cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature and voltage measurement in quantum systems far from equilibrium

We show that a local measurement of temperature and voltage for a quantum system in steady state, arbitrarily far from equilibrium, with arbitrary interactions within the system, is unique when it exists. This is interpreted as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. We further derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a solution. In this regard, we find that a positive temperature solution exists whenever there is no net population inversion. However, when there is a net population inversion, we may characterize the system with a unique negative temperature. Voltage and temperature measurements are treated on an equal footing: They are simultaneously measured in a noninvasive manner, via a weakly coupled thermoelectric probe, defined by requiring vanishing charge and heat dissipation into the probe. Our results strongly suggest that a local temperature measurement without a simultaneous local voltage measurement, or vice versa, is a misleading characterization of the state of a nonequilibrium quantum electron system. These results provide a firm mathematical foundation for voltage and temperature measurements far from equilibrium.
Federal Tax Law Trumps Indian Canon Implications for the Gaming Industry

On November 27, 2001, the Supreme Court ruled in Chickasaw v. United States that Native American gaming (NAG) firms are subject to federal excise and occupational taxes. Prior to the decision, these firms had been exempt from all federal taxation. We hypothesize that Chickasaw improves the competitive position of publicly traded gaming firms and their suppliers by leveling the playing field for publicly traded firms. Consistent with this argument, we find that the stock prices of publicly traded gaming firms and their suppliers reacted positively to the announcement of the Chickasaw Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit decisions. We also hypothesize that Nevada casinos are relatively insulated from competition because they offer a unique experience that is not easily replicated by NAG firms. Consistent with this argument, we find smaller stock price reactions for firms with Nevada operations.
Structural Analysis of a Large-Aperture Toroidal Balloon-Embedded Reflector with Membrane-Mounted Feed-Array: The ExaVolt Antenna

The current state-of-the-art in ultra high energy (UHE) suborbital payloads The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) has saturated the available payload weight and envelope size for a Long Duration Balloon (LDB). The effective collection area for ANITA-2 is on the order of 1 square meter and the only way to improve sensitivity for ANITA-like missions is to increase the effective aperture size of the antenna. The largest available space on a balloon-borne system is the balloon itself, suggesting that a section of the balloon surface be used as a reflector. The confluence of the scientifically driven need to improve neutrino sensitivity for ANITA-like missions and the emergence of super-pressure balloon (SPB) technology leads to the next generation balloon-borne detector that we denote as The ExaVolt Antenna (EVA). EVA is an UHE particle observatory, currently under development for NASA’s suborbital super-pressure program in Antarctica that aims to increase the effective collection area by a factor of 100. EVA’s design is based on a novel application of toroidal reflector optics which utilizes a super-pressure balloon surface, along with a feed-array mounted on an inner membrane, to create an ultra-large radio antenna system with a synoptic view of the Antarctic ice sheet below it. The resulting balloon system is a large deployable structure that leads to some challenging analysis related to its design. In this paper, we will study aspects related to the stability and deployment of the EVA balloon/antenna system.
Thermophysical Properties of Potassium Fluoride Tetrahydrate from (243 to 348) K

Potassium fluoride tetrahydrate is of interest as a thermal energy storage material, due to its large specific and volumetric enthalpy of fusion and its low melting temperature. Here, we report the thermophysical properties of solid and liquid potassium fluoride tetrahydrate at temperatures from (243 to 348) K and compare this compound to water and octadecane, two other potential thermal energy storage materials with similar melting temperatures. Furthermore, we present a modified potassium fluoride–water phase diagram and accurately determine the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for potassium fluoride tetrahydrate, ΔHfus = (246 ± 2) J·g–1 and Tfus = 291.6 K, and the potassium fluoride tetrahydrate–potassium fluoride dehydrate eutectic, ΔHfus = (203 ± 2) J·g–1 and Tfus = 282.2 K.
LAW, CHINA AND JOHN DEWEY

Dewey spent two years in China studying and lecturing. He described the experience as the most interesting and intellectually the most profitable thing he ever did. It discusses Dewey's impact on China; and China's impact on Dewey. This paper is based on a achieve review of all available lectures. An appendix has the syllabus for Dewey's Columbia Law School course in Legal Philosophy
Teaching of Chinese Culture to MTCSOL at Southwest University

There are many problems like curriculum,students,teaching contents and teaching effects in the teaching of Chinese culture to MTCSOL,whose solutions rely on the improvement of the teachers,the teaching materials,teaching concepts and models.
Enteric-coated charcoal as a means of blinding studies comparing bismuth and H2-receptor antagonists

Clinical trials comparing H2-receptor antagonists and bismuth-containing regimens in ulcer healing, ulcer relapse, or dyspepsia have not been double-blind, because bismuth darkens stools. This study was designed to determine whether enteric-coated charcoal could darken stools of subjects taking an H2-receptor antagonist without interfering with absorption of the drug. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of oral ranitidine (300 mg at bedtime) alone, ranitidine plus bismuth (30 ml Pepto-Bismol four times daily), and ranitidine plus enteric-coated charcoal (four tablets daily). Mean stool colors both with ranitidine plus charcoal and with ranitidine plus bismuth were significantly darker than with ranitidine alone, but were not significantly different from each other. Blood levels of ranitidine during the 10 h after its administration did not differ significantly among the three regimens. We conclude that enteric-coated charcoal can be used to blind clinical trials comparing an H2-receptor antagonist (e.g., ranitidine) and a bismuth regimen.
Use of interferon in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.

Interferon-alpha therapy has been approved for treatment of chronic hepatitis C and B. Candidates for treatment are patients with well-compensated liver disease and histological evidence of chronic hepatitis who have demonstrated abnormal aminotransferase levels for more than 6 months. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, candidates for treatment need to have evidence of viral replication, either hepatitis B e antigen or hepatitis B virus DNA. Successful response in patients with chronic hepatitis C (i.e., normalization or near-normalization of aminotransferase levels) can be expected to occur in approximately 50% of treated individuals. After a successful course of treatment, the relapse rate is at least 50%. With chronic hepatitis B, successful response (i.e., elimination of viral replicative markers) occurs in approximately 40% of treated patients. In this group, relapse is rare, and successfully treated patients may have no detectable hepatitis B surface antigen with long-term follow-up. Variables that may predict a response in patients with chronic hepatitis C include lower pretherapy alanine aminotransferase levels, female sex, and younger age. In individuals with chronic hepatitis B, response is more likely if pretreatment hepatitis B virus DNA is low, pretherapy alanine aminotransferase levels are high, and the duration of infection is short. Current data available in treating chronic delta hepatitis are limited, but suggest that although transient responses can occur, sustained response is unlikely with this disease.
Eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q): Norms for a clinical sample of males

Normative data on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) for a clinical sample of males in the United States are presented. Thirty-eight males completed the EDE-Q at time of admission to an inpatient unit for eating disorders. The majority of males were diagnosed with unspecified eating disorder (73.7%, n = 28). Mean age at time of admission was 24.4 years (SD = 12.6), mean body mass index at time of admission was 21.5 kg/m2 (SD = 9.5), and mean length of stay was 13.6 days (SD = 9.3). Mean scores, standard deviations, and percentile ranks for the global and subscale scores are provided. Although the prevalence of eating disorders remains lower among males compared to females, body dissatisfaction and eating disorder psychopathology are fairly common among males.
Using Competitive Stress Index to Estimate Diameter Growth for Thinned Douglas-fir Stands

Developpement d'equations de croissance utilisant le diametre initial et l'indice de stress de competition initiale et la modification de cet indice due aux coupes d'eclaircie comme variables independantes dans le but de prevoir la reponse de croissance en diametre periodique sur une periode de 3 et 4 ans. Les donnees proviennent d'un peuplement juvenile de Pseudotsuga menziesii
Beryllium nitrate inhibits fibroblast migration to disrupt epimorphic regeneration

Epimorphic regeneration proceeds with or without formation of a blastema, as observed for the limb and skin, respectively. Inhibition of epimorphic regeneration provides a means to interrogate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate it. In this study, we show that exposing amputated limbs to beryllium nitrate disrupts blastema formation and causes severe patterning defects in limb regeneration. In contrast, exposing full-thickness skin wounds to beryllium only causes a delay in skin regeneration. By transplanting full-thickness skin from ubiquitous GFP-expressing axolotls to wild-type hosts, we demonstrate that beryllium inhibits fibroblast migration during limb and skin regeneration in vivo Moreover, we show that beryllium also inhibits cell migration in vitro using axolotl and human fibroblasts. Interestingly, beryllium did not act as an immunostimulatory agent as it does in Anurans and mammals, nor did it affect keratinocyte migration, proliferation or re-epithelialization, suggesting that the effect of beryllium is cell type-specific. While we did not detect an increase in cell death during regeneration in response to beryllium, it did disrupt cell proliferation in mesenchymal cells. Taken together, our data show that normal blastema organogenesis cannot occur without timely infiltration of local fibroblasts and highlights the importance of positional information to instruct pattern formation during regeneration. In contrast, non-blastemal-based skin regeneration can occur despite early inhibition of fibroblast migration and cell proliferation.
Rating Scales in Attention Deficit Disorder

A comparison of parent, teacher, and child performance rating scales in the diagnosis and follow-up of methylphenidate treated children with ADDH is reported from Developmental Pediatrics, San Antonio, TX; Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA; and Department of Pediatrics, William Beaumont Army Medical Cener, El Paso, TX.
Advances in iQID: Upgraded algorithms, thicker scintillators and larger area

iQID (intensified quantum imaging detector) is a novel CCD/CMOS-based ultra-high-resolution photon-counting gamma-ray and x-ray detector technology recently developed at the Center for Gamma-Ray Imaging (CGRI) at the University of Arizona. In this work, we report further advances in iQID's capabilities in terms of dark-noise suppression, sensitivity and field of view (FOV). A new frame-parsing algorithm has been developed that is capable of eliminating certain kinds of dark noise originating in the image intensifier while at the same time maintaining high processing speed for photon-counting applications. To improve detector sensitivity, a thicker 1.65 mm columnar CsI(Tl) scintillator has been tested and compared against the original 450 μm columnar CsI(Tl) scintillator in terms of detector sensitivity and resolution. A study of the depth-of-interaction effects of the thicker scintillator has been performed. Simulation and experimental results are in agreement. Finally, to facilitate the use of iQID technology for clinical applications, four large-magnification fiber-optic tapers were tiled together to increase the total detection area to 188×188 mm2. When all of the upgrades are combined, a novel high-sensitivity, high-resolution and large-FOV CCD/CMOS-based gamma-ray detector prototype will be available for evaluation in preclinical and clinical applications.
Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium Phage Waterfoul

ABSTRACT Waterfoul is a newly isolated temperate siphovirus of Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. It was identified as a member of the K5 cluster of Mycobacterium phages and has a 61,248-bp genome with 95 predicted genes.
African American Patient Preferences for Glaucoma Education.

ABSTRACTPurposeThe objectives of the study were to examine (a) the types of questions that African American patients have about glaucoma for their providers and (b) how patients’ sociodemographic characteristics are associated with where and from whom they would like to learn about glaucoma and glau
Correction to: Allen, L.A., Garst, B.A., Bowers, E.P., & Onyiko, K.K. “Building a Youth Development System in Kenya: Comparing Kenyan Perceptions of Local and National Systems.” Journal of Youth Development, 11(3) 2016.

There was a mistake in the title of an article. At the end of the title, the word “Systems” should be “Issues” so that the title reads, “Building a Youth Development System in Kenya: Comparing Kenyan Perceptions of Local and National Issues.” The original article can be found via the DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2016.461
The Antineoplastic Activity of Photothermal Ablative Therapy with Targeted Gold Nanorods in an Orthotopic Urinary Bladder Cancer Model.

Background Gold nanoparticles treated with near infrared (NIR) light can be heated preferentially, allowing for thermal ablation of targeted cells. The use of novel intravesical nanoparticle-directed therapy in conjunction with laser irradiation via a fiber optic cystoscope, represents a potential ablative treatment approach in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Objective To examine the thermal ablative effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed gold nanorods irradiated with NIR light in an orthotopic urinary bladder cancer model. Methods Gold nanorods linked to an anti-EGFR antibody (Conjugated gold NanoRods - CNR) were instilled into the bladder cavity of an orthotopic murine xenograft model with T24 bladder cancer cells expressing luciferase. NIR light was externally administered via an 808 nm diode laser. This treatment was repeated weekly for 4 weeks. The anti-cancer effect was monitored by an in vivo imaging system in a non-invasive manner, which was the primary outcome of our study. Results The optimal approach for an individual treatment was 2.1 W/cm2 laser power for 30 seconds. Using this in vivo model, NIR light combined with CNR demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in tumor-associated bioluminescent activity (n = 16) compared to mice treated with laser alone (n = 14) at the end of the study (p = 0.035). Furthermore, the CNR+NIR light treatment significantly abrogated bioluminescence signals over a 6-week observation period, compared to pre-treatment levels (p = 0.045). Conclusions Photothermal tumor ablation with EGFR-directed gold nanorods and NIR light proved effective and well tolerated in a murine in vivo model of urinary bladder cancer.
Radiation-Induced Charge Trapping and Low-Frequency Noise of Graphene Transistors

We have performed a detailed evaluation of radiation-induced charge trapping and low-frequency noise for back-gated graphene transistors fabricated on a thermal SiO2 layer, with Al2O3 or hexagonal boron nitride passivation over-layers. Irradiation with positive or 0 V back-gate bias leads to negative shifts of the charge neutral point (CNP) of the graphene transistors; irradiation under negative back-gate bias leads to positive CNP shifts. The low-frequency noise increases with irradiation and decreases with 400 K postirradiation annealing. The temperature dependence of the noise is described well by the Dutta–Horn model of low-frequency noise. Peaks in effective defect-energy distributions of irradiated devices at ~0.4 and ~0.7 eV are identified via measurements of the temperature dependence of the low-frequency noise. The noise of as-processed devices stored in room ambient also decreases with baking, but does not show the clear peaks observed after irradiation. Density functional theory calculations suggest that OH− and H+ at or near the graphene/dielectric interfaces likely play key roles in both the irradiation and baking response. Low-frequency noise and CNP voltage shifts during switched-bias postirradiation annealing at room temperature also suggest significant roles for O vacancies in the near interfacial SiO2 and/or passivation layers.
Synthesis of monoalkylidene diketopiperazines and application to the synthesis of barettin

The synthesis of barettin, a selective serotonin receptor inhibitor and potent antibiofouling natural product, is described. The synthesis starts with the diketopiperazine nucleus intact and the side chains are installed using iterative aldol condensations. The route represents a general strategy for synthesis of a wide array of mono-alkylidene diketopiperazine structures, including those derived from non-canonical amino acid residues.
Development of Spiroligomer-Peptoid Hybrids.

Creating functional macromolecules that possess the diversity and functionality of proteins poses an enormous challenge, as this requires large, preorganized macromolecules to facilitate interactions. Peptoids have been shown to interact with proteins, and combinatorial libraries of peptoids have been useful in discovering new ligands for protein binding. We have created spiroligomer–peptoid hybrids that have a spirocyclic core that preorganizes functional groups in three-dimensional space. By utilizing spiroligomers, we can reduce the number of rotatable bonds between functional groups while increasing the stereochemical diversity of the molecules. We have synthesized 15 new spiroligomer monomer amines that contain two stereocenters and three functional groups (67–84% yields from a common hydantoin starting material) as well as a spiroligomer trimer 25 with six stereocenters and five functional groups. These 16 amines were used to synthesize five first-generation spiroligomer–peptoids hybrids.
Convolving Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks at Various Magnifications to Extract Diagnostic Features for Digital Pathology

Deep learning is an area of artificial intelligence that has received much attention in the past few years due to both an increase in computational power with the increased use of graphics processing units (GPUs) for computational analyses and the performance of these class of algorithms on visual recognition tasks. They have found utility in applications ranging from image search to facial recognition for security and social media purposes. Their continued success has propelled their use across many new domains including the medical field, in areas of radiology and pathology in particular, as these fields are thought to be driven by visual recognition tasks. In this paper, we present an application of deep learning, termed "transfer learning", using ResNet50, a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) to act as a "feature-detector" at various magnifications to identify low and high level features in digital pathology images of various breast lesions for the purpose of classifying them correctly into the labels of normal, benign, in-situ, or invasive carcinoma as provided in the ICIAR 2018 Breast Cancer Histology Challenge (BACH).
The Recursion Theorem and Properties of Enumerations

Recursion is an important programming technique in computer science. We examined this notion initially in Section 5.2, where we also proved the First Recursion Theorem. Here we discuss a more general result, the Second Recursion Theorem (or more simply, the Recursion Theorem), perhaps the most fascinating result in elementary computability theory. The Recursion Theorem legitimizes self-reference in the descriptions of algorithms. Self-reference arguments add elegance and economy to the methods of computability theory, and guarantee that certain completely unexpected properties of any effective enumeration of algorithms must hold.
The Value of Online Privacy

We estimate the value of online privacy with a differentiated products model of the demand for Smartphone apps. We study the apps market because it is typically necessary for the consumer to relinquish some personal information through “privacy permissions” to obtain the app and its benefits. Results show that the representative consumer is willing to make a one-time payment for each app of $2.28 to conceal their browser history, $4.05 to conceal their list of contacts, $1.19 to conceal their location, $1.75 to conceal their phone’s identification number, and $3.58 to conceal the contents of their text messages. The consumer is also willing to pay $2.12 to eliminate advertising. Valuations for concealing contact lists and text messages for “more experienced” consumers are also larger than those for “less experienced” consumers. Given the typical app in the marketplace has advertising, requires the consumer to reveal their location and their phone’s identification number, the benefit from consuming this app must be at least $5.06.
Realistic Computational Models of Respiratory Neurons and Networks

Breathing movements in mammals result from networks of neurons in the central nervous system that produce a complex spatial and temporal pattern of rhythmic neural activity. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and computational modeling is becoming an essential tool for achieving a mechanistic understanding. It is now recognized that the activity of respiratory neurons results from a complex dynamic interaction of biophysical properties of individual neurons and network mechanisms that arise from the interconnections of cells. These interactions of cellular and network processes remain difficult to investigate experimentally, however, and computational approaches that permit modeling of biologically realistic neurons and networks, in particular, provide a powerful modeling approach. Methods for modeling networks of realistic neurons incorporating biophysical properties and synaptic interactions have been developed in computational ne uroscience over the past several decades[1]–[4], and the availability of software has now made computer simulation of these realistic types of models practical [4]–[5]. In this chapter, I outline this approach and provide examples of our simulations with a first generation of realistic models of respiratory neurons and networks. These models are a significant departure from earlier models [6]–[9] of the respiratory network that have lacked many of the biophysi- cal and synaptic properties of neurons that are required to replicate the behavior of real networks. The approach outlined here can be applied to model any aspect of respiratory neural function where neurobiological realism is sought. The models I present below are designed mainly to explore mechanisms in the brainstem involved in the generation of the rhythm and pattern of neuron activity underlying the respiratory cycle. I first consider features of the organization and properties of brainstem networks that must be incorporated in the realistic models.
AVO-G2S: A modified, open-source ground-to-space atmospheric specification for infrasound modeling

Abstract To facilitate infrasound propagation studies, we present AVO-G2S, an open-source, Ground-to-Space model which provides temperature and wind specifications from the surface to an altitude of 225 km. This model provides a means of smoothly characterizing atmospheric conditions using multiple numerical weather prediction forecast and reanalysis products, along with upper-atmospheric empirical models. Regional atmospheric reconstructions only require a limited domain and can utilize high-resolution numerical weather prediction forecasts typically provided on a projected grid. The use of a projected grid allows for faster spectral transform libraries to be employed. The AVO-G2S software can also provide global reconstructions that rely on global numerical weather prediction products and spherical harmonic decompositions. AVO-G2S is inspired by a global Ground-to-Space model developed by the Naval Research Laboratory, and relies on their empirical descriptions of upper-atmospheric conditions. Alaska Volcano Observatory has implemented this model for near-real-time infrasound monitoring of volcanic eruptions and historical research projects.
Ali Benflis: un Destin Algérien

In this ‘reflection on today’s Algeria’(24), political science MENA specialist Sebastien Boussois sets himself three objectives: to take stock of the situation in Algeria before the 2019 presidenti...
Mentoring in research-focused doctoral nursing programs and student perceptions of career readiness in the United States

Abstract Background Research-focused doctorate nursing programs are expanding and seek to double the number of doctoral-prepared nurses by 2020. There is little empirical evidence of the contributions of mentoring to doctoral nursing students' readiness for their desired careers. Purpose This study assessed characteristics and practices of nursing PhD students, the mentoring practices of their advisors, and the likelihood of self-reported career readiness. Design A nationwide descriptive, cross-sectional study of PhD students in the United States was conducted using an electronic survey platform. A sample of 380 PhD students representing 64 schools was surveyed from January to July 2016. Methods Descriptive statistics and ordered logistic regression were used to describe the sample and determine likelihood of career readiness by three readiness levels. Findings Results revealed greater likelihood of career readiness for students that: (1) perceived their proficiency in key scholarly skills as high, (2) were older, (3) worked a larger number of hours per week, (4) had more responsibilities outside of school, (5) had both advising and mentoring support, (6) had a co-advisor, and (7) attended a private university. Conclusion Enrollment targets should be based on a faculty-to-doctoral student ratio that optimizes advising and mentoring and schools should provide mentoring guidelines and training for faculty.
Medium to Deep Chemical Peels

Prior to the development of laser resurfacing, chemical peels were among the sole methods by which to resurface the skin. For decades, medium and deep peels have been used to treat a number of skin conditions in ethnically diverse patients. Despite the growing popularity of lasers, peels continue to rank among the most popular cosmetic procedures performed today showing a 4% increase to 1.36 million procedures in the USA during 2016. The two most commonly used acids for medium and deep peels are trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and phenol. The most common indications for chemical peels are actinic keratosis, photodamage, ephelides/lentigines, rhytides, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, certain types of acne scars, and melasma. By varying the concentration of the solution or the peeling agent, peels can be used to treat the skin of the neck, chest, and upper extremities.
Classification of Tea Aromas Using Multi-Nanoparticle Based Chemiresistor Arrays.

Nanoparticle based chemical sensor arrays with four types of organo-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were introduced to classify 35 different teas, including black teas, green teas, and herbal teas. Integrated sensor arrays were made using microfabrication methods including photolithography and lift-off processing. Different types of nanoparticle solutions were drop-cast on separate active regions of each sensor chip. Sensor responses, expressed as the ratio of resistance change to baseline resistance (ΔR/R0), were used as input data to discriminate different aromas by statistical analysis using multivariate techniques and machine learning algorithms. With five-fold cross validation, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) gave 99% accuracy for classification of all 35 teas, and 98% and 100% accuracy for separate datasets of herbal teas, and black and green teas, respectively. We find that classification accuracy improves significantly by using multiple types of nanoparticles compared to single type nanoparticle arrays. The results suggest a promising approach to monitor the freshness and quality of tea products.
Compliance with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hours in a general surgery residency program: Challenges and solutions in a teaching hospital.

Abstract Background The inception of work hour restrictions for resident physicians in 2003 created controversial changes within surgery training programs. On a recent Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education survey at our institution, we noted a discrepancy between low recorded violations of the duty hour restrictions and the surgery resident’s perception of poor duty hour compliance. We sought to identify factors that lead to duty hour violations and to encourage accurate reporting among surgery trainees. Methods The A3/Lean methodology, an industry-derived, systematic, problem-solving approach, was used to investigate barriers to accurate reporting of duty hours by residents within the Department of Surgery at our academic institution. In partnership with our office of Graduate Medical Education, we encouraged a 6-month period where residents were asked to record duty hour accurately and to provide honest, descriptive explanations of violations without punitive effects on residents or the program. We performed a 6-month before-and-after analysis of duty hours violations after the A3/Lean implementation. Quantitative analysis was used to elucidate trends in violations by post graduate year and rotation. Qualitative evaluation by key thematic areas revealed resident attitudes and opinions about duty hour violations. Results Residents reported concern for personal and programmatic, punitive measures, desire to retain control of their education, and frustration with the administrative burden after violations as deterrents to honest duty hour reporting. The intervention was successful in changing logging behavior with 10 total violations prior to A3 meeting and 179 violations afterward (P = .003). This change was driven largely from an increase in short break violations (4 vs 134, P = .021). Analysis of violations revealed trends by post-graduate year, rotation, and weekend cross-coverage. Key findings including less than anticipated violations of the 80-hour work week despite high rates of short break violations. The ability to participate in procedures voluntarily and a sense of professional responsibility emerged as the prevailing themes among surgery residents describing violations. Conclusion Systematic evaluation of duty hour reporting within a surgery training program can identify structural and cultural barriers to accurate reporting of duty hours. Accurate reporting can identify program-specific trends in duty hour violations that can be addressed though programmatic intervention.
Tumoral Mimics of Subdural Hematomas: Case Report and Review of Diagnostic and Management Strategies in Primary B-Cell Lymphoma of the Subdural Space

Background Subdural lymphomas are a rare subtype of primary central nervous system lymphomas that can radiographically mimic epidural blood and pose a diagnostic challenge. They can complicate treatment if not preemptively identified. Methods We present a case report of a subdural lymphoma that mimicked a compressive subdural hematoma, and we review the PubMed database for similar cases. Results A 77-year-old woman presented with a transient left facial droop and what appeared to be a subdural hematoma on computed tomography scan. The patient underwent surgery, during which grossly abnormal solid epicortical adherent tissue was noted instead of the expected appearance of a subdural hematoma. An intraoperative biopsy was suggestive of lymphoma, and the surgery was converted to a craniectomy. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The patient underwent radiotherapy with no complications or recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete resolution of the mass at 3 months after treatment, at which time the patient underwent a synthetic cranioplasty. Seven case reports of primary dural lymphomas mimicking subdural blood were found, with variable pathologic subclassifications. Conclusions Although rare, a primary dural lymphoma can be mistaken for a subdural hematoma on computed tomography scan. The most common subtype is low-grade extranodal marginal zone lymphomas. It is important to keep these diseases in the differential diagnosis, especially when there is incongruence between imaging and the clinical picture, as earlier detection correlates to a stronger therapeutic response.
Comparing Kadish and Modified Dulguerov Staging Systems for Olfactory Neuroblastoma: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo compare the Kadish and the modified Dulguerov staging of individual participants to determine the impact of stage and other prognostic factors on disease-free (DFS) and overall survival...
Study on the pathological characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivities in 2007-2008, Zhejiang province

急性出血性结膜炎(AHC),又称流行性出血性结膜炎,俗称"红眼病".1969年该病首次在加纳暴发流行,此后,在世界各地发生过多次大流行及局部地区暴发[1].引起该病的主要病原体为肠道病毒70型(EV70)和柯萨奇病毒A24变异株(CA24v).2007-2008年浙江省发生AHC流行,为迅速查明病因,及时采取有效的控制措施,本研究对患者的眼拭子样本进行病原学检测。
Early postoperative outcomes of diverting loop ileostomy closure surgery following laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery

Although diverting loop ileostomy (DLI) formation reduces the consequences of anastomotic leak and may also decrease the incidence of this severe complication, DLI closure can result in significant complications. The laparoscopic approach in colorectal surgery has numerous benefits, including reduced length of stay (LOS), less wound infection, and better cosmesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether a laparoscopic approach at the time of the ileostomy creation has a beneficial effect on the outcomes of ileostomy closure. A retrospective analysis of an IRB-approved prospective database was performed for all patients who underwent DLI closure between 2010 and 2017. Patients’ demographics, operative reports, and postoperative course were reviewed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software and included descriptive statistics, Chi-square for categorical variables, and Student’s t tests for continuous variables. Skewed variables were compared using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test. Regression analysis for overall complications and LOS were preformed to further assess the impact of laparoscopy. We identified 795 patients (363 females) who underwent DLI reversal surgery. The surgical approach in the index operation was laparoscopy in 65% of patients. Conversion to laparotomy at the ileostomy closure occurred in 6.1% of patients. The overall complication rate was lower and the LOS was shorter for patients who underwent DLI closure following laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopy at the index operation was also associated with a lower incidence of postoperative ileus and a lower estimated blood loss (EBL) at the time of DLI reversal. Multivariate regression analysis found laparoscopy to have significant benefits compared to laparotomy for overall complications and for LOS. Ileostomy closure following laparoscopic colorectal surgery offers benefits including reductions in LOS and overall complications.
Lateral and longitudinal distribution of riparian vegetation along an ephemeral river in Namibia using remote sensing techniques

Abstract Ephemeral rivers are key features of desert ecosystems, providing shallow groundwater and occasional surface flow, but compared to perennial systems, the structure of riparian forests in ephemeral rivers and their interactions with the hydrologic regime are poorly understood. This study examines the distribution of riparian woody species in the ephemeral Kuiseb River in central Namibia. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite imagery were used to examine the structure of the riparian forest across lateral and longitudinal gradients. Woody plant abundance peaked in the terminal alluvial zone, the reach of the river where floods typically run dry. The five dominant species exhibited similar spatial patterns at latitudinal and longitudinal scales. Faidherbia albida and Salvadora persica were found more proximal to the active channel and concentrated in the terminal alluvial zone. Acacia (Vachellia) erioloba, Euclea pseudebenus, and Tamarix usneoides were more evenly dispersed laterally across the riparian zone and along the river's longitudinal profile. These spatial patterns correspond to plant physiological properties of hydrological dependence and gradients of water availability and soil composition. The tight coupling of plant distributions with water availability highlights the need for long-term monitoring of ephemeral riparian vegetation in light of potential future changes to the global hydrologic regime.
Variability in tumor margin reporting for soft tissue sarcoma and cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs: A systematic review.

Objective To identify which classification systems have been used for tumor margin reporting and to determine whether factors (publication year, tumor type, and specialty of the contributing authors) influenced trends in margin reporting within literature describing canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT). Study design Systematic literature review. Methods Eligible articles were identified through electronic database searches performed for STS and MCT. Data abstracted from relevant studies included publication year, author list, specialty of contributing authors, criteria used to report the planned surgical margins, and the status of histologic margins. Categorization of papers was based on the classification systems used to report surgical and histologic tumor margins. Results Fifty-three articles were included, 11 on STS, 37 on MCT, and five that included both tumor types. Criteria for classifying the planned surgical margins were described in only 50.9% of studies. Articles that listed a veterinary surgeon as a contributing author (P = .01) and STS articles compared to MCT papers (P = .01) were more likely to report surgical margins. Most (56.6%) studies reported the status of histologic margins dichotomously as "complete" or "incomplete." Although a previously published consensus statement recommended that quantitative criteria be used to report histologic margins, only 7.5% of articles used quantitative methods. Conclusion Classification systems used for reporting tumor margins were highly variable among studies. Clinical significance The findings of this review provide evidence that a standardized classification system for reporting surgical and histologic tumor margins is required in veterinary medicine. A universal system may support more consistent reporting of neoplastic biopsy specimens and allow for more meaningful comparisons across research studies.
Understanding the impacts of new mobility, autonomous vehicles, and E-commerce on urban design

The last decade has seen a series of changes in transportation and retail models that are not only impacting cities today but also portend larger changes ahead. Transportation choices have expanded...
Pediatric measure of participation short forms version 2.0: development and evaluation

Design Mixed methods cohort study. Objectives To develop and assess psychometric properties of the pediatric measure of participation (PMoP) short forms (SF) version 2.0. Setting Secondary analyses of data collected from 381 children with spinal cord injury (SCI) of at least 3-month duration living in the community, and 322 parents of children with SCI at three pediatric orthopedic hospitals in the United States. Methods Mixed methods iterative process to customize SF based on, highly relevant items, age and school analysis of item distributions; ceiling and floor effects; internal consistency and group-level reliability; correlation of SF scores with scores derived from the total item bank; and assessment of the degree to which item difficulty matched the abilities of children in the sample. Results PMoP SF V2.0 mean T scores ranged from 47.59 to 51.23. Overall, mean scores were somewhat higher for older children and parent respondents. Group-level reliability values ranged from 0.66 to 0.79; Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.79 to 0.90; ICC values ranged from 0.89 to 0.95. Pearson Correlations ranged from 0.80 to 0.95, showing good to strong correlation between scores from the SFs and total item bank for each domain. Test information function demonstrated that score estimates will be less precise at higher ends of the scale. Conclusions PMoP SFs V2.0 contain items relevant to participation among children with SCI, and are tailored for four age groups and school status. They are recommended for use when computer adaptive testing (CAT) is not possible.
Reevaluating the Cardiac Risk of Noncardiac Surgery Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

BACKGROUND As surgical techniques evolve and patient outcomes improve over time, a renewed analysis of the cardiac risk of noncardiac surgeries is needed. The goal of this study was to investigate and categorize the cardiac risk of elective noncardiac surgeries. METHODS This was a cohort study of surgical data and outcomes from the 2018 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Data File; 807,413 cases were analyzed after excluding non-elective, emergent, and cardiac surgeries. Postoperative major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as 30-day all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest. According to their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for postoperative MACE, surgeries were categorized as low risk (95% CI <1%), intermediate risk (95% CI above and below 1%), or elevated risk (95% CI ≥1%). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine differences in the odds for postoperative MACE for the intermediate- and elevated-risk categories relative to the low-risk category while controlling for several risk factors of prognostic importance. RESULTS Postoperative MACE occurred in 4047/807,413 cases (0.50%), including in 1708/667,735 (0.26%) of the low-risk category, in 516/53,499 (0.96%) of the intermediate-risk category, and in 1823/86,179 (2.12%) of the elevated-risk category. The elevated-risk category accounted for 10.7% of total procedures and 45.1% of total postoperative MACE. Compared with the low-risk category, the multivariable adjusted risk of postoperative MACE was increased in the intermediate-risk category (adjusted odds ratio 2.35; 95% CI, 2.12-2.62) and the elevated-risk category (adjusted odds ratio 3.15; 95% CI, 2.92-3.39). CONCLUSION Categorization of noncardiac surgeries according to cardiac risk may help to identify populations who are most likely to benefit from preoperative cardiac evaluation when indicated.
Modulation of aggressive behavior in mice by nicotinic receptor subtypes.

Aggression is frequently comorbid with neuropsychiatric conditions and is a predictor of worse outcomes, yet current pharmacotherapies are insufficient and have debilitating side effects, precluding broad use. Multiple models of aggression across species suggest that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist nicotine has anti-aggressive (serenic) properties. Here we demonstrate dose-dependent serenic effects of acute nicotine administration in three distinct mouse strains: C57BL/6, BALB/c, and CD1. While acute nicotine administration (0.25 mg/kg) modestly reduced solitary homecage locomotion, this could not account for nicotine’s serenic effects since social encounters eliminated the hypolocomotor effect, and nicotine did not alter social interaction times. Pretreatment with the homomeric (α7 subunit) nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (5 mg/kg), but not the heteromeric (β2 or β4 subunit-containing) nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE, 3 mg/kg), blocked the serenic effects of nicotine. By contrast, pretreatment with DHβE blocked the effect of acute nicotine administration on locomotion, uncoupling nicotine’s serenic and hypolocomotor effects. Finally, the α7 nAChR partial agonist GTS-21 reduced aggression in C57BL/6 mice. These results support the idea that acute nicotine administration has serenic effects and provide evidence for specificity of this effect distinct from effects on locomotion. Furthermore, pharmacological studies suggest that activation of α7 nAChRs underlies the serenic effects of nicotine. Further studies of nAChRs could enhance understanding of the neurobiology of aggression and may lead to the development of novel, more specific treatments for pathological aggression.
La inversión extranjera directa, la presencia de ONG internacionales medioambientales y las emisiones de dióxido de carbono en los países menos adelantados, 1980-2000

The authors engage foreign investment dependence and world society theories to examine environmental harms in less-developed countries. Results of cross-national random effects panel regression models indicate that foreign investment in manufacturing contributes to total carbon dioxide emissions and emissions per unit of production. World society integration in the context of environmental international non-governmental organization presence does not directly suppress emissions. However, a stronger presence of such organizations in some less-developed nations appears to mitigate the impacts of foreign investment on anthropogenic emissions. These results hold, net of population, level of development, and other structural factors.
Cluster Based Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithms for Mobile Networks

We propose an architecture that consists of a ring of clusters for distributed mutual exclusion algorithms in mobile networks. The mobile network is partitioned into a number of clusters periodically using a graph partitioning algorithm called Fixed Centered Partitioning first. Each cluster is represented by a coordinator node on the ring which implements various distributed mutual exclusion algorithms on behalf of any member in the cluster it represents. We show the implementation of Ricart-Agrawala and Token-based algorithms on this architecture. The message complexities for both algorithms are reduced substantially using the proposed architecture ...