cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations of Smad expression and activation in defining 2 subtypes of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background.We postulated that disruptions of the canonical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b)/Smad signaling pathway might contribute to the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods.A cohort of 798 HNSCC tumor samples from 346 patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to define the pattern of expression of (phospho)Smad2, (phospho)Smad3, and Smad4. Results.We found that 19%, 40%, and 12% of HNSCC specimens failed to express pSmad2, pSmad3, or Smad4, respectively. Loss of Smad2/3 activation was observed in 8.5% of specimens. In addition, 4% of specimens failed to express only Smad4. Moreover, patients with pSmad2/3-negative tumors had a significantly better overall survival than that of those whose tumors expressed activated Smad2/3. In contrast, loss of Smad4 expression did not have prognostic significance. Conclusion.Our results indicate that HNSCC in which Smad2/3 are inactivated or in which Smad4 expression is lost represent 2 distinct tumor subtypes with different clinical outcomes. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Head Neck35:76-85, 2013
2D (1)H(N), (15)N Correlated NMR Methods at Natural Abundance for Obtaining Structural Maps and Statistical Comparability of Monoclonal Antibodies.

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) provides a robust approach for producing unique spectral signatures of protein higher order structure at atomic resolution. Such signatures can be used as a tool to establish consistency of protein folding for the assessment of monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug quality and comparability. Using the NIST monoclonal antibody (NISTmAb) and a commercial-sourced polyclonal antibody, both IgG1κ isotype, we apply 2D NMR methods at natural abundance for the acquisition and unbiased statistical analysis of 1HN -15N correlated spectra of intact antibody (Ab) and protease-cleaved Fab and Fc fragments. The study demonstrates the feasibility of applying 2D NMR techniques to Abs and the precision with which these methods can be used to map structure and establish comparability between samples at atomic resolution. The statistical analyses suggests that, within the limit of detection, no significant structural differences are observed between the Fab and Fc domains of each respective intact Ab and its corresponding fragments. Discrimination between dissimilar species, such as between the Fab domains of both Abs or between the glycosylated and deglycosylated Fc domains, was further demonstrated. As such, these methods should find general utility for the assessment of mAb higher order structure.
Responding to Dodd-Frank Section 913’s Punt: An Essay Calling for Bifurcated Fiduciary Standards Among Retail Financial Advice Providers

In response to the Great Recession, Congress passed, and President Obama signed into law, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, in late July 2010. Dodd-Frank represented the most expansive federal securities legislation since the Great Depression, and given the timing of its passage, the first major round of scholarship on Dodd-Frank will occur during this submission cycle. Securities statutes authorize a federal agency, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") to promulgate rules and regulations implementing the law more broadly. The Essay argues that Dodd-Frank serves as a watershed moment for the SEC to create a uniform standard of fiduciary duties among all providers of consumer financial advice. In addition, the Essay uniquely calls for bifurcation of that standard, so that advice relating to newer retirement vehicles such as 401(k)s and IRAs is held at the same level of care as required by ERISA relative to traditional retiree pension plans.
Chloroplast and mitochondrial mechanisms for protection against oxygen toxicity.

As a consequence of their oxygen rich environment, organelles of photosynthetic tissues are exposed to large fluxes of oxyradicals and reactive oxygen species. Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen are all potential by-products of respiratory and photosynthetic systems. Strong reduc-tants found in mitochondria and chloroplasts along with a steady flux of photosynthetically generated oxygen enhance the potential for oxyradical production. Unless ncturalized by scavenger substrates or enzymes, these reactive intermediates pose a lethal threat.The presence of superoxide dismutases, cdtalases. various peroxidases and scavenger substrates are all means of defences available to protect organelles. A balance between oxyradical production and neutralization should exist. Perturbations in generation or in sequestration caused by environmental or nutritional factors might profoundly alter the steady state level of oxyintermediates.
Gender Differences in American Jewish Identity: Testing the Power Control Theory Explanation

This paper addresses discrepancies in previous research about whether there are gender differences in Jewish identity. Four factors of Jewish identity are examined: multifaceted Jewish engagement, social Jewish identity, communal religious identity, and cultural Jewish identity. Using the 2011 New York Jewish Community Survey, gender differences in Jewish identity in seven denominational groups of American Jews are examined. The power control theory (PCT) is tested as an explanation for the gender differences, and found to be lacking. Measures of power imbalance in current family situations are used, in addition to measures related to socialization; the rationale for this variation is discussed. According to PCT, the Orthodox would exhibit greater gender differences in Jewish identity, but the opposite is true: significant gender differences are found for non-Orthodox denominations more than are found for the Orthodox. Being raised Orthodox does not contribute to the gender differences. Measures of power imbalance within families do not contribute to the explanation of variance in any of the Jewish identity factors. Possible generalization of the findings is discussed, as well as directions for further research.
Nest Predation in the Mountain White-Crowned Sparrow

Predation was the largest cause of failure in 1,132 Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha nests, followed by desertion and inclement weather. Mean annual predation rate was 29.9% and did not vary significantly over the 19 years of the study. This was attributed to the presence of a large, stable population of Belding's ground squirrels, a known predator on Z. 1. oriantha nests. Predation rate was highest during the nestling period, next highest during laying, and lowest during incubation. Mean daily predation rate for the whole nesting cycle was 2.0% per day. Investigator activities at nests frequently caused desertion during laying but seldom thereafter. These activities may have attracted predators on occasion but no convincing, pervasive effect could be demonstrated. Antipredator behaviors included several distraction displays and seasonal shifts in nest locations from above-ground to ground and from pines to willows. Predators at the nest were vigorously attacked but usually to no avail. Nest predation rates did not vary with parental age nor with clutch size.
The Analysis Of the High Pressure Rate,the Awareness Rate,the Rate of Taking Medicine and Controling High Pressure of Residents Above 15 in Xilinhot City

Objective in order to know the high pressure rate,the awareness rate,the rate of taking medicine and controling high pressure of residents above 15 in Xilinhot City.Method Use group random selection to measure blood pressure and ask about high blood pressure situation and treatment Result the sample capacity is 2501 after leaving out the useless sample:male 1071;female 1430.The number of high pressure patients is 1038,41.5%,the prevalence rate is 31.86%:male 542;female 496.The number of male patients is higher than that of female.Among those who have high pressure,41.23%of whom have already known their situation but only 13.58%of them are taking the medicine to reduce their pressure and 4.24%of them have controlled their pressure.Conclusion The high pressure rate of local people is high but the awareness rate,the rate of taking the medicine and controling the disease is very low,so it is urgent to take measures to deal with the problem.
Chronic pelvic pain.

The topic of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) has long been a frustrating one for physicians and patients alike, with difficulties in diagnosis and management leading to delays in recovery. Recent insights into the neurobiology of chronic pain disorders and into mechanisms of visceral pain suggest that significant advances in treatment of CPP are likely to occur during coming years. These insights suggest that we consider directing our treatment efforts away from the visceral organ presumed to be primarily responsible for the CPP and toward treatment of the neurologic mechanisms that sustain chronic pain.
The Relationship between Laissez-Faire Leadership Style and SMEs Growth in the Top 100 SMEs in Kenya

The study sought to establish the relationship between laissez-fair leadership style and SMEs growth. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophical approach in order to facilitate data triangulation so as to have a clear understanding of the research problem and used a causal research design. The target population comprised of 553 personnel including owners and Managers of the top 100 SMEs of 2013.A sample of 227 managers was selected through a proportionate sampling and 25 top managers were purposely selected for the study. The study relied on primary data that was collected using closed-ended questionnaires as well as structured interview guides. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the data while inferential statistics where used to make inferences and draw conclusions about the quantitative data. Inferential statistics included Pearson’s correlation to test the association between the variables and chi-square test that was applied to test the research hypothesis. The study findings established that Laissez-faire leadership style and SMEs growth was positively correlated and significantly related to SMEs growth (r= 0.792, P= 0.011 (p< 0.025); the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted since the p value was less than alpha ( c 2 =213.143; d.f. = 60; P= 0.021 (P<0.05). The study concluded that the effectiveness of the leaders in utilizing laissez-faire leadership style greatly influenced the performance and SME growth as the employees were able to execute their duties successfully and thus SME leaders should adopt leadership styles that would facilitate growth of their enterprises.
MRI in Mobius Syndrome

The MRI findings in three patients with Mobius syndrome are reported from the Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
The importance of organized out-of-school activities in developing obesity during childhood and adolescence

T presentation overviews two longitudinal studies that identify common out-of-school care arrangements for children adolescents and examined whether those arrangements predicted subsequent obesity. The first study assesses after-school program (ASP) participation on child body mass index (BMI), obesity status, and indicators of peer acceptance over time. Participants were 439 children in grades 1-3 who resided in a disadvantaged, urban city in the Northeastern United States. Obesity status was defined as a BMI ≥95th percentile for age and gender. Children who were regular participants in ASPs showed a significantly lower increase in BMI over time and were less likely to be obese at follow-up than non-participants (21% and 33% respectively). Children who participated in ASPs also showed significant increases in popularity, received fewer peer nominations for rejection, and had larger peer networks compared to non-participants. All findings held after controlling for demographics. The second study involved participants from a nationally representative sample of 1,766 adolescents from the panel study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement. Results showed that, beyond baseline measures of BMI before the summer and several demographic aspects known to predict obesity, youth whose summer arrangements involved regular participation in organized activities (sports, extracurricular activities, and after-school programs) showed significantly lower rates of obesity than other youth. This was most evident for youth whose activity participation was consistent across two waves of the study and for early adolescents. Youth whose regular summer arrangement was predominated by parent care without organized activity participation showed the highest rates of obesity. Joseph L. Mahoney, J Obes Weight Loss Ther 2013, 3:7 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.S1.012
Roscoe Owen Brady: Passion for patients

How do you distill the dignitas and essence of a scientist and a trailblazer and a mentor in just a few paragraphs? And communicate this adequately to peers, former colleagues, and people that have never met him? Especially a scientist with a career longer than most, who discovered more than most, who practiced his craft more deeply than most, and who ultimately impacted more patients than most?
New Wine in Old Bottles: “Repurposed” Methodologies for Studying Expertise in Physics

Abstract The study of expertise has a long tradition in physics and has led to a deeper understanding of how content expertise is developed and used. After a brief overview of previous methodologies used to study expertise in physics, accompanying findings, and how those findings have enriched classroom practices, we describe three new approaches for exploring expertise in physics. The three approaches rely on methodologies common in cognitive science but are repurposed, or adapted, to study expertise in new ways within a science content area. We discuss findings from these studies, some surprising and some expected, then conclude with commentaries about the value of these approaches for studying expertise in science, and speculate on the implications of the findings for improving educational practices.
Endolymphatic Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Abdominal Lymphangiography (BORAL) and Embolization (BORALE) for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chylous Ascites: Approach, Technical Success, and Clinical Outcomes.

Background To describe endolymphatic balloon-occluded retrograde abdominal lymphangiography (BORAL) and embolization (BORALE) for diagnosis and treatment of chylous ascites in patients with previously unidentifiable leakage site or failed lymphatic embolization. Methods Two (66%) men and 1 (33%) woman with mean age of 52 years (range: 14–79 years) presented with chylous ascites and underwent BORAL or BORALE between March 2016 and February 2017. Patients presented with chylous ascites (n = 3) and with renal cell carcinoma after left nephrectomy and lymph node dissection (n = 1), metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma after left nephrectomy and adrenalectomy (n = 1), and heart transplantation after failed Fontan procedure (n = 1). Pelvic lymphangiography technical successes, complications, radiation dose, contrast volume, clinical response, and follow-up were recorded. Results Pelvic lymphangiography and BORAL were technically successful in 3 (100%) patients. BORALE was attempted in 2 (66%) patients and was technically successful in both patients (100%). No minor or major complications occurred. Mean radiation dose was 1,037 mGy (range: 391–2,264 mGy). Mean contrast was 83 mL (range: 25–150 mL). Mean blood loss was 15 mL (range: 5–30 mL). Chylous ascites resolved in all 3 (100%) patients. Conclusions BORAL and BORALE provide a rational and effective approach for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chylous ascites and previously unidentifiable leakage site or failed lymphatic embolization.
Circulating Microvesicles from Pancreatic Cancer Accelerate the Migration and Proliferation of PANC-1 Cells

Circulating microvesicles are able to mediate long-distance cell–cell communications. It is essential to understand how microvesicles from pancreatic cancer act on other cells in the body. In this work, serum-derived microvesicles were isolated from 10 patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer and healthy controls. Using Cell Transwell and WST-1 reagents, we found that microvesicles from pancreatic cancer accelerated migration and proliferation of PANC-1 cells. Meanwhile, the proliferation of these cancer-microvesicle-treated cells (CMTCs) was affected less by 10 μM of gemcitabine relative to healthy microvesicle-treated cells (HMTCs). Next, we optimized the filter-aided sample preparation method to increase the recovery of protein samples and then applied it to the quantification of the proteome of CMTCs and HMTCs. The peptides were labeled and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 4102 proteins were identified, where 35 proteins were up-regulated with 27 down-regul...
Clinical training groups for spirituality and religion in psychotherapy

Clinical training in spirituality and religion (S/R) is an important dimension of cultural competence. We outline a relational approach to S/R issues in clinical practice, and then describe a key r...
Shim analysis for spherical elastomeric bearings

Abstract This paper describes development of equations for linear elastic stress analysis of concentric shims (reinforcements) in spherical multilayer bearings under general three-dimensional loading and uniform temperature change. The theory is based on a generalization of thin shell theory and the Complementary Strain Energy Principle. Some examples are given to illustrate the shim stresses due to direct loading from the rubber pads and their agreement with finite element predictions. This loading is found using the linear elastic pad and bearing analysis in (Schapery, 2018). Although the shims are assumed perfectly rigid in the pad and shim analyses, the total strain energy in the shims can be found using their Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, enabling estimation of the effect of shim deformation on bearing stiffness. These analytical models for pads and shims are intended to assist in rapid preliminary design of elastomeric bearings when utilized, for example, in a Mathcad computer program embedded in Excel that the author used. Final designs can be done with finite elements to account for rubber nonlinearity and shim deformation.
Identifying the enablers and barriers of IT personnel transition

This chapter presents the initial findings from a National Science Foundation-supported study of IT personnel transition. We used the revealed causal mapping method (Narayanan & Fahey, 1990) to elicit barriers, enablers, and examples of IT personnel transition. The chapter reveals new knowledge and insight into factors that enable and prevent IT personnel transition as organizations evolve. The data is presented in the form of interpretation of revealed causal maps from 84 respondents. The results are the first steps toward developing a theory of IT personnel transition that is distinct from general transition theories.
The Wellbeing of Children in the United States: Evidence for a Call for Action

When we examine the status of children and families in the United States today, it is clear that the state of the wellbeing of children and families in America does not meet the standards of our leaders a decade ago. Today, our children suffer from poverty in a country of great wealth; they may lack the educational skills that will allow them to be competitive in the future job market. Many of their parents experience chronic unemployment or transience, as well as periods of family instability. The lives of many children are scarred by abuse and neglect. Many children live in homes or neighborhoods which expose them to domestic or community violence. They are involved in an educational system that does not allow them to develop their full learning potential. Still others are homeless or confront food insecurity on a daily basis. As Marian Wright Edelman states
Environmental Aspects of Recycling Valve-regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the environmental aspect of recycling valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries. The encouragement of lead–acid battery recycling has focused upon recycling as a means of limiting the environmental dispersion of lead. The recycling of lead–acid batteries, however, is to be encouraged for many reasons. Battery production entails the use of materials that are ultimately finite in their supply, and proper management of these material resources is required to ensure their availability for future generations. The environmental release of all the materials within a battery can also be curtailed through recycling. The components of used lead–acid batteries (ULAB), in whatever form, are all recyclable. The battery itself, however, does nothing to close the recycling loop if it is not collected and delivered to a recycler for processing. It is, therefore, essential that governments and battery manufacturers ensure that used batteries enter the loop by creating an infrastructure that will encourage, promote, and facilitate environmentally sound recycling. Used VRLA batteries must be considered as hazardous waste when making arrangements to either return them to the manufacturer or to transport them to the recycler. From an industrial perspective, lead–acid batteries are an environmental success story —in most Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 96% of all battery lead is recycled.
Methods for the study of centrosome-independent spindle assembly in Xenopus extracts.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses methods for the study of both centrosome-mediated and centrosome-independent spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. The chapter describes simple assays for microtubule polymerization and organization, through the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or purified centrosomes to form mitotic asters. The protocols described include microtubule aster reactions, bead spindle reactions, and inhibition of extract proteins. This system is ideal for studying mechanisms of self-organization, including microtubule nucleation around chromatin and motor-dependent function. The value of these methods extends beyond the study of microtubule self-organization, however. Both centrosome-mediated and centrosome-independent spindle assembly share mechanisms in common. Although centrosomes constitute visible and dominant organizing centers when they are present, motor functions are superimposed and are crucial for spindle organization, as they are when centrosomes are absent. Therefore, the study of both types of spindle assembly is important to understand the principles of microtubule organization in mitosis and meiosis.
Photoacoustic tomography in a clinical linear accelerator for quantitative radiation dosimetry

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Approximately half of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy, in which linear accelerators are used to deliver high doses of x-ray radiation to tumors, inducing cell death. X-ray energy deposition causes pressure changes that produce acoustic signals due to the photoacoustic effect. Here, clinical x-ray beams were directed at test objects made of antimonial lead and other metallic materials within a water tank. Photoacoustic signals were measured using a calibrated broadband hydrophone and validated using simulations in k-Wave. Linear and two-dimensional synthetic apertures were formed by mechanically scanning the x-ray source and test object within a single plane. Tomographic images of test objects, reconstructed from measured photoacoustic signals, show good agreement with object geometry. X-ray doses incurred by the test objects are mapped based on the reconstructed acoustic pressure sources and Gruneisen parameter of the material employed. Potential applications to in vivo dosimetry for x-ray and proton therapy, potentially enabling safer and more effective treatments, are discussed.Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Approximately half of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy, in which linear accelerators are used to deliver high doses of x-ray radiation to tumors, inducing cell death. X-ray energy deposition causes pressure changes that produce acoustic signals due to the photoacoustic effect. Here, clinical x-ray beams were directed at test objects made of antimonial lead and other metallic materials within a water tank. Photoacoustic signals were measured using a calibrated broadband hydrophone and validated using simulations in k-Wave. Linear and two-dimensional synthetic apertures were formed by mechanically scanning the x-ray source and test object within a single plane. Tomographic images of test objects, reconstructed from measured photoacoustic signals, show good agreement with object geometry. X-ray doses incurred by the test objects are mapped based on the reconstructed acoustic pressure sources and Gruneisen parameter of the material...
Organolanthanide-Catalyzed Cyclization/Silylation of Nitrogen-Containing Enynes

Cyclization/silylation reactions of nitrogen-containing enynes catalyzed by the complexes Cp*2LnMe·THF (Ln = Y, Lu) were investigated. Utilizing standard conditions previously developed for carbocyclic systems, the Cp*2YMe·THF complex suffered from poor reactivity at room temperature with nitrogen α to the alkyne. This was overcome in the current studies either by slow catalyst addition or by using the smaller lutetium catalyst Cp*2LuMe·THF. The use of Cp*2LuMe·THF allowed the preparation of various nitrogen-containing ring systems in excellent yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivities at room temperature. The results of this study highlight the ability to tune the reactivity of an organolanthanide complex by changing the metal center.
Invisible no more: police violence against Black women and women of color

This book has one overarching goal – to render the experiences of Black women and women of colour with law enforcement in the United States invisible no more. Further, there are four key contributi...
Tepito y la Ciudad de México desde el “tercer espacio” de Ingobernable

El periodo desde mediados del siglo XX hasta el presente en America Latina y el Caribe ha representado una etapa historica, aunque con varios desaciertos, que ha desatado grandes transformaciones sociales y economicas. Una de ellas es el fortalecimiento del narcotrafico como estructura de insercion economica y social de sectores marginales y como estructura de valor social y moral. Para este trabajo, voy a analizar como la estructura del narcotrafico, definida por Rossana Reguillo como la “narcomaquina”, incide en recrear espacios. Aqui se precisa espacio como una instancia imaginaria y real definido por la mediacion de elementos del sistema politico, economico, historico y social. El espacio que se analiza es el barrio Tepito, una comunidad en la Ciudad de Mexico (CDMX) que historicamente ha estado narrada por parte del Estado como un espacio problematico, pero que encuentra otra caracterizacion en la serie de Netflix Ingobernable (2017). El drama politico protagonizado por la actriz mexicana Kate del Castillo gira en torno a la figura de la primera dama de un Mexico contemporaneo marcado por la guerra contra el narcotrafico y otros conflictos politicos. The period from mid-twentieth century until the present in Latin America and the Caribbean has represented a historical stage, though with several missteps, that has unleashed great social and economic transformations. One of these missteps has been the strengthening of drug trafficking as a structure for economic and social integration of marginal sectors and as a structure of social and moral value. In this article, I will analyze the structure of drug trafficking, defined by Rossana Reguillo as a “narcomaquina,” and how it affects the definition of space. Space is considered here as an imaginary and real instance defined by the mediation of elements of the political, economic, historical, and social systems. The space analyzed is the Tepito neighborhood, a community in Mexico City that has historically been configured by the state as a “problematic space.” This article studies Tepito and how it is portrayed in the Netflix series Ingobernable (2017), a political drama starring the Mexican actress Kate del Castillo that revolves around the figure of the first lady of Mexico and the nation immersed in the middle of the war on drugs and other political conflicts.
Nanodevices and Applications: My Nonlinear Career Trajectory

We all live our lives within certain boundary conditions set by our society, and I believe, in many cases, those conditions are more restrictive for women. My career trajectory has not been quite linear: from graduating with all my degrees in Chemistry to becoming a professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering, and from working in a startup company to returning to academia. My general research interests are in the area of semiconductor materials and devices. My current research focus includes developing innovative 3D structures and devices through both bottom-up growth and top-down nanofabrication approaches to bring lasting impact to the fields of electronics, photonics, nanotechnology, and quantum technology, as well as human health. In this chapter, I attempt to highlight some periods of my life, including those where being female was an element that could not have been ignored, and shine some light on how it is entirely possible to step out of comfort zones, push the boundaries, and embrace opportunities to shape one’s career path.
Searching for high entropy alloys: A machine learning approach

Abstract For the past decade, considerable research effort has been devoted toward computationally identifying and experimentally verifying single phase, high-entropy systems. However, predicting the resultant crystal structure(s) “in silico” remains a major challenge. Previous studies have primarily used density functional theory to obtain correlated parameters and fit them to existing data, but this is impractical given the extensive regions of unexplored composition space and considerable computational cost. A rapidly developing area of materials science is the application of machine learning to accelerate materials discovery and reduce computational and experimental costs. Machine learning has inherent advantages over traditional modeling, owing to its flexibility as new data becomes available and its rapid ability to construct relationships between input data and target outputs. In this article, we propose a novel high-throughput approach, called “ML-HEA”, for coupling thermodynamic and chemical features with a random forest machine learning model for predicting the solid solution forming ability. The model can be a primary tool or integrated into existing alloy discovery workflows. The ML-HEA method is validated by comparing the results with reliable experimental data for binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary systems. Comparison to other modeling approaches, including CALPHAD and the LTVC model, are also made to assess the performance of the machine learning model on labeled and unlabeled data. The uncertainty of the model in predicting the resultant phase of each composition is explored via the output of individual predictor trees. Importantly, the developed model can be immediately applied to explore material space in an unconstrained manner, and is readily updated to reflect the results of new experiments.
Breaking the bottleneck: stilbene as a model compound for optimizing 6π e− photocyclization efficiency

TEMPO was more suitable at photocyclizing stilbene than iodine. As stilbene concentration increased, TEMPO produced a higher yield of phenanthrene at shorter times and significantly reduced the potential for undesired [2+2] cycloadditions. Iodine retarded phenanthrene formation because it promoted isomerization to (E)-stilbene which encouraged [2+2] cycloaddition.
Anesthesia in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

With the increasing survival over the last decade, the number of patients with congenital heart diease (CHD) has increased into adulthood. It becomes imperative for the cardiac anesthesiologist to be familiar with CHD for non-cardiac surgery, particularly in patients with a late presentation of CHD or repaired versus palliated CHD undergoing operative procedures. This chapter will be focused on pediatric cardiac surgery for CHD.
Case 38. Leukemoid reaction mimicking aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T-cell lymphoma

CD8 marker is not unique to primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma (pc CD8+ AECTCL). Moreover, it occurs in seven other entities presented in the following table. There is a certain clinical and morphological overlap of γδ-positive and CD8-positive cases. Due to various aberrant expression of CD56, TCRγ, and CD8 markers, it was suggested that the term “primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma” without specification may be better suited for those lymphomas. There is a range of CD8+ pseudolymphomas and CD8+ non-lymphomatous proliferations should be kept on a list of differential diagnosis such as actinic reticuloid, CD8+ drug-associated eruptions, and HIV-associated CD8+ LPD.
Pathophysiology of Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury

This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology of iodinated intravascular contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). While there is no conclusive evidence of the exact mechanisms involved in CI-AKI, the current understanding of its pathophysiology is summarized in this chapter. First, we provide an overview of the basic anatomy and function of the kidney relevant to the pathophysiology of CI-AKI. We then discuss the key contributory factors in the pathophysiology of CI-AKI including medullary hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and direct tubular toxicity of contrast. Finally, the unique characteristics of contrast and contributing patient characteristics that are associated with increased risk of nephrotoxicity will be discussed.
Taxes and the growth in mutual funds: Evidence from OBRA 93

Abstract In recent years, individuals have steadily moved from direct ownership of equities to holding securities through mutual funds. Prior research has attributed this phenomenon to tax incentives to hold mutual funds in tax-preferred retirement accounts. In contrast, employing household-level microdata and using OBRA 93 as a quasi-natural experimental setting, we find that on average, investors reduced their mutual fund holdings within tax-preferred accounts following a tax rate increase. However, we also observe that this effect is primarily driven by investors with relatively high trading activity within their tax-preferred accounts; investors exhibiting relatively low trading activity generally increased their mutual fund investments in these accounts after OBRA 93. Investors who increased their mutual fund holdings did not do so by rebalancing away from other asset classes. Collectively, our results suggest that taxes are not driving the growth in mutual funds. This finding has important public policy implications because of the growing popularity of using mutual funds as a retirement savings vehicle, the dwindling number of individuals covered by defined benefit plans, the dramatic increase in the importance of mutual funds as a financial intermediary, and the continued state of flux in U.S. tax policy.
Central Nervous System Response to Selpercartinib in Patient With RET-rearranged Non-small Cell Lung Cancer After Developing Leptomeningeal Disease on Pralsetinib.

Clinical Practice Points • Selpercatinib and pralsetinib both have high extracranial efficacy in RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). • We present a case of a patient with RET fusion-positive NSCLC who had a durable extracranial response to pralsetinib, but had leptomeningeal progression. She subsequently had both a clinical and radiographic CNS response to selpercatinib. • Future studies should compare the intracranial efficacy with these 2 RET inhibitors, with implications on choice and sequence of their use.
Caregiver rating of early childhood development: Reliability and validity of the ASQ-3 in rural Guatemala.

Abstract Background Although performance-based assessment of early childhood development is preferred, there are a number of limitations to this methodology in low resource settings (LRSs). Hence, clinicians and researchers often rely on caregiver report screening tools. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3 (ASQ) is one of the most widely used caregiver report measures globally. Adequate psychometric properties have been demonstrated in high income settings, especially when used in older children, high- risk children, or those with severe neurodevelopmental delays. However, its utility is more variable within very young children and for use in LRSs. Methods The reliability and validity of the ASQ was determined for children ages 0–5 years living in rural Guatemala. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed, as well as concurrent and predictive validity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values related to performance-based developmental assessment (Mullen Scales of Early Learning; MSEL) and growth status (i.e. stunting) were also calculated. Results Internal consistency reliability for the ASQ was adequate, except when results were limited by small sample size. Test-retest reliability ranged from low to moderate (r = 0.08–0.43; p Conclusions The ASQ did not demonstrate adequate psychometric properties in rural Guatemala, consistent with concerns documented in other LRSs. These results indicate that existing caregiver report screening measures of early childhood development should be utilized with caution in LRSs, and alternative methods for assessment or in the development and utilization of caregiver report measures should be considered.
Cholinergic interneurons mediate cocaine extinction through similar plasticity across medium spiny neuron subtypes

Cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been implicated in the acquisition and extinction of drug associations, as well as related plasticity in medium spiny neurons (MSNs). However, since most previous work has relied on artificial manipulations, if and how endogenous patterns of cholinergic signaling relate to drug associations is unknown. Moreover, despite great interest in the opposing effects of dopamine on MSN subtypes, whether ChIN-mediated effects are similar or different across MSN subtypes is also unknown. Here, we find that endogenous acetylcholine event frequency during extinction negatively correlates with the strength and persistence of cocaine-context associations across individuals, consistent with effects of artificial manipulation of ChIN activity during extinction. Moreover, ChIN activation during extinction produces a reduction in excitatory synaptic strength on both MSN subtypes, similar to the effect of multiple extinction sessions in the absence of ChIN manipulations. Together, our findings indicate that natural variation in NAc acetylcholine may contribute to individual differences in drug-context extinction by modulating glutamatergic presynaptic strength similarly at both D1R and D2R MSN subtypes. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/458113v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (30K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14b4cc1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9c5224org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d4bff3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1862150_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
The Changing Role and Responsibilities of a Chairman—Letters

To the Editor.— I recently read an excellent article in the July issue of Pediatrics (1992;90:50-57). This paper, "The Changing Role and Responsibilities of Chairmen in Clinical Academic Departments: The Transition from Autocracy," contains many important lessons and guidelines. I was interested in reference 16 in that paper, which describes a faculty development form. When I pulled the abstract in Pediatric Research, the purpose of the form was described but not the form itself. Would Dr Brent be willing to share this form with me? I believe it would be extremely helpful, particularly in guiding our junior faculty.
How Now, Brown Fat?

Brown adipose tissue is, surprisingly, more related to skeletal muscle than to white adipose tissue.
In-Stent Restenosis

The introduction of coronary stents marked a major turning point in the practice of interventional cardiology. Whereas the efficacy of balloon angioplasty was challenged both by immediate mechanical complications and by a high incidence of restenosis, coronary stents offered cardiologists a means by which to not only augment immediate procedural success, but also to reduce the incidence of restenosis following coronary intervention. However, despite technological advances and an improved understanding of the restenotic process, the overall rate of in-stent restenosis following bare metal stent implantation remains high. Although the introduction of drug-eluting stents has further reduced the incidence of restenosis, the "real-world" application of drug-eluting stents in increasingly complex lesion and patient subsets has given way to the even greater clinical challenge of managing drug-eluting stent restenosis. Although the standard treatment of bare metal stent restenosis typically involves placement of a drug-eluting stent, the optimal therapeutic approach to drug-eluting stent restenosis remains less defined. The issue of in-stent restenosis (especially following implantation of a drug-eluting stent) remains a clinical challenge, and investigation into therapeutic options remains ongoing. As technology evolves, such investigation will likely incorporate novel approaches including drug-coated balloons novel stent designs.
The Effect of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Rotenone on the Oxidation of Choline by Rat Liver Mitochondria

Abstract The effect of semicarbazide on the oxidation of choline by rat liver mitochondria was studied. Semicarbazide was used to prevent both further oxidation of betainealdehyde and product inhibition of choline dehydrogenase by the aldehyde. NAD did not stimulate choline-based respiration when semicarbazide was present to prevent the oxidation of enzymatically formed betainealdehyde. In contrast, NAD did stimulate respiration when the semicarbazide was omitted. NAD stimulation of choline-supported respiration appears to be entirely due to its effect on the oxidation of betainealdehyde. In both the presence and the absence of semicarbazide, rotenone inhibited the oxidation of choline. It was concluded that the rate of choline oxidation to betainealdehyde is decreased by rotenone and that this inhibition is not due to product inhibition by betainealdehyde. Choline oxidation by submitochondrial particles was insensitive to rotenone. Inhibition of respiration by rotenone was found to be competitive with respect to choline. Acetate ion eliminated the rotenone sensitivity of choline oxidation. These results suggest that rotenone may inhibit choline oxidation by reducing the rate of entry of choline into intact mitochondria.
Has the November Effect Replaced the January Effect in Stock Markets

Results of previous studies support the November effect of the 1986 Tax Reform Act (TRA) on certain stock portfolios. The rapid growth of mutual funds driven by the fundamental changes in the retirement benefit system in past decades may expand the seasonality from portfolios to stock markets and lead to a replacement of the January effect with the November effect in stock markets. Results of this study support the January effect in the large-cap and small-cap stock markets in the pre-TRA period, although the January effect may share a large portion of co-variation with the size effect. However, the November effect is independent of the size effect. Furthermore, a major shifting process of the January effect to the November effect occurs in both the large-cap and small-cap stock markets. The significant result of the November effect in the post-TRA period questions the claim that fund managers are capable in mitigating potential price pressures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for Anxiety Management Training

Case: An engineer unable to maintain employment because she experiences intermittent bouts of generalized anxiety.
Regulation and Mechanism of Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase: II. EXCHANGE REACTIONS CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME

Abstract Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 catalyzes an exchange between 14C-AMP and ATP in the absence of added ribose 5-phosphate. The exchange reaction requires Mg++ ions and low concentrations of inorganic phosphate in addition to the substrates. High concentrations of inorganic phosphate (which stimulate over-all PRPP synthesis and inhibit the over-all reverse reaction) inhibit the exchange reaction. Low concentrations (0.2 mm) of ribose 5-phosphate stimulate the exchange reaction from 10- to 55-fold depending on the pH of the reaction mixture, but higher concentrations are strongly inhibitory. The Km values for the substrates are not substantially altered by ribose 5-phosphate stimulation. PRPP synthetase also catalyzes an exchange between 14C-ribose 5-phosphate and PRPP in the absence of added adenine nucleotides. The Mg++ and phosphate requirements for this exchange reaction are similar to those of the AMP-ATP exchange reaction. Ribose 5-phosphate-PRPP exchange is stimulated more than 200-fold by low concentrations (0.1 mm) of AMP, but is strongly inhibited by higher concentrations of AMP. AMP stimulation is not a consequence of changes in Km values for the substrates. The maximal rates of the unstimulated AMP-ATP exchange reaction and of the unstimulated ribose 5-phosphate-PRPP exchange reaction are slower than the maximal rate of the over-all reverse reaction of PRPP synthetase, but the rates of the stimulated exchanges are at least as fast as the over-all reactions of PRPP synthetase. Evidence is presented that the unstimulated exchange reactions can occur in the complete absence of the stimulating partner substrates. The results are interpreted as favoring a mechanism in which an enzyme-pyrophosphate intermediate is formed during the PRPP synthesis reaction, but in which this intermediate normally occurs in a ternary complex with AMP or ribose 5-phosphate (or both) noncovalently bound. The stimulation of exchange by AMP and ribose 5-phosphate is viewed as an example of "substrate synergism" (Bridger, W. A., Millen, W. A., and Boyer, P. D., Biochemistry, 7, 3608 (1968)).
Refeeding hypertension in dietary obesity

A novel model of nutritionally induced hypertension in the rat is described. Dietary obesity was produced by providing sweet milk in addition to regular chow, which elicited a 52% increase in caloric intake. Despite 54% greater body weight gain and 139% heavier retroperitoneal fat pads, 120 days of overfeeding failed to increase systolic pressure in the conscious state (125 +/- 8 vs. 121 +/- 4 mmHg in chow-fed controls) or mean arterial pressure under urethan anesthesia (71 +/- 4 vs. 63 +/- 3 mmHg). In contrast, mild hypertension developed in intermittantly fasted obese animals (a 21-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure measured in the conscious state and a 16-mmHg increase in mean arterial pressure under anesthesia relative to chow-fed controls). The first 4-day supplemented fast was initiated 4 wk after the introduction of sweet milk, when the animals were 47 g overweight relative to chow-fed controls. Thereafter, 4 days of starvation were alternated with 2 wk of refeeding for a total of 4 cycles. A rapid fall in systolic blood pressure (12 +/- 2 mmHg at 2 days) accompanied the onset of supplemented fasting and was maintained thereafter (2.7 +/- 2.6 mmHg further decrease during the latter half of the fast). With refeeding, blood pressure rose precipitously (13 +/- 3 mmHg in the 1st 2 days), despite poststarvation anorexia. Blood pressure tended to rise slightly over the remainder of the realimentation period (5.2 +/- 2.8 mmHg). After the 4th supplemented fast, hypertension was sustained during 30 days of refeeding. Cumulative caloric intake in starved-refed rats fell within 2% of that in chow-fed controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)