cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and development of novel photoinitiator complexes for photoinitiating the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction

Here, several distinct approaches for photoinitiation and subsequent utilization of the Copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction are developed. In particular, Cu(II)–ligand complexes were synthesized that enabled direct photoreduction of the Cu(II). The sequential and orthogonal nature of the photo-CuAAC reaction and a chain-growth acrylate homopolymerization were demonstrated and used to form branched polymer structures. The efficiency of the photo-initiated Cu(II) complexes in regard to their ability to initiate the CuAAC reaction was examined by reacting a variety of amino-functional ligands with Cu(II) halides to form complexes capable of forming Cu(I) upon light irradiation. When irradiated with 365 nm light, the ligand donates an electron to Cu(II) to reduce it to Cu(I) which subsequently initiates the azide–alkyne cycloaddition (i.e., photo-CuAAC) reaction with exquisite spatiotemporal control. Aliphatic amine ligands were found to be the most efficient ligands in promoting photoreduction of Cu(II) and stabilizing Cu(I), once formed. Among the aliphatic amines studied, tertiary amines such as triethylamine (TEA), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMDA), N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA), and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTETA) were found to be the most effective. In addition, the Cu(II)–amine complexes were insensitive to oxygen, indicating that the catalytic Cu(I) is largely prevented from re-oxidation by complexation with the amine ligand and/or the triazole. The reaction kinetics were accelerated by increasing the PMDETA : Cu(II) ratio with a ratio of ligand to Cu(II) of 4 : 1 yielding the maximum conversion in the shortest time.
Growth and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars in Response to Increasing Temperatures

High temperature is a major factor limiting growth of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). Physiological causes of turf growth and quality decline with increasing temperature is not well understood. The objective of the study was to examine responses of growth and carbohydrate metabolisms to increasing temperatures in three creeping bentgrass cultivars. Sods of 'Penncross', 'ISI-AP-89150', and 'SR 1020' were grown in growth chambers and exposed sequentially for 20 d to each of the following temperatures: 20, 24, 30, 34, and 38 degrees C. Evaluation and measurements were made at 10 and 20 d after each sequential temperature increase. Decreased root viability and root dry matter production of all cultivars was observed after a 10-d exposure at 30 degrees C and continued to decline with increasing temperatures. A decline in turf quality and leaf chlorophyll content (Chl) was observed at a 20-d exposure to 30 degrees C. Turf quality, Chl content, and root viability of SR 1020 were higher than those of Penncross after a 10-d exposure at 30 degrees C and 20 d at 34 degrees C, and 10 d at 38 degrees C, respectively. Canopy net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) decreased with temperature in all cultivars. Dark respiration rates of whole plants (R(plant)) increased with temperature up to 34 degrees C, and then declined at 38 degrees C. Daily carbon consumption to production ratio increased dramatically with temperature after 30 degrees C, and R(plant) exceeded P(n) when temperature increased to 34 or 38 degrees C in all cultivars. Plants grown at 30, 34, and 38 degrees C had lower total nonstructural carbohydrate than those grown at 20 or 24 degrees C. Results suggest that a decline in root activity of creeping bentgrass occurred before a decline in turf quality at temperatures above 30 degrees C, and could be related to the imbalance between photosynthesis and respiration, and limited carbohydrate availability.
Targeted mutations in a highly conserved motif of the nsp1β protein impair the interferon antagonizing activity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Non-structural protein 1β (nsp1β) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contains a papain-like cysteine protease (PLPβ) domain and has been identified as the main viral protein antagonizing the host innate immune response. In this study, nsp1β was determined to suppress the expression of reporter genes as well as to suppress ‘self-expression’ in transfected cells, and this activity appeared to be associated with its interferon (IFN) antagonist function. To knock down the effect of nsp1β on IFN activity, a panel of site-specific mutations in nsp1β was analysed. Double mutations K130A/R134A (type 1 PRRSV) or K124A/R128A (type 2 PRRSV) targeting a highly conserved motif of nsp1β, GKYLQRRLQ (in bold), impaired the ability of nsp1β to suppress IFN-β and reporter gene expression, as well as to suppress ‘self-expression’ in vitro. Subsequently, viable recombinant viruses vSD01-08-K130A/R134A and vSD95-21-K124A/R128A, containing double mutations in the GKYLQRRLQ motif were generated using reverse genetics. In comparison with WT viruses, these nsp1β mutants showed impaired growth ability in infected cells, but the PLPβ cleavage function was not directly affected. The expression of selected innate immune genes was determined in vSD95-21-K124A/R128A mutant-infected cells. The results consistently showed that gene expression levels of IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-stimulated gene 15 were upregulated in cells that were infected with the vSD95-21-K124A/R128A compared with that of WT virus. These data suggest that PRRSV nsp1β may selectively suppress cellular gene expression, including expression of genes involved in the host innate immune function. Modifying the key residues in the highly conserved GKYLQRRLQ motif could attenuate virus growth and improve the cellular innate immune responses.
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment

Age-related changes in the spinal column result in a degenerative cascade known as spondylosis. Genetic, environmental, and occupational influences may play a role. These spondylotic changes may result in direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the spinal cord known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Both static and dynamic factors contribute to the pathogenesis. CSM may present as subclinical stenosis or may follow a more pernicious and progressive course. Most reports of the natural history of CSM involve periods of quiescent disease with intermittent episodes of neurologic decline. If conservative treatment is chosen for mild CSM, close clinical and radiographic follow-up should be undertaken in addition to precautions for trauma-related neurologic sequelae. Operative treatment remains the standard of care for moderate to severe CSM and is most effective in preventing the progression of disease. Anterior surgery is often beneficial in patients with stenotic disease limited to a few segments or in cases in which correction of a kyphotic deformity is desired. Posterior procedures allow decompression of multiple segments simultaneously provided that adequate posterior drift of the cord is attainable from areas of anterior compression. Distinct risks exist with both anterior and posterior surgery and should be considered in clinical decision-making.
Optimal trajectories for LEO-to-LEO aeroassisted orbital transfer

Abstract This paper considers both classical and minimax problems of optimal control arising in the study of noncoplanar, aeroassisted orbital transfer. The maneuver considered involves the transfer from one planetary orbit to another having different orbital inclination, but the same radius. An example is the LEO-to-LEO transfer of a spacecraft with a prescribed plane change, where LEO denotes low Earth orbit. The basic idea is to employ the hybrid combination of propulsive maneuvers in space and aerodynamic maneuvers in the sensible atmosphere. Hence, this type of flight is also called synergetic space flight. With reference to the atmospheric part of the maneuver, trajectory control is achieved by modulating the lift coefficient (hence, the angle of attack) and the angle of bank. The presence of upper and lower bounds on the lift coefficient is considered. Three different transfer maneuvers are studied. Type 1 involves four impulses and four space plane changes; Type 2 involves three impulses and three space plane changes; and Type 3 involves three impulses and no space plane change. In Type 1, the initial impulse directs the spacecraft away from Earth, and then is followed by an apogee impulse propelling the spacecraft toward Earth; in Types 2 and 3, the initial impulse directs the spacecraft toward Earth. A common element of these maneuvers is that they all include an atmospheric pass, with velocity depletion coupled with plane change. Within the framework of classical optimal control, the following problems are studied: (P1) minimize the energy required for orbital transfer; (P4) maximize the time of flight during the atmospheric portion of the trajectory; (P5) minimize the time integral of the square of the path inclination. Within the framework of minimax optimal control, the following problem is studied: (Q1) minimize the peak heating rate. Numerical solutions for Problems (P1), (P4), (P5), (Q1) are obtained by means of the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems under following conditions: for Problem (P1), the plane change components and the apogee radius are optimized; for Problems (P4), (P5), (Q1), the plane change components and the apogee radius are kept at the same levels determined for Problem (P1). This is done in order to impart good energy characteristics to the solutions of Problems (P4), (P5), (Q1). The engineering implications of the solutions are discussed, in order to determine the most useful solutions in the light of energy requirements and heat transfer requirements. In particular, the merits of the nearly-grazing solution (P5) are discussed. For all maneuver types, it appears that the nearly-grazing solution (P5) is an excellent compromise between energy requirements and heating requirements.
Does Cytokine Profiling of Aspirate From Jaw Cysts and Tumors Have a Role in Diagnosis

Purpose The objective of the present study was twofold: first, to assess aspirates for use in cytokine profiling and second, to initiate pilot analyses to determine whether the cytokine profiling can serve as an aid in the diagnosis of jaw lesions. Materials and Methods The aspirates from 12 benign odontogenic cysts and tumors of the jaw were collected and randomized, and a formal incisional biopsy was performed to establish the tissue diagnosis. The biopsies revealed keratocystic odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma, and dentigerous cyst. The cystic aspirate was analyzed using the Q-Plex Human Cytokine Screen to detect cytokine expression and determine the level of expression for each pathologic entity. An array of 16 cytokines was investigated, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF-β. Tables were developed to determine the ratio of expression for the candidate cytokine pairs that were differentially expressed among the 3 pathologic entities encountered. One-way analysis of variance was used to search for significant differences in the ratio of expression of the candidate pairs among the 3 entities. Results Cytokines expressed by the 3 distinct jaw lesions were detected in the aspirate without the need for tissue biopsy. Cytokine profiling of these entities is possible owing to differential expression of the various cytokines studied. The ratio of expression was significant (P Conclusions Cytokines, expressed by the 3 groups of jaw lesions, can be detected in the cystic aspirate, and a comparison of the ratio of the expression of the aspirates demonstrated a differential expression pattern of cytokines among the 3 groups. These ratios could assist in establishing a prompt and accurate diagnosis of lesions that might be difficult to discern clinically and radiographically. The use of a simple, minimally invasive aspiration procedure can help to establish an accurate diagnosis.
Pentobarbital opens ion channels of long duration in cultured mouse spinal neurons

Intracellular recordings from voltage-clamped mouse spinal neurons in tissue culture were used to study the membrane mechanisms underlying inhibitory responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid and the (-) isomer of pentobarbital. Fluctuation analysis suggested that both substances activated ion channels in the membranes. However, the channels activated by pentobarbital remained open five times longer than those activated by gamma-aminobutyric acid.
The formation of aligned spheres in miscibility gap systems

The development of regularly sized and spaced rods or spheres in a monotectic system is presently considered in terms of interface breakdown and capillary instability mechanisms between two liquid phases. The most important relationship, which governs the rod-to-aligned spheres transition, is the temperature gradient-to-growth rate ratio that determines the depth of the intercellular nodes. Rods will develop when these nodes are shallow by comparison to rod circumference, and spheres will develop when they are deep.
Sex-related differences in the presentation and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a multiyear, prospective, population-based study.

Objective: To examine whether previously observed sex-related differences in coronary artery disease syndromes also apply to patients with out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest, a probable subset of patients with coronary artery disease who are easy to recognize and are treated in a standardized fashion. Design: Prospective, population-based study conducted over a 6-yr period. Setting: A large urban municipality (population, 1.1 million) served by a single emergency medical services system with centralized medical direction and standardized protocols. Patients: All patients with out-of-hospital, nontraumatic, primary cardiac arrest. Interventions: Standardized advanced cardiac life support protocols. Measurements and Main Results: During the 6 yrs of the study, 4147 consecutive patients were studied, 42% of whom were women (p <.001). Although women were significantly older than men (mean age, 68.7 ± 18 vs. 61.7 ± 17 yrs; p =.001), there were no significant differences for the percentages of witnessed and unwitnessed arrests, response intervals, and the length and type of treatment provided. Although men were more likely to have ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia on presentation (41% vs. 30%), women had more asystole (8.8% vs. 7%) and (organized) pulseless electrical activity than men (24% vs. 18%; p <.001). Nevertheless, more women were resuscitated (13.5% vs. 10.7%; p =.005), particularly women with non-ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia presentation (12.6% vs. 9.6%; p < .02). These differences were more pronounced when controlling for age (95% confidence interval, 1.44 [1.25-1.74]). Conclusions: In cases of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest, women have significantly better resuscitation rates than men, especially when controlling for age, particularly among women with non-ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia presentations. Additional studies are required to validate these observations, not only for long-term survival and external validity, but also for other potential genetic factors and potential discrepancies with other studies.
DNA Cleaving “Tandem-Array” Metallopeptides Activated With KHSO 5 : Towards the Development of Multi-Metallated Bioactive Conjugates and Compounds

Amino terminal peptides of the general form Gly-Gly-His have been used to introduce single sites of metal binding and redox activity into a wide range of biomolecules to create bioactive compounds and conjugates capable of substrate oxidation. We report here that Gly-Gly-His-like peptides linked in a tandem fashion can also be generated leading to multi-metal binding arrays. While metal binding by the native Gly-Gly-His motif (typically to Cu2+, Ni2+, or Co2+) requires a terminal peptide amine ligand, previous work has demonstrated that an ornithine (Orn) residue can be substituted for the terminal Gly residue to allow solid-phase peptide synthesis to continue via the side chain N-δ. This strategy thus frees the Orn residue N-α for metal binding and permits placement of a Gly-Gly-His-like metal binding domain at any location within a linear, synthetic peptide chain. As we show here, this strategy also permits the assembly of tandem arrays of metal binding units in linear peptides of the form: NH2-Gly-Gly-His-[(δ)-Orn-Gly-His]n-(δ)-Orn-Gly-His-CONH2 (where n = 0, 1, and 2). Metal binding titrations of these tandem arrays monitored by UV-vis and ESI-MS indicated that they bind Cu2+, Ni2+, or Co2+ at each available metal binding site. Further, it was found that these systems retained their ability to modify DNA oxidatively and to an extent greater than their parent M(II)•Gly-Gly-His. These findings suggest that the tandem array metallopeptides described here may function with increased efficiency as "next generation" appendages in the design of bioactive compounds and conjugates.
The supply of mortgage lending

Abstract This paper estimates the elasticity of supply of mortgage lending and tests the impact of the “availability” of funds on the markets for new housing and mortgage loans. Depending upon whether mortgage relative to total lending or the mortgage, Aaa bond yield differential is taken as the left-hand variable, the supply elasticity is found to be about 1 or about 5. No compelling evidence is found, however, that either federal agency purchases of mortgages or disintermediation has had an impact upon the supply of mortgage loans. The latter is more consistent with a relatively elastic supply of mortgage funds than with segmented mortgage markets. Examination of the determinants of both real house prices and of private residential construction also fails to reveal any significant impact of federal agency purchases or of disintermediation. It would appear, however, that real house prices are highly responsive to interest rates and that the elasticity of supply of new housing is about 5. Fluctuations in new construction would thus appear to be explainable by fluctuations in interest rates.
Wiener-Hopf operators on U2

In this paper, we describe the symbol calculus and index theorem for Wiener-Hopf operators on the group of complex 2×2 unitary matrices U2.
A fractal patch test

Element consistency is generally checked using the patch test on an element patch of finite size. This condition may in certain cases be too restrictive, and disqualifies elements that appear to be convergent. A method termed ‘fractal patch test’ is presented, in which the patch size is maintained constant while the distorted mesh is refined. Examples are given for four-node quadrilateral elements used in plane stress and strain analysis, and for plate bending elements.
The effects of methaqualone on pituitary-adrenocortical activity in mice.

Methaqualone produces a dose- and time-dependent increase in plasma corticosterone concentration in mice. Acute studies showed that this effect is largely independent of methaqualone-induced hypothermia but can be blocked by pretreatment with dexamethasone, thus demonstrating that the adrenal cortex is not being directly stimulated. It is not clear whether the pituitary-adrenal activation is primarily caused by methaqualone itself or by a hepatic metabolite(s) since pretreatment with SKF 525-A failed either to potentiate or block the effect. Studies employing chronic methaqualone administration provided evidence for a rapid development of tolerance to the pituitary-adrenal effect of the drug.
Role of macula densa adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in tubuloglomerular feedback

Role of macula densa adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in tubuloglomerular feedback. Background Recent studies have shown that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is liberated from macula densa cells in response to increased tubular NaCl in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that increased NaCl in the macula densa stimulates the release of ATP, resulting in extracellular formation of adenosine which is involved in signal transmission of the tubuloglomerular feedback response. Methods Rabbit afferent arterioles and attached macula densas were simultaneously microperfused in vitro. Tubuloglomerular feedback was induced by increasing macula densa Na/Cl from 11/10 to 81/80 mmol/L and was measured before and after treatment. Results We first tested whether hydrolysis of ATP is required for tubuloglomerular feedback. When we enhanced conversion of ATP to adenosine by adding hexokinase or apyrase to the bath and arteriole lumen, the tubuloglomerular feedback response was augmented. During the control period, tubuloglomerular feedback decreased arteriole diameter by 2.2 ± 0.2 μm. In the presence of hexokinase, tubuloglomerular feedback decreased diameter by 3.4 ± 0.3 μm ( N = 8) ( P N = 8) ( P 2 receptors and activates the tubuloglomerular feedback response. The P 2 purinergic receptor inhibitor suramin was added to both arteriole lumen and bath. During the control period, tubuloglomerular feedback decreased diameter by 3.7 ± 0.5 μm. Suramin (100 μmol/L) did not significantly inhibit tubuloglomerular feedback, since in the presence of suramin diameter decreased by 3.8 ± 0.3 μm ( N = 7). Finally, we added the adenosine A 1 receptor inhibitor FK838 to both bath and lumen and found that it completely blocked high NaCl-induced tubuloglomerular feedback. Conclusion We concluded that ATP released from the macula densa is broken down to form AMP in the extracellular space. AMP in turn is degraded by ecto-5′-nucleotidases to adenosine, which mediates signal transmission of the tubuloglomerular feedback response.
Virtual Communities of Practice: Bridging Research and Practice Using Web 2.0:

A significant dilemma for the health and human service professions continues to be the question of how best to bridge the divide between academic research and practice. Communities of practice have traditionally been a vehicle for collaborative research and for information exchange (Moore, 2008). Through collaboration, communities of practice have the ability to disseminate knowledge and transmit best practices in these disciplines (Barry, 2007). However, organizational constraints on time can impose barriers to professional partnerships (i.e., Le May, Mulhall, & Alexander, 1998). Increasingly restrictive research agendas of faculty pose an additional barrier (Colbeck, 2000). Web 2.0 technologies may offer a solution to this challenge. According to Boulos and Wheeler (2007), Web 2.0 technologies “represent a quite revolutionary way of managing and repurposing/remixing online information and knowledge repositories, including clinical and research information, in comparison with the traditional Web 1.0 mode...
A Molecular Basis for Affinity Modulation of Fab Ligand Binding to Integrin αIIbβ3

Abstract The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence within the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) of the heavy chain (H3) is responsible for the binding of the recombinant murine Fab molecules, AP7 and PAC1.1, to the platelet integrin αIIbβ3. AP7 binding is minimally influenced by the conformational state of this receptor, whereas PAC1.1 binds preferentially to the activated state of the receptor induced by platelet agonists. To study the molecular basis for this functional difference, we replaced the AP7 H3 loop (HPFYRGDGGN) with all or segments of the analogous sequence from PAC1.1 (RSPSYYRGDGAGP). AP7 Fd (VH domain + Cγ1 domain) segments containing these H3 loop sequences were expressed as active Fab molecules by coinfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cell lines with recombinant baculoviruses containing Fd and AP7 κ chain cDNA. Replacement of the entire AP7 H3 loop with that from PAC1.1 generated the mutant AP7.3 Fab molecule, which bound selectively to either activated, gel-filtered platelets or to purified αIIbβ3 in a manner identical to that of PAC1.1. Identical results were obtained when solely the sequences flanking the amino side of RGD within the respective H3 loops were exchanged. AP7.3 and PAC1.1 exhibited saturable but submaximal binding to activated gel-filtered platelets. Relative to AP7, the number of AP7.3 or PAC1.1 Fab molecules bound per platelet was 17% in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+ + 1 mM Mg2+ or 40% in the presence of 10 μM Mn2+. The ratio of Fab molecules bound after versus before activation (mean ± S.D.; n = 3) was: for AP7.3, 9.8 ± 0.6; for PAC1.1, 8.8 ± 0.3; and for AP7, 1.4 ± 0.2. In addition, AP7 bound to the stably expressed integrin mutant αIIbβ3(S123A), whereas AP7.3 and PAC1 did not. Because AP7.3 behaves in every respect like PAC1.1, we conclude that the ability of RGD-based ligands to distinguish activated from resting conformations of the integrin αIIbβ3 can be regulated by limited amino acid sequences immediately adjacent to the RGD tripeptide. Furthermore, those Fab molecules that exhibit increased selectivity for the activated conformation of αIIbβ3 bind to a subpopulation of this integrin on platelets that is modulated by divalent cations.
Simple Machine Perfusion Significantly Enhances Hepatocyte Yields of Ischemic and Fresh Rat Livers

The scarcity of viable hepatocytes is a significant bottleneck in cell transplantation, drug discovery, toxicology, tissue engineering, and bioartificial assist devices, where trillions of high-functioning hepatocytes are needed annually. We took the novel approach of using machine perfusion to maximize cell recovery, specifically from uncontrolled cardiac death donors, the largest source of disqualified donor organs. In a rat model, we developed a simple 3-h room temperature (20 ± 2°C) machine perfusion protocol to treat nonpremedicated livers exposed to 1 h of warm (34°C) ischemia. Treated ischemic livers were compared to fresh, fresh-treated, and untreated ischemic livers using viable hepatocyte yields and in vitro performance as quantitative endpoints. Perfusion treatment resulted in both a 25-fold increase in viable hepatocytes from ischemic livers and a 40% increase from fresh livers. While cell morphology and function in suspension and plate cultures of untreated warm ischemic cells was significantly impaired, treated warm ischemic cells were indistinguishable from fresh hepatocytes. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation between tissue ATP and cell yield enabled accurate evaluation of the extent of perfusion recovery. Maximal recovery of warm ischemic liver ATP content appears to be correlated with optimal flow through the microvasculature. These data demonstrate that the inclusion of a simple perfusion-preconditioning step can significantly increase the efficiency of functional hepatocyte yields and the number of donor livers that can be gainfully utilized.
Metabolism of trans, trans-muconaldehyde, a microsomal hematotoxic metabolite of benzene, by purified yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase and a mouse liver soluble fraction.

Abstract Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from yeast, in the presence of NAD + , oxidizes trans,trans -muconaldehyde (MUC) in a biphasic manner with apparent K m values of 0.48 and 3.2 μ m and corresponding V max values of 604 and 1227 nmol/min/mg protein. Concentrations above 10 μ m , trans,trans -muconaldehyde produce an inhibition of enzyme activity. Removal of NAD + , MUC, or use of boiled enzyme results in no oxidation. Using thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques, a product with polarity intermediate between that of the dialdehyde trans,trans -muconaldehyde and the diacid trans,trans -muconic acid (MA) was detected in the ALDH incubation mixtures. The same product was also detected in a DBA/2J mouse liver soluble fraction supplemented with NAD + and incubated with MUC. This product was isolated from a scaled-up incubation mixture containing trans,trans -muconaldehyde, purified yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase, and NAD + . Mass spectral analysis of the compound indicates a molecular weight of 126 and an empirical formula C 6 H 6 O 3 containing four double bonds. This product also tested positive with reagents specific for carboxylic and aldehydic functional groups. In the presence of the mouse liver soluble fraction supplemented with NAD + , this intermediate was metabolized to MA. These findings indicate that MUC is oxidized by yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase to the monocarboxylic acid derivative which is an intermediate in the conversion of MUC to MA. The role of the monocarboxylic acid α,β-unsaturated aldehyde in benzene hematotoxicity remains to be explored.
The Intraosseous Orientation of the Alveolar Component of Marmoset Alveolodental Fibers

Sections of the jaws from marmosets of all ages were impregnated with silver nitrate to demonstrate the intrabony course of the alveolar fibers of the periodontal ligament. As the interseptal bone undergoes a period of resorption and apposition, the intrabony alveolar fibers also are lost and reformed. Age changes were noted in the insertion depth of the alveolar fibers. A continuum of fibers traversing the alveolar septum could not be determined.
Size distributions and height variations of airborne particulate matter and cat allergen indoors immediately following dust-disturbing activities

Abstract Concurrent size-resolved measurements of airborne cat allergen (Fel d 1) and total particulate matter (PM) were collected in an experimental chamber for the first 5 min following a typical dust-generating household activity (vacuuming a carpet). Three different heights representative of typical elevations for human exposure were measured to assess vertical variations. Experiments showed that only a limited amount of deposited house dust is available for resuspension; the reservoir of dust in the carpet appears to become substantially depleted after about 3 iterations of a resuspension activity, and vertical variations in large PM (aerodynamic diameters > 10 μ m ) become less pronounced. Measured removal rates of PM suggested that the average density of house dust may be substantially less than 1.0 g/cm3. The allergenic content of the resuspended house dust was found to range between 0.03–0.10%, with a preliminary suggestion of somewhat higher Fel d 1 levels in the submicron size range particles.
The role of antibiotics in Crohn's disease.

Antibiotics have been commonly used in Crohn’s disease despite a lack of controlled data to support their use. Review of the histology and histopathology favor an infectious origin and increased infec
Spinal substance P and neurokinin-1 increase with high repetition reaching

Abstract Musculoskeletal injury and inflammation is associated with performance of repetitive and forceful tasks. In this study, we examined the effects of performing a voluntary, highly repetitive, negligible force (HRNF) reaching task on spinal cord neurochemicals involved in nociception. To our knowledge, no other laboratories are examining spinal cord nociceptive neurochemicals in response to repetitive motion-induced injury and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to extend our earlier findings related to central neurotransmitters from a low demand task to a higher demand task. Specifically, this study determined immunoreactivity of a peptidergic pro-nociceptive transmitter (substance P) and one of its receptors, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, in spinal cord dorsal horns in rats performing a HRNF reaching task for 6–10 weeks. The relationship of these spinal cord changes with the number of TNFα immunopositive cells in flexor forelimb muscles and with previously observed forearm grip strength changes from these same rats were examined. Performance of the HRNF task resulted in significantly increased substance P and NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the superficial lamina of spinal cord dorsal horns at 6 and 10 weeks compared to trained controls ( p r = 0.70, p r = 0.64, p r = 0.85, p r = 0.88, p
Metal-Templated Ligand Architectures for Trinuclear Chemistry: Tricopper Complexes and Their O2 Reactivity.

A trinucleating framework was assembled by templation of a heptadentate ligand around yttrium and lanthanides. The generated complexes orient three sets of two or three N-donors each for binding additional metal centers. Addition of three equivalents of copper(I) leads to the formation of tricopper(I) species. Reactions with dioxygen at low temperatures generate species whose spectroscopic features are consistent with a μ3,μ3-dioxo-tricopper complex. Reactivity studies were performed with a variety of substrates. The dioxo-tricopper species deprotonates weak acids, undergoes oxygen atom transfer with triphenylphosphine to yield triphenylphosphine oxide, and performs hydrogen atom abstraction from tetramethylpiperidine-N-hydroxide (TEMPO-H). Thiophenols reduce the oxygenated species to a Cu3I complex and liberate two equivalents of disulfide, consistent with a four-electron four-proton process.
Deep venous thrombosis of the arm after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion: case report and literature review of intravenous immunoglobulin-related thrombotic complications

Thrombosis resulting from intravenous immunoglobulin infusion is a relatively unknown complication. We describe a patient who developed deep venous thrombosis of her left arm shortly after intravenous immunoglobulin administration. In addition, we review the thrombotic incidences reported in the literature and the possible association with hepatic veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation. Measures that can potentially prevent this complication are discussed.
Performance of cochlear implant patients as a function of time.

The speech perception abilities of 15 patients were measured preoperatively using hearing aids and postoperatively using the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant over a period of 1, 2, or 3 years. A...
Ion homeostasis and the mechanism of action of lithium

Abstract Abnormal mood states of bipolar illness are associated with increased intracellular sodium and calcium. These alterations are believed to be related to the pathogenesis of the disorder. All effective mood stabilizing agents appear to reduce intracellular sodium and potassium accumulation, albeit, by separate mechanisms. Among its other potential mechanisms, lithium appears to enter into neurons at a rate greater than its efflux, and appears to accumulate preferentially inside dendritic spines. Lithium displaces intracellular sodium, thereby reducing (normalizing) intracellular sodium concentrations and reestablishing the sodium electrochemical gradient. Due to the fact that lithium enters neurons primarily through the voltage-gated sodium channel, it is more likely to affect hyperactive neurons preferentially.
Reconciling complexity and classification in quality improvement research

Quality improvement (QI) research is often hampered by the complexity of the systems and context in which QI is attempted. Better classification of QI can alleviate this problem and help to build generalisable knowledge.
A reminder of the limitations in using Beer's law to estimate daily radiation interception by vegetation

Radiation extinction coefficients for leaf canopies are often calculated using Beer's Law based on midday measurements of radiation interception. However, the assumption of Beer's Law is not appropriate for leaf canopies and this empirical approach needs to be used with caution. Alternatively, classic derivations of radiation interception by leaf canopies have resulted in a similar exponential form defined as a function of time of day, day of year, and latitude. A common experimental approach of determining the extinction coefficient from midday measurements results in a minimum coefficient that under-predicts the total daily radiation interception. Two approaches are explored to improve the estimates of daily radiation interception under a clear sky. The first approach compared extinction coefficients calculated for midday against ones calculated as representative of radiation interception over the entire day. A linear correlation was found between the two extinction coefficients so that the midday extinction coefficient could be corrected to obtain a coefficient representative of the entire day under a clear sky. The second approach estimated the time of day when measurements could be made to obtain directly an extinction coefficient representative of the entire day. While such times in the day could be identified, this approach is impractical because the periods for taking these measurements are short and dependent on leaf angle.
Transcapillary refilling after hemorrhage in the splenectomized dog.

Abstract The sequential changes of plasma volume gain over a 48-hour period after venous hemorrhage in the splenectomized dog have been shown in detail. These data demonstrate a gradual increase in plasma volume, most rapid in the early hours after blood loss, with complete replacement of the withdrawn blood volume generally occurring by 18 hours after hemorrhage. The peak rate of refill, occurring in the first 6 hours after blood loss, was 34.5 ml. per hour; the integrated mean rate during the first 24 hours after blood loss was 17.7 ml. per hour. The maintenance of a slight rise of femoral arterial pressure and the fall of central venous pressure which occurred after blood loss in these studies results in an influx of fluid into the bloodstream. These hemodynamic alterations support the classic Starling hypothesis of fluid replacement after hemorrhage. Within the experimental conditions presented, information gained from studies of transcapillary refilling in the splenectomized dog appears to be applicable to man.
Genetic enhancement of matrix synthesis by articular chondrocytes: comparison of different growth factor genes in the presence and absence of interleukin-1.

Objective To determine whether articular chondrocytes express growth factor genes delivered by adenoviral vectors and whether expression of these genes influences matrix synthesis in the presence and absence of interleukin-1 (IL-1). Methods Monolayer cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes were infected with recombinant adenovirus carrying genes encoding the following growth factors: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). As a control, cells were transduced with the lac Z gene. Cultures were also treated with each growth factor supplied as a protein. Levels of gene expression were noted, and the synthesis of proteoglycan, collagen, and noncollagenous proteins was measured by radiolabeling. Collagen was typed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The effects of growth factor gene transfer on proteoglycan synthesis in the presence of IL-1 were also measured. Results The expression of all transgenes was high following adenoviral transduction. Proteoglycan synthesis was stimulated ∼8-fold by the BMP-2 gene and 2–3-fold by the IGF-1 gene. The effects of BMP-2 and IGF-1 genes were additive upon cotransduction. Synthesis of collagen and noncollagenous proteins, in contrast, was most strongly stimulated by the IGF-1 gene. In each case, collagen typing confirmed the synthesis of type II collagen. IL-1 suppressed proteoglycan synthesis by 50–60%. IGF-1 and TGFβ genes restored proteoglycan synthesis to control levels in the presence of IL-1. The BMP-2 gene, in contrast, elevated proteoglycan synthesis beyond control levels in the presence of IL-1. Conclusion Transfer of growth factor genes to articular chondrocytes can greatly increase matrix synthesis in vitro, even in the presence of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1. This result encourages the further development of gene therapy for the repair of damaged cartilage.
Inelastic Response of Off-Axis MMC Lamina

Damage evolution and failure characteristics were investigated for a 10 deg off axis SiC/lt unidirectional metal matrix composite (MMC) lamina subjected to monotonic loading. A replica technique was used to monitor sequential damage evolution under monotonic loading for the 10 deg MMC lamina. The replicas were then examined under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Characteristic debonding along the fiber-a dominant damage mechanism, matrix plasticity in the form of slip bands and fiber cracks were observed at various strain levels and were rationalized based on the state of stress in the off-axis lamina. This investigation provides an insight into the off-axis material response for MMC lamina and associated damage mechanisms and can guide mechanism-based multiaxial constitutive model and failure criteria development.
A new estimate of tundra-biome phytomass from trans-Arctic field data and AVHRR NDVI

It is often assumed that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be equated to aboveground plant biomass, but such a relationship has never been quantified at a global biome scale. We sampled aboveground plant biomass (phytomass) at representative zonal sites along two trans-Arctic transects, one in North America and one in Eurasia, and compared these data to satellite-derived NDVI. The results showed a remarkably strong correlation between total aboveground phytomass sampled at the peak of summer and the maximum annual NDVI (R 2 = 0.94, p < 0.001). The relationship was almost identical for the North America and Eurasia transects. The NDVI–phytomass relationship was used to make an aboveground phytomass map of the tundra biome. The approach uses a new and more accurate NDVI data set for the Arctic (GIMMS3g) and a sampling protocol that employs consistent methods for site selection, clip harvest and sorting and weighing of plant material. Extrapolation of the results to zonal landscape-level ...
EXOELECTRON MEASUREMENTS OF THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE

— The development of fatigue damage in metals can be detected and assessed by means of exoelectron emission. The surface of the fatigue specimen is scanned by a focused u.v. laser beam, and the distribution of exoelectron emission identifies the localized regions where fatigue damage has accumulated. The onset of damage is detected after only 1% of the fatigue life, and the intensity of exoelectron emission is a measure of the severity of the damage and can be used to predict the fatigue life.
Spatial-spectral modulating snapshot hyperspectral imager

Experimental results are presented for a computed tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS) with imposed spatial-spectral modulation on the image scene. This modulation structure on the CTIS tomographic dispersion created substantial gains in spectral reconstruction resolution after standard iterative, nonlinear, inversion techniques were used. Modulation limits system ambiguities, so high-frequency spectral and low-frequency spatial scene data could be recovered. The results demonstrate how spatial modulation acts as a high-frequency spectral deconvolver for the snapshot hyperspectral imager technology.
Resection of Residual Disease after Isolated Limb Infusion (ILI) Is Equivalent to a Complete Response after ILI-Alone in Advanced Extremity Melanoma

Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is a limb-preserving treatment for in-transit extremity melanoma. The benefit of resecting residual disease after ILI is unclear. A multi-institutional experience was analyzed comparing patients who underwent ILI plus resection of residual disease (ILI + RES) versus ILI-alone. A total of 176 patients were included, 154 with ILI-alone and 22 with ILI + RES. There were no differences between the groups with respect to gender, age, extremity affected, or time from diagnosis to ILI. All surgical resections were performed as an outpatient procedure, separate from the ILI. Within the ILI + RES group, 15 (68 %) had a partial response (PR), 2 (9 %) stable disease (SD), and 5 (23 %) progressive disease (PD). The ILI-alone group had 52 (34 %) CR, 30 (19 %) PR, 15 (10 %) SD, and 46 (30 %) PD. Eleven (7 %) ILI-alone patients did not have 3-month response available for review. Evaluating overall survival (OS) from date of ILI, the ILI-alone group had a median OS of 30.9 months, whereas the ILI + RES group had not reached median OS, p = 0.304. Although the ILI + RES group had a slightly longer disease-free survival (DFS) compared to those with a CR after ILI-alone (12.4 vs. 9.6), this was not statistically significant, p = 0.978. Within the ILI + RES group, those with an initial PR after ILI had improved DFS versus those with SD or PD after ILI, p < 0.0001. Resection of residual disease after ILI offers a DFS and OS similar to those who have a CR after ILI-alone. It may offer a treatment strategy that benefits patients undergoing ILI.
Bayesian stratified two-phase sampling results: k characteristics

Abstract : The authors had previously obtained some results concerning the optimum allocation of sampling effort among k strata at the second phase of a two phase sampling procedure, using information obtained from the first phase. One variable (or characteristic) was involved. Two different approaches were employed: a Bayesian posterior analysis and a Bayesian preposterior analysis. Two different allocation methods were derived and illustrated with some numerical examples, for cases where some or all of the nuisance parameters were unknown. The problem when all nuisance parameters are known had been discussed by Ericson. In this work the authors extend their results to the case of k characteristics. (Author)
A Test Apparatus and Facility to Identify the Rotordynamic Coefficients of High-Speed Hydrostatic Bearings

A facility and apparatus are described which determine stiffness, damping, and added-mass rotordynamic coefficients plus steady-state operating characteristics of high speed hydrostatic journal bearings. The apparatus has a current top speed of 29,800 rpm with a bearing diameter of 7.62 cm (3 in.). Purified warm water, 55 C (130 F), is used as a test fluid to achieve elevated Reynolds numbers during operation. The test-fluid pump yields a bearing maximum inlet pressure of 6.9 Mpa (1000 psi). Static load on the bearing is independently controlled and measured. Orthogonally mounted external shakers are used to excite the test stator in the direction of, and perpendicular to, the static load. The apparatus can independently calculate all rotordynamic coefficients at a given operating condition.
Increased matrix metalloproteinase activity and selective upregulation in LV myocardium from patients with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.

Background —One of the hallmarks of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is left ventricular (LV) remodeling. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that contribute to extracellular remodeling in several disease states. Additionally, a family of inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) has been shown to exist and to tightly regulate MMP activity. However, the types of MMPs and TIMPs expressed within the normal and DCM LV myocardium and the relation to MMP activity remain unexplored. Methods and Results —Relative LV myocardial MMP activity was determined in the normal (n=8) and idiopathic DCM (n=7) human LV myocardium by substrate zymography. Relative LV myocardial abundance of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin (MMP-3), 72 kD gelatinase (MMP-2), 92 kD gelatinase (MMP-9), TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were measured with quantitative immunoblotting. LV myocardial MMP zymographic activity increased with DCM compared with normal (984±149 versus 413±64 pixels, P 500% with DCM. A high-molecular-weight immunoreactive band for both TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, suggesting a TIMP/MMP complex, was increased >600% with DCM. Conclusions —This study demonstrated increased LV myocardial MMP activity and evidence for independent regulatory mechanisms of MMP and TIMP expression with DCM. These findings suggest that selective inhibition of MMP species within the LV myocardium may provide a novel therapeutic target in patients with DCM.