cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Reactions Between Fe and Se Binary Diffusion Couples

Spurred by recent discoveries of high-temperature superconductivity in Fe–Se-based materials, the magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties of iron chalcogenides have drawn significant attenti...
Gallstone Ileus with COVID‐19 Infection: An Unintended Sequela of Non‐Operative Management of Acute Cholecystitis During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Appropriate risk stratification and careful follow-up are mandated in elderly patients with comorbidities. Herein, we report a case presenting 5 months after the nonoperative management of acute cholecystitis during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Efficacy of a pediatric headache infusion center: A single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a pediatric headache infusion center (HIC) in alleviating the symptoms and preventing future visits to the emergency department (ED). BACKGROUND Headache is a common reason for visits to the pediatric ED. ED visits are associated with inordinate costs of care and are conceived by parents to be avoidable if adequate alternatives are available. An infusion center for acute treatment of intractable headache in children with chronic migraine may be an effective alternative to an ED visit. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of data from a single-center cohort of patients with a known history of chronic migraine, presenting to Dayton Children's HIC with an acute migraine from June 1, 2017 to June 1, 2020. Patients were treated according to established protocols divided into two pathways. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, pre- and postinfusion pain scores, ED visits and inpatient admissions within 2 weeks of HIC visit, and ED visits 1 year prior and 1 year after the HIC visit were noted. RESULTS A total of 297 HIC visits were analyzed from 201 patients. The HIC was effective in controlling symptoms with a significant reduction in pain score (median [interquartile range; IQR] 7.0 [2.0] preinfusion vs. 1.0 [2.0] postinfusion, p < 0.001). Only 25/297 (8.4%) patients came to the ED within 2 weeks of the HIC visit, and an even smaller number of patients (20/297, 6.7%) were admitted as inpatients within 2 weeks of the HIC visit. The number of ED visits was significantly reduced in the year after the HIC visit compared with the year prior (median [IQR] 1.0 [2.0] before vs. 0.0 [1.0] after, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A pediatric HIC is effective in alleviating the symptoms and preventing ED visits. These centers should be considered as standard of care at children's hospitals.
Urbanizing economics

Action takes place at a given time and place. As a science of human action, economics is, therefore, just as much about the spaces where real action occurs as it is about real time. The implications of real time for social order is better recognized than the significance of “action space.” The living city is the principal locus of action space and enabler of social change as well as the source of fundamental concepts in economic theory. Just as a loss of density and diversity in cities tends to retard dynamic discovery and development, the turn in economic theory in the mid-20th century toward static equilibrium reflected a move from an urban-based to a plantation-based conception of the economy—from the city to the farm. Some recent developments in network theory, game theory, and geography, however, can be interpreted as a re-urbanization of economics.
Sterile peri-graft abscess formation following aortic replacement: A word of caution for usage of BioGlue®.

We report sterile peri-graft abscess formation following an ascending aortic and hemiarch replacement for acute type A aortic dissection, possibly caused as a reaction to BioGlue®. The patient was ...
Modeling and Analysis of Transaction Processing Systems

Methods for evaluating the performance of transaction processing systems as affected by hardware resource contention are described in this chapter. Hardware resource contention has the primary effect on performance, while data or lock contention has a secondary effect. In the case of blocking-oriented concurrency control methods, such as standard locking, the performance degradation is due to transaction blocking, while in the case of restart-oriented methods transaction response time deteriorates every time a transaction is aborted (we assume that aborted transactions are restarted automatically). The wasted processing due to transaction aborts adversely affects the response time of all transactions. Thus it is important to understand how hardware resource contention affects the performance of transaction processing systems, before considering the effect of data contention.
Packet Forwarding Algorithms in a Line Network

We initiate a competitive analysis of packet forwarding policies for maximum and average flow in a line network. We show that the policies Earliest Arrival and Furthest-To-Go are scalable, but not constant competitive, for maximum flow. We show that there is no constant competitive algorithm for average flow.
Hormone receptor-independent CXCL10 production is associated with the regulation of cellular factors linked to breast cancer progression and metastasis

Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is a major health problem for women around the world. Although advances in the field of molecular therapy have been achieved, the successful therapeutic management of BC, particularly metastatic disease, remains a challenge for patients and clinicians. One of the areas of current investigation is the circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which have a determinant role in the development of distant metastasis. At the present, many of the available treatment strategies for metastatic disease are of limited benefit. However, the elucidation of the mechanisms of tumor progression and metastasis may help to identify key molecules/components that may function as therapeutic targets in the future. In the present study, the functional analysis of CTCs revealed their ability to grow and proliferate to form colonies. Immunofluorescence staining of the CTCs' colonies exhibits elevated expression of cell growth and survival associated proteins such as, survivin, ERK and Akt1. More importantly, the functional screening of the chemokine profile in BC patients' sera revealed an HR-independent elevation of the chemokine CXCL10 when compared to healthy controls. The analysis of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL11 demonstrated an HR-dependent production pattern. The levels of both CXCL9 and CXCL11 were markedly high in HR + patients' sera when compared to HR − patients and healthy controls. The functional analysis of HR + and HR − BC derived cell lines when cultivated in media supplemented with patients' sera demonstrated the alteration of tumor progression and metastasis related proteins. We noted the induction of survivin, β-catenin, MKP-1, pERK, CXCR4 and MMP-1 both at the protein and mRNA levels. The induction of those proteins was in keeping with patients' sera induced cell proliferation as measured by the MTT assay. In conclusion, our data emphasizes the role of chemokines, especially CXCL10, in BC progression and metastasis via the induction of signaling pathways, which mainly involve survivin, β-catenin, MKP-1 and MMP-1.
Creating and using a faculty interests database.

At the East Tennessee State University (ETSU) Medical Library, a team of librarians developed a faculty interests database to improve reference services and collection development. This paper describes the creation and implementation of the database and the faculty response
The biosynthesis of folic acid. XII. Purification and properties of dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase.

Abstract An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic release of inorganic pyrophosphate from the triphosphate ester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(d-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine (dihydroneopterin triphosphate), an intermediate in the biosynthesis of folic acid, has been partially purified from extracts of Escherichia coli and some of its properties have been described. The molecular weight of the enzyme, which has been named "dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase," has been estimated at 17,000. It will not use any of the nucleoside triphosphates as substrate; it exhibits a Km value of 11 µm for dihydroneopterin triphosphate; and Mg2+ is required for activity. The products of the action of the enzyme have been identified as PPi and dihydroneopterin monophosphate.
Contact-consistent elastic strips for multi-contact locomotion planning of humanoid robots

This paper presents the contact-consistent elastic strips (CES) framework, a motion planning approach capable of producing complex multi-contact whole-body humanoid behaviors in dynamic environments. Planning multi-contact motions for humanoid robots is known to be non-trivial since it involves aspects of autonomous balancing, obstacle avoidance, ensuring global connectivity of the workspace and concurrent consideration of the kinematic and dynamic constraints. Previous works at motion planning for humanoid systems tend to focus on joint space planning and deal with obstacle avoidance and contact-point searching as the separated problems. CES framework, however, simultaneously considers all these requirements and constraints in task space while planning a valid sequence of contact-points and corresponding motions. This resulted in considerable improvements to efficiency and significantly reduced planning time. With the use of CES framework, complex multi-contact locomotion behaviors and real-time adjustments to the robot motions in 3D unstructured environments is possible. Several simulations are demonstrated to evaluate and verify the performance of CES framework.
High-performance tellurium-free thermoelectrics: all-scale hierarchical structuring of p-type PbSe-MSe systems (M = Ca, Sr, Ba).

We present a systematic study of the characterization and thermoelectric properties of nanostructured Na-doped PbSe embedded with 1–4% MSe (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phases as endotaxial inclusions. The samples were powder-processed by the spark plasma sintering technique, which introduces mesoscale-structured grains. The hierarchical architectures on the atomic scale (Na and M solid solution), nanoscale (MSe nanoprecipitates), and mesoscale (grains) were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. These structures produce a great reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity relative to pristine PbSe without appreciably affecting the power factor. The lattice thermal conductivity can be reduced by up to ∼29% when the second phase is added. The highest ZT value achieved was ∼1.3 at 923 K for both 2% SrSe-and 3% BaSe-containing samples, while the sample containing 4% CaSe showed a ZT value of ∼1.2 at 923 K. The optimal samples have hole carrier concentration of 1–2 × 1020 cm–3. We attribute the high ZT values to ...
Permutation-Exchange Graphs That Emulate the Binary Cube*

The concept of permutation-exchange graph is introduced to generalize the well known shuffle-exchange graph. A complete characterization of the permutations that give rise to emulators of the cube is also found, and it is shown that all these permutations are closely related to the shuffle.
Grain-boundary structure and segregation behavior in a nickel-base stainless alloy

Atom-probe tomography (APT) is utilized to obtain three-dimensional chemical information concerning grain boundary (GB) segregation in a Ni–Cr–Fe alloy 600 with atomic spatial resolution. Detailed crystallography of GBs is determined using an approach that combines electron backscatter diffraction and focused ion-beam microscopy to establish a GB’s five macroscopic degrees of freedom, followed by an APT GB composition analysis. Characterizations of GB microstructure and microchemistry are performed to improve our understanding of mechanisms controlling intergranular attack and stress-corrosion cracking.
Inhibition of yeast inositol phosphorylceramide synthase by aureobasidin A measured by a fluorometric assay

Inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPC synthase) is an essential and unique enzyme in fungal sphingolipid biosynthesis and is the target of the cyclic nonadepsipeptide antibiotic aureobasidin A. As a first step towards understanding the mechanism of aureobasidin A inhibition, we developed a fluorometric HPLC assay for IPC synthase using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme and the fluorescent substrate analog 6-[N-(7-nitro-2,1, 3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-hexanoyl ceramide (C(6)-NBD-cer). The kinetic parameters for C(6)-NBD-cer were comparable to those for the synthetic substrate N-acetylsphinganine used previously. Aureobasidin A acted as a tight-binding, non-competitive inhibitor with respect to C(6)-NBD-cer and had a K(i) of 0.55 nM.
A parametric study of volume and surface judgments

Ten prisms and 10 plates differing in height were presented to 30 male and 30 female college students whose task was to judge volume and surface of the solids. No sex differences in volume or surface estimates were found. Increasing the height of a prism from a cube initially resulted in underestimates of volume; for prisms whose heights deviated markedly from a cube, a consistent and steadily increasing tendency to overestimate volume occurred. Decreasing the height of a plate from a cube initially had no significant effect on surface estimates, but with a marked decrease in height, a consistent and steadily increasing tendency to underestimate surface resulted.
A study of abrupt climate change in a simple nonlinear climate model

We use a seasonal energy balance climate model to study the behavior of the snowline cycle as a function of external parameters such as the solar constant. Our studies are confined in this study to cases with zonally symmetric land-sea distributions (bands or caps of land). The model is nonlinear in that the seasonally varying snow/sea ice line modifies the energy receipt through its different albedo from open land or water. The repeating steady-state seasonal cycle of the model is solved by a truncated Fourier series in time. This method is several thousand times faster than a time stepping approach. The results are interesting in that a number of bifurcations in the snowline behavior are found and studied for various geographies. Polar land caps and land bands positioned near the poles exhibit a variety of discontinuous summer snow cover behaviors (abrupt transitions as a parameter such as solar constant is slowly varied), which may be relevant to the inception and decay of continental ice sheets.
Conformal versus nonconformal symbology and the head-up display

Thirty-two pilot subjects flew instrument approaches in a visually high-fidelity simulator. Location of flight symbology was manipulated while controlling for optical distance and symbology format. Subjects were assigned to one of two symbology sets, conformal or non-conformal. Each subject flew half of the trials with the symbology presented in a head-up location and half with the symbology located head-down. An unexpected far domain event was presented on one trial per subject. The results revealed that, for flight path control, there was generally a cost associated with head-down location. The magnitude of this cost was relatively larger for conformal than for non-conformal symbology. Head-up presentation resulted in faster transition from instrument to visual flight references, but slower response to the far domain unexpected event.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Irradiated Donor Lymphocyte Infusion, A Novel Approach To Prevent Graft Failure During Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant • 797

Efforts to limit graft-vs-host disease (GvHD) by T-cell depletion (TCD) have been complicated by graft failure. Donor T-cells favor engraftment, but can lead to GvHD. We have explored the effect of low dose radiation on the ability of donor lymphocytes to facilitate engraftment without causing GvHD in a mouse model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We have observed that proliferation of murine T-cells both in vitro and in vivo is inhibited by exposure to > 5 Gy of ionizing radiation. We tested the ability of irradiated allogeneic spleen cells to facilitate engraftment by allogeneic bone marrow (BM) cells in the C57BL6 H2b B10BR H2k combination of MHC mis-matched donor-recipient pairs. B10BR (H2k) mice that received multiple injections of irradiated H2b allogeneic splenocytes had 65% survival at day +60 post-transplant compared to <10% survival among recipients of T-cell depleted bone marrow alone, or T-cell depleted bone marrow plus non-irradiated allogeneic splenocytes (p<0.001 compared to recipients of non-irradiated allogeneic splenocytes or TCD BM alone). TCD of the allogeneic spleen cells eliminated the graft facilitating effect in this model system, indicating that irradiated T-cells retained short-term ability to enhance engraftment activity without the potential for in vivo proliferation or GvHD. Irradiated mouse T-cells had enhanced cytolytic activity against allogeneic targets compared to non-irradiated cells. Molecular analysis of the activation state of irradiated mouse splenocytes indicated up-regulation of nuclear factor κB(NFκB) in T-cells at the radiation doses used to treat the allogeneic donor splenocytes. These data suggest that irradiated donor lymphocytes represent a novel therapeutic modality which allows transplant across major histocompatibility barriers by preventing the graft failure usually associated with T-cell depleted grafts.
Results of a pilot study of low‐dose craniospinal radiation therapy plus chemotherapy for children younger than 5 years with primitive neuroectodermal tumors

BACKGROUND: Children younger than 5 years who have posterior fossa (PF) primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) have a poor prognosis. Because the use of low-dose craniospinal radiation therapy (CSRT) alone has been associated with a higher relapse rate in these patients, and because standard dose CSRT is associated with profound late sequelae, the authors embarked on a study using a combination of low-dose CSRT and adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Between January 1988 and March 1990, ten patients with PF PNET were treated on an institutional pilot trial. The trial included 1800 cGy radiation therapy (RT) to the craniospinal axis, a PF boost to 5040-5580 cGy and chemotherapy consisting of vincristine weekly during RT. This was followed by vincristine, cisplatin, and lomustine for eight cycles administered every 6 weeks. Patients between 18 and 60 months of age without evidence of tumor dissemination were eligible for study. Follow-up is available to October 1992, with a median follow-up of 4 years from diagnosis. All patients have completed therapy. RESULTS: Actuarial survival at just more than 4 years is 69%. Three of the ten patients have died after experiencing relapse. In one, the relapse developed in the spine and brain outside the PF; in the second, concurrently in the PF, brain, and spine; and in the third, only in the spine. In one of the three, one of two initial cerebrospinal fluid cytologic examinations showed one clump of tumor cells, and the other sample appeared normal. Neuropsychologic testing has been a routine aspect of the study. A mean intelligent quotient (IQ) score of 103 in six patients surviving at least 1 year is unchanged from the baseline group score of 107. Five children have been tested at baseline and at 2 years after RT; for these children, baseline IQ was 101 and 2-year IQ was 102. These results stand in sharp contrast to earlier studies from this institution that found children younger than 7 years at diagnosis showing marked IQ losses after RT at 1 and 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that 1800 cGy CSRT in conjunction with the chemotherapy used may produce less neurocognitive damage, perhaps at the expense of relapse along the craniospinal axis. Better means of improving survival without increasing toxicity are needed.
The resonating hybrid bonds and superconducting pairing in metallic oxides and heavy-fermion systems

Abstract We extend P. W. Anderson's idea of real-space pairing to correlated and hybridized systems. The pairing is provided by the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between the electrons which form resonating hybrid bonds . In the solid state an ensemble of such pairs may condense into either superconducting or Kondo-lattice states .
Is a fully-developed and non-isothermal flow possible in a vertical pipe?

Abstract The results of a linear-stability analysis of the fully-developed flow in a heated vertical pipe are presented. They confirm the experimental observations that flow in a heated vertical pipe is supercritically unstable. The bifurcated new equilibrium laminar flow is likely to be a double spiral flow. Mixing induced by this spiral flow can cause a substantial increase in the heat-transfer rate and even delay transition to turbulence, as has been observed experimentally.
Freeing South Africa: The “Modernization” of Male‐Male Sexuality in Soweto

In February 1993 a black man in his mid-thirties named Linda (an ordinary male name in Zulu) died of AIDS in Soweto South Africa. Something of an activist Linda was a founding member of GLOW the Gay and Lesbian Organization of the Witwatersrand. Composed of both blacks and whites GLOW was and is the principal gay and lesbian organization in the Johannesburg area. Because Linda had many friends in the group GLOW organized a memorial service at a members home in Soweto a few days before the funeral. Lindas father who belonged to an independent Zionist church attended and spoke. He recalled Lindas life and what a good person he had been how hard he had worked in the household. But then he went on in the way that elders sometimes do to advise the young men present: "There was just one thing about my sons life that bothered me" he said. "So let me tell you if youre a man wear mens clothes. If youre colored act colored. Above all if youre black dont wear Indian clothes. If you do this how will our ancestors recognize [and protect] you?" Linda had been something of a drag queen with a particular penchant for Indian saris. To Lindas father and to his church dress had ritual significance. One might even say that there was an indigenous theory of "drag" among many black Zionist South Africans albeit one different from that in North America. To assume church dress not only indicated a certain state of personhood it in some real sense effected that state. Writing on Tswana Zionists who like the Zulu have been drawn into townships around Johannesburg Jean Comaroff (1985) asserted "The power of uniforms in Tshidi perception was both expressive and pragmatic for the uniform instantiated the ritual practice it represented" 1985:220). If dress had one set of associations within Zionist symbolism it had others for a small group of young black South African activists who saw themselves as "gay." To the members of GLOW present most of whom were black Lindas fathers comments were insulting. Most particularly they were seen as homophobic. As the week wore on GLOW began to organize to make their point and to take over the funeral. (excerpt)
Modeling turbulent compressible flows - The mass fluctuating velocity and squared density

This paper deals with single-point closure theory for compressible turbulent flow, including the effects of compressibility on the turbulence. In particular, the combination of the pressure dilatation and the dilatation dissipation, terms which appear on the turbulent kinetic energy equation, are modeled. Model parameters in these transport equations are determined by comparing predictions with boundary layer measurements. Finally, predictions with a k-epsilon model, including the new formulations, are presented for the compressible shear layer.
Nucleic acid recognition orchestrates the anti-viral response to retroviruses

Intrinsic restriction factors and viral nucleic acid sensors are important for the anti-viral response. Here, we show how upstream sensing of retroviral reverse transcripts integrates with the downstream effector APOBEC3, an IFN-induced cytidine deaminase that introduces lethal mutations during retroviral reverse transcription. Using a murine leukemia virus (MLV) variant with an unstable capsid that induces a strong IFNβ antiviral response, we identify three sensors, IFI203, DDX41, and cGAS, required for MLV nucleic acid recognition. These sensors then signal using the adaptor STING, leading to increased production of IFNβ and other targets downstream of the transcription factor IRF3. Using knockout and mutant mice, we show that APOBEC3 limits the levels of reverse transcripts that trigger cytosolic sensing, and that nucleic acid sensing in vivo increases expression of IFN-regulated restriction factors like APOBEC3 that in turn reduce viral load. These studies underscore the importance of the multiple layers of protection afforded by host factors.
Facilitating computer-supported meetings: an exploratory comparison of U.S. and Mexican facilitators

Facilitation is a key element in managing meetings particularly for groups using group support systems (GSS) (Ackermann, 1993). Research comparing adoption of group support systems, however, found differences in understandings and preferences based on cultural background (Ho, Raman, & Watson 1989; Watson, Ho, & Raman, 1994). According to studies by Hofstede, Mexico and the U.S. differ markedly on three of four cultural dimensions. It would be expected that group facilitators in Mexico would differ from those in the U.S. in terms of what they see as (1) key elements to meeting success and as contributions and risks associated with use of GSS and (2) in their selection of tools and tasks for using GSS. Comparison of interview data gathered from 7 Mexican and 37 U.S. facilitators, showed similar views when aggregated into larger constructs. However, when examined in detail these also revealed a number of intriguing differences on the part of Mexican facilitators including (1) a greater concern with the physical environment, (2) greater concern with achieving expected rather than high quality results, (3) greater concern with group rather than individual facilitator skills, and (4) lesser concern for the influence of technology on group process. Both facilitator groups shared concerns regarding participant anxiety with technology and its effect on participation and the expectation of better meetings with careful planning and use of agendas. In interpreting these findings, the reader should note that some background characteristics, such as age and amount of experience leading meetings, differed between Mexican and U.S. facilitators. Facilitators also differed in their level of experience with GSS and with which GSS they were familiar
Effect of neutron irradiation on nanoclusters in MA957 ferritic alloys

Abstract The effects of neutron irradiation to a dose of 3 dpa at 600 °C and creep for 38,555 h at 800 °C on the microstructure of a commercial MA957 alloy were investigated by atom probe tomography. The size, number density and composition of the 2-nm-diameter Ti-, Y-, O-enriched nanoclusters were similar in the unirradiated, crept and neutron irradiated conditions indicating that the microstructure of this nanostructured ferritic alloy has remarkable tolerance to radiation damage.
Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's and obsessive compulsive disorders: preliminary clinical experience

Abstract. Fluoxetine hydrochloride is the first selective serotonin uptake inhibitor introduced commercially in the United States. This report describes preliminary clinical experience with fluoxetine in 10 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 15 years, with primary obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or Tourette's syndrome (TS) plus OCD. In general, fluoxetine, which was administered from 4 to 20 weeks at a dosage of 10 or 40 mg per day, was well tolerated. Adverse effects included behavioral agitation/activation in four patients and mild gastrointestinal symptoms in two patients. No abnormalities were noted in the seven children who had follow-up EKGs. Five of the 10 patients (50%) were considered responders; their obsessive-compulsive symptoms decreased substantially during treatment with fluoxetine. Responder rates were similar in the primary OCD (two of four, 50%) and TS + OCD (three of six, 50%) groups. In conclusion, short-term fluoxetine administration appears to be safe in children and adolescents. Placebo-controlled trials are needed to further assess the efficacy of fluoxetine.
Results of the 1993 Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology survey

In 1993, the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology (ARRO) conducted its tenth annual survey of all residents training in radiation oncology in the United States. The characteristics of current residents are described. Factors influencing the choice of Radiation Oncology as a medical specialty, and posttraining career plans were identified. Residents raised issues on the adequacy of training, problems in work routine, and expressed concerns about board certification and recertification, and about decreased future practice opportunities.
Surgery for Hyperthyroidism

Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of thyrotoxicosis and of differentiating hyperthyroidism from non-hyperthyroid causes of thyrotoxicosis. The surg
Catskill Mountain Water Resources: Vulnerability, Hydroclimatology, and Climate-Change Sensitivity

We present an initial assessment of the potential impact of climate change on water supply in the Metropolitan East Coast (MEC) region of the U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. A version of the Thornthwaite water-balance model is applied to one of six basins in the Catskill Mountains that together provide water for approximately 10 million people in New York City and other municipalities. In addition to Thornthwaite’s original soil moisture reservoir, the model includes the snow pack water reservoir of Willmott, Rowe, and Mintz (1985), a ground-water storage term, and several additional modifications. Following a review of the vulnerability of water supplies and historical hydroclimatology of this region, we estimate (1) the sensitivity of water supply to altered temperature and precipitation regimes and (2) the potential impacts of specific climate-change scenarios used by national and regional climate-change assessments. The sensitivity of runoff to...
Smoking topography: Reliability and validity in dependent smokers

Data from two studies were analyzed to determine whether smoking through the mouthpiece of a topography unit yields consistent measures over time and to verify that smoking through a mouthpiece results in a similar degree of smoke exposure as conventional smoking. In both studies, subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette ad libitum. In study A, subjects (n=7) smoked through a mouthpiece on 4 separate experimental days. In study B, subjects (n=10) smoked on 2 separate days: Once conventionally and once through a mouthpiece. In both studies, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and physiological effects (heart rate and blood pressure) were measured before and after smoking. In study B, plasma nicotine concentrations also were measured. In study A, puff volume, puff duration, interpuff interval, and maximum puff velocity averaged 30.8 ml,.9 s, 19.9 s, and 44.6 ml/s, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients computed for puff volume (0.66), puff duration (0.75), and maximum puff velocity (0.68) indicated that these measures showed good reliability. In study B, smoking through the mouthpiece yielded similar topographical (time to smoke and number of puffs per cigarette) measures as conventional smoking. Also similar were changes in biochemical values: Plasma nicotine (18.5 ng/ml vs. 25.5 ng/ml), exhaled CO (4.6 ppm vs. 5.1 ppm), and heart rate (8.6 beats/min vs. 7.4 beats/min) for conventional and topography mouthpiece smoking conditions, respectively. Topography measures did not differ significantly between the two studies. Overall, the data from these two small-sample studies suggest that smoking topography provides a valid and reliable index of conventional smoking and an indirect measure of smoke exposure.
Antenna Coupled Detectors for 2D Staring Focal Plane Arrays

Millimeter-wave (mmW)/sub-mmW/THz region of the electro-magnetic spectrum enables imaging thru clothing and other obscurants such as fog, clouds, smoke, sand, and dust. Therefore considerable interest exists in developing low cost millimeter-wave imaging (MMWI) systems. Previous MMWI systems have evolved from crude mechanically scanned, single element receiver systems into very complex multiple receiver camera systems. Initial systems required many expensive mmW integrated-circuit low-noise amplifiers. In order to reduce the cost and complexity of the existing systems, attempts have been made to develop new mmW imaging sensors employing direct detection arrays. In this paper, we report on Raytheon’s recent development of a unique focal plane array technology, which operates broadly from the mmW through the sub-mmW/THz region. Raytheon’s innovative nano-antenna based detector enables low cost production of 2D staring mmW focal plane arrays (mmW FPA), which not only have equivalent sensitivity and performance to existing MMWI systems, but require no mechanical scanning.
Developing countries, the GEO and the WARC-ORB 85 conference

Abstract This article considers the problems to be discussed at the WARC-ORB 85 Conference from the perspective of the developing countries. Two main concerns have been expressed by developing countries: access to the geostationary orbit and the technical and financial burdens imposed by technical standards for satellites and earth stations. It is argued that cooperation in outer space particularly in the field of telecommunications is essential, and that programmes such as the UN technical assistance programmes offer the basis for such cooperation.
Semiclassical description of a two-dimensional electron in a strong magnetic field and an external potential.

We study the effects of tunneling between the classical trajectories of a two-dimensional electron in a strong magnetic field and a slowly varying external potential on the quantum energy levels of the electron and on the phonon-induced hopping rate of localized states. The tunneling is important when the classical orbits pass within a few magnetic lengths of a saddle point of the potential. We discuss first the case of a double-well potential with a single saddle point. For energies well below the potential energy at the saddle point, the spectrum is of the form one expects for two wells very distant from one another. For energies well above the energy at the saddle point, the spectrum is similar to that of a single-well potential. The spectrum evolves smoothly from the former to the latter in the energy interval between these two limits. In addition, we study the spectrum for orbits coupled at two saddle points, and show that our technique can be applied to any number of orbits coupled at any number of saddle points. The method may be used to find the energy spectrum of an electron in a slowly varying random potential. We also calculate the tunnel splitting of states of a symmetric double well, and the phonon-induced hopping rate between localized states of an asymmetric double well. In both cases, we find that these quantities fall off as Gaussians in the distance of closest approach of the classical trajectories to the saddle point.
Ceres – Neither a porous nor salty ball

Abstract This study explores the geophysical implications of two compositional models recently proposed for Ceres, which assume that the dwarf planet is a homogeneous mixture of chondritic material devoid with free water. In order to reproduce Ceres’ density, the rock density has to be offset by the presence of porosity and/or an abundance of hydrated salts resulting from the extensive hydration and oxidation of the chondritic material. Thermal modeling shows that a mixture of hydrated minerals is bound to compact and partly dehydrate as a consequence of long-lived radioisotope decay heat. The resulting interior structure is differentiated in a silicate-rich core and water-rich shell, with little porosity. Hence, this study confirms previous suggestion that Ceres contains a large fraction of free water.
Millikelvin heater using a light emitting diode and fibre optics

Abstract A method is reported for using light emitting diodes (LEDs) with fibre optics as a source of heating at ultra-low temperatures. The LEDs are mounted on the 4 K flange within the vacuum jacket of a dilution refrigerator and the light is then directed to the millikelvin stage through optical fibres. The cladded fibres have an outer diameter of 125 μm, with negligible heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Techniques for coupling fibres to LEDs, heat sinking fibres and making a superfluid helium leak-tight fibre-to-copper container seal have been developed. The power output (of the order of nanowatts) is determined as a function of diode drive current.
Integral equation theory of hard sphere liquids on two-dimensional cylindrical surfaces

Abstract An integral equation theory has been developed to elucidate the structure of hard sphere liquids on the two dimensional (2D) surface of a cylinder. The 2D cylindrical coordinate breaks the spherical symmetry. Hence, the pair correlation function is reformulated as a function of two variables to account for particles packing along and around the cylinder. Both Percus–Yevick (PY) and Hypernetted chain (HNC) closures are employed to solve the integral equation theory numerically. For dense sphere concentrations, the calculated pair correlation function displays an oscillatory structure, along and around the cylinder, due to liquid like ordering. The HNC theory predicts a more pronounced oscillatory structure than PY, and the solvation shells obtained from the HNC theory shift to smaller distances due to tighter packing, along and around the cylinder, predicted by the theory. Also, the deviation between the PY and HNC theory becomes more significant at higher densities.
Mechanism of corona–induced self-adhesion of polyethylene film

Corona-treated polyethylene films have been reported to exhibit strong self-adhesion when joined together under conditions of heat and pressure that give no adhesion with untreated films. The present study of this effect has shown that the adhesion is completely destroyed by the application of any hydrogen-bonding liquid to the adhesive joint and that the effects of liquids is completely reversible. Joints allowed to dry recover full strength. These facts together with the results of chemical reactions conducted on the treated film surface have established that the adhesive bond is a hydrogen bond. Corona treatment forms keto groups on the polyethylene chain; these groups enolize and the enolic hydrogens bond with carbonyl groups in the adjacent sheet of film when two sheets are heated together under pressure.
Inclusion relations involving k-numerical ranges

Abstract Let W k ( A ) denote the k -numerical range of an n × n matrix A . It is known that W i ( A ) ⊂ W j ( A ) for 1 ⩽ j ⩽ i ⩽ n . It this paper we derive more general inclusion relations of the form Σ n i λ i W i ( A ) ⊂ Σ n i μ i W i ( A ), where λ i , μ i are real coefficients.
Metronomic chemotherapy: an attractive alternative to maximum tolerated dose therapy that can activate anti-tumor immunity and minimize therapeutic resistance

ABS T RA C T The administration of chemotherapy at reduced doses given at regular, frequent time intervals, termed ‘metronomic’ chemotherapy, presents an alternative to standard maximal tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy. The primary target of metronomic chemotherapy was originally identified as endothelial cells supporting the tumor vasculature, and not the tumor cells themselves, consistent with the emerging concept of cancer as a systemic disease involving both tumor cells and their microenvironment. While antiangiogenesis is an important mechanism of action of metronomic chemotherapy, other mechanisms, including activation of anti-tumor immunity and a decrease in acquired therapeutic resistance, have also been identified. Here we present evidence supporting a mechanistic explanation for the improved activity of cancer chemotherapy when administered on a metronomic, rather than an MTD schedule and discuss the implications of these findings for further translation into the clinic.
Experimental Study of C Band Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture

Passive microwave remote sensing is one of the most effective methods for inversing soil moisture. Under the condition of laboratory, firstly, C band microwave radiation was used to achieve the trial of ground-based remote sensing soil moisture, and then regression analysis was carried out according to the data measured, finally, got the C band experience regression model of soil moisture inversion. The results showed that: in the level-off state of soil surface, soil humidity and soil microwave emission rate is linear negative correlation, in the other words, soil microwave emission rate decreased while the soil moisture increased. Besides, with the increasing of soil surface roughness, both the value of microwave polarization index (MPDI) and microwave emission rate polarization difference Δe have the same trend of quick drop, stabilization and slow raise, and it presented the relationship of quadratic curve with the change of roughness.
Placental Secretion of Unconjugated Estrone, Estradiol and Estriol into the Maternal and the Fetal Circulation

The plasma concentrations of unconjugated estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples of umbilical artery (U.A.), umbilical vein (U.V.), retroplacental space (R.P.S.) and maternal peripheral vein (M.P.V.) of 5 patients at 10–20 weeks of pregnancy and 5 patients at term. The plasma concentrations of the 3 classical unconjugated estrogens were 4–7- fold higher in R.P.S. than in M.P.V. and 2-fold higher in U.V. than in U.A. (P < 0.05), indicating placental secretion of these estrogens into the maternal and fetal circulation. On the basis of the differences between U.V. and U.A. plasma concentrations and reported umbilical blood flow, it was estimated that the secretion rate of unconjugated Ea into the fetal circulation of 2.7 ± 1.7 (SK) mg/day was 1–8 times higher than that of E1, and E2 combined (1.0 ± 0.5 mg/day). Secretion into the fetal circulation of unconjugated E1, E2 and E3, was estimated, however, to be about 10-fold lower than that into the mate...
Selection of a good expert system shell for instructional purposes in business

Abstract Expert systems (ES) have become very important tools in making decisions in business. In order to meet the rising demand for both technical and managerial skills for ES, many business schools have started to use ES shells to teach students the concepts and skills necessary to develop various ES applications, but little research has been done in evaluating expert shells for instructional purposes. This paper develops a model for selecting the most appropriate expert shell as an instructional tool for an ES course. The instructional objectives of incorporating expert shells in a learning environment are discussed and a set of evaluation criteria are developed. Then an evaluation model is presented; it is to be used to select the best shell under different class environments. An illustrative example is also presented.
Regulation of tyrosinase trafficking and processing by presenilins: Partial loss of function by familial Alzheimer's disease mutation

Presenilins (PS) are required for gamma-secretase cleavage of multiple type I membrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein and Notch and also have been implicated in regulating intracellular protein trafficking and turnover. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we reveal here a unique function of PS in the pigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium and epidermal melanocytes. PS deficiency leads to aberrant accumulation of tyrosinase (Tyr)-containing 50-nm post-Golgi vesicles that are normally destined to melanosomes. This trafficking is gamma-secretase-dependent, and abnormal localization of Tyr in the absence of PS is accompanied by the simultaneous accumulation of its C-terminal fragment. Furthermore, we show that the PS1M146V familial Alzheimer's disease mutation exhibits a partial loss-of-function in pigment synthesis. Our results identify Tyr and related proteins as physiological substrates of PS and link gamma-secretase activity with intracellular protein transport.
Comparison of high and low dose cyclophosphamide therapy in rheumatoid arthritis

Eighty-eight patients with active rheumatoid arthritis from 8 Cooperating Clinics were evaluated in a 32-week controlled, double-blind trial comparing 150 mg daily to 75 mg cyclophosphamide daily. Improvement in the arthritis was seen in both groups, and there were no important differences between the two treatment groups in any of the 8 variables used to measure disease activity. Untoward effects were also similar for the two groups. These results differ from preliminary results reported earlier.
Cytokeratin-containing globular filamentous bodies in renal oncocytoma.

Eighty-four cortical neoplasms were studied for cytokeratin and vimentin expression by immunohis-tochemistry and for intermediate filament aggregates by electron microscopy. Twenty oncocytomas expressed cytokeratin, 16 in a distinctive punctate pattern. These same 16 tumors also contained small globular filamentous bodies (GFB) by electron microscopy. The GFB were characterized by a matrix of intermediate-sized filaments with incorporation of diverse cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, and lipid. The GFB were not within a unit membrane. Although 11 of 64 carcinomas also contained intermediate filament aggregates, only 2 of these solely expressed cytokeratin, and this was restricted to a few cells in small foci. Small GFB were also present in 5 carcinomas by electron microscopy. Three mixed clear and granular cell carcinomas contained only rare cells, whereas 2 sarcomatoid carcinomas, both of rhabdoid cell phenotype, contained numerous GFB that coexpressed vimentin and c...
Design for Disassembly and the Environment

Abstract The financial and environmental consequences of disassembly and recycling at the end of a product's life are studied. Analyses of a small coffee maker and some large domestic appliances are presented. It is shown that redesign proposals resulting from Design for Assembly analysis are compatible with Design for Disassembly and that significant improvements are achievable. It is also shown that optimization of the disassembly sequence is important in order to maximize any financial benefits, but that to minimize environmental impact considerations additional to Design for Disassembly should be taken into account. Criteria to determine the point at which disassembly should cease are discussed
Dissipative Dynamical Systems: Basic Input-Output and State Properties

Abstract A complete account is given of the theory of so-called dissipative dynamical systems. The concept of dissipativeness is defined as a general input-output property which includes, as notable special cases, passivity and other properties related to finite-gain. The aim is to treat input-output and state properties side-by-side with emphasis on exploring connections between them. The key connection is that a dissipative system in general possesses a set of energy-like functions of the state. The properties of these functions are studied in some detail. It is demonstrated that this connection represents a direct generalization of the well-known Kalman-Yakubovich lemma to arbitrary dynamical systems. Applications to stability theory and passive system synthesis are briefly discussed for non-linear systems.
Political Empowerment, Mobilization, and Black Voter Roll-Off

Borrowing findings from the literature on voter turnout, the authors examine the causes of roll-off in city council contests among black voters in New Orleans, a black empowerment area, between 196...