect is that by employing both visual and kinematic feedback loops, a robot can quickly position and orient a camera in a large assembly workcell. Real-time experiments tracking people and robot hands are presented using a 5-DOF hybrid (3-DOF Cartesian gantry plus 2-DOF pan-tilt unit) robot.
Uninvited Guests: The Influence of Teachers’ Roles and Pedagogies on the Positioning of English Language Learners in the Regular Classroom

Grounded in positioning theory, this study examined regular classroom teachers’ views of their roles with regard to English language learners (ELLs) and the relationship between their teaching approaches and the students’ reactions and positioning of themselves in the classroom. Findings suggest that the teachers’ views of their roles varied based on their positioning of themselves as teachers for all students, as teachers for regular education students, or as teachers for a single subject. The teachers’ different approaches were related to the ELLs’ different levels of participation and their positioning of themselves as powerful or powerless students. The study breaks important ground in our understanding of the complex interactional classroom dynamics that influence the teaching and learning of ELLs.
Adderall induced inverted-Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TTC), also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy, was initially described in Japan in 1990. Both illicit and prescription drugs have added to the growing list of insulting stressors. We describe an interesting case of atypical TTC triggered by adderall overdose. Clinical case: A 19-year-old female was brought to the Emergency Department after ingesting 30 Adderall tablets. She was complaining of pressure like chest pain and shortness of breath. Her cardiac enzymes were elevated but the electrocardiogram was unremarkable. Echocardiography identified an ejection fraction (EF) of 25–30% with severe hypokinesis of the base and a preserved apex. Cardiac angiography demonstrated normal coronary arteries with an EF of 35%, hyperkinetic apex and akinetic base consistent with the diagnosis of inverted-TTC. Her symptoms resolved in 24 hrs. Repeat echocardiogram performed 3 days later showed an EF of 60% with no regional wall motion abnormalities. Discussion: TTC can be identified as a rapid development of severe and reversible left ventricular dysfunction extending beyond the territory of a single epicardial coronary artery in the absence of coronary artery disease or pheochromocytoma. Clinical presentation can be challenging and very hard to distinguish from acute myocardial infarction. Medication induced-TTC has been reported. In our case, the patient overdosed on Adderall which is a sympathomimetic medication. Cardiac imaging identified wall motion abnormalities consistent with inverted type TTC. Restoration of left ventricular function within days confirms the diagnosis of TTC. In conclusion, this case offers an interesting insight into the pathophysiology of TTC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polydentate pyridyl ligands and the catalytic activity of their iron(II) complexes in oxidation reactions utilizing peroxides as the oxidants

Abstract The paper describes the synthesis of iron(II) complexes bearing new polydentate N , O -coordinating pyridyl ligands and their catalytic application in oxidation reactions employing peroxides as the oxidants. The tridentate N , O , N ( 10 ) and N , N , O ( 11 ) ligands, the tetradentate N , N , O , N ligand 12 and the pentadentate N , N , N , O , N -coordinating ligand 16 were synthesized, and obtained as oils or solids in 74–93% isolated yields. The ligands were subsequently converted to the iron complexes [Fe( 10 ) 2 ](OTf) 2 , [Fe( 11 ) 2 ](OTf) 2 , [Fe( 12 )(OTf) 2 ] and [Fe( 16 )(OTf)](OTf), which were obtained as tan powders in 90–94% yield and characterized by various instrumental techniques. Preliminary screening experiments revealed that all complexes are catalytically active in the oxidation of secondary alcohols and benzylic methylene groups to the corresponding ketones. Optimization experiments with the complex [Fe( 12 )(OTf) 2 ] yielded a system that provided under mild condition ketones from benzylic methylene groups and secondary alcohols in 63–90% isolated yields (3 mol% catalyst loading, 3 equiv. H 2 O 2 in CH 3 CN for 2 h at room temperature). Similar conditions utilizing environmentally friendly acetone as the solvent and 4 equiv. t BuOOH resulted in 36–65% isolated yields for some of the substrates, indicating a somewhat lower catalytic activity in that solvent. For the complexes [Fe( 10 ) 2 ](OTf) 2 (two tridentate ligands), [Fe( 12 )(OTf) 2 ] (one tetradentate ligand) and [Fe( 16 )(OTf)](OTf) (one pentadentate ligand), the product formation for a test reaction was followed over time at significantly reduced catalyst loading to determine activities. Under these conditions, the complex [Fe( 10 ) 2 ](OTf) 2 exhibited a somewhat lower catalytic activity compared to the other two complexes. Thus, the denticity seems to have an impact on catalytic activity although it is not dramatic, and a higher denticity appears to be beneficial for catalysis.
Orthoses Alter In Vivo Segmental Foot Kinematics During Walking in Patients With Midfoot Arthritis

Abstract Rao S, Baumhauer JF, Tome J, Nawoczenski DA. Orthoses alter in vivo segmental foot kinematics during walking in patients with midfoot arthritis. Objective To assess the effect of a 4-week intervention with a full-length carbon graphite (FL) orthosis on pain and function in patients with midfoot arthritis, and to identify alterations in in vivo foot kinematics accompanying FL use in patients with midfoot arthritis. These results have immediate application for enhancing patient care through effective orthotic recommendations. Design Experimental laboratory study supplemented by a case series. Setting University based clinical research laboratory. Participants Patients (n=30) with midfoot arthritis and age-, sex-, and body mass index–matched control subjects (n=20). Intervention Four-week intervention with FL orthoses. Main Outcome Measures Pain and function were assessed using the Foot Function Index–Revised (FFI-R). In vivo foot kinematics were quantified as peak and total range of calcaneal eversion, forefoot abduction, first metatarsal plantarflexion, and first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion during walking in 2 conditions: with FL orthoses and with shoes only. A paired t test and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to assess statistical significance (α=.05) of change in FFI-R score and in vivo foot kinematics, respectively. Results Significant improvements in pain and function, discerned as lower FFI-R scores ( P P =.024) and first metatarsal plantarflexion range of motion ( P =.038), compared with the shoe-only condition. Conclusions Orthotic intervention emphasizing a "stiffening" strategy of the first metatarsal and first metatarsophalangeal joint may be valuable in patients with midfoot arthritis and early degenerative changes.
Broadening the Case for Invasive Species Management to Include Impacts on Ecosystem Services

In addition to their negative impacts on biodiversity, alien plant species often affect ecosystem processes in ways that degrade ecosystem services for humans, resulting in economic losses. Timely intervention to control the spread of invaders can minimize economic and ecological damages, whereas lapses or delays in funding weed control can be extremely costly in the long run. Using recent decreases in funding for invasive plant management in California as an example, we argue that managers must make a broader case for investing in the control of invasive species to prevent the loss of ecosystem services. In particular, managers need to partner with academic scientists, private landowners, and the public sector to quantify the impact of invasive weeds on service provision, assess where services are most at risk and who benefits from the avoided cost of weed control, and create mechanisms to fund invasive species management through payment for ecosystem services.
Effects of eye position on person perception.

Stimulus photographs were prepared of models in 3 conditions, looking straight into the camera, looking downward, and looking sideways. Photographs were shown to 48 Ss who were told to assume they ...
A comparison of alfentanil, esmolol, lidocaine, and thiopental sodium on the hemodynamic response to insertion of headrest skull pins

Abstract Study Objectives: To compare the effects of four techniques for preventing or blunting the hypertensive response to the insertion of Mayfield headrest skull pins: intravenous (IV) alfentanil (ALF), esmolol (ESM), thiopental sodium (TPL), and local anesthesia using plain lidocaine (Xylocaine; XYL). Design: Randomized open study. Patients: 40 adult patients undergoing intracranial or spinal surgery requiring the use of Mayfield headrest skull pins for head positioning and immobilization. Interventions: 20 minutes after anesthetic induction, and 2 to 3 minutes prior to the insertion of headrest skull pins, one of three drugs was administered IV: ALF 10 mcg/kg, ESM 1 mg/kg, or TPL 1.5 mg/kg. The fourth drug, XYL, was administered by injection into the scalp. Measurements and Main Results: Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded immediately prior to and after pin insertion with balanced general anesthesia, and at 30, 60, 120, and 180-second intervals after pin insertion. The measurements were compared with the immediate preinsertion values. In the ALF and XYL groups, there was no significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or HR for any of the measurement periods. MAP was elevated immediately on pin insertion and for up to 2 minutes in the TPL group, and for up to 3 minutes in the ESM group ( p p p Conclusions: IV ALF and local injection of XYL in the scalp prevent the hemodynamic response to the insertion of skull pins in anesthetized patients. Neither ESM nor TPL prevented the hypertensive response. Local anesthetic injection into the scalp requires coordination between the anesthesiologist and surgeon, it carries the risk of needle stick injury, and it must be repeated if the surgeon repositions the headrest. The rapid onset and short half-life of ALF, coupled with the absence of hemodynamic effects at the dose used, makes this drug an alternative to the use of XYL injection.
Knowledge of Number Conservation and the Acquisition of Quantity Conservation in First Graders

Summary First graders were tested on number conservation, conservation of continuous quantity (mass), and conservation of discontinuous quantity. The 24 girls and 19 boys who failed the two quantity conservation tasks were exposed to a classroom demonstration on conservation and retested on all conservation measures. Posttest quantity conservation performance was assessed in relationship to performance on the number conservation task. A chi-square test for the homogeneity of the distributions of number correct on quantity conservation showed a significant difference between number conservers and number nonconservers. Children who understood number conservation improved their quantity conservation performance more often than children who showed no understanding of number conservation.
Paradoxical Preservation of a Lipopolysaccharide Response in C3H/HeJ Macrophages: Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9

C3H/HeJ mice carry a mutant allele (Lpsd) of a recently identified gene whose normal allele (Lpsn) confers responsiveness to bacterial LPS in C3H/HeN and most other mouse strains. Recently we reported differential display analysis of matched macrophage-derived cell lines from C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice under LPS-free conditions. Of the approximately 12,000 transcripts evaluated, 4 were differentially expressed. One transcript represented secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. In this study, we report another differentially expressed transcript, mouse matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9). Like secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, MMP-9 was expressed constitutively in the Lpsd macrophage cell line and not in the Lpsn cell line. Similarly, two additional macrophage cell lines that respond readily to LPS by producing nitric oxide and TNF expressed no MMP-9 under LPS-free conditions. However, in all four cell lines, LPS induced MMP-9 or augmented its expression. In primary macrophages, concentrations of LPS in the ng/ml range augmented the expression of MMP-9 mRNA. Paradoxically, macrophages from Lpsd mice expressed more MMP-9 transcripts than macrophages from Lpsn mice. In contrast, the induction of TNF in response to LPS was much more pronounced in Lpsn macrophages. The present findings with MMP-9 suggest that homozygosity at Lpsd does not so much prevent a response to LPS as dysregulate it, resulting in the suppression of some LPS signaling pathways and the preservation of others.
Cell-specific posttranslational events affect functional expression at the plasma membrane but not tetrodotoxin sensitivity of the rat brain IIA sodium channel alpha-subunit expressed in mammalian cells

The rat brain IIA Na+ channel alpha-subunit was expressed and studied in mammalian cells. Cells were infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) carrying the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase gene and were transfected with cDNA encoding the IIA Na+ channel alpha-subunit under control of a T7 promoter. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that functional IIA channels were expressed efficiently (approximately 10 channels/microns2 in approximately 60% of cells) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes but were expressed poorly in undifferentiated BC3H1 cells and failed to express in Ltk- cells. However, voltage-dependent Drosophila Shaker H4 K+ channels and Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase were expressed efficiently in all four cell types with VV vectors. Because RNA synthesis probably occurs without major differences in the cytoplasm of all infected cell types under the control of the T7 promoter and T7 polymerase, we conclude that cell type-specific expression of the Na+ channel probably reflects differences at posttranslational steps. The gating properties of the IIA Na+ currents expressed in cardiac myocytes differed from those expressed in CHO cells; most noticeably, the IIA Na+ currents displayed more rapid macroscopic inactivation when expressed in cardiac myocytes. These differences also suggest cell- specific posttranslational modifications. IIA channels were blocked by approximately 90% by 90 nM TTX when expressed either in CHO cells or in cardiac myocytes; the latter also continued to display endogenous TTX- resistant Na+ currents. Therefore, the TTX binding site of the channel is not affected by cell-specific modifications and is encoded by the primary amino acid sequence.
Drift tube studies of bay-ocean water exchange and implications for larval dispersal

Surface water transport and larval dispersal potential within Mission Bay, San Diego, California and along the southern California coast were studied with drift test tubes. Drift tubes, released once during each season at six sites inside Mission Bay, traveled up to 173 km north and 205 km south of Mission Bay at maximum rates of 36 cm per s (north) and 50 cm per s (south). These findings were used to estimate probability of larval transport out of Mission Bay for the intertidal spionid polychaete Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) which occurred in the back of the bay. Outer coast drift tube returns were used to determine potential for gene flow, via larval exchange, between populations in isolated bays along the California coast. Drift tube recoveries and larval abundances in the plankton indicate that few Pseudopolydora larvae leave Mission Bay, but that longshore currents can carry those which do to other suitable bay habitats.
Circulating Cardiac Troponins as Specific Biomarkers of Myocardial Damage: Clinical Considerations

Cardiac troponin (cTn) is one of the most widely used biomarkers in clinical care and biomedical research. Compared to the MB fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB), cTn is the preferred biomarker for detecting myocardial necrosis because of its high myocardial tissue specificity and high clinical sensitivity. Although an elevated cTn value reflects injury leading to myocardial necrosis, the underlying mechanism may be difficult to ascertain. Such mechanisms may be ischemic, nonischemic, or analytical in origin and can only be determined by considering the clinical context in which the measurement is made.
Clay Mineralogy of Soils in the Idaho Batholith

Thirty soil profiles located in the Idaho batholith were sampled, and the clay fractions were x-rayed for mineral identification. Kaolinite and halloysite predominate in all residual soils having adequate drainage and are considered to be the clay minerals formed in equilibrium with the present soil environment. Mica, probably originating from the weathering of biotite and (or) feldspars, is found abundantly in the clay fraction. Montmorillonite distribution is restricted either to relatively dry sites at lower elevations or to sites having poor drainage. Amorphous free SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 contents are greater in the kaolinitic soils than in the montmorillonitic soils, perhaps due to the more moist soil environment. Free SiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 molar rados exceeding 10 favor formation of montmorillonite. Soils containing mainly kaolinite have SiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 ratios averaging half the SiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 ratios in montmorillonite clays. The clay fraction of soils formed from loess, common in the northern batholith, show indistinct x-ray peaks and are assumed to be largely noncrystalline.
SITE FIDELITY, TERRITORY FIDELITY, AND NATAL PHILOPATRY IN WILLOW FLYCATCHERS (EMPIDONAX TRAILLII)

Abstract I investigated the causes and consequences of adult breeding-site fidelity, territory fidelity, and natal philopatry in Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) in southeastern Oregon over a 10-year period, testing the general hypothesis that fidelity and dispersal distances are influenced by previous breeding performance. Willow Flycatchers adhered to the generally observed tendencies of passerine birds for low natal philopatry and high breedingsite fidelity. Site fidelity (return to the study area) of adult males (52.0%) and females (51.3%), and median dispersal distances between seasons (16 m vs. 19 m) were similar. Previous breeding performance and residency (age-experience), but not study-site quality, explained site fidelity in females. Site fidelity of females rearing 4–5 young (64.4%) exceeded that of unsuccessful females (40.0%), breeding dispersal was less (successful: 15 m; unsuccessful: 33 m), and novice residents were more site-faithful than former residents. Probability of site fidel...