cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution-Processed Flexible Transparent Conductors Composed of Silver Nanowire Networks Embedded in Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticle Matrices

Although silver nanowire meshes have already demonstrated sheet resistance and optical transmittance comparable to those of sputter-deposited indium tin oxide thin films, other critical issues including surface morphology, mechanical adhesion and flexibility have to be addressed before widely employing silver nanowire networks as transparent conductors in optoelectronic devices. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of low temperature solution-processed flexible metal nanowire networks embedded in a conductive metal oxide nanoparticle matrix as transparent conductors, and investigate their microstructural, optoelectronic, and mechanical properties in attempting to resolve nearly all of the technological issues imposed on silver nanowire networks. Surrounding silver nanowires by conductive indium tin oxide nanoparticles offers low wire to wire junction resistance, smooth surface morphology, and excellent mechanical adhesion and flexibility while maintaining the high transmittance and the low sheet resistance. In addition, we discuss the relationship between sheet resistance and transmittance in the silver nanowire composite transparent conductors and their maximum achievable transmittance. Although we have selected silver nanowires and indium tin oxide nanoparticle matrix as demonstration materials, we anticipate that various metal nanowire meshes embedded in various conductive metal oxide nanoparticle matrices can effectively serve as transparent conductors for a wide variety of optoelectronic devices owing to their superior performance, simple, cost-effective, and gentle processing.
Citation Analysis as a Tool to Measure the Impact of Individual Research Consultations

This study sought to determine the degree to which individual research consultations with a librarian can improve the work of undergraduate students. Citation analysis was used to evaluate the quality of sources selected on draft papers before meeting with a librarian and on final papers after meeting with a librarian. The rating scale presented here offers guidelines for measuring the quality of sources used by students. Findings of this research begin to provide some quantitative evidence demonstrating the positive impact of individual research consultations.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Detergency: Part I: Liquid Hydrophobic (Oily) Soils

Mechanisms of detergency are discussed from the kinetic point of view. In general, soil removal involves (a) an in duction period during which soil removal is slow; (b) a rapid soil-removal period,...
The RKKY interaction in disordered systems

Abstract General arguments are formulated that strongly suggest that the conduction-electron mediated indirect interaction between spins in a heavily disordered (e.g., amorphous) metal is not exponentially damped, and the mean free path is not a measure of the range of the interaction. The shortcomings of the exponentially damped form pointed out by de Gennes [3] are shown to have further implications when higher moments of the interaction are calculated.
Two experiments on the perception of slip at the fingertip

This paper describes the results of two experiments that investigate relative motion between a surface and the fingertip (slip) as part of a larger program of research on "fingertip haptics. " The primary intent of both experiments is to evaluate the importance of relative motion with respect to perceiving surface velocity. The perception of surface velocity is crucial to dexterous control and object recognition. The first experiment determines the just noticeable difference (JND) in the speed and direction of slip using the "method of adjustment" difference threshold technique over a range of 80 to 240 mm/sec on two different surface textures. 42 subjects participated the first experiment. We find slip speed perception to be highly dependent on surface texture, with Weber fractions between 0.04 and 0.25. Slip direction difference thresholds range between 3.6 and 11.7 degrees, also highly dependent on surface texture. The second experiment establishes the relative importance of proprioceptive feedback versus slip feedback in perceiving surface velocity. For both surface textures, we utilize an alternative forced choice experimental technique on 40 subjects. We find that slip feedback at the fingertip only subtly influences the perception of speed over proprioceptive feedback from the hand and arm for the two different base speeds studied (250 and 400 mm/sec).
The legacy and lessons of the PATCO strike after 30 years: A dialogue

On 1 December 2011, Ruth Milkman, Professor of Sociology and Associate Director of the Murphy Institute for Worker Education and Labor Studies at the City University of New York, hosted a forum on ...
Expression of a Novel, Sterol-Insensitive Form of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2 (SREBP2) in Male Germ Cells Suggests Important Cell- and Stage-Specific Functions for SREBP Targets during Spermatogenesis

Cholesterol biosynthesis in somatic cells is controlled at the transcriptional level by a homeostatic feedback pathway involving sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). These basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-Zip proteins are synthesized as membrane-bound precursors, which are cleaved to form a soluble, transcriptionally active mature SREBP that regulates the promoters for genes involved in lipid synthesis. Homeostasis is conferred by sterol feedback inhibition of this maturation process. Previous work has demonstrated the expression of SREBP target genes in the male germ line, several of which are highly up-regulated during specific developmental stages. However, the role of SREBPs in the control of sterol regulatory element-containing promoters during spermatogenesis has been unclear. In particular, expression of several of these genes in male germ cells appears to be insensitive to sterols, contrary to SREBP-dependent gene regulation in somatic cells. Here, we have characterized a novel isoform of the transcription factor SREBP2, which is highly enriched in rat and mouse spermatogenic cells. This protein, SREBP2gc, is expressed in a stage-dependent fashion as a soluble, constitutively active transcription factor that is not subject to feedback control by sterols. These findings likely explain the apparent sterol-insensitive expression of lipid synthesis genes during spermatogenesis. Expression of a sterol-independent, constitutively active SREBP2gc in the male germ line may have arisen as a means to regulate SREBP target genes in specific developmental stages. This may reflect unique roles for cholesterol synthesis and other functional targets of SREBPs during spermatogenesis.
Ratio of ST-segment depression in lead V2 to ST-segment elevation in lead aVF in evolving inferior acute myocardial infarction: An aid to the early recognition of right ventricular ischemia

The potential value of the ratio of precordial ST-segment depression to inferior ST-segment elevation as a sign of concomitant right ventricular (RV) ischemia was examined. The study group consisted of 68 patients, admitted within 3 hours of the onset of inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in whom there was no evidence of prior AMI. In 27 of the 34 patients in whom inferior AMI was the result of right coronary artery occlusion proximal to the RV branch, the magnitude of ST-segment depression in lead V2 was 50% or less of the magnitude of ST-segment elevation in lead aVF, whereas in only 3 of the 34 patients in whom the site of occlusion was either distal to the RV branch (n = 23) or in the left circumflex artery (n = 11) was this ratio 50%; in no patient was it less than 50% (p less than 0.001). All 34 patients with occlusion of the right coronary artery proximal to the RV branch also had regional or global ischemic RV dysfunction by radionuclide ventriculography, with a mean RV ejection fraction of 30 +/- 10% compared with 42 +/- 6% in patients with occlusion distal to the RV branch or in the left circumflex artery (p less than 0.001). In conclusion, in patients with evolving inferior AMI, ST-segment depression in lead V2 of 50% or less of the magnitude of ST-segment elevation in lead aVF may be a useful sign (sensitivity 79%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 90% and negative predictive value 82%) for identifying patients with concomitant RV ischemia.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Geldanamycin and (−)-o-Quinogeldanamycin: Asymmetric Glycolate Aldol Reactions and Biological Evaluation

The total synthesis of (+)-geldanamycin (GA), following a linear route, has been completed using a demethylative quinone-forming reaction as the last step. Key steps include the use of two new asymmetric boron glycolate aldol reactions. To set the anti-C11,12 hydroxymethoxy functionality, (S,S)-5,6-bis-4-methoxyphenyldioxanone 8 was used. Methylglycolate derived from norephedrine 5 set the C6,7 methoxyurethane stereochemistry. The quinone formation step using nitric acid gave the non-natural o-quino-GA product 55 10:1 over geldanamycin. Other known oxidants gave an unusual azaquinone product 49. o-Quino-GA 55 binds Hsp90 with good affinity but is less cytotoxic compared to GA.
Fibrochondrogenesis of hESCs: Growth Factor Combinations and Cocultures

The successful differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to fibrochondrocyte-like cells and characterization of these differentiated cells is a critical step toward tissue engineering of musculoskeletal fibrocartilages (e.g., knee meniscus, temporomandibular joint disc, and intervertebral disc). In this study, growth factors and primary cell cocultures were applied to hESC embryoid bodies (EBs) for 3 weeks and evaluated for their effect on the synthesis of critical fibrocartilage matrix components: glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagens (types I, II, and VI). Changes in surface markers (CD105, CD44, SSEA, PDGFRα) after the differentiation treatments were also analyzed. The study was conducted in three phases: (1) examination of growth factors (TGF-β3, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, PDGF-BB, sonic hedgehog protein); (2) comparison of two cocultures (primary chondrocytes or fibrochondrocytes); and (3) the combination of the most effective growth factor and coculture regimen. TGF-β3 with BMP-4 yielded EBs ...
Photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision

Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to examine the photopigment complements of representatives of four genera of Canid: domestic dog (Canis familiaris), Island gray fox (Urocyon littoralis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). These four genera share a common cone pigment complement; each has one cone pigment with peak sensitivity of about 555 nm and a second cone pigment with peak at 430-435 nm. These pigment measurements accord well with the conclusions of an earlier investigation of color vision in the dog, and this fact allows some predictions about color vision in the wild canids. An additional set of measurements place the peak of the dog rod pigment at about 508 nm.
Comparing Representations of Semantic Roles for String-To-Tree Decoding

We introduce new features for incorporating semantic predicate-argument structures in machine translation (MT). The methods focus on the completeness of the semantic structures of the translations, as well as the order of the translated semantic roles. We experiment with translation rules which contain the core arguments for the predicates in the source side of a MT system, and observe that using these rules significantly improves the translation quality. We also present a new semantic feature that resembles a language model. Our results show that the language model feature can also significantly improve MT results.
Taming Single-Thread Program Performance on Many Distributed On-Chip L2 Caches

This paper presents a two-part study on managing distributed NUCA (non-uniform cache architecture) L2caches in a future many core processor to obtain high single thread program performance. The first part of our study is a limit study where we determine data to cache slice mappings at the memory page granularity based on detailed inter-page conflict information derived from program's memory reference trace. By considering cache access latency and cache miss rate simultaneously when mapping data to L2 cache slices, this "oracle" scheme outperforms the conventional shared caching scheme by up to 208% with an average of 45% on a sixteen-core processor. In the second part of the study, we propose and evaluate a dynamic cache management scheme that determines the home cache slice and cache bin for memory pages without any static program information. The dynamic scheme outperforms the shared caching scheme by up to 191% with an average of 32%, achieving much of the performance we observed in the limit study. We also find that the proposed dynamic scheme adapts to multiprogrammed workloads' behavior well and performs significantly better than both the private caching scheme and the shared caching scheme.
CHANGES IN FATAL AND NONFATAL CRASH RATES ON A TOLL HIGHWAY

Rates of crashes, crashes with injuries, and crashes with fatilities were lower during the 6 months of 1 March - 31 August 1974, following a 5-15 mph (8-24 kph) decrease in speed limits on the Illinois Tollway, than the corresponding rates for any of the six preceding years, 1968-1973. During the same months of 1968-1974, rates of crashes and of crashes with injuries showed peaks without consistent trends, but rates and percentages of fatal crashes decreased. The data agree with the phyothesis that reducing speed limits on toll roads may lead to substantial reductions in rate of crashes and injuries. /Author/
Skeletal muscle function and fibre types: the relationship between occlusal function and the phenotype of jaw-closing muscles in human.

Mammalian skeletal muscle cells are composed of repeated sarcomeric units containing thick and thin filaments of myosin and actin, respectively. Excitation of the myosin ATPase enzyme is possible o...
Analysis of Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair With 5-Year Follow-up: Allograft Versus Autograft

Purpose: To prospectively compare outcomes of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with either Achilles tendon allograft with soft-tissue fixation or standard bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft with interference screw fixation. Type of Study: Prospective comparative case series. Methods: A group of 41 patients who underwent soft-tissue allograft reconstruction and a group of 118 patients who underwent autograft bone-patellar tendon-bone reconstruction were included in the final results. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 to 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and then annually for 5 years. Objective measures of outcome included KT-1000 measurements, range of motion, ligamentous integrity, thigh atrophy, and International Knee Documentation Committee score. Subjective evaluations included patient completion of 5 questionnaires documenting functional status, pain, and health-related quality of life: (1) the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, (2) a patient subjective assessment of knee function and symptoms, (3) a patient subjective assessment follow-up, (4) a knee pain scale, and (5) the RAND 36-Item Health Survey. Mixed models analysis of variance was used to compare the outcomes of the treatment groups using baseline values of the study variables as a covariate. Results: Autograft patients reported significantly more pain on the bodily pain subscale of the RAND-36 than the allograft group at 1 week ( P = .0006), 6 weeks ( P = .0007), and 3 months ( P = .0270). Autograft patients reported more pain than allograft patients on the McGill Pain Scale visual analog scale at 1 to 2 weeks ( P P = .0147). Patient assessment of function and symptoms showed that a higher proportion of patients reported normal or nearly normal knee function in the allograft group than in the autograft group at 3 months (33% v 14%, P = .0558, respectively). Fewer activity limitations were reported by allograft patients than autograft patients at 6 weeks ( P = .0501), 3 months ( P = .0431), and 6 months ( P = .0014). After reconstruction, the allograft group displayed significantly more laxity in KT-1000 measurements at all time points than the autograft group ( P = .0520). These measurements decreased over time for both groups ( P Conclusions: Five-year follow-up of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with allograft versus autograft were compared objectively and subjectively. Both groups of patients achieved similar long-term outcomes. Overall, the allograft patients reported less pain at 1 and 6 weeks after surgery, better function at 1 week, 3 months, and 1 year, and fewer activity limitations throughout the follow-up period. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective cohort study.
Evaluation of a fast large-Eddy-simulation model for indoor airflows

A three-dimensional large-eddy-simulation computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program, developed for studying the transport of smoke during a fire in an enclosure, is applied to four flow problems relevant to nonfire situations. This evaluation is relevant to the use of the program for indoor air quality modeling as well as its use in modeling the early phases of smoldering fires. The program uses finite-difference techniques to solve the Navier-Stokes equations, with an approach emphasizing high spatial resolution and efficient flow-solving techniques. Subgrid scale effects are addressed with the Smagorinsky model. The flow problems include simple geometries with forced, natural, and mixed convection flows, as well as a realistic test room with a displacement ventilation system and tracer gas release. Grid effects and computing time are investigated. Results are compared with the experimental data, and issues important to defining the problems in CFD are highlighted. In general, the program predicts the experimental data reasonably well with very fast computing times. However, care must be taken in defining convection from heated surfaces, and adequate grid resolution is needed to model the dispersion of a tracer gas in the enclosure.
Comparative Short-Term Effects of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether and Unleaded Gasoline Vapor in Female B6C3F1 Mice

PS-6 unleaded gasoline (UG) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an UG additive, with long-term exposure at high concentrations increased liver tumors selectively in female mice. PS-6 UG is a liver tumor promoter in N-nitrosodiethylamine-initiated female mice and produces short-term effects potentially relevant to its tumor promoting ability. The new formulation of UG (91-01) and MTBE were evaluated for similar short-term effects in mouse liver. Mice were exposed to 7814 ppm MTBE, 2014 ppm 91-01 UG, or 2028 ppm PS-6 UG vapor for 3 or 21 days, 6 hr/day, 5 day/week. Relative liver weights increased and uterine weights decreased in MTBE-, 91-01 UG-, and PS-6 UG-exposed mice. Because the decrease in relative uterine weight is suggestive of hormonal modulation, we evaluated the effects of MTBE, 91-01 UG, and PS-6 UG in vivo on hepatic 17-beta estradiol metabolism in vitro. Gavage treatment with either blend of UG and with MTBE increased estrogen metabolism in isolated mouse hepatocytes. Hepatic microsomal P450 activity was assessed by 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities. Similar increases in P450 content and PROD and EROD activities were observed in all exposed mice as compared to controls. No hepatoxicity was observed in any treatment group. The hepatic labeling index, as measured by the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, was increased in all exposed mice at 3 days but not 21 days, indicating that MTBE and 91-01 UG are also hepatic mitogens. These data demonstrate that a newer blend of UG and the UG additive MTBE elicit short-term effects similar to those of PS-6 UG. Given that these effects are potentially related to tumor promotion and the general lack of genotoxic activity, MTBE and 91-01 UG may exhibit tumor promoting activity similar to that seen with PS-6 UG. Since the liver is under multihormonal control, the increase in hepatic estrogen metabolism and uterine effects supports a potential role for endocrine modulations in both MTBE-and UG-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
Another brick in the wall

The existence of a peptidoglycan cell wall in chlamydiae has been debated for several years. Several studies suggest that these organisms synthesize a cell wall, but some of the components and biosynthetic machinery seem to be missing and a bona fide cell wall has yet to be described. A recent study has revealed that a functional pathway for meso-diaminopimelate, one of the missing bricks for the wall, exists in chlamydiae. Here, I review the chlamydial cell wall paradox and discuss the importance of this new finding.
Seismic Response of the Katmai Volcanoes to the 6 December 1999 Magnitude 7.0 Karluk Lake Earthquake, Alaska

A sudden increase in earthquake activity was observed beneath volcanoes in the Katmai area on the Alaska Peninsula immediately following the 6 December 1999 magnitude ( M W) 7.0 Karluk Lake earthquake beneath southern Kodiak Island, Alaska. The observed increase in earthquake activity consisted of small ( M L < 1.3), shallow ( Z < 5.0 km) events. These earthquakes were located beneath Mount Martin, Mount Mageik, Trident Volcano, and the Katmai caldera and began within the coda of the Karluk Lake mainshock. All of these earthquakes occurred in areas and magnitude ranges that are typical for the background seismicity observed in the Katmai area. Seismicity rates returned to background levels 8 to 13 hours after the Karluk Lake mainshock. The close temporal relationship with the Karluk Lake mainshock, the onset of activity within the mainshock coda, and the simultaneous increase beneath four separate volcanic centers all suggest these earthquakes were remotely triggered. Modeling of the Coulomb stress changes from the mainshock for optimally oriented faults suggests negligible change in static stress beneath the Katmai volcanoes. This result favors models that involve dynamic stresses as the mechanism for triggered seismicity at Katmai.
Derechos y terror

?Que debemos seguir al decidir que derechos les debemos permitir a esos otros de los que sospechamos que desean hacernos mal? Tras los ataques del 11 de septiembre y el inicio de la guerra contra el terrorismo, el autor explora esta pregunta mostrando, primero, la extension a la que ha llegado el desmonte de las garantias legales por parte del gobierno estadounidense y, segundo, las razones que hacen de esto una accion injustificable. Por ultimo, en el articulo se esbozan alternativas para crear un marco legal que sea eficaz contra la nueva amenaza terrorista, y al mismo tiempo respetuoso de los derechos humanos que deben cobijar aun a los acusados de este tipo de delitos.
Immunological Aspects of Sperm Receptors on the Zona Pellucida of Mammalian Eggs

Sperm receptor sites on the surface of the zona pellucida are believed to be necessary for fertilization on the mammalian egg. Ovary specific antibodies are known to precipitate the zona pellucida and are also responsible for inhibition of sperm binding and subsequent fertilization. The nature of the proposed receptor sites which are blocked by antibodies are discussed relative to comparable studies in which phytoagglutinins and other agents are used to determine the chemical nature of sperm receptor sites.
The use of reverse iontophoresis based surface plasmon resonance for the development of a noninvasive real time transdermal biomarker sensor

Recent developments in the identification of biomarkers offer a potential means to facilitate early disease detection, gauge treatment in drug therapy clinical trials, and to assess the impact of fatigue and/or stress as related to human physical and cognitive performance. For practical implementation, however, real-time sensing and quantification of such physiological biomarkers is preferred. Some key aspects in this process are continuous sample collection and real time detection. Traditionally, blood is considered the gold standard for samples but frequent phlebotomy is painful and inconvenient. Other sources like saliva and passive sweat cannot be precisely controlled and are affected by other limitations. Some of these can be addressed by reverse iontophoresis which is a noninvasive technique capable of facilitating controlled transport of biomolecules up to 20kDa in size across the skin barrier by passing a low level current between two dermal electrodes. The samples collected at the electrode site can then be monitored at site or transported via a microfluidic channel towards a sensor. In the case reported here, the sensor is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is a label free, real time, and highly sensitive optical sensing technique. The real time SPR detection of targeted biomarkers is then achieved through the use of aptamer surface modification. In this experiment, extraction and detection of orexin A, a stress related biomarker, is used for demonstration purposes.
On the Stability of Exponential Backoff

Random access schemes for packet networks featuring distributed control require algorithms and protocols for resolving packet collisions that occur as the uncoordinated terminals contend for the channel. A widely used collision resolution protocol is the exponential backoff (EB). New analytical results for the stability of the (binary) EB are given. Previous studies on the stability of the (binary) EB have produced contradictory results instead of a consensus: some proved instability, others showed stability under certain conditions. In these studies, simplified and/or modified models of the backoff algorithm were used. In this paper, care is taken to use a model that reflects the actual behavior of backoff algorithms. We show that EB is stable under a throughput definition of stability; the throughput of the network converges to a non-zero constant as the offered load N goes to infinity. We also obtain the analytical expressions for the saturation throughput for a given number of nodes, N. The analysis considers the general case of EB with backoff factor r, where BEB is the special case with r = 2. We show that r = 1/(1 - e(-1)) is the optimum backoff factor that maximizes the throughput. The accuracy of the analysis is checked against simulation results.
Operationalizing Sepsis Alert Design and Clinical Decision Support Developing Enhanced Visual Display Models

Kristen E. Miller, Muge Capan, Pan Wu, Eric V. Jackson, Jr., Ryan C. Arnold Value Institute at Christiana Care Health systemIt is vital that health care providers have the tools needed for early diagnosis and treatment of sepsis to achieve improved survival outcomes. Despite advances in early warning system technology, providers still lack responsiveness in recognizing and treating septic patients. The recently introduced Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services early management bundle for severe/septic shock highlights the need to promote bundles of care to improve guideline compliance and lower hospital mortality. Our objective is to determine the best way to provide a sepsis alert to drive compliance in the complex cognitive system that underlies the decision-making process in the dynamic and distributed health care work environment. Alert and warning complexity is especially prevalent in health care information technology. Despite this issue, there is little consensus on how alerts and warnings should be generated and displayed to the user. Effective presentation of an alert, including how and what is displayed, may offer better cognitive support during busy patient encounters and may help providers extract information quickly. We are creating a framework to evaluate sepsis alert presentation models with enhanced visual elements integrating a textual, graphical, and figure display of the PIRO (predisposition, infection, response, organ dysfunction) classification. Our alert presentation framework is tailored to clinicians with the goal to better equip clinicians to understand their patients’ data through feature extraction and visualization embedded with different asynchronous alerts.
Imágenes del tiempo en El olvido que seremos de Héctor Abad Faciolince

Based on El olvido que seremos by Hector Abad Faciolince, this paper offers a reflection upon the truth, the memories, and the history that emerge from the present of the text in the context of Colombia’s violence during the last fifty years.
Periodate-induced lymphocyte transformation

Abstract The optimum conditions for sodium periodate induced lymphocyte transformation occur at low concentrations of NaIO4, low temperature, pH between 6 and 7.5, and with short periods of exposure to the NaIO4. Exposures for prolonged times at elevated temperatures or to NaIO4 at pH above 7.5 result in diminished responses. The finding of maximum lymphocyte response under these conditions is compatible with the proposal that the triggering event in NaIO4 transformation of lymphocytes is the oxidation and cleavage of the two terminal carbon atoms of sialic acid. Exposure of lymphocytes to NaIO4 under conditions of higher temperature, higher pH or longer exposure times does not significantly reduce their ability to respond to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). This finding suggests that these mitogens have different target sites from that of NaIO4 or that they are acting on different populations of lymphocytes.
Stimulating the RIG-I pathway to kill cells in the latent HIV reservoir following viral reactivation

The persistence of latent HIV proviruses in long-lived CD4(+) T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major obstacle to viral eradication. Because current candidate latency-reversing agents (LRAs) induce HIV transcription, but fail to clear these cellular reservoirs, new approaches for killing these reactivated latent HIV reservoir cells are urgently needed. HIV latency depends upon the transcriptional quiescence of the integrated provirus and the circumvention of immune defense mechanisms. These defenses include cell-intrinsic innate responses that use pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect viral pathogens, and that subsequently induce apoptosis of the infected cell. Retinoic acid (RA)-inducible gene I (RIG-I, encoded by DDX58) forms one class of PRRs that mediates apoptosis and the elimination of infected cells after recognition of viral RNA. Here we show that acitretin, an RA derivative approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), enhances RIG-I signaling ex vivo, increases HIV transcription, and induces preferential apoptosis of HIV-infected cells. These effects are abrogated by DDX58 knockdown. Acitretin also decreases proviral DNA levels in CD4(+) T cells from HIV-positive subjects on suppressive ART, an effect that is amplified when combined with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Pharmacological enhancement of an innate cellular-defense network could provide a means by which to eliminate reactivated cells in the latent HIV reservoir.
SU‐F‐P‐49: Comparison of Mapcheck 2 Commission for Photon and Electron Beams

Purpose: We will investigate the performance variation of the MapCheck2 detector array with different array calibration and dose calibration pairs from different radiation therapy machine. Methods: A MapCheck2 detector array was calibrated on 3 Elekta accelerators with different energy of photon (6 MV, 10 MV, 15 MV and 18 MV) and electron (6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 15 MeV, 18 MeV and 20 MeV) beams. Dose calibration was conducted by referring a water phantom measurement following TG-51 protocol and commission data for each accelerator. A 10 cm × 10 cm beam was measured. This measured map was morphed by applying different calibration pairs. Then the difference was quantified by comparing the doses and similarity using gamma analysis of criteria (0.5 %, 0 mm). Profile variation was evaluated on a same dataset with different calibration pairs. The passing rate of an IMRT QA planar dose was calculated by using 3 mm and 3% criteria and compared with respect to each calibration pairs. Results: In this study, a dose variation up to 0.67% for matched photons and 1.0% for electron beams is observed. Differences of flatness and symmetry can be as high as 1% and 0.7% respectively. Gamma analysis shows a passing rate ranging from 34% to 85% for the standard 10 × 10 cm field. Conclusion: Our work demonstrated that a customized array calibration and dose calibration for each machine is preferred to fulfill a high standard patient QA task.
Lawrence Marsden Price, Die Aufnahme englischer Literatur in Deutschland 1500–1960: (Bern und München: Francke Verlag, 1961). Pp. 496.

(1962). Lawrence Marsden Price, Die Aufnahme englischer Literatur in Deutschland 1500–1960. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 307-307.
Frictional strength of wet and dry montmorillonite

Montmorillonite is a common mineral in fault zones, and its low strength relative to other common gouge minerals is important in many models of fault rheology. However, the coefficient of friction, μ, varies with degree of saturation and is not well constrained in the literature due to the difficulty of establishing fully drained or fully dried states in the laboratory. We measured μ of both saturated and oven-dried montmorillonite at normal stresses up to 700 MPa. Care was taken to shear saturated samples slowly enough to avoid pore fluid overpressure. For saturated samples, μ increased from 0.10 to 0.28 with applied effective normal stress, while for dry samples μ decreased from 0.78 to 0.45. The steady state rate dependence of friction, (a − b), was positive, promoting stable sliding. The wide disparity in reported frictional strengths can be attributed to experimental procedures that promote differing degrees of partial saturation or overpressured pore fluid conditions.
Mismatch and Bar Passage: A School-Specific Analysis

Past research on law school mismatch has been hampered by the absence of school-specific data, thus requiring scholars to estimate individual levels of mismatch through various indirect techniques. In this paper, the authors use data on nearly four thousand students at three law schools to directly measure mismatch levels based on LSAT scores or an academic index. The analysis shows large and statistically significant effects of mismatch; when one controls for mismatch, racial effects lose statistical significance. The results highlight the importance of mismatch in explaining both racial bar passage gaps and individual outcomes on the bar. The results also illustrate the great importance of individual school-level data across a range of schools in studying mismatch.
0392 Invited keynote: fast forward exposure assessment: understanding precarity as a work-related risk in the new economy

The organisation of work is undergoing rapid change making our traditional definitions and methods of exposure assessment less applicable or effective in understanding work-related risks. In a keynote address at EPICOH in 1995 I discussed concepts of measurement error and argued for use of statistical methods which explicitly linked exposure concepts with the outcomes. These concepts are now widely understood and we have moved beyond them using mixed models and a variety of more advanced statistical methods which were new at the time. However, our framework for that work is less and less relevant in current and future occupational settings. Non-standard employment arrangements and increasing disparities in income, often associated with other demographic characteristics, compel an increasing focus on the health of working populations, rather than individual diseases or conditions. However, the ways in which the work context is defined and implemented in research is highly variable. While many of the terms used have overlapping attributes, and each have been associated with changes in work exposures and health risk, their lack of clear conceptual definitions hampers our ability to explain the apparent health risks with which they are associated. This paper describes the various concepts and labels associated with precarious work and suggests that precarity requires integration of concepts of work organisation with worker vulnerability. By doing so, we can better understand the relationships between job content, working conditions and power dynamics within the workplace and its social context. Thus, we identify work as a social determinant of health, and can better assess the health implications of precarious work. These concepts are implemented using a multidimensional approach to job quality which incorporates both work organisation and workplace power dynamics, based on latent class cluster analysis, to define an integrated typology for defining contemporary employment conditions, as developed by Van Aerden, et al, in a European dataset. We adopt this approach within the US based General Social Survey, and compare the clusters identified in the EU with those observed in the US. This typological approach overcomes the limitations of characterising work organisation or social determinants on single dimensional characteristics, such as contract-type or demographic factors, and offers a new framework for understanding the implications of precarity. While the ‘exposure,’ health outcomes, and methods differ substantially than those relevant in the 1990s, we again argue that a clear conceptual definition, measurement methods, and linkage with outcomes of importance in the 21 st century, are required to continue understanding the impact of working conditions on health.
Loss of the cone-enriched caspase-7 does not affect secondary cone death in retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose The apoptotic mechanisms responsible for secondary cone death in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) remain largely unknown. The cone-enriched apoptotic protease caspase-7 (Casp7) is thought to be triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and plays a pivotal role in mice deficient in the cone cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, a deficiency that causes achromatopsia in humans and in mice with autosomal dominant rhodopsin mutations, in particular the T17M mutation. Thus, we tested in two mouse models of RP whether the cone-enriched Casp7 plays a role during secondary cone death. Methods Casp7 knockout mice were crossed to two different RP mouse models with significantly different rod and cone death kinetics: the rd1 mouse model, which carries a mutation in the Pde6b gene, and the rhodopsin knockout mouse model (Rho-KO or Rho-/- ). In both models, cone survival was assessed on retinal flat mounts by quantifying the percentage of cone arrestin staining over the retinal surface area. The analyses were performed at two different time points for each model. Results Loss of Casp7 did not alter cone survival in either of the two mouse models tested regardless of the time point analyzed. Rod survival was also not affected in either model nor did loss of Casp7 affect rod or cone function in a wild-type background as assessed with electroretinogram analyses. Conclusions Secondary cone death in retinitis pigmentosa is unlikely to be triggered by ER stress and is likely independent of Casp7 activity.
Abdominal Sacrocolpopexy for Repair of Pelvic Organ Prolapse After Radical Cystectomy.

Introduction Most case series describing surgical repair for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) after radical cystectomy (RC) focus on transvaginal repairs. We present our experience of POP after RC repaired by abdominal mesh sacrocolpopexy (ASC) with long-term follow-up. Methods Two women with previous RC with ileal conduit diversion underwent open ASC for repair of apical prolapse with concomitant enterocele. Prolapse severity was assessed using the POP quantification staging system, whereas pelvic imaging was performed with magnetic resonance imaging defecography. Results One patient had no POP recurrence at follow-up of 45 months after ASC. The other patient had anterior enterocele recurrence at 11 months after ASC and was treated with a limited outpatient transvaginal repair. She had no POP recurrence at 12 months after secondary repair. Both ASC procedures had technical challenges related to pelvic dissection of adhesed loops of bowels, access to the promontory, and retroperitonealization requiring the assistance of a general surgeon. Neither case had perioperative complications. Conclusion In women with large enterocele or vaginal vault prolapse after RC, repair with ASC, although technically challenging, can offer durable POP outcomes.
DENSITY OF COMPACTIFICATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the density of compactifications. All compactifications of a given space have the same density. It was suggested by Ryszard Engelking that it might be worthwhile to study the cardinal invariant the density of all compactifications of X, which is simply denoted by d (βX) to find an internal characterization. There is an easy characterization that leads to the unexpected result that d (βY) ≤ d (βX) if Y is K0 -embedded in X: d (βX) ≤ K iff τX is κ-centered. A space is nowhere locally compact if no point has a compact neighborhood or, equivalently, if bX\X is dense in bX for every compactification bX of X.
Techno-economic and off-design analysis of stand-alone, distributed-scale reversible solid oxide cell energy storage systems

Abstract Reversible solid oxide cells may be a cost competitive energy storage technology at the distributed scale. Leveraging C–O–H chemistry and operating near 600 °C allows the cells to be exothermic in both modes, improving efficiency and operability. This study characterizes ReSOC balance-of-plant hardware off-design performance to investigate component mode compatibility, the effect of tank dynamics, and part-load performance for a 100 kW/800 kWh plant. We also introduce a variable volume floating piston tank concept to improve energy storage density and evaluate operability advantages. Results show that with proper system design, balance-of-plant components are compatible, and tank dynamics have minimal impact when tanks are uninsulated and designed for storage near ambient temperature. System AC roundtrip efficiency is between 53% and 54%, depending on the tank technology selected and the compressor operating approach. Energy density is 84.4 kWh/m3 for rigid tanks, and 146.1 kWh/m3 for the variable volume tank concept at 100 bar storage pressure. This study also shows that ReSOC systems can maintain high efficiency at part-loads as low as 15% of rated capacity. Economic analysis of the system estimates an installed capital cost of $422–452/kWh, and a levelized cost of storage of 18.8–19.6 ¢/kWh, values competitive with state-of-the-art battery technology.
Warning labels on fashion images: Short- and longer-term effects on body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and eating behavior.

Objective Fashion warning labels that caution readers about digitally altered images have been recommended and adopted by several countries to prevent body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. This study investigated the short- and longer-term influence of fashion warning labels on affect, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and snack consumption using a randomized-controlled experiment. Method Female undergraduates (n = 118) were randomized to view and rate responses to fashion images either with or without a warning label. They then consumed snacks and completed questionnaires. Sixty-four participants (54%) completed follow-up online surveys asking them to view and rate new fashion images with or without warning labels once per week for 4 weeks. Primary outcomes were affect, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and kilocalories consumed. Results Overall, fashion warning labels had no short-term effects on affect, body dissatisfaction, or kilocalories consumed in the lab. However, individuals who reported engaging in restrictive eating consumed fewer kilocalories when exposed to advertisements with warning labels (M = 170.33, SD = 120.78) versus no labels (M = 286.46, SD = 166.30), p = .008. Warning labels also had no protective effects after repeated exposure over 4 weeks on affect or eating disorder symptoms, and significantly increased appearance orientation (p = .001). Discussion Warning labels on media images are unlikely to be an effective policy tool to prevent negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptoms, and, in some cases, may exacerbate these concerns.
Black Flies (Simuliidae)

Abstract The family Simuliidae includes more than 2,200 species of black flies worldwide. The females of most species require a blood meal to mature their eggs, but only about 10%–20% of species are pests of humans and domesticated animals. The immature stages of black flies are restricted to flowing freshwater where the filter-feeding larvae often play a key ecological role. The blood-feeding habits of the female flies can cause nuisance swarms and biting problems for humans and their animals, resulting in significant economic losses in sectors of society such as agriculture, forestry, and tourism. Black flies are among the few arthropods that have killed animals by excessive blood feeding and acute toxemia (simuliotoxicosis) from their salivary compounds. Human onchocerciasis (river blindness), which is present in the central belt of Africa, Yemen, and isolated foci in Latin America, is the worst public health problem associated with black flies. The disease involves more than 25 vector species and numerous skin and ocular pathologies, sometimes including permanent blindness. Great strides have been made in the control and eradication of human onchocerciasis, especially in the New World, through vector control and ivermectin distribution. Mansonellosis, a mildly pathogenic simuliid-borne disease of humans, occurs in scattered foci in Latin America. Many pathogens and parasites are transmitted by black flies to domesticated animals and wildlife, causing diseases such as bovine onchocerciasis, avian leucocytozoonosis, and vesicular stomatitis. The primary means of controlling black flies is by application of the biological control agent Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis to streams and rivers.
Aspirin Plus a High-Dose PPI Prevents Death and Progression in Patients with Barrett Esophagus.

In this study, patients with Barrett esophagus were less likely to die or develop esophageal cancer or high-grade dysplasia if they took high-dose esomeprazole (Nexium) alone or in combination with aspirin.
Reazioni psicopatologiche a una crisi

Le capacita effettive di adattamento di una persona, in situazioni normali, possono essere sopraffatte da una serie di eventi stressanti, improvvisi o insoliti. Reazioni fisiche e mentali a questi eventi sono normali e fanno parte del processo di recupero dallo stress relativo a perdite o a incidenti critici.