cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Bladder Failure—A Condition to Reckon With

The 2 preceding articles in this issue of The Journal come from research groups that are seeking better ways to diagnose urethral obstruction, yet significantly their common theme is not urethral obstruction but detrusor contractility. McIntosh et al (page 1003) demonstrate by invasive measurements that the detrusor contraction is not inhibited by mechanically interrupting the flow. Kranse and van Mastrigt (page 1007) argue that weak detrusor contraction is a factor contributing to incomplete bladder emptying. Inability to empty completely because of inadequate contraction implies bladder failure as the organ continues to pump but inadequately. Incomplete bladder emptying is a hidden condition that does not usually lead directly to complaints but is common, especially in the elderly in whom it contributes to urinary frequency and overflow incontinence, and complicates the management of coexistent urge incontinence.1 Ultrastructural studies in the elderly have shown that incomplete emptying, for long believed to be a sign of obstruction, is linked to degeneration of the muscle and nerve cells of the detrusor,2 and can occur just as often in women (without obstruction) as in men.
Tom Stoppard’s Big Picture: The Chaos that is Our World

AbstractIssues arising from discussions regarding the ‘two cultures’ of science and art are many and varied. Tom Stoppard’s very active utilization of science in many of his plays has resulted in his work — especially the quantum mechanics-informed Hapgood and the chaotics-informed Arcadia — being held up as paradigmatic of one science/art position or another. Often, critical approaches to these plays involve a checklist of scientific facts, implying that the goal of such art is to serve as a delivery device for scientific breakthroughs. While plays, novels, and movies of various sorts may have such goals in mind, Stoppard’s plays do not comfortably fill that agenda, critical arguments to the contrary notwithstanding. Neither do Stoppard’s plays show particular interest in engaging any debate about the superiority of one ‘culture’ over the other. In his two ‘science plays’ in particular, what Stoppard offers is an enrichment of both science and art through metaphorical intertwinings that suggest experienc...
Disappearance of continuum exchange integrals from algebraic variational calculations of electron scattering.

We show how it is possible to systematically eliminate, with little resulting error, all ''free-free'' and ''bound-free'' exchange integrals needed to implement electron scattering calculations with algebraic variational techniques, such as the Kohn method. This elimination is rigorous within the framework of the separable approximation for exchange interactions and follows from certain invariance properties of the scattering wave function. The procedure is illustrated for the case of e/sup -/+He and e/sup -/+H scattering in the static-exchange approximation.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE CASE OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Abstract Behavior therapy is the outstanding example of the beneficial influence of experimental research on clinical practice. Initial applications of laboratory research to clinical disorders consisted primarily of the principles and procedures of operant and classical conditioning. The development and evaluation of the token economy and biofeedback methods are used to illustrate the contribution of operant conditioning, whereas the derivation and efficacy of exposure-based treatments for phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders exemplify the utility of classical and avoidance conditioning concepts. As behavior therapy has matured and grown more clinically sophisticated, its theoretical and research bases have broadened to include areas such as vicarious learning and self-regulatory processes. Most recently, concepts from modern cognitive and social psychology (e.g., information processing, attribution theory) have begun to guide clinical applications. In turn, different therapeutic approaches have inf...
Digitized data segmentation using neural networks for reverse engineering

In many instances a new product design starts with a physical prototype. The CAD model is then extracted from the physical model. Moreover, there are many products that do not have an associated CAD model. To redesign or modify such a product, a CAD model should be available. The creation of a CAD model and the extraction of manufacturing information from a prototype or product is called Reverse Engineering. In general, reverse engineering is accomplished through three stages. These stages include part digitization data segmentation and surface modeling. Techniques for part digitizing are well established and commercial systems are available. The area that is less developed is to model the part from the cloud of points created by the digitizing systems. In this paper the emphasis is on data processing and CAD modeling for reverse engineering. Here a new method for developing a CAD model for an existing part is discussed. In this approach the cloud of points acquired from the part surface are segmented such that each segment represents a set of coordinate data belonging to a surface segment. The data is segmented using parameters derived from differential geometry. Accurate segmentation of the surfaces is achieved using a neural networks system that uses the value of defined surface parameters as input and identifies the surface segments.
Preliminary modelling of transpiration from the fife site in Kansas

Abstract Nine days of hourly measurements of evaporation were made at two sites 2 km apart within the Konza Prairie, Kansas, U.S.A., one in a valley and the other on a plateau. After removing hours during the night and when the surfaces of the vegetation were wet following rain or dew fall, a surface conductance model, depending on solar radiation and specific humidity deficit, was fitted to each set of data separately. Each model was used with the Penman-Monteith equation to estimate the transpiration for the other site and compared to the measured values; the differences in total transpiration over the period were −5.0 and 4.7%. In comparison, a simple extrapolation method of estimating transpiration gave large differences of 8.9 and −8.2%.
TRPC4 currents have properties similar to the pacemaker current in interstitial cells of Cajal

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells responsible for the generation and propagation of electrical slow waves in phasic muscles of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The pacemaker...
Activation of left ventricular receptors with nonmedullated vagal afferent fibers during occlusion of a coronary artery in the cat.

Abstract Studies were made of the effects of temporary occlusion of a coronary artery on the activity of nonmedullated afferent vagal fibers from the left ventricle of 15 cats. Recordings were made from 14 single fibers and 4 filaments with 2 to 3 fibers dissected from the right vagus. Their normal activity averaged 1.8 impulses/sec, and they were identified by an increase in activity to 4 to 17 impulses/sec during a brief occlusion of the aorta and by a conduction velocity of 0.6 to 1.3 m/sec (mean 0.9). The receptors studied were distributed throughout the ventricle, as determined by mechanical probing of the nonbeating heart at the end of the experiments. With a 1 to 1.5 minute occlusion of a coronary artery, the activity of receptors within the area supplied by that artery increased in concert with the systolic bulging of the Ischemic area. The initial increase in activity occurred during systole, suggesting that the receptors were activated mechanically rather than by chemical changes in the Ischemic zone. The activity soon became continuous, reaching a maximum of 15.4 impulses/sec (mean value). The maximal activity was not sustained; during occlusion of up to 40 minutes it decreased to 5 impulses/sec (mean value) after 5 to 10 minutes. The decrease may result from anoxia since three of four tested receptors showed an increase in activity after release of occlusion.
Cryptic fungal infections: the hidden agenda of plant pathogens.

Host-microbe interactions have traditionally been viewed primarily from the perspective of pathogenesis and disease. The principal assumption is that a susceptible host will support microbial growth inside host tissues, leading eventually to the development of symptoms and disease. Inversely, non-susceptible (resistant) hosts will block pathogen infection and the expression of disease (Casadevall and Pirofski, 2001; Hok et al., 2010). Compatible host-microbe interactions, however, do not always result in overt negative effects, and asymptomatic or cryptic fungal infections are increasingly recognized as a common feature of many symbiotic associations between fungi and their hosts (Rodriguez et al., 2009; Porras-Alfaro and Bayman, 2011; Malcolm et al., 2013). It is now generally accepted that extensive intra (Stone, 1987; Bernardi-Wenzel et al., 2010) and intercellular (Schulz and Boyle, 2006) (Gomez-Vidal et al., 2006; Rodriguez et al., 2009) colonization of plants by endophytic fungi and other microorganisms (Thomas and Sekhar, 2014) is the norm, and that it would not be unusual for an individual host to sustain the growth and development of dozens of microbial taxa (Suryanarayanan et al., 2003; Ganley and Newcombe, 2006; Gazis and Chaverri, 2010; De Siqueira et al., 2011). Consequently, it should also not come as a surprise to discover that many of the fungi that we know only as pathogens have in fact a much broader repertoire of ecological interactions with their hosts, which may include the capacity to infect and colonize them without inducing any visible damage (Malcolm et al., 2013). Despite this fact, we still largely regard these relationships as aberrations and not typical of the manner in which fungi interact with their hosts, often excluding them from the study of host-microbe interactions with potentially adverse consequences on disease control (Filipe et al., 2012). Here we use selected examples to emphasize how cryptic associations between fungi and plants can influence our capacity to manage plant diseases, while also providing insights into the origins of plant pathogens.
Stabilizing plasma-filled microwave tubes

Summary form only given, as follows. Plasma-filled microwave tubes have several advantages over conventional vacuum filled tubes. For example, the plasma neutralizes space-charge, allowing higher current to flow. Also, the phase velocity of electromagnetic waves in a plasma is higher than in vacuum, allowing higher frequencies to be produced from a tube of a given size. Unfortunately, the microwave generation process couples to the ion motion, causing ion density fluctuations that in turn cause fluctuations in output frequency and power. We have found how to prevent these fluctuations from growing to unmanageable size. The basic principle is to continually replace the plasma ions in the microwave interaction region in a time short, or comparable to, the time of growth of the ion plasma instabilities. As an example, we demonstrate a gas-filled orbitron maser that operates at constant frequency in the state. In this device, an intense radial field ejects ions in a time sufficiently short to damp growing plasma ion instabilities. In addition, several other experiments will be discussed in which the ion instabilities have been suppressed. Also, mathematical modeling of this stabilizing process will be presented.
NOTES ON THE VEGETATION OF AMAZONIA III. THE TERMINOLOGY OF AMAZONIAN FOREST TYPES SUBJECT TO INUNDATION

The types of Amazonian forests subject to inundation can be organized into seven categories which are herewith named and described. This classification is intended to set in order the confusion of terminology used in the past. The types are: (1)seasonal varzea—forest flooded by regular annual cycles of white-water rivers; (2)seasonal igapo—forest flooded by regular annual cycles of black- and clear-water rivers; (3) mangrove—forests flooded twice daily by salt-water tides; (4)tidal varzea—forest flooded twice daily by fresh water backed up from tides; (5)floodplain forest—on low lying ground flooded by irregular rainfall, generally in upper reaches of rivers; (6)permanent white- water swamp forest; (7)permanent igapo—black-water forest. The first five types are periodically inundated and the last two are permanently waterlogged. This terminology is closer to that used by lim nologists by restricting the use ofigapo to forest inundated by black and clear water.
Identification of a crown-gall tumor growth factor as GABA

Abstract A crown-gall tumor growth factor (TGF-II) isolated from bean leaves inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain 13333 is shown to be γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This identification is based on the comparative behavior of purified TGF-II and authentic GABA with respect to elution from preparative ion exchange and molecular sieve columns, ninhydrin reaction, TLC, co-chromatography on an automated amino acid analyzer, MS analysis and biological activity. GABA is detected by bioassay only in bean leaves infected with the bacterium and is in growth limiting supply when only a few tumors are present per leaf. GABA promotes tumor growth when as little as 1 ng is applied per leaf.
Fusion of multisource and multiscale remote sensing data for water availability assessment in a metropolitan region

Recent extreme hydroclimatic events in the United States alone include, but are not limited to, the droughts in Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay area in 2001 through September 2002; Lake Mead in Las Vegas in 2000 through 2004; the Peace River and Lake Okeechobee in South Florida in 2006; and Lake Lanier in Atlanta, Georgia in 2007 that affected the water resources distribution in three states - Alabama, Florida and Georgia. This paper provides evidence from previous work and elaborates on the future perspectives that will collectively employ remote sensing and in-situ observations to support the implementation of the water availability assessment in a metropolitan region. Within the hydrological cycle, precipitation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration can be monitored by using WSR-88D/NEXRAD data, RADARSAT-1 images, and GEOS images collectively to address the spatiotemporal variations of quantitative availability of waters whereas the MODIS images may be used to track down the qualitative availability of waters in terms of turbidity, Chlorophyll-a and other constitutes of concern. Tampa Bay in Florida was selected as a study site in this analysis, where the water supply infrastructure covers groundwater, desalination plant, and surface water at the same time. Research findings show that through the proper fusion of multi-source and multi-scale remote sensing data for water availability assessment in metropolitan region, a new insight of water infrastructure assessment can be gained to support sustainable planning region wide.
Tourism education for developing countries.

Abstract The components of the tourism system of a developing country show greater internal sensitivity than those of a developed country. The host-community in itself acts as a tourist attraction and changes associated with development may reduce this attraction. R. Howell, Associate Professor, and M. Uysal, Assistant Professor, at Clemson University, Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, explain how education for tourism in developing countries must be tailored to meet their special needs.
The anatomy of the coronary sinus venous system for the cardiac electrophysiologist

Cardiac electrophysiologists' use of the coronary sinus (CS) to map and ablate accessory pathways and implant left ventricular leads has emphasized the need for understanding CS anatomy. In this review, we briefly examine the developmental and radiological anatomy of the CS and discuss in detail the gross anatomy of this cardiac vein. We highlight the correlations of the acquired anatomical knowledge relevant to clinical electrophysiology practice.
Conversion of light energy to electrostatic energy in the proton pump of Halobacterium halobium.

— The energetics of the proton pump in Halobacterium halobium is considered on a molecular level. It is proposed that absorption of light by bacteriorhodopsin leads to charge separation and sequential changes in the proton affinities some of the protein groups resulting in proton pumping against the pH gradient. Two alternative models of ‘through-space’ and ‘through-bond’ charge separation are proposed. Novel diagrams that describe the energetics of the pumping process are presented. These diagrams can be used both to examine different models of bacteriorhodopsin and for considering other photobiological processes that involve conversion of light energy to electrostatic energy.
Developing constructive tension between teaching and research

Indicates that many universities are revisiting the issue of the development of an integrated teaching and research environment. Explores strategies which can be adopted to support the development of a research ethos in a teaching institution. These include: writing textbooks, publishable action learning materials and other publishable learning material; generating projects based on students’ work; encouraging research students to publish; experimenting with and evaluating different teaching and learning approaches; and integrating data collection into student learning or assessment activities.
Mitigation of Unionid Mortality Caused by Zebra Mussel Infestation: Cleaning of Unionids

Abstract Exotic zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha have infested and caused mortality of native unionids in the Great Lakes since 1986; no other such parasitism of native unionids occurs in North America. Survival of unionids threatened by zebra mussel infestation was tested by suspending uncleaned and cleaned unionids in nearshore waters of western Lake Erie. Survival was determined, and newly settled zebra mussels were removed from cleaned unionids at eight intervals that ranged from 21 d to 77 d between 5 July 1990 and 3 July 1991. After 1 year, survival rates of uncleaned and cleaned unionids were 0% and 42%, respectively. Of the 10 species examined, only individuals from 3 species (Amblema plicata plicata, Fusconaia flava, and Quadrula quadrula) survived 1 year. These species have relatively thick shells, which may have contributed to their survival. Removal of newly settled zebra mussels may be important to unionid survival because 98% of the zebra mussels removed after the initial cleaning were sma...
Anomalously Immobilized Water: A New Water Phase Induced by Confinement in Nanotubes

Confinement can induce unusual behavior in the properties of matter. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show here that water confined to carbon nanotubes of a critical size under ambient conditions (1 bar, 300 K) can undergo a transition into a state having icelike mobility with an amount of hydrogen bonding similar to that in liquid water. The onset of this behavior occurs rapidly, raising the possibility that confinement inside nanotubes, and perhaps even buckyballs, can provide an environment in which the dynamics of phase changes may be studied directly by simulation. Moreover, because of a variety of evidence suggesting that water ordering may modulate proton conductance via a “proton wire” hydrogen bonding network, the ability to modulate water ordering with geometry suggests a possible mechanism for a switchable nanoscale semiconductor.
Structure of Laminar Coflow Methane–Air Diffusion Flames

Measured temperature and composition profiles are reported for a number of flames. Implications concerning flame structure are deduced, with emphasis on soot formation and on correlation involving conserved scalars.
Optical degradation issues for XUV projection lithography systems

We review the degradation susceptibility of the various optical components proposed for use in XUV projection lithography systems at 13 - 20 nm. Contamination by laser plasma target debris and carbonaceous films are two primary hazards that must be essentially nullified. Pertinent experimental results of a number of researchers illustrate the present status.
THE IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF BRAIN L-GLUTAMATE-I-DECARBOXYLASE BY (2RS,3E)-2-METHYL-3,4-DIDEHYDROGLUTAMIC ACID

— Incubation of chick embryo brain l-glutamate-1-dccarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) with (2RS,3E)-2-methyl-3,4-didehydroglutamic acid (MDG), a substrate analog of l-glutamic acid, results in a time-dependent irreversible inhibition of the enzymic activity. In the presence of 2.0 ± 10-3m inhibitor the half-life for inactivation is 11.6min. The inhibitor is a substrate for GAD and requires turnover prior to inactivating the enzyme and is therefore another example of the kcat class of inactivator. The measured Kl is 6.6 ± 10-4m and the kcat for its turnover is 1.01 ± 10-3 s-1 at 37°C (pH 7.2). The inhibitor has no effect on the apoenzymc or the holoenzyme treated with 1.0 ± 10-3m hydrazinc. Both l-and d-glutamate, but not mercaptoethanol, reduce the rate of enzymie inactivation by the inhibitor. The exceedingly high specificity implicit in the design of this inhibitor should render it useful in studies designed to uncover the physiological role of GABA.
Animal Type 1 Cryptochromes ANALYSIS OF THE REDOX STATE OF THE FLAVIN COFACTOR BY SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS

Abstract It has recently been realized that animal cryptochromes (CRYs) fall into two broad groups. Type 1 CRYs, the prototype of which is the Drosophila CRY, that is known to be a circadian photoreceptor. Type 2 CRYs, the prototypes of which are human CRY 1 and CRY 2, are known to function as core clock proteins. The mechanism of photosignaling by the Type 1 CRYs is not well understood. We recently reported that the flavin cofactor of the Type 1 CRY of the monarch butterfly may be in the form of flavin anion radical, , in vivo. Here we describe the purification and characterization of wild-type and mutant forms of Type 1 CRYs from fruit fly, butterfly, mosquito, and silk moth. Cryptochromes from all four sources contain FADox when purified, and the flavin is readily reduced to by light. Interestingly, mutations that block photoreduction in vitro do not affect the photoreceptor activities of these CRYs, but mutations that reduce the stability of in vitro abolish the photoreceptor function of Type 1 CRYs in vivo. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence for functional similarities of Type 1 CRYs across insect species and further support the proposal that represents the ground state and not the excited state of the flavin cofactor in Type 1 CRYs.
Effect of Radiation Damage on Mullite Formation in Kaolinite

Kaolin was irradiated with 0.67 meV gamma-rays from a Cs137 source. Irradiation dosages of more than 1019 eV/g retarded mullite formation whereas smaller dosages appeared to have enhanced mullite formation slightly. It appears that preferentially oriented mullite formation from kaolinite is energetically favored and is adversely affected by radiation-produced nb/3 shifting of the Al ions. A possible mechanism for the effects of the radiation on mullite formation is suggested.
Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP

Complications associated with ERCP have been well defined, clinically recognized, and effectively managed conservatively. Few patients require surgery or prolonged hospitalization. The morbidity and mortality associated with ERCP and sphincterotomy have remained low, and, although the outcome of endoscopy is equivalent to or better than surgical or radiologic techniques, the complications are less. Despite the general acceptance of ERCP, its therapeutic applications, its more universal performance, and the morbidity and mortality rates have remained the same or lower since its introduction a quarter of a century ago.
Characterization of the action of Bacillus subtilus alpha-amylase on sweet potato starch, amylose and amylopectin.

The action pattern of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase on Jewel variety sweet potato starch, amylose and amylopectin was monitored using high performance size exclusion chromatography. A wide range of products, from high molecular weight polysaccharides to specific saccharides of low molecular weights, were observed. The hydrolysis pattern for amylose in starch was concealed by hydrolytic fragments formed from amylolysis of the greater quantity of amylopectin. Amylopectin was degraded to a more specific mixture of polysaccharide fragments. Changes in molecular size of hydrolytic fragments formed during amylolysis supported the cluster model previously proposed for amylopectin. These results also suggest that the action of alpha-amylase on sweet potato starch is generally a nonrandom process, primarily resulting from enzymatic action on amylopectin. To support this hypothesis, a more random pattern of hydrolysis was observed from acid treated starch.
Refusing to "Kiss the Great Writ Good-Bye": The Ninth Circuit, in Doody v. Ryan, Ignores the Supreme Court's Cues Regarding Federal Habeas Relief

On May 4, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Doody v. Ryan held that the Arizona Court of Appeals’ application of U.S. Supreme Court precedent regarding Miranda warnings was unreasonable. Therefore, it granted the defendant federal habeas relief under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). In so doing, the Ninth Circuit once again displayed an improper understanding of the AEDPA and the requisite deference it must apply to state court decisions. This Comment argues that the Supreme Court should adopt a more precise unreasonableness standard to curtail the Ninth Circuit from defying congressional intent and Supreme Court precedent.
Achieving privacy in mesh networks

Mesh network is vulnerable to privacy attacks because of the open medium property of wireless channel, the fixed topology, and the limited network size. Traditional anonymous routing algorithm cannot be directly applied to Mesh network, because they do not defend global attackers. In this paper we design private routing algorithm that used "Onion", i.e., layered encryption, to hide routing information. In addition, we explore special ring topology that fits the investigated network scenario, to preserve a certain level of privacy against a global adversary.
Women's magazine coverage of heart disease risk factors: Good Housekeeping magazine, 1997 to 2007.

Women, who often turn to magazines for health information, continue to underestimate their risk for heart disease, though it remains the leading cause of death among women in the United States. This textual analysis considered the portrayal of women's risk factors for heart disease as problem and remedy frames within articles published by the highest circulation women's magazine in the U.S., Good Housekeeping, from 1997 to 2007. These findings were then compared with corresponding information endorsed by the American Heart Association. Far from underestimating a woman's risk for heart disease, GH articles seemed to target women at low risk for heart disease, while emphasizing risk factors unique to women. The magazine coverage was largely consistent with American Heart Association information, yet offered a broader range of treatment and prevention strategies that were sometimes contradictory or vague. One significant risk factor, race, was not mentioned in the magazine articles. This review calls for fut...
Language Attitudes in St. Lucia

Results of the application of the matched guise to a sample of bilingual St. Lucians are presented. This method requires that respondents evaluate the personality traits of speakers whose tape-recorded voices are played to them. This technique has been used for measuring community-wide stereotyped impressions of language, and it has been widely employed in cross-cultural investigations. The results indicated that St. Lucian bilinguals have different evaluative reactions to their two languages, English and a French-based creole. Furthermore, the findings suggested that St. Lucians have a positive attitude toward this French-based creole, their native language. These findings contradict the view commonly expressed by St. Lucians on language usage questionnaires that English is the preferred language and that creole is not not equally valued.
A frequency domain approach to minimal-order observer design for several linear functions of the state

A design procedure for minimal-order observers which is applicable to linear, observable, time-invariant systems is developed based on certain polynomial matrices associated with the transfer functions of the plant. The approach is to select the observer dynamics so that the feedback control law is satisfied with a minimal-order system. The method is a frequency domain technique but is significantly different from earlier results. Necessary and sufficient conditions for construction of a minimal-order observer to observe several linear functions of the state are given.
Tree-structured method for LUT inverse halftoning and for image halftoning

The authors previously proposed a look up table (LUT) based method for inverse halftoning of images. The LUT for inverse halftoning is obtained from the histogram gathered from a few sample halftone images and corresponding original images. Many of the entries in the LUT are unused because the corresponding binary patterns hardly occur in commonly encountered halftones. These are called nonexistent patterns. In this paper, we propose a tree structure which will reduce the storage requirements of an LUT by avoiding nonexistent patterns. We demonstrate the performance on error diffused images and ordered dither images. Then, we introduce LUT based halftoning and tree-structured LUT (TLUT) halftoning. Even though the TLUT method is more complex than LUT halftoning, it produces better halftones and requires much less storage than LUT halftoning. We demonstrate how the error diffusion characteristics can be achieved with this method. Afterwards, our algorithm is trained on halftones obtained by direct binary search (DBS). The complexity of TLUT halftoning is higher than the error diffusion algorithm but much lower than the DBS algorithm. Also, the halftone quality of TLUT halftoning increases if the size of the TLUT gets bigger. Thus, the halftone image quality between error diffusion and DBS will be achieved depending on the size of the tree-structure in the TLUT algorithm.
Are you my friend

With Twitters growing popularity, privacy has become a major concern for users wary of sensitive information falling in the wrong hands. A typical Twitter user carries hundreds of followers - people who have subscribed to users twitter feeds. Our goal is to target followers that a Twitter user deems safe. Therefore, selecting followers with a closer relationship could help decrease the risk of sensitive information being sent to unknown people. We propose a privacy management system that helps a Twitter user restrict information to only certain followers based on the strength of their social tie. This system would incorporate two tools: the Exclusivity meter and the Twitter Response Estimator. The Exclusivity Meter employs user's activity profile to guess similarities between users. Preliminary results have indicated that similarity in time and level of activity between user and follower does suggest a stronger social tie. The Twitter Response Estimator uses a measure of prestige to gauge the probability of response. When applied to a set of followers, the estimator separates real friends from recreational followers.
Social development needs assessment in China: lessons from an international collaborative field school in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region

We explore the potential for rural and urban community needs assessment research in China, particularly in response to increasing rural to urban internal migration. Models for migration and community development are presented. We identify various methods that can inform social development planning, intervention, and evaluation. A collaborative community development field school in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region was conducted with US and Chinese students and faculty. Plans for, and initial results of, a qualitative rural needs assessment are described. A semi‐structured urban resident needs assessment survey and the results of a small pilot study are presented. Challenges of international collaboration and implications and suggestions are reviewed. 本文探索了在中国农村和城市社区进行需求评估研究的潜力，特别是在回应不断增加的城乡人口流动。作者描述了各种移民和社会发展模式，并确定了几项可用于社会发展规划，干预和评估的方法。作者在广西壮族自治区建立了一所由美国和中国的学生和教员合作的社会发展田野考察学校，并描述了计划的内容和初步结果。作者在文中描述了一个评估城市居民需求的半组织性调查和一个小型试验研究的结果，并探讨国际合作所面对的挑战，影响和建议。
Statistical modeling of over-range protection requirement for a switched capacitor inter-stage gain amplifier

Over-range protection requirements for switched capacitor inter-stage amplifiers in pipelined analog to digital converters are investigated. Two popular inter-stage amplifier architectures, charge-redistribution and flip-around, are considered. Closed form expressions for the three sigma variation of the output trip point voltage levels of the amplifier transfer curve are given for both architectures. These expressions can be used for to determine the level of over-range protection required and to assist in allocation of error budgets to different pipeline blocks
University System of Georgia's eCore: Virtual general education

The approach to offering general education courses online in the University System of Georgia's eCore program.
Conformational sampling by a general linearized embedding algorithm

Linearized embedding is a variant on the usual distance geometry methods for finding atomic Cartesian coordinates given constraints on interatomic distances. Instead of dealing primarily with the matrix of interatomic distances, linearized embedding concentrates on properties of the metric matrix, the matrix of inner products between pairs of vectors defining local coordinate systems within the molecule. We developed a pair of general computer programs that first convert a given arbitrary conformation of any covalent molecule from atomic Cartesian coordinates representation to internal local coordinate systems enforcing rigid valence geometry and then generate a random sampling of conformers in terms of atomic Cartesian coordinates that satisfy the rigid local geometry and a given list of interatomic distance constraints. We studied the sampling properties of this linearized embedding algorithm vs. a standard metric matrix embedding program, DGEOM, on cyclohexane, cycloheptane, and a cyclic pentapeptide. Linearized embedding always produces exactly correct bond lengths, bond angles, planarities, and chiralities; it runs at least two times faster per structure generated, and is successful as much as four times as often at refining these structures to full agreement with the constraints. It samples the full range of allowed conformations broadly, although not perfectly uniformly. Because local geometry is rigid, linearized embedding's sampling in terms of torsion angles is more restricted than that of DGEOM, but it finds in some instances conformations missed by DGEOM. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Convective and absolute electrokinetic instability with conductivity gradients

Electrokinetic flow instabilities occur under high electric fields in the presence of electrical conductivity gradients. Such instabilities are a key factor limiting the robust performance of complex electrokinetic bio-analytical systems, but can also be exploited for rapid mixing and flow control for microscale devices. This paper reports a representative flow instability phenomenon studied using a microfluidic T-junction with a cross-section of 11 µm by 155 µm. In this system, aqueous electrolytes of 10:1 conductivity ratio were electrokinetically driven into a common mixing channel by a steady electric field. Convectively unstable waves were observed with a nominal threshold field of 0. 5k V cm −1 , and upstream propagating waves were observed at 1. 5k V cm −1 . A physical model has been developed for this instability which captures the coupling between electric and flow fields. A linear stability analysis was performed on the governing equations in the thin-layer limit, and Briggs–Bers criteria were applied to select physically unstable modes and determine the nature of instability. The model predicts both qualitative trends and quantitative features that agree very well with experimental data, and shows that conductivity gradients and their associated bulk charge accumulation are crucial for such instabilities. Comparison between theory and experiments suggests the convective role of electro-osmotic flow. Scaling analysis and numerical results show that the instability is governed by two key controlling parameters: the ratio of dynamic to dissipative forces which governs the onset of instability, and the ratio of electroviscous to electro-osmotic velocities which governs the convective versus absolute nature of instability.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE IN A CASE OF PITUITARY TUMOR OBSERVED FOR NINE YEARS

IT HAS been demonstrated that pituitary tumors, particularly chromophobe adenomas, can be produced experimentally in animals by prolonged administration of estrogens. This was shown by Cramer and Horning (1), Zondek (2, 3), and Wolfe and Wright (4). Experimental evidence has also been presented by Wolfe and Hamilton (5, 6) that androgens have an inhibitory effect on estrogens in pituitary physiology. However, the value of androgens in ameliorating the symptoms of intracranial pressure caused by a chromophobe adenoma in man has not yet been demonstrated. The case described here is of interest because of the possible inhibitory effect of testosterone propionate on a pituitary tumor, clinically of the chromophobe type. CASE REPORT The patient, W. J., (Fig. 1) a eunuchoid male, 24 years of age, was admitted to the Endocrine Clinic of the Pasadena Dispensary on March 24,1939. He stated that he had had normal development and hair growth at 15 years of age, having been examined by a school physician at that time...
FLEXIBLE DECISION STYLES AND THE CHOICES OF TOP EXECUTIVES

Managers who have access to several modes of understanding have been described as ideal decision-makers. This article reports on research that explored how flexible styles of decision-making, defined by the number and kinds of accessible modes of understanding, influence the choices of top executives. Instruments were used to measure attitude toward ambiguity and uncertainty and to determine the style of the participating top executives. the participants were asked to evaluate eight capital expansion projects in terms of adoptability and risk. Inferences about decision-making were drawn from these evaluations. the tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty scores and the adoptability and risk ratings were associated with the participant's style. Top executives with a flexible style who have access to each of the modes of understanding were found to be aggressive decision-makers with a high tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty.
Change and Stability in Research in Mathematics Education

Anyone who surveys research activities in mathematics education around the world cannot help but see a field that is in a state of flux. On the one hand, the public's and the profession's dissatisfaction with school mathematics instruction has led to, among other things, calls for research that can guide and inform practice. The clear implication is that the existing research has not been doing that. On the other hand, researchers are increasingly questioning the epistemological and methodological foundations of their work. They too are dissatisfied with what has been accomplished, but they are unsure of what else can be done. The pressure for research that would have a more practical value has risen just at a moment when many researchers are doubting that research will ever be able to prescribe what to do and are becoming content simply to understand more of what happens when children learn and teachers teach. At the same time, other researchers argue that both education and society must be transformed in radical ways and that research must be the agent of that transformation. These shifting currents are not unique to our field, but because research in mathematics education has been so eclectic, because it has reached out not only to behavioral psychology but also to cognitive science, linguistics, developmental psychology, anthropology, philosophy, sociology, artificial intelligence, history, and mathematics itself, the crosscurrents have been especially strong. Many behavioral scientists are reappraising the foundations of their fields and the research methods they have been using. At the same time, all scientists are being called upon to contribute to national economic competitiveness. Educational research has long been justified in terms of its affinity to science and technology; it is now being justified more openly in terms of the economic advantages it might confer (McDonald, 1985). In the United States, there has lately been an intense preoccupation by educators and educational researchers with the accomplishments of Asian countries, especially Japan. Among other differences, Asian students are seen as using their time in school more productively than American students do, and the test performance of Asian students is much higher. The conclusion is that Asian education must be more efficient than American education. And one response has been to turn to research to find ways to make education more efficient. It is interesting that, as Peter Fensham (1986) observes, the United States has not looked, in its efforts
Ion–Solid Interactions and Image Formation

Both electron and ion beams can be used to provide a number of different modes of imaging and microanalysis In every case, and in order to properly optimize and interpret the data generated by the instrument, it is necessary to know something about what kinds of beam interactions are involved, what information may be obtained from each, and how the signal yields and spatial resolution can be optimized in each case. Images whose origins are neither known nor understood can never be any more than just a pretty picture.
Linking leadership to learning: state, district and local effects

A major research project, conducted in the United States, examined the effects of leadership at multiple levels on student learning. Although that study resulted in a book (Leithwood & Louis, 2011 ), further analysis provides additional insights into the way in which formal and informal leaders function in schools. These additional analyses have not previously been synthesized to illuminate how school leaders can make a difference in the lives of children. The purpose of this paper is to provide one perspective on this question, focusing in particular on findings that may be applicable in the Nordic context. Keywords: leadership; policy; teachers; culture (Published: 11 December 2015) Citation: NordSTEP 2015, 1: 30321 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/nstep.v1.30321
HEAVY NEUTRINOS AND THE BETA SPECTRA OF S-35, F-18, AND NE-19

We evaluate the weak magnetism and other higher order matrix elements for the beta decays of $^{18}\mathrm{F}$, $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$, and $^{35}\mathrm{S}$. The matrix elements were obtained from $\mathrm{sd}$ shell-model wave functions derived from the one- and two-body effective interactions of Chung and Wildenthal. The shapes of the beta spectra are calculated assuming zero-mass neutrinos and allowing for the higher order matrix elements. The calculations suggest that precise measurements of these spectra would be useful to search for heavy neutrinos with intensities of the order of g ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ over the neutrino mass range from 20 keV to 2 MeV. While other observations may rule out such parameters for mixing of massive neutrinos, the measurements of spectra would provide the most direct and least uncertain limits. For the allowed decays of $^{18}\mathrm{F}$ and $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ the weak magnetism form factor appears to be the dominant higher order effect. The analog $M1$ matrix elements are known experimentally in both cases and thus the weak magnetism terms are determined through the conserved vector current theory. One might alternatively regard measurements of these spectra as tests of the conserved vector current predictions.RADIOACTIVITY $^{18}\mathrm{F}$, $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{35}\mathrm{S}$; calculated nuclear matrix elements, shapes of beta spectra. Relationship to searches for heavy neutrinos.
Notes on the Mediterranean and Red Sea Ships and Ship Construction from Sahure to Hatshepsut

A comparison of depictions of Sahure's Mediterranean and Red Sea ships suggests that the latter were smaller and lighter. Details from these reliefs with a comparison of structural features from the Khufu I vessel suggest that both types of Sahure's ships were designed to be broken down and rebuilt. Moreover, Sahure's small ships may have been designed specifically for the Red Sea, but iconographic, textual, and archaeological evidence allow for the possibility that as early as the Middle Kingdom but no later than the reign of Hatshepsut (c. 1479 – 1458 BCE) Mediterranean and Punt ships were the same possibly due to changes in ship construction. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v06i2_mark
Cerebral Schistosomiasis Caused by Schistosoma haematobium: Case Report

The CNS is an unusual site of ectopic infection in schistosomiasis. Cerebral lesions are caused primarily by Schistosoma japonicum, and spinal cord lesions are due primarily to Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. S. haematobium is an unusual cause of cerebral mass lesions although schistosomal eggs can be frequently found in the brains of individuals in countries where S. haematobium is endemic. We describe a patient with a space-occupying cerebral lesion and schistosomal granulomas on pathological examination. S. haematobium was identified in urine and serologically. The cerebral lesion responded to therapy with praziquantel and corticosteroids. It has been postulated that granulomatous lesions develop following egg laying by errant worms migrating in the vicinity of the cerebral circulation or in response to eggs deposited from more distant sites by embolization. A species-specific serological diagnosis can be made by FAST (Falcon assay screening test)-ELISA with western blot confirmation.
Does the Restrictiveness of State Tax and Expenditure Limitations Affect State Revenues and Expenditures

This paper examines the impact of tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) on state governments. We examine how TELs are represented in empirical modeling. We compare and contrast an index of state-level TEL restrictiveness to a simple dummy variable approach. We use a panel of data for the 50 U.S. states to capture changes in state TELs and a generalized method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel estimator. We find that results vary across the two methods of capturing the presence of TELs, suggesting that simple dummy variables are not sufficient to capture the heterogeneity of TELs across states and over time.