cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of droplet sizes in large scale oil–water flow downstream from a globe valve

Abstract Oil–water dispersed flows produced at valves or restrictions are very common in industry. For example, crude oil desalting processes normally use dispersion valves to mix the dilution water. In this case, the knowledge of dispersed droplet sizes is crucial for the design and optimum control of the process. However, little work has been devoted to characterize and model droplet sizes produced in industrial-type valves. The present work studies water droplet sizes produced by the passage of oil–water flow through a globe valve mounted in a large scale flow loop of 0.1 m internal diameter. Experiments were performed under different pressure drops across the globe valve, and different oil and water flow rates. Produced water droplet sizes were measured in situ downstream from the globe valve location using particle video microscopy. Droplet sizes were compared with theoretical scales for turbulent and viscous break-up. The effect of the volume fraction of dispersed phase on droplet size was also examined. In addition, droplet size distributions were analyzed and fitted using known statistical functions.
Micromechanical modeling of 3D printable interpenetrating phase composites with tailorable effective elastic properties including negative Poisson's ratio

3D printable two-phase interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) are designed by embedding a 3D periodic re-entrant lattice structure (as the reinforcing phase) in a matrix phase. These IPCs display...
Pre-transplant Screening for Non-HLA Antibodies: Who should be Tested?

Abstract Retrospective studies of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies (AT1R-Ab) and anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have linked these antibodies to allograft injury. Because rising healthcare costs dictate judicious use of laboratory testing, we sought to define characteristics of kidney transplant recipients who may benefit from screening for non-HLA antibodies. Kidney recipients transplanted between 2011 and 2016 at Johns Hopkins, were evaluated for AT1R-Ab and AECA. Pre-transplant antibody levels were compared to clinical and biopsy indications of graft dysfunction. Biopsies were graded using the Banff' 2009–2013 criteria. AT1R-Ab and AECA were detected using ELISA and endothelial cell crossmatches, respectively. AT1R-Ab levels were higher in patients who were positive for AECAs. Re-transplanted patients (p
Treatment-Free Survival in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Objective Cancer recurrence is a primary concern for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer; however, population-level data on recurrent or persistent disease do not currently exist. The objective of this study was to determine treated recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer by using a population-based registry, identify correlates of poor treatment-free survival, and define prognostic groups for treatment-free survival. Methods In this population-based study, we evaluated treatment-free survival in 9273 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program-Medicare with a diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer between 1998 and 2012. Treated recurrence was defined by treatment of recurrent or persistent differentiated thyroid cancer with surgery, radioactive iodine, or radiation therapy at ≥1 year after diagnosis. Multivariable analysis was performed with Cox proportional hazards regression, survival trees, and random survival forests. Results In this cohort the median patient age at time of diagnosis was 69 years, and 75% of the patients were female. Using survival tree analyses, we identified five distinct prognostic groups (P < 0.001), with a prediction accuracy of 88.7%. The 5-year treatment-free survival rates of these prognostic groups were 96%, 91%, 85%, 72%, and 52%, respectively, and the 10-year treatment-free survival rates were 94%, 87%, 80%, 64%, and 39%. Based on survival forest analysis, the most important factors for predicting treatment-free survival were stage, tumor size, and receipt of radioactive iodine. Conclusion In this population-based cohort, five prognostic groups for treatment-free survival were identified. Understanding treatment-free survival has implications for the care and long-term surveillance of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
Surface-dependent reactions of the vitamin K-dependent enzyme complexes

During the past 20 years contributions from many laboratories have led to the development of isolation procedures, delineation of primary structures, and more recently, to the expression of recombinant proteins associated with the coagulation cascade. In general, studies of coagulation proteins under defined conditions have demonstrated the prescience of Davie and Ratnoff and MacFarlane in their proposals of the coagulation cascade. The more recent discovery of thrombomodulin by Esmon et al has led to the identification and characterization of components of the vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant pathway. In this review we have attempted to analyze and compare the functional properties of each of the vitamin K-dependent enzyme complexes associated with the procoagulant and anticoagulant phases of blood clotting. Although dissimilarities exist, the vitamin K-dependent complexes have analogous requirements and appear to function with a common general mode of organization. Membrane-bound cofactors serve as anchoring sites for the appropriate membrane-binding enzymes. This process localizes the complex on the membrane surface and increases the catalytic efficiency for substrate utilization. Complex formation provides extraordinary improvements in the catalytic efficiency for the complexes as compared with their soluble enzyme components. Membrane-bound complexes provide a mechanism that can be regulated at a site by membrane presentation, zymogen activation, and cofactor activation or presentation. The kinetic constants obtained for the various coagulation reactions determined in vitro provide some insights into how these pathways may function in vivo. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for factor X activation by factor VIIIa/factor IXa is far in excess of the catalytic efficiency of activation of factor X by tissue factor/factor VIIa (Table 3). This may provide a rational interpretation for the observation that patients with hemophilia A and B bleed even though they appear to have an alternative pathway to factor X activation. In addition, tissue factor is not ordinarily presented by the vascular tissue that has direct access to blood. However, it appears that extravascular constitutive tissue factor is available once the blood vessel becomes disrupted. The efforts to identify the initiating reactions of the blood coagulation process have not been unambiguously successful. We conclude that factor VII is most likely a zymogen, just as are the other proenzymes of the blood clotting process. In addition, it is difficult to rationalize the importance of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation involving factor XII, prekallikrein, and high molecular weight kininogen since the congenital absence of any one of these factors does not result in abnormal bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Time Dependent Theory of Electronic Structure and Nuclear Dynamics in DIET

Some physical processes conceptually lend themselves best to thinking within the time-domain. Direct dissociation or bond-cleavage falls into this category. However, most of quantum dynamics is formulated on the basis of the time-independent Schroedinger equation, since once knowing all the time-independent solutions the time dependence becomes trivial. Implicitly or explicitly solving the time-independent Schroedinger equation is to work within the energy (frequency) domain and to solve within the energy domain is to have knowledge for infinite time. However, many processes to be investigated (DIET included) will be effectively complete in no more than about Δt = 10(−13) sec or less. Hence, individual eigenstates separated by any less than ΔE = −t/Δt = 10(−2)eV cannot be resolved and consequently must be treated on equal footing. For extended systems this is an infinite number of states. Another way of viewing this is to think of energy states as delocalized in time; thus to form a solution which is localized in time many such states must be coherently superimposed. Similarly some physical processes conceptually lend themselves best to thinking within the spatial domain (again DIET falls into this category). However, most of solid state theory is formulated on the basis of band structure calculations, within k-space, which is to solve for inherently spatially delocalized solutions. DIET will be most influenced by the local environment of the desorbing atoms.
Analysis of the Cornea of the Eye with the Electron Microprobe

Progress in techniques of biological tissue preparation for microprobe analysis has allowed the use of the probe in the study of experimental band keratopathy, in which calcium has precipitated in the tissues of the cornea. The condition was induced in rabbits by one of two methods: overdosing with vitamin D in rabbits with uveitis, and intravitreal injection of polyethylene sulfonic acid. In each case, a band of calcium appeared beneath the outer corneal epithelium, approximately 50 µ in thickness, in ca. 100 times normal concentration. The calcium concentration in the remainder of the cornea was normal, with the exception of minute areas of high concentration. Phosphorus was present in the band in high concentrations, but was not found in the smaller calcium-rich areas.
Steep slope 2D negative capacitance CMOS devices: MoS 2 and WSe 2

This work reports steep slope sub-thermionic negative capacitance CMOS devices with 2D semiconductors as channel materials and ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide in the gate stack. Both n-type and p-type negative capacitance FETs are realized with MoS2 as n-type channel material and WSe 2 as p-type channel material. Bidirectional sub-60 mV/dec at room temperature is achieved on both MoS 2 and WSe2 negative capacitance FETs. The impact of internal metal gate on the performance of 2D negative capacitance FETs are also studied and compared with internal FETs.
Technology of Induction of Cancer in Rat with Pulse-Doses of Homogenized Hydrocarbons

The research began with the work of a thoughful and colorful surgeon, Percivall Pott (1713–1788), and his investigation(1) of cancer of the scrotum: “there is a disease as peculiar to a certain set of people, which has not, at least to my knowledge, been publicly noticed; I mean the chimney-sweeper’s cancer. It is a disease which always makes its first attack on, and its first appearance in, the inferior part of the scrotum; where it produces a superficial, painful, ragged, ill-looking sore, with hard and rising edges: the trade call it the soot-wart. I never saw it under the age of puberty”.
17. Endoscopic Resection for Barrett’s Esophagus with Dysplasia

Barrett’s esophagus is a premalignant condition which increases the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, through transformation from metaplasia, low grade dysplasia (LGD), high grade dysplasia (HGD), and cancer. The annual risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma has been estimated to be 0.4–0.5%/year for Barrett’s esophagus, or 30- to 125-fold elevated compared to the general population with the highest risk being in patients with HGD (incidence of 6.58/ 100 patient-years in recent meta-analysis). The increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and its dismal overall 5-year survival rate ( 90% effective at eradication of dysplasia and surrounding Barrett’s esophagus.
Considering planetary environments in origin of life studies

Early Earth geological conditions would have affected prebiotic chemistry: particularly the lack of atmospheric oxygen, presence of dissolved iron, and increased high-energy radiation. Incorporating planetary conditions into origin-of-life studies can also advance our search for life on other worlds.
Subsidy Incidence in Privately Negotiated Spot Markets: Experimental Evidence

We use experimental methods to investigate subsidy incidence, the transfer of subsidy payments from intended recipients to other economic agents, in privately negotiated spot markets. Our results show that market outcomes in treatments with a subsidy given to either buyers or sellers are significantly different from both a no-subsidy treatment and the competitive prediction of a 50% subsidy incidence. The disparity in incidence across treatments relative to predicted levels suggests that incidence equivalence does not hold in this market setting. Moreover, we find no statistical difference in market outcomes when benefits are framed as a “subsidy” versus a schedule shift.
Strategies and Tactics in Armed Conflict: How Governments and Foreign Interveners Respond to Insurgent Threats:

We introduce a new data set on the strategies and tactics employed by belligerents in 197 internal armed conflicts that occurred between 1945 and 2013. The Strategies and Tactics in Armed Conflict ...
Automatic part localization in a CNC machine coordinate system by means of 3D scans

Due to the rough nature of surfaces produced by current additive metal processes, a deviation between the nominal and actual pose of the part arises when fixturing in an NC machine. Modern 3D scanning systems are capable of generating high density measurements that may be used to localize the part and compensate for these errors; but require that scan data be transformed from the scanner to the CNC coordinate systems. In this work, precisely located fiducial features are automatically detected in the scan data and used to compute the pose of the scanner. This information is used to register each scan to the CNC machine space, and thereby create a model of the workpiece as-built and as-mounted in the machine, for use in process planning and localization. An implementation of the system was built and tested against a machined part that was offset to simulate uncertain position and orientation. The initial performance evaluation of the system indicates that it is capable of successfully registering surfaces to the machine coordinate system with accuracy in line with the scanner performance specification.
Race, Place, and Effective Policing

The police need public support and cooperation to be effective in controlling crime and holding offenders accountable. In many disadvantaged communities of color, poor relationships between the pol...
An emerging theory of the persistence of social class microaggressions: an interpretative phenomenological study

Eleven counselor education doctoral students participated in an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis study aimed to understand their social class microaggressions (SCMs) experiences. A tentative ...
Recent Developments in Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions for Analytical Mass Spectrometry

While the study of reactions between oppositely-charged ions has a long history, particularly within the context of plasmas and interstellar chemistry, the exploitation of such reactions for analytical applications was made possible with the advent of electrospray ionization (ESI). , ESI provides a means for generating abundant multiply-charged ions from a wide variety of molecular classes. It was then possible to use ESI to generate multiply-charged analyte or reagent ions for reactions with ions of opposite polarities without resulting in complete neutralization. The first description of ion/ion reaction studies using ESI was given by Loo et al. using a Y-tube reactor leading to the inlet of an atmosphere/vacuum interface coupled with a quadrupole mass filter. , This was an early example of ion/ion chemistry being effected prior to sampling ions into a mass spectrometer. The first implementation of ion/ion reactions within the context of a MSn experiment was demonstrated at Oak Ridge National Lab. , Thi...
New Research on Older Adult Suicide: A Reason for Hope.

Fellow clinical gerontologists, as you well know, suicide rates globally are higher among older men than in any other demographic group (World Health Organization, 2014). Nonetheless, most suicide-...
Collision of the COVID-19 and Addiction Epidemics.

People with substance use disorder may be especially susceptible to COVID-19, and compromised lung function from COVID-19 could also put at risk those who have opioid use disorder and methamphetamine use disorder. This commentary describes the risks of the collision of the COVID-19 and addiction epidemics.
COVID-19 and the Inpatient Dialysis Unit: Managing Resources during Contingency Planning Pre-Crisis.

Much has been written about disaster preparedness for dialysis units during crises such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes where many people in a relatively localized geographic area are affected. The Institute of Medicine defines crisis surge as “Adaptive spaces, staff, and supplies are not
A Pipeline of Unscrupulous Practices: Qualitative Study of Attitudes Toward the Social Security Disability Program:

In the United States more than 8 million adults currently are covered by the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program, with enrollment projected to increase in the coming decades. This q...
Defect states and their electric field-enhanced electron thermal emission in heavily Zr-doped β-Ga2O3 crystals

Performing deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) on Schottky diodes, we investigated defect levels below the conduction band minima (Ec) in Czochralski-grown unintentionally doped (UID) and vertical gradient freeze-grown Zr-doped β-Ga2O3 crystals. In UID crystals with an electron concentration of 1017 cm−3, we observe levels at 0.18 eV and 0.46 eV in addition to the previously reported 0.86 (E2) and 1.03 eV (E3) levels. For 1018 cm−3 Zr-doped Ga2O3, signatures at 0.30 eV (E15) and 0.71 eV (E16) are present. For the highest Zr doping of 5 × 1018 cm−3, we observe only one signature at 0.59 eV. Electric field-enhanced emission rates are demonstrated via increasing the reverse bias during measurement. The 0.86 eV signature in the UID sample displays phonon-assisted tunneling enhanced thermal emission and is consistent with the widely reported E2 (FeGa) defect. The 0.71 eV (E16) signature in the lower-Zr-doped crystal also exhibits phonon-assisted tunneling emission enhancement. Taking into account that the high doping in the Zr-doped diodes also increases the electric field, we propose that the 0.59 eV signature in the highest Zr-doped sample likely corresponds to the 0.71 eV signature in lower-doped samples. Our analysis highlights the importance of testing for and reporting on field-enhanced emission, especially the electric field present during DLTS and other characterization experiments on β-Ga2O3 along with the standard emission energy, cross section, and lambda-corrected trap density. This is important because of the intended use of β-Ga2O3 in high-field devices and the many orders of magnitude of possible doping.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode resistance to avermectin anthelmintics on beef cattle operations in Georgia

Anthelmintic resistance is a worldwide problem in all livestock systems, with most reports of resistance in cattle parasites being to the macrocyclic lactone (ML) drug class. Several prevalence studies performed internationally demonstrate that anthelmintic resistance in cattle parasites is a growing problem, however, no similar studies have been performed in the US. The primary objective of this study was to gain data on the prevalence of ML resistance in gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites on beef cattle farms in Georgia. We also wanted to test the efficacy of combination anthelmintic therapy in these same herds, and use these data as a basis for educational outreach programs for beef producers in Georgia.
Strengthening Integration of Communication Theory into Entertainment-Education Practice: Reflections from the La Peor Novela Case Study

In this chapter, the authors draw on current literature about the use of communication theory in entertainment-education (EE) to examine La Peor Novela (The Worst Telenovela), an intervention implemented by UNICEF in the Dominican Republic to promote prevention of early marriage and gender norms change. We identify components of communication theory, specifically the Extended Elaboration Likelihood Model, Entertainment Overcoming Resistance Model, and Sensemaking, in this intervention. We review sample storylines and reports, interviews, and personal communications with key informants leading or involved in this intervention. In some cases, we provide our own insights derived from our direct involvement in the design and implementation of frameworks that guide this intervention.
'The Army You Created': Combating the Issue of Sexual Assault in College and Quasi-Professional Sports

In the wake of Dr. Larry Nassar’s sentencing for sexual assault, it has become even clearer that there exists a culture of sexual assault in collegiate and quasi- professional sports. Preceding Nassar’s demise there were several cases that brought the nation’s attention to the problem of sex assault in America. The most notable example is that of Penn State’s Jerry Sandusky. Nassar and Sandusky represent people of authority using their positions to prey on minors and young adults within the confines of sports programs. Using Title IX and the Clery Act, as well as state laws, it is possible to push back against athlete assault. However, Title IX coordinators and SafeSport, the Olympic disciplinary body, leave gaps where a government-created agency could easily provide more stability, and ensure more positive outcomes during sex assault investigations. By amending the Amateur Sports Act to include amateur sports of all types, and by creating a Safe Athletics Commission (SAC) modeled after the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the federal government can ensure that sex assault investigations are carried out in a more objective, swift, and professional manner—regardless of the school or Olympic governing body. For the love of the game, it is time to protect our players at the expense of our coaches, athletic trainers, deans, and other sports authorities.
Holy Wars: A historical and theological comparison between Joshua’s conquests vs. Mohammad’s first three incursions

The purpose of this paper is to show that there are substantial differences between the Jewish and the Islamic wars, and these differences reveal two different concepts of the deity among Judaism and Islam. Many people refuse to believe in any of the Abrahamic religions because they claim that “religions are violent, and, therefore, they are the source of violence.” The line of argument that they use is related to the concept of holy wars; God in the OT ordered Jushua to annihilate many nations for their disbelief and, similarly, Allah in the Qur’an ordered Mohammad to fight those who do not believe in Islam. However, a theological and historical investigation regarding the concepts of holy wars among these religions—especially Islam and Judaism—reveals that they are not the same. On the contrary, they differ in their purpose, nature, and rule. Therefore, presenting these differences while relying on Islamic and Judeo-Christian resources should help to refute the previous claim.
Single Defect Multiple Layer (SDML) Model

SDSL models neglect any interrelationships between different masks, as is the case with transistors, and also neglect those defects which do not cause either a short or a break. Yet if the defect falls in the poly-diffusion area of a transistor it can be fatal even if it does not totally break the geometrical pattern. It is thus not sufficient to extract single-layer critical areas if either an accurate yield prediction or a realistic layout to fault extraction are desired.
Morphological Surface Modification

Surface modification approaches can be mainly regarded as by either a physical or a chemical means (note the biological ones are considered as a subset of chemical ones), or both. This chapter focuses on the physical means, particularly, a morphological approach to surface modification. Through illustration of how the area of a planar surface can be increased significantly by adding nanoscopic structures to the surface and that most of these nanostructures may be deemed useless for biosensor applications, it argues for a particular need of biosensors, namely, the need for aqua-robust nanostructures having the highest exposed surface area possible. Following that, it presents with full technical detail the processes to form aqua-robust nanopillar structures along with brief discussions on the underlying science. All the discussions are in the form of case studies, thus providing a practical guide for readers who might want to develop similar surfaces. This chapter ends with, again, a detailed discussion of a recently patented procedure on how to form integrated micro and nano structures on-a-chip for possible biosensor applications.
Application of Generalized Van Der Waals Theory of Homologous Nematogens — Part 1: Trans -4-Ethoxy-4’- N -Alkanoyloxyazobenzenes

In the generalized van der Waals theory (GVDW) of Cotter, nematogens are viewed as rigid spherocylinders moving in a mean field potential given by V(θ) = -λovo0ρ-λ2vo ρ ηP2(cos θ) where λo and λ2 are potential parameters independent of temperature. Employing the equation of state developed by Cotter, values of λo, λ2, and the order parameter are calculated for a homologous series of trans-4-ethoxy-4’-alkanoyloxyazobenezenes from observed volume and temperature data. Calculated λo values were found to be 3 to 5 times those calculated from heat of vaporization estimates. In calculating the temperature dependence of the order parameter, the λ2 values were found to vary markedly with temperature. In addition, calculated values of the order parameter were generally about one-half to one-third of the experimentally measured values.
Conventional Heat Pipes

A heat pipe is defined as a device that utilizes the evaporation heat transfer in its evaporator and the condensation heat transfer in its condenser, in which the vapor flow from the evaporator to condenser is caused by the vapor pressure difference, and the liquid flow from the condenser to the evaporator is produced by capillary force, gravitational force, and/or other forces directly acting on it.The conventional heat pipe basically is referred to as a heat pipe driven by capillary force as shown in Fig. 9.1. A typical conventional heat pipe consists of three sections: an evaporator or heat addition section, an adiabatic section, and a condenser or heat rejection section. When heat is added to the evaporator section of the heat pipe, the heat is transferred through the shell and reaches the liquid. When the liquid in the evaporator section receives enough thermal energy, the liquid vaporizes. The vapor carries the thermal energy through the adiabatic section to the condenser section, where the vapor is condensed into the liquid and releases the latent heat of vaporization. The condensate is pumped back from the condenser to the evaporator by the driving force acting on the liquid.
Three Lessons for Lawyers

This article discusses a recent California case illustrating some potential ethical dangers for lawyers as to conflicts of interest, secret profits (while helping a client secure a mortgage loan) and elder abuse claims.
A 3D spatial integrity monitor for terrain databases

Advanced cockpit display systems are the topic of active research to overcome the problems caused by limited visibility and to improve aircraft safety and airport operations, in general. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aviation Safety and Security Program (AvSSP) is developing Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) to improve a pilot's situational awareness. SVS provide a pilot with either a Heads-Up Display (HUD) or a Heads-Down Display (HDD) containing information about aircraft state, guidance, obstacles and the terrain features over which the aircraft is flying. Out of these, the terrain feature information is extracted on-board from terrain databases. For applications that improve flight safety, it is imperative that the terrain database conforms to a high level of integrity. Otherwise, instead of preventing accidents, the terrain database would be the cause of more. To ensure that the terrain elevation data used for the SVS display imagery conforms to a required reliability, it may be necessary to include an integrity monitor function to the terrain database server. This paper builds upon previously proposed concepts and discusses the concept of a three-dimensional spatial integrity monitor (in the vertical and the two-dimensional horizontal domains) for detecting bias errors. The lower the magnitude of the integrity monitor's minimum detectable bias, the better the integrity monitor. A Kalman filter is designed to make the integrity monitor sensitive to lower magnitudes of bias. The concepts developed for the spatial integrity monitor are extended to a terrain referenced navigation scheme called the spatial position estimator. The performance of the proposed integrity monitor and position estimator is evaluated using flight test data from NASA's flight trials at Eagle/Vail (EGE), CO and Ohio University's flight trials at Albany (KUNI), OH, Asheville (AVL), NC, and Juneau (JNU), AK.
An Examination of Lotka’s law in the Field of Library and Information Studies

s data, and the slope of the curve was 1.888 ± 0.007. Lotka noted that his decision to use the first 17 points of the Auerbach data was due to the “excessive fluctuations” in the data, which was attributed to the limited number of persons in the sample. His general formula for the relationship, found to exist between the two variables, was expressed as x n y = const. He further stated that for the “special case” that n = 2 the value of the constant is found using the following equation,
Trophic competition among parabiotic ants

Parabiosis is defined as a special symbiosis, so far known only from a few Neotropical ant species, in which two or more species occupy the same nest site and forage together while keeping brood separate. In Brazil the foraging and feeding interactions in two previously reported cases of parabiosis have been reexamined. The two cases both include what was considered to be a single species ofCrematogaster (limata var.parabiotica) nesting respectively withMonacis debilis andCamponotus femoratus. Previous reports that the ants forage and feed together peacefully appear to be incorrect. This paper reports thatCrematogaster is aggressively displaced at artificially provided sugar water and dead insect food sources by its associates. TheMonacis andCamponotus also follow the recruitment trails ofCrematogaster to new food sources. TheCrematogaster nesting with each symbiont have been found to be morphologically distinct and they evidently comprise distinct species. The nature of the symbiosis is reexamined in view of the aggressive competition over food sources.
Detection of glucose using Raman spectroscopy

This study investigates the application of Raman spectroscopy and partial least squares for the determination of glucose concentration in mixtures containing lactic acid and urea in water. The Raman spectrometer consisted of a sequence of beam conditioning, sample, and post-sample beam conditioning stages, followed by the monochrometer and CCD detector. The excitation source was a 514.3 nm Argon laser delivering 10 mW of power to the sample. The standard deviation of the residuals for a cross validation of the entire data set was 22.3 mg/dl. This work is part of a continuing effort in the development of technology toward noninvasive glucose sensing for diabetics. >
Endomorphism rings of modules over dedekind-like rings

(1987). Endomorphism rings of modules over dedekind-like rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 459-470.
Sudanese Historiography and Oral Tradition

One of the most curious aspects of Sudanese historiography is that it has almost completely ignored the ongoing attempts to apply the methods of historical criticism to oral tradition in reconstructing the African past. Though an awareness of these attempts on the part of Sudanese historians is not lacking, it has not gone beyond vague indications, casual remarks, and limited use of oral data. This paper investigates the apathy of Sudanese historiography with respect to oral traditions, drawing on articles on the writing of history in the Sudan, as well as on historical writings that have actually made use of oral traditions.Sudanese historiography here means writings by Sudanese on history-writing in the Sudan; general histories of the Sudan; and local histories of the Northern Sudan. The history of the Southern Sudan is excluded because the contribution of oral tradition in reconstructing the history of this region has been markedly different. I also distinguish between traditional (biographers, genealogists, etc.) and amateur historians on the one hand and modern historians on the other. The modern historians, with whom this article will deal exclusively, are graduates of the Department of History in the University of Khartoum (or a similar university by extension), which was established in the late 1940s,and who have been exposed to the Western critical spirit and modern techniques of historical research and writing.2 Unlike the modern historians, traditional and amateur historians have always made use of both oral traditions and written sources.
Monte Carlo simulations of the corrosion of aluminoborosilicate glasses

Abstract Aluminum is one of the most common components included in nuclear waste glasses. Therefore, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were carried out to investigate the influence of aluminum on the rate and mechanism of dissolution of sodium borosilicate glasses in static conditions. The glasses studied were in the compositional range (70 − 2x)% SiO2 x% Al2O3 15% B2O3 (15 + x)% Na2O, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 15%. The simulation results show that increasing amounts of aluminum in the pristine glasses slow down the initial rate of dissolution as determined from the rate of boron release. However, the extent of corrosion – as measured by the total amount of boron release – initially increases with addition of Al2O3, up to 5 mol% Al2O3, but subsequently decreases with further Al2O3 addition. The MC simulations reveal that this behavior is due to the interplay between two opposing mechanisms: (1) aluminum slows down the kinetics of hydrolysis/condensation reactions that drive the reorganization of the glass surface and eventual formation of a blocking layer; and (2) aluminum strengthens the glass thereby increasing the lifetime of the upper part of its surface and allowing for more rapid formation of a blocking layer. Additional MC simulations were performed whereby a process representing the formation of a secondary aluminosilicate phase was included. Secondary phase formation draws dissolved glass components out of the aqueous solution, thereby diminishing the rate of condensation and delaying the formation of a blocking layer. As a result, the extent of corrosion is found to increase continuously with increasing Al2O3 content, as observed experimentally. For Al2O3
Systemic treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: results of a randomized trial.

Abstract purpose: Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma generally respond well to cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, due to the associated myelosuppression, these patients are at risk for developing complicating infections that may affect survival. We therefore conducted a multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing single-agent against combination chemotherapy in advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Lowdose chemotherapy was employed to evaluate its role in combination therapy for this disease and the toxicities associated with the lower intensity. patients and methods: Sixty-one patients with extensive mucocutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma or visceral involvement were randomized for treatment with low-dose Adriamycin (doxorubicin, 20 mg/m 2 ) alone (31 cases) or in combination with bleomycin and vincristine (ABV) (30 cases). Patients were randomized within strata based on prognostic features associated with shorter survival in prior studies. Both treatment arms were evenly matched at study entry. results: Complete and partial tumor remissions were significantly higher with ABV (88%) than with Adriamycin alone (48%) (p = 0.004). The median survival was 9 months in both groups. Study entry criteria significantly associated with shorter survival included CD4 lymphocyte counts less than 100/mm 3 , hemoglobin level less than 10 g/dL, a history of constitutional symptoms, and a prior history of opportunistic infection(s). Toxicities were similar in both arms, and the regimens were well tolerated. Neutropenia (granulocyte count less than 1,000/ mm 3 ) occurred in 34% of patients receiving Adriamycin alone and in 52% of patients receiving ABV and was progressive in successive courses of chemotherapy in both treatment arms. The development of AIDS-defined opportunistic infections was relatively infrequent during therapy (14%). conclusions: Low-dose ABV is an effective chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of extensive Kaposi's sarcoma. ABV chemotherapy is associated with significantly higher responses than Adriamycin alone and with acceptable toxicity.
The enzymatic reaction of chlorotrifluoroethylene with glutathione

Abstract The nephrotoxic gas chlorotrifluoroethylene is a substrate for glutathione S-transferase activity in rat hepatic cytosolic and microsomal fractions. The rates of reaction, determined by measuring glutathione disappearance, were 5–15 or 35–70 nmol/min/mg of cytosolic or microsomal protein, respectively. Glutathione disappearance was completely abolished by heat-denaturing the subcellular fractions. A product of the cytosolcatalyzed reaction between chlorotrifluoroethylene and glutathione was isolated and shown by amino acid analysis and 1H- and 19F-NMR to be S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)glutathione. This appears to be the first demonstration of a glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed addition reaction with a halogenated olefin, and this reaction may be of toxicological significance.
Monitoring of in vivo manipulation of nitric oxide synthases at the rat retina using the push-pull perfusion sampling and capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract Proteins play a variety of functional roles in tissues that underlie tissue health. The measurement of protein function is important to both understand normal and dysfunctional tissue states. Low-flow push–pull perfusion sampling (LFPS) has been used to collect submicroliter volumes of extracellular fluid which are well suited to capillary electrophoresis for compositional quantitative analysis. In this study, LFPS is used to deliver pharmacological agents to the in vivo retinal tissues at the probe sampling tip during sampling to measure protein function. Two native nitric oxide synthase enzymes were pharmacologically inhibited and the enzyme product NO metabolite, nitrate, was determined with capillary electrophoresis from the perfusates. LFPS delivered inhibitors including the non-selective N(G)-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the nNOS selective 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), and eNOS N5-(1-imioethyl)-L-ornithine, dihydrochloride (L-NIO) were perfused to the sampling region either directly over a rat retina optic nerve head or 1-mm peripheral to the ONH. At the PONH, 65, 55 and 60% of baseline nitrate levels, respectively, were observed with inhibitor infusion. These are statistically significant ( P
Formate ion decomposition in water under UV irradiation at 253.7 nm.

Formate ion (HCO2-) occurs in natural waters as a result of photooxidation of humic substances. Under UV irradiation, as applied in water purification (253.7 nm), formate ion decomposed following split-rate pseudo-zero-order kinetics (k1 and k2 are initial and final rate constants, respectively). In the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO), it was found that (a) k1 < k2, (b) k1 and k2 increased with initial formate ion concentration ([HCO2-]0 = (1.73−38.3) × 10-5 mol L-1) and absorbed UV intensity (Ia = (1.38−3.99) × 10-6 mol quanta L-1 s-1), and (c) k1 and k2 were relatively insensitive to initial pH (pH0 = 5.41−8.97) in buffer-free solutions. Both rate constants decreased with increasing carbonate alkalinity ((0−1.0) × 10-3 mol L-1) and k1 was virtually unchanged in phosphate buffer at pH0 between 5.25 and 9.92. Carbonate buffer lowered the rate of formate ion decay, possibly due to scavenging of OH• radicals. Initial rate constant k1 slightly increased with temperature (15−35 °C), while k2 remained unchan...
Beyond words: linguistic experience in melancholia, mania, and schizophrenia

In this paper, we use a phenomenological approach to compare the unusual ways in which language can be experienced by individuals with schizophrenia or severe mood disorders, specifically mania and melancholia (psychotic depression). Our discussion follows a tripartite/dialectical format: first we describe traditionally observed distinctions (i.e., decrease or increase in amount or rate of speech in the affective conditions, versus alterations of coherence, clarity, or interpersonal anchoring in schizophrenia); then we consider some apparent similarities in the experience of language in these conditions (e.g., striking disorganization of manic as well as schizophrenic speech, interpersonal alienation in both schizophrenia and severe depression). Finally, we explore more subtle, qualitative differences. These involve: 1, interpersonal orientation (less concern with the needs of the listener in schizophrenia), 2, forms of attention and context-relevance (e.g., manic distractibility versus schizophrenic loss of orientation), 3, underlying mutations of experience (e.g., sadness/emptiness in melancholia versus disturbances of basic selfhood in schizophrenia), and 4, meta-attitudes toward language (i.e., greater alienation from language-as-such in schizophrenia). Such distinctions appear to reflect significant differences in underlying forms of subjectivity; they are broadly consistent with work in phenomenological psychopathology on other aspects of experience, including body, self, and social world. An understanding of such distinctions may assist with difficult cases of differential diagnosis, while also contributing to a better understanding of suffering persons and of psychological factors underlying their disorders.
Nucleotide sequence of both genomic RNAs of a North American tobacco rattle virus isolate

The complete sequence of a North American tobacco rattle virus (TRV) isolate, ‘Oregon yellow’ (ORY), was determined from cDNA and RT-PCR clones derived from the two genomic RNAs of this isolate. The RNA-1 is 6790 bases and RNA-2 is 3261 bases. The sequence of TRV-ORY RNA-1 was similar to RNA-1 of TRV isolate SYM, and differs in 48 nucleotides. TRV-ORY RNA-1 was one base shorter than -SYM, and had 47 base substitutions resulting in 12 amino acid substitutions of which 4 were conservative. The RNA-2 of TRV-ORY was distinct from RNA-2 of other characterized TRV isolates and contained three open reading frames (ORFs) that could potentially code for proteins of MW 22.4 kDa, 37.6 kDa and 17.9 kDa. Based on the homology of the predicted amino acid sequence with those of other tobraviruses, ORF1 of RNA-2 encodes the coat protein (CP). The protein sequence of ORF2 had regions of limited similarity with those of ORF2 of two other TRV isolates and pea early browning tobravirus. The ORF3 was unique to TRV-ORY. Phylogenetic analysis of tobravirus CPs indicated that TRV-ORY was most closely related to pepper ringspot tobravirus and TRV-TCM. The relationship of tobravirus CPs to other rod-shaped tubular plant viruses vis also discussed.
Adjusting Retention Scores: Reply to Balogh and Zimmermann

Balogh and Zimmermann (1971) used an inappropriate adjustment of retention scores of naive and sophisticated monkeys. When a less erroneous adjustment is made in the retention scores, no group differences emerge.
Raman amplification in ultrasmall silicon-on-insulator wire waveguides

We measure stimulated Raman gain at 1550 nm in an ultrasmall SOI strip waveguide, cross-section of 0.098 µm2. We obtain signal amplification of up to 0.7 dB in the counter-propagating configuration for a sample length of 4.2 mm and using a diode pump at 1435 nm with powers of <30 mW. The Raman amplifier has a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 57.47 dB/cm/W. This work shows the feasibility of ultrasmall SOI waveguides for the development of SOI-based on-chip optical amplifiers and active photonic integrated circuits.
Orthodontic management of the patientundergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis is a gradual incremental bone-lengthening technique that requires very precise treatment planning and surgical execution. Subtle variation in the position of the corticotomy/osteotomy or in the position of the distraction device will affect the ultimate position of the tooth-bearing (distal) segment. Other functional and/or anatomic factors (that at this time are not well understood) also have an influence on the direction in which the tooth-bearing segment moves during distraction. These factors combine to create a discrepancy between the planned direction and the actual or observed direction of distraction. The charge for the orthodontist is to plan, as carefully as possible and in concert with the surgeon, the direction (vector) in which the tooth-bearing segment will travel during distraction. Further, the orthodontist must be able to modify the position that the tooth-bearing segment takes by exerting orthopedic and orthodontic forces and by making adjustments to the distraction device. In addition, the orthodontist must prepare the dentition before distraction, manage the dentition during distraction, and finish the occlusion after distraction in a manner that is different from more traditional jaw-respositioning techniques.
Adaptation of the methyl orange method for the determination of reserpine

Une methode microcolorimetrique est proposee pour la determination de la reserpine dans les preparations pharmaceutiques et le materiel biologique. La reserpine est extraite des solutions legerement acides avec du dichlorure d'ethyle, puis est melange au methyl orange pour former un complexe dans le solvent organique. La couleur se forme, par l'addition d'alcool acide, et elle est proportionnelle aux concentrations de reserpine allant de 0.3 a 15µg/ml de dichlorure d'ethyle. En general on obtient des recuperations depassant 92%. La methode a ete consideree comme applicable a des etudes concernant la disparition de la reserpine du protoplasme.
Effects of flavonoids on enzyme secretion and endocytosis in normal and mucolipidosis II fibroblasts

Abstract The effect of flavonoids on β-hexosaminidase transport and endocytosis has been studied in cultured human skin fibroblasts. In mucolipidosis II fibroblast cultures, characterized by their preferential secretion of most newly synthesized hydrolases, quercetin and phloretin (200 μM) inhibited β-hexosaminidase synthesis as well as total culture-associated enzyme activity. Taxifolin induced a 2.4-fold increase in the total enzyme activity without altering the intra- and extra- cellular distribution of the enzyme. Rutin, although less effective, also stimulated an overall increase in total enzyme. The flavonoid effects were all concentration-dependent. Very little effect was observed in either the distribution or the total β-hexosaminidase activity in normal fibroblast cultures. Taxifolin and hesperitin inhibited receptor-mediated endocytosis of β-hexosaminidase by fibroblasts up to 50% of control uptake. Naringin, quercetin, and phloretin moderately inhibited uptake by 30% while rutin and fisetin had no effect. The results demonstrate that certain naturally occurring flavonoids affect the secretion of lysosomal enzymes as well as their endocytosis by fibroblasts. Since most individuals ingest up to one gram per day of these substances, flavonoids may prove to have significant effects on normal lysosomal enzyme physiology.