cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of transcription factor NF-κB in Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines: Effect of (-)-epicatechin

Transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in tumorogenesis and in different types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma. Previously, we described that ( − )-epicatechin (EC) inhibits PMA-induced NF-κB activation in Jurkat T cells. Therefore, we investigated the capacity of EC to inhibit NF-κB activation, the underlying mechanisms and the effects of EC on cell viability in Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. EC inhibited NF-κB–DNA binding activity in L-428 and KM-H2 cells. This inhibition was not associated with EC antioxidant activity, with changes in p65 phosphorylation or NF-κB nuclear translocation. Results suggest that EC acted inhibiting the binding of NF-κB to DNA. The combined treatment with EC and an inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation (SN-50) caused an additive inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation. The partial cell viability decrease, under conditions that EC and SN-50 completely prevented NF-κB–DNA binding, indicates that the inhibition of other signaling pathways should be also targeted in ...
Cost-Effectiveness of the Conservation Reserve Program: Discussion

Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP currently spends nearly $1.7 billion annually to withhold approximately 35 million acres of cropland from production. This is both a substantial budgetary outlay and a substantial amount of cropland. Minor inefficiencies at the contract level will be magnified into major inefficiencies at the program level. It is therefore essential to assess the performance of the program in order to promote efficient use of scarce public funds. The first article by Yang, Khanna, and Farnsworth makes excellent use of spatially explicit data and measures of dispersion commonly used in other fields of economics to compare the CRP and the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) in terms of their abilities to abate off-site sediment loadings in the Illinois River Basin. The authors find that the CRP, which includes a competitive bidding process, has lower costs per acre and per ton of abatement than does the CREP, which does not require competitive bidding but instead accepts qualified parcels on a firstcome basis. The authors propose and evaluate three alternative strategies for selecting land parcels into the CREP and conclude that any of these targeting rules could significantly improve the efficiency of the program. The second article by Feng, Kling, Kurkalova, Secchi, and Gassman uses spatially explicit data from the Upper Mississippi River Basin to investigate how a working land incentive for conservation tillage that competes with the CRP for the same parcels of land affects the performance of the CRP in terms of land enrolled, income transfers to farmers, and several measures of environmental quality. The authors demonstrate that, by removing the working land incentive and leaving the CRP incentive unchanged, the amount of land enrolled in the CRP increases by a factor of two. Alternatively, by removing the working land incentive and reallocating its budget to the CRP, the amount of land enrolled increases by a factor of five; however, the environmental benefits decrease substantially and the income transfer to farmers declines
Human Trafficking: The Role of the Health Care Provider

Human trafficking is a major public health problem, both domestically and internationally. Health care providers are often the only professionals to interact with trafficking victims who are still in captivity. The expert assessment and interview skills of providers contribute to their readiness to identify victims of trafficking. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with knowledge on trafficking and give specific tools that they may use to assist victims in the clinical setting. Definitions, statistics, and common health care problems of trafficking victims are reviewed. The role of the health care provider is outlined through a case study and clinical practice tools are provided. Suggestions for future research are also briefly addressed.
Metaplastic breast tumors with a dominant fibromatosis-like phenotype have a high risk of local recurrence.

BACKGROUND In the current study the authors describe the clinicopathologic characteristics of a low grade variant of spindle cell metaplastic tumors of the breast. Previously these tumors have been considered within a larger group recognized as metaplastic carcinoma, including cases with higher grade features. METHODS Breast tumors comprised predominantly of low grade spindle cells, with sparse low grade epithelial elements, were selected. Clinical features as well as macroscopic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings were reviewed with emphasis on the biologic behavior and the differential diagnosis from other spindle cell lesions. RESULTS Of 30 tumors fulfilling strict criteria, 20 contained squamous or glandular elements associated with the spindle cells. Ten tumors were comprised entirely of low grade spindle cells with limited clustered epithelioid cells. At the periphery, all tumors showed a proliferation of bland spindle cells infiltrating the adjacent parenchyma and mimicking fibromatosis. The epithelioid cells and some spindle cells expressed both vimentin and one or more cytokeratins. Seven of eight patients treated by excisional biopsy developed local recurrence, whereas only one of ten patients treated with wide excisional biopsy developed a local recurrence. No distant or regional metastases occurred. CONCLUSIONS The presence of limited clusters of epithelioid cells along with a dominant fibromatosis-like pattern may be unique in the breast. The biologic potential of the fibromatosis-like, spindle cell, metaplastic breast tumors most likely is defined by their major histologic phenotype; they are capable of local recurrence with no demonstrated distant spread or regional metastases, as in pure fibromatosis of the breast. Cancer 1999;85:2170–82. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
‘Humanitarian Rights’: Bridging the Doctrinal Gap between the Protection of Civilians and the Responsibility to Protect

The right to intervene under Article 4(h) of the African Union (AU) Constitutive Act and the third pillar of responsibility to protect (R2P) provides for the possibility of using military force to protect civilians from mass atrocities. However, both Article 4(h) and R2P do not specify how the military can or should use force to protect civilians. The omission to define how the military should use force to protect populations at risk was brought to the fore by the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1973, through which NATO has been criticized to have overstepped the Security Council mandate. The doctrinal deficit on protecting civilians is worsened by legalistic thinking on the normative separation of human rights and humanitarian law, a division driven by their historical roots. Nonetheless, human rights violations occur during warfare and humanitarian law violations may also be human rights violations. Both spheres of law are complimentary and mutually reinforcing and victims do not distinguish whether they have suffered human rights or humanitarian law violations. What they need is protection. This paper presents a ‘humanitarian rights’ approach as the symbiotic methodology for civilian protection that recognizes the inherent dignity and worth of every human being.
Evidence for iodine atoms as intermediates in the dye sensitized formation of I-I bonds.

Visible light excitation of [Ru(bpz)2(deeb)](PF6)2, where bpz is 2,2?-bipyrazine and deeb is 4,4?-(CO2Et)2-2,2?-bipyridine, in acetonitrile solutions with iodide is shown to initiate excited-state ...
Minimally 3-connected binary matroids

A 3-connected matroid M is said to be minimally 3-connected if, for any element e of M, the matroid [email protected]?e is not 3-connected. Dawes [R.W. Dawes, Minimally 3-connected graphs, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 40 (1986) 159-168] showed that all minimally 3-connected graphs can be constructed from K"4 such that every graph in each intermediate step is also minimally 3-connected. Oxley [J.G. Oxley, On connectivity in matroids and graphs, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 265 (1981) 47-58] proved a similar result by giving a characterization of minimally 2-connected matroids. In this paper we generalize Dawes' result to minimally 3-connected binary matroids. We give a constructive characterization of all minimally 3-connected binary matroids starting from W"3, the 3-spoked wheel, and F"7^*, the Fano dual.
Statistical aspects of early termination in the beta-blocker heart attack trial

Abstract The Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial was a randomized double blind controlledtrial comparing propranolol with placebo in 3837 patients with a recent myocardial infarction. The trial was terminated on recommendation of the Policy and Data Monitoring Board 9 months before the scheduled closing date. The propranolol group, at the time of the decision, had a 26% lower mortality (z = 2.82). Many issues were considered in this decision. These included the magnitude of the overall results; consistency of results across subgroups, clinical centers, and cause of death; and completeness of follow-up. Two basic statistical methods were used in declaring the overall mortality results significant. The first method evaluated the current survival data taking into account the issue of repeated significance testing. The second method evaluated whether the observed trend was so impressive that the conclusion was unlikely to change even if the trial should continue to the scheduled end. These two methods, as well as other considerations led to the recommendation to discontinue the trial.
Ocean-Based Nurseries for Cultured Lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards) Postlarvae: Field Experiments off the Coast of Eastern Maine to Examine Effects of Flow and Container Size on Growth and Survival

ABSTRACT The commercial fishery for American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards in Maine has experienced the highest landings during the past 2 decades than at any time since the 1950s. However, there is no scientific consensus on why landings have increased nearly 250% from 1990 to 2010, and no one can predict how long landings can be expected to remain at current levels. This uncertainty has sparked a renewed interest in lobster stock enhancement using cultured individuals. Historically, lobster stock enhancement in North America has focused primarily on releasing early benthic phase (stage IV) animals. It is not cost-effective to feed and maintain animals in the laboratory or hatchery until they are larger (ca. stage X–XI), as is typical of enhancement efforts with cultured individuals of Homarus gammarus (L.) in Europe, even though survival to commercial size presumably would be greater. One difficulty with releasing early benthic phase animals is that they have the capacity to swim away from th...
Synthesis and Creep-Recovery Behavior of a Neat Viscoelastic Polymeric Network Formed through Electrostatic Interactions

The preparation of a supramolecular polymer ionic network and its rheological properties are described. The polymer ionic network is formed between a dicationic phosphonium ionic liquid and the carboxylate residues of poly(acrylic acid). Upon substituting the dicationic phosphonium for a monocationic phosphonium or polyacrylate for poly(vinyl alcohol), the network is lost. The viscosities of the materials are highly dependent on the composition of this ionic network. Creep-recovery experiments show the polymer ionic network exhibits viscoelasticity.
Toward a theory of marketing strategy

Reveals that, in marketing strategy, non‐price aspects are more important to the manufacturer than pricing. Examines this behaviour, showing that there does not appear to be a significant relationship between the nature of the product market and the importance of pricing.
Lucanthone as a radiosensitizing agent in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract A group of 12 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix, clinical Stages II and III, was studied intensively. Standard techniques of radiation therapy were employed, and, by randomization, approximately half of the patients concomitantly received lucauthone (Miracil D) as a potential radiosensitizing agent. The lucanthone was tolerated moderately well by the patients; no severe or significant side effects prevented the patients from receiving adequate doses of the drug. The local cancer control rates both in the lucanthonetreated group and the central group were excellent; only one failure occurred in each group, being clinical Stage III B in both cases. However, the incidence and severity of local long-term complications, involving both the bladder and gastrointestinal tract, were definitely greater in the patients that received hecanthone. These observations indicate the need for further investigation of: 1. 1. The proper dosages when radiation is given in conjunction with lucanthone, without compromising the curative radiation effect on the carcinoma; 2. 2. The effect of varying doses of lucauthone on both normal tissues and organs, and on malignant tumors; 3. 3. The combined effect of both treatment modalities in a greater variety of target organs and malignant tumors.
Development and optimization of a “micro” two-stage light-gas gun

Abstract This paper details the steps taken to develop and optimize a “micro” two-stage light-gas gun system. The micro gun described in this paper has a 5.56-millimeter (mm) pump tube and a 1.78-mm launch tube. The original gun configuration is presented, followed by a description of our analysis and revision of the gun system. The modifications to the micro gun system and their effect on the performance of the gun are discussed.
Psychological Distress and the Intersection of Gender and Physical Disability: Considering Gender and Disability-Related Risk Factors

Drawing on work concerning novel risk factors associated with gender and physical disability, the present study applies an intersectionality perspective to examine: (1) the independent significance of three appraisals of the self and social relationships (i.e., self-esteem, mastery and emotional reliance), as well as perceived devaluation and functional limitation, for depressive symptoms among women and men with physical disabilities; (2) the interactive significance of these factors for psychological distress; and (3) whether these processes vary systematically by gender. Utilizing data from a U.S. community study of 214 women and 162 men ages 40–93 with physical disabilities in Miami-Dade County, Florida, OLS regression analysis demonstrates differences in the associations between these factors and depressive symptoms by gender. Emotional reliance is independently associated with depressive symptoms and interacts with perceived devaluation in the prediction of depressive symptoms only among women in this sample. Among the men surveyed, in contrast, self-esteem and mastery are both associated with depressive symptoms and both interact with perceived devaluation in predicting depressive symptoms. Findings are discussed in light of work linking gender differences in mental health with gender differences in appraisals of the self and social relationships.
Kinetically stable propofol emulsions with reduced free drug concentration for intravenous delivery

Abstract Purpose Intravenous injections of propofol emulsions are accompanied by pain likely due to the interaction of the dissolved drug with endothelial cells of the vasculature. It is commonly hypothesized that reducing the aqueous phase concentration of propofol could reduce pain. Methods To minimize the propofol concentration in the aqueous phase, we developed stable oil-in-water emulsions with excipient oil mixtures that have an increased partition coefficient for propofol. We then explored the emulsion stability by measuring size distributions after extended durations of shelf storage and also after freeze–thaw cycling. The effects of oil type, surfactant and salt concentration on emulsion stability were also explored. Results Small chain oils like ethyl butyrate exhibit high drug partitioning but poor stability, while larger molecules such as soybean oil exhibit lower partitioning but excellent emulsion stability. Emulsions with mixtures of soybean oil and ethyl butyrate are stable for longer than a year, resistant to freeze–thaw cycling, and reduce aqueous drug concentrations of propofol twofold compared to pure soybean oil emulsions. Conclusions Oil-in-water emulsions of propofol formulated with mixtures of ethyl butyrate and soybean oil are kinetically stable and significantly reduce the aqueous phase drug concentration making them promising candidates for future propofol therapies.
Changes in the Educational Value of Inpatients at a Major Teaching Hospital: Implications for Medical Education.

Authors of recent studies have expressed concern about the adequacy of training for internal medicine housestaff, because a number of economic factors may be affecting the case mix on inpatient services. Major alterations in training programs have been recommended, including more training in ambulatory settings and minimizing house staff responsibility for procedure-oriented admissions. Almost no data have been collected regarding actual case-mix changes. In 1987, the author asked the faculty members of the Department of Medicine at the University of Florida College of Medicine to assess the educational value of two groups of patients admitted to the same hospital 15 years apart, one group in 1971 and the other in 1986; the faculty members were not told the difference in dates or the study hypothesis. They found the group of patients from 1971 to have significantly greater educational value than the group from 1986. There were no differences in the estimations of "sickness" of the two groups of patients. These findings support the hypothesis that changes in patient populations resulting from recent economic changes may have diminished the educational value of medical inpatients in academic settings.
A domain wall model for hysteresis in piezoelectric materials

This paper addresses the modeling of hysteresis and nonlinear constitutive relations in piezoelectric materials at moderate to high drive levels. Hysteresis and nonlinearities are due to the domain structure inherent to the materials and both aspects must be addressed to attain the full potential of the materials as sensors and actuators in high performance applications. The model employed here is based on previously developed theory for hysteresis in general ferroelectric materials. This theory is based on the quantification of the reversible and irreversible motion of domain walls pinned at inclusions in the material. This yields an ODE model having five parameters. The relationship of the parameters to physical attributes of the materials is detailed and algorithms for determining estimates of the parameters using measured values of the coercive field, differential susceptibility and saturation properties of the materials are detailed. The accuracy of the model and its capability for the prediction of measured polarization at various drive levels is illustrated through a comparison with experimental data from PZT5A, PZT5H and PZT4 compounds. Finally, the ODE model formulation is amenable to inversion which facilitates the construction of an inverse compensator for linear control design.
Cell Determination and Organogenesis in Molluscan Development: A Reappraisal Based on Deletion Experiments in Ilyanassa

The vegetal region of the Ilyanassa egg, incorporated into the polar lobe and segregated to the D blastomere, appears to have an organizing influence in development. The results of deleting individual micromeres of the first three quartets, and the 4d cell, indicate that most of these cells play rather distinctive developmental roles. Both cytoplasmic segregation and embryonic induction are believed to be involved in determining the fate of cells during development in Ilyanassa . Comparisons are made with other forms.
In situ electrochemical monitoring: from remote sensors to submersible microlaboratories

This article reviews new concepts for in situ environmental analysis based on novel electrochemical sensing strategies. Several new strategies are covered, including the use of remotely deployed sensors and submersible (“lab-on-cable”) analyzers. These devices offer a fast return of the chemical information in a safe and timely manner. The new concepts are discussed in connection to the in situ monitoring of priority organic and inorganic contaminants. Such devices should have an enormous impact upon pollution control and prevention, because they should lead to a substantially more effective and economic monitoring of priority pollutants. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 12:178–182, 2000
El sistema de lo disperso: José Martí y el sujeto de la filosofía moderna

En este trabajo se examina el concepto de naturaleza en la obra en prosa de Jose Marti. Se trata de un concepto que ha sido largamente elaborado por la filosofia moderna antes de su apropiacion literaria por parte del romanticismo. Asi, comienzo resenando algunas ideas filosoficas tipicas de la modernidad que considero relevantes para entender los argumentos que siguen. Si mi interpretacion es correcta, Marti maneja un doble concepto de naturaleza: por una parte, se trata de una fuerza que actua de acuerdo con leyes poeticas precisas (leyes que habran de ser descubiertas por poetas); por otra parte, es un poder disruptivo que sistematicamente destruye cualquier sistema que construyamos para encapsular sus productos. Finalmente, senalo algunas maneras en que la discusion precedente puede usarse para dar cuenta de algunas conexiones entre los proyectos poeticos y politicos de Marti.
Bone densities in patients receiving isotretinoin for cystic acne.

Background Few studies have been done of bone densities in humans receiving retinoids, despite a substantial amount of literature concerning retinoid-induced osteoporosis in animals. We prospectively measured bone density and calcium metabolism in young men (aged 17-25 years) receiving oral isotretinoin for cystic acne and in a group of healthy volunteers (aged 19-26 years). Observations Compared with that in healthy control subjects, mean bone density was lower at all sites (spine, femoral neck, and Ward triangle) and was considerably more variable at the spine in young men with cystic acne even before treatment. Bone density at the Ward triangle decreased a mean of 4.4% ( P =.03) after 6 months of isotretinoin use (1 mg/kg of body weight). Four patients showed decreased density of more than 9% at the Ward triangle. The difference between the mean change in bone density in the patient group and in the control group was significant at the Ward triangle ( P =.04) but not at the other sites. Measurements of calcium metabolism did not change over time in either group. Conclusions A loss of bone density occurring in the absence of measurable alterations of calcium metabolism is likely to be a direct effect of retinoids on bone. Further study of retinoid-induced osteoporosis in humans and of bone density in patients with cystic acne is needed.
STRATEGY AND PERFORMANCE IN COOPERATIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMS

This study examined the nature of strategic planning practices and their performance effects in 285 cooperative education programs in U.S. institutions of higher education. Consistent with the results of previous research in for-profit firms, involvement in strategic planning was associated with positive performance outcomes on some criteria but not others. Additionally, an examination of performance effects using Porter's (1980) typology indicated that different strategies were associated with different program outcomes.
Effects of acetaldehyde on nuclear protein binding to the nuclear factor I consensus sequence in the α2(I) collagen promoter

Acetaldehyde has been shown to increase collagen production in cultured rat myofibroblastlike cells and to activate the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter in transfected NIH 3T3 cells. Nuclear factor I (NF-I), a CCAAT binding transcription factor, is known to bind and activate the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) collagen genes. Activation of the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter was not observed when the NF-I binding site of the promoter was deleted. In this study, we determined if acetaldehyde influences the binding of NF-I to the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter. Nuclear proteins extracted from NIH 3T3 cells, or myofibroblastlike cells, 36 hours after the addition of acetaldehyde (200 mumol/L) in serum-free media showed increased binding to the consensus sequence of the NF-I binding site by DNase I protection analysis and by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) as compared with control nuclear extracts that were not exposed to acetaldehyde. Furthermore, nuclear proteins extracted from myofibroblastlike cells that had been previously exposed to acetaldehyde had a marked increase in NF-I protein, as shown by Western blot with NF-I antibodies. Antisera to NF-I resulted in a slow migrating DNA-protein-antibody complex (supershift) on EMSA. However, the NF-I antibody did not supershift all the DNA-protein complexes, and the supershift band was not increased with nuclear proteins from acetaldehyde-treated cells despite the increased binding of these nuclear protein preparations to the NF-I oligo. Therefore, nuclear proteins, in addition to NF-I, bind to the NF-I consensus sequence and may have their binding altered by acetaldehyde.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Non-uniqueness of the source for singular gauge fields

Abstract We show that the singular Wu-Yang solution for SU(2) gauge fields may be interpreted as due to a point source at the origin. However, the electric or magnetic nature of the source depends on whether one approaches the singularity by means of a “smeared” potential or a “smeared” field strength.
Lagrangian crumpling equations

A concise method for following the evolving geometry of a moving surface using Lagrangian coordinates is described. All computations can be done in the fixed geometry of the initial surface despite the evolving complexity of the moving surface. The method is applied to three problems in nonlinear elasticity: the bulging of a thin plate under pressure (the original motivation for F\"oppl--von Karman theory), the buckling of a spherical shell under pressure, and the phenomenon of capillary wrinkles induced by surface tension in a thin film. In this last problem the inclusion of a gravitational potential-energy term in the total energy improves the agreement with experiment.
Association of germ cell tumorsand Hodgkin's disease

Two patients presented with synchronous Hodgkin's disease and testicular germ cell neoplasms. Both patients are in complete remission following treatment with multidrug chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Despite epidemiologic similarities between Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer, only 13 cases of their association in the same patient have been reported in the literature, and in all those instances the tumors occurred metachronously. However, the very rare occurrence of synchronous presentation suggests a possible common pathogenetic factor in our 2 patients.
Long-Term Exposure to [Cr 3 O(O 2 CCH 2 CH 3 ) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ] + in Wistar Rats Fed Normal or High-Fat Diets Does Not Alter Glucose Metabolism

The essentiality of chromium(III) has been the subject of much debate, particularly in healthy subjects. Chromium(III)-containing supplements are widely used for body mass loss, building of lean muscle mass, and improving glucose and lipid metabolism. [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]+, Cr3, is one of the most-studied chromium nutritional supplements. The current study evaluates the effects of long-term (15 months) supplementation with Cr3 on body mass and glucose metabolism in Wistar rats on traditional and cafeteria-style (high fat, high carbohydrate) diets. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) control diet (milled Harlan Teklad LM-485 rodent diet), (2) control diet + 1 mg Cr3/kg body mass/day, (3) a cafeteria-style (CAF) diet (high fat, high carbohydrate), or (4) CAF diet + 1 mg Cr3/kg/day. Cr3 supplementation had no effect on fasting blood glucose levels or blood glucose levels in response to glucose and insulin challenges. Rats consuming the CAF + Cr3 diet tended to have a significantly higher body mass than rats consuming the CAF diet, but necropsy results showed no difference in visceral fat or body wall thickness between groups. These data suggest that long-term Cr3 supplementation does not significantly affect body mass in rats consuming a normal diet or glucose levels or metabolism in rats consuming either diet.
Characterization of a variant rat glutathione S-transferase by cDNA expression in Escherichia coli.

Abstract We have isolated a glutathione S -transferase Y b1 subunit cDNA from a λgt11 cDNA collection constructed from rat testis poly(A) RNA enriched for glutathione S -transferase mRNA activities. This Y b1 cDNA, designated pGTR201, is identical to our liver Y b1 cDNA clone pGTR200 except for a shorter 5′-untranslated sequence. Active glutathione S -transferase is expressed from this Y b1 cDNA driven by the tac promoter on the plasmid construct pGTR201-KK. The expressed glutathione S -transferase protein begins with the third codon (Met) of the cDNA, and is missing the N-terminal proline of rat liver glutathione S -transferase 3-3. Therefore, our Escherichia coli expressed glutathione S -transferase protein represents a variant form of glutathione S -transferase 3-3 (Y b1 Y b1 ), designated GST 3-3(-1). The expressed Y b1 subunits are assembled into a dimer as purified from sonicated E. coli crude extracts. In the absence of dithiothreitol three active isomers can be resolved by ion-exchange chromatography. The pure protein has an extinction coefficient of 9.21 × 10 4 m −1 cm −1 at 280 nm or E 280 0.1% = 1.78 and a p I at 8.65. It has a substrate specificity pattern similar to that of the authentic glutathione S -transferase 3-3. The GST 3-3(-1) has a K M of 202 μ m for reduced GSH and of 36 μ m for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The turnover number for this conjugation reaction is 57 s −1 . Results of kinetic studies of this reaction with GST 3-3(-1) are consistent with a sequential substrate binding mechanism. We conclude that the first amino acid proline of glutathione S -transferase 3-3 is not essential for enzyme activities.
The Lissajous transformation I. Basics

A new canonical transformation is proposed to handle elliptic oscillators, that is, Hamiltonian systems made of two harmonic oscillators in a 1-1 resonance. Lissajous elements pertain to the ellipse drawn with a light pen whose coordinates oscillate at the same frequency, hence their name. They consist of two pairs of angle-action variables of which the actions and one angle refer to basic integrals admitted by an elliptic oscillator, namely, its energy, its angular momentum and its Runge-Lenz vector. The Lissajous transformation is defined in two ways: explicitly in terms of Cartesian variables, and implicitly by resolution of a partial differential equation separable in polar variables. Relations between the Lissajous variables, the common harmonic variables, and other sets of variables are discussed in detail.
Non diffusive photon migration in homogeneous and heterogeneous tissues

Methods, XTM, MS B226Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545ABSTRACTThe propagation of photons in media for which the diffusion approximation does not hold isinvestigated. To that end simulations are performed with a finite-difference discrete-ordinatetransport code and compared to analytical diffusion calculations. Differences between thesetransport simulations and diffusion calculations point to features specific for non-diffusive photonmigration in homogeneous and heterogeneous tissues.KEY WORDSPhoton propagation in tissues, transport theory, discrete ordinate, finite-difference, diffusiontheory, anisotropy factor, boundaries, scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient.1. INTRODUCTIONThe diffusion approximation to the transport equation is widely used to calculate the photon
Trading in the Options Market Around the Financial Analysts’ Consensus Revision

This article investigates the options market around a revision in the financial analysts’ consensus recommendation. The results demonstrate that options investors trade in the correct direction of the upcoming revision approximately three days prior to the announcement. We find this behavior in options-implied prices, implied volatilities, and options trading volume. Tests confirm that the options market leads the stock market before the financial analysts’ revision. Moreover, using all firms with outstanding options, an out-of-sample analysis produces a profitable zero-cost trading strategy net of transaction costs based on the relative valuations between the synthetic and the underlying equity security.
Affect is greater than, not equal to, condition: condition and person effects in affective priming paradigms.

Affective primes may impact ensuing behavior through condition and person effects. However, previous research has not experimentally disentangled these two sources of influence in affective priming paradigms. In the current research, we simultaneously examine the influence of condition factors, in terms of prime valence, and person factors, in terms of affect reactivity and personality. In both studies, undergraduate participants (total N = 174) were primed with either positive or negative affective stimuli (words, Study 1; pictures, Study 2) prior to judging the likability of a neutral target (Arabic characters, Study 1; inkblots, Study 2). Although we did observe between-condition differences for positive and negative primes, person-level effects were more consistent predictors of target ratings. Affect reactivity (affect Time 2, controlling Time 1) to the primes predicted evaluative judgments, even in the absence of condition effects. In addition, the personality traits of Neuroticism (Study 1) and behavioral inhibition system sensitivity (Study 2) predicted evaluative judgments of neutral targets following negative affective primes. With effects for condition, affect reactivity, and personality, our results suggest that affective primes influence ensuing behaviors through both informational and affective means. Research using affective priming methodologies should take into account both condition and person-level effects.
Approach to the Adolescent Requesting Contraception

It is essential to develop contraceptive counseling skills given the potential complications associated with an unplanned pregnancy, especially for adolescents. Multiple factors must be considered when reviewing contraceptive options with an adolescent: maturity, finances, access to care and prescriptions, confidentiality, medical risks and benefits, and contraindications to use of certain hormonal agents. Many adolescents will be concerned about the possibility of weight gain or the development of acne associated with the use of certain contraceptive agents. They are usually unaware of the risks of thrombosis, stroke, or adverse bone health effects. Providers must be able to speak to these issues using an evidence-based approach.
Experimental demonstration of a phase-modulated optoelectronic oscillator using balanced detection

The use of phase modulation in lieu of the typical amplitude modulator in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) has not yet been extensively investigated. In this paper we present the first experimental demonstration of a phase-modulated OEO using a fiber delay-line demodulator with balanced detection. Preliminary phase noise and frequency stability measurements are also demonstrated.
An unusual cause of dyspnoea in a young man

A 20-year-old man presented with progressive exertional dyspnoea. His cardiovascular examination was unremarkable. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with a dominant R-wave in the early precordial leads and lateral Q-waves ( Panel A ). Laboratory investigation demonstrated elevated creatine kinase with normal Troponin-T levels. Echocardiography was non-diagnostic due to poor echo-windows. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed mild hypokinesis of the …
Adaptive room response equalizer

The objective of this project was to design a system to use magnitude normalization as a method of adaptive equalization. The system is targeted at equalizing a room response. The method used is to decompose the signal into its frequency components (N frequency bands) and normalize each band to obtain a flat frequency response of the entire signal path. This path consists of the amplifier, the speaker box and the room. This paper presents four methods of magnitude normalization. Normalizer -cell2.2- was selected as the best normalizing element for this project. This cell is implemented digitally on a microcontroller. The stability of the system is discussed in the paper which shows a trade off between the rate of convergence and the deviation from the optimal solution achievable by the hardware. Finally, other implementations of the system are discussed. >
Commentary on: The prevalence of cervical myelopathy among subjects with narrow cervical spinal canal in a population-based magnetic resonance imaging study: the Wakayama Spine Study

Commentary on Nagata K, Yoshimura N, Hashizume H, et al. The prevalence of cervical myelopathy among subjects with narrow cervical spinal canal in a population-based MRI study: The Wakayama Spine Study. Spine J 2014;14:2811–7 ( in this issue ).
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is a new instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope that will be installed during servicing mission 4, currently scheduled for January 2004. The primary science objectives of the mission are the study of the origins of large scale structure in the universe, the formation, and evolution of galaxies, the origin of stellar and planetary systems and the cold interstellar medium. As such, COS has been designed for the highest possible sensitivity on point sources, while maintaining moderate ((lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) =20,000) spectral resolution. In this paper, the instrument design and predicted performance is summarized, as well as summary of the instrument flight and prototype component performance to date.
Verification and Preliminary Results of the Generalized Boltzmann Fokker-Planck Method for Charged Particle Radiation Transport

The short mean free paths and zero/low energy transfers associated with charged particle interactions create a computationally intensive problem to model. This paper suggests an accurate and efficient momentpreserving alternative to traditional Monte Carlo transport methods. The Generalized Boltzmann Fokker- Planck Method is an approximation of the scattering cross sections used in the linear transport equation which exactly preserves a finite number of scattering moments using a discrete angle representation. Unlike condensed history, this method preserves exponentially distributed interaction sites, simplifies pre-computation and ultimately leads to simplified boundary crossing algorithms. While this method was developed using the screened Rutherford differential cross section, it has recently been updated with improved interaction physics. Transmission/reflection spectra and dose-depth profiles generated using this method has been benchmarked against both analog and condensed history calculations, and have shown an increase in computational efficiency. Moreover, this method may prove broadly applicable to any Monte Carlo simulation involving sufficiently forward-peaked probability distributions. Future work will integrate these methods into the Integrated TIGER Series (ITS) suite to analyze accuracy and performance enhancement in fully coupled photon-electron transport in realistic three dimensional (3-D) geometries.
Test Structure Methodology of IC Package Material Characterization

A methodology in assembly/packaging technology of semiconductor integrated circuits (IC's) is described Which serves a threefold purpose: it aims at characterizing and selecting electronic assembly/Packaging materials; it directs optimization and control of assembly/packaging processes; and it identifies failure mechanisms which determine product reliability. Case example applications of the methodology are reported including application to package molding compound characterization arid chip mount material selection. Conclusions are given in which a broadening of the methodology tO identify early warning indicators for prediction of later reliability failures is discussed.
Regional simulation of aerosol impacts on precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon

[1] The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry is used to examine aerosol impacts on precipitation over China during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). In the first EASM phase (6 May to 13 June), monsoonal rainband is located to the south of high aerosol areas. The surface cooling by the aerosol radiative effect induces an anticyclonic circulation in northern China, causing a precipitation decrease over southern China. The aerosol microphysical effect tends to broaden the precipitation region. In the second EASM phase (14 June to 5 August), the precipitation band jumps to northern China, where heavy pollution locates. By serving as cloud condensation nuclei, the aerosol microphysical effect causes a reduction of local cloudiness and induces ascent to the north and descent to the south, leading to a precipitation shift from south to north. The aerosol radiative effect strengthens such a meridional asymmetry. Moisture budget analysis shows that the aerosol-induced anomalies of precipitation in both phases are mainly contributed by the changes in vertical velocity associated with convection, while the horizontal advection of moisture plays a nonnegligible role. Our study highlights that aerosol effects on EASM precipitation depend on the location of monsoon precipitation band and its relative location to aerosols, which may be the main factor that contributed to the discrepancy in literature regarding the aerosol impacts on the so-called “southern flood and northern flood” over China.
Electromagnetic and Hydromagnetic Waves in a Cold Magnetoplasma

The basis of the theory of waves in a cold homogeneous magnetoplasma is reviewed. The radio approximation (associated with Appleton) applies when the wave-frequency is large compared with the geometric mean of the electronic and ionic gyrofrequencies. The hydromagnetic approximation (associated with Alfven) corresponds to infinite conductivity along the lines of flux of the imposed magnetic field and applies when the wave-frequency is small compared with the plasma-frequency. The rich variety of dispersion phenomena existing in a magnetoplasma is illustrated by polar diagrams showing both the variation of group-velocity with beam-direction and the direction in which the antenna must be pointed to aim a beam in a particular direction.
Vapor-absent melting at 10 kbar of a biotite- and amphibole-bearing tonalitic gneiss: Implications for the generation of A-type granites

Vapor-absent melting experiments on a biotite- and amphibole-bearing, Archean tonalitic gneiss (AGC150) at 10 kbar and 875 to 1050 °C show that amphibole breaks down from 900 to 950 °C, producing garnet, orthopyroxene, and granitic melt. Biotite-dehydration melting produces <10 wt% melt up to 950 °C via incongruent melting reactions that produce garnet, orthopyroxene, and titanomagnetite. Widespread biotite-dehydration melting occurs between 950 and 975 °C and produces orthopyroxene, magnetite, titanomagnetite, and ∼20 wt% fluorine-rich melt (up to 0.31 wt% F). Minor F-rich (2.7 wt%) biotite is present even at 1000 °C. Our experiments show that, under vapor-absent conditions, intrusion of hot, mantle-derived magmas into the lower crust is necessary to initiate widespread biotite-dehydration melting in rocks with compositions like AGC150. We propose that the high thermal stability of biotite in AGC150 suggests that this rock is residual after a previous episode of partial dehydroxylation that left behind somewhat F-enriched biotite. We show that dehydration melting of such F-enriched biotite produces F-rich granitic liquids, with compositions within the range of A-type granite, and leaves behind a granulitic residue consisting of orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz, titanomagnetite, and magnetite.
Social support, social adjustment, and recovery status in bulimia nervosa

Objective To examine recovery status in bulimia nervosa (BN) and its relation to social support and social adjustment. Method Using a cross-sectional design, we administered the modified Social Support Questionnaire and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR) to 40 women, each of whom was actively bulimic (ABN), was in remission from BN (RBN), or had no history of eating disturbance (comparison). Results In terms of social support, relative to RBN and comparison subjects, the ABN group had significantly fewer persons in their friendship and kinship networks available to provide emotional support, although the groups were equivalent in number of persons available to provide things and advice. Relative to the comparison group, both bulimic groups were significantly dissatisfied with the quality of emotional support provided by relatives. On the SAS-SR, women in the ABN group displayed the poorest overall social functioning. The RBN group was functioning significantly better than the ABN group, but significantly more poorly than the comparison group. Discussion Our results suggest that the social functioning of RBN women lies between ABN women and non-eating-disordered women, indicating both gains relative to the active phase and residual deficits. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 26: 1–12, 1999.
Contributions of Non-occupational Activities to Total Noise Exposure of Construction Workers

This paper describes how exposures received during routine and episodic non-occupational activities contribute to total noise exposure in a group of occupationally exposed workers. Two-hundred and sixty-six construction apprentices enrolled in a longitudinal hearing loss study and completed questionnaires at 1 yr of follow-up to determine their episodic activities (e.g. concert attendance, power tool use, firearms exposure). Noise exposure levels for these episodic exposures were determined from the published literature. Routine activities were assessed using activity cards filled out over 530 subject-days, along with noise dosimetry measurements made over 124 subject-days of measurement. Equivalent Leq exposure levels were then calculated for specific activities. These activity-specific Leq values were combined into estimated individual annual Leq exposure levels for the 6760 nominal annual non-occupational hours in a year (LAeq6760h), which were then transformed into equivalent levels for a 2000 h exposure period (LA2000hn) for comparison with occupational noise exposure risk criteria. The mean non-occupational LAeq6760h exposure values for the cohort ranged from 56 to 87 dBA (equivalent LA2000hn 62-93 dBA). At the mid range of the routine and episodic activity exposure level distribution, the mean LAeq6760h was 73 dBA (LA2000hn 78 dBA). Nineteen percent of the LA2000hn non-occupational exposures exceeded 85 dBA, the generally recommended occupational limit for a 2000 h workyear, at the mid-range of exposure levels. Due to a lack of available data, firearms use could not be incorporated into the total noise exposure estimates. However, firearms users reported more exposure to other noisy non-occupational activities and had statistically significantly higher estimated exposure levels even without including their firearms exposure than did non-shooters. When compared with the high levels of occupational noise found in construction, non-occupational noise exposures generally present little additional exposure for most workers. However, they may contribute significantly to overall exposure in the subset of workers who frequently participate in selected noisy activities.