cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schooling for the future in United States of America: Educational policy at the crossroads

Abstract A purposive sample of 10 senior educational policy leaders was interviewed for this Phase 2 of the study from across the US. Interview participants argued the need for: (1) more clearly defining the purpose and value of public education to the communities served; (2) the development of new stakeholder partnerships to accomplish this end; (3) visionary leadership to bring different and sometimes polarized groups together around the need for a quality system of public education; and (4) attracting the very best college graduates to a career of teaching as a professional. If these were accomplished, then the prospects for the favored ‘re-schooling’ scenarios becoming ‘best practice’ would improve greatly.
Pharmacokinetic and biotransformation studies of ormaplatin in conjunction with a phase I clinical trial.

Ormaplatin is a second-generation platinum (Pt) analogue with in vitro activity against some cisplatin-resistant malignant cell lines. We have evaluated the pharmacokinetics and biotransformations of ormaplatin during a phase I trial in which ormaplatin was administered by daily 30-min infusions on 5 consecutive days every 28 days. Sixteen patients received 25 courses at doses ranging from 5.0 to 11.6 mg/m2 per day. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined for ultrafilterable Pt measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed a short half-life (t1/2 16 min), moderate volume of distribution (Vd 12 l/m2), and relatively fast systemic clearance (Cls 544 ml/min per m2). Cls and percentage of drug unbound decreased during the 5-day administration period. Average systemic exposure increased with dose; however, inter-individual variability in Cls produced overlap in systemic exposure between the dose levels. The major active biotransformation product [PtCl2(dach)] was evaluated at the highest dose level by HPLC. This product decayed monoexponentially with a mean t1/2 of 13 min and a higher degree of pharmacokinetic variability than that of ultrafilterable Pt at this dose. No uncreacted ormaplatin was detected; however, several inactive biotransformation products persisted for at least 120 min. Approximately 32% of the dose was excreted in the urine during the first day, one-third of this during the initial 1.5 h. The human pharmacokinetic characteristics of ormaplatin resemble those of cisplatin; however, additional study will be required to discern which analyte of ormaplatin correlates best with clinical effects.
Inhibition of human breast cancer cell (MBA-MD-231) invasion by the Ea4-peptide of rainbow trout pro-IGF-I.

It was shown previously that Ea4-peptide of trout pro-IGF-I exerted mitogenic activity in non-transformed cells and inhibited colony formation in a soft agar medium of established human cancer cells. Here we report that the same peptide inhibits the invasion of human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) through a matrigel membrane in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1) genes in MDA-MB-231 cells were downregulated by treatment with rtEa4-peptide. The inhibition of expression of these genes in response to rtEa4-peptide treatment was reduced to the control level when inhibitors for c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2), mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (Mek1/2), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and phosphokinase C (PKC) were used. These results suggest that inhibition of invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by rtEa4-peptide may be mediated via the suppression of uPA, tPA, and PAI1 gene activities through signal transduction pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1363–1373, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Applications of molecular mechanics to alkyl radicals

Abstract The MM2 force field has been extended to alkyl radicals. The known structures and conformational energy relationships are well reproduced for many simple radicals, and predictions were made for 1-butyl, 2-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and others. Heats of formation were also studied.
H2O−D2O Solvent Isotope Effects on Apparent and Partial Molar Volumes of 1,3-Dimethylurea and Tetramethylurea Solutions

Densities of solutions of 1,3-dimethylurea and tetramethylurea in H2O and D2O have been measured at 15, 25, and 40 °C over wide concentration ranges using a vibrating tube densitometer to obtain apparent (VΦ) and partial (V2) molar volumes. A comparison of the data with those for urea shows interesting differences. While for urea is positive, monotonously increases with concentration, and displays an inverse isotope effect, (H) − (D) < 0, values for the methylureas are negative, go through a minimum, and show positive solvent isotope effects which are smaller than those for typical inorganic electrolyte solutions.
Public meetings as sources of citizen input: Comparing attendees with citizens at large

Abstract Although public meetings are the most frequently used method for obtaining citizen input into public decision-making, there is little systematic evidence comparing attendees with citizens at large. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing results from a series of public meetings and a random-sample telephone survey. The public meetings and telephone survey were conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida to obtain citizen input for the purpose of establishing spending priorities for more than $39 million in federal block grant funds. Findings include representation at public meetings on a number of factors, including race, Hispanic ethnicity, and low-income status. Attendees favor redistributive activities more often than citizens at large; however, both attendees and the general public agree on the importance of funding activities serving certain vulnerable populations, including seniors, persons with disabilities, and victims of domestic violence.
Listening with an attitude: A model of native-speaker comprehension of non-native speakers in the United States

This study investigates whether there is a relationship between negative attitudes toward non-native speakers and poor comprehension of those speakers. Twelve native English speakers whose attitudes toward Koreans had been assessed were asked to complete an interactional map task paired with native Korean speakers. In the task, some but not all of those who had been assessed as having negative attitudes toward Koreans were found to use either strategies that were described as problematizing their partners' utterances, or strategies that were described as avoidance. All participants completed the map task reasonably successfully except where the native English speaker used avoidance strategies, suggesting that the relationship between attitude and comprehension is mediated by the native speaker's choice of strategies. However, there appeared to be a direct relationship between attitude and perceived success of interactions, which may ultimately have the same consequences for interactants as if the relationship were between attitude and actual success.
Evolution of temporal and spectral dynamics of pathologic high‐frequency oscillations (pHFOs) during epileptogenesis

Summary Objective In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), pathologic high frequency oscillations (pHFOs, 200–600 Hz) are present in the hippocampus, especially the dentate gyrus (DG). The pHFOs emerge during a latent period prior to the onset of spontaneous generalized seizures. We used a unilateral suprahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA) mouse model of TLE to characterize the properties of hippocampal pHFOs during epileptogenesis. Methods In awake head-fixed mice, 4–14 days after KA-induced status epilepticus (SE), we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) with 64-channel silicon probes spanning from CA1 alveus to the DG hilus, or with glass pipettes in the DC mode in the CA1 str radiatum. Results The pHFOs, are observed simultaneously in the CA1 and the DG, or in the DG alone, as early as 4 days post-SE. The pHFOs ride on top of DC deflections, occur during motionless periods, persist through the onset of TLE, and are generated in bursts. Burst parameters remain remarkably constant during epileptogenesis, with a random number of pHFOs generated per burst. In contrast, pHFO duration and spectral dynamics evolve from short events at 4 days post-SE to prolonged discharges with complex spectral characteristics by 14 days post-SE. Simultaneous dural EEG recordings were exceedingly unreliable for detecting hippocampal pHFOs; therefore, such recordings may deceptively indicate a “silent” period even when massive hippocampal activity is present. Significance Our results demonstrate that hippocampal pHFOs exhibit a dynamic evolution during the epileptogenic period following SE, consistent with their role in transitioning to the chronic stage of TLE.
‘The Devil Who Heals’: Fraud and Falsification in the Evangelical Career of John G Lake, Missionary to South Africa 1908–1913

An analysis of the missionary career of John G Lake shows that the initial spread of Pentecostalism and Zionism in southern Africa was facilitated by the systematic use of fraud and deception. After having fled from Zion City in America in 1907 to escape popular justice, Lake and his missionary party introduced to South Africa an array of faith healing techniques used by the original Zionist John Alexander Dowie. They used these and other forms of deception to build a unified Zionist/Pentecostal movement. Additionally, they trained a number of influential African Zionists to use these methods – a factor that further contributed to the rapid spread of this new religious movement.
Modeling microsegregation in metal alloys

Direct simulations of solidification processes that account for all space and time scales are often beyond the reach of current computational power. To overcome this limitation micromacro approaches that incorporate the effects of small-scale phenomena into large-scale process models have been developed. An important small-scale solidification phenomenon is microsegregation —the redistribution of rejected solute components at the scale of the solid crystal morphology. This paper outlines a general microsegregation model that not only accounts for many of the critical small-scale phenomena in alloy solidification but also well suited as the micro component of a micro-macro model of metal casting. In the development of this microsegregation model, particular emphasis and testing is placed on alternative treatments of modeling the microscale solute diffusion in the solid phase—the so-called “back-diffusion.”
A practical model to analytically characterize the polarization hysteresis of ferroelectric capacitors

A simulation based comparative study of the polarization hysteresis of the ferroelectric capacitor using various ferroelectric models is presented. A 2-dimensional finite element device-level model was implemented using SILVACO's ATLAS device simulator to generate the polarization hysteresis characteristics for Au/Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/Au metal-insulator-metal (MIM) device. Landau free energy expression for electric field in terms of polarization is also implemented in the MATLAB to produce the polarization hysteresis curve of polycrystalline ferroelectrics. The main drawback of these models was their inability to predict polarization saturation at the same electric field limits for which the experimental device was saturating. A new model for ferroelectric hysteresis based on curve fitting algorithm is derived that forces the polarization to be saturated at desired electric field. The MATLAB simulation of this model and the experimental hysteresis is compared which shows an excellent level of agreement.
Wide excision without radiation for desmoplastic melanoma.

BACKGROUND. Adjuvant radiation has been proposed for the treatment of patients with desmoplastic melanoma, who reportedly have local recurrence rates as high as 40 – 60%. The authors investigated local recurrence rates at a tertiary referral center to determine the success of wide excision alone for patients with desmoplastic melanoma. METHODS. A review of a prospectively maintained melanoma clinical data base identified 65 patients between March 1997 and March 2004 with pure cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma. Complete surgical, histopathologic, and staging information was collected along with data on outcome, including local, regional, and distant recurrence and survival. RESULTS. Similar to previous reports, patients with desmoplastic melanoma had a male-to-female ratio of 2 to 1, a mean age of 65.0 years (range, 31–92 yrs), and the majority of their tumors (55%) were located on the head and neck. The mean Breslow depth at diagnosis was 4.21 mm, with 38% of tumors thicker than 4.0 mm. All patients in this series underwent wide excision without radiation therapy. Surgical margins 2 cm were obtained for all trunk and extremity lesions and for 63% of head and neck lesions that measured 1 mm in depth (63%). Margins of 1–2 cm were obtained for the remaining patients. Among 49 patients who had a minimum of 2 years of follow-up (mean, 3.7 yrs), the local recurrence rate was 4% (2 of 49 patients). Seventy-eight percent of the patients studied remained alive with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS. Local recurrence rates in the current series were considerably lower than the historically reported rates. This finding suggests that, for patients with desmoplastic melanoma, wide local excision with careful attention to appropriate margins produces excellent local control rates without the need for adjuvant radiation. Cancer 2005;104:1462–7. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Extraction of noise current signatures using wavelets in packaged digital systems

This paper discusses a measurement-based approach for estimating the switching noise current waveform in a functioning computer system. The proposed method consists of a wavelet-based approach for denoising the measured waveform and a technique for capturing the result in an accurate and compact model. The method has been tested on simulated and measured data. The test case considered is a high-speed functioning workstation from Sun Microsystems. Using the current source developed, simultaneous switching noise in the power distribution network of the test system has been simulated with good accuracy
Utility of humanized BLT mice for analysis of dengue virus infection and antiviral drug testing

Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of a potentially life-threatening disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The lack of a small animal model that mimics the symptoms of DENV infection in humans has slowed the understanding of viral pathogenesis and the development of therapies and vaccines. Here, we investigated the use of humanized “bone marrow liver thymus” (BLT) mice as a model for immunological studies and assayed their applicability for preclinical testing of antiviral compounds. Human immune system (HIS) BLT-NOD/SCID mice were inoculated intravenously with a low-passage, clinical isolate of DENV-2, and this resulted in sustained viremia and infection of leukocytes in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. In addition, DENV infection increased serum cytokine levels and elicited DENV-2-neutralizing human IgM antibodies. Following restimulation with DENV-infected dendritic cells, in vivo-primed T cells became activated and acquired effector function. An adenosine nucleoside inhibitor of DENV decreased the circulating viral RNA when administered simultaneously or 2 days postinfection, simulating a potential treatment protocol for DENV infection in humans. In summary, we demonstrate that BLT mice are susceptible to infection with clinical DENV isolates, mount virus-specific adaptive immune responses, and respond to antiviral drug treatment. Although additional refinements to the model are required, BLT mice are a suitable platform to study aspects of DENV infection and pathogenesis and for preclinical testing of drug and vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE
Sizing industrial rail car fleets using discrete-event simulation

DuPont has many products that use rail cars in various portions of their supply chains. Often these cars are used to deliver final products to a variety of customers at different geographical locations. In many cases it is difficult to optimally size these fleets, since the underlying system is complex, dynamic, and involves random variables. This paper describes how DuPont has used discrete-event simulation ("DES") to optimally size an industrial rail car fleet used to deliver final products to customers. It explains why it is important to DuPont to optimize the size of our rail car fleets; how such fleets are sized without DES; the value of DES in modeling one particular rail car system; and some of the lessons from building such DES models.
Effects of process parameter distributions and ion strike locations on SEU cross-section data (CMOS SRAMs)

The effect of statistical parameter distributions and stochastic ion strike locations in hardened memory arrays on observed SEU (single event upset) cross-section data is discussed. Application of numerical analysis to the parasitic bipolar gain distributions in SIMOX (separation by implantation of oxygen) SRAMs (static random-access memories) and the introduction of an effective critical charge based on sensitivities to ion strike locations explain the nonsaturating behavior of measured cross-section curves in SOI (silicon-on-insulator) and other hardened memories. A direct, analytical relationship between the measured cross-section curves seen in contemporary SOI CMOS SRAMs and the distribution of the parasitic bipolar beta values controlling each cell critical charge is presented. Results of this technique clearly indicate that distributed processing parameters and random ion strike locations lead to nonideal cross-section curves. The results also indicate that if the distribution for a critical parameter is known, the LET (linear energy transfer) threshold and shape of the upset cross-section curves can be anticipated. >
Evaluating an Entertainment–Education Telenovela to Promote Workplace Safety

Occupational safety and health professionals worked with health communication experts to collaborate with a major Spanish language television network to develop and implement a construction workplace safety media intervention targeting Latino/ Hispanic audiences. An Entertainment–Education (EE) health communication strategy was used to create a worksite safety storyline weaved into the main plot of a nationally televised Telenovela (Spanish language soap opera). A secondary analysis of audience survey data in a pre/posttest cross-sectional equivalent group design was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of this EE media intervention to change knowledge, attitudes, and intention outcomes related to the prevention of fatal falls at construction worksites. Results indicate that using culturally relevant mediums can be an effective way of reaching and educating audiences about specific fall prevention information. This is aligned with recommendations by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to increase interventions and evaluations of culturally relevant and competent health communication.
Low Sidelobes from Identically Thinned Subarrays

Amplitude tapering of identically thinned subarrays was performed to minimize the sidelobe level. A mixed integer genetic algorithm was used to find the optimum configuration. Using identical subarrays decreased the complexity and cost of construction and testing. Thinning has the advantage of a simple, uniform feed network. Obtaining slightly lower sidelobes comes at a cost in aperture efficiency
Enhanced catalytic decomposition of a phosphate triester by modularly accessible bimetallic porphyrin dyads and dimers

A series of metalloporphyrin dimers were modularly prepared and shown to catalyze the methanolysis of a phosphate triester, yielding rates that are large compared to the rate of the uncatalyzed reaction. Up to 1300-fold rate acceleration can be achieved via a combination of cavity-localized Lewis-acid activation and methoxide-induced methanolysis.
Quantitative Analysis of Circulating Plasma DNA as a Tumor Marker in Thoracic Malignancies

Background: Increased plasma DNA has been found in cancer patients and may have potential as a tumor marker. The objectives of this study were to develop a controlled, quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay to measure plasma DNA and then evaluate plasma DNA concentrations as a tumor marker in patients with thoracic malignancies. Methods: We developed a QPCR assay for DNA, using the human β-actin gene. Plasma samples were analyzed from 58 patients with esophageal cancer (EC; 20 banked samples and 38 prospectively collected samples) and 25 patients with lung cancer (LC; all prospectively collected). Control groups consisting of 51 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; 23 banked samples and 28 prospectively collected) and 11 healthy volunteers were also analyzed. Results: The assay had an experimental variability <4%. In our banked samples, the mean concentration of plasma DNA in EC was 819.0 μg/L (range, 46.2–4738.0 μg/L) vs 432.0 μg/L (6.0–2888.0 μg/L) in GERD ( P = 0.02). However, the prospectively collected samples had lower DNA concentrations, and there was no difference between cancer patients and controls. The mean DNA concentration was 10.6 μg/L (range, 7.0–14.0 μg/L) in healthy volunteers and 10.5 μg/L (range, 4.0–23.5 μg/L) in GERD controls vs 13.0 μg/L (range, 4.5–46.5 μg/L) in EC and 14.6 μg/L (range, 3.0–30.0 μg/L) in LC. Conclusions: Our data indicate that plasma DNA concentrations are of limited diagnostic value when samples are prospectively collected and uniformly handled. This is in contrast to previously published results. Qualitative analysis of DNA may be needed if plasma nucleic acids are to be used as a diagnostic tool in cancer screening.
Temporal and qualitative dynamics of conditioned taste aversion processing: combined generalization testing and licking microstructure analysis.

The pattern of licking microstructure during various phases of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was evaluated. In Experiment 1, rats ingested lithium chloride (LiCI) for 3 trials and were then offered sodium chloride (NaCI) or sucrose on 3 trials. A CTA to LiCI developed and generalized to NaCI but not to sucrose. CTA intake suppression was characterized by reductions in burst size, average ingestion rate, and intraburst lick rate, and increases in brief pauses and burst counts. Compared with previous studies, LiCI licking shifted from a pattern initially matching that for normally accepted NaCI to one matching licking for normally avoided quinine hydrochloride by the end of the 1st acquisition trial. In Experiment 2, a novel paradigm was developed to show that rats expressed CTA generalization within 9 min of their first LiCI access. These results suggest that licking microstructure analysis can be used to assay changes in hedonic evaluation caused by treatments that produce aversive states.
Design and evaluation of a resource selection framework for Grid applications

While distributed, heterogeneous collections of computers ("Grids") can in principle be used as a computing platform, in practice the problems of first discovering and then organizing resources to meet application requirements are difficult. We present a general-purpose resource selection framework that addresses these problems by defining a resource selection service for locating Grid resources that match application requirements. At the heart of this framework is a simple, but powerful, declarative language based on a technique called set matching, which extends the Condor matchmaking framework to support both single-resource and multiple-resource selection. This framework also provides an open interface for loading application-specific mapping modules to personalize the resource selector. We present results obtained when this framework is applied in the context of a computational astrophysics application, Cactus. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique.
The distributions and ages of refractory objects in the solar nebula

Abstract Refractory objects such as Calcium, Aluminum-rich Inclusions, Amoeboid Olivine Aggregates, and crystalline silicates, are found in primitive bodies throughout our Solar System. It is believed that these objects formed in the hot, inner solar nebula and were redistributed during the mass and angular momentum transport that took place during its early evolution. The ages of these objects thus offer possible clues about the timing and duration of this transport. Here we study how the dynamics of these refractory objects in the evolving solar nebula affected the age distribution of the grains that were available to be incorporated into planetesimals throughout the Solar System. It is found that while the high temperatures and conditions needed to form these refractory objects may have persisted for millions of years, it is those objects that formed in the first 105 years that dominate (make up over 90%) those that survive throughout most of the nebula. This is due to two effects: (1) the largest numbers of refractory grains are formed at this time period, as the disk is rapidly drained of mass during subsequent evolution and (2) the initially rapid spreading of the disk due to angular momentum transport helps preserve this early generation of grains as opposed to later generations. This implies that most refractory objects found in meteorites and comets formed in the first 105 years after the nebula formed. As these objects contained live 26Al, this constrains the time when short-lived radionuclides were introduced to the Solar System to no later than 105 years after the nebula formed. Further, this implies that the t = 0 as defined by meteoritic materials represents at most, the instant when the solar nebula finished accreting significant amounts of materials from its parent molecular cloud.
Up a Blind Alley

A number of years ago I attended a talk by Professor Bruce Sundrud of Pennsylvania’s Harrisburg Area Community College. In the talk, Professor Sundrud described a relationship between plants of the genus Yucca and a moth of the genus Tegeticula. After mating, the female moth, which Professor Sundrud called the “mother moth,” gathers pollen from the flower of one Yucca plant and carries it to another. There she packs it onto the pistil, the pollen-receiving organ, of the recipient flower after first having laid an egg on it. The moth larvae, once it hatches, will feed on the pollen, but in the meantime, the “mother moth” has succeeded in pollinating the Yucca plant. After describing the behavior of the moth, Professor Sundrud looked around and said dryly, “That’s a pistil-packin’ momma.”
New directions in the history of modern science in China: global science and comparative history.

ABSTRACT These essays collectively present new perspectives on the history of modern science in China since 1900. Fa‐ti Fan describes how science under the Republic of China after 1911 exhibited a complex local and international character that straddled both imperialism and colonialism. Danian Hu focuses on the fate of relativity in the physics community in China after 1917. Zuoyue Wang hopes that a less nationalist political atmosphere in China will stimulate more transnational studies of modern science, which will in turn reveal the underlying commonalities in different national contexts. Sigrid Schmalzer compares the socialist and the capitalist contexts for science in China and reopens the sensitive question of the “mass line” during the Cultural Revolution. Grace Shen describes the tensions early Chinese scientists felt when choosing between foreign models for modern geology and their own professional identities in China. Taken together, these accounts present us with a comparative history of modern ...
Formation and Thermal Stability of Quasi Crystalline and Other Metastable Al-RICH Al-Mn Phases *

RSP of Al-rich Al-Mn alloys is known to produce several metastable phases, including (with increasing Mn content) supersaturated Al solid solution and two non-crystallographic phases, identified in the literature as an icosahedral phase (I) and a (probably) decagonal phase (T) with translational symmetry in one direction. The formation of these phases is the composition range from 8 to 30 at. pct. Mn has been studied in melt-spun and arc-furnace quenched alloys. The thermal transformation characteristics of all metastable phases were measured by DSC; transformation temperatures, enthalpies and activation energies were determined. At compositions from 17 to 20 at. pct. Mn, two transformations were observed. Noteworthy results include: smeared out (slow-onset) reactions, transformation temperatures dropping sharply toward lower Mn contents, transformation enthalpies rising steeply in the same range, and activation energies ranging from ~40 kcal/gmol for the low-temperature process (at ~763 K) to ~80 kcal/gmol for the high temperature process (~883 K).
In Vivo Biodistribution of Dendrimers and Dendrimer Nanocomposites — Implications for Cancer Imaging and Therapy:

Our results indicate that the surface chemistry, composition, and 3-D structure of nanoparticles are critical in determining their in vivo biodistribution, and therefore the efficacy of nanodevice imaging and therapies. We demonstrate that gold/dendrimer nanocomposites in vivo, present biodistribution characteristics different from PAMAM dendrimers in a B16 mouse tumor model system. We review important chemical and biologic uses of these nanodevices and discuss the potential of nanocomposite devices to greatly improve cancer imaging and therapy, in particular radiation therapy. We also discuss major issues confronting the use of nanoparticles in the near future, with consideration of toxicity analysis and whether biodegradable devices are needed or even desirable.
Magnetostrictive Guided Wave Characterization for Anchor Rod Corrosion of High-voltage Transmission Tower

Conventional excavation-based testing method of anchor rod corrosion is of high costs and low efficiency.Accordingly,a new testing method using magnetostrictive guided wave technique is presented.Calibration blocks are designed by analyzing the technical mechanism of magnetostrictive guided wave,and tests are performed in multiple transformer substations.The site excavation and examination result indicates good corresponding relationships between magnetostrictive guided wave signals and guyed bar corrosion degree.The amplitude,phase delay and gradient of magnetostrictive guided wave signal could correspondingly represent the corrosion degree,corrosion position and gradual change of corrosion.
Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery.

In a prospective 6 month study of 204 patients requiring cardiac operations, five (2.5 percent) developed acute renal failure (ARF) and five (2.5 percent) had documented renal dysfunction (RD). Preoperative left ventricular dysfunction and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were important predictors of subsequent RD/ARF; CPB pressure per se was not. Physiological and clinical studies in 51 selected patients studied over an 18 month period documented the effectiveness of low flow, low pressure CPB in preserving postoperative renal function. Twenty-two patients with nonazotemic postoperative courses demonstrated moderate depression of cardiac function while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was normal (98 ± 30 ml./min./1.73 M.2) within 24 hours of operation. Seventeen high risk patients developed ARF (65 percent mortality rate) and 12 experienced severe RD without ARF (17 percent mortality). Eleven patients with ARF and 11 with RD were studied in the early postoperative period; at this time, all 22 patients demonstrated RD with equivalent severe depression of cardiac and renal function. Superposition of further hemodynamic or toxic insults upon ischemic kidneys was usually necessary for ARF to occur.
Early Molecular Mechanisms for the Induction of Neuronal Membrane Asymmetry and Genomic DNA Cleavage

Although multiple cellular pathways may determine the fate of central nervous system neurons, the opportunity to prevent the progression of neuronal injury once initiated exists within specific time constraints. To this end, it becomes crucial to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine neuronal injury. Generation of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) is considered to be one of the “triggers” for the subsequent induction of neuronal injury. Enhanced expression of the enzyme responsible for NO production, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been associated with both chronic neuronal and vascular degeneration (de la Monte et al., 2000). Underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effects of NOS may be related to mitochondrial energy reserves (Almeida and Bolanos, 2001).
Optimal time points for scintigraphic imaging of pleuroperitoneal shunts

OBJECTIVE Nuclear imaging can confirm pleuroperitoneal shunt as the cause of pleural effusion. No society guidelines exist for scintigraphic pleuroperitoneal shunt detection. Our institutional protocol was evaluated to determine optimal imaging time points for shunt detection. METHODS Pleuroperitoneal shunt studies over 4 years were blindly reviewed by 2 nuclear radiologists. Data from blinded review included presence or absence of pleuroperitoneal shunt, laterality of shunt and time points for shunt detection. RESULTS Chart review yielded 30 studies. Three cases were excluded because of improper injection. Imaging was positive for pleuroperitoneal shunt in 81% (22/27) of cases. In positive cases, activity was identified in the right hemithorax in 82% (18/22), left hemithorax in 9% (2/22), and bilaterally in 9% (2/22). One-hour imaging demonstrated 91% (20/22) of positive cases. The remaining 2 positive cases were negative at 1 hour but positive after 4 hours. No study was negative at 1 and 4 hours and positive at 24 hours. All negative cases (5/27) were confirmed on 24-hour imaging. CONCLUSIONS The majority of positive pleuroperitoneal shunt examinations will demonstrate activity in the right hemithorax on 1-hour imaging. Although no case was negative at 1 and 4 hours and positive at 24 hours, imaging at 24 hours may still be necessary to confirm absence of shunt. Therefore, optimal imaging time points consist of early 1-hour and delayed 24-hour images if the 1-hour time point was negative. The 4-hour time point may be considered optional, thereby potentially optimizing patient safety and resource utilization.
Educators' Expectations of Parent Participation: The Role of Cultural and Social Capital

Developing educators' attitudes toward and skills in working with families is vital, given both legislative mandates and the different and potentially difficult experiences with homeschool collaboration for families. This study explores 17 educators' expectations of parents' acquisition and use of cultural and social capital through focus group interviews. Results indicate that teachers considered disability acknowledgement and acceptance of disabilityrelated information to be essential capital for parent participation. Increasing educators' understanding of the role of capital can augment teachers'positive attitudes toward parents, their ability to engage them in productive home-school collaboration, and their skills as advocates for students with disabilities and their families.
Relation of Fiber and Fabric Properties in Durable-Press Cottons1

A cotton twill fabric was subjected to a durable-press treatment with dihydroxy dimethylol ethylene urea (Permafresh-183) of increasing severity. The mechanical properties of the fabrics and of single fibers withdrawn from the treated fabrics were evaluated and the relationships between fiber and fabric properties were analyzed. Statistically significant correlations between such important fabric properties as abrasion resistance, tear strength, tensile strength, and energy-absorbing capacity, on the one hand, and fiber mechanical properties, on the other, show conclusively that chemical treatments which alter fiber structure and properties are responsible for the modified fabric behavior. At the same time, the importance of fiber geometric arrangements in spun yarn and fabric structures, in terms of fabric properties, are pointed out. Thus, while this work has shown the functional relationships between fiber mechanical properties and fabric characteristics, careful attention must be given to fiber-fiber ...
The Reliability of Assessing Radiographic Healing of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee.

Background:The reliability of assessing healing on plain radiographs has not been well-established for knee osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).Purpose:To determine the inter- and intrarater reliabilit...
Pan-African Judgments on the Gulf Investments in Oppressive Governments

The African ancient civilizations played influential roles in global trade and power relations; in recent histories and contemporary times, persistent failures of dependent economies and political leaderships underdeveloped the continent by oppression and manipulative investments. Focusing on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, our paper applied a Pan-Africanist framework to assess the impact of Gulf States’ investments on the African setting. The paper stressed the predetermined cycle of investments that exchanged massive flows of the collected and/or accumulated surpluses into the Gulf, Chinese, and other foreign investors, whereas the poorest African most targeted recipients were the least benefitted. Despite the ambiguity and scarcity of accessible information on the Gulf/African businesses, we have heavily drawn available facts from United Nations and international sources, as well as critical views by Pan- African scholars, human rights’ activists, and political opponents. To ensure sustainable development free of exploitation and abuse of authority for the African peoples, foreign investors should avoid the past colonial and/or neocolonial ventures that dispossessed the land and manpower of the Continent, reinstated wealth-and-power thirst rulers in authoritative systems of rule, and impoverished indigenous farmers and the low-income workers and professionals with lasting poverty.
“NON-CLASSICAL”CARBOCATIONS—ISOELECTRONIC AND ISOSTRUCTURAL CARBON COPIES OF POLYBORANES; CONSERVATION OF CHEMICAL SHIFT

Abstract The 13 C chemical shifts of the five skeletal carbon atoms in the carbocation 1,2-Me 2 C 5 H 3 + may be compared to the 11 B chemical shifts of the corresponding boron atoms in the polyborane nido -1,2-Me 2 B 5 H 7 via the relationship: δ 11 B BF 3 : OEt 2 = 0.33 δ 13 C TMS − which is similar to that reported previously by Spielvogel et al. and also by Noth and Wrackmeyer. The close agreement between the observed and calculated values leaves no doubt that the two compounds are isoelectronic and isostructural. Similarly, other“non-classical”carbocations may be compared to isoelectronic and isostructural polyboranes: the cluster atoms in Me 6 C 6 2+ (a nido compound) are directly comparable to those in nido- B 6 H 10 ; the three critical carbons in 2-norbornyl cation (an arachno species) are comparable to the borons in arachno-B 3 H 7 :L; the carbon atoms in cyclopropylcarbinyl cation (bicyclobutyl cation) can be related to the boron atoms in arachno-B 4 H 9 −x ; each of the three carbon atoms in the critical cluster of tris -homocyclopropenium cation and its derivatives ( hypho -compounds) can be compared to the BH 2 :L moiety in B 3 H 7 :L and the five cluster carbons in the alkyl derivatives of C 5 H 9 + are analogous to the borons in hypho -B 5 H 9 :L 2 . All of the data support the proposal that the cations investigated are non-classical and are simply“carbon-copies”of their polyborane analogues.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Reduces Radiographic Measures of Patella Alta in Adults

Background:Patellar height has long been considered a risk factor for patellofemoral instability. However, recent pediatric literature demonstrated a reduction in patellar height measurements follo...
Stereoscopic 3D for Video Games

This chapter discusses related work on using stereoscopic 3D for several applications (including gaming tasks). Discussion on related work includes work on interaction between stereoscopic 3D and other motion cues. Our experiment which studies the effect of stereoscopic 3D on modern games is also presented. This experiment compares stereoscopic 3D with monoscopic 2D with a motion controller as the interaction device. We present the results of our experiment along with guidelines for the game designers who wish to use stereoscopic 3D for improving the gaming experience.
Aquatic Protein in Latin America

Data from the selected countries in Table I illustrate the large discrepancies in protein production that exist among Latin American countries, even within the same region.
Concluding Remarks at the Second Annual Conference on Attribution and Personality Theory

Although I was spared the task of preparing a paper for this conference, I have asked Dr. Zelen if I could have a few moments to make some general remarks. First, I would like to express my deep appreciation for the kind words that have been said about the various aspects of my career in social psychology. Since I have always considered myself a student of the role of vanity in human affairs, I can hardly pretend that such remarks were truly embarrassing. In fact, my own research on ingratiation should tell you that, since I have convinced myself that you have nothing to gain from me, I should be inclined to believe your kind words even though they are obviously not true.
Glucosinolate Degradation Products in Fermented Meadowfoam Seed Meal and Their Herbicidal Activities

Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth., Limnanthaceae) is an oilseed crop grown in western Oregon. The seed meal contains the glucosinolate, glucolimnanthin (2–4%). The herbicidal potency of the seed meal depends on the enzyme-mediated conversion of the relatively inactive glucolimnanthin into the more potent herbicidal compounds, 3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate, 3-methoxybenzyl cyanide, and 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethanethioamide. Meadowfoam seed meal has no active enzymes due to heat treatment of the oilseeds in the industrial oil extraction process. We developed a fermentation procedure that is based on inoculation of seed meal with enzyme-active seeds. This procedure resulted in complete consumption of glucolimnanthin and in the formation of its derived isothiocyanate and nitrile. Fermentation in the presence of FeSO4 gave a two- to three-fold increase in the content of the nitrile at the expense of the isothiocyanate. The fermented seed meals had greater herbicidal potency than untreated seed meal in a coleoptile emergence assay using downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seeds. This chapter contains a review of previous work and original data on methods of extraction, chemical analysis, and fermentation kinetics.
Derivations of the Solid Angle Subtended at a Point by First- and Second-Order Surfaces and Volumes as a Function of Elliptic Integrals

An analytical study of the solid angle subtended at a point by objects of first and second algebraic order has been made. It is shown that the derived solid angle for all such objects is in the form of a general elliptic integral, which can be written as a linear combination of elliptic integrals of the first and third kind and elementary functions. Many common surfaces and volumes have been investigated, including the conic sections and their volumes of revolution. The principal feature of the study is the manipulation of solid-angle equations into integral forms that can be matched with those found in handbook tables. These integrals are amenable to computer special function library routine analysis requiring no direct interaction with elliptic integrals by the user. The general case requires the solution of a fourth-order equation before specific solid-angle formulations can be made, but for many common geometric objects this equation can be solved by elementary means. Methods for the testing and application of solid-angle equations with Monte Carlo rejection and estimation techniques are presented. Approximate and degenerate forms of the equations are shown, and methods for the evaluation of the solid angle of a torus are outlined.
Global Flood Mapping Services from JPSS

In this presentation, we present details on the use of data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor on the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) to create flood products that are used by decisionmakers in response to flooding events worldwide. In the United States, floods cause more loss of life and property than any type of severe weather events. Billions of dollars are lost annually with hundreds of people losing their lives. The areal extent of flood waters are often difficult to define due to these floods occurring in remote areas and the difficulty in getting timely information in the middle of a crisis. Satellite imagery has proven to be an effect supplement to in-situ methods of defining flood extent. The VIIRS instrument has special advantages in flood detection. VIIRS has a 3000 km swath width and a 375 m spatial resolution. Its polar orbit allows for multiple passes over high latitudes. The recent launch of the JPSS-1 spacecraft to join the Suomi NPP spacecraft provides even more frequent passes. The success of the VIIRS Flood Product has led the way to the development of a flood product from the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) from the GOES-16 satellite. A blended JPSS and GOES flood product takes advantage of the high temporal resolution of the GOES satellites and the high spatial resolution of the JPSS satellites.
Big Man with a 3D-Printed Gun: One Possible Solution to the Public Safety Problems Presented by Manufacturing Non-Metal Firearms with 3D Printers

At this very moment, anyone who wants to murder a judge, legislator or even president candidate could do so with an untraceable plastic gun built at home for about $1,500. This is possible due to advances in 3D printing, a manufacturing process which could revolutionize how everything from toys to buildings is made in the United States in the coming decades. But as the buzz around 3D printing has grown, so to has a culture seeking to use this technology to build firearms that circumvent federal gun regulations. While some pundits have speculated that 3D-printed guns are an unstoppable threat to gun control, several states and cities have already tried to enact laws to regulate these “wiki weapons.” While these flat bans are a start to protect public safety, they all fail to take into account how 3D-printed guns could be stopped at the source: 3D printers. This article argues that all 3D printers sold within the United States should be mandated to ship with software that can detect and refuse to manufacture working firearm parts. It uses Second Amendment jurisprudence, specifically Heller v. D.C. to argue that the federal government has the power to ban 3D-printed plastic firearms, and that Congress could enact such laws because of its powers under the commerce clause. While gun control is unpopular among conservatives in the United States, this article also argues that traditional opponents of gun control laws such as the NRA could actually favor laws banning 3D-printed firearms because of the threat these weapons to pose to the profits of gun manufacturers.
“You are different and not mainstream”: An Emotion-Based Case Study of Two South Asian English Language Learners

ABSTRACTA limited ability to pursue postsecondary education often leaves English language learners (ELLs) with a gamut of negative emotional experiences. Using an emotionally oriented framework to ...
Clustering Approach toward Large Truck Crash Analysis

Heterogeneity of crash data masks the underlying crash patterns and perplexes crash analysis. This paper aims to explore an advanced high-dimensional clustering approach to investigate heterogeneit...