cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of rationalization and denial to reduce accident-related and illness-related death anxiety

Subjects read stories depicting the death of an individual through either an accident or a terminal illness. The subjects then answered questions designed to measure the extent to which various defense mechanisms were elicited by the stories. In Experiment 1, the subjects used rationalization more than denial or repression after reading the accident story, but they used all three defenses with equal magnitude after the illness story. In Experiment 2, rationalization was again used more than denial after the accident story, and the two defenses were used with similar magnitude after the illness story. There may be specific trauma-defense relationships whose existence depends on specific characteristics of both the type of trauma and the type of defense mechanism.
Pulsed laser-induced ablation of absorbing liquids and acoustic-transient generation

CrO4 are irradiated by a KrF excimer laser (λ=248 nm, FWHM=24 ns) with moderate energy density (up to 100 MW/cm2) below the plasma-formation threshold. The ablation process, including the vapor-cavity formation and the acoustic-wave propagation is visualized by laser-flash photography. The ablation thresholds are determined by measuring the generated pressure transients and vapor-phase kinetics using a broadband piezoelectric pressure transducer and a simultaneous optical-transmission probe, respectively. The mechanisms of liquid ablation and acoustic-pulse generation are investigated based on the thermoelastic behavior of the liquid medium and the evaporation dynamics. A numerical model is proposed to describe the explosive-vaporization process at high laser fluences. The computation results are compared with the experiment.
Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Assisted colonization could help prevent the extinction of threatened and endangered species by intentionally moving a species to a region where it has not occurred in the recent past, but should survive under future climate scenarios. Where species are naturally localized and confined to patchy habitats, assisted colonization might be the only means for population dispersal across human landscape barriers such as urban and agriculture areas. The major risk associated with assisted colonization is introducing ecologically harmful species. Previous policy papers have described management options for deciding when to move a species to mitigate for climate change. We build on this previous work by examining management options and policy solutions for assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). On its surface, the ESA statutory language appears to provide the legal framework for allowing assisted colonization, as the U.S. Congress gave the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) broad discretion to manage populations of endangered species. However, current USFWS regulations are an impediment to assisted colonization for many endangered animal species, whereas regulations do not necessarily restrict assisted colonization of endangered plants. Because of this discrepancy, we recommend a review of the regulatory language governing movements of endangered species.
Preservice Music Teachers' Conceptions of Teaching Effectiveness, Microteaching Experiences, and Teaching Performance.

Fifteen undergraduate music education majors who were enrolled in an introductory music education course constructed concept maps on the topic of “teacher effectiveness” prior to and following two microteachings. The Survey of Teaching Effectiveness (STE) and a time sampling procedure based on criteria from teacher-intensity (TI) research measured teaching performance. Conceptions of teaching effectiveness were examined from two perspectives: cognitive structure, measured by map scores, and conceptual understanding, based on qualitative data from maps, self-evaluations, and interviews. Quantitative results indicate that participants' cognitive structure did not change, nor did it correlate with their teaching performance. Qualitative results provide insight into how preservice teachers acquire conceptions of teaching effectiveness and suggest that microteachings in conjunction with concept mapping may help shape preservice music education teachers' understanding of what it means to teach.
First impressions count: exploring the importance of website categorisation

Grounded in categorisation theory, this exploratory research provides insights regarding how consumers initially perceive websites - as images rather than 'clickable' interfaces. According to this view, at first glance, consumers categorise websites with respect to some set of attributes, much as they categorise products or retailscapes. Similarity judgements are gathered from survey data using the Multidimensional Scaling MDS technique. Results show four salient attributes - uniqueness, educational value, personalisation, and trustworthiness. The main substantive contribution of this paper is the application of perceptual mapping to study and categorise static websites, and the finding that the non-dynamic attributes of uniqueness, educational value, personalisation, and trustworthiness are as important with i-branding as with retail branding. A methodological novelty is that rather than relying on consumer self-report regarding attributes of the websites, the present research utilises similarity scaling technique to capture website perceptions through indirect measures.
Identity and Search in Social Networks

Social networks have the surprising property of being "searchable": Ordinary people are capable of directing messages through their network of acquaintances to reach a specific but distant target person in only a few steps. We present a model that offers an explanation of social network searchability in terms of recognizable personal identities: sets of characteristics measured along a number of social dimensions. Our model defines a class of searchable networks and a method for searching them that may be applicable to many network search problems, including the location of data files in peer-to-peer networks, pages on the World Wide Web, and information in distributed databases.
Elimination of spectral interferences in the determination of Se in nickel-base alloys using Zeeman background correction

Abstract Spectral interferences from the presence of nearby matrix lines can occur when using continuum source background correction. An interference of this type exists when determining Se in nickel-base alloys using deuterium background correction. This interference introduces a significant analytic error at both the 196.0- and 204.0-nm Se lines. By comparison, Zeeman effect background correction is free of any spectral interference problem. Zeeman background correction, used in conjunction with the stabilized temperature platform furnace, permitted accurate analysis without the requirement for matrix-matched standards.
Chelsea on 5th Avenue: Hypermasculinity and Gay Clone Culture in the Retail Brand Practices of Abercrombie & Fitch

AbstractThe major focus of this research demonstrates how the retail branding practices of Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F) borrow from hypermasculine gay clone culture to create a distinct brand image. This interpretative analysis, conducted through an examination of the overall shopping experience at A&F's flagship 5th Avenue New York City store, suggests how A&F has borrowed from a homoerotic hypermasculine theme to create meanings, stories, and associations to the products. Martin Levine's 1970s hypermasculine gay clone culture as well as Douglas Holt and Laurence Vincent's theories of how fashion intermediaries borrow from culture to create “fashion themes” further contextualize this research. A&F's use of these iconic gay characteristics in their branding not only creates a distinctive brand image, but also disseminates fragments of gay culture and history through the customers who wear the clothing.
Differential bonding from infancy to international conflict

(1986). Differential bonding from infancy to international conflict. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 6, Aggression and Its Alternatives in the Conduct of International Relations, pp. 155-173.
Evaluation and characterization of high-molecular weight 1D glutenin subunits from Aegilops tauschii in synthetic hexaploid wheats

Abstract The high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of bread wheat are major determinants of end-use quality. The objective of this study was to determine the 1Dx and 1Dy subunits present in 43 synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) lines derived by crossing durum ‘Langdon’ to 43 Aegilops tauschii accessions. Protein samples were initially electrophoresed multiple times on SDS-PAGE gels to arrange subunits into similar groups and then were electrophoresed on urea/SDS-PAGE gels. Initial results with SDS-PAGE gels indicated that there were six 1Dx and six 1Dy subunits in these SHW lines. However, results of the urea/SDS-PAGE indicated that some of the subunit groups could be further differentiated into additional subunits. A total of eleven 1Dx and eight 1Dy subunits including the newly designated subunits 1Dx2 t -1, 1Dx2 t -2, 1Dx2 t -3, 1Dx1.5 t -1, 1Dx2.1 t -1, 1Dy10 t -1, and 1Dy12 t -1 were identified, and they composed 17 1Dx and 1Dy combinations in the SHW lines. Eight of the combinations included at least one novel subunit and hence they were novel Glu-D1 alleles. Our results indicated that urea/SDS-PAGE can be very useful in identifying new HMW glutenin subunits. Quality testing of the SHW lines will determine if any of the alleles are useful in improving wheat-baking quality.
Liver X receptors in lipid metabolism: opportunities for drug discovery

The liver X receptors (LXRs) are pivotal regulators of lipid homeostasis in mammals. These transcription factors control the expression of a battery of genes involved in the uptake, transport, efflux and excretion of cholesterol in a tissue-dependent manner. The identification of the LXRs, and an increased understanding of the mechanisms by which LXR signalling regulates lipid homeostasis in different tissues (including the liver, intestine and brain), has highlighted new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in human metabolism. New strategies for the pharmacological manipulation of LXRs and their target genes offer promise for the treatment of human diseases in which lipids have a central role, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
Foramen Magnum Ontogeny in Homo sapiens: A Functional Matrix Perspective

Historically, the foramen magnum (FM) has been an integral component of studies on skull ontogeny and evolutionary transformations of cranial form. Although this foramen has been considered a single entity, we hypothesize that it comprises two functional matrices, a ventral matrix and a dorsal matrix. In general, the ventral matrix is related to locomotor functions, whereas the dorsal matrix is related to neurological functions and fluid flow dynamics. To test our hypothesis, we used a large ontogenetic sample of modern human crania (seventh fetal month to adult) to (1) delineate bony size and shape ontogeny for both the foramen and its dorsal and ventral units; (2) delineate the role of synchondroses in the observed growth patterns and rates; and (3) explore the relationship between FM and cranial size, shape, and growth. Detailed growth patterns and rates are established for the bony FM and its ventral and dorsal skeletal units. These data are supplemented by literature and observational data on embryonic and fetal FM ontogeny, soft tissue relationships, anomalous/pathological extremes of size, and craniocervical anatomy and locomotor functions. The hypothesis that the FM is composed of a ventral and a dorsal functional matrix is supported by observed ontogenetic differences between ventral and dorsal skeletal units, as well as by the soft tissue anatomy of these matrices. Further documentation of these matrices has the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of the ontogenetic and evolutionary transformations of skull base morphology.
DNA data sharing: Research participants’ perspectives

Purpose: Current genomic research policy calls for public data release with specific consent for data sharing. Because most clinical investigators are not responsible for and do not anticipate data broadcast few include information about data sharing in their informed consent process. Model language is therefore urgently needed and should be responsive to research participants' attitudes and judgments. The purpose of this study was to describe research participants' attitudes and judgments about data release and their preferences for varying levels of control over decision-making. Methods: Focus group sessions with patients and controls from a genetic study of epilepsy. Results: Despite wide variation in judgments, there was general interest in receiving information and making decisions about data sharing. Participants preferred multiple data sharing options, but were more likely to consent to public data release when given fewer options. For existing samples most participants felt that genomic information should not be publicly released without explicit consent from research participants. Conclusions: Specific information about data sharing ought to be included in the consent process for all genetic research. These participants desire multiple data release options, but the effect, if any, on consent to public release deserves further investigation.
A high school wrestler with severe bradycardia.

17-year-old boy was referred for management ofanorexia nervosa. He reported a 23 kg weight lossover 6 months in an attempt to qualify for a lowerwrestling weight class. Additionally, he described exertionallightheadedness and dyspnea. Examination revealed a teen-ager with a body mass index of 16 kg/m
Twenty-five years after introduction of automotive catalysts: what next?

The union of catalysts and the automobile has been one of the greatest successes of heterogeneous catalysis over the last 25 years. Here, the history of automotive catalysis is briefly reviewed, followed by an assessment of where automotive catalysis stands today and where it is headed in the future. A key distinction between past automotive catalysis experience and that projected for the future is an increased focus on catalysts in upstream of power plant applications, such as on-board fuel processing units for fuel cell vehicles. Driven by ever tighter regulations, there will be continued research and development activity focused also on downstream applications (i.e. exhaust emission aftertreatment), especially for fuel-efficient, lean-burn vehicles, both diesel and spark-ignited.
Hyperspectral image processing using locally linear embedding

We describe a method of processing hyperspectral images of natural scenes that uses a combination of k-means clustering and locally linear embedding (LLE). The primary goal is to assist anomaly detection by preserving spectral uniqueness among the pixels. In order to reduce redundancy among the pixels, adjacent pixels which are spectrally similar are grouped using the k-means clustering algorithm. Representative pixels from each cluster are chosen and passed to the LLE algorithm, where the high dimensional spectral vectors are encoded by a low dimensional mapping. Finally, monochromatic and tri-chromatic images are constructed from the k-means cluster assignments and LLE vector mappings. The method generates images where differences in the original spectra are reflected in differences in the output vector assignments. An additional benefit of mapping to a lower dimensional space is reduced data size. When spectral irregularities are added to a patch of the hyperspectral images, again the method successfully generated color assignments that detected the changes in the spectra.
Abbreviated inner primaries: a sex-linked dimorphism in the Acorn Woodpecker

In at least 15 species of woodpeckers, the inner primaries of nestlings are reduced in size. This trait is polymorphic in Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California, where most nestlings (90.1%) had reduced first and second primaries, 9.8% had only a reduced first primary, and 0.1% had no reduced primaries. More males (11.1%) had large second primaries than did females (5.3%), and females with this trait were less likely to survive their first year of life. Smaller inner primaries may provide a temporary energetic savings for nestlings that facilitate faster growth, but, if so, why this trait is not more common among other cavity-nesting species remains unknown. This trait appears to be more ecologically interesting than previously suspected and warrants study in other species and populations of woodpeckers.
Correct-ed through construction: a model-based approach to embedded systems reality

We present a design methodology for specifying embedded systems that addresses the complex nature of embedded systems design. Our approach uses modern model-based techniques to correct specifications as they are constructed, driving the engineer towards a more correct specification. We also present a concrete specification language based on this methodology.
Gender and Group Process: A Developmental Perspective

Until recently, the study of gender development has focused mainly on sex typing as an attribute of the individual. Although this perspective continues to be enlightening, recent work has focused increasingly on children's tendency to congregate in same-sex groups. This self-segregation of the two sexes implies that much of childhood gender enactment occurs in the context of same-sex dyads or larger groups. There are emergent properties of such groups, so that certain sex-distinctive qualities occur at the level of the group rather than at the level of the individual. There is increasing research interest in the distinctive nature of the group structures, activities, and interactions that typify all-male as compared with all-female groups, and in the socialization that occurs within these groups. Next steps in research will surely call for the integration of the individual and group perspectives.
A New World of Retail Supremacy: Supply Chains and Workers' Chains in the Age of Wal-Mart

In contrast to the mid-twentieth century era of transnational commerce, in which the US or European manufacturing multinationals played the leading role, twenty-first century globalization is increasingly structured by a set of retail-dominated supply chains, that of Wal-Mart first among them. This strategic shift in the locus of corporate power has arisen out of two conjoined phenomena: first, the logistical integration made possible and necessary by the revolution in information/transportation technology (bar codes, data storage, containerization, global communications), and second, the neoliberal transformation of the worldwide political economy, which in the US has facilitated the massive expansion of a low-wage, import dependent retail sector, while in coastal China it has generated a huge export-manufacturing boom. But the global supply chain linking Guangdong Province to Bentonville, Arkansas may well be an increasingly fragile one, because the proletarianization of tens of millions of Chinese peasants is unlikely to go smoothly, especially under conditions of authoritarian governance.
Suggested excisional margins for cutaneous malignant lesions based on Mohs micrographic surgery

ImportanceSurgical excision of skin cancer is a common treatment, yet the proper surgical margin remains unclear. This study reviews data on lesions and their margins as defined by Mohs micrographi...
DeFer : Deferred Decision Making Enabled Fixed-Outline Floorplanning Algorithm

In this paper, we present DeFer-a fast, high-quality, scalable, and nonstochastic fixed-outline floorplanning algorithm. DeFer generates a nonslicing floorplan by compacting a slicing floorplan. To find a good slicing floorplan, instead of searching through numerous slicing trees by simulated annealing as in traditional approaches, DeFer considers only one single slicing tree. However, we generalize the notion of slicing tree based on the principle of deferred decision making (DDM). When two subfloorplans are combined at each node of the generalized slicing tree, DeFer does not specify their orientations, the left-right/top-bottom order between them, and the slice line direction. DeFer even does not specify the slicing tree structure for small subfloorplan. In other words, we are deferring the decisions on these factors, which are specified arbitrarily at an early step in traditional approaches. Because of DDM, one slicing tree actually corresponds to a large number of slicing floorplan solutions, all of which are efficiently maintained in one single shape curve. With the final shape curve, it is straightforward to choose a good floorplan fitting into the fixed outline. Several techniques are also proposed to further optimize the wirelength. For both fixed-outline and classical floorplanning problems, experimental results show that DeFer achieves the best success rate, the best wirelength, the best runtime, and the best area on average compared with all other state-of-the-art floorplanners.
NASA/JPL airborne three-frequency polarimetric/interferometric SAR system

The NASA/JPL airborne SAR system (popularly known as "AIRSAR") has been flown aboard the NASA Ames Research Center DC-8 since 1987. AIRSAR is a three frequency (P-, L-, and C-bands) polarimetric radar with the interferometric capability. Modes of operation are possible with the AIRSAR system, it has three basic operational modes (polarimetric, across track interferometry, and along track interferometry). The AIRSAR hardware consists of RFE (RF Electronics), digital electronics, antenna, control computer, on-board processor, and power distribution subsystems. A single DCG (Digital Chirp Generator) generates the chirp waveform and it is up-converted to L-band. Subsequent up- and down- conversions produce C- and P- band chirp signals, respectively. The return echo is amplified by LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) and digitized by 8-bit ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter). The digital data from six channels are multiplexed and stored on tape using the high density digital recorder. During the AIRSAR mission, a real time correlator produces low resolution imagery to assess the general health of the radar and to verify that the correct area has been imaged. Data processing to produce high quality image products happens in the weeks and months following a flight campaign after proper calibration parameters are generated. The current integrated processor can process both polarimetric and interferometric data. The authors present detailed mission description, hardware configuration, and data processing.
Faculty verbal evaluations reveal strategies used to promote medical student performance

Background: Preceptors rarely follow medical students’ developing clinical performance over time and across disciplines. This study analyzes preceptors’ descriptions of longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) students’ clinical development and their identification of strategies to guide students’ progress. Methods: We used a common evaluation framework, reporter-interpreter-manager-educator, to guide multidisciplinary LIC preceptors’ discussions of students’ progress. We conducted thematic analysis of transcripts from preceptors’ (seven longitudinal ambulatory preceptors per student) quarterly group discussions of 15 students’ performance over one year. Results: All students’ clinical development progressed, although most experienced obstacles. Lack of structure in the history and physical exam commonly obstructed progression. Preceptors used templates for data gathering, and modeling or experiences in the inpatient setting to provide time and solidify structure. To advance students’ knowledge acquisition, many preceptors identified focused learning topics with their students; to promote application of knowledge, preceptors used reasoning strategies to teach the steps involved in synthesizing clinical data. Preceptors shared accountability for helping students advance as the LIC allowed them to follow students’ response to teaching strategies. Discussion: These results depict preceptors’ perceptions of LIC students’ developmental continuum and illustrate how multidisciplinary preceptors can use a common evaluation framework to identify strategies to improve performance and follow students’ performance longitudinally. Keywords: education; medical; undergraduate; clinical clerkship; clinical competence; faculty (Published: 16 May 2011) Citation: Medical Education Online 2011, 16 : 6354 - DOI: 10.3402/meo.v16i0.6354
Intermediates in the Assembly and Degradation of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules Probed with Free Heavy Chain–specific Monoclonal Antibodies

Unassembled (free) heavy chains appear during two stages of the class I MHC molecule's existence: immediately after translation but before assembly with peptide and β2-microglobulin, and later, upon disintegration of the heterotrimeric complex. To characterize the structures of folding and degradation intermediates of the class I heavy chain, three monoclonal antibodies have been produced that recognize epitopes along the H-2Kb heavy chain which are obscured upon proper folding and subsequent assembly with β2-microglobulin (KU1: residues 49-54; KU2: residues 23-30; KU4: residues 193-198). The Kb heavy chain is inserted into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum in an unfolded state reactive with KU1, KU2, and KU4. Shortly after completion of the polypeptide chain, reactivity with KU1, KU2 and KU4 is lost synchronously, suggesting that folding of the class I heavy chain is a rapid, cooperative process. Perturbation of the folding environment in intact cells with the reducing agent dithiothreitol or the trimming glucosidase inhibitor N-7-oxadecyl-deoxynojirimycin prolongs the presence of mAb-reactive Kb heavy chains. At the cell surface, a pool of free Kb heavy chains appears after 60–120 min of chase, whose subsequent degradation, but not their initial appearance, is impaired in the presence of concanamycin B, an inhibitor of vacuolar acidification. Thus, free heavy chains that arise at the cell surface are destroyed after internalization.
Triolet: a programming system that unifies algorithmic skeleton interfaces for high-performance cluster computing

Functional algorithmic skeletons promise a high-level programming interface for distributed-memory clusters that free developers from concerns of task decomposition, scheduling, and communication. Unfortunately, prior distributed functional skeleton frameworks do not deliver performance comparable to that achievable in a low-level distributed programming model such as C with MPI and OpenMP, even when used in concert with high-performance array libraries. There are several causes: they do not take advantage of shared memory on each cluster node; they impose a fixed partitioning strategy on input data; and they have limited ability to fuse loops involving skeletons that produce a variable number of outputs per input.We address these shortcomings in the Triolet programming language through a modular library design that separates concerns of parallelism, loop nesting, and data partitioning. We show how Triolet substantially improves the parallel performance of algorithms involving array traversals and nested, variable-size loops over what is achievable in Eden, a distributed variant of Haskell. We further demonstrate how Triolet can substantially simplify parallel programming relative to C with MPI and OpenMP while achieving 23--100% of its performance on a 128-core cluster.
Deep divergence and apparent sex-biased dispersal revealed by a Y-linked marker in rainbow trout

Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers can reveal phylogenetic patterns by allowing tracking of male and female lineages, respectively. We used sequence data from a recently discovered Y-linked marker and a mitochondrial marker to examine phylogeographic structure in the widespread and economically important rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Two distinct geographic groupings that generally correspond to coastal and inland subspecies were evident within the Y-marker network while the mtDNA haplotype network showed little geographic structure. Our results suggest that male-specific behavior has prevented widespread admixture of Y haplotypes and that gene flow between the coastal and inland subspecies has largely occurred through females. This new Y marker may also aid conservation efforts by genetically identifying inland populations that have not hybridized with widely stocked coastal-derived hatchery fish.
Onset and orientation of convection in the inner core

SUMMARY Thermal convection is an effective mechanism for producing seismic anisotropy in many regions of the Earth. However, it is not known whether this mechanism is relevant for the anisotropy observed in the inner core. Here we establish the requirements for convection in the inner core by combining a simple model for inner-core growth with a solution for conductive cooling. Thermal convection is likely during the early stages of inner-core growth, but becomes less probable as the volume of the inner core increases. The transition to a non-convecting state is driven by changes in both the thermal and compositional stratification. A decrease in the vigour of convection near the transition to a non-convecting state isolates the pattern of flow with the lowest critical Rayleigh number Rac. We apply a perturbation method based on Rayleigh’s principle to calculate Rac in a hydrostatically flattened inner core. We find that the final pattern of flow is characterized by a degree l = 1 mode in which the axis of upwelling aligns with the rotation axis. This pattern of flow has the symmetry required to explain the distribution of anisotropy at the largest scales. The extent of crystal alignment depends on the level of stress during this final convective state. One possible interpretation of the observed anisotropy is that the final convective state establishes the large scale crystal alignment without completely erasing a more complicated texture that developed when convection was more vigorous.
The effects of prenatal education intervention on unwed prospective adolescent fathers

This study assesses the impact of a prenatal education program dealing with human sexuality, pregnancy, prenatal care, labor, delivery, and infant and child care on the unwed expectant adolescent father. It also assesses the relationship between the father's knowledge in these areas and his supportive behaviors toward the adolescent mother and the expected infant. The 28 black 15-18-year-old adolescent males who volunteered to participate in the study were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 13). Each was pretested (T-1) with Form A of a 75-item prenatal questionnaire, and posttested (T-2) with Form B of the same instrument after an intervention for the experimental group, or 4 weeks after the initial assessment for the comparison group. Findings suggest significant gains in knowledge for the experimental group at T-2 versus T-1 with regard to 1) pregnancy and prenatal care, and 2) infant development and child care. The data also suggest that fathers who were more informed tended to report more supportive behaviors toward the mother and the infant.
Numbers of alveolar macrophages are increased during Pneumocystis pneumonia in mice.

The alveolar macrophage is an important effector cell in the clearance of Pneumocystis organisms from the lungs of invaded hosts. In humans [5] and rats [3], the number of alveolar macrophages is reduced during Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP). Also in these hosts, the alveolar macrophage is defective in phagocytosis of organisms [4]. Mouse models of PcP have not been evaluated for alveolar macrophage response. Numbers of alveolar macrophages and their abilities to function are not known in mice during PcP. This study investigates the numbers of alveolar macrophages in uninfected mice, compared to those in immunosuppressed BALB/c and immunosuppressed, immunodeficient SCID mice infected with P. muris.
Childhood developmental risk for teen childbearing in Britain

Adolescence is often assumed to be the most important period of life for understanding teen childbearing risk. Developmental perspectives challenge that assumption, offering the possibility that early childhood characteristics may have unique and lasting effects on the risk for teen childbearing. This study examined family life risk factors (socioeconomic status, family stress, and parental involvement in education) and how their effects on teen childbearing risk varied, depending on the childhood age at which they were experienced. Prospective life history data from the National Child Development Study of Great Britain were used to study a birth cohort of 4,928 British women, 15.3% of who became pregnant as teens. This study demonstrated that data from early childhood significantly contribute to the understanding of teen childbearing risk.
Low-dose thyroxine attenuates autism-associated adverse effects of fetal alcohol in male offspring's social behavior and hippocampal gene expression.

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterized by neurodevelopmental anomalies manifesting in cognitive and behavioral deficits in the offspring with diverse severities. Social behavior is affected in FASD, and these deficits overlap with those of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Identifying some of the molecular characteristics related to ASD in an animal model of FASD could ultimately provide details on the underlying molecular mechanisms of both disorders that could lead to novel treatments. Methods: Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received the following diets: control (C; ad libitum standard laboratory chow), nutritional control pair-fed (PF), ethanol (EtOH), or an EtOH diet supplemented with 0.3, 1.5, or 7.5 mg thyroxine (T4)/l in the diet. Social behavior and memory were tested in the adult offspring. Plasma total T4, free T3 (fT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured. Hippocampal expression of Gabrb3, Ube3a, Nr2b, Rasgrf1, and Dio3 were measured by RTqPCR and protein levels of Mecp2 and Slc25a12 by Western blotting. Results: Adult male offspring of EtOH dams showed elevated fT3 and low TSH levels. Adult male, but not female, offspring of EtOH dams exhibited social behavior and memory deficits. Expression of autism candidates, Gabrb3, Ube3a, Mecp2, and Slc25a12, was significantly increased in the hippocampus of male offspring of EtOH dams. Hippocampal Nr2b and Dio3 were also increased, while Rasgrf1 was decreased in the same population. Peripheral thyroid function, social behavioral deficits, and altered expression of the above genes were normalized by simultaneous administration of 0.3 mg/l T4 in the EtOH diet. Conclusions: Our data suggest that social interaction deficits of FASD share molecular mechanism with ASD by showing altered hippocampal expression of several ASD candidate genes. Social interaction deficits as well as the gene expression changes in the offspring of EtOH-consuming dams can be reversed by low dose of thyroid hormone supplementation to the mothers.
Peeling the Onion

There are more than 600 known species in the genus Allium. While some are little more than botanical curiosities, others are attractive ornamental plants of diverse size and hue (e.g., A. moly L., A. giganteum Regel, A. flavum L., A pulchellum, A. roseum) or economically important spices and vegetables (e.g., onion, garlic, leek, shallot, chive, and scallion, respectively A. cepa, A. sativum, A. porrum L.,A. ascalonicum auct., A schoenoprasum L., and A. fistulosum L.).1 The antibiotic, anticancer, antithrombotic, cholesterol-lowering, and other beneficial health effects associated with consumption of genus Allium plants are widely touted in the popular and scientific/medical press.23 Typical culinary usage of these plants involves cutting or crushing them so as to maximize flavor and aroma release. Cutting or crushing results in disruption of plant tissue with ensuing enzymatic and chemical reactions generating the actual flavorants and aroma compounds.4 The flavorants and aroma compounds probably serve as protective agents for the plant against attack by predators and infectious microorganisms.4 At the same time several insect pests, such as the leek moth or onion maggot, key in on these compounds to locate their next meal or egg-laying site.5
Theories and Evidence: Mass Media Effects and Fertility Change

We develop four major hypotheses for why mass media might affect fertility. These include economic and time use effects of the medium, effects of ideas on policy actions of members of the elite, general effects on population basic values and fertility—specific cognitions, and effects of deliberate mass media—based interventions on fertility—related behavior. The paper examines correlational and some longitudinal evidence at the cross—national, intranational, and individual levels, as well as the evidence for effects of deliberate interventions. The correlational evidence is consistent with a mass media effect on fertility. However, the evidence about discrete program effects, which reveals short—lived increases in demand for clinic services, is less consistent. We speculate that, if the spread of mass media has effects on fertility, it reflects a complex social process rather than a medium effect or a discrete learning process: multiple channels, providing reinforcing messages, over time, producing interpersonal discussion and a slow change in values, and working at a level of social aggregation higher than the individual.
Open-angle Glaucoma and Older-onset Diabetes: The Beaver Dam Eye Study

Purpose: To evaluate the relation of older-onset diabetes to open-angle glaucoma. Methods: During a population-based study of age-related eye disease (n = 4926), participants were evaluated for the presence of glaucoma. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were measured, and a medical history was obtained. Results: Rates of persons meeting optic disc, visual field, and intraocular pressure criteria for definite glaucoma were more common in those with older-onset diabetes than in those without (4.2% versus 2.0%; P = 0.004). When persons with a history of treated glaucoma, despite whether they met the other criteria for glaucoma, were included, rates were 7.8% in those with diabetes compared with 3.9% in those without diabetes ( P = 0.0005). Conclusions: The presence of open-angle glaucoma is increased in people with older-onset diabetes.
2088977 Ultrasound-Enhanced Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Ophthalmic Drugs

s S63 Methods: In vitro experiments were performed in a standard diffusion cell setup utilizing excised corneas of New Zealand White rabbits. The corneas were exposed to a 0.02% topical solution of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), a compound used in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. PHMB has average molecular weight of 2400 g/mol and is a hydrophilic compound. Ultrasound was applied at frequency of 400 kHz and intensity of 0.8 W/cm2 for 5 min (since these parameters were found optimal in our previous studies with steroid drugs). Temperature was measured with a thin thermocouple in the proximity of the cornea during ultrasound application. After the experiment, amounts of the drug that penetrated through the cornea were determined using a spectrophotometer, and these quantities were utilized to find corneal permeability to PHMB. Histological studies were performed to determine changes in the cornea due to ultrasound application. Results: The concentration of PHMB in the receiver compartment of the diffusion cell was 2.85 60.87x10-5 % in sham-treated cases and 16.3265.99x10-5 % in ultrasoundtreated cases. The PHMB delivery increase through the cornea due to ultrasound application was 5.7 times. The corneal damage due to ultrasound application was limited to the surface layers of the corneal epithelium and was shown previously to recover within 90 min. The measured temperature increase during ultrasound application was 2 C. Conclusions: Our long-term goal is to develop an inexpensive, convenient, and minimally-invasive ultrasound method that can be applied in an outpatient clinic and eventually at home to facilitate delivery of medications into diseased eye tissues. 2088977 Ultrasound-Enhanced Delivery of AntiInflammatory Ophthalmic Drugs Marjan Nabili, Sankara Mahesh, Craig Geist, Vesna Zderic Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Ophthalmology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United
WYSIWIS revised: early experiences with multiuser interfaces

WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See) is a foundational abstraction for multiuser interfaces that expresses many of the characteristics of a chalkboard in face-to-face meetings. In its strictest interpretation, it means that everyone can also see the same written information and also see where anyone else is pointing. In our attempts to build software support for collaboration in meetings, we have discovered that WYSIWIS is crucial, yet too inflexible when strictly enforced. This paper is about the design issues and choices that arose in our first generation of meeting tools based on WYSIWIS. Several examples of multiuser interfaces that start from this abstraction are presented. These tools illustrate that there are inherent conflicts between the needs of a group and the needs of individuals, since user interfaces compete for the same display space and meeting time. To help minimize the effect of these conflicts, constraints were relaxed along four key dimensions of WYSIWIS: display space, time of display, subgroup population, and congruence of view. Meeting tools must be designed to support the changing needs of information sharing during process transitions, as subgroups are formed and dissolved, as individuals shift their focus of activity, and as the group shifts from multiple parallel activities to a single focused activity and back again.
"Our Little Patients": A case study of hospitalized children at the University of Michigan, 1890-2011

Perceptions of hospitalization for children shifted from late nineteenth-century care designed to uplift poor children and create better citizens to mid-century attention to children’s emotional and medical needs. In the last few decades, sick children have become objects of sympathy and outpourings of affection. The history of hospitalized children at the University of Michigan demonstrates change over time in involvement of caregivers and families, the role of education during sickness, and the value placed on illness. The hospital provided more than just medical interventions, and its history offers a window to changing ideas about children and society.
Enteric bacterial catalysts for fuel ethanol production

The technology is available to produce fuel ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic biomass. The current challenge is to assemble the various process options into a commercial venture and begin the task of incremental improvement. Current process designs for lignocellulose are far more complex than grain to ethanol processes. This complexity results in part from the complexity of the substrate and the biological limitations of the catalyst. Our work at the University of Florida has focused primarily on the genetic engineering of Enteric bacteria using genes encoding Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. These two genes have been assembled into a portable ethanol production cassette, the PET operon, and integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli B for use with hemicellulose-derived syrups. The resulting strain, KO11, produces ethanol efficiently from all hexose and pentose sugars present in the polymers of hemicellulose. By using the same approach, we integrated the PET operon into the chromosome of Klebsiella oxytoca to produce strain P2 for use in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process for cellulose. Strain P2 has the native ability to ferment cellobiose and cellotriose, eliminating the need for one class of cellulase enzymes. Recently, the ability to produce and secrete high levels of endoglucanase has also been added to strain P2, further reducing the requirement for fungal cellulase. The general approach for the genetic engineering of new biocatalysts using the PET operon has been most successful with Enteric bacteria but was also extended to Gram positive bacteria, which have other useful traits for lignocellulose conversion. Many opportunities remain for further improvements in these biocatalysts as we proceed toward the development of single organisms that can be used for the efficient fermentation of both hemicellulosic and cellulosic substrates.
Orthonormal wavelets with simple closed-form expressions

Two classes of orthonormal wavelets that have simple closed-form expressions are derived from pulses with the raised-cosine spectrum. These wavelets, which are bandlimited and polynomial-decaying in time, are found to be particular examples of the Lemarie-Meyer (1992, 1993) wavelets. The derivation reveals interesting connections between wavelet construction and intersymbol interference (ISI)-free signaling for digital communications.
Bitcoin: Flash in the Pan or a Window into the Future?

Since emerging on the scene in 2009, the digital currency bitcoin has sparked an intense debate online and in the financial presses about its relative virtues and vices as well as its implications for the future of money. In this paper, I examine whether it is likely that bitcoin will emerge as money, i.e. a generally accepted medium of exchange. I outline its unique attributes and defects to explain both its surprising popularity and its limited prospects for attaining the status of money. I conclude that, although the odds of bitcoin itself ever becoming money are slim, the innovations that its unique programming protocol unleashes could potentially have profound and far-reaching implications for monetary institutions, particularly in nations with corrupt and poorly managed money.
Dendritic Cells Enhance HIV Infection of Memory CD4+ T Cells in Human Lymphoid Tissues

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in controlling infections by coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses to invading pathogens. Paradoxically, DCs can increase HIV-1 dissemination in vitro by binding and transferring infectious virions to CD4(+) T cells, a process called transinfection. Transinfection has been well characterized in cultured cell lines and circulating primary T cells, but it is unknown whether DCs enhance infection of CD4(+) T cells in vivo. In untreated HIV infection, massive CD4(+) T-cell infection and depletion occur in secondary lymphoid tissues long before decline is evident in the peripheral circulation. To study the role of DCs in HIV infection of lymphoid tissues, we utilized human tonsil tissues, cultured either as tissue blocks or as aggregate suspension cultures, in single-round infection experiments. In these experiments, addition of monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) to the cultures increased T-cell infection, particularly in CD4(+) T cells expressing lower levels of HLA-DR. Subset analysis demonstrated that MDDCs increased HIV-1 infection of central and effector memory T-cell populations. Depletion of endogenous myeloid DCs (myDCs) from the cultures decreased memory T-cell infection, and readdition of MDDCs restored infection to predepletion levels. Using an HIV-1 fusion assay, we found that MDDCs equally increased HIV delivery into naive, central, and effector memory T cells in the cultures, whereas predepletion of myDCs reduced fusion into memory T cells. Together, these data suggest that resident myDCs facilitate memory T-cell infection in lymphoid tissues, implicating DC-mediated transinfection in driving HIV dissemination within these tissues in untreated HIV/AIDS.