cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct analysis of PI(3,4,5)P3 using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3) is a biologically active membrane phospholipid that is essential for the growth and survival of all eukaryotic cells. We describe a new method that directly measures PIP3 and describe the HPLC separation and measurement of the positional isomers of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, PI(3,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2 and PI(4,5)P2. Mass spectrometric analyses were performed online using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in the negative multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. Rapid separation of PIP3 from PI, phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) and PIP2 was accomplished by C18 reverse phase chromatography with the addition of the ion pairing reagents diisopropylethanolamine (DiiPEA) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt dihydrate (EDTA) to the samples and mobile phase with a total run time, including equilibration, of 12 min. Importantly, these chromatography conditions result in no carryover of PIP, PIP2, and PIP3 between samples. To validate the new method, U87MG cancer cells were serum starved and treated with PDGF to stimulate PIP3 biosynthesis in the presence or absence of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. Results generated with the LC/MS method were in excellent agreement with results generated using [33P] phosphate radiolabeled U87MG cells and anion exchange chromatography analysis, a well validated method for measuring PIP3. To demonstrate the usefulness of the new method, we generated reproducible IC50 data for several well-characterized PI3K small molecule inhibitors using a U87MG cell-based assay as well as showing PIP3 can be measured from additional cancer cell lines. Together, our results demonstrate this novel method is sensitive, reproducible and can be used to directly measure PIP3 without radiolabeling or complex lipid derivatization.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: Then and Now

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is embedded today in a variety of optical systems: advanced lasers, sensors, microwave signal processors, scientific instrumentation and opto-mechanical systems. Optical fibers and micro-resonators generate useful SBS.
Bovine Connexin44, a Lens Gap Junction Protein: Molecular Cloning, Immunologic Characterization, and Functional Expression

Purpose. To identify, clone molecularly, characterize immunochemically, and express function-ally a bovine lens gap junction protein (connexin).Methods. The methods used were polymerase chain reaction, RN genomiA ancd cloning,DNA blotting, bacterial expression of a fusion protein, immunoblotting, alkaline phosphatasetreatment, Xenopus oocyte expression an,d voltage clamp technique.Results. A bovine genomic clone encodin a polypeptidg oe f 44,424 d , termed connexin44(Cx44), was isolated. Cx44 wa s most closely related to the lens connexins rat Cx46 and chickenCx56. The Cx44 DNA hybridized to a 2.5 kb mRNA detected only in lens RNA. Th e carboxylterminal 161 amin o acids from Cx44 were expresse in bacterid a fuse tdo maltose bindingprotein (MBP) Th. e Cx44/MBP fusion protein reacted in immunoblots with anti-rat Cx46(411to 416) antibodies and with the monoclonal antibody 5H1, but not with a monoclonal antibodyto MP70 no r with antibodie tos other connexins. Cx44 translate in vitrdo from th e clone dDNA showed a single band wit ahn apparent electrophoretic mobilit of approximately 5y0kd on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Multipl of 5e3 band to 57 ksdwere detected by immunoblottin ign homogenates of bovine lens; these bands were reducedto a broad band of approximately 50 kd by alkaline phosphatase treatment, suggesting thatthey represented phosphorylated forms Cx44 of . Cx44 RNA injected in single oocytes induceda large and characteristic time- and voltage-dependent current. Overexpressio onf Cx44 pro-duced depolarizatio annd cell lysis Junctiona. l currents that coul bde regulated by transjunc-tional voltage were induced between paired oocytes injected with Cx44 RNA. Observationsin paired oocytes suggeste the assembld y of hemichannels into junctional channels.Conclusions. Cx44 is a phosphoprotein component of bovine lens fiber gap junctions. Althoughit has a relatively distinct sequence, it shares sequence similarity, immunologic cross-reactivity,and electrophysiological properties wit Cx46h rat. These data suggest that Cx44 is the proteinpreviously identified in several immunohistochemical studies of bovine lens gap junctions thatused anti-rat Cx4 6 antibodies. They also suggest that the formation of intercellular channels bypairing of hemichannels might preven the celt l lysis induce byd the openin g of unpairedhemichannels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:3747-3758.
The epigenetic reader SntB regulates secondary metabolism, development and global histone modifications in Aspergillus flavus

Due to the role, both beneficial and harmful, that fungal secondary metabolites play in society, the study of their regulation is of great importance. Genes for any one secondary metabolite are contiguously arranged in a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and subject to regulation through the remodeling of chromatin. Histone modifying enzymes can place or remove post translational modifications (PTM) on histone tails which influences how tight or relaxed the chromatin is, impacting transcription of BGCs. In a recent forward genetic screen, the epigenetic reader SntB was identified as a transcriptional regulator of the sterigmatocystin BGC in A. nidulans, and regulated the related metabolite aflatoxin in A. flavus. In this study we investigate the role of SntB in the plant pathogen A. flavus by analyzing both ΔsntB and overexpression sntB genetic mutants. Deletion of sntB increased global levels of H3K9K14 acetylation and impaired several developmental processes including sclerotia formation, heterokaryon compatibility, secondary metabolite synthesis, and ability to colonize host seeds; in contrast the overexpression strain displayed fewer phenotypes. ΔsntB developmental phenotypes were linked with SntB regulation of NosA, a transcription factor regulating the A. flavus cell fusion cascade.
Preclinical and Clinical Trials for investigating the effect of A1 vs A2 beta-casein containing diet on Glutathione antioxidant status

BackgroundGlutathione (GSH) is produced in every cell in the body, where it acts as an antioxidant to neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative cellular damage. Alterations in GSH levels are r...
The U.S. National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators and the Role of MP3s

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is tasked with regulating the use of pesticides and has been working with its regulatory counterparts internationally to ensure that the best available science serves as a foundation for informing its regulatory decisions. While regulatory decisions may include compulsory and/or advisory restrictions on pesticide use as part of label statements, efforts have also been directed at engaging a broad range of stakeholders to adopt more regionally-based practices which can result in reduced exposure to pesticides. These efforts have extended to mitigating the likelihood of adverse effects on insect pollinators from exposure to pesticides and can potentially extend to other factors known to impact both honey bees (Apis mellifera) and non-Apis bees. This presentation will discuss the U.S. National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators and will focus on EPA’s efforts to promote managed pollinator protection programs (MP3s) across States and Tribes. Disclaimer. The views presented in this paper may not reflect those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and/or the U.S. Government.
Executive dysfunction in neuro-oncology: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in adult primary brain tumor patients

Adult primary brain tumor (PBT) survivors report persistent cognitive difficulties before, during, and after treatment, which are problematic for everyday functioning. Cognitive domains often affected by cancer treatment appear to be attention and executive functioning (EF). One validated measure developed to assess an individual's EF within daily living is the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A). To date, no published research has investigated the EF profile of PBT patients using the BRIEF-A. Seventy-four PBT patients completed the BRIEF-A. Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine the self-reported EF profile in PBT patients. T-tests preliminarily compared the performance of PBT patients to four other comparison groups: mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 23), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-unmedicated (ADHD-U; n = 27), traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 23), and healthy controls (HC; n = 26). PBT BRIEF-A group means were average across subscales and indexes, yet the prevalence of significant elevations ranged from 12 to 50%. The Metacognition Index demonstrated 38% elevation prevalence compared to 22% in Behavioral Regulation. Approximately 61% of the sample had at least one clinically elevated scaled score. PBT patients reported significantly more EF impairment than HC and significantly less than ADHD-U. No significant differences were found between the PBT and MCI groups or PBT and TBI groups. Despite group means not reaching clinical impairment, a substantial proportion of patients with PBTs endorse executive dysfunction. Elevations were most prominent in metacognitive abilities over behavioral dysregulation. Notably, the EF profile of PBT patients was remarkably similar to that of MCI and TBI, increased when compared to HC, and well below ADHD-U.
The Coefficient of Synonymy

The measurement of synonymy between words is an essential function required by numerous NLP tasks. However, similarity measures often give word similarity values that are very difficult to interpret and compare when applied to popular word embeddings. We introduce a coefficient of synonymy C s , which uses a new method based on word distance and the density of words around those being compared for measuring synonymy. This method provides consistent, comparable values indicating the level of synonymy between words. We compare measurements of C s with cosine using four off-the-shelf word embeddings created by Word2Vec and GloVe and two 350,000 word pair datasets.
Homolytic Versus Heterolytic Bond Breaking in Functionalized [R‐C20H10]+ Systems

The comprehensive theoretical investigation of stability of functionalized corannulene cations [R-C20 H10 ]+ with respect to two alternative bond-breaking mechanisms, namely, homolytic or radical ([R-C20 H10 ]+ → R• + C20 H10+• ) and heterolytic or cationic ([R-C20 H10 ]+ → R+ + C20 H10 ), was accomplished. The special focus was on the influence of the nature of R-group on the energetics of the bond cleavage. Detailed study of energetics of both mechanisms has revealed that the systems with small alkyl groups such as methyl tend to undergo bond breaking in accordance with homolytic mechanism. Subsequent elongation of the chain of the R-group resulted in shifting the paradigm, making heterolytic path more energetically favorable. Subsequent analysis of different components of the bonding between R-group and corannulene polyaromatic core helped to shed light on trends observed. In both mechanisms, the covalent contribution was found to be dominating, whereas ionic part contributes ~25-27%. Two leading components of ΔEorb , C20 H10 → R and R → C20 H10 , were identified with NOCV-EDA approach. While the homolytic pathway is best described as R → C20 H10 process, the heterolytic mechanism shows domination of the C20 H10 → R term. Surprisingly, the preparation energy (ΔEprep ) was identified as a key player in stability tendencies found. In other words, the relative stability of corresponding molecular fragments (here R-groups as the corannulene fragment remains the same for all systems) in their cationic or radical forms determine the preference given to a specific bond breaking path and, as consequence, the total stability of target functionalized cations. These conclusions were further confirmed by extending a set of R-groups to conjugated (allyl, phenyl), bulky (iPr, tBu), β-silyl (CH2 SiH3 , CH2 SiMe3 ), and benzyl (CH2 Ph) groups. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flash Glucose Monitoring Technology Impact on Diabetes Self-Care Behavior:

Individuals with diabetes play a significant role in the control of their condition by participating in their own care. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is of particular importance in maintaining adequate glycemic control but when obtained using traditional fingerstick methods, is often limited with by cost, fear of needles or pain and inconvenience. Flash glucose monitoring is an innovative technology available to address these barriers and help people with diabetes better manage their blood glucose levels. Data demonstrating increased frequency in glucose monitoring, patient perspectives related to self-care behaviors, and implications for practice and future research are described.
Vertically Aligned Single-Crystalline CoFe2O4 Nanobrush Architectures with High Magnetization and Tailored Magnetic Anisotropy.

Micrometer-tall vertically aligned single-crystalline CoFe2O4 nanobrush architectures with extraordinarily large aspect ratio have been achieved by the precise control of a kinetic and thermodynamic non-equilibrium pulsed laser epitaxy process. Direct observations by scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal that the nanobrush crystal is mostly defect-free by nature, and epitaxially connected to the substrate through a continuous 2D interface layer. In contrast, periodic dislocations and lattice defects such as anti-phase boundaries and twin boundaries are frequently observed in the 2D interface layer, suggesting that interface misfit strain relaxation under a non-equilibrium growth condition plays a critical role in the self-assembly of such artificial architectures. Magnetic property measurements have found that the nanobrushes exhibit a saturation magnetization value of 6.16 μB/f.u., which is much higher than the bulk value. The discovery not only enables insights into an effective route for fabricating unconventional high-quality nanostructures, but also demonstrates a novel magnetic architecture with potential applications in nanomagnetic devices.
A Statistical Impulse Response Model Based on Empirical Characterization of Wireless Underground Channels

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are becoming ubiquitous in many areas. The design of robust systems requires an extensive understanding of the underground (UG) channel characteristics. In this article, the UG channel impulse response is modeled and validated via extensive experiments in indoor and field testbed settings. Three distinct types of soils are selected with sand contents ranging from 13% to 86%, and clay contents ranging from 3% to 32%. The impacts of changes in soil texture and soil moisture are investigated with more than 1, 200 measurements in a novel UG testbed at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln that allows flexibility in soil moisture control. Moreover, the time-domain characteristics of the channel, such as the RMS delay spread, coherence bandwidth, and multipath power gain, are analyzed. The power delay profile analysis validates the three main components of the UG channel: direct, reflected, and lateral waves. Furthermore, it is shown that the RMS delay spread follows a log-normal distribution. The coherence bandwidth ranges between 650 kHz and 1.15 MHz for soil paths of up to 1 m and decreases to 418 kHz for distances above 10 m. Soil moisture is shown to affect the RMS delay spread non-linearly, which provides opportunities for soil moisture-based dynamic adaptation techniques. A statistical channel model for the wireless underground channel has been developed based on the measurements and analysis. The statistical model shows good agreement with the measurement data. The model and analysis pave the way for tailored solutions for data harvesting, UG sub-carrier communication, and UG beamforming.
Interferometric diffuse correlation spectroscopy improves measurements at long source–detector separation and low photon count rate

Significance: The use of diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) has shown efficacy in research studies as a technique capable of noninvasively monitoring blood flow in tissue with applications in neuromonitoring, exercise science, and breast cancer management. The ability of DCS to resolve blood flow in these tissues is related to the optical sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measurements, which in some cases, particularly adult cerebral blood flow measurements, is inadequate in a significant portion of the population. Improvements to DCS sensitivity and SNR could allow for greater clinical translation of this technique. Aim: Interferometric diffuse correlation spectroscopy (iDCS) was characterized and compared to traditional homodyne DCS to determine possible benefits of utilizing heterodyne detection. Approach: An iDCS system was constructed by modifying a homodyne DCS system with fused fiber couplers to create a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Comparisons between homodyne and heterodyne detection were performed using an intralipid phantom characterized at two extended source–detector separations (2.4, 3.6 cm), different photon count rates, and a range of reference arm power levels. Characterization of the iDCS signal mixing was compared to theory. Precision of the estimation of the diffusion coefficient and SNR of the autocorrelation curve were compared between different measurement conditions that mimicked what would be seen in vivo. Results: The mixture of signals present in the heterodyne autocorrelation function was found to agree with the derived theory and resulted in accurate measurement of the diffusion coefficient of the phantom. Improvement of the SNR of the autocorrelation curve up to ∼2 × and up to 80% reduction in the variability of the diffusion coefficient fit were observed for all measurement cases as a function of increased reference arm power. Conclusions: iDCS has the potential to improve characterization of blood flow in tissue at extended source–detector separations, enhancing depth sensitivity and SNR.
Complementary colloid and collector nanoscale heterogeneity explains microparticle retention under unfavorable conditions

Nano- and micro-scale particle (colloid) retention in environmental granular media is greatly reduced when the profile of colloid–grain surface interactions as a function of their separation distance includes a repulsive barrier. Under such unfavorable attachment conditions, typical of environmental settings, simulation of colloid retention predicts zero retention unless nanoscale heterogeneity is included to locally reduce or eliminate the repulsive barrier and allow attachment to the grain (collector). Simulations previously incorporated nanoscale heterogeneity on either the collector or the colloid, whereas complementary contributions of collector and colloid nanoscale heterogeneity have not been previously examined to the knowledge of the authors. The sizes and surface coverages of nanoscale heterogeneity on colloid (carboxylate modified polystyrene latex, CML) and collector (silica) surfaces that act complementarily to explain experimentally-observed retention in impinging jet experiments was herein examined for colloid sizes ranging from 0.11 to 6.8 μm at pH ranging 6.7 to 8.0 and ionic strength (IS) ranging 6.0 to 20.0 mM. We demonstrate that complementary contributions of power law size-distributed nanoscale heterogeneity; 25 to 90 nm radii on the collector; 5 to 60 nm radii on the colloids, captured the observed retention across the entire colloid size range (including previously uncaptured retention of >2.0 μm CML) for all pH and IS conditions. This approach greatly reduced the required maximum size of heterodomains (nanoscale attractive zones) from 320 nm radii required when heterogeneity was incorporated solely on either the collector or colloid surface and constrains the scales of spectroscopically-observed surface heterogeneity relevant to colloid retention.
Alternating (AC) Loop Current Attacks Against the KLJN Secure Key Exchange Scheme

Recently, several passive and active attack methods have been proposed against the Kirchhoff–Law–Johnson–Noise (KLJN) secure key exchange scheme by utilizing direct (DC) loop currents. The DC curre...
Mesoscale simulation of woven composite design decisions.

Characterizing the connection between material design decisions/parameters and their effective properties allows for accelerated materials development and optimization. We present a global sensitivity analysis of woven composite thermophysical properties, including density, volume fraction, thermal conductivity, specific heat, moduli, permeability, and tortuosity, predicted using mesoscale finite element simulations. The mesoscale simulations use microscale approximations for the tow and matrix phases. We performed Latin hypercube sampling of viable input parameter ranges, and the resulting effective property distributions are analyzed using a surrogate model to determine the correlations between material parameters and responses, interactions between properties, and finally Sobol' indices and sensitivities. We demonstrate that both constituent physical properties and the mesoscale geometry strongly influence the composite material properties.
High-throughput Screening of Vanadium (IV) Oxide via Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis Reactor

The synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) reactor systems is an up-and-coming process to manufacture high-quality nanomaterials with singular control of the experimental parameters on the scale of seconds as opposed to hours. VO2-based systems manufactured using an autoclave reactor lack scalability, and current commercial products feature particle sizes too large for feasible application. In this paper, the detailed implementation of a CHFS system that can operate at and above supercritical water conditions (22.06 MPa at 374˚C) is described. Control over the CHFS system’s temperature, flow rate, and precursor concentration parameters allowed the tunability of size, crystallinity, and shape of VO2 nanoparticles to be investigated across seven studies. The resulting VO2 nanoparticles were characterized for size, shape, morphology, and crystallinity using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). This investigation resulted in new operating procedures that enable the synthesis of high-quality, uniform, spherical, and pure M-phase VO2 nanoparticles under 50 nm in diameter in the residence time of a few seconds. Additionally, the procedure described in this paper is performed in a single step, thus eliminating the tedious post-annealing process.
Modeling Techniques for Machine Learning Fairness: A Survey.

Machine learning models are becoming pervasive in high-stakes applications. Despite their clear benefits in terms of performance, the models could show bias against minority groups and result in fairness issues in a decision-making process, leading to severe negative impacts on the individuals and the society. In recent years, various techniques have been developed to mitigate the bias for machine learning models. Among them, in-processing methods have drawn increasing attention from the community, where fairness is directly taken into consideration during model design to induce intrinsically fair models and fundamentally mitigate fairness issues in outputs and representations. In this survey, we review the current progress of in-processing bias mitigation techniques. Based on where the fairness is achieved in the model, we categorize them into explicit and implicit methods, where the former directly incorporates fairness metrics in training objectives, and the latter focuses on refining latent representation learning. Finally, we conclude the survey with a discussion of the research challenges in this community to motivate future exploration.
Evaluation of two types of infectious mononucleosis antigen slides by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique.

Abstract The efficiency of two types of antigen slides was compared by using the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique. Fifty sera from infectious mononucleosis patients were tested concurrently on the two sets of slides for antibody to Epstein-Barr virus. The indirect fluorescent-antibody serum titer readings from the epoxy slides were either equal to or twofold higher than those from the cover slip slides.
Pepsi-Lipton Brisk

This case showcases key decisions in promoting the re-launch of Brisk, a ready-to-drink iced tea by Pepsi-Lipton. The decisions are: creative, media and metrics selection. It also deals with budget allocation to traditional (Super Bowl, television) and new (viral ads and social) media.Learning Objective:This case is intended to (1) introduce students to the six M's Framework for defining a promotional campaign (Medium, Metrics, Message, Mission, Market and Money), (2) to help them understand the benefits and quantitatively measure the trade-offs of different video-based media (television, online and viral ads) and to (3) discuss how to align creative executions of ads with the choice of media and metrics of effectiveness.
Cryoablation for locally advanced clinical stage T3 prostate cancer: a report from the Cryo-On-Line Database (COLD) Registry.

Objective To assess the oncological and functional outcomes of primary prostate cryoablation for men with clinical stage T3 (cT3) prostate cancer, as although radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) are the standard treatments for locally advanced cT3 prostate cancer some patients opt for nonextirpative prostate cryoablation instead. Patients and Methods The Cryo-On-Line Database (COLD) Registry was queried to identify patients with cT3 prostate cancer treated with whole-gland cryoablation (366 patients). We assessed biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) using the Phoenix definition and determined reported rates of urinary incontinence and retention, sexual activity, and rectourethral fistulisation after treatment. Patients were subsequently assessed according to whether they were administered neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy or not (ADT; 115 patients, 31.4%). Results For the entire cohort, the 36- and 60-month bDFS rates were 65.3% and 51.9%, respectively. Patients who received neoadjuvant ADT had statistically nonsignificantly higher 36- and 60-month bDFS rates (68.0% and 55.4%, respectively) than patients who did not receive neoadjuvant ADT (55.3% and 36.9%, respectively). The after treatment urinary incontinence rate was 2.6%; urinary retention rate, 6.0%; sexual activity rate, 30.4%; and rectourethral fistulisation rate, 1.1%. Conclusions Cryoablation for patients with cT3 prostate cancer leads to less favourable bDFS than that after RP or RT for the same group of men. The after treatment rectourethral fistulisation rates for patients with cT3 disease are higher than in those with organ-confined prostate cancer treated with cryoablation; however, urinary dysfunction and sexual activity rates are similar for men with cT3 to those reported from this same registry in men with cT2 disease. The addition of neoadjuvant ADT (though not studied prospectively here) should be strongly considered if a patient with cT3 prostate cancer is to be treated with cryoablation.
Tunable PhoXonic Band Gap Materials from Self-Assembly of Block Copoliymers and Colloidal Nanocrystals (NBIT Phase II)

Abstract : The collaborative efforts were aimed at designing and fabricating tunable phoXonic band gap materials by self assembly of block copolymers \201BCP\202. We also characterized both the structures and the resultant properties and made critical comparisons with simulations. The tunable properties of stimulus-responsive materials currently attract great interest in a variety of technological applications. Photonic gels are a new class of these materials that can be tuned to reflect different wavelengths of light. Controlling this reflected color via temperature-induced and solvent-quality induced changes of self-assembled photonic materials is important for their application in sensors and as displays. We found that the thermochromic behavior of a lamellar block copolymer poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-P2VP) photonic gel originated from a temperature-induced change in the pKa of the P2VP blocks. Control was obtained through the manipulation of the solution pH. The findings of this work provide the basis for understanding and controlling the properties of thermochromic block copolymers fostering their use in technologically relevant applications.
Chapter 1 Stochastic Computer Simulation

Abstract We introduce the topic of this book, explain what we mean by stochastic computer simulation and provide examples of application areas. We motivate the remaining chapters in the book through two in-depth examples. These examples also help clarify several concepts and techniques that are pervasive in simulation theory and practice.
Prescriptive Water Rights in California: An Addendum

other western states, including Utah before and since its interesting 1939 legislation,2 emphasizes the soundness of Mr. Kletzing's conclusions. The issue discussed in most of the western appellate courts is whether the so-called "water codes," now adopted in some form in every western state, provide an exclusive or only an alternative method for acquiring new water rights by physical diversions of water. On United States lands new water rights are acquired only by appropriation, since according to well-known principles prescriptive rights can never be acquired against the government.3 However, where watercourses traverse private lands, rights may be acquired by prescription in most of the western states." The codes usually provide for filing formal applications, accompanied by maps and engineering data, with some state officer who then holds hearings and grants permits, often on conditions protecting the rights of other water users, present or future. The officer, of course, has the power to deny permits for good cause shown. The majority of the western courts have held that these codes are in the nature of recording acts, giving priority to applicants as of their filing dates regardless of the length of time of use, and are not the exclusive method for acquiring new rights. The "continued, open, notorious, exclusive, uninterrupted, and adverse use and enjoyment of the water under a claim of right" for the statutory period (in California five years)5 in most western jurisdictions constitutes the perfection of new water rights as of the end of the statutory period. These rights often are not matters of public record and when in question require proof of all the necessary facts to the satisfaction of a court.
Older Adults’ Use of Online and Offline Sources of Health Information and Constructs of Reliance and Self-Efficacy for Medical Decision Making

We know little about older adults' use of online and offline health information sources for medical decision making despite increasing numbers of older adults who report using the Internet for health information to aid in patient–provider communication and medical decision making. Therefore we investigated older adult users and nonusers of online and offline sources of health information and factors related to medical decision making. Survey research was conducted using random digit dialing of Florida residents' landline telephones. The Decision Self-Efficacy Scale and the Reliance Scale were used to measure relationships between users and nonusers of online health information. Study respondents were 225 older adults (age range = 50−92 years, M = 68.9, SD = 10.4), which included users (n = 105) and nonusers (n = 119) of online health information. Users and nonusers differed in frequency and types of health sources sought. Users of online health information preferred a self-reliant approach and nonusers of...
Isometric and isokinetic hip abductor strength in persons with above-knee amputations

Recently introduced prosthetic socket designs for the above-knee amputee (AKA) feature a narrow medial-lateral dimension and emphasize maintenance of the residual limb in full physiologic adduction. Quantitative data on the effect of frontal plane limb position on the isometric hip abductor strength of ten otherwise healthy AKAs were obtained in the standing position. Residual limb isometric and isokinetic abductor strength was also measured and compared with that of the intact limb and with that of ten healthy age-, sex-, and height-matched control subjects using an identical technique. The testing hardware consisted of a modified Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer with a custom-made pelvis and trunk stabilizing device. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Results showed an essentially linear increase in residual limb abduction strength with progressive adduction from 30 degrees abduction to 16 degrees adduction. The average increase in abduction torque was .97% (range .29 to 1.5) of the peak neutral position strength per degree of change in femur angle when corrected for the effect of gravity. Similar strength increases with adduction of the femur were found for intact and control limbs. Mean residual limb isometric abduction torque measured 30% less than the intact limb value (p = .0018). The difference between the intact and the control limb mean isometric abduction torques was less than 1%. Isokinetic testing was technically more difficult than isometric testing but revealed similar weakness of the residual limb abductors when compared to the intact and control limbs.
AT WHAT COST BOOK SECURITY

Oklahoma's Metropolitan Library System was recently faced with deciding whether or not to purchase a security system for its 11 libraries. Since existing studies on the effectiveness of security systems in deterring theft and vandalism are contradictory and inconclusive, members of the library staff and Board of Trustees, of which I was a member, gathered local data to determine whether the savings gained by installing a system would justify the investment. Our appraisal left no hope that the results would be worth the expenditure.
Growth mechanisms and geochemistry of carbonate concretions from the Cambrian Wheeler Formation (Utah, USA)

Carbonate concretions provide unique records of ancient biogeochemical processes in marine sediments. Typically, they form in organic-rich mudstones, where a significant fraction of the bicarbonate required for carbonate precipitation is supplied from the decomposition of organic matter in the sediments. As a result, carbonates that comprise concretions are usually characterized by broad ranges in δ13C and include values that are significantly depleted relative to seawater. This article reports results from a physical, petrographic and geochemical analysis of 238 concretions from the Wheeler Formation (Cambrian Series 3), Utah, USA, which are unusual in several respects. Most prominently, they formed in organic-poor mudstones (total organic carbon = 0·1 to 0·5%) and are characterized by a narrow range of δ13C that onlaps the range of contemporaneous seawater values. Subtle centre to edge trends in δ13C demonstrate that concretion precipitation was initiated by local chemical gradients set up by microbial activity in the sediments, but was sustained during growth by a large pool of inorganic bicarbonate probably derived from alkaline bottom waters. The large inorganic pool appears to have been important in facilitating rapid precipitation of the concretion matrix, which occurred via both displacive and replacive carbonate precipitation during early diagenesis. Stable isotope data from cogenetic pyrite (δ34S) and silica (δ18O) phases provide insight into the evolution of biogeochemical processes during concretion growth, and suggest that concretions were formed almost entirely during sulphate reduction, with only minor modification thereafter. Concretions of the Wheeler Formation appear to represent an end-member system of concretion formation in which rapid growth was promoted by ions supplied from sea-water. As such, they offer insight into the spectrum of processes that may influence the growth of carbonate concretions in marine sediments.
Knowledge of chronology of optic disc stereophotographs influences the determination of glaucomatous change.

Purpose To determine the influence of knowledge of the chronology with which stereoscopic photographs of the optic disc were obtained on how the photographs are interpreted. Design Case series. Participants Disc photographs of patients enrolled in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study and Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study studies from Wills Eye Hospital. Methods Two sets of interpretable optic disc stereo slides were included for evaluation. All patients had a follow-up of at least 5 years with baseline and follow-up photographs. Three observers (1 glaucoma attending physician and 2 glaucoma fellows) evaluated the stereophotographs in chronological order to identify the clinical impression of glaucomatous change (glaucomatous deterioration or improvement) based on information such as neuroretinal rim width, nerve fiber layer defects, rim color, peripapillary atrophy, disc hemorrhages, and blood vessel alterations. Three months later, the slide pairs were shuffled so the observers were masked to the chronological sequence. The photographs were reevaluated to determine if there was glaucomatous change. Main outcome measures Agreement between the 2 readings was measured for each observer individually and for the 3 observers collectively. The difference between the number of photographic pairs identified as worse when chronological order was known versus unknown was evaluated using a chi-square test. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were assessed in terms of κ values. Results Intraobserver agreement between chronologically masked and unmasked readings was 61%, 64%, and 71% for the 3 observers, respectively. Average intraobserver agreement between masked and unmasked readings was 65% (κ, 0.35). Agreement in identifying change (either deterioration or improvement) was 59%, 70%, and 68%, respectively, for each observer. Agreement in identifying stability was 63%, 62%, and 73%, respectively. The number of cases identified as having deteriorated was significantly higher (101 vs. 54) when the observer knew the chronological order with which the photographs were taken ( P =0.007). Interobserver agreement was higher when the chronology of photographs was known (κ, 0.68±0.05 for unmasked evaluation; κ, 0.30±0.05 for masked evaluation). Conclusions When disc photographs are read with knowledge of the chronology with which they were obtained, the observations differ considerably from when the readings are made without this knowledge.
2014 Presidential Address: The time of our lives.

Good afternoon, and welcome to San Diego and the 64th meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG). It’s my privilege to stand before you today as the president of this society—truly an honor and a dream—a dream that I hope some of you here in the audience might dare to dream, because it is truly a dream worth dreaming. Beginning with the first meeting I attended in 1979 in Minneapolis, being a member of this society has been one of the most treasured aspects of my career as a human geneticist.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF DNA-CONTAINING AREAS IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF CHLAMYDOMONAS

The chloroplast of Chlamydomonas moewusii was examined by electron microscopic and cytochemical methods for the possible presence of DNA. Both the Feulgen reaction and acridine orange indicated the presence within the chloroplast of one or more irregularly shaped DNA-containing bodies generally in the vicinity of the pyrenoid. Electron micrographs revealed 25 A microfibrils in these areas which correspond to DNA macromolecules with respect to their location, morphology, and sensitivity to deoxyribonuclease digestion. The possibility that this material is the genetic system of the chloroplast and the hypothesis that the chloroplast represents an evolved endosymbiont are discussed.
The Dependence of the Hadley Circulation on the Thermal Relaxation Time

Abstract Analytic and numerical solutions are found for the nonlinear Hadley circulation problem with respect to the dependence of the strength and the extent of the Hadley circulation on the thermal relaxation time. The dependence on the thermal relaxation time is a crucial parameter to investigate since the simplifications used in previous studies assumed a large thermal relaxation time, to justify the geostrophic assumption, but in the presence of moist convection, thermal relaxation may be fast in the convection regions. In this study, a primitive equation model is used to investigate the effect of different latitudinal distribution of thermal relaxation time on the extent of the circulation cells, the zonal wind, the temperature distribution, and the strength of the meridional circulations. It is found that the extent of the Hadley circulation is insensitive to the value of the thermal relaxation time τ, while the strength of the circulation is very sensitive to τ (but in a way that is predictable ba...
THE SYNTHESIS OF A TETRADECAPEPTIDE RENIN SUBSTRATE

A tetradecapeptide renin substrate having a biological activity comparable to the natural product and similar chemical properties has been synthesized by means of the carbobenzyloxyl azide and mixed anhydride methods.
Cooperation and coordination in the turn-taking dilemma

In many real-world situations, "cooperation" in the simple sense of the Prisoner's Dilemma is not sufficient for success: instead, cooperators must precisely coordinate more complex behaviors in a noisy environment. We investigate one such model, the Turn-Taking Dilemma, a variant of the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma in which the highest total payoff is achieved not by simultaneous mutual cooperation, but by taking turns defecting (alternating temptation and sucker payoffs). The Turn-Taking Dilemma more accurately models interactions where players must take short-term losses for long-term gains: situations marked by the intricate give-and-take of bargaining and compromise. Using "evolutionary dominance" as a general measure of performance, we investigated which strategies are most successful in Turn-Taking Dilemma interactions. Our experiments demonstrate that turn-taking can be achieved in a noisy environment, even when agents have strict resource constraints (limited memory strategies). Top strategies such as EXALT2 can effectively coordinate turn-taking under noise, while exploiting cooperators and resisting exploitation by defectors; these strategies are likely to achieve success in the variety of real-world interactions modeled by the Turn-Taking Dilemma.
GLUTAMINE IS THE PREFERRED OXIDATIVE SUBSTRATE FOR SMALL INTESTINE OF SUCKLING RAT

We determined the rate of oxidation of glutamine and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHβ), the preferred substrates in adult intestine, in developing rat. βHβ oxidation is low during the suckling period and increases four-fold at the time of weaning. In contrast glutamine oxidation is high during the suckling period and decreases at the time of weaning. Acetyl-CoA, an intermediate product of ketone oxidation is oxidized by intestinal mitochondria of suckling rat pups at 1/8 the rate of postwean indicating that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity may be rate-limiting in βHβ oxidation to CO2 during the suckling period. A high mitochondrial (mito) [NADH]/[NAD] inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase, a rate limiting step of the TCA cycle. The mito [NADH]/[NAD] decreases four fold at the time of weaning which is consistent with an increase in TCA cycle activity at this time. Since glutamine oxidation enters the TCA cycle in the form of α-ketoglutarate, the inhibition of isocitrate dehyrogenase by an increase in mito [NADH]/[NAD] would not affect glutamine oxidation. These data suggest that an increase in mito [NADH]/[NAD] results in inhibition of oxidation of substrates which enter the TCA cycle at the level of acetyl-CoA and results in the utilization of glutamine as a primary substrate during the suckling period.
Analysis of postoperative complications associated with the use of anti-adhesion sodium hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC) barrier after cytoreductive surgery for ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal cancers.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the risk of postoperative complications related to HA-CMC use in patients undergoing optimal cytoreductive surgery for primary and recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers. Methods A single institution retrospective review identified all patients undergoing optimal (≤1cm) cytoreductive surgery for primary or recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers between 1/95 and 12/08. Operative details and post-operative complications ( U , and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors, including HA-CMC use, associated with post-operative complications. Results Three hundred seventy-five cases were analyzed: HA-CMC was utilized in 168 debulking procedures. There was no difference in the incidence of overall morbidity for patients with HA-CMC compared to those without HA-CMC (OR 1.07; 95% CI: 0.68–1.67). On univariate analysis, application of HA-CMC increased the risk of pelvic abscess (OR 2.66; 95% CI: 1.21–5.86), particularly in the primary surgery setting (OR 4.65; 95% CI: 1.67–12.98) and in patients undergoing hysterectomy (OR 3.36; 95% CI: 1.18–9.53). After controlling for confounding factors using multiple linear regression, HA-CMC use approached statistical significance in predicting an increased risk of pelvic abscess but not major postoperative morbidity. Conclusions HA-CMC adhesion barrier placement at the time of optimal cytoreductive surgery for ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer is not associated with major postoperative complications but may be associated with increased risk of pelvic abscess.
Impact of noise and data sampling on stability of feature ranking techniques for biological datasets

Feature selection is an important preprocessing step when learning from bioinformatics datasets. Since these datasets often have high dimensionality (a large number of features), selecting the most important ones both improves performance and reduces computation time. In addition, when the features in question are genes (as is the case for microarray datasets), knowing the important genes is useful on its own. Although many studies have examined feature selection in the context of classification performance, few analyze techniques in terms of stability: the ability of a technique to produce the same results (list of genes) regardless of changes to the dataset. In this study, we test the stability of eighteen feature rankers across four high-dimensional cancer-gene datasets. Because these datasets are also imbalanced (fewer positive-class instances than negative-class instances), we employ six versions of data sampling (three techniques with two class ratios). Finally, we inject artificial class noise to better evaluate how the rankers perform on realistic datasets, which can be prone to noise. The results demonstrate that of the rankers, the PRC- and Deviance-based Threshold-Based Feature Selection techniques, along with Signal-to-Noise, show the best stability on average. Results also demonstrate that among the sampling techniques investigated, Random Oversampling and the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (both set to a 50∶50 class ratio) showed the best performance on average.