cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Brunner's glands in the opossum. I. Adult morphology

The duodenal glands of the adult opossum form a lobed, glandular collar in the submucosa immediately distal to the pyloric sphincter. They empty into funnel-shaped mucosal depressions. The depressions, which form two or three irregular rows that run parallel to the pyloroduodenal junction, are lined by either pyloric or intestinal epithelium. An individual gland of Brunner has an extensive intralobular duct system which terminates in a single excretory duct just prior to entry into a depression. Histochemical studies indicate that the duodenal glands elaborate a neutral glycoprotein whereas the duct system appears to produce both neutral and acidic elements. Light and electron microscopic studies have shown the duodenal glands to consist of large, pyramidal cells which lie on a distinct basal lamina. Discrete, mottled or pale secretory granules are found in close association both with the apices of the cells and with the Golgi complexes. The ergastoplasm, cisternae of which are dilated and contain amorphous material, is associated with polysomes and, in the supranuclear region, often becomes markedly dilated, forming what appear to be large vacuoles containing fibrillar material. Blebbing of the ergastoplasm results in the formation of several small vesicles, many of which lie in close association with the Golgi network. Direct membrane continuity has been noted between the two elements.
"Transitional objects" as establishing operations for thumb sucking: a case study.

This study examines the effects of a "transitional object" (surgical cloth) on the thumb sucking of a 3-year-old boy in two conditions: while sitting in the lap of his physical therapist and while alone in his crib. Sucking occurred when the cloth was present and did not occur when it was absent, regardless of condition. These results are discussed in terms of establishing operations, object attachment, and application.
The fatigue behaviour of notched polyethylene as a function ofR

The fatigue behaviour of linear polyethylene with a shallow 0.4mm notch was investigated at 0.5 Hz under plane strain conditions with both square-wave and sine-wave loading. The maximum stress was constant at 10 MPa andR was varied from +1 to −1.5. The rate of damage was monitored by measuring the crack opening displacement,δ. The rate of damage during most of the lifetime could be represented by the equation dδ/δdN=β whereN is the number of cycles,β exhibited a minimum with respect toR. The time to failure varied inversely withβ and exhibited a maximum atR ≈ 0.5 for a square-wave loading and 0.1 for the sine-wave. Generally, the square-wave produces faster damage than the sine-wave. The results are quantitatively explained in terms of two mechanisms; (1) the time under load, which disen tangles the fibrils and (2) the unloading which bends and crunches the fibrils in the damaged zone. A quantitative model was obtained for describing the dependence ofβ onR.
A theory of linear plasticity for plane strain

A reformulation is made of the classical von Mises theory of plane strain rigid-perfect plasticity. The adoption of an anisotropic piecewise linear yield criterion results in two sets of field equations, each equivalent to the classical vibrating string equation. The development of the theory is routine. Certain properties of discontinuous stress and velocity fields are discussed, but the complete development of this aspect of the theory is not given here.
Neutron multiplicity and multiplication measurements

Abstract A neutron multiplicity analysis system has been developed to determine the neutron multiplication of nonmoderating plutonium samples measured with thermal neutron counters and shift-register coincidence electronics. The system also determines the (α, n) neutron source strength and the effective 240 Pu mass of the samples. The complete system is described and the measurement results are presented. Typical mass errors are ∼ 2% (1 σ ). The principal limitation of the system is the long measurement time required for a sample with high plutonium mass or large (α, n) component.
Is thiobenzamide a specific substrate for the microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase?

While the hepatotoxicant thiobenzamide is S-oxidized primarily by the microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase, a significant part of the oxidation in mouse liver is due to the cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system. The oxidation of thiobenzamide by both the FAD-containing monooxygenase and the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system was demonstrated using purified enzymes from mouse liver. An inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system reduced the overall oxidation of thiobenzamide by approximately 30 percent in microsomes from uninduced mouse liver. One form of cytochrome P-450 purified from rabbit lung was also active in the oxidation of thiobenzamide.
Subtype by comorbidity in young adult substance abusers

Comorbidity of psychiatric and substance use disorders is prevalent in adult substance abusers and influences the outcome of substance abuse treatment. To study the impact of comorbid disorders, adult subjects are subtyped into primary and secondary abusers. This study assessed comorbidity in young adult substance abusers involved in treatment, and evaluated the utility of the primary/secondary distinction in this population. Over half of the sample met criteria for at least one current psychiatric diagnosis. Subtyping resulted in 20 primary and 34 secondary abusers. The groups differed on gender, age of first problem due to substance use, depressive symptomatology, and reasons for use of alcohol. Secondary abusers reported more severe family and psychiatric problems than did primary abusers. The groups did not differ in the severity of alcohol or drug problems. These results indicate that comorbidity must be evaluated and addressed when treating young adult substance abusers.
Some theory and practical uses of trimmed L-moments

Abstract Trimmed L-moments, defined by Elamir and Seheult [2003. Trimmed L-moments. Comput. Statist. Data Anal. 43, 299–314], summarize the shape of probability distributions or data samples in a way that remains viable for heavy-tailed distributions, even those for which the mean may not exist. We derive some further theoretical results concerning trimmed L-moments: a relation with the expansion of the quantile function as a weighted sum of Jacobi polynomials; the bounds that must be satisfied by trimmed L-moments; recurrences between trimmed L-moments with different degrees of trimming; and the asymptotic distributions of sample estimators of trimmed L-moments. We also give examples of how trimmed L-moments can be used, analogously to L-moments, in the analysis of heavy-tailed data. Examples include identification of distributions using a trimmed L-moment ratio diagram, shape parameter estimation for the generalized Pareto distribution, and fitting generalized Pareto distributions to a heavy-tailed data sample of computer network traffic.
Evolution of HTGR coated particle fuel design

Abstract This paper provides a survey of the evolution of the HTGR fuel element design in the USA, Federal Republic of Germany, UK (OECD), and Japan. The coated particle design is described in detail. The development of the kernel composition is discussed. The current status of the coated particle design and performance is reviewed.
Toward a unified model of program behavior

Abstract In building a unified model of program behavior, the authors characterize spatial, temporal, and structural locality and their relationships to one another. Analysis and modeling of 40 VAX 8200, TI Explorer, and RISC processor traces indicate spatial prefetching actually increases the effectiveness of LRU replacement in exploiting temporal locality rather than decreasing it as might be expected. The lesser known structural locality is also shown to exist in a wide variety of workloads, and its relationship to spatial and temporal locality is also characterized. For the instruction reference stream, structural locality is shown to predict the next instruction to be fetched with higher accuracy than existing dynamic branch prediction techniques. A unified model incorporating all three types of locality is developed and validated by comparing the entropy of synthetically generated traces with that of the actual traces. While the model is accurate in predicting the next type of reference to be made, higherorder dependencies requiring further look-ahead remain to be modeled.
Necessary Dependence of Currents on Fields They Generate

It is shown that in local (proper) Lorentz-invariant theories involving axial-vector, or tensor currents (conserved or not), the latter must vanish, if they commute at equal times with the fields they generate. The need for explicit field dependence of currents is demonstrated for gradient-coupled spinless and massive spin-one fields, as well as for electrodynamics with minimal or nonminimal coupling. The field-dependence requirement is distinct from that (already needed for free fields) of "spreading points" to make the current operators well-defined. The relation between the two, however, essentially fixes the form of this dependence. Applications are made to partially conserved currents, ${\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{j}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}=\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\phi}$; if ${j}^{0}$ commutes with $\ensuremath{\phi}$, the latter vanishes.
Coriolis coupling in the rotational bands of deformed odd-odd nuclei

Evidence is presented for the existence of odd-even staggering in ${K}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ rotational bands (with Kg0) of odd-odd nuclei in the rare-earth and actinide regions. Coriolis-coupling calculations have been carried out for rotational bands in $^{168}\mathrm{Tm}$, $^{176}\mathrm{Lu}$, $^{182}\mathrm{Ta}$, and $^{182}\mathrm{Re}$. With these calculations, we are able to reproduce the odd-even staggering observed in these nuclei. In particular, the unusually strong staggering observed in the K${=2}^{+}$ and ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ bands of $^{182}\mathrm{Re}$ can be understood. Unusual features in the wave functions of some bands reflect the importance of couplings due to terms other than Coriolis in the Hamiltonian.
Parameter-less population pyramid

Real world applications of evolutionary techniques are often hindered by the need to determine problem specific parameter settings. While some previous methods have reduced or removed the need for parameter tuning, many do so by trading efficiency for general applicability. The Parameter-less Population Pyramid (P3) is an evolutionary technique that requires no parameters and is still broadly effective. P3 strikes a balance between continuous integration of diversity and exploitative elitist operators, allowing it to solve easy problems quickly and hard problems eventually. When compared with three optimally tuned, state of the art optimization techniques, P3 always finds the optimum at least a constant factor faster across four benchmarks (Deceptive Trap, Deceptive Step Trap, HIFF, Rastrigin). More importantly, on three randomized benchmarks (NK Landscapes, Ising Spin Glasses, MAX-SAT), P3 has a lower order of computational complexity as measured by evaluations. We also provide outlines for expected runtime analysis of P3, setting the stage for future theory based conclusions. Based on over 1 trillion evaluations, our results suggest P3 has wide applicability to a broad class of problems.
Relationship between 3T3 cell spreading and the strength of adhesion on glass and silane surfaces

Cell detachment by laminar shear stresses was used to characterize cellular interactions with hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic silane. In this study, we examined whether smaller, rounder cells were preferentially detached by laminar flow, and whether cell detachment occurred by dissociation of adhesion proteins and their membrane receptors or rupture of the membrane. Shear-induced detachment from glass and silane were similar after 0.5 h static attachment to the surfaces, even though 3T3 cells had a greater projected area on silane. No particular cell size was preferentially detached by fluid shear stresses. After 2 h attachment and spreading, 3T3 cells were more easily detached from the silane surface even though the cells were more spread than on glass. On glass, smaller cells were preferentially detached below 30 dyne/cm2, increasing the mean projected area of the population. Above 30 dyne/cm2, larger cells also detached from the surface. Cell detachment from the silane surfaces did not show any size preference. The strength of adhesion and projected areas on both surfaces increased significantly when the surfaces were preincubated with fibronectin. Simple geometric models of spreading cells were used to estimate the forces exerted on cells. The hydrodynamic forces exerted on spreading cells were similar, but the bond density needed to resist detachment declined as the projected area increased. Analysis of Dil-C18(3) membrane fragments indicated that cell detachment by membrane rupture was a significant mechanism of cell detachment from glass for shear stresses above 40 dyne/cm2, but was unimportant for cell detachment from the silane surfaces. The results indicate that differences in the strength of 3T3 cell adhesion were probably due to differences in bond strength and the numbers of receptor-ligand bonds formed on the two surfaces and, on glass, cell detachment due to membrane failure at higher shear stresses.
CYP2C9 protein interactions with cytochrome b5 : Effects on the coupling of catalysis

The hemoprotein cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) has been demonstrated to affect the kinetics of drug oxidation by the microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450s). However, the mechanisms through which cyt b5 exerts these effects are variable and P450 isoform-dependent. Whereas the effects of cyt b5 on the major drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 are well studied, fewer studies conducted over limited ranges of cyt b5 concentrations have been performed on CYP2C9. In the present study with CYP2C9, cyt b5 exerted complex actions upon P450 oxidative reactions by affecting the rate of metabolite formation, the consumption of NADPH by cytochrome P450 reductase, and uncoupling of the reaction cycle to hydrogen peroxide and water. Cytochrome b5 devoid of the heme moiety (apo-b5) exhibited effects similar to those of native cyt b5. All rates were highly dependent on the cyt b5 to CYP2C9 enzyme ratio, suggesting that the amount of cyt b5 present in an in vitro incubation is an important factor that can have an impact on the reliability of extrapolating in vitro generated data to predict the in vivo condition. The major effects of cyt b5 are hypothesized to result from a cyt b5-induced conformational change in CYP2C9 that results in an increased collision frequency between the iron-oxygen species (Cpd I) and the substrate, and a decrease in the oxidase activity. Together, these findings suggest that cyt b5 can alter multiple steps in the P450 catalytic cycle via complex interactions with P450 and P450 reductase.
Lymphocyte p56L32 is A RNA/DNA-Binding Protein which Interacts with Conserved Elements of the Murine L32 Ribosomal Protein mRNA

In previous studies of the ribosomal protein L32 mRNA, we demonstrated that a conserved polypyrimidine tract found in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) was required for translational regulation in vivo and that a 56-kDa protein (p56L32) from T-lymphocytes specifically interacts with this sequence [Kaspar, R. L., Kakegawa, T., Cranston, H., Morris, D. R. & White, M. W. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 508–514]. Here we show that p56L32 binding to the L32 5′-UTR is complex and requires other 5′-UTR RNA sequences in conjunction with the polypyrimidine tract. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that binding of p56L32 to the L32 5′-UTR requires a second RNA element, GGUGGCUGCC, 15 nucleotides downstream from the polypyrimidine tract. In contrast, L32 RNA transcripts altered in this downstream element were good substrates for binding of the polypyrimidine binding proteins from HeLa nuclear extracts, indicating that these proteins have RNA-binding specificities distinct from p56L32. Competition analysis demonstrated that p56L32 will bind to DNA as well as RNA with identical sequence specificity and similar affinity. Single or double-stranded DNAs composed of the L32 5′-UTR sequences were found to specifically compete with L32 RNA transcripts for p56L32 binding. The L32 5′-UTR downstream element, GGUGGCUGCC, which is required for p56L32 binding, has previously been implicated as a transcriptional element of the L32 gene. The ability of p56L32 to bind this sequence as DNA or RNA suggests p56L32 may have a dual role in the regulation of ribosomal protein mRNA accumulation and translation.
Rupture of the Infarcted Interventricular Septum Surgical Repair with Survival

Successful surgical closure of a ruptured interventricular septum following myocardial infarction is reported. The patient developed the loud pansystolic parasternal murmur characteristic of septal perforation, and cardiac catheterization confirmed an unusually large left-to-right shunt. The patient's course was not the typical rapid deterioration with shock or intractable heart failure, but when myocardial insufficiency developed insidiously 5 weeks postinfarction, surgical closure with a Teflon patch was accomplished during cardiac bypass. Since early death ensues so frequently, surgical repair has been attempted in only a small number of instances; this patient is one of the very few with successful closure and long-term survival. The pathology, clinical course, and cardiac catheterization data of this entity are reviewed from previously reported cases.
Reproductive anatomy of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena Gunther

Gross anatomy of Australian grayling testes showed progressive enlargement from March to the peak of the spawning season in late April–early May. The single, left testis changed from a flat, translucent wisp of tissue consisting of an anterior and posterior lobe connected by a thin filament to a three-dimensional mass of milky-white tissue which filled the coelomic cavity. Spawning lasted 2 weeks and testicular regression was apparent by 8 May when the bilobed condition of the testis was noted. The testis cleared rapidly and resembled pre-spawning conditions by mid-June. Histological examination revealed that Australian grayling testes follow the pattern of teleost spermatogenesis whereby clusters of spermatogonia arise from resting germ cells and all of the cells within a given cluster mature at approximately the same time. The single left ovary of Australian grayling females showed a similar pattern of development, filling the body cavity with an average of 47 000 eggs of 0.9 mm diameter by late April–early May. Females exhibited swollen genital vents near spawning and males developed breeding tubercles which are illustrated by scanning electron micrograph.
Visual field and intraocular pressure asymmetry in the low-pressure glaucoma treatment study.

Objective To explore the relationship between asymmetric baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) and asymmetric visual field (VF) loss in the Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study. Design Randomized, multicenter, controlled clinical trial. Participants Low-pressure glaucoma (LPG) patients 30 years or older were identified. Exclusion criteria included an untreated pressure > 21 mmHg, advanced VF loss, and contraindications to study medications. Interventions A baseline VF was created using the average of 2 reliable Humphrey full-threshold examinations. A baseline diurnal IOP curve was performed without IOP-lowering medication. Main Outcome Measures Mean diurnal, peak, trough, IOP range (peak − trough), and standard deviation (SD) of IOP measurements, and mean deviation (MD) and corrected pattern SD (CPSD) of VF examinations. Results One hundred ninety patients were enrolled (mean age, 64.9±10.7 years). Mean deviation and CPSD were not correlated with mean, peak, trough, or peak minus trough (P − T) IOP ( P s = 0.2–0.9). Among patients with unilateral VF loss (n = 53 [27.9%]), there were no differences ( P s = 0.3–0.9) in any IOP parameter between the normal VF eye and fellow glaucomatous eyes. Among patients with bilateral VF loss (n = 137 [72.1%]), mean, peak, trough, and P − T IOPs were similar in eyes with a better VF MD compared with eyes with a worse VF MD ( P s = 0.2–0.7). Cross-classified contingency tables demonstrated no relationship ( P s = 0.1–0.3) between IOP and VF MD or CPSD using chi-square analysis. Conclusions Intraocular pressure asymmetry is unrelated to VF asymmetry in the Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study, suggesting an unclear pathogenic relationship between IOP and glaucomatous damage in eyes with LPG.
Brewster's angle thin film plate polarizer design study from an electric field perspective

The electric field magnitude and profile influence the laser-induced damage threshold and morphology of a multilayer coating. Through the use of non-quarter-wave layer pairs in high reflector designs, the electric field peaks are shifted into the low index layers thus reducing the electric fields in the high index layers and interfaces. Similarly the electric field profile in a polarizer can be optimized for low electric fields within the high index layers and film interfaces by proper design selection.
Theoretical study of [F−; e+] and [CN−; e+]

Ab initio calculations are presented for the [F−; e+] and [CN−; e+] complexes. Positron affinities of 4.99 and 3.79 eV are obtained for F− and CN−, respectively. The excitation energies to the low-lying excited states of the positron complexes are also calculated.
Ultraviolet Light Sensitivity and Prolonged UVR-Erythema

We have compared the erythema and tanning responses in skin type I (n = 15) and skin type IV (n = 17) Caucasoids following a single exposure to solar simulated radiation. The former sunburn easily and do not tan while the latter do not burn and tan readily. The dose of radiation was 5 times the Minimal Erythema Dose (MED). The test sites were the extensor aspect of the forearm (exposed site) and flexor aspect of the upper arm (nonexposed site). The responses were monitored at 24 and 48hr and then twice weekly for 8weeks. The group of skin type I individuals had a lower MED and a much more prolonged erythema on both the exposed and nonexposed sites than the group of type IV individuals. All differences were highly significant ( p p These results contrast with those of other reports in which prolonged erythema could not be correlated with fair complexion, sunburn sensitivity, ethnic background, or skin type but was instead found to be a distinct feature of persons who had developed nonmelanoma skin cancer. Since prolonged erythema is related to skin type it is therefore not solely a feature of patients with skin cancer.
Visibility in absorbing aerosols

Abstract Carbonaceous particulates differ from most common atmospheric aerosols in that they predominantly absorb, rather than scatter, visible light. Their effect on visibility can therefore be significantly different from that of a purely scattering aerosol. The visual range in aerosols is usually calculated from the Koschmieder relation for a perfectly black object viewed against the horizon sky. It is shown that if this is generalized to non-black objects, the effect of aerosol absorption must be included. For an object viewed against the horizon sky, inclusion of absorption produces a greater visual range for light objects than that predicted from the Koschmieder relation but a lower visual range for dark objects. Carbonaceous particulates, for example, which have an absorption to extinction ratio of ~ 0.85, will give a 20% increase in visual range over that calculated from the Koschmieder relation for a light object viewed against the horizon sky but a 30% decrease for a dark object. For objects viewed against an immediately adjacent background the visual range is always greater in the aerosol having the greater fraction of absorption in its total extinction (i.e. scattering plus absorption).
Resonance Raman detection of the hydroperoxo intermediate in the cytochrome P450 enzymatic cycle.

The resonance Raman spectra of the hydroperoxo complex of camphor-bound CYP101 have been obtained by cryoradiolytic reduction of the oxygenated ferrous form that had been rapidly frozen in water/glycerol frozen solution; EPR spectroscopy was employed to confirm the identity of the trapped intermediate. The ν(O−O) mode, appearing at 799 cm-1, is observed for the first time in a peroxo-heme adduct. It is assigned unambiguously by employing isotopomeric mixtures of oxygen gas containing 50% 16O18O, confirming the presence of an intact O−O fragment. The ν(Fe−O) mode is observed at 559 cm-1 (H2O). Furthermore, both modes shift down by 3 cm-1, documenting the formulation as a hydroperoxo complex, in agreement with EPR data.
RNA–Amino Acid Binding: A Stereochemical Era for the Genetic Code

By combining crystallographic and NMR structural data for RNA-bound amino acids within riboswitches, aptamers, and RNPs, chemical principles governing specific RNA interaction with amino acids can be deduced. Such principles, which we summarize in a “polar profile”, are useful in explaining newly selected specific RNA binding sites for free amino acids bearing varied side chains charged, neutral polar, aliphatic, and aromatic. Such amino acid sites can be queried for parallels to the genetic code. Using recent sequences for 337 independent binding sites directed to 8 amino acids and containing 18,551 nucleotides in all, we show a highly robust connection between amino acids and cognate coding triplets within their RNA binding sites. The apparent probability (P) that cognate triplets around these sites are unrelated to binding sites is ≅5.3 × 10−45 for codons overall, and P ≅ 2.1 × 10−46 for cognate anticodons. Therefore, some triplets are unequivocally localized near their present amino acids. Accordingly, there was likely a stereochemical era during evolution of the genetic code, relying on chemical interactions between amino acids and the tertiary structures of RNA binding sites. Use of cognate coding triplets in RNA binding sites is nevertheless sparse, with only 21% of possible triplets appearing. Reasoning from such broad recurrent trends in our results, a majority (approximately 75%) of modern amino acids entered the code in this stereochemical era; nevertheless, a minority (approximately 21%) of modern codons and anticodons were assigned via RNA binding sites. A Direct RNA Template scheme embodying a credible early history for coded peptide synthesis is readily constructed based on these observations.
Minimizing Maximum Weighted Error for Imprecise Computation Tasks

We consider the problem of preemptively scheduling a set of imprecise computation tasks on m ? 1 identical processors, with each task Ti having two weights, wi and w?i. Two performance metrics are considered: (1) the maximum w?-weighted error; (2) the total w-weighted error subject to the constraint that the maximum w?-weighted error is minimized. For the problem of minimizing the maximum w?-weighted error, we give an algorithm which runs in O(n3 log2n) time for multiprocessors and O(n2) time for a single processor. For the problem of minimizing the total w-weighted error subject to the constraint that the maximum w?-weighted error is minimized, we give an algorithm which also has the same time complexity.
Kinetics of anation reactions of a water-soluble Rh(III)-porphyrin

Abstract Synthesis and characterization of sodium tetra-p-sulfonatophenylporphinatorhodium(III) [Rh(III)-TPPS) is reported. Equilibrium constants for the reactions Rh(III)TPPS + SCN− = [Rh(III)TPPS-(SCN)], and Rh(III)-TPPS + CN− = [Rh(III)TPPS-(CN))] have been determined to be 39M−1 and 1880-M−1 respectively. Rates and activation parameters of these anation reactions have also been determined. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Linkage in medical records and bioinformatics data

Multiple records for different visits of patients result in redundant information among multiple data sources. We can increase the amount of information available for population units required by stand-alone and distributed databases by matching and merging duplicate records. In this paper, we provide an algorithm, called entity resolution of the Fellegi-Sunter (ERFS) model. In this paper, we used the Fellegi-Sunter model to improve the results of semantic analysis for identification of similar records. According to our experimental results we find that ERFS yields rates that are higher for about 11.07% of the experiments than those using the Stanford entity resolution framework (SERF). Because we found that for these 11.07% there were 38.1% of the experiments conducted having increases ranging from 12.7% to 21.9%, with mid-range size of the number of records having an average increase of 16.96%, it can be concluded that ERFS should be used to link similar records.
Enhancement of protein misfolding cyclic amplification by using concentrated cellular prion protein source.

Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is a cell-free assay mimicking the prion replication process. However, constraints affecting PMCA have not been well-defined. Although cellular prion protein (PrPC) is required for prion replication, the influence of PrPC abundance on PMCA has not been assessed. Here, we show that PMCA was enhanced by using mouse brain material in which PrPC was overexpressed. Tg(MoPrP)4112 mice overexpressing PrPC supported more sensitive and efficient PMCA than wild type mice. As brain homogenate of Tg(MoPrP)4112 mice was diluted with PrPC-deficient brain material, PMCA became less robust. Our studies suggest that abundance of PrPC is a determinant that directs enhancement of PMCA. PMCA established here will contribute to optimizing conditions to enhance PrPSc amplification by using concentrated PrPC source and expands the use of this methodology.
The complicity of imagination : the American renaissance, contests of authority, and seventeenth-century English culture

1. Cultural predicaments and authorial responses 2. A Seraph's Eloquence: Emerson's inspired language and Milton's apocalyptic prose 3. Margaret Fuller's The Two Herberts: Emerson and the disavowal of sequestered virtue 4. As If a Green Bough were Laid Across the Page: Thoreau's seventeenth-century landscapes and extravagant personae 5. Melville's Mardi and Moby-Dick: marvelous travel narratives, and seventeenth-century methods of inquiry 6. Surmising the infidel: Melville reads Milton.
Intermediate-term results of endoscopic diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for pediatric glaucoma

Abstract Introduction: Endoscopic diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (EDLC) is a new treatment modality for glaucoma. Experience with this surgical procedure in children is limited. We report our results after 3 years of follow-up and review the safety of this procedure in pediatric patients. Methods: EDLC was performed on 10 eyes of 8 children who had either aphakic glaucoma or refractory congenital glaucoma. Patients were treated in 2 groups. An initial group of 5 eyes with poor visual prognosis underwent a conservative treatment of no more than 180 degrees of ciliary processes. After an observational period, a second group of 5 eyes with better visual potential was treated more aggressively. Most eyes in the second group received cyclophotoablation to 270 degrees of ciliary processes. Patients were followed up until time of failure or for a minimum of 3 years. Results: At 3 years of follow-up, 50% of eyes that received a single treatment of endolaser had an intraocular pressure (IOP) of ≤22 mm Hg with or without glaucoma medications. Twenty percent had an IOP ≤22 mm Hg without any glaucoma medications. Five eyes were treated successfully with a mean IOP of 17.8 ± 3.4 mm Hg at 36 months of follow-up. The remaining 5 eyes were considered treatment failures with postoperative IOPs >22 mm Hg, despite adjunctive glaucoma medications. Mean time to treatment failure was 10.5 months (range, 3.7-22.2 months). No sight-threatening complications occurred. None of the eyes became hypotonus or caused undue discomfort during the postoperative period. Conclusion: EDLC is a relatively safe and effective procedure for the management of difficult pediatric glaucoma. Results are comparable to other cyclodestructive modalities. Although not observed in this study, it should be cautioned that phakic eyes might be at increased risk for surgical complications. (J AAPOS 1999;3:131-7)
Cross-modal plasticity in cortical development: differentiation and specification of sensory neocortex

Early developmental manipulations can induce sensory afferents of one modality to project to central targets of a different sensory modality. We and other investigators have used such cross-modal plasticity to examine the role of afferent inputs and their patterns of activity in the development of sensory neocortex. We suggest that the afferent rewiring can significantly influence the internal connectivity or microcircuitry of sensory cortex, aspects of which appear to be determined or specified relatively late in development, but that they cannot influence, or influence only to a minor extent, the laminar characteristics and external connectivity patterns of cortex, which appear to be specified earlier.
Linguistic Input and Conversational Strategies in L1 and L2

There has been a great deal of discussion in the literature on second-language acquisition about the relationship between first-(L1) and second-language (L2) acquisition. I believe that the dust is beginning to settle and that it is now possible to move beyond this debate. I would like to do so in this paper, and examine in particular the role of linguistic input in L1 and L2 and the nature of conversational strategies in both processes.
Evolution of antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis into membranous glomerulonephritis

Antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM GN) is a rare disease characterized by autoantibodies to the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen in the GBM. It is also known as Goodpasture's syndrome when associated with pulmonary hemorrhage due to autoantibodies to the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen also present in pulmonary alveoli. Even more rare is the evolution of anti-GBM GN into membranous nephropathy (MN). We report the management of a 9-year-old Caucasian girl with anti-GBM GN that evolved into MN and briefly review the literature.
Moving Beyond the Content An Examination of Principles Underlying Lay Reasoning in Hypertension

The purpose of this study is to examine lay individuals’ gaps in understanding and misconceptions surrounding hypertension for more fundamental issues with reasoning about complexity. We coded for issues with complexity thinking in 100 posts from the online hypertension discussion forums, Ehealth.com and BPlog.com. Complementing the findings on novice and expert reasoning in the learning sciences literature, we identified four major issues with complexity thinking: Oversimplification of contributing factors, simple linear thinking, static reasoning, and discrete boundary thinking. We conclude with practical implications for these findings and suggestions for future research.
Constitution of Copper‐Red Glazes

The red colorant in reduced copper glazes has been positively identified as metallic copper in colloidal form. The identification was made by forming a copper red in sodium metasilicate and dissolving the resultant glass in water, thus concentrating the coloring material until good X-ray diffraction patterns of metallic copper were obtained. It was found that excellent reds could be obtained by the usual alternating cycle of reduction and oxidation, by the addition of reducing agents to the glaze, or by a uniform, slightly reducing atmosphere. Copper nuclei were formed between 800° and 1250°C. These nuclei could be grown to colloidal size at about 650°C. Too great a growth gave muddy reds and then blacks.
Radiometric Ages from the Mt. Desert Island Area, Maine

Evaluation of geochronologic dates published by Metzger and Bickford (1972), coupled with unpublished information, suggests that there is too much disagreement between the various data to allow a reliable “minimum date” to be placed on the Bar Harbor Series. Further, the stratigraphic relations between the Cranberry Island Series and Bar Harbor Series cannot be resolved in the light of available data, especially as the two series are not in contact. The published Somesville granite dates (which range from 389 m.y. to 429 ± 13 m.y.), coupled with absolute time scale uncertainties, do not allow one to state with certainty that the Bar Harbor Series are Middle Silurian. The Silurian fauna identified from Bar Harbor correlatives occur some 50 km from Mt. Desert Island and in a different sequence of rock types.
Irrealis: fact or fiction?

Abstract This paper discusses the nature of the category of reality status, or realis/irrealis. Although the terms realis and irrealis are widely used in the typological literature and in grammatical descriptions, there is much variation in how these terms are used. This variation means that the terms realis and irrealis are not easily comparable from one study to the next. The question then is: is there such a category as reality status? This question is looked at via an examination of various languages, grammatical domains and different frameworks. The conclusion is that we may not be able to posit a typologically valid category of reality status, but we may be able to approach the matter through a bottom-up method of examining individual languages and language families, both synchronically and diachronically.
Assortative mating in relation to plumage traits shared by male and female American Robins

Abstract. Whereas the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of sexual dimorphism in birds have been widely explored, the functional significance of female ornamentation in mutually ornamented species is less well understood. One hypothesis for mutual ornamentation is mutual sexual selection, where similar selective pressures shape the ornamental traits in both sexes. We examined multiple melanin-based plumage traits (chestnut-colored breast plumage, tail-spot size and damage) in male and female American Robins (Turdus migratorius) in relation to patterns of mating, individual quality, breeding performance, and incidence of extra-pair paternity. We found positive assortative social mating based on breast color and tail-spot damage. Tail-spot size was unrelated to patterns of social mating, and none of the plumage traits examined was associated with the incidence of extra-pair paternity. Brighter breast plumage and less damage to tail spots were positively associated with several measures of b...
Requirement for extraction of polyribosomes from barley tissue.

The isolation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) polyribosomes, showing minimal degradation effects of endogenous RNase, required a buffer adjusted to pH 8.0 and containing 0.40 m KCl in addition to common extraction components. The extracted polyribosomes were characterized in sucrose gradients by their conversion to monosomes when incubated with pancreatic RNase and by their dependence on adequate amounts of Mg2+ during extraction and analysis. Factors which contributed to polyribosome stability were evaluated by the relative sedimentation rates of aggregates in sucrose gradients. Tissue extraction at KCl concentrations less than 0.40 m and below pH 8.0 resulted in an appearance of larger amounts of ribosomes in the less dense region of the sucrose gradient after centrifugation. The addition of 10 mm dithiothreitol was partially effective in preventing the loss of higher polymerized states of polyribosomes at KCl concentrations below 0.40 m. Extractions conducted at KCl concentrations greater than 0.40 m and at pH 8.0 reduced the amount of ribosomes obtained from the tissue. The monosome portion of the polyribosomal profile was partially dissociated into subunits when the tissue was extracted in 0.60 m KCl. A similar effect on monosomes was obtained when polyribosomes were incubated with cycloheximide and 0.40 m KCl, a result not observed by use of a combination of 0.10 m KCl and the drug or 0.40 m KCl alone.
Re-examination of crystal ages in recent Mount St. Helens lavas: Implications for magma reservoir processes

U-series data for recent Mount St. Helens lavas suggest that crystallization preceded eruption by more than 0.5 ka but are complicated by possible evidence of crystal recycling and/or addition of radium to the liquid after crystallization. We report new ion and electron microprobe trace- and major-element data for plagioclase and pyroxene in these recent Mount St. Helens lavas and use these data to reassess 226Ra–230Th crystal ages by taking into account differences in the partitioning behavior of radium and barium and the effects of impurities in mineral separates. Revised 226Ra–230Th model crystallization ages are ∼2–4 ka for plagioclase (with the exception of the 1982 dacite) and ∼0.15–5.7 ka for pyroxene. In contrast to previous interpretations, no late-stage addition of Ra to the liquid after precipitation of the minerals is required. The variability of Ba concentrations measured in plagioclase is too large to be consistent with progressive crystallization from the same liquid or with diffusive re-equilibration of xenocrysts with a new host liquid. Ba heterogeneity limits the residence time of the crystals in a magma at high temperatures and also suggests that in most cases Ra–Th ages have not been significantly modified by Ra diffusion into or out of the crystals. High (226Ra)/Ba in plagioclase in the 1982 dacite relative to the host liquid likely reflects crystallization processes that precluded bulk crystal–liquid chemical equilibrium. One possibility is that of growth entrapment of surface enrichments during rapid crystallization, which could lead to less discrimination between Ra and Ba than predicted by calculated bulk partition coefficients. 226Ra–230Th crystal ages for the Castle Creek andesite and basalt that are younger than 230Th–238U ages of the same crystals could be explained by mixing of crystals into melts with different 230Th/232Th ratios, by combinations of older and younger crystal growth within the same magma, or, for the basalt, by diffusion of Ra into crystals at high magmatic temperatures. Average plagioclase ages in most of the samples of >2 ka imply that some significant mass fraction of the crystals in each flow was present simultaneously beneath the volcano. This observation could be consistent either with simultaneous storage of physically distinct magma batches or with incorporation of a population of similarly aged crystals into each successive magma batch.
The measurement of low levels of estrone & estradiol-17β in urine, employing ion-exchange, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract A method is described for the measurement of estrone and estradiol-17β in low titre urine. It involves ion-exchange column chromatography, borohydride reduction of estrone to estradiol-17β, thin-layer chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography of the acetylated extract on OV-Non-radioactive estrone is used as an internal standard. The method is demonstrated to be sufficiently reliable for routine endocrine laboratory use.
INS-Aiding Using Bearings-Only Measurements of an Unknown Ground Object*

: A theory is developed for Inertial Navigation System (INS) aiding using passive, bearings-only measurements over time of an unknown ground object. The theory is developed in the context of kinematic navigation. Stand-alone bearings-only measurements over time of an unknown, but stationary, ground object and kinematic navigation are shown to yield estimates of the aircraft's angle of attack, α, and sideslip angle, β, which allows an update of the aircraft's attitude. Furthermore, it is shown that a baro-altitude measurement and knowledge of the ground object's elevation make it possible to estimate the aircraft's ground speed and update the aircraft's positional navigation variables. Therefore, damping of the error in the INS-provided position estimate is achieved. Furthermore, the ground object's position relative to the aircraft is also obtained, which affords the ground object's geo-location.
Design improvement of coupled IPM motor-drive using physics-based motor model and evolutionary approaches

In this paper, a numerical technique for the magnetic design improvement of a 6 poles-2hp-1200rpm axial flux IPM motor concerning an existing drive circuit is proposed. The design objectives are introduced as the minimum torque ripple, the minimum RMS value of phase currents, and the minimum total harmonic distortion of phase currents. These single objectives together with the current density and magnetic saturation constraints are set to be satisfied at the same time in a multi-objective function. These objectives are calculated from the simulation of the physics-based model of the machine at the same time. The physics-based model of the machine indirectly connects the magnetic characteristics of the IPM machine to the drive circuit. The physical characteristics of machine are calculated from a non-linear transient FE analysis of machine with motion. A fast convergence rate genetic-particle swarm algorithm is developed and it is used as an optimization tool. The comparisons of the calculated results before and after optimization procedures show the performance improvements as well as material savings.
Fatty acid and glycerol labeling of glycerolipids of leukocytes in response to ionophore A23187.

Abstract The effect of divalent cation ionophore, A23187, on the incorporation of [1- 14 C]palmitic acid, [1- 14 C]linoleic acid and [U- 14 C]glycerol into glycerolipids of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was examined. Ionophore A23187 stimulated the labeling of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and diacylglycerol by both labeled fatty acids and glycerol. [1- 14 C] Palmitic acid and [1- 14 C]linoleic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol was reduced by the presence of the ionophore in the incubation medium, while [U- 14 C]glycerol labeling of these lipids was not significantly changed under identical conditions. These data reflect that the acylation of sn -glycerol 3-phosphate is activated, and the acylations of lysophosphatidylcholine and endogenous diacylglycerol are inhibited in cells incubated with ionophore A23187. External calcium was not required for the ionophore effect on the incorporation of labeled fatty acids and glycerol. It is suggested that the ionophore alters the metabolism of the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of glycerolipids by changing the distribution of intracellular calcium of leukocytes.
A bottom-up layout technique based on two-rectangle routing

Abstract We propose a novel technique for solving the VLSI layout problem. The strategy is to recursively interconnect a set of modules, in conformity with the design rules. The basic step consists of merging a pair of strongly-connected modules. An optimal algorithm for routing around two modules, and variations thereof, are presented; the running time is O( n log n ) where n is the total number of terminals. The whole layout is provably wirable with three conducting layers.