cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting diverse activities with digital documents: a pilot study of The Peter F. Drucker Manuscript and Archives Project

The research examines The Peter F. Drucker Manuscript and Archives Project on five dimensions as a digital document: versatility; as an integrated product including text, audio and video; taxonomy; contextual cues; and intellectual property. The system was also compared across three activities of in-depth research, classroom activities, and ready reference. The Drucker Archives' ability to perform global searches and to use multiple combinations to review the full text provided a versatile tool, with contextual cues and appropriate taxonomies. Ready reference and research appear to have a better context within which to put the digital document, know the subject matter more fully, and use the resource more often. Not surprisingly, these two users were more satisfied with the use of the digital library tool.
Supercritical fluid extraction process for removing polychlorinated biphenyl from a DOE job control waste

A supercritical carbon dioxide process has been investigated for remediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated Job Control Wastes at DOE sites. A PCB surrogate, 2-chlorobiphenyl, was spiked into Toxi-dry, a commercial absorbent material used extensively for decontaminating and decommissioning at DOE sites. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of 2-chlorobiphenyl from Toxi-dry was conducted with pure or ethanol-modified carbon dioxide in bench-scale units. Extraction temperatures, pressures, and time were varied to identify favorable operating conditions, and the effects of cosolvent and extraction time on supercritical extraction of PCBs were also investigated. About 95% of 2-chlorobiphenyl was extracted from Toxi-dry by CO 2 modified with 5% EtOH, compared to just 53% with pure CO 2 at the same pressure and temperature. While increasing temperature from 40 to 80°C showed a clear improvement on extraction, increasing pressure from 2000 to 4000 psi does not significantly improve extraction efficiencies. Increasing extraction time from 2 to 3 hours does not increase the removal efficiency. The results demonstrate the potential of modified supercritical CO 2 extraction as a PCB extraction technology for DOE PCS-contaminated Toxi-dry.
Preliminary Evidence on the Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments Delivered at a University Counseling Center

Treatment data from a university counseling center (UCC) that utilized the Outcome Questionnaire―45.2 (OQ-45; M. J. Lambert et al., 2004), a self-report general clinical symptom measure, was compared against treatment efficacy benchmarks from clinical trials of adult major depression that utilized similar measures. Statistical analyses suggested that the treatment effect size estimate obtained at this counseling center with clients whose level of psychological distress was above the OQ-45 clinical cutoff score was similar to treatment efficacy observed in clinical trials. Analyses on OQ-45 items suggested that clients elevated on 3 items indicating problematic substance use resulted in poorer treatment outcomes. In addition, clients who reported their relational status as separated or divorced had poorer outcomes than did those who reported being partnered or married, and clients reporting intimacy issues resulted in greater numbers of sessions. Although differential treatment effect due to training level was found where interns and other trainees had better pre-post outcome than did staff, interpretation of this result requires great caution because clients perceived to have complicated issues are actively reassigned to staff. More effectiveness investigations at UCCs are warranted.
Characterization and Recovery of Deep Sub Micron (DSM) Technologies Behavior Under Radiation

This paper serves as a twofold purpose: characterize the behavior of a reconfigurable chip exposed to radiation; and demonstrate a method for functionality recovery due to total ionizing dose (TID) effects. The experiments are performed using a JPL-developed reconfigurable device, a field programmable transistor array (FPTA). The paper initially describes experiments on the characterization of the NMOS transistor behavior for TID values up to 300krad. The behavior of analog and digital circuits downloaded onto the FPTA chip is also assessed for TID effects. This paper also presents a novel approach for circuit functionality recovery due to radiation effects based on evolvable hardware. The key idea is to reconfigure a programmable device, in-situ, to compensate, or bypass its degraded or damaged components. Experiments with total radiation dose up to 300kRad show that while the functionality of a variety of circuits is degraded/lost at levels before 200kRad, the correct functionality can be recovered through the proposed evolutionary approach, and the chips are able to survive higher radiation, for several functions in excess of total radiation dose of 250kRad
Creating and Implementing Practices That Promote and Support Quality Student Affairs Professionals

In this chapter, the author draws on this volume's chapters to identify prominent issues and challenges facing student affairs professionals. Suggestions for practice are provided that support the work of professionals to create quality educational environments.
Experience of Imagined Stressor with Feedback

Using the EMG signal as feedback, one can learn to decrease the tension in the muscle being monitored. In learning this skill, does one’s subjective experience of the imagined stressor producing the muscle tension change? In this lab, you will explore this question.
The Microsoft-Yahoo Merger: Yes, Privacy is an Antitrust Concern

Privacy and antitrust? Isn't antitrust only supposed to be concerned with price? Well, no. Antitrust is actually about consumer choice, and price is only one type of choice. The ultimate purpose of the antitrust laws is to help ensure that the free market will bring to consumers everything they want from competition. This starts with competitive prices, of course, but consumers also want an optimal level of variety, innovation, quality, and other forms of non-price competition. Including, in the Google-Doubleclick and Microsoft-Yahoo transactions, privacy protection.
Commentary on: Outpatient-based massive weight loss body contouring: a review of 260 consecutive cases.

As an intern in the early 1980s, I remember admitting 30 patients for next-day cystoscopy in the urology department. At that time, most patients stayed in the hospital overnight after surgery; we certainly have come a long way since then. Today, very complex operations are performed in an outpatient setting, and overnight preoperative admissions are almost nonexistent. Inpatient admissions require more healthcare resources, which translates into a higher cost for third-party payers or self-pay patients. Although Dr. Egrari, in his article “Outpatient-Based Massive Weight Loss Body Contouring: A Review of 260 Consecutive Cases,” expresses an opinion that outpatient surgery may lead to fewer hospital-acquired infections, the main impetus for moving surgery to the outpatient setting is financial. It is important to note, as I have observed in my travels to other countries, that patients are universally kept in the hospital for extended periods of time postoperatively when money is not an issue. The main question that the authors attempt to …
Local Resistance to Immigration Federalism

The policy of “immigration federalism” has justified granting state and local police officers greatly increased responsibilities for enforcing immigration laws, but the devolution of power has also generated enormous controversy. Supporters argue that the vast number of local police and their knowledge of local conditions can substantially assist federal immigration enforcement. Critics say that the policy has caused serious problems, including increased racial profiling and more pretextual arrests for minor crimes, and that the resulting alienation of immigrant communities has reduced public safety. The controversy is not just academic, as more than 270 local jurisdictions have adopted policies designed to resist immigration federalism. In response, national legislators have now proposed legislation to squelch local resistance by cutting federal funds to those localities. Such a response is, however, fundamentally inconsistent with the very theory of federalism. The widespread resistance to immigration federalism is a reaction to the serious, if unintended consequences of localized immigration policing. A true immigration federalist should view such local resistance not as mere opposition to quash, but as a source of insight into the on-the-ground problems with current immigration policies. This article argues that the policies enacted as part of the local resistance movement may point the way both to specific solutions, and to a better – and more theoretically sound – immigration federalism.
Analysis on Infection Status of HIV,HCV and TP Among Drug Addicts in Changde in 2010

Objective To survey the infection condition and high risk behaviors of HIV,HCV and TP among drug addicts in a drug rehabilitation center in Changde,and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of AIDS,HCV and TP among this population.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 400 drug addicts of a drug rehabilitation center in Changde in 2010.Their blood samples were collected and enzyme-linked immunity assay(ELISA) was used to detect antibodies of HIV,HCV and TP.The detection results were statistically analyzed.Results Most of drug addicts of the drug rehabilitation center in Changde in 2010 were young men.The infection rates of HIV,HCV and TP were 0.50%(2/400),66.75%(267/400),and 5.75%(23/400),respectively.About 70%(280/400) drug addicts used injectors.Conclusions The infection rates of HIV,HCV and TP are much higher in the surveyed drug addicts.It is necessary to enhance surveillance,education on the prevention of the diseases and behavioral intervention for drug addicts so as to reduce the transmission and spread of HIV,HCV and TP in this population.
Using simulation for disaster preparedness

BACKGROUND: As it addresses both technical and nontechnical skills, simulation-based training is playing an increasingly important role in surgery. In addition to the focus on skill acquisition, it is also important to ensure that surgeons are able to perform a variety of tasks in unique and challenging situations. These situations include responding to mass casualties, dealing with disease outbreaks, and preparing for wartime missions. Simulation-based training can be a valuable training modality in these situations, as it allows opportunities to practice and prepare for high-risk and often low-frequency events. METHODS: During the 8th Annual Meeting of the Consortium of the American College of Surgeons-Accredited Education Institutes in March 2015, a multidisciplinary panel was assembled to discuss how simulation can be used to prepare the surgical community for such high-risk events. CONCLUSION: An overview of how simulation has been used to address needs in each of these situations is presented.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Language: en
Sharpe, Tanya Telfair. BEHIND THE EIGHT BALL: SEX FOR CRACK COCAINE EXCHANGE AND POOR BLACK WOMEN

Sharpe, Tanya Telfair. BEHIND THE EIGHT BALL: SEX FOR CRACK COCAINE EXCHANGE AND POOR BLACK WOMEN. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press, 2005. $24.95.Summer 1992, Tanya Telfair Sharpe first interviewed female users of heroin, cocaine powder and crack cocaine. Sharpe notes: "it became immediately apparent the poor black female crack users experienced the worst forms of social degradation and received the fewest opportunities for help" [I]. Her critical text, Behind the Eight Ball: Sex for Crack Cocaine Exchange and Poor Black Women, illuminates tragic human decay and family disruption among poor black women, and identifies policies of race, class and gender that effectively created the separate, isolated ethnic neighborhoods that have become ideal breeding grounds for the contemporary, "cottage industry" of crack cocaine.In the world Sharpe describes, crack-induced paranoia, desperation and urgency take precedence over bathing, eating, sleeping, safe sex and childcare. This "cottage industry" of crack cocaine, Sharpe notes, exists in the shadows of mainstream U.S. culture, that has affirmed skin color [i.e. race] as a marker of social, intellectual and emotional capability. Consequently, in the seventies and eighties, when scholars like Charles Murray [1984] and others emphasized that the problems of the poor in the U.S. were due to "intellectual and cultural inferiority" [11], the framework for class exploitation was validated. Legislative responses have consistently eliminated or scaled-down programs that addressed the needs of a growing underclass.In 1996, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families [TANF] replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children [AFDC]. Under the new social program, educational and childcare opportunities for welfare recipients were eliminated as the legislation mandated unpaid labor for women whose youngest child was over age one, after twenty-four months of assistance. In short, legislation insures that the poor remain poor in the United States and cultivates an environment that attitudinally and structurally facilitates poverty.Behind the Eight Ball illuminates the infrastructure of the crack cocaine industry in Atlanta, GA among poor black women. The crack-addicted women trade sex for crack, fall victim to unwanted pregnancies, HIV/AIDS infection, prostitution and violence and disrupt an already distressed, poor community. Sharpe found that sex-for-crack exchange pregnancies were often carried to term because of a deeply held religious belief that babies are gifts from God. Nevertheless, Sharpe relates how an informant was so driven by crack addiction that not even labor served as a deterrent: "Using crack cocaine up to the very point of delivery was one of the most startling findings of this research" [176].Unplanned, sex-for-crack pregnancies have had a startling long-term impact on extended family networks, often cited as a measure of resilience among African Americans. …
Magnetic Properties of the High Tc Y–Ba–Cu–O System

The superconducting properties of a series of Y–Ba–Cu–O compounds were studied. The d.c. susceptibility data are used to establish part of the phase diagram and the volume fraction of the superconducting phase scales accordingly. Based on the resistivity, magnetization and critical field measurements, various parameters which characterize these superconductors were derived.
Multiple Risk Behaviors Among African American and Hispanic Boys

This study examined multiple risk behaviors (violence, delinquency, and substance use) among 240 African American and 262 Hispanic preadolescent boys from urban schools in the Midwest United States...
ANALISA RASIO SOLVABILITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN (STUDI KASUS : PT CEMERLANG JAKARTA)

Each company has financial statement ratios, including solvency ratios. The financial statements required by a company to measure and assess the performance of the company because in it there is important information about the company's earnings and financial position of the company's capabilities. The financial statements can be analyzed to see the condition of the company. Type of financial statements analysis varies according to the interests of the parties will conduct the analysis. One way to analyze financial reports by performing the analysis of the solvency ratio. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of solvency PT Cemerlang Jakarta. Solvency ratio analysis will provide a better understanding of the financial condition analyzed. Indicators used in the solvency ratio analysis consists of: Total Debt to Total Assets Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio / Equity Ratio Debt, Long Term Debt to Equity Ratio. From the analysis of financial statements in 2011 and 2012 Jakarta PT Cemerlang changes, where in 2011 the financial statements of the company in 2012 while insolvable financial statements solvable. Analysis of the financial statements required to monitor the progress of the company and to anticipate the various possibilities that will occur at the company, so that the management company can make decisions quickly and accurately. Keywords: Solvency Ratio, Financial Statements
From Homemaking to Solidarity: Global Engagement as Common Good in an Age of Global Populism

The challenging and rapidly evolving times in which we live require that students understand, analyze, and address the complex realities facing their nation and world. However, efforts in global le...
Veer-Zaara: Love and Law in Bollywood

This review of Yash Chopra's 2004 megahit explores the themes of love, legal conflict, the status of women, and the neglect of Bollywood dramas by Western scholars.
Empirically Determined p-Values for Lenth t-Statistics

A popular method for analyzing unreplicated factorials was proposed in 1989 by Russell Lenth. This paper proposes and illustrates the use of p-values, estimated by simulation, for Lenth t-statistics. This approach exhibits versatility in its use of p-values for both orthogonal and non-orthogonal designs, whereas tabulated critical values are restricted to uncorrelated estimates. For cases where there is limited replication, computing t-statistics and corresponding p-values should be done using an estimator that combines pure error mean square with modified Lenth pseudo-standard error.
A comparison of compact robotics platforms for model teaching

Robots motivate interest in the presentation of STEM field topics and provide a vehicle for model teaching. The four robots recognized in this paper have been selected for their price and applicability to model teaching. An overview of each kit is presented and essential topics that the tutorials teach are addressed. A comparison is provided evaluating the appropriateness of each platform.
“Fighting an Unseen Enemy”: The Infectious Paradigm in the Conquest of Pellagra

This essay is concerned with popular and biomedical accounts of the appearance of pellagra at the turn of the last century. Many of these accounts portrayed the disease as communicable despite early evidence to the contrary, which suggested it was attributable to nutritional factors. The nonspecific nature of its symptom profile, along with the enormous range of cure-alls offered to the public, made the etiology of pellagra open to a variety of interpretations. However, as the author shows, the infection paradigm and genetic determinism hindered efforts to understand and treat pellagra.
Network changes associated with transdiagnostic depressive symptom improvement following cognitive behavioral therapy in MDD and PTSD

Despite widespread use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in clinical practice, its mechanisms with respect to brain networks remain sparsely described. In this study, we applied tools from graph theory and network science to better understand the transdiagnostic neural mechanisms of this treatment for depression. A sample of 64 subjects was included in a study of network dynamics: 33 patients (15 MDD, 18 PTSD) received longitudinal fMRI resting state scans before and after 12 weeks of CBT. Depression severity was rated on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Thirty-one healthy controls were included to determine baseline network roles. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted on the normalized change scores of within- and between-system connectivity and normalized change score of the MADRS. Penalized regression was used to select a sparse set of predictors in a data-driven manner. Univariate analyses showed greater symptom reduction was associated with an increased functional role of the Ventral Attention (VA) system as an incohesive provincial system (decreased between- and decreased within-system connectivity). Multivariate analyses selected between-system connectivity of the VA system as the most prominent feature associated with depression improvement. Observed VA system changes are interesting in light of brain controllability descriptions: attentional control systems, including the VA system, fall on the boundary between-network communities, and facilitate integration or segregation of diverse cognitive systems. Thus, increasing segregation of the VA system following CBT (decreased between-network connectivity) may result in less contribution of emotional attention to cognitive processes, thereby potentially improving cognitive control.
E-cigarette nicotine dose and flavor: Relationship with appeal, choice, and tobacco use amongst veterans with comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes (EC) may aid some smokers in reducing combustible tobacco use. Smokers with psychiatric co-morbidities tend to have higher nicotine dependence and worse outcomes, so may particularly benefit from alternative cessation aids. EC characteristics, like nicotine level and flavor, may influence EC's appeal to smokers. Nicotine level may impact EC's efficacy in reducing combustible cigarette use. Methods Non-treatment-seeking cigarette smokers with medical/psychiatric co-morbidities rated ‘liking’ of ECs varying in nicotine level (12 mg, 24 mg) and flavor (menthol, ‘slim’-tobacco, ‘burley’-tobacco), during an open-label Choice Procedure. Smokers (N = 43) chose ECs for a 4-week take-home-trial, and used EC and/or combustible cigarettes as they wished. Analyses examined ratings and choice by nicotine level and flavor, and the relationship between consistent take-home choice of 12 mg versus 24 mg baseline demographic/smoking characteristics, and outcomes (cigarettes/day, nicotine intake, motivation to quit smoking) during take-home-trial and one-month follow-up. Results Smokers who chose menthol-flavor, tobacco-flavor and/or 24 mg nicotine e-liquids for the first take-home week rated these conditions as more ‘liked’ than alternative options, at baseline. Groups who chose 12 mg versus 24 mg throughout the take-home trial did not significantly differ on baseline characteristics, or smoking-related outcomes within the take-home trial, however, motivation to quit smoking increased more from baseline to one-month follow-up in choosers of higher nicotine (24 mg) ECs. Conclusions Associations between subjective ratings and subsequent choice support feasibility of open-label choice-procedures in EC trials. Access to 12 mg or 24 mg nicotine ECs was associated with reduced smoking, and 24 mg ECs with increased motivation to quit smoking in smokers with medical/psychiatric co-morbidities.
Hashtag diplomacy: twitter as a tool for engaging in public diplomacy and promoting US foreign policy

While national governments increasingly deploy digital diplomacy communication strategies to harness the power of social media, political scientists have paid sparse attention to certain aspects of this development. Our study endeavors to address this lacuna by employing content analysis and data-analytic methodologies to examine U.S. Twitter diplomacy. We leverage a robust dataset of tweets posted by leading foreign policy officials in the Obama administration to determine whether Twitter diplomacy exhibited a coherent communication strategy (per the rational actor model of foreign policy), or a more ad-hoc and disjointed practice (per the pluralist and bureaucratic politics models). Furthermore, this study assesses several variables relating to the efficacy of Twitter statecraft, including the formatting of tweets, and the resonance and geographic reach of tweets. We find that Twitter diplomacy under the Obama administration was largely rational; that is, it reflected the rational actor model, as the topic focus of tweets was proportional to stated U.S. foreign policy priorities.
Community ecology of mammals: deserts, islands, and anthropogenic impacts

Mammalian community ecology asks how interacting biotic and abiotic processes at local and regional scales shape community assembly. Throughout the 100-year history of the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), mammalogists laid the foundation for studying community assembly by documenting presence and abundance of mammals across different sites through time. During the past 50 years, mammalian community ecology has matured due to long-term studies, new perspectives, and advanced analytical approaches. From an initial focus on local communities and ecological time frames, community ecologists now integrate regional processes and evolutionary time frames. Examination of patterns of assembly expanded from taxonomic diversity derived from species identity and abundance to incorporate phylogenetic and functional diversity. Arid-land small mammal and island systems provide natural laboratories to examine community assembly. Worldwide, small-mammal communities in arid lands exhibit several general trends including low α-diversity, greater β-diversity, and structures comprising core and transient species. Despite broad similarities in ecological conditions, the relative dominance of proximate processes structuring communities varies between regions due to differences in factors such as small-mammal lineages and predictability of resource pulses. Island studies reveal how island size and isolation affect species composition, and how processes of community assembly and disassembly are often simplified, compared to the situation in mainland communities. Recent approaches document the contributions of speciation on, and dispersal to and between islands, to patterns of community assembly. Islands also serve as models of how humans affect mammal communities. Land use practices were altering ecosystems before the founding of ASM, and these changes have accelerated over the last 100 years. Habitat conversion and degradation combined with climate change are redefining mammal communities globally. We discuss the need to apply our understanding of community ecology in efforts to restore ecological function, structure, and composition to stem potentially large losses in mammalian diversity.
Optimized Design of Integrated PCB-Winding Transformer for MHz LLC Converter

Intermediate bus architecture employing 48V Bus converters are widely used in power supply applications. With the rapid increase of demanded power by these load, higher efficiency and power density are driving for better performance power management solutions. In this paper, Gallium Nitride (GaN) based design of a two-stage solution is proposed. The first stage is a multi-phase buck for regulation. The second stage is an LLC converter with fixed switching frequency for isolation. The design and optimization of LLC matrix transformer are studied. A novel primary termination and via structure is proposed resulting in great loss reduction. In addition, to minimize the winding loss, an overlapped winding structure and a symmetrical winding layer scheme are proposed to reduce and balance the MMF. These efforts achieve much better current sharing and efficiency. The prototype for the two-stage converter is developed, with the peak efficiency of 96% and the power density of 680W/in3.
Association of Galectin-3 With Diabetes Mellitus in the Dallas Heart Study.

Context Galectin-3 is a biomarker associated with inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac, liver, and renal disease. Galectin-3 is higher in overweight and obese individuals; whether an association with diabetes exists independent of weight is unknown. Objective To evaluate if galectin-3 is associated with diabetes mellitus. Design We performed measurements of galectin-3 among participants in the Dallas Heart Study (DHS) Phases 1 and 2 (DHS-1 and DHS-2; n = 3392, and n = 3194, respectively). Of these, 1989 participants were evaluated longitudinally in both studies. Associations of galectin-3 with prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes were determined using logistic regression models. Associations of galectin-3 with relevant biomarkers and fat compartments were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients and multivariable linear regression models, respectively. Setting and participants DHS is a population-based, single-site, multiethnic study conducted in Dallas County, Texas, with oversampling to comprise 50% blacks. Results Galectin-3 levels were associated with diabetes prevalence in DHS-1 [OR 1.56 per SD change in log-galectin (95% CI 1.41 to 1.73)] and DHS-2 [OR 1.86 (95% CI 1.67 to 2.06)]. Galectin-3 levels in DHS-1 also associated with incident diabetes mellitus over the 7.1 (interquartile range 6.6 to 7.6)-year follow-up period [OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.58)]. These associations maintained significance in models adjusted for traditional metabolic risk factors (age, sex, race, body mass index, and hypertension) and renal function. Galectin-3 levels correlated with levels of biomarkers implicated in inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive peptide, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, soluble TNF receptor 1A, myeloperoxidase), insulin secretion (C-peptide and C-peptide/homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance), and subcutaneous adiposity. Conclusions Galectin-3 is associated with diabetes prevalence and incidence, possibly through the inflammatory pathway contributing to β-cell fibrosis and impaired insulin secretion.
Intra-atrial dyssynchrony using cardiac magnetic resonance to quantify tissue remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation

Resumo Fundamento: Estudos recentes sugerem que o realce tardio com gadolinio (RTG) no atrio esquerdo (AE) pode quantificar a remodelacao tecidual subjacente que abriga a fibrilacao atrial (FA). No entanto, a quantificacao do RTG-AE requer um trabalho intenso de aquisicao por ressonância magnetica e pos-processamento em centros experientes. A avaliacao da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e uma tecnica de imagem emergente que prediz a recorrencia da FA apos ablacao por cateter. Nos levantamos as hipoteses de que 1) a dessincronia [...]
C. difficile-associated antibiotics prime the host for infection by a microbiome-independent mechanism.

The most clinically relevant risk factor for Clostridioides difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is recent antibiotic treatment. Though most broad-spectrum antibiotics significantly disrupt the structure of the gut microbiota, only particular ones increase CDAD risk, suggesting additional factors might increase the risk from certain antibiotics. Here we show that commensal-independent effects of antibiotics collectively prime an in vitro germ-free human gut for CDAD. We found a marked loss of mucosal barrier and immune function with CDAD-associated antibiotic pretreatment distinct from pretreatment with an antibiotic unassociated with CDAD, which did not reduce innate immune or mucosal barrier functions. Importantly, pretreatment with CDAD-associated antibiotics sensitized mucosal barriers to C. difficile toxin activity in primary cell-derived enteroid monolayers. These data implicate commensal-independent host changes in the increased risk of CDAD with specific antibiotics. Our findings are contrary to the previously held belief that antibiotics allow for CDAD solely through disruption of the microbiome. We anticipate this work to suggest potential avenues of research for host-directed treatment and preventive therapies for CDAD, and to impact human tissue culturing protocols.
National Survey of Primary Care Physicians' Knowledge, Practices, and Perceptions of Prediabetes.

Despite strong evidence and national policy supporting type 2 diabetes prevention, little is known about type 2 diabetes prevention in the primary care setting. Our objective was to assess primary care physicians’ knowledge and practice regarding perceived barriers and potential interventions to improving management of prediabetes. Cross-sectional mailed survey. Nationally representative random sample of US primary care physicians (PCPs) identified from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. We assessed PCP knowledge, practice behaviors, and perceptions related to prediabetes. We performed chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to evaluate the association between PCP characteristics and the main survey outcomes. In total, 298 (33%) eligible participants returned the survey. PCPs had limited knowledge of risk factors for prediabetes screening, laboratory diagnostic criteria for prediabetes, and management recommendations for patients with prediabetes. Only 36% of PCPs refer patients to a diabetes prevention lifestyle change program as their initial management approach, while 43% discuss starting metformin for prediabetes. PCPs believed that barriers to type 2 diabetes prevention are both at the individual level (e.g., patients’ lack of motivation) and at the system level (e.g., lack of weight loss resources). PCPs reported that increased access to and insurance coverage of type 2 diabetes prevention programs and coordination of referral of patients to these resources would facilitate type 2 diabetes preventive efforts. Addressing gaps in PCP knowledge may improve the identification and management of people with prediabetes, but system-level changes are necessary to support type 2 diabetes prevention in the primary care setting.
Daily mitochondrial dynamics in cone photoreceptors

Cone photoreceptors in the retina are exposed to intense daylight, and have higher energy demands in darkness. Cones produce energy using a large cluster of mitochondria. Mitochondria are susceptible to oxidative damage, and healthy mitochondrial populations are maintained by regular turnover. Daily cycles of light exposure and energy consumption suggest that mitochondrial turnover is important for cone health. We investigated the 3-D ultrastructure and metabolic function of zebrafish cone mitochondria throughout the day. At night cones undergo a mitochondrial biogenesis event, corresponding to an increase in the number of smaller, simpler mitochondria and increased metabolic activity. In the daytime, ER and autophagosomes associate more with mitochondria, and mitochondrial size distribution across the cluster changes. We also report dense material shared between cone mitochondria that is extruded from the cell in darkness, sometimes forming extracellular structures. Our findings reveal an elaborate set of daily changes to cone mitochondrial structure and function.
Effect of high-pressure-jet processing on the physiochemical properties of low-fat ice cream mix.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to use high-pressure-jet (HPJ) processing to produce functional properties in a low-fat (4.5% fat) ice cream mix similar to those seen when emulsifiers are used. Ice cream mix or serum (nonfat portion of the ice cream mix) were subjected to 200 or 400 MPa HPJ processing and compared with a non-HPJ-treated control. A similar non-HPJ-treated formulation but containing polysorbate 80 (0.075% wt/wt) was also used as a control. The mix samples were characterized in terms of their particle size, density, flow properties, stability, crystallization kinetics, and fat–protein interactions. The sample from the mix subjected to 400 MPa HPJ processing (HPJ-M-400) had increased consistency coefficient (5°C; 228 ± 102.7 mPa·s) and particle size (D[4,3]; 16.0 ± 2.5 μm) compared with the non-HPJ-treated control sample, with viscosity and particle size (volume-moment mean diameter, D[4,3]) values of 7.5 ± 0.4 mPa·s and 0.50 ± 0.1 μm, respectively. These differences were attributed to an increase in casein–fat interactions and casein–casein interactions caused by the 400 MPa HPJ treatment, which were observed using confocal scanning laser microscopy and inferred from an increase in protein and fat concentrations in the sediment after ultracentrifugation. Interestingly, the density of HPJ-M-400 was also lower (0.79 ± 0.17 g/mL) than that of the control (1.04 ± 0.00 g/mL) because bubbles were trapped within these complexes. The large casein–fat complexes formed in the HPJ-M-400 sample also appeared to act as steric barriers that slowed ice crystal growth during quiescent freezing. The alterations in physiochemical properties and apparent ice crystal growth induced by the 400 MPa treatment of low-fat ice cream mix have many potential applications, including clean-label confections.
[Detection rate, antimicrobial resistance and molecular types of Klebsiella pneumoniae from stool samples of outpatients with diarrhea-syndrome in Tai'an].

Objective To investigate the isolation rate, antimicrobial resistance phenotype, and molecular type characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae from infectious diarrhea outpatients in Tai’an. Methods A total of 866 stool samples were collected from infectious diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals in 6 counties of Tai’an from 2013 to 2017. The strains were isolated from stool samples of the cases and identified by biochemical test. Micro broth dilution method was used to detect the drug resistance of the strains. The molecular typing was conducted by using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the stool samples was 7.97% (69/866), with significant differences among the 6 counties (χ2=39.627, P=0.000). Sixty- eight out of the 69 strains were resistant to 15 antibiotics with resistance rate 98.55%(68/69). The resistance to ampicillin (AMP) was highest (84.06%) (58/69), followed by sulfamethoxazole (SOX) (72.46%)(50/69). There were 40 drug resistance profiles, and the predominant resistance profile was AMP-SOX detected (n=10). The multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains accounted for 33.33% (23/69). The 69 strains could be divided into 65 PFGE patterns, and no predominant PFGE pattern or cluster was observed. Conclusions Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in the stool samples of diarrhea- syndrome outpatients, indicating the risk for community-acquired infection; the strains were resistant to multiplex antibiotics, with wide drug-resistance profiles and high multi-drug resistance rates. The PFGE patterns were diverse, which showed no correlation with drug resistance profiles. Our study indicated that it necessary to strengthen the surveillance and detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae from diarrhea outpatients, which could facilitate the prevention of the emergence and spread of drug resistance strains and the protection of susceptible population. Key words: Diarrhea; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Isolation rate; Antimicrobial resistance; Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
A Vitalism Ethos and the Chiropractic Health Care Paradigm.

Abstract Objective The purposes of this article are to describe the development of vitalism from its earliest Hellenistic form to that of a contemporary vitalism ethos and to propose the importance of vitalism in the philosophy of chiropractic and the chiropractic health care paradigm. Discussion A review of the history of vitalism is offered to clarify the use of the term within the chiropractic literature and to provide a defensible position for vitalism as a foundation for future research in the philosophy of chiropractic. The founder of chiropractic, Daniel David Palmer, drew heavily from spiritualism and vitalism in his construction of early chiropractic philosophy. As chiropractic practice and philosophy have evolved, that vitalistic foundation has become a polemic used by factions within the profession, resulting in political challenges. The controversy within chiropractic mirrors similar debates within academic philosophy regarding vitalism. The philosophy of vitalism has developed beyond its classical constructs, emerging as an ethos amenable to informing research within clinical applications and a perspective capable of informing the identity of chiropractic. Conclusion Exploring the broad historical context of vitalism may allow for an understanding of the plurality of vitalist ideas and a clarification of the concept within chiropractic literature. Adopting vitalism within the philosophy of chiropractic as an ethos based on the work of Georges Canguilhem provides a view of life as fundamentally original, adaptable, and unpredictable, and therefore not sufficiently understood in purely reductionist terms.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with endometrial cancer and an indocyanine green or iodinated contrast reaction - A proposed management algorithm.

Abstract Objective To describe the incidence of adverse reactions to indocyanine green (ICG) administered during sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for endometrial cancer, and to propose an ICG management algorithm for these patients. Methods All patients who underwent surgery for endometrial cancer with SLN biopsy using ICG from 1/2017 to 8/2020 were identified using a single-institution prospective database. Surgical adverse events (SAEs) related to the procedure were identified. A review of the literature was performed. Results In all, 1414 patients met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Sixty-seven (4.7%) patients had a history of either an iodine or contrast allergy. No patients had a history of documented ICG allergy. Among patients with an iodine or contrast allergy, 65 (97%) received a corticosteroid with or without diphenhydramine prior to ICG administration. One hundred five patients (7.4%) experienced 116 SAEs. Among these patients, 3 experienced potentially allergic SAEs possibly related to ICG administration. After thorough chart review, however, the likelihood these SAEs were due to ICG appeared low. No patients experienced an anaphylactic response after ICG admission. Conclusion There were no anaphylactic reactions to ICG intracervical administration during 1414 consecutive SLN biopsies, including in patients with a documented iodine or contrast allergy. Intracervical injection of ICG is safe, and premedication using corticosteroids with or without diphenhydramine prior to SLN biopsy is a reasonable strategy in patients with iodinated contrast allergy.
Hardy as the Dark Knight: Pessimism in the Return of the Native

Thomas Hardy’s fiction are all set against the bleak and forbidding Wessex landscape, whose physical harshness echoes that of an indifferent, if not malevolent, universe, where men and women are merely the slaves of their fates and are at the mercy of some indifferent forces that shape their destiny. The aim of this study is to examine and determine how the narrative reflects the mood that Hardy creates in his novel. The study is centred around an extensive study of one of his most famous novels The Return of the Native. Hardy’s extensive depiction of the setting allows readers to better understand and interpret the actions, emotions and moods of the characters. The distinctive portrayal of the characters, the use of mythological allusions, diction and the implications of various symbolism customary of Hardy, make readers delve deeper into the abyss of utter despair from where there is no return.
Ensemble Machine Learning for Intrusion Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems

In this work, we evaluate the benefits of applying ensemble machine learning techniques to CPS attack detection, together with the application of data imbalance techniques. We also compare the performance improvements obtained from bagging, boosting, and stacking ensemble techniques. The stacking models that build upon bagging and boosting provide the best detection performance. After scoring both superior detection performance and low computation cost, the "Stack-2" models provide the best detection efficacy and can easily be deployed to production environment and can be scaled for the protection of hundreds of thousands of network flows per second.
Rare TBX4 Variant Causing Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension With Small Patella Syndrome in an Adult Man

Abstract Small patella syndrome presents with small or absent patellae and may result in pulmonary arterial hypertension, typically in children. A pathogenic canonical splice site variant, c.1021+1...
The return of vulgar economics: A Rejoinder to Colander, Holt and Rosser

This paper provides a rejoinder to Colander, Holt and Rosser (2010) strategy to win friends and influence mainstream economics. It is suggested that their strategy is counter-productive, and while it might gain them friends, it will not lead to increased influence of heterodox ideas within what they term the cutting edge of the profession. It is argued that their failure to understand the nature of heterodoxy, and the reason for the eclecticism of the mainstream, associated to the rise of vulgar economics, undermines their arguments.
The Inverse-C Shape of Solar Chromospheric Line Bisectors

Spatially averaged intensity profiles of the chromospheric Na I D and Ca II infrared lines exhibit a pronounced red asymmetry in their cores with bisectors in the shape of an inverse . This shape stands in stark contrast to the regular shape of photospheric spectral line bisectors, which on average exhibit a blue shift as a result of the asymmetry in surface area subtended by convective upflows over downflows. The nature of the inverse chromospheric shape is investigated by comparing spatially averaged profiles of the Na I D and Ca II infrared lines with mean profiles computed through three-dimensional snapshots of a hydrodynamic convection simulation and a one-dimensional simulation of chromospheric radiation hydrodynamics. In part the red asymmetry is the result of the asymmetry in time the atmosphere spends in downward motion compared to upward motion when it is traversed by acoustic shocks. Profiles from convection simulations without shocks suggest that convective motions play a limited role in shaping the chromospheric line asymmetry. Further simulations that include effects of both convection and shock wave formation are needed to reach a definitive conclusion on the origin of the inverse- shaped bisectors.
Specificity of biophysical and biochemical alterations in erythrocyte membranes in neurological disorders: Huntington's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myotonic and Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Abstract Previous studies in our laboratory had demonstrated alterations in the physical state of membrane proteins in erythrocytes in Huntington's disease. In order to assess the specificity of our findings, the results of electron spin resonance studies of protein and lipid components, scanning electron-microscopic studies, enzymatic analyses of membrane-bound sodium plus potassium stimulated, magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and protein kinase, and cell deformability studies of erythrocyte membranes have been performed in the neurological disorders, Huntington's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myotonic and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Comparison of the results revealed that alterations in the biophysical and biochemical states of erythrocyte membranes in each disorder are specific to the particular disease state with the exception of those in Friedreich's ataxia and Alzheimer's disease. In the latter instance, the clinical and pathological alterations suggest that these two diseases have different primary defects. Our studies suggest that the molecular basis of each disease is different. In addition, the results suggest that biophysical and biochemical investigations of extraneural tissue in Huntington's disease and other neurological disorders have the potential of clarifying the molecular mechanisms by which these diseases arise.
Insecure Parental Attachment and Permissiveness: Risk Factors for Unwanted Sex Among Emerging Adults

The research based on attachment has shown that patterns of relating with primary caregivers in childhood and adolescence influence a person into adulthood, especially with regard to interpersonal ...