cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidation chemistry of cyclic hydrocarbons in a motored engine: Methylcyclopentane, tetralin, and decalin

Abstract This work, which parallels a recent study of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane by the authors, concerns the oxidation chemistry of methylcyclopentane (MCP), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), and decahydronaphthalene (decalin) in a motored engine at low to intermediate temperatures. The experiment is conducted with variable compression ratio from 4 to 15 at equivalence ratio of 0.25 and fixed intake temperature. Results show dramatically different reactivity in low temperature oxidation for the three compounds. MCP and tetralin show little low temperature reaction prior to autoignition, while decalin shows significant low temperature reactivity. Detailed product analysis showed that conjugate olefins, the olefin having the identical structure with the reactant except the only C C bond, account for over 70% of the products from MCP and an even higher percentage of the products from tetralin. Tetralin oxidation under the present conditions is essentially oxidative dehydrogenation with little oxygenated cyclic compound being formed. Hydronaphthalenes with various degrees of unsaturation are detected in the products from decalin, but are not as prevalent as in the case of MCP and tetralin, because of the high selectivity toward low temperature chain branching. The ring-opening paths in decalin oxidation are discussed, suggesting that breaking the common C C bond of the two rings is more likely than opening the two rings one after the other. Methyl substitution on the ring was found to significantly promote the formation of propene relative to ethene. Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the major products formed from each compound.
Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a are expressed in the developing chick limb bud in a manner suggesting roles in pattern formation along the proximodistal and dorsoventral axes

The Wnt gene family encodes a group of secreted signalling molecules that have been implicated in the regulation of cell fate and pattern formation during embryogenesis. We have examined the patterns of expression of two members of the chicken Wnt family, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a, during development of the chick limb bud. Wnt-5a is expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge which directs outgrowth of limb mesoderm. Wnt-5a also exhibits three quantitatively distinct domains of expression along the proximodistal (PD) axis of the limb mesoderm that may correspond to the regions which will give rise to the three distinct PD segments of the limb, the autopod, zeugopod, and stylopod. In contrast, Wnt-7a expression in the limb bud is specifically limited to the dorsal ectoderm. These observations suggest possible roles for Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a in pattern formation along the PD and dorsoventral axes of the developing chick limb bud. In addition, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a exhibit spatially discrete domains of expression in several other regions of the chick embryo consistent with developmental roles for these genes in a variety of other tissues.
CONVEX MODEL FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES—I: ANALYSIS

A convex model is used to estimate the maximum response of structural systems subjected to uncertain seismic excitations. The convex model is based on the assumption that the energy of the excitation is bounded . A reduction factor, defined in the modal domain by dividing the results obtained from the convex model by those from the time history of the actual record, is used to calibrate the convex model. An average reduction factor is also defined by averaging a set of excitation-specific reduction factors. The average reduction factor can be used for unknown excitations with an assumed energy bound and certain common earthquake characteristics. These common characteristics can be defined either by a set of previous earthquakes in the region or by regional earthquake spectra. The convex model using the average reduction factor yields acceptable predictions of the maximum response.
THE HOSPITALIST MOVEMENT: IS THERE A PLACE FOR ANESTHESIOLOGISTS?

The growth of managed care continues to impact American health care in a variety of ways. Two significant changes that have resulted from managed care strategies include a dramatic emphasis on primary care, and reorganization of inpatient care, which is provided by hospital-based clinicians. These hospital-based models are being adopted by an increasing number of both teaching and nonteaching institutions from New England to California. What role will the anesthesiologist play in this new era? Will our practice be limited to that of intraoperative providers of anesthesia or will we assume greater responsibility and take a leadership role in directing the evolution of a system striving for efficient, cost-effective delivery of medical, surgical, and perioperative care? The trend toward generalism has already had an impact on anesthesiology—visible by its effect on the preference of American medical school graduates, with a significant falloff in the number of students choosing specialty (especially anesthesiology) residencies. This chapter will explore the hospitalist movement and discuss the possible role of anesthesiologists as they expand their practice as perioperative specialists.
Sodium nitrite therapy fails to improve tissue perfusion in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia: Slight differences in methodology may be responsible casting suspicion on the reliability and predictive value of this model

Background: The nude mouse model of hind limb ischemia is used to evaluate human-derived, cell-based therapeutics intended to promote tissue perfusion. The criticism of the mouse model of hind limb ischemia is the absence of a well-characterized positive control. The suitability of sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) was evaluated. The rationale for doing so was based on a report that NaNO 2 induced unprecedented tissue perfusion in wild-type mice using a similar model. The objective was to evaluate NaNO 2 to improve tissue perfusion in nude mice as well as their wild-type counterparts. Materials and Methods: The mice underwent surgically induced, unilateral hind limb ischemia, and received either NaNO 2 or a vehicle intraperitoneally, twice daily, for seven days. Hind limb tissue perfusion was evaluated on days one, four, seven, and fourteen post-surgery. Results: No increase in tissue perfusion was observed in the nude or wild-type mice treated with NaNO 2 when compared with the vehicle. Nude mice exhibited significantly lower tissue perfusion compared to wild-type mice, irrespective of the treatment. Conclusions: NaNO 2 failed to increase tissue perfusion and, therefore, did not appear suitable for use as a positive control in this model. This is in stark contrast to a previous report indicating that NaNO 2 significantly increased tissue perfusion in wild-type mice using a similar model. The exact cause is not known, but is probably due to differences in methodology employed between laboratories. The lower tissue perfusion in nude mice is a novel finding, suggesting this strain may have less pre-existing collateral vessels and/or a reduced capacity to form new vessels as compared to wild-type mice.
Variation of equivalence ratio and element ratios with distance from burner in premixed one-dimensional flames

Differential diffusion effects in a low-pressure premixed, laminar, one-dimensional benzene/oxygen/argon flame are shown to lead to changes in the elemental mass fractions. The effect is caused by unequal diffusion of reactants away from the burner and products towards the burner. Analysis of data previously collected from this flame shows the local equivalence ratio to vary by as much as 25% from its inlet value, with similar variations found for the atomic C/O ratio (up to 25%) and atomic C/H ratio (up to 10%). Variations of comparable magnitude are predicted by detailed kinetic modeling of the same flame using a published mechanism. The variations predicted for a similar flame but at atmospheric pressure are slightly smaller than those at low-pressure, which is consistent with the constitutive equations. Similar effects would be expected for any flame in which the mass average flame velocity is comparable to the diffusion velocities of the major flame species. The results have implications for consideration of molecular-weight growth and soot formation in such systems, since these processes are strongly dependent upon the C/O and equivalence ratios.
Photodynamic therapy and the treatment of neoplastic diseases of the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, and tracheobronchial tree

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to treat and cure early carcinomas of the head and neck while preserving normal tissue. Fifty-three patients with neoplasia of the head and neck have been treated with PDT with follow-up to 40 months. Eight patients with T2-T4 carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract had a partial response. Eighteen patients with CIS and T1 carcinomas of the larynx obtained a complete response and are disease free. Eleven patients with T1 carcinomas of the tongue, floor of mouth, and nasal cavity obtained a complete response. Three patients with mucosal melanomas of the nasopharynx obtained a complete response and remain disease free. Two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma or the oral cavity were treated, one obtained a complete response. Five patients with juvenile laryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis obtained a complete response, but all recurred within six months of treatment. PDT is a promising therapy for treatment of early neoplasia of the head and neck. There are, however limitations to this treatment based on tumor size and site. Methodology, clinical response, limitations and complications are discussed.
Temporal Behavior of Natural Terrain Radiance at Infrared Wavelengths.

Because most infrared (IR) observations of natural terrain are made at infrequent or widely spaced time intervals, information on the high time resolution variation in background radiance is lacking. This is in spite of the fact that meteorological and other influences can cause apparent radiance to change by amounts equivalent to a few degrees Kelvin in seconds or tens of seconds. Infrared imagery acquired during the recent Smart Weapons Operability Enhancement Joint Test and Evaluation (SWOE JT&E) allows the investigation of the nature of IR radiance fluctuations with high time resolution under a variety of diurnal and meteorological conditions. Specifically, during the Grayling I deployment, images were acquired at the rate of 6.25 frames per second, for 10 seconds, every 5 minutes during each of the 2-hr mission periods. There were 107 mission periods during the 41 days of the test. A portion of these images have been segmented according to homogeneous features (homogeneity determined independently) and histograms of apparent temperature within those features (8 in number) have been processed to arrive at several first order statistics (mean, variance, etc.) as a function of time. The nature of the fluctuations as a function of meteorological, atmospheric, and diurnal conditions is discussed.
Angiographic Estimation of Right Ventricular Volume in Man

Although the feasibility of angiographic estimation of right ventricular (RV) volume (V) has been demonstrated, no method has been validated by comparison with independent measurements of volume, and none has been applied to the systematic analysis of RVV characteristics in man. In the present study, postmortem casts of the human RV were used to determine a regression analysis for RVV for biplane frontal and lateral films by the Simpson's rule technique (true volume = 0.749 calculated volume, r = 0.99, see 3.7 ml, for casts ranging in volume from 20 to 115 ml). This method was then employed to estimate RVV from biplane cineangiograms of 32 patients. The validity of RVV measurements in vivo was corroborated by close correlation of stroke volumes estimated independently by angiographic and indicator dilution methods (r = 0.98, see 4.1 ml). In nine patients with normal RV hemodynamics RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) averaged 81 ml/m2 (range 63 to 101 ml/m2); ejection fraction (EF) averaged 0.51 (range 0.40 to ...
Variable-Temperature High-Resolution Proton NMR Study of Laboratory-Frame and Rotating-Frame Spin−Lattice Relaxation in Coals

We have carried out the first systematic in situ variable-temperature (25-180 °C) high-resolution proton NMR study of laboratory-frame and rotating-frame proton spin-lattice relaxation of coal samples, based on the CRAMPS technique. For coal samples that have been exposed to air, we confirmed the fact that paramagnetic oxygen is the main source of laboratory-frame proton spin-lattice relaxation (T 1 ). We demonstrate that paramagnetic oxygen trapped in coal can be used as a sensitive probe for monitoring structural and dynamical changes in coal as the temperature is varied. High-temperature spin-lattice relaxation experiments help to reveal the structural heterogeneity of coal because of reduced proton and electron spin-diffusion rates at high temperature. Large domains, on the order of 200-800 A, with distinctively different paramagnetic oxygen concentrations, were found in all three coal samples studied, consisting of one low-volatile and two high-volatile bituminous coals from the Argonne Premium Coal bank. In particular, we found that aliphatic-rich domains with a length-scale larger than 500 A exist in Premium Coal 601. The observed dependences of the rotating-frame 1 H spin-lattice relaxation time T 1p on the strength of the spin-lock field and temperature support the view that the main relaxation mechanism is time-dependent 1 H- 1 H dipolar interactions in coals. From these dependences, we estimate that the correlation time of molecular motion responsible for rotating-frame proton spin-lattice relaxation in coals is on the order of 5 μs, which is in agreement with conclusions drawn from previous proton dipolar-dephasing studies. Two T 1p values were identified for each of the three coal samples studied, indicating the existence of structural heterogeneity in coal on a spatial scale of at least 50 A. The sizes of heterogeneous domains in coal are estimated on the basis of measured spin-lattice relaxation times and the analysis of proton spin-diffusion processes.
Thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of adenosine 5′-diphosphate, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate with Mg2+ from 323.15 to 398.15 K

The interaction of adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) with Mg2+ in water has been studied calorimetrically at 323.15, 348.15, 373.15, and 398.15 K for ATP and at 348.15 and 373.15 K for ADP. The enthalpies of reaction of Mg2+ with ADP and ATP were obtained from the heats of mixing of aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium salts of ADP and ATP with MgCl2 solutions in an isothermal flow calorimeter. Equilibrium constant (K), enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°), and heat capacity change (ΔCp°) values were calculated for the interaction: Mg2++Ln−=MgL2−n and Mg2++MgL2−n=Mg2L4−n, where n=4 for L=ATP and n=3 for L=ADP. The results are consistent with those at lower temperatures. For the two nucleotides studied, the above two reactions are endothermic and entropy-driven in the temperature range studied. Large ΔCp° values for the interaction of Mg2+ with ADP with ATP indicate the involvement of phosphate groups of nucleotides in the coordination of Mg2+. The coordination of the first and second Mg2+ ions involves the phosphate chain in both ADP and ATP. No evidence was found for the involvement of the adenine ring or the ribose moiety in the coordination of Mg2+ with these nucleotides. Approximate values of logK, ΔH°, and ΔS°, and ΔCp° for the self-association of ADP and ATP in the presence of Mg2+ are also given.
The Use of Narrative in Understanding how Cancer Affects Development: The Stories of One Cancer Survivor

Although cancer disrupts development, the experience of having cancer is often understood using developmental theories that do not assume serious illness at an early age. This article presents a narrative analysis of one patient's story of survivorship. She tells three interrelated stories: how others have reacted to her illness; her struggles to understand her illness; and how it has changed her priorities. Taken together, her stories comprise an account of how the experience has affected her development. Her story is an example of how individuals integrate unusual life events into their development. It suggests that focusing more on how unusual life experiences contribute to development may expand and enrich our understanding of developmental processes.
Extruded foams from microbial poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) and its blends with cellulose acetate butyrate

Extrusion foaming of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and two blends of PHBV with cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) were studied using an azodicarbonamide (AZ) blowing agent and a single-screw extruder. The concentration of the blowing agent was systematically varied from 0 to 4.0 phr to achieve maximum density reduction reaching 41%, as well as to obtain information on the dependence of cell growth on blowing agent concentration. Extruded foams were characterized in terms of their bulk densities and cellular morphologies. Stereological and statistical methods permitted full characterization of the three-dimensional cell size distributions, assessing the average cell diameters (ranging from 58 to 290 μm) and cell densities (ranging from 650 to 180,000 cm−3). The variation in cellular morphology among foams consisting of different polymer matrix or blowing agent concentration was compared. The results were analyzed by considering the influence of viscoelastic properties of the polymer matrix on the bubble growth during foaming. Significantly higher melt viscosity and elasticity and reduced gas solubility of the PHBV/CAB blends are believed to retard cell coalescence and collapse during foam expansion, resulting in more uniform cell size distribution and better homogeneity of cellular morphology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
On the generation of large-scale homogeneous turbulence

An active turbulence generating grid, based on the rotating-vane design of Makita (1991), was developed for a large wind tunnel. At 2.14 m square, the grid is the largest of this type ever developed. To improve the isotropy of the turbulence generated, the grid was placed in the wind tunnel contraction. Measurements show that the grid produces a closely uniform mean flow and homogeneous isotropic turbulence to within two integral scales from the wall. By systematically varying the flow speed and parameters controlling the random motion of the vanes, grid turbulence with a wide variety of characteristics was produced and the dependence of those characteristics on the operating parameters of the grid revealed. Taylor Reynolds numbers of the grid turbulence varied from 100 to 1,360 and integral scales from 5 to almost 70 cm. The extreme cases represent some of the highest Reynolds number and largest scale homogeneous turbulent flows ever generated in a wind tunnel.
Enantioselectivity of adsorption sites created by chiral 2-butanol adsorbed on Pt(111) single-crystal surfaces

The adsorption and thermal chemistry of 2-butanol and propylene oxide, each individually and when coadsorbed together, were characterized on Pt(111) single-crystal surfaces by using temperature programmed desorption and reflection-adsorption infrared spectroscopies. The formation of chiral superstructures on the surface upon the deposition of submonolayer coverages of enantiopure 2-butoxide species, produced by thermal dehydrogenation of 2-butanol, was highlighted by their difference in behavior toward the adsorption of the two enantiomers of propylene oxide. It was found that a significant enhancement in adsorption is possible on surfaces with the same chirality of the probe molecule, that is, for (R)-propylene oxide adsorption on (R)-2-butoxide layers and for (S)-propylene oxide adsorption on (S)-2-butoxide layers. The propylene oxide probe was found to also adsorb with the ring closer to the surface in those cases. Finally, less butoxide decomposition is seen at higher temperatures from the homochiral ...
Is Hume's shade of blue a red herring?

The existence of an idea of a missing shade of blue contradicts Hume's first principle that simple ideas all derive from corresponding simple impressions. Hume dismisses the ‘exception’ to his principle as unimportant. Why does he do so? His later account of distinctions of reason suggests a systematic way of dealing with simple ideas not derived from simple impressions. Why does he not return to the problem of the missing shade, having offered that account? Several suggestions as to Hume's solution of the problem of the missing shade (not all appealing to distinctions of reason) are explored with an eye both to their adequacy as Humean solutions and their value as clues to his dismissal of the problem. Hypotheses concerning the latter perplexity are formulated and discussed as well. Senses in which the missing shade of blue is or may be a red herring are identified. In course, this author names Hume's missing shade ‘marjorie grene’. Historians of philosophy will want to adopt this nomenclature.
Jastrow-correlated wave functions for flat-band lattices

The electronic band structure of many compounds, e.g., carbon-based structures, can exhibit essentially no dispersion. Models of electrons in flat-band lattices define nonperturbative strongly correlated problems by default. We construct a set of Jastrow-correlated ansatz wavefunctions to capture the low energy physics of interacting particles in flat bands. We test the ansatzin a simple Coulomb model of spinless electrons in a honeycomb ribbon. We find that the wavefunction accurately captures the ground state in a transition from a crystal to a uniform quantum liquid.
Prevalence and Incidence of Alveolar Bone Disease in Men

Although many studies have been con­ ducted on the etiology, pathogenesis and treatm ent of the class of periodontal dis­ eases characterized by destruction of the alveolar bone and ultim ate loss of the teeth; that is, periodontitis simplex, perio­ dontosis and periodontitis complex, a re­ view of the literature revealed few reports on the prevalence of these diseases in a large sample of the adult population.1 This study was initiated to determine the prevalence and incidence of alveolar bone diseases in a representative sample of the adult male population in Chicago.
P1-262: Memory formation in middle-aged adults: Dynamics of the bold signal across repetitions

Background: Memory formation and retrieval is a dynamic process that employs a network of brain regions. Here we aim to investigate the neural correlates of memory formation in healthy middle-aged individuals using an event-related fMRI paradigm. Methods: Participants were asked to remember forty simple line drawings of objects that were presented and repeated three times in a pseudo-random order while collecting fMRI data. Two conceptual approaches were used to analyze the fMRI images. First, we used a traditional approach with parametric modulation based on repetition to investigate which regions showed attenuation in the BOLD response over repetitions. In the second approach, we examined how the hippocampus interacts with other brain regions across repetitions. Using an in-house variant of psychophysiological interactions (PPI) to investigate context-dependent connectivity, we were able to identify regions where connectivity with the left and right hippocampus did not change over repetition (repetition-invariant connectivity [RI]) and regions that changed with repetition (repetitiondependent connectivity [RD]). Results: The first approach revealed numerous regions exhibiting an adaptation response including the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral occipital lobes, and lateral frontal lobes. The second approach provides a dynamic picture of memory representation in the network over time. Early memory representation, at least for visual stimuli, appears dependent upon synchronous activation of the hippocampus, occipital lobes, and frontal regions; whereas representation during later encoding requires less connectivity between hippocampus and visual processing areas [RD], but continues to evoke similar connectivity with frontal regions [RI]. Conclusions: Importantly, these findings demonstrate a need to consider the effects of repetition on the BOLD signal in any memory paradigm. In addition to informing our understanding of normal memory function in terms of functional brain networks, we believe these methods will be critical to investigating memory change in aging and disease. Specifically, our in-house variant of PPI allows investigators to identify which connections, involved in a cognitive process, might be altered between groups. In the future, we aim at investigating the impact of risk-factors for Alzheimer’s disease on the alteration of these memory systems.
Human 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-24-Hydroxylase, a Multicatalytic Enzyme†

Human 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase has been expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cells using the previously cloned cDNA in baculovirus (AcNPV-P450cc24). The activity of recombinant h-P450cc24 required adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH. Incubation of this reconstituted system with 25-OH-[26,27-3H]D3 substrate produced several metabolites that were resolved on a normal-phase cyano HPLC system. These products exactly comigrated with authentic standards for 24-oxo-25-OH-D3, 23(S),25-(OH)2D3, 24(R),25-(OH)2D3, and 24-oxo-23(S),25-(OH)2D3. The soluble proteins from Sf21 cells infected with wild-type baculovirus produced neither 24,25-(OH)2D3 nor any of the other 25-OH-D3 metabolites. The products were isolated and subjected to a normal-phase amino HPLC for further separation, purification, and characterization. Comigration on two HPLC systems, periodate cleavage reactions, and NaBH4 reduction established clearly the identity of these metabolites. Incubation of recombinant h-P450cc2...
Solution of atmospheric diffusion problems by pseudo-spectral and orthogonal collocation methods

Abstract Atmospheric diffusion problems are generally approached by numerical solution of the atmospheric diffusion equation to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric contaminants. Two numerical techniques not previously used for atmospheric diffusion problems, the pseudo-spectral method and orthogonal collocation on finite elements, are adapted for use in such problems. The diffusion of an inert contaminant from an elevated, crosswind line source is considered in detail as a test problem for the two methods.
Identity variance for multi-object estimation

We define the notion of an "identity variance" for expressing the level of uncertainty between target identities in a PDF representing the states of multiple targets. This, coupled with an OSPA covariance introduced in past work, can form a basis for evaluating both the accuracy of the state estimates as well as the confidence in the identities of the states. A potential application of the identity variance is as a criterion for choosing between waveforms optimized for producing accurate position estimates versus good classification information on a multifunction radar.
On non-negative spectrum in Banach algebras

Let A be a complex Banach algebra with an identity 1. In this note we study the subset Λ of A consisting of all g ∈ A such that the spectrum of g , sp ( g ), contains at least one non-negative real number. Clearly Λ is not, in general, a semi-group with respect to either addition or multiplication. However, Λ is an instance of a subset Q of A with the following properties, where ρ( f ) denotes the spectral radius of f ( 4 , p. 30).
Evolutionary Theory and Theology: A Mutually Illuminative Dialogue

. Scientific perspectives often are perceived to challenge biblically based cosmologies and theologies. Arthur Peacocke, biochemist and theologian, recognized that this challenge actually represents an opportunity for Christian theology to reenvision and reinterpret its traditions in ways that take into account scientific theories of evolution. In the course of his career, Peacocke offered a new paradigm for the dialogue between theology and science. This paper explores his proposals, in particular his theories of language, the God-world relation, and the nature of God, and exemplifies the impact these proposals had on his theological insights.
Westland row why so slow?: fusing social media and linked data sources for understanding real-time traffic conditions

The advent of real-time traffic streaming offers users the opportunity to visualise current traffic conditions and congestion information. However, real-time information highlighting the underlying reason for tail-backs remains largely unexplored. Broken traffic lights, an accident, a large concert, or road-works reveal important information for citizens and traffic operators alike. Providing such information in real-time requires intelligent mechanisms and user interfaces in order to (i) harness heterogeneous data sources (volume, velocity, variety, veracity) and (ii) make derived knowledge consumable so users can visualize traffic conditions and congestion information making better routing decisions while travelling. This work focuses on surfacing relevant information and explaining the underlying reasons behind traffic conditions. To this end, static data from event providers, planned road works together with dynamically emerging events such as a traffic accidents, localized weather conditions or unplanned obstructions are captured through social media to provide users real-time feedback to highlight the causes of traffic congestion.
Electric field effect in a conducting binary critical mixture

Abstract We investigate the change in the concentration-concentration correlation function to lowest order in an electric field, when the electric field is applied to a conducting binary critical mixture so that power is dissipated. We obtain an estimate of the size of the electric field, as a function of temperature, which must be applied in order that an appreciable effect is obtained. We briefly apply our results to a critical mixture of isobutyric acid and water.
PTP LAR expression compared to prognostic indices in metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer.

Several prognostic indices in breast cancer, including c-erbB2, epithelial growth factor receptors (EGFR), estrogen and progesterone receptors are signal transduction molecules. Recently, expression of another signal transduction molecule, the protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR, has been suggested to be increased in breast cancer. The objective of the current investigation was to examine the relationship between LAR expression and prognostic parameters in breast cancer. LAR expression was associated with metastatic potential in the well-characterized 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma clones. The metastatic MTLn3 and MTLn2 clones expressed sizable amounts of LAR. The essentially non-metastatic MTC clone had little LAR expression. C-erbB2 had highest expression in the highly metastatic MTLn3 clone, but c-erbB2 levels were sizeable in the weakly metastatic MTLn2 and non-metastatic MTC clone. EGFR expression had the strongest association with a clone's metastatic potential, being very high in MTLn3, weak in MTLn2, and undetectable in MTC. In human breast cancer specimens, LAR expression was strongly positive in 50% of metastatic cases but in only 21% of ‘non-metastatic’ cases. As with the 13762NF-derived clones, c-erbB2 expression was strongly positive independent of metastatic phenotype. However, 46% (6/13) of cases that were strongly positive for c-erbB2 were strongly positive for LAR. Only 17% (2/11) of negative or weakly c-erbB2 positive samples were strongly positive for LAR. All ER+ positive tumors (n = 15) were positive for LAR and 53% of these tumors were strongly positive for LAR. In ER− negative cases, only 1 of 11 was strongly positive for LAR. While the current data indicate a strong association between ER and LAR expression in breast cancer tissue (p = 0.003), additional studies are warranted to further explore the relationship between LAR and prognostic indices of breast cancer progression.
The effects of age and focality on delay-execute prospective memory

ABSTRACT In everyday prospective remembering, individuals must often delay the execution of a retrieved intention until they are in the appropriate setting. These so-called ‘delay-execute’ tasks are particularly troublesome for older adults, who consistently demonstrate impaired performance in this kind of laboratory task. To better understand this effect, we investigated delay-execute prospective memory performance in younger and older adults. Specifically, we examined the strategies individuals used to maintain intentions over a delay period by analyzing response times to the ongoing task, both before and after the cue event. The results suggest that younger and older individuals perform the task similarly by rehearsing or reformulating the intention. Despite performing the task in a similar manner, older adults showed greater impairments in delay-execute prospective remembering.
Low Resolution Structure of Mitochondrial Rho Protein via SAXS

The results of a small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) study of the mitochondrial rho (miro) protein are discussed. The radius of gyration in solution is found to be 44.4 +/- 0.2 Angstrom from the pair-distance distribution function, in agreement with previous estimations. A DAMMIN reconstruction using 1100 dummy atoms with 3.6Angstrom radius shows a compact conformation featuring several sub-units. This agrees with a sequence analysis suggesting that miro contains at least two GTPase domains and two central EF-hand domains. We also show that within the resolution of our measurements miro remains structurally unchanged in the presence of 3mM Calcium.
Public Reflection as the Basis of Learning

It is through public reflection that we may create a collective identity as a community of inquiry. But how does public reflection differ from introspection, and how does it contribute to self and organizational learning? In this article, the author uncovers the many traditions which constitute the process of critical reflective practice, as may be practiced as part of a project-based learning experience. After defining the concept, the article illustrates why reflection is fundamental to learning and how it can be brought out in the company of trusted others through dialogue. The article goes on to illuminate the relationships between public reflection and the common good, experience, and time, as well as to characterize the skills associated with reflective practice.
NOTES ON THREE WESTERN ATLANTIC DEEP-SEA CRABS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA)

In June of 1999, Dr. James Welch, at that time working at Harbor Branch Oc?anographie Institution, collected several specimens of deep-sea crabs using the submarine "Johnson Sea Link II" in the western Atlantic. Four specimens were sent to us for identification. In addition, video footage of some of the crabs taken just prior to their collection was also sent to us. In this note, we describe slight geographic range and/or depth extensions for all three species and provide the first observations on feeding behavior in the homolid crab Homola minima Guinot & Richer de Forges, 1995.
Turning a Negative into a Positive: Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Recent technological advances have illuminated the role of GABAergic neurons in control of cortical arousal and sleep. Sleep-promoting GABAergic neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus are well-known. Less well appreciated are GABAergic projection neurons in the brainstem, midbrain, hypothalamus and basal forebrain which paradoxically promote arousal and fast electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. Thus, GABA is not purely a sleep-promoting neurotransmitter. GABAergic projection neurons in the brainstem nucleus incertus and ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden promote theta (4-8 Hz) rhythms. Ventral tegmental area GABAergic neurons, neighboring midbrain dopamine neurons, project to the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. They discharge faster during cortical arousal, and regulate reward. Thalamic reticular nucleus GABAergic neurons initiate sleep spindles in non-REM sleep. In addition, however, during wakefulness they tonically regulate the activity of thalamocortical neurons. Other GABAergic inputs to the thalamus arising in the globus pallidus pars interna, substantia nigra pars reticulata, zona incerta and basal forebrain regulate motor activity, arousal, attention and sensory transmission. Several subpopulations of cortically-projecting GABAergic neurons in the basal forebrain project to the thalamus and neocortex and preferentially promote cortical gamma-band (30-80 Hz) activity and wakefulness. Unlike sleep-active GABAergic neurons, these ascending GABAergic neurons are fast-firing neurons which disinhibit and synchronize the activity of their forebrain targets, promoting the fast EEG rhythms typical of conscious states. They are prominent targets of GABAergic hypnotic agents. Understanding the properties of ascending GABAergic neurons may lead to novel treatments for diseases involving disorders of cortical activation and wakefulness.
Forest-Air Fluxes Of Carbon, Water And Energy Over Non-Flat Terrain

A field study of surface-air exchange of carbon, water, and energy was conducted at a mid-latitude, mixed forest on non-flat terrain to investigate how to best interpret biological signals from the eddy flux data that may be subject to advective influences. It is shown that during periods of Southwest winds (sector with mild topography), the eddy fluxes are well-behaved in terms of energy balance closure, the existence of a constant flux layer, consistency with chamber observations and the expected abiotic controls on the fluxes. Advective influences are evident during periods with wind from a steep (15%) slope to the Northeast of the tower. These influences appear more severe on CO2 flux, particularly in stable air, than on the energy fluxes. Large positive flux of CO2 (> 23 µmol m −2 s −1 ) occurs frequently at night. The annual sum of the carbon flux is positive, but the issue about whether the forest is a source of atmospheric carbon remains inconclusive. Attempts are made to assess vertical advection using the data collected on a single tower. Over the Southwest sector, vertical advection makes a statistically significant but small contribution to the 30-min energy imbalance and CO2 flux variations. Contributions by horizontal advection may be larger but cannot be verified directly by the current experimental method.
The Origins of the RNA World

The general notion of an "RNA World" is that, in the early development of life on the Earth, genetic continuity was assured by the replication of RNA and genetically encoded proteins were not involved as catalysts. There is now strong evidence indicating that an RNA World did indeed exist before DNA- and protein-based life. However, arguments regarding whether life on Earth began with RNA are more tenuous. It might be imagined that all of the components of RNA were available in some prebiotic pool, and that these components assembled into replicating, evolving polynucleotides without the prior existence of any evolved macromolecules. A thorough consideration of this "RNA-first" view of the origin of life must reconcile concerns regarding the intractable mixtures that are obtained in experiments designed to simulate the chemistry of the primitive Earth. Perhaps these concerns will eventually be resolved, and recent experimental findings provide some reason for optimism. However, the problem of the origin of the RNA World is far from being solved, and it is fruitful to consider the alternative possibility that RNA was preceded by some other replicating, evolving molecule, just as DNA and proteins were preceded by RNA.
Using SPIRAL (Single Pollen Isotope Ratio AnaLysis) to estimate C3- and C4-grass abundance in the paleorecord

Abstract C3 and C4 grasses differ greatly in their responses to environmental controls and influences on biogeochemical processes (e.g. water, carbon, and nutrient cycling). Difficulties in distinguishing between these two functional groups of grasses have hindered paleoecological studies of grass-dominated ecosystems. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of individual grains of grass pollen using a spooling-wire microcombustion device interfaced with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer holds promise for improving C3 and C4 grass reconstructions. This technique, SPIRAL (Single Pollen Isotope Ratio AnaLysis), has only been evaluated using pollen of known C3 and C4 grasses. To test the ability of SPIRAL to reproduce the abundance of C3 and C4 grasses on the landscape, we measured δ13C values of > 1500 individual grains of grass pollen isolated from the surface sediments of ten lakes in areas that span a large gradient of C3- and C4-grass abundance, as determined from vegetation surveys. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between the δ13C-based estimates of % C4-grass pollen and the abundance of C4 grasses on the landscape. The % C4-grass pollen slightly underestimates the actual abundance of C4 grasses at sites with high proportions of C4 grasses, which can be corrected using regression analysis. Comparison of the % C4-grass pollen with C/N and δ13C measurements of bulk organic matter illustrates the distinct advantages of grass-pollen δ13C as a proxy for distinguishing C3 and C4 shifts within the grass family. Thus SPIRAL promises to advance our understanding of grassland ecology and evolution.
Studies with ZD1839 in preclinical models

Abstract ZD1839 (Iressa; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) is an orally active, selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) that blocks signaling pathways responsible for driving proliferation, invasion, and survival of cancer cells. In preclinical studies of cell lines and human tumor xenografts, ZD1839 as single-agent therapy produced growth inhibition in a wide variety of common solid tumor types including lung, prostate, breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. In these models, ZD1839 inhibited growth of tumor xenografts with high, moderate, and low expression of EGFR. The A431 vulvar carcinoma model, which expresses abnormally high levels of EGFR, was particularly sensitive to ZD1839 treatment, leading to tumor regression. When ZD1839 was coadministered with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents or radiotherapy, additive or even synergistic antitumor activity was achieved. The inhibition observed with ZD1839 treatment was not restricted to advanced metastatic tumors, but also extended to early lesions such as breast xenografts of human ductal carcinoma in situ. Inhibition of EGFR-TK has also been shown to delay the onset of tumor development in a transgenic animal model. The diverse and profound antitumor activities attained with ZD1839 treatment in tumor cells and in xenograft tumor models provided the rationale for clinical development of ZD1839. Ongoing preclinical studies continue to support the importance of EGFR-TK activity in the biology of solid tumors. Semin Oncol 30 (suppl 1):12-20. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Rhodium Bis(quinolinyl)benzene Complexes for Methane Activation and Functionalization

A series of rhodium(III) bis(quinolinyl)benzene (bisq^x) complexes was studied as candidates for the homogeneous partial oxidation of methane. Density functional theory (DFT) (M06 with Poisson continuum solvation) was used to investigate a variety of (bisq^x) ligand candidates involving different functional groups to determine the impact on Rh^(III)(bisq^x)-catalyzed methane functionalization. The free energy activation barriers for methane C H activation and Rh–methyl functionalization at 298 K and 498 K were determined. DFT studies predict that the best candidate for catalytic methane functionalization is Rh^(III) coordinated to unsubstituted bis(quinolinyl)benzene (bisq). Support is also found for the prediction that the η^2-benzene coordination mode of (bisq^x) ligands on Rh encourages methyl group functionalization by serving as an effective leaving group for S_N2 and S_R2 attack.
Seasonal patterns and trends of fastest 2-min winds at coastal stations in the conterminous USA

Weather extremes have a substantial societal impact, particularly in increasingly densely populated coastal areas. This research uses ‘fastest 2-min wind’ records at land-based coastal automated weather stations in the conterminous United States to characterize seasonal patterns of ‘extreme’ wind speed. The records also are examined for evidence of trends in the fastest winds that may be indicative of changes in cyclone activity over the available period of record (13–19 years). Fastest 2-min winds at stations along the Pacific, western Gulf, and northern Atlantic coasts have a winter maximum and a summer minimum, similar to the seasonal variation in mean wind speeds. In contrast, the fastest winds at southern Atlantic and eastern Gulf coast stations show a winter minimum and a summer maximum that is opposite what is observed for mean speeds. Over the period of available record, many coastal stations show positive trends in the fastest 2-min wind speeds in winter, spring and summer. Negative trends are most frequent in the autumn. On an annual basis, the trends in fastest 2-min winds are consistent with the results of satellite-derived near-coastal oceanic wind speed assessments. Examination of daily weather maps and synoptic composites supports the interpretation that extratropical cyclone activity is the primary driver of the fastest wind speeds at most stations, with tropical systems and mesoscale features such as thunderstorms producing some of the fastest winds during the summer and autumn.
Using an innovative approach to shorten coaching and assessment time when applying the Baldrige Health Care Criteria for Performance Excellence in a substance abuse treatment setting

This study reports on an innovative pilot project that implemented the Baldrige Health Care Criteria for Performance Excellence in a substance abuse treatment programme, with the immediate goal of producing a Baldrige Feedback Report, and identifying ten specific high-priority Opportunities For Improvement (OFI) action items from among the criteria categories. We have been unable to discover any other literature citations in the application of Performance Excellence to substance abuse treatment services, even though a great body of literature exists for health care services. This experimental project used an innovative approach to shorten significantly the normal coaching and assessment time used by organizations when applying the Baldridge criteria. The Substance Abuse Foundation (SAF) of Long Beach, California, participated in a 10-week intervention to determine the suitability of the Baldrige criteria to substance abuse treatment programmes. A current national Baldrige examiner and a state Baldrige exa...
Optimal controlled trajectories for a mathematical model of anti-angiogenic therapy in cancer

Anti-angiogenic therapy is a novel treatment approach in cancer therapy that aims at preventing a tumor from developing a network of blood vessels and capillaries that it needs for its supply of nutrients to further its growth. In this paper, a mathematical model for anti-angiogenic treatment that is based on a biologically validated model by Hahnfeldt, Panigrahy, Folkman and Hlatky is considered. Using geometric methods from optimal control theory, in [20] a full solution was given for the problem of scheduling an a priori given amount of anti-angiogenic agents when dosage and effectiveness of the agent are identified. The anchor piece of the optimal synthesis is an order 1 singular arc whose control saturates. In this paper the structure of this optimal synthesis near the saturation point is developed in detail.