cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution mapping and classification of oyster habitats in nearshore Louisiana using sidescan sonar

Sidescan sonar holds great promise as a tool to quantitatively depict the distribution and extent of benthic habitats in Louisiana’s turbid estuaries. In this study, we describe an effective protocol for acoustic sampling in this environment. We also compared three methods of classification in detail: mean-based thresholding, supervised, and unsupervised techniques to classify sidescan imagery into categories of mud and shell. Classification results were compared to ground truth results using quadrat and dredge sampling. Supervised classification gave the best overall result (kappa=75%) when compared to quadrat results. Classification accuracy was less robust when compared to all dredge samples (kappa=21–56%), but increased greatly (90–100%) when only dredge samples taken from acoustically homogeneous areas were considered. Sidescan sonar when combined with ground truth sampling at an appropriate scale can be effectively used to establish an accurate substrate base map for both research applications and shellfish management. The sidescan imagery presented here also provides, for the first time, a detailed presentation of oyster habitat patchiness and scale in a productive oyster growing area.
A review of certain major tectonic features of the Southeast Asian Mainland

Abstract The northwest-southeast fault zones of Vietnam, the Yunnan-Malaya geosyncline, and the Pak Lay-Luang Prabang and Petchabun fold belts have stratigraphicand tectonic implications for a regional synthesis. The northwest-southeast trends of Vietnam existed as early as Carboniferous time and may represent a fundamental feature of the Earth's crust predating the collision between Indo-Sinia and the Southeast China Platform. Paleozoic stratigraphic successions in the Yunnan-Malaya geosyncline and comparable sequences in Laos and central and northeast Vietnam are remarkably similar. The principal tectonic characteristics and features of the region may already have been established in early Paleozoic time and may have affected the geology and topography of southeast Asia into Tertiary time. The north-south Yunnan-Malaysia geosyncline and the Pak Lay-Luang Prabang foldbelt may reflect the fundamental structure of the old basement, distinct from the northwest-southeast trends.
The Freezing Point of Cheddar Cheese: Injury of Cheese by Freezing*

Summary 1.The freezing point of cheese can be determined with sufficient accuracy by the use of a 1-inch cube of cheese and a suitable thermometer. 2.The freezing points found for 15 different Cheddar cheeses ranged from -4.3° to -14.3°C. 3.In addition to the moisture and salt content, the age of the cheese is an important factor in the freezing point. 4.The cheese subjected to freezing showed no perceptible injury to the flavor. 5.Freezing caused the texture of the cheese to be crumbly. The extent of crumbliness developed was dependent upon the texture and make-up of the cheese before freezing. 6.Freezing caused the paraffin to flake off from paraffined cheese. 7.On storage at favorable temperatures after freezing, the cheese texture recovered, in some cases apparently completely. 8.After the texture had recovered, distinction between frozen and unfrozen cheese could be made on the basis of the manner in which the cheese checked on drying at the surface. The author wishes to acknowledge the interest and assisstance in this work by J. L. Sammis, H. L. Templeton, P. E. Mc. Nall, A. T. Bruhn, W. Winder, and Math. Michels.
Out-of-plane growth of CNTs on graphene for supercapacitor applications.

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid nanostructure comprised of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on graphene layers for supercapacitor applications. The entire nanostructure (CNTs and graphene) was fabricated via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and designed to minimize self-aggregation of the graphene and CNTs. Growth parameters of the CNTs were optimized by adjusting the gas flow rates of hydrogen and methane to control the simultaneous, competing reactions of carbon formation toward CNT growth and hydrogenation which suppresses CNT growth via hydrogen etching of carbon. Characterization of the supercapacitor performance of the CNT–graphene hybrid nanostructure indicated that the average measured capacitance of a fabricated graphene–CNT structure was 653.7 μF cm − 2 at 10 mV s − 1 with a standard rectangular cyclic voltammetry curve. Rapid charging–discharging characteristics (mV s − 1) were exhibited with a capacitance of approximately 75% (490.3 μF cm − 2). These experimental results indicate that this CNT–graphene structure has the potential towards three-dimensional (3D) graphene–CNT multi-stack structures for high-performance supercapacitors.
Evidence for an ionic mechanism in the radiation-induced polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether

The rate of polymerization of liquid isobutyl vinyl ether conforms to an Arrhenius temperature dependence with an overall activation energy of 6.6 kcal/ mole between --78 and 90 deg C. Also, it was found that the rate of polymerization at 30 deg C depends on the 0.65-power of the dose rate. Evidence was obtained that such results do not preclude an ionic mechanism. By studying the effect of added ion (proton) scavengers in very low concentration on the rate of polymerization, it was established that ions play the predomr-nant role as chain intermediates. The effectiveness of ammonia as a retarder for the polymerization indicates that the reaction is cationic. (P.C.H.)
Growth and embryo formation in wild-carrot suspension cultures with ammonium ion as a sole nitrogen source.

Wild-carrot (Daucus carota L.) suspension cultures grew and produced embryos on ammonium ion as a sole source of nitrogen in the absence of any exogenous Kreb's cycle acid when the pH of the medium was controlled by continuous titration with KOH or KHCO3.
Crystal Growth and Structure Determination of the Mixed-Valent Iron (III/IV) Oxides Sr 2−x Ln x FeO 4 ( Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu)

Single crystals of iron(IV) containing oxides, Sr1.51Nd0.49FeO4, Sr1.53Sm0.47FeO4, and Sr1.65Eu0.35FeO4, were grown out of molten hydroxide fluxes. The structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. They crystallize in tetragonal space group I4/mmm with the K2NiF4 type structure. The average Fe valences in these mixed valent iron containing oxides range from 3.53 to 3.65. Single crystals of Sr2-x Ln xFeO4 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu) were grown out of hydroxide fluxes and their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades and the Signaling of Hyperosmotic Stress to Immediate Early Genes

Among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, the threat of exposure to hyperosmotic stress is ubiquitous. Among higher eukaryotes, in contrast, only specific tissues are routinely exposed to marked hypertonicity. The mammalian renal medulla, the prototypical example, is continually subjected to an elevated solute concentration as a consequence of the renal concentrating mechanism. Until recently, the investigative focus has concerned the effects of diverse solutes on the regulation of genes essential for the adaptive accumulation of osmotically active organic solutes. Recent and sweeping developments elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying stress signaling to the nucleus have focused interest on earlier events in the response to hyperosmotic stress. Such events include the transcriptional activation and post-translational modification of transcriptional activating proteins, a large subset of which represent the protein products of so-called immediate early genes. This review highlights developments in the understanding of stress signaling in general and hypertonic stress signaling in particular in both yeast and higher eukaryotic models. The relationship between hyperosmotic stress signaling and the transcription and activation of immediate-early gene transcription factors is explored.
Terrorism. Industry prevention and the chemical Weapons Convention

The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks introduced the United States to domestic and complex terrorism. According to terrorism experts, public and private sector targets are indistinguishable to the perpetrators of this evolved form of terrorism. The global chemical industry's counteroffensive against international terrorism depends in part on implementa- tion of the Chemicals Weapons Convention (CWC), long supported by the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and its sister associations in the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA). This paper describes the U.S. chemical industry's response to September 11 th and how adherence to the letter and spirit of the CWC helps prevent ter- rorism.
Isolation of specific human metaphase chromosomes

Abstract The human karyotype can be subdivided into seven fractions containing specific chromosomes to provide material for recombinant DNA research. The isolated metaphase chromosomes are sorted according to size by velocity zonal centrifugation, and specific chromosome groups are further purified by electrostatic deflection in a flow microfluorometer. Rapid improvements in technology should soon provide preparations of single chromosomes.
Thermochemical Assessment of the Aromatic and Antiaromatic Characters of the Cyclopropenyl Cation, Cyclopropenyl Anion, and Cyclopropenyl Radical: A High-Level Computational Study

The aromatic stabilization energy of the cyclopropenyl cation (CH)3+ is assessed with G2 theory by calculating its homodesmotic stabilization energy (247.3 kJ mol-1) and by comparing the ionization energies of the cyclopropenyl radical (6.06 eV) and the cyclopropyl radical (8.24 eV). These data indicate substantial stabilization of the two π-electron system in what is considered the archetypal aromatic cation. The calculated enthalpy of formation of the cyclopropenyl cation is 1074.0 kJ mol-1 and agrees with the experimental estimate of 1075 kJ mol-1. The small stabilization energy of the cyclopropenyl radical (37.4 kJ mol-1) suggests that this radical should not be classified as aromatic, in contrast to earlier suggestions. Our G2-calculated enthalpy of formation of the cyclopropenyl radical (ΔHf 298 = 487.4 kJ mol-1) and its ionization energy are different from experimental estimates and suggest that the experimental values may need to be revised. The most stable structure for the cyclopropenyl anion is...
Causal source codes

Causal source codes are defined. These include quantizers, delta modulators, differential pulse code modulators, and adaptive versions of these. Several types of causal codes are identified. For memoryless sources it is shown that the optimum performance attainable by causal codes can be achieved by memoryless codes or by time-sharing memoryless codes. This optimal performance can be evaluated straightforwardly.
Expressivity in Discourse: Vocatives and Themes in Japanese.

Abstract As part of an exploration into the expressivity of language, this study examines vocatives and themes in Japanese discourse. Based on examples taken from comics, romance novels, and fiction, I argue that vocative and thematic strategies are pragmatically motivated in a similar manner and they both convey the speaker’s varying emotional expressivity toward participants and characters relevant in discourse. Vocatives and themes achieve expressivity because they identify the target object/image of the speaker’s attention and emotion, which encourages shared perspectives of interpretation. Varied vocative and thematic strategies in Japanese are discussed and their functional significance is emphasized. Particular focus is directed at variation of themes with and without markers, including “floating themes” which share a similar functional source with vocatives. This study draws from theories of discourse functionalism, traditional Japanese rhetoric of futaku , and the concept of shared perspectives.
TESOL at Forty: What Are the Issues?.

This overview delineates the direction of pedagogical developments since the 25th anniversary issue of TESOL Quarterly. Three tendencies characterize our professional practice: (a) a continuation along the earlier lines of progression (i.e., in opening up the classroom to learning opportunities, integrating skills, and teaching for specific purposes); (b) a radical reorientation along new paradigms (i.e., in understanding motivation and acquisition in terms of social participation and identity construction; in developing methods from the ground up, based on generative heuristics; in widening testing to include formative assessment; in accommodating subjective knowledge and experience in teacher expertise); (c) unresolved debates and questions about the direction in certain domains (i.e., when and how to teach grammar; whether to adopt cognitivist or social orientations in SLA, testing, and teacher education). Our professional knowledge gets further muddled by the new movements of globalization, digital communication, and World Englishes, which pose fresh questions that are yet to be addressed. However, grappling with these concerns has engendered realizations on the need for local situatedness, global inclusiveness, and disciplinary collaboration that are of more lasting value.
Study of Dead-Centre Positions of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Planar Linkages Using Assur Kinematic Chains

AbstractThe article presents an original technique, using the concept of Assur kinematic chains (AKCs), to determine whether a single-degree-of-freedom planar linkage is in a dead-centre position, i.e. a position where the input link is instantaneously stationary. An AKC is a special structure with mobility zero from which it is not possible to obtain a simpler substructure of the same mobility by removing one or more links. The article presents the concept of modularization of planar linkages into AKC based on the choice of the input link. Then, the article presents the constraints on the locations of the instantaneous centres of zero velocity (or instant centres) for a single-degree-of-freedom planar linkage to be in a stationary configuration, i.e. a configuration where one, or more, of the links is instantaneously stationary. The article shows that constraints on the locations of the instant centres for a stationary configuration are satisfied if an AKC, as part of the linkage, gains a degree of freed...
Elevational Trends in Defense Chemistry, Vegetation, and Reproduction in Sanguinaria canadensis

Evaluation of biotic interactions along geographic gradients reveals that pressure on plant populations by herbivores and pathogens increases as latitude decreases, and is accompanied by a parallel increase in the number and toxicity of alkaloid-bearing plants. We compared rhizome alkaloid content with plant reproductive and vegetative characters in Sanguinaria canadensis (Papaveraceae) along an elevational gradient over two growing seasons to ascertain 1) if alkaloid production in bloodroot varies among populations and systematically with elevation, and 2) if there exists a correlation between isoquinoline alkaloid, vegetative and reproductive production. In general, alkaloid content in bloodroot rhizomes declines with elevation, increases with rhizome water content, varies by site, and fluctuates seasonally with plant growth and reproduction. Alkaloid content was positively correlated with vegetative and reproductive effort with few exceptions. Analysis of total protopine and benzophenanthridine alkaloid concentrations revealed generally similar patterns as those of individual alkaloid concentrations, although significant differences did appear between individual alkaloid concentrations.
Models of plasma membrane organization can be applied to mitochondrial membranes to target human health and disease with polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract Bioactive n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), abundant in fish oil, have potential for treating symptoms associated with inflammatory and metabolic disorders; therefore, it is essential to determine their fundamental molecular mechanisms. Recently, several labs have demonstrated the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exerts anti-inflammatory effects by targeting the molecular organization of plasma membrane microdomains. Here we briefly review the evidence that DHA reorganizes the spatial distribution of microdomains in several model systems. We then emphasize how models on DHA and plasma membrane microdomains can be applied to mitochondrial membranes. We discuss the role of DHA acyl chains in regulating mitochondrial lipid–protein clustering, and how these changes alter several aspects of mitochondrial function. In particular, we summarize effects of DHA on mitochondrial respiration, electron leak, permeability transition, and mitochondrial calcium handling. Finally, we conclude by postulating future experiments that will augment our understanding of DHA-dependent membrane organization in health and disease.
Looking into the Crystal Ball: Performance Management over the Next Decade

This essay focuses on the performance management elements of public administration. It addresses both performance measurement (measurement that focuses on outcomes as well as outputs) and the use of performance information in management (called performance management). As of 2010, this “new” performance measurement has been widely touted around the world, particularly in the United States. Th e 1993 Government Performance and Accountability Act has been a major catalyst for this, bringing the big elephant—the federal government—into the movement.1
Organization and Dynamics of Growing Microtubule Plus Ends during Early Mitosis

A stable cell line expressing EB1-green fluorescent protein was used to image growing microtubule plus ends at the G(2)/M transition. By late prophase growing ends no longer extend to the cell periphery and were not uniformly distributed around each centrosome. Growing ends were much more abundant in the area surrounding the nuclear envelope, and microtubules growing around the nucleus were 1.5 fold longer than those growing in the opposite direction. The growth of longer ends toward the nucleus did not result from a localized faster growth rate, because this rate was approximately 11 microm/min in all directions from the centrosome. Rather, microtubule ends growing toward the nucleus seemed stabilized by dynein/dynactin associated with the nuclear envelope. Injection of p50 into late prophase cells removed dynein from the nuclear envelope, reduced the density of growing ends near the nuclear envelope and resulted in a uniform distribution of growing ends from each centrosome. We suggest that the cell cycle-dependent binding of dynein/dynactin to the nuclear envelope locally stabilizes growing microtubules. Both dynein and microtubules would then be in a position to participate in nuclear envelope breakdown, as described in recent studies.
Thermodynamic and structural effects of conformational constraints in protein-ligand interactions. Entropic paradoxy associated with ligand preorganization.

Succinate- and cyclopropane-derived phosphotyrosine (pY) replacements were incorporated into a series of Grb2 SH2 binding ligands wherein the pY+1 residue was varied to determine explicitly how variations in ligand preorganization affect binding energetics and structure. The complexes of these ligands with the Grb2 SH2 domain were examined in a series of thermodynamic and structural investigations using isothermal titration calorimetry and X-ray crystallography. The binding enthalpies for all ligands were favorable, and although binding entropies for all ligands having a hydrophobic residue at the pY+1 site were favorable, binding entropies for those having a hydrophilic residue at this site were unfavorable. Preorganized ligands generally bound with more favorable Gibbs energies than their flexible controls, but this increased affinity was the consequence of relatively more favorable binding enthalpies. Unexpectedly, binding entropies of the constrained ligands were uniformly disfavored relative to their...
Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic profiling.

Quantitative proteomics involves the identification and quantitation of protein components in various biological systems. Stable isotope labelling technology, by both metabolic and chemical methods, has been the most commonly used approach for global proteome-wide profiling. Recently, its capability has been extended from labelled pairs to multiple labels, allowing for the simultaneous quantification of multiplex samples. The ion intensity-based quantitative approach has progressively gained more popularity as mass spectrometry performance has improved significantly. Although some success has been reported, it remains difficult comprehensively to characterise the global proteome, due to its enormous complexity and dynamic range. The use of sub-proteome fractionation techniques permits a simplification of the proteome and provides a practical step towards the ultimate dissection of the entire proteome. Further development of the technology for targeting sub-proteomes on a functional basis - such as selecting proteins with differential expression profiles from mass spectrometric analyses, for further mass spectrometric sequencing in an intelligent manner - is expected in the near future.
The UnMousePad: an interpolating multi-touch force-sensing input pad

Recently, there has been great interest in multi-touch interfaces. Such devices have taken the form of camera-based systems such as Microsoft Surface [de los Reyes et al. 2007] and Perceptive Pixel's FTIR Display [Han 2005] as well as hand-held devices using capacitive sensors such as the Apple iPhone [Jobs et al. 2008]. However, optical systems are inherently bulky while most capacitive systems are only practical in small form factors and are limited in their application since they respond only to human touch and are insensitive to variations in pressure [Westerman 1999].We have created the UnMousePad, a flexible and inexpensive multitouch input device based on a newly developed pressure-sensing principle called Interpolating Force Sensitive Resistance. IFSR sensors can acquire high-quality anti-aliased pressure images at high frame rates. They can be paper-thin, flexible, and transparent and can easily be scaled to fit on a portable device or to cover an entire table, floor or wall. The UnMousePad can sense three orders of magnitude of pressure variation, and can be used to distinguish multiple fingertip touches while simultaneously tracking pens and styli with a positional accuracy of 87 dpi, and can sense the pressure distributions of objects placed on its surface.In addition to supporting multi-touch interaction, IFSR is a general pressure imaging technology that can be incorporated into shoes, tennis racquets, hospital beds, factory assembly lines and many other applications. The ability to measure high-quality pressure images at low cost has the potential to dramatically improve the way that people interact with machines and the way that machines interact with the world.
Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a review with emphasis on cutaneous manifestations

Chagas disease, an infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by the Reduuvid insect vector, remains a major cause of morbidity in Central and South America over a century after its discovery in 1909. Though major advances in preventing the spread of this disease have been made in recent decades, millions of individuals remain chronically infected due to prior exposure to T. cruzi and are at risk for future complications from the disease. Dermatologic manifestations of acute infection may include localized swelling at the site of inoculation (chagoma), conjunctivitis (Romana's sign), and a generalized morbilliform eruption (schizotrypanides). Reactivation of quiescent infection in immunocompromised hosts due to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or organ transplantation can present with fever and skin lesions including panniculitis. The widespread emigration of chronic carriers of T. cruzi to North America, Europe, and Australia makes it imperative that dermatologists worldwide be familiar with this entity to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
Alterations of the plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins following cholesterol feeding in the rat.

The feeding of cholesterol to rats resulted in marked alterations in the type and distribution of the plasma lipoproteins and their apoproteins. The hyper- lipoproteinemia was characterized by an increase in the d 1.21 fraction. Significant alterations in the arginine-rich apoprotein quantitation notwithstand- ing, the observations of increased arginine-rich apoprotein in the B-VLDL, intermediate fraction, and HDL, following cholesterol feeding remained valid. However, precise quan- titation awaits refinements in lipoprotein isolation tech- niques.
Anti-tumor effects of retinoids combined with trastuzumab or tamoxifen in breast cancer cells: induction of apoptosis by retinoid/trastuzumab combinations

HER2 and estrogen receptor (ER) are important in breast cancer and are therapeutic targets of trastuzumab (Herceptin) and tamoxifen, respectively. Retinoids inhibit breast cancer growth, and modulate signaling by HER2 and ER. We hypothesized that treatment with retinoids and simultaneous targeting of HER2 and/or ER may have enhanced anti-tumor effects. The effects of retinoids combined with trastuzumab or tamoxifen were examined in two human breast cancer cell lines in culture, BT474 and SKBR3. Assays of proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell cycle distribution, and receptor signaling were performed. In HER2-overexpressing/ER-positive BT474 cells, combining all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) with tamoxifen or trastuzumab synergistically inhibited cell growth, and altered cell differentiation and cell cycle. Only atRA/trastuzumab-containing combinations induced apoptosis. BT474 and HER2-overexpressing/ER-negative SKBR3 cells were treated with a panel of retinoids (atRA, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (fenretinide) (4-HPR)) combined with trastuzumab. In BT474 cells, none of the single agents except 4-HPR induced apoptosis, but again combinations of each retinoid with trastuzumab did induce apoptosis. In contrast, the single retinoid agents did cause apoptosis in SKBR3 cells; this was only modestly enhanced by addition of trastuzumab. The retinoid drug combinations altered signaling by HER2 and ER. Retinoids were inactive in trastuzumab-resistant BT474 cells. Combining retinoids with trastuzumab maximally inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in trastuzumab-sensitive cells. Treatment with such combinations may have benefit for breast cancer patients.
Interspecific variation in plant anti-herbivore properties: the role of habitat quality and rate of disturbance

Summary General patterns of herbivory and plant defence are summarized for a range of tree species studied in a lowland rain forest of Panama. Species growing in comparable micro-habitats differed by more than three orders of magnitude in the rates of herbivorous damage to mature leaves. Over 70% of this interspecific variation was statistically accounted for by differences in leaf characteristics. Species having tough, fibrous leaves with low nutritional value suffered little herbivory. Concentrations of immobile defences such as tannins and fibre were higher in species with long-lived leaves. Among species, there was also a significant negative correlation between growth rate and defence, and a positive correlation between growth and herbivory. These results suggest that differences in defence among species are due to interspecific differences in intrinsic growth rates and not to differences in apparency. Theories of plant defence based on interspecific differences in growth rate and apparency are combined in a single general model of plant defence. This model follows Grime's triangular classification of plant strategies and assumes that quality of habitat and rate of disturbance are both important determinants of plant defence. Predictions are made as to the types of defensive properties expected in stress-tolerant, competitive and ruderal species.
Refugees, Land Reclamation, and Militarized Landscapes in Wartime China: Huanglongshan, Shaanxi, 1937–45

This article investigates relationships between refugee flight and environmental change during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 through a study of land reclamation projects in Shaanxi's Huanglongshan region. During the conflict with Japan, China's Nationalist government resettled thousands of refugees who fled war-induced natural disasters in Henan to Huanglongshan to reclaim uncultivated wastelands. Land reclamation reflected an ongoing militarization of China's environment, as political leaders looked to land reclamation to provide relief for refugees, further economic mobilization by exploiting untapped natural resources, and foster an ethos of dedication and self-sacrifice for the nation. Unrestrained land clearance decimated forests that had returned to Huanglongshan's hillsides since its abandonment during the rebellions of the late Qing. By compelling displaced people to cultivate marginal lands, war also threatened the health of refugees by exposing them to endemic disease. Yet the militarizing logic that motivated these reclamation initiatives continued to reshape China's natural landscape long after the Sino-Japanese War ended.
Deciding Who Decides Questions at the Intersection of School Finance Reform Litigation and Standards-Based Accountability Policies

Courts hearing school finance reform cases have recently begun to consider several issues related to standards-based accountability policies. This convergence of school finance reform litigation and standards-based accountability policies represents a chance for the courts to reallocate decision-making authority for each type of reform across the governmental branches. Using an institutional choice approach, this study analyzes how judges in two school finance cases reallocated governmental decision-making authority. This study further highlights the historical and legal factors underlying this reallocation and suggests that this reallocation may represent a desirable new approach for dealing with educational policy problems in an evenhanded way.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia following repeated radiation therapy for histiocytosis x

Low dose radiotherapy has been used to treat a variety of benign disorders including Histiocytosis X. Ionizing radiation may be leukemogenic with leukemia developing between 3.5 to 11 years after exposure. Twenty to 30% of these leukemias are chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In this report the rare development of PH1 + CML 11 years after radiation therapy for Histiocytosis X is recorded.
Economics Comparison of Building Integrated PV in Different Policy Environments: The Cases of New York and Beijing

U.S. and China are the world’s two biggest CO2 emitters. Solar PV technology could be an alternative that meets energy needs while reducing environmental impacts in both rural and urban settings. This paper presents a comparative study of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) application on typical commercial buildings in New York City and Beijing. These two cities have similar solar resource. The analysis focuses on financial, economic and policy issues of BIPV system. Rooftop and curtain wall applications are considered.
Prelinguistic Vocal Development in Young Cochlear Implant Recipients and Typically Developing Infants: Year 1 of Robust Hearing Experience

This investigation examined the time course and sequence of prelinguistic vocal development during the first year of cochlear implant (CI) experience. Thirteen children who were implanted between 8 and 35 months and 11 typically developing (TD) infants participated in this longitudinal study. Adult–child play interactions were video- and audio-recorded at trimonthly intervals for each group, and child utterances were classified into categories representing progressively more mature productions: Precanonical Vocalizations, Basic Canonical Syllables, and Advanced Form vocalizations. Young CI recipients met the 20% criterion for establishment of the Basic Canonical Syllables and Advanced Forms levels with fewer months of robust hearing experience than the TD infants. Most CI recipients followed the sequence of development predicted by the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development—Revised. The relatively rapid progress of the CI children suggests that an earlier period of auditory deprivation did not have negative consequences for prelinguistic vocal development. It also supports the notion that young CI recipients comparatively advanced maturity facilitated expeditious auditory-guided speech development.
Odor-modulated orientation in walking male cockroaches Periplaneta americana, and the effects of odor plumes of different structure.

SUMMARY The location of distant resources using odor information usually also requires information on the flow of air (or water) through the environment together with the expression of internally programmed steering responses. The orientation responses of virgin male Periplaneta americana L. to wind and the female sex-pheromone component (-)-periplanone-B were video-recorded in a laboratory wind tunnel and quantified. P. americana males showed no preferred walking orientation when released in zero wind in the absence of pheromone. When introduced into 25 cm s -1 wind in the absence of pheromone, 79% of males walked downwind. Upon introduction to a plume of (-)-periplanone-B in wind, 100% of males walked upwind in the pheromone plume to the source. Males were then challenged with wind-borne plumes of (-)-periplanone-B of four different temporal/spatial structures. In nearly all cases, the only statistically significant changes in behavioral parameters measured from their walking tracks were observed from males tracking the treatment consisting of the most turbulent plume. The plume-tracking performances of males challenged with the other three less turbulent plumes were visually and quantitatively similar, regardless of the width. Males tracking all four plumes showed evidence of turns resulting from multiple mechanisms. Some of the observed maneuvers were temporally regular counterturns, suggesting steering according to an ongoing internal program, while others could have been triggered by encountering the change in odor concentration between pheromone and clean air at the lateral boundary of the plume or chemotactically upon the detection of changes in odor concentration.
On the Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff for Ordered SIC Receivers Over MIMO Channels

The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for MIMO point-to-point channels and multiple access channels are first proposed and studied in [4][5]. While the optimal tradeoff curves for MIMO channels have been explicitly explored, those corresponding to some practical MIMO schemes are still open. One such example, as mentioned in [4][5], is the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff problem for ordered successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers, which is the focus of this paper. In literature, the impact of the optimal ordering on the diversity order for V-BLAST SIC receivers is analyzed for 2-layer scenarios [2][3][6], but only conjectured for larger number of layers through numerical results [2][7]. In this paper, based on a novel geometrical analysis, we prove that under general settings, any ordering rule for a V-BLAST SIC receiver will not improve its performance regarding diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. Furthermore, extending the study to multiple access channels, we show that the two extreme points of the tradeoff curve remain unchanged regardless of ordering, which motivates us to predict that the whole tradeoff curve is the same as that of fixed-order detectors.
A Translation Regulatory Particle Containing theXenopus Oocyte Y Box Protein mRNP3+4

In oocytes, nontranslated maternal mRNAs are packaged by protein into messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) that are masked from translation by protein-RNA interactions. Proteins associated with such masked states of mRNAs are particularly abundant in amphibian oocytes. One of these mRNP proteins fromXenopus oocytes, mRNP3+4 (also called FRG Y2a/b or p54/p56), binds to diverse mRNAs independent of their sequence and is the germ line member of the evolutionarily conserved Y box protein multigene family. Xenopus oocytes contain soluble pools of mRNP3+4 6 S oligomers, probably dimers, and larger ∼15 S particles containing mRNP3+4 and additional proteins. Here we report the purification of this larger form as an ∼320-kDa particle that contains mRNP3+4 and nine additional polypeptides, including mRNA-binding polypeptides of 34 and 36 kDa and a doublet of 110/105 kDa that proved to be nucleolin. The particle has a protein kinase activity that phosphorylates its own mRNP3+4, nucleolin, and a 31-kDa polypeptide component and exhibits translational inhibition in both the wheat germ extract and rabbit reticulocyte lysate systems. The presence of mRNP3+4 and nucleolin in this large translation regulatory particle suggests that it participates in an early step of mRNP assembly and masking.
Immunocytochemical detection of lipid peroxidation in phagosomes of human neutrophils: correlation with expression of flavocytochrome b

Oxidants generated by the NADPH oxidase of activated neutrophils can react with a number of tissue targets to form toxic metabolites such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). 4-HNE is a lipid peroxidation product gener- ated by free radical attack on w-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and is a marker for membrane lipid peroxidation. In this study, we examined the accumulation of 4-HNE- protein adducts in phagosomes of neutrophils obtained from a male patient with homozygous X-linked, flavocyto- chrome b-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), his heterozygous mother, and his normal father. Specific polyclonal antibodies recognizing 4-HNE- protein adducts and gp9l-phox (flavocytochrome b large subunit) were prepared and used to immunocytochemically detect these antigens in cryofixed, molecular distillation- dried neutrophils. No 4-HNE-protein adducts were de- tected in fiavocytochrome b-deficient cells from the homozygous patient or from the heterozygous CGD car- ncr. However, in gp9l-phox-positive cells from both the normal and heterozygous CGD carrier, significant 4-HNE-protein adduct labeling was observed, primarily in the phagosomes. When data from single- and double- labeled cells were combined, the frequency distribution of the labels in phagosomes supported this observation, showing that neutrophils from the heterozygous CGD car- ncr were 71% 4-HNE-protein adduct-positive and 56% gp9l-phox-positive, while cells from the normal father were > 97% positive for both 4-HNE-protein adducts and gp9l-phox. These results confirmed the nitroblue tetrazolium tests of 100%, 60 ± 2%, and 0% positive for the father's, mother's, and son's cells, respectively, and demonstrated that 4-HNE-protein adduct antibodies are useful and accurate probes of the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in vivo. We conclude that 4-HNE and resulting 4-HNE-protein adducts are generated as a result of NADPH oxidase activity in the phagosomes of human neutrophils and that these lipid peroxidation products may contribute to microbial killing and/or damage of neu- trophil phagolysosomal proteins. J. Lcukoc Biol. 57: 415-421; 1995.
Biomaterials and the Evolution of Hernia Repair II: Composite Meshes

The term composite is used in a number of different ways in the literature and, depending on the background of the author, the definition is interpreted differently. In its broadest and simplest meaning, it refers to a structure composed of two or more different materials, independent of the manufacturing method. Methods used to combine materials vary from simple techniques such as sutured or glued meshes to more complex processing such as thermopressing and vapor deposition. Central to all these techniques is a desire to obtain favorable properties and minimize negative characteristics of respective components.
Emerging Tissue and Blood-Based Biomarkers that may Predict Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition

The immune system plays an essential role in the surveillance and eradication of neoplastic cells. This interaction is modulated via immunologic regulators (checkpoints). Antibodies that block the checkpoints cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway (PD1/PD-L1) have demonstrated efficacy in a number of malignancies. However, response rates are variable, and administration of these antibodies can be associated with immune-related adverse events. Therefore, researchers are engaged in an effort to discover biomarkers that may predict response to these agents. This review focuses on potential blood and tumor-based biomarkers that have been assessed in patients treated with these checkpoint-blocking antibodies.
On the energetics of a switchable parallel elastic actuator design for monopedal running

Switchable Parallel Elastic Actuators (S-PEAs) represent a novel way for introducing compliant elements in legged robots. This paper investigates the energetic effects of a S-PEA design on running gaits in the context of the monopedal robot SPEAR, which has its knee driven by a S-PEA. In our implementation of the S-PEA concept, a mechanical switch located at the foot engages the spring during stance to store energy and disengages it during flight to allow for precise control of the leg's configuration without interfering with the spring. Parameter optimization indicates that the S-PEA configuration outperforms common Parallel Elastic Actuator (PEA) designs by 10 — 20% in both hopping-in-place and hopping-forward gaits, and this advantage increases to about 40% at higher running velocities. It is deduced that the ability of SPEAR to adjust the effective stiffness of the leg without requiring additional energy, by simply changing the knee angle prior touchdown, explains part of this advantage.
Mode and Bond Selectivities in Methane Dissociative Chemisorption: Quasi-Classical Trajectory Studies on Twelve-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface

The mode and bond selectivities in methane dissociative chemisorption on Ni(111) are studied using a quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method on a twelve-dimensional global potential energy surface based on a large number of density functional theory points. The calculated reaction probabilities near and above the reaction barrier reproduced the general trends observed in experimental investigations of various vibrationally excited CH4, CHD3, and CH2D2 species on nickel surfaces. The mechanism of these mode and bond selectivities is analyzed using the recently proposed sudden vector projection model.
Demonstration of droplet-based microfluidics

We have used the thermal Marangoni effect to optically manipulate small droplets. We have observed droplet fusion and subsequent rapid mixing (<30ms). We have used this technique to perform a biologically relevant, absorption-based assay.
Accessibility control of T cell receptor gene rearrangement in developing thymocytes

The joining of T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) gene segments through the process of V(D)J recombination occurs in a lineage-specific and developmental-stage-specific way during the early stage of lymphocyte development. Such developmental regulation is thought to be mediated through the control of gene segment accessibility to the recombin ase. We have studied the regulation of V(D)J recombination at the TCR α/δ locus, be cause this locus provides a fascinating model in which distinct sets of gene segments are activated at different stages of T cell development. The transcriptional enhancers Eδ and Eα have been implicated as critical regulators that, in conjunction with other cis-acting elements, confer region-specific and developmental-stage-specific changes in gene segment accessibility within TCR α/δ locus chromatin. Current work suggests that they may do so by functioning as regional modulators of histone acetylation.
Structural Stability Diagrams for Thin-Film Multilayers

Structural stability in thin-film multilayers is described in terms of classical thermodynamics, involving the competition between bulk and interfacial energies. A new type of phase diagram is introduced, the biphase diagram, in which concurrent phase stabilities are mapped as a function of two degrees of freedom, corresponding to two independent layer thicknesses in a periodic multilayer. The model is used to explain our observations of phase stabilities in Al/Ti multilayers, as a function of varying layer thicknesses. The model is also applied to explain the experimental observations made by other investigators on phase stability in Co/Cr thin-film multilayers.
Taurine secretion in primary monolayer cultures of flounder renal epithelium: stimulation by low osmolality.

Transepithelial taurine fluxes determined in short-circuited monolayer cultures of flounder renal proximal cells in Ussing chambers revealed net taurine secretion. Both unidirectional secretory and...
The application of the qualitative GIS in space-time research

GIS has been largely understood as a tool for the storage and analysis of quantitative data since the early days of their development;their use in qualitative or mixed-method research has been limited to date.This positivist perspective has caused much of the critical discourse on GIS since the early 1990s.In recent years there have been a growing number of attempts to redress this particular understanding of GIS and explore the possibility of using GIS in qualitative research,that is,qualitative GIS,which has included the strategy of integrating grounded theory and visualization,the integration of GIS and ethnography,and so on.Qualitative GIS has been a crucil tool for the mixed-method research in geography today.Time geography has been a significant perspective for the analysis of human activity and movement in space-time.It analyzes human behavior through an integration of the temporal and spatial dimensions,and has been a helpful perspective in a wide range of space-time research.Nevertheless,it has been criticized for ignoring subjectivity,omitting social and culture context,and leaning towards quantitative analysis.In resent years,the development of qualitative GIS and its application in mixed-method research has provided a foundation for the integration of qualitative analysis in time geography.This paper reviews this development,with a focus on an approach to GIS-based narrative analysis developed by Kwan et al(2008) called "Geo-narrative".Geo-narrative is based on extending current GIS capabilities for the analysis and interpretation of narrative materials such as oral histories,life histories,and biographies.Which has three central elements: narrative analysis as the qualitative approach;3D GIS-based time-geographic methods as the representational framework;and 3D-VQGIS as the GIS-based computer-aided qualitative data analysis component.This paper discusses how the application of Geo-narrative in time-geographic research can provide an effective environment for qualitative data collection and analysis in ralation to behavior,time and space,interpretation and re-interpretation during integration of the qualitative analysis in time-geographic analysis.Through this,a recursive and interactive qualitative analysis has been integrated with behavioral analysis in time geography within GIS.In addtion,to illustrate the analytical process using Geo-narrative and show how it can be used to perform qualitative analysis in time geography,we present a case example that draws on Kwan's study on the impact of anti-Muslin hate crimes on the lives of the Muslim women in Columbus,Ohio,after the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11,2001.