cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence Variation in the Primate Dopamine Transporter Gene and Its Relationship to Social Dominance

Dopaminergic activity differs between socially dominant and subordinate monkeys, and in humans, it correlates significantly with extraversion, a trait analogous to social dominance in monkeys. Furthermore, concentrations of monoamine metabolites within the cerebrospinal fluid are highly heritable. Dopaminergic activity is modulated by the dopamine transporter (DAT), and the gene encoding this transporter is therefore an excellent candidate for studies aiming to identify variants of functional or evolutionary significance. However, the majority of such research has focused exclusively on the human homologue and its most common polymorphism, a functional variable number tandem repeat in the 3' untranslated region. Cross-species comparisons provide valuable insights into genome evolution, speciation, and selection mechanisms and may highlight sites of evolutionary significance. To date, however, no comprehensive studies of the DAT gene have been performed simultaneously on multiple primate species. We therefore characterized sequence variation and extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across the DAT genes of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and humans. We identified 2 potentially functional variants, which are associated with social rank in cynomolgus monkeys and which correspond to a putative transcription factor-binding site. Although highly conserved across mammals, the DAT gene differs significantly between humans and macaques in levels of sequence variation and LD structure, with the monkeys displaying up to 3 times more sequence variability and significantly less LD than humans. This suggests that the DAT gene has followed different evolutionary trajectories during primate speciation.
Effect of alloxan diabetes on the de novo synthesis of the adenosine phosphates of liver

Abstract With formic acid-C14 as the tracer, it was found that the de novo synthesis of ADP and ATP takes place more rapidly in the liver of the normal rat than the de novo synthesis of AMP. Possible explanations of the discrepancy between these findings and those to be anticipated from the known enzymic mechanisms are offered. It has also been found that in the liver of the alloxan diabetic rat there is a marked decrease in the rate of de novo synthesis of ATP. This limitation of the rate of ATP synthesis, which itself involves many ATP-dependent reactions, may account for the over-all diminished rate of synthetic reactions in diabetes.
Influence of vitamin E and selenium on glutathione-dependent protection against microsomal lipid peroxidation.

Abstract A GSH-dependent microsomal protein which inhibits lipid peroxidation has been described [R. F. Burk, Biochem. biophys. Acta 757 , 21 (1983)]. Studies of its mechanism indicate that it scavenges free radicals. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and selenium are micronutrients which protect against lipid peroxidation. The effect of nutritional deficiencies of these substances on the GSH-dependent protection against rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation was studied to determine whether GSH, selenium and α-tocopherol function through separate or shared mechanisms. In the ascorbate—iron microsomal lipid peroxidation system, there is a 1–3 min lag phase before lipid peroxidation begins. The length of the lag correlated well ( r = 0.87) with the microsomal α-tocopherol content as measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Thus, the selenium-deficient microsomes, which had a shorter lag than controls, had a somewhat lower α-tocopherol content. The vitamin E-deficient microsomes, which had no detectable α-tocopherol, had the shortest lag, but a distinct lag was present. Addition of 0.1 mM GSH to control microsomes prolonged the lag by 270%. In selenium-deficient and vitamin E-deficient microsomes, which had shorter initial lags, GSH addition caused 345 and 280% increases respectively. This suggests that the function of the GSH-dependent protective mechanism is unimpaired in these deficiencies. Trypsin digestion of microsomes, which abolished the lag completely and destroyed the GSH-dependent protection, had no effect on microsomal α-tocopherol content, however. These experiments illustrate the importance of two defenses against microsomal lipid peroxidation: the GSH-dependent protein which is responsible for the existence of the lag, and α-tocopherol which affects the length of the lag. They suggest that these defenses function separately to prevent peroxidation of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Selenium appears to affect microsomal α-tocopherol content but to have no other effect on the microsomal lipid peroxidation system.
What's it like to be an astronaut?

Five-times NASA astronaut Jeffrey Hoffman relives his experiences of riding the shuttle into space
Rheological and technological properties of zirconia suspensions stabilized with various amounts of calcium oxide

A study was made of the rheological and technological characteristics of suspensions. The presence of different types of flow is noted. We identified the influence of the phase composition on the nature of the rheological curves. We studied the rheological properties of calcium zirconate, and identified the optimum conditions for casting water suspension. The change in the rheological properties of the suspensions is interpreted from the viewpoint of the magnitude of hydration and kinetically bonded liquid. We demonstrated the link between the rheological properties of the heterophase suspensions and the change in ζ-potential. The change in the rheological properties of the suspension by means of small amounts of surface-active agents of the organic alcohol types in the optimum pH range makes it possible to obtain articles with outstanding properties, including those from compositions containing CaO right up to calcium zirconate.
Readiness and Attitudes as Indicators for Success in College Calculus.

This study examined student indicators for success in entry-level college calculus. An attitude toward mathematics inventory, course performance, readiness assessment, and student interviews were used to determine characteristics and behaviors of students who succeeded in the course. In addition to student indicators, difficult topics and suggestions for improvement in the course structure were identified. While the focus of this study was on student indicators, the analyses of instructor interviews were included in order to compare their views with those of the students. The quantitative analyses showed that high school grade point average and the Calculus Readiness Assessment had positive significant correlations with course performance. The strongest positive significant correlation, however, was between attitude (Attitudes Toward Mathematics Inventory overall and confidence subscale) and course performance.
Persistence of carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil®) in woodland ponds and its effects on pond macroinvertebrates following forest spraying

L'impact des applications aeriennes de carbaryl sur la macrofaune d'invertebres d'etangs du sous-bois a ete etudie dans le nord du Maine. Le carbaryl a ete applique a la dose de 840 g I. A./ha, soit la dose appliquee pour le controle des dommages causes par Choristoneura fumiferana
Short communication: Acute toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in biofloc technology systems

Biofloc technology (BFT) has been used to rear white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In this culturing system, the absence of aeration causes a rapid drop in dissolved oxygen levels, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be used as an emergency source of oxygen. This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration and safe level of H2O2 applied as a source of oxygen for juvenile white shrimp L. vannamei in a BFT system. Juveniles (1.39 ± 0.37 g) were exposed for 2 h to different concentrations of H2O2 [29 (100), 58 (200), 116 (400), 174 (600), 232 (800), 290 (1,000) and 348 (1,200) μL H2O2/L (ppm H2O2-29 %/L)] in addition to a control group without addition of H2O2, and the survival rates were monitored for 96 h. The LC50 values and 95 % confidence intervals at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 235.5 (207–268), 199.1 (172–229), 171.1 (146–198) and 143.3 (120–170) μL H2O2/L, respectively. The safe level was 14.3 μL H2O2/L, and the highest concentration with survival rates similar to the control group (NOAEC) was 29 μL H2O2/L. In these concentrations, H2O2 can be used as a safe source of oxygen for L. vannamei reared in BFT systems.
Capillary evaporator development and qualification for loop heat pipes

Abstract In the present paper, design consideration, fabrication techniques and post-assembly qualification tests to guarantee reliable structure of the capillary evaporator for loop heat pipe (LHP) with high heat flux transport capability has been presented. Cylindrical evaporator with nickel as high performance capillary pump, copper as high conductivity containment material and water as superior heat transfer working fluid was designed to transport 500 W heat load up to distance of 250 mm. Nickel powder with average particle diameter of 12 μm was sintered to obtain wick with high porosity (>65%) and fine pore radius
IgA nephropathy, the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide: A neglected disease in the United States?

Among the primary glomerulonephritides, IgA nephropathy is a young disease. The diagnosis was originally based on a renal biopsy and this continues to be the only means of diagnosis. First described in 1968 in France by Berger and Hinglais [l], IgA nephropathy is defined immunohistologically by mesangial deposits of IgA, often accompanied by less intense staining for IgM and/or IgG and C3, in the absence of a systemic disease. C4 and Clq are usually not detected. Interest in this form of glomerulonephritis has grown substantially, as witnessed by the second international symposium held in Bari, Italy, in April 1987. During these 20 years, IgA nephropathy has been understudied in the United States. Herein, we summarize the work presented at the symposium encompassing its epidemiology, immunopathology, natural history, and therapy as well as review why IgA nephropathy has been under-recognized in this country.
GEOMETRY OF SYMMETRIZED STATES.

Abstract A projection operator is defined in terms of coset representatives and “coset harmonics.” This operator is then used to construct fully symmetrized states describing N identical two-level atoms. The properties and quantum numbers of the symmetrized states are fully discussed. Fully symmetrized and labeled states for N identical 3 (or r) level atoms are constructed by a natural extension of this procedure. The interaction Hamiltonian, which describes transitions in an r-level atom, is constructed from the shift operators in the algebra of SU(r). When each of the N identical atoms “sees” the same field dependence, transitions are only allowed between energy eigenstates occurring within the same SU(r) unitary irreducible representation. Physical dispersion of the particles out of the coherence region of the field leads to “leakage” out of an SU(r) representation. If each two-level atom evolves from the ground state under the same field dependence, the total system state is a coherent superposition of bases belonging to the fully symmetric representation {N = 2J}2. These states exist in 1-1 correspondence with points in the surface of a unit sphere. They are therefore called Bloch states. The properties of Bloch states are derived and are seen to resemble the properties of coherent photon states. The connection is made manifest by a group contraction process. All properties of Glauber states can be constructed by contraction from the corresponding properties of the Bloch states. The states corresponding to N-identical r-level particles evolving under a coherent field are constructed in the same way. These states exist in 1-1 correspondence with points in the coset space SU(r) U(r−1) , which is a Riemannian-symmetric space. The eigenstate expansions, inner products, eigenvalue equations, and uncertainty relations for these states are derived. More generally, systems of N identical (p + q) level atoms, evolving from the lowest q levels under a coherent field, are described by states existing in 1 - 1 correspondence with Riemannian symmetric space SU(p + q) S[U(p)×U(q)] . The properties of these spaces are used to give a geometric analytic interpretation to these coherent atomic states.
Pseudospectral full configuration interaction

A pseudospectral formulation of the full configuration interaction method is presented in this paper. This represents the first application of the pseudospectral approximation to configuration interaction expansions. It is shown that a formal scaling advantage of n, the number of molecular orbital basis functions, is achieved. The spectral and pseudospectral total energies obtained for a series of first‐row atoms and ions are compared. The relative operation counts of the spectral and pseudospectral methods are also discussed in this paper. Finally, two hybrid spectral/pseudospectral approximations that vastly improve the accuracy of the pseudospectral total energies are presented.
Hairpin loops consisting of single adenine residues closed by sheared A.A and G.G pairs formed by the DNA triplets AAA and GAG: solution structure of the d(GTACAAAGTAC) hairpin.

Abstract The DNA undecamers GTAC AAA GTAC (AAA 11-mer) and GTAC- GAG GTAC (GAG 11-mer) have been studied in solution by high-resol ution NMR spectroscopy. Both duplexes form stable hairpins containing single deoxyadenosine loops and stems containing five base-pairs that are closed at the loop end by sheared A·A and G·C pairs, respectively. These molecules thus contain new AAA and GAG loop turn motifs. All protons, including the chiral H5′/H5″ protons of the loop residues, were assigned using NOESY, DQF-COSY and heteronuclear 1 H- 31 P COSY experiments. The backbone torsion angles were constrained using experimental data from NOE crosspeaks, three-bond 1 H- 1 H coupling constants and four-bond 1 H- 31 P coupling constants and four-bond 1 H- 31 P coupling constants. The AAA and GAG 11-mers form similar structures in solution. The detailed structure of the AAA 11-mer was determined by the combined use of NMR, distance geometry and energy minimization methods. This structure exhibits good stacking of the loop adenosine base on the closing 5A·7A sheared pair, with the 6A base stacking on the 5A base and the 6A deoxyribose stacking with the 7A base. All sugars in the AAA 11-mer hairpin adopt the typical DNA C2′- endo conformation and a sharp backbone turn occurs between residues 6A and 7A. This loop turn is brought about mainly by a change in the backbone phosphate torsion angles from ζ( g − ) α( g − ) to ζ( g + ) α( g + ) at the turn. The γ torsion angle of residue 7A in the closing sheared pair also changes from gauche + to trans . In Pu 1 NPu 2 loop turns of the GCA, AAA and GAG types, the chemical shift of the H4′ proton of the loop deoxyribose depends on the nature of Pu 2 ; this reflects the stacking of the loop sugar on the Pu 2 base and the different ring current effects of A or G in this position.
Type derivation using the projection operation

We present techniques for deriving types from existing objectoriented types using the relational algebraic projection operation and for inferring the methods that are applicable to these types. Such type derivation occurs, for example, as a result of defining algebraic views over object types. We refactor the type hierarchy and place the derived types in the type hierarchy in such a way that the state and behavior of existing types remain exactly as before. Our results have applicability to relational databases extended with object-oriented type systems and to object-oriented systems that support algebraic operations.
Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT): Individual Differences, Performance, and Learning Effects:

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate overall performance and learning effect differences with the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) administered to 48 finance specialists. The study exa...
Soil Carbon Accumulation under Switchgrass Barriers

The benefits of grass barriers or hedges for reducing offsite transport of non-point-source water pollutants from croplands are well recognized, but their ancillary benefits on soil properties have received less attention. We studied the 15-yr cumulative effects of narrow and perennial switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) barriers on soil organic C (SOC), total N, particulate organic matter (POM), and associated soil structural properties as compared with the cropped area on an Aksarben silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) with 5.4% slope in eastern Nebraska. Five switchgrass barriers were established in 1998 at ∼38-m intervals parallel to the crop rows in a field under a conventional tillage and no-till grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn (Zea mays L.) rotation. Compared with the cropped area, switchgrass barriers accumulated about 0.85 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of SOC and 80 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of total soil N at the 0 to 15 cm soil depth. Switchgrass barriers also increased coarse POM by 60%. Mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates increased by 70% at 0 to 15 cm and by 40% at 15 to 60 cm, indicating that switchgrass barriers improved soil aggregation at deeper depths. Large (4.75–8 mm) macroaggregates under switchgrass barriers contained 30% more SOC than those under the cropped area. Switchgrass-induced changes in SOC concentration were positively associated with aggregate stability (r = 0.89***) and porosity (r = 0.47*). Overall, switchgrass barriers integrated with intensively managed agroecosystems can increase the SOC pool and improve soil structural properties.
Dimensions of the physical attractiveness stereotype: A factor/analytic study.

Summary Two groups of male undergraduates (N = 204) indicated their impressions of target females varying in physical attractiveness. These data were subjected to a factor analysis. Of four factors which emerged, only a factor of Sexual/Social Excitement was reliably associated with physical attractiveness. Participants anticipating interaction with a target did not attribute other dimensions of personality on the basis of physical attractiveness; those not anticipating such interaction rated attractive targets higher on a dimension of activity and lower on dimensions of interpersonal sensitivity and social concern.
Review of Experiments on Nucleon-Nucleon Bremsstrahlung

It is now only about 6-1/2 years since the publication of the first experiments1 on nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung. During that time we have come a long way. From conception and birth, with the initial great hope that here at last was a practical way of selecting the correct potential for the nucleon-nucleon force, we passed through the youthful era of wild disagreements with theoretical predictions, and then into comfortable middle age when all experiments and theories seem to agree reasonably well. Recently interest has tended to wane somewhat, particularly since it was revealed that although off-shell effects are certainly being observed, the bulk of the difference between the existing ppy predictions of various potential models can be traced to already-known differences in their on-shell behavior.2 Thus the original great promise has failed to materialize. Nevertheless, the field is still vigorous and has not yet reached senility, particularly with respect to npγ experiments.
Insulin Suppresses the Expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein, Presenilins, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

A low dose insulin infusion in type 2 diabetics significantly reduced amyloid precursor protein expression demonstrating the acute effect of insulin.
Oxidative decarboxylation reactions in Dirofilaria immitis glucose metabolism.

Abstract 1. 1. Malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39) activity was demonstrated in the mitochondrial fraction of dog heartworm extracts. 2. 2. Data published earlier together with those presented here confirm the presence of all the enzymes of the pentose shunt. 3. 3. 14 C from uniformly labelled glucose was incorporated into the nucleic acids, and methylene blue increased production of xylose-5-phosphate and of 14 CO 2 from [1- 14 C]glucose indicating a functioning pathway. 4. 4. The oxidative decarboxylation of malate and of 6-phosphogluconate may account for the observed labelled CO 2 formed when labelled glucose is metabolized since a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle is doubtful in this parasitic helminth.
The Effect of Mesh Resolution on Convective Boundary Layer Statistics and Structures Generated by Large-Eddy Simulation

AbstractA massively parallel large-eddy simulation (LES) code for planetary boundary layers (PBLs) that utilizes pseudospectral differencing in horizontal planes and solves an elliptic pressure equation is described. As an application, this code is used to examine the numerical convergence of the three-dimensional time-dependent simulations of a weakly sheared daytime convective PBL on meshes varying from 323 to 10243 grid points. Based on the variation of the second-order statistics, energy spectra, and entrainment statistics, LES solutions converge provided there is adequate separation between the energy-containing eddies and those near the filter cutoff scale. For the convective PBL studied, the majority of the low-order moment statistics (means, variances, and fluxes) become grid independent when the ratio zi/(CsΔf) > 310, where zi is the boundary layer height, Δf is the filter cutoff scale, and Cs is the Smagorinsky constant. In this regime, the spectra show clear Kolmogorov inertial subrange scaling...
Different regions of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus are involved in chromosomal translocations in distinct pathogenetic forms of Burkitt lymphoma.

Abstract We show that endemic (eBL), sporadic (sBL), and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated (AIDS-BL) forms of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) carrying t(8;14) chromosomal translocations display different breakpoints within the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus (IGH) on chromosome 14. In sBL (7 out of 11) and AIDS-BL (5 out of 6), the breakpoints occurred within or near the IGH mu switch (S-mu) region on chromosome 14 and within the c-myc locus (MYC) on chromosome 8. In most eBL (13 out of 16) the breakpoints were mapped within or 5' to the IGH joining (JH region on chromosome 14 and outside the MYC locus on chromosome 8. Cloning and sequencing of the t(8;14) chromosomal junctions from two eBL cell lines and one eBL biopsy sample show that the recombinations do not involve IGH-specific recombination signals on chromosome 14 or homologous sequences on chromosome 8, suggesting that these events are not likely to be mediated by the same mechanisms or enzymes as in IGH rearrangements. In general, these data have implications for the timing of occurrence of chromosomal translocations during B-cell differentiation in different BL types.
Infarct Volume After Hyperacute Infusion of Hypertonic Saline in a Rat Model of Acute Embolic Stroke

Introduction Hypertonic saline (HS) can treat cerebral edema arising from a number of pathologic conditions. However, physicians are reluctant to use it during the first 24 h after stroke because of experimental evidence that it increases infarct volume when administered early after reperfusion. Here, we determined the effect of HS on infarct size in an embolic clot model without planned reperfusion.
Percutaneous gastrostomy tube placement to perform transgastrostomy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography in patients with Roux-en-Y anatomy.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is one of the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries in the United States. Patients with prior RYGB are not amenable to conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). Surgical gastrostomy (SG) tube placement enables transgastrostomy ERCP (TG-ERCP). Eleven patients with RYGB anatomy received open Stamm gastrostomy after which the tract was then allowed to mature for an average of 45 days before therapeutic TG-ERCP. The success rate and procedure-related complications of both gastrostomy and ERCP were assessed. TG-ERCP was performed on eleven patients (median age 52 years, range 37–61 years) with prior RYGB and pancreatobiliary diseases. Indications for ERCP in these patients included suspected gallstone pancreatitis (n = 4), ampullary/biliary strictures (n = 5), pancreas divisum (n = 1), and common bile duct clipping as a result of RYGB surgery (n = 1). Two individuals developed post surgical complications with stomal-related infections. TG-ERCP with therapeutic intervention was successfully performed in all patients. Intervention included stone extractions (n = 11), biliary stricture dilation (n = 11), biliary sphincterotomy (n = 11), biliary (n = 3) and pancreatic (n = 1) stent placement, ampullary biopsies (n = 3), choledochoscopy (n = 1), and pseudocyst drainage (n = 1). Complications included post-ERCP pancreatitis (n = 2), post-sphincterotomy bleeding (n = 1), gastrostomy site bleed (n = 1), and gastric perforation (n = 1). The total number of ERCP sessions for the eleven patients was 15 (1 or 2 per patient). Median follow-up was 42 days (range 7–123 days). Surgical open gastrostomy followed by TG-ERCP enables therapeutic intervention but is associated with significant complications.
Identification of the 1RS rye chromosomal segment in wheat by RAPD analysis

The introgression of rye DNA into the wheat genome was studied using random decamer and specific primers with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA from paired near-isolines in Chisholm and Arkan backgrounds differing with respect to the presence of a 1 RS.1 BL translocation was amplified with 120 arbitrary sequence primers. Two of the primers (OPR 19 and OPJ07) amplified rye-specific DNA fragments. The OPR19 primer amplified a 1.35-kb fragment that appeared to be specific to the 1 RS.1 BL translocation, based on its presence only in lines carrying the 1 RS. 1 BL translocation. A fragment of the same size was also amplified in 1 RS.1 AL translocation lines. This 1 RS. 1 BL marker locus was designated Ximc 1. The other primer, OPJ07, amplified a 1.2-kb DNA sequence, that was designated Ximc 2, specific to the wheat-rye translocation in various wheat backgrounds. The sequences of the two marker loci were found to be different from each other. The Ximc 1 locus was a low-copy sequence which was also present in Balboa rye genomic DNA. Through the use of specific primers, the presence of the rye-specific marker was confirmed in hexaploid as well as in tetraploid wheat backgrounds. The use of RAPDs for the study of smaller alien introgressions into wheat is discussed.
Adult Identified with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome–Mutation in PHOX2b Gene and Late-Onset CHS

In light of our recent review of the genetic basis for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) (1), we bring to your attention a 35-year-old adult recently identified as having had late-onset CHS and the CCHS-mutation in PHOX2b. One year ago this patient presented with a history of snoring “for his whole life,” nocturnal gasping, and “stopping breathing and turning blue.” During polysomnography he had 46 obstructive events (38 hypopneas, 8 apneas), 16 central apneas, and an apnea–hypopnea index of 77 events/hour, with an SaO2 nadir of 65% in room air and 80% with supplemental oxygen. He temporarily responded to Bi-Pap with supplemental oxygen during sleep, but within 6 months was referred for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. He was readmitted 48 hours after discharge with intermittent confusion, difficulty staying awake, and respiratory failure (awake arterial Pco2 of 73 mm Hg). His admission hematocrit was 73%, body temperature was 35.5 C, chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly, and ECG revealed right axis deviation, enlargement, and hypertrophy. He required intubation and mechanical ventilation, then a tracheostomy; however, mechanical ventilation was discontinued. We were contacted by the family when an arterial blood gas assay upon awakening revealed a Pco2 of 129 mm Hg (pH 7.03). Because of his daughter’s diagnosis of late-onset CHS 3 years before, and documentation that she is heterozygous for the CCHS-related PHOX2b polyalanine expansion mutation, we conducted the same assay with the father’s DNA. Figure 1 demonstrates the identical mutation in the 4-year-old daughter and the father, as well as in the 2-yearold daughter, who also has alveolar hypoventilation (all three have a genotype of 20/25). In retrospect, we learned that the father uses Dexadrine to “stay on task,” has symptoms compatible with autonomic nervous system dysregulation (low body temperature, postural hypotension, pinpoint pupils minimally reactive to light, no shortness of breath despite markedly increased carbon dioxide levels), and has awakened with headaches and periods of disorientation for several years. On the basis of this remarkably late presentation of the alveolar hypoventilation component of CHS, we suggest that adult pulmonologists and intensivists consider the possibility of lateonset CHS, confirmable by PHOX2b assay, when caring for adults with hypercarbia of unknown etiology. From a scientific perspective, this case raises the possibility of a regulatory gene that modifies the expression or activity of PHOX2b, determining the severity of the autonomic dysregulation in late-onset CHS.
Tissue and circulating expression of IL-1 family members following heat stroke

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is thought to have a significant role in the pathophysiology of heat stroke (HS), although little is known regarding the actions or expression patterns of the IL-1 family. This...
A sequential choice model of family business succession

Management succession is a critical process, especially in family-owned businesses. Current models of management succession focus on elements such as personal development of potential successors and decision-making processes by incumbents and governance bodies, but do not account for interactions among actors. This paper addresses this weakness using a game-theoretic approach applied to the setting of family businesses. We model a tournament-style game in which two siblings pursue the CEO position of a family business. In the course of our analysis, we consider a variety of factors, such as the predispositions of the founder to choose one sibling over the other, the value placed on winning the top job by each sibling, the cost for the siblings of pursuing the job, and the possibility of “first-mover advantages.” We close the paper by discussing implications of our work for both family businesses and corporations.
A potentiator of orthosteric ligand activity at GLP-1R acts via covalent modification

We report that 4-(3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-ethylsulfinyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (BETP), which behaves as a positive allosteric modulator at the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), covalently modifies cysteines 347 and 438 in GLP-1R. C347, located in intracellular loop 3 of GLP-1R, is critical to the activity of BETP and a structurally distinct GLP-1R ago-allosteric modulator, N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine. We further show that substitution of cysteine for phenylalanine 345 in the glucagon receptor is sufficient to confer sensitivity to BETP.
Fibrous calcite from the Ordovician of Tennessee: preservation of marine oxygen isotopic composition and its implications

Three categories of fibrous calcite from early to middle Caradoc platform-marginal buildups in east Tennessee can be delineated using cathodoluminescent microscopy, minor element chemistry and stable C-O isotopic composition. Bright luminescent fibrous cement has elevated Mn (>1000 p.p.m.), negative δ13C and intermediate δ18O values relative to other types of fibrous calcite. This cement reflects fibrous calcite that interacted with reducing Mn-rich fluids. Dully luminescent fibrous cement has elevated Fe (>400 p.p.m.), positive δ13C and negative δ18O values relative to other fibrous cements. This cement was stabilized by burial fluids. Nonluminescent fibrous cement has low Mn and Fe (generally below 400 p.p.m.) and positive δ13C and δ18O values relative to other types of fibrous calcite. The latter cement is interpreted to be the best material for determining the isotopic composition of calcite precipitated in equilibrium with early to middle Caradoc seawater, which is δ13C=1% PDB and δ18O=−4 to −5‰ PDB. Results from this study and Ashgillian brachiopods indicate that the average δ18O composition of the Ordovician ocean, during nonglacial periods, was probably never more negative than −3‰ SMOW. Assuming an Ordovician seawater δ18O value of −1‰ SMOW, Holston Formation fibrous cements would have precipitated at temperatures between 27 and 36 °C, which is near the upper temperature limit for metazoans. A seawater δ18O value of −2‰ SMOW yields temperatures ranging from 23 to 31 °C, while a −3‰ SMOW value yields temperatures of 18–26 °C.
Somnogenic effects of sleep deprivation and Escherichia coli inoculation in rabbits.

SUMMARY To evaluate the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on microbially induced alterations in sleep, we used gentle handling to deprive rabbits of sleep for 4 h before or after intravenous inoculation with Escherichia coli (EC). Sleep was monitored for the next 20 h. EC inoculation alone increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) time, delta-wave amplitude (DWA) during sleep and SWS bout length during the initial 2–4 h after inoculation. During the following 8-20h, DWA during SWS was reduced relative to control values. SD alone increased SWS time and SWS bout length for 2 h after the end of the SD period. Rabbits subjected to SD for 4h prior to EC inoculation demonstrated increases in SWS time, DWA during SWS and SWS bout length 2–4 h postinoculation. At some time points, these effects were greater in magnitude than those induced by either manipulation alone, but they were generally equivalent to the additive effects of the individual treatments. Rabbits subjected to SD after EC inoculation (i.e. during the period in which EC increases sleep) demonstrated increases in SWS time and DWA during SWS for only 2 h after the end of the SD period, suggesting that these animals maintained a sleep deficit as compared to rabbits inoculated with EC alone. SD alone elicited hyperthermia in rabbits, and EC-inoculated rabbits subjected to SD developed fevers greater than those induced by either treatment alone. Other clinical indices were not significantly affected by the combined treatments. These data indicate that the sleep changes that occur subsequent to bacterial inoculation are altered in sleep-deprived rabbits, but that SD does not exacerbate clinical illness in this model.
Change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults, 1999-2010.

Objective To assess the change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and weight status. Design Linear mixture model was performed to estimate the relationship between daily energy intake and macronutrient composition, adjusted for age and alcohol consumption, and accounting for survey design. Setting Study sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010 waves. Subjects A total of 27 589 US adults aged 20 years and older were included in the study. Dietary macronutrient intake was calculated from 24 h dietary recall and BMI from objectively measured weight/height. Results Across all population subgroups, substituting protein or carbohydrate for fat and substituting protein for carbohydrate were associated with decreased daily energy intake, with the largest effect resulting from substituting protein for fat. A 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from fat was associated with a decrease in daily energy intake of 268·2 (95 % CI 169·0, 367·4) kJ, 289·5 (95 % CI 215·9, 363·2) kJ and 293·7 (95 % CI 210·0, 377·4) kJ among normal-weight (18·5≤BMI, kg/m 2 2 2 ) men, and 177·4 (95 % CI 130·5, 224·3) kJ, 188·7 (95 % CI 139·3, 238·1) kJ and 204·2 (95 % CI 158·2, 250·2) kJ among normal-weight, overweight and obese women, respectively. The relationship between macronutrient composition and daily energy intake varied substantially across sex, race/ethnicity and weight status. Conclusions Policies promoting higher daily protein intake at the expense of lower fat intake could be effective in reducing total energy intake among US adults.
Nursing Homes and the Affordable Care Act: A Cease Fire in the Ongoing Struggle Over Quality Reform

Most provisions in the Affordable Care Act that affect nursing homes originated in two earlier attempts at reform, both of which failed multiple times in prior Congressional sessions: the Elder Justice Act and the Nursing Home Transparency and Improvement Act. Both of these earlier efforts focused on improving quality and reducing elder abuse in nursing homes by strengthening oversight and enforcement penalties, expanding staff training, and increasing the information on nursing home quality available to consumers and regulators. Each bill addressed problems that were serious, widespread, and had persisted for years, but each failed to pass on its own. The Affordable Care Act, with its own momentum, became the vehicle for their passage. However, the reasons the bills failed in these earlier efforts suggest implementation challenges now that they have ridden into law on the coattails of the more general effort to reform the health care sector.
Isotope effects in the acid-catalysed reactions of hypophosphorous acid

Abstract Rate constants for four isotope exchange reactions and four oxidation reactions were measured at 25°C for protonated and deuterated hypophosphorous acid. For the acid-catalysed, rate-determining tautomerization of inactive H2PO(OH) to active HP(OH)2, primary kinetic isotope effects (kD/kH) of 0.36 for the forward reaction and 0.24 for the reverse reaction were obtained. The secondary isotope effect was determined to be 1.45. These isotope effects are consistent with a transition state in which proton attachment occurs with a bond order of 0.2. This bond order is used, along with the Marcus theory of proton transfer, to calculate a free energy of tautomerization of 62 kJ.
Quantification of gemcitabine incorporation into human DNA by LC/MS/MS as a surrogate measure for target engagement.

In this study, we report a method for direct determination of gemcitabine incorporation into human DNA. Gemcitabine (dFdC), a structural analog of the nucleoside deoxycytidine (dC), derives its primary antitumor activity through interruption of DNA synthesis. Unlike other surrogate measures, DNA incorporation provides a mechanistic end point useful for dose optimization. DNA samples (ca. 25 μg) were hydrolyzed using a two-step enzymatic procedure to release dFdC which was subsequently quantified by LC-ESI-MS/MS using stable isotope labeled internal standards and selected reaction monitoring (SRM). dFdC was quantitated and reported relative to deoxyguanosine (dG) since dG is the complementary base for both dFdC and dC. The SRM channel for dG was detuned using collision energy as the attenuating parameter in order to accommodate the difference in relative abundance for these two analytes (>104) and enable simultaneous quantification from the same injection. The assay was shown to be independent of the amoun...
Becoming a part of the community: implementing a public health vision in student health services.

Abstract Principles from public health and community health nursing provide an approach to student health services that enhances interdisciplinary collaboration and advocacy for access to care. Staff participation in the campus community requires administrative support, both in philosophy and in making outreach activities accessible to staff. Student health services at University of Maine's Cutler Health Center in Orono is implementing outreach and community involvement as on-going aspects of the college health nursing role. Increased collaboration, visibility of nurses on campus, and improved community assessment and intervention are among the outcomes observed during the past 2 years. This article describes the principles that guide this approach and shares some community involvement experiences, including the response to a student suicide attempt, social support for students after a residence hall fire, and case management/consultation services.
Study of Dipolar Neighbor Interaction on Magnetization States of Nano-Magnetic Disks

We investigate the effect of magnetic neighbor interaction on the state behavior of nano-magnetic disks for data storage and computation applications. We have observed and verified that a nano-magnetic disk, with certain dimension, can exist either in the single domain state or in the vortex state depending on the edge-to-edge spacing between the nano-magnetic disks. The experiments were conducted by varying the diameters and thicknesses with respect to edge-to-edge spacing. The dimensions were based on the phase diagram between the single domain state and the vortex state. We have observed nano-magnetic disks spaced far apart from its neighbor, settled in the vortex state and coupled nano-magnetic disks with less spacing settled in the single domain state. This phenomenon was observed for nano-magnetic disks with thickness between 8 nm to 20 nm and diameters between 80 nm to 140 nm. We validated the simulation by fabricating pairs of nano-magnetic disks with a thickness of 10 nm and diameter of 110 nm along edge-to-edge spacing from 20 nm to 260 nm in steps of 20 nm.
Effects of household structure and selected travel characteristics on trip chaining

This paper analyzes trip chaining, focusing on how households organize non-work travel. A trip chaining typology is developed using household survey data from Portland, Oregon. Households are organized according to demographic structure, allowing analysis of trip chaining differences among household types. A logit model of the propensity to link non-work trips to the work commute is estimated. A more general model of household allocation of non-work travel among three alternative chain types — work commutes, multi-stop non-work journeys, and unlinked trips — is also developed and estimated. Empirical results indicate that the likelihood of linking work and non-work travel, and the more general organization of non-work travel, varies with respect to household structure and other factors which previous studies have found to be important. The effects of two congestion indicators on trip chaining were mixed: workers who commuted in peak periods were found to have lower propensity to form work/non-work chains, while a more general congestion indicator had no effect on the allocation of non-work trips among alternative chains.
Multiple and multifocal carcinomas in female genital organs and breast.

Sixty-seven cases of multiple primary malignant tumors of the genital organs and breast were analyzed in their different combinations. A percentage of 5.4% of multiple primary tumors was found in a cancer population of 1235. In addition, cases of multifocal primary carcinoma in symmetrical organs (breasts and ovaries) were discussed. A higher incidence of multiple primary cancers was found in embryologically related organs, such as vulva, vagina and uterine exocervix, or endometrium and ovary. Endometriosis with malignant foci was frequently found associated with the multiple primary tumors of the mullerian derived organs. Carcinoma in situ was found synchronously with overt multiple and multifocal carcinoma of the female genital organs and breasts and therefore considered as a previous stage of the carcinomatous progression. The area response of the embryologically related organs was discussed as a factor in the genesis of the multiple and multifocal multiple primary tumors of the female genital organs and breast.
Compressive mica seals for SOFC applications

Abstract Muscovite and phlogopite micas have been assessed as SOFC seals at 800°C. Paper gaskets, composed of pressed mica platelets in an organic binder, proved ineffective seal materials predominantly because of their uneven surface. However, cleaved natural mica sheets (with no binder) indicated far superior sealing characteristics with leak rates lower than 0.1 sccm cm −1 at 800°C, and approximately 0.7 MPa (100 psi) compressive stress.
A novel method for the analysis of the androgen receptor.

The role of the androgen receptor in the regulation of prostate cancer development and progression has been a focus of intense research. Until recent years, the level of expression of the androgen receptor protein was described qualitatively. Immunohistochemical parameters have been established that show a linear relationship between androgen receptor expression and immunostaining. Intensity of immunostaining can be accurately measured using computerassisted color video image analysis. Studies of progression and treatment of prostate cancer will benefit from the ability to quantitatively measure androgen receptor expression.
Category‐breadth and social‐desirability values for 573 personality terms

Forty-five British adults rated 573 person-descriptive terms on category breadth (defined as the diversity of behavioural referents of a trait) and social desirability. These values are presented here, along with American values where available. The British ratings proved highly reliable, and they correlated substantially with the American values, thus demonstrating the generalizability of category-breadth judgements between these two cultures and the stability of the social-desirability values over a 20-year interval.
Nonstoichiometric laser materials: Designer wavelengths in neodymium-doped garnets

The tunable nature of lasers provides for a wide range of applications. Most applications rely on finding available laser wavelengths to meet the needs of the research. This article presents the concept of compositional tuning, whereby the laser wavelength is designed by exploiting nonstoichiometry. For research where precise wavelengths are required, such as remote sensing, this is highly advantageous. A theoretical basis for the concept is presented and experimental results in spectroscopic measurements support the theoretical basis. Laser operation nicely demonstrates the validity of the concept of designer lasers.
Termination orderings for associative-commutative rewriting systems

In this paper we describe a new class of orderings-associative path orderings-for proving termination of associative-commutative term rewriting systems .These orderings are based on the concept of simplification orderings and extend the well-known recursive path orderings to E - congruence classes, where E is an equational theory consisting of associativity and commutativity axioms. Associative path orderings are applicable to term rewriting systems for which a precedence ordering on the set of operator symbols can be defined that satisfies a certain condition,the associative path condition. The precedence ordering can often be derived from the structure of the reduction rules. We include termination proofs for various term rewriting systems (for rings,boolean algebra,etc.) and, in addition, point out ways to handle situations where the associative path condition is too restrictive.