cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulation of amorphization in forsterite by cosmic rays

Abstract We have examined cosmic ray interactions with silicate dust grains by simulating a thermal spike in a 1.25 million atom forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) crystal with periodic boundaries. Spikes were generated by giving a kinetic energy of 1 or 2 eV to every atom within a cylinder of radius 1.73 nm along the [0 0 1] direction. An amorphous track of radius ∼3 nm was produced for the 2 eV/atom case, but practically no amorphization was produced for 1 eV/atom because of effective dynamic annealing. Chemical segregation was not observed in the track. These results agree with recent experimental studies of ion irradiation effects in silicates, and indicate that cosmic rays can cause the amorphization of interstellar dust.
Social comparisons and pay evaluations: Preferences for same-sex and same-job wage comparisons

Abstract This research examined women's and men's social comparison preferences when evaluating the fairness of pay. Subjects were assigned randomly to work on a job described as masculine, feminine, or sex neutral and were told that they would be paid for their work. After working on the job and privately receiving identical payment, subjects rank ordered their preference for seeing the average male, average female, and average combined-sex wage paid in each of the three jobs. Despite the availability of the combined-sex wage, subjects preferred to maximize similarity in their wage comparisons, with the majority choosing to see the pay of a same-sex and same-job group first. Regardless of the sex linkage of their job assignment, subjects selected a same-job comparison first. Sex linkage of job did affect same-sex preferences; whereas subjects in sex-appropriate and sex-neutral jobs showed a significant preference for seeing the pay of same-sex others first, subjects in sex-inappropriate jobs did not. Results also indicated that both men and women assigned to the feminine job expected somewhat less pay and thought their obtained pay was more fair than did those assigned to the masculine job. Furthermore, women thought they deserved less pay for their work than did men, regardless of their job assignment. Implications of these results for gender differences in outcome evaluations are discussed.
SELF-REFERENCED REFLECTIVE INTENSITY MODULATED FIBER OPTIC DISPLACEMENT SENSOR

A simple referencing technique is presented for a fiber optic reflective displacement sensor. Two receiving fibers are arranged side by side to operate in the negative and positive slopes of the output sig- nal. The ratio of the two outputs provides common mode rejection. A theoretical model of the new referencing technique is developed and verified experimentally. The linear operating range of the sensor de- pends on the numerical aperture of the fibers and the diameter of the second receiving fiber. The minimum detectable displacement of a rep- resentative sensor is 1.57 nm/AHz in the audio frequency range, which agrees well with the theoretical value. The measured dynamic range of the sensor is 111 dB. Alternative sensor structures to reduce the size and to increase linear range and resolution are discussed. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)02402-2)
Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome with labyrinthine bony overgrowth and mixed hearing loss, a case report

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital disorder characterized by a triad of (1) capillary malformations, (2) venous malformations, and (3) soft tissue or bony hypertrophy. There exists one report of a patient with KTS and an associated sensorineural hearing loss. We describe an adolescent girl with KTS and AV fistulas who was found to have a bony overgrowth extending from the cochlea into the middle ear cavity and an ipsilateral mixed hearing loss. In both of these patients, there were obvious KTS deformities involving the face. We suggest conducting hearing screening in patients with KTS and obvious head involvement.
Enhanced Heat Transfer for Microturbine Recuperators

Calculated and measured results are presented to quantify the effects of surface waves in laminar flow through high-aspect ratio channels typical of many in microturbine recuperators. Flow structures were calculated with spectral methods that solve incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and use Fourier expansions to represent the corrugated-wall boundary condition. Stability analysis with a generalized Floquet formulation that accounts for spatial modulation of the flow was used with the spectral flow field to predict the shape of streamlines that lead to streamwise vortices. Results indicate that vortices are produced in a very narrow range of streamline wavelengths and amplitudes. Streamlines were also calculated using a RANS method for the purpose of finding a surface that would produce the necessary streamline patterns. Hot-wire measurements show the frequency and amplitude of streamwise vortex structures increases in the flow over a sinusoidal wall with the predicted surface waves.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Built leadership: women administrators in architectural education

Of the 114 accredited architecture programs within colleges and universities across America, only 18 (or 16%) employed females at the highest administrative positions as deans, directors, chairs, or heads at the time this study was conducted. Despite this statistic, nearly 50% of all graduates from architecture programs are female. Little is known about women administrators in architectural education, perhaps because of the fact that there are so few. The central question that guided this research study is as follows: What personal and professional factors characterize 10 women employed as administrators in nationally accredited architecture programs, departments, schools, and colleges in American institutions of higher education? Additionally, this study identified the women’s career paths, and obstacles they overcame andsacrifices they made in order to advance in their careers. The qualitative case study tradition was employed for this study. Ten women administrators of accredited architecture programs, departments, schools, and colleges within American institutions of higher education participated in the study. Interviews, documents, and observations were collected and included in the data analysis. While feminist leadership theories were used as a lens and guided the current research, themes emerged from the study that point toward a potentially new, emerging theoretical construct. This emerging construct requires that pioneering female leaders in male-dominated fields be characterized differently than female leaders in other contexts. Specifically, the conclusions drawn from this study require characterizing pioneering female leaders in male-dominated fields as built leaders or leaders who have systematically developed professionally as a result of unwavering ambition but who employa post-heroic style of leadership. In other words, these women fought their way to the top, but once there, use an up, down, and across hierarchical leadership style.
A cinematographic comparison of behavior by the calanoid copepod Centropages hamatus Lilljeborg: tethered versus free-swimming animals

Many previous cinematographic studies of copepod behavior have used animals tethered to dog or cat hairs to keep them in focus. We compared behavior of tethered and free-swimming specimens of the calanoid copepod Centropages hamatus Lilljeborg using cinematographic methods. Precise quantification was made of the time allocated to four modes of behavior: slow-swim (movement of feeding appendages only), break (no appendages moving), fast-swim (posteriorally-directed movement of first antennae and pereiopods), and groom (brushing of first antennae through feeding appendages). Ten copepods each were used for tethered and free-swimming filming. Under both experimental regimes, copepods spent < 1 % of total amount of time in fast-swimming and grooming behavior. Most of the time (50.7–95.5%) animals were on break. The rest of the time (3.8–48.9%) animals were in the slow-swimming mode, moving only feeding appendages. There were no significant differences between tethered and free-swimming animals in mean time allocations to slow-swimming and break behavioral modes. However, individual variability of tethered animals was higher than that of free-swimming ones. We conclude that, while mean time allocation to slow-swimming and break behaviors were similar between free-swimming and tethered animals, the variability between tethered individuals is a factor to be considered when designing experiments.
Comments on 'Early voltage in very-narrow-base bipolar transistors' by D.J. Roulston

An improved Early voltage V/sub A/ model for an n/sup +//p/n bipolar transistor derived by D.J. Roulston (see ibid., vol.11, no.2, p.88-9, 1990) is shown to be less accurate, and a new voltage model is derived. >
Multipurpose electroanalytical instrument incorporating an X-Y recorder

Abstract A multipurpose electroanalytical instrument, incorporating an X-Y recorder with it built-in time base, is described. The instrument also includes an electro-mechanical combination ampero-stat-potentiostat and a variable speed polarizing unit. The instrument accurately measures electrode potential (rather than cell voltage) and hence does not involve correction of recorded potentials for iR drop. This is especially convenient for the recording of current vs . potential curves with macroelectrodes. It has also been successfully used for voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, coulometry and recording of titration curves.
City Limits and the Growth of Suburban Retail Trade, 1982-1987

The ability of cities to attract economic activity has been a core theme of urban research during the last decade. In this research note, the author examines the location of retail employment in 1972, 1982, and 1987 in a sample of approximately 1,000 suburban municipalities and explores the effects of local factors on the relative success that these communities experience in fostering growth in jobs in the retail sector. Policy effects are strongly limited by the inherent long-term stability in the distribution of economic activity and in the enduring distribution of the demographic conditions that define the quality and attractiveness of the local market for private goods.
Single-trial evoked potential estimation: comparison between independent component analysis and wavelet denoising.

Abstract Objective Brain responses to repeated sensory stimuli are typically buried in the more prominent background activity, and thus analysis of these responses on a single-trial basis would require advanced procedures to estimate the brain activity related only to the experimental task. Recently, we have proposed a new iterative independent component analysis ( i ICA) approach to estimate single-trial responses. In this paper, we compare the performance of i ICA at estimating single-trial responses with ensemble averaging and wavelet transform (WT) denoising. Methods We analyzed simulated evoked potentials (EPs) and actual recordings of the auditory N100 component from 33 normal subjects, and the performance of each method was quantified in terms of the average root-mean-square error and average correlation before and after processing. Results We found that WT gave a smoother overall average EP, while i ICA could isolate the N100 component out of the entire EP waveform. With simulated data, i ICA provided significantly better estimates of the true EP compared to plain averaging ( p p i ICA showed clear responses in single trials, in all subjects. Additionally, the corresponding average EPs had a sharper N100–P200 complex, with flatter preceding and following regions, resulting in an enhanced N100 component. Conclusions The i ICA procedure can provide clear responses in each single trial, and the resulting average N100 component is significantly improved compared to plain averaging and wavelet denoising. Significance The proposed technique may have a significant impact as a clinical tool in the analysis of single-trial responses.
Homeowners, property values, and the political economy of the school voucher

Abstract A school voucher would decrease property values in neighborhoods with superior public schools and increase property values in neighborhoods with inferior public schools. These potential gains and losses may influence voting on voucher initiatives, particularly for homeowners without school children. This paper examines that possibility, using a survey of potential voters on California's 2000 voucher initiative. We find evidence that homeowners voted to protect their property values. For homeowners without school children, the probability of voting for the voucher was 39 percent if they lived in neighborhoods with superior public schools and 56 percent if they lived in neighborhoods with inferior schools.
Analysis of remote measurements of tropospheric carbon monoxide concentrations made during the 1979 summer monsoon experiment (MONEX)

Mixing ratios of tropospheric CO as measured by an aircraft-mounted radiometer over Saudi Arabia, the Arabian Sea, and northern India during May and June 1979 are reported. During early May, exceptionally high CO levels were detected over Saudi Arabia, and strong horizontal gradients in CO mixing ratios were seen to develop over a period of several days. Over the Arabian Sea, mixing ratios of the order of 150 parts per billion by volume were observed before the monsoon onset, and a pronounced decrease in CO was detected toward the equator. Subsequent measurements after the monsoon had become established revealed a consistent decrease in CO mixing ratio across this region. Analysis of aircraft dropsonde data and constant pressure daily streamline charts lend strong support to the hypothesis that this reduction is associated with the influx of CO-poor Southern Hemisphere air in the monsoon southwesterlies.
Ion channel messenger RNA processing defects and arrhythmia

Messenger RNA (mRNA) processing is an essential step for the expression of most eukaryote genes. Ion channels are critical for proper electrical activity in the heart, and perturbations of these channels are known to cause arrhythmia. Recently, mRNA processing defects have been shown to contribute to altered ion channel activity and arrhythmogenesis. Abnormal pre-mRNA splicing of cardiac ion channels, including the cardiac sodium channel, potassium channels, and calcium channels, because of mutations of the cis-elements within the RNA or abnormal expression of splicing factors, has been documented to contribute to arrhythmic risk. In addition to pre-mRNA splicing, other mRNA processing events, such as 3'-end formation and mRNA turnover, are also disrupted in cardiac diseases, such as congenital heart disease caused by mutation at the 3'-untranslated region of GATA4. mRNA stability is also dysregulated by altered expression of microRNAs in atrial fibrillation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how mRNA processing defects contribute to the risk of arrhythmias and how monitoring the products of abnormal processing may lead to diagnostic tests for arrhythmic risk.
Differential sensitivity between blue and brown reaction procedures for HRP neurohistochemistry

Four rhesus monkeys and two rats were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Adjacent sections were stained with a 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) and a benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) procedure which yields a blue reaction product at sites of HRP activity. The number of labeled neurons was counted within the same regions of the adjacent sections with bright-field and dark-field illumination. Sections processed with the BDHC procedure consistently contained more labeled neurons than adjacent sections processed with a representative DAB procedure. Such differences were observed in cortical as well as subcortical areas and in the monkey as well as in the rat. Moreover, the visibility of labeled neurons under bright-field illumination was quite superior in the tissue stained with the BDHC procedure. It is concluded that the BDHC procedure is more sensitive than a DAB procedure for the demonstration of the retrograde transport of HRP. In additional experiments tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) was used in place of BDHC and comparable results were obtained.
Contribution of a change in mrna half-life to the accumulation of the tissue-specific s-100 protein during postnatal development of the mouse brain.

Abstract The S-100 protein accumulates rapidly in the mouse brain between 15 and 21 days of postnatal development. The accumulation of this protein is brought about mainly by an increased rate of its synthesis. The present study focuses on attempts to determine if a change in the half-life of messenger RNA (mRNA) is involved in bringing about the increased rate of synthesis of the S-100 protein. Utilizing the inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D, we were able to show that the halflife of mRNA increases concurrently with an increase in the rate of synthesis of the S-100 protein. Utilization of actinomycin D does present hazards in interpretation of results on mRNA stability; experiments were performed to determine if the results obtained were due to side effects of the drug. As far as could be determined, the possible side effects of actinomycin D did not affect our results.
Optimal frequency measurements with maximally correlated states.

We show how maximally correlated states of N two-level particles can be used in spectroscopy to yield a frequency uncertainty equal to (NT${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, where T is the time of a single measurement. From the time-energy uncertainty relation we show that this is the best precision possible. We rephrase these results in the language of particle interferometry and obtain a state and detection operator which can be used to achieve a phase uncertainty exactly equal to the 1/N Heisenberg limit, where N is the number of particles used in the measurement.
Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice

Abstract The authors develop a new method to assess how changes in the intensity of mature distribution networks—specifically, those in the U.S. automotive industry—might affect consumer choice. They capture distribution intensity by car make (e.g., Honda, Toyota) at the disaggregate level using the exact geographic locations of individual buyers and new car dealers. They develop three buyer-centric measures for the intensity level of each competing make from this information: (1) dealer accessibility (the buyer's distance to the nearest outlet for each make), (2) dealer concentration (the extent to which multiple dealers for each make are located near a given buyer), and (3) dealer spread (the dispersion of the multiple dealers for each make relative to the buyer's location). The authors propose a logit choice model, estimated with Bayesian methods, to study the association of these measures with new car choices. They apply the model to buyer records in the midsize premium sedan category, drawn from an a...
Cutaneous and nasal allergic responses in ragweed hay fever: Lack of clinical and histopathologic correlations with late phase reactions

The present study was designed to test the hypotheses that late cutaneous and nasal responses to allergen in patients with ragweed hay fever were human correlates of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity, and that late responses in the nose and skin reflect similar pathogenesis. Forty-seven patients with ragweed hay fever were studied during a ragweed season for peripheral basophilia and clinical patterns reflecting late responses. Provocative nasal challenge, skin testing, and biopsy were carried out subsequently in 21 of the same patients during the winter months. Conclusions were as follows: (1) no histologic features distinguish positive from negative late skin reactions at 24 hr in patients with immediate wheal-and-flare responses; (2) cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity, i.e., tissue basophilia, is not a distinguishing feature of late skin responses in ragweed pollenosis; (3) seasonal peripheral basophilia was not found; (4) late responses in the nose were difficult to document objectively and did not correlate with late skin reactions; and (5) lymphocyte responses to antigen failed to correlate with late responses in either the nose or the skin.
Risk assessment in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Incremental value of nuclear imaging

Risk stratification with nuclear testing is likely to find applicability in an increasing number of subsets of patients with CAD. This discussion focuses on data derived predominantly from patients with varying like-lihoods of CAD. In virtually all groups of patients with CAD there are subsets who have intermediate risk for subsequent cardiac events who can be risk-stratified effectively with nuclear techniques, including patients with medically stabilized unstable angina, those who have had MI, those who have undergone revascularization, those preparing for operation, and those with heart failure.
The effects of chloroplast envelope-Mg2+, cation movement, and osmotic stress on photosynthesis

Abstract Studies were undertaken to identify physiological parameters which modulate the effects of osmotic stress on photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts. Results indicated that the degree of osmotic stress inhibition of photosynthesis was dependent on chloroplast envelope-bound Mg2+. Results of stromal K+ measurements, 86Rb+ influx studies, and K+ effects on photosynthesis suggested that envelope Mg2+ interacts with osmotic stres by affecting K+ movement and/or accumulation in the stroma of chloroplasts. Results of experiments with oligomycin indicated that cation fluxes may be associated with an H+ efflux ATPase pump on the chloroplast envelope, and that maintenance of optimal photosynthesis in the osmotically stressed chloroplast may be associated with maintenance of high stromal pH.
Realization theoretic solution of two analytic matrix equations with application to stabilization of infinite-dimensional systems

A realization theoretic approach is proposed for the solutions of two matrix analytic equations arising in the control of infinite-dimensional systems: the Bezout type equationQX + RY = φ(which arises in the stabilization of infinite-dimensional systems) and the skew matrix equation QY + XR φ (which arises in the tracking/ stabilization in the presence of disturbances), where Q, R and φ are given analytic matrices. The realization proposed here is based on the operator theoretic machinery described by Fuhrmann (1981). With this Form of realization, we extend to infinite-dimensional systems the solutions given by Emre (1980) and Emre and Silverman (1981) for finite-dimensional systems. A systematic characterization of all H2 matrix solutions of these equations is given. When (Q, R) satisfies the Bezout (Corona) condition, explicit formulae for the H2 solutions of the Bezout-type equation are given in terms of a realization and the Hankel map of the given system. H2 solutions are shown to be an intermediate...
Outside the den of dragons: The Philippines and the NICs of Asia

The Phillippines is compared with Taiwan and South Korea on six factors, deemed in the literature to account for the economic success of the “little dragons” of Asia: colonial history, ties to the United States, class structures, state autonomy and efficacy, timing of industrialization, and culture. The theoretical implications of the comparative analysis in the study of development and underdevelopment in the Third World are considered, and the Marcos regime and the Aquino administration are evaluated in the light of the comparative analysis
Structural and electronic trends in rare-earth technetate pyrochlores

We report the structures and electronic properties of nine novel rare earth technetate pyrochlores with ideal stoichiometry Ln2Tc2O7 (Ln = Ce–Pm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Tm, Lu) predicted within the framework of gradient-corrected density functional theory. The computed structures of Er2Tc2O7, Dy2Tc2O7, and Sm2Tc2O7 also closely match available X-ray diffraction data.
The Generic Nature of the Concepts of Stimulus and Response

(1935). The Generic Nature of the Concepts of Stimulus and Response. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 40-65.
Scarred myocardium imposes additional burden on remote viable myocardium despite a reduction in the extent of area with late contrast MR enhancement

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can simultaneously detect and quantify myocardial dysfunction and shrinkage in contrast-enhanced areas postinfarction. This ability permits the investigation of our hypothesis that transformation of infracted myocardium to scarred tissue imposes additional burdens on peri-infarcted and remote myocardium. Pigs (n=8) were subjected to reperfused infarction. Gd-DOTA-enhanced inversion recovery gradient echo sequence (IR-GRE) imaging was performed 3 days and 8 weeks postinfarction. Global and regional left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated by cine MRI. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain was used to delineate infarction while hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Masson’s trichrome stains were used to characterize remodeled myocardium. Late contrast-enhanced MRIs showed a decrease in the extent of enhanced areas from 17±2% at 3 days to13±1% LV mass at 8 weeks. TTC infarction size was 12±1% LV mass. Cine MRIs showed expansion in dysfunctional area due to unfavorable remodeling, ischemia, or strain. Ejection fraction was reduced in association with increased end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Scarred myocardium contained collagen fibers and remodeled thick-walled vessels embedded in collagen. Sequential MRI showed greater LV dysfunction despite the shrinkage in extent of enhanced areas 2 months postinfarction. The integration of late enhancement and cine MRI incorporates anatomical and functional evaluation of remodeled hearts.
Fuzzy classification using the data envelopment analysis

We develop a fuzzy classification system using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and illustrate its application using a simple graduate admissions decision-making problem. Using simulated and real-world datasets, we benchmark the proposed DEA based fuzzy classification system (DBFCS) with the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), fuzzy rule based classification system (FRCS) and logistic regression (Logit); and illustrate that the DBFCS outperforms all competing models.
Cryogenic properties of filamentary-reinforced composites: an update

Abstract Progress since 1975 in understanding the effect of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical, elastic, thermal and electrical properties of fibre-reinforced structural composites is reviewed. The two categories considered are relatively inexpensive laminates reinforced with woven fabric or random mat and the more expensive uniaxial laminates often reinforced with high-performance, advanced fibres. The status of fundamental research and of test method development is reviewed and directions of effective future research are considered.
Hydroxynonenal inactivates cathepsin B by forming Michael adducts with active site residues.

Oxidation of plasma low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) generates the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2 nonenal (HNE) and also reduces proteolytic degradation of oxLDL and other proteins internalized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. This leads to accumulation of undegraded material in lysosomes and formation of ceroid, a component of foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. To explore the possibility that HNE contributes directly to the inactivation of proteases, structure-function studies of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B have been pursued. We found that treatment of mouse macrophages with HNE reduces degradation of internalized maleyl bovine serine albumin and cathepsin B activity. Purified bovine cathepsin B treated briefly with 15 μM HNE lost ∼76% of its protease activity and also developed immunoreactivity with antibodies to HNE adducts in Western blot analysis. After stabilization of the potential Michael adducts by sodium borohydride reduction, modified amino acids were localized within the bovine cathepsin B protein structure by mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic peptides. Michael adducts were identified by tandem mass spectrometry at cathepsin B active site residues Cys 29 (mature A chain) and His 150 (mature B chain). Thus, covalent interaction between HNE and critical active site residues inactivates cathepsin B. These results support the hypothesis that the accumulation of undegraded macromolecules in lysosomes after oxidative damage are caused in part by direct protease inactivation by adduct formation with lipid peroxidation products such as HNE.
PET/MR Imaging: A Critical Appraisal

Despite considerable excitement about the potential of PET/MR imaging for the detection, staging, and functional characterization of cancer, this new technology is evolving significantly more slowly than PET/CT. This slower evolution is due partly to ongoing technologic challenges (e.g., accurate attenuation correction of PET images) but also to the complex logistics of combining a whole-body PET scan with whole-body or organ-specific MR imaging. Most PET/MR imaging research published so far has focused on cancer staging and restaging in patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT as the standard of care. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of clinical 18F-FDG PET/MR imaging but so far have not shown substantial improvements in staging. This situation may not be unexpected in view of the fact that MR imaging has not replaced CT for staging of the malignancies for which 18F-FDG PET/CT is most commonly used. Given the widespread concerns about rising health care costs in general and the costs of advanced imaging techniques in particular, establishing 18F-FDG PET/MR imaging for whole-body cancer staging may be challenging because it requires more expensive equipment and longer acquisition times than 18F-FDG PET/CT. An alternative approach to developing clinical PET/MR imaging is to study how stand-alone, organ-specific MR imaging can be improved by PET/MR imaging. Unfortunately, however, 18F-FDG PET has significant limitations for the tumors that are most commonly studied with MR imaging (brain, liver, pancreatic, and prostate tumors). However, this situation may change with the development of new radiopharmaceuticals, such as prostate-specific membrane or gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ligands for the imaging of prostate cancer. In conclusion, PET/MR imaging has many potential advantages over PET/CT (lower radiation exposure, higher soft-tissue contrast, and multiparametric imaging). Realizing this potential in clinics likely will require new radiopharmaceuticals and applications other than whole-body cancer staging.
Influence propagation in adversarial setting: how to defeat competition with least amount of investment

It has been observed that individuals' decisions to adopt a product or innovation are often influenced by the recommendations of their friends and acquaintances. Motivated by this observation, the last few years have seen a number of studies on influence maximization in social networks. The primary goal of these studies is identification of k most influential nodes in a network. A major limitation of these studies is that they focus on a non-adversarial environment, where only one player is engaged in influencing the nodes. However, in a realistic scenario multiple players attempt to influence the nodes in a competitive fashion. The proposed model considers a competitive environment where a node that has not yet adopted an innovation, can adopt only one of the several competing innovations and once it adopts an innovation, it does not switch. The paper studies the scenario where the first player has already chosen a set of k nodes and the second player, with the knowledge of the choice of the first, attempts to identify a smallest set of nodes (excluding the ones already chosen by the first) so that when the influence propagation process ends, the number of nodes influenced by the second player is larger than the number of nodes influenced by the first. The paper studies two propagation models and shows that in both the models, the identification of the smallest set of nodes to defeat the adversary is NP-Hard. It provides an approximation algorithm and proves that the performance bound is tight. It also presents the results of extensive experimentation using the collaboration network data. Experimental results show that the second player can easily defeat the first with this algorithm, if the first utilizes the node degree or closeness centrality based algorithms for the selection of influential nodes. The proposed algorithm also provides better performance if the second player utilizes it instead of the greedy algorithm to maximize its influence.
Probabilistic clock synchronization

A probabilistic method is proposed for reading remote clocks in distributed systems subject to unbounded random communication delays. The method can achieve clock synchronization precisions superior to those attainable by previously published clock synchronization algorithms. Its use is illustrated by presenting a time service which maintains externally (and hence, internally) synchronized clocks in the presence of process, communication and clock failures.
The Turnover of Collagen in the Dental Pulp of Rat Incisors

The turnover of collagen in the dental pulp was studied using H3-proline and micro chemical techniques. The incorporation of label into the whole tissue was very high, with most of the label being incorporated into the noncollagenous substances. The rate of disappearance of label from collagen approximated the disappearance of label from noncollagenous components, suggesting that the whole pulp was undergoing rapid remodeling. There seems to be more than one metabolic pool of collagen.
Barriers to Providing Osteoporosis Care in Skilled Nursing Facilities: Perceptions of Medical Directors and Directors of Nursing

Objectives The objectives of this study were to identify the barriers to osteoporosis clinical practice guideline use perceived by Medical Directors (MED DIR) and Directors of Nursing (DON) in skilled nursing facilities; and to describe differences in the perceptions of MED DIRs and DONs. Design The authors conducted a cross-sectional national survey. Participants This study consisted of a random national sample of MED DIRs (n = 1300) and DONs (n = 1300) belonging to the American Medical Directors Associa tion or the National Association of Directors of Nursing Administration in Long-term Care. Measurements A 24-item survey using a five-point Likert scale was developed. The survey measured agreement to questions in four domains (provider factors, guideline characteristics, patient factors, environmental factors) and 10 content areas (problem acknowledgment, patient/family concern, patient/family compliance, testing availability, safety, reimbursement, regulatory oversight, staff knowledge/time/ability, belief in guidelines, and malpractice liability). Response distributions to each item were plotted and differences between MED DIRs and DONs were tested. Results Survey response rates were 40% for MED DIRs and 48% for DONs. Respondents strongly agreed that fractures are a problem in their facilities and that osteoporosis guidelines are useful and cost-beneficial (mean responses ≥ 4.0). A large proportion of respondents (at least 40% of the sample) identified multiple patient comorbidities, reimbursement issues, length of stay, and regulatory oversight as barriers to providing osteoporosis care. Respondents did not believe that patient and family acceptance, testing availability, staff time, staff self-efficacy, or concerns about bisphosphonate safety were barriers to osteoporosis care. DONs were more likely than MED DIRs to believe that patients and families are concerned about fractures, whereas MED DIRs were more likely to endorse length of stay, staffing issues, and regulatory oversight as influencing treatment decisions. Years of practice and facility size, but not formal geriatrics training, significantly influenced responses. Conclusion Perceived barriers to implementing osteoporosis guidelines differ between facilities and between MED DIRs and DONs. Identification of these barriers could facilitate quality improvement initiatives and improve the quality of osteoporosis care.
Influence of electron-atom cross section uncertainties on shock wave structure

Abstract The exact value of the electron-atom collisional ionization cross section for argon is not accurately known. The purpose of the present research is to determine numerically the effect of varying the magnitude of the electron-atom cross section on nonequilibrium shock-wave structure. Mach 18 shock waves propagating into an argon-like gas at 1 cm-Hg and 300°K have been analyzed. Thermal, ionizational, and excitational non-equilibrium are considered in the relaxation region behind the shock wave. Electrons in the relaxation region are formed by a two-step collisional process, wherein the atom is first excited and then it is ionized. The precursor is formed by ground and excited state continuum radiation and line radiation which is emitted, but not reabsorbed, in the region behind the shock wave. When the electron-atom ionization cross section is varied from 1·86 × 10−4 to 1·86 × 10−2 cm2/erg, the results show that (1) it influences the coupling between the precursor and relaxation region through the radiative source functions, (2) it does not influence the distance necessary to attain equilibrium behind the shock wave, (3) it inversely influences the magnitude of the precursor ionization, and excitation, and (4) it inversely influences both the free electron and excited state population in the relaxation layer.
On the conventional boundary integral equation formulation for piezoelectric solids with defects or of thin shapes

In this paper, the conventional boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation for piezoelectric solids is revisited and the related issues are examined. The key relations employed in deriving the piezoelectric BIE, such as the generalized Green's identity (reciprocal work theorem) and integral identities for the piezoelectric fundamental solution, are established rigorously. A weakly singular form of the piezoelectric BIE is derived for the first time using the identities for the fundamental solution, which eliminates the calculation of any singular integrals in the piezoelectric boundary element method (BEM). The crucial question of whether or not the piezoelectric BIE will degenerate when applied to crack and thin shell-like problems is addressed. It is shown analytically that the conventional BIE for piezoelectricity does degenerate for crack problems, but does not degenerate for thin piezoelectric shells. The latter has significant implications in applications of the piezoelectric BIE to the analysis of thin piezoelectric films used widely as sensors and actuators. Numerical tests to show the degeneracy of the piezoelectric BIE for crack problems are presented and one remedy to this degeneracy by using the multi-domain BEM is also demonstrated.
Design of network application protocols for distributed programming

The authors present distributed programming tools that are based on the message-passing macro C language being advocated by Argonne National Laboratory. These tools are built on network systems which support Unix 4.2/4.3 BSD. A description is given of the design of network application protocols to support such a concurrent programming environment. Design and implementation strategies of such protocols are discussed. A visual co-current program debugging tool is described. >
Slavery and Scientific Management

In the last few years, the controversy over the economic history of slavery has centered about two positions. On the one hand, Genovese has argued that the slave mode of production was fundamentally antagonistic to the bourgeois mode and that the conflicts between the two systems doomed slavery to a nineteenth-century grave. On the other hand, Conrad and Meyer spawned many studies which, on the whole, denied that any specifically economic difficulties resulted from the fact that the American south was based on slave labor. Against Genovese's original claim that “the material basis of the planters' power was giving way,” the statistical evidence indicated that the profits of the slave plantation were as high as those on non-slave business investments, and that the diffusion of technological changes was rapid enough to cause a rate of productivity increase equal to that of all but the most rapidly growing sectors of the free economy. Sheer volume supplemented the elegance of the early discussion and our knowledge of the slave economy expanded considerably.
Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductases in the Chromatically Adapting Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon UTEX 481

The cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon can alternate its light-harvesting pigments, a process called comple-mentary chromatic adaptation (CCA), allowing it to photosynthesize in green light (GL) and in fluctuating light conditions. Nevertheless, F. diplosiphon requires chlorophylls for photosynthesis under all light conditions. Two alternative enzymes catalyze the penultimate step of chlorophyll synthesis, light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) and dark-operative protochlo-rophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR). DPOR enzymatic activity is light independent, while LPOR requires light. Therefore, we hypothesize that F. diplosiphon up-regulates DPOR gene expression in GL, so that DPOR is more abundant when LPOR is less functional. We cloned the genes encoding the three subunits of DPOR, chlL, chlN and chlB, and the LPOR gene, por, to determine the abundance of the transcripts under red light (RL), GL and dark conditions. We found that F. diplosiphon chlL and chlN genes are transcribed as parts of a single operon, a gene structure that is conserved within cyanobacteria. Tran-scripts levels of all DPOR genes are up-regulated approximately 2-fold in GL relative to levels in RL, whereas LPOR transcript levels are reduced in GL. Moreover, mutations in CCA regulators, RcaE and CpeR, modify DPOR and LPOR transcript levels under specific light conditions. Finally, both DPOR and LPOR transcripts are down-regulated 2- to 5-fold in the dark. These results provide the first evidence that light quality and CCA affect the genetic regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in freshwater cyanobacteria, ecologically important photosynthetic organisms.
The social selection alternative to sexual selection.

Social selection offers an alternative to sexual selection by reversing its logic. Social selection starts with offspring production and works back to mating, and starts with behavioural dynamics and works up to gene pool dynamics. In social selection, courtship can potentially be deduced as a negotiation, leading to an optimal allocation of tasks during offspring rearing. Ornaments facilitate this negotiation and also comprise ‘admission tickets’ to cliques. Mating pairs may form ‘teams’ based on the reciprocal sharing of pleasure. The parent–offspring relation can be managed by the parent considered as the owner of a ‘family firm’ whose product is offspring. The cooperation in reproductive social behaviour evolves as a mutual direct benefit through individual selection rather than as some form of altruism requiring kin or multi-level selection.
Management of hepatitis C virus infection in the setting of liver transplantation.

Key Points 1. Posttransplantation recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection is a universal phenomenon with a highly variable natural history. 2. Approximately 10% to 25% of hepatitis C virus– infected recipients of liver allografts will develop cirrhosis within 5 years' after transplantation. 3. The 1-year actuarial risk of hepatic decompensation after recurrence of cirrhosis approximates 42%. 4. Some of the factors associated with aggressive recurrence include donor and recipient age, recent year of transplantation, recipient gender and race, the use of antithymocyte globulin, and high dose of corticosteroids. 5. Highly aggressive recurrent hepatitis C virus infection leading to cirrhosis fares poorly after retransplantation in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia and renal failure, with a 1-year survival of approximately 40%. 6. Elevated serum aminotransferases are a poor indicator or recurrent disease. 7. Current sustained virological response after combination pegylated alpha interferon and ribavirin treatment is approximately 25%. 8. There is no consensus on initiation time point, duration of treatment, or dosage. Given immunosuppression, at least 48 weeks of therapy is a reasonable approach. 9. Treatment for 48 weeks is cost effective. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for men aged 55 years is $29,100 per life-year saved.
Is overt repetition critical to expressive word learning? The role of overt repetition in word learning with and without semantics

Five experiments examined whether overt repetition (i.e., saying a word aloud) during exposure is critical to the expressive learning of new words. When participants did not engage in overt repetition during exposure, they nevertheless exhibited clear expressive learning, both with and without an accompanying semantics, indicating that overt repetition is not critical to expressive word learning. In addition, learning without overt repetition did not differ from learning with overt repetition, suggesting that overt repetition confers no benefit for learning in this situation. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies, and it is suggested that benefits of repetition may accrue primarily in second language rather than in first language word learning.
Strategies for Efficient Syntactical and Semantic Web Services

In the future, there may be a large number of Web Services available in the world. A user will want to have an efficient and effective way to identify the appropriate Web service(s) to satisfy his needs. This paper describes several strategies, including backward service discovery using set overlapping, backward service composition using breadth-first search tree, to achieve correct and efficient Web Services discovery and composition based on syntactical matching. We also discuss how the algorithm is extended to perform semantic discovery and composition.
The Origin of the Counter-Enlightenment: Rousseau and the New Religion of Sincerity

Rousseau inaugurated the counter-Enlightenment—that attack on secular rationalism and quest for “re-enchantment” that has, in one form or another, been with us ever since (and which, if the postmodern age has really arrived, now enjoys its heyday). The crowning expression of this event was Rousseau's effort to revive (while transforming) Christianity. Yet, paradoxically, it is also in Rousseau that the polemical core of the Enlightenment—the critique of Christianity—reached its fullest development. This strange co-presence of Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment suggests an unsuspected continuity between the two. Rousseau, by pursuing more radically the underlying goal of the Enlightenment critique of Christianity—the restoration of human wholeness—was led to extend that very critique to Enlightenment rationalism itself and thence to propose a return to religion, but to one that, rooted in sincerity, would not only avoid the dangers of traditional Christianity but also better fulfill the Enlightenment's own humanistic goal.