cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structures of two N,N′-bis(2-pyridinyl)thioureas and N-(2-pyridinyl)-N′-(benzoyl)thiourea

Abstract N , N -′bis(4,6-lutidyl)thiourea, (4,6Lut) 2 Tu, triclinic, P -1, a =7.4930(8), b =8.7210(8), c=12.6040(14) A , α =93.437(5), β =94.919(5), γ =110.246(5)°, V=766.35(14) A 3 and Z =2; N , N ′-bis(5-picolyl)thiourea, (5Pic) 2 Tu, monoclinic, P 2 1 / c , a =17.205(2), b =4.4970(5), c=17.425(2) A , β =117.763(5)°, V=1272.6(3) A 3 and Z =4 and N -(2-pyridyl)- N ′-benzoylthiourea, PyTubenzo, monoclinic, P 2 1 / n , a =5.345(3), b =20.343(6), c=11.808(2) A , β =90.23(3)°, V=1290.8(1) A 3 and Z =4. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding between N′H and the pyridyl nitrogen, intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the thione sulfur and the NH hydrogen, and the planarity of the molecule is affected by substitution on the pyridine rings of the bis(2-pyridyl)thioureas. PyTubenzo has intramolecular hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl oxygen, intermolecular hydrogen bonding to a thione sulfur and is the least planar of the molecules under study. 1 H NMR studies in CDCl 3 show the NH′ hydrogen resonance considerably downfield from other resonances in the spectrum of the bis(2-pyridyl)thioureas.
Structure–activity relationships of peptidomimetics that inhibit PPI of HER2‐HER3

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase family protein receptor that is known to undergo heterodimerization with other members of the family of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) for cell signaling. Overexpression of HER2 and deregulation of signaling has implications in breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. We have designed several peptidomimetics to block the HER2-mediated dimerization, resulting in antiproliferative activity for cancer cells. In the present work we have investigated the structure-activity relationships of peptidomimetic analogs of compound 5. Compound 5 was conformationally constrained by N- and C-terminal modification and cyclization as well as by substitution with D-amino acids at the N-and C-termini. Among the compounds studied in this work, a peptidomimetic compound 21 with D-amino acid substitution and its N- and C-termini capped with acetyl and amide functional groups and a reversed sequence compared to that of compound 5 exhibited better antiproliferative activity in HER2-overexpressed breast, ovarian, and lung cancer cell lines. Compound 21 was further evaluated for its protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibition ability using enzyme fragment complementation (EFC) assay, proximity ligation assay (PLA), and Western blot analysis. Results suggested that compound 21 is able to block HER2:HER3 interaction and inhibit phosphorylation of the kinase domain of HER2. The mode of binding of compound 21 to HER2 protein was modeled using a docking method. Compound 21 seems to bind to domain IV of HER2 near the PPI site of EGFR:HER2 and HER:HER3 and inhibit PPI.
Niacin—a case study for the role of event-driven versus surrogate endpoint trials

The modern approach to lipid-lowering therapy is rooted in the event-driven, randomised clinical trial (RCT). From the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial to the Coronary Drug Project to the modern statin trials, guidelines have traditionally been informed by large RCTs driven by the outcomes that matter most—heart attacks and strokes.1 Based on a wealth of data from such RCTs, statins are now established as first-line drugs for nearly everyone considered to be at high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unfortunately, in the current era, large event-driven RCTs have become increasingly hard to conduct.2 The incidence of CVD is declining in developed nations, requiring either very large sample sizes (a problem compounded by the well-documented decline in RCT participation) or a largely international trial population with limited generalisability. Given the known efficacy of statins, new lipid-lowering therapies must be tested as add-ons to statins, limiting their marginal efficacy and again necessitating larger sample sizes. The global economic slowdown has also limited non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical funding for large RCTs, particularly for existing therapies. The imaging-based surrogate endpoint trial was thought to be the solution to this problem.3 If one could document the benefit of a therapy on a highly sensitive atherosclerosis imaging endpoint, the theory states, one might need far fewer patients to prove the efficacy of a drug. While early statin surrogate endpoint studies showed plaque regression in close correlation with event reduction, studies of other drugs have failed to link surrogate endpoint changes to observed clinical benefits. One example was the ARBITER6-HALTS trial, which randomised patients to ezetimibe versus long-acting niacin as add-on therapy.4 This generally well-conducted trial of 363 patients was stopped early on the basis of a reduction in carotid intima-media thickness in the niacin arm. Although published in the …
Binge-like ethanol exposure during the early postnatal period impairs eyeblink conditioning at short and long CS–US intervals in rats

Binge-like ethanol exposure on postnatal days (PD) 4–9 in rodents causes cerebellar cell loss and impaired acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) during “short-delay” eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), using optimal (280–350 ms) interstimulus intervals (ISIs). We extended those earlier findings by comparing acquisition of delay ECC under two different ISIs. From PD 4 to 9, rats were intubated with either 5.25 g/kg of ethanol (2/day), sham intubated, or were not intubated. They were then trained either as periadolescents (about PD 35) or as adults (>PD 90) with either the optimal short-delay (280-ms) ISI, a long-delay (880-ms) ISI, or explicitly unpaired CS and US presentations. Neonatal binge ethanol treatment significantly impaired acquisition of conditioning at both ages regardless of ISI, and deficits in the acquisition and expression of CRs were comparable across ISIs. These deficits are consistent with the previously documented ethanol-induced damage to the cerebellar–brainstem circuit essential for Pavlovian ECC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 589-605, 2007.
The role of biorthogonal partners in sampling theory for non bandlimited signals: a review

It is well known that a broad class of non-bandlimited signals can be reconstructed from uniformly spaced samples by relating the problem to the inversion of a digital filter. This simple idea has given rise to many applications, some of them quite sophisticated. This includes spline interpolation, fractionally spaced equalization (FSE) of noisy channels and more recently, rational FSEs. On the theoretical front, it has given rise to the idea of biorthogonal partners, which unify many aspects of wavelet theory into the same framework.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF DEOXYTHYMIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE IN TRADESCANTIA POLLEN GRAINS DURING DNA SYNTHESIS

Tradescantia pollen grains, isolated during the period of DNA synthesis in the generative cell, accumulate deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP)-3H after incubation with thymidine-3H in the presence of millimolar deoxyadenosine. Most of this dTTP-3H was found to resist extraction by the fixative, cold ethanol-acetic acid, and its location was investigated by radioautography with thin, dry emulsion. Substantial binding of dTTP-3H occurred as an artifact; but when nuclei were isolated from the fixed pollen grains by sonication, it was found that they were differentially labeled: generative nuclei contained dTTP-3H, vegetative nuclei did not. This observation is discussed and is interpreted as evidence supporting the idea that thymidine is phosphorylated only in the generative cell of the pollen grain.
Immune cell reservoirs of persisting hepatitis C virus

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem with more than 80% of those infected developing chronic hepatitis C (CHC) that tends to advance to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is estimated that up to three-quarters of HCV-infected individuals are neither diagnosed nor aware that they are infected, and symptomatic liver damage may not appear for years or decades in many patients following virus exposure. The pathogenic and epidemiological significance of HCV could be further magnified by the existence of occult HCV infection (OCI), evidenced by small quantities of HCV RNA in plasma (usually below 100 virus genome copies/ml), liver and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), continuing in the context of essentially normal liver function tests after self-limited or therapeutically induced resolution of hepatitis C and OCI in which carriage of HCV RNA traces coincide with moderately elevated liver enzymes of unclear aetiology.1 Although HCV is conventionally known to target hepatocytes, a large and increasing body of experimental and clinical data provides cumulative, hence not yet commonly acknowledged evidence that HCV also propagates at extrahepatic locations, particularly in cells of the immune system.2 3 HCV is a positive single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that demonstrates remarkable genetic variability and typically exists in an infected host as a heterologous population of closely related quasispecies resulting from virus rapid replication driven by …
Progressive frontal dysfunction.

A number of causes of progressive mental impairment show a preponderance of frontal lobe symptoms. It is proposed that these disorders can be subdivided into primary and secondary frontal dementias, b
A Community‐Based Screening Initiative to Identify Mothers at Risk for Postpartum Depression

ABSTRACT Objectives To conduct a community‐based, postpartum depression (PPD) screening initiative, and recommend PPD screening practices. Design Descriptive correlational. Settings Two academic medical centers, a university research office, and participants' homes. Participants Five thousand one hundred and sixty‐nine postpartum women age 14 to 49 years. Methods The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) framework was implemented by identifying a cohort of mothers and conducting PPD screening followed by diagnostic evaluation of those with positive screens. Mothers in the postpartum period were recruited from two academic medical centers and screened for PPD at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum by telephone or mail using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mothers with EPDS scores ≥10 were invited to participate in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV (SCID) to confirm PPD. Results Six hundred and seventy‐four (13%) women had EPDS scores ≥10; 185 women with elevated EPDS scores agreed to have a SCID diagnostic interview, and 144 were diagnosed with minor or major depression. A significantly higher percentage of women who self‐administered and mailed in the EPDS than women who were screened via telephone had scores ≥10. Elevated PPD scores were not associated with age or parity. Race/ethnicity identification other than White and having less than high school education were associated with higher PPD scores. Conclusions The AHRQ framework was effective in guiding a large‐scale PPD screening initiative by identifying mothers at risk for PPD. Results support previous findings regarding prevalence, selected risk factors, and continued use of the EPDS with SCID confirmation.
Load Balancing for Multi-tiered Database Systems through Autonomic Placement of Materialized Views

A materialized view or Materialized Query Table (MQT) is an auxiliary table with precomputed data that can be used to significantly improve the performance of a database query. AMaterialized Query Table Advisor (MQTA) is often used to recommend and create MQTs. The state-of-the-art MQTA works in a standalone database server where MQTs are placed on the same server as that in which the base tables are located. The MQTA does not apply to a federated or scaleout scenario in which MQTs need to be placed on other servers close to applications (i.e. a frontend database server) for offloading the workload on the backend database server. In this paper, we propose a Data Placement Advisor (DPA) and load balancing strategies for multi-tiered database systems. Built on top of the MQTA, DPA recommends MQTs and advises placement strategies for minimizing the response time for a query workload. To demonstrate the benefit of the data placement advising, we implemented a prototype of DPA that works with theMQTA in the IBM® DB2® Universal Database^TM (DB2 UDB) and the IBM WebSphere® Information Integrator (WebSphere II). The evaluation results showed substantial improvements of workload response times when MQTs are intelligently recommended and placed at a frontend database server subject to space and load characteristics for TPC-H and OLAP type workloads.
Equilibrium search and unemployment

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on equilibrium search and unemployment. It presents a study on wage and employment determination in a single market and discusses the impact of the rest of the economy on this market by certain given parameters. This impact takes three forms. First, product demand functions shift in an exogenously determined, stochastic manner. Second, the outside economy offers alternative employment to workers. Third, new workers arrive from the rest of the economy, augmenting the local work force. The chapter also presents an equilibrium model that provides a complete description of the time paths of all variables involved, both at an aggregate and the individual market level.
A Canadian Observational Study of the Optimal Method of Transition From Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy to Raloxifene

Abstract Objective To determine the optimal method of transition from postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) to raloxifene (RLX) therapy in order to minimize hot flashes and night sweats. Methods Postmenopausal women in Canada who had discontinued HT (estrogen with or without progestogen) in the preceding nine months and who were starting RLX were followed for approximately nine months in this observational study. The method of transition from HT to RLX therapy (method and duration of tapering HT, duration of washout) and the frequency and severity of hot flashes during the transition and RLX treatment periods were recorded. Results There were 373 women who participated in this study. Most women (86.3%) had a washout period between HT and RLX, and 55.2% had tapered their HT in some fashion. After beginning RLX, women who had had a washout duration of more than one week were found to be more likely to have an improvement in the severity of hot flashes (odds ratio [OR]=6.3), and in the frequency of hot flashes (OR=4.6), than women with a shorter washout or no washout period at all. The method of tapering of HT did not seem to affect either the severity or the frequency of hot flashes once on RLX. Women who had undergone a tapering period of more than one week's duration were more likely (OR=2.6) to experience an improvement in the frequency (but not the severity) of hot flashes on RLX. Conclusion Women who had a washout period following HT had better amelioration of hot flashes on RLX therapy.
Order‐preserving allocation of jobs to two machines

In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the mean flow time of jobs to be processed on two machines. The jobs have a predetermined order, perhaps reflecting the order of arrival, and each job has a known processing time. We wish to assign the jobs to machines so as to minimize the mean flow time, with the constraint that the original order must be preserved within the subset of jobs assigned to each machine. An efficient algorithm based on dynamic programming is developed.
Methods of Assessing Energy Expenditure in the Intensive Care Unit

An essential component in developing the nutrition support plan for hospitalized patients is evaluating energy requirements. Assessing energy expenditure (EE) and identifying requirements in the critically ill patient present the clinician with a challenge; how to prevent overfeeding and minimize underfeeding? Both under- and overfeeding have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It is known that critical illness alters EE. This alteration is hormonally mediated and is characterized by changes in metabolic processes. Methods used by clinicians to assess EE in the critically ill patient vary significantly. It is the purpose of this review to outline the various methods for evaluating EE in critical illness with emphasis on their benefits and limitations.
Awakening or Apathy? Civil Society in Latin America after Bureaucratic Authoritarianism

Measures of democracy often include an organized polity as a necessary condition for a developed democracy. The strength of civil society can indicate the degree of trust in the system and civic networks can be apolitical training ground for broader political movements. In this paper, I address the question of how civic engagement in democracies may be shaped by past experience with dictatorship. I analyze the effect of a particular form of authoritarian rule, bureaucratic authoritarianism (BA), on civil society in Latin America. I hypothesize that countries that have experienced bureaucratic authoritarianism will have fewer civil society organizations than other Latin American countries, as a result of past repression of the civic sector. By examining a cross-sectional data set of 17 Latin American countries I analyze the lingering effect of BA on civil society strength in the democratic regime. I find support for my primary hypothesis: I confirm that people in post-BA societies are less engaged in voluntary organizations. They are, however, consistently more willing to participate in mass political action. Among countries with past BA regimes, those that had harsher civil society repression show less civic engagement in post-authoritarian democracy. When used as a measure of how engaged people are in their society, and ultimately how invested in their country, the varying degrees of civil society strength across Latin America indicate that bureaucratic authoritarianism caused deep and long-lasting disruptions that will take time to heal, though these citizens continue to recover from the memories of past abuses.
How Internet Success Will Lead to Broadband Failure

This paper points out a flaw in the telephone companies’ strategy of becoming content providers for broadband services. They designed their broadband projects under the assumption that they would be able to control the network for services such as video-on-demand (VOD) and home shopping. However proprietary advantage does not result from the linkage between infrastructure and applications unless they can restrict access by competitors to their customers. The interaction of two events, the growth of the Internet and the removal of legal barriers to competition for local cable and telephony, has made this unlikely. Due to the commodity nature of transport provision and the inability to leverage infrastructure strengths in content provision, the risk-return trade-off for investment in the information infrastructure will be unattractive. Even if the free rider problem ensures that improvements will be made to the infrastructure, market forces are likely to result in a patchwork which will be costly on a per household basis. For this reason, governments should expect that free markets will provide a socially sub-optimal level of information infrastructure and may need to reconsider the issues of public funding and regulation
Cluster Preface: Reinventing Radical Reactions

Ryan Shenvi is an associate professor with tenure in the Department of Chemistry at The Scripps Research Institute. He earned his B.S. degree with honors and distinction in chemistry from Penn State University, where he was a research student in the laboratories of John Desjarlais and Ray Funk. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2008 as an NDSEG predoctoral fellow with Phil Baran at The Scripps Research Institute, and then joined the laboratory of E. J. Corey at Harvard University as an NIH-funded postdoctoral fellow. In 2010, Ryan returned to Scripps to start his own lab, which explores the chemical synthesis of secondary metabolites that are relevant to human health. These efforts frequently require the invention of new chemical reactions and also lead to discoveries in biology.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from acyclic, monocyclic, and polycyclic alkanes.

A large number of organic species emitted into the atmosphere contain cycloalkyl groups. While cyclic species are believed to be important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, the specific role of cyclic moieties (particularly for species with multiple or fused rings) remains uncertain. Here we examine the yields and composition of SOA formed from the reaction of OH with a series of C10 (cyclo)alkanes, with 0–3 rings, in order to better understand the role of multiple cyclic moieties on aerosol formation pathways. A chamber oxidation technique using high, sustained OH radical concentrations was used to simulate long reaction times in the atmosphere. This aging technique leads to higher yields than in previously reported chamber experiments. Yields were highest for cyclic and polycyclic precursors, though yield exhibited little dependence on number of rings. However, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the SOA was highest for the polycyclic precursors. These trends are consistent with aerosol formation re...
Estimating times of extinction in the fossil record

Because the fossil record is incomplete, the last fossil of a taxon is a biased estimate of its true time of extinction. Numerous methods have been developed in the palaeontology literature for estimating the true time of extinction using ages of fossil specimens. These methods, which typically give a confidence interval for estimating the true time of extinction, differ in the assumptions they make and the nature and amount of data they require. We review the literature on such methods and make some recommendations for future directions.
Ab initio-informed maximum entropy modeling of rovibrational relaxation and state-specific dissociation with application to the O2 + O system

Quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations are used to study state-specific ro-vibrational energy exchange and dissociation in the O2 + O system. Atom-diatom collisions with energy between 0.1 and 20 eV are calculated with a double many body expansion potential energy surface by Varandas and Pais [Mol. Phys. 65, 843 (1988)]. Inelastic collisions favor mono-quantum vibrational transitions at translational energies above 1.3 eV although multi-quantum transitions are also important. Post-collision vibrational favoring decreases first exponentially and then linearly as Δv increases. Vibrationally elastic collisions (Δv = 0) favor small ΔJ transitions while vibrationally inelastic collisions have equilibrium post-collision rotational distributions. Dissociation exhibits both vibrational and rotational favoring. New vibrational-translational (VT), vibrational-rotational-translational (VRT) energy exchange, and dissociation models are developed based on QCT observations and maximum entropy considerations. Full set of parameters for state-to-state modeling of oxygen is presented. The VT energy exchange model describes 22 000 state-to-state vibrational cross sections using 11 parameters and reproduces vibrational relaxation rates within 30% in the 2500-20 000 K temperature range. The VRT model captures 80 × 10(6) state-to-state ro-vibrational cross sections using 19 parameters and reproduces vibrational relaxation rates within 60% in the 5000-15 000 K temperature range. The developed dissociation model reproduces state-specific and equilibrium dissociation rates within 25% using just 48 parameters. The maximum entropy framework makes it feasible to upscale ab initio simulation to full nonequilibrium flow calculations.
Discussion on Development Situation and Key Technologies of Digital Mine in China

The paper introduced the concept of digital mine and its development target,analyzed current situation of digital mine in China,proposed a construction frame of digital mine taking digital mine basic information platform based on 3DGIS technology as core.It briefly introduced the key technologies for realizing digital mine such as information regulation and interface standards,intellectualization of equipments,high-speed transmission network,integration and sharing of multi-source heterogeneous data,platform of 3DGIS,3D modeling algorithm,analysis and processing of specialization for basic data,development of business application systems and so on.It has guiding significance for development of digital mine in China.
PadMaster: An Improvisation Environment for Real Time Performance.

This paper will describe the design and implementation of PadMaster, a real-time improvisation environment running under the NextStep operating system. The system currently uses the Mathews/Boie Radio Drum as a three dimensional controller for interaction with the performer. program, set the MIDI channel used by it, dump and load the internal calibration tables, etc. • Trigger / Release messages: sent by the drum when a baton hits / leaves the surface using continuous controllers 26 through 31. The message includes the x-y position and velocity of the hit or release. • Switches: sent by the drum when one of the switches changes state using controllers 5E to 5F. • Poll request: sent by the computer to request the position in space of the batons (channel pressure). • Poll answer: sent by the drum in response to a poll request message using a series of channel pressure messages. It includes the position of both batons in space and optionally the position of the pots. 1 2 3 4 5 Reiving anennas Transmitting antenna uP A/D MIDI i/o rom/ram The existing general purpose controller program (written by David Jaffe / Andrew Schloss) was completely redesigned. A more efficient and faster protocol was created to enable the computer to use the Radio Drum as a three dimensional controller with six degrees of freedom. This program is one of many that are stored in the Drum’s firmware, and can be activated remotely with a system exclusive message. This is a short description of part of the protocol: • System exclusive configuration messages: can be used to turn ON or OFF the communication 1.0 The Radio Drum and the MIDI communication protocol The current implementation of the Stanford Radio Drum was developed by Max Mathews as a simpler alternative to Boie’s design. The two batons act as radio transmitting antennas. There are five receiving antennas underneath the surface of the drum and the multiplexed A/D converter translates signal strength coming from the five receivers to numbers, which the microprocessor uses to calculate the absolute position of each baton in space. In addition to the batons, the Radio Drum hardware includes two switches and four potentiometers. It has a MIDI interface that it can use to communicate with computers or synthesizers. 2.0 The PadMaster program PadMaster is written in Objective C and runs on the NeXT workstation, which is connected through MIDI to the Radio Drum.It uses the Radio Drum as a controller and splits the surface of the drum into up to 30 virtual pads, each one independently programmable to react in a specific way to a hit and to the position information stream of one or more axes of control. Pads can be grouped into Scenes, so that the behavior of the surface of the drum can be subtly or radically altered during the course of a performance by dynamically jumping to a different Scene. The screen of the computer displays the virtual synth #1
The novel p.K317N mutation in MAPT gene with clinicopathological phenotype of globular glial tauopathy (P2.161)

OBJECTIVE: Globular glial tauopathy (GGT) is a rare 4-repeat tauopathy pathologically defined by widespread globular glial inclusions (GGIs). GGIs include Gallyas-positive globular oligodendroglial incusions and Gallyas-negative globular astrocytic inclusions. BACKGROUND: All 30 cases with GGTs identified so far were sporadic. DESIGN/METHODS: Six patients with GGT identified in our brain bank were screened for mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) gene using Sanger sequencing. Genealogical, clinical, neuropathological, and genetic data were collected. Functional studies included microtubule assembly, tau filament formation and Western blot. RESULTS: There were 4 males. Mean age of death was 72.7 years (55-83 years). Mean disease duration was 7.2 years (5-14 years). Mean age of onset was 65.5 years (50-77 years), and early symptoms included frontotemporal dementia (n=4), corticobasal syndrome (n=1) and short-term memory decline (n=1). Average brain weight was 1166.7 grams (1000-1260 grams). All brains demonstrated lobar atrophy of frontotemporal distribution. Three patients had a positive family history of dementia; the novel p.K317N mutation was identified in one of them. All patients were homozygous for the H1 MAPT haplotype. Recombinant K317N tau showed a reduced ability to promote microtubule polymerization by turbidity but no significant effect on the kinetics of tau filament aggregation when assessed using electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: While often sporadic, GGT can be caused by the novel MAPT p.K317N mutation. Sequencing of MAPT should be considered in patients with GGT and a positive family history of frontal lobe symptoms, motor neuron disease and/or extrapyramidal features. In patients who did not have MAPT mutations, other genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of GGT. Study Supported by: NIH/NINDS P50 NS072187 and R01 NS078086, the NIH/NINDSP50 NS072187, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, and the gift from Carl Edward Bolch, Jr., and Susan Bass Bolch and the Max Kade Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Wszolek has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Parkinsonism & Related Disorders and the European Journal of Neurology. Dr. Tacik has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeTure has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sanchez Contreras has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wojtas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fujioka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Baker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Walton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carlomango has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strongosky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kouri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Murray has nothing to disclose. Dr. Josephs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rademakers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ross has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dickson has nothing to disclose.
The Logarithm and Its Inverse

In this chapter, the logarithm function and its inverse, the exponential function, are defined and developed.
Converse BVP for Associated Elliptic and Parabolic Fractional Partial Differential Operators

For several classes of elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations, the converse boundary and initial value problems that arise in applications yield to summability methods for Jacobi series. A fractional partial differential operator of mixed- type and generalized summation process for Jacobi series produce a unified theory from which applications are drawn.
‘IRELAND AS A WEAPON OF WARFARE’: WHIGS, TORIES, AND THE PROBLEM OF IRISH OUTRAGES, 1835 TO 1839*

This article contends that the Irish policy of both the Whig and Tory parties has received rather short shrift in the historiography surrounding Britain's decade of reform. In an attempt to rectify this gap, the article traces the emergence of the Whig policy of ‘justice to Ireland’ between 1835 and 1839; a policy championed by an emerging activist leadership within the party that promoted Catholics in Irish administration and attempted to pass substantial legislative reform. This ambitious Whig agenda upended a thirty-five-year consensus that relied on coercion to rule Ireland's recalcitrant population. Tories vehemently opposed this change, and used Irish agrarian violence – so-called ‘outrages’ – to undermine the success of the Whigs’ novel approach to governing Ireland through remedial legislation. This confrontation over Irish policy led to an 1839 House of Lords committee on Irish crime that passed a vote of censure on the Whigs’ Irish policy and nearly toppled Melbourne's government. However, the article demonstrates how the Whigs’ Irish policy was the one question that held together their big tent coalition of Whigs, English radicals, and O'Connellites, thus extending their administration for another two years.
ZOUEV, Alexandre, ed., GENERATION IN JEOPARDY: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Fonner Soviet Union

ZOUEV, Alexandre, ed., GENERATION IN JEOPARDY: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Annonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998, 206 pp., $42.95 hardcover / $19.95 softcover. For one more familiar with literature on "at-risk" children in North America and Western Europe, reading this UNICEF-sponsored book was an eye-opening experience. In many ways, the children in the region covered in this volume have been living in thirdworld conditions since the break-up of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. The book provides a comprehensive picture of the effects of the dismantling of the socialist safety net on the health and welfare of some 150 million children in these "transitional" societies. The volume is organized into three parts. The first provides an overview of social conditions and includes chapters on social and economic costs, health, the environment, nutrition, and education. The second part focuses on child protection, with chapters on the effects of war, neglect, abuse, and exploitation, child labor, and juvenile crime. The final part includes chapters on individual countries and regions and a chapter on minority groups. In addition, there is a Foreword by Peter Ustinov and a brief Afterword. The editor credits the chapter authors in the Acknowledgments, but the reader has no way of knowing the authorship of any individual chapter. Although a reference list and bibliographic notes are included at the end, there are few reference citations in the text. Hardships are documented in all of the regions covered by the book, including European countries often believed to be more advanced than their Asian neighbors. In fact, in some cases, the children in Asia are faring better than those in Europe. The following quote about the erosion of social services in the Central Asian republics is illustrative and also provides a good summary of the overall theme of the book: When the five republics gained independence in 1992 ... their social service systems, although problematic, were intact. In fact, health and education services were more extensively developed than in many Western industrialized countries .... [In Kazakhstan] health care and hospital-based treatment were readily available, even in remote areas. Free immunization programs for children had achieved more than 90 percent coverage .... More than 95 percent of births took place in hospitals. Education systems were also in good shape, and the inhabitants of these republics were highly literate . …
A Wideband Low-Power LC-DCO-Based Complex Dielectric Spectroscopy System in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS

A low-power integrated LC -oscillator-based broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) system is presented. The real relative permittivity $\varepsilon _{r}^{\prime }$ is measured as a shift in the oscillator frequency using an on-chip frequency-to-digital converter. The imaginary relative permittivity $\varepsilon _{r}^{\prime \prime }$ increases the losses of the oscillator tank which mandates a higher dc biasing current to preserve the same oscillation amplitude. An amplitude-locked loop is used to fix the amplitude and linearize the relation between the oscillator bias current and $\varepsilon _{r}^{\prime \prime }$ . The proposed BDS system employs a sensing oscillator and a reference oscillator where correlated double sampling is used to mitigate the impact of flicker noise, temperature variations, and frequency drifts. A prototype is implemented in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with a total chip area of 6.24 mm2 to operate in 1–6-GHz range using three dual bands LC oscillators. The total power consumption ranges from 10 to 24 mW depending on the operating frequency. The sensor measures complex permittivity within 2% accuracy for the real part $\varepsilon _{r}^{\prime }$ and 5% for the imaginary part $\varepsilon _{r}^{\prime \prime }$ . The achieved standard deviation in the air is 2.1 ppm for frequency reading and 110 ppm for current reading.
Risk and resilience frameworks in understanding special education

Risk and resilience frameworks highlight the importance of studying the developmental trajectory of risk and protective factors across the lifespan, as well as the interactions among these factors. Evidence suggests that children raised with multiple adverse influences, including disabilities, may still achieve positive outcomes, given the right combination and timing of protective factors. This article illustrates the use of the risk and resilience frameworks in guiding research and policy in special education. Risk and protective factors that arise from the interaction of individual, family, and school/community characteristics are discussed, including implications for assessment, intervention, and teacher preparation.
P162 Use of an automated chimerism calculator to increase speed, precision, and statistical analysis of results

Aim Chimerism testing is a valuable tool for determining the proportion of donor vs. recipient DNA in a sample. The commonly used polymerase chain reaction amplifications of short tandem repeats assay (Promega, Madison, WI) produces results for 21 loci, but only 9 loci are used in manual calculations. We sought to improve the tedious and time consuming process of manually calculating a patient’s percent chimerism by developing an automated chimerism calculator for rapid and accurate chimerism calculations based off of all 21 loci. Methods The calculator was developed using Microsoft Excel Macros and is able to report the percent donor chimerism +/− the margin of error. To determine whether precision is improved by using 21 loci, the results of a 21 loci analysis and a 9 loci analysis were compared in 111 patient samples. Additionally, each of the 21 loci was evaluated for its average deviation from the mean. Finally, 298 patient samples were analyzed by the program in order to determine if precision is equal at all chimerism percentages. Results When the same loci are analyzed, the chimerism calculator results are identical to the manual calculations, but completed in 10% of the time. The analysis of patient samples using 21 and 9 loci yielded, on average, chimerism percentages within 2.0% of each other. The average margin of error using 9 loci for analysis is 2.41% compared to 0.8% using all 21 loci. Among the 21 loci, the average deviation from the mean was found to range from 8.9% and 5.9%. Finally, we found that the average margin of error for patients between 90 and 100 percent donor chimerism is 0.19% while patients between 30 and 40 percent donor chimerism have 10.1% margin of error. Conclusions The chimerism calculator allows for routine use of all 21 STR loci with significantly reduced analysis time, 30% less margin of error, and an informative statistical analysis. In various laboratory settings, similar methods of computer assisted chimerism analysis can be easily implemented.
CD28neg. T lymphocytes of a melanoma patient harbor tumor immunity and a high frequency of germline-encoded and public TCRs.

Increased numbers of CD8+CD28neg. T cells have been detected in the peripheral blood of patients with several types of malignancies. However, the role of these cells in anticancer immunity are not yet clear and CD8+CD28neg. T cells are a controversially discussed subpopulation reported both as immunosuppressive and cytotoxic. In this study, we examined the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and complementarity-determining region 3 sequences of CD28neg. T cells in a melanoma patient with recurrent disease who achieved long-term disease-free status. As a result, the patient’s oligoclonal CD8+CD28neg. T cell compartment holds TCRs that are public and specific for Melan-A as well as several public TCRs reported for common viral antigens. While over 80% of his CD8+CD28neg. T cells expressed a cytotoxicity marker, CD57, only 0.01% of CD8+ CD28neg. T cells were positive for Foxp3. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that besides virus-specific also tumor-associated self-antigen targeting T cells accumulate in the CD28neg. compartment of the immunological memory. Since the patient is in ongoing complete remission for more than 9 years, CD8+CD28neg. T cells with the Melan-A-specific TCR might contribute to antitumor immunity in this patient.
Dual modulation of human hepatic zonation via canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways

The hepatic lobule is divided into three zones along the portal-central vein axis. Hepatocytes within each zone exhibit a distinctive gene expression profile that coordinates their metabolic compartmentalization. The zone-dependent heterogeneity of hepatocytes has been hypothesized to result from the differential degree of exposure to oxygen, nutrition and gut-derived toxins. In addition, the gradient of Wnt signaling that increases towards the central vein seen in rodent models is believed to play a critical role in shaping zonation. Furthermore, hepatic zonation is coupled to the site of the homeostatic renewal of hepatocytes. Despite its critical role, the regulatory mechanisms that determine the distinctive features of zonation and its relevance to humans are not well understood. The present study first conducted a comprehensive zone-dependent transcriptome analysis of normal human liver using laser capture microdissection. Upstream pathway analysis revealed the signatures of host responses to gut-derived toxins in the periportal zone, while both the canonical Wnt pathway and the xenobiotic response pathway govern the perivenular zone. Furthermore, we found that the hypoxic environment of the perivenular zone promotes Wnt11 expression in hepatocytes, which then regulates unique gene expression via activation of the non-canonical Wnt pathway. In summary, our study reports the comprehensive zonation-dependent transcriptome of the normal human liver. Our analysis revealed that the LPS response pathway shapes the characteristics of periportal hepatocytes. By contrast, the perivenular zone is regulated by a combination of three distinct pathways: the xenobiotic response pathway, canonical Wnt signaling, and hypoxia-induced noncanonical Wnt signaling.
Demographic and community-level predictors of recycling behavior: A statewide, assessment

Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation significantly outpaces growth in municipal recycling and this trend has substantial environmental, health and economic consequences. Several community and sociodemographic factors have been proposed to affect municipal recycling rates. Using a telephone and Internet-based assessment, we examined community-level recycling policies, practices and resources in 245 Massachusetts municipalities. We sought to determine whether these factors, along with important sociodemographic factors, significantly predicted average municipal recycling rates (diversion rates) over a 5-year period. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) trash programs were the most significant factor positively predicting recycling rates. Conversely, communities having to pay for recycling services resulted in significantly lower average recycling rates. Providing residents with recycling information resulted in higher municipal recycling rates and several important demographic variables significantly predicted recycling rates. Implications of our findings are discussed in conjunction with community-level policies and practices to improve recycling rates.
Kawasaki disease and vasculitis associated with immunization.

The etiology and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD) remain poorly understood. Among the diverse infectious and environmental factors examined to be triggers for, or be associated with, KD, are immunizations. In this report, we first describe the case of a Caucasian girl who presented with classic KD shortly after receiving her routine 4 months vaccination series. Prior published case reports and large epidemiological studies, which explore potential associations between immunization and KD and other vasculitides, are then comprehensively reviewed. The methodologic challenges that complicate analysis in this area are also considered.
Age-Related Differences in Savoring Across Adulthood: The Role of Emotional Goals and Future Time Perspective

Healthy aging is related to increased happiness along with attention and memory biases for positive information, which has led some researchers to suggest that older adults may be better at savoring (i.e., emotion regulation strategies that up-regulate or maintain positive affect). Paradoxically, preliminary empirical findings suggest that savoring is maintained across adulthood or may even decrease with age, but this research has relied solely on the use of self-reported questionnaires. The current study further investigated savoring in adulthood (N = 119; age range = 18–83 years) using self-reported questionnaires and an experimental savoring task where participants were instructed to up-regulate positive affect about a previous positive event. Emotional goals and motivations that might underlie age differences in savoring (hedonic motivation, ideal affect, and future time perspective) were also examined. Overall, results suggest that older adults savor less than adults of younger ages. Older adults reported lower trait savoring using self-reported measures. Similarly, young adults and middle-aged adults randomly assigned to the experimental savoring task experienced more positive affect than those assigned to a neutral control task, but older adults did not experience these same emotional benefits. Relations between age and savoring were mediated by an age-related decrease in hedonic motivation and the desire to experience high arousal positive affect. Together, these findings offer new evidence that older adults may savor less than young adults and middle-aged adults, which may be partially due to age-related differences in emotional goals.
The Intractable Dominant Educational Paradigm

On a recent research project in Ethiopia I was often reminded by proud Ethiopian educators that they were one of the only African nations never (other than a brief occupation by the Italians) to have been colonized by the West, and that they therefore did not suffer from many of the postcolonial educational legacies found in other African and Third World nations. Yet, visits to pre-collegiate schools and universities in Ethiopia revealed little that one could call specifically ‘Ethiopian.’ In fact, they appeared remarkably like schools one would visit almost anywhere else in the world, only poorer. Of the few traditional features that were notable, most were being dismantled in favor of more contemporary and readily familiar arrangements. The globally dominant “grammar of schooling” (Tyack & Cuban, 1995) was everywhere in evidence and, more to the point, there were clear commitments actively to emulate schools in the West, especially those of the United States (although one prominent educator expressed interest in learning more from China’s educational experiences). When pressed as to the rationale for this emulation of models from the West (or global North), the answer almost invariably was, “so we can develop like them.” Education in Ethiopia – in spite of the country’s rich and distinctive cultures and history – is an actively pursued variant of what I will refer to here as the globally dominant educational paradigm. In an age when skepticism about meta-narratives of every stripe has become the norm, references to a “globally dominant educational paradigm” will undoubtedly be held at critical arm’s length. And, in fact, ac