cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreperiod effect on time estimation and simple reaction time

Abstract The nature of temporal experience associated with foreperiod duration was studied with respect to verbal estimation and temporal reproduction of stimulus duration, and also simple reaction time. When foreperiod was variable, decrease of foreperiod duration was accompanied by a tendency for relative underestimation of subsequent stimulus duration. Such tendency was eliminated when a relatively shorter foreperiod was presented more frequently than a longer foreperiod. Marked similarity of the effect of foreperiod duration between time estimation and simple reaction time experiments was demonstrated.
Dual cardiac microdialysis to assess drug-induced changes in interstitial purine metabolites: adenosine deaminase inhibition versus adenosine kinase inhibition

Objective : The purpose of this study was: 1) to evaluate a dual microdialysis technique coupled with local drug administration in the regionally ischemic rabbit heart, and; 2) to assess the ischemia-induced changes in interstitial fluid (ISF) adenosine during inhibition of adenosine deaminase or adenosine kinase. Methods : Two microdialysis probes were implanted parallel to each other and separated by 5 mm in myocardium perfused by a branch of the left coronary artery. Probes were used to sample myocardial ISF and to deliver drugs locally to the myocardium; purine metabolite concentrations in the collected dialysate were used as indices of ISF levels. Three groups of pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits were studied. In a control group ( n = 6), both probes were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. In the second and third groups, one probe was perfused with buffer, whereas the other probe was perfused with buffer containing 1 mM erythro -2-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) ( n = 5), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, or 10 μM iodotubercidin ( n = 9), an adenosine kinase inhibitor. All animals were exposed to 30 min of regional myocardial ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Results : In the control group, similar increases in dialysate purine metabolites during ischemia were observed in both probes. Locally administered EHNA increased dialysate adenosine prior to ischemia and decreased dialysate inosine and hypoxanthine. During ischemia, the increase in dialysate adenosine in the EHNA-perfused probe was markedly augmented, while the increases in inosine and hypoxanthine were attenuated. In contrast, local infusion of iodotubercidin did not alter dialysate purine metabolites before ischemia, but there was a modest augmentation of adenosine during ischemia. These data illustrate the feasibility of dual microdialysis for assessing the effect of locally administered compounds on interstitial metabolite concentration in the regionally ischemic rabbit heart. Furthermore, adenosine deaminase inhibition has a more profound adenosine augmenting effect than adenosine kinase inhibition in the rabbit heart.
Setting the stage for the metacognition during hypermedia learning

Think-aloud and self-report data from 85 undergraduates were used to examine the relationship between motivation constructs and metacognition during hypermedia learning. Participants used hypermedia for 30?min to learn about the circulatory system. Think-aloud data were collected during this 30-min learning task to determine the extent to which participants used metacognitive processes related to monitoring: their understanding, the environment, and goals. Additionally, participants completed a self-report questionnaire, which measured various motivation constructs. Results from stepwise regressions indicated that self-efficacy significantly predicted the extent to which participants monitored emerging understanding and relevancy of content in the environment. Additionally, results indicated that extrinsic motivation significantly predicted the extent to which participants monitored their learning task goals with hypermedia. Lastly, results indicated a significant, positive relationship between self-efficacy and prior domain knowledge. Self-efficacy predicted participants' monitoring of understanding.Self-efficacy predicted participants' monitoring relevancy of content.Extrinsic motivation predicted monitoring goals.Prior domain knowledge positively related to self-efficacy.
Women's Activism on the Net

The ferment of activity we see on the Internet by women is an example of how womens place-based politics is stretching old boundaries and creating new spaces for women to network organize and change the world. We need to overcome the fear that many women have around technologies and work more on how to create safe cyber environments that provide committed support to women often in emergency situations. Despite the undoubted problems and concerns around access and control women are adapting the medium and making it a powerful tool for womens place-based politics. It is stretching out our collective experiences and moving forward the political terrain for gendered social change. (excerpt)
Synthesis and chemical functionalization of high surface area dendrimer-based xerogels and their use as new catalyst supports

Second- and third-generation alkoxysilyl-terminated carbosilane dendrimers have been used as building blocks for the synthesis of high surface area xerogels, which were characterized by 29Si CP MAS NMR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption porosimetry, IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus, the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of Si[CH2CH2CH2Si(CH2CH2Si(OEt)3)3]4 (G2-(OEt)36) and Si{CH2CH2CH2Si[CH2CH2CH2Si(CH2CH2Si(OEt)3)3]3}4 (G3-(OEt)108) in benzene solution yielded monolithic gels. The resulting xerogels, X-G2benz and X-G3benz, have surface areas of 600 and 800 m2/g, respectively. The surface area of these xerogels increase with increasing dendritic radii, suggesting that the dendrimer building blocks of X-G2benz are compressed onto one another to a greater extent than the corresponding dendrimers that comprise X-G3benz. The isolation of monoliths from benzene solution suggests that the hydrophobic interior of the dendrimers keeps the poly...
An analysis of the relationship between land use and arsenic, vanadium, nitrate and boron contamination in the Gulf Coast aquifer of Texas

Summary Data for arsenic, vanadium, nitrate, and boron contamination were obtained from groundwater monitoring samples of the Gulf Coast aquifer of Texas. Using water samples from 1990 to 2006 from 1270 wells, results were spatially and statistically analyzed. The aquifer was divided into two regions based on annual precipitation, high precipitation in the north and lower to the south. All constituents were found to exceed the established maximum contaminant levels (MCL) or Health Risk Limits (HRL) in some samples from the study area. High boron and arsenic values were found to be significantly more common in the southern region, with 60% of boron samples over the HRL and 40% of arsenic samples over the MCL. Statistically significant negative correlation between nitrate and well depth suggests a surface source for the constituent. Statistically significant correlations between vanadium and arsenic suggest a geologic source. Analysis of oil/gas wells in the region suggests that oilfield discharge is not a source for boron.
Predictive value of a negative computed tomographic scan in 100 patients with rectal carcinoma

The predictive value of a negative computed tomographic (CT) scan was assessed in a group of 100 patients with rectal carcinoma by correlating operative findings and pathologic stages in the patients who had no evidence of extrapelvic metastases on a preoperative CT scan. Sixty-four patients (64 percent) had stage T3 or T4 tumors. Ten patients had unsuspected distant metastases for an overall negative predictive value of 90 percent. Seven patients had small liver metastases, and three had periaortic nodal metastases. Six of the patients with liver metastases had them completely resected at the original laparotomy. The predictive value of the CT scan diminished in the patients who were selected to receive full-dose preoperative radiation therapy and had a mean delay of 12 weeks between CT scan and laparotomy. The preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels were of no value in predicting the presence of distant metastases. These results show that a negative CT scan will fail to detect 10 percent of patients with small liver metastases or positive periaortic nodes.
Contributions to the mathematical theory of human relations: V

Previously derived equations for the control of the behavior of one social group by another are developed further. Cases of interaction of three social classes are studied, and the variation of such an interaction with time is investigated. A previously derived equation for the ratio of urban to rural population is generalized, and a theory of interaction of industrial and agricultural classes is outlined. Some of the theoretically derived equations are compared with available sociological data and found in fair agreement.
Presidential address: Research ownership, communication of results, and threats to objectivity in client‐driven research

A disturbing saga of suppression of research results came to public light in April 1996 [see King, 1996]. The story began in 1987, when a university pharmacy professor accepted a contract from a pharmaceutical company to test a brand-name thyroid drug (produced by the company) against three less expensive (one brand-name, two generic) alternatives. The professor signed a contract that specified the research protocol and experimental design in detail. The contract also included a confidentiality provision prohibiting publication of the results without client permission. The results submitted in 1990 turned out to be “unfavorable” to the company: The study concluded that the four drug preparations were “bioequivalent,” despite the much higher cost of the company’s formulation. The company responded by: (1) waging a 4-year campaign to discredit the study; (2) denying the professor permission to publish by invoking the confidentiality clause in the contract, forcing the professor to withdraw a Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) article 12 days before its scheduled publication in 1995; and (3) publishing the company’s interpretation of the data, without acknowledgment of the original study, in a journal supported in part by the company [see Rennie, 1997]. “Justice” finally prevailed, some 7 years after the study’s completion, under the pressure of adverse publicity [see Altman, 1997a, 1997b; Sternberg, 1997]. The original article was recently published in JAMA after the company withdrew its objections. The study utilized a randomized, four-way crossover trial with a completed sample size of 22; the published article had seven authors [see Dong et al., 1997]. Although this saga involves an extreme compounding of several events in a single study funded by the pharmaceutical industry, elements of the story are common to the broader domain of policy research. Individuals and institutions conducting client-funded research encounter contractual restrictions on their right to disseminate results, and they may face pressure—often subtle—to alter the interpretation of their findings or the content of their reports. These restrictions and pressures may be present whether the client is a private firm, government agency, or foundation.
Analysis of shear strain imaging for classifying breast masses: Finite element and phantom results

Purpose: Features extracted from axial-shear strain images of breast masses have been previously utilized to differentiate and classify benign from malignant breast masses. In this paper, we compare shear strain patterns exhibited by both the full-shear (axial and lateral component) versus only the axial-shear strain component for differentiating between bound masses (malignant) when compared to unbound masses (benign). Methods: We examine different breast mass characteristics such as mass shape, asymmetric location of masses, stiffness variations, and mass bonding characteristics to background tissue to assess their impact on shear strain patterns generated due to a uniaxial applied deformation. Two-dimensional finite element simulations of both circular and elliptical inclusions embedded within a uniform background were utilized. Different degrees of bonding were characterized using friction coefficient values ranging from 0.01 to 100 denoting loosely bound to firmly bound masses. Single-inclusion tissue-mimicking phantoms mimicking firmly bound and loosely bound ellipsoidal masses oriented at four different angles to the applied deformation were studied to corroborate the mass differentiation performance. Results: Our results indicate that the normalized axial-shear strain and full-shear strain area features are larger for bound when compared to unbound masses. A higher stiffness ratio or contrast between the inclusion and background also improves differentiation. Larger applied deformations reduce the discrimination performance for masses with friction coefficients lower than 0.4, due to increased mass slippage with applied deformations. Potential errors with the use of these features would occur for unbound inclusions at larger applied deformations and for asymmetric mass positions within the background normal tissue. Conclusions: Finite element and tissue-mimicking phantom results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing both the normalized axial-shear and full-shear strain area features to classify breast masses. Differentiation between bound or unbound masses was not affected by the mass size or shape for masses where the applied deformation is normal to the mass surface. Shear strain patterns vary significantly especially within unbound masses, when the mass surface is not normal to the applied deformation. Discrimination performance for unbound masses was improved by utilizing only the normalized shear strain area patterns located outside the mass as illustrated in this paper.
A spontaneous, recurrent mutation in divalent metal transporter-1 exposes a calcium entry pathway.

Divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1/DCT1/Nramp2) is the major Fe2+ transporter mediating cellular iron uptake in mammals. Phenotypic analyses of animals with spontaneous mutations in DMT1 indicate that it functions at two distinct sites, transporting dietary iron across the apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells, and transporting endosomal iron released from transferrin into the cytoplasm of erythroid precursors. DMT1 also acts as a proton-dependent transporter for other heavy metal ions including Mn2+, Co2+, and Cu2, but not for Mg2+ or Ca2+. A unique mutation in DMT1, G185R, has occurred spontaneously on two occasions in microcytic (mk) mice and once in Belgrade (b) rats. This mutation severely impairs the iron transport capability of DMT1, leading to systemic iron deficiency and anemia. The repeated occurrence of the G185R mutation cannot readily be explained by hypermutability of the gene. Here we show that G185R mutant DMT1 exhibits a new, constitutive Ca2+ permeability, suggesting a gain of function that contributes to remutation and the mk and b phenotypes.
Factors to be considered in quantitative polarography with the rotated dropping mercury electrode

Abstract The various factors which affect limiting currents at the rotated dropping mercury electrode (RDME) are reviewed. The current at the RDME in the absence of surface active substances involves maxima of the second kind, even under conditions where these maxima are not observed at the conventional dropping mercury electrode (DME). For most practical purposes, it is necessary to eliminate the maxima completely by adding a suitable surface active compound. The presence of 0.01% polyacrylamide is recommended as a maximum suppressor in all polarographic work. At a suitable speed of rotation (200 to 300 r.p.m.) the sensitivity of the RDME in the presence of a surface active substance is about ten times as great as that of the DME. Equation (3), derived in a previous paper2 accounts quantitatively for the relation between limiting current in the presence of a suitable maximum suppressor on the one hand and the concentration and diffusion coefficient of electroactive species, speed of rotation, kinematic viscosity and the characteristics of the electrode (m and t) on the other. The limiting current is practically indepndent of the pressure of mercury, but varies with ta, where a ⩾ 0 5. For reversible reactions half-wave potentials at the RDME are of the same order of magnitude as observed at the DME. The slight difference observed in the reduction of metal ions to metal amalgams is accounted for quantitatively by the larger rate of transport of electroactive species to the RDME. The RDME is recommended for the analysis of solutions containing one or more electroactive species in concentration of less than about l0-4N. For markedly higher concentrations the DME ib generally preferred.
The frequency of PKU and hyperphenylalaninemia in Sweden - a study in institutions for the mentally retarded as well as in neonates

In a country-wide screening examination in Sweden, PKU was observed in 75 (4.5 per 1,000) and hyperphenylalaninemia in 14 (0.8 per 1,000) of a total of 16,805 patients in institutions for the mentally retarded. In the national neonatal screening program in 1965-1975, which covered nearly 1 million individuals, PKU was observed in 36 and hyperphenylalaninemia in 19 individuals. The incidences of PKU and hyperphenylalaninemia in newborns are calculated to be 1/26,000 and 1/50,000, respectively. In addition, PKU and hyperphenylalaninemia were diagnosed in 14 and 1 non-institutionalized individuals, respectively, born before September 1965. The total numbers of individuals detected as having PKU and hyperphenylalaninemia in Sweden in the present investigation are 125 and 34, respectively.
Influence of urinary solutes on phosphoric acid pK′2, ionic strength, and conductivity interrelationships

Abstract Phosphate pK′2 and electrical conductivity were determined experimentally in test solutions that contained dibasic and monobasic phosphate ions in constant 4:1 ratio but were varied in respect to total dilution, content of nonphosphate ions, and ionic strength. Empirical relationships between phosphate pK′2 and ionic strength, as well as theoretical relationships that have been relied upon in procedures employed by various authors for minimizing errors in urine TA evaluations, were shown to be appreciably altered by variations in electrolyte composition within concentration ranges that could be expected in normal 24-hour urine specimens. In contrast, empirical relationships between phosphate pK′2 and electrical conductivity at either 25 or 38° were shown to be relatively independent of composition changes in the test solutions. It was therefore generally possible to predict the values of phosphate pK′2 in test solutions, and presumably also in urines, with considerably greater accuracy by calculations from electrical conductivity than from ionic strength. Also, electrical conductivity, but not ionic strength, can readily be evaluated in urines and other solutions of undetermined ionic composition. These considerations suggested that procedures employing electrical conductivity as an index of phosphate pK′2 might be appreciably superior to previously described procedures, which have relied upon theoretical relationships between ionic strength and phosphate pK′2, for evaluating urine TA with increased accuracy.
2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of cytochrome P4501A in cultured rat and human hepatocytes

Abstract We report here a novel observation that 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced predominantly cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) in rat hepatocytes and predominantly CYP1A2 in human hepatocytes. As part of our research program to evaluate species-differences in response to CYP inducers, we studied the effects of TCDD on CYP1A activity, protein, and gene expression in primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes. TCDD was found to induce CYP1A activity, measured as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, in both rat and human hepatocytes. TCDD induction of EROD activity in human hepatocytes (2–5 fold of concurrent solvent control), was significantly lower than that found in rat hepatocytes (≈20-fold of concurrent solvent control). Two structural analogs of TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) and 6-nitro-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (6-NCDF), were also evaluated. As observed for TCDD, human hepatocytes consistently showed a lower response than rat hepatocytes. As most TCDD-related effects are believed to be mediated via binding of the TCDD-Ah receptor (AhR) complex to DNA, nuclear AhR levels were measured in rat and human hepatocytes after TCDD treatment. We found that the nuclear AhR levels in TCDD-treated rat hepatocytes were ≈4 times higher than found in TCDD-treated human hepatocytes. However, the estimated binding affinity of [3H]TCDD to nuclear AhR from rat hepatocytes was similar. The species difference in response to TCDD was further evaluated by analysis of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA levels using Northern analysis, and P4501A1 and 1A2 protein levels using Western immunoblotting. Results showed that, at both gene expression and protein levels, TCDD induced predominantly CYP1A1 in rat hepatocytes and CYP1A2 in human hepatocytes.
Preparation and crystal structures of dirhenium face-sharing bioctahedral complexes Re2(μ-SR)3X4(PR3)2, R=methyl, ethyl or phenyl, and X=Cl or Br

Abstract The reactions of Re2Cl4(PEt2Ph)4, Et=ethyl and Ph=phenyl, with excess methyl disulfide (MeSSMe) and phenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) produce the compounds Re2(μ-SMe)3Cl4(PEt2Ph)2 (1) and Re2(μ-SPh)3Cl4(PEt2Ph)2·acetone (2), respectively. Similarly, Re2Cl5(PMePh2)3 reacts with PhSSPh to yield Re2(μ-SPh)3Cl4(PMePh2)2 (3) and Re2Br4(PEt2Ph)4 reacts with either EtSSEt or PhSSPh to produce either Re2(μ-SEt)3Br4(PEt2Ph)2 (4) or Re2(μ-SPh)3Cl4(PEt2Ph)2 (5). All of these new Re2 7+ complexes display one-electron paramagnetism. X-ray crystallographic studies of compounds 1–4 reveal a common face-sharing bioctahedral structure with three bridging thiolate ligands. The ReRe bond distances (averaging 2.473 A) are indicative of multiple metal–metal bonds. Compound 1 may also be prepared in low yield by the reaction of Re2Cl4(PEt2Ph)4 with 2,5-dithiahexane or the reaction of (n-Bu4N)2Re2Cl8 with a mixture of MeSSMe and PEt2Ph.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Retinoids and Visual Pigment Analogs Studies

Recent activities in the field of synthetic retinoids have been stimulated by analog studies in the areas of cancer prevention using vitamin A and its derivatives,1 visual pigments2 and bacteriorhodopsin3 and other retinal containing proteins.4 It will not be possible to review here the variety of compounds available in the literature. Nor, will it be wise to repeat the effort of others who have already produced several extensive review articles.5 Instead, in this paper only efforts directed toward preparation of stereoisomers of vitamin A, a topic of interest here will be summarized.
The dynamics of scalar fields in the inflationary universe

Abstract The evolution of weakly coupled scalar fields in the early universe is discussed. Such fields will be out of thermal equilibrium, and their initial distribution will be inhomogeneous. We study the classical evolution in a pre-inflationary radiation dominated universe and discuss under which conditions the fields dynamically relax to configurations which gave inflation.
Assessment of Arterial Compliance by Carotid Midwall Strain-Stress Relation in Normotensive Adults

Abstract—Examining left ventricular midwall as opposed to endocardial mechanics enhances understanding of left ventricular function in individuals with abnormal cardiac geometry. Accordingly, we us...
The interaction of small particles and thin films of metals with gases I. A brief review of the early stages of oxide formation

Existing work on gas-solid reactions making use of thin film technologies is reviewed. The discussion concentrates on two major areas of gas-metal interactions: chemisorption and the early stages of oxidation of metals (characterized by a non-volatile reaction product) and catalytic surface reactions (featuring volatile reaction products). A brief survey of oxide formation on metals is presented. Here it is of importance to distinguish between reactions on continuous thin film substrates and reactions on particulate deposits. Small particle-gas interactions also affect the nucleation, growth and sintering processes of thin films. It is shown that various combinations of UHV and high resolution electron microscopy techniques, which include in situ experimentation, can provide the appropriate tools for studying angstrom particle chemistry.
Doping of and outdiffusion from tungsten silicide films using gas immersion laser doping

Shallow junctions under silicide contact layers have been fabricated using a gas-phase dopant source and pulsed laser heating. A spatially homogenized 308 nm XeCl pulsed laser is used to drive adsorbed gas phase dopant species, e.g. BF3, AsF5, PF5, into the silicide overlayers and to outdiffuse dopants into the silicon substrate. High interface concentrations (Cint > 1020 atoms/cm3) and junctions < 1500 angstroms in depth have been obtained using this technique. Film/substrate interface roughness is unaffected by laser irradiation. Results from SIMS, RBS, and TEM analyses are presented in this paper.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Time resolved solvent rearrangement dynamics

Ultrafast pump–probe studies of I2− recombination in size-selected I2−(CO2)n cluster ions demonstrate long time coherent motions in size-selected clusters and the resulting non-statistical energy flow in the cluster. For I2− photodissociated to produce either I− + I or I− + I*, we identify a solvent-driven energy transfer process without a condensed phase counterpart. The mechanism involved is a Marcus-like solvent-driven curve crossing, with the driving force arising from asymmetric solvation, not just from solvent orientation. By substituting another halogen for one I atom, we “break” the I2− symmetry, and thus obtain direct information on the electron transfer process. New experiments on IBr−(CO2)n photodissociation products confirm the behavior suspected in the I2− studies. Time-resolved experiments on IBr− and theoretical modeling of the dynamics provide quantitative information on the multiple curve crossings encountered in the recombination process. In related investigations, femtosecond negative ion-neutral-positive ion charge reversal apparatus is employed to investigate transient neutral species evolving along a reaction coordinate. We report studies of the rearrangement dynamics of Cu(OH2) produced by photodetachment of the corresponding anion. Following a controlled delay period, a second ultrafast tunable laser pulse initiates resonant multiphoton photoionization of the time-evolving Cu⋯OH2 complex. The time-resolved Cu+ and Cu+(OH2) signals provide information both on the prompt dissociation of the complex and on energy redistribution between internal rotational and radial modes of the evolving complex. Calculations of the time evolution of the anion geometric configuration on the neutral potential energy surface yield deeper insight into the nature of the rearrangement process and the energy flow within the complex.
Diary of a Political Scientist IV, Winter 2006–2007: Southern Politics, Sid Milkis, and 'Sixty-eight

Tom Mann is, well, beaming. Five months ago he wrote a Sunday Outlook piece for the Washington Post arguing that "the prevailing view in Washington today"-namely, that "there's probably no way congressional Republicans can lose this fall"-is "wrong." Tom was vindicated on Election Day when the Democrats won control of both houses of Congress, and here at the "America Votes 2006" conference in Little Rock, co sponsored by the Clinton School of Pub lic Service and the State Legislative Leaders Foundation, he is accepting the congratulations of, among others, me. Other elections prognosticators at the conference, such as Charlie Cook and the Washington Post's Chris Cillizza, have already moved on to speculating about what's going to happen in 2008, but Tom is rightly enjoying the moment. Tom Mann is one of the few political scientists here this weekend. For the most part, the conference consists of nonacademics, nearly all of them politi cians, journalists, or national party opera tives. They tend to think that what we in the academy do is unnecessarily arcane and abstract, and we typically return the favor by dismissing their insights as im pressionistic and anecdotal. So what does it means that I find myself taking note after note, jotting down insights and in formation from the speakers that I can't wait to share with my Southern Politics classes on Monday?
Romantic Agrarianism and Movement Education in the United States: Examining the Discursive Politics of Learning Disability Science

The learning disability construct gained scientific and political legitimacy in the United States in the 1960s as an explanation for some forms of childhood learning difficulties. In 1975, federal law incorporated learning disability into the categorical system of special education. The historical and scientific roots of the disorder involved a neuropsychological discourse that often conflated lower social class identity and learning disability. Lower class, often urban, families were viewed as providing insufficient intellectual stimulation for their young children, thereby causing learning problems. This paper undertakes a historical analysis of a particular form of this class‐based political discourse—romantic agrarianism—developed by leading learning disability researchers Newell Kephart and Marianne Frostig in the 1960s.
The stimulation of yeast mitochondrial protein synthesis by low molecular weight cytoplasmic factors: Requirement for intact mitochondria and lack of effect by folate derivatives

Abstract 1. 1. Protein synthesis by GTP -supplemented yeast mitochondria is stimulated by a fraction of molecular weight less than 2,000 isolated from yeast high-speed supernatant (S-150). 2. 2. The low molecular weight fraction works independently of the respiratory chain as the stimulation effect is not cyanide-sensitive. 3. 3. Stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by cytoplasmic factors is dependent upon the method of mitochondrial isolation. 4. 4. The low molecular weight stimulatory factor(s) are not reduced folate derivatives which supply formyl groups required for initiation of mitochondrial protein synthesis.
An Annotated Chronological Bibliography of Western Histories of Linguistic Thought, 1822-1972. Part I: 1822-1915

Humboldt's theory of language reflects Kant's influence to a far greater extent than is generally realized. In fact, Kantian cognitive and perceptual universals play a crucial role in the later formulations of Humboldt's linguistic thinking. Indeed, not only did Humboldt derive the universals of grammatical case from the Kantian categories of relation in his mature work, but he also applied Kant's schema concept in a systematic way to the fundamental problems of language during his last period of scholarly activity. Moreover, it can be shown that the Kantian aspects of his theory do riot conflict with his widely quoted and misinterpreted formulations concerning the nature of linguistic diversity. It is suggested that much of the confusion in regard to just what Humboldt actually meant would have been dispelled long ago had researchers made adequate use of two neglected, but extremely important, major manuscripts from his mature period. More importantly still, one can plausibly argue that Humboldt was correct in assuming that Kant, not Descartes, provided linguistics with the key for dealing adequately with the central problems of language and mind.
Reliability analysis of deflection — drift limited structures

Deflections, structural deteriorations, floor vibrations and other serviceability criteria are naturally random with respect to their magnitudes. A realistic analysis of serviceability limit states therefore requires the consideration of risk of unserviceability. Isosafety functions are proposed here for analyzing the influence of different parameters on the reliability levels with respect to limit states associated with deflection and drift conditions.
Study of hole miniband transport in Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x//Si superlattice

Summary form only given. The authors report the observation of hole-miniband transport in symmetrically strained Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x//Si superlattices. Two different kinds of superlattice sample were grown and fabricated. The first kind of sample consists of a single superlattice layer grown on an unstrained Ge/sub x/2/ Si/sub 1-x/2//Si buffer layer. The second kind of sample is called BAS (band aligned superlattice) and consists of two superlattices having different minibands. Mesa diodes of 50-100 mu m in diameter were fabricated for electrical measurement. For the simple superlattice sample, current voltage (I-V) characteristics for forward and reverse biases are almost symmetric. For the BAS sample, asymmetric I-V characteristics similar to those of a p-n junction are observed. The use of Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x//Si superlattices for device applications in infrared detectors and infrared sources using optical transitions between minibands is suggested. >
Nutritional Properties and Metabolic Studies of Acylated Beef Heart Myofibrillar Proteins

Beef heart myofibrils were acylated with several concentrations of acetic (AA) and succinic (SA) anhydride, and digestibility and utilization of the myofibrillar proteins were determined. Results for in vitro hydrolysis of the untreated and acylated proteins varied, depending on the enzyme(s) used in the analysis. Rat protein efficiency ratios and net protein ratios for untreated (PER = 2.83, NPR = 116) and acetylked (PER = 2.55, NPR = 110) proteins were greater than for casein (PER = 2.50, NPR = 100), whereas values for succinylated proteins (PER = 2.36, NPR = 87) were less than for casein. Most of the radioactivity recovered after 24 hr from rats fed 14C-acylated myofibrillar proteins was in expired CO2; 62.8% for 14C-acetylated and 45.8% for 14C-succinylated proteins. Rats acclimated to an acylated protein diet for 28 days showed improved metabolism of 14C-acetylated protein and decreased metabolism of 14C-succinylated proteins; 75.7% and 38.1% recovery as expired CO2, respectively.
Alglucosidase alfa: Long term use in the treatment of patients with Pompe disease

Pompe disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. It shows a broad variability regarding the clinical severity as well as the age of onset. In the past, two different recombinant enzyme preparations have been developed for the treatment of Pompe patients: α-glucosidase, produced in rabbit milk, and α-glucosidase, produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. The CHO enzyme received marketing approval in 2006 after it was proven to be effective in ameliorating muscle strength and improving heart function. The other has not been approved. The clinical efficacy of this enzyme preparation could be confirmed by several clinical trials in patients with different age of onset and disease severity. Enzyme replacement therapy, however, has its limitations due to unsatisfactory access of recombinant α-glucosidase to the muscle cells and due to the formation of antibodies. To overcome these therapeutic restraints, the development of a more effective enzyme preparation may become necessary.
Signaling and Phosphorylation-impaired Mutants of the Rat Follitropin Receptor Reveal an Activation- and Phosphorylation-independent but Arrestin-dependent Pathway for Internalization

We have previously shown that the rat follitropin receptor (rFSHR) expressed in transfected cells becomes phosphorylated upon stimulation of the cells with agonist or a phorbol ester. Peptide mapping and mutagenesis studies have also shown that the agonist- or phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation of the rFSHR maps to Ser/Thr residues present in the first and third intracellular loops. The experiments presented herein were initially designed to test for the presence of additional phosphorylation sites on the second intracellular loop of the rFSHR. Analysis of two new mutants in which the two threonines in the second intracellular loop (rFSHR-2L) or the two threonines in the second intracellular loop and the seven Ser/Thr residues in the third intracellular loop (rFSHR-2L + 3L) were mutated showed that one or more of the two threonines in the second intracellular loop are phosphorylated in response to phorbol ester, but not in response to agonist stimulation. Since rFSHR-2L and rFSHR-2L + 3L displayed a reduction in agonist-induced signaling, two additional mutants (rFSHR-D389N and rFSHR-Y530F) were constructed in an attempt to better understand the relationship between the agonist-induced activation, phosphorylation, and internalization of the rFSHR. These point mutations impaired agonist-stimulated signal transduction and abolished agonist-induced phosphorylation. Co-transfection studies revealed that the phosphorylation of these mutants can be rescued by overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, but this increased phosphorylation only rescues the internalization of rFSHR-D389N. The internalization of both mutants could be rescued by overexpression of arrestin-3, however. Taken together, these results argue that the agonist-induced activation and phosphorylation of the rFSHR are not essential for internalization. while the interaction of the rFSHR with a nonvisual arrestin is essential for internalization.
New form of scanning optical microscopy.

The exponential decay of the evanescent field due to the total internal reflection (TIR) of a light beam in a prism is used to advantage in a new form of scanning optical microscope, the photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM). The PSTM is the photon analogue of the electron scanning tunneling microscope. The sample is placed on or forms the TIR surface and spatially modulates the evanescent field. Changes in intensity are monitored by a probe tip scanned over the surface, and the data are processed to generate an image of the sample. Subwavelength resolution in three dimensions is obtained because of the exponential nature of the evanescent field intensity. Images produced by a prototype instrument using 633-nm light and a 1-\ensuremath{\mu}m probe tip are shown to have a lateral resolution of about 200 nm.
A two-stage model of brightness.

Abstract The mathematics of a two-stage theory for the brightness perception of impulsive functions is developed. The first stage is seen as second differencing of the spatial luminance function as imaged on the retina. The second stage is a reconstructive stage which synthesizes the outcome of the first stage into a form isomorphic with brightness perception. This two-stage process allows for the explanation of illusions concerning the illusory propagation of brightness from points of discontinuity. A computational algorithm was presented and applied to a variety of relevant examples.
BRIGHTNESS OF FORBIDDEN OI LINES AND PROPERTIES OF SHADOW BANDS DURING THE ECLIPSE OF 7 MARCH 1970.

Results of two types of measurements made at a site in the center of the eclipse track during the total eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. The O I forbidden 5577-A and 6300-A lines were measured looking vertically through the eclipse shadow. The intensities were approximately 1 kR, essentially the values obtained in recent rocket measurements of normal day airglow at altitudes above 100 km. This is consistent with the hypothesis that these lines originate primarily at altitudes well above the shadow from mechanisms which are not appreciably perturbed by the approaching shadow. Measurements were also made of the time variation of intensity of incident light during the shadow-band period before second contact. There are saw-tooth fluctuations with steep leading edges, as well as many high-frequency components of smaller amplitude. This time variation does not appear to be obviously related in a simple way to current theories of their production mechanisms, or to the visual appearance of shadow bands.
Functional brain imaging: dipole localization and Laplacian methods.

Abstract The performance of two methods, used to localize brain activity from evoked potential fields measured on the scalp, was assessed in a tank model of the human head. This physical model contained a human skull encased in a polymer simulating the resistivity and geometry of brain and scalp. The dipole localization method mislocalized the positions of known dipole sources by several centimeters. The mislocalization was systematic. The dipoles were localized too deeply in the head. The Laplacian method yielded a field resembling die brain surface field (epicortical potential field) provided that the iso-potential contours of the scalp field closed within the measurement range. Clipping resulted in a serious mislocalization of the position of the peak of the epicortical potential field.
An autocatalytic network for ribozyme self-construction

The emergence of a primordial RNA world would have required the formation of RNA polymers of sufficient length to possess catalytic activities, which are difficult to obtain by spontaneous polymerization. An analysis of an autocatalytic assembly pathway that can self-construct a functioning ribozyme from smaller oligonucleotide building blocks describes a potential route for RNA extension.
The Metallurgical Museum of Yale College and Nineteenth Century Ferrous Metallurgy in New England

Professor G. J. Brush collected specimens for a metallurgical museum at Yale between 1860 and 1874. These samples were used as a teaching aid in his course to illustrate contemporary metallurgical practice. The specimens from the museum are a valuable source of information about metallurgical technology in North America and complement published descriptions from that period, which often give little technical information about iron and steelmaking methods.
The Word Sort: An instrument for semantic analysis

An objective instrument is developed which provides reliable psychological data with reference to semantic denotative features or components. The instrument, the Word Sort, is in the form of an individual word game in which Ss are instructed to arrange words into a number of groups according to some meaningful principle. Kinship terms were provided 21 Ss for dimensionalizing. Relatively high agreement among Ss was found with respect to the determination of semantic features.
Characteristics of bioinformatics employment advertisements

Current trends in the bioinformatics job market were assessed using a sample of 1,996 online employment advertisements from the 6-year period of January 2003 through December 2008. Job postings were classified by employer type, job role, and location, and a content analysis of the text of a subset of 404 of the posts was performed to identify detailed characteristics associated with master's degree level positions, such as educational requirements and preferred scientific and technical skills. Consistent with previous studies, academic institutions, corporations, and research institutes are the primary employers of bioinformaticists. In the U.S. only three states, California, Maryland, and Massachusetts, provided the majority of opportunities. Graduates from all levels of education are needed in the field, although those with a bachelor's degree in computer science or a Ph.D. in biology or bioinformatics are especially in demand. Perl programming is the most frequently requested skill across advertised positions, and experience using bioinformatics software tools (such as BLAST, CLUSTAL, and HMMER) is the bioinformatics skill in greatest demand. A small number of positions specifically requesting librarians and LIS-trained bioinformaticists was observed, but the significant bioinformatics activities in biomedical libraries over the same time period are not reflected in this snapshot of the bioinformatics workforce.
Simulation of large scale networks I: staged simulation for improving scale and performance of wireless network simulations

This paper describes staged simulation, a technique for improving the run time performance and scale of discrete event simulators. Typical wireless network simulations are limited in speed and scale due to redundant computations, both within a single simulation run and between successive runs. Staged simulation proposes to reduce the amount of redundant computation within a simulation by restructuring discrete event simulators to operate in stages that precompute, cache, and reuse partial results. This paper presents a general and flexible framework for staging, and identifies the advantages and trade-offs of its application to wireless network simulations. Experience with applying staged simulation to the ns2 simulator shows that it can improve execution time by an order of magnitude in typical scenarios and make feasible the simulation of large scale wireless networks.
Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy and ab initio calculations of single-walled carbon nanotubes interfaced with highly doped hydrogen-passivated Si(100) substrates

The electronic properties of isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed onto n- and p-doped hydrogen-passivated Si(100) surfaces are studied by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunnelling spectroscopy and ab initio density-functional methods. SWNTs identified as semiconductors (s-SWNTs) have well-defined conduction and valence band edges separated by a ≈1 eV gap, with the mid-gap Fermi level implying that the s-SWNTs are undoped. Relative s-SWNT/H-Si(100) band alignments inferred from dI/dV plots are sensitive to the polarity of the substrate doping. Band structure calculations for a (12,4) s-SWNT corroborate experimental data: n-type (p-type) doping of the substrate leads to a shift of the surface bands lower (higher) in energy relative to those of the s-SWNT. The adsorption energy and charge transfer calculated for the (12,4) s-SWNT physisorbed onto H-Si(100) are considerably less than values reported for the same tube on unpassivated Si(100) and are registration independent. The atomistic results presented here have critical implications to hybrid electronic and photonic devices that rely upon a direct interface between a SWNT and a technologically relevant semiconductor such as Si or GaAs.
Using inverse problem methods with surveillance data in pneumococcal vaccination

The design and evaluation of epidemiological control strategies is central to public health policy. While inverse problem methods are routinely used in many applications, this remains an area in which their use is relatively rare, although their potential impact is great. We describe methods particularly relevant to epidemiological modeling at the population level. These methods are then applied to the study of pneumococcal vaccination strategies as a relevant example which poses many challenges common to other infectious diseases. We demonstrate that relevant yet typically unknown parameters may be estimated, and show that a calibrated model may used to assess implemented vaccine policies through the estimation of parameters if vaccine history is recorded along with infection and colonization information. Finally, we show how one might determine an appropriate level of refinement or aggregation in the age-structured model given age-stratified observations. These results illustrate ways in which the collection and analysis of surveillance data can be improved using inverse problem methods.