cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Er:YAG laser skin resurfacing using repetitive long-pulse exposure and cryogen spray cooling: II. Theoretical analysis.

Background and Objective To analyze the effects of laser pulse duration and cryogen spray cooling (CSC) on epidermal damage and depth of collagen coagulation in skin resurfacing with repetitive Er:YAG laser irradiation. Study Design/Materials and Methods Evolution of temperature field in skin is calculated using a simple one-dimensional model of sub-ablative pulsed laser exposure and CSC. The model is solved numerically for laser pulse durations of 150 and 600 μsec, and 6 msec cryogen spurts delivered just prior to (“pre-cooling”), or during and after (“post-cooling”) the 600 μsec laser pulse. Results The model indicates a minimal influence of pulse duration on the extent of thermal effect in dermis, but less epidermal damage with 600 μsec pulses as compared to 150 μsec at the same pulse fluence. Application of pre- or post-cooling reduces the peak surface temperature after laser exposure and accelerates its relaxation toward the base temperature to a different degree. However, the temperature profile in skin after 50 msec is in either example very similar to that after a lower-energy laser pulse without CSC. Conclusions When applied in combination with repetitive Er:YAG laser exposure, CSC strongly affects the amount of heat available for dermal coagulation. As a result, CSC may not provide spatially selective epidermal protection in Er:YAG laser skin resurfacing. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:131–137, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression and functions of long noncoding RNAs during human T helper cell differentiation

The differentiation of naive T helper cells into effector subsets is a critical step in the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Here the authors identify a large number of lncRNAs in activated human lymphocytes and identify a Th2 lineage-specific lncRNA cluster that regulates the expression of genes encoding Th2 cytokines.
Dynamic brittle fracture of high strength structuralsteels underconditions of plane strain

Abstract A transient finite element analysis is carried out to provide a perspective on dynamicfracture models incorporatingthe decohesion of fracture surfaces, with a focus on improvedmodeling and understanding quantitative features ofdynamically propagating cracks under intensestress pulse loading. The problem analyzed here is plane-strainfracture of an edge crackedspecimen under plane wave loading conditions. In order to ascertain the validity of thevariouscohesive surface fracture models, the results of the FEM simulations are compared withexperimentalobservations made during the low temperature, plate-impact fracture experiments on4340VAR steel (200°Ctemper, Rc = 55) . The finite element analysis iscarried out within a framework where thecontinuum is characterized by two constitutiverelations; one that relates stress and strain in the bulk material, theother relates the traction andseparation across a specified set of cohesive surfaces. The bulk material ischaracterized as anisotropically hardening and thermally softening elastic–viscoplastic von Mises solid. Thefiniteelement formulation employed, accounts for the effects of finite geometry changes, materialinertia, and heatconduction. Crack initiation and crack growth emerge naturally as outcomes ofthe imposed loading, and arecalculated directly in terms of the materials constitutive parametersand the parameters characterizing the cohesivesurface separation law. From the results of thesesimulations it is observed that the cohesive surface model, whichincudes a cohesive surfacestrength and a characteristic length is not capable of predicting the dynamic crackgrowthobserved in the experiments. However, the computed results are observed to be in goodagreement with theexperimental results when the work of separation per unit area appearing inthe cohesive surface separating law,includes a cohesive-surface separation rate dependentcohesive strength. Moreover, the computational resultsemphasize the existence of a sharp upturnin dynamic fracture toughness in high strength structural steels at amaterial characteristic limitingcrack tip speed even at test temperatures as low as −80°C and under ultra highcrack tip loadingrates ( K I ≈ 10 8 MPa m / s ) .
Direct measurment of specific binding of highly lipophilic phorbol diester to mouse epidermal membranes using cold acetone

Abstract Using acetone cooled to −78°C to wash a mouse epidermal membrane preparation after incubation with [ 3 H]12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, nonspecific binding of the ligand is reduced by 100 fold allowing specific binding to be easily quantitated. This technique may be useful in binding studies of other highly lipid soluble chemicals to membrane constituents.
First Trimester Aneuploidy Screening Markers in Women with Pre-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective: To investigate whether maternal serum pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), total β human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and nuchal translucency (NT) measurements differ in women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) compared to non-diabetic controls and to assess whether correction factors are needed for diabetic women in calculation of aneuploidy risks. Study Design: We performed a retrospective study of all women who underwent first trimester aneuploidy screening (11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks) from 2005 to 2011. The primary study outcome was the difference in PAPP-A, β-hCG and NT multiples of median between women with PGDM and non-diabetic women. Results: Of 6741 eligible patients, 103 patients with PGDM were using insulin and 4 patients were using oral hypoglycemic agents; the latter were excluded due to small number. There was 12% reduction of median PAPP-A (p = 0.001) and 18% reduction of median hCG (p = 0.006) in women with PGDM receiving insulin. There was no difference in NT. Conclusions: In women with PGDM receiving insulin, PAPP-A and β-hCG levels are significantly lower compared to non-diabetic women. This suggests that when calculating risks for aneuploidy, correction factors should be considered to adjust PAPP-A and β-hCG concentrations to those seen in non-diabetic women.
Thiazepine photochemistry. Ready 1,3-hydrogen shifts from a side-chain amide

An unusual, thermally reversible, 1,3-hydrogen shift occurs during irradiation of 6-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-thiazepines (2, 3, and the corresponding sulphoxide and sulphone of 3b); this is a special case of imine-enamine tautomerism, arising from the singlet excited state.
Gender Representation in the NCAA News : Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?

The purpose of this study was to provide a reexamination of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) News and the extent to which the publication provides equitable coverage to women and women's teams. To do so, 5,745 paragraphs and 1,086 photographs from 24 issues (12 issues in 1999, 12 issues in 2001) were coded for (a) gender, (b) size, (c) location, and (d) content. Results were then compared to a standard (i.e., the proportion of female athletes competing in NCAA intercollegiate athletics). Results indicate that coverage in the NCAA News was more representative, with respect to the amount of text and number of photographs, than it was in 1988 and 1991.
Through space interaction between ferrocenes mediated by a thioether

Abstract A series of conformationally constrained 2,6-bisferrocenylphenyl thioethers were synthesized via Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reactions. Structural information was obtained using X-ray crystallography and dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopic studies, showing highly constrained m-terphenyl systems. Interaction of the ferrocene moieties through space mediated by the sulfur were studied by ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy and DFT computations. Electrochemical results show two, fully reversible 1e− redox processes for the ferrocenes where the separation of peaks is affected by both solvent and supporting electrolyte, suggesting significant electrostatic interaction which is further confirmed in the gas phase by UPS studies.
Effect of PEGDE addition on rheological and mechanical properties of bisphenol E cyanate ester

X. Sheng, R. Hanus, A. Bauer, M. R. Kessler: Effect of PEGDE Addition on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Bisphenol E Cyanate Ester, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2013, 130, 463-469. DOI: 10.1002/app.39118.
INFLUENCE OF AN INTERPOLATED NON-RELATED MOTOR TASK ON SHORT- AND LONG-TERM MEMORY LEARNING AND RETENTION OF A GROSS MOTOR SKILL

A control group of young men (N = 28) continuously practiced climbing a free-standing ladder for 20 1-min. "trials" separated by 1-min. rests; after a 1-wk. layoff they practiced 5 additional trials. The learning trend, of the exponential form, y = c - a1e -kx1 - a2e -kx2 was not affected by the layoff. Another group (N = 28) performed the skill in the same manner, except that prior to the layoff the 1-min. Rests were replaced with practice on the pursuit rotor task. This caused a cumulative learning deficit and forgetting during the layoff. Progressive improvement in 5 post-layoff trials (without the rotor) established relearning and overcame the deficit. These effects were statistically significant. They were thought to be caused by the rotor practice interfering with just-learned ladder skill consolidation, so that the gain in skill was not processed into long-term memory.
Whistler anisotropy instabilities as the source of banded chorus: Van Allen Probes observations and particle-in-cell simulations

Magnetospheric banded chorus is enhanced whistler waves with frequencies ωr<Ωe, where Ωe is the electron cyclotron frequency, and a characteristic spectral gap at ωr≃Ωe/2. This paper uses spacecraft observations and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma to test the hypothesis that banded chorus is due to local linear growth of two branches of the whistler anisotropy instability excited by two distinct, anisotropic electron components of significantly different temperatures. The electron densities and temperatures are derived from Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron instrument measurements on the Van Allen Probes A satellite during a banded chorus event on 1 November 2012. The observations are consistent with a three-component electron model consisting of a cold (a few tens of eV) population, a warm (a few hundred eV) anisotropic population, and a hot (a few keV) anisotropic population. The simulations use plasma and field parameters as measured from the satellite during this event except for two numbers: the anisotropies of the warm and the hot electron components are enhanced over the measured values in order to obtain relatively rapid instability growth. The simulations show that the warm component drives the quasi-electrostatic upper band chorus and that the hot component drives the electromagnetic lower band chorus; the gap at ∼Ωe/2 is a natural consequence of the growth of two whistler modes with different properties.
Syntax and the lexicon

T. Stowell and E. Wehrli, "Introduction" T. Stowell, "The Role of the Lexicon in Syntactic Theory" A. Belletti, "Agreement and Case in Past Participle Clauses in Italian" T. Stowell, "Passives and the Lexicon: Comments on Belletti" J. Bresnan and J.M. Kanerva, "Locative Inversion in Chichewa: A Case Study of Factorization in Grammar" P. Schachter, "Comments on J. Bresnan and J.M. Kanerva's 'Locative Inversion in Chichewa: A Case Study of Factorization in Grammar'" J. Bresnan and J.M. Kanerva, "The Thematic Hierarchy and Locative Inversion in UG: A Reply to P. Schachter's Comments" M.R. Hovav and B. Levin, "-er Nominals: Implications for the Theory of Argument Structure" R. Jackendoff, "Babe Ruth Homered His Way into the Hearts of America" A. Marantz, "The Way-Construction and the Semantics of Direct Arguments in English: A Reply to Jackendoff" E.S. Williams, "O-Theory as Binding Theory" M. L. Zubizarreta, "The Lexical Encoding of Scope Relations Among Agruments" K. Johnson, "Scope and the Binding Theory: Comments on Zubizarreta" References Index
Dynamic PCA for network feature extraction in multi-electrode recording of neurophysiological data in cortical substrate of pain

Abstract A novel multi-scale analysis of multi-electrode spike recording during heat pain stimulation in rats is applied to quantify non-stationary patterns of neuronal response. This approach would allow biological constraints to translate into multi-dimensional geometry. We then determine the optimal scale, resolution and density of a neuronal localization that best characterizes the cortical response. Within the optimal choices, we determine the inherent dimension of the locally linear principal component analysis (PCA) that approximates the non-linear geometric structure of data, and minimizes the reconstruction error within the prescribed bounds. When dimension is one, two, or three, our optimization algorithms determine the system of non-linear principal curves that best approximates the data.
Fumarase activity in D2O

Abstract The initial rate of conversion of fumarate to malate in the presence of crystalline fumarase was decreased when the reaction was carried out in the presence of D2O; the reverse reaction was inhibited to a lesser extent. The maximum rate for the forward reaction was inhibited about 60% in 100% D2O; for the reverse reaction, the inhibition was about 33%. Under physiological conditions, at the maximum D2O concentration tolerated by mammals, the predicted inhibitions were 20 and 10%. In agreement with other investigators, the apparent equilibrium constant was found to be lower in D2O than in H2O.
Correlation between loss of a Mg2+ conductance and an adaptation defect in a mutant of Paramecium tetraurelia

Paramecium tetraurelia responds to chronic KCl-induced depolarization by swimming backward, but the ciliate recovers within seconds and then undergoes a prolonged adaptation period during which sensitivity to external stimuli is altered radically. We examined the role of Mg2+ in this phenomenon, prompted by finding that mutations in the eccentric-A gene both suppressed a Mg(2+)-specific conductance and prevented adaptation. Adaptation of the wild type proceeded normally when extracellular Mg2+ was varied from 0-20 mM, however, suggesting that channel-mediated Mg2+ fluxes were not involved. In seeking alternative explanations for the eccentric mutant phenotype, we ascertained that there was an osmotic component to adaptation but that K(+)-induced depolarization was the primary stimulus. We also noted that wild-type and eccentric mutant cells depolarized by equivalent amounts in KCl, suggesting that the genetic lesion must lie downstream of membrane-potential change. We also examined whether the adaptation-induced behavioral changes and, indeed, the defect in eccentric might be explained in terms of Mg2+ and Na+ efflux during behavioral testing, but experimental observations failed to support this notion. Finally, we consider the possibility that eccentric gene mutation prevents adaptation by interfering with intracellular free Mg2+ homeostasis in Paramecium.
Stillbirth in France

1672 www.thelancet.com Vol 384 November 8, 2014 3 Ministere de la Sante. Instruction DGS/DGOS/ DREES/MC1/R3/BESC n° 2011-403 du 26 octobre 2011 relative au rappel des modalites d’enregistrement et de codage des mort-nes dans le PMSI necessaires a la production de l’indicateur de mortinatalite. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/fi chiers/ bo/2011/11-12/ste_20110012_0100_0076. pdf (accessed Nov 26, 2011). 4 Serfaty A, Benifl a JL. What can be able to expect in stillbirth registration in Hospital Discharge Data System? A feedback from Armand Trousseau Hospital (Paris). (in French). J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2012; 42: 101–04. 5 Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Pattinson R, et al. Stillbirths: where? When? Why? How to make the data count? Lancet 2011; 377: 1448–63. families’ right purposes (ie, family register, burial). Good quality and exhaustive data were not systematically integrated into practices. The NeMoSI project was later extended around Paris (eastern Paris in 2011, all Assistance PubliqueHopitaux de Paris birth sites in 2012, Seine Saint Denis in 2012–13, and Val d’Oise in 2014). It covers about 85 000 births and 900 stillbirths per year, and contributed to reclassify as stillbirths mis-recorded births, register unrecorded stillbirths, type of pregnancy (eg, medical termination), and specify fetal death circumstances. These observations, and The Lancet stillbirth Series, point out that computing stillbirth rates remains a challenge for clear international comparison. Reliable data are essential to estimate health risks. To raise awareness about these issues among families, health professionals, and authorities, and consider regulations related to stillbirth, livebirths, and voluntary or medical interruptions of pregnancy are necessary to improve data quality for international comparisons.
Integration of two different gate oxide thicknesses in a 0.6-/spl mu/m dual voltage mixed signal CMOS process

An approach for integrating 3.3 V and 5.0 V transistors with two different gate oxide thickness layers, which eliminates the compromise between the transistor performance and reliability of the gate oxide layers, is described. The approach is robust, since gate oxide layers do not come in contact with photoresists, and relatively cost-effective in that it adds only two coarse masking steps. This approach has been demonstrated by integrating 16.5-nm 5.0 V and 10-nm 3.3 V gate oxide layers in a 0.6-/spl mu/m mixed signal CMOS process, and demonstrating good 3.3 V and 5.0 V transistor characteristics. >
HEPATIC INSENSITIVITY TO INSULIN IN THE NEONATAL LAMB

We have shown persistant endogenous hepatic glucose production during exogenous glucose infusion is characteristic of the newborn lamb. Glucose turnover at steady state glucose conc. falls to 0.56±1.08mg/kg/min (M±SEM, n=4) when glucose infusion reaches 22 mg/kg/min with a pl. insulin response of 270±108μU/ml. In order to separate pancreatic from hepatic responses to test the hypothesis that there is intrinsic hepatic insensitivity to insulin, 8 newborn sheep (age 4.4±1 d.) were infused with both glucose and insulin. Two hours after the initiation of a glucose infusion (6 mg/kg/min) a simultaneous infusion of sodium pork insulin was begun. After four hours of both, glucose turnover at steady state glucose conc. was determined by prime constant infusion with 3H6-glucose. 14CU-lactate was given to assess gluconeogenesis from labelled glucose. Control animals received 0.45% NaCl. Insulin infusion diminished glucose production and gluconeogenesis in the newborn lamb at plasma insulin levels significantly higher than those required to produce glucose suppression in our older animals. The neonatal lamb liver is relatively insensitive to the glucoregulatory activity of insulin.
Time-resolved techniques: an overview

Techniques for time-resolved X-ray scattering on time scales varying from kiloseconds to picoseconds are reviewed. It is concluded that the pulsed time structure and the high photon fluxes available from synchrotron X-ray sources provide new opportunities for time-resolved X-ray scattering investigations. Synchrotron beams typically consist of subnanosecond pulses of X-rays separated in time by a few tens of nanoseconds to a few hundred nanoseconds so that these beams appear as continuous X-ray sources for investigations of phenomena on time scales ranging from hours down to microseconds. Studies requiring time-resolution in the microsecond range can be carried out in a triggering mode by stimulating the phenomenon under consideration in coincidence with the X-ray pulses. Time resolution on the picosecond scale can be achieved through streak camera techniques in which the time structure of the individual X-ray pulses are viewed as quasi-continuous sources with about 100-200 picoseconds duration.
Vibrational Microspectroscopic Imaging: Spatial Resolution Enhancement

We propose a methodology for enhancing the diffraction limited spatial resolution attained in Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic imaging techniques. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (SNOM) and spectroscopy employ apertureless and aperture approaches to provide ultra-high spatially resolved images at the nanometer level. In contrast, we employ conventional spectral acquisition schemes modified by spatial oversampling with the subsequent application of deconvolution techniques. As an example, this methodology is applied to flat samples using point illumination. Simulated data, assuming idealized sample concentration profiles, are presented together with experimental Raman microspectroscopic data from chemically and morphologically well-defined test samples. Intensity profiles determined using conventional mapping and imaging techniques are compared to those obtained by the probe/deconvolution methodology.
Nitrene insertion reactions. 1. Dimethyl N‐carbethoxyazepines and their cycloaddition reaction products

Dimethyl-N-carbethoxyazepines, isolated from the reaction between ethyl azidoformate and o-, m- and p-xylenes, react with tetracyanoethylene to give [4 + 2] Diels-Alder adducts. Nitroso-benzene is inert toward 2-methylazepines, but reacts with 3,6-dimethyl-N-carbethoxyazepine to give a [6 + 2] cycloadduct. The effect of two methyl substituents on the course of the cycloaddition reactions is discussed.
The molecular mechanisms of Foxp3 gene regulation.

Induction of Foxp3 gene expression and acquisition of regulatory T cell fate is, understandably, a highly controlled process and one which many investigators want to illuminate. In studying the regulation of Foxp3 gene expression, several conserved non-coding regions have been identified and the role of various transcription factors at these sites has been explored. What emerges is that many factors, some positive, some negative, interact to collectively drive Foxp3 gene expression and then maintain its expression in Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. TCR signaling is imperative for Foxp3 gene expression and TGF-β is a key cytokine for initiating Foxp3 gene expression in naive T cells. But other signaling pathways are also known to play a role in properly orchestrating Foxp3 gene expression and regulatory T cell expansion. Here we review the recent progress in understanding the complex molecular events that drive Foxp3 gene expression and allow functional regulatory T cells to develop.
Influence of film thickness on oxygen determination in high Tc materials by RBS

Abstract RBS determination of oxygen content in high T c materials deposited on substrates for oriented film growth, such as SiO 2 , MgO, Al 2 O 3 and SrTiO 3 , can be difficult due to substrate interference. This is especially the case if the relatively small oxygen signal from the film appears on a large substrate signal and is overlapping the oxygen signal from the substrate. We will show oxygen determination in films can be significantly improved by properly choosing film thickness and incident beam energy such that the front edge of the oxygen signal from the film is separated from the substrate signal. RBS analysis of varying thickness La 1.8 Sr x Cu y O z films, deposited on SiO 2 and MgO substrates by a rf planar magnetron, is shown. RBS simulation is used to demonstrate the importance of film thickness and beam energy for the determination of oxygen in high T c material films deposited on other substrates.
Acute nicotine changes dynorphin and prodynorphin mRNA in the striatum

Rationale Nicotine displays rewarding and aversive effects, and while dopamine has been linked with nicotine’s reward, the neurotransmitter(s) involved with aversion remains speculative. The κ-dynorphinergic system has been associated with negative motivational and affective states, and whether dynorphin (Dyn) contributes to the behavioral pharmacology of nicotine is a pertinent question.
Application of similitude principle to the numerical simulation of solar atmospheric dynamics

Numerical simulation has become an essential part of solar physics because the complex nonlinear characteristics of solar phenomena makes analytical solutions difficult to obtain. Realistic simulation of the birth and decay of an active region still is not possible because of the wide range of spatial and time scales that must be considered. Therefore, proper scaling rules must be recognized for the development of appropriate models. In this paper, the similitude principle is applied to develop scaling rules. It is found that these rules are highly dependent on the physical nature of the specific problem under consideration. A set of 'similitude critiques' is presented for some specific physical conditions. Numerical examples of coronal dynamic response and active region dynamics are used to demonstrate these ideas.
CO2 laser treatment of port-wine stains: a preliminary report.

A preliminary report of the effectiveness of the CO2 laser in the treatment of port-wine stains is presented. A comparison of this system with the argon laser is made and the benefits and drawbacks of both are discussed.
FinCACTI: Architectural Analysis and Modeling of Caches with Deeply-Scaled FinFET Devices

This paper presents FinCACTI, a cache modeling tool based on CACTI which also supports deeply-scaled FinFET devices as well as more robust SRAM cells. In particular, FinFET devices optimized using advanced device simulators for 7nm process serve as the case study of the paper. Based on this 7nm FinFET process, characteristics of 6T and 8T SRAMs are calculated, and comparison results show that under the same stability requirements the 8T cell has smaller area and leakage power. SRAM and technological parameters of the 7nm FinFET are then incorporated into FinCACTI. According to architecture-level simulations, the 8T SRAM is suggested as the choice of memory cell for 7nm FinFET. Moreover, a 4MB cache in 7nm FinFET compared with 22nm (32nm) CMOS under same access latencies achieves 5x (9x) and 11x (24x) reduction in read energy and area, respectively.
Experimental investigations of low-Ca pyroxene stability and olivine-pyroxene-liquid equilibria at 1-atm in natural basaltic and andesitic liquids

This paper reports experiments carried out at 1-atm under conditions of controlled oxygen fugacity, using natural andesites and andesite mixed with augite+synthetic pigeonite or augite+orthopyroxene. The experimental results are used (1) to investigate the controls of Mg# (Mg/[Mg+Fe2+]) and temperature on low-Ca pyroxene stability (pigeonite vs orthopyroxene), (2) to quantify the effects of variations in bulk composition on the position of multiple saturation boundaries in mineral component projection schemes and (3) to develop a thermodynamic model for silica activity for melts saturated with olivine and pyroxene. Over the Mg# range of 0.80–0.30 the minimum temperature of pigeonite stability in natural compositions is equivalent to the Lindsley (1983) boundary determined for pure Ca-Mg-Fe pigeonites. For the low variance, 5-phase assemblage oliv-aug-low-Ca pyroxene-plag-liquid, expressions involving liquid (Na2O+K2O)/(Na2O+K2O+CaO),Mg# and TiO2 content predict temperature and the movement of multiple saturation boundaries in pseudoternary projections in response to changing melt composition. The equilibrium for the low pressure melting of low-Ca pyroxene to olivine+liquid is formulated as a geothermometer and monitor of silica activity. Equilibrium constants estimated from thermochemical data and activities calculated for experimentally produced olivine and pyroxenes are used to develop a model for silica activity in liquid.
Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training

Very few sports use only endurance or strength. Outside of running long distances on a flat surface and power-lifting, practically all sports require some combination of endurance and strength. Endurance and strength can be developed simultaneously to some degree. However, the development of a high level of endurance seems to prohibit the development or maintenance of muscle mass and strength. This interaction between endurance and strength is called the concurrent training effect. This review specifically defines the concurrent training effect, discusses the potential molecular mechanisms underlying this effect, and proposes strategies to maximize strength and endurance in the high-level athlete.
Is the entropy law relevant to the economics of natural resource scarcity

Abstract Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Herman Daly have argued that the entropy law imposes an absolute resource scarcity which cannot be overcome with technological change, exploration, or substitution. On the contrary this paper argues that their critique is fundamentally flawed. The pessimistic scenario requires a concept of materials entropy which is highly problematic. Materials entropy cannot be defined independently of technology and it is impossible to aggregate over different types of materials to meaningfully talk about available versus unavailable matter in the aggregate. Failing a concept of materials entropy the critique fails since the earth is not closed with respect to energy.
Outcome after operations for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

Abstract Objective: Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is an anatomically heterogeneous anomaly with a variety of surgical strategies possible. We sought to compare the outcome of patients with a single ventricle approach to those with a biventricular repair and to compare outcome of patients with coronary abnormalities to those with normal coronary arteries. Methods : A retrospective review of our surgical database revealed 67 patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum operated on between 1981 and 1998. Patients were categorized on the basis of initial surgical strategy: strategy A, aortopulmonary shunt alone (n = 31); strategy B, right ventricular recruitment (n = 32); strategy C, heart transplantation (n = 4). Tricuspid valve size (Z-score) and coronary anatomy were determined. Right ventricular–coronary artery dependency was noted in 8 patients. Results : Overall actuarial survivals at 1, 5, and 8 years were 82%, 76%, and 76%. Mortality was highest in infancy (10 of 16 deaths). Outcome was equivalent for all 3 strategies. There was no difference in tricuspid valve size between survivors and nonsurvivors (mean Z-score –2.0 (2.5) vs –2.0 (1.9), P = .83). There was no difference in survival based on severity of coronary abnormality. Only one third of patients had a successful biventricular repair, and the tricuspid valve was significantly larger in these than in patients who had Fontan operation (mean Z-score –0.53 [1.6], range –3.5 to 1, versus mean Z-score –3.03 [2.7], range –5.5 to 0, P = .002). Conclusions: Surgical outcome for patients born with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is satisfactory. The strategies of biventricular repair, single ventricle palliation, and heart transplantation allow for equal outcome among all anatomic subtypes. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:924-31)
Taphonomy of Coral Reefs from Southern Lagoon of Belize: ABSTRACT

The Southern Lagoon of the Belize barrier complex, an area of some 600 km2, contains a tremendous number of lagoon reefs, which range in size from patches several meters across to rhomboidal-shaped structures several kilometers in their long dimension. These lagoon reefs are remarkable because they have Holocene sediment accumulations in excess of 13 m consisting almost entirely of coral debris and lime mud and sand, and rise up to 30 m above the surrounding lagoon floor with steeply sloping sides (50-80°), yet are totally uncemented. The reef-building biota and their corresponding deposits were studied at a representative reef, the rhomboidal complex of Channel Cay. As with many of the reefs in this area, the steeply sloping flanks of Channel Cay are covered mainly by the branched staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis and ribbonlike and platy growth of Agaricia spp. The living corals are not cemented to the substrate, but are merely intergrown. Fragmented pieces of corals accumulate with an open framework below the living community; this open framework is subsequently infilled by lime muds and sands produced mainly from bioerosion. Results from probing and coring suggest that the bafflestone fabric of coral debris and sediment extends at least 13 m into the subsurface. End_Page 315------------------------------ Radiocarbon-age estimates indicate these impressive piles of coral rubble and sediment have accumulated in the past 9,000 yr (giving a minimum accumulation rate of 1.4 m/1,000 yr) and illustrate the potential for significant carbonate buildups without the need for early lithification. End_of_Article - Last_Page 316------------
Proteolytic fragments from the lobster myosin molecule

The fragments produced by proteolysis of lobster abdominal muscle myosin with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and papain have been investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Essentially monodisperse populations of long rods are produced by alpha-chymotryptic and papain digestion of rabbit myosin but corresponding digestion of lobster myosin yields multicomponent species. Similarly the low ionic strength insoluble fraction from tryptic digestion of lobster myosin is polydisperse in contrast to essentially monodisperse light meromyosin from rabbit myosin. Comparative tryptic digestion of rabbit and lobster myosin papain long rods shows that the latter have five susceptible cleavage sites in the subfragment-2 region while rabbit long rods have only one: both long rods appear to have three cleavage sites in the light meromyosin region. The fragments produced by tryptic digestion of rabbit myosin papain long rods have been tentatively identified by comparison with fragments isolated from papain digests of rabbit heavy meromyosin and tryptic digests of rabbit light meromyosin. The results suggest differences in sensitivity to enzymic proteolysis between the subfragment-2 regions in rabbit and lobster myosin as well as relative differences in proteolytic sensitivity between the subfragment-2 and light meromyosin region within the individual molecules. Partial explanation of the observation is proposed on the basis of differences in heavy chain compositions.
Prolonged nicotine patch use in quitters with past abstinence-induced depressed mood

To test the efficacy of sustained nicotine patch use among at-risk smokers, 55 smokers with a history of abstinence-induced depressed mood were randomly assigned to either Nicotine Maintenance or Standard Treatment following preliminary high-dose patch treatment. The Nicotine Maintenance group received 21 mg transdermal nicotine for 8 additional weeks; the Standard Treatment group followed a tapered dosing regimen. Significant differences favoring the Nicotine Maintenance group were found in self-reported craving but not withdrawal. No difference was observed in continuous abstinence or in relapse rates. When dropouts who did not relapse during patch use were classified as successful, however, the Nicotine Maintenance group had significantly lower relapse rates. Rate of lapse in the Nicotine Maintenance group during post-trial tapering did not differ significantly from that in the Standard Treatment group during tapering in the trial, suggesting that the benefits of sustained dosing may persist only as long as dosing continues.
An efficient, inexpensive food hopper for monitoring feeding habits of rats

An efficient food hopper designed for the constant monitoring of feeding patterns of rats is described. The apparatus is inexpensive and is designed to attach to standard rat housing cages.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Real Time Analysis of Materials: Challenges and Future

We will give an overview about LIBS applications for on-line measurements such as molten materials, metal ore processing, effluents, slurries, liquids, nuclear industry etc., and we will present some approaches to improve the LIBS sensitivity.
Free Probability Theory

Free Brownian motion, free stochastic calculus, and random matrices by P. Biane Large $N$ quantum field theory and matrix models by M. R. Douglas Free products of finite dimensional and other von Neumann algebras with respect to non-tracial states by K. Dykema Amalgamated free product $C^*$-algebras and $KK$-theory by E. C. Germain Connexion coefficients for the symmetric group, free products in operator algebras, and random matrices by I. P. Goulden and D. M. Jackson On Voiculescu's $R$-and $S$-transforms for free noncommuting random variables by U. Haagerup $R$-diagonal pairs--A common approach to Haar unitaries and circular elements by A. M. Nica and R. Speicher A class of $C$*-algebras generalizing both Cuntz-Krieger algebras and crossed products by${\mathbb Z}$ by M. V. Pimsner An invariant for subfactors in the von Neumann algebra of a free group by F. Radulescu Limit distributions of matrices with bosonic and fermionic entries by D. Y. Shlyakhtenko $R$-transform of certain joint distributions by D. Y. Shlyakhtenko On universal products by R. Speicher Boolean convolution by R. Speicher and R. Woroudi States and shifts on infinite free products of $C$*-algebras by E. Stormer The analogues of entropy and of Fisher's information measure in free probability theory. IV: Maximum entropy and freeness by D. Voiculescu Universal correlation in random matrix theory: A brief introduction for mathematicians by A. Zee.
The Impact of Family Structure on the Health of Children: Effects of Divorce*:

Nearly three decades of research evaluating the impact of family structure on the health and well-being of children demonstrates that children living with their married, biological parents consistently have better physical, emotional, and academic well-being. Pediatricians and society should promote the family structure that has the best chance of producing healthy children. The best scientific literature to date suggests that, with the exception of parents faced with unresolvable marital violence, children fare better when parents work at maintaining the marriage. Consequently, society should make every effort to support healthy marriages and to discourage married couples from divorcing.
Personality Typologies and Modes of Social Change.

Theoretical questions on the functional relationship between personality and social systems are extended to a consideration of social change. The analysis is made in terms of the interaction of personality structure and varying modes of social reform. Data are taken from a study of Italian student movements of social protest and social action. The Rokeach Dogmatism Scale was utilized as a measure of personality structure. This report focuses on three hypotheses regarding differentials in change-orientation, change-participation, and the utilization and/or the advocation of specific methods and mechanisms of social protest and social reform. Results suggest that social change may be functionally dependent not only more generally upon individuals who are psychologically change-oriented, but also more specifically upon change-agents whose personality structure is congruent with the particular modes that characterize given processes of social change.
A Rapid Histochemical Test for Mammalian Tyrosinase

A simple, rapid separation of epidermis from dermis was achieved following incubation of human of guinea-pig skin in one molar sodium bromide at 37°C for 30 min. The resulting epidermal sheets incubated at 37°C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 15 to 120 minutes with 5 × 10 -3 M dopa or for 120 to 240 minutes with a mixture of 5 × 10 -3 M tyrosine and 5 × 10 -3 M ascorbic acid gave good dopa-tyrosinase and tyrosine-tyrosinase reactions. Melanocytes were readily visualized because new melanin formed within the cytoplasm.
Augmentation Cystoplasty Rates at Children’s Hospitals in the United States: A Pediatric Health Information System Database Study

Purpose: We identified augmentation cystoplasty rates in children with spina bifida at children’s hospitals enrolled in the Pediatric Health Information System database.Materials and Methods: The Pediatric Health Information System database tabulates demographic and diagnostic patient data from 35 children’s hospital centers in the United States. Between October 1999 and September 2004 we extracted data on 0 to 19-year-old patients with International Classification of Diseases-9 diagnosis codes for spina bifida. The International Classification of Diseases-9 procedure code for augmentation cystoplasty was cross-referenced with these patients to determine the total number of patients with augmentation, total population augmentation rates and individual institution rates of bladder augmentation.Results: Staff at enrolled pediatric medical centers submitted inpatient data accounting for 9,059 beds servicing an aggregate metropolitan population of 82 million individuals. In the 5-year period 12,925 unique spi...
The detection of ignition temperatures of various materials by photothermal analysis

Abstract The ignition temperatures of various common materials were detected by means of a photothermal analysis apparatus. The sample is heated in a tube furnace which is programmed at a linear heating rate; a photomultiplier tube located at the end of the furnace tube is used to detect the ignition process. This technique is potentially useful and is most advantageous when used to supplement DTA or TG data. The instrumental factors which influence the ignition temperature, such as heating rate, furnace atmosphere, and so on. were investigated. Factors such as the sample surface area, mass. density, and others can affect the reproducibility of the curves even if the instrumental factors are held constant.
Accurate laboratory predictions of the clinical response of patients with advanced ovarian cancer to treatment with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin

Abstract Seventy-six patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated with Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (CAP) at 3-week intervals were tested for the response of their tumors to treatment with CAP in the subrenal capsule tumor implant assay. Thirty-four of the patients' tumors were assayed prospectively before clinical treatment and 33 were assayed retrospectively, after clinical treatment with CAP. Nine of the patients' tumors were assayed both prospectively and retrospectively. All of the patients underwent a tumor debulking laparotomy. Of the patients with clinically measurable residual disease, 17 had a partial response of at least 50% regression of disease, and 11 had a progression of disease. Of the patients with known residual but nonmeasureable disease, 7 had surgically verified complete responses, 8 at least 50% regression, and 23 had progression of disease: 10 had no evidence of disease clinically but had not had surgical confirmation. Twenty-six of the tumors were adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified (2 grade I, 2 grade II, and 22 grade III), 39 were serous adenocarcinomas (7 grade I, 9 grade II, and 23 grade III), 7 were endometrioid adenocarcinoma (all grade III), 3 were mucinous adenocarcinomas (1 each of grade I, II, and III) and 1 was an adenosquamous carcinoma (grade III). Thirty-four of the patients failed the therapy. The subrenal capsule (SRC) assay predicted 21 of these failures (4 prospective and 17 retrospective). Thirty-two of the patients responded to CAP chemotherapy. The SRC assay accurately predicted the clinical regression of the tumors of 22 of the patients (15 prospective and 7 retrospective). Second-look laparotomy confirmed 7 patients with no evidence of disease, 5 patients with minimal disease, and 5 patients with a greater than 50% reduction of their disease. The SRC assay predicted the response of all these patients except 2 with partial responses to chemotherapy. Thus, while the overall positive predictive value of the SRC assay in this study is 65%, it is 100% for those patients whose tumors respond completely and for those who have minimal residual disease after CAP chemotherapy.
Developing planning and budgeting strategies for internal recycling of funds

Higher education worldwide is beset by rigid budgetary constraints. Increases in governmental and student support have been insufficient to offset the severe inflationary spiral of recent years, and many institutions have been confronted by yearly gaps between estimated revenues and projected expenditures. Following 6 years of across-the-board internal budget reallocations amounting to $11.1 million, Penn State initiated a rolling 5-year planning and budget process in 1977. The new process, resulting in an additional $16.6 million in internal reductions and reallocations through 1982–83, was designed to provide for more selective budgetary decisions based on careful analysis of university priorities. As the process has evolved, it has reoriented budget decisions toward university planning issues and qualitative concerns.
Last word on Point:Counterpoint: Gravity is/is not the major factor determining the distribution of blood flow in the human lung.

to the editor: The two sides of this Point:Counterpoint ([1][1], [3][2]) agree that 1 ) gravity redistributes lung parenchyma within the chest, 2 ) gravity redistributes blood flow within the lung parenchyma (independent of tissue sagging), and 3 ) perfusion heterogeneity exists that cannot be
Multi-membrane filtration

Abstract The theory for a multiple stage filtration, under conditions in which solute transport by diffusion is negligible compared with that by filtration flow, is given. Three examples of protein filtration are analyzed by an efficient statistical method. In this method a Gaussian-type iterative scheme is used for finding the maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown physical constants of the system.
Clinical evaluation of a method for quantification of generalized spike-wave EEG patterns by computer during prolonged recordings

Abstract This report evaluates a method using analog EEG signal preprocessing and a minicomputer for quantifying certain spike-wave EEG patterns that occur in patients suffering from petit mal epilepsy. EEGs were recorded during 10–12 hr in each of five awake patients. A single frontocentral EEG channel was analyzed on-line by the computer system, which detected 628 abnormalities. A graphic multichannel tracing was visually evaluated off-line by two electroencephalographers working independently. There was good agreement between the computer outputs and both electroencephalographers in detecting spike-wave patterns occurring in clinically manifest seizures. However, agreement between computer and human interpretation was much lower than agreement between the electroencephalographers themselves for less prominent spike-wave discharges. This pilot study indicates that multichannel EEG signal processing is required for comprehensive quantitative detection of clinically significant, generalized spike-wave patterns.