cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of amniotic fluid markers of intra-amniotic infection with histopathology in cases of preterm labor with intact membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation of amniotic fluid (AF) markers (AFMs) of intra-amniotic infection with histopathologic findings in cases of preterm labor with intact membranes, between 22 and 36 weeks’ gestation. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the charts of patients admitted in preterm labor with intact membranes between January 1993 and December 1996. Those having amniocentesis were identified, and AFMs were compared with histopathology in patients who delivered within 48 hours of the amniocentesis. The AFMs evaluated were glucose, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Gram stain, and culture. All placentae were reviewed by a single pathologist blinded to the AF findings. Histologic evidence of acute inflammation was defined by findings of both subchorial intervillositis and marginating choriodeciduitis. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values of the various AFMs were calculated. RESULTS: Of 556 women with intact membranes presenting in preterm labor, 181 (32.6%) had amniocentesis and 88 delivered within 48 hours of the amniocentesis. Histopathologic chorioamnionitis was seen in 53 patients (60.2%). The findings (with their sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) were: polymorphonuclear leukocytes at >10/high-power field (22.6%, 97.2%, 92.3%, and 46.1%), positive Gram stain (26.4%, 94.6%, 87.5%, and 47.3%), culture (28.3%, 92.1%, 83.3%, and 4 7.9%), and glucose of <15 mg/dl (28.3%, 94.6%, 88.2%, and 47.9%), respectively. Using a receiver-operator characteristic curve for different levels of AF glucose, a glucose level of <20 mg/dl was the most sensitive AF predictor of histologic chorioamnionitis. CONCLUSION: Histopathologic evidence of chorioamnionitis was present in 60.2% of cases of preterm births due to preterm labor in women who at our institution were offered and accepted amniocentesis and subsequently delivered within 48 hours. AFMs may be useful predictors of histologic chorioamnionitis. The most efficient AFM for chorioamnionitis in this group of patients was glucose at <20 mg/dl.
Penetrance of pulmonary arterial hypertension is modulated by the expression of normal BMPR2 allele.

Familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH) is a progressive, fatal disease caused by mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 gene (BMPR2). FPAH is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and shows incomplete penetrance in that many with BMPR2 mutations do not develop FPAH, suggesting a role for, as yet unidentified, modifier genes in disease penetrance. We hypothesized that variable levels of expression of the wild-type (WT) BMPR2 allele could act as a modifier and influence penetrance of FPAH. WT BMPR2 levels were determined by real-time PCR analysis in lymphoblastoid (LB) cell lines derived from normal controls and individuals with FPAH. The FPAH kindreds analyzed carried mutations that result in the activation of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway, which leads to the degradation of the mutant RNA, thus ensuring that only the WT BMPR2 transcripts will be detected in the real-time assay. Our data show that WT and mutant BMPR2 levels can be reproducibly measured in patient-derived LB cell lines, and that unaffected mutation carrier-derived LB cell lines have higher levels of WT BMPR2 transcripts than FPAH patient-derived LB cell lines (p≤0.005). Our findings suggest that the levels of expression of WT BMPR2 allele transcripts is important in the pathogenesis of FPAH caused by NMD+ mutations. Furthermore, our study illustrates a novel application of lymphoblastoid cell lines in the study of PAH, especially important because the affected site, that is, the lung, is not available for unaffected mutation carriers. Hum Mutat 0,1–6, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elastic Attributes of Heated Egg Protein Gels

The equilibrium stress of egg white (EW) and ovalbumin (OV) gels using the statistical theory of rubber elasticity suggested that 3.9 covalent disulfide cross-liniks per OV molecule were formed on gelling. DTNB and PCMB reacted with approximately 4 sulfydryls of OV in 2% SDS and/or at 82 o C. Moreover, the equivalent of 3 secondary bonds, calculated from the initial stress and presumably a composite of numerous weak secondary bonds, contributed significantly to the protein gel stress
Specificity of the anaerobic threshold in endurance trained cyclists and runners

This study examined the specificity of maximum aerobic power and the anaerobic threshold (AT) in 10 endurance-trained cyclists and 10 endurance-trained runners who performed continuous progressive work tests on the bicycle ergometer and treadmill.
Characterization of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases in California Halibut (Paralichthys californicus).

Abstract Two cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) classes were isolated and characterized from California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) liver. Nanospray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to elucidate peptide sequences and the proteins were identified as θ and α by searching against the NCBI non-redundant database (nrDB). Catalytic activity of the cytosolic GSTs towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was determined to be 0.23±0.003 U/mg cytosolic protein.
X-ray-diffraction characterization and sound-velocity measurements of W/Ni multilayers.

We present detailed structural characterization and shear elastic constant measurements of sputtered W/Ni multilayers. Structural refinement of the reflection x-ray-diffraction spectra was used to determine the out-of-phase lattice spacings of the constituent layers. The Ni(111) lattice spacing expands \ensuremath{\approxeq}3% and the W(110) lattice spacing is constant with decreasing modulation wavelength \ensuremath{\Lambda} down to \ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\approxeq}30 \AA{}. Transmission x-ray diffraction was used to determine the in-plane structure. The W layers undergo an anisotropic contraction in plane with the [002] directions contracting \ensuremath{\approxeq}2% and the [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] remaining constant with decreasing \ensuremath{\Lambda}. The Ni [22\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] expands \ensuremath{\approxeq}1.5% with decreasing \ensuremath{\Lambda}. The Ni layer expands both in plane and out of plane, contradicting Poisson ratio arguments relating in-plane and out-of-plane strains. Below \ensuremath{\Lambda}=35 \AA{} the multilayers undergo a structural transition in which both layers transform into a random close-packed structure. The shear velocity decreases \ensuremath{\approxeq}22% with decreasing \ensuremath{\Lambda} down to the disorder transition and then is \ensuremath{\Lambda} independent. The results imply that there is a correlation between the origin of the elastic anomalies and amorphization.
Dissecting SLI: Dorothy V. M. Bishop (1997). Uncommon Understanding: Development and Disorders of Language Comprehension in Children. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, i–viii+277 pp. (Hardcover). ISBN 0-86377-260-9.

Abstract Bishop's textbook focuses on disorders of language processing that can be viewed as generated by specific language impairments (SLI). In her view, language processing involves components such as audition, articulation, lexical processing, morphosyntactic processing, and pragmatic processing. For each of these components, Bishop examines possible root causes that can lead to developmental language disorders. She also explains how disorders in one component can interact with disorders in other components. The overall framework provides an interactive, componential account of the root causes of SLI. This is an excellent book that stands as a definitive contribution to the literature on a difficult topic. It functions well not only as a reference work, but also as an introductory textbook.
Judged Likelihood of Different Second Crimes: A Function of Judged Similarity

Numerous studies have concluded that the judged probability of conviction for a crime is higher when information concerning a prior conviction is disclosed. This is even more true when the prior and present crimes are the same. This paper examines the argument that the influence of a hypothetical previous conviction on the judgment of predilection toward a hypothetical present crime is a continuous function of the degree of similarity between past and present crimes. The subjects were presented with all possible pairs of 10 crimes, the first being considered as a prior conviction and the second as a presently charged crime. The subjects judged the subjective likelihood that a person convicted of the first crime (C1) would, in fact, he of a mind and inclination to commit the second one (C2). Independent judgments of intercrime, undefined similarity also were obtained. The main experimental findings, as expected, were that the judged probability of C2. given C1, was: (a) greatest when C2 was a repeat of C1; (b) uniquely different for each C1; (c) predicted quite well by degree of intercrime similarity; (d) poorly predicted by crime seriousness values. Thus, the subject appears to make judgments of predilection on the basis of simple representativeness heuristics, which specify that certain crimes will be considered more likely if they are more semantically related to earlier ones. Such a mental device unfortunately would he systematically biased in courtroom settings because judgments of intercrime similarity are not influenced by real-world probabilities.
A Simple Time-Dependent Model of SST Hot Spots

Abstract The authors introduce a simple model for the time-dependent evolution of tropical “hot spots,” or localized regions where the sea surface temperature (SST) becomes unusually high for a limited period of time. The model consists of a simple zero-dimensional atmospheric model coupled to an ocean mixed layer. For plausible parameter values, steady solutions of this model can become unstable to time-dependent oscillations, which are studied both by linear stability analysis and explicit time-dependent nonlinear simulation. For reasonable parameter values, the oscillations have periods ranging from intraseasonal to subannual. For parameter values only slightly beyond the threshold for instability, the oscillations become strongly nonlinear, and have a recharge–discharge character. The basic mechanism for the instability and oscillations comes from cloud-radiative and wind-evaporation feedbacks, which play the same role in the dynamics and are lumped together into a single parameterization. This is pos...
Rectal injuries during radical perineal prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives. To review a contemporary series of rectal injuries occurring during radical perineal prostatectomy. Methods. Of 81 patients who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy, 9 (11 %) sustained a full-thickness laceration of the anterior rectal wall. All 9 patients had a preoperative bowel preparation, although only 1 received a complete oral lavage regimen. All received prophylactic perioperative intravenous antibiotics. None had undergone prior surgery to the rectum or perineum or received prior pelvic radiation therapy. Results. In most cases injury occurred during division of the rectourethralis muscle, but in at least two instances the injury appeared to be the result of undue posterior retraction along the rectal wall. All injuries were recognized at the time of surgery and repaired primarily. No patient had associated postoperative complications. Conclusions. Rectal injury occurs with significantly greater frequency with radical perineal prostatectomy than with the retropubic approach. However, if the rectum is adequately prepared, the injury promptly recognized and repaired, and postoperative care appropriate, the great majority of cases will not lead to attendant morbidity.
Alternatives to Nitric Acid Stripping in the Caustic‐Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) Process for Cesium Removal from Alkaline High‐Level Waste

Effective alternatives to nitric acid stripping in the Caustic‐Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) solvent have been demonstrated in this work. The CSSX solvent employs calix[4]arene‐bis(tert‐octylbenzo‐18‐crown‐6) (BOBCalixC6) as the cesium extractant in a modified alkane diluent for decontamination of alkaline high‐level wastes, such as those found at the Savannah River and Hanford sites. Results reported in this paper support the idea that replacement of the nitrate anion by a much more hydrophilic anion like borate can substantially lower cesium distribution ratios on stripping. Without any other change in the CSSX flowsheet, however, the use of a boric acid stripping solution in place of the 1 mM nitric acid solution used in the CSSX process marginally, though perhaps still usefully, improves stripping. The less‐than‐expected improvement was explained by the carryover of nitrate from scrubbing into stripping. Accordingly, more effective stripping is obtained after a scrub of the solvent with 0.1 M sodium ...
The Power of the Purse Allocative Systems and Inequality in Couple Households

Research in the Unites States concerning the relative access of women and men to financial resources has focused on the influence of women's increasing market work but has largely overlooked the also critical issue of what happens to money after it enters couple households. To fill this gap, this article employs a typology of household allocative systems developed in Great Britain to analyze money management and control in a sample of U.S. couples drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. I find that the use of these systems varies substantially across socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, and relationship status groups, as well as by partners' relative household contributions. The patterns suggest that many women, already disadvantaged in earnings, either absolutely or relative to their partners, are in couples in which men's control over or withholding of income may reproduce or exacerbate their earnings disadvantage.
Stratospheric cloud micro-layers and small-scale temperature variations in the Arctic in 1989

Thin layers of large (r {approximately} 2-3 {mu}m) particles were observed in the Arctic between 14 and 27 km on 23 and 30 January 1989. Although the particle mass is consistent with the available HNO{sub 3} vapor, it is not always clear whether the morphology of the layers is the result of recent condensation or evaporation as the layers appear under conditions of both supersaturation and undersaturation with respect to nitric acid trihydrate (NAT). Large amplitude, small vertical scale temperature variations appear to be associated with the layers but not in a simple manner. In regions supersaturated with respect to NAT, condensation on only a few of the available condensation nuclei takes place. Such preferential condensation into thin large particle layers suggests that this class of nuclei may be different than the previously assumed sulfate aerosol nuclei. The possibility that they may be derived from solid fuel rocket effluent and spacecraft ablation products is examined and cannot be excluded. Such a source may explain the appearance of these cloud layers at high altitude.
Concomitant brainstem axonal dystrophy and necrotizing myopathy in vitamin E-deficient rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to simultaneously evaluate in rats the effects of vitamin E depletion on tissue α-tocopherol (α-T) concentrations, electrophysiologic measurements and histopathology. Rats (21-day-old male Wistar) were fed either vitamin E-deficient or supplemented (control) diets (n = 6/group) for 10, 16, and 61 weeks. At these times, electrophysiologic tests (electromyography, spinal and somatosensory evoked potentials, and motor nerve conduction velocity) were performed, the rats were killed and α-T concentrations of adipose tissue, sciatic nerve, and cervical and lumbar spinal cord were measured along with histopathologic evaluation of skeletal muscles and the nervous system. By 61 weeks, depletion of α-T from adipose tissue and peripheral nerve as more severe (
Highly Selective Hydrolysis of Chloropyrimidines to Pyrimidones in 12 N Hydrochloric Acid

A chromatography-free process for synthesis of 6-piperazinyl-2,4-bis-pyrrolidinylpyrimidine in isomerically pure form is described. The key step is the purification of a crude 6-chloro-2,4-bis-pyrrolidinylpyrimidine/2-chloro-4,6-bis-pyrrolidinylpyrimidine isomer mixture (generated by reaction of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine with pyrrolidine) by a highly selective acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the 2-chloro isomer to the pyrimidone. The 2-chloro isomer hydrolyzes 350 times faster than the 6-chloro isomer in 6 N HCl and 1750 times faster in 12 N HCl. To put these rate ratios in perspective, the 2-chloro isomer reacts with amines and alkoxides only ∼10−17 times faster than does the 6-chloro isomer. A mechanistic investigation using methodological tools developed by Bunnett established that the transition state for hydrolysis of the 6-chloro isomer involves two more molecules of water (each acting as a base) than does the transition state for hydrolysis of the 2-chloro isomer. As the concentration of HCl increases...
Carcinosarcoma of the parotid gland: report of a case with parapharyngeal presentation.

The parapharyngeal or lateral pharyngeal space extends from the skull base to the hyoid bone and can give rise to a wide variety of benign and malignant neoplasms. ~ Even though varied tumors of this area are rare and comprise only 0.5% of head and neck neoplasms, 2 80% are benign whereas 20% are malignant. 3 The most common primary neoplasm of the parapharyngeal space is derived from salivary gland tissue, either the deep lobe of the parotid gland, or minor salivary gland tissue in the area. 1 Only 2% of all parotid tumors present as parapharyngeal space tumors. 4 Pleomorphic adenomas represent the majority of these parapharyngeal parotid tumors. 1 Carcinosarcoma, or true malignant mixed tumor (TMMT), is rare tumor of the salivary gland. It is included in the broad group of malignant tumors associated with pleomorphic adenoma. Other tumors comprising this category are carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (the most common in this group) and metastasizing mixed tumor. 5 Carcinosarcoma is thought to arise possibly from a pleomorphic adenoma and consists of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. 5 If metastatic disease occurs, both components usually metastasize together. 5 It is among the rarest of malignant tumors of the salivary glands, occur-
Measuring structural change and energy use: Decomposition of the US economy from 1997 to 2002

Abstract The steadily increasing focus on energy production and consumption has led to growing research attention to patterns of energy use within economies. Of particular interest has been comparing the driving forces of increasing efficiency and economic structural change. Input–output analysis (IOA) and decomposition analysis have become critical tools for performing such analyses. This study analyzes aggregate energy use in the United States in 1997 and 2002 to discover the causes of changing energy usage and flows. Results show that rising population and household consumption acted to drive up energy demand, but this driving force was offset by considerable structural change within the economy, particularly related to a quickly increasing trade deficit in manufacturing goods. Thus, while total energy intensity, the ratio of energy use to economic output, declined by approximately 12% between 1997 and 2002, changes in the structure of the economy explain this drop more than increased energy efficiency. The level of aggregation at which decomposition analyses are run was identified as a crucially sensitive parameter for the determination of structural change, and future studies should specifically address the amount of detail necessary to adequately measure changes in economic structure.
Whole-lake nitrate addition for control of methylmercury in mercury-contaminated Onondaga Lake, NY

Methylmercury (MeHg) strongly bioaccumulates in aquatic food webs resulting in exposure to humans and wildlife through consumption of fish. Production of MeHg is promoted by anaerobic conditions and the supply of inorganic Hg (Hg(2+)), sulfate (SO4(2-)), and labile organic carbon. The anaerobic sediments of stratified lakes are particularly active zones for methylation of Hg(2+) and can be an important source of MeHg to the water column during summer anoxia and fall turnover. Nitrate (NO3(-)) addition has recently been proposed as a novel approach for the control of MeHg accumulation in the hypolimnia of Hg-contaminated lakes. In 2011, a whole-lake NO3(-) addition pilot test was conducted in Hg-contaminated Onondaga Lake, NY with the objective of limiting release of MeHg from the pelagic sediments to the hypolimnion through maintenance of NO3(-)-N concentrations >1mgN/L. A liquid calcium-nitrate solution was added to the hypolimnion as a neutrally buoyant plume approximately three times per week during the summer stratification interval. Maximum hypolimnetic concentrations of MeHg and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) decreased 94% and 95% from 2009 levels, suggesting increased sorption to Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides in surficial sediments as the regulating mechanism. Increased MeHg concentrations in the upper waters during fall turnover, which had been a generally recurring pattern, did not occur in 2011, resulting in decreased exposure of aquatic organisms to MeHg. Over the 1992-2011 interval, the hypolimnetic NO3(-) supply explained 85% and 95% of the interannual variations in hypolimnetic accumulations of SRP and MeHg, respectively.
PLASMA ENZYMES ERYTHROPOIESIS AND R.E.S. FUNCTION IN MICE FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH AN LDH AGENT.

Summary1. Evidence is presented that red blood cells are not the source of additional LDH in plasma following infection of mice with LDH agent from CD/5 lymphoma. Of 9 enzymes tested, only 1 (LDH) responded to LDH agent with a significant rise in plasma level. 2. Plasma levels of LDH, MDH, SODH and GOT fell rapidly in first 24 hours following infection. At 29 hours LDH enzyme increased to a final value 5-10 times normal. Other enzymes returned slowly to normal pre-infection levels. 3. Hematocrit levels were slightly lower in infected mice, but erythropoiesis itself was not directly affected by LDH agent. 4. Half-life of circulating plasma carbon particles was about 30 minutes in both normal and infected mice.LDH agent from CD/5 lymphoma thus differs from R.E.S. stimulating agent of sarcoma 180.
Social decision analysis

How can a diverse free society find decision mechanisms that are logical, efficient, and timely? This is a problem that has challenged man at least from the time of Plato's Republic. We see today factions of society arguing over alternatives rather than over values or probabilities. Adversary proceedings encourage people to advocate extremes rather than a careful balance of several considerations. Decision analysis, a logical procedure for balancing the many uncertain, complex, and dynamic factors that characterize a decision, offers promise of a new and valuable procedure for social decisions. The decision analyst creates an extrapersonal explicit model of the decision under consideration. Information on possible alternatives, uncertainties, relationships, or preferences can come from different groups and still be represented within the same decision model, with the implications for the decision apparent to all. One can imagine a society where decision making has become decentralized, where distinct bodies are responsible for creating social alternatives, assessing the probabilities of various outcomes for each alternative, and setting the preferences of society. Once the alternatives, information, and preferences were established, society would make the decision using only the principles of logic. Applications to automotive pollution, hurricane seeding, and nuclear safety demonstrate the approach.
The relation of esteem and social class to self-occupational congruence

Abstract The relation of self-esteem and social class to congruence with chosen occupation (the incorporation score) was analyzed by ANOVA and a priori contrasts. Fifty-four accounting majors were differentiated from 58 non-accounting, business majors on the basis of their ideal-self-accounting congruence ( p p S 's accountant congruence, and high-esteem accounting majors had the highest congruence ( p p
A Latent Transition Analysis Model for Latent-State-Dependent Nonignorable Missingness

Psychologists often use latent transition analysis (LTA) to investigate state-to-state change in discrete latent constructs involving delinquent or risky behaviors. In this setting, latent-state-dependent nonignorable missingness is a potential concern. For some longitudinal models (e.g., growth models), a large literature has addressed extensions to accommodate nonignorable missingness. In contrast, little research has addressed how to extend the LTA to accommodate nonignorable missingness. Here we present a shared parameter LTA that can reduce bias due to latent-state-dependent nonignorable missingness: a parallel-process missing-not-at-random (MNAR-PP) LTA. The MNAR-PP LTA allows outcome process parameters to be interpreted as in the conventional LTA, which facilitates sensitivity analyses assessing changes in estimates between LTA and MNAR-PP LTA. In a sensitivity analysis for our empirical example, previous and current membership in high-delinquency states predicted adolescents’ membership in missingness states that had high nonresponse probabilities for some or all items. A conventional LTA overestimated the proportion of adolescents ending up in a low-delinquency state, compared to an MNAR-PP LTA.
The development of the Nurse Workplace Scale: self-advocating behaviors and beliefs in the professional workplace.

Aim This project developed and tested the Nurse Workplace Scale (NWS) using data from a random sample of registered nurses in Massachusetts ( n = 904). The NWS was adapted from an earlier checklist that measured group behaviors and beliefs in the workplace of a variety of nurses. Background Nurses have been thought to display non-self-advocating behaviors and beliefs that have contributed to disempowering their contribution in health care systems, but no tool has been available to assist nurse managers or clinical nurse leaders to test outcomes that measure progress toward changing these behaviors. Method A cross-validation procedure was used to establish the reliability and validity of the NWS to measure behaviors in nurses that are counterproductive in the workplace. Results Two components, "internalized sexism" and "minimization of self" behaviors, were established. Scores on the scales were shown to vary with the age and practice settings of the nurses. Conclusions The NWS can be used in professional development settings and nurse workplace intervention studies to measure outcomes congruent with nurse empowerment.
Controversies in the management of children with bronchiolitis

Abstract In this review, we present and summarize data from recently conducted research regarding controversial aspects of the management of children with bronchiolitis. These data suggest that chronic medical history, gestational age at birth, postnatal age, and physiological variables can identify those children at higher risk for a more severe course of bronchiolitis. Large prospective studies also suggest that the likelihood of significant bacterial illness in febrile infants with bronchiolitis may be lower than in children without bronchiolitis. Nevertheless, urinary tract infections remain relatively common in young febrile children with bronchiolitis. Lastly and unfortunately, the data note a relative lack of effective therapies for children with bronchiolitis, although certain therapies such as systemic corticosteroids show potential efficacy and are in need of further study. The remaining uncertainty surrounding many issues pertaining to bronchiolitis highlight the need for more research aimed to: (1) develop prognostic models to identify patients at risk for a more severe clinical course, (2) develop generalizable diagnostic models to identify febrile infants with bronchiolitis at high and very low risk of significant bacterial illness, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of promising therapies.
Male sexual behavior in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) following castration and hormone replacement.

Sexually experienced male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi) were castrated and tested for male sexual behavior. In the weeks following castration male sexual behavior decreased. Ejaculation disappeared first, followed by intromission and, finally, mounting. Castrated males failing to copulate were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 200 μg testosterone propionate (TP); 200 μg dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP); 2 μg estradiol benzoate (EB); or sesame oil (OIL). TP and DHTP were equally effective in restoring the complete male sexual behavior pattern. In contrast, EB was effective in stimulating mounting and minimally effective in stimulating intromissions (vaginal penetration), but did not stimulate ejaculatory responses. These data indicate that in deer mice testosterone may mediate male sexual behavior through reduction to dihydrotestosterone rather than through aromatization to estradiol.
Chlorophyll pigment concentration using spectral curvature algorithms: an evaluation of present and proposed satellite ocean color sensor bands.

During the past several years symmetric three-band (460-, 490-, 520-nm) spectral curvature algorithm (SCA) has demonstrated rather accurate determination of chlorophyll pigment concentration using low-altitude airborne ocean color data. It is shown herein that the in-water asymmetric SCA, when applied to certain recently proposed OCI (NOAA-K and SPOT-3) and OCM (ERS-1) satellite ocean color bands, can adequately recover chlorophyll-like pigments. These airborne findings suggest that the proposed new ocean color sensor bands are in general satisfactorily, but not necessarily optimally, positioned to allow space evaluation of the SCA using high-precision atmospherically corrected satellite radiances. The pigment concentration recovery is not as good when existing Coastal Zone Color Scanner bands are used in the SCA. The in-water asymmetric SCA chlorophyll pigment recovery evaluations were performed using (1) airborne laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and (2) concurrent passive upwelled radiances. Data from a separate ocean color sensor aboard the aircraft were further used to validate the findings.
Language-Learning Strategies in Monolingual and Multilingual Adults.

This study investigated the hypothesis that people with multiple language skills have different language-acquisition strategies than do people with single language skills. Multilingual and monolingual subjects learned a miniature linguistic system incorporating a reference world under instructions to “memorize” or instructions to “discover rules”. Although there was no clear evidence that multilinguals were superior in language learning abilities overall, multilingual subjects were found to be more able to adjust their learning strategies according to the requirements of the task.
A new approach to the measurement of ophidiophobia

Current measurement of emotion often produces cognitive, behavioral, and physiological measures that disagree. Rather than accept the situation as unresolvable the study sought to improve the quality of measurement by removing much of the ambiguity inherent in typical measures of fear. Sixty five (sample 1) and 173 (sample 2) subjects were given an automated version of the Snake Anxiety Questionnaire and an extensive series of follow-up questions ending with a behavioral approach test. Follow-ups were asked contingent on the degree of ambiguity and the subject's response using branching logic. This system has been termed “Initial Response Verification”. The process was successful in reducing the number of false-positive (defined as high cognitive-low behavioral fear) identifications from 100 of 228 to 14 of 228, which was significant at the P<0.001 level. These reductions were distinctly different from those of a simple linear transform and were unique to each individual. In sum, behavioral and cognitive measures need not disagree when ambiguity is removed.
Proton and neutron structure functions

Abstract New results on charged lepton scattering from hydrogen and deuterium targets by the BCDMS, NMC and SLAC collaborations have greatly increased our knowledge of the structure functions of protons and neutrons. The disagreement between the high energy muon scattering cross sections obtained by the EMC and BCDMS collaborations have been almost completely resolved by comparison with a global analysis of old and new SLAC data and a reanalysis of EMC data. We now have a consistent set of structure functions which covers an approximate range 1 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 200(GeV/ c ) 2 and 0.07 ≤ χ ≤ 0.7. The ratio of neutron to proton structure functions decreases with increasing Q 2 for values of χ ≥ 0.1. The difference between proton and neutron structure functions approaches zero as χ decreases, consistent with the expected √x behavior.
Solution of lyapunov equations by alternating direction implicit iteration

Abstract In this report, a new procedure is presented for solving the Lyapunov matrix equation. First, the system is reduced to tridiagonal form with Gaussian similarity transformations. Then the resulting system is solved with Alternating-Direction-Implicit (ADI) iteration. A matrix commutation property essential for “model problem” convergence of ADI iteration applied to elliptic difference equations is not needed for this application. All stable Lyapunov matrix equations are model ADI problems.
Patterns of spread of adenocarcinoma in the prostate as related to cancer volume.

BACKGROUND Peripheral zone (PZ) and transition zone (TZ) cancers of the prostate remain confined to their zone of origin under 4 cc volume, with progressive molding to TZ boundary. In PZ cancer, growth in perineural spaces over 4 cc volume directs cancer toward the base, around subcapsular nerve trunks, and often transcapsular. This tendency to stereotyped patterns of cancer spread in the prostate is investigated systematically here for the first time. METHODS Cancers in 571 radical prostatectomy specimens were sorted by zone of origin and tumor volume. A traced map of each cancer at 3 mm transverse intervals was assessed for location, contour, selected linear measures and the “transverse (largest) reference plane”. RESULTS Spread along prostate capsule characterized all but the smallest PZ cancers and was most extensive transversely. By 4 cc volume, most PZ cancers' transverse reference plane filled one side of PZ. Above 4 cc, bilateral spread, TZ invasion, and nodularity progressively increased, but dominant growth was toward the base along nerves to the superior pedicle; here capsule penetration was most common. TZ cancers arose mainly in anterior-mid TZ, invading anterior fibromuscular stroma (AFM) while small. AFM was massively invaded in many large tumors. Larger TZ cancers (> 4 cc) invaded anterolateral PZ but seldom penetrated posterior PZ. CONCLUSIONS Patterns and extent of spread of carcinoma in the prostate are stereotyped following a few principles regarding stromal interactions. Using these, sequential maps were presented of evolving prostate cancer contours at consecutive increasing volumes. Prostate 49:48–57, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The main phase of magnetic storms and the ring current

The ring current, a westward electric current encircling the earth which is responsible for the main phase decrease of magnetic storms, is discussed. Present knowledge of the ring current is summarized, and several important problems that must be explored further are discussed. The motion of charged particles in a dipole field the electric current resulting from this motion, and the magnetic fields produced by the ring current are considered. The magnetic moment of the ring current, its deformation effects on the outer radiation belt, and its growth time are also discussed. (C.E.S.)
Prospective study of sickle cell anemia in infancy.

Twelve infants with sickle cell anemia identified in the course of a cord blood screening program have been followed prospectively for up to three years of age. The development of hemolytic anemia paralleled the postnatal decline in fetal hemoglobin and was evident in all infants by 12 weeks of age. Vasoocclusive episodes occurred in more than half the infants and seven aplastic crises were documented in four patients. Febrile illnesses were common and one of the twelve infants developed pneumonoccal sepsis. This study also demonstrated that functional asplenia is an acquired defect in sickle cell disease. The onset of functional asplenia was documented with splenic scans in six of the nine infants followed for more than one year after birth. There have been no deaths in this series.
Calponin binds to the 20-kilodalton regulatory light chain of myosin.

Calponin (CaP) is a 34 kDa smooth muscle-specific protein that has been implicated in regulation of smooth muscle contractility. Two CaP binding sites on smooth muscle myosin rod have been recently described [Szymanski and Tao (1997) J.Biol.Chem. 272, 11142-11146]. We used a combination of cosedimentation, overlay, and fluorescence assays to determine the interaction between CaP and both subfragment 1 of myosin and isolated 20 kDa regulatory light chain of myosin (RLC). Subfragment 1, which was generated by cleavage of myosin with Staphylococcus aureus protease (myosin S1SA) inhibits cosedimentation of CaP with myosin filaments. Fluorescence assay showed that CaP labeled with fluorescent label (DAN-CaP) interacts with myosin S1SA in solution via a single class of binding sites. The binding constant (kaff) of this interaction at 50 mM NaCl is (2. 1 +/- 0.2) x 10(6) M-1 (n = 3). The interaction between DAN-CaP and myosin S1SA depends on ionic strength, and the EC50 of inhibition of this interaction occurs at about 130 mM NaCl. In contrast, the subfragment 1 that was generated by papain digestion (myosin S1PA), which cleaves RLC 4 kDa away from the NH2-terminal end of the molecule, does not interact with DAN-CaP. Overlay and fluorescent assay in solution showed that CaP binds to isolated RLC, suggesting that the interaction between CaP and subfragment 1 of myosin is due to a direct binding of CaP to RLC. CaP binding to myosin S1SA is stronger than to subfragment 2 in physiological salt concentrations. CaP binding to myosin head strengthened upon phosphorylation of RLC by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase. We suggest that CaP binds to subfragment 1 of myosin, exclusively via the NH2-terminal end of RLC, and this interaction could play a role in regulation of the actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle contractility.
Applications and frustrations in using ground penetrating radar

In this paper the author concentrates on the narrow portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from a few MHz to a few GHz where geophysicists used ground penetrating radar which is sometimes called georadar, ground probing radar, or subsurface radar. Ground penetrating radar is deployed today from the space shuttle, aircraft, on the surface, in and between boreholes and sometimes from within or between mine shafts. The author discusses these applications and some of the problems involved.
Spending Health Care Dollars Wisely: Can Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Help?

Are we getting the most health improvement possible for our money. In other words, are all the things that we do in medicine really worth it? That is where cost-effectiveness comes in. As a nation, we have been unwilling, at least publicly, to look explicitly at the value, in terms of improved health outcome, that we get for our health care dollars. With advances in medical technology putting unsustainable pressure on health care costs, our historical reluctance to measure value for health care may have to change. I start this brief by describing cost-effectiveness analysis as a method of determining the value, measured in Quality-Adjusted Life Years, of medical technologies as they are applied to treat, diagnose, or prevent various conditions. Based on this information, I then argue that some highly beneficial, low-cost procedures are significantly underutilized, and that other medical technologies may be over-utilized based on the amount of health benefit they yield in relation to their cost. Next, I give examples from current research, my own and that of colleagues, illustrating how cost-effectiveness analysis can be used to guide the use of new diagnostic testing technologies (such as DNA or RNA typing of infectious agents or identification of genomic or proteinomic markers in cancer patients).
Multiple Pathway Exposure Factors (PEFs) Associated with Multimedia Pollutants

When pollutants enter the environment, they contact people through air, water, food, and soil in varying amounts throughout a lifetime. Managing the health and environmental risks of multimedia pollutants requires an integrated and comprehensive assessment of environmental transport and human exposure. In response to this need, a number of multimedia monitoring and modelling efforts have emerged. However, the need remains to integrate multimedia concentration data with a comprehensive picture of human exposure.
Refinement in Patient Selection to Reduce Treatment-Related Mortality From Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Amyloidosis

This study sought to develop selection guidelines to determine the eligibility for SCT of patients with light-chain amyloidosis. Patients with biopsy-confirmed lightchain amyloidosis who underwent SCT between 8 March 1996 and 31 December 2011 were reviewed in two cohorts by date of transplantation: between 8 March 1996 and 30 June 2009 (n=410) and between 1 July 2009 and 31 December 2011 (n=89). Also evaluated were patients who died before post-transplant day 100 to determine the features predictive of early death. After 1 July 2009, fewer transplant recipients had Mayo stage III cardiac involvement. Mortality before post-transplant day 100 was 10.5% (43/410) in the earlier group and 1.1% (1/89) in the later group. In the earlier group, one-quarter of transplant recipients with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) >5000 pg/mL died by 10.3 months. When serum troponin T was >0.06 ng/mL, 25% died at 3.7 months. The Mayo staging system is predictive for OS but not useful for selecting transplant recipients. Patients with serum troponin T >0.06 ng/mL or NT-proBNP >5000 pg/mL (not on dialysis) should not be considered candidates for SCT because of early mortality.
Window functions for imaging radar: a maximum energy approach to contiguous and notched spectrums

Imaging systems such as synthetic aperture radar collect band-limited data from which an image of a target scene is rendered. The band-limited nature of the data generates sidelobes, or spilled energy, most evident in the neighborhood of bright point-like objects. It is generally considered desirable to minimize these sidelobes, even at the expense of some generally small increase in system bandwidth. This is accomplished by shaping the spectrum with window functions prior to inversion or transformation into an image. A window function that minimizes sidelobe energy can be constructed based on prolate spheroidal wave functions. A parametric design procedure allows doing so, even with constraints on allowable increases in system bandwidth. This approach is extended to accommodate spectral notches or holes, although the guaranteed minimum sidelobe energy can be quite high in this case. Interestingly, for a fixed bandwidth, the minimum mean-squared-error image rendering of a target scene is achieved with no windowing at all (rectangular or boxcar window).
ASSEMBLAGE ORGANIZATION IN STREAM FISHES: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION AND INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS

We assessed the relative importance of environmental variation, interspecific competition for space, and predator abundance on assemblage structure and microhabitat use in a stream fish assemblage inhabiting Coweeta Creek, North Carolina, USA. Our study encompassed a 10–yr time span (1983–1992) and included some of the highest and lowest flows in the last 58 years. We collected 16 seasonal samples which included data on: (1) habitat availability (total and microhabitat) and microhabitat diversity, (2) assemblage structure (i.e., the number and abundances of species comprising a subset of the community), and (3) microhabitat use and overlap. We classified habitat availability data on the basis of year, season, and hydrologic period. Hydrologic period (i.e., pre–drought [PR], drought [D], and post–drought [PO]) represented the temporal location of a sample with respect to a four–year drought that occurred during the study. Hydrologic period explained a greater amount of variance in habitat availability data...
A distributed intrusion detection system for resource-constrained devices in ad-hoc networks

This paper describes the design and implementation of a two-stage intrusion detection system (IDS) for use with mobile ad-hoc networks. Our anomaly-based intrusion detection is provided by analyzing the context from the application-level interactions of networked nodes; each interaction corresponds to a specific function or behavior within the operational scenario of the network. A static set of behaviors is determined offline, and these behaviors are tracked dynamically during the operation of the network. During the first stage of the IDS, our detection strategy employs the analysis of global and local maxima in the probability density functions of the behaviors to isolate deviance at the granularity of a single node. This stage is used to capture the typical behavior of the network. The first stage also provides tuning and calibration for the second stage. During the second stage, a cross-correlative component is used to detect multiple threats simultaneously. Our approach distributes the IDS among all connected network nodes, allowing each node to identify potential threats individually. The combined result can detect deviant nodes in a scalable manner and can operate in the presence of a density of deviant nodes approaching 22%. Computational requirements are reduced to adapt optimally to embedded devices on an ad-hoc network.
Influence of Carbon Tetrachloride on Inducible Liver Enzymes and Response to Endotoxin in Mice

Injection of mice with a sublethal dose of endotoxin 2 hr after administration of 0.1 ml of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) killed 75% of the animals. CCl(4) alone killed no controls. Significant protection against this effect was afforded by 5 mg of cortisone and by 5 mg of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). With a larger dose of endotoxin, cortisone did not give protection. Liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity was lowered 2 hr after CCl(4) injection and reached a minimum after 17 hr. Induction of tryptophan pyrrolase by cortisone, followed by administration of CCl(4), resulted in rapid loss of activity. A significant induction of tyrosine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase was observed in CCl(4)-treated mice. The induction of this enzyme by cortisone was somewhat impaired when CCl(4) was administered concurrently with the hormone. CCl(4) did not lower tryptophan pyrrolase in endotoxin-tolerant mice after 4 hr, but at 17 hr the activity was decreased as much as in control mice. Oxidized pyridine nucleotides were decreased 17 hr after administration of CCl(4). This loss was prevented by administration of NAD (5 mg) or by cortisone (5 mg). Carbon clearance from blood was reduced after treatment with CCl(4). These results indicate a degree of similarity between the metabolic effects of endotoxin and CCl(4) in that both depress tryptophan pyrrolase and prevent its induction by cortisone, and both induce tyrosine transaminase in intact mice. Both substances appear to exert these effects through some type of mediated reaction.