cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The fracture energy and acoustic emission of a boron-epoxy composite

The fracture surface energy (γ) of a boron fibre-epoxy resin composite has been measured by three different techniques: work of fracture, linear elastic fracture mechanics, and compliance variation. Significant differences were obtained by the different methods. The compliance data were analysed to giveγ at different stages of crack propagation. It was observed thatγ decreased as the crack entered the material and that this variation ofγ could be correlated with the pull-out length of fibres and acoustic emission generated during fracture. The fracture surface energy is explained in terms of a debonding model.
Master usability scaling: magnitude estimation and master scaling applied to usability measurement

Master Usability Scaling (MUS) is a measurement method for developing a universal usability continuum based on magnitude estimation and master scaling. The universal usability continuum allows true ratio comparisons, potentially between all items measurable by the construct of usability (attributes, tasks, or products -- software or hardware) that have contributed to the meta-set by following the procedures prescribed. This paper describes the background for MUS, data reduction, and cases studies in software usability assessment.MUS is based on a new measurement method of usability, Usability Magnitude Estimation (UME) [9], where users estimate usability magnitude according to an objective definition of usability. UME allows all items measured within a single usability activity to be compared across one continuum. MUS utilizes UME to assess standard reference tasks across different usability activities to construct one meta-set of data. This meta-set of data can be represented as a universal usability continuum. MUS is simple to administer, easy to comprehend, and with advanced underlying calculations, powerful to use. The MUS continuum has the potential to be a widespread, robust, universal measurement scale of usability.
The initial boundary-value mixed problems for elastic half-plane with the conditions of contact friction

The exact solutions of nonstationary contact problems of elastodynamics for a half-plane with the dry and viscous friction in the contact zone having the contact edge point moving with arbitrary variable velocity along the boundary of a half-plane are obtained in a closed form. A new method of solution based on the use of Radon transform is used.
Chemoprevention of intestinal tumorigenesis by nabumetone: induction of apoptosis and Bcl-2 downregulation.

Treatment of MIN mice with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, nabumetone, resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of intestinal tumorigenesis. In both the uninvolved MIN mouse colonic epithelium and HT-29 colon cancer cells, nabumetone downregulated the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, with concomitant induction of apoptosis, suggesting a potential mechanism for colon cancer chemoprevention.
Changing indications for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an attractive addition to prenatal genetic diagnosis. Not only were traditional PGD indications valid, but newer indications should be envisioned. The major new indication is aneuploidy testing by PGD for transfer of euploid embryos. This could increase fertilization success in ART, and extend to couples experiencing repeated IVF failures or repeated spontaneous abortions. Other novel indications can be envisioned for the future.
The nominal duration of TIPS bonds

Abstract This paper studies the price responsiveness (effective duration) of U.S. government issued inflation-indexed bonds, known by the acronym TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities), to changes in nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and expected inflation. Using the TIPS pricing formula derived by Laatsch and Klein [Q. Rev. Econ. Finance 43 (2002) 405], we first confirm that TIPS bonds have zero sensitivity to changes solely in expected inflation. By changes solely in expected inflation, we mean that the real rate remains unchanged and the nominal rate changes in accordance with the established Fisher [Publ. Am. Econ. Assoc. 11 (1896)] effect. We show that the first derivative of the TIPS price is zero whenever the real rate is held constant. Thus, the first partial derivative of the TIPS bond pricing formula with respect to expected inflation is zero and the first partial derivative of the TIPS bond price with respect to nominal rates is also zero, given, in each case, that we hold the real rate constant. We then temporarily shift the analysis to zero-coupon TIPS bonds and zero-coupon ordinary Treasury bonds. We prove that the nominal duration of zero-coupon TIPS bonds equals that of zero-coupon ordinary Treasury bonds when the real rate changes but expected inflation is held constant. However, if expected inflation changes and the change in the nominal rate does not yield a constant real rate, zero-coupon TIPS prices will change and they will change by a smaller percentage than will zero-coupon ordinary Treasury bonds. We analyze TIPS responsiveness to changes in nominal rates under such conditions. We derive an approximation to effective duration that demonstrates that the effective durations of various maturity zero-coupon TIPS bonds are approximately linear functions in time to maturity of the effective duration of the one-year zero-coupon TIPS bond, ceteris paribus. Nominal effective duration of TIPS bonds is certainly of interest to fixed income portfolio managers that might have a desire to include such bonds in their portfolio. After all, the greater portion of a typical fixed income portfolio is in traditional, noninflation protected bonds whose major risk exposure is to changes in nominal rates. To properly assess the role of TIPS bonds in the portfolio, portfolio managers need information as to how TIPS bonds respond to the changes in nominal rates that are driving the price behavior of the bulk of the portfolio's assets. Prior to concluding the paper, we demonstrate how portfolio managers can calculate the nominal durations of coupon TIPS bonds using the zero-coupon duration formula we derive.
Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Flight Activity on a Golf Course in Central Alabama

Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), is a major agricultural insect pest that attacks a wide variety of cultivated plants (Crumb 1929). The insect is also a serious pest that feeds on creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds., the predominant turfgrass species on golf course putting greens. Feeding damage by black cutworm, especially older larvae (i.e., 4~6th instars) creates sunken pock-marks or suppressions, resulting in the reduction of uniformity and smoothness of putting green surfaces (Vittum et al. 1999). Although there was no significant relationship between black cutworm adult population and larval infestation on golf course putting greens (Hong & Williamson 2004), monitoring adult population can provide some insight on potential larval activities on putting greens (Potter 1998). Black cutworm is a migratory species (Showers 1997). In Wisconsin, moths are active in May through late Aug or early Sep (Hong & Williamson 2004), which is similar to the flight pattern observed in other northern areas (Levine et al. 1982). However, there is no flight activity during the winter in the northern United States. This is not surprising because generally black cutworm cannot overwinter north of Tennessee (Showers 1997). Of the few black cutworm flight activity studies on golf courses, most focused only on the northern areas. Thus, no references regarding black cutworm flight activity on a golf course are available for the southern United States where these insects overwinter and presumably have a longer flight period. The objective of our study was to investigate black cutworm flight activity on a golf course in the central Alabama. Black cutworm adults were monitored at the Grand National Golf Course, Opelika, Alabama. Two sticky traps (TRECE Inc., Salinas, California) baited with cap-type synthetic sex pheromone (TRECE; BCW 3141-25) were installed in trees at ca. 1.5 m above the turf surface (Hong & Williamson 2004) on 7 Apr 2010. The location of traps was less than 20 m from the creeping bentgrass, a preferred host, on putting greens. The traps and rubber septa containing the synthetic phero-
Legume, cropping intensity, and N-fertilization effects on soil attributes and processes from an eight-year-old semiarid wheat system

In the North American northern Great Plains (NGP), legumes are promising summer fallow replacement/cropping intensification options that may decrease dependence on nitrogen (N) fertilizer in small grain systems and mitigate effects of soil organic matter (SOM) losses from summer fallow. Benefits may not be realized immediately in semiarid conditions though, and longer-term effects of legumes and intensified cropping in this region are unclear, particularly in no-till systems. We compared effects of four no-till wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems–summer fallow–wheat (F–W), continuous wheat (CW), legume green manure (pea, Pisum sativum L.)—wheat (LGM–W), and pea–wheat (P–W)—on select soil attributes in an 8-year-old rotation study, and N fertilizer effects on C and N mineralization on a duplicate soil set in a laboratory experiment. We analyzed potentially mineralizable carbon and nitrogen (PMC and PMN) and mineralization trends with a nonlinear model, microbial biomass carbon (MB-C), and wet aggregate stability (WAS). Legume-containing systems generally resulted in higher PMC, PMN, and MB-C, while intensified systems (CW and P–W) had higher WAS. Half-lives of PMC were shortest in intensified systems, and were longest in legume systems (LGM–W and P–W) for PMN. Nitrogen addition depressed C and N mineralization, particularly in CW, and generally shortened the half-life of mineralizable C. Legumes may increase long-term, no-till NGP agroecosystem resilience and sustainability by (1) increasing the available N-supply (~26–50 %) compared to wheat-only systems, thereby reducing the need for N fertilizer for subsequent crops, and (2) by potentially mitigating negative effects of SOM loss from summer fallow.
Pressure-temperature phase diagram, inverse isotope effect, and superconductivity in excess of 13 K in κ-(BEDT-TTF ) 2 Cu[N(CN ) 2 ]Cl, where BEDT-TTF is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene

The pressure-temperature phase diagram of the highest-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ organic superconductor, \ensuremath{\kappa}-(BEDT-TTF${)}_{2}$Cu[N(CN${)}_{2}$]Cl is determined, where BEDT-TTF is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene. Semiconducting, insulating, metallic, and superconducting regimes are seen at pressures below 1 kbar. Superconductivity at 12.5 K and 0.3 kbar increases by 0.5--1.5 K upon deuteration of BEDT-TTF, in striking contrast to the normal isotope effect determined previously for \ensuremath{\kappa}-(BEDT-TTF${)}_{2}$Cu[N(CN${)}_{2}$]Br.
Insecticidal juvenile hormone analogs stimulate the production of male offspring in the crustacean Daphnia magna

Juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) represent a class of insecticides that were designed specifically to disrupt endocrine-regulated processes relatively unique to insects. Recently we demonstrated that the crustacean juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate programs oocytes of the crustacean Daphnia magna to develop into males. We hypothesized that insecticidal JHAs might mimic the action of methyl farnesoate, producing altered sex ratios of offspring. Daphnids were exposed chronically (3 weeks) to sublethal concentrations of methyl farnesoate, the JHA pyriproxyfen, and several nonjuvenoid chemicals to discern whether excess male offspring production is a generic response to stress or a specific response to juvenoid hormones. Only methyl farnesoate and pyriproxyfen increased the percentage of males produced by exposed maternal organisms. As previously reported with methyl farnesoate, acute exposure (24 hr) to either pyriproxyfen or the JHA methoprene caused oocytes maturing in the ovary to develop into males. We performed experiments to determine whether combined effects of a JHA and methyl farnesoate conformed better to a model of concentration addition (indicative of same mechanism of action) or independent joint action (indicative of different mechanisms of action). Combined effects conformed better to the concentration-addition model, although some synergy, of unknown etiology, was evident between the insecticides and the hormone. These experiments demonstrate that insecticidal JHAs mimic the action of the crustacean juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate, resulting in the inappropriate production of male offspring. The occurrence of such an effect in the environment could have dire consequences on susceptible crustacean populations.
Separation of ethanol from ethanol/water mixtures by plasma-polymerized membranes from silicone compounds

Abstract The separation by pervaporation of ethanol/water mixtures was investigated. Plasma polymerization was used to produce membranes. Ethanol-permselective membranes can be prepared from various silicone and silane monomers under extremely mild polymerization conditions. These membranes have polydimethylsiloxane-like structures and selectivity factors of 1.5~5.2. Further investigations were carried out on the mechanism of permeation through plasma-treated silicone rubber membranes and silicone oil membranes. Highly permselective membranes can be prepared by surface treatment of thin polydimethylsiloxane membranes with silane compounds containing octadecyl groups. An ethanol permselectivity, αEtOH, of 18.0 and a flux of 0.015 kg/cm2-hr were obtained with these membranes. This report gives a novel method for producing ethanol-permselective membranes.
Planning and Implementing Health Promotion in the Workplace: A Case Study of the Du Pont Company Experience

This case study describes the needs assessment, design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a comprehensive workplace health promotion program. The company had 110,000 U.S. employees at more than 100 locations engaged in a variety of manufacturing, research, sales, and support occupations in 1980. The PRECEDE framework was used to focus program planning and evaluation on key areas of health knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The needs assessment included use of company morbidity and mortality data, a survey of medical and human resources staff, and a survey of employees, spouses, and pensioners. An in-house network of lay committees, site medical personnel, and corporate health education, nutrition and fitness specialists was used to staff critical program functions. Interventions included: public health approaches to program kick-off and health risk assessment; group and self-directed lifestyle change activities; recognition and awards; and workplace climate changes such as smoking policies that favor nonsmokers. One pilot location experienced a 47.5% decline in hourly employee absenteeism over six years versus a 12.5% decline in the total Du Pont hourly workforce. A number of lessons are discussed on how to improve the planning, implementation, institutionalization, and evaluation of health promotion programs in large industrial companies. Four areas where future research and practice should be focused include: reaching spouses, sales personnel, shiftworkers, and employees at small sites; balancing what is popular with what reduces risks over the long-term; documenting program impacts when research resources are scarce; and integrating health promotion programs with workplace medical, safety, employee assistance and benefits programs.
EFFECT OF CHILLING AND FREEZING ON SURVIVAL OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS ON FISH FILLETS

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen isolated from coastal waters of the United States, and from seafoods including fish. No information is available on the viability of V. parahaemolyticus on raw, chilled and frozen fish. A three-strain mixture of V. parahaemolyticus was inoculated on fish fillets (pH 6.4) to obtain a bacterial load of 10(4) (high) or 10(3) (low) CFU/fillet, and stored at 4C or 8C for 9 days or at -18C for seven weeks. At 4C and 8C, and at both levels of inoculation, V. parahaemolyticus survived on the fillets for the entire duration of the study. However, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in V. parahaemolyticus population on the fillets by 9 days of storage. In the frozen fillets, there was a sharp decline (P < 0.01) in the population of V. parahaemolyticus by day 5 of storage. Although chilling and freezing significantly (P < 0.01) inactivated high numbers of V. parahaemolyticus on fish, they cannot be relied upon as a method to reduce V. parahaemolyticus on fish, since the time and magnitude of reduction depends on the initial load of the pathogen and the storage temperature.
PREOPERATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT WITH POTENTIAL OR APPARENT INFECTION

SUMMARY Because of the type of patient treated, and the nature of the injury, the veterinarian is often called upon to treat surgical infections. These infections may be primary, or can be sequelae or trauma or elective surgery. Each clinician has his own protocol and priorities in evaluation of the patient with a surgical infection. A careful history and physical examination, together with clinical and microbiological laboratory testing procedures will help identify the pathogenic organism and indicate the severity of the infection in the animal patient. With this preliminary evaluation, the clinician and surgeon may attack the problem appropriately, and with a greater assurance of success.
Inhibition by progesterone of oxytocin secretion during vaginal stimulation.

Progesterone was administered intravenously for 60 min periods to mature female goats. Immediately before the steroid was infused, vaginal distention increased the concentration of oxytocin in jugular vein blood from 3.7 ±0.4 (mean ±SE) to 36.8 ±6.9 µU/ml plasma. At the end of the infusion, distention induced relatively smaller increases. The size of the decrement in response was linearly related to the logarithm of the infusion rate of progesterone over a range of 5–50 µg/min. Since pregnant goats reportedly secrete progesterone from their ovaries at rates approaching this range, circulating progesterone may prove to be a physiological determinant of posterior pituitary function insofar as it suppresses the release of oxytocin occasioned by genital stimulation. (Endocrinology 87: 812, 1970)
Preparation and characterization of two novel heteropolyfluorooxotungstate anions [NaCoW11O43FH12]6− and [NaNiW11O43FH12]6−

Abstract The ammonium salt of two isomorphous [NaMW 11 O 43 FH 12 ] 6− anions, whre M = Co(II) and Ni(II), were isolated in crystalline form. The structure of the anion was determined by X-ray crystallography. Evidence from visible spectra indicates that the heteroatom occupies an octahedral geometry. Other evidence from X-ray powder patterns confirms that the two anions are isomorphous. The molecular weights of the compounds were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The magnetic susceptibility per gram x g at room temperature is 4.42 × 10 −6 and 2.173 × 10 −6 for M = Co(II) and Ni(II), respectively. The density of each compound is 3.69 g cm −3 .
Mothers’ motivation for involvement in their children’s schooling: mechanisms and outcomes

While research has examined factors associated with parent involvement, little work has focused on why parents are involved in their children’s schooling. This study thus assessed mothers’ motivation for involvement (measured on a continuum of autonomy), their level of involvement, and their affect when involved in relation to children’s motivation and academic performance. Participants were 178 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students and their mothers. More autonomous motivation (identified, intrinsic) for involvement positively related to mothers’ levels of involvement and positive affect when involved. Identified motivation, as well as parental level of involvement, related to children’s academic perceived competence, self-worth, and reading grades. Results supported mediational models in which identified motivation was associated with higher academic perceived competence through cognitive involvement and reading grades through increased cognitive and personal involvement. For self-worth, there was an indirect path from identified motivation through personal involvement as well as a significant direct path. Results stress the importance of considering why parents are involved, especially when developing interventions to increase parent involvement.
Culturally correct song dialects are correlated with male age and female song preferences in wild populations of brown-headed cowbirds

Variation in vocal behavior among local populations of songbirds may be significant to females in mate choice. In a study of dialect populations of brown-headed cowbirds, estradiol-implanted females from two dialects held the pre-copulatory lordosis posture longer in response to playback of the local flight whistle song than to foreign whistle types from adjacent and more distant dialects. Females were held in captivity for a relatively brief period prior to testing and received no tutoring so discrimination was based solely on experience in the wild. This is the first study to show evidence of discrimination by female cowbirds based on flight whistle type. Evidence is presented from one of the study dialects that the majority of yearling male cowbirds are vocally distinct from resident adults in having either foreign or incomplete local whistles. Although these yearlings are fully mature sexually, they have little or no mating success. The correlation between female whistle preference and male mating success suggests that the ability to give the correct local whistle type may be a characteristic used by females to assess age and quality of a potential mate. A learned female preference for the predominant local song type may be a factor in the stability of these dialects by making it adaptive for males to conform to the local dialect.
Chronic back pain: electromyographic, motion and behavioral assessments following sympathetic nerve blocks and placebos.

Abstract Twenty patients with chronic low back pain received 12 lumbar sympathetic injections, in a series of 6 with bupivacaine and a series of 6 with saline. Changes in subjective pain intensity, EMG from paravertebral muscles, joint ranges of mobility, and daily activity levels were measured at multiple intervals throughout treatment and at 3 monthly follow-up intervals. The MMPI was administered before treatment, after treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Results revealed significant reductions in subjective pain intensity lasting 1 month after treatment which were not significantly different during bupivacaine and saline injection periods. Patient's MMPI profiles were indicative of reduced depression and an increase in ability to manage their lives. No significant changes were recorded with respect to EMG, joint range of mobility, or daily activity levels. Results were discussed in terms of a massive placebo effect and analgesia obtained through hyperstimulation of various tissue structures. They are consistent with the hypothesis that central postsynaptic mechanisms were predominant in these patient's chronic back pain states. Because subjective pain relief did not independently produce increasing function, it was recommended that deep analgesic injections or other pain relieving techniques be matched with behavior modification leading to functional rehabilitation.
The FUSE detectors: on-orbit use and lessons learned

The FUSE (Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer) instrument includes two large-format microchannel plate detectors with double delay line anodes. The generally good detector performance has permitted the collection of scientific data with high spectral resolving power, and has enabled the observation of fainter objects than could be easily observed with previous missions in this wavelength range. As with any complex instrumentation, however, there have been numerous challenges which have arisen during the mission. We discuss the on-orbit performance of the FUSE detectors since launch, and describe some of the lessons learned. This includes a discussion of their operation on orbit and the effects that detector performance has had on the scientific data collected. The strategies taken to minimize the impact of detector anomalies on the data will also be discussed.
Influence of simulated high-G on the weld size of aL–lI alloy

Abstract Whether welding processes are used on earth or in space, they have the same objective: to obtain defect-free welds. To fully understand the effect of gravity on the weld pool geometry and solidification one should perform experiments within a broad range of gravitational acceleration. High-gravity arc welding experiments were done on Al–Li alloy using the centrifuge called Multi-Gravity Research Welding System (MGRWS). At a high “ g ” level, buoyancy-driven flow is the dominant force in the weld pool over the Marangoni and the electromagnetic forces. Preliminary results show that the average grain size in the fusion zone at 1 g is smaller that at 5 g .
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulator as a teaching tool for anatomy education

Abstract Background Virtual reality simulators provide an effective learning environment and are widely used. This study evaluated the Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulator (ES3; Lockheed Martin) as a tool for anatomic education. Methods Two medical student groups (experimental, n = 8; control, n = 7) studied paranasal sinus anatomy using either the simulator or textbooks. Their knowledge was then tested on the identification of anatomic structures on a view of the nasal cavities. Results The mean scores were 9.4 ± 0.5 and 5.1 ± 3.0 out of 10 for the simulator and textbook groups, respectively (P = .009). Moreover, the simulator group completed the test in a significantly shorter time, 5.9 ± 1.1 versus 8.3 ± 2.0 minutes (P = .021). A survey asking the students to rate their respective study modality did not materialize significant differences. Conclusion The ES3 can be an effective tool in teaching sinonasal anatomy. This study may help shape the future of anatomic education and the development of modern educational tools.
Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite markers in the gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus

Eight polymorphic microsatellites in the gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, are presented. For 24 genotyped individuals, the number of observed alleles per locus ranged from 10 to 21 (mean = 15), and observed heterozygosity varied between 0.708 and 1.000. Genotypic frequencies did not deviate significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium proportions, and there was no evidence of null alleles or linkage disequilibrium among loci. These microsatellite loci are additional markers for fisheries managers to utilize in population-level B. capriscus assessments.
Discrimination of Dialect from Temporal Patterns of the Speech Signal

Sunr7nury.-To determine whether dialect discrimination could be made on the basis of temporal sequencing (or rhythm) of the speech signal, speech samples were collected from 90 Ss, identified as black, white, and MexicanAmerican. Samples were matched on basis of similarity of context. Similar samples were recorded, using a triad test format. Two racially similar and one different speaker, e.g., black, black and white, formed a triad. 24 tt~ads were put together and recorded. An elcctronic logic system (Schmitt rrlggcr design) generated a noise analogy (temporal pattern) for the speech slgnal 24 noise-analogy triads 2nd 24 speaker triads were presented to groups of black, white, and Mexican-American listeners ro determine whether ethnically identified listener groups could Jistinguish speakers' patterns. Our erhnically distinct Ss were unable to distinguish benveen dialects on the basis of temporal patterns alone. There was a tendency for all listeners to detect the Mexican-American speech at the chance level. Of particular interest, for our research, is the consideration that rhythm or the temporal sequencing of sounds might well be an important feature for discriminating between languages and their dialects. Grimes ( 1969) pointed out that field linguists segment large units of the unknown language into "breath groups" and rhythmic ("sense groups" or phrase) units when attempting to isolate perceptually the structure of a new language. After isolating the temporal sequencing feature of various dialects (black, white, and Mexican-American dialects of American English spoken in Southern California), we hypothesized that our subjects, presented with only this feature as a basis for comparing speech samples, would be able to discriminate between dialects. Linguists, typically, define a dialect as the form or variety of a spoken language peculiar to a region, community or social group; as, English speech as employed by a minority as the Milwaukee Polish dialect. Dialects are regarded, to some degree, as being mutually intelligible, while languages are mutually unintelligible. Often studies of ability to discriminate between dialects have iltilized syntactic and semantic approaches. To study discrimination of dialects, based on prosodic features of language, we selected speakers from the same college environment to minimize syntactic and semantic variations. Differences which our listener-subjects detect between dialects used in this study may be due to differences in the manipulation by the dialect speaker of the prosodic features, particularly the temporal patterning of the speech. The prosodic features of a language comprise all the physical characteristics of the speech signal.
Clonogenic in vitro growth and histologic grading of primary human breast tumors

We determined the relationship of clonogenic in vitro growth and histopath-ologic features of 31 primary human breast tumors. Well-differentiated primary tumors formed fewer colonies than poorly differentiated tumors, and the clonogenic in vitro growth of tumors correlated inversely with patient survival. The potential of the clonogenic assay to serve as a predictor of disease course should be explored further.
On Reflective Knowledge : replies to Battaly and Reed

This article is a reply to Baron Reed and Heather Battaly, two critics in a book symposium on my Reflective Knowledge. The reply to Reed concerns the main content and structure of Descartes’s epistemology. The reply to Battaly concerns how best to deal with epistemic circularity.
Zinc absorption following massive small-bowel resection in the rat

Zinc absorption was evaluated six weeks after massive small-bowel resection in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups. Ten were subjected to proximal small-bowel resection, 10 to distal resection, and 20 served as pair-fed controls. Intestinal perfusion studies were performed using a recirculation technique. Twenty ml of a solution containing 10 μg/ml of zinc as zinc sulfate, isotonic sodium chloride, and polyethylene glycol 5 g/liter was perfused for 2 hr through 10 cm of remaining bowel in resected animals and comparable segments in control animals. Zinc uptake was determined and expressed per 0.1 g mucosal dry weight. In control animals, zinc absorption was greatest in the ileum. Animals undergoing distal bowel resection had a compensatory increase in zinc absorption in the proximal small intestine. However, animals undergoing proximal resection did not demonstrate an increase in zinc absorption in the distal bowel. The proximal small intestine appears capable of increasing its capacity for zinc absorption in the response to distal small-bowel resection.
Low temperature stress corrosion cracking of Inconel 600 under two different conditions of sensitization

Abstract The low temperature stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Inconel 600 under two different conditions of sensitization was studied in sulfur-bearing environments. In one case the material was sensitized directly from the mill annealed condition (MAS) and in the other, solution annealing followed by water quenching was used prior to sensitization (SAS). The propensity to SCC increased significantly by the SAS treatment, as revealed by dynamic tests in very dilute sodium thiosulfate or sodium tetrathionate solutions, and U-bend tests in a concentrated thiosulfate solution which failed to crack the MAS material. The implications of these observations are discussed in terms of the microstructures of the materials.
Development of an analytical model of wing rock for slender delta wings

Three analytical models of the subsonic wing-rock phenomenon for slender delta wings mounted on free-toroll stings are compared. The first model was developed earlier by other investigators, the second is a version of the first model that has been modified in the present paper, and the third was developed in an earlier paper by the authors. The differences among the three models lie in the assumed nonlinear form of the roll moment as a function of the roll angle and its derivative. The numerical values of the coefficients in the moment expressions are obtained by fitting them to moments obtained in an earlier numerical simulation. It is shown that the original model, which contains only quadratic terms, does not predict roll divergence. The model is modified by the addition of a cubic term, and the modified version does predict roll divergence. An asymptotic approximation to the solution of the equation of motion is obtained for the modified model, and it is shown that the solution reduces to the one given when the cubic term is dropped. Finally, the two models are compared with a third model developed earlier by the authors. The periods and amplitudes predicted by the asymptotic analysis for all three models are in close agreement with the numerical simulations, which were found in an earlier work to be in good agreement with experimental data. It appears that the authors' model is slightly more accurate and easier to analyze than either the earliest model or the modified version of that model.
A new hypothesis for how sex steroid hormones regulate bone mass

It has been proposed - but remains controversial - that estrogen's effects on various tissues may be mediated by different cell signaling pathways. Researchers have identified a synthetic ligand that activates only a subset of these pathways, suggesting that bypass of the traditional estrogen pathway can prevent bone loss without associated side effects on reproductive organs.
Patient perceptions of breast biopsy procedures for screen-detected lesions.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to compare patient perceptions of 2 common image-guided breast biopsy procedures on 3 main outcomes: decision making about which procedure to undergo, its convenience, and its side effects. Methods Women who had either an excisional or ultrasound-guided core needle breast biopsy in 1997 for a screen-detected lesion had telephone interviews 1 to 3 months after the biopsy. Bivariate associations were tested by using χ 2 and t test statistics. Mulitvariate analyses were used to control for effects of demographic characteristics. Results Most women (66%) could not remember being offered a choice of procedures, and of those who did have a choice, a higher proportion had an excisional biopsy. Only 2% reported being told the cost of the biopsy procedure. Women who had an excisional biopsy compared with those who had undergone a core needle biopsy reported statistically more hours and days off from work and reported more side effects 1 to 3 days after the biopsy ( P Conclusion Women who had the ultrasound-guided needle biopsy reported significantly fewer side effects and needed less time off from work. When a suspicious lesion is noticed on a screening mammogram, it is important that women and their physicians discuss the benefits and risks of the various biopsy procedures before deciding how to proceed, allowing for informed choice.
Search effectiveness with a breadth-first crawl

Previous scalability experiments found that early precision improves as collection size increases. However, that was under the assumption that a collection's documents are all sampled with uniform probability from the same population. We contrast this to a large breadth-first web crawl, an important scenario in real-world Web search, where the early documents have quite different characteristics from the later documents.
A multi-scale framework for layered composites with thermo-rheologically complex behaviors

A multi-scale modeling framework is proposed for generating the effective nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic responses of multi-layered and thick-section composites. The modeling framework is demonstrated for multi-layered composite systems consisting of two alternating fiber-reinforced polymeric layers: unidirectional fiber (roving) and continuous filament mat (CFM). The viscoelastic behavior of the polymeric matrix is considered as stress-dependent and thermo-rheologically complex. Two simplified 3D micromechanical models with periodic boundary conditions are formulated for the roving and CFM. In addition, a sublaminate model is developed for the 3D effective homogenized through-thickness response of the roving and CFM layers. This framework provides an effective time-dependent material response while simultaneously recognizing the corresponding deformation at the microconstituents under overall thermo-mechanical loadings at the macro-level. Stress correction algorithms are developed at each scale to enhance computational efficiency and accuracy. Short-term (30 min) creep tests on off-axis multi-layered specimens are also conducted under combined stresses and temperatures to calibrate in-situ fiber and matrix properties and verify the predictions of the multi-scale framework. A time-shifting method is applied to create long-term material behaviors from the available short-term creep data. Verification of the multi-scale material framework is also done for the overall long-term responses. Finally, long-term structural analyses under thermo-mechanical loadings are conducted by integrating the multi-scale material framework to finite element (FE) structural analyses.
Mechanical regulation of T-cell functions.

T cells are key players of the mammalian adaptive immune system. They experience different mechanical microenvironments during their life cycles, from the thymus, secondary lymph organs, and peripheral tissues that are free of externally applied force but display variable substrate rigidities, to the blood and lymphatic circulation systems where complicated hydrodynamic forces are present. Regardless of whether T cells are subject to external forces or generate their own internal forces, they response and adapt to different biomechanical cues to modulate their adhesion, migration, trafficking, and triggering of immune functions through mechanical regulation of various molecules that bear force. These include adhesive receptors, immunoreceptors, motor proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and their associated molecules. Here we discuss the forces acting on various surface and cytoplasmic proteins of a T cell in different mechanical milieus. We review existing data on how force regulates protein conformational changes and interactions with counter molecules, including integrins, actin, and the T-cell receptor, and how each relates to T-cell functions.
Unification of gravitation and electromagnetism

In criticizing certain proposed unified field theories Pauli remarked that all these theories are exposed to the objection that they are in disagreement with the principle that only irreducible quantities should be used in field theories. This principle is indeed satisfactory from a forrmal point of view and has been verified empirically without exception in physics. Therefore, it is believed that cogent mathematical reasons have to be given why a decomposition of the reducible quantities used in the theory does not occur. These are discussed. (JFP)
On muon decay in left-right-symmetric electroweak models

We investigate the implications of a recent measurement of the positron-momentum-spectrum end point in polarized muon decay for general SU(2${)}_{\mathrm{L}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2${)}_{\mathrm{R}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) electroweak models.
On the decay of lateral phase separations in biological membranes.

Abstract A theory for the decay of a lateral phase separation in a biological membrane has been developed based upon the edge decay of a population of circular molecular domains of uniform size. The theory has been applied to the case of vesicle fusion at a presynaptic membrane. It is shown that the efficiency of fusion decays exponentially in time with a rate constant solπ 2τ N 1 2 which decreases as the rate at which bonds are broken within each domain (τ−1) decreases and as the number of molecules within each domain (N) increases. Moreover, it has been speculated that this mechanism may offer in part an explanation for the slow, exponential decay during post-tetanic potentiation where it is known that the efficiency of neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic membrane is rate-controlling and decays exponentially.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ATOMIC SCATTERING FACTOR OF NE, AR, KR, AND XE,

To test the accuracy of the Hartree-Fock (HF) method and the reliability of x-ray measurements of the atomic scattering factor $f$, we have determined the scattering of Mo $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation by Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gases. Values of $f$ were obtained on an absolute basis with an accuracy of about \textonequarter{}%. Results at small angle yield the mean-square radius of the electron cloud ${〈{r}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{av}}$ and the dispersion correction. For Ne, Ar, and Kr, the values of ${〈{r}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{av}}$ are in good agreement with HF calculations. For Xe, the experimental value is significantly lower. Susceptibility results yield about 6% lower values in each case. Our derived values of the dispersion correction are each more negative than those obtained from published absorption coefficients. At higher angles, our $f$ values differ by less than 0.2 electron unit from the HF values for all the gases; even for Xe the approximate HF values presently available are more nearly accurate than the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) values. We conclude that a 4% discrepancy between theory and experiment found by Batterman, Chipman, and DeMarco for metal powders arose from solid-state effects or from difficulties in sample preparation.
Crucible surface, thermal refraction, boundaries, and interface shape in melt growth

Abstract A heat conduction analog of Shell's law of refraction is described, which can be used to calculate the kinks in isotherms where they pass the boundaries between media of different thermal conductivity. An application in Bridgman crystal growth is discussed, and it is shown that the edge of a melt growth crystal face should meet the crucible wall at a smaller angle than is usually supposed. The angle approaches 180° for metals, and 0° for a large class of semiconductors, which may have a detrimental effect on the crystallinity of the latter. Some examples are cited.
The Penetration of Lavage Solution into the Periodontal Pocket During Ultrasonic Instrumentation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the penetration depth of the water coolant for medicament lavage of an ultrasonic device into the periodontal pocket. Patients having teeth previously planned for extraction, and exhibiting probing depths 3 mm or greater were used in this study. A reference notch was placed on the tooth at the level of the gingival margin and the probing attachment level (PAL) was measured from the base of the notch to the base of the pocket. The ultrasonic device, with an EWPP tip and equipped with a reservoir of erythrocin dye colored coolant, was activated and moved in a vertical direction from the gingival margin to the apical extent of the pocket. The tooth was extracted and the penetration depth (PD) of the dye-colored water spray was measured from the reference notch to the apical limit of the stained subgingival plaque. The tooth was counter stained with methylene blue to determine the coronal extent of the connective tissue attachment. Pearsons' Product Moment Correlation Coefficient for the PAL and PD was calculated. Dye-stained root surface was observed along the full extent of the probe tip's penetration path. The dispersion of the dye-colored stain was localized to the area of the ultrasonic probe with very little lateral dispersion. The ultrasonic instrument may be an effective system to mechanically remove plaque and calculus at the same time as delivering a chemotherapeutic agent. The limited dispersion of the liquid dye would indicate that chemical plaque control with this delivery system is dependent upon thorough debridement with the instrument such that all affected surfaces are instrumented.
Energies of the Electronic Configurations of the Singly, Doubly, and Triply Ionized Lanthanides and Actinides

Methods are described for estimating energies of the electronic configurations of the gaseous ions of the lanthanides and actinides. Energies are tabulated for the lowest spectroscopic level of the configurations involving 4f, 5d, 6p, and 6s electrons for the lanthanide ions and 5f, 6d, 7p, and 7s electrons for the actinide ions. Some additional values are listed to be added to the previous tabulation for neutral atoms.
Synthetic Ethos: The Believability of Collections at the Intersection of Classification and Curation

This article explores the rhetorical notion of ethos, or a believable character, in the context both of classification schemes, or means of organizing documents, and of the resource collections that make use of those schemes. Ethos, the article contends, explains how a particular audience is more or less likely to accept the interpretive frame that classification or collection inscribes on its contents. Two case studies, one of a classification and one of a resource collection that incorporates a classification, show how these communicative artifacts can generate ethos despite their lack of typical textual mechanisms, such as linear narrative. The article concludes by suggesting that properties of collections—their synthesis of multiple, often independent parts, their continuous versioning—stretch the basic idea of ethos itself, and the notion of synthetic ethos is proposed to better encompass these properties.
The potential role of interleukin-1 in the ovulatory process: An evolving hypothesis

Despite the apparent preliminary nature of the observations cited herein, there is every reason to believe that continued investigation will provide new and meaningful insight relevant to the understanding of the complex interactions between the various cellular components of the ovary. If recent progress is any indication, the next decade may reveal that intraovarian cytokine messengers, as well as a host of growth factors, have major roles throughout the ovarian life cycle.
Efficient production of transgenic cattle by retroviral infection of early embryos

Production of transgenic cattle by microinjection of DNA has been difficult and costly. To explore an alternative method, one- to four-cell bovine embryos were exposed to a replication-defective retrovirus by microinjection of retrovirus producer cells into the perivitelline space. Embryos were cultured in vitro for 3-4 days, then transferred to recipient cows for further development. Thirteen of 22 embryos recovered at 15 days gestation and each of four fetuses recovered at 90 days gestation were transgenic. Fetuses harbored between 2 and 12 proviruses, and within each fetus, identical patterns of integration were observed in seven tissues tested. Estimates of the number of proviruses per cell suggested that in three of the four fetuses, most, and possibly all, cells were transgenic. This technique should facilitate application of transgenic technology to cattle and other agriculturally important species.
The role and activities of the ISCT Regulatory Affairs Committee

Summary The following article iS written as part of a series of reviews addressing regulatory issues relevant to the field of cellular therapy. The first in the series describes the activities and mission of the Legal and Regulatory Affairs Committee of ISCT.