cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracing the ingredients for a habitable earth from interstellar space through planet formation

We use the C/N ratio as a monitor of the delivery of key ingredients of life to nascent terrestrial worlds. Total elemental C and N contents, and their ratio, are examined for the interstellar medium, comets, chondritic meteorites, and terrestrial planets; we include an updated estimate for the bulk silicate Earth (C/N = 49.0 ± 9.3). Using a kinetic model of disk chemistry, and the sublimation/condensation temperatures of primitive molecules, we suggest that organic ices and macromolecular (refractory or carbonaceous dust) organic material are the likely initial C and N carriers. Chemical reactions in the disk can produce nebular C/N ratios of ∼1–12, comparable to those of comets and the low end estimated for planetesimals. An increase of the C/N ratio is traced between volatile-rich pristine bodies and larger volatile-depleted objects subjected to thermal/accretional metamorphism. The C/N ratios of the dominant materials accreted to terrestrial planets should therefore be higher than those seen in carbonaceous chondrites or comets. During planetary formation, we explore scenarios leading to further volatile loss and associated C/N variations owing to core formation and atmospheric escape. Key processes include relative enrichment of nitrogen in the atmosphere and preferential sequestration of carbon by the core. The high C/N bulk silicate Earth ratio therefore is best satisfied by accretion of thermally processed objects followed by large-scale atmospheric loss. These two effects must be more profound if volatile sequestration in the core is effective. The stochastic nature of these processes hints that the surface/atmospheric abundances of biosphere-essential materials will likely be variable.
Exploring physical mechanisms for sudden beta degradation in GaAs-based HBTs

Sudden beta degradation typically characterizes device failures in state-of-the-art GaAs-based HBTs under elevated temperature and current stress. Recombination enhanced defect reaction (REDR) processes may be responsible for this degradation. In this work, we review key experimental observations and possible physical mechanisms governing beta degradation which have been suggested in the literature. A simple REDR model for quantifying increases in the base-emitter depletion region trap density is first refined and then extended to model some types of premature failures.
Unraveling Religious Disaffiliation: The Meaning and Significance of Falling From the Faith in Contemporary Society

This article calls for placing what are termed affiliation and disaffiliation on equal footing in the study of religious expression. Recent developments suggest the importance of understanding disaffiliation as well as affiliation. Among the most important issues that must be addressed are adequately conceptualizing disaffiliation and developing a useful way of modeling the disaffiliation process. This article reviews and synthesizes existing research as a means of formulating an agenda for further work in this area.
On blind channel estimation with periodic misses and equalization of periodically varying channels

Time series with systematic misses and signals passing through rapidly fading channels can be modeled as cyclostationary output sequences of linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) systems. Blind identification of finite parameter LPTV systems can be accomplished using cyclic second- and higher-order statistics of the cyclostationary output, even if the latter is corrupted by stationary noise of unknown spectral characteristics. Novel closed-form solutions for the modulating sequence which models periodic misses and the TV moving average parameters of periodic channels are developed. Using the estimated LPTV channel, the Viterbi algorithm, or a computationally efficient LPTV mean-squared error equalizer can be adopted to recover the information bearing input. >
The roles of specificity and competition in the formation of a laminated colliculogeniculate projection

In the present study, we examined the colliculogeniculate projection in normal adult tree shrews and in adults that were bilaterally enucleated at birth. We injected lectin-conjugated HRP into superficial superior colliculus and then mapped the pattern of anterogradely transported enzyme in the ipsilateral dLGN. In normal adult tree shrews, the results confirm that the colliculogeniculate projection is laminated and terminates predominantly in small-celled layers 3 and 6 and in the interlaminar space between layers 4 and 5 (Fitzpatrick et al., 1980); we report an additional sparse projection to layer 4. In bilaterally enucleated animals, the colliculogeniculate projection is unlaminated and tends to terminate in the lateral two-thirds of the dLGN even though synaptic sites are vacated throughout the nucleus. We suggest that this preference may be due to a specificity of the colliculogeniculate fibers for the lateral two-thirds of the dLGN, which, in normal adult tree shrews, contains cells with similar physiological characteristics. We further suggest that the normal lamination of the colliculogeniculate projection in the lateral two- thirds of the dLGN may be due to competition with retinogeniculate fibers so that colliculogeniculate fibers terminate predominantly in layers containing small, W-like cells.
Killing Without Heart: Limits on Robotic Warfare in an Age of Persistent Conflict

Today's wars have no definitive end in sight, are conducted among civilian populations, and are fought not only by soldiers but also by unmanned aerial vehicles. According to M. Shane Riza, this persistent conflict among the people and the trend toward robotic warfare has outpaced deliberate thought and debate about the deep moral issues affecting the military mission and the warrior spirit. The pace of change, Riza explains, is revolutionizing warfare in ways seldom discussed but vitally important. A key development is risk inversion, which occurs when all noncombatants are at greater risk than combatants from technologically superior forces. For the first time, warriors are not the ones shouldering the dangers and horrors of battle. Riza argues that how we win actually matters as much as winning itself. Traditional warfare involves human fallibility; there are ethics in striving that give meaning to war on a personal level. According to Just War theory, this sense of purpose in war imposes a practical limit on what belligerents can and should do to their opponents. Contemporary robotic warfare, however, removes the moral equivalence of combatants and fails to create an end state of mutual respect upon which people can build a lasting peace. Killing without Heart postulates that if war's ultimate goal is to achieve a lasting peace, fighting today's technological wars of combatant impunity may ultimately render unmanned weapons useless when we realize that robotic weaponry undermines our strategic objectives. About the Author M. SHANE RIZA is a command pilot and a graduate of and former instructor at the United States Air Force Weapons School. A veteran of Operations Southern and Northern Watch, he commanded a fighter squadron during Operation Iraqi Freedom. He holds three master's degrees, the most recent in national resource strategy from the National Defense University. He is a resident of Dallas, Texas, and has a home in the North Georgia mountains.
Differential responses to guano fertilization among tropical tree species with varying functional traits.

 Premise of the study : Seabirds often cause signifi cant changes to soil properties, and seabird-dominated systems often host unique plant communities. This study experimentally (1) examined species-specifi c responses to seabird guano gradients, (2) considered the role that differential functional traits among species play in altering plant response to guano, and (3) investigated the implications of seabird guano on range-expanding species.  Methods : Using a greenhouse fertilization experiment, we examined how guano fertilization affects the growth and functional traits of four tree species dominant in the Pacifi c Islands: Cocos nucifera, Pisonia grandis, Scaevola sericea, and Tournefortia argentea . In these systems, seabirds are frequently found in association with three of these four species; the remaining species, C. nucifera , is a recently proliferating species commonly found in the region but rarely associated with seabirds.  Key results : We determined that responses to guano addition differed signifi cantly between species in ways that were consistent with predictions based on differing functional traits among species. Notably, we demonstrated that C. nucifera showed no growth responses to guano additions, whereas all seabird-associated plants showed strong responses.  Conclusions : These results provide experimental evidence of differential species response to guano additions, suggesting that differences in species functional traits may contribute to changes in plant communities in seabird-dominated areas, with seabird-associated species garnering performance advantages in these high-nutrient environments. Among these species, results also suggest that C. nucifera may have a competitive advantage in low-nutrient environments, providing an unusual example of how a range-expanding plant species can profi t from low-nutrient environments.
Health Education Evaluation An Alternate Research Paradigm

A major disappointment with educational evaluative research in general, and health education evaluation in particular, is all too often outcome of "no significant difference" or "no effect." Reviewing the evaluation literature one finds experienced investigators such as Donald Campbell, Marcia Guttentag, and Carol Weiss lamenting the fact that educational programs persistently fail to uncover statistical differences. This problem continues to plague evaluators whose experiential evidence indicates that the program may have produced some very desirable results. Thus, the traditional methods of evaluation are increasingly being called into question. Evaluators are presenting theories to explain the "no effects" phenomenon and alternate methodologies are being proposed in the literature. This article suggests that health educators not only acknowledge the existence of this dilemma, but develop a working knowledge of alternate or qualitative data methodologies, their possibilities, and their limitations, thus encouraging the evaluation of those health programs which have traditionally been classified as undoable.
Functional Memory and Its Microprogramming Implications

Functional memory (FM) is a general-purpose systems technology and has been proposed as a solution to the problems of large-scale integration. It is based on an associative array, composed of writable storage cells capable of holding three states; 0, 1, and DON'T CARE. The functional memory module can be used either as a local store, control store, associative store, or logic block. In its use as a logic block, logic is performed by associative table lookup, using the DON'T CARE state to give significant compression of tables over conventional two-state arrays (typically n to n2 words for functional memory instead of 20 words for conventional two-state arrays). The basic properties of functional memory are described in [1].
Facultative nest switching by juvenile ospreys

QUINN, T. 13. 1980. Evidence for celestial and magnetic compass orientation in lake-migrating sockeye salmon fry. Journal of Comparative Physiology 137:243-248. SCHULTEN, K., AND A. WINDEMUTH. 1986. Model for a physiological magnetic ompass. Pages 99-106 in Biophysical effects of steady magnetic fields (G. Maret, N. Boccara, and J. Kiepenheuer, Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. WILTSCHKO, R., AND W. WILTSCHKO. 1978. Evidence for the use of magnetic outward journey information in homing pigeons. Naturwissenschaften 65:112.
Energizing the Nursing Lecture: Application of the Theory of Multiple Intelligence Learning

Abstract Nurse educators struggle to find ways to create learning opportunities that are interactive and appeal to the needs of various students. The key to energizing the nursing lecture is to create an environment that encourages students to be active participants. It is essential to use creativity to design cognitive strategies that appeal to students' learning preferences. This article discusses the methods one educator has used to implement the Theory of Multiple Intelligence Learning in the classroom. Specific cognitive strategies that address the learning preferences of each intelligence are discussed.
Legal Discrimination: Empirical Sociolegal and Critical Race Perspectives on Antidiscrimination Law

The topic of workplace discrimination has received considerable attention in both empirical sociolegal scholarship and critical race theory. This article reviews the insights of both bodies of literature and draws on those insights to highlight a critical mismatch between the assumptions of antidiscrimination jurisprudence and extant knowledge about discrimination in the workplace. Antidiscrimination jurisprudence assumes that most discrimination is intentional, that legal rights provide an effective mechanism for redress of discrimination, and that employers respond rationally to legal sanctions. In contrast, the empirical sociolegal and critical race literatures show that racism and sexism tend to be hidden within social structures, that there are many obstacles to the successful mobilization of legal rights, and that organizational response to law is characterized by symbolic compliance that is often ineffective. We conclude that because law fails to grasp the reality of workplace discrimination, it co...
A Quasi-Linear Implementation of High-Resolution Time Integration for the Pn Equations

We present an extension of our quasi-linear numerical method for the time-dependent spheri(P) equations The extension involves adding time integration that is higher order than cal harmonics (P n ) equations. The extension involves adding time integration that is higher order than backward Euler, yet avoids artificial oscillations in the solution. This new approach mimics that of our previously presented quasi-linear spatial scheme in that we use a first-order step to determine in which parts of the problem we can use a high-order method. The first-order scheme we use for time integration is backward Euler, and the high-order method we implement is Crank-Nicolson. Results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness and necessity of this approach.
Bayesian Foundations of Insurance

The foundation of insurance in the frequentist framework is well-understood by experts in actuarial science, insurance and risk management. In the past two decades there has been a surge in the application of Bayesian analysis in insurance. However, the foundation of insurance under the Bayesian framework remains unexplored. This paper fills the gap by investigating the foundation of insurance in the Bayesian setup. We demonstrate that the foundation of insurance in the Bayesian world corresponds to the consistency of the posterior distribution at the true parameter value. We discuss several key results of posterior consistency and give insurance examples in both parametric and nonparametric cases to illustrate their applications.
Undrained Strength of Compacted Clays After Soaking

Effects of soil structure, molding water content, and method of compaction on strength of compacted clay after soaking; relationships between initial composition and strength after soaking is discussed.
Compression and Shear Loads on Lumbar Spine Motion Segments in Neutral and Flexed Postures

An analysis was performed to estimate compression and shear loads on three motion segments of the lumbosacral spine in neutral and flexed torso postures. 87 lifting tasks were evaluated using a biodynamic lifting model for lifts starting at 0, 22.5 and 45 degrees torso flexion. Results indicated that the compressive loading on the L5-S1 disk in the 22.5 and 45 degree torso flexion conditions were approximately double and triple those observed in the 0 degree condition. Shear reaction forces acted anteriorly in neutral and moderate flexion, but acted posteriorly in full flexion. Load rates were also dramatically affected by posture, with the load rate in the fully flexed posture being seven times greater than in the neutral posture. Analysis of the upper lumbar levels (L1–L2 and L3–L4) suggested significant shear forces; however, shear forces at L5-S1 remained moderate in all conditions. Results of this analysis will be used in a study examining the fatigue failure of lumbar motion segments when subjected ...
Challenges During a Chlorine Gas Emergency Response.

OBJECTIVE: A chlorine gas release occurred at a poultry processing plant as a result of an accidental mixing of sodium hypochlorite and an acidic antimicrobial treatment. We evaluated the public health and emergency medical services response and developed and disseminated public health recommendations to limit the impact of future incidents. METHODS: We conducted key informant interviews with the state health department; local fire, emergency medical services, and police departments; county emergency management; and representatives from area hospitals to understand the response mechanisms employed for this incident. RESULTS: After being exposed to an estimated 40-pound chlorine gas release, 170 workers were triaged on the scene and sent to 5 area hospitals. Each hospital redistributed staff or called in extra staff (eg, physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists) in response to the event. Interviews with hospital staff emphasized the need for improved communication with responders at the scene of a chemical incident. CONCLUSIONS: While responding, hospitals handled the patient surge without outside assistance because of effective planning, training, and drilling. The investigation highlighted that greater interagency communication can play an important role in ensuring that chemical incident patients are managed and treated in a timely manner. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 4). Language: en
New technology, old practices Examining news websites from a professional perspective

This study takes a journalistic professional approach to examine integration patterns of interactive features in news media websites. It draws from two aspects of journalistic work – the relationship with audiences and medium-related practices. Consequently, two frameworks are proposed for categorizing interactive features: the first is based on the relationships news media allow their audiences to have with news content – consuming content, influencing content, or passing it beyond the news site; the second is based on the characteristics of features – textual or visual. Findings from 100 news organizations show that, overall, news media preferred applying features that allow users to interact with content, but without the ability to influence it. In addition, the use of features was tightly related to the technology associated with a news organization; newspapers’ websites were more likely to use text-based features and vice versa.
Abstract 1968: Nanoparticle mediated measurement of target-drug binding in cancer cells

Responses to molecularly targeted therapies can be highly variable and depend on mutations, fluctuations in target protein levels in individual cells and drug delivery. The ability to rapidly quantitate drug response in cells harvested from patients in a point-of-care setting would have far reaching implications. Capitalizing on recent developments with miniaturized diagnostic NMR (DMR) technologies, we have developed a magnetic nanoparticle based approach to directly measure both target expression and drug binding in freshly harvested human cancer cells. The method involves covalent conjugation of a small molecule drug to a magnetic nanoparticle that is then used as a read-out for target expression and drug binding affinity. Using poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition as a model system, we developed an approach to distinguish differential expression of PARP across various cell lines with excellent correlation of DMR measurements to gold standards such as flow cytometry (r 2 = 0.97) and western blotting (r 2 = 0.92). We also sought to mimic drug pharmacodynamics ex-vivo through competitive target-drug binding and could quantify the relative binding affinities of several PARP inhibitors (e.g. Olaparib, Velaparib, AG-014699, and 3-aminobenzamide) in whole cells. Finally, we demonstrate the potential to perform such measurements directly in clinical samples. Further applications of the assay could result in a drug development platform to probe drug binding in cells, the identification of resistant cancer cells, and the ability to determine whether a drug has reached its target. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1968. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1968
Plug-and-Play Nonlinear Droop Construction Scheme to Optimize Islanded Microgrid Operations

The operating cost of islanded microgrids (μGs) can be minimized by performing an optimal power sharing among the distributed generators (DGs). In this study, a plug-and-play optimization scheme (PPOS) for developing nonlinear droop relations is proposed to achieve an optimal power sharing among DGs in islanded μGs. The PPOS constructs optimal nonlinear relations for each DG, which are used as nonlinear droop curves that adjusts the output power of the DGs subsequent to any load variation to minimize the μG operating cost effectively. The construction of nonlinear droop relations in the PPOS is performed individually for each DG by optimizing each one against hypothetical DGs. This approach provides an indirect optimization among different DGs in the μG network and ensures an operating cost minimization irrespective of the μG topology. An islanded μG topology has been developed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and the performance of the nonlinear droop control. An experimental study has also been conducted on a μG test bed to prove the effectiveness of the nonlinear power sharing and to verify the performance of the nonlinear droop control in the μG operating cost minimization.
Relaxant Effect of Forskolin in Rabbit Detrusor Smooth Muscle: Role of Cyclic AMP

Forskolin caused a concentration dependent relaxation of rabbit detrusor muscle strips. The relaxant effect of forskolin was potentiated by the cyclic AMP sensitive phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Ro20-1274. Pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, did not inhibit the relaxation of rabbit detrusor induced by forskolin, whereas the relaxation response to forskolin was inhibited in part by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, SQ22536. Forskolin also increased cyclic AMP levels significantly in rabbit detrusor muscle. These data suggest that detrusor muscle relaxation by forskolin may be mediated by cyclic AMP and that forskolin may activate adenylate cyclase without stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors in detrusor muscle.
LONELINESS, CYNICAL HOSTILITY, AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AMERICANS ABOVE AGE 50

LONELINESS, CYNICAL HOSTILITY, AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AMERICANS ABOVE AGE 50 By Sarah Clay Griffin, B.A.Sc. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2016 Major Director: Bruce Rybarczyk, Ph.D, Professor of Psychology Background. Research identifies isolation (being alone) as a risk factor for cognitive decline— yet it is possible that subjective dimensions of isolation are more critical. Potential risk factors are loneliness (the distress stemming from feeling alone) and cynical hostility (an attitude of distrust and cynicism). The present study examined the relationship between these factors and cognitive functioning and decline. Methods. Data came from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of US adults over 50. Loneliness was measured using the Hughes Loneliness Scale; cynical hostility was measured using items from the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory. Cognitive functioning was indexed by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Regressions were conducted to examine loneliness and cynical hostility as predictors of cognitive function at baseline as well as cognitive decline over four and six-year periods. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and isolation. Results. Loneliness, [f=.003, t(52)=-3.75; p<.001] and cynical hostility, [f=.002, t(52)=-2.98, p=.004] predicted cognitive function at baseline. Loneliness and cynical hostility each predicted cognitive decline over four [f=.001, t(52)=-2.29; p=.026 f=.003, t(52)=-3.98; p<.001 respectively] but not six years [t(52)= -.78; p=.439; t(52)= -1.29; p=.203 respectively]. Discussion. Loneliness and cynical hostility are correlates of lower cognitive function and risk factors for cognitive decline over four years. The absence of significant effects of loneliness and cynical hostility over six years could be attributed to low statistical power in these analyses. The effect sizes in this study are small, yet meaningful in the context of the personal and social costs associated with cognitive decline.
Native Elution of Yeast Protein Complexes Obtained by Affinity Capture

This protocol describes two options for the native (nondenaturing) elution of protein complexes obtained by affinity capture. The first approach involves the elution of complexes purified through a tag that includes a human rhinovirus 3C protease (PreScission protease) cleavage site sequence between the protein of interest and the tag. Incubation with the protease cleaves immobilized complexes from the affinity medium. The second approach involves the release of protein A-tagged protein complexes using a competitive elution reagent called PEGylOx. The degree of purity of the native assemblies eluted is sample dependent and strongly influenced by the affinity capture. It should be noted that the efficiency of native elution is commonly lower than that of elution by a denaturing agent (e.g., SDS) and the release of the complex will be limited by the activity of the protease or the inhibition constant (Ki) of the competitive release agent. However, an advantage of native release is that some nonspecifically bound materials tend to stay adsorbed to the affinity medium, providing an eluted fraction of higher purity. Finally, keep in mind that the presence of the protease or elution peptide could potentially affect downstream applications; thus, their removal should be considered.
Simultaneous PIV and PLIF Measurements of Mach Number Effects on Single-Interface Richtmyer-Meshkov Mixing

Introduction of favorable (e.g. combustion within scram-jet engines) or adverse (e.g. inertial confinement fusion) mixing conditions in engineering applications are intensified by the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI). Despite numerous experimental and numerical research, the mechanisms behind RMI-induced small-scale mixing, particularly late-time turbulent mixing and turbulent statistics are not well understood.
Interactionism: Meaning and Self as Process

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical tradition that accounts for the emergence of meanings, selves and social life as the outcome of concrete interactions between actors. This chapter traces the rise of interactionism and outlines the different research traditions inspired by symbolic interactionism. It focuses on three traditions: (a) an account of the crystallization of particular social selves over time; (b) the study of recurrent patterns of situations, and; (c) the emergence and structure of collectives. The chapter then confronts some critiques of interactionism. It shows how interactionism confronted questions of micro-macro links and emotion. Turning to the question of culture and the importance of embodied habits, it then shows how new interactionist work moves from the situation to inter-situational analysis, and locates interaction between emergent meaning and widely available cultural affordances.
Bereavement: An anthropological approach.

ABSTRACTThe literature on bereavement has been dominated by psychology. Social science has expanded that perspective by illustrating the ways in which the bereaved maintain continuing bonds with the deceased. In this article I build upon the social science literature from an anthropological perspective. I focus upon how the bereaved must learn to live in the social environment without the deceased in what I call a “new normal.” The connections to their social environment have been altered as a link in those connections has been broken. The bereavement process requires repairing that rupture and developing a new way in which to adopt a new sense of self. This article mainly focuses on issues involved with the loss of a spouse.
8 – Supercritical CO2 and other advanced power cycles for concentrating solar thermal (CST) systems

Subcritical steam Rankine cycles are currently used in all operating solar thermal power plants. However, thermal efficiencies of these power cycles are limited to about 42%. New types of power cycles are required to generate power at higher efficiencies in order to drive down the cost of solar thermal electricity. This chapter reviews the potential power cycles that can be employed for solar thermal power plants in the near future. Supercritical steam Rankine cycles, air and helium Brayton cycles, and supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles are described in this chapter. Special attention is given to the family of supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles. Combined power cycles are also discussed as alternatives to reduce heat rejection to the environment and further increase the thermal efficiency. Organic Rankine cycle, supercritical organic Rankine cycle, and two absorption power cycles, namely Kalina cycle and Goswami cycle, are candidates that can be used as bottoming cycles.
Nanothermometry Measure of Muscle Efficiency

Despite recent advances in thermometry, determination of temperature at the nanometer scale in single molecules to live cells remains a challenge that holds great promise in disease detection among others. In the present study, we use a new approach to nanometer scale thermometry with a spatial and thermal resolution of 80 nm and 1 mK respectively, by directly associating 2 nm cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) to the subject under study. The 2 nm CdTe QDs physically adhered to bovine cardiac and rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, enabling the determination of heat released when ATP is hydrolyzed by both myosin motors. Greater heat loss reflects less work performed by the motor, hence decreased efficiency. Surprisingly, we found rabbit skeletal myosin to be more efficient than bovine cardiac. We have further extended this approach to demonstrate the gain in efficiency of Drosophila melanogaster skeletal muscle overexpressing the PGC-1α homologue spargel, a known mediator of improved exercise performanc...
Defining Health in the Era of Value-Based Care: The Six Cs of Health and Healthcare

Introduction While healthcare expenditure continues to increase overall health outcomes in the United States continue to be submarginal. The changes we make in our healthcare system need to be informed by a comprehensive and actionable definition of health that can unite patients, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. Methods A literature review across multiple disciplines was conducted to assess a broad range of factors associated with health and well-being and based on this literature review a novel definition of health was developed. Results Development of a definition of health as the ability to dynamically recognize and resolve dissonance in one's physical, mental, social and spiritual worlds via cooperation with social and spiritual connections, the medical community and with the natural world in a way that fosters and promotes harmony, resilience, and relief from suffering. This definition is then expanded into six domains (connection, communication, creativity, cooperation, cost-consciousness, and computerization) which are applicable to individuals, society and the healthcare system and which form the basis for actionable guidelines to promote measurable and sustained change on a public health scale. Conclusion Healthcare in the United States is changing and in order to move forward in an evidence-based and compassionate way, we need to understand what we mean by 'health' and how that definition can be operational at individual, societal, and public policy levels.
A legalization algorithm for multi-tier gate-level monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits

Design of gate-level monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D ICs) requires 3-D placement, 3-D clock-tree synthesis, 3-D routing and monolithic inter-layer via insertion, 3-D timing and power optimization, and so on. Until now, however, various research on gate-level monolithic 3-D ICs focused on analysis of wirelength, power consumption, performance, thermal characteristics, etc. based on a design methodology using 2-D placement, uniform location scaling, z-directional partitioning, and 2-D planar legalization. However, the design of gate-level monolithic 3-D IC layouts requires more sophisticated 3-D algorithms to generate high-quality layouts. In this paper, we propose a legalization algorithm for the design of multi-tier gate-level monolithic 3-D ICs. The algorithm performs planar and z-directional legalization in an interleaved fashion to perform native 3-D legalization. We compare the proposed algorithm with a legalization algorithm being used in the literature and show that the proposed algorithm achieves shorter wirelength with almost no density constraint violation.
An overview of clinical trials involving inhibitors of angiogenesis and their mechanism of action

Angiogenesis is a biologic process whereby endothelial cells divide and migrate to form new blood vessels. This process is required in physiological conditions, but is also a necessary requirement for solid tumors to grow and metastasize. Over the last several years, the growth factors that have both a positive and negative influence on tumor angiogenesis have been delineated. Interfering with tumor angiogenesis was considered a potential therapeutic strategy 25 years ago, but only recently have compounds with an ability to interfere with angiogenesis entered clinical trials. This review will discuss the first generation of angiogenesis inhibitors, their mechanism of action and data from clinical trials.
Effects of Toceranib Phosphate on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Tumor-Bearing Dogs

Background Thyroid dysfunction is associated with the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in people. Hypothesis/objectives To determine whether dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis occurs in dogs receiving the TKI, toceranib phosphate. Animals Forty-three client-owned dogs with cancer. Methods Prospective, observational study. Concentrations of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated on day 0, 30, and 90. Dogs also were evaluated for the presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies. Results The proportion of dogs with low TT4, low FT4, low TT3, high TSH, or primary hypothyroidism (increased TSH and decreased TT4, FT4 or both) did not change over 90 days. Hormone concentrations remained within laboratory reference intervals, but FT4 (P = 0.0032) and TSH (P Conclusions and clinical importance Toceranib phosphate can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in dogs. Periodic evaluation of TT4, FT4, TT3, and TSH should be carried out in dogs receiving long-term treatment with this medication.
Homenagem a Hubert Damisch

Text written by Yve-Alain Bois to be read in Hubert Damisch’s funeral. The French theoretician passed away on December 14th, 2017. The ceremony took place on the 20th, at the Crematorium of Pere-Lachaise Cemetery, in Paris.
A classroom-based physical activity intervention for urban kindergarten and first-grade students: a feasibility study

Abstract Background: Urban elementary schools in minority communities with high obesity prevalence may have limited resources for physical education (PE) to achieve daily activity recommendations. Little is known whether integrating physical activity (PA) into classrooms can increase activity levels of students attending such schools. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized, controlled trial among kindergarten and first-grade students from four Bronx, New York, schools to determine feasibility and impact of a classroom-based intervention on students' PA levels. Students in two intervention schools received the Children's Hospital at Montefiore Joining Academics and Movement (CHAM JAM), an audio CD consisting of 10-minute, education-focused aerobic activities led by teachers three times a day. PA was objectively measured by pedometer. Each subject wore a sealed pedometer during the 6-hour school day for 5 consecutive days at baseline (Time 1) and 8 weeks postintervention (Time 2). Hierarchical linear mo...
On Hypatia of Alexandria

Through an examination of the considerable ancient and medieval witness to Archimedes’ Dimension of the Circle we have been able in the preceding chapters to distinguish two closely related forms of its text—the extant Greek version DC and the lost Greek prototype DC* of the medieval translations. We have assigned priority to DC* whose adaptation as DC has been placed within the school of Isidore of Miletus around the middle of the 6th century. But the provenance of DC* itself has proved elusive. It is known to Eutocius and to the author of the isoperimetric tract transmitted in the Introduction, so that its composition may be placed in the 5th century, and most likely in the first half of that century. Furthermore, its author’s use of Theon’s commentary on Ptolemy (specifically, the text we have denoted T in chaps. 1–2) as a textual model would appear to signal a close affiliation with Theon’s school, hence a placement early in the 5th century at Alexandria.
Gi2 and Gi3 couple met-enkephalin to inhibition of lacrimal secretion.

Purpose The intent of this study was to identify the pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins that couple met-enkephalin to the inhibition of cholinergically stimulated secretion in rabbit lacrimal gland acini. Methods The authors detected G proteins in membranes from freshly isolated glands, freshly isolated acini, and cultured lacrimal acini from rabbits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Antibodies against the alpha subunits of Gi1, Gi1 and Gi2, or Gi3 were used in cultured acini permeabilized by streptolysin-O to determine the role of the G proteins in met-enkephalin inhibition of cholinergic stimulation of lacrimal acinar protein release. Results Western blot analysis showed the presence of the alpha subunits of Gi2 and Gi3, but not Gi1, in all three membrane preparations. The met-enkephalin analog D-Ala2-methionine enkephalinamide (DALA) inhibited cholinergic stimulation of secretion by cultured rabbit acinar cells to near basal levels. Inhibition of secretion by DALA was blocked by insertion of antibody to a peptide sequence common to Gialpha1 and Gialpha2, but was not blocked by antibody against a specific Gialpha1 sequence. The inhibitory effect of DALA also was blocked by antibody to a Gialpha3 sequence. At low doses of anti-Gialpha1/2 and anti-Gialpha3 in combination, the effect on reversal of inhibition was additive. However, at higher doses, the effect of the combination was no greater than the effect of either antibody alone. Conclusions These results demonstrate that met-enkephalin inhibition of cholinergic secretion is mediated by way of the pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins Gi2 and Gi3 in cultured rabbit lacrimal acini. Because the effects of the G proteins are not additive, the intracellular events distal to G protein activation most likely converge at some point before exocytosis.
Verification and extension of the theory of global-local hybrids

This work is an extension of the framework for optimizing global-local hybrids. The existing theory idealizes the search problem as a search by a global searcher for acceptable targets or for basins of attractions which lead to acceptable target by invoking a local searcher. The two key parameters of this theory are—the probabilities of successfully hitting targets and basins and time-to-criterion values for different basins. First the existing theory is tested with variation in time-to-criterion values for the local searcher across several basins and is then extended to handle variations within individual basins. As a first step towards applying this theory to genetic algorithms (as the global searcher), selection dominated performance has also been studied in the context of this theory. The results are promising and make a strong case for further work in this direction.
DNPs' labor participation, activities, and reports of degree contributions.

ABSTRACT Background There is limited information about the careers, roles and views of doctor of nursing practice (DNP) graduates. Method This study describes the labor participation, post-graduation work activities, and perceptions of 1,308 DNP members of three professional nursing organizations who completed a 2017 survey (32% response rate). Findings More than 70% of respondents reported substantial improvements in quality improvement, evidenced based practice and leadership abilities. Twenty-two percent of respondents noted the degree was required by their employer and most of these held educational positions. Postgraduate participation in activities associated with DNP education, assessment of personal impact and degree necessity varied by position title and organization membership. Discussion These differences have implications for nursing associations and professional solidarity.
Private Equilibrium Release, Large Games, and No-Regret Learning

We give mechanisms in which each of n players in a game is given their component of an (approximate) equilibrium in a way that guarantees differential privacy — that is, the revelation of the equilibrium components does not reveal too much information about the utilities of other players. More precisely, we show how to compute an approximate correlated equilibrium (CE) under the constraint of differential privacy (DP), provided n is large and any player’s action affects any other’s payoff by at most a small amount. Our results draw interesting connections between noisy generalizations of classical convergence results for no-regret learning, and the noisy mechanisms developed for differential privacy. Our results imply the ability to truthfully implement good social-welfare solutions in many games, such as games with small Price of Anarchy, even if the mechanism does not have the ability to enforce outcomes. We give two different mechanisms for DP computation of approximate CE. The first is computationally efficient, but has a suboptimal dependence on the number of actions in the game; the second is computationally inefficient, but allows for games with exponentially many actions. We also give a matching lower bound, showing that our results are tight up to logarithmic factors. ∗We gratefully acknowledge the support of NSF Grant CCF-1101389. We thank Nabil Al-Najjar, Eduardo Azevdeo, Tymofiy Mylovanov, Andy Postlewaite, Al Roth and Tim Roughgarden for helpful comments and discussions. †Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania. Email:mkearns@cis.upenn.edu. ‡Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania. Email:mallesh@econ.upenn.edu. §Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania. Email:aaroth@cis.upenn.edu. ¶School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University. Email:jullman@seas.harvard.edu.
Surveying the Digital Future in the USA: A Longitudinal International Study of the Individual and Social Effects of PC/Internet Technology

Using a combination of well-accepted scientific survey methods and techniques for the analysis of social science data, a research team at the UCLA Center for Communication Policy is currently conducting a long-term longitudinal study on the impact over time of computers, the Internet and related technologies on families and society. Funded by the National Science Foundation and some of America’s leading corporations, the project is based at UCLA and is also being run in Singapore, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Germany, France, Hungary, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, India, Iran and Israel as well as a growing list of additional countries. The results from the first year of the project were released to nationwide acclaim in October 2000, and year two results were released in November 2001. Year three results were released in early December 2002.
Return to play and performance after shoulder instability in National Basketball Association athletes.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) who sustained a shoulder destabilizing injury could return to play (RTP) successfully at a high rate regardless of treatment type. Methods We used publicly available data to identify and evaluate 50 players who sustained an in-season shoulder instability event (subluxation/dislocation) while playing in the NBA. Demographic variables, return to NBA gameplay, incidence of surgery, time to RTP, recurrent instability events, and player efficiency rating (PER) were collected. Overall RTP was determined, and players were compared by type of injury and mode of treatment. Results All players (50/50) returned to game play after sustaining a shoulder instability event. In those treated nonoperatively, athletes who sustained shoulder subluxations returned after an average of 3.6 weeks, compared with 7.6 weeks in those who sustained a shoulder dislocation (P = .037). Players who underwent operative management returned after an average of 19 weeks. Athletes treated operatively were found to have a longer time interval between a recurrent instability event (70 weeks vs. 28.5 weeks, P = .001). Conclusion We found 100% rate of RTP after a shoulder instability event in an NBA athlete. Players who experience shoulder dislocations were found to miss more time before RTP and were more likely to undergo surgical intervention compared with those who experienced a subluxation. Surgical repair maintained a longer interval between recurrent instability. Future investigations should aim to evaluate outcomes based on surgical procedures and identify possible risk factors predictive of recurrent instability or failure to RTP.