cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Historical Overview of Afghanistan at War

This introductory chapter to the book about Afghanistan’s resources and environment explains the author’s initial introduction and travel to Afghanistan more than 40 years ago. Subsequent multiple returns to the country and long-term extensive research enabled production of this book, as divided into four parts: I—geology and geography; II—resources; III—environment; and IV—pessimistic and optimistic future scenarios of possibility for the country. The historical overview of Afghanistan details chief points of the last two centuries of violent warfare and chief political occurrences in the country, as well as a chronology of the main historical events from the 1830s to the present day. This sets the stage for evaluating Afghanistan’s resources and environment from different perspectives concerning certain geographic and geologic aspects that have contributed to the centuries of conflict in the region.
Enhanced elastomer toughness and fracture properties imparted by chemically reactive flat nanoparticles

Abstract A remarkable enhancement in the mechanical and fracture properties of elastomers, imparted by flat predominantly 2-dimensional nanoparticles, is reported. Elastomers of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), incorporating surface-functionalized montmorillonite clay, nanographite, carbon fiber, or carbon black, were thermally crosslinked in the presence of a bismaleimide coagent using a peroxide free-radical generator. Clay platelets, side-functionalized with octadecyl amine and edge-functionalized with reactive amino groups, were used to achieve good dispersion in the elastomer matrix. The clay-filled elastomer exhibited multiple glass transitions in their dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and approx. 6 times higher tear resistance, 4× higher rubbery plateau modulus, 2× higher modulus of toughness, and 2× higher crack initiation resistance than an elastomer containing equivalent carbon black concentration. Nanographite also resulted in property enhancement, albeit to a lower extent than nanoclay. Flat fillers are evidently able to arrest crack growth better than fillers with spherical or elongated shapes. DMA loss tangent data, and dissipated energy fraction calculated from the cyclic tensile test data, show that the flat fillers are better able to release strain energy in the form of viscous dissipation, rather than use it for increasing the crack surface area. SEM images of fractured surfaces are reported and discussed.
Measurements of 129I in the Pacific Ocean at Scripps Pier and Pacific Northwest sites: A search for effects from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and Hanford.

NSF [EAR1313588]; Taiwan, MOST [107-2116-M-002-001-MY3]; European Union; State of Hungary; European Regional Development Fund [GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00009]
A Practical Risk Measure for Identification of Adults With Oncogenic Oral Human Papillomavirus: Potential Use in Primary Care.

Background and objectives Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of oropharyngeal cancer. However, there is no assessment tool for early detection and prevention of oropharyngeal cancer in practice. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a risk assessment tool to predict the presence of HPV associated with oropharyngeal cancer. Methods Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014, 6,978 US adults aged 18 to 59 years who were tested for oral HPV infection were included for this study. We carried out an analysis to test and validate risk predictive models for oral HPV infection. Presence of one of the 20 HPV subtypes associated with oropharyngeal cancer was used for the outcome. Results Of 6,978 participants aged 18-59, 303 (4.3%; 6.6 million) were found to have oncogenic HPV subtypes. Our final model included sex, income-to-poverty ratio, current smoking, and the lifetime number of oral sex partners. The discriminatory power of the oral HPV risk score to predict the presence of oncogenic HPV was good (C-statistic=0.73). The risk score performed comparably in the validation population (C-statistic=0.72). The comparison between observed and estimated proportions of population with oncogenic oral HPV demonstrated excellent calibration. Conclusions We developed and validated the oral HPV risk score that predicts the risk of oral HPV requiring only self-reported data and no laboratory testing. The Oral HPV risk score has the potential to provide clinicians with a no-cost, easy way to screen for patients at greater risk for oncogenic HPV infection.
Structural performance of a wood-sand-wood wall for blast protection

Abstract In recent years, a noticeable increase in the number of suicide bombing attacks has been noticed. These incidents have targeted civilians and civil infrastructure leaving numerous victims and huge losses in property. Residential complexes and commercial buildings are generally not designed to resist abnormal loads such as explosions. Blast wall systems, also known blast barriers, have been required to mitigate the destructive effects of blast wave in regions where they are most likely to occur. The present study considers the response of a wood-sand-wood (WSaW) blast wall as an example of low-cost blast walls made of readily available materials that can be installed with minimal effort to be used around individuals houses when threat of terrorist attacks is probable. The performance of this WSaW blast wall under blast loading was evaluated experimentally. An open-space blast test was conducted to measure the distribution of blast pressure around/behind the WSaW wall as well as its response. The test results were compared with the results of finite element simulations. The WSaW wall showed significant promise in mitigating the blast wave energy. This study recommends further exploration of WSaW blast walls to potentially reduce casualties and losses in properties in different attack scenarios. Moreover, it is important to draw the attention of researchers and designers to start investigating the performance of simple blast walls made of other readily available materials since it is an urgent need in most areas threatened by terrorism.
Interrogating John Locke and the Propriety of Appropriation with Blumenberg and Voegelin

Blumenberg’s metaphorology traces a crucial shift from the passively received truth of the pre-modern conception to the voluntarist methodical-technical solicitation of truth in the modern. Modern truth is wrested from nature by homo faber and knowledge assumes the character of labour: methods are needed to produce truths, and produced truth is legitimately one’s own. Taking possession—claiming one’s propriety—is foundational to modern truth. Labour becomes the property-founding act with respect to truth first, and to natural right second. Conjoining the approaches of Blumenberg and Voegelin unveils Locke’s political-economic ideology as a class-motivated mythology that justifies resource expropriation to effect the passage from a “state of nature” to a state of civilization. The power of Lockean mythology is manifest globally in post-colonial capitalist imperialism.
The Effect of Lax Environmental Laws on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Developing Countries

This paper investigates the effect of lax environmental laws on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in developing countries. Lax environmental laws in host countries may attract polluting FDI that usually escapes from stringent environmental laws in home countries. This is examined in a dynamic panel data model. For that, a fixed effect panel data model with homogenous slope is used. Besides the traditional determinants of FDI inflows, the effect of human capital and environment on FDI is tested. The empirical results indicate that a) lax environmental laws are a statistically significant determinant of FDI inflows. b) Lax environmental laws are the most influential determinants of FDI inflows in developing countries. c) Human capital is not a statistically significant determinant of FDI inflows in developing countries. In addition to these results, policy implications for developing countries are given. This is very essential in order to solve the ongoing dilemma of how to promote FDI inflows without leading to environmental degradation.
Vegetarian diets during pregnancy, and maternal and neonatal outcomes

Background Vegetarian diets are becoming increasingly popular in the USA. Limited research has examined the health consequences of vegetarian diets during pregnancy. We comprehensively examined associations of vegetarianism during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods We used data from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons, a prospective multi-site cohort of 1948 low-risk pregnant women of four races/ethnicities (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander) in the USA (2009-2013). Vegetarianism was self-reported and also defined based on dietary patterns measured using a self-administered first-trimester food-frequency questionnaire (full [lacto-ovo and vegan], pesco-, semi- and non-vegetarians). Neonatal outcomes included birthweight and neonatal anthropometric measures, small for gestational age, small for gestational age with neonatal morbidity and preterm delivery. Maternal outcomes included gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational anaemia. Results Ninety-nine (6.2%) women self-reported being vegetarian. The diet-based definition identified 32 (2.0%) full vegetarians, 7 (0.6%) pesco-vegetarians and 301 (17.6%) semi-vegetarians. Neonates of diet-based full vegetarians had higher odds of being small for gestational age [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) = 2.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 6.21], but not of being small for gestational age with a postnatal morbidity. Full vegetarians had marginally increased the odds of inadequate second-trimester gestational weight gain (ORadj = 2.24, 95% confidence interval: 0.95, 5.27). Conclusion Vegetarian diets during pregnancy were associated with constitutionally smaller neonatal size, potentially via the mothers' reduced gestational weight gain. Notably, vegetarianism was not associated with small-for-gestational-age-related morbidities or other adverse maternal outcomes.
Development and Validation of a Web-Based Prediction Model for AKI after Surgery

Background: Acute kidney injury after surgery is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a risk prediction tool for the occurrence of postoperative acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy (AKI-Dialysis). Methods: This retrospective cohort study had 2,299,502 surgical patients over 2015-2017 from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database (ACS-NSQIP). Eleven predictors were selected for the predictive model: age, history of congestive heart failure, diabetes, ascites, emergency surgery, hypertension requiring medication, preoperative serum creatinine, hematocrit, sodium, preoperative sepsis, and surgery type. The predictive model was trained using 2015-2016 data (n=1,487,724) and further tested using 2017 data (n=811,778). A risk model was developed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: AKI-Dialysis occurred in 0.3% (n=6,853) of patients. The unadjusted 30-day postoperative mortality rate associated with AKI-Dialysis was 37.5%. The AKI risk prediction model had high AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, training cohort: 0.89, test cohort: 0.90) for postoperative AKI-Dialysis. Conclusions: This model provides a clinically useful bedside predictive tool for postoperative acute kidney injury requiring dialysis.
A Low-Cost Environmental Nitrate Sensor

Nitrates are nutrients important to commercial, residential, and agricultural applications. However, nitrate loss from these applications, and animal manures, is a major source of water pollution, leading to algae blooms and hypoxic dead zones in coastal waterways. Low-cost nitrate sensors would aid in preventing over application of nitrate based fertilizers and in monitoring the environment for nitrate based water pollution. Printed circuit board (PCB) technology is being used to realize a variety of low-cost environmental sensors. Here, a capacitive PCB sensor was swept in frequency, yielding a distinctive equivalent capacitance versus frequency signature with a characteristic resonant peak. Concentrations of three different nitrate solutions were evaluated with the sensor, producing resonant peaks that decrease in magnitude and frequency with increasing concentration. The data was used to define equations that map nitrate concentration to either resonant peak frequency or magnitude, with R2 values greater than 0.95.
A re-evaluation of diffraction from Si(111) 7 × 7: decoding the encoded phase information in the 7 × 7 diffraction pattern

The diffraction features of Si(111) 7 × 7 are analyzed and related to various structural models of the Si(111) 7 × 7 surface as one part of a multivariate analysis of this system. The limitations in early sample preparation and measurements produce some uncertainty in previously proposed structures. More recent data is considered here. In addition, models used early on to evaluate the structure of 7 × 7 have been over simplified, idealized models. More complex models are considered within the projection rod method as used for surface crystallography. The origin of numerous diffraction features can be determined via their Fourier components for a wide range of 2-D layers, which provides new insight into the structure as well as the limitations of prior projection analyses. Structures which produce the key elements of the 7 × 7 diffraction are presented and various distortions are considered consistent with other experimental results. In general it is found that the presence of a strong set of 3/7th order beams and near extinction of neighbouring fractional order beams are features which are found experimentally and distinguish an important class of structures. This class has a particular type of 3-fold mirror symmetry, which is not apparent in the widely accepted dimer-adatom-stacking fault, DAS, model. Higher order diffraction features, of which many are weak, are also considered and provide important new structural information. Several new polymorphs of the 7 × 7 are identified which may also satisfy the diffraction derived features and possess some degree of pi-bonding so as to enable magnetic surface states not possible in a pure covalently bonded system such as DAS. The Patterson map of the 7 × 7 surface provide insight into the lost phase information encoded in diffraction and reveal why the DAS structure was experimentally favored. An unusual non-primitive 7 × 7 unit cell is also derived from the Patterson map that possesses unusual symmetry properties, a non-standard surface Brillouin zone with potentially unusual electronic properties.
RISC-V Benchmarking for Onboard Sensor Processing

When designing embedded systems, especially for space-computing needs, finding the ideal balance between size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) is a primary goal in the processor selection process. One variable that can have a significant impact on the tradeoffs between performance and power consumption is the processor architecture. Widely adopted architectures such as the ARM Cortex-A series have gained popularity due to their favorable combination of high performance and low power consumption. The RISC-V architecture presents a compelling alternative in part due to its modular instruction set, collaborative development approach, and open-source nature. The recent introduction of a RISC-V processor in the Microchip PolarFire SoC enables performance and power consumption comparisons with competing architectures using application and kernel benchmarks. For application benchmarking, this research employs several image-processing applications, including a histogram equalizer, Sobel filter, and image tiler, to describe real-world device performance. To gain additional insight into a processor’s architectural characteristics, kernel benchmarks that perform common operations in sensor processing such as matrix multiplication and convolution are used. In addition, the CoreMark synthetic benchmark suite is used to help quantify overall performance. This study considers several architectures and space-grade computer facsimiles, including the ARM Cortex-A9 SHREC Space Processor, the ARM Cortex-A53 Boeing High Performance Space Computing platform, and the Power e5500 BAE Systems RAD5545 processor. Both single- and multi-core performance are considered. The PolarFire SoC achieves approximately 3.13 CoreMarks per MHz and 15.63 CoreMarks per milliwatt, demonstrating competitive performance and power consumption characteristics under single-threaded workloads. However, RISC-V presents mixed results in kernel and application benchmarks incorporating multiprocessing, with execution times that are average at best. Additionally, while matrix multiplication and addition yield high parallel efficiencies, matrix convolution and transpose are less efficient. Dynamic energy consumption results for the PolarFire SoC were generally average, but the platform does achieve significant reductions in dynamic energy consumption during increased parallel workloads in some tests. Dynamic energy consumption variability was also very low for the PolarFire SoC during most benchmarks. While the RISC-V architecture does not present ideal benchmark results, it provides a competitive balance between performance and power consumption, with future extensions to the instruction set only further enabling its potential for space applications.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Complications in Heparin- and Bivalirudin-Treated Patients

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a potentially life-saving intervention in refractory cardiopulmonary failure, but it requires anticoagulation to prevent circuit thromboses, which exposes the patient to hemorrhagic complications. Heparin has traditionally been the anticoagulant of choice, but the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin is routinely used in cases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and has been suggested as a superior choice. We sought to examine the timing of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation and to compare the rates of such complications between patients anticoagulated with heparin versus bivalirudin. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Johns Hopkins Hospital patients between January 2016 and July 2019. Patients Adult (> 18 yr) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Interventions Patients were anticoagulated either with heparin or bivalirudin. Measurements and main results We compared rates of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications by time on heparin versus bivalirudin and characterized the average time to each complication. Of 144 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients (mean age 55.3 yr; 58% male), 41% were on central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 40% on peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and 19% on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Thirteen patients (9%) received bivalirudin during their extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run, due to concern for (n = 8) or diagnosis of (n = 4) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or for heparin resistance (n = 1). The rate of hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications did not differ between heparin (0.13/d) and bivalirudin (0.06/d; p = 0.633), but patients on bivalirudin received significantly fewer blood transfusions (1.0 U of RBCs/d vs 2.9/d on heparin; p Conclusions Our results confirm the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin as an alternative anticoagulant in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and suggest a potential benefit in less blood product transfusion, although prospective studies are needed to evaluate the true effect of bivalirudin versus the disease processes that prompted its use in our study population.
Blow-up of a dyadic model with intermittency dependence for the Hall MHD

Abstract We derive dyadic models for the magnetohydrodynamics with Hall effect by including the intermittency dimension as a parameter. For such dyadic models, existence of global weak solutions is established. In addition, local strong solution is obtained; while global strong solution is obtained in the case of high intermittency dimension. Moreover, we show that positive solution with large initial data develops blow-up in finite time provided the intermittency dimension is lower than a threshold.
A Community Organization Typology of Group Development

This paper seeks to close a gap in community organization literature by analyzing the Impact of strategy on small group development and role changes in both leadership and membership. Using literature from social psychology and community practice, It Is argued that a tactical understanding of group dynamics can heighten one's effectiveness as an organizer. The paper then develops a typology of how groups change under different organizing methods. Finally, the work shows how an organizer can more easily "mix and phase" strategies inside the same community group. Community organizers distinguish themselves from other social workers by their attention to collectivities rather than individuals; likewise, "treatment plans" are conceptualized as strategies, not therapeutic techniques. Nevertheless, while problems relate to community-based needs, the direct work of organizers is still with individuals and groups. It is therefore surprising that the community organization literature gives little attention to both the varying membership roles and changing group structures that are reflected within organizing strategies. I This paper seeks to end some of that inattention. It shall delineate how an organizer can further his or her strategic effectiveness through a tactical understanding of group structure and processes. By viewing groups tactically, we shall explore two primary themes: (1) how group structure and development can reflect dominant strategic orientation. Organizers, especially new ones, often assume that the structural properties of a group are quite similar, not realizing that the initial structure of a group may predetermine future strategic outcomes before he or she actually begins active organizing. I We shall analyze the phases of group development to see how they Impact on strategy formation.
1. Introduction to Laser Desorption and Ablation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to laser desorption and ablation. The laser age began with the birth of the first laser in 1960. T. H. Maiman demonstrated the optical pumping of a ruby rod and the emission of coherent radiation. Lasers are unique energy sources characterized by their spectral purity, spatial and temporal coherence, and high average and peak intensity. Each of these characteristics has led to the applications that take advantage of these laser qualities. For example, spatial coherence, which allows a highly collimated laser beam, has spawned remote-sensing, range-finding, and target designation applications. Other applications based on coherence include interferometry and holography. Likewise the property of monochromaticity (spectral purity) enables chemical and physical sensing techniques based on high-resolution spectroscopy. Many other unique uses of lasers include communications, information storage and manipulation, and entertainment. All of these high-tech applications came to define everyday life in the late 20thcentury. One property of lasers, however, that of high intensity did not immediately led to delicate applications but rather to those requiring brute force—that is, the laser was used in a macroscopic way either for material removal or heating. The first realistic applications involved cutting, drilling, and welding, and the laser was little more advanced than a saw, a drill, or a torch. Although resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) is primarily a gasphase technique, it has often been used to analyze solids or surfaces following laser or electron beam vaporization.
Concept of the Pelvic Floor as a Unit

The Cleveland Clinic pelvic floor dysfunction team approach is based on a close and cooperative relationship between clinicians of the various disciplines involved in the management of pelvic floor dysfunction. Ultimately, the patient benefits from these cooperative efforts, because serial surgeries are avoided. We hope to be able to demonstrate that outcomes are improved, especially on a long-term basis. We encourage other clinicians to adopt our philosophy and team approach, and welcome any visitors to our institutions as observers or research fellows.
An application of irreversible thermodynamics to the problem of heat and moisture migration in soil

The Equations for the combined transfer of heat and moisture in soil are derived from an application of the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. Unlike previous treatments to the subject, the three phases of soil (water, gas, solids) are considered to constitute distinct thermodynamic systems, described by a set of well defined thermodynamic functions. Separate expressions for the fluxes of heat and matter are thus writen for the separate phases. This allows a more detailed description of soil transport phenomena than was achieved previously. By making use of the derived flux expressions it is shown how the Equations of transport can be written for all cases of practical interest. Although the present treatment refers only to soils containing pure water as the liquid phase, the generalization for the presence of solutes will present no special problem. The derived Equations may apply also to porous bodies other than soil with the liquid phase other than water.
Are physicians aware of the risks of alternative medicine

Evidence supports the fact that alternative medical therapies play an increasingly prominent role in healthcare. Relevantly, this study posed three questions: (1) Do physicians ask their patients about their use of herbs/dietary supplements? (2) Do physicians use the available resources to evaluate the possible drug interactions and/or side effects of the dietary supplements? and (3) Are physicians aware of the side effects, drug interactions and contraindications of ten commonly used herbs? A questionnaire was randomly distributed to medical students and faculty of the State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn. One hundred sixty five surveys were returned out of 193 handed out (85%). Analysis revealed that although many physicians asked their patients about their use of alternative remedies, most do not check the remedies in a reference text. Age and training were negatively correlated in a statistically significant manner with (1) the likelihood of a physician prescribing alternative medicines; (2) checking the side effects and drug interactions of over the counter and prescription medications in a reference text; (3) asking patients specifically about alternative medicines; and (4) checking the side effects and drug interactions of alternative remedies in a reference text. In a question matching ten herbs and side-effects, the highest score was six out of ten correct and the average number correct was 1.32 with a standard deviation of 1.39. Clearly, physicians may be aware of different forms of alternative medicines. However, physicians are still not treating herbs in the same manner as other types of medications. There is no doubt that patient care would be greatly enhanced if physicians educated themselves and stayed in touch with their patients' beliefs and health care behavior.
Vocabulary Mapping in the NASA ADS: Prospects for Practical Subject Access

The popular NASA Astrophysics Data System includes bibliographic records indexed with terms from a variety of semi-compatible descriptor languages. These include coordinate index terms taken from the NASA Thesaurus and Astrophysical Journal subject headings, among others. We have worked to develop a system that takes as input the NASA terms assigned by professional indexers, and translates them into ApJ headings. Our system maps sets of descriptors, rather than individual descriptors, since two or more coordinate index terms may translate to a single pre-coordinated subject heading. We began our study with lexical resemblance as the main source of evidence and later developed a connected system that exploits patterns of consistent co-assignment in a subset of the ADS collection that is indexed using both ApJ headings and NASA terms. Our most recent efforts have been aimed at improving the network’s performance via supervised learning. In this paper we present the results of our most recent formal evaluation studies and an examination of some specific documents drawn from a set we’ve mapped using the network. 1. The Heterogeneous Indexing Problem In an ongoing project at the University of Illinois, we have investigated methods to support the automatic and/or computer-assisted reconciliation of heterogeneous indexing in the NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). ADS provides astronomers worldwide with access to over a million abstracts and full text articles in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics, instrumentation, physics and geophysics (Eichhorn et al. 1998). A mixture of controlled indexing vocabularies has limited ADS searchers’ ability to conduct precise subject searches, and our investigations have focused on two sources of evidence for resolving the inconsistencies: lexical resemblance between descriptors and consistent assignment of descriptors from different vocabularies to the same documents (Dubin 1998; Lee 1998; Lee, Dubin, & Kurtz 1999). 1.1. Vocabulary Reconciliation Indexing a document is a highly demanding task, and it is hard to elicit explicitly the set of formal rules for indexing. Accordingly, it is not feasible to
Identification in Separable Matching with Observed Transfers

Imposing a separability assumption on the joint surplus in tranferable utility matching models has proved very useful in empirical work. Yet when only “who matches whom” is observed, the distributions of unobserved heterogeneity cannot be identified separately. This note derives the distribution of equiilibrium transfers and shows that if the distribution of transfers within cells is observed, the distribution of heterogeneity can often be recovered, separability can be tested, and complementarities in surplus inferred. 1 Matching with Separable Surplus We impose throughout this note the central assumption introduced by Choo and Siow (2006), which Chiappori-Salanie-Weiss (2014, hereafter CSW) and Galichon-Salanie (2014, hereafter GS) call “separability”. To define it, assume a population of men m = 1, . . . ,M and a population of women w = 1, . . . ,W (the terms “men” and “women” are only for concreteness; they should be adapted to fit other one-to-one matching contexts.) A hypothetical match between man m and woman w generates a joint surplus Φmw. While these are known to all participants in the market, the analyst only observes that nx men have characteristic x, my women have characteristics y, and μxy marriages between x-men and y-women took place. By subtraction, nx − ∑ y μxy remain single; we use the standard convention of matching them with 0. In the rest of this note summations over y typically also include the 0 term. Similar notation is used for single women. ∗Columbia University. Email: bsalanie@columbia.edu. I thank Nikhil Agarwal, Matthieu Bellon, Pierre-Andre Chiappori and Alfred Galichon for discussions on this topic.
Privacy operating characteristic for privacy protection in surveillance applications

With the mass deployment of cameras, concern has risen about protecting a person's privacy as he goes about his daily life. Many of the cameras are installed to perform surveillance tasks that do not require the identity of a person. In the context of surveillance applications, we examine the trade-off between privacy and security. The trade-off is accomplished by looking at quantitative measures of privacy and surveillance performance. To provide privacy protection we examine the effect on surveillance performance of a parametric family of privacy function. A privacy function degrades images to make identification more difficult. By varying the parameter, different levels of privacy protection are provided. We introduce the privacy operating characteristic (POC) to quantitatively show the resulting trade-off between privacy and security. From a POC, policy makers can select the appropriate operating point for surveillance systems with regard to privacy.
Compensatory Mitigation for Streams Under the Clean Water Act: Reassessing Science and Redirecting Policy1

Doyle, Martin W. and F. Douglas Shields, 2012. Compensatory Mitigation for Streams Under the Clean Water Act: Reassessing Science and Redirecting Policy. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 494-509. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00631.x Abstract: Current stream restoration science is not adequate to assume high rates of success in recovering ecosystem functional integrity. The physical scale of most stream restoration projects is insufficient because watershed land use controls ambient water quality and hydrology, and land use surrounding many restoration projects at the time of their construction, or in the future, do not provide sufficient conditions for functional integrity recovery. Reach scale channel restoration or modification has limited benefits within the broader landscape context. Physical habitat variables are often the basis for indicating success, but are now increasingly seen as poor surrogates for actual biological function; the assumption “if you build it they will come” lacks support of empirical studies. If stream restoration is to play a continued role in compensatory mitigation under the United States Clean Water Act, then significant policy changes are needed to adapt to the limitations of restoration science and the social environment under which most projects are constructed. When used for compensatory mitigation, stream restoration should be held to effectiveness standards for actual and measurable physical, chemical, or biological functional improvement. To achieve improved mitigation results, greater flexibility may be required for the location and funding of restoration projects, the size of projects, and the restoration process itself.
A Be/Coming-Out Model: Assessing Factors of Resilience and Ambiguity

Sexual orientation, “coming out,” and the impacts of external stressors, resiliency, and losses remains an area not well understood. Being a sexual minority can result in ambiguous losses that potentially complicate established or formative resilience. These types of losses are largely overlooked and little research exists on how these loss(es) impact lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) populations (Boss, 2006). This article presents a “Be/Coming-Out” model to better assess and understand three interactive life dimensions: self-perceptions, social relationships, and society structures. The model depicts the ongoing and multilayered interactions, highlighting areas of resiliency and ambiguity, including potential risk factors and barriers to formation of resiliency behaviors. Discussion focuses on be/coming out as a lifelong process and applying the model as a tool in assessing individuals and couples levels of resiliency, as well as potential ambiguous losses related to sexual min...
Association of Epididymal Anomalies with Patent Processus Vaginalis in Hernia, Hydrocele and Cryptorchidism

AbstractPurpose: We performed a prospective study to assess the relationship between epididymal anomalies and patency of the processus vaginalis in boys presenting with hernia, hydrocele or cryptorchidism.Materials and Methods: The degree of patency of the processus vaginalis (closed, partially closed or open) and morphology of the ipsilateral epididymis were recorded in 159 consecutive inguinal explorations.Results: A closed, partially closed and open processus vaginalis was associated with an abnormal epididymis in 14, 36 and 69 percent of cases, respectively. Epididymal anomalies were more frequent in association with undescended (72 percent) than descended (34 percent) testes.Conclusions: These data confirm the observation of a higher incidence of epididymal anomalies associated with patency of the processus vaginalis irrespective of testicular position, and they support the theory that androgenic stimulation may be required for closure of the processus vaginalis as well as epididymal development.
Sir2p and Sas2p opposingly regulate acetylation of yeast histone H4 lysine16 and spreading of heterochromatin

The Sir3 protein helps form telomeric heterochromatin by interacting with hypoacetylated histone H4 lysine 16 (H4–Lys16). The molecular nature of the heterochromatin boundary is still unknown. Here we show that the MYST-like acetyltransferase Sas2p is required for the acetylation (Ac) of H4–Lys16 in euchromatin. In a sas2Δ strain or a phenocopy Lys16Arg mutant, Sir3p spreads from roughly 3 kb to roughly 15 kb, causing hypoacetylation and repression of adjacent chromatin. We also found that disruption of Sir3p binding in a deacetylase-deficient Sir 2Δ strain can be suppressed by sas2Δ. These data indicate that opposing effects of Sir2p and Sas2p on acetylation of H4–Lys16 maintain the boundary at telomeric heterochromatin.
BRAIN CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF NESTLING GREAT EGRETS, SNOWY EGRETS AND BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS

Inhibition of brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity in birds is often used to diagnose exposure or death from organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides. Brain ChE activity in the young of altricial species increases with age; however, this relationship has only been demonstrated in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Brain ChE activity of nestling great egrets (Casmerodius albus) collected from a colony in Texas (USA) increased significantly with age and did not differ among individuals from different nests. Brain ChE activity of nestling snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) collected in one colony each from Rhode Island, Texas and California (USA) also increased significantly with age and did not differ among individuals from different nests or colonies. This study further demonstrates that age must be considered when evaluating exposure of nestling altricial birds to ChE inhibitors.
Growth and maturation in the parthenogenetic and sexual eggs of Moina macrocopa

From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter-explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.
A distance-based segregation index

Abstract A tool for measuring segregation in settlement patterns is introduced. This in an extension of the well-known Index of Dissimilarity. By incorporating locations of areal units into the measurement process directly, the distance-based approach substantially reduces the dependence upon size and number of data observations characteristic of the Index of Dissimilarity and other approaches. Experimental tests are reported. These suggest that the locational index constitutes an improvement and is applicable in comparative studies, either cross-sectional or longitudinal.
The reliability of constant errors in psychophysical measurement.

(1946). The Reliability of Constant Errors in Psychophysical Measurement. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 293-299.
GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS OF DROSOPHILA FISH-HOOK, A HIGH MOBILITY GROUP DOMAIN SOX PROTEIN

Abstract In this study we investigate the gene regulatory functions of Drosophila Fish-hook (Fish), a high mobility group (HMG) Sox protein that is essential for embryonic segmentation. We show that the Fish HMG domain binds to the vertebrate Sox protein consensus DNA binding sites, AACAAT and AACAAAG, and that this binding induces an 85° DNA bend. In addition, we use a heterologous yeast system to show that the NH2-terminal portion of Fish protein can function as a transcriptional activator. Fish directly regulates the expression of the pair rule gene, even-skipped (eve), by binding to multiple sites located in downstream regulatory regions that direct formation of eve stripes 1, 4, 5, and 6. Fish may function along with the Drosophila POU domain proteins Pdm-1 and Pdm-2 to regulate eve transcription, as genetic interactions were detected between fish and pdm mutants. Finally, we determined that Fish protein is expressed in a dynamic pattern throughout embryogenesis, and is present in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.
Anodic Polarization Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel Alloys with Lower Chromium Content

Abstract An experimental program was conducted to determine the feasibility of reducing the chromium content in the widely used commercial Type 304 stainless steel and still maintain comparable corrosion resistance. Potentiodynamic anodic polarization characteristics in 1N H2SO4 and NaCI solutions were selected as the prime criteria to predict the corrosion resistance of the experimental alloys. Results showed that passivation deteriorated markedly upon removal of chromium from Type 304 stainless steel. Alloy substitutes of Mo and Si were effective in improving the passivation behavior of a stainless steel alloy with 12% Cr. Although Al led to further deterioration of corrosion properties when added to the 12% Cr alloy, an improvement in anodic polarization characteristics was noted when Al was combined with Mo. An optimized composition, austenitic alloy exhibited anodic polarization corrosion properties comparable to those of a commercial Type 304 stainless steel alloy. The optimized composition was 12Cr...
Macroscopic Segregation and Stress Corrosion Cracking in 7xxx Series Aluminum Alloy Arc Welds

Arc welds of Al-Zn-Mg alloy with Al-Mg filler wire have shown a preferential macroscopic segregation of Mg and Zn to the weld toes. Islands of large precipitates, which are observed in those solute-enriched weld toes, are identified as T phase (Mg32(Al,Zn)49) using diffraction pattern analysis. The location of T precipitates consistently coincides with the initiation site for stress corrosion cracking. Therefore, it is hypothesized that they induce the crack initiation due to preferential dissolution.
An accumulative damage model for tensile and shear failures of laminated composite plates

A progressive failure model was developed for predicting the accumulated damage and the effect of such damage on the in-plane response of laminated composite plates subjected to tensile and shear loads. Internal damage in composites induced by matrix cracking under in-plane tensile and shear loads was the primary concern. Free edge-induced damage was not considered.The model assumes that the damage would accumulate uniformly in a laminate when it is subjected to uniformly distributed loads. The progressive failure model consists of two parts: constitutive modeling and damage accumulation prediction. Constitutive equations were established for relating the effective material properties of a damaged ply in a laminate to the extent of damage. Damage accumulation criteria were proposed by modifying the existing failure criteria for estimating the accumulated damage as a function of the applied loads.A finite element analysis, designated as "PDCOMP," was developed based on the model. In order to verify the mod...
Power supply for commercial-frequency railroad electrification

COMMERCIAL-frequency railroad electrification, as a result of its increasing application in Europe, Africa, and elsewhere, has established its place as one of the prominent systems of electrification.
Attitudes toward mountain lion management in the midwest: implications for a potentially recolonizing large predator.

Mountain lion (Puma concolor) confirmations in the Midwest have increased considerably, indicating a potential recolonization event. Although the ecological, social, and economic implications of recolonization are of considerable interest to managers and the general public, no studies have yet assessed human attitudes toward mountain lion management in the region. We surveyed Kentucky and North Dakota residents and found differences in their mountain lion experience histories, beliefs, trust in information, and support for mountain lion management options. North Dakota respondents' support for mountain lion protection appeared to be a function of their basic normative beliefs, while Kentucky respondents were influenced more so by affective responses. Hunters in both groups were more likely to support mountain lion control than protection. As managers address potential recolonization of mountain lions in the Midwest through adaptive management strategies, targeted and proactive communication with diverse g...
Careers in the Dramatic Arts: Comparing Genetic and Interactional Perspectives:

Taking account of both intrinsic and environmental determinants, Kogan (2002a, b) describes possible interactions between them in a developmental model of performing-arts careers. An alternative mo...
Evaluating Complex Collaborative Expertise: The Case of Climate Change

Science advisory committees exercise complex collaborative expertise. Not only do committee members collaborate, they do so across disciplines, producing expert reports that make synthetic multidisciplinary arguments. When reports are controversial, critics target both report content and committee process. Such controversies call for the assessment of expert arguments, but the multidisciplinary character of the debate outstrips the usual methods developed by informal logicians for assessing appeals to expert authority. This article proposes a multi-dimensional contextualist framework for critical assessment and tests it with a case study of the controversies over reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The case study shows (1) how the critical contextualist framework can illuminate the controversy and guide evaluation of the various arguments and counterarguments; (2) how cases of this sort open up avenues for fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration between argumentation theorists and other fields; and (3) where further work is required in argumentation theory.