cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme release from human leucocytes: III. Quantitative morphologic evidence for an effect of cyclic nucleotides and colchicine on degranulation☆

Abstract Human neutrophils release lysosomal hydrolases during phagocytosis or, when phagocytosis is inhibited by cytochalasin B, upon contact with phagocytosable substances (zymosan or immune precipitates). Microtubules were more prominent in phagocytosing than in resting cells, and were observed near primary lysosomes and forming phagosomes. “Regurgitation during feeding” resulted from degranulation of primary lysosomes into newly formed phagosomes which were still open to the extracellular space as well as from the ingestion of additional material directly into already loaded secondary lysosomes. Both events led to the release of lysosomal contents from intact cells. When granule volume, calculated as the percentage of cytoplasmic volume, was determined by point counting from electron micrographs the fractional volume of granules in resting cells was 22.6% of the cytoplasm. After phagocytosing zymosan for 15 min the granule volume was reduced to 9.2%. Pretreatment with PGE 1 (2 × 10 −4 M ) or colchicine (10 −5 M ) reduced degranulation so that the fractional volume of granules in these cells after 15 min of phagocytosis was 13.4 and 11.6%, respectively. Degranulation was also inhibited by PGE 1 or colchicine when the cells ingested immune precipitates. Degranulation of lysosomes can be studied more conveniently by both morphometric and biochemical methods when cytochalasin B (5 μg/ml) transforms the leucocyte into a secretory cell in which lysosomes fuse directly with the plasma membrane as if to a phagocytic vacuole. Stimulation of cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils with zymosan led to a reduction of granule volume within the cell, and histochemically identifiable myeloperoxidase appeared at the cell/zymosan interface, indicating that lysosomes fused with the plasma membrane instead of with phagocytic vacuoles. As they did in ordinary phagocytic cells, colchicine, vinblastine, PGE 1 plus theophylline, as well as dibutyryl cAMP plus theophylline inhibited fusion of PMN granules with the plasma membrane; e.g., the mean granule volume in colchicine-treated, zymosanstimulated cells was 13% and 12.8% in cAMP treated cells as compared to untreated, zymosan-stimulated cells which contained a mean of 7.6%. These experiments provide morphologic confirmation of previous suggestions that fusion of granules with phagocytic vacuoles or the plasma membrane may be modified by cyclic nucleotides and the state of assembly of microtubules.
On Euclidean Embeddings and Bandwidth Minimization

We study Euclidean embeddings of Euclidean metrics and present the following four results: (1) an O(log3 n√log log n) approximation for minimum bandwidth in conjunction with a semi-definite relaxation, (2) an O(log3 n) approximation in O(nlog n) time using a new constraint set, (3) a lower bound of θ(√log n) on the least possible volume distortion for Euclidean metrics, (4) a new embedding with O(√log n) distortion of point-to-subset distances.
Atrial Flutter in Infancy: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment

The clinical features and treatment of atrial flutter in eight infants (four male and four female) less than 2 months of age are presented. Atrial flutter was noted during the first week of life in six of the infants and between 6 and 8 weeks of life in the other two infants. Four of the eight infants had associated structural or functional cardiovascular disease, and in three infants a central venous pressure catheter was present in the atrium at the time atrial flutter was diagnosed. Classic flutter waves were apparent on 12-lead ECGs in only two infants. In six infants, flutter waves were not obvious on standard ECGs, but transesophageal electrogram recordings demonstrated the presence of atrial flutter with second degree atrioventricular block. The atrial cycle length during flutter ranged from 135 to 180 ms (mean 149 ms; mean atrial rate 403 beats per minute); there was a 2:1 ventricular response to atrial flutter. Successful termination of atrial flutter was accomplished using three modes of electrical cardioversion in seven of the eight infants: direct current cardioversion in one, transvenous atrial pacing in one, and transesophageal atrial pacing in five. One asymptomatic infant converted to normal sinus rhythm 24 hours following digoxin administration. One infant had multiple atrial flutter recurrences and required chronic procainamide therapy. In seven of the eight infants, no recurrences have been noted in 6 months to 3 1/2 years of follow-up. These results demonstrate that atrial flutter may be difficult to diagnose in infants with tachycardia unless transesophageal electrogram recording is utilized for evaluation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Automatic irrigation system through a solar power

During present days the agriculture fields are decreasing day by day due to scarcity of an electricity and water. The world is facing a another problem that is a population. Now a days the population is increasing day by day then there needs a lot a food crops to satisfied the today population. There is a need of a new technology in a agricultural system that is automatic irrigation system through a solar power. By using this technique we can produce a crops in a efficient ways and the farmer has no need to continuously monitor the soil and weather conditions in favor of growth of crops. In this project mainly the solar power is used to supply required power to the pump set and the humidity sensors are used to sense whether the soil is in a wet or dry conditions. Additional components are used in the project they are microcontroller and Op-Amps.
Hedgehog signaling in capillary formation

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1151 Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is an essential step in solid tumor progression and the formation of metastases. The development of a new vasculature requires an integration of multiple signals from secreted factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins as well as cell-matrix adhesions. Recent evidence suggests that the Hedgehog family of secreted growth factors may function in the regulation of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during embryonic development. Hedgehog signaling has also been shown to be aberrantly reactivated leading to enhanced tumor growth in several cancers including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and cancers of the prostate, colon, and pancreas. Therefore, we chose to investigate how Hedgehog signaling may be involved in regulating angiogenesis. Analysis of human and murine endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of Patched-1 , the Hedgehog transmembrane receptor, as well as the serpentine receptor Smoothened . Investigation of two murine endothelial cell lines, bEND3 and EOMA, indicated that bEND3 cells predominantly express Gli3 while EOMA cells predominantly express Gli1 . Addition of Shh-N to monolayers of bEND3 cells induced the cells to assemble into capillary-like structures, suggesting that Hedgehog signaling may mediate this morphogenic process. Using a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix, we found that inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway with cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling, prevented endothelial cell capillary formation in a dose-dependent manner between 1 and 10 μM. Additionally, inhibition of Hedgehog signaling by 10 μM cyclopamine treatment blocked HUVEC formation of capillary structures on Matrigel. Treatment of endothelial cell monolayers with cyclopamine resulted in an increase in actin stress fiber formation, suggesting that Hedgehog signaling may play a role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. The Rho family of small GTPases are the primary regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, and levels of active RhoA and Rac1 are significantly increased following cyclopamine treatment. Furthermore, GLI3 nuclear localization is increased in cyclopamine treated endothelial cells. Our results suggest that by inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway, endothelial cells undergo a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, thereby preventing angiogenesis from occurring. In conclusion, the evidence we present suggests that the Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a critical role in angiogenesis and may be a potential therapeutic target in the prevention of tumor angiogenesis.
A solderless interconnect technology for millimeter wave device/circuit assembly

We have developed a practical, high performance heatsink for low-cost, high-power millimeter wave devices. In this approach, a metal heatsink is first fabricated on a very thin epi-layer structure without damaging the active layer of the device. The fabricated device heatsink is then attached to a metal block and ribbon bonded with planar millimeter wave transmission line circuitry using a thermosonic bonding process. The thermosonic bonding process is developed to minimize the stresses that damage the devices, without degrading the bond integrity. The paper will also describe our findings concerning the effects of different assembly parameters on the heat dissipation of the device.
A Relational Psychodynamic Perspective on Assimilative Integration

In this paper we discuss recent advances in relational psychoanalytic thinking, and demonstrate how an assimilative approach to integration can be based on this theoretical and clinical model. We describe 3 instances in which active interventions may be used to enhance relationally oriented, psychoanalytic work: by impacting on relationships outside of therapy that maintain pathological patterns, by “filling in” intrapsychic deficits, and by supporting the patient's active efforts at change. We provide clinical examples to illustrate each of these points.
Ubl4A is required for insulin-induced Akt plasma membrane translocation through promotion of Arp2/3-dependent actin branching

The serine-threonine kinase Akt is a key regulator of cell proliferation and survival, glucose metabolism, cell mobility, and tumorigenesis. Activation of Akt by extracellular stimuli such as insulin centers on the interaction of Akt with PIP3 on the plasma membrane, where it is subsequently phosphorylated and activated by upstream protein kinases. However, it is not known how Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane upon stimulation. Here we report that ubiquitin-like protein 4A (Ubl4A) plays a crucial role in insulin-induced Akt plasma membrane translocation. Ubl4A knockout newborn mice have defective Akt-dependent glycogen synthesis and increased neonatal mortality. Loss of Ubl4A results in the impairment of insulin-induced Akt translocation to the plasma membrane and activation. Akt binds actin-filaments and colocalizes with actin-related protein 2 and 3 (Arp2/3) complex in the membrane ruffles and lamellipodia. Ubl4A directly interacts with Arp2/3 to accelerate actin branching and networking, allowing Akt to be in close proximity to the plasma membrane for activation upon insulin stimulation. Our finding reveals a new mechanism by which Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane for activation, thereby providing a missing link in Akt signaling.
Improved Colorimetric Determination of Salicylic Acid and Its Metabolites in Urine

We describe an improvement in the Levy and Procknal method [J. Pharm. Sci. 57, 1330 (1968)] for determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites in urine. Salicylic acid and salicyluric acid are successively extracted from 1 or 2 ml of urine (acidified with HCl) by two 10-ml portions each of carbon tetrachloride and ethylene dichloride. The extracts of each solvent are shaken with 5 ml of ferric nitrate solution (a 10-fold dilution of 17 g of Fe(NO-3)-9H-2O in 1 liter of 70 mmol/liter HNO-3). The aqueous phases are centrifuged and their absorbances measured at 530 nm. For total salicylate, 3 ml of urine and 3 ml of HCl are heated in a partially evacuated serum vial at 100 degrees C for 16 h and then salicylic acid is assayed in the hydrolyzed sample. Recovery of a weighed oral dose of sodium salicylate in urine was 105.4%; it was 127.9% by the Levy and Procknal method for the same sample. The improved method is faster and more accurate.
Use of cross-validation and Monte Carlo simulation for estimating the parameters of beaconless free-space optical pointing and tracking

To meet the micro-radian pointing accuracy required for deep space optical downlink telemetry, an algorithm has been proposed which uses the Earth as a beacon for locating the ground-based terminal. To enhance the resolution of the Earth beacon, a sequence of images is captured as the Earth image is moved across a CCD array in sub-pixel increments. Using this high resolution data, the algorithm then locates the ground-based terminal. The algorithm relies on two parameters for its solution; this paper develops techniques for estimating these parameters. To improve accuracy, a low pass filter is used in a pre-processing step to reduce the thermal noise introduced by the CCD array. The optimal cutoff frequency of the low pass filter is estimated using cross validation. The other parameter to be determined is a threshold used to extricate the Earth image from the background of the image. For this, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the threshold that minimizes the mean squared error between the estimate and true locations of the ground-based terminal. Simulations indicate that the parameters can be determined very accurately using these methods. Results are presented.
An STM investigation of the adsorption of mixtures of fatty acids and substituted acids at the solution-graphite interface

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to investigate the adsorption on graphite of two-solute mixtures from phenyloctane solvent at room temperature. The first mixture is composed of the co-solutes hexadecanoic acid (HA) and 2-Br-hexadecanoic acid (2BrHA), while the second mixture is composed of co-solutes tetracosanoic acid (TA) and octadecanoic acid (OA). While the HA/2BrHA solution exhibits a miscible co-adsorbed surface structure, the TA/OA solution reveals a quasi-segregated surface structure where there is a sharp transition from full surface coverage by one solute to full coverage by the second as the composition of the solution mixture is varied. A one-dimensional Ising model is used to model the adsorption behavior of both systems, and it is shown that both the HA/2BrHA and OA/TA mixtures correspond to two different limits of this model. The HA/2BrHA mixture exhibits similar, weak interactions between adsorbed molecules, corresponding to one limit of the Ising model, which also corresponds to competitive Langmuir adsorption. Another limit of the Ising model is reached when there are significantly different interactions between the different co-adsorbates on the surface, a situation present in the OA/TA mixture resulting in a significantly different co-adsorption behavior.
Purification of human plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and its specificity towards the acyl acceptor.

Abstract A simple and convenient method for the purification of human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was developed. The method involves the adsorption of the enzyme from diluted human plasma on DEAE-Sephadex, treatment with 1-butanol in the presence of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, treatment with dextran sulfate in the presence of Ca 2+ , and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The enzyme purified showed a single main band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition, the enzyme obtained was stable for more than four weeks, when it was kept at 4°C under N 2 in a buffer of low ionic strength. The purified enzyme was used to study its specificity toward the acyl acceptor. This specificity was found to be broad in that not only sterols but also long chain primary alcohols exhibited considerable acceptor activity. Furthermore, in agreement with our previous observations with crude enzyme (Piran U. and Nishida T. (1976) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 80, 887–889), the purified enzyme was found to be capable of hydrolyzing the ester linkage at the carbon-2 position of phosphatidylcholine. The transesterification, as well as the hydrolytic reaction, required the presence of the cofactor polypeptide,
Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake, Oregon

Results of a detailed bathymetric survey of Crater Lake conducted in 2000, combined with previous results of submersible and dredge sampling, form the basis for a geologic map of the lake floor and a model for the filling of Crater Lake with water. The most prominent landforms beneath the surface of Crater Lake are andesite volcanoes that were active as the lake was filling with water, following caldera collapse during the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama ∼7700 cal. yr B.P. The Wizard Island volcano is the largest and probably was active longest, ceasing eruptions when the lake was ∼80 m lower than present. East of Wizard Island is the central platform volcano and related lava flow fields on the caldera floor. Merriam Cone is a symmetrical andesitic volcano that apparently was constructed sub-aqueously during the same period as the Wizard Island and central platform volcanoes. The youngest post-caldera volcanic feature is a small rhyodacite dome on the east flank of the Wizard Island edifice that dates from ∼4800 cal. yr B.P. The bathymetry also yields information on bedrock outcrops and talus/debris slopes of the caldera walls. Gravity flows transport sediment from wall sources to the deep basins of the lake. Several debris-avalanche deposits, containing blocks up to ∼280 m long, are present on the caldera floor and occur below major embayments in the caldera walls. Geothermal phenomena on the lake floor are bacterial mats, pools of solute-rich warm water, and fossil subaqueous hot spring deposits. Lake level is maintained by a balance between precipitation and inflow versus evaporation and leakage. High-resolution bathymetry reveals a series of up to nine drowned beaches in the upper ∼30 m of the lake that we propose reflect stillstands subsequent to filling of Crater Lake. A prominent wave-cut platform between 4 m depth and present lake level that commonly is up to 40 m wide suggests that the surface of Crater Lake has been at this elevation for a very long time. Lake level apparently is limited by leakage through a permeable layer in the northeast caldera wall. The deepest drowned beach approximately corresponds to the base of the permeable layer. Among a group of lake filling models, our preferred one is constrained by the drowned beaches, the permeable layer in the caldera wall, and paleoclimatic data. We used a precipitation rate 70% of modern as a limiting case. Satisfactory models require leakage to be proportional to elevation and the best fit model has a linear combination of 45% leakage proportional to elevation and 55% of leakage proportional to elevation above the base of the permeable layer. At modern precipitation rates, the lake would have taken 420 yr to fill, or a maximum of 740 yr if precipitation was 70% of the modern value. The filling model provides a chronology for prehistoric passage zones on post-caldera volcanoes that ceased erupting before the lake was filled.
Automating the approximate record-matching process

Abstract Data quality has many dimensions one of which is accuracy. Accuracy is usually compromised by errors accidentally or intensionally introduced in a database system. These errors result in inconsistent, incomplete, or erroneous data elements. For example, a small variation in the representation of a data object, produces a unique instantiation of the object being represented. In order to improve the accuracy of the data stored in a database system, we need to compare them either with real-world counterparts or with other data stored in the same or a different system. In this paper, we address the problem of matching records which refer to the same entity by computing their similarity. Exact record matching has limited applicability in this context since even simple errors like character transpositions cannot be captured in the record-linking process. Our methodology deploys advanced data-mining techniques for dealing with the high computational and inferential complexity of approximate record matching.
A method for the display of balance platform center of pressure data

Abstract A new method for the display of balance platform center of pressure data is presented. Results obtained through the testing of a normal child and an ambulatory cerebral palsied child are used to demonstrate the technique. Instrumentation requirements for clinical implementation of the procedure are also discussed.
Silicon nanophotonic mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier with 25 dB gain

We demonstrate a broadband silicon mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier operating near λ = 2200 nm. The amplifier exhibits a maximum gain as large as 25 dB, and net off-chip gain greater than 13 dB.
EUROPEAN OTHERS: QUEERING ETHNICITY IN POST-NATIONAL EUROPE

Fatima El-Tayeb, EUROPEAN OTHERS: QUEERING ETHNICITY IN POST-NATIONAL EUROPE, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2011, xlvi+253 pp., $25.00 (paper) Given the ongoing struggles over the...
The effect of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine administration on glucose metabolism in brain.

The effect of the administration of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) on the metabolism of glucose in brain was studied by administering [U-14C]glucose to three groups of rats: (1) those injected previously with l-DOPA, 100 mg/kg; (2) those fed 1 % (w/w) l-DOPA in their diet for several months and also injected 15 min before the administration of glucose with l-DOPA, 100 mg/kg; and (3) appropriate controls. Chronic treatment with l-DOPA caused a decrease in the flux of carbon from glucose in plasma to those amino acids in brain that are in equilibrium with the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates but not to lactate and alanine. Similar differences from controls, but of smaller magnitude, were observed in rats given a single injection of l-DOPA. Concentrations of glucose in plasma and in brain were increased after acute or chronic treatment with l-DOPA. A single injection of l-DOPA did not cause changes in the levels of the most abundant amino acids in brain, but after chronic treatment with l-DOPA modest changes were noted in the brain levels of some ninhydrin-reacting substances; the contents of taurine and aspartate were lower and those of threonine, serine, glutamine, and glycine were higher.
Resident coping strategies in the nursing home: an indicator of the need for dietary services change

Inadequate food intake leading to malnutrition impacts up to 85% of nursing home residents. Malnutrition can result in compromised quality of life and lead to chronic disability, functional decline, increased health care utilization and costs, and death. This article examines organizational structure (Perrow, 1979) and person-environment fit (Lawton, 1982) as factors in nutritional care of nursing home residents. The strategies used by residents to cope with organizational food and food service issues, competence, and environmental press in the nursing home can alert nurses to the need for changes in dietary services to increase food intake and quality of life.
Single Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy With the TriPort System: A Case Report:

Single port access surgery may be the next generation of minimally invasive surgery. This study reports a recent experience with the TriPort system (trademark pending, Advanced Surgical Concepts, Wicklow, Ireland) to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy via a single peri-umbilical incision. To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first cases of single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy ever performed with this device in the United States. Randomized studies to compare single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy with traditional laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with specific regard to postoperative pain scores, would be helpful in determining how much additional benefit, if any, there is to the patient.
What Can Causal Claims Mean

How can Hume account for the meaning of causal claims? The causal realist, I argue, is, on Hume's view, saying something nonsensical. I argue that both realist and agnostic interpretations of Hume are inconsistent with his view of language and intentionality. But what then accounts for this illusion of meaning? And even when we use causal terms in accordance with Hume’s definitions, we seem merely to be making disguised self-reports. I argue that Hume’s view is not as implausible as it sounds by exploring his conception of language.
Melanocyte-Specific Proteins Are Aberrantly Trafficked in Melanocytes of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome-Type 3

Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome-type 3 (HPS-3) is a relatively mild subtype of HPS with minimal cutaneous and ocular depigmentation. The HPS-3 gene encodes a novel protein of unknown function with a predicted molecular weight of 114 kd. To assess the role of the HPS3 protein in melanization, cultured melanocytes developed from HPS-3 patients were evaluated biochemically and histologically for activity and localization of melanocyte-specific proteins. Endogenous tyrosinase activity of HPS-3 melanocytes was substantial, but tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis was suppressed in intact melanocytes. However, the level of suppression, as well as extent to which up-regulation by isobutylmethylxanthine and cholera toxin was muted, was less that in HPS-1 melanocytes. Ultrastructurally, HPS-3 melanocytes contained morphologically normal melanosomes, predominantly of stage I and II with minimal stage III and few stage IV melanosomes. Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) histochemistry demonstrated an increase in melanization of melanosomes. Unique to HPS-3 melanocytes were numerous DOPA-positive 50-nm vesicles and tubular elements present throughout the cell body and dendrites. Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1), dopachrome tautomerase (Dct), and LAMP1 and 3 localization in HPS-3 melanocytes, as evaluated by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, demonstrated a fine, floccular distribution in contrast to the coarse, granular distribution characteristic of control melanocytes. The localization profile of other proteins expressed by melanocytes (ie, Silver/Pmel17, Melan-A/MART-1, LAMP2, Rab 27, transferrin, c-kit, adaptin-3, and the HPS1 protein) appeared normal. These results suggest that a specific subset of melanocyte proteins are aberrantly trafficked throughout the HPS-3 melanocyte and may be responsible for the reduction in melanin synthesis.
Mental Health and Relational Self-Management Experiences of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease

Self-management (SM) behaviors reduce disease burden from advancing diabetic kidney disease. From a parent study about patients' transition experience to SM, this study report presents coping resources that support SM and barriers from two focus group interviews (n = 6). Ethnographic analysis identified two patterns: (a) mental health self-management characterized by coping, and (b) relational self-management characterized by social support. Practice implications include focused assessment of perceived social support and social network, dating advisement, and workplace management. Future study considerations include inquiry about diabetes and dating relationships and workplace resources for SM support.
Attacking and repairing the winZip encryption scheme

WinZip is a popular compression utility for Microsoft Windows computers, the latest version of which is advertised as having "easy-to-use AES encryption to protect your sensitive data." We exhibit several attacks against WinZip's new encryption method, dubbed "AE-2" or "Advanced Encryption, version two." We then discuss secure alternatives. Since at a high level the underlying WinZip encryption method appears secure (the core is exactly Encrypt-then-Authenticate using AES-CTR and HMAC-SHA1), and since one of our attacks was made possible because of the way that WinZip Computing, Inc. decided to fix a different security problem with its previous encryption method AE-1, our attacks further underscore the subtlety of designing cryptographically secure software.
Development of a reliable coal oxidation (weathering) index: slurry pH and its applications

Abstract A simple slurry pH titration method was developed as a means of measuring the degree of mild air oxidation in coal, especially for low rank, non-caking coals. The results show that this pH titration method, with prior rehydration at 150°C, is a practically useful way of determining the degree of air oxidation of a coal sample of known origin but uncertain weathering status. For coals of a lower rank than high volatile bituminous, this method can be simplified to direct measurement of the slurry pH without the rehydration step. Among the variables influencing the rate of mild air oxidation as measured by the slurry pH, temperature is the most important whereas humidity exhibits little or no effect on the initial slurry pH although it has a marked effect on the pH titration profiles. Use of Curie-point pyrolysis-low voltage mass spectrometry on weathered, subbituminous coal samples from a coal storage pile reveals that the main effect of humidity on the composition of the pyrolyzate appears to involve certain sulfur compounds. Application of the initial slurry pH as an oxidation /weathering index yields an activation energy of oxidation/weathering in the 20–150°C range of 50–65 kJ/mol (12–16 kcal/mol) and indicates the existence of several different oxidation mechanisms in the temperature regimes between 60 and 150°C.
In situ electron diffraction characterization of the deformation of nanobelts: Gallium oxide

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) fitted with a nanomanipulator for in situ mechanical deformation of nanobelts is reported. Nanobelts of β-Ga2O3 were grown by the vapor transport method from gallium metal in an argon gas flow at 1223K. A single 2.3μm wide, approximately 200nm thick and tens of microns long belt was deformed by direct contact with the manipulator probe. Deflections of up to 180° with a radius of 2.5μm were recorded without fracturing. A series of TEM diffraction patterns collected during belt deformation was observed to distort as well. In addition to the distortion of the monoclinic belt diffraction pattern, satellite spots were observed through belt deformation. Analysis of the deflection in pre-existing spots reveal simultaneous lengthening and contracting in measured planar spacings. The lattice deformation results in the lattice constants c and a having two simultaneous values for any given diffraction pattern. The maximum simultaneous deformations in c are measured to be 1.13...
Tools and Methods for Evidence-Based Research in Dental Practice: Preparing the Future

The vast amount of information and research available in dentistry engenders an immense challenge for dentists to manage patients. The future of dental practice rests on the ability of professionals to learn essential strategies for reliably accessing and evaluating the most current and valid research development for the benefit of each individual patient. Evidence-based research in dentistry emerged as a systematic process of critically assessing the published evidence to determine the best treatment for any given patient. The process consists of 5 steps: 1) defining the research question; 2) searching for the pertinent published literature; 3) evaluating the research reports systematically; 4) forming a consensus statement of the best available evidence; and 5) evaluating its clinical relevance. Evidence-based dentistry relies on standard methodology and instruments for searching the available evidence, for analyzing the quality of research reports (ie, internal and external validity), and for evaluating the implications of the best available evidence for the dental community of professionals, patients, insurance carriers, and funding agencies. This article describes the principal tools and methods now available for evidence-based research in dentistry. We also propose avenues of future evolution for this emerging field of research in dental practice.
Spectra and Synthetic-Time-Scale Substitution Reactions of Electrochemically Produced [Cr(CO)3(η6-arene)]+ Complexes

The anodic electrochemical behavior of the piano-stool complexes Cr(CO)3(η6-arene), arene = benzene (1) or (3-benzyloxy)-17-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (2), has been studied in dichloromethane containing either [B(C6F5)4]− (TFAB) or [B(C6H3(CF3)2)4]− (BArF24) as the supporting electrolyte anion. Contrary to the behavior of these systems in electrolytes containing the smaller, more traditional, anions such as [PF6]− or [ClO4]−, the radical cations 1+ and 2+ are stable on a bulk electrolysis time scale (30 min or more), allowing systematic study of their spectroscopic and chemical characteristics. IR and ESR spectroscopy confirm that the oxidations of 1 and 2 are highly metal-based. The radical cations were shown to undergo rapid substitution of a single CO by PPh3 (in the case of 1+) or P(OR)3, R = Me or Ph (in the case of 2+). Cathodic rereduction of the oxidized substitution products gave high in situ yields of the neutral substituted complexes. This overall “electrochemically switched” ligand substitu...
Deep in the pocket of technology creative fiscal management in tight times

In 2002, Middlebury College merged Information Technology and Library Services into one new organization (Library & Information Services.) This paper will discuss how one organization took creative measures to make budget and labor reductions, while forging ahead with new technologies, new initiatives, a new organization and plans for a new building (.) Discussion will include a model approach of zero-based budgeting, technological forecasting and developing a 5-year flexible budget model, creating a not-to-do list, streamlining existing processes, and making the "tough" decisions.
Singular Perturbation of Smoothly Evolving Hele-Shaw Solutions

We present analytical scaling results, confirmed by accurate numerics, to show that there exists a class of smoothly evolving zero surface tension solutions to the Hele-Shaw problem that are significantly perturbed by an arbitrarily small amount of surface tension in order one time. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Comparison of accuracy of diagnosis of congenital heart disease by history and physical examination versus echocardiography.

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Functional and biochemical effects on the lung following inhalation of cigarette smoke and constituents. II. Skatole, acrolein, and acetaldehyde

Abstract Three constituents of cigarette smoke were investigated in mice. The oral ingestion of skatole caused pulmonary congestion that was manifested by an increase in pulmonary hemoglobin content and a decrease in pulmonary phospholipids. There was no increase in functional residual capacity and, hence, no pulmonary emphysema in mice that had either ingested skatole or been administered an intratracheal injection of papain. The latter procedure caused decreases in pulmonary compliance and in the antitrypsin activity of the blood, both of which are coincidentally seen in human forms of pulmonary emphysema. Acetaldehyde, the second constituent of cigarette smoke studied, when inhaled by mice for 5 wk caused a reduction in functional residual capacity similar to that encountered in mice exposed to the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Acrolein, a constituent of the vapor phase and the third compound whose effects are herein reported, caused a reduction in pulmonary compliance, but this effect is not seen in mice exposed to vapor phase of cigarette smoke.
Equation of state for neutron matter in the presence of a pion condensate

Abstract The energy density for neutron matter including a pion condensed phase is studied, with particular emphasis on the role of Δ-isobars. Relativistic corrections to vertex functions involving isobars are considered and turn out to be important in the high density region. We arrive at a simple schematic model in which the inclusion of isobars leads to an effective enhancement of the axial vector coupling constant, which competes with an effective reduction due to the Lorentz-Lorenz correction. In the equation of state, inclusion of a pion condensed phase can lead to an appreciable reduction of total pressure.
Interfacial Phase Stability in TiV Multilaminate Thin Films

The influence of the interfacial energy on the material phase stability is investigated for a series of TiV multilaminate thin films. Experiments reveal that at a higher layer thickness, the α (hcp) phase is the most stable. As the layer thickness is reduced, a transformation from the α (hcp) phase to the β (bcc) phase occurs. Atomic-scale characterization of the transformed specimen by atom probe tomography reveals V interfacial diffusion between the layers. Equivalent crystal theory based calculations confirm the V interfacial diffusion mechanism. The predicted segregation profiles match those obtained experimentally.
Pulmonary shunts in the prone position

Pulmonary shunting (Qs/Qt with the FIO2 = 1) was determined in ten young healthy non-obese patients prior to anaesthesia, 30 min after induction in the supine position and 1 h later during surgery in the prone position. Respiration was spontaneous in awake patients and was controlled following the induction of anaesthesia. Halothane was the primary anaesthetic and tubocurarine provided muscle relaxation. Mean PaCO2 was 40.7, 29.5 and 27.9 mmHg respectively in the three study periods. The shunt remained unchanged at 5.7 +/- 0.8% in the awake patients, and 6.0 +/- 1.1% during anaesthesia in the supine position, and 5.2 +/- 1.2% during anesthesia and surgery in the prone position. It is concluded that in this population the prone position does not alter the magnitude of the pulmonary shunt even in those patients who develop shunts of over 10% after the induction of anaesthesia.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Transplantation for Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Improvement in the Lung Allocation Score Era”

We appreciate the comments by Eberlein and Reed regarding our recent article.1 Over the past several years, Eberlein has published several studies assessing the use of donor-to-recipient size matching in double-lung transplantation cases by using the ratio of predicted total lung capacity of donors to that of recipients as a marker for size mismatch.2,3 We agree with Eberlein and Reed that size matching is important, and we considered this when performing the analyses for our article. As a result, we decided to use …
2010-2011 National Health Law Moot Court Competition

Transcript of Record Docket No. 10-5376 Supreme Court of the United States October Term, 2010 CARTWRIGHT JACKSON, in his official capacity as Chief Medical Examiner of Sage County; and COUNTY OF Sa...
Vulnerability and Love of Learning as Necessities for Wise Teacher Education

May Sarton's (1961) novel, The Small Room, provides a rich and compelling description of the complex relations among teachers, students, and subject matter at Appleton College. This article explores that “wild triangle of relations” in the context of teacher education, arguing that teacher educators and their students (prospective teachers) should recognize and embrace vulnerability and love as necessary relational qualities in developing and maintaining both the art of learning and the art of teaching. This requires that teacher education in both language and practice relinquish a focus on control and mastery, relinquish a focus on an enclosed and controlling self, and redirect attention to nurturing a loving gaze to what lies outside of us.
High Overexpression of the Human α-Galactosidase A Gene Driven by Its Promoter in Transgenic Mice: Implications for the Treatment of Fabry Disease

Background Human α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) is the lysosomal enzyme that cleaves α-galactosyl residues from glycoconjugates and is the deficient enzyme in Fabry disease. To date, there have been no studies on the regulation of this “housekeeping” gene. Methods Transgenic mice were established with either 1) a 13.3-kilobase (kb) human genomic fragment that contained 246 bp of 5′- and approximately 2.8 kb of 3′- untranslated sequences, or 2) an “intronless” construct derived from the genomic sequence with the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions intact. Tissues that expressed high levels of α-Gal A activity were examined by light and electron microscopy. Results Transgenic mice were generated with 2 and 12 copies of the genomic sequence (Lines 1 and 2) or about 60 copies of the intronless construct (Lines 3 and 4). In mice hemizygous for the genomic transgene (Lines 1 and 2), tissue α-Gal A activities were 12 to 155 times higher than those in the respective wild-type tissue, depending on tissue and transgene copy number. Of note, the high overexpression did not alter the cellular or subcellular cytoarchitecture. In contrast, α-Gal A activities expressed by mice that carried the intronless construct were only two- to sixfold more than in wild-type tissues in which the genomic transgene was highly expressed. Conclusions The remarkably high levels of α-Gal A expression in transgenic mice carrying the intact genomic sequence versus the intronless construct suggested that the genomic sequence contained a strong intronic enhancer element. Identification of this regulatory element or elements may be useful in efforts to overexpress human α-Gal A for gene therapy endeavors. In addition, overexpression of human α-Gal A did not affect cellular morphology, which indicates that its overexpression in gene therapy endeavors should be safe.
Troubleshooting Tracks with Vibration Detection and Storage Technology

Scrapped wafers and excursions caused by wafer handling has been an on going concern. Serious tool problems that don't get adequately addressed in typical PM protocols are part of the issue. Capturing wafer handling issues before they become excursions is paramount. A vibration detection device has been deployed at Intel. It is a vibration sensor, digital signal storage, and battery mounted on a silicon wafer. It collects vibrations comparable to those experienced by production wafers. By running it through the tool on standardized recipes, identifiable and characteristic waveforms are collected. The development work is the analysis, interpretation, and corrective action association of these waveforms.
Cortisone, vitamin A, and wound healing: the importance of measuring wound surface area

Abstract Traditional methods of measuring wound strength have often ignored one of the most important variables, i.e., wound surface area. Using a readily reproducible method of determining wound surface area, the effect of topical vitamin A on steroid-treated rats was studied. Findings revealed a significant (P
Critical Illness Neuromyopathy

Critical illness myopathy, neuropathy, and neuromyopathy are frequently encountered in the intensive care unit, particularly in the setting of sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach is important to optimize management and minimize debility associated with these neuromuscular disorders. This article reviews the underlying pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, electrodiagnostic evaluation, management, and prognosis of these disorders.
Polychlorinated Naphthalenes, -Biphenyls, -Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -Dibenzofurans in Double-Crested Cormorants and Herring Gulls from Michigan Waters of the Great Lakes

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), naphthalenes (PCNs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in eggs of double-crested cormorants and herring gulls collected from Michigan waters of the Great Lakes. Concentrations of PCNs in eggs of double-crested cormorants and herring gulls were in the ranges of 380-2400 and 83-1300 pg/g, wet wt, respectively. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs were 10-200 times less than those of PCNs in eggs whereas those of total PCBs (380-7900 ng/g, wet wt) were 3-4 orders of magnitude greater. While the profile of PCB isomers and congeners between double-crested cormorants and herring gulls was similar, the PCN isomer profile differed markedly between these two species. PCN congeners 66/67 (1,2,3,4,6,7/1,2,3,5,6,7) accounted for greater than 90% of the total PCN concentrations in herring gulls, whereas their contribution to total PCN concentrations in double-crested cormorants ranged from 18 to 40% (mean, 31%). The ratios of concentrations of PCDDs to PCDFs were greater in herring gulls than in double-crested cormorants collected from the same locations, suggesting the ability of the former to metabolize PCDF congeners relatively rapidly. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs) contributed by PCNs in double-crested cormorant and herring gull eggs were 2-3% of the sum TEQs of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCNs. PCB congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PeCB) accounted for 57-72% of the total TEQs in double-crested cormorant and herring gull eggs.
Role of progesterone antagonists and new selective progesterone receptor modulators in reproductive health.

Given the importance of progesterone in female reproductive health, it was inevitable that analogues of this molecule would be developed to treat a variety of gynecologic maladies. Such medications, termed progesterone antagonists, act to counteract the effect of progesterone. A newer class of molec
An Inner Rotor Flux-Modulated Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Low-Speed High-Torque Applications

Applications for low-speed high-torque machines include marine propulsion and wind power generation. Since electric machinery size is more directly related to required torque than to required power, high required torque leads to large machines. Mechanical gears increase the speed and lower the required torque of the machine to reduce size. This, however, results in increased noise and maintenance, and decreased reliability. Magnetic gears offer the advantages of mechanical gears without the disadvantages created by physical contact. Integrating magnetic gears into the machine structure offers additional mass savings. This study proposes a novel machine architecture, which integrates magnetic gearing and a permanent magnet synchronous machine to create an inner rotor flux-modulated permanent magnet synchronous machine. Unlike previous arrangements, the proposed machine utilizes a more desirable inner rotor configuration and avoids multiple magnet arrays. This study presents a finite–element-based design model of the proposed machine to be utilized in an optimization-based design environment. A multiobjective design study is presented for a laboratory scale application. The resulting tradeoff between mass and loss is compared with that of a permanent magnet synchronous machine for the same application.