cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Global Preparedness” of PRE-9/11 College Graduates: What the US Longitudinal Studies Say

The paper develops an index of “global preparedness” for pre-9/11 US bachelor's degree recipients based on secondary school and college transcript records, and student responses to survey questions in a longitudinal study that covers the period 1988–2000. Only 10%met the most generous of threshold criteria for inclusion. By occupation at the age of 26/27, the highest proportions meeting those threshold criteria were found among (1) editors, writers and reporters, and (2) engineers and architects. By industry, the highest proportions of globally prepared college graduates were found in (1) communications and (2) finance. These indicators are system accountability measures. For all nations, such indicators help policy makers decide where to target incentives to expand the pool of students who can work across borders.
Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Neurons which are R-etrogradely Labeled After Peripheral Fluoro-Gold Administration in the Male Ferret

This study identified luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-producing neurons which have access to fenestrated capillaries in prepubertal male European ferrets. Fluoro-Gold was injected intraperitoneally to retrogradely label neurons with terminals outside the blood-brain barrier. LHRH neurons were identified by immunofluorescence using a secondary antibody tagged with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Cell bodies which demonstrated both tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate and Fluoro-Gold fluorescence were defined as LHRH-producing neurons with axon terminals in regions containing fenestrated capillaries. The total number and neuroanatomical distribution of immunopositive (LHRH +) cells concurred with previous studies in the ferret in which cell bodies were diffusely distributed from rostral forebrain through caudal diencephalon, with approximately 70% of the LHRH + cell bodies located in retrochiasmatic hypothalamus. In the present study, an average of 59.8% of all LHRH+ neuronal perikarya also contained Fluoro-Gold. The majority of Fluoro-Gold filled LHRH+ neurons demonstrated only faint to moderate amounts of Fluoro-Gold when compared to other Fluoro-Gold filled neurosecretory neurons. This limited uptake of Fluoro-Gold may be due to a relative inactivity of LHRH neurons projecting outside the blood-brain barrier. Double-labeled LHRH + neurons were dispersed throughout the entire population of LHRH+ cell bodies and no apparent nuclear groups of double-labeled neurons were found. This observation suggests that the LHRH+ neurons responsible for neurosecretion into the median eminence coexist with the LHRH+ neurons responsible for intracerebral neurotransmission or neuromodulation. One distinguishable population of LHRH + neurons was consistently observed in all the brains. Only 26% of total LHRH+ perikarya within the caudal arcuate nucleus contained Fluoro-Gold, while at least 50% of LHRH+ neurons in other structures, including the rostral arcuate nucleus, contained Fluoro-Gold. Thus, in the prepubertal male ferret, the majority of LHRH cell bodies located in the caudal arcuate nucleus may be differentially regulated and/or involved in non-neuroendocrine functions.
The width of the water/2-heptanone liquid-liquid interface

Synchrotron X-ray reflectivity is used to study the electron density as a function of depth through the bulk water/2-heptanone interface. The measured interfacial width of 7.0 ± 0.2 A is comparable to the value calculated from capillary wave theory (7.3 A) using the measured interfacial tension of 12.6 mN/m. This result is consistent with capillary wave theory and molecular dynamics simulations that describe a molecularly sharp interface roughened by thermal fluctuations.
Delineating the core regulatory elements crucial for directed cell migration by examining folic-acid-mediated responses

Summary Dictyostelium discoideum shows chemotaxis towards folic acid (FA) throughout vegetative growth, and towards cAMP during development. We determined the spatiotemporal localization of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules and investigated the FA-mediated responses in a number of signaling mutants to further our understanding of the core regulatory elements that are crucial for cell migration. Proteins enriched in the pseudopods during chemotaxis also relocalize transiently to the plasma membrane during uniform FA stimulation. In contrast, proteins that are absent from the pseudopods during migration redistribute transiently from the PM to the cytosol when cells are globally stimulated with FA. These chemotactic responses to FA were also examined in cells lacking the GTPases Ras C and G. Although Ras and phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity were significantly decreased in Ras G and Ras C/G nulls, these mutants still migrated towards FA, indicating that other pathways must support FA-mediated chemotaxis. We also examined the spatial movements of PTEN in response to uniform FA and cAMP stimulation in phospholipase C (PLC) null cells. The lack of PLC strongly influences the localization of PTEN in response to FA, but not cAMP. In addition, we compared the gradient-sensing behavior of polarized cells migrating towards cAMP to that of unpolarized cells migrating towards FA. The majority of polarized cells make U-turns when the cAMP gradient is switched from the front of the cell to the rear. Conversely, unpolarized cells immediately extend pseudopods towards the new FA source. We also observed that plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5) P 3 ] levels oscillate in unpolarized cells treated with Latrunculin-A, whereas polarized cells had stable plasma membrane PtdIns(3,4,5) P 3 responses toward the chemoattractant gradient source. Results were similar for cells that were starved for 4 hours, with a mixture of polarized and unpolarized cells responding to cAMP. Taken together, these findings suggest that similar components control gradient sensing during FA- and cAMP-mediated motility, but the response of polarized cells is more stable, which ultimately helps maintain their directionality.
The influence of retinoids on cultivated human keratinocytes

Cultured keratinocytes afford an excellent opportunity to study the influence of retinoids on the behavior of a stratified squamous epithelium and the interaction of keratinocytes with substrate. We have found that all-trans-retinoic acid retards the formation of colonies, does not influence attachment, and causes increased shedding of cells from the cultures. Retinoids do not influence the relative abundance of the keratin polypeptides. Our observations are on human neonatal foreskin-derived keratinocytes grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum. Because fetal bovine serum contains vitamin A, our findings represent differences between low and high levels of vitamin A.
Effect of diverse tumor promoters on the expression of gap‐junctional proteins connexin (Cx) 26, Cx31.1, and Cx43 in SENCAR mouse epidermis

The inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between initiated and surrounding normal cells by tumor promoters is believed to be important in the promotion stage of carcinogenesis. Therefore, we examined the effect of skin-tumor promoters on the expression of the gap-junctional proteins connexin (Cx) 26, Cx43, and Cx31.1 in SENCAR mouse skin. Animals were treated with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (8.3 nmol), okadaic acid (OA) (2.5 nmol), chrysarobin (220 nmol), or benzoyl peroxide (BzPo) (83 micromol). Northern blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that keratinocytes in adult mouse skin expressed Cx31.1 and Cx43 but not Cx26. All four of the skin-tumor promoters switched on the Cx26 gene, transiently increased expression of Cx43, and significantly inhibited the expression of Cx31.1. The time courses for changes in Cx26, Cx3l. 1, and Cx43 mRNA levels coincided in most cases and in general corresponded well to the time-response curves for hyperplastic changes in mouse skin. The peaks of Cx26 and Cx43 expression and Cx31.1 inhibition appeared 12 h after TPA application and 24 h after OA and chrysarobin application. BzPo elevated the levels of Cx26 and Cx43 transcripts later (peak at 2-4 d). In tumor promoter-treated skin, Cx26 and Cx43 plaques were on the plasma membrane of most keratinocytes. Cx31.1 staining was much weaker than in untreated epidermis. Thus, tumor promoters induce a large change in the expression of several Cxs, which in turn may affect both the level of GJIC and the sensitivity of GJlC to regulatory factors.
Calculation of radiative single-charge-transfer cross sections for collisions of He 2 + with He at low energy

A theoretical study of low-energy collisions of ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ with He has been made. Potential curves are obtained using generalized valence-bond wave functions for the $X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ state formed from ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ + ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ and the $B^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ and $E^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ states formed from ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ + He. The predominant mechanism for single charge transfer is a radiative transition. The dipole transition moment connecting the $B$ and $X$ states is calculated using the ab initio wave functions. The radiative collision problem is formulated in terms of a complex potential and solved in the JWKB approximation. Cross sections are presented for energies from 0.001 to 10 eV. A rate constant of 3.6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec at 300 K is obtained. This value is in satisfactory agreement with the recent experimental result and there is some evidence that the remaining discrepancy is due to the effect of tunneling and shape resonances, which have been estimated to increase the rate to 4.4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec. The splitting of the asymptotically degenerate $B^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ and $E^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ states is also examined and a conflict with a recent prediction of the asymptotic splitting is resolved.
The 25-Day-Period Large-Scale Oscillations in the Argentine Basin Revisited

Abstract From sea surface height measurements made by the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon satellite, Fu et al. found and described large-scale oscillations at the period of 25 days in the Argentine Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean. These oscillations were previously hinted at by in situ observations. Only the extensive space–time sampling capability of TOPEX/Poseidon, however, was able to give a complete description of the phenomenon as a counterclockwise-rotating dipole centered at 45°S, 317°E over the Zapiola Rise. Fu et al. also undertook theoretical and numerical studies to suggest that the phenomenon is a resonantly excited barotropic normal mode of the locally closed f/H contour. In a simulation study, however, they also found that the space–time smoothing scheme employed would probably lower the amplitude of the estimated phenomenon by 30%–40%. By reprocessing the data using a different method and showing the amplitude to be almost 2 times as large, in this note it is confirmed that t...
Mapping institutional diversity for implementing the Lisbon principles

Abstract The Lisbon principles for sustainable governance of the oceans enunciate some general guidelines for development and implementation of policies to protect ocean resources and ecosystems. By examining issues of diversity in institutional management of uncertainty and coordination of diverse actors, this paper begins to develop a social map of systematic differences in the ways institutions may interpret the principles at various scales of governance from local to global. The paper concludes that institutional diversity in a framework of civil society will prove as important as biodiversity for the sustainability of the oceans.
Secularism, Secularizing, and Secularization: Reflections on Stout’s Democracy and Tradition

JEFFREY STOUT IS DEEPLY concerned about the implications of the increasing polarization of American life for democracy. In his important recent book Democracy and Tradition, he sets out to trace the fault lines of this conflict and to advance a position that moves past the dominant alternatives that now jockey for position. We are increasingly confronted, Stout argues, by two "very abstract, oppositionally constructed positions": an authoritarian version of a new religious traditionalism and an "antireligious form of liberalism" (10). He rightly notes that "each of these positions thrives mainly by inflating the other's importance" (10). Their destructive dance endangers the flourishing of democratic life that depends essentially upon the "democratic exchange of reasons." Any
Interaction of R17 Coat Protein With Its RNA Binding Site For Translational Repression

Abstract The interaction between bacteriophage R17 coat protein and its RNA binding site for translational repression was studied as an example of a sequence-specific RNA-protein interaction. A nitrocellulose filter retention assay is used to demonstrate equimolar binding between the coat protein and a synthetic 21 nucleotide RNA fragment. The Kj at 2°C in a buffer containing 0.19 M salt is about 1 nM. The relatively weak ionic strength dependence of Ka and a ΔH = −19 kcal/mole indicates that most of the binding free energy is due to non-electrostatic interactions. Since a variety of RN As failed to compete with the 21 nucleotide fragment for coat protein binding, the interaction appears highly sequence specific. We have synthesized more than 30 different variants of the binding site sequence in order to identify the portions of the RNA molecule which are important for protein binding. Out of the five single stranded residues examined, four were essential for protein binding whereas the fifth could be rep...
Differential Effects of CD4+T Cell Depletion on Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disease, Arthritis and Sialadenitis in MRL/lprMice

Abstract Autoimmune MRL/ lpr mice were treated for 12–14 weeks with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody to define the role of CD4 + T cells in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) lesions, arthritis and sialadenitis characteristics of the strain. Anti-CD4 therapy effectively prevented the development of CNS lesions and arthropathic changes. Marked depletion of CD4 + T cells was documented in the mononuclear cells infiltrating the major salivary glands but the severity of sialadenitis was significantly increased by chronic anti-CD4 immunotherapy. This dissociation between beneficial and harmful effects of anti-CD4 treatment in the MRL/ lpr mouse suggests that the net regulatory effect of CD4 + T cells on the underlying autoimmune-mediated inflammatory process may be positive or negative depending on the organ system involved. The pathogenetic mechanisms of inflammation and tissue destruction in this model of systemic autoimmune disease are in some instances target organ-specific.
Twist buckling behavior of arteries.

Arteries are often subjected to torsion due to body movement and surgical procedures. While it is essential that arteries remain stable and patent under twisting loads, the stability of arteries under torsion is poorly understood. The goal of this work was to experimentally investigate the buckling behavior of arteries under torsion and to determine the critical buckling torque, the critical buckling twist angle, and the buckling shape. Porcine common carotid arteries were slowly twisted in vitro until buckling occurred while subjected to a constant axial stretch ratio (1.1, 1.3, 1.5 (in vivo level) and 1.7) and lumen pressure (20, 40, 70 and 100 mmHg). Upon buckling, the arteries snapped to form a kink. For a group of six arteries, the axial stretch ratio significantly affected the critical buckling torque ( $$p<0.002$$ ) and the critical buckling twist angle ( $$p<0.001$$ ). Lumen pressure also significantly affected the critical buckling torque ( $$p<0.001$$ ) but had no significant effect on the critical twist angle ( $$p=0.067$$ ). Convex material constants for a Fung strain energy function were determined and fit well with the axial force, lumen pressure, and torque data measured pre-buckling. The material constants are valid for axial stretch ratios, lumen pressures, and rotation angles of 1.3–1.5, 20–100 mmHg, and 0–270 $$^\circ $$ , respectively. The current study elucidates the buckling behavior of arteries under torsion and provides new insight into mechanical instability of blood vessels.
Hydrophobicity and Molecular Size Distribution of Unknown TOX in Drinking Water

The analysis of total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water indicates that a substantial amount of the halogenated compounds cannot be accounted for by known specific disinfection by-products (DBPs). The primary aim of this research was to characterize the hydrophobicity and molecular size distribution of the unknown halogenated DBPs using XAD resins and ultrafiltration membranes. The impact of membrane rejection on the size analysis of unknown TOX was also investigated using chlorinated fulvic acid. Six finished waters from different locations and treatment processes were collected and fractionated into various hydrophobicity and molecular size groups. The results showed that most unknown TOX was in the size range between 0.5 kDa and 10 kDa, but it could have a wide spectrum of hydrophobicities. Simple ultrafiltration was not always reliable as a characterization tool, as it was shown to reject a significant fraction of DBPs with molecular weight (MW) lower than the membrane cutoffs. Flushing with deionized water was effective in removing these low MW compounds from the ultrafiltration cell. A significant reduction in the apparent size of unknown TOX resulted when low MW DBPs were flushed out of the cell (comparing with classic parallel ultrafiltration). Coagulation of fulvic acid also significantly reduced the apparent size of unknown TOX formed by chlorine.
Penetrating External Genital Trauma: A 30-Year Single Institution Experience

Purpose: We examine the characteristics, outcomes and incidence of penetrating external genital trauma at our level I trauma center.Materials and Methods: Patient records entered into our urological trauma registry were reviewed from 1977 to August 2006.Results: A total of 110 patients sustained penetrating external genital trauma. Injuries were divided into gunshot wounds (49%), stab wounds/lacerations (44%) and bites (7%). Half of the stab wounds/lacerations were self-emasculation injuries. Operative exploration was performed in 78%, 63% and 75% of gunshot wounds, stab wounds/lacerations and bite injuries, respectively. Of 6 patients with complete penile amputations 5 underwent replantation with an 80% success rate. Testicular injury occurred in 39% and 27% of patients with gunshot wounds and stab wounds/lacerations, respectively. Of the 24 testicles injured via gunshot wounds 18 were reconstructed (75%). Testicular salvage rates were 24% (4 of 17) for self-emasculation stab wounds and 20% (1 of 5) for ...
Water quality and plankton ecology— The Christina river, Delaware

Abstract The Christina river, with headwaters in the rolling hills of Chester County, Pennsylvania, crosses into Maryland and then into Delaware through rapidly growing New Castle County before its confluence with the Delaware river some 53 km away. Analyses performed during the summer of 1970 at 11 sampling stations covering 51·5 km of this partially tidally affected river (lower 25·7 km) show that, although organic loadings were low (biochemical oxygen demand less than 10 mg/l), increasing dissolved oxygen deficits (0·5 mg/l at the headwaters vs. 5·0 mg/l near the river mouth), increasing chloride levels (up to 70 mg/l in the downstream reaches), and ammonia-, nitrite-, and nitrate-nitrogen data for the lower two-thirds of the river were typical of a degraded water course unable to cope with the pollutional loading. Plankton counts, although low at all stations, increased with distance downstream (from 396/l at station 1 to 228,000/l at station 11). Free CO2 concentrations increased steadily from an average 1·4 mg/l in the upper 4 stations to 8–9·5 mg/l at station 11. The luxurious growth of Plectonema boryanum, using CO2-saturated, filtered media from each station, demonstrated the possibility that the limiting plankton growth factor in the Christina river may be the low carbon concentrations.
REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF THE ENDOTHELIAL CELL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE

SUMMARY 1. Recent studies have provided insight into how the expression of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) is regulated. 2. The promoter of ecNOS has several features that are compatible with a constitutively expressed, so-called ‘house keeping’ gene. These include absence of a TATA box and the presence of Sp1 binding sites located near the transcription start site. The promoter also contains a number of putative binding domains which suggests that it may be regulated by a variety of transcription factor mediated signals. 3. Studies of cultured endothelial cells suggest that ecNOS expression is modulated by shear stress, transforming growth factor beta, inhibition of protein kinase C and the state of proliferation. These experiments indicate that although the ecNOS is a ‘constitutively expressed’ gene, its content in the endothelium is subject to modest degrees of regulation that may have important physiological and pathophysiological implications.
Non parametric cell nuclei segmentation based on a tracking over depth from 3D fluorescence confocal images

3D cell nuclei segmentation from fluorescence microscopy images is a key application in many biological studies. We propose a new, fully automated and non parametric method that takes advantage of the resolution anisotropy in fluorescence microscopy. The cell nuclei are first detected in 2D at each image plane and then tracked over depth through a graph based decision to recover their 3D profiles. As the tracking fails to separate very close cell nuclei along depth, we also propose a corrective step based on an intensity projection criterion. Experimental results on real data demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
2009 Special Issue: Spatial attention in area V4 is mediated by circuits in primary visual cortex

The ability to covertly select visual stimuli in our environment based on their behavioral relevance is an important skill. Stimulus selection has been studied experimentally, at the single neuron as well as at the population level, by recording from the visual cortex of subjects performing attention-demanding tasks, but studies at the local circuit level are lacking. We conducted simulations of a primary visual cortex (V1) model to provide insight into the local circuit computation underlying stimulus selection in V4. Two small oriented rectangular bars were placed at different locations in the 4 by 4 degree visual field represented by the V1 model, such that they activated different V1 neurons but such that they were both inside the classical receptive field (CRF) of the same V4 neuron. The biased competition framework [Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193-222] makes predictions for the response of V4 neurons and the modulation thereof by spatial and feature attention. In our simulation of the V1 network, we obtained results consistent with these predictions for V4 when the model had long-range excitatory projections targeting inhibitory neurons and when spatial attention was mediated by a spatially restricted projection that either inhibited the inhibitory neurons or excited the excitatory neurons. Although it is not clear whether attention effects measured in V4 neurons are generated mostly by local circuits within V4, our simulations suggest that spatial attention at a resolution less than the size of the CRF of a V4 neuron is inherited from upstream areas like V1 and relies on circuits mediating surround suppression at the single neuron level. Furthermore, the model displayed global oscillations in the alpha frequency range (around 10 Hz), whose coherence was highest in the absence of visual stimulation, which is consistent with electroencephalograms recorded in humans. By contrast, when a stimulus was presented the alpha oscillation sped up and became less coherent, whereas at the single column level (40-480 cells) transient beta/gamma oscillations were observed with a frequency between 25 and 50 Hz.
Determination of Fe^(3+) and Fe^(2+) Concentrations in Feldspar by Optical Absorption and EPR Spectroscopy

Ferrous and ferric iron concentrations in feldspars with low total iron content (<0.32 wt% total Fe) were determined from optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra to better than ±15 percent of the amount present. Optical spectra indicate that Fe^(2+) occupies two distorted M-sites in plagioclases of intermediate structural state. The linear dependence of the Fe^(2+)/Fe total ratio on An content demonstrates that Fe^(2+) substitutes for Ca (not Na) so that the number of Ca-sites is a principal factor in iron partitioning in plagioclase. EPR powder spectra show that the number of sites for Fe^(3+) depends on structural state rather than on plagioclase chemistry. The observed linear correspondence of EPR double-integrated intensities with optical peak areas shows that all Fe^(3+) is tetrahedrally coordinated in both plagioclase and disordered potassium feldspar. Microcline perthites show, in addition to tetrahedral Fe^(3+), a signal due to axially coordinated ferric iron, which we associate with formation of hematite inclusions.
Two Photon Fluorescence Microscopy of Coexisting Lipid Domains in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles of Binary Phospholipid Mixtures

Images of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) formed by different phospholipid mixtures (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1, 2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC/DLPC) 1:1 (mol/mol), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPE/DPPC), 7:3 and 3:7 (mol/mol) at different temperatures were obtained by exploiting the sectioning capability of a two-photon excitation fluorescence microscope. 6-Dodecanoyl-2-dimethylamino-naphthalene (LAURDAN), 6-propionyl-2-dimethylamino-naphthalene (PRODAN), and Lissamine rhodamine B 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-Rh-DPPE) were used as fluorescent probes to reveal domain coexistence in the GUVs. We report the first characterization of the morphology of lipid domains in unsupported lipid bilayers. From the LAURDAN intensity images the excitation generalized polarization function (GP) was calculated at different temperatures to characterize the phase state of the lipid domain. On the basis of the phase diagram of each lipid mixture, we found a homogeneous fluorescence distribution in the GUV images at temperatures corresponding to the fluid region in all lipid mixtures. At temperatures corresponding to the phase coexistence region we observed lipid domains of different sizes and shapes, depending on the lipid sample composition. In the case of GUVs formed by DPPE/DPPC mixture, the gel DPPE domains present different shapes, such as hexagonal, rhombic, six-cornered star, dumbbell, or dendritic. At the phase coexistence region, the gel DPPE domains are moving and growing as the temperature decreases. Separated domains remain in the GUVs at temperatures corresponding to the solid region, showing solid-solid immiscibility. A different morphology was found in GUVs composed of DLPC/DPPC 1:1 (mol/mol) mixtures. At temperatures corresponding to the phase coexistence, we observed the gel domains as line defects in the GUV surface. These lines move and become thicker as the temperature decreases. As judged by the LAURDAN GP histogram, we concluded that the lipid phase characteristics at the phase coexistence region are different between the DPPE/DPPC and DLPC/DPPC mixtures. In the DPPE/DPPC mixture the coexistence is between pure gel and pure liquid domains, while in the DLPC/DPPC 1:1 (mol/mol) mixture we observed a strong influence of one phase on the other. In all cases the domains span the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane, suggesting a strong coupling between the inner and outer monolayers of the lipid membrane. This observation is also novel for unsupported lipid bilayers.
Meaning Reconstruction in Bereavement: Sense and Significance

Recently there has been growing empirical and theoretical attention to the role of meaning in grief along with increased recognition of the need for more sophisticated definitions of meaning. The present article highlights philosophical issues inherent in the study of meaning and grief reviews the place of meaning in current theories of grief and provides a brief overview of the ways that meaning has been operationalized by grief researchers, including sense-making, benefit finding, identity change, and purpose in life. It is argued that, in our focus on the ways mourners make sense of loss, we have neglected an important aspect of meaning: life significance. Life significance is the felt perception that some aspect of one's life experience "matters." The construct is explored as a potentially important outcome of bereavement; mourners may lose life significance along with their lost loved one, or they may develop new avenues to life significance as they confront mortality and rebuild shattered worldviews. Related literature, such as appreciation of life as a facet of posttraumatic growth, is surveyed for clues as to the role of life significance in grief. Suggestions for future study are offered.
Redefinitions of India and Individuality in Adiga's The White Tiger

In her article "Redefinitions of India and Individuality in Adiga's The White Tiger" Kathleen Waller discusses Indian individualism as being supported by a democratic and secular society, but also stymied by traditions and socioeconomic realities which keep most of its people living in poverty. In The White Tiger, Adiga challenges Indian culture to create a society in which individuals are truly free. Waller argues that the relevance of Adiga's novel is that it is social structure and practices of hierarchy keep many people in the lower classes of Indian society and that this state of affairs is counter productive. Instead, Adiga's novel suggests that the situation of India's social structure and its entrenched hierarchy would have to be looked at and that through the erasure of constraint by society's class hierarchy Indian society could transform itself. Kathleen Waller, "Redefinitions of India and Individuality in Adiga's The White Tiger" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.2 (2012): Thematic Issue New Work in Comparative Indian Literatures and Cultures. Ed. M.G. Ramanan and T. Mukherjee
A broad band X-ray imaging spectrophotometer for astrophysical studies

A broad band X-ray imaging spectrophotometer (BBXRIS) has been built for astrophysical studies. The BBXRIS is based on a large-imaging gas scintillation proportional counter (LIGSPC), a combination of a gas scintillation proportional counter and a multiwire proportional counter, which achieves 8% (FWHM) energy resolution and 1.5-mm (FWHM) spatial resolution at 5.9 keV. The LIGSPC can be integrated with a grazing incidence mirror and a coded aperture mask to provide imaging over a broad range of X-ray energies. The results of tests involving the LIGSPC and a code aperture mask are presented, and possible applications of the BBXRIS are discussed. >
Total system power minimization of microprocessors using refrigerated systems for electronic cooling

Power dissipation and thermal problems have become a growing issue for scaled technology. This phenomenon drives the need for advance cooling systems. It is well-known that cooling the operating temperature results in reduced electric power and/or speed gains. Since cooling cost penalizes the total power, a refrigeration system is developed and experimentally tested to demonstrate that cooling the high performance microprocessor can lead to overall system power improvement. A processor that dissipates 175.4W of maximum power with 30% electronic leakage power operating at 97°C is cooled using our refrigeration system. Measurements show that with a minimum refrigeration COP of 2.7, the processor operates with junction temperature 13% of total power is saved across the entire range of processor utilization.
Beyond frequency: who is most bothered by vasomotor symptoms?

Objective: Most menopausal women report vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats). However, not all women with vasomotor symptoms, including frequent symptoms, are bothered by them. The primary aim was to identify correlates of vasomotor symptom bother beyond symptom frequency. Design: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation participants reporting vasomotor symptoms at annual visit 7 comprised the sample (N = 1,042). Assessments included hot flash and night sweats frequency (number per week) and bother (1, not at all- 4, very much). Negative affect (index of depressive symptoms, anxiety, perceived stress, negative mood), symptom sensitivity, sleep problems, and vasomotor symptom duration (number of years) were examined cross-sectionally in relation to bother in ordinal logistic regression models with symptom frequency and covariates. Hot flashes and night sweats were considered separately. Results: In multivariable models controlling for hot flash frequency, negative affect (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.51), symptom sensitivity (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.03-1.37), sleep problems (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.85), poorer health (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03-1.48), duration of hot flashes (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.23), younger age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.99), and African American race (vs white, OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.12-2.26) were associated with hot flash bother. After controlling for night sweats frequency and covariates, sleep problems (OR = 1.84, 95% CI:1.33-2.55) and night sweats duration (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.20) were associated with night sweats bother. Conclusions: Beyond frequency, factors associated with bothersome hot flashes include mood, symptom sensitivity, symptom duration, sleep problems, age, and race. Correlates of bothersome night sweats include sleep problems and symptom duration. In addition to reducing frequency, interventions for vasomotor symptoms might consider addressing modifiable factors related to symptom bother.
A Review of “A Field Guide to the Information Commons”

Many academic libraries have physical places called “Information Commons” that represent a space where students work with technology and traditional library resources, either individually or in gro...
Beyond the bottleneck: submicrosecond hole burning in phthalocyanine

A sensitive variation of FM spectroscopy was used to detect photochemical holes burned in free-base phthalocyanine-doped poly(ethylene) in times as small as 100 nsec. These writing times are more than 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the cycle time of the previously observed photochemical bottleneck. The changes in absorption resulting from hole burning were calibrated against a known interferometer resonance. A simplified model of the hole-burning process fits the experimental data over 7 orders of magnitude in exposure time and predicts the parameters necessary to obtain a given absorption change. These results provide important evidence that the burning bottleneck is due to population buildup in the triplet state.
Numerical test of an inverse method for estimating single-scattering parameters from pulsed multiple-scattering experiments

An approximate method [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.72, 756 ( 1982)] for inferring the albedo of single scattering and Legendre moments of the angular scattering function from the asymptotic die-away of the backscattered radiance following a pulse on an optically thick slab target is numerically shown to be valid if the radiance is accurately known at a sufficient number of azimuthal angles for a fixed polar angle. The sensitivity of the estimated parameters to simulated random errors in the radiance is also examined, and it is inferred that the albedo of single scattering and the asymmetry factor, and perhaps a third parameter, might be obtainable by such a technique from measurements at only three azimuthal angles.
The challenge for still unresolved development of multi-band equatorially orbiting POLSAR satellite sensors - an integral task for the major space-SAR technology centers world-wide for assessing both land & ocean as well as meteorological phenomena

With the relentless increase in population density, the anthropogenic expansion into natural terrestrial hazard zones has become irreversible resulting in ever more catastrophic disasters especially within the entire tropical belts engulfing Mother Earth. What is required is around-the-clock local and wide-area surveillance and remote sensing of the vegetative cover for which hitherto well designed optical equatorially orbiting satellite sensors had been developed but their successful implementation is failing ever more because of the ever increasing cloud, precipitation, humidity and increasing aerosol cover within the entire equatorial belt of +/- 15* - 20* latitude rendering penetration at optical wavelength mostly ineffective. Hence, recourse must be taken of active microwave sensing, and implementing radar and synthetic aperture sensors from air and space operational at day & night and which are mainly independent of weather: The sensors especially suited are the fully polarimetric POL-SAR sensors developed for satellite remote sensing by the major SAR technology development centres worldwide. The challenge is thus to develop equatorially orbiting SAR, preferably wide-swath POL-SAR satellite sensors, within the desirable P/L/S/C/X/Ka multi-bands by implementing novel beam-steering radar for wide-swath high-resolution coverage. Therefore, we need to mobilize and draw full responsible attention of the main SAR Development Centres and its supporting organizations worldwide in order for realizing the challenging proposal.
Concept synthesis of the art of nursing

Title. Concept synthesis of the art of nursing. Aim. The aim of this paper is to add clarity to the concept art of nursing. Background. Nurses have attempted to explicate the art of nursing since the time of Florence Nightingale. Despite these efforts, the concept remains obscure. A clearer conceptualization of nursing art is needed to help guide practice and research. Method. Fifty-nine English-language narratives (e.g. editorials, letters, anecdotes, brief items, etc.) that discuss the art of nursing were located using the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (1982–2006). Qualitative analysis and synthesis of these documents was completed using an adaptation of Walker and Avant’s concept synthesis method. Findings. The art of nursing consists of expert use and adaptation of empirical and metaphysical knowledge and values. It involves sensitively adapting care to meet the needs of individual patients, and in the face of uncertainty, the discretionary use of creativity. The art of nursing provides for enhanced mental and physical well-being among patients. It also results in professional satisfaction and personal growth among nurses. Conclusion. Results from this investigation substantiate existing knowledge related to the art of nursing. In addition, the findings extend that knowledge by more clearly identifying the antecedents, attributes and outcomes of nursing art. Specifically, the epistemological and ontological components are more clearly identified. Clarity of this type is important in terms of future development of discipline-specific practice and research.
Full‐wave analysis of open microstrip transmission lines printed on anisotropic substrates with a protective layer

The dispersion characteristics of single and coupled open microstrip transmission lines, printed on anisotropic substrates with an added protective layer (superstrate), are reported in this article. The theoretical analysis is based on the rigorous formulation of the dyadic impedance Green's function in the spectral domain. The substrate materials are characterized by both their permittivity [e] and permeability [μ] tensors, while the superstrate is assumed to be isotropic. The Galerkin procedure is applied to find the propagation constants numerically for different geometrical, substrate, and superstrate parameters of the covered guiding structure. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corporate Strategy and Product Innovation

The article reviews the book “Corporate Strategy and Product Innovation,” edited by Robert R. Rothberg.
Emerging Patterns of Interreligious Conversation: A Christian-Jewish Experiment

In January 2006, two paracongregational organizations, Emergent/U.S. and Synagogue 3000, convened a meeting of innovative Christian and Jewish religious leaders. The twenty-four-hour interreligious conversation centered on themes of sacred community, learning, and worship. Shawn Landres of Synagogue 3000 was an organizer of the gathering; Ryan Bolger was one of the keynote speakers and participants. This article reflects on some of the themes that surfaced then and subsequently, and it suggests new categories of analysis for the sociological study of twenty-first century congregational life and interreligious dialogue.
Effect of harmonic relatedness on the detection of temporal asynchronies.

Speeded intonation judgments of a target chord are facilitated when the chord is preceded by a harmonically related prime chord. The present study extends harmonic priming to temporal asynchrony judgments. In both tasks, the normative target chords (consonant, synchronous) are processed more quickly and accurately after a harmonically related prime than after a harmonically unrelated prime. However, the influence of harmonic context on sensitivity (d') differs between the two tasks:d' was higher in the related context for intonation judgments but was higher in the unrelated context for asynchrony judgments. A neural net model of tonal knowledge activation provides an explanatory framework for both the facilitation in the related contexts and the sensitivity differences between the tasks.
Development of Psychiatric–Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Competencies: Opportunities for the 21st Century

The purpose of this article is to discuss the development of the psychiatric–mental health nurse practitioner(PMHNP) competencies. The historical context and controversy regarding the role of advanced practice psychiatric mental health nursing as well as the consensus process of a national panel charged with the development of these competencies are described. Also, implications for education, practice, research, and policy are examined. The PMHNP competencies is a seminal document that will provide direction for the future of advanced practice psychiatric–mental health nursing.
Reconsidering Risk: Adapting Public Policies to Intergenerational Determinants and Biosocial Interactions in Health-Related Needs

According to recent research, interactions between infant health and envi- ronment can play crucial roles in clustering health and economic disadvantage among certain families. Researchers have provided a clear example of such intergenerational biosocial cycles when they document that interactions between parental low birth weight status and prenatal environment are associated with the risk of a low birth weight, and that interactions between a child's birth weight status and early childhood environment are associated with adult socioeconomic outcomes. In this article, we con- sider how existing policies may be revised to more effectively address such interac- tions between social and biological risk categories. We are particularly concerned in this discussion with revising risk categories so they can encompass biological risk, social risk, and developmental frameworks. A framework of biosocial risk is quite flex- ible and may be applied to a variety of issues and programs; however, in this article we focus on the single case of low birth weight to illustrate our argument. In consid- ering specific applications, we further explore how attention to biosocial interactions may reshape Medicaid, special education, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Tem- porary Assistance for Needy Families.
The deductive synthesis of imperative LISP programs

A framework is described for the automatic synthesis of imperative programs, which may alter data structures and produce destructive side effects as part of their intended behavior. A program meeting a given specification is extracted from the proof of a theorem in a variant of situational logic, in which the states of a computation are explicit objects. As an example, an in-place reverse program has been derived in an imperative LISP, which includes assignment and destructive list operations (rplaca and rplacd).
Primary cardiac lymphoma diagnosed by multiphase-gated cardiac CT and CT-guided percutaneous trans-sternal biopsy

We present a case of a primary cardiac B-cell lymphoma where a multiphase-gated cardiac CT exam helped to successfully guide trans-sternal needle biopsy to establish a tissue diagnosis.
Facilitating conditional probability problems with visuals

In tasks such as disease diagnosis, interpretation of evidence in criminal trials and management of security and risk data, people need to process conditional probabilities to make critical judgments and decisions. As dual-coding theory and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML) would predict, visual representations (VRs) should aid in these tasks. Conditional probability problems are difficult and require subjects to build a mental model of set inclusion relationships to solve them. Evidence from neurological research confirms that mental model construction relies on visual spatial processing. Prior research has shown conflicting accounts of whether visuals aid in these problems. Prior research has also revealed that individuals differ in their ability to perform spatial processing tasks. Do visuals help solve these problems? Do visualization interface designers need to take into account the nuances of spatial processing and individual differences? This study uses a 3×2 factorial design to determine the relationship between subject's spatial abilities (high or low) and visual and text representations on user performance and satisfaction.
Multiple Origin of Hemipelagic Mud Fill in Mediterranean Basin: ABSTRACT

Mud, predominantly silty clay, accounts for at least 95% of the Holocene fill of the western Alboran basin in the western Mediterranean Sea, 110 km east-southeast of the Strait of Gibraltar. This mud has a multiple origin; it is not deposited from a simple rain of pelagic material onto the basin floor. The mud distribution is closely related with topography, as determined from cores and high-resolution seismic records. Total thickness of the Holocene section is approximately 2 m on basin slopes, but increases to over 4 m (sedimentation rates up to 30 cm/1,000 years) in the near-horizontal basin plain at a depth of 1,500 m. Thickest mud deposits are localized in lows where thin sand layers most abound, and major mud transport paths appear to be similar to sand dispersal pa terns. Mud is hemipelagic in composition: lutite with planktonic and benthonic Foraminifera, deep- and shallow-water ostracods, and plant fibers. Components are, at least in part, near-shore in origin. X-radiographs show that 10-20% of the mud in the cores is parallel- and cross-laminated, indicating the importance of bottom traction transport. Bottom currents also have truncated the top of sand layers and concentrated microfossils in thin laminae. A few graded mud units are probably mud turbidites. The predominant "trigger mechanism" of the fine-grained turbid flows is floods that seasonally inject material at fluvial point sources along the mountainous Moroccan and Spanish margins. Homogeneous mud layers with scattered microfossils, comprising more than half of the Holocene fill, reflect a more regular deposition from less dense suspension layers. The suspensate is also in part extrabasinal, derived from low-density Atlantic surface water entering at the Strait of Gibraltar and de ser Mediterranean water circulating at depth. End_of_Article - Last_Page 365------------