cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-correlation Weak Lensing of SDSS Galaxy Clusters III: Mass-to-light Ratios

We present measurements of the excess mass-to-light ratio (M/L) measured around MaxBCG galaxy clusters observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This red-sequence cluster sample includes objects from small groups with M 200 ~ 5 × 1012 h –1 M ☉ to clusters with M 200 ~ 1015 h –1 M ☉. Using cross-correlation weak lensing, we measure the excess mass density profile above the universal mean for clusters in bins of richness and optical luminosity. We also measure the excess luminosity density measured in the z = 0.25 i band. For both mass and light, we de-project the profiles to produce three-dimensional mass and light profiles over scales from 25 h –1 kpc to 22 h –1 Mpc. From these profiles we calculate the cumulative excess mass ΔM(r) and excess light ΔL(r) as a function of separation from the BCG. On small scales, where , the integrated mass-to-light profile (ΔM/ΔL)(r) may be interpreted as the cluster M/L. We find the (ΔM/ΔL)200, the M/L within r 200, scales with cluster mass as a power law with index 0.33 ± 0.02. On large scales, where , the ΔM/ΔL approaches an asymptotic value independent of cluster richness. For small groups, the mean (ΔM/ΔL)200 is much smaller than the asymptotic value, while for large clusters (ΔM/ΔL)200 is consistent with the asymptotic value. This asymptotic value should be proportional to the mean M/L of the universe M/L. We find M/Lb–2 M/L = 362 ± 54h (statistical). There is additional uncertainty in the overall calibration at the ~10% level. The parameter b 2 M/L is primarily a function of the bias of the L L * galaxies used as light tracers, and should be of order unity. Multiplying by the luminosity density in the same bandpass we find Ω m b–2 M/L = 0.20 ± 0.03, independent of the Hubble parameter.
The effect of changes in facial muscle tension on respiratory resistance

The relationship between changes in facial electromyographic (EMG) levels and respiratory resistance was examined. Thirty adult males were assigned equally to 1 of 3 groups; a facial muscle tension increase group (EMG increase), a facial tension decrease group (EMG decrease), and a noncontingent group (EMG noncontingent). Biofeedback procedures, based on EMG recordings made form electrodes positioned over the frontalis muscles, were used to effect muscle tension changes. Individuals in the EMG increase group exhibited increases in facial tension, but individuals in the EMG decrease group failed to show muscle tension changes. Respiratory resistance increased in individuals in the EMG increase group but did not change in individuals in the EMG decrease group. Like the EMG decrease group subjects, EMG noncontingent group subjects changed neither in facial tension nor in respiratory resistance. The results provided some support for a hypothesis linking facial muscle tension and respiratory resistance.
Comparison of extraction methods for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in sorbents used for human scent evidence collection

Sorbent materials used for the collection of human scent for investigative purposes have been shown to contain a variety of compounds reported as components of human scent. Many of the sorbents evaluated were biologically sterile, and it has been demonstrated that biologically sterile does not equate to “analytically clean” and the possibility exists for collected odor samples to be altered through interactions with the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present initially on the sorbent material. The primary purpose of the study conducted was to evaluate various processes that can be applied to the sorbent materials to attain analytical cleanliness and eliminate the possibility of contamination of collected human odor samples. The chemical methods evaluated included Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE), traditional Soxhlet extraction, and autoclaving of sorbents. Optimization of the extraction parameters evaluated included temperature, pressure and extraction time, and the use of chemical modifiers such as methanol and water. Overall, SFE proved to be the most efficient method for producing sorbent materials free of human scent compounds.
Maxi-element analysis for free vibrations of orthotropic shells of revolution

Abstract The theory of free vibration for orthotropic shells of revolution with arbitrary homogeneous boundary conditions is developed. The essence of the method is to decompose the overall shell into a number of so-called cylindrical, conical, and plate “maxi-elements”. Since the eigenfunctions of each of the individual maxi-elements are analytically determined directly from the solution of the governing differential equations, the procedure has the advantage of requiring significantly fewer elements compared with the usual finite element or finite difference procedures. For the conical shell and the plate, the method of solution is novel, while the solution for the cylindrical shell has been published by the first author. The versatility and accuracy of the method is shown through the inclusion of a number of examples which present the excellent correlation with test results and other numerical schemes.
Properties of wood plastic composites made of recycled HDPE and wood flour from CCA-treated wood removed from service

Abstract The feasibility of using recycled plastic and wood particles from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood removed from service was investigated in this study. CCA pressure-treated red pine lumber removed from service after 21 years utilization was Wiley milled to wood flour and blended with virgin or recycled high-density polyethylene at 50:50 wood flour-to-plastic weight ratios. The blended materials were compression molded into panels and the physical and mechanical properties characterized. Samples containing particles from recycled CCA-treated pine exhibited flexural bending properties higher than those made with either particles from virgin pine or recycled urea formaldehyde bonded particleboard. The higher modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture from CCA-treated material were attributed to the increased thermal coefficient of the solid deposits rich in copper chromium and arsenic present in the cell wall of the recycled CCA-treated wood. The biological durability and the photo-protection properties were improved for samples containing recycled CCA-treated wood.
The renaissance of insulin pump treatment in childhood type 1 diabetes

Current goals for the treatment of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus include achieving near-normal blood sugar levels, minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia, optimizing quality of life, and preventing or delaying long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), or insulin pump therapy, provides a treatment option that can assist in the attainment of all of these goals in all ages of children. In pediatric patients, CSII has been demonstrated to reduce both glycosylated hemoglobin levels and frequency of severe hypoglycemia, without sacrifices in safety, quality of life, or weight gain, particularly in conjunction with the use of new insulin analogs and improvements in pump technology. Clinical studies of safety and efficacy of CSII in children are reviewed, as well as criteria for patient selection and practical considerations using pump therapy in youth with T1DM.
How Effective Is Arbitrage of Foreign Stocks? The Case of the Malaysia Exchange‐Traded Fund

Unlike closed‐end country funds that usually trade at large premiums to the values of their portfolios, exchange‐traded funds facilitate arbitrage to prevent their prices from deviating from their underlying values. However, such arbitrage can involve significant transaction costs, which have caused some to question the ability of this arbitrage to reduce premiums. This study examines the premiums on the iShares Malaysia Fund, which is the only exchange‐traded fund that has experienced an extended suspension of arbitrage. The results illustrate the importance of arbitrage in providing the full benefits of international diversification associated with exchange‐traded funds that invest in foreign securities.
Trivalent Lanthanide/Actinide Separation Using Aqueous-Modified TALSPEAK Chemistry

TALSPEAK is a liquid/liquid extraction process designed to separate trivalent lanthanides (Ln3+) from the minor actinides (MAs) Am3+ and Cm3+. Traditional TALSPEAK organic phase is comprised of the monoacidic dialkyl bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid extractant (HDEHP) in diisopropyl benzene (DIPB). The aqueous phase contains a soluble aminopolycarboxylate diethylenetriamine-N,N,N’,N”,N”-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) in a concentrated (1.0–2.0 M) lactic acid (HL) buffer with the aqueous acidity typically adjusted to pH 3.0. This process balances the selective complexation of the actinides by DTPA against the electrostatic attraction of the lanthanides by the HDEHP extractant to achieve the desired trivalent lanthanide/actinide group separation. In this study, the aqueous phase has been modified by replacing the lactic acid buffer with a variety of simple and longer-chain amino acid buffers. The results show successful trivalent lanthanide/actinide group separation with the aqueous-modified TALSPEAK process at pH...
DAMAGE DETECTION USING A MODIFIED LAPLACIAN OPERATOR ON MODE SHAPE DATA

Abstract Localized damage to a structure affects its dynamic properties, and much work has been undertaken investigating the variation of natural frequencies with damage. However, use of mode shape data has seen much less effort. This paper develops and presents a technique for identifying the location of structural damage in a beam. The procedure operates solely on the mode shape from the damaged structure, and does not requirea prioriknowledge of the undamaged structure. The procedure is developed using a one-dimensional finite element model of a beam, and demonstrated by experiment. When damage is severe (a localized thickness reduction of more than 10%), applying a finite difference approximation of Laplace's differential operator to the mode shape successfully identifies the location of the damage. However, when damage is less severe, further processing of the Laplacian output is required before the location can be determined. This post-processing enables the location of thickness reductions of less than 0·5% to be identified. The procedure is best suited to the mode shape obtained from the fundamental natural frequency. The mode shapes from higher natural frequencies can be used to verify the location of damage, but they are not as sensitive as the lower modes.
An anisotropic yield surface model for directionally reinforced metal-matrix composites

A new six parameter general anisotropic yield surface using a fourth order anisotropic tensor Mijkl has been proposed. This form has been derived based on the physical behavior observed for the material under consideration — directionally reinforced metal matrix composites. Its validity has been shown by proving its convexity and form under coordinate transformation. This form of the anisotropic yield function is general in nature which can be used for either pressure dependent or independent cases. By applying suitable conditions on the parameters, it can be reduced to the von-Mises and Tresca isotropic yield criteria. It can also be reduced to specific anisotropic models such as Hill's [1948 “A Theory of the Yielding and Plastic Flow of Anisotropic Metals,” Proceedings of Royal Society of London, A193, 281–297] pressure independent anisotropic yield function form and the Mulhern, Rogers and Spencer [1967 “A Continuum Model for a Fiber Reinforced Plastic Material,” Proceedings of Royal Society of London, A301, 473–492] pressure independent yield criterion for transversely isotropic materials, which is used for the continuum description for yielding in metal-matrix composites. The proposed surface compares well with the extensive experimental data of Dvorak et al. [1988 “An Experimental Study of Elastic-Plastic Behavior of a Fibrous Boron-Aluminum Composite,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 36, 655–687] and Nigam et al. [1993 “An Experimental Investigation of Elastic-Plastic Behavior of a Fibrous Boron-Aluminum Composite. I. Matrix-Dominated Mode,” International Journal of Plasticity, 10, 23–48] performed on boron-aluminum metal-matrix composite. Based on the experimentally observed flow and hardening behavior, the elasto-plastic stiffness matrix has been proposed.
Differential thermograms of polysaccharides.

Carrageenans and various other polysaccharides were characterized by differential thermal analysis in an atmosphere of air. The carrageenans, although isolated from different sources, had essentially the same thermographic characteristics. Of the other compounds studied, such closely related polysaccharides as amylose and amylopectin showed widely different thermal behavior. Thermographic replication was highly satisfactory.
Dynamic Aspects of Macrophage Polarization during Atherosclerosis Progression and Regression

It is well recognized that macrophages in many contexts in vitro and in vivo display a spectrum of inflammatory features and functional properties. A convenient system to group together different subsets of macrophages has been the M1(inflammatory)/M2(anti-inflammatory) classification. In addition to other sites of inflammation, it is now established that atherosclerotic plaques contain both M1 and M2 macrophages. We review results made possible by a number of recent mouse models of atherosclerotic regression that, taken with other literature, have shown the M1/M2 balance in plaques to be dynamic, with M1 predominating in disease progression and M2 in regression. The regulation of the macrophage phenotype in plaques and the functional consequences of the M1 and M2 states in atherosclerosis will also be discussed.
Transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in composite laminates

A study of transverse cracking mechanism in composite laminates is presented using a singular hybrid finite element model. The model provides the global structural response as well as the precise local crack-tip stress fields. An elasticity basis for the problem is established by employing Lekhnitskii's complex variable potentials and method of eigenfunction expansion. Stress singularities associated with the transverse crack are obtained by decomposing the deformation into the symmetric and antisymmetric modes and proper boundary conditions. A singular hybrid element is thereby formulated based on the variational principle of a modified hybrid functional to incorporate local crack singularities. Axial stiffness reduction due to transverse cracking is studied. The results are shown to be in very good agreement with the existing experimental data. Comparison with simple shear lag analysis is also given. The effects of stress intensity factors and strain energy density on the increase of crack density are analyzed. The results reveal that the parameters approach definite limits when crack densities are saturated, an evidence of the existence of characteristic damage state.
Ironies of post‐cold war structural adjustment in Sierra Leone

Africa's creditors stress ‘capacity building’ measures to strengthen bureaucratic effectiveness to reverse economic and political decline (Dia, 1993). World Bank officials point to the East Asian example of success at using government policies and institutions to promote ‘market friendly’ growth policies insulated from the pressures of clients demanding payouts as a positive example for Africa (World Bank, 1993a). Analysts recognise, however, that decades of patron‐client politics and intractable rent‐seeking (the use of state resources for personal gain) behaviour among state officials limits short‐term prospects for increasing revenue collection. With little internal financing for market boosting policies, World Bank programmes prescribe extensive civil service layoffs. Subsequent reductions in unproductive expenditures will reduce corruption, balance national budgets and remove obstacles to private market growth. Economic growth will in turn produce a class of entrepreneurs to demand more policies and ...
Transient central diabetes insipidus after aortocoronary bypass operations

Three cases of transient central diabetes insipidus after cardiopulmonary bypass are presented. All 3 patients responded promptly to administration of vasopressin, and were completely recovered from polyuria 10 days after cardiac surgery. It is postulated that transient diabetes insipidus after cardiac operation occurred in some patients who had preexisting selective osmoreceptor dysfunction when cardiac standstill during extracorporeal circulation alters the left atrial nonosmotic receptor function, resulting in suppression of antidiuretic hormone release.
The five careers of the biological metaphor in economic theory

Abstract The paper distinguishes among five different roles which the biological metaphor has played, or could play, in economic theory. First, the “selfish-gene” metaphor shows that non-human agents allocate scarce resources and behave non-selfishly according to rationality optimization—not different from how neoclassical theory models human choice. Second, the “ecological influx” metaphor examines the prowess of the non-human/human agent to produce surplus (net product), which differs from rationality optimization. Third, the “genotype” metaphor casts light on how the technology/institution scheme informs the development and behavior of organization. Fourth, the “organism” metaphor illuminates the order of organizations such as firms and states. Fifth, the “ecosystem” metaphor explicates the order of markets, which differs from the order of organizations.
Ubiquitous nature of ambient metastable aerosol

The potential for atmospheric aerosol particles to exist as metastable aqueous droplets instead of in their thermodynamically favoured crystalline solid phase has many implications for atmospheric physics and chemistry. Aqueous droplets are larger than their dry counterparts1 and generally scatter more light2,3. Also, the existence of an aqueous phase influences the oxidation, equilibrium vapour pressure and mass-transfer kinetics of trace gases4–9. Here we report observations at three urban and rural sites, showing that metastable droplets existed more than 50% of the time when the ambient relative humidity was between ∼45 and 75%. At one site, more than 10% of the aerosol's light-scattering coefficient was attributed to metastable liquid H2O when the relative humidity was greater than 55%. These results indicate that metastable droplets are ubiquitous in nature, although the full ramifications of these observations are still unclear.
Electromyographic instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous mean power frequency patterns across a range of motion during a concentric isokinetic muscle action of the biceps brachii

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the electromyographic (EMG) instantaneous amplitude (IA) and instantaneous mean power frequency (IMPF) patterns for the biceps brachii muscle across a range of motion during maximal and submaximal concentric isokinetic muscle actions of the forearm flexors. Ten adults (mean±SD age=22.0±3.4 years) performed a maximal and a submaximal [20% peak torque (PT)] concentric isokinetic forearm flexion muscle action at a velocity of 30°s −1 . The surface EMG signal was detected from the biceps brachii muscle with a bipolar electrode arrangement, and the EMG IA and IMPF versus time relationships were examined for each subject using first- and second-order polynomial regression models. The results indicated that there were no consistent patterns between subjects for EMG IA or IMPF with increases in torque across the range of motion. Some of the potential nonphysiological factors that could influence the amplitude and/or frequency contents of the surface EMG signal during a dynamic muscle action include movement of the muscle fibers and innervation zone beneath the skin surface, as well as changes in muscle fiber length and the thickness of the tissue layer between the muscle and the recording electrodes. These factors may affect the EMG IA and IMPF patterns differently for each subject, thereby increasing the difficulty of drawing any general conclusions regarding the motor control strategies that increase torque across a range of motion.
Coerced confessions and the jury: An experimental test of the "harmless error" rule.

Prompted by the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decision in Arizona v. Fulminante (1991), two studies evaluated the proposition that an erroneously admitted coerced confession can be considered “harmless error.” Mock jurors read transcripts of a murder trial containing a confession that was (1) elicited in a high- or low-pressure interrogation, and (2) ruled admissible or inadmissible by the judge (no-confession control groups were also included). As prescribed by law, jurors saw the high-pressure confession as less voluntary, correctly recalled the judge's ruling, and reported that it had less influence on their decisions. On verdicts, however, the confession increased the conviction rate—even when it was seen as coerced, even when it was stricken from the record, and even when jurors said it had no influence. These results suggest that appellate courts should exercise caution in applying the harmless error rule to the admission of coerced confessions.
Modeling Sharing Decision of Campus Safety Reports and Its Design Implications to Mobile Crowdsourcing for Safety

Current campus communication regarding safety-related issues can be improved for both efficiency and accessibility. We observed a unique opportunity to develop a mobile crowdsourcing system, which allows university community members to report safety related incidents to the campus police department and to share their reports with other users of the system. To better inform the design of such a system, we applied drift-diffusion models in cognitive psychology to model the effect of various factors on users' sharing tendency. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 30 participants. We also ran an MTurk study with 230 participants to explore the feature of anonymous sharing in the application design. In this paper we report various results, including the findings that the time of day, location, and type of crime each affects the likelihood and timeliness of sharing safety reports in several different ways. We also discuss the implications for design of mobile crowdsourcing systems for public safety in general.
Patterns of gene expression in swine macrophages infected with classical swine fever virus detected by microarray.

Abstract Infection of domestic swine with highly virulent, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strain Brescia, causes lethal disease in all infected animals. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in modulating the host cellular processes and evasion of the immune response have not been clearly established. To gain insight into, the early host response to CSFV, we analyzed the pattern of gene expression in infected swine macrophages, using custom designed swine microarrays. Macrophages, the target cell for CSFV infection, were isolated from primary cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, allowing us to utilize identical uninfected macrophages at the same time points as CSFV-infected macrophages, allowing only genes induced by CSFV to be identified. First, microarray probes were optimized by screening 244,000 probes for hybridization with RNA from infected and uninfected macrophages. Probes that hybridized and passed quality control standards were used to design a 44,000 probe microarray for this study. Changes in expression levels of 79 genes (48 up- and 31 down-regulated) during the first 48 h post-infection were observed. As expected many of the genes with an altered pattern of expression are involved in the development of an innate immune response. Several of these genes had differential expression in an attenuated strain NS4B.VGIv, suggesting that some of these differences are responsible for virulence. The observed gene expression profile might help to explain the immunological and pathological changes associated with infection of pigs with CSFV Brescia.
Gender and the role of intuition in staff training and the field among college outdoor program professional staff

Recognizing that intuition plays an important role in effective management and leadership, this study primarily examined gender differences among college and university outdoor program professional staff as it relates to their support for the use of intuition in staff training and the field. The electronic survey was administered and completed by 139 directors of outdoor programs in 2011/2012. Findings revealed that gender did not differentiate in terms of support for using intuition in training and field use although males and females agreed intuition should be used. Work related experiences and one's tendency to use intuition in decision making had little effect on support as well. Recognizing that intuition can play a role in organizational decision making the information from this study should provide some â€œfood for thoughtâ€ for university and college outdoor programs interested in more closely examining how â€œgut instinctsâ€ play a role in staff training and field leadership.
MALDI mass spectrometric imaging of cardiac tissue following myocardial infarction in a rat coronary artery ligation model.

Although acute myocardial infarction (MI) is consistently among the top causes of death in the United States, the spatial distribution of lipids and metabolites following MI remains to be elucidated. This work presents the investigation of an in vivo rat model of MI using mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) and multivariate data analysis. MSI was conducted on cardiac tissue following a 24-hour left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in order to analyze multiple compound classes. First, the spatial distribution of a small metabolite, creatine, was used to identify areas of infarcted myocardium. Second, multivariate data analysis and tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify phospholipid (PL) markers of MI. A number of lysophospholipids demonstrated increased ion signal in areas of infarction. In contrast, select intact PLs demonstrated decreased ion signal in the area of infarction. The complementary nature of these two lipid classes suggest increased activity of phospholipase A2, an enzyme that has been implicated in coronary heart disease and inflammation.
Postmenopausal estrogen and the risk of breast cancer.

The increasing extended use of noncontraceptive estrogen by postmenopausal women, intended to prevent osteoporosis and heart disease, may at the same time increase their risk of other conditions. Among these, breast cancer is the most common life-threatening outcome and most feared. As reviewed elsewhere (l), many characteristics of women who develop breast cancer suggest an etiologic or promotional role for endogenous estrogens. Breast cancer is more common in nulliparous women or women with a late first pregnancy, and in women with a long menstrual history due to early menarche or late menopause. Women castrated before the age of 35 have only one-third the incidence of breast cancer observed in intact women; nearly one-third of women with advanced breast cancer have a remission after oophorectomy. The reduced recurrence rate following tamoxifen therapy is attributed to an antiestrogen effect.
Synthesis and physicochemical analysis of interpenetrating networks containing modified gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate.

The interrelated effects of gelatin modification, content, and poly(ethylene glycol) molecular weight on the melting temperature, surface hydrophilicity, tensile properties, swelling/degradation, and drug-release kinetics of a novel interpenetrating network (IPN) system containing gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were evaluated. Gelatin content had a large effect on the IPN melting temperature and ΔH. Modifying gelatin with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and/or monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monoacetate ester as well as increasing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate molecular weight increased the surface hydrophilicity. Increasing the gelatin weight percent increased the IPN elasticity at room temperature. When buffer and elevated temperature were present in the testing environment, the elasticity of all IPNs tested decreased. IPNs showed an enhanced elasticity and strength when compared with glutaraldehyde-fixed gelatin hydrogels. The extent of IPN swelling and degradation was increased by increasing the gelatin content or by modifying gelatin. The time to complete sample degradation was longer for IPNs when compared with gelatin crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Modifications to the IPN system increased the maximum percent of chlorhexidine digluconate released from the IPNs. The rate of complete drug release was slower from IPNs than from glutaraldehyde-fixed gelatin matrices. A wide range of IPN physicochemical properties was obtained through formulation changes and chemical modifications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 224–234, 2003
Comparative Structure-Activity Relationships of Benztropine Analogues at the Dopamine Transporter and Histamine H1 Receptors

Benztropine (BZT) and its analogues inhibit dopamine uptake and bind with moderate to high affinity to the dopamine transporter (DAT). However, many of these compounds, in contrast to other monoamine uptake inhibitors, lack cocaine-like behavioral effects and fail to potentiate the effects of cocaine. The BZT analogues also exhibit varied binding affinities for muscarinic M1 and histamine H1 receptors. In this study a comparative analysis was conducted of pharmacophoric features with respect to the activities of BZT analogues at the DAT and at the histamine H1 receptor. The BZT analogues showed a wide range of histamine H1 receptor (Ki =16-37600 nM) and DAT (Ki=8.5-6370 nM) binding affinities. A stereoselective histamine H1-antagonist pharmacophore, using a five-point superimposition of classical antagonists on the template, cyproheptadine, was developed. A series of superimpositions and comparisons were performed with various analogues of BZT. In general, smaller substituents were well tolerated on the aromatic rings of the diphenyl methoxy group for both the DAT and H1 receptor, however for the H1 receptor, substitution at only one of the aromatic rings was preferred. The substituents at the 2- and N-positions of the tropane ring were preferred for DAT however these groups seem to overlap receptor essential regions in the histamine H1 receptor. Molecular models at the DAT and the histamine H1 receptor provide further insight into the structural requirements for binding affinity and selectivity that can be implemented in future drug design.
Short vs. long column behavior of pultruded glass-fiber reinforced polymer composites

Abstract Analytical and experimental studies were conducted for the purpose of establishing a distinguishing criterion between short and long FRP composite column behaviors. The results of investigating 24 full-scale GFRP composite columns are presented. The experimental studies utilized specimens with commonly used ‘Universal’ and ‘Box’ cross-sections which were manufactured by the pultrusion process using E-glass fibers in various forms as reinforcement and polyester and vinylester as binding matrices. The effective slenderness ratios ( L / r ) of the investigated columns were 3.79, 32.7, 47.9, 63.1 and 75.4 for the ‘Universal’ section and 9.38, 53.9 and 78.9 for the ‘Box’ section. The specimen lengths were 18 inches (0.46 m), 8 foot (2.44 m), 12 foot (3.66 m), 16 foot (4.88 m) and 19.25 foot (5.87 m). All columns were tested in a vertical position and under compressive axial static loading and the fundamental pinned–pinned end-conditions. The columns’ compressive strains, buckling and crippling loads, lateral displacements, initial curvatures, and modes of failure were documented during the course of this investigation. Orthotropic mechanical properties of the composites were experimentally obtained utilizing 44 coupons cut from the column specimens. Analytically, Euler's formula was employed to obtain critical loads for the slender columns. For short columns, the classical plate theory was used to predict columns’ buckling loads. Based on experimental evaluations and analytical results, a slenderness ratio based criterion was established for distinguishing between short and long composite column behaviors. Further conclusions and design recommendations were made.
Explorations in employee envy: Feeling envious and feeling envied

Two aspects of envy at work (i.e., feeling envied by others and feeling envy toward others) were studied with 222 first-level supervisors. Results supported predictions concerning the previously unstudied construct of feeling envied by others (i.e., associations were identified with job longevity, Machiavellianism, and sense of competitive reward), as well as replicated earlier findings for feeling envy toward others (i.e., associations were identified with self-esteem, Machiavellianism, leader-member exchange, sense of competitive reward, and job dissatisfaction). Also, employee Machiavellianism and leader-member exchange were found to interact for the dependent variable of being the target of coworker envy such that in-group members who were highly Machiavellian reported the greatest sense of being envied by coworkers.
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in Behavioural Analysis

Abstract Spectral analysis is an important tool for examining time-series data and can be particularly powerful in detecting periodicity in animal behaviour patterns. Because of its simplicity and the speed of current computing algorithms, the discrete Fourier transform is most often used in spectral analysis. An understanding of several important aspects of discrete Fourier transform analysis (its application to degenerate or transformed data, aliasing, truncation, and statistical inference) is central to the appropriate use of this form of spectral analysis. These aspects are discussed and evaluated in the context of the analysis of temporal behaviour patterns of animals. The variety of published techniques for the statistical analysis of discrete Fourier transform spectra is particularly vexing for behavioural scientists interested in the possible significance of individual components (peaks): a conservative and simple χ 2 test is proposed as a solution.
Response to trauma of protein, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism in injured and uninjured rat skeletal muscles

Soft tissue injury to one hindlimb produced trauma in rats without affecting their food intake or weight gain. Histologic examination showed damage to the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles but not to the extensor digitorum longus muscle. The protein content of the injured soleus muscle was lower than that of the contralateral soleus at one day after injury, and was reflected in vitro by a faster rate of protein degradation. The injured soleus also showed greater rates of protein synthesis, glucose uptake, glycolysis, oxidation of glucose, pyruvate, and leucine, and de novo synthesis of alanine. During three days after the injury, urinary nitrogen excretion increased progressively and was paralleled by a faster rate of protein degradation in uninjured muscles incubated with glucose, insulin, and amino acids. In these muscles, the inhibition of protein degradation by insulin diminished, while its stimulation of protein synthesis was unaffected. This insensitivity of proteolysis to insulin in trauma can explain the increased rate of this process. The oxidation of glucose and pyruvate were lower in the diaphragms of traumatized than of normal rats incubated with leucine, while glycolysis and uptake of 2-deoxyglucose did not differ. The degradation of leucine and isoleucine was greater in the diaphragms of traumatized animals and was associated with a faster de novo synthesis of alanine. For the uninjured soleus muscles of the traumatized rats, the slower rates of oxidation of glucose, glycolysis, and uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in the presence of insulin showed an insensitivity of glucose metabolism to this hormone. In contrast, no differences were seen in these various metabolic processes between the extensor digitorum longus muscles of traumatized and normal rats. These data suggest that the response of skeletal muscles to trauma may depend on their physiologic and biochemical characteristics.
The buffering effects of job embeddedness on negative shocks

Abstract Unpleasant events are a fact of organizational life. The way in which people respond to such events, however, varies. In the present study, we hypothesized and found that some individuals choose to respond to negative events in ways that helped the organization. Instead of withdrawing in an attempt to “get even” by reducing work outputs, these individuals improved their in-role and extra-role performance. The study examined the role that job embeddedness plays in creating this work enhancement reaction. Specifically, we discovered that on-the-job embeddedness helps reduce the impact of negative shocks on organizational citizenship and overall job performance. The findings of this study have important implications for both theory and practice.
Zur Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Brombenzol

Anomalien bei der Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Brombenzol wurden von BURNETT und Mitarb.1 beschrieben und als zusatzlicher Kettenstart auf Grund einer Nebenreaktion des Initiators mit dem Brombenzol gedeutet. Es wird gezeigt, das diese Hypothese die experimentellen Ergebnisse nicht befriedigend zu beschreiben vermag, sofern auch der Polymerisationsgrad mit berucksichtigt wird. Die Anomalien werden statt dessen als Folge von Elektron-Donator-Acceptor-Wechselwirkungen zwischen Polymerradical und umgebenden Molekulen interpretiert und mit entsprechenden Beobachtungen bei Polystyrol verglichen. Anomalies in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in bromobenzene have been described by BURNETT et al.1 and interpreted as a participation of the solvent in the initiation process, producing additional chain initiation. It is shown that this hypothesis is not able to describe the experimental data satisfactorily, when the degree of polymerization is also taken into account. The anomalies are, instead, interpreted as consequences of electron-donor-acceptorcomplexes between polymer radicals and surrounding molecules, and the results are compared with similar effects in styrene polymerization.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray investigation of the recombinant Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense calmodulin

Bipyramidal crystals of the recombinant calmodulin from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were obtained by vapor diffusion against 55% (v/v) 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer, pH 5.6. When few nucleation events occurred, crystals grew to 0.25 × 0.25 × 1.20 mm. The space group of the crystal is I4122, with unit cell dimensions a = b = 56.88 A, c = 230.11 A, α = β = γ = 90°, z = 16. The molecular mass and volume of the unit cell suggest that there is one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The I/σ(I) ratio for data at 3.0 A resolution was 3.67, indicating that the final structure can be refined at higher resolution. Molecular replacement methods and the PC-refinement technique have not yet yielded the structure under a variety of search conditions. We are currently investigating the multiple isomorphous replacement approach to determine this crystal structure. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMD measurement techniques-a consistent comparison

Several different techniques are now widely used for measurement of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), which can limit the transmission bandwidth of both analog and digital fiber-optic transmission systems. The wavelength scanning technique relies on measurement of the spectral transmission through a polarizer-fiber-polarizer concatenation. The transmission spectrum is analyzed either by the counting of extrema, or by application of a Fourier transform. The interferometric technique uses a similar polarized optical source, but relies on measurement of the mutual coherence between different polarizations at the fiber output. In the Jones matrix technique the polarization response to three input polarizations is measured as a function of wavelength to allow calculation of the wavelength-dependent polarization dispersion vector. Ideally, all techniques would be rigorously linked by theory, which in turn would be confirmed by measurement. As we progress toward this level of understanding, a skeptical review of the theoretical relations between the physics of the various measurement techniques can help establish foundations upon which to build.
The Oral History and Education Project of the International Society for Quality of Life Studies and the Gallup Institute for Global Well-Being: A Way to Honor Distinguished Researchers and to Preserve their Legacies—The Alex Michalos Interviews

The Oral History and Education Project of the International Society for Quality of Life Studies and the Gallup Institute for Global Well-Being is described along with specific, step-by-step procedures and guidelines for planning, conducting, and disseminating oral history and educational interviews with pre-eminent research scientists and exemplars of service to others. An illustrative “case” of interviews with the pre-eminent scholar, Alex Michalos, winner of Canada’s Gold Medal Award and president of Academy II of the Royal Society of Canada is presented. The Project’s goal is to produce oral histories and educational interviews with the top researchers in the fields of quality of life, well-being, social indicators, positive psychology and other sciences, in order to preserve their academic legacies, share their findings worldwide, and encourage a new generation of researchers, scientists, and oral historians. Those conducting these interviews may claim their interviews as publications in the fields of the history and teaching of psychology and sociology and oral history as long as these interviews remain available through a university, academic society, college textbook company, or university archivist. It is hoped that this article will inspire and guide others who may wish to emulate this work.
Dreaming in the Middle Ages

Acknowledgments List of abbreviations Introduction: modern and medieval dreams 1. Dreambooks and their audiences 2. The doubleness and middleness of dreams 3. The patristic dream 4. From the fourth to the twelfth century 5. Aristotle and the late-medieval dream 6. Dreams and fiction 7. Dreams and life Notes Bibliography Index.
One-dimensional radial model of cold atmospheric plasma jet

Recent development of atmospheric plasma sources capable of creating plasmas at or near room temperature has led to an increased interest in this technology from the medical community. Atmospheric plasmas have been routinely used for surface treatment and sterilization, however, the low temperature demonstrated by these new sources makes this technology attractive for applications dealing with living tissue. Plasmas have been found to effectively dispose of living cells and to reduce the migration speed of living cells1. This technology could thus be applicable in areas such as wound healing.
An Overview of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The Vibrionaceae are environmentally ubiquitous to estuarine waters. Two species in particular, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, are important human pathogens that are transmitted by the consumption of contaminated molluscan shellfish. This document provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowl- edge about these important foodborne disease agents. Topics include the epidemiology of human disease; biotypes and virulence factors; cultural and molecular-based detection methods; phenotyping and genotyping approaches; microbial ecology; and candidate control strategies. Recent international risk assessment efforts are also described. The reader will gain an understanding of why these organisms pose a public health risk and how improving our understanding of their behavior in the environment and the host can aid in reducing that risk in the future.
Butterfly analysis: adapting dataflow analysis to dynamic parallel monitoring

Online program monitoring is an effective technique for detecting bugs and security attacks in running applications. Extending these tools to monitor parallel programs is challenging because the tools must account for inter-thread dependences and relaxed memory consistency models. Existing tools assume sequential consistency and often slow down the monitored program by orders of magnitude. In this paper, we present a novel approach that avoids these pitfalls by not relying on strong consistency models or detailed inter-thread dependence tracking. Instead, we only assume that events in the distant past on all threads have become visible; we make no assumptions on (and avoid the overheads of tracking) the relative ordering of more recent events on other threads. To overcome the potential state explosion of considering all the possible orderings among recent events, we adapt two techniques from static dataflow analysis, reaching definitions and reaching expressions, to this new domain of dynamic parallel monitoring. Significant modifications to these techniques are proposed to ensure the correctness and efficiency of our approach. We show how our adapted analysis can be used in two popular memory and security tools. We prove that our approach does not miss errors, and sacrifices precision only due to the lack of a relative ordering among recent events. Moreover, our simulation study on a collection of Splash-2 and Parsec 2.0 benchmarks running a memory-checking tool on a hardware-assisted logging platform demonstrates the potential benefits in trading off a very low false positive rate for (i) reduced overhead and (ii) the ability to run on relaxed consistency models.
Cartesian Off-Body Grid Adaption for Viscous Time- Accurate Flow Simulation

An improved solution adaption capability has been implemented in the OVERFLOW overset grid CFD code. Building on the Cartesian off-body approach inherent in OVERFLOW and the original adaptive refinement method developed by Meakin, the new scheme provides for automated creation of multiple levels of finer Cartesian grids. Refinement can be based on the undivided second-difference of the flow solution variables, or on a specific flow quantity such as vorticity. Coupled with load-balancing and an inmemory solution interpolation procedure, the adaption process provides very good performance for time-accurate simulations on parallel compute platforms. A method of using refined, thin body-fitted grids combined with adaption in the off-body grids is presented, which maximizes the part of the domain subject to adaption. Two- and three-dimensional examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the adaption scheme.
Telephone surveying with computers: Administrative, methodological and research issues

Abstract Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) is a tool designed to assist interviewers in almost every aspect of a telephone survey. This article reviews the current status of CATI with special attention to microcomputer-based systems. Most of the literature in this area has focused on the implementation and design of CATI systems. This paper takes a broader perspective by examining the administrative, methodological and research issues surrounding the use of CATI. The primary conclusion is that CATI systems can aid in the administration of telephone surveys in addition to reducing sources of survey error. However, these systems are neither inexpensive nor easily implemented. Perhaps the greatest potential for CATI is in the area of research, where their structured use can lead us to a better understanding of the survey research process in general.
The Variation of Choice Reaction Time Among Groups of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

(1961). The Variation of Choice Reaction Time Among Groups of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 105-114.