cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GEOLOGY, MINERALIZATION, ALTERATION, AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE EL TENIENTE PORPHYRY Cu-Mo DEPOSIT—A DISCUSSION

Sir: In their paper concerning the geology, mineralization, alteration, and structural evolution of the El Teniente Cu-Mo deposit in Chile, Cannell et al. (2005) concluded that El Teniente, despite its anomalously large size, is a typical porphyry Cu-Mo deposit with regard to its alteration and sulfide assemblage zonation and the genetic association of mineralization with dacite intrusions. We do not agree that the dacite porphyries were the causative intrusions for copper mineralization. Instead, most of the mineralization was emplaced in conjunction with the formation of multiple hydrothermal breccia pipes and their associated veins that were derived from a large, deep magma chamber (Skewes et al., 2002, 2005; Stern and Skewes, 2005), and this deposit should be classified as a megabreccia rather than a porphyry deposit. At El Teniente most Cu mineralization (80%) is intimately associated with biotitized mafic intrusive rocks (Camus, 1975; Cuadra, 1986; A. Arevalo, R. Floody, and A. Olivares, unpub. report for CODELCO-Chile, 1998, 76 p.). Cu mineralization occurs disseminated in the biotitized mafic rocks, in different generations of highly visible anhydrite and quartz veins, in less visible but abundant biotite veins, and also in the matrices of the multiple hydrothermal breccia complexes that occur in the deposit. A significant proportion of high-grade (>1%; Fig. 1⇓) hypogene Cu mineralization at El Teniente was emplaced both within and in veins around these multiple hydrothermal breccia complexes in direct genetic association with their formation. Alteration and sulfide assemblages in these multiple breccia complexes are similar to those in typical porphyry systems, but at El Teniente these assemblages and mineralization grades are not zoned around felsic intrusions as in a typical porphyry system. Also, the timing of Cu mineralization (Fig. 2⇓) is not correlated with the age of felsic intrusions as suggested by Cannell et …
Constant Approximation Algorithm for Minimizing Concave Impurity

Partitioning algorithms play a key role in many scientific and engineering disciplines. A partitioning algorithm divides a set into a number of disjoint subsets or partitions. Often, the quality of the resulted partitions is measured by the amount of impurity in each partition, the smaller impurity the higher quality of the partitions. Let M be the number of N-dimensional elements in a set and K be the number of desired partitions, then an exhaustive search over all the possible partitions to find a minimum partition has the complexity of O(KM) which quickly becomes impractical for many applications with modest values of K and M. Thus, many approximate algorithms with polynomial time complexity have been proposed, but few provide the bounded guarantee. In this paper, we propose a linear time algorithm with bounded guarantee based on the maximum likelihood principle. Furthermore, the guarantee bound of the proposed algorithm is better than the state-of-the-art method in [1] for many impurity functions, and at the same time, for K ≥ N, the computational complexity is reduced from O(M3) to O(M).
Wet-CO 2 Pretreatment Process for Reducing Residual Lithium in High-Nickel Layered Oxides for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

As the push for inexpensive vehicle electrification grows, high-energy-density cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, such as high-nickel layered oxides, have received a great deal of attention in both industry and academia. These materials, however, suffer from severe residual lithium formation, which causes slurry gelation during electrode fabrication and gas evolution during cycling. Herein, a novel cobalt hydroxide coating method on wet-CO2 gas-treated LiNi0.91Mn0.03Co0.06O2 (Co-CO2-NMC91) is presented. Notably, the wet-CO2 treatment prior to a dry cobalt hydroxide coating plays a critical role in improving the coating uniformity and ultimately decreases the effective residual lithium content. Furthermore, full cells of Co-CO2-NMC91 exhibit excellent capacity retention of 91% after 200 cycles. This study highlights how a wet-CO2 treatment can be used to improve a typical dry coating and provides new insights toward the development of cathodes for high-energy-density LIBs without severe slurry gelation or gas evolution.
Why We Gather: Educational Empowerment and Academic Success Through Collective Black Parental Agency

Though previous literature has explored the importance of parents in education, scholarship has failed to empirically demonstrate the influence voluntary parent groups have on the educational trajectory of Black students. Using institutional agency and community cultural wealth frameworks, the author qualitatively evaluates a Black parent group’s self-initiated efforts to influence the academic outcomes of high-achieving students. The author illustrates how one parent organization negotiates an environment in which their racial group comprises less than 5% of the population to effectively guide and support families as their students navigate academic success. Findings show that at least three critical components— accountability, alliances and networks, and legitimacy—are vital in the provision of collaborative support and agency on behalf of high-achieving students.
DC-DC Voltage Conversion

As seen in previous chapters, use of the appropriate voltage for the performance required is one of the most powerful techniques for improving energy efficiency. This can be either done statically by choosing the single most appropriate voltage for the throughput required or dynamically by using information obtained by the operating system and applications. This chapter introduces switching regulators which allow translations of DC voltages with efficiencies of over 90%. Design equations and closed-form expressions for losses are presented for the three basic low-voltage CMOS switching regulator topologies — buck, boost, and buck-boost — controlled via pulse-width or pulse-frequency modulation. This then will be followed for the enhancements to the basic design that are required for efficient dynamic voltage regulation.
MO-F-CAMPUS-T-05: SQL Database Queries to Determine Treatment Planning Resource Usage

Purpose: A radiation oncology clinic’s treatment capacity is traditionally thought to be limited by the number of machines in the clinic. As the number of fractions per course decrease and the number of adaptive plans increase, the question of how many treatment plans a clinic can plan becomes increasingly important. This work seeks to lay the ground work for assessing treatment planning resource usage. Methods: Care path templates were created using the Aria 11 care path interface. Care path tasks included key steps in the treatment planning process from the completion of CT simulation through the first radiation treatment. SQL Server Management Studio was used to run SQL queries to extract task completion time stamps along with care path template information and diagnosis codes from the Aria database. 6 months of planning cycles were evaluated. Elapsed time was evaluated in terms of work hours within Monday – Friday, 7am to 5pm. Results: For the 195 validated treatment planning cycles, the average time for planning and MD review was 22.8 hours. Of those cases 33 were categorized as urgent. The average planning time for urgent plans was 5 hours. A strong correlation between diagnosis code and range of elapsed planning time was as well as between elapsed time and select diagnosis codes was observed. It was also observed that tasks were more likely to be completed on the date due than the time that they were due. Follow-up confirmed that most users did not look at the due time. Conclusion: Evaluation of elapsed planning time and other tasks suggest that care paths should be adjusted to allow for different contouring and planning times for certain diagnosis codes and urgent cases. Additional clinic training around task due times vs dates or a structuring of care paths around due dates is also needed.
Le Nominalisme de Spinoza

I Resume Spinoza semble adopter une position pleinement nominaliste lorsqu'il discue des notions universelles dans l'Ethique, mais on y trouve aussi plusieurs arguments ou, semble-t-il, des universaux sont presupposes. La solution avance par plusieurs commentateurs, y compris Haserot, est que le systeme spinoziste est d'inspiration platoniste, et qu'il faut reinterpreter les passages d'apparence nominaliste pour les accorder avec le platonisme ou l'essentialisme. J'argumente qu'un tel procede n'est justifie ni par le texte ni par la structure du systeme de Spinoza. L'interpretation du spinozisme que je propose le place dans le cadre logique du nominalisme contemporain, a l'instar du systeme de Nelson Goodman, par exemple.
Returns to Education: Exploring the Link Between Legislators’ Public School Degrees and State Spending on Higher Education*

The United States leads the world in public higher education, with a substantial amount of funding coming from state, rather than federal, government sources. Perhaps not surprisingly, the amount states contribute varies widely, leading researchers to explore the sources of such variation. While numerous factors have been shown to matter, the potential relevance of political representation remains unclear. To address this gap, the relationship between state legislators own educational backgrounds and state spending on higher education is tested. Utilizing a database of publicly available information on the educational backgrounds of 6,517 state senators and representatives, we find that states with a higher percentage of legislators who attended state colleges and/or universities invest more generously in public higher education than other state legislatures. Results support theories of representation, suggesting that legislators may be directly advocating for spending given their own educational profiles.
Detection of acoustical feedback in a public address system

Due to the nature of direct and multiple reflected acoustical paths between microphone and speakers, the frequency of acoustic feedback in a public address(PA) system is unpredictable. The suppression of one particular feedback frequency will result occasionally in the occurrence of another acoustical feedback. The acoustical feedback frequencies of a PA system spread most of the audio range. The creation of feedback due to some perturbation in the media will regenerate and cause further increase of its amplitude. Acoustical feedback in a PA system is a periodic signal. Detection of the acoustical feedback is based on the measurement of time period in one cycle compared with another. A statistical measurement of the above detection must be observed in order to ensure the existence of the feedback signal. In this paper a detailed instrumentation of detecting acoustical feedback over the whole audio range and insertion of a tracking dynamic filter(1) will be described.
Non-invasive in vivo imaging for liver tumour progression using an orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma model in immunocompetent mice

Background: Maintenance of complex transgenic colonies and labour-intensive techniques pose significant challenges in work involving mouse models for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Other animal models of unusual species are generally impractical for research purposes. Aims: To develop a highly reproducible orthotopic mouse model for HCC based on the murine α-foetoprotein (AFP), producing cell line Hepa1-6 and to monitor liver tumour progression via in vivo imaging, and measurement of plasma AFP. Methods: Intrahepatic tumour was induced following subcapsular implantation of 10+6 Hepa1-6 cells into C57L/J mice. AFP production was examined in vitro and in vivo using immunoblotting. Three confirmatory non-invasive imaging modalities were applied to follow tumour progression over time including ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), micromagnetic resonance imaging (microMRI), and bioluminescence. Results: α-foetoprotein expression was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, with increasing levels in the plasma as tumours progressed. UBM, microMRI and bioluminescence detected intrahepatic tumours to a 2 mm resolution by day 14. Sequential imaging studies demonstrated an intrahepatic pattern of disease progression with an observed median survival of 29 days. Immunosuppression of tumour-bearing mice led to a greater tumour size and decreased survival. Conclusions: Intrahepatic implantation of Hepa1-6 as a mouse model for HCC is a highly reproducible in vivo system with tumour biology analogous to human disease and is regulated by the presence of an intact host immune system. Tumour progression may be monitored in vivo by UBM, microMRI and bioluminescence. Plasma AFP increases over time, allowing redundancy in non-invasive means of following tumour progression.
Parallel, Decentralized Spatial Mapping for Robot Navigation and Path Planning

We present a distributed model for mobile robot spatial mapping and path planning. The method was implemented and tested on a sonar and compass-based physical mobile robot controlled by three competence layers: Low-level navigation: a collection of reflex-like rules whose combination results in emergent collision-free edge-following. Landmark detection: using the underlying reflexive navigation, the robot dynamically extracts procedurally-defined landmarks from the environment. Spatial Mapping and Path Planning: the landmarks are used to construct a distributed topological map of the environment. The locations in the map are individual, independently acting processes. This implementation allows for localization in constant time. Spreading of activation is used to compute both topological and physical shortest paths in linear time.
Alcohol Abuse in Marriage and Family Contexts

SUMMARY Alcohol problems have pervasive effects on family functioning, with negative effects on the marriage relationship and children. In addition, family members and family relationships have a powerful positive or negative effect on treatment. This article provides a model for understanding the relationship between alcohol abusers' traits and situations, at-risk behaviors which include alcohol abuse, and family functioning. The most promising family-oriented treatments are then described with an emphasis on the empirical support for these treatments.
The Kinematics of High Proper Motion Halo White Dwarfs

We analyse the kinematics of the entire spectroscopic sample of 99 recently discovered high proper-motion white dwarfs by Oppenheimer et al. using a maximum-likelihood analysis, and discuss the claim that the high-velocity white dwarfs are members of a halo population with a local density at least ten times greater than traditionally assumed. We argue that the observations, as reported, are consistent with the presence of an almost undetected thin disc plus a thick disc, with densities as conventionally assumed. In addition, there is a kinematically distinct, flattened, halo population at the more than 99% confidence level. Surprisingly, the thick disc and halo populations are indistinguishable in terms of luminosity, color and apparent age (1-10 Gyr). Adopting a bimodal, Schwarzschild model for the local velocity ellipsoid, with the ratios sigma_U:sigma_V:sigma_W=1:2/3:1/2, we infer radial velocity dispersions of sigma_U=62(+8/-10) km/s and 150(+80/-40) km/s (90% C.L.) for the local thick disc and halo populations, respectively. The thick disc result agrees with the empirical relation between asymmetric drift and radial velocity dispersion, inferred from local stellar populations. The local thick-disc plus halo density of white dwarfs is n^{td+h}=(1.9+-0.5)x10^-3 pc^-3 (90% C.L.), of which n^{h}=1.1(+2.1/-0.7)x10^-4 pc^-3 (90% C.L.) belongs to the halo, a density about five times higher than previously thought. (Abridged)
The Design of an Automatic System for the Gravimetric Measurement of Water Sorption

An understanding of the mechanisms by which water molecules are held within a substance or at its surface, either by physical or chemical processes, is of importance in the formulation, preparation and storage of a wide variety of substances. The traditional experimental techniques which have been used to make measurements on samples exposed to specific levels of relative humidity, (e.g. using desiccators containing saturated salt solutions), are slow, laborious, inaccurate, and provide a limited amount of data. This paper describes the conception, operation, and facilities of a new system which by employing recently developed electronic components and transducers, significantly advances the performance capability for moisture sorption analysis.
Dual-polarization performance of the phase-tilt antenna array in a casa dense network radar

In this paper the evaluation of dual-polarized scanning performance of a large planar array antenna for a solid state radar for weather is discussed. The antenna array is designed to operate at 9.36 GHz ±50 MHz, and the transmission and reception mode is configured to work alternatively. The antenna array architecture based on a series-fed array configuration of Dual-Polarized Aperture Coupled Patch Antennas (DP-ACPA) was designed and implemented to achieve the required radar polarimetric performance at low cost. Measured patterns of the array in the elevation and azimuth plane are used to evaluate the two principal polarimetric radar parameters (Z dr and LDR) over the scanning range in azimuth plane. It is shown that the biases in the differential reflectivity due the cross-polarization of this antenna configuration are negligible in comparison with the biases produced for the mismatch antenna patterns (H and V).
SPECIFICITY OF CARBAMATE-INDUCED ESTERASE INHIBITION IN MICE.

Summary The in vivo liver and brain esterase-inhibiting properties of several aromatic N -methyl- and heterocyclic N,N -dimethylcarbamic acid esters were examined. Differences resulted with these two classes of carbamates with respect to the specificity, persistence, and recovery of esterase activity. The aromatic N -methyl and heterocyclic N,N -dimethyl carbamates tested reflected similar responses with respect to a complete recovery within 24 hours of liver esterase inhibition, lack of inhibition of brain esterase activity at the times examined, and substantial inhibition of liver esterases hydrolyzing the aliphatic esters examined. An effect of corn oil, used as the diluent, on liver was evident by a significant reduction of esterase activity 24 hours after treatment. Corn oil is believed to affect liver esterases in a manner differing from that shown by the carbamates. No conclusions can be drawn with respect to the site of liver disruption by administration of corn oil.
A Review of Crane Safety in the Construction Industry

The complex, dynamic, and continually changing nature of construction work has been recognized as an important contributor to the high rates of injuries and fatalities in the industry. Cranes are a central component of many construction operations and are associated with a large fraction of construction deaths; in fact, estimates suggest that cranes are involved in up to one-third of all construction and maintenance fatalities. Safety and health professionals serving the construction industry need adequate training and knowledge regarding available crane safety devices and procedures so that they may insure these techniques are effectively utilized during construction operations. This paper reviews available information on crane-related injuries, currently available safety devices, and commonly used crane safety procedures. Recommendations for improved crane injury prevention and future crane safety research are given.
The Eastern Asian and Eastern and Western North American Floristic Disjunction: Congruent Phylogenetic Patterns in Seven Diverse Genera

One of the most remarkable examples of intercontinental disjunction of the North Temperate Flora involves eastern Asia and eastern and western North America. Although there has been considerable interest in this phytogeographic pattern for over 150 years (e.g., Gray, 1859; Li, 1952; Graham, 1972; Boufford and Spongberg, 1983; Wu, 1983; Tiffney, 1985a, 1985b), relationships among taxa displaying the disjunction remain obscure. Understanding phylogenetic relationships is, however, a prerequisite for historical biogeographic analyses of this distributional pattern. To understand better the relationships of taxa displaying this intercontinental disjunction, phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a variety of DNA data sets for species of four genera (Cornus, Boykinia, Tiarella, and Trautvetteria) that occur in eastern Asia, eastern North America, and western North America. An area cladogram was constructed for each of the four genera, all of which show a similar pattern of relationship: the eastern Asian species are sister to all North American species. An identical phylogenetic pattern is also found in three other taxa exhibiting this disjunction (Aralia sect. Aralia, Calycanthus, and Adiantum pedatum). The congruent phylogenetic pattern found in these seven diverse genera raises the possibility of a common origin of the eastern Asia, eastern and western North America disjunction. The data are in agreement with the long-standing hypothesis that this well-known floristic disjunction represents the fragmentation of a once continuous Mixed Mesophytic forest community and suggest that the disjunction may have involved only two major vicariance events: an initial split between Eurasia and North America, followed by the isolation of floras between eastern and western North America. However, congruence between phylogenies and geographic distributions does not necessarily indicate an identical phytogeographic history. Taxa exhibiting the same phylogenetic pattern may have originated at different geological times. Analysis of divergence times using the molecular clock indicates that species of Cornus, Boykinia, and Calycanthus may have diverged at different geological times, suggesting that the floristic disjunction involving eastern Asia and North America may not be simple; it may have involved multiple historical events at very different geological times in different genera.
Effects of Ion Implantation and Temperature on Radiation-Induced Segregation In Ni-9Al Alloys

Effects of Ne and Sc implantation on radiation-induced segregation (RIS) in Ni-9at.%Al were studied in-situ using the high-voltage electron microscope/Tandem accelerator at ANL. A highly-focused 900- keV electron beam generated radial defect fluxes which, in turn, induced transport of Al atoms toward the center of the electron- irradiated area via the inverse Kirkendall effect. Radial segregation rate of Al atoms was monitored by measuring the diameter of the {gamma}{prime}-Ni{sub 3}Al zone which formed in the Al-enriched area during irradiation. Ne and Sc implantation effects on RIS were investigated at 550 C; Ne effects were also examined at 625 C to determine effect of temperature on ability of Ne to act as defect trapping sites, causing RIS suppression. It was found that the RIS suppression effect of Ne increased with irradiation temperature and that Sc had a small RIS suppression effect which increased with Sc implantation dose. Ne bubbles which formed during implantation are believed to be responsible for its strong suppression effect. 6 figs, 12 refs
Pretreatment Effects on the Texture and Integrity of Aseptically Processed Chicken Meat Particulates

Abstract The effect of presoaking and freezing of uncooked spent fowl breast meat prior to aseptic processing on yield, texture, water holding capacity, and volatile profile of meat strips was investigated. Meat strips were submerged for 15 h in a solution of 3.0% salt, .3% sodium polyphosphate, 2% sorbitol, and 2% sucrose, frozen, and heated in a high-temperature, short-time aseptic processor utilizing an aqueous heat exchange medium containing 1.5% salt. The salt and sugar presoak treatment significantly improved the total meat processing yield by approximately 15% over meat strips presoaked in water alone. Furthermore, reductions in Kramer shear values of 36.5%, which agreed with the texture profile panel results, were detected in the strips soaked in salt and sugar. Freezing meat strips prior to heat processing helped to maintain meat integrity throughout aseptic processing. Although textural quality losses due to aseptic processing were minimized by presoaking in salts and sugars, losses in meat moisture content and tenderness were detected throughout 49 days of refrigerated storage. Compared to the water-soaking treatment, lower concentrations of lipid autoxidation products were initially detected in breast strips soaked in the salt and sugar solution. These results indicate that the observed toughening effect, previously detected in aseptically processed chicken meat, can be reduced by presoaking the meat in a salt and sugar solution prior to aseptic processing. Moreover, meat particle integrity can be maintained by aseptic processing of frozen meat.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreas Rejection

Despite significant improvement in pancreas allograft survival, rejection of the pancreas remains a major clinical problem. In addition to cellular rejection of the pancreas, antibody-mediated rejection of the pancreas is now a well-described entity. The 2011 Banff update established comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis of acute and chronic AMR. The pancreas biopsy is critical in order to accurately diagnose and treat pancreas rejection. Other modes of monitoring pancreas rejection we feel are neither sensitive nor specific enough. In this review, we examine recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreas rejection as well as describe practical diagnostic and treatment algorithms.
Maintaining the quality focus in the business-to-business auction model

The growth of business-to-business auctions presents the quality-focused business organization with many opportunities and some serious challenges. In this context, the absence of a well-designed organizational e-business auction-based strategy has the potential to promote business practices which may erode organizational quality gains. This article presents a conceptual open system approach designed to improve the quality focus of business-to-business auctions practices. The open system approach advocated in this article is quality focused and supply-chain sensitive. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways Linking Victimization, Depression, Personal Mastery, and Perceptions of Parenting Competence Among Low-Income Women

Millions of women experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and physical intimate partner violence (PIPV). Yet, little is known about the pathways through which these victimization experiences may impact women’s sense of their parenting competence. We conducted a secondary analysis of a dataset obtained through the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect. The purpose of our study was to examine associations between CSA, PIPV, depressive symptoms, personal mastery, and perceptions of parenting competence among low-income mothers of young children (N = 264). Our hypotheses were: (a) CSA would be positively associated with PIPV, (b) PIPV would be positively associated with depressive symptoms and negatively associated with mastery and parenting competence, and (c) the association between PIPV and women’s sense of parenting competence would be mediated by depressive symptoms and mastery. The results supported our first and third hypotheses and partially supported our second hypothesis. Our study findings suggest that interventions that reduce mothers’ depressive symptoms may also improve their perceptions of personal mastery and parenting competence.
A duality between fuzzy and percentile clustering

Abstract A percentile dissimilarity coefficient is identified with two distinguished sets: one set contains ordinary dissimilarity coefficients, the other set contains ordinary similarity coefficients. This identification leads to a natural duality between percentile clustering and a type of fuzzy clustering algorithm. Using these identifications, we associate with each percentile cluster method two mappings: one operates on distinguished families of ordinary dissimilarity coefficients, the other operates on distinguished families of ordinary similarity coefficients. These mappings are flat if they are determined respectively by standard and fuzzy cluster methods. We characterize those percentile cluster methods for which these mappings are flat, and explore the resulting natural duality between standard and fuzzy cluster methods.
Algebraic Growth and Streak Formation in Shear Flows

By examination of the long-term behavior of an initial three-dimensional and localized disturbance in an inflection-free shear flow a detailed study of the algebraic instability mechanism of an inviscid shear flow (Landahl, 1980) is carried out. It is shown that the vertical velocity component will tend to zero at least as fast as 1/t whereas, as a result of a nonzero liftup of the fluid elements, the streamwise disturbence velocity component will tend to a limiting finite value in a convected frame of reference. For an initial disturbence having a nonzero net vertical momentum along a streamline, the streamwise dimension of the disturbed region is found to grow indefinitely at a rate set by the difference between the maximum and minimum velocities in the parallel flow. The total kinetic energy of the disturbence therefore grows linearly in time through the formation of continuously elongating high-speed or low-speed regions. In these, internal shear layers are formed that intensify through the mechanism of spanwise stretching of the mean vorticity. The effect of a small viscosity is felt primarily in the shear layers so as to make them diffuse and eventually cause the disturbence to decay on a viscous time scale. For the streaky structures near a wall the horizontal pressure gradients are found to be small, making possible a simple approximate treatment of nonlinearty. Such an analysis suggests the possibility of the appearance of a rapid outflow event (“bursting”) from the wall that may occur at a finite time inversely proportional to the amplitude of the initial disturbance. On basis of the analysis presented it is proposed that algebraic growth is the primary mechanism for the formation of streaks in laminar and turbulent shear flows.
Orchestration of invariant natural killer T cell development by E and Id proteins.

Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are αβ T cells that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) along with Natural Killer (NK) cell markers, and have an innate cell-like ability to produce a myriad of cytokines very quickly upon antigen exposure and subsequent activation. These cells are diverted from conventional single positive (SP) T cell fate at the double positive (DP) stage where TCR-mediated recognition of a lipid antigen presented on a CD1d molecule promotes their selection into the NKT lineage. Although many key regulatory molecules have been shown to play important roles in the development of NKT cells, the mechanism of lineage specification and acquisition of effector functions in these cells still remain to be fully addressed. In this review we specifically discuss the role of a family of class I Helix Loop Helix proteins known as E proteins, and of their antagonists Id proteins in NKT cell development. Recent works have shown that these proteins play key roles in iNKT development, from the invariant TCR rearrangement to terminal differentiation and maturation. Elucidating these roles provides an opportunity to uncover the transcriptional network that separates NKT cells from the concurrently developed conventional αβ T cells.
Compressive sampling with prior information in remotely detected MRI of microfluidic devices.

Abstract The design and operation of microfluidic analytical devices depends critically on tools to probe microscale chemistry and flow dynamics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seems ideally suited to this task, but its sensitivity is compromised because the fluid-containing channels in “lab on a chip” devices occupy only a small fraction of the enclosing detector’s volume; as a result, the few microfluidic applications of NMR have required custom-designed chips harboring many detectors at specific points of interest. To overcome this limitation, we have developed remotely detected microfluidic MRI, in which an MR image is stored in the phase and intensity of each analyte’s NMR signal and sensitively detected by a single, volume-matched detector at the device outflow, and combined it with compressed sensing for rapid image acquisition. Here, we build upon our previous work and introduce a method that incorporates our prior knowledge of the microfluidic device geometry to further decrease acquisition times. We demonstrate its use in multidimensional velocimetric imaging of a microfluidic mixer, acquiring microscopically detailed images 128 times faster than is possible with conventional sampling. This prior information also informs our choice of sampling schedule, resulting in a scheme that is optimized for a specific flow geometry. Finally, we test our approach in synthetic data and explore potential reconstruction errors as a function of optimization and reconstruction parameters.
The ketogenic diet: a 3- to 6-year follow-up of 150 children enrolled prospectively.

Objective. To document the long-term outcome of the 83 children with difficult-to-control seizures who were enrolled prospectively in a study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet and who had remained on the diet for 1 year. Methods. A total of 150 consecutive children were entered prospectively into a study of the ketogenic diet9s efficacy and tolerability. Three to 6 years after diet initiation, all 150 families were sent a survey inquiring about their child9s current health status, seizure frequency, and current anticonvulsant medications. They were asked about their experience with the diet and reasons for discontinuation. Several telephone attempts were made to contact those who did not respond to the written questionnaire. Responses were entered in an Access database and analyzed. Results. In 1999, 3 to 6 years after initiating the diet, 107 of 150 families responded to a questionnaire. Thirty-five additional families were interviewed by telephone, 4 were lost to follow-up, and 4 children had died, unrelated to the diet. Of the original 150 patient cohort, 20 (13%) were seizure-free and an additional 21 (14%) had a 90% to 99% decrease in their seizures. Twenty-nine were free of medications, and 28 were on only 1 medication; 15 remained on the diet. There were no known cardiac complications. Conclusion. Three to 6 years after initiation, the ketogenic diet had proven to be effective in the control of difficult-to-control seizures in children. The diet often allows decrease or discontinuation of medication. It is more effective than many of the newer anticonvulsants and is well-tolerated when it is effective.
The management of osteoid osteoma: updates and controversies.

AbstractPurpose of reviewOsteoid osteoma is a benign painful bone tumor usually found in the lower extremities of children and young adults. It has been traditionally treated by surgical excision. Despite the small size of the lesion, the operative procedure for its removal can be extensive, but sti
Unstable housing as a factor for increased injection risk behavior at US syringe exchange programs.

Objective To assess variation in injection risk behavior among unstably housed/homeless injecting drug users (IDUs) across programs in a national sample of US syringe exchange programs.
Seismological constraints and speculations on Banda arc tectonics

Abstract Fault plane solutions of shallow earthquakes show that the collision of the Australian continent with the Banda Arc shortens the overriding Indonesian plate in the north-south direction and elongates it in the east-west direction by a combination of strike-slip and thrust faulting. The shallow tectonics and the distribution of deep earthquakes beneath the Banda Basin both indicate that two plates subduct beneath the Banda Arc; the Australia-Indian Ocean plate northward beneath the Java Trench, Timor Trough, and Aru Troughs, and the Bird's Head southwestward beneath the Seram Trough. The slab of the Indian Ocean plate forms a westward plunging synform beneath the Banda Basin. Its unusual shape in interpreted to have been caused by subduction beneath the westward moving Pacific plate which transported slivers of New Guinea into the back arc. The lithosphere of the Bird's Head was subducted beneath the Seram Trough and now reaches 300 km depth. At the surface decoupling between Australian and the Bird's Head probably occurs by left-lateral strike slip at the Tarera-Aiduna fault zone in western Irian Jaya and by convergence in the New Guinea fold-and-thrust belt. Seismic quiescence occurs at depths of 50 to 380 km beneath both Timor and the inactive volcanic arc to its north but the efficient propagation of S-waves through the same volume suggests that the lithospheric slab is continuous there. The lack of seismic and volcanic activity may result from removal of part of the Australian continental crust prior to subduction of the lower part of the lithosphere. This crust was stacked up to form the island of Timor.
A logic for object-oriented logic programming

We present a logic for reasoning about complex objects, which is a revised and significantly extended version of Maier's O-logic [Mai86]. The logic naturally supports complex objects, object identity, deduction, is tolerant to inconsistent data, and has many other interesting features. It elegantly combines the object-oriented and value-oriented paradigms and, in particular, contains all of the predicate calculus as a special case. Our treatment of sets is also noteworthy: it is more general than ELPS [Kup87] and COL [AbG87], yet it avoids the semantic problems encountered in LDL [BNS87]. The proposed logic has a sound and complete resolution-based proof procedure.
Motion perception in medical imaging

A potential drawback of image noise suppression in medical image sequence processing is a possible loss of the apparent motion: making objects appears to move slower or less then they move in reality. For medical imaging application this can be of critical importance, for example myocardium motion in cardiac gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging can differentiate viable muscle from scar tissue. Therefore, in this work we design a set of experiments to measure how human observers perceive apparent motion in the presence of image degradations like noise and blur. In addition we will try to identify relevant image features, based on a visual attention model and a block matching motion estimation method that would allow development of an accurate numerical observer capable of predicting human observer motion perception.
Finite element modelling of soil-geogrid interaction with application to the behavior of geogrids in a pullout loading condition

Abstract The use of polymeric geogrids in reinforcement applications is progressing rapidly with the current commercial availability of the products of at least ten different manufacturers. While all of these products consist of an interconnected set of longitudinal and transverse ribs, their similarity ends at this point. Major variables consist of rib size and strength, aperture size, type of polymer, and method of joining the intersecting ribs. This paper attempts to model the use of a ‘generic’ geogrid in the anchorage, or pullout, mode of behavior. It does so by deriving an incremental finite-element formulation to simulate the non-linear response of the geogrid to pullout. Polynomial and hyperbolic functions are used to represent the load-extension behavior of the geogrid and the soil-geogrid-interaction frictional and bearing properties. Three models are incorporated in the analysis to simulate the deformation of the transverse ribs. Highly flexible ribs are assumed to take a parabolic shape and to act as strings, whereas short stiff ribs are considered not to deflect during pulling. Intermediate cases are analyzed by assuming the ribs to behave as beams deflecting under load. Upon development of the program, it is illustrated on an example geogrid. The behavioral trends of the various components of friction and bearing are generated with respect to the percentage mobilized of the pullout load. Of major interest is an understanding of the relative contribution of the various components, particularly the amount of force that must be transmitted through the rib junctions.
Changing hydration level in an internal cavity modulates the proton affinity of a key glutamate in cytochrome c oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase contributes to the transmembrane proton gradient by removing two protons from the high-pH side of the membrane each time the binuclear center active site is reduced. One proton goes to the binuclear center, whereas the other is pumped to the low-pH periplasmic space. Glutamate 286 (Glu286) has been proposed to serve as a transiently deprotonated proton donor. Using unrestrained atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the size of and water distribution in the hydrophobic cavity that holds Glu286 is controlled by the protonation state of the propionic acid of heme a3, a group on the proton outlet pathway. Protonation of the propionate disrupts hydrogen bonding to two side chains, allowing a loop to swing open. Continuum electrostatics and atomistic free-energy perturbation calculations show that the resultant changes in hydration and electrostatic interactions lower the Glu proton affinity by at least 5 kcal/mol. These changes in the internal hydration level occur in the absence of major conformational transitions and serve to stabilize needed transient intermediates in proton transport. The trigger is not the protonation of the Glu of interest, but rather the protonation of a residue ∼10 A away. Thus, unlike local water penetration to stabilize a new charge, this finding represents a specific role for water molecules in the protein interior, mediating proton transfers and facilitating ion transport.
NEW TREATMENTS FOR EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA

Not long ago, many physicians thought exercise-induced asthma was a variant form of the disease. Now it is apparent that nearly all people with asthma have respiratory symptoms at least occasionall...
Soy Promotes Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Development in Mice and in the Human Granulosa Cell Tumor-Derived COV434 Cell Line

Soy attracts attention for its health benefits, such as lowering cholesterol or preventing breast and colon cancer. Soybeans contain isoflavones, which act as phytoestrogens. Even though isoflavones have beneficial health effects, a role for isoflavones in the initiation and progression of diseases including cancer is becoming increasingly recognized. While data from rodent studies suggest that neonatal exposure to genistein (the predominant isoflavone in soy) disrupts normal reproductive function, its role in ovarian cancers, particularly granulosa cell tumors (GCT), is largely unknown. Our study aimed to define the contribution of a soy diet in GCT development using a genetically modified mouse model for juvenile GCTs (JGCT; Smad1 Smad5 conditional double knockout mice) as well as a human JGCT cell line (COV434). While dietary soy cannot initiate JGCT development in mice, we show that it has dramatic effects on GCT growth and tumor progression compared to a soy-free diet. Loss of Smad1 and Smad5 alters estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) expression in granulosa cells, perhaps sensitizing the cells to the effects of genistein. In addition, we found that genistein modulates estrogen receptor expression in the human JGCT cell line and positively promotes cell growth in part by suppressing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Combined, our work suggests that dietary soy consumption has deleterious effects on GCT development.
Manifest anxiety and two-point threshold sensitivity.

The present study utilized 27 college students (14 females, 13 males) to investigate the effects of anxiety upon the ability to attend to detail (two-point threshold sensitivity). It was hypothesized that subjects both low and high in anxiety would have a smaller threshold than mild or moderately anxious subjects. A curvilinear correlation of .83 (p less .01) was obtained between anxiety scores and two-point threshold sensitivity. There was no significant difference between mean thresholds for those scoring above or below the median on the anxiety scale. Suggestions for further research are discussed.
Family size, schooling and child labor in Peru – An empirical analysis

This paper analyzes the effects of being indigenous, number of siblings, sibling activities and sibling age structure on child schooling progress and child non-school activity. The analysis is based on the Peru 1991 Living Standards Survey. The analysis shows that family size is important. However, the analysis also demonstrates the importance of taking into consideration the activities of siblings. The number of siblings not entrolled in school proves to be an important control variable in at least one specification of the empirical model. However, more research is needed on the interactions between siblings, their activities and their age structure. In other words, an attempt must be made to find ways of taking into account the “life cycle effects” of one‘s siblings on their schooling performance and labor force activity. The analysis also shows that the age structure of siblings is important, but in conjunction with their activities. That is, having a greater number of younger siblings implies less schooling, more age-grade distortion in the classroom and more child labor.
A technique for detection of neutral products in gas-phase, ion-molecule reactions

Abstract Using the trapped ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer in a configuration which allows for a static gas sample, it has been possible to initiate ion—molecule reactions, follow the reaction rate, and then detect the neutral products. Nucleophilic displacement reactions of halide negative ions with alkyl halides have been studied and shown to produce the appropriate neutral alkyl halide products, as detected in positive ion mass spectra. Extensive control experiments were performed to establish the identified neutral as the product of an ion-neutral reaction. The reaction of chloride ion with cis- and trans-4 bromocyclohexanols has been shown to proceed with inversion of configuration at the reacting carbon center.
Neoclassical Norms and the Valuation of National Product in the Soviet Union and Its Postcommunist Successor States

Abstract It is widely believed that national product statistics of controlled economies can be adjusted in accordance with neoclassical theory to provide reliable measures of production potential by subtracting turnover taxes, adding subsidies, replacing accounting profits with imputed uniform interest charges on capital, and imputing rents on land. This essay shows that the application of these procedures at the enterprise level cannot reliably generate prices that are approximately proportional to marginal rates of transformation, and, hence, that adjusted factor cost statistics as commonly computed cannot adequately measure production potential and should not be treated as second-best indicators of Soviet economic performance.