cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-polio sequelae and the paradigms of the 50s: Newtie, Ozzie, and Harriet versus Paradigms of Caring and a future for rehabilitation in America

E FIND OURSELVES at an extremely interesting and extremely extreme point in our nation's history. The pendulum of what Americans believe government should do has swung all the way from Franklin Roosevelt' s New Deal, gaining momentum as it flew past Lyndon Johnson's Great Society to hit Bill Clinton squarely between the eyes. In listening to the political rhetoric since last year's Republican coup, I believe that not only have the times changed but also that time itself has changed. I have the feeling it is not June 24, 1995. It feels to me as if the clock has been turned back exactly 40 years. So, put on your poodle skirts, slick back your D.A.s and let us return to those thrilling days of yesteryear so we can view the childhood and adolescence of rehabilitation through the eyes of those who have grown up with it: the survivors of America's polio epidemics. Let us see what lessons have been learned, now that both the polio poster children and rehabilitation have reached midlife, and ask this most important question: Given the current ideological timewarp, will polio survivors--will rehabilitation itself--have any future at all, let alone enjoy their golden years?
Requirements for capsid-binding and an effector function in TRIMCyp-mediated restriction of HIV-1

In owl monkeys, a retrotransposition event replaced the gene encoding the retroviral restriction factor TRIM5alpha with one encoding TRIMCyp, a fusion between the RING, B-box 2 and coiled-coil domains of TRIM5 and cyclophilin A. TRIMCyp restricts human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection by a mechanism dependent on the interaction of the cyclophilin A moiety and the HIV-1 capsid protein. Here, we show that infection by retroviruses other than HIV-1 can be restricted by TRIMCyp, providing an explanation for the evolutionary retention of the TRIMCyp gene in owl monkey lineages. The TRIMCyp-mediated block to HIV-1 infection occurs before the earliest step of reverse transcription. TRIMCyp-mediated restriction involves at least two functions: (1) capsid binding, which occurs most efficiently for trimeric TRIMCyp proteins that retain the coiled-coil and cyclophilin A domains, and (2) an effector function that depends upon the B-box 2 domain.
The discovery of an O subdwarf in the globular cluster NGC 6712

Spectral data for C49 in the globular cluster NGC 6712 are examined with reference to evolutionary models for low-mass stars that are contracting into white dwarfs. The spectrum of this star is found to be almost identical to that of the first sdO star found in a globular cluster, star A in NGC 6397. Analysis of the spectral data using nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium models gives surface parameters T not less than 50,000 K, log g = 5.5 plus or minus 0.5, and N(He)/N(H) approximately equal to 0.1. The results are consistent with the models considered.
Case Conceptualization: A Strategy for Incorporating Individual, Couple and Family Dynamics in the Treatment Process

While market and regulatory forces have made case conceptualizations essential in individual, couple and family therapy, therapists, trainees, and supervisors are increasingly recognizing the clinical value and utility of case conceptualizations in everyday practice. This article describes and critically analyzes three main types of case conceptualization and argues that the client-focused type is the most appropriate in addressing theoretical and clinical considerations. A client-focused type with a phenomenological and systematic emphasis, called pattern analysis, is described. A detailed case study illustrates pattern analysis.
Measuring bacterial adhesion at environmental interfaces with single-cell and single-molecule techniques

A synopsis is provided of techniques currently used to quantify the interactions between bacterial cells and surfaces. Focus is placed on techniques which allow for direct probing of nano, pico, or femto-scale interaction forces between bacteria and surfaces of relevance for environmental science and engineering. We focus on bacterial adhesion measurements and surface characterizations via techniques that measure forces on individual bacterial cells or cellular macromolecules, particularly atomic force microscopy (AFM) and related force spectroscopy. However, we also include overviews of other techniques useful for evaluating cellular forces, such as optical tweezers, evanescent wave scattering-based techniques (i.e. total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) and total internal reflection aqueous fluorescence (TIRAF) microscopy) and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). These latter techniques, while most are not providing direct measurements of forces of adhesion, can be used to explain adhesion and interaction forces in bacterial systems. We review the operating principles, advantages and limitations of each technique, and key bacterial adhesion studies from each area are presented. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies for relating force measurements to bacterial attachment, particularly to bacterial retention in porous media, are discussed.
Groundwater flow and radionuclide transport calculations for a performance assessment of a low-level waste site

Abstract Predictions of subsurface radionuclide transport are used to support the groundwater pathway analysis for the performance assessment of the low-level, solid radioactive waste site at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Detailed process-based models rather than higher-level performance-assessment models are used to perform the transport calculations. The deterministic analyses predict the fate of the waste from its source, through the vadose zone, into the saturated zone and, finally, the potential dose to humans at the accessible environment. The calculations are run with the finite-element code FEHM, which simulates fluid flow, heat transport, and reactive, contaminant transport through porous and fractured media. The modeling approach for this study couples realistic source-term models with an unsaturated-zone flow and transport model, which is then linked to the saturated-zone flow and transport model. The three-dimensional unsaturated-zone flow and transport model describes the complex hydrology associated with the mesa-top and volcanic geology of the site. The continued migration of nuclides into the main aquifer is calculated using a three-dimensional, steady-flow, saturated-zone model that maintains the spatial and temporal distribution of nuclide flux from the vadose zone. Preliminary results for the aquifer-related dose assessments show that doses are well below relevant performance objectives for low-level waste sites. A general screening technique that compares the nuclide's half-life to its unsaturated-zone travel time is described. This technique helps to decrease the number of transport calculations required at a site. In this case, over half the nuclides were eliminated from further consideration through this screening.
Ethmoid component in the orbit of primates.

SZALAY1 has attributed to Forsyth Major2 the statement that the ethmoid bone appears in the medial orbital wall of many Madagascar prosimians. But in fact, an orbital exposure (os planum) of the ethmoid is known only in Cheirogaleus and Microcebus among Lemuriformes. As Jones3 and Kollman4 have demonstrated, the element which Forsyth Major mistook for an os planum is the pre-nasopalatine part of the palatine bone.
Thermally evoked parotid salivation.

Parotid salivation is known to be influenced by the temperature of liquids moved around the mouth. Here we investigated the ability of non-liquid thermal stimuli to change the rate of salivation. Unilateral parotid saliva was collected using a Lashley Cup from 12 normally hydrated subjects. Thermal stimuli were delivered through a copper tube, in which temperature-controlled water flowed, resting statically on the anterior tongue. During separate trials, the tube was 10, 22, or 44 °C, or the resting temperature of the tongue (or hypothenar of the hand, the control site). On each trial, the unstimulated salivation rate was first measured for 6 min while the subject remained seated with the mouth closed. Subsequently, salivation was measured for 6 min during application of the thermal stimulus. The tube was then removed for 1–2 min before the next trial. During the trials, subjects repeatedly rated the subjective temperature of the tongue (or hypothenar) and its perceived wetness/dryness. Stimulated salivation, expressed as a proportion of the previously measured unstimulated salivation, differed among body sites and temperatures (P < 0.03). A significant increase in salivation was seen only for the 10 °C stimulus applied to the tongue. Wetness ratings and salivation rates were positively correlated, albeit weakly. These results demonstrate that temperature-evoked changes in parotid salivation do not require the unique spatiotemporal dynamics of the tongue and jaw movements in wetting the oral mucosa.
Chromatographic terminal band lengths

A terminal band length is defined here as the length of a dispersed solute band as it emerges from the chromatographic column. The number of terminal band lengths per column can be used in the same way that the number of theoretical plates per column is used to measure and compare chromatographic efficiencies, but with greater insight since the proposed unit of measure is an easily visualized, real entity. In addition, the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) can be regarded as a ratio of the terminal band lenght to sixteen times the number of equivalent terminal band lengths that could be contained in tandem in the column. This concept offers another approach to understanding the meaning of the term, HETP. The terminal band length of a series of homologues is constant and independent of retention time above a certain solute molecular size and column capacity ratio. Within those conditions the correlation between the recorded peak width and retention time during isothermal analysis occurs primarily as a result of change in solute velocity.
A Perspective of Evolution After Five Years: A Large-Scale Study of Web Spam Evolution

Identifying and detecting web spam is an ongoing battle between spam-researchers and spammers which has been going on since search engines allowed searching of web pages to the modern sharing of web links via social networks. A common challenge faced by spam-researchers is the fact that new techniques depend on requiring a corpus of legitimate and spam web pages. Although large corpora of legitimate web pages are available to researchers, the same cannot be said about web spam or spam web pages. In this paper, we introduce the Webb Spam Corpus 2011 — a corpus of approximately 330,000 spam web pages — which we make available to researchers in the fight against spam. By having a standard corpus available, researchers can collaborate better on developing and reporting results of spam filtering techniques. The corpus contains web pages crawled from links found in over 6.3 million spam emails. We analyze multiple aspects of this corpus including redirection, HTTP headers, web page content, and classification evaluation. We also provide insights into changes in web spam since the last Webb Spam Corpus was released in 2006. These insights include: (1) spammers manipulate social media in spreading spam; (2) HTTP headers and content also change over time; (3) spammers have evolved and adopted new techniques to avoid the detection based on HTTP header information.
Comparing outcomes of enucleation and evisceration.

Purpose To compare clinical outcomes of enucleation and evisceration by functional and aesthetic measures. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative analysis. Participants Eighty-four patients who underwent enucleation or evisceration. Methods The medical records of the participants were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical photographs were graded by blinded observers for qualitative measures. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative eyelid and motility measurements, as well as subjective grades of various aesthetic and functional outcomes. Results There is no statistically significant difference in the overall aesthetic outcome of enucleation and evisceration, although several specific comparisons were found to be significant. Implant motility score is higher in eviscerated eyes (5.58±2.08) than in enucleated eyes (4.35±1.69) ( P = 0.05). Adduction of the implant is significantly less than abduction in eviscerated eyes (1.34 vs. 1.44; P = 0.02). Implant motility is greater than prosthesis motility. Both enucleation and evisceration result in enophthalmos and a sulcus defect. Seven of 32 patients (21.9%) who underwent enucleation experienced a complication, whereas only of 7 of 52 patients (13.5%) who underwent evisceration experienced a complication ( P = 0.0002). The 2 most common complications were implant exposure and formation of a pyogenic granuloma. Conclusions Although enucleation and evisceration produce aesthetically similar outcomes, eviscerated eyes have better implant motility and experience fewer complications. Both enucleation and evisceration result in enophthalmos, sulcus contour defects, and incomplete transfer of implant motility to the prosthesis.
Genetically engineered polymers for drug delivery.

Genetic engineering methodology offers the ability to synthesize protein-based polymers with precisely controlled structures. Protein-based polymers synthesized by recombinant techniques have a wel...
Robotic Surgical Technique for Pediatric Laryngotracheal Reconstruction

The attributes of robotic technology—steady, precise movements and untiring action in difficult positions and confined spaces—are well suited to surgical procedures that benefit from these qualities. Ironically, the introduction of robotic technology to the specialty of otolaryngology has been limited by the same anatomic constraints that make the technology so appealing: the anatomic areas that currently are accessed using minimally invasive endoscopic methods can be too small to accommodate the robotic apparatus. This article focuses on the authors' experience using the da Vinci robotic surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, California).
Intimal thickness associated with endothelial dysfunction in human vein grafts

Abstract Background Intimal hyperplasia is a complex process thought to be initiated by injury and is the leading cause of vein graft failure. In the present investigation, we hypothesized that the basal intimal thickness in the human saphenous vein is a predictor of endothelial dysfunction and, potentially, intimal hyperplasia. Methods Human saphenous veins were obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery. The segments were contracted with phenylephrine and relaxed with carbachol to determine the endothelial-dependent relaxation. The vein segments were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and grown for 14 d in high-serum culture and then fixed in formalin. The fixed tissues were stained with Verhoeff-Van Gieson, and the average intimal and medial thicknesses were calculated using light microscopy and a computerized image analysis system. Results The human saphenous veins displayed varying amounts of basal intimal thickness (range 18.80–241.3 μm). The endothelial-dependent relaxation of the veins was highly variable, with values ranging from 0% to 27.59%. Human saphenous veins with a basal intimal thickness greater than 120 μm had significantly less endothelial-dependent relaxation (8.90% ± 6.32%) than those with a basal intimal thickness less than 120 μm (21.97% ± 10.64%). Endothelial dysfunction correlated with a basal intimal thickness greater than 120 μm (P = 0.02). The basal intimal thickness also correlated with increased intimal thickness after 14 d in organ culture (P = 0.0001). Conclusions A basal intimal thickness greater than 120 μm is a predictor of endothelial dysfunction. Also, because a greater basal intimal thickness correlated with an increased intimal thickness after organ culture, the basal intimal thickness might predict vein graft failure owing to intimal hyperplasia.
Cancellation of scheduled procedures as a mechanism to generate hospital bed surge capacity-a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The ability to generate hospital beds in response to a mass-casualty incident is an essential component of public health preparedness. Although many acute care hospitals' emergency response plans include some provision for delaying or cancelling elective procedures in the event of an inpatient surge, no standardized method for implementing and quantifying the impact of this strategy exists in the literature. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to prospectively emergency plan for implementing a strategy of delaying procedures and quantifying the potential impact of this strategy on creating hospital bed capacity. METHODS: This is a pilot study. A categorization methodology was devised and applied retrospectively to all scheduled procedures during four one-week periods chosen by convenience. The categorization scheme grouped procedures into four categories: (A) procedures with no impact on inpatient capacity; (B) procedures that could be delayed indefinitely; (C) procedures that could be delayed by one week; and (D) procedures that could not be delayed. The categorization scheme was applied by two research assistants and an emergency medicine resident. All three raters categorized the first 100 cases to allow for calculation of inter-rater reliability. Maximal hospital bed capacity was defined as the 95th percentile weekday occupancy, as this is more representative of functional bed capacity than is the number of licensed beds. The main outcome was the number of hospital beds that could be created by postponing procedures in categories B and C. RESULTS: Maximal hospital bed capacity was 816 beds. Mean occupancy during weekdays was 759 versus 694 on weekends. By postponing Group B and C procedures, a mean of 60 beds (51 general medical/surgical and nine intensive care unit (ICU)) could be created on weekdays, and four beds (three general medical/surgical and one ICU) on weekends. This represents 7.3% and 0.49% of maximal hospital bed capacity and ICU capacity, respectively. In the event that sustained surge is needed, delaying all category B and C procedures for one week would lead to the generation of 1,235 hospital-bed days. Inter-rater reliability was high (kappa = 0.74) indicating good agreement between all three raters. CONCLUSIONS: For the institution studied, the strategy of delaying scheduled procedures could generate inpatient capacity with maximal impact during weekdays and little impact on weekends. Future research is needed to validate the categorization scheme and increase the ability to predict inpatient surge capacity across various hospital types and sizes.
Estimation of total body composition by regional dual photon absorptiometry.

The accuracy of estimating total body composition from dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) and the soft tissue attenuation ratio (Rst) from regional scans over the abdomen was investigated in a group (n = 82) of young adult (age = 17-38 years) females with diverse activity histories. Forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was estimated from single photon absorptiometry. Lumbar vertebrae and femur BMC, and trunk (lumbar region) soft tissue composition (Rst) were estimated from DPA. Percent body fat, the criterion variable, was estimated from body density (BD) after adjusting for individual variation in BMC, an important source of variability in body density. The test-retest reliability of Rst, assessed in a second group of subjects (n = 30), was excellent (r = 0.99; SEM = 0.10%). Rst was significantly (P ≤ .05) correlated with body density (r = .78), limb and especially trunk skinfolds, and predicted total body fat (%) with an SEE of 3.9%. These results demonstrate that DPA is a useful technique for obtaining estimates of both bone mineral and soft tissue composition, particularly in populations suspected to have significant bone loss. Given the association between Rst and trunk (abdominal) fat, DPA may prove to be a useful technique for investigating the association between abdominal fat and disease.
Enabling concurrent engineering in the computational fluid dynamics environment

This paper describes a knowledge-based concurrent engineering approach to automate the activities of the product analysis process. The major focus in this paper is the development of the analysis model from the product specification data. The approach discussed in this paper recognizes the differences between product design and model design. The product specification (or computer-aided design) data can be used as the starting point to build performance models for analysis which, in turn, can be used to generate the appropriate mesh specification. The unconventional approach described in this paper proposes a way to help reduce the difficulty and tedium of the analysis model building and mesh specification tasks in the product analysis process. A description of an AI-based framework to perform the activities of analysis model formulation and mesh specification is provided. Implementation aspects related to analysis model formulation are also addressed.
Influence of d- and q-axis currents on demagnetization in PM synchronous machines

This paper investigates the influence of d- and q-axis current components on the static demagnetization behavior of permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines. Finite element (FE) analysis is used to analyze and simulate the behavior of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. The flux density is recorded at several points inside the magnets for various magnitudes of both d- and q-axis current and compared to a threshold value that would result in irreversible demagnetization. Both current components are found to have a significant influence on the demagnetization behavior of the permanent magnets, particularly in the regions that are most at risk for demagnetization. Results show that q-axis current supplied to the machine under some circumstances can offset the degrading effect of d-axis current that would otherwise result in demagnetization. Similar trends are exhibited in IPM machines with both rare-earth and ferrite magnets. Implications of this current component interaction for reducing magnet vulnerability to demagnetization are examined to better understand the opportunities to use it constructively in the design future IPM machines and control strategies with improved electromagnetic robustness.
Effective shear-strain driven electromechanical response in helical rippled carbon nanotubes

Although objective molecular dynamics coupled with symmetry-adapted tight binding allows for a rigorous atomistic description of helical rippling [D.-B. Zhang, R. D. James, and T. Dumitric\ifmmode \u{a}\else \u{a}\fi{}, Phys. Rev. B 80, 115418 (2009)], there is still little understanding about what effect drives the observed changes in electronic structure. We show that the intralayer shear strain, rather than the known bilayer coupling and $\ensuremath{\sigma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ orbital mixing effects, dominates gapping in armchair carbon nanotubes. Using an effective shear strain of the tube wall, we relate the response of the rippled morphology to the known behavior exhibited by cylindrical carbon nanotubes.
Fracture behavior of Lennard-Jones glasses

The fracture behavior of binary Lennard-Jones (LJ) glasses is studied by extensive molecular dynamics simulations. These LJ glasses represent a nonbond limit of polymer network glasses. We determine that the low strain behavior of the LJ and polymer glasses is similar. Two different LJ glasses are fractured under tensile strain without any preexisting crack. Void formation and resulting growth as strain increases is the mechanism through which the system fails. Void formation initiates at the yield strain of varepsilon (y) approximately 0.09, which is approximately the same strain at which the yielding behavior is first observed in cross-linked network models of polymer adhesives. The yield stress increased only by small amounts with increased strain rate and with increased system size (from N=30 000 atoms to 120 000 atoms). Within the ranges tested, the stress-strain behavior of these systems is independent of the temperature drop during quench and the initial molecular configuration.
Robustness of electronic coherence in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex to vibronic and structural modifications

We present the first two-dimensional electronic spectra of photosynthetic antenna complexes bearing modifications to the protein and the chromophores. The vibronic structure of the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex was altered by near-complete substitution of 13C for naturally abundant carbon and separately by randomly distributed partial deuteration. The structure and arrangement of the bacteriochlorophyllachromophores were modified by deletion of the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for reducing the isoprenoid tail of the bacteriochlorophylls. Analysis of the time-dependent amplitude of the crosspeak corresponding to excitons 1 and 2 indicates that these modifications do not affect the frequency or dephasing of the beating observed in this particular peak. This result leads us to conclude that this beating indeed arises from electronic coherence and not vibrational wavepacket motion. We further conclude that the protection of zero-quantum coherences afforded by the protein matrix of this photosynthetic complex is not the result of a finely-tuned series of system–bath interactions perfected by billions of years of evolution but rather a simple downstream property of a close arrangement of chromophores within a phonon bath. We conclude with a brief discussion of the outstanding questions and possible applications of this phenomenon.
Short pulse coherent Doppler Nd : YAG lidar

A short pulse (8 ns) coherent Nd:YAG lidar at 1.06 im has been developed for 1 m range-resolved lidar measurements of high velocity (>1 km/s) aerosol or distributed targets with a Doppler shift bandwidth of up to 1 GHz. This system, which also permitted simultaneous heterodyne and direct detection, has been utilized to make, for the first time, an experimental comparison of the average carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio, and standard deviation of the lidar return signals from hard targets. Nearly equal CNRs were measured with heterodyne and direct detection at a relatively short range of 450 m near the ground due to the wide electrical bandwidth (1 GHz) ofthe system. The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical predictions that included the effects of atmospheric turbulence, and indicate the importance of atmospheric turbulence in the optimal design of a coherent lidar receiver at 1 m.
Mechanics and physics of energy density theory

Abstract As a departure from the classical continuum mechanics approach, irreversible material behavior is uniquely identified with the exchange of surface and volume energy density through the rate of change of volume with surface area. This provides an one-to-one correspondence between the uniaxial and multiaxial stress or energy state. Equivalent uniaxial stress and strain response can thus be determined for each material element that undergoes damage by permanent deformation and/or fracture. Discussed in detail are the applications of surface energy or volume energy with continuum mechanics theories for analyzing failure in contrast to the strain energy density that analyzes stress and failure simultaneously. In particular, the results for the progressive damage of a slowly moving crack are presented and compared with those obtained from the theory of plasticity. It is shown that the neglected of dilatational energy in plasticity results in inaccurate prediction of the state of affairs near the crack tip. Since the stresses and strains in the strain energy density theory are determined separately, nonlinear and finite strains may be easily included into d V/ d A and incorporated into the formulation. This opens the door to a class of nonlinear problems that can be solved directly even for finite and large strains including energy dissipation.
Course of pain sensitivity in aging: pathogenetical aspects of silent cardiopathy.

Aging is often considered a risk factor for silent ischemic cardiopathy. Using endermic electric stimuli, we assessed the course of pain threshold and pain tolerance in 23 male subjects affected by silent myocardial ischaemia, and in 20 male subjects with symptomatic cardiopathy; we also attempted to define the role played by age. Values of pain threshold were assessed using the same method in a group of 40 healthy subjects, five for each age decade, between 10 and 90 years. Our data show a significant difference in pain threshold and tolerance between subjects with silent and symptomatic cardiopathies (34.7 ± 12.6 mA versus 25.2 ± 12.5 mA: P < 0.001 for the threshold and 68.5 ± 21.2 mA versus 46.0 ± 22.3: P < 0.001 for tolerance). The fact that the significance of our results is superior to that of other studies may be due to the particular method of stimulation used and to the uniformity of the sample studied (sex, age, exclusion of subjects with anxiety-depressive symptoms). No difference was found in pain threshold as regards age. It seems probable that the difference found between subjects with silent and symptomatic cardiopathies is due to the different modulation of the perception of pain at a central level, independently of the age factor.
Facile Synthesis of Double‐Shelled Polypyrrole Hollow Particles with a Structure Similar to That of a Thermal Bottle

Polystyrene (PS) hollow spheres containing a hole on the surface were used as templates to fabricate double-shelled polypyrrole (PPy) hollow particles with a unique structure similar to that of a thermal bottle. Thanks to the hole on the surface, the monomer and initiator could easily and quickly diffuse into the interior of the PS hollow sphere to generate uniform PPy coatings on both the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow template. When the PS template was selectively removed with tetrahydrofuran, we obtained a double-shelled hollow particle with a structure resembling that of a thermal bottle. We also demonstrated that the morphology and porosity of the resultant PPy coatings could be manipulated and fine-tuned by adjusting at least three parameters: the concentration of monomer, the polymerization time, and the addition of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).
Absence of selenate avoidance by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Abstract Forty fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) were individually offered a choice between “clean” water and water containing selenate in a flow-through. Sprague-type avoidance system. During a control period beginning each trial, fatheads exhibited no significant avoidance of either end of the test chamber. Mean residence times in the two ends equalled 48.8 and 51.2% of total time. Similarly fathead minnows did not avoid selenate at concentrations of 0.3–11.2 mg Se l −1 in 4 separate trials. Overall, the 40 fish partitioned 48.5 and 51.5% of their time in the selenate and selenate-free ends, respectively. These results demonstrate that fathead minnows do not behaviorally avoid harmful concentrations of selenate.
Materials considerations in tritium handling systems

Abstract The interaction of tritium with materials of construction is a key area of consideration in addressing tritium handling and containment requirements for fusion systems. In this context, dissolution, diffusion, and permeation of hydrogen isotopes are the dominant properties of interest. The factors which nest heavily influence these properties relate to choice of material, surface and bulk microstructure, impurity interactions, and radiolytic effects (in the case of tritium). The interactions of tritium with normetallic materials are not nearly as well understood as those between tritium and metals, and substantial impetus exists for research in this area. The basis for selecting and qualifying materials for tritium service in fusion facilities is reasonably well established, but must be expanded and focused towards the specific needs of the fusion program.
CuIn1−xGaxSe2-based photovoltaic cells from electrodeposited and chemical bath deposited precursors

We have fabricated 13.7%- and 7.3%-efficient CuIn1−xGaxSe2 (CIGS)-based devices from electrodeposited and chemical bath deposited precursors. As-deposited precursors are Cu-rich films and polycrystalline (grain size is very small) in nature. Only preliminary data is presented on chemical bath deposited precursors. Additional In, Ga, and Se were added to the precursor films by physical evaporation to adjust the final composition to CuIn1−xGaxSe2. Addition of In and Ga and also selenization at high temperature are very crucial to obtain high efficiency devices. Three devices with Ga/(In+Ga) ratios of 0.16, 0.26, and 0.39 were fabricated from electrodeposited precursors. The device fabricated from the chemical bath deposited precursor had a Ga/(In+Ga) ratio of 0.19. The films/devices have been characterized by inductive-coupled plasma spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron-probe microanalysis, current-voltage characteristics, capacitance–voltage, and spectral response. The compositional uniformity of the electrodeposited precursor films both in the vertical and horizontal directions were studied. The electrodeposited device parameters are compared with those of a 17.7% physical vapor deposited device.
Relation of blood composition to age in the larval female house cricket, Acheta domesticus

Abstract The blood volume, osmolality, and sugar concentration increase; the blood protein and lipid concentration decrease; and the blood ions and NPS concentration do not change during apolysis from the 7th to 8th instar of larval Acheta domesticus . The patterns of change in all blood constituents are basically identical in both of the last two larval instars. Blood volume increase is directly related to growth, but not directly to total body water. Blood protein concentration increases in exact relation to growth, resulting in a doubling of concentration by midinstar and a small decrease over the last 2 to 3 days. The concentration of clottable protein remains constant; the soluble protein concentration increase probably providing cuticular proteins prior to and following ecdysis. Blood lipid concentration increases steadily throughout both instars, even during the non-feeding phase. Total blood carbohydrate concentration decreases greatly in the first 2 days of an instar, then remains relatively constant for the remainder of the instar. Blood trehalose concentration is 85% of the total carbohydrate concentration throughout the instar, but drops to 65% with a corresponding increase in ‘other sugars’ with the onset of apolysis on the last day. Growth demands probably exceed dietary supply of amino acids resulting in a 50% decrease in NPS concentration in the first half of the instar, then NPS concentration increases in spite of a declining feeding rate because growth demands cease. Within the normal blood ion lability range, the principle blood ions, sodium and chloride, vary in an inverse proportion to NPS and sugar concentration at least in the first two-thirds of the instar. Thus blood osmolality is constant except for an unexplained drop in the last 2 days of an instar.
Gene expression during development of Myxococcus xanthus: pattern of protein synthesis.

Abstract The pattern of protein synthesis during development of Myxococcus xanthus was investigated. This gram-negative bacterium has a complex life cycle which involves a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation, mound formation, and myxosporulation. At various stages of development, cells were pulse-labeled with a 14C-labeled amino acid mixture. Synthesis of soluble and membrane proteins was then analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the 30 major soluble proteins, at least 25% showed significant changes in their rates of production during development. Several significant changes were also found in the membrane proteins as analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major proteins synthesized during development were classified into four different types: accumulation proteins, peak proteins, late proteins, and constant proteins. The synthesis of protein S, an accumulation protein, increases dramatically during development to a maximum of 15% of total soluble protein synthesis. When methionine was added to the culture medium, cells did not form fruiting bodies. Under these conditions, almost all of the protein changes observed in the early and middle periods of development still occurred. However, the production of late proteins (e.g., protein U) was not observed, suggesting that methionine blocks a late stage of development. During glycerol induction, many of the changes in protein synthesis which normally occur during development were not observed (e.g., protein S did not accumulate). These results indicate that gene expression in M. xanthus is complex and subject to tight regulation.
A Novel Flexible Optical Remote Node Architecture for Dynamic Wavelength Allocation over Hybrid WDM/TDM PON Systems

We demonstrate a flexible optical remote node architecture enabled dynamic wavelength allocation for converged optical access and mobile backhaul applications. Source-free and colorless ONUs have been realized in a bidirectional long-reach 80km hybrid WDM/TDM PON with a 1:32 passive split.
Production of Plaques and Initiation of Caries in Vitro

An in vitro method that uses thawing frozen saliva offers an improved way for studying the interactions of food and other factors in the initiation of caries.
Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling regulates goblet cell production after small bowel resection.

Abstract Background/Purpose Intestinal adaptation is a compensatory response to massive small bowel loss in which there are increased numbers of absorptive enterocytes. However, the generation of secretory epithelial cell subtypes in this process has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the adaptive changes of several small intestinal cell lineage changes in response to massive small bowel resection (SBR). Methods A 75% SBR or sham operation was performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats. On postoperative day 7, the remnant ileum was harvested and immunohistochemical staining for goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine cells was performed. Cell subtypes were evaluated as cells per micrometer of villus/crypt length and compared among operations. Results A significant increase in goblet cell density occurred after SBR. Intestinal resection did not alter the number of Paneth and enteroendocrine cells. In additional experiments, inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling was associated with a diminished goblet cell density. Conclusions The adaptive response of the intestine to massive bowel loss results in an expansion of the goblet cell population in addition to greater numbers of absorptive enterocytes. Although the mechanism and purpose for selective expansion of these stem cell–derived lineages are not presently known, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling appears to be a common pathway.
DYNAMIC TRANSSHIPMENT NETWORKS: AN ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPTY CONTAINERS

The movement of vehicles and goods in a transportation system can be represented as flows through a time-dependent transshipment network. An inductive out-of-skilter type of algorithm is presented which utilizes the basic underlying properties of the dynamic transshipment network to optimize the flow of a homogeneous commodity through the network, given a linear cost function. The algorithm is illustrated by its application to the problem of distributing empty containers from locations at which they are available to locations at which they are required.
Microsomal oxidases in midgut and fatbody tissues of a broadly herbivorous insect larva, Spodoptera eridania cramer (Noctuidae)

Abstract 1. Fatbody and midgut tissues of the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania Cramer (Noctuidae), were isolated from last (sixth) instar larvae fed semi-synthetic diets containing foreign chemicals for three days and used to prepare microsomal fractions. 2. The microsomal fractions were assayed for aldrin epoxidation, p -chloro N -methylaniline N -demethylation, methoxyresorufin O -demethylation, cytochrome P-450 concentration and NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase activity, all of which are indices of the capacity of the tissue to oxidatively metabolize lipophilic foreign compounds. 3. Activities in the southern armyworm tissues are higher in the midgut than in the fatbody with the exception of methoxyresorufin O -demethylation. 4. Activities are more inducible by dietary chemicals in the midgut than in the fatbody tissues, again with the exception of methoxyresorufin O -demethylation. 5. Optimum conditions for the methoxyresorufin O -demethylase assay were adapted from published procedures with other species.
Predictors and impact of second-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the United States: real-world considerations for maintenance therapy

Introduction: Recent clinical trials incorporating maintenance chemotherapy into the initial treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have highlighted the benefits of exposing patients to second-line therapies. We, therefore, determined the predictors and impact of second-line chemotherapy administration in a contemporary, diverse NSCLC population. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC from 2000 to 2007 at clinical facilities associated with the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Demographic, disease, treatment, and outcome data were obtained from hospital tumor registries. The association between these variables was assessed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 406 patients in this cohort received first-line chemotherapy and were included in the analysis. Mean age was 59 years, 28% were women, and 59% were white. Among these patients, 197 (49%) received second-line chemotherapy. Among those patients who had not progressed after four to six cycles of first-line chemotherapy, 67% received second-line chemotherapy. Receipt of second-line chemotherapy was significantly associated with patient insurance type ( p = 0.007), number of cycles of first-line chemotherapy ( p p = 0.005) but was not associated with patient age, gender, race, histology, or year of diagnosis. In a multivariate model, second-line chemotherapy administration remained associated with insurance type ( p = 0.003), number of cycles of first-line chemotherapy ( p p = 0.008). The number of cycles of first-line chemotherapy and administration of second-line chemotherapy were associated with overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions: In this unselected, contemporary, and diverse cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC, 67% of individuals whose disease had not progressed after four to six cycles of first-line chemotherapy eventually received second-line chemotherapy. Markers of socioeconomic status, symptom burden, and response to and tolerance of first-line chemotherapy were associated with receipt of second-line chemotherapy. These factors may assist in the selection of patients most likely to benefit from maintenance chemotherapy.
Completely solid lithiated smart windows

Abstract The optical transmissivity (and especially the reflectivity) of a multilayer electrochromic smart window® glass structure (patents applied for) can be reversibly modulated by an electrical current pulse; and the modulation is spectrally selective. This is important for building and vehicle windows and for other electro-optical applications. Discussed is the state of development of each of the layers for, and the state of development of, prototype all-solid electrochemically reversible, 5-layer Smart Window devices. These devices employ: a lithium-insertable RF sputter-deposited polycrystalline WO3 film that exhibits reflection modulation as the electrochromic layer; a lithium-insertable RF sputter-deposited In2O3 film or a thermally deposited V2O5 film as the counterelectrode layer; an RF sputter-deposited LiNbO3 film as the ion conducting (solid electrolyte) layer; and RF sputter-deposited ITO (Sn-doped In2O3) or undoped In2O3 films as the transparent conducting layers. The devices exhibit useful operating characteristics and indicate that robust and economical practical smart window® glass could soon become a commercial reality.
Nonlinear Optics Of Molecular Aggregates

We report a new class of molecules, pyrylium dye aggregates, that possess exceptionally large second-order optical nonlinearity. These dye molecules aggregate spontaneously in a polymer matrix to form a head-to-tail ordered structure. We have observed efficient second harmonic generation in a micron-size thin film containing only 1.5 wt% dye aggregate. This observation suggests the exciting possibility of achieving significant nonlinear optical interaction within one coherence length. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations also suggest that these dyes possess large second-order polarizabilities. We suggest that charge-transfer excitons within the aggregates may account for the large observed nonlinearities.
Limiting Dissent: The Mechanisms of State Repression in the USA

Despite longstanding traditions of tolerance, inclusion, and democracy in the USA, dissident citizens and social movements have experienced significant and sustained – although often subtle and difficult-to-observe – repression. Using mechanism-based social movement theory, I explore a range of twentieth-century episodes of contention, involving such groups as mid-century communists, the Black Panther Party, the American Indian Movement, and the modern-day Global Justice Movement. Cracking open the black box of state repression, I demonstrate how four interactive social mechanisms – Resource Depletion, Stigmatization, Divisive Disruption, and Intimidation – animate state repression. A fifth mechanism – Emulation – diffuses the effects of these four Mechanisms of Repression. First I delineate a typology of state actions that suppress dissent. Then I shift analytically from these ten actions to the Mechanisms of Repression, explaining how these mechanisms work. Drawing on scholarship from an array of fields...
Paternal alcohol exposure affects sperm cytosine methyltransferase messenger RNA levels.

Background: Although paternal alcohol exposure has been shown to affect the growth and behavior of offspring, the mechanisms underlying these effects still remain to be elucidated. This study examines one possible mechanism, namely, altered genomic imprinting as reflected by changes in sperm cytosine methyltransferase messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Methods: Male rats were treated with alcohol for 9 weeks before breeding. Resulting fetuses were counted and weighed, and paternal sperm was examined for changes in cytosine methyltransferase mRNA levels. Results: Alcohol did not affect mating, fecundity, or litter size, but it did result in significantly decreased mean fetal weight, increased fetal runt incidence in offspring, and decreased cytosine methyltransferase mRNA levels in paternal sperm, compared with pair-fed and ad libitum controls. Conclusions: Alcohol-induced reductions in cytosine methyltransferase mRNA levels may reflect altered genomic imprinting caused by reduced DNA methylation, which, in turn, may lead to the expression of normally silent paternal alleles and may be a mechanism for paternal alcohol effects.
Testing contrasting interaction models for discriminating between consensual and dissentient decision-making groups

This study tested three models of group interaction for their ability to discriminate between groups that reach consensus and those that do not. Fifteen mock juries (seven hung and eight conviction...