cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional Ising-like systems: Corrections to scaling in the Klauder and double-Gaussian models.

Partial-differential approximants are used to study the critical behavior of the susceptibility, \ensuremath{\chi}(x,y), of the Klauder and double-Gaussian scalar spin, or O(1) models on a square lattice using two-variable series to order ${x}^{21}$ where x\ensuremath{\propto}J/${k}_{B}$T while y serves to interpolate analytically from the Gaussian or free-field model at y=0 to the standard spin-(1/2) Ising model at y=1. The pure Ising critical point at y=1 appears to be the only non-Gaussian multisingularity in the range 0ly\ensuremath{\le}1. It is concluded that the exponent \ensuremath{\theta} characterizing the leading irrelevant corrections to scaling lies in the range \ensuremath{\theta}=1.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25. This supports the validity of Nienhuis's conjecture \ensuremath{\theta}=(4/3) but it is argued that, contrary to normal expectations, this (rational) value entails only logarithmic corrections to pure Ising critical behavior. The existence of strong crossover effects for 0.1\ensuremath{\lesssim}y\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6 and the appearance of an effective exponent, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{eff}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\simeq}}1.9}$ to 2.0, is discussed and related to work on the \ensuremath{\lambda}${\mathrm{cphi}}^{4}$ model.
Racial difference in hemoglobin concentration of young adults.

Hemoglobin concentration was measured in 1,001 young adults (34% black, 66% white), ages 17 to 24 years, in a community survey. Hemoglobin levels were 0.9 g/dl lower in blacks than in whites (P < 0.001) and 2.0 g/dl lower in females than in males (P < 0.001). Black females had the highest prevalence of anemia (16%) and the lowest prevalence of polycythemia (3%), while white females had the lowest prevalence of anemia (1%) and highest prevalence of polycythemia (9%). Mean hemoglobin levels in females did not increase after approximately age 1212 years, while those in males continued to increase until age 17 years. Regular cigarette smoking was a potent risk factor for polycythemia in white males. Number of cigarettes smoked per week and number of years as a regular smoker increased hemoglobin concentration. New criteria, based on population distribution of hemoglobin levels, may be needed for defining anemia and polycythemia in black populations and cigarette smokers.
Spectral sensitivity of the weakly discharging electric fish Gnathonemus petersi using its electric organ discharges as the response measure

The spectral sensitivity of the weakly electric mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersi was investigated under dark- and light-adapted conditions using a transient change (startle) in its electric organ discharge (EOD) rate as response measure. The startle was resistant to habituation and graded with light intensity. Under both lighting conditions, the fish responded optimally to a monochromatic light of 525 nm. A porphyropsin pigment (520–5402) appears to mediate spectral sensitivity over most of the visible spectrum. However, G. petersi responded more strongly to 625- and 675-nm lights (dark- and light-adapted fish) and a 725-nm light (light-adapted fish only) than predicted by the presence of a single rod pigment. These data suggest that at least one additional visual pigment (most likely of cone cells) maximally absorbing long wavelength light (600 nm or longer) is present. The spectral sensitivity data are consistent with the sensitivity hypothesis in that heightened sensitivity to long wavelength light is predicted for fish living in blackwater habitats which are characterized typically by low light levels and transmission of predominantly long wavelengths. Histology of the retina showed photoreceptors grouped into bundles and ensheathed by pigment epithelial cells. Our results demonstrated a functional visual sense in a species of fish much better known and studied for its electrosensory and electromotor abilities.
Temperate zone sweet sorghumethanol production potential

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine factors that could effect maximum sugar yield of sweet sorghum (Sorgum bicolor (L.) Moench) at temperature zone locations. Four sweet sorghum cultivars were tested for fermentable sugar production potential under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions with 0, 84, and 186 kg ha−1 of added nitrogen fertilizer at two temperature zone locations (40·8° and 42°N latitude). Test sites represented a typical temperate zone irrigated location and a typical corn belt natural rainfall area. Average ethanol (EtOH) yields for the 2-year study were above 3100 liters ha−1 and ranged up to 5235 liters ha−1. The irrigated location produced more gross green weight (89·9 Mg ha−1) compared with the natural rainfall location (65·0 Mg ha−1), but total sugar yield and theoretical EtOH were not significantly different. The results emphasize the potential of sweet sorghum as an alternative energy crop, capable of insulating ethanol prices from shifts in corn prices. Added nitrogen fertilizer had little discernible effect on increasing fermentable sugar production.
Assessment of the accuracy of low-cost store-and-forward teledermatology consultation☆☆☆

Abstract Background: Telemedicine has the potential to revolutionize the delivery of dermatologic care to underserved areas. Objective: Our purpose was to compare diagnoses from two types of dermatology consultations: telemedicine using store-and-forward (SAF) technology, and traditional face-to-face (FTF) office visits. Methods: Skin conditions were imaged with a consumer-grade digital camera. A standardized template was used to collect historical data. Information was stored in a secured database for access by 2 or 3 board-certified dermatologists. Results from the FTF visit were used to assess the accuracy of the SAF diagnoses. Results: A total of 106 dermatologic conditions in 92 patients were included. Concordance between FTF and SAF diagnoses was high, ranging from 81% to 89% for all 3 dermatologists. Clinically relevant disagreement occurred in only 4% to 8% of cases. Remaining disagreements did not affect patient care. Diagnostic confidence and image quality affected agreement. When cases of high confidence were analyzed separately, agreement increased to 88% to 100%. This increase was substantiated by means of a chi-square test between the high confidence and low confidence groups, which demonstrated statistical significance ( P P Conclusion: These data support the use of existing digital technology to construct an accurate SAF teledermatology system. The inexpensive camera and widely available computer equipment make this an extremely affordable system. Furthermore, participating dermatologists appear well aware of system limitations, as reflected in the increased agreement for high confidence cases. Additional investigation of the accuracy of teledermatology for benign neoplasms is warranted. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:776-83.)
Hexachlorophene esters in pure and mixed monomolecular films

Abstract The properties of pure monomolecular films of hexachlorophene monoundecanoate (I), hexachlorophene monostearate (II), and hexachlorophene diundecanoate (III) have been determined. The pressure-area curves for compounds I and II reflect a similar molecular orientation at the air-water interface for these compounds; films of each of the latter were considerably more stable than those of compound III and reflected the significance of the phenolic-OH function in the interaction with the subphase. Pressure-area isotherms for mixtures of compound I, as well as for those of compound II, with stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, methyl stearate, and stearyl acetate, respectively, showed positive deviations from the additivity rule; negative deviations were observed for mixtures of compound I, or of compound II, with tristearin. The data are indicative of interaction between component molecules in the respective films.
Missile defenses and the russian-united states reset: Reflexive confusion?

The U.S.-Russian impasse over the Obama missile defense plan for Europe is a composite of both technology and politics. Russian threat assessments offer a pessimistic view of NATO enlargement into former Soviet security space and the deployment of any missile defense elements there. Russian objections to NATO European missile defenses have an aspect of attempted “reflexive control” over foreign and domestic audiences, but analysis shows that U.S. and NATO missile defenses even if improved are unlikely to pose a threat to Russia's strategic nuclear deterrent.
A Comparison of the Bioavailabilities of Oral and Intravenous Ethanol in Healthy Male Volunteers

. Objectives: Ethanol (EtOH), the antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol, is administered by the oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) routes. Serum concentrations (SCs) of 100 mg/dL or more are targeted for clinical effect. This study was completed to validate the assumption that there are minimal differences in SC achieved between these two routes. Methods: Twenty healthy male volunteers were randomized to receive either PO or IV EtOH. Subjects abstained from EtOH for 48 hours before each phase. After a seven-day washout period, the subjects crossed over to the other group. Inclusion criteria were no history of medical problems, age between 21 and 40 years, and actual body weight within 10% of ideal weight. Baseline EtOH SCs were obtained before participation in each phase. Two hours after a standard breakfast, the subjects received 700 mg/kg of PO or IV EtOH. PO EtOH was administered as a 20% solution in juice over 10 minutes. IV EtOH, controlled by an infusion pump, was administered as a 10% solution over 30 minutes. Blood was drawn for EtOH SCs at 45, 75, 105, 135, 165, 225, 285, and 345 minutes after start of the dose. Results: All initial EtOH SCs were 0. EtOH SCs were higher after IV administration. Mean peak SC was 103.6 mg/dL after IV administration and 71.3 mg/dL after PO administration (p 0.1). Conclusion: Significant differences exist between the SCs of EtOH as well as the times to peak SC after PO and IV administrations.
Paul Wachtel was ahead of his time

Abstract We enthusiastically endorse Wachtel's prescience in sounding the alarm about his three concerns. We argue that although he detected these trends nearly 30 years ago, they were just beginning to take hold in 1980 and it is only recently that they have become the norms in our field. We describe several manifestations of these trends that could not have been anticipated.
Trozos de cristal — privatisation and Union Politics in Teléfonos de México

Abstract In December 1990, the Mexican government sold the national telephone monopoly, Telefonos de Mexico (hereafter referred to as TELMEX), to a consortium of private interests, constituted by Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim's Grupo Carso, the U.S. firm Southwestern Bell, and the French stateowned enterprise France Cable et Radio, a division of France Telecom. The sale of stock to this consortium was, in fact, the single largest privatisation of the Salinas government (1988–1994) in Mexico. The sale was designed both to raise currency to reduce Mexico's debt burden and also speeding up what was already a high level of growth and expansion.3
Effect of moisture on the static and viscoelastic shear properties of epoxy adhesives

The effects of moisture on the structural properties of two commercially available adhesives, FM73M and FM300M, are investigated. The experimental study consists of static and viscoelastic shear measurements made from bonded joint specimens soon after they were cured and after lengthy exposure in 63% and 95% relative humidity environments. Static shear modulus and shear creep compliance data for each adhesive at each moisture level throughout a wide range of temperatures are illustrated. Also shown are the effects of temperature and moisture on the ultimate shear strength behaviour, and the temperature and moisture viscoelastic shift functions. It is concluded that the effect of moisture as an external plasticizer on the shear properties of these adhesives is equivalent to raising the environmental temperature.
Aggregation Induced by Calcium Chloride and Subsequent Thermal Gelation of Whey Protein Isolate

Abstract The aggregation of whey proteins that was induced by CaCl 2 was investigated by measuring turbidity and aggregate size. The effect of the aggregation on thermal gelation was determined by measuring gel hardness. Standard conditions were set at 10% whey protein solution, 20m M CaCl 2 , and 45°C in order to observe the influence of different variable levels on the aggregation. The addition of 20m M CaCl 2 to a 10% whey protein isolate solution resulted in a continuous increase in turbidity during 5h of incubation at room temperature (21°C). As expected, an increase in temperature (21 to 45°C) or CaCl 2 concentration (5 to 50m M ) increased the rate and extent of the aggregation. Stable colloidal aggregates were formed with 10 to 30m M CaCl 2 . An increase in protein concentration from 5 to 20% remarkably reduced the rate and extent of the aggregation during the 5-h incubation. The aggregation was dependent on the weight ratio of CaCl 2 to whey proteins. Aggregation induced by CaCl 2 before heat-induced gelation greatly affected the hardness of the gels that were formed by heat treatment (80°C for 30min). The formation of the hardest gels required the optimal extent of aggregation or aggregate size.
Toward a broader conceptualization of jealousy in close relationships: Two exploratory studies

The study of jealousy is typically restricted to the examination of a third‐party threat to one's romantic relationship. In contrast to this rather narrow view, two studies were undertaken to examine the possibility (a) that individuals experience jealousy over a variety of issues, and (b) that jealousy‐of any type—occurs and is expressed in non‐romantic relationships such as cross‐sex friendship. The goal of Study I was to assess the realism of hypothetical situations representing six different types of jealousy suggested within the literature. These included: friend jealousy, arising from an individual's relationships with friends; family jealousy, arising from a partner's relationships with family members; activity jealousy, occurring when a partner is involved in activities such as school, work, or hobbies; power jealousy, arising from influence over a partner being lost to others; intimacy jealousy, arising when one feels that more advice is sought from or disclosed to others; and romantic jealousy, ...
Stream function vorticity solution using high‐p element‐by‐element techniques

A p-type finite-element scheme is introduced for Navier-Stokes problems in a fully coupled stream function/vorticity formulation. The resulting coupled non-linear system is solved using a Newton iteration with incremental continuation in the Reynold's number. A biconjugate gradient (BCG) scheme in an element-by-element setting is applied to solve the linearized system at each Newton iteration. Pseudo-element block preconditioners produce a practical PBCG method, even for ill-conditioned systems arising from high-p elements in the case of Stokes flow. The problem at higher Reynolds numbers further limits p.
On the mutability of the yeast mitochondrial genome

A mechanism is proposed to explain how a mutation in a single molecule of mitochondrial DNA (mitDNA) can come to affect all the other mitDNA molecules of a yeast cell. It is suggested that an initial mutation may be “amplified” by a process which is, in fact, intended to ensure the identity of the cell's complement of mitDNA molecules. It is postulated that this process involves a small number of “reference” copies of mitDNA to which all other (“derived”) copies are compared and corrected once per cell cycle. Asymmetric gene conversion is proposed as the correction mechanism and the means of “amplifying” mutations. The model is shown to be compatible with current data on spontaneous and induced mitochondrial mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Coverage and Reliability of Randomly Distributed Sensor Systems with Heterogeneous Detection Range

In this article, we examine the coverage and reliability of distributed sensor networks that are designed for surveillance applications. In particular, we examine a model of sensor network coverage based on Poisson processes, and illustrate how this model combines with standard reliability models to provide estimates of field degradation over time. The results of the article illustrate how the number of sensors required changes with respect to reliability criteria, and how to design and re-seed sensor fields to maintain a minimal level of surveillance coverage. The formulation in the article is presented analytically, and all results are compared to numerical simulations.
Milk fatty acid composition of grazing dairy cows when supplemented with linseed oil

The effects of varying amounts of linseed oil (LSO) in grazing dairy cows' diet on milk conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) were investigated in this study. Twelve Holstein cows in midlactation (150 +/- 19 DIM) were placed on alfalfa-based pasture and assigned to 4 treatments using a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk periods. Treatments were: 1) control grain supplement; 2) control grain supplement containing 170 g of LSO (LSO1); 3) control grain supplement containing 340 g of LSO (LSO2); and 4) control grain supplement containing 510 g of LSO (LSO3). Grain supplements were offered at 7 kg/d. Additional 100 g/d of algae, divided evenly between the 2 feeding times, were added to every treatment diet. Milk samples were collected during the last 3 d of each period and analyzed for chemical and fatty acid composition. Treatments had no effect on milk production (18.9, 18.5, 19.6, and 19.1 kg/d for treatments 1 to 4, respectively). Linseed oil supplementation caused a quadratic increase in milk fat (3.23, 3.44, 3.35, and 3.27% for treatments 1 to 4, respectively) and protein (3.03, 3.19, 3.12, and 3.08%) contents. Concentrations (g/100 g of fatty acids) of milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA (1.12, 1.18, 1.39, and 1.65 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively) and VA (3.39, 3.62, 4.25, and 4.89) linearly increased with LSO supplementations. Results from this trial suggest that the increase in milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA was proportional to the amounts of LSO fed. In conclusion, adding LSO to grazing dairy cow diets can improve the nutritional value of milk without compromising milk composition or cow performance.
Patterns of emotional availability among young mothers and their infants: A dydaic, contextual analysis

The aim of this study was to examine patterns of emotional availability among 80 young mothers (under 21 years at their child's birth) and their infants, and to identify contextual and individual factors associated with different patterns of emotional availability. To operationalize the dyadic aspect of emotional availability, cluster analysis of the Emotional Availability Scales, third edition (EAS; Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1998) was conducted on mother and infant scales simultaneously. Four distinct groups of emotional availability patterns emerged, reflecting synchrony and asynchrony between maternal and child behavior: (a) low-functioning dyads, (b) average dyads, (c) average parenting/disengaged infants, and (d) high-functioning dyads. Further analyses revealed that mothers in different clusters differed on outcomes such as depressive symptomatology, social support, and relationships with their own mothers. The clusters and the variables related to them demonstrate the various challenges in integrating the dual tasks of adolescent and parenting development among young mothers. The clinical implications of these patterns of emotional availability and live context are discussed.
An Overview of Medications Commonly Used to Treat Behavioral Disorders Associated with Autism, Tourette Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

There are 10 major classes of medications that have been used to treat children who display learning or behavioral disorders associated with autism, Tourette syndrome, or pervasive developmental di...
Sequence of Events During Bacillus megaterium Spore Germination

Levinson, Hillel S. (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass.), and Mildred T. Hyatt. Sequence of events during Bacillus megaterium spore germination. J. Bacteriol. 91:1811–1818. 1966.—An integrated investigation of the sequence of events during the germination of Bacillus megaterium spores produced on three different media—Liver “B” (LB), synthetic, and Arret and Kirshbaum (A-K)—is reported. Heat-activated spores were germinated in a mixture of glucose and l-alanine. For studies of dipicolinic acid (DPA) release and increase in stainability and phase-darkening, germination levels were stabilized by the addition of 2 mm HgCl2. Heat resistance was measured by conventional plating techniques and by a new microscopic method. The sequence (50% completion time) of LB spore germination events was: loss of resistance to heat and to toxic chemicals (3.0 min); DPA loss (4.7 min); stainability and Klett-measured loss of turbidity (5.5 min); phase-darkening (7.0 min); and Beckman DU-measured loss of turbidity (7.2 min). The time difference between 50% completion of stainability and complete phase darkening was 1.5 min, in excellent agreement with the microgermination time of 1.49 min as determined by observation of spores darkening under phase optics. Alteration of the sporulation medium modified the 50% completion times of these germination events, and, in some cases, their sequence. In the A-K spores, the rates of loss of heat resistance and DPA were substantially higher than those of the other germination events, whereas in spores produced in the LB and synthetic media all germination events followed an approximately parallel time course. This is discussed from the point of view of spore population heterogeneity and germination mechanisms.
The Significance of Volume-Adjusting the Maximal Midexpiratory Flow in Assessing the Response to a Bronchodilator Drug

Forced expiratory spirograms were obtained before and for six hours after 25 subjects ingested ephedrine and placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Significant changes in the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1.0 ) were noted on days when ephedrine was administered, while the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75%) failed to indicate significant bronchodilation. When FVC increases after therapy with a bronchodilator drug, one is no longer measuring flow during the same volume segment and driving pressure (static transpulmonary pressure [Pst]) as before administration of the bronchodilator drug. Volume-adjusting the FEF25-75% after therapy to the same volume and Pst over which flow is being measured in the tracings before bronchodilator therapy yielded highly significant increases in flow after administration of the bronchodilator drug.
Error analysis of surface state density determination using the MOS capacitance method

Abstract A detailed theoretical and numerical analysis of the possible errors of this method due to experimental inaccuracies is made. Inaccuracies in oxide thickness, substrate impurity concentration, asymptotic capacitances at strong inversion and accumulation, stray capacitance, absolute capacitance and voltage readings are considered. In addition, errors due to neglecting recombination at interface surface states, bulk states, surface channels and to series resistances are considered. The errors in the total interface density of state calculation can be minimized so that the method is sensitive to densities to 2×10 9 states/cm 2 -V in a range of E − E i = ±14 kT in SiSiO 2 MOS diodes at 300°K. The main contribution to error in this range comes from assumed inaccuracy in the absolute capacitance reading (±0.002 pF), the stray capacitance error (±0.01 pF) and the asymptotic capacitance errors (±0.002 pF). Near the band edges, the error increases rapidly, to 10 13 states/cm 2 -V at the band edge for inverted surface and to 10 11 states/cm 2 -V at the band edge for accumulated surface. The main source of error at the band edge for surface accumulation comes from the absolute accuracy of capacitance reading. For the inverted surface, inaccuracies due to both the absolute accuracy of capacitance reading and asymptotic capacitance contribute. By using substrate materials of both conductivity types, this method is then sensitive to total (all time constants) interface state density of a few times 10 9 states/cm 2 -V over an energy range of 28 kT centered at the midgap and to density of 10 11 states/cm 2 -V at the band edge.
Extramedullary Relapse Following Total Marrow and Lymphoid Irradiation in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Purpose Approximately 5% to 20% of patients who undergo total body irradiation (TBI) in preparation for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can develop extramedullary (EM) relapse. Whereas total marrow and lymphoid irradiation (TMLI) provides a more conformally targeted radiation therapy for patients, organ sparing has the potential to place the patient at a higher risk for EM relapse than TBI. This study evaluated EM relapse in patients treated with TMLI at our institution. Methods and Materials Patients eligible for analysis had been enrolled in 1 of 3 prospective TMLI trials between 2006 and 2012. The TMLI targeted bones, major lymph node chains, liver, spleen, testes, and brain, using image-guided tomotherapy with total dose ranging from 12 to 15 Gy. Results A total of 101 patients with a median age of 47 years were studied. The median follow-up was 12.8 months. Incidence of EM relapse and bone marrow (BM) relapse were 12.9% and 25.7%, respectively. Of the 13 patients who had EM relapse, 4 also had BM relapse, and 7 had EM disease prior to HCT. There were a total of 19 EM relapse sites as the site of initial recurrence: 11 soft tissue, 6 lymph node, 2 skin. Nine of these sites were within the target region and received ≥12 Gy. Ten initial EM relapse sites were outside of the target region: 5 sites received 10.1 to 11.4 Gy while 5 sites received Conclusions EM relapse incidence was as frequent in regions receiving ≥10 Gy as those receiving
Borderlands and the “biblical hurricane”: Images and Stories of Latin American Rhythms of Life

Macondo was already a fearful whirlwind of dust and rubble being spun about by the wrath of the biblical hurricane when Aureliano skipped eleven pages so as not to lose time with facts he knew only too well, and he began to decipher the instant that he was living, deciphering it as he lived it, prophesying himself in the act of deciphering.
Pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs

Objective— To determine factors associated with the occurrence of pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs. Study Design— Retrospective cohort study. Animals— Forty-nine client-owned dogs. Methods— The medical records of 49 dogs with space-occupying intracranial disease that underwent craniotomy were reviewed. Development of pneumonia after surgery was considered highly likely in 12 dogs (affected dogs) based on clinical signs, including acute dyspnea or coughing in association with typical radiographic findings or abnormal transtracheal wash results. Pneumonia was confirmed in 6 dogs based on necropsy findings. Affected dogs were compared with 37 dogs that did not develop pneumonia (unaffected dogs) subsequent to intracranial surgery. Based on the medical records of affected dogs, determinations were made regarding time between development of pneumonia and surgery, surgical procedure, intracranial lesion type, and intracranial lesion location. Risk factors examined for both affected and unaffected dogs included level of consciousness, body position during the postoperative recovery period, duration of anesthesia, occurrence of vomiting or regurgitation, presence of seizures, cranial nerve deficiencies, and the presence of megaesophagus before and after surgery. We also compared the feeding protocol after surgery for each group. Results— Pneumonia typically occurred within the first week after surgery (median, 6.5 days); however, this was variable (range, 1–96 days). Of the factors that were present within 24 hours before the clinical signs of pneumonia, vomiting or regurgitation and megaesophagus were found to be significant risk factors. Dogs that vomited or regurgitated were 2.71 times more likely to develop pneumonia than dogs that did not. Vomiting or regurgitation occurred in 63% of the dogs that developed pneumonia in this cohort. Dogs with megaesophagus were 9.25 times more likely to develop pneumonia than dogs without megaesophagus. Seven dogs with pneumonia died. Five of these 7 dogs appeared to have died as a direct sequel to pneumonia. Conclusions— Dogs undergoing craniectomies for space-occupying intracranial disease may be at higher risk for development of pneumonia due to several factors, including vomiting, regurgitation, and megaesophagus.
Stereochemical Preferences in 4-Center Syn-Eliminations from Gaseous Ions

Concerted unimolecular eliminations from ionized sec-alkyl aryl ethers (ROAr+•) display a preference for producing double bonds with trans geometry. This preference can be assessed quantitatively, provided that a regioselective variant can be found. Expulsion of neutral alkenes via syn-elimination to give ionized ArOH does not exhibit a pronounced preference with regard to the direction of elimination. By contrast, ionized 2-hexyl p-trifluoromethylphenyl ether eliminates neutral ArOH regioselectively, giving ionized 2-hexenes rather than ionized 1-hexene. Vicinally monodeuterated 2-hexyl and 3-hexyl ethers were prepared as pure diastereomers. Metastable ion decompositions of their gaseous radical cations are compared over two different time windows. The regioselectivity for the 2-hexyl ether allows the geometric preference for the double bonds to be estimated based on the difference between the erythro and threo monodeuterated diastereomers (trans/cis = 2.0 for producing ionized 2-hexene from parent ions ...
The Spectroscopic Properties of the Ionic Beam Source

Spectroscopic properties of ionic beam source, discussing particle densities, source purity, etc
Prospective memory and apolipoprotein E in healthy aging and early stage Alzheimer's disease.

The present study examined whether prospective memory performance discriminates healthy aging from very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and individuals at risk for DAT because of the presence of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 allele. Four groups (young subjects, young-old control subjects, old-old control subjects, and subjects with very mild DAT) engaged in an event-based prospective memory task wherein they responded to a specific word embedded in a general knowledge test. Results indicated that prospective memory performance was clearly impaired in the very mild DAT group relative to the healthy older control groups. Moreover, prospective memory performance appears to capture unique variance in discriminating these 2 groups above and beyond standard retrospective memory tests. However, prospective memory was not affected by ApoE status in the young-old control group and, contrary to predictions, the e4 old-old control subjects showed better performance than did the e4 – subjects. In contrast to the healthy individuals, in the very mild DAT group, e4 subjects showed deficits in performance relative to the e4 – subjects. Discussion focuses on prospective memory as a cognitive indicator of early stage DAT.
Quantitative analysis of the intestinal bacterial community in one- to three-week-old commercially reared broiler chickens fed conventional or antibiotic-free vegetable-based diets.

Aims: To explore the effect of drug-free poultry production on the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens, the bacterial community of this environment was quantitatively profiled in both conventionally reared birds and birds reared without antibiotic growth promotants (AGPs) on a vegetable-based diet. Methods and Results: Quantitative, real-time PCR with group-specific 16S rDNA primer sets was used to enumerate the abundance of the following chicken gastrointestinal (GI) tract phylogenetic groups: the Clostridium leptum–Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subgroup (Clostridium genus cluster IV), the Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale subgroup (Clostridium cluster XIVa and XIVb), the Bacteroides group (including Prevotella and Porphyromonas), Bifidobacterium spp., the Enterobacteriaceae, the Lactobacillus group (including the genera Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Aerococcus and Weissella), the Clostridium perfringens subgroup (Clostridium cluster I), Enterococcus spp., Veillonella spp., Atopobium spp., Campylobacter spp. and the domain Bacteria. A species-specific 5′-nuclease (Taqman) assay was also employed to specifically assess Cl. perfringens abundance. Ten birds were sampled from each of two commercial chicken houses, one in which feed was supplemented with AGPs and exogenous animal protein, and the other vegetable-based and drug-free, at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. The ileal community was dominated by two large populations, the lactobacilli and the Enterobacteriaceae, with those taxa much more numerous in drug-free vegetable-based diet fed birds than those conventionally reared at the 7- and 14-day time periods. The progressive changes in microflora in both the conventional and drug-free caeca were similar to each other, with the Enterobacteriaceae sequences dominating at day 7, but being replaced by obligate anaerobe signature sequences by day 14. Of note was the finding that all the day 14 and day 21 replicate caecal samples from the drug-free house were positive for Campylobacter spp. averaging >108 16S rDNA gene copies per gram wet weight. Conclusions: Quantitative, real-time PCR indicates that the effects of drug-free rearing on the chicken GI tract microbial community are most pronounced in the ileal region, but AGPs may be important in controlling Campylobacter colonization of the caecum. Significance and Impact of the Study: A quantitative taxonomic understanding of the shifting microbial ecology of the broiler chicken gut microbiota is important in the light of AGP withdrawal. AGP withdrawal has occurred in response to concerns over the transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans via the food production chain.
The Stability of Teacher Performance and Effectiveness: Implications for Policies Concerning Teacher Evaluation

The last five to ten years has seen a renewed interest in the stability of teacher behavior and effectiveness. Data on teacher performance and teacher effectiveness are being used increasingly as the basis for decisions about continued employment, tenure and promotion, and financial bonuses. The purpose of this study is to explore the stability of both teacher performance and effectiveness by determining the extent to which performances and effectiveness of individual teachers fluctuate over time. The sample consisted of 132 teachers for whom both observational and state standardized test data were available for five consecutive years. Neither teacher performance nor effectiveness were highly stable over multiple years of the study. The observed relationship between teacher performance and teacher effectiveness was reasonably stable over time, but the magnitude of the relationship was quite small. Teacher performance was also likely to be inflated in low performing schools. We also discuss when different observed patterns may be acceptable based on the purpose for which the data are used.
Regulation of Carcinogens in Terms of Life Shortening

Because of the difficulty in using the results of conventional quan titative risk assessment in the regulation of carcinogens, an approach to setting carcinogen standards is presented based on the reduction of cancer-induced life span shortening to statistically nonsignificant levels. An argument is made that the time of cancer occurrence is more important than the risk of cancer. The rationale is that the objective of carcinogen control is to delay the single-risk time of cancer occurrence. Whether this benefit is associated with a decrease, increase or no change in the risk of dying of cancer depends on concomitant changes in the temporal pattern of other causes of death. For indispensable carcinogens the permissible exposure is the level which shortens the time to background cancer by an amount equal to the uncertainty in the time of background cancer occurrence. This approach is illustrated by the use of the ED01 2-FAA bioassay on mice.
Biodehalogenation, reductive dehalogenation by Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum. Comparison with nickel(I)octaethylisobacteriochlorin anion. An F‐430 model

The reductive dehalogenation of 1,1,2-tnchloroethane, chloroform, fluorotrichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-tnchloroethane, and ethylene dichlonde by Methanobactenum thermoautotrophicum occurs slowly at 60°C in the listed order. Vinyl chloride and chloroacetic acid are inert. The average t1/2 for nearly all substrates is approximately 100 h and varies by a factor of approximately two. In contrast, an active site model for factor F-430, Ni1octaethyhsobactenochlorin, brings about the same transformations with astonishing speed and vast differences in specific rates It is suggested that despite the enormous reducing capacity of this anaerobe, the overall reduction process is limited by permeation factors.
A geometric model for cluster categories of type Dn

We give a geometric realization of cluster categories of type D n using a polygon with n vertices and one puncture in its center as a model. In this realization, the indecomposable objects of the cluster category correspond to certain homotopy classes of paths between two vertices.
Survey and analysis of quality measures used in aspect mining

Aspect mining investigates effective ways of finding crosscutting concerns in existing non-aspect oriented software. These crosscutting concerns can then be refactored into aspects to reduce the system's complexity and make it easier to understand, maintain, and evolve. There have been numerous studies introducing different aspect mining techniques, but they used different quality measures to evaluate their techniques. This paper consolidates a list of these existing quality measurements, discusses how they differ from each other, identifies some examples of how they have been used in previous aspect mining studies, and conducts an analysis of the commonly used metrics for aspect mining clustering. The metrics are compared using real and sample clustering results, identifying their similarities and differences, as well as their strengths and weakness.
Minimizing communication cost in a distributed Bayesian network using a decentralized MDP

In complex distributed applications, a problem is often decomposed into a set of subproblems that are distributed to multiple agents. We formulate this class of problems with a two layer Bayesian Network. Instead of merely providing a statistical view, we propose a satisficing approach to predict the minimum expected communication needed to reach a desired solution quality. The problem is modelled with a decentralized MDP, and two approximate algorithms are developed to find the near optimal communication strategy for a given problem structure and a required solution quality.
Putting Students at the Center of Legal Education: How an Emphasis on Outcome Measures in the ABA Standards for Approval of Law Schools Might Transform the Educational Experience of Law Students

Legal education has been notably absent from the assessment movement that has been underway in American higher education for over twenty-five years. Accreditors of virtually every other area of professional education in the United States have adopted assessment of educational outcomes as part of their accreditation process. Legal education is poised to join this movement as the American Bar Association considers revisions to its Standards for Approval of Law Schools that would emphasize educational outcomes. This article explores how the assessment of educational outcomes might be implemented in legal education at the institutional, programmatic and course levels. The article describes how assessment might improve the educational experience of law students by clarifying what students are supposed to learn and by giving students more feedback on their progress and how such changes might affect the work of academic support faculty. The article concludes that those law schools that embrace the revised Standards in such a way as to create a culture of assessment at their institutions will transform the educational experience of law students.
Future Law: Prepunishment and the Causal Theory of Verdicts

Is the King’s Messenger being treated unjustly? Why not prepunish people for their future crimes? True, it is generally easier to have knowledge about past crimes than future crimes. But is unpredictability the only problem with prepunishment? My answer is a causal theory of verdicts that condemns all actual prepunishment but for reasons that are temporally neutral. These reasons echo the semantic concerns of logicians who study the liar paradox.
Comparison of the Recovery of Escherichia coli from Frozen Foods and Nutmeats by Confirmatory Incubation in EC Medium at 44.5 and 45.5 C

The productivity of confirmatory EC broth for the isolation of fecal Escherichia coli was determined at 44.5 and 45.5 C. A variety of frozen pre-cooked foods and an assortment of nutmeats were examined after primary incubation in Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose (LST) broth. In 85.3% of the cases, the parallel tubes of EC broth incubated for 24 hr at 44.5 and 45.5 C gave rise to identical E. coli responses of positive, false positive, and negative. The remaining 14.7% of the reactions represent the qualitative difference between the two temperatures. The EC test at 45.5 C was more specific for E. coli, since two- to threefold fewer false positives were produced at this temperature than at 44.5 C. However, fecal E. coli recoveries were slightly higher (4%) at the lower temperature. Incubating the EC tubes from the interval of 24 to 48 hr gave rise to an additional 4.3% of E. coli recovery, but this was accompanied by an excessive production of false positives (75.9%), representing a 3.5-fold decrease in specificity. It is recommended that, in the confirmatory use of EC broth in the examination of frozen foods and nutmeats for the recovery of fecal E. coli, the test be made at 45.5 C in a water bath and limited to 24 hr of incubation only, to insure optimal specificity. During the study, a “fixed” productivity ratio was noted; E. coli+/LST+ equaled approximately one-fourth or 25%. The significance of this ratio is discussed.
An algorithm for computing state feedback in multiinput linear systems

A new algorithm is proposed in this note to compute the state feedback for arbitrary pole placement in multiinput linear systems. The algorithm has good numerical behavior. It also allows the user to adjust the eigenstructure of the resulting feedback system and, therefore, improve the condition of the problem and computation.
Understanding Electrophoresis through the Investigation of Size, Shape, and Charge of pH Indicators

A laboratory experiment was designed for upper-level students in a Chemical Analysis course to illustrate the theoretical and practical applications of 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and to reinforce an understanding of weak acids/bases using easy-to-visualize pH indicators. The careful choice of indicators included acid and base types with amphiprotic intermediates, species that become either singly or doubly deprotonated, and molecules with molecular weights that span from 269 to 670 g/mol. Students measure the rate of migration of the pH indicators relative to the rate of migration of a red dye standard. The relative rates are interpreted with respect to the indicators’ fractions of deprotonation (and resulting molecule charges), molecular weights, and shapes. This procedure occurs under acidic (pH 4.0) and basic (pH 7.5) conditions with lower and higher applied voltages to understand the impact of changing protonation/deprotonation. This experiment has been successfully completed by over 200 analyti...
Anomalously Rapid Hydration Water Diffusion Dynamics Near DNA Surfaces

The emerging Overhauser effect dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) technique measures the translational mobility of water within the vicinity (5–15 A) of preselected sites. The work presented here expands the capabilities of the ODNP technique and illuminates an important, previously unseen, property of the translational diffusion dynamics of water at the surface of DNA duplexes. We attach nitroxide radicals (i.e., spin labels) to multiple phosphate backbone positions of DNA duplexes, allowing ODNP to measure the hydration dynamics at select positions along the DNA surface. With a novel approach to ODNP analysis, we isolate the contributions of water molecules at these sites that undergo free translational diffusion from water molecules that either loosely bind to or exchange protons with the DNA. The results reveal that a significant population of water in a localized volume adjacent to the DNA surface exhibits fast, bulk-like characteristics and moves unusually rapidly compared to water found in similar...
Analysis on status of injury among children from 0 to 6 years old in Pudong district of Shanghai,2011-2012

Objective To analyze the status of injury and to provide references for developing measures of reducing the incidence of injury in children from 0to 6years old in Pudong district of Shanghai. Methods The injured patients from the community health center in 2011-2012were surveyed with the descriptive analysis.The characteristics of age,gender, injury types and causes of the injured patients were analyzed. Results The reported numbers of injured children was 1 336.Their average age was(3.83±1.61)years and the ratio of boy to girl was 1.73∶1.The top three types of injuries were superficial wound,open wound,and sprain.The top three causes of injuries were fall,cut/stab and blunt injury.The main occurred places of injuries were homes(64.82%).The high-risk sites were upper limb and 74.93%of the injuries occurred in leisure activities. Conclusions The most frequent types of children injuries,especially superficial wound,are happened at home in leisure activities.The intervention for fall-related injuries at home should be a top priority.
Wireless power controlled TCP with holdover

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has long been used host-to-host over the internet in order to provide reliable and ordered exchange of data. A core component of the protocol is congestion control. Traditional forms of TCP congestion control such as New Reno have been shown to perform poorly over wireless links as a result of non-congestive losses induced by variations in the wireless channel. The fulfillment of the Internet of Things (IoT) will result in more wireless users disadvantaged by asymmetric links as well as power and processing constraints. We consider sender-side protocol adaptations, power control and channel aware congestion window evolution in order to mitigate performance shortfalls for such disadvantaged users. This paper presents a model of these congestion control adaptations, investigates cost tradeoffs, and considers protocol behavior under lossy channel conditions.