cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exponential path of photoacoustic tomography to the largest conference at Photonics West: omniscale imaging from organelles to organisms (Conference Presentation)

Photoacoustic tomography has been developed for in vivo functional, metabolic, molecular, and histologic imaging by physically combining optical and ultrasonic waves. Broad applications include early-cancer detection and brain imaging. High-resolution optical imaging—such as confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography—is limited to superficial imaging within the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in the skin) of the surface of scattering tissue. By synergistically combining light and sound, photoacoustic tomography conquers the optical diffusion limit and provides deep penetration at high ultrasonic resolution and high optical contrast. Photoacoustic tomography has two major embodiments: photoacoustic computed tomography and photoacoustic microscopy. In photoacoustic computed tomography, a pulsed broad laser beam illuminates the biological tissue to generate a small but rapid temperature rise, which leads to emission of ultrasonic waves due to thermoelastic expansion. The unscattered pulsed ultrasonic waves are then detected by ultrasonic transducers. High-resolution tomographic images of optical contrast are then formed through image reconstruction. In photoacoustic microscopy, a pulsed laser beam is delivered into the biological tissue to generate ultrasonic waves, which are then detected with a focused ultrasonic transducer to form a depth resolved 1D image. Raster scanning yields 3D high-resolution tomographic images. Super-depths beyond the optical diffusion limit have been reached with high spatial resolution. The annual conference on PAT has grown exponentially since early 2000 and become the largest in SPIE’s 20,000-attendee Photonics West since 2010.
Language Across the Curriculum: Why All Community College Faculty Must Learn to Support Emergent Bilingual Students

ABSTRACTCommunity Colleges (CCs) in the U.S. provide open access to education for an extremely diverse student body, with large numbers of emergent bilingual students enrolling in CCs. This paper d...
Modification of Cellular Phospholipid Composition and Consequences for Membrane Structure and Function

Over the past few years, my laboratory has been engaged in studies on phospholipid metabolism using the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila as a model system for eukaryotic phospholipid metabolism (Smith, 1983; Smith, 1984; Smith, 1986b; Smith, et al, 1992b; Smith and O’Malley, 1978). Tetrahymena is characterized by having high concentrations of phosphonolipids — 2-aminoethylphosphonoglyceride and 2-aminoethylphos-phonoceramide — as well as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as the major phospholipids (Smith, 1985; Smith and Giegel, 1981; Smith and Giegel, 1982; Smith, et al., 1992; Smith and O’Malley, 1978; Thompson, 1972; Thompson, et al, 1971).
A Novel Role for Polycystin-2 (Pkd2) in P. tetraurelia as a Probable Mg 2+ Channel Necessary for Mg 2+ -Induced Behavior

A human ciliopathy gene codes for Polycystin-2 (Pkd2), a non-selective cation channel. Here, the Pkd2 channel was explored in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia using combinations of RNA interference, over-expression, and epitope-tagging, in a search for function and novel interacting partners. Upon depletion of Pkd2, cells exhibited a phenotype similar to eccentric (XntA1), a Paramecium mutant lacking the inward Ca2+-dependent Mg2+ conductance. Further investigation showed both Pkd2 and XntA localize to the cilia and cell membrane, but do not require one another for trafficking. The XntA-myc protein co-immunoprecipitates Pkd2-FLAG, but not vice versa, suggesting two populations of Pkd2-FLAG, one of which interacts with XntA. Electrophysiology data showed that depletion and over-expression of Pkd2 led to smaller and larger depolarizations in Mg2+ solutions, respectively. Over-expression of Pkd2-FLAG in the XntA1 mutant caused slower swimming, supporting an increase in Mg2+ permeability, in agreement with the electrophysiology data. We propose that Pkd2 in P. tetraurelia collaborates with XntA for Mg2+-induced behavior. Our data suggest Pkd2 is sufficient and necessary for Mg2+ conductance and membrane permeability to Mg2+, and that Pkd2 is potentially a Mg2+-permeable channel.
Identifying the Enochic Son of Man as God’s word and wisdom:

While many interpreters of the Enochic Parables have recognized a connection between the Enochic Son of Man and personified wisdom, this article argues that the Enochic Son of Man should be primari...
The Assessment of Executive Dysfunction in Bilinguals

The chapter begins with the definition of bilingualism and includes ways of assessing and characterizing the types of bilingualism. It presents a description of the executive function advantages and disadvantages of dual language learners. Compared to monolinguals, bilinguals perform better on nonverbal EF tasks but worse on verbal tasks. Furthermore, the chapter describes the neuropsychological profiles of bilinguals after suffering different types of neurological disorders such as mild traumatic brain injury, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and vascular disorders. The influence of these disorders on the bilingual’s language control function and its association with EF is analyzed.
Butterflies in the Gardens: the Fate of Van Groenendael's Collection

During WWII, hundreds of thousands of butterflies found refuge in the Botanical Gardens in Bogor. The specimens belonged to Jan van Groenendael, a physician who lived and worked in Java and Flores between 1931 and 1954, together with his wife Adriana Krijger. The collection is of great scientific value, but as it is always the case with natural history collections, it is also an interesting subject for historical studies. The collection has a comprehensive archive attached to it, including journals, photographs, letters ethnographical and entomological articles. Taken together, this material takes us into the life of the Van Groenendaels in Indonesia through the 1930’s, WWII and the decolonisation period. This paper offers a glimpse of their compelling story: a tiny sample of the knowledge hidden in the Van Groenendael collection - butterflies and archives - for both biologists and historians.
Development of a Constitutive Model for Clays Based on Disturbed State Concept and Its Application to Simulate Pile Installation and Setup

In this paper, an elastoplastic model is proposed to describe the behavior of clayey soils subject to disturbance at the soil-structure interaction for application to pile installation and the following setup. The soil remolding that occurs during deep penetration and the following soils thixotropic strength regaining over time were modeled in this study. The disturbed state concept (DSC) was used as a core of the proposed model, and the critical state theory was adopted to define the main components for the DSC model. The Modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model was implemented within the context of DSC to define the intact state response. A novel approach was applied to define the soil shear response for the MCC model to have it applicable in DSC. Furthermore, the soil remolding during shear loading was related to the deviatoric plastic strain developed in the soil body. The proposed model, referred as Critical State and Disturbed State Concept (CSDSC) model, can capture the elastoplastic behavior of both NC and OC soils. The proposed model was implemented in Abaqus software, and it was then validated using the triaxial test results available in the literatures. Very good agreement was obtained between the triaxial test results and the CSDSC model prediction for different stress paths, stress-strain response and the generated excess porewater pressures. Furthermore, pile installation and the following pile setup behavior were modeled using the proposed CSDSC model. The predicted values for pile resistance using CSDSC model were compared with the values measured from field load tests, which indicated that the proposed model is capable of simulating pile installation and predict appropriately the pile capacity as well as the disturbance behavior at the soil body.
Numerical investigation of helical coil tube bundle in turbulent cross flow using large eddy simulation

Abstract A realistic five-layered helical coil tube bundle in turbulent cross flow is numerically investigated using large eddy simulation (LES). The geometry of the helical coil tube bundle, which is a 1/45 sector of a helical coil steam generator design for an advanced small modular reactor, has three counterclockwise helical layers and two clockwise helical layers stacked in alternating fashion in the radial direction. A Reynolds number of 21,800 is considered based on the mean gap velocity, diameter of the coil tube, and kinematic viscosity of the working fluid. The WALE sub-grid scale model is employed for LES to resolve scale smaller than the grid size. Additionally, LES for an ideal five-layered coil bundle model without a helical geometry is utilized to generate comparison data. Instantaneous flow fields are explored by analyzing velocity magnitude, vorticity, static pressure, and vortical structures. The detachments of vortical structures from the coil tube surface are observed by visualizing vortical structures and wall shear stress distributions simultaneously. Various turbulent statistics at multiple monitoring locations are presented with an emphasis on feature difference between realistic and ideal coil bundle models. The results of spectral analyses, including the power spectral density and continuous wavelet transform analyses, are addressed from the perspective of flow-induced vibration. The key feature of this paper is the discussion of three-dimensional effects based on the helical geometry of a coil bundle.
Created by god and wired to porn: Redemptive Masculinity and Gender Beliefs in Narratives of Religious Men’s Pornography Addiction Recovery:

The literature on hybrid masculinity suggests that some men manage subordinate or contradictory forms of masculinity while still maintaining and benefiting from gender inequality. Drawing from 35 i...
A Droplet Digital PCR Assay to Detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA

We describe a quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in total RNA extracted from human sputum. This method was validated using the guidance of the United States Food and Drug Administration Accelerated Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Template for SARS-CoV-2 that Causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Molecular Testing of Respiratory Speciment in CLIA Certified High-Complexity Laboratories. Though our laboratory is not CLIA certified, this method met all criteria specified by the guidance document with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.25 copies/microliter in the final ddPCR (at least 19/20 replicates reactive), which we consider to be a Lower Limit of Quantification (LLOQ); inclusivity of all known annotated SARS-CoV-2 genomes; no cross-reactivity with other respiratory pathogens; and reactivity of all contrived positives at or above the LOD.
A Bibliometric Review of Publications on Oxidative Stress and Chemobrain: 1990-2019

Oxidative stress is considered one of the possible mechanisms behind chemobrain or the cognitive dysfunction persistent after chemotherapy treatment. Breast cancer patients have reported chemobrain symptoms since the 1990s. In this present bibliometric review, we employed the VOSviewer tool to describe the existing landscape on literature concerning oxidative stress, breast cancer chemotherapies, and chemobrain. As of 2019, 8799 papers were listed in the Web of Science database, with more than 900 papers published each year. As expected, terms relating to oxidative stress, mitochondria, breast cancer, and antioxidants have occurred very often in the literature throughout the years. In recent years, there has been an increase in the occurrence of terms related to nanomedicine. Only within the last decade do the keywords 'brain', 'blood-brain barrier', and 'central nervous system' appear, reflecting an increased interest in chemobrain. China has become the most prolific producer of oxidative stress and chemotherapy related papers in the last decade followed by the USA and India. In conclusion, the subject of oxidative stress as a mechanism behind chemotherapies' toxicities is an active area of research.
Converging Tides Lift All Boats

This paper investigates the consequences of an understudied yet prevalent phenomenon in emerging technology fields: consensus/disagreement among experts on the proper criteria to use in evaluating ...
Ottoman Diplomacy and Hegemonic Masculinity during the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-78

This article will examine Ottoman and British diplomatic correspondence and the satirical press and argue that during the Eastern Crisis of 1875-78, representatives of the Great Powers conceived of a hierarchy of masculinities that became a major part of their diplomatic rhetoric. At the top of this order was the masculinity that European statesmen saw in themselves and legitimized their imperialist projects; they particularly emphasized honor, and a logic-based intelligence which enabled them to order their governments, economies, and households so that noble, white, Christian men controlled the people of presumed lesser classes, races, religions, and genders. Until the end of this crisis, Ottoman officials sought to convince their European counterparts that they should accept them as, if not equals, at least junior partners. Therefore, Ottomans did not challenge the European belief in a hierarchy of masculinities but sought instead to prove that the new Ottoman statesman was a modern and rational man both capable and in possession of the moral imperative to rule over the lesser peoples of the Ottoman Empire. In particular, Ottoman officials depicted Christian separatists as cruel, savage, and too ignorant for independence, mirroring the arguments that anti-Ottoman Europeans made about the Ottomans.
Laparoscopic Low Anterior Resection

When sphincter preservation is feasible, a low anterior resection can be performed. It is important to be able to perform a tension – free anastomosis to avoid breakdown and leak. This procedure is oftentimes combined with a loop ileostomy to allow healing of the anastomosis, particularly in low rectal cancers and rectal cancers that have been treated with neoadjuvant therapy. The present chapter describes a laparoscopic anterior resection.
Fundamentals of Intracoronary Imaging

Intravascular imaging is an important tool in the arsenal of each interventional cardiologist. A multitude of imaging modalities are available to help understand coronary arterial and plaque morphology. While angiography provides a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional structure, intravascular imaging enhances understanding by providing detailed cross-sectional images. The imaging modalities used often include intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is also available, although not widely used.
Long-term in vivo two-photon imaging of the neuroinflammatory response to intracortical implants and micro-vessel disruptions in awake mice.

Abstract Our understanding of biomaterials in the brain have been greatly enhanced by advancements in in vivo imaging technologies such as two-photon microscopy. However, when applied to chronic studies, two-photon microscopy enables high-resolution imaging only in superficial regions due to inflammatory responses introduced by the craniotomy and insertion of foreign biomaterials. Microprisms provide a unique vertical view from brain surface to ~1 mm deep or more (depending on the size of the microprisms) which may break through this limitation on imaging depth . Although microprism has been used in the field of neuroscience, the in vivo foreign body responses to the microprism implant have yet to be fully elucidated. This is of important concern in broader applications of this approach, especially for neuroinflammation-sensitive studies. In this work, we first assessed the activation of microglia/macrophages for 16 weeks after microprism implantation using two-photon microscopy in awake CX3CR1-GFP mice. The imaging window became clear from bleedings after ~2 weeks and the maximum imaging distance (in the horizontal direction) stabilized at around 500 μm after ~5 weeks. We also quantified the microglial morphology from week 3 to week 16 post-implantation. Compared to non-implant controls, microglia near the microprism showed higher cell density, smaller soma, and shorter and less branched processes in the early-chronic phase. After week 5, microglial morphology further than 100 μm from the microprism was generally similar to microglia in the control group. In addition, time-lapse imaging confirmed that microglial processes were surveying normally from week 3, even for microglia as close as 50 μm away. These morphological analyses and dynamic imaging results suggest that microglia around chronically implanted microprism eventually exhibit inactive phenotypes . Next, we examined microglial/macrophage responses following laser induced micro-vessel disruptions as an example application of microprism implantation for neuroinflammation related studies. Through the microprism, we captured microglial/macrophage polarization and migration, as well as blood flow changes after the insult for additional 16 weeks. To our surprise, microglia/macrophage aggregation around the insult site was sustained over the 16-week observation period. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using microprisms for long-term characterizations of inflammatory responses to other injuries including implantable devices at deeper depths than that achievable by conventional two-photon microscopy.
In vivo imaging of the GnRH pulse generator reveals a temporal order of neuronal activation and synchronization during each pulse

A hypothalamic pulse generator located in the arcuate nucleus controls episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and is essential for reproduction. Recent evidence suggests this generator is comprised of arcuate 9KNDy9 cells, the abbreviation based on co-expression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin. However, direct visual evidence of KNDy neuron activity at a single-cell level during a pulse is lacking. Here, we use in vivo calcium imaging in freely moving female mice to show that individual KNDy neurons are synchronously activated in an episodic manner, and these synchronized episodes always precede LH pulses. Furthermore, synchronization among KNDy cells occurs in a temporal order, with some subsets of KNDy cells serving as 9leaders9 and others as 9followers9 during each synchronized episode. These results reveal an unsuspected temporal organization of activation and synchronization within the GnRH pulse generator, suggesting that different subsets of KNDy neurons are activated at pulse onset than afterward during maintenance and eventual termination of each pulse. Further studies to distinguish KNDy leader from follower cells is likely to have important clinical significance, since regulation of pulsatile GnRH secretion is essential for normal reproduction and disrupted in pathological conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.
Spatial patterns in dry weight of nearshore Lake Michigan prey fishes

Abstract The ability for individuals to adapt to local food sources likely allows for regional persistence of aquatic populations. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, invasive species and changing physical conditions have vastly altered local and regional food webs, leading to the potential for variation in energy flow up to large predators. To assess the potential that prey fish condition varies spatially, we examined patterns in proportion dry weight of prey fishes collected from Lake Michigan nearshore areas (
Agendas of the U.S. Africa Command and its Programs in Africa: The New Shape of U.S. Foreign Policy

With the turbulence across North Africa, the Sahelian zone from Somalia to Mauritania, Nigeria, and the festering problems in the Great Lakes countries, there has been an explosion of U.S. military and intelligence attention to the continent. This began with the Bush Administration’s Global War on Terror after 2001 and resulted in the operationalizing of the U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) in 2008. Now there are the AFRICOM headquarters in Stuttgart and personnel, bases, and drones in Africa. The new command includes virtually all services of the U.S. military and intelligence agencies which have initiated a variety of special operations, intelligence, training, and capacitation exercises across the continent. This has been supported by an intensification of studies of Africa in the U.S. and abroad by military and intelligence agencies and their private contractors. From both the official U.S. government and AFRICOM statements and the action on the ground, this paper will provide an overview of U.S. military commitments in Africa, the developing strategies, and the new "whole of government" philosophy encompassing this revised approach to African nations and peoples.
Exhibiting the Online World: A Case Study

The online world and its origins is one of the most obviously relevant areas of computing history to the general public. It is also one of the hardest to effectively interpret and display. This paper discusses the challenges of exhibiting the complex and mostly intangible online world – sometimes called “cyberspace” – in a museum context. These include not just display challenges, but also the difficulties of framing this complex, wide ranging, and largely unknown history in an accessible way. It presents some of the techniques we’ve developed as solutions at the Computer History Museum, with the hope they may contribute to an exchange of ideas. These techniques are still evolving. The three relevant galleries in our permanent exhibition form the first comprehensive exhibit on the history of the online world. A current temporary exhibit and five small permanent ones in development focus on specific areas of cyberspace.
Beauty and the beast the software complexity—elegance versus elephants

Elegance is certainly attainable in the small, but is sorely lacking in most complex computer systems. The reasons for this appear to lie not so much with computer science, but rather with the people who apply it. This note briefly considers some of the perceived obstacles and examines the hypothesis that suitable use of what is generally considered good practice in the small can lead to elegance in the large.
Local approximation of stability boundary of a power system using the real normal form of vector fields

The objective of this work is to approximate the stability boundary of a power system without any integration using the normal form of the vector fields. This involves two steps: (1) first to test which unstable equilibrium point (UEP) lies on the stability boundary, and (2) the second step is to approximate the boundary by the second order approximated manifolds. The approximation is accomplished using the normal forms of vector fields. The stability boundary and its behavior under stressed system conditions are examined. The method is applied to an eleven-generator test system.
RATIONAL ROOTS OF "IRRATIONAL" BEHAVIOR: DISCUSSION

The field of cognitive psychology studies how people make decisions and how these decisions are reflected in behavior. In contrast, neo-classical economics has pursued the economic conditions which are sufficient for decentralized resource allocation to achieve a Pareto optimal outcome. In pursuit of these conditions, neoclassical economists have identified those characteristics of economic behavior by consumers and by producers which along with other conditions are sufficient to power the economy to the bliss point of a social welfare optimum. The conditions are quite simple—1) consumers must maximize what has earned the label of a neoclassical utility function subject to income constraints and conditionally upon costless price information and perfectly elastic supplies of commodities, and 2) producers must maximize profits subject to what has earned the label of a neoclassical production function and similar of conditions as assumed for consumers. Neoclassical economics maintains these behavioral hypotheses not as reflections of empirical observation, but as elements of the sufficient conditions for Pareto optimal performance of decentralized economic activity. To label these behavioral hypotheses as “rational” and all others as “irrational” is not only empirically indefensible to even the dullest observer, but most importantly, overlooks the origin of their role in a neoclassical economist’s vernacular, Instead, the neoclassical behavioral hypotheses fall within the set of all rational systems of behavior which all dictionaries consulted by this author limit only to “having reason or understanding. ” In contrast, irrational behavior lacks reason or equivalently is not the result of a decision. The conclusion must be drawn that no great gulf lies between the neoclassical behavioral hypotheses and empirical findings of alternative
Purifying Selection: Action on Silent Sites

The role of selection on silent-site evolution in humans is controversial. Mounting evidence suggests that selection for optimal base composition, codon usage or both may be common. Keywords: silent substitutions; silent sites; selection; codon usage bias; weak selection; codon bias; population genetics
A credential-based approach for facilitating automatic resource sharing among ad-hoc dynamic coalitions

Today, there is an increasing need for dynamic, efficient and secure sharing of resources among organizations. In a dynamic coalition environment, participants (including users and systems) of an organization may need to gain access quickly to resources of other organizations in an unplanned manner to accomplish the task at hand. Typically, when entities agree to share their information resources, the access control policies are agreed upon at the coalition level. These coalition level agreements are not at the level of fine-grained policies, in the sense that they do not specify which specific users can access which data object. In this paper, we propose a dynamic coalition-based access control (DCBAC) model that allows automatic access to resources of one coalition entity by users from another coalition entity. To make the model applicable to true ad-hoc dynamic coalitions, we employ a coalition service registry, where coalition entities publicize their coalition level access policies. Any coalition entity wishing to access a specific resource of another coalition entity can obtain a ticket by submitting its entity credentials which are subsequently evaluated by the coalition service registry. DCBAC employs a policy mapper layer that computes the exact credentials required by remote users that are comparable to those required by local users. We demonstrate how the coalition and resource level access policies can be specified in XML-based languages and evaluated.
Responsibility and self-expression

I present two different “models” of moral responsibility -- two different accounts of what we value in behavior for which the agent can legitimately be held morally responsible. On the first model, what we value is making a certain sort of difference to the world. On the second model, which I favor, we value a certain kind of self-expression. I argue that if one adopts the self-expression view, then one will be inclined to accept that moral responsibility need not require alternative possibilities.
Reminiscences on Cosmic Ray Research at the University of Minnesota

Cosmic ray research at Minnesota had an unusual beginning. The famous balloonist Jean Piccard and his colleagues in Aeronautical Engineering became interested in the use of plastics like cellophane for the construction of lightweight high altitude balloons. Jean’s primary motivation was manned flight to record breaking altitudes. He constructed a plastic cell and flew it from Memorial Stadium. The Aeronautical Division of General Mills soon became involved and Otto Winzen (later to found Winzen Industries) led the successful effort to manufacture and launch polyethylene balloons which could carry payloads of 60 pounds to altitudes of 90000 feet. Piccard’s dream of launching a cluster of balloons with a manned gondola never materialized, but John T. Tate at the University realized the potential for high altitude research, especially in cosmic rays, and the Department attempted to recruit a well known cosmic ray physicist. When he turned them down they decided to take a chance on several young people with interest and enthusiasm, but with little or no experience in either cosmic rays or ballooning. In the summer of 1946 Ed Lofgren, Frank Oppenheimer and I, all recent employees of the Manhattan project, found ourselves designing cloud chambers and balloon gondolas and tracking equipment to have a look at primary cosmic rays. At the same time Charlie Critchfield and Joe Wienberg came to Minnesota as theorists and both took an active interest in the research program. Phyllis Freier was the first and for some time the only graduate student. Phyllis was immediately accepted as an essential member of the team and did an effective job of keeping us on the right track.
Switched Capacitor Networks

The sections in this article are 1 Fundamental Building Blocks 2 Effects of the OP AMP Finite Parameters 3 Design Considerations for Low-Voltage, Switched-Capacitor Circuits
A simple index explains annual atrazine transport from surface runoff‐prone watersheds in the north‐central USA

Year-to-year dynamics in weather affect both the timing of application and the potential hydrologic transport of pesticides. Further, the most commonly used pesticides dissipate in the environment during the growing season. Interactions among these factors – hydrology, timing of application and dissipation kinetics – hinder the detection of temporal trends in transport. It is increasingly important to be able to discern such trends, to judge effectiveness of management practices or to determine whether observed changes were caused by management or weather. In previous work, a cumulative vulnerability index was developed to account for these three factors. It explained 63% of annual variation in atrazine load in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW). The objectives of the current work were (i) to generalize the cumulative vulnerability index to explicitly account for variation in watershed size, area treated with atrazine and average application rate; (ii) to test the overall performance on watersheds showing such variation; and (3) to test whether the generalized index properly accounted for the additional input parameters. The generalized index was tested using data from GCEW (73.7 km2) and seven additional watersheds in the northeast Missouri claypan region that varied in size from 212 to 1180 km2 and from 4% to 23% of watershed area planted to corn or sorghum. Across 32 site-years, the generalized index explained 84% of variation in annual atrazine load. Further, tests of residuals showed no dependence on either watershed area or fraction of area planted to corn and sorghum, indicating that these parameters were properly integrated into the index. The performance of the index supports the conclusion that data obtained from GCEW is representative of the Mark Twain Lake Basin and likely the entire Central Claypan Major Land Resource Area. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
PDFs for velocity and velocity gradients in Burgers' turbulence

We characterize the tails of the probability distribution functions for the solution of Burgers’ equation with Gaussian initial data and its derivatives ∂kv(x,t)/∂xk, k=0,1,2,... . The tails are ‘‘stretched exponentials’’ of the form P(θ)∝exp[−(Re)−ptqθr], where Re is the Reynolds number. The exponents p, q, and r depend on the initial spectrum as well as on the order of differentiation, k. These exact results are compared with those obtained using the mapping closure technique.
N400 as an index of semantic expectancies: Differential effects of alcohol and cocaine dependence

Abstract Background Chronic substance abuse has been associated with decrements in the processing and expression of language. The present study utilized the N400 event-related electroencephalographic potential to index semantic processing in 133 adults with (n = 49) or without (n = 84) a history of alcohol and/or cocaine dependence. The contributions of age, gender, and comorbid marijuana and nicotine dependence, and antisocial symptomology to N400 decrements were either covaried or controlled. Methods A continuous series of 300 stimuli was presented for 150 ms each (interstimulus interval = 1475 ms) on a computer screen. The series was arranged such that a word (approximately 17% of stimuli) immediately preceded presentations of its antonym (primed condition; approximately 17% of stimuli), or a semantically unrelated word (unprimed condition; approximately 17% of stimuli). The remaining 50% of stimuli consisted of unpronounceable letter combinations (non-word condition). EEG responses to the antonyms, unrelated words, and letter jumbles were retained for analysis. Throughout the task, the subject pressed response keys to discriminate words from non-words. Results Analyses revealed a detrimental effect of alcohol dependence on N400 amplitude and no significant main or interactive effects of cocaine dependence. Conclusion The present findings suggest that alcohol-dependent individuals may exhibit verbal processing decrements. These findings also challenge hypotheses suggesting that the combined use of cocaine and alcohol is more deleterious to brain function than alcohol use alone.
Three-center atomic expansion method for ion-atom collisions

The three-center atomic expansion method for ion-atom collisions first described by Anderson et al. (1974) is reexamined and applied to a broader energy range to study the role of united-atom orbitals in a close collision. In this method the electronic wave function is expanded in terms of traveling atomic orbitals around the two moving centers as well as united-atom orbitals around the center of charge. For the symmetric resonant ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}+\mathrm{H}(1s)$ collision, it is found that electron-capture probabilities at small impact parameters are changed substantially with the addition of united-atom orbitals at the third center for low-velocity collisions ($v\ensuremath{\le}0.5$), whereas there is almost no such change at higher velocities ($v\ensuremath{\sim}1$). This illustrates the velocity range in which the relaxation of electronic orbitals occurs toward the united-atom orbitals in a close collision and implies the velocity range where an adiabatic molecular-orbital expansion becomes inappropriate.
Skepticism and science: Responsibilities of the comparative nutritionist

Comparative nutritionists are asked to formulate diets for over 3,000 species of animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. Little research has been conducted to provide an information base for this task, and both popular and scientific publications contain factual errors and irrational concepts that confuse the user. When data are suspect and theories do not make sense, they should be viewed skeptically. Untruths should not be perpetuated by uncritical repetition, and unsubstantiated information should be replaced as promptly as possible through controlled scientific study. Progress in this field can best be made through the cooperative efforts of qualified individuals. The ultimate personal reward should be the health and welfare of the animals we propose to feed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rationality, emotions, and social norms

L'A. considere que la rationalite (c'est-a-dire le choix reflechi de ce qui est le mieux), l'emotionalite et la normativite sociale sont les trois motivations essentielles de l'action humaine.Il se sert d'analyses de ces concepts pour etudier leurs rapports deux a deux, en particulier le couple emotion-raison qui le conduit a une analyse detaillee de la facon dont la vie emotionnelle elle-meme peut etre rationnelle ou irrationnelle
A design assessment system to protect buildings from internal chemical and biological threats

Recent world events involving chemical and biological (CB) attacks within critical infrastructure have highlighted a potential threat to buildings and their occupants. As a result, protecting buildings from CB attacks has become an important design consideration. A collaborative research effort is underway to develop a design assessment system that will provide decision makers the ability to compare multiple building designs for protection against an internal CB release. The assessment system includes modeling and simulation of CB contaminant dispersion, a quantitative financial method to compare design costs, and a multicriteria decision making phase. This paper outlines the design assessment system phases, and focuses on the computational details for assessing building CB exposure using multizone and spreadsheet programs. A hospital emergency room is used as an illustrative example. The concept of fraction of building protected (FBP) is explained, and the cost percent increases associated with 15 redesign options are presented.
Expression and characterization of isoform 1 of human mitochondrial elongation factor G.

Abstract Elongation factor G (EF-G) catalyzes the translocation step of protein biosynthesis. Genomic analysis suggests that two isoforms of this protein occur in mitochondria. The region of the cDNA coding for the mature sequence of isoform 1 of human mitochondrial EF-G (EF-G1 mt ) has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli . The recombinant protein has been purified to near homogeneity by chromatography on Ni–NTA resins and cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography. EF-G1 mt is active on both bacterial and mitochondrial ribosomes. Human EF-G1 mt is considerably more resistant to fusidic acid than many bacterial translocases. A molecular model for EF-G1 mt has been created and analyzed in the context of its relationship to the translocases from other systems.
Nuclear phosphoprotein kinase activities in normal and neoplastic tissues.

Abstract Nuclear phosphoprotein kinases from normal rat liver and transplantable neoplasms were fractionated and compared. A phosphoprotein kinase fraction activated by Mn2+ was found to be present only in the neoplasms. This nuclear protein kinase phosphorylated nuclear proteins represented by one major and several minor bands as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( M ≈ 50 000 ).
A full biological response to autoantibodies in Graves' disease requires a disulfide-bonded loop in the thyrotropin receptor N terminus homologous to a laminin epidermal growth factor-like domain.

We observed amino acid homology between the cysteine-rich N terminus of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) ectodomain and epidermal growth factor-like repeats in the laminin γ1 chain. Thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb), the cause of Graves' disease, interact with this region of the TSHR in a manner critically dependent on antigen conformation. We studied the role of the cluster of four cysteine (Cys) residues in this region of the TSHR on the functional response to TSAb in Graves' patients' sera. As a benchmark we also studied TSH binding and action. Removal in various permutations of the four cysteines at TSHR positions 24, 29, 31, and 41 (signal peptide residues are 1–21) revealed Cys41 to be the key residue for receptor expression. Forced pairing of Cys41 with any one of the three upstream Cys residues was necessary for trafficking to the cell surface of a TSHR with high affinity TSH binding similar to the wild-type receptor. However, for a full biological response to TSAb, forced pairing of Cys41 with Cys29 or with Cys31, but not with Cys24, retained functional activity comparable with the wild-type TSHR. These data suggest that an N-terminal disulfide-bonded loop between Cys41 and Cys29or its close neighbor Cys31 comprises, in part, the highly conformational epitope for TSAb at the critical N terminus of the TSHR. Amino acid homology, as well as cysteine pairing similar to the laminin γ1 chain epidermal growth factor-like repeat 11, suggests conformational similarity between the two molecules and raises the possibility of molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.
Identification and quantitative analysis of alkyl isocyanates as their urea derivatives

Abstract A gas chromatographic procedure is described for the quantitative analysis of dilute solutions of short-chain alkyl isocyanates. The procedure is based upon measurement of urea derivatives formed from reaction of the isocyanates with amines. Gas chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic separations of a number of urea derivatives are described. Application of the method is demonstrated in studies of the decomposition of and urea formation from isocyanates in aqueous solutions.
Synthesis of aromatic Amadori compounds

Abstract A series of O -isopropylidene protected aromatic Amadori compounds [ N -(1-deoxy- d -fructos-1-yl)- l -amino acid esters] were synthesized by reacting 2,3:4,5-di- O -isopropylidene-1- O -(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)- d -fructopyranose with alkyl esters of l -phenylalanine, l -tyrosine, and l -tryptophan. The Amadori compounds were obtained in much higher yields than those previously reported due to utilizing triflate as an extremely reactive leaving group at C-1 of the sugar reagent. The triflate derivative was prepared in high yield using the sterically hindered, non-nucleophilic base, 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methylpyridine, as proton acceptor. The Amadori compounds were characterized by 1 H- or 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, as well as by i.r. and mass spectroscopy. 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy was used to study the equilibria among the various ring forms of the free-hydroxy d -fructose-tryptophan compound.
Twice a day or continuously? Observation frequency and inference on foreign exchange volatility persistence

This paper examines how observation frequency alters inference on cross-locational volatility dependencies in the foreign exchange market. When volatility proxies are based on tick-by-tick exchange rate quotes, this paper finds evidence of statistically significant own-region volatility persistence as well as symmetric interregional dependence. In addition, this paper detects strong day-of-the-week effects, with Mondays displaying the lowest volatility. These results differ from previous studies which based volatility estimates on only two daily observations per region.
Cardiac conduction interactions of propranolol and verapamil with halothane in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs.

We have studied the effects of propranolol 0.25 mg kg−1 and verapamil 0.075 mg kg−1 on cardiac conduction and refractoriness in 21 dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone 30 mg kg−1 using His bundle electrocardiography and programmed stimulation. After baseline studies under pentobarbitone and halothane (1.3 MAC) anaesthesia, the dogs were allocated randomly to two groups: group 1 received verapamil followed by propranolol; group 2 received pro-pranolol followed by verapamil; the drugs were given in a continuous infusion over 10 min. The atrial—His (AH) interval, the atrioventricular node effective (AVERP), and functional (AVFRP) refractory periods, were prolonged by verapamil in both groups, but not the His-ventricle (HV) interval or the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP). AVFRP and VERP were prolonged by propranolol in both groups. Corrected sinus node recovery times were normal after each drug. Heart rate and the rate required to produce Wenckebach were decreased by each drug. The combination of verapamil and propranolol during halothane anaesthesia in dogs has significant cardiac conduction effects; however, no spontaneous AV block occurred during the study.
Band structure engineering of InAs for improved electron transport characteristics

The performance of electronic devices such as field-effect or bipolar transistors is determined by extrinsic factors such as wiring, intrinsic technology such as metalization and contact resistance, transit lengths, and capacitances, and by transport characteristics of the material itself. The electronic transport characteristics are in turn largely determined by the electronic bandstructure. This bandstructure can be altered or engineered through the use of strain and quantum size effects in artificially structured heterostructures, allowing improvements in device performance.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Silica coating on barium titanate particles

Abstract Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) fine particles were coated with silica via the sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The solgel silica coating significantly stabilizes the BaTiO 3 particles in acidic solutions and changes the zeta potential of the particles to that similar to pure silica.
Carnap and Quine on the distinction between external and internal questions

The purpose of this paper is to answer Quine's objections to Carnap's external/ internal [e/i] questions distinction. Following a brief account of how Camap draws the external/internal questions distinction, Quine's major argument against the e/i distinction per se will be considered, together with implications of that argument for the way in which the e/i distinction must be understood. Then more general Quinean criticisms of the e/i distinction (and related distinctions) will be examined, and the paper will conclude with some observations on the role of the distinction in a thoroughgoing empiricism. In 'Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology' Carnap maintains that we must distinguish between two kinds of existence questions: external questions are "questions concerning the existence or reality of the system of entities as a whole"; internal questions are "questions of the existence of certain entities ... within the [linguistic] framework" .1 External questions are practical, rather than theoretical or factual, questions. That is, an extemal question is a:
Analysis of variance for 'component stripping' decomposition of multiexponential curves.

Abstract An extended analysis of variance is presented for a multiexponential curve fitting procedure, known as ‘curve stripping’, ‘curve peeling’, or ‘successive subtraction’. In addition to the standard, single variable curves, this analysis includes the two dimensional multiexponential surface analysis. The calculations take into account features required by the graphical user interface that was specifically designed to facilitate the fitting process. The evaluation of the goodness of fit includes an F test (to evaluate the number of components needed to fit the data), and correlation coefficients (to evaluate individual parameters).
Evaluation of coupled transport across a liquid membrane as an analytical preconcentration technique.

Abstract When two aqueous solutions are separated by a liquid membrane that contains a complexing agent which is a conjugate base of a weak acid, a metal ion can be transported from the solution of the higher pH against its concentration gradient into the more acidic solution. With Cu(II) as the analyte and a liquid membrane consisting of a mixture of oximes dissolved in kerosene, enrichment factors for a prescribed dialysis time in a simple experimental apparatus were nearly independent of Cu(II) concentration over the range 10−4-10−7M. With 0.1M hydrochloric acid as the receiver, the enrichment factor was independent of ionic strength and of sample pH in the range 4–9. The effect of sample pH on the interference of Fe(III) was examined. With a pH-2.5 formate buffer, the enrichment factor for Cu(II) decreased as the Fe(III) concentration increased, but in a pH-9.3 ammonium buffer, 0.14 mM Fe(III) did not interfere with the transport of Cu(II) from a 16μM copper sample.