cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Characterization of Structural Isomers of Naphthalene: (E)- and (Z)-Phenylvinylacetylene†

Near-pure samples of (E)-phenylvinylacetylene ((E)-PVA) and (Z)-phenylvinylacetylene ((Z)-PVA) were synthesized, and their ultraviolet spectroscopy was studied under jet-cooled conditions. The fluorescence excitation and UV−UV holeburning (UVHB) spectra of both isomers were recorded. The S0−S1 origin of (E)-PVA occurs at 33 578 cm−1, whereas that for (Z)-PVA occurs at 33 838 cm−1, 260 cm−1 above that for (E)-PVA. The present study focuses primary attention on the vibronic spectroscopy of (E)-PVA. Single vibronic level fluorescence spectra of many prominent bands in the first 1200 cm−1 of the S0−S1 excitation spectrum of (E)-PVA were recorded, including several hot bands involving low-frequency out-of-plane vibrations. Much of the ground-state vibronic structure observed in these spectra was assigned by comparison with styrene and trans-β-methylstyrene, assisted by calculations at the DFT B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Both S0 and S1 states of (E)-PVA are shown to be planar, with intensity appearing ...
Cytogenetic studies of Poecilia (Pisces)V. Cytophotometric evidence for the production of fertile offspring by triploids related to Poecilia formosa

To monitor the perpetuation of triploid genomes in laboratory-reared progeny of wild-caught females of Poecilia, amounts of DNA-Feulgen staining in scale epithelial nuclei were determined for 58 different fish. Based on estimates of average DNA content, these specimens were readily separated into two groups: (a) diploids, with an average of 1–57 × 10−12 g DNA per cell and (b) triploids, with an average of 2.38 × 10−12 g DNA per cell. These values yield a ratio of 1: 1.5, as would be expected from the presence of an extra chromosome set in putative triploid females. Ploidy status of the latter, based on DNA cytophotometry, was independently confirmed for several specimens by direct cytological examination of chromosome number, by electrophoresis of plasma proteins and by morpho-metric analysis. These findings unequivocally document one case involving the production of triploid offspring from a typical, diploid P. formosa and several instances in which broods of all-female triploid offspring were derived in the laboratory from both wild-caught and laboratory-reared triploid mothers. The relationship and significance of these triploid forms to the breeding complex of P. formosa and P. mexicana in nature are discussed.
Hardware/software partitioning and pipelining

For a given throughput constrained system-level specification,we present a design flow and an algorithm to select software(general purpose processors) and hardware components,and then partition and pipeline the specification amongstthe selected components.This is done so as to beat satisfythe throughput constraint at minimal hardware cost.Ourability to pipeline the design at several levels, enables us toattain high throughput designs, and also distinguishes ourwork from previously proposed hardware/software partitioning algorithms.
REPRESENTATION OF SYMMETRIC PROBABILITY MODELS

This paper is a sequel to the joint publication of Scott and Krauss [8] in which the first aspects of a mathematical theory are developed which might be called “First Order Probability Logic”. No attempt will be made to present this additional material in a self-contained form. We will use the same notation and terminology as introduced and explained in Scott and Krauss [8], and we will frequently refer to the theorems stated and proved in the preceding paper.
Melanoma metastatic to lipomata

Three patients presented with solitary melanoma metastases that mimicked a simple "lipomata." On further investigation each patient had a discrete fatty tissue tumor mass surrounding a melanoma metastasis. The presence of an enlarging mass in patients with a history of melanoma should be viewed with suspicion and a biopsy should be performed.
A Fuzzy Dynamic Programming Approach for Mixed-Discrete Multistage Decision Processes

Many engineering optimization problems can be considered as multistage decision-making problems. If the system involves uncertainty in the form of linguistic parameters and vague data, a fuzzy approach is to be used for its description. The solution of such problems can be accomplished through fuzzy dynamic programming. However, most of the existing fuzzy dynamic programming algorithms can not deal with mixed-discrete design variables in the optimization of mechanical systems containing fuzzy information. They often assumed that a fuzzy goal is imposed only on the final state for simplicity, the values of fuzzy goal and other parameters need to be predefined, and an optimal solution is obtained in the continuous design space only. To better reflect the nature of uncertainties present in real-life optimization problems, a mixed-discrete fuzzy dynamic programming (MDFDP) approach is proposed in this work for solving multistage decision-making problems in mixed-discrete design space with a fuzzy goal and a fuzzy state imposed on each stage. The feasibility and versatility of the proposed method are illustrated by considering the design of a four-bar truss. To the authors’ knowledge, this work represents the first fuzzy dynamic programming method reported in the literature for dealing with mixed-discrete optimization problems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SNAKE VENOM UPON BLOOD CORPUSCLES

Washed blood corpuscles of certain species of animals in a concentration of about 5 per cent suspended in salt solution containing above 4 per cent of cobra venom undergo changes in their resistance to certain physical and chemical agents. They become non-haemolyzable by water, ether, saponin, and quite strong solutions of lecithin, provided always that the excess of venom has not been entirely removed. On the other hand, certain acids and alkalis, excepting ammonia, lake the venomized corpuscles more easily than they lake normal corpuscles. Venom solutions of 2 per cent and less exert no protective property upon blood corpuscles, but they induce changes in the corpuscles whereby they are rendered more easily laked by the same physical and chemical agents.
Guidance of engineered tissue collagen orientation by large-scale scaffold microstructures.

Abstract The tensile strength and stiffness of load-bearing soft tissues are dominated by their collagen fiber orientation. While microgrooved substrates have demonstrated a capacity to orient cells and collagen in monolayer tissue culture, tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds are structurally distinct in that they consist of a three-dimensional (3-D) open pore network. It is thus unclear how the geometry of these open pores might influence cell and collagen orientation. In the current study we developed an in vitro model system for quantifying the capacity of large scale (∼200 μm), geometrically well-defined open pores to guide cell and collagen orientation in engineered tissues. Non-degradable scaffolds exhibiting a grid of 200 μm wide rectangular pores (1:1, 2:1, 5:1, and 10:1 aspect ratios) were fabricated from a transparent epoxy resin via high-resolution stereolithography. The scaffolds ( n = 6 per aspect ratio) were surface modified to support cell adhesion by covalently grafting GRGDS peptides, sterilized, and seeded with neonatal rat skin fibroblasts. Following 4 weeks of static incubation, the resultant collagen orientation was assessed quantitatively by small angle light scattering (SALS), and cell orientation was evaluated by laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Cells adhered to the struts of the pores and proceeded to span the pores in a generally circumferential pattern. While the cell and collagen orientations within 1:1 aspect ratio pores were effectively random, higher aspect ratio rectangular pores exhibited a significant capacity to guide global cell and collagen orientation. Preferential alignment parallel to the long strut axis and decreased spatial variability were observed to occur with increasing pore aspect ratio. Intra-pore variability depended in part on the spatial uniformity of cell attachment around the perimeter of each pore achieved during seeding. Evaluation of diamond-shaped pores [Sacks, M.S. et al., 1997. J. Biomech. Eng. 119(1), 124–127] suggests that they are less sensitive to initial conditions of cell attachment than rectangular pores, and thus more effective in guiding engineered tissue cell and collagen orientation.
Orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy

There is no known way to cure multiple system atrophy or even to slow its insidious progression, but there are opportunities to treat many of its symptoms and complications. Of all the autonomic disturbances it causes, orthostatic hypotension is associated with one of the better chances for successful intervention. Milder symptoms may be treated by nonpharmacologic means (eg, changes in diet and activities and compressive maneuvers and devices). Syncopal patients will require treatment with medications. Midodrine is the most effective drug. It is more physiologic and better tolerated, but much more expensive, than fludrocortisone. The latter is often beneficial but frequently causes lower limb edema. Low-dose propranolol is occasionally useful. Other drugs worth trying are indomethacin and intranasal desmopressin. The variety of measures available to treat orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy affords physicians some prospect of easing the suffering of many patients with this otherwise disabling and discouraging disorder.
Variation method for inverse treatment planning

A new inverse planning method based on the theory of variation is developed for the computation of beam intensities that produce highly conformal dose distributions to the target volume that have an arbitrary complex geometry. It is shown that the objective function defined for the optimization of external beam intensities has a unique minimum. A corresponding algorithm is then designed to generate a sequence of intensity functions that converge to the minimum. The algorithm is applied to a test geometry where the target volume has concavity and there are adjacent critical organs. The cumulative dose–area histogram, the two-dimensional version of the cumulative dose–volume histogram, is used to evaluate the outcomes of this new inverse planning method. The results show that this method creates a group of intensity-modulated external beams that produce a dose distribution consistent with the given dose prescription.
A new Puercan (early Paleocene) hyopsodontid "condylarth" from New Mexico

Isolated cheek teeth from the late Puercan (early Paleocene) Split Lip Flats local fauna, from the head of Willow Wash, Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, represent a new genus and species of hyopsodontid “condylarth”, Chacomylus sladei. The teeth are small, bunodont, and are remarkable for the enlargement of the protocone, pronounced exodaenodonty, and high degree of attritional wear caused by transverse shearing or grinding. Although C. sladei bears a superficial resemblance to the apheliscine apheliscid Gingerichia, a preliminary phylogenetic analysis confirms that it is a hyopsodontid, closely related to the Puercan hyopsodontids Valenia wilsoni and Litomylus orthronepius.
A synchronous single switch inverter

Reducing the switch count and increasing the levels of voltage will increase the power inverters' quality and efficiency. Vector controls of inverters have been used to increase limited levels of output voltage; however, they create an increasingly complicated switching map that results in harmonics. This paper introduces the structure of a synchronized minimum switch-count inverter that is capable of generating infinite voltage levels. Four modes of operation were detected in creation of negative and positive polarity voltages. Transition modes provide polarity inversion capability. Compared to H-Bridge inverters, the efficiency of this power inverter can be increased by 7%. Simulation results demonstrate the successful operation of the inverter.
Infrared sensing techniques for penetration depth control of the submerged arc welding process

Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the development of a rugged, low cost, point infrared sensor to monitor and control the welding process in harsh fabrication environments. Perturbations occurring during the welding process create changes in the temperature distributions of the plates being welded. By monitoring the changes in these temperature distributions, action can be implemented to eliminate or mitigate defects that may form due to the process perturbations. Heat transfer analyses were performed to study the effects of disturbances to the welding process on the surface temperature of the plates being welded. A point sensor was used to monitor changes in the plate surface temperatures occurring during the welding process. The objective was to demonstrate that weld bead penetration depth could be monitored and controlled during both gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and submerged arc welding (SAW) processes to eliminate or reduce weld defects. The infrared energy exchange between a defined area on the topside plate surface and the sensor was monitored during the welding process and compared to predictions of the heat transfer analyses. Changes in the plate geometry (gap size, plate thickness, and cooling sinks representing stiffeners) were introduced during the experiments to perturb the welding process. Using the infrared sensor, constant depth of penetration was maintained in the presence of these perturbations by feedback control of the welding process parameters.
Effect of CO2, HCO3− and CO3−2 on oxygen reduction in anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract The effect of carbonate and bicarbonate anions on the oxygen reduction reaction was investigated in four alkaline solutions (pH ∼ 14) on a Pt disk type electrode with varying concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate. The addition of carbonate and bicarbonate had two primary effects on the observed voltammetric behavior: i) The Tafel slope shifts positive with increasing carbonate/bicarbonate concentration, indicating that the carbonate anions may compete for surface adsorption sites; and ii) The dissolved oxygen concentration and diffusion coefficient are depressed with increasing anion concentration. Finally, adding CO 2 to the cathode stream of an anion exchange membrane fuel cell caused an improvement in the device performance under fully hydrated conditions, suggesting that the fuel cell was operating at least partially under the carbonate cycle.
Instructional Messages During Health-Related Crises: Essential Content for Self-Protection

Mediated instructional messages have the potential to enhance individuals' knowledge and self-efficacy to take self-protective actions during a food-related health crisis. This two-phased study used content analysis to examine the presence of instructions during an actual egg recall crisis (n = 566 television broadcasts). Next, these messages were used in a pretest–posttest experiment to explore changes in participants' (n = 651) foodborne illness knowledge and self-efficacy after watching a standard media message or a high instruction media message. In general, actual broadcasts only provided self-protective instructions between 3% and 17% of the time. Standard messages slightly increased viewer knowledge, but decreased viewer efficacy. Conversely, the high instructional message significantly increased both knowledge and efficacy.
How an Edge Looks to a Camera

Accurate calculations of edge locations and shapes are often important in industrial machine vision applications. The accuracy of the calculations is affected by the lighting, the camera and other vision system hardware, and the choice of vision algorithms. In this paper we examine the first step in the vision analysis: the formation of an edge's image on the camera's sensor. In particular, we describe how the lighting and the camera's lens affect the location, shape, contrast, and intensity of the "edge" that the camera sees. An edge is assumed to be an abrupt, step change in an object's reflectivity, opacity, color, or other visually measurable property. The image of the edge on the camera's sensor can be modelled as a perfect image that has been modified by the lighting and the camera optics. We examine the lighting and lens effects that can cause the image on the camera's sensor to differ from an ideal edge. Those that produce measurable differences in typical industrial vision applications are described and quantified. The result is an analytical model for the resulting image on the camera's sensor. We use the predictions from this model to estimate the error contribution in experimental images.
Seeing the forest for the trees: a new approach to CD control

Critical dimension (CD) control in advanced semiconductor manufacturing has driven the in-line implementation of complex, high-resolution metrology systems to monitor minimum product dimensions. Yet the high-resolution approach is inconsistent with in-line CD control objectives: resolution does not translate to precision or accuracy, weak response to process parameters inhibits feedback control, sparse sampling precludes partitioning contributors to CD variation, and extendibility to future product generations is in question. We show that superior, affordable and extendable CD control is achieved by optical critical dimension (OCD) measurement of pattern arrays ('forests') whose individual features ('trees') need not be resolved by the metrology tool. The array dimension, averaged over multiple features, responds to CD change about a target value calibrated to the desired device dimension. Response sensitivity greater than that of the minimum dimension can improve the signal-to-noise for feedback control as well as the precision-to-tolerance for product dispositioning. Relatively low-cost and high-speed metrology enables increased product sampling. We describe our application of OCD metrology to 0.25 micrometer CMOS products.
Selection and characterization of small molecules that bind the HIV-1 frameshift site RNA.

HIV-1 requires a −1 translational frameshift to properly synthesize the viral enzymes required for replication. The frameshift mechanism is dependent upon two RNA elements, a seven-nucleotide slippery sequence (UUUUUUA) and a downstream RNA structure. Frameshifting occurs with a frequency of ∼5%, and increasing or decreasing this frequency may result in a decrease in viral replication. Here, we report the results of a high-throughput screen designed to find small molecules that bind to the HIV-1 frameshift site RNA. Out of 34,500 compounds screened, 202 were identified as positive hits. We show that one of these compounds, doxorubicin, binds the HIV-1 RNA with low micromolar affinity (Kd = 2.8 μM). This binding was confirmed and localized to the RNA using NMR. Further analysis revealed that this compound increased the RNA stability by approximately 5 °C and decreased translational frameshifting by 28% (±14%), as measured in vitro.
Latchkey Children: A Pilot Study Investigating Behavior and Academic Achievement

The effects of latchkey status on the normal development of children are poorly addressed in the literature. After formulating an operational definition, the prevalence, academic performance, and behavior characteristics of latchkey children were investigated in a rural area. Few differences were found to distinguish latchkey from nonlatchkey children.
Comprehensive high-Resolution analysis of hairpin polyamides utilizing a fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assay

Four hairpin polyamides bearing subtle N- and C-terminal substitutions were examined in a fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assay enlisting a library of 512 DNA hairpins that contain all possible five base pair sequences in a challenging probe of its capabilities for establishing DNA binding sequence selectivity. Not only did the assay define the global sequence selectivity expected based on known structural interactions and Dervan's pairing rules establishing the utility of the method for characterizing such polyamides, but previously unappreciated subtle substituent effects on global sequence selectivity were also revealed. Thus, we report the discovery of a novel five base pair high affinity binding site of the form 5'-WWCWW (vs 5'-WGWWW) for the polyamide ImPyPy-gamma-PyPyPy-beta-Dp and its structural basis.
The influence of neutron irradiation, heat treatment and deformation on the martensitic transformations in metastable β1-brass

Abstract This is a summary of a Final Report submitted to the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Research and Development Division, Post Office Box E, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. If copies are not available from the authors, they may be obtained from the publisher at cost.
Bone cell attachment and growth on well-characterized chitosan films

Chitosan has been widely researched for bone tissue and implant applications. While initial results are promising, there are inconsistent reports regarding the biological responses. This may be due to inadequate evaluation of chitosan material properties. This study evaluated normal human osteoblast precursor cell attachment and proliferation on a series of well-characterized chitosan films. The chitosan films exhibited a range of properties: 76–96% degree of de-acetylation (DDA), 2400–8200 kDa viscosity-average molecular weight, 62–90° contact angle, 0.24–2.46% residual ash, 5.3–287 µg cm−2 residual protein and 23–40% crystallinity. There was no trend or correlation between DDA, crystallinity, contact angle, molecular weight, residual ash or protein content and the attachment or growth of bone cells on chitosan films. All films supported higher levels of bone cell proliferation than tissue culture plastic, which supports the general hypothesis that chitosans are osteocompatible. The 78 and 92% DDA chitosan films supported the most cell proliferation, approximately 16 times that of tissue culture plastic controls, but no chitosan physiochemical property correlated with the increased cell growth. The lack of correlation is hindered since more than one physiochemical property changed for each chitosan material. Data do indicate that there may be much variability in chitosan materials, and this variability may make understanding and comparing biological performance of chitosan materials difficult. These results highlight the need for systematic characterizations of chitosan materials for predictable biomedical applications. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Genetic control of photomorphogenesis. Isolation of nonfilamentous mutants after gamma irradiation of Pteridium aquilinum spores

Photomorphogenetic mutants of Pteridium aquilinum gametophytes have been isolated after exposure to gamma-rays. The procedure involved screening large numbers of treated spores for their ability to form macroscopically visible prothalli when cultured in the absence of blue light (normally required for prothallial growth). Two hundred and eighty presumptive nonfilamentous mutants were isolated and thirty-nine actively growing strains were tested for expression of the mutant phenotype. The 20 stable mutants thus obtained will provide material for further genetic characterization of the photomorphogenetic process in fern gametophytes.
Assessing the Performance of Systems Designed to Process Criminal Forensic Evidence

Abstract This paper examines methods that can be used to assess the performance of public organizations and systems designed to process criminal forensic evidence. There is considerable literature devoted to applying scientific and technical knowledge to criminal forensics techniques, such as DNA, AFIS fingerprint systems, and IBIS ballistics systems. However, the forensic science literature tends to overlook the nature and dynamics of organizations and systems responsible for finding, gathering, transporting, and processing physical evidence. How should the performance of these organizations and systems be measured, and what benchmarks exist for comparing their performance relative to their peers? We present a framework for establishing performance measures for organizations and systems that process physical evidence. These measures can serve as a valuable tool for enabling managers to assess the performance of organizations and systems and to evaluate the impact of reforms.
Solitons or not in polyacetylene (and does it matter

Abstract The results of a series of experiments are described which demonstrate that solitons are the important excitations in trans-(CH)x and that the properties of these non-linear excitations can be directly studied through measurements on trans-(CH)x samples, either during photoexcitation of after doping. The importance of these concepts in the more general context of conducting polymers is addressed. Although the two-fold degenerate ground state of trans-(CH)x is quite special, the relevant concepts can be generalized to confined soliton pairs (bipolarons) and applied to a wide variety of conjugated polymers in which the ground state degeneracy is not present.
Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater

Abstract The solubility of nitrous oxide in pure water and seawater has been measured microgasometrically over the range 0–40°C. The data have been corrected for nonideality and are fitted to equations in temperature and salinity of the form used previously to fit the solubilities of other gases. The fitted values have a precision of 0.1% and an estimated accuracy of 0.3%. The nonideal behavior of nitrous oxide—air mixtures is discussed, and the solubility of atmospheric nitrous oxide is presented in parametric form. A similar parametric representation for the solubility of atmospheric carbon dioxide is given in the Appendix.
Capacitance investigation of diodes and SCRs for ESD protection of high frequency circuits in sub-100nm bulk CMOS technologies

S-parameter test structures show total capacitances per perimeter of ESD diodes increased from ~0.42fF/mum in 90nm technologies to ~0.7fF/mum in 65nm and 45nm technologies. To achieve lower capacitances for high frequency circuits, layout and process optimization are needed. SCR devices from a 45nm technology show ~0.32fF/mum and can be used for circuit applications with stringent capacitance requirement. Two different BEOL wiring schemes are investigated for optimized metal coupling capacitance.
Limb-Length Discrepancy as a Cause of Plantar Fasciitis

Background: Anisomelia, or limb-length discrepancy, has disruptive effects on gait, posture, and ambulation. Limb-length discrepancy has been shown to be a factor in stress fractures in the femur and tibia, and the longer limb, a contributing factor in the development of low-back pain, a cause of scoliosis. We sought to determine whether limb-length discrepancy contributes to the frequency and severity of plantar fasciitis. Methods: We enrolled 26 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Direct and indirect methods were used to measure limb-length discrepancy. We took measurements from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus and from the umbilicus to the medial malleolus and performed the block test. Body mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was also recorded for all of the patients. Results: There is enough evidence to support the fact that the pain location and the longer limb are associated (Fisher test P < .0001). There was not enough evi...
Evaluating Sandwich Immunoassays in Microarray Format in Terms of the Ambient Analyte Regime

Background: Conceptionally, antibody microarrays are simply multiplexed sandwich immunoassays in a miniaturized format. However, from the amounts of capture antibodies used, it is not apparent whether such assays are ambient analyte (Ekins. Clin Chem 1998;44:2015–30) or mass-sensing devices (Silzel et al. Clin Chem 1998;44:2036–43). We evaluated multiplexed microarray sandwich assays for 24 mouse serum proteins in these terms within the boundaries of our experimental setup and based on theoretical considerations of the law of mass action. Methods: Capture antibodies for 24 mouse serum proteins were printed on planar microarray substrates. After incubation with mixtures of purified antigens for 1 or 18 h, mixtures of biotinylated detection antibodies were used. High assay sensitivity was achieved by use of resonance-light-scattering particles for signal generation. Titration curves were generated for assay volumes of 20, 40, and 80 μL, and detection limits were calculated and compared. The assays were modeled theoretically based on the amounts of capture antibodies and the assay volumes used. Results: As predicted, experimental variations of the assay volume by up to fourfold did not appreciably affect detection. Even for the most sensitive assay, <2% of the analyte molecules present in the sample were captured and generated signal at the detection limit. However, increasing the sample incubation time from 1 to 18 h on average lowered the detection limit threefold. Conclusions: In our experimental setup, all 24 sandwich microarray assays fulfill the criteria of the “ambient analyte” regime because depletion of analyte molecules from the assay volume is insignificant.
Standardized, object-oriented, 3D vision input system

Machine vision has been characterized by a lack of standards, which has resulted in the necessity for expensive customization of systems. Our objective is to investigate the development of a vision system which utilizes or establishes standards. To this end we chose to use laser triangulation, to incorporate television broadcast standards, and to implement the software in an object-oriented class library encapsulating the essential features of the major components of a vision system. A 3D color digitization system was conceived and implemented, based on existing standards, with the flexibility and extensibility provided by object-oriented software design. The system generated data in a standard 3D file format, and was used to digitize and create rendered images of a building. Although the construction of classes needed careful planning, once created they greatly facilitated system modification. Existing standards are suitable for use in a 3D vision system, but there are several limitations which are considered.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multivariate discrimination among cryptic species of the mite genus Chaetodactylus (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) associated with bees of the genus Lithurgus (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in North America.

Twenty-seven morphological characters from 111 heteromorphic deutonymphs of the mite genus Chaetodactylus Rondani (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) were analyzed. The mites were collected from four species of bees of the genus Lithurgus Berthold (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in continental North America. Principal component and canonical variates analyses on Darroch and Mosimann shape and size-and-shape variables revealed the presence of three cryptic species. Chaetodactylus gibbosi sp. n. (Florida) is geographically isolated from C. lithurgi sp. n. distributed in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Idaho. Sympatric C. lithurgi and C. abditus sp. n. (USA: Arizona, Mexico: Socorro Is.) are seasonally isolated in Arizona. Chaetodactylus gibbosi is associated with a single bee species, Lithurgus gibbosus Smith in Florida. The host range of C. lithurgi includes bees flying predominantly in the spring: L. apicalis Cresson, L. littoralis Cockerell, and western L. gibbosus. Chaetodactylusabditus sp. n. is associated with L. planifrons Friese and L. echinocacti Cockerell, flying predominantly in the fall in Arizona. No distinct groups separated by geographic locality or size were detected in any species. A six-variable model developed by the canonical variates analysis and estimated using jackknife resampling and external validation (n = 100) is capable of classifying the three species with 100% accuracy. Factors that influenced speciation of cryptic species of Chaetodactylus associated with Lithurgus are discussed. Based on morphological and geographical data and data on mite associates, the western and eastern populations of the bee L. gibbosus are distinct. Therefore, the taxonomic status of L. gibbosus s. lat. should be reevaluated.
Phosphatidyl inositol signaling by BCR/ABL: opportunities for drug development.

The t(9;22) translocation associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) fuses the c-ABL gene on chromosome 9 with the BCR gene on chromosome 22, resulting in the production of one or more of a family of chimeric oncoproteins, p190, p210, or p230 BCR/ABL. These proteins have activated ABL kinase activity and are located in the cytoplasm of CML cells, predominantly in the cytoskeleton. Recent studies have led to the identification of numerous potential substrates for BCR/ABL, including many proteins that normally function in signal transduction pathways downstream from hematopoietic growth factor receptors. BCR/ABL is autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues and attracts a variety of adapter proteins and other signaling proteins, setting up large signaling complexes that ultimately result in growth, viability, and adhesion signals. Using new in vitro and animal model systems, it is now becoming possible to link specific signaling pathways to biological abnormalities in CML cells. Furthermore, the relative importance of some BCR/ABL-activated pathways is becoming clear. In vivo studies in certain lines of transgenic mice suggest that the antiapoptotic effect of Bcr/Abl is more important than previously thought. Our current studies indicate important roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and for STAT molecules. As a result of these more detailed biochemical analyses of BCR/ABL function, new targets for future drug development have been identified.
Regulation of Enhanced Vacuolar H+-ATPase Expression in Macrophages

The proton-translocating vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) acidifies the endocytic network of eukaryotic cells. Although all eukaryotic cell types require low to moderate levels of V-ATPase, some proton-secreting cells express amplified levels for use in specialized membrane domains. To characterize genetic elements required for this heightened expression, we studied transcription and stability of mRNA encoding the V-ATPase c subunit in a low expressing fibroblast cell line (NIH 3T3) and a high expressing macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Isolation of the promoter and mapping of the transcriptional start site indicated that the c subunit promoter is TATA-less and initiates transcription at a single site. Promoter activity was regulated through the same transcription factor binding sites in both cell types, which showed no discernible difference in rates of c subunit transcription. In contrast, c subunit transcripts showed markedly greater stability in RAW cells than in 3T3 cells, as did other constitutively expressed V-ATPase subunit transcripts. Only the B and 'a' subunits, which are expressed in multiple isoforms, were not regulated solely by mRNA stability. These results suggest that overall expression levels of the V-ATPase are set primarily by regulation of mRNA stability and that transcriptional mechanisms determine subunit composition in varying cell types.
Iterative adaptive radiations of fossil canids show no evidence for diversity-dependent trait evolution

A long-standing hypothesis in adaptive radiation theory is that ecological opportunity constrains rates of phenotypic evolution, generating a burst of morphological disparity early in clade history. Empirical support for the early burst model is rare in comparative data, however. One possible reason for this lack of support is that most phylogenetic tests have focused on extant clades, neglecting information from fossil taxa. Here, I test for the expected signature of adaptive radiation using the outstanding 40-My fossil record of North American canids. Models implying time- and diversity-dependent rates of morphological evolution are strongly rejected for two ecologically important traits, body size and grinding area of the molar teeth. Instead, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes implying repeated, and sometimes rapid, attraction to distinct dietary adaptive peaks receive substantial support. Diversity-dependent rates of morphological evolution seem uncommon in clades, such as canids, that exhibit a pattern of replicated adaptive radiation. Instead, these clades might best be thought of as deterministic radiations in constrained Simpsonian subzones of a major adaptive zone. Support for adaptive peak models may be diagnostic of subzonal radiations. It remains to be seen whether early burst or ecological opportunity models can explain broader adaptive radiations, such as the evolution of higher taxa.
Optical, mechanical and corrosion properties of metal-metal and metal-dielectric thin layered films

Abstract Optical, mechanical and corrosion properties have been studied on the following bilayer coatings: Cr-(67% Cu + 33% Zn), Ti-(67% Cu + 33% Zn), CuZn, AuCr, CrCu and CuNi. Both Crbrass and CrCu were studied with overlayers of SiO 2 , with and without thin underlayers of Cr next to the SiO 2 . Thus the systems CrCuCr, CrbrassSiO 2 , brassCrSiO 2 and CrCuSiO 2 were also studied. These were compared with single layers of brass, Cr and Cu. Layered structures were deposited in both MRC diode and NRC triode sputtering systems. The triple-target r.f. diode system was used to sputter sequentially three different layer thicknesses. The thickness of the metallic layers was varied between 5 and 200 A, while the SiO 2 thickness was kept constant at 670 A. Results are presented for the optical reflectance and transmittance in the region 0.6–4.0 eV, the solar transmittance factors, DW (nm) and saturation index P . Hardness, scratch resistance and corrosion resistance tests under cyclic conditions were also made. It is shown that layering is a powerful technique for control of the optical, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of the films.
In a semi-infinite program only a countable subset of the constraints is essential

Abstract In this note, it is shown that, for an arbitrary semi-infinite convex program, there exists a countable subcollection of the constraints which gives the primal program and whose dual gives the original dual value.
Health Beliefs, Health Locus of Control, and the Frequency of Practice of Breast Self-Examination in Women

The relationship of health beliefs, health locus of control, and the frequency of practice of breast self‐examination in women was explored through use of a survey. Health beliefs alone and health beliefs combined with internal health locus of control were found to predict the frequency of practice of breast self‐examination in a sample of 48 women. The combined variables of health beliefs, internal health locus of control, religion, and occupation explained 80% of the variance in nonpractice and 73.3% of the variance for high practice. Moderate frequency practice was not a significant predictor of breast self‐examination. Discriminant function analysis, canonical correlation, and analysis of variance were used in the data analysis.
An improved experimental scheme to measure self-diffusion coefficients of biomolecules with an advantageous use of radiation damping

Abstract An improved nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental scheme to measure self-diffusion coefficients of biomolecules in 95% H2O using pulsed-magnetic-field gradients is presented. The radiation damping of water, which deleteriously effects the quality of the spectra in high-field NMR, is advantageously used in reducing the water signal. The enhancements of the new sequence, designated BPP-SED, a novel combination of BPP-LED (bipolar-gradient-pulse pair longitudinal eddy current delay) and SED (selective echo dephasing) is demonstrated by measuring self-diffusion coefficients of dilute protein samples (0.5 mM) in limited volumes (250 μl).
Current Approaches to the Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents

TOPIC A review of major depressive disorder and antidepressant drug treatment in children and adolescents. PURPOSE This paper provides a synthesis of current information regarding diagnosis, psychobiology, psychopharmacology, and practice guidelines for psychiatric nurses involved in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents. SOURCES Recent journal and book publications regarding the psychopharmacological treatment of depression in children and adolescents. CONCLUSION Although there is far less research to guide the psychopharmacological treatment of depression in children and adolescents than there is for adults, these treatments can be safely administered and effective for some individuals in this age group.
On a variational principle for elastic displacements and pressure

On obtient une generalisation d'un principe variationnel en elasticite geometriquement lineaire, pour des deplacements u i et pour une variable de pression p definie convenablement dont l'importance technique et reconnue pour des materiaux incompressibles et quasi incompressibles
Exploring Perceptions of Slut-Shaming on Facebook: Evidence for a Reverse Sexual Double Standard

Although there is a widespread belief that women are judged more harshly for sexual activity than men, research on the existence of the sexual double standard has been mixed. We investigated the sexual double standard and “slut-shaming” by asking participants to provide perceptions of both a target of “slut-shaming” and a “shamer.” Male and female participants viewed a blinded Facebook conversation in which the male or female target, or “slut,” was shamed by either a male or female “shamer.” We found evidence for a reverse sexual double standard; male “sluts” were judged more harshly. Furthermore, the “shamer” was negatively evaluated, especially when shaming a woman. Our participants also indicated a belief in a societal sexual double standard. They perceived the “shamer” to be more judgmental and less congratulatory when the “slut” was female. Furthermore, qualitative data indicated that female “sluts” were believed to be labeled as such for lower levels of sexual behavior (e.g., sexy clothing or dancing), than was the case for male “sluts” (e.g., sex with multiple partners). Our data indicate that individual beliefs are changing more quickly than social perceptions.
In vivo fluorometric assessment of cyclosporine on mitochondrial function during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

Background Cyclosporine A (CsA) limits myocardial reperfusion injury and preserves mitochondrial integrity, but its influence on mitochondrial function has not been described in vivo. Auto-fluorescence of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide correlate with mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesized that CsA limits mitochondrial dysfunction and that fluorometry can quantify this influence. Methods Seventeen rabbits were studied: untreated (UnT, n=7), CsA preinfarction (CsAp, n=6), and CsA on reperfusion (CsAr, n=4). Animals underwent 30 minutes of myocardial ischemia and 3 hours reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by staining. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide fluorescence was continually measured in the risk area. The redox ratio was calculated [flavin adenine dinucleotide f /(flavin adenine dinucleotide f + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide f )]. Electron microscopy evaluated mitochondria morphology. Results The infarct size by group was 39.1% ± 1.7% in CsAp, 39.1% ± 1.7% in CsAr, and 53.4% ± 1.9% in UnT ( p p p = 0.026) and CsAr (1.35 ± 0.02, p = 0.056) groups. Electron microscopy revealed reduced mitochondrial disruption in CsAp (19.7% ± 7.6%) and CsAr (18.1% ± 7.1%) rabbits compared with UnT (53.3% ± 12.5%). Conclusions Fluorometric spectroscopy can be used in vivo to quantitatively assess the time course of CsA's influence on the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
Second home second view: host community perceptions.

Abstract This paper discusses second home owners' perceptions of facilities and services within the community, and moves beyond previous research that addressed primary motivation for location decisions. A total of 513 respondents contributed information on outdoor and indoor recreational activities, tax-supported services, health-care services, environment, crowding, and increases in tourism within a Wisconsin second home community. Findings show that the second home owners may influence the facilities, services, and sociocultural aspects of the community. Second home owners' attitudes and perceptions may be as important in determining community direction as permanent resident perceptions.
Exergy analysis of a combined engine-organic Rankine cycle configuration:

AbstractThis article presents an exergy analysis of a combined engine-organic Rankine cycle configuration (E-ORC) using the exergy topological method. A detailed roadmap of exergy flow is presented using an exergy destruction chart to clearly depict the exergy accounting associated with each thermodynamic process. The analysis indicates that an ORC combined with an engine not only improves the engine thermal efficiency but also increases the exergy efficiency. Different organic fluids are evaluated in this article. Depending on the organic fluid employed, the thermal and exergy efficiencies could be increased by approximately 10 per cent. Parameters such as the thermodynamic influence coefficient and degree of thermodynamic perfection are identified as useful design metrics to assist exergy-based design of devices. This article also examines the effect of the pinch-point temperature difference (PPTD) on the E-ORC performance. Results show that the lower the PPTD the higher the thermal and exergy efficiencies.
Should the metabolic syndrome patient with prediabetes be offered pharmacotherapy

Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance reflect perturbations in glucose metabolism and define a prediabetic state in which risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increased. There is overlap between prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome, which itself increases the risk for T2DM and cardiovascular disease. The utility of medical interventions to prevent progression to diabetes in prediabetic individuals, many of whom also manifest metabolic syndrome, has been examined in several large clinical trials. Intensive lifestyle intervention consistently results in drastic reductions in the incidence of T2DM and reversal of metabolic syndrome. Additionally, pharmacotherapies—including metformin, acarbose, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and renin-angiotensin inhibitors—also reduce diabetes incidence with variable effects on metabolic syndrome components. Taken together, we recommend that prediabetic patients undergo intensive lifestyle intervention, with the addition of pharmacotherapy based on the presence of specific features of the metabolic syndrome, for diabetes prevention.
Combining multiple heuristics online

We present black-box techniques for learning how to interleave the execution of multiple heuristics in order to improve average-case performance. In our model, a user is given a set of heuristics whose only observable behavior is their running time. Each heuristic can compute a solution to any problem instance, but its running time varies across instances. The user solves each instance by interleaving runs of the heuristics according to a task-switching schedule. We present (i) exact and approximation algorithms for computing an optimal task-switching schedule offline, (ii) sample complexity bounds for learning a task-switching schedule from training data, and (iii) a no-regret strategy for selecting task-switching schedules online. We demonstrate the power of our results using data from recent solver competitions. We outline how to extend our results to the case in which the heuristics are randomized, and the user may periodically restart each heuristic with a fresh random seed.