cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Photoionization Dynamics at Threshold Energies

Photoinduced molecular fragmentation processes offer a unique opportunity for studying collision dynamics in which the angular momenta, relative energies and spatial orientations of the interacting particles are constrained. Examples include neutral photodissociation which leads to chemical bond cleavage, and photoionization which results in the formation of a free electron and molecular cation. The half-collision view of photofragmentation processes provides the link between the highly detailed state-to-state information derived from such studies and the less tractable full collision problems such as reactive scattering and inelastic electron scattering. Central to these collision processes is the nature of the close range complex or “transition state” whose time-evolution determines the fragment yields and their state distributions. Except for a few experiments involving simple diatomic molecules, however, time-resolved measurements of the photoexecited collision complex are not usually feasible.1 Instead, the dynamics of the fragmentation process are inferred from measurements of the asymptotic product state distributions. To obtain an adequate description of the fragmentation dynamics, it becomes necessary to completely characterize the quantum state distributions of the fragments as well as their relative translational energies and spatial correlations. Much recent effort in photodissociation dynamics involves the development of probe schemes, e.g. Doppler profile analyses, which can provide a maximum amount of product information (scalar and vector) with the minimum number of measurements and experimental configurations.2
Micellar Charge Effects Upon Spontaneous Nucleophilic Additions and Substitutions

Spontaneous hydrolyses of carboxylic anhydrides, diaryl carbonates, acid chlorides and alkyl halides and arene-sulfonates are typically inhibited by ionic micelles. Except for hydrolysis of methyl benzenesulfonate, SN hydrolyses observed to date are faster in anionic than in cationic micelles. Hydrolyses of carboxylic anhydrides and diaryl carbonates are faster in cationic than in anionic micelles. Hydrolyses of acyl chlorides and chloroformates are faster in cationic than in anionic micelles if there is strong electron withdrawal at the reaction center. These micellar charge effects depend upon the relative importance of bond-making and breaking in the transition state.
Hypoxanthine salvage in man: its importance in urate overproduction in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

The deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) is associated with massive overproduction and overexcretion of uric acid1,2. The mechanism for increased uric acid production in this enzyme deficiency has been investigated in vivo by the administration of (14C)glycine1 and in vitro by the conversion of (14C)formate to formylglycineamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) in fibroblasts and lymphoblasts3,4. The deficiency of HGPRT results in a 20-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of (14C)glycine into urinary uric acid and a 4-fold increase in FGAR formation from (14C)formate (Figure 1). These studies appear to indicate an elevated rate of purine synthesis de novo in the enzyme deficient state.
Trans-Arterial I-131 Lipiodol Therapy of Liver Tumors

Trans-arterial radiotherapy for liver malignancies began with iodine-131 labeled lipiodol for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This agent continues to be used, labeled with 131I as well as with other radionuclides that emit β-particles, notably rhenium-188. Particulates such as glass and albumin microspheres labeled with yttrium-90 have also been utilized, and their physical characteristics have enabled evaluation of their utility in metastatic liver cancers as well, with considerable success.
In-Situ Fatigue Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Highway Bridges

Fatigue damage in bridges has been identified as a threat to bridge safety. Fatigue cracks in steel structures are well-known to occur at stresses lower than typical design stresses. Short fatigue cracks can be difficult to detect by visual inspection and therefore can be easily overlooked. Since a larger portion of fatigue life in metals is spenton crack nucleation than on propagation, it is vital to develop methods of detecting such damage. We will discussthe initial development work of an in-situ fatigue sensor to detect fatigue damage in steel bridges. The concept of the fatigue sensor is built on the strain-life fatigue analysis method and Miner’s damage summation rule. The fatigue sensor is made of electrically conductive material with notched sensor arms with varying stress concentration factors; each arm is designed to fail at different numbers of stress cycles to indicate the accumulation of damage in the structural member to which it is attached. The concept has been verified for constant amplitude cyclic loading in the laboratory. A finite element analysis has been carried out for the sensor and the results are compared. Future work will address the case of variable amplitude loading.
Implications of cash hoarding for shareholders

Agency theory suggests that firms with very high cash balances (“cash hoarders”) are likely to misinvest their funds. However, if investors do not fully recognize the implications of a high cash balance, then future returns may be predictable for cash-hoarding firms. We find that cash hoarders significantly underperform over the two years following their identification as hoarding. In subsequent analysis, we find that returns are significantly negative in the year that a prior cash-hoarding firm reports a significant decrease in cash. Our results suggest that investors do not fully appreciate the implications of a high cash balance for future returns, but do recognize problems when that cash is subsequently spent.
Developmental Era The 1990s and beyond

Observations of the developing cardiovascular system date from antiquity. Aristotle pictured the beating heart in a chicken egg [303]. Leonardo DaVinci’s drawings of the developing embryo foreshadowed the accurate description of the shape changes that accompany the development of an embryo to fetus to living animal [304].
Discrete numerical simulations of torpedo anchor installation in granular soils

Abstract Torpedo anchors are a viable approach for mooring marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy devices to the seafloor. These anchors can serve to maintain station and to provide the reaction force for an MHK device. The ability of the anchor to perform these duties is a strong function of its penetration depth during installation. This is a large-strain problem not amenable to typical continuum numerical approaches. In the current work, we propose that the discrete element method (DEM) is a more appropriate tool to investigate the shallow penetration of torpedo anchors in sands. The effects of anchor mass, impact velocity, and soil interparticle friction are considered in the DEM simulations. The relative maximum penetration depths for different penetration conditions are quantified and presented. Granular material response at the microscale during penetration are used to provide insight into system response. Energy dissipation in the assembly by both friction and collision at the particle scale are considered. Results show that anchor penetration increases approximately linearly with an increase in impact velocity or anchor weight. Penetration decreases with an increase in interparticle friction (i.e., soil strength). Observations of microscale behaviors and energy calculations are used to provide insight into overall system response.
Early Childhood Bilingualism: In Search of Explanation

Although a number of researchers over the years have focused on the language development of bilingual children, we currently possess only a fragmentary picture of the total phenomenon. Further, what appears to be known about the processes involved may need reexamination in light of recent theoretical and empirical work. It is the purpose of this article to review recent research (i.e., that done within the last five to six years), as well as to discuss difficulties inherent in research on bilingual children. In addition, the article argues for a multidisciplinary approach to research in the area and outlines suggested avenues of inquiry within such a framework. Throughout, the focus is on children's bilingual acquisition in naturalistic settings (i.e., prior to school attendance).
Selective Binding and Quantitation of Calcium with a Cobalt-Based Magnetic Resonance Probe.

We report a cobalt-based paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) magnetic resonance (MR) probe that is able to selectively bind and quantitate the concentration of Ca2+ ions u...
Citizenship and Civic Education in Costa Rica, Myanmar, and the United States.

Educators everywhere consider how best to prepare students with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors to be informed, engaged, and caring 21st century citizens. This article provides a report of an ethnographic transnational field study examining how 30 middle and high school educators located in Costa Rica, Myanmar, and the United States, conceive of citizenship and civic education based on textbook use, classroom materials, pedagogical practices, and instructional strategies. Data sources included field logs, debriefing sessions, one-to-one interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations, a questionnaire, textbook evaluations, and review of media documents. Participants in the United States network emphasized multiple perspectives applied as a lens to the study of contemporary global issues. Costa Rican participants mirrored this description but with emphasis on nationalistic goals to equip students with skills to work for tangible improvements in the lives of Costa Rican citizens. In the Myanmar context, participants relied almost exclusively on textbooks; in this case, context and culture informed the aims and approaches of civic and citizenship education. Implications contribute to transnational discourse addressing the practice of civic and citizenship education internationally. This study expands dominant definitions and the importance of a qualitative transnational framework to examine citizenship and civics curricula in diverse systems.
Research on Reactive Power and Voltage Support Capability of Distribution PV power station

At present, the reactive power supporting ability of distributed photovoltaic (PV) power stations wins much attentions, and its corresponding evaluation has important theoretical and practical significance. However, there are many factors, including the access modes, the number of access points, the access voltage level and the power factor, can affect the reactive power supporting ability, which makes it difficult to comprehensive evaluate the reactive power supporting ability of distributed PV power station. In view of this, a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed in this study, it builds a comprehensive evaluation index system fully considering variety of influencing factor. By using the data collected from the typical PV power station verifies the proposed comprehensive evaluation index system and reactive power supporting ability evaluation method.
Short- and long-term responses of riparian cottonwoods (Populus spp.) to flow diversion: Analysis of tree-ring radial growth and stable carbon isotopes.

Abstract Long duration tree-ring records with annual precision allow for the reconstruction of past growing conditions. Investigations limited to the most common tree-ring proxy of ring width can be difficult to interpret, however, because radial growth is affected by multiple environmental processes. Furthermore, studies of living trees may miss important effects of drought on tree survival and forest changes. Stable carbon isotopes can help distinguish drought from other environmental factors that influence tree-ring width and forest stand condition. We quantified tree-ring radial expansion and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in riparian cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia and P. angustifolia x P. trichocarpa) along Snake Creek in Nevada, USA. We investigated how hydrological drought affected tree growth and death at annual to half-century scales in a partially dewatered reach (DW) compared to reference reaches immediately upstream and downstream. A gradual decline in tree-ring basal area increment (BAI) began at DW concurrent to streamflow diversion in 1961. BAI at DW diverged from one reference reach immediately but not from the other until nearly 50 years later. In contrast, tree-ring δ13C had a rapid and sustained increase following diversion at DW only, providing the stronger and clearer drought signal. BAI and δ13C were not significantly correlated prior to diversion; after diversion they both reflected drought and were correlated for DW trees only. Cluster analyses distinguished all trees in DW from those in reference reaches based on δ13C, but BAI patterns left trees intermixed across reaches. Branch and tree mortality were also highest and canopy vigor was lowest in DW. Results indicate that water scarcity strongly limited cottonwood photosynthesis following flow diversion, thus reducing carbon assimilation, basal growth and survival. The dieback was not sudden, but occurred over decades as carbon deficits mounted and depleted streamflow left trees increasingly vulnerable to local meteorological drought.
Atmospheric refraction and absorption and their fluctuations at centimeter and millimeter waves

Four topics are discussed here. First, the near-line-center absorption line shape of water vapor is shown to be the Van Vleck-Weisskopf shape. Second, Gordon's theory is recommended for calculation of absorption by the tails of the 60 GHz band of oxygen and the oxygen nonresonant absorption. Third, the dispersive refractivity from water-vapor lines above 1 THz is reduced to a simple calculation. Fourth, a model of refraction and absorption and their sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature and humidity is described.
“But what about the beginning?”: Young children’s independent narrative structure and how mothers promote chronological coherence during narrative conversations

Abstract This mixed model study first implemented a quantitative approach to investigate the structural coherence of the narratives that 3- to 6-year old children construct with and without their mothers. We then employed qualitative analysis to identify and categorize strategies that mothers used to scaffold their children’s developing sequencing skill during narrative conversations. Analysis of 233 co-constructed and 209 independent past-event narratives from 65 mother-child dyads revealed that the children produced narratives with a range of structural coherence both independently and with maternal assistance. Chronological narratives were the most common structure produced with and without assistance, but leapfrog narratives persisted in the dyadic context. Five distinct patterns of maternal strategies that provided chronological structure to their children’s leapfrogs emerged. We discuss the ways in which the maternal strategies identified promote early literacy skills through scaffolding and modeling school-like literacy practices in everyday conversations.
Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of a Large Cohort of COVID-19 Outpatients in Michigan

Background: Most outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) do not initially demonstrate severe features requiring hospitalization. Understanding this population's epidemiological and clinical characteristics to allow outcome anticipation is crucial in healthcare resource allocation. Methods: Retrospective, multicenter (8 hospitals) study reporting on 821 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of nasopharyngeal swabs and discharged home to self-isolate after evaluation in emergency departments (EDs) within Beaumont Health System in March, 2020. Outcomes were collected through April 14, 2020, with a minimum of 12 day follow-up and included subsequent ED visit, admission status, and mortality. Results: Of the 821 patients, mean age was 49.3 years (SD 15.7), 46.8% were male and 55.1% were African-American. Cough was the most frequent symptom in 78.2% of patients with a median duration of 3 days (IQR 2-7), and other symptoms included fever 62.1%, rhinorrhea or nasal congestion 35.1% and dyspnea 31.2%. ACEI/ARBs usage was reported in 28.7% patients and 34.0% had diabetes mellitus. Return to the ED for re-evaluation was reported in 19.2% of patients from whom 54.4% were admitted. The patients eventually admitted to the hospital were older (mean age 54.4 vs 48.7 years, p=0.002), had higher BMI (35.4 kg/m2 vs 31.9 kg/m2, p=0.004), were more likely male (58.1% vs 45.4%, p=0.026), and more likely to have hypertension (52.3% vs 29.4%, p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (74.4% vs 29.3%, p<0.001) or prediabetes (25.6% vs 8.4%, p<0.001), COPD (39.5% vs 5.4%, p<0.001), and OSA (36% vs 19%, p<0.001). The overall mortality rate was 1.3%. Conclusion: We found that 80.8% of patients did not return to the ED for re-evaluation. Sending patients with COVID-19 home if they experience mild symptoms is a safe approach for most patients and might mitigate some of the financial and staffing pressures on healthcare systems.
Flipping Without the Cold Turkey

Flipping is an appealing method to engage students for meaningful and active learning. However, the work needed to generate the content the students will use outside the classroom and to coordinate the activities the students will do inside the classroom seems daunting. This paper provides ideas to reduce the start-up costs in time and energy, essential elements to include in the implementation of the flip, and instructor and student behaviors that may need adjusting for a more effective flipped experience. These helpful hints are based on the author’s experience in flipping her sophomore-level chemical engineering required course for the first time last fall.
Mapping the robotic hysterectomy learning curve and re-establishing surgical training metrics.

Objective Common robotic training curricula in the US entail completion of an online module followed by lab training with standardized exercises, such as manipulating needles with robotic needle drivers. Assessments are generally limited to elapsed time and subjective proficiency. We sought to test the feasibility of a simulation-based robotic hysterectomy curriculum to collect objective measurements of trainee progress, map the trainee learning curve and provide a system for trainee-specific evaluation. Methods An observational cohort study of a single institutions' residency members participating in a procedural hysterectomy simulation performed every 4 months. Each simulation episode had one-on-one teaching. The robotic platform was used to measure all movements within cartesian coordinates, the number of clutches, instrument collisions, time to complete the simulated hysterectomy, and unintended injuries during the procedure. Results Voluntary participation was high. Objective metrics were successfully recorded at each session and improved nearly universally. More senior residents demonstrated superior capabilities compared to junior residents as expected. The majority of residents (29/31) were able to complete an entire simulated hysterectomy in the allotted 30-minute training session period by the end of the year. Conclusions This program establishes learning curves based on objective data points using a risk-free simulation platform. The curves can then be used to evaluate trainee skill level and tailor teaching to specific objective competencies. The pilot curriculum can be tailored to the unique needs of each surgical discipline's residency training.
Overview of data science and sustainability analysis

Abstract Globally, challenges related to sustainability abound, including improving air and water quality, reducing food and water consumption, decreasing waste, enhancing energy efficiency and the share of renewable energy, and conserving ecologically valuable lands. One of the most pressing sustainability-related challenges is reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change while developing environmentally-sound adaptation strategies. Simultaneously, advancing the societal aspect of sustainability is critical, but challenging as large portions of the world’s population live below the International Poverty Line. Data science, including different statistical machine learning techniques, is a tool that will see increasing use in efforts to tackle sustainability challenges. Leveraging the growing volumes of data such as satellite imagery, continuous sensor data from industrial processes, social media data, and data from environmental sensors, requires such techniques. This book provides case studies and examples at the intersection of data science and sustainability in the areas of environmental quality and sustainability, energy and water, sustainable systems analysis, and society and policy.
FRETting for a benchmark (LB280)

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool to study molecular interactions, especially protein-protein interactions (PPI). Recombinant fluorescent proteins enable the study of...
Urban Perceptions of Print Advertisements in the Indian Subcontinent

This exploratory research investigates the relationship between the degree of westernization of urban consumers in India and their perceptions toward American origin print advertisements versus print advertisements of Indian origin of the same products. The study also explores the relationship between the advertising perceptions and the behavioral intention to buy the advertised product. The results indicate that the educated, middle-class, urban respondents, irrespective of their degree of westernization, seem to like both the Indian as well as the American advertisements. The findings seem to favor the case of standardization of advertising messages. The results also indicate that there is a positive relationship between the attitude towards the advertisement (Aad) and the behavioral intention to buy (BIB) the advertised product.
Silver enhances the in vitro antifungal activity of the saponin, CAY-1.

Summary The fungicidal properties of purified CAY-1, dissolved silver ion and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) separately were studied in vitro as were the abilities of silver and EDTA to enhance CAY-1 fungicidal properties. Non-germinated and germinating conidia of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium moniliforme), Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani were incubated separately with CAY-1 (0–24.8 μg ml−1), silver (0–111.1 μg ml−1), and EDTA (0–2400 μg ml−1). Controls consisted of non-germinated or germinated conidia in test medium. To assess combined activity, compounds, based on the sub-lethal doses of each as defined in the initial experiments, were combined and tested in bioassays. Controls for the mixed sets consisted of non-germinated or germinated conidia only or with the sub-lethal CAY-1 test concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for CAY-1 and silver, both separate and combined, were determined. Viability assays showed CAY-1 activity only against the germinating conidia of A. flavus, A. niger and F. solani. Silver was active against the germinating conidia of all fungi and the non-germinated conidia of F. oxysporum and F. solani. Combined silver and CAY-1 produced significant viability loss at concentrations not effective separately. EDTA was not fungicidal separately and did not enhance CAY-1 fungicidal properties. MIC data showed that CAY-1 plus silver had an additive effect. Results indicate that dissolved silver was fungicidal in vitro and enhanced the fungicidal properties of CAY-1 at concentrations ineffective when tested separately.
Real‐time prediction of magnetospheric activity using the Boyle Index

[1] We present a new algorithm with an improvement in the accuracy and lead time in short-term space weather predictions by coupling the Boyle Index, Φ = 10−4ν2 + 11.7Bsin3(θ/2) kV, to artificial neural networks. The algorithm takes inputs from ACE and a handful of ground-based magnetometers to predict the next upcoming Kp in real time. The model yields a correlation coefficient of over 86% when predicting Kp with a lead time of 1 hour and over 85% for a 2 hour ahead prediction, significantly larger than the Kp persistence of 0.80. The Boyle Index, available in near-real time from http://space.rice.edu/ISTP/wind.html, has been in use for over 5 years now to predict geomagnetic activity. The logarithm of both 3-hour and 1-hour averages of the Boyle Index correlates well with the following Kp: Kp = 8.93 log10 –12.55. Using the Boyle Index alone, the algorithm yields a correlation coefficient of 85% when predicting Kp with a lead time of 1 hour and over 84% for a 3 hour ahead prediction, nearly as good as when using Kp in the history but without any possibility of “persistence contamination.” Although the Boyle Index generally overestimates the polar cap potential for severe events, it does predict that severe activity will occur. Also, 1-hour value less than 100 kV is a good indicator that the magnetosphere will be quiet. However, some storm events with Kp > 6 occur when the Boyle Index is relatively low; the new algorithm is successful in predicting those events by capturing the influence of preconditioning.
Wealth Effects of the Passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 for Large U. S. Multinational Food Corporations

In this article, the authors investigate the wealth effects of the passage of the food labeling regulation issued by the United States Nutritional Labeling and Education Act for a sample of large U...
Spectral Analysis of Arterial Blood Pressure in the Rat During Atrial Fibrillation

This paper describes the development of a systems identification protocol in the rat for use in studies of the dynamics of blood pressure control The method is based on Taylor's canine random heart model and employs electrically induced atrial fibrillation to generate random fluctuations in arterial blood pressure. In order to evaluate the utility of the protocol, recordings of pulsatile blood pressure were obtained from the femoral arteries of anesthetized rats during atrial fibrillation. The data were reduced to spectral density function estimates using standard techniques of discrete spectral analysis. The results indicate that during atrial fibrillation, the time course of arterial blood pressure constitutes a white noise source in the frequency band from 0.01 to 10 Hz, in sharp contrast to the concentration of energy from the normal cardiac cycle into narrow frequency bands within this range. Thus, the protocol should be useful in the analysis of the dynamics of most physiological processes which respond to changes in blood pressure.
Toward Cyber-Enhanced Working Dogs for Search and Rescue

The authors introduce the fundamental building blocks for a cyber-enabled, computer-mediated communication platform to connect human and canine intelligence to achieve a new generation of Cyber-Enhanced Working Dog (CEWD). The use of monitoring technologies provides handlers with real-time information about the behavior and emotional state of their CEWDs and the environments they're working in for a more intelligent canine-human collaboration. From handler to dog, haptic feedback and auditory cues are integrated to provide remote command and feedback delivery. From dog to handler, multiple inertial measurement units strategically located on a harness are used to accurately detect posture and behavior, and concurrent noninvasive photoplethysmogram and electrocardiogram for physiological monitoring. The authors also discuss how CEWDs would be incorporated with a variety of other robotic and autonomous technologies to create next-generation intelligent emergency response systems. Using cyber-physical systems to supplement and augment the two-way information exchange between human handlers and dogs would amplify the remarkable sensory capacities of search and rescue dogs and help them save more lives.
Mechanical property enhancement in short-fiber composites through the control of fiber orientation during fabrication

The mechanical properties of plastics and elastomers reinforced by short fibers are generally dictated by the selection of matrix and reinforcement. However, the high tensile properties attainable in these systems through laboratory processing techniques are frequently not obtained in conventional fabrication operations. To gain a wider latitude in meeting economic and performance constraints, the control of composite structure in the fabrication step should not be overlooked. Tool geometry and processing conditions can be manipulated specifically to control the fiber orientation distribution in the product. A study of fiber orientation in composite compounds during flow through runners, gates, and dies leads to recommendations for optimizing the directional strength and stiffness according to a kinematic model. Performance data on parts fabricated from various short-fiber composite materials bear out these projections.
A Longitudinal and Retrospective Study of PTSD Among Older Prisoners of War

Objective: The authors examined the longitudinal changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom levels and prevalence rates over a 4-year time period among American former prisoners of war (POWs) from World War II and the Korean War. Retrospective symptom reports by World War II POWs dating back to shortly after repatriation were examined for 1) additional evidence of changing PTSD symptom levels and 2) evidence of PTSD cases with a long-delayed onset. Method: PTSD prevalence rates and symptom levels were measured by the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. For the longitudinal portion of the study, participants were 177 community-dwelling World War II and Korean POWs. For the retrospective portion, participants were 244 community-dwelling World War II POWs. Results: PTSD prevalence rates and symptom levels increased significantly over the 4-year measurement interval. Retrospective symptom reports indicated that symptoms were highest shortly after the war, declined for several decades, and increased within the past two decades. Long-delayed onset of PTSD symptoms was rare. Demographic and psychosocial variables were used to characterize participants whose symptoms increased over 4 years and differentiate participants who reported a long-delayed symptom onset. Conclusions: Both longitudinal and retrospective data support a PTSD symptom pattern of immediate onset and gradual decline, followed by increasing PTSD symptom levels among older survivors of remote trauma.
Rapid Gastric Emptying in Patients With Functional Diarrhea

Objective To analyze our experience in patients with chronic diarrhea by using a noninvasive transit study that measures gastric emptying as well as small bowel and colonie transit. Material and Methods Results from 94 consecutive transit tests, for which diarrhea was the main indication, were reviewed and correlated with the final classification of patients as having an organic or nonorganic disorder. Results Sixty patients were considered to have a nonorganic cause of diarrhea, of whom 15 had previously undergone cholecystectomy. The other 34 patients were considered to have diarrhea on the basis of an organic diagnosis. Gastric emptying was more often rapid in patients with a nonorganic cause (P Conclusion The findings implicate a motor abnormality of the upper gut, rapid gastric emptying, as a pathophysiologic mechanism of functional bowel disorders with diarrhea. The results imply that additional prospective observations should be worthwhile.
Articulation Judgments: Some Perceptual Considerations

Five experienced articulation judges scored the tape-recorded responses of four children with articulatorily deviant /r/s under two response arrangement conditions. The tape conditions contrasted i...
Selective solubilization and purification of cell-surface concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins from Novikoff hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Abstract Novikoff hepatocellular carcinoma cells possess cell-surface glycoproteins that bind the lectin, concanavalin A. A subset of Con A-binding plasma membrane glycoproteins was solubilized by addition of n-butanol to a suspension of Novikoff cells. Glycoproteins solubilized into the n-butanol-saturated aqueous phase of the two-phase mixture were purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose-conjugated concanavalin A. Glycoproteins specifically bound to the Sepharose-conjugated Con A exhibited apparent Mr = 72,000 to 125,000. The plasma membrane localization of these components was inferred by their isolation from cells surface labeled with NaIO4/ NaB3H4. A xenoantiserum, raised against glycoproteins specifically bound to Sepharose-conjugated concanavalin A was employed to identify reactive components in nonionic detergent extracts of Novikoff tumor cells or rat hepatocytes surface labeled using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination (125I). Major reactive peptides in extracts of Novikoff cells exhibited apparent Mr = 74,000, 82, 000, 110,000, and 135,000, while those in extracts of hepatocytes possessed apparent Mr = 98,000 and 105,000. The reactivity of the antiserum with extracts of 125I-labeled Novikoff cells was abolished by absorption of the antiserum with hepatocytes, indicating that the qualitative differences observed may result from structural modification of one or more cell-surface glycoproteins, rather than the expression of new or inappropriate glycoproteins. This antiserum will provide a useful probe to investigate alterations in the expression or structure of glycoproteins that occur as a consequence of malignant transformation or adaptation of malignant cells to growth in the ascitic form.
Quantitative Spectrographic Analysis of Zirconium-Hafnium Mixtures*

A spectrographic method for the analysis of zirconium-hafnium mixtures covering the hafnium/zirconium concentration ratio range from 0.001 to 100 is described. The samples are excited as conducting pellets prepared from mixtures of the combined oxides with powdered flake graphite. An overdamped condenser discharge is used for excitation. By utilizing a series of internal standard line pairs, the complete concentration range can be covered by a single exposure. At the same time, photographic photometry errors can be reduced by restricting the intensity ratio range over which these line pairs are measured. The unique similarity in the physical and chemical properties of zirconium and hafnium, combined with the use of line pairs of similar excitation characteristics, provides a system in which ideal internal standard conditions can be achieved. Experimental results indicate that, within the wide limits investigated, variations in excitation conditions, extraneous elements, graphite-oxide ratio in the pellets, crystal structure of the oxides, and chemical form of the samples, have no apparent effect on the analytical results. Precision determinations showed a standard deviation of about 1.5 to 2.0 percent.
USE OF THE ANOMERIC ALLYLATION REACTION IN NATURAL PRODUCTS SYNTHESIS ‐ A STEREOCONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF METHYL DEOXYPSEUDOMONATE B

Abstract L -lyxose has been elaborated to methyl deoxypseudomonate B (I) by a sequence of reactions involving the Lewis acid catalyzed anomeric allylation procedure and a stereospecific Grignard addition reaction.
Implications of initial conditions and ice–ocean coupling for grounding-line evolution

Abstract Ice-sheet grounding lines are sensitive to initial conditions and to small perturbations in boundary conditions, based on new model results coupling ocean and ice flow. To study ice–ocean dynamics near ice-stream grounding lines, we couple an ocean-plume model that simulates ice-shelf basal melting with a two-dimensional, isothermal model of ice-stream and ice-shelf flow. The notable results of the coupled model experiments are to reveal grounding-line migration sensitivities to i) specific aspects of modeling-derived and history-dependent initial conditions, ii) to the overall melt magnitude, and iii) to a positive feedback between focused melting and local slopes of basal ice that is eventually stabilized by buttressing for lengthening ice shelves. These interactions can lead to multiple steady states for ice flow over a bed that shallows in the along-flow direction and have an important bearing on the effects of bedrock bumps. When in the vicinity of bedrock highs, grounding lines tend to rapidly advance or retreat towards the basal asperity. A significant delay or cessation of (de)glaciation occurs once the grounding line reaches the leeward side of the bedrock crest. However, while bedrock bumps can offer stability in the grounding zone, minor changes in ocean conditions can easily offset their effect through basal melting feedbacks.
Radiation-Induced Astrogliosis and Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Can Be Abrogated Using Anti-TNF Treatment

Purpose In this article, we investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in the initiation of acute damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain tissue following radiotherapy (RT) for CNS tumors. Methods and Materials Intravital microscopy and a closed cranial window technique were used to measure quantitatively BBB permeability to FITC-dextran 4.4-kDa molecules, leukocyte adhesion (Rhodamine-6G) and vessel diameters before and after 20-Gy cranial radiation with and without treatment with anti-TNF. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify astrogliosis post-RT and immunofluorescence was used to visualize protein expression of TNF and ICAM-1 post-RT. Recombinant TNF (rTNF) was used to elucidate the role of TNF in leukocyte adhesion and vessel diameter. Results Mice treated with anti-TNF showed significantly lower permeability and leukocyte adhesion at 24 and 48 h post-RT vs. RT-only animals. We observed a significant decrease in arteriole diameters at 48 h post-RT that was inhibited in TNF-treated animals. We also saw a significant increase in activated astrocytes following RT that was significantly lower in the anti-TNF-treated group. In addition, immunofluorescence showed protein expression of TNF and ICAM-1 in the cerebral cortex that was inhibited with anti-TNF treatment. Finally, administration of rTNF induced a decrease in arteriole diameter and a significant increase in leukocyte adhesion in venules and arterioles. Conclusions TNF plays a significant role in acute changes in BBB permeability, leukocyte adhesion, arteriole diameter, and astrocyte activation following cranial radiation. Treatment with anti-TNF protects the brain's microvascular network from the acute damage following RT.
Numerical Coverage Analysis for Space-Based Space Situational Awareness Applications

Modern space situational awareness encompasses the detection, tracking, identification, and characterization of resident space objects. As the population density of Earth orbiting objects continues to increase, the goal of maintaining accurate space situational awareness grows ever more challenging. Tracking a population of this magnitude when the objects are sizeable enough for ground-based sensors to monitor is sufficiently challenging on its own. Additional complexities arise when objects below a certain size are considered, in the nano- and picosatellite range, for instance. As miniaturized satellite hardware continues to evolve, the density of objects in this range becomes a concern because, though small, they can still present a threat to orbiting assets. In this case, it is useful to supplement ground-sensor capabilities with orbiting platforms to support situational awareness goals. This study is focused on the application of numerical techniques, leveraging concepts from computer graphics, to dev...
Effect of ryanodine on skeletal muscle reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase (CaATPase)

Abstract Ryanodine activates the CaATPase of a heavy (2000–8000 g ) sub-unit of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, with K A (for half-maximal activation) of 1·9 × 10 −5 M in the presence of 5 × 10 −3 M MgATPand 10 −6 M freeCa. K A is only 3·7 × 10 −6 M when the muscle fraction is exposed to ryanodine in the absence of Mg, and K A in the presence of 5 mM free Mg is 3.3 × 10 −5 M, with Mg competitively inhibiting the effect of the alkaloid. Ryanodine does not affect ADP-ATP exchange rate or the steady state level of phosphoprotein, but activates CaATPase by altering Ca permeability and decreasing intravesicular free Ca. The effect of ryanodine increases with temperature, is not affected by extensive dialysis and appears irreversible, with 1 mole of drug bound per 10 7 g of membrane protein; the drug has little effect on standard fragmented sarcoplasmie reticulum (FSR) preparations.
Low-cost piezocomposite actuator for structural control applications

The design, manufacture, and testing of a low-cost, flexible, planar composite piezoceramic actuator device will be presented. The actuator uses interdigitated electrodes for poling and subsequent actuation of an internal layer of machined piezoceramic fibers. The fiber sheets are formed from monolithic piezoceramic wafers and conventional computer controlled wafer-dicing methods. The fabrication and use of fiber sheets allows precise handing and alignment of piezoceramic fibers during subsequent phases of actuator assembly. Test show that the actuator is capable of producing large, directional in-plane strains; on order of 2000 parts-per-million under a 4000 V peak-to-peak applied voltage cycle. Preliminary endurance testing indicates that the device is relatively durable, with no reductions in free-strain performance up to 90 million electrical cycles.
Social Empathy: A New Paradigm to Address Poverty

ABSTRACT Great disparity exists in the United States between those at the economic top of society and those at the economic bottom. While the difference between the “haves” and the “have-nots” is not a new phenomenon, the extent of the gap is now at previously unseen proportions. This paper examines the disparity, explores why and how it developed, and presents a new way to approach amelioration of the differences through the development of social empathy.
Susceptibility of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) to Heterakis Gallinarum and Histomonas Meleagridis

Abstract This study was performed to determine if the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, could be infected experimentally with the cecal worm, Heterakis gallinarum (=gallinae), or the protozoan, Histomonas meleagridis. Bigland et al. (1965) reported that Japanese quail were refractory to experimental infections with H. gallinarum and H. meleagridis. Conversely, Edgar et al. (1964) noted that this quail was susceptible to both organisms. Cram (1927) listed C. coturnix as host of H. gallinarum and Kurtpinar (1957) found the nematode in 92.2% of the C. coturnix examined in Turkey. Data from the present study confirm Edgar’s et al. (1964) report on the susceptibility of Japanese quail to H. gallinarum, but the data also show this quail may not be susceptible to H. meleagridis or the enterohepatitis caused by it. Straight-run Japanese quail were reared in battery cages on a commercial ration. In experiments 1 and 2, 200 ± 20 larvated H. gallinarum …
In living color: DNA methyltransferase caught in the act

Since the 1970s, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching has advanced our understanding of cell membrane dynamics and cytoplasmic signaling pathways. This technique has now been applied in the nucleus to address questions in epigenetics and provides a useful new tool to develop pharmacotherapies for human disease.
Diffusion-based extraction in a microfabricated device

Abstract Microfabricated fluid systems allow complex chemical analyses to be performed on sub-nanoliter volumes. However, many common laboratory procedures, including filtration, have yet to be robustly implemented in micro-fluid systems. A device has been developed to separate particles and molecules based on their diffusion coefficients; the process is demonstrated using a micromachined device with fluid channels as small as 20 μm. A simple model predicts exponential dependence of the output concentration on diffusion coefficient in certain regimes. Experiments confirm the model.
Impacts of Store Environmental Cues on Store Love and Loyalty: Single-Brand Apparel Retailers

ABSTRACT Based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model, this study examined whether and which store environmental cues (S, i.e., ambient, design, social, and merchandise) increase consumer/store emotional attachment (O) and whether this attachment leads to store loyalty (R) in the context of a single-brand apparel store. To capture the consumer/store emotional attachment, the store love construct was used as the mediator between store environment and store loyalty. The results indicated that design and merchandise cues positively affected store love. Also, store love was determined to be a significant predictor of store loyalty.
Hedonic Tendencies and the Online Consumer: An Investigation of the Online Shopping Process

Over the past 10 years, online shopping among U.S. consumers has been on the rise. While researchers have begun to understand how and why consumers shop online, much information, including trait- and state-based antecedents to purchasing, is still needed. Thus, this study proposed and tested the effect of hedonic shopping motivation on consumer online shopping behavior. Findings indicate that hedonic shopping motivation is a robust predictor of exploratory information seeking and impulse buying. Data further demonstrate that online shopping behaviors affected by hedonic shopping motivation affect pre-purchase browsing time and that the pre-purchase browsing time has a positive relationship with online buying frequency. Finally, the study also shows the positive relationship between perceived credibility of product information and pre-purchase online communication, and the positive relationship between perceived credibility of product information and online buying frequency.