cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thought Disorder and Communication Deviance as Predictors of Outcome in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis

Objective Given the fundamental role of thought disorder in schizophrenia, subtle communication disturbance may be a valuable predictor of subsequent development of psychosis. Here we examined the contribution of thought and communication disturbance to the prediction of outcome in adolescents identified as putatively prodromal for psychosis. Method Transcribed speech samples were elicited from 105 adolescents (54 identified as being at clinical high risk for a first episode of psychosis [CHR], and 51 demographically comparable comparison subjects) and coded for formal thought disorder (FTD) and linguistic cohesion. We then examined the association of baseline FTD/cohesion with conversion to psychosis and social and role outcome at follow-up, approximately 1 year later. Results At baseline, CHR patients who subsequently converted to psychosis (CHR+) showed an elevated rate of illogical thinking and poverty of content (POC) in their speech, relative to both typically developing controls and CHR patients who did not convert to psychosis (CHR−). CHR+ youth also used significantly less referential cohesion at baseline, indicating that they provide fewer references to persons, objects, or events mentioned in preceding utterances. Multiple regression models indicated that, among measures of FTD/cohesion, illogical thinking was uniquely predictive of subsequent conversion to psychosis, whereas POC and referential cohesion were significant predictors of social and role functioning, respectively. Conclusions Despite the absence of fully psychotic symptoms, putatively prodromal individuals evidence signs of communication disturbance that are qualitatively similar to those seen in schizophrenia and are predictive of both conversion to psychosis and psychosocial outcome. These findings suggest that FTD measures have prognostic significance for at-risk youth.
Pattern and duration of HBV DNA seropositivity in acute hepatitis B.

To determine the pattern and duration of HBV DNA seropositivity in acute hepatitis B, six patients were assessed during the incubation, clinical, and convalescent stages of their illness by DNA hybridization using a slot blot technique. Patients were identified by the detection of HBsAg nearly one month before the development of clinical and laboratory features of acute hepatitis (mean 22±4 days) and they were followed at one- to three-week intervals for 6±1 months. Each patient lacked antibody to delta virus. During the incubation period, HBV DNA was not detected in serum. At symptomatic onset, all were seropositive for HBV DNA and HBeAg. At peak biochemical disease, three patients had already cleared HBV DNA and five continued to harbor HBeAg. The duration of HBV DNA seropositivity was as short as one week. At the time of biochemical resolution, all patients had cleared HBV DNA, while four of five remained HBeAg-positive. Clearance of HBeAg and HBsAg occurred 4 ±2 months after loss of HBV DNA. We conclude that HBV DNA is not detectable in serum during the early incubation period but that it is present at the onset of symptoms. Its duration in serum can be brief and clearance is possible by the peak of aminotransferase activity. HBV DNA usually disappears before HBeAg, and it is invariably lost by the time of biochemical resolution. Its detection in serum coincides with the clinical illness, but it may be missed unless sampling is done early in the clinical course.
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS CHANGES IN HEART RATE AND RHYTHM UPON REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE

The influence of different heart rates and rhythm on reaction time performance was examined in two groups of experimental subjects, heart rate in one group being varied by atrial pacing and in the other group by ventricular pacing. A mixed preparatory interval series of visual reaction time trials was employed, with preparatory interval durations of 3, 4, and 5 sec. Study 1 subjects, exposed to atrial pacing in a cardiac catheterization laboratory immediately before coronary artery cineangiography, demonstrated no change in reaction time response with the pacing situation when heart rate was 115 beats per minute (bpm). Response speed was most rapid with the 5 sec preparatory interval, slowest with the exposure to an exogenously-induced tachycardia. Presentation first of a variable paced tachycardia following a regular tachycardia was associated with slightly prolonged times in both situations, as compared to reaction time produced with the reverse order of pacing presentation. These differences were not statistically significant. Presence or absence of cineangiographic evidence or coronary arteriosclerosis within Study 1 exerted no effect on reaction time performance. Study 2 individuals, paced with an external (Chardack) pacemaker in a quiet laboratory environment, confirmed the results obtained from Study 1. These data would suggest that the level of background heart rate is unimportant as a determinant of reaction time response.
Rhesus Monkeys Attribute Perceptions to Others

Abstract Paramount among human cognitive abilities is the capacity to reason about what others think, want, and see—a capacity referred to as a theory of mind (ToM). Despite its importance in human cognition, the extent to which other primates share human ToM capacities has for decades remained a mystery. To date, primates [1, 2] have performed poorly in behavioral tasks that require ToM abilities, despite the fact that some macaques are known to encode social stimuli at the level of single neurons [3–5]. Here, we presented rhesus macaques with a more ecologically relevant ToM task in which subjects could "steal" a contested grape from one of two human competitors. In six experiments, monkeys selectively retrieved the grape from an experimenter who was incapable of seeing the grape rather than an experimenter who was visually aware. These results suggest that rhesus macaques possess an essential component of ToM: the ability to deduce what others perceive on the basis of where they are looking. These results converge with new findings illustrating the importance of competitive paradigms in apes [6]. Moreover, they raise the possibility that, in primates, cortical cells thought to encode where others are looking [7] may encode what those individuals see as well.
Trends in psychotherapy training: a national survey of psychiatry residency training.

Objective The authors sought to determine current trends inresidency training of psychiatrists.
Air pollution impacts from demand-side management

Abstract Air-polluting emission rates and energy-efficiency ratings vary widely among power plants, depending on location, age and whether the power plant is repowered. Traditional regulations require installation of specified emission control equipment that varies among power plants. These regulations do not specify that utilities first dispatch the cleanest power plants as demand varies from peak to off-peak periods. This empirical analysis shows, for 2 years out of 20, that demand-side management (DSM) programs increase air pollution. One reason for this result is that regulations require installation of specific emission-control technology but do not provide the incentive to take actual emissions or their air quality impacts into account when operating the system. For certain types of air pollutants and in some regions, regulatory programs now include markets for tradable emission credits. Such programs may alter this incentive.
Effective intra-esophageal acid control is associated with improved radiofrequency ablation outcomes in Barrett's esophagus.

Background Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a promising new treatment of Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Adjunctive intra-esophageal pH control with proton pump inhibitors and/or anti-reflux surgery is generally recommended to optimize squamous re-epithelialization after ablation.
Origin and evolution of high throughput screening

This article reviews the origin and evolution of high throughput screening (HTS) through the experience of an individual pharmaceutical company, revealing some of the mysteries of the early stages of drug discovery to the wider pharmacology audience. HTS in this company (Pfizer, Groton, USA) had its origin in natural products screening in 1986, by substituting fermentation broths with dimethyl sulphoxide solutions of synthetic compounds, using 96-well plates and reduced assay volumes of 50-100 microl. A nominal 30 mM source compound concentration provided high microM assay concentrations. Starting at 800 compounds each week, the process reached a steady state of 7200 compounds per week by 1989. Screening in the Applied Biotechnology and Screening Group was centralized with screens operating in lock-step to maximize efficiency. Initial screens were full files run in triplicate. Autoradiography and image analysis were introduced for (125)I receptor ligand screens. Reverse transcriptase (RT) coupled with quantitative PCR and multiplexing addressed several targets in a single assay. By 1992 HTS produced 'hits' as starting matter for approximately 40% of the Discovery portfolio. In 1995, the HTS methodology was expanded to include ADMET targets. ADME targets required each compound to be physically detected leading to the development of automated high throughput LC-MS. In 1996, 90 compounds/week were screened in microsomal, protein binding and serum stability assays. Subsequently, the mutagenic Ames assay was adapted to a 96-well plate liquid assay and novel algorithms permitted automated image analysis of the micronucleus assay. By 1999 ADME HTS was fully integrated into the discovery cycle.
Maturity Stages and Moisture Content of Sorghum Grain Damaged by Maize Weevil1

Abstract. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, a major insect pest of stored grain, infests kernels in the field and is brought into storage where damage continues. To evaluate damage by maize weevils to different maturity stages of kernels of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, five adult weevils were put into each of 10 vials with 5 g of kernels collected from ‘Pioneer 86G08’ sorghum at different stages of maturity in the field. Statistically significant differences were found among the maturity stages of sorghum in the percentage of damaged kernels and numbers of live and dead maize weevils 7 days after infestation. At 7 days after infestation, 6.1, 15.4, 23.1, 17.4, 12.0, and 8.0% of the grains that had 50 (milk), 34 (soft dough), 32 (hard dough), 24, 16, and 14% moisture (physiological maturity), respectively, were damaged by maize weevils. Sorghum grain at the hard-dough stage (approximately 32% moisture) was most vulnerable to maize weevils.
A sequential analysis of female aggression in a group of lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis)

A sequential analysis of behaviors preceding agonistic interactions between female lesser galagos demonstrated that aggression usually follows locomotor or interactive, as opposed to solitary, behavior. Leaping or leaving a nest box followed by mutual staring is a frequent component preceding both chases and displacements. The probability of predicting an agonistic interaction is improved when more behaviors are examined in sequence, although one cannot predict aggression with certainty due to the variability of preceding sequences. Mutual staring is suggested to be an evolutionary precursor to elaborate visual threat signals.
The effects of concurrent administration of +/-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and cocaine on conditioned place preference in the adult male rat.

Conditioned place preference (CPP), a commonly used model for studying the role of contextual cues in drug reward and drug seeking, was employed to explore possible behavioral interactions between (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”) and cocaine. On each of four occasions, adult male rats received one of three doses of MDMA (0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg; administered subcutaneously [s.c.]) combined with one of three doses of cocaine (0 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg; administered intraperitoneally [i.p.]), and were then tested in a CPP paradigm. The results showed MDMA-induced CPP at a unit dose of 5 mg/kg, but at the 10 mg/kg dose there was a return to baseline (control) performance levels. For cocaine alone, CPP increased in a linear fashion as the drug dose was increased. Concurrent administration resulted in antagonism of each drug, but there was evidence that this pattern was reversible at higher doses of the respective drugs. These data are instructive insofar as they suggest that the behavioral and neurochemical effects of MDMA and cocaine presented in isolation are dramatically altered when the two drugs are presented in combination.
Clinical effects of sleep fragmentation versus sleep deprivation

Common symptoms associated with sleep fragmentation and sleep deprivation include increased objective sleepiness (as measured by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test); decreased psychomotor performance on a number of tasks including tasks involving short term memory, reaction time, or vigilance; and degraded mood. Differences in degree of sleepiness are more related to the degree of sleep loss or fragmentation rather than to the type of sleep disturbance. Both sleep fragmentation and sleep deprivation can exacerbate sleep pathology by increasing the length and pathophysiology of sleep apnea. The incidence of both fragmenting sleep disorders and chronic partial sleep deprivation is very high in our society, and clinicians must be able to recognize and treat Insufficient Sleep Syndrome even when present with other sleep disorders.
Effect of dielectric constant upon the magnetic anisotropy of the carbonyl group and its long-range chemical shifts

A quantum-chemical model has been used to calculate the paramagnetic contribution to the magnetic susceptibility of the carbonyl group in formaldehyde and acetone as a function of the solvent's dielectric constant. The long-range nuclear shielding in the vicinity of the carbonyl group is calculated from the anisotropy in its magnetic susceptibility as a function of the dielectric constant. The shielding results are presented as a series of contour maps which serves as a basis for discussing the effects of solvents upon the proton chemical shifts observed in formaldehyde and acetone.
Epidermal innervation: changes with aging, topographic location, and in sensory neuropathy.

In previous work we demonstrated little effect of aging on the density and spatial pattern of epidermal innervation, however, this was restricted to two sites proximal and distal in the leg. To expand on these observations, we used punch skin biopsy in ten healthy controls to examine the variation in intra-epidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density at multiple specific sites in the leg. There was a consistent gradient in IENF from proximal to distal sites in all subjects, but minimal effect of age was noted. In the older age group (≥70 years), the IENF densities ranged from 28.6±1.9 IENF/mm at the trunk to 15.5±1.5 at the distal leg. In a group of six patients with painful sensory neuropathy, we confirmed a length-dependent reduction in IENF. We observed what may be a predegenerative change, namely increased branching of epidermal nerve fibers at clinically unaffected sites. These data suggest little age-related change in IENF, at least up to age 75 years, in healthy normals. The increased branching complexity noted in unaffected sites in patients with sensory neuropathies implies that this may be a predegenerative change, preceding the actual loss of nerve fibers. Skin biopsy may be a useful tool for assessing the topographic extent and degree of nerve fiber damage in sensory neuropathies and its quantitative interpretation should be little affected by aging changes.
Genetic heterogeneity among nutritionally deficient streptococci

The nutritionally deficient (variant) streptococci (NDS) share the auxotrophic characteristic of requiring pyridoxal or thiol group supplementation for growth. The deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of these organisms among themselves is unknown. Improved speciation of NDS would lead to a better knowledge of their pathogenesis and possible insight into improved clinical management. Therefore, DNA-DNA hybridization and biotyping of 23 nutritionally deficient streptococci were performed. Biochemical testing using the API Rapid Strept Identification method revealed that the organisms in this study were characterized among three broad biotype groups. Only one strain was nontypeable. DNA-DNA hybridization among the nutritionally deficient streptococci that we compared revealed genetic heterogeneity. Only four (17%) of 23 isolates were highly homologous; all were of biotypes 2 and 3. Reference viridans streptococcal strains had minimal homology to the NDS strains. The data indicate that the NDS are genetically heterogeneous.
Frit inlet/frit outlet flow field-flow fractionation: methodology for colored dissolved organic material in natural waters

Abstract Results from the first application FIFO–FlFFF (1 frit inlet/frit outlet–flow field-flow fractionation) to the characterization of colored dissolved organic material (CDOM) in river and coastal waters are described. FlFFF separates compounds based on their diffusional characteristics. The frit inlet/frit outlet (FIFO) feature was recently developed to concentrate samples inside the FlFFF channel for improved stability, reproducibility and sensitivity. Our results show that FIFO increases sensitivity by an order of magnitude and the system has a linear response to molecular weight and concentration over a wide dynamic range. Errors for replicate analyses with a Caloosahatchee River sample from southwest Florida were
Some Problems of Agricultural Development

I MUST begin by saying something about the background against which this paper has been prepared. I have for the last eight years been almost entirely engaged in administrative work. Indeed, this is my first Association meeting in nine years (after having attended, I believe, every annual meeting from 1928 into 1959). I serve most of the time as the day-to-day executive officer of the F.A.O. (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). We are a relatively small organization spending something more than $100 million annually and influencing to a considerable degree additional expenditures for foreign aid or international loan outlays of at least another $250 to $350 million. We are also quite a complex organization, financed from several main sources, employing some 2,200 professional officers assigned to operations or missions in some 100 developing countries in addition to our headquarters staff. We deal with agriculture, including fisheries and forests, and are necessarily as much interested in the problems of processing and trade as those of production. In addition, our assignment relates not only to rural welfare but to nutrition generally. All this keeps us in constant contact not only with the developing nations but equally with the other members of the UN family as well as most of the bilateral aid programs, the voluntary agencies, and the main foundations working in the developing world. Quite obviously, my assignment is not conducive either to reading or producing much professional literature even though I do occasionally receive a draft paper from John Mellor or some of the other agricultural economists working in the field, and I do occasionally read an article in
Rural Community Patterns of Social Participation

~ URVEY of seven representative Minnesota town-country commu. nities made in the fall of 1934 revealed variation from community to community in the type of formally organ. ized social activities present, in the total volume of participation in organized activities by community members, in the proportion of the total participation accounted for by each type of activity, and in the proportion of the population actively participating in the various fields of organized group endeavor. There was sufficient contrast from place to place in each of the above aspects to create a picture of patterns of social participation peculiar to each community. Conclusions are based upon a survey by interview of a random sample of 1350 outof-school persons 15 years of age and over, 100 from each village center in all cases but one where half as many were secured, and 100 from the open country service area of each village. Six of the village centers had between 1000 and 1500 population, which was the modal size of Minnesota incorporated places, and were classed as minor "independent" farmers' trading
Family status and motivations to run: a qualitative study of marathon runners.

Family structure influences motivations to run. Drawing on qualitative, in-depth interviews with 33 amateur marathon runners, we investigated how people in various family situations talked about why they run. We found that while there were no major differences in stated motivations to start running or to run marathons, there were differences among the various family statuses for why people continue to run. We concluded that researchers and those who want to encourage long-term engagement in active leisure should consider family context as an important influence on people's motivations to run.
Growth and characterization of rare earths doped triglycine sulfate crystals

Ferroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS) single crystals have been grown by a temperature-lowering technique from the aqueous solution by doping with samarium sulfate, ytterbium sulfate and terbium sulfate in the ferroelectric phase. The effects of these different dopants on the morphology, growth and various properties such as dielectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric of doped TGS crystals have been investigated. The decrease in values of dielectric constant and pyroelectric coefficient is observed while the dielectric loss has increased. Using these parameters, figure-of-merits for their use in infrared sensors have also been reported and compared with pure TGS crystal. The Vickers's hardness of doped TGS crystals along (0 1 0) crystallographic face has increased.
Use of 125I-[Y39]exendin-4 to characterize exendin receptors on dispersed pancreatic acini and gastric chief cells from guinea pig

We synthesized and iodinated an exendin-4 analogue, [Y39]exendin-4 (700 Ci/mmol), for use as a radioligand to characterize exendin receptors on dispersed pancreatic acini and gastric chief cells from guinea pig. Binding of this bioactive radioligand was rapid, temperature-dependent and specific (not inhibited by other pancreatic or gastric secretagogues). Measurement of the ability of exendin-4 to inhibit the binding of 125I-[Y39]exendin-4 indicated the presence of two classes of receptors. Pancreatic acini had 12.5.10(10) binding sites/mg acinar protein of which 6% were high affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) and 94% were low affinity (Kd = 0.1 microM). Chief cells had 3370 binding sites/cell of which 9% were high affinity (Kd = 0.3 nM) and 91% were low affinity (Kd = 0.2 microM). Washing with 0.2 M acetic acid (pH 2.5), 0.2 M glycine (pH 10.5), or trypsin (100 micrograms/ml) after 30 min incubation at 37 degrees C, indicated that 63 and 49% of radioligand was internalized in acini and chief cells, respectively. Truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 (tGLP-1), a mammalian peptide sharing 53% homology with exendin-4, inhibited radioligand binding at the same concentrations that altered secretion from acini and chief cells. Glucagon, GLP-1 and GLP-2 inhibited 125I-[Y39]exendin-4 binding only at concentrations > or = 100 nM. Exendin(9-39)NH2, a specific exendin-receptor antagonist, potently inhibited 125I-[Y39] exendin-4 binding (IC50 = 6.1 and 3.5 nM in acini and chief cells, respectively). In pancreatic acini and gastric chief cells from guinea pig, exendin-3, exendin-4 and tGLP-1 increase cellular cAMP and modulate enzyme secretion by interacting with high-affinity exendin receptors. 125I-[Y39] exendin-4 is a useful radioligand for studying exendin receptors.
Doubly charged ion mass spectra: 1-Aliphatic nitriles

The doubly charged ion mass spectra for 12 aliphatic nitriles (1–9 carbon atoms) have been obtained using an Hitachi RMU-7L double focusing mass spectrometer. These spectra show some characteristic features such as extensive loss of hydrogen and the grouping of ions in the spectra into n-1 groups where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule (n<6). There are no indications of HCN or CN loss in the doubly charged ion spectra of the monosubstituted nitriles. SCF calculations of the energy and structure of doubly charged ions in the propionitrile spectra have been carried out.
Results on CP violation from CLEO

We report on recent searches for CP violation from the CLEO collaboration. Searches for CP asymmetries described in this contribution are performed in the Dalitz plot of D0 → π– π+ π0 decays [1], in the space of kinematic variables in the decay Λ c + → Λ e+ ν [2] and in the decay rates for charge conjugate states of B0 → K*(892)+ π– [3]. The data sample used in these analyses was collected with the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), Ithaca, NY. PACS: 13.25.Ft – 13.30.Ce – 13.25.Hw
Designing scalable PGAS communication subsystems on cray gemini interconnect

The Cray Gemini Interconnect has been recently introduced as a next generation network architecture for building multi-petaflop supercomputers. Cray XE6 systems including LANL Cielo, NERSC Hopper, and the proposed NCSA Blue-Waters, as well as the Cray XK6 ORNL Titan leverage the Gemini Interconnect as their primary Interconnection network. At the same time, programming models such as the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) models such as Unified Parallel C (UPC) and Co-Array Fortran (CAF) have become available on these systems. Global Arrays is a popular PGAS model used in a variety of application domains including hydrodynamics, chemistry and visualization. Global Arrays uses Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI) as the communication runtime system for Remote Memory Access (RMA) communication. This paper presents a design, implementation and performance evaluation of scalable and high performance communication ARMCI on Cray Gemini. The design space is explored and time-space complexities of communication protocols for one-sided communication primitives such as contiguous and uniformly non-contiguous datatypes, atomic memory operations (AMOs) and memory synchronization is presented. An implementation of the proposed design (referred as ARMCI-Gemini) demonstrates the efficacy on communication primitives, application kernels such as LU decomposition and applications such as Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).
Digitalis-like factor response to hyperinsulinemia accompanying a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp or oral glucose tolerance test.

Abstract Many studies of essential hypertension find evidence of insulin resistance in the same individuals, leading some to postulate a hypertensive role for insulin. However, the mechanisms by which insulin might exert a hypertensive effect are not fully resolved. An endogenous sodium pump inhibitor or digitalis-like factor (DLF) has been proposed as a hypertensive agent and its plasma concentrations are elevated in hypertension and in Type II diabetes, where insulin levels are elevated. Hence, we studied the effect of insulin on DLF using two approaches to achieve hyperinsulinemia. Normotensive men and women underwent a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp (40 mU/m 2 /min insulin, 40 mU = 1.6×10 −6 g) in which plasma insulin concentration was kept at high, but physiologic levels. Serum DLF (measured as inhibition of [Na,K]ATPase activity) and insulin levels were measured at baseline and every 30 min throughout the 2 hr clamp. Additionally, other subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a second means of increasing insulin levels. Insulin and DLF levels were measured prior to and hourly for 3 hours after receiving 100 gm of oral glucose. Serum DLF increased significantly during the clamp from a baseline of 4.6 ± 0.81 to a peak of 8.7 ± 1.2 % inhibition (p=0.001). Comparison of the baseline and peak DLF levels with concomitant plasma insulin levels revealed a significant correlation (R=0.60, p=0.003). During the OGTT, DLF levels rose from a baseline of 2.4 ± 1.0 to a peak level of 5.0 ± 0.4 %, p = 0.04. These results suggest that DLF, a factor that can cause vascular smooth muscle contraction and potentially influence blood pressure, is increased by hyperinsulinemia and provides a mechanism by which insulin may increase blood pressure.
Thermotaxis of human trophoblastic cells.

The objective of this study was to determine whether cultured human trophoblasts migrate in response to changes in oxygen tension or temperature. Human trophoblastic cells distributed homogenously within individual wells of standard culture plates were subjected to oxygen and thermal gradients. The redistribution of cells was determined 90 min to 18 h after these gradients had been established. Trophoblastic cells did not migrate in response to gradients of oxygen or carbon dioxide applied in this manner. In contrast, the cells migrated in response to thermal gradients of less than 1°C in the direction of the warmer temperature. The response began within minutes, was reversed by a change in the direction of the thermal gradient, and was inhibited at high cell concentrations. Migration was independent of proliferation or protein synthesis, but required microfilament assembly. The capacity of trophoblasts to migrate in response to small difference of temperature within the physiologic range may contribute to the initiation of placental development before contact with the maternal circulation has been established.
Factors controlling alkylbenzene sorption to municipal solid waste.

The sorption of toluene and o-xylene to individual municipal solid waste (MSW) constituents [office paper, newsprint, model food and yard waste, high density polyethylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] was evaluated. Effects of sorbent decomposition and solvent composition on alkylbenzene sorption were studied by evaluating biodegrad able sorbents in both fresh and anaerobically decomposed form and by complementing single-solute isotherm tests with experiments conducted in acidogenic and methanogenic leachate. Alkylbenzene sorption to plastics was greater than to biopolymer composites, and differences in sorbate/sorbent solubility parameter compatibility explained this observation. Alkylbenzene sorption to biopolymer composites yielded linear isotherms, and sorption capacities [log(Koc/Kow)] decreased linearly with increasing sorbent polarity as expressed by the O-alkyl/alkyl ratio. Leachate composition had little effect on alkylbenzene sorption with one exception; volatile fatty acids in acidogenic lea...
Use of Speaker's Gaze and Syntax in Verb Learning

Speaker eye gaze and gesture are known to help child and adult listeners establish communicative alignment and learn object labels. Here we consider how learners use these cues, along with linguistic information, to acquire abstract relational verbs. Test items were perspective verb pairs (e.g., chase/flee, win/lose), which pose a special problem for observational accounts of word learning because their situational contexts overlap very closely; the learner must infer the speaker’s chosen perspective on the event. Two cues to the speaker’s perspective on a depicted event were compared and combined: (a) the speaker’s eye gaze to an event participant (e.g., looking at the Chaser vs. looking at the Flee-er) and (b) the speaker’s linguistic choice of which event participant occupies Subject position in his utterance. Participants (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) were eye-tracked as they watched a series of videos of a man describing drawings of perspective events (e.g., a rabbit chasing an elephant). The speaker looked at one of the two characters and then uttered either an utterance that was referentially uninformative (He’s mooping him) or informative (The rabbit’s mooping the elephant/The elephant’s mooping the rabbit) because of the syntactic positioning of the nouns. Eye-tracking results showed that all participants regardless of age followed the speaker’s gaze in both uninformative and informative contexts. However, verb-meaning choices were responsive to speaker’s gaze direction only in the linguistically uninformative condition. In the presence of a linguistically informative context, effects of speaker gaze on meaning were minimal for the youngest children to nonexistent for the older populations. Thus children, like adults, can use multiple cues to inform verb-meaning choice but rapidly learn that the syntactic positioning of referring expressions is an especially informative source of evidence for these decisions.
Energetics and structure of Na+ cluster ions

Abstract This paper presents the results of recent high-pressure mass spectroscopic experiments on the attachment of various polar and non-polar molecules to the Na+ ion. Electrostatic models of cluster bonding help to explain relative binding properties of the ligands. Studies of mixed clusters have provided insight as well into potential interactions between ligands attached to ions.
An Advantage of Large Seed Size: Tolerating Rather than Succumbing to Seed Predators1

Although large seeds might be more attractive and apparent to seed predators, large seed size could enable tolerance of seed predators. If seeds are large enough to sustain damage that would kill smaller seeds yet still produce viable seedlings, investment above the minimum by the maternal plant could be advantageous. I tested this hypothesis by removing 0-80 percent of the cotyledons of four large-seeded (4-180 g) tree species from Papua New Guinea and monitoring germination and seedling growth for eight months. All species showed little negative effect on seedling size with up to 50 percent removal of cotyledons and the larger species showed a less serious effect on growth than smaller-seeded species above 50 percent removal. Large-seeded species clearly have more than the minimum-required cotyledonary reserves. Observations of viable seedlings with heavily damaged cotyledons suggest that these species withstand attack by rodents and beetles by virtue of their large size.
Ablation and coagulation of myocardial tissue by means of a pulsed holmium:YAG laser.

1. Benson DW, Benditt DG, Anderson RW. Cardiac arrest in young, ostensibly healthy patients: clinical, hemodynamic and electrophysiologic findings. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:65-9. 2. Belhassen B, Shapira I, Shoshani D, Paredes A, Miller H, Laniado S. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: inducibility and beneficial effects of class I antr75:809-16. 3. Strain JE, Gross RM, Factor SM, Fisher JD. Results of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with spontaneous ventricular tachycardia but without apparent structural heart disease. Circulation 1983;68:1171-81. 4. Hosenpud JD, McAnulty JH, Niles NR. Unexpected myocardial disease in patients with life-threatening arrhythmias. Br Heart J 1986;56:55-61. 5. Martini B, Nava A, Thiene G, Nuja GF, Canciani B, Scognamiglio R, Daliento L, Volta SD. Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: description of six cases. AM HEART J 1989;118:1203-9. 6. Lemery R, Brugada P, Della Bella P, Dugernier T, Wellens HJJ. Ventricular fibrillation in six adult without overt heart disease. J Am Co11 Cardiol 1989;13:911-6. 7. Hayashi M, Murata M, Aizawa Y, Shibata A. Sudden nocturnal death in young males from ventricular flutter. Jpn Heart J 1985;26:585-91. 8. Aizawa Y, Tamura M, Chinushi M, Niwano S, Kusano Y, Naioth N. Shibata A. An attemot at electrical catheter ablation of the arrhythmogenic area in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. AM HEART J 1990;123:257-60. 9. Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Co11 Cardiol 1992;20:1391-6. Ablation and coagulation of myocardial tissue by means of a piulsed liolmium:YAG laser
Concerted motions in HIV-1 TAR RNA may allow access to bound state conformations: RNA dynamics from NMR residual dipolar couplings.

Abstract Ground-state dynamics in RNA is a critical precursor for structural adaptation observed ubiquitously in protein-RNA recognition. A tertiary conformational analysis of the stem-loop structural element in the transactivation response element (TAR) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) RNA is presented using recently introduced NMR methods that rely on the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (RDC) in partially oriented systems. Order matrix analysis of RDC data provides evidence for inter-helical motions that are of amplitude 46(±4) °, of random directional character, and that are executed about an average conformation with an inter-helical angle between 44 ° and 54 °. The generated ensemble of TAR conformations have different organizations of functional groups responsible for interaction with the trans-activator protein Tat, including conformations similar to the previously characterized bound-state conformation. These results demonstrate the utility of RDC-NMR for simultaneously characterizing RNA tertiary dynamics and average conformation, and indicate an avenue for TAR complex formation involving tertiary structure capture.
Mitigated echolalia of children.

Incidence of mitigated echolalia, a subcategory of verbal echoic response first noted among adult aphasics, was tabulated from recorded conversations of 40 echolalic children. A total of 331 sample...
Morphological instability of a whisker

A thin stressed solid cylinder, a whisker, is subject to mass transport by curvature and elasticstressdriven surface diffusion. The stability of the cylindrical surface is examined using linear sta...
Treatment of severely painful diabetic neuropathy with an aldose reductase inhibitor: relief of pain and improved somatic and autonomic nerve function

Abstract 11 patients with severely painful diabetic neuropathy previously unresponsive to numerous drugs were treated with an aldose reductase inhibitor ('Sorbinil'—Pfizer CP 45, 634); 8 also received a placebo. Response was assessed according to a 0-20 graphic rating scale for pain and by tests for motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (NCV) and cardiac autonomic nerve function. 8 patients had moderate to marked relief of symptoms, generally beginning on the 3rd or 4th day of medication, 2 had equivocal responses, and 1 had no change. Each of 4 patients with diabetic amyotrophy reported striking improvement in pain and mild to moderate improvement in proximal leg muscle strength; 2 of these noticed improved sensory perception in their feet. Objective evidence of improved muscle strength was obtained in each of these 4 patients and of improved sensation in 3. On stopping medication, pain worsened in 7 of 8 responders, although generally with some delay, suggesting a carry over effect. During the course of treatment autonomic nerve function improved significantly in 6 of 7 patients tested and across the group, and NCV improved in 4 of 7 tested. Both of these variables deteriorated after withdrawal of the drug. A correlation between NCV response and clinical response was apparent. Very little toxicity was observed. These observations suggest that aldose reductase inhibitors may be important in the treatment of symptomatic somatic and autonomic neuropathies complicating diabetes.
A new generation of tools for SGML

Exceptions are used in many standard DTDs, including HTML, because they add expressive power for DTD authors. However, there is a tradeoff: although they are useful, exceptions add significantly to the complexity of DTDs. Authoring DTDs is a difficult task, and existing tools are of limited use because of the lack of a suitable formal model for exceptions. This paper describes methods for constructing a static model that completely and precisely describes DTDs with exceptions. A software tool has been written to implement the methods and to demonstrate some practical applications. Examples are shown of how the tool is used for DTD authoring, and some useful extensions of the tool are described. For one example DTD, the output of the tool is converted into a regular expression grammar. Preliminary studies indicate that general case algorithms can be developed for this conversion. This would allow existing theory for the context free languages to be used in developing SGML applications. Statistical results are shown from running the software tool on a number of industry and government DTDs and for three successive versions of HTML. The results illustrate that the complexity of DTDs in practice is approaching, or has exceeded, manageable limits with existing tools. The formal model and its applications are needed for SGML and continued development of these methods may impact the evolution of HTML, XML, and related web publishing standards. Some specific projects are proposed, where continued development of the model can result in more powerful tools and new kinds of applications for SGML.
The Caenorhabditis elegans Aurora B Kinase AIR-2 Phosphorylates and Is Required for the Localization of a BimC Kinesin to Meiotic and Mitotic Spindles

BimC kinesins are required for mitotic spindle assembly in a variety of organisms. These proteins are localized to centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and the spindle midzone. We have previously shown that the Caenorhabditis elegans Aurora B kinase AIR-2 is required for the localization of the ZEN-4 kinesin protein to midzone microtubules. To determine whether the association of BimC kinesins with spindle microtubules is also dependent on AIR-2, we examined the expression pattern of BMK-1, a C. elegans BimC kinesin, in wild-type and AIR-2-deficient embryos. BMK-1 is highly expressed in the hermaphrodite gonad and is localized to meiotic spindle microtubules in the newly fertilized embryo. In mitotic embryos, BMK-1 is associated with spindle microtubules from prophase through anaphase and is concentrated at the spindle midzone during anaphase and telophase. In the absence of AIR-2, BMK-1 localization to meiotic and mitotic spindles is greatly reduced. This is not a consequence of loss of ZEN-4 localization because BMK-1 is appropriately localized in ZEN-4-deficient embryos. Furthermore, AIR-2 and BMK-1 directly interact with one another and the C-terminal tail domain of BMK-1 is specifically phosphorylated by AIR-2 in vitro. Together with our previous data, these results suggest that at least one function of the Aurora B kinases is to recruit spindle-associated motor proteins to their sites of action.
The Nation and the State of Pakistan

The Pakistani state has been failing for many years, but even the very idea of Pakistan is contested. The tension between these two concepts is what makes Pakistan an especially important case. Which Pakistan is likely to emerge? What should the United States do?
Brome Control and Microbial Inoculation Effects in Reclaimed Cool-Season Grasslands

Abstract Introduction and subsequent invasion of smooth brome ( Bromus inermis Leyss.) into native cool- and warm-season grassland communities has become problematic where presence of native species is important or mandated. The objectives of this study were to examine the efficacy of burning, grazing, and herbicide to reduce smooth brome production and cover while minimizing coincident detrimental effects on cool-season grasses in a reclaimed surface coal mine site. Concurrently, the project also investigated effects of microbial inoculation on respread topsoil subjected to long-term storage and associated effects on seeded cool-season grasses subjected to brome control treatments. Results indicated that grazing and burning were most effective after 2 years of treatment. Smooth brome biomass was lowest in reburned cells (mean ± SE, 189 ± 77 kg·ha −1 ) followed by regrazed (294 ± 129) compared to untreated cells (824 ± 42) ( P −1 ) followed by burning (104 ± 41), herbicide (72 ± 30), and untreated (30 ± 27). Foliar cover response patterns were similar. Inoculation had little effect on microbial biomass and mycorrhizal infection. Retreated cells did show differences among months ( P = 0.013) in 2000, and microbial carbon ranged from 0.07± 0.01 mg/g in June to 0.12 ± in July and 0.12 ± in August, averaged across treatments. Root infection decreased as soil moisture declined. Results indicate grazing offers the greatest potential for controlling smooth brome without harming native, seeded grasses on reclaimed lands in northern mixed-prarie communities, and inoculation was unnecessary for enhancing seeded, cool-season grass growth.
Better, faster, stronger: building a better dublin core generator

A number of different free online tools exist for turning user input into formatted Dublin Core code. The author, as part of his MLIS degree, used these various tools to assist with his coursework. While they were all useful to some degree, a number of issues were identified which limited their overall utility. The actual code generated by these tools was often obsolete or inconsistent. Most existing tools are designed to generate Dublin Core in HTML format; some offered RDF-formatted XML, but no tool offered to generate Dublin Core in plain XML. The lack of XML support is especially unfortunate given that recent surveys such as Kidane's (2009) have shown that XML is by far the preferred format of libraries and archives using Dublin Core today. The formatting of the generated code was also an issue. Some tools automatically included additional code such as a root element or namespace references, however none provided the option to include or exclude these additional coding elements as desired.
Genetic Mapping and QTL Analysis of Flour Color and Milling Yield Related Traits Using Recombinant Inbred Lines in Hard Red Spring Wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fl our ash content and color are very important properties of fl our quality, because they greatly affect the quality of the fi nal product. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) infl uencing fl our color and milling properties of hard red spring wheat were mapped on a genetic linkage map comprised of 531 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) marker loci. Composite interval mapping with 139 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was used to identify QTL within and across three fi eld environments. Twenty-eight QTL infl uenced fl our color and milling properties and were mapped on 11 wheat chromosomes. Quantitative trait loci clusters were identifi ed on six chromosomes: 1A, 1B, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7B. The marker Xbarc130 that is near the hardness locus on chromosome 5D was linked to fi ve QTL infl uencing multiple traits. These six QTL clusters explained a substantial variation in fl our color and milling properties, including those traits that were correlated. These results aid our understanding of the genetic basis of these traits. The marker loci linked to these QTL may be useful in increasing the frequency of desirable alleles during the early generations of breeding populations.