cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New CMUT Structure Fabricated on Glass Substrate for High Reliability

In the structure of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) device, which contains a borosilicate glass (BSG) substrate, the lower electrodes that constitute the channel are connected to each other; therefore, each membrane cavity exhibits an open structure for electrode connections. If some of the membranes are damaged or destroyed during the fabrication process, an etching solution or various impurities could be introduced, which can further spread into the surrounding connected cavities. Furthermore, this can lead to electrical and/or mechanical problems in the operation of the CMUT over a considerably wide area. In this study, we propose a novel closed-cell BSG substrate structured device that prevents infiltration and diffusion of impurities into the cavities during the fabrication process. We fabricated the device and evaluated its impedance depending on frequency and pulse-echo properties. This device structure will improves the yield in the manufacturing process and reliability of device performance.
Current Landscape and Future Directions on Bladder Sparing Approaches to Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Although radical cystectomy is considered the gold standard approach for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, tri-modal therapy (TMT) is a well-tolerated and efficacious alternative to radical cystectomy that is underutilized in inoperable patients and rarely offered to cystectomy candidates in the USA. Retrospective data suggest similar outcomes between radical cystectomy and TMT after adjusting for patient selection and other confounding factors. Nearly 70–80% of patients can keep their native bladder with favorable post-treatment quality of life metrics. Current trials are investigating novel combination strategies including immune checkpoint inhibition along with chemoradiation or radiation. Emerging techniques for improved patient selection and risk stratification include incorporating MP-MRI, and novel biomarkers such as inflammatory, stromal, and DNA damage response gene signatures may guide patient selection and expand the landscape of bladder preservation options available to patients in the future.
How Contagious Was the Panic of 1907? New Evidence from Trust Company Stocks

Using a new dataset of all NYC trust company stocks, we study the impact of the Panic of 1907 and the ensuing cash infusion by JP Morgan and the Treasury. Using synthetic controls, we find that three "troubled" trusts performed far worse than the other trusts, whose valuations rebounded within a year. Moreover, trust companies connected to "money trust" banks maintained higher valuation than independents and rebounded much faster. The desire to prevent panic from spreading from infected trusts to financial institutions in his purview could explain Morgan's rapid intervention to stem the contagion.
Harry Edwards, Black Power, and Countering the Mainstream Media’s Repression of the Revolt of the Black Athlete

Harry Edwards led the organization of a Black Power campaign to organize a boycott of the 1968 Olympics. Contrary to the prevailing conclusion that the boycott failed to materialize because it was ...
Psychiatry and Chinese History

Introduction: Historicizing Chinese Psychiatry - Howard Chiang Part I: Historical Precedents 1 Exorcising Dreams and Nightmares in Late Ming China - Brigid E Vance 2 Emotional Therapy and Talking Cures in Late Imperial China - Hsiu-fen Chen 3 Medicaments and Persuasion: Medical Therapies for Madness in Nineteenth-Century China - Fabien Simonis Part II: Missionary Investments 4 Psychiatric Space and Design Antecedents: The John G Kerr Refuge for the Insane - Peter Szto 5 An Iron Cage of Civilization? Missionary Psychiatry, the Chinese Family and a Colonial Dialect of Enlightenment - Zhiying Ma 6 Tropical Neurasthenia or Oriental Nerves: White Breakdowns in China - Wen-Ji Wang Part III: Biomedical Modernity 7 Pathologizing Marriage: Neuropsychiatry and the Escape of Women in Early Twentieth-Century China - Hugh Shapiro 8 Gone with the West Wind: The Emergence and Disappearance of Psychotherapeutic Culture in China, 1936-68 - Geoffrey Blowers and Shelley Wang Xuelai 9 A Charted Epidemic of Trauma: Case Notes at the Psychiatric Department of National Taiwan University Hospital between 1946 and 1953 - HarryYi-Jui Wu Part IV: New Therapeutic Cultures 10 The Emergence of the Psycho-Boom in Contemporary Urban China - Hsuan-Ying Huang Afterword: Reframing Psychiatry in China - Nancy N Chen
Focusing polycapillary to reduce parasitic scattering for inelastic x-ray measurements at high pressure

The double-differential scattering cross-section for the inelastic scattering of x-ray photons from electrons is typically orders of magnitude smaller than that of elastic scattering. With samples 10-100 μm size in a diamond anvil cell at high pressure, the inelastic x-ray scattering signals from samples are obscured by scattering from the cell gasket and diamonds. One major experimental challenge is to measure a clean inelastic signal from the sample in a diamond anvil cell. Among the many strategies for doing this, we have used a focusing polycapillary as a post-sample optic, which allows essentially only scattered photons within its input field of view to be refocused and transmitted to the backscattering energy analyzer of the spectrometer. We describe the modified inelastic x-ray spectrometer and its alignment. With a focused incident beam which matches the sample size and the field of view of polycapillary, at relatively large scattering angles, the polycapillary effectively reduces parasitic scattering from the diamond anvil cell gasket and diamonds. Raw data collected from the helium exciton measured by x-ray inelastic scattering at high pressure using the polycapillary method are compared with those using conventional post-sample slit collimation.
Genética de la taquicardia ventricular polimorfa catecolaminérgica; conceptos básicos

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a cardiac channelopathy characterized by altered intracellular calcium handling resulting in ventricular arrhythmias and high risk of cardiac sudden death in young cases with normal structural hearts. Patients presents with exertional syncope and the trademark dysrhythmia is polymorphic and/or bidirectional ventricular tachycardia during exercise or adrenergic stimulation. Early detection of CPVT is crucial because opportune medical intervention prevents sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the ryanodine receptor (RYR2) explain nearly 70% of the CPVT cases and cause the autosomic dominant form of the disease. Mutations in calsequestrin 2 causes a recessive form and explain less than 5% of all cases. Genetic screening in CPVT, besides providing early detection of asymptomatic carriers at risk, has provided important insights in the mechanism underlying the disease. Mutational analysis of RYR2 has been a challenge due to the large size of the gene, 105 exons encoded for 4 967 amino-acids. In this review we analyze general concepts of the disease, differential diagnosis and strategies for genetic screening.
Two distinct and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of GABAergic afferents to hilar mossy cells

We report that bath application of 3 mum carbachol (CCh), a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, reduces evoked IPSC amplitude recorded from hilar mossy cells in the rat dentate gyrus through a presynaptic mechanism. While CCh has been shown to inhibit evoked IPSCs in other systems, this effect is intriguing in that it does not require inhibitory action of either presynaptic muscarinic receptors or presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. Previous work from our lab has shown that identical application of CCh produces an action potential-dependent increase in ambient GABA in this system; however, inhibition of evoked IPSCs produced by both 3 and 10 mum CCh is insensitive to the GABA(B) antagonist CGP52432. Therefore we hypothesized that CCh-mediated inhibition of evoked IPSCs might be produced by activity-dependent increases in ambient GABA and subsequent activation of presynaptic GABA(A) receptors. Consistent with that hypothesis, we report that CCh-mediated inhibition of evoked IPSCs appears to be well correlated with CCh-mediated facilitation of spontaneous IPSCs and that CCh does not affect GABA(B)-mediated IPSCs recorded in the presence of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Intriguingly, however, we found that bath application of the GAT-1 transport blocker NO-711 (1 mum) produces inhibition of evoked IPSCs that is reversed by CGP52432, and that lower doses of CCh produce inhibition with greater CGP52432 sensitivity. These observations, combined with subsequent work on multiple pulse depression, reveal that feedback inhibition of GABAergic afferents to hilar mossy cells is governed by a complex relationship between two distinct and activity-dependent mechanisms.
Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward

This chapter reviews the last 15 years of research inspired by social dominance theory, a general theory of societal group-based inequality. In doing so, we sketch the broad outlines of the theory and discuss some of the controversies surrounding it, such as the “invariance hypothesis” regarding gender differences in social dominance orientation (SDO) and the effect of social context on the expression of SDO. We also discuss the central role of gender in the construction and maintenance of group-based inequality, and review some of the new research inspired by the social dominance perspective. Finally, we identify and discuss some of the most important theoretical questions posed by social dominance theory that are yet to be researched.
SPECIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY FUNCTIONS - EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON WHEAT IN SOUTHERN N.S.W

The implications of alternative disturbance specifications in supply functions have been considered in recent theoretical work but little, if any, empirical evidence has been provided on such specifications. Any empirical investigation of the nature of a supply function disturbance is hampered by considerable uncertainty about the deterministic part of the function. Nevertheless, some progress might be made by considering alternative disturbance specifications in conjunction with a variety of deterministic specifications. Applying this approach to the supply of wheat in southern N.S.W., we find some empirical support for an additive disturbance and, surprisingly, for the use of price, rather than revenue, as an argument In supply functions.
DFT Aware Layout - Layout Aware DFT

The era of the SOC and sub 100nm process technologies has created several new sets of challenges for the test engineer. One of these is the return to prominence of the effect of test infrastructure on the overall physical design of the device. This time it is not impact of logic overhead which is at the top of the list but the need for DFT to interact with the design implementation process at multiple critical points. Whether it is the floorplanning of MBIST controllers, the placement of MISR structures for test signature capture, the extraction of detailed timing for delay testing, the identification of candidates for bridge fault testing, even the use of testing diagnostics in the development of an effective DFM/DFY strategy, the interactions between test engineering and layout engineering are demanding new levels of integration. This talk will identify some of these areas, discuss ways in which they can be addressed, and a few of the consequences if they arent.
A constant velocity crack in an elastic plate subjected to bending

Closed form pseudo-static solutions are constructed for the Kirchhoff bending stress fields associated with a semi-infinite crack extending at a uniform velocity in an infinite elastic plate. The loadings are imposed by uniform bending or twisting moments at points far from the crack line.
Afterimage and pupillary activity following strong light exposure.

Abstract Pupillary activity in darkness following exposure to strong bright light was recorded and found to occur in distinct phases, namely, (1) an initial dilation followed by (2) recontraction of several millimeters with relatively slow, large-amplitude pupillary oscillations for 4.5–6 min, (3) a phase of gradually decreasing contraction without unrest lasting 8–12 min, and (4) stable pupils after full size was regained. Under these experimental conditions the appearance of a positive afterimage was preceded by a latent period up to 12 sec. The phase of pupillary recontraction with unrest coincided with the appearance of the positive afterimage, and was reduced or absent in patients with rod achromatopsia. The later phase of gradually diminishing contraction ended before disappearance of the negative afterimage and had a time course similar to that for recovery of rod sensitivity after bleaching. Both pupillary and visual phenomena were found to depend on the intensity and duration of the adapting stimulus light. Similarity of pupillary oscillations in the presence of the afterimage and in the presence of an external steady light of similar brightness was shown. Some possible mechanisms for these phenomena are discussed.
Moral understanding and children's conduct

Different types of moral and nonmoral knowledge interact to shape both moral judgment and conduct.
Changes in adjuvant therapy utilization in stage I seminoma: are they enough to prevent overtreatment?

Objective To determine if utilization of surveillance or adjuvant chemotherapy has increased compared with that of adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) in clinical stage I seminoma (CSIS) and to estimate the impact of this utilization trend on secondary malignancies. Methods The National Cancer Data Base, a web-based data analysis tool was examined for first-course adjuvant therapy management in CSIS from 2000 to 2008. We assessed the utilization in academic vs community practice settings and changes in tumor stage. We also estimated the number of secondary malignancies based on the change in practice. Results There were 52,672 patients of testicular cancer diagnosed. Of those, 28,974 (55.0%) patients had seminoma with 22,210 (84.2%) patients classified as CSIS. Overall, 14,005 (65.4%), 6430 (30.1%), and 951 (4.4%) patients received ART, surveillance, and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC), respectively. In 2000, most patients received ART (71.7%), followed by surveillance (26.5%), and AC (1.9%). In 2008, the majority of patients still received ART (47.7%) but surveillance (39.6%) and AC (12.6%) totaled a larger proportion. We calculated that this ART utilization rate would lead to an additional 372 solid tumor cases per year, 40 years later, whereas the current surveillance rate would lead to 34 cases of secondary malignancy annually in the United States. Conclusion ART was the leading adjuvant management strategy for CSIS, but its share drastically decreased with a concomitant increase in surveillance and AC, particularly after 2004. These trends were similar in both academic and community settings. The current level of ART, although decreasing, may nevertheless lead to additional cases of solid cancer comparable with testicular cancer deaths.
Molecular mechanisms by which metabolic control may improve outcomes.

Objective: To summarize available evidence providing potential explanations for metabolic and nonmetabolic abnormalities during conditions of acute stress and possible mechanisms whereby insulin therapy may affect these changes. Results: Recent studies have demonstrated a remarkable effect of intensive insulin therapy and reductions in morbidity and mortality in patients in intensive-care units and other hospital settings. The mechanisms involved in these effects are under thorough investigation. Insulin therapy improves glucose and lipid homeostasis, both of which are deleterious to the tissues, especially during severe stress. In addition, insulin has direct effects on the levels of inflammatory cytokines and other proteins that may influence the overall outcome of patients undergoing various stressful conditions. Conclusion: Analysis of published studies suggests that the beneficial effects of insulin therapy may be derived from both direct and indirect mechanisms. (Endocr Pract. 2004;10[Suppl 2]:57-62)
Crystallographic Study on the Dioxygen Complex of Wild-type and Mutant Cytochrome P450cam IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DIOXYGEN ACTIVATION MECHANISM

Two key amino acids, Thr252 and Asp251, are known to be important for dioxygen activation by cytochrome P450cam. We have solved crystal structures of a critical intermediate, the ferrous dioxygen complex (Fe(II)-O2), of the wild-type P450cam and its mutants, D251N and T252A. The wild-type dioxygen complex structure is very much the same as reported previously (Schlichting, I., Berendzen, J., Chu, K., Stock, A. M., Maves, S. A., Benson, D. E., Sweet, R. M., Ringe, D., Petsko, G. A., and Sligar, S. G. (2000) Science 287, 1615-1622) with the exception of higher occupancy and a more ordered structure of the iron-linked dioxygen and two "catalytic" water molecules that form part of a proton relay system to the iron-linked dioxygen. Due to of the altered conformation of the I helix groove these two waters are missing in the D251N dioxygen complex which explains its lower catalytic activity and slower proton transfer to the dioxygen ligand. Similarly, the T252A mutation was expected to disrupt the active site solvent structure leading to hydrogen peroxide formation rather than substrate hydroxylation. Unexpectedly, however, the two "catalytic" waters are retained in the T252A mutant. Based on these findings, we propose that the Thr(252) accepts a hydrogen bond from the hydroperoxy (Fe(III)-OOH) intermediate that promotes the second protonation on the distal oxygen atom, leading to O-O bond cleavage and compound I formation.
Label-Free Optical Biosensors for Virus Detection and Characterization

Label-free optical biosensors have shown promise in rapid and sensitive detection of viruses. Recently, we have demonstrated a technique termed interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS) capable of detecting viral antigens and single viruses in a high-throughput, quantitative, and label-free fashion. In this paper, we briefly review the current label-free optical methods that have demonstrated virus detection through ensemble measurements of viral antigen and emerging techniques that are capable of detecting individual viruses captured by the sensor. We then present the principle of single nanoparticle detection using IRIS and show proof-of-principle results on specific detection and shape analysis of individual viruses captured on the IRIS platform.
Effects of Interferon-α/β on HBV Replication Determined by Viral Load

Interferons α and β (IFN-α/β) are type I interferons produced by the host to control microbial infections. However, the use of IFN-α to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients generated sustained response to only a minority of patients. By using HBV transgenic mice as a model and by using hydrodynamic injection to introduce HBV DNA into the mouse liver, we studied the effect of IFN-α/β on HBV in vivo. Interestingly, our results indicated that IFN-α/β could have opposite effects on HBV: they suppressed HBV replication when viral load was high and enhanced HBV replication when viral load was low. IFN-α/β apparently suppressed HBV replication via transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations. In contrast, IFN-α/β enhanced viral replication by inducing the transcription factor HNF3γ and activating STAT3, which together stimulated HBV gene expression and replication. Further studies revealed an important role of IFN-α/β in stimulating viral growth and prolonging viremia when viral load is low. This use of an innate immune response to enhance its replication and persistence may represent a novel strategy that HBV uses to enhance its growth and spread in the early stage of viral infection when the viral level is low.
Incipient and overt stages of neoplastic transformation.

Abstract A subline of NIH 3T3 cells was developed that multiplies to low saturation density and produces no transformed foci in a standard assay at confluence if the cells had been kept in continuous exponential growth by passage at extremely low density. Repeated cycles of extended incubation at confluence result in the production of large dense foci with large increases in saturation density of the culture. I investigated the changes preceding overt transformation and the conditions that favor them by making a preliminary 2- or 3-week incubation of cells at high density in 2, 5, or 10% (vol/vol) calf serum (CS) followed by three consecutive assays at 2-week intervals, all in 2% CS. The cell counts on transfer of each consecutive assay constituted their saturation density, and staining of sister dishes exhibited transformed foci and other morphological evidence of transformation. To strengthen the significance of the observations, each CS category consisted of four separate but parallel lineages. The initial incubation in 2, 5, and 10% CS is referred to as the first-round (1 degree) assay. In the second-round (2 degrees) assay in 2% CS after the primary incubation for 2 weeks in different concentrations of CS, there were small but consistent increases in saturation density that were proportional to the CS concentration used in the first round. There were also large numbers of very light foci in the 2 degrees assay that increased in size as a function of the CS concentration used in the 1 degree assay but were uniform within each CS category. In the 3 degrees and 4 degrees successive assays, large dense foci appeared in a sporadic manner but these were also dependent on the CS concentration in the initial incubation. Cultures kept in the 1 degree assay in 5 and 10% CS for 3 weeks produced large dense foci at an earlier stage of the subsequent assays than did those kept for only 2 weeks in the 1 degree assay. The barely perceptible nature of the early morphological changes suggests an analogy to incipient neoplasia. Their graded nature, relatively high frequency, regularity of occurrence, and uniformity of appearance are characteristic of an epigenetic process, which Foulds [Foulds, L. (1969) Neoplastic Development, Vol. I (Academic, New York), preface, pp. 41-89] cited as the most plausible basis for incipient neoplasia [corrected]. In contrast, the low-frequency and sporadic occurrence of the large dense foci, which have the main features of overt neoplasia, are consistent with both genetic and epigenetic processes.
Concave Low-Loss Total Internal Reflection Mirrors in Indium Phosphide for High Fabrication Tolerance

We report on a novel concave total internal reflection mirror fabricated in InP that allows larger mirror size and mask alignment tolerance. Average mirror loss measured was 0.56dB/mirror with a standard deviation of 0.14 dB/mirror.
Self-consistent field theory of collisions I. Scattering channels

The conventional Hartree and Hartree-Fock approaches for treating many-electron bound systems have been extended recently to positive energy scattering problems, in which both the bound and continuum orbitals are determined by the requirement of full self-consistency. Serious consequences of such a theory are that the target orbitals become energy dependent and the asymptotic boundary conditions are satisfied only approximately, in lowest order. It is important therefore to test the theory for its convergence under configuration mixing. This self-consistent field (SCF) theory for scattering has been tested here for scattering from hydrogenic target as a model where the target function is determined dynamically. Penetration of the projectile inside the bound target orbital is manifest through the SCF for the bound state. Our results show that the theory converges to the correct amplitudes and to the exact boundary conditions as more configurations are added. The use of the amputated functions and the weak asymptotic condition (WAC) upon which the SCF theory is based, is justified as the WAC converges to the correct limit. It is then applied to the positron-helium and electron-helium scattering systems where the helium function is calculated simultaneously together with the scattering function. The resulting phase shifts and the SCF target functions are compared with those obtained with the pre-determined target functions in the conventional approaches.
When craving goodness becomes bad: a critical conception of ethics and aesthetics in organizations

Using critical aesthetics, this paper shows the essential ideological and control linkages between ethics and aesthetics in organizations. Using Kateb's concept of aesthetic cravings, the paper explores the role of emotional and psychological attachments in organizational reality construction and their implications for organizational change and organizational control.
The Relationship Between Department Rank and College Rank in Engineering Graduate Program Rankings Conducted by U.S. News and World Report

College rankings conducted by various popular magazines have generated both considerable interest and controversy. In this work, we present statistical analyses of thirteen years of U.S. News and World Report graduate program “reputation” rankings for engineering colleges and their constitutive departments, using them to reveal the relationship between department rank and college rank. Two important trends are substantiated in this study. First, we confirm statistically that some colleges with a relatively small number of top-five ranked departments place higher in the college rankings than some colleges with a significant number of top-five ranked departments. Second, we observe that college rank is much more closely related to department rank for some disciplines than others, providing additional resolution beyond our earlier work.
Piecewise power law hardening for ductile tearing instability analysis

Abstract A J -integral based tearing modulus approach is utilized for investigating crack growth instability in an elastic-plastic strain hardening material. A center-cracked panel of finite dimensions with linear elastic-piecewise power law hardening material behavior is analyzed under displacement controlled loading. Plane stress as well as plane strain situations are considered. Numerical results are presented for a linear elastic-piecewise power law representation and are compared with an alternate Ramberg-Osgood material representation. Stability of crack growth for a range of crack length to width ratio, a / b , of the panel is discussed via the tearing modulus parameter, T .
Violence as unresponsiveness: Toward a new conception of crime

A theory of crime and violence as “unresponsiveness” was inferred by translating concepts of American criminology into Norwegian. According to this theory, punishment of offenders is a product of a criminality that the punishers share. Reducing crime and violence entails decentralizing and democratizing government. The practice of criminology—testing propositions about crime and violence—becomes problematic.
A microscopic approach to investigate bacteria under in situ conditions in sea-ice samples

Microbial populations and activity within sea ice have been well described based on bulk measurements from melted sea-ice samples. However, melting destroys the micro-environments within the ice matrix and does not allow for examination of microbial populations at a spatial scale relevant to the organism. Here, we describe the development of a new method allowing for microscopic observations of bacteria localized within the three-dimensional network of brine inclusions in sea ice under in situ conditions. Conventional bacterial staining procedures, using the DNA-specific fluorescent stain DAPI, epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis, were adapted to examine bacteria and their associations with various surfaces within microtomed sections of sea ice at temperatures from −2° to −15°C. The utility and sensitivity of the method were demonstrated by analyzing artificial sea-ice preparations of decimal dilutions of a known bacterial culture. When applied to natural, particle-rich sea ice, the method allowed distinction between bacteria and particles at high magnification. At lower magnifications, observations of bacteria could be combined with those of other organisms and with morphology and particle content of the pore space. The method described here may ultimately aid in discerning constraints on microbial life at extremely low temperatures.
Dawn‐dusk profile of field‐aligned currents on May 11, 1999: A Familiar pattern driven by an unusual cause

On May 11, 1999, when the solar wind almost disappeared, the DMSP-F13 satellite observed two field-aligned current (FAC) sheets on both dawn and dusk sides. The dawnside FACs are identified as conventional region 1 (R1) and region 2 (R2) currents. The duskside FACs are collocated with intense polar-rain precipitation and are identified as midday region 1 and region 0 currents. Whereas the positive IMF BY observed explains the duskward shift/extension of those midday current systems, the extent of the distortion was unusual. It is inferred that the magnetospheric configuration was more axisymmetrical because of extremely low solar-wind dynamic pressure, and therefore the reconnection took place farther away from the midday sector. Conventional R1 and R2 currents as well as boundary layer-type precipitation were nearly absent at dusk, suggesting that the viscous interaction did not operate at least observably on the dusk side in the present event.
Responses of Afro‐Marxist states to the crisis of socialism: A preliminary assessment

(1992). Responses of Afro‐Marxist states to the crisis of socialism: A preliminary assessment. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 13, Rethinking Socialism, pp. 77-87.
The Use of Mixed Models for the Analysis of Mediated Data with Time-Dependent Predictors

Linear mixed models (LMMs) are frequently used to analyze longitudinal data. Although these models can be used to evaluate mediation, they do not directly model causal pathways. Structural equation models (SEMs) are an alternative technique that allows explicit modeling of mediation. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the performance of LMMs relative to SEMs in the analysis of mediated longitudinal data with time-dependent predictors and mediators. We simulated mediated longitudinal data from an SEM and specified delayed effects of the predictor. A variety of model specifications were assessed, and the LMMs and SEMs were evaluated with respect to bias, coverage probability, power, and Type I error. Models evaluated in the simulation were also applied to data from an observational cohort of HIV-infected individuals. We found that when carefully constructed, the LMM adequately models mediated exposure effects that change over time in the presence of mediation, even when the data arise from an SEM.
Multispectral labeling of antibodies with polyfluorophores on a DNA backbone and application in cellular imaging

Most current approaches to multiantigen fluorescent imaging require overlaying of multiple images taken with separate filter sets as a result of differing dye excitation requirements. This requirement for false-color composite imaging prevents the user from visualizing multiple species in real time and disallows imaging of rapidly moving specimens. To address this limitation, here we investigate the use of oligodeoxyfluoroside (ODF) fluorophores as labels for antibodies. ODFs are short DNA-like oligomers with fluorophores replacing the DNA bases and can be assembled in many colors with excitation at a single wavelength. A DNA synthesizer was used to construct several short ODFs carrying a terminal alkyne group and having emission maxima of 410–670 nm. We developed a new approach to antibody conjugation, using Huisgen–Sharpless cycloaddition, which was used to react the alkynes on ODFs with azide groups added to secondary antibodies. Multiple ODF-tagged secondary antibodies were then used to mark primary antibodies. The set of antibodies was tested for spectral characteristics in labeling tubulin in HeLa cells and revealed a wide spectrum of colors, ranging from violet-blue to red with excitation through a single filter (340–380 nm). Selected sets of the differently labeled secondary antibodies were then used to simultaneously mark four antigens in fixed cells, using a single image and filter set. We also imaged different surface tumor markers on two live cell lines. Experiments showed that all colors could be visualized simultaneously by eye under the microscope, yielding multicolor images of multiple cellular antigens in real time.
Functional analysis of zebrafish GDNF.

Abstract We have identified zebrafish orthologues of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the ligand-binding component of its receptor GFRα1. We examined the mRNA expression pattern of these genes in the developing spinal cord primary motor neurons (PMN), kidney, and enteric nervous systems (ENS) and have identified areas of correlated expression of the ligand and the receptor that suggest functional significance. Many aspects of zebrafish GDNF expression appear conserved with those reported in mouse, rat, and avian systems. In the zebrafish PMN, GFRα1 is only expressed in the CaP motor neuron while GDNF is expressed in the ventral somitic muscle that it innervates. To test the functional significance of this correlated expression pattern, we ectopically overexpressed GDNF in somitic muscle during the period of motor axon outgrowth and found specific perturbations in the pattern of CaP axon growth. We also depleted GDNF protein in zebrafish embryos using morpholino antisense oligos and found that GDNF protein is critical for the development of the zebrafish ENS but appears dispensable for the development of the kidney and PMN.
Corrigendum to the paper Internal solitary waves in a linearly stratified fluid

In resolving a discrepancy between my solutions (Weidman, 1978) and those of Miles (1979) for internal solitary waves in a fluid with linear density stratification, the author has discovered that he made an egregious error: one of the terms in the differential equation solved has an incorrect sign. The solutions to the corrected equation are found to be in full accord with the results cited by Miles (1979). The format employed here in presenting the corrected solutions is identical to that used in the original paper, including section headings and equation numbers. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00926.x
Minimization of Through Thickness Flaws in Tungsten-Doped Diamond Like Carbon Thin Film

Tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have been magnetron sputtered onto 52100 steel with chromium and chromium/tungsten carbide dual interlayers. The surface finish (Ra) of the substrate before deposition was 0.102 to 0.203 μm for a set of blocks and 0.05 to 0.10 μm for another set of samples, called buttons. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that this substrate finish as well as surface contaminants resulted in the formation of significant size flaws that develop during the deposition process through the film thickness. On the other hand a perfect flawless film was seen with the smooth substrate in the coupons. It was also observed that the film amplifies the substrate roughness. These two findings impact the tribological performance of the film. Current efforts attempted to determine an optimum set of deposition parameters, such as temperature and buffering gas pressure that would minimize or eliminate the formation of such flaws, and consequently minimize the roughness of the film surface.
Physical integrity in a large segmented database

A database system can generally be divided into three major components. One component supports the logical database as seen by the user. Another component maps the information into physical records. The third component, called the storage component, is responsible for mapping these records onto auxiliary storage (generally disks) and controlling their transfer to and from main storage.This paper is primarily concerned with the implementation of a storage component. It considers a simple and classical interface to the storage component: Seen at this level the database is a collection of segments. Each segment is a linear address space.A recovery scheme is first proposed for system failure (hardware or software error which causes the contents of main storage to be lost). It is based on maintaining a dual mapping between pages and their location on disk. One mapping represents the current state of a segment being modified; the other represents a previous backup state. At any time the backup state can be replaced by the current state without any data merging. Procedures for segment modification, save, and restore are analyzed. Another section proposes a facility for protection against damage to the auxiliary storage itself. It is shown how such protection can be obtained by copying on a tape (checkpoint) only those pages that have been modified since the last checkpoint.
Sediment patterns near a model patch of reedy emergent vegetation

This laboratory study describes the sediment patterns formed in a sand bed around circular patches of rigid vertical cylinders, representing a patch of reedy emergent vegetation. The patch diameter was much smaller than the channel width. Two patch densities (solid volume fraction 3% and 10%) and two patch diameters (22 and 10 cm) were considered. For flows above the threshold of sediment motion, patterns of sediment erosion and deposition were observed around and within the patch. Scouring within the patch was positively correlated with turbulent kinetic energy in the patch. For sparse patches, sediment scoured from within the patch was mostly deposited within one patch diameter downstream of the patch. For dense patches, which experience greater flow diversion, sediment scoured from the patch was carried farther downstream before deposition along the patch centerline. Differences between the sparse and dense patch patterns of deposition are explained in the context of flow diversion and wake structure, which are related to a nondimensional flow blockage parameter. While sediment was redistributed near the patch, observations suggest that net deposition was not recorded at the reach scale.
Acoustic synchrony: two mechanisms in the snowy tree cricket.

Snowy tree crickets synchronize their chirps by responding to the preceding chirp of their neighbors. If a neighbor9s chirp precedes his own, a cricket shortens his chirp and the following interval. If it follows his own, he lengthens his chirp interval and sometimes the following chirp. A single response of the first type may advance his phase of chirping 160° and one of the second type may retard it 200°.
Our main population patterns: Radical shifts, cloudy prospects

D emographically, these are the most dramatic times in our history. They are also, almost surely, the most unpredictable and problematic. Major trends which can be traced back to our earliest records have, with small warning, reversed course or become altered beyond recognition, while others which have persisted have, by that very fact, brought us to uncharted and clearly choppy waters. As a result, popula t ion-dur ing most of our nation's lifetime one of its most predictable main social forces-gives mounting signs of runaway behavior. The signs are everywhere: the nation's lowestever childbearing rates, which are remaining below replacement levels even in prosperous times; vast gyrations in numbers by age; the major new social costs to expect if we learn how to live much longer than we do; more immigration outside the law than within it; more uprooting of family or household lifestyles in the last few decades than in previous centuries; new responses to city and to nonmetropoli tan living; and much else. Any one of these in isolation would rank as a major national happening. Yet all in combination are already occurring or appear imminent.
Molecular Analysis Reveals a Distinctive Fungal Endophyte Community Associated with Foliage of Montane Oaks in Southeastern Arizona

ABSTRACT Sudden oak death (SOD), an emerging disease caused by the introduced oomycete Phytophthora ramorum, poses a serious threat to oak woodlands in the western US. Previous research has shown that foliar endophytes – fungi that live within apparently healthy leaves of plants without causing disease – can be effective as biological control agents in protecting trees against Phytophthora infection. Here, we examine the endophyte communities associated with foliage of seven oak taxa (Quercus arizonica, Q. emoryi, Q. gambelii, Q. grisea, Q. hypoleucoides, Q. rugosa, and Q. arizonica × Q. rugosa) in the Santa Rita Mountains in southeastern Arizona. In addition to providing a first description of the diverse community of endophytes associated with foliage of these healthy oaks, we compare this community with endophytes found in three other tree species in southern Arizona (Pinus ponderosa, Cupressus arizonica, and Platycladus orientalis). We show that (1) oaks in southeastern Arizona harbor endophytes that ...
The foundation role of beta blockers across the cardiovascular disease spectrum: a year 2009 update.

Hypertension is a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and heart failure and precedes heart failure in 91% of cases. This becomes even more important considering that the number of Americans with hypertension increased from 65 million in 2005 to 72 million in 2007. If blood pressure is effectively controlled this risk can be minimized—blood pressure reductions as small as 2 mm Hg have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events by up to 10%. There is also strong evidence that blood pressure targets for populations at high risk of cardiovascular disease, including those with diabetes, coronary artery disease, and chronic kidney disease, should be lower than 140/90 mm Hg. The number and type of antihypertensive drugs have increased dramatically from 28 diuretics in 1972 to over 125 agents today, including fixed dose combination dosage forms. Beta blockers have been available for the treatment of hypertension since the 1960s. However, there has been resistance to using these agents in patients with diabetes and renal failure because of metabolic side effects, and in other patients because of tolerability concerns such as depression, weight gain, and impotence. Two newer beta blockers with vasodilatory effects (carvedilol and nebivolol) have proven efficacy and tolerability in patients with hypertension and appear to lack the adverse effects associated with older beta blockers. Carvedilol causes vasodilation by alpha blockade, and nebivolol via nitric oxide mechanisms. Both of these agents reduce peripheral vascular resistance and maintain cardiac output. Clinical trial evidence to date leads to the conclusion that beta blockers are strongly indicated post-MI and in all patients with left ventricular dysfunction regardless of symptoms. Their beneficial abilities include improvement of oxygen supply and demand (which can reduce myocardial ischemia), anti-arrhythmic properties, and beneficial effects on cardiac remodeling. Online Access http://cmeaccess.com/cme/ajm_beta_blockers_program/ This CME Multimedia Activity is also available through the Website of The American Journal of Medicine ( www.amjmed.com ). Click on the CME Multimedia Activity button in the navigation bar for full access.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of iron (III) - ovotransferrin and iron (III) - human serum transferrin

Abstract We report the resonance Raman spectra in the frequency range 300–1800 cm−1 of Fe (III)-ovotransferrin and Fe (III)-human serum transferrin in aqueous solution at about 10−4M protein concentration. This is the first observation of resonance Raman scattering ascribable to amino acid ligand vibrational modes of a nonheme iron protein. The resonance Raman spectra of the transferrins are similar except that the resonance band near 1270 cm−1 is shifted to a higher frequency for Fe(III)-human serum transferrin than that for Fe(III)-ovotransferrin. The resonance Raman bands observed near 1170, 1270, 1500 and 1600 cm−1 may reflect resonance enhancement of p-hydroxy-phenyl frequencies of tyrosine residues and/or imidazolium frequencies of histidine residues.
Methods for the separation, purification and measurement of nine components of hemolytic complement in guinea-pig serum.

Abstract C′1 precipitates from normal guinea-pig serum at ionic strength 0.04 and pH 7.5. It may be purified further by reprecipitation during dialysis against 0.005 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. C′3b precipitates at ionic strength 0.04-0.06 and pH 5.0. It is easily purified by elution from DEAE-cellulose at about 0.12 ionic strength. C′3c precipitates at ionic strength 0.02 and pH 5.5. It can be purified by elution from DEAE-cellulose at about 0.065 ionic strength. C′2 and C′3d remain soluble when (NH4)2SO4 is added to about 2.2 m and then can be precipitated at about 3.0 m (NH4)2SO4. These two components can be separated easily by chromatography on CM-cellulose. The sequence and the approximate ionic strength at which eight components elute from CM-cellulose is: C′2, 0.05; C′3f, 0.12; C′4, 0.13; C′3c, 0.135; C′3b, 0.14; C′3e, 0.145; C′3a, 0.18; and C′3d, 0.20. The sequence and ionic strength of elution from DEAE-cellulose is: C′3e, 0.03; C′3a, 0.035; C′3c and C′3f, 0.065; C′3d, 0.095; C′3b and C′4, 0.12. The yield of C′2 from DEAE-cellulose has been low. A substance in normal guinea-pig serum which inactivates the C′3c site on the intermediate complexes, EAb C′1,4,2,3c, EAb C′1,4,3c or EAb C′4,3c, elutes from DEAE-cellulose at about 0.05 to 0.06 ionic strength. Another substance which inactivates C′1 elutes from DEAE-cellulose at about 0.12 ionic strength.
Mapping of AvaI and XmaI cleavage sites in bacteriophage DNA including a new technique of DNA digestion in agarose gels

Abstract The eight AvaI cleavage sites in bacteriophage λ DNA have been mapped by analyzing the digestion patterns of various λ deletion-substitution mutants. The size of each DNA fragment has been determined by its mobility in agarose gels and by electron microscopy. The three XmaI cleavage sites were determined by a two dimensional procedure including DNA cleavage in the agarose gel. The fact that the XmaI cleavage site sequence is a subset of the AvaI cleavage site sequences (Hughes and Murray, unpublished; Endow and Roberts, 1979) allowed us to infer the exact DNA sequence at three of the AvaI sites.
LTE Network Parameters Optimization Based on Automatic Cell Planning

Wireless network optimization is an important link in the beginning of the wireless communication network construction process, which decides the construction of wireless communication network whether scientific. This paper focuses on the method and content of the LTE wireless network optimization, mainly involves in the planning process and key technologies of LTE wireless network. First, this paper discusses LTE network parameters optimization include PCI, Cells, RS, C\N and RSC\RSRP. Then, verify the scheme scientific based on Automatic Cell Planning. Finally, through the network experiment examine the feasibility of the scheme.
Feedback control of a large steam generator

Abstract Feedback control of a large counter current heat exchanger employed as a once-through steam generator for a breeder reactor power plant is presented. The mathematical model of the exchanger consists of a set of nonlinear partial differential equations with boundary conditions specified at three space points. The system structure does not allow the control signals to be distributed in space; they are applied only at the boundary points. The objective of the investigation is to choose a practical implementable time-invariant feedback controller which would give satisfactory regulation of the system. Although the emphasis is placed on a specific once-through steam generator system, the techniques used here are equally applicable to other heat exchanger systems.