cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Program efficiency analysis within the environmental landscape

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of accounting for environmental impacts in project feasibility. Cost–benefit analysis, a germane tool for measuring a project’s feasibility, can be utilized for projects with environmental consequences. This paper first provides a background on cost–benefit analysis as well as a background on environmental cost–benefit analysis. It then provides the steps taken in order to perform this type of analysis. With this cost–benefit analysis and environmental cost–benefit analysis framework in mind, six international case studies are reviewed to demonstrate how cost–benefit analysis is applied to various environmental projects around the world using different methods and from both a public and private sector viewpoint. Recommendations are then put forward to address the need for continued consideration and implementation of environmental impacts on cost–benefit analyses.
Power Test of Non-capsensitivity Industrial Explosive by Ballistic Projectile Method

In order to study the feasibility of ballistic projectile method used in the power test of non-capsensitivity industrial explosive,ballistic projectile tests using 200 g emulsion matrix,ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture(ANFO) explosive and heavy ANFO explosive as samples and 100 g TNT and 2# rock powdery emulsion explosive as primers were conducted.Results show that this method is hardly affected by the power of primer and has good accuracy and reliability.Moreover,the sensitivity of the ballistic projectile method to the change of the components of non-capsensitivity industrial explosive was verified by adding aluminite powder into the emulsion matrix samples,and the results show the ballistic projectile method has high sensitivity to the change of the components of non-capsensitivity industrial explosives.
Multifocal pigmentation of prostatic and bladder urothelium.

AbstractMultifocal pigmentation of the bladder and prostatic urothelium is described in 2 white men. The light microscopic, electron microscopic and histochemical characterization of these foci identified the contained pigment as melanin
CD4 Count Recovery After Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background Prognosis for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) correlates with levels of CD4+ T cells. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) interrupts multiple points in the virus life cycle, causing an increase in CD4 cells. The rate at which the CD4 count recovers is highly variable and subject to influence by many factors. Methods We performed a deidentified data review to determine factors influencing the rate of CD4 count recovery after ART initiation. The associations between the changes in CD4 count from baseline at 5 time points, and factors including age, race, weight, baseline CD4 count, baseline viral load, specific ART medications and various comorbidities, were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses, using t -test, analysis of variance and multiple regressions. Results CD4 count continued to rise even up to 10 years after ART initiation, with the steepest increase in the first 3 months. High baseline viral load and low baseline CD4 count had the most consistent positive influence on CD4 count recovery rate across the 5 measured time points. Other factors that were significantly positively associated with CD4 recovery rate included younger baseline age, higher baseline weight and female gender. Conclusions CD4 counts in HIV positive patients who consistently take ART continue to increase out to at least 10 years. Patients with a more advanced HIV infection at baseline, as indicated by high viral loads or low CD4 counts, have a greater rate of CD4 count recovery after starting ART, possibly because their CD4 counts have more room for improvement.
Teachers in High-Need School Reform

This chapter is written to highlight the pivotal role of teachers in high-need school reform, reviewing research findings over the past four decades since the publication of A Nation at Risk in the United States and reports from a variety of sources around the globe. While there have been extensive summaries of how teachers changing their instructional practices, improving curriculum plans and assessment designs, and serving in leadership roles can significantly influence the outcome of a reform initiative, we draw on the wide range of educational literature and our own research in an effort to frame some of the dynamics and optimal conditions for positive school change.
Robust Auction-Theoretic Partner Selection in Cooperative Diversity Wireless Networks

Cooperative diversity is a form of distributed spatial diversity achieved by cooperative communication among mobile users in cellular or wireless data networks. The problem of selecting suitable partners for a cooperative strategy is more complex when prospective partners have links of dissimilar quality to a central destination, leading to the possibility of non- reciprocal cooperation. We analyze self-configuring cooperative wireless networks under conditions of minimal topology and channel link information available to users. For such cases, a robust auction-theoretic mechanism is proposed for the selection of single as well as multiple simultaneous cooperative partners. We characterize equilibrium strategies and revenue for the single-unit second-price auction and its extension, the multi-unit Vickrey auction, under conditions of uncertainty in the number of bidders requesting cooperation. The proposed auction- theoretic selection scheme is shown to be a revenue-maximizing decentralized solution for QoS delivery in cooperative wireless systems.
Two New Species of Snailfishes of the Genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Two new species of snailfishes are described from the central Aleutian Islands: Careproctus staufferi and Careproctus nelsoni. The new species have trilobed teeth, moderately large pelvic discs approximately 33–49% head length, a cephalic pore pattern of 2-6-7-2, and low counts of median fins and vertebrae, including dorsal-fin rays 39–42, anal-fin rays 33–37, and total vertebrae 44–46, which distinguish them from all other congeners. Most similar to one another, they may be readily distinguished by the configuration of the chin pores, which are paired in a single pit in C. staufferi and in separate pits in C. nelsoni. Although both are overall red and pale in coloration, C. staufferi has a lateral yellow slash across the dorsal part of the abdomen and posterior, while C. nelsoni has a broad, pale, unpigmented area across the anterior part of the dorsal fin extending and broadening ventrally to a bright white abdomen. Careproctus staufferi was collected at depths of 205–366 m; C. nelsoni, at 220–329 m.
Radial Head Arthroplasty in the Active Duty Military Service Member With Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up.

Purpose Radial head arthroplasty (RHA) is a viable treatment for complex radial head fracture. Whereas elbow stability and function is typically restored at short- to mid-term follow-up, the outcome in higher-demand populations is not well defined. We sought to characterize the functional and occupational outcomes following RHA in an active duty military population with intense upper extremity demands. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of all U.S. military service members undergoing primary RHA from 2010 and 2013 with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Patient-based, injury-related, and surgical variables were extracted from the military-wide electronic medical record. Functional and occupational outcomes including pain, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire were recorded. The primary outcomes of interest were the rate and level of return to upper extremity activity. Secondary outcome measures included return to duty, complications, and revision surgery. Results Nineteen patients were included with average age 31 years and median 37 months' follow-up. Ten were Mason III, 6 were part of a terrible triad injury, and the remainder were fracture-dislocations. At an average follow-up of 3.7 years, 15 patients returned to active military duty, and 9 resumed their regular upper extremity military function. At the time of final follow-up, the average DASH score was 13. Seven patients returned to their usual level of sport and exercise, 6 at a reduced level, and 6 did not resume physical exercises secondary to pain or stiffness. Sixteen adverse outcomes among 14 patients included symptomatic heterotopic ossification (5 of 19) and neurological sequelae (4 of 19). Three elected to have a revision procedure at an average of 13 months for heterotopic ossification or loosening. Conclusions Among active patients with radial head fractures treated with RHA, three-quarters will return to active duty military service, push-ups, and sport; however, half may report an adverse outcome unrelated to the prosthesis and only about half of patients will return to their preinjury level of function. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Patient-Reported Allergies Do Not Predict Poorer PROMIS Function, Pain, and Depression Scores Following Foot and Ankle Surgery:

Background:Identifying preoperative risk factors that may portend poorer operative outcomes remains a topic of current interest. In hip and knee arthroplasty patients, the presence of patient-repor...
Carbon structure and the resulting graphitizability upon oxygen evolution

Abstract Model compounds anthracene, sucrose, anthanthrone, anthrone and fluorene were carbonized at 500 °C and subsequently heat treated at 2600 °C. The majority of initial oxygen content was lost during low temperature carbonization. The intermediate species formed after oxygen evolution dictated the resulting carbon skeleton and thus the graphitizability. Anthracene and sucrose were selected as model graphitizing and non-graphitizing compounds based on historical precedence. Carbonization of anthanthrone resulted in a graphitizable coke, whereas anthrone yielded a non-graphitizable char. It is proposed that CO loss from anthanthrone results in the formation of perylene, where CO loss from anthrone produces fluorene. An obvious resemblance was observed in structure between heat treated sucrose and anthrone char as compared to heated treated char embedded with 5 membered rings via carbonization of fluorene. Thus, providing evidence that 5 membered rings are present in the virgin chars and are the cause of non-graphitizability. Polarized light microscopy was employed to measure the extent of mesophase development after carbonization. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy were used to characterize the material before and after annealing.
Understanding Activation Patterns in Shared Circuits: Toward a Value Driven Model

Over the past decade many studies indicate that we utilize our own motor system to understand the actions of other people. This mirror system has been proposed to be involved in social cognition and motor learning. However, conflicting findings regarding the underlying mechanisms that drive these shared circuits make it difficult to decipher a common model of their function. Because previous theories do not satisfy interpretation of current literature findings, we propose adapting the “value-driven” model to explain discrepancies in the human mirror system literature. We will use this model to explain discrepant activation patterns in multiple shared circuits in the human data, such that a unified model may explain reported activation patterns from previous studies as a function of value.
A comparison of apparent life-threatening events before and after the back to sleep campaign.

OBJECTIVES The incidence of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has decreased significantly in the United States since the 1992 recommendation that healthy term infants be placed on their backs or sides during sleep. However, little is known regarding the effect that this recommendation has had on the incidence and epidemiology of apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) in this country. METHODS To examine this, we completed a retrospective chart review study of all infants admitted to the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin with the diagnosis of an ALTE during two study periods before and after the back to sleep initiative: January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1992 and January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1997. RESULTS There were 81 ALTEs in 1991-1992 vs. 102 in 1996-1997. Infants in both groups were similar with respect to gender, race, and age, with approximately 80% in each group < 4 months of age. ALTEs occurred equally throughout the year during both time periods. The majority of episodes occurred during sleep; 74% of the 1991-1992 cohort and 59% of the 1996-1997 infants did not have information in the medical record describing their position during the ALTE. Three infants (2 during 1991-1992) died during the hospitalization and were subsequently diagnosed with SIDS or probable SIDS.
Die schnelle Fourier-Transformation (FFT)

Die FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), also eine schnelle Berechnung der DFT-Matrix aus (1.3) auf S. 6, nimmt gewis einen ganz zentralen Stellenwert in der schnellen digitalen Signalverarbeitung ein. FFT-Algorithmen wurden in verschiedenen Varianten erfunden und teilweise wiedererfunden, wie die Ubersicht von Heideman et al. [117] zeigt. Bereits Gaus benutzte einen solchen FFT-Algorithmus zur Berechnung astronomischer Daten. Die von Gaus verwendete FFT ist vom gleichen Typ, wie es heute als Cooley-Tukey-FFT bezeichnet wird.
Abstract P173: Sex Differences in the Diurnal Natriuretic Response to Benzamil in Sprague Dawley Rats

Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expression follows a circadian pattern, but how this impacts activity is not known. In addition to the well-established sex differences in renal Na handling, recent...
Planar Hall effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance in semiconducting and conducting oxide thin films

Transport measurement techniques are generally considered to be indirect methods of probing the phenomenology of materials and hence are limited in scope and require careful interpretation. However, when performed with due care and precision in addition to other characterization methods, magnetotransport measurements are an essential tool in the study of magnetic and electronic materials particularly in proving potential devices that function on the basis of charge or spin transport. In this work, we demonstrate the advantage of employing a method that simultaneously measures the planar Hall effect and the anisotropic magnetoresistance which are two aspects of the resistivity anisotropy to characterize a range of semiconducting and conducting oxide thin films. The development of novel magnetotransport characterization methods is motivated by the need for reliable measurements of the electronic properties of a wide range of materials under varying thermal, mechanical and magnetic conditions.
Influence of ordered L1 2 precipitation on strain-rate dependent mechanical behavior in a eutectic high entropy alloy

Recent studies indicate that eutectic high-entropy alloys can simultaneously possess high strength and high ductility, which have potential industrial applications. The present study focuses on Al0.7CoCrFeNi, a lamellar dual-phase (fcc + B2) precipitation-strengthenable eutectic high entropy alloy. This alloy exhibits an fcc + B2 (B2 with bcc nano-precipitates) microstructure resulting in a combination of the soft and ductile fcc phase together with hard B2 phase. Low temperature annealing leads to the precipitation of ordered L12 intermetallic precipitates within the fcc resulting in enhanced strength. The strengthening contribution due to fine scale L12 is modeled using Orowan dislocation bowing and by-pass mechanism. The alloy was tested under quasi-static (strain-rate = 10−3 s−1) tensile loading and dynamic (strain-rate = 103 s−1) compressive loading. Due to the fine lamellar microstructure with a large number of fcc-bcc interfaces, the alloy show relatively high flow-stresses, ~1400 MPa under quasi-static loading and in excess of 1800 MPa under dynamic loading. Interestingly, the coherent nano-scale L12 precipitate caused a significant rise in the yield strength, without affecting the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) significantly. These lamellar structures had higher work hardening due to their capability for easily storing higher dislocation densities. The back-stresses from the coherent L12 precipitate were insufficient to cause improvement in twin nucleation, owing to elevated twinning stress under quasi-static testing. However, under dynamic testing high density of twins were observed.
Prompt psi and Upsilon production at LEP

Abstract Color-octet contributions to quarkonia production at LEP are studied herein. The short distance formation of heavy quark-antiquark pairs in color-octet configurations via gluon fragmentation processes is significantly enhanced relative to the creation of color-singlet pairs via heavy quark fragmentation. But the subsequent long distance hadronization of these colored pairs into physical quarkonium bound states is suppressed compared to the non-perturbative evolution of their colorless counterparts. We find that the overall LEP rates for gluon fragmentation into psi and Upsilon vector bosons exceed those from heavy quark fragmentation. Inclusion of the dominant color-octet quarkonium production channel reduces sizable discrepancies between previous predictions and recent measurements of prompt Z → J gy + X , Z → ψ′ + X and Z → Y + X branching fractions.
Germline Stem Cells and Their Regulation in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans germline stem cells exist within a stem cell pool that is maintained by a single-celled mesenchymal niche and Notch signaling. Downstream of Notch signaling, a regulatory network governs stem cells and differentiation. Central to that network is the FBF RNA-binding protein, a member of the widely conserved PUF family that functions by either of two broadly conserved mechanisms to repress its target mRNAs. Without FBF, germline stem cells do not proliferate and they do not maintain their naive, undifferentiated state. Therefore, FBF is a pivotal regulator of germline self-renewal. Validated FBF targets include several key differentiation regulators as well as a major cell cycle regulator. A genomic analysis identifies many other developmental and cell cycle regulators as likely FBF targets and suggests that FBF is a broad-spectrum regulator of the genome with >1,000 targets. A comparison of the FBF target list with similar lists for human PUF proteins, PUM1 and PUM2, reveals ∼200 shared targets. The FBF hub works within a network controlling self-renewal vs. differentiation. This network consists of classical developmental cell fate regulators and classical cell cycle regulators. Recent results have begun to integrate developmental and cell cycle regulation within the network. The molecular dynamics of the network remain a challenge for the future, but models are proposed. We suggest that molecular controls of C. elegans germline stem cells provide an important model for controls of stem cells more broadly.
Cisplatin combination with allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, synergistically increases cancer cell death through activation of caspase 3 and downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and survivin

1915 Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) occurs abundantly in many cruciferous vegetables such as mustard and horseradish and inhibits cancer cell proliferation through inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Cisplatin is one of the first-line drugs in the treatment of many human cancers in the clinic. In this study, three cancer cell lines, including a highly invasive human ovarian cancer cell line, a colon cancer cell line HCT116 and a breast cancer cell line MCF-7, were used to determine the combinational effects of AITC with cisplatin on cell growth and death. Microscopic morphological changes, survival cell counts and MTT viability assays were employed to analyze cell proliferation and cell viability. Western blot and flow cytometry analysis were used to determine antiapoptotic protein expression and cell cycle distribution after combination treatment with AITC and cisplatin, respectively. Our results show that combination of AITC and cisplatin significantly increases cancer cell death and decreases cell viability in all three human cancer cell lines as compared with each drug alone. Western blot data showed that combination of AITC and cisplatin significantly increased caspase-3 activation and decreased the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. More interestingly, combination of AITC and cisplatin appeared to neutralize the increase in the antiapoptotic protein survivin expression induced by single drug treatment. Thus, inhibition of both Bcl-2 and survivin expression in cancer cells by the combination treatment of AITC and cisplatin may at least partially represent the synergy of these two antitumor compounds since both Bcl-2 and survivin are involved in cancer cell survival and drug resistance. In addition, combination of AITC and cisplatin altered cell cycle distribution. Taken together, our data indicate that combination of AITC and cisplatin significantly increases cancer cell death as compared with each drug alone, thus potentially providing a new strategy for cancer treatment.
Analysis of the Tradeoffs Between Energy and Run Time for Multilevel Checkpointing

In high-performance computing, there is a perpetual hunt for performance and scalability. Supercomputers grow larger offering improved computational science throughput. Nevertheless, with an increase in the number of systems’ components and their interactions, the number of failures and the power consumption will increase rapidly. Energy and reliability are among the most challenging issues that need to be addressed for extreme scale computing. We develop analytical models for run time and energy usage for multilevel fault-tolerance schemes. We use these models to study the tradeoff between run time and energy in FTI, a recently developed multilevel checkpoint library, on an IBM Blue Gene/Q. Our results show that energy consumed by FTI is low and the tradeoff between the run time and energy is small. Using the analytical models, we explore the impact of various system-level parameters on run time and energy tradeoffs.
Anatomical brain MRI study of pediatric cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy: Correlation with behavioral measures.

Abstract The negative impacts of chemotherapy on pediatric patients treated with chemotherapy during the formative years of brain development are understudied compared to adult chemotherapy cancer patients. This work investigated the morphometry, cortical thickness, and subcortical volumes using MRI and their correlations with behavioral measures in pediatric oncology survivors treated with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-treated childhood cancer survivors (N = 15, 15.12 ± 5.98 years old) diagnosed with a non-central nervous system malignancy and healthy age-matched controls (N = 15, 15.13 ± 4.21 years old) were studied. MRI was acquired at 3 Tesla. Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) Parental Rating, Purdue Pegboard manual dexterity and n-back working memory measures were administered. Structural MRI scans at 3 Tesla were acquired. Voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness and subcortical volumes were analyzed and correlated with behavioral scores. Parametric statistics with a p .05). Our results support the hypothesis that the neurotoxicity of systemic chemotherapy has widespread negative effects on brain development in pediatric oncology patients with relatively mild cognitive deficits. MRI identified neuroanatomical changes have the potential to provide neural correlates of the sequelae associated with pediatric chemotherapy.
Pediatric Anesthesia During the Coronavirus Disease Epidemic One Pediatric Surgical Hospital's Rapid Transition Back to Care.

Shriners Hospitals for Children - Northern California provides highly specialized pediatric surgical care. The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) required timely suspension of our elective surgeries. Mitigating disease spread and protecting patients and staff became paramount. Because pediatric patients in particular carry and may spread SARS-CoV-2 while asymptomatic, and due to the large amount of respiratory aerosols produced during airway manipulation, an unprecedented risk of provider infection came to exist. Surgical cases were tiered based on urgency and only emergent or urgent cases proceeded using airborne precaution personal protective equipment (PPE)1. Furthermore, asymptomatic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 undergoing surgery have higher postoperative morbidity and mortality2. However, surgery in children is rarely completely elective and could not be postponed indefinitely. The ability to resume pediatric surgical care during this pandemic would only be possible if a completely new path was forged.
Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centers and Property Values

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a major social concern in the United States and other developed countries. There is an extensive economic literature estimating the social costs associated with SUDs in terms of healthcare, labor market outcomes, crime, traffic accidents, and so forth. However, beyond anecdotal claims that SUD treatment centers (SUDTCs), settings in which patients receive care for their SUDs, have a negative effect on property values, there is scant empirical work on this question. In this paper, we investigate the effect of SUDTCs on residential property values using data from Seattle, Washington, and SUDTC location, entry, and exit information. To mitigate bias from the potential endogeneity of SUDTC location choices, we apply a spatial differences-in-differences (SDD) model, which uses property and SUDTC location to construct treatment and comparison groups. Our findings suggest that SUDTCs endogenously locate in lower value areas, and naive models imply that the entry of an SUDTC leads to a 3.4% to 4.6% reduction in property values. When an SDD model is applied, we find no evidence that SUDTCs affect property values. Overall, our findings suggest anecdotal claims that SUDTCs reduce property values are potentially overstated. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Sex- and stress-dependent effects of a single injection of ketamine on open field and forced swim behavior.

Ketamine has emerged as a novel treatment for common psychiatric conditions such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders, many of which can be initiated and exacerbated by psycholo...
Towards physical insights on microstructural damage nucleation from data analytics

Abstract Variations in the chemical composition or thermomechanical processing of metallic materials result in a vast landscape of possible microstructural morphologies. While this creates ample opportunities for alloys with improved mechanical performance, the design process is challenging due to the morphological complexity and the range of deformation micro-mechanisms involved. Empirically based statistical approaches are well suited to address some of these challenges. Previously, a model based on n-point statistics and principal component analysis was successfully used for predicting damage nucleation based on the microstructural morphology of dual-phase steels. Here, we give an in-depth exploration and analysis of such algorithms as applied to experimental data. First, we investigate model architecture by implementing and testing over 1000 model variants. This leads to improved predictive ability and several alternate architectures including one with a Fourier transformation instead of a n-point statistics transformation. Second, we analyze the noise, resolution and data quantity impact to give guidelines on the necessary data required to train a predictive model. Third, we investigate which morphological features are utilized by the model to make predictions by inputting artificially-constructed microstructures, inverting the model, examination of the basis image, and variation of model hyperparameters. It is found that grain boundary fluctuations less than 1 μm are correlated to damage nucleation. This is consistent with observations in the literature on the effect of grain size and interconnected martensite regions on damage nucleation. Furthermore, it may give insights into the superior mechanical properties of alloys with bimodal grain size distributions. This demonstrates a unique approach of elucidating morphological effects from a single alloy by exploiting microstructural heterogeneity. It may be applied to other microstructures as well.
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes and Methanoculleus identified as potential producers of metabolites that contribute to swine manure foaming

AIM Swine manure foaming is a major problem, causing damage to property, livestock, and people. Here, we identified the main chemicals and microbes that contribute to foaming. METHODS AND RESULTS Foaming and non-foaming swine manure were sampled from farms in Iowa and Illinois. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyses identified chemical markers that differed between foaming and non-foaming manure and between manure layers. Microbial community analysis and metagenomics was performed on a subset of samples. Foam contained significantly higher levels of total bile acids and long chain fatty acids like palmitic, stearic and oleic acid than the other manure layers. Foam layers also had significantly higher levels of ubiquinone 9 and ubiquinone 10. The slurry layer of foaming samples contained more alanine, isoleucine/leucine, diacylglycerols, phosphtatidylethanolamines, and vitamin K2, while ceramide was significantly increased in the slurry layer of non-foaming samples. Eubacterium coprostanoligenes and Methanoculleus were more abundant in foaming samples, and E. coprostanoligenes was significantly correlated with levels of diacylglycerols. Genes involved in diacylglycerol biosynthesis and in the biosynthesis of branched chain hydrophobic amino acids were overrepresented in foaming samples. CONCLUSIONS A mechanism for manure foaming is hypothesized in which proliferation of Methanoculleus leads to excessive production of methane, while production of diacylglycerols by E. coprostanoligenes and hydrophobic proteins by Methanosphaera stadtmanae facilitates bubble formation and stabilization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY While some chemical and biological treatments have been developed to treat swine manure foaming, its causes remain unknown. We identified key microbes and metabolites that correlate with foaming and point to possible roles of other factors like animal feed.
Classification of Adult Renal Tumors and Grading of Renal Cell Carcinoma

There are many types of renal tumors, both benign and malignant, that affect the adult kidney. This chapter covers the International Society of Urologic Pathology classification of adult renal tumors including recently described variants as well as grading of renal cell carcinoma. The pathology, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetic findings of adult renal tumors are discussed.
Glucocorticoid induction of tryptophan oxygenase: Attenuation by intragastrically administered carbohydrates and metabolites

In vivo tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TPO) activity in male rats was estimated from the rate of production of 14CO2 after intragastric administration of [14C-2]tryptophan. The synthetic glucocorticoids hydrocortisone-21-sodium succinate or Triamcinolone acetonide were injected to elevate hepatic TPO activity on an acute (1-6 hr) or chronic (24 hr) basis. Glucose, fructose, or glycerol was intragastrically intubated in doses ranging from 4 to 16 mmoles to assess their abilities to attenuate acute or chronic increases of TPO activity by these glucocorticoids. Hydrocortisone-21-sodium succinate at doses of 0, 25, and 50 mg/kg produced dose-dependent elevations of TPO. A 50 mg/kg dose produced a 3-fold elevation of enzyme activity when measured in vitro as product produced by liver homogenates and a 2-fold elevation when assessed from expired radioactive carbon dioxide from radiolabeled tryptophan in vivo. Enzyme activity measured by 14CO2 production reached peak values in 2-3 hr and returned to baseline in 5 hr. Glucose, fructose or glycerol completely prevented the rise in conversion of [14C-2]tryptophan produced by hydrocortisone hemisuccinate when administered at doses of 12 or 16 mmoles 0.5 hr before the steroid. Lower doses had less effect. The potencies of the compounds in inhibiting acute increases in TPO activity produced by hydrocortisone hemisuccinate were in the order glycerol greater than fructose greater than glucose. Chronic Triamcinolone treatment elevated in vivo TPO activity by 2.5-fold and in vitro TPO activity by 5-fold. The chronic elevation of in vivo TPO by Triamcinolone could be arrested within 1 hr by an intragastric fructose load. The present finding, that acute or chronic glucocorticoid-induced increases in in vivo TPO activity were rapidly blocked by intragastric carbohydrate loads, is consistent with the view that dietary carbohydrates modulate hepatic TPO activity via feedback repression and not by a cessation of TPO enzyme synthesis.
Ontologies for three-dimensional molecular structure

Current approaches for representing small and macromolecular 3 D structure data are described. Keywords: CML; CIF; mmCIF; PDB; RNAML; SDF; XML
Preliminary results from the Georgia Tech 400 kWth Solar Thermal Test Facility

ABSTRACT The Georgia Tech 400 kWth Solar Thermal Test Facility (GT/STTF) was constructed as a part of the ERDA central receiver solar thermal program. The purpose of the GT/STTF is to provide a high temperature solar facility for test and evaluation of experimental receivers and for high temperature materials and component R&D. This paper describes the initial operation and evaluation of the GT/STTF. Operating characteristics of the facility are discussed with respect to: (1) performance of the heliostat system, and (2) performance of the receiver (boiler-superheater), including steam temperatures and pressures provided by the thermal cycle set. Specially designed and constructed calorimeters and real-time heat-flux mapping equipment to be used in the evaluation of the facility are described. Modifications to increase the capability of the facility are described. Support capabilities such as instrumentation and data collection and analysis are also discussed. Procedures for using the GT/STTF are summarized and the present operating schedule presented.
Using Markets to Engineer Resource Management for the Information Grid

Information systems are continually expanding as evidenced by the doubling of Internet connections every year. Similar growth is exhibited by information systems in defense. The Air Force's goals to achieve global awareness, dynamic planning/execution, and global information exchange involve the technologies to provide information to the warrior anywhere, anytime, and for any mission. This far-reaching enterprise will necessarily span multiple networks and computing domains of both the commercial and military varieties. As a result, many users with different goals and priorities vie for the communication and computing resources of the information grid. Managing this vast system to assure dependable operation that maintains users' quality of service levels has led researchers to propose economic models to solve the resource management problem. Information technology has begun to fundamentally alter the way business is conducted, and there is synergy between e-commerce and the management of the underlying information resources on which it runs. This paper examines the envisioned market-based, large-scale information systems for defense. Due to their criticality, these systems must also manage resources to provide survivability in the presence of information attacks. This potential for technology transfer from the defense sector to the commercial sector are described. Conversely, the leveraging of research performed in the non-military realm of e-commerce to reach the Air Force's goals will also be explored.
Managing through Cycles of Technological Change

(1991). Managing Through Cycles of Technological Change. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 26-31.
The role of a GUI in the creation of a trainable message understanding system

The explosion in the amount of free text materials on the Internet, and the use of this information by people from all walks of life, has made the issue of generalized information extraction a central one in Natural Language Processing. We have built a system that attempts to provide any user with the ability to efficiently create and customize, for his or her own application, an information extraction system with competitive precision and recall statistics. The use of a graphical user interface (GUI), along with WordNet, in the design of the system helps take the computational linguist out of the process of customizing the system to each new domain. This is achieved by using the GUI to minimize the effort on the end user for writing the regular patterns for new domains. WordNet acts as a domain independent semantic knowledge base.
Automatic Target Acquisition Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control (AICC): Driver Comfort, Acceptance, and Performance in Highway Traffic

The levels of driver comfort and acceptance for an autonomous intelligent cruise control (AICC) system driven in an actual highway environment are investigated. Objective measures of driving performance and behaviour are compared with participants' subjective assessments when operating under manual control, conventional cruise, and AICC. Included in the comparison are measures of driver velocity and braking behaviour. Participants drive slightly higher mean velocities under the manual condition as compared with AICC. Participants applied the brakes less frequently when driving manually. Participants rated the AICC system favorably for comfort, ease of use, and convenience. However, participants did express limited concerns associated with the use of AICC. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875189.
The Integrated Spectra Of Globular Clusters

The problems in interpreting the integrated spectra of globular clusters are briefly summarized.
Low-Leakage micro gate valves

We have developed a device design and fabrication process for low-leakage, planar silicon gate valves. The "hole-in-the-wall" fabrication process has been used to create manually actuated gate valves that exhibit fluidic-resistance ratios greater than 27,000:1. Furthermore, theory shows that this ratio may be increased further by a factor of five because the current valve seat has not been optimized. The fabrication process makes possible, for the very first time, planar micro valves with valve seats that completely encompass the fluid flow. As opposed to previously published planar micro valves, there is no direct leakage path around the valve gate because this new fabrication approach places a flow orifice in the center of the wall of a channel. With the channel walls used as a valve seat, the location of this orifice reduces the leakage above and below the gate, a problem inherent in all planar micro-fluidic valves. Our robust, wafer-level, three-mask, self-aligned process is described and includes important details regarding smoothing of the valve-seat surface.
Novel reproductive modes in freshwater clams: brooding and larval morphology in Southeast Asian taxa of Corbicula (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Corbiculidae)

While the majority of marine bivalves are oviparous, the two freshwater families among the order Veneroida, i.e. Corbiculidae and Sphaeriidae, comprise species with ovoviviparous and viviparous reproduction. Within the Corbiculidae, the genus Corbicula, which is well-known for its invasive and, thus, ecologically important representatives, is characterized by (i) a wide range of limnic habitats, inhabiting both brackish water and freshwater environments, and (ii) contrasting modes of reproduction, including ‘planktonic’ development via a free-swimming larva vs. intrabranchial incubation (brooding) of shelled juveniles. The present investigation of five species of Corbicula from the Indonesian islands Sumatra and Sulawesi, which were hitherto not studied anatomically, adds to the diversity in reproductive patterns in this genus. As a unique feature among Corbicula we here report on two newly observed modes of brooding in species endemic to Sulawesi, (i) tetragenous brooding (i.e. in both demibranchs) in Corbicula possoensis Sarasin & Sarasin, 1898 from Lake Poso, and (ii) prolonged incubation in the maternal gills, with juvenile shells reaching up to 1.3 mm in length and with a well-developed hinge in C. linduensis Bollinger, 1914 from the Lindu River system. In contrast, a third method is seen in the following taxa that incubate their young in their inner demibranchs only until the stage of juveniles with straight-hinged shells (D-shaped): C. matannensis Sarasin & Sarasin, 1898 from Lake Matano and Lake Mahalona, C. loehensis Kruimel, 1913 from Lake Masapi (all on Sulawesi) and C. moltkiana Prime, 1878 from Lakes Maninjau and Singkarak (on Sumatra). Details of the anatomical and histological features of ctenidia are described for each type of brooding, and some trends in the evolution of reproductive strategies within the Corbiculidae are discussed, comparing them with those known from other limnic molluscs.
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Generated in Osteoarthritis Directly Excite Murine Nociceptive Neurons Through Toll-like Receptor 4

Objective To determine whether selected damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) present in the osteoarthritic (OA) joints of mice excite nociceptors through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). Methods The ability of S100A8 and α2-macroglobulin to excite nociceptors was determined by measuring the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells as well as by measuring the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured DRG neurons from naive mice or from mice that had undergone surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) 8 weeks previously. The role of TLR-4 was assessed using TLR-4–/– cells or a TLR-4 inhibitor. The [Ca2+]i in neurons within ex vivo intact DRGs was measured in samples from Pirt-GCaMP3 mice. Neuronal expression of the Tlr4 gene was determined by in situ hybridization. DMM surgery was performed in wild-type and TLR-4–/– mice; mechanical allodynia was monitored, and joint damage was assessed histologically after 16 weeks. Results DRG neurons from both naive and DMM mice expressed Tlr4. Both S100A8 and α2-macroglobulin stimulated release of the proalgesic chemokine MCP-1 in DRG cultures, and the neurons rapidly responded to S100A8 and α2-macroglobulin with increased [Ca2+]i. Blocking TLR-4 inhibited these effects. Neurons within intact DRGs responded to the TLR-4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. In both of the calcium-imaging assays, it was primarily the nociceptor population of neurons that responded to TLR-4 ligands. TLR-4–/– mice were not protected from mechanical allodynia or from joint damage associated with DMM. Conclusion Our experiments suggest a role of TLR-4 signaling in the excitation of nociceptors by selected DAMPs. Further research is needed to delineate the importance of this pathway in relation to OA pain.
Long-Term Cardiac Safety Analysis of NCCTG N9831 (Alliance) Adjuvant Trastuzumab Trial

PurposeSignificant improvement in survival outcomes has been established with the addition of trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –positive early breast cancer treatment. However, trastuzumab may increase the risk of cardiac toxicity, and long-term evaluation of its incidence and risk factors are warranted.MethodsNCCTG (Alliance) N9831 trial compared adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by either weekly paclitaxel (arm A); paclitaxel then trastuzumab (arm B); or paclitaxel plus trastuzumab followed by trastuzumab alone (arm C) in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Cumulative incidence of cardiac events (CE) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were evaluated in 1,944 women who proceeded to post-AC therapy. Risk factors for trastuzumab-induced cardiac toxicity were identified by Cox regression models.ResultsThe 6-year cumulative incidence of CE was 0.6% in arm A, 2.8% in arm B, and 3.4% in arm C. At a median follow-up ...
Mt. Blanco revisited: Soil-geomorphic implications for the ages of the upper Cenozoic Blanco and Blackwater Draw Formations

Mt. Blanco, on the eastern edge of the Southern High Plains of Texas, contains stratigraphic features significant in interpreting the late Cenozoic history of the region and the vertebrate paleontology of the Great Plains; however, the stratigraphic relations are confused in the literature or are unreported. Mt. Blanco is the type locality for the Blanco Formation and the Blanco Local Fauna, which occurs throughout North America and is the type fauna for the Blancan Land Mammal Age in North America. Here also occur exposures of the Blackwater Draw Formation, an extensive (120,000 km/sup 2/) eolian sheet that is the surficial cover of the region and contains the 1.4 Ma Guaje Ash and several buried soils. A reexamination of the section shows that (1) the Blackwater Draw Formation, an eolian deposit, contains three well-expressed buried soils (5 YR hues, argillic horizons greater than or equal to 1 m thick, Stages III and IV calcic horizons) and the similar regional surface soil (Paleustalf); (2) the Guaje Ash is within the lower Blackwater Draw Formation but is separated from the Blanco Formation, a lacustrine unit, by about 1 m of sediment, including the lowest buried soil; and (3) the lowest buried soil showsmore » a Stage IV calcrete formed at the top of the Blanco Formation and the base of the Blackwater Draw Formation and probably took about 200 ka to form. These new data suggested that deposition of the type Blanco sediments may have ended by about 1.6 Ma or earlier. Since that time, the Blackwater Draw Formation has accumulated episodically; periods of nondeposition are characterized by landscape stability and pedogenesis.« less
Science, space budget approved

The Senate is about to approve a budget for NASA, NSF, and other independent agencies that would restore some of the money cut by the House version from President Bush's request. The Senate Appropriations Committee approved recommendations of its Veterans Affairs, Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies (VAHUDIA) subcommittee on $48.05 billion in discretionary spending for Fiscal Year 1990 on September 13. The full Senate could vote on the bill in the next few weeks. Differences between House and Senate versions of the bill will then be worked out by members of both houses in conference later in the year.
Implicit precaution, scientific inference, and indirect evidence: the basis for the US Environmental Protection Agency's regulation of genetically modified crops

In this study, we explore how the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses science in its overseeing of genetically modified (GM) plants producing their own pesticides (plant-incorporated protectants or PIPs). Our analysis is based on a systematic review of EPA's product assessments, regulatory decisions and policy documents on GM plants. In regulating PIPs, product characteristics remain the fundamental basis for the agency's risk assessment. However, a recent ruling by the EPA represents a departure from a strict “product” approach to risk assessment. By considering not only product characteristics, but also the process by which a GM crop was developed, the EPA may be seen as adopting a cautionary approach under conditions where current science is unable to resolve whether GM crops and foods impose unique risks by comparison with products derived through conventional breeding. The EPA's case-by-case evaluations of GM products rely heavily on models and indirect measurements interpreted through biol...