cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A trans-Holocene historical ecological record of shellfish harvesting on California's Northern Channel Islands

For over 10,000 years, shellfish were an important food and raw material resource for ancient peoples on California’s Northern Channel Islands. Early Channel Island peoples often focused on large, easy-to-gather intertidal species such as California mussels (Mytilus californianus) and black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), with later peoples expanding their shellfish economy to include a wider range of species. By the time of European contact (AD 1542–1820) the Island Chumash lived in large, sedentary villages and collected a diverse range of shellfish species by the millions. Although predation by the Chumash and their ancestors affected the size of several key shellfish species, 19th and 20th century commercial harvests targeted specific, high-value species for global markets, bringing several shellfish species (e.g., white [Haliotis sorenseni], pink [Haliotis corrugata], and black abalone) to the brink of extinction. This analysis of shellfish remains from Northern Channel Island archaeological sites tracks the changing role of shellfish in human subsistence economies from Terminal Pleistocene to Historic times. An archaeological record featuring several millennia of relative resiliency under intensive Native American predation suggests that regulated, sustainable, and productive shellfish fisheries can be maintained if balanced and healthy near-shore ecosystems are rebuilt.
Some connections between global hyperbolicity and geodesic completeness

Abstract We establish for space-times obeying certain curvature conditions (consistent with gravity being attractive) some clear cut connections between global hyperbolicity and timelike geodesic completeness. We show, under suitable circumstances, that if the future of a spacelike hypersurface is future timelike geodesically complete then it is global hyperbolic. A partial converse is also obtained. One of our results is a consequence of a ⪡splitting theorem⪢ for space-times which admit a maximal hypersurface. Our main results are used to improve certain aspects of some splitting theorems previously obtained in the literature.
Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase leads to increased hepatic apoptosis and decreased fibrosis in mice after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in liver injury and fibrosis is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inducible NO synthase deficiency (iNOS−/−) affects liver injury and fibrosis produced in mice by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. Wild-type (WT) or iNOS−/− mice were subjected to biweekly CCl4 injections over 8 weeks, whereas controls were given isovolumetric injections of olive oil. Serum aminotransferases were lower after CCl4 in the iNOS−/− than in the WT mice, which correlated with decreased necrosis on liver histology. There was increased apoptosis, a lower number of stellate cells, and a lesser degree of fibrosis after CCl4 in the iNOS−/− as compared with the WT mice. α1(I) collagen messenger RNA (mRNA) was markedly increased after CCl4 in the WT and to a significantly lesser extent in the iNOS−/− mice. Liver matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA and MMP-2 mRNA were increased more in the WT than in the iNOS−/− mice after CCl4. Also tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) mRNA was increased to a much greater extent in the WT than in the iNOS−/− mice after CCl4 (P < 0.05). However, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein, determined by western blot, were similarly increased after CCl4 in both groups of mice. Conclusion: NO protects against CCl4-induced apoptosis. In the absence of iNOS, there is decreased necrosis, increased apoptosis, and reduced liver fibrosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;47:2051–2058.)
Galvanic synthesis of bi-modal porous metal nanostructures using aluminum nanoparticle templates

Abstract Galvanic replacement reaction has been used to synthesize various metal nanostructures, in which a more cathodic (less active) metal was generated by the replacement reaction between the metal precursor solution and a more anodic (active) metal (template material). To date, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Co have been used as template materials to fabricate new nanomaterials and nanostructures. In the previous research, we showed that aluminum (Al) nanoparticles can be used to synthesize porous Ni and Co nanoparticles. In this paper, we show the galvanic synthesis of bi-modal nanostructures using Al nanoparticle templates. The template particle, Al nanoparticle (∼120 nm diameter), owing to its very low redox potential (−1.66 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode, SHE), can be replaced by metals such as Ni, Co, In, Fe, Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd, and Pb. Replacement with Ni, Co, In, and Fe results in dispersed porous nanoparticles with single or multiple pores. Continuous, porous nanostructures of larger micron sized aggregates are formed by replacement with Ag, Au, Pd, and Pb, and spherical porous particles by replacement with Cu and Pt. We speculate that growth kinetics play an important role in the formation of the porous nanostructures. Growth mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of bi-modal porous nanostructures.
A Cathepsin B-like Protease Is Required for Host Protein Degradation in Trypanosoma brucei

Identification and analysis of Clan CA (papain) cysteine proteases in primitive protozoa and metazoa have suggested that this enzyme family is more diverse and biologically important than originally thought. The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the etiological agent of African sleeping sickness. The cysteine protease activity of this organism is a validated drug target as first recognized by the killing of the parasite with the diazomethane inhibitor Z-Phe-Ala-CHN(2) (where Z is benzyloxycarbonyl). Whereas the presumed target of this inhibitor was rhodesain (also brucipain, trypanopain), the major cathepsin L-like cysteine protease of T. brucei, genomic analysis has now identified tbcatB, a cathepsin B-like cysteine protease as a possible inhibitor target. The mRNA of tbcatB is more abundantly expressed in the bloodstream versus the procyclic form of the parasite. Induction of RNA interference against rhodesain did not result in an abnormal phenotype in cultured T. brucei. However, induction of RNA interference against tbcatB led to enlargement of the endosome, accumulation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-transferrin, defective cytokinesis after completion of mitosis, and ultimately the death of cultured parasites. Therefore, tbcatB, but not rhodesain, is essential for T. brucei survival in culture and is the most likely target of the diazomethane protease inhibitor Z-Phe-Ala-CHN(2) in T. brucei.
Good things come to those who wait: attenuated discounting of delayed rewards in aged Fischer 344 rats.

The ability to make advantageous choices among outcomes that differ in magnitude, probability, and delay until their arrival is critical for optimal survival and well-being across the lifespan. Aged individuals are often characterized as less impulsive in their choices than their young adult counterparts, demonstrating an increased ability to forgo immediate in favor of delayed (and often more beneficial) rewards. Such “wisdom” is usually characterized as a consequence of learning and life experience. However, aging is also associated with prefrontal cortical dysfunction and concomitant impairments in advantageous choice behavior. Animal models afford the opportunity to isolate the effects of biological aging on decision-making from experiential factors. To model one critical component of decision-making, young adult and aged Fischer 344 rats were trained on a two-choice delay discounting task in which one choice provided immediate delivery of a small reward and the other provided a large reward delivered after a variable delay period. Whereas young adult rats showed a characteristic pattern of choice behavior (choosing the large reward at short delays and shifting preference to the small reward as delays increased), aged rats maintained a preference for the large reward at all delays (i.e., attenuated “discounting” of delayed rewards). This increased preference for the large reward in aged rats was not due to perceptual, motor, or motivational factors. The data strongly suggest that, independent of life experience, there are underlying neurobiological factors that contribute to age-related changes in decision-making, and particularly the ability to delay gratification.
THE INTERACTION OF PHOTONS AND PHONONS WITH CRYSTAL SURFACES

In the first part of this paper the dielectric tensor eµν(ω) is determined for a thin slab of an ionic crystal of the rocksalt structure, bounded by a pair of parallel [001] surfaces. The result serves as the basis for a calculation of the absorption coefficient of the slab, and a discussion of the feasibility of studying infrared active optical surface modes by the technique of infrared absorption. In the second part a derivation is presented of a formal expression for the inverse relaxation time for the scattering of phonons by the boundaries of a crystal. This expression is evaluated for two simple crystals, and the results are compared briefly with expressions used in calculations of the lattice thermal conductivity of insulating crystals.
Atmospheric forces drive development of superrotation

Planetary scientists are still puzzling over how superrotation—when a planet's atmosphere rotates faster than its surface—develops on a small or slowly rotating planet like Venus or Titan. Researchers have previously suggested that a certain kind of atmospheric eddy activity is required to retain the momentum surplus over the equator of a planet, where superrotation develops, but have not yet identified this underlying mechanism.
Mg2Ca(SO4)3: Correct Stoichiometry of the Compound Previously Reported as Mg3Ca(SO4)4

By elemental analyses of extracts from industrially produced material, X-ray diffraction studies on single crystals and powders, and critical evaluations of the previous literature, it is shown that the compound variously reported or assumed to be Mg3Ca(SO4)4 in previous studies is actually Mg2Ca(SO4)3 and that this finding is not only reasonable, but was to be expected.
Slow cation transfer follows sensitizer regeneration at anatase TiO2 interfaces.

After rapid photoinduced electron injection into TiO2 and regeneration by a donor, D, such as iodide or phenothiazine, sensitizers are present in an environment distinctly different from that prior to light absorption. Significantly, the absorption spectrum of the Ru(II) sensitizer in this new environment is one that is known to be less favorable for excited-state electron injection. The transient absorption features were found to report on photoinduced variations in the local electronic environment of the Ru(II) sensitizer−TiO2 interface that were induced by ion transfer. The data demonstrate that slow (μs to ms) cation transfer follows regeneration to yield the sensitizer that was initially photoexcited.
A study of oxic/anoxic effects on degradation of sterols at the simulated sediment–water interface of coastal sediments

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to determine the behavior of sterols at the sediment–water interface in oxic and anoxic sediments. Both plankton and 4-14C-cholesterol were used as tracers. Cholesterol was rapidly degraded at the sediment–water interface: 55% of 14C-cholesterol was lost from sediments under anoxic conditions and 78% under oxic conditions over three and one-half months. About 3% of initially-added free radiolabel was incorporated into a bound pool that was released only by saponification of solvent-extracted sediment. Less than 1% of initially-added radiolabel remained in pore waters after three and one-half months. Rate constants for degradation of cholesterol in oxic and anoxic surficial sediments were estimated by tracking variations in radioactivity and sterol concentration as a function of time. We discuss our results in terms of factors affecting sterol degradation in coastal marine sediments, including molecular structure, sediment matrix effect, and redox conditions.
Classifying the isolated zeros of asymptotic gravitational radiation by tendex and vortex lines

A new method to visualize the curvature of spacetime was recently proposed. This method finds the eigenvectors of the electric and magnetic components of the Weyl tensor and, in analogy to the field lines of electromagnetism, uses the eigenvectors’ integral curves to illustrate the spacetime curvature. Here we use this approach, along with well-known topological properties of fields on closed surfaces, to show that an arbitrary, radiating, asymptotically flat spacetime must have points near null infinity where the gravitational radiation vanishes. At the zeros of the gravitational radiation, the field of integral curves develops singular features analogous to the critical points of a vector field. We can, therefore, apply the topological classification of singular points of unoriented lines as a method to describe the radiation field. We provide examples of the structure of these points using linearized gravity and discuss an application to the extreme-kick black-hole-binary merger.
Recent Trends of Emigration from China: 1982–2000

Using data from several Chinese censuses and surveys we provide a new perspective for the study of international migration. Focusing on the trends of international migration from China and Fujian province between 1982 and 2000 several findings emerge. First Fujian and Yunnan provinces became the leading immigrant-sending provinces in China by 2000. Second changes in socio-economic selectivity among emigrants from Fujian province from 1990 to 1995 are also clearly revealed in our analysis. The shift from urbanites to rural peasants among the emigrant population is particularly noteworthy. Third in the context of Fujian province factors such as age education rural/urban status and occupation (especially the service sector) are the most important predictors of emigration. The paper ends with a discussion of the prospects of assimilation of Fujianese immigrants in destination societies. (authors)
Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation parameters on specific tension.

This study examined the effects of altering surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (SNMES) parameters on the specific tension of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Seven able-bodied subjects had magnetic resonance images taken of both thighs prior to and immediately after four SNMES protocols to determine the activated muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). The four protocols were: (1) research (RES, 100 Hz, 450 μs, and amplitude set to evoke 75% of maximal voluntary isometric torque, MVIT); (2) pulse duration (PD, 100 Hz, 150 μs, same current as in RES); (3) frequency (FREQ, 25 Hz, 450 μs, and same current as in RES); (4) amplitude (AMP, 100 Hz, 450 μs, and current set to evoke the average of the initial torques of PD and FREQ, 45 ± 9% of MVIT). Reducing the amplitude of the current from 75 to 45% of MVIT did not alter specific tension, 25 ± 8 N/cm2, suggesting that the amplitude probably affects torque and the area of activated muscle proportionally. Shortening the pulse duration from 450 to 150 μs caused specific tension to drop from 25 ± 6 to 20 ± 6 N/cm2 (P < 0.05), indicating that pulse duration increased torque and the activated CSA disproportionally. Alternatively, reducing the frequency from 100 to 25 Hz decreased specific tension from 25 ± 6 to 17 ± 4 N/cm2 (P < 0.05), suggesting that the frequency increased torque without affecting the activated CSA. Clinicians who administer SNMES should be aware of the magnitude of adaptations to a given amplitude, pulse duration, and frequency.
Field management of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean using biological control agents

Abstract Biological control agents (BCAs) were evaluated for their efficacy on reducing the number of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in the soil and on Sclerotinia stem rot in soybean production systems in Michigan. BCAs included Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91–08 (Product name: Contans®WG), Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 (Actinovate®AG), Trichoderma harzianum T-22 (PlantShield®HC), and Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (Serenade®MAX). At two field locations, soil artificially infested with S. sclerotiorum sclerotia, was treated by incorporating the above BCAs in the topsoil before planting and boscalid was applied as a foliar fungicide at growth stage R1 as a positive control. C. minitans was the most effective BCA and reduced the disease severity index (DSI) by 68.5% and the number of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in the soil by 95.3%. S. lydicus and T. harzianum reduced DSI by 43.1% and 38.5% and sclerotia in soil by 90.6% and 70.8%, respectively. B. subtilis only had a marginal effect on S. sclerotiorum. Populations of Bacillus, Streptomyces, Trichoderma spp., and C. minitans collected from soil samples and at 3, 28, 71, and 169 days after BCA application indicated that the population of Streptomyces, Trichoderma spp., and C. minitans did not change significantly throughout the season, which may be the reason for their effectiveness.
Free operant single and double alternation in the albino rat: A demonstration

This experiment assessed the ability of rats to learn uncued free operant single- and double-alternation tasks. Each of six male albino rats was trained to single and double alternate responses between two levers in an operant conditioning chamber. All rats, quickly mastered the single-alternation task. Accuracy improved with increased double-alternation training and was above the level predicted by chance. However, double-alternation accuracy was higher when extra responses were allowed (e.g., LLLRR was reinforced as was LLRR). The rats in this experiment were totally unable to perform two correct double alternations in sequence (i.e., LLRRLLRR or RRLLRRLL).
Attenuated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung microvascular endothelial cells is associated with an increase in ICAM-1 expression*

Abstract Background/Purpose: The molecular and cellular events that regulate inflammatory lung injury, a major cause of morbidity in surgical patients, remain unclear. The authors hypothesize that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in regulating polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)-induced acute lung injury, and further, that attenuated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and therefore decreased production of NO by lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC), accelerates inflammation and injury. Methods: LMVEC and aortic EC (AEC) from rat and human were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines; changes in iNOS mRNA expression and iNOS activity were determined. The role of NO in mediating inflammatory responses was evaluated by determining PMN adherence to LMVEC and lung tissue slices in the presence and absence of NOS inhibitors and NO donors. Human LMVEC and AEC were assessed by FACS analysis for ICAM-1 expression, because this is thought to be a critical determinant of PMN adherence. Results: When stimulated with endotoxin and cytokines, rat AEC monolayers express nearly 3-fold more iNOS mRNA than rat LMVEC. The low levels of LMVEC iNOS expression are associated with a 4-fold lower nitrite and nitrate production. Similar trends are seen in human endothelial cells. When iNOS activity was blocked, PMN adherence to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)/LPS-stimulated LMVEC was markedly increased. In contrast, adding a nitric oxide donor to endotoxin/cytokine-stimulated LMVEC monolayers reduced PMN adherence to near background levels. Similar responses were observed in vivo. Human lung microvascular endothelial cells show a substantially increased level of ICAM-1 upregulation when compared with similarly stimulated human aortic macrovascular endothelial cells. Conclusions: These data indicate that LMVEC express less iNOS and produce less NO than AEC. This lower expression and activity of iNOS in LMVEC may be linked to increased expression of ICAM-1. Because ICAM-1 has been shown to be essential for tight PMN adherence, these data suggest that relatively low iNOS expression in LMVEC may contribute to a propensity for the lung to be injured by activated PMNs. J Pediatr Surg 36:1136-1142. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
The effect of smoking and timing of smoking cessation on clinical outcome in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

To the Editor: We read, with great interest, the article by Grotenhuis et al. [1] that reported no association between smoking and recurrence risk within a cohort of patients with non–muscleinvasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and appreciate the authors' candid acknowledgments of the methodologic limitations of their study. These include the retrospective study design among prevalent patients with NMIBC, and the lack of precision in classifying patients into those who quit smoking shortly before or after diagnosis. The authors point out that the issue of timing of cessation relative to diagnosis is especially important as most recurrences occur within the first 2 years. Therefore, the clinically relevant question of whether continued smoking after diagnosis adversely affects NMIBC recurrence is still an open question. A prospective study that carefully captures and estimates the prognostic effect of postdiagnosis smoking among incident patients with bladder cancer has yet to be performed. Ideally such a study would feature biochemical verification of smoking exposure, as misreporting of smoking status among patients with cancer is high [2]. Such prospective studies have been conducted among patients with lung cancer and clearly demonstrate the adverse effects of continued smoking after diagnosis [3]. These data have led to recent policy statements from the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Society of Clinical
The Accessibility of Conceptual Number to the Processes of Subject–Verb Agreement in English☆☆☆

Abstract Four experiments investigated whether the conceptual number of a subject phrase can control verb agreement in English. Following a study by Bock and Miller (1991, Experiment 2), speakers provided sentence completions for grammatically singular subject phrases that referred to one referent (e.g., The trap for the rats ) or to distributed copies of a referent (e.g., The stamp on the envelopes ). The numbers of plural agreement errors produced in the completions were compared. Contrary to Bock and Miller's findings, significantly more errors were produced following the distributive-referent phrases. The results of two rating studies showed that the phrases used here were easier to imagine and therefore conceptually more accessible than the phrases used in Bock and Miller's study. Additional evidence for the role of conceptual accessibility came from a positive correlation between the phrases' imageability ratings and the number of agreement errors they elicited. The implications of these results for theoretical issues concerning the interaction between conceptual and grammatical encoding are discussed.
A multiple ion-exchange membrane design for redox flow batteries

Here we present a multiple ion-exchange membrane (IEM) cell design for redox flow batteries (RFBs) that can generally accommodate redox pair combinations with any mixed ion charges. This design also allows flexible choice of electrolytes such as an acid electrolyte at one electrode while a base in the other. More specifically, the double-IEM cell with one anion-exchange membrane (AEM), one cation-exchange membrane (CEM), and a middle electrolyte in between can work with all redox pairs except for the case of two hybrid redox pairs (i.e., an anion–cation pair vs. an anion–cation pair). For the combination of two hybrid pairs, a triple-IEM cell with three membranes (CEM/AEM/CEM or AEM/CEM/AEM) and two middle electrolytes is needed. The double- and triple-IEM cells bring unprecedented freedom in choosing redox pairs and supporting electrolytes. Of particular importance, two featured aqueous RFBs are demonstrated here: (1) ultra-high voltage zinc–cerium RFB with 3.08 V standard cell voltage, the highest among all known aqueous RFBs; and (2) ultra-low cost sulfur–iron RFB with 1.22 V standard cell voltage, with two highly available elements (iron and sulfur are the 1st and 5th most produced elements worldwide, respectively).
Active Site Mutations in DNA Topoisomerase I Distinguish the Cytotoxic Activities of Camptothecin and the Indolocarbazole, Rebeccamycin

DNA topoisomerase I (Top1p) catalyzes topological changes in DNA and is the cellular target of the antitumor agent camptothecin (CPT). Non-CPT drugs that target Top1p, such as indolocarbazoles, are under clinical development. However, whether the cytotoxicity of indolocarbazoles derives from Top1p poisoning remains unclear. To further investigate indolocarbazole mechanism, rebeccamycin R-3 activity was examined in vitro and in yeast. Using a series of Top1p mutants, where substitution of residues around the active site tyrosine has well-defined effects on enzyme catalysis, we show that catalytically active, CPT-resistant enzymes remain sensitive to R-3. This indolocarbazole did not inhibit yeast Top1p activity, yet was effective in stabilizing Top1p-DNA complexes. Similar results were obtained with human Top1p, when Ser or His were substituted for Asn-722. The mutations altered enzyme function and sensitivity to CPT, yet R-3 poisoning of Top1p was unaffected. Moreover, top1delta, rad52delta yeast cells expressing human Top1p, but not catalytically inactive Top1Y723Fp, were sensitive to R-3. These data support hTop1p as the cellular target of R-3 and indicate that distinct drug-enzyme interactions at the active site are required for efficient poisoning by R-3 or CPT. Furthermore, resistance to one poison may potentiate cell sensitivity to structurally distinct compounds that also target Top1p.
Low-temperature amorphous-to-crystalline transformation of CoSi2 films

Amorphous‐to‐crystalline transformation of e‐gun co‐deposited CoSi2 films occurs from 150 to 200 °C, as observed by in situ resistivity measurement and transmission electron microscopy. Resistivity changes abruptly from 1500 to 110 μΩ cm as the amorphous film transforms into circular crystallites that are circular before impingement occurs. A room‐temperature resistivity of 30 μΩ cm was obtained by annealing the film to 500 °C.
An inverse analysis for estimating the time-varying inlet temperature in laminar flow inside a parallel plate duct

Abstract An inverse problem utilizing the conjugate gradient method of minimization with adjoint problem is used to estimate the timewise variation of the inlet temperature of a thermally developing, hydrodynamically developed laminar flow between parallel plates by utilizing transient temperature measurements from a single thermocouple located downstream of the entrance. It is assumed that there is no prior information available on the functional form of time dependence of the inlet temperature other than that which can be inferred from the measured downstream temperatures. The effects of functional form of the inlet temperature, sensor position, magnitude of measurement error and data sampling rate on the accuracy of estimates are examined. In order to examine the accuracy of the method under most strict conditions, timewise variations in the form of step changes were also studied. The inverse analysis considered here could predict the timewise variation of inlet temperature even under such strict conditions. The estimates are notably more accurate when the thermocouple is placed near the entrance.
Hedonic Consumption ; Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions

This paper defines hedonic consumption as those facets of consumer behavior that relate to the multisensory, fantasy and emotive aspects of product usage experience. After delineating these concept...
Receptors in the monochromat eye.

Abstract We studied the retina of a monochromat whose vision had been tested extensively during his life. Cones were present but in sharply reduced numbers from those in the normal eye. There were no receptors in the fovea. Results are consistent with psychophysical observation on this subject and other monochromats. Monochromats show some evidence of cone functioning when tested with flicker and dark adaptation, but they have no color vision and have poor acuity. A sharply reduced number of cones might produce all of these symptoms.
Growth of toxigenic Escherichia coli in Oral Rehydration Solutions

Abstract The ability of three strains of toxigenic Escherichia coli to grow in glucose-electrolyte oral rehydration solution (ORS) used for the treatment of dehydration due to diarrhea was studied. The purpose was to determine the potential risk that such home-based therapy might pose for transmission of infection if the ORS were contaminated with potential pathogens. Inocula of 10 5 unwashed organisms from broth culture were rapidly killed in ORS made with chlorinated tap water and increased by 1.5–2 log 10 in ORS in triple-distilled laboratory water. When media constituents were first removed by washing, one strain failed to grow in ORS-distilled water, but multiplied to a level of 10 6 organisms/ml in ORS in water obtained from a rural village in the highlands of Guatemala. Multiplication of organisms in ORS depends on the presence of a nitrogen source. These limited data support current guidelines for preparation and use of ORS in the field employing available drinking water, as bacterial growth is restricted by the nitrogen content of the water.
Use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors in recipients without evidence of hepatitis B infection: A survey of current practice in the United States

Abstract Because of the current organ shortage, some liver transplant programs have begun to accept marginal organs that previously would have been rejected. An example is the use of donors with evidence of past hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To gain insight into the use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive (anti-HBc+) donor livers in recipients without evidence of HBV infection, we conducted a survey. Surveys consisting of 12 multiple-choice questions were sent to all 110 liver transplant programs across the United States in mid-2001, and 56 of 110 surveys (51%) could be evaluated. Overall, 32 of 56 programs (57%) indicated they would transplant an anti-HBc+ liver into a recipient without serological evidence of HBV infection. Of those who would accept an anti-HBc+ liver, 16 of 27 respondents (59%) indicated knowledge of HBV DNA status would change their protocol; 46% of these respondents would decrease prophylaxis if HBV DNA was negative, 27% would increase prophylaxis if HBV DNA was positive, and 27% would not accept the liver if HBV DNA was positive. Conversely, 9 of 28 respondents (32%) who would not accept an anti-HBc+ liver stated that knowing HBV DNA status would change their protocol in that they might consider accepting livers if HBV DNA was negative. In conclusion, as of mid-2001, of transplant medical directors in the United States who responded to our survey, 57% would accept an anti-HBc+ donor liver for an HBV-naive recipient. Treatment protocols for using these organs varied. Knowledge about HBV DNA status of the donor and/or liver would greatly influence prophylaxis for those accepting anti-HBc+ donor livers. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:837-842.)
Various factors affecting cholesterol esterification in plasma lipoproteins by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase

Abstract Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in human plasma seems to be associated exclusively with the protein fraction of d > 1.210. Incomplete separation of the plasma lipoprotein fraction ( d d > 1.210) was incubated with increasing concentrations of total lipoproteins, the rate of cholesterol esterification increased linearly to the concentration equivalent to approx. 0.7 mM free cholesterol. A maximum esterification was obtained at free cholesterol concentrations of 0.8–1.0 mM; further increase in the concentration resulted in a decline in the esterification rate. The maximum per cent of free cholesterol esterified upon prolonged incubation of plasma did not appear to be significantly affected by the concentrations of either the enzyme or albumin present in the protein fraction ( d > 1.210). The progressive decline in the esterification rate after 50–70% of the cholesterol had been esterified may be due to a decrease in the effective concentration of substrates. It was also observed that the esterification of free cholesterol in the plasma was progressively inhibited with increase in the concentrations of both NaCl and NaBr. Of the two salts, NaBr was the more effective inhibitor.
Impact of erosion and accretion on the distribution of enterococci in beach sands

Bacterial pathogens in coastal sediments may pose a health risk to users of beaches. Although recent work shows that beach sands harbor both indicator bacteria and potential pathogens, it is neither known how deep within beach sands the organisms may persist nor if they may be exposed during natural physical processes. In this study, sand cores of approximately 100 cm depth were collected at three sites across the beach face in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, before, during, and after large waves from an offshore hurricane. The presence of DNA from the fecal indicator bacterium Enterococci was detected in subsamples at different depths within the cores by PCR amplification. Erosion and accretion of beach sand at the three sites were also determined for each sampling day. The results indicate that ocean beach sands with persisting enterococci signals could be exposed and redistributed when wind, waves, and currents cause beach erosion or accretion. & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The magnetocaloric effect on nickel

The original data of Weiss and Forrer are reanalyzed with the aim to obtain a precise relation between the observed temperature rise and the magnetic field strength at temperatures both above and below the Curie temperature. The application of nonlinear least squares analysis reveals that a simple dependence of the temperature rise upon the magnetic field strength does not give a good fit. A more complex expression is therefore used, employing two different exponents (as adjustable parameters) for the magnetic field strength. The exponent 2, required in the original theory of Weiss, appears only in the paramagnetic region, while exponent 3 applies in the ferromagnetic region. The second exponent, valid at high fields, is close to 1 in the ferromagnetic region and near 0.7 in the paramagnetic region (lower values are obtained for some temperatures, but are shown to be of low significance).
Seasonal and diel variation in the rhythmicity of Idotea baltica (Pallas) and Idotea granulosa Rathke

Abstract The swimming activity of Idotea baltica and Idotea granulosa was investigated by means of photocells. The activity patterns of both species showed great seasonal variations. Both species showed no swimming activity in winter (Idotea baltica from November-March, and Idotea granulosa from September-March). The rest of the year both species had one activity peak between midnight and sunrise. Idotea baltica was nocturnal in early spring, in summer the activity was high all 24 hours, besides the nocturnal maximum an increased activity was evident in the afternoon till two hours after SS. At the end of September and the beginning of October I. baltica was nocturnal. The same variation in the activity pattern was found for I. granulosa. Under artificial light/dark conditions both species were nocturnal. When the light/dark change was right-angled this was the dominating Zeitgeber.
Aggression as a function of exposure and similarity to a nonaggressive model

Eighty male undergraduates participated in an experiment designed to investigate the effects of exposure to a nonaggressive model, level of prior anger arousal, and degree of observer-model similarity on adult aggressive behavior. The dependent measures of aggression were the intensity and duration of shocks delivered to the victim by Ss on occasions when this person appeared to make errors on a learning task. Results indicated that exposure to the model was effective in reducing the duration of attacks against the victim both in the presence and absence of prior anger arousal, but succeeded in lowering the intensity of Ss′ aggressive acts only in the absence of such instigation.
IR-Assisted Ionization of He+/He++ by Attosecond Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Radiation

High harmonics, in form of attosecond pulse trains, are used to coherently excite He*/He*+states just below the He+/He++ionization threshold. IR-induced He+yield shows evidence of sub-cycle modulation of atomic stark shift.
The publics' understanding of daily caloric recommendations and their perceptions of calorie posting in chain restaurants

Background Calorie posting in chain restaurants has received increasing attention as a policy lever to reduce energy intake. Little research has assessed consumer understanding of overall daily energy requirements or perceived effectiveness of calorie posting.
Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of Epiphloeinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part VI. the Genera Epiphlaeus Spinola and Opitzius Barr

Abstract. New World genus Epiphlaeus is redefined and evolutionarily linked to its sister genus Opitzius Barr. Epiphlaeus includes six species as follows: E. adonis sp. nov., E. duodecimmaculatus (Klug), E. fundurufus sp. nov., E. princeps (Gorham), E. pulcherrimus (Gorham), E. quattuordecimmaculatus Chevrolat, and E. tigrinus sp. nov. The monotypic Opitzius is based on O. thoracicus Barr. Specimens of these two genera are variously deposited in 37 institutional and private collections. These checkered beetles frequent the surface of felled tree boles to forage on adults and immatures of lignicolous insects. Their large size and mobility make them very noticeable on the bark of fallen trees. It is postulated that they are participants in a mimetic ring with log-inhabiting mutillids and flies part of the mimetic mix. Hennigian principles were applied to 22 adult morphological characters, which yielded a nearly totally resolved phylogenetic hypothesis between Epiphlaeus and Opitzius, and among Epiphlaeus sp...
Clostridium difficile in paediatric infections.

Summary Clostridium difficile , a major cause of antibiotic induced pseudomembranous colitis, has rarely been reported as a pathogen in paediatric patients. We report isolation of this organism from three children with various inflammatory conditions. These cases suggest that C. difficile may be pathogenic in paediatric patients.
Photon-stimulated desorption of Na from a lunar sample: temperature-dependent effects

Abstract We report recent results in an investigation of source mechanisms for the origin of Na atoms in tenuous planetary atmospheres, focusing on non-thermal processes. Experiments include photon stimulated desorption (PSD), electron stimulated desorption (ESD), and ion sputtering of Na atoms from the surface of a lunar basalt sample. Bombardment of the sodium covered surface by 3 keV Ar + ions removes Na from the surface by sputtering into vacuum and by implantation into the sample bulk. Bombardment of the Na covered surface by ultraviolet photons or by low energy electrons ( E >3 to 4 eV) causes desorption of “hot” Na atoms. These results are consistent with our previous measurements of sodium and potassium desorption from a silica surface: electron- or photon-induced charge transfer from the substrate to the ionic adsorbate causes formation of a neutral alkali atom in a repulsive configuration, from which desorption occurs. There is a strong temperature-dependence of Na ESD and PSD signals, under conditions where the Na surface coverage is constant and thermal desorption is negligible. The yield of Na (atoms/photon) increases by 10× from 100 to 470 K; an activation energy of ∼20 meV is measured. This phenomenon may be attributed to thermally-induced changes in surface bonding sites, and will affect recent modeling of the sodium atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon.
Properties of two distinct classes of leukemia viruses induced from C3H mouse cells.

Abstract The kinetics of production of murine leukemia virus from two different C3H mouse embryo cell lines have been studied. Parameters of virus expression in vitro included assays for particles containing DNA polymerase activity and for XC plaque-forming ability. Particles containing DNA polymerase were produced at similar rates from chemically transformed, IUdR-treated C3H/10T1/2 cells and from spontaneously transformed, IUdR-treated C3H/10T1/2 cells. However, only the former cell line produced virus capable of forming XC plaques. Host range analysis for productive infection revealed that the XC − virus was 1000- to 10,000-fold less infectious than the XC + virus.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF RARE-EARTH METALS. I. RELATIVISTIC AUGMENTED- PLANE-WAVE CALCULATIONS.

Relativistic augmented-plane-wave calculations for Gd, Dy, Er, and Lu are reported. Energy bands, histograms of the density of states, and Fermi-surface cross sections are given. The Fermi surfaces of Dy, Er, and Lu are found to be quite similar to the one given earlier for yttrium. The Fermi surface of Gd is found to differ from the others by the absence of a "webbing" feature. Nesting between the sheets of the webbing is correlated with the occurrence of periodic moment arrangements in Dy, Er, and alloys of Y and of Lu with certain magnetic rare earths.
Adsorption of Model Adhesive Compounds onto Plasma-Polymerized Silica-Like Films

Abstract Plasma-polymerized silica-like primer films on aluminum substrates were prepared and exposed to diethanolamine (DEA), a model adhesive compound, from dilute solution. Reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the chemical interactions between the adsorbed compound and the substrate. RAIR spectroscopy showed significant changes in the structural chemistry of the silica-like films after exposure to ethanol with and without DEA. Although no evidence of adsorption was observed in the infrared spectra, XPS indicated that a small amount of model compound did adsorb onto the surface of the silica-like film. The N(1s) photoelectron spectra of the adsorbate showed two components; one was typical of the bulk amine, and the other indicated that the amine group of the adsorbed model adhesive had chemically interacted with the substrate. The adsorbate/substrate interaction strength was also examined by heating the sample in ultra-hig...
AcrA, AcrB, and TolC of Escherichia coli Form a Stable Intermembrane Multidrug Efflux Complex

Many transporters of Gram-negative bacteria involved in the extracellular secretion of proteins and the efflux of toxic molecules operate by forming intermembrane complexes. These complexes are proposed to span both inner and outer membranes and create a bridge across the periplasm. In this study, we analyzed interactions between the inner and outer membrane components of the tri-partite multidrug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC from Escherichia coli. We found that, once assembled, the intermembrane AcrAB-TolC complex is stable during the separation of the inner and outer membranes and subsequent purification. All three components of the complex co-purify when the affinity tag is attached to either of the proteins suggesting bi-partite interactions between AcrA, AcrB, and TolC. We show that antibiotics, the substrates of AcrAB-TolC, stabilize interactions within the complex. However, the formation of the AcrAB-TolC complex does not require an input of energy.
Computer-Controlled Laser Ablation: A Convenient and Versatile Tool for Micropatterning Biofunctional Synthetic Surfaces for Applications in Biosensing and Tissue Engineering

This paper describes laser-based methods for preparing micropatterns of bioactive molecular species in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and micropatterns of proteins and other biological molecules immobilized on solid substrates. Applications of these micropatterned surfaces in multianalyte biosensing and tissue engineering are emphasized. The focus of the paper is on the use of a computer-controlled laser ablation system comprising a research-grade inverted optical microscope, a pulsed nitrogen-pumped dye laser emitting at 390 nm, a programmable sample stage, and the computerized control system. The laser system can be implemented in a typical biosensor or tissue culture laboratory to enable the facile and reproducible fabrication of micropatterned surfaces by several methods. Various methods for patterning are discussed with examples given and emphasis placed on (1) laser ablation in the fabrication of photolithography masks, (2) electrochemical patterning of SAMs, and (3) laser desorption of SAMs. The relative merits of each technique are discussed with respect to application in fabrication of active surfaces for biosensing and tissue culture applications.
Effective lagrangian approach to the trapped bose gases at low temperatures

We adopt an effective-field-theory view to describe the low-energy excitations of trapped Bose gases, which allows a direct and systematic way to investigate the consequences of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The derivation of the effective Lagrangian can incorporate various approximations and can reproduce the results obtained by the standard hydrodynamic approach. Based on the effective Lagrangian, we calculate the energy spectrum and Matsubara Green's function of trapped one-dimensional Bose gases with $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function repulsive interaction allowing the comparison of various results obtained by different approaches. We also analytically calculate the finite-temperature correlation function of trapped two-dimensional (2D) Bose gases. The calculation scheme can be easily extended to higher dimensions. We find that particle interactions will always decrease the coherence length of the condensate in 2D, confirming recent numerical results. The validation of various asymptotic expressions are given.
Treatment of Intravenous Infiltration in a Neonate

184 Volume 24 Number 3 bilirubin of 28.9 mg/dL (normal, 0.2-1.0 mg/dL) and a direct bilirubin of 0.5 mg/dL (normal, 0.0-0.3 mg/dL) obtained in the emergency department (ED). On day 2 of hospitalization (6 days of age), extravasation of parenteral fluids occurred from a 24-gauge catheter in the lateral side of the neonate’s right foot. The extravasation was comprised of intravenous fluids (10% dextrose and 0.25% normal saline solution) administered at 10 mL per hour with the addition of ampicillin (135 mg every 8 hours) and cefotaxime (135mgevery 8hours). Itwas estimated that the infiltrate had occurred 8 to 10 hours before discovery of the infiltration; therefore, an estimated 80 to 100 mL of fluid and medications had been infused into the tissue of the foot.