cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AEGIS-K code for linear kinetic analysis of toroidally axisymmetric plasma stability

A linear kinetic stability code for tokamak plasmas: AEGIS-K (Adaptive EiGenfunction Independent Solutions-Kinetic), is described. The AEGIS-K code is based on the newly developed gyrokinetic theory [L.J. Zheng, M.T. Kotschenreuther, J.W. Van Dam, Phys. Plasmas 14 (2007) 072505]. The success in recovering the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) from this newly developed gyrokinetic theory in the proper limit leads the AEGIS-K code to be featured by being fully kinetic in essence but hybrid in appearance. The radial adaptive shooting scheme based on the method of the independent solution decomposition in the MHD AEGIS code [L.J. Zheng, M.T. Kotschenreuther, J. Comp. Phys. 211 (2006) 748] is extended to the kinetic calculation. A numerical method is developed to solve the gyrokinetic equation of lowest order for the response to the independent solutions of the electromagnetic perturbations, with the quasineutrality condition taken into account. A transform method is implemented to allow the pre-computed Z-function (i.e., the plasma dispersion function) to be used to reduce the integration dimension in the moment calculation and to assure the numerical accuracy in determining the wave-particle resonance effects. Periodic boundary condition along the whole banana orbit is introduced to treat the trapped particles, in contrast to the usual reflection symmetry conditions at the banana tips. Due to the adaptive feature, the AEGIS-K code is able to resolve the coupling between the kinetic resonances and the shear Alfven continuum damping. Application of the AEGIS-K code to compute the resistive wall modes in ITER is discussed.
Threshold decomposition of gray-scale soft morphology into binary soft morphology

Gray-scale soft mathematical morphology is the natural extension of binary soft mathematical morphology which has been shown to be less sensitive to additive noise and to small variations. But gray-scale soft morphological operations are difficult to implement in real time. In this Note, a superposition property called threshold decomposition and another property called stacking are applied successfully on gray-scale soft morphological operations. These properties allow gray-scale signals and structuring elements to be decomposed into their binary sets respectively and operated by only logic gates in new VLSI architectures, and then these binary results are combined to produce the desired output as of the time-consuming gray-scale processing.
The use of minilaparoscopy for conscious pain mapping

Abstract Conscious pain mapping via minilaparoscopy is a technique designed to localize the source of abdominal pain by taking advantage of the best monitor for pain—the patient. The areas of concern are examined laparoscopically in a lightly sedated patient. The patient then directs the physician to the area of concern. Careful in vivo examination often reveals pathologic conditions that are not recognized by other means. When the source of pain has been identified, subsequent treatment steps are often clear. When the pain source is localized to a nerve, such as the genitofemoral nerve, a cryoanesthetic block can be placed on the nerve with direct visualization. If conscious pain mapping assessment is correct, placement of the cryoanesthetic block should render the patient's pain improved. Cryoanesthesia provides a reversible, nondestructive nerve block. This allows for assessment of blockade well beyond the placebo period and may have an effect on central nervous system wind-up. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Keeping tabs

Social media have become significant contexts for dating relationships among high school students. These media, which allow for increased visibility of dating partners' information and constant connectivity, may put teens at risk for problematic digital dating behaviors. This study sought to replicate and expand on research with college students to examine the association between attachment insecurity (relationship anxiety and avoidance) and electronic intrusion in high school dating relationships. Electronic intrusion (EI) is the use of social media to intrude into the privacy of a dating partner, monitor a partner's whereabouts and activities, and pressure a partner for constant contact. A survey study of 703 high school girls and boys found that higher levels of attachment anxiety were associated with more frequent perpetration of EI for both girls and boys. Therefore, especially for anxiously attached teens, social media may create a "cycle of anxiety" in which social media serve as both a trigger for relationship anxiety and a tool for partner surveillance in an attempt to alleviate anxiety. Electronic intrusion involves monitoring and privacy invasion using social media.Attachment anxiety positively associated with perpetrating electronic intrusion.Social media may increase risk for anxious teens to engage in electronic intrusion.Replicated and expanded on previous research on college students.
Characterization of operating parameters of an in vivo micro CT system

The objective of this study was to characterize the operating parameters of an in-vivo micro CT system. In-plane spatial resolution, noise, geometric accuracy, CT number uniformity and linearity, and phase effects were evaluated using various phantoms. The system employs a flat panel detector with a 127 μm pixel pitch, and a micro focus x-ray tube with a focal spot size ranging from 5-30 μm. The system accommodates three magnification sets of 1.72, 2.54 and 5.10. The in-plane cutoff frequencies (10% MTF) ranged from 2.31 lp/mm (60 mm FOV, M=1.72, 2×2 binning) to 13 lp/mm (10 mm FOV, M=5.10, 1×1 binning). The results were qualitatively validated by a resolution bar pattern phantom and the smallest visible lines were in 30-40 μm range. Noise power spectrum (NPS) curves revealed that the noise peaks exponentially increased as the geometric magnification (M) increased. True in-plane pixel spacing and slice thickness were within 2% of the system’s specifications. The CT numbers in cone beam modality are greatly affected by scattering and thus they do not remain the same in the three magnifications. A high linear relationship (R2 > 0.999) was found between the measured CT numbers and Hydroxyapatite (HA) loadings of the rods of a water filled mouse phantom. Projection images of a laser cut acrylic edge acquired at a small focal spot size of 5 μm with 1.5 fps revealed that noticeable phase effects occur at M=5.10 in the form of overshooting at the boundary of air and acrylic. In order to make the CT numbers consistent across all the scan settings, scatter correction methods may be a valuable improvement for this system.
Language and tool making are similar cognitive processes.

Design features for language and stone toolmaking (not tool use) involve similar if not homologous cognitive processes. Both are arbitrary transformations of internal “intrinsic” symbolization, whereas non-human tool using is mostly an iconic transformation. The major discontinuity between humans and non-humans (chimpanzees) is language. The presence of stone tools made to standardized patterns suggests communicative and social control skills that involved language.
Environmental hygiene in the operating room: cleanliness, godliness, and reality.

Cleanliness becomes more important when godliness is unlikely (P.J. O’Rourke). “Environment” is defined by the New Oxford American Dictionary as “the surroundings or conditions in which a person lives or operates,” whereas hygiene is defined as “conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease, especially through cleanliness.” Cleanliness is the state of being free from imperfections, dirt, and pollution. Although achieving true cleanliness in the operating room (OR)—that is, being free from imperfections and contamination— may be as difficult to achieve as godliness, there is growing evidence in the literature to guide our efforts. For the OR, the environment is comprised of the people (OR staff and patient), the space, and the equipment (Fig. 1). The complex interactions that exist between these elements define how clean and safe the environment is.
Nanoscale mechanical tailoring of interfaces using self-assembled monolayers

Abstract Functional groups in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provide a way to tailor the structural, thermal and electrical properties of interfaces, as the interaction between SAMs and target surfaces can range from weakly bonded to strong bonding. The present study focuses on evaluating the interfacial mechanical properties of SAMs with different affinities to a gold film. We use molecular dynamics (MD) with the ReaxFF potential to evaluate the spallation response of the SAM-gold interface characteristics for two SAMs, namely dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTES) and 11-mercapto-undecyltrimethoxysilane (MUTMS), which respectively have weak and strong bonding with gold. MD simulations predict the MUTMS-gold interface to be four times stronger than the DTES-gold interface. Laser spallation experiments performed to evaluate the cohesive strength of the two SAMs show a similar ratio of cohesive strength; however MD results are about 50 times higher than experimental observations. AFM surface analyses of interacting interfaces demonstrate that surface roughness values are of the same order as atomistic interactions. The role played by surface roughness is then incorporated in a simple continuum model.
Microstructural evolution during martensitic transformation in antiferromagnetic Mn-Fe(Cu) alloy

In this paper,the microstructural evolution in antiferromagnetic Mn-Fe(Cu) alloy was studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis,electric resistance vs temperature curve,differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),transparent electronic microscopy(TEM).The results showed that at room temperature,the alloy's microstructure was twins with {011} twin plane.The martensitic twins were movable driven by temperature.However,when the alloy was cooled from higher temperature,there exists tweed microstructures induced by antiferromagnetic transition,by which the sites and orientations of the original twins changed.The solutions of Landau free energy equation indicated that the morphography of martensitic twins was affected by antiferromagnetic transition.
Will China’s quest for indigenous innovation succeed? Some lessons from nanotechnology

Abstract Over the past decade, the Chinese state has made major efforts to transition China’s economy away from a focus on manufacturing, and towards a focus on generating indigenous innovation in R&D intensive fields such as nanotechnology. This goal has been pursued through a comprehensive industrial policy framework that aims to give preferential treatment to Chinese companies in domestic markets while also devoting significant resources towards basic and applied R&D, building science parks and research centers, funding focused venture capital funds, and recruiting prominent expatriate scientists and entrepreneurs from universities and businesses abroad. This paper, based on interviews with scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists in Shanghai, Suzhou, and Beijing, examines the strengths and weaknesses of China’s push for indigenous innovation. We use the case of nanotechnology to address the pressing question of why China continues to underperform with regards to generating innovative, high-tech companies and products, despite heavy public R&D investment and the presence of one of the world’s largest talent pools of potential scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs.
Estimates of genetic parameters for live animal ultrasound, actual carcass data, and growth traits in beef cattle

Growth and carcass measurements were made on 2,411 Hereford steers slaughtered at a constant weight from a designed reference sire program involving 137 sires. A second data set consisted of ultrasound measures of backfat (USFAT) and longissimus muscle area (USREA) from 3,482 yearling Hereford cattle representing 441 sires. Restricted maximum likelihood procedures were used to estimate genetic parameters among carcass traits and live animal weight traits from these two separate data sets. Heritability estimates for the slaughter weight constant steer carcass backfat (FAT) and longissimus muscle area (REA) were .49 and .46, respectively. In addition, FAT had a negative genetic correlation with REA (-.37), weaning weight (-.28), and yearling weight (-.13) but positive with marbling (.19) and carcass weight (.36). Marbling was moderately heritable (.35) and highly correlated with total postweaning average daily gain (.54) and feedlot relative growth rate (.62). Heritability estimates for weight constant USFAT and USREA were .26 and .25, respectively. The genetic correlation between weight constant USFAT and USREA was positive (.39), indicating that in these young animals USFAT does not seem to be an indication of maturity. Mean USFAT measures and variability were small (.48 +/- .17 cm, n = 3,482). Results indicate that carcass fat on slaughter steers and ultrasound measures of backfat on young breeding animals may have different relationships with growth and muscling. These relationships need to be explored before wide scale selection based on ultrasound is implemented.
Effects of normobaric hyperoxia on hemodynamics and O2 utilization in conscious dogs.

It seems reasonable to speculate, as Priestley did in 1775 shortly after his discovery of oxygen, that breathing oxygen-enriched air at normal atmospheric pressure, or normobaric hyperoxia, might increase the overall rate of oxidative metabolism, according to the law of mass action. Indeed, the opposite may occur under resting conditions. Chapler, Cain, and Stainsby (1984) presented intriguing data in anesthetized dogs showing that hyperoxia can paradoxically decrease O2 consumption. More recently, Lodato (1989) has reported that whole-body O2 consumption is decreased during hyperoxia in intact conscious dogs. This paper briefly summarizes this latter work and, in addition, presents a new analysis of the relationship between O2 consumption and O2 transport during normobaric hyperoxia.
Rapid Methods in Microbiology for In-Office Testing

This article reviews some of the newer methods available for diagnosing the three most common infections seen in outpatient medicine: pharyngitis, urinary tract infection, and venereal disease. The methods discussed were chosen because they can provide information within a time frame that allows therapeutic decision-making before the patient leaves the office.
Reinforcement probability and delay as determinants of human impulsiveness

In behavior theory, “impulsiveness” refers to the choice of an immediate, small reinforcer over a delayed, large reinforcer. Such behavior generally is attributed to a reduction in the value of the large reinforcer as a function of the duration of delay. In contrast, social learning theorists have suggested that human impulsiveness can result from a lowered “expectancy” (subjective probability) of reinforcement. Effects of probability and delay were assessed by asking adults to make repeated choices between reinforcement schedules in which the reinforcers were slides of entertainment figures. An immediate, 5-s reinforcer was consistently chosen over an immediate, 40-s reinforcer if the probability of receiving the large reinforcer had previously been low (.20), implying that impulsiveness can occur without time-based discounting. However, reinforcement delay was also influential: Choice between a certain, small reinforcer and an uncertain, large reinforcer varied according to which reinforcer was immediate and which delayed.
The Paradox of Institutionalization: The Roman Catholic Church in Chile and Brazil

Although the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America has become known as an agent of religious and social change, the majority of bishops there do not appear to advocate any drastic restructuring of church or society. This seeming contradiction may be explained by reference to the concept of institutionalization. An examination of the development of religious innovations in Chile and Brazil reveals that they originally emerged because of the episcopate's interest in defending the church against perceived threats to its influence by Marxists and evangelical Protestants. However, once the innovations became institutionalized that is, established as an integral part of Catholic belief and practice they set in motion a dynamic for change that would lead to challenges of both political and religious structures.
Modeling Two-Phase System and Interfacial Transfer

In general, two-phase flow problems are formulated in terms of the conservation equations. These conservation equations should be supplemented by various constitutive relations which specify transfer mechanisms within each fluid and at phase interfaces. The development of the two-phase flow constitutive relations depends heavily on experimental data and phenomenological modeling of these transfer mechanisms.
Heart failure with a better ejection fraction

Consider the following clinical scenarios: (1) a 67-year-old man presents for follow-up of recent coronary bypass surgery. He had presented 6 months ago with heart failure, severe 3-vessel coronary disease, and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 30%. He has done well and remains asymptomatic on metoprolol succinate, lisinopril, eplerenone, and occasional furosemide. Repeat echocardiography notes his LVEF is now 55%. He wants to know how long he needs to continue these medications. (2) A 45-year-old woman with an idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is seen for routine evaluation. Since her diagnosis, 8 months ago, she has done well on carvedilol, losartan, and spironolactone; she does not require other diuretics. Repeat echocardiography documents an improvement in LVEF from 15% to 60%. She wants to know what her prognosis is. What do you tell them? See Article by Florea et al Although the primacy of patient-relevant outcomes in the study of heart failure should not be displaced, it is virtually impossible to not be obsessed with the ejection fraction. Yet, it has well-known limitations: it changes over time, its measurement in clinical practice is not precise, and what is considered normal continues to evolve.1 However, for patients and providers, it is simple and intuitive; it integrates the relationship between more complex concepts of myocardial contractility, cardiac structure, and ventricular-arterial coupling. The LVEF determines how heart failure is categorized, which treatments are indicated, and what the prognosis may be. However, it is important to recognize that the prognostic power of LVEF lies in its physiological determinants; for example, it is ventricular-arterial coupling, LV size, and V that affect outcomes and not intrinsic contractility (eg, Ees) per se that is associated with outcomes.2 As a composite measurement, an improvement in LVEF generally indicates left ventricular reverse remodeling (LVRR), whether as …
The Joint Influence of Ethical Human Resource Practice, Ethical Investor Relations, Ethical Consumer Relations and Ethical Advertising on the Financial Performance of Listed Firms in Kenya.

Purpose: The general objective of this study was to establish the joint influence of ethical human resource practice, ethical investor relations, ethical consumer relations and ethical advertising on the financial performance of listed firms in Kenya. Methodology: Primary data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary data was collected from both the listed firms in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), and information from the sector regulator, the Capital Markets Authority (CMA). The target population of this study was 64 companies listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) with consistency being evaluated between the years 2011 to 2015. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Results: The study did a joint regression test for the combined effects of ethical human resource practices, ethical advertising practices, ethical consumer practices and ethical relation practices. In the regression, it was established that, acting jointly, these practices have a positive relationship with the financial performance of listed firms. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study recommends that listed firms need to religiously adhere to conducts of ethical leadership. The departments of human resource should at all times implement their human resource policies with great caution as their mandates, as outlined in the HR policy, influence their organizational performance. The marketing departments should uphold zero tolerance to unethical advertising practices. Also, a feedback platform needs to be included in all advertisements so that profitability is achieved. To the consumers, quality is of priority. Listed firms should formulate ways of always adhering to provision of quality services to consumers. On ethical investor relations, there is need to involve truthful disclosure of information, especially regarding financial statements of the firms. Truthful disclosure of information will uphold investor trust, and subsequently inject more incentives (majorly in the form of financial) for the benefit of the firms. Overally, the study recommends that, by practicing ethical leadership, the firms’ financial performance will greatly improve. The study also suggested that ethical leadership practices should be replicated in non-listed firms and in government agencies.
Optimal Points for Cubature Rules and Polynomial Interpolation on a Square

The nodes of certain minimal cubature rule are real common zeros of a set of orthogonal polynomials of degree n. They often consist of a well distributed set of points and interpolation polynomials based on them have desired convergence behavior. We report what is known and the theory behind by explaining the situation when the domain of integrals is a square.
Generalized average modeling of DC subsystem in solid state transformers

Solid state transformers (SSTs) include dc subsystems to enable plug-and-play support of dc loads, generation sources, and energy storage. Dual active bridge (DAB) converters are a suitable topology for both the primary energy conversion and load interface applications in an SST. This study considers an SST that uses DAB converters for both applications, and describes a method of generating a full model of the dc subsystem. The system-level model is constructed from generalized average models of the individual converters and therefore retains information related to both the ac and dc stages of the DABs. The size of the resulting model is limited by preserving the decoupling of key state equations in the model combination process, thereby avoiding the scalability issues involved in generalized average modeling techniques. The accuracy of the model is verified through comparisons to results from a hardware testbed. The primary application of the model is to provide a framework for small-signal stability assessment that is applicable regardless of the flow of power in the SST. While the methods used in this study are motivated by the SST application, they are also suitable to the more general case of a dc distribution system.
Motif: A social reading platform that helps people filter, memorize, and organize online contents

With the explosion of online articles, people are in desperate need of a more efficient way to filter, archive, and organize contents online. This paper presents the design and implementation of a cloud social media platform named Motif, which is a crowdsourcing reading platform for accessing interesting online information more efficiently. Motif is designed for readers to crowdsource and manage online information with a primary focus on articles. Readers' comments on articles can be shared with all or a selective group of users using Motif. The shared comments on an article may help users, who have not yet read this article, obtain an overall information of it efficiently so that they can decide whether to spend time on it or not. Motif is created for providing users with a friendly experience of discovering high-quality articles as well as managing their historical reading record efficiently.
Clostridium difficile control measures: current and future methods for prevention.

Introduction: Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of healthcare associated infection, and C. difficile infection (CDI) is associated with significant costs, morbidity, and mortality. One...
John D. Roberts, a tenacious yet benevolent role model and an uncelebrated historian of chemistry

The author's experience as editor of John D. Roberts' autobiography The Right Place at the Right Time published by the American Chemical Society in 1990 forms the basis for his description of Roberts as a research scientist and teacher, an author, a citizen of the world, and a friend.
The Token Economy: Program Options and Variations

The present chapter describes the essential features of the token economy and details examples of specific programs in different settings. There are relatively few essential features of a token economy. Yet, several program variations, options, and ancillary procedures are used so that token economies vary considerably in their characteristics. Program variations and options frequently used in token economies and evidence pertaining to their effects on client behavior are also reviewed.
The Theorem Becomes Classic

The chapter conveys how Van der Waerden’s theorem on monochromatic arithmetic progressions in finitely colored integers became classic, a “pearl of number theory.” The story includes never before published historical discoveries—not contained even in the author’s “The Mathematical Coloring Book.”
Induction of Lead-Binding Phytochelatins in Vetiver Grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)]

Elevated lead (Pb) concentrations in residential houseyards around house walls painted with Pb-based pigments pose serious human health risks, especially to children. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) has shown promise for use in in situ Pb phytoremediation efforts. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the observed high Pb tolerance by vetiver. We hypothesized that vetiver exposure to Pb induced the synthesis of phytochelatins (PC(n)) and the formation of Pb-PC(n) complexes, alleviating the phytotoxic effects of free Pb ions. Our main objective was to identify PC(n) and Pb-PC(n) complexes in root and shoot compartments of vetiver grass using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ES-MS). After 7 d of exposure to Pb, vetiver accumulated up to 3000 mg Pb kg(-1) in shoot tissues, but much higher Pb concentrations were measured in root ( approximately 20,000 mg kg(-1)), without phytotoxic symptoms. Scanning electron micrographs showed Pb deposition in the vascular tissues of root and shoot, suggesting Pb translocation to shoot. Collision-induced dissociation analyses in MS/ MS mode during HPLC-ES-MS analysis allowed for the confirmation of four unique PC(n) (n = 1-4) based on their respective amino acid sequence. The high tolerance of vetiver grass to Pb was attributed to the formation of PC(n) and Pb-PC(n) complexes within the plant tissues, using ES-MS and Pb mass isotopic patterns. These data illustrate the mechanism of high Pb tolerance by vetiver grass, suggesting its potential usefulness for the remediation of Pb-contaminated residential sites.
Modelling and control of multistage mixer extractors

A drop-population balance model is proposed for the prediction of the transient dispersed-phase fraction (holdup), drop size distribution, and solute concentration along a multistage mixer extraction column. Droplet events of breakage and coalescence and flow patterns inside the contactor are considered. The population balance model is suitable for model-based predictive control, and it is tested against experimental results of drop size distribution, holdup, and concentration profiles from a pilot plant unit. The dynamic behavior and control of multistage extraction columns is also studied and a multivariable control scheme of holdup and concentration is proposed.
L 2 Estimates in Nonlinear Fourier Analysis

One of the goals of classical Fourier analysis is to obtain L p estimates for linear operators that commute with translations. The case of p = 2 plays a special role, because of Placherel’s theorem, and because of the availability of methods from the Calderon- Zygmund school for deriving L p estimates from the L 2 case. However, the relevance of Plancherel’s theorem fades swiftly to oblivion when we shift our attention to nonlinear objects. (The Calderon-Zygmund technology does not.) In this paper we present an approach to dealing with nonlinear functionals that commute with translations and which satisfy nonlinear versions of the Calderon-Zygmund conditions.
A conceptual model for case grammar analysis

Case grammars are useful formalisms in natural language processing. Their usefulness in realistic implementation projects have been demonstrated in the form of working systems by a number of researchers. However a close inspection, made during an attempt to use case grammars in generating user tailored error messages, has revealed serious limitations: There are so many anomalies and inconsistencies in earlier models that a completely new approach to the characterization of case grammars has been found necessary. After reviewing representative work about case grammars the present state of crisis is explained. To solve these problems a new model is proposed, which is based on dividing sentences into a small number of categories depending on similarity in their meanings. For each meaning category, a unique paradigm is defined to formally characterize the semantic relations between sentence components. Together with the use of well defined combination rules, the proposed set of paradigms can represent sentences with arbitrary complexity.
Developmental pathways of adolescent cannabis use: Risk factors, outcomes and sex-specific differences.

AbstractBackground: Characterizing patterns of adolescent cannabis use (CU), as well as risk factors and outcomes uniquely associated with these pathways is essential for informing treatment and pr...
Models of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis.

More than 180% of patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) experience bone metastasis, which negatively impacts overall survival and patient quality of life. Various mouse models have been used to study the mechanisms of bone metastasis over the years; however, there is currently no model that fully recapitulates what happens in humans because bone metastasis rarely occurs in spontaneous PCa mouse models. Nevertheless, animal models of bone metastasis using several different tumor inoculation routes have been developed to help study bone metastatic progression, which occurs particularly in late-stage PCa patients. This chapter describes the protocols commonly used to develop models of bone metastatic cancer in mice using different percutaneous injection methods (Intracardiac and Intraosseous). These models are useful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of bone metastatic progression, including tumor tissue tropism and tumor growth within the bone marrow microenvironment. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes will clearly lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for PCa patients with bone metastases.
Attitudes and Knowledge of Future Teachers to Identify Struggling Readers.

AbstractIndiana recently passed legislation requiring teacher preparation programs to educate future teachers on how to identify and refer struggling readers, including students with learning needs...
Unending Capitalism: How Consumerism Negated China's Communist Revolution

What forces shaped the twentieth-century world? Capitalism and communism are usually seen as engaged in a fight-to-the-death during the Cold War. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party aimed to end capitalism. Karl Gerth argues that despite the socialist rhetoric of class warfare and egalitarianism, Communist Party policies actually developed a variety of capitalism and expanded consumerism. This negated the goals of the Communist Revolution across the Mao era (1949–1976) down to the present. Through topics related to state attempts to manage what people began to desire - wristwatches and bicycles, films and fashion, leisure travel and Mao badges - Gerth challenges fundamental assumptions about capitalism, communism, and countries conventionally labeled as socialist. In so doing, his provocative history of China suggests how larger forces related to the desire for mass-produced consumer goods reshaped the twentieth-century world and remade people's lives.
Doctors Also Need Sleep: Is It Time to Take Another Look at Our ROSTERS?

* Abbreviations: ACGME — : Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education ROSTERS — : Randomized Order Safety Trial Evaluating Resident-Physician Schedules Despite an abundance of data that humans need sleep to perform at their best, the medical profession has lagged behind other service industries, including other health professions, in developing guidelines consistent with current data describing the negative impact of sleep deprivation on physician performance.1,2 This lack of guidelines is likely due to some combination of the heterogeneity of literature, concern about educational outcomes from decreased hours, and financial impact.2,3 In addition, the connections between physician performance, patient safety, and physician sleep deprivation have not always been clear to the public. Existing guidelines on physician shift lengths are centered on trainees, who account for a minority of the active physician workforce, in part because trainees have historically had more grueling schedules than practicing physicians. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) determines the maximum educational work hours that residents and fellows can work. ACGME guidelines are influenced by National Academy of Medicine recommendations, seminal studies on the effect of different shift durations on … Address correspondence to Abimbola Dairo Oguntebi, MD, Department of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Santa Clara Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente, 700 Lawrence Expy, Santa Clara, CA 95051. E-mail: abimbola.dairo{at}kp.org
On demand control of bus-cavity coupling

We show tuning of the cavity-bus coupling rate by more than 160% by imparting a nonlinear differential parametric gain between the clockwise and counterclockwise propagating modes.
Development of an Automated Testing System for Verification and Validation of Nuclear Data and Simulation Code

Verification and validation (V&V) of nuclear data are critical to the accuracy of both stochastic and deterministic particle transport codes. To effectively test a set of nuclear data, the data must be applied to a wide variety of transport problems. Performing this task in a timely, efficient manner is tedious. The nuclear data team at Los Alamos National Laboratory in collaboration with the University of Florida has developed a methodology to automate the process of nuclear data V&V. This automated V&V process can efficiently test a number of data libraries using well-defined benchmark experiments, such as those in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiment Project. The process is implemented through an integrated set of Python scripts. Material and geometry data are read from an existing medium or given directly by the user to generate a benchmark experiment template file. The user specifies the choice of benchmark templates, codes, and libraries to form a V& V project. The Python scripts automatically generate input decks for multiple transport codes, run and monitor individual jobs, and parse the relevant output. The output can then be used to generate reports directly or can be stored in a database for later analysis. This methodology eases the burden on the user by reducing the amount of time and effort required for obtaining and compiling calculation results. The resource savings by using this automated methodology could potentially be an enabling technology for more sophisticated data studies, such as nuclear data uncertainty quantification. Once deployed, this tool will allow the nuclear data community to more thoroughly test data libraries leading to higher-fidelity data in the future.
SU-E-J-238: First-Order Approximation of Time-Resolved 4DMRI From Cine 2DMRI and Respiratory-Correlated 4DMRI

Purpose: Cine 2DMRI is useful in MR-guided radiotherapy but it lacks volumetric information. We explore the feasibility of estimating timeresolved (TR) 4DMRI based on cine 2DMRI and respiratory-correlated (RC) 4DMRI though simulation. Methods: We hypothesize that a volumetric image during free breathing can be approximated by interpolation among 3DMRI image sets generated from a RC-4DMRI. Two patients’ RC-4DMRI with 4 or 5 phases were used to generate additional 3DMRI by interpolation. For each patient, six libraries were created to have total 5-to-35 3DMRI images by 0–6 equi-spaced tri-linear interpolation between adjacent and full-inhalation/full-exhalation phases. Sagittal cine 2DMRI were generated from reference 3DMRIs created from separate, unique interpolations from the original RC-4DMRI. To test if accurate 3DMRI could be generated through rigid registration of the cine 2DMRI to the 3DMRI libraries, each sagittal 2DMRI was registered to sagittal cuts in the same location in the 3DMRI within each library to identify the two best matches: one with greater lung volume and one with smaller. A final interpolation between the corresponding 3DMRI was then performed to produce the first-order-approximation (FOA) 3DMRI. The quality and performance of the FOA as a function of library size was assessed using both the difference in lungmore » volume and average voxel intensity between the FOA and the reference 3DMRI. Results: The discrepancy between the FOA and reference 3DMRI decreases as the library size increases. The 3D lung volume difference decreases from 5–15% to 1–2% as the library size increases from 5 to 35 image sets. The average difference in lung voxel intensity decreases from 7–8 to 5–6 with the lung intensity being 0–135. Conclusion: This study indicates that the quality of FOA 3DMRI improves with increasing 3DMRI library size. On-going investigations will test this approach using actual cine 2DMRI and introduce a higher order approximation for improvements. This study is in part supported by NIH (U54CA137788 and U54CA132378)« less
Muscle glycogen synthase in vivo state: Effects of insulin administration on the chemical and kinetic properties of the purified enzyme.

Control of the phosphorylation state of rabbitmuscle glycogen synthase (UDPglucose: glycogen 4-a-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11) by the action of hormones such as insulin and epinephrine [ 1,2] is considered to be an important feature of the endocrine regulation of the activity of this enzyme. The control of activity follows from the fact that the kinetic properties of glycogen synthase are strongly dependent on the phosphorylation state of the enzyme [3,4], a higher phosphorylation state correlating with lower activity under most conditions. In previous work, we investigated the relationship between enzyme kinetic properties of synthase and the alkali-labile phosphate content of the enzyme [3,4]. Enzymes differing in phosphorylation state were obtained by incubation of partially purified enzyme containing kinase(s) with ATP, cyclic-AMP and Mg”for different lengths of time. These experiments indicated a smooth, monotonic dependence of properties on phosphate content. Therefore, we wished to observe whether endogenous
A low-cost application-specific neural network implementation with floating gate weights

The technology and design philosophy for low-cost application-specific neural network implementations through MOSIS are presented. The advantage of applying a low-cost custom-made special purpose network for a given problem over the application of available general purpose networks is discussed. The special purpose networks use floating gate devices for weight storage. The design approach presented allows the designer to implement any knowledge about the problem to be solved into hardware, thus reducing circuit complexity and training time. An example of a simple network for linear and nonlinear voltage-to-current conversion illustrate the technique. >
Stereotype Threat: a Case of Overclaim Syndrome?

The theory of Stereotype Threat (ST) predicts that, when widely accepted stereotypes allege a group's intellectual inferiority, fears of confirming these stereotypes cause individuals in the group to underperform relative to their true ability and knowledge. There are now hundreds of published studies purporting to document an impact for ST on the performance of women and racial minorities in a range of situations.This article reviews the literature on stereotype threat, focusing especially on studies investigating the influence of ST in the context of gender. It concludes that there is currently no justification for concluding that ST explains women's underperformance compared to men on standardized tests of mathematics ability, or in scientific fields more generally. The current experimental literature provides no information about the magnitude of ST's influence relative to other possible causes of gender or race disparities in academic performance generally, or in women's underperformance in math more specifically. Existing studies are fully consistent with a minimal role for ST in accounting for observed patterns. In addition, there are unexplained inconsistencies and puzzles in the ST literature that further undercut the possibility of drawing firm conclusions about the magnitude of ST effects or the importance of ST to observed group disparities. The article concludes by proposing new ST research methodology that would help to address unanswered questions about the significance of ST as compared to other possible causes of observed gaps. These modifications would allow researchers more precisely to measure the magnitude of ST effects, and thus to determine whether ST accounts for all, most, some, or only a little of observed racial and gender performance differences on standardized tests of verbal and mathematical ability.
A Bridge between Two Theories: Phenomenological Insights into Health and Illness

This thesis consists in the critical investigation of two competing theories of health: Christopher Boorse’s biostatistical theory, which takes health to be the efficient functioning of the body’s parts; and Lennart Nordenfelt’s welfare theory,which defines health as the ability of the individual to fulfill her vital goals. It is suggested that the biostatistical theory is not descriptive as Boorse claims, since both function statements and judgements of disease contain evaluative elements. It is also suggested that the welfare theory relies too heavily on an arbitrary definition of "happiness" that may not be shared by all individuals. Finally, the discussion is augmented with an examination of phenomenological insights into health and disease. These insights are shown to maintain the positive aspects of Boorse’s and Nordenfelt’s theories, and avoid the difficulties raised in the first two chapters. The issue of the disease-status of homosexuality is visited throughout the thesis.
The TPTP Problem Library and Associated Infrastructure

This paper describes the First-Order Form (FOF) and Clause Normal Form (CNF) parts of the TPTP problem library, and the associated infrastructure. TPTP v3.5.0 was the last release containing only FOF and CNF problems, and thus serves as the exemplar. This paper summarizes the history and development of the TPTP, describes the structure and contents of the TPTP, and gives an overview of TPTP related projects and tools.
Associations between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Domains and DSM-IV Lifetime Substance Dependence

Background and Objectives Most studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the substance dependence literature have assessed ADHD as a single, categorical entity. This approach limits characterization across the spectrum of ADHD symptomatology and may mask differences across the two core domains of ADHD symptoms—hyperactive-impulsive (HI) and inattention (IN). Further, it is unclear whether relations of HI and IN symptoms to substance dependence extend across drug classes and to the general population. Methods This cross-sectional study investigated associations of lifetime ADHD HI and IN symptom levels to individual classes of lifetime substance dependence (alcohol, nicotine, depressants, opioids, stimulants, cannabis, hallucinogens, polysubstance) in a population-based sample of 34,653 American adults. Results HI and IN were associated with the majority of dependence diagnoses in a linear pattern, such that each additional symptom was associated with a proportional increase in odds of dependence. After adjusting for the overlap between symptom domains, both HI and IN uniquely associated with alcohol, nicotine, and polysubstance dependence, but only HI uniquely associated with dependence on illicit substances. Conclusions and Scientific Significance These findings suggest that individuals in the general population with elevated levels of ADHD (particularly HI) symptoms are at risk for various forms of substance dependence and could benefit from preventive interventions. (Am J Addict 2012;XX:000–000) (Am J Addict 2013;22:23-32)
Error adjustments for file linking methods using encrypted unique client identifier (eUCI) with application to recently released prisoners who are HIV

Incarceration provides an opportunity to test for HIV, provide treatment such as highly active anti-retroviral therapy, as well as link infected persons to comprehensive HIV care upon their release. A key factor in assessing the success of a program that links released individuals to care is the time from release to receiving care in the community (linkage time). To estimate the linkage time, records from correction systems are linked to Ryan White Clinic data using encrypted Unique Client Identifier (eUCI). Most of the records that were linked using eUCI belong to the same individual; however, in some cases, it may link records incorrectly, or not identify records that should have been linked. We propose a Bayesian procedure that relies on the relationships between variables that appear in either of the data sources, as well as variables that exists in both to identify correctly linked records among all linked records. The procedure generates K datasets in which each pair of linked records is identified as a true link or a false link. The K datasets are analyzed independently, and the results are combined using Rubin's multiple imputation rules. A small validation dataset is used to examine different statistical models and to inform the prior distributions of the parameters. In comparison with previously proposed methods, the proposed method utilizes all of the available data and is both flexible and computationally efficient. In addition, this approach can be applied in other file linking applications.
Mucosal melanoma of the sinonasal tract.

Mucosal melanoma of the sinonasal tract is an uncommon clinical entity, which frequently presents in advanced stages and follows an unpredictable course. We describe a case of a 97-year-old white female who presented with a 5-month history of painless, intermittent epistaxis and who was found to have melanoma involving the right inferior turbinate. She required operative intervention because of chronic epistaxis that had resulted in anemia and weakness. The case is presented along with a review of the pertinent literature. The dilemmas involved in the clinical decision-making process and treatment of malignancy in the elderly patient are discussed. In general, treatment outcomes in cases of mucosal melanoma are poor despite combination therapy, and quality-of-life issues become as important as attempts at complete extirpation.