cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Generic Teamwork Skills Training with Action Teams: Effects on Cognitive and Skill-Based Outcomes

This study evaluated the utility of generic teamwork skills training for enhancing the effectiveness of action teams. Results from 65 4-person action teams working on an interdependent command and control simulator revealed that generic teamwork skills training had a significant and positive impact on both cognitive and skill-based outcomes. Trained team members evidenced higher levels of declarative knowledge regarding teamwork competencies and demonstrated greater proficiency in the areas of planning and task coordination, collaborative problem-solving, and communication. Furthermore, results indicated that cognitive and skill based outcomes were interrelated. Team members' declarative knowledge regarding teamwork competencies positively affected planning and task coordination, collaborative problem solving, and communication skills. However, we found that the effects of declarative knowledge differed across team members depending on their roles and responsibilities. The team benefited the most from the knowledge held by the team member who occupied the most critical position in the workflow. Implications of these findings for future research and practice are discussed.
Bone marrow production of lung cells: the impact of G-CSF, cardiotoxin, graded doses of irradiation, and subpopulation phenotype.

Objective Previous studies have demonstrated the production of various types of lung cells from marrow cells under diverse experimental conditions. Our aim was to identify some of the variables that influence conversion in the lung. Methods In separate experiments, mice received various doses of total-body irradiation followed by transplantation with whole bone marrow or various subpopulations of marrow cells (Lin −/+ , c-kit −/+ , Sca-1 −/+ ) from GFP + (C57BL/6-TgN[ACTbEGFP]1Osb) mice. Some were given intramuscular cardiotoxin and/or mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Results The production of pulmonary epithelial cells from engrafted bone marrow was established utilizing green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody labeling to rule out autofluorescence and deconvolution microscopy to establish the colocaliztion of GFP and cytokeratin and the absence of CD45 in lung samples after transplantation. More donor-derived lung cells (GFP + /CD45 − ) were seen with increasing doses of radiation (5.43% of all lung cells, 1200 cGy). In the 900-cGy group, 61.43% of GFP + /CD45 − cells were also cytokeratin + . Mobilization further increased GFP + /CD45 − cells to 7.88% in radiation-injured mice. Up to 1.67% of lung cells were GFP + /CD45 − in radiation-injured mice transplanted with Lin − , c-kit + , or Sca-1 + marrow cells. Lin + , c-kit − , and Sca-1 − subpopulations did not significantly engraft the lung. Conclusions We have established that marrow cells are capable of producing pulmonary epithelial cells and identified radiation dose and G-CSF mobilization as variables influencing the production of lung cells from marrow cells. Furthermore, the putative lung cell–producing marrow cell has the phenotype of a hematopoietic stem cell.
Generation of nonbiased hydrodynamic injections on microfluidic devices using integrated dielectric elastomer actuators.

Sample introduction is a crucial, yet often overlooked step in chemical analysis. Its importance is clearly portrayed in the case of electrokinetic injection for electrophoretic separations, where sampling bias favors the introduction of the fastest moving analytes in a mixture. To this end, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic device that incorporates miniaturized and fully integrated dielectric elastomer actuators (IDEAs) in order to perform sample injection for electrophoresis is reported. These electromechanical actuators produce hydrodynamic fluid pulses within the channel network without the need for any modifications to the channel design and without the use of large, off-chip equipment. Separations of Fluorescein thiocarbamyl-labeled amino acids reveal that IDEA-derived injections have a more stable chemical composition than electrokinetic injections, with peak area relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 1.1% over 30 injections at six different volumes. Moreover, the efficienc...
Computer integrated quality assurance

Abstract The use of computers in quality assurance is increasing. The number and type of applications are increasing. This paper addresses some of the applications and some of the integration problems associated with computer integrated quality assurance.
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus to Cortical Area MT

We previously established a functional pathway extending from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) through the inferior pulvinar (PI) to cortical area MT in the primate (Macaca mulatta). Here, we characterized the signals that this pathway conveys to cortex by recording from pulvinar neurons that we identified by microstimulation as receiving input from SC and/or projecting to MT. The basic properties of these ascending-path PI neurons resembled those of SC visual neurons. Namely, they had brisk responses to spots of light, inhibitory surrounds, and relatively large receptive fields that increased with eccentricity, as well as minimal presaccadic activity. Beyond these basic properties, there were two salient results regarding the modulatory and motion signals conveyed by this ascending pathway. First, the PI neurons appeared to convey only a subset of the modulations found in the SC: they exhibited saccadic suppression, the inhibition of activity at the time of the saccade, but did not clearly show the attentional enhancement of the visual response seen in SC. Second, directional selectivity was minimal in PI neurons belonging to the ascending path but was significantly more prominent in PI neurons receiving input from MT. This finding casts doubt on earlier assumptions that PI provides directionally selective signals to MT and instead suggests that PI derives its selectivity from MT. The identification of this pathway and its transmitted activity establishes the first functional pathway from brainstem to cortex through pulvinar and makes it possible to examine its contribution to cortical visual processing, perception, and action.
A Dynamically Scalable Cloud Data Infrastructure for Sensor Networks

As small, specialized sensor devices become more ubiquitous, reliable, and cheap, increasingly more domain sciences are creating "instruments at large" - dynamic, often self-organizing, groups of sensors whose outputs are capable of being aggregated and correlated to support experiments organized around specific questions. This calls for an infrastructure able to collect, store, query, and process data set from sensor networks. The design and development of such infrastructure faces several challenges. The challenges reflect the need to interact with and administer the sensors remotely. The sensors may be deployed in inaccessible places and have only intermittent network connectivity due to power conservation and other factors. This requires communication protocols that can withstand unreliable networks as well as an administrative interface to sensor controller. Further, the system has to be scalable, i.e., capable of ultimately dealing with potentially large numbers of data producing sensors. It also needs to be able to organize many different data types efficiently. And finally, it also needs to scale in the number of queries and processing requests. In this work we present a set of protocols and a cloud-based data streaming infrastructure called WaggleDB that address those challenges. The system efficiently aggregates and stores data from sensor networks and enables the users to query those data sets. It address the challenges above with a scalable multi-tier architecture, which is designed in such way that each tier can be scaled by adding more independent resources provisioned on-demand in the cloud.
Are immunoglobulins with lupus anticoagulant activity specific for phospholipids

Recent studies have suggested that the lupus anticoagulant (LA) may be specific for prothrombin, prothrombin-phospholipid complexes, or beta 2 glycoprotein 1 (beta 2GP1) rather than phospholipids. We performed a series of experiments to determine whether LA is indeed phospholipid specific. IgG was purified from sera of six patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and 10 healthy controls. The six IgG-APS preparations had both LA and anticardiolipin (aCL) activity. Incubation of the six IgG-APS preparations with cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), or PS/PC (20:80) liposomes in Tris-buffered saline, resulted in loss of LA activity from the supernatant. We postulated that loss of activity might have resulted from absorption of IgG LA antibodies by phospholipids, a dilutional effect, or the presence of phospholipids in the supernatant causing 'by-pass' of IgG LA inhibitory activity. To distinguish between these possibilities, we re-isolated IgG from the supernatants and re-tested them for LA activity. IgG re-isolated from the PS. CL and PS/PC supernatants had no LA activity, but LA activity remained in the PC supernatant. This suggested that IgG with LA activity was absorbed by negatively charged but not by zwitterionic phospholipids. In like manner, PS, CL and PS/PC, but not PC liposomes, absorbed IgG with aCL activity. Mixtures of the phospholipid liposomes with beta 2GP1 did not modify the absorption of IgG with LA or aCL activity. Finally, we demonstrated that IgG eluted from immunoglobulin-cardiolipin liposome complexes had LA activity. Based on these findings, we conclude that at least one population of antibodies with LA activity is phospholipid specific.
A new approach to modeling ice crystal aggregates and its implications for radar remote sensing

Backscattering cross sections of model ice crystal aggregates are computed at 35.6 GHz using the generalized multiparticle Mie (GMM) method and compared against a commonly used equivalent dielectric model (also referred to as the “soft sphere” or the “bulk” model). It is shown that the bulk model underestimates the backscattering cross sections by 7 to 20 dB over aggregate sizes from 3 to 19 mm. This raises concerns about using bulk models for the interpretation of millimeter wave radar measurements of ice clouds and snow.
Self-Reduction of Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

Anterior dislocations of the shoulder are relatively common, and many techniques in the literature report achieving safe and satisfactory reductions. One such technique is called the Boss-Holzach-Matter method (1,2)-referred to in this article as the self-reduction technique. With physician guidance, this technique safely allows patients to assist and control relocation of the shoulder. It is atraumatic, simple, and quick; can be used by medical and nonmedical personnel; is possible without analgesics or general anesthesia; and can be done in any setting, including a medical facility. It is ideal for use outdoors or in the backcountry where transport to a medical facility would be time-consuming and difficult.
Effect of Copper on the Volatility of Aroma Compounds in a Model Mouth System

Copper is thought to influence aroma perception by affecting volatility of aroma compounds in the mouth through interaction with salivary components, especially proteins. Our objective was to ident...
Magneto-Optic LAN Bypass Switch

Magneto-optic garnets are efficient Faraday rotators at 1300nm and are thus of interest as the basis for a non-mechanical bypass switch. Recent improvements in bismuth-substituted rare earth iron garnet (BRIG) technology have removed limitations which made garnets less than ideal for use in multimode fiber systems such as LAN's. We report recent progress in our laboratory to increase Faraday rotation, lower optical absorption, and to decrease magnetic drive field in BRIG garnets. These improvements allow a simple implementation of an optical bypass switch suitable for multimode use. We report test results from a switch which incorporates features which reduce parts count and simplify magnet design. The results include insertion loss of 2.47dB and crosstalk of -23dB. The switch uses a single garnet and is amenable to a single beamsplitter implementation.
Luminescence and absorption characterization of ethylene-vinyl acetate encapsulant for PV modules before and after weathering degradation

Abstract Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer films extruded from Elvax 150 pellets with additives are used in PV module encapsulation that involves lamination and curing steps. The Elvax 150 films (without additives) contain short α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups and a photosensitizer impurity that is also found in the pellets. The yellowing of unexposed, aged EVA films (with additives) is attributed to an interaction between the UV absorber, Cyasorb UV 531, and Lupersol peroxide curing agent. A relatively small change in the EVA structure results from the compounding and film extrusion below 120°C in the presence of additives. A significant structural modification occurs when curing at 140–150°C as new UV-excitable chromophores are formed. Discoloration of the weathering-degraded EVA films is attributed to the formation of polyenic chromophores of various lengths and appears to be closely related to the loss of Cyasorb UV 531. Discoloration increases from light yellow to dark brown as the extent of degradation increases, which also increasingly reduces the transmission of light. A mixture of three to four groups of polyenic chromophores, with some in conjugation with carbonyl groups, is present in the discolored EVA films that are derivatives from the initial chromophores in the cured EVA films. The majority of the polyenes in the yellow-brown EVA films are deduced to have three to six conjugations and some of the polyconjugations are longer than that of trans-β-carotene.
IUGR decreases PPARγ and SETD8 Expression in neonatal rat lung and these effects are ameliorated by maternal DHA supplementation

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered lung development in human and rat. The transcription factor PPARγ, is thought to contribute to lung development. PPARγ is activated by docosahexanoic acid (DHA). One contribution of PPARγ to lung development may be its direct regulation of chromatin modifying enzymes, such as Setd8. In this study, we hypothesized that IUGR would result in a gender-specific reduction in PPARγ, Setd8 and associated H4K20Me levels in the neonatal rat lung. Because DHA activates PPARγ, we also hypothesized that maternal DHA supplementation would normalize PPARγ, Setd8, and H4K20Me levels in the IUGR rat lung. We found that IUGR decreased PPARγ levels, with an associated decrease in Setd8 levels in both male and female rat lungs. Levels of the Setd8-dependent histone modification, H4K20Me, were reduced on the PPARγ gene in both males and females while whole lung H4K20Me was only reduced in male lung. Maternal DHA supplementation ameliorated these effects in offspring. We conclude that IUGR decreases lung PPARγ, Setd8 and PPARγ H4K20Me independent of gender, while decreasing whole lung H4K20Me in males only. These outcomes are offset by maternal DHA. We speculate that maintenance of the epigenetic milieu may be one role of PPARγ in the lung and suggests a novel benefit of maternal DHA supplementation in IUGR.
De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Fruit Transcriptome of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Using 454 Pyrosequencing and the Development of Novel Tri-Nucleotide SSR Markers

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically important deciduous tree that has high therapeutic value and health benefits. However, a lack of sequence data and molecular markers have constrained genetic and breeding studies for better fruit quality and other traits in Chinese jujube. In this study, two combined cDNA libraries of ‘Dongzao’ fruit representing the early and late stages of fruit development were constructed and sequenced on the 454 GS FLX Titanium platform. In total, 1,124,197 reads were generated and then de novo assembled into 97,479 unigenes. A total of 52,938 unigenes were homologous to genes in the NCBI non-redundant sequence database. A total of 33,123 unigenes were assigned to one or more Gene Ontology terms, and 16,693 unigenes were classified into 319 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The results showed that the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway was the main pathway for the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in Chinese jujube. The number of differentially expressed genes between the two stages of fruit development was 1,764, among which 974 and 790 genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Furthermore, 9,893 sequences were identified containing SSRs. 93 primer pairs designed from the sequences with a tri-nucleotide repeat showed successful PCR amplification and could be validated in Chinese jujube accessions and Z. mauritiana Lam and Z. acidojujuba as well, of which 71 primer pairs were polymorphic. The obtained transcriptome provides a most comprehensive resource currently available for gene discovery and the development of functional markers in Z. jujuba. The newly developed microsatellite markers could be used in applications such as genetic linkage analysis and association studies, diversity analysis, and marker-assisted selection in Chinese jujube and related species.
Effect of serine protease inhibitors on posttraumatic brain injury and neuronal apoptosis.

N-Tosyl-l-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), an inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like serine protease (CSP), prevents DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death in certain blood cell lines and was reported to reduce hippocampal neuronal damage caused by cerebral ischemia. We examined the role of CSP on recovery after lateral fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats, as well as on cell survival in various in vitro models of neuronal cell death. TBI caused significant time-dependent upregulation of CSP activity, but not trypsin-like serine protease activity in injured cortex. Intracerebroventricular administration of TPCK to rats after TBI did not significantly affect deficits of spatial learning but exacerbated motor dysfunction after injury. Moreover, TPCK did not prevent apoptotic neuronal cell death caused by serum/K(+) deprivation or by application of staurosporine or etoposide in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells, rat cortical neurons, or in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Instead, at doses from 10 to 100 microM, TPCK was cytotoxic in all cultures tested. Similar results were obtained in cultures treated with another CSP inhibitor, 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. Cell death caused by CSP inhibitors was neither caspase-dependent nor associated with oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Taken together, these data do not support a neuroprotective role for CSP inhibitors. Rather, they suggest that CSPs may serve an endogenous neuroprotective role, possibly by modulating necrotic cell death.
Characteristics of male disciplinary students at a catholic university

This study examined selected measures of demographic, social, and academic characteristics for a male disciplinary population at Villanova University, to determine the usefulness of these variables in predicting membership in a disciplinary group from one graduating class to the next. The step wise multiple regression analysis showed that the predictability of these measures for this population was minimal.
FA composition of crude oil recovered from catfish viscera

The FA composition of crude catfish oil recovered from whole viscera, digestive tract, liver, gallbladder, and visceral storage fat was determined and compared with that of fillet and nugget (abdominal portion). About 34% crude fat (wet basis) could be recovered from the whole catfish viscera. FA found in crude catfish visceral oil were C14∶0, C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3, C20∶0, C20∶1, C20∶2, C20∶3, C20∶4, and C22∶6, the predominant FA being C18∶1, C16∶0, C18∶2, and C18∶0. Catfish visceral oil was characterized by a high level of unsaturated FA, which was similarly found in fillet and nugget. Total unsaturated FA in visceral oil amounted to 261.3 mg/g (dry basis) compared to that of fillet (259.3 mg/g) and nugget, (307.6 mg/g). The whole viscera contained 4.2 mg/g DHA compared to that of gallbladder (9.2 mg/g), fillet (9.3 mg/g), and nugget, (10.7 mg/g). The total n−3 FA in the whole and/or portioned visceral ranged from 4.3 to 20.9 mg/g.
Experience with position-sensitive neutron detectors at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source

Abstract At the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory, pulses of protons accelerated in a synchrotron produce pulses of fast neutrons via the spallation process in an enriched uranium target. After moderation, the resulting pulses of slow neutrons are directed into beams which serve a variety of neutron-scattering instruments. Currently there are thirteen neutron-scattering instruments in operation or under development at IPNS, and six of these use position-sensitive neutron detectors (PSDs). These PSDs are: a 30 cm × 30 cm, ∼3 mm resolution, neutron Anger camera area PSD with 6Li-glass scintillator; a 2.5 cm diameter, ∼0.7 mm resolution, microchannel-plate area PSD with 6Li-glass scintillator; a 20 cm × 20 cm, ∼5 mm resolution, 3He proportional-counter area PSD; a 40 cm × 40 cm, ∼4 mm resolution, 3He proportional-counter area PSD; a flat 20 cm long, ∼1.6 mm resolution, 3He proportional-counter linear PSD; and 160 cylindrical 3He proportional-counter linear PSDs, each of which is 1.27 cm in diameter and 60 cm long and has ∼14 mm resolution. These detectors, in addition to being position-sensitive, resolve the time of the neutron capture with ∼1 μs precision for neutron time-of-flight measurements. This paper will discuss these various PSDs with emphasis on the instrumental specifications and the reasons for the selection of the different types of PSDs, and will also discuss the observed performances of these PSDs.
Specific impacts of two root herbivores and soil nutrients on plant performance and insect–insect interactions

Soil-dwelling insects commonly co-occur and feed simultaneously on belowground plant parts, yet patterns of damage and consequences for plant and insect performance remain poorly characterized. We tested how two species of root-feeding insects affect the performance of a perennial plant and the mass and survival of both conspecific and heterospecific insects. Because root damage is expected to impair roots’ ability to take up nutrients, we also evaluated how soil fertility alters belowground plant–insect and insect–insect interactions. Specifically, we grew common milkweed Asclepias syriaca in low or high nutrient soil and added seven densities of milkweed beetles Tetraopes tetraophthalmus, wireworms (mainly Hypnoides abbreviatus), or both species. The location and severity of root damage was species-specific: Tetraopes caused 59% more damage to main roots than wireworms, and wireworms caused almost seven times more damage to fine roots than Tetraopes. Tetraopes damage decreased shoot, main root and fine root biomass, however substantial damage by wireworms did not decrease any component of plant biomass. With the addition of soil nutrients, main root biomass increased three times more, and fine root biomass increased five times more when wireworms were present than when Tetraopes were present. We detected an interactive effect of insect identity and nutrient availability on insect mass. Under high nutrients, wireworm mass decreased 19% overall and was unaffected by the presence of Tetraopes. In contrast, Tetraopes mass increased 114% overall and was significantly higher when wireworms were also present. Survival of wireworms decreased in the presence of Tetraopes, and both species’ survival was negatively correlated with conspecific density. We conclude that insect identity, density and soil nutrients are important in mediating the patterns and consequences of root damage, and suggest that these factors may account for some of the contradictory plant responses to belowground herbivory reported in the literature.
Operating Experience of Nimonic 80A First-Stage Buckets in Natural-Gas-Burning Turbines

As a result of critical material shortages during the Korean conflict, Nimonic 80A was substituted for S-816 in first stage buckets for 5000 horsepower machines. Original evaluations of long-time performance indicated adequate strength, however, premature failures occurred in 1956 after 15,000–20,000 hours of operation. These failures were discussed in ASME paper (59-GTP-19) by Carameros, Mathews, and Moyer. This paper presents the results of intensive investigations which followed, and which not only revealed basic causes of these failures, but determined the corrective measures required for more reliable performance of this material now in service. Current design dictates the use of a higher strength M-252 alloy with proven stability through long time service.© 1960 ASME
Characterization and sequence of a cDNA clone of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase

Abstract We have isolated several cDNA's complementary to gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) mRNA by screening a rat kidney library constructed in lambda gtll with antibodies specifically reactive to the enzyme protein. The clone selected an mRNA that was translated into a 62 Kd peptide, corresponding to the GGT precursor. The longest clone isolated was 1842 bp long with an open reading frame coding for 565 amino acids. The length of the mRNA coding for GGT was estimated to be 2.2 kb long. The amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence matched the short sequences determined by us as well as by other authors.
Cyclic activity changes during extinction in rats: A potential model of depression*

Rats’ open-field activity immediately following extinction trials in a runway rose sharply from baseline, then dropped below baseline, and finally recovered. There was no discernible relationship between activity levels and runway performance during acquisition or extinction. The data confirm a theory that a sequence of invigoration, depression, and recovery of noninstrumental locomotor activity (an “incentive-disengagement cycle”) may regularly accompany incentive loss, including experimental extinction.
CLOSURE AND ACUITY IN PSEUDOISOCHROMATIC COLOR TESTS

While visual acuity was related to performance on several pseudoisochromatic color tests for 73 male college students, no evidence was found that perceptual closure also affected performance. No scores were correlated for the 69 undergraduate women.
The colorimetric and spectrophotometric determination of vitamin C in malignant tumors.

Many attempts have been made to detect qualitative differences in chemical composition between normal and neoplastic tissues. Such differences, if they should exist, might throw some light on the different biological behavior of the two classes of tissues. So far, however, only negative results have been obtained with the exception of the work reported by Harris (1) and Boyland (2). Harris claimed that not more than about one-third of the reducing material in deproteinized tumor extracts, which reacts with 2:6-dichlorophenolindophenol, is vitamin C. The rest he believed to be a reducing substance (reducytin) of unknown chemical composition. Harris reached this conclusion by comparing the results obtained by the colorimetric method with those of antiscorbutic tests. In view of the importance of this claim from the standpoint of malignant tissue metabolism, we undertook in 1935 a reinvestigation of this problem. Since at that time the accuracy of the bio-assay left much to be desired, it was decided to make a comparison of the results obtained by the colorimetric method with those obtained by ultra-violet spectrophotometry. A great deal of preliminary work had to be done in order to develop a sufficient accuracy for the latter method. Experimental Preparation of Tumor Extracts: The tumor tissue was furnished by Drs. J. W. Thompson and W. R. Earle of this laboratory and came from pure bred rats inoculated intramuscularly with the Walker rat carcinoma 256 or the Jensen rat sarcoma. The latter tumor was also used by Harris. The animals were given a diet consisting of 30 per cent whole milk powder, 70 per cent ground wheat, plus an amount of sodium chloride equal to 2 per cent of the ground wheat used. The rats were killed by decapitation with complete bleeding. The tumors were removed at once and the necrotic portions were discarded as far as possible. The weighed tissue was placed in a glass mortar chilled with ice and immediately ground with pure acid-extracted quartz sand and freshly prepared 5 per cent metaphosphoric acid solution.1 The volume of added solution in cubic centimeters was equal to four times the weight of tissue in grams. The extract was then diluted with ice water to make a total volume, in cubic centimeters, equal to ten times the weight of the tissue in grams. This was followed by rapid centrifugation and filtration of the supernatant fluid, the extract being kept cool with ice until used for colorimetric titration and spectrometric determination. The final extract should be perfectly clear. This may require repeated filtration through quantitative paper (No. 42 Whatman).
What can flatfish ontogenies tell us about pelagic and benthic lifestyles

Abstract Eye migration, asymmetrical pigmentation, and a 90° rotation in posture are developmental changes that unify all flatfishes and facilitate a transition from a pelagic to a benthic existence. Settlement places the fish in new environmental conditions which may require different types and levels of performance for survival compared to those needed in the water column. Since structure and performance vary as a consequence of ontogeny, it is likely that natural selection has acted on the ontogeny of flatfishes differently from fishes that do not settle (pelagic fishes) to provide different survival skills by the time flatfishes settle. This paper provides examples of quantitative methods for comparing fish ontogenies in the context of three predictions: (1) different flatfish species undergo settlement at a common ontogenetic state; (2) they have a common set of skills at settlement that differ from those of pelagic species of the same ontogenetic state; and (3) skills or features that appear earlier in the ontogenetic program of flatfishes than in pelagic fishes suggest attributes that are important to survival in a benthic habitat. Preliminary comparisons suggest that flatfishes may have accelerated development of their mechanosensory system relative to pelagic species. Firm conclusions about ecologically important differences between the pelagic and benthic habitats derived from analyses of ontogenetic events will require more kinds of data from a broader selection of species.
Steroid hormone transformations by endocrine organs from pregnant mammals VI. The conversion of Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione to estrogens by goat placental preparations in vitro

Abstract The conversion of Δ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione-4- 14 C to radioactive estrone, estradiol-17α and estradiol-17β has been shown in vitro with goat placental tissue preparations. The results demonstrate the potential importance of the goat placenta as a source of estrogens during pregnancy.
Sign Iconicity and Receptive Vocabulary Testing

Development of valid receptive sign vocabulary tests and the influence of sign iconicity on test performance were investigated. Forty items were taken from the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (Lloyd M. Dunn & Leota M. Dunn, 1982). For each target item, three alternative distractor items were developed to draw nonsigning participants away from a perceptual matching strategy. The sample comprised 34 deaf signing undergraduates and 36 hearing nonsigning undergraduates. Deaf students outperformed hearing students on both sets of items. Hearing students' scores on the original items were significantly higher than on the manipulated items, but both exceeded chance level (25%), indicating that many of the items were iconic for this sample. Complete elimination of iconicity is difficult for sophisticated participants. Recommendations for development of tests for signing deaf students include involvement of nonsigning hearing participants to reduce the effects of iconicity in obtaining valid results.
High Field Conductance And Hall Study Under Illumination Of EL2 Defect In Semi-Insulating GaAs

In an effort to study field-assisted photoconductivity, single crysta's of semi-insulating GaAs, having EL2 defect concentration 10 16 cm-3 and resistivity 10 8 -cm, have been investigated with pulsed illumination at 0.904 µ of 40ns duration. The resulting G-V data, taken for various delay times between the onset of the voltage pulse and the onset of the laser pulse, show similar character except for the condition when the laser pulse over-laps in time the displacement current region due to the voltage pulse. It is interpreted that this difference in behavior is due to the effect of changing polarization (P) during the rise of the voltage. Very rapid oppositional voltage pulses which, in the presence of illumination, drive the total current to zero show that the current falls to the ground level far faster than the voltage and suggests avalanched recombination. Hall Effect studies show reversible sign-change in Vu at the temperature zone 130-110K, which identifies the transition to and from the photo-initiated metastable state of EL2. In samples which contain virtually zero EL2 defect, there is no indication of sign change when traversing this low-temperature region.
The Foxp3+ regulatory T cell: a jack of all trades, master of regulation.

The function of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) has been attributed to a growing number of diverse pathways, molecules and processes. Seemingly contradictory conclusions regarding the mechanisms underlying Treg cell suppressive activity have revitalized skeptics in the field who challenge the core validity of the idea of Treg cells as central immune regulators. However, we note that a consensus may be emerging from the data: that multiple Treg cell functions act either directly or indirectly at the site of antigen presentation to create a regulatory milieu that promotes bystander suppression and infectious tolerance. Thus, the versatility and adaptability of the Foxp3+ Treg cells may in fact be the best argument that these cells are 'multitalented masters of immune regulation'.
Characterization of heat-treated tungsten thin films using picosecond duration thermoelastic transients

Picosecond duration thermoelastic transients generated with femtosecond lasers have seen considerable use as a means to characterize sub-surface properties of thin metal films and interfaces. Frequently only the acoustic information is analyzed, because valuable information is readily available by quantifying relative changes in the observed signal, such as film thickness as determined from acoustic time-of-flight measurements. The simulations presented here model material transients in metals with a two-temperature parabolic model of thermoelasticity, which shows good agreement with experimental measurements. Simulations are conducted such that direct comparisons with experimental measurements allow determination of the relevant physical properties of the sample. Using these comparisons, the variations of the thermal conductivity of tungsten thin films that occur as a result of heat treatment are reported and the accompanying variation in the electrical conductivity is calculated.
SILICON:GERMANIUM HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS: FROM EXPERIMENT TO TECHNOLOGY

Recent advances in thin film growth techniques, notably the maturation of low temperature silicon epitaxy, have enabled the routine fabrication of highly controlled dopant and silicon:germanium alloy profiles. These capabilities, combined with refinements in heterojunction bipolar transistor designs, have led to the first integrated circuits in the silicon:germanium materials system. Utilizing a commercial (Leybold-AG) UHVCVD tool for SiGe epitaxy on a standard 8" CMOS line, medium scale integration has been achieved, with the first IC components being SiGe HBT based 1 Ghz, 12 bit, digital to analog converters.
Packaging Indigenous Media: An Interview with Ivan Sanjinés and Jesús Tapia

An interview with two key figures in the indigenous video movement in Bolivia conducted at the Taos Talking Pictures Film Festival in New Mexico. In the interview, Ivan Sanjines and Jesus Tapia describe the development of indigenous video centers and organizations in Bolivia, their work with video makers across Latin American, their goals during their 2002 U.S. video tour, their reactions to their audience's questions, and notions of authorship and collaboration as a process that extends from communities in which videos are made to hemispheric networks of media makers. I introduce the interview by situating indigenous video in Bolivia within the wider and significant historical shift toward indigenous politics in Bolivia in the 1980s and 1990s and draw from the interview new meanings for the term indigenous media that involve the ways video makers assemble and package a multiplex of technologies, resources, social organizations, cultural principles and imagery into a representational form that extends beyond the completed videotape.
Cryoprotection of murine lymphocyte subpopulations using a microprocessor-controlled cooling system

Abstract Single-cell suspensions of splenic lymphocytes from 5- to 6-month-old C57BL/6 mice were cryopreserved using cooling rates ranging from −0.25 to −10.0 °C/min with the microprocessor-controlled cooling system developed in our laboratory. The cells (30 × 106 cells/ml) were suspended in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS and 10% DMSO, and a total volume of 1.75 ml was frozen. Fluorescein-diacetate staining identified viable cells in unfrozen controls and frozen-thawed suspensions. Functional capacity was assessed in vitro by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine by dividing cells activated with graded concentrations of the T-lymphocyte mitogens, PHA-P and Con A, and the B-lymphocyte mitogen, LPS. High percentages of viable cells were recovered after cooling at rates ranging from −0.5 to −5.0 °C/min, as compared with those of unfrozen control suspensions. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine by T and B cells reached similar levels after cooling at rates ranging from −0.25 to −5.0 °C/min, and the percentage incorporation of [3H]thymidine as compared with that of unfrozen cells was 80–100%, except for T lymphocytes activated with PHA-P after cooling at −5.0 °C/min. The relative response of cell suspensions to T- and B-cell mitogens, the relative mitogenic index, was unchanged from that of unfrozen controls in suspensions cooled at all rates including two (−0.25 and −10.0 °C/min), which permitted recovery of only 55% of unfrozen cells. The importance of the constant cooling rates and rapid compensation for heat released at the phase change using the microprocessor-controlled system and of precise determinations of cellular viability and function are discussed and related to the apparent protection conferred on subpopulations of murine lymphocytes using cooling rates ranging from − 0.25 to −10.0 °C/min.
SPECTRAL WEIGHTS FOR OVERALL LEVEL DISCRIMINATION IN LISTENERS WITH SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

A conditional‐on‐a‐single‐stimulus (COSS) analysis procedure [B. G. Berg, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1743–1746 (1989)] was used to measure the weight or relative reliance that normal‐hearing and hearing‐impaired listeners give to different frequencies in the discrimination of the overall level of a multitone complex. On each trial, two multitone‐tone complexes comprised of six octave frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz were presented to subjects. The levels of the frequencies for each complex were randomly varied. The listeners task was to identify the complex with the higher overall intensity level. Normal‐hearing listeners used a variety of listening strategies to perform the task, showing no general preference to weight one component over another. Hearing‐impaired listeners, however, showed a general tendency to give greatest weight to the spectral information in the region of their hearing loss. Thirteen of the 14 hearing‐impaired listeners, all of whom had a high‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss, weighted one or more of the high‐frequency components in the complex the greatest.
Historical insights into cytokines

Cytokines affect nearly every biological process; these include embryonic development, disease pathogenesis, non-specific response to infection, specific response to antigen, changes in cognitive functions and progression of the degenerative processes of aging. In addition, cytokines are part of stem cell differentiation, vaccine efficacy and allograft rejection. This short insight focuses on the milestones in cytokine biology and how the various and often contradictory activities of these small, non-structural proteins affected the fields of inflammation and immunology. Multiple biological properties or pleiotropism is the hallmark of a cytokine. Today, the term "cytokine" encompasses interferons, the interleukins, the chemokine family, mesenchymal growth factors, the tumor necrosis factor family and adipokines. As of this writing, 33 cytokines are called interleukins, but many are part of families of related but distinct gene products. There are certainly over 100 separate genes coding for cytokine-like activities, many with overlapping functions and many still unexplored. Also discussed in this overview are the failures and successes of cytokines as therapeutic targets. A recent advance in the field has been that of differential cytokine production, which can be used to classify human disease as being "autoimmune" or "autoinflammatory" thus impacting on therapeutic interventions.
Anomalous pH dependence of the heme-bound carbon monoxide spectroscopic properties in the glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin fraction compared to vertebrate hemoglobins

Abstract The pH dependence of infrared and NMR spectroscopic parameters for carbon monoxide bound to human, equine, rabbit and Glycera dibranchiata monomer fraction hemoglobins has been examined. In all cases, the vetebrate hemoglobins exhibit CO vibrations and 13 CO chemical shifts which are pH dependent, whereas the invertebrate hemoglobin does not. The Glycera dibranchiata monomer fraction exhibits the highest wavenumber CO vibration (1970 cm −1 ) and the most shielded chemical shift (206.2 ppm). The pH behavior of the vertebrate CO-hemoglobins is that the heme-coordinated carbon monoxide chemical shifts and principal infrared vibrations tend toward the values observed for the G. dibranchiata CO-hemoglobin fraction. These results are interpreted as originating in protonation of the distal histidine (E-7) in the vertebrate hemoglobins. The anomalous values for Glycera dibranchiata are concluded to be due to the absence of a distal histidine (E-7 His → Leu) in the heme pocket and not to gross structural dissimilarities between the proteins of the different species examined. Primary sequence similarity matrices have been constructed to compare the functional classes of amino acids at homologous positions for the CD and E helices and for the primary heme contacts in human, equine, sperm whale myoglobin, and the Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin to illustrate this point. They reveal a high correspondence for all globins and do not correlate with the spectroscopic parameters of heme-coordinated CO.
Mechanistic Studies of Palladium(II)-α-Diimine-Catalyzed Polymerizations of cis- and trans-2-Butenes

Complexes [(N∧N)Pd(CH3)(L)]BAr‘4 (3, 4: L = NCAr‘; 5: L = OEt2) (N∧N ≡ ArNC(R)−C(R)NAr, 3, 5: Ar = 2,6-C6H3(Me)2; 4: Ar = 2,6-C6H3(iPr)2; Ar‘ ≡ 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2) catalyze the polymerization of trans- and cis-2-butene. Both the productivity and the molecular weight of poly(cis-2-butene) are much lower than those of poly(trans-2-butene). The polymers exhibit atactic regioregular microstructure with a methyl group on every third backbone carbon. Low-temperature NMR studies show that migratory insertion in the η2-butene complexes [(N∧N)Pd(CH3)(CH3CHCHCH3)]+ (6 and 11) occurs to give isomerized alkyl olefin complexes [(N∧N)Pd(CH2CH2CH(CH3)2)(CH3CHCHCH3)]+ (8 and 12). The first insertion barrier of trans-2-butene (19.1 kcal/mol) is slightly lower than that of cis-2-butene (19.3 kcal/mol), while the subsequent insertion barrier of cis-2-butene (20.2 kcal/mol) is 0.6 kcal/mol higher than that for trans-2-butene (19.6 kcal/mol). The isopentyl palladium complexes 14a and 14b, which most closely model the propagat...
An Olfactory Stimulus Modifies Nighttime Sleep in Young Men and Women

Aromatherapy is an anecdotal method for modifying sleep and mood. However, whether olfactory exposure to essential oils affects night‐time objective sleep remains untested. Previous studies also de...
VARICOCELECTOMY IMPROVES SPERM STRICT MORPHOLOGY AND MOTILITY

AbstractPurpose: We prospectively examined the effect of varicocelectomy on standard semen parameters and Kruger strict morphology, including site of specific sperm defect.Materials and Methods: Kruger strict morphology and routine semen analysis were performed in a blinded fashion before and a minimum of 4 months after varicocelectomy in 61 subfertile men with a primary diagnosis of varicocele.Results: Sperm motility, total number of motile sperm, and percentage and total number of sperm with normal strict morphology were significantly increased after varicocele repair. Average density was also increased, while volume and forward progression were unchanged. The percentage of normal head strict morphology was significantly improved, whereas tail and neck morphology did not reflect similar changes.Conclusions: Varicocele repair in subfertile men improves Kruger strict morphology. In addition, motility and total motile sperm are significantly improved after repair. Since the stoichiometry of the sperm head ...
Tree fruit IPM programs in the western United States: the challenge of enhancing biological control through intensive management

The seminal work of Stern and his coauthors on integrated control has had a profound and long-lasting effect on the development of IPM programs in western orchard systems. Management systems based solely on pesticides have proven to be unstable, and the success of IPM systems in western orchards has been driven by conservation of natural enemies to control secondary pests, combined with pesticides and mating disruption to suppress the key lepidopteran pests. However, the legislatively mandated changes in pesticide use patterns prompted by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 have resulted in an increased instability of pest populations in orchards because of natural enemy destruction. The management system changes have made it necessary to focus efforts on enhancing biological control not only of secondary pests but also of primary lepidopteran pests to help augment new pesticides and mating disruption tactics. The new management programs envisioned will be information extensive as well as time sensitive and will require redesign of educational and outreach programs to be successful. The developing programs will continue to use the core principles of Stern and his co-authors, but go beyond them to incorporate changes in society, technology and information transfer, as needed.
Maximum-diversity affine precoding for the noncoherent doubly dispersive channel

In this paper we characterize the maximally achievable diversity order for noncoherent block communication over the doubly dispersive channel, and propose affine precoders which facilitate such maximum-diversity reception. In fact, we show that, under mild channel conditions, almost any affine pre-coder is sufficient to facilitate maximum-diversity reception, regardless of precoding rate. By "noncoherent," we mean that the channel realization is unknown to both transmitter and receiver, and by "doubly dispersive," we mean that the channel exhibits both delay and Doppler spreading (i.e., the channel has a time-varying nontrivial impulse response).