cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The expression of motion events in homesign

This study examined the Frog Story narratives of two adolescent homesigners in order to investigate whether homesign shares characteristics with ASL in the expression of motion events. Specifically, the study examined whether the homesigners would (1) combine conceptual elements of figure, ground, path and manner in single signs, and (2) whether the path element would form a central part of the expression of motion events. Results indicated that the homesigners each used a unique strategy to express motion events, neither of which resembled ASL verbs of motion. The homesigners combined fewer conceptual elements in their signs, and one of the two homesigners rarely encoded path. The results imply that the structure of ASL verbs of motion is not an inevitable outcome of either the modality or the rich use of visual iconicity in ASL, and may only be possible after the emergence of other grammatical structures.This study examined the Frog Story narratives of two adolescent homesigners in order to investigate whether homesign shares characteristics with ASL in the expression of motion events. Specifically, the study examined whether the homesigners would (1) combine conceptual elements of figure, ground, path and manner in single signs, and (2) whether the path element would form a central part of the expression of motion events. Results indicated that the homesigners each used a unique strategy to express motion events, neither of which resembled ASL verbs of motion. The homesigners combined fewer conceptual elements in their signs, and one of the two homesigners rarely encoded path. The results imply that the structure of ASL verbs of motion is not an inevitable outcome of either the modality or the rich use of visual iconicity in ASL, and may only be possible after the emergence of other grammatical structures.
Slicing and intersection theory for chains modulo associated with real analytic varieties

In a real analytic manifold a k dimensional (real) analytic chain is a locally finite sum of integral multiples of chains given by integration over certain k dimensional analytic submanifolds (or strata) of some k dimensional real analytic variety. In this paper, for any integer v 2 2, the concepts and results of [6] on the continuity of slicing and the intersection theory for analytic chains are fully generalized to the modulo v congruence classes of such chains.
1159 DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND FOLLOW UP OF NEONATAL ARGINOSUCCINIC ACIDEMIA

Argininosuccinic acidemia is an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle caused by argininosuccinase deficiency. A 2 day old male developed seizures and respiratory distress, EEG showed status epilepticus pattern, and at 4 days of age he lapsed into coma. Blood amonia was 1800 μg/dl (normal 10-150), blood amino acids revealed argininosuccinic acid (ASA) 196.98 μmol/dl and anhydro ASA 174.12 μmol/dl. Urine ASA was 34.7 Gm/Gm creatinine and anhydro ASA was 39.5 Gm/Gm creatinine. A micro assay for argininosuccinase was developed, which showed no dectable activity in patient's RBC's while a control sample released 2.77 μmol (± 0.63) of ornithine/h/ml of whole blood.Treatment with exchange transufions and peritoneal dialysis reduced blood ammonia only slightly to 1100 μg/dl. Dramatic reduction of ammonia to 300 μg/dl occurred 24 h after intravenous therapy with 4 mM/Kg/day of arginine hydrochloride and 250 mg/Kg/day of sodium benzoate. The baby improved and his EEG became normal. At 9 months, the baby's height, weight, and head circumference are within the 50th percentile. Frequent developmental assesments have been within the normal range. Currently the baby is on 1.7 Gm/Kg of protein with arginine supplementation of 1 mM to 4 mM/Kg/day depending on the blood arginine levels. A biochemical and enzymic diagnosis of argininosuccinic acidemia can be made in the newborn period. Arginine therapy is superior to other forms of treatment in preventing hyperammonemia and neurological damage.
Parallel trends in the species diversity of west indian birds and bats.

In this paper I compare several biogeographic patterns of West Indian resident land birds and bats, including species-area and trophic diversity-area relationships, the number of islands inhabited per species and levels of endemism, trophic structure as compared with tropical mainland areas, and the degree of faunal simlarity between islands of similar sizes but different locations. In most respects, the bat and bird patterns are strikingly similar. Groups of birds that are conspicuously missing from the Antilles because of the absence of appropriate resources also have missing chiropteran counterparts. Plant-visiting bats and birds are better-represented in terms of relative number of species and, in birds, in biomass, on the Lesser Antilles than on the mainland (e.g. Panama). Small Antillean islands tend to share more species of birds and bats than do larger islands. Stochastic (sensu Simberloff 1978), deterministic, and interactive (e.g. competitive and trophic interactions) factors appear to underly these biogeographic trends. No evidence exists to suggest that Caribbean bats and birds have negatively affected each other's diversity.
The enterprise knowledge dictionary

One of the difficulties in knowledge management is that knowledge sources are widely distributed and exist in many forms. Earl's taxonomy (2001) of knowledge management systems, particularly, the Technocratic school – Systems, Cartographic, and Engineering, is described to provide a context for discussing the different types of knowledge management systems. To support these different types of knowledge sources, we describe an Enterprise Knowledge Dictionary (EKD) and the supporting n-tier architecture that allows access too many types of knowledge though a common interface. The EKD provides a knowledge portal that allows the knowledge seeker to locate and access the various types of knowledge for a domain of interest from a single source. In addition to facilitating knowledge reuse, the EKD is used for evaluation and planning of knowledge management activities within the firm. An n-tier architecture that both optimizes knowledge management implementations and minimizes the load on transaction processing systems is outlined.
Geriatric Inpatient Units in the Care of Hospitalized Frail Adults with a History of Heart Failure

Summary Background Frail hospitalized older adults are at risk for adverse outcomes. Previous studies have suggested benefits for inpatient geriatric management (GEM). We sought to determine whether hospitalized patients with a history of heart failure (HF) benefitted from inpatient GEM or not. Methods We studied 309 inpatients previously diagnosed with HF who were participants in a randomized trial of geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) versus usual care (UC). The intervention involved multidisciplinary teams that provided comprehensive geriatric assessment. We evaluated health-related quality of life (HRQOL), basic activities of daily living (ADLs), health service utilization, and survival at discharge, 6 months, and 1 year post randomization. Results GEM patients had higher mean change scores for physical function (unadjusted means: 0.17 vs. –4.67, p = 0.046) and basic ADLs (1.25 vs. 0.67, p = 0.003) at hospital discharge, which remained significant after adjusting for baseline HRQOL scores and in-hospital days. Outcomes were not significantly different at 1 year. Length of stay for GEM was greater than UC (24 days vs. 17 days, p = 0.03), but total costs at 1 year were not different ( p = 0.9). Mortality rates at 1 year were high and similar (GEM 29.0%, UC 27.3%, p = 0.73) in both the groups. Conclusion Inpatient GEM was associated with better maintenance of physical function and basic ADLs at hospital discharge; however, no differences in HRQOL or survival were observed between GEM and UC at 1 year post randomization. Restructuring inpatient care models to incorporate inpatient GEM principles may be one method to optimize health-care delivery.
Patterns of recent sediment accumulation in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia—Maryland, U.S.A.) tributaries

Abstract Sediment accumulation rates obtained from 39 cores in 10 tributaries of the western shore of Chesapeake Bay average 0.30 cm yr.−1 since European settlement, compared with pre-settlement rates in three tributaries of 0.14 cm yr.−1. Drainage areas of six of the tributaries extend from the Coastal Plain into the Piedmont and four are restricted to the Coastal Plain. Rates are highly variable, but higher in the upper parts of the tributaries and lower at the mouths. During the period of early agriculture, when Pre-settlement rates are based on unpublished reports of 14C dates, ranging from 670 to 5330 yr. B.P., of peat layers from three western shore tributaries where sediment deposition is believed to have been continuous. Post-settlement rates are average rates calculated between a maximum of five pollen horizons. The pollen horizons represent historically documented changes in the regional vegetation and include initial land clearance (1634, 1650, 1720 and 1730, depending on the tributary), shift to intensive agriculture (1780 and 1840), beginning of the chestnut blight (1910), demise of chestnut (1930) and the beginning of large-scale urbanization (1960).
High-frequency enhancement of magneto-optic data storage signals by optical and electronic filtering

We show that the system transfer function of magneto-optic data storage systems can be improved significantly by combination of optical filtering and electronic filtering. In our experiment, the relative high-frequency contrast improved from 10% to 40% after application of a combined optical and electronic filter. The carrier-to-noise ratio was slightly degraded at low frequencies but was improved by 2–3 dB at high frequencies. Measurements indicate that the combined system improves jitter by a factor of 3 at high frequencies.
Opportunities and challenges for self-experimentation in self-tracking

Personal informatics applications support capture and access of data related to an increasing variety of dimensions of everyday life. However, such applications often fail to effectively support diagnostic self-tracking, wherein people seek to answer a specific question about themselves. Current approaches are therefore difficult, tedious, and error-prone. This workshop paper discusses our ongoing efforts to develop methods for self-experimentation in self-tracking. We examine how self-experimentation situates within existing models of personal informatics processes, discuss our current focus on personal food triggers in patients suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and highlight open challenges for self-experimentation more broadly.
Comparison of whole-body-imaging methods

Currently there are four different devices that have found clinical utility in whole-body imaging. These are (1) the rectilinear scanner, (2) the multicrystal whole-body scanner; (3) the Anger-type camera with a whole-body-imaging table, and (4) the tomoscanner. In this text, the basic theory of operation and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages in whole-body imaging is presented for each device. When applicable, a comparative assessment of the various devices is also presented. As with all else in life, there is no simple answer to the question "which total body imaging device is best." Institutions with a very heavy total-body-imaging load may prefer to use an already available dual-headed rectilinear scanner system for these studies, rather than invest in a new instrument. Instutions with moderate total-body-imaging loads may wish to invest in moving table or moving camera devices which make total body imaging more convenient but retain the basic flexibility of the camera. The large-field Anger camera with or without motion offers another flexible option to these institutions. The laboratory with a very heavy total body imaging load may select efficiency over flexibility, thereby freeing up other instruments for additional studies. Finally, reliability as well as availability and quality of local service must be considered. After all, design features of an instrument become irrelevant when it is broken down and awaiting repair.
A search method for obtaining initial guesses for smart grid state estimation

AC power system state estimation process aims to produce a real-time “snapshot” model for the network. Therefore, a grand challenge to the newly built smart grid is how to “optimally” estimate the state with increasing uncertainties, such as intermittent wind power generation or inconsecutive vehicle charging. Mathematically, such estimation problems are usually formulated as Weighted Least Square (WLS) problems in literature. As the problems are nonconvex, current solvers, for instance the ones implementing the Newton's method, for these problems often achieve local optimum, rather than the much desired global optimum. Due to this local optimum issue, current estimators may lead to incorrect user power cut-offs or even costly blackouts in the volatile smart grid. To initialize the iterative solver, in this paper, we propose utilizing historical data as well as fast-growing computational power of Energy Management System, to efficiently obtain a good initial state. Specifically, kernel ridge regression is proposed in a Bayesian framework based on Nearest Neighbors search. Simulation results of the proposed method show that the new method produces an initial guess excelling current industrial approach.
Explaining intermediate filament accumulation in giant axonal neuropathy

Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN)(1) is a rare autosomal recessive neurological disorder caused by mutations in the GAN gene that encodes gigaxonin, a member of the BTB/Kelch family of E3 ligase adaptor proteins.(1) This disease is characterized by the aggregation of Intermediate Filaments (IF)-cytoskeletal elements that play important roles in cell physiology including the regulation of cell shape, motility, mechanics and intra-cellular signaling. Although a range of cell types are affected in GAN, neurons display the most severe pathology, with neuronal intermediate filament accumulation and aggregation; this in turn causes axonal swellings or "giant axons." A mechanistic understanding of GAN IF pathology has eluded researchers for many years. In a recent study(1) we demonstrate that the normal function of gigaxonin is to regulate the degradation of IF proteins via the proteasome. Our findings present the first direct link between GAN mutations and IF pathology; moreover, given the importance of IF aggregations in a wide range of disease conditions, our findings could have wider ramifications.
Agonist-Promoted High Affinity State of the β-Adrenergic Receptor in Human Neutrophils: Modulation by Corticosteroids

β-Adrenergic agonists form high affinity complexes with receptors, resulting in activation of the associated adenylate cyclase. To examine the formation of the high affinity state of the receptor, curves were constructed for the competition of the full β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, partial agonists cobefrin and soterenol, and the antagonist propranolol for [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding to β-adrenergic receptors on human neutrophil membranes. Curve modeling by computer yielded a two-state binding model for the agonists, with distinct dissociation constants for the high (KH) and low (KL) affinity states. The ratio of dissociation constants (KL/KH) was found to be well correlated (P < 0.01) with the drug’s intrinsic activity for stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Thus, the degree of coupling of receptor occupation with adenylate cyclase activation is correlated with the magnitude of KL/KH. Administration of cortisone to humans resulted in a substantial rise in the proportion of receptors in the high aff...
Efficacy of Survanta Treatment in Ventilated Infants with Meconium Aspiration 1666

The presence of meconium in the airway can lead to atelectasis, airway obstruction, pneumothorax, inflammation and surfactant inactivation. We sought to investigate if infants who required intubation and mechanical ventilation for meconium aspiration might improve their respiratory status with surfactant treatment (Survanta, Ross). Methods: Infant admitted to the NICU who required intubation and mechanical ventilation for meconium aspiration were treated with survanta (4cc/kg). Time of treatment and subsequent doses was at the discretion of the Attending Neonatologist. Age at diagnosis of respiratory compromise, oxygenation index, age at treatment of survanta and age of extubation were documented. Results:
SU‐FF‐J‐74: Image‐Guided Radiation Therapy for Large Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Tumor Volume Changes and Dosimetric Impacts

Purpose: To report our initial experience with image‐guidedradiation therapy for large soft tissuesarcoma with emphases on inter‐fractional tumor volume changes and their dosimetric impacts during the course of treatment.Methods and Materials: Twelve patients with large soft tissuesarcoma were treated with a Helical Tomotherapy unit. Daily MVCT images were acquired to guide patient positioning as well as monitoring the anatomical changes in clinical target volumes (CTVs) and other structures. The CTVs and normal structures were contoured on a series of daily MVCT sets, and were compared with the planning CTV and the planning target volume (PTV) obtained from planning KVCT. The 3D dose distributions and dose volume histograms (DVHs) the patient actually received were computed retrospectively based on the MVCT images using the Planned Adaptive software in the Tomotherapy planning system. These daily verification dose distributions and DVHs were compared to those from the original plan. Results: Daily pre‐treatment MVCT images demonstrated significant daily target shifts and allowed accurate localization of target volumes prior to each treatment. The significant tumor volume changes, both increases and decreases, were observed during the course of treatment. For a sample patient, the CTV (in the middle of the treatment) was found to be approximately doubled from the planning CTV, resulting in the original PTV smaller than the enlarged daily CTVs. The daily CTV coverage by the prescription dose varied from 30–95% during the course of treatment, which suggested significant underdosing in the CTVs. Conclusion: Dramatic inter‐fractional changes (increases and decreases) in gross tumor volume were observed during the radiation therapy of these large soft tissuesarcomas. Such changes can result in significant underdosing for tumor target(s) and/or overdosing for adjacent normal tissues, indicating that the image‐guided adaptive treatment with re‐planning can potentially improve tumor control and/or normal tissue sparing.
Hyperthermia potentiates doxorubicin-related cardiotoxic effects

The intercurrent administration of doxorubicin hydrochloride to a patient undergoing whole-body hyperthermia for the treatment of metastatic cancer repeatedly produced ventricular irritability and cardiac dysfunction. Individually, doxorubicin and hyperthermia were tolerated by the patient without incident. Catecholamine determinations showed that the administration of doxorubicin under hyperthermic conditions increased the liberation of both epinephrine and norepinephrine. The acute synergistic cardiotoxic effects occurred with doxorubicin dosages that were severalfold less than those associated with only mild and transient ECG disturbances under normothermic conditions. ( JAMA 241:1816-1817, 1979)
Opting Out Retirement from House of Representative, 1968-1974

Voluntary departure from Congress through retirement is the second most common method of opening positions for new members. The susceptibility to retirement is quite predictable. The decision to retire involves assessing one's ability to do the job, the desirability of the job, and one's vulnerability to involuntary departure. Statistical evidence and interview data indicate that a lessened job desirability leads to most retirement from Congress. As a source of change in the system, retirement removes some of the most conservative and least active members while umquely opening the door to the most liberal new members. Retirement is neither random in its antecedents nor its consequences.
Primary CNS Teratocarcinoma

Primary central nervous system (CNS) teratomas are rare tumors that consist of all three germ cell layers. We describe a young man with a primary malignant CNS teratocarcinoma presenting as leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Diagnosis of primary CNS teratocarcinomas is challenging; relentless pursuit of the diagnosis must follow even if early ancillary studies are inconclusive.
Raman spectroscopy of selectively deuterated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine: studies on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayers.

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), selectively deuterated in the sn-2 chain at the 3, 6, and 10 positions is used to probe DMPC-cholesterol interactions in multilamellar dispersions. Using the Raman spectral linewidths of the 2100 cm−1 C2H2 stretching modes as an index of membrane disorder, we demonstrate that cholesterol tends to order, or increase the number of trans carbon-carbon bonds within the DMPC acyl chain near the headgroup region at all temperatures. At low temperatures, cholesterol disorders the acyl chains near the methyl termini by inducing gauche conformers; cholesterol orders the entire chain at higher temperatures. These determinations are qualitatively consistent with conclusions drawn from deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance studies, but specifically reflect acyl chain trans/gauche isomerization on the 10−12–10−13 s vibrational time scale.
Beyond just desserts: The gendered nature of the connection between effort and achievement for accounting students

Abstract The paper evaluates gender differences in the achievement of accounting students using data from students at a large public institution in the USA. Whether one gender outperforms the other is a question that has remained open in the literature, primarily because measures have been confounded by rewards for effort. This paper finds that in an environment where effort is not materially rewarded per se, but serves as a significant means to prepare for grade-bearing evaluations, females do not significantly outperform males. Female student do, however, exert a greater amount of effort. Measures used in this study were assembled by the computer software that managed the student interface, providing practice questions, quizzes, and examinations. Implications for educational choices made by accounting instructors are offered.
[2Fe-2S] to [4Fe-4S] Cluster Conversion in Escherichia coli Biotin Synthase†

The type and properties of the Fe-S cluster in recombinant Escherichia coli biotin synthase have been investigated in as-prepared and dithionite-reduced samples using the combination of UV-visible absorption and variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (VTMCD), EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. The results confirm the presence of one S = 0 [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster in each subunit of the homodimer in aerobically purified samples, and the Fe-S stretching frequencies suggest incomplete cysteinyl-S coordination. However, absorption and resonance Raman studies show that anaerobic reduction with dithionite in the presence of 60% (v/v) ethylene glycol or glycerol results in near-stoichiometric conversion of two [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters to form one S = 0 [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster with complete cysteinyl-S coordination. The stoichiometry and ability to effect reductive cluster conversion without the addition of iron or sulfide suggest that the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster is formed at the subunit interface via reductive dimerization of [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters. EPR and VTMCD studies indicate that more than 50% of the Fe is present as [4Fe-4S]+ clusters in samples treated with 60% (v/v) glycerol after prolonged dithionite reduction. The [4Fe-4S]+ cluster exists as a mixed spin system with S = 1/2 (g = 2. 044, 1.944, 1.914) and S = 3/2 (g = 5.6 resonance) ground states. Subunit-bridging [4Fe-4S]2+,+ clusters, that can undergo oxidative degradation to [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters during purification, are proposed to be a common feature of Fe-S enzymes that require S-adenosylmethionine and function by radical mechanisms involving the homolytic cleavage of C-H or C-C bonds, i.e., biotin synthase, anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase, pyruvate formate lyase, lysine 2, 3-aminomutase, and lipoic acid synthase. The most likely role for the [4Fe-4S]2+,+ cluster lies in initiating the radical mechanism by directly or indirectly facilitating reductive one-electron cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine to form methionine and the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical. It is further suggested that oxidative cluster conversion to [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters may play a physiological role in these radical enzymes, by providing a method of regulating enzyme activity in response to oxidative stress, without irreversible cluster degradation.
Observation and analysis of core-penetrating Rydberg states of calcium monofluoride.

Optical-optical double-resonance fluorescence excitation spectra of molecular Rydberg states of CaF are reported, and states up to 45 500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ above the X $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ ground state are rotationally analyzed. The new electronic states are arranged into six ``core-penetrating'' Rydberg series by fitting their energies to the Rydberg equation using effective principal quantum numbers. The ionization potential of CaF is thereby determined to be 46 998\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Spin-orbit, \ensuremath{\Lambda}-doubling, and spin-rotation constants are determined for a subset of the observed states. Scaling relationships for each of these fine-structure effects are developed and shown to yield characteristic scaling parameters for each series. Analysis, using ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ atomic orbitals as a basis set for the molecular Rydberg orbitals, shows that each of the six observed molecular Rydberg series correlates with a core-penetrating Rydberg series of the ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ion, and that the p\ensuremath{\sim}d mixing suggested by the spin-orbit scaling parameters of the $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}$ states is consistent with that previously determined for low-lying states using a ligand-field model. The spin-orbit scaling parameter for the lone $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ series is consistent with pure l=2 character. In the lowest-lying state of each series, n\ensuremath{\sim}(n+1) mixing is shown to account for deviations of the molecular constants from scaling predictions based on the corresponding constants of the higher-lying states. The coefficients of scaling relations for the \ensuremath{\Lambda}-doubling and spin-rotation constants reveal interseries interactions which are consistent with substantial l mixing and which suggest that multistate perturbation and/or multichannel quantum-defect analyses should be pursued.
Dual circular polarization Raman optical activity of related terpene molecules: Comparison of backscattering DCPI and right-angle ICP spectra†

The backscattering in-phase dual circular polarization (DCPI) Raman and Raman optical activity (ROA) for a series of terpene molecules is reported. The selected molecules were studied in three groups of closely related structures and correlations between ROA features and structural elements among molecules within these groups are discussed. One aim of this study was to uncover additional details regarding the sensitivity of ROA to stereostructural features in molecules and to elucidate further the degree of local character of this new stereochemical probe. Another was to compare the backscattering DCPI ROA intensities reported here with those obtained using depolarized right-angle incident circularly polarized (ICP) ROA for some of the same molecules more than a decade ago.
Review: metformin does not increase risk for lactic acidosis or increase lactate levels in type 2 diabetes.

Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, et al . Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2594–602. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, what is the risk of fatal and non-fatal lactic acidosis associated with metformin compared with placebo or other glucose lowering therapies? Does metformin increase lactate levels? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★★☆ IM/Ambulatory care ★★★★★★☆ Internal medicine ★★★★★★☆ Endocrine ★★★★★★☆ ### ![Graphic][5] Data sources: the Cochrane Library, Medline, Reactions, and EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (up to March 2002); references of identified articles and reviews; abstracts of clinical conferences; and authors of relevant studies and manufacturers of metformin. ### ![Graphic][6] Study selection and assessment: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies ⩾1 month in duration that compared metformin, alone or in combination in other treatments, with placebo or another glycaemic lowering intervention for type 2 diabetes. Methodological quality was assessed using criteria that considered randomisation procedure, blinding, and withdrawals and dropouts. ### ![Graphic][7] Outcomes: fatal lactic acidosis, … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DArchives%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DArch%2BIntern%2BMed%26rft.issn%253D0003-9926%26rft.aulast%253DSalpeter%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D163%26rft.issue%253D21%26rft.spage%253D2594%26rft.epage%253D2602%26rft.atitle%253DRisk%2Bof%2BFatal%2Band%2BNonfatal%2BLactic%2BAcidosis%2BWith%2BMetformin%2BUse%2Bin%2BType%2B2%2BDiabetes%2BMellitus%253A%2BSystematic%2BReview%2Band%2BMeta-analysis%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Farchinte.163.21.2594%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F14638559%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/archinte.163.21.2594&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=14638559&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F9%2F4%2F111.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000186821300006&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Synthesis of (DOTP)2ReCl6—Synthesis of 1,1 dimethyl-3-oxobutyltriphenylphosphonium hexachlororhenate(IV)

Abstract The reaction of ReOCl3[(C6H5)3P]2 with hydrogen chloride in acetone has led to the isolation of [CH3COCH2C(CH3)2P(C6H5)3]2ReCl6. The cation moiety has been independently synthesized and isolated as the hydrogen dichloride salt by the reaction of mesityl oxide, hydrogen chloride and triphenylphosphine. The i.r. and pmr spectra of the two compounds are discussed.
The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900.

BACKGROUND: We examined the relationship of the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACE score) to six health problems among four successive birth cohorts dating back to 1900 to assess the strength and consistency of these relationships in face of secular influences the 20th century brought in changing health behaviors and conditions. We hypothesized that the ACE score/health problem relationship would be relatively "immune" to secular influences, in support of recent studies documenting the negative neurobiologic effects of childhood stressors on the developing brain. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 17,337 adult health maintenance organization (HMO) members who completed a survey about childhood abuse and household dysfunction, as well as their health. We used logistic regression to examine the relationships between ACE score and six health problems (depressed affect, suicide attempts, multiple sexual partners, sexually transmitted diseases, smoking, and alcoholism) across four successive birth cohorts: 1900-1931, 1932-1946, 1947-1961, and 1962-1978. RESULTS: The ACE score increased the risk for each health problem in a consistent, strong, and graded manner across four birth cohorts (P < 0.05). For each unit increase in the ACE score (range: 0-8), the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for depressed affect, STDs, and multiple sexual partners were increased within a narrow range (ORs: 1.2-1.3 per unit increase) for each of the birth cohorts; the increase in risk for suicide attempts was stronger but also in a narrow range (ORs: 1.5-1.7). CONCLUSIONS: Growing up with ACEs increased the risk of numerous health behaviors and outcomes for 20th century birth cohorts, suggesting that the effects of ACEs on the risk of various health problems are unaffected by social or secular changes. Research showing detrimental and lasting neurobiologic effects of child abuse on the developing brain provides a plausible explanation for the consistency and dose-response relationships found for each health problem across birth cohorts, despite changing secular influences. Language: en
The Possible Restorative Justice Functions of Qualitative Research.

The author of this essay contends that there is a need to expand the use of qualitative research methods to include healing and human restoration for the researcher as well as for the researched. This will require moving away from obsessions with positivistic conceptions of scientific research and exploring and using other possible functions of qualitative research methods that, by nature, respect the subjective dimensions of human experiences.
Measuring Soil Water Content in the Laboratory and Field with Dual‐Probe Heat‐Capacity Sensors

Dual-probe heat-capacity sensors were constructed and tested in laboratory and field conditions to determine their application for measuring volumetric soil water content (θ γ ). The dual-probe technique uses a transient heat pulse and a temperature sensor to determine the volumetric heat capacity of the soil (ρc p ), which can be subsequently converted to θ γ for a nonswelling soil if bulk density is known. In 1994, 24 dual-probes were simultaneously tested using a multiplexed data acquisition system. In the laboratory, probes were calibrated to the known heat capacity of water. Following calibration, the probes correctly estimated ρc p of glass beads and water-saturated glass beads to within 2.2 and 0.2% of their calculated values, respectively. Gravimetric and dual-probe estimates of θ v were compared using the Tempe pressure cell technique to desorb soil columns. The two methods agreed to within 0.03 m 3 m -3 and 0.04 m 3 m -3 in two soil types, over a range of θ γ from 0.45 m 3 m -3 to 0.10 m 3 m -3 ; estimates of the change in θ v (Δθ v ) between desorption steps agreed to within 0.01m 3 m -3 . In the field, beneath bare soil, estimates of θ v among three dual-probes installed at the same depth agreed, on average, to within 0.02 m 3 m -3 . The probes detected Δθ v within 30 min during the 21-d field trial. Dual-probe and gamma-attenuation measurements of θ v agreed to within 0.05 m3 m -3 . In 1995, probe design was improved to produce more robust, reliable instruments. Sixteen probes were installed 10 cm beneath a drip-irrigated row crop. A consistent difference in θ v of 0.10 m 3 m -3 between mulch-covered and bare soil beds was detected during the 25-d trial. The dual-probe heat-pulse technique for measuring θ v has direct applicability in agronomic and horticultural production, where small-scale, automated measurements of θ v are needed.
3-D models of the antigenomic ribozyme of the hepatitis delta agent with eight new contacts suggested by sequence analysis of 188 cDNA clones.

Abstract We mapped 359 mutations at 25 positions in synthetic variants of the antigenomic ribozyme of the hepatitis delta agent by analyzing the sequences of 188 cDNA clones. These data were used to identify three features of the ribozyme: highly conserved nucleotides, positions with restricted nucleotide substitutions and three-dimensional relationships between nucleotides. The distribution of mutations at the 25 positions was as follows: G-11 (the eleventh nucleotide from the cleavage site) was mutated in 56 clones; G-12 in 36; U-15 in 33; C-13 in 26; G-28 in 23; C-27 in 21; C-29 in 19; U-26 in 17; C-18 in 14; A-14 in 13; C-16 in 13; C-19 in 12; U-17 in 11; A-20 in 10; G-42 in 9; G-40 in 7; G-41 in 7; C-24 in 6; U-32 in 6; U-23 in 5; C-25 in 4; C-21 in 3; G-30 in 3; G-31 in 3; C-22 in 1. All clones containing a mutation at C-25 had an A at this position, suggesting that the extra cyclic amino group present in adenine and cytosine may function during the cleavage event. Mutations at certain positions were common in simple clones (containing only one or two mutations), while mutations at other positions were over-represented in more complex clones. Both compensatory base changes and co-mutational frequencies were used to identify eight pairs of nucleotides which may interact with each other: G-11 and C-18, G-12 and C-27, C-13 and G-28, C-21 and U-23/C-24, C-21 and G-30, U-23 and G-31/U-32, C24 and G-30, C-27 and G-42. These pairs, which involve some of the most conserved positions in the molecule, suggest interactions among nucleotides previously depicted in open-loop structures. The newly proposed points of contact between pairs of nucleotides are compatible with both the axehead and pseudoknot secondary structural models and were combined with previously proposed Watson-Crick base paired helices to produce two three dimensional models. In both of these, C-25 and C-76 are placed near the cleavage site.
A Functional Protein S and Microlatex Immunoassay for Protein S and C4b-Binding Protein on the Automated Coagulation Laboratory (ACL) 300 Plus:

Protein S can be determined by functional or immunological assays. Electroimmunodiffusion (EID) or enzyme immunoassays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) are the commonly employed techniques for measuring protein S and C4b-binding protein (C4b- BP) immunologically. Procedures for these assays are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The introduction of microlatex immunoassays (LIATEST system; Diagnos tica Stago, Asnieres-Sur-Seine, France) has provided an alternative for rapid and reliable immunological determi nation. We have placed the microlatex immunoassay for total and free protein S (TPS, FPS) and C4b-BP, using the light-scattering mode, on the Automated Coagulation Laboratory (ACL) 300 Plus (Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A.). We also placed a functional activity assay of protein S (STACLOT protein S; Amer ican Bioproducts, Parsippany, NJ, U.S.A.) on the ACL 300 Plus. The performance characteristics for the assays yielded a within-run coefficient of variance (CV) of 2.5- 4.6%...
Fault resilient physical neural networks on a single chip

Device scaling engineering is facing major challenges in producing reliable transistors for future electronic technologies. With shrinking device sizes, the total circuit sensitivity to both permanent and transient faults has increased significantly. Research for fault tolerant processors has primarily focused on the conventional processor architectures. Neural network computing has been employed to solve a wide range of problems. This paper presents a design and implementation of a physical neural network that is resilient to permanent hardware faults. To achieve scalability, it uses tiled neuron clusters where neuron outputs are efficiently forwarded to the target neurons using source based spanning tree routing. To achieve fault resilience in the face of increasing number of permanent hardware failures, the design pro-actively preserves neural network computing performance by selectively replicating performance critical neurons. Furthermore, the paper presents a spanning tree recovery solution that mitigates disruption to distribution of neuron outputs caused by failed neuron clusters. The proposed neuron cluster design is implemented in Verilog. We studied the fault resilience performance of the described design using a RBM neural network trained for classifying handwritten digit images. Results demonstrate that our approach can achieve improved fault resilience performance by replicating only 5% most important neurons.
Effect of salts on the Co-fermentation of glucose and xylose by a genetically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Background A challenge currently facing the cellulosic biofuel industry is the efficient fermentation of both C5 and C6 sugars in the presence of inhibitors. To overcome this challenge, microorganisms that are capable of mixed-sugar fermentation need to be further developed for increased inhibitor tolerance. However, this requires an understanding of the physiological impact of inhibitors on the microorganism. This paper investigates the effect of salts on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST), a yeast strain capable of effectively co-fermenting glucose and xylose.
Administrative Control of Multiple-Channel Queuing Systems with Parallel Input Streams

Two stochastic models of general theoretical interest and applicability are presented. Both models consider the introduction of decision and control into parallel channel queuing systems with mixed input streams. In the "rate control" model, arrivals are composed of a random, Poisson distributed input superimposed on selected constant rates of input. In the "adaptive control" model, arrivals are composed of a random, Poisson distributed input superimposed on an input controlled by means of instantaneous information feedback as to the state of the system. For both models steady-state probability distributions are derived, together with expressions for the expected value and system variance. The decision-maker exercises control over the system variance and the expected number in the system through the use of decision rules dealing with the arrival process. The models are generalizable to many situations where one is confronted with a demand for service that has both random and scheduled elements.
Sedimentary evidence of hurricane strikes in western Long Island, New York

[1] Evidence of historical landfalling hurricanes and prehistoric storms has been recovered from backbarrier environments in the New York City area. Overwash deposits correlate with landfalls of the most intense documented hurricanes in the area, including the hurricanes of 1893, 1821, 1788, and 1693 A.D. There is little evidence of intense hurricane landfalls in the region for several hundred years prior to the late 17th century A.D. The apparent increase in intense hurricane landfalls around 300 years ago occurs during the latter half of the Little Ice Age, a time of lower tropical sea surface temperatures. Multiple washovers laid down between ∼2200 and 900 cal yr B.P. suggest an interval of frequent intense hurricane landfalls in the region. Our results provide preliminary evidence that fluctuations in intense hurricane landfall in the northeastern United States were roughly synchronous with hurricane landfall fluctuations observed for the Caribbean and Gulf Coast, suggesting North Atlantic–wide changes in hurricane activity.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Corrosion of SiC by Molten Salts

Corrosion of sintered alpha-SiC under thin films of Na2CO3/CO2, Na2SO4/O2, and Na2SO4/SO3 was investigated at 1000 C. Chemical analysis was used to follow silicate and silica evolution as a function of time. This information coupled with morphology observations leads to a detailed corrosion mechanism. In all cases the corrosion reactions occur primarily in the first few hours. In the Na2CO3/CO2 case, rapid oxidation and dissolution lead to a thick layer of silicate melt in about 0.25 h. After this, silica forms a protective layer on the carbide. In the Na2SO4/O2 case, a similar mechanism occurs. In the Na2SO4/SO3 case, a porous nonprotective layer of SiO2 grows directly on the carbide, and a silicate melt forms above this. In addition, SiO2 and regenerated Na2SO4 form at the melt/gas interface due to reaction of silicate with SO3 and SO2 + O2. The reaction slows when the lower silica layer becomes nonporous.
Microgripper: Design, finite element analysis and laser microfabrication

This research is focused on new and innovative design, finite element analysis, precision laser microfabrication, and performance evaluation of a microgripper. The design of the microgripper with overall dimension of 1.4(W)x2.8(L)mm is based on a pair of cascaded structures oriented in a face-to-face direction, to act as microtweezers. Each cascaded structure is formed by connecting several basic actuation units in series. Each actuation unit consists of a constrainer and two semi-circular-shaped actuation beams. The actuation principle is based on the electrothermal effect. On application of electrical potential, the output displacement and the force are generated from the summation of all basic actuation units in these cascaded structures. Finite element analysis (FEA) is applied to simulate dynamic performance of the microgripper and to choose proper operational voltage parameters. Thin nickel foil of a thickness of 12.5 micrometers was used in the laser microfabrication of these prototypes. Dynamic performance of the prototype device was evaluated within 0-1.9 voltage range. The maximum tweezing displacements of up to 30 micrometers were recorded for nickel microgripper prototype. Larger displacements are feasible through the optimization of design parameters.
Affirmative action and the search for educational equity

We discuss the ideas presented by Renner and Moore. We agree that it is a mistake to justify affirmative action solely in terms of diversity, and we think it is vital to note the continuing disparities in the educational opportunities afforded to White students and to other students. We believe that the views expressed by Renner and Moore present an opportunity to think critically about a number of issues related to affirmative action.
An introduction to the observation of graduation as survival data

While technology's meaning is stretched and compressed, its impact should still mean the improvement of systems due to the application of science. The events of education must be observed, described and experimentally investigated for their theoretical explanation. The Cox proportional hazards model with censored data to investigate and begin to theoretically explain graduation is an example of science applied to education.
Optimization of parameters for maximization of plateletpheresis and lymphocytapheresis yields on the Haemonetics Model V50.

Automated apheresis techniques afford the opportunity of tailoring collection parameters for each donor's hemato-logic profile. This study investigated the effect of various settings of the volume offset parameter as utilized in the Haemonetics Model V50 instrumentation during platelet- and lymphocytapheresis to optimize product yield, purity, and collection efficiency. In both types of procedures, increased product yield could be obtained by using an increased volume offset for donors having lower hematocrits. This improvement was related to an increase in collection efficiency. Platelet products also contained fewer contaminating lymphocytes with this approach. Adjustment of the volume offset parameter can be utilized to make the most efficient use of donors and provide higher-quality products.
Modeling cortical maps with Topographica

The biological function of cortical neurons can often be understood only in the context of large, highly interconnected networks. These networks typically form two-dimensional topographic maps, such as the retinotopic maps in the visual system. Computational simulations of these areas have led to valuable insights about how cortical topography develops and functions, but further progress is difficult because appropriate simulation tools are not available. This paper introduces the freely available Topographica map-level simulator, currently under development at the University of Texas at Austin. Topographica is designed to make large-scale, detailed models practical. The goal is to allow neuroscientists and computational scientists to understand how topographic maps and their connections organize and operate. This understanding will be crucial for integrating experimental observations into a comprehensive theory of cortical function.