cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genetic and epidemiologic study of periodontal disease in Hawaii. I. Racial and other epidemiologic factors.

Using a modification of the Ramfjord procedure, 939 individuals aged 14 years or above of six racial groups were examined for periodontal disease to study the effects of genetic and epidemiologic factors with special emphasis on inbreeding and race. Other factors studied included sex, age, years of education, frequency of toothbrushing, smoking, tooth malalignment, and medical history. Among six racial groups, two distinct clusters were discernible even when relevant concomitant variables including years of education and oral hygiene practice were adjusted for. Caucasians, Japanese, and ≪Others≫ had clearly higher levels of periodontal health status than Hawaiians or part-Hawaiians, Samoans, and Filipinos. The difference in Samoans and Filipinos may be explained in part by cultural and socioeconomic factors associated with their recent immigration to Hawaii. Inbreeding was not related to any indicator of periodontal disease showing inconsistency with the hypothesis of significant role of recessive genes in the etiology of the disease. Smoking was found to have adverse effect on periodontal health status, whereas no clear-cut association was noted with tooth malalignment. The principal component analysis on eight periodontal disease variables led to the extraction of two major factors, destructive periodontal disease and plaque accumulation.
Amino terminal region of acute phase, but not constitutive, serum amyloid A (apoSAA) specifically binds and transports cholesterol into aortic smooth muscle and HepG2 cells

The human apoSAA proteins comprise both acute phase (apoSAA1, apoSAA2) and constitutive (apoSAA4) isoforms; all are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions as well as in liver. Recombinant acute phase apoSAA binds cholesterol with an affinity of approximately 170 nM and enhances cholesterol uptake by HepG2 cells (J. Lipid Res. 1995. 36:37-46). In the present study, we sought to define the region of acute phase apoSAA involved in cholesterol binding and to investigate the ability of constitutive apoSAA4 to bind cholesterol. Binding of [3H]cholesterol to apoSAAp was inhibited by unlabeled cholesterol (1-100 nM), but not significantly by vitamin D and estradiol. Direct binding of acute phase, but not constitutive, apoSAA to the surfaces of polystyrene microtiter wells was strongly diminished in the presence of cholesterol. The ability of apoSAAp to bind cholesterol was inhibited by antibodies to human apoSAA1 and to peptide 1-18 of apoSAA1. There was only slight inhibition of cholesterol binding by antibodies to peptide 40-63, and no inhibition by antibodies to peptides spanning regions containing amino acid residues 14-44 and 59-104. [3H]cholesterol uptake by neonatal rabbit aortic smooth muscle and HepG2 cells was enhanced by a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 1-18 of hSAA1, but not by peptides corresponding to amino acids 1-18 of hSAA4. [3H]cholesterol uptake by HepG2 cells was slightly increased by a peptide corresponding to amino acids 40-63 of hSAA1. These findings suggest that apoSAA modulates the local flux of cholesterol between cells and lipoproteins during inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Multiple-dose granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor plus 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prospective, randomized trial of safety and immunogenicity.

BACKGROUND. For the current study, the authors sought to determine whether administration of multiple-dose granulocyte-macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could improve response to standard 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS. Patients were allocated randomly to receive PPV either alone or with 3 doses of GM-CSF (250 μg) given before or after vaccination. Serum was obtained before, 4 weeks after, and 12 weeks after vaccination for antibody determination. Thirty-two patients with CLL were given PPV. They were randomized to receive 3 doses of GM-CSF either before or after vaccination or to receive no GM-CSF. RESULTS. A 4-fold rise in immunoglobulin G (IgG) to capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae types 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 19F, and 23F occurred in <10% of patients in each of the 3 groups. There were no differences in geometric mean IgG levels in any of the 3 groups 4 weeks or 12 weeks after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS. In patients with CLL, the response to pure polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine was low despite immune enhancement with multiple doses of GM-CSF. In all patients, reactogenicity was minor. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Harnessing electric power from monosaccharides—a carbohydrate–air alkaline fuel cell mediated by redox dyes

Although carbohydrates play a central role in the biochemical pathways of biological systems, current technologies do not allow us to seriously consider the direct oxidation of monosaccharides such as glucose as a prominent source of power for electronic devices. Here we show a simple, inexpensive approach to harness chemical energy from glucose, converting it directly to electric power without a precious metal, enzyme or microorganism catalyst to promote monosaccharide oxidation. The design of this abiotic anode using inexpensive chemical dyes in alkaline solutions with high-surface-carbon materials is capable of harnessing electrical power from glucose. In conjunction with a commercial air-breathing electrode the resulting cell can generate maximum power at about 0.3 V and more than 9 mA cm−2; thus more than 2.5 mW cm−2. This power density surpasses any existing biotic or abiotic design. This approach might open the door to a broader possibility in using such monosaccharides in energy storage and harvesting to power small devices.
Raman microprobe studies of dissolution of microporous faujasitic-like zincophosphate crystals

Abstract Dissolution of large platelet-like (∼100 μm) crystals of the faujasitic zincophosphate-X (ZnPO-X) were examined using Raman microprobe spectroscopy in the presence of a series of monovalent ions. Sodium ions did not alter the ZnPO-X framework, whereas in the presence of H + , Li + and Cs + , the ZnPO-X transformed to hopeite (Zn 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ), the zincophosphate analog of LiA(BW) and CsZnPO 4 , respectively. The broadening of the symmetric C–N stretching band (∼766 cm −1 ) of tetramethylammonium trapped in the sodalite cages of ZnPO-X was found to be a marker for the framework distortions. Ion-exchange led to distortions of the framework and promoted the hydrolytic instability of the ZnPO-X framework. It is being proposed that in the case of H + exchange, protons penetrate into the structure and dissolution occurs by solubilization of the topmost layers of the crystal which leads to a local supersaturated state that results in nucleation of hopeite. Growth of hopeite occurs via nutrients available from dissolution of succeeding layers of the ZnPO-X. For the Li + and Cs + , considering the neutral pH during exchange, proton penetration into the framework should be negligible. Dissolution then must begin at the outermost crystal surface and the solubilized zinc and phosphate ions combine with the cations in solution to form LiA(BW) and CsZnPO 4 .
Solid-state image sensors

This tutorial reviews the basic concepts and the progress in the field of visible and infrared image sensors. The topics to be reviewed include: photodetectors and readout structures, architectures for line and area sensing arrays, structures and techniques for controlling blooming and smear, noise sources and tile figures of merit for visible and infrared imagers. This presentation will also be complemented by an overview and illustrations of the state-of-the-art of visible and infrared image sensors with a major emphasis on silicon VLSI sensors for HDTV and infrared imaging with Schottky-barrier detectors. The performance of the visible and infrared imagesensors will also be illustrated with a video tape presentation.
Natural Language Understanding Considerations for a Lifelong Learning Companion

In this paper, we present considerations for natural language processing for a lifelong learning companion. In the context of these considerations, we review related work in automated assessment of learner writing and present an idea for augmenting keyword spotting with syntactic information. However, the extra information given by syntax is offset by parser errors and added burden on the author. The results suggest that while standard keyword spotting is a quick approach to adding NLU capabilities it has inherent limitations.
Steeler nation, 12th man, and boo birds: classifying Twitter user interests using time series

The problem of Twitter user classification using the contents of tweets is studied. We generate time series from tweets by exploiting the latent temporal information and solve the classification problem in time series domain. Our approach is inspired by the fact that Twitter users sometimes exhibit the periodicity pattern when they share their activities or express their opinions. We apply our proposed methods to both binary and multi-class classification of sports and political interests of Twitter users and compare the performance against eight conventional classification methods using textual features. Experimental results using 2.56 million tweets show that our best binary and multi-class approaches improve the classification accuracy over the best baseline binary and multi-class approaches by 15% and 142%, respectively.
Cryogenics for superconductors: Refrigeration, delivery, and preservation of the cold

Applications in superconductivity have become widespread, enabled by advancements in cryogenic engineering. In this paper, the history of cryogenic refrigeration, its delivery, its preservation and the important scientific and engineering advancements in these areas in the last 100 years will be reviewed, beginning with small laboratory dewars to very large scale systems. The key technological advancements in these areas that enabled the development of superconducting applications at temperatures from 4 to 77 K are identified. Included are advancements in the components used up to the present state-of-the-art in refrigeration systems design. Viewpoints as both an equipment supplier and the end-user with regard to the equipment design and operations will be presented. Some of the present and future challenges in these areas will be outlined. Most of the materials in this paper are a collection of the historical materials applicable to these areas of interest.
Cardiovascular Findings with Hemoglobin (Hb) SC from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease † 757

Cardiovascular Findings with Hemoglobin (Hb) SC from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease † 757
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Timely Response in Regulatory Analyses: Identification of Pentobarbital in Dog Food

A limited liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/ MS) data set was acquired under conditions which called for timely response without benefit of a fully developed method. Quality assurance elements verified that an LC/ MS procedure developed in a short-time was sufficiently under control to meet its purpose. LC/MS was used to rule out a potential problem with a gas chromatography (GC)/MS method that had been developed for regulatory purposes. The LC/MS data set showed that signals identified by GC/MS as diagnostic of pentobarbital (PB) were not artifacts of derivatization or GC analysis. Samples of dry dog food identified by GC/MS as containing PB were also shown by LC/MS to contain PB. The LC/MS method would not be recommended as a substitute for GC/MS, primarily because of poorer sensitivity. Although the data set is limited, and justifiably represents only the starting point for conventional method development, the purpose at hand was served adequately. This work demonstrates the utility of LC/MS for rapid regulatory response, provided there is a framework of quality assurance checks.
Relationship Between Satisfaction, Patient-Centered Care, Adherence and Outcomes Among Patients in A Collaborative Care Trial for Depression

Collaborative care is known to improve satisfaction, patient-centered care, adherence, and depression symptom severity. However, associations among these outcomes have not been examined. Outcomes were measured at 6 months for 360 primary care patients with depression enrolled in a randomized trial of collaborative care. Main effects and mediation effects were examined using logistic regression analyses. Collaborative care significantly improved both satisfaction and patient-centered care. Patient-centered care did not mediate the positive effect that collaborative care had on satisfaction. Improvements in symptom severity partially mediated collaborative care’s effect on satisfaction. Satisfaction did not mediate collaborative care’s positive effect on antidepressant adherence.
Remitting Seronegative Symmetrical Synovitis With Pitting Edema Syndrome in a Rural Tertiary Care Practice: A Retrospective Analysis

OBJECTIVES To review the clinical and laboratory features of remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) in a rural tertiary care rheumatology practice, describe treatments and outcomes, and compare our results to previous reports in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed as having RS3PE who were seen in the Department of Rheumatology at Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 2005. RESULTS We identified 12 men and 2 women, all of whom were white. Mean ± SD age was 74.0±6.6 years; mean ± SD erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 35.9±21.1 mm/h at presentation. Onset of illness was sudden in 9 patients and insidious in 5. All patients were initially treated with prednisone (15-20 mg/d). Although the response in all was excellent, 9 patients received disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, either because of ongoing disease activity or in an effort to decrease the use of corticosteroids. Hydroxychloroquine was used alone in 7 patients. At the mean ± SD time of last follow-up (31.4±23.1 months), 5 patients continued to receive therapy. Complications of treatment included worsening of preexisting hypertension in 3 patients, gastritis in 2, and exacerbation of preexisting diabetes mellitus in 1. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurred in 6 patients. Duration of therapy ranged from 5 to 120 months (mean, 29 months). Three patients developed malignancies, ie, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and prostate carcinoma. CONCLUSION Our population of patients with RS3PE is similar to those documented in previous reports: elderly, predominantly male, and responsive to corticosteroids. However, our series is clinically differentiated by a greater use of adjunctive disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (primarily hydroxychloroquine). Confirming previous reports, we also observed a possible association between RS3PE and malignancy.
The unconscious ego-ideal and analytic group psychotherapy

The theoretical position of this paper is that the essential character of the ego-ideal, a part of superego functioning, is unconscious, universal, and functions automatically. Precursors to superego development and ego-ideal formation begin at early preoedipal levels, and derivations in adult behavior contain primitive aspects. Ego-ideal is perfectionistic and impossible to obey;therefore, projection of this phenomenon as well as its activity leads to disappoinment, anger, anxiety, depression and despair. Pseudomoral injunctions frequently rationalize and disguise early primitive aspects of unconscious superego development and ego-ideal formation. These points are illustrated by clinical material, showing the therapeutic action in the group which leads to a modification of this critical, self-defeating aspect of adult functioning.
Range-Finding Toxicity Data: List VII

Abstract Acute toxicity and irritation data on about 200 compounds are presented, accumulated in a continuing program for screening potential commercial products.
Asthma: Better Outcome at Lower Cost?: The Role of the Expert in the Care System*

Asthma is a common disease for which morbidity and mortality have been increasing. This despite advances in the scientific understanding of asthma and in the pharmacologic armamentarium available to treat it. The dichotomy between knowledge and outcomes led us to review asthma from a systems perspective. We have presented data first to document failure in the current system of care and then to examine factors associated with improved outcomes. We found a disparity in outcome and costs when care given by experts was contrasted with care given by generalists. We conclude that "expert-based" care systems are superior from the perspective both of the patient and of the insurer; medical outcomes are better at lower overall cost. Managed care companies are in a unique position to identify asthmatics and to shift them from generalist to expert-based care when appropriate.
A Dual-Polarized Series-Fed Microstrip Antenna Array With Very High Polarization Purity for Weather Measurements

The design and analysis of a dual-polarization frequency scanning array antenna, operating in a frequency band of 2.7-3.0 GHz, for weather measurement applications are presented. Stacked patch elements are coupled to feed lines through slots etched on the ground plane. A wall of plated holes in the middle of the antenna column is designed to improve the isolation between the two input ports. Both simulation and measurements results confirm that very high polarization purity is achieved.
REGULATION AND THE THEORY OF AGENCY1

The major arguments of this paper are that there is a need for an integrating framework for the study of regulation, including the design of regulatory institutions, and that the theory of agency may provide such a framework. The paper provides a brief overview of this approach. The theory of agency is a general theory of social relationships of “acting for” that is now under development in several disciplines, particularly economics and accounting. Regulation is seen as a generic relation observed widely in social behavior, and as a particular type of agency relationship. The problems of agency relations–e.g., the problems of principals in controlling agents and of agents in acting according to the principals' desires–have their counterparts in regulation.
Automatic interpretation of EEG: Analysis of background activity

Abstract A hierarchical approach to automation of EEG interpretation is described. The system utilizes an array of special-purpose processing units to accomplish parallel, real-time analysis of background activity in eight EEG channels. A PDP-11 40 computer is used to perform higher-order analytical functions and to generate both numerical and narrative reports. The system's design permits expansion of analysis capability by the incorporation of additional processing modules.
Geography: a place for GIS

Abstract In a recent comment published in Applied Geography , Martin Kenzer (1992) raised a concern about ‘the relationship between applied geography and the swiftly growing technique side of the discipline’. As summarized in a response from Sant (1992), Kenzer's arguments are based on three propositions: that pure and applied geography are not separate fields; that applied geography is heavily driven by techniques; and that the preoccupation with techniques is detrimental both to the discipline and to the prospects of its graduates. The first proposition is fairly widely accepted and thus should not be in question (Sant 1992). Regarding the other two propositions, the rapid growth of geographical information systems (GIS) in geography appears to be the main concern behind Kenzer's arguments. In fact, he suggests that GIS might be experiencing a misdirected drive toward independence that is analogous to what applied geography attempted to do in the past (Kenzer 1992). This is the topic to be addressed here.
Deterministic Surface Registration at 10Hz Based on Landmark Graphs With Prediction

Landmark graphs provide a means for surface registration, based on determining subgraph isomorphism tofind scene-to-scene correspondences. Surface data used herein included both range and colour imagery. Images were acquired of a static scene from a moving sensor. The continuous motion allowed the sensor position to be predicted, which helped stabilize graph formation. Landmarks were determined using the KLT corner detector. Graph structure was established using nodes (landmarks) and edges that agreed well with predicted locations. Subgraph matching was approximated using the LeRP algorithm. A 6 DOF rigid transformation including translation and rotation was found via Horn’s method. Test results on real and synthetic images indicate that a substantial speed improvement is possible, with greater determinism than ICP, while maintaining accuracy. Tests incorporated relatively large image displacements, spanning up to 30% of the sensor FOV for the image stream. Mean absolute errors remained under 0.8% FOV. Mean compute rates were ≈ 10 Hz with standard deviation ranging 6-9%, for an image size of 200x200. Tests were run on a 900 MHz PC. 141 test trials are reported, with comparisons against a fast version of ICP.
Wireless navigation inertial sensors on a single chip with bluetooth technology

The inertial navigation system uses both gyroscopes and accelerometers to measure the state of motion of a target or a vehicle by sensing the changes in that state caused by accelerations. The required features in many of these applications are high precision, wide dynamic range and wide frequency range. In this paper, recent advances made on Wireless MEMS-IDT based accelerometers and gyroscopes are presented. The concept and design principles underlying a MEMS-IDT (Interdigital Transducer) based accelerometer and gyroscope are based on using surface acoustic waves (SAW) and polysilicon seismic mass for acceleration and proof mass for gyro. This unique concept is a departure from the conventional comb driven MEMS accelerometer design. By designing the seismic mass of the accelerometer to float just above a high frequency Rayleigh Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor (SAWS), we are able to realize the accuracy and versatility required for the measurement of accelerations from 10 -6 g to 100g. The gyro design is based on the combination of Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator (SAWR) and Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor, which operates at the Rayleigh mode. They possess typical advantages of MEMS sensors including the additional benefits of robustness, excellent sensitivity ( about 1 deg./hr.), surface conformability and durability. The transmitter IDT creates SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) that propagates back and forth between the reflectors and forms a standing wave pattern within the cavity space between the IDTs. The particles at the anti-nodes of standing wave pattern experience large amplitude of vibration perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, which serves as the reference vibrating motion for this gyroscope. A number of metallic (proof) masses are strategically positioned at the anti-node locations so that the effect of the Coriolis force can be used to sense the gyroscopic motion. Another unique feature of the device is that because the SAW device operates at RF frequencies, one could easily connect the IDT device to a microstrip antenna and read the acceleration and gyro rate remotely by wireless transmission and reception using the Bluetooth technology. This concept is proposed in this paper.
The effect of anti-androgens on aggressive behavior in the gerbil

Abstract This experiment sought to determine the effects of the anti-androgens, cyproterone and cyproterone acetate, on aggressive behavior in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus . No changes in aggressive behavior occurred as a result of 21 days of treatment with anti-androgens. However, there was a significant decline in aggression due to castration. Anti-androgen treatment caused regression of the seminal vesicles and the ventral sebaceous glands.
Monoamine oxidase levels in females: relationships to sensation seeking, alcohol misuse, physical fitness, and menstrual cycle

Abstract Levels of the enzyme monamine oxidase (MAO) have been found to correlate negatively with a number of personality traits as well as certain psychiatric disorders. These negative correlations are stronger and more consistently observed among males. Using female participants, the current study was undertaken to determine the extent of any relationships that might exist between levels of MAO, drug/alcohol use, and those personality traits measured by the Sensation Seeking Scale V and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Data regarding physical fitness and date of menstrual cycle onset were also collected. Although not statistically significant, MAO levels were correlated with a number of the personality measures in the predicted direction. There was also a fairly strong negative correlation between alcohol consumption and MAO levels and a significantly positive correlation between physical fitness and MAO levels.
Competition and ‘Local’ Communications: Innovation, Entry and Integration

This paper suggests that the imminent introduction of new local access competition using existing new technologies should end any possibility of a natural monopoly in local exchange. The paper questions whether the fundamental economics of the local exchange really require regulation of local telephone service rather than the narrow regulation of interconnection. It also points out that technological development is sharpening competitive forces in practically all aspects of telecommunications. Moreover, the willingness of some local exchange providers to unbundle has laid the foundation for a further rollback of regulation in areas of the USA. Finally, the paper contends that regulatory lags require that regulation take a forward-looking perspective and attempt to deal with the industry as it will be, not as it was. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Catheter-related Urosepsis in the Elderly: A Prospective Study of Community-derived Infections

For the period 1979–1980, a prospective study was made of 13 elderly patients with catheter-related urosepsis, who required hospitalization. Several features appeared to distinguish these patients: (1) a traumatic catheter-related event invariably preceded the acute symptomatic process, (2) polymicrobic bacteriuria predominated, and (3) the urinary pathogens were often resistant to the antimicrobial agents commonly prescribed for community-associated symptomatic urinary-tract infections. A diagnostic and therapeutic approach for these patients is outlined.
Respiratory response of Neomysis intermedia (Crustacea: Mysidacea) to changes in salinity, temperature and season.

Abstract o 1. The respiration of the mysid Neomysis intermedia (Czerniavsky) was monitored for combinations of temperature and salinity, encompassing 6–21°C at 3 o intervals and sea water concentrations of 1, 30 and 70% in each of three seasons, summer, fall and winter. 2. Results indicated that mysid respiration generally decreased as salinity increased from 1 to 70% sea water, with smaller mysids experiencing a greater change in respiration than larger mysids. 3. The respiratory response to temperature was found to be weight dependent with larger mysids experiencing a greater change in respiration with an increase in temperature than smaller mysids. Seasonal temperature acclimation was apparent only at 6°C. 4. Seasonal modification of respiration appeared to be related to changes in the level of reproduction and in the type of food available to the mysid.
Characterization of microglial reaction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain

We have studied the microglial reaction that accompanies cortical infarction induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Lectin histochemistry with the B4-isolectin from Griffonia simplicifolia as well as immunocytochemistry with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and lymphocytic antigens were performed. Principal attention was focused on neocortical and thalamic regions, representative of primary and secondary ischemic damage, respectively. With the lectin procedure, activated microglial cells were abundant in the neocortex 24 hours after MCAO. In contrast, microglial activation in the thalamus was not apparent until day 2 after MCAO. On day 5, MHC class II antigen was expressed by reactive microglia in fiber tracts traversing the striatum, but was absent from activated microglia in the primary cortical infarction area. MHC class I and lymphocytic antigens were expressed differentially on microglia with class I antigens appearing early and lymphocytic antigens appearing late in the time course after focal ischemia. The findings are compatible with previous studies during global ischemia and confirm the early activation and the progressive nature of immunomolecule expression on activated microglia after an ischemic insult. In addition to neocortical and thalamic sites, our results showed an early microglial activation to be present also in forebrain regions outside of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, such as the contralateral cortex and hippocampus. A unilateral microglial reaction was also detectable after long-term survival (> or = 4 weeks) in the pyramidal tracts, as well as in the corticospinal tracts at cervical but not lumbar spinal cord levels. Ischemia-induced neuronal damage, as evaluated by Nissl staining, was found only in cortical and thalamic regions. We conclude that the demonstration of reactive microglia indicates not only imminent ischemic neuronal damage within MCA territory but can also delineate extra-focal disturbances, possibly reflecting subtle and transitory changes in neuronal activity.
APNEA IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING APNEA IN PREMATURE INFANTS

There is an increased incidence of apnea in the period immediately following an apneic event. Tine intervals were measured between successive apneic events (≥20 sec.) in 355 hrs. of impedance pneumographic recordings obtained from 8 premature infants, B.W. 800-1100gm, during the first week of life. 521 intervals were identified. A disproportionate number of apneas, 20% of all events, occurred within 2 min. of a preceding event. The incidence of repeat apneic events fell exponentially during the 2 min. following an event. The decrease after 2 min. was more gradual, but it also approximated an exponential. Logarithmic regression analysis was used to compare the data of the first 2 min. to the incidence data of the next 33 min. The regression equation for the first 2 min. predicted a peak apnea incidence (i.e., extrapolation to zero interval) 6 times that predicted by the equation for the next 33 min. (r = 0.78, for both equations). The high initial incidence of apnea immediately following an apnea, 6 times the expected rate, and its steep exponential disappearance suggest that the second event may be causally related to the first. The clinical relevance of this data is that a large number of “follow-on” events might be prevented by close surveillance of the infant during the critical first 2 min. after apnea.
A coverage-dependent study of pt spontaneously deposited onto Au and Ru surfaces: direct experimental evidence of the ensemble effect for methanol electro-oxidation on Pt.

Direct experimental evidence that can be unambiguously attributed to the need of an ensemble of a minimum number of neighboring Pt atoms for methanol electro-oxidation has been observed for the first time. This was realized by a Pt coverage-dependent investigation of methanol and CO electro-oxidation on Pt sites generated via spontaneous deposition onto both Au and Ru surfaces. CO stripping voltammograms also show clear evidence of a substantially strengthened CO-Pt bonding for submonolayer Pt deposited on the Au substrate over a range of ca. 0.22 to 0.77, which is in qualitative agreement with the theoretical prediction based on the Hammer-Norskov d-band center model. However, the degree of the bond strengthening depends on the Pt coverage, being stronger for lower coverage. Additionally, evidence of an Ostwald ripening process for Pt islands formation has also been observed.
Genes with specific functions in the ovarian follicles of Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera).

Abstract Working with the large dipteran Calliphora erythrocephala, we have performed differential screening to identify genes actively expressed in the previtellogenic and early vitellogenic stages of oogenesis but silent during the early stages of embryogenesis. Clones containing sequences homologous to four such genes have been characterized. Two clones are homologous to the yolk protein 1 gene of Drosophila melanogaster. These two clones are expressed not only in the columnar follicle cells surrounding the oocyte but also in the border cells—a highly specialized subgroup of the follicle cells. This indicates a new function for these cells thought previously to contribute mainly in the formation of the micropyle. A third clone, which is related to the D. melanogaster vitelline membrane protein genes of the cluster at chromosomal locus 26A, is expressed only in the perioocyte follicle cells and not the border cell population. The fourth clone encodes a sequence of unknown function which is abundantly expressed in the germ line cells of the follicle. Transcripts homologous to this clone persist into the mature follicle and initially appear concentrated at the anterior pole of the oocyte. The distribution of repetitious DNA within these four clones indicates that the C. erythrocephala genome has a short interspersion arrangement of repetitive DNA.
Bone Marrow Stromal and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Have Chemosensory Capacity via Bitter Taste Receptor Expression

The ability of cells to detect changes in the microenvironment is important in cell signaling and responsiveness to environmental fluctuations. Our interest is in understanding how human bone marrow stromal-derived cells (MSC) and their relatives, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), interact with their environment through novel receptors. We found, through a proteomics screen, that MSC express the bitter taste receptor, TAS2R46, a protein more typically localized to the taste bud. Expression was also confirmed in VSMCs. A prototypical bitter compound that binds to the bitter taste receptor class, denatonium, increased intracellular calcium release and decreased cAMP levels as well as increased the extracellular release of ATP in human MSC. Denatonium also bound and activated rodent VSMC with a change in morphology upon compound exposure. Finally, rodents given denatonium in vivo had a significant drop in blood pressure indicating a vasodilator response. This is the first description of chemosensory detection by MSC and VSMCs via a taste receptor. These data open a new avenue of research into discovering novel compounds that operate through taste receptors expressed by cells in the marrow and vascular microenvironments.
Localized all-or-none calcium liberation by inositol trisphosphate

Laser confocal microscopy was used to monitor calcium ion (Ca2+) liberation from highly localized (micrometer) regions of intact Xenopus oocytes in response to photo-released inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). Local Ca2+ release varied in an all-or-none manner with increasing amount of InsP3, in contrast to signals recorded from larger areas, which grew progressively as the concentration of InsP3 was raised above a threshold. Liberation of Ca2+ was restricted to within a few microns of the site of InsP3 release and, in response to agonist activation, localized regions of the oocyte showed asynchronous oscillations in cytoplasmic Ca2+ release. Results obtained with this technique provided direct evidence that InsP3-induced Ca2+ liberation was quantized and suggest that the InsP3-sensitive Ca2+ pool may be a collection of independent, localized compartments that release Ca2+ in an all-or-none manner.
Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999–2008

The United States has experienced a large increase in the prevalence of obesity since the 1970s. Our objective was to describe recent trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States. Trend study of cross-sectional studies. We used data from up to 22 872 men and non-pregnant women aged ⩾20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2008. Main outcome measures are mean body mass index and waist circumference, percentages of obesity and abdominal obesity. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ⩾30 kg m−2, and abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference ⩾102 cm in men and ⩾88 cm in women. In men, the age-adjusted mean body mass index, mean waist circumference, and prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity were 27.8 kg m−2, 99.1 cm, and 26.9 and 37.8%, respectively, during 1999–2000 and 28.5 kg m−2 (Ptrend=0.001), 100.8 cm (Ptrend=0.002), and 32.0 (Ptrend=0.001) and 43.7% (Ptrend=0.002), respectively, during 2007–2008. In women, the age-adjusted mean body mass index, mean waist circumference, and prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity were 28.2 kg m−2, 92.2 cm, and 33.2 and 55.8%, respectively, during 1999–2000 and 28.6 kg m−2 (Ptrend=0.181), 94.9 cm (Ptrend=0.006), and 35.2 (Ptrend=0.180) and 61.8% (Ptrend=0.036), respectively, during 2007–2008. Significant linear trends for increasing prevalence of obesity were noted among men with the least and most education. Between 1999 and 2008, both obesity and abdominal obesity increased in men, and abdominal obesity increased in women.
NOTCH3 Is a Prognostic Factor That Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion via Activation of CCND1 and EGFR

Using a GWA analysis of a comprehensive glioma specimen population, we identified whole gain of chromosome 19 as one of the major chromosomal aberrations that correlates to patients' outcomes. Our analysis of significant loci revealed for the first time NOTCH3 as one of the most significant amplification. NOTCH3 amplification is associated with worse outcome compared to tumors with non-amplified locus. NOTCH receptors (NOTCH1-4) are key positive regulators of cell-cell interactions, angiogenesis, cell adhesion and stem cell niche development which have been shown to play critical roles in several human cancers. Our objective is to determine the molecular roles of NOTCH3 in glioma pathogenesis and aggressiveness. Here we show for the first time that NOTCH3 plays a major role in glioma cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion and apoptosis. Therefore, our study uncovers the prognostic value and the oncogenic function of NOTCH3 in gliomagenesis and supports NOTCH3 as a promising target of therapy in high grade glioma. Our studies allowed the identification of a subset of population that may benefit from GSI- or anti-NOTCH3- based therapies. This may lead to the design of novel strategies to improve therapeutic outcome of patients with glioma by establishing medical and scientific basis for personalized chemotherapies.
ELASTIC-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION OF THE ISLAND BLISTER TEST

Finite element method (FEM) modeling of the island blister test (IBT), which takes into account the possibility of plasticity in the film and can separate the normal and shear components of the specific fracture energy, is presented. IBT specimens of a polymer film (Ultradel 4212) on a chromium-coated silicon substrate were prepared and tested using modified procedures which are described. The analysis of the experimental results shows that crack propagation occurs when the mode I component of the specific fracture energy reaches a critical value.
Indian Women and Mathematics for Computer Science

To sum up, the case study of female students in India has shown that because they perform well in mathematics, they have high self efficacy for enrolling and remaining in CS. The new domain of CS builds on prior skills in mathematics. This suggests that CS and mathematics share skills. There is a need to carry out a comparative study of how mathematics is taught to girls and boys in the U.S. and India in order to understand issues related to gender and mathematics.
Double dioxanone-to-dihydropyran reorganization. Construction of a C(1)-C(13) erythronolide template

Abstract Convergent, stereoselective construction of the lactate-derived bis(dioxananone) 16 and two concurrent [3,3] sigmatropic transformations thereof result in the trienic bis(dihydropyran) 2 , a potential precursor of the intact C(1)-C(13) erythronolide array.
‘Fullness of the Spirit’ and ‘Fullness of Catholicity’ in Ecclesial Communion

In this article I will consider two terms central to post-conciliar ecclesiology, both of which express different aspects of the ‘fullness’ of the church. The ‘fullness of the Spirit’ is a biblical concept describing the pouring out of the Spirit at Pentecost and in the historical sacrament of confirmation, while the ‘fullness of catholicity’ is a more recent term employed in conciliar and post-conciliar discourse to clarify the status of churches and ecclesial communities within the church of Christ. After analyzing the origin and development of each form of fullness, constructive interaction between the two will allow for a critique of post-conciliar ecclesiological and ecumenical statements.
SPIDER—A modular software system for electron image processing

The image-processing system SPIDER has been designed to operate on a minicomputer in a multiuser environment. SPIDER, which can be run either interactive or batch mode, makes a wide range of operations (including contrast enhancement, Fourier filtration, correlation averaging, and three-dimensional reconstruction) available for analysis of electron micrographs. The command language supports a hierarchical calling structure, branching commands, and DO-loops similar to those of FORTRAN.
Glasgow Coma Scale score in the evaluation of outcome in the intensive care unit: findings from the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III study.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of the Glasgow Coma Scale score to predict hospital mortality rate for adult medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients without trauma. DESIGN A prospective cohort analysis of adult medical-surgical patients from a nationally representative sample of 40 U.S. hospitals. PATIENTS 15,973 consecutive, nontraumatic ICU admissions and a comparison group of 687 head trauma admissions. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients' gender, age, treatment location before ICU admission, comorbidities, admission diagnosis, daily physiologic measurements, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) score, subsequent hospital mortality rate, and unit-specific sedation practices were noted. Hospital mortality rates were stratified by the first ICU day Glasgow Coma Scale score for all admissions. The relationship between the Glasgow Coma Scale score and outcome for two high mortality medical diagnoses (post-cardiac arrest and sepsis) were also examined and compared to the relationship found in patients with head trauma. The Glasgow Coma Scale score on ICU admission had a highly significant (r2 = .922, p < .0001) but nonlinear relationship with subsequent outcome in ICU patients without trauma. Discrimination of patients into high- or low-risk prognostic groups was good, but discrimination in the intermediate levels (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7 to 11) was reduced. This relationship varied within the operative and nonoperative groups, and also within different disease categories, various age groups, and certain ranges of the Glasgow Coma Scale score. A reduced initial Glasgow Coma Scale score associated with sepsis was a combination of factors associated with a higher mortality rate than that found in patients with head trauma. The proportion of patients who could not be assigned a Glasgow Coma Scale score because of sedation/paralysis varied widely across ICUs. The overall predictive capability of the APACHE III Prognostic Scoring System was improved by incorporating the Glasgow Coma Scale score. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the prognostic importance of admission levels of consciousness as measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale score on ICU and hospital mortality rates. We concluded that the Glasgow Coma Scale score may be used to stratify and predict mortality risk in general intensive care patients, but lack of sensitivity in the intermediate range of Glasgow Coma Scale Score should be noted. Ideally, the Glasgow Coma Scale score should also be applied in the context of other physiologic information and the patient's specific diagnosis. Variation in the use of sedatives in different ICUs means that imputing or substituting a value other than normal for an unobtainable Glasgow Coma Scale score may introduce a substantial treatment bias into subsequent outcome predictions.
Model Building and Strategic Planning in Continuing Higher Education

The value of creating descriptive models for organizing continuing higher education is explored in this paper as a way of critically assessing previously unexamined assumptions. Limitations of the pervasive marketing model are explored and twelve alternatives are described including the omnibus, academic department, and facilitator.
Streamflow response to fire in large catchments of a Mediterranean-climate region using paired-catchment experiments

Understanding post-fire streamflow dynamics in large California catchments is limited by a lack of direct empirical evidence. Scaling results from small experimental catchments to large catchments for practical applications is challenging. We investigated the possibility of using streamflow data from an existing gauge network in central and southern California to examine the effects of fire on streamflow using a paired-catchment approach. Post-fire streamflow change was examined in six paired catchments at annual, seasonal and monthly time-periods. Prediction intervals associated with the pre-fire calibration regression models were used to identify statistically significant changes in post-fire streamflow. The identification of suitable paired test and control catchments presented a major challenge, despite the large number of potential catchments in the network. The best calibration results were associated with catchment pairs that had similar orographic controls over rainfall, with proximity to one another being a secondary control. The effect of fires on streamflow, regardless of time-period examined, was found to be variable, depending mostly on post-fire wetness conditions. No relation was evident between post-fire streamflow change and catchment size or area burnt.
Electronic phase separation and giant cluster coexistence in manganites

Abstract The phenomenon of colossal magneto resistance in manganites has recently attracted considerable attention. Important advances in the understanding of the properties of these materials have been achieved by applying newly developed numerical techniques to the study of model Hamiltonians proposed decades ago. Of particular relevance has been the numerical discovery of electronic and structural phase separation, confirmed later by experimental results. The importance of this phenomenon in our present understanding of manganites is here discussed. Estimates of the resistivity in the mixed phase regime using a random resistor network model is also addressed. It is concluded that the intrinsic inhomogeneities of the Mn-oxides are crucial to understand their curious magneto transport behavior.