cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial performance of the Zwicky transient facility: a wide-fast time-domain survey (Conference Presentation)

Zwicky Transient Facility is an integrated, multi-band astronomical survey system optimized for sensitivity, observing cadence, and efficiency. The key subsystem consists of a 600 megapixel CCD focal plane mounted in a flat-fielding vacuum cryostat, located at the prime focus of the 1.2-meter Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Supporting subsystems include a new 2.4-meter optical shutter assembly, a 1.35-meter diameter aspheric corrector plate, a cryostat stabilizing hexapod, a commercial robotic arm-based exchanger, three 440 millimeter width filters, four guide/focus CCDs, and dedicated optics compensating individual field curvature over each of sixteen 6k x 6k science CCDs.To optimize ZTF efficiency, all telescope and dome drives were upgraded for higher speed and acceleration, fast readout electronics were implemented, and a sophisticated robotic control system has been implemented. We present for the first time on-sky results from the recently completed ZTF including its realized optical image quality, CCD noise, and observing efficiency performance and discuss engineering challenges that have been overcome. Early scientific results from the ZTF survey are also included.
The K+N charge-exchange reaction at 5.5 GeV/c

The partial cross section and momentum transfer distribution for the reaction K+d→K0pp have been measured at 5.5 GeV/c. The cross section is 174.8 ± 20.0 μb. The differential cross section in the forward direction is compared to the optical point and the KN charge-exchange scattering amplitude is found to be predominately real. A comparison of the data to Regge models and SU(3) sum rules is made.
Treatment of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection in Childhood

The accurate identification and appropriate therapy of urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood have been subjected to continuous scrutiny over the past two decades. Appreciation of the variability of clinical presentation, refinement of diagnostic methods and better understanding of conditions which predispose to renal parenchymal scarring have facilitated patient management.
Chapter 5 – Morphologic Manifestations of Toxic Cell Injury

Whatever causes injury to a cell—toxicant, toxin, infectious agent, or otherwise—the result is a simple or complex biochemical shift that generally results in a morphologic change, which can be observed in some form. The pathologist must be able to recognize that such changes in morphology reflect a significant alteration in the cell’s homeostasis and then must decide whether or not this finding indicates reversible injury, irreversible injury, or adaptation to the new situation. Visible manifestations of disrupted function, whether ultrastructural, microscopic, or macroscopic, are lesions by definition, and lesions are still the primary means by which a toxicologic pathologist arrives at a diagnosis, hopefully one that includes the etiology as well as a description of the underlying morphologic alterations and a plausible pathogenesis of how the lesions came about. This chapter serves as an overview of the basic histologic and ultrastructural features that reflect cell injury and cell death as well as the sequelae to such processes.
Genome wide association study identifies novel single nucleotide polymorphic loci and candidate genes involved in soybean sudden death syndrome resistance

Fusarium virguliforme is a soil borne root pathogen that causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Once the fungus invades the root xylem tissues, the pathogen secretes toxins that cause chlorosis and necrosis in foliar tissues leading to defoliation, flower and pod drop and eventually death of plants. Resistance to F. virguliforme in soybean is partial and governed by over 80 quantitative trait loci (QTL). We have conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) for a group of 254 plant introductions lines using a panel of approximately 30,000 SNPs and identified 19 single nucleotide polymorphic loci (SNPL) that are associated with 14 genomic regions encoding foliar SDS and eight SNPL associated with seven genomic regions for root rot resistance. Of the identified 27 SNPL, six SNPL for foliar SDS resistance and two SNPL for root rot resistance co-mapped to previously identified QTL for SDS resistance. This study identified 13 SNPL associated with eight novel genomic regions containing foliar SDS resistance genes and six SNPL with five novel regions for root-rot resistance. This study identified five genes carrying nonsynonymous mutations: (i) three of which mapped to previously identified QTL for foliar SDS resistance and (ii) two mapped to two novel regions containing root rot resistance genes. Of the three genes mapped to QTL for foliar SDS resistance genes, two encode LRR-receptors and third one encodes a novel protein with unknown function. Of the two genes governing root rot resistance, Glyma.01g222900.1 encodes a soybean-specific LEA protein and Glyma.10g058700.1 encodes a heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase. In the LEA protein, a conserved serine residue was substituted with asparagine; and in the heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase, a conserved histidine residue was substituted with an arginine residue. Such changes are expected to alter functions of these two proteins regulated through phosphorylation. The five genes with nonsynonymous mutations could be considered candidate SDS resistance genes and should be suitable molecular markers for breeding SDS resistance in soybean. The study also reports desirable plant introduction lines and novel genomic regions for enhancing SDS resistance in soybean.
Machine Learning Models can Detect Aneurysm Rupture and Identify Clinical Features Associated with Rupture.

Background Machine learning (ML) has been increasingly used in medicine and neurosurgery. We sought to determine whether ML models can distinguish ruptured from unruptured aneurysms and identify features associated with rupture. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients with intracranial aneurysms detected on vascular imaging at our institution between 2002 and 2018. The dataset was used to train 3 ML models (random forest, linear support vector machine [SVM], and radial basis function kernel SVM). Relative contributions of individual predictors were derived from the linear SVM model. Results Complete data were available for 845 aneurysms in 615 patients. Ruptured aneurysms (n = 309, 37%) were larger (mean 6.51 mm vs. 5.73 mm; P = 0.02) and more likely to be in the posterior circulation (20% vs. 11%; P Conclusions ML models are capable of accurately distinguishing ruptured from unruptured aneurysms and identifying features associated with rupture. Consistent with prior studies, location and size show the strongest association with aneurysm rupture.
Superheroes go to college

Inspiration from superhero comics can help in the design of physics problems that are fun to solve and stimulate the students’ ability to analyse real-life situations in which several phenomena are at play.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Management of Acute Pancreatitis in the Pediatric Population.

TITLE Management of Acute Pancreatitis in the Pediatric Population: A Clinical Report from the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Pancreas Committee DEVELOPER: Review developed by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Pancreas Committee RELEASE DATE: January 1, 2018 FUNDING SOURCE: NASPGHAN and the National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases PRIOR VERSIONS: N/A TARGET POPULATION: Children with acute pancreatitis.
Singing Voice Quality: The Effects of Maxillary Dental Arch and Singing Style.

Summary Introduction In classical singing techniques, it is common to manipulate the vocal tract to channel airflow to increase voice quality and volume. Technique varies according to the style of the music, the voice type, and range of a given singer. Although these practices are intentional, fixed physiological aspects of a singer's vocal instrument also play an extremely impactful role in determining voice quality. Objectives In the present study, the relationship between the dimensions of the maxillary dental arch and voice quality were examined in professional singers. Methods The dimensions of the palate were measured from the maxillary dental casts of 14 female singers. Audio recordings were made for the same participants while singing a sustained /a/ singing vowel, a glissando, the song "Are You Sleeping", and a selected song from their personal repertoire. The dimensions of the palate were measured from maxillary dental casts. From the recordings, two parameters were calculated: (1) the Singing Power Ratio (SPR) and (2) A2 A1 ratio. Higher SPR values indicate a stronger ring in the voice, typical of operatic singing style, while higher A2 A1 ratio values are associated with the belting singing style. Results Singers with larger frontal palate depth, smaller posterior palate depth, larger frontal palate width, and smaller posterior palate width seem to be more suitable for an operatic singing style. Singers who had larger overall depth and width of the palate measurements produced an increased second harmonic, typical of the belting style. Conclusions When considering a singer's ability to produce vocalizations successfully, physiological structure is an increasingly important factor. The present study discovered that palate depth and width are associated with statistically significant differences in SPR and A2/A1 parameters. These parameters correlate with two styles of singing, operatic, and belting respectively.
What Are the Effects of Remplissage on 6-Month Strength and Range of Motion After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair? A Multicenter Cohort Study:

Background:Patients who have undergone shoulder instability surgery are often allowed to return to sports, work, and high-level activity based largely on a time-based criterion of 6 months postoper...
Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) can provide researchers with a direct view of patients’ experiences. They are becoming increasingly important tools for evaluating clinical care and research outcomes. There has been little data on the application of PROMs to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) care. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of PROM collection in an academic ALS clinic and to measure correlations between PROMs and standard ALS clinical outcome measures. PROMs were gathered from tablet-based surveys offered to adult patients in the waiting room, prior to ALS outpatient clinic visits. They included a demographic section and two validated surveys: the patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS-10), which generates physical health and mental health subscores, and the quality of life in neurological disorders-fatigue subscale (NeuroQoL-fatigue). The ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) and other ALS measures were collected by clinic staff as part of routine clinical care. PROMIS-10 physical and mental health scores correlated positively with the ALSFRS-R score (physical: R = 0.85, p < 0.001; mental: R = 0.58, p = 0.02). NeuroQoL-fatigue scores were inversely correlated with the ALSFRS-R scores—higher fatigue correlated with lower function (R = − 0.72, p = 0.004). Collection of PROMs is feasible in the context of routine ALS care. PROM scores are highly correlated with validated ALS outcome measures.
A 40mW/channel Image Sensor Line Driver IC with Independently Tunable Gain and Settling Time

A 16-channel analog front-end integrated circuit (IC) for interfacing an image sensor with single-ended analog output to a differential-input digitizer is presented. The IC is designed for image sensors used in single-electron counting direct detection cameras with applications in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), but it’s high flexibility allows usage with a variety of sensors. An operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) replace the traditional instrumentation amplifier, to allow power reduction and decoupling of the gain and bandwidth stages. This allows for a tunable gain in order to exploit the digitizer full-scale range, and an independent bandwidth tuning capability to accommodate a variety of sensors. Additionally, the front-end supports a very wide input common-mode range, and provides offset correction capability as well as frame marker operation. The chip is fabricated in a commercially available 180nm CMOS technology using dual 3.3V/1.8V supply. It achieves more than ±10% gain tunability at 0-1.2V sensor dark-level range, and up to 142MHz operation. Power consumption is measured at 37mW/channel with 155µV input-referred noise, at nominal conditions. The chip is a low-power, low-noise, highly optimized solution allowing area and power reduction in camera assemblies.
Menes: Towards a Generic, Fully-Automated Test and Validation Platform for Wireless Networks.

A major step in developing robust wireless systems is to test and validate the design under a variety of circumstances. As wireless networks become more complex, it is impractical to perform testing on a real deployment. As a result, the network administrators rely on network simulators or network emulators to validate their configurations and design. Unfortunately, network simulation falls short per it requires users to model the network behavior analytically. On the other hand, network emulation allows users to employ real network applications on virtualized network devices. Despite their complex design, the existing network emulation solutions miss full-scale automation rather they rely on experienced users to write complex configuration scripts making testing. Therefore, the validation process is prone to human operator errors. Furthermore, they require a significant amount of computational resources that might not be feasible for many users. Moreover, most network emulators focus on lower layers of the network thus requiring users to employ their own network applications to control and measure network performance. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel wireless network emulation platform, the system, that provides users a unified, high-level configuration interface for different layers of wireless networks to reduce management complexities of network emulators while having a generic, fully-automated platform. Menes is a generic, full-stack, fully-automated test and validation platform that empowers existing state-of-the-art emulation, virtualization, and network applications including performance measurement tools. We then provide an implementation of Menes based on the EMANE with Docker. Our extensive evaluations show that the system requires much less computing resources, significantly decreases CAPEX and OPEX, and greatly extensible for different use cases.
Observation of Bose–Einstein condensates in an Earth-orbiting research lab

Quantum mechanics governs the microscopic world, where low mass and momentum reveal a natural wave–particle duality. Magnifying quantum behaviour to macroscopic scales is a major strength of the technique of cooling and trapping atomic gases, in which low momentum is engineered through extremely low temperatures. Advances in this field have achieved such precise control over atomic systems that gravity, often negligible when considering individual atoms, has emerged as a substantial obstacle. In particular, although weaker trapping fields would allow access to lower temperatures1,2, gravity empties atom traps that are too weak. Additionally, inertial sensors based on cold atoms could reach better sensitivities if the free-fall time of the atoms after release from the trap could be made longer3. Planetary orbit, specifically the condition of perpetual free-fall, offers to lift cold-atom studies beyond such terrestrial limitations. Here we report production of rubidium Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) in an Earth-orbiting research laboratory, the Cold Atom Lab. We observe subnanokelvin BECs in weak trapping potentials with free-expansion times extending beyond one second, providing an initial demonstration of the advantages offered by a microgravity environment for cold-atom experiments and verifying the successful operation of this facility. With routine BEC production, continuing operations will support long-term investigations of trap topologies unique to microgravity4,5, atom-laser sources6, few-body physics7,8 and pathfinding techniques for atom-wave interferometry9–12. A Bose–Einstein condensate prepared in low Earth orbit shows a free-expansion time greater than one second, demonstrating the advantages of a microgravity environment for such studies.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystallization in Solution under Shear Flow

The morphology of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in its liquid phase and its manipulation via flow-induced solution crystallization and its crystallization kinetics was studied to determine its mechanism. Shear flow-induced ordering of semiconducting P3HT, which generates more perfect crystal structures than quiescent methods, is elucidated using in situ rheo-SANS and rheo-SALS measurements, and an Avrami analysis is performed. Characteristic lengths of P3HT crystals were measured as a function of time, and 3-D networks of percolated P3HT fibril crystals were determined by measuring the apparent fractal, ∼2.6, by fitting the rheo-SANS data with a power law function. Additionally, UV–vis and DSC results revealed a process of P3HT crystal perfection determined by following the evolution of absorption peak characteristics of pi–pi stacking at 600 nm and the melting peaks as they shifted and narrowed with respect to increasing shear time. The Avrami exponent, m, reached a maximum value of 2 indicating homogeneous nucleation of P3HT macromolecules that allowed one-dimensional fibril crystal growth and was limited by contact time between the P3HT molecules rather than the diffusion of P3HT chains and this is attributed to the highly directional pi–pi stacking attractions of electron pi in the thiophene rings.
A Selectively Colorful yet Chilly Perspective on the Highs and Lows of Dielectric Materials for CMOS Nanoelectronics

The remarkable advancement of CMOS electronics over the past two decades has been greatly aided by innovations allowing dielectric scaling across both ends of the permittivity spectrum. This paper describes how new dielectric innovations beyond permittivity scaling will allow both the extension of Moore’s law for another decade and usher in an array of new devices and computational paradigms.
2017 State of Latino Entrepreneurship

With this report, the Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative highlights key research findings from its third annual Survey of U.S. Latino Business Owners. In this survey, we examine issues specifically related to Latino entrepreneurs and Latino-owned businesses in the United States. This report expands upon existing studies, including the 2015 and 2016 State of Latino Entrepreneurship reports. We continue to investigate financing and the importance of growth for Latino businesses, and conduct further analysis on the role of national banks. Where other third-party research on this population may focus only on specific regions or have small sample sizes, our survey of more than 5,000 self-identified Latino business owners allows us to consider various segments within the larger group (i.e., intragroup comparisons), including firm size, gender, age, and nativity of entrepreneurs.
General Thermal Conductivity Function for Unsaturated Soils Considering Effects of Water Content, Temperature, and Confining Pressure

AbstractThe thermal conductivity function (TCF) is an important constitutive function establishing the thermal conductivity–water content relationship in unsaturated soils. The existing TCFs do not...
Legacy of the Space Shuttle Program

This slide presentation reviews many of the innovations from Kennedy Space Center engineering for ground operations that were made during the shuttle program. The innovations are in the areas of detection, image analysis, protective equipment, software development and communications.
The Measurement and Interpretation of Sorption and Desorption Rates for Organic Compounds in Soil Media

Sorption controls the physical and biological availability of chemicals in soil. Most organic molecules undergo primarily weak physisorption interactions and the driving force for sorption is the hydrophobic effect. Sorption and desorption rates, therefore, are governed mainly by molecular diffusion through the fixed interstitial pores of particle aggregates and through the three-dimensional pseudophase of soil organic matter. Retardation in the fixed pore system is due to tortuosity, chromatographic adsorption to pore walls, and, in the smallest pores, steric hindrance. Soil organic matter, which has the strongest affinity for most organic compounds, may exist in rubbery and glassy phases and retards sorption and desorption by its viscosity and by the presence of internal nanopores, which detain molecules and may sterically inhibit their migration. Soot carbon and/or ancient organic matter may be present in some soils but their roles are yet unclear. Desorption rates are correlated with the size and shape of the diffusant. Hysteresis is commonly observed but a satisfactory explanation for it has yet to emerge. Mathematical models based on bond energetics, driving force theory, diffusion, and stochastic analysis are discussed. These models have been used to describe batch experiments and have been coupled to advection-dispersion transport equations for use in flowing water systems. Diffusion models are the most realistic but also the most difficult to apply because diffusion is highly dependent on the geometry and composition of the sorbent. Soil heterogeneity impedes the mechanistic interpretation of rates. Particles span an extremely wide range of sizes. The appropriate diffusion length scale is of ten uncertain. The diffusion coefficient is expected to be concentration dependent in any diffusing medium in which sorption is nonlinear. Furthermore, the diffusant may alter the structure of soil organic matter. Bioavailability can be rate limited by desorption. Cells are believed to access only dissolved molecules, but organisms may affect sorption kinetics indirectly by steepening the concentration gradient or by altering soil properties through bioactivity. Coupled sorption-biodegradation models are necessary whenever nonequilibrium conditions prevail during exposure. Models coupling Monod or first-order biodegradation kinetics with “two-site,” driving-force, or diffusion models have been employed. Some have been used in conjunction with the advection-dispersion transport model.
Array self calibration: Identifiability issues

Array self calibration consists of identifying array shape distortions and deviations to gain and phase sensor responses, in an unknown source field. Conditions of local identifiability of these parameters are established, and turn out to depend on the type of array and the type of field. The minimal number of sources and sensors is calculated in each case, and the nature of the remaining degrees of freedom is interpreted. With an additional knowledge, that can be provided by a manœuvre or by a perfect sensor, it is shown that the latter parameters can be in turn identified.
Generalized relaxation methods applied to problems in transonic flow

Generalized relaxation methods application to transonic flow problems, combining with numerical integration theory for ordinary differential equations
Molecular mechanisms of phospholipase C-β autoinhibition (843.10)

Phospholipase C-β (PLCβ) enzymes hydrolyze the inner membrane lipid PIP2 to produce the second messengers inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol. PLCβ enzymes are characterized by low basal...
Vitamin A Deficiency Impairs Vaccine-Elicited Gastrointestinal Immunity

Vitamin A deficiency is highly prevalent in much of the developing world, where vaccination programs are of paramount importance to public health. However, the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines has not been defined previously. In this article, we show that the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid is critical for trafficking of vaccine-elicited T lymphocytes to the gastrointestinal mucosa and for vaccine protective efficacy in mice. Moderate vitamin A deficiency abrogated Ag-specific T lymphocyte trafficking to the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal cellular immune responses, and protection against a mucosal challenge following immunization with a recombinant adenovirus vaccine vector. Oral vitamin A supplementation as well as retinoic acid administration fully restored the mucosal immune responses and vaccine protective efficacy. These data suggest that oral vitamin A supplementation may be important for optimizing the success of vaccines against HIV-1 and other mucosal pathogens in the developing world, highlighting a critical relationship between host nutritional status and vaccine efficacy.
Mortality risks in children aged 5–14 years in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic empirical analysis

Summary Background Health priorities since the UN Millennium Declaration have focused strongly on children younger than 5 years. The health of older children (age 5–9 years) and younger adolescents (age 10–14 years) has been neglected until recently, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, and mortality measures for these age groups have often been derived from overly flexible models. We report global and regional empirical mortality estimates for children aged 5–14 years in low-income and middle-income countries, and compare them with ones from existing models. Methods For this empirical analysis, we obtained birth-history data from surveys done over a 25-year period from 1986 by the Demographic and Health Surveys programme for 84 World Bank low-income and middle-income countries, and data about household deaths in China from their 1990 and 2010 censuses. We used these data to calculate mortality risks for children aged 5–14 years, and compare these risks to corresponding estimates of mortality in children younger than 5 years in the same countries. We used regression analysis to model these associations, generate estimates of the risks, and derive estimates of the numbers of deaths for 1990 and 2010 by applying those risks to population estimates from the UN World Population Prospects (WPP) 2012 Revision. We then compared the numbers of deaths with those given by the UN WPP itself and by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 study. Findings The mean risk of a child dying at age 5–14 years in low-income and middle-income countries is about 19% of the risk of dying between birth and age 5 years (12% at age 5–9 plus 7% at age 10–14). According to our estimates, the total number of deaths at ages 5–14 years in low-income and middle-income regions fell from about 2·4 million (95% CI 1·9–2·7) in 1990 to about 1·5 million (1·2–1·8) in 2010. From our estimates we concluded there to have been 200 000 (16%) more deaths at ages 5–14 than in the UN report; however, our estimates exceeded GBD estimates by more than 700 000 (87%). The average annual rate of decline in mortality at age 5–9 years (about 3%) slightly exceeded that for ages 0–4 years (2·8%), but progress has been slower for age 10–14 years (about 2%). Interpretation Our analysis suggests that mortality risks nowadays in the age range 5–14 years in low-income and middle-income countries are rather higher (relative to mortality in children younger than 5 years) than would be expected on the basis of historical evidence. Our findings broadly lend support for the UN WPP mortality estimates, but are almost double those underpinning GBD 2010. Global policy emphasis on reduction of mortality in children younger than 5 years should be broadened to include older children and adolescents. Funding The Lancet Commission on Investing in Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Power electronics in electric utilities: role of power electronics in future power systems

The role of power electronics in future power systems is considered. The improvement of power semiconductors is held up as a major factor to the increased importance of this role. Power electronics applications for HVDC transmission are discussed. >
The BeSt way to treat early rheumatoid arthritis

Over the past few years, the outlook for patients recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has improved dramatically because of several key advances. Regardless, important questions remain...
The early second millennium ceramic assemblage from Kenan Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary assessment

In the initial survey of the upper Tigris river valley the authors of the survey report concluded that ‘either this portion of the Tigris basin was bypassed entirely by Middle Bronze Age development attested to elsewhere or, more likely, it is characterised by a thus far unreported and unrecognised assemblage’ (Algaze et al. 1991: 183). Recent research by members of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) at the site of Kenan Tepe confirms the latter hypothesis, that the early second millennium in this area is marked by a regionally distinct material culture assemblage that is influenced by ceramic traditions in upper Mesopotamia and other material culture traditions in Anatolia. This article outlines our initial assessment of these data including an analysis of the ceramic corpus, architecture, archaeobotany, small finds and carbon-14, and places these data in a regional context. We conclude by speculating that the inhabitants of Kenan Tepe may have participated in interaction spheres that linked the upper Tigris river region to greater Mesopotamia and Anatolia.
ON THE HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME MULTIPLE DISCOVERIES IN BOTANY, 1648–1965

Historians and others have given attention to multiple independent discoveries because of their implications for the nature of scientific discovery in general. However, previously published lists of such discoveries include almost no examples from botany. That this has been a matter of oversight is shown by the presentation of 22 cases of multiple botanical discoveries, the circumstances of which are briefly described. These examples show a number of the same general characteristics as those in other fields of science. They range in importance from the broadly sweeping to the narrowly specific, and show various degrees of simultaneity. They illustrate the problems of interpretation involved in judging functional equivalence, identity of central message, and priority. The bearing of some of the examples on various theories of the cause of multiple discoveries is also discussed. It is concluded that multiple discoveries have probably occurred as frequently in botany as in other sciences, and they display the same characteristics and generate the same problems of interpretation.
Full-Time Faculty on Faculty Development: Their Perceptions of What Is and What Should Be.

This article focuses on faculty views toward programs for their own professional development. Significant contributions to existing research on the topic are (1) an attempt to have faculty respond to the broad range of ideas, both old and new, that have been suggested over the past several years of greatly increased dialogue, and (2) an attempt to map some of the systematic variation in faculty development interests among faculty members, based on selected individual characteristics. The article is based on a study conducted during spring and summer 1978. The study disclosed a preference for goals relating to the ongoing teaching performance of faculty and markedly less enthusiasm for goals relating to overall institutional concerns. Activities that could be pursued individually or independently were preferred over those conducted in groups and those involving evaluation of performance, attempts to serve personal needs, or attempts to facilitate interaction among individuals and departments. A comparison ...
Optical studies of dye-coated superconductor junctions

The preparation and characterization of a new generation of optical sensors fabricated from high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) thin films is reported herein. These new hybrid devices are fashioned using HTSC thin films which are coated with organic dye overlayers. These systems are shown to respond selectively to those wavelengths which are absorbed strongly by the molecular dye. Methods for fabricating the superconductor element and depositing the dye layer are discussed. Moreover, resistivity versus temperature measurements before and after dye deposition are utilized to characterize these hybrid structures. The unique optical response properties of these hybrid sensors are also detailed.
Optically transparent, flexible pressure sensor array micromachined utilizing plasma assisted bonding

This paper aims to describe the device operation, microfabrication and measurement results of an array of optically transparent, pressure sensors which exhibit high capacitance-to-pressure sensitivity and reliable operation.
The make-buy decision in marketing financial services for poverty alleviation

In this article, we suggest how poverty reduction can be achieved through alleviation measures that enable the poor to satisfy their needs by focusing on the needs of others. Instead of a direct focus on the consumption needs of the poor, we suggest an indirect approach to satisfying these needs, by providing the poor with credit and consulting services for entrepreneurial businesses that focus on the needs of buyers. Loans to the poor who lack collateral are increasingly based on group lending techniques that rely on joint liability to secure repayment, which have come to be known as microfinance. We suggest that in addition to credit, financial services for the poor must include strategic advice and assistance to select markets, and make the products (goods and services) for sale in their output markets with the financial services bought in their input markets. Financial services for the poor must include not only money to invest in a business but also consulting services to help the business succeed. The provision of consulting services will also facilitate monitoring and enforcement, increasing loan repayment. Depending on poverty levels, the extent of bundling credit and consulting services will vary with one or more organizations emerging to meet the needs of different segments. We suggest that poverty alleviation is achieved by the poor focusing on the needs of others in their output market, and outsourcing financial services to one or more suppliers in their input markets.
Organizational analyses and simulation studies of university libraries: A methodological overview☆

Abstract Three research studies, which were conducted as part of a long-term research program dealing with organizational analyses and simulation studies of university libraries, are discussed and the methodologies utilized are made explicit. The first study draws from organization theory and economic decision theory to develop a model of the library/user/funder complex. Industrial dynamics is used in the second study to construct a computer simulation formulation of the library/user/funder complex model. Two simulation applications, dealing respectively with library controls procedures and with library resource utilization are presented and implications for library operations are drawn. In the third study, sequential search theory provides the framework for deducing optimal user search sequences. Criteria sufficient for determining optimal search sequences are derived for several postulated forms of the user evaluation function. In addition, parametric analyses are conducted in order to relate library operations to optimal user search behaviors. A final section attempts to integrate the three studies and to identify areas for future research.
A progestin effect on lactate dehydrogenase in the human breast cancer cell line T-47D

The human breast cancer cell line T-47D has high levels of progesterone receptor even in the absence of exogenously added estrogen. Because of this it is a good line in which to study aspects of progestin action. It has been shown by others that lactate dehydrogenase in MCF-7 cells is responsive to estrogen but not to progesterone. Other proteins in other systems have been found to be responsive to both estrogen and progesterone, often requiring priming by estrogen, presumably to produce sufficiently high quantities of progesterone receptor. Reasoning that lactate dehydrogenase in T-47D cells might be stimulated by progestins alone at physiological levels since these cells already have high levels of progesterone receptor, we now report that this is indeed the case.
A simulation study of the anomalous osmotic behavior of red cells

Abstract The factors responsible for movements of water across cell membranes were described mathematically and incorporated into a model which simulates water balance in the cell. Included in the model are a variable charge and osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin, a Na/K pump whose rate varies with ionic concentrations, and the standard electroneutrality and osmotic equilibrium assumptions. The model was used to investigate the phenomena whereby human red cells placed in media of varying tonicities exhibit steady state volume changes less than those predicted by van't Hoff's Law. The model results showed that this anomalous osmotic behavior was primarily due to changes in the osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin as its concentration in the cell varied. A second factor accounting for a part of this behavior was the alteration in the rate of the Na/K pump due to intracellular ionic concentration changes as cell volume varied. The effect of variable electrical charge on the hemoglobin molecule was found to be in the wrong direction to account for the observed osmotic behavior. Also, this effect was seen to produce relatively large changes in cell membrane potential, a result inconsistent with experimental data. It was concluded from the model results that the anomalous osmotic behavior of human red cells is primarily due to the variation in the osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin as the cell volume changes, and that the variable charge effect on the hemoglobin molecule, if it exists, does not play a role in this response.
Focal dermal hypoplasia in a male

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare mesoectodermal dysplasia syndrome characterized by cutaneous, skeletal, dental, ocular and soft-tissue defects. An X-linked dominant mode of inheritance with lethality in male subjects has been proposed. Only around 30 cases of FDH have been reported in male subjects. Live born affected males are mosaic for mutations in PORCN gene . We present the mosaic pattern of FDH in a young boy.
From slither to hither: Orientation and spatial learning in snakes

Spatial learning is necessary for most animals to survive in their natural environment. Spatial problems encountered by animals in nature are relatively constant across species, such as going to and from shelter or a food source. Most studies of orientation and spatial learning have been done in birds and mammals, but reptiles are particularly interesting because they have strong links between ecological factors, sensory processes, and behavior. Field studies suggest strongly that snakes can learn and remember spatial tasks encountered in the wild, including orientation, homing, and the localization of mates, shelter and foraging areas. Several sensory cues have been hypothesized to be used by snakes for orientation and navigation, with few direct tests of these hypotheses. A spatial learning and memory task has been developed that is relevant behaviorally to snakes and that they can learn rapidly. This open field escape task uses the natural behavior of snakes to address mechanistic hypotheses about their spatial learning and memory.
Frank Knight's theorem in linear programming

A quarter of a century ago Frank Knight showed that there exists some kind of a relation between the Walras-Wieser pricing theory involving technically fixed coefficients of production and the more conventional modern Walras-Clark pricing theory in which the coefficients of production are variable and are to be determined by least-cost or so-called marginal productivity conditions1. The exact meaning, and therefore significance, of this relationship is not easy to determine. However, the recently developed theory of linear programming enables us greatly to generalize the Knight result, to simplify its proof, and perhaps to appraise its significance. The recently discussed problem of equalization of factor prices as a result of free trade in commodities turns out to be closely related to the Knight problem2.
Sequences in countable nonstandard models of the natural numbers

Two different equivalence relations on countable nonstandard models of the natural numbers are considered. Properties of a standard sequence A are correlated with topological properties of the equivalence classes of the transfer of A. This provides a method for translating results from analysis into theorems about sequences of natural numbers.
Does induction of hypothermia improve outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest?

Abstract Introduction Hypothermia improves neurologic recovery compared to normothermia after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, but may or may not be beneficial for patients resuscitated from in-hospital cardiac arrest. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of induced hypothermia in a large cohort of patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods Retrospective analysis of multi-center prospective cohort of patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest enrolled in an ongoing quality improvement project. Included were adults with a pulseless event in an in-patient hospital ward of a participating institution who achieved restoration of spontaneous circulation between 2000 and 2009. The exposure of interest was induced hypothermia. The primary outcome was survival to discharge. The secondary outcome was neurological status at discharge. Analyses evaluated all eligible patients; those with a shockable rhythm; or those with endotracheal tube inserted after resuscitation; and the effect of no hypothermia versus hypothermia (lowest temperature>32°C but≤34°C) versus overcooled (≤32°C). Associations were assessed using propensity score methods. Results Included were 8316 patients with complete data, of whom 214 (2.6%) had hypothermia induced and 2521 (30%) survived to discharge. Of patients reported to receive hypothermia, only 40% were documented as achieving a temperature between 32°C and 34°C. Adjusted for known potential confounders using propensity score methods, induced hypothermia was associated with an odds ratio of survival of 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.65, 1.23; p -value=0.49) compared to no hypothermia. Induced hypothermia was associated with an odds ratio of neurologically-favorable survival of 0.93 (95% confidence interval: 0.65, 1.32; p -value=0.68) compared to no hypothermia. For patients with shockable first-recorded rhythm, induced hypothermia was associated with an odds ratio of survival of 1.43 (95% confidence interval: 0.68, 3.01; p -value=0.35) compared to no hypothermia. Conclusion Hypothermia is induced infrequently in patients resuscitated from in-hospital cardiac arrest with only 40% achieving target temperatures. Induced hypothermia was not associated with improved or worsened survival or neurologically-favorable survival. The lack of benefit in this population may reflect lack of effect, inefficient application of the intervention, or residual confounding. High-quality controlled studies are required to better characterize the effect of induced hypothermia in this population.
Exploring unusual antioxidant activity in a benzoic acid derivative: a proposed mechanism for citrinin

Abstract A mechanism is proposed for the unusual antioxidant activity in citrinin based on computed O–H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE). These data suggest that citrinin itself is not the active species, but rather a pair of hydrated Michael addition products consisting of substituted 2,6-dihydroxy benzoic acids. These diastereomers act as radical scavengers via O–H bond dissociation with computed BDE's ranging from 78.9–80.9 kcal/mol for the active groups present. These data represent an unusually facile O–H bond dissociation for a phenol containing a strongly electron withdrawing group. This atypical reactivity arises from an intramolecular network of hydrogen bonds that both stabilize the incipient radical and facilitate extended delocalization through atoms external to the aromatic ring. The additional influence of stereochemistry on BDE is computed to be 2.0 kcal/mol. Data presented are for gas phase molecules, but solvents are unlikely to strongly modify these results since most polar groups are involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds and thus less available for association with solvent. Citrinin and the Michael addition products are likely too toxic for use as antioxidants in organisms but this study clearly identifies specific reaction sites in the active form, thus guiding rational design of synthetic derivatives with more favorable biocompatibility.
Prioritizing academic programs and services : reallocating resources to achieve strategic balance

Foreword (Stanley O. Ikenberry). Preface to the Revised Edition. Preface to the First Edition. About the Author. 1. Recognizing the Need for Reform. 2. Identifying Responsible Leadership. 3. Reaffirming Institutional Mission. 4. Defining What Constitutes a Program. 5. Selecting Appropriate Criteria. 6. Measuring, Analyzing, Prioritizing. 7. Anticipating Process Issues. 8. Implementing Program Decisions. 9. Achieving Strategic Balance. Resource A: Outsourcing Practices in Higher Education. Resource B: Sample Process Agenda Adopted by a Land Grant University. Resource C: Criteria for Measuring Administrative Programs. Resource D: Case Studies: Excerpts from Implementation Plans. Resource E: Sources of Hidden Costs. Resource F: Model Communication Plan. Resource G: Prioritization Process and Implementation. References. Index.
Diurnal response to ketamine and gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its possible relationship to pineal indoleamines

Abstract A diurnal cycle of ketamine and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-induced catatonia was demonstrated in chicks. The response to ketamine and GHB was lowest at mid-light and highest at mid-dark. Pinealectomy abolished the dark-induced increase in response to both agents. Sham-pinealectomized chicks responded in the same manner as did intact chicks. When chicks were pretreated with serotonin, N-acetylserotonin or melatonin, the ketamine response was augmented. Melatonin was the most potent in augmenting the ketamine response of those indoleamines tested. The pineal gland, associated with the dark period of the day, appears to influence response to both ketamine and GHB in the chick.