cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of the ability of retinoids to inhibit promoter-induced anchorage-independent growth of JB6 mouse epidermal cells with their activation of retinoic acid receptor γ

Abstract Retinoids inhibit the biological effects induced in mouse epidermal cells by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Specific nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) have been indentified in the epidermis, but the specific receptor that mediates the inhibitory response by retinoids is not established. Retinoic acid and six conformationally restricted retinoids were evaluated in an in vitro bioassay using the JB6 mouse epidermal cell line. These activities were then compared with the ability of these retinoids to activate the RARs in transient transfection assays for transcriptional activation to identify the retinoid receptor involved in inhibiting TPA-induced anchorage-independent growth. The retinoids inhibited TPA-induced colony formation of JB6 cells in semisolid medium at concentrations that were not toxic based on colony formation of attached cells. These concentrations ranged from less than 10−9–10−6 M. 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylanthracen-2-yl)benzoic acid (TTAB) was the most potent retinoid, with an EC50 of 0.8 nM. Both RARα and RARγ were expressed in JB6 cells. Expression of RARβ was not detected in these cells using a polymerase chain reaction assay, consistent with its extremely low level in mouse skin. Inhibition of the TPA response by these retinoids in JB6 cells correlated only with their transcriptional activation of RARγ, but not with that of RARα. These results suggest that RARγ is most probably the receptor that mediates the chemopreventive effects of retinoids in mouse epidermis.
Crystal structure of wild-type penicillin-binding protein 5 from escherichia coli: Implications for deacylation of the Acyl-enzyme complex

Penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP 5) of Escherichia coli functions as a d-alanine carboxypeptidase (CPase), cleaving d-alanine from the C terminus of cell wall peptides. Like all PBPs, PBP 5 forms a covalent acyl-enzyme complex with beta-lactam antibiotics; however, PBP 5 is distinguished by its high rate of deacylation of the acylenzyme complex (t(1/2) approximately 10 min). A Gly105 --> Asp mutation in PBP 5 markedly impairs deacylation with only minor effects on acylation, and abolishes CPase activity. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of a soluble form of wild-type PBP 5 at 1.85-A resolution and have also refined the structure of the G105D mutant form of PBP 5 to 1.9-A resolution. Comparison of the two structures reveals that the major effect of the mutation is to disorder a loop comprising residues 74-90 that sits atop the SXN motif of the active site. Deletion of the 74-90 loop in wild-type PBP 5 markedly diminished the deacylation rate of penicillin G with a minimal impact on acylation, and abolished CPase activity. These effects were very similar to those observed in the G105D mutant, reinforcing the idea that this mutation causes disordering of the 74-90 loop. Mutation of two consecutive serines within this loop, which hydrogen bond to Ser110 and Asn112 in the SXN motif, had marked effects on CPase activity, but not beta-lactam antibiotic binding or hydrolysis. These data suggest a direct role for the SXN motif in deacylation of the acyl-enzyme complex and imply that the functioning of this motif is modulated by the 74-90 loop.
Alcohol effects on the variability of performance in a videogame task

Subjects were given wine (0.4 g/kg ethanol) or no treatment prior to performing a novel videogame task. Data included total game scores as well as an uncertainty index (Frick & Miller, 1951) of discrete-movement sequences of the paddle controller. Alcohol was shown to reduce the uncertainty of movements without affecting overall scores. In addition, sex-linked differences, which appeared in the uncertainty-of-response sequences under control conditions, were not observed in the alcohol-receiving group. The results are discussed as they relate to behavioral-variability theory (Crow, 1977).
Understanding soil‐pipe flow and its role in ephemeral gully erosion

The role of soil pipeflow in ephemeral gully erosion is not well understood. Experiments were conducted on continuous soil pipes to better understand the role of internal erosion of soil pipes and its relation to ephemeral gully development. Soil beds of 140 cm length, 100 cm width and 20 cm depth had a single soil pipe of different initial sizes (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm diameter) extend from a water reservoir to the outlet. Experiments were run on Providence silt loam and Smithdale loam soils under a constant head of 15 cm established for 30 min. Either the tunnel collapsed or the head could not be maintained. Soil pipes that were initially 2 and 4 mm clogged instantaneously at their mouth and did not exhibit flow, whereas, pipes initially ≥ 6 mm enlarged by 268, 397, and 699% on average for the 6, 8, and 10 mm diameters, respectively. Critical shear stress values were found to be essentially zero, and erodibility values gave erosion indexes that were extremely high. The rapid internal erosion resulted in erratic flow and sediment concentrations with periods of no flow as pipes were temporarily clogged followed by surges of high flow and high sediment concentrations. Tensiometers within 6 cm of the soil pipes did not exhibit pressure increases typically associated with pipe clogging. Flow through 10 mm diameter soil pipes exhibited tunnel collapse for both soils tested. Tunnel collapse typically occurred within minutes of flow establishment suggesting that ephemeral gullies could be misinterpreted as being caused by convergent surface flow if observations were made after the runoff event instead of when flow is first established through soil pipes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muslim minority alternatives: implications of Muslim experiences in China and the Soviet Union

(1985). Muslim minority alternatives: implications of Muslim experiences in China and the Soviet Union. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 332-353.
Formation of a stable shell of YBa2Cu4O8 upon oxygen outdiffusion from superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ oxides

A stable shell of YBa2Cu4O8 (124) forms in powder and sintered bulk YBa2Cu3O7−δ (123) superconducting oxides upon oxygen outdiffusion from the latter and serves as a diffusion barrier to retard further oxygen outdiffusion. The 124 phase formation has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and x‐ray diffraction. The better thermal stability of the 124 phase can be explained by the stronger bonding configuration of O(1) atoms in a double‐chain structure.
Pregnancy outcomes among Whites and Filipinos: A paradoxical birth weight-neonatal mortality relationship.

Evidence from the Philippines suggests that, compared to Whites, infants born to Filipino women are more likely to be low birth weight. A paucity of information is available regarding birth outcomes of U.S.-born Filipinos. Using 1979-1987 Hawaii vital record data on single live births to resident mothers, this study compares the maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of White and Filipino mothers, Filipino mothers were significantly more likely to be <18 years of age and single, and have lower educational attainment and less adequate utilization of prenatal care. Significantly higher percentages of very preterm, preterm, very low birth weight, low birth weight, and small for gestational age infants were found for Filipinos. The birth weight-specific neonatal mortality rates for Filipinos compared favorably to Whites except at the high end of the birth weight distribution. After taking into account maternal sociodemographic risk and prenatal care factors in a logistic regression, a significant ethnic difference in low birth weight persisted but was not found for neonatal mortality. These data may suggest that similar neonatal mortality rates among ethnic groups may be possible in the face of persistent birth weight distribution differences and add to the growing evidence that a single standard of low birth weight may be inappropriate as an universal indicator of health status risk in a multi-ethnic population. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The D(d, n)3He reaction from Ed = 5 TO 10 MeV

Abstract The absolute differential cross section of the D(d, n)3He reaction has been determined at Ed = 5.0, 5.8, 9.0 and 10.0 MeV by the detection of the 3He particles, and at Ed = 5.0 and 5.8 MeV by the neutron time-of-flight method. Good agreement was obtained between the two methods and the overall uncertainty in the cross sections is 2–4 %.
Mixed-mode, time-dependent rubber/metal debonding

This paper examines the need to incorporate a rate-dependent traction-separation law in order to model quasi-static debonding between rubber and metal. A pseudo-stress model was used to account for the nonlinear, multi-axial and time-dependent nature of the filled rubber that was used in the experiments. The parameters for the traction-separation law were extracted on the basis of measurements of load, crack length and crack opening displacements in an opening mode experiment at one applied displacement rate. The form of the traction-separation law was consistent with observations of ligament content on the metal fracture surface. Additional experiments were then conducted in opening mode at different rates and in mixed mode with positive and negative shear so that comparisons with predictions from the calibrated cohesive zone model could be made. The crack length history proved to be the most discriminating measure of the validity of the model, which was most effective at higher loading rates.
Selective chemical vapor deposition of copper using (hfac) copper(I) vinyltrimethylsilane in the absence and presence of water

Abstract The selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Cu was studied using (hfac)Cu(VTMS) (hfac  1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-acetylacetonate; VTMS [ vinyltrimethylsilane) in the absence and presence of water during CVD with SiO2 surface passivation, derived from the silylating agent hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), as a function of the nature of the carrier gas, HMDS and water vapor flow rates and chamber pressure. For CVD of Cu in the absence of water, pre-dosing with HMDS in the absence of water gave selective deposition. The deposition was feed rate limited and dense, smooth copper films were deposited selectively at rates of about 600 A min−1. The selectivity for CVD of Cu in the presence of water depended on the pre-dosing conditions. Pre-dosing with both HMDS and water vapor gave selective deposition at rates of about 1200 A min−1 in the presence of water, a factor of 2 higher compared with CVD in the absence of water vapor. Dense films with near-bulk resistivities were deposited selectively in the trenches on an underlying tungsten layer at the optimum water vapor flow rate and chamber pressure. Higher water vapor flow rates and chamber pressures resulted in porous, discontinuous films with significantly higher resistivities. An integration scheme utilizing selective CVD of Cu is proposed that allows formation of fully encapsulated copper lines without the need for a copper etch.
Optimal policies for passive learning controllers

Abstract This paper deals with the optimal control of unknown parameter, partially observed linear discrete time systems. The objective of the paper is to find a suitable cost functional for which passive learning controllers are optimal. It is shown that if there are parameter uncertainties in the observation equation, then a quadratic functional can be found such that a passively adaptive closed loop control law is optimal with respect to this functional. If there are also parameter uncertainties in the system equation, then a quadratic functional can be found such that a passively adaptive open loop feedback control law is optimal with respect to this functional.
An approach to the concept of resolution optimization through changes in the effective chromatographic selectivity.

It is very common chromatographic practice to optimize resolution by making changes in selectivity by systematically varying key retention controlling factors. In many instances, a change in conditions merely results in monotonic, systematic variation in the relative retention of all pairs of peaks. Useful or “effective” changes in selectivity generally result when we see peak crossovers, changes in elution order or differential changes in band position of three or more peaks upon changing some operating condition. In this work, we demonstrate that changes in what we now call the effective selectivity can only take place when retention depends on a minimum of two solute molecular properties and further the dependencies must differ for the two sets of conditions. To verify our concept, real chromatographic data are examined from the viewpoint of linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) and linear solvent strength theory. Five different RPLC stationary phases in different eluents are compared to elucid...
Imaging dose in variable pitch body perfusion CT scans: An analysis using TG111 formalism

Purpose: To investigate the variation of imaging dose with tube potential in variable pitch body CT perfusion (CTp) protocols using the TG111 dosimetric formalism. Methods: TG111 recommendations were followed in choosing the phantom, dosimetric equipment, and methodology. Specifically, equilibrium doses (D eq) were measured centrally and peripherally in a long PMMA phantom. Reference planar average equilibrium doses were determined for each tube potential, for a reference set of exposure parameters (collimation, pitch, filtration) on a Siemens Definition CT scanner. These reference values were utilized to predict the imaging dose during perfusion scans using interpretations of the TG111 formalism. As a gold reference, the midscan average planar perfusion doses (D CTp) were obtained directly from central and peripheral D eq measurements for body CTp scans (144 and 271 mm) using variable pitch acquisition. Measurement-based D CTp values obtained using a thimble chamber were compared to the TG111-predicted values, and to CTDI vol reported at the console. Results: Reference planar average equilibrium dose values measured for reference uniform pitch helical scans were consistently higher than console-reported or measured values for CTDI vol. The measurement-based perfusion dose D CTp was predicted accurately by the reported CTDI vol for the 144 mm scan. The 271 mm scans delivered systematically larger dose than reported. The TG111-based dose estimates were proven to be conservative, as they were systematically higher than both the measured and the reported imaging doses. Conclusions: Upon successful implementation of TG111 formalism, standard imaging dose was measured for a body CTp protocol using the variable pitch helical acquisition. The TG111 formalism is not directly applicable to this type of acquisition. Measurement of dose for all variable pitch protocols is strongly suggested.
Contextually relevant pedagogical agents: Visual appearance, stereotypes, and first impressions and their impact on learning

Humans draw on their stereotypic beliefs to make assumptions about others. Even though prior research has shown that individuals respond socially to media, there is little evidence with regards to learners stereotyping and categorizing pedagogical agents. This study investigated whether learners stereotype a pedagogical agent as being knowledgeable or not knowledgeable and how this acuity influenced learning. Participants were assigned to four experimental conditions differing by agent (scientist or artist) and tutorial type (nanotechnology or punk rock). Quantitative analyses indicated that agents were stereotyped depending on their image and the academic domain under which they functioned. Regardless of tutorial, participants assigned to the artist agent recalled more information than participants assigned to the scientist agent. Learning differences between the groups varied according to whether agent appearance fit the content area under investigation. Qualitative results indicated learner's stereotypic expectations as well as their unwillingness to draw conclusions based on visual appearance.
Apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphism, serum lipoproteins, and breast cancer risk.

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a polymorphic gene involved in lipid metabolism with three common variant alleles (epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4). The epsilon4 allele has been associated with elevated levels of cholesterol as well as greater risk of coronary heart disease and Alzheimer's disease. In this case-control study we examined whether apoE genotype affected the association between serum lipids and breast cancer risk. In a subset of a study in western New York, 260 women with incident, primary breast cancer and 332 community controls were interviewed and provided blood samples. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the apoE polymorphism were performed. Participants were classified as apoE2 (epsilon2, epsilon2 or epsilon2, epsilon3), apoE3 (epsilon3, epsilon3), or apoE4 (epsilon4, epsilon4 or epsilon4, epsilon3). No unconditional logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared with women with the apoE3 genotype, there were no associations with risk for women with the apoE2 (OR=1.0; 95% CI=0. 91-1.64) or apoE4 genotype (OR=0.97; 95% CI=0.63-1.54). Higher serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were not associated with risk, either in the total sample or among subgroups of women defined by apoE genotype. Women with the highest serum triglyceride levels had an increase in risk (OR=1.63; 95% CI=1. 03-2.59) compared to women with the lowest levels. This effect was not apparent among women with the apoE2 or apoE3 genotype, but much stronger among women with the apoE4 genotype (OR=4.69; 95% CI=1. 49-14.7). These data suggest that the apoE4 genotype may modify the association between serum triglycerides and breast cancer risk.
Presentation of a viral T cell epitope expressed in the CDR3 region of a self immunoglobulin molecule

Synthetic peptides corresponding to microbial epitopes stimulate T cell immunity but their immunogenicity is poor and their half-lives are short. A viral epitope inserted into the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loop of the heavy chain of a self immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule was generated from the Ig context and was presented by I-Ed class II molecules to virus-specific, CD4+ T cells. Chimeric Ig-peptide was presented 100 to 1000 times more efficiently than free synthetic peptide and was able to prime virus-specific T cells in vivo. These features suggest that antigenized Ig can provide an improved and safe vaccine for the presentation of microbial and other peptides.
OPTIMISTIC GROWTH: COMPETITION AND AN ONTOGENETIC NICHE-SHIFT SELECT FOR RAPID GROWTH IN PUMPKINSEED SUNFISH (LEPOMIS GIBBOSUS)

Intrinsic growth rate is emerging as an important life-history trait that can be modified by natural selection. One factor determining optimal intrinsic growth rates is the pattern of resource availability. Organisms that experience chronically low resource levels tend to have slow intrinsic growth rates. However, this does not necessarily hold if resource levels change as an organism grows. We present a theoretical model showing that rapid growth is favored when resource levels for small size classes are low relative to resource levels for large size classes. We call such a growth strategy "optimistic" because rapid growth is based on an expectation that resources will improve once a minimum size is reached. We provide empirical support for this hypothesis by examining the intrinsic growth rates of pumpkinseed sunfish derived from three populations sympatric with bluegill sunfish (an important competitor with small size classes) to three populations allopatric with bluegill sunfish raised under common conditions. Rapid growth has evolved in the sympatric fish to reach the size refuge from competition as quickly as possible.
cDNA cloning and membrane topology of the rabbit gastric H+/K+-ATPase α-subunit

We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA for the rabbit gastric proton-potassium pump (H+/K+-ATPase) α-subunit. The deduced peptide contains 1035 amino acids (Mr 114 201) and shows 97% sequence identity with the respective rat and hog proteins. A monoclonal antibody 146-14 has been shown previously to react with the extracytoplasmic side of the catalytic H+/K+-ATPase subunit and here we show that the epitope is in the region between amino acids 855 and 902 (the numbering of the H+/K+-ATPase catalytic subunit throughout the paper refers to the rabbit sequence). The localization of this epitope in conjunction with previously observed trypsin cleavage sites in the C-terminal one third of the enzyme and the hydrophobicity plot of the deduced peptide sequence are evidence for a structural model for the α-subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase which contains at least ten membrane spanning segments, similar to that deduced for the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Visual Orientation and Feeding in Seals and Sea Lions

AT least some, and perhaps most, pinnipeds of the families Phocidae and Otariidae are nocturnal feeders1. The eyes of these predators, being sensitive to very low light intensities2, are suited for use at night and in deep water. During the day the visual acuity of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) allows this animal to discriminate a size difference ratio as small as 1.06 : 1 (ref. 3). A great deal of vocalizing occurs among pinnipeds, both above and below the surface of the water1,4–6. This fact, along with experimental work such as that of Mohl with the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina)7, indicates that hearing is generally well developed. Poulter suggested that the California sea lion, and probably other species, is able to capture prey in darkness by utilizing an echo-ranging sense similar to that known to occur among cetaceans4. However, subsequent work5,6 has failed to support Poulter's theory. Nevertheless, as “individuals totally blind but in a good state of health have been reported”1, the possibility that such a sense may bo developed when needed should not be dismissed lightly.
Analysis of hospital length of stay and discharge destination using hazard functions with unmeasured heterogeneity

The hospital length-of-stay and the discharge destination of a Medicare patient are the outcomes of one decision process involving the interests of the patient, the hospital, and the firms offering covered post-hospital care. We use a competing risk hazard estimation procedure and adjust for unobserved heterogeneity with a non-parametric technique to identify significant factors in the decision process. A patient's health and socio-economic characteristics, the availability of informal care, local market area conditions, and Medicare policies influence length-of-stay and discharge destination. The substitution we find between hospital and post-hospital care and among post-hospital care alternatives has policy implications for Medicare.
An Investigation of African American Students' Mathematical Problem Solving.

In this study we examined the problem-solving characteristics, strategy selection and use, and verification actions of 24 African American 8th-grade students. Students participated in individual, talk-aloud problem-solving sessions and were interviewed about their problem solutions and attitudes about learning mathematics. Students displayed approaches attributed to African American learners in the literature, regularly using holistic rather than analytic reasoning; their display of confidence and high self-esteem did not appear to be related to success. Students' problem-solving actions matched previously reported characteristics of good mathematical problem solvers: successful use of strategies, flexibility in approach, use of verification actions, and ability to deal with irrelevant detail. Success was highly correlated with strategy selection and use and moderately correlated with verification actions.
How long is too long: Does a prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous women affect maternal and neonatal outcomes?

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine maternal and neonatal outcomes in relation to lengthening intervals of the second stage of labor. Study design This is a retrospective cohort study of 15,759 nulliparous, term, cephalic, singleton births at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1976 and 2001. The second stage of labor was divided into 1-hour intervals. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared with the use of chi-squared and Student t tests, and a probability value of Results Increasing rates of cesarean delivery, operative vaginal delivery, and perineal trauma were associated with the second stage beyond the first hour. In multivariate analysis, the >4-hour interval group had higher rates of cesarean delivery (odds ratio, 5.65; P Conclusion Although the length of the second stage of labor is not associated with poor neonatal outcome, a prolonged second stage is associated with increased maternal morbidity and operative delivery rates.
The Status of Occupational Therapy: Addressing the Needs of People Experiencing Homelessness

SUMMARY This paper discusses the move of occupational therapy practitioners towards providing services for people who are homeless, presents the results of an internet-based survey of assessment tools used with this population, and provides an overview of this volume's papers while discussing the current status of occupational therapy interventions.
Thermally induced magnetic flux in a superconducting ring

Abstract The thermally induced magnetic flux in a bi-metallic superconducting loop of Nb and Ta has been measured and compared with theory. The predicted logarithmic divergence of the flux near the T c of Ta is found, however the magnitude of the flux is larger than predicted.
β-2 and γ-1 Auxiliary Subunits Coassemble in the Same BK Channel and Independently Contribute to Regulation of Channel Gating

Large conductance, Ca2+-and-voltage activated K+ (BK) channels are oligomeric proteins whose minimal functional unit is a homotetramer of the pore-forming α subunit. The α subunit is almost ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, but native BK channel complexes can also contain associated auxiliary subunits which are tissue-specifically expressed. Members of two structurally distinct families of auxiliary subunits, β1- β4 and γ1-γ3, have each been shown to separately assemble with BK-α subunit. Each auxiliary subunit defines important gating properties of the BK channel complex as well as its pharmacology. However, the possibility of coassembly of the two types of auxiliary subunits in the same BK channel has not been closely examined. The only antecedent reports that overexpression of β1 subunit precludes the ability of γ1 to affect BK gating. Here, using single channel and macroscopic patch-clamp recordings we show that β2 and γ1 can coassemble in the same channel. When α, β2 and γ1 subunits are coexpressed at typical RNA ratios, the resulting BK-current shows a complete inactivation, indicating the presence of β2 in all channels, but also exhibits a gating shift consistent with the presence of γ1 in all channels. The effects produced by β2 and γ1 subunits on BK channel gating are approximately additive, consistent with independent mechanistic effects. Furthermore, coassembly of both subunits in the same channel produces a constitutive inactivation of BK current at physiological conditions even at 0 [Ca2+]. This possibility that β and γ subunits may also coassemble in the same BK channels in native tissues adds significantly to the potential functional diversity of BK channels.This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM-081748 (to C.J.L.) and National Research Service Award GM103138 (to V.G.-P.).
Interdigitated smectic A and B mesophases in higher homologues of the 5O.m series

Abstract We report the synthesis, characterization and structural studies of the higher homologues of N(4-n-pentyloxybenzylidene)4-n-alkylaniline compounds, viz. 5O.12, 5O.14 and 5O.16 by thermal microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The compounds exhibit N–SA–SB, N–SA–SB and N–SA phase sequence variants, respectively. The X-ray results reveal the existence of an interdigitated smectic A phase in 5O.16 and smectic B phase in 5O.14. Results are discussed in light of the available data on the nO.m series
Querying XML data sources in DB2: the XML wrapper

The XML Wrapper exploits the federated database capabilities of DB2 to enable SQL applications to query XML data from a variety of sources, including files and web services. The XML Wrapper models hierarchical XML documents as families of virtual relational tables in a federated schema, which can then be queried to extract information from the XML and combine it with data from other sources. To keep the wrapper simple and efficient, we take advantage of the existing capabilitiesof DB2 to the greatest extent possible. Our approach uses the DB2 optimizer’s ability to explore the space of join orders and join methods to find good execution plans for queries that include XML documents. We also leverage DB2’s view and rewrite mechanisms to allow a simple wrapper to support the full range of SQL queries an application might submit.
Visualizing space, time, and agents: production, performance, and preference

Visualizations of space, time, and agents (or objects) are ubiquitous in science, business, and everyday life, from weather maps to scheduling meetings. Effective communications, including visual ones, emerge from use in the field, but no conventional visualization form has yet emerged for this confluence of information. The real-world spiral of production, comprehension, and use that fine-tunes communications can be accelerated in the laboratory. Here, we do so in search of effective visualizations of space, time, and agents. Users' production, preference, and performance aligned to favor matrix representations with time as rows or columns and space and agents as entries. Overall, performance and preference were greater for matrices with discrete dots representing cell entries than for matrices with lines, but lines connecting cells may provide an advantage when evaluating temporal sequence. Both the diagram type and the technique have broader applications.
Individual state driving restrictions for people with epilepsy in the US

Background: States in the United States vary widely in their approaches to restricting driving for patients with epilepsy. Many states have shortened seizure-free restrictions or have adopted flexible regulations that consider individual clinical factors in determining driving privileges. The authors summarized state driving restrictions for patients with seizures, particularly unpublished regulatory practices, and determined the role and liability of physicians in judging driving safety for patients with epilepsy. Methods: The authors surveyed motor vehicle administration bureaus in the 50 states and the District of Columbia and compared the laws, regulations, and practices restricting driving for people with epilepsy. Key responses from a questionnaire were confirmed by state motor vehicle administrations with phone interviews and by a signed executive summary. Results: Twenty-eight states, including the District of Columbia, have laws requiring patients with epilepsy to be free of seizures for single fixed periods, with a median restriction of six months (range, 3 to 12 months). Twenty-three states have adopted more flexible approaches to restricting driving, such as varying seizure-free restrictions based on individual clinical factors. Many states allow patients to drive after shorter seizure-free periods than stated in their laws. These practices, however, are usually unpublished and not easily accessible. Physicians helped determine when their patients may drive in 13 states and were not legally shielded for their assessments in six of these states. Conclusions: States vary widely in how they regulate driving for patients with seizures. These varied regulatory approaches present potentially valuable models to determine how driving might be best regulated to protect public and patient safety optimally while permitting patients with controlled seizures to drive.
Lutein as a Model Dihydroxycarotenoid for the Study of Pigmentation in Chickens

A model for the study of pigmentation in young chickens is described in which a white corn-soy based diet supplemented with varying amounts of free lutein (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 micrograms/g diet) was fed from hatching until 3 weeks of age. The carotenoid content of tissues dissected from chicks of the various groups was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. In intestinal contents, three forms of lutein were found, with lutein monoester greater than free lutein greater than lutein diester. In the serum, free lutein (96%) and lutein monoester (4%) were found. In the liver, free lutein (80%), monoester (20%), and traces of diester were found. In the integument (toe web), diester greater than monoester approximately equal to free alcohol were found. In each tissue, the concentrations were directly proportional to the dietary concentration of free lutein. The simplest explanation of the data appears to be that part of the free lutein in the diet is esterified during its passage down the intestinal tract and, regardless of its status when absorbed, it is transported in the body as the free alcohol. When it enters depot sites such as the integument, lutein is deposited mainly as esters, presumably as the result of local enzymatic activity.
A novel homogeneous BiCMOS gate array architecture and its application to a sub-micron gate array family

To provide BiCMOS gates throughout an array without disrupting the majority CMOS logic, a BiCMOS base cell was pitch-matched to the existing CMOS channelless array and distributed uniformly in the core. This architecture maintains usable gate count when the BiCMOS capability is introduced and allows reuse of the existing CMOS macrocells. >
Self-Diffusion in Binary Blends of Cyclic and Linear Polymers

A lattice model is used to estimate the self-diffusivity of entangled cyclic and linear polymers in blends of varying compositions. To interpret simulation results, we suggest a minimal constraint release model for the motion of a cyclic polymer infiltrated by neighboring linear chains. Both the simulation and recently reported experimental data on entangled DNA solutions support the simple model over a wide range of blend compositions, concentrations, and molecular weights.
Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high-latitude soils

Despite the importance of Arctic and boreal regions in the present carbon cycle, estimates of annual high-latitude carbon fluxes vary in sign and magnitude. Without accurate estimates of current carbon fluxes from Arctic and boreal ecosystems, predicting the response of these systems to global change is daunting. A number of factors control carbon turnover in high-latitude soils, but because they are unique to northern systems, they are mostly ignored by biogeochemical models used to predict the response of these systems to global change. Here, we review those factors. First, many northern systems are dominated by mosses, whose extremely slow decomposition is not predicted by commonly used indices of litter quality. Second, cold temperature, permafrost, waterlogging, and substrate quality interact to stabilize soil organic matter, but the relative importance of these factors, and how they respond to climate change, is unknown. Third, recent evidence suggests that biological activity occuring over winter can contribute significantly to annual soil carbon fluxes. However, the controls over this winter activity remain poorly understood. Finally, processes at the landscape scale, such as fire, permafrost dynamics, and drainage, control regional carbon fluxes, complicating the extrapolation of site-level measurements to regional scales.
Correlation for helium solubilities in liquids

An approximate correlation for the solubility of helium in a variety of solvents over a wide range of temperatures is presented.
An advanced high-performance trench-isolated self-aligned bipolar technology

This paper describes the extension of "double-poly" self-aligned bipolar technology to include a silicon-filled trench with self-aligned cap oxide isolation, a p{^+} polysilicon defined epi-base lateral p-n-p, a p{^+} polysilicon defined self-aligned guard-ring Schottky-barrier diode, and p{^+} polysilicon resistors. Experimental circuits designed with 1.2-µm design rules have shown switching delays of as small as 73 ps for ECL circuits with FI = FO = 1. ISL circuits built with the same process on the same chip as the ECL circuits exhibit a sub-400-ps switching delay. The performance of the technology has also been demonstrated by a 5-kbit ECL SRAM with a 760-µm2Schottky-clamped multi-emitter cell and 1.0-ns access time.
Genomic Structure of the Human Bradykinin B1Receptor Gene and Preliminary Characterization of Its Regulatory Regions

Abstract We report on the isolation of the human BK B 1 receptor gene from a human lung fibroblast genomic library. The gene is present as a single copy, spans more than 10 kilobases and includes three exons interrupted by two introns. The relative position of the exons was mapped using RNase protection assay, and genomic DNA and cDNA sequence matches. Exon and intron-exon boundaries, and 5′, 3′ flanking regions were sequenced. While the 5′ untranslated region is distributed on all three exons, the coding region is located entirely on the third exon. The exon-intron junction sequences are highly conserved. Primer extension analysis mapped the transcriptional initiation site 21 base pairs downstream of a TATA sequence. Two Alu c sequences and two distinct functional promoters were found in the human BK B 1 receptor gene.
Conventional wisdom about familial contributions to substance abuse.

Conventional social-science wisdom about the family background of substance abusers breaks down into three hypotheses. The broken home causes substance abuse; overprotective mothers with or without neglectful fathers cause substance abuse; substance abuse is reinforced by the changes it brings about in family interaction. The broken-home hypothesis attributes substance abuse to sheer absence of a parent, usually the father. The overprotective-mother hypothesis emphasizes the effect of indulgent, dominant mother behavior sometimes combined with ineffectual father behavior. The increased-control hypothesis emphasizes the effects of substance abuser, parents, and siblings on one another. Because investigations of these hypotheses are necessarily correlational, existing research on the family backgrounds of substance abusers suffers from methodological flaws characteristic of weak correlational designs. These hypotheses are logical extensions of Freudian theory, early social-learning theory, and revised socia...
LINEAR ACCELERATOR RADIOSURGERY FOR NONACOUSTIC SCHWANNOMAS

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the results of nonacoustic schwannomas treated with linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery. Methods and Materials: Between August 1989 and October 1997, 18 patients with nonacoustic schwannomas underwent stereotactic radiosurgery at the University of Florida. Nine patients had schwannomas located in the jugular foramen region, seven in the trigeminal nerve, and two in the facial nerve. Nine patients had initial subtotal resections and nine did not undergo surgical intervention. One of the 9 patients with subtotal resection was treated with radiosurgery for a recurrent tumor. Tumor volumes ranged from 0.7 to 15.4 cm 3 with a mean volume of 5.5 cm 3 . Minimal tumor doses ranged from 10.0 to 15.0 Gy with a mean dose of 13.1 Gy. Treatment dose was specified to the 80% isodose shell in 11 patients (58%) and to the 70% isodose shell in the remaining patients. Ten patients (56%) were treated with a single isocenter, 6 patients (33%) with 2–4 isocenters, and 2 patients (11%) with greater than 5 isocenters. Follow-up ranged from 5 to75 months and the mean follow-up was 32 months. Ten patients (56%) had follow-up beyond 2 years and none were lost to follow-up. Local control was defined as clinically stable neurological status and/or stable or decreased tumor size on yearly follow-up MR imaging. Results: Eighteen evaluable patients (100%) had local control after treatment. All were alive and progression-free at last follow-up. Six of 10 patients with follow-up MRI 2 years or more after treatment had tumor regression and 4 patients had stable disease. Three additional patients with an MRI at 1 year showed no tumor change. Four complications in 3 patients included one worsening of a preexisting VII nerve palsy, 2 patients with new onset of hearing loss, and one with ataxia. No surgical intervention or prolonged steroid use was necessary for any patient with complications. Five patients had improvement in preexisting neurologic deficits. Conclusions: Excellent preliminary tumor control rates and a favorable toxicity profile support the effectiveness of linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with nonacoustic schwannomas.
Locking and Blocking the Viral Landscape of an Alphavirus with Neutralizing Antibodies

Alphaviruses are serious, sometimes lethal human pathogens that belong to the family Togaviridae. The structures of human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), an alphavirus, in complex with two strongly neutralizing antibody Fab fragments (F5 and 3B4C-4) have been determined using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy and homology modeling. We characterize these monoclonal antibody Fab fragments, which are known to abrogate VEEV infectivity by binding to the E2 (envelope) surface glycoprotein. Both of these antibody Fab fragments cross-link the surface E2 glycoproteins and therefore probably inhibit infectivity by blocking the conformational changes that are required for making the virus fusogenic. The F5 Fab fragment cross-links E2 proteins within one trimeric spike, whereas the 3B4C-4 Fab fragment cross-links E2 proteins from neighboring spikes. Furthermore, F5 probably blocks the receptor-binding site, whereas 3B4C-4 sterically hinders the exposure of the fusion loop at the end of the E2 B-domain. IMPORTANCE Alphaviral infections are transmitted mainly by mosquitoes. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus with a wide distribution across the globe. No effective vaccines exist for alphaviral infections. Therefore, a better understanding of VEEV and its associated neutralizing antibodies will help with the development of effective drugs and vaccines.
Provisional Prosthetic Management of Mobile Teeth in Conjunction with a Removable Partial Denture Using Orthodontic Wire

Precision attachment-retained removable partial dentures eliminate the use of visible clasps and improve the esthetic appearance of the smile; however, terminal abutment teeth may be subject to unfavorable stresses under function when misused. A provisional prosthetic management technique that incorporates an orthodontic wire to assist cross-arch support and stability of the periodontally weakened abutment teeth is described. This technique is simple, reversible, does not alter the esthetic appearance of the smile, and controls the mobility of the abutment teeth until a definitive treatment plan is established.
A single session of meditation reduces of physiological indices of anger in both experienced and novice meditators.

The goal of the present study was to explore how anger reduction via a single session of meditation might be measured using psychophysiological methodologies. To achieve this, 15 novice meditators (Experiment 1) and 12 practiced meditators (Experiment 2) completed autobiographical anger inductions prior to, and following, meditation training while respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured. Participants also reported subjective anger via a visual analog scale. At both stages, the experienced meditators' physiological reaction to the anger induction reflected that of relaxation: slowed breathing and heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Naive meditators exhibited physiological reactions that were consistent with anger during the pre-meditation stage, while after meditation training and a second anger induction they elicited physiological evidence of relaxation. The current results examining meditation training show that the naive group's physiological measures mimicked those of the experienced group following a single session of meditation training.
Research problems and issues: Toward a more definitive science of disruptive behavior disorders.

Writing the concluding chapter for an authoritative, edited handbook on Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) is both challenging and daunting. Our task, which involves appraising the status of research practices in this domain, invites a host of “big questions”: Where is the field? How much substantive progress have we made in such crucial issues as understanding etiology, elucidating underlying processes, predicting long-term outcomes, or mapping the outcomes of intervention techniques? At an applied level, do our developmental trajectories, multiple-risk-factor models, and ever more sophisticated data analytic strategies stand any chance of influencing policy that might stem the rising tide of youth violence in the United States?* More basically, are we even headed in the right directions; that is, can our current research models yield predictive and explanatory success? In all, the prevalence, impairment, and destructive nature of DBD (Barkley, 1996; Hinshaw & Anderson, 1996; Stoff, Breiling, & Maser, 1997) mandate that our science carefully scrutinize its conceptual bases and practices.
Hilbert Modular Varieties

We present here a general theory of the Hilbert modular varieties together with a sketch of a proof of the geometric reciprocity laws and the vertical control theorems, assuming some of the results which are proven for more general reductive groups G in later chapters.
Expressive Therapies: Music, Art, and Sandplay

Music, art, and sandplay therapies are similar of which each can be utilized with clients to address developmental issues, resolve conflicts, expand consciousness, and achieve psychological healing. Each can be utilized as a primary mode of therapy or as an adjunctive therapy. These therapeutic approaches offer the client the potential to expand his or her creativity while engaging in a healing process.
Media Variety and Task Complexity Coping in Teams: Theory Development and Empirical Analysis

Much of the research on electronic communication media so far has been characterized by a focus on the impact that specific media may have on individuals and teams; as opposed to the impact that multiple media, when used in combination, may have on individuals and teams. We contribute to addressing this gap by developing a new theory of media variety and team performance, which we tested in the context of teams engaged in new product development. Data from 290 new product development teams in 66 organizations located in Northeastern United States were analyzed. The results of the analysis suggest that a high degree of electronic communication media variety facilitates the implementation of task complexity coping mechanisms, such as coordination activities, in new product development teams. This in turn seems to lead to significant gains in team efficiency and effectiveness in those teams. The results also suggest that while electronic communication media variety plays an important facilitation role, by facilitating coordination activities, it has a much less pronounced direct effect on team efficiency and effectiveness. In other words, in the absence of task complexity coping mechanisms, such as coordination activities, a high degree of media variety may not be very useful for teams carrying out complex tasks such as new product development.