cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barnyardgrass Growth Inhibition with Rice Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography to Identify Rice Accession Activity

Some accessions of rice (Oryza saliva L.) have been shown to inhibit the growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.). Our objective was to determine if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms from leaf extracts of different accessions of rice correlated with weed control activity. Chromatograms of extracts consisting of 10 mg of fresh leaf tissue per milliliter of methanol (CH 3 OH) were obtained from 40 accessions of rice. Cluster analysis was performed using 20 peaks from the chromatograms. Three dusters were found, with one cluster being distinctly separated from the other two. Although weed control data are not available for all the accessions, the isolated cluster contains all of the accessions that have been shown to inhibit growth of barnyardgrass and none that do not. This indicates that the assay could be used year-round to screen accessions of rice for weed control potential to determine which accessions should be further tested in the field. This could be done in a relatively short time using a small amount of space in the greenhouse. Because the assay requires only 10 mg of tissue per milliliter of methanol, it may potentially be used to test individual plants within an accession for weed control potential in a nondestructive manner.
Comparison of durability of bioprostheses in tricuspid and mitral positions

Abstract Background . Few reports have assessed differences in the durability of mitral and tricuspid bioprostheses after simultaneous implantation of the same bioprosthesis in both positions. We investigated the long-term outcome after simultaneous mitral valve replacement (MVR) and tricuspid valve supraannular implantation (TVSI) with the Carpentier-Edwards bioprostheses in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation and advanced mitral valve disease. Methods . Between 1982 and 1998, 37 patients in our hospital underwent MVR and TVSI with Carpentier-Edwards bioprostheses. The mean age of the patients was 55 ± 11 years. The average postoperative follow-up was 7.9 ± 4.5 years after surgery (range 0 to 14.6 years, 315.1 patient-years). The follow-up rate was 100%. We evaluated the actuarial survival rate, the actuarial freedom from structural valve deterioration (SVD) and reoperation, and postoperative complications. Results . The overall actuarial survival rate at 13 years after the operation was 69% ± 31%. The actuarial freedom from SVD and reoperation in the mitral and tricuspid positions were 78 ± 22 and 100% and 70 ± 30 and 90% ± 10% ( p = 0.03), respectively. No patient had systemic or pulmonary thromboembolism, or complications associated with fatal arrhythmia. Conclusions . These results suggest that the bioprostheses in the tricuspid position yield significantly better long-term results than those in the mitral position after simultaneous MVR and TVSI.
Limits of Wave Runup and Corresponding Beach-Profile Change from Large-Scale Laboratory Data

Abstract The dataset from the SUPERTANK laboratory experiment was analyzed to examine wave runup and the corresponding upper limit of beach-profile change. Thirty SUPERTANK runs were investigated that included both erosional and accretionary wave conditions with random and monochromatic waves. The upper limit of beach change UL was found to approximately equal the vertical excursion of total wave runup, Rtw. An exception was runs where beach or dune scarps were produced, which substantially limit the uprush of swash motion to produce a much reduced total runup. Based on the SUPERTANK dataset, the vertical extent of wave runup above mean water level on a beach without scarp formation was found to approximately equal the significant breaking wave height, Hbs. Therefore, a new and simple relation Rtw = Hbs is proposed. The linear relationship between total runup and breaking wave height is supported by a conceptual derivation. In addition, the relation is extended to UL = Rtw = Hbs to approximate the upper l...
Toward a General Logicist Methodology for Engineering Ethically Correct Robots

As intelligent machines assume an increasingly prominent role in our lives, there seems little doubt they eventually be called on to make important, ethically charged decisions. We think formal logic offers a way to preclude doomsday scenarios of malicious robots taking over the world. Faced with the challenge of engineering ethically correct robots, we propose a logic-based approach. We've successfully implemented and demonstrated this approach. We present it in a general methodology to answer the ethical questions that arise in entrusting robots with more and more of our welfare. A deontic logic formalizes a moral code, allowing ethicists to render theories and dilemmas in declarative form for analysis. It offers a way for human overseers to constrain robot behavior in ethically sensitive environments
The Role of Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling in CTEPH

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension or CTEPH is a serious complication of a venous embolism that fails to resolve. Its persistence leads to a complete blockade of the pulmonary artery and development of severe pulmonary hypertension. Mutations in fibrinogen that lead to a resistance to fibrinolysis are one explanation for the prolonged existence of the clot. It is thought that the fibrotic clot provides a unique micro-environmental niche that attracts stem and progenitor cells exacerbating the associated pulmonary vascular remodeling. This chapter focuses on what is currently known about the presence and role of such stem and progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of CTEPH.
Resveratrol and Cerebral Arterioles during Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with type 1 diabetes, and produces damage to many organ systems (including the brain), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is a major economic burden throughout the world. Investigators have suggested that the damaging effects of diabetes on peripheral organs appear to be related to an increase in oxidative stress. Alterations in the reactivity of large and small arteries may contribute to the progression of organ damage observed in diabetics. The brain and the blood vessels within it are also susceptible to the damaging effects of hyperglycemia-induced increases in oxidative stress. Impaired dilation of cerebral vessels due to an increase in oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced complications of the brain, including cognitive impairment and stroke. Many naturally occurring compounds are capable of ameliorating oxidative stress in blood vessels, thus producing an increase in overall vascular health. We will focus on the positive influence of resveratrol on cerebral arterioles in type 1 diabetes. We suggest an important therapeutic potential for resveratrol in treating diabetes-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction, including cognitive impairment and stroke.
To Act or Not to Act: Context, Capability, and Community Response to Environmental Risk1

Social movement theory has rarely been tested with counterfactual cases, that is, instances in which movements do not emerge. Moreover, contemporary theories about political opportunity and resources often inadequately address the issue of motivation. To address these shortcomings, this article examines 20 communities that are “at risk” for mobilization because they face controversial proposals for large energy infrastructure projects. Movements emerge in only 10 cases, allowing for the identification of factors that drive mobilization or nonmobilization. Utilizing insights from social psychology, the authors contend that community context shapes motivations to oppose or accept a proposal, not objective measures of threat. They conclude that the combination of community context—to understand motivation—and measures of capability is the best way to model movement emergence.
Resilient state estimation against switching attacks on stochastic cyber-physical systems

In this paper, we address the resilient state estimation problem for some relatively unexplored security issues for cyber-physical systems, namely switching attacks and the presence of stochastic process and measurement noise signals, in addition to attacks on actuator and sensor signals. We model the systems under attack as hidden mode stochastic switched linear systems with unknown inputs and propose the use of the multiple model inference algorithm developed in [1] to tackle these issues. We also furnish the algorithm with the lacking asymptotic analysis. Moreover, we characterize fundamental limitations to resilient estimation (e.g., upper bound on the number of tolerable attacks) and discuss the issue of attack detection under this framework. Simulation examples of switching attacks on benchmark and power systems show the efficacy of our approach to recover unbiased state estimates.
An Operations-Structured Model for Strategic Prediction of Airport Arrival Rate and Departure Rate Futures

Motivated by needs in strategic Air Traffic Flow Management, we propose a model for forecasting airport arrival and departure capacity over a full-day look-ahead horizon. The focus of the modeling effort is on a small set of high-congestion airports, for which we propose a multi-stage prediction model. In this article, a core piece of the model – an operations-driven prediction for airport runway configurations and baseline capacities in terms of weather and operational regressor – is developed. We demonstrate the model’s performance through case studies for two high-congestion airports, Chicago O'Hare International Airport (KORD) and Boston Logan International Airport (KBOS).
Interface and Interorganizational Coordination

The concept of interface is new to organization theory. What happens when autonomous organizations, within themselves a system, must cooperate with other organizations? Interface is defined as the ...
GENETIC CONFIRMATION OF THE ORIGIN OF CLARKIA LINGULATA.

Rapid speciation not only confers reproductive isolation in a few generations, but also has the consequence that the alleles of the derivative species are, at its outset, a limited sample of those of its progenitor. Therefore, when evidence from morphology, cytogenetical analysis of chromosome structure, geographical distributions and ecology combine to suggest that one species originated recently from another in a rapid series of events, both species are expected to possess in common a high proportion of their alleles detected by electrophoretic analysis of enzyme variation. I have used gel electrophoresis to examine the amount of genetic differentiation in two pairs of annual plant species that have been considered to have a recent parentoffspring relationship. In both cases, the parental species is widespread and outcrossing, and the derived species highly self-pollinating and found in only a single population. In a derived species of Stephanomeria, presently called "Malheurensis, " all the alleles but possibly one are also present in its progenitor (Gottlieb, 1973a). But numerous alleles in Clarkia franciscana are not present in its presumed progenitor (Gottlieb, 1973 b). Consequently, the electrophoretic evidence is concordant with the hypothesis of recent origin in the first case but not in the second. Various suggestions can be offered to explain the lack of concordance in C. franciscana but, because they deal with unobserved past events, they are not subject to disproof (Gottlieb, 1973b). The result is that the proposed mode of origin of C. franciscana (Lewis and Raven, 1958) is less certain than that for "Malheurensis." Therefore, it became worthwhile to examine genetic differentiation between parent and derivative in another presumed case of recent rapid speciation. For this purpose, I selected an example in which both the derivative and parental species, although capable of self-fertilization, generally outcross: Clarkia lingulata and C. biloba. Clarkia lingulata is known from two sites in the Merced River Canyon, California, at the southern geographical periphery of the distribution of C. biloba. In external morphology, the two species differ only in the shape of the flower petal, but chromosomally they differ by a translocation, several paracentric inversions, and an extra chromosome in C. lingulata which is homologous to parts of two chromosomes of C. biloba (Lewis and Roberts, 1956; Lewis, 1962). Experimental study of the two species under uniform growth conditions failed to demonstrate any conditions of growth in which C. lingulata was better adapted than C. biloba (Lewis, 1969, 1973).
The Earliest Chinese Eyewitness Accounts of the Formosan Aborigines

(1964). The Earliest Chinese Eyewitness Accounts of the Formosan Aborigines. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 163-204.
Relieving Symptoms and Improving Social Function of Outpatients with Schizophrenia by Community Re-entry Program

Objective:to apply community re-entry program to outpatients with schizophrenia Method:50 schizophrenic outpatients in their rehabilitation stage were randomly divided into training group (25 cases) and control group (25 cases with 2 drop off) The training lasted for 4 weeks and then the patients were followed up for 12 weeks The assessing instruments included PANSS (positive and negative symptom scale) and MRSS (morning-side rehabilitation status scale) Result:Forty-eight subjects completed the trial (1)The scores of PANSS, the Negative subscales, the General Psychopathology subscale in both groups decreased significantly after treatment(P0 05-P0 01);(2)The scores of MRSS, Dependency Scale,Inactivity Scale,Isolation Scale,Effects of Current Symptoms and Deviant Behavior Scale in the skills training group decreased significantly after treatment(P0 05-P0 01);(3)The reductions of PANSS, MRSS between two groups were not significant different; (4) Relapse rate was lower in the skills training group than that in the control group, without a statistical significance however Conclusions:The community re-entry program may play an important role in augmenting optimal pharmaco-therapy for outpatients with psychotic disorders and it is effective in relieving symptoms and improving social function
Non-small cell lung cancer in autogenous subcutaneous bronchial grafts in dogs.

The progression of preneoplasia into lung cancer can be serially studied in a new canine model that is simpler and more cost effective than previously reported methods of orthotopic endobronchial carcinogenesis. Short segments of bronchus, obtained by pneumonectomy, were placed on the back of 10 dogs in the form of subcutaneous bronchial autografts. These autografts (12 to 14 per dog) became vascularized and lined with normal respiratory epithelium. Four to 12 weeks after autograft implantation, 10% methylcholanthrene in crystalline form was put into 57 autografts and 10% methylcholanthrene in a silicone polymer sustained-release implant was placed into 54 autografts. Ten autografts without carcinogen (one per dog) served as controls. Serial samplings of each autograft during 9 to 97 weeks of carcinogen exposure showed the neoplastic progression from normal bronchial cells to invasive cancer through stages such as atypical squamous metaplasia and carcinoma in situ. To date, cancers have been histologically proved in 60 autografts; 36 were induced by implants and 24 by the crystalline form. Thirty-nine cancers were epidermoid, and the remainder were either adenocarcinomas (n = 3) or poorly differentiated spindle cell cancers (n = 18). The sustained-release implant method resulted in larger autografts with a greater tendency to progress to cancer than the crystalline carcinogens (p > 0.025). Therefore, the sustained-release implant is now considered the preferred method. Measurement of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid by image analysis of nine histologic cancers demonstrated hyperploidy. Deoxyribonucleic acid from the L1 repeated sequence family was demonstrably hypomethylated in spindle cell tumors. Curettement of individual autografts yielded sheets of respiratory epithelium from which 43.5 to 409.5 μg of deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated. For the first time, deoxyribonucleic acid from each stage of the neoplastic progression in non-small cell lung cancer is available in adequate quantities for serial biochemical and therapeutic analysis.
The New Southern Studies and Rethinking the Question, “Is There Still a South?”

Thinking about the approach and scholarship called the New Southern Studies takes me back to the first years in my position in southern studies and history at the University of Mississippi. When I started that job in 1988, I had a great deal to learn, especially about the recent and contemporary South. So I turned to the best scholarly books I could find, especially those by my fellow historians and also by social scientists, literary scholars, music scholars, and folklorists.
High-intensity drinking by underage young adults in the United States.

AIMS: To estimate (1) the prevalence of underage binge drinking, high-intensity drinking, and intoxication among young adults aged 19/20; (2) change in these behaviors across the transition out of high school and across historical time; and (3) associations between these behaviors and key covariates, including college status. Design, Setting, & Participants Longitudinal data from the U.S. nationally representative Monitoring the Future study included 1,657 respondents first surveyed as 12th graders (modal age 18) in 2005-2013 and again at modal age 19/20 in 2006-2014. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported measures of alcohol use, demographics, college attendance, and living situation. FINDINGS: Binge drinking (5+ drinks on one occasion) was reported by 24.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.0, 26.5) of young adults aged 19/20; 10.3% (CI = 8.7, 11.9) reported high-intensity drinking of 10+ drinks; 4.2% (CI = 3.1, 5.2) reported 15+ drinks. Usual moderate/high intoxication when drinking was reported by 33.1% (CI = 30.6, 35.6); 29.6% (CI = 27.2, 32.0) reported usual sustained intoxication of 3+ hours. Significant variability (p CONCLUSIONS: Young adult underage binge drinking (5+ drinks on one occasion), high-intensity drinking (10+ and 15+ drinks), and intoxication are relatively common in the USA, and show meaningful variability across the transition out of high school. Four-year college students and those who do not live with their parents are more likely to engage in high-intensity drinking than their peers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
High security electronic toll and traffic management and road pricing system using encrypted messages and personal identity number

A new electronic toll collection (ETC) system has been developed primarily for toll road. A smart card is carried in the vehicle and is read by a roadside or overhead charging station. This ETC system features to (1) cryptographic techniques and personal identity number (PIN) to ensure complete privacy and security, and (2) applicability to both open and closed toll systems as well as both prepay and postpay transactions. After development of the prototype system, field tests conducted in Japan confirmed good performance under various conditions. >
Editorial Introduction: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, part II

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission has shifted our understanding of the history of the Moon. The seven instruments on LRO each have contributed to creating new paradigms for the evolution of the Moon by providing unprecedented measurements of the surface, subsurface, and lunar environment. In this second volume of the LRO Special Issue, we present 21 papers from a broad range of the areas of investigation from LRO, from the volatile inventory, to the shape of the Moon's surface, to its rich volcanic history, and the interactions between the lunar surface and the space environment. These themes provide rich science for the instrument teams, as well as for the broader science com- munity who continue to use the LRO data in their research. Each paper uses publicly available data from one or more instruments on LRO, illustrating the value of a robust spacecraft. For example, the production of high-resolution topographic data products from the LRO Camera Narrow Angle Camera (Henriksen et al., pp. 122-137, this issue) rely on the accurate geodetic grid produced by the LOLA instrument (Mao et al., pp. 55-69, this issue; Smith et al., pp. 70-91, this issue). Additionally, analysis of LRO data coupled with other spacecraft data, such as LADEE (Hurley et al., pp. 31-37, this issue) and GRAIL (e.g., Jozwiak et al., pp. 224-231, this issue) illustrate the utility of merging not only data from multiple instruments, but also multiple orbital platforms. These synergistic studies show the value of the inter-team approach adopted by the LRO mission. This second volume represents the culmination of an extensive effort to highlight the high-quality science still being produced by the LRO instrument teams, even after more than seven years in orbit at the Moon.
The Ethics of the U.S. Antidumping Laws and Policies

This paper examines the question of whether it is ethical for company officials to use the force of government to reduce or eliminate foreign competition, using the antidumping laws as a case study. This paper begins with a brief examination of the U.S. antidumping laws, then examines several ethical questions related to the antidumping laws. The main question to be addressed is whether, and under what circumstances, it is ethical for domestic producers to ask government to launch an antidumping investigation against a foreign competitor. Related questions to be examined include:(1) Whether it is ethical to ask the government to launch an antidumping investigation even when the domestic company making the request knows that dumping has not occurred; (2) Whether it is ethical to ask for an antidumping investigation in cases where dumping (according to the definition of dumping) has occurred, where the effect is to help domestic producers at the expense of the general public. This paper will examine these questions by applying both utilitarian and non-utilitarian approaches. A bibliography with links to more than 100 articles on trade is also included.
A Robot Experiment in Site Selection

In this chapter, we aim at exploring the efficacy and the robustness of the collective decision-making strategies in real-world conditions. We consider the Direct Modulation of Majority-based Decisions applied to a binary site-selection scenario and perform a series of robot experiments using a swarm of 100 Kilobots. In doing so, we aim both at testing whether this strategy is sufficiently simple to be implemented using robots with limited hardware and at exploring its robustness to robot failures.
Salinity and streamflow variability in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and its relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns

Abstract The historical variability of streamflow and salinity was examined for three large estuaries of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States (US) in order to determine how they are influenced by large-scale circulation patterns. New wavelet methods identified 2- and 4-year periodicities from the streamflow time series. A composite analysis of meteorological data revealed that the anomalously high daily streamflow events coincided with Rossby waves emanating from the tropical Pacific and an eastern mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) dipole pattern in which negative MSLP anomalies were situated over the southeast US and positive MSLP anomalies were situated over the northwestern North Atlantic Ocean. Based on this pattern, a new Eastern North American (ENA) index was constructed that could explain more daily streamflow variance than existing climate indices. A wavelet coherence analysis identified ENA index relationships with streamflow and salinity at periods of 2–4 years, suggesting that the ENA index may offer predictability beyond the weather forecasting timescale. The ENA index was also found to be phase-locked to the Gulf Stream index at a period of 74 months. Because the MSLP dipole pattern is linked to the upstream Rossby wave train, salinity variability at that timescale may have resulted from MSLP dipole-related changes in precipitation.
Cybersecurity in Computer Organization Course: A Mix of Digital Logic Circuit Design and Assembly Programming with Data Security Concepts

This paper presents the development and assessment of a computer organization course for undergraduate students in computer science that has been infused with data security concepts. The infusion gives an opportunity for students to learn essential cybersecurity topics in an introductory computer science course. Specifically, students were introduced to the well-known data encryption algorithm called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), using it as an application in the assignments and hands-on labs on digital logic circuit design and assembly programming. The course was very well received by students, earning the instructional effectiveness rating of 4.5 out of 5 on average. In the course assessment, students appreciated the hands-on experience that directly connected concepts with a practical application. The assessment data showed that this infusion not only reduced the number of DFW grades, but also increased the number of A grades.
Software cost estimation meets software diversity

The previous goal of having a one-size-fits-all software cost (and schedule) estimation model is no longer achievable. Sources of wide variation in the nature of software development and evolution processes, products, properties, and personnel (PPPPs) require a variety of estimation models and methods best fitting their situations. This Technical Briefing will provide a short history of pattern-breaking changes in software estimation methods, a summary of the sources of variation in software PPPPs and their estimation implications, a summary of the types of estimation methods being widely used or emerging, a summary of the best estimation-types for the various PPPP-types, and a process for guiding an organization's choices of estimation methods as their PPPP-types evolve.
Transposable Elements Mediate Adaptive Debilitation of Flagella in Experimental Escherichia Coli Populations

Although insertion sequence (IS) elements are generally considered genomic parasites, they can mediate adaptive genetic changes in bacterial genomes. We discovered that among 12 laboratory-evolved Escherichia coli populations, three had experienced at least six different IS1-mediated deletions of flagellar genes. These deletions all involved the master flagellar regulator flhDC, and as such completely incapacitate motility. Two lines of evidence strongly suggest that these deletions were adaptive in our evolution experiment: (1) parallel evolution in three independent populations is highly unlikely just by chance, and (2) one of these deletion mutations swept to fixation within ~1000 generations, which is over two million times faster than expected if this deletion was instead selectively neutral and thus evolving by genetic drift. Because flagella are energetically expensive to synthesize and operate, we suspect that debilitating their construction conferred a fitness advantage in our well-stirred evolution experiment. These findings underscore the important role that IS elements can play in mediating adaptive loss-of-function mutations in bacteria.
CHAPTER 3 – PRODUCTION AND USE OF 13N GASES AND AEROSOLS

A major portion of the radiochemical technology developed at the University of California, Davis, Crocker cyclotron facility for the production of 13 N (t 1/2 = 10 m) and its incorporation into labeled compounds has been oriented toward the solution of difficult problems in environmental toxicology. The 16 O (p, α) 13 N nuclear reaction has been employed with high pressure (10-15 atm) oxygen gas targets or water targets. Recirculating or flow-through target system designs have proven to be expeditious in optimizing radioactivity yields and system control. The primary chemical species produced directly for biological studies have been 13 NO 2 and 13 NO 3 - . Labeled 13 NO 2 - and NH 4 + have been produced for other metabolic studies. Other products include 13 N 2 and 13 N 2 O. Labeled 13 NO 2 and 13 N 2 - , and 13 NO 3 - have been used to study in vivo fate of 2 NO x emissions from fossil ruel combustion sources. Labeled 13 NH 4 + has been incorporated in sulfate aerosols (the bulk constituent of the tropospheric aerosol) in order to evaluate the pulmonary deposition patterns of hygroscopic aerosols in nonhuman primates. Some potential applications of newly discovered synthetic pathways in the preparation of more complex 13 N-labeled organic compounds are presented. Such syntheses may enhance our ability to address the complex health risk questions associated with secondary pollutants formed by reactions in the atmosphere or associated with fossil energy sources.
What if you are not certain? A common computation underlying action selection, reaction time and confidence judgment

From what to wear to a friend's party, to whether to stay in academia or pursue a career in industry, nearly all of our decisions are accompanied by a degree of confidence that provides an assessment of the expected outcome. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the computations underlying confidence judgment, the preponderance of studies focuses on perceptual decisions, in which individuals sequentially sample noisy information and accumulate it as evidence until a threshold is exceeded. Once a decision is made, they initiate an action to implement the choice. However, we often have to make decisions during ongoing actions in dynamic environments where the value and the availability of the alternative options can change with time and previous actions. The current study aims to decipher the computations underlying confidence judgment in action decisions that are made in a dynamic environment. Using a reaching task in which movements are initiated to multiple potential targets, we show that action selection, reaction time and choice confidence all emerge from a common computation in which parallel prepared actions compete based on the overall desirability of targets and action plans.
Low frequency fully kinetic simulation of the toroidal ion temperature gradient instability

A fully kinetic ion model is useful for the verification of gyrokinetic turbulence simulations in certain regimes, where the gyrokinetic model may break down due to the lack of small ordering parameters. However, for a fully kinetic model to be of value, it must first be able to accurately simulate low frequency drift-type instabilities typically well within the domain of gyrokinetics. Here, a fully kinetic ion model is formulated with weak gradient drive terms and applied to the toroidal ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) instability for the first time. Implementation in toroidal geometry is discussed, where orthogonal coordinates are used for particle dynamics, but field-line-following coordinates are used for the field equation allowing for high resolution of the field-aligned mode structure. Variational methods are formulated for integrating the equation of motion allowing for accuracy at a modest time-step size. Linear results are reported for both the slab and toroidal ITG instabilities. Good agreement ...
Phytase as a Diet Ingredient: From Microbial Production to Its Applications in Food and Feed Industry

Abstract Phytate, the major phosphorus source in plants, is reported to be a strong chelating agent, which can bind various nutrients in the body and cause malnutrition in animals and humans. In addition, phytate cannot be effectively utilized by monogastritic animals, which results in high amounts of phosphorus excretion in manure and adverse effects on the environment. Phytase can break down phytate and is secreted by various microorganism genera, such as Lactobacillus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella , Mucor, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Rhizopus spp. The addition of phytase to food and feed is important to prevent the negative effects of phytate. This chapter provides an extensive review about microbial phytase production, phytase characterization, various systems of phytase fermentation, and its application in the food and feed industries.
Parental Depression, Overreactive Parenting, and Early Childhood Externalizing Problems: Moderation by Social Support

This study used a large (N = 519), longitudinal sample of adoptive families to test overreactive parenting as a mediator of associations between parental depressive symptoms and early childhood externalizing, and parents' social support satisfaction as a moderator. Maternal parenting (18 months) mediated the association between maternal depressive symptoms (9 months) and child externalizing problems (27 months). Paternal parenting was not a significant mediator. Unexpectedly, we found a cross-over effect for the moderating role of social support satisfaction, such that partners' social support satisfaction reduced the strength of the association between each parent's own depressive symptoms and overreactive parenting. Results point to the importance of accounting for broader family context in predicting early childhood parenting and child outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Assessment of a Large Subsurface Controlled Drainage and Irrigation System: II. Corn Performance

Abstract Controlled subsurface drainage irrigation systems have been designed to promote agronomic production by optimizing water availability. In a previous manuscript we described the design of a 40 ha controlled subsurface drainage irrigation system, the soil resource and indicated the soil water properties. In this manuscript we describe the performance of corn (Zea mays L.) using a controlled subsurface drainage/irrigation system, with a focus on nutrient uptake at black layer formation. In a subsequent manuscript we will describe nutrient concentrations from tile drain effluents and note their potential impact on surface water resources. Crop yields using the controlled subsurface drainage/irrigation system substantially increased grain yields in 2008, 2011 and 2012 relative to previous corn production prior to the installation of the controlled subsurface drainage/irrigation system. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn) was partitioned into leaf blades (blades), leaf sheaths (...
Current Issues and Future Possibilities for Biomedical Sensors

Sensors and instrumentation were one of the original areas of biomedical engineering when it started to emerge as a new field back in the 1960’s, and this area is still an important aspect of the discipline today. Many facets of this subarea of our field have not changed much over the last half-century while others have evolved considerably due to technological advances. Although many of the problems limiting the application of sensors and instruments to biomedical measurements have been addressed, others remain as challenging today as they were years ago. These include: (1) developing stable, reproducible instrumentation; (2) minimizing biological interaction with the sensor; (3) packaging the sensor and instrumentation to withstand the hostile biological environment; (4) powering implantable devices; (5) creating and producing devices that are practical for developing countries; (6) economic production of single-use instrumentation for ambulatory or at home use; (6) communicating effectively between devices and other devices, medical records, medical institutions and clinical staff, and finally (7) creating instrumentation that impacts health care. These issues have been and are being addressed by many industry, university and government researchers around the world, and our department at Michigan Technological University is no exception. Some of our past and on-going work to address these issues and that of others will be described.
The Impact of Legal Cannabis on Demographics in Pueblo County

Demography is the science of people-counting. Demographically-speaking, the impacts of legal cannabis on Pueblo County have been modest thus far. Apart from slow, steady population increases, the characteristics of Pueblo’s population have largely gone unchanged since the passage of Amendment 64.
Author response: Clinical Reasoning: A 56-year-old woman with acute vertigo and diplopia

In “Clinical Reasoning: A 56-year-old woman with acute vertigo and diplopia,” Sharma et al. presented the case of a patient with a pontine infarct attributed to varicella-zoster virus reactivation in the setting of immunosuppression by bortezomib for treatment of light-chain amyloidosis. In response, Dr. Ambrose reminds neurologists that bortezomib, which is increasingly being used for antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, including NMDAR encephalitis, can cause a pan-immunodeficiency. Authors Flanagan and Sharma agree that bortezomib has broad therapeutic potential, but that the risks of administration must be acknowledged.
Abstract WP102: Retrograde Neurodegeneration of Substantia Nigra Projections to the Striatum Following Long Term Survival After Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Stroke survivors suffer from long-term physical, cognitive and affective disabilities. These disabilities lower the quality of life, contribute to social isolation and anhedonia, and ...
Centromere mechanical maturation during mammalian cell mitosis

During mitosis, tension develops across the centromere as a result of spindle-based forces. Metaphase tension may be critical in preventing mitotic chromosome segregation errors, however, the nature of force transmission at the centromere and the role of centromere mechanics in controlling metaphase tension remains unknown. We combined quantitative, biophysical microscopy with computational analysis to elucidate the mechanics of the centromere in unperturbed, mitotic human cells. We discovered that the mechanical stiffness of the human centromere matures during mitotic progression, which leads to amplified centromere tension specifically at metaphase. Centromere mechanical maturation is disrupted across multiple aneuploid cell lines, leading to a weak metaphase tension signal. Further, increasing deficiencies in centromere mechanical maturation are correlated with rising frequencies of lagging, merotelic chromosomes in anaphase, leading to segregation defects at telophase. Thus, we reveal a centromere maturation process that may be critical to the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Light Induced Proton Binding-Unbinding Dynamics in Reaction Centers from Rhodobacter Sphaeroides

Light-induced charge separation initiates the transport of reducing equivalents from the reaction center (RC) of purple photosynthetic bacteria to the quinone pool via a specially organized quinone acceptor complex of two quinones, QA and Qg. Although the pathways of the electrons are fairly well characterized in terms of a two-electron gate activity of the quinones [1,2], the details of the accompanying protolytic reactions remain largely unresolved [3].
The Efficacy of Novel Commercial Tourniquet Designs for Extremity Hemorrhage Control: Implications for Spontaneous Responder Every Day Carry.

Introduction:Tourniquets (TQs) save lives. Although military-approved TQs appear more effective than improvised TQs in controlling exsanguinating extremity hemorrhage, their bulk may preclude every day carry (EDC) by civilian lay-providers, limiting availability during emergencies.Study Objective:The purpose of the current study was to compare the efficacy of three novel commercial TQ designs to a military-approved TQ.Methods:Nine Emergency Medicine residents evaluated four different TQ designs: Gen 7 Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT7; control), Stretch Wrap and Tuck Tourniquet (SWAT-T), Gen 2 Rapid Application Tourniquet System (RATS), and Tourni-Key (TK). Popliteal artery flow cessation was determined using a ZONARE ZS3 ultrasound. Steady state maximal generated force was measured for 30 seconds with a thin-film force sensor.Results:Success rates for distal arterial flow cessation were 89% CAT7; 67% SWAT-T; 89% RATS; and 78% TK (H 0.89; P = .83). Mean (SD) application times were 10.4 (SD = 1.7) seconds CAT7; 23.1 (SD = 9.0) seconds SWAT-T; 11.1 (SD = 3.8) seconds RATS; and 20.0 (SD = 7.1) seconds TK (F 9.71; P <.001). Steady state maximal forces were 29.9 (SD = 1.2) N CAT7; 23.4 (SD = 0.8) N SWAT-T; 33.0 (SD = 1.3) N RATS; and 41.9 (SD = 1.3) N TK.Conclusion:All novel TQ systems were non-inferior to the military-approved CAT7. Mean application times were less than 30 seconds for all four designs. The size of these novel TQs may make them more conducive to lay-provider EDC, thereby increasing community resiliency and improving the response to high-threat events.
Reflections on the Value of Participation in Simulation as Young Faculty

As simulation becomes more widely adopted among otolaryngology graduate medical education, faculty have much to contribute and gain from participation in courses. Young faculty in particular are we...
Provider Communication and Telepresence Enhance Veteran Satisfaction With Telestroke Consultations.

Background and Purpose: Telestroke has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective means to expand access to care and improve outcomes in stroke; however, information on patient perceptions of this sy...
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Analysis of High-Power Virtual Cathode Oscillations

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is a mode decomposition technique that can be used for the creation of reduced order models or for analysis of complex dynamic systems. In this work, we apply the POD to analyze the characteristics of the oscillations present in an electron beam with formation of an oscillating virtual cathode.
A Pediatric Knee Exoskeleton With Real-Time Adaptive Control for Overground Walking in Ambulatory Individuals With Cerebral Palsy.

Gait training via a wearable device in children with cerebral palsy (CP) offers the potential to increase therapy dosage and intensity compared to current approaches. Here, we report the design and characterization of a pediatric knee exoskeleton (P. REX) with a multi-layered closed loop control system and a microcontroller based data acquisition system to provide individualized control capability. Exoskeleton performance was evaluated through benchtop and human subject testing. Step response tests show the averaged 90% rise was 26 ± 0.2ms for 5 Nm, 22 ± 0.2ms for 10 Nm, 32 ± 0.4ms for 15 Nm. Torque bandwidth of P. REX was 12Hz and output impedance was less than 1.8Nm with control on (Zero mode). Three different control strategies can be deployed to apply assistance to knee extension: state-based assistance, impedance-based trajectory tracking, and real-time adaptive control. One participant with typical development (TD) and one participant with crouch gait from CP were recruited to evaluate P.REX in overground walking tests. Data from the participant with TD were used to validate control system performance. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected by motion capture and compared to exoskeleton on-board sensors to evaluate control system performance with results demonstrating that the control system functioned as intended. The data from the participant with CP is part of a larger ongoing study. Results for this participant compare walking with P.REX in two control modes: a state-based approach that provided constant knee extension assistance during early-stance, mid-stance and late swing (Est+Mst+Lsw mode) and an Adaptive mode providing knee extension assistance proportional to estimated knee moment during stance. Both were well tolerated and significantly improved knee extension compared to walking without extension assistance (Zero mode). There was less reduction in gait speed during use of the adaptive controller, suggesting that it may be more intuitive than state-based constant assistance for this individual. Future work will investigate the effects of exoskeleton assistance during overground gait training in children with neurological disorders and will aim to identify the optimal individualized control strategy for exoskeleton prescription.
Electrochemical techniques and their applications for CMP of metal films

Abstract Mitigation of process-induced defects is a primary objective of the emerging CMP strategies for IC manufacturing. The protocols considered in this approach frequently rely on the slurry chemistry to achieve planarization, while the mechanical function of CMP operates in a comparatively reduced role. For the newer interconnects consisting of chemically intricate novel materials and complex architectures, these processing requirements tend to complicate the chemical designs of metal CMP. Electrochemistry plays a major role in dictating these processing issues, because the chemical steps of CMP, as well as those of post-CMP cleaning (PCMPC) are largely driven by electrochemical reactions. Thus, electrochemical techniques are widely recognized now as essential tools for designing and evaluating the chemical consumables and procedures necessary to tackle the new challenges of metal CMP (and PCMPC). Focusing on these electrochemical aspects of metal CMP/PCMPC, this chapter discusses the practical applications of various electroanalytical techniques in the general field of CMP. The considerations for coupling these electroanalytical techniques with the mechanical components of CMP and PCMPC are also discussed with illustrative experimental results.
Accuracy Evaluation: Applying Different Classification Methods for COVID-19 Data

A coronavirus is a type of contagious virus that can infect the nose, upper throat, and/or sinuses (Mcnulty et al., Vet Microbiol 9:425–434, 1984). It can spread just like any other viral infection. The Chinese branch of the World Health Organization (WHO) received the first evidence of an unidentified virus behind several cases of pneumonia in Wuhan and identified it as COVID-19. The virus started an outbreak that at first was primarily confined to China but became a worldwide pandemic. John Hopkins University’s COVID-19 website, which collects information from domestic and global health agencies, states that there have been over 2 million reported cases and 357,736 deaths. More than 200 countries and territories have reported the epidemic, with the USA, Italy, and Spain suffering the most acute cases outside of China. In order to better understand the characteristics of the COVID-19 data, in this work, we proposed a framework for classifying patients and evaluating accuracy. We conducted data transformation, descriptive analysis, and inference analysis to understand the data characteristics of COVID-19. In addition, we evaluated three classification methods, namely K-nearest neighbors (KNN), K-means, and the decision tree algorithms.
Identifying ASes of state-owned internet operators

In this paper we present and apply a methodology to accurately identify state-owned Internet operators worldwide and their Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs). Obtaining an accurate dataset of ASNs of state-owned Internet operators enables studies where state ownership is an important dimension, including research related to Internet censorship and surveillance, cyber-warfare and international relations, ICT development and digital divide, critical infrastructure protection, and public policy. Our approach is based on a multi-stage, in-depth manual analysis of datasets that are highly diverse in nature. We find that each of these datasets contributes in different ways to the classification process and we identify limitations and shortcomings of these data sources. We obtain the first data set of this type, make it available to the research community together with the several lessons we learned in the process, and perform a preliminary analysis based on our data. We find that 53% (i.e., 123) of the world's countries are majority owners of Internet operators, highlighting that this is a widespread phenomenon. We also find and document the existence of subsidiaries of state-owned governments operating in foreign countries, an aspect that touches every continent and particularly affects Africa. We hope that this work and the associated data set will inspire and enable a broad set of Internet measurement studies and interdisciplinary research.