cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of Beta Sitosterol to Cholesterol Blocked in an Insect by Hypocholesterolemic Agents

Two vertebrate hypocholesterolemic agents (triparanol and 22,25-diazacholesterol) block the conversion of β-sitosterol to cholesterol in the larva of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson). A primary site of inhibitory action is the terminal step in this conversion—the reduction of desmosterol (24-dehydrocholesterol) to cholesterol. This is also the site at which these compounds inhibit de novo cholesterol biosynthesis in higher animals. Both agents severely inhibit growth and maturation of the tobacco hornworm.
Behavior of Adult and Aged Mice Before and After Central Injection of Interleukin-1β

Abstract The level of locomotor activity, body temperature (T B ), and feeding for adult (3–5-month old) and aged (22–24-month old) male BALB/c mice was determined and the sensitivity of the two age groups to the anorectic, febrile, and behavioral properties of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the brain was examined. Baseline locomotor activity and T B were markedly lower in aged mice than in adults and the circadian rhythm for both activity and T B were disrupted in the aged. Adult and aged mice consumed similar amounts of food during the daytime and nighttime, but aged mice made longer, less frequent visits to the feed cup. To determine if aging affects the responsiveness to central IL-1β, adult and aged mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with PBS or IL-1β. Compared to age-matched PBS controls, IL-1β increased T B in both adult and aged mice. The peak ΔT B was greater in aged mice than in adults, but because of a lower baseline T B in aged mice, peak T B after IL-1β was not different between groups. Locomotor activity of aged mice receiving PBS was about half that of PBS-injected adults and was not depressed further by IL-1β. However, compared to age-matched PBS controls, centrally administered IL-1β depressed food intake more in aged mice than in adults. These data indicate that even though feeding, locomotor activity, and T B are affected by aging, the central component of the inflammatory response mediated by IL-1β is retained.
Alanine Radicals: Structure Determination by EPR and ENDOR of Single Crystals X-Irradiated at 295 K

Single crystals of the amino acid l-α-alanine have been X-irradiated at room temperature, and the free radical formation has been studied using X-band and K-band EPR, ENDOR, and EIE (ENDOR-induced EPR) spectroscopy in the temperature interval 220−295 K. Aided by the results from EIE, as well as ENDOR from selected magnetic field positions, nine hyperfine coupling tensors were obtained and assigned to three different radicals. Room-temperature relaxation behaviors characterized by efficient W1x and W1e and by slow W1n relaxation rates allowed for determination of the signs of the various hyperfine couplings from the ENDOR spectra obtained at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the W1x relaxation is qualitatively discussed. The EPR spectra from alanine are dominated by the well-known resonance of the “stable alanine radical”, SAR, formed by a net deamination of the protonated alanine anion. Precise hyperfine coupling tensors due to the α-proton coupling, the methyl group coupling, and a dipolar ...
Dipol-octopol interaction spin model for temperature-induced metamagnets

Abstract A two-sublattice Ising model is proposed with special dipol-octopol interaction. This special interaction term is not the even function of the spin sublattice operators. Thermodynamical properties of this model are investigated in the molecular field approximation. Our results agree satisfactory with experimental data for Mn3GaC.
Cable-Based Metrology System for Sculpting Assistance

A novel cable-based metrology system is presented wherein six cables are connected in parallel from ground-mounted string pots to the moving object of interest. Cartesian pose can be determined for feedback control and other purposes by reading the lengths of the six cables via the string pots and using closed-form forward pose kinematics. This paper focuses on a sculpting metrology tool, assisting a human artist in generating a piece from a computer model, but applications exist in manufacturing, rapid prototyping, robotics, and automated construction. The proposed real-time cable-based metrology system is less complex and more economical than existing commercial Cartesian metrology technologies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Separate but Equal: Durkheim's Response to the Woman Question*

Cet article reexamine les vues de Durkheim sur les relations intersexe dans le contexte du feminisme francais du 19 e me siecle. La reponse de Durkheim a la question feminine reflete le discours sociopolitique sur les droits et les responsabilites individuels, la famille, et le role des femmes dans les spheres publique et privee. La perspective de Durkheim est fondee sur une conception de la complementarite des roles sexuels differenciee biologiquement, qui insiste sur le couple et non sur l'individu. Cette perspective, partagee par les feministes, est bien caracterisee par cette phrase : « separes, mais egaux »
Iron deficiency: Differential effects on monoamine transporters

In this study, we extend previous work on iron deficiency and dopamine (DA) transporters to include an examination of central serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NE) transporters. Rats were fed either iron deficient (ID) or iron adequate (CN) diets from weaning until adulthood. In males, an additional group of iron deficient animals (IR) were given iron supplementation. DA, 5-HT, and NE transporter binding was done in situ on thin sections. ID males, but not females, decreased DA transporter binding in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen and substantia nigra by 20-40%. ID males also had a 20-30% reduction in 5-HT transporter binding in several areas (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, colliculus) while in ID females there was 15-25% increased serotonin transporter binding in the olfactory tubercle, zona incerta, anteroventral thalamic nucleus and vestibular nucleus. Iron deficiency reduced 3H-nisoxetine binding to the NE transporter in locus ceruleus and anteroventral thalamic nucleus in males but not females. Only some of the changes observed in DA, serotonin and NE transporter binding were reversible by iron supplementation. These findings show that iron deficiency affects monoamine systems related to homeostasis and in most cases males appear to be more vulnerable than females.
Test Particle Acceleration In Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

We perform numerical experiments of test particle acceleration on turbulent magnetic and electric fields obtained from pseudospectral direct numerical solutions of the compressible three-dimensional MHD equations. We find consistent acceleration of the particles to many times the plasma characteristic (Alfven) speed and extended power laws in the density distribution of energies. Scaling laws of maximum and mean energy of particles with the nominal gyrofrequency and the MHD electric field are observed and a simple estimate is presented.
Psychology of the Scientist: LII. John B. Watson: Man and Myth

L'auteur retrace son itineraire personnel de connaissance des travaux de J. B. Watson, rappelle l'historique de la solution comportementaliste au probleme de l'esprit et du corps de Watson et Skinner aux cognitivistes, et conclut en presentant sa propre contribution fondee sur les etudes de la lateralite hemispherique
Breakup of a Fluid Thread in a Confined Geometry: Droplet-Plug Transition Perturbation Sensitivity and Kinetic Stabilization With Confinement .

We investigate the influence of geometrical confinement on the breakup of long fluid threads in the absence of imposed flow using a lattice Boltzmann model. Our simulations primarily focus on the case of threads centered coaxially in a tube filled with another Newtonian fluid and subjected to both impulsive and random perturbations. We observe a significant slowing down of the rate of thread breakup (``kinetic stabilization'') over a wide range of the confinement, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}={R}_{\text{tube}}∕{R}_{\text{thread}}\ensuremath{\leqslant}10$ and find that the relative surface energies of the liquid components influence this effect. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}l2.3$, there is a transition in the late-stage morphology between spherical droplets and tube ``plugs.'' Unstable distorted droplets (``capsules'') form as transient structures for intermediate confinement $(\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}2.1--2.5)$. Surprisingly, the thread breakup process for more confined threads $(\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\leqslant}1.9)$ is found to be sensitive to the nature of the intial thread perturbation. Localized impulsive perturbations (``taps'') cause a ``bulging'' of the fluid at the wall, followed by thread breakup through the propagation of a wavelike disturbance (``end-pinch instability'') initiating from the thread rupture point. Random impulses along the thread, modeling thermal fluctuations, lead to a complex breakup process involving a competition between the Raleigh and end-pinch instabilities. We also briefly compare our tube simulations to threads confined between parallel plates and to multiple interacting threads under confinement.
Purification of Human Epidermal Calmodulin

Human epidermal calmodulin was purified by phenothiazine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The protein stimulated activator-deficient phosphodiesterase and was identified to be calmodulin by radioimmunoassay. Epidermal calmodulin demonstrated a M r of 17,000 on gel permeation chromatography and migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a single band at the same location as rat tests calmodulin. The exact role of calmodulin in the epidermis remains to be defined.
Liquid-glass transition: Dependence of the glass transition on heating and cooling rates

The free-volume model, recently extended by the present authors to account for the equilibrium thermodynamic behavior of dense liquids and glasses, is used as a basis for a relaxation theory of the kinetic effects observed in the heat capacity ${C}_{p}$ near the glass transition temperature ${T}_{g}$. Most importantly, we have included the effects of the very strong temperature dependence of structural relaxation rates near ${T}_{g}$. Results for the value of ${T}_{g}$ and the shape of ${C}_{p}$ are dependent on the heating and cooling rates of the measurements, in good qualitative agreement with experiment. In particular, ${T}_{g}$ depends linearly on the logarithm of the heating rate, with a value of the slope in excellent agreement with experiment for 0.60KN${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-0.40Ca${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$.
Analyzing the efficiency of strategies for MAS-based sensor interpretation and diagnosis

One of the factors holding back the application of multi-agent, distributed approaches to large-scale sensor interpretation and diagnosis problems is the lack of good techniques for predicting the performance of potential systems. In this paper we use a consideration of Bayesian network inference algorithms to construct formulas that describe the computational and communication resources required by several strategies for MAS-based distributed SI/diagnosis.
Speed of sound in a non‐ideal gas

A method is proposed for computing the speed of sound in a non-ideal gas based on the approximation In conjunction with the usual generalized compressibility plot and an analogous reduced enthalpy correction plot, it can be used near the critical point of a non-dissociating gas. The method is also applicable to highly dissociated and ionized gases.
Reality Check: Combining Choice Experiments with Market Data to Estimate the Importance of Product Attributes

Discrete choice models estimated using hypothetical choices made in a survey setting (i.e., choice experiments) are widely used to estimate the importance of product attributes in order to make product design and marketing mix decisions. Choice experiments allow the researcher to estimate preferences for product features that do not yet exist in the market. However, parameters estimated from experimental data often show marked inconsistencies with those inferred from the market, reducing their usefulness in forecasting and decision making. We propose an approach for combining choice-based conjoint data with individual-level purchase data to produce estimates that are more consistent with the market. Unlike prior approaches for calibrating conjoint models so that they correctly predict aggregate market shares for a “baseline” market, the proposed approach is designed to produce parameters that are more consistent with those that can be inferred from individual-level market data. The proposed method relies on a new general framework for combining two or more sources of individual-level choice data to estimate a hierarchical discrete choice model. Past approaches to combining choice data assume that the population mean for the parameters is the same across both data sets and require that data sets are sampled from the same population. In contrast, we incorporate in the model individual characteristic variables, and assert only that the mapping between individuals' characteristics and their preferences is the same across the data sets. This allows the model to be applied even if the sample of individuals observed in each data set is not representative of the population as a whole, so long as appropriate product-use variables are collected that can explain the systematic deviations between them. The framework also explicitly incorporates a model for the individual characteristics, which allows us to use Bayesian missing-data techniques to handle the situation where each data set contains different demographic variables. This makes the method useful in practice for a wide range of existing market and conjoint data sets. We apply the method to a set of conjoint and market data for minivan choice and find that the proposed method predicts holdout market choices better than a model estimated from conjoint data alone or a model that does not include demographic variables.
Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models

Abstract Methods for estimating the dry deposition velocities of atmospheric gases in the U.S. and surrounding areas have been improved and incorporated into a revised computer code module for use in numerical models of atmospheric transport and deposition of pollutants over regional scales. The key improvement is the computation of bulk surface resistances along three distinct pathways of mass transfer to sites of deposition at the upper portions of vegetative canopies or structures, the lower portions, and the ground (or water surface). This approach replaces the previous technique of providing simple look-up tables of bulk surface resistances. With the surface resistances divided explicitly into distinct pathways, the bulk surface resistances for a large number of gases in addition to those usually addressed in acid deposition models (SO2,O3, NOx and HNO3) can be computed, if estimates of the effective Henry's Law constants and appropriate measures of the chemical reactivity of the various substances are known. This has been accomplished successfully for H2O2, HCHO, CH3CHO (to represent other aldehydes), CH3O2H (to represent organic peroxides), CH3C(O)O2H, HCOOH (to represent organic acids), NH3, CH3C(O)O2NO2 and HNO2. Other factors considered include surface temperature, stomatal response to environmental parameters, the wetting of surfaces by dew and rain, and the covering of surfaces by snow. Surface emission of gases and variations of uptake characteristics by individual plant species within the landuse types are not considered explicitly.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria-induced parotid lymphadenitis successfully limited with clarithromycin and rifabutin.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis of the parotid gland is often difficult to diagnose. The rarity of these infections in the parotid region and the lack of specific guidelines pose a treatment challenge to the clinician. Three cases of nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis are presented, with clinical response to antibiotics before surgery. Study Design: Retrospective chart review was made of children up to 18 years of age presenting with a parotid mass diagnosed as nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Methods: Three patients (age range, 15 to 30 mo) with nontuberculous mycobacteria-induced parotid lymphadenitis were treated with a combination antibiotic regimen of clarithromycin and rifabutin or with clarithromycin alone. Results: All three patients responded clinically to the antibiotic treatment as evidenced by a smaller mass size and resolution of the overlying discoloration. Subsequent parotidectomy or biopsy appeared to be easier to perform because of decreased inflammation and edema and a more readily dissectible facial nerve. Conclusion: Children with nontuberculous mycobacteria-induced parotid lymphadenitis should be started on a trial of antibiotic treatment before surgery. Although surgery remains the definitive treatment modality, a larger study of preoperative antibiotic use against nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis of the parotid in children is necessary.
A Lumped-Circuit Model for a Triband Trapped Dipole Array-Part II: Stacked Arrays

Demands on emergency rf links have shown how important HF (330 MHz) communications can be for medium to long range. Efficient triband antennas have been developed and are quite popular for HF communications. In part 1, we described a lumped circuit model of the KLM 4-element KT-34A antenna. Here we consider its larger companion the 6-element KT-34XA and describe retuning the model for operation in the 10-, 15- and 20-m U.S. Army Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS) bands. We retune the parallel LC-circuits acting as traps and adjust the element lengths to obtain a MARSarray. A numerical model of this type of antenna is of interest to study antenna placement and the use of stacked arrays. We compare the radiation pattern of the 6-element KLM and MARS arrays and show examples for a stacked configuration over an imperfect ground plane. The model results for the individual arrays have the expected front and rear main beam angles but when stacked these angles change in a nonintuitive manner.
Three-Step Technique for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Revision knee arthroplasty surgery requires that order be restored to the chaos of failure. Once the failed components, cement, and useless weak bone have been removed from the knee, a gaping hole confronts the surgeon. The problems of stability, mobility, fixation, and the reconstruction of bone defects as well as restoration of an anatomic joint line all cry out for attention at once. There are undoubtedly a variety of approaches to the revision knee surgery. One thing is certain—an organized approach is essential or the reconstruction is doomed to failure (Fig. 51.1). This chapter proposes three steps to the reconstruction of any knee regardless of the original cause of failure. The surgeon must (1) reestablish the tibial platform, (2) stabilize the knee in flexion, and (3) stabilize the knee in extension. These steps have been described previously1–3 and are based upon the principles of knee arthroplasty surgery that were developed for the total condylar knee prosthesis by John Insall, Chit Ranawat, and Peter Walker at The Hospital for Special Surgery in New York in the early 1970s.4,5 We have applied these concepts to revision knee surgery, expanding them to address the rigors of the failed knee and establishing an appropriate sequence. Faithful adherence to the proposed sequence of steps, building one stage upon the other leads to a successful revision knee arthroplasty (Table 51.1). Although contemporary instruments have enabled every surgeon to produce good primary knee arthroplasties, they rely on bone for reference. This bone simply does not exist in the failed knee. Consequently, instrument systems have not been reliable for revision surgery. Missing bone, however, is not the greatest challenge facing the surgeon. More problematic are the soft tissues. Working with strong concepts and trial components, the surgeon will be able to understand the vagaries of lost, plastically deformed, overly tight, and unreleased ligaments. This chapter does not deal with the diagnosis of a failed knee arthroplasty nor with the techniques for the removal of components from a failed knee. It must be emphasized, however, that no revision surgery should be attempted until an accurate mechanical explanation for the failure has been established. Revision of the inexplicably painful knee arthroplasty will yield miserable results.
Chemical defences in embryos and juveniles of two common Antarctic sea stars and an isopod

The brooded embryos and/or juveniles of the sea stars Neosmilaster georgianus (Studer, 1885) and Lysasterias perrieri (Studer, 1885) and the isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus (Eights, 1853) were examined for their acceptability using the sympatric sea star Odontaster validus (Koehler, 1906) as a predator. Organic extracts were prepared from embryos of both sea stars and juveniles of Lyasterias perrieri and Glyptonotus antarcticus and tested in alginate food pellets to confirm whether lack of acceptability was chemically based. We found both intact whole embryos and juveniles of the sea star Neosmilaster georgianus were not acceptable to Odontaster validus. A methanol extract of the embryos was palatable. This could be the result of either the sequestration of deterrent chemicals within embryos or the presence of noxious compounds that were not extractable in methanol. Embryos and juveniles of the sea star Lysasterias perrieri were not acceptable to sea stars. Food pellets containing methanol extracts of unacceptable embryos were deterrent against sea stars, suggesting a chemical defence. Juvenile brooded isopods (Glyptonotus antarcticus) were also found to be unacceptable in sea star feeding bioassays. Significant rejection of alginate pellets containing a lipophilic dichloromethane methanol extract of juveniles indicated that this lack of acceptability was chemically based. Our study provides further support for chemical defences in the offspring of brooding lecithotrophic Antarctic marine invertebrates.
Open access in a spatially delineated artisanal fishery: The case of Minahasa, Indonesia

The effects of economic development on the exploitation of renewable resources are investigated in settings where property rights are ill defined or not enforced. This paper explores potential conservation implications from labor and product market developments, such as enhanced transportation infrastructure. A model is developed that predicts individual fish catch per unit effort based on characteristics of individual fishermen and the development status of their villages. The econometric model is estimated using data from a cross-sectional household survey of artisanal coral reef fishermen in Minahasa, Indonesia, taking account of fishermen heterogeneity. Variation across different villages and across fishermen within the villages is used to explore the effects of development. Strong evidence is found for the countervailing forces of product and labor market effects on the exploitation of a coral reef fishery.
Problem Drinking’s Associations with Social Structure and Mental Health Care: Race/Ethnicity Differences

This research used a nationally representative sample of 12,756 respondents self-identified as White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian to examine problem drinking in relationship to social structure and mental healthcare factors. Associations between problem drinking and particular factors varied by racial/ethnic group. Results also indicated that Whites' problem-drinking rates were higher than those of Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians. Americans sometimes use alcohol to manage stress stemming from social disadvantage and inadequate material resources. Across racial/ethnic groups, drinking level was associated with the type and degree of such disadvantage. Additionally, the presence of a mental health problem was associated with problem drinking.
Implications of cellobiohydrolase glycosylation for use in biomass conversion

The cellulase producing ascomycete, Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina), is known to secrete a range of enzymes important for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. It is also widely used for the commercial scale production of industrial enzymes because of its ability to produce high titers of heterologous proteins. During the secretion process, a number of post-translational events can occur, however, that impact protein function and stability. Another ascomycete, Aspergillus niger var. awamori, is also known to produce large quantities of heterologous proteins for industry. In this study, T. reesei Cel7A, a cellobiohydrolase, was expressed in A. niger var. awamori and subjected to detailed biophysical characterization. The purified recombinant enzyme contains six times the amount of N-linked glycan than the enzyme purified from a commercial T. reesei enzyme preparation. The activities of the two enzyme forms were compared using bacterial (microcrystalline) and phosphoric acid swollen (amorphous) cellulose as substrates. This comparison suggested that the increased level of N-glycosylation of the recombinant Cel7A (rCel7A) resulted in reduced activity and increased non-productive binding on cellulose. When treated with the N-glycosidase PNGaseF, the molecular weight of the recombinant enzyme approached that of the commercial enzyme and the activity on cellulose was improved.
Effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on pressor response to angiotensin II in human pregnancy.

Pregnant women destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) lose refractorinessto the pressor effects of infused angiotensin II (AII) several weeks before the onset of hypertension. This loss of refractoriness to A-II is unrelated to plasma renin activity or circulating levels of A-II. In animal studies it has been shown that the prostaglandins are important mediators of vascular reactivity. Specifically, the uterine blood flow appears to vary directly with prostaglandin E concentrations in uterine venous effluent. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on the pressor effects of A-II in human pregnancy. The “effective A-II pressor dose” (nanograms of A-II·kg-1·min-1 necessary to cause a 20 mm Hg rise in diastolic pressure) was determined in 14 pregnant women before and after treatment with either 25 mg indomethacin or 600 mg aspirin given twice, 6 h apart. The effective pressor dose required before treatment [22.7 ± 3.4 ng·kg-1·min-1 (mean...
Preparation of (S)‐Methyl Glycidate via Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution

(S)-Methyl glycidate Methyl acrylate (+/−)-Methyl glycidate (R,R)-(−)-N,N′-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminocobalt(II) Keywords: methyl glycidate; hydrolytic kinetic resolution; chiral cobalt complexes; resolving agents; terminal epoxides; chiral building blocks; waste disposal
Ultrasound servoing of catheters for beating heart valve repair

Robotic cardiac catheters have the potential to revolutionize heart surgery by extending minimally invasive techniques to complex surgical repairs inside the heart. However, catheter technologies are currently unable to track fast tissue motion, which is required to perform delicate procedures inside a beating heart. This paper presents an actuated catheter tool that compensates for the motion of heart structures like the mitral valve apparatus by servoing a catheter guidewire inside a flexible sheath. We examine design and operation parameters and establish that friction and backlash limit the tracking performance of the catheter system. Based on the results of these experiments, we implement compensation methods to improve trajectory tracking. The catheter system is then integrated with an ultrasound-based visual servoing system to enable fast tissue tracking. In vivo tests show RMS tracking errors of 0.77 mm for following the porcine mitral valve annulus trajectory. The results demonstrate that an ultrasound-guided robotic catheter system can accurately track the fast motion of the mitral valve.
The Moderating Effect of Marijuana Use on the Relationship between Delinquent Behavior and HIV Risk among Adolescents in Foster Care.

Adolescents in foster care experience mental health and substance use problems that place them at risk for HIV, yet the exact nature of the relationship remains unclear. This study examined the co-occurring influences of mental health problems and substance use on HIV risk and determined whether substance use moderated the effect of mental health problems on HIV risk behaviors among adolescents in foster care. Regression analyses of cross-sectional data collected through structured interviews with 334 adolescents, aged 15 to 18 years, determined which mental health problems and substances increased HIV risk behaviors. Adolescents with delinquency and anxiety/depression engaged in significantly more HIV risk behaviors than their counterparts, controlling for race, gender, and type of childhood abuse. Further, any marijuana use significantly moderated the effects of delinquent behaviors on HIV risk, differentially increasing HIV risk among those who engaged in delinquent behaviors.
Measuring Cues for Healthy Choices on Restaurant Menus: Development and Testing of a Measurement Instrument:

Abstract Purpose. To develop and test the Menu Checklist, an instrument to be used by community members to assess cues for healthy choices in restaurants. Design. Menus from 14 restaurants were coded independently by two trained community reviewers to test the interrater reliability of the instrument. Setting. A low-income, urban, African-American community in Los Angeles, California. Subjects. Restaurants were selected based on community perceptions of their potential to be included in a nutrition education and advocacy program to improve the availability of healthy foods. Measures. The Menu Checklist was adapted from previously tested measurement tools developed by the Prevention Research Center at Saint Louis University. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), κ statistics, and percent agreements were calculated to assess interrater reliability. Descriptive statistics were calculated to show the availability of cues for healthy foods. Results. The interrater reliability coefficients for the m...
Performance Scholarship and the Internal Revenue Code

If we can have performance art-and we can-why not performance scholarship? This commentary suggests an entirely new scholarly emphasis for legal academics. (OK, it's not entirely new, but it's new for those of us not teaching trial practice.)
Initial Clinical Experience With Extremity Cone-Beam CT of the Foot and Ankle in Pediatric Patients.

OBJECTIVE. Extremity cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanners have become available for clinical use in the United States. The purpose of this study was to review an initial clinical experience with CBCT of the foot and ankle in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review was conducted of all foot or ankle CBCT examinations performed on patients 18 years old and younger at one institution from August 1, 2013, through February 28, 2015. A t test was used to compare mean effective dose for CBCT with that for MDCT foot or ankle examinations of age-matched control subjects. To assess changes in utilization, a t test also was used to compare the mean numbers of foot or ankle CT examinations per month before and after installation of the CBCT scanner at the institution. RESULTS. Thirty-four CBCT examinations were performed. The mean effective dose was 0.013 ± 0.003 mSv compared with 0.023 ± 0.020 mSv for MDCT of age-matched control subjects (p < 0.005). The mean numbers of foot or ankle CT examination...
Unilateral Localization of Hapten-Specific B Memory Cells in Lymph Node Draining a Footpad Injection of Antigen

In previous studies, rabbits were found to exhibit higher immunological memory responses in lymph nodes draining a footpad injection of antigen than in lymph nodes from the contralateral side1. This difference was demonstrated by the magnitude and quality of responses in vitro and in vivo at various intervals after a single priming injection1–3. In unpublished observations in our laboratory a difference between lymph nodes from the left (L) and right (R) sides could still be observed 2 years after priming. Several authors3,4 have also observed that draining lymph nodes (LNs) may give “spontaneous” antibody responses even without a second challenge with antigen in vitro. This was suggested to be due to persisting antigen, particularly since added antibody could block this response5. Recent studies in mice have re-emphasized a role for persisting antigen in mediating such a prolonged ability of lymph node cells to give responses in vitro or upon transfer without antigen challenge6.
Modified Nonlinear Decision Feedback Equalizer for Long-Haul Fiber-Optic Communications

In a long-haul optical fiber communication system, fiber attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinearity combined with nondeterministic noise from optical amplifiers used for periodic regeneration cause adverse effects on system performance. Several optical and electrical signal processing techniques have been proposed, and implemented to extract the transmitted data; some provide better performance than others, but at a cost of higher computational complexity. We present a modified nonlinear decision feedback equalizer designed for use in a legacy optical communication system with periodic dispersion compensation. The effects of noise and nonlinearity on the equalizer coefficients are investigated, and a suboptimal convergence algorithm to reduce such effects is proposed and verified. Our equalizer provides performance comparable to that obtained using digital backpropagation, while being computationally simpler, compensating linear and nonlinear physical impairment effects effectively even at high power levels where fiber nonlinearity is significant. Performance prediction of the designed DFE is also discussed, using a numerical method, with and without error propagation.
Mucosal imaging advanced technologies in the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract The use of advanced imaging technologies to enhance visualization the gastrointestinal mucosa has evolved from being an experimental tool to a valuable adjunct in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. Digital chromoendoscopy including narrow band imaging (NBI) has been incorporated into standard endoscopy systems as a practical instrument used to enhance the mucosal surface and microvasculature. NBI is now routinely used to evaluate mucosal irregularities associated with Barrett's esophagus dysplasia. A recent review of the literature suggests that NBI can be used to evaluate colorectal polyps and its use may even change our clinical management of diminutive polyps. Other technologies, such as confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) and optical coherence tomography require independent imaging systems with probes that can be deployed through an endoscope׳s instrument channel. The incorporation of these technologies into clinical practice has been limited by cost and need for expertise in image interpretation. High-magnification imaging with CLE can evaluate mucosal changes that are both sensitive and specific to various disease processes. CLE probes have a small field of view that makes evaluation of large areas of the gastrointestinal tract time consuming. A second-generation optical coherence tomography system also known as volumetric laser endomicroscopy is capable of wide-field cross-sectional imaging of the human esophagus. New technologies, including second-generation digital chromoendoscopy blue-laser imaging are currently under study. Development and utilization of advanced imaging technologies has been critical in the rapid pace of advances in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy in the past decade.
Regulation of jun-B expression by a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent mechanism in human myeloid cells.

The present studies have examined the regulation of the jun-B early response gene by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathways. The 2.0-kb jun-B transcript was at low but detectable levels in uninduced human HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. In contrast, treatment with 1 mmol/L8-bromo-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase, was associated with increases in jun-B transcripts that were maximal by 1 hour and then decreased to near pretreatment levels by 6 hours. Similar findings were obtained with 8–(4- chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT-cAMP) and N6,2′–0-dibutyryladenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (dBt-cAMP). jun-B transcripts were also increased with other agents that increase intracellular cAMP levels, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and forskolin. Moreover, inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by the isoquinolinesulfonamide H-8 blocked 8-Br-cAMP-induced increases in jun- B expression. The results of nuclear run-on assays demonstrate that treatment of HL-60 cells with PGE2, forskolin, 8-Br-cAMP, and dBt-cAMP is associated with increases in the rate of jun-B transcription. The present findings also demonstrate that the related jun-D gene is similarly regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is involved in the induction of jun gene expression in myeloid leukemia cells.
Detection of Hippuric Acid and Metylhippuric Acid in Urine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objective] To establish a High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) method for detecting hippuric acid(HA) and metylhippuric acid(MHA) in urine.[Methods] Methanol + acetic acid solution(0.4%) was identified as the flow of mobile phase,the detection wavelength was 254 nm,velocity was 0.7 ml/min;the samples were treated with reversed-phase HPLC Separation,the qualitative and the quantitative analyses were carried out by chromatography based on the retention time and peak area respectively.[Results] Under the selected chromatography conditions,the linear relationship of standard curve was excellent,the correlation coefficients was above 0.999;the relative standard deviation was 0.25%~2.36%(n=6) in the precision test;The labeled recovery rate was 93.37%~100.6%;the lowest limit of detection concentration of HA,2-MHA,3-MHA and 4-MHA was 0.038,0.12,0.11 and 0.026 mg/L respectively.[Conclusion]The method is simple and the precision and accuracy can meet the requirement of experiment,the results are reliable.
Flow Injection Analysis of Volatile Phenol,Cyanide and the Anion Synthetic Detergent in Water

Objective To establish a flow injection analysis method for determination of volatile phenol,cyanide and the anion synthetic detergent in water. Methods Using flow injection analysis technology,distillation,extraction,analysis of volatile phenol,cyanide and the anion synthetic detergent in water. Results Flow injection analysis method for determination of volatile phenol,cyanide and the anion synthetic detergent in water of detection limit were 1.5μg/L,0.6μg/L and 4.5μg/L,sample standard addition recovery rate was 96.0%-104.0%,relative standard deviation RSD was 2.11%-3.12%. Conclusion Flow injection analysis method compared with the national standard colorimetric method has low detection limit,good precision,high accuracy,etc.
Mangelernährung im Alter

Mangelernahrung ist haufig, nimmt mit dem Alter zu und kann bei Personen mit Unter-, Normal- und Ubergewicht vorkommen.
Introduction: The Politics of Dissent at the Time of the Great Reform Bill

‘What has religion to do with politics?’ The question was asked in a handbill posted in Nottingham in the run-up to the election of the first reformed House of Commons in December 1832. Signed only ‘a Protestant Dissenter,’ the handbill supplied the answer with yet another rhetorical question: ‘How can there be any sound politics without religion?’1
Risks of Death and Severe Disease in Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, 2012–2015

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen, first recognized in 2012, with a high case fatality risk, no vaccine, and no treatment beyond supportive care. We estimated the relative risks of death and severe disease among MERS-CoV patients in the Middle East between 2012 and 2015 for several risk factors, using Poisson regression with robust variance and a bootstrap-based expectation maximization algorithm to handle extensive missing data. Increased age and underlying comorbidity were risk factors for both death and severe disease, while cases arising in Saudi Arabia were more likely to be severe. Cases occurring later in the emergence of MERS-CoV and among health-care workers were less serious. This study represents an attempt to estimate risk factors for an emerging infectious disease using open data and to address some of the uncertainty surrounding MERS-CoV epidemiology.
Cardiac t-tubules: where structural plasticity meets functional adaptation.

This editorial refers to ‘Elevated ventricular wall stress disrupts cardiomyocyte t-tubule structure and calcium homeostasis’, by M. Frisk et al. , pp. 443–451. Together with neurons and other highly specialized cells, cardiomyocytes are usually described as terminally differentiated (i.e. unable to re-enter the cell cycle and repair damaged myocardium). This feature implies a weak response to injury and contrasts with the observation that cardiomyocytes are remarkably resilient to damage, are able to survive several decades, often the whole life, despite relentless and constantly varying function.1 In recent years, it has been shown that a degree of cardiomyocyte renewal occurs, but this is still insufficient to explain the ability of the heart to perform reliably in the long-term and survive injury.1 A new paradigm, considering cardiomyocytes as highly plastic cells that rapidly respond to changes in their environment to enhance survival, is emerging.2 Among different stimuli, mechanical load is an important physiological and pathological regulator of cardiomyocyte structure and function and is likely to have a direct, primary role.3 Within a normal range of mechanical load, myocyte structural changes allow adaptation and maintenance of optimal cardiac function; in contrast, chronic and worsening overload leads to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and the development of heart failure. Surprisingly, chronic unloading induces similar molecular changes to overload,2 suggesting that the optimal structure–function relationship in the heart occurs in a highly modulated, defined range of mechanical load. The reasons for this behaviour and the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the failing heart, a pleiotropic adaptive response results in vast alterations to cardiomyocyte structure and subsequent function. This includes morphological changes, such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and gap junction remodelling, and functional changes, ranging from altered β-adrenoceptor …
High bandwidth memory(HBM) with TSV technique

In this paper, HBM DRAM with TSV technique is introduced. This paper covers the general TSV feature and techniques such as TSV architecture, TSV reliability, TSV open / short test, and TSV repair. And HBM DRAM, representative DRAM product using TSV, is widely presented, especially the use and features.
Midkine and pleiotrophin concentrations in biopsy needle washout of breast masses.

e22104 Background: The primary preoperative diagnostic method for distinguishing malignant from benign breast masses is core biopsy histology, but this approach can be inconclusive. Midkine (MDK) a...
INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-CRYSTAL, HIGH-RESISTIVITY CADMIUM TELLURIDE AS A GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETER.

High-purity, single-crystal cadmium telluride has been investigated from the viewpoint of its possible use for gamma-ray detection and spectroscopy. The width of its band gap makes the material an ...
Performance of Fiber Reinforced Materials: Historic Perspective and Glance in the Future

Ideally high performance fiber reinforced concrete should have enhanced modulus of elasticity, higher bend over point, sustained strain hardening response characterized by sequential multiple cracking with controlled crack widths. Conventional fiber reinforced concrete primarily alters the post peak response and can constrain macro cracks. Strain hardening response can be obtained by controlling processing (extrusion, pultrusion, spraying chopped fiber and cement slurry), volume, type and geometry of fibers (e.g. textile) and rheology of matrix (self-consolidating concrete (SCC), ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)). Use of nanofibers such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) fundamentally alters the nano structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. Reinforcing concrete with CNT can enhance modulus of elasticity, enhance toughness, reduce autogenous shrinkage and delay corrosion of steel bar reinforcement. Modeling and characterizing interfaces at multiscale is critical in development of high performance fiber reinforced concrete.
Los “food trucks”: un caso llamativo de emprendimiento en Colombia

El emprendedor esta buscando constantemente nuevas opciones de negocio para crear nuevos mercados o para atender nichos del mercado abandonados. Es el caso de los Food trucks, los cuales son un nuevo concepto de negocio en el sector gastronomico, que por medio de los bajos costos y la innovacion de nuevos productos quieren crear una nueva cultura gastronomica en las grandes urbes del mundo. Sin embargo, el camino no ha sido nada facil para los propietarios de este tipo de negocio que han tenido que enfrentar obstaculos de tipo legal que no les ha permitido obtener el crecimiento esperado en el corto plazo. En la actualidad se encuentran en una lucha constante por sobrevivir y a la espera que las entidades gubernamentales les otorguen los permisos respectivos para poder operar sin ningun tipo de problema en el espacio publico.
Interference Characteristics and Management in Directional Millimeter Wave Networks

The millimeter wave (mmWave) enables high-dimensional antenna arrays for higher gains via beam-forming and spatial multiplexing, which can improve the area spectral efficiency through concurrent transmissions, but also causes stronger channel interference among nodes in multiuser mmWave networks by the spatially focused power. In this paper, we consider the power gain of directional mmWave antenna as a special type of fading due to the randomness of the angle between the interferer and the interfered node. By comparing with small scale fading in traditional omni- directional wireless networks, we firstly show that given some conditions the interference expectation and variance are more severe in mmWave networks in a bounded region than in traditional omni-directional wireless networks, and this observation is further explained by the black body phenomenon in mmWave networks, namely more power will be radiated to the inner side of the deployment region. To alleviate the challenge of interference, a channel management scheme is proposed and several strategies are revisited to reduce the interference and enhance the utilization of available channels.The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by numerical simulations.