cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial flagellar coiling explained by slip-and-click strand switching.

The reversible spiral twisting of the flagellar propeller arises from combinations of interconvertible left- and right-tilted arrays of identical flagellin subunits, mediated by the restraints of their inner tube domains in 11 near-axial protofilament strands of different length in the flagellum.
High-temperature selenium rectifiers ¿ A survey of manufacturers' data

ABOUT a year ago the Subcommittee on Technical Information of the AIEE Metallic Rectifier Committee undertook a program for the purpose of accumulating information on high-temperature selenium rectifiers. As one part of that program Battelle Memorial Institute acting in behalf of the Metallic Rectifier Committee prepared and sent to selenium rectifier manufacturers a questionnaire on high-temperature selenium rectifiers. The 85-per-cent response to the questionnaire is an indication of the fine co-operation extended by the manufacturers. The information thus obtained was used to assemble a report to the sponsoring committee. That report, supplemented by additional information obtained through personal contacts with a few manufacturers, make up the contents of this paper. To avoid possible disclosure of proprietary information, the discussion will be kept on a general level. It is hoped, however, that a survey of the views, achievements, and direction of a major portion of the industry will be found of some value to both the manufacturer and the consumer.
Electron-temperature dependence of the recombination of HCO+ ions with electrons.

A microwave-afterglow mass-spectrometer apparatus employing microwave heating of the electrons has been used to determine the dependence on Te of the recombination coefficient of electrons with HCO(+) ions. By comparison of the observed electron-density decays to the computed behavior of a recombination- and ambipolar-diffusion-controlled afterglow, it is found that the Te dependence of the recombination coefficients follows a power law with an index of -0.69 + or - 0.07 over the range Te = 293-5500 K. The magnitude of the recombination coefficient is similar to that observed and calculated for simple diatomic ions, while the temperature dependence is somewhat stronger than the Te exp -0.5 dependence predicted by a simplified theory for diatomic ions.
A dexamethasone-inducible gene expression system is active in Citrus plants

Abstract Inducible gene expression systems, in which the level or timing of activity of a gene of interest can be controlled exogenously, are an effective means to assess gene function. However, such systems have not been widely employed in crop plants. Here we show that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-based inducible gene expression system functions in Citrange (Citrus sinensis × C. trifoliata) plants. We generated transgenic Citrange plants containing a two component 35S::LhGR/pOp6::β-glucuronidase (GUS) system (Wielopolska et al. (2005) Plant Biotechnol. J. 3, 583), in which the synthetic transcription factor, LhGR, is glucocorticoid-inducible and can activate the pOp6 promoter driving expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. We describe a method for inducing LhGR activity using the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) in transgenic Citrange. With the advent of transgenic approaches to engineer new traits in Citrus, control of transgene activity will be essential to realize the full potential of such manipulations. The method we describe here is likely to be of general use in many Citrus cultivars to temporally control the activity of introduced transgenes.
Atomic in-plane disorder in Co/Pt superlattices

We have studied 〈111〉 and 〈001〉 oriented Co(3 A)/Pt(18 A) superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy via X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The diffraction peak shapes, for the scattering vector Q parallel to the film planes, were found to be characteristically different between these two films. For the 〈111〉 oriented sample, this broadening is characterized by a Lorentzian peak shape with a positional correlation length of the order of 50 A. The data further indicate that the atomic correlation in the 〈111〉 sample has a long range orientational but only short range positional order.
Pituitary Volume in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Background Abnormalities in the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (LHPA) axis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To our knowledge, however, no prior study has measured pituitary gland volume in OCD. Methods Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies were conducted in 31 psychotropic drug–naive children (10 boys, 21 girls) aged 8–17 years and 31 case-matched healthy comparison subjects. Results Pituitary volume was significantly smaller in patients with OCD as compared with healthy control subjects (11% smaller). Smaller pituitary volume in patients with OCD was associated with increased compulsive but not obsessive symptom severity. Boys with OCD had smaller pituitary gland volumes compared with control boys (20% smaller). No significant differences in pituitary volume were observed between girls with OCD and control girls. Boys with OCD had significantly smaller pituitary volumes than girls with OCD (31% smaller), whereas control boys also had smaller pituitary gland volumes compared with control girls (21% smaller). Conclusions These findings provide new evidence of reduced pituitary volume in pediatric OCD that seems to be more prominent in male patients. The observed alterations in pituitary volume are consistent with neuroendocrine studies that have reported abnormalities in the LHPA axis in OCD.
Finite element analysis of buckling and post-buckling behaviors of arches with geometric imperfections☆

Abstract The buckling and post-buckling behavior of arches is very sensitive to their geometric imperfections. The purpose of this paper is to develop a refined curved finite element that might accurately represent the actual geometry of arches so that the imperfection effects on their buckling behavior could be properly investigated. For an arch with known geometric imperfections, the element stiffness matrix is precisely formulated in terms of Lagrangian variables for a perfect arch from a general incremental variational principle. In general, the element stiffness matrix contains Lagrangian strain, first and second order incremental strain and imperfection terms. For any general planar imperfect arch with a variable curvature, the element stiffness matrix is evaluated by numerical integration; however, for a nominally circular arch, it can be represented in closed form. Numerical results in terms of load-deformation curves are presented for a number of circular arches with and without imperfections and compared with existing solutions.
Embrasure wires for intraoperative maxillomandibular fixation are rapid and effective.

Purpose The management of some mandible fractures requires maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) intraoperatively but not postoperatively. Intraoperative MMF with arch bars has significant disadvantages, including duration of application and risk of disease transmission. Some surgeons have sought to minimize these disadvantages, improve efficiency, and decrease cost by omitting formal MMF altogether and manually stabilizing the occlusion. Embrasure wires are a method of intraoperative MMF with significant potential advantages. The purpose of this investigation was to compare embrasure wires with Erich arch bars (Karl Leibinger Co, Mulheim, Germany) for intraoperative stabilization of mandible fractures. Patients and Methods This retrospective case review comprised 50 patients with a primary diagnosis of mandible fracture requiring open reduction–internal fixation with intraoperative MMF. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: intraoperative MMF using embrasure wires (group A) or intraoperative MMF using arch bars (group B). In each group the time required to place the MMF was recorded in whole minutes. The success or failure of the technique to maintain stable MMF throughout the procedure was assessed. Results Intraoperative MMF was used with embrasure wires in 27 of 50 patients (54%) and with arch bars in 23 of 50 (46%). The mean time required for placement of embrasure wire MMF (2.51 minutes) was significantly (P Conclusion Embrasure wires can be placed in significantly less time than arch bars, and they provide a reliable form of intraoperative MMF during mandible fracture repair. For intraoperative MMF, embrasure wires offer significant advantages compared with arch bars by reducing application time. In addition, embrasure wires may reduce the risk of disease transmission by decreasing the number of wires required for MMF.
Using ecological theory to evaluate the effectiveness of an indigenous community intervention: A study of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs.

In recent years, there has been renewed interest among community psychologists in indigenous interventions, which are programs created by local practitioners (rather than researchers) already rooted in their communities. Indigenous interventions have strong ecological validity, but their effectiveness is often unknown because so few are rigorously evaluated. The goal of this project was to use Kelly and Trickett’s ecological theory as a conceptual framework for evaluating an indigenous intervention and its mediating mechanisms of effectiveness. The focal intervention was a midwestern Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, which provides post-assault medical care, crisis intervention, and medical forensic exams for sexual assault survivors. Prior studies of SANE programs have suggested that these interventions may help increase sexual assault prosecution rates. In this case example, we used a mixed methods design to determine if this program contributed to increased prosecution rates, and if so, why. Based on qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, we found substantial evidence for the Principle of Interdependence such that the SANE program strengthened the interconnections between the legal and medical systems, which contributed to increased prosecution. The intervention was effective in these outcomes because it promoted Cycling of Resources throughout the systems and fostered Adaptation of new roles for legal and medical personnel. Moving beyond this specific case example, this paper also examines cross-cutting advantages and struggles of using an ecological approach in the evaluation of indigenous community interventions.
Characterization of surface structure by cluster coincidental ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Coincidental ion mass spectrometry, CIMS, is a technique in which spatial and/or chemical relationships are investigated by collection and analysis of coincidental ion emission events. Practical application of CIMS is dependant upon two factors. One is that the primary ion be selected so as to maximize coincidental ion, CI, yields. Polyatomic projectiles are best suited for this type of analysis because, in certain cases, they not only enhance conventional secondary ion yields but CI yields as well compared to that of equal velocity atomic projectiles. The second factor is that data collection and analysis be as efficient as possible. Experiments were run in an event-by-event bombardment/detection mode. All secondary ions from each impact were recorded with subsequent offline analysis of coincidental ion emission. We report here the combination of cluster SIMS (22 keV Au 3 + projectiles) with a fresh approach to data analysis for evaluation of α-zirconium phosphate in both gel and crystalline states. Results presented here show that it is possible to distinguish between these two phases although the stoichiometry of the compound is the same.
Effectiveness of B Vitamin Supplementation Following Bariatric Surgery: Rapid Increases of Serum Vitamin B12

Background Few prospective studies have compared changes of nutrient intake while assessing effectiveness of thiamin, vitamin B12, and folate supplementation to prevent B vitamin deficiencies immediately following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Therefore, we determined the response to 3 months supplementation on maintaining blood B vitamin concentrations.
Physics of high-intensity nanosecond electron source

A new high intensity, short time electron source is now being used at the Stanford Lineal Accelerator Center (SLAC). By using a GaAs negative affinity semiconductor in the construction of the cathode, it was possible to fulfill the operation requirements, such as peak currents of tens of amperes, peak widths of the order of nanoseconds, hundreds of hours of operation stability, and electron spin polarization. The cathode is illuminated with high intensity laser pulses, and photoemitted electrons constitute the yield. Because of the high currents, some non-linear effects are present. Very noticeable is the so called Charge Limit (CL) effect, which consist of a limit on the total charge in each pulse, that is, the total bunch charge stops increasing as the light pulse total energy increases. In this paper we will explain the mechanism of the CL and how it is caused by the photovoltaic effect. The treatment is based on the Three Step model of photoemission. We will relate the CL to the characteristics of the surface and bulk of the semiconductor, such as doping, band bending, surface vacuum level, and density of surface states. We also discuss possible ways to prevent the CL to take place.
Cardiac hypertrophy secondary to status epilepticus in the rat.

Abstract Status epilepticus was induced in rats by sequential injections of lithium and pilocarpine. Seizure activity was aborted by a combination of MK-801 and diazepam, with status duration ranging from 3 to 180 min. When the hearts were examined 8–12 days later, rats that had experienced an episode of status epilepticus had significantly heavier hearts than did controls. The nature of the cardiac tissue changes was not examined, and deserves further study.
“DEEP THROAT” IN DEEP TROUBLE ON A COLLEGE CAMPUS: AN ACADEMIC FREEDOM CASE STUDY

(1981). “DEEP THROAT” IN DEEP TROUBLE ON A COLLEGE CAMPUS: AN ACADEMIC FREEDOM CASE STUDY. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 42-55.
Depleted surface recombination velocity s0 measurements using “gate-controlled diodes”

Abstract Experimental data is reported which confirms the general validity of a previously published theoretical analysis concerned with the inaccuracy of surface recombination velocities deduced from the gate-controlled diode (GCD) measurement. The experimental results, established using simulated GCD structures possessing nominally a 100:1 variation in gate lengths, conclusively affirm that the apparent s0′ value resulting from the constant quasi-Fermi level interpretation of GCD data is gate length dependent and typically less than the true s0 value. A detailed comparison between experiment and theory, however, reveals two major theoretical inadequacies; namely, the assumed equivalence of the surface electron and hole capture cross sections and the underestimated importance of a surface state related lateral field effect. A σns ⪢ σps in N-bulk devices with low surface state densities, and the lateral field in structures possessing a high surface state density, significantly increase the observed surface generation rate and make the uncorrected theory overly pessimistic in estimating the apparent-to-true s0′/s0 ratio.
Gas well pressure fluctuations and earthquakes

AN important part of earthquake prediction studies is the search for various precursors. It is likely that one precursor may not enable us to predict an earthquake correctly, but a collection of these may remove the uncertainties. It is also desirable to find data that are recorded routinely, in enough detail, such that they can be conveniently used by seismologists.
Two-Photon Coherent and Incoherent Imaging

Can quantum imaging be simulated classically? We present an experimental and theoretical study comparing entangled and chaotic two-photon imaging. An attempt to probe the underlying fundamental physical issues is provided.
T-cell immunity to the joining region of p210BCR-ABL protein

The hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia is the translocation of the human c-abl protooncogene (ABL) from chromosome 9 to the specific breakpoint cluster region (bcr) of the BCR gene on chromosome 22. The t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation results in the formation of a BCR-ABL fusion gene that encodes a 210-kDa chimeric protein with abnormal tyrosine kinase activity. The ABL and BCR genes are expressed by normal cells and thus the encoded proteins are presumably nonimmunogenic. However, the joining-region segment of the p210BCR-ABL chimeric protein is composed of unique sequences of ABL amino acids joined to BCR amino acids that are expressed only by malignant cells. The current study demonstrates that the joining region of BCR-ABL protein is immunogenic to murine T cells. Immunization of mice with synthetic peptides corresponding to the joining region elicited peptide-specific, CD4+, class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells. The BCR-ABL peptide-specific T cells recognized only the combined sequence of BCR-ABL amino acids and not BCR or ABL amino acid sequences alone. Importantly, the BCR-ABL peptide-specific T cells could recognize and proliferate in response to p210BCR-ABL protein. The response of peptide-specific T cells to protein demonstrated that p210BCR-ABL can be processed by antigen-presenting cells so that the joining segment is bound to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules in a configuration similar to that of the immunizing peptide and in a concentration high enough to stimulate the antigen-specific T-cell receptor. Thus, BCR-ABL protein represents a potential tumor-specific antigen related to the transforming event and shared by many individuals with chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Theory of High Temperature Superconductivity: A Status Report

This talk briefly reviews the current experimental and theoretical developments in high Tc superconductivity, focusing on the pseudogap regime of the underdoped region of the phase diagram.We argue that the appearance of superconductivity cannot be explained based on the traditional approach of quasiparticles exchanging some bosons, and that something fundamentally different is called for.
New product applications: microprogrammed bipolar microcomputers are assembled from integrated circuit blocks

Many other system organizations, including multiprocessors, can be imoplemented. For example, many MCU-control memory sections can share one central processor (CP) array when many similar machines or devices must be controlled. Sharing a CP array will rarely affect control speed, since control data is processed at rates far higher than normal machine operating rates.
Edar signaling in the control of hair follicle development

Ectodysplasin receptor Edar and its ligand Eda A1, as well as their related receptor Xedar and ligand Eda A2, are recently discovered members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that signal predominantly through the nuclear factor-κB and c-jun N-terminal kinases pathways. Mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in Edar signaling pathway cause hypohidrotic ectodermal displasias in humans and mice and characterized by severe defects in development of ectodermal appendages including hairs, teeth, and exocrine glands. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of Edar signaling pathway in controlling hair follicle (HF) development and cycling. Genetic and experimental studies suggest that Edar signaling is involved in the control of cell fate decision in embryonic epidermis, as well as in the regulation of cell differentiation programs in the HF. Loss or gain of Edar signaling affects the initiation of several HF types (guard and zig-zag HF), hair shaft formation, as well as sebaceous gland morphology. We also review data on the cross-talk between Edar and Wnt, transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenic protein/activin, and Shh signaling pathways in the control of HF development and cycling.
Design of effective e-Work: review of models, tools, and emerging challenges

The foundations and scope of e-Work are described, and investigations of fundamental design principles for e-Work effectiveness reviewed. The premise is that without effective e-Work, the potential...
PORT STATE CONTROL IN LATIN AMERICA

ABSTRACT A meeting of Latin American maritime authorities held in Santiago, Chile, in 1983, and sponsored by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and the Chilean Maritime Authority, established the Regional Operative Network for Cooperation among Latin American Maritime Authorities (ROCRAM). A strategy for the region was approved in 1989, which included inspection of ships as a tool to prevent pollution. After an overview study, carried out in 1991 to identify ship inspection capability in Latin America, technical meetings were held in 1991 and 1992. The General Assembly of ROCRAM, held in Vina del Mar in November 1992, approved a Latin American Agreement for Port State Control known as “Acuerdo de Vina del Mar.” Latin America became the second region of the world to implement compulsory port state control as a tool to deal with safety of life at sea and the protection of the marine environment. A one-month training course for ...
The role of cell–extracellular matrix interactions in glomerular injury

Glomerulosclerosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix within the glomeruli of the kidney, glomerular cell death, and subsequent loss of functional glomeruli. While in physiological situations the levels of extracellular matrix components are kept constant by a tight balance between formation and degradation, in the case of injury that results in fibrosis there is increased matrix deposition relative to its breakdown. Multiple factors control matrix synthesis and degradation, thus contributing to the development of glomerulosclerosis. This review focuses primarily on the role of cell-matrix interactions, which play a critical role in governing glomerular cell cues in both healthy and diseased kidneys. Cell-extracellular matrix interactions are made possible by various cellular receptors including integrins, discoidin domain receptors, and dystroglycan. Upon binding to a selective extracellular matrix protein, these receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways that can either downregulate or upregulate matrix synthesis and deposition. This, together with the observation that changes in the expression levels of matrix receptors have been documented in glomerular disease, clearly emphasizes the contribution of cell-matrix interactions in glomerular injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms whereby extracellular matrix receptors regulate matrix homeostasis in the course of glomerular injury is therefore critical for devising more effective therapies to treat and ideally prevent glomerulosclerosis.
Latency of the jaw-opening reflex in the premature, preweaning and adolescent pig (hanford strain miniature pig, Sus scrofa)

Abstract The jaw-opening (digastric) reflex was elicited by electrical stimulation of oral mucosa in miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) varying in age from 5 days premature to 101 days post-term. The latency of reflex electromyographic activity varied between 12–14 ms in the most immature animals and 9–11 ms in the oldest animals. The very long-latency digastric responses found in the immature young of nesting mammals were not seen in the relatively precocious young of this species.
On heuristics for two-sided matching: revisiting the stable marriage problem as a multiobjective problem

The stable marriage problem is prototypical of two-sided matching problems, widely encountered in practice, in which agents having preferences, interests and capacities for action of their own are paired up or matched. Standardly, variants of the well-known Gale-Shapley deferred acceptance algorithm (GS/DAA) are used to find stable matches. Using evolutionary computation and an agent-based model heuristics, this paper investigates the stable marriage problem as a multiobjective problem, looking at social welfare and equity or fairness, in addition to stability as important aspects of any proposed match. The paper finds that these heuristics are reliably able to discover matches that are Pareto superior to those found by the GS/DAA procedure. Ramifications of this finding are briefly explored, including the question of whether stability in a matching is often strictly required
Optimization of 3D stack for electrical and thermal integrity

Heat dissipation causing temperature increase has posed new challenges for design of 3D integrated circuits (IC). In addition to the thermal problem, 3D ICs also require careful design of power grids/network because many inter-tier resistive through-silicon vias (TSV) in 3D IC can cause larger voltage drop than 2D ICs. The performance optimization of a 3D stack requires validation of thermal and electrical integrity in a co-design. In this paper, we perform steady-state electrical and thermal simulations to analyze the properties of a 3D stack. We optimize electrical and thermal performance using genetic algorithm to achieve optimized power map profile for minimizing voltage drop and temperature, which can benefit the thermal and power integrity.
The effect of mannoheptulose on the phosphorylation of glucose and the secretion of insulin by islets of Langerhans

Abstract Insulin secretion induced in vitro by glucose in pancreatic tissue of the rat is unaffected by addition of phloridzin and 3-0-methylglucose to the incubation media, suggesting that the beta-cells are freely permeable to glucose. D-glucosamine and mannoheptulose markedly inhibit the stimulant effect of glucose upon insulin secretion. The inhibitory effect of mannoheptulose is reversible and of the competitive type. Mannoheptulose also competitively inhibits the phosphorylation of glucose by isolated islet homogenates. Phosphorylation of glucose thus appears as a necessary step in the stimulation of insulin secretion by this sugar.
Choroidal vascular repair: scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Repair of the choroidal vasculature following laser photocoagulation in the rat was examined with vascular casts and correlated with observations on thin-sections. The regenerative process began at the periphery of the damaged area, starting from the surviving choriocapillaris and venules, and proceeding towards the center by means of recanalization of damaged vessels and growth of new ones. In small healed lesions the capillary bed was re-formed. It resembled the adjacent undamaged choriocapillaris morphologically but appeared to be less dense than the intact choriocapillaris when examined by scanning microscopy. In large lesions the capillary bed was re-formed at the periphery but not at the center. Also present at the edges of the large lesions were groups of new vessels which, when observed by scanning microscopy, appeared to extend in two directions; towards the subretinal space and towards the choroidal network. Another aspect of the repair process was the simultaneous occurrence of new vessel growth and capillary regression, which was observed both at the level of the choriocapillaris and at the foci of new vessels
Conservative management of patients with early endometrial carcinoma: a systematic review.

Objective To know the characteristics of endometrial adenocarcinoma in young patients and to review the published experience in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma that were conservatively managed with hormonal therapy to spare their fertility.
Expansion of human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes for use in immunotherapy trials

The potential utility of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the adoptive immunotherapy of human tumors has been suggested by murine experiments showing these cells to be 50-100 times more powerful than LAK cells in treating advanced metastatic disease. A method for the large-scale expansion of human TIL for the use of these cells in clinical trials is described in this report. TIL were successfully expanded on an experimental scale from 24 of 25 consecutive human tumors, including six melanomas, ten sarcomas, and eight adenocarcinomas. Tumors were digested enzymatically to yield single cell suspensions which were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% human serum and 1000 U/ml recombinant interleukin-2. Lymphocytes constituted from 3% to 74% of single cell tumor suspensions, and expanded from 2.9-fold to 9.1 X 10(8)-fold over a culture period ranging from 14 to 100 days. Nine of 24 TIL cultures lysed fresh autologous tumor targets in 4 h chromium release assays. Cell surface phenotyping identified cultured TIL as activated cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. Subsequently, large-scale expansion of TIL was successful in generating more than 10(10) lymphocytes in five of eight consecutive cases. Clinical trials employing the adoptive transfer of expanded TIL to patients with metastatic disease have begun.
Structure of NS1A effector domain from the influenza A/Udorn/72 virus

The nonstructural protein NS1A from influenza virus is a multifunctional virulence factor and a potent inhibitor of host immunity. It has two functional domains: an N-terminal 73-­amino-acid RNA-binding domain and a C-terminal effector domain. Here, the crystallographic structure of the NS1A effector domain of influenza A/Udorn/72 virus is presented. Structure comparison with the NS1 effector domain from mouse-adapted influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus strain reveals a similar monomer conformation but a different dimer interface. Further analysis and evaluation shows that the dimer interface observed in the structure of the PR8 NS1 effector domain is likely to be a crystallo­graphic packing effect. A hypothetical model of the intact NS1 dimer is presented.
Alterations in brain cholecystokinin receptors after fasting

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the parent molecule of a family of polypeptide hormones, some of which are secreted from the small intestine after food ingestion and stimulate both exocrine secretion and gall bladder contraction. CCK-like molecules have also been identified in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The significance of CCK in the brain is unknown, but it could mediate satiety. The satiety produced by introduction of food into the intestine can be mimicked by systemic injections of CCK and its analogues-these hormones are also effective when injected into the hypothalamus and the cerebral ventricle. Straus and Yalow showed that brain CCK levels were reduced in the cerebral cortex of both genetically obese (ob/ob) and normal mice after a 2-5-day fast. However, Schneider detected no such reduction in similar conditions and other studies have suggested a peripheral rather than central action on satiety. Using CCK of high specific activity, specific CCK receptors have been measured both in pancreatic acini and in various brain regions. We show here that fasting in mice significantly increases CCK binding due to an increased number of CCK receptors in the olfactory bulb and hypothalamus, but not in other brain regions. In contrast, insulin binding to its receptors was not altered by fasting. As the hypothalamus is known to regulate appetite, this finding supports the concept that CCK regulates satiety through interaction with this brain region.
Effect of Anti-Diuretic Hormone and Calcium on the Equivalent Pore Radius of Kidney Slices from Necturus

THE passive permeability of kidney slices may be expressed in terms of the equivalent pore radius. The present work is concerned with measurement of this parameter for kidney slices from the amphibian, Necturus maculosus, both under normal conditions, and as affected by the action of anti-diuretic hormone and calcium. Measurements have been made by the method of D. A. Goldstein and A. K. Solomon (private communication), which depends on the determination of the external concentration of permeant solute required to prevent water movement into or out of the cell at the instant of immersion in the medium. When the initial rate of change in volume of the cell is zero, the cell is in transient osmotic equilibrium with its environment. As Staverman1 has pointed out, the concentrations required to produce transient osmotic equilibrium are higher for permeant solutes than for impermeant ones. Goldstein and Solomon have shown how these zero -time isotonic concentrations may be related to the equivalent pore radius.
Optics for coherent x-ray sources

Several laboratories are now in the process of designing and constructing coherent x-ray sources, and application of these beams for radiography and material studies is facilitated by having appropriate optical components to provide collimation or focusing. Control of x-rays can be achieved by employing elements that perform refraction, diffraction or reflection, as exemplified by a lens, grating or mirror, respectively. Of course, the maximum intensity of minimum image size that is obtainable from any of these elements is determined by diffraction effects. Using the parameters of the Liinac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) being studied at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), x-ray optical components can increase the beam intensity approximately eight orders of magnitude and provide submicron images. Performance comparisons are made between the zone plate, the phase zone plate, the compound refractive lens, the Fresnel compound refractive lens, and the parabolic mirror.
Attrition and the Vocationally Undecided Student.

Abstract Undecided freshmen persisting to college graduation were compared with undecided freshmen who left college by the end of their fourth quarter. At the time of their departure, 72% of the leavers were not in good academic standing; stayers had higher ACT scores than leavers. The leavers earned higher OPI Masculine Role and Nonconformity scores than the stayers. It was tentatively concluded that the undecided, though diverse, represent a population of adolescents undergoing identity confusion.
Comparison of the genomic structure and variation in the two human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters, SLC23A1 and SLC23A2

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is an essential co-factor for eight mammalian enzymes and quenches reactive oxygen species. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transport is mediated by two transporters, SVCT 1 and SVCT 2, encoded by SLC23A1 and SLC23A2. We characterized the genomic structures of SLC23A1 and SLC23A2, determined the extent of genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium across each gene, analyzed nucleotide diversity to estimate the effect of selective pressure, and compared sequence variation across species. In SLC23A1, the majority of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are population-specific in either African Americans or Caucasians, including three of four non-synonymous SNPs. In contrast, most SNPs in SLC23A2 are shared between African Americans and Caucasians, and there are no non-synonymous SNPs in SLC23A2. Our analysis, combined with previous in vitro and in vivo studies, suggests that non-synonymous variation appears to be tolerated in SLC23A1 but not SLC23A2, and that this may be a consequence of different selective pressures following past gene duplication of the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters. Genetic association studies of these two genes will need to account for the differences in haplotype structure and the population-specific variants. Our data represent a fundamental step toward the application of genetics to refining nutrient recommendations, specifically for vitamin C, and may serve as a paradigm for other vitamins.
Carbon-Felt, Carbon-Matrix Composites: Dependence of Thermal and Mechanical Properties on Fiber Precursor and Matrix Structure

Properties of carbon-felt, pyrolytic carbon-matrix composites have been measured as a function of fiber precursor [rayon and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)] and matrix microstructure (smooth laminar, rough laminar, and isotropic). The primary matrix effect is caused by the graphitic nature of the heat-treated rough laminar matrix which yields a high composite thermal conductivity. The increased modulus of the PAN-based fibers results in increased composite strength and modulus and a significantly reduced thermal expansion. A heat-treated, PAN-based carbon felt, rough laminar carbon matrix composite has a superior thermal shock figure-of-merit based on these results.
The cingulum clasp

Abstract The cingulum clasp can be used as a retainer on cuspid teeth when other extracoronal attachments are esthetically unacceptable. The principles of its design are described.
Vapor generation by UV irradiation for sample introduction with atomic spectrometry.

Volatile species of the conventional hydride-forming elements (As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn, Pb, Cd, Te), Hg, transition metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Fe), noble metals (Ag, Au, Rh, Pd, Pt), and nonmetals (I, S) were generated following UV irradiation of their aqueous solutions to which low molecular weight carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic) had been added. Free radicals arising from photodissociation of the latter provide a new and useful alternative to the common methods of chemical/electrochemical vapor generation techniques for the determination of these analytes by atomic spectrometry. Quantitative estimates of the efficiencies of these generation processes were not undertaken, although calculated signal-to-background ratios (>1500 for 5 ng/mL As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te; 20 for 10 ng/mL Sn, Cu, Rh, Au, Pd, Pt, and Cd; 2400 for 1 ng/mL Hg; and 1000 for Co using ICP-TOF-MS detection) do provide clear evidence of the efficacy of this approach for sample introduction. In the case of Ni and Se, the tetracarbonyl and al...
Cardiac myocardial perfusion imaging using dual source computed tomography

The ability to simultaneously visualize both coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial perfusion may enable the assessment of the anatomical burden and physiological significance of coronary lesions in a single exam. In this paper we introduce a novel use of the dual source CT: pharmacologically induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging, (SP-DSCT). We describe an experimental protocol by which we used the DSCT to assess both stress and rest myocardial perfusion in order to identify areas of infarcted and ischemic myocardium. Based on our initial investigations, this protocol is feasible and can be used to identify hemodynamically significant stenosis. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine the incremental value of this technique to traditional coronary CT angiography and/or nuclear stress myocardial perfusion imaging.
Predicting hospitalization and functional decline in older health plan enrollees: are administrative data as accurate as self-report?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive accuracy of two validated indices, one that uses self-reported variables and a second that uses variables derived from administrative data sources, to predict future hospitalization. To compare the predictive accuracy of these same two indices for predicting future functional decline. DESIGN: A longitudinal cohort study with 4 years of follow-up. SETTING: A large staff model HMO in western Washington State. PARTICIPANTS: HMO Enrollees 65 years and older (n = 2174) selected at random to participate in a health promotion trial and who completed a baseline questionnaire. MEASUREMENT: Predicted probabilities from the two indices were determined for study participants for each of two outcomes: hospitalization two or more times in 4 years and functional decline in 4 years, measured by Restricted Activity Days. The two indices included similar demographic characteristics, diagnoses, and utilization predictors. The probabilities from each index were entered into a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve program to obtain the Area Under the Curve (AUC) for comparison of predictive accuracy. RESULTS: For hospitalization, the AUC of the self-report and administrative indices were .696 and .694, respectively (difference between curves, P = .828). For functional decline, the AUC of the two indices were .714 and .691, respectively (difference between curves, P = .144). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a self-report index, the administrative index affords wider population coverage, freedom from nonresponse bias, lower cost, and similar predictive accuracy. A screening strategy utilizing administrative data sources may thus prove more valuable for identifying high risk older health plan enrollees for population-based interventions designed to improve their health status.
Desensitization of AMPA receptors upon multiquantal neurotransmitter release

We have investigated the role of AMPA receptor desensitization during transmission at a calyceal synapse. Cyclothiazide blocked the rapid desensitization of AMPA receptors and markedly prolonged the decay time of the evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (PSC). This effect was greater than what would be expected from a simple prolongation of channel open time. Additionally, the drug reduced the depression of PSCs evoked at brief intervals. The effects of cyclothiazide on the PSC were reduced when the level of transmitter release was lowered. These data indicate that AMPA receptors are desensitized by neurotransmitter and that this desensitization depends on the number of quanta in the synaptic cleft. We propose that release of transmitter from many closely spaced sites prolongs the time of receptor-transmitter contact and thereby promotes desensitization. Desensitization may therefore contribute to synaptic depression and prevent the interaction of transmitter quanta within the synaptic cleft.
New method to generate three-point bounds on effective properties of composites: Application to viscoelasticity

Abstract The general goal of this paper is to develop a new approach for bounding the effective moduli (e.g. elastic moduli, conductivity, or thermal expansion coefficients) of composite materials. Specifically, this paper aims to : (1) formulate a procedure that combines the translation method and the Beran procedure into one powerful method that has the advantages of both approaches ; and (2) apply the new method to study effective properties of viscoelastic composites. The new method enables one to get the most restrictive three-point geometrical-parameter bounds. In particular, we obtain new three-point bounds on the complex bulk modulus of an isotropic viscoelastic composite. The new bounds are given by the outermost of several circular arcs in the complex bulk modulus plane. They take into account three-point statistical information and thus are much more restrictive than previously known two-point bounds.
Making All Children Count: Teach For All and the Universalizing Appeal of Data

In this paper, we argue that in order to bind Teach For All’s universal/izing statement of problems and solutions to the specificities and the special conditions of member programs’ local contexts, what is needed is a shared set of discursive practices, a way of bringing together the commonalities found in each country while separating the noise of particular politics and histories. That common set of discursive practices is shaped around the notion of data. This paper is structured as follows: First, we contextualize Teach for All by (briefly) juxtaposing the universal and specific elements of the network, including the organization’s mission, target population, its recruits (and recruiting tactics), vision, and its production of a particular kind of teacher. Then, we present the two competing, yet complementary, logics of data that are at play in Teach for All – the use of data itself and the notion of data speak – along with their underlying assumptions. We conclude by questioning the logics of this set of discursive practices, and outline our skepticism regarding how data is mobilized to produce particular subjectivities and objects.
Towards a tunable nanoscopic light source

Semiconductor nanowires have witnessed an explosion of interest in the last several years due to advances in synthesis and the unique thermal, optoelectronic, chemical, and mechanical properties of these materials. The potential applications of single-crystalline nanowires are truly impressive, including computational technology, communications, spectroscopic sensing, alternative energy, and the biological sciences. While lithographic silicon processes are rapidly approaching their physical size limits, optical information processing promises to be a low-power, high-bandwidth alternative for the continuation of Moorepsilas Law. Semiconductor systems with photon, phonon and/or electron confinement in two dimensions offer a distinct way to study electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical phenomena as a function of dimensionality and size reduction. These structures have cross-sectional dimensions that can be tuned from 5 to 500 nm, with lengths spanning hundreds of nanometers to millimeters. The vapor-liquid-solid crystal growth mechanism has been utilized for the general synthesis of nanowires of different compositions, sizes, and orientation. Precise size control of the nanowires can be readily achieved using metal nanocrystals as the catalysts. Epitaxial growth plays a significant role in making such nanowire heterostructures and their arrays. Achieving such high level of synthetic control over nanowire growth allows us to explore some of their very unique physical properties. For example, semiconductor nanowires can function as self-contained nanoscale lasers, LEDs, sub-wavelength optical waveguides, photodetector. We have also recently developed an electrode-free, continuously tunable coherent visible light source compatible with physiological environments, from individual potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires. These wires exhibit efficient second harmonic generation, and act as frequency converters, allowing the local synthesis of a wide range of colours via sum and difference frequency generation. We use this tunable nanometric light source to implement a novel form of subwavelength microscopy, in which an infrared laser is used to optically trap and scan a nanowire over a sample, suggesting a wide range of potential applications in physics, chemistry, materials science and biology.
The effect of the angle of suture anchor insertion on fixation failure at the tendon-suture interface after rotator cuff repair: deadman's angle revisited.

Purpose To evaluate what effect the angle of screw-in suture anchor insertion has on fixation stability at the suture–tendon interface. Methods Supraspinatus tendons from 7 matched pairs of human cadaveric shoulders were split, yielding 4 tendons per cadaver. An experimental rotator cuff tear was created and repaired, using a 5.0-mm diameter screw-in suture anchor. In a staggered, matched pair arrangement, the angle of anchor insertion was varied between 45° (deadman's angle) and 90° to the articular surface. Each repair underwent cyclic loading, and 2 failure points were defined: the first at 3 mm of repair site gap formation and the second at the point of complete failure. The number of cycles to failure was compared between the 2 groups. Results The mean number of cycles to 3-mm gap formation for anchors inserted at 90° was 380. This was significantly higher than for repairs made with the 45° angle of anchor insertion (mean, 297 cycles). Complete failure occurred at a significantly greater number of cycles with the 90° anchors (mean, 443 cycles) compared with the 45° anchors (mean, 334 cycles). Conclusions Compared with anchors placed at the current standard of the deadman's angle of 45°, suture anchors placed at 90° to the junction of the greater tuberosity and the humeral head articular surface provided improved soft tissue fixation in an experimental rotator cuff model. Clinical Relevance The angle of suture anchor insertion into the greater tuberosity during rotator cuff repair has an effect on the soft tissue fixation at the tendon–suture interface.