cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A financial incentive program to improve appointment attendance at a safety-net hospital-based primary care hepatitis C treatment program.

Introduction Hepatitis C (HCV) infection is a significant health threat, with increasing incidence rates in the setting of the opioid crisis. Many patients miss appointments and cannot initiate treatment. We implemented financial incentives to improve appointment attendance in a primary care-based HCV treatment setting. Methods We conducted a systems-level financial incentives intervention at the Adult Primary Care HCV Treatment Program at Boston Medical Center which provides care to many patients with substance use disorders. From April 1 to June 30, 2017, we provided a $15 gift card to patients who attended appointments with an HCV treatment provider. We evaluated the effectiveness of the incentives by 1) conducting a monthly interrupted time series analysis to assess trends in attendance January 2016—September 2017; and 2) comparing the proportion of attended appointments during the intervention to a historical comparison group in the previous year, April 1 to June 30, 2016. Results 327 visits were scheduled over the study period; 198 during the intervention and 129 during the control period. Of patient visits in the intervention group, 72.7% were attended relative to 61.2% of comparison group visits (p = 0.03). Appointments in the intervention group were more likely to be attended (adjusted odds ratio 1.94, 95% confidence interval 1.16–3.24). Interrupted time series analysis showed that the intervention was associated with an average increase of 15.4 attended visits per 100 appointments scheduled, compared to the period prior to the intervention (p = 0.01). Conclusions Implementation of a financial incentive program was associated with improved appointment attendance at a safety-net hospital-based primary care HCV treatment program. A randomized trial to establish efficacy and broader implementation potential is warranted.
Where Life Coaching Ends and Therapy Begins: Toward a Less Confusing Treatment Landscape:

"Life coaching" is a rapidly expanding profession born out of an unmet need for help effecting change, frustration with traditional models, the stigma attached to seeking care, and the online "Uberization" of many new services. But the distinctions often drawn between life coaching and psychotherapy are increasingly blurry, raise important questions about where coaching ends and therapy begins, and risk confusion between the two helping professions among vulnerable patients. This is potentially serious, in part because life coaching operates in a regulatory vacuum, with no education, training, licensing, or supervision requirements for coaches and no specific legal protections for any harmed clients. Although increased access to new forms of help is a positive development, the risk that mentally ill patients may undergo life coaching rather than receive proven psychotherapy treatments raises concerns about patient safety. It can also trigger fears of professional replacement among mental health providers whose education, preparation, and practice parameters are rigorously defined and closely scrutinized. More research is needed to prove the efficacy and safety of life-coaching modalities, and meaningful action is required at the level of training, oversight, and legislation to help protect patients and clarify roles.
The Duffing-Holmes Oscillator Under Hybrid Position Feedback Controller: Response Type and Basin of Attraction Analyses

This paper presents a detailed response type and basin of attraction (BOA) analyses of a linear mass-spring-damper oscillator and a Duffing-Holmes (D-H) oscillator controlled by a class of position...
Comparison of the accuracy of telehealth examination versus clinical examination in the detection of shoulder pathology.

Hypothesis/Background In 2017, the American Orthopaedic Association advocated for the increased use of telehealth as an assessment and treatment platform, and demand has significantly increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Diagnostic effectiveness (also called overall diagnostic accuracy) and reliability of a telehealth clinical examination vs. a traditional shoulder clinical examination (SCE) has not been established. Our objective is to compare the diagnostic effectiveness of a telehealth shoulder examination against an SCE for rotator cuff tear (RCT), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a reference standard; secondary objectives included assessing agreement between test platforms and validity of individualized tests. We hypothesize that tests provided in a telehealth platform would not have inferior diagnostic effectiveness to an SCE. Methods The study is a case-based, case-control design. Two clinicians selected movement, strength, and special tests for the SCE that are associated with the diagnosis of RCT and identified similar tests to replicate for a simulated telehealth-based examination (STE). Consecutive patients with no prior shoulder surgery or advanced imaging underwent both the SCE and STE in the same visit using 2 separate assessors. We randomized the order of the SCE or STE. A blinded reader assessed an MRI, to be used as a reference standard. We calculated diagnostic effectiveness, which provides values from 0% to 100% as well as agreement statistics (Kappa) between tests by an assessment platform, and sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for individual tests in both SCE and STE. We compared the diagnostic effectiveness (overall) of the SCE and STE with a Mann-Whitney U test. Results We included 62 consecutive patients with shoulder pain, aged 40 or older; 50 (81%) received an MRI as a reference standard. The diagnostic effectiveness of stand-alone tests was poor regardless of the group, with the exception of a few tests with high specificity. None had greater than 70% accuracy. There was no significant difference between the overall diagnostic effectiveness of the STE and SCE (P = .98). Overall agreement between the STE tests and the SCE tests ranged from poor to moderate (Kappa, 0.07-0.87). Conclusion This study identified initial feasibility and noninferiority of the physician-guided, patient-performed STE when compared with an SCE in the detection of RCTs. Although these results are promising, larger studies are needed for further validation of an STE assessment platform.
The Integrated Review: FDA Modernizes the Review of New Drug Marketing Applications

New Drug Applications and Biologics Licensing Applications submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are reviewed by an interdisciplinary team of regulatory scientists that includes medical officers, clinical pharmacologists, toxicologists, statisticians, and drug labeling experts. Upon review of an applicant's submitted evidence from nonclinical studies, clinical trials, and manufacturing capabilities, the review team evaluates the benefits and risks of the drug and makes a scientifically-informed decision. As part of a multi-year, multi-phase New Drugs Regulatory Program Modernization effort, the FDA has recently redesigned how it reviews and documents its decisions with regard to marketing applications. This article describes the origins and rationale of the new Integrated Assessment process and Integrated Review document, summarizes how these differ from the FDA's traditional review of marketing applications, and discusses what industry can expect from a modernized drug review.
Scalable, High-Sensitivity X-Band Rectenna Array for the Demonstration of Space-to-Earth Power Beaming

This paper presents a large, modular X-band rectenna array developed for the planned demonstration of a space-to-Earth power beaming link operating at 10 GHz. The array is composed of 16 tiles assembled into a panel greater than 1 m $\times 1$ m in size. To accommodate tests during the early development and construction of the space-based transmitter, the rectenna cells are designed to maximize performance at low power densities using commercial-off-the-shelf Schottky diodes. To increase efficiency at the expense of some field-of-view, each rectenna cell employs a 4-antenna subarray to feed a single diode. Array performance is validated over a 30-dB range of power densities from 1 mW/m2 to 1 W/m2, reaching a total rectenna efficiency in excess of 39% at 1 W/m2. The rectenna array’s field of view, defined by the 3-dB beamwidth of its antenna subarray, is $36^{\circ } \times 36^{\circ }$ . The DC power collected by each tile is combined in a reconfigurable manner to control the output voltage level for the protection of electrical loads. These results are expected to directly influence the first demonstrations of space-to-Earth power transfer.
An integrative medicine review of primary prevention of allergy in pediatrics.

Abstract The prevalence of allergic disease has been rapidly increasing in the developed world for over fifty years. The prevention of allergic disease remains one of the most elusive topics in medicine. Integrative medicine emphasizes prevention of disease and utilizes many interventions to help modify long-term outcomes of health. Primary prevention refers to the arrest of manifestations of a disease before they present clinically. Preventing allergy is not simply about preventing sensitization, but also about developing tolerance. This narrative review article will discuss integrative medicine approaches that may help to prevent atopic disease in the pediatric population. It is organized chronologically to aid in counseling patients: 1) prevention during pregnancy and 2) prevention after birth. While research into allergy prevention is in its infancy, Integrative Medicine is well-suited to provide many insights into the prevention and mitigation of atopic disease.
Conflict and Contentiousness: Network Connections and Pockets of Resistance in Social Movements

There are different ways to characterize social movements, from redemptive to revolutionary. While some movements seek to promote social change, others seek to prevent change or maintain the status quo. And change may be minor or maximal, and can be sought at the individual or societal level. Contentious politics are at the base of some social movements that may encompass a wide range of conflictual issues including civil wars, revolutions and insurgencies. This chapter explores pockets of resistance in social movements, of which populist movements might be one. The focus is on anti-movements as exemplars of contentious politics, whether the movement is the #NeverTrump digital Lincoln Project, the anti-gun March for Our Lives youth movement to end gun violence, or anti-apartheid, anti-capitalism or anti-fascism movements, among many others. These are movements where social norms collide. In this chapter’s case study, the social network analysis approach is applied to the anti-vaccine movement, characterized by the World Health Organization as vaccine hesitancy. To illustrate the phenomenon of performing activism in the digital age, the network connections among members of the #Vaxxhappens subreddit on the Reddit platform are analyzed to investigate levels of toxicity in the social discourse around vaccines.
Structural basis for tRNA methylthiolation by the radical SAM enzyme MiaB

Numerous post-transcriptional modifications of transfer RNAs have vital roles in translation. The 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A) modification occurs at position 37 (A37) in transfer RNAs that contain adenine in position 36 of the anticodon, and serves to promote efficient A:U codon–anticodon base-pairing and to prevent unintended base pairing by near cognates, thus enhancing translational fidelity1–4. The ms2i6A modification is installed onto isopentenyladenosine (i6A) by MiaB, a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methylthiotransferase. As a radical SAM protein, MiaB contains one [Fe4S4]RS cluster used in the reductive cleavage of SAM to form a 5ʹ-deoxyadenosyl 5ʹ-radical, which is responsible for removing the C2 hydrogen of the substrate5. MiaB also contains an auxiliary [Fe4S4]aux cluster, which has been implicated6–9 in sulfur transfer to C2 of i6A37. How this transfer takes place is largely unknown. Here we present several structures of MiaB from Bacteroides uniformis. These structures are consistent with a two-step mechanism, in which one molecule of SAM is first used to methylate a bridging µ-sulfido ion of the auxiliary cluster. In the second step, a second SAM molecule is cleaved to a 5ʹ-deoxyadenosyl 5ʹ-radical, which abstracts the C2 hydrogen of the substrate but only after C2 has undergone rehybridization from sp2 to sp3. This work advances our understanding of how enzymes functionalize inert C–H bonds with sulfur. Crystal structures reveal the catalytic mechanism through which the radical S-adenosylmethionine enzyme MiaB adds a methylthio group onto tRNA.
Digital inequality, faculty communication, and remote learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of U.S. undergraduates.

Aims The COVID-19 pandemic forced closure of most U.S. university campuses in March 2020, obliging millions of students to finish their semesters via remote learning. This study examines whether and how students' prior and current experiences of digital inequality-defined as constrained access to the internet and internet-connecting devices-were associated with their remote learning experiences. Method An anonymous, online survey of 2,913 undergraduate college students from 30 U.S. universities completing their spring term remotely was conducted between April and May 2020. Hypothesis testing utilized a structural equation model with cluster-bootstrapped standard errors and p-values, to account for students being clustered by university. Results Findings revealed that students' challenges with internet connectivity and digital devices during remote learning were associated with lower remote learning proficiency (RLP). Difficulty communicating with professors and teaching assistants was also associated with lower RLP. Prior experience with online coursework was associated with higher RLP, and digital inequality challenges during the year prior to the pandemic with lower RLP. Moreover, students who reported greater financial hardship since the start of the pandemic experienced significantly more connectivity, device, and faculty communication challenges during remote learning, and had significantly lower RLP. Conclusions Many students will continue to learn remotely in some form until the pandemic recedes. We identify key factors associated with students' remote learning proficiency: (1) consistent, high-speed internet connectivity and functioning devices to connect to it, and (2) the ability to relate to and communicate easily with professors and teaching assistants. This study identifies potential barriers to effective remote learning, as well as possible opportunities to improve students' experiences.
Capital Structure: Borrow It!

We now take our first step in explaining capital structure. As outlined in Chap. 1, this is essentially a fancy way of categorizing the specific mixture of debt and equity a firm chooses to finance firm operations. One should view capital structure in two ways. First, we need to examine the firm’s existing capital structure. Doing so is the specific objective of the next two chapters of this text. However, the real issue regarding capital structure is identifying the firm’s ideal mixture of debt and equity to use in financing the firm’s projects. This latter notion is critical in understanding corporate finance and will be covered in detail much later in our journey. In this chapter, we will start with the debt side of the firm’s existing capital structure.
Managing Data Quality and Integrity in Federated Databases

Today many organizations are facing the need to integrate multiple, previously independent but semantically related information sources. Although often the quality and integrity of the data at a single information source itself is a problem, issues and problems regarding the quality and integrity of integrated data have been mainly neglected by approaches to data integration. As recent studies show, this raises severe problems for global applications that depend on the reliability of the integrated data.
Kindergarten Teacher Training in the United States from 1870 to 1920

(1988). Kindergarten Teacher Training in the United States from 1870 to 1920. National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators Bulletin: Vol. 9, Bulletin No. 30. Early Childhood Teacher Education Issue, pp. 13-17.
God, Justice, and Society

This non-evaluative overview of God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible summarizes Jonathan Burnside’s introduction to biblical law and his demonstration of its value as a resource for modern legal issues
Postbaccalaureate STEM Students’ Perceptions of their Training: Exploring the Intersection of Gender and Nativity

The number of international students in graduate school within STEM fields at US institutions has risen dramatically over the last few decades, whereas the numbers of US women attending graduate school in STEM fields has largely stagnated. These trends suggest the importance of intersectionality to understanding individuals’ pursuit of STEM careers. Here we examined doctoral (N = 270) and postdoctoral (N = 27) students' satisfaction with their graduate training at a large, research-focused institution in the US as a function of the intersection of participants’ gender and nativity. Participants completed measures of occupational values, perceived fit of their values with STEM research careers, perceptions of discrimination, mentor support, and satisfaction with their graduate training. Results indicated that international and US-born women both valued family flexibility more than did international and US-born men. Importantly, international, but not US-born, women viewed careers in STEM research as affording, or providing a means of fulfilling, their values. Furthermore, US women were more likely than international women to perceive their gender as the target of discrimination. Stronger belief that research careers do not provide a means of fulfilling one’s values and greater perceptions of gender discrimination were associated with lower ratings of satisfaction with graduate training among women but not men.
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to traumatic brain injury: a unique form of trans-synaptic degeneration.

A 33-year-old man with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from a few years prior, secondary to a high-speed motor vehicle accident, presented with worsening right-sided motor function. Brain MRI showed diffuse axonal injury, punctuate microbleedings, asymmetric Wallerian degeneration along the left corticospinal tract in the brainstem and haemorrhagic left superior cerebellar peduncle, all consistent with his prior TBI. Moreover, the right inferior olivary nucleus was enlarged, which is exemplified in unilateral right hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD), likely secondary to the haemorrhagic lesion within …
Two Views on Time Reversal

In a recent paper, Malament (2004) employs a time reversal transformation that differs from the standard one, without explicitly arguing for it. This is a new and important understanding of time reversal that deserves arguing for in its own right. I argue that it improves upon the standard one. Recent discussion has focused on whether velocities should undergo a time reversal operation. I address a prior question: What is the proper notion of time reversal? This is important, for it will affect our conclusion as to whether our best theories are time‐reversal symmetric, and hence whether our spacetime is temporally oriented.
Inhibition of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase by N1-benzylpyridinium chlorides.

Ten N 1-benzylpyridinium chlorides were prepared and studied as inhibitors of the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol. The inhibitors, although containing a variety of functional groups substituted on the pyridinium ring, all inhibited this reaction and in each case the inhibition observed was competitive with respect to NAD+. Interactions of these inhibitors with the "pyridinium ring" region of the NAD+ binding site was suggested by the competitive nature of the inhibition and the simultaneous bintling of all the inhibitors with adenylic acid. Varying the substituent group on the pyridinium ring did not alter significantly the binding properties of the N 1-benzyl derivatives except in those cases where charged groups were employed. In comparison to the binding of N 1-benzylnicotinamide chloride, N 1-benzyl-3-carboxyl-pyridinium chloride was demonstrated to be bound more poorly. N 1-Benzyl-3-aminomethylpyridinium chloride, on the other hand, was found to be a better inhibitor than N 1-benzylnicotinamide chloride. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This is contribution 42 from the Department of Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee. The work was supported by Research Grant AM-08812-03 from the United States Public Health Service.
Electrocardiogram in pericarditis.

Abstract Electrocardiographic changes in 31 patients with acute pericarditis have been analyzed and the results incorporated into a review of the evolution, differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of the electrocardiographic pattern in pericarditis. Pericardial effusion lowers the voltage and produces cyclic variations in amplitude of the electrocardiographic complexes. Pressure exerted by pericardial fluid or fibrin produces a “current of injury” which results in deviation of the S-T segment from the base line. Superficial myocarditis produces T wave abnormalities without change in the QTc interval. The magnitude and the direction of the S-T and T vectors and the evolution of the repolarization abnormalities help to differentiate the pericarditis pattern from the patterns of acute myocardial infarction.
Deficiencies in the Briske et al. Rebuttal of the Savory Method

Clinging to past viewpoints and techniques based on a lim- ited and small subset of knowledge on the subject of range- land grazing management is not helpful. The knowledge base used by Briske et al. 1 stems from a very poor understanding of Holistic Planned Grazing and poorly executed grazing ex- periments (see the work of Teague et al. ). 2 To make sweeping statements such as “The Savory method cannot green deserts or reverse climate change” is particularly misleading. It ig- nores the fact that many ranchers operating in low rainfall areas from 10 to 15 inches, areas so bare of vegetation that most people would call them deserti ed, have managed to restore vegetation, ecosystem function, and productivity us- ing Holistic Planned Grazing when even complete removal of livestock had failed to achieve any restoration. Only if the comment refers to true deserts receiving almost no rainfall would the statement possibly be true. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v35i6_teague
Redefining political drama: Onwueme and Nigerian society

Tess Akaeka Onwueme, the noted Second Generation playwright of the Nigerian National Theatre movement, moved beyond initial attempts to fashion agendas for a developing postcolonial national theatre. Abandoning the original, First Generation trajectory to found a unique national culture through the celebration of Nigeria’s diverse literary and musical forms, she engaged more directly the political and social issues of her current national history. Inspired in part by Brechtian Epic Theatre performance style and theory, Onwueme’s stagecraft sought to merge Brecht’s famous ‘alienation effect’ with empathic character portrayals. Rejecting Brecht’s view that audiences should leave aside the emotional identification with the characters for the sake of a critical, disinterested perspective, Onwueme used both traditional character empathy and Brechtian distancing devices in her plays. Moreover, her often heavy use of irony and explicit political and social allusions created a critical perspective without sacrifi...
INTERLEUKIN-1 CORRECTS THE DEFECTIVE AUTOLOGOUS MIXED LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Abstract Patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have alterations of T cell regulation that can be measured by in vitro assays and include decreases of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). Whether a defect in cytokine secretion was involved in the altered AMLR was investigated in 29 MS patients and 13 age- and sex-matched controls. The response of CD4+ T cell populations to irradiated non-T cells was decreased in MS as compared to control subjects. As previously reported, decreases in the AMLR were similarly observed with whole T cells of MS subjects as compared to controls. The addition of recombinant interleukin (IL)-1 to cultures of either whole T cells or CD4+ T cells with irradiated non-T cells in the AMLR corrected the immune defect in subjects with MS but had no effect on the AMLR in control subjects. In contrast, addition of rIL-2 or rIL-4 to the AMLR did not correct the decreased AMLR in MS patients as compared to controls. The lymphokines IFN-γ and TGF-β2 both decreased the AMLR in MS patients and controls while TNF had no effect. Further, the magnitude of the AMLR response corresponded to IL-1 secretion induced by LPS in the non-T cell population. These studies indicate that defects in IL-1 may be related to immune defects of suppression in MS patients. Selective correction of immunoregulatory defects using lymphokines or their inducers in subjects with autoimmune diseases such as MS may be possible.
Hypertrophy in the female heart

Several clinical studies have suggested that sex influences the left ventricle's response to altered loading conditions and thus the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Likewise, several of the risk factors associated with the development of hypertrophy exhibit sexual dimorphism in their distribution in the general population. These sex-specific differences in risk factor distribution are likely important modifiers in disease progression and outcome. This review explores the available evidence of sex-specific differences in the evolution of left ventricular hypertrophy.
Clinical comparison of hearing‐impaired patients with DFNB1 against heterozygote carriers of connexin 26 mutations

Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess clinical characteristics of individuals with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSSNHL) with genetic mutations in GJB2 and/or GJB6. We describe and compare one group with biallelic mutations against a group of heterozygote mutation carriers. Methods: A total of 350 patients between the ages of 3 months and 80 years referred to a tertiary care outpatient otology practice for NSSNHL were screened for genetic mutations. Direct sequencing of GJB2 and polymerase chain reaction analysis of GJB6 was performed and clinical data from history and physical, audiologic testing and radiographic studies were reviewed. Results: Thirty-two patients were found to have biallelic mutations (incidence of 9.1%). Twenty-five patients were found to have only one GJB2 mutation (incidence of 7.1%). Severe to profound hearing loss occurred in 85% of the homozygote group and 38% of the heterozygote group. Both groups similarly had a propensity toward bilateral, symmetric, nonprogressive hearing loss with rare inner ear malformations on radiologic imaging. Conclusions: These two patient populations have similar incidences in a cohort of patients evaluated for NSSNHL, which is higher than general population heterozygote carrier rates. Heterozygote mutation carriers had less hearing impairment, but most other factors demonstrated no differences. These results support the theory of an unidentified genetic factor contributing to hearing loss in some heterozygote carriers. Therefore, genetic counseling should consider the complexity of their genetic factors and the limitations of current screening. Laryngoscope, 2011
New patterns of hydrogen bonded interactions between polypeptide chains. Crystal and molecular structure of glycylglycylglycine.

Crystals of glycylglycylglycine (C6H-11N3O4), grown from an aqueous methanol solution, are triclinic, space group P1, with the unit cell dimensions (at 22 +/- 3 degrees) a = 11.656(3), b = 14.817(3), c = 4.823(2) A, alpha = 88.45(3), beta = 95.96(3), gamma = 105.42(3) degrees, Z = 4 (with two molecules in the asymmetric unit) with a density of Dobs = 1.58 g X cm -3 and Dcalc = 1.572 g X cm -3. The crystal structure was solved by a combination of multisolution and trial and error methods and refined with full-matrix least-squares method to a final R value of 0.036 for the observed 3021 reflections (I greater than or equal to 2 sigma). The conformation of the two molecules I and II in the asymmetric unit is very similar (except around the N-terminal end); they have the fully extended trans-planar conformation, and have omega values ranging from 2 to 4 degrees. The peptide chain repeating distances (C1 alpha - C3 alpha) are 7.27 A and 7.18 A in the two molecules as compared with the value of 6.68 A for extended beta-sheets with beta-carbons. There are four different interactions between these two molecules characterized by different hydrogen bonding. Molecule I is hydrogen bonded to a neighboring molecule I using four hydrogen bonds. Molecule II is hydrogen bonded to another II, using bifurcated interactions involving the peptide nitrogen. Molecule I is hydrogen bonded to two different molecules II forming distinctly different hydrogen bonding patterns from the two mentioned above. The molecules are packed in rows, in a head-to-tail fashion (C-terminal opposite N-terminal) and are held together in sheets by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl and amide groups, corresponding to the very familiar anti-parallel pleated sheet arrangement for polypeptides. The hydrogen bonds involving the amino nitrogens as donors are significantly longer and presumably weaker compared to those involving the NH+3 group. The C=O distances show variations that correlated with hydrogen bonding. The N-H...O angle varies from 152 to 174 degrees and the bent N-H...O hydrogen bonds show bifurcated interactions.
From pistols to ploughshares: The Ira's farewell to arms

One of the worst political injustices of the twentieth century may be ending: the armed struggle in Northern Ireland. We explore the stereotypes of terror and counterterror that have affected international thinking about the problem. In the Irish case, the argument is that both terror and nationalism are narrations: that the notion of terror is an ‘'essentialization,’’ a dehistoricized and decontextualized phenomenon upon which counter‐terrorism depends. Consequently, analyses dependent upon the concept of terror are most often bogus. Conflict over the implications of nationalism, which is the larger theme of the struggle, inscribe and re‐inscribe the motives and causes of protagonists. The paper considers some perspectives uncontaminated by past rhetorical privileging of one position or another that allows for a more comprehensive picture of the problem.
SIDNIE: scaffolded interviews developed by nurses in education

One of the most common clinical education methods for teaching patient interaction skills to nursing students is role-playing established scenarios with their classmates. Unfortunately, this is far from simulating real world experiences that they will soon face, and does not provide the immediate, impartial feedback necessary for interviewing skills development. We present a system for Scaffolded Interviews Developed by Nurses In Education (SIDNIE) that supports baccalaureate nursing education by providing multiple guided interview practice sessions with virtual characters. Our scenario depicts a mother who has brought in her five year old child to the clinic. In this paper we describe our system and report on a preliminary usability evaluation conducted with nursing students.
Domestic violence‐related deaths

An article in the NIJ Journal (Websdale, 2003) notes that domestic violence can provoke suicide. The 2003 Massachusetts Domestic Violence Homicide Report (Lauby et al, 2006) notes that suicide can be attributed to domestic violence incidents. Utah Domestic Violence Related Deaths 2006 (Utah Domestic Violence Council, 2006) notes that the majority of domestic violence‐related suicides are not covered in their report. The report Domestic Violence Fatalities (2005) (Utah Department of Health, 2006) notes that there were 44 suicides and 21 homicide domestic violence‐related deaths in Utah in 2005. Using data from the Surveillance for Violent Deaths ‐ National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 States, 2005 (Karch et al, 2008), it is possible to extrapolate that as many as 7,832 male and 1,958 domestic violence‐related suicides occur annually in the US. When domestic violence‐related suicides are combined with domestic violence homicides, the total numbers of domestic violence‐related deaths are higher for males than females. This paper recommends that to understand the broad scope and tragic impact of domestic violence, further research is needed concerning domestic violence‐related suicide.
Methemoglobin production by nitric oxide in fresh sheep blood.

Abstract As nitric oxide (NO) inhalation is used therapeutically, we studied the production of methemoglobin (metHb) by NO in fresh adult sheep blood. NO solutions were prepared by bubbling a 10% NO-90% N 2 gas mixture in phosphate-buffered saline (pH = 7.41 at 20°C) for at least 60 min. Fresh blood samples were obtained from catheterized femoral arteries or veins just prior to mixing with NO solution. Measurements of metHb were made at times 0, 30 sec, 2 min and 5 min after mixing of NO-containing buffer and blood using a Radiometer OSM-3 hemoximeter. Mixing was performed using two syringes connected via a stopcock. The reaction of NO with blood occurred rapidly after mixing since data values for each of the time points after 30 sec were unchanged for all mixtures. The mixing volume ratio of NO-containing buffer to blood was either 1:1 (protocol A) for comparisons of arterial vs venous blood, or the ratios were randomized (protocol B) to investigate effects of Hb oxygenation. Protocol A elicited only slight increases of metHb in arterial and venous blood which did not differ significantly. In protocol B, an increase of metHb was associated with a relative decline of deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb). A higher molar ratio of NO/deoxyHb yielded greater amounts of metHb. Therefore, in fresh sheep blood, deoxyHb is converted to metHb in the presence of NO. This reaction is not affected by the presence of oxyhemoglobin.
Distributive mixing elements: Towards improved granule attributes from a twin screw granulation process

Abstract Granulation rate processes were studied in the distributive mixing elements (DME 1 ) of a twin screw granulator through characterization of resulting granule attributes. The screw configuration was varied by changing the orientation (forward versus reverse) and the placement of the elements (adjacent versus spaced). A model placebo formulation composed of α-lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and croscarmellose sodium, and an aqueous granulating liquid were used in the study. Regardless of the screw configuration, DME generated granules through breakage of large wet agglomerates from the conveying section and layering of un-granulated fines. The reverse orientation produced superior granule size distribution with improved liquid distribution attributes compared to the forward orientation. The residence time distribution and flow visualization measured by a high speed imaging camera provided the mechanistic rationale for the superior behavior of the reverse over the forward DME configurations and showed the dominant granulation rate processes therein. The asymmetrical orientation of DME on the rotating shafts significantly improved the breakage capability of the reverse-placed elements, allowing a more homogeneous flow pattern of incoming granular material, with efficient layering and liquid exchange between the lumps and un-granulated fines. The results of this study demonstrate the benefit of using DME in a twin-screw wet granulation process to optimize granule attributes for downstream processing.
A Social Marketing Approach to Challenging Stigma

Providing psychological support to people with mental illness continues to be hampered by negative stigma. This article presents tools that help psychologists form partnerships with consumers to address the deleterious practice implications of stigma. This article describes a 3-stage persuasive method for attitude change regarding people with mental illness, developed and piloted in 2 antistigma social marketing campaigns by Idaho State University’s Institute of Rural Health and the state of Idaho. The approach incorporates (a) methods to empower people with mental illness through a unique interactive process, (b) campaign design and distribution, and (c) methodology for evaluating effectiveness in the context of stigma. The model was applied to 2 Idaho projects, a multifaceted antistigma campaign pertaining to adult and child consumers and another regarding people of all ages with all disabilities, including mental illness. Participating in social marketing campaign development and evaluation provides new options for psychologists’ practice.
The relationships among panic, fear, and avoidance

Abstract Interview data from 57 patients assigned a diagnosis of panic disorder with agoraphobia were analyzed in terms of panic, and fear and avoidance of specific situations. Patients were categorized into three avoidance groups (mild, moderate, and severe) in accordance with revisions proposed for DSM-III. Severe avoiders were reportedly experiencing panic as frequently as mild and moderate avoiders, suggesting that panic frequency is not the major determinant of avoidance behavior. Panic frequency was more closely related to fear ratings than to avoidance ratings. Fear of panic was characteristic of all avoidance groups. Previous history of panic was unrelated to current patterns of fear and avoidance. A long history of repeated panic was frequently unaccompanied by a pattern of extensive avoidance. The relevance of the data to an interoceptive conditioning model of panic in agoraphobia and to the role of unexpected panic attacks is discussed.
Blood clearance and organ localization of Candida albicans and E coli following dual infection in rats.

Abstract Immunosuppressed prematures, cancer patients, and transplant recipients are susceptible to bacterial or fungal sepsis or both. This report evaluates whether the ability of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) to remove blood-borne viable radiolabeled 35 S Escherichia coli and 3 H-Leucine Candida albicans is adversely affected by a dual intravenous challenge of these organisms. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 150) weighing 175 to 180 g were placed in 5 experimental groups (n = 30). Group I received intravenous (IV) C albicans (10 7 /mL), group II received E coli (10 9 /mL), group III received a dual injection of C albicans and E coli , group IV received Candida 1 hour prior to E coli , and group V received E coli 1 hour prior to fungi. At 1, 4, and 24 hours, tissue samples (50 to 100 mg) of liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs were processed for liquid scintillation counting. Organ distribution of bacteria and fungi was calculated and expressed as mean percent ± SD of labeled organisms. The liver trapped 72% ± 10% and the lungs 1.1% ± 0.3% of E coli (group II) ( P Candida (group I), however, was similar in liver and lungs (42.5% ± 10% and 41.4% ± 6.4%, respectively). Liver localization of E coli was unaffected by simulataneous or staggered fungal injection (groups III, 4, and V). Lung distribution of E coli following dual injection (group III) was significantly higher than controls (group II) (3.6% ± 0.7% v 1.1% ± 0.3%; P Candida was significantly reduced by a previous bacterial injection (Group V: 26% ± 4% v 42.5% ± 10%; P P P
Semantic pooling for complex event detection

Complex event detection is very challenging in open source such as You-Tube videos, which usually comprise very diverse visual contents involving various object, scene and action concepts. Not all of them, however, are relevant to the event. In other words, a video may contain a lot of "junk" information which is harmful for recognition. Hence, we propose a semantic pooling approach to tackle this issue. Unlike the conventional pooling over the entire video or specific spatial regions of a video, we employ a discriminative approach to acquire abstract semantic "regions" for pooling. For this purpose, we first associate low-level visual words with semantic concepts via their co-occurrence relationship. We then pool the low-level features separately according to their semantic information. The proposed semantic pooling strategy also provides a new mechanism for incorporating semantic concepts for low-level feature based event recognition. We evaluate our approach on TRECVID MED [1] dataset and the results show that semantic pooling consistently improves the performance compared with conventional pooling strategies.
Hytrast: experimental bronchography comparing two different formulations.

The authors note a considerable discrepancy in the frequency of adverse reactions reported after bronchography with Hytrast as used in America to the excellent tolerance reported in Europe and South Africa. The Hytrast used in America has a different formulation to that used in Europe: it is much less viscous and causes more ‘alveolarisation’. Experimental bronchography in dogs did not however reveal any difference in inflammatory response whether the contrast medium was Hytrast (French), Hytrast (as used in America) and Dionosil oily. The different methods of handling of contrast medium in the lung are discussed. The authors recommend that Hytrast (French) should not be modified before bronchography.
Spontaneous compactification and chiral fermions

Abstract The question is addressed of which chiral fermions survive in spontaneously compactified solutions of the generalized Einstein-Yang-Mills field equations for higher even space-time dimensions. First, we study the allowed fermion representations of SU( N ) which have no gauge or gravitational chiral anomalies in arbitrary even dimension and show how to find all such representations for the case of totally antisymmetric SU( N ) tensors. Second, we look explicitly at monopole-induced spontaneous compactification in six dimensions; here, interesting chiral fermions in four dimensions do not occur easily but instead require highly artificial assignments of quantum numbers under the U(1) gauge group associated with the monopole. Finally, we consider instanton-induced spontaneous compactification in eight dimensions; for this case, we may readily obtain acceptable chiral fermions in four dimensions, including Georgi's three-family SU(11) model.
Evidence for the guidance of pronephric duct migration by a craniocaudally traveling adhesion gradient

Abstract These experiments were undertaken to identify the general nature of the mechanism that guides the migration of the Ambystoma pronephric duct along the ventral edge of the somite file from its anterior origin to the cloaca. Using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with microsurgery, we have sought to distinguish among such possibilities as chemotaxis, contact guidance, and gradients of adhesiveness to the substratum. A pronephric duct primordium transplanted to the flank of a host ventral to the primary duct migrates dorsocaudally across the flank to fuse with the primary duct. Removal of potential sources of distant attraction does not alter this behavior, nor do migrating secondary ducts follow any visible structures. A variety of transplantation experiments reveal that the guidance information is not only oriented but also directionally polarized and travels caudad as a wave. These results militate against chemotaxis and contact guidance as guiding influences and indicate that the cells of the pronephric duct tip are directed in their migration by local information which passes caudad over the duct's mesodermal substratum as a wave in register with the advancing wave of somite segmentation. We propose that this duct-guiding information may be a traveling gradient of flank mesoderm cell adhesiveness.
Stepped notch antenna array used as a low thermal resistance heat sink

A stepped notch antenna at Ku-band is developed to provide a thermal heat sink for active arrays. The antenna with forced air cooling provides up to 0.4 °C/W of thermal resistance. The antenna integration with a printed circuit board allows for high volume surface mount assembly of active devices.
Challenges and New Approaches to Proving the Existence of Muscle Synergies of Neural Origin

Muscle coordination studies repeatedly show low-dimensionality of muscle activations for a wide variety of motor tasks. The basis vectors of this low-dimensional subspace, termed muscle synergies, are hypothesized to reflect neurally-established functional muscle groupings that simplify body control. However, the muscle synergy hypothesis has been notoriously difficult to prove or falsify. We use cadaveric experiments and computational models to perform a crucial thought experiment and develop an alternative explanation of how muscle synergies could be observed without the nervous system having controlled muscles in groups. We first show that the biomechanics of the limb constrains musculotendon length changes to a low-dimensional subspace across all possible movement directions. We then show that a modest assumption—that each muscle is independently instructed to resist length change—leads to the result that electromyographic (EMG) synergies will arise without the need to conclude that they are a product of neural coupling among muscles. Finally, we show that there are dimensionality-reducing constraints in the isometric production of force in a variety of directions, but that these constraints are more easily controlled for, suggesting new experimental directions. These counter-examples to current thinking clearly show how experimenters could adequately control for the constraints described here when designing experiments to test for muscle synergies—but, to the best of our knowledge, this has not yet been done.
Optical power limiting in some azulenic compounds

Abstract: A series of azulenic compounds are synthesized and their third-order nonlinear optical propertiesare determined. The compounds are studied in solution using degenerate four wave mixing andz-scan at 532 nm with 30 ps pulses. Extrapolated values for the third-order nonlinear opticalsusceptibility of the compounds are in the rangel09 to 10 esu. Z-scan results indicate reverse saturable absorption. Optical power limiting with a f/S system is demonstrated for all ofthe compounds studied. Key words: Azulenic Polymethine dyes, third order susceptibility, Degenerate Four Wave Mixing, Z-scan, Optical Power limiting.Introduction In a previous paper we investigated the third-order nonlinear optical properties ofa series of azulertic donor/acceptorcompounds. These chromophores were designed to include donors and acceptors of differing strengths as well asconjugation lengths. Despite the fact that their intended use was for their second order properties1 the compoundsexhibited relatively high values2. in the previous study a range of two orders of magnitude was reported insusceptibility (3x1010 to 3xlO esu) for the five compounds2. This finding suggested their suitability for a study instructure property relationships with the intention of optimizing excited state and NLO properties for the eventualfabrication of an NLO device . Also, in the previous study it was found that four of the compounds saturated whenexposed to picosecond pulses and one compound exhibited reverse saturable absorpfion2. The reverse saturableabsorber was the only polymethine dye of that particular series.The current study is a continuation of the previous effort We now report results of a series of azulenic polymethinedyes. This class of third-order NLO chromophores contains no hetero atoms. The compounds are completely