cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of the effect of solar protons on the chemistry of the middle atmosphere

Ozone profile measurements made by backscattered ultraviolet instruments during two solar maxima are examined. Analysis of data from the BUV instrument on Nimbus 4 (1970-1978) showed three cases of ozone destruction associated with SPEs near the maximum of solar cycle 20: during events on January 25 and September 2, 1971, and during the giant event of August 4-8, 1972. Data from the SBUV instrument on Nimbus 7 (1978 present) show ozone destruction during five SPEs near the maximum of solar cycle 21: on June 7, 1979, August 21, 1979, October 13-14, 1981, July 13, 1982, and December 8, 1982. The observed response of ozone to the production of HOx and NOx by solar protons is used to better understand the complex chemistry of the middle atmosphere.
Synaptic Distributions of GluA2 and PKMζ in the Monkey Dentate Gyrus and Their Relationships with Aging and Memory

Rhesus monkeys provide a valuable model for studying the neurobiological basis of cognitive aging, because they are vulnerable to age-related memory decline in a manner similar to humans. In this study, young and aged monkeys were first tested on a well characterized recognition memory test (delayed nonmatching-to-sample; DNMS). Then, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was performed to determine the subcellular localization of two proteins in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG): the GluA2 subunit of the glutamate AMPA receptor and the atypical protein kinase C ζ isoform (PKMζ). PKMζ promotes memory storage by regulating GluA2-containing AMPA receptor trafficking. Thus, we examined whether the distribution of GluA2 and PKMζ is altered with aging in DG axospinous synapses and whether it is coupled with memory deficits. Monkeys with faster DNMS task acquisition and more accurate recognition memory exhibited higher proportions of dendritic spines coexpressing GluA2 and PKMζ. These double-labeled spines had larger synapses, as measured by postsynaptic density area, than single-labeled and unlabeled spines. Within this population of double-labeled spines, aged monkeys compared with young expressed a lower density of synaptic GluA2 immunogold labeling, which correlated with lower recognition accuracy. Additionally, higher density of synaptic PKMζ labeling in double-labeled spines correlated with both faster task acquisition and better retention. Together, these findings suggest that age-related impairment in maintenance of GluA2 at the synapse in the primate hippocampus is coupled with memory deficits.
2-HYDROXYESTRADIOL ENHANCES BINGE ONSET IN FEMALE RATS AND REDUCES PREFRONTAL CORTICAL DOPAMINE IN MALE RATS

Women are more likely to suffer from a bingeing-related eating disorder, which is surprising, since estradiol reduces meal size and is associated with reduced binge frequency. This apparent contradiction may involve the estradiol metabolite, 2-hydroxyestradiol. We previously reported that female rats had faster escalations in shortening intake during the development of bingeing than did males, but acute administration of 2-hydroxyestradiol increased the intake of vegetable shortening to a greater extent in male rats once bingeing was established. Here, we report two separate studies that follow up these previous findings. In the first, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to 2-hydroxyestradiol would promote escalation of bingeing during binge development in ovariectomized female rats. In the second, we hypothesized that acute exposure to 2-hydroxyestradiol would enhance dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex after bingeing was established in male rats. In study 1, non-food-deprived female rats were separated into 3 groups: ovariectomized (OVX) with chronic 2-hydroxyestradiol supplementation (E), OVX with vehicle supplementation (O), and intact with vehicle (I). Each group was given access to an optional source of dietary fat (shortening) on Mon, Wed, and Fri for 4 weeks. 2-hydroxyestradiol supplementation prevented OVX-induced weight gain and enhanced escalation of shortening intake over the four-week period (ps<0.05). Additionally, in week 4, rats in the E group ate significantly more shortening than I controls, less chow than either the O or I group, and had a higher shortening to chow ratio than O or I (ps<0.05). Study 2 indicated that acute injection of 2-hydroxyestradiol abolished shortening-evoked dopamine efflux in the prefrontal cortex of bingeing male rats (p<0.05). Together, these studies indicate that 2-hydroxyestradiol can exacerbate bingeing as it develops and can suppress dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex once bingeing is established.
Measurement of protein concentration with interferences optics.

Abstract A convenient micro method for the measurement of protein concentration that uses an analytical ultracentrifuge as a differential refractometer is described. The number of interference fringes observed for a given protein solution is converted to mg protein/ml using an average refractive increment of 4.1 fringes/mg/ml.
Supercoiled mitochondrial DNAs from plant tissue culture cells

Supercoiled mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been isolated in preparative amounts from five different plant species and compared on agarose gels. The gels reveal considerable mtDNA size heterogeneity within each species as well as substantial differences in the range and frequency of the mtDNA size classes among the different plants. The two lowest size classes of three of the plants have been extracted and their molecular weights determined. Comparison of two N. tabacum W38 culture lines has revealed significant differences in their mtDNA size classes. However, despite the totally different supercoil patterns, these two lines have almost identical restriction digests. The availability of preparative amounts of separated mtDNA size classes will make it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of plant mitochondrial genomes.
Introduction to neutrino mass

Abstract In this introduction we present a brief status of neutrino mass. As to the importance of this issue, we remind the reader that if finite neutrino mass were established this would constitute clear evidence for new physics beyond the standard model. Included in this review are dynamic tests based on the 3 H decay, searches for neutrino decays, searches for heavy neutrinos, and the study of neutrino oscillations. The last three studies also test neutrino mixing, in addition to neutrino mass. Double beta decay, a sensitive probe for Majorana neutrinos, will be covered in the forthcoming lecture by E. Takasugi. For a detailed review we refer the reader to reference 1.
Ontogeny of migratory orientation in the savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis : mechanisms at sunset

Abstract The ontogeny of the mechanisms of migratory orientation that are employed around the time of sunset were examined using hand-raised savannaah sparrows. Groups of young birds were given controlled experience with the daytime sky during the first 3 months of life. The directional relationships between sun azimuth, skylight polarization patterns and magnetic directions were manipulated. Orientation tests were performed between the time of sunset and the first appearance of stars during the birds' first autumn. Birds learned to perform migratory orientation in response to polarized light patterns (E-vector orientation), which seemed to be their orientation cue of first choice. The polarized light compass of this night migrant appeared to be calibrated during ontogeny by magnetic directions.
Radon inversion of spectral intensities emitted by an asymmetric and absorbing plasma

Abstract An analytical method of inverting plasma emissions using the Radon transform is discussed. The model plasma considered has a constant coefficient of absorption and a displaced Gaussian as the spatial distribution of its emission coefficients.
Medicine, rhetoric, and euthanasia: a case study in the workings of a postmodern discourse.

The purpose of this essay is to begin an inquiry into the rhetoric of what has been acknowledged as one of the most important and controversial issues of our time: euthanasia. Attention is focused primarily on the medical profession's involvement with the issue. A brief history is provided of the relationship that exists between medicine, rhetoric, and euthanasia. The majority of the essay is devoted to offering a critical reading of a controversial narrative on euthanasia that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In paying particular attention to what this narrative is doing rhetorically—how it means, not just what it means—the suggestion is developed that the story is addressing both its topic and its readers in a “postmodern” manner. The essay concludes with an assessment of this rhetorical strategy.
Qualitative Research as a Form of Scientific Inquiry in Sport and Physical Education

Abstract Qualitative research includes a family of loosely related inquiry traditions rooted in psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Each differs in origins, assumptions, central questions, and methods. They are united at a deeper paradigmatic level, however, by a shared view of the nature of the world which distinguishes all qualitative research traditions from the conventional natural science model of inquiry in the domains of education, sport, and exercise. This divergence of world view is illustrated by how scientists using qualitative and conventional designs would respond to the query, “How do you know?” There, qualitative traditions yield distinctly different perspectives on questions about the social world. Despite both heuristic power and great promise for application in sport and physical education, however, unresolved questions and troublesome concerns remain. Active scholars, editors, reviewers, and research consumers will control the future for qualitative research and all must stretch to...
When human capital does not matter: Local contexts of reception and immigrant wages in Japan

Although research on immigrants in the US provides strong evidence that human capital is more important than social capital in determining their wages, data from Hamamatsu, Japan indicates that social capital variables are the primary determinant of immigrant earnings and human capital does not have a significant effect. The divergent impact of these two variables on the earnings of immigrants are a result of the different economic and social conditions that immigrants encounter in Japan compared to the United States. In a recent country of immigration like Japan where immigrant labor markets are relatively undeveloped and foreign workers are confined to unskilled, marginal jobs, the human capital that they acquire over time is not reflected in better jobs with higher earnings. In contrast, immigrants with access to social capital in the form of immigrant networks, gender, and ethnicity are able to obtain jobs with higher wages in Japan. Because foreign workers are still temporary target earners, they therefore rely heavily on their immigrant social networks to find better-paying jobs. In addition, Japan is a country with significant gender and ethnic discrimination where employers strongly prefer male foreign workers and ethnically similar nikkeijin (Japanese descendants born and raised abroad) and are willing to pay them significantly higher wages. Therefore, depending on the local context of immigrant reception, the relative importance of human versus social capital in explaining economic outcomes among immigrants can vary considerably.
Effects of age and hypophysectomy upon relative proportions of various histones in rat testis.

Abstract Various histone fractions of seminiferous epithelial cells of the testis of rats change in relative proportions during development and maturation of the testis with increasing age after birth, and these changes in the histones occur in the reverse direction in testis of mature rats during involution of the testis resulting from hypophysectomy. The changes are particularly striking in histone sub-fractions, designated X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 , which are especially characteristic of testis and may be involved in meiosis.
Observations on the rare earths—LXIX An electrochemical investigation of ethylenediamine solutions of lanthanum nitrate

Abstract The solubility of anhydrous lanthanum nitrate in ethylenediamine is markedly dependent upon the water content of the latter. Conductance data for both completely anhydrous solutions and those containing controlled quantities of water show generalized weak electrolyte behaviour. Electrolyses of such solutions yield cathode deposits that apparently contain small quantities of elemental lanthanum. X-ray characterization of such deposits is negated by oxide absorption of radiation diffracted by the metal. Some of the techniques essential to handling materials under anhydrous conditions are described.
Characterization of the phase-shifting Zernike wavefront sensor for telescope applications

The dynamic Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS) is a common-path phase-shifting interferometric wavefront sensor with some attractive properties including superior sensing of low spatial frequencies and noise rejection. The ZWFS will be integrated as an auxiliary wavefront sensor for the Mount Palomar adaptive optics system on the 200” Hale Telescope. It is also being considered as the sensor for phasing the segmented mirrors of the Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope (CCAT), a 25-meter diameter submillimeter telescope. Here we extend our analysis of the sensor to include its sensitivity to random noise as compared with the more traditional Shack-Hartman sensor. We also explore the accuracy of the sensor to Fourier and Zernike wavefront modes. We describe this analysis, the application to Palomar and CCAT, and the sensor's relevance to future segmented space telescopes.
Mass-selected supported cluster catalysts: Size effects on CO oxidation activity, electronic structure, and thermal stability of Pdn/alumina (n ≤ 30) model catalysts

Abstract An intense, mass-selected cluster source for preparation of model supported clusters is described, and results are presented for cluster size effects on CO oxidation activity for Pdn clusters supported on alumina films grown on Re(0001) or Ta(110) single crystals. The electronic structure of the samples was probed by X-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and low energy ion scattering was used to probe binding morphology. The Pdn activity was monitored via both steady state and temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) methods. In both cases, the samples appear to be stable in repeated reaction cycles for temperatures up to 600 K. In the TPR experiments, CO oxidation activity per Pd atom varied by ∼40% between the most and least reactive clusters, while under steady state conditions, the activity varied by ∼55%, but with a different pattern of activity vs. size. The difference in the effects of cluster size is attributed to the fact that TPR experiments were done under conditions where the rate-limiting step is oxygen activation, while the steady-state reactivity conditions were most sensitive to the strength of CO binding. Two distinct types of CO binding were observed and characterized by a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and temperature-dependent ISS (TD-ISS).
Cyclic excretion of hepatitis A virus in experimentally infected chimpanzees: Biophysical characterization of the associated HAV particles

Experimental infection of two chimpanzees with the Phoenix Antigen strain of HAV resulted in the cyclic excretion of virus particles on days 9-11, 14-15, and 20-21 postinoculation. Isopycnic banding in CsCl of stool suspensions prepared from 9-11; 14-15; and 17, 19, 21 dav stool pools revealed multiple buoyant densities for the associated HAV particles. Hollow HAV particles found in the 9-11 day pool banded primarily at a buoyant density of 1.30 g/cm3. HAV in the 14-15 day stool banded bimodally in a CsCl gradient, with antigen peaks at buoyant densities of 1.29 and 1.33 g/cm3. HAV in the days 17, 19, 21 stool pool also banded bimodally in a CsCl gradient; however, the antigen peaks occurred at buoyant densities of 1.33 and 1.40 g/cm3.
Critical Role of Cyclin B1/Cdc2 Up-regulation in the Induction of Mitotic Prometaphase Arrest in Human Breast Cancer Cells Treated with 2-Methoxyestradiol

Earlier studies showed that 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME(2)), an endogenous nonpolar metabolite of estradiol-17β, is a strong inducer of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest (based on analysis of cellular DNA content) in human cancer cell lines. The present study sought to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying 2ME(2)-induced cell cycle arrest. We found that 2ME(2) can selectively induce mitotic prometaphase arrest, but not G(2) phase arrest, in cultured MDA-MB-435s and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. During the induction of prometaphase arrest, there is a time-dependent initial up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 proteins, occurring around 12-24h. The strong initial up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 matches in timing the 2ME(2)-induced prometaphase arrest. The 2ME(2)-induced prometaphase arrest is abrogated by selective knockdown of cyclin B1 and Cdc2, or by pre-treatment of cells with roscovitine, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, or by co-treatment of cells with cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor that was found to suppress the early up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2. In addition, we provided evidence showing that MAD2 and JNK1 are important upstream mediators of 2ME(2)-induced up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 as well as the subsequent induction of mitotic prometaphase arrest. In conclusion, treatment of human cancer cells with 2ME(2) causes up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2, which then mediate the induction of mitotic prometaphase arrest.
Consensus problems in networks of agents with switching topology and time-delays

In this paper, we discuss consensus problems for networks of dynamic agents with fixed and switching topologies. We analyze three cases: 1) directed networks with fixed topology; 2) directed networks with switching topology; and 3) undirected networks with communication time-delays and fixed topology. We introduce two consensus protocols for networks with and without time-delays and provide a convergence analysis in all three cases. We establish a direct connection between the algebraic connectivity (or Fiedler eigenvalue) of the network and the performance (or negotiation speed) of a linear consensus protocol. This required the generalization of the notion of algebraic connectivity of undirected graphs to digraphs. It turns out that balanced digraphs play a key role in addressing average-consensus problems. We introduce disagreement functions for convergence analysis of consensus protocols. A disagreement function is a Lyapunov function for the disagreement network dynamics. We proposed a simple disagreement function that is a common Lyapunov function for the disagreement dynamics of a directed network with switching topology. A distinctive feature of this work is to address consensus problems for networks with directed information flow. We provide analytical tools that rely on algebraic graph theory, matrix theory, and control theory. Simulations are provided that demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.
A Survey of Aquatic Invertebrate Communities in Nebraska Sandhill Lakes Reveals Potential Alternative Ecosystem States

Abstract Aquatic invertebrate communities are important to shallow lake ecosystem form and function, providing vital components to the food web and thereby important to achieving lake management goals. We characterized lake invertebrate communities and physicochemical variables in six Nebraska Sandhill lakes and examined these characteristics within an alternative stable state framework. Surveys were conducted during 2005 within each of these lakes by sampling aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance, zooplankton abundance and biomass, phytoplankton biomass, and physicochemical variables. When placed within an alternative stable state framework, the response variables exhibited a gradient of different ecosystem states. Two lakes appeared congruent with the clear water state (dense submergent vegetation, high invertebrate abundance and diversity, and low phytoplankton), two lakes were congruent with the turbid water state (high phytoplankton, low vegetation coverage, and low invertebrate abundance and diversity...
Career and Family Outcomes for Women Graduates of Single-Sex Versus Coed Colleges

This study compares educational, career, and family outcomes by gender composition of college and race/ethnicity of women who graduated in 1993 from three selective U.S. colleges (two single-sex; one coed). It also compares these graduates’ assessments of their college experience. The 60 White women and 60 Women of Color were interviewed as traditional-age seniors and surveyed annually for 16 years. In 2009, 76.7% responded. All groups were happy with their alma maters, although they assessed the advantages and disadvantages somewhat differently. Single-sex graduates more frequently indicated that their college had provided a supportive environment and complained that it provided a limited social life. Coed graduates more frequently indicated that their college provided cultural broadening and positive social relationships. Coed White graduates were in touch with more college friends than single-sex White graduates; there was no significant difference by type of college for Women of Color graduates. Results indicate no significant differences in advanced degrees or career status or STEM field involvement by gender composition of college or race/ethnicity. Nor were any differences in marriage or motherhood variables found. The similarity in outcomes supports the primacy of status of college and is interpreted as positive indication that U.S. colleges have become more hospitable to women.
Temperature Thresholds and Degree-Day Model for Marmara gulosa (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The developmental thresholds for Marmara gulosa Guillen & Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were investigated in the laboratory by using 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33° C. The lowest mortality occurred in cohorts exposed to 25 and 29° C. Other temperatures caused >10% mortality primarily in egg and Þrst and second instar sap-feeding larvae. Linear regression analysis approximated the lower developmental threshold at 12.2° C. High mortality and slow developmental rate at 33° C indicate the upper developmental threshold is near this temperature. The degree-day (DD) model indicated that a generation requires an accumulation of 322 DD for development from egg to adult emergence. Average daily temperatures in the San Joaquin Valley could produce up to seven generations of M. gulosa per year. Field studies documented two, Þve, and three overlapping gen­ erations of M. gulosa in walnuts (Juglans regia L.; Juglandaceae), pummelos (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.; Rutaceae), and oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; Rutaceae), for a total of seven observed peelminer generations. Degree-day units between generations averaged 375 DD for larvae infesting walnut twigs; however, availability of green wood probably affected timing of infestations. Degree-day units between larval generations averaged 322 for pummelos and 309 for oranges, conÞrming the laboratory estimation. First infestation of citrus occurred in June in pummelo fruit and August in orange fruit when fruit neared 60 mm in diameter. Fruit size and degree-day units could be used as management tools to more precisely time insecticide treatments to target the egg stage and prevent rind damage to citrus. Degree-day units also could be used to more precisely time natural enemy releases to target larval instars that are preferred for oviposition.
Management of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy

APS pregnancy losses are one of the most common treatable causes of recurrent pregnancy loss. Clinical trials have helped in delineating the dangers of prednisone use in pregnancy, and suggest that heparin and aspirin regimens are preferred. However, the clinical trials suffer from the lack of uniform definition of antiphospholipid antibody positivity, from inclusion of women with different past pregnancy histories, and from different timing of the onset of the therapeutic modalities tested. New research on the role of complement activation in murine APS pregnancy loss may change therapeutic options in the future.
Combinatorics and next-generation sequencing.

The massive capacity of today's sequencing machines can be harnessed efficiently by sequencing pooled samples and decoding the results.
Impact of childhood abuse and neglect on substance abuse and psychological distress in adulthood

Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationship of childhood trauma, educational level, and the use of avoidant coping on substance abuse and psychological distress in a community sample of 285 women. Results indicated that self-reported childhood trauma was significantly related to greater substance abuse and psychological distress, through educational attainment and avoidant coping strategies. Lower level of education affected substance abuse through greater use of avoidant coping, but had no significant relationship with psychological distress. Greater use of avoidant coping was related to increased substance abuse and greater psychological distress. Findings indicate the need for supportive educational strategies and interventions to teach coping skills in preventing substance abuse and longer-term psychological distress in children exposed to trauma.
Validating remotely sensed land surface fluxes in heterogeneous terrain with large aperture scintillometry

The Large Aperture Scintillometer (LAS) has emerged as one of the best tools for quantifying areal averaged fluxes over heterogeneous land surfaces. This is particularly useful as a validation of surface energy fluxes derived from satellite sources. We examine how changes in surface source area contributing to the scintillometer and eddy covariance measurements relate to satellite derived estimates of sensible heat flux. Field data were collected on the Konza Prairie in Northeastern Kansas, included data from two eddy covariance towers: one located on an upland, relatively flat homogeneous area, and the second located in a lowland area with generally higher biomass and moisture conditions. The large aperture scintillometer spanned both the upland and lowland areas and operated with a path length of approximately 1 km specifically to compare to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived estimates of surface fluxes. The upland station compares well with the LAS (correlation of 0.96), with...
CD40 LIGAND-DEFICIENT MICE GENERATE A NORMAL PRIMARY CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE BUT A DEFECTIVE HUMORAL RESPONSE TO A VIRAL INFECTION

CD40 ligand is expressed on activated T cells and interacts with CD40 on B cells and monocytes. It is not known what role CD40 ligand plays in the generation of immune responses to viral infection. To address this issue, we examined virus-specific T- and B-cell responses in CD40 ligand-deficient (CD40L-/-) mice following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that primary anti-LCMV specific antibody responses were severely impaired in CD40L-/- mice, with the defect being most striking for antibody of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype. Interestingly, low levels of LCMV-specific antibodies of the IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 isotypes were made in the CD40L-/- mice, showing that IgG1 responses are totally dependent on CD40L but that at least some IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 responses can be CD40L independent. However, unlike CD40L+/+ mice, CD40L-/- mice were unable to sustain virus-specific antibody responses and showed a gradual decline in serum antibody levels over time. The CD40L-/- mice were also deficient in the generation of memory B cells. In contrast to the severely impaired humoral responses, CD40L-/- mice generated potent virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses after LCMV infection and were able to clear the virus. These results show that CD40L does not play a role in generating primary virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses but does affect the primary antibody response and the generation of memory B cells.
Cardiovascular comorbidities and survival of lung cancer patients: Medicare data based analysis

Objectives To evaluate the role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidity in survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Consciousness and the Prospects for Substance Dualism

There has in recent years been a significant surge of interest in non-materialist accounts of the mind. Property dualists hold that all substances (concrete particulars that persist over time) are material, but mental properties are distinct from physical properties. Substance dualists maintain that the mind or person is a non-material substance. This article considers the prospects for substance dualism given the current state of the debate. The best known type of substance dualism, Cartesian dualism, has traditionally faced a number of objections, but many contemporary philosophers have sought to avoid these by formulating novel versions of the view. I identify three central claims held in common by all forms of substance dualism, consider recent arguments for these claims, and assess how successfully different types of substance dualism respond to the traditional objections. I argue that most contemporary forms of the view still face one or more of three major challenges, from bundle theories of the self, from the recently developed “phenomenal concepts strategy”, and from worries about explanatory simplicity.
Intake and Ruminal Fermentation by Beef Steers Consuming Prairie Hay with Supplements Containing Combinations of Corn, Soybean Hulls, Soybean Meal and Urea

Abstract Duff, G.C. Galyean, M.L. and Malcolm-Callis, K.J. 1996. Intake and ruminal fermentation by beef steers consuming prairie hay with supplements containing combinations of corn, soybean hulls, soybean meal and urea. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 9: 1–16. Twelve ruminally cannulated beef steers (408±17.2 and 418±15.4 kg initial and final body weight, respectively) fed prairie hay were used to evaluate the effects of substituting soybean hulls for one-half the corn in a urea-based protein supplement on forage intake and ruminal fermentation during two periods. Treatments (three steers treatment−1) were no supplement (CON), corn plus soybean meal (CS), CS plus urea (CO) and CU plus soybean hulls (SU). Urea provided approximately 35% of the total crude protein (CP) for the CU and SU supplements. Supplements were fed at approximately 145% of maintenance CP requirements. Periods consisted of 14 d for adaptation to the supplement and 7 d for intake measurements. On d 22 of each period, ruminal samples were collecte...
Examination of the Lille Apathy Rating Scale in Parkinson disease

Apathy is a unique, multidimensional syndrome commonly encountered in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Recently, the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS), a semistructured interview yielding a global score, and composite subscores for different domains of apathy (i.e., cognitive, behavioral, affective, self awareness), was developed and given to a sample of patients with PD in France. This study is the first outside of its original developers to examine the English language version of the LARS in PD. We found the LARS to be a coherent instrument demonstrating both convergent and divergent validity, as compared to the Apathy Scale (AS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis comparing the LARS to the AS, a validated and widely-used measure, we identified a cut-off score (sensitivity = 64%, specificity = 92%, PPV = 88%, NPV = 75%) that was higher than that proposed by the original authors, who derived their cutoff by comparing LARS global scores to clinical judgments of apathy. Although the present study does not compare the LARS to a diagnostic gold standard or promote its utility for diagnosing apathy, it provides further support for the LARS as a promising instrument to examine apathy in PD.
Iterative Learning Control for waferstage positioning based on orthogonal projection

In this paper, design and analysis of Iterative Learning Control (ILC) based on partial information from previous cycles is developed. Typically, in a discrete-time repetitive process, ILC schemes use error from the entire previous cycle for updating the control input in the current cycle. Partial information of error from the previous cycle can be modeled as a projection onto a lower dimensional subspace. By appropriate choice of the subspace, noise and other non- repetitive disturbances in the error can be suppressed, leading to cleaner learning signals. In particular, two aspects of the orthogonal projection-based ILC schemes are investigated. First, conditions on stability of the projection-based ILC scheme are developed. Second, given a stable ILC scheme which uses the full error vector, the possible choices of projection subspaces is discussed. Implementation of the projection-based ILC scheme in precision positioning of a waferstage is presented. The major sources of repetitive error in precision tracking are phase- mismatch and force ripple. These effects are mathematically modeled and the subspace spanned by them is obtained from initial experimentation. A standard P-type ILC scheme based on the proposed projection method is then used in control of a prototype one DOF waferstage to effectively reject the error caused by these disturbances, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the proposed projection ILC scheme.
BONINPAGURUS ACANTHOCHELES, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF HERMIT CRAB (DECAPODA: ANOMURA: PAGURIDAE) FROM SHALLOW WATERS OF THE OGASAWARA (BONIN) ISLANDS, JAPAN

Abstract Boninpagurus acanthocheles, a new genus and new species of hermit crab (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from shallow waters of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan, is described and illustrated. The new genus is characterized by the following characters: in males, the coxa of the right fifth pereopod has a straight or slightly curved, elongate sexual tube that is about 2–3 times the coxal length, directed laterally or posterolaterally, the proximal portion of the tube being stout and opaque and the distal portion transparent; the coxa of the left fifth pereopod has a short protrusion of vas deferens; females have paired gonopores and lack first pleopods. The new genus is similar to Anapagrides in several diagnostic features, from which it is distinguished by morphology of the male sexual tubes, the fourth pereopods, and female gonopores.
Assessing the evidentiary value of smokeless powder comparisons

Gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and physical characteristics data for 726 smokeless reloading powders were analyzed by pairwise comparisons of samples comprising the same product and different products. Pairwise comparisons were restricted to samples having matching kernel shape, color, presence or absence of a perforation and measurements. Discrete results were analyzed for same and different products having matching chemical composition determined from a list of 13 organic components. A continuous score-based likelihood ratio was determined for same and different product comparisons using the Fisher transform of the Pearson correlation between the total ion spectra of the compared samples. Probability distributions for same product and different product comparisons appeared bimodal and were modeled with kernel density distributions. In the discrete and continuous data comparisons, the likelihood ratios for probabilities conditioned on same shape, color, presence/absence of perforation and size were found to provide relatively limited support for either the proposition of same product or different product. Further restricting the pairwise comparisons to samples belonging to the same cluster, as determined by agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, provided probability distributions for same product and different product comparisons that were more normal, but did not improve the resulting likelihood ratios. These results inform the forensic analyst regarding the evidentiary value of database search results and direct comparisons of recovered and control samples of smokeless powders.
Longitudinal Study of Blood Pressure: Changes and Determinants from Adolescence to Middle Age. The Dormont High School Follow-up Study, 1957–1963 to 1989–1990

The changes and determinants of blood pressure were examined in the Dormont High School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) cohort of 86 men and 116 women with mean ages of 17 years during high school (1957-1963), 34 years at follow-up I (1977-1978), and 47 years at current follow-up II (1989-1990). Over the 30-year period, the subjects' mean systolic blood pressure changed relatively little, whereas the increase in mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in men than in women (p or = 90 mmHg, and/or current use of antihypertensive medication, 18% developed hypertension. Compared with nonhypertensives, hypertensives had significantly higher baseline systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001); higher weight at all ages (p < 0.05); and gained more weight over the period (p < 0.01). By means of multivariate analyses, it was found that baseline systolic blood pressure, current weight, and weight gain were significantly and independently associated with current systolic blood pressure level and hypertension. These data indicate that initial systolic blood pressure level at adolescence, current weight, and weight gain are important determinants of risk of high blood pressure, and there is a further suggestion of sex and age differences in the critical period of risk.
Time-dependent changes in mechanical properties of carbon fiber vinyl ester composites exposed to marine environments

Abstract Carbon fiber–vinyl ester (CFVE) composites are good candidates for use in civil and naval vessels. CFVE composites offer high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratio and superior resistance to electrochemical corrosion. However, during application CFVE composites are exposed to harsh marine environments which can significantly degrade the mechanical properties. Here, the time dependent changes in flexural mechanical properties of CFVE composites due to exposure from marine environments are investigated. Exposure to marine environments are simulated by indoor water immersion, accelerated aging in environmental chambers, and outdoor exposure in a tidal pond. Comparison between the conditions will be discussed in the context of long-term outdoor exposure with controlled laboratory conditions.
The Effects of Propellant Slosh Dynamics on the Solar Dynamics Observatory

The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission, which is part of the Living With a Star program, was successfully launched and deployed from its Atlas V launch vehicle on February 11, 2010. SDO is an Explorer-class mission now operating in a geosynchronous orbit (GEO). The basic mission is to observe the Sun for a very high percentage of the 5-year mission (10-year goal) with long stretches of uninterrupted observations and with constant, high-data-rate transmission to a dedicated ground station located in White Sands, New Mexico. A significant portion of SDO's launch mass was propellant, contained in two large tanks. To ensure performance with this level of propellant, a slosh analysis was performed. This paper provides an overview of the SDO slosh analysis, the on-orbit experience, and the lessons learned. SDO is a three-axis controlled, single fault tolerant spacecraft. The attitude sensor complement includes sixteen coarse Sun sensors, a digital Sun sensor, three two-axis inertial reference units, two star trackers, and four guide telescopes. Attitude actuation is performed either using four reaction wheels or eight thrusters, depending on the control mode, along with single main engine which nominally provides velocity-change thrust. The attitude control software has five nominal control modes: three wheel-based modes and two thruster-based modes. A wheel-based Safehold running in the Attitude Control Electronics (ACE) box improves the robustness of the system as a whole. All six modes are designed on the same basic proportional-integral-derivative attitude error structure, with more robust modes setting their integral gains to zero. To achieve and maintain a geosynchronous orbit for a 2974-kilogram spacecraft in a cost effective manner, the SDO team designed a high-efficiency propulsive system. This bi-propellant design includes a 100-pound-force main engine and eight 5-pound-force attitude control thrusters. The main engine provides high specific impulse for the maneuvers to attain GEO, while the smaller Attitude Control System (ACS) thrusters manage the disturbance torques of the larger main engine and provide the capability for much smaller orbit adjustment burns. SDO's large solar profile produces a large solar torque disturbance and momentum buildup. This buildup drives the frequency of momentum unloads via ACS thrusters. SDO requires 1409 kilograms (which is approximately half the launch mass) of propellant to achieve and maintain the GEO orbit while performing the momentum unloads for 10 years.
Parent–Child Attachment During the Deployment Cycle: Impact on Reintegration Parenting Stress

Military families with young children face unique psychological and relational challenges during reintegration because of attachment disruption. This can increase psychological stress for service members. We examined three phases of the deployment cycle: predeployment, deployment, and reintegration
Ion cyclotron emission studies: Retrospects and prospects

Ion cyclotron emission (ICE) studies emerged in part from the papers by A.B. Mikhailovskii published in the 1970s. Among the discussed subjects were electromagnetic compressional Alfvenic cyclotron instabilities with the linear growth rate ~ $\sqrt {n_\alpha /n_e } $ driven by fusion products, -particles which draw a lot of attention to energetic particle physics. The theory of ICE excited by energetic particles was significantly advanced at the end of the 20th century motivated by first DT experiments on TFTR and subsequent JET experimental studies which we highlight. More recently ICE theory was advanced by detailed theoretical and experimental studies on spherical torus (ST) fusion devices where the instability signals previously indistinguishable in high aspect ratio tokamaks due to high toroidal magnetic field became the subjects of experiments. We discuss further prospects of ICE theory applications for future burning plasma (BP) experiments such as those to be conducted in ITER device in France, where neutron and gamma rays escaping the plasma create extremely challenging conditions fusion alpha particle diagnostics.
Optimizing cryptographically based security in wireless networks

Within wireless networks, an unauthorized or malicious wireless device can receive broadcasted messages or broadcast its own messages at any time provided it is within signal range of other wireless network nodes. Wireless networks have a higher rate of bit errors (BER) when compared to wired networks. The frequency of attacks on networks has grown in parallel with development of wireless networking. Many attacks against network traffic can be defeated by the use of cryptographic mechanisms. Given how wired network links experience statistically low BER, the likelihood of a message being rejected by cryptographic protection mechanism use, due to bit errors, is also low. Wireless networks have a significantly higher BER that will result in higher message rejection rates when cryptographic protection mechanisms are used. When messages are rejected, retransmission will be required thereby increasing bandwidth utilization of wireless links. Since wireless networks use many protocols secured via cryptographic functions, the ability to reduce message rejection rates due to bit errors will positively affect wireless link utilization rates. Research is needed that focuses on determining how to optimize the use of cryptographic security mechanisms in high BER environments while minimizing network device and transmission link resources.
Royal Newcastle Hospital: the passing of an icon.

○ From the 1930s to the 1960s, Royal Newcastle Hospital was the centre for innovation in Australian health care. Many of the innovations were driven by a visionary medical superintendent, Chris McCaffrey, and the staff he appointed. ○ Among the reforms he introduced were: > an overarching emphasis on efficiency; > the appointment of salaried specialist staff, now widespread; > the unit record system for medical records, now universal; > a domiciliary care service, now established in most of Australia; and > an emphasis on audit and quality studies, now largely abandoned in the form pioneered in Newcastle. ○ These innovations were vigorously opposed by organised medicine and barely tolerated by the health bureaucracy. They are unlikely to be replicated in the current environment where hospitals are run by managers in a culture dominated by budgetary considerations.
Hepatic Stellate Cells and Hepatocyte Survival

With their location in the space of Disse, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are in physical contact with hepatocytes. HSCs also produce several growth regulatory mediators, pro- and anti-apoptotic cytokines, as well as chemokines that recruit inflammatory and immune cells in the liver. Thus HSCs can influence the physiological function of hepatocytes, as well as their survival and replication during liver injury, upon partial resection, and following liver transplantation. On the other hand, by producing mediators of injury, HSCs can be damaging to hepatocytes in conditions such as endotoxemia, ischemia/reperfusion, and acute and chronic hepatitis. Evidence is also accumulating to indicate an important role of HSCs in liver tumorigenesis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This chapter will review mechanisms and pathways by which HSCs regulate hepatocyte survival.
A comparison of reflection and refraction processing and interpretation methods applied to conventional refraction data from coastal Maine

Abstract In 1984 the U.S. Geological Society collected 850 km of refraction data in lines parallel and perpendicular to regional strike of the Appalachian orogen in Maine and southeastern Quebec. A 100-km-long strike-line in coastal Maine, west of Penobscot Bay, is here interpreted on the basis of both refracted and reflected phases. Techniques used in seismic reflection processing, including normal movement velocity corrections and common mid-point stacking, were applied to the refraction data in order to enhance the visibility of reflected phases. The geometries of the most laterally continuous reflections as defined by these techniques can be correlated with reflections seen on a crossing, near-vertical reflection profile. Conventional ray-tracing analysis of refracted and wide-angle reflected phases in the refraction data constrains the velocity structure to about 14 km depth, and provides evidence for high-veiocity material (>6.5 km/sec) between 4 and 7 km depth, and for lower velocities (
Financiamiento del mercado de vivienda en América Latina y el Caribe

El mercado de vivienda tiene un caracter multidimensional que implica actores, relaciones y fallas que involucran tanto al ambito publico como a los usuarios finales, los desarrolladores inmobiliarios y el mercado de capitales e instituciones financieras. En la region, estos actores enfrentan retos particularmente desafiantes en materia de financiamiento. El presente documento tiene por objetivo justificar las intervenciones de politica publica especificas para este mercado y delinear algunos programas que pueden implementarse.