cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo linear microcracks of human femoral cortical bone remain parallel to osteons during aging

Abstract Previous studies have examined the density of microdamage within the cortex of long bones mostly from the viewpoint that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. The goal of the present work is to conduct a systematic characterization of the microcracks from a viewpoint that is parallel to the long axis of a load-bearing bone, the femur, so as to gain a better understanding of the size, shape and orientation of the microdamage. Longitudinal cross sections were taken at the mid-diaphysis of femurs from 13 male donors (23–85 years old) after being stained with basic fuchsin. The number of cracks, their lengths and orientation with respect to osteons were characterized using brightfield and UV-epifluorescent imaging. The mean crack density was 0.1118 ± 0.0417 mm − 2 in the longitudinal plane and it significantly increased with age. The median crack length along the longitudinal plane did not change with age. The crack length in the posterior quadrant was significantly lower than anterior, medial and lateral quadrants. Less than 3% of the cracks were longer than 1 mm, indicating the presence of ‘ in vivo macroscopic’ cracks in bone tissue. It was observed that the 99% of the cracks had angles that were less than 25° with the osteons (median angle of 4.2° with an interquartile range of 5.8°), indicating that the majority in vivo linear microcracks are parallel to osteons. This parallelism did not differ between quadrants nor changed with age. The remarkably stagnant crack length and crack orientation across decades of aging suggest that either physiological loading profile leading to these in vivo microcracks are not changing notably with age, or, microcrack and osteonal orientations may be relatively insensitive to age-related changes in locomotion. In conclusion, in vivo linear microcracks of the femoral mid-shaft grow in planes parallel to osteons and their lengths do not increase with age.
Correlations between egg size and egg energetic content within and among biotypes of the genus Poeciliopsis

That a positive correlation exists between egg size and egg energetic content is an assumption of empirical and theoretical studies of life-history evolution. Although assumed, this relationship lacks substantiative support, particularly at the intraspecific level. To this end, we evaluated the validity of this assumption within and among clonal and bisexual females of the desert fish Poeciliopsis. As anticipated, we found generally high correlations between the two variables at all levels studied. Thus, egg volume remains a reliable and often precise indicator of maternal investment in this species.
Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine urea (rAPU) derived small-molecule antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1). Part 2

The design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine ureas are described. Compounds from this series exhibited considerable binding affinity (Ki = 1 nM) and functional activity at MCH-R1, acceptable CYP2D6 inhibition, and good rat brain exposure.
Characterizing food intake patterns of American adults.

Food-pattern analysis provides a way to examine diets in a multidimensional context. This study examined the diets of 8181 adults in the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and evaluated whether they met the federal recommendations for each of five food groups. The sample was partitioned among 32 different food-intake patterns, six of which represented 44% of the population. Nutrient profiles associated with each of the patterns indicated that failure to meet one or more of the food-group recommendations was associated with nutrient inadequacy, macronutrient imbalance, or both. A reexamination of the data to account for low energy reporters did not alter these findings. The pattern of meeting all five of the food-group recommendations was among the least common, accounting for only I % of adults' intakes.
Quantum well heterostructures lasers

Arguably the most significant advance in the 30-year history of the semiconductor laser was the introduction of the quantum well heterostructure. The attractive features of the physics of the quantum size effect are the basis for the incorporation of these structures in nearly all modern semiconductor laser diodes. Quantum well lasers have lower threshold current density, higher gain, higher efficiency, and in some cases an increased range of available emission wavelengths. Small variations, such as the incorporation of a modest amount of elastically accommodated strain, can result in dramatic changes in the operation of these devices. Although some of the main aspects have been known for many years, quantum well lasers are still the subject of much current research and development. In this tutorial, we describe the basic operating principles of quantum well heterostructure lasers, and outline recent advances in the understanding and application of these remarkable devices.
Modeling Reflectance and Fluorescence Spectra of Human Pancreatic Tissues for Cancer Diagnostics

Reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy were used in a limited pilot study to probe freshly excised human pancreatic tissues; mathematical modeling of the data quantitatively showed biologically relevant physical differences between normal tissue, pancreatitis, and cancer.
Creating Instructor Resources as a Student Project

A media psychology course for third- and fourth-year (upper division) undergraduates was designed around a semester-long active learning project aimed at developing instructor resources. Fifteen st...
A long-term analysis of the historical dry boundary for the Great Plains of North America: Implications of climatic variability and climatic change on temporal and spatial patterns in soil moisture

Abstract The boundary between the humid eastern and the arid western regions of the Great Plains of North America is of great economic interest and historic intrigue, yet its location is controversial. Areas to the east of this boundary have historically enjoyed the benefits of fertile soil coupled with more favorable rainfall and reliable surface water, permitting conventional agriculture to flourish over a remarkably large percentage of the eastern Great Plains. The expansion of population and agriculture during the nineteenth century across the western Great Plains tested the extent that non-irrigated, row crop agriculture could be successful in areas where year-to-year rainfall was unreliable. In this paper, we quantify the historic annual variability of soil moisture and hydrologic conditioning in the Great Plains resulting from climatic variability, show the regions that historically demonstrate unreliable precipitation, and identify the extent of arid regions of the central United States based on modeled annual soil moisture variability. We asked how arid climates have influenced soil formation patterns at small cartographic scales, and how soil properties buffer or enhance soil moisture regimes (at the udic–ustic boundary) to climate variability at larger cartographic scales. At small cartographic scales, a climate-only model worked nearly as well as a climate-and-soils model in mapping the region's soil moisture boundary; however, a climate-only model missed important local soil influences. Finally, we demonstrate that long-term climate and climate variability are reflected in the depth and concentration of the calcic soil properties. From a practical standpoint, our work highlights that soils with higher water holding capacity dampen periodic short-term rainfall deficits, while soils with lower water holding capacity can exhibit edaphic drought during otherwise normal climate years.
Partition moment of inertia: Techno-economic partition curve analysis with applications to coal separations

In coal and mineral processing, several numeric parameters are used to quantify the separation performance of unit operations. For density-based separations, the partition curve is used as the starting point for many stages of diagnostic analyses. The curve is often quantified by its midpoint slope sharpness, and this single value is subsequently used for technical evaluation, benchmarking, and comparison. While this analytical approach does depict misplacement by relative density class, it inherently prioritizes middling separation and does not consider process economics or the micro-price value of individual classes. An alternative parameter, the organic efficiency, does indirectly consider process economics, but it does not reveal information on the root cause of lost revenue or misplacement. In this paper, a new analytical approach, the partition moment of inertia, is introduced. This parameter reconciles the technical misplacement data derived from the partition curve with the economic data derived from micro-pricing. The result is a new analytical procedure that promises better use of performance data.
Unexpected Death in Palliative Care: What to Expect When You are Not Expecting

Purpose of review Death is a certainty in life. Yet, the timing of death is often uncertain. When death occurs suddenly and earlier than anticipated, it is considered an unexpected death. In this article, we shall discuss when is a death expected and unexpected, and review the frequency, impact, causes and approach to unexpected death in the palliative care setting.
Political Ecology and Ethnobiology

Political ecology concerns the interconnections among political, economic, and culture processes centering on environmental issues. Ethnobiologists pursue research in cross-cultural contexts relating to human-environmental interactions and hold ecological understanding about environmental heritage in societies in which they live and do research. In this chapter, we summarize three case studies that explore the political ecological dimensions of ethnobiological research.
Monoubiquitination of Syntaxin 5 Regulates Golgi Membrane Dynamics during the Cell Cycle

The Golgi apparatus undergoes a ubiquitin-dependent disassembly and reassembly process during each cycle of cell division. Here we report the identification of the Golgi t-SNARE syntaxin 5 (Syn5) as the ubiquitinated substrate. Syn5 is monoubiquitinated by the ubiquitin ligase HACE1 in early mitosis and deubiquitinated by the deubiquitinase VCIP135 in late mitosis. Syn5 ubiquitination on lysine 270 (K270) in the SNARE domain impairs the interaction between Syn5 and the cognate v-SNARE Bet1 but increases its binding to p47, the adaptor protein of p97. Expression of the Syn5 K270R mutant in cells impairs post-mitotic Golgi reassembly. Therefore, monoubiquitination of Syn5 in early mitosis disrupts SNARE complex formation. Subsequently, ubiquitinated Syn5 recruits p97/p47 to the mitotic Golgi fragments and promotes post-mitotic Golgi reassembly upon ubiquitin removal by VCIP135. Overall, this study reveals both the substrate and the mechanism of ubiquitin-mediated regulation of Golgi membrane dynamics during the cell cycle.
Friends with Academic Benefits

College students’ friendship networks are associated with specific social and academic benefits, and their friends are both resources and liabilities in academic achievement.
Designing healthy communities: A walkability analysis of LEED-ND

Abstract Prevailing city design in many countries has created sedentary societies that depend on automobile use. Consequently, architects, urban designers, and land planners have developed new urban design theories, which have been incorporated into the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) certification system. The LEED-ND includes design elements that improve human well-being by facilitating walking and biking, a concept known as walkability. Despite these positive developments, relevant research findings from other fields of study have not been fully integrated into the LEED-ND. According to Zuniga-Teran (2015), relevant walkability research findings from multiple disciplines were organized into a walkability framework (WF) that organizes design elements related to physical activity into nine categories, namely, connectivity, land use, density, traffic safety, surveillance, parking, experience, greenspace, and community. In this study, we analyze walkability in the LEED-ND through the lens of the nine WF categories. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses, we identify gaps and strengths in the LEED-ND and propose potential enhancements to this certification system that reflects what is known about enhancing walkability more comprehensively through neighborhood design analysis. This work seeks to facilitate the translation of research into practice, which can ultimately lead to more active and healthier societies.
Driver brake vs. steer response to sudden forward collision scenario in manual and automated driving modes

Abstract In autonomous vehicle operation, situations may arise when the driver is required to re-engage in manual control of the vehicle. Whether the control handoff from vehicle to human is done in a structured or unstructured manner, the process may be affected by the driver’s state, i.e. distracted or not. The study reported here was designed to measure a non-distracted driver’s response to a sudden forward collision (FC) event, in which the driver would assume manual control of the autonomous vehicle. Three driving scenarios were investigated: autonomous vehicle driven with full collision avoidance support, autonomous vehicle driven without collision avoidance support, and vehicle driven in manual mode. Forty-eight volunteers participated in a simulator study conducted in VIRTTEX. It was found that, at handoff, (1) drivers in manual mode tended to use evasive steering, rather than braking, compared to drivers in both the autonomous modes, (2) between subjects variations in speed were higher for the automation with collision support condition than for the other two scenarios, (3) for both autonomous driving scenarios, drivers reaction times were longer than for manual driving. In some cases the driver response was so late and the distance remaining so reduced that crash avoidance might be unfeasible. At a minimum, results of this study suggest that drivers may benefit from appropriate driver assistance technologies when a crash imminent situation is suddenly encountered.
Hydrophobic Burial and Dynamic Conformations of Estrogen Receptor N-Terminus

Estrogen receptor (ER) α, a key driver of breast cancer growth, consists of an unstructured transactivation domain located at its N terminus that is critical for hormonal activation. This N-terminal domain (NTD) is viewed as an intrinsically-disordered, dynamic system to fold by a natural osmolyte TMAO, but how TMAO stabilizes the NTD folding and conformation is unclear. We found that TMAO-induced folding of the ERα NTD in response to limited thermolysin digestion results in large-scale structural changes involving in an 18-residue fragment of V141-R158 that is resistant to cleavage. Sequence identification of this NTD fragment reveals four hydrophobic residues (V141, A144, A148 and F149) that are buried and not prone to thermolysin digestion. Molecular dynamics simulations of the NTD-TAMO system show that the NTD adopts a diverse network of conformers, but further generate a best-fit ensemble of structures by maintaining the hydrophobic residues buried. These results identify large-scale structural burial of four key hydrophobic residues toward its C-terminal end and provide a molecular view of its dynamic structure-ensemble at the TMAO-induced folded state of this intrinsically disordered transactivation domain of ERα.
Real Analysis through Modern Infinitesimals

Real Analysis Through Modern Infinitesimals provides a course on mathematical analysis based on Internal Set Theory (IST) introduced by Edward Nelson in 1977. After motivating IST through an ultrapower construction, the book provides a careful development of this theory representing each external class as a proper class. This foundational discussion, which is presented in the first two chapters, includes an account of the basic internal and external properties of the real number system as an entity within IST. In its remaining fourteen chapters, the book explores the consequences of the perspective offered by IST as a wide range of real analysis topics are surveyed. The topics thus developed begin with those usually discussed in an advanced undergraduate analysis course and gradually move to topics that are suitable for more advanced readers. This book may be used for reference, self-study, and as a source for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses.
Chronic hypoxia alters fetal cerebrovascular responses to endothelin-1

In utero hypoxia influences the structure and function of most fetal arteries, including those of the developing cerebral circulation. Whereas the signals that initiate this hypoxic remodeling remain uncertain, these appear to be distinct from the mechanisms that maintain the remodeled vascular state. The present study explores the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia elicits sustained changes in fetal cerebrovascular reactivity to endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vascular contractant and mitogen. In fetal lambs, chronic hypoxia (3,820-m altitude for the last 110 days of gestation) had no significant effect on plasma ET-1 levels or ETA receptor density in cerebral arteries but enhanced contractile responses to ET-1 in an ETA-dependent manner. In organ culture (24 h), 10 nM ET-1 increased medial thicknesses less in hypoxic than in normoxic arteries, and these increases were ablated by inhibition of PKC (chelerythrine) in both normoxic and hypoxic arteries but were attenuated by inhibition of CaMKII (KN93) and p38 (SB203580) in normoxic but not hypoxic arteries. As indicated by Ki-67 immunostaining, ET-1 increased medial thicknesses via hypertrophy. Measurements of colocalization between MLCK and SMαA revealed that organ culture with ET-1 also promoted contractile dedifferentiation in normoxic, but not hypoxic, arteries through mechanisms attenuated by inhibitors of PKC, CaMKII, and p38. These results support the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia elicits sustained changes in fetal cerebrovascular reactivity to ET-1 through pathways dependent upon PKC, CaMKII, and p38 that cause increased ET-1-mediated contractility, decreased ET-1-mediated smooth muscle hypertrophy, and a depressed ability of ET-1 to promote contractile dedifferentiation.
Hyperinflation of the left anterior basal segment: a new sign of pectus excavatum severity on CT

Aim To describe a new finding in patients with pectus excavatum – left lower lobe anterior basal segment hyperinflation [LABSH]. A secondary objective is to determine the frequency of the new finding and association with pectus excavatum severity. Material and methods The study population included 52 children who underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) for the evaluation of pectus excavatum. A control group of 50 children was obtained after evaluating 137 CT examinations performed for other reasons. Patient age in both groups ranged from 12 to 20 years. The Haller index was calculated for all patients. LABSH was evaluated by visual inspection of lung windows. The difference in mean radiodensity measurements in regions of interest in the left and right anterior basal segments [ΔHU] was calculated. Spirometry was performed in 44 of the patients and the results were compared to Haller index severity and the presence of LABSH. Echocardiography reports were available for 50 children in the pectus excavatum group. Results LABSH was identified by visual inspection in 15 patients [29%] and was significantly associated with a Haller index >4.0 ( p =0.001). ΔHU for the patients with LABSH was 90.2 HU (standard deviation [SD]=37.7) and for the non-hyperinflated group −5.51 (SD=44.63), which was significant ( p p =0.9899) than for children with obstructive disease (4.5, SD=1). There was mild cardiac compression on two echocardiograms. Conclusion LABSH is a new sign associated with pectus excavatum. The sign suggests segmental bronchial compression caused by chest deformity results in segmental air trapping.
Abstract 17264: Trends of Emergency Department Visits for Syncope/ Collapse in USA: Analysis of 2006-2013 National Emergency Department Sample database

Background: Syncope/collapse accounts for approximately 3% of total Emergency Department (ED) visits, and available published literature indicates that about 30-40% of these individuals are admitted to hospital. To ascertain whether these hospitalization rates remain current, this study examined USA national 2006-13 trends in ED visits and hospitalizations for syncope/collapse. Methods: We used Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from 2006 through 2013 to identify syncope/collapse related ED visits using Clinical Classifications Software code 102 (includes ICD 9 codes 780.2) as the first-listed diagnosis. NEDS is the largest all-payer ED-based database with discharge data from 947 hospitals located in 30 States. NEDS includes a 20% stratified sample of U.S. hospital-based EDs, comprising nearly 134 million visits per year. Results: From 2006 to 2013, there was a 21% increase in ED visits with a principal discharge diagnosis of syncope/collapse (990,497 vs. 1,199,890, p Females presented more commonly to ED with syncope/collapse than males (58% vs. 42%, p Conclusions: From 2006 to 2013, ED visits for syncope/collapse increased 21% in the US, but the percentage of these patients admitted to hospital after an ED visit decreased significantly. These observations may reflect the results of education designed to improve syncope/collapse risk stratification in US Emergency Departments and switch to observation status for many of these patients. Figure 1: Total number of ED visits and admission to the same hospital, from 2006 to 2013
Effects of humic substances on Fe(II) sorption onto aluminum oxide and clay

We studied the effects of humic substances (HS) on the sorption of Fe(II) onto Al-oxide and clay sorbents at pH 7.5 with a combination of batch kinetic experiments and synchrotron Fe K-edge EXAFS analyses. Fe(II) sorption was monitored over the course of 4 months in anoxic clay and Al-oxide suspensions amended with variable HS types (humic acid, HA; or fulvic acid, FA) and levels (0, 1, and 4 wt%), and with differing Fe(II) and HS addition sequences (co-sorption and pre-coated experiments, where Fe(II) sorbate was added alongside and after HS addition, respectively). In the Al-oxide suspensions, the presence of HS slowed down the kinetics of Fe(II) sorption, but had limited, if any, effect on the equilibrium aqueous Fe(II) concentrations. EXAFS analyses revealed precipitation of Fe(II)–Al(III)-layered double hydroxide (LDH) phases as the main mode of Fe(II) sorption in both the HA-containing and HA-free systems. These results demonstrate that HS slow down Fe(II) precipitation in the Al-oxide suspensions, but do not affect the composition or stability of the secondary Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH phases formed. Interference of HS with the precipitation of Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH was attributed to the formation organo-Al complexes HS limiting the availability of Al for incorporation into secondary layered Fe(II)-hydroxides. In the clay systems, the presence of HA caused a change in the main Fe(II) sorption product from Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH to a Fe(II)-phyllosilicate containing little structural Al. This was attributed to complexation of Al by HA, in combination with the presence of dissolved Si in the clay suspension enabling phyllosilicate precipitation. The change in Fe(II) precipitation mechanism did not affect the rate of Fe(II) sorption at the lower HA level, suggesting that the inhibition of Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH formation in this system was countered by enhanced Fe(II)-phyllosilicate precipitation. Reduced rates of Fe(II) sorption at the higher HA level were attributed to surface masking or poisoning by HA of secondary Fe(II) mineral growth at or near the clay surface. Our results suggest that HS play an important role in controlling the kinetics and products of Fe(II) precipitation in reducing soils, with effects modulated by soil mineralogy, HS content, and HS properties. Further work is needed to assess the importance of layered Fe(II) hydroxides in natural reducing environments.
An Approach to Improve Validity of Responses in a Sexual Behavior Study in a Rural Area of China

A survey of sexual behavior was conducted among rural residents of Anhui, China, in 1997 to determine if using a tape recorder with earphones to administer sensitive questions increased the acceptance and accuracy of the survey. Validity of the responses was evaluated by determining the internal consistency of responses to related questions, comparing reported sexual activities and frequencies reported by husband and wife within a couple, and by resurveying a cluster. Among the 1,269 individuals selected, 185 were not home. Most (62%) had migrated to cities. Among the 1,084 at home, 1,057 (97.5%) participated in the survey, compared to 70–80% in similar surveys in China. The percentage inconsistency among related questions was < 1%. The discordance within couples was 5% for premarital sex, 3% for oral–genital and/or anal–genital sexual intercourse, and 19% for coital frequency within the past 4 weeks. A repeat survey gave similar results. The authors suggest that use of a tape recorder, earphones, and an anonymous answer sheet contributed to the very high acceptance rate for this sexual behavior survey and enhanced the validity of the responses. This strategy may enhance the response rate for similar surveys in other countries.
Detection, not perception: A reply to Glazer

ABSTRACTThis article responds to Glazer’s claim that signals must be perceptible as well as his purported counterexample to my conditions for signaling. I defend a broader sense of signal detection that allows for imperceptible signals. While we disagree over the belief-signaling thesis, Glazer and I have great agreement over the social functions of belief.
Maps in the Insect Nervous System, Their Implications for Synaptic Connectivity and Target Location in the Real World

Ken Roeder described scientists interested in the brain and behavior as miners, each constructing his own tunnel into a mountain. Roeder’s mountain was concerned with navigation in a world full of sensations. He wanted to know how an organism detects a target of interest, determines where the target is and then escapes, attacks or “turns on the charm” as seems appropriate. Roeder described his miners as very independent, tunneling away, studiously ignoring their neighbors, their tunnels intersecting only by accident. When I began my work on the abdominal giant neurons of crickets I studiously ignored my neighbors and focused on what could be learned about the development of neuronal circuits rather than their behavioral function. I was interested in the rules which determine neuronal connectivity and I perceived the cercal to giant interneuron system of crickets as a good place to search for such rules.
Numerical Ranges, Matrix Norms, and Special Operations

This chapter is devoted to a few basic topics on matrices. We first study the numerical range and radius of a square matrix and matrix norms. We then introduce three important special matrix operations: the Kronecker product, the Hadamard product, and compound matrices.
MYB rearrangement and immunohistochemical expression in adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: a comparison with adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Aims Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast have been noted to occur simultaneously, raising the possibility that AME may represent a related or precursor lesion to ACC. ACC frequently harbours genetic rearrangement of the MYB gene. We sought to clarify the relationship between AME and ACC by comparing their rates of MYB expression by IHC and MYB rearrangement by FISH. Methods and results IHC and FISH for MYB rearrangement were performed on paraffin-embedded sections of 11 breast ACCs, 11 non-breast ACCs and 11 breast-AMEs. Using FISH, five of eight (63%) interpretable breast ACCs demonstrated MYB gene rearrangement. Nine of 11 (81%) breast ACCs demonstrated MYB expression (range = 20-95%). Of the three FISH-negative breast ACCs, two were solid variant and demonstrated strong MYB expression by IHC. Of the 10 interpretable non-breast ACCs, six showed MYB rearrangement, all of which were conventional type. Nine of these 11 (81%) cases showed MYB immunoexpression (range = 10-90%), including three solid-variant cases which were negative by FISH. No MYB rearrangements were detected by FISH in 10 interpretable AMEs. However, three of 11 cases (27%) showed weak to moderate MYB expression by IHC (range = 10-40%). Conclusions Our results indicate that AMEs do not harbour MYB gene rearrangement. IHC for MYB may be helpful in diagnosing FISH-negative cases of ACC, particularly the diagnostically more difficult solid variants. However, weak to moderate MYB expression in a subset of AMEs highlights not only a potential diagnostic pitfall, but also shared pathophysiology with ACC worth investigating further at the genomic level.
Evidence of Neuroplasticity and Neuroimaging Techniques following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

PURPOSE: Recent evidence has linked neural changes in the brain, known as neuroplasticity, to anterior cruciate injury, possibly explaining why some patients suffer repetitive functional instability. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to review the manifestation of central nervous system reorganization following anterior cruciate ligament injury and establish further the application of neuroimaging assessment tools in the evaluation of neuroplasticity after ligamentous injury. METHODS: Previous research articles emphasizing neuromuscular deficits, functional joint instability, and anterior cruciate ligament injury and neuroimaging techniques searched from PubMed databases were reviewed. Additionally, more relevant research articles through a cited reference search from the original research articles were reviewed. RESULTS: Diminished neuromuscular control such as proprioception, muscle activation, and joint stiffness regulation appears to be indirect evidence of neural adaptations that may lead to persistent functional joint instability and future pathological complications. Results of direct measurement of the brain’s function using a variety of neuroimaging tools supports altered cortical activation in the brain corresponding to diminished knee function. CONCLUSIONS: Knee functional deficits after an anterior cruciate ligament injury may be associated with neural adaptations in the brain. Neuroimaging techniques that allow for examination of neural activity in the central nervous system help to better understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the link between the brain’s function and functional joint instability, to develop more effective rehabilitation programs, and to improve patient outcomes.
The Role of Oral Steroids in the Treatment of Phonotraumatic Vocal Fold Lesions in Women.

Objectives(1) To determine the short-term effectiveness of oral steroids in women with benign vocal fold lesions and (2) to determine the effectiveness of adjuvant oral steroids in women undergoing...
Introduction: bringing dads back into the family.

This Special Issue of Attachment and Human Development provides a family systems perspective on fathers and attachment, and represents a response to a sad fact. Research on mother-child attachment ...
Gaussian Regression with Convex Constraints

The focus of this paper is the linear model with Gaussian design under convex constraints. Specifically, we study the performance of the constrained least squares estimate. We derive two general results characterizing its performance - one requiring a tangent cone structure, and one which holds in a general setting. We use our general results to analyze three functional shape constrained problems where the signal is generated from an underlying Lipschitz, monotone or convex function. In each of the examples we show specific classes of functions which achieve fast adaptive estimation rates, and we also provide non-adaptive estimation rates which hold for any function. Our results demonstrate that the Lipschitz, monotone and convex constraints allow one to analyze regression problems even in high-dimensional settings where the dimension may scale as the square or fourth degree of the sample size respectively.
The mass media and family communication.

Mass communication technologies permeate the homes of American families today. The average child in this country lives in a household with three television sets, three tape players, three radios, two VCRs, two CD players, one video game player, and one computer (Roberts, Foehr, Rideout, & Brodie, 1999). Moreover, children spend almost 61/2 hr each day using these media (Woodard & Gridina, 2000). In many American homes, the television occupies a central space in the main gathering area, often accompanied by a surround-sound system and other technologies to heighten the quality and realism of the viewing experience.
Promises to Keep: Clinical Use of Antiviral Drugs

Research on the development and clinical use of antiviral agents is progressing at an impressive rate after a very slow start. The need, problems, and current status of antiviral agents in clinical usage are discussed.
Partnering against Insecurity? A Comparison of Markets, Institutions and Worker Risk in Canadian and Swedish Retail

This article provides insights on how union power influences the outcomes of labour‐management partnerships, with a focus on insecurity. It examines matched pairs of food retailers in Canada and Sweden. Trends in wages, scheduling and union coverage from 1980 to 2016 are compared. Actors in both contexts adopted partnering strategies in response to intensified price competition. However, the Swedish partnerships produced stable work arrangements, while working conditions eroded considerably in Canada. Bargaining structures, union security and identity are examined to explain the variations. As market competition intensified, the Swedish union gained leverage by using partnerships to fight unfair competition and promote sectoral well‐being in the process. Meanwhile, the Canadian union lost leverage, instead using partnerships to align employment practices with those of low‐cost market entrants and enhancing store‐level performance at all costs. The argument is that markets can be a resource for unions, even in low‐skilled service sectors, but only under inclusive institutions.
Stability of the Hecke algebra of wreath products

The Hecke algebras $\mathcal{H}_{n,k}$ of the group pairs $(S_{kn}, S_k\wr S_n)$ can be endowed with a filtration with respect to the orbit structures of the elements of $S_{kn}$ relative to the action of $S_{kn}$ on the set of $k$-partitions of $\{1,\dots,kn\}$. We prove that the structure constants of the associated filtered algebra $\mathcal{F}_{n,k} $ is independent of $n$. The stability property enables the construction of a universal algebra $\mathcal{F}$ to govern the algebras $\mathcal{F}_{n,k}$. We also prove that the structure constants of the algebras $\mathcal{H}_{n,k}$ are polynomials in $n$. For $k=2$, when the algebras $(\mathcal{F}_{n,2})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ are commutative, these results were obtained by Aker and Can, by Can and Ozden, and by Tout.
Hippocampal Dosimetry and the Necessity of Hippocampal-Sparing in Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Extensive Brain Metastases.

Abstract Purpose To characterize hippocampal dosimetry in Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GK-SRS) for extensive brain metastases and evaluate the need for hippocampal-sparing in GK-SRS treatment planning. Methods and Materials We reviewed 75 GK-SRS plans for the treatment of 4 to 30 brain metastases generated without consideration of the hippocampi. The mean dose, maximum dose to 100% of the volume (D100), maximum dose to 40% of the volume (D40), and maximum point dose (Dmax, 0.03 cm3) were obtained for the unilateral and bilateral hippocampi and compared between plans with 4 to 9 and ≥10 lesions. The rate at which plans met hippocampal dose constraints (D100 ≤ 4.21 Gy, D40 ≤ 4.50 Gy, and Dmax ≤ 6.65 Gy) was compared between groups, and each was examined for risk factors associated with excessive hippocampal dosing. For plans that exceeded constraints, we attempted replanning to spare the hippocampi. Results Compared with those for the treatment of 4 to 9 brain metastases, GK-SRS plans with ≥10 lesions were associated with significantly greater median bilateral mean dose (1.0 vs 2.0, P = .001), D100 (0.4 vs 0.8, P = .003), D40 (0.9 vs 1.9, P = .001), and Dmax (2.0 vs 4.9, P = .0005). These plans also less frequently met hippocampal constraints, with this difference trending toward significance (80% vs 93%; P = .1382; odds ratio 0.29; 95% CI, 0.06-1.4). Risk factors for exceeding constraints included greater total disease volume and closer approach of the nearest metastasis to the hippocampi, both of which depended upon the number of metastases present. Seven plans failed to meet constraints and were successfully replanned to spare the hippocampi with minimal increases in treatment time and without compromise to target coverage or conformity. Conclusions Patients with extensive brain metastases treated with GK-SRS are at increased risk for excessive hippocampal dosing when ≥10 lesions are present or when lesions are in close proximity to the hippocampi and may benefit from hippocampal-avoidant treatment planning.
Quantitative Assessment of Pavement and Scooter Suspension on Ride Quality

Electric scooters are becoming a common form of transportation in large cities and on college campuses. These shared dockless scooters are seen as a sustainable and environmentally friendly mode of transportation for commute and recreational trips. As these scooters are gaining popularity, rider comfort will be an important performance measure for scooter companies. This research uses data from a three-axis accelerometer mounted on two scooter models - the MI M365 and Segway ES2 - to compare ride quality on a series of multi-use paths with a variety of pavement. The test route was comprised of four pavement types - asphalt, concrete, brick pavers, and permeable pavement. Results indicate that the MI M365 with pneumatic tires provided superior ride quality on all pavement types than the Segway ES2 with solid tires. A t-test conducted to test this hypothesis also revealed that the results were significant. For the MI M365, the ride quality on the four pavement types was noticeably indifferent for 20% of the time. For the remaining time, the permeable pavement provided slightly better ride quality than other surfaces.
The effectiveness of performative aerial practice on mental health and the love of movement

The purpose of this phronetic, quasi-experimental study was to examine if skill-based and performative aerial practice (treatment group-class, n = 8) was more beneficial on mental health and the lo...
Using photovoice with people with intellectual disability to illuminate definitions of health and factors influencing participation in health promotion.

Background Understanding the daily health experiences of people with intellectual disability is necessary to illuminate factors that may be influencing health and health disparities. The objective of this study is to understand how people with intellectual disability participate in and access health promotion. Methods Ten adults with intellectual disability engaged in an adapted photovoice study. Results Four themes emerged: Health Is Who We Are; Health is What We Do; Health Is Our Body, Mind, and Place; and Barriers and Facilitators. Participants communicated an understanding of health, a strong identity of themselves as being healthy, and diverse participation in health promotion. Additionally, participants identified specific resources and support necessary to pursue health. Participants' broad description of health aligns with understandings of the social determinants of health. Conclusion Participant's holistic view of health and experienced factors of health promotion should inform the development and implementation of inclusive health programming for people with intellectual disability.
Songwriting intervention for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions: Study protocol.

Abstract Investigations evaluating the effectiveness of music-based interventions as a complementary approach to symptom management and health promotion for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions and their families are needed to minimize the physical and psychological burdens on individuals and their caregivers. Songwriting is one music-based strategy for a remote family-centered complementary approach to improve outcomes for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions, their parents, and families. The overall purpose of this study is to test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a songwriting intervention for cognitively-impaired children (ages 5–17 years) who are receiving palliative or complex care and their parents. Specific aims are to: (1) determine the feasibility of songwriting for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions and their parents, and (2) examine preliminary efficacy of songwriting for child psychological distress and physical symptoms, parent psychological distress, and family environment. The protocol for this 1-group pre-and post-intervention clinical trial (N = 25) is described.
Longitudinal effects of social network changes on drinking outcomes for individuals with a first-time DUI.

Abstract Background Social networks are important predictors of alcohol-related outcomes, especially among those with a DUI where riskier social networks are associated with increased risk of drinking and driving. Social networks are increasingly a target for intervention; however, no studies have examined and measured whether longitudinal changes in social networks are associated with reductions in impaired driving. Objective The current study first examines longitudinal changes in social networks among participants receiving services following a first-time DUI, and then examines the association between network change and drinking outcomes at 4- and 10-month follow-up. Methods The study surveyed a subsample of participants (N = 94) enrolled in a clinical trial of individuals randomized to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or usual care (UC) on an iPad using EgoWeb 2.0—an egocentric social network data collection software—about pre-DUI and post-DUI networks and their short- and long-term drinking behaviors. Results Participants were 65% male, 48% Hispanic, and an average of 32.5 years old. Overall, participants significantly reduced the proportion of network members with whom they drank from 0.41 to 0.30 (p = .001) and with whom they drank more alcohol than they wanted to from 0.15 to 0.07 (p = .0001) from two weeks prior to the DUI (measured at baseline) to 4-month follow-up. Furthermore, decreases in proportion of drinking partners over time were associated with reduced drinks per week, self-reported driving after drinking, and intentions to drive after drinking at 4-month follow-up. Participants who reported decreases in proportion of drinking partners also reported significantly less binge drinking at 10-month follow-up. Finally, increases in emotional support were associated with decreases in binge drinking at 4-month follow-up. The study found no differences in the changes in composition of networks between CBT and UC groups. Conclusions These results suggest that individuals receiving services in DUI programs significantly reduced risky network members over time and that these social network changes were associated with reduced drinking and other indicators of risk for DUI recidivism. Clinical interventions that target reductions in risky network members may improve outcomes for those enrolled in a DUI program.
Laboratory studies of bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Brown Swiss cattle

Laboratory evaluation of cattle affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME) showed normal CBC's, routine chemistry, and normal urinalysis results. Statistically significant differences were not detected between control and affected cattle for CK; SDH; LDH; blood cholinesterase; plasma cholinesterase; liver selenium; liver copper; serum vitamin E; and CSF parameters of CK; protein; and glucose. Cytological examinations of CSF from affected cattle were within normal limits and did not suggest degenerative or inflammatory conditions. BPDME is currently classified as a spinocerebella degenerative disease with familial predisposition. It is concluded from this study that the parameters tested are not involved in the pathogenesis of BPDME.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management

Fluid resuscitation of the burn victim has evolved into a sophisticated science based on sound physiologic principles. This article presents these new developments in the context of the physiology of burn injury.
Physical examination of the pain patient.

1. Since any tissue can give rise to pain, including referred pain, the examination must include the viscera of the chest and abdomen, the bones of the body, joints including ranges of motion, the neurological and musculoskeletal systems as well as the vascular status. 2. Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation must be augmented by tests of range of motion, joint exam, and special testing. 3. Validation tests including dynamometer read-
Seventeenth-Century Glass Trade Beads from La Salle's Fort St. Louis and the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia

AbstractGlass trade beads are described here from two seventeenth-century sites located in the upper Illinois Valley, La Salle's 1682–1691 Fort St. Louis and the nearby Grand Village of the Kaskaskia, destroyed during an Iroquois raid in 1680. Simple monochrome drawn beads characterize both bead assemblages and each contains significant percentages of very small (<2 mm) and small (2–4 mm) size beads. Dominant colors are blue, white, and black. Turquoise-blue beads were a staple of the French trade at this time in the Illinois Country, particularly in transactions involving La Salle and his successors based at Fort St. Louis. Comparative treatment provided as part of this research indicates that there are significant similarities between the bead assemblage from Fort St. Louis and the beads recovered from the 1686 wreck of La Salle's ship Belle in Matagorda Bay off the Texas coast.
Secure scalable streaming and secure transcoding with JPEG-2000

Secure scalable streaming (SSS) enables low-complexity, high-quality transcoding at intermediate, possibly untrusted, network nodes without compromising the end-to-end security of the system S. J. Wee, J. G. Apostolopoulos (2001). SSS encodes, encrypts, and packetizes video into secure scalable packets in a manner that allows downstream transcoders to perform transcoding operations such as bitrate reduction and spatial downsampling by simply truncating or discarding packets, and without decrypting the data. Secure scalable packets have unencrypted headers that provide hints such as optimal truncation points to downstream transcoders. Using these hints, downstream transcoders can perform near-optimal secure transcoding. This paper presents a secure scalable streaming system based on motion JPEG-2000 coding with AES or triple-DES encryption. The operational rate-distortion (R-D) performance for transcoding to various resolutions and quality levels is evaluated, and results indicate that end-to-end security and secure transcoding can be achieved with near R-D optimal performance. The average overhead is 4.5% for triple-DES encryption and 7% for AES, as compared to the original media coding rate, and only 2-2.5% overhead as compared to end-to-end encryption which does not allow secure transcoding.