cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of prostaglandin on ion transport across isolated colonic mucosa.

The effect of prostaglandins (PG) on colonic ion transport was investigated inin vitro experiments in the rat. Both PGE1 and PGA1 increased short-circuit current (Isc), potential difference, and mucosal cyclic AMP levels, but PGE1 was more potent than PGA1. 10−4M PGE1 inhibited active sodium transport across short-circuited colonic mucosa (6.1–1.3 μEq/hr/cm2). This effect, coupled with an increase in Isc, is consistent with prostaglandin stimulation of active anion secretion and with the recent suggestions that prostaglandins may be important intermediaries in the process by which several laxatives alter large-intestinal fluid and electrolyte movement.
Racial/Ethnic, Regional, and Rural/Urban Differences in Receipt of Diabetes Education

PurposeThe objective of this study is to examine the differences in receipt of diabetes education according to risk factors that are associated with the disease, including race/ ethnicity, region, and rural/urban location.MethodsNational data from the 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were analyzed to examine likelihood of receipt of diabetes education in terms of race, urban/rural location, and region.ResultsOf 1747 adults with type 2 diabetes, 65.6% were white, 15% black, and 19.4% other. In addition, 49.3% were male, 50.6% female; 46.9% were under age 64; 39.8% had more than high school; 34.1% were from low-income households, 35.1% middle income, and 30.8% high income; 39.5% lived in the South while other regions were equally represented; 80.6% lived in rural areas; 63.7% did not receive any type 2 diabetes education. Patients in the South were least likely to receive education (67.5% did not). Logistic regression demonstrated that being black (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval...
Cigarette smoking initiation and longitudinal changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins in early adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

To examine the influence of cigarette smoking initiation on serum lipid and lipoprotein changes in early life 747 nonsmoking 9-17 year olds from the biracial community of Bogalusa Louisiana were reexamined 5-6 years following an initial screening. Upon reexamination in 1981-83 147 reported smoking cigarettes (mean duration 3.5 years; median number of weekly cigarettes 20). Compared with nonsmokers persons who began smoking had more unfavorable changes in serum triglycerides and lipoprotein cholesterol levels during follow-up independently of age sexual maturation obesity alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use in females. Smoking initiation was not associated with increases in serum total cholesterol levels but compared with nonsmokers white males and white females smoking 3 or more packs weekly showed additional mean increases of 13.2 and 11.6 mg/dl in low density lipoprotein cholesterol additional 5.9 and 2.4 mg/dl increases in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and additional decreases of 15.6 and 9.2 mg/dl in high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels respectively. Black smokers showed larger increases in serum triglycerides and VLDL-C levels than did black nonsmokers. These findings indicate that the start of even modest cigarette smoking may have potentially longterm atherogenic effects. Prevention of smoking in early life should therefore be an important aspect of cardiovascular disease intervention. (authors)
Made by the USA: The International System. By Alex Roberto Hybel. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 340p. $49.95

Claiming that great powers determine the character of an international system is unremarkable. The difficult task is to show how great powers have created and maintained an international system that works in their interests. This is the job Alex Roberto Hybel undertakes in Made by the USA. He seeks to show how the United States first responded to the Europedominated state system, and then upon rising to great power status, how it sought to shape the international system to its own benefit. The contemporary relevance of Hybel's effort is for assessing whether the United States can maintain control over the international system into the twenty-first century.
Estimating body mass of pumas (Puma concolor)

Context. Body mass of animals has been estimated using body measurements and formulas have been developed for some species of large ungulates and carnivores. Pumas (Puma concolor) are often captured for sport and research in remote and rugged terrain and equipment needed to weigh a captured animal is not often carried because of the remoteness. Aims. We investigated whether body measurements were related to body mass for pumas, to develop an equation that wouldaccuratelyestimatebodymassofpumaswithindesiredtolerances(~10kg).Wealsousedourmodeltopredictthebody mass of pumas captured in other locales, to investigate the effectiveness of our model on other populations. Methods. We used multiple regression to determine the relationships between body measurements and body mass for 58 pumas in the Black Hills. We then applied our top equation to eight pumas that we captured in areas outside the Black Hills study population. Key results. We found that a model using body length (cm) and head and chest circumferences (cm) explained 89% of the variation in body mass; sex and age-class information did not contribute significantly to the model. Our top equation was as follows: body mass (kg)=–61.07+0.21 � body length (cm)+0.56 � head circumference (cm)+0.83 � chest circumference (cm). The 95% prediction interval for our top model was –6.3–6.3kg. We found the difference between predicted and actual body mass of pumas from other populations was –0.40kg � 1.45 (s.e.). Conclusions. We found the relationship between body measurements and body mass to be similar, despite the differences in location and environments. Implications. This model could be used by researchers and sport hunters to estimate the mass of a pumas that were not weighed with a scale.
Cuboid Syndrome: a Review of the Literature

The purpose of this review was to inform all medical health care professionals about cuboid syndrome, which has been described as difficult to recognize and is commonly misdiagnosed, by explaining the etiology of this syndrome, its clinical diagnosis in relation to differential diagnoses, commonly administered treatment techniques, and patient outcomes. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature was conducted with MEDLINE, EBSCO, and PubMed (1960 - Present) using the key words cuboid, cuboid syndrome, foot anatomy, tarsal bones, manual therapy, and manipulation. Medical professionals must be aware that any lateral foot and ankle pain may be the result of cuboid syndrome. Once properly diagnosed, cuboid syndrome responds exceptionally well to conservative treatment involving specific cuboid manipulation techniques. Other methods of conservative treatment including therapeutic modalities, therapeutic exercises, padding, and low dye taping techniques are used as adjuncts in the treatment of this syndrome. Immediately after the manipulation is performed, the patient may note a decrease or a complete cessation of their symptoms. Occasionally, if the patient has had symptoms for a longer duration, several manipulations may be warranted throughout the course of time. Due to the fact radiographic imaging is of little value, the diagnosis is largely based on the patient's history and a collection of signs and symptoms associated with the condition. Additionally, an understanding of the etiology behind this syndrome is essential, aiding the clinician in the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. After the correct diagnosis is made and a proper treatment regimen is utilized, the prognosis is excellent. Key PointsDefine the poorly understood condition of cuboid syndrome.Provide an understanding of the anatomical structures involved.Provide an explanation as to the cause of this syndrome.Demonstrate ways to evaluate by making a differential diagnosis.To inform health care professionals about management and treatment of cuboid syndrome.
The strength of strong ties: A model of contact-making in policy networks with evidence from U.S. health politics

Interest groups establish contacts with each other as a way of gaining useful policy information, and in this article we develop and test a model to explain this political phenomenon. Our simulation model suggests that when few need information, groups will pursue an acquaintance strategy by investing time and resources in gaining `weak tie' political acquaintances rather than in gaining `strong tie' political friends, but that as the collective demand for information rises, groups increasingly follow a chum strategy, placing greater emphasis on establishing strong ties. We test these hypotheses in an analysis of inter-organizational contact-making in U.S. health politics, using the data of Laumann and Knoke (1987), with OLS regressions of average group contacts over lobbying events over time and maximum likelihood count models of contacts across interest groups. Both analyses show that as collective demand for information increases, interest groups place greater priority on establishing strong ties, even...
STORM: An Approach to Database Storage Management in Clustered Storage Environments

Database storage management in clustered storage environments is a manual, time-consuming, and error-prone task. Such management involves regular movement of database objects across nodes in the storage cluster so that storage utilization is maximized. We present STORM, an automated approach that guides this task by combining low-overhead information gathering about database access and storage usage patterns, efficient analysis of gathered information, and effective decision-making for reconfiguring data layout. The reconfiguration process is guided by the primary optimization objective of minimizing the total data movement required for the reconfiguration, with the secondary constraints of space and balanced I/O bandwidth utilizations across the storage nodes in the cluster. We model the reconfiguration decision-making as a multi-constraint optimization problem which is NP-hard. We then present a heuristic that provides an approximate solution in O(Nlog(N/M) + (N/M)2) time, where M is the number of storage nodes and N is the total number of database objects. A simulation study shows that the heuristic converges to an acceptable solution that is successful in balancing storage utilization with an accuracy that lies within 7% of the ideal solution.
On the Correlated Equilibrium Selection for Two-User Channel Access Games

In this letter, we consider a simple two-user channel access game and investigate how to improve the performance of Nash equilibrium (NE) by employing a correlated device that coordinates the users' actions and leads them to play a higher efficiency correlated equilibrium (CE). Unlike existing papers, we discuss both the public and private CEs and quantify their performances in various simple, but illustrative scenarios. Moreover, we propose a simple procedure for the correlated device to select the CE leading to the highest payoff, without the need for the users to report their private utility functions.
Dosimetric Comparison of 3-Dimensional Planning Techniques Using an Intravaginal Multichannel Balloon Applicator for High-Dose-Rate Gynecologic Brachytherapy

Purpose To study the dosimetric differences of various channel combinations of the Capri vaginal applicator. Methods and Materials The Capri consists of a single central channel (R1), an inner array of 6 channels (R2), and an outer array of 6 channels (R3). Three-dimensional plans were simulated for 6 channel arrangements (R1, R2, R12, R13, R23, and R123). Treatment plans were optimized to the applicator surface or 5-mm depth while minimizing dose to organs at risk (OARs: bladder, rectum, sigmoid, and urethra). The clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as a 5-mm circumferential shell extending 4 cm in length around the applicator. Clinical target volume coverage (D mean , D 90 , V 100 , and V 150 ) and OAR doses (D 0.1 cm 3 , D 1 cm 3 , D 2 cm 3 , and D mean ) were compared. A comparison between the Capri (R123) and a conventional single-channel applicator was also done. Statistical significance ( P value t test. Results When prescribing to 5-mm depth, CTV coverage using all 13 channels (R123) versus a single channel (R1) was similar; however, when prescribing to the surface there were differences ( P 150 . The R1 plans had higher doses to all OARs compared with R123 plans ( P P =.05-.95), and CTV coverage differences were on the order of 1%. Capri R123 plans provided slightly lower CTV D 90 and D mean but equivalent OAR doses with smaller standard deviations compared with conventional cylinder plans for both prescriptions. Conclusions The Capri multichannel applicator provides equivalent target coverage at 5-mm depth, with significantly reduced dose to OARs relative to using a single channel. Optimal plans can be achieved using R12 (lowest V 150 ) or R123 or R23 (lowest OAR doses).
Chained action learning through real-time interactions

The capability of learning new skills is very important for an artificial agent to scale up. In this paper, we propose a developmental cognitive learning architecture which enables an artificial agent to develop complex behaviors (chained actions) after acquisition of simple ones. The mechanism that makes this possible is chained secondary conditioning. The major challenge of this work is that training and testing must be conducted in the same mode through online real-time interactions between the agent and trainers. Experimental results on a real-time system are reported, in which the trainer shapes the behavior of the agent interactively and continuously through verbal commands and other sensory signals.
Intersection management for autonomous vehicles using iCACC

Recently several artificial intelligence labs have suggested the use of fully equipped vehicles with the capability of sensing the surrounding environment to enhance roadway safety. As a result, it is anticipated in the future that many vehicles will be autonomous and thus there is a need to optimize the movement of these vehicles. This paper presents a new tool for optimizing the movements of autonomous vehicles through intersections: iCACC. The main concept of the proposed tool is to control vehicle trajectories using Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) systems to avoid collisions and minimize intersection delay. Simulations were executed to compare conventional signal control with iCACC considering two measures of effectiveness - delay and fuel consumption. Savings in delay and fuel consumption in the range of 91 and 82 percent relative to conventional signal control were demonstrated, respectively.
Clinical dilemmas and problems in assessing prostatic metastasis to bone: the scientific challenge.

Metastatic spread to bone by carcinoma of the prostate has long been a focus of attention in this increasingly recognized malignancy. Early series of patients with carcinoma of the prostate were made up predominantly of individuals with symptoms from their disease; predominant among these were those relating to bladder neck obstruction (65–96%) and bone pain (15–40%) (Grayhack and Wendel, 1977). Despite increasing efforts to diagnose prostatic malignancy early, the data generated by the American College of Surgeons survey in the past decade (Murphy and associates, 1982) indicated that metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (Stage D) was recognizably present in about one-fourth of patients at the time of their initial diagnosis and suggest the recognized site of dissemination was most commonly bone. Failure to achieve a disease-free state by surgical excision or radiation treatment of the primary prostatic neoplasm has provided evidence to support the presumption that the incidence of dissemination to bone at diagnosis or possibly subsequently is far more common than initial diagnostic evaluation indicates (Gervasi and associates, 1989; Kozlowski and Grayhack, 1991; Paulson and associates, 1990). The problems posed by understanding the factors leading to bone metastasis, recognizing the metastasis when they are present, and altering the metastasis and their consequences continue to present major challenges in our patient care efforts.
Feature selection with biased sample distributions

Feature selection concerns the problem of selecting a number of important features (w.r.t. the class labels) in order to build accurate prediction models. Traditional feature selection methods, however, fail to take the sample distributions into the consideration which may lead to poor predictions for minority class examples. Due to the sophistication and the cost involved in the data collection process, many applications, such as Biomedical research, commonly face biased data collections with one class of examples (e.g., diseased samples) significantly less than other classes (e.g., normal samples). For these applications, the minority class examples, such as disease samples, credit card frauds, and network intrusions, are only a small portion of the data collections but deserve full attentions for accurate prediction. In this paper, we propose three filtering techniques, Higher Weight (HW), Differential Minority Repeat (DMR) and Balanced Minority Repeat (BMR), to identify important features from biased data collections. Experimental comparisons with the ReliefF method on five datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in selecting informative features from data with biased sample distributions.
Associations between screen-based sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean youth

The purposes of this study were to: 1) describe the patterns of screen-based sedentary behaviors, and 2) examine the association between screen-based sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in representative Korean children and adolescents, aged 12 to 18 yr, in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Screen-based sedentary behavior was measured using self-report questionnaires that included items for time spent watching TV and playing PC/video games. Physical activity was measured using items for frequency and duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). CVD risk factors such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were measured. Boys spent more time playing PC/video games, and girls spent more time watching TV. After adjusting for age, gender, annual household income, and MVPA, an additional hour of watching TV was significantly associated with the risk of overweight (OR 1.17 [95% CI 1.03-1.33]), high abdominal adiposity (OR 1.27 [1.06-1.51]), and low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.27 [1.10-1.47]). An additional hour spent playing PC/video games also increased the risk of high abdominal adiposity (OR 1.20 [1.03-1.40]). Prospective observations and interventions are needed to determine causal relationships between screen-based sedentary behavior and CVD risk profiles in Korean youth.
The Impact of Company Pre‐Listing Attributes on the Market Reaction to NYSE Listings

This study examines the market behavior of common stocks transferring from the NASDAQ stock market to the New York Stock Exchange from 1982 to 1989. Using event study methodology, the study tests the joint liquidity-signaling hypothesis that a stock's pre-listing liquidity and earnings per share (EPS) growth (a proxy for signaling) affect the market behavior around NYSE listings. The results show that the market responds more favorably to stocks with low liquidity and high signaling than to stocks with high liquidity and low signaling before listing. Stocks in the former group do not have an anomalous pattern of negative post-listing abnormal returns. Copyright 1993 by MIT Press.
A low power scheduler using game theory

In this paper, we describe a new methodology based on game theory for minimizing the average power of a circuit during scheduling in behavioral synthesis. The problem of scheduling in data-path synthesis is formulated as an auction based non-cooperative finite game, for which solutions are developed based on the Nash equilibrium function. Each operation in the data-path is modeled as a player bidding for executing an operation in the given control cycle, with the estimated power consumption as the bid. Also, a combined scheduling and binding algorithm is developed using a similar approach in which the two tasks are modeled together such that the Nash equilibrium function needs to be applied only once to accomplish both the scheduling and binding tasks together. The combined algorithm yields further power reduction due to additional savings during binding. The proposed algorithms yield better power reduction than ILP-based methods with comparable run times and no increase in area overhead.
Optimizing Design Criteria for Organic Photovoltaic Cells

Dye sensitized solar cells have the potential to be less expensive than their conventional silicone counterparts if they can be made more efficient and cost effective. A designed experiment was used to investigate the statistical significance of six factors in the construction and manufacture of these cells. Three factors, use of catalyst, semi-conductive layer, and sintering temperature, were determined to be of statistical significance, while no two-factor interactions were determined to be statistically significant. th century, and some commercially viable models using silicone technology were created in the 1950's. The energy crisis of the 1970's brought about a new interest in the technology, when a great deal of research was dedicated to making the silicone based cells more efficient. Silicone based solar cells utilize semi-conductor technology similar to that for microchip production, and is therefore an expensive process. Because of the high investment cost, today's solar cells occupy only niche markets for power production. 1 Organic photovoltaic cells are modeled after energy production found in nature, mimicking the way plants convert sunlight to energy. Such cells promise lower production costs because materials of lower purity can be utilized. Existing low cost production techniques such as gravure printing can also be used for manufacture. In 1991 Michael Gratzel developed a new class of organic photovoltaic cells by using organic dyes to sensitize comparatively inexpensive semiconductors. While researchers have made laboratory samples that are nearly as efficient as conventional solar cells, this class of photo electrochemical (PEC) cells has yet to reach commercial viability. 1 , 2 Energy efficiency and durability of organic cells has been increasing in the lab, while the cost of silicon based cells has increased due to a worldwide increase in the consumption of hyper-pure silicon. Within a few years commercially viable organic cells are anticipates to begin replacing silicon based cells due to cost considerations. 3 Gratzel cells are constructed by first coating conductive glass slides (ITO coated) with a semiconductor, usually TiO 2. The TiO 2 is sintered to affect its crystal structure. A porous structure is desirable because it maximizes the surface area of the semiconductor. The semiconductor layer is then treated with an organic dye. 4
Anomalous solar array performance on GPS

The general issue of degradation of optical surfaces on spacecraft is reviewed in order to understand the observed behavior of the Navstar solar cell arrays. The solar arrays on GPS Navstars 1-6 have shown anomalous degradation during the 5-year mission life and beyond. The departure from predicted performance consists of an extra 2.5% per year degradation in excess of the radiation model estimates. Examination of optical solar reflector (OSR) data from a variety of spacecraft reveals variations in OSR degradation rates which correlate with the vehicle design. These data support the idea that contaminants outgassing from the vehicle are photodeposited on the optical surfaces, leading to degradation of their reflectivity. Contamination data taken from an OSR flown on Navstar 5 are used to predict the solar cell array degradation. The predicted effect of contamination on the array output is consistent with the observed behavior of the five Block I vehicles. >
A biomechanical comparison of various methods of stabilization of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur

Subtrochanteric femoral fractures with and without bony contact were simulated in cadaver specimens, fixed with one of seven different types of intramedullary or plate implants, and tested biomechanically. The implants used were Enders pins, Zickel nail, compression hip screw, AO angled blade plate, and intramedullary locked nail systems of the Klemm-Schellman, Brooker-Wills, and Grosse-Kempf types. Femur-implant constructs using intramedullary devices were a maximum of 5% as stiff in torsion as intact cadaveric femora tested in the same manner, while plate-fixed fractures were nearly 50% as stiff. In bending, all devices except the Enders pins were approximately 80% as stiff as intact femora. Loss of bony contact at the fracture site had little effect on stiffness except in the case of the keyless compression hip screw, where the screw rotated freely in the barrel. In combined bending and compression to failure, a test to simulate forces due to body weight, the intramedullary locked rods were found to support between 300 and 400% of body weight while the plate systems failed at loads between 100 and 200% of body weight.
VIRULENCE AND CITRULLINE UREIDASE ACTIVITY OF PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS

Abstract Marchette, Nyven J. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), and Paul S. Nicholes. Virulence and citrulline ureidase activity of Pasteurella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 82:26–32. 1961.—The presence of a citrulline ureidase system in Pasteurella tularensis strains of high virulence, and its absence in avirulent strains and strains of low virulence was confirmed. The presence of this system, however, was shown to be not directly related to virulence. The only wild strain of P. tularensis tested that lacked a citrulline ureidase system was isolated from a rodent. All the strains, isolated from rabbits, rabbit ticks, a human being, and a horse, that were tested possessed this system. The existence of two North American varieties of P. tularensis was postulated on the basis of virulence and citrulline ureidase activity.
Interaction of field‐aligned cold plasma flows with an equatorially‐trapped hot plasma: Electrostatic shock formation

Effects of equatorially trapped hot plasma on the highly supersonic cold-plasma flow occurring during early stage plasmaspheric refilling are studied by means of numerical simulations. It is shown that the equatorially trapped hot ions set up a potential barrier for the cold ion beams and facilitate formation of electrostatic shocks by reflecting them from the equatorial region. Simulations with and without the hot plasma show different flow properties; the formation of electrostatic shocks occur only in the former case. The simulation with the hot plasma also reveals that the magnetic trapping in conjunction with the evolution of the electrostatic potential barrier produces ion velocity distribution functions consisting of a cold core and a hot ring in the perpendicular velocity. Such a distribution function provides a source of free energy for equatorial waves. The corresponding electron population is warm and field-aligned.
Adaptive Tracking Control for High Performance DC Drives

This paper presents a novel application of a modified adaptive controller to a dc motor for high performance tracking applications, such as robotics, actuation and manipulation. By the proposed technique, the rotor position and/or the speed of the dc motor is forced to follow preselected tracks, even when the load condition varies. An algorithm based on Minimum Variance Self Tuning control is developed for this purpose. The adaptive controller is effective even in the presence of external disturbances, provided that the system exhibits minimum phase characteristics. The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated by using a general purpose nonlinear simulation software. The simplicity of the algorithm and the promising test results prove that this proposed controller is very effective in high performance tracking applications.
Holding Their Own Explaining the Persistence of Green Parties in France and the UK

In his seminal work, Kirchheimer (1966) argued that as larger parties transformed into catch-all parties we would see the disappearance of small parties. We know, however, that Green parties are on...
A New Generation of Satellite Snow Observations for Large Scale Earth System Studies

Snow cover variations over Northern Hemisphere lands result in dramatic changes in the Earth's hydrology and surface energy balance over a range of time scales. These variations play a role in the complex web of feedbacks that control the Earth's climate, and are likely to modulate any climate change that occurs during this century. The ongoing need for reliably observed indicators of climate change, and for refined climate models, to facilitate the detection and attribution of climate change, and the declining global meteorological observation network, underscore the increasing importance of accurate remotely sensed information. A new generation of remotely sensed products in the last decade provides information at unprecedented temporal, spatial, and spectral resolutions. This article reviews the characteristics and theoretical underpinnings of these snow products, shows examples of their application in climatological analyses, and discusses current and future directions in their application and development.
Successfully mentoring diverse male students in Engineering at North Carolina State University: An engaged approach

Over the past three decades, the U.S. social, educational and economic outcomes for African-American and Hispanic (minority) males have been more systemically devastating than the outcomes for any other group - such as race, ethnicity, or gender group. In 2009/10, the national high school graduation rate for African-American male (AAM) students was 52%, while the graduation rate for Caucasian males students was 78%. On average, AAMs are more likely to attend the most segregated and least-resourced public schools. However, in most states, the stratification of school quality works to minimize educational opportunities specifically for African-American students. According to a 2012 National Science Foundation report, AAM students made up only 4% of the currently enrolled male students in engineering. Therefore, there is a compelling need for a program that develops self-efficacy in Under-Represented Minority (URM) male students in engineering fields. To answer this need, professor and lifelong mentor, Dr. C...
Descriptive Genetics of Cichlid Fishes

The evolutionary biology of cichlids is unusual principally because of the extensive adaptive radiations that have occurred in many endemic complexes (Futuyma, 1979). Within the major lakes of East Africa (Fryer and Iles, 1972) and smaller lacustrine systems in both Old and New Worlds (Taylor and Minckley, 1966; Trewavas et al., 1972; Barlow, 1976; Taylor and Miller, 1982), endemic species display dramatic morphological and ecological adaptations. Prodigious numbers of endemic species occur in Lake Malawi (N = 500+; McKaye and MacKenzie, 1982; McKaye, personal communication), Lake Tanganyika (N = 150+; Bailey and Stewart, 1977), and Lake Victoria (N = 300+; Van Oijen et al., 1981). The apparent youth of many species in some of these systems presents at least two fundamental evolutionary questions: first, what mechanisms control divergence in ecology and functional morphology? and second, how do new species arise? While substantial insights have been made in the areas of functional anatomy and ecology by Barel et al. (1977), Greenwood (1981), Liem (1980), McKaye (1980), and their coworkers, the basic questions of trophic divergence and speciation have remained controversial (Sage and Selander, 1975; McKaye, 1980; Kornfield et al.,1982; McKaye et al., 1983; Trewavas, 1982; Dominey, 1984; Greenwood, 1984).
Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source: CHESS

Synchrotron radiation is now generally accepted1 as an important scientific tool for the study of matter in all its forms. There are many synchrotron sources throughout the world providing radiation over a considerable portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The new facility, CHESS, at Cornell University provides a source of radiation primarily in the x-ray regime at unprecedented intensities. This continuous radiation can be several orders of magnitude more intense than the line spectrum of a good x-ray tube (and therefore in the range of seven orders of magnitude more intense than the continuous background radiation from a tube). In addition, the synchrotron source has the striking property that it is confined to a very narrow angular spread, which allows the experimenter to combine the twin properties of high intensity and intrinsic collimation to enhance dramatically the number of photons incident on even very small specimens. In a sense, comparing the “brightness” of a synchrotron source to that of a conventional x-ray tube is analogous to comparing a laser to a conventional light source.
Sternberg-Reed cells in the peripheral blood of patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Our observations of 135 patients indicate that 37 per cent of those suffering from Hodgkin’s disease exhibit abnormal cells in the leukocyte concentrates of the peripheral blood during the course of their illness. Typical Sternberg-Reed cells were found in 18.5 per cent of patients and were present only in the advanced stages of generalized Hodgkin’s disease. The presence of Sternberg-Reed cells in the peripheral blood indicates an advanced stage of the disease but does not necessarily predict an immediately fatal outcome. Comparative studies, searching for Sternberg-Reed cells in the splenic circulation, showed no Sternberg-Reed cells to be present in the splenic arteries of patients with Hodgkin’s disease; but numerous Sternberg-Reed cells were present in the splenic vein, particularly after mechanical squeezing of the spleen. A possible hypothesis is given to support the evidence for the circulation of Sternberg-Reed cells and an explanation for their lower incidence in the peripheral blood. Our observations support the hematogenous metastasis of Hodgkin’s disease.
Open Government: Missing Questions

This article places the Obama administration’s open government initiative within the context of evolution of the U.S. information society. It examines the concept of openness along the three dimens...
Obtaining a Better Benefit by Using a Grantor Charitable Lead Trust

If a donor structures an inter vivos charitable lead trust (CLT) as a grantor trust, the donor will receive a current charitable contribution deduction, for income tax purposes, equal to the present value of the amounts that are required to be paid to qualifying charities from the CLT during its term. However, each tax year, the donor will pay income taxes on the income generated by the assets owned by the CLT, and would be taxed on a recapture amount if the CLT ceased to qualify as a grantor trust prior to the end of the term of the CLT. Thus, the benefit of the initial income tax deduction will be reduced, and perhaps eliminated, during subsequent tax years, especially in situations involving compressed tax brackets and similar tax rates for ordinary income, dividends, and long-term capital gains. Current law, though, provides for a 20-percentage-point difference between the 35% maximum tax rate which applies to both ordinary income and short-term capital gains, and the 15% tax rate which applies to both qualified dividend income and long-term capital gains. This rate differential should allow a donor with sufficient amounts of ordinary income to obtain an income tax deduction which produces a tax benefit equal to 40% of the amount contributed to the CLT and then to take amounts back into income at lower rates. As this article explains, however, the extent of the net tax benefit to the donor will turn largely on the rate differential between (1) the effective tax rate which applied to the donor's charitable contribution deduction and (2) the effective tax rate which applies to the assets given to the CLT. Even if the assets given to the CLT consist solely of marketable securities, the combination of fixed income and short-term capital gain (as a result of portfolio turnover) can significantly reduce the rate differential and the resulting net tax benefit. Nevertheless, this article will demonstrate that, in certain cases, a contribution to a grantor CLT will produce a better net tax benefit than will an identical contribution to a non-grantor CLT.
Formation of lower continental crust by relamination of buoyant arc lavas and plutons

The formation of Earth's continents is unclear. A review of the geochemical composition of crust formed above subduction zones across the globe suggests that subduction and relamination of buoyant magmatic rocks play an important role.
ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Role of Pharmacotherapy in Preventing Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients

Hospitals should develop formal policies, guidelines, practices, and procedures to address the appropriate prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In addition, all hospitalized patients should be assessed for risk for both VTE and bleeding to determine if pharmacologic, mechanical, or
A Framework for Reproducible Latent Fingerprint Enhancements

Photoshop processing1 of latent fingerprints is the preferred methodology among law enforcement forensic experts, but that appproach is not fully reproducible and may lead to questionable enhancements. Alternative, independent, fully reproducible enhancements, using IDL Histogram Equalization and IDL Adaptive Histogram Equalization, can produce better-defined ridge structures, along with considerable background information. Applying a systematic slow motion smoothing procedure to such IDL enhancements, based on the rapid FFT solution of a Levy stable fractional diffusion equation, can attenuate background detail while preserving ridge information. The resulting smoothed latent print enhancements are comparable to, but distinct from, forensic Photoshop images suitable for input into automated fingerprint identification systems, (AFIS). In addition, this progressive smoothing procedure can be reexamined by displaying the suite of progressively smoother IDL images. That suite can be stored, providing an audit trail that allows monitoring for possible loss of useful information, in transit to the user-selected optimal image. Such independent and fully reproducible enhancements provide a valuable frame of reference that may be helpful in informing, complementing, and possibly validating the forensic Photoshop methodology.
What is the Probability an Automorphism Fixes a Group Element

(1975). What is the Probability an Automorphism Fixes a Group Element? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 261-264.
Factors Controlling Lens Regeneration from the Dorsal Iris in the Adult Triturus viridescens Eye.

When the adult eye of Triturus viridescens is transplanted1, 2 or its blood supply is temporarily lost3 the lens degenerates along with most of the retina. In these cases a new lens is developed from the dorsal pupillary margin of the iris such as follows simple lensectomy.3, 4 This phenomenon of lens replacement is largely, if not exclusively, confined in the vertebrates to the Triturus group of salamanders5, 6, 7 where the lens appears to be less resistant to injury than in other forms.5, 8 An extensive study is being made by the author in search for the factors which govern this phenomenon. Some of the findings can be summarized at this time.Slight injuries to the fully developed lens in the adult eye of Triturus viridescens cause it to degenerate. Injuries to the dorsal iris produced by mechanical stretching and incisions radiating from the pupillary margin neither prevent nor favor lens regeneration. Such injuries heal readily. Only the presence of the normal lens prevents a new one from forming. Thi...
Value-Chain Analysis of the Evolution of U.S. Banking Industry Profit Model:1934-2010

It shows that the U.S.banking industry profit model has changed from single-function to full-function in1934-2010 by watching its revenue structure changes.The reason lies in the financial value-chain cleavage and aggregation and the reconstruction of the banking value-chain.To achieve a successful transition to full-function,Chinese commercial banks should change its business philosophy,optimize the structure of traditional business,develop new sources of profit,strengthen the system risk management,and reduce costs and capital expenditures.
Transcription rate and transcript length drive formation of chromosomal interaction domain boundaries.

Chromosomes in all organisms are highly organized and divided into multiple chromosomal interaction domains, or topological domains. Regions of active, high transcription help establish and maintain domain boundaries, but precisely how this occurs remains unclear. Here, using fluorescence microscopy and chromosome conformation capture in conjunction with deep sequencing (Hi-C), we show that in Caulobacter crescentus, both transcription rate and transcript length, independent of concurrent translation, drive the formation of domain boundaries. We find that long, highly expressed genes do not form topological boundaries simply through the inhibition of supercoil diffusion. Instead, our results support a model in which long, active regions of transcription drive local decompaction of the chromosome, with these more open regions of the chromosome forming spatial gaps in vivo that diminish contacts between DNA in neighboring domains. These insights into the molecular forces responsible for domain formation in Caulobacter likely generalize to other bacteria and possibly eukaryotes.
Written and Online Residency Guidebook to Improve Resident Efficiency and Knowledge of Best Patient Care Practices.

Abstract Introduction Residents at most institutions change rotations every 2 to 4 weeks. It often takes significant time for residents to become acclimated to the different protocols, expectations...
Enhanced Acquisition Rates of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' by the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in the Presence of Vegetative Flush Growth in Citrus.

The Asian citrus psyllid preferentially feeds and exclusively reproduces on young, newly emerged flush shoots of citrus. Asian citrus psyllid nymphs feed and complete their life stages on these flush shoots. Recent studies conducted under greenhouse conditions have shown that the transmission rates of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), the putative causal agent of huanglongbing disease of citrus, are enhanced when flush shoots are present. However, it is unclear if CLas acquisition by migrant adult Asian citrus psyllids is similarly enhanced. To address this knowledge gap, cohorts of Asian citrus psyllid adults were allowed 1-wk acquisition access period (AAP) on flushing and nonflushing shoots of qPCR-tested symptomatic (CLas+) and asymptomatic (CLas–) 10-yr-old sweet orange trees under field conditions. After the AAP, they were tested for CLas by qPCR. Progeny Asian citrus psyllid adults that emerged 4 wk post-AAP were similarly retrieved and tested. Eighty percent of flushing and 30% of nonflushing CLas+ trees produced infective Asian citrus psyllid adults, indicating that flush shoots have greater potential to be inoculum sources for CLas acquisition. Concomitantly, 21.1% and 6.0% infective adults were retrieved, respectively, from flushing and nonflushing CLas+ trees, indicating that Asian citrus psyllid adults acquire CLas more efficiently from flush shoots relative to mature shoots. In addition, 12.1% of infective Asian citrus psyllid adult progeny were obtained from 70% of flushing CLas+ trees. Significantly lower mean Ct values were also obtained from infective adults retrieved from flushing relative to nonflushing trees. The results underscore the role of flush shoots in CLas acquisition and the need to protect citrus trees from Asian citrus psyllid infestations during flush cycles.
Beyond Elite Law: Editors' Preface

We are justly proud of the American legal system and the lawyers and judges who make it work. Our system, to the envy of much of the world, takes law seriously, aspires to reduce the gap between the law on the books and the law as lived, and strives to subject all within its remit to the rule of law. And yet, it remains, at its core, a system of elite law largely for the elite.We are all engaged in elite law, whether as lawyers or academics. Each year, the law schools produce eager, bright graduates ready to provide legal services to a thin layer of the population — either by working for the major law firms that serve corporate America or for NGOs that practice law with an “impact" on important social issues. Some fortunate graduates find such work; others work for overburdened legal services or public defender officers, or hang a shingle, or practice in small firms although they are usually poorly prepared for the clientele they will encounter. Still many others drop out of the legal system entirely — perhaps their legal education will prepare them for a political or business career, or will not be relevant at all.We hope in this book to spark a conversation that helps move us beyond elite law, to better align existing legal resources with the people who need representation or simply assistance in navigating bureaucracies but are not wealthy enough to access our “Cadillac" legal system and not poor enough to qualify for the limited supply of publicly supported legal aid.
Propanol isomers: Investigation of ignition and pyrolysis time scales

Abstract This study presents an investigation of the ignition and pyrolysis kinetics of the two propanol isomers. Experiments are carried out behind reflected shock waves at average pressures of 3.5, 5.0, and 11 atm over a temperature range of 1150–1550 K. Oxidation experiments are carried out using mixtures with equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Laser absorption measurement of CO is carried out near 4.6 µm on the basis of which a characteristic pyrolysis time scale is defined. By means of this pyrolysis time scale, the effects of reactor temperature, pressure, and fuel concentration on pyrolysis are established. Contrast is further made between the global kinetics of pyrolysis and purely oxidative kinetics during ignition. The measured ignition and pyrolysis time scales are also compared with predictions of three chemical kinetic models from the literature. The expected lower reactivity of iso -propanol relative to n -propanol during ignition and pyrolysis is observed. The study also reveals a distinctly higher global temperature sensitivity of the pyrolysis process (global activation energy > 60 kcal/mol) compared to the typical global activation energy of ignition (global activation energy in the range of 20–40 kcal/mol). This difference leads to a cross-over effect at a characteristic reactor temperature between ignition that is controlled by pyrolysis and one that is controlled by predominantly oxidative kinetics. While this is observed for the chosen molecular systems, the cross-over effect is a general feature of high-temperature fuel reaction kinetics. At lower temperatures the chemical time scales of predominantly pyrolytic reactions are much longer than the time scales of oxidative radical processes which dominate the ignition process whereas at higher temperatures the time scales of pyrolytic processes become shorter and dominate the global ignition kinetics. Selected CO concentration profiles obtained during pyrolysis are also compared with predictions of current chemical kinetic models, revealing varying degrees of agreement and discrepancies among the models. The study advances characterization of propanol combustion and demonstrates the use of global chemical time scales to characterize fuel pyrolysis kinetics.