cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of chemical animalizing and vegetalizing agents and of cell dissociation on the synthesis of 5S RNA and transfer RNA in cleaving sea urchin embryos

The effect of altering normal cell associations and interactions on the synthesis of 5S RNA and transfer RNA (tRNA) was studied in cleaving embryos of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Cell interactions were altered: (1) by culturing cleaving embryos in the animalizing agent, Evans Blue, and in the vegetalizing agent, Li+ as LiCl and (2) by culturing dissociated cells. Control and experimental embryos each were labeled from 3 h to 6 h post fertilization with [8-3H]-guanosine. Sixteen-cell embryos, whose GTP precursor pools had been preloaded, were dissociated, labeled and cultured under conditions which prevent reaggregation. Quantitative measurements of rates of accumulation of newly synthesized 5S RNA and tRNA showed that these rates are similar in cleaving sea urchin embryos and in corresponding embryos cultured in the presence of Evans Blue and of Li+. In addition, cells dissociated from cleavage embryos and maintained under conditions which prevent reaggregation retained the ability to synthesize 5S RNA and tRNA. These results suggest that normal cell associations and interactions are not necessary for the synthesis of 5S RNA and tRNA to occur in cleaving sea urchin embryos.
A numerical study on the effect of vibrator shape on the development of nonlinear standing waves in a 2-D acoustical resonator

The numerical analysis of the effects of different shape of the vibrator on the pressure and velocity profile in 2-D nonlinear standing wave resonator is studied. The wave equation for high-amplitude nonlinear acoustic waves in a thermo-viscous fluid is derived from the basic equations of fluid mechanics along with an appropriate state equation. Three different shapes are considered for the diaphragm which are, constant shape vibrating piston, circular shape and cosine shape, to investigate the effects of the diaphragm shape on the pressure and velocity waveforms of an acoustic resonator. It is observed that for the same maximum vibrational velocity of the diaphragm, the amplitudes of the pressure and velocity for constant shape vibrating piston are largest and for cosine shape are smallest.
Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Future Directions

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. This cancer commonly arises against a background of chronic liver disease. As a result, a patient with HCC requires multidisciplinary care. Treatment options vary widely based on tumor burden and metastases. The most widely utilized staging system is the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system, which recommends treatments based on tumor size and the underlying liver disease and functional status of the patient. Treatment options range from surgical resection or transplantation to locoregional therapies with modalities such as radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization to systemic chemotherapies. Future care involves the development of combination therapies that afford the best tumor response, further clarification of the patients best suited for therapies and the development of new oral chemotherapeutic agents.
Linking university research to microelectronics manufacturing: Harris Semiconductor's approach to technology transfer

Harris Semiconductor has been successful in its technology transfer programs with universities, and was recently recognized at Semiconductor Research Corporation's (SRC's) TECHCON '90 Conference as having the industry's best mentor program. The author explores methodologies utilized within Harris, with emphasis on its SRC mentor program and summer intern program, each of which targets graduate-level research programs at US universities. The initiation, implementation, and results from both programs are discussed in detail, with emphasis given to manufacturing technology projects. Several case studies explored to illustrate the breadth of applications and technologies that are being addressed. >
REMI-RFLP mapping in the Dictyostelium genome.

A set of 147 Dictyostelium discoideum strains was constructed by random integration of a vector containing rare restriction sites. The strains were generated by transformation using restriction enzymemediated integration (REMI) which results in the integration of linear DNA fragments into randomly distributed genomic restriction sites. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was generated in a single genomic site in each strain. These REMI-RFLP strains were used to confirm gene linkages previously supported by two other physical mapping techniques: yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig construction, and megabase-scale restriction mapping. New linkages were uncovered when two or more hybridization probes identified the same RFLP fragments. Probes for 100 genes have marked 53% of the RFLPs, representing greater than 22 Mb of the 40 Mb Dictyostelium genome. Alignment of these and other large fragments along each chromosome should lead to a complete physical map of the Dictyostelium genome.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE HAIRPIN POLYAMIDE DESIGN FOR RECOGNITION OF THE MINOR GROOVE OF DNA

In order to optimize the hairpin design for ligands which bind the minor groove of DNA, a series of four pyrrole−imidazole polyamides substituted at the C-terminus with aliphatic amino acids have been prepared using solid phase synthetic methodology. Addition of a C-terminal β-alanine residue is found to enhance both the DNA binding affinity and sequence specificity, while addition of a C-terminal glycine residue is found to reduce DNA binding affinity and sequence specificity. These effects are modulated by the addition of an N-terminal acetyl group. Insertion of a C-terminal aliphatic amino acid residue makes the hairpin polyamide motif compatible with solid phase synthetic methods, allowing the rapid design of new polyamides for high-affinity specific recognition of a broad sequence repertoire in the minor groove of DNA.
The Great Outdoors: Comparing Leader Development Programs at the U.S. Naval Academy.

This study compares outdoor adventure-based leader development programs with a traditional non-outdoor program to test predictions about differential effects on leader development outcomes. Participants were drawn from the population of U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen involved in experiential leader development programs as a component of their training and education. Three concurrent experiential leader development programs were compared in terms of their impact on leader development outcomes, including leader identity, leader efficacy, and organizational cynicism. Two programs were outdoor, adventure-based experiences; one was a conventional, non-outdoor experience. We found that outdoor adventure-based programs varied in their effects on leader development outcomes, whereas the non-outdoor program had no significant effects on outcomes. Implications of these varied effects on leader development are discussed in terms of the implementation of theory-driven leadership development experiences.
Multi-coil approach to mitigate the design limitations for wireless power transfer in biomedical implants

A popular technique for wireless power transfer, particularly in biomedical implants, is inductive coupling. One of the first applications of this technique in the biomedical field was to supply power to an artificial heart. Since then, it has commonly been used in implantable devices. For short-range wireless power transfer systems, working on inductive coupling, power transfer efficiency, voltage gain and data bandwidth are generally key performance parameters that need to be optimized to design an efficient system. These parameters are strong functions of the quality factor (Q) of the magnetic coils and the coupling between the external and implant coils. Traditionally, two coils are employed in power/data transfer systems: however, due to the moderate Q-factor of the coils and low coupling between the coils, these inductive coupled power/data transfer systems have generally limited power transfer efficiency (< 40 %) and limited data bandwidth (< 10% of carrier frequency). Performance variation during the operation of the device is one of the main challenges for a two-coil based system. Two-coil based Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems suffer from instable link performance due to variation caused by the change in operating distance, coil misalignment, device operation mode, and change in driver resistance.
Effects of type of carbohydrate supplementation to lush pasture on microbial fermentation in continuous culture

Eight single-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to study the effects of the type of energy source on ruminal N utilization from high quality pasture. The four dietary treatments included high quality grass and legume pasture alone (50:50; wt/wt), pasture plus soybean hulls, pasture plus beet pulp, and pasture plus corn. Diets supplemented with additional sources of energy (soybean hulls, beet pulp, and corn) were isocaloric but differed in the type and rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Energy supplements constituted 45% of the total dietary dry matter and were fed twice daily at 12-h intervals in place of pasture, which is characteristic of grain feeding at milking when animals are in a grazing situation. Energy supplementation reduced pH, NH3 N flow, and NH3 N concentration and increased bacterial N flow (as a percentage of N intake). The supplementation of corn and soybean hulls resulted in the highest microbial N flow (as a percentage of N intake). Corn had a tendency to reduce fiber digestion because of excessively low NH3 N concentrations. Beet pulp was similar to corn in that it decreased NH3 N concentrations. Supplementation of soybean hulls resulted in a more synchronized fermentation, greater volatile fatty acid production, and greater fiber digestion. Nitrogen utilization by microbes was maximized by supplementation with soybean hulls or corn twice a day. With diets based on pasture, it may be more important to improve bacterial N flow and bacterial utilization of N than to maximize the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis because better utilization of N by ruminal microorganisms results in higher bacterial N flow and higher fiber digestion.
Optical superposition in double fiber loop ringdown

Fiber loop ringdown spectroscopy is an emerging technique, introduced in the last few years, and has demonstrated its promise in optic fiber sensor development for a variety of applications. This paper describes a new double fiber loop ringdown system, consisting of an electronic portion and two fiber loops, which can detect environmental changes in each fiber loop simultaneously. We present a theoretical simulation of the optical output of the double loop ringdown system. The simulation is modeled by the superposition of each of the individual ringdown waveforms represented by a single exponential decay and an interference term that is characterized by a Bessel function. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. This method may be useful for signal processing in the double fiber loop ringdown system, which is developed for simultaneous sensing in separate locations.
Ordering blood for the wrong patient--getting inside the minds of ordering physicians.

Objective To assess the impact on ordering errors when physicians stopped handwriting patient identifiers on requests for blood transfusion. Material and Methods Physicians, frustrated by the amount of time required to complete paper forms to order blood, asked if the requirement for handwritten patient identifiers, which were in addition to such information "stamped" on blood requests, could be eliminated. We acquiesced to the request, modified the blood ordering forms accordingly, and continued to monitor ordering errors. Results After elimination of the handwritten identifiers in 1997, ordering errors increased from an annual rate of 1 in 10,000 to 6 in 10,000 blood requests by late 1999. We alerted the clinicians by newsletter, and the rate decreased somewhat (3 in 10,000 requests). However, the error rate did not decrease to its previous level of 1 in 10,000 requests until mid-2001, about 21/2 years after reinstitution of the requirement for handwritten patient identifiers. Conclusion An obligatory second entry of demographic identifiers on a blood order requires ordering physicians to carefully consider the identity of the patient receiving a transfusion and reduces the likelihood of transfusion of an unintended recipient. Error management tools, such as a predetermined method for planning, reviewing, and documenting all changes, facilitate detection of trends and responses to corrective actions.
Influence of vertical mixing uncertainties on ozone simulation in CMAQ

Abstract This study explores the extent to which uncertainties in the formulation of vertical diffusion schemes and in associated model parameters affect predictions of ozone levels and their responsiveness to emission controls in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. CMAQ is applied with two vertical diffusion schemes, eddy viscosity (K-theory) and the asymmetric convective model, version 2 (ACM2), to simulate ozone during the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) in 2006, enabling comparisons with a rich array of both ground-level and aloft ozone measurements. The high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM) was implemented into ACM2, and was extended to quantify the influence of parametric uncertainties in dry deposition velocity and eddy diffusivity in both vertical diffusion schemes in CMAQ. Choices of vertical diffusion scheme and parameter values did not strongly influence model performance in simulating ozone concentrations or predicted ozone-precursor responsiveness over much of the domain. However, in some high ozone locations, results show the 8-h ozone sensitivity to NOx may vary by approximately 20% due to the choice of vertical mixing scheme and by 5–10% due to the uncertainty in dry deposition velocities.
Low Energy Neutrinos, Neutrino Luminosity of the Sun & LENS

The LENS detector is designed to be a real time spectrometer sensitive to the sub-MeV part of the solar neutrino spectrum, including pp-neutrinos which dominate the solar neutrino flux. The objective of LENS is to measure the Neutrino Luminosity of the sun with high precision, which will allow a test of current standard and nonstandard neutrino flavor conversion models along with the solar model in a single experiment, and might open doors to new physics. In addition, the Gamow-energy shift in the pp-neutrino spectrum could be measured, directly probing the temperature profile of pp fusion in the solar core, thus bringing solar neutrino physics full circle to its original astrophysical objective, i.e. the study of the sun. The experimental tool used is tagged capture of ν e 's on 115 In via charged current interaction. Tremendous progress has been achieved in the detector design, In liquid scintillator chemistry and background rejection study. A novel design for a liquid scintillator detector, the “Scintillation Lattice Chamber” will provide 3-dimensional spatial resolution in a large mass of liquid scintillator. The feasibility of LENS with less than 200t of scintillator has been established.
Effects of a specialized team on stroke care: The first two years of the Yale Stroke Program

Background and Purpose Strategies have been proposed for stroke care to improve quality or reduce cost. We sought to document the effects of a new program of specialized stroke care. Methods In a programmatic review using historical and concurrent control subjects, we evaluated patients discharged with a stroke diagnosis (diagnosis-related group 14) over a 6-year period between January 1987 and December 1992. Patients were from an academic medical center. The intervention was consultation (on university neurology patients) by a specialized multidisciplinary team during the last 2 years of the review period. The main outcome measures were median length of stay and rate of common complications before and after implementation compared with other hospital services (private neurology and medicine). Results Stroke team involvement was associated with a shortened median length of stay from 10 to 8 days (P<.0001). There was no significant change in the median length of stay for the private neurology or medicine s...
Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of airway anatomy.

Purpose To test the reliability of a 3-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) analysis of airway size and shape and to correlate the 3D-CT findings with lateral cephalometric measurements. Materials and Methods Fifteen pairs of preoperative maxillofacial 3D-CT scans and digital lateral cephalograms of patients treated for obstructive sleep apnea were used in the present study. Digital 3D-CT reconstructions were created and 12 measurements of airway size and 4 of shape were analyzed. The posterior airway space (PAS), middle airway space, and hyoid to mandibular plane distances were measured on the cephalograms. We then randomly selected 5 CT scans and 5 cephalograms which were analyzed blindly on 5 separate occasions by 2 investigators (Z.A., J.T.) to establish the intraclass correlation coefficients for inter- and intraexaminer reliability. All 15 pairs of images were used to compute the Pearson correlation coefficients to establish the relationship between the CT and cephalometric measurements. Results The intra- and interexaminer reliabilities were high for all CT (0.86 to 1.0 and 0.89 to 1.0, respectively; P P r = .60, P = 02 and r = .54, P = .04, respectively), and the lateral/anteroposterior dimension demonstrated an inverse correlation ( r = −.68, P = .01) with the PAS. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that the 3D-CT and lateral cephalometric measurements we selected are reliable and reproducible. The only cephalometric measurement that exhibited any correlation with the CT parameters was PAS.
The Rotor Dynamic Coefficients of Coned-Face Mechanical Seals With Inward or Outward Flow

Coefficients dynamiques en rotation d'un joint mecanique avec surface axiale oblique. Cas d'un ecoulement vers l'interieur et vers l'exterieur
Variation in motor output and motor performance in a centrally generated motor pattern

Central pattern generators (CPGs) produce motor patterns that ultimately drive motor outputs. We studied how functional motor performance is achieved, specifically, whether the variation seen in motor patterns is reflected in motor performance and whether fictive motor patterns differ from those in vivo. We used the leech heartbeat system in which a bilaterally symmetrical CPG coordinates segmental heart motor neurons and two segmented heart tubes into two mutually exclusive coordination modes: rear-to-front peristaltic on one side and nearly synchronous on the other, with regular side-to-side switches. We assessed individual variability of the motor pattern and the beat pattern in vivo. To quantify the beat pattern we imaged intact adults. To quantify the phase relations between motor neurons and heart constrictions we recorded extracellularly from two heart motor neurons and movement from the corresponding heart segments in minimally dissected leeches. Variation in the motor pattern was reflected in motor performance only in the peristaltic mode, where larger intersegmental phase differences in the motor neurons resulted in larger phase differences between heart constrictions. Fictive motor patterns differed from those in vivo only in the synchronous mode, where intersegmental phase differences in vivo had a larger front-to-rear bias and were more constrained. Additionally, load-influenced constriction timing might explain the amplification of the phase differences between heart segments in the peristaltic mode and the higher variability in motor output due to body shape assumed in this soft-bodied animal. The motor pattern determines the beat pattern, peristaltic or synchronous, but heart mechanics influence the phase relations achieved.
Unmaking a Movement: Identity Work and the Outcomes of Zapatista Community Centers in Los Angeles:

Identity work explains how participants in social movements build and maintain their collective identities, uniting movement groups. This study, based on ethnographic fieldwork comparing two Zapatista community centers in Los Angeles, asks if the absence of identity work leads to the dissolution of organizations. Both of these groups neglected work of identity convergence and identity construction to integrate three subgroups—“activists,” “organizers,” and “community members”—into a whole. Yet a lack of identity work alone does not explain the relative stability of one group while the second experienced conflict and eventually disbanded. Additional structural influences—an external crisis facing the group and the internal proportions between members—combined with these cultural factors to bring about organizational schism.
Inhibition of granulosa cell differentiation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

The time course of inhibition by gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) of granulosa cell differentiation was analyzed in follicular cells cultured from ovaries of hypophysectomized diethylstilbestrol-implanted rats. Addition of FSH caused a 150-fold rise in cAMP production during the first 30 min of granulosa cell culture, followed by a plateau until 30 h and a secondary increase from 30 to 48 h. The GnRH analog, [D-Ala6]des-Gly10-GnRH iV-ethylamide (GnRHa), transiently inhibited cAMP production during the first 30 min, but from 1–24 h of culture, cAMP levels were similar in FSH-and FSH plus GnRHa-treated cells. Thereafter, GnRHa caused a marked fall in cAMP levels from 30–48 h of culture. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, l-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, completely abolished the inhibitory effect of GnRHa on cAMP accumulation. Addition of GnRHa with FSH or at times up to 24 h of culture suppressed FSH-induced cAMP accumulation, LH receptor formation, and progesterone production at 48 h. Later addition of GnRHa...
Statistical Properties of the Atmospheric Pressure Field Over the Arctic Ocean

Abstract Many useful statistical properties can be derived for isotropic, stationary, homogeneous, Gaussian random fields. The field of surface pressure in the region north of 70°N is shown to approximately satisfy these conditions. Under these conditions, all properties of the field are related to the autocovariance, which is a function of time and space lag. In particular, the following quantities are derived: the time and space covariance functions for the geostrophic wind; the covariance functions for the vorticity of the geostrophic wind; the average number of highs, lows and saddles per unit area; the average number of highs, lows and saddles at which the vorticity exceeds a specified threshold; and the probability density function for the Gaussian curvature of the pressure surface. The horizontal shear in the geostrophic wind is also investigated, as is the number of umbilic points per unit area. Estimates for all these quantities are constructed using observations of surface pressure from the Arct...
Human moral responsibility is moral responsibility enough: A reply to F. Allan Hanson

Hanson claims that moral responsibility should be distributed among both the humans and artifacts comprising complex wholes that produce morally relevant outcomes in the world. I argue that this claim is not sufficiently supported. In particular, adopting a consequentialist understanding of morality does not by itself support the view that the existence of a causally necessary object in such a complex whole is sufficient for assigning moral responsibility to that object. Moreover, there are good reasons, both evolutionary and contemporary, for not adopting this stance.
Crime and Punishment in Serbia: A Country Profile

The article profiles crime and punishment in Serbia. It notes that suspects in the country can only be arrested with a warrant yet the police can carry out detention in cases involving a crime scene or when a suspect needs to be prevented from fleeing. Several crime issues facing the region are examined which include human and drug trafficking. Statistics show that a total of 100,536 crimes have been reported in 2005 in which 2,945 involved juvenile offenders. Keywords: Human trafficking Language: en
Human Motor Transfer Is Determined by the Scaling of Size and Accuracy of Movement

ABSTRACT A transfer of training design was used to examine the role of the Index of Difficulty (ID) on transfer of learning in a sequential Fitts's law task. Specifically, the role of the ratio between the accuracy and size of movement (ID) in transfer was examined. Transfer of skilled movement is better when both the size and accuracy of movement are changed by the same factor (ID is constant) than when only size or accuracy is changed. The authors infer that the size–accuracy ratio is capturing the control strategies employed during practice and thus promotes efficient transfer. Furthermore, efficient transfer is not dependent on maintaining relative timing invariance and thus the authors provide further evidence that relative timing is not an essential feature of movement control.
HCN evolution from thermal and oxidative degradation of poly(diphenyl methane pyromellitimide) at high temperatures

HCN evolution from thermal and oxidative degradation of poly(diphenyl methane pyromellitimide) has been investigated over a range of temperatures from 500 to 1000°C; rate constants and Arrhenius equations have been determined. Kinetics and mechanisms have been proposed and quantitatively evaluated. They account well for the experimental results. The rate determining steps are CN scission for thermal degradation and H abstraction from the methylene bridge by O2 for oxidative degradation, respectively. At high temperatures, oxidation and thermal decomposition of the evolved HCN take place on its passage through the hot zone of the furnace in the highest range of temperatures (800–1000°C). Additional HCN is produced (>800°C) from the char obtained during thermal and oxidative degradation.
Properties of phenoloxidase in Mycobacterium leprae.

Mycobacterium leprae separated from infected human tissues, oxidizes 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and a few other phenolic compounds1–3. This property is not shown by several other mycobacteria1,2,4. Phenoloxidase occurs in vertebrate melanocytes and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom5. (E.C. 1.10.3.1, o-diphenol: oxygen oxidoreductase). For a large number of substrates the phenoloxidase of the leprosy bacilli is similar to the enzyme from plant sources, and distinct from mammalian phenolase, which has a limited substrate specificity6. When the reaction products were compared, another distinguishing feature of the M. leprae enzyme became evident and this is reported here.
Plasma Membrane Depolarization without Repolarization Is an Early Molecular Event in Anti-Fas-induced Apoptosis

The movement of intracellular monovalent cations has previously been shown to play a critical role in events leading to the characteristics associated with apoptosis. A loss of intracellular potassium and sodium occurs during apoptotic cell shrinkage establishing an intracellular environment favorable for nuclease activity and caspase activation. We have now investigated the potential movement of monovalent ions in Jurkat cells that occur prior to cell shrinkage following the induction of apoptosis. A rapid increase in intracellular sodium occurs early after apoptotic stimuli suggesting that the normal negative plasma membrane potential may change during cell death. We report here that diverse apoptotic stimuli caused a rapid cellular depolarization of Jurkat T-cells that occurs prior to and after cell shrinkage. In addition to the early increase in intracellular Na(+), (86)Rb(+) studies reveal a rapid inhibition of K(+) uptake in response to anti-Fas. These effects on Na(+) and K(+) ions were accounted for by the inactivation of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase protein and its activity. Furthermore, ouabain, a cardiac glycoside inhibitor of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, potentiated anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. Finally, activation of an anti-apoptotic signal, i.e. protein kinase C, prevented both cellular depolarization in response to anti-Fas and all downstream characteristics associated with apoptosis. Thus cellular depolarization is an important early event in anti-Fas-induced apoptosis, and the inability of cells to repolarize via inhibition of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase is a likely regulatory component of the death process.
Partial neighborhoods of elementary landscapes

This paper introduces a new component based model that makes it relatively simple to prove that certain types of landscapes are elementary. We use the model to reconstruct proofs for the Traveling Salesman Problem, Graph Coloring and Min-Cut Graph Partitioning. The same model is then used to efficiently compute the average values over particular partial neighborhoods for these same problems. For Graph Coloring and Min-Cut Graph Partitioning, this computation can be used to focus search on those moves that are most likely to yield an improving move, ignoring moves that cannot yield an improving move. Let x be a candidate solution with objective function value f(x). The mean value of the objective function over the entire landscape is denoted f. Normally in an elementary landscape one can only be sure that a neighborhood includes an improving move (assuming minimization) if f(x) > f. However, by computing the expected value of an appropriate partial neighborhood it is sometimes possible to know that an improving move exists in the partial neighborhood even when f(x) f.
Creating and using a model to monitor managerial talent

Paul J. Gordon is a professor of management at the Indiana University Graduate School of Business. He has served as president of the Academy of Management and vice president of the Indiana Society for Public Administration. In 1980, he was elected a Fellow of the International Academy of Management. Paul H. Meredith is an assistant professor of management at the Georgia Southern College School of Business. Previous experience includes policy and operating responsibility for quantitative and computer programs in banking, finance, and public accounting. This article was completed with the assistance of Mitchell S. Novit, Indiana University, Mary D.R. Meredith, Georgia Southern College, and a special project grant from the Indiana Office of Occupational Development. An extended version is scheduled to appear in Human Resource Planning in March 1982. Coming up with some findings about the flow of managerial talent through state agencies is only half the story; the real difficulties were in defining the problem, setting up the model, and finding the data.
NMR Studies on Membrane Protein OEP16

Membrane protein structure is continuing to be a topic of interest in the scientific community. However, high resolution structural data of these proteins is difficult to obtain. In this study we attempt to use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to begin investigating the finer structural aspects of membrane protein OEP16. Latest structural information suggest a multimer consisting strongly of alpha helices. The amino acid transporter located on the outer membrane of chloroplast organelles, Outer Envelope Protein 16kDa (OPE16) was expressed recombinantly in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells for use in NMR spectroscopy. Uniform isotopic labeling with 13C and 15N together with 80% perdeuteration allowed for ∼90% of the polypeptide/protein backbone assignments to be carried out using the three dimensional experiments HNCO, HN(CA) CO, HNCA, HN(CO)CA, HNCACB, and CBCA(CO)NH using a 600 MHz spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe. Chemical shift indices were analyzed for secondary structure through TALOS and PECAN algorithms. Together with NOE connectivities these will enable bond-angle restraints to be introduced for calculating a structural model of the protein. In addition we expressed OEP16 with 15N uniform isotope labeling for relaxation measurements of protein structural dynamics. In order to separate the flexible regions from the rigid regions of the protein, TOCSY-HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, and NOESY-HSQC experiments were performed on 15N-OEP16 to aid in the assignment of side chains and obtain spatial restraints for use in the determination of three dimensional structure. Results of NMR analysis are compared to results of characterizing the protein by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The findings described in this study provide the first steps in the structure determination of OEP16 and will ultimately contribute to the now limited library of membrane protein structures.
On a failure to replicate: Methodologically close, but not close enough. A response to Hogbenet al.

Williams, Brannan and Lartigue (1987) (Clinical Vision Science, 1, 367–371) reported that poor readers took significantly longer to search letter arrays for a target than did good readers. In addition, they reported that blurring the letter arrays leads to faster search times for poor readers and a loss of the significant differences between the groups seen with unblurred displays. In a recent attempt to replicate these findings, Hogbenel al. (1996) (Vision Research, 36, 1503–1507) found no differences in search rates between good and poor readers using unblurred arrays, and no differences in search rate between the groups when blurred arrays were used. In the present article, we have compared these two research efforts, and a third paper on the same topic, with regard to methodological factors in an attempt to understand how these two different results could occur. It is our belief that the letter spacing employed in the two studies may account for the difference and should be the focus of future studies of the original effect.
Enzymes Catalyzing Ubiquitination and Proteolytic Processing of the p105 Precursor of Nuclear Factor κB1

Abstract Nuclear factor κB1 (NF-κB) is a heterodimeric complex that regulates transcription of many genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Its 50-kDa subunit (p50) is generated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway from a 105-kDa precursor (p105). We have reconstituted this proteolytic process in HeLa cell extracts and purified the responsible enzymes. Ubiquitination of p105 requires E1, and either of two types of E2s, E2–25K (for which p105 is the first proven substrate) or a member of the UBCH5 (UBC4) family. It also requires a new E3 of 50 kDa, which we call E3κB. This set of enzymes differs from the E2s and E3 reported by others to catalyze p105 ubiquitination in reticulocytes. The ubiquitinating enzymes purified here, together with 26S proteasomes, allowed formation of p50. Thus, the 26S proteasome provides all the proteolytic activities necessary for p105 processing. Interestingly, in the reconstituted system, as observed in cells, the C-terminally truncated form of p105, p97, was processed into p50 more efficiently than normal p105, even when both species were ubiquitinated to a similar extent. Therefore, some additional mechanism involving the C-terminal region of p105 influences the proteolytic processing of the ubiquitinated precursor.
Cerebral hemisphere asymmetry and individual differences in cognition

Abstract The present article examines the potential connection between hemispheric asymmetry and individual differences in cognition. Lateral differences in left- and right-hemisphere function are clearly manifest in humans and imply that differences in brain organization may be accompanied by behavioral and/or intellectual consequences. The authors identify several hemispheric dimensions on which individuals may differ (i.e., degree of dominance, direction of dominance, characteristic arousal level, complementarity of functioning), and investigate the possibility that underlying patterns of cerebral hemisphere asymmetry may be related to differences in cognitive abilities as reported for males and females, left- and right-handers, intellectually precocious and dyslexic individuals. The conclusion is made that a connection between hemispheric asymmetry and individual differences in cognition is tenable, but that further research is required before any definitive cause and effect relationships can be drawn.
Monoclonal antibody detects embryonic epitope specific for nerve‐derived transferrin

Monoclonal antibodies were generated against transferrin purified from chick embryo extract by fusing spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized against embryonic transferrin, with myeloma cells. Antibodies produced by the selected hybridoma clones were all type IgG. Twelve clones were selected for secretion of antibodies to the embryo extract-derived transferrin, and three clones were studied extensively. Immunoblotting was used to demonstrate antibody binding to several avian transferrin proteins derived from adult chicken serum, adult chicken peripheral nerves, and ovotransferrin. Screening and detailed epitope analysis were accomplished by solid-phase immunoassay. The results indicated that two clones, 2G9.1 and 2B11.1, recognized the embryonic and egg antigens in preference to the adult proteins. However, a third clone, 6H2.1, recognized the nerve-derived transferrin preferentially to both the embryonic and adult serum antigens. None of the clones recognized the serum-derived transferrin in preference to the other antigens. These results indicate that embryonic epitope(s) are conserved in the nerve- but not the serum-derived transferrin. They also show that the neural antigen has site(s) distinct from the embryonic proteins. No changes in displacement curves were observed after these proteins were digested with neuraminidase, indicating that the epitope differences discovered are not intimately related to sialic acid residues on the various transferrins.
Toward a molecular taxonomy.

The concepts of a super information source and ensemble averaging are used to estimate the amount of information stored in protein andt-RNA sequences. Specifically applied to cytochrome c and hemoglobins, information measures analogous to those found to be highly significant for DNA pair frequency data (D 2 vs.R) by Gatlin (1968) prove to be extremely highly correlated with organism complexity. Super source stability and the possible taxonomic utility of the extraordinary clusterings obtained are discussed. A restriction on the construction of ancestral sequences and a possible handle on homology are also detailed.
Level of aspiration and performance of chronic psychiatric patients on a simple motor task.

Summary.-The level of aspiration and performance was examined for 25 male psychiatric inpatients whose mean age was 57.4 yr. and mean length of hospitalization was 23.6 yr. For a simple motor task involving flipping a plastic chip over a goal line, each patient expressed the ward and his personal pretask levels of aspiration, performed the task, and expressed his personal postrask aspiration. The expressions of both the ward and precask levels of aspiration were less than the mean score of a nonhospitalized referent group. Both performance and posttask levels of aspiration were greater chan the pretask level. More patients predicted they would perform worse than the other patients on the ward than predicted they would perform better. The patients appropriately shifted their levels of aspiration eitlier up after success or down after failure. The results were discussed according to expectations from classical theory as well as findings with schizophrenics. Implications for further research were discussed. Level of aspiration is an estimate of the level of future performance which a person undertakes to reach (3). Several classical studies (2, 4, 5) showed that the provision of a referent group's score will influence a person's level of aspiration to correspond to the model provided. When the referent group is one with which the person identifies, he will set his own level in line with the information provided. When the referent group is one with whom the person does not identify, he will generally raise or lower his own level of aspiration depending on whether he feels superior or inferior, respectively, to that group. In general, level of aspiration has been studied in nonpsychiatric populations although schizophrenic patients (M age of 19.2 yr.) have been studied (1). The procedure included repeated trials which required the subject to express his level of aspiration followed by performance of the task. Two distinct trends were evident in the aspirations of the schizophrenic patients: (a) a rigid pattern with no shifts (i.e., changes) in level and (b) a confused breakdown pattern with a greater number of unusual shifts in level (i.e., changes in esimate chat are either up after failure or down after success). "Normals" made appropriate shifts in level in response to success or failure. The feedback of performance allowed the normal subjects to conform to the reality of the situation, whereas the schizophrenics did not respond appropriately to the feedback of performance.
A Connectionist Model of Brand–Quality Associations:

Abstract Consumers use brand names and product features to predict the performance of products. Various learning models offer hypotheses about the source of these predictive associations. Spreading-activation models hypothesize that cues acquire predictive value as a consequence of being present during the acquisition of product performance information. Least mean squares connectionist models hypothesize that any one cue acquires predictive value only to the extent that it can predict differences in performance that are not already predicted by other available cues. Five studies in the context of portfolio-branding strategies provide evidence supporting a least mean squares connectionist model. As predicted by this model, results show that subbranding and ingredient-branding strategies can protect brands from dilution in some situations but can promote dilution in other situations.
Russia’s lost position in Central Eurasia

Abstract Post-Soviet Russia has had the will to dominate its neighbors, but it no longer has the capability. Its Central Eurasian neighbors are much stronger and more confident about their independence, and Russia’s influence is being effectively challenged there by China, the West, and the democratic economies of Asia. Unable to modernize its economy and armed forces, Russia has failed to achieve most of the main objectives (excluding NATO, regaining trade exclusivity, ending drug, arms, and terrorist infiltration) it has set for itself in the “near abroad.” In view of Russia’s admitted weakness and its excessive reliance on oil and gas exports, some of its leaders favor redirecting its efforts to improving relations with the West. Aside from Central Asia, where Russia is cooperating with NATO in combating extreme Islamists operating in Afghanistan, Russia is trying to establish an Eurasian customs union with Kazakhstan and Belarus. But relations with most of the others have deteriorated to some degree in recent years.
Intrasexual competition and throat color evolution in female three-spined sticklebacks

Interest in the evolution of female ornaments has been growing but explaining their presence remains a challenge for many animal taxa. Although female ornaments may be sexually selected via male choice, they can also function in female–female competition. Here, we studied a stream-resident population of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), in which females possess male-typical red throat coloration, and a nearby anadromous population that lacks such coloration and is thought to possess ancestral character states for most traits in this species complex. We asked first whether there were population-level differences in agonism that might be associated with the evolution of female ornaments. We tested if the derived population possessing some red-throated females exhibited relatively higher levels and clearer patterns of within-population aggression and dominance in dyadic trials and more frequent behavioral dominance over individuals of the population lacking red females. Second, to address the relationship between the derived coloration and female–female competition, we tested whether red-throated stream females were more aggressive and dominant toward dull-throated stream females in both dyadic and socially complex contexts. We found that clear dominance was established more often in pairs of stream females, and stream females were more often dominant in stream-anadromous dyads. However, we found no clear evidence that the red throat coloration was directly linked to a female competitive advantage within the stream population, suggesting alternative untested signaling or perhaps nonadaptive functions. Our study represents the first evaluation of the potential relationship between a male-typical nuptial trait and intrasexual competition in female three-spined sticklebacks.
The Future Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

This article describes the major components in the future cardiac catheterization laboratory to facilitate cardiac interventions for both coronary artery and structural heart diseases.
Engineering the electrocapillary behavior of electrolyte droplets on thin fluoropolymer films.

This study presents methods for engineering the electrocapillary behavior of fluoropolymer surfaces through the use of surfactants and an external insulating liquid. By the scaling of the appropriate surface energies, electrocapillary behavior is obtained at a record low voltage, with contact angle changes in excess of 100° at 4 V. A consistent description of electrocapillary saturation is presented, identifying three separate regimes: breakdown, thermodynamic instability, and relaxation. Methods for identifying and mitigating some of the saturation behaviors are discussed. Finally, the parameters influencing the observed voltage of zero charge are summarized.
Testosterone Treatment of Older Men—Why Are Controversies Created?

Cunningham and Toma have published an article entitled “Why Is Androgen Replacement in Males Controversial?” (1) in this issue of JCEM. This represents a new look at an old controversy. The article reviews the status of testosterone treatment in older men and serves as an extension to previously published guidelines on hypogonadism by Bhasin et al. (2) and recommendations published by Wang et al. (3) on late-onset hypogonadism. There are many causes for controversy in the practice of medicine, not the least of which is insufficiency of high-grade, evidence-based data. This is likely to occur when a medication was established in clinical use before the modern era of pharmaceutical regulation. This new review describes the insufficiency of evidence-based data to be certain that the benefit-to-risk ratio justifies testosterone treatment in older men, whereas taking the position that androgen replacement therapy in younger and middle-aged men is well established. The authors do acknowledge, as do the above guidelines (2), that relatively few large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple end point studies had been performed on testosterone treatment in men of any age. This position was also taken by the Institute of Medicine (4). Most of the data come from relatively small-size studies and meta-analyses of small- or medium-size databases (5,6,7,8).
The NMR spectra of cis and trans 1-fluoropropene

Abstract The proton and F 19 nmr spectra at 60 Mc/s and 40 Mc/s of cis and trans 1-fluoropropene are readily assigned by first-order methods. The analysis of the proton spectra at 15.08 Mc/s gives the relative signs of the coupling constants. The signs and magnitudes of the coupling constants are in good agreement with the constants predicted from valence bond theory. The relative H 1 and F 19 shifts can be explained in terms of the direct interaction of neighboring atoms in a given molecule.
Historic Sites Archaeology on the Western American Frontier: Theoretical Perspectives and Research Problems:

Historic sites archaeology in the western United States is booming but continues to be conducted ad hoc. The demands of assessing significance for cultural resource management purposes suggests tha...