cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding many optimal paths without growing any optimal path trees

Many algorithms seek to compute actual optimal paths in weighted directed graphs. The standard approach for reporting an actual optimal path is based on building a single-source optimal path tree. A technique was given in [1] for a class of problems such that a single actual optimal path can be reported without maintaining any single-source optimal path tree, thus significantly reducing the space bound of those problems with no or little increase in their running time. In this paper, we extend the technique in [1] to the generalized problem of reporting many actual optimal paths with different starting and ending vertices in certain directed graphs.We show how this new technique yields improved results on several application problems, such as reconstructing a 3-D surface band bounded by two simple closed curves, finding various constrained segmentation of 2-D medical images, and circular string-to-string correction. Although the generalized many-path problem seems more difficult, our algorithms have nearly the same space and time bounds as those of the single-path cases. Our technique is likely to help improve other optimal paths or dynamic programming algorithms. We also correct an error in the time/space complexity for the circular string-to-string correction algorithm in [7] and give improved results for it.
Intracellular pH of bovine sperm increases during capacitation.

The effect of heparin-induced capacitation on the intracellular pH (pH i ) of individual bovine sperm was determined with image analysis. Sperm were loaded with the acetoxymethyl ester of the pH sensitive fluorescent indicator, 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). The pH i of 5303 sperm was evaluated from a total of five bulls at.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h of incubation. The pH i did not differ between the sperm head and midpiece (P > 0.05). An increase in sperm head pH i was seen in heparin-treated sperm at 3, 4, and 5 h of incubation relative to sperm incubated without heparin (control, P < 0.05). AT 5 H OF INCUBATION, THE PH i in heparin-treated sperm was 6.92 ± 0.07, while control-treated sperm pH i was 6.70 ± 0.03. Initially a normal frequency distribution was seen for sperm pH i in both heparin- and controltreated sperm. As the incubation progressed, the frequency distribution began to skew towards higher pH i in both samples but was more dispersed for the heparintreated sperm. Following an NH 4 Cl-induced alkaline load, the pH i of both control- and heparin-treated sperm recovered toward the resting pH i with a half-time of recovery of 1.5-1.7 min. The recovery of sperm pH i was not due to leakage of NH 4 + into sperm because recovery also occurred with trimethylamine. The instantaneous velocity of the pH i recovery (v i ) was dependent on pH i and decreased as pH; decreased. Capacitation by heparin was associated with an 81% decrease in v i at a pH i of 7.00, but there was no effect of capacitation on the proton buffering power of the sperm, which was 87 ± 8 mM/pH unit. Results demonstrate that both the regulation of pH i and resting pH i were altered during capacitation of bovine sperm by heparin
Differences in transient outward currents of feline endocardial and epicardial myocytes

Whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments were performed on enzymatically dissociated single ventricular myocytes harvested from feline endocardial and epicardial surfaces. The studies were designed to test the hypothesis that the differences in the amplitude of transient outward current (Ito) contribute to the difference in action potential configuration between endocardial and epicardial myocytes. In the control state, action potentials recorded from epicardial cells demonstrated a prominent notch between phases 1 and 2, and membrane current recordings displayed a prominent Ito, whereas in endocardial cells the notch in action potentials and Ito were small. External application of 4-aminopyridine (2 mM) reduced the amplitudes of notch and Ito in epicardial cells but not in endocardial cells. After application of 4-aminopyridine (2 mM) and caffeine (5 mM), the notch and Ito were abolished completely in both endocardial and epicardial cells. The first component of Ito (Ito1) was present in all epicardial cells studied (n = 20); it was absent in 12 of the 20 endocardial cells, and a small Ito1 was present in the remaining eight endocardial cells. The mean amplitude of Ito1 was significantly greater in epicardial than in endocardial cells. At a test voltage of +80 mV, the amplitude of Ito1 was 102.0 +/- 47.7 pA/pF in epicardial cells and 3.3 +/- 3.3 pA/pF in endocardial cells (p less than 0.01). The second component of Ito (Ito2) was present in all endocardial (n = 30) and epicardial (n = 30) cells studied. The amplitude of Ito2 was significantly greater in epicardial than in endocardial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Generalized Cutaneous Mastocytosis and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

: A 64-year-old white man presented with a two-month history of asymptomatic generalized cutaneous mastocytosis. Nine months later, he developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia.
Microfluidic protein synthesis array for toxin detection

A microfluidic array device has been developed for simultaneous production of multiple proteins in cell-free media. The device is fabricated from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Since biological synthesis of a protein can be inhibited by a toxin, a lower yield of protein synthesis than the control indicates the presence of toxins. We have synthesized three proteins in the array device and found that their production yields are inhibited differentially by two toxin simulants. As a result, identification of a toxin can be achieved based on their unique response pattern of the array. In addition, the device has been exploited to detect ricin, with a detection limit lower than the immunoassay-based method.
Archimedes: A Bold Step Into The Future

ABSTRACT: The increasing adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) enables the development of new tools to guide clinical research, clinical protocol development, and national policy formulation...
Radioimmunotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) treatment for lymphoma is a novel targeted therapeutic approach. Several years of development of radioimmunotherapeutic compounds came to fruition in February of 2002 when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved yttrium 90 ((90)Y)-ibritumomab tiuxetan ((90)Y-IT) for the treatment of relapsed or refractory, low-grade, or transformed B-cell lymphoma. (90)Y-IT uses a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody to deliver beta-emitting (90)Y to the malignant B cells. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy, which is largely independent of the intrinsic activity of the anti-CD20 antibody. A similar anti-CD20 radiotherapeutic compound, iodine 131 ((131)I)-tositumomab ((131)I-T), is also under consideration for approval. The advantages of increased efficacy compared to the native antibody are gained at the expense of myelotoxicity, which is dose-limiting but reversible. Other radioimmunoconjugates (RIC), including products for Hodgkin's lymphoma, are in earlier stages of development. Studies exploring expanded applications of RIT are under way. RIT has been shown to be an effective and clinically relevant complementary therapeutic approach for patients with lymphoma.
A Reliable (k, n) Image Secret Sharing Scheme

This paper presents a reliable image secret sharing method which incorporates two k-out-of-n secret sharing schemes: i) Shamir's secret sharing scheme and ii) matrix projection secret sharing scheme. The technique allows a colored secret image to be divided as n image shares so that: i) any k image shares (k \leqslant n) are sufficient to reconstruct the secret image in the lossless manner and ii) any (k - 1) or fewer image shares cannot get enough information to reveal the secret image. It is an effective, reliable and secure method to prevent the secret image from being lost, stolen or corrupted. In comparison with other image secret sharing methods, this approach's advantages are its large compression rate on the size of the image shares, its strong protection of the secret image and its ability for the realtime processing.
Metabolite channeling: A phosphorylcreatine shuttle to mediate high energy phosphate transport between sperm mitochondrion and tail

Energy utilization by the flagellum of motile sea urchin sperm is tightly coupled to the rate of energy production by the mitochondrion. This tight coupling depends upon the transport of high energy phosphate (P) from mitochondrion to axoneme, which we propose to be mediated by a phosphorylcreatine shuttle. The shuttle employs distinct mitochondrial and axonemal creatine kinase isozymes, the latter being a novel creatine kinase of 145 kd. To examine whether P is directed to the tail by such a shuttle, we inactivated creatine kinase specifically with fluorodinitrobenzene. Creatine kinase inactivation led to an inhibition of coupled, but not uncoupled, respiration and affected the pattern of sperm motility as predicted for the disruption of an obligatory link in P transport.
Frequency-domain design of multivariable control systems for insensitivity to large plant modeling errors

Characterization of the sensitivity of multiloop feed-back control systems to unknown-but-bounded frequency-dependent plant variations is considered. Recent L2 conic sector techniques for generating tight weighted L2-norm bounds on response variation are found to lead to a precise method for quantitative characterization of - and for practical computer-aided evaluation of - multiloop feedback sensitivity to large-but-bounded frequency-dependent plant variations. The results form a natural multivariable extension of classical single-input-single-output system sensitivity ideas. Design implications are discussed.
Electrical Induction of Ventricular Fibrillation for Resuscitation From Postcountershock Pulseless and Asystolic Cardiac Arrests

Background— There is increasing evidence that defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF) before CPR decreases survival. It remains unclear, however, whether harmful effects are due primarily to initial countershock of ischemic myocardium or to resultant postdefibrillation rhythms (ie, pulseless electrical activity [PEA] or asystole). Methods and Results— We induced 15 dogs into 12 minutes of VF and randomized them to 3 groups. Group 1 was defibrillated at 12 minutes and then administered advanced cardiac life support (ACLS); group 2 was allowed to remain in VF and was subsequently defibrillated after 4 minutes of ACLS; group 3 was defibrillated at 12 minutes, electrically refibrillated, and then defibrillated after 4 minutes of ACLS. All group 1 and 3 animals were defibrillated into PEA/asystole at 12 minutes. After 4 minutes of ACLS, group 2 and 3 animals were effectively defibrillated into sinus rhythm. The extension of VF in group 2 and 3 subjects paradoxically resulted in shorter mean...
Mars surface properties observed by earth-based radar at 70-, 12.5-, and 3.8-cm wavelengths

In the present paper, the results are summarized of a study aimed at determining the small-scale surface properties of Mars (for the Viking project) from a thorough review of all available Martian radar data for the 1973 opposition. Analysis of the quasi-specular echo component showed changes in apparent reflectivity of at least 5 to 1. If attributed entirely to variations in surface material, these correspond to dielectric constants between 1.6 and 4.0. Values of rms surface slope on 1- to 100-m scales range from as low as 0.5 degrees in tablelands near Valles Marineris to more than 3.0 degrees in certain other areas. There is a weak correlation between the small-scale surface characteristics inferred from radar and those inferred from Mariner 9 images and other remote-sensing data sets.
On the detection of intra-ventricular dyssynchrony in the left ventricle from routine cardiac MRI

Intra-ventricular dyssynchrony (IVD) in the left ventricle (LV), the asynchronous activation of the LV walls, has been identified as a novel target for therapy in heart failure patients. Current guidelines for resynchronization therapy rely on measures that do not reliably predict successful patient response to treatment, in part due to poor characterization of IVD. We present a two-class statistical pattern recognition approach for the detection of IVD in the LV from routinely acquired short-axis MRI sequences depicting complete cardiac cycles. First, the LV endocardial and epicardial boundaries were extracted from 33 studies, including dyssynchronous and non-dyssynchronous LVs. A pose normalization procedure was then applied to align the resulting spatio-temporal characterizations of LV wall motion, before training a classifier using principal component analysis plus linear discriminant analysis. Classification results provided a correct detection ratio of 90.9%, compared to just 62.5% provided by current determinants of patient eligibility for therapy.
Barecloud: bare-metal analysis-based evasive malware detection

The volume and the sophistication of malware are continuously increasing and evolving. Automated dynamic malware analysis is a widely-adopted approach for detecting malicious software. However, many recent malware samples try to evade detection by identifying the presence of the analysis environment itself, and refraining from performing malicious actions. Because of the sophistication of the techniques used by the malware authors, so far the analysis and detection of evasive malware has been largely a manual process. One approach to automatic detection of these evasive malware samples is to execute the same sample in multiple analysis environments, and then compare its behaviors, in the assumption that a deviation in the behavior is evidence of an attempt to evade one or more analysis systems. For this reason, it is important to provide a reference system (often called bare-metal) in which the malware is analyzed without the use of any detectable component. In this paper, we present BareCloud, an automated evasive malware detection system based on bare-metal dynamic malware analysis. Our bare-metal analysis system does not introduce any in-guest monitoring component into the malware execution platform. This makes our approach more transparent and robust against sophisticated evasion techniques. We compare the malware behavior observed in the bare-metal system with other popular malware analysis systems. We introduce a novel approach of hierarchical similarity-based malware behavior comparison to analyze the behavior of a sample in the various analysis systems. Our experiments show that our approach produces better evasion detection results compared to previous methods. BareCloud was able to automatically detect 5,835 evasive malware out of 110,005 recent samples.
Philosophical Appraisal of E. A. Milne’s Alternative to Einstein’s STR

E. A. Milne, whose two logarithmically related t and τ scales of time were mentioned in Chapter One, Section C, has attempted to erect the usual space-time structure of the STR on the basis of a light signal kinematics of particle observers purportedly dispensing with the use of rigid solids and isochronous material clocks.1 In his Modern Cosmology and the Christian Idea of God,2 Milne begins his discussion of time and space by incorrectly charging Einstein with failure to realize that the concept of a rigid body as a body whose rest length is invariant under transport contains a conventional ingredient just as much as does the concept of metrical simultaneity at a distance.3 Milne then proposes to improve upon a rigid body criterion of spatial congruence by proceeding in the manner of radar ranging and using instead the round-trip times required by light to traverse the corresponding closed paths, these times not being measured by material clocks but, in outline, as follows.4 Each particle is equipped with a device for ordering the genidentical events belonging to it temporally in a linear Cantorean continuum. Such a device is called a “clock,” and the single observer at the particle using such a local clock is called a “particle-observer.”
Modeling mechanical responses in a laminated biocomposite

Accurate pseudo-hexagonal nanoarchitecture of nacre was used to design three dimensional finite element models of nacre, the inner layer of mollusk shells. Tensile tests were simulated introducing linear and nonlinear material properties in these models. Material parameters of components of nacre (aragonitic bricks and the complex organic phase) such as elastic modulus and hardness were obtained from bulk measurements reported in literature. In addition, nanoscale experiments conducted using atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation provided mechanical properties of aragonite platelets and organic phase. Linear simulations in the elastic regime at low stresses (2 MPa) was conducted on the new models. Our simulations indicate that a high modulus of organic phase (∼ 20 GPa) is necessary to obtain the experimentally obtained bulk phase elastic response of nacre. Our nanoindentation experiments also confirmed the simulations. Further nonlinear simulations were conducted under the assumption of a fully elastic behavior of aragonite and an elastoplastic model for the organic phase. Further the yield stress of the organic phase is varied over a wide range from 40 to 400 MPa. The resulting yield stress of nacre was compared to experimentally obtained value. Again our simulations indicate that an exceptionally high yield stress of the organic phase is necessary to obtain the yield behavior in nacre. Further, nanostructural nuances in the form of platelet-platelet mineral contacts were incorporated in the three dimensional models. The role of these mineral contacts on linear and nonlinear responses under high and low loads was quantitatively evaluated. Our simulations indicate for the first time that presence of these mineral contacts has minimal effect on both linear and nonlinear responses in nacre. As a matter of fact, the contacts are regions of high stress concentration and they break long before yield begins in nacre (∼ 50 MPa). These results have significant ramifications on a biomimetic design of scalable nanocomposites mimicking nacre.
QUALITY ANALYSIS OF THE SOILS IN THE CORDUN METALLURGICAL PLATFORM AREA

The present article deals with the study of the quality of the soils in the Cordun area – the waste dump. This refers to the characteristics of the analyzed location site (geomorphological, geological considerations, the pedological and agrochemical characterization of the soils in the area outside the plant), but also to the establishment of the pollution rate in the location site (experimenata data, results and debates). The conclusion of the present article is that the analyzed area presents a potentially significant pollution rate in the area outside the plant and significant in the area inside the plant’s yard.
Neuronal toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 expression and function in human airways

BACKGROUND : TLR7 detects viral single-stranded RNA and triggers an innate immune response. We recently showed that TLR7 agonists relax guinea pig, mouse, and human airways within seconds. We investigated TLR7 expression and signaling in post-mortem human airways. METHODS : Human trachea and primary bronchi were immunostained with anti-TLR7 antibodies, neuronal marker PGP9.5 and nuclear stain DAPI, and were imaged by confocal microscopy (20X, 63X; 1.4 numerical aperture). TLR7 function was assessed in human airway strips suspended in an organ bath. Airways were contracted with methacholine (10 µM) and exposed to TLR7 agonist (R837; 10-300 µM). Some airways were pretreated with the TLR7 antagonist (IRS661; 100 µM) or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NMMA; 100 µM). RESULTS : TLR7 (labeled yellow) was expressed on airway nerves (labeled red), but not airway smooth muscle (labeled blue). TLR7 was expressed on nerve cell bodies located within the airway wall, consistent with parasympathetic nerve distribution. TLR7 agonist caused dose-dependent relaxation of pre-contracted human airways that was blocked by the TLR7 antagonist IRS661, and by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. ![Figure][1] CONCLUSIONS : Neuronal TLR7 expression suggests airway nerves have a novel role in the immune response to respiratory viruses, and can induce bronchorelaxation via the production of nitric oxide. [1]: pending:yes
Crystal Field Electronic Effects on the Thermodynamic Properties of Fe2+ Minerals

Crystal field theory is a simple electrostatic model that deals with the energetic effects of coordinating anions on a central cation which has unfilled d or f atomic orbitals. This discussion will be confined to cases where the cation of interest belongs to the first row transition series (Ti-Cu) and hence has electronic configuration (Ar) 4s 23d n (0 < n < 10) where (Ar) refers to the electron structure of argon. For a more detailed outline of crystal field theory and its mineralogical applications the reader is referred to Burns (1970).
Gene Exchange in a Ground Cricket Hybrid Zone

The ground crickets Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) are sister species that form a mosaic hybrid zone in the eastern United States. The genetic structure of the hybrid zone has been studied extensively by the use of protein electrophoresis. Here, we report the discovery of several random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that distinguish the two species, and we assess the congruence of RAPD markers and protein markers with regard to the identification of hybrids in mixed populations. Both sets of markers indicate that gene flow between A. fasciatus and A. socius is quite limited.
The Supreme Court and Unpacking White Privilege

This paper argues race functions as an ideological fault line in the discourse of democracy in America. Research suggests the use of race benefits whites to a greater extent than African Americans. Supreme Court decisions are excellent points to unpack the nature and varied ways white privilege influences race discourse. Race as an ideological framework(RAIF) is used to analyze whether or not the decisions of the Supreme Court have fostered and maintained the interests of whites in America’s racial narrative. This narrative contributes to and reflects the assorted ways America construction and reconstruction old and new mechanisms of the usage of race. The central thesis is that older and new forms of racial discourse advance the opportunities and status of whites at the expense of those of African Americans.
Social Sequence Analysis: Network Methods for Sequence Analysis

Chapters 3–5 covered conventional social sequence analysis methods, some of which focus on comparing sequences and identifying common holistic sequence profiles based on patterns of dissimilarities among sequences. This chapter introduces a new approach to analyzing sequences. Whereas social sequence analysts typically arrive at sequence profiles by viewing actors in terms of how different their sequences are from each other, the approach described in this chapter views sequence elements as bases of relationships that link actors together. This perspective lends itself to the use of social network analysis (SNA) techniques (Wasserman and Faust 1994). With this set of tools, it is possible to (1) assess the structural importance of specific elements, positions, or actors in observed sequence patterns, (2) identify sets of elements, positions, and actors that form cohesive subsequences, and (3) simultaneously portray diagrammatically both the distributions of elements in a population across different time points and the transitions that occur at specific time points. This chapter outlines theoretical foundations for treating sequences as sources of connectedness between subjects and presents some techniques that can be used to analyze those connections in ways that can yield new insights into the structure of sequences. I begin by sketching the theoretical basis, in keeping with the discussion in Chapter 2, which involves recognizing that sequences link subjects together in experience. After introducing some foundational network-analytic concepts, terms, and notation, I discuss network-analytic approaches to analyzing and visualizing social sequence data. My main focus will be on how to measure the roles played by various subjects and elements in connecting subjects and their sequences together, how to identify subsets of elements, and how to depict sequences as networks. Theoretical Rationale The methods described in this book are responsive to the relational critique of social science research (Emirbayer 1997). Despite the fact that many social science theories implicitly concern dynamic social processes and social relationships , empirical analysis is often organized around variables that tend to reflect static states, or “substances,” that are frozen in time or unrelated to each other. Conventional social sequence analysis embodies the relational approach in several respects.
Host cell actin remodeling in response to Cryptosporidium.

Despite sporadic reports of Cryptosporidium infection throughout the 1900s, the clinical significance of this parasite in humans was not recognized until the first documented human diagnosis of C. parvum in 1976,1,2 and the subsequent realization that as an opportunistic infectious agent, Cryptosporidium infection in AIDS patients was associated with significant morbidity and mortality3,4 and a causative agent of AIDS-related biliary disease.5 With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS-related cryptosporidial disease occurs less frequently, yet Cryptosporidium is now recognized as a widely dispersed parasite and a significant enteropathogen of immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Two species, C. hominis and C. parvum, readily infect humans. While C. parvum infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, C. hominis is believed to infect only humans. Most of the experimental evidence of host cell actin remodeling to date has been accomplished using C. parvum.
Free Energy Profile and Mechanism of Self-Assembly of Peptide Amphiphiles Based on a Collective Assembly Coordinate

By combining targeted molecular dynamics (TMD) simulations, umbrella sampling, and the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM), we have calculated the potential of mean force (PMF) for the transi...
Biology and Hybridization of Apantesis phalerata and A. radians (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Life histories of A. phalerata (Harris), A. radians Walker, and hybrid (A. radians male X A. phalerata female), reared on an artificial diet at 23Â°C, were nearly identical. The duration of the immature stage was longer for hybrid females than males, apparently due to at least 1 extra female instar. In laboratory studies involving 57 A. phalerata and 20 A. radians pairings, 58% and 70% successful matings occurred, respectively. Fifty-six hybrid pairings of A. radians males and A. phalerata females resulted in 25% successful matings, but all 32 pairings of A. phalerata males X A. radians females were unsuccessful. Caged A. phalerata and A. radians virgin females attracted only males of their own species in nature. Two caged, virgin hybrid females attracted both species, while the remaining 15 hybrid females attracted only radians . During a 2-year period, male and female A. phalerata attracted to ultraviolet traps outnumbered A. radians by 7:1 and 3.5:1, respectively. Nine percent of wild A. phalerata females and no A. radians were unmated. The remaining females of both species mated 1, 2, or 3 times. The sex ratios of blacklight-collected males to females were about 55:1 and 29:1 for A. phalerata and A. radians , respectively.
A Python Software Module for Automated Identification of Systems Modeled With the Transfer Matrix Method

This paper presents a software module for intelligently automating system identification, especially for dynamic systems modeled with the transfer matrix method (TMM). The TMM is a modeling approach that represents the elements of a dynamic system with matrices that transfer a vector of states from one end of the element to the other. A system model is formed by multiplying element transfer matrices together to form a system transfer matrix. The TMM is capable of modeling continuous elements without discretization. Existing system identification packages cannot handle continuous models of distributed-parameter systems and therefore cannot be used to identify TMM models. This paper presents a Python software module for TMM modeling that includes integrated system identification capabilities. This software module intelligently automates the system identification process, significantly reducing the time and effort required for system identification and eliminating errors stemming from low-level details.© 2007 ASME
Rat Skin Tumor Incidence Following Single and Fractionated Exposures to Proton Radiation

Experiments were conducted to establish the dose-response curve and degree of split-dose recovery for tumor induction and hair follicle survival in rat skin irradiated with protons. A proton beam from a cyclotron was modified to provide an approximately linear decrease in dose with depth in tissue to a maximum of about 1.3 mm. Six doses were given in the range from 75 to 750 rad. The tumor yield at 100 weeks after irradiation increased as $D^{2.8}$ . Split doses consisted of an initial dose of 150 rad followed 24 hr later by graded doses in the range from 150 to 600 rad. Split doses produced a sparing effect on follicle killing and on the yield of tumors. The magnitude of the reduction in tumor yield was consistent with complete recovery. Comparisons with previous results indicated that protons were 2.0-2.4 times as effective as electrons for tumor induction and that the shapes of the dose-response curves were generally similar.
Treatment of A Captive Giant Panda with Postpartum Hemorrhage and Long-distance Transportation of Neonate

Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in a female giant panda at Bifengxia Base of China Conservation and Research Center and long-distance transportation of neonates by artificial nursing box is reported firstly. The female (studbook #437) was diagnosed as postpartum hemorrhage after parturition. The twin cubs were removed from the dam. Both of them were transported from Bifengxia to Wolong in an artificial nursing box with stable temperature. The dam was treated by intramuscular injecting of 10 U Oxytocin and 3 g antibiotics Cefradine in addition to Etamsylate and vitamin K3. Four days later, the dam recovered completely and one of the larger cub was successfully returned to the dam. During the period of treatment, maternal care training with the dam to maintain her maternal behavior was conducted. The result reports here will be helpful for both captive breeding and transporting cubs due to particular reasons to save the cubs in captivity.
Walras's market models: Walras's conception of a competitive market economy

This chapter is concerned with Walras's conception of the major features of the behavior of a real market economy. He incorporated them into his mature market models and imprinted them on the character of neoclassical economic analysis. Introduction This chapter presents the general characteristics of economic behavior that Walras identified. His objective in the mature phase of his thought was to understand and model the behavior of a freely competitive capitalist market economy. He defined that as one in which there is private ownership of most economic resources and other commodities, and in which commodities of all types and money are exchanged in freely competitive markets. In his Elements and other writings he elaborated on the properties of such an economy, setting forth his message about them in a number of propositions, models and analyses. General features Walras identified three important general features of a market economy. First, he conceived of a market economy as a system in which price competition is strong and widespread but not universal. He recognized that it is absent or very limited in some markets, and developed a theory of monopoly to take account of them. He believed, however, that “free competition is the principal mode of exchange in the real economy, practiced on all markets with more or less precision and therefore with less or more efficiency” (Walras to Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, February 27, 1891, in 1965, 2, letter 999, pp. 434–35).
In defense of hearing meanings

According to the inferential view of language comprehension, we hear a speaker’s utterance and infer what was said, drawing on our competence in the syntax and semantics of the language together with background information. On the alternative perceptual view, fluent speakers have a non-inferential capacity to perceive the content of speech. On this view, when we hear a speaker’s utterance, the experience confers some degree of justification on our beliefs about what was said in the absence of defeaters. So, in the absence of defeaters, we can come to know what was said merely on the basis of hearing the utterance. Several arguments have been offered against a pure perceptual view of language comprehension, among others, arguments pointing to its alleged difficulties accounting for homophones and the context-sensitivity of ordinary language. After responding to challenges to the perceptual view of language comprehension, I provide a new argument in favor of the perceptual view by looking closer at the dependence of the justificatory qualities of experience on the notion of a defeater as well as the perceptual nature of language learning and language processing.
The Political Dimension: Solving the Preterm Birth Problem

This chapter explores the political dimension of preterm birth, that is, how preterm birth plays into struggles over power and resources in the U.S. Preterm birth is framed as a social problem—a social phenomenon that legitimately demands attention by political decision makers—in three political arenas in the U.S.: control over reproduction, efforts to ameliorate the impact of poverty, and efforts to address racial inequality. In discussions around control of reproduction, the occurrence of preterm births is used to justify an argument for broader contraception availability, but also as a reason to restrict abortions, because the potential for preterm newborns to survive bolsters the conviction that performing an abortion is equivalent to murdering a child. In discussions around ameliorating poverty, social welfare and public insurance programs in the U.S. have long been legitimized as a way to help babies, as opposed to a way to address poverty by helping adults survive economically outside the conventional labor market. In discussions around racial inequality, disparities by race in preterm birth and infant mortality rates in the U.S. are taken as concrete evidence that racial inequality persists and has damaging consequences. This legitimizes an investment in health and community development in predominantly Black communities. The perceived problem of preterm birth does not play the same political roles in Canada, Great Britain, and Western Europe as it does in the U.S., but concerns about high-risk pregnancies and preterm births have played a role in political struggles over the extent and design of social welfare programs, and in the structure of labor laws in these countries.
Predicting benefit from lumbar epidural steroid injection: commentary

Commentary on Sivaganesan A, Chotai S, Parker SL, Asher AL, McGirt MJ, Devin CJ. Predictors of the efficacy of epidural steroid injections for structural lumbar degenerative pathology. Spine J 2016:16:928–34 ( in this issue ).
A PDF-based parameterization of subgrid-scale hydrometeor transport in deep convection

AbstractA parameterization scheme is proposed for the subgrid-scale transport of hydrometeors in an assumed probability density function (PDF) scheme. Joint distributions of vertical velocity and hydrometeor mixing ratios are typically unknown, but marginal (1D) PDFs of these variables are available. The parameterization is developed using high-resolution simulations of continental and tropical deep convection. A 3D cloud-resolving model (CRM) providing benchmark solutions has a horizontal grid spacing of 250 m and employs the Morrison microphysics scheme, which treats prognostically mass and number mixing ratios for four types of precipitating hydrometeors (rain, graupel, snow, and ice) as well as cloud droplet number mixing ratio. The subgrid-scale hydrometeor transport scheme assumes input given in the form of marginal PDFs of vertical velocity and hydrometeor mixing ratios; in this study, these marginal distributions are provided by the cloud-resolving model. Conditional sampling and scaling are then ...
Review: In menopause (intact uterus), estrogen + progestogen, isoflavones, and black cohosh reduce hot flashes.

Source Citation Sarri G, Pedder H, Dias S, Guo Y, Lumsden MA. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the Nation...
Compression of genomic sequencing reads via hash-based reordering: algorithm and analysis

Motivation New Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies for genome sequencing produce large amounts of short genomic reads per experiment, which are highly redundant and compressible. However, general-purpose compressors are unable to exploit this redundancy due to the special structure present in the data. Results We present a new algorithm for compressing reads both with and without preserving the read order. In both cases, it achieves 1.4×-2× compression gain over state-of-the-art read compression tools for datasets containing as many as 3 billion Illumina reads. Our tool is based on the idea of approximately reordering the reads according to their position in the genome using hashed substring indices. We also present a systematic analysis of the read compression problem and compute bounds on fundamental limits of read compression. This analysis sheds light on the dynamics of the proposed algorithm (and read compression algorithms in general) and helps understand its performance in practice. The algorithm compresses only the read sequence, works with unaligned FASTQ files, and does not require a reference. Contact schandak@stanford.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary material are available at Bioinformatics online. The proposed algorithm is available for download at https://github.com/shubhamchandak94/HARC.
The white Locus of Drosophila melanogaster

In an article entitled Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila which appeared in the July 22, 1910 issue of Science, T. H. Morgan wrote: “In a pedigree culture of Drosophila which had been running for nearly a year through a considerable number of generations, a male appeared with white eyes. The normal flies have brilliant red eyes.”
Human melanoma and leukemia associated antigens defined by nonhuman primate antisera

Tumor cells express many of the antigens of their original host. The experiments conducted with transplantable tumors of rodents by early workers (2, 16) have demonstrated the multiplicity of antigens present on the cell surface. It has been elucidated that tumor cells share not only normal tissue antigens but that they may gain new antigenic specificities with malignant transformation (6, 9, 12, 14). These tumor associated antigens have been demonstrated to be both cross-reactive and individual, utilizing a variety of immunological techniques (3, 7, 13, 15). The presence of fetal or oncofetal antigens on tumor cell membranes has stimulated recent interest as well (1, 4).
Isolation and partial characterization of polypeptides associated with phytotoxin in cultures of the cool-temperature biotype of Stemphylium botryosum pathogenic on alfalfa☆

Stemphylium botryosum pathogenic on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) produced a phytotoxin in a defined liquid medium which caused symptoms similar in sequence and appearance to stemphylium leafspot lesion development on attached alfalfa leaflets. The molecular weight of the phytotoxin was estimated to be 19500 by gel filtration chromatography. Treatment of partially purified phytotoxin with proteinase K or subtilisin resulted in loss of phytotoxic activity. Action of the proteases in inducing loss of phytotoxicity was inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. Concentrated culture filtrates were fractionated by chromatofocusing, HPLC ion-exchange and gel filtration. Gel filtration also was followed by non-denaturing electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing (IEF). Analysis of sequential fractions from each procedure by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that phytotoxic activity was consistently coincident with the presence of two major polypeptides (Mr = 26900 ± 2%; 19500 ± 4%) and a triplet of polypeptides (Mr = 15500). The constant association between the three polypeptides suggested an intermolecular interaction during fractionation. The phytotoxic activity eluted from the chromatofocusing column between pH 5·79 and 5·43 whereas IEF estimated the isoelectric point to be between 5·40 and 5·02. Immobilized concanavalin A and wheat germ lectin failed to bind phytotoxicity. Proteolytic activity in some phytotoxic gel filtration fractions was reduced by addition of phenyl-methylsulphonyl fluoride and separated from phytotoxicity by non-denaturing electrophoresis, indicating that phytotoxicity was not due to serine protease activity. Pathogenicity tests of the cool-temperature biotype on 20 plant species representing eight plant families resulted in a compatible interaction only on M. sativa and M. polymorpha. In contrast, sensitivity to the phytotoxin was observed on both pathogen-resistant and susceptible alfalfa clones along with all other plants tested with the exception of Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Apium graveolens and Melilotus officinalis, indicating non-host-specificity of the phytotoxic polypeptides produced by the cool-temperature biotype.
Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in normal man

The bioavailability of commercial carbamazepine talbets with and without meals was compared to a propylene glycol solution respect to extent of absorption in 6 normal humans after a dose of 6 MG/KG. The presence of dose-dependent kinetics within a clinically sigificant range was also investigated. Serum and urine samples were assayed by gal-liquid chromatography (GLC). Carbamazepine is rapidly absorbed from the propylene glycol solution. Eight per cent of the dose was absorbed from the commercial tablet, resulting in therapeutic serum concentrations(30 to 6 mcg/ni). The data were consitent with disolution rate-limited absorption. Mean half-lives ranged from 31 to 35 hr. No dose-dependent kinetics were observed following administration of does of 3. 6. or 9 mg/kg. The fraction of dose abosrbed, the fraction excredted unchanged in urine, the time of maxium serum concentration, and absorption and elimination half-lives appear to be independent of dose. The time course of side effects could not be correlated with serum carbamazepine levels, suggesting that metabolities contributed to side effects.
Laser/Light Applications in Neurology and Neurosurgery

Applications of light in neurology and neurosurgery can be diagnostic or therapeutic. Neurophotonics is the science of photon interaction with neural tissue. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been attempted to destroy infiltrative tumor cells in tissue. Spatially modulated imaging (MI) is a newly described non-contact optical technique in the spatial domain. With this technique, both quantitative mapping of tissue optical properties within a single measurement and cross sectional optical tomography can be achieved rapidly. The ability to control the activity of a defined class of neurons has the potential to advance clinical neuromodulation.
Lrrk promotes tau neurotoxicity through dysregulation of actin and mitochondrial dynamics

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson disease. Genetics and neuropathology link Parkinson disease with the microtubule-binding protein tau, but the mechanism of action of LRRK2 mutations and the molecular connection between tau and Parkinson disease are unclear. Here, we investigate the interaction of LRRK and tau in Drosophila and mouse models of tauopathy. We find that either increasing or decreasing the level of fly Lrrk enhances tau neurotoxicity, which is further exacerbated by expressing Lrrk with dominantly acting Parkinson disease—associated mutations. At the cellular level, altering Lrrk expression promotes tau neurotoxicity via excess stabilization of filamentous actin (F-actin) and subsequent mislocalization of the critical mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1). Biochemically, monomeric LRRK2 exhibits actin-severing activity, which is reduced as increasing concentrations of wild-type LRRK2, or expression of mutant forms of LRRK2 promote oligomerization of the protein. Overall, our findings provide a potential mechanistic basis for a dominant negative mechanism in LRRK2-mediated Parkinson disease, suggest a common molecular pathway with other familial forms of Parkinson disease linked to abnormalities of mitochondrial dynamics and quality control, and raise the possibility of new therapeutic approaches to Parkinson disease and related disorders.
The Legend of Jump Mountain: Narrative Dispossession of the Monacan in Postcolonial Virginia

In north central Virginia there is a local tale - The Legend of Jump Mountain, which purports to explain the origins of the Hayes Creek Indian Burial Mound. A highly romantic legend, it immortalizes post colonial intertribal warfare during the early nineteenth century while ignoring the antiquity of the mound and the local descendants of its aboriginal creators. It is not at all uncommon to find such romantic tales in Indian country where the Native people have become invisible and there remain significant tribal artifacts common to the landscape. However, the standing claim to authenticity remains a matter of significant concern. In this essay, the author considers the tale's effectiveness assessing Indian origins, local history and tribal heritages, as well as the implicit stereotypes and the romantic illusion that it may generate in the popular imagination.
Preventing the colloidal dispersion of Pb( iv ) corrosion scales and lead release in drinking water distribution systems

Lead(IV) oxide PbO2 is one dominant solid phase in lead corrosion scales of drinking water distribution systems. Understanding the colloidal dispersion of PbO2 is important for lead control in drinking water, especially under scenarios of switching the residual disinfectant from chlorine to chloramine. This study investigated the changes in lead release and colloidal dispersion from PbO2(s) associated with the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), the introduction of chloramine, and the addition of a phosphate corrosion inhibitor in drinking water distribution systems. Experimental data showed that when NOM was present, the surface charges of PbO2 exhibited a prominent negative shift, leading to colloidal dispersion of Pb(IV) particles. The presence of chloramine did not significantly change the detrimental effects of NOM on the colloidal behavior of PbO2. In contrast, the addition of phosphate greatly reduced colloidal lead release in the size range between 0.1 and 0.45 μm, and limited lead release with colloidal sizes less than 0.1 μm to below 15 μg L−1, i.e., the U.S. EPA regulatory standard. The beneficial effects of phosphate addition are mainly attributed to the suppression in colloidal dispersion of Pb(IV) particles. Meanwhile, the presence of phosphate also limits the reductive dissolution of PbO2via the formation of hydroxypyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3OH particles. Results from this study suggest that phosphate limits the dispersion of PbO2(s) by NOM and prevented the release of Pb(IV) colloids into drinking water.