cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portal pressure reduction induced by partial mechanical obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery in the anesthetized dog.

Abstract In an effort to avoid the potentially dangerous side effects of vasopressin infusions, we attempted to reproduce mechanically the splanchnic hemodynamic changes induced by vasopressin without its systemic effects. Superior mesenteric arterial pressure was reduced to 50 to 70 mm Hg for 30 to 60 min in 10 normal dogs by partial balloon obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery. Balloon inflation caused a decrease in portal venous pressure (5.6 ± 0.6 versus 2.8 ± 0.7 mm Hg), hepatic vein wedge pressure (4.8 ± 0.4 versus 2.3 ± 0.5 mm Hg), and portal vein flow (424 ± 53 versus 275 ± 52 ml per min), and an increase in hepatic arterial blood flow (172 ± 19 versus 217 ± 29 ml per min). Total hepatic blood flow and oxygen delivery to the liver were unchanged. Partial balloon obstruction caused an increase in cardiac output (1950 ± 203 versus 2317 ± 376 ml per min) and mean arterial pressure (138 ± 6 versus 151 ± 7 mm Hg), whereas heart rate did not change. Partial balloon obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery caused similar changes in splanchnic hemodynamics to those of vasopressin infusions into the superior mesenteric artery, but without the potential deleterious effects of vasopressin on systemic hemodynamics.
Five Short Reviews

Chris Agee is a poet born and educated in the United States and trans planted to Ireland, where he lives and teaches in Belfast. Unlike some other Irish poets who have made the transatlantic crossing in that di rection?Brooklyn-born John Montague being the most notable among them?Agee focusses in this collection on an all-encompassing empa thy with the natural world, of which he has a coherent and even clas sical vision. Although he notes in passing the imprints of human his tory and conflict in the natural surround?what poet could fail to do so in Ireland??it is the landscape itself with which he feels most at home. The first landscape is that of his native North America, specifi cally New England?one New World region whose pastoral terrain most closely resembles that of his adopted European isle?where the "unretainable past" is nevertheless preserved, "burnt in the brow of memory." And he dwells with affection on the green contours of the Irish coastlands, drawing on the Imagists, Japanese haiku, Hopkins,Yeats, and the spirits of the Celtic past for his inspiration. There are some lovely close inspections of North American flora and fauna?loons, Indian pipes, paper birches?all "bound by the blood shot ground of our heritage." And there are sweeping evocations of the "Old World younger than this" in actual geological time: the "evening peet-reek" of Irish turf, of fallow deer ("swift interlopers / on winter pasture"), and the shifting colors of croftlands in the sea sonal cycles of the liturgical year. But the poetry doesn't quite tran scend its initial descriptive delights to reach for a deeper connection between the indwelling life of these continents and the human cul tures that overlay and inhabit them.
The truth about mentoring minorities. Race matters.

Diversity has become a top priority in corporate America. Despite corporations' best intentions, however, many have failed to achieve a racial mix at the top levels of management. Some have revolving doors for talented minorities, recruiting the best and brightest, only to see them leave, frustrated by their experiences. Others are able to retain high-potential professionals of color but find them mired in middle management. To understand the different career trajectories of whites and minorities, David Thomas studied the progression of racial minorities at three large U.S. corporations. Here, he explains the three career stages that all professionals advance through, and he discusses why promising white professionals tend to enter fast tracks early in their careers, whereas high-potential minorities typically take off after they have reached middle management. Thomas's research shows that minorities who advance the furthest share one characteristic: a strong network of mentors and corporate sponsors. He found that minorities who plateaued in middle management received mentoring that was basically instructional; it helped them to develop skills. By contrast, minorities who became executives enjoyed fuller developmental relationships with their mentors. Thomas explains the types of support mentors provide for their proteges and outlines the challenges of mentoring across racial lines. Specifically, he addresses negative stereotypes, public scrutiny, difficulty with role modeling, and peer resentment. Finally, Thomas challenges the notion that the job of mentors begins and ends with their one-on-one relationships with their proteges. He offers concrete advice on how mentors can support broader initiatives at their organizations to create and enhance conditions that foster the upward mobility of professionals of color.
The Odds of Justice: Where is the Reverend Bayes When Needed?

Originalism is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution holding that only what was in the minds of the drafters should be used in determining what it now means. The doctrine is alive and well tod...
A practical framework for the reverse supply chain

The technology, production and sales of consumer electronics has increased dramatically in recent years. As a result, the volume of discarded products also continues to grow rapidly. Thus, it is important to divert end-of-life products from landfill disposal for reuse or materials recycling via product take-back. A systematic and practical framework is needed for the reverse supply chain. In this paper, the authors first compare take-back planning with traditional production planning. They review existing models, identify gaps, and overview several new models. Then they present a set of analytical models for the reverse supply chain.
Knowledge of breast self-examination and other determinants relationship on the self-rated health status of elderly women.

This study examines whether the knowledge of breast self-examination (BSE) could be a significant contributor to elderly women’s self-rated health. Additional variables were considered as potential influences on their self-rated health. This research used a quasi-experimental design and random selection to assign assisted living facilities to treatment and control groups. Participants in this study were women, age 75 years and older. All participants were gauged for breast cancer risk as a pretest measurement. Only the experimental group of older women received BSE instruction and then provided their self-rated health eight weeks later. BSE knowledge contributed statistically to the experimental elderly women’s self-rated mental health scores. Instrumental activities of daily living were statistically significant for both groups at explaining variance in their physical health scores. This research study, although limited, points to the value of providing BSE to elderly women and its influence on their men...
A model for the prediction of assembly, rework, and test yields

The increase in density and complexity of computer components used as field-replaceable units of the IBM 3081 processors has required more sophisticated and capital-intense manufacturing and test lines than heretofore seen. To help in the manufacturing planning effort, a simulation model based on the concepts described in this paper was implemented as a means for studying the behavior of different assembly/test methodologies and to predict the throughput capabilities of various manufacturing configurations. By adopting a different simulation philosophy, the model was greatly simplified, and by taking advantage of the matrix processing features of APL, modeling changes required due to procedure or test-equipment changes could easily be implemented. This paper reviews the philosophy of the simulation of computer part assembly, takes a new look at modeling, and describes the architectural concepts embodied in the implementing program. It also details some of the more important concepts needed to complete the simulator.
Dynamic molecular processes mediate cellular mechanotransduction

Cellular responses to mechanical forces are crucial in embryonic development and adult physiology, and are involved in numerous diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, myopathies and cancer. These responses are mediated by load-bearing subcellular structures, such as the plasma membrane, cell-adhesion complexes and the cytoskeleton. Recent work has demonstrated that these structures are dynamic, undergoing assembly, disassembly and movement, even when ostensibly stable. An emerging insight is that transduction of forces into biochemical signals occurs within the context of these processes. This framework helps to explain how forces of varying strengths or dynamic characteristics regulate distinct signalling pathways.
Optimizing latency and throughput for spawning processes on massively multicore processors

The execution of a SPMD application involves running multiple instances of a process with possibly varying arguments. With the widespread adoption of massively multicore processors, there has been a focus towards harnessing the abundant compute resources effectively in a power-efficient manner. Although much work has been done towards optimizing distributed process launch using hierarchical techniques, there has been a void in studying the performance of spawning processes within a single node. Reducing the latency to spawn a new process locally results in faster global job launch. Further, emerging dynamic and resilient execution models are designed on the premise of maintaining process pools for fault isolation and launching several processes in a relatively shorter period of time. Optimizing the latency and throughput for spawning processes would help improve the overall performance of runtime systems, allow adaptive process-replication reliability and motivate the design and implementation of process management interfaces in future manycore operating systems.In this paper, we study the several limiting factors for efficient spawning of processes on massively multicore architectures. We have developed a library to optimize launching multiple instances of the same executable. Our microbenchmarks show a 20-80% decrease in the process spawn time for multiple executables. We further discuss the effects of memory locality and propose NUMA-aware extensions to optimize launching processes with large memory-mapped segments including dynamic shared libraries. Finally, we describe vector operating system interfaces for spawning a batch of processes from a given executable on specific cores. Our results show a 50x speedup over the traditional method of launching new processes using fork and exec system calls.
Effects of fire alone or combined with thinning on tissue nutrient concentrations and nutrient resorption in Desmodium nudiflorum

This study examined tissue nutrient responses of Desmodium nudiflorum to changes in soil total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and available phosphorus (P) that occurred as the result of the application of alternative forest management strategies, namely (1) prescribed low-intensity fire (B), (2) overstory thinning followed by prescribed fire (T + B), and (3) untreated control C), in two Quercus-dominated forests in the State of Ohio, USA. In the fourth growing season after a first fire, TIN was significantly greater in the control plots (9.8 mg/kg) than in the B (5.5 mg/kg) and T + B (6.4 mg/kg) plots. Similarly, available P was greater in the control sites (101 microg/g) than in the B (45 microg/kg) and T + B (65 microg/kg) sites. Leaf phosphorus ([P]) was higher in the plants from control site (1.86 mg/g) than in either the B (1.77 mg/g) or T + B plants (1.73 mg/g). Leaf nitrogen ([N]) and root [N] showed significant site-treatment interactive effects, while stem [N], stem [P], and root [P] did not differ significantly among treatments. During the first growing season after a second fire, leaf [N], stem [N], litter [P] and available soil [P] were consistently lower in plots of the manipulated treatments than in the unmanaged control plot, whereas the B and T + B plots did not differ significantly from each other. N resorption efficiency was positively correlated with the initial foliar [N] in the manipulated (B and T + B) sites, but there was no such relation in the unmanaged control plots. P resorption efficiency was positively correlated with the initial leaf [P] in both the control and manipulated plots. Leaf nutrient status was strongly influenced by soil nutrient availability shortly after fire, but became more influenced by topographic position in the fourth year after fire. Nutrient resorption efficiency was independent of soil nutrient availability. These findings enrich our understanding of the effects of ecosystem restoration treatments on soil nutrient availability, plant nutrient relations, and plant-soil interactions at different temporal scales.
Effect of luteinizing hormone on Leydig cell structure and testosterone secretion.

Hypophysectomy or sc implantation of testosterone-estradiol 17β (T-E) filled polydimethylsiloxane capsules for 5 days caused a dramatic reduction in testosterone secretion when testes subsequently were perfused in vitro. The diminution in testosterone-secreting capacity of testes from T-E treated rats was coupled closely with reductions in the membrane surface areas of Leydig cell cytoplasmic organelles, particularly those of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Simultaneous treatment of T-E implanted rats with LH (12 μg/day), but not with FSH, PRL, TSH, or GH, maintained both the Leydig-cell cytoplasmic membranes and the capacity of testes to secrete testosterone in vitro. Testosterone secretion by testes from hypophysectomized rats treated simultaneously with T-E plus LH was identical to that in control rats. Therefore, T-E did not inhibit directly the Leydig cell steroidogenic apparatus. Taken together these results suggest that one of the trophic effects of LH in the Leydig cell is to maintained the inte...
Context-aware communication

Describes the Mercury system, whereby a user of an electronic message service receives messages on a device and in a format appropriate to his context (travelling, in a meeting, etc.); and ConChat, whereby besides transmitting his message he automatically transmits contextual information such as his location, the number and identities of other people in the room, the room's ambient temperature, lighting, and sound, other applications and devices running in the room, his mood, his personal status (on the 'phone, out to lunch, etc), and any activity in the room.
Existence and Stability of Lanthanide−Main Group Element Multiple Bonds. New Paradigms in the Bonding of the 4f Elements. A DFT Study of Cp2CeZ (Z = F+, O, NH, CH-, CH2) and the Ligand Adduct Cp2Ce(CH2)(NH3)

We theoretically investigate the stability and nature of metal−ligand multiple bonding between the tetravalent lanthanide element cerium and a number of different ligand sets that commonly form met...
Antigen presentation to Th1 but not Th2 cells by macrophages results in nitric oxide production and inhibition of T cell proliferation: interferon-gamma is essential but insufficient.

The induction and role of nitric oxide (NO) during antigen presentation by macrophages to T helper (Th) cell subsets was examined. When cultured with Th1 clones, macrophage APC produced NO only in the presence of cognate Ag, which in turn suppressed T cell proliferation. IFN-gamma production by the activated Th1 cells was essential for the induction of NO. Th2 cells presented with the same cognate Ag did not induce NO production and proliferated uninhibited. Coactivation of Th1 and Th2 cells specific for the same Ag indicated that Th2 cells did not inhibit NO production, but were sensitive to NO induced by stimulated Th1 cells. Antigenic activation of Th2 cells in the presence of rIFN-gamma resulted in NO-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Th2 cells provided only a cell-associated cofactor, whereas Th1 cells secreted a soluble cofactor for IFN-gamma as well, i.e., TNF-alpha. Finally, a role for IFN-gamma and NO during immune responses was studied in spleen cells obtained from immunized IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. NO production and subsequent inhibition of Ag-specific proliferation ex vivo was observed only after the addition of rIFN-gamma. These studies suggest an IFN-gamma-dependent regulatory role for NO during Ag-specific Th cell activation involving macrophages, with obvious implications for Th subset-dependent immune responses in general.
RAPID APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR CALCULATING ELECTRON CAPTURE AND AUTO-IONIZATION RATES

The factorized form2 for distorted wave excitation collision strengths is applied to electron capture and the inverse process of auto-ionization, which are needed in obtaining dielectric recombination rates and the resonance contribution to excitation rates. Two simplifying approximations are considered and the corresponding formulae are obtained. Some numerical tests of accuracy are given for the relatively simple case of electron capture by He-like ions.
Nonlinear dynamics of capillary bridges : experiments

An experimental investigation of forced and free oscillations of liquid bridges positioned between two rods of equal diameter is presented. Both the resonance frequencies and damping rates for different aspect ratios of the bridge are reported. The damping rate data of the liquid bridges are obtained by high-speed videography and are the first ever reported. Resonance frequencies for the three modified Reynolds numbers of 14, 295 and 1654, and damping rates for the two modified Reynolds numbers of 14 and 295 are reported. These values of modified Reynolds numbers are generated by using ethylene glycol, distilled water, and mercury in small bridges. Gravitational effects are kept small by reducing the size of the capillary bridge. The internal flow fields of several bridges for different modified Reynolds numbers are described based on high-speed visualization. Experimental results show good agreement with results of linear and nonlinear theory.
The nature of the sexual dimorphism of the submandibular gland of the mouse.

The weights of the submandibular glands and their water, lipid and nonlipid fractionswere determined in intact, gonadectomized and androgen-treated gonadectomized mice of both sexes. It was found that although the glands are markedly heavier in intact males than in females, the composition of the tissue is the same in both sexes. The loss of weight after gonadectomy is accounted for solely as loss of water in the female, whereas in the male there is loss both of water and dry tissue residue. Treatment with androgen results in the increase in the absolute amount of water and dry tissue residue in both sexes. The present data indicate that the larger size of the glands in intact male and androgentreated mice is due primarily to differential growth of the terminalsecretory ducts.
Effect of proteolipid onZymomonas fermentation of 25% glucose media

Zymomonas mobilis produces more than three times as many colony-forming units when grown in the presence of a combination of protein and lipid medium supplements than in unsupplemented cultures. The specific ethanol production rate is twice as fast, and the percent yield is higher (92% vs 82%), in supplemented than in unsupplemented broth. In addition, there is a change in the phospholipid composition of cells grown in the presence of supplements. Both materials are required for enhancement of fermentation and growth.
Partition Coefficients at Infinite Dilution from Flory-Huggins Theory

Abstract An expression relating partition coefficients at infinite dilution to Flory-Huggins interaction parameters has been derived. The equation has been successfully applied to the partitioning of alcohols between water and cellulose acetate. The solvent-solute interaction parameter has a dominant effect on partition coefficients. For the systems studied, solvent-polymer interactions appear to be negligible.
Is there a need for psychophysical strength studies of the aged

Strength studies are needed that simulate everyday activities of the aged in the home and workplace. There have been many studies examining the decline of strengths that occurs during the aging process; however, most have investigated isometric (static) and isokinetic (dynamic) contractions. While these studies are beneficial in identifying age-related differences, isometric and isokinetic contractions can not be adequately duplicated in the human body and usually apply to laboratory studies that isolate the whole muscle or single muscle fiber. Generally speaking, most people will not attempt to lift weights or apply forces that are perceived as heavier than manageable. The maximum load that can be handled without overexertion is referred to as psychophysical strength. Psychophysical strength studies can provide data identifying the maximal acceptable weight lifted, carried, or forces exerted, in a variety of simulated activities in the home and workplace. Psychophysical studies can also give indication to the physiological and psychological components needed for the aged to perform common everyday activities. This paper outlines the potential importance of psychophysical studies on the aged.
INVESTIGATION OF A DIATOM POPULATION FROM MINE TAILINGS IN NYE COUNTY, NEVADA, U. S. A.(1).

SUMMARY A diatom population consisting of 31 taxonomic entries was found in tailings from an abandoned mine near Ichthyosaur Paleontologic State Monument, Nye County, Nevada, U.S.A. The diatom population of the mine tailings resembled those found in dry lakes of the vicinity which are similar to some soil diatom populations. The mine tailings population was very similar to some Quaternary diatom assemblages in the vicinity and in other parts of the conterminous United States. The diatom population indicated that alkaline and oligohalobous conditions were prevalent with associated “indifference” with respect to the current spectrum.
A cross-clinical practicum for baccalaureate nursing students.

The clinical laboratory is regarded as an important component of nursing education, yet few studies have examined the structuring of this aspect of the curriculum. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to determine which of two methods of structuring clinical laboratory activities was more effective in helping students view clients holistically. Subjects were 53 senior baccalaureate nursing students. The experimental group was enrolled in a cross-clinical practicum that combined critical elements from mental health-psychiatric nursing (MHPN) and community health nursing (CHN), while the control group was enrolled in two separate courses in MHPN and CHN. Results revealed that although no significant differences existed between groups in their ability to view clients holistically, the experience had many positive outcomes.
Anomalous Tc-behavior of LaSn3 under pressure

Abstract The superconducting transition temperature Tc of LaSn3 has been measured up to ∼ 22 kbar and was observed to increase through a maximum under hydrostatic compression. The anomalous Tc-behavior is attributed to a pressure induced Fermi surface topology change.
Dispersion Engineering in Silicon Photonic Wires Using Thin Si 3 N 4 Conformal Dielectric Coating

We investigate numerically dispersion engineering in silicon photonic wires using conformal Si3N4coatings. We analyze the impact of coating thickness upon the group-velocity-dispersion and effective waveguide nonlinearity, and show broadband four-wave-mixing gain in engineered waveguides.
Marxism and english romanticism: The persistence of the romantic movement

(1982). Marxism and english romanticism: The persistence of the romantic movement. Romanticism Past and Present: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 27-46.
Barkhausen noise in thin-film recording heads

Barkhausen noise in thin-film heads was studied by exciting the heads with an external magnetic field and with a head-coil-generated field. Observed pulses show an exponential growth and decay, resulting in a second-order wall energy versus displacement model. Analytical expressions are given for the observed pulse shapes. Most pulses are essentially associated with unstable regions around attractive interaction sites where a wall in equilibrium cannot exist. A method is presented which can detect in which pole piece (P/sub 1/ or P/sub 2/) a wall jump occurs. It also differentiates wall jumps located close to the pole faces from those occurring deeper in the yoke. >
The Locations of the Beta4 Transmembrane Helices in the BK Channel

The large-conductance, Ca2+- and voltage-activated potassium channel (BK) alpha subunit is modulated by one of four types of beta subunits, each imparting unique electrophysiological properties. BK beta4 is expressed in brain. It slows both activation and deactivation, with only small shifts in V50, and confers resistance to block by charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin. In mice, deletion of beta4 causes temporal lobe epilepsy. We explored the contacts between alpha and beta4 subunits by determining the extent of endogenous disulfide bond formation between cysteines substituted in the extracellular flanks of the two beta4 transmembrane (TM) helices, TM1 and TM2, and in the extracellular flanks of each of the seven alphaTM helices, S0-S6. We found that the extracellular ends of beta4 TM2 and alpha S0 are close and that beta4 TM1 is close to both S1 and S2. At their extracellular ends, TM1 and TM2 are not close to S3, S4, S5 or S6. Beta4 TM1 and TM2 are like pincers on either side of the alpha voltage-sensor domain, S0-S4. Crosslinking of beta4 TM2 to S0 further slowed activation and deactivation kinetics, with either no effect on V50, or causing a small hyperpolarizing shift. Thus, crosslinking enhances the predominant effect of beta4 on the transition rates between the activated and deactivated states, with little effect on the free energy differences between these states. Supported by NS054946.
Segmented Mobilization: Latino Nonpartisan Get-Out-the-Vote Efforts in the 2000 General Election

Using data from a nonpartisan get-out-the-vote (GOTV) campaign conducted by the National Association of Latino Elected Officials (NALEO) prior to the November 7, 2000, election, I use a quasi-exper...
Probabilistic Regulation of IL-4 Production in Th2 Cells: Accessibility at the Il4 Locus

IL-4 secreting and nonsecreting cells from Th2 cultures have a similar probability of producing IL-4 upon subsequent stimulation, implying that there is stochastic element in IL-4 production by stimulated Th2 cells. Purified IL-4 producers and nonproducers have similar Gata3 and c-maf mRNA expression. Il4 gene accessibility, analyzed by restriction enzyme accessibility (REA) at sites in the promoter, in the second intron (DNase I hypersensitivity sites HSII and HSIII) and in CNS-1 in the two populations was also similar. However, upon TCR stimulation, site VA, which is 5 kB 3' of exon 4, displayed a striking increase in accessibility but REA was 2- to 3-fold greater in producers than nonproducers. Cyclosporin A treatment inhibited VA opening, implying the involvement of NFAT in increased VA accessibility. Induction of VA accessibility is sensitive to cycloheximide, suggesting an additional factor(s) is needed. Thus, opening of VA is a probabilistic event determining which Th2 cells transcribe Il4.
Comparison of line-scanned and point-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope performance

The point-scanned dual-axis confocal (PS-DAC) microscope has been shown to exhibit superior capability to reject out-of-focus and multiply scattered light in comparison to its conventional single-axis counterpart. However, the slow frame rate (typically <5 Hz) resulting from point-by-point data collection makes these systems vulnerable to motion artifacts. While video-rate point-scanned confocal microscopy is possible, a line-scanned dual-axis confocal (LS-DAC) microscope provides a simpler means of achieving high-speed imaging through line-by-line data collection, but sacrifices contrast due to loss of confocality along one dimension. Here we evaluate the performance trade-offs between an LS-DAC and PS-DAC microscope with identical spatial resolutions. Characterization experiments of the LS-DAC and PS-DAC microscopes with tissue phantoms, in reflectance mode, are shown to match results from Monte Carlo scattering simulations of the systems. Fluorescence images of mouse brain vasculature, obtained using resolution-matched LS-DAC and PS-DAC microscopes, demonstrate the comparable performance of LS-DAC and PS-DAC microscopy at shallow depths.
Student Characteristics Mediating Engagement-Outcome Relationships in Physical Education

Abstract This study investigated the relationships among student achievement, student engagement, and the selected student characteristics of initial skill, previous experience, and sex. Students (n = 45 after attrition) were pretested, received instruction, and were posttested on the breaststroke. The four instructional periods were videotaped. Videotapes were coded for the amount of time students spent in motor engagement, cognitive engagement, and three nonengaged categories. When all students were grouped together, no engagement variable was a significant predictor of residualized achievement. However, when the analysis was performed for students divided by gender, previous experience, and three levels of initial skill, significant relationships were found. Motor engagement did not predict achievement for the subgroup classifications. Cognitive engagement had a negative relationship with residualized posttest scores for two subpopulation groups. All engaged lime had both positive and negative part cor...
Dietary supplements and health aids—A critical evaluation part 3—Natural and miscellaneous products

The recent adverse publicity about food additives and processed foods is luring many people to the so-called natural foods. A 1977 survey (l *) conducted by the Consumer Response Corporation reports that the most convincing sales claim to put on a food or beverage label is "natural," and 420/0 of consumers surveyed believe that natural products have no adverse effects and are more healthful and safer. Since hundreds of toxicants occur naturally in food, in some instances this type of thinking may be harmful. Sound scientific information regarding the nutritional and pharmacological effects of many plant products promoted for health or to treat disease is lacking. Consequently, food faddism and quackery still flourish. Natural product is used in this review to include foods or substances not sufficiently "purified" to be identified as single components under a broad label or category such as protein or carbohydrate. These products may be sold singly or in various combinations to promote general wellbeing or to treat or prevent disease.
Determination of the cardiolipin content of individual mitochondria by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

We report the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with postcolumn laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection to measure the cardiolipin content of individual mitochondria from cultured NS1 cells. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation and stained with the fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange which stoichiometrically binds to cardiolipin in a 1:1 or 2:1 ratio depending on the dye concentration. The green fluorescence resulting from the 1:1 complex was chosen for analysis because it is substantially more intense than the red fluorescence resulting from the 2:1 complex. Two dye concentrations that resulted in maximal and submaximal formation of the 1:1 10-N-nonyl acridine orange - cardiolipin complex were identified by spectrofluorometry. Individual mitochondria stained with both dye concentrations were separated and detected by CE with LIF detection. The data from mitochondria dosed with the lower dye concentration, where it is assumed that all the dye added to the mitochondrial sample was bound to cardiolipin, were used to derive a sensitivity factor relating fluorescence intensity of a mitochondrial event to its cardiolipin content. Using this factor, the cardiolipin contents of individual mitochondria stained with the higher dye concentration were determined, and ranged from 1.2 to 920 amol, with a median value of 4 amol. These results suggest a new strategy for estimating the organellar content of compounds that can be fluorescently tagged.
A Laboratory Demonstration of High-Resolution Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Imaging Using Fourier-Transform Techniques

A laboratory imaging system has been developed to study the use of Fourier-transform techniques in high-resolution hard x-ray and ?-ray imaging, with particular emphasis on possible applications to high-energy astronomy. We discuss considerations for the design of a Fourier-transform inlager and describe the instrumentation used in the laboratory studies. Several analysis methods for image reconstruction are discussed including the CLEAN algorithm and maximum entropy methods. Images obtained using these methods are presented.
NO (v` ` = 0) Rotational Distributions from the Photodissociation of Organometallic Nitrosyls in the Charge Transfer Region

The photodissociations of two metal nitrosyl compounds, Co(CO)3NO and Mn(CO)4NO, were studied at 450 nm, in the metal-to-nitrosyl charge-transfer region for both compounds. The rotational distributions of free NO in the v‘ ‘ = 0 vibrational state were determined by laser-induced fluorescence excitation. A Surprisal Analysis shows that the NO population distributions display a dynamical bias toward lower rotation in both compounds. The similarity between the NO rotational distributions is surprising, considering that Co(CO)3NO was expected to dissociate through a bent transition state and Mn(CO)4NO was not. The spin−orbit populations of the NO products (2Π1/2 and 2Π3/2) are equally populated in both compounds, indicating that the electronic surfaces that produce these two states are strongly coupled at the transition state. An upper limit of the M−NO bond dissociation energy is estimated at 52 kcal/mol from the rotational assignments.
Reflections on the Reflections of Messrs. Junginger, Arvidsson, Albinus, and Ullucci

Abstract The author responds to the reviews of Gods and Demons, Priests and Scholars (Chicago, 2012) that appear in this issue by Horst Junginger, Stefan Arvidsson, Lars Albinus, and Daniel Ullucci, each of which focuses on different aspects of his work, which he suggests emerged in a rough chronological sequence. Three of these—a concern for the political, ideological, and discursive aspects of religion—he considers justified and complementary to each other, although there is occasional disjuncture and tension between the last two. He rejects the fourth suggestion, however, i.e. that he ought now turn attention to cognitive theory, a line of inquiry he dismisses as trendy, timid, and toothless.
CW chemical laser gain at 10.6 microns

Abstract Laser amplification by stimulated emission in the 001-100 vibrational-rotational band of CO2 has been continuously excited by transfer from the products of the oxidation of alkaline earth metal vapors in N2O. The sensitive detection of gain transverse to a 1 cm diameter flame was accomplished by intracavity measurements in a conventional CO2-EDL with the aid of two frequency modulation and synchronous detection.
Inhibition of bone marrow stem cell growth in vitro by methylmalonic acid: a mechanism for pancytopenia in a patient with methylmalonic acidemia.

Summary: A 7-week-old infant with methylmalonic acidemia had pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow. The patient responded to large doses of vitamin B12 treatment, and within 3 wk, the blood counts and bone marrow cellularity returned to normal. To understand the mechanism of marrow depression in this infant, we examined the effect of the patient's plasma and methylmalonic acid itself on the in vitro growth of bone marrow-committed stem cells. The patient's plasma obtained before B12 treatment completely inhibited the marrow cell growth, whereas the posttreatment plasma showed no inhibition. Methylmalonic acid when added to the culture dishes in concentrations comparable to those reported in plasma of methylmalonic acidemia patients, inhibited growth of marrow stem cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. On the other hand, 16 to 18 hr incubation of cells in the same concentration of methylmalonic acid did not affect the recovery or viability of the cells. The observations suggest that methylmalonic acid is inhibitory to the proliferation of marrow stem cells. The mechanism of inhibition is yet to be elucidated. Speculation: MMA at a concentration comparable to that reported in patients with methylmalonic acidemia inhibited in vitro growth of marrow hemopoietic cells, but overnight incubation of the cells in MMA at the same concentration did not reduce the number of viable cells determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion test. It appears, therefore, that MMA within the range of concentration tested is not immediately cytotoxic. Its inhibitory action thus seems to require longer cell contact hours than the 16 to 18 hr we used, and it may be directed against rapidly proliferating cell population. The potential mechanisms of inhibition are unknown and more work is needed to understand the interaction of MMA with hemopoietic cells.
Narrative comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: assessing inferences and memory operations with a think-aloud procedure.

Objective: To further understanding of text comprehension abilities in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a think-aloud protocol was used to examine the role of inferencing and the memory operations used to produce inferences. Method: Twenty participants with AD and 20 cognitively healthy older adults (OA) read narratives, pausing to talk aloud after each sentence. A verbal protocol analysis developed by Trabasso and Magliano (1996a) was used to code participants' utterances into inferential and noninferential clause types; inferential statements were then coded to identify the memory operation used in their generation. Results: Compared with OA controls, the AD participants showed poorer story comprehension, d = 2.0, produced fewer inferences, d = .67, and were less skilled at providing explanations of story events, d = 1.27, and in using prior text information to explain outcomes, d = .90. The AD group also appeared to rely more on the activation of world knowledge, d = .58, which contributed to less effective inferences and produced more incoherent noninferential statements, d = 1.05. Poorer text comprehension for the AD group was associated with poorer verbal memory abilities, r's > .55, and poorer use of prior text events when producing explanatory inferences, r = .42. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the memory difficulties of the AD group appear to be an important cognitive factor interfering with their ability to integrate story events through the use of inferences and to create a global coherence to support text comprehension.
Selecting initial therapy for prostate cancer. Radiation therapy perspective

External-beam irradiation of prostatic cancer was introduced at Stanford in 1956. The program has sought to determine the following: (1) whether prostatic carcinoma can be cured by external beam radiation therapy, (2) with what frequency this can be accomplished, (3) which patients are best suited for irradiation, and (4) what technique best accomplishes the irradiation. This report deals with differences and similarities between radiation therapy and surgery, and emphasizes the selection of patients for irradiation.
On Visibility of Choice and Awareness of Being Chosen

Is the extent to which members of a group are aware of a specific member's sociometric preference related to whether or not the recipient of the choice is aware of it? The present paper attempts to answer this question. A number of writers have discussed the problem of a person's awareness of being chosen or rejected by the other members of his group (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10). In these studies the problem is treated as if the choice or rejection behavior of each person had similar stimulus value. This is, of course, an assumption convenient only for a first approximation to the problem, for there may be considerable variation in the strength of preferences and dislikes stated under the same set of sociometric instructions. Furthermore, we do not all manifest our feelings in the same manner or with the same explicitness, nor do we express our feelings for different persons in the same way.
The Association between Time in Bed and Obesity Risk in Young Adults

Young adults (YA) are at high risk for insufficient sleep and obesity. However, little research has focused on the association between sleep and obesity in this population. The present study examined the association between reported time in bed (TIB) and body mass index (BMI) in YAs. Participants were 250 18–25 year-olds who completed an online survey assessing several factors associated with weight control. After controlling for significant covariates, TIB was significantly associated with BMI. Specifically, “less than 6 hours/night” TIB was associated with increased BMI compared to the referent category (7 to <8 hours/night) (p = .01). Findings demonstrate that young adults who report shorter TIB are more likely to be classified as having higher BMI.
Optimal Post-Training Abstinence for Maximal Strength Expression

Tapering commonly precedes strength/power competitions to augment performance, and training abstinence is an extreme manifestation of taper. This study compared the effects of different training-abstinence intervals on several indices of strength. Postresting strength performance was compared in 54 young men who had abstained from a standardized weight training program for either 2, 3, 4, or 5 days. Testing included 1RM heel raise strength and isokinetic plantar flexion peak torque at 1.05 and 3.14 rad · s-1. Heel raise strength was greater at 4 days as compared to 2 or 5 days, whereas performance at 3 days was no different (p > .05) than any of the other rest intervals. Isokinetic plantar flexion peak torque at both 1.05 and 3.14 rad · s-1 was unaffected by any of the rest intervals. Small to moderate effect sizes were found for heel raise strength for groups resting 3 and 4 days as well as for slow and fast isokinetic peak torque for the group resting 4 days. It was concluded that a transient elevation ...
Biological Characteristics of Northern Pikeminnow in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers before and after Sustained Exploitation

Abstract We describe the response of northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis to a sustained removal program in the lower Columbia and Snake rivers. We compared catch rates of fish 250 mm fork length and larger before and after implementation of removals and examined relationships between catch rates and year-class strength. We also describe the response of mortality rates, relative weight, growth, and fecundity to sustained removals. Although annual exploitation of northern pikeminnow at least 250 mm long averaged 12.1% from 1991 to 1996, we found no evidence that surviving northern pikeminnow compensated for removals. In some areas, catch rates decreased in response to removals; however, we found no trend of increased relative weight, growth, or fecundity. Estimates of mortality were higher than those reported prior to removals, and variations in mortality generally corresponded to variations in annual exploitation rates. Our estimates of relative weight, growth, and fecundity were similar to estim...
Large shareholder trading and the complexity of corporate investments

Abstract This paper investigates how the presence of a large institutional shareholder affects the complexity of corporate investments. Our analysis is based on the observation that the blockholder’s planning horizon does not necessarily coincide with the time it takes for the market to correctly evaluate these investments. It demonstrates that this horizon mismatch creates an incentive for the large shareholder to manipulate the firm’s stock price. In equilibrium, corporate managers respond to these manipulation attempts by increasing the complexity of their investments. This in turn lowers the large shareholder’s incentive to collect costly information, which reduces price informativeness and exacerbates managerial myopia. Thus, our analysis identifies a new cost of block ownership resulting from an increased complexity of corporate investments.
Role of Coulomb-correlated electron-hole pairs in ZnSe-based quantum-well diode lasers.

Gain and absorption spectra in ZnSe-based blue-green diode lasers have been measured to show the role of pairwise Coulomb correlation between electrons and holes in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se/${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se quantum wells (QW's) under lasing conditions at room temperature. In addition, the radiative decay rates of electron-hole pairs have been obtained from time-resolved photoluminescence measurements over a wide temperature range. These experiments also point out the importance of the Coulomb interactions on the QW optical properties near its fundamental absorption edge under device operating conditions.
A Sialylated Glycan Microarray Reveals Novel Interactions of Modified Sialic Acids with Proteins and Viruses

Many glycan-binding proteins in animals and pathogens recognize sialic acid or its modified forms, but their molecular recognition is poorly understood. Here we describe studies on sialic acid recognition using a novel sialylated glycan microarray containing modified sialic acids presented on different glycan backbones. Glycans terminating in β-linked galactose at the non-reducing end and with an alkylamine-containing fluorophore at the reducing end were sialylated by a one-pot three-enzyme system to generate α2–3- and α2–6-linked sialyl glycans with 16 modified sialic acids. The resulting 77 sialyl glycans were purified and quantified, characterized by mass spectrometry, covalently printed on activated slides, and interrogated with a number of key sialic acid-binding proteins and viruses. Sialic acid recognition by the sialic acid-binding lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis lectin-I, which are routinely used for detecting α2–6- and α2–3-linked sialic acids, are affected by sialic acid modifications, and both lectins bind glycans terminating with 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galactonononic acid (Kdn) and Kdn derivatives stronger than the derivatives of more common N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Three human parainfluenza viruses bind to glycans terminating with Neu5Ac or Neu5Gc and some of their derivatives but not to Kdn and its derivatives. Influenza A virus also does not bind glycans terminating in Kdn or Kdn derivatives. An especially novel aspect of human influenza A virus binding is its ability to equivalently recognize glycans terminated with either α2–6-linked Neu5Ac9Lt or α2–6-linked Neu5Ac. Our results demonstrate the utility of this sialylated glycan microarray to investigate the biological importance of modified sialic acids in protein-glycan interactions.