cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Transition in the Two-Dimensional Heisenberg Ferromagnet

We develop a Green-function theory to describe the thermodynamic behavior of a plane square lattice with spins of magnitude one-half located at the lattice sites interacting via a nearest-neighbor Heisenberg ferromagnetic coupling. Our approximation technique involves a decoupling of the hierarchy of Green-function equations similar in some respects to that found in the random-phase approximation (RPA) but improved to include spin correlations neglected in the RPA. Such an improvement is essential for the two-dimensional problem. Our theory predicts a phase transition at the temperature given by $k{T}_{c}=2J$, where $J$ is the exchange parameter. As $T$ approaches ${T}_{c}$ from above, the static susceptibility diverges as $\frac{1}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}$. The spontaneous magnetization is zero at all nonzero temperatures, both above and below the critical point. Therefore, our theory is consistent with the existing rigorous proof of Mermin and Wagner that the spontaneous magnetization must be zero for $T\ensuremath{\ne}0$, and displays the divergent susceptibility predicted by Stanley and Kaplan from an analysis of high-temperature expansions for related two-dimensional spin systems.
Moral responsibility and commercial entertainment: social control in the United States film industry, 1907–1968

(1990). Moral responsibility and commercial entertainment: social control in the United States film industry, 1907–1968. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 3-31.
Preparation of 4- and 10-fluorobenzo(j)fluoranthene via cyclodehydration of acetals and cyclopropanecarboxaldehydes

Two procedures have been developed for the synthesis of 4-fluorobenzo(j)fluoranthene (4-fluoroBjF) and 10-fluoroBjF. Reaction of 9-fluoro-11H-benzo(a)fluoren-11-one (5) with the Grignard reagent prepared from 2-(2-bromoethyl)-1,3-dioxane provided hydroxyl acetal 6 in quantitative yield. Cyclodehydration with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) at 110C gave 4-fluoroBjF in 35% yield. This represents an improvement over previous methods for preparing BjF derivatives substituted in the B ring. The preparation of 10-fluoroBjF represents a new synthetic for preparing BjF derivatives substituted in the B ring. The preparation of 10-fluoroBjF represents a new synthetic entry into the BjF ring system. 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)acenaphtylene (8) was treated with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of copper bronze to give a mixture of anti- and syn-cyclopropanecarboxylates 9 and 10 in the ratio of 2:1. Reaction with iodotrimethylsilane gave the ring-opened ester attached at the 2-position of the substituted acenaphthylene. Reduction to the aldehyde followed by cyclodehydration with PPA at 100C gave 10-fluoroBjF acenaphthylene. Reduction to the aldehyde followed by cyclodehydration with PPA at 100C gave 10-fluoroBjF in 58% yield. Alternatively, the cyclopropyl esters could be reduced directly to the aldehydes, which underwent efficient ring opening and cyclodehydration in PPA at 100C to 10-fluoroBjF in 53-57% yield.
Nucleotide excision repair phenotype of human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines at various stages of differentiation

In previous studies it was shown that nucleotide excision repair (NER) is strongly attenuated at the global genome level in terminally differentiated neuron-like cells. NER was measured in several human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, before and after differentiation into macrophage-like cells. Repair of cisplatin intrastrand GTG crosslinks in differentiated cells was strongly attenuated. There were also some variations between repair levels in naive cells, but these were not correlated with the degree of differentiation. By contrast, the proficient repair of UV-induced (6-4)pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts [(6-4)PPs] was not affected by differentiation. Although cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) were poorly repaired at the global genome level in all cell lines, differentiated or not, they were very efficiently removed from the transcribed strand of an active gene, indicating that transcription-coupled repair (TCR) is proficient in each cell line. CPDs were also removed from the non-transcribed strand of an active gene better than at the overall global genome level. This relatively efficient repair of the non-transcribed strand of active genes, when compared with global genomic repair (GGR), has been described previously in neuron-like cells and termed differentiation-associated repair (DAR). Here we show that it also can occur in actively growing cells that display poor GGR.
Effect of Hypotension on K Excretion in the Dog.

SummaryIn pento-barbitalized dogs, partial clamping of abdominal aorta, always lowered Ck, Cer and CK/Cer. For these changes to occur mean arterial pressure had to fall below 75 mm Hg. Extraction ratio of PAH was not lowered by hypotension. The calculated renal plasma flow was markedly reduced and reactive hyperemia probably did not occur after clamping. The fraction of calculated quantity of K delivered to kidney that was excreted was much less during hypotension. Hypotension, insufficient to lower Cer, markedly lowered Na excretion but not CK. In agreement with Davidson, elevation of rate of Na excretion, reduced the effect of hypotension on CK and allowed CK/Cer to rise above one. The need to consider another factor in addition to urinary Na in the effect of hypotension on K excretion is pointed out.
Acute Effects of Different Concentrations of Dialysate Magnesium During High-Efficiency Dialysis

It has been suggested that magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ) may be an effective and safe alternative to calcium carbonate in binding phosphorus in dialysis patients. In these studies, the concentration of magnesium in the dialysate was either very low or zero. To date, only patients undergoing conventional dialysis have been reported. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the fluxes of magnesium using dialysate magnesium concentrations of 0 mg/dL, 0.6 mg/dl, and 1.8 mg/dL in eight patients undergoing high-efficiency hemodialysis. The net removal of magnesium was 486 ± 44 mg, 306 ± 69 mg, and 56 ± 50 mg, with the use of dialysate magnesium concentrations of 0 mg/dL, 0.6 mg/dL, and 1.8 mg/dL, respectively ( P = 0.001). Plasma magnesium levels significantly decreased from 3.3 ± 0.2 mg/dL to 1.6 ± 0.2 mg/dL and from 3.4 ± 0.3 mg/dL to 2.1 ± 0.2 mg/dL during the dialysis sessions using 0 mg/dL and 0.6 mg/dL magnesium dialysates, respectively. Plasma magnesium remained unchanged when 1.8 mg/dL dialysate magnesium was used. A significant independent correlation was found between the total magnesium removed and both the dialysate concentration used ( P P 3 was added to the regimen. Eight of the 15 patients could not tolerate the no-magnesium dialysate due to severe muscle cramps. The cramps were unrelated to changes in - blood pressure and were immediately relieved by switching the magnesium in the dialysate to 1.8 mg/dL. The patients then underwent a further 2-week trial of dialysis using a dialysate magnesium of 0.6 mg/dL. This formulation was well tolerated by all patients. In this acute study, we conclude that high-efficiency dialysis with a magnesium-free dialysate is associated with a high incidence of muscle cramps. Magnesium removal using a dialysate magnesium concentration of 0.6 mg/dL is considerable, yet well tolerated when used in combination with MgCO 3 as a phosphorus binder.
Microbes adapt to inner space.

The human gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori can acquire cholesterol from its host and enzymatically alter the molecule to counteract the immune system. The finding reveals yet another strategy used by successful microbial colonizers to evade immunity. Do such strategies make the microbe more like us (pages 1030–1038)?
Differences in Trade Show Behavior Between Manufacturers and Service-Oriented Firms

ABSTRACT Although trade shows are a major portion of the marketing mix in the industrial marketplace, second only to personal selling and above advertising, very little has been researched on their function in industrial marketing. This paper reports the results of an extensive business survey of trade show usage, presents results, compares responses of manufacturers to service-oriented firms, and provides analyses of the results.
Control of water molecule aggregations in copper 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate coordination polymers containing pyridyl–piperazine type ligands

Abstract A series of layered divalent copper coordination polymers containing 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate and long-spanning pyridyl–piperazine type ligands exhibits greatly different co-crystallized water molecule aggregations depending on the specific ligands used. Both [Cu(t-14cdc)(4-bpmp)]n (1, t-14cdc = trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, 4-bpmp = bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) and {[Cu(t-14cdc)(4-bpfp)(H2O)2]·6H2O}n (2, 4-bpfp = bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine) possess 2D (4,4) coordination polymer grids. However 1 lacks any co-crystallized water and has pinched grid apertures, while 2 manifests infinite water tapes with T6(2)4(2) classification and rectangular grid apertures. {[Cu2(c-14cdc)2(4-bpmp)]·2H2O}n (3, c-14cdc = cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) has [Cu2(c-14cdc)]2 ribbons with paddlewheel dimeric units linked into 2D slabs by 4-bpmp tethers, along with isolated water molecule pairs. In contrast, {[Cu2(c-14cdc)2(4-bpfp)]·10H2O}n (4) shows a very similar underlying coordination polymer topology but entrains unique decameric water molecule clusters. The minor product {[Cu2(c-14cdcH)2(t-1,4-cdc)(4-bpfp)2(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (5) was isolated along with 4; this compound underwent some in situ cis to trans cyclohexane-dicarboxylate ligand isomerization and exhibits a ladder polymer motif.
Robust geochemical indices for redox and weathering on a granitic laterite landscape in Central Uganda

Abstract Most geochemical studies of laterite formation have been based on detailed examinations of a small number of hopefully “representative” profiles. Due to spatial variability in bedrock composition and geomorphic processes that sort materials by size, density, and other properties, experimental designs developed for the geochemical analysis of single soil profiles are of limited use in landscape investigations. In this study of a laterite landscape on a granitic rock in Uganda, we used element concentrations from neutron activation analysis (NAA) to develop a suite of robust geochemical indices for landscape-scale analysis of weathering and oxidation-reduction (redox) processes in laterite formation. To capture K-feldspar weathering the K/Hf ratio served as a good proxy for feldspar/zircon mineral ratios while K/Na ratios indexed feldspar concentration to quartz. Using principal components analysis, we derived an index of Rare-Earth Elements (REE) leaching (relative to Th), and an index of Heavy to Light REE (HREE/LREE) fractionation. We used the Fe/Sc ratio to ascertain the absolute (redox) vs. relative (weathering) Fe accumulation in laterite formation—with absolute Fe accumulation also associated with lower Fe/As ratios. Mn-Ce-Ba nodules and concretions were identified by characteristically high Ce values—with individual Ce values as high as 5000 μg g−1. The relatively large amounts of K-feldspar (Kavg is 4000 μg g−1) and low degree of HREE/LREE fractionation suggest that this landscape is weathered less than generally assumed. The Fe- and Mn-derived indices highlight the important role of oxidation-reduction processes in iron accumulation. Overall, our findings suggest that the current ferricrete-mantled hilltops were formerly located on a lower, poorly drained part of the landscape.
Joseph babinski: The phenomenon of the toes

Abstract Joseph Babinski first described the plantar cutaneous reflex that bears his name in two papers in 1896 and 1898. He linked the sign, which he termed “the phenomenon of the toes,” to disturbances of the pyramidal tract. In the nearly 90 years that have elapsed since the original description, little significant elaboration has been made upon Babinski's initial works. Although the reflex is best known in conjunction with organic disease involving structural injury to the corticospinal tract, it may be present in a number of toxic and metabolic disturbances. These are diverse, and no satisfactory explanation exists to explain the presence of the reflex in such clinical entities. In some instances the reflex reverts to normal following improvement of the underlying condition.
Protection against experimental fowl typhoid by parenteral administration of live SL5828, an aroA-serC (aromatic dependent) mutant of a wild-type Salmonella Gallinarum strain made lysogenic for P22 sie

A wild-type strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum, lysogenized with P22 sie (superinfection-exclusion defective) was greatly attenuated for newly hatched or 21-day-old chickens. An aroA transductant of the lysogenic strain and an aroA-serC tetracycline-sensitive deletion or deletioninversion mutant of the latter were equally attenuated. Intramuscular administration of the aroA-serC strain to 21-day-old chickens protected them against oral challenge with 106 colony forming units of a highly virulent Gallinarum strain (no deaths in the 30 vaccinated chickens versus 14 of 30 in the control group). There was evidence of protection in the contents, mucosa and lymphoid tissue of the alimentary tract, in addition to that which occurred in the liver and spleen.A weak serological response was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicating that use of such a strain is compatible with serological monitoring and would be a useful adjunct to control schemes for fowl typhoid.
Image Processing Computer Using Three-Dimensional Cellular Logic Architecture

Specialized logic to accomplish image processing has been available since the early 1960's. Systems like CELLSCAN, GLOPR, and diff3 have the capability to perform, (respectively) at least 103, 105 and 107 picture point or pixel operations per second using a local organization of inputs to each gate. This kind of image processing system has been known as cellular logic. The term goes back to the early days of computers through the work of von Neumann [1,2] and Moore [3] on automata; a recent survey paper co-authored by one of us [4] discusses cellular logic and applications in medical image processing. Neighborhood processing is a similar term used to describe a system with pipelining added to conserve the number of gates needed; see [5].
A Five-Factor Measure of Dependent Personality Traits

This study provides convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity data for a new measure of dependent personality traits from the perspective of the five-factor model (FFM). Dependent personality trait scales were constructed as maladaptive variants of FFM facets (e.g., Gullibility as a maladaptive variant of FFM trust). Based on responses from 383 undergraduates, the convergent validity of the Five-Factor Dependency Inventory (FFDI) scales was tested with respect to 2 measures of the FFM, 6 dependency trait scales, and 4 measures of dependent personality disorder. Discriminant validity was tested with respect to FFM facets from alternative domains. Incremental validity was tested with respect to the ability of the FFM dependent personality trait scales to account for variance in 2 established measures of dependency, after variance accounted for by respective FFM facet scales and other measures of DPD was first removed. The results of this study provided support for the validity of the FFDI assessment of dependency from the perspective of the FFM.
Data on Higher Education in the United States Are the Existing Resources Adequate

Higher education is a mixed sector. It includes many public institutions as well as many independent colleges and universities. It also includes some for-profit enterprises. Data resources for the study of higher education are generally very good. This is particularly true for studies of students, faculty, institutional quality, and financial resources. This article provides a catalog of existing data resources, including comments about limitations in the quality of some data sources. The article also discusses data resources needs for the future. These needs will focus on key changes in higher education: the rise offor-profit enterprises and private resources, new markets for postsecondary education, new instructional technologies, and changing social partnership activities. The article concludes by describing a number of studies that could be conducted using data on higher education to address issues high on the agenda of students of the nonprofit sector.
Effects of oil phosphorus on deactivation of monolithic three-way catalysts

Abstract The deactivation of platinum-rhodium (Pt-Rh) monolithic automotive three-way catalysts (TWCs) by engine oil-derived contaminants of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) has been investigated. In laboratory pulsator studies the combustion of isooctane containing a ten-fold excess of Zn dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDP) oil additive decreased 3-way conversions substantially when compared to normal oil consumption levels. The combustion of isooctane containing Zn-free cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) resulted in greater P-retention on the catalyst when compared to that from ZDP-containing fuel, but CDP was significantly less detrimental to TWC activity compared to that of ZDP. Compared to lead retention, retention of P alone was a much less severe poison for TWCs on an atomic basis. Electron microprobe analysis of TWCs retaining >2 wt% P revealed a ring of P concentrated at the surface of the washcoat with a sharp gradient inside the washcoat, while Zn was present in considerably smaller amounts and more uniformly distributed throughout the washcoat layer. Pulsator combustion of clear isooctane containing ZDP produced Zn pyrophosphate as the major product from combustion. At elevated exhaust temperatures (800°), chemically inert aluminum phosphate was the major product on the catalyst. Physical blocking of active sites at high P-retention levels is postulated as a prevailing mechanism for catalyst deactivation from excessive oil-consumption rates.
Rule-Guided Executive Control of Response Inhibition: Functional Topography of the Inferior Frontal Cortex

Background The human inferior frontal cortex (IFC) is a large heterogeneous structure with distinct cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and fiber connections. It has been found involved in a wide range of executive control processes from target detection, rule retrieval to response control. Since these processes are often being studied separately, the functional organization of executive control processes within the IFC remains unclear.
Attosecond Physics: Better by half

The ability to distinguish the high-harmonic emission generated by individual half-cycles of a driving laser leads to a simpler approach to characterizing the laser pulse and isolating a single attosecond pulse.
Serum biomarkers of clinical and cytologic response in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated polyarthropathy.

Background Immune-mediated polyarthopathy (IMPA) is common in dogs, and is monitored by serial arthrocenteses. Hypothesis/Objectives Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CXCL8 (interleukin-8) would serve as noninvasive markers of joint inflammation in IMPA. Animals Nine client-owned dogs with idiopathic IMPA; 6 healthy controls. Methods Prospective study. Plasma CRP, IL-6, and CXCL8 were measured by ELISA at baseline, 2, and 4 weeks during treatment with prednisone at 50 mg/m2/day. Arthrocenteses, the canine brief pain inventory (CBPI), and accelerometry collars were used to assess joint inflammation, lameness, and mobility at all 3 time points. Results C-reactive protein concentrations were higher in IMPA dogs (median 91.1 μg/mL, range 76.7–195.0) compared with controls (median <6.3 μg/mL, <6.3–13.7; P = .0035), and were significantly lower at week 2 (10.6 μg/mL, <6.3–48.8) and week 4 (<6.3 μg/mL, <6.3–24.4; P < .001). C-reactive protein was correlated with median CBPI scores (r = 0.68; P = .0004), joint cellularity (r = 0.49, P = .011), and mobility by accelerometry (r = −0.42, P = .048). Plasma IL-6 concentrations were also higher in IMPA dogs (median 45.9 pg/mL), compared with controls (median <15.7 pg/mL; P = .0008). IL-6 was lower in IMPA dogs by week 4 (<15.7 pg/mL; P = .0099), and was modestly correlated with CBPI scores (r = 0.47, P = .023). CXCL8 did not differ significantly between IMPA and healthy dogs. Conclusions Plasma CRP and IL-6 might be useful surrogate markers of synovial inflammation and disease activity in dogs with IMPA.
Ultrastructural changes in suspension culture cells of Panicum maximum during cryopreservation.

A Panicum maximum cell suspension was used to study ultrastructural changes during cryopreservation. Pregrowing the cells in mannitol caused reduction in the vacuolar volume by redistribution of the large central vacuole into a number of smaller vesicles. Invaginations were formed in the plasma membrane of the cells, to accommodate the reduced cell volume. Swelling of organelles occurred during different stages of cryopreservation. The cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum dilated and formed vesicles. Although some damage was apparent, organelles were still recognizable in cells frozen slowly and freeze-fixed at −10°C. The cells were able to repair such damage within two days in culture, and regained their normal appearance. Cells frozen slowly without any cryoprotection, and cells frozen rapidly by direct immersion into liquid nitrogen after cryoprotection, were lethally damaged by destruction of membranous structures. Osmiophilic granules were found along the plasma membrane of lethally damaged cells, indicating that their formation is a consequence of freeze damage, rather than a mechanism to prevent injury.
Status of synchrotron radiation facilities outside the USSR

Abstract The status of synchrotron radiation research facilities outside the USSR is reviewed as of June 1986.
Spin-lattice relaxation in a system governed by diffusion

Abstract The physical and mathematical formulation of the “two-fraction fast-exchange” model is investigated. A region R containing spins within which these spins migrate via diffusion and also decay (flip) is considered. These decay rates are position dependent; both volume-like and surface-like subregions, in which there is spin decay are dealt with. A general integral theorem, based on the diffusion equation, is presented which enables one to calculate approximately the time-dependent overall magnetization for the region R. In the high-diffusivity limit (fast-exchange) it is shown that this time dependence is that of a single exponential decay. The two-fraction fast-exchange situation emerges as an appropriate special case.
Scattering of Electrons from Point Singularities in Metals

Mott's calculations on the scattering of electrons from substitutional impurity atoms are extended to include the scattering from interstitial atoms and vacancies; the effects of lattice distortions around the singularities are taken into account. It is found that the lattice distortions do not change the order of magnitude of the calculated resistivity in most cases of practical interest, but may in some cases make a difference of a factor of three or more for substitutional atoms of the same valence as the replaced atoms. It is concluded that the resistance change due to a dissociated vacancy-interstitial pair in a monovalent metal of atomic number $Z$ is about equal to or somewhat larger than that due to two divalent substitutional atoms of atomic number $Z+1$. Changes in the temperature-dependent part of the resistivity as a result of lattice distortions are found to be of the same order, at room temperature, as the changes in the residual resistivity due to the lattice distortions.
Improving Bearings Thermal and Tribological Performance with Built-In Heat Pipe

A recent experimental investigation revealed that a mechanical face seal with built-in heat pipe can significantly reduce the interfacial contact temperature (Xiao and Khonsari in J Eng Tribol 228(5):498–510, 2014). Further experimental tests are set up to investigate the effect of thermal and lubrication characteristics in a thrust-bearing configuration with built-in heat pipes either in the stationary or in the rotating component. During the tests, the rotating disk slides against the stationary disk in an oil reservoir filled with SAE 10 engine oil. Both disks are made of heat-treated stainless steel 17-4 PH with the same hardness. Rubbing face temperature and surface friction coefficient are measured from both the heat pipe and conventional disk pair and the conventional disk pair. The test results show that both the heat pipe stationary and rotating disks are capable of reducing the temperature and friction coefficient.
Experimental Investigation of Microsegregation in Low Frequency Electromagnetic Casting of Al-4.5%Cu Binary Alloy

Al-4.5%Cu ingots were prepared by a process of low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) and conventional direct chill (DC) casting, respectively. The effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on the microsegregation were investigated from eutectic analysis and electro probe microanalysis (EPMA). It was found that the amount of the nonequilibrium eutectic and the dimension of the nonequilibrium eutectic were decreasing markedly. In contrast, the solute content in the α-Al phase increased to a certain extent in the presence of the low frequency electromagnetic field, and it increased with the incerasing electromagnetic.
Synthesis of model acrylic latexes for crosslinking with cycloaliphatic diepoxides

Abstract Two model acrylic latex systems were synthesized. One latex system was carboxyl functional, and prepared using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) with methacrylic acid (MAA). The second latex system was hydroxyl functional, and prepared using MMA and BA with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Both the resultant latexes were crosslinked with a cycloaliphatic diepoxide (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl methyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate). Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to study the rheological and thermal properties of the crosslinked coatings. The film properties of the crosslinked latexes were evaluated in terms of water absorption, gel content, Tukon hardness, pull-off adhesion, and hydrolytic stability. The increase in the latex carboxyl or hydroxyl functionality and glass transition temperature resulted in enhancement of the overall film properties. However, a balance of the crosslink density and the glass transition temperature was necessary for good adhesion. In addition, the carboxyl functional acrylic latexes displayed better overall properties than the hydroxyl functional acrylic latexes, and the polarity and steric hindrance of the ester crosslinks may play important functions in the observed properties.
American Alligator Digestion Rate of Blue Crabs and Its Implications for Stomach Contents Analysis

Stomach contents analysis (SCA) provides a snap-shot observation of a consumer’s diet. Interpretation of SCA data can be complicated by many factors, including variation in gastric residence times and digestion rates among prey taxa. Although some SCA methods are reported to efficiently remove all stomach contents, the effectiveness of these techniques has rarely been tested for large irregular shaped prey with hard exoskeletons. We used a controlled feeding trial to estimate gastric residency time and decomposition rate of a large crustacean prey item, the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus), which is consumed by American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), an abundant apex predator in coastal habitats of the southeastern United States. The decomposition rate of C. sapidus in the stomachs of A. mississippiensis followed a predictable pattern, and some crab pieces remained in stomachs for at least 14 days. We also found that certain portions of C. sapidus were prone to becoming caught within the stomach or esophagus, meaning not all crab parts are consistently recovered using gastric lavage techniques. However, because the state of decomposition of crabs was predictable, it is possible to estimate time since consumption for crabs recovered from wild alligators. This information, coupled with a detailed understanding of crab distributions and alligator movement tactics could help elucidate patterns of cross-ecosystem foraging by the American Alligator in coastal habitats.
Eigenvalue immobility measures for Markov chains 1

Two eigenvalue measures of immobility are proposed for social processes described by a Markov chain. One is the second largest eigenvalue modulus of the chain's transition matrix. The other is the second largest eigenvalue modulus of a closely related transition matrix. The two eigenvalue measures are compared to each other and to correlation and regression‐to‐the‐mean measures. In illustrative applications to intergenerational occupational mobility, the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue measures are found to be good proxies for occupational status rankings for a number of countries, thus reinforcing a pattern noted by Klatsky and Hodge and by Duncan‐Jones.
Optimization of geometric resolution in small-angle scattering☆

Abstract Analytic forms have been derived for optimization of geometric resolution, with the result that the incident flight path should be twice as long as the scattered flight path in some cases. Although the results differ from commonly accepted conditions, they have been found to agree with Monte-Carlo calculations in all respects. The results apply equally to X-rays or neutrons, for steady-state or pulsed sources, and for position-sensitive or energy-dependent detectors.
Human embryonic stem cells flock together.

An international survey of human embryonic stem cell lines provides a benchmark for comparing results across laboratories.
Sexuality & older women. Exploring issues while promoting health.

Sexuality is a lifelong, basic human need. Through sexuality, people gain intimacy, affection, passion, admiration and loyalty to affirm life, self‐identity, self‐assertion and quality of life. Sexuality is linked to an individual's personality and plays a significant role in how a person adapts to life. Sexual health is individually defined, more inclusive than the physiological act and expressed as intimacy, such as love, sharing and touching between individuals. Sexual health is believed to enrich one's life and provide personal satisfaction. For older women, sexuality typically shifts in focus from reproduction to relationship expression, including sharing, companionship, trust, physical nearness, intimate communication and physical pleasure‐seeking. Older women, whether they are healthy, active or frail, need to express sexual feelings to promote a healthy self‐image, prevent social disengagement, provide support in managing stressful situations and enhance intergenerational understanding (Ebersole & Hess, 1998; Johnson, 1998; 1999). Yet, older women frequently confront barriers to the expression of their sexuality, such as health, attitudes and opportunities. Here's what nurses need to know to help older women add to their sexuality.
Social Attachment in Rats By Odor and Age

The odor of rat litter-mates was experimentally modified from 3-10, 11-18, or 22-29 days of age. Acetophenone or ethyl benzoate were used during the experimental period and the natural odor was present during the other two periods. After living in the natural odor colony for another 2 weeks, Ss were compared on duration of time near each olfactory stimulus animal in an eight hour test. Ss preferred the stimulus animal characterized by the experimental odor with which they were reared. Age of exposure was not a significant factor. These results indicate that the odor of the species is learned, that the intensity of the odor is important, but that age is not a critical variable in the early learning of the species odor in the rat.
Ohmic and Rectifying Contacts to n and p-type GaN Films

Electrical contacts to both n and p-type GaN films have been investigated using electron-beam evaporated and sputtered films of metals such as Al, Au, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, and Ti. Films deposited by electron-beam evaporation for the n-type films with doping levels of 1 × 1018/cm3 and lower showed rectifying characteristics with all the metals studied with the exception of Al. Aluminum contact diodes were ohmic in the as-deposited state. The Pt rectifying contact was near-ideal with an ideality factor close to 1.0. Ideality factors for the other metals were much greater than 1. This deviation from thermionic behavior was interpreted as space charge limited current conduction in the presence of deep-level states. Sputtered films showed very similar characteristics to electron-beam deposited films, with the exception of Ti. The Ti contact was ohmic in the as-deposited state. Non-linear Cu contacts to n-type films became ohmic on annealing. However, for p-type films, Ar ion sputter-cleaning prior to metal deposition by sputtering created ohmic contacts with Cu and Pt. Low resistance ohmic contacts were achieved by ion implantation and anneal of Si in n-type and Mg in p-type films, prior to metallization. The implant parameters and anneal temperatures are currently being optimized.
An inexact algorithm for composite nondifferentiable optimization

We describe an inexact version of Fletcher's QL algorithm with second-order corrections for minimizing composite nonsmooth functions. The method is shown to retain the global and local convergence properties of the original version, if the parameters are chosen appropriately. It is shown how the inexact method can be implemented, for the case in which the function to be minimized is an exact penalty function arising from the standard nonlinear programming problem. The method can also be applied to the problems of nonlinearl 1 - andl ∞-approximation.
Total unimodularity and Degeneracy-Aware Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition for Large-Capacity Cell Transmission Model

In an earlier work, Sun and Bayen built a Large-Capacity Cell Transmission Model for air traffic flow management. They formulated an integer programming problem of minimizing the total travel time of flights in the National Airspace System of the United States subject to sector capacity constraints. The integer programming was relaxed to a linear programming for computational efficiency. In this paper the authors formulate the optimization problem in a standard linear programming form. We analyze the total unimodular property of the constraint matrix, and prove that the linear programming relaxation generates an integral optimal solution for the original integer programming. It is guaranteed to be optimal and integral if solved by the simplex method. Furthermore, we find the degeneracies for both feasible polyhedron and optimal polyhedron. In order to speed up the computation, we present a revised Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition algorithm, which is shown to preserve the total unimodularity of the constraint matrix and successfully resolve the degeneracies.
Comments on “Electromagnetic radiation and the afterlife”

This paper by Evan Harris Walker comments on Janusz Slawinski's paper named "Electromagnetic Radiation and the Afterlife." It states the shortcomings of Slawinski's electromagnetic radiation argument by specifying a variety of points that run counter to the argument's physical possibility.
Laying Performance and Fear Response of White Leghorns as Influenced by Floor Space Allowance and Group Size

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with White Leghorn pullets housed in litter-floored pens to determine the effects of floor space allowance and group size on laying performance and fear response. In Experiment 1, 17 birds were housed at a floor space allowance of .40 or .29 m2/bird. In Experiment 2, 22 or 16 birds were housed at a floor space allowance of .31 m2/bird. The following treatments were used in Experiment 3: 1) 26 birds per pen at. 19 m2/bird, 2) 36 birds per pen at. 19 m2/bird, and 3) 26 birds per pen at .26 m2/bird. The test period was from 20 to 52 wk of age in each experiment. Duration of the induced tonic immobility, measured at 52 wk of age, was used as a criterion of fearfulness. Decreasing floor space allowance per bird, increasing group size per pen or a combination of the two had no significant effect on final body weight, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, albumen height, or fearfulness of the bird. Decreasing floor space per bird while holding the number of birds per pen constant significantly (P .05) influenced by floor space allowance or group size and that effects of floor space allowance and those of group size are not additive.
Writing the ‘Wrongs’ of Fieldwork: Confronting Our Own Research/ Writing Dilemmas in Urban Ethnographies

Inspired by Laurel Richardson's (1995) call for "writing stories," the authors of this essay struggle with how to produce scholarly texts drawn from narratives of over 150 poor and working-class men and women—White, African American, Latino, and Asian American. They unveil a set of knotty, emergent ethical and rhetorical dilemmas they have encountered in their attempt to write for, with, and about poor and working-class informants at a time when their lives and moralities are routinely maligned in thepopular media; when the very problematic policies that may once have "assisted" them are being abandoned; and when the leverage of and audience for progressive social researchers and policy makers has grown foggy, and weak in the knees. Writing with a desire to create a conversation about ethics, writing, and qualitative research, the authors worry about the contemporary role of qualitative social researchers.
Treatment of patients with unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Determining how and when to treat patients who experience suspected unstable angina (UA) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is never simple. One of the greatest challenges comes from the distinction between patients who have developed a suspected disease and those who experience a proven disease and how this distinction affects treatment choices. In this article, the authors review the current literature and recommendations from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association for treatment of patients who present with UA/NSTEMI. A class 1 recommendation is given when there is evidence or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is useful and effective. A Class 2a recommendation is given when conflicting evidence or a divergence of opinion exists, but the weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy. This article puts treatment selection into perspective by reviewing benefits and risks of these therapies.
Plasma lipid transfer activity in rabbits: effects of dietary hyperlipidemias

Abstract Studies were performed in the rabbit to investigate the relationship between plasma lipids and the cholesteryl ester/triglyceride transfer activity of lipoprotein-deficient plasma ( d > 1.21). The time courses for diet-induced changes in plasma lipids and the lipid (cholesteryl ester/triglyceride) transfer activity of lipoprotein-deficient plasma (LTA) were determined in rabbits fed a variety of hyperlipidemic diets. LTA was not altered within 36 h after a single high-cholesterol/oil meal despite a near doubling of the concentration of plasma cholesterol. With high cholesterol and/or high-fat feeding, LTA increased and reached new steady state levels within about 10 days with little additional change for up to 87 days even when plasma cholesterol continued to increase. For all diets, the greatest increments in LTA occurred about 5 days after initiation of experimental feeding. A low-cholesterol (0.05–0.2%, w/w) diet and a cholesterol-free, high-coconut oil diet (14%, w/w) were associated with comparable increases in both plasma cholesterol and LTA. A marked, concomitant increase in plasma triglycerides was not associated with a further increase in LTA in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These data indicate that in the rabbit LTA increases in a parabolic manner with moderate and gross, diet-induced increases in plasma cholesterol, and the time courses for the diet-induced changes in LTA are similar for a variety of hyperlipidemic diets.
Faith in Intuition moderates the effects of positive affect on gender stereotyping

Abstract This study examined whether individual differences in Faith in Intuition (FI) moderate the effect of PA on gender stereotyping. Participants ( N = 89) completed a measure of individual differences in FI and were randomly assigned in a 2 (mood, positive or neutral) × 2 (target sex, male or female) factorial design. After reading a description of a college student, identified as male or female, participants rated the likelihood that target would major in engineering (stereotypically male) and education (stereotypically female). A significant intuition × mood condition × target sex interaction emerged: Within the positive mood condition, FI was associated with stereotyping. Implications for research on mood and cognition as well as Cognitive Experiential Self Theory are discussed.
Orphanin FQ: Receptor binding and analog structure activity relationships in rat brain

Abstract A tritiated form of orphanin FQ (a heptadecapeptide also known as Nociceptin) has been prepared. This radioligand (33 Ci/mmole) was used to develop a radioreceptor assay using rat brain homogenates. Binding was observed to be saturable, and analyses of the binding data indicate the presence of a single binding site with a dissociation constant of 5 ± 1.1 nM and Bmax of 535 ± 85 fmoles/mg protein. Thirty-four analogues of orphanin FQ, including a complete alanine “scan” of orphanin FQ, and truncation analogues from both the N- and C- terminals were synthesized and tested. The data obtained indicate that the N-terminus plays a more critical role in binding than the C-terminus and that residues 1, 2, 4, and 8 are essential for binding.
MR diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis: Visibility of pulmonary cysts on spin-echo images

The signs and symptoms of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis are nonspecific, but the radiographic findings, particularly those on computed tomographic (CT) scans, often suggest the diagnosis. Although evaluation of the lungs on magnetic resonance (MR) scans is limited, MR findings in some diffuse lung diseases have been described. This report illustrates a case of lymphangioleiomyomatosis in which the diagnosis was suggested by the appearance of the lungs on spin-echo MR images.
Feminist Communication Scholarship and “The Woman Question” in the Academy

Feminist scholarly practice poses a challenge to disciplinarity merely by existing. By “disciplinarity,” I refer to the theories, practices, and institutional arrangements that discriminate among forms of knowledge, specify knowledges and knowledge relationships that coalesce around “objects of study,” and demarcate boundaries within which knowledges may take on the appearance of coherence. As one of the most vital institutional sites for the articulation of the feminist movement’s commitment to the struggle against the devaluation of women, women’s studies programs have provided indispensable leadership in the project to transform knowledges and practices that exclude and marginalize persons on the basis of gender, race, and, to a lesser extent, class. Beginning primarily in the 1980s, feminists in the field of communication joined in this effort. Similar to the broader area of feminist scholarship, feminist studies in communication gained much of their strength as modes of inquiry by questioning the boundaries of intellectual investigation and recognizing that interdisciplinary scholarship is central to doing so. The extent of diversity of its interdisciplinary perspectives establish feminist communication studies as a model of and for women’s studies, one that exhibits feminist scholarship’s force as a selfreflexive intellectual endeavor. In the pages that follow, I will also argue that feminist communication studies is a model for the uneasy position of women’s studies in a disciplinary-based academic environment. Feminist communication studies share with other feminist scholarship the risk of becoming coopted and diluted through institutionalization. Perhaps more profoundly, however, we share the risk of nonrecognition within a field and an academic environment that attempt to impose “discipline” on knowledge through institutional mechanisms for specifying the boundaries of scholarly inquiry and practice. Moreover, as I will argue, feminist studies in communication occupy an especially precarious position, as a “special interest” that remains largely unrecognized and unauthorized, not only by the field of communication and the disciplinarybased academy, but also by other feminist scholars, whose interdisciplinary inquiry is often circumscribed within the “traditional” disciplines and thus fails to take
Low-frequency radio emissions at Neptune

The Voyager 2 plasma wave receiver detected weak radio emissions from Neptune's magnetosphere in the frequency range of 3 - 60 kHz. The emissions occurred in bursts lasting for typically 1.5 hours, often occurring twice per planetary rotation. Most of these radio bursts were detected within several degrees of the magnetic equatorial plane. During the passage through the magnetosphere, electrostatic upper hybrid resonance bands were observed close to the magnetic equator in conjunction with intensifications of the radio emissions at frequencies close to and above the upper hybrid bands. Further, near closest approach, the radio emissions were observed to cross the right-hand cutoff frequency with no apparent attenuation. It is concluded that the Neptunian radio emissions below about 60 kHz are produced by mode conversion from the upper hybrid waves and propagate in the ordinary mode into beams within about 12 deg of the magnetic equator. There is also evidence of an extraordinary mode emission at about 60 kHz which is apparently generated by an entirely different source from the escaping continuum radiation.
Frequent KRAS mutation in complex mucinous epithelial lesions of the endometrium

KRAS mutation correlates with mucinous differentiation in various human cancers, and recently, was found in a high proportion of a small cohort of papillary mucinous lesions of the endometrium. In this study, a large number of endometrial mucinous lesions were analyzed for the presence of KRAS mutation along with clinical progression. A total of 45 endometrial biopsy/curettage cases were included in the study and classified into the following categories: simple mucinous change (5 cases), complex mucinous change (33 cases) and mucinous adenocarcinoma (7 cases). Follow-up hysterectomy specimens were available in 14 of 33 patients (42%) with complex mucinous lesions, of which 9 cases (64%) showed atypical complex hyperplasia with an average interval of 21 weeks. None of the 5 cases of simple mucinous change showed KRAS mutation. KRAS mutation was observed in 18 of 33 patients with complex mucinous lesions (55%) and in 6 of 7 cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma (86%). Overall, KRAS mutation has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 88% (7/8 cases) for complex atypical hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma in the follow-up hysterectomy. In conclusion, the current data further emphasizes the architectural complexity as an important prognostic indicator for patients with mucinous endometrial lesions. The presence of KRAS mutation in both mucinous adenocarcinoma and complex mucinous changes indicates that KRAS mutational activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a significant subset of endometrial mucinous carcinoma. With a high PPV, KRAS mutation analysis may offer an additional discriminatory power to refine risk stratification algorithm for patients with endometrial mucinous lesions.