cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PHILIPPINE LAND CRAB TRAP

Residents of Malabuyoc on the west coast of Cebu in the Philippines use a bamboo tube trap for capturing the edible land crab Cardisoma carnifex. Traps are inserted into the mouths of occupied burrows where crabs are caught alive and unharmed as they emerge for nocturnal foraging. The technique of tube-trapping might prove useful in the scientific study of Car- disoma and other burrowing crabs and in selective harvesting of animals for consumption. DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE TRAP The trap, which weighs 500 g, is assembled from five pieces of bamboo and a meter length of monofilament line (Fig. 1). Its design effectively exploits many of bamboo's useful properties-its shape, strength, flexibility, and lightness. The following description can best be understood by reference to Fig. 1. The body of the trap consists of a cylindrical section of bamboo stem with a length of 36.5 cm and inner diameter of 7.6 cm. The thickness of the wall is 0.7- 0.8 cm. A transverse nodal wall closes off the tube 8 cm from its posterior end. Four modifications have been made in the tube for the attachment or insertion of other components of the trap. The sliding door is held and guided in a rect- angular opening 1.7 cm wide and 2 cm deep that is sawed from the upper surface some 7 cm from the anterior end of the tube. The outer 0.3 cm of the bamboo wall behind the slot is split in a strip 2.5 cm wide for a distance of 8 cm. The split holds the crossbow in place at a right angle to the tube. The uppermost layer of the split is stripped away to form a flat surface where the slender spindle can be held securely while being inserted into notches on the back of the sliding door and trigger. Finally, an ovoid hole 2.3 cm wide is cut in the upper surface 23.5 cm back from the front of the trap. The trigger is inserted into the tube through this opening and hooked onto its anterior edge. The sliding door is a longitudinal, slightly concave section of stem 16.1 cm long and 4.9 cm wide. The lower and lateral margins are beveled for a close fit against the edge of the slot and the rounded floor of the trap. The door is notched both on its upper margin to receive the monofilament bowstring and on its concave face 12.5 cm below the upper margin for insertion of the spindle. When one end of the spindle is inserted into this notch and the other is held by the trigger, the sliding door is prevented from being snapped shut by the bow. The crossbow is a strip of bamboo stem 32.5 cm long, 1.6 cm wide, and 0.3 cm
Realigning and reeducating staff

To integrate services and improve quality, Information Services (IS) participated in a formal training experience. Staff and managers participated in one of three image workshops designed to clarify how the various groups perceived one another. A subsequent day-long training experience involved all employees in six collaborative problem-solving activities. Analysis of their performance at these tasks highlighted the need for communication and linkages between planning and implementation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Upconverting time gate for imaging through highly scattering media.

We report the use of sum- and difference-frequency generation for two-dimensional upconversion time gating. Using difference-frequency generation, which can provide gain as well as upconversion (as an optical parametric amplifier), we have imaged through a scattering medium with an attenuation of exp(−25), using 1 mJ of energy from a single laser pulse.
Palmitic acid acutely inhibits acetylcholine- but not GLP-1-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic islets

Fatty acids, acetylcholine, and GLP-1 enhance insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. However, the interplay between glucose, fatty acids, and the neuroendocrine regulators of insulin secr...
Multi-dimensional explosion due to a concentrated nonlinear source

Let D be a bounded n-dimensional domain, ∂D be its boundary, ¯ D be its closure, T be a positive real number, B be an n-dimensional ball {x ∈ D: |x − b| <R } centered at b ∈ D with a radius R, ¯ B be its closure, ∂B be its boundary, ν denote the unit inward normal at x ∈ ∂B ,a ndχB (x) be the characteristic function. This article studies the following multi-dimensional parabolic first initialboundary value problem with a concentrated nonlinear source occupying ¯ B: ut − ∆u = ∂χB (x) ∂ν f u(x, t) in D × (0 ,T ], u(x, 0) = ψ(x) on ¯ D, u = 0o n∂D× (0 ,T ],
Influence of Climate on Varves and Bedding: ABSTRACT

Varved sediments provide an imperfect record of changes in climate by means of variations in varve thickness. Erratic varve thickness pulsations with about 2 to 30 years between maxima agree with similar fluctuations in meteorologic records and show no strong periodicities according to power spectrum studies. However, weak rapidly changing climatic patterns are generally present with a slight favoritism for periodicities near 5 years. Normally, varves form in quiet places that are relatively insensitive to the short climatic oscillations, but three sequences (Devonian Beaverhill Lake Formation, Oligocene Florissant lake beds, Miocene Monterey Formation) have yielded some information about them and about certain aspects of bedding. The short-term changes (2 to 30 years) are at least partially responsible for the timing of severe storms and floods that scour the bottom or shed coarse clastic layers into a basin. Subtle varve thickness trends with a tendency toward quasiperiodicity near 90 and 180 years that may be related to solar activity have been observed, and varve calibration of bedding features formed in quiet low energy situations suggests that low energy (Fondo) bedding couplets on the scale of 1 cm to 3 dcm are the result of 100-300-year climatic changes. Bedding features of the same and larger scale formed in higher energy environments are under the influence of the shorter, more erratically timed, climatic fluctuations. End_of_Article - Last_Page 349------------
Exploring an information-based approach to computation and computational complexity

We present the background and justification for a new approach to studying computation and computational complexity. We focus on categories of problems and categories of solutions which provide the logical definition on which to base an algorithm. Computational capability is introduced via a formalization of computation termed a model of computation. The concept of algorithm is formalized using the methods of Traub, Wasilkowski and Wozniakowski, from which we can formalize the differences between deterministic, non-deterministic, and heuristic algorithms. Finally, we introduce our measure of complexity: the Hartley entropy measure. We provide many examples to amplify the concepts introduced.
Dimethyl sulphide as a foraging cue for Antarctic Procellariiform seabirds

MANY Procellariiform seabirds make their living flying over vast expanses of seemingly featureless ocean waters in search of food. The secret of their success is a mystery, but an ability to hunt by smell has long been suspected1–7. Here we present experimental evidence that Procellariiform seabirds can use a naturally occurring scented compound, dimethyl sulphide, as an orientation cue. Dimethyl sulphide has been studied intensely for its role in regulating global climate8–11 and is produced by phytoplankton in response to zooplankton grazing12. Zooplankton, including Antarctic krill (Euphamia super ha)13, are in turn eaten by seabirds and other animals14. Results from controlled behavioural experiments performed at sea show that many Procellariiforms can detect dimethyl sulphide, and that some species (for example, storm petrels) are highly attracted to it. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first evidence that dimethyl sulphide is part of the natural olfactory landscape overlying the southern oceans.
Enhancement of histamine and anaphylactic shock in mice by Brucella abortus.

Abstract The ability of Brucella abortus organisms to alter the sensitivity of the white mouse to the lethal effects of histamine has been confirmed. It has been shown that heating has the effect of decreasing this property. Anaphylactic sensitization is also diminished by heating. The lipopolysaccharide obtained from B. abortus was also observed to have the capability of sensitizing the white mouse to the lethal effects of histamine and protein antigens.
The interplay between climate change, forests, and disturbances

Climate change affects forests both directly and indirectly through disturbances. Disturbances are a natural and integral part of forest ecosystems, and climate change can alter these natural interactions. When disturbances exceed their natural range of variation, the change in forest structure and function may be extreme. Each disturbance affects forests differently. Some disturbances have tight interactions with the species and forest communities which can be disrupted by climate change. Impacts of disturbances and thus of climate change are seen over a board spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. Future observations, research, and tool development are needed to further understand the interactions between climate change and forest disturbances.
Transport in fused InP nanowire device in dark and under illumination: Coulomb staircase scenario

Electron transport is discussed for an ensemble of fused conical indium phosphide nanowires bridging two hydrogenated n + -silicon electrodes. The current-voltage (Id-Vd) characteristics exhibit a Coulomb staircase in dark with a period of ~ 1 V but it disappears under light illumination in some devices, while Id-Vd is featureless smooth monotonic curve in other devices. It is shown that transport is dominated by a single NW pair in dark, while many NW pairs will contribute to transport under illumination.
Relaxation mechanisms, bonding, and molecular reorientation in CpRe( CO) 3

Abstract Carbonyl 13 C and 17 O and cyclopentadienyl 13 C NMR spin-lattice relaxation times of CpRe(CO) 3 were measured as a function of temperature in the solvent CDCl 3 . Analysis of T 1 ( 13 CO) revealed that, unlike in most metal carbonyls, where chemical shift anisotropy is the dominant mechanism, the major contribution to 13 C relaxation is via scalar coupling to the directly bonded rhenium. The oxygen-17 quadrupole coupling constant [determined from T ,( 17 O)], and theirπ★ antibonding orbital population was very close to values reported in several (arene)Mo(CO) 3 complexes, indicating similar pi bond strengths. The C-K force constants ( k co ), on the other hand, were quite dissimilar, indicating that k co is not a pure measure of π bonding in metal carbonyls. Comparison of rotational correlation times of the cyclopentadienyl group and M(CO) 3 unit revealed substantial internal rotation of the Cp ring. The rate, however, is slower than expected for afree rotor, indicating the prese
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEFT ATRIAL STRAIN AND INCIDENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE MULTIETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Strain imaging is a promising technique to quantify left atrial (LA) function. We explored the association between incident atrial fibrillation (AF) and LA strain by MRI using multimodality tissue tracking (MTT). This nested case-control study was performed in a population free of cardiovascular
Electrical transport properties of Ti-doped Fe 2 O 3 (0001) epitaxial films

The electrical transport properties for compositionally and structurally well-defined epitaxial \ensuremath{\alpha}-(Ti${}_{x}$Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$)${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$(0001) films have been investigated for $x$ \ensuremath{\le} 0.09. All films were grown by oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy using two different growth rates: 0.05--0.06 \AA{}/s and 0.22--0.24 \AA{}/s. Despite no detectable difference in cation valence and structural properties, films grown at the lower rate were highly resistive whereas those grown at the higher rate were semiconducting (\ensuremath{\rho} $=$ \ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\Omega} \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} cm at 25 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C). Hall effect measurements reveal carrier concentrations between 10${}^{19}$ and 10${}^{20}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at room temperature and mobilities in the range of 0.1 to 0.6 cm${}^{2}$/V \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} s for films grown at the higher rate. The conduction mechanism transitions from small-polaron hopping at higher temperatures to variable-range hopping at a transition temperature between 180 and 140 K. The absence of conductivity in the slow-grown films is attributed to donor electron compensation by cation vacancies, which may form to a greater extent at the lower rate because of higher oxygen fugacity at the growth front.
Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity tests of heat-processed milk samples

Abstract Samples of whole milk were heat treated by commercial heat-sterilization, by commercial heat-pasteurization or by a laboratory heat-pasteurization (65°C for 30 min). Each sample was tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S-9 mix. Dichloromethane extracts of milk heated at 100, 135 and 150°C for 5 hr were also tested for mutagenicity using the same assay. None of these samples exhibited mutagenicity in the Ames assay used.
Furacin Residues in Milk

Summary No Furacin residues were found in milk from treated quarters 24 hr. after the last treatment. Levels of Furacin as low as 0.03µg/ml were detected with the disc assay method against B. subtilis , in milks to which known concentrations of Furacin had been added. The zones were clear-cut, distinct, but much smaller than those produced by comparable levels of penicillin.
Cyclin-dependent kinase regulates the length of S phase through TICRR/TRESLIN phosphorylation

S-phase cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) stimulate replication initiation and accelerate progression through the replication timing program, but it is unknown which CDK substrates are responsible for these effects. CDK phosphorylation of the replication factor TICRR (TopBP1-interacting checkpoint and replication regulator)/TRESLIN is required for DNA replication. We show here that phosphorylated TICRR is limiting for S-phase progression. Overexpression of a TICRR mutant with phosphomimetic mutations at two key CDK-phosphorylated residues (TICRR(TESE)) stimulates DNA synthesis and shortens S phase by increasing replication initiation. This effect requires the TICRR region that is necessary for its interaction with MDM two-binding protein. Expression of TICRR(TESE) does not grossly alter the spatial organization of replication forks in the nucleus but does increase replication clusters and the number of replication forks within each cluster. In contrast to CDK hyperactivation, the acceleration of S-phase progression by TICRR(TESE) does not induce DNA damage. These results show that CDK can stimulate initiation and compress the replication timing program by phosphorylating a single protein, suggesting a simple mechanism by which S-phase length is controlled.
Ecology of Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) in Western Oregon and Washington.

: Taxus brevifolia, a subcanopy tree or shrub in forests of the Pacific Northwest, has been harvested intensively in recent years. With management concerns as an impetus, we examined the distribution and population dynamics of Taxus based on data from the mountains of western Oregon and Washington. Surveys of natural forests, long-term studies of forest recovery following logging, and census data on marked trees in forest stands support the hypothesis that Taxus is a widespread but predominantly late-successional species. Sensitive to fire and slow to recover from disturbance on many sites, Taxus attains maximal basal area and adult stem density in old forests. Colonization of Taxus is often slow in potentially suitable habitats. Conservation of Taxus at the landscape level may require large, unmanaged reserves and maintenance of patches of old forest within managed forests. Long rotations (centuries) between harvest events will enhance the long-term viability of the species. Practices designed to accelerate the development of old-growth forest structure will not benefit Taxus and other species requiring long disturbance-free intervals for recovery. Ecologia del tejo del Pacifico (Taxus brevifolia) en el oeste de Oregon y Washington Resumen: Taxus brevifolia, un arbol o arbusto del sotobosque dei Noroeste del Pacifico, ha sido cosechado intensamente en anos recientes. Teniendo en cuenta una perspectiva de manejo, examinamos la distribucion y dinamica de poblacion de Taxus, en base a datos de las montanas del oeste de Oregon y Washington. Relevamientos de bosques naturales, estudios a largo plazo de recuperacion del bosque despues de la tala y datos de censos en arboles marcados en rodales de bosques sostienen la hipotesis de que Taxus es una especie de amplia distribucion, pero es predominantemente una especie sucesional tardia. Siendo una especie sensible a los incendios y lenta para recuperarse de las perturbaciones en varios sitios, Taxus llega a su maxima area basal y densidad de tallos adultos en bosques de crecimiento antiguo. La colonization de Taxus es en general lenta en habitats potencialmente adecuados. La conservacion de Taxus a nivel del paisaje requeriria grandes, reservas sin manejo y el mantenimiento de parches de bosque antiguo dentro de bosques bajo manejo. Largas rotaciones (siglos) entre los eventos de cosecha aumentara la viabilidad a largo temino de las especies. Las practicas designadas para acelerar el desarrollo de la estructura de bosques maduros no beneficiara a Taxus y otras especies que requieran largos intervalos libres de perturbaciones para recuperarse.
Phospholipid reactivation of plasmalogen metabolism.

This report is concerned mainly with the properties of an enzyme from rat liver microsomes which hydrolyzes the alkenyl ether bond of 1-(1′-alk-1′-enyl)-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline (alkenyl-GPC hydrolase).
TU-D-204B-01: Scatter Correction for On-Board Cone-Beam CT in Radiation Therapy Using Planning MDCT Images

Purpose: The applications of cone‐beam CT(CBCT)imaging in radiation therapy are greatly hampered by the poor image quality mainly due to scatter artifacts. The current use of CBCT is only limited to treatment setup, and an optimal scatter correction solution still remains unclear. Here, we propose a new scatter correction method for CBCT based on the current workflow of radiation therapy.Methods and Materials: With much smaller inherent scatter signals, diagnostic multi‐detector CT (MDCT) provides more accurate CTimages and is routinely used for radiation treatment planning. Using the MDCT image as the “free” prior information, we first estimate the primary projections in the CBCT scan via forward projection on MDCT data. Since the deviation between patient geometries in the CBCT and the registered MDCT data only leads to high‐frequency primary projection differences and scatter has dominant low‐frequency components, CBCT scatter signals are accurately estimated by low‐pass filtering and effectively corrected for after subtraction. The proposed method is evaluated using two phantom studies on tabletop systems. Results: On the Catphan©600 phantom, the reconstruction error is reduced from 348 HU to 4 HU around the phantom center. In the selected regions of interest, the average imagecontrast is increased by a factor of 3.3. This contrast increase improves low‐contrast detectability, as seen in the pelvis phantom study. Besides a significant improvement of image quality, a 25 HU object, which is otherwise buried in the scatter artifacts, can be clearly identified after the proposed scatter correction. Compared to the kernel‐based method, our approach shows an improved performance. Conclusions: Effective scatter correction is achieved on CBCT using our MDCT‐based approach. The increased accuracy of CBCTimaging substantially facilitates CBCT‐based clinical applications, such as tumor delineation and dose calculation. As such, the proposed method will be very attractive in current radiation therapy.
Cosmic-ray observations in 1964-65 with Mariner IV.

Mariner 4 cosmic ray observations in 1964-1965, discussing low and high energy electron detectors and daily averages of counting rates
Accretion and core formation on Mars: Molybdenum contents of melt inclusion glasses in three SNC meteorites

Abstract Molybdenum, cerium, barium, yttrium, and rubidium contents of glasses in melt inclusions in three SNC meteorites (LEW 88516, Governador Valadares, and Chassigny) have been measured by ion microprobe. Ratios of Mo/Ba and Mo/Ce have been used to estimate the Mo content of the primitive Martian mantle, 120 ± 60 ppb. Abundances of five moderately siderophile elements (Ni, Co, Mo, W, and P) and Re in the Martian mantle are consistent with metal-silicate equilibrium between S-bearing metallic liquid (in a core 22 wt% of the planet) and peridotite melt at 75 kb, 1620°C, and oxygen fugacity 1.4 logfO2 units below the IW buffer. This homogeneous accretion scenario is different than many heterogeneous accretion models for the Earth, but similar to recent studies suggesting homogeneous accretion in the presence of a deep terrestrial magma ocean.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence in mechanistic investigations of electroorganic reactions—V. cathodic cleavage of aromatic sulfonyl compounds

Abstract The cathodic cleavage of some aromatic sulfochlorides Ia–Ie, sulfonic ethers IIa-IIr, sulfonamides IIIa–IIIe and sulfones IVa–IVc was studied by way of electrogenerated chemiluminescence in presence of some suitable aromatic hydrocarbons at the dropping mercury electrode or at a platinum disc electrode in a 1:1 acetonitrile/toluene mixture or in DMF. The luminescence intensity with the sulfochlorides is much stronger than with the sulfonic ethers. With the sulfonamides an emission could only be observed, if the N-atom was substituted by electron withdrawing groups, and with the sulfones no luminescence is generated. The results are discussed in terms of the reduction potentials of intermediate radicals ArSO2 , ArO , and Ar-N·-R and with respect to the kinetics of the homogeneous catalysis of the cleavage by the hydrocarbon redox system.
Mitogenic Effect of Phytohaemagglutinin at Different Ages

WHILE investigating the effect of myelotoxic drugs on the mitotic potential of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from peripheral blood, we found that the mitotic index (number of mitoses/1,000 cells) and percentage blast transformation was frequently lower in elderly individuals than in younger subjects. This report presents the results of standardized investigations of cell cultures, from 293 apparently healthy individuals ranging in age from 1 to 98 years after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. To avoid circadian influences all work was carried out at the same time of day, beginning with venipuncture at 9.00 a.m. To test the reproducibility of the method, duplicate cultures were made from the same individuals at the same time. The mean difference in mitotic index in duplicate cultures from ten subjects was 0.9 ± 4.4 (standard deviation). The mean difference in blast transformation of duplicate cultures was 5.1 ± 5.5 per cent. In seven subjects, ages 21–30 yr, cultures were repeated eight to thirty-five separate times during several weeks. The coefficient of variation (S.D./X.) for mitotic index (Fig. 1) in any given subject ranged from 25 per cent to 40 per cent. The value of mean ± 1 S.D. for mitotic index was the same for each individual so tested in this age group.
Approximating the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution normalization constant

By adding a second parameter, Conway and Maxwell created a new distribution for situations where data deviate from the standard Poisson distribution. This new distribution contains a normalization constant expressed as an infinite sum whose summation has no known closed-form expression. Shmueli et al. produced an approximation for this sum but proved that it was valid only for integer values of the second parameter, although they conjectured it was also valid for non-integers. Here we prove their conjecture to be true and discuss for what range of parameters the approximation can be accurately applied.
Conducting robots — Bridging the gap between science, technology and the arts in the undergraduate curriculum

While many have explored multidisciplinary approaches to course content delivery in computer science and engineering, very few have combined engineering with fundamentally different disciplines such as the arts, humanities, or social science. This paper presents a multidisciplinary undergraduate seminar entitled “Conducting Robots” that brings together majors from four disparate disciplines: computer science, mechanical engineering, music, and interactive multimedia. The goal of the course is to teach and support interdisciplinary teamwork while student teams build an artificial system that can conduct the college orchestra. The end-of-semester survey shows that students found the course interesting and challenging, motivating them to collaborate with peers across disciplines.
The reverse-acceleration model for programming petascale hybrid systems

Current technology trends favor hybrid architectures, typically with each node in a cluster containing both general-purpose and specialized accelerator processors. The typical model for programming such systems is host-centric: The general-purpose processor orchestrates the computation, offloading performancecritical work to the accelerator, and data are communicated only among general-purpose processors. In this paper, we propose a radically different hybrid-programming approach, which we call the reverse-acceleration model. In this model, the accelerators orchestrate the computation, offloading work that cannot be accelerated to the general-purpose processors. Data is communicated among accelerators, not among general-purpose processors. Our thesis is that the reverse-acceleration model simplifies porting codes to hybrid systems and facilitates performance optimization. We present a case study of a legacy neutron-transport code that we modified to use reverse acceleration and ran across the full 122,400 cores (general-purpose plus accelerator) of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Roadrunner supercomputer. Results indicate a substantial performance improvement over the unaccelerated version of the code.
Interneurons presynaptic to rat tail-flick motoneurons as mapped by transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus: few have long ascending collaterals

The method of transneuronal retrograde transport of the Bartha strain of the swine alpha-herpes virus, pseudorabies virus, was used to identify putative interneurons presynaptic to motoneurons that supply a tail-flick muscle in the rat. We also investigated whether these interneurons also contribute to ascending somatosensory pathways. Two to five days after injection of pseudorabies virus into the left abductor caudae dorsalis muscle, and cholera toxin B into the right somatosensory thalamus and midbrain, rats were perfused and spinal cord sections processed immunohistochemically in a two-step procedure to stain cholera toxin B-immunoreactive cells black and pseudorabies virus-immunoreactive cells brown. At short (two-day) survivals, the first spinal neurons to be pseudorabies virus-immunoreactive were in the ipsilateral abductor caudae dorsalis motoneuron pool (S3-S4) and intermediolateral cell column (T12-L2), with a few (0 to five/section) bilaterally in the intermediate zone and around the central canal (all lumbosacral levels). With longer (three- to four-day) survival, more cells were noted (20-50/section) bilaterally (ipsilateral preponderance) in the dorsal and ventral horns of the lumbosacral cord. Many were in lamina I (marginal layer), while few were in lamina II (substantia gelatinosa). At four- and five-day survivals, the numbers of cells increased (20 to 100/section) bilaterally and now included lamina II. The fact that unilateral rhizotomy at L4-Co1 failed to change the distribution of spinal pseudorabies virus labeling suggests that the labeling was due to retrograde transport via the ventral root. In support, bilateral removal of the lumbar sympathetic ganglia, which receive their preganglionic innervation through the ventral root, reduced pseudorabies virus immunoreactivity throughout the thoracic and rostral lumbar spinal cord. These data indicate that there are (i) direct projections from intermediate and dorsal horn cells to abductor caudae dorsalis motoneurons, and (ii) disynaptic connections from dorsal horn (possibly including lamina II) cells to more ventral last-order interneurons. We also suggest that some lamina II cells are presynaptic to lamina I cells that project directly to abductor caudae dorsalis motoneurons. We observed cholera toxin B-immunoreactive cells (five to 20/section) in the expected locations (contralateral lamina I, deep dorsal horn and intermediate zone; lateral spinal nucleus bilaterally). Double-labeled (i.e. pseudorabies virus- and cholera toxin B-immunoreactive) neurons were only occasionally seen in the lateral spinal nucleus and were absent in the spinal gray matter, indicating that segmental interneurons do not collateralize in long ascending sensory pathways to the midbrain and somatosensory thalamus.
A novel method for change detection in spectral imagery

A new method for change detection of two large area scenes based on the point density of the pixel distribution in the hyperspace is presented. This method is derived from the point density approach to hyperspectral analysis, originally developed for material discrimination based on inherent dimension estimation. In this method, two registered large area scenes are tiled for individual scoring and comparison. The point density tail length is estimated for each tile in both scenes. The difference between this value for corresponding tiles indicates whether change has likely occurred in a tile and how significant the change is relative to other changes in the image. The method does not identify changes in individual pixels, but uses a tiling approach to identify changes in small sub-regions of the image. Preliminary results of this methodology are presented for multiple images and changing scene phenomenology.
Economic and Health Consequences of Pesticide Use in Developing Country Agriculture: Discussion

A distinctive feature of pesticide use-as opposed to other forms of pollution-is that the magnitude of the health effects associated with pesticide use can often be reduced by averting behavior; wearing protective clothing, such as gloves or a jacket, can often reduce exposures by 80 or 90%. Encouraging the use of protective clothing and other practices that would reduce exposure, e.g., fixing leaky backpack sprayers, is therefore a form of regulation that seems worth pursuing. What is not clear from the studies reported here is whether attempts to encourage the safe application of pesticides are likely to be successful. We know, for example, that applicators in the communities studied rarely wear protective clothing, and that in the Philippines, when applicators attempt to reduce inhalation exposure by wearing a cloth over the nose and mouth, this appears to increase their exposure. What we do not know is why effective protection is not undertaken. There are at least three possible explanations, each with different policy implications.
An overview of enhancement of triploid watermelon seed germination.

ABSTRACT The weight of the tetraploid coat of the dry triploid watermelon seed is not reduced by tumbling, but cryptic changes increase the ability of the embryo to germinate more quickly. Germination, as measured by radicle emergence, was evaluated after a number of treatments designed to mechanically scarify the seed coat were used. In addition, hydrochloric acid, which can eliminate serious seed pathogens, was used in combination with tumbling treatments and alone without reduction of germination. Tumbling methods are compared with tumbling methods used by others to provide a broader perspective on triploid seed germination.
ANATOMIC ATLAS FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MESATICEPHALIC DOG: HEAD AND NECK

The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole-body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. The head was scanned using high-resolution imaging with a slice thickness of 8 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was placed in a walk-in freezer until completely frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13-mm (head at 8-mm) intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The forzen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Intact, sagittally sectioned, and disarticulated dog skulls were used as reference models. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In this paper, the CT anatomy of the head and neck of the mesaticephalic dog is presented.
HIV Infection and Testing among Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States: The Role of Location of Birth and Other Social Determinants

Background In the United States, Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV. Latino MSM are a diverse group who differ culturally based on their countries or regions of birth and their time in the United States. We assessed differences in HIV prevalence and testing among Latino MSM by location of birth, time since arrival, and other social determinants of health. Methods For the 2008 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, a cross-sectional survey conducted in large US cities, MSM were interviewed and tested for HIV infection. We used generalized estimating equations to test associations between various factors and 1) prevalent HIV infection and 2) being tested for HIV infection in the past 12 months. Results Among 1734 Latino MSM, HIV prevalence was 19%. In multivariable analysis, increasing age, low income, and gay identity were associated with HIV infection. Moreover, men who were U.S.-born or who arrived ≥5 years ago had significantly higher HIV prevalence than recent immigrants. Among men not reporting a previous positive HIV test, 63% had been tested for HIV infection in the past 12 months; recent testing was most strongly associated with having seen a health care provider and disclosing male-male attraction/sexual behavior to a health care provider. Conclusions We identified several social determinants of health associated with HIV infection and testing among Latino MSM. Lower HIV prevalence among recent immigrants contrasts with higher prevalence among established immigrants and suggests a critical window of opportunity for HIV prevention, which should prioritize those with low income, who are at particular risk for HIV infection. Expanding health care utilization and encouraging communication with health care providers about sexual orientation may increase testing.
Phosphate-regulated inactivation of the kinase PHO80-PHO85 by the CDK inhibitor PHO81

A complex consisting of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) PHO85 and the cyclin PHO80 phosphorylates and is thought to inactivate the transcription factor PHO4 when yeast cells are grown in medium containing high concentrations of phosphate. The CDK inhibitor PHO81 inhibits the kinase activity of the PHO80-PHO85 complex when Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are grown in medium depleted of phosphate. A region of PHO81 with similarity to the mammalian CDK inhibitor p16INK4 is sufficient for inhibition in vitro. These studies demonstrate that CDK inhibitors are used to regulate kinases involved in processes other than cell cycle control and suggest that the ankyrin repeat motif may be commonly used for interaction with cyclin-CDK complexes.
Effect of Age, Nutrition, Sex, and Time of Day on Response of Boll Weevils to an Attractant from Cotton

The response of insects to attractants is greatly influenced by the condition of the test insects and their environment (Crystal 1964, Shorey and Gaston 1964). Thus, for the continuing bioassays of volatile fractions from the cotton plant to isolate, identify, and synthesize the attractant in cotton for the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Keller et al. 1963, 1965; Hardee et al. 1966), the condition of the test insects and their environment must be optimum to assure the most reliable response. The effect of age, nutrition, sex, and time of day on the response of the boll weevil to plant attractants is reported here.
Lattice trapping and surface reconstruction for silicon cleavage on (111). Ab-initio quantum molecular dynamics calculations

Abstract This paper describes calculations by ab-initio quantum molecular dynamics methods of the dependence of lattice trapping energies on applied load for cracks running on (111) in silicon. A type of flexible boundary condition is used in which outer atom positions are relaxed using an empirical interatomic potential, while inner atoms are treated ab-initio. The form of the surface reconstruction which results from cleavage is also predicted for both the shuffle and glide cleavages. The fractional range of loads Kmax/Kmin in the lattice trapping range (without kinks is found to be 1.31 and the energy barrier to the advance of a straight crack line along [110] is found to be 0.24 eV per surface atom.
Index for predicting mortality in elderly surgical patients.

Background: The aim of the study was to validate a mortality index for use in patients over 65 years of age undergoing operative treatment or conservative management. Methods: From a study conducted more than 20 years ago of elderly patients admitted with a surgical condition, 11 variables were identified as being significant in predicting mortality: age, white cell count, serum urea concentration, pulse rate, mean blood pressure, type of admission, urgency of operation, complexity of surgery, conservative management, and diagnostic categories of vascular disease and malignancy. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, a mortality index was devised. This index was validated in a separate study of comparable patients treated in 1999–2001. Results: Comparison of the derivation and validation data sets showed similarity in the distribution of variables with no significant difference in mortality (overall mortality rate 9·3 per cent for the derivation set versus 9·6 per cent for the validation set; χ2 = 0·084, 1 d.f., P = 0·771). Tests of calibration and discrimination showed no significant difference in predicted to actual deaths, and the receiver–operator characteristic plots of the two data sets showed good discrimination. Conclusion: This mortality index was derived specifically for patients over 65 years of age receiving either operative or conservative treatment. It could be of use when counselling patients and their relatives about the possible outcome of treatment. Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aldose reductase expression and prostaglandin E2 production are coordinately regulated in cultured rat mesangial cells

Abstract There is increasing evidence that a link between the polyol pathway and prostaglandins is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The presence of the polyol pathway in the kidneys of normal animals, the galactose-fed rat, and animals with experimental diabetes has been established. While aldose reductase (AR) immunoreactive protein (AR-IRP) and AR mRNA are expressed at high levels in renal medulla, the sites of AR synthesis and regulation and metabolic consequences of AR activity in renal cortex are uncertain. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that AR expression and PGE2 production are coordinately regulated in glomerular mesangial cells. To test this hypothesis, we measured AR-IRP, AR mRNA, and PGE2 production in mesangial cells isolated from rats maintained on diets containing normal chow (MC-N), 50% galactose (MC-G), and 50% dextrin (MC-D). The rank order for each parameter studied (AR-IRP, AR mRNA, PGE2) was MC-N > MC-G > MC-D. Western blot analysis demonstrated that MC-N (optical density [OD] 1.0), MC-G (OD 0.59), and MC-D (OD 0.25) express AR-IRP. Slot-blot analyses demonstrated that levels of AR mRNA were greatest in MC-N (1.0), intermediate in MC-G (0.49), and lowest in MC-D (0.31). Ribonuclease (RNase) protection analyses demonstrated a similar pattern of AR mRNA expression, with MC-N at 1.0, MC-G at 0.60, and MC-D at 0.33. PGE2 production (pg/5 × 104 cells/30 min) was highest in MC-N (278 ± 29), intermediate in MC-G (110 ± 9), and lowest in MC-D (37 ± 4). Our results demonstrate that mesangial cells are a site of significant AR expression, and suggest that AR expression and PGE2 production are coordinately regulated.
The geormorphology of subalpine snow avalanche runout zones: San juan mountains, colorado

A comparison was made between the distal ends of twenty-two avalanche and fifteen non-avalanche slopes in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, U.S.A. All slopes occurred in the subalpine zone. Six characteristics were used for analysis: type of slope, surface material, longitudinal profile, perched debris or debris tails, avalanche impact on opposite valley wall, and transverse profile. Both fan and roadbank avalanche slope types were found along with the non-avalanche slopes. Almost all slopes were turf covered rather than talus since the work was done below treeline. Twenty avalanche slopes had a distinctive concave longitudinal profile. Little debris of any kind was found since the slopes were in an area of insignificant amounts of detritus. Many of the larger and two of the smaller avalanche slopes showed evidence of impact upon the opposite slope. Eighteen of the avalanche slopes had convex transverse profiles.
Inclusive Production of Meson Resonances and the Sea Quark Distributions in the Proton

We have extended the application of the recombination model to the production of meson resonances. The x distributions of mesons produced in the pp reactions, including resonances, were found to display certain simple relations, which are independent of specific assumptions about the sea-quark distributions. These predictions can be used both to examine the model and to differentiate between the distributions of strange and nonstrange seaquarks. In the smaller-x region the shapes of meson inclusive distributions sensitivity depend on the sea-quark distribution. Because in the pseudoscalar-meson case, that is just in the same region where contamination from the resonance decay is serious, we use resonance production to determine directly the sea-quark distributions. If we assume that the sea-quark distributions of all three flavors have the same x dependence, with only the normalization of the strange-quark distribution being suppressed, good agreement with the available data can be achieved. And, with the distribution of seaquarks known, the shape of the inclusive distribution for meson production can then be determined without any further adjustable parameters.
The entropy of the maximum entropy distribution

Abstract The entropy of the univariate maximum entropy (ME) distribution is expressed in terms of order statistics. In the multivariate ME distribution, the expected mutual information equals a positive constant independent of the sample values, and the excess of the unconditional entropy of any variate over its average conditional entropy (given all other variates) equals the logarithm of the sample size.
History matters: New evidence on the long run impact of colonial rule on institutions

Abstract This paper proposes a new instrument for institutional quality which varies across countries with historically low rates of European settlement. Using a new data set which exploits differences in the quality of colonial administration, it finds evidence that colonies with better paid colonial governors developed better institutions (and became wealthier) than colonies with lesser paid governors. Initially, the best paid governors were sent to colonies which generated the largest revenues but, since the governors’ pay scale remained largely fixed for the next 40 years, the same colonies continued to receive the best governors. The data indicate that these early differences in colonial administration—and not initial differences in revenue generating capacity—had a long-run impact on economic development.
Segmentation and labeling of documents using conditional random fields

ABSTRACT The paper describes the use of Conditional Random Fields(CRF) utilizing contextual information in automati-cally labeling extracted segments of scanned documents as Machine-print, Handwriting and Noise. The result ofsuch a labeling can serve as an indexing step for a context-based image retrieval system or a bio-metric signatureverication system. A simple region growing algorithm is rst used to segment the document into a number ofpatches. A label for each such segmented patch is inferred using a CRF model. The model is exible enoughto include signatures as a type of handwriting and isolate it from machine-print and noise. The robustness ofthe model is due to the inherent nature of modeling neighboring spatial dependencies in the labels as well asthe observed data using CRF. Maximum pseudo-likelihood estimates for the parameters of the CRF model arelearnt using conjugate gradient descent. Inference of labels is done by computing the probability of the labelsunder the model with Gibbs sampling. Experimental results show that this approach provides for 95 .75% of thedata being assigned correct labels. The CRF based model is shown to be superior to Neural Networks and NaiveBayes.Keywords: Conditional Random Field(CRF); labeling scanned documents; handwritten text extraction
Food on the Farm: One Kansas Farm Woman's Cooking

Wilma Counts kept two manuscript cookbooks during her life that reflect at least part of her cooking style; the rest of her cooking style is merely oral history. She was an atypical farm wife in that she had a college education. In many other aspects Wilma was not so unusual for her time; thus, her cooking practices serve as a valuable case study for researchers of twentieth-century food history. This paper tries to capture what she cooked as reflected in her cookbooks and as it changed over the years.
Spatial filtering to reduce sampling bias can improve the performance of ecological niche models

Abstract This study employs spatial filtering of occurrence data with the aim of reducing overfitting to sampling bias in ecological niche models (ENMs). Sampling bias in geographic space leads to localities that may also be biased in environmental space. If so, the model can overfit to those biases. As a preliminary test addressing this issue, we used Maxent, bioclimatic variables, and occurrence localities of a broadly distributed Malagasy tenrec, Microgale cowani (Tenrecidae: Oryzorictinae). We modeled the abiotically suitable area of this species using three distinct datasets: unfiltered, spatially filtered, and rarefied unfiltered localities. To quantify overfitting and model performance, we calculated evaluation AUC, the difference between calibration and evaluation AUC (=AUC diff ), and omission rates. Models made with the filtered dataset showed lower overfitting and better performance than the other two suites of models, having lower omission rates and AUC diff , and a higher AUC evaluation . Additionally, the rarefied unfiltered dataset performed better than the unfiltered one for three evaluation metrics, likely because the larger one reinforced the biases. These results indicate that spatial filtering of occurrence localities may allow biogeographers to produce better models.