cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: implications for individual and group performance

Summary We investigated the effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation on individual and group performance with a sample of 120 work groups consisting of 834 employees who represented six different organizations. LMX differentiation was defined as the degree of variability in the quality of LMX relationships formed within work groups. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) results did not indicate support for a main effect of LMX differentiation on individual performance. Rather,the results demonstrated that LMX moderatedthe relation between LMX differentiation and individual performance, such that increases in LMX differentiation were accompanied by increases in individual performance for low LMX members, but no change in individual performance for high LMX members. At the group level, therewas not a main effect for LMX differentiation on group performance. However, the hierarchical regression results revealed that the relation between LMX differentiation and group performance was moderated by task interdependence, such that for groups high in task interdependence, the greater the differentiation among group members, the higher the performance of the group. Conversely, for groups with relatively lower levels of task interdependence, differentiation among subordinates was not related to group performance. Finally, LMX differentiation was positively related to group performance in groups with a low LMX median, but was not related to performance in groups with a high LMX median. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DISCUSSION OF "STRAIN WEDGE MODEL CAPABILITY OF ANALYZING BEHAVIOR OF LATERALLY LOADED ISOLATED PILES, DRILLED SHAFTS, AND PILE GROUPS" BY MOHAMED ASHOUR, GARY NORRIS, AND PATRICK PILLING

A discussion of an earlier paper with the aforementioned title published in this journal (Volume 7, Number 4, July/August 2002), is presented. Kocsis comments on the strain wedge model technique for analyzing laterally loaded piles that was described in the original paper, and discusses a technique used by Chicago's bridge division. The Chicago technique is based on a finite-difference method, and suggests that the load-deflection curve can be satisfactorily approximated by a straight line when dealing with deflections in the range of 6 to 19 mm. Other methods for analyzing laterally loaded piles are discussed.
ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF A CABLE STAYED GIRDER BRIDGE

Abstract The paper deals with the linear and nonlinear behavior of a cable stayed girder bridge subjected to static and dynamic conditions of load. Particular reference is given to a bridge designed by the Division of Bay Toll Crossings for the Southern Crossing of San Francisco Bay, California. The loads and displacements considered are symmetrical to a vertical plane which includes the central longitudinal axis of the roadway girder. The orientations of the cables and of the diamond-shaped towers are in three dimensional space and are taken into account. A linear theory and a nonlinear theory are presented for determining the effects of static conditions of loads on the bridge. The linear theory is employed in determining influence lines for various parameters of the bridge, and in determining the maximum effects caused by specified live loads, temperature changes, and differential movements. The influence lines are based on the direct application of Muller-Breslau's principle to structures composed of finite elastic elements. The linear theory also is employed for obtaining the effects of selected cases of live load distributions. Special attention is given to the distributions forces and moments in the towers and the girder, and of the forces in the cables. The nonlinear theory is general and is employed for static and dynamic conditions of load. For static conditions of load, the theory is employed for determining, (1) the camber of the girder and the dimensions of each unstressed segment of the bridge, (2) the displacements, forces, and moments at each section of the bridge for various stages of erection, and (3) the influence of possible overloads of vehicular traffic on the nonlinear behavior of the bridge. The dimensions of the unstressed segments are required for fabrication and to determine camber. The camber is required to insure that all conditions at dead load, prescribed by the designers, are obtained after erection. The other studies of nonlinear behavior are needed to determine possible modes of failure during and after erection. For use in the nonlinear theory, nonlinearforce-deformation relations and tangent stiffnesses are required for the kinds of members encountered in the analytical model. The kinds encountered are (1) axial-flexual members which lie in three dimensional space, and (2) catenaries. For the axial-flexural members, the influences of eccentricities are taken into account.
Portable oxygen in chronic obstructive lung disease with hypoxemia and cor pulmonale. A controlled double-blind crossover study.

SUMMARY Nine patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease with clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of cor pulmonale were selected. They had a mean resting PaO 2 of 53 mm Hg, which fell to 49 mm Hg on maximal exercise (P Portable liquid air breathing, compared to the control period before starting to use the portable gas apparatus, resulted in no changes in spirometric findings, gas diffusion, heart rate, exercise tolerance, distance walked per day (pedometer), ECG at rest and exercise, or arterial blood gas levels at rest and exercise. All patients stated that they "felt better" with than without the portable gas apparatus. While receiving liquid oxygen, the group as a whole showed a significant fall in resting heart rate (P 2 during oxygen breathing increased to 84 mm Hg (P 2 at rest to 71 mm Hg (P 2 on maximal exertion to 65 mm Hg (P All nine patients stated that they "felt better" with the portable gas apparatus than during the control period. Only three could clearly tell that they received something different during each five-week period. It was these patients who stated that the liquid air was "not as good." They were the only patients to show an increase in distance walked per day by pedometer readings. The only distinguishing feature of this group was a greater fall in PaO 2 during exercise in the control period. Portable liquid oxygen therapy is of more than placebo value in a highly selected group of patients with COPD, cor pulmonale, and hypoxemia at rest and exercise.
Increasing Returns to City Size in the Face of an Impending Decline in the Sizes of Large Cities: Which is the Bogus Fact?:

A summary of recently published statistics show an actual or imminent population decline in the great metropolitan regions of many, if not all, of the major industrialized nations (Japan, France, G...
On The Study Of Grain Boundary Segregation Using X-Ray Diffraction And Computer Simulation

The possibility of studying grain boundary segregation using X-ray diffraction is explored by performing a computer simulation of the diffraction effects expected from the segregation of solute atoms to grain boundaries in two gold alloy systems, i.e. Au-Ag and Au-Ni. Using atomistic Monte-Carlo and molecular statics methods, equilibrium boundary structures are determined and analyzed by computing the grain boundary structure factors. Various changes in both relative and absolute grain boundary structure factors are found which can be directly related to structural and compositional changes due to segregation. In addition, systematic diffraction effects are found as a function of boundary misorientation. The experimental conditions required for verifying these predictions are discussed.
Impact of phytochemical-rich foods on bioaccessibility of mercury from fish

Abstract The effects of phytochemical-rich foods on bioaccessibility of mercury in fish tissue (the amount of mercury that is released from fish into gastrointestinal tract fluid following a simulated digestion) were investigated using an in vitro digestion. Total mercury in the aqueous phase following a simulated digestion of fish with added food treatments was used to measure mercury bioaccessibility. Green tea extract (31–2000 mg), black tea extract (31–2000 mg), and soy protein (50–100 mg) significantly reduced mercury bioaccessibility by 82–92%, 88–91%, and 44–87%, respectively. Grapefruit juice (0.5–10 ml) did not reduce mercury in the aqueous phase. Wheat bran (50–1000 mg) decreased mercury bioaccessibility (84%); oat bran and psyllium reduced bioaccessibility (by 59–75%, 15–31%, respectively) at amounts greater than 500 mg. We therefore suggest that co-consumption of foods containing phytochemicals at the same time as fish that contains mercury may potentially reduce mercury absorption compared to eating fish alone.
Epidemiologic methods for prospective assessment of menstrual cycle and reproductive characteristics in female semiconductor workers

Methods were developed to assess potential adverse effects of semiconductor fabrication work in a prospective study of reproductive health. All women aged 18-44 years who worked in seven silicon-wafer fabrication sites in five companies and a frequency-matched sample of women in nonfabrication jobs were included. Among 3,480 selected for screening, 2,639 (75%) completed a self-administered questionnaire to identify women at risk of pregnancy. Among the 739 (28%) eligible women, 481 (65%) completed baseline interviews and 402 (83.6%) completed at least one menstrual cycle of follow-up by providing daily diaries and daily urine samples. Menstrual cycle characteristics were assessed from questionnaires and diaries. Urine samples were assayed for reproductive hormones to identify conceptions. The usual cycle length recalled at baseline was 28 days. The mean cycle length (MCL) recorded in diaries was 29 days, with greater dispersion than at baseline. The median of the MCL from diary data was 28 days for women reporting regular cycles at baseline but 34 days for women reporting irregular cycles at baseline, and the median standard deviation in cycle length per woman was 2.5 days and 7.5 days, respectively. The prospective method, while expensive and labor intensive, showed good compliance. Nevertheless, recall also provided reasonably accurate estimates and distinguished women with regular and irregular cycles.
VESICAL ARTERIOGRAPHY: AN ADJUNCT TO STAGING OF BLADDER TUMOURS1

SUMMARY The use of vesical arteriography in conjunction with pelvic pneumography and air cystography is described and recommended as an additional parameter to current methods of staging bladder tumours. The study is unique in that 26 of 30 patients underwent subsequent open surgery thereby providing an accurate correlation of the arteriographic and histopathological findings. An overall accuracy of 95.5 per cent. was found with triple contrast arteriography as compared with 22.7 per cent. by transurethral biopsy of the same vesical lesions. There were no significant complications in the series. The procedure appears to have a definite place in the total assessment of patients with vesical neoplasms.
Assessment of Dielectrometry for Characterization of Processing and Moisture Absorption in FRP Composites

The increasing use of ambient cured resin systems for the fabrication of composites used in structural components such as in civil infrastructure creates a need for monitoring cure progression over time as well as for tracking changes due to environmental exposure during the extended period of time needed to attain full cure. Further, there is a need for the development of methods to monitor the health of structures in the field for applications such as column retrofit, external strengthening of girders and slabs, and even bridge decks. This paper investigates the application of dielectrometry to the characterization of E-glass epoxy composites exposed to deionized water. Results are correlated with DSC and moisture absorption. It is shown that a direct correlation between moisture absorption and permittivity can be obtained.
A freeze-fracture study of exocytosis and reflexive gap junctions in human ovarian decidual cells.

Fine-structural features of ovarian decidual cells and their mode of secretion were examined by means of freeze-fracture microscopy. Unique cortical peduncular processes contained secretory vesicles within the expanded peduncle tip, the membrane-leaflets of which exhibited a particle-poor E face adjacent to the vesicle lumen and a P face containing a greater particle number. Exocytosis from attached peduncles involved release of vesicular profiles 40–55 nm in diameter; small particles 8.5–11.5 nm in diameter were also observed at degranulation sites. In fractures revealing the E face of the plasmalemma, cytoplasmic portals at the bases of peduncular stalks were distinguishable from endocytic vesicles. The frequent occurrence of reflexive gap junctions associated with peduncles was shown by freeze-fracture. However, there appeared to be no consistent spatial relationship between gap junctions, secretory peduncles, or sites of exocytosis. Freeze-fracture analysis of the topography of reflexive gap junctional profiles revealed that such gap junctions share basic similarities with intercellular gap junctions. These similarities include particle size (8–10 nm); number of particles within clusters (20–40); and the presence of 5–15 nm particle-free aisles. The finding in the present study of reflexive gap junctions occurring between peduncles and the cell soma, as well as between peduncles, suggests that the original definition of reflexive gap junctions as those existing between processes of the same cell should be broadened to include any gap junctional specialization formed between portions of the plasma membrane of one cell.
Effects of the growth stage on the heavy metal tolerance of alfalfa plants

Abstract Alfalfa plants grown in soil at different growth stages were exposed to separate batches of Cr(VI) at 100 mg/l, and Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), or Zn(II) at 500 mg/l. Four days after germination, all metals, except Zn(II), had lethal effects on the alfalfa seedlings. Furthermore, when applied 16 days after germination, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) still had lethal effects on the seedlings and Cd(II) and Cu(II) destroyed more than 50% of the plant population. While approximately 90% of the plants exposed to Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were able to grow without apparent negative effects 20 days after germination, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) still showed lethal effects. The concentration of heavy metals in shoot dry tissues was 1209 mg/kg for Cd, 887 mg/kg for Cu and 645 mg/kg for Zn. These results demonstrated that the tolerance of alfalfa plants to Cd, Cu and Zn was positively correlated with the age of the plants. Also, these results opened the possibility of using alfalfa plants, via transplant, to clean up soils where the concentration of Cd, Cu or Zn is high enough to avoid alfalfa seed germination.
Properties of guinea pig 7S antibodies. I. Electrophoretic separation of two types of guinea pig 7S antibodies.

Guinea pigs hyperimmunized with single protein antigens or hapten conjugates emulsified in complete adjuvants produced two types of precipitating antibodies with different electrophoretic mobilities. "Slow" migrating antibody generally appeared earlier and "fast" migrating antibody later in the course of immunization. Animals initially immunized by the intraperitoneal route with hapten conjugates without adjuvants produced primarily fast migrating antibody. Purified guinea pig antibodies were also separable into slow and fast migrating components by electrophoresis in supporting media. Using suitable antisera prepared in rabbits hyperimmunized with guinea pig serum, it was demonstrated that slow and fast antibodies have both common and distinct antigenic determinants. Analytical ultracentrifugation disclosed that both antibodies have sedimentation coefficients of approximately 7S. These antibodies have been designated guinea pig 7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2.
Maintaining postharvest quality of raspberries with natural volatile compounds

Summary The postharvest quality of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) was evaluated after treatment with several natural volatile compounds and storage at 0, 10 or 20 � C. At high storage temperature (20 � C), raspberries deteriorated rapidly and none of the natural volatile compounds that were used were effective in extending storage life of the fruit. At low storage temperature (0 � C), little difference could be discerned among the various volatile treatments. However, at 10 � C storage, raspberries treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), tea tree oil (TTO), or absolute ethyl alcohol had less decay. MJ- and TTO-treated fruit also maintained higher levels of sugars, organic acids and oxygen radical absorbance capacity compared with untreated fruit. Samples treated with acetic acid or vinegar vapour did not differ from control fruit. Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations within the containers during storage revealed that none of the treatments caused accumulation or depletion of these gases to a level that would be harmful to raspberries. Colour measurements of the berries showed that all raspberry fruit became darker and less red after storage, but fruit treated with MJ were found to have the highest intensity of red colour while AITC application caused the berries to appear lighter in colour.
Ocular Toxicity of Experimental Intravitreal DMSO

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a universal solvent which may be a suitable solvent for intraocular drugs. In this experimental study, the toxic effect of intravitreal DMSO in rabbits is examined. Sin...
Partial Information Filters

Abstract Matched filter (MF) is well known to yield the highest output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) among all possible linear time-invariant filters. However, the matched filter takes on complex values and can he difficult to implement in some technologies. As a result, several partial-information versions of the matched filter (e.g., phase-only filter, binary phase-only filter, etc.) have been introduced. This paper provides a concise introduction to these filters.
Putative human pheromone androstadienone attunes the mind specifically to emotional information

Abstract The putative human pheromone Δ4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone), a non-androgenic steroid found in sweat and saliva, modulates psychological, physiological and hormonal responses without detection as an odor. To determine the specific psychological processes altered by androstadienone, four studies were completed by 50 men and women after solutions of 250 μM androstadienone or clove-odor control carrier, on separate days, were applied to their upper lip: (1) face pairs were subliminally presented, with one face neutral and the other happy or angry. Androstadienone accelerated speed to locate a subsequent dot probe appearing on the same side as emotional faces, without affecting overall reaction times, indicating that androstadienone specifically enhanced automatic attention to emotional information. (2) In two Stroop paradigms, emotional or mismatched color words interfered with ink color identification. Androstadienone slowed ink color identification of emotional words, demonstrating greater allocation of attentional resources towards emotional information, with no effect on the cognitive Stroop. (3) To test effects on social cognition, participants performed two working memory tasks with distinct stimuli, neutral faces or shapes. Androstadienone did not alter attention to either the social or nonsocial images. (4) The ameliorative effects of androstadienone on self-reported attentiveness were replicated, consistent with increased attention to emotional visual stimuli. Moreover, androstadienone did not alter positive or negative mood, as participants were alone during testing, which removed emotional stimuli from social interactions with a tester. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that subliminal androstadienone guides psychological resources to specifically engage stimuli with emotional significance and does not alter attention to social or general cognitive information.
The role of prime compatibles in the minimization of finite state machines

A. Grasselli and F. Luccio (1965) proved that a minimum state cover of an incompletely specified finite-state machine could be found by only considering prime compatibles. It was conjectured that in practice one could restrict even further the set of compatibles being considered to the set of maximal compatibles. The conditions under which a solution formed of maximal compatibles was guaranteed to be exact were determined, but the question of the practical relevance of prime compatibles remained open. It is shown here that state minimization problems which require the full generality afforded by prime compatibles for the solution to be optimal are actually found in practice. The proof relies on the concept of analogous machines-essentially machines that pose the same minimization problem. The main result is that for any incompletely specified machine there is an analogous machine that has to be minimized in the optimization of two interacting, completely specified machines. >
Intracellular calcium levels during the period of delayed excitotoxicity

Intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) among cultured hippocampal neurons were monitored during and in the hours following an excitotoxic glutamate application to determine the time course of changes involved in delayed excitotoxicity. After a 5 min toxic insult, [Ca2+]i increased immediately and remained elevated for an hour. Subsequently, [Ca2+]i declined to normal resting levels and remained so up to 13 hr following insult. Only a few neurons displayed greatly elevated [Ca2+]i at these extended times. Survival experiments in sister cultures indicated that 85% of the neurons died after 24 hr. Therefore, intracellular calcium returned to baseline levels prior to neuronal death. Additionally, during this period when basal calcium levels had recovered, the majority of neurons responded to a second excitatory amino acid application with a second increase in [Ca2+]i.
Restaurant Menu Labeling: Impact of Nutrition Information on Entree Sales and Patron Attitudes

This study examined changes in sales of low fat/low cholesterol foods targeted in a restaurant menu labeling program. Sales of labeled items were tracked before and after the program was introduced, and a subsample of patrons were surveyed for information on visibility and comprehension of the menu labels. Two of the four restaurants had significant increases in the sales of targeted foods following labeling. Comparisons between patrons dining in restaurants which had an increase in sales (I--increase restaurants) to those dining in restaurants which had no overall shift in sales (NI--no increase restaurants) revealed no differences in patron awareness or comprehension of the menu labels. There were age and gender differences between I and NI restaurants, with I restaurants having proportionally more males, and a younger clientele. Taste was the primary reason given by patrons for their entree choice, regardless of whether or not it was labeled. In all four restaurants women and older patrons were more aware of the program and more responsive to its recommendations. These findings suggest that environmental strategies may be an effective method of encouraging dietary changes in the general population, but patron characteristics such as age and gender may influence receptivity to this type of intervention. Future studies aimed at developing effective point of purchase education programs should evaluate these patron characteristics and include more powerful behavior change strategies.
Refractivity-from-clutter using global environmental parameters

This paper examines the sensitivity of radar clutter returns to variations in parameters used to describe the refractive environment that is associated with surface-based ducts. This supports determining efficient parameters so as to minimize the search space required in the inverse problem of inferring the refractivity environment from observations of radar sea clutter. First, the sensitivity of replica fields to variations in range-independent parameters are considered. Next, variations in the parameters with range are modeled as a Markov processes. It is seen that either source of variation could explain variations in radar clutter observations obtained during a surface-based ducting event with the 3.0 GHz Space Range Radar (SPANDAR) at Wallops Island, VA. We then use the Simulated Annealing/Genetic Algorithm (SAGA) general purpose inversion code to infer refractivity parameters from observed clutter. SAGA is configured to use an embedded parabolic equation electromagnetic propagation model, a four-parameter model for atmospheric refractivity, and a linear least-squares objective function. The mismatch between (a) the optimal replica field and the observed clutter and (b) the inferred refractivity profile and the range-dependent refractivity structure obtained by in situ measurements, is discussed.
The need for a system of quality standards for modern quality management

The management of analytical quality depends on the careful evaluation of the imprecision (uncertainty) and inaccuracy (trueness) of laboratory methods and the application of statistical quality control procedures to detect medically important analytical errors that may occur during routine analysis. A system of quality standards is recommended to incorporate different types of requirements, such as clinical outcome criteria, analytical outcome criteria, and analytical performance criteria. For practical applications, all need to be translated into operating specifications for the imprecision, inaccuracy, control rules, and number of control measurements that are necessary to assure analytical quality during routine production of test results.
mRNA Regulation by Puf Domain Proteins

Puf domain proteins bind specific sequences in mRNAs to regulate their translation or stability, or both. Neither the mechanism of their action nor the identities of targeted mRNAs have been well defined. Recent work suggests that Puf proteins generally act by recruiting Pop2, a deadenylation enzyme that is part of a large complex. Recent work from a separate group defines a subset of the Drosophila transcriptome that is bound by the fly Puf protein, Pumilio. Together, these papers substantially increase our understanding of the biology of the Puf family of mRNA regulators.
Incorporation of Hydroxyproline-14C into the Principal Alkaloids of Datura innoxia Miller

Datura innoxia root cultures absorb dl -hydroxyproline-2- 14 C and distribute it to hyoscyamine and scopolamine as well as other alkaloids. The low level of incorporation suggests an indirect route and not a direct incorporation from an exogenous amino acid pool.
Protection against UV-light-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 high-risk mice by sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts

Aerobic life, UV solar radiation, genetic susceptibility, and immune status contribute collectively to the development of human skin cancers. In addition to direct DNA damage, UV radiation promotes the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates that can cause oxidative damage and inflammation, and ultimately lead to tumor formation. Treatment of murine and human keratinocytes with the isothiocyanate sulforaphane elevated phase 2 enzymes and glutathione and protected against oxidant toxicity. Topical application of sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprouts extracts induced the phase 2 response in mouse skin in vivo. Sulforaphane inhibited cytokine-dependent (g-interferon or lipopolysaccharide) induction of iNOS in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The UVradiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in ‘initiated high-risk mice’ was substantially inhibited by broccoli sprout extracts containing sulforaphane. After completion of the UV irradiation schedule (30 mJ/cm 2 /session twice a week for 20 weeks), groups of w30 mice were treated topically on their backs (5 days a week for 11 weeks) with broccoli sprout extract containing either the equivalent to 0.3 mmol (low dose) or 1.0 mmol (high dose) sulforaphane, respectively. At this time point, the tumor incidence had reached 100% in the control mice. Tumor burden, incidence, and multiplicity were reduced by 50% in the animals that received the high dose of protector. Tumor incidence and multiplicity did not differ between the low dose-treated and the control groups, but the low dose treatment resulted in a substantial reduction of the overall tumor burden. Thus, topical application of sulforaphanecontaining broccoli sprout extracts is a promising strategy for protecting against skin tumor formation after exposure to UV radiation.
Interferon in Oncological Practice: Review of Interferon Biology, Clinical Applications, and Toxicities

For the past 40 years, various forms of interferon (IFN) have been evaluated as therapy in a number of malignant and non-malignant diseases. With the advent of gene cloning, large quantities of pure IFN became available for clinical study. This paper reviews the biology, pharmacology, and clinical applications of IFN formulations most commonly used in oncology. It then reviews the most common side effects seen in patients treated with IFN, and makes recommendations for the management of IFN-induced toxicity. The major oncological indications for IFN include melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Unfortunately, IFN therapy is associated with significant toxicity, which can be divided into constitutional, neuropsychiatric, hematologic, and hepatic effects. These toxicities have a major impact on the patient’s quality of life, and on the physician’s ability to optimally treat the patient. Careful attention to all aspects of patient care can result in improved tolerability of this difficult but promising therapy. Conclusion: a better understanding of IFN biology, indications, side effect profiles, and toxicity management will aid in optimizing its use in the treatment of patients with cancer. The Oncologist 2001;6:34-55
Brain and Pituitary Hormones of Lampreys, Recent Findings and their Evolutionary Significance

SYNOPSIS. Lampreys of the Class Agnathan are of particular importance in understanding endocrinological relationships since they represent one of the oldest lineages of extant vertebrates, which evolved over 550 million years ago. In this review, agnathans are considered to be paraphyletic in origin, with the modern agnathans classified into two groups, myxinoids (hagfish) and petromyzonids (lamprey). Recent paleontological analysis of modern groups suggests that the jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than either is to the hagfishes. It has been proposed that there have been two periods of gene duplication during the course of vertebrate evolution, one of which occurred close to the origin of the vertebrates. This paper will summarize the most recent information on the structure and function of newly identified hormones and genes of the brain (lamprey GnRH-I and -III, somatostatin-14; neuropeptide Y-related peptide and a lamprey tachykinin) and pituitary (ACTH, MSH-A, MSH-B, NHF-nasohypophysial factor, POM, and POC) in lampreys. In addition, these data provide further information for the prediction of gene duplication during the early development of vertebrates and increases our understanding of the molecular evolution and functional diversity of these hormones.
Manipulating the information carried by an optical beam with reflexive photorefractive beam coupling

A two-beam coupling interaction of an information-bearing beam with a copy of itself in a photorefractive medium changes the spatiotemporal nature of the beam. We analyze the reflexive coupling of an information-bearing beam carrying two or more spatiotemporal signals, using a one-dimensional model. We find that the statistical information content of the beam can be increased or decreased by use of reflexive coupling. In particular, we show that the reflexive interaction can be used to selectively enhance a given signal over others on the basis of intensity and that, for example, a pair of spatially overlapping but temporally independent signals can be made spatially orthogonal.
Coherent production of the pπ+π− enhancement at 1470 MeV by 28 GeV/c protons on neon

In a bubble-chamber experiment with 28 GeV/c protons in a neon-hydrogen mixture, coherent production of pπ+π− on neon has been observed. All of the available evidence indicates that the enhancement in pπ+π− mass which we see in the region of 1470 MeV is the same as has been observed in high-energy pp experiments. A double-Regge model gives quite good agreement with the data, without needing any explicit resonance production. Calculations with a nuclear absorption model have given limits of between 30 mb and 70 mb for the emerging pπ+π− system with mass less than 1.6 GeV. The cross section for coherent production of pπ+π− in this mass range is found to be 470 ± 100 μb.
Isabelle Closed Orbit Correction System

The proposed closed orbit correction system for the ISABELLE storage accelerators is described. Results given include the initial orbit displacement error expected, the degree of correction that is expected by moving quadrupoles and by exciting dipole correction coils, the limitations on orbit correction due to the number and location of the probes (pickup electrodes) and the accuracy requirements on the power supplies that stem primarily from the need to keep the two narrow beams in proper collision with each other.
Teachers Learning Together: Pedagogical Reasoning in Mathematics Teachers’ Collaborative Conversations

In the United States, teaching is an isolated profession. At the same time, ambitious forms of teaching have been shown to benefit from teacher collaboration. What is it about collegial conversations that supports teachers’ ongoing professional learning? In this paper, I synthesize findings from prior studies on mathematics teachers’ collaborative conversations, focusing my analysis on collective pedagogical reasoning. I examine four facets of collegial conversations that support refinements in this reasoning. These facets are: interactional organization, engagement of individual teachers in a group, epistemic stance on mathematics teaching, and locally negotiated standards of representational adequacy. Together, these aspects of teacher talk differently organize opportunities for professional learning.
Stress Analysis and Special Problems of Prestressed Dams

Development and use of cable methods of prestressing as applied to dams; techniques currently in use are examined; problem of stress distribution within foundation and near base of dam is found by superposition of known elasticity solutions with finite difference correction; results of analysis are discussed and general conclusions arrived at; method for simplified analysis is presented. (35 refs.)
Persistency in Discrete Optimization

Given a mixed 0–1 linear program in n binary variables, we studied in Chapter 2 the construction of an n + 1 level hierarchy of polyhedral approximations that ranges from the usual continuous relaxation at level 0 to an explicit algebraic representation of the convex hull of feasible solutions at level-n. While exponential in both the number of variables and constraints, level-n was shown in the previous chapter to serve as a useful tool for promoting valid inequalities and facets via a projection operation onto the original variable space. In this chapter, we once again invoke the convex hull representation at level-n, this time to provide a direct linkage between discrete sets and their polyhedral relaxations. Specifically, we study conditions under which a binary variable realizing a value of either 0 or 1 in an optimal solution to the linear programming relaxation of a mixed 0–1 linear program will persist in maintaining that same value in some discrete optimum.
Transplantation of Mobilized Peripheral Blood Stem Cells: Role of Filgrastim

Autologous bone marrow transplantation, although successful, is limited in the rate of hematopoietic recovery achieved. Myeloablative chemotherapy results in prolonged pancytopenia with standard autologous bone marrow support. High-dose myelosuppressive chemotherapy results in severe but short-term pancytopenia, and hematopoietic recovery is routine without cellular support. Cellular support becomes necessary when multiple-cycle, severely myelosuppressive regimens are used because of the cumulative stem cell damage and unacceptably long duration of severe pancytopenia. Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) may be used as cellular support, and colony-stimulating factors with or without chemotherapy are currently the most potent available PBPC-mobilizing tools. Filgrastim (rmethG-CSF) has been shown to enhance the number of PBPCs for harvest in both cancer patients and normal donors. When Filgrastim is used in conjunction with chemotherapy, there appears to be greater PBPC mobilization, which seems to b...
Male reproductive success in Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae)

Lifetime offspring sired by males increases with both male longevity and the rate of female availability. High rates of female availability saturate male ability to sire increasing offspring but do not affect male survivorship. When presented with a saturating number of females in two sequential, 24-h bouts, offspring sired in the second bout is independent of offspring sired in the first bout and is independent of recovery time between bouts. Our results suggest that males will pass up the opportunity to mate and, in so doing, avoid a physiological cost to future reproductive effort or to residual longevity.
The Influence of Parathion and Para-oxon on Sensory Hairs of Flies

The effect of parathion and para-oxon has been studied electrophysiologically using labellar hairs of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen). Direct applications of the insecticides were made in a glass capillary placed over individual sensory hairs. When applied directly, para-oxon produced a five-fold increase in frequency of spikes with the house fly; a frequency higher than controls continued for 25 minutes of a 30-minute period of study. Behavioral symptoms were studied following topical applications of the two organophosphates to the thorax of the flies. Symptoms produced were correlated with electrical responses recorded from labellar hairs of the affected flies. There was considerable distortion, variability of pattern, as well as increased frequency of spikes which occurred through the hyperexcitable period. Later, during knockdown, the frequency and pattern of spikes returned to conditions similar to controls. A short appraisal of the usefulness of the technique is given, particularly with respect to neurotoxins.
Study of seismic wave input of Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam during Wenchuan earthquake

The main shock measured by stations of China strong motion networks center(CSMNC) around Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam(CFRD) and the aftershock measured by Zipingpu stations are analyzed.The basic characteristics of strong ground motions are studied.Three-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis is adopted to analyze Zipingpu CFRD while the main shock measured by stations like Diban of Mao county(DBM),Zoushishan of Pi county(ZSP),Zhonghe of Chengdu(ZHC) and recorded aftershock of rock stations on dam site on Nov.6,2008 and artificial ground motion generated by standardized spectrum of specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures as seismic input;and then comparison between the finite element data and the measured data is made.It is shown that the long period component(0.65 s later) of response spectrum of ground motion recorded by stations of ZSP and ZHC is much too rich as these far-field stations locate in the footwall of fault.As Zipingpu dam locates near the fault,main shock recorded by far-field stations can not be used as seismic input.The components in the range of about 1 Hz(base frequency of the dam) of the aftershock recorded by stations of Zipingpu dam are lower and the duration is less so that it is difficult to stimulate the dam.Compared with measured and calculated spectra on dam crest,ground motions measured by Diban station of Mao county and artificial ground motion generated by standardized spectrum are suggested to be used in dynamic analysis of Zipingpu dam during Wenchuan earthquake.
Co-regulation of the Glycine max soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-containing regulon occurs during defense to a root pathogen

ABSTRACTGenes functioning in membrane fusion were originally identified genetically in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are found in all eukaryotes. Components of the unit, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE), function in the plant genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana during its defense to shoot pathogens. Regarding defense, little is understood about SNARE in roots or its regulation. Experiments in Glycine max (soybean) have provided an opportunity to perform such studies, revealing that SNARE genes are expressed under natural conditions in root cells undergoing defense to parasitism by the nematode Heterodera glycines. Presented here, the G. max homolog of S. cerevisiae suppressor of sec1 (SSO1), identified genetically in A. thaliana as PENETRATION1 (PEN1) and named in its genomic annotation as syntaxin 121 (SYP121) functions in the resistance of G. max to H. glycines. Genetic experiments demonstrate Gm-SYP121 is co-expressed with homologs of other SNARE genes...
The Sequential Transfer Mechanisms in (p,n) Reactions

The first order distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) has provided a good description for many nuclear reactions. In the study of charge exchange reactions such as (3He,t) and (p,n) one would initially expect to understand these processes in terms of an effective two-body charge exchange potential which acts between the incident projectile and the target nucleons. For the low spin transitions, especially the analogue state transitions, one could approximately explain1,2 the data in terms of effective nucleon-nucleon force strengths. These successes were tempered by the failure of the theory to account for the excitation strength3–5 of the higher spin states such as the 6+ and 8+ states. (The strength of the effective interaction was found to be about an order of magnitude larger for the 6+ state than for the 0+ analogue state.) These results were for cases where simple shell model configurations such as (π f7/2) (v f7/2)−1 and (π g9/2) (v g9/2)‒1 could be used. Schaeffer6 has shown that exchange effects cannot remove the high spin renormalization difficulty although the corrections were significant and in the right direction.
Non-repetitive trajectory tracking for joint position constrained robot manipulators using iterative learning control

In this paper, a novel iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm is presented for a class of joint position constrained robot manipulator systems. Unlike the traditional ILC probelms, where the reference trajectory is iteration invariant, the reference trajectory in this work can be non-repetitive over the iteration domain. A tan-type time-varying Barrier Lyapunov Function (BLF) is proposed to deal with the constraint requirements which can be both time and iteration varying. We show that under the proposed ILC scheme, uniform convergence of the full state tracking error beyond a small time interval in each iteration can be guaranteed over the iteration domain, while the constraints on the joint position vector will not be violated during operation. An illustrative example is presented in the end to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
High Pressure Chemistry in the Solid State; Pressure Induced Molecular Rearrangements in Rigid Media

In this paper we present the results of a series of studies of molecular rearrangements in rigid media-crystalline and polymeric. These have been selected from a considerably more extensive set of data because they are representative of various regularities which have been observed.
Adaptiveness and consistency of expert based learning algorithms selecting reactions to human movements

Expert based learning algorithms have been used by robots to choose satisfying reactions to human movements. These algorithms often demonstrate random performance that tries to hit a balance between adaptiveness and consistency that matches human's preferences intuitively. This paper provides a rigorous way to quantify the adaptiveness and consistency of the expert based learning algorithms in the context of human robot interaction. It is discovered that a Markov chain model can be used to allow the analysis of both adaptiveness and consistency for several popular expert based learning algorithms. Success of the method has been seen in both simulation and experimental work.
Towards an Efficient Way of Building Annotated Medical Image Collections for Big Data Studies

Annotating large collections of medical images is essential for building robust image analysis pipelines for different applications, such as disease detection. This process involves expert input, which is costly and time consuming. Semiautomatic labeling and expert sourcing can speed up the process of building such collections. In this work we report innovations in both of these areas. Firstly, we have developed an algorithm inspired by active learning and self training that significantly reduces the number of annotated training images needed to achieve a given level of accuracy on a classifier. This is an iterative process of labeling, training a classifier, and testing that requires a small set of labeled images at the start, complemented with human labeling of difficult test cases at each iteration. Secondly, we have built a platform for large scale management and indexing of data and users, as well as for creating and assigning tasks such as labeling and contouring for big data medical imaging studies. This is a web-based platform and provides the tooling for both researchers and annotators, all within a simple dynamic user interface. Our annotation platform also streamlines the process of iteratively training and labeling in algorithms such as active learning/self training described here. In this paper, we demonstrate that the combination of the platform and the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the workload involved in building a large collection of labeled cardiac echo images.
‘A perverse quest for meaning’: false witness in Vietnam and beyond

AbstractThis essay interprets Robert Jay Lifton’s writing on Vietnam veterans as a thinking of history in terms of ‘false witness’. Lifton conceives of a form of history that perpetuates its own erasure and of a new form of witness that emerges from this very annihilation.
Preclinical safety and effectiveness of a longer beam and burst duration for ultrasonic repositioning of urinary stones

In the first-in-human trial of ultrasonic propulsion, subjects passed collections of residual stone fragments after repositioning with a C5-2 probe. Here, effectiveness and safety in moving multiple fragments is compared between the C5-2 and a custom SC-50 probe that produces a longer beam and burst duration.