cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACCOUNTING FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY1

The concept of adaptive radiation (or at least the term) was fathered by D. Lack, G. G. Simpson, and other contributors to the Evolutionary Synthesis, and reflected their conviction that most evolution, including differences among species, was caused by environmental agents of natural selection. If that were true, and if cladogenesis often occurs in bursts of almost simultaneous diversification (as inferred by paleontologists and supported by the prolific polytomies in many modern molecular phylogenies), then adaptive radiation, which Dolph Schluter defines as ‘‘the evolution of ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage,’’ would account for much of the boundless diversity of species and their characteristics. In assessing the prevalence and causes of adaptive radiation for the first time since the Synthesis, Schluter addresses as great, as encompassing, a theme as biology sounds. The ‘‘ecological theory’’ of adaptive radiation that developed during the Synthesis, Schluter notes, was tripartite: divergence between species is caused by different selection owing to differences in the species’ habitats and resources; evolution of differences in habitat and resource use is driven by competition or permitted by alleviation of competition; speciation (the evolution of reproductive isolation) is a consequence of the divergent natural selection that drives phenotypic and ecological differentiation. At least through the 1950s, the theory was based mostly on patterns described by paleontologists and systematists, and quantitative studies were few. Since then, population genetic models, phylogenetic analyses, experimental studies of form and function, ecological studies, and quantitative genetics have been brought to bear on the elements of the theory, as well as on more recent ideas pertaining to adaptive radiation. Schluter sets out to reevaluate the theory in the light of modern studies, concentrating on diversification at low taxonomic levels (e.g., within genera). He concludes that ‘‘[o]n the whole, it should be regarded as one of the most highly successful theories of evolution ever advanced’’ (p. 242). But as he ably describes, much of the theory’s support is based on only a few wellstudied cases and we do not know how far they can be generalized. The role of factors other than divergent ecological selection and competition is poorly understood, and some profoundly important questions are still virtually without answer. Schluter’s treatment of this grand subject is marked by the same consciousness of hypothesis-testing and experimental
Diamond Chemicals Plc (a): The Merseyside Project

These two cases consider the capital investment decisions to be made by executives of this large chemicals firm in January 2001. The A case presents a go/no-go project evaluation regarding improvements to a polypropylene production plant. The B case reviews the same project but from one level higher, where the executive faces an either/or investment decision between two mutually exclusive projects. The objective of the two cases is to expose students to a wide range of capital-budgeting issues which includes, among others, the identification of relevant cash flows, the critical assessment of a capital investment evaluation system, the classic “cross-over” problem, in which project rankings disagree on the basis of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR), and the assessment of real option value latent in managerial flexibility to change operating technologies. Excerpt UVA-F-1351 Rev. Apr. 30, 2015 Diamond Chemicals PLC (A): The Merseyside Project Late one afternoon in January 2001, Frank Greystock told Lucy Morris, “No one seems satisfied with the analysis so far, but the suggested changes could kill the project. If solid projects like this can’t swim past the corporate piranhas, the company will never modernize.” Morris was plant manager of Diamond Chemicals PLC’s Merseyside Works in Liverpool, England. Greystock, Diamond’s controller, was referring to a capital project that Morris wanted to propose to senior management. The project consisted of a GBP9 million expenditure to renovate and rationalize the polypropylene production line at the Merseyside plant to make up for deferred maintenance and exploit opportunities to achieve increased production efficiency. Diamond Chemicals was under pressure from investors to improve its financial performance because of both the worldwide economic slowdown and the accumulation of the firm’s common shares by a well-known corporate raider, Sir David Benjamin. Earnings per share had fallen to GBP30.00 at the end of the year 2000 from around GBP60.00 at the end of 1999. Morris thus believed that the time was ripe to obtain funding from corporate headquarters for a modernization program for the Merseyside Works—or at least, she had believed so until Greystock presented her with several questions that had only recently surfaced. Diamond Chemicals and Polypropylene . . .
Tamoxifen modulates tumor suppressor gene methylation in breast cells and growth factors in plasma in women at increased risk for breast cancer

B32 Background: Tamoxifen reduces the incidence of invasive and in situ breast cancer by 50% in high risk women, but its effects on benign breast tissue biology have not been systematically studied. This randomized, prospective placebo-controlled double-blind Phase IIa trial was designed to identify biomarkers that are modulated by tamoxifen locally in benign breast tissue as well as systemically in plasma. Methods: Between May 2002 and March 2007, 31 premenopausal and 42 postmenopausal women defined as high risk by the Gail model or with a personal history of LCIS were randomized to tamoxifen (20 mg/day) or placebo for 3 months. Blood and breast tissue were collected at baseline and post-treatment. Endpoints included growth hormones and binding proteins in plasma, cytological classifications and tumor suppressor gene methylation in FNA, and proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (TUNEL) in tissue cores. Results: Tamoxifen treatment was associated with an increase in SHBG and total estradiol but a reduction in plasma albumin resulting in an increase in free estradiol in the plasma (P=0.003). Levels of IGF1 decreased while IGF2, IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 levels increased. The net effect was a significant decrease in IGF1/IGFBP1 and IGF1/IGFBP3 ratios (P=0.013 and P=0.001). Prolactin levels were not altered during treatment. The three month tamoxifen treatment did not reduce FNA cellularity or the prevalence of cytological atypia. However, promoter methylation of RASSF1A and APC decreased in the tamoxifen group compared to the placebo group (P=0.04). Methylation of cyclin D2, H-cadherin, CST6, HIN-1, and RARβ2 was not affected. There was no reduction in the proliferative index and no increase in apoptosis. Conclusion: Tamoxifen increased total and free estradiol and beneficially modulated IGF/IGFBP ratios in the plasma. Tamoxifen also decreased APC and RASSF1A methylation in benign breast epithelial cells and this effect was independent of IGF modulation. This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute grant: N01-CN-95139.
The male infertility office visit.

Abstract One in six couples are infertile, and in 50% of these couples, a male factor plays a role. Therefore, it is imperative that physicians become comfortable in the basic evaluation of the infertile male. By performing a thorough history and physical examination, physicians can usually establish a differential diagnosis and proceed to laboratory testing that will help to establish an etiology for infertility. The purpose of this review is to provide general guidelines for a physician seeking to evaluate a man's fertility status and to suggest the most common pathologies that might be found through a directed work-up.
Programmable ion-sensitive transistor interfaces. I. Electrochemical gating.

Electrochemical gating is the process by which an electric field normal to the insulator electrolyte interface shifts the surface chemical equilibrium and further affects the charge in solution [Jiang and Stein, Langmuir 26, 8161 (2010)]. The surface chemical reactivity and double-layer charging at the interface of electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor (EOS) capacitors is investigated. We find a strong $p$H-dependent hysteresis upon dc potential cycling. Varying salinity at a constant $p$H does not change the hysteretic window, implying that field-induced surface $p$H regulation is the dominant cause of hysteresis. We propose and investigate this mechanism in foundry-made floating-gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistors, which can serve as both an ionic sensor and an actuator. Termed the chemoreceptive neuron metal-oxide-semiconductor (C\ensuremath{\nu}MOS) transistor, it features independently driven control gates (CGs) and sensing gates (SGs) that are capacitively coupled to an extended floating gate (FG). The SG is exposed to fluid, the CG is independently driven, and the FG is capable of storing charge ${Q}_{FG}$ of either polarity. Asymmetric capacitive coupling between the CG and SG to FG results in intrinsic amplification of the measured surface potential shifts and influences the FG charge injection mechanism. This modified SG surface condition was monitored through transient recordings of the output current, performed under alternate positive and negative CG pulses. Transient recordings revealed a hysteresis where the current was enhanced under negative pulsing and reduced after positive pulsing. This hysteresis effect is similar to that observed with EOS capacitors, suggesting a field-dependent surface charge regulation mechanism at play. At high CG biases, nonvolatile charge ${Q}_{FG}$ tunneling into the FG occurs, which creates a larger field and tunes the $p$H response and the point of zero charge. This mechanism gives rise to surface programmability. In this paper we describe the operational principles, tunneling mechanism, and role of electrolyte composition under field modulation. The experimental findings are then modeled by a Poisson-Boltzmann formulation with surface $p$H regulation. We find that surface ionization constants play a dominant role in determining the $p$H tuning effect. In the following paper [K. Jayant et al., Phys. Rev. E 88, 012802 (2013)] we extend the dual-gate operation to molecular sensing and demonstrate the use of ${Q}_{FG}$ to achieve manipulation of surface-adsorbed DNA.
Quantum Ring Infrared Photodetector Based On Droplet Epitaxy Technique

In this work, we design and fabricate a GaAs quantum ring infrared photodetector. The lattice matched GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As quantum rings are grown by using molecular beam epitaxy technique. The morphology of the quantum rings are characterized by an atomic force microscopy. Normal incident configured photodetectors are fabricated by standard photolithography. The photoresponse spectra are measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and exhibit two broad bands in visible-near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral range. Using quantum rings as absorption medium, we observed visible-near-infrared response at a temperature as high as 300 K while mid-infrared response up to 140 K.
Sparse array imaging with guided waves under variable environmental conditions

Abstract Sparse arrays of piezoelectric transducers are being considered for guided wave structural health monitoring of plate-like aerospace components because of their ability to efficiently interrogate large areas for small defects with a relatively small number of sensors. Many imaging methods have been developed to localize damage based upon changes in received signals from multiple transducer pairs relative to baseline data acquired from the undamaged structure. Most of these methods perform well when baselines are acquired under the same environmental conditions as current signals. Here the performance of both delay-and-sum (DAS) and minimum variance (MV) imaging is considered in the context of changing environmental conditions. The well-known optimal baseline selection method is applied along with the proposed baseline stretch, shift, and scale (BS3) method. Both temperature and loading variations are examined experimentally for a variety of damage types (holes, notches, fatigue cracks, and impact damage) and specimens (aluminum and composite plates). It is shown that the efficacy of the compensation method depends upon its specific implementation as well as the imaging method and type of environmental variation. For MV imaging, which is sensitive to the relative amplitudes of scattered signals, it is important to compensate all array signals consistently, whereas for the DAS method, compensation by individual signals in the array is almost as effective. It is also shown that applying the BS3 compensation method in a variable loading environment can significantly degrade imaging results unless loads are matched between baselines and current signals.
Epidemiological Study on Effect of Job Strain on Burnout among Occupational Population

[Objective]To explore the effect of job strain on burnout among occupational population. [Methods]Cross-sectional study was adopted to investigate 2 458 employees aged 20-63 years of 7 kinds of occupations.the Job Demand-Control(JDC)and effort-reward imbalance questionnaires were used to measure job strain,and the Chinese version of Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey(MBI-GS) questionnaire revised by Professor Li Chaoping was used to measure burnout.Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was adopted to determine the effect of psychosocial factors on the incidence of skeletal muscle symptoms. [Results]The results showed that higher scores were found in emotional exhaustion,depersonalization and high positive rate of burnout in teacher,doctors and nurses of community health center,bus driver.Burnout was associated with high job strain,low social support,high effort-reward imbalance and low job reward. [Conclusion]High positive rate of burnout was found in occupational population of social service.High job strain may be the risk factor of burnout prediction among urban occupational population.
Tolerability of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Pediatric Patients.

Background. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to parts of Asia. Manufacture of JE-VAX, the mouse brain-derived vaccine against JEV, was discontinued in February 2011. IXIARO, an inactivated cell culture-derived vaccine, was approved in 2009 for use in adult patients. Although IXIARO was not licensed for pediatric patients until 2013, our clinic routinely used this vaccine in at-risk children starting in 2011. The purpose of this study was to review our experience as to the tolerability of the new IXIARO vaccine in children. Methods. We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients less than 18 years of age who received at least 1 dose of IXIARO in our Family Travel Clinic from November 2011 through August 2014. Subjects' electronic medical records were reviewed for any documented medical visits within 3 months after vaccination. Each visit was assessed for possible adverse events with relationship to vaccine administration as determined by the reviewer. Results. Ninety-two patients less than 18 years of age received a total of 145 doses of IXIARO between November 2011 and August 2014. Seven adverse events were documented. Only 1 was deemed to be possibly related. No serious adverse events were found on chart review. Conclusions. Our study reinforces the recent decision to expand IXIARO vaccination to the pediatric population. The experience in our clinic since vaccine introduction shows it to be overall tolerable when used in routine clinical practice. Practitioners should feel comfortable recommending vaccination against JEV for any pediatric traveler to an area of risk.
km, a widespread root for ten

In my monograph on counting,1 I studied the structure of number words with the object of understanding the diffusion of counting. The most familiar of these structures is our own 10-system, in which the words for one to ten are, or appear to be, independent, whereas the higher number words are, largely, based on 10: thus when we say "thirty-four", we are coveying the idea of the number obtained by taking ten three times and adding four. The 20-system is also familiar, in traces, in some European languages, and even in English: thus in French, "quatre-vingtdix" expresses 90 as 4 x 20+ 10; and in English we still have the little used but still easily understood forms such as "four-score seven" for 87. Going further afield, to the marginal peoples, we find other systems, especially the 2-system, which counts essentially as follows: "one", "two", "two-one", "two-two", "two-twoone", "two-two-two", etc.; and what I have called the "neo-2-system", in which, for example, 6 is expressed as 2 x 3, 7 as 4-13, 8 as 2 x 4. The 2-system is best preserved, and is widespread, in Australia and in South America, and it also occurs in Africa; traces of it can be found in Central and North America Here are three typical examples of the 2-system:2
Mixed Force and Displacement Control for Base-Isolation Bearings in RTHS

This study presents a real-time hybrid simulation of a base-isolated building. In this study, the base isolation layer is experimentally tested while the entire structure is computationally simulated. To impose the earthquake induced lateral displacement as well as the vertical gravitational force, a mixed force and displacement control strategy is developed and implemented in the experimental system. The mixed force and displacement control strategy in this study is a decentralized approach that consists of a loop shaping and the conventional PID controllers. Following a thorough experimental verification of the mixed control, hybrid simulation of a base isolated building was performed using a series of recorded earthquake ground motions. The experimental results showed that the mixed control provided accurate loading in both lateral and vertical directions. This study presents the implementation of the mixed force and displacement control as well as the results in real-time hybrid simulation.
A Model to Describe Quasicontinuum Effects in Dissociation of Polyatomic Molecules

A widely used model for laser-induced dissociation of polyatomic molecules assumes that the vibrational spectrum of the molecule can be divided into three regions according to the value of the level density (see Ref. 1). The first region consists of the harmonic part of the particular vibrational mode which is resonant with the laser field. After a few photons have been absorbed the anharmonicity barrier stops the excitation in this mode but the process can continue due to the coupling to the levels of other vibrational modes. In polyatomic molecules the density of these levels is so high that they are said to form a quasicontinuum (QC). In this second region the process continues more easily without strict energy matching requirements characteristic to the initial stage of the excitation. The third region is the true continuum where the molecule dissociates.
Counting Trees in Graphs

Erd ő s and Simonovits proved that the number of paths of length $t$ in an $n$-vertex graph of average degree $d$ is at least $(1 - \delta) nd(d - 1) \cdots (d - t + 1)$, where $\delta = (\log d)^{-1/2 + o(1)}$ as $d \rightarrow \infty$. In this paper, we strengthen and generalize this result as follows. Let $T$ be a tree with $t$ edges. We prove that for any $n$-vertex graph $G$ of average degree $d$ and minimum degree greater than $t$, the number of labelled copies of $T$ in $G$ is at least \[(1 - \varepsilon) n d(d - 1) \cdots (d - t + 1)\] where $\varepsilon = O(d^{-2})$ as $d \rightarrow \infty$. This bound is tight except for the term $1 - \varepsilon$, as shown by a disjoint union of cliques. Our proof is obtained by first showing a lower bound that is a convex function of the degree sequence of $G$, and this answers a question of Dellamonica et. al.
MULTILEVEL MONTE CARLO (MLMC) SIMULATIONS: PERFORMANCE RESULTS FOR SPE10 (XY SLICES)

In this report we first describe a generic multilevel Monte Carlo method and then illustrate its superior performance over a traditional single-level Monte Carlo method for second order elliptic PDEs corresponding to two-dimensional layers in (x, y)-direction of the Tenth SPE Comparative Solution project (SPE 10) which gives high-contrast permeability coefficients. The SPE10 data set is used as a coarse level in the Monte Carlo method and the respective permeability coefficient k (provided in the SPE10 dataset) is used as a mean in the simulation. The actual coefficients are drawn based on a KL-expansion assuming that the log-mean is perturbed by a log-normal distributed samples.
Self-Complementary AAV Vectors Delivered Intramuscularly Do Not Break Tolerance In a Partial Knockout Model Of Hemophilia B

Abstract Self-complementary adeno-associated viral (scAAV) vectors have become a popular tool for AAV gene therapies due to their increased transgene expression relative to single-stranded (ss)AAV vectors, at least for models in which the transgene can fit within these restrictive constructs. The most recent clinical trial for hemophilia B used a scAAV8 vector. However, recent reports by our lab and others have suggested that these vectors are also more immunogenic than their single-stranded brethren. We previously showed that, during hepatic gene transfer, the innate immune response is greater with a scAAV vector. Moreover, Wu et al. demonstrated an enhanced T and B cell response to a secreted form of HIV's gag protein when it was delivered via scAAV. While this was beneficial for their vaccine model, it could potentially be problematic for therapeutic gene transfer applications. To investigate whether this phenomenon could deleteriously impact gene therapy for hemophilia B, we used a partial knockout model of hemophilia B. This mouse model has the murine factor IX gene knocked out, and then a truncated form of human factor IX (hF.IX) is inserted. Specifically, the mice we used have a late stop codon (LS) at amino acid 338; while hF.IX can be detected in the liver, this mutated protein is not released into circulation (crm-). During muscle gene transfer with AAV2, LS mice have an interesting response: while they form antibodies to hF.IX, there is no CD8+ T cell infiltrate detected in the transduced tissue. We then set out to determine whether this partial tolerance could be disrupted using a scAAV vector. Using AAV1, which is a more relevant serotype for muscle gene therapy, we injected single-stranded and self-complementary vectors (1011 vg/mouse) and measured the resulting immune responses. Surprisingly, unlike with AAV2, the LS mice completely tolerated AAV1-mediated intramuscular delivery of hF.IX. They did not make detectable anti-hF.IX IgG1, and their plasma had no Bethesda activity through 4 weeks post-injection. In contrast, hF.IX null mice (HBKO) made 10708±3869 ng anti-hF.IX IgG1 and developed inhibitory activity of 22.5±26 Bethesda units 4 weeks after delivery of a scAAV vector. Consequently, LS mice had circulating hF.IX levels of 148.9±18.64 (ssAAV1) and 60.12±8.71 ng/mL (scAAV1), while hF.IX was undetectable in the plasma of HBKO mice at this time point. The CD8 response was similarly lacking in LS mice, with splenic responses to hF.IX detected by ELISPOT reduced by ∼2-10 fold relative to HBKO mice. Infiltrating CD8 cells were detected in the muscle of HBKO but not LS mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that the underlying mutation within the patient is a more important risk factor for immune responses to the transgene than the molecular form of the AAV genome. Disclosures: Herzog: Genzyme: AAV technology, AAV technology Patents & Royalties.
Constructing aﬃne Lie algebras

ABSTRACTThe ℤ-grading determined by a long simple root of a rank n+1 aﬃne Lie algebra over ℂ arises from a representation of a rank n semi-simple complex Lie algebra. Analysis of the relationship between the grading and the representation yields constructions that generalize the minuscule and adjoint algorithms as well as Kac’s construction of nontwisted aﬃne Lie algebras.
Towards Extracting Coherent User Concerns and Their Hierarchical Organization from User Reviews

Mining user reviews to discover what the user likes and dislikes is vital to understanding user behaviors. Topic modeling techniques have been extensively used to discover meaningful topics for user reviews and to discover user behaviors. Extracted topics may be a mixture of different concepts and hence very likely to be less coherent and unclear, especially when extracting a relatively small number of topics. As such, we propose a method that extracts a relatively large number of topics using a topic modeling technique and relies on hierarchical clustering to exploit semantic distances between topics, to generate a small number of highly coherent and clear topics. We also compare this set of topics representing hidden user concerns extracted by our approach with those derived using LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) and a hierarchical variant called Pachinko Allocation Model (PAM) and show that our method generates more coherent user concerns. Further, we also demonstrate how a hierarchical model of user concerns can be automatically generated by exploiting our approach. Such a hierarchy may help capture the conceptual distances between various user concerns and inherent similarities between users having those concerns.
Thermal Decomposition Mechanism for Ethanethiol

The thermal decomposition of ethanethiol was studied using a 1 mm × 2 cm pulsed silicon carbide microtubular reactor, CH3CH2SH + Δ → Products. Unlike previous studies these experiments were able to identify the initial ethanethiol decomposition products. Ethanethiol was entrained in either an Ar or a He carrier gas, passed through a heated (300–1700 K) SiC microtubular reactor (roughly ≤100 μs residence time) and exited into a vacuum chamber. Within one reactor diameter the gas cools to less than 50 K rotationally, and all reactions cease. The resultant molecular beam was probed by photoionization mass spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. Ethanethiol was found to undergo unimolecular decomposition by three pathways: CH3CH2SH → (1) CH3CH2 + SH, (2) CH3 + H2C═S, and (3) H2C═CH2 + H2S. The experimental findings are in good agreement with electronic structure calculations.
Blood pressure control among US veterans: A large multiyear analysis of blood pressure data from the veterans administration health data repository

Background—Hypertension treatment and control remain low worldwide. Strategies to improve blood pressure control have been implemented in the United States and around the world for several years. This study was designed to assess improvement in blood pressure control over a 10-year period in a large cohort of patients in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Methods and Results—A cohort of 582 881 hypertensive patients and 260 924 normotensive individuals treated in 15 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers between 2000 and 2010 were examined. Strategies used system-wide included blood pressure control as a performance measure, automatic notification to healthcare providers, electronic reminders, and a systematic revisit schedule. The main outcome measure was the percentage of hypertensive patients whose hypertension was controlled and the level of blood pressure each month. In the hypertensive cohort (mean age 62.9±13.4 years, 96.0% male), 52.3% of patients were white, 25.1% were black, and 21.1% w...
Electromagnetic energy accumulation in mesophotonic slow-light waveguides

Light propagation with ultra-low speeds is a highly sought-out target in modern photonics research, because of its strong impact in applications like all-optical circuitry, memories and energy efficient chip-scale sources. However, for slow light to be relevant to these applications it must be accompanied by a strong enhancement in both the EM energy density and the electric field. Although intuitively it may appear this would be the case, it is actually extremely hard to obtain a strong electric-field enhancement in a slow-light system. For example, in atomic media, slow-light is enabled by atomic resonances which store the accumulated EM energy in the form of polarization rather than in the electric field. Low-group-velocity waveguides appear to be more suitable systems for slow-light enabled electric field enhancement. However, their performance is severely hampered by losses related to in-coupling, radiation and cross-modal talk. We present here a mesophotonic-waveguide paradigm, which behaves as an “optical capacitor,” with an EM energy accumulation that yields a hundred-fold enhanced electric field intensity covering a wavelength-scale area. We analyze the salient characteristics of this waveguide, in terms of their role and impact on the observed electric field enhancement.
Imaging of the Sella and Parasellar Region

The complex and intricate anatomy of the sella turcica and parasellar region of the skull base serves as a host to a diverse variety of pathologies. Imaging is paramount in diagnosing these pathologies and preventing transshpenoidal surgery complications by accurately and precisely characterizing sella and parasellar pathologies prior to surgery. This chapter will focus on the preoperative imaging of frequently encountered sella and parasellar pathologies.
Encoding Highly Nonequilibrium Boron Concentrations and Abrupt Morphology in p-Type/n-Type Silicon Nanowire Superlattices

Although silicon (Si) nanowires (NWs) grown by a vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism have been demonstrated for a range of photonic, electronic, and solar-energy applications, continued progress with these NW-based technologies requires increasingly precise compositional and morphological control of the growth process. However, VLS growth typically encounters problems such as nonselective deposition on sidewalls, inadvertent kinking, unintentional or inhomogeneous doping, and catalyst-induced compositional gradients. Here, we overcome several of these difficulties and report the synthesis of uniform, linear, and degenerately doped Si NW superlattices with abrupt transitions between p-type, intrinsic, and n-type segments. The synthesis of these structures is enabled by in situ chlorination of the NW surface with hydrochloric acid (HCl) at temperatures ranging from 500 to 700 °C, yielding uniform NWs with minimal nonselective growth. Surprisingly, we find the boron (B) doping level in p-type segments to be a...
Radiofrequency Heating for Enhancing Microbial Safety of Shell Eggs Immersed in Deionized Water.

Radiofrequency (RF) heating was simulated for improving the microbial safety of a shell egg immersed in deionized water using a finite element model. A regression equation that relates the top electrode voltage to the gap between the electrodes and vertical position of the egg was also developed. The root mean squared errors between the simulation and validation results ranged from 0.76 to 2.86 °C. Concentrated heating occurred in the yolk in all the investigated configurations, with some configurations reaching close to 60 °C in the yolk after 20 min of RF heating. The cooling effect of the water along with lower electric field intensity in the egg caused the focused heating in the yolk. Extrapolation of the model revealed that a scaled‐up RF heating process (10.5 kV at top electrode) followed by a hot water immersion process can achieve a minimum of 3 log reductions of Salmonellain the yolk within 37 min. Radiofrequency (RF) heating with the assistance of deionized water was shown to have the potential of improving the microbial safety of shell eggs. The validated model results revealed that this effect was due to a combination of focused heating and surface cooling.
Athletic Trainers' Attitudes and Perceptions of Environmental Sustainability.

Context: Environmental sustainability efforts are becoming a critical concern in health care. However, little is known regarding how athletic trainers feel about the environment or what can be done to reduce the environmental impact of the practice of athletic training. Objective: To examine athletic trainers' attitudes toward and perceptions of factors related to environmental sustainability. Design: Sequential, mixed methods using a survey, focus groups, and personal interviews. Setting: Field study. Patients or Other Participants: Four hundred forty-two individuals completed the survey. Sixteen participated in the qualitative portion. Main Outcome Measure(s): Quantitative results from the Athletic Training Environmental Impact Survey included data from a 5-point Likert scale (1 = lowest rating and 5 = highest rating). Descriptive statistics and 1-way analyses of variance were used to describe perceptions and determine differences in mean opinion, National Athletic Trainers' Association district, ...
Training Residents in Hospital Medicine: The Hospitalist Elective National Survey

As the field of hospital medicine expands, internal medicine residency programs can play a role in preparing future hospitalists. To date, little is known of the prevalence and characteristics of hospitalist-focused resident rotations. We surveyed the largest 100 Internal Medicine Residency Programs to better understand the prevalence, objectives, and structure of hospitalist-focused rotations in the United States. Residency leaders from 82 programs responded (82%). The prevalence of hospitalist-focused rotations was 50% (41/82) with an additional 9 programs (11%) planning to start one. Of these 41 rotations, 85% were elective rotations and 15% were mandatory rotations. Rotations involved clinical responsibilities, and most programs incorporated nonclinical curricular activities such as teaching, research, and work on quality improvement and patient safety. Respondents noted that their programs promoted autonomy, mentorship, and "real-world" hospitalist experience. Hospitalist-focused rotations may supplement traditional inpatient rotations and teach skills that facilitate the transition from residency to a career in hospital medicine.
Choosing a Combinatorial Auction Design: An Illustrated Example

This paper summarizes a talk given in honor of Saul Gass’ 80th Birthday celebration. The paper is modeled after Saul’s well-known book, An Illustrated Guide to Linear Programming, and presents some of the illustrations provided during that talk. In this paper, we explain why specific rules might be chosen within a general combinatorial auction framework. The purpose of such rules is to assure that the market mechanism is fair to both buyers and sellers, and so that the auction will end in an efficient outcome, i.e., the goods are won by those that value them the most. The paper describes some of the issues, both computational and economic, that one faces when designing such auctions.
Nanomaterials for Microelectronic and Bio-packaging

This chapter addresses the state-of-art nanoscience and technologies related to the next generation high-density microelectronics and bio-packaging applications, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for electrical/thermal devices, lead-free nanoalloys for lead-free interconnection, nano-conductive adhesives, molecular wires for electrical interconnects, low-stress and high thermal conductive flip-chip underfills, high-k dielectric for embedded passives, bio-mimic Lotus effect with both nano-micro surfaces for self-cleaning and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations for nanomaterial study and prediction, etc.
How the City Grows: Urban Growth and Challenges to Sustainable Development in Doha, Qatar

This book chapter considers how sustainable development fits in the social, political, and cultural context of contemporary Doha, Qatar. After a review of sustainable development and urban development in Qatar, this chapter makes several contentions. First, it contends that sustainable development poses a challenge to the political stability of a society that distributes state-controlled wealth to its citizenry through urban development. Second, it points to the fact that Qatar's tribal/authoritarian political regime is antithetical to some of the bottom-up democratic principles thought to underpin sustainable development. Finally, it suggest that the consignment of sustainable development efforts to the spatial discourse of urban planning in Doha and throughout the region also confounds the principles of sustainable development.
OMIS: The Open Millifluidic Inquiry System for small scale chemical synthesis and analysis

Abstract With the continued establishment of hacker-spaces and fab-labs hosted in academic libraries, there is an increase in the availability of resources for designing scientific instrumentation in the undergraduate curriculum. Many available designs, however, may be too complex to fabricate in teaching environments. Presented here is OMIS, the Open Millifluidic Inquiry System, which is a platform for performing small-scale chemical synthesis and analysis. OMIS consists of a 3D printed syringe pump, control hardware based upon the Arduino microcontroller and 3D printed reaction vessels. The OMIS syringe pump utilizes a low-power stepper motor which simplifies the instrument construction and allows for power to be supplied from batteries or the USB port of a computer. The simple design of OMIS allows for the instrument to be fabricated in one day, including the time to 3D print components. The OMIS syringe pump is able to deliver fluids at rates between 60 and 300 μL/min, depending on syringe size, with a reproducibility of 3%. Several applications of OMIS are presented, including a demonstration of laminar flow in a 3D printed millifluidic chip, implementation of a low-volume flow-cell cuvette insert and the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles.
Discrete Fourier Transform

In chapter 6, we investigated the definition and properties of the discrete-time Fourier transform X(e jω ), with ω being a continuous frequency variable, and found it to be very useful for analyzing a wide variety of signals and systems of theoretical interest. However, much of the practice of digital signal processing is done in computers where we cannot evaluate a continuum of frequencies ω, nor can we input and store an infinite-duration sequence x(n). Hence, for actual data sequences, as opposed to theoretically defined signals, we cannot compute the Fourier transform, in general.
Comparison of Factors Identified by Patients and Physicians Associated with Hospital Readmission (COMPARE2).

Objective Factors contributing to hospital readmission have rarely been sought from the patient perspective. Furthermore, it is unclear how patients and physicians compare in identifying factors contributing to readmission. The objective of the study was to identify and compare factors contributing to hospital readmission identified by patients and physicians by surveying participants upon hospital readmission to a teaching medicine service. Methods Patients 18 years and older who were discharged and readmitted to the same service within 30 days and the physicians caring for these patients were surveyed to identify factors contributing to readmission. Secondary outcomes included comparing responses between groups and determining level of agreement. Patients could be surveyed multiple times on subsequent readmissions; physicians could be surveyed for multiple patients. Results A total of 131 patients and 37 physicians were consented. The mean patient age was 60.1 years (standard deviation 16.8 years) and 55.6% were female; 56.4% were white, and 42.1% were black/African American. In total, 179 patient surveys identified "multiple medical problems" (48.6%), "trouble completing daily activities" (45.8%), and "discharged too soon" (43.6%) most frequently as contributing factors; 231 physician surveys identified "multiple medical problems" (45.0%) and "medical condition too difficult to care for at home" (35.6%) most frequently as contributing factors. Paired survey results were available for 135 readmissions and showed fair agreement for only 1 factor but no agreement for 5 factors. Conclusions Patients identified previously unknown factors contributing to readmission. Little agreement existed between patients and physicians. Additional research is needed to determine how best to address patient-identified factors contributing to readmission.
Building Alliances for Corporate Social Responsibility

Following the Dodd-Frank Act’s mandate that public companies disclose the use of conflict minerals in their products and processes, five well-known companies established an alliance and initiated a fund to audit mineral suppliers. Since contributing to a common fund has minimal direct benefits — audits are public and companies have equal access to certified suppliers regardless of contributions — companies have an incentive to free ride. Nevertheless, the initiative was successful: the alliance was established and dozens of other companies also contributed. We propose two factors that explain this success: the initial catalyst of an alliance and the status-seeking behavior of lower-status companies that subsequently contributed. To capture companies’ incentives to free-ride, we model the funding initiative as a public goods game and incorporate the two factors: (1) an invitation stage where some of the companies can form an alliance and make an initial contribution to the public good, and (2) status-seeking behavior, by which low-status firms want to be associated to high-status firms. We use the model to show how the combination of both factors leads to high contributions. We then conduct a laboratory experiment to test the effect of the two factors and how they interact. Our experiment shows that the invitation stage is key to high contributions. In particular, the formation of an alliance significantly increases group contribution. As our model predicts, we find evidence of status-seeking behavior which influences whether and how an alliance forms. Surprisingly, we find that high-status companies not in an alliance also contribute after the invitation stage. We attribute this unexpected result to higher moral responsibility for the high-status companies. Our findings demonstrate important insights for companies that seek to address industry-wide social responsibility problems.
Navigating the public-place/private-market tension: toponmyic and material reading of Broncos Stadium

Situated between the Rocky Mountains and the city limits of Denver, Colorado’s Broncos Stadium at Mile High relies on a narrative of the Western frontier to connect with visitors. Through the integ...
Decision-Making in Mental Health Care: Measuring Provider and Supervisor Use of Evidence

Use of evidence to inform clinical decisions has been shown to improve the quality and effectiveness of services. This study piloted an observational coding system for understanding providers and supervisors’ use of evidence in their clinical decision-making. The Action Cycle and Use of Evidence Behavioral Observation Coding System (ACE-BOCS) is based on Graham et al. (Contin Educ Health Prof 26:13–24, 2006) conceptual framework for knowledge management, which articulates a sequence relevant to integrating evidence into decisions and actions, including identifying and selecting a problem and choosing, planning, and rehearsing a solution or action. Using the ACE-BOCS, two coders rated the extensiveness with which evidence was used to inform decisions made in clinical supervision sessions. In these clinical supervision sessions, supervisor-provider dyads discussed cases (N = 30; age range 8–19 years; 80% Latino/a or Hispanic ethnicity) that were identified as potentially being at risk for low treatment engagement in school mental health services. Results indicated that the ACE-BOCS can reliably and validly measure use of evidence and distinguish between strategic and indiscriminate use of evidence. The ACE-BOCS has value and utility for studying use of evidence, as it incorporates multiple actions related to service delivery and has the potential to be adapted for other aspects of mental healthcare decision-making beyond clinical supervision, as well as decision making within fields outside of mental health.
Impact of Assimilating PECAN Profilers on the Prediction of Bore-Driven Nocturnal Convection: A Multiscale Forecast Evaluation for the 6 July 2015 Case Study

AbstractUsing data from the 6 July 2015 PECAN case study, this paper provides the first objective assessment of how the assimilation of ground-based remote sensing profilers affects the forecasts o...
The Relationship Between Campus Recreation Facility Use and Retention for First-Time Undergraduate Students:

This study examines the relationship between campus recreation facility access and first-year retention of full-time, first-time undergraduate students at a public university for 2014–2015 through ...
Emotions and feelings evoked in nursing students exposed to bullying behaviors in clinical settings

Background and objective: Though not fully integrated into the profession, student nurses have been exposed to and experienced bullying behaviors with limited skills to mitigate the effects of the behaviors. This qualitative study analyzed the emotions evoked due to exposure to bullying behaviors. Desired to address the question: “How do student nurses feel when they are the recipient of bullying-type behaviors?” Methods: DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive design. SETTING: A nursing college at an urban university in the Midwestern United States; PARTICIPANTS: Matriculated students enrolled in a pre-licensure nursing program. METHODS: As part of a larger mixed informed pilot study, each participant was assigned to either the control or intervention group. Participants in the intervention group received an educational intervention focused on bullying two weeks prior to a scheduled clinical simulation. Participants in both groups each completed an individual clinical simulation during which they were exposed to bullying-type behaviors meant to replicate behaviors they may encounter in actual clinical settings. All participants were informed of their right to disenroll from the study at any point. For the health and safety of participants, individuals were provided with safeguards during the study as well as upon conclusion of their participation. Immediately following the simulation, participants completed an individual debrief interview during which they were asked to describe how the simulation made them feel. Responses were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative to generate thematic results. Results: The three major themes developed included Past Bullying-like Behavior, Feelings Experienced during Simulation, and Perceptions of the Simulation. Participants reported experiencing negative emotions due to the bullying behavior exposure despite receiving an educational intervention. Harmful emotions, such as sadness, led participants to question their ability to perform simple tasks. Student nurses possess the skills and knowledge to perform routine tasks; however, when bullying behaviors target nursing students, the negative behaviors have the potential to adversely affect the whole student. Conclusions: Further research is warranted to identify programs to aid students in overcoming the negative bullying behaviors in the clinical setting.