cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Niobium Silicide High Temperature In Situ Composites

The requirements for greater aircraft-engine performance, greater thrust-to-weight ratios, and greater fuel efficiency have resulted in significant increases in turbine gas-path temperatures. Present-day aircraft engines have combustion-gas temperatures well in excess of the melting temperatures of the airfoil alloys, and therefore rely on sophisticated cooling methods to keep the alloys solid. Both materials and airfoil blade designs have evolved to sustain these increasing demands (Bewlay et al., 1999a; Subramanian et al. 1996). Advances in high-temperature materials have had a major impact on the efficiency of gas-turbine engines, so that currently superalloys provide a maximum surface temperature capability of*1150 8C. The evolution in HPTB (high pressure turbine blade) cooling technology is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. In the 1960s, equiaxed-grain Ni-based superalloys were cooled with radial cooling passages and with film cooling holes at the leading and trailing edges to reduce the interaction with the combustion gases. This advance over uncooled hardware improved blade durability, and allowed an increase in turbine inlet temperatures to greater than 1100 8C (2000 8F). Once cooling of hardware became routine, and the ability was developed to cast airfoils with more complex cooling schemes, these gains in cooling effectiveness were coupled with improved investment casting technology, and with the introduction of directional solidification for the production of HPTBs with either columnar or single-crystal microstructures. In the past decade, the potential of new alloys strengthened with intermetallic compounds with low densities, high elastic moduli, and high melting ranges (Dimiduk et al., 1993; Subramanian et al., 1997) has been explored. Intermetallic-based compound materials, such as Nb or Mo silicides, have been combined with metallic second phases in order to generate composites with a combination of attractive hightemperature properties and acceptable low-temperature properties. Nb-silicide based in-situ composites with Nb3Si and/or Nb5Si3 silicides have been shown to have great potential because of their attractive balance of highand low-temperature mechanical properties (Mendiratta et al., 1993; Bewlay et al., 1996, 1997). These materials have the potential to surpass the performance of Ni-based superalloys. This chapter will describe directional solidification and single-crystal technologies, with particular consideration to their role in present and future aircraftengine applications. Areas that will be covered include Ni-based superalloys strengthened by Ni3Al, DS eutectics of Ni-based superalloys, and DS Nb-silicide-based in-situ composites. This chapter will compare the role that Ni-based superalloys and Nbsilicide composites play in improving the performance of gas-turbine engines. Microstructures, phase compositions, and mechanical behavior will be reviewed.
Coal Waste, Socioeconomic Change, and Environmental Inequality in Appalachia: Implications for a Just Transition in Coal Country

Resource-dependent communities are subject to both unstable economic patterns and environmental degradation associated with extractive industries. However, few studies have empirically analyzed the...
Von Liebig’s Law of the Minimum and Low-Input Technologies

Using the results of two corn experiments, it is shown that the law of the minimum provides a good interpretation of crop response to growth factors. In order to achieve this conclusion it is necessary to extend the traditional formulation of the law of the minimum based upon a linear-response-and-plateau (LRP) model. In the proposed reformulation, the law of the minimum admits many flexible and nonlinear specifications. The law of the minimum is compatible with low-input practices recommended by the paradigm of sustainable agriculture.
Measurement of Throughwall Residual Stresses in Large-Diameter Piping Butt Weldments Using Strain-Gauge Techniques

Measurements of the axial and azimuthal distributions of the residual stresses on the inner surface in two 20-in. Type 304 stainless steel Schedule 80 butt weldments are presented. One weldment was fabricated using a conventional welding procedure; the other weldment was fabricated by a heat sink welding procedure in which water-spray cooling was applied to the inner surface after the initial closure pass. Throughwall residual stress distributions were also obtained for each pipe. Numerical simulations of the analytical procedures used to derive the throughwall stress distributions are presented and used to assess the adequacy of the procedures.
The Quality of Life and Public Confidence in Government

Results of research on growth and decline of public support of government in West Germany and the United States are summarized. The key independent variable is shown to be the government's ability to handle the most important problem facing the country.
Examining characteristics of recorded and unrecorded alcohol consumers in Kenya

Due to media reports of several deaths, consumption of unrecorded alcohol (i.e., alcohol brewed at home) has emerged as a public health threat in developing countries like Kenya. Empirical data on this issue, however, is scarce. This investigation compared demographic characteristics of Kenyans who drank recorded (regulated) and unrecorded alcohol. We examined all respondents who consumed alcohol in the past month (N = 718) on the 2015 nationally representative Kenya STEPwise survey. Descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic regression examined proportion of respondents consuming unrecorded alcohol, and social demographic factors associated with unrecorded alcohol consumption, respectively. The sample was primarily male (86%), married (64%), middle class or higher (64%), with an average age of 37 years. Participants reported an average of 2.5 drinking events and 4.3 binge-drinking occasions per month. Overall, 37% of our sample consumed unrecorded alcohol. Compared to those with incomplete primary education or lower, individuals who completed primary education or above were less likely to report consuming unrecorded alcohol (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.12–0.43). Compared to poorest and poor respondents, those identifying as middle class or above were less likely to consume unrecorded alcohol (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29–.78). Current smokers (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.34–3.60) and those with higher binge drinking occasions in the past month (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.004–1.07) were significantly more likely to consume unrecorded alcohol. Kenyan adults who consume unrecorded alcohol engage in more binge drinking occasions, smoke, and have lower levels of education and socioeconomic status. It is vital that health promotion interventions aimed at reducing unrecorded alcohol consumption be tailored and targeted to individuals with low socio-economic status in Kenya.
Multiomics approach reveals metabolic changes in the heart at birth

During late gestation, the fetal heart primarily relies on glucose and lactate to support rapid growth and development. Although numerous studies describe changes in heart metabolism to utilize fat...
Remaining life expectancy as a dynamically changing value for lung cancer survivors.

e20614 Background: Traditional survival curves are limited in how much information they can provide to cancer survivors and their physicians. For example what is the remaining life expectancy of a ...
Fractionation of Spatial Cognition following Focal and Diffuse Brain Damage

Visuospatial dysfunction denotes a constellation of perceptual and constructional deficits in which the ability to organize visual features into perceptual wholes is lost or impaired. Despite the high incidence of visuospatial deficits following brain damage, there have been relatively few neuropsychological investigations of visuospatial dysfunction relative to the large number of studies of aphasia. Several reasons may underlie this disparity. While the structure of language is discrete and readily observable (Luria, 1966), the structure of visuospatial cognition is much more elusive. Visuospatial structure, unlike linguistic structure, does not contain temporally discrete entities, such as phonemes and words, but must be inferred from perceptual judgments and visuospatial constructions. This diffuse quality hinders the development of a grammar of visuospatial thinking (Chomsky, 1965; Fillmore, 1971). Additionally, specific brain lesions often interrupt aspects of linguistic processes in well-defined ways, enabling the development of reliable taxonomies of aphasias (Geschwind, 1970; Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972). In contrast, when visuospatial abilities are disrupted by brain damage, the nature of the impairment is difficult to characterize in a precise manner. Not surprisingly, one rarely refers to visuospatial syndromes resulting from specific brain lesions; instead, difficulties on visuospatial tasks tend to be amalgamated into one category and referred to as “visuospatial dysfunction,” “constructional apraxia,” or “constructional difficulties.”
Taking Care, or Prosecutorial Indiscretion? President Obama's Immigration Action in Historical Context

Though President Obama was reelected in 2012, Democrats lost the Senate and Republicans strengthened their majority in the House in the midterm election that followed in November 2014. Obama responded less than a month later with his magnum opus executive action to date, unilaterally lifting the threat of deportation from an estimated 5 million illegal immigrants living in the United States and granting them work privileges. Obama’s action set off a firefight over its legitimacy. Hecklers dubbed the president “King Obama,” and more thoughtful critics accused him of using executive fiat to circumvent laws he found distasteful and flouting his constitutional obligation to “take care that the laws are faithfully executed.” Defenders countered that the action was clearly (mostly) within his powers of prosecutorial discretion and that after all, Presidents Reagan and H.W. Bush made very similar orders without meeting threats of impeachment. Through the controversy, valuable historical guideposts are ignored, with most arguments reaching only as far back as Reagan’s order accompanying amnesty in the 1980s. One thing seems clear to this author: when only modern sources are consulted, the issue is clouded and heavily partisan. It often descends into altercations between (1) Republicans calling President Obama mean names based on vague references to somewhat ambiguous constitutional clauses and (2) Democrats finding support for his action in similar recent Republican presidential actions. In sum, the debate in popular media has all the authoritativeness and resolution of a political argument on Facebook.This Paper examines the controversy in light of relevant history, clarifying the validity of President Obama’s immigration action immensely. Part I explores a historical understanding of the Take Care Clause of the Constitution. Part II examines the changes wrought by executive actions through the years. Part III covers the controversy at hand and argues that flaws in Obama’s immigration action demand its invalidation.
On the transverse indentation moduli of high-performance KM2 single fibers using a curved area function

Nanoindentation of single microscale fibers is a challenging task due to the dimensional similarity of the probing instruments to the single-fiber cross sections. Algorithms customarily used in nanoindentation equipment assume that the indentation occurs in flat surfaces, thus simplifying the local geometry and approximating material properties in curved specimens. A modified Curved Area Function (mCAF) is developed using finite element analysis and tested using nanoindentation measurements of high-performance single microfibers. The mCAF accounts for the dimensions and curvature in the transverse direction of the cylindrical microfiber in conjunction with the contact depth and the impression of the indented area. The transverse direction indentation modulus of a $$12\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ of $$\hbox {Kevlar}^{\textregistered }$$ KM2 fiber was estimated as $$7.76\, \pm \,0.22$$ GPa. The computational results were corroborated with experimental measurements performed on KM2 single fibers and agreed with literature findings that assumed minor differences in testing equipment, area analysis, and projected surface area. Two geometry-related coefficients $$ C_{0}$$ and $$C_{1}$$ were determined that facilitate simulation of fiber nanoindentations with diameters of $$d = 7, 15, 30, 40,$$ and $$50\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ with indentation depths up to, and including, $$2\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$. The mCAF provided a narrow measurement error of $$\pm \,0.22$$ GPa (2.8%) when compared to published studies using the semi-infinite plane approximation, reinforcing the suitability of the developed model.
LSC - 2020 - Extracellular vesicles produced by bronchial epithelial cells in response to oxidative stress contain micro-RNAs associated with senescence

Background: Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of COPD. The miR-34a and mir-570 are involved in the induction of cellular senescence by inhibiting anti-ageing sirtuins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in intercellular communication. Senescent cells produce high amounts of EVs and contain miRNA that can regulate cellular senescence. The role of EVs in spreading cell senescence remains unclear. Aim: To characterize extracellular vesicles released by epithelial cells in response to oxidative stress and to assess their effect on epithelial cells senescence. Methods: BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with H2O2 for 24 or 48h. Microvesicles and exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation of cell supernatant and characterised by Western blot and labelling membrane with the dye PKH67. The RNA content of EVs was determined by fluorescence and by qRT-PCR. Results: After 48h treatment, EVs are released by cells stimulated with medium or H2O2. The fluorescence intensity of pkh67 increased in response to H2O2 (n=2, from 2.6 fold for microvesicles, and 1.4 fold for exosomes) suggesting that epithelial cells release more EVs in response to oxidative stress. In response to H2O2, miR-34a and miR-570 expression is augmented only in exosomes. Conclusion: These data suggest that in response to oxidative stress, epithelial cells produced exosomes enriched in miRNA involved in cellular senescence. This may contribute to COPD pathophysiology by spreading senescence in adjacent epithelial and other cells.
1.105 – Alumina

Although the origin of the development of alumina as a biomaterial can be traced back to 1930, its successful use as a biomaterial is based on the studies carried out in the early 1970s in France, Germany, and Japan. Alumina has 40 years of clinical record in the field of orthopedics, where it is used in the manufacture of balls and cups for hip replacements and has proven its effectiveness in limiting the bearing wear. The arthroplasty of the hip is one of the most successful surgeries, with very positive outcomes but its success is hampered in a number of cases by the insurgence of osteolysis, a device-induced pathology, which also arises out of the reactions induced by the wear debris. This explains the interest shown in minimizing the wear of bearings in arthroplasty and the continuous efforts taken to improve the materials selected for this task. This chapter outlines, from an historical perspective, the development of alumina as a biomaterial, reviews the properties of this ceramic that are relevant for its clinical use, with emphasis on the studies performed on the biological safety of alumina and of its wear debris. Special attention is devoted to the use of alumina in total hip replacement (THR) bearings, which is the main application of alumina as a biomaterial today, while a section is devoted to the use of this ceramic biomaterial in the knee and to the ongoing development of alumina matrix composites.
Prevention and control of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis and Pomacea canaliculata

Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis is a parasitic disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.Human acquired infection mainly via ingestion of under-cooked snail meal containing the third stage larvae of A.cantonensis.The major manifestations include headache,neck stiffness and skin paresthesis.Some cases have significant eosinophil increase in peripheral blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid.The main definitive hosts are rats (Rattus norvegicus,R.tanezumi,etc.),the main intermediate hosts are snails(Pomacea canaliculata,Achatina fulica,etc.).The method to prevent the occurrence of the disease is to improve restaurant sanitation and personal hygiene,and make sure that snail must be well cooked before eating. Key words: Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis; Pomacea canaliculata; Prevention and control
Epidemiology, molecular strain types, and macrolide resistance of Treponema pallidum in Japan, 2017-2018.

Abstract Background Japan has seen a substantial increase in syphilis cases since 2013 and Tokyo and Osaka prefectures accounted for about 40% of all cases in Japan. Therefore, focusing on these 2 prefectures, we assessed syphilis cases detected during 2017–2018, combining epidemiological information with molecular typing data. Methods Using data from surveillance reports, we described syphilis cases by gender, age, transmission route, and stage of syphilis. Clinical specimens were collected from syphilis patients in Tokyo and Osaka prefectures. Molecular typing was performed by analyzing Treponema pallidum arp, tpr, and tp0548 genes, with partial sequencing of the 23S rRNA genes for macrolide resistance. Results Between 2017 and 2018, the number of syphilis cases increased from 3934 to 4588 among males and 1895 to 2414 among females, with similar age and gender distributions during the period. The predominant strain type was 14d/f (71%, 73/103), found more frequently in women who have sex with men (86%, 25/29) and men who have sex with women (83%, 39/47) than in men who have sex with men (MSM) (33%, 9/27). The majority of the strains from heterosexuals (97%, 76/78) were macrolide-resistant, considerably higher than those from MSM (59%, 20/34). The molecular profiles in each sexual-transmission group remained similar during the 2 years. Conclusions The epidemiological and molecular features of syphilis remained similar throughout the period, with consistent differences in strain type and macrolide resistance distributions between MSM and heterosexual cases. These findings suggest a predominantly heterosexual epidemic where the dynamics of syphilis transmission remained unchanged during 2017–2018.
Multimodal Label-free Monitoring of Adipogenic Stem Cell Differentiation using Endogenous Optical Biomarkers

Stem cell-based therapies carry significant promise for treating human diseases. However, clinical translation of stem cell transplants for effective therapy requires precise non-destructive evaluation of the purity of stem cells with high sensitivity (< 0.001% of the number of cells). Here, we report a novel methodology using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with spectral angle mapping (SAM)-based machine learning analysis to distinguish differentiating human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) from control stem cells. The spectral signature of adipogenesis generated by the HSI method enabled identification of differentiated cells at single cell resolution. The label-free HSI method was compared with the standard methods such as Oil Red O staining, fluorescence microscopy, and qPCR that are routinely used to evaluate adipogenic differentiation of hASCs. Further, we performed Raman microscopy and multiphoton-based metabolic imaging to provide complimentary information for the functional imaging of the hASCs. Finally, the HSI method was validated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging of the stem cells. The study presented here demonstrates that multimodal imaging methods enable label-free identification of stem cell differentiation with high spatial and chemical resolution. This could provide a powerful tool to assess the safety and efficacy of stem cell-based regenerative therapies.
Ubiquitylome Analysis Reveals a Central Role for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Plant Innate Immunity

ABSTRACT Protein ubiquitylation profoundly expands proteome functionality and diversifies cellular signaling processes, with recent studies providing ample evidence for its importance to plant immunity. To gain a proteome-wide appreciation of ubiquitylome dynamics during immune recognition, we employed a two-step affinity enrichment protocol based on a 6His-tagged ubiquitin (Ub) variant coupled with high sensitivity mass spectrometry to identify Arabidopsis proteins rapidly ubiquitylated upon plant perception of the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) peptide flg22. The catalog from two-week-old seedlings treated for only 30 minutes with flg22 contained nearly 1,000 conjugates, 150 Ub footprints, and all seven types of Ub linkages, and included previously uncharacterized conjugates of immune components, such as RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (RKL1) shown to negatively regulate plant immunity. In vivo ubiquitylation assays confirmed modification of several candidates upon immune elicitation, and revealed distinct modification patterns and dynamics for key immune components, including poly- and monoubiquitylation, as well as induced or reduced levels of ubiquitylation. Gene ontology and network analyses of the collection also uncovered rapid modification of the Ub-proteasome system itself, suggesting a critical auto-regulatory loop necessary for an effective MAMP-triggered immune response and subsequent disease resistance. Included targets were UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME 13 (UBC13) and proteasome component REGULATORY PARTICLE NON-ATPASE SUBUNIT 8b (RPN8b), whose subsequent biochemical and genetic analyses implied negative roles in immune elicitation. Collectively, our proteomic analyses further strengthened the connection between ubiquitylation and flg22-based immune signaling, identified novel components and pathways regulating plant immunity, and increased the database of ubiquitylated substrates in plants. One-sentence summary Proteome-wide catalogs of ubiquitylated proteins revealed a rapid engagement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Arabidopsis innate immunity.
Effects of mask-wearing on the inhalability and deposition of airborne SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in human upper airway

Even though face masks are well accepted as tools useful in reducing COVID-19 transmissions, their effectiveness in reducing viral loads in the respiratory tract is unclear. Wearing a mask will significantly alter the airflow and particle dynamics near the face, which can change the inhalability of ambient particles. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of wearing a surgical mask on inspiratory airflow and dosimetry of airborne, virus-laden aerosols on the face and in the respiratory tract. A computational model was developed that comprised a pleated surgical mask, a face model, and an image-based upper airway geometry. The viral load in the nose was particularly examined with and without a mask. Results show that when breathing without a mask, air enters the mouth and nose through specific paths. When wearing a mask, however, air enters the mouth and nose through the entire surface of the mask at lower speeds, which favors the inhalation of ambient aerosols into the nose. With a 65% filtration efficiency (FE) typical for a three-layer surgical mask, wearing a mask reduces dosimetry for all micrometer particles except those of size 1 µm-3 µm, for which equivalent dosimetry with and without a mask in the upper airway was predicted. Wearing a mask reduces particle penetration into the lungs, regardless of the FE of the mask. The results also show that mask-wearing protects the upper airway (particularly the nose and larynx) best from particles larger than 10 µm while protecting the lungs best from particles smaller than 10 µm.
Development of an RTD-Based Flowsheet Modeling Framework for the Assessment of In-Process Control Strategies

Continuous manufacturing (CM) is an emerging technology which can improve pharmaceutical manufacturing and reduce drug product quality issues. One challenge that needs to be addressed when adopting CM technology is material traceability through the entire continuous process, which constitutes one key aspect of control strategy. Residence time distribution (RTD) plays an important role in material traceability as it characterizes the material spreading through the process. The propagation of upstream disturbances could be predictively tracked through the entire process by convolution of the disturbance and the RTD. The present study sets up the RTD-based modeling framework in a commonly used process modeling environment, gPROMS, and integrates it with existing modules and built-in tools (e.g., parameter estimation). Concentration calculations based on the convolution integral requires access to historical stream property information, which is not readily available in flowsheet modeling platforms. Thus, a novel approach is taken whereby a partial differential equation is used to propagate and store historical data as the simulation marches forward in time. Other stream properties not modeled by an RTD are determined in auxiliary modules. To illustrate the application of the framework, an integrated RTD-auxiliary model for a continuous direct compression manufacturing line was developed. An excellent agreement was found between the model predictions and experiments. The validated model was subsequently used to assess in-process control strategies for feeder and material traceability through the process. Our simulation results show that the employed modeling approach facilitates risk-based assessment of the continuous line by promoting our understanding on the process.
Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Tamoxifen

Our case history describes the development of tamoxifen, considered a “gold standard” treatment for millions of breast cancer patients. Specifically, we describe breast cancer treatments prior to tamoxifen’s development; the initial development of tamoxifen from 1960 to 1973; tamoxifen’s adoption as an adjuvant breast cancer treatment between 1973 and 1985; and the extension of tamoxifen’s use to include preventative treatment, between 1986 and 2002.
Service Quality in Iraqi Higher Education System

Purpose: Of this study to identify, the factors affect to service quality in higher education and test these factors. Methodology: this study was conducted at Three Iraqi universities, Data collected from Students who study Faculty of Administration and Financial sciences, distributed 300 questionnaires, to test four factors which affect to service quality factors named (academic, non-academic, tangible and reputation), analyzed using SPSS package and descriptive analysis Reliability test, Mean and regression to test the hypotheses. Finding: indicated that there were a significant relationships between the four variables and service quality however the tangibles dimensions was the highest affect on services quality and the lowest affect was between reputation and service quality.
Adsorption-based CO removal: Principles and materials

Abstract Carbon monoxide is a feedstock used in the petrochemical industry for production of many chemicals. These processes require separation or purification of CO. Adsorption is a cost and energy-effective method of separation that can provide high CO adsorption capacity and selectivity with correct selection of adsorbent. In this review, an overview of equilibrium and dynamic adsorption setups with equilibrium and kinetic models of adsorption are presented. Adsorption data collection using equilibrium and dynamic setups, FTIR, mass spectroscopy, and microcalorimetry, are presented. We emphasized the need to explore the performance of new adsorbents in realistic conditions and a better understanding of adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. We gave a detailed overview of CO adsorption technology discussing CO adsorbents and the respective challenges. Chemical modification methods were reviewed for various porous supports such as activated carbon, zeolites, mesoporous silica, alumina, and metal-organic frameworks. We highlighted novel chemical modification techniques and how they affect the performance of adsorbents (i.e., adsorption capacity and selectivity). Finally, we presented the required future direction for research in the field of CO adsorption.
The Dilemma of Penile Prosthesis Implantation in Sex Offenders.

Abstract Background Penile prosthesis surgeons face an ethical dilemma when confronted with a sex offender who seeks surgical management of erectile dysfunction. Aim To provide practice guidelines to screen and manage patients with a history of sexual violence prior to surgery. Methods Three urologists with expertise in penile prosthesis surgery and 1 medical bioethicist were asked to contribute their opinions and provide recommendations to address this controversial topic. Outcomes Expert opinion supported by analysis of available literature and institutional experience. Results The authors review current United States legislation, published literature on sex offender registration, and institutional data on the prevalence of sex offenders among men seeking penile prosthesis placement. Within a context established by medical bioethical principles, the authors propose a practice guideline for screening sex offenders prior to penile implantation surgery and referral for trained psychological evaluation prior to surgical management. Strengths & Limitations Strengths: multidisciplinary approach in data acquisition including bioethical and legal review. Limitations: Lack of available evidence regarding recidivism risk in sex offenders who undergo penile prosthesis placement. Conclusion Sex offenders exist among the population of patients seeking surgical placement of a penile prosthesis. A standardized practice guideline for management of this population should be employed with the intention to reduce future harm. Zhang JH, DeWitt-Foy M, Jankowski J, et al. The Dilemma of Penile Prosthesis Implantation in Sex Offenders. J Sex Med 2021;XX:XXX–XXX.
Presheath environment in weakly ionized multi-species plasmas

Summary form only given. The presheath located near boundaries in weakly ionized multi-species plasmas is a rich environment in which charge exchange, ionization and ion-ion streaming instabilities compete to establish the electric fields that accelerate ions to close to the Bohm velocity at the sheath/presheath boundary. In weakly collisional plasmas, charge exchange and ionization set the presheath scale length and are essential to the creation of the presheath. Measurements in argon-helium multi-dipole plasmas of plasma potential with emissive probes, wave propagation with Langmuir probes, drift velocities with Mach probes and IEDfs with LIF are presented. These data show that ions are heated both perpendicular and parallel to the boundary, the argon ions are speeded up, and the ion-ion instability grows and saturates. The transition of mobility limited ion flow near the bulk plasma to free fall motion close to the plate for single species plasmas and the role of instabilities in multi-species plasmas in altering ion velocities near the presheath/sheath boundary are explored.
Conformational Changes in Aspartate Transcarbamylase IV. LIGAND EFFECTS ON INTERSUBUNIT INTERACTIONS

Abstract The effects of specific ligands on the intersubunit interactions in aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli were studied by treating the enzyme with low concentrations (up to 0.5 mm) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The detergent was used to amplify the tendency of certain ligands to relax the oligomeric structure, by converting this relaxation to actual dissociation into subunits. The effect was measured by the increase in catalytic activity at subsaturating aspartate concentrations, known to accompany dissociation into subunits. The extent of dissociation was evaluated by column chromatography using Sephadex G-200. The following observations were made. (a) Ligands binding at the active sites such as orthophosphate, carbamyl phosphate, aspartate (in the presence of orthophosphate), and succinate (in the presence of carbamyl phosphate), in this order, enhanced the dissociating effect of the detergent. (b) A linear correlation was found between the extent of dissociation and the product of the net charge and molecular volume of these ligands. (c) All these ligands also protected the dissociated catalytic subunit against SDS inactivation. (d) The allosteric activator, ATP, and inhibitor, CTP, both stabilized the oligomeric structure, and prevented SDS-induced dissociation. (e) The allosteric effectors also protected the enzyme against heat-induced dissociation. These observations are shown to support the functional allosteric model recently proposed for this enzyme (Markus, G., McClintock, D. K., and Bussel, J. B. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 762).
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ENHANCING PROCESSES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GLOBALIZATION IN INDIAN SOFTWARE COMPANIES

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) enable hitherto untradable services to be traded internationally, just like commodities, via the internet and the telephone - the recent outsourcing of software programming, airline revenue accounting, insurance claims and call centers to India is a good example. Consequently, ICTs have enabled not only small and medium-sized firms but even start-ups to globalize their operations. For instance, Silicon Valley based technology start-ups owned and managed by foreign-born entrepreneurs have successfully exploited India's software talent - this paper investigates the close relationship between ICTs, globalization and entrepreneurship. A theoretical basis for analysis is developed using innovation theory to study the link between immigrant entrepreneurship and the processes of globalization shaped through the use and proliferation of ICTs in developing countries. The theory is illustrated using seven case studies. This paper adds to the growing body of literature that emphasizes the aforementioned link as compared to the existing studies which have focused exclusively on the behavior of multinational corporations and national markets.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Activating Transcription Factor 3, a Hub of the Cellular Adaptive–Response Network

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) gene encodes a member of the ATF family of transcription factors and is induced by various stress signals, including many of those that induce the unfolded protein response (UPR). Emerging evidence suggests that ATF3 is a hub of the cellular adaptive–response network and studies using various mouse models indicate that ATF3 plays a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. One way to investigate the potential relevance of ATF3 to human diseases is to determine its expression in patient samples and test whether it correlates with disease progression or clinical outcomes. Due to the scarcity and preciousness of patient samples, methods that can detect ATF3 on archival tissue sections would greatly facilitate this research. In this chapter, we briefly review the roles of ATF3 in cellular adaptive–response and UPR, and then describe the detailed steps and tips that we developed based on general immunohistochemistry (IHC) protocols to detect ATF3 on paraffin embedded sections.
Geometry of the group of nonzero quaternions

It is shown that the group of nonzero quaternions carries a family of natural closed Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker metrics.
Experimental Investigation of a Direct Liquid Immersion Cooled Prototype for High Performance Electronic Systems

As the demand grows for electronics to become faster and more compact, the expectation for tomorrow’s data center is no different. Like many of the current high performance data center installations, design considerations on all scales must be taken into account. The proposed solution does just this by looking at the entire cooling approach from the chip level all the way to the plenum level. The solution’s enclosure, where all the heated elements are immersed in either FC-72 or Novec 649, has dimensions of $150~{\rm mm} \times 300~{\rm mm} \times 38$ mm ( $H \times L \times W$ ). The design is versatile allowing for either flow or pool boiling heat transfer. Under pool boiling conditions, heat transfer coefficients as high as 11.5 kW/ $\text{m}^{2}\,\cdot \,\text{K}$ were achieved with surface enhancements and maximum power dissipations as high as 320 W were yielded as chip temperatures were roughly 58 °C, well below typical operating conditions. With the introduction of dielectric fluid flow within the enclosure, maximum power dissipations achieved increased substantially, reaching 605 W, which corresponds to a volumetric power dissipation of 0.354 W/cm3.
An artificial neural network study of the relationship between arousal, task difficulty and learning

We compare the performance of a backpropagation neural network and a recirculation neural network when they are used to simulate the interactions between arousal, task difficulty and learning. We use number strings that vary in terms of their randomness as the stimuli to be learned and the bias unit to simulate arousal. We find that the recirculation neural network shows an interaction between task difficulty and arousal which is typical of that observed when living organism learn a task. This interaction is not observed with the backpropagation algorithm. We conclude that the recirculation neural network provides a better model of arousal and learning than the backpropagation algorithm.
Is there a metabolic basis for dietary supplementation

To be efficacious, dietary supplements must either provide a nutrient that is normally undersupplied to cells or exert a pharmacologic effect on cellular processes. In the first case, optimal function is achieved when a nutrient required by the organism reaches a specific concentration within the cell. A supplement has benefit only when the normal intake of a bioavailable form of a nutrient is lower than the amount that would provide maximum benefit as judged from all biological perspectives. Metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors can make individual nutrient requirements differ from the estimated needs calculated from population-based data. For example, under certain circumstances intracellular antioxidants may be depleted and a dietary supplement might restore optimal antioxidant protection. In the second case, the dietary supplement contains a constituent that is normally not required by the cell, but this substance is capable of altering normal cell function. For example, herbal preparations may contain ephedrine (a drug), which might alter heart rate so that the amount of blood pumped by the heart is enhanced. An understanding of how the variation in nutrient requirements comes about and of the pharmacologic actions of nutrient supplements can help to identify which individuals are most likely to benefit from dietary supplements.
Social Cohesion, Collective Efficacy, and the Response of a Cape Verdean Community to Hate Crime Learning a New Reality

How a neighborhood responds to a hate crime is important for combatting these wrongdoings. Since these acts are often proxies for power dynamics involving the “superior” perpetrator controlling the...
Social Relationships of Students with Exceptionalities in Mainstream Classrooms: Social Networks and Homophily:

This study explored the social affiliations of students in three mainstream classrooms containing students receiving general education services, students characterized as academically gifted, students with learning disabilities, and students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The study provided an in-depth description of the classrooms' social networks, focusing on the social and demographic characteristics that distinguished clusters of students. Findings showed that students formed distinct peer clusters around shared characteristics; particular social characteristics were associated with a student's level of centrality in the classroom; and students with exceptionalities were well integrated into the classroom's social structure. Affiliations of students with exceptionalities suggest topics for future research.
Disposal of brackish water concentrate into depleted oil and gas fields: a texas study

Disposal of concentrate from brackish water desalination plants by deep well injection into oil and gas fields is an attractive option in Texas. Underpressured depleted oil and gas reservoirs cover large areas of the state. Six areas were selected from across Texas for detailed analysis. These sites were characterized by abundant brackish groundwater, a projected shortage of freshwater, depleted oil and gas fields, and shallow injection wells. Information was collected on formation mineralogy, pressure history, geochemical attributes and flow parameters. Numerical modeling using SOLMINEQ, combined with a statistical approach, was used to assess the results of mixing desalination concentrate with formation water. Issues addressed include injection pressures required, the impact of down-hole conditions on mineral precipitation, and mobilisation of formation fines and clays. Numerical modeling found no technical problems outside the range commonly dealt with by the oil and gas industry. In addition, historically, most of the fields have received considerable volume of fresh and/or brackish waters. From a technological standpoint, injection of desalination concentrates into depleted oil or gas fields using existing wells is a highly feasible alternative. A brief look at the economics also suggests that this opportunity is highly advantageous.
Imaging spatio-temporal fluctuations and local susceptibility in disordered polymers

Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the electric polarization were imaged in polymer thin films near the glass transition using electric force microscopy. Below the glass transition the fluctuations are quasi-static and spatial fluctuations were found to quantitatively agree with predictions for thermal fluctuations. Temporal fluctuations appear near the glass transition. Images of the space-time nanoscale dynamics near the glass transition are produced and analyzed. Local, complex dielectric susceptibility was also studied, and shows that dynamics on the free-surface are faster relative to the bulk.
A note on a discretization scheme for Volterra integro-differential equations that preserves stability and boundedness

We extend the validity of some recent results on discretization of scalar Volterra differential equations.
A comparative study of triphenylamine, triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, triphenylantimony and triphenylbismuth as ligands in the rhodium-catal yzed hydroformylation of 1-dodecene

Abstract Triphenylarmine, triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, triphenylantimony and triphenylbismuth were evaluated on the basis of olefin to aldehyde conversion, and also on the basis of the normal/iso (n / i) product ratio, as ligands in the rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-dodecene. Two series of reactions were conducted which differed only in total reaction time (120 minutes vs 135 minutes) and in the ligand/rhodium ratio (60:1 vs 300:1). Both reactions series employed 35 grams of 1-dodecene, a 176 ppm rhodium charge, 100 psig of 1:1 H 2 / CO, and a reaction temperature of 90° C. In the 60:1 vs 330:1 reaction series, triphenylamine gave olefin conversions and n / i ratios of 2.0%, 2.0 vs 5.8%, 1.8; triphenylphosphine gave 95%, 4.4 vs 86.9%, 8.7; triphenylarsine gave 58%, 3.1 vs 85.8%, 3.5; triphenylantimony gave 13.0%, 6.1 vs 3.5%, 9.1 respectively. Triphenylbismuth failed to promote hydroformylation in both reaction series. These data demonstrate that regiospecificity, as measured by the n / i product ratio, varies inversely to increased ligand basicity.
Effect of Reamer Design on Posteriorization of the Tibial Tunnel During Endoscopic Transtibial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:It is known that small alterations in tunnel positioning during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction significantly affect ACL length and tensioning patterns as well as alter force vectors and joint kinematics.Purpose:To compare the amount of inadvertent posteriorization of the ACL tibial tunnel anatomy during transtibial ACL femoral reaming in the “over-the-top” position with a full femoral reamer versus a half femoral reamer, in comparison to the native tibial ACL footprint. It is hypothesized that the half reamer will result in less distortion of tibial tunnel anatomy and improved anatomic footprint coverage. It is also hypothesized that the true center of the tibial ACL footprint lies more anterior than previously described.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Eight cadaveric knee specimens were securely fixed to a stationary table at 90° of flexion and neutral rotation. After removal of the anterior capsule and patella, native joint anatomy was precisely recorded with...
Safety and efficacy of dual‐axis rotational coronary angiography vs. standard coronary angiography

Objective: To determine the safety and efficacy of dual-axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) by directly comparing it to standard coronary angiography (SA). Background: Standard coronary angiography (SA) requires numerous fixed static images of the coronary tree and has multiple well-documented limitations. Dual-axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) is a new rotational acquisition technique that entails simultaneous LAO/RAO and cranial/caudal gantry movement. This technological advancement obtains numerous unique images of the left or right coronary tree with a single coronary injection. We sought to assess the safety and efficacy of DARCA as well as determine DARCA's adequacy for CAD screening and assessment. Methods: Thirty patients underwent SA following by DARCA. Contrast volume, radiation dose (DAP) and procedural time were recorded for each method to assess safety. For DARCA acquisitions, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), symptoms and any arrhythmias were recorded. All angiograms were reviewed for CAD screening adequacy by two independent invasive cardiologists. Results: Compared to SA, use of DARCA was associated with a 51% reduction in contrast, 35% less radiation exposure, and 18% shorter procedural time. Both independent reviewers noted DARCA to be at least equivalent to SA with respect to the ability to screen for CAD. Conclusion: DARCA represents a new angiographic technique which is equivalent in terms of image quality and is associated with less contrast use, radiation exposure, and procedural time than SA. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stabilities of the iron(III) chelates of 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone and related ligands

Abstract The protonation constants and iron(III) binding constants of 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone, DMHP, are reported and the effectiveness of this ligand in the complexation of iron(III) is compared with those of other iron(III) chelators at moderate and high dilution. The ligand is highly effective for Fe(III) in moderately dilute solution (∼10 −3 M), but because of its 3:1 stoichiometry, the most stable complex FeL 3 dissociates extensively in very dilute solution (∼10 −6 M). The relative effectiveness of DMHP for iron(III) binding is compared with those of the bidentate ligands, acethydroxamic acid and catechol, and with the multidentate ligands desferriferrioxamine, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, racemic ethylenebis( o -hydroxyphenylglycine), N,N′ -bis( o -hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine- N,N′ -diacetic acid, with the triscatechols MECAMS and enterobactin, as well as with the physiological iron(III) transport protein transferrin.