cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production

The ease of decomposing some metal sulfates to oxides and sulfur trioxide is employed in the search for efficient closed cycle thermochemical methods for water splitting. The main features of the new processes are the production of O2 through the decomposition of SO2 and/or SO3, the production of hydrogen by the decomposition of H2S, reaction of H2S with a metal, reaction of water with a metal, and/or reaction of water with sulfides. On a utilise la facilite de decomposition en oxydes et anhydride sulfurique que presentent certains sulfates metalliques pour rechercher des methodes thermochimiques efficaces et en cycle ferme pour effectuer la fission de l'eau. Les caracteristiques principales des nouveaux precedes sont: la production de O2 par decomposition de SO2 et/ou de SO3, la reaction de H2S avec un metal, la reaction de l'eau avec un metal et/ou la reaction de l'eau avec les sulfures.
The cultural power of tacit knowledge: Inarticulacy and Bourdieu’s habitus

Tacit knowledge, or knowledge that is inarticulate or unarticulated, lies at the heart of all cultural life, and is exercised in dull and repetitive activities that constitute the heart of daily existence. It seems without much character or importance, but this is precisely why tacit knowledge can be the unruly trickster in culture. Inarticulate actions based on tacit understandings of cultural possibilities can bypass discursive reality, trouble cultural categories and elaborate cultural imaginaries that are not captured in words. It is knowledge that is never quite enough, always addressing emergent problems that are not finally solved but worked around. We know from the social construction of reality that social actions are not set in stone and can be transformative, but we also know that thought can be constrained within regimes of discursive common sense. Inarticulate repetitive actions that on the surface seem mindless can actually facilitate shifts in culture by following their own material logics and imaginaries beyond discursive common sense, becoming what Deleuze calls repetitions that make a difference. Improvisatory social activity can provide escape routes from discursive regimes and make possible new social constructions of reality. The routine breakdowns and absurdities of mute, everyday cultural practices, demonstrating the limits of common sense, can encourage people to improvise new actions that break with recognized discourse (like the Occupy movement or Arab Spring). Participants respond to political ideas that feel wrong or dishonest by exploring practices of participation that feel right.
Collection efficiency of a midget impinger for nanoparticles in the range of 3–100 nm

Abstract Impingers have been employed for collection of biological particles for a long time and the collection efficiency for submicron particles has been well studied for a few impinger models, like the SKC Biosampler and the AGI 30. These efficiency studies have been limited to particles larger than about 15 nm. The aim of this research is to determine the collection efficiency of ultrafine particles (from 3 to 100 nm) of a 25 ml midget impinger. The effect of different collection parameters (particle type, collection fluid volume and type and flow rate) was studied and results are presented here. All results showed minimum collection efficiencies from 3 to 10% at approximately 40–57 nm. Increasing the volume of the collection liquid and flow rate improved the collection efficiency of the impinger.
A convenient preparation of derivatives of 3(s)-amino-10(r)-carboxy-1,6-diaza-cyclodeca-2,7-dione the dilactam of L-α, γ-diaminobutyric acid and d-glutamic acid: A β-turn template

Abstract The title compound has been prepared as its N-benzyloxycarbonyl urethane in a three-step one-pot reaction in 20–30% yield from the dipeptide derivative Z-Gln-Glu(OH)2. Evidence concerning the configuration and chiral purity of the title compound is given.
A vinblastine sensitive high affinity choline uptake system

Abstract 1. The Limulus cardiac ganglion high affinity choline uptake system (HAChUS) was inhibited 40, 51 and 64% following pre-exposure to 10, 100 and 500 μM vinblastine, respectively. 2. In contrast, high affinity uptake of choline in the Limulus corpora pedunculata and abdominal ganglia, tissues in which a cholinergic function has been described, were unaffected. 3. In pulse-chase experiments, the cardiac ganglion was incubated in 0.1 μM [ 3 H]choline for 60 min and then switched to an incubation medium containing 1 mM unlabelled choline for varying periods of time. 4. Under these conditions, a 3-fold increase of radiolabel above basal level was measured in the pellet fraction within 2 hr of post-labelling incubation. 5. Prior exposure of the ganglion to 500 μM vinblastine completely eliminated this increase of radioactivity in the pellet fraction. 6. Treatment of the radiolabelled pellet fraction with phospholipase C resulted in the solubilization of 72% of the radiolabel. 7. Ten (10) μM 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a concentration previously shown to inhibit spontaneous electrical activity within the cardiac ganglion, resulted in a 40% decrease in high affinity choline uptake in this tissue selectively. 8. These results are consistent with the view that a probable role of the Limulus cardiac ganglion HAChUS is the supply of choline subserving the synthesis of membrane phospholipid. 9. It is further speculated that this membrane phospholipid synthesis may be associated with synaptic vesicle turnover.
Non-replicative helicases at the replication fork.

Abstract Reactivation of stalled or collapsed replication forks is an essential process in bacteria. Restart systems operate to restore the 5′ → 3′ replicative helicase, DnaB, to the lagging-strand template. However, other non-replicative 3′ → 5′ helicases play an important role in the restart process as well. Here we examine the DNA-binding specificity of three of the latter group, PriA, Rep, and UvrD. Only PriA and Rep display structure-specific fork binding. Interestingly, their specificity is opposite: PriA binds a leading-strand fork, presumably reflecting its restart activity in directing loading of DnaB to the lagging-strand template. Rep binds a lagging-strand fork, presumably reflecting its role in partially displacing Okazaki fragments that originate near the fork junction. This activity is necessary for generating a single-stranded landing pad for DnaB. While UvrD shows little structure-specificity, there is a slight preference for lagging-strand forks, suggesting that there might be some redundancy between Rep and UvrD and possibly explaining the observed synthetic lethality that occurs when mutations in the genes encoding these two proteins are combined.
Computation of the wind by forced adjustment to the height field.

Experimental study of the problem of the forced adjustment of the wind field to the height field with the Mintz-Arakawa two-level atmospheric general circulation model. In all but one of the experiments, the height field was assumed to be perfectly observed at 6-hr intervals, over a time period of one day or less, and from these height data the vector wind field was computed by forced dynamical adjustment. In one experiment, the temperature alone was prescribed. The winds computed in these experiments were compared with the 'control' winds of the general circulation simulation. The best agreement between the computed and the control winds was obtained when the time-differencing scheme in the governing finite-difference equations of motion had a large rate of damping of high-frequency motions. This damping rate also determined the optimum fraction and frequency of restoration of the height (or temperature) fields. With strong damping, total restoration at every time step gave the most rapid rate of wind error reduction and the smallest asymptotic limit of the wind error.
The universities, the social sciences, and liberal democracy

This paper shows how a number of the social sciences — sociology, economics, and anthropology in particular — came to have their modern form in the universities of the West. It argues that although their beginnings were salutary, their present state leaves much to be desired. In particular, far from supporting a democratic order, they are just as likely to undermine it. Sociology, for example, has abandoned its claim to truth and is given over to an insidious relativism. It undermines democratic values and gives the young little reason to believe that it is a discipline that can contribute anything to the betterment of society. There is, perhaps, some hope that the university, with its commitment to truth and to freedom of thought, will ultimately transform such wayward disciplines into something worth having.
Effect of Indole Ethyl Isothiocyanates on Proliferation, Apoptosis and MAPK Signaling in Neuroblastoma Cell Lines

Several indole ethyl isothiocyanate (IEITC) analogs were designed, synthesized and screened to evaluate their cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma (NB) cells in-vitro. In NB, predominantly a tumor of early childhood, survival remains low despite aggressive treatments. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are greatly needed. The objective of the present study was to study the therapeutic potential of IEITC by analyzing the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on NB cell lines. 7-methyl-indole-3-ethyl isothiocyanate (7Me-IEITC) proved to be cytotoxic to various NB cell lines (SMS-KCNR, SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y, IMR-32) with an IC50 at 2.5-5.0 μM, while primary control cells (lung fibroblasts) were not affected. 7Me-IEITC led to the activation of apoptotic markers caspase-3, - 8 and -9, caused activation of pro-apoptotic p38 MAPK and SAP/JNK, and down-regulated pro-survival factor AKT in SMS-KCNR cells. Moreover, 7Me-IEITC displayed anti-proliferative effects (IC50 at 600 nM) and caused an arrest in cell cycle progression. This wide effect of 7Me-IEITC on NB cell signaling and survival suggests that it could be developed as a therapeutic agent against neuroblastoma.
The future of research in moral development and education

The editorship of this prestigious journal was not one I sought, but I feel honored to have been invited to take on the challenging role of transforming the editorship to a part-time position. In f...
Cosmological variation of G and the solar Luminosity

Teller's analysis of the effects of a varying gravitational constant G on the past solar luminosity is reexamined. It is shown that if Newtonian gravitation is viewed as a nonrelativistic limit of Einstein's theory, there exists (1) a constraint between G and the total mass M of the sun and (2) a change in the radiative energy density-temperature relation, which were not included in Teller's analysis and which change his result from L is about G to the 7th power (found to be unacceptable) to L is about constant, independently of how G might vary with time.
On the role of flavin in malate oxidation by Azotobacter vinelandii respiratory membranes

Flavin oxidation state of the Azotobacter vinelandii electron transport fraction containing respiratory membranes was observed with fluorescence spectroscopy. Addition of malate to an anaerobic preparation did not result in flavin reduction. Malate addition to an aerobic preparation slowly reduced flavin, and this reduction was inhibited with addition of 1 mM potassium cyanide or 0.05 mM NAD. Absorption difference spectroscopy was used to observe the oxidation state of both flavin and cytochromes. Addition of malate to an anaerobic preparation reduced the particle cytochromes. Flavin was not reduced unless oxygen was added to the preparation. Pyruvate slowly reduced flavin in the preparation. No evidence could be obtained for pyruvate formation from malate and oxalacetic acid as an explanation for the oxygen-dependent reduction of flavin by malate.
Security‐holder cash flows and the valuation of corporate investment projects

The difference between adjusted present value and cost-of-capital discounting procedures for evaluating corporate real-asset investment projects is re-examined. The two approaches are shown to contain different implicit assumptions about the distribution of project cash flows to security-holders. The consequences thereof for the proper valuation of individual projects in the context of a multiproject investment plan are considered.
In Vivo Accuracy Testing and Clinical Experience with the ISG Viewing Wand

OBJECTIVE : A frameless stereotactic system (the Viewing Wand ; Elekta Instruments, Atlanta, GA) has been developed for use with preoperative computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography as an adjunct for surgical planning and intraoperative navigation. This clinical study was designed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and accuracy of the Viewing Wand in a variety of intracranial procedures. METHODS : We used this system in 250 patients undergoing a wide range of neurosurgical procedures from July 1990 to July 1994, to assess its clinical usefulness and safety. In a subset of 45 neurosurgical patients studied between March 1993 and March 1994, a battery of objective accuracy measurements was obtained before and during surgery. RESULTS : In this series, there were no instances of adverse outcomes attributable to the use of this system. A comparison of two alternative patient-image registration techniques established that the fiducial-fit method was slightly more accurate than the surface-fit method (geometric means = 2.51 and 3.03 mm, respectively). The clinical accuracy achieved with magnetic resonance imaging was nearly equivalent to that with computed tomography. CONCLUSIONS : On the basis of this clinical series, recommendations are made regarding preoperative scanning parameters, registration techniques, and methods for reestablishing registration if needed during the course of surgery. The primary clinical benefits of the wand in this series were improved intraoperative navigation and surgical safety. For most cases, the wand was also useful in planning the location and size of the scalp incision, craniotomy, or corticotomy, as well as the extent of surgical resection.
Seasonal Variations in Hydrogen Cyanide Concentration of Three Lotus Species

Cyanogenic glucosides, generally considered antinutritional factors, are important defense molecules against predators and, in some cases, diseases. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the seasonal variations in hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration of three widely grown Lotus spp. and (ii) to assess the overall cyanogenic potential of the different plant components of a rhizomatous cultivar of broadleaf birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus L.] (BFT). In this study, we used BFT cultivars Norcen and ARS-2620, narrowleaf trefoil (L. glaber Mill.) germplasm ARS-1207, and big trefoil (L. uliginosus Schkur.) germplasm ARS-1221. The experiments were conducted in the field and greenhouse using a randomized complete block design. Significant seasonal variations in HCN concentrations in Norcen, ARS-2620, and ARS-1207 were observed. Hydrogen cyanide concentrations were greatest in spring and summer and least in winter. ARS-1221 was acyanogenic. Of the three cyanogenic entries grown in the field study, ARS-1207 had the greatest concentration of HCN, averaging 900 μg g -1 dry matter while Norcen and ARS-2620 had similar levels of HCN. In the greenhouse, Norcen and ARS-1207 had greater HCN concentrations than ARS-2620. Partitioning of the rhizomatous BFT cultivar ARS-2620 demonstrated that leaves and flowers produced the greatest concentration of HCN, five times as much as stems and ripe-seed pods. Rhizomes, which are typically produced in winter and fall, did not exhibit HCN production. Seeds of Norcen and ARS-2620 were acyanogenic, but ARS-1207 seeds were weakly cyanogenic. However, as seeds germinated and seedlings formed cotyledons, Norcen, ARS-2620, and ARS-1207 exhibited HCN. Roots of all species were acyanogenic.
The Relation between Vocational Interests and the Motivation to Lead

Abstract Multidimensional scaling is used to examine the relation between vocational interests as conceptualized by Holland's (1973, 1997) hexagonal model and a newly proposed individual differences construct, called the motivation to lead or MTL (Chan, 1999). The findings support the hypothesis that the MTL construct, while correlated with certain interest domains (e.g., social and enterprising), is orthogonal to Holland's hexagonal model of interests. The findings have implications for general theory on the nature of job versus role interests at work and for the MTL construct.
Generation and statistical analysis of synthetic cross sections

Abstract A program has been written to synthesize cross sections similar to those measured in nuclear experiments. These cross sections have been analysed in the spirit of the Ericson theory with the aim to determine the limitations associated with resovering the average values of quantities used to generate the synthetic cross sections. It is shown that the mean cross section, the mean width of nuclear levels and the autocorrelation coefficient can be measured with uncertainties that depend upon the size of the sample cross sections and that the normal experimental measurement is systematically low. The values of the above quantities as obtained by the statistical analysis of the cross section are compared with those derived from theoretical predictions and reasonable agreement is found between the two. Quantitative effects of finite sample size, ratio Γ / D of nuclear level width to level spacing and number ν of open channels are demonstrated.
The removal of cell surface material by enzymes used to dissociate mammary-gland cells.

Treatment of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMEC) with various enzymes used for dispersing and transferring cells results in extensive digestion of materials on the cell surfaces. MMEC biosynthetially labeled with [3H]fucose, [14C]fucose and [3H]amino acids or with125I by the lactoperoxidase method were exposed to either collagenase plus hyaluronidase, followed by pronase, or to trypsin in concentrations and conditions currently used for cell dispersion. Whereas the latter enzyme preparation solubilized 76% of the trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactive fucose and 96% of the protein-bound125I, collagenase plus hyaluronidase treatment released lesser amounts of each label. Subsequent treatment of the cells with pronase removed additional surface-labeled materials, but the total amounts released were still less than when the trypsin preparation alone was employed. Released cell surface materials were analyzed by gel chromatography. Some of the peaks obtained also were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeled materials that remained attached to the MMEC after enzymatic treatment were investigated by these two methods as well. We could show that collagenase plus hyaluronidase solubilized three main glycoprotein components from the cell surface. In addition, we could show that the extensive cell surface damage caused by these two enzyme preparations was due to the high proteolytic activity present in these preparations as judged by their ability to hydrolyze rabbit gamma globulin labeled with125I. Even though their membranes were extensively damaged by the enzyme treatments, the dispersed cells could be cultured successfully in vitro and could incorporated fucose into their surfaces in a manner similar to that by intact tissue. Through the use of gel-filtration (cochromatography of [14C]fucose and [3H]fucose cell surface materials), we could demonstrate the identity of cell surface glycoproteins synthesized by cultured cells and by intact tissue.
Coastal typology development with heterogeneous data sets

This paper presents a data-driven expert-guided method of coastal typology development using a large, heterogeneous data set. The development of coastal typologies is driven by a desire to upscale detailed regional information to a global scale in order to study coastal zone function and the effects of global climate change. We demonstrate two methods of automatic typology generation – unsupervised clustering and region growing with agglomerative clustering – and a method of selecting an appropriate number of classes based on the concept of Minimum Description Length. We compare two methods of defining distance between data points with a large number of variables and potentially missing data – average scaled Euclidean distance and maximum scaled difference. To visualize the resulting typologies we use a novel algorithm for assigning colors to different classes of data based on class similarity in a high-dimensional space. This combination of techniques results in a methodology through which one or more experts can easily develop a useful coastline typology with results that are similar to preexisting expert typologies, but which makes the process more quantitative, objective, consistent, and applicable across space and time.
NEAR-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS OF THE GIANT H II REGION W49A: A STAR BIRTH CLUSTER

W49A is one of the most luminous giant H II regions in our Galaxy. This star-forming complex contains numerous compact and ultracompact (UC) H II regions, extending over an area of ≈15 pc. It emits about 1051 Lyman continuum photons s-1, equivalent to the presence of about 100 O stars, but it is completely obscured in optical wavelengths by intervening interstellar dust. The center holds a "cluster" of about 30 O stars, each within an individual UC H II region emitting free-free emission at centimeter wavelengths. Our deep K-band (2.2 μm) image toward the W49A cluster reveals just two of the individual exciting stars, each associated with a pointlike radio source, but the rest are invisible. These O stars are so recently born as to not yet have emerged from their natal dust cocoons, in contrast to other Galactic clusters embedded in giant H II regions, in which many of the individual massive stars are already revealed. Plausibility arguments are made that suggest that a stellar disc might be common during the entire UC H II phase of massive star birth, since it persists after accretion ceases in some stars. Nebular emission, e.g., from Brγ, is visible around the periphery of the central region of W49A, along with candidate exciting stars. Star formation there may have preceded that in the center, or its lower density environment may have speeded up the dispersal of the natal dust cocoons. The W49A cluster can serve as a template for the more luminous buried star clusters now being found in normal galaxies and starbursts.
Reliability of retrograde atrial activation patterns during ventricular pacing for localizing accessory pathways

Definitive localization of accessory pathways is based on atrial activation patterns during orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia when retrograde conduction occurs exclusively through the accessory pathway. In some patients, supraventricular tachycardia cannot be induced or is deleterious. To determine whether accessory pathway sites can be identified accurately during ventricular pacing, retrograde atrial activation was assessed during orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular pacing at multiple cycle lengths in 41 patients with a single accessory pathway. To obviate retrograde fusion due to concomitant conduction through the normal atrioventricular (AV) conduction system that may obscure the location of the accessory pathway, the difference in conduction time from the site of earliest atrial activation to the His bundle atrial electrogram (ΔA-SVT) was measured during orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia and compared with values observed during ventricular pacing (ΔA-VP). Characteristic values for the ΔA-SVT interval were identified for left lateral (66 ± 17 ms), left posterior (50 ± 8 ms), posteroseptal (33 ± 7 ms), right free wall (22 ± 15 ms) and anteroseptal (0 ± 0 ms) accessory pathway sites. During ventricular pacing, the site with the earliest atrial electrogram was used to define the accessory pathway location only if the maximal value of the ΔA-VP interval over the range of cycle lengths assessed was comparable with the value of the ΔA-SVT interval characteristic of that region. Values of the ΔA-SVT interval correlated closely with the maximal values of the ΔA-VP interval (r = 0.91). With this approach, 40 (98%) of 41 accessory pathway sites were identified correctly during ventricular pacing. Thus, each accessory pathway region has a characteristic difference in conduction time from the site of earliest activation to the His bundle atrial electrogram (ΔA-SVT interval) and atrial activation pattern that, when reproduced during ventricular pacing, reliably identifies the accessory pathway location.
Recommendations for Implementing Internet Inquiry Projects

The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations to teachers who are interested in implementing Internet inquiry projects. Four classes of ninth- and tenth-grade honors students (N = 100) participated in an Internet inquiry project in which they were presented with an ecology question that required them to make a decision based on information that they gathered, analyzed, and synthesized from the Internet and their textbook. Students then composed papers with a rationale for their decision. Students in one group had access to pre-selected relevant Web sites, access to the entire Internet, and were provided with less online support. Students in the other group had access to only pre-selected relevant Web sites, but were provided with more online support. Two of the most important recommendations were: 1) to provide students with more online support; and 2) to provide students with pre-selected relevant Web sites and allow them to search the Internet for information.
TheT, T−1-process, finitary codings and weak Bernoulli

We give an elementary proof that the second coordinate (the scenery process) of theT, T −1-process associated to any mean zero i.i.d. random walk onZ d is not a finitary factor of an i.i.d. process. In particular, this yields an elementary proof that the basicT, T −1-process is not finitarily isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift (the stronger fact that it is not Bernoulli was proved by Kalikow). This also provides (using past work of den Hollander and the author) an elementary example, namely theT, T −1-process in 5 dimensions, of a process which is weak Bernoulli but not a finitary factor of an i.i.d. process. An example of such a process was given earlier by del Junco and Rahe. The above holds true for arbitrary stationary recurrent random walks as well. On the other hand, if the random walk is Bernoulli and transient, theT, T −1-process associated to it is also Bernoulli. Finally, we show that finitary factors of i.i.d. processes with finite expected coding volume satisfy certain notions of weak Bernoulli in higher dimensions which have been previously introduced and studied in the literature. In particular, this yields (using past work of van den Berg and the author) the fact that the Ising model is weak Bernoulli throughout the subcritical regime.
Na+/K(+)-ATPase: modes of inhibition by Mg2+.

Abstract Adding 15 mM free Mg 2+ decreased V max of the Na + /K + -ATPase reaction. Mg 2+ also decreased the K 0.5 for K + activation, as a mixed inhibitor, but the increased inhibition at higher K + concentrations diminished as the Na + concentration was raised. Inhibition was greater with Rb + but less with Li + when these cations substituted for K + at pH 7.5, while at pH 8.5 inhibition was generally less and essentially the same with all three cations: implying an association between inhibition and ion occlusion. On the other hand, Mg 2+ increased the K 0.5 for Na + -activation of the Na + /K + -ATPase and Na + -ATPase reactions, as a mixed inhibitor. Changing incubation pH or temperature, or adding dimethylsulfoxide affected inhibition by Mg 2+ and K 0.5 for Na + diversely. Presteady-state kinetic studies on enzyme phosphorylation, however, showed competition between Mg 2+ and Na + . In the K + -phosphatase reaction catalyzed by this enzyme Mg 2+ was a (near) competitor toward K + . Adding Na + with K + inhibited phosphatase activity, but under these conditions 15 mM Mg 2+ stimulated rather than inhibited; still higher Mg 2+ concentrations then inhibited with K + plus Na + . Similar stimulation and inhibition occurred when Mn 2+ was substituted for Mg 2+ , although the concentrations required were an order of magnitude less. In all these experiments no ionic substitutions were made to maintain ionic strength, since alternative cations, such as choline, produced various specific effects themselves. Kinetic analyses, in terms of product inhibition by Mg 2+ , require Mg 2+ release at multiple steps. The data are accommodated by a scheme for the Na + /K + -ATPase with three alternative points for release: before MgATP binding, before K + release and before Na + binding. The latter alternatives necessitate two Mg 2+ ions bound simultaneously to the enzyme, presumably to divalent cation-sites associated with the phosphate and the nucleotide domains of the active site.
Endometrial hyperplasia: Value of endometrial thickness in ultrasonographic diagnosis and clinical significance

The records of 90 patients with histologically proven endometrial hyperplasia (EH) were reviewed retrospectively. Eleven of these patients had pelvic ultrasound examinations available. These were compared to the pelvic ultrasound examinations of 19 patients with a histologically normal endometrium, available in 126 consecutive patients seen over the same period of time. Patients with EH had a mean endometrial thickness of 18.8 mm (range 8 mm to 45 mm) vs 5.4 mm (range 2 mm to 10 mm) in the control group. This difference in thickness was statistically significant (p much less than .01). The specificity and sensitivity of endometrial thickness in the diagnosis of EH were 100% and 81%, respectively, when 10 mm was taken as the upper limit of normal. Ultrasonographically demonstrable endometrial characteristics can differentiate EH from normal endometrium in a great majority of cases. The clinicopathological significance of EH is discussed.
Actuation by electrostatic repulsion by nonvolatile charge injection

In this paper a novel actuation scheme through electrostatic repulsive-force generated by nonvolatile charge injection is proposed and demonstrated. Nonvolatile charge injection is achieved by integrating MEMS devices with electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) structures. Repulsive force of ∼0.2 μN is observed across a 3 μm gap with poly-silicon beams of 360 μm in length. Larger actuation force can be achieved with smaller gap. A capacitor network model is also proposed to analyze the charge injection and distribution in such systems. This actuation scheme holds promises in achieving large-tuning-range varactors, dynamically tunable mechanical resonators, and wear-free hinges, etc.
Resource availability, breeding site selection, and reproductive success of red-winged blackbirds

Red-winged blackbirds are polygynous and show strong breeding site preferences, but it is unclear which environmental factors regulate their reproductive success and are ultimately responsible for shaping their patterns of habitat selection and their mating system. We evaluated the effect of variation in insect emergence rates on the reproductive success of male and female redwings nesting on replicate ponds. The number of male and female redwings that settled on a pond varied two- to three-fold among ponds, but was not related to insect emergence rates. Insect emergence rates had a positive effect on the number of nestlings successfully fledged by females, the number of nestlings fledged from male territories, and on the mass of nestlings at fledging. Typha stem density also varied widely among ponds, and was positively related to male and female settling density and mass of nestlings at fledging, but not to the number of nestlings fledged by females or males. We conclude that alternative breeding sites differ in their ability to support redwing reproduction, and that the availability of emerging odonates is an important environmental factor influencing the reproductive success of both male and female red-winged blackbirds.
Ecosystem-Based Angling: Incorporating Recreational Anglers Into Ecosystem-Based Management

Coastal management institutions and recreational fishermen share concerns about the current state of marine fisheries. This article provides coastal managers with an outreach framework for recreational fishers that contextualizes social and ecosystem information toward the goals of ecosystem-based management. Based on a survey of anglers conducted at saltwater fishing expositions in the Northeast United States and on the literature, we report data on perceptions of recreational anglers about potential threats, individual fishing impacts, preferred modes of communication, conceptions, and behavior. We conclude that outreach campaigns should (a) focus on the perceived threats to the resource, (b) contextualize and justify the recommended pro-ecological target behaviors, (c) include topics of general interest to anglers, and (d) communicate through socially trusted sources.
A Parametric Classification Rule Based on the Exponentially Embedded Family

In this paper, we extend the exponentially embedded family (EEF), a new approach to model order estimation and probability density function construction originally proposed by Kay in 2005, to multivariate pattern recognition. Specifically, a parametric classifier rule based on the EEF is developed, in which we construct a distribution for each class based on a reference distribution. The proposed method can address different types of classification problems in either a data-driven manner or a model-driven manner. In this paper, we demonstrate its effectiveness with examples of synthetic data classification and real-life data classification in a data-driven manner and the example of power quality disturbance classification in a model-driven manner. To evaluate the classification performance of our approach, the Monte-Carlo method is used in our experiments. The promising experimental results indicate many potential applications of the proposed method.
Energy transfer between four-wave and six-wave mixing processes in rubidium atoms via atomic coherence

Efficient four-wave mixing (FWM) and six-wave mixing (SWM) processes are generated simultaneously in a four-level, inverted-Y atomic system via dual-EIT windows. Energy exchange during propagation between the FWM and SWM processes was experimentally observed.
ACOUSTIC FIELD EFFECTS ON MINIMUM FLUIDIZATION VELOCITY IN A 3D FLUIDIZED BED

Fluidized beds are used in a variety of process industries because they provide uniform temperature distributions, low pressure drops, and high heat/mass rates. Minimum fluidization velocity is an important factor in understanding the hydrodynamic behavior of fluidized beds, and this characteristic may be modified through high frequency (sound) vibrations. The effects caused by sound wave frequency and sound pressure level on the minimum fluidization velocity in a 3D fluidized bed are investigated in this study. Experiments are carried out in a 10.2 cm ID cold flow fluidized bed filled with glass beads with material density of 2600 kg/m 3 , and particles sizes ranging between 212-600 μm. In this study, four different bed height-to-diameter ratios are examined: H/D = 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2. Moreover, the sound frequency of the loudspeaker used as the acoustic source ranges between 50-200 Hz, with a sound pressure level fixed at 110 dB. Results show that the minimum fluidization velocity is influenced by the frequency change. As the frequency increases, the minimum fluidization velocity decreases until a specific frequency is reached, beyond which the minimum fluidization velocity increases. Thus, acoustic fields provide an improvement in the fluidization quality of these particles.
A)Symmetric Stem Cell Replication and Cancer

Most tissues in metazoans undergo continuous turnover due to cell death or epithelial shedding. Since cellular replication is associated with an inherent risk of mutagenesis, tissues are maintained by a small group of stem cells (SCs) that replicate slowly to maintain their own population and that give rise to differentiated cells. There is increasing evidence that many tumors are also maintained by a small population of cancer stem cells that may arise by mutations from normal SCs. SC replication can be either symmetric or asymmetric. The former can lead to expansion of the SC pool. We describe a simple model to evaluate the impact of (a)symmetric SC replication on the expansion of mutant SCs and to show that mutations that increase the probability of asymmetric replication can lead to rapid mutant SC expansion in the absence of a selective fitness advantage. Mutations in several genes can lead to this process and may be at the root of the carcinogenic process.
Wild-Type Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Isolated from the Oropharynx of Immune-Competent Individuals Has Tropism for Cultured Oral Epithelial Cells

Based on the observation that wild-type Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA can be detected in the oral cavity of healthy, immunocompetent individuals, we hypothesized that epithelial cells could be infected in vitro by wild-type (WT) KSHV isolated from immunocompetent individuals. Primary oral epithelial (P-EPI) cells and telomerase-immortalized oral epithelial cells were generated from human gingival tissue and were then infected in vitro with WT KSHV isolated from throat wash samples. Markers of lytic and latent KSHV infection were detected in cultures by 24 h postinfection by immunofluorescence confocal microscopic assays. The infectivity of the WT and BCBL virus was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against KSHV gB. The presence of KSHV DNA in these cells was confirmed by real-time PCR amplification of different regions of the viral genome. The significant in vitro viral replication that had occurred was inhibited by ganciclovir and by neutralizing antibodies against gB. When infected cultures were examined by scanning electron microscopy, thousands of KSHV particles were clearly visible across the surfaces of P-EPI cells. The detection of enveloped particles indicated that the infectious cycle had proceeded through assembly and egress. We thus demonstrated that oral WT KSHV isolated from immunocompetent individuals was able to infect and replicate in vitro in a relevant primary cell type. Furthermore, our results provide compelling evidence for KSHV transmission within infected oral epithelial cells derived from healthy, immunocompetent populations.
Mini-slings can cause complications

Single-incision mini-slings (SIMS) have been advocated to avoid the complications of transobturator and retropubic midurethral slings. We present a series of SIMS complications and their outcome after vaginal removal at a tertiary care center. Following Institutional Review Board approval, a prospective database of consecutive women who underwent SIMS removal for complications and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months was reviewed. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed by main symptom category. In addition, an ideal outcome or cure was defined as continent, pain-free, sexually active if active preoperatively, and not requiring additional medical or surgical therapy. Of 23 women, 17 met inclusion criteria. Presenting symptoms were varied but dominated by incontinence (14), pelvic pain (11), dyspareunia (10), and obstructive urinary symptoms/urinary retention (5), with 76 % presenting with more than one complaint. Type of SIMS included MiniArc™ (11), Solyx™ (4), and TVT-Secur™ (2). At a mean follow-up of 17 ± 9 (range 7–44) months after SIMS removal, six (35 %) women were cured of their presenting complaint. Among the 11 women with pelvic pain, 6 had resolution of pain, 2 improvement, and 3 persistent pain. Six of seven women who were sexually active beforehand resumed sexual activity. Dyspareunia persisted in three women. Of 14 with incontinence, 8 had cure or improvement, and obstructive symptoms resolved in 4 of 5. This series outlines several complications with SIMS, similar to what has been reported with other suburethral synthetic tapes. Therefore, caution is required and patient counseling is important.
Finding translations in scanned book collections

This paper describes an approach for identifying translations of books in large scanned book collections with OCR errors. The method is based on the idea that although individual sentences do not necessarily preserve the word order when translated, a book must preserve the linear progression of ideas for it to be a valid translation. Consider two books in two different languages, say English and German. The English book in the collection is represented by the sequence of words (in the order they appear in the text) which appear only once in the book. Similarly, the book in German is represented by its sequence of words which appear only once. An English-German dictionary is used to transform the word sequence of the English book into German by translating individual words in place. It is not necessary to translate all the words and this method works even with small dictionaries. Both sequences are now in German and can, therefore, be aligned using a Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) algorithm. We describe two scoring functions TRANS-cs and TRANS-its which account for both the LCS length and the lengths of the original word sequences. Experiments demonstrate that TRANS-its is particularly successful in finding translations of books and outperforms several baselines including metadata search based on matching titles and authors. Experiments performed on a Europarl parallel corpus for four language pairs, English-Finnish, English-French, English-German, English-Spanish, and a scanned book collection of 50K English-German books show that the proposed method retrieves translations of books with an average MAP score of 1.0 and a speed of 10K book pair comparisons per second on a single core.
General Aspects of Nuclear Hyperfine Interactions in Salts of the Rare Earths

Most of the experimental studies of recoilless nuclear resonance absorption performed until now have been using the 14.4-keV transition in Fe57. The low energy of this transition, the long lifetime of the relevant nuclear level, the long lifetime of the parent isotope, and, last but not least, the vast number of problems which could be tackled, made Fe57 the favorite isotope in the entire field covered by this conference. In increasing numbers, however, experimental and theoretical studies are progressing which involve nuclear isotopes other than Fe57.
Structure of confined films of chain alcohols

The structure of thin films of simple chain alcohols (1-octanol and 1-undecanol) confined between two atomically smooth mica surfaces has been investigated using a surface forces apparatus. Contact angle measurements and optical sum frequency generation were used for additional characterization. In both systems, the substrate-molecule interaction leads to a strongly bound first layer on each surface. Additional liquid organizes into highly compressible bilayers, which could be expelled by applying sufficiently high pressure.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Field Dependence-Independence and the Development of Formal Operational Thought.

Summary. The Group Embedded Figures Test and paper-and-pencil measures of three formal operations schemes were administered to 120 pupils three times at one-year intervals. Analyses of correct responses indicated that the impact of field dependence-independence on the development of formal operational thought, apart from that explained by 1Q differences, was inconsequential. Test-retest correlations revealed a high degree of stability of performance on the Group Embedded Figures Test, but consistency of performance on the three measures of formal thought was minimal. Classification analyses confirmed the findings of recent cross-sectional investigations of the consolidation of formal operations schemes.
Pulse length and terminal-level lifetime dependence of energy extraction for neodymium-doped phosphate amplifier glass

On the basis of detailed numerical calculations, we have formulated an empirical expression for the saturation fluence in neodymium-doped phosphate amplifier glass that explicitly depends upon the ratio of the pulse width to the terminal-level lifetime. The empirical expression, when substituted within the Frantz-Nodvik solution for energy extraction, can be used to determine the impact of the lower level lifetime on the energy extracted from Nd:phosphate glass amplifiers. We used our empirical solution to model experimental gain-saturation data and determine the terminal-level lifetime. We compared this value with two independent experiments and found that all three experiments yielded similar results. The terminal-level lifetime of LG-750 at room temperature is found to be 253 ps /spl plusmn/50 ps.
Myelination: An Overlooked Mechanism of Synaptic Plasticity?

Myelination of the brain continues through childhood into adolescence and early adulthood—the question is, Why? Two new articles provide intriguing evidence that myelination may be an underappreciated mechanism of activity-dependent nervous system plasticity: one study reported increased myelination associated with extensive piano playing, another indicated that rats have increased myelination of the corpus callosum when raised in environments providing increased social interaction and cognitive stimulation. These articles make it clear that activity-dependent effects on myelination cannot be considered strictly a developmental event. They raise the question of whether myelination is an overlooked mechanism of activity-dependent plasticity, extending in humans until at least age 30. It has been argued that regulating the speed of conduction across long fiber tracts would have a major influence on synaptic response, by coordinating the timing of afferent input to maximize temporal summation. The increase i...
Degradation products of fibrinogen and fibrin in bacteremia due to gram-negative rods.

A serial study of degradation products of fibrinogen and fibrin (FDP), plasminogen, fibrinogen, and platelets in patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative rods who had no hemorrhagic manifestations has revealed significantly elevated levels of FDP in 13 of 14 patients during the acute phase of infection. All patients had hypoplasminogenemia. However, fibrinogen was only decreased in one patient. Mean platelet count was significantly lower during the acute phase than during the late stage of the observation period. Values for FDP and plasminogen, as well as platelet counts, returned toward normal during the course of antibiotic therapy and after surgical drainage of foci of infection. The patients were not treated with heparin. FDP were not significantly elevated in one fatal case in whom bacteremia due to Pseudomonas complicated lymphocytic leukemia and agranulocytosis. It appears that elevated levels of FDP are a common accompaniment of gram-negative bacteremia, and their increase may reflect enhanced fibrinolysis associated with a subclinical form of disseminated intravascular coagulation.