cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of NaOH by Solvent Extraction Using Weak Hydroxy Acids

Abstract Separation of sodium hydroxide from aqueous salt solutions at elevated pH may be accomplished by use of solvent extraction with weak hydroxy acids. A series of lipophilic weak hydroxy acids, including alkyl phenols and fluorinated alcohols, has been characterized with regard to their ability to extract sodium into 1‐octanol as a function of temperature and extractant concentration. Isotherms are presented at 10, 25, and 60°C, employing extractant concentrations up to 1 M and aqueous NaOH concentrations up to 7 M. Near stoichiometric loading of all compounds tested may be achieved in a process postulated to be simple cation exchange. Extraction strength increases with the expected acidity of the hydroxy acids. Strongest extraction was observed with two alkyl phenols and 4‐n‐octyl‐α,α‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol. Essentially complete removal of free hydroxide from a solution containing sodium hydroxide, nitrate, and aluminate was accomplished using 1 M 4‐tert‐octylphenol in 1‐octanol at 60°C...
Materials, Welding, and Fabrication for the Jolliet Project

The Jolliet project fabrications are noteworthy, not only for their unique designs and record setting installations, but also for the novel materials, welding procedure requirements and construction procedures. This paper discusses the novel aspects and techniques used to construct the major components for the Jolliet and Marguette projects. The components consisted of the templates, the TLWP structure, the tendons, the two fixed jackets and the pipelines. Additionally, experiences with using and welding new generation steels are presented. The benefits from requiring and adhering to very specific fabrication and welding procedures will be demonstrated by comparing repair rates for these components.
BIOLOGY OF PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE) DURING AN OUTBREAK

The life history of pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), in three pine (Pinaceae) plantations in northern New York is similar to that reported for this species on red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, in Ontario. Adult emergence extended from early May to early June. The sex ratio of emerging adults favored males by as much as 2.7:1. Oviposition occurred from mid-May to early June. Significantly more eggs per fascicle were deposited on the distal third of branches and in the lower third of the crown. Larval feeding took place throughout June. The proportion of prepupae remaining in the soil for more than 1 year varied from 9% to 66% between two sites. There was no evidence of egg parasitism, and egg survival exceeded 95% in each of 2 years. A new species of nematode ( Steinernema sp.) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) was recovered from pronymphs. Homaspis interruptus (Provancher) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitized larvae and emerged from 8.5% and 2.8% of the pronymphs in two populations.
A contrast to the low basis theorem

Abstract We prove the existence of a perfect Π 0 1 set of reals such that the uniform join of any of its infinite subsets is above 0′ . We explain a couple of ways in which this demonstrates the optimality of the Low Basis Theorem.
The Diachronic Development of the Korean Existential Verb ISS

Abstract. In the 15th C, the Korean existential verb had three allomorphs, is-, isi-, and si-, while Present Day Korean has one form, iss-. Using diachronic corpus data, the present article examines the historical development of the existential verb stem leading to the current form iss-. Reexamination of three previous explanations of the structural transformations of is(i)- demonstrates that, as Huh (1987) suggested, the pattern of structural change was is-/ isi- > is-/ is.si- > is-/ is.s- > iss-. With respect to the insertion of s in isi-, this article shows that the case of the existential verb should be distinguished from cases of regular "double writing (cwungchel phyoki)" based on differences in the directionality and the location of the insertion. Instead, it argues that in the 17th and 18th C., when double writing was commonly practiced, of the two allomorphs is- and isi-, is-had long been the frequent stem form and as such, assimilation of the less frequent form isi- to is-could have motivated the insertion of s into isi-.
Industry-based incentives for promoting seat belt use: Differential impact on white-collar versus blue-collar employees

An incentive strategy for motivating seat belt usage was implemented at an industrial complex where it was possible to compare intervention impact on hourly (blue-collar) versus salary (white-collar) workers. When employees arrived in the morning and departed in the afternoon, seat belt usage was assessed at the plant's separate parking lots for salary and hourly workers. After several days of baseline an incentive program was implemented during only the morning observation sessions by distributing to vehicle drivers flyers that prompted seat belt usage and gave belt wearers opportunities to win prizes. Baseline belt wearing was substantially higher among salary than hourly workers (e.g., mean usage of 17.4% vs. 3.4%); and the incentives encouraged a much greater proportion of salary than hourly workers to buckle up (e.g., mean a.m. usage of 50.6% vs. 5.5% during the incentive period). Belt usage increased in the p.m. when incentives were offered in the a.m.; however after the a.m. incentives were withdra...
Economic Dynamics in the Malthusian Era: Evidence from the 1609 Spanish Expulsion of the Moriscos

We investigate economic dynamics in the Malthusian era using the 1609 expulsion of Moriscos from Spain. Sharp population declines in former-Morisco districts were accompanied by decreased output and increased per capita output. While these short-run results are consistent with standard Malthusian predictions, Malthusian convergence was delayed up to 1786 in former-Morisco districts. Archival sources and historical accounts suggest extractive institutions and cultural differences may have contributed to delayed convergence in population and output per capita. This historic episode provides an unusually rich setting to examine Malthusian dynamics, highlighting the potential for sustained differences in per capita output in the Malthusian era
Multiple micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation: an overview

This overview of multiple micronutrients during pregnancy and lactation emphasizes 2 relatively neglected issues. The first is that maternal micronutrient status in the periconceptional period, and throughout pregnancy and lactation, should be viewed as a continuum; too often these 3 stages are treated and discussed separately from both a scientific and a public health perspective. Iron and vitamin B-12 are included as examples to stress how status at conception affects maternal, fetal, and infant status and health until the child is weaned. The second issue is that while most attention has been focused on a few micronutrients, for example iron and folate as discussed elsewhere in this Supplement, multiple micronutrient deficiencies occur simultaneously when diets are poor. Some of these deserve more attention as causes of poor pregnancy outcome, including other B vitamin deficiencies that result in homocysteinemia, antioxidants, vitamin D, and iodine. In lactation, maternal status or intake of the B vitamins (except folate), vitamin A, selenium and iodine strongly affect the amount of these nutrients secreted in breast milk. This can result in the infant consuming substantially less than the recommended amounts and further depleting stores that were low at birth. While the optimal mode of meeting recommended micronutrient intakes is an adequate diet, in some situations supplementation is also important. Unfortunately, information is lacking on the optimal formulation of micronutrient supplements for pregnant women, and the need to continue these supplements during lactation is not recognized in many situations where maternal and infant health could benefit.
Policing Woman Battering

In the 1980s, many states and cities mandated police officers to arrest men who batter women in family disputes. This observational study of a large metropolitan police department shows that in spite of the presumptive arrest policy, officers made arrests in only 18 percent of assaults involving intimate partners. Case material illustrates how legal, ideological, practical, and political factors led police to ignore the presumptive arrest policy when responding to family disputes.
A review of mass transfer to interfaces

The theories for mass transfer to rigid or mobile interfaces are reviewed and compared with selected experimental data. Except for transfer to particles in stagnant fluids, there is no case where the rate depends on the first power of the diffusivity, as implied by the film theory. The transfer coefficients for single rigid spheres, for particles in packed beds, and for the gas film in packed absorbers vary with about the 2/3 power of the diffusivity, as predicted by the boundary layer theory, which works fairly well for these cases because transfer to the wake region is relatively small. The penetration theory holds exactly for many devices which expose liquid surfaces for a short and known contact time, and, judged by a 0.5 exponent for the diffusivity, the penetration theory probably holds for the liquid phase in absorbers and for both phases in bubble-cap towers. Theory and data for transfer to mobile interfaces show the coefficients to vary with D0.5 to D3/5, the limiting solutions for high and low interface velocity corresponding to the penetration theory and the boundary layer theory. Mass transfer in turbulent fluids is an unsteady-state process, and the transfer coefficient varies with the 0.5-0.8 power of the diffusivity even with very high turbulence. L'auteur fait une revue des theories sur le transfert de masse aux interfaces rigides ou mobiles et les compare avec des resultats experimentaux selectionnes. Sauf pour le transfert aux particules dans les fluides stagnants, il ne se trouve aucun cas ou le taux varie proportionnellement a la diffusivite, comme l'implique la theorie des films. Les coefficients de transfert pour une sphere rigide, pour les particules d'un lit et pour le film gazeux dans une colonne garnie, varient suivant la diffusivite a la puissance 2/3, tel que le predit la theorie de la couche limite. Celle-ci s'applique assez bien dans ces cas parce que le transfert a la region du sillage est relativement faible. La theorie de la penetration tient exactement pour plusieurs dispositifs qui permettent l'exposition de surfaces liquides pendant un temps de contact court et connu. A en juger par la puissance 0.5 pour la diffusivite, la theorie de penetration est probablement applicable a la phase liquide dans les absorbeurs et aux deux phases dans les colonnes a plateaux. La theorie et les resultats pour le transfert aux interfaces mobiles montrent que les coefficients sont une fonction de la diffusivite allant de D1/2 a D2/3, ces solutions limites pour une vitesse d'interface elevee ou basse correspondant respectivement a la theorie de la penetration et a la theorie de la couche limite. Le transfert de masse dans les liquides ou il y a turbulence est un processus instable et le coefficient de transfert varie avec D0.5 a D0.6, měme quand la turbulence est tres grande.
The Four-Chamber View of the Fetal Heart How Achievable Is It?

Although the four-chamber view of the fetal heart is the most widely used prenatal screening tool for the identification of congenital heart disease, its accuracy and reliability remains shrouded in confusion. A recent report suggested the four-chamber view of the fetal heart is obtainable in virtually all cases after 24 weeks of gestatin. In the largest series to date, we report our experience concerning the detection reate of the four-chamber view. In 7739 consecutive second and third trimester ultrasonographic examinations, we found a detection rate of 75%. This rate was lower before 20 weeks of gestation and after 30 weeks of gestation.
Biracial Japanese American identity: An evolving process.

This qualitative study explored the complexity of biracial identity development in Japanese Americans. It is based on the constant comparable method of analysis, or grounded theory. The study focused on how Japanese Americans perceived themselves in relation to other individuals, groups, and their environment. The data consisted of 15 extensive semistructured interviews with 8 men and 7 women (ages 20 to 40 years), each with 1 Japanese parent and 1 non-Asian parent. Findings relate to participants' initiating explorations of identity and perseverance in pursuing a biracial identity, which depended on the degree of support or negative experience within their social networks. Participants explored identity options attempting to develop their own meaning of identity, to develop a confident sense of themselves, and to secure a positive ethnic identity. Identity development among participants varied. It was a long-term process involving changes in the individual-environment relationship, which differed in the way individual participants influenced or selected from environmental opportunities, even creating or recreating some aspects. Within a given setting, as youths, the potential for social experiences were relatively fixed and changed only gradually. As adults, there were opportunities for participants to select their own social and geographic settings, providing opportunity for change. In their new environments, participants were exposed to new contacts and role models, acquired new behavioral repertoire, and underwent role transitions. Depending on this, new and different aspects of biracial identity developed. Participants indicated it was an emotional and conflictual process to positive assertion of identity. Before reaching this, all of the participants experienced periods of confusion. Most asserted biracial identity gradually, through a process of racial identity development consisting of the individual's changing or maintaining certain reference group perspectives, identifications, and allegiances as they passed through a series of life experiences. Instead of staying marginalized, they integrated both cultures, recognizing positive values of both, thus developing an integrated identity. Although the participants' experiences and perceptions were varied, the overarching themes of self-evaluation, confusion of categorization, belonging, infusion/exploration, situational use of identity, and resolution/acceptance/self-verification were presented. On the basis of the research, a model of ethnic identity for biracial individuals is proposed.
Addressing cancer health disparities using a global biopsychosocial approach

The Center for Research on Minority Health has translated the biopsychosocial framework to address global cancer health disparities through the integration of biological (eg, endogenous steroids, genetic susceptibility, and pesticide levels) and behavioral (eg, dietary interventions) determinants, along with community-based research (eg, comprehensive involvement of community advisory boards) and educational approaches (eg, kindergarten through postgraduate training). Evidence of successful implementation of this framework includes health disparities training for >2000 individuals ranging from elementary to the postgraduate level, and conducting transdisciplinary projects that incorporate traditional and nontraditional health professionals to examine associations between biological and nonbiological determinants of health. Examples and recommendations for implementation of the biopsychosocial approach as it applies to cancer health disparities research are described. Cancer 2010;116:264–9. V C 2010 American Cancer Society.
Thailand's Struggle for Democracy: The Life and Times of M. R. Seni Pramoj

This political biography portrays one of the world's most fascinating statesmen and depicts Thailand as a nation at war with itself. David Van Praagh traces the history of the country's often thwarted attempts to become increasingly democratic--from the 1930s until after the shocking clashes of May 1992 in the streets of Bangkok between the military and the middle class. Van Praagh also incisively compares other Southeast Asian countries' experiences with democratization and analyses the implications for Western foreign policy.
Sustainable Practices among Independently Owned Restaurants in Japan

Through the use of semi-structured interviews, results indicate that among 29 independently-owned casual restaurants in Japan, sustainability initiatives are usually incremental efforts customized to each restaurant’s circumstances. It is hoped that this preliminary work will spur more studies on sustainability practices in the Japanese restaurant industry.
Winter Habitat Selection by Canada Lynx in Maine: Prey Abundance or Accessibility?

Abstract We related winter habitat selection by Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), relative abundance of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), and understory stem densities to evaluate whether lynx select stands with the greatest snowshoe hare densities or the greatest prey accessibility. Lynx (3 F, 3 M) selected tall (4.4–7.3 m) regenerating clear-cuts (11–26 yr postharvest) and established partially harvested stands (11–21 yr postharvest) and selected against short (3.4–4.3 m) regenerating clear-cuts, recent partially harvested stands (1–10 yr), mature second-growth stands (>40 yr), and roads and their edges (30 m on either side of roads). Lynx selected stands that provided intermediate to high hare density and intermediate cover for hares (i.e., prey access) but exhibited lower relative preference for stand types with highest hare densities where coniferous saplings exceeded 14,000 stems/ha.
Efficacy of parental application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for intravenous insertion.

Objective. To demonstrate that parent application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) results in equal reduction of the pain of intravenous (IV) placement compared with clinician application of EMLA, and to assess potential difficulties with parental application. Study Design. A 2 × 2 randomized block design was used, with 41 children divided into two age groups (5–12 years vs 13–18 years) and randomized to one of two experimental groups (parent-applied EMLA vs clinician-applied EMLA). Methods. All children were scheduled to have outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopies with IV sedation. EMLA was placed at least 60 minutes before IV insertion either by the parent or a clinician, depending on the experimental group assignment. Outcome measures were child pain ratings and observed behavioral distress ratings. Parents and children were interviewed to determine parent and child anxiety levels in anticipation of the IV insertion, previous needle stick experience, and previous difficulty coping. Feasibility outcomes included technical difficulty with application of EMLA and appearance of the EMLA cream and occlusive covering. Results. Pain ratings and behavioral distress ratings were generally in the low to moderate range for all groups and were consistent with previous empiric reports of EMLA outcome. There were no significant differences in pain or distress ratings for either the age or the experimental groups. Parent ratings of their child9s previous difficulty coping was related to the level of behavioral distress exhibited before ( r = .50), during ( r = .32) and after ( r = .44) the IV insertion. In addition, children9s anxiety ratings about IV insertion seemed to differ among groups (although not statistically significant for post hoc comparisons), with the most anxiety reported by the younger children when clinicians applied the EMLA and by older children when parents applied the EMLA. Conclusion. Parent application of EMLA appears to be as effective as clinician application in reducing children9s pain and distress associated with IV insertion. Permitting parents to apply the EMLA at home can allow children who are having procedures on an outpatient basis to benefit from topical anesthesia without having to arrive early to the clinic or hospital. Additionally, application by parents may result in less anticipatory anxiety for younger children.
Long-Term Outcome after Open Reduction through an Anteromedial Approach for Congenital Dislocation of the Hip*

We reviewed the long-term outcome of open reduction of ninety-three congenitally dislocated hips (in seventy-six children) through an anteromedial approach. The average age of the patients was fourteen months (range, two to fifty months) at the time of the reduction and eleven years (range, four to twenty-three years) at the time of the most recent follow-up evaluation. At the most recent follow-up evaluation, sixty-six hips (71 per cent) had an excellent or good result, twenty-four (26 per cent) had a fair result, and three (3 per cent) had a poor result, according to the Severin classification system. An inverted neolimbus at the time of the operation and postoperative growth disturbance of the femoral head were associated with a poor roentgenographic result. According to the classification of Bucholz and Ogden, twenty-two hips (24 per cent) had type-II avascular necrosis, thirteen hips (14 per cent) had type-III, three (3 per cent) had type-IV, two (2 per cent) had non-classifiable lesions, and fifty-three (57 per cent) did not have avascular necrosis. A high hip dislocation and an operation after the age of twenty-four months were associated with a higher rate of growth disturbances of the femoral head. With the numbers available for study, we did not find any association between short-term preoperative traction, ligation of the medial circumflex vessel, or the type of neolimbus and the prevalence of growth disturbances. Two hips redislocated postoperatively, and seven had transient stiffness. We consider the anteromedial approach to be useful in the management of patients with congenital dislocation of the hip who are twenty-four months old or less. The advantages of this approach include direct access to the obstacles to reduction, avoidance of damage of the iliac apophysis and the abductor muscles, minimum blood loss, the need for only a single operative session for treatment of both hips, and a cosmetically acceptable scar. The prevalence of type-II growth disturbances of the femoral head was higher than had been expected, emphasizing the need for additional investigation.
Maximum likelihood estimation for multivariate normal samples : theory and methods

Time to occurrence of an event in a recurrent event data setting could be affected by many factors such as unobservable frailty, and informative censoring. Unobservable frailty induces a subject specific correlation among the inter-event times. Informative censoring controls the per subject accumulation of events. There are some analytical tools for estimating survivor function parameters in the presence of recurrent events. These generally lack the joint effect of correlation, informative censoring and randomness of the per subject observation window. Our method applies to correlated recurrent event data under informative censoring; specifically studies in which the survival time for a subject is censored because of deterioration of their physical condition or due to the accumulation of their events occurrences. In this paper, we approach the inter-event times estimation problem through a fully parametric baseline hazard model where recurrent events and censoring intensity are reconciled through the generalised Koziol-Green model for recurrent events. We further outline a general computational procedure for estimating parameters with correlated recurrent event data under informative censoring. The method is developed for exponential inter-event times. Algebraic formulas that extend it to Weibull inter-event times are proposed. We examine the sampling distribution properties of the estimators analytically and also via simulation. We apply our method to a neural activity biomedical data set.
Relationship to Classical Invariant Theory

In this chapter, we describe a connection between classical invariant theory and the Grassmannian variety. Namely, for G = SL d (K), X the space of n × d matrices (n > d), and R = K[x ij ∣1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ d] (X = Spec(R)), we have a G action on X by right multiplication, and hence a G action on R. We will show that the categorical quotient Open image in new window is isomorphic to the cone over the Grassmannian, and thus obtain a K-basis for R G , the ring of invariants, consisting of standard monomials. In this chapter, we shall work just with the closed points of an algebraic variety.
1-YEAR SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF PATIROMER FOR HYPERKALEMIA IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM INHIBITORS

Available K+-binding resins for hyperkalemia (HK) treatment are poorly tolerated, limiting long-term use. We report results by HF status from a 52-wk trial of HK treatment in CKD pts on RAASi. Multicenter, open-label trial of 304 pts with CKD, DM, HTN and serum K+ (s-K+) >5.0 mEq/L; pts randomized
Effect of Low Temperature on Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Overwintering Spinach

Laboratory studies demonstrated that temperatures down to −15°C had little effect on mortality of adult viviparous, parthenogenetic Myzus persicae (Sulzer) collected from overwintered spinach, Spinacia oleracea L. The LT50 and LT95 values at −15°C were 68.61 and 87.07 h, respectively. Aphid survival at −17°C, however, was significantly reduced. The LT50 and LT95 values were 7.53 and 9.31 h, respectively. Additional temperature reductions in laboratory tests reduced aphid survival further. Field samples collected from overwintered spinach in 1985 revealed significant reductions in aphid abundance and survival following extremely low temperatures (−20.6 and −21.7°C). Furthermore, aphid survival was significantly greater on sheltered plant locations. Significant reductions in Myzus persicae abundance and survival were not detected during the mild winter of 1986 when the lowest temperature was −12.8°C. At the 1986 harvest, the mean number of live aphids per plant was 37-fold greater than in 1985.
Ultra-short high-efficiency power-function waveguide tapers for micro-photonic applications

A series of power-function shaped tapers are analyzed. Optimized design can achieve 99% transmission for 4µm to 0.3µm mode conversion with 9.95µm taper, which saves 85% of the length compared with conventional straight tapers.
Delivery of Active FGF-2 From Mechanically-Stable Biological Nanofibers Accelerates Cell Ingress Into Multifiber Composites

Fibrocartilaginous tissues such as the meniscus and annulus fibrosus serve critical load-bearing roles, relying on arrays of highly organized collagen fibers to resist tensile loads [1]. As these specialized structures are often injured, there exists great demand for engineered tissues for repair or replacement. Cell-laden aligned nanofibrous scaffolds formed from poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) have shown promise in achieving tissuelike mechanical and biochemical properties and can direct cellular and matrix organization in vitro [2]. A current limitation of nanofibrous scaffolds, however, is a slow rate of cellular infiltration, particularly in thick scaffolds. To address this, dynamic composite nanofibrous scaffolds have been fabricated via multi-fiber spinning [3], which can offer tunable modes of degradation depending on the polymer sources. For example, water-soluble polyethylene oxide (PEO) fibers can be co-spun with PCL to improve porosity and hasten cell ingress [4]. Incorporation of additional tunable and bioactive polymer sources may add greater versatility to these composite systems. For example, aqueous-based silk fibroin can be used as a slow-degrading, mechanically strong composite fiber component [5] into which active biologic factors (drugs, growth factors) can be incorporated [6]. Variably-degradable silk fibers can be formed by modulating post-spinning treatments, and protein release kinetics can likewise be manipulated by the physical crosslinking method [7]. We hypothesized that incorporation of robust and tunable silk protein-based fibers into a composite of slow-degrading synthetic fibers would provide mechanical function while delivering active biologic factors to expedite cell proliferation and encourage more rapid construct colonization. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the release kinetics of recombinant FGF-2 from silk fibers and its bioactivity in vitro and in a rat subcutaneous implant model.© 2011 ASME
Pareto Optimal Budgeted Combinatorial Auctions

This paper studies the possibility of implementing Pareto optimal outcomes in the combinatorial auction setting where bidders may have budget constraints. I show that when bidders are single-minded, there is a unique mechanism, called truncation VCG, that is individually rational, incentive compatible and Pareto optimal. Truncation VCG works by first truncating valuations at budgets, and then implementing VCG on the truncated valuations. I also provide maximal domain results, characterizing when it is possible to implement Pareto optimal outcomes and, if so, providing an implementing mechanism. Whenever there are at least one multi-minded constrained bidder and another multi-minded bidder, implementation is impossible. For any other domain, however, implementation is possible.
Analysis of the height dependence of site-specific cancer risk in relation to organ mass.

Background: Cancer risks at multiple cancer sites have been shown to correlate positively with height. An existing idea is that taller people have more cells and thus more prone to mutations that will lead to cancer, and the hypothesis is that cancer risk is proportional to the organ mass. In this study we quantitatively test this hypothesis. Methods: We perform an analysis of large-scale data on the height dependence of site-specific cancer risks. We also perform an analysis of the height dependence of measured organ masses. We then compare the cancer risk data with the expectations based on the organ mass hypothesis. Our study includes 16 cancer sites of women and 14 cancer sites of men. Results: For the relative risk (RR) per 10 cm increase in height for cancer incidence, the averaged expected value is within the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the averaged cancer risk data for 8 out of the 15 cancer sites for which the comparison can be made. Also, a large proportion of the sex difference of cancer risks for pancreas and lungs could come from the sex difference of the organ mass. Conclusions: The hypothesis that cancer risk is proportional to the organ mass partially explains the height dependence of cancer risks. It also helps explain the sex difference of cancer risks, especially for pancreas and lungs.
Autopsy and empire: temporal collapse in the designed landscapes of ancient Rome

In the outskirts of Rome, four kilometers southwest of Tivoli, lie the sprawling, majestic ruins of what may be the most resonant and temporally rich of ancient Roman designed landscapes, the Villa...
Interactivity: key to CLS online instruction.

1. William B Zundel, MS[⇑][1] 1. is Associate Professor of Clinical Laboratory Sciences at Weber State University, Ogden UT 1. Address for correspondence: William B Zundel MS, Associate Professor, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weber State University, 3905 University Circle, Ogden UT, 84408-3905. (801) 626-8133, (801) 626-7508 (fax). bzundel{at}weber.edu Learning is the attainment and application of knowledge or skill. Effective online instruction should integrate interactivity. Online interactivity 1) includes a message loop, 2) occurs from the learner's point of view, 3) provides for content and affective outcomes, and 4) is mutually coherent. These characteristics must be woven into online interactive devices such as discussion boards, PowerPoint™ slides, email, and chat rooms to insure learning. Interactivity must be consistent with the course objectives. Increased interactivity enhances learning in online courses just as it does on campus. The following paper was presented at the Clinical Laboratory Educators Conference, February 2005 in Williamsburg VA. This article describes the intimate relationship between interactivity and instruction. Dick and Carey define instruction as “the systematic process in which every component; (i.e. teacher, students, materials, and learning environment) is crucial to successful learning.”1 Instruction is more than the dissemination of information. Instruction occurs when all factors work together to facilitate learning: the attainment and proper application of knowledge and/or skill. Interactivity is not simple. There are a multitude of interactive processes in a face-to-face classroom: lectures, questioning, laboratory exercises, case studies, and non-verbal cues. Do we apply interactivity with online instruction as with face-to-face instruction? Online interactivity can include all of the above through formats such as email, discussion boards, and chat rooms. Interactivity has several definitions.2-8 In “Interactivity Demystified: A Structural Definition for Distance Education and Intelligent CBT” Michael Yacci discusses four essential characteristics:9 1. Instructional interactivity is a message loop. 2. Instructional interactivity occurs from the… [1]: #corresp-1
The Varied Roles of Notch in Cancer

Notch receptors influence cellular behavior by participating in a seemingly simple signaling pathway, but outcomes produced by Notch signaling are remarkably varied depending on signal dose and cell context. Here, after briefly reviewing new insights into physiologic mechanisms of Notch signaling in healthy tissues and defects in Notch signaling that contribute to congenital disorders and viral infection, we discuss the varied roles of Notch in cancer, focusing on cell autonomous activities that may be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive.
A Non-perturbing Probe of Coiled Coil Formation Based on Electron Transfer Mediated Fluorescence Quenching.

Coiled coils are abundant in nature, occurring in ∼3% of proteins across sequenced genomes, and are found in proteins ranging from transcription factors to structural proteins. The motif continues to be an important model system for understanding protein–protein interactions and is finding increased use in bioinspired materials and synthetic biology. Knowledge of the thermodynamics of self-assembly, particularly the dissociation constant KD, is essential for the application of designed coiled coils and for understanding the in vivo specificity of natural coiled coils. Standard methods for measuring KD typically rely on concentration dependent circular dichroism (CD). Fluorescence methods are an attractive alternative; however Trp is rarely found in an interior position of a coiled coil, and appending unnatural fluorophores can perturb the system. We demonstrate a simple, non-perturbing method to monitor coiled coil formation using p-cyanophenylalanine (FCN) and selenomethionine (MSe), the Se analogue of M...
On the Neurology of Naming

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neurology of naming and the retrieval of words for nonunique concrete entities as well as for unique concrete entities. Preliminary evidence for retrieval of words for actions is discussed in the chapter. The chapter presents a study which proposes that the retrieval of word-form information, on the basis of which naming can occur, depends on the transient reactivation of the phonemic and morphologic structure of given words within the appropriate early sensory cortices and motor-related structures. In this study, the neural sites identified are seen as clusters of neuron ensembles that hold dispositional records for the transient reconstruction of word forms, in appropriate sensory and motor structures, when the processing of the concepts of the corresponding entities activates those ensembles. Some of these neuron ensembles operate as intermediaries between the neural sites that subserve conceptual structure, and the neural sites in which a word form can be transiently reconstructed. The findings in the study support the idea that in addition to the separation of the neural systems that support the retrieval of concepts for entities belonging to varied categories, there is a parallel regionalization for the systems that support the retrieval of the word forms corresponding to those entities.
Assessment of β-Adrenoceptor down Regulation in Man

A hormone, neurotransmitter or drug produces its effect by combining with a receptor site and initiating a series of changes which culminate in a measurable effect. Although it is well known that increasing the concentration of an agonist which stimulates a receptor will result in an increase in pharmacological effect it has only recently been recognized that changes in receptor function can also alter the magnitude of a pharmacological response. In addition, many drugs, hormones and neurotransmitters have been shown to regulate their own response through alteration in the function of the receptors to which they bind. Thus the magnitude of a response in any individual is dependent on both the concentration of agonist present and available for binding to the receptor site and the number of receptor sites on the effector cell. An increase in receptor number will produce an increase in the response to a given concentration of agonist, that is an increase in sensitivity, and may also produce an increase in the maximal response. Recently, the development of radiolabelled agonists and antagonists which have a very high specific activity has allowed the direct identification of receptors and studies of their function and control to be performed (Lefkowitz, Roth, Pricer & Pastan, 1970; Freychet, Roth & Neville, 1971; Conolly & Greenacre, 1977; Lefkowitz, Mukherjee, Coverstone & Caron, 1974; Aurback, Fedak, Woodjard, Palmer, Hauser & Troxler, 1974; Lefkowitz & Williams, 1977; Williams, Snyderman & Lefkowitz, 1976; Galant, Duriseti, Underwood & Insel, 1978; Newman, Williams, Bishopric & Lefkowitz, 1978).
Reamed versus unreamed intramedullary nailing for the treatment of closed tibial fractures-A comparative study

Tibial fractures were the most common long bone fracture. These were treated by intramedullary nailing. Treatment of reamed versus unreamed intramedullary nailing was still controversial. This comparative study was conducted in the department of orthopaedic surgery in Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal, Telangana state, India with an aim to know the efficacy of both treatments. In this study the average duration of surgery was 72±12 min, the average time to full weight-bearing was 9.2 weeks and the average time to union of the fracture was 14 weeks. The unreamed intramedullary nailing group demonstrated a significantly higher rate of fracture non-union (R 3%, U 6%) and malunion (R 6%, U 9%). The significantly higher incidences of implant exchange, a higher risk of screw failure and dynamization were noticed in the unreamed intramedullary nailing group. Regarding the adverse effects like infection, compartment syndrome and knee pain there was no significant difference between two groups.
Record values from half logistics and inverse Weibull probability distribution functions

Let X1, X2,..., Xn be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with cumulative distribution function F(x). Denote XL(n) = min{X1, X2,..., Xn}, n = 2, 3,.... Xj is a lower record of {Xn} if and only if XL(j) < XL(j-1), j = 2, 3,... and XL(1) = X1. An analogous definition of records deals with upper record values. By definition, X1 is an upper as well as lower record value. The subject of the present paper is to introduce the Half logistic and the Inverse weibull probability distributions when applied in studying the performance and behavior with respect to records. In addition to developing the analytical structures, we illustrate the usefulness of the results using environmental and sports data.
Epitaxially-encapsulated quad mass resonator with shaped comb fingers for frequency tuning

We present an epitaxially-encapsulated 2×2mm2 quad-mass resonator (QMR) with shaped comb fingers for frequency tuning. While shaped electrodes have been used for frequency tuning of linear resonators, the device studied here has very high quality factor (g=100,000) resulting in a very narrowband resonance which, without the shaped electrodes, results in undesirable nonlinear behavior such as amplitude-frequency dependence and instability of the oscillator loop at large amplitudes. We demonstrate that through the shaped comb finger design, both frequency tuning (over 90Hz) and large amplitude oscillation (1.25 μm amplitude, a factor of 100 compared to performance without the shaped electrodes) are possible. Furthermore, we demonstrate how critical dimension loss in the fabrication process can change the shape of the designed shaped finger and introduce electrostatic stiffness hardening.
Abstract WMP34: Low Yield of Further Angiographic Follow-up in Adequately Occluded Aneurysms After Flow Diversion

Background: Aneurysm recurrence after coil therapy remains a major shortcoming in the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms. Flow diversion has emerged as a promising treatment for intracra...
Intraprocedural Invasive Hemodynamic Parameters as Predictors of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Abstract Objective Evaluation of invasive hemodynamic parameters as prognostic markers of mortality in patients undergoing TAVR. Background The value of invasive intraprocedural hemodynamic evaluation of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement is unclear. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent transfemoral TAVR and had complete prospectively collected intraprocedural invasive hemodynamic parameters were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with alternative access, planned general anesthesia, or baseline ≥ moderate Tricuspid Regurgitation were excluded. Pre- and post-valve implant parameters included heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cardiac output and index, pulmonary arterial systolic and diastolic pressures, transaortic pressure gradient and right atrial pressure. The primary end points were the association of the intraprocedural hemodynamic changes with all-cause mortality at 30 days and 1 year. Extensive Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses yielded dichotomized threshold of hemodynamic values in association with the binary outcome of mortality. Results A total of 312 patients (52% male, mean age 83 years) were evaluated. A significant association with 30-day and 1-year mortality was found between intraprocedural post-valve implant cardiac index Conclusions In patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR, invasive monitoring can assess for hemodynamic prognostic markers of survival.
Engineering Functional Tissues: In Vitro Culture Parameters

Abstract Tissue engineering seeks to restore the function of diseased or damaged tissues through the use of cells, biomaterials, and biologically active molecules. The next generation of functional tissue replacements will likely require additional exogenous stimuli to achieve many of the important requirements for long-term clinical success. Two such requirements – physiologic mechanical properties and the ability to grow and remodel in a manner that allows for restoration of physiologic function – may be achieved by the judicious selection of in vitro culture parameters. Moreover, in vitro models are relevant not only to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine but also as platforms for high throughput screening of therapeutic drugs. In this chapter, representative studies of two diverse types of engineered tissues – cartilage and cardiac – are described in which in vitro culture parameters were manipulated in order to accelerate the growth, maturation and integration of engineered tissue constructs and improve their biomechanical properties. In this regard, the effects of culture duration, scaffold systems, bioreactors, growth factors, and mechanical conditioning are discussed. Given the rapid evolution of the field of tissue engineering, it is important to consider these in vitro culture parameters in conjunction with novel molecular and gene therapies and other emerging technologies.
Mechanochemistry of the LiBH4–AlCl3 System: Structural Characterization of the Products by Solid-State NMR

The double-cation metal borohydride, Li4Al3(BH4)13, mechanochemically produced from a 13:3 mixture of lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), has a low hydrogen desorption temperature; however, the material’s decomposition is accompanied by a large emission of toxic diborane (B2H6). We found that a decrease of the LiBH4:AlCl3 ratio in the starting mixture yields increased amounts of partially chlorinated products that also dehydrogenate at low temperature, but release negligibly small amounts of diborane. Extensive characterization by solid-state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) found that the 11:3 ratio product maintains the Li4Al3(BH4)13-like structure, with additional Cl– anions substituting for [BH4]– compared to the 13:3 mixture. Further decrease of relative LiBH4 concentration in the starting mixture to 9:3 results in a different product composed of tetrahedral [Al(BH4)4]− and [Al(BH4)2Cl2]− complexes, in which two hydrogen atoms of each borohydride grou...
Structural impact on the eigenenergy renormalization for carbon and silicon allotropes and boron nitride polymorphs

The phonon-induced renormalization of electronic band structures is investigated through first-principles calculations based on the density functional perturbation theory for nine materials with various crystal symmetries. Our results demonstrate that the magnitude of the zero-point renormalization (ZPR) of the electronic band structure is dependent on both crystal structure and material composition. We have performed analysis of the electron-phonon-coupling--induced renormalization for two silicon (Si) allotropes, three carbon (C) allotropes, and four boron nitride (BN) polymorphs. Phonon dispersions of each material were computed, and our analysis indicates that materials with optical phonons at higher maximum frequencies, such as graphite and hexagonal BN, have larger absolute ZPRs, with the exception of graphene, which has a considerably smaller ZPR despite having phonon frequencies in the same range as graphite. Depending on the structure and material, renormalizations can be comparable to the GW many-body corrections to Kohn-Sham eigenenergies and, thus, need to be considered in electronic structure calculations. The temperature dependence of the renormalizations is also considered, and in all materials, the eigenenergy renormalization at the band gap and around the Fermi level increases with increasing temperature.
SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF COMPARATIVE POWER AND WORTH IN THREE GENERATIONAL FAMILIES

This study focused on the extent to which self-perceptions of power and worth differed across members of three-generational families as they compared themselves with other family members. It was hypothesized that self evaluations of worth would show more stability than self evaluations of power in such comparisons. There was support for this hypothesis. Differences regarding self evaluations of power according to gender and generation were also examined. The rank order, from lowest to highest, of perceived comparative power was: female adolescent grandchildren, grandmothers, mothers, male adolescent grandchildren, grandfathers, and fathers. Implications of findings for family therapists are described.