cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the PDZ3 Domain of the Adaptor Protein PDZK1 as a Second, Physiologically Functional Binding Site for the C Terminus of the High Density Lipoprotein Receptor Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I *

Abstract The normal expression, cell surface localization, and function of the murine high density lipoprotein receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in hepatocytes in vivo, and thus normal lipoprotein metabolism, depend on its four PDZ domain (PDZ1–PDZ4) containing cytoplasmic adaptor protein PDZK1. Previous studies showed that the C terminus of SR-BI (“target peptide”) binds directly to PDZ1 and influences hepatic SR-BI protein expression. Unexpectedly an inactivating mutation in PDZ1 (Tyr20 → Ala) only partially, rather than completely, suppresses the ability of PDZK1 to control hepatic SR-BI. We used isothermal titration calorimetry to show that PDZ3, but not PDZ2 or PDZ4, can also bind the target peptide (Kd = 37.0 μm), albeit with ∼10-fold lower affinity than PDZ1. This binding is abrogated by a Tyr253 → Ala substitution. Comparison of the 1.5-A resolution crystal structure of PDZ3 with its bound target peptide (505QEAKL509) to that of peptide-bound PDZ1 indicated fewer target peptide stabilizing atomic interactions (hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions) in PDZ3. A double (Tyr20 → Ala (PDZ1) + Tyr253 → Ala (PDZ3)) substitution abrogated all target peptide binding to PDZK1. In vivo hepatic expression of a singly substituted (Tyr253 → Ala (PDZ3)) PDZK1 transgene (Tg) was able to correct all of the SR-BI-related defects in PDZK1 knock-out mice, whereas the doubly substituted [Tyr20 → Ala (PDZ1) + Tyr253 → Ala (PDZ3)]Tg was unable to correct these defects. Thus, we conclude that PDZK1-mediated control of hepatic SR-BI requires direct binding of the SR-BI C terminus to either the PDZ1 or PDZ3 domains, and that binding to both domains simultaneously is not required for PDZK1 control of hepatic SR-BI.
DRE-Enhanced Swept-Wing Natural Laminar Flow at High Reynolds Numbers

Nonlinear parabolized stability equations and secondary instability analyses are used to provide a computational assessment of the potential use of the discrete roughness elements (DRE) technology for extending swept-wing natural laminar flow at chord Reynolds numbers relevant to transport aircraft. Computations performed for the boundary layer on a natural laminar flow airfoil with a leading-edge sweep angle of 34.6deg, free-stream Mach number of 0.75 and chord Reynolds numbers of 17 x 10(exp 6), 24 x 10(exp 6) and 30 x 10(exp 6) suggest that DRE could delay laminar-turbulent transition by about 20% when transition is caused by stationary crossflow disturbances. Computations show that the introduction of small wavelength stationary crossflow disturbances (i.e., DRE) also suppresses the growth of most amplified traveling crossflow disturbances.
Microfabricated fuel cells

This paper reports design, materials, and testing of microfabricated fuel cells that can be applied for small power generation. Multiple co-planar fuel cells in series have been built onto ceramic substrates (as well as silicon and polymer, but not reported here) using thick-film fabrication techniques. Testing of these fuel cells gave power densities in the milliwatt (per square centimeter) range for continuous power and tens of miliwatts under pulsing conditions, and have indicated performance limiters and opportunities for higher power densities. These fuel cells are intended to operate on ambient-supplied air, and thus the polymer electrolytes must be capable of operating under a range of humidity conditions. The target conductivity for these low power devices is � / 1m S cm 1 at 15% RH. Although novel polymer electrolytes are being pursued at CWRU for this application, we report here Nafion † films cast from alternate solvents that have adequate conductivity for this application. Several on-board fuel storage approaches are being pursued. We have demonstrated high fuel utilization by a fuel cell operating with on-board source of hydrogen from aqueous sodium borohydride , as well from solid metal hydride systems. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
CONSTANT ENERGY DIFFERENCES IN ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Constant second-order energy differences for the hydrogen isoelectronic series, as obtained from optical spectra, were examined. A distinct pattern consistent with the quantum shell structure of the Periodic Table of elements was revealed. The relationship between periodicity and atomic structure is discussed. (C.H.)
Capacitor Discharge through a Capillary Used as a Spectroscopic Source

A spectroscopic source was developed by using a capacitor discharge through a quartz or aluminum capillary tube. It furnished a constant-intensity emission band, a line spectrum, and a continuum from the visible to the vacuum-ultraviolet region. The technique of operating the source and the plasma temperature in the capillary are discussed.
Sedimentary record of subduction to forearc transition in the rotated Eocene basin of western Oregon

Systematic changes in compositions of Eocene sandstones in the southern part of the Oregon Coast Range constrain proposed models of tectonic accretion and rotation of this crustal fragment. Three basic petrofacies of lithic, arkosic, and volcanolithic composition can be defined sequentially from the base to the top of the section. The lithic petrofacies was deposited prior to rotation and was derived from the nearby Klamath Mountains during collision of the subjacent seamount terrane. The transition to arkosic composition coincided with the end of collision and the initiation of forearc basin subsidence. The arkosic sands contain muscovite and potassium feldspar derived from a continental-plutonic source area; their presence in the forearc sequence suggests that the Coast Range block lay farther to the east and closer to interior parts of the Mesozoic batholith belt prior to tectonic rotation. Volcanolithic sandstones were deposited after rotation of the Coast Range had begun, and they mark the beginning of volcanic activity in the adjacent Cascade arc.
Comparative aspects of the distribution of cytochrome P-450 dependent mono-oxygenase systems: an overview.

(1979). Comparative Aspects of the Distribution of Cytochrome P-450 Dependent Mono-Oxygenase Systems: An Overview. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 15-33.
Preliminary crystallographic analysis of the Fab fragment of an antibody against HIV gp120.

Single crystals of the Fab fragment of a murine monoclonal antibody BAT123 (IgGl, κ) raised against a dominant neutralizing determinant of gp120 of HIV that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis have been obtained. The thick prismatic plate crystals belong to space group P 2 1 2 1 2 with unit cell dimensions of a = 177.42A˚, b = 37.36A˚and c = 73.30A˚.
Administration of a Perfluorochemical Emulsion Plus Carbogen Breathing Does Not Alter Radiation Pneumonitis

The effects of treatment with a perfluorochemical emulsion plus carbogen on radiation pneumonitis were examined in a rat model system. Rats received thoracic irradiation (15 Gy) and radiation reactions in the lungs were assessed 25 and 35 days later using bronchoalveolar lavage and histologic assessments. The irradiated lungs showed the expected evidence of acute radiation pneumonitis, including protein leaks and also alveolar infiltrates and interstitial infiltrates. Administration of a perfluoro-chemical emulsion (Fluosol; 15 ml/kg) plus carbogen breathing for 30 min before and during irradiation did not enhance the reactions seen in the irradiated lungs. 32 refs., 3 tabs.
City streets parking enforcement inspection decisions: The Chinese postman’s perspective

Abstract We view an administrative activity of issuing parking tickets in a dense city street setting, like downtown Philadelphia or NYC, as a revenue collection activity. The task of designing parking permit inspection routes is modeled as a revenue collecting Chinese Postman Problem. After demonstrating that our design of inspection routes maximizes the expected revenue we investigate decision rules that allow the officers to adjust online their inspection routes in response to the observed parking permits’ times. A simple simulation study tests the sensitivity of expected revenues with respect to the problem’s parameters and underscores the main conclusion that allowing an officer to selectively wait by parked cars for the expiration of the cars’ permits increases the expected revenues between 10% and 69 percent.
Person-environment fit and accident prediction

Person-environment (P-E) fit theory suggests that poor fit may result in lowered performance and productivity and may possibly influence the occurrence of accidents and injuries. A sample of transportation workers (N=696) and their supervisors (N=117) completed an instrument designed to measure their attitudes towards and fit with their work environment and supervisory safety practices. Results of a MANOVA in the first study found significant differences on P-E fit measures between workers who had and had not been injured in the previous twelve months. Results of a discriminant analysis correctly classified 68.8% of workers who became injured after completing the research instrument. Implications of these results are discussed.
The role of FISH and cytology in upper urinary tract surveillance after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer

Abstract Objectives Cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (Urovysion) assay are often used during upper urinary tract surveillance in patients following radical cystectomy with urinary diversion, without much available data regarding efficacy in this population. Here, we evaluate the value of FISH and cytology in detecting upper tract recurrence in the face of a urinary diversion. Materials and methods A review of our cystectomy database revealed 270 patients who had at least one FISH and/or cytology assay performed during surveillance after radical cystectomy. Workup included upper tract imaging in all patients and upper tract endoscopy as indicated. A total of 163 FISH assays and 474 urinary cytology examinations were included in the analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of FISH and cytology were assessed. Results Ten patients (3.4%) developed upper tract recurrence after a median follow-up time of 31 months (2–202). All but 1 patient presented either with gross hematuria or positive finding on imaging; 6 had positive FISH and cytology, and 2 had positive cytology only (no FISH done). For detection of upper tract recurrence, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of cytology were 80.0%, 85.6%, 10.7%, and 99.5%, respectively; and that for FISH were 85.7%, 86.5%, 23.1%, and 99.2%, respectively. Conclusions The FISH assay and urinary cytology both demonstrate high rates of false positivity and are useful mainly for their negative predictive ability in patients with a urinary diversion. Unless prospective trials show otherwise, both—or at least the more expensive test—can be omitted from surveillance strategies.
Hearing loss in dogs after lesions of the brachium of the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate

Seven dogs were tested for their sensitivity to pure tones following lesions of the brachium of the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. Bilateral section of the brachium of the inferior colliculus consistently resulted in an average hearing loss of as much as 37 dB in the midrange of the animals' audiograms. Lesions of the medial geniculate appear to produce a similar hearing loss if the ventral division of the medial geniculate is completely destroyed.
Thyrotropin (TSH)-Induced Hyperthyroidism: Response of TSH to Dopamine and Its Agonists*

A 12-yr-old girl with the syndrome of hyperthyroidism due to inappropriate TSH secretion, who had no evidence of pituitary tumor, was studied in detail. She had undergone two thyroidectomies for recurrent goiter and hyperthyroidism before referral. Basal serum TSH levels were extremely high (maximum 173 microU/ml), and the TSH response to TRH was exaggerated (peak, 675 microU/ml). The serum alpha-subunit of TSH was normal. PRL and other anterior pituitary hormone studies were normal. Dopamine infusion at 2 and 4 micrograms/kg X min partially suppressed TSH and PRL secretion and their responses to TRH. Bromocriptine had a paradoxical effect, resulting in an increase in TRH-stimulated TSH levels. Pergolide, a newer dopamine agonist, significantly decreased per basal serum TSH and blunted the TSH response to TRH; however, despite progressive dose increases, her TSH level was not reduced to normal.
Self-diffusion and diffusion of cobalt in alpha and delta iron

Abstract Measurements by Borg, Birchenall and Lai are at variance with the results recently reported by James and Leak. Our measurements of the self-diffusion of iron in body-centred cubic iron define a deviation from the Arrhenius relationship commencing at approximately 900°C. With an alloy the measurements of Borg et al. extend from 700 to 1500°C, and with this extended range it has been shown, in a previous paper, that the deviation is commensurate with the change in the elastic properties of the material, according to the theories of Zener and LeClaire.
A benefit of being big.

In her News Focus article about changes in genome size (“Transposons help sculpt a dynamic genome,” 1 Sept., p. [1455][1]), Anne Simon Moffat does not include mention of research on the functional significance of genome size. An enhanced capacity for low-temperature growth has been shown to
Comparison of anatomic and neurophysiological methods for subthalamic nucleus targeting.

OBJECTIVE The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has recently become the surgical target of choice for the treatment of medically refractory idiopathic Parkinson's disease. A number of anatomic and physiological targeting methods have been used to localize the STN. We retrospectively reviewed the various anatomic targeting methods and compared them with the final physiological target in 15 patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral STN implantation of deep brain stimulators. METHODS The x, y, and z coordinates of our localizing techniques were analyzed for 30 STN targets. Our final targets, as determined by single-cell microelectrode recording, were compared with the following: 1) targets selected on coronal magnetic resonance inversion recovery and T2-weighted imaging sequences, 2) the center of the STN on a digitized scaled Schaltenbrand-Wahren stereotactic atlas, 3) targeting based on a point 13 mm lateral, 4 mm posterior, and 5 mm inferior to the midcommissural point, and 4) a composite target based on the above methods. RESULTS All anatomic methods yielded targets that were statistically significantly different (P < 0.001) from the final physiological targets. The average distance error between the final physiological targets and the magnetic resonance imaging-derived targets was 2.6 +/- 1.3 mm (mean +/- standard deviation), 1.7 +/- 1.1 mm for the atlas-based method, 1.5 +/- 0.8 mm for the indirect midcommissural method, and 1.3 +/- 1.1 mm for the composite method. Once the final microelectrode-refined target was determined on the first side, the final target for the contralateral side was 1.3 +/- 1.2 mm away from its mirror image. CONCLUSION Although all anatomic targeting methods provide accurate STN localization, a combination of the three methods offers the best correlation with the final physiological target. In our experience, direct magnetic resonance targeting was the least accurate method.
Resolution measurement techniques for data display cathode ray tubes

Abstract The recent rapid growth of data displays having colour and/or higher information densities has given rise to a corresponding increased emphasis on improved measurement of display capabilities. Much disagreement results when comparing displays measured by different techniques or those expressed in different terms. This article describes many of the methods currently used to measure the resolution of data displays. Comparisons, disadvantages and advantages of the various techniques are presented.
The reduction and distillation of isotopically enriched zinc oxides under high vacuum conditions

Abstract Historically, enriched zinc (Zn) metal was produced at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Isotope Enrichment Facility (IEF) by either electrodeposition, followed by melting to produce a metal ingot, or purified by hydrogen reduction and distillation at atmospheric pressure in a tube furnace as a prelude to electroplating. Electroplated material was generally poor in quality, and losses were high during subsequent melting. Adapting the distillation purifying technique as an ultimate means of recovery of Zn metal proved to be difficult and inefficient. To resolve these problems, the well-established vacuum reduction/distillation process was adapted for the conversion of Zn oxide to metal.
Assessment of increase in renal pelvic size on post-void sonography as a predictor of vesicoureteral reflux.

Background. During the course of our routine renal ultrasound examinations, we noticed that some children who developed dilatation of a renal pelvis following voiding had reflux found on voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Purpose. To determine if increase in renal pelvic size on post-void ultrasound is an accurate predictor of vesicoureteral reflux. Materials and methods. Fifty-seven children (113 kidneys) underwent renal ultrasound and VCUG on the same day. Anteroposterior dimensions of the renal pelves were prospectively measured on ultrasound prior to and following patient voiding and correlated with the results of the VCUG. Results. The diameter of the renal pelvis increased in 12 and decreased in 38 kidneys on post-void ultrasound. Vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 19 kidneys and among these kidneys, renal pelvic diameter increased in 2, decreased in 7, and was unchanged in 10 following voiding. There was no significant correlation between post-void change in renal pelvic diameter and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusion. Increase in renal pelvic size on post-void ultrasound is not a reliable indicator of vesicoureteral reflux.
Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union

Concentrating on ideology and cultural values, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress explores the motivations that casued Northerners to fight America's Civil War. Arguing for the primary significance of ideals and cultural values in defining a war, the book examines the opinions of both the Northern soldier and civilian about the meaning of the Civil War in terms of defining American nationalism, the character of the American people, and the future of free government. The book addresses the intellectual and social elites of Northern society, but gives a new emphasis to the opinions of the common man on the subject and ideology of the war. In addition to identifying and discussing the ideas and cultural values that played a role in motivation, Hess looks at how the experience of war (battlefield death and suffering) interacted with that ideology. Contrary to the commonly held belief that war is disruptive to pre-war ideals, Hess argues that Northern soldiers and civilians made a conscious effort to use ideology as a tool with which to retain their faith in ideas. Liberty, Virtue, and Progress is based on extensive research in both published and unpublished sources.
Toxicity of acids and bases after intraperitoneal injection.

Abstract Acetic acid, injected intraperitoneally, was lethal for mice housed in an incubator (37°C) and in the cold room (5°C), but not at room temperature (23°C). A dose of 4 meq/kg killed over 50% of the mice within 4 hr at the extremes of temperature, and none at 23°C. This difference in mortality was also obtained with other irritating acids and bases at the same dose, but not their salts. This effect was dose dependent with respect to the milliequivalency of injected agent. The cause of death is unknown. Poikilothermia was induced with the lethal agents at all 3 temperatures. Pretreatment of the mice with various pharmacologic agents did not prevent death. Autopsy of animals sacrificed just prior to death revealed necrosis of the mucosa and a peritoneal exudate in acid-treated animals; this pathology was judged identical at 23°C and 37°C with the same dose of acid. This pattern of mortality and poikilothermia resembles that obtained with endotoxin in mice, and may provide a simple, reproducible model for studying “endotoxic” death in mice, as well as its possible pharmacologic prevention.
An experimental approach to study the toxicity of nonparticulate air pollutants. I. Rationale and methods.

This report describes an experimental model for studying the toxicity of nonparticulate air pollutants, in terms of a ‘biochemical lesion.’ Changes in chemical composition of lung tissue homogenate, following inhalation of a noxious gas, could neither be traced to a particular tissue component, nor be regarded as solitary unrelated incidents. Biochemical changes in a single kind of cell, separated from the respiratory tract after the animal’s exposure to poisonous gas, may be more directly related to the toxic mechanism of the investigated gas. A technique for isolating epithelium lining the rat trachea has been adapted from a method used to separate tracheal and bronchial epithelia from human autopsy material Ozone was chosen as test gas in this experimental approach because of its importance in photochemical smog and its presence in certain industrial environments.
Activation of purinergic receptors triggers oscillatory contractions in adult rat ventricular myocytes

Extracellular ATP is an important neurotransmitter that modulates cardiac function by activation of purinergic receptors. In this study, the effect of P 2 purinergic receptor activation on contractions and on [Ca 2+ ] i was investigated in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Fura 2 was used to measure [Ca 2+ ] i , and video edge detection was used to measure contraction. Superfusion of 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-triphosphate (2-M-S-ATP) over quiescent myocytes induced oscillations in contraction and in [Ca 2+ ] i . The frequency of the oscillatory contractions increased with increasing concentrations of 2-M-S-ATP, but the amplitude of contractions varied from cell to cell and was independent of the concentration of 2-M-S-ATP. During electrical stimulation, activation of purinergic receptors in myocytes potentiated the amplitude of contraction and induced arrhythmias. In populations of quiescent myocytes, the plateau phase of the [Ca 2+ ] i signal evoked by 2-M-S-ATP could be shown to represent summed oscillations in [Ca 2+ ] i in individual cells. Pretreatment of quiescent myocytes with thapsigargin or caffeine reduced or abolished the oscillations in contractions and in [Ca 2+ ] i triggered by 2-M-S-ATP, indicating a dependence of the oscillations on uptake and release of Ca 2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These data demonstrate the novel phenomenon that activation of purinergic receptors in quiescent myocytes stimulates oscillations in [Ca 2+ ] i and contraction. In electrically stimulated myocytes, activation of purinergic receptors triggers oscillatory contractions and potentiates the amplitude of electrically triggered contractions.
Spectroscopic diagnostics of low temperature plasmas: techniques and required data

Abstract An overview of plasma diagnostic techniques based on atomic spectroscopy is given. Two widely used spectroscopic techniques-the Boltzmann-plot or slope method for excitation temperature measurements and Stark width determinations for electron density measurements-are discussed in detail. Since these techniques depend critically on the availability of accurate atomic data, especially transition probabilities and Stark broadening parameters, the numerical data are reviewed with respect to availability and quality. For the important spectra of Ar I and Fe I, tables of the most accurate transition probabilities-typically with uncertainties of ±10% or less-are given, which are based on very recent critical compilations. Some specific data needs are pointed out which would significantly contribute to improve the accuracy of the diagnostic techniques.
Hybrid Control of Structures Using Fuzzy Logic

: This investigation examined the application of control algorithms based on fuzzy logic to a class of hybrid structural control systems. The investigation included both analytical and experimental verification of the fuzzy control algorithm. The objective of the hybrid system under investigation is to obtain an ideal sliding system with perfect base isolation. As the hybrid system approaches the state of ideal isolation, the effects of imperfections, signal noise, uncertainties, modeling errors, and compensation errors start to play a dominant role in the control performance. Fuzzy logic (or fuzzy set theory) provides a simple framework to capture the effects of nonlinearities and uncertainties in a real problem without an explicit model of the plant or controller. The applicability of this approach was first investigated analytically and then verified using a benchmark experimental model consisting of a 1:4 scale sliding-base isolated system controlled at its base by a servohydraulic actuator with a digital computer to provide the control signal. The fuzzy controller used feedback from either the acceleration of the moving foundation or the force at the interface to produce control forces in a series of shaking-table tests. The results from this study show the feasibility of the implementation of fuzzy logic to highly nonlinear problems.
An Edge Reduction Lemma for linear network coding and an application to two-unicast networks

In this paper, we study linear network coding over a wireline network of orthogonal capacitated links represented by a directed acyclic graph. Applying the algebraic framework for linear network coding over Koetter-Me´dard, we recover an Edge Reduction Lemma — a fundamental connection between edge deletion and the network transfer matrix in the context of the algebraic framework. We study the two-unicast network capacity problem where there are two independent sources and two independent destinations. Using the Edge Reduction Lemma, we make a connection between the linear transfer matrices in the two-unicast setting and the Generalized Network Sharing edge cut bound. Finally, using random linear network coding, we also derive an achievable rate region for the two-unicast problem that is computable purely from the various min-cuts in the graph.
Recruitment pharmacophore for interleukin 5 receptor α antagonism

Interleukin-5 receptor α is a therapeutic target for hypereosinophilic diseases including allergic inflammations and asthma. The cyclic peptide AF17121 (Ac-VDE[CWRIIASHTWFC]AEE-CONH2) has been identified as a submicromolar inhibitor of interleukin 5 (IL5)-interleukin 5 receptor α (IL5Rα) interaction from a random peptide screen. However, this inhibitor has limitations as a drug lead because of its relatively large size. We used chemical synthesis of peptides with natural and non-natural amino acids along with kinetic binding and cell proliferation competition assays to expand definition of structural elements in the peptide that are important for receptor antagonism and to elucidate the underlying pharmacophore. We found that the specific steric array of hydrogen bonding groups in the Arg 6 guanido side chain is critical for receptor inhibition. We also investigated noncharged structural elements in AF17121. Screening a set of five hydrophobic residues showed that peptide function is strongly sensitive to variations in several of these residues, most prominently Ile 7 and Trp 13. We postulate that presentation of charged, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic structural elements within the disulfide-constrained peptide drives IL5Rα recruitment by AF17121. We hypothesize from these results and previous receptor mutagenesis studies that Arg 6 recruitment of IL5Rα occurs through hydrogen bonding as well as charge–charge interactions with Asp 55 in site one of domain 1 of IL5Rα, and that this interaction is complemented by additional charged and hydrophobic interactions around the Asp 55 locus. Scaffolding a limited set of structural elements in the inhibitor pharmacophore may be useful for small molecule antagonist design inspired by the peptide. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88:83–93, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com.
New class of variance-reduction techniques using lattice symmetries

We present a general class of unbiased improved estimators for physical observables in lattice gauge theory computations which significantly reduces statistical errors at modest computational cost. The idea can be easily adapted to other branches of physics and computational science that employ Monte Carlo methods. The error reduction techniques, referred to as covariant approximation averaging, utilize approximations which are covariant under lattice symmetry transformations. We observe cost reductions from the new method compared to the traditional one, for fixed statistical error, of 16 times for the nucleon mass at ${M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\sim}330\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ (domain-wall quark) and 2.6--20 times for the hadronic vacuum polarization at ${M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\sim}315\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ (Asqtad quark). These cost reductions should improve with decreasing quark mass and increasing lattice sizes.
Determinants of travel mode choice of senior travelers to the United States.

Abstract People 55 years or older make up a significant segment of the hospitality and tourism market. The senior market segment is substantial in size, as well as in growth rate. Further, the segment is known to have a higher propensity for long distance travel. This study was undertaken to investigate travel behavior patterns of international senior travelers to the United States. Specifically, the study analyzed the travel mode choice of international senior travelers by identifying the underlying factors that affected their participation in package versus non-package tours. The findings of this study should aid the package tour marketers and wholesalers in the U.S. as well as in the three originating countries in better targeting and serving the needs of senior travelers from the UK, Germany, and Japan.
College students' prevalence and perceptions of text messaging while driving

By analyzing self-reports from sample of 91 college students from the United States who are frequent drivers, the present study examined the prevalence of text messaging (or "texting") while driving and the incidence of recklessness and consequences that accompany this behavior. Analyses revealed that 91% of participants reported having used text messaging while driving, with many reporting doing so with passengers, including children, riding in their vehicles. Further, a substantial number of participants reported driving dangerously above the speed limit and drifting into other traffic lanes while texting, and many reported "sexting" and arguing via text messages while driving. However, these young drivers agreed that texting while driving is dangerous and should be illegal. These results and the limitations to the present study are discussed.
Pellino2 activates the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.

Engagement of the interleukin-1 (IL1) and Toll receptors, which are part of the innate immune system, facilitates activation of the transcription factors NF-κB, Elk-1 and AP-1. Pellino1 and Pellino2 have recently been shown to be intermediates in the pathway leading to activation of NF-κB. Here we demonstrate for the first time that human Pellino2 interacts with TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6) and that both Pellino1 and Pellino2 also interact with TAK1 (transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1). We also show that Pellino2, but not Pellino1, can activate the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway leading to activation of AP-1 and Elk-1. These observations suggest a role for the Pellino proteins in the IL1/Toll signaling cascades as scaffold proteins that may regulate signaling branch-points.
HEAO‐2 completes flight mission

The second High-Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 2) has expended its control gas supply, completing its flight mission. The spacecraft was launched Nov. 13, 1978. It carried the world's largest focusing X ray telescope and an array of imaging and analyzing astronomy instruments. During its extra-long lifetime, it performed thousands of studies of X-ray-emitting stars, supernova remnants, galaxies, and quasars.
In vivo hysteresis of airspace dimensions measured by aerosol recovery

In anesthetized mongrel dogs, we made measurements of single breath aerosol recovery (RC) at equal volume points on the inflation and deflation limb of the quasi-static pressure-volume (P-V) curve of the lungs. Using a 1.2 μm monodisperse aerosol, a large aerosol tidal volume (Vt), and a breathing period of 5 sec, we found that losses of particles were primarily due to sedimentation in pulmonary airspaces distal to anatomic dead space. Thus, the RC measurements could be related to a mean radius (R) of airspaces filled with aerosol over the course of the breath. Furthermore, at a given volume, differences between inflation and deflation limb RC could be attributed to differences in R for the two measurements (i.e., Rivs Rd). We found that at isovolume, RC as measured from the inflation limb was larger than that measured from the deflation limb for low lung volumes ( 0.75 TLC). These results implied that at the same volume, Ri>Rdexcept at volumes approaching TLC, i.e. a larger mean airspace dimension on the inflation limb than on the deflation limb at equal volume. The findings of this study support a model of nonuniform changes in airspace dimensions associated with in vivo inflation and deflation of the lungs.
A Current Look at Thermal Recovery

Modern interest in thermal recovery began in the early 1950's with discovery of the in situ combustion process. By the end of the 1950's, the first commercial installations of in situ combustion had been made and are still operating today. There are only a handful of commercial in situ combustion operations, most of which are located in California. In the early 1960's, the main interest in thermal recovery shifted to cyclic steam injection and production of oil. Where applicable, the cyclic process has been very successful and many California operators feel they have fully developed their cyclic steam-injection potential. Currently, interest appears to be shifting toward operations involving continuous injection coupled with cyclic steam-injection stimulation of producing wells. Cyclic steam injection is one important factor credited with arresting declining oil production rate in California. (20 refs.)
Mesophase microstructures in carbonized coal-tar pitch

Abstract Polarized-light micrography has been employed to investigate the microstructure of the coalesced mesophase formed in the carbonization of coal-tar pitch. Prominent features in the polarizedlight extinction contours are the nodal points which do not move when the plane of polarization is rotated. These nodal points are found to correspond to two types of linear defects in the stacking of the aromatic layer planes. When the mesophase is further carbonized, the nucleation, growth and percolation of gas bubbles cause extensive plastic deformation of the mesophase. This deformation leads to an increasingly fine texture of extinction contours and nodal points.
Field and Laboratory Validation of High-Flow Air Bubbler Mechanics

Recent physical model studies have refined designs for high-flow air diffusers for managing accumulations of broken ice at navigation projects. Although these solutions are successful in the model, implementing them in the field can be difficult because of uncertainties in airflow scaling. This study uses field and laboratory data to test theoretical relationships between airflow from the diffuser and the resulting near-surface water velocity. In the experiments, water velocities were measured adjacent to bubbler plumes for depths ranging from 0.52 to 6.5 m and airflow rates ranging from 0.015 to 0.68 standard cubic meters per minute/meter. The observed vertical and horizontal water velocity data compared moderately well to theoretical curves based on the equations of Kobus and Ashton. In addition, a reasonably linear relationship was found between the average velocity of the horizontal, near-surface flow field V and unit airflow from the diffuser Qa .
Impact of the California Breast Density Law on Primary Care Physicians

Purpose To investigate primary physician awareness of the California Breast Density Notification Law and its impact on primary care practice.
Injection volumes of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid are increasing in the endoscopic management of vesicoureteral reflux

Purpose Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Deflux®) has been increasingly used for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Experience has shown that injecting more volume of material is necessary to achieve greater success. We evaluate trends in the number of vials being used to treat VUR using a multi-institutional database and data from patients treated at our own institution.
Minimally Invasive Approaches to Mediastinal Neoplasms

The goal of minimal-access surgery is to cause the least trauma necessary to gain exposure for an operative procedure. Application of this principle to mediastinal neoplasms involves the use of small incisions with both mediastinoscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The mediastinum is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments, and this anatomy provides a framework for discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Neoplasms occur with a characteristic frequency that varies with age and location. Neurogenic tumors and thymic neoplasms account for one third of all masses. Knowledge of the potential cause of a neoplasm and the surrounding anatomy provides the context for determining the surgical approach. The operative indications and goals of a procedure should not be significantly affected by the operative approach. Conversion from a minimal-access approach to a more traditional incision should be an anticipated possibility that is often undertaken as the next logical step rather than an expression of exasperation.
Neuroprotection of acetylcholinergic basal forebrain neurons by memantine and neurokinin B.

The present study investigated whether chronic, low dose therapy with memantine could (1) prevent the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic cells induced by injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of rats, and (2) attenuate impaired performance in the radial maze of rats with entorhinal cortex lesions. In addition, we investigated whether neuroprotection could be provided by neurokinin B (NKB). Following an injection of NMDA (0.015 M) into the NBM, rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing memantine (20 or 0.20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks). Other rats were given unilateral NBM injections of 1.0 μl of Solution A (0.5 μ containing 8.26 mM NKB and 0.24 units of bacitracin and 0.5 μl containing 0.03 M NMDA) or Solution B (0.51 μl of PBS containing 0.24 U of bacitracin and 0.5 μl containing 0.03 M NMDA). Two weeks later, the anterior cortex was analyzed for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a specific marker for the loss of acetylcholinergic neurons. Both chronic administration of memantine, and acute administration of NKB, prevented the decline in cortical ChAT activity associated with injection of NMDA into the NBM, and attenuated a reference memory deficit in the radial maze produced by entorhinal cortex lesions. Thus, memantine infusion at low doses leading to steady-state serum levels within a therapeutic range provides both neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement — an optimal combination for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Vibronic Coupling in Semiconductors: The Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effect

We show that many properties of bound hole states in cubic semiconductors are strongly modified by coupling to local distortions of the lattice through the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect. We compute reductions in the deformation potentials and $g$ factors caused by coupling to lattice modes of symmetry $E$ and ${T}_{2}$ and show that even small coupling strengths produce significant effects. We discuss several examples.
Molecular Epidemiologic Techniques in Analysis of Epidemic and Endemic Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Strains

During 1988 the number of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infections reported in the United States increased fivefold. To determine if recent isolates from Mexico were related to those that caused epidemics of dysentery worldwide, Southern hybridization analysis was done with Shiga toxin and ribosomal RNA gene probes. Western hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere strains differed by the size of a single EcoRI fragment carrying the Shiga toxin genes. Three ribosomal DNA (rDNA) patterns were observed, which correlated with the strain's continental origin for 81 of 83 isolates tested. Together the Shiga toxin and rDNA probe results indicated that recent Mexican isolates were chromosomally similar to earlier Central American isolates and distinct from Asian and African strains. This suggests there has been no significant exchange of organisms between continents in recent decades and that the 1988 outbreak in Mexico was caused by strains present in Central America since at least 1962.
Laparoscopic resection of benign ovarian tumours in children with gonadal preservation.

Ovarian tumours are often regarded as an indication for open oophorectomy, especially following torsion. We wish to report our results of laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy with ovarian preservation. Retrospective review of clinical records of patients who where managed with laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy with ovarian preservation. Twelve records were identified over a 3-year period. The average age was 11.8 years (9–15). Presentation was of a mass in nine patients and torsion in three patients. Average size of the mass was 8.2 cm (5–18). Two patients had bilateral lesions. All patients were noted to have normal tumour markers. Successful cystectomy with ovarian preservation was accomplished in all cases using 3-port laparoscopy. The bilateral lesions were addressed at the same surgery with no increased length of stay or morbidity. In the three patients with acute torsion, an initial laparoscopic detorsion was performed with delayed laparoscopic cystectomy and ovarian preservation 7–10 days later. There was one complication of a minor umbilical port site infection. Histology was of a mature teratoma in ten cases and simple cyst in two. Six patients underwent routine ultrasonographic follow-up at 2–5 months at which time the involved ovary assumed a size and shape and blood flow comparable to the contra-lateral ovary in five patients. In one patient the affected side was smaller, 8.6 ml compared to 10 ml on the contra-lateral ovary. The remaining patients have been followed up clinically and remain asymptomatic. Laparoscopic cystectomy with ovarian preservation can be successfully applied to benign ovarian tumours. Acute ovarian torsion is not a contraindication to this technique where a two stage procedure still enables us to offer ovarian preservation.
Observations at Venus Encounter by the Plasma Science Experiment on Mariner 10

A fully developed bow shock and magnetosheath were observed near Mercury, providing unambiguous evidence for a strong interaction between Mercury and the solar wind. Inside the sheath there is a distinct region analogous to the magnetosphere or magnetotail of Earth, populated by electrons with lower density and higher temperature than the electrons observed in the solar wind or magnetosheath. At the time of encounter, conditions were such that a perpendicular shock was observed on the inbound leg and a parallel shock was observed on the outbound leg of the trajectory, and energetic plasma electron events were detected upstream from the outbound shock crossing. The interaction is most likely not atmospheric, but the data clearly indicate that the obstacle to solar wind flow is magnetic, either intrinsic or induced. The particle fluxes and energy spectra showed large variations while the spacecraft was inside the magnetosphere, and these variations could be either spatial or temporal.
Toward hot-hole THz lasers in homoepitaxial Si and GaAs with layered doping

A recently proposed THz laser concept in homoepitaxially grown p-Ge with layered doping is reviewed. Prospects for realizing a similar design in Si or GaAs are considered.
The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale : Assessment of depression in the medically ill elderly

This study examines the use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) in a sample of elderly, medically ill inpatients. Seventy-six individuals completed the CES-D and a psychiatric interview, from which DSM-III-R diagnoses of depression were obtained. Analyses of sensitivity and specificity indicated that use of an alternative scoring method which more closely approximates current diagnostic criteria for depression may improve the predictive power of the test. Employment of stringent cut-scores was not supported, as sensitivity was compromised. Item analyses demonstrated that seven of the CES-D items failed to discriminate major, minor and nondepressed patients, and that several of these items tapped somatic symptoms. These findings suggest that the validity of the CES-D may be compromised when used with elderly medical patients. and modifications for its use are recommended.
Four-year performance evaluation of a pilot-scale evapotranspiration landfill cover in Southcentral Alaska

Abstract Alternative landfill covers utilizing evapotranspiration (ET) as the primary mechanism for protecting the waste layer from aerial moisture represent promising tools for cold region solid waste management. However, ET covers have not been evaluated for use in subarctic climates. As the functionality of an ET cover is driven primarily by climactic variables, climate-specific field tests are required prior to widespread implementation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the four-year performance of two competing pilot-scale landfill covers built atop drainage lysimeters near Anchorage, AK. The compacted soil cover (CSC) was designed and constructed according to standards prescribed by Alaska solid waste regulations. The alternative ET cover design was based upon a preliminary modeling study. After four years, the two adjacent lysimeters had each received a total of 1636 mm precipitation. Over that period, 201 mm moisture drained from the ET lysimeter, compared to 292 mm in the CSC lysimeter. The difference in drainage rates between the two covers was most apparent during the autumn season, when the drainage rates for both covers were at their annual maximum. The lower autumn and annual drainage rates observed in the ET lysimeter after the first year were potentially due to higher moisture storage capacity in the ET cover soils and/or formation of preferential flow paths in the CSC soils. Analysis of soil temperature, precipitation, and drainage data indicated that negligible amounts of winter precipitation infiltrated the ET cover during winter, and that the frozen soils promoted runoff over drainage during the spring melt. These results indicate that similar ET cover designs merit consideration for broader use in subarctic conditions.