cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Tests and Life Estimation of Incoloy Alloy 908

Incoloy® alloy 908* is a candidate conduit material for Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit superconductors. The conduit is expected to experience cyclic loads at 4 K. Fatigue fracture of the conduit is one possible failure mode. So far, fatigue life has been estimated from fatigue crack growth data, which provide conservative results. The more traditional practice of life estimation using S-N curves has not been done for alloy 908 due to a lack of data at room and cryogenic temperatures. This paper presents a series of fatigue test results in response to this need. Tests were performed in reversed bending, rotating bending, and uniaxial fatigue machines. The test matrix included different heat treatments, two load ratios (R=-1 and 0.1), two temperatures (298 and 77 K), and two orientations (longitudinal and transverse). As expected, there is a semi-log linear relation between the applied stress and fatigue life above an applied stress (e.g., 310 MPa for tests at 298 K and R=-1). Below this stress the curves show an endurance limit. The aged and cold-worked materials have longer fatigue lives and higher endurance limits than the others. Different orientations have no apparent effect on life. Cryogenic temperature results in a much high fatigue life than room temperature. A higher tensile mean stress gives shorter fatigue life. It was also found that the fatigue lives of the reversed bending specimens were of the same order as those of the uniaxial test specimens, but were only half the lives of the rotating bending specimens for given stresses. A sample application of the S-N data is discussed.
Economic Freedom and the Quality of Life: An Empirical Analysis

Previous empirical research on the social and economic impact of freedom has tended to focus on the link between freedom and economic growth rates. Only a few studies have looked at freedom's effect on the quality of life, and these generally focused on the effect of political freedom. Here, we attempt to bridge this gap by analyzing the effect of economic freedom on the quality of life. Taking advantage of newly developed measures of economic freedom, we analyze the impact of economic freedom on life expectancy and literacy rates. We find that greater economic freedom enhances the quality of life both across nations and increases the improvements in the quality of life over time.
Generation and analysis of transgenic mice expressing P216L-substituted rds/peripherin in rod photoreceptors.

Purpose. In this study, the authors present the biochemical, morphologic, and physiological analyses of a transgenic mouse model for retinal degeneration slow (i?DS)-mediated retinitis pigmentosa caused by a proline 216 to leucine (P216L) amino acid substitution in rds/peripherin. Methods. The authors assembled a mutant rds transgene that encodes rds/peripherin with a P216L substitution. Transgenic mice were generated on wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (rds~/+), and homozygous {rds~/rds~) null genetic backgrounds. These mice were analyzed biochemically, by light and electron microscopy, and by electroretinography. Results. In P216L-transgenic mice on a +/ + background, the authors observed expression-leveldependent photoreceptor degeneration and outer-segment shortening. Expression of the P216L transgene on an rds~/+ background resulted in more severe photoreceptor degeneration and outer-segment dysplasia than seen in nontransgenic rds~/+ mutants. Severely dysplastic outer segments were detectable in P216L transgenics on an rds~/rds~ null background. The reduction in b-wave amplitudes by electroretinography were well correlated with the degree of photoreceptor degeneration, but not outer-segment dysplasia in these different rds mutants. Conclusions. The phenotype in P216L-transgenic mice on an rds~/+ genetic background probably is caused by a combination of two genetic mechanisms: a direct dominant effect of the P216Lsubstituted protein, and a reduction in the level of normal rds/peripherin. The expression pattern of the normal and mutant genes in these animals is similar to that predicted for humans with i?DS-mediated autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa. These mice may thus be considered an animal model for this disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997; 38:498-509.
Legal Guidelines for Dismissing Students Because of Poor Performance in the Field

Abstract Three U.S. Supreme Court cases are used to present the concept of due process as it applies to student dismissals from professional education programs. The cases provide guidance to social work faculty struggling to manage students who are performing poorly in their field education course and are at risk of being dismissed from the program. Due process requirements and the rationale that has guided court decisions in this context are presented, as well as field education policy recommendations.
Breeding Crops for Durable Resistance to Disease

Durable resistance to disease is a common component of plant defense systems in natural ecosystems and can be found in virtually all cultivated species. Agricultural production practices increase crop vulnerability to most diseases, so higher levels of resistance than occur in natural ecosystems may be needed. Monogenic resistance to highly specialized pathogens is often highly effective when first developed but is generally race‐specific and nondurable, especially when characterized by hypersensitive host reactions. Partial resistance conditioned by several to many genes with additive effects is usually durable, particularly when it involves morphological or developmental changes in the plant. Exceptions to the general rule of nondurable monogenic resistance and durable polygenic resistance are presented. Recurrent selection is commonly used to develop cultivars with durable resistance, but durable resistance has also been achieved through pedigree breeding in small grains. Success in accumulating polygenic durable resistance to multiple diseases of maize and to leaf rust and stripe rust of wheat are described as the mixed record of success in breeding for late blight resistance in potato. The mlo gene for resistance to powdery mildew in barley offers an intriguing case of highly effective monogenic resistance that appears to be durable. Modern molecular genetic approaches offer promise not only for marker‐assisted selection of partial resistance genes but also for creation of novel forms of resistance to plant diseases. Nevertheless, traditional breeding and field tests will still have an essential role in developing commercial cultivars.
Concussion management in US college football: progress and pitfalls

Reducing the frequency and severity of concussions from sport is an important issue in public health currently addressed by a multifaceted approach. Given the large number of participants and the comparatively high risk of injury, American football is an important sport to consider when examining concussion management practices. Focusing on American football at the collegiate level, this manuscript describes current research regarding concussion epidemiology, policy, implementation of clinical diagnosis, management and return-to-play standards and athlete concussion education. Although American collegiate sports leagues have put forth concussion-related policies in recent years, the implementation of these policies and related effects on athlete concussion education, clinical management of concussion and ultimately athlete health outcomes are not well understood. Additional research is needed.
Rare region effects dominate weakly disordered three-dimensional Dirac points

We study three-dimensional (3D) Dirac fermions with weak finite-range scalar potential disorder. In the clean system, the density of states vanishes quadratically at the Dirac point. Disorder is known to be perturbatively irrelevant, and previous theoretical work has assumed that the Dirac semimetal phase, characterized by a vanishing density of states, survives at weak disorder, with a finite disorder phase transition to a diffusive metal with a nonvanishing density of states. In this paper, we show that nonperturbative effects from rare regions, which are missed by conventional disorder-averaged calculations, instead give rise to a nonzero density of states for any nonzero disorder. Thus, there is no Dirac semimetal phase at nonzero disorder. The results are established both by a heuristic scaling argument and via a systematic saddle-point analysis. We also discuss transport near the Dirac point. At the Dirac point, we argue that transport is diffusive, and proceeds via hopping between rare resonances. As one moves in chemical potential away from the Dirac point, there are interesting intermediate-energy regimes where the rare regions produce scattering resonances that determine the dc conductivity. We derive a scaling theory of transport near disordered 3D Dirac points. We also discuss the interplay of disorder with attractive interactions at the Dirac point and the resulting granular superconducting and Bose glass phases. Our results are relevant for all 3D systems with Dirac points, including Weyl semimetals.
Building Student Networks with LinkedIn: The Potential for Connections, Internships, and Jobs

Networking is a chance to interact with people, build friendships or business partners, identify opportunities, and create value. Technology has made this process easier, since individuals can readily contact others who were previously unknown. In the professional world, LinkedIn has become the standard way to build virtual and personal networks. One innovative class exercise had students building profiles, garnering connections, joining groups, posting comments, and obtaining and writing letters of recommendations. The results were overwhelmingly positive, with students exceeding the required mandates, but more important, they learned how to use networking tools to improve their knowledge and access to experts, and secured job offers based on their LinkedIn profile and presence.
Brief History of Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke

Lechat is usually credited with first calling attention to patent foramen ovale (PFO) and stroke in 1988.1 Previous studies of the role of echocardiography in stroke rarely, if ever, mentioned PFO and focused on now-almost-forgotten disorders, such as mitral valve prolapse.2 Interest in PFO has emerged for 3 main reasons: (1) renewed interest in cryptogenic stroke especially in younger patients; (2) technical advances, including bubble contrast transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and saline contrast transcranial doppler; and (3) perhaps most importantly, the emergence of endovascular device closure as a treatment option. Cryptogenic stroke is highly prevalent in stroke populations under the age of 55 years. Many of these patients have circumstantial evidence for embolism on MR, such as cortical infarct location or multiple silent infarcts in different vascular territories. Large PFO with a substantial shunt and atrial septal aneurysm has been identified in many (although not all) studies as anatomic comorbidities associated with stroke. However, as with PFO detection, new technology, including implantable cardiac monitors and MR plaque morphological analysis, has identified occult atrial fibrillation and acute rupture of benign atherosclerotic plaques as underdiagnosed causes of crytpogenic stroke.3 This suggests that in many patients with cryptogenic stroke, a PFO may be coincidental. The explosion of device technology has played a central role in the PFO renaissance. Reimbursement policies and an inherent bias in young patients with stroke to close the hole bolstered by numerous observational case series provided a strong incentive for endovascular device closure.4 With this background, 3 randomized clinical trials of the management of patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO have recently been completed. Given the lingering controversy, it is important to review why the Evaluation of the STARFlex Septal Closure System in Patients With a Stroke and/or Transient Ischemic Attack Due to Presumed Paradoxical …
A Comparison of the Effects of Two Social Skill Training Approaches on Teacher and Child Behavior

Abstract The importance of social skills to achievement of important life outcomes has been long documented, as have the social skill deficits encountered by many children with disabilities. Numerous social skill interventions have been implemented in inclusive settings with young children with disabilities; however, many of the interventions were multi-faceted, making it difficult to identify specific intervention activities that accounted for behavioral change. The purpose of the present study was to compare two social skill interventions to determine whether changes in teacher behavior resulted in differential changes in preschool children's social skill behaviors. The results indicated that teacher behavior could be modified and that praise was a strong component in facilitating change among children. The results also demonstrated that the inclusion of young children with disabilities in small-group art activities did not negatively impact the social behaviors of the group. However, neither interventi...
Increased Error-Related Brain Activity in Six-Year-Old Children with Clinical Anxiety

Anxiety disorders are the most frequently diagnosed form of psychopathology in children and often result in chronic impairment that persists into adulthood. Identifying neurobehavioral correlates of anxiety that appear relatively early in life would inform etiological models of development and allow intervention and prevention strategies to be implemented more effectively. The error-related negativity (ERN), a negative deflection in the event-related potential at fronto-central sites approximately 50 ms following the commission of errors, has been consistently found to be larger among anxious adults. The current study sought to extend these findings to even younger individuals: the ERN was elicited by a Go/NoGo task in 48 six year-old children with a clinical anxiety disorder assessed by diagnostic interview and 48 age-matched controls. In addition to child anxiety disorder, the ERN was examined in relation to maternal history of anxiety disorder, which was previously related to a smaller ERN. Anxious children were characterized by a larger (i.e., more negative) ERN and maternal history of anxiety disorder was associated with a smaller ERN. Thus, the relationship between an increased ERN and clinical anxiety is evident by age 6, and this effect appears independent from an opposing influence of maternal anxiety history on the ERN. These findings support the ERN as a promising neurobehavioral marker of anxiety, and implications are discussed.
Cardiocutaneous syndromes and associations

Abstract Multiple cardiocutaneous syndromes and associations are described and reviewed with the emphasis on syndromes that are likely first to be recognized by dermatologists, thereby creating awareness of potential significant cardiovascular disease. Multiple lentigines syndrome, the Carney complex, and Marfan syndrome are examples of syndromes with embryologic and genetic overlap between the cardiac and cutaneous systems. An exhaustive, complete listing of every known disorder or syndrome with combined cardiac and cutaneous findings is beyond the scope of this review. However, all the common associations, both acquired and inherited, including connective tissue, autoimmune, infiltrative, and endocrine disorders are discussed. Because of the serious nature of many of the cardiac defects, early recognition of these conditions by dermatologists and appropriate referrals to colleagues is essential; in addition, when appropriate, genetic counseling is recommended for known heritable disorders. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:161-83.) Learning objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the embryology of the neural crest, specifically the development of melanocytes and the heart with its vessels, leading to shared abnormalities of the two systems; the major syndromes and associations producing both cutaneous changes, especially of the pigment systems, and cardiovascular abnormalities; the role of the dermatologist in recognizing these changes; and the need to be cognizant and alert in helping screen for associated systemic disease.
The Maternal Lifestyles Study (Mls): Drug Use By Meconium Toxicology And Maternal Self-Report † 63

The Maternal Lifestyles Study (Mls): Drug Use By Meconium Toxicology And Maternal Self-Report † 63
Moving eyes and moving thought: On the spatial compatibility between eye movements and cognition

Grant and Spivey (2003) proposed that eye movement trajectories can influence spatial reasoning by way of an implicit eye-movement-to-cognition link. We tested this proposal and investigated the nature of this link by continuously monitoring eye movements and asking participants to perform a problem-solving task under free-viewing conditions while occasionally guiding their eye movements (via an unrelated tracking task), either in a pattern related to the problem’s solution or in unrelated patterns. Although participants reported that they were not aware of any relationship between the tracking task and the problem, those who moved their eyes in a pattern related to the problem’s solution were the most successful problem solvers. Our results support the existence of an implicit compatibility between spatial cognition and the eye movement patterns that people use to examine a scene.
Potential visibility gains on straight and curved roads from proportional increases in low-beam headlamp intensities

This simulation study examined the effects of proportional increases in light output throughout the entire headlamp beam pattern on visibility. The baseline beam pattern was a median market-weighted US tungsten halogen low-beam pattern. Ten derived beam patterns were obtained by multiplying each point in the baseline beam pattern by a constant that ranged from 1.1 to 2.0, in increments of 0.1. Finally, for comparison, we also used the median market-weighted US high-beam pattern. Visibility changes were estimated by calculating the change in the reach of a 3-lux line 0.25 m above the road surface, for both straight and curved roadways. The results indicate that substantial gains in visibility on straight roadways require an increase of about 50% in the overall light output of low beams. On curves, obtaining a substantial gain in visibility in several lateral positions would require significantly greater increase in light output. These results provide an enhanced baseline against which to compare other potential improvements in low-beam visibility, including more localized changes in static beam patterns and adaptive headlighting systems. (A)
The Complexity of Developing Properly Trained Education Professionals for African American Children: Exploring an African Indigenous Socialization Process

African centered educationists view the problems that Black children are facing in schools as a part of the disenfranchisement and disorganization of the Black community at large. In that vein, they do not believe that the problems which Black children are experiencing in America’s public (and many private) schools are solvable by taking them out of a holistic community context. This article presents the perspectives and work of African centered educationists who are dedicated to community development through a cultural experience called African Centered Training Institute (ACTI), which is an African indigenous socialization process. ACTI is a transformative experience which is offered to community members annually and many (sometimes most) of the participants in ACTI are classroom teachers. As participants matriculate through ACTI via phase attainment, “self” as well as cultural knowledge increases. This article provides an ethnographic account of the experience of the author as researcher-participant in ACTI. The ACTI experience offers insights into how critical deep knowledge of pre-Colonial African cultural cosmology and cosmogony are for anyone who works with Black children.
Managing Chaos: Bridging the cultural divide between engineers and scientists working within the life sciences

Within the rather chaotic atmosphere of scientific research the adoption of a software process, and the structured development of software, can be out of place. It is important to realize that the advancement of science is paramount, and so a balance must always be drawn between the cost and the benefit of the introduction of process into a research environment. This necessity presents a unique set of challenges to software development within the life sciences. These unique challenges are due to the cultural disconnect between life science research and software engineering. This paper outlines these challenges, and also discusses the software process used by the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) to address them.
The identity of innate immune activators in organ transplantation: origins from within or exterior to the host?

There is growing evidence that the innate immune system participates in the host response to organ transplantation (1). Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and natural killer cells are cellular components of the innate system that have been implicated in allograft rejection (2). These cells express innate immune receptors that include the Toll like receptors (TLRs) (3). Prior experimental studies have demonstrated that TLR activation on DCs during allograft rejection induces an inflammatory response that primes alloreactive T cells and alters susceptibility to transplant tolerance induction (4–7).
An experimental study of a sea clutter model

A model for the radar cross section (RCS) of the sea has been developed in parallel efforts by scientists in both the United States and the Soviet Union, which is based upon the concept of a composite surface, i.e., one in which a slightly rough surface in the sense of Rice is superimposed on a larger swell structure. For angles off the normal, the model predicts the variation of the RCS with frequency, polarization, and incident angle of the illumination and further predicts an upper bound (saturation value) of the RCS with increasing roughness. The model has been collated with data collected by the Naval Research Laboratory four-frequency radar system in sea states ranging from 0 to 7. The results of the comparison have shown that the upper bound for the RCS exists and is closely approached in windspeeds in excess of 5 m/s. In addition, the data have confirmed the variation of RCS with frequency (UHF to X-band), grazing angle, and with polarization (H, V), provided that the "tilting" of the scattering surface by swell is taken into account in the region of shallow grazing angles.
Oxygen metabolism in rabbit bone marrow and liver.

Abstract Oxygen metabolism has been quantified in rabbit bone marrow and liver. NADPH-Cytochrome c reductase activity in bone marrow microsomal and cytosol fractions was about 40% of that found in liver. Superoxide anion and peroxide generation were found to be present in both liver and bone marrow. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were measured in liver and in marrow preparations free of erythrocytes; while liver catalase activity was approximately twice that of bone marrow, very low superoxide dismutase activity was observed in erythrocyte free bone marrow homogenates.
InAs quantum dot enhancement of GaAs solar cells

A series of InAs QD enhanced solar cells has been grown with arrays of 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 layers of QDs in the GaAs i-region. An enhancement in short circuit current density (J SC ) using QDs was observed. QD cells with up to 40 layers show a 1.4 mA/cm2 improvement in J SC compared to a GaAs control cell grown without QDs. In addition, the a high open circuit voltage of 0.88 V was maintained till 60 layers of QD. While the 100 layer QD cell shows degradation in the emitter region, the QD contributed current, due to GaAs sub-bandgap absorption, was maintained at 2.7 mA/cm2. This amount of current tuning, if applied to the middle current limiting junction in a triple junction cell, would lead to ∼3% absolute increase in efficiency.
Interaction of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with human complement factor H

PspC recruits complement factor H (FH) to the pneumococcal surface. While there is differential expression of pspC during infection, detection of PspC on the surface of viable pneumococci is difficult due to variability among PspCs. We analyzed FH binding to detect PspC expression on the surface of pneumococcal isolates from different pathological sources. Using flow cytometry, we investigated FH-binding to 89 low-passage clinical isolates classified by disease manifestation (systemic, mucosal, or carriage). Carriage isolates recruited significantly more FH to their surfaces than either systemic or mucosal isolates, and this binding was independent of capsular serotype.
Gender Role Conflict, Athletic Identity, and Help-Seeking Among High School Football Players

Gender role conflict (GRC) theory emphasizes social influences on masculine gender role expectations that produce negative outcomes among men. Because sport represents an influential domain in which boys learn expectations associated with manhood, this study explored masculinity socialization among high school football players through the lens of GRC. At the p < .05 significance criterion level, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and multiple regression results suggest that year-in-school and athletic identity predicted differential levels of GRC, whereas year-in-school and restrictive emotionality predicted help-seeking attitudes. Findings can help sport psychologists assist adolescent males in making lessons learned on the gridiron applicable to relationships, to the classroom, and other domains of life outside of football.
The Place of the Thalamus in Frontal Cortical-Basal Ganglia Circuits

The thalamus has long been thought to convey subcortical information to the cortex. Indeed, models of basal ganglia function attribute the primary role for the thalamus to a simple relay of information processed in the basal ganglia to the cortex. The thalamic nuclear groups that are associated primarily with this function are the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. However, recent studies have shown that the corticothalamic projection is important for the dynamics of the thalamo-cortical processing. Furthermore, the relay nuclei that carry basal ganglia output to the cortex have recently been shown to project back to the basal ganglia directly. These two recent developments indicate a more dynamic role for the thalamus in basal ganglia information processing than a passive relay.
Chemical Engineering of Aerogel Morphology Formed under Nonsupercritical Conditions for Thermal Insulation

Aerogels are among the best thermal insulating materials known. This property arises from the fact that in these materials the gaseous phase, which may occupy over 90% of the volume, is compartmentalized to a size smaller than the mean free path of air, thus severely restricting its thermal conductivity. The solid framework, which compartmentalizes the gaseous space with a minimum amount of solid, is fragile and thus must be assembled in a liquid phase that is later extracted under supercritical conditions to create the porosity. This requirement for supercritical liquid extraction, to eliminate surface tension, makes the process costly and often unsuitable for large-scale commercial applications. By computer-designed experiments, an investigation was conducted in order to produce aerogels under non-supercritical conditions. Silica aerogels having approximately 80% porosity were produced under atmospheric conditions. Moreover, the resulting pore morphology is more restrictive to thermal conductivity than ...
Investigation of the PLC Effect Using DIC

In certain alloys non-homogeneous plastic flow is observed. A category of jerky flow, also called the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect, is attributed to the competition between dislocation aging by solute atoms and plastic strain rate. In this study, the PLC effect was examined in an aluminum-magnesium alloy using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. A cold rolling procedure was developed for Al5052-T0 specimens that resulted in repeatable jerky flow when tested in tension at nominal displacement rates that spanned three orders of magnitude. The tests were successful in producing repeatable propagating type bands of serrated flow, which resulted in serrations or stress drops on the stress versus time curve. Deforming specimens were photographed during testing, and the images were correlated using commercially available DIC software to determine local strains and local strain rates. The present study focuses upon type B, or hopping, bands. The DIC results revealed that the strain front moved along the length of the specimen and strains 1 to 2% higher were observed in the wake of the propagating bands. In addition, at least an order of magnitude increase in local strain rate corresponded to the band front as it moved through the specimen. At slower nominal displacement rates, the magnitude of the stress drops for type B bands was greater, but the number of stress drops was fewer for a given nominal displacement. The repeatability of this study shows that DIC provides an effective way to characterize this type of non-homogeneous or localized plastic flow.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
What bilinguals do with language that changes their minds and their brains

In the last two decades, there has been an upsurge of research on bilingualism recognizing that bilinguals may be more representative language users than their monolingual peers (e.g., Kroll, Dussias, Bogulski, & Valdes Kroff, 2012). The excitement about bilinguals is related not only to their neglected status in the past literature but also to a set of twin discoveries that have catapulted research on bilingualism into central view in psycholinguistics, cognitive and developmental neuroscience, and gerontology. One of these discoveries is that both languages are active when bilinguals read, listen to speech, and plan speech in either of their two languages (for a review, see Kroll et al., 2012). The other discovery is that bilingualism appears to confer a set of consequences to domain general cognition and to the neural structures that support it (e.g., Bialystok, Craik, Green, & Gollan, 2009). Those consequences are observed across the lifespan and are particularly evident when cognitive resources are challenged because of the normal or pathological trajectory of aging (e.g., Gold, Kim, Johnson, Kriscio, & Smith, 2013). The focus of the new research is on how these two discoveries might be related. The parallel activity of the two languages and the interactions across them require that the bilingual develops skill in language selection to enable fluent performance. The hypothesis that has guided the recent flurry of research is that bilingual minds and brains change as a consequence of having to regulate the two languages. In their Keynote Article, Baum and Titone provide a comprehensive and current summary of the existing evidence on this hypothesis.
The TIPSTER/SHOGUN project

TIPSTER/SHOGUN, part of the ARPA TIPSTER Text (Phase I) program, was led by GE Corporate Research and Development, with Carnegie Mellon University and Martin Marietta Management and Data Systems (formerly GE Aerospace). The project ended at the beginning of 1994, with TIPSTER Phase II expected to begin in March. The TIPSTER/SHOGUN system is thus the end result of a two-year research effort. The project's main goals were: (1) to develop algorithms that would advance the state of the art in coverage and accuracy in data extraction, and (2) to demonstrate high performance and adaptability across languages and domains.
CS-BuFLO: A Congestion Sensitive Website Fingerprinting Defense

Website fingerprinting attacks enable an adversary to infer which website a victim is visiting, even if the victim uses an encrypting proxy, such as Tor. Previous work has shown that all proposed defenses against website fingerprinting attacks are ineffective. This paper advances the study of website fingerprinting defenses by first laying out the complete specifications of the CS-BuFlo scheme outlined by Cai, et al. CS-BuFlo, which is based on the BuFlo defense proposed by Dyer, et al., was not fully-specified by Cai, et al, but has nonetheless attracted the attention of the Tor developers. Next, a full working implementation of CS-BuFlo is provided. Finally, a thorough evaluation of CS-BuFlo is performed using empirical data (rather than data from simulations). Our experiments find that CS-BuFlo has high overhead (around 2.3-2.8x) but can get 6times closer to the bandwidth/security trade-off lower bound than Tor or SSH.
Extensions of an idea of McNaughton

Two important measures of the computational complexity of a regular language are the type of finite automaton needed to recognize it and the type of logical expression needed to describe it. Important connections between these measures were studied by Buchi and McNaughton as early as 1960. In this survey we describe the logical formalism used, outline these early results, and describe modern extensions of this work. In particular, we show how the formalism is extended by the use of new quantifiers and atomic predicates to express many of the fundamental classes of boolean circuit complexity.
Controlled release of human growth hormone following subcutaneous administration in dogs

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) formulated in poloxamer-407 gel was administered subcutaneously in mixed breed dogs. To calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, all dogs were first administered 0.2 mg/kg of rhGH by an intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection. The i.v. dose was completely cleared in 3 h, with an elimination t12β1, 2β of 0.574 h and t12α of 0.068 h. After a wash out period of 7 days, all dogs received 0.7 mg/kg of rhGH subcutaneously as a gel formulation. Blood samples were drawn at frequent intervals for 132 h. Subcutaneous administration of the gel resulted in a peak maxima, 9 h after injection and concentrations of rhGH remained in the therapeutic window for 132 h. As compared to rhGH solutions, rhGH formulated in poloxamer gel resulted in a decrease in the maximum blood concentration and increased the time required to achieve maximum blood concentration. Hence, this approach may be promising for controlled release of rhGH, but needs further investigation to avoid a initial burst effect that was seen and to account for an observed loss of a portion of the administered dose.
DOWN-MODULATION OF CD2 DELAYS DELETION OF SUPERANTIGEN-RESPONSIVE T CELLS

CD2 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on most T lymphocytes that is generally viewed as a cell adhesion molecule and, in this capacity, contributes to T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. CD2 has a relatively long cytoplasmic tail which associates with the src family tyrosine kinases, p56(lck) and p59(fyn), and could potentially signal directly. Down-modulation of CD2 on T cells has been shown to result in diminished proliferative capacity and interleukin (IL)-2 production. Furthermore, re-expression of CD2 can result in the restoration of these functions. This suggests that CD2 can influence the intensity of TCR signaling. As TCR signal intensity is pivotal to the induction of T cell apoptosis, we considered the hypothesis that the level of CD2 on the T cell surface may influence its propensity toward apoptosis. Using an anti-CD2 antibody, CD2 was down-modulated in vivo on mouse T lymphocytes without affecting the levels of surface CD3, TCR alphabeta, CD4 or CD8. Deletion of superantigen-responsive T cells was delayed in mice with down-modulated CD2 following the administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). This was paralleled by diminished apoptosis of SEB-responsive cells. The findings suggest a model whereby the level of CD2 expression influences the intensity of TCR signaling and the ability to undergo apoptosis.
On Performing Electroacoustic Musics: a non-idiomatic case study for Adorno's theory of musical reproduction

Adorno's theory of musical reproduction is unfinished, inconsistent and attuned only to score-based acoustic music – but it has relevance for electroacoustic performance as well. His theory prompts contemplation about what ‘good’ interpretation, and interpretation itself, means for fixed electroacoustic music. A digital sound file is frequently, if not typically, viewed as more rigid and precise than a score. This article uses Adorno's theory to compare ontologies of score and digital file realizations respectively, thus questioning the above assumption. Do electroacoustic works truly exist apart from their performed features, or is a given work only its performances? Different answers imply different work concepts and interpretive strategies. Toward the essay's goals, we examine three features often viewed as nonontological to an electroacoustic work, namely performed spatialisation, equalisation, and amplitude balance. We consider the impacts of these features when they are manipulated in real time, or performance to performance. As Adorno asks how choices of timing or dynamics dictate a notated work's aesthetic ‘clarity’, this paper asks how performed choices contribute to an electroacoustic work's clarity, and to the unique interpretive potential of electroacoustic music. Tape music and acousmatic music, with its diffusion tradition, are central to this paper's thesis; but multi-channel works are circumscribed by it as well.
Disconnecting Positive Psychology and OBM

Abstract This paper responds to the article by Wiegand and Geller which advocates broadening the content of OBM by assimilating content from non-behavioral psychologies. I argue that these psychologies have theories and aims so incompatible with OBM that no added value will be obtained by forming an interconnection. Specific problems with positive psychology and personality psychology include mentalistic approaches to the subject matter and the absence of a focus on improving organizational results. I suggest instead that we draw on newer behavioral concepts and theories as well as compatible non-mentalistic theories such as systems models for content that will expand the conceptual base of OBM. I also suggest that a wider audience for OBM can be obtained through forging links with performance-oriented fields such as Human Performance Technology.
Prostate cancer recurrence manifesting as superior vena cava syndrome.

An 85-year-old man with prostate cancer in remission for 13 years presented with a 6-month history of worsening dyspnea and facial edema. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated an enhancing mass within the left brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava (SVC) (Fig 1). Hypermetabolic activity was demonstrated on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (Fig 2) without other metastatic foci. Prostate-specific antigen was 57.6 ng/mL (normal
Issues in the pharmacologic management of primary hypertension in adolescence

Hypertension may occur in as many as 12% of adolescents and is usually of primary origin. There is an age-related increase of the blood pressure, making it difficult to define the limits of normal. True hypertension can be defined as blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg regardless of age. Borderline blood pressure is said to exist when the blood pressure is above the 90th percentile for age. Blood pressure can be lowered with a wide variety of drugs, and adolescents are most often prescribed adult doses. There are specific concerns about the drugs' side effects in adolescents, particularly effects on growth and development, cognitive function, and metabolism. Diuretics are not the best first choice for therapy because of their metabolic effects. Cardiac hypertrophy and the morbidity of sustained hypertension are reduced by sympathetic inhibitors. Beta-blockers are the best currently available choice, although newer alpha-blocking agents may have some advantages. Even borderline pressure has been associated with evidence of cardiac hypertrophy, and there is substantial evidence that the adolescents with the highest blood pressures, even if still within normal limits, have the highest likelihood of developing sustained hypertension as adults. Yet there is no data establishing a beneficial effect on long-term risk of early treatment with drugs. For these reasons, nonpharmacologic intervention and close follow up are preferred as treatment for borderline blood pressure.
Does Purchasing Power Parity Hold for the German-US Real Exchange Rate? A Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model

In the purchasing power parity (PPP) literature, most studies do not take dynamics into account when they try to explain the deviation of PPP, and none use the Bayesian approach. This paper closes this gap by using the Bayesian dynamic linear model (DLM) to examine the German-US real exchange rate and test whether the Balassa-Samuelson effect explains the deviation from PPP. The results show that PPP does not hold during the period examined and the negative sign of the coefficient of German productivity differential between tradable and nontradable sectors and the positive effect of the productivity differential violate the assumption of the Balassa-Samuelson effect.
Spatial variation of the urban taxi ridership using GPS data

Abstract Taxicab is an important component of urban transit system since it caters to a large amount of demand and covers a wide geographic area. In this paper, we understand the spatial variation of urban taxi ridership using large scale New York City (NYC) taxi data. The taxi ridership is analyzed by relating it to various spatially explicit socio-demographic and built-environment variables. The geographically weighted regression (GWR) is implemented to model the spatial heterogeneity of the taxi ridership and visualize the spatial distributions of parameter estimations. The results suggest that the GWR model outperforms the ordinary least square model in both goodness of model fit and explanatory accuracy. The urban form is revealed to have significant impact on urban taxi ridership and strong spatial variability for parameter estimations is observed. Medium income level is found to reduce the number of taxi trips at particular places and the accessibility to subways is positively associated with the taxi ridership. The results provide valuable insights for predicting taxi demand as a function of spatially explicit variables which may have implications on taxi pricing, taxi industry regulation and urban planning.
Transmembrane movement of a water-soluble analogue of mannosylphosphoryldolichol is mediated by an endoplasmic reticulum protein

Based on topological studies mannosylphosphoryldolichol (Man-P-Dol) is synthesized on the cytoplasmic face of the RER, but functions as a mannosyl donor in Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol biosynthesis after the mannosyl-phosphoryl headgroup diffuses transversely to the luminal compartment. The transport of mannosylphosphorylcitronellol (Man-P-Cit), a water-soluble analogue of Man-P-Dol, by microsomal vesicles from mouse liver, has been investigated as a potential experimental approach to determine if a membrane protein(s) mediates the transbilayer movement of Man-P-Dol. For these studies beta-[3H]Man-P-Cit was synthesized enzymatically with a partially purified preparation of Man-P-undecaprenol synthase from Micrococcus luteus. The uptake of the radiolabeled water-soluble analogue was found to be (a) time dependent; (b) stereoselective; (c) dependent on an intact permeability barrier; (d) saturable; (e) protease-sensitive; and (f) highest in ER-enriched vesicles relative to Golgi complex-enriched vesicles and intact mitochondria. Consistent with the involvement of a membrane protein, the analogue did not enter synthetic phosphatidylcholine-liposomes. [3H]Man-P-Cit also was not transported by human erythrocytes. These results indicate that the transport of Man-P-Cit by sealed microsomal vesicles from mouse liver is mediated by a membrane protein transport system. It is possible that the same membrane protein(s) participates in the transbilayer movement of Man-P-Dol in the ER.
A Case of Asenapine-Induced Tinnitus

To the Editor: Asenapine is a new atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted the manufacturer’s New Drug Application (NDA) in November 2007; since asenapine is a fairly new drug, very few data on it are available. The data indicate that it has minimal anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects.
Theoretical analysis of phase-matched second-harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation in birefringent semiconductor waveguides

We analyze the phase-matching conditions for second-harmonic generation (SHG) and optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in birefringent nonlinear semiconductor waveguides and apply these results to the model system of ZnGeP2 on a GaP substrate. The analyses and numerical results show that phase matching can be achieved for OPO and SHG for reasonable guide thicknesses throughout much of the infrared, indicating significant potential applications for nonlinear birefringent waveguides. For the fundamental mode of a relatively thick guide the region of phase matching and the phase-matching angles are similar to those in bulk material. However, the waveguide has the added flexibility that phase-matched coupling can occur between the various modes of the guide. For example, the phase-matching region for SHG can be considerably extended by coupling the pump into the guide in the fundamental, m = 0, mode and phase matching to the m = 2 mode of the second harmonic. Significantly, the results indicate, among other things, that ZnGeP2 waveguides with harmonic output in the m = 2 mode can be used for efficient SHG from input radiation in the 9.6-10.6-microm region where bulk efficiencies in this wavelength range are too small to be useful.
Early Examples of Resource-Consciousness

As with the development of several logical notions, it is shown that the concept of resource-consciousness, i. e. the concern over the number of times that a given sentence is used in the proof of another sentence, has its origin in the foundations of geometry, pre-dating its appearence in logical circles as BCK-logic or affine logic.
Miniband transport in a two-dimensional electron gas with a strong periodic unidirectional potential modulation

In this paper, we study the Bloch oscillations of a two-dimensional electron gas with a strong periodic potential-modulation and miniband transport along the field at low temperatures, assuming a free motion in the transverse direction. The dependence of the current on the field, the electron density, and the temperature is investigated by using a relaxation-time approximation for inelastic scattering. Moreover, for a fixed total scattering rate, the field dependence of the current is sensitive to the ratio of the elastic and inelastic scattering rates in contrast with the recent result of a multiband but otherwise similar model with a weak potential modulation.