cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern Discrimination Based on Intermittent Punishment

schedules. When no external source of discriminanda is provided such discriminations are called pattern discriminations or simply patterning. Such patterning effects have been demonstrated in alternating schedules of reward and nonreward, delayed and immediate reward, and large and small amcunts of reward (see Capaldi, 1967). The present paper reports a successful attempt to develop a pattern discrimination by alternating punished and nonpunished trials in a consistent reward schedule. Twenty female, albino rats approximately 90 days old were maintained at 85% body weight and trained in a commercially available Hunter small-animal runway. The flat black alley was 188 cm. long, 9 cm. wide, and 13 cm. high. Stan, run, and goal umes were measured photoelectrically over 23-, 96-, and 41-un. sections respectively. During 6 days of prettaining the animis were trained to eat 45-mg. Noyes pellets, allowed to explore the runway, and given 18 rewarded runway trials (6 trials a day). Following pretralnlng the rats were given 30 additional days of consistent reward (5 pellets) training at 6 trials a day. Ten Ss were shocked on all odd-numbered trials and 10 rats were shocked on 3 of the 6 trials but with an irregular pattern. The shodcs were delivered through the grid floor when the rat broke rhe final photobeam (3 in. in front of the goal cup). The shock was given for a .3-sec. duration and increased from .2 mA. to .3 mA. across training days. The shock source was a 400-v constant current generator. The intertrial interval was held constant at 30 sec. The response times were converted to a speed measure (cm./sec.) and the total alley measure is shown in Fig. 1. The dam are plotted separately for shocked and nonshodted trials and averaged over two cays. These data suggest that the animals in the irregular schedule did not learn to pattern their behavior while those in the alternating schedule did. Early in rraining the alternating schedule rats ran somewhat faster on punished trials but by the end of training chis pattern was reversed. These animals learned to pattern their responses in a way consistent with the shock schedule. An analysis of variance supported these suggestions. Shock and nonshock vial speeds
Fracture toughness of Ti46.5Al2.1Cr3.0Nb0.2W from finite element analysis of miniaturized disk-bend test results

Abstract The fracture toughness of the intermetallic alloy Ti46.5Al2.1Cr3.0Nb0.2W, heat treated to produce a duplex microstructure, was measured to be 11.93 ± 2.18 MPa m 1 2 using the miniaturized disk-bend test (MDBT) in conjunction with the controlled-flaw method. The diameter of the specimens in the current experiments was 3 mm, and the thicknesses ranged from 286 to 344 μm. This technique utilizes a Vickers indentation in the center of the tensile face of a disk-shaped specimen that is subsequently tested in biaxial bending, and the cracks responsible for failure of the specimens must emanate from the corners of the indentation. Because the alloy deforms plastically prior to failure, finite element analysis was performed to determine the fracture stresses of the specimens, using a published flow curve to model its plasticity. This is the first time a value of fracture toughness exceeding 10 MPa m 1 2 has been measured using this method, and the value of 11.93 MPa m 1 2 compares well with previously calculated fracture toughnesses for similar alloys.
Characterization of Glucoamylase from Neosartorya fischeri

Abstract The heat-resistant mould, Neosartorya fischeri M-1, produced a thermophilic glucoamylase that was most active in the temperature range of 55 to 60°C and exhibited the highest activity at pH 4.0 to 4.4. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme for amylopectin were 2.4 g/L and 12 mg glucose/(L.min) respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme, as estimated by the gel filtration method, was 34 kDa
Influence of Ionomer Content in Catalyst Layers on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance

The ionomer content in catalyst layers has a marked influence on direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance. In an anode which contains unsupported PtRu as the catalyst, the recast ionomer may not always be necessary because the protonic conductivity of hydrous RuOx, the presence of which is inferred from the X‐ray diffraction pattern, may be sufficient to allow effective utilization of catalyst sites. To examine interpenetration of catalyst and membrane material as a possible explanation for the lack of an apparent need of added ionomer, ultramicrotomed thin sections of the membrane‐electrode assembly (MEA) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopic examination of such MEA cross sections revealed significant porosity in layers made by mixing unsupported catalysts with recast ionomer. Images of such sections did not reveal significant interpenetration, supporting the interpretation that hydrous RuOx may by itself provide sufficient protonic conductivity in PtRu catalyst layers prepared with no added ionomer. In contrast we show that the presence of recast ionomer in DMFC cathodes based on unsupported Pt as the catalyst is essential for optimum DMFC performance, because the recast ionomer is the primary source of protonic conductivity in the latter case. Having shown its potential function as proton conductor, we stress that Ru oxide is apparently not the key for maximizing DMFC anodic activity. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Equilibrium folding of the core histones: the H3-H4 tetramer is less stable than the H2A-H2B dimer.

To compare the stability of structurally related dimers and to aid in understanding the thermodynamics of nucleosome assembly, the equilibrium stabilities of the recombinant wild-type H3−H4 tetrame...
National interests and the CAP

Abstract Development of the CAP is heavily circumscribed by differing national interests reflecting the usual agricultural policy conflicts between different regional and sectoral interests. But as a supranational policy with principles of community preference and common financing, the CAP also redistributes the burdens and benefits of agricultural support between Member States. The implications of these features of the CAP with reference to specified alternative policies are explored and conclusions drawn. The conflict between national and supranational interests is inadequately reflected to decision makers; the single instrument of price support at a common level is inadequate to meet a mix of differing national objectives; and, the assumption that the Common policy serves unification and integration of the Community may be incorrect.
The relationship between oral conditions and ischemic stroke and peripheral vascular disease.

ABSTRACT Background This article is a critical review of the epidemiologic studies linking or disassociating oral conditions with stroke and peripheral vascular disease, or PVD. It also describes possible causal and non-causal pathways for these associations. Types of Studies Reviewed The author reviewed studies that evaluated the oral conditions of periodontal disease or tooth loss as risk factors for arterial disease and stroke. Results Seven of nine studies evaluating tooth loss and periodontal disease as risk factors for stroke or PVD showed some significant associations. The studies varied in the exposures and outcomes evaluated; therefore, the associations were not consistently replicated. It is unclear whether the associations found between these oral conditions and cardiovascular disease had any causal component. In the absence of any causal relationship, the associations may be explained by common risk factors. Alternatively, there may be a causal relationship that may be explained by one or more potential causal pathways. Further epidemiologic studies are needed, and the role of nutrition and other inflammatory mediators needs to be explored further in this context. Clinical Implications It is recommended that clinicians continue to provide standard professional care, as well as nutritional counseling to help patients maintain a healthy diet after extractions. Clinicians are cautioned against suggesting extractions as a means of preventing cardiovascular disease.
Bone Turnover in Bone Biopsies of Patients with Low-Energy Cortical Fractures Receiving Bisphosphonates: A Case Series

Recent reports of long-term bisphosphonate-treated patients developing cortical fractures have raised concerns that such fractures may relate to excessive suppression of bone turnover after prolonged use of these drugs. To evaluate the bone histology of patients presenting with cortical fractures after bisphosphonate therapy, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated at Washington University Bone Health Program presenting with a history of low-energy cortical fractures (femoral shaft, pelvis, rib, metatarsal, and ankle), who had received bisphosphonates for at least two consecutive years and had undergone bone biopsy. Fifteen of 54 patients who underwent bone biopsy between November 2004 and March 2007 met the criteria. Of these, 10 patients had findings of suppressed trabecular bone remodeling, as demonstrated by lack of double tetracycline labels. There were no significant differences in bone density, clinical features, and biochemical features between those with suppressed turnover and the other five subjects with normal remodeling. However, the low-turnover group had received bisphosphonates (primarily alendronate) for a significantly longer duration (6.5 ± 0.6 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8 years, P = 0.02). Thus, about two-thirds of patients presenting with cortical fractures while on long-term treatment with bisphosphonates had suppressed turnover. Since the prevalence of such histological findings in nonfracture patients remains unknown, the impact of suppressed bone turnover on the development of cortical fractures cannot be determined. Considering the widespread use of bisphosphonates, it appears that the overall risk of cortical fractures is low. However, there may be a subset of as yet unidentified patients who could be predisposed to this complication.
Geochemical behavior of antimony, arsenic, cadmium and thallium: EhpH diagrams for 25°C, 1-bar pressure

New Eh-pH diagrams have been derived for Sb, As, Cd and Tl. These diagrams are useful in discussing the common association of several or all of these elements around epithermal Au deposits. Slight differences in pH, Eh or both pH-Eh are sufficient to account for partitioning of these elements from deposit to deposit. In addition, chloride concentration-pH diagrams for Au, Hg and Tl are useful to further discuss the role of chloride (and possibly chloride complexes) in the migration of some of these elements under low T,P conditions.
The extended Poincare-Bendixson theorem

An extension is presented of the classical Poincare-Bendixson theorem to a higher dimension. It is shown that this extension can be helpful in predicting when chaotic as well as other cycles exist. An example illustrates its use. >
Stress generation during anodic oxidation of titanium and aluminum

Abstract Stresses generated during the anodic oxidation of titanium and aluminum were measured using a bending cantilever beam technique. The compressive deflection due to electrostriction was found to increase linearly with potential during oxide growth. Slowly grown oxides had greater electrostrictive deflections than more rapidly grown oxides. Tensile stress develops at the metal/oxide interface due to the volume difference between the metal ionized and the oxide formed at that interface. The sign and magnitude of the volume-generated stress is related to the Pilling-Bedworth ratio of the metal and the transport number of the anion in the oxide. A general model for stress development is developed and applied to other systems.
Exploring preservice elementary teachers' critique and adaptation of science curriculum materials in respect to socioscientific issues

The work presented here represents a preliminary effort undertaken to address the role of teachers in supporting students’ learning and decision-making about socioscientific issues (SSI) by characterizing preservice elementary teachers’ critique and adaptation of SSI-based science curriculum materials and identifying factors that serve to mediate this process. Four undergraduate preservice elementary teachers were studied over the course of one semester. Results indicate that the teachers navigated multiple learning goals, as well as their own subject-matter knowledge, informal reasoning about SSI, and role identity, in their critique and adaptation of SSI-oriented science instructional materials. Implications for science teacher education and the design of curriculum materials in respect to SSI are discussed.
High quality ZnS and core/shell CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles from air-stable precursors

We report the synthesis of high quality ZnS nanoparticles using sulfur and zinc acetate as the S and Zn source, respectively. It was found that sulfur and zinc acetate could be easily dissolved in the mixture of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and hexadecylamine (HDA) at a temperature of about 65°C and ZnS nanoparticles were generated at temperatures above 150°C. These reactive species of sulfur and zinc were also used for an epitaxial growth of ZnS shell around a CdSe core. The formation of ZnS nanoparticles was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Particle size and size distribution were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optical properties were characterized by a combination of UV-vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PL quantum yield of the CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles reached about 66% compared with the dye, Rhodamine 6G (R6G). The present synthetic strategy is a "greener" and simpler synthetic scheme due to the use of air-stable and environmentally benign reagents of sulfur and zinc acetate instead of air-sensitive ones such as dimethylzinc and bis(trimethylsilyl) sulfide.
Rate coefficients and product branching ratios for the oxidation of phenyl and naphthyl radicals: A theoretical RRKM-ME study

Abstract Theoretical VRC-TST/RRKM-ME calculations were performed to evaluate total rate coefficients and product branching ratios for the oxidation of phenyl and 1- and 2-naphthyl radicals with O2 at temperatures relevant to combustion (1500, 2000, and 2500 K) and pressures of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 atm. The results give the rate coefficients in the range of 3.0–5.5 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 with slightly positive temperature dependence, activation energies varying within 2.3–3.3 kcal/mol, and pre-exponential factors of 7–10 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The dominant reaction channel in all three cases is elimination of the oxygen atom from peroxy complexes formed at the initial O2 addition step and leading to the phenoxy and naphthoxy radical products. The contribution of this channel increases with temperature. Chemically-activated phenoxy and naphthoxy radicals either decompose to the cyclopentadienyl + CO and indenyl + CO products, respectively, or undergo thermal equilibration. The relative yields of the decomposition/equilibration products strongly depend on temperature and pressure in the way that a temperature growth favors decomposition, whereas an increase in pressure favors equilibration. At the lowest temperature considered, 1500 K, the reactions also yield significant amounts of pyranyl + CO (phenyl + O2) or 1-benzopyranyl + CO (1-naphthyl + O2). A comparison of the phenyl + O2 and naphthyl + O2 reactions reveals that although the general trends in the oxidation kinetics of phenyl and naphthyl radicals are similar, the size and especially the position of the radical site in the aromatic moiety may affect the details of the mechanism and relative product yields.
The United States Wine Industry: Restraint of Trade and the Religious Right

This article examines the interaction between state legislatures and regulators restricting interstate wine shipments. The US wholesale liquor industry, and the religious right, frequently supported the restrictions. Additionally, the “three‐tier marketing system” of wine distribution has limited access to wines. Meanwhile, technological advances have lowered barriers to catalogue and internet wine sales. Using chi‐square tests, this article investigates the restraint of trade between US states and the role played by the wholesale liquor industry and religious right in higher restrictions. Conclusions include (1) the greater the percentage of conservative Protestants within a state, the greater will be the shipping restrictions, and (2) the higher the per capita wine consumption within a state, the lower is the percentage of conservative Protestants.
Congruences for newforms and the index of the Hecke algebra

We study congruences between newforms in the spaces S 4 (Γ 0 (p), ℤ p ) for primes p. Under a suitable hypothesis (which is true for all p < 5000 with the exception of 139 and 389) we provide a complete description of the congruences between these forms, which leads to a formula (conjectured by Calegari and Stein) for the index of the Hecke algebra T ℤp in its normalization. Since the hypothesis is amenable to computation, we are able to verify the conjectured formula for p < 5000. In 2004 Calegari and Stein gave a number of conjectures which provide an outline for the proof of this formula, and the results here clarify the dependencies between the various conjectures. Finally, we discuss similar results for the spaces S 6 (Γ 0 (p),ℤ p ).
Neuromuscular blockade-assisted oral intubation versus nasotracheal intubation in the prehospital care of injured patients.

Study objective: To compare nasotracheal intubation (NTI) to neuromuscular blockade-assisted oral intubation (NMB-assisted oral intubation) in the prehospital care of injured patients. Design: Prospective, randomized study conducted over 21 months. Setting: A university hospital-sponsored helicopter service. Participants: Consecutive adult (more than 12 years old) injured patients at the accident scene with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 or less in whom the airway was not managed immediately by unrelaxed oral intubation or cricothyrotomy. Subjects were randomized by 24-hour time blocks into NTI or NMB-assisted oral intubation treatment groups. Forty-four were entered into the NTI group (39 randomized, two crossed over to NMB-assisted oral intubation), and 33 were entered into the NMB-assisted oral intubation group (38 randomized, seven crossed over to NTI). Interventions: NMB-assisted oral intubation (succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg IV) or NTI was carried out according to standard protocols. Results: The success rate for NTI was 79.5% (35 or 44) and was similar to that of NMB-assisted oral intubation, 75.8% (25 of 33; χ 2 =16; P =69). There were no significant differences between the NTI and the NMB-assisted oral intubation groups with regard to sex, age, outcome, and Glasgow Coma Scale. For those patients in whom the initial technique was successful, NTI was significantly quicker than NMB-assisted oral intubation (mean time of NTI, 2.9 minutes; mean time of NMB-assisted oral intubation, 5.9 minutes; Mann-Whitney U , 168.0; P Conclusion: In the prehospital management of severely injured patients, there is no significant difference between NMB-assisted oral intubation and NTI in the rate at which endotracheal intubation is achieved. However, practitioners may prefer NTI because it requires significantly less time to perform than NMB-assisted oral intubation.
Protection against TNFα-dependent liver toxicity by intraperitoneal liposome delivered DsiRNA targeting TNFα in vivo.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is a classic proinflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including viral encephalitis. Macrophages being major producers of TNFα are thus attractive targets for in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) mediated down regulation of TNFα. The application of RNAi technology to in vivo models however presents obstacles, including rapid degradation of RNA duplexes in plasma, insufficient delivery to the target cell population and toxicity associated with intravenous administration of synthetic RNAs and carrier compounds. We exploited the phagocytic ability of macrophages for delivery of Dicer-substrate small interfering RNAs (DsiRNAs) targeting TNFα (DsiTNFα) by intraperitoneal administration of lipid–DsiRNA complexes that were efficiently taken up by peritoneal macrophages and other phagocytic cells. We report that DsiTNFα–lipid complexes delivered intraperitoneally altered the disease outcome in an acute sepsis model. Down-regulation of TNFα in peritoneal CD11b + monocytes reduced liver damage in C57BL/6 mice and significantly delayed acute mortality in mice treated with low dose LPS plus d -galactosamine (D-GalN).
Bubble behavior in a three-phase fluidized bed

Abstract Bubble size measurements by off-axis holography are reported for the first time in three-phase fluidized beds. The solid material was glass cylinders, with the liquid in one case having matching refractive index. Two different columns, 76 and 152 mm dia, were employed. An interpolative correlation was developed for the solid volume fraction of the bed as a function of liquid flux. A generalized dimensionless model was developed to predict the equilibrium bubble size in both fixed and fluidized beds.
Surface Roughness Metrology By Angular Distributions Of Scattered Light

On-line industrial inspection of batch manufactured parts requires fast measurement techniques for surface finish quality. In order to develop the measurement basis for these techniques, a system has been built to determine surface roughness by measuring the angular distributions of scattered light. The system incorporates data gathered from the angular distribution instrument and traditional surface stylus instruments. These data are used both as input and as comparison data in order to test various mathematical models of optical scattering phenomena. The object is to develop a mathematical model that uses the angular distribution of scattered light to deduce surface roughness parameters such as Ra and surface wavelength. This paper describes the results of an experiment in which angular scattered data from surfaces with sinusoidal profiles was used to compute the surface R and wavelength. Stylus measurements of these parameters were made separately. A comparative table is given of the computed and measured values. Estimates of uncertainties are also given.
Extinguishing the rewarding value of smoke cues: Pharmacological and behavioral treatments

The present study examined several pharmacological and behavioral treatments designed to promote extinction of the responses to rewarding cigarette smoke cues. Pharmacological treatments comprised nicotine skin patches (21 mg/24 hr) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (10 mg/day), administered separately or in combination. Behavioral manipulations included switching to denicotinized cigarettes, to cigarettes having different menthol flavor, or to ventilated-filter (low tar and nicotine) cigarettes. Smokers were assigned to the various treatments for 2 weeks before they quit smoking. During weekly test sessions, subjects rated the rewarding effects of their usual brands of cigarettes or cigarettes with different menthol content (mentholated vs. nonmentholated). Over the 2-week treatment period, all pharmacological treatments reduced ratings of reward for the usual-brand test cigarettes. Switching to smoking denicotinized cigarettes for 2 weeks similarly decreased rewarding effects of the usual-brand test cigarettes. Subjects also strongly preferred cigarettes with the same menthol content to which they were accustomed. However, manipulating the menthol content of the cigarettes smoked during the 2 weeks of treatment had different effects, depending on whether smokers habitually smoked mentholated or nonmentholated cigarettes. For menthol smokers, removal of the menthol cue hampered extinction of reward ratings for the usual-brand (mentholated) test cigarette. For nonmenthol smokers, addition of the menthol cue did not affect the progress of extinction of nonmenthol smoke cues. These findings demonstrate the importance of sensory cues in determining subjective reward and show that the reward value of these cues can be altered by removal of nicotine from tobacco or by pharmacological manipulations that interfere with the reinforcing effects of nicotine.
Military heroism: an occupational definition.

While most of us recognize the concept of heroism, an operational definition has remained elusive. The body of published literature on heroism likewise does not focus on the personal attributes tha...
Separation axioms and the fuzzy real lines

We show that for each lattice L which is completely distributive and equipped with an order-reversing involution, the canonical topology of the fuzzy real line ?(L) is uniformizable in the sense of Hutton; furthermore, this uniformity induces a pseudometric which induces the canonical topology. Consequently, ?(L) satisfies the higher order separation axioms of Hutton and Sarkar. More generally, we answer most of the open questions concerning ?(L) and its subspaces with respect to each of the separation axiom schemes of Hutton and Sarkar, answer some of these same questions for the stratified fuzzy real line ?c(L) and its subspaces, and analyze ?c(L) and its subspaces with respect to the separation axioms of Rodabaugh.
One-dimensional spectra of turbulence-induced Zernike aberrations: time-delay and isoplanicity error in partial adaptive compensation

A simple derivation is given for the expression of one-dimensional spectra of turbulence-induced Zernike aberration terms in the case of a stellar source at infinity. Numerical results are presented for several terms. Expressions are given for the maximum acceptable delay and the maximum isoplanatic angle in a partially compensating adaptive optics system. Temporal-frequency spectra of the Zernike terms, recorded at the Canada–France–Hawaii telescope, are well reproduced when one convolves all the corresponding theoretical spectra with the same turbulence distribution. Only a few atmospheric layers are found to contribute to image degradation.
Siegel on the epistemic impact of ''checkered'' experience

Siegel’s paper cuts to the heart of a controversy that separates internalists and externalists. I’m not sure that she will move many internalists from their well-entrenched positions, but we are surely forced to take into account her arguments. The basic idea of the paper is that a belief can be epistemically irrational even when prompted by the kind of sense experience that we would, under most circumstances, take to be a perfectly appropriate basis for forming such a belief. This can happen, argues Siegel, when the experience itself has an epistemically ‘‘checkered’’ past—is caused in an epistemically problematic way. Siegel initially tries to illustrate the idea with examples. I’ll paraphrase just a couple of them: (1) a paranoid person Sam opens a refrigerator and is caused by his paranoia to hallucinate a gun on the top shelf. The visual hallucination in turn prompts Sam to believe that there is a gun in the refrigerator; (2) Jill is convinced (let us suppose for no good reason) that Jack is angry at her. When she sees him her prior conviction causes her to have a non-veridical visual experience of his seeming to look angry, an experience on which she basis her belief that he is angry. Siegel is inclined to think that the resulting beliefs in both cases are epistemically unjustified. They are unjustified even though they are each based on a sense experience that would in most contexts justify the respective conclusions. Her diagnosis of her intuition is that there is something (epistemically) wrong with the way the sense experience was formed, an epistemic defect that the eventual belief caused by the experience inherits. Now it is important to emphasize at the outset that almost everyone will concede that there is something wrong with both Sam and Jill. People who are caused to hallucinate in this way are surely in some sense defective. And it might be natural to let our judgment about their defective nature spread to the various effects that nature
The Outbreak of the First World War – By Hew Strachan

For more than two decades James Joll's book, The Origins of the First World War[1984], has remained the only compact, readable, and wide‐ranging study of the origins of the war of 1914–1918. Hew St...
Dynamic behaviours of piston rings and their practical impact. Part 2: Oil transport, friction and wear of ring/liner interface and the effects of piston and ring dynamics

AbstractThe paper discusses several important processes that have great impact on the lubrication between the top two rings and the liner. The analysis is conducted on the basis of the calculation results on a heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine using theoretical models. Oil supply mechanisms to different liner regions are analysed, and emphasis is given to the oil transport to the top liner region that is found critical to friction, wear and oil consumption in HD diesel engines. Additionally, the paper discusses the oil supply to the second ring, its uncertainties and the effect on the prediction of the performance of the top two rings. Furthermore, the effects of dynamics of the piston and rings on friction, wear and oil transport are illustrated and the effects of bore distortion on oil transport are discussed.For practical purposes, a formula to describe the second ring running surface profile is given based on simple geometrical constraint. A new truncation method is rendered for plateau surface roughness ...
An experimental study on PID tuning methods for active magnetic bearing systems

A key challenge in active magnetic bearing (AMB) applications is the design of control systems that maintain stability in the presence of external loads and disturbances. The most commonly used controller for AMB systems is the PID control, whose design involves tuning of the controller coefficients. Different systematic tuning methods have been developed and reported on in the literature. This paper examines some of these tuning methods in AMB control systems. Experiments are carried out on an AMB test rig to compare the performance of the closed-loop systems resulting from these tuning methods in terms of steady state accuracy and robustness.
The Acculturative Experience of French Students in a Southwestern University Apartment Complex in the United States

This article is an ethnographic study that explores the lives of eight French students in a Southwestern university apartment complex in the United States. The researcher employs narrative methodology to understand their acculturative experiences in American higher education. Thematic analysis of in-depth, conversational interview data is used. Emergent themes from these narrative interviews are also found in regard to the participants’ acculturative experiences of studying in a foreign country. Those themes are discussed in the order of the participants’ experience: (1) the theme of culture shock, (2) the theme of acculturative stress, (3) the theme of linguistic limitations, and (4) the theme of culture adjustment. As they experience the American lifestyle both in and outside the classroom setting, it was found that, overall, those French participants report difficulties in crossing linguistic and cultural boundaries while studying in an American university.
Deriving the Jalilian-Marian-Iancu-McLerran-Weigert-Leonidov-Kovner equation with classical and quantum source terms

Abstract We discuss the high-energy evolution equation in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the framework of the color glass condensate. We rewrite the generating functional of QCD with the color glass condensate into a representation with the density of states and a simple eikonal coupling. In this representation we introduce an auxiliary variable which is identified as the quantum color charge density consistent with non-commutativity in the operator formalism. We revisit the derivation of the Jalilian-Marian–Iancu–McLerran–Weigert–Leonidov–Kovner (JIMWLK) equation to clarify how the non-commutative nature among the color charge density operators can be disregarded in the regime where the gluon density is high.
Beyond Prescription: The Student Teacher as Investigator.

In preservice foreign/second language teacher preparation programs, prescriptions about how to teach have certain limitations. The most outstanding is that direct transfer of information does not necessarily afford student teachers chances to gain insight into how they can investigate their teaching processes and make decisions about what they can do in classrooms after the teacher preparation program has ended. In this paper we present a multiple-activities approach to teacher preparation through which student teachers are provided with opportunities to investigate their teaching and to make decisions about what and how to teach. In this approach student teachers experience classroom teaching, observe other teachers, conduct investigative projects of their teaching and its consequences, and discuss teaching in several contexts. A multiple-activities approach has been shown to provide student teachers with opportunities to develop their decision-making skills. However, communication within these activities is complex and opportunities for student teachers to develop decisionmaking skills can be blocked as well as facilitated through the type of interaction which goes on within and across each activity. Thus, in our discussion we are sensitive to interaction within each activity and to the connections which can be made between them.
Repeat Hepatectomy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Is Safe but Marginally Effective

Although hepatectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) offers prolonged survival in up to 40% of people, recurrence rates are high, approaching 70%. Many patients experience recurrent disease in the liver after initial hepatectomy. We examined our experience with repeat hepatectomy for mCRC. After Institutional Review Board approval, we reviewed the records of all patients at a single institution who underwent hepatectomy for mCRC. Repeat hepatectomy was defined as partial liver resection any time after the initial hepatectomy for recurrent mCRC. We estimated time to recurrence and survival by using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared outcomes between groups by using the log-rank test. From 1998 to 2008, 405 patients underwent hepatectomy for mCRC, and 215 (53%) experienced disease recurrence at a median of 13 months. Of 150 patients with liver-only or liver-predominant recurrence, 52 (35%) underwent repeat hepatectomy. The median time to recurrence after repeat hepatectomy was 10 months, and median overall survival was 19 months. There was one (1.9%) perioperative death, and there were 14 (27%) major complications. The median overall survival in the repeat hepatectomy group from the time of recurrence after initial hepatectomy was 22 months, compared with 15 months in the 98 patients with liver recurrence who were not selected for repeat hepatectomy (P = 0.02). Repeat hepatectomy for mCRC is feasible in highly selected patients, with acceptable perioperative morbidity and mortality. Although repeat hepatectomy should be considered, recurrence rates are high. Although the initial hepatectomy for mCRC is potentially curative, recurrence of metastatic disease in the liver is unlikely to be cured.
Heavy ion radiation effects on TiN/HfO 2 /W resistive random access memory

Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) is an attractive candidate for application in next-generation nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices for both aerospace and conventional commercial applications. ReRAM has several intrinsic advantages over other NVM technologies due to its simple metal-insulator-metal structure, high storage density, low power consumption, high switching speed, and high endurance. Most importantly, there are indications that ReRAM is an intrinsically radiation-hard device due to its defect-moderated, resistive switching mechanism and potentially well suited for applications in aerospace or other radiation intensive environments. We present a study of the effects of radiation on TiN/HfO 2 /W ReRAM devices carried out with a variety of ion sources, including He, N, Ne, and Ar, at fluences ranging from 1012 to 1015 cm−2. Multiple (15–16) devices were employed in each irradiation experiment. Half of the devices were programmed into high resistance states (HRS, off states) and the other half were programmed into low resistance states (LRS, on states) before radiation exposure. After radiation, the resistance of ReRAM devices in each state decreased with higher influence and with heavier ions. We observed spontaneous switching of the high resistance states of all devices to low resistance states following Ne and Ar radiation at a fluence of 1015 cm−2. However, most devices remained functional after radiation. Forming voltage and initial resistance of fresh non-formed devices were also compared with non-irradiated devices. The effects of radiation on ReRAM switching are attributed to modified defect distributions within the conducting filament. The radiation-induced defect densities and the associated dependence on ion mass are discussed in terms of current defect-mediated switching models for TiN/HfO 2 /W ReRAM devices.
Ohio Regional Depositories: Moving from Warehousing Separate Collections to Servicing Shared Collections

In Ohio, the space needs of campus libraries are changing just as book depositories are filling up. In response to this situation, the university libraries are re-examining the depositories to see if the space can be used even more efficiently, the funding distributed more predictably, and the services standardized and expanded. The Northeastern Ohio Cooperative Regional Library Depository has a plan to rethink the space in the depository, redefine the collection housed there in terms of ownership and access, and to repurpose the depository from a warehouse model to a service-centered model. The Northeastern Ohio Regional Library Depository plan and its anticipated role in changing the way that contributing libraries statewide assess depository collections and provide for access to those collections is the focus of this paper.
Correlation of lycopene measured by HPLC with the L*, a*, b* color readings of a hydroponic tomato and the relationship of maturity with color and lycopene content.

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Laura) were separated, according to the ripening stage, by a sensory panel into seven groups, and color was measured on the tomato surface with a Minolta Chroma meter. The L, a, b, hue, chroma, and lycopene content were plotted against the maturity stages of the tomatoes, and several good correlations were found. The a/b ratio and the lycopene content were the parameters that allowed six of seven maturity groups in the tomato to be statistically distinguished. The lycopene content, measured by HPLC, was also correlated with the color measurements, and the a, a/b, and (a/b)(2) color factors produced the best regressions. An estimation of the lycopene content in tomatoes can be achieved by using a portable chroma meter, with a possible field usage application. Equations to calculate the lycopene content of tomatoes based on the color readings are reported.
Exciton emission and energy transport in cadmium sulfide crystals

Abstract It is shown that exciton emission may be used to study detailed energy transport processes in single crystals of cadmium sulfide. The decay time of the exciton emission has been determined to extend from values less than 10 −7 sec at 4·2°K to the microsecond range at room temperature. A delay of the exciton emission produced by the transport of energy through the crystal has been observed. The two mechanisms discussed for the explanation of these results are exciton and ambipolar diffusion at room temperature.
Role of Oxytocin in the Modulation of ACTH Release in Women

To determine if oxytocin (OT) may have a modulatory role on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin (AVP) mediated ACTH-cortisol release in women, serial experiments were performed in which saline, OT, AVP and CRF were administered singly or in combinations. OT administration (2 IU intravenous bolus followed by 111 mIU/min infusion for 3 h) maintained a circulating concentration of 7.7 X 10(-8) M and did not significantly influence basal, AVP or CRF-induced ACTH-cortisol release. In contrast, OT inhibited significantly the potentiating effect of AVP on CRF-stimulated ACTH-cortisol release. These findings suggest that OT and AVP may modulate, in a reciprocal fashion, the CRF-mediated ACTH release and support the contention that OT may be involved in the neuroendocrine response to stress in women.
A Space-Filling Algorithm to Extrapolate Narrow-Swath Instantaneous TRMM Microwave Rain-Rate Estimates Using Thermal IR Imagery

A space-filling algorithm (SFA) based on 2D spectral estimation techniques was developed to extrapolate the spatial domain of the narrow-swath near-instantaneous rain-rate estimates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) using thermal infrared imagery (Meteosat-5) without making use of calibration or statistical fitting. A comparison against rain gauge observations and the original PR 2A25 and TMI 2A12 estimates in the central Himalayas during the monsoon season (June–September) over a 3-yr period of 1999–2001 was conducted to assess the algorithm’s performance. Evaluation over the continental United States was conducted against the NCEP stage IV combined radar and gauge analysis for selected events. Overall, the extrapolated PR and TMI rainfall fields derived using SFA exhibit skill comparable to the original TRMM estimates. The results indicate that probability of detection and threat scores of the reconstructed products are significantly better than the original PR data at high-elevation stations (2000 m) on mountain ridges, and specifically for rainfall rates exceeding 2–5 mm h 1 and for afternoon convection. For low-elevation stations located in steep narrow valleys, the performance varies from year to year and deteriorates strongly for light rainfall (false alarm rates significantly increase). A preliminary comparison with other satellite products (e.g., 3B42, a TRMM-adjusted merged infrared-based rainfall product) suggests that integrating this algorithm in currently existing operational multisensor algorithms has the potential to improve significantly spatial resolution, texture, and detection of rainfall, especially in mountainous regions, which present some of the greatest challenges in precipitation retrieval from satellites over land, and for hydrological operations during extreme events.
Genes involved in the determination of the rate of inversions at short inverted repeats

Background Not all of the enzymatic pathways involved in genetic rearrangements have been elucidated. While some rearrangements occur by recombination at areas of high homology, others are mediated by short, often interrupted homologies. We have previously constructed an Escherichia coli strain that allows us to examine inversions at microhomologies, and have shown that inversions can occur at short inverted repeats in a recB,C-dependent fashion. Results Here, we report on the use of this strain to define genetic loci involved in limiting rearrangements on an F′ plasmid carrying the lac genes. Employing mini-Tn10 derivatives to generate insertions near or into genes of interest, we detected three loci (rmuA,B,C) that, when mutated, increase inversions. We have mapped, cloned and sequenced these mutator loci. In one case, inactivation of the sbcC gene leads to an increase in rearrangements, and in another, insertions near the recE gene lead to an even larger increase. The third gene involved in limiting inversions, rmuC, has been mapped at 86 min on the E. coli chromosome and encodes a protein of unknown function with a limited homology to myosins, and some of the SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins. Conclusions This work presents the first example of an anti-mutator role of the sbcC,D genes, and defines a new gene (rmuC) involved in DNA recombination.
Leptin and leptin-related gene polymorphisms, obesity, and influenza A/H1N1 vaccine-induced immune responses in older individuals.

Abstract Obesity is a risk factor for complicated influenza A/H1N1 disease and poor vaccine immunogenicity. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine, has many immune regulatory functions and therefore could explain susceptibility to infections and poor vaccine outcomes. We recruited 159 healthy adults (50–74 years old) who were immunized with inactivated TIV influenza vaccine that contained A/California/7/2009/H1N1 virus. We found a strong correlation between leptin concentration and BMI ( r = 0.55, p r = 0.23, p = 0.01). We found eight SNPs in the LEP/LEPR/GHRL genes that were associated with leptin levels and four SNPs in the PTPN1/LEPR/STAT3 genes associated with peripheral blood TREC levels ( p PTPN1 gene was associated with a significantly lower (531 vs. 259, p = 0.005) TREC level, as compared to the homozygous major variant. We also found eight SNPs in the LEP/PPARG/CRP genes associated with variations in influenza-specific HAI and B-cell responses ( p
Regulatory dendritic cell therapy in organ transplantation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely well equipped antigen (Ag)-presenting cells. Their classic function was thought to be that of potent initiators of innate and adaptive immunity to infectious organisms and other Ags (including transplanted organs). Evidence has emerged, however, that DCs have a central and crucial role in determining the fate of immune responses toward either immunity or tolerance. This dichotomous function of DCs, coupled with their remarkable plasticity, renders them attractive therapeutic targets for immune modulation. In transplantation, much recent work has focused on the ability of DCs to silence immune reactivity in an Ag-specific manner in the hope of preventing rejection and diminishing reliance on potentially harmful immunosuppressive agents. Experimental strategies have included in vivo targeting of DCs, as well as ex vivo generation of regulatory (or tolerogenic) DCs with subsequent reinfusion (i.e. cell therapy). Different approaches to 'program' DC toward tolerogenic properties include genetic (transgene insertion), biologic (differential culture conditions, anti-inflammatory cytokine exposure) and pharmacologic manipulation. Recent data suggest a promising role for pharmacologic treatment as a means of generating potent regulatory DCs and have further stimulated speculation regarding their potential clinical application. Herein, we discuss evidence that the potential of regulatory DC therapy is considerable and that there are compelling reasons to evaluate it in the setting of organ transplantation in the near future.
Quantitation of hepatic and pulmonary first-pass effect and its implications in pharmacokinetic study. I. Pharmacokinetics of chloroform in man

Theoretical equations are derived to estimate the extent of the hepatic and pulmonary first-pass effect after oral and intraperitoneal administration. This first-pass effect is taken into consideration for the determination of apparent volume of distribution and body clearance. Calculations using data for two normal adult subjects taken from the literature suggest that the fractions of chloroform metabolized in the liver and excreted intact from the lung in the first pass are maximally 0.38 and 0.172. respectively. The apparent volumes of distribution of chloroform in these two subjects are 238 and 283% of their body weight in terms of blood concentration. Close agreement between the predicted and experimental values for the pulmonary excretion clearance is also found.