cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing closure materials for upper lid blepharoplasty: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Although upper eyelid blepharoplasty is a common procedure, subtleties in surgical technique can affect cosmetic outcomes. Suture materials commonly used include polypropylene, monofilament nylon, fast-absorbing gut, and ethylcyanoacrylate (ECA) tissue adhesive. OBJECTIVE To assess upper lid blepharoplasty scars in participants whose incision had been closed with 6-0 polypropylene sutures, 6-0 fast-absorbing gut sutures, or ECA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, split-eyelid, single-blind, prospective study of the short- (1 month) and intermediate-term (3 months) efficacy of polypropylene, fast-absorbing gut, and ECA on 36 consecutive upper lid blepharoplasties. Participants and a blinded physician evaluator evaluated cosmetic outcome 1 and 3 months after the procedure. RESULTS Three subgroups tested were ECA versus fast-absorbing gut, ECA versus polypropylene, and fast-absorbing gut versus polypropylene. At 1 month, ECA was superior to fast-absorbing gut (p=.03) and had a marginally better outcome than polypropylene (p=.25), and polypropylene had an equivalent outcome to fast-absorbing gut (p=.46). At 3-month follow-up, ECA remained superior to fast-absorbing gut (p=.03). CONCLUSION Although sutured epidermal closure and tissue adhesive are highly efficacious for upper eyelid blepharoplasty, physicians and participants felt that cosmesis with ECA was superior to that with fast-absorbing gut.
Oligomerization of a 45 Kilodalton Fragment of Diphtheria Toxin at pH 5.0 to a Molecule of 20−24 Subunits†

Diphtheria toxin (DT) is a 58 kDa protein, secreted by lysogenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, that causes the disease diphtheria in humans. The catalytic (C) domain of DT kills host cells by gaining entry into the cytoplasm and inhibiting protein synthesis. The translocation of the C domain across the endosomal membrane and into the cytoplasm of a host cell is mediated by the translocation (T) domain of DT. This process is triggered by acidification from pH approximately 7 to pH approximately 5 within the endosome. Here we show that crm45 (cross-reacting material of 45 kDa), a 45 kDa deletion mutant of DT which contains the C and T domains but lacks the C-terminal receptor-binding (R) domain, undergoes a transition from a monomer to a large oligomer upon acidification from pH 7.0 to pH 5.0. Dynamic light scattering analysis of crm45 at pH 5.0 results in a polydispersity value of only 8-17%, suggesting that the oligomer is uniformly sized. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, measurements of the sedimentation rate and diffusion coefficient of crm45 at pH 5.0 result in a molecular mass determination of 890 +/- 40 kDa (20 +/- 1 subunits) for the oligomer. Equilibrium sedimentation data on crm45 at pH 5.0 are best fit by a single species with a mass of 1000 +/- 50 kDa (24 +/- 1 subunits). These results reveal the pH-dependent formation of a uniformly sized, 20-24 subunit oligomer of the C and T domains of DT, in solution. Because the oligomer of crm45 forms at the pH of the acidified endosome, it could be relevant to the translocation of the C domain of DT across the endosomal membrane and into the cytoplasm of host cells. The possible relevance of this oligomer of crm45 to the membrane translocation of the C domain of DT correlates with earlier kinetic studies of DT intoxication of Vero cells, which inferred the transfer of approximately 20 C domains of DT to the cytoplasm of host cells, in a single event.
Intrachain disulfide bond in the core hinge region of human IgG4

IgG is a tetrameric protein composed of two copies each of the light and heavy chains. The four-chain structure is maintained by strong noncovalent interactions between the amino-terminal half of pairs of heavy-light chains and between the carboxyl-terminal regions of the two heavy chains. In addition, interchain disulfide bonds link each heavy-light chain and also link the paired heavy chains. An engineered human IgG4 specific for human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (CDP571) is similar to human myeloma IgG4 in that it is secreted as both disulfide bonded tetramers (approximately 75% of the total amount of IgG) and as tetramers composed of nondisulfide bonded half-IgG4 (heavy chain disulfide bonded to light chain) molecules. However, when CDP571 was genetically engineered with a proline at residue 229 of the core hinge region rather than serine, CDP571 (S229P), or with an IgG1 rather than IgG4 hinge region, CDP571(gamma 1), only trace amounts of nondisulfide bonded half-IgG tetramers were observed. Trypsin digest reversephase HPLC peptide mapping studies of CDP571 and CDP571(gamma 1) with on-line electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy supplemented with Edman sequencing identified the chemical factor preventing inter-heavy chain disulfide bond formation between half-IgG molecules: the two cysteines in the IgG4 and IgG1 core hinge region (CPSCP and CPPCP, respectively) are capable of forming an intrachain disulfide bond. Conformational modeling studies on cyclic disulfide bonded CPSCP and CPPCP peptides yielded energy ranges for the low-energy conformations of 31-33 kcal/mol and 40-42 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, higher torsion and angle bending energies were observed for the CPPCP peptide due to backbone constraints caused by the extra proline. These modeling results suggest a reason why a larger fraction of intrachain bonds are observed in IgG4 rather than IgG1 molecules: the serine in the core hinge region of IgG4 allows more hinge region flexibility than the proline of IgG1 and thus may permit formation of a stable intrachain disulfide bond more readily.
Relationship between plasma fibroblast growth factor-23 concentration and bone mineralization in children with renal failure on peritoneal dialysis.

Context: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is produced in bone, and circulating levels are markedly elevated in patients with end-stage kidney disease, but the relationship between plasma levels of FGF-23 and bone histology in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism is unknown. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between plasma levels of FGF-23 and bone histology in pediatric patients with end-stage kidney disease who display biochemical evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Design: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between plasma FGF-23 levels and bone histomorphometry. Setting: The study was conducted in a referral center. Study Participants: Participants consisted of forty-nine pediatric patients who were treated with maintenance peritoneal dialysis and who had serum PTH levels (1st generation Nichols assay) greater than 400 pg/ml. Intervention: There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measure: Plasma FGF-23 levels and bone histomorphometry were measured. Results: No correlation existed between values of PTH and FGF-23. Bone formation rates correlated with PTH (r = 0.44; P < 0.01), but not with FGF-23. Higher FGF-23 concentrations were associated with decreased osteoid thickness (r = −0.49; P < 0.01) and shorter osteoid maturation time (r = −0.48; P < 0.01). Conclusions: High levels of FGF-23 are associated with improved indices of skeletal mineralization in dialyzed pediatric patients with high turnover renal osteodystrophy. Together with other biomarkers, FGF-23 measurements may indicate skeletal mineralization status in this patient population.
MULTIPLE PRODUCTION OF PHOTONS IN QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS

A formalism intended to evaluate the expectation value of physical quantities directly is applied to processes involving multiple production of photons in quantum electrodynamics. This application is achieved by constructing the Green's function, which is accomplished by expanding it in terms of hard and soft photon parts of the electromagnetic field. A general treatment of infrared divergence is given. The cross section for n-photon production in Coulomb scattering and pair annihilation is evaluated. The limitation of the expansion of the Green's function in terms of hard and soft photon parts is examined. A plausible generalization regarding the cross section of any primary process in quantum electrodynamics at high energies with n-photon emission in the final state is enunclated, (auth)
Differential expression of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase BRK in oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral epithelium

BRK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase whose functional role is poorly understood. Although it is an epithelial specific kinase, its expression appears to be tissue specific. To date, little is known about BRK expression in human oral epithelium. We investigated expression of BRK in human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and normal oral epithelium (NOE) using immunohistochemistry, laser confocal microscopy and Western blotting. The subcellular localization of BRK was identified by confocal microscopy and Western blotting of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from these cells. The results indicate that NOE express higher levels of BRK compared with OSCC cells. In NOE and moderately differentiated OSCC cells, BRK was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. However, in poorly differentiated OSCC cells, BRK was localized in perinuclear regions. These results suggest that BRK expression differs in normal and OSCC which may reflect a possible functional involvement in OSCC.
Regional cerebral metabolic activity in the rat following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.

A new experimental model was employed to investigate alterations of cerebral metabolic activity in rats subjected to extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The hemorrhages were produced in anesthetized animals by inserting 0.37 ml fresh autologous arterial blood into the subarachnoid space. Rats that underwent sham operations received subarachnoid injections of mock CSF to study the effects of sudden raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Forty-eight hours after subarachnoid injection, the unanesthetized rats were given intravenous injections of [14C]2-deoxyglucose. Experiments were terminated 45 min later by decapitation, and the brains were removed and frozen. Regional brain metabolic activity was studied employing quantitative autoradiography. In comparison with control animals, cerebral metabolic activity was diffusely decreased following SAH. Statistically significant decreases in metabolic activity of <34% were observed in 17 of 30 brain regions studied. The largest percentage reductions were in regi...
THE CANADIAN FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE THREE GORGES DAM PROPOSED FOR CHINA'S YANGZI RIVER: A GRAVE EMBARRASSMENT TO THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROFESSION

I.) THE THREE GORGES PROJECT II.) THE CANADIAN FEASIBILITY STUDY A.) THE ROLES OF CIDA AND THE WORLD BANK B.) INTERNATIONAL CONTROVERSY OVER THREE GORGES C.) THE PURPOSE OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY III.) THE CANADIAN ASSESSMENT OF RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS A.) EXPECTED FLOOD LEVELS B.) GOVERNMENTS CHANGE THEIR MINDS C.) DRAFT PLANS D.) BUDGET E.) CHINA'S RECORD OF RESETTLEMENT F.) LAND AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY G.) MINORITY AREAS H.) NONPERSONS I.) RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION POLICY J.) THE ZERO SUM DILEMMA K.) CONSULTATION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION L.) IRREVERSIBILITY IV.) THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE CANADIAN STUDY V.) LESSONS FOR THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROFESSION A.) THE QUESTION OF EXPERT PROSTITUTION B.) AN ADVOCACY STRUCTURE FOR DECISION-MAKING C.) AN END TO SECRECY VI.) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII.) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VIII.) LITERATURE CITED
The roles of ordinary and soret diffusion in the metal-catalyzed formation of filamentous carbon

Abstract The rate-determining step for the metal-catalyzed formation of filamentous carbon from hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is commonly assumed to be diffusion of dissolved carbon through the metal particle. The driving force for the diffusion process has been proposed to be either an isothermal carbon concentration gradient or a temperature gradient, the latter leading to Soret diffusion (mass transfer due to a gradient in the chemical potential resulting from the temperature gradient) and, possibly, effects from the temperature dependence of the solubility of carbon. Metal carbides often have been postulated to play a role as intermediates. Mass transfer by these processes is examined and expressions for carbon deposition rate and activation energy are derived. Experimental results are consistent only with a mechanism in which the driving force for carbon diffusion is an isothermal carbon concentration gradient and in which metal carbides are not intermediates. The temperature gradient mechanism was found to conflict with the fact that for metals with a large negative heat of transport for carbon diffusion, such as α-Fe, temperature gradients of the type proposed (in which the gas-phase side of the particle is hotter than the carbon filament side) would lead to diffusion of carbon away from the carbon filament rather than towards it. A possible role for metal carbide intermediates is limited to Fe, Ni, and Co. However, measured activation energies for these metals are in good agreement only with those values predicted assuming metal carbides do not participate as intermediates.
Structural analyses of the core oligosaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of bovine and ovine strains of Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 2.

Abstract Previous structural studies in our laboratory on lipopolysaccharide derived core oligosaccharide had identified a conserved inner core structure in several strains of the veterinary pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida . In this study we describe the elucidation of the core oligosaccharide structure of two strains from M. haemolytica serotype 2. Structural information was established by a combination of monosaccharide and methylation analyses, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The following structure for the core oligosaccharide was determined on the basis of the combined data from these experiments: The structural analyses revealed that the conserved inner core structure was maintained in this serotype, with only the terminal β-galactose residue of serotype 1 absent.
“The Devil Begins to Roar”: Opposition to Early Methodists in New England

In the several decades after their arrival in the New England states in the late 1780s, Methodists were the objects of a wide variety of attacks, some of them mutually contradictory. Their preachers were accused of being pickpockets, horse thieves, and sexual predators, while on the other hand some converts were mocked for their excessive moral seriousness. They were suspected alternatively of being agents of the English crown, spies for the French government, and Jeffersonian radicals. Further, to some it seemed that their episcopal form of government and ecclesiastical tribunals functioned as a sort of shadow government undermining the political institutions of the nation. They were attacked for their Arminian theology, in defense of which they vigorously condemned Calvinist doctrine. They were mocked as enthusiasts and fanatics whose preachers, pretending to an immediate divine calling, inflamed the passions of their listeners and whose gatherings degenerated into bedlams of disorder, confusion, and moral scandal. They were disturbers of churches, transgressing parochial boundaries, sowing disorder, and fracturing the covenant relationship between minister and flock, all of which recalled memories of the upheaval accompanying the awakenings of the 1740s. They were unlearned rustics not fit to instruct people in divinity, but they were also sly enough to worm their way into the hearts and minds of people by shrewdly hiding their true intentions and prejudicing their hearers against the standing ministers.
Measurement of Short-Wave Modulation Using Fine Time-Series Optical Spectra

Abstract Photographic imagery of the ocean surface can be either optically or digitally Fourier-transformed to obtain ocean slope spectra (Monaldo and Kasevich, 1981; Stilwell, 1969). Here we outline a straightforward method of using time-series ocean photographs to determine the modulation of short-wave energy spectra by long surface waves. Specific attention is given to the isolation of actual spectral modulation of the ocean surface from spurious modulation introduced by the imaging process.
Photochromic glassy liquid crystals comprising mesogenic pendants to dithienylethene cores

Photochromic glassy liquid crystals were synthesized using dithienylethenes as the volume-excluding cores to which liquid crystalline mesogens were chemically bonded through alkyl spacers. Nematic, smectic, and cholesteric glassy liquid crystals were demonstrated with glass transition temperatures above 90 °C and clearing points up to 220 °C without traces of crystallization on cooling or crystalline melting on heating. A monodomain cholesteric glassy liquid crystalline film containing an enantiomeric 2-methylpropylene chiral spacer was characterized as a left-handed helical stack, exhibiting a selective reflection band centered at 686 nm, an orientational order parameter of 0.65 for the quasi-nematic layers, and a combination of reflective coloration with photoswitchable absorptive coloration.
U.S. Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation

Public lands and waters in the United States traditionally have been managed using frameworks and objectives that were established under an implicit assumption of stable climatic conditions. However, projected climatic changes render this assumption invalid. Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations that have emerged from a major literature review. These general principles cover many topics including: (1) how to assess climate impacts to ecosystem processes that are key to management goals; (2) using management practices to support ecosystem resilience; (3) converting barriers that may inhibit management responses into opportunities for successful implementation; and (4) promoting flexible decision making that takes into account challenges of scale and thresholds. To date, the literature on management adaptations to climate change has mostly focused on strategies for bolstering the resilience of ecosystems to persist in their current states. Yet in the longer term, it is anticipated that climate change will push certain ecosystems and species beyond their capacity to recover. When managing to support resilience becomes infeasible, adaptation may require more than simply changing management practices—it may require changing management goals and managing transitions to new ecosystem states. After transitions have occurred, management will again support resilience—this time for a new ecosystem state. Thus, successful management of natural resources in the context of climate change will require recognition on the part of managers and decisions makers of the need to cycle between “managing for resilience” and “managing for change.”
Rhythmicity in the maternal behaviour of Rattus norvegicus

Abstract Using a dual-chambered maternity cage the time that a lactating rat spent with its litter was recorded continuously from birth of the litter until weaning. Under a 12-hr light-dark regimen there was a precise 24-hr rhythm in maternal behaviour; the greatest amount of time with the litter occurring during the middle of the light period and the least amount of time occurring during the period of darkness. The cycle was independent of litter size and the absolute magnitude of the time spent with the litter which decreased over the 21-day observation period. Animals rearing litters under an LD:6 schedule also showed a 24-hr maternal behaviour rhythm. Animals maintained under an LD:12 schedule but transferred to continuous light when pregnant and animals maintained for two generations under constant light showed a free-running maternal behaviour rhythm with a period of approximately 24 hr.
Lipotoxic disruption of NHE1 interaction with PI(4,5)P2 expedites proximal tubule apoptosis

Chronic kidney disease progression can be predicted based on the degree of tubular atrophy, which is the result of proximal tubule apoptosis. The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 regulates proximal tubule cell survival through interaction with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], but pathophysiologic triggers for NHE1 inactivation are unknown. Because glomerular injury permits proximal tubule luminal exposure and reabsorption of fatty acid/albumin complexes, we hypothesized that accumulation of amphipathic, long-chain acyl-CoA (LC-CoA) metabolites stimulates lipoapoptosis by competing with the structurally similar PI(4,5)P2 for NHE1 binding. Kidneys from mouse models of progressive, albuminuric kidney disease exhibited increased fatty acids, LC-CoAs, and caspase-2-dependent proximal tubule lipoapoptosis. LC-CoAs and the cytosolic domain of NHE1 directly interacted, with an affinity comparable to that of the PI(4,5)P2-NHE1 interaction, and competing LC-CoAs disrupted binding of the NHE1 cytosolic tail to PI(4,5)P2. Inhibition of LC-CoA catabolism reduced NHE1 activity and enhanced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of proximal tubule LC-CoA generation preserved NHE1 activity and protected against apoptosis. Our data indicate that albuminuria/lipiduria enhances lipotoxin delivery to the proximal tubule and accumulation of LC-CoAs contributes to tubular atrophy by severing the NHE1-PI(4,5)P2 interaction, thereby lowering the apoptotic threshold. Furthermore, these data suggest that NHE1 functions as a metabolic sensor for lipotoxicity.
SnapShot: The Human Microbiome

Trilions of bacteria populate the human body, with research efforts focusing on documenting the complexity of these communities and their contributions to physiological processes. This SnapShot presents several aspects of the human microbiome, including the characterization of the microbial species populating different body sites, the distribution of microbes across different geographic locations, and how the microbiome can be altered by a physiological process, exemplified by pregnancy.
Growth and spectroscopic analysis of single-crystal fibers

Abstract We have constructed an apparatus which uses the CO 2 -laser-heated pedestal growth method to pull single-crystal fibers. Spectroscopic techniques are described for determining dopant concentrations, homogeneity, and crystal quality. Preliminary results on several fibers of rare earth- and transition metal-doped insulators are described.
Endoscopic diagnosis of pseudohemobilia resulting from a pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm.

Pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) aneurysms are a rare pathological entity. Only 29 cases have been reported in the literature since 1895.7 Abdominal pain is the most common presenting symptom followed by gastrointestinal bleeding, which is much less common. The patient whom we are describing in this report had a PDA pseudoaneurysm that complicated his recurrent pancreatitis. The aneurysm resulted in a lesser sac hematoma which dissected through the tissues of the head of the pancreas into the pancreatic duct. Although the diagnosis of hemobilia is frequently missed preoperatively, we had a rare opportunity to endoscopically observe the release of the lesser sac hematoma contents through the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum. We selected the term "pseudohemobilia" to describe this form of bleeding in order to stress its extrahepatobiliary origin.
Afterload Sensitivity of Nonlinear End-Systolic Pressure–Volume Relation vs Preload Recruitable Stroke Work in Conscious Dogs

Abstract The observations in vivo of a non-linear, afterloadsensitive end-systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) and a linear, load-insensitive preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) relation may be reconciled by considering the PRSW as a product of both the ventricular ESPVR and the arterial elastance ( E a ). We obtained pressure–volume data from eight conscious dogs. The ESPVR was nonlinear, and its trajectory was afterload-dependent. The PRSW was linear and load-independent. Arterial elastance changed with both acute reductions in preload and steady-state changes in afterload. The PRSW relation thus describes both myocardial function and ventricular–arterial interaction and is a useful index of cardiovascular performance in patients.
WINDSAT: A Concept For Global Wind Measurement By Infrared Doppler Lidar

A detailed computer simulation of the WINDSAT global wind measuring process has been developed and used to establish error limits as a function of design parameters. Studies were conducted for a WINDSAT research system in a 300 km and an 800 km orbit. Wind measuring errors were less than 2 m s-1 in the troposphere for the recommended set of para-meters. Our study results indicate the feasibility of measuring global winds from a space platform using a Doppler laser radar.
Long-period volcano seismicity: its source and use in eruption forecasting

At an active volcano, long-period seismicity (with typical periods in the range 0.2–2 s) reflects pressure fluctuations resulting from unsteady mass transport in the sub-surface plumbing system, and hence provides a glimpse of the internal dynamics of the volcanic edifice. When this activity occurs at shallow depths, it may signal the pressure-induced disruption of the steam-dominated region of the volcano, and can accordingly be a useful indicator of impending eruption.
The Simple Electrochemical Preparation of Vitamin B12a (Aquocobalamin) from Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

Abstract A procedure is described for the preparation of Vitamin B12a (aquocobalamin). This method involves the controlled potential reduction of the Co(III) of the inert Vitamin B.12a complex (cyanocobalamin) to Co(II); labilizing the axial ligands of the complex. Silver ion is then added to trap the labile CN− ligand as A precipitate. Air oxidation of the resulting solution produces the B12a. The polarographic and spectroscopic properties of the B12a produced by this method are compared to those reported for B12a., prepared by other methods. An “impurity” wave observed in the polarograms of B12a obtained by different preparations is discussed.
Merleau-Pontian Phenomenology as Non-Conventionally Utopian

This essay takes up the claim made recently by Simon Critchley in The Companion to Continental Philosophy that a “feature common to many philosophers in the Continental tradition” is the “utopian demand that things be otherwise.” The general question I pursue has to do with whether or not such a claim includes movements within Continental philosophy that do not self-identify with the utopian (like critical theory). The particular question has to do with whether or not the movement of phenomenology is utopian or does it, because of its other commitments, view the utopian as the antithesis to its orientation, which makes that claim that phenomenology is utopian seem strange. My thesis is that phenomenology can be seen as a utopian tradition but that some account must be given that demonstrates this connection to the utopian. In particular, I argue that Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology provides an understanding of the utopian, which I call a non-conventional view, that is vastly different from the one assumed by most when they see or hear the word “utopian,” which I label conventional. I show that such a non-conventional understanding can be developed in a way that neither requires us to view the utopian solely as opposed to finitude and contingency, nor a form of thought and action from which we necessarily need to dissociate ourselves. It is this non-conventional view of the utopian that in the end enables us to understand how Continental philosophy in general and phenomenology in particular are important bearers of the utopian demand that things be otherwise.
Neutrino interactions and supernovae.

Essential features of the neutrino transport supernova model are discussed. The following conclusions are drawn: mass ejection proceeds primarily by a reflected shock, efficient coupling of the energies of the neutrino and particle gases in the core reduce the strength of the reflected shock and thereby prevents the ejection of material, the coupling of the energies of the neutrino and particle gases by neutrino-electron scattering appears to be critical in the models in regard to mass ejection, the muon-neutrino opacities of Wilson lead to sufficient energy coupling and transport to prevent the ejection of material, and the coupling in energy or momentum between the neutrino and particle gases is not sufficient to cause ejection of material. 16 references. (BJG)
Granulomatous aortic valvulitis associated with aortic insufficiency in Takayasu aortitis

We report an unusual case of Takayasu aortitis associated with a giant cell granulomatous valvulitis presenting with aortic insufficiency. Although nonspecific valvular abnormalities have been reported with Takayasu aortitis, this case is the first to describe involvement of the aortic valve by the disease.
The ionospheric model of the Venus microwave emission: An obituary

Abstract In the ionospheric model of Venus, the observed microwave radiation is attributed to free-free emission of electrons in a dense Cytherean ionosphere. The present paper discusses the mechanisms for formation of such a dense ionosphere, both in the original formulation of Jones and in later formulations which introduce holes in the ionosphere to achieve consistency with the observed radar reflectiveness. Ionization by solar ultra-violet radiation and by the solar proton wind, as measured near Venus by Mariner 2, are considered, assuming that the Cytherean surface magnetic field strength is ≤10−3 gauss. Both sources of ionization are primarily effective at the level where the neutral particle density is ∼1011 cm−3, somewhat above the level at which diffusive equilibrium is established. Three-body electron-ion recombination processes are ineffective at these densities. Radiative recombination is plausible only if all the N2 at this level is converted to N by the Herzberg-Herzberg photodissociation mechanism. But the times for N to diffuse to dense levels where recombination to N2 occurs are so much shorter than the time for Herzberg-Herzberg photodissociation on Venus, that N2 must be a predominant atmospheric constituent at the level of the Cytherean ionosphere. If dissociative recombination therefore prevails, characteristics values of the electron density are ne ∼ 106 cm−3 over a region of 50-km thickness. If radiative recombination prevailed, ne ∼ 108 cm−3 would result, but even this is too small for the ionospheric model to be a valid explanation of the Venus microwave emission. The ionospheric model is accordingly rejected. We conclude that the observed microwave emission arises from the Cytherean surface.
Eye-hand coordination to visual versus remembered targets

It has been suggested that the basal ganglia preferentially contribute to movements made to remembered targets, whereas the cerebellum preferentially contributes to movements based on visual cues. Thus, it is possible that eye-hand coordination may differ in these two types of movement. To examine this issue we compared the response characteristics of combined eye and hand movements made towards visual versus remembered targets. In addition, the influence of the eye movement on the hand movement was investigated by comparing the effects of visual fixation in each task. Our results demonstrated that hand movement amplitude was greater when the hand movements were produced in isolation versus in combination with an eye movement. This was true regardless of whether the movement was made to a visual or a remembered target. This suggests that the integration of eye position information into the manual motor response occurs at a common neural site for both tasks. By contrast, the timing between saccade and hand onsets and offsets differed in the two conditions. This is consistent with the idea that the timing inherent in eye-hand coordination is the result of separate processing within either the basal ganglia or cerebellar systems. Taken together, the results from this study demonstrate that certain processes underlying eye-hand coordination during movements to visual versus remembered targets share a common neural substrate whereas others function independently.
Some pharmacological properties of brain ganglioside.

The effects of a preparation of purified brain ganglioside and of neuraminic acid have been studied on various pharmacological test preparations. In concentrations of 10 μg/ml. or more, ganglioside stimulates the isolated guinea-pig ileum; graded responses are usually obtained. Various substances, known to antagonize the actions of other stimulant substances, fail to affect the response to ganglioside. Ganglioside and neuraminic acid neither stimulate the superior cervical ganglion of the cat nor do they affect ganglionic transmission. Ganglioside and neuraminic acid did not change the response of the frog rectus abdominis muscle to acetylcholine, nor did they affect the blood pressure of the cat. Ganglioside (2 μg/ml. or more) stimulates the isolated heart of Venus mercenaria, but the response, which develops slowly, decreases with repeated administration of ganglioside. The response is not blocked by 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide and there is no indication that it is due to the liberation of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine or related indole compounds. For both the heart of Venus mercenaria and guinea-pig ileum, the activity demonstrated by brain ganglioside is specifically a property of the whole molecule, since neither neuraminic acid itself nor a preparation of brain ganglioside from which only two-thirds of its neuraminic acid had been removed are active.
Hermann Cohen, Maimonides, and the Jewish Virtue of Humility

This paper explores Hermann Cohen’s engagement with, and appropriation of, Maimonides to refute the common assumption that Cohen’s endeavor was to harmonize Judaism with Western culture. Exploring the changes of Cohen’s conception of humility from Ethik des reinen Willens to the Ethics of Maimonides and Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism, this paper highlights the centrality of the collective Jewish mission to bear witness against the dominant order of Western civilization and philosophy in Cohen’s Jewish thought.
Effects of illicit drug use in an inpatient psychiatric population

All 533 patients in the acute and subacute psychiatric wards of a VA psychiatric facility were evaluated by nursing staff for substance abuse history and for illicit drug use. Eighteen percent had a history of either drug or combined drug and alcohol problems, 40% had a history of alcohol abuse, and only 42% had no substance abuse problems. Fifty-six of the patients with a history of drug problems (58%) were illicitly using drugs in the hospital. They were compared with a group of 64 randomly chosen patients with no substance abuse history. Drug users were much younger and tended to be black; they had more re-admissions, even though their original hospital admission was much more recent. Eighty-three percent of both groups had a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia, but drug users were more likely to be diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic. The groups did not differ significantly in treatment status and progress, except that drug users were more likely to exhibit marked mood changes. Half of the drug users were taking drugs three or more times weekly. Marijuana use was by far the most common substance observed. Ten consequences of drug use occurred in at least one-third of the users on a regular basis, the most common effects being negative attitudes toward treatment, cliquishness, secretiveness, and a need for greater supervision. The treatment problems and effects of drug use were much more serious for about half of the drug users than for the others.
A subset of 26S proteasomes is activated at critically low ATP concentrations and contributes to myocardial injury during cold ischemia.

Abstract Molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial injury during warm or cold ischemia are insufficiently understood. Although proteasomes are thought to contribute to myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury, their roles during the ischemic period remain elusive. Because donor hearts are commonly exposed to prolonged global cold ischemia prior to cardiac transplantation, we evaluated the role and regulation of the proteasome during cold ischemic storage of rat hearts in context of the myocardial ATP content. When measured at the actual tissue ATP concentration, cardiac proteasome peptidase activity increased by 225% as ATP declined during cold ischemic storage of hearts in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for up to 48 h. Addition of the specific proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin to the UW solution inhibited proteasome activity in the cardiac extracts, significantly reduced edema formation and preserved the ultrastructural integrity of the cardiomyocyte. Utilizing purified 20S/26S proteasome enzyme preparations, we demonstrate that this activation can be attributed to a subset of 26S proteasomes which are stable at ATP concentrations far below physiological levels, that ATP negatively regulates its activity and that maximal activation occurs at ATP concentrations in the low μmol/L range. These data suggest that proteasome activation is a pathophysiologically relevant mechanism of cold ischemic myocardial injury. A subset of 26S proteasomes appears to be a cell-destructive protease that is activated as ATP levels decline. Proteasome inhibition during cold ischemia preserves the ultrastructural integrity of the cardiomyocyte.
Robustness analysis via the running time of the interior point methods

Let Σ be the set of stable linear time-invariant autonomous systems, equipped with a stability robustness measure ρ. Let TA be the measure of the computational efficiency of the algorithm A that verifies the stability of the elements of Σ. We demonstrate the existence of a robustness measure ρ, algorithm A, and a monotonically increasing function h, such that for all stable S∈Σ, 0<ρ(S)h(TA(S))⩽1; implications of this relationship are then discussed.
Grain boundary oxidation of pressurized-water reactor spent fuel in air

Abstract The grain boundary oxidation of pressurized-water reactor spent fuel in a dry air atmosphere at 195°C was investigated by light optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oxidation occurred by U 4 O 9 formation along the grain boundaries and was visible by anomalous electron backscattering in the SEM. Image analysis of samples oxidized to a bulk oxygen-to-uranium ratio of 2.16 indicated U 4 O 9 penetration into the prior UO 2 grains at a rate of 4.7 nm/hour.
Improvement of Moistness and Texture of High Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Mackerel Nuggets by Inclusion of Moisture‐Releasing Ingredients

In developing mince-based nugget products using mackerel, an abundant, underutilized, high omega-3 fatty acid species, attention was given to moistness and texture improvement with moisture-releasing ingredients. Three basic approaches were used: added water level variation (0 to 35%), varying added water-moisture-releasing vegetable combination (28/0, 21/7, 14/14, 7/21, 0/28), and varying milk-water combination (0/21, 7/14, 14/7, 21/0). Main ingredients of nugget included mackerel mince, mild cheddar cheese, and hydrated textured soy protein concentrate. The formulated products were molded, lightly battered, flash fried, and frozen until tested. Frozen nuggets were cooked to 65 degrees C and subjected to the Instron texture analysis (compressive force CF at 70% deformation, expressible fluid EF) and sensory analysis (firmness F, moistness M, overall desirability OD). The 28% added water, 7% moisture-releasing vegetable at 21% water, and 14:7 and 21:0 milk-water combinations were preferred (P < 0.05). Among the vegetables, onion and mushroom were preferred. Positive correlations were M-OD (r= 0.82), EF-OD (r= 0.54), and EF-M (r= 0.49), and negative correlations were F-OD (r=-0.83) and CF-OD (r=-0.34). Milk was more effective than water in rendering moistness and tender texture. The vegetable was effective in forming and making the cooked product moist with less liquid added by holding moisture release during forming and liquid cells after cooking. During warming under the lamps, the least decreases in sensory score, compressive force, and expressible fluid were observed in nuggets made with vegetable and milk.
Net Portal Absorption of Volatile Fatty Acids and L(+)-Lactate by Lactating Holstein Cows

Abstract Net absorption of L-lactate and VFA from the portal drained viscera of first lactation Holstein cows was measured at 4, 8, (four cows), 12, 16, and 20 wk (two cows) of lactation. Chronic indwelling catheters were installed 7 to 14 d postpartum in appropriate vessels to measure blood flow and net nutrient absorption. Cows were fed a completely mixed, 60:40 (dry basis) corn silage:supplement diet and milked every 12 h. Average metabolizable energy intake was 2.8× maintenance and mean milk production was 24.0 kg. Net absorption of lactate, any of the VFA, or their total was not affected by week postpartum. Net absorption of L-lactate, VFA, and α-amino N accounted in sum for 53.6% of metabolizable energy intake; contributions of each component to energy in absorbed nutrients were acetate and propionate, 29.5% each; α-amino N, 23.4%; L-lactate, 5.4%; n-butyrate, 5.3%; 2-methylbutyrate, 2.8%, and i-butyrate, i-valerate, and n-valerate, 1.2 to 1.6% each. Comparison of paired samples of blood and plasma showed that blood cells contribute to the transport of acetate, propionate, i-butyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate but not of n-butyrate, i-valerate, or n-valerate.
MO-A-M100J-01: Performance Evaluation for New-Technology CT Systems: Dual-Source CT

Computed tomography technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace. Recent technical innovations include dual‐source CT, 256‐channel CT, and cone‐beam angio CT. In this three‐part presentation, the impact of each of these new technologies on physics performance evaluations will be considered. In dual‐source CT, two x‐ray tubes and two data acquisition systems are mounted orthogonally on the same rotating gantry. The system can be used to perform traditional CT scanning similar to the 64‐slice system from the same manufacturer; 85 msec temporal resolution imaging; dual source 160 kW imaging; or dual‐energy imaging. The impact of two x‐ray sources and two data acquisition systems on performance testing is relatively straightforward, as the doses from each source are simply additive. However, to assess image quality in a clinically‐relevant manner, a proper understanding of typical scan parameters is essential. Several suggested scan modes for image quality evaluation will be presented. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the design of dual‐source CT. 2. Recognize typical dose values from each source and from clinical protocols. 3. Gain familiarity with the image quality associated with typical clinical scan protocols.
Modern treatment of carcinoma of uterus

Abstract Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is usually of the epidermoid type. Accurate histological diagnosis by biopsy is essential; biopsy risk is very slight. Cervical carcinoma is best treated by a combination of radium and deep x -ray therapy; by the use of the deep therapy before radium application, the danger of fatal peritonitis is minimized. Surgical treatment has proved inadequate in comparison to radiotherapy. Carcinoma of the uterine corpus is usually of the glandular type. Diagnosis can generally be made by a curettage but should be suspected in patients who commence to have discharge or bleeding after the menopause. Carcinoma of the body is best treated by a course of deep x -ray therapy, followed promptly by a panhysterectomy.
Spillovers Across Nafta

This paper examines linkages across North America by estimating the size of spillovers from the major regions of the world-the United States, euro area, Japan, and the rest of the world-to Canada and Mexico, and decomposing the impact of these spillovers into trade, commodity price, and financial market channels. For Canada, a one percent shock to U.S. real GDP shifts Canadian real GDP by some 3/4 of a percentage point in the same direction- with financial spillovers more important than trade in recent decades. Thus, a large proportion of the reduction in Canadian output volatility since the 1980s can be accounted for by the Great Moderation in U.S. growth. Before 1996, domestic volatility in Mexico swamped the contribution of external factors to the business cycle. After 1996, the response of Mexican GDP is 1 1/2 times the size of the U.S. shock - when the U.S. sneezes, Mexico catches a cold. These spillovers are transmitted through both trade and financial channels.
Is glucose tolerance factor an artifact produced by acid hydrolysis of low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance?

Abstract A low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) has been isolated and purified from porcine kidney and porcine kidney powder and characterized. The oligopeptide is biologically active, has a molecular weight of ca 1500 daltons, and is comprised of cysteine, glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and Cr III . Porcine kidney LMWRCr is also susceptible to hydrolysis, especially under the conditions for the acid hydrolysis used in the purification of glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Combined with some similarities in the composition of GTF and LMWCr, these results suggest GTF may be an artifact resulting from hydrolysis of porcine LMWCr.
Metabolism of 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid in rats.

Discussion and SummaryAs with the rabbit, dog, and man, 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid in the rats was eliminated by route of urinary excretion. About 80% of the injected 2-TCA was recovered as metabolite by means of glycine conjugation and 20% remained unchanged. The conjugation process seemed to take place immediately after ingestion of the compound in the rats and the excretion of metabolites in urine was rapid. The peak rate of excretion occurred between 30 and 50 min after injection and was in company with a diuresis. After a shows that 2-TCA significantly increased excretion of urine during the 0-4 hr period compared to saline control animals. About 80% of the injected 2-TCA (2 or 4 mmoles/kg) was converted into 2-TG and the remaining 20% was excreted without conjugation. The ratio between 2-TG and 2-TCA recovered in each urine sample, however, varied with time after injection and also the injected dose. Urine samples collected in 4-24 hr periods contained mainly 2-TG. In rats receiving 2 mmoles/kg, 96%...
A self-aligned EPROM structure with superior data retention

A structure that exhibits superior data retention, compared to the conventional erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) cell, while still using phosphosilicate glass (PSG) passivation, is described. The nitrided self-aligned MOS (NIT-SAMOS) employs a thin layer of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) nitride between the double-poly-gate structure and the poly-metal isolation dielectric, to reduce the possibility of contamination of the floating-gate area. Comparisons are made of EPROM data retention lifetimes, programmability, and UV erasability, and n- and p-channel device parameters. >