cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing residents' pursuit of urology fellowships.

Objective To assess the predictors of residents' pursuit of fellowship training by surveying current urology residents and recent graduates. Postgraduate fellowship training of urologists could be an important source of urologic physician-scientists and continued innovation in urologic care. Methods A Web-based survey was electronically mailed to urology residents and recent graduates of urologic residency. Variables concerning sex, marital status, debt load, research and clinical exposure, publications, and postgraduate careers were recorded. Results Of the 71 respondents, 46 (65%) were married and 45% had children/dependents. Of the 69% who applied for fellowship, the "most important" factors influencing the pursuit of fellowship were intellectual appeal (82%), mentors (79%), the desire for an additional point of view for surgical training (58%), and the desire to pursue a career in academics (52%). Forty of those completing a fellowship (87%) versus two of those completing residency alone (13%) would pursue a career in academics. Residents with a mentor were 20 times more likely to pursue a urology fellowship. A shorter residency (5 years), encouragement by a program director, and manuscript publication during residency were also independent predictors. Conclusion Mentorship, a shorter residency, and manuscript publication during residency were independent predictors of pursuing fellowship training. Debt load, age, marital status, and a desire to pursue a career in academic medicine were not significant factors.
Towards A Definition of “Conservatism”

rT HE WORDS "'CONSERVATISM" and "conservative" are employed with respect to a wide variety of subject-matters, have taken on a rich variety of meanings, and pose problems of definition that have frequently given rise to heated controversy. Men have, for example, called themselves (or been called) conservative in religion, conservative in art, science, or even in a craft, conservative in a game or sport. Within each subject-matter, moreover, men have meant demonstrably different things by conservative; some have laid down rigorous definitions, and others definitions so vague as to be virtually useless. Some writers have insisted, in consequence, that conservatism and conservative have ceased to have any fixed meaning whatever, and should henceforth be used only "positivistically," that is, to denote movements or parties that in fact call themselves conservative; and other writers have demanded that the terms be abandoned altogether.' With this background, no useful purpose would be served by attempting here a new, rigid definition of conservatism or conservative. Rather, we shall seek (a) to articulate the basic human situation out of which the terms conservative and conservatism first arose; (b) to indicate, with reference to this basic human situation, the sources of the seemingly endless confusion and complexity concerning the meaning of conservatism; (c) to illustrate concretely how our approach helps answer certain recurrent and important questions
Expression and gene disruption analysis of the isocitrate dehydrogenase family in yeast.

Mammalian and yeast cells contain three isozymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase: mitochondrial NAD- and NADP-specific enzymes and a cytosolic NADP-specific enzyme. Independent metabolic functions of ...
The co‐operative nature of the firm: Narrative

The theory of the firm views the firm as an organization characterized by (1) diversity of (and, most likely, conflict among) the interests of its members and (2) in spite of such diversity, the member's acceptance of a co-ordinated choice of activities. A firm is a coalition formed when people play a co-operative game, and this co-operative game is the firm-specific resource allocation mechanism. The theory includes: study of a descriptive general equilibrium model which embodies both the co-operative game (for allocation of human resources, in particular for formation of firms) and the neoclassical market mechanism (for allocation of non-human resources); its welfare implications; study of a normative mechanism to implement Pareto optimality in the presence of increasing returns to scale; and characterizations of the coalitionally stable hierarchical structures in a firm in a partial equilibrium setup.
Assessment of the Cr-B system and extrapolation to the Ni-Al-Cr-B quaternary system

The Cr-B system is re-assessed treating boron as an interstitial element in the disordered solid solution fcc and bcc phases. The binary assessment is in good agreement with the available experimental phase diagram data and thermochemical data. The Cr-B binary assessment is then used in the assessment of the Ni-Cr-B and Al-Cr-B systems. The ternary assessments are in reasonable agreement with the limited experimental data for the systems. Finally, the ternary assessments are combined with the previous ternary assessment of the Ni-Al-B system to extrapolate to the quaternary Ni-Al-B-Cr system.
Effect of Improved Dycal and IRM on Bacteria in Deep Carious Lesions

In pulp capping procedures, various compounds have been used over a layer of carious dentin in instances in which removal of the carious layer might lead to pulpal exposure. Two of the compounds were tested for five months to study their effect on bacteria.
Automatic Control and Switching Equipment for Capacitor Banks and Its Application

THE increasing use by utilities or industrial plants of shunt capacitors for voltage improvement, power-factor correction, and release of circuit capacity is leading in many cases to the desirability of automatically switching or controlling the capacitors.
Absorption of H and D Ly-α radiation by O2 molecules at high temperatures

Abstract Absorption cross sections of molecular oxygen were measured at the H and D Ly-α wavelengths (1215.67 and 1215.34 A) between 800 and 1700°K, the cross sections being given by the equation σ (cm2) = 4.2E-18 exp(-3070/T) (4.2E-18 = 4.2 × 10-18). The absorption cross section for v = 1 is (9±2)E-19 cm2 and that for v = 2 is (7±3)E-18 cm2, compared to 1.E-20 cm2 for v = 0. Vibrational relaxation times were found to be in agreement with literature data over the range of common temperatures.
Temperature-Dependent Terahertz Spectroscopy of Liquid n -alkanes

We describe measurements of the terahertz dielectric properties of normal alkanes. We study all of the liquid alkanes from pentane (C5) to hexadecane (C16) over the temperature range from 20–80°C, and obtain the absorption coefficients and refractive indices in the spectral range from 0.1 to 2.5 THz (3–83 cm−1). The mean molecular polarizability is found to vary linearly with chain length at all temperatures, indicating that an additive model for polarizability, with distinct contributions from the methylene groups and the methyl end groups, provides an accurate description. The absorption coefficients of these non-polar liquids, arising from transient induced dipoles, are essentially featureless in this spectral range, with an almost linear dependence on frequency and negligible temperature dependence. These results provide a baseline for far infrared spectroscopic studies of inter-molecular interactions in non-polar hydrocarbons.
Viewers' Interpretations of Film Characters' Emotions: Effects of Presenting Film Music Before or After a Character is Shown

STUDIES ADDRESSING EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON VIEWERS9 perceptions of film have usually presented music simultaneously with a scene of interest. In the present study, 177 undergraduates viewed film excerpts with music presented before or after a scene featuring a single character. Whereas the film characters had emotionally neutral or subdued facial expressions, the music conveyed happiness, sadness, fear, or anger. Overall, participants tended to interpret characters9 emotions in ways that were consistent with the particular emotion expressed in the music, offering evidence for both forward and backward affective priming effects. Our data confirm Boltz, Schulkind, and Kantra9s (1991) findings on the role of music in foreshadowing. As far as we are aware, the effects of music on a prior scene have not been demonstrated in film music research. Our findings suggest that music does not have to be presented concurrently with onscreen images to influence viewers9 interpretations of film content.
The Evolution of Epigenetics

Early studies of the developing embryo raised the question of how a fertilized egg could give rise to a complex multicellular organism containing many different kinds of cells. The term epigenetics originally referred to the study of these processes. With the advent of detailed knowledge of mechanisms of gene expression, this definition was superseded by another: epigenetics concerned the transmission of phenotype through mitosis or the germ line by mechanisms that did not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Much effort has been spent in attempting to identify and characterize these events. Work initially focused on DNA methylation as an epigenetic mark, but more recently there has been an emphasis on histone modifications as possible carriers of epigenetic information. However, there is confusion between situations in which the modifications may be propagated through cell division, thus helping to maintain a pattern of gene expression, and situations in which the modifications are simply part of the transcriptional apparatus. Arguments about the role of the histones have led to a reexamination of the definition of epigenetics and the primary events in development leading to cell type specific gene expression patterns.
Evidence for neocortical involvement in reference memory

Rats were trained on an eight-arm radial maze task using a procedure that provides for an assessment of both working and reference memory. Following training, rats received parietal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, visual cortex, or nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions. Rats with visual cortex lesions showed no change in performance on either working or reference memory. Rats with parietal cortex lesions displayed a temporary deficit in reference, but no deficit on working memory. Animals with medial prefrontal cortex lesions showed a temporary deficit on both working and reference memory. Rats with extensive lateral frontal and parietal cortex depletion of acetylcholinesterase following nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions had a marked disruption only of reference but not of working memory. It is concluded that neocortex and possibly the cholinergic projections to neocortex play an important role in mediating reference memory.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC NEUTROPENIA DURING CHILDHOOD

The approach to the diagnostic evaluation of a patient with neutropenia can be guided largely by clinical history and physical examination and does not always require an extensive laboratory evaluation. Based on the history and bone marrow morphology, most children with chronic neutropenia can be classified and managed. Most patients with chronic neutropenia are free of infections and are able to maintain a normal lifestyle with no or minimal medical intervention. On the other hand, for patients with recurrent or severe infections, careful follow-up and institution of treatment are mandatory. The Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of rhG-CSF in patients with chronic neutropenia. As mentioned previously, the use of colony-stimulating factors has dramatically improved the outcome for many patients with the more severe neutropenia; however, this cytokine is expensive, so treatment should be reserved for more severely affected patients and not given just because the ANC is low. Although concerns exist regarding leukemogenic effects or eventual loss of the progenitor cell compartment driven by the continuous stimulation of rhG-CSF, at this moment, the long-term data available suggest that the chronic administration of rhG-CSF is safe.
ZO-1 redistribution and F-actin stress fiber formation in pulmonary endothelial cells after thermal injury.

Background: In response to isolated inflammatory stimuli, changes in endothelial cell morphology that enhance paracellular flow of solutes result from F-actin stress fiber formation, myosin phosphorylation, and actin anchoring protein (ZO-1) modifications. We hypothesized that myosin light chain kinase inhibition would diminish burn-enhanced endothelial monolayer permeability by secondarily preventing F-actin and actin anchoring protein rearrangements. Methods: Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were treated for 4 hours with 20% human burn serum (isolated from patients with > 45% total body surface area thermal injury or healthy volunteers). Select cultures were pretreated with myosin light chain kinase inhibitors (ML-9). Permeability was assessed by migration of bovine serum albumin across cell monolayers. Cells were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin and anti-ZO-1 antisera and examined by means of confocal microscopy. Results: Burn serum significantly enhanced monolayer permeability to albumin, whereas pretreatment with ML-9 limited this effect. Control cells maintained cortical F-actin and peripheral ZO-1 distributions (la, b), whereas burn serum induced transcellular F-actin stress fiber formation and a diffuse ZO-1 staining (2a, b). ML-9 prevented burn-induced actin rearrangements, but not the diffuse redistribution of ZO-1. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that endothelial F-actin stress fiber formation and ZO-1 redistribution contribute to postburn loss of pulmonary endothelial monolayer integrity. Although myosin phosphorylation appears to be required for endothelial F-actin stress fiber formation, redistribution of actin-membrane anchoring proteins appears to be regulated independently after thermal injury.
The interaction of rhodium carbenoids with carbonyl compounds as a method for the synthesis of tetrahydrofurans

Abstract The transition metal catalyzed reaction of α-diazo carbonyl compounds has found numerous applications in organic synthesis, and its use in either heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring formation is well precedented. In contrast to other catalysts that are suitable for carbenoid reactions of diazo compounds, those constructed with the dirhodium(II) framework are most amenable to ligand modification that, in turn, can influence reaction selectivity. The reaction of rhodium carbenoids with carbonyl groups represents a very efficient method for generating carbonyl ylide dipoles. Rhodium-mediated carbenoid–carbonyl cyclization reactions have been extensively utilized as a powerful method for the construction of a variety of novel polycyclic ring systems. This article will emphasize some of the more recent synthetic applications of the tandem rhodium carbenoid cyclization/cycloaddition cascade for natural product synthesis. Discussion centers on the chemical behavior of the rhodium metal carbenoid complex that is often affected by the nature of the ligand groups attached to the metal center.
Abstract 2287: Inhibition of microRNA-32 leads to decreased expression of the survival-enhancing scaffold protein hKSR2 in human myeloid leukemia cells treated with vitamin D derivatives

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) has potential for treatment and/or prevention of human AML by inducing terminal differentiation of AML cells to monocyte-like phenotype, but the mechanisms underlying this action are not fully understood. We hypothesized that one or more microRNAs (miRNAs) known to control mouse hematopoiesis and lineage commitment may contribute to the known ability of 1,25D to control the malignant phenotype. We found that miR181a and miR32 both participate in the differentiating effects of 1,25D, with effects on cellular levels of cell cycle regulator p27Kip1 and the pro-apoptotic protein Bim, respectively. Here we report that in human AML cells modulation of 1,25D-induced expression of miR32 and miR181a can result in the down-regulation of the abundance of the scaffold protein hKSR2, which is associated with inhibition of differentiation. This supports the concept that hKSR2 is under miRNA control in AML cells. However, ectopic expression of miR32 had little effect on hKSR2 protein levels, suggesting that there is an indirect effect of miR32 on hKSR2 expression, and that intracellular levels of the intermediary regulators are already at saturation levels. Since hKSR2 protein has cell survival-enhancing properties, 1,25D-induced miRNAs and hKSR2 changes may reduce the therapeutic efficacy of 1,25D and analogs in human AML, especially when vitamin D analogs are combined with conventional cytotoxic anti-leukemia agents. This warrants consideration in the design of clinical trials. (This research was supported by NIH grant R01 CA 044722-22 from the National Cancer Institute). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2287. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2287
SUDDEN UNEXPECTED CARDIAC DEATH IN A DEFINED COMMUNITY, AGES 1–21

A population-based study of sudden (demise less than 24 hours) and unexpected nontraumatic death (SUND) between ages 1-21 was done to delineate the descriptive epidemiology of these events. All deaths of residents of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, ages 1-21, dying between 1972-1980 were evaluated by review of available records. Patients with previous open heart surgery were excluded. 196 cases of SUND were identified, with an autopsy rate of 87%. 47/196 were classified as cardiac, using conservative criteria. The most frequent diagnoses of these were myocarditis (14) and cardiomyopathy (8). Less common were myocardial fibrosis, coronary artery abnormalities, aortic aneurysm, Ebstein anomaly, endocarditis, prolonged Q-T syndrome, myocardial infarction and several other dysrhythmias and structural defects. Of the cardiac cases with complete information, 88% (30/34) were instantaneous and 81% (17/21) had prodromal symptoms. 31% (11/35) were associated with physical exertion, but only one case was related to formal school athletics. Of the non-myocarditis cases, 93% (27/29) had known cardiac disease prior to demise. Of all cases of SUND, the cardiac group comprised 53% of the instantaneous deaths and 65% of those related to exertion. Prevention of fatal events by identification of risk factors, better treatment of known disease or successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be possible.
A new approach to repair of pulmonary branch stenosis following ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis.

Abstract Ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis may result in branch stenosis or occlusion of the right pulmonary artery from growth or from failure to place the anastomosis on the posterior surface of the aorta at the time of construction. Closure of the anastomosis is usually easily accomplished by simple suture through the ascending aorta. When branch stenosis is present at the site of anastomosis, reconstruction of the pulmonary artery is necessary. A new approach that facilitates repair of pulmonary branch stenosis by transecting the ascending aorta over the obstructed area has been utilized in 2 patients who required reoperation for branch stenosis following repair for tetralogy of Fallot. The method is an alternative approach to gain exposure for reconstruction of the pulmonary artery.
P02.143. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of mindfulness in higher education settings

Purpose The pursuit of wellness can be a challenge for many college students who are under constant pressures to succeed academically as well as socially. Low levels of psychological wellness can compromise students’ concentration and academic performance and, in extreme cases, can lead them to contemplate suicide, making wellness initiatives a critical consideration. Mindfulness meditation interventions used in higher education settings have been found to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. This pilot study was undertaken to assess mindfulness and other key factors that could be targeted to improve psychological wellness on campus.
Multi-chip module test and diagnostic methodology

The development of a manufacturing test and diagnostic methodology for multi-chip modules as used in the IBM 4300 processor models involves determining the most attractive compromise among a number of conflicting factors: a) high test coverage, b) high diagnostic resolution, c) test generation, d) test equipment, and e) test application and diagnosis. This paper describes a set of solutions which were developed to create a high-volume, low-cost manufacturing test operation for the product in question. This paper examines the role of the testing methodology in productivity and product quality, details the diagnostic approach chosen, and provides an example of the overall manufacturing system performance achieved by analyzing a large module production sample.
Collective cell migration on artificial extracellular matrix proteins containing full-length fibronectin domains.

Protein-based biomaterials that promote rapid wound healing are prepared by expression of artificial genes in bacterial cells. Artificial extracellular matrix proteins containing full-length fibronectin domains 9 and 10 exhibit strong α_5β_1 integrin binding and support rapid spreading, proliferation, and collective migration of fibroblasts.
The effects of direct inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase on osteoblast differentiation.

Statins, drugs commonly used to lower serum cholesterol, have been shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. These effects have been attributed to the depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). In this study, we tested whether specific inhibition of GGPP synthase (GGPPS) with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) would similarly lead to increased osteoblast differentiation. DGBP concentration dependently decreased intracellular GGPP levels in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and primary rat calvarial osteoblasts, leading to impaired Rap1a geranylgeranylation. In contrast to our hypothesis, 1 µM DGBP inhibited matrix mineralization in the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. Consistent with this, DGBP inhibited the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in primary osteoblasts. By inhibiting GGPPS, DGBP caused an accumulation of the GGPPS substrate farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). This effect was observed throughout the time course of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, DGBP treatment led to activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells, consistent with recent findings that FPP activates nuclear hormone receptors. These findings demonstrate that direct inhibition of GGPPS, and the resulting specific depletion of GGPP, does not stimulate osteoblast differentiation. This suggests that in addition to depletion of GGPP, statin-stimulated osteoblast differentiation may depend on the depletion of upstream isoprenoids, including FPP. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1506–1513, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discovery of a cardiolipin synthase utilizing phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as substrates

Depending on growth phase and culture conditions, cardiolipin (CL) makes up 5–15% of the phospholipids in Escherichia coli with the remainder being primarily phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In E. coli, the cls and ybhO genes (renamed clsA and clsB, respectively) each encode a CL synthase (Cls) that catalyzes the condensation of two PG molecules to form CL and glycerol. However, a ∆clsAB mutant still makes CL in the stationary phase, indicating the existence of additional Cls. We identified a third Cls encoded by ymdC (renamed clsC). ClsC has sequence homology with ClsA and ClsB, which all belong to the phospholipase D superfamily. The ∆clsABC mutant lacks detectible CL regardless of growth phase or growth conditions. CL can be restored to near wild-type levels in stationary phase in the triple mutant by expressing either clsA or clsB. Expression of clsC alone resulted in a low level of CL in the stationary phase, which increased to near wild-type levels by coexpression of its neighboring gene, ymdB. CL synthesis by all Cls is increased with increasing medium osmolarity during logarithmic growth and in stationary phase. However, only ClsA contributes detectible levels of CL at low osmolarity during logarithmic growth. Mutation of the putative catalytic motif of ClsC prevents CL formation. Unlike eukaryotic Cls (that use PG and CDP-diacylglycerol as substrates) or ClsA, the combined YmdB-ClsC used PE as the phosphatidyl donor to PG to form CL, which demonstrates a third and unique mode for CL synthesis.
Review: chemotherapy and hormonal therapy reduce recurrence and mortality at 15 years in early breast cancer.

Source Citation Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the rando...
Anisotropic Contraction in Forisomes: Simple Models won't Fit

Forisomes are ATP-independent, Ca2+-driven contractile protein bodies acting as reversible valves in the phloem of plants of the legume family. Forisome contraction is anisotropic, as shrinkage in length is associated with radial expansion and vice versa. To test the hypothesis that changes in length and width are causally related, we monitored Ca2+- and pH-dependent deformations in the exceptionally large forisomes of Canavalia gladiata by high-speed photography, and computed time-courses of derived geometric parameters (including volume and surface area). Soybean forisomes, which in the resting state resemble those of Canavalia geometrically but have less than 2% of the volume, were also studied to identify size effects. Calcium induced sixfold volume increases in forisomes of both species; in soybean, responses were completed in 0.15 s, compared to about 0.5 s required for a rapid response in Canavalia followed by slow swelling for several minutes. This size-dependent behavior supports the idea that forisome contractility might rest on similar mechanisms as those of polyelectrolyte gels, a class of artificial “smart” materials. In both species, time-courses of forisome length and diameter were variable and lacked correlation, arguing against a simple causal relationship between changes in length and width. Moreover, changes in the geometry of soybean forisomes differed qualitatively between Ca2+- and pH-responses, suggesting that divalent cations and protons target different sites on the forisome proteins. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pragmatic abilities of children with williams syndrome: a longitudinal examination.

Although prior research has indicated that pragmatics is an area of particular weakness for individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), the relations among different pragmatic abilities and the relations between pragmatic ability and expressive vocabulary ability have yet to be addressed. In addition, analyses of the relations between the same type of pragmatic ability over time have not been reported. The present study was designed to address these questions. We considered the pragmatic language abilities of 14 children with WS at two time points: as 4-year-olds during a 30-minute play-session with their mothers (Time 1) and an average of 5.87 years later during a one-on-one conversation with a familiar researcher (Time 2). Children’s intellectual and expressive vocabulary abilities were assessed at both time points. Results indicated that the ability to verbally contribute information beyond what was required in response to a question was significantly related to the ability to verbally contribute new information in the absence of a question both at age 4 years and during primary school. At age 4, both the ability to pair verbalizations with eye contact (intersubjectivity) and expressive vocabulary ability were related to the ability to verbally contribute information beyond what was expected within a social interaction. Finally, the ability to verbally contribute new information to a social interaction beyond what was required to answer a question and the ability to pair verbalizations with eye contact (intersubjectivity) at age 4 years predicted the ability to verbally contribute new information beyond what was required to answer a question at age 9 – 12 years. The theoretical implications of our findings and the importance of early pragmatic language intervention for children who have WS are discussed.
Transcriptional regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase gene

As cells approach S phase, many changes occur to create an environment conducive for DNA synthesis and commitment to cell division. The transcription rate of many genes encoding enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, including the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene, increases at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle. Although a number of transcription factors interact to finely tune the levels of dhfr RNA produced, two families of transcription factors, Sp1 and E2F, play central roles in modulating dhfr levels. A region containing several Sp1-binding sites is required for both regulated and basal transcription levels. In contrast, the E2F-binding sites near the transcription start site are required only for regulated transcription. A model is presented for the regulation of the dhfr gene which may also pertain to other cell cycle-associated genes.
A new type of the evolution of the bubble front in the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Abstract We study the coherent motion of bubbles and spikes in the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. The theoretical solutions capturing the interplay of harmonics in the nonlinear dynamics are found, and a new type of the evolution of the bubble front is predicted.
Structure and innervation of the inner ear of the bowfin, Amia calva.

The hair cell orientation patterns and the number of innervating nerve cells was determined for the ear of the holostean fish Amia calva. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the sensory cells of the three otolith organs: the saccule, the lagena, and the utricle. The utricular hair cell orientation pattern is similar to that found in most vertebrates, while the lagenar hair cell pattern is similar to that in ostariophysine fishes. The saccule has both horizontally and vertically oriented hair cells, although in the living animal many of the horizontally oriented cells are really oriented lateromedially. The transition region between cells oriented horizontally and vertically suggests that the horizontal cells are ontogenetically derived from vertically oriented cells. The lagenar macula has the largest sensory region, with over 216,000 cells in its main sensory part. The utricular macula contains over 56,400 cells in the main sensory region, and the saccular macula over 8,600 cells. The otic nerve divides into anterior and posterior rami, and ganglion cell counts totaled 2,021 in the anterior ramus and 1,619 in the posterior ramus. There are three populations of ganglion cells in each ramus, on the basis of differences in cell diameter. By a rough estimate, the ratio of sensory to ganglion cells is at least 90:1. By comparing SEM data from Amia, other nonteleosts, and various teleost species, we suggest that the ontogenetic derivations of the horizontal cells in the teleosts and nonteleosts are substantially different and apparently unrelated to each other and that the most primitive ray-finned fishes had only vertically oriented sensory cells while the horizontally oriented cells subsequently evolved at least twice, once in Amia and other nonteleosts, and once in the ancestors of the teleosts.
Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of Superoxide Complexes [W2O6(O2−)] and [W3O9(O2−)]: Models for the Interaction of O2 with Reduced W Sites on Tungsten Oxide Surfaces

Two O-rich tungsten oxide clusters, W2O8- and W3O11-, were produced and investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The two anions are best considered as W2O6(O2-) and W3O9(O2-), respectively, each containing a side-on bound superoxide ligand, whereas the neutral clusters W2O8 and W3O11 are shown to involve O2 physisorbed to the W2O6 or W3O9 stoichiometric cluster. The current study indicates that the extra electron in W2O6- and W3O9- are capable of activating dioxygen by non-dissociative electron transfer (W 5d - O2 -*), and the two anionic clusters can be viewed as models for reduced defect sites on tungsten oxide surfaces for the chemisorption of O2.
Specific Fibrinogen and Thrombin Concentrations Promote Neuronal Rather Than Glial Growth When Primary Neural Cells Are Seeded Within Plasma-Derived Fibrin Gels

Fibrin gels are attractive scaffolds useful for neural tissue engineering applications. The objective of this work was to investigate the apoptotic activity, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of a mixed population of primary neural cells composed of neurons and multipotent precursor cells when cultured in fibrin gels prepared with varying concentrations of fibrinogen (5-25 mg/mL fibrinogen) and thrombin (1-125 U/mL thrombin). Within all fibrin gel formulations tested, the level of apoptosis on day 1 was low and cell survival was equivalent to levels in monolayer culture (67%). Proliferation in gels made from 5 to 12.5 mg/mL fibrinogen was also similar to that observed in monolayer culture, though a lower proliferative response was observed in 25 mg/mL fibrinogen formulations. Relative to monolayer culture, cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal presence was enhanced, whereas glial cell growth was reduced in fibrin gel cultures. The extent to which levels were altered depended on fibrinogen and thrombin concentration. The findings here suggest the importance of fibrinogen and thrombin concentration in differentially regulating the growth and composition of neural cell populations and are of importance for neural tissue engineering strategies focused on the development of implantable scaffolds for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
Using Online Groups to Provide Support to Asian American Men: Racial, Cultural, Gender, and Treatment Issues

Summary of Guidelines for Providing Online Groups to Asian American Men Goals for the group• Provide support in dealing with racism and contesting the legitimacy of dominant culturalrepresentations of Asian American men• Foster positive sense of ethnic and racial identity• Foster self-definition of what it means to be an Asian American manFormats• Bulletin board• Listserv• Bulletin board/listserv combination• Chat roomTypes of groupsOpen—membership and access are unrestricted• Ethical responsibilities similar to those in mass media presentations• Psychologists should make explicit that there is no professional relationshipClosed—membership and access are restricted• Ethical responsibilities more similar to therapy• Psychologists should make explicit that there is no professional relationship• Screen potential members with respect to their appropriateness for the group• Develop contingency plans and referral resources for members• Inform members about the limits of confidentiality in on-line groupsRoles of psychologists• Consultant—lends expertise in setting up on-line groups; trains others to facilitate on-line groups• Expert advisor—provides information and directs members toward resources• Facilitator—provides discussion topics, answers questions, and facilitates group processGuidelines for facilitating online groups for Asian American men• Preliminary logistics include making decisions about member characteristics, group format, the roleof the facilitator, and whether/how potential members will be recruited and screened• Phases of the group
Maggot therapy: a review of the therapeutic applications of fly larvae in human medicine, especially for treating osteomyelitis

In traditional medical practice, the larvae of some Diptera: Calliphoridae, notably Lucilia illustris (Meigen), L.sericata (Meigen) and Phormia regina (Meigen), have been employed for maggot therapy, i.e. to help clean lesions antiseptically, especially for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. This mode of treatment remains appropriate for cases where antibiotics are ineffective and surgery impracticable.
An Enterprise Decision Framework for Information System Selection

A decision framework is essential for the selection of an enterprise information system. Learning to follow this framework provides assistance to organizations in identifying common challenges encountered by project teams when selecting and implementing enterprise information systems. By choosing the right team and partners and by choosing the right system and data design, companies substantially can increase the performance of their enterprise system.
Large-Scale Synthesis of Six-Nanometer-Wide ZnO Nanobelts

Using a thin film of metallic tin as catalyst, ultrasmall single-crystalline zinc oxide nanobelts have been synthesized in large quantity using a simple solid-vapor technique. The nanobelts have an average width of 5.5 nm and a narrow size distribution of (1.5 nm. The nanobelts grew along the [0001] direction, with (21 h10) top/bottom surfaces and (011 h0) side surfaces. Photoluminescence measurement showed a blue shift in the emission spectrum compared to that acquired from ZnO nanobelts of 200 nm in width. These ultrafine nanobelts should be good candidates for investigating size-induced electrical and optical properties of functional oxides.
Seeing stars when there aren’t many stars: Graph-based semi-supervised learning for sentiment categorization

We present a graph-based semi-supervised learning algorithm to address the sentiment analysis task of rating inference. Given a set of documents (e.g., movie reviews) and accompanying ratings (e.g., "4 stars"), the task calls for inferring numerical ratings for unlabeled documents based on the perceived sentiment expressed by their text. In particular, we are interested in the situation where labeled data is scarce. We place this task in the semi-supervised setting and demonstrate that considering unlabeled reviews in the learning process can improve rating-inference performance. We do so by creating a graph on both labeled and unlabeled data to encode certain assumptions for this task. We then solve an optimization problem to obtain a smooth rating function over the whole graph. When only limited labeled data is available, this method achieves significantly better predictive accuracy over other methods that ignore the unlabeled examples during training.
Genomes of obligate plant pathogens reveal adaptations for obligate parasitism

Many destructive crop diseases are caused by filamentous microbes from the kingdoms Fungi (e.g., ascomycetes and basidomycetes) and Stramenopila (oomycetes). Many of these pathogens exploit plants by extracting nutrients from living plant cells (biotrophy) (1). In some cases, biotrophic pathogens have evolved to a state of absolute dependency on their hosts. These obligate biotrophs have lost the capacity for saprotrophic growth, display narrow host specificity, and are difficult or impossible to culture on synthetic media (2). When viewed from an interfacial perspective, these lineages provide fascinating case studies of how microbes can evolve to occupy highly specialized niches inside hostile plant hosts. How is it that these parasites can penetrate and grow within host organs, modify host cell structure, reprogram host metabolism, and reproduce prolifically, all while successfully evading the plant immune system (3)? There is much to be learned about these adaptations from comparative genomics. One such example is provided by a paper in PNAS that describes the genomes of two obligate rust pathogens (basidiomycota) and draws informative comparisons to genomes from related species with different lifestyles (4). Below, I discuss insights from this study in the context of similar analyses of obligate parasites from ascomycetes and oomycetes (5, 6). These comparisons reveal striking commonalities, suggestive of convergent pathways that have been followed as these three lineages independently evolved to an obligate lifestyle.
Kinetic resolution by copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

Abstract The use of chiral pybox ligands imparts enantioselectivity to the Cu I -catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction, in the form of kinetic resolution of α-chiral azides and desymmetrization of gem -diazides. While levels of selectivity are modest, the results show unequivocally that the process benefits from ligand-accelerated catalysis.
Marginalia, commonplaces, and correspondence: scribal exchange in early modern science.

Abstract In recent years, historians of science have increasingly turned their attention to the “print culture” of early modern science. These studies have revealed that printing, as both a technology and a social and economic system, structured the forms and meanings of natural knowledge. Yet in early modern Europe, naturalists, including John Aubrey, John Evelyn, and John Ray, whose work is discussed in this paper, often shared and read scientific texts in manuscript either before or in lieu of printing. Scribal exchange, exemplified in the circulation of writings like commonplace books, marginalia, manuscript treatises, and correspondence, was the primary means by which communities of naturalists constructed scientific knowledge. Print and manuscript were necessary partners. Manuscript fostered close collaboration, and could be circulated relatively cheaply; but, unlike print, it could not reliably secure priority or survival for posterity. Naturalists approached scribal and print communication strategically, choosing the medium that best suited their goals at any given moment. As a result, print and scribal modes of disseminating information, constructing natural knowledge, and organizing communities developed in tandem. Practices typically associated with print culture manifested themselves in scribal texts and exchanges, and vice versa. “Print culture” cannot be hived off from “scribal culture.” Rather, in their daily jottings and exchanges, naturalists inhabited, and produced, one common culture of communication.
The Permeability Transition Pore Controls Cardiac Mitochondrial Maturation and Myocyte Differentiation

Although mature myocytes rely on mitochondria as the primary source of energy, the role of mitochondria in the developing heart is not well known. Here, we find that closure of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) drives maturation of mitochondrial structure and function and myocyte differentiation. Cardiomyocytes at embryonic day (E) 9.5, when compared to E13.5, displayed fragmented mitochondria with few cristae, a less-polarized mitochondrial membrane potential, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and an open mPTP. Pharmacologic and genetic closing of the mPTP yielded maturation of mitochondrial structure and function, lowered ROS, and increased myocyte differentiation (measured by counting Z bands). Furthermore, myocyte differentiation was inhibited and enhanced with oxidant and antioxidant treatment, respectively, suggesting that redox-signaling pathways lie downstream of mitochondria to regulate cardiac myocyte differentiation.
Interface Shear Damage to a HDPE Geomembrane. II: Gravel Drainage Layer

AbstractAn experimental program of large-scale direct shear tests has indicated that shear displacement of a gravel drainage layer and nonwoven geotextile protection layer over a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane under moderate to high normal stress conditions can cause much greater damage to the geomembrane than static pressure alone. Essentially, no damage was observed at low normal stress. The greatest damage occurred at high normal stress (1,389 kPa) using a lightweight geotextile (335 g/m2) and yielded an average of 31 holes/m2, with a maximum hole size of 29 mm. Surprisingly, geomembrane damage measured using a lightweight geotextile was greater than that measured using no geotextile due to a change in failure surface location. For the same conditions, shear-induced damage was slightly less for a geomembrane placed on a compacted sand subgrade than on a compacted clay subgrade. Interface shear strength increased significantly with decreasing geotextile mass/area due to greater out-of-plan...
Antagonism by Nalmefene of Systemic and Intrathecal Morphine-Induced Analgesia in Mice

Nalmefene is an orally active opiate antagonist structurally related to naloxone and naltrexone. In this study using two different strains of mice (Swiss Cox and ICR), the antagonist activity of nalmefene given subcutaneously (sc) was quantified by determination of the apparent pA2 values against the antinociceptive activity (tail flick and hot plate tests) of morphine given sc or intrathecally (lumbar spinal cord). The apparent pA2 values (constrained to a slope of -1) were 8.06 (7.79-8.33) in Swiss Cox mice and 7.81 (7.62-8.00) in ICR mice in the tail flick test with sc morphine. These values were larger than the corresponding value for naloxone in ICR mice, 7.35 (7.10-7.60). The hot plate test provided similar results: the apparent pA2 values for nalmefene with sc morphine were 8.14 (7.89-8.39) in Swiss Cox mice and 7.81 (7.65-7.97) in ICR mice, values which were different from naloxone 7.33 (7.23-7.42) in ICR mice. Apparent pA2 values for nalmefene with intrathecal morphine were not different from those for naloxone in the tail flick test. Thus, these sets of results suggest that it may be worthwhile to further determine whether systemic nalmefene might possibly possess an advantage over naloxone in antagonizing systemic side effects of morphine arising from local spinal morphine administration. o 1987 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Use of a TGFβ type I receptor inhibitor in mouse skin carcinogenesis reveals a dual role for TGFβ signaling in tumor promotion and progression

Pharmacological inhibitors of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) type I receptor (ALK5) have shown promise in blocking growth of xenotransplanted cancer cell lines but the effect on a multistage cancer model is not known. To test this, we treated mouse skin with SB431542 (SB), a well-characterized ALK5 inhibitor, during a two-stage skin carcinogenesis assay. Topical SB significantly reduced the total number, incidence and size of papillomas compared with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) promotion alone, and this was linked to increased epidermal apoptosis, decreased proliferation and decreased cutaneous inflammation during promotion. In contrast, the frequency of conversion to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 2-fold higher in papillomas treated with SB. Although there was no difference in tumor cell proliferation in early premalignant lesions, those that formed after SB treatment exhibited reduced squamous differentiation and an altered inflammatory microenvironment similar to SCC. In an inducible epidermal RAS transgenic model, treatment with SB enhanced proliferation and cutaneous inflammation in skin but decreased expression of keratin 1 and increased expression of simple epithelial keratin 18, markers of premalignant progression. In agreement with increased frequency of progression in the multistage model, SB treatment resulted in increased tumor formation with a more malignant phenotype following long-term RAS induction. In contrast to the current paradigm for TGFβ in carcinogenesis, these results demonstrate that cutaneous TGFβ signaling enables promotion of benign tumors but suppresses premalignant progression through context-dependent regulation of epidermal homeostasis and inflammation.