cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A critical assessment of the superconducting pairing symmetry in Na x CoO 2 · y H 2 O

NaxCoO2·yH2O must be hydrated to superconduct1, and its triangular CoO2 layers provide an intriguing contrast with the square CuO2 layers of the high-temperature superconductors. Its superconductivity is often assumed to be unconventional in that the Cooper pairs are not in a spin singlet state with s-wave symmetry, as with conventional superconductors. According to the Pauli exclusion principle, pairs with a singlet (triplet) spin part have a corresponding even (odd) spatial part, designated as s-, p-, d- or f-wave pairing in accordance with the pair angular momentum. However, in NaxCoO2·yH2O, experimental reports are often contradictory2,3,4,5,6 and solid evidence for any particular pairing state remains lacking. This has led to an unprecedented number of proposals2,3,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 for the pairing symmetry (perhaps the greatest number ever for a single compound), each in agreement with some subset of the available data. Here we test each of the 25 symmetry-allowed pairing states14 against firmly established properties of the compound. Surprisingly, this eliminates most possible pairings. The two remaining states both have f-wave symmetry, suggesting that NaxCoO2·yH2O may be the most exotic superconductor discovered so far. We discuss expected features of these states and suggest experiments to distinguish between them.
Nearly 500 years and still Counting: The Reformation in Recent Scholarship and Debates:

The sixteenth-century Reformation remains important to historians and theologians. Over the past 15 years new and revised accounts have appeared, both textbooks and more speculative pieces. Digitization of key texts is impacting the discipline. The ‘cultural turn’ has opened up Reformation history beyond ideas, politics and economics to include gender, the emotions, architecture and the arts (including music). It has identified psychological needs that the reformers had to address. Literary scholars have joined in Reformation studies. The vitality of the pre-Reformation church is now generally recognized; the question of how far the Reformation adumbrated ‘modernity’ remains controversial. New fronts in intellectual history are opening up in historiography, and biblical scholarship and exegesis.
Multiplicity and Change in Persons and Organizations

We can meet the challenge to perceive, appreciate and cherish diversity in the postmodern organization by recognizing that a multitude of persons exist in every organization and in each person. Concepts and practices from Gestalt therapy and archetypal psychology help us to become aware of and learn from our many voices and perspectives. As we accept our own multiplicity we initiate, maintain and appropriately bring to closure contact with others. This changes our socially enacted environment. As change agents we can facilitate others to do the same.
Amino Acids Essential for the Growth of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

(1970). Amino Acids Essential for the Growth of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 90-92.
Use of biomarkers for the assessment of chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity.

Objectives To review the evidence for the use of various biomarkers in the detection of chemotherapy associated cardiac damage.
Differential expression of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in murine small intestine and colon

Glutathione (GSH) S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes of the small intestine and colon of female A/J mice have been purified and characterized to determine their interrelationships with other murine GSTs. Cytosolic GST activity in the small intestine was at least due to six isoenzymes with isoelectric points (pI) of 9.5, 9.3, 9.1, 8.5, 6.2 and 5.5. Small intestine isoenzymes with pI values of 9.5, 9.3, 8.5, and 6.2 were identical to the mGSTA1-1 (Alpha class), mGSTP1-1 (Pi class), mGSTM1-1 (Mu class) and mGSTA4-4 (Alpha class), respectively, of other A/J mouse tissues on the basis of their reverse-phase HPLC elution profile, immunological cross-reactivity and/or N-terminal region amino acid sequence. Even though GST9.1 of the small intestine cross-reacted with the antibodies raised against Pi class GST, reverse-phase HPLC and N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses suggested that this isoenzyme may be structurally different from mGSTP1-1 as well as mGSTP2-2. Likewise, despite immunological similarity with the Mu class GSTs, small intestine GST5.5 appeared to be different from other Mu class murine GSTs characterized previously. Cytosolic GST activity in the colon was mainly due to four isoenzymes with pI values of 9.8, 9.4, 6.6 and 5.8. While the identity of colon GST6.6 could not be established due to its low abundance, GST9.8, GST9.4 and GST5.8 were identical to mGSTP1-1, mGSTM1-1 and mGSTA4-4, respectively, of other A/J mouse tissues including the small intestine. Isoenzymes corresponding to small intestine GST9.1 and GST5.5 could not be detected in the colon. The results of the present study indicate that the small intestine of female A/J mice is better equipped for protection against toxic effects of electrophiles than colon.
High pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry for minimization of ganglioside fragmentation

Transiently elevating pressure in a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) source into the 1–10 mbar range during ionization decreases the metastable fragmentation of gangliosides. This allows detection of the molecular ion species without loss of the highly labile sialic acid residues. In these experiments, gangliosides with up to five sialic acids were ionized by MALDI and detected with the FTMS. In each case, when the high pressure collisional cooling was used, the singly charged molecular ion was the base peak in the spectra, both in the positive and negative ion modes, and minimal metastable fragmentation was observed. This result is promising, as the previously developed TLC separation methods can be coupled to MALDI-FTMS.
Soil Microbial Composition and Nitrogen Cycling in a Disturbed Wet Prairie Restoration (Wisconsin)

Replanted almost entirely by the botanist Henry Greene in the iy40s and 1950s, Lower Greene Prairie is among the oldest wet-mesic prairie restoration sites in the United States. Subsequent urbanization and highway construction since the 1970s have led to an influx of stormwater, sediments, nutrient inputs, and invasive plants. Approximately one-third of the prairie (> 3 ha) is now dominated by reed canarygrass {Phalaris arundinacea). The historical significance of the site now extends to its present use as an adaptive restoration project that integrates research with restoration (Werner and Zedler 2002, Zedler 2005), as researchers at the University of Wisconsin (under the supervision of Joy Zedler) plan to divert stormwater around the restored prairie.
Analog signal acquisition from computer optical disk drives for quantitative chemical sensing.

Optoelectronic consumer products that are widely employed in the office and home attract attention for optical sensor applications due to (1) their cost advantage over analytical instruments produced only in small quantities, (2) robustness in operation due to the detailed manufacturability improvements, and (3) ease of operation. We demonstrate here a new approach for quantitative chemical/biochemical sensing when analog signals are acquired from conventional optical disk drives, and these signals are used for quantitative detection of optical changes of sensor films deposited on conventional CD and DVD optical disks. Because we do not alter manufacturing process of optical disks, any disk can be employed for deposition and readout of sensor films. The optical disk drives also perform their original function of reading and writing digital content to optical media because no optical modifications are introduced to obtain the analog signal. Such a sensor platform is quite universal and can be applied for c...
Estimation of Erythrocytes from a Blood Smear by a " Dry Chamber " Method.

SummaryA method is described that permits estimation of erythrocytes from a blood smear. A specific optical setting is used yielding a ratio of the “Dry Chamber Unit” to the hemacytometer unit of 1: 0.72. On the blood smear a usable urea is determined. Its boundaries are described. The midpoint fixes the position of the Optimal Micrometer Square. Within this area the erythrocytes are counted in the same manner as done for the hemacytometer method. The average number of erythrocytes of 5 ocular micrometer squares is used for the estimation of the equivalent RBC number found with the hemacytometer method. A total of 2,000 comparative counts have been made on bloods ranging from 720,000 to 8,750,000 cells per mm3. The Dry Chamber Method yields totals that are comparable with that of the hemacytometer. The quantitative error of the Dry Chamber count is within ±200,000, the standard error allowed for the counting chamber.
Performance of a Lotka-Volterra System for Representing Biofouling Processes

In order to assess the feasibility and performance of a minimal multiphysics model for representing the spatiotemporal evolution of biofouling process, we selected the coupled diffusive generalization of the Lotka-Volterra PDEs to govern the spatiotemporal evolution of population densities of predator-prey colonies in a computational domain. The implementation of the finite element solution of the system was performed and the associated numerical solution of the system was achieved. An analysis was performed that highlights certain choices of the control parameters of the model and their effect on the spatiotemporal behavior of the system. Potential extensions of the model are presented to incorporate an agent that inhibits antibiofouling and study its effect. An evaluation of the features of the model are concluding the paper.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The effects of energy availability on the conjugative-transfer kinetics of plasmid RP4

Abstract Batch kinetic experiments were carried out to measure conjugative-transfer kinetics for plasmid RP4, which encodes resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline and ampicillin. The donor species was Rhodobacter capsulatus, while the recipient was a Pseudomonas strain obtained in our laboratory. Evaluated was a mass-action kinetic model that had a donor-to-recipient rate coefficient k11 and a transconjugant-to-recipient rate coefficient k2. Experimental results demonstrated that k11 and k12 were of similar magnitudes and could be reasonably large: e.g. up to 0.03 l gT/gD gR day for k11. However, the rate coefficients were not constants. Instead, they increased dramatically as the energy availability increased. Energy was made available in kinetic experiments from the energy substrates and from internal storage materials, carried over from prior batch growth cultures.
Implementing a Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Program

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 loosely outlines a variety of possible greenhouse gas emissions trading plans. Emissions trading has been used successfully in the U.S. to reduce emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and CFCs, and to eliminate use of leaded gasoline. A brief review of these programs is presented, followed by a discussion of the elements that made them successful. These success factors will then be discussed in the context of a global greenhouse gas trading system. Trading may help substantially reduce emissions by channeling funds to the location where the most reduction per unit of currency is achieved. However, the effectiveness of the Kyoto protocol is in severe jeopardy due to a lack of interest by the U.S. government.
SU‐FF‐T‐119: Cardiac Dose Heterogeneity and Relationship to Tumor Location in Patients Receiving Radiation for Lung Cancer

Purpose: To assess dose heterogeneity to subregions of the heart (e.g. four chambers), and its relationship to tumor location in patients irradiated for lungcancer. Methods and Materials: 236 patients receiving 3D‐planned radiotherapy for lungcancer from 1991–2005 were retrospectively analyzed. Pre‐treatment CT planning images were segmented to define the whole heart, four cardiac chambers, and aortic root. For each patient, the mean dose to the heart and each cardiac subregion was calculated, reflecting tissue density inhomogeneities. Population average of those doses, their differences, and 95% confidence intervals were computed. Patients were divided into subgroups based on tumor location (left vs right, superior vs inferior, and central vs peripheral). Differences between subgroups were assessed using Student t‐tests. Results: Mean doses to the whole heart and each subregion are shown in Figure 1. Compared to the mean heartdose (the parameter typically considered in treatment planning), atrial doses are higher (11Gy for left and 3Gy for right), ventricular doses are lower (9Gy for left and 5Gy for right), and aortic root dose is 23Gy higher. Table 1 shows the impact of tumor location on cardiac subregional dose heterogeneity. Dividing patients into superior versus inferior lungtumors changes the dose to most subregions. Similarly, dividing patients into central versus peripheral tumors leads to dose changes in several subregions, but only for peripheral tumors. Dividing patients into left versus right lungtumors only changes the dose to one subregion. Conclusions:Doses to cardiac subregions are significantly different than mean dose to the whole heart.Treatment planning using DVH of whole heart does not adequately portray doses to cardiac subregions, which have distinct functions in cardiac physiology. DVHs inherently discard all spatial information and may be suboptimal to describe exposures to heterogeneous organs such as the heart. Supported in part by NIH‐R01‐Grant CA69579.
Modeling of plume dynamics with shielding in laser ablation of carbon

The process of laser ablation of carbon in presence of background gas is simulated numerically. The plume dynamics in laser ablation is important to study for many reasons including temperature of plume particles and shielding of target by previously ablated plumes. Shielding leads directly to the change in energy deposition of incident laser pulse at the target surface and in turn influences the ablation dynamics and amount of material removed. Carbon ablation is studied for single and multiple laser hits typical for synthesis of nanotubes. Two models of correction of ablated velocity and pressure resulting from shielding effect are proposed and investigated. Numerical modeling of this plume dynamics and its integral effect of shielding is challenging due to inherent high nonlinearity of the problem. Some of available numerical techniques handles nonlinearity but are dissipative, e.g. Godunov type schemes. Other techniques are less dissipative but fail to account for strong nonlinearity typical for initial stages of ablation, e.g. the ENO-Roe. To effectively model this highly nonlinear plume dynamics a combination of two of above mentioned schemes is developed so as the numerical evaluation of fluxes is close to their physical values and the scheme has minimum dissipation. The non-monotonic behavior of ablated mass as a function of time duration between two laser pulses is studied.
Modulation of frontal lobe speech areas associated with the production and perception of speech movements.

Purpose It is unclear whether the production and perception of speech movements are subserved by the same brain networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate neural recruitment in cortical...
Differential developmental expression of the repB and repD Xeroderma pigmentosum related DNA helicase genes from Dictyostelium discoideum

DNA helicases are essential to many cellular processes including recombination, replication and transcription, and some helicases function in multiple processes. The helicases encoded by the Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) B and D genes function in both nucleotide excision repair and transcription initiation. Mutations that affect the repair function of these proteins result in XP while mutations affecting transcription result in neurological and developmental abnormalities, although the underlying molecular and cellular basis for these phenotypes is not well understood. To better understand the developmental roles of these genes, we have now identified and characterized the rep B and rep D genes from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum . Both genes encode DNA helicases of the SF2 superfamily of helicases. The rep D gene contains no introns and the rep B gene contains only one intron, which makes their genomic structures dramatically different from the corresponding genes in mammals and fish. However the predicted Dictyostelium proteins share high homology with the human XPB and XPD proteins. The single copy of the rep B and D genes map to chromosomes 3 and 1, respectively. The expression of rep B and D (and the previously isolated rep E) genes during multicellular development was examined, and it was determined that each rep gene has a unique pattern of expression, consistent with the idea that they have specific roles in development. The pattern and extent of expression of these genes was not affected by the growth history of the cells, implying that the expression of these genes is tightly regulated by the developmental program. The expression of the rep genes is a very early step in development and may well represent a key event in the initiation of development in this organism.
Internalization and degradation of receptor bound C-reactive protein by U-937 cells: induction of H2O2 production and tumoricidal activity.

The presence of a membrane receptor for C-reactive protein (CRP-R) on the human monocytic cell line U-937 was the basis for determining the metabolic fate of the receptor-bound ligand and the functional response of the cells to CRP. Internalized [125I]CRP was measured by removing cell surface-bound [125I]CRP with pronase. Warming cells to 37°C resulted in the internalization of approx. 50% of the receptor-bound [125I]CRP or receptor-bound [125I]CRP-PC-KLH complexes. U-937 cells degraded about 25% of the internalized [125I]CRP into TCA-soluble radiolabeled products. The lysosomotrophic agents (chloroquine, NH4Cl) greatly decreased the extent of CRP degradation without altering binding or internalization. In addition, a pH < 4.0 resulted in dissociation of receptor-bound [125I]CRP. Treatment of U-937 cell with monensin, a carboxylic ionophore which prevents receptor recycling, resulted in accumulation of internalized [125I]CRP. Therefore, it appears that the CRP-R complex is internalized into an endosomal compartment where the CRP is uncoupled from its receptor and subsequently degraded. CRP initiated the differentiation of the U-937 cells so that they acquired the ability to produce H2O2 and also display in vitro tumoricidal activity. The results support the concept that internalization and degradation of CRP leads to the activation of monocytes during inflammation.
Coupled Durability and Functionality of Piezoelectric Polymers

The main characteristic of piezoelectric polymers is coupling of their mechanical and physical properties. In this view, progressive material degradation of the polymers under cyclic loading conditions is an important factor in terms of both their long-term integrity and functional performance. The study reported herein demonstrates that the piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) tends to exhibit accelerated creep rates under superimposed static and cyclic loads. Creep acceleration under such conditions has been observed even in the range of stresses well below the viscoelastic linearity limit. In the paper, the effects of material degradation caused by creep-fatigue interaction in PVDF are discussed. The study includes efforts to develop a constitutive viscoelastic material model taking into account damage evolution due to synergistic creep-fatigue interaction effects. The model is based on the principles of continuum damage mechanics and linear viscoelasticity.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Clinical Interpretation of “‘My Secret Life’: The Emergence of One Gay Man’s Authentic Identity”

ipated how much learning I had to do. As a faculty mem­ber teaching future occupational therapists, I strive to socialize them to the central values and beliefs of the field. One of these values is based in our effort to support, pre­serve, and enhance the autonomy and identity of those seeking occupational therapy. As a result of my interactions with Amy, I began
Application of a Modular Particle-Continuum Method to Hypersonic Propulsive Deceleration

A modular particle-continuum (MPC) method is used to quantify the e ect of continuum breakdown on aerodynamic predictions of Mach 12 hypersonic ow over a Mars entry aeroshell with a single-nozzle, sonic propulsive decelerator (PD). The MPC method loosely couples an existing direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code to a Navier-Stokes solver (CFD). Previous studies have shown that the MPC method can maintain the physical accuracy of DSMC in regions where the Navier-Stokes equations break down, while achieving the computational e ciency of CFD in regions that are considered fully continuum. Due to the very high number density within the jet core, application of the DSMC method across the entire ow eld is computationally expensive, and unnecessary. Comparison of predictions made by full CFD and the MPC method are performed at low and high thrust conditions. It is found that the jet induces an increase in the size of the rare ed region compared to the jet o con guration. Despite the additional mass added by the jet at high thrust, the degree of rarefaction is found to increase due to the intensi cation in ow gradients in the jet expansion region. In addition, it is found that the MPC results predict a larger recirculation region in the jet-shock layer interaction region compared to continuum predictions. The continuum aerodynamic drag coe cients are under predicted by 6% at low thrust con guration and over predicted by a factor of 2:7 at the high thrust condition. However, total axial force predictions made by continuum and hybrid methods are in very good agreement at both thrust conditions.
Carcinoma of the colon in children

Abstract Three children under 18 years of age with carcinoma of the colon were found to have advanced disease and all rapidly died. A review of literature to date revealed 97 other cases with several noteworthy conclusions evident. The disease is almost invariably rapidly fatal, but a few long term survivors are noted in those patients with well-differentiated tumors. There was preponderance of highly malignant mucin-producing tumors. Almost all patients had a history which is disturbing in retrospect but which considered prospectively emphasizes the difficulty in early diagnosis. The prospects for improved results are not good but consideration of the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting should result in more survivors.
Potential Added Value of Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes

Meeting the challenge of effectively managing human resources requires new thinking and approaches. To extend the traditional perspective of economic capital, increasing recognition is being given ...
Mechanism for Nanotube Formation from Self-Bending Nanofilms Driven by Atomic-Scale Surface-Stress Imbalance

We demonstrate, by theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics simulation, a mechanism for fabricating nanotubes by self-bending of nanofilms under intrinsic surface-stress imbalance due to surface reconstruction. A freestanding Si nanofilm may spontaneously bend itself into a nanotube without external stress load, and a bilayer SiGe nanofilm may bend into a nanotube with Ge as the inner layer, opposite of the normal bending configuration defined by misfit strain. Such rolled-up nanotubes can accommodate a high level of strain, even beyond the magnitude of lattice mismatch, greatly modifying the tube electronic and optoelectronic properties.
Some problems facing intuitionist meta-methodologies

Intuitionistic meta-methodologies, which abound in recent philosophy of science, take the criterion of success for theories of scientific rationality to be whether those theories adequately explicate our intuitive judgments of rationality in exemplary cases. Garber's (1985) critique of Laudan's (1977) intuitionistic meta-methodology, correct as far as it goes, does not go far enough. Indeed, Garber himself advocates a form of intuitionistic meta-methodology; he merely denies any special role for historical (as opposed to contemporary or imaginary) test cases. What all such positions lack is a base from which to inform, criticize, or restructure our core methodological intuitions. To acquiesce in this is to deny that exemplary cases can serve the sort of warranting role required for intuitionism. This point is reinforced by a series of reasons for denying the warranting role of pre-analytic judgments of rationality. These reasons point the way toward an improved approach to meta-methodology.
Transaminases for pyridoxamine and purines.

BRAUNSTEIN'S1 demonstration of the transaminase reaction as a mode of formation of ammo-acids has been broadened recently to include a wide variety of transaminases in bacteria2, animal tissues3 and plants4. In the present communication, we wish to report the formation of compounds other than amino-acids by the transaminase reaction.
Correlation of rating data for rotating electric machinery

THE variety and extremes of environmental conditions to which electric equipment is subjected in military aircraft in connection with the stringent performance, weight, and space requirements make it mandatory that the environmental factors be properly considered in the application of this equipment. The major effect of the environment is that of cooling which has become a problem area in high-speed, high-altitude aircraft.1?3 For some time, the available information on cooling characteristics of electric machinery has been inadequate in its scope and was not sufficiently confirmed by tests.4?6 Adequate and correct rating data must be made available to the airframe designer for the purpose of applying the equipment in an efficient and reliable manner. In this paper, a rating and correlation method is described as applied to blast-cooled aircraft generators, but the method is not restricted to this equipment and is adaptable to any equipment which is cooled by forced convection with gases or liquids as the coolant.
Non-natural nucleotides as probes for the mechanism and fidelity of DNA polymerases

DNA is a remarkable macromolecule that functions primarily as the carrier of the genetic information of organisms ranging from viruses to bacteria to eukaryotes. The ability of DNA polymerases to efficiently and accurately replicate genetic material represents one of the most fundamental yet complex biological processes found in nature. The central dogma of DNA polymerization is that the efficiency and fidelity of this biological process is dependent upon proper hydrogen-bonding interactions between an incoming nucleotide and its templating partner. However, the foundation of this dogma has been recently challenged by the demonstration that DNA polymerases can effectively and, in some cases, selectively incorporate non-natural nucleotides lacking classic hydrogen-bonding capabilities into DNA. In this review, we describe the results of several laboratories that have employed a variety of non-natural nucleotide analogs to decipher the molecular mechanism of DNA polymerization. The use of various non-natural nucleotides has lead to the development of several different models that can explain how efficient DNA synthesis can occur in the absence of hydrogen-bonding interactions. These models include the influence of steric fit and shape complementarity, hydrophobicity and solvation energies, base-stacking capabilities, and negative selection as alternatives to rules invoking simple recognition of hydrogen-bonding patterns. Discussions are also provided regarding how the kinetics of primer extension and exonuclease proofreading activities associated with high-fidelity DNA polymerases are influenced by the absence of hydrogen-bonding functional groups exhibited by non-natural nucleotides.
Synthesis of Time-Variant Optimal Control with Nonquadratic Criteria

Abstract Under the assumption of convexity of nonquadratic time-variant criteria for a linear time-variant control system, it is proved in this paper that the closed-loop synthesis of the optimal control is given by a nonlinear feedback u(t) = −R −1 (t)B*(t)P(t, x(t)), in which P ( t , x ) is the normal solution of a quasi-Riccati operator equation. It is also shown that the nonlinear feedback operator P ( t , x ) can be explicitly expressed by solutions of the associated nonlinear algebraic equation and nonlinear integral equations respectively in three cases corresponding to Mayer problems, Lagrange problems, and Bolza problems.
The effect of monocular deprivation on the synaptic contacts of the visual cortex

The effect of visual deprivation on synaptic contacts in the visual cortex was studied with the electron microscope. The deprivation was achieved by unilateral lid suture in 14-day old white rats before eye opening after which the animals were kept for 8 weeks. The density and the size of synaptic contacts in the upper part of the visual cortex (from the surface of layer II up to V) were estimated. The mean density of synapses of the visual cortex supplied by the deprived eye was 20% less than on the control side, the upper levels of the cortex being more affected. The mean size of synaptic contacts was larger (+7.5%) in the upper levels of the deprived cortex. No right left difference in density and size were found in control animals.
The Influence of Fermi-Level Pinning at the GaAs Substrate on HEMT threshold Voltage

A two-dimensional quantum well, strong-inversion model of threshold in AlGaAs/GaAs high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) has been extended to include the effects of Fermi-level pinning at the semi-insulating boundary of the thin active GaAs layer. The pinning of the Fermi level at the semi-insulating boundary results from an abundance of mid-gap traps in the substrate and couples the carrier channel at the AlGaAs/GaAs interface to the substrate. This communication between the carrier channel and the substrate causes the threshold voltage characteristics of the pinned devices to be substantially different from those of a conventional, semi-infinite HEMT structure. The discrepancy in the threshold voltage approaches 250 mV for a 0.1-μm active-layer device having a typical acceptor doping of ∼1014 cm−3. The quantum-well HEMT threshold model has also been compared to a classical analysis of the threshold voltage. For low acceptor doping and thin GaAs layers (<0.5 μm), neglecting quantum effects can result in significant errors in the threshold voltage calculation. For state-of-the art AlGaAs/GaAs microcircuits, in which device dimensions are shrinking and unintentional acceptor densities are decreasing, analyses of the I-V characteristics of thin, fully depleted devices must be carried out in the electric quantum limit and include the effects of the semi-insulating substrate.
Prescribed Fire and Post-Fire Seeding in Brush Masticated Oak-Chaparral: Consequences for Native and Non-Native Plants

In fire-suppressed oak-chaparral communities, land managers have treated thousands of hectares by mechanical mastication to reduce hazardous fuels in areas of wildland-urban interface. The chipped debris, which decomposes slowly, can be burned to minimize wildfire hazard. The question is whether controlled burning of masticated debris results in loss of native plant species richness and abundance, allowing for gains in non-native species. We examined the response of vegetation to the seasonality of prescribed fire and to postfire seeding in mechanically masticated oak-chaparral communities in the Applegate Valley of southwestern Oregon, USA. At the landscape level, treatments did not differ. At the site level, response of native and non-native species varied by site and treatment. Following prescribed fire, native species decreased in cover and increased in species richness; non-native species increased in cover and in species richness. Seven species that were not observed on pre-treatment plots appeared after burn treatments. Non-native annual grasses and forbs increased following both spring and fall burns. Among native species, annuals declined in cover while perennials increased slightly. Both annual and perennial natives increased in species richness following burn treatments. Community patterns at the site scale changed following all treatments. Seeded bunchgrasses, Lemmon’s needlegrass (Achnatherum lemmonii [Vasey] Barkworth), California brome (Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn.), blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus Buckley), and Roemer’s fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer ssp. roemeri [Pavlick] S. Aiken), successfully established following fall prescribed fires, but not following spring prescribed fires or in unburned controls. Post-fire seeding and subsequent increased bunchgrass cover correlated with decreased non-native species. Prescribed low severity fire followed by post-fire seeding during the wet, cool season is a viable tool for introducing native bunchgrasses while controlling non-native species in mechanically masticated oak-chaparral in southwestern Oregon.
Conjoint analysis of industry location preferences: evidence from the softwood lumber industry in the US

Conjoint Analysis (CA) was used to study location preferences among members of the softwood lumber industry in the southern and western regions of the US. This industry was selected as an example of a resource-based industry to test several hypotheses derived from location theory. Decision-makers, owners and managers, identified price of logs and distance to sources for logs as the most important location factors. A secondary category included wages and energy costs. Other variables such as cost of land, quality of access roads and distance to markets are less important. There were statistically significant differences in the part-worth estimates of raw materials and wage costs among decision-makers but not between regions in an ordered model for site preference. Marginal analysis of the price of logs stressed its importance as the major location factor in the softwood lumber industry.
FIVE TYPES OF SYSTEMS PHILOSOPHY

Bunge's three types of systems philosophies are expanded to five: atomism (the world is an aggregate of elements, without wholes; to be understood by analysis), holism (ultimate reality is a whole without parts, except as illusory manifestations; apprehended intuitively), emergentism (parts exist together and their relations, connections, and organized interaction constitute wholes that continue to depend upon them for their existence and nature; understood first analytically and then synthetically), structuralism (the universe is a whole within which all systems and their processes exist as depending parts; understanding can be aided by creative deduction), and organicism (every existing system has both parts and whole, and is part of a larger whole, etc.; understanding the nature of whole-part polarities is a clue to understanding the nature of systems. How these five types correlated with theories of conceptual systems and methodologies is also sketched.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 1β Modulates Host Innate Immune Response by Antagonizing IRF3 Activation

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of swine leads to a serious disease characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. It is hypothesized that a suboptimal innate immune response is responsible for the disease pathogenesis. In the study presented here we tested this hypothesis and identified several nonstructural proteins (NSPs) with innate immune evasion properties encoded by the PRRS viral genome. Four of the total ten PRRSV NSPs tested were found to have strong to moderate inhibitory effects on beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activation. The strongest inhibitory effect was exhibited by NSP1 followed by, NSP2, NSP11, and NSP4. We focused on NSP1α and NSP1β (self-cleavage products of NSP1 during virus infection) and NSP11, three NSPs with strong inhibitory activity. All of three proteins, when expressed stably in cell lines, strongly inhibited double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) signaling pathways. NSP1β was found to inhibit both IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)- and NF-κB-dependent gene induction by dsRNA and Sendai virus. Mechanistically, the dsRNA-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 were strongly inhibited by NSP1β. Moreover, when tested in a porcine myelomonocytic cell line, NSP1β inhibited Sendai virus-mediated activation of porcine IFN-β promoter activity. We propose that this NSP1β-mediated subversion of the host innate immune response plays an important role in PRRSV pathogenesis.
Perturbations of unitary representations of the Galilei group: Mass operators with continuous spectra

Abstract We present a systematic procedure for constructing mass operators with continuous spectra for a system of particles in a manner consistent with Galilean relativity. These mass operators can be used to construct what may be called point-form Galilean dynamics. As in the relativistic case introduced by Dirac, the point-form dynamics for the Galilean case is characterized by both the Hamiltonian and momenta being altered by interactions. An interesting property of such perturbative terms to the Hamiltonian and momentum operators is that, while having well-defined transformation properties under the Galilei group, they also satisfy Maxwell’s equations. This result is an alternative to the well-known Feynman–Dyson derivation of Maxwell’s equations from non-relativistic quantum physics.
Aortico-Left Atrial Fistula in Aortic Valve Endocarditis

Aortic root abscess is a well-known complication of aortic valve endocarditis. This report describes the two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in a patient with aortic valve endocarditis whose course was complicated by a posterior aortic root abscess which ruptured into the left atrium creating an aortico-left atrial fistula, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. These findings were confirmed at surgery.
Optimizing Frozen Sample Preparation for Laser Microdissection: Assessment of CryoJane Tape-Transfer System®

Laser microdissection is an invaluable tool in medical research that facilitates collecting specific cell populations for molecular analysis. Diversity of research targets (e.g., cancerous and precancerous lesions in clinical and animal research, cell pellets, rodent embryos, etc.) and varied scientific objectives, however, present challenges toward establishing standard laser microdissection protocols. Sample preparation is crucial for quality RNA, DNA and protein retrieval, where it often determines the feasibility of a laser microdissection project. The majority of microdissection studies in clinical and animal model research are conducted on frozen tissues containing native nucleic acids, unmodified by fixation. However, the variable morphological quality of frozen sections from tissues containing fat, collagen or delicate cell structures can limit or prevent successful harvest of the desired cell population via laser dissection. The CryoJane Tape-Transfer System®, a commercial device that improves cryosectioning outcomes on glass slides has been reported superior for slide preparation and isolation of high quality osteocyte RNA (frozen bone) during laser dissection. Considering the reported advantages of CryoJane for laser dissection on glass slides, we asked whether the system could also work with the plastic membrane slides used by UV laser based microdissection instruments, as these are better suited for collection of larger target areas. In an attempt to optimize laser microdissection slide preparation for tissues of different RNA stability and cryosectioning difficulty, we evaluated the CryoJane system for use with both glass (laser capture microdissection) and membrane (laser cutting microdissection) slides. We have established a sample preparation protocol for glass and membrane slides including manual coating of membrane slides with CryoJane solutions, cryosectioning, slide staining and dissection procedure, lysis and RNA extraction that facilitated efficient dissection and high quality RNA retrieval from CryoJane preparations. CryoJane technology therefore has the potential to facilitate standardization of laser microdissection slide preparation from frozen tissues.
Postmarketing surveillance rates of uveitis and scleritis with bisphosphonates among a national veteran cohort.

Purpose:Uveitis and scleritis are the most serious ocular side effects of bisphosphonate therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the 6-month rates of uveitis/scleritis following dispensing of bisphosphonates in a large veteran cohort.Methods:Two national databases (clinical and pharmacy)
A measurement of the unstirred aqueous boundary layer in a Franz diffusion cell

The unstirred aqueous boundary layer (ABL) thickness was determined for modified Franz diffusion cells using three test compounds--parathion, 4-hexylresorcinol, and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Steady-state fluxes through one, two, and three dialysis membranes in series were achieved in donor-saturated, infinite-dose permeation experiments. These results were then used to calculate the total diffusive resistance for each case, as well as an extrapolated zero membrane value which was used in conjunction with an estimate of the aqueous diffusivities to calculate the ABL thickness. The resulting value (mean ± SE) was 0.070 ± 0.004 cm.
Artificial intelligence looks at natural language

Abstract For researchers in artificial intelligence, a central problem in processing natural languages is that of building an internal representation of the meanings of discourses. This process of semantic interpretation involves grammar-based and knowledge-based processes. Grammar-based processes perform lexical access and syntactic analysis. Knowledge-based processes are necessary for resolving ambiguities, for determining specific referents for noun phrases, for identifying extensions of meanings, and for developing a globally coherent model of the situation described in the discourse. Knowledge-based processes very much depend on being able to make the kinds of common sense inferences that humans make to fill in what is not explicit in the discourse. The way the internal representation of discourse content is organized is at the heart of the design of any system that can understand natural language discourse.
Physiological perfusion model for cephalosporin antibiotics I: Model selection based on blood drug concentrations

Various cephalosporins with different degrees of protein binding were administered to human volunteers. Blood samples were collected as a function of time and were assayed for drug content by a microbiological assay. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the data was performed using a two-compartment model with and without protein binding in the central compartment and a perfusion model. Both the two-compartment model without protein binding and the physiological perfusion model adequately described the blood levels of all three cephalosporins.
Dynamics of viscoplastic deformation in amorphous solids

We propose a dynamical theory of low-temperature shear deformation in amorphous solids. Our analysis is based on molecular-dynamics simulations of a two-dimensional, two-component noncrystalline system. These numerical simulations reveal behavior typical of metallic glasses and other viscoplastic materials, specifically, reversible elastic deformation at small applied stresses, irreversible plastic deformation at larger stresses, a stress threshold above which unbounded plastic flow occurs, and a strong dependence of the state of the system on the history of past deformations. Microscopic observations suggest that a dynamically complete description of the macroscopic state of this deforming body requires specifying, in addition to stress and strain, certain average features of a population of two-state shear transformation zones. Our introduction of these state variables into the constitutive equations for this system is an extension of earlier models of creep in metallic glasses. In the treatment presented here, we specialize to temperatures far below the glass transition and postulate that irreversible motions are governed by local entropic fluctuations in the volumes of the transformation zones. In most respects, our theory is in good quantitative agreement with the rich variety of phenomena seen in the simulations. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Community Attachment and Depression Among Residents in Two Rural Midwestern Communities1

The relationship between community attachment and depression is examined in a sample survey (N = 295) in two midwestern rural towns and their surrounding open-country areas. When community attachment, a variable through which a rural resident's social integration into the local community affects mental health, was low, higher levels of symptoms of depression were observed. The economic viability of the local community was found to have a relationship to mean depression scores in the towns but not in the open-country areas.
Histidyl-Proline-Diketopiperazine (Cyclo-His-Pro) Inhibits the Suckling- and Domperidone-Induced Transformation of Prolactin in the Lactating Rat*

The histidyl-proline-diketopiperazine (cyclo-his-pro) metabolite of TRH inhibited the transformation of prereleasable PRL within the anterior pituitary and as a consequence, the normal rise in plasma PRL levels when injected before suckling. The dose (400 ng) was administered five times at 1-min intervals. PRL suppression was similar to that resulting from dopamine injected at the same rate. Combined injections of cyclo-his-pro and dopamine, each at the 400 ng/min for 5 min rate, provoked a greater inhibition of PRL than did either alone. Neither cyclo-his-pro nor dopamine inhibited the suckling-induced release of PRL in rats whose PRL had previously been transformed by a short (10-min) period of suckling. The stimulatory effects of iv administered domperidone (0.005 or 0.01 mg/rat) and haloperidol (0.2 mg/rat) upon PRL transformation and release in the lactating rat were substantially reduced by cyclo-his-pro in a dose-related fashion over a range of doses from 200-800 ng/min for 5 min. These results demonstrate that cyclo-his-pro inhibits PRL secretion in the lactating rat after suckling, primarily through inhibition of the transformation phase, and that the inhibitory mechanism may involve an interaction with dopamine.
The use of interpreters in family therapy with deaf persons

The paper discusses the use of interpreters in family therapy with deaf person families. Issues from the perspective of the therapist, the interpreter, and the family are presented.