cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanolysis of camelina oil under supercritical condition with hexane as a co-solvent

Non-catalytic transesterification of camelina sativa oil under supercritical ethanol (SCE) conditions with hexane as a co-solvent was investigated to study the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) yields. This process enables simultaneous transesterification of triglycerides and ethyl esterification of fatty acids in a shorter reaction of time and may reduce the energy consumption due to simplified separation and purification steps. It was found that the co-solvent plays a vital role in reducing the severity of critical operational parameters and maximizes the biodiesel yield. The important variables affecting the ethyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol/oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and co-solvent to oil ratio. Camelina biodiesel samples were analyzed using FT–IR, GC–MS and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The fuel properties of camelina biodiesel produced were compared with those of the regular diesel and found to be conforming to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTMs) standards.
FCGR2A and FCGR3A Polymorphisms Associated With Clinical Outcome of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Expressing Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated With Single-Agent Cetuximab

Purpose Cetuximab, a chimeric immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (mAb), has shown efficacy in 10% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies demonstrate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is one of the modes of action for rituximab and trastuzumab. Fragment c (Fc) portion of IgG1 mAb has shown to induce ADCC. Fragment c gamma receptors (FcγR) play an important role in initiating ADCC. Studies have shown that two IgG FcγR polymorphisms (FCGR2A-H131R and FCGR3A-V158F) independently predict response to rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma. We tested the hypothesis of whether these two polymorphisms are associated with clinical outcome in metastatic CRC patients treated with single-agent cetuximab. Patients and Methods Thirty-nine metastatic CRC patients were enrolled onto the ImClone0144 trial. Using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) –based method, gene polymorphisms of FCGA2A-H131R a...
Pontine/extrapontine myelinolysis occurring in the setting of an eating disorder.

Osmotic demyelination disorder (ODD) refers to a disorder in which rapid shifts in plasma osmolarity result in disruption of central myelin and includes central pontine myelinolysis and extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM). We present a patient with an eating disorder who developed a severe movement disorder due to EPM. Although ODD has been reported in the presence of eating disorders,1–6 this association is not well recognized. The patient was a 44-year-old woman with a long history of weight-centered concerns. One week after she had embarked on a regimen of self-induced vomiting along with the use of laxatives and diuretics, her family noticed progressive confusion and somnolence, until she was found unresponsive on her bathroom floor. When she was taken to the emergency room, her serum sodium level was 115 mEq/L. After 2 days of fluid restriction (outpatient), her serum sodium level was …
New deterministic interleaver designs for turbo codes

It is well known that an interleaver with random properties, quite often generated by pseudo-random algorithms, is one of the essential building blocks of turbo codes. However, randomly generated interleavers have two major drawbacks: lack of an adequate analysis that guarantees their performance and lack of a compact representation that leads to a simple implementation. We present several new classes of deterministic interleavers of length N, with construction complexity O(N), that permute a sequence of bits with nearly the same statistical distribution as a random interleaver and perform as well as or better than the average of a set of random interleavers. The new classes of deterministic interleavers have a very simple representation based on quadratic congruences and hence have a structure that allows the possibility of analysis as well as a straightforward implementation. Using the new interleavers, a turbo code of length 16384 that is only 0.7 dB away from capacy at a bit-error rate (BER) of 10/sup -5/ is constructed. We also generalize the theory of previously known deterministic interleavers that are based on block interleavers, and we apply this theory to the construction of a nonrandom turbo code of length 16384 with a very regular structure whose performance is only 1.1 dB away from capacity at a BER of 10/sup -5/.
Nebulization with Nitrogen versus Argon in the DCP

The consequences of using N2 as a nebulizer gas during operation of a direct current plasma were evaluated with respect to its utility as a practical analytical procedure. Performance of the N2 system vs. that of an all-Ar plasma was compared on the basis of background plasma emission, atomization efficiency, detection limits, sensitivity, plasma electron density, and immunity from the easily ionized matrix element interference effect. Observations with regard to the mechanism of the EIE effect were also made. It was concluded in many cases that the use of N2 as a nebulizer gas does not significantly degrade analytical performance. An exception to this conclusion was the finding that refractory samples did not atomize as efficiently in the N2 plasma system.
Tensile Characteristics of Twisted Continuous-Filament Glass Yarns

The results are reported of a comprehensive experimental investigation of the tensile behavior of twisted continuous- filament glass yarns. Existing theoretical treatments are reviewed and their compatability with the experimental results are examined. A physical model is proposed, based on a wrapped-ribbon twist geometry, which predicts both tensile modulus and tenacity of glass yarns as a function of the twist angle. The effect of filament bending strain on yarn tenacity has been included in the analysis. Excellent agreement between the model and the experimental results is shown.
The Machinery of Consciousness: A Cautionary Tale

The emerging transdisciplinary field of consciousness studies merges transpersonal psychology with recent brain studies. In this paper, I argue that this new discipline must come to terms with the rhetorics of control in the history of brain research. I establish parallels between the discourses of lobotomy and psychosurgery, Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB), and cybernetics, using the work of Jose Delgado, Norbert Wiener, and Bernard Wolfe. The rhetoric of social control remains a shadow side of brain research, of the popularization of brain science, and of attempts to apply such research.
Characterizing illusions of competence in introductory chemistry students

The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that plagues a particular population of students – the unskilled. This population suffers from illusory competence, as determined by inaccurate ratings of their own ability/performance. These mistakenly high self-ratings (i.e. “illusions of competence”) are typically explained by a metacognitive deficiency of the unskilled – they simply can't recognize their own mistakes. This work, involving more than a thousand students, nine course sections, and sampling multiple time points over a semester, established the Dunning–Kruger effect as a robust phenomenon in university-level introductory chemistry. Using a combination of graphical analyses and hierarchical linear modeling, we confirmed that low-performing students tend to overestimate their own performance while high-performing students tend to underestimate their performance. We also observed a clear difference between female and male students with regard to these miscalibrations. Lastly, we demonstrated that student miscalibrations are invariant over time, a result that has profound implications for the types of instructor feedback conventionally provided in introductory chemistry courses.
Clonal Growth of Leukaemic Cells In Vitro

Human leukaemic cell specimens were obtained from patients and directly plated into soft agar (t = 0) or cultured for 1 week in liquid phase and then plated in soft agar. Growth for 1 week in liquid phase allowed the clonal growth in agar of leukaemic specimens which were unable to clone at t = 0. Clonal growth after liquid culture consisted of the usual leukaemic type of cluster-colonies, growth of a new type of 'syncytial' cell colony or a mixture of colony types. In addition, marrow from a patient with acute lymphocytic leukaemia produced normal-appearing colonies after 1 week of growth in liquid phase. These studies suggest a similarity in the growth requirements of some leukaemic cells and normal CFUd cells.
Audit Quality and Risk Differences Among Auditors

This study tests for differences in audit quality among Big Auditors and between Big Auditors and Small Auditors. The analysis is conducted using four separate "auditor eras" during the period from January 1980 through December 2003, with each era reflecting the number of Big Auditors in the industry. We begin by explicitly testing the validity of pooling across Big Auditors and time periods using an industry adjusted measure of the variance of earnings quality. These tests, as a proxy for audit quality, show important differences in quality among Big Auditors and across eras. Based on the recognition of these important differences, intercept tests of auditor based asset portfolios, using a three factor asset pricing model, are used to assess systematic risk differences. Results show that there was only one era in which significant asset pricing effects are seen between Big and Small Auditors, and virtually no differences among Big Auditors, despite significant differences in quality. These results indicate the need for reassessment of arbitrary quality distinctions between Big and Small Auditors made in early research
Life history and host fish identification for Fusconaia burkei and Pleurobema strodeanum (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

We documented the period of gravidity, identified the fish host, and described the glochidia for two mussel species, Fusconaia burkei (Wright, 1898) and Pleurobema strodeanum Walker, 1922, in Eightmile Creek, Walton County, Florida. Populations of both species were checked monthly from December 2003 to October 2004 and were found to be gravid from the middle of March to late May. The size and shape of F. burkei and P. strodeanum glochidia were similar. Conglutinates released by F. burkei were pink-colored and cylindrical in shape, tapering sharply on both ends. Pleurobema strodeanum conglutinates were creamy or peach-colored and wider with a more flattened appearance than those of F. burkei. Ten potential host fish species were exposed to either F. burkei or P. strodeanum glochidia. We identified the blacktail shiner (Cyprinella venusta) as a host fish species for both F. burkei and P. strodeanum.
Measuring and predicting in-plane thermal conductivity of carbon-filled nylon 6,6 polymer composites

In this study, two different carbons (synthetic graphite particles and carbon fiber) were added to nylon 6,6, and the resulting composites were tested for both the through-plane thermal conductivity kthru and the in-plane thermal conductivity kin, using the transient plane source method. The first goal of this work was to use a finite element model to develop a procedure to accurately measure the material properties using this relatively new analytical procedure. Reproducible data can be obtained for nylon 6,6 polymer composites, by choosing a power dissipation (an input parameter to the transient plane source method) corresponding to a sensor temperature increase of 2 K above the initial temperature after 5 s. The second goal of this work was to develop a simple empirical model for the in-plane thermal conductivity, which is easily measured with the transient plane source method. The results show that the product of the through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivities is a linear function of the volume percent ϕ. As the through-plane thermal conductivity of these composites is accurately predicted with a modified Nielsen model, this empirical relationship can be used to estimate in-plane thermal conductivities for a range of applications. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:1–7, 2006. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Three-Dimensional Buoyancy- and Shear-Induced Local Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract Three-dimensional visualization together with statistical measures are used to describe the instantaneous local structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) under various stability states using large-eddy simulation (LES) data. To explore the relative roles of buoyancy and shear in ABL structure, a wide range of −zi/L ABL states, from 0.44 to 730, is analyzed. It is known that buoyancy-induced updrafts and downdrafts are primarily responsible for the upward flux of momentum, heat, and passive scalar, and strongly influence near-ground horizontal motions. These buoyancy-induced features of the convective boundary layer (CBL) are presented here in clearly observable 3D visual images of vertical velocity and temperature, showing large turbulent cell-like structure several zi in horizontal extent. The horizontal length scales of the temperature field near the ground are found to be of the order of the horizontal velocity length scales. It is noted by comparing visual structure with spectra that ...
Effects of Pulse Length and Strength on Electroporation Efficiency

Electroporation is now a standard method of transfection and cell loading. There is a variety of commercial electroporation equipment, and many published and manufacturer-supplied protocols. Many of these protocols are results of trial and error. These empirical protocols are valuable guides for successful applications of electroporation. Because experimental conditions vary case by case, new and modified protocols are constantly needed to optimize the transfection yield. Developing new protocols for new cases by trial and error in each laboratory is wasteful in terms of time and energy. This chapter is intended to present a guide, based on known theories of electroporation, to help users modify existing protocols and develop new protocols for new applications. Succeeding in doing so would take some guess work out of experimental trials in tailoring protocols for individual case needs.
Gênero, história das mulheres e história social

Assisti recentemente a um seminario no qual um historiador das mulheres apresentava uma brilhante interpretacao dos escritos polemicos de Olympe de Gouges e da recepcao que tiveram (sem falar da que teve a autora) durante a Revolucao Francesa. Um historiador da Revolucao, velho e rude, levanta-se no momento das questoes e pergunta, com sua entonacao fanhosa do leste dos Estados Unidos: "Agora que eu sei que as mulheres participaram da Revolucao, que diferenca isto faz?". Este encontro me sugeriu aquilo que vou tentar mostrar: ha duas tarefas cada vez mais urgentes que se apresentam a historia das mulheres: produzir nao somente estudos descritivos e interpretativos, mas tambem estudos que resolvam problemas analiticos, e vincular as descobertas que decorrentes desses as questoes gerais que ha muito estao postas a historia. Isto nao e um apelo para integrar a historia das mulheres a uma outra historia, o que poderia significar apenas acrescentar materiais sobre mulheres e genero sem analisar suas implicacoes, mas e um apelo para escrever uma historia analitica das mulheres e para vincular seus problemas aqueles das outras historias. E
Poly(ethylene glycol) Corona Chain Length Controls End-Group-Dependent Cell Interactions of Dendron Micelles

To systematically investigate the relationship among surface charge, PEG chain length, and nano–bio interactions of dendron-based micelles (DMs), a series of PEGylated DMs with various end groups (−NH2, −Ac, and −COOH) and PEG chain lengths (600 and 2000 g/mol) are prepared and tested in vitro. The DMs with longer PEG chains (DM2K) do not interact with cells despite their positively charged surfaces. In sharp contrast, the DMs with shorter PEG chains (DM600) exhibit charge-dependent cellular interactions, as observed in both in vitro and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results. Furthermore, all DMs with different charges display enhanced stability for hydrophobic dye encapsulation compared to conventional linear-block copolymer-based micelles, by allowing only a minimal leakage of the dye in vitro. Our results demonstrate the critical roles of the PEG chain length and polymeric architecture on the terminal charge effect and the stability of micelles, which provides an important design cue for polymeric...
Accumulation of homologous radioiodinated albumin in experimental tumors.

ConclusionThe data presented indicate that experimental tumors of the liver (Brown-Pearce) in rabbits accumulate more radio-iodinated rabbit albumin than normal liver tissue of the same animal. This increased concentration appears to be unrelated to vascularity since it was demonstrated in perfused animals.
Mites and house dust allergy.

(1976). Mites and House Dust Allergy. Journal of Asthma Research: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 165-172.
Management of Enterprise Operation Capital 、Cash Conversion Cycle and the Merchandising Ratio

The management of cash conversion cycle is the major component of the management of enterprise operation capital strategy , and the wholesome management of cash conversion cycle is very important to the entire strategy of enterprise. as an analysis tool recently, the merchandising ratio can effectively reflect the healthy level of cash conversion cycle , and exists certain organic contact with traditional ratio . The article discusses calculation principles of the merchandising ratio and it’s application to management of enterprise operation capital..
Research of Ultrasonic Flow Meter with Driving-voltage and Gain Combined Adjustment

As an unimpeded measurement instrument,ultrasonic flow meters are used widely in the water supply industry,petrochemical engineering and power industry.The driving-circuits of ultrasonic transducer have an important influence on driving power and echo signal.This paper introduced the design of combined adjustment with driving-voltage of ultrasonic transducer and gain of echo signal,and provided the detailed hardware circuits and software control flow.Ultrasonic flow meters can use different driving-voltage and gain under different measure circumstances with combined adjustment of driving-voltage of ultrasonic transducer and gain of echo signal.The design enhanced driving-power of ultrasonic transducer,ensured better amplitude and SNR(signal to noise ratio) of echo signal which played important role in reducing the measuring blind area,increasing measuring distance,improving measuring accuracy and stability.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

1. Jonathan R. Pletcher, MD* 2. Gail B. Slap, MD* 1. 2. *Section of Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 1. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a polymicrobial infection, usually initiated by endocervical infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis . 2. More than 25% of women affected with PID suffer one of several serious sequelae, including tubal infertility, tubo-ovarian abscess, chronic pelvic pain, or ectopic pregnancy. 3. PID is diagnosed primarily through clinical assessment, with laboratory and radiographic studies supporting or confirming it. 4. Treatment of PID includes broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage for anaerobic bacteria as well as for the causative organisms. 5. Primary and secondary prevention is paramount in reducing the social, emotional, and economic burden of PID and its sequelae. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an ascending polymicrobial genital tract infection that occurs in sexually active females. It includes an array of inflammatory disorders, including endometritis, parametritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), peritonitis, and perihepatitis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are usually the causative agents of PID, but microflora from the vagina and the bowel also may contribute to its pathogenesis. The serious medical and social consequences of PID, including chronic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, demand improved efforts at prevention, recognition, and management. Given the declining age of sexual initiation in the United States, strategies designed to curtail PID and its sequelae begin in the pediatrician’s office. PID affects 1 million American women annually at an estimated annual cost of $4.2 billion. Sexually active adolescents account for 20% to 30% of cases and face a tenfold increase in risk compared with adults. PID results in more than 600,000 hospital admissions yearly and leads to serious long-term complications in 25% of women who are infected. The likelihood of sequelae is particularly high among adolescents because of late presentation, delayed diagnosis, and inadequate treatment. The increased risk of PID during adolescence reflects both the biologic susceptibility of the immature cervix and the high prevalence …
Recognition of influenza H3N2 variant virus by human neutralizing antibodies

Since 2011, over 300 human cases of infection, especially in exposed children, with the influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) virus that circulates in swine in the US have been reported. The structural and genetic basis for the lack of protection against H3N2v induced by vaccines containing seasonal H3N2 antigens is poorly understood. We isolated 17 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralized H3N2v virus from subjects experimentally immunized with an H3N2v candidate vaccine. Six mAbs exhibited very potent neutralizing activity (IC50 < 200 ng/ml) against the H3N2v virus but not against current human H3N2 circulating strains. Fine epitope mapping and structural characterization of antigen-antibody complexes revealed that H3N2v specificity was attributable to amino acid polymorphisms in the 150-loop and the 190-helix antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin protein. H3N2v-specific antibodies also neutralized human H3N2 influenza strains naturally circulating between 1995 and 2005. These results reveal a high level of antigenic relatedness between the swine H3N2v virus and previously circulating human strains, consistent with the fact that early human H3 seasonal strains entered the porcine population in the 1990s and reentered the human population, where they had not been circulating, as H3N2v about a decade later. The data also explain the increased susceptibility to H3N2v viruses in young children, who lack prior exposure to human seasonal strains from the 1990s.
Projecting the Urology Workforce Over the Next 20 Years.

Objective To forecast the size and composition of the urologist and urology advanced care provider (ACP; nurse practitioner, physicians' assistant) workforce over the next 20 years. Methods Current urologist workforce was estimated from the American Board of Urology certification data and the 2014 American Urological Association (AUA) Census. Incoming workforce was estimated from the American Board of Urology and AUA residency match data. Estimates of the ACP workforce were extracted from the 2012 AUA Physician Survey. Full-time equivalent (FTE) calculations were based on a 2014 urology workforce survey. Workforce projections were created using a stock and flow population model with multiple alternative forecast scenarios. Results Slight growth in overall (urologist + ACP) workforce FTEs is expected, from 14,792 in 2015 to 15,160 in 2035. A significant decline in urologist FTEs is likely, from 11,221 in 2015 to 8859 in 2035. ACPs should increase markedly, from 8,710 in 2015 to 15,369 in 2035. Female urologists should increase by 2035, from the current 7.0% to 18.6% of urologist workforce. Alternate scenarios were evaluated, with forecasted FTEs in 2035 ranging from 14,066 to 17,675. In 2035, workforce shortage predictions range from 12% to 46%. Conclusion With a decrease in urologists over the coming decades, urologists and ACPs may not meet future demand. This forecast highlights the need for discussion and planning among leadership in the field to find creative solutions for this impending workforce shortage.
Artificial creativity: improving on algorithmic music composition using genetic algorithms

A program using rules of music theory was written to create original compositions. Following the rules of music theory guarantees harmonious compositions, but certain aspects of musical composition cannot be defined by music theory. It is in these aspects of musical composition where the human mind uses creativity. The current research utilizes a genetic algorithm to make decisions that cannot be made using music theory alone. To test the effectiveness of the approach, subjects were interviewed about certain musical preferences, and these preferences were used as a basis for the fitness evaluation function of the genetic algorithm. Subjects listened to an initial composition written by the program prior to learning and then one composed by the program after learning a style based on the subject's preferences. Each composition was ranked by the subjects on a scale from 1 to 10. Overall, subjects preferred the learned compositions over the initial compositions.
Nonrelativistic and relativistic treatments of nucleon-nucleus scattering

Both nonrelativistic and relativistic models for describing nucleon-nucleus scattering from low to intermediate energies are considered. In particular the effect of virtual ▵(1232 MeV) and N*(1440 MeV) nucleon resonances onthe Pauli blocking modification of the low energy nonrelativistic nucleon-nucleon effective interaction is calculated for several partial wave channels. The effects of Pauli blocking at energies above the pion production threshold are also examined. Applications of the relativistic impulse approximation (RIA) — Dirac equation approach to recent 800 MeV proton-nucleus spin rotation data are given. Preliminary estimates of second order multiple scattering contributions arising from two-nucleon correlations in the target nucleus are studied within the context of the RIA model.
RELATIVISTIC ION COLLISIONS AND 200 TeV PHYSICS

At present, we have QCD for the strong force, the SU(2) × U(l) standard model for the electroweak force and general relativity for the gravitational force. Together, they seem to give us a satisfactory description of the physical world. However, there remains the puzzle of missing symmetry: These three theories are all based on symmetry. Yet, most of the symmetry quantum numbers are not conserved.
Internal Revolutions: Auto-Ethnography as a Method for Faculty Who Prepare K-12 Educators and Leaders at Hispanic Serving Institutions

ABSTRACTThis article reinforces the use of research for faculty who prepare K-12 educators and leaders for social justice. The author conceptualizes auto-ethnography as a form of professional development and maintains that faculty must first experience an internal revolution before they can expect to model it, especially in a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI). Faculty who develop critical consciousness through auto-ethnography can facilitate the use of auto-ethnography as a form of personal/professional development with his/her pre-service leaders/educators.
Managing for delicious ecosystem service under climate change: can United States sugar maple (Acer saccharum) syrup production be maintained in a warming climate?

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is a highly valued tree in United States (US) and Canada, and its sap when collected from taps and concentrated, makes a delicious syrup. Understanding how this resourc...
Comparison of Expert Adjudicated Coronary Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality With the National Death Index: Results From the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study.

BackgroundThe National Death Index (NDI) is widely used to detect coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths, but its reliability has not been examined recently. Methods a...
Mixture of easy trials enables transient and sustained perceptual improvements through priming and perceptual learning

The sense of vision allows us to discriminate fine details across a wide range of tasks. How to improve this perceptual skill, particularly within a short training session, is of substantial interest. Emerging evidence suggests that mixing easy trials can quickly improve performance in hard trials, but it is equivocal whether the improvement is short-lived or long-lasting, and additionally what accounts for this improvement. Here, by tracking objective performance (accuracy) and subjective experience (ratings of target visibility and choice confidence) over time and in a large sample of participants, we demonstrate the coexistence of transient and sustained effects of mixing easy trials, which differ markedly in their timescales, in their effects on subjective awareness, and in individual differences. In particular, whereas the transient effect was found to be ubiquitous and manifested similarly across objective and subjective measures, the sustained effect was limited to a subset of participants with weak convergence from objective and subjective measures. These results indicate that mixture of easy trials enables two distinct, co-existing forms of rapid perceptual improvements in hard trials, as mediated by robust priming and fragile learning. Placing constraints on theory of brain plasticity, this finding may also have implications for alleviating visual deficits.
First report of scaling a normally-off in-situ oxide, GaN interlayer based vertical trench MOSFET (OG-FET)

GaN lateral transistors (HEMTs) continue to penetrate the power electronics market demonstrating excellent performance in the medium power applications. However, for power applications 10kW and higher, vertical GaN devices are preferred over lateral one, since the former offers higher current and power densities. To date, several different vertical transistor structures have been proposed and reported, such as in-situ oxide based vertical trench MOSFET with an undoped GaN interlayer as a channel (OGFET) [1, 2], current aperture vertical electron transistors (CAVETs) [3, 4], junction field effect transistors (JFETs) [5, 6] and MOSFETs [7, 8]. Gupta et al. have demonstrated the high performance OGFET with low specific on-state resistance (Ron, sp) recently [1]. This study presents the large device scaling of the OGFET to realize high output current.
Making the Invisible Visible: Privilege, Shame, and Guilt in Midnight's Children

(2014). Making the Invisible Visible: Privilege, Shame, and Guilt in Midnight's Children. South Asian Review: Vol. 35, Salman Rushdie, pp. 169-185.
Basic Elements of Viscoelasticity

This chapter defines basic terminology associated with force measurements, and includes length, force, elasticity, viscosity, viscoelasticity, mass, work absorption, work generation, transfer function, complex modulus, exponential advance, exponential delay, and how to plot the complex modulus data.
Bone Density Data

The extraordinary advances in bone density technology since the 1970s have enhanced the physician’s ability to detect and manage metabolic bone disease. At the same time, these advances have created a dilemma as physicians have attempted to compare results obtained on early DPA devices with today’s DXA devices. As DXA technology has advanced, data from pencil-beam systems is being compared with data from fan-array systems. Data from one manufacturer’s pencil-beam DXA device may need to be compared to data from another manufacturer’s pencil-beam device. This situation is not dissimilar to circumstances created during the evolution of other types of quantitative measurement techniques used in clinical medicine. For example, the measurement of some parameter in blood may have initially been performed using one type of assay, only to be later replaced by a different assay. There may be different ranges of normal, depending on the assay and even depending on the laboratory. Although it would be ideal for a patient being followed with a quantitative measurement technique for any reason to return year after year to the same laboratory to be tested using the same assay, this is not a reasonable expectation. In the context of bone densitometry, it is useful to have some ability to compare measurements originally made with DPA, to measurements being made with DXA. Additionally, the differences between the values obtained on different manufacturer’s DXA devices with their respective reference ranges must be appreciated.
Intraoperative Diagnosis and Guidance in an Operation

Intraoperative neurophysiologic recordings are beneficial for reducing the risk of postoperative deficits, and similar techniques can be used for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders and for guiding the surgeon in certain operations. Intraoperative measurements of neural conduction and neural conduction velocity can help to determine the nature of a specific pathology and assist in identifying the anatomical location of the pathology in such nerves. Such recordings can guide the surgeon to the proper anatomical location for surgical intervention, and indeed, they may also help the surgeon choose the appropriate surgical intervention.
Neuroimaging Studies of Reinforcement-Learning

This article summarizes key findings from the study of reinforcement-learning (RL) in humans, specifically arising from the application of computational RL theory to neuroimaging data. Key findings include the presence of reward-prediction error signals most prominently in the striatum during learning, and the finding of action- and chosen-value signals from these models in various brain areas. Important extensions of the RL framework include the addition of model-based RL as a means of capturing goal-directed learning and control, as well as the application of hierarchical RL to capture learning of action-sequences at different levels of abstraction.
Iron deficiency and cognitive development

Abstract: Iron deficiency (ID) remains the most prevalent single nutrient deficiency, affecting those in both developing and developed countries. There is strong evidence that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is associated with poorer performance on developmental ratings in infants and with lower scores on cognitive function tests in children and that iron treatment can reverse some of these impairments. Ongoing investigations indicate that ID impacts both neurocognitive and neurobehavioral development, and intervention studies have confirmed that dopamine-dependent behaviors such as response to novelty and orientation, are among the core deficits in early ID. When moving forward in combating ID and associated impaired child development, it is important to realize that iron deficiency is not the only cause of altered development. Therefore, different intervention approaches are required and should be conducted as complementary to each other.
Reservoir provides cool-water refuge for adult Chinook salmon in a trap-and-haul reintroduction program

Trap-and-haul is a mitigation strategy at many hydropower dams lacking upstream fish-passage facilities, and protocols are needed to maximise its effectiveness. We used biotelemetry to assess the potential benefits of releasing transported adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) into a cold-water reservoir v. a relatively warm-water tributary before spawning. Over 5 years, we released 160 salmon into Foster Reservoir (Oregon, USA) and another 102 into the South Santiam River near historical salmon spawning areas further upstream. In total, 70% of reservoir-released salmon entered an upriver tributary after spending a median of 3–95 days annually in the reservoir. Data recovered from 61 archival temperature loggers indicated that salmon were ~3–6°C cooler per day in the reservoir than in the river. We estimated that cumulative exposure of reservoir-released fish was reduced by 64 degree days, on average (range=–129 to 392), relative to river-released fish. Release into the reservoir was not risk free; 14% of all reservoir-released fish fell back downstream v. 1% of river-released fish. We conclude that reduced transport distance, reduced thermal exposure and potential survival benefits of releasing salmon into reservoirs should be weighed against risks of factors such as fallback and homing errors.
Stability of the Euler resting N -body relative equilibria

The stability of a system of N equal-sized mutually gravitating spheres resting on each other in a straight line and rotating in inertial space is considered. This is a generalization of the “Euler Resting” configurations previously analyzed in the finite density 3 and 4 body problems. Specific questions for the general case are how rapidly the system must spin for the configuration to stabilize, how rapidly it can spin before the components separate from each other, and how these results change as a function of N. This paper shows that the Euler Resting configuration can only be stable for up to 5 bodies and that for 6 or more bodies the configuration can never be stable. This places an ideal limit of 5:1 on the aspect ratio of a rubble pile body’s shape.
Exploring the role of translanguaging in linguistic ideological and attitudinal reconfigurations in the Spanish classroom for heritage speakers

ABSTRACTThe present study explores how translanguaging serves as vehicle to (help) re-configure linguistic attitudinal and ideological structures in a university Spanish course for heritage speaker...
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Posterior Wall and Column Fractures in Older Patients

Posterior and column wall acetabular fractures are common injuries in older patients. Unfortunately, unlike other fracture types, posterior wall fractures are more difficult to treat nonoperatively due to the inherent instability of the hip joint. Posterior wall and column acetabular fractures in older patients often present with femoral head damage and market comminution of the posterior wall. In this chapter, we will review surgical techniques for management of these complex injuries.
Generation of a robust model for inducing autoimmune arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats

Abstract Introduction The prerequisite for any experimental model in animals is similarity with the human disease, uniformity in disease severity and incidence. In antigen-induced arthritis models it is generally recognized that the major limitation is inconsistency in terms of incidence and severity. As access to strains like DBA/1 mice or Lewis rats is difficult for resource restrained laboratories, this study aimed to establish a robust and reproducible animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Multiple approaches were undertaken for inducing arthritis in Sprague Dawley (SD) and Wistar rats using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), collagen type II (CII) emulsion, or different combinations of CII with low dose CFA along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The development of arthritis was evaluated by measuring paw edema, arthritis score, body weight, splenic index, histopathology and radiography of paw tissues. Results The combination of CII with low dose CFA and one injection of LPS resulted in 100% incidence of arthritis with disease severity ranging from moderate to severe and results were corroborated by histopathology and radiography. Discussion In a head-to-head comparison between SD and Wistar rats, the disease profile was better sustained and consistent in SD rats, and the use of CII with low dose CFA and LPS induced features akin to human RA. Taken together, a reproducible model of arthritis was established which can be replicated in any laboratory with limited resources.
Upstream Influences and Fair Subject Selection.

There is much to be said for MacKay and Saylor’s careful delineation of the principle of fair subject selection (MacKay and Saylor 2020). The authors begin by comparing clinical research to a coope...
Molecular Diagnostics in Pulmonary Infections

Infection of the lung parenchyma, or pneumonia, accounts for over four million deaths per year worldwide (Ferkol and Schraufnagel, Ann Am Thorac Soc 11:404–406, 2014). The condition is common, but also over-diagnosed, in part due to relatively poor laboratory and radiographic diagnostics. Indeed, we continue to rely on antiquated tools such as sputum culture and chest X-ray – the former of which lacks speed and sensitivity, and the latter specificity (Albaum et al. Chest 110:343–50, 1996). The resulting presumptive diagnoses of pneumonia lead to excessive use of empiric broad spectrum antibiotics; indeed, by some estimates, 30–70% of antibiotic prescriptions for lower respiratory tract infection are inappropriate (Kraus, PLoS One 12(3): e0174584, 2017). This approach begets microbial resistance, exposes patients to medication side effects, and puts patients at risk of potentially life-threatening complications including Clostridium difficile colitis.
The impact of increased pulmonary arterial pressure on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Objective To evaluate the impact of increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods A total of 242 patients who underwent TAVR were retrospectively reviewed. Transthoracic echocardiography estimated PASP. The cohorts were divided into three groups according to the numerical change of PASP; Increased (post-TAVR PASP at 1 month minus pre-TAVR PASP, ≥ + 5 mmHg; n = 52), No change (-5 to +5 mmHg; n = 86) and Decreased (≤ -5 mmHg; n = 104). Patient demographics and clinical outcomes until 1 year were evaluated. Logistic regression model was used for multivariate risk analysis. Results At 1 year, the Increased group showed higher mortality (21 ± 6%) than the No change group (5 ± 2%) (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-13.5; p 50 mm (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6; p = .04), and the increased PASP remained an independent predictor of 1-year all-cause mortality (HR; 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-6.8; p = .04). Conclusions Regardless of the baseline PASP, patients with increased PASP at 1 month after successful TAVR were at higher risk of mortality and rehospitalization within 1 year. Strict medical management should be considered for patients who showed dilated left ventricle preoperatively.
Parallel Alkane Dehydrogenation Routes on Brønsted Acid and Reaction-Derived Carbonaceous Active Sites in Zeolites

Alkane dehydrogenation rates on acidic zeolites measured in the presence of co-fed H2 during initial contact with reactants solely reflect protolytic reactions at Bronsted acid sites, while rates m...
Severity of complications following restorative proctocolectomy in children is related to staging not diagnosis

Abstract Background Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) is performed using a variety of staged procedures for several diseases. Our aim was to assess whether the severity of complications, classified according to Clavien–Dindo, was related to the diagnosis or the procedure. Methods A consecutive series of children receiving an ileoanal pouch was prospectively recorded. Complications were scored by two blinded observers. Major complications were Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3b. Procedures were classified as: colectomy, proctectomy and pouch or proctocolectomy and pouch. Diagnoses were classified as: ulcerative colitis, familial adenomatous polyposis or other: idiopathic constipation, total colonic Hirschsprung’s disease, juvenile polyposis, Crohn’s colitis, fibrosing colonopathy or necrotising enterocolitis. Results 128 children underwent 191 procedures: 61 colectomies, 63 proctectomies and 67 proctocolectomies. 84 children had ulcerative colitis, 20 had FAP and 24 had other indications. Major complications were significantly more likely with proctocolectomy (16/67, 24%) than with either colectomy (4/61, 7%) or proctectomy (8/63, 13%), p = 0.01. There was no association between diagnosis and major complications: ulcerative colitis (18/133, 14%), FAP (5/20, 25%), other (5/38, 13%) p = 0.4. There was no increase in major complications following proctectomy if a major complication had occurred during prior colectomy. Overall, 15% of procedures experienced a major complication. 6/9 stoma related complications required operative intervention. Conclusions The severity of complications after RPC in children is related to use of a two stage rather than three stage sequence of surgery, not the underlying diagnosis. Type of study Case control study. Level of evidence Level III.
Thermodynamics and dehydration/hydration behaviors of Na-sulfate, -borate, and -bicarbonate minerals

Abstract Detailed thermal experiments using relative humidity- (RH) and temperature-controlled X-ray diffraction (XRD) and H2O adsorption/desorption measurements were applied to understand the dehydration/hydration behaviors of thenardite/mirabilite (Na2SO4/Na2SO4·10H2O), tincalconite/borax (Na2B4O7·5H2O/Na2B4O7·10H2O), nahcolite (NaHCO3), and qilianshanite (NaH4 (BO3) (CO3)·2H2O or NaHCO3·H3BO3·2H2O). The thermal behaviors of thenardite/mirabilite and tincalconite/borax were evaluated at room temperature as a function of RH. Hydration of thenardite to mirabilite is very sluggish and does not begin until at least 85 % RH, whereas dehydration of mirabilite to thenardite occurs at ∼76 % RH. The reactions are accessible in the solid state and were not completely reversible on the time scale of these measurements. Qilianshanite appears stable under room conditions, as long as the RH is >20 %, supported by 2.5 months of observation during exposure to room air of known RH. Qilianshanite persists metastably for at least two days when exposed to both wet and 0% RH atmospheres at room temperature, observed during environment-controlled XRD. Below 20 % RH, qilianshanite sluggishly reacts to form tincalconite and nahcolite. When heated, qilianshanite broke down at 70 °C based on XRD results, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed a dehydration temperature of ∼75 °C. Tincalconite hydrated to borax at 80 % RH, and dehydration from borax to tincalconite occurred at 40–50 % RH, illustrating the effective reversibility of the reaction under room conditions. The minor phase nahcolite originally in qilianshanite remained in the residue of decomposed qilianshanite after heating to 125 °C, demonstrated by continuous XRD measurements, whereas nahcolite was largely dehydrated when heated to ∼100 °C during TGA. The difference can be attributed to the slower reaction kinetics in the environmental XRD. These results shed considerable light on the behavior of these minerals in the environment, particularly in evaporite deposits in Antarctica, where all of these minerals are reacting with the atmosphere on a diurnal-to-seasonal basis.
Drivers of Start-Up Delays in Global Randomized Clinical Trials

Global, randomized clinical trials are extremely complex. Trial start-up is a critical phase and has many opportunities for delay which adversely impact the study timelines and budget. Understanding factors that contribute to delay may help clinical trial managers and other stakeholders to work more efficiently, hastening patient access to potential new therapies. We reviewed the available literature related to start-up of global, Phase III clinical trials and then created a fishbone diagram detailing drivers contributing to start-up delays. The issues identified were used to craft a checklist to assist clinical trial managers in more efficient trial start-up. We identified key drivers for start-up delays in the following categories: regulatory, contracts and budgets, insurance, clinical supplies, site identification and selection, site activation, and inefficient processes/pitfalls. Initiating global randomized clinical trials is a complex endeavor, and reasons for delay are well documented in the literature. By using a checklist, clinical trial managers may mitigate some delays and get clinical studies initiated as soon as possible.