cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Need Saving?/Saving Need: Intersecting Discourses on Urban Children, Families, and Need in a U.S. Faith-Based Organization

This chapter examines social constructions of children’s needs within a faith-based organization (FBO) in a southern U.S. city. Building upon analyses of child-centered humanitarian efforts, I argue that age was used to configure assistance and shape the construction of “vulnerability” for participating urban children. Staff members conceptualized children’s needs using representations of innocent childhoods, while intertwining these representations with racialized portrayals of low-income, African American families to mark participating children as in need of “saving,” socially, morally, and primarily from “problematic” adult family members who were viewed as obstacles, more than assets, to children’s success. This programmatic focus on individual children both funneled services away from family needs and shifted agency efforts and funds from the social, political, and economic processes that produced and maintained inequality in the urban neighborhood sites of this research. Yet, children spoke differently about their families and lives, and understood participation in the afterschool program as one place of support among many. In light of these differences, this chapter explores the relationships of power that exist in the contested spaces between the construction of children’s needs and children’s lived realities to show how U.S. charitable FBO discourses and practices affect the available resources for low-income families.
During weight-loss maintenance, energy expenditure was higher with lower-carbohydrate diets

Source Citation Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Klein GL, et al. Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial. BMJ. 2018;363:k4583. 30429127
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a patient with thymic carcinoma.

Author(s): Shwe, Samantha; Sharma, Aditi; Elsensohn, Ashley N; Doan, Linda; Smith, Janellen
A Method for Investigating Tendency of Diesel Fuels to Form High-Temperature Deposits

A quick inexpensive method for investigating the tendency of diesel fuels to form high-temperature deposits in the engine cylinder zone is proposed. The method can be used to model the dynamics of the deposit formation process that depends on the factors governing this process and to establish the quantitative characteristics of the influence of composition and conditions of use of fuels on deposit formation.
Software Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review and Comprehensive Analysis.

Software Engineering is a constantly evolving subject area that faces new challenges every day as it tries to automate newer business processes. One of the key challenges to the success of a software solution is attaining sustainability. The inability of numerous software to sustain for the desired time-length is caused by limited consideration given towards sustainability during the stages of software development. This review aims to present a detailed and inclusive study covering both the technical and non-technical challenges and approaches of software sustainability. A systematic and comprehensive literature review was conducted based on 107 relevant studies that were selected using the Evidence-Based Software Engineering (EBSE) technique. The study showed that sustainability can be achieved by conducting specific activities at the technical and non-technical levels. The technical level consists of software design, coding, and user experience attributes. The non-technical level consists of documentation, sustainability manifestos, training of software engineers, funding software projects, and leadership skills of project managers to achieve sustainability. This paper groups the existing research efforts based on the above aspects. Next, how those aspects affect open and closed source software is tabulated. Based on the findings of this review, it is seen that both technical and non-technical sustainability aspects are equally important, taking one into contention and ignoring the other will threaten the sustenance of software products.
Partitioning ocean flow field for underwater vehicle path planning

In this paper, we present a flow field partition method that extracts the key features, which are the spatial and temporal variation of the flow field. The partition method is developed based on K-means algorithm. In the case where the temporal pattern of the flow field contains only a periodic tidal component, we propose an algorithm that partitions the flow field into static clusters of piece-wise constant flow, by performing K-means clustering over the time-averaged flow field. Then the method is extended to partitioning the flow field into clusters of uniform time-varying flow, by fitting the spatially averaged flow in each static partitioned region to a parametric flow model. Simulation results of partitioning both a simulated jet flow field, as well as the ocean surface flow data into time-invariant and time-varying uniform flow are presented to demonstrate that the proposed method can represent the true flow field with significantly less amount of data. Result of using Method of Evolving Junctions to plan the time-optimal path in the partitioned flow field is also presented to demonstrate that the proposed flow partitioning method can be applied to facilitate path planning, and can reduce the path planning computational cost.
Wintertime new particle formation and its contribution to cloud condensation nuclei in the Northeastern United States

Abstract. Atmospheric particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and modify cloud properties and precipitation and thus indirectly impact the hydrological cycle and climate. New particle formation (NPF or nucleation), frequently observed at locations around the globe, is an important source of ultrafine particles and CCN in the atmosphere. In this study, wintertime NPF over the Northeastern United States (NEUS) is simulated with WRF-Chem coupled with a size-resolved (sectional) advanced particle microphysics (APM) model. Model-simulated variations in particle number concentrations during a 2-month period (November–December 2013) are in agreement with corresponding measurements taken at Pinnacle State Park (PSP), New York, and Appalachian State University (APP), North Carolina. We show that, even during wintertime, regional nucleation occurs and contributes significantly to ultrafine-particle and CCN number concentrations over the NEUS. The model shows that, due to low biogenic emissions during this period, wintertime regional nucleation is solely controlled by inorganic species and the newly developed ternary ion-mediated nucleation scheme is able to capture the variations in observed particle number concentrations (ranging from ∼200 to 20 000 cm −3 ) at both PSP and APP. Total particle and CCN number concentrations dramatically increase following NPF events and have the highest values over the Ohio Valley region, where elevated [ SO2 ] is sustained by power plants. Secondary particles dominate particle number abundance over the NEUS, and their fraction increases with altitude from ≳85 % near the surface to ≳95 % in the upper troposphere. The secondary fraction of CCN also increases with altitude, from 20 %–50 % in the lower boundary layer to 50 %–60 % in the middle troposphere to 70 %–85 % in the upper troposphere.
Low-Temperature Nitridation of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

Low-temperature gas-phase nitridation has been studied in $$\updelta $$-ferrite in 2205 duplex stainless steel. High-resolution spatially-resolved compositional and structural analysis revealed two competitive responses to nitridation. Some regions revealed a nitrogen atom fraction approaching 25 at. pct—greater than $$10^6$$ times the equilibrium solubility limit at room temperature. Remarkably, there is no expansion or distortion of the body-centered cubic lattice. This is similar to the response of $$\updelta $$-ferrite in this alloy to low-temperature carburization. In conventional transmission electron microscopy bright-field images, the supersaturated ferrite grains show no diffraction contrast—resembling the appearance of amorphous structures—suggesting an unusually high defect density. These grains exhibit spinodal decomposition of the ferrite to nanometer-scale Fe-rich and Cr-rich ferrite domains. High-resolution imaging reveals pristine Fe-rich nanocrystals, whereas the Cr-rich domains are apparently amorphous. Elsewhere in the nitrogen-rich case, an isothermal ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation occurred. The austenite transformation product formed martensitically with a high-aspect-ratio plate-like morphology in the Nishiyama–Wassermann orientation relationship to the ferrite matrix.
Myron Taylor and the Bombing of Rome: The Limits of Law and Diplomacy

Myron Taylor, President Franklin Roosevelt’s personal representative to Pope Pius XII, carried out a difficult and ultimately futile mission during the Second World War: to persuade the Allies to s...
Challenges in predicting the outcome of competition based on climate change-induced phenological and body size shifts

Climate change is creating warmer, earlier springs, which are causing the phenology of many organisms to shift. Additionally, as temperatures increase, the body size of many ectotherms is decreasing. However, phenological and body size shifts are not occurring at the same rates across species, even in species that live in close proximity or have similar life history. Differing rates of phenological and body-size shifts may affect ecological interactions. We investigated whether shifts in phenology and body size had a predictable effect on interspecific competition. We tested three hypotheses. First, priority effects would indicate early arriving organisms gain a competitive advantage. Second, larger organisms would be competitively superior. Third, similarly sized organisms would compete more strongly. We manipulated aquatic larval conditions to create variation in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) size at and date of metamorphosis. Wood frogs were placed in terrestrial enclosures with unmanipulated juvenile American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) where we tracked amphibian growth over 3 months. Consistent with the size superiority hypothesis, initially smaller wood frogs did not compete as strongly with toads. However, the results of the phenological shift were the opposite of our priority effects prediction: early arrival by frogs increased toad mass. Our results could indicate that toads would experience fewer negative effects of competition with wood frogs that metamorphose earlier and smaller under climate change. Our study highlights the challenges of predicting how climate change will affect interspecific interactions and emphasizes the need to investigate the role of shifts in both phenology and body size.
Attentive Tree-structured Network for Monotonicity Reasoning.

Many state-of-art neural models designed for monotonicity reasoning perform poorly on downward inference. To address this shortcoming, we developed an attentive tree-structured neural network. It consists of a tree-based long-short-term-memory network (Tree-LSTM) with soft attention. It is designed to model the syntactic parse tree information from the sentence pair of a reasoning task. A self-attentive aggregator is used for aligning the representations of the premise and the hypothesis. We present our model and evaluate it using the Monotonicity Entailment Dataset (MED). We show and attempt to explain that our model outperforms existing models on MED.
Volumetric quantification of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage independently predicts hydrocephalus and seizures

Objective Hydrocephalus and seizures greatly impact outcomes of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, reliable tools to predict these outcomes are lacking. The authors used a volumetric quantitative analysis tool to evaluate the association of total aSAH volume with the outcomes of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and seizures. Methods Total hemorrhage volume following aneurysm rupture was retrospectively analyzed on presentation CT imaging using a custom semiautomated computer program developed in MATLAB that employs intensity-based k-means clustering to automatically separate blood voxels from other tissues. Volume data were added to a prospectively maintained aSAH database. The association of hemorrhage volume with shunted hydrocephalus and seizures was evaluated through logistic regression analysis and the diagnostic accuracy through analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results The study population comprised 288 consecutive patients with aSAH. The mean total hemorrhage volume was 74.9 ml. Thirty-eight patients (13.2%) developed seizures. The mean hemorrhage volume in patients who developed seizures was significantly higher than that in patients with no seizures (mean difference 17.3 ml, p = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, larger hemorrhage volume on initial CT scan and hemorrhage volume > 50 ml (OR 2.81, p = 0.047, 95% CI 1.03-7.80) were predictive of seizures. Forty-eight patients (17%) developed shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. The mean hemorrhage volume in patients who developed shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was significantly higher than that in patients who did not (mean difference 17.2 ml, p = 0.006). Larger hemorrhage volume and hemorrhage volume > 50 ml (OR 2.45, p = 0.03, 95% CI 1.08-5.54) were predictive of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Hemorrhage volume had adequate discrimination for the development of seizures (AUC 0.635) and shunted hydrocephalus (AUC 0.629). Conclusions Hemorrhage volume is an independent predictor of seizures and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in patients with aSAH. Further evaluation of aSAH quantitative volumetric analysis may complement existing scales used in clinical practice and assist in patient prognostication and management.
Academic‐clinical nursing partnership use an evidence‐based practice model

Aims and objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the experience of a new clinical model with traditional clinical teaching and examine the effects of evidence-based practice strategies among staff and student nurses. Background This provides an innovative approach to nursing student clinical learning that emphasised the academic-clinical partnership with the use of a new model called the Evidence-based Clinical Academic Partnership (ECAP) model. The model incorporates three main components (a) unit transformation into an innovative hybrid version of a dedicated education unit (hDEU); (b) Evidence-in-Action (EIA) rounding; and (c) the cognitive apprenticeship theoretical framework. Design This pilot study used a mixed-method, quasi-experimental design. Methods The quantitative portion included a pre-test, post-test non-randomised quasi-experimental design using self-reported survey data. The qualitative methodology used was a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to data interpretation of three focus groups with staff nurses and unit leaders. SQUIRE 2.0 guidelines were followed (Ogrinc et al., 2016). Conclusions The themes that emerged emphasised relationships and the partnership with this innovative approach to clinical teaching. The staff nurses emphasised the need for a collaborative approach and having the presence of the academic faculty member as a way to support the teaching and learning aspects with students. Relevance to clinical practice This study did provide significant contributions to the development of an innovative clinical model and highlighted the importance of the academic-clinical partnership with the education of undergraduate nursing students. The study results provided insight to the ways the hDEU framework may be strengthened, such as increased communication and partnership in the implementation of the ECAP model. Implementing curricular change to include innovative clinical models within a nursing programme is vital in this time of healthcare transformation.
Weighting on waiting: Willpower and attribute weighting models of decision making.

Willpower is often conceptualized as incorporating effortful and momentary suppression of immediate but ultimately inferior rewards. Yet, growing evidence instead supports a process of attribute weighting, whereby normatively optimal choices arise from separable evaluation of different attributes (e.g., time and money). Strategic allocation of attention settles conflicts between competing choice-relevant attributes, which could be expanded to include self-referential predictions (“resolve”).
Simple Carrier Based Capacitor Voltage Balancing Technique for Three-Level Voltage Source Inverters

This paper presents a simple carrier-based dc-link capacitor voltage balancing technique for three-level voltage source inverters. It modifies the amplitudes of the two carrier signals based on the dc-link capacitor voltage deviations to regulate the charging and discharging of the dc-link capacitors. This capacitor voltage balancing method is simple and suitable for implementation in low power microcontrollers. Compared to the conventional dc-link capacitor voltage balancing method based on Space Vector Modulation (SVM) strategy, the proposed voltage balancing method reduces both code size and execution time by 40 percent. In addition, it provides tight neutral-point potential regulations for a wide range of modulation indices and load power factor values. The only drawback of the proposed voltage balancing method is its slightly higher switching loss and output current ripple compared to the conventional SVM based dc-link capacitor voltage balancing method. The validity of the proposed dc-link voltage balancing method is verified using experimental test.
Tourism Event Analytics with Mobile Phone Data

Tourism has been an increasingly significant contributor to the economy, society, and environment. Policy-making and research on tourism traditionally rely on surveys and economic datasets, which are based on small samples and depict tourism dynamics at a low granularity. Anonymous call detail record (CDR) is a novel source of data with enormous potential in areas of high societal value: epidemics, poverty, and urban development. This study demonstrates the added value of CDR in event tourism, especially for the analysis and evaluation of marketing strategies, event operations, and the externalities at the local and national levels. To achieve this aim, we formalize 14 indicators in high spatial and temporal resolutions to measure both the positive and the negative impacts of the touristic events. We exemplify the use of these indicators in a tourism country, Andorra, on 22 high-impact events including sports competitions, cultural performances, and music festivals. We analyze these touristic events using the large-scale CDR data across 2 years. Our approach serves as a prescriptive and a diagnostic tool with mobile phone data and opens up future directions for tourism analytics.
Gastroduodenal (Pyloric) Band: Endoscopic findings and first reported case

The first case in the English literature is reported of a gastroduodenal (pyloric) band. The anomaly was correctly diagnosed by fiberoptic gastroscopy only with the aid of carefully analyzed cinegastroscopic motion pictures of the lesion. The literature of pyloroduodenal anomalies is reviewed. The adjunctive value of cinegastroscopy to clinical endoscopy in the matter of interpretation of unusual endoscopic findings is exemplified by the experience in this case. The initial endoscopic diagnosis of antral ulcer was incorrect. The correct diagnosis, of gastroduodenal (pyloric) band, was reached only after careful analysis of the motion pictures obtained by cinegastroscopy. The final endoscopic diagnosis was confirmed at operation.
Phenotypic Switching in Cells Transformed with the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene

Abstract Biochemical transformation of Ltk− cells with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) gene resulted in numerous TK+ colonies that survived selection in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium. Many of these TK+ cells lines switched phenotypes and reverted to the TK− state. In this report, we describe the biological and biochemical characteristics of three TK− revertant lines. One (K1B5) transiently expressed TK in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, which selects for the TK− phenotype. Another TK− sibling (K1B6n) expressed TK only after removal from bromodeoxyuridine-containing medium. The last variant (K1B6me) lost the ability to switch to the TK+ phenotype, although it maintained the herpes simplex virus sequences coding for TK. Loss of the ability of K1B6me cells to express TK was correlated with extensive methylation of the sequence recognized by the restriction endonuclease HpaII (pCpCpGpG). After these cells were treated with 5-azacytidine, they regained the ability to clone in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium and reexpressed virus tk mRNA and enzyme. In addition, the HpaII sites that were previously shown to be refractile to enzyme digestion were converted to a sensitive state, demonstrating that they were no longer methylated.
The Expanding Role of the Principal in the 1980s

The role of the principal has changed dramati cally in recent years, according to these waters. They provide a list of competencies they believe are essen tial for today's administrator.
Transmission of self-medicative behaviour from mother to offspring in sheep

Herbivores challenged by diets with high concentrations of tannins learn by individual experience to self-select medicinal compounds such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), which neutralizes the negative postingestive effects of tannins. We investigated the transmission of this acquired self-medicative behaviour from mother to offspring. One group of ewes (experienced, N ¼ 8) was conditioned to associate the beneficial effects of PEG after consuming a tannin-rich diet. Ewes ingested a meal of high-tannin food and were then offered PEG. Subsequently, ewes ingested the same tannin-rich meal and were then offered a food (grape pomace; control) that did not have the medicinal effects of PEG. After conditioning, the experienced group and a naive group of ewes (N ¼ 8) were given a choice between the high-tannin food, PEG and grape pomace. Experienced ewes showed higher intake and preference for PEG than did naive ewes (P < 0.05). Subsequently, experienced and naive ewes with their naive lambs, as well as a group of naive lambs without their mothers (N ¼ 8), were exposed to the tannin-rich diet, PEG and grape pomace. Lambs were then tested for their ability to self-medicate with PEG by offering them a choice between the tannin-rich diet, PEG and grape pomace. Lambs from experienced and naive mothers showed a higher preference for PEG than did lambs exposed without their mothers (P ¼ 0.05). Thus, the presence of the mother (experienced or naive) was important for naive lambs to learn about the medicinal benefits of PEG. We conclude that the mother’s presence per se may increase the efficiency of creating new knowledge, such as preference for a medicine, within a group, beyond transmitting and maintaining this knowledge across generations. The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Model for Global Software Engineering Project Life Cycle and How to Use it in Classroom for Preparing Our Students for the Globalization

Global software engineering projects are reality today. Since people from different countries participate in global projects, we need to prepare our students for this global environment. This paper addresses the challenges and required skill set to prepare students for globalization. The author also shares his experience in teaching a course which focused on global software engineering project life cycle.
Spatial-frequency adaptation : evidence for a multiple-channel model of short-wavelength-sensitive-cone spatial vision

The frequency selective effects of spatial adaptation were measured with vertically-oriented, cosine stimuli upon an intense long-wavelength (yellow) field, which isolated the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. Consistent with isolated-S-cone spatial threshold and masking results, the adaptation measurements demonstrate S-cones input to multiple, orientation selective, spatial frequency mechanisms. Moreover, the adaptation measurements show the minimum number of S-cone mechanisms is three. The frequency tuning of each mechanism was derived from the S-cone threshold and masking results. Two of the tuning curves are bandpass with peak sensitivities in a vicinity of 0.7 and 1.4 c/deg, respectively. These two closely resemble tuning curves derived from results with luminance-modulated stimuli. Confined to the range of frequencies examined (0.25-2.83 c/deg), the third tuning curve is lowpass with a high-frequency cutoff of roughly 2.0 c/deg. However, subsequent measurements of orientation selectivity demonstrate the third mechanism to have bandpass frequency tuning as well.
An 8000-year record of sea-level change from grain-size parameters: data from beach ridges in Denmark

The low-energy beach ridge system near the town of Jerup, in the extreme north of Denmark, was sampled at 154 sites, on a pattern of one per ridge (intervals of 50-51 years, starting about 7800 BP)...
Exploring assistive technology and post-school outcomes for students with severe disabilities

AbstractPurpose: This study sought to understand the extent to which students with severe disabilities receive assistive technology in school and out-of-school, and the relationship between receipt of assistive technology in school and post-school outcomes for these students. Method: This study was a secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) from the USA. To analyze the data in this correlational study, researchers conducted frequency distributions, Chi Square Tests of Associations, significance tests and logistic regressions. Results: The main results suggest (a) receipt of assistive technology in school varied greatly by disability identification; (b) receipt of assistive technology post-school also varied by disability identification, but receipt was generally lower; and (c) few statistically significant post-school outcome differences existed between students who received assistive technology and those who did not. Conclusion: An under-utilization of assistive technolo...
Anticipatory Psychological Distress in Women Scheduled for Diagnostic and Curative Breast Cancer Surgery

Background: Psychological distress is a central experience for women facing diagnostic and curative breast cancer surgery. Purpose: The present study was designed to predict anticipatory distress in 187 women scheduled to undergo excisional breast biopsy or lumpectomy. Method: Participants completed questionnaires assessing emotional distress and predictors of this distress (surgery type, worry about the surgical procedure, and worry about what the surgeon will find). Results: The study found that lumpectomy patients experienced greater anticipatory distress than excisional breast biopsy patients on three of the four distress measures (all ps < 0.05) and that worry about what the surgeon might find partially mediated these effects. Conclusion: The results suggest that although women awaiting lumpectomy are more distressed than women awaiting biopsy, both groups report substantial distress, and, consequently, psychosocial interventions are recommended for both groups.
Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction from a Microscopic Single Crystal Under Pressure.

Metallic filaments with submicrometer diametere have been fabricated. Standard diffraction techniques with conventional x-ray sources were unsuccessful in identifying the structure of these materials. However, with the use of synchrotron radiation produced on a wiggler beam line, diffraction data were obtained in measurement periods as short as 10 milliseconds. Two cylindrical single crystals of bismuth were studied, each with a diameter of 0.22 ± 0.02 micrometer. The volume of sample illuminated for these measurements was 0.38 cubic micrometer, less than 0.5 femtoliter. The crystals are grown in glass capillaries, and, because bismuth expands on solidification, they are under a residual hoop stress. The crystallographic data indicate the presence of a linear compressive strain of about 2 percent, which is assumed to be the result of a residual stress of about 2 gigapascals.
Mission aware energy efficiency in stationary combat vehicles

This paper presents an on-line technique for achieving fuel-energy efficiency while meeting the electrical demands of a stationary combat vehicle. A vehicle's electrical load depends on the requirements of a combat mission. To achieve higher efficiency, a vehicle can use any existing advanced energy management systems and techniques (hardware/software), but they require complex, costly, and time-consuming implementations. The authors propose an approach in this paper to achieve energy efficiency in a stationary combat vehicle by operating the engine at a fuel-efficient speed to meet the vehicle load demand. The method accomplishes the aim by combining engine and alternator efficiency data, mission awareness, and a fuzzy logic soft computing methodology. The simulation uses a computerized vehicle software model and a test bench to validate the approach. In comparison to vehicles with high-idle RPM technology, the simulation results of the new approach show a 15.7% efficiency improvement for combat mission scenarios. The future implementation of this approach on a real vehicle will test the performance of the technique using a fuzzy electronic chip.
Comparative Net Absorption of Chelated and Inorganic Trace Minerals in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Diets

Coefficients of net absorption for copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc were determined for chelated sources (copper proteinate, iron proteinate, manganese proteinate, selenium proteinate, zinc proteinate) and inorganic sources (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, manganese sulfate monohydrate, sodium selenite, zinc sulfate hep-tahydrate) of these elements with channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fish weighing approximately 60 g were placed into 40-L aquaria (12 fish/aquarium) at a temperature of 28 f 2 C and fed either an egg white-based, purified diet or a soybean meal-based, practical diet with and without the test mineral sources for 6 wk then killed and feces collected from the hindgut. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Absorption coefficients for the elements in the basal and mineral supplemented diets were calculated by the indirect indicator (chromic oxide) method and corrected for residual amounts of element in the basal diets. Net absorption of the chelated minerals was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than net absorption of the inorganic minerals in both basal diets. Average percentage improvement in net absorption of chelated minerals over inorganic minerals was 39.3% in the purified diets and 81.1% in the practical diets. These results may indicate that appreciably lower amounts of chelated trace minerals than inorganic trace minerals can be used as supplements in catfish feeds.
Magnitude and spatial orientation of the hydrophobic moments of multi-domain proteins

The distributions of residue hydrophobicity for individual domains as well as for the aggregates of domains on a single chain have been found to exhibit well-defined second-order hydrophobic moment profiles. This indicates that most of the domains do fold into a stable entity with a core composed predominantly of hydrophobic residues as well as a prevalence of hydrophobic residues at the interface between domains. A simple scoring function based upon the relative hydrophobic moment dipole orientations shows that 80% of the dipoles of adjacent domains point to each other, highlighting hydrophobic residue prevalence at the domain interfaces.
Al-Mg alloy engineered with bimodal grain size for high strength and increased ductility

Al–7.5Mg powders were cryomilled, then consolidated and extruded to produce bulk nanostructured material. The extrusions had a tensile yield strength of 641 MPa and an ultimate strength of 847 MPa. Additional samples were prepared by combining cryomilled powder unmilled Al–7.5Mg, resulting in extrusions with high strength and increased ductility.
Electron microscopic appearances of rapidly frozen lung

SUMMARY Analysis of pulmonary structure-function relationships by microscopy requites that the lung be fixed under carefully controlled physiological conditions, since lung structure is extremely responsive to the relationship between airway and vascular pressures. Unfortunately, standard post-mortem fixation techniques leave some doubt as to the exact relationship between these pressures during fixation. This problem can be circumvented by stabilizing lung structure by rapid freezing under carefully controlled physiologic conditions. Using ethylene glycol in a freeze substitution technique we have developed procedures which yield a degree of preservation compatible with the high degree of resolution of the electron microscope. These can be used to obtain a more detailed understanding of pulmonary structure-function relationships under well-defined physiological conditions.
The Human Dimension of Program Evaluation

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the human dimension of program evaluation and focuses on key evaluation issues in demand-side management which will require the use of social science research for addressing these issues. As new techniques are developed and perfected, as the results of impact evaluations become more abundant, and as the gap between technical energy savings potential and realized savings becomes more visible, research regarding the human dimension of program evaluation will be crucial.
Energy Storage for a Sustainable Development

The CU Green, Palamanui Project Team worked to create an integrated document for the developers of Palamanui, a 725 acre community on the Big Island of Hawaii consisting of residential sections, a business park, town center, university, and hotel, regarding how the development can be more sustainable and environmental aware. The document addresses engineering issues, alongside architectural and environmental issues, including but not limited to solar generation, energy storage, plug in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), microgrids, smart architectural and landscape design, load management, waste water treatment, and the business aspects of each technology. The team worked together to combine engineering, environmental, social, architectural, and business aspects into a single overarching document recommending how the development can move towards sustainability. The following paper addresses the energy storage aspects for the Palamanui development, analyzing different technologies, operating scenarios, and financial results. Incorporating an energy-storage system in the Palamanui development is beneficial for all involved parties. Residents benefit from a more reliable grid, with increased distributed generation. The community and environment will benefit from increased solar generation and a reduction in required peak generation from HELCO, corresponding to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants. Lastly, the developers benefit because the property can be marketed as a sustainable development with a more reliable grid, thus increasing market value. The storage system can exist as a centralized plant, being a large battery bank or compressed-air-energy storage system (CAES), or the system can be distributed throughout the development as plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) or individual home batteries. Of the many energy storage methods available, three are seriously considered for the Palamanui development: sodium sulfur battery banks, lead-acid battery banks, and small-scale CAES in fabricated vessels. Battery banks and CAES operate under the same concept, drawing energy from the grid during times of low demand (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) or from excess solar generation. During times of peak demand, stored energy is discharged to the grid to meet daily loads. Of all the systems analyzed, the final recommendation is block storage distributed throughout the development using sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries. Sodium-sulfur batteries are the most appealing because of the small footprint, long lifetime, and lower lifetime cost. CAES systems with natural-gas prove to be too expensive with Hawaii’s high natural-gas prices. CAES without natural-gas has potential, but with little to no commercial testing having been done on this systems, further investigation is required and strongly recommended.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Effect of the Cost and Perceived Cost of Special Low Protein Foods on their Utilization and Dietary Compliance in Phenylketonuria

Abstract The parents of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) often cite the high cost of special low protein products as a reason for their not using many of these products and for poor dietary compliance in their children. We assessed the actual utilization of special low protein products in 42 PKU children between the ages of 3–8 from three-day diet records that were part of their nutritional assessment at a semi-annual clinic appointment. The cost of these items was prorated per serving from the most up-to-date price lists from the manufacturers. The cost of these items was compared to both the cost of their higher protein counterparts (regular bread, pasta, etc) and to the cost of high protein items (meat, dairy, etc) not allowed on the PKU diet. It was found that the amount of money needed to purchase special low protein foods was significantly less than the amount the USDA estimates it costs to provide high protein items to an average 3-8 year old. This amount was also considerably lower than the amount of money parents estimated that they spend per month for special low protein foods. This suggests that there is either food wastage or the special low protein foods are being consumed by non-PKU family members. A three-month supply of special low protein items was provided to 6 PKU children who had not been completely compliant with the diet and whose families were receiving public assistance. Parents were given recipes, baking pans and menu planning assistance to allow them to make maximum use of the products. Pre-and post-surveys were given to the parents to see how the special products changed the way the children's diets were managed. Further assessment was done using blood phenylalanine levels to see if the provision of the low protein foods made a difference in compliance. The results of this study indicated that the provision of low protein foods to this small group of PKU children, whose families cited cost as a barrier to their utilization did not make a significant difference in dietary compliance.
Depression of benzodiazepine binding and diazepam potentiation of GABA-mediated inhibition after chronic exposure of spinal cord cultures to diazepam

Cultures of fetal mouse spinal cord were exposed to 12.6 microM (3.6 micrograms/ml) diazepam for 7 days. After drug removal, benzodiazepine receptor binding was assayed on intact cells and intracellular recordings of diazepam effects on GABA-mediated inhibitory responses were obtained. The biochemical and electrophysiological data revealed significant and parallel reductions in both receptor binding and pharmacological action on GABA responses which did not return to control levels until 3-4 days after removal of diazepam. The results indicate that chronic exposure of spinal cord cultures to diazepam results in a reversible down-regulation of diazepam binding and function.
Computer-aided diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus using multiple endoscopic OCT images

We are developing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithms to aid in the classification of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) using endoscopic OCT (EOCT). Our previous CAD algorithm yielded single spatial scale texture features, used a single parameter as a classifier, and used only one EOCT image per biopsy site. In this work, we aim to overcome these limitations. We present progress in development of Fourier domain fractal analysis with classification trees using multiple images to classify a single site for more accurate dysplasia classification in BE EOCT images. A total of 812 EOCT images (13 patients, 70 non-dysplastic biopsy sites including 499 images and 38 dysplastic biopsy sites including 313 images) were analyzed. Using only one frame for classification, 95% sensitivity (95% confidence interval (CI) is 82%-100%) and 94% specificity (95% CI is 86%-98%) were achieved. Using three frames per biopsy site and requiring two frames to be positive to classify the site as positive, 100% sensitivity (95% CI is 89%-100%) and 100% specificity (95% CI is 94%-100%) were achieved, and 97% of the sites had at least three frames available. In conclusion, Fourier domain fractal analysis with classification tree achieved more successful classification of dysplasia in BE than our previous CAD algorithm. And making use of multiple images from a single biopsy site can improve the accuracy of classification. CAD has the potential to enable EOCT surveillance of large surface areas of Barrett's mucosa for dysplasia.
Lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition by electrofocused and gel-filtered fractions of group A streptococcal filtrate.

Abstract Culture filtrates of group A streptococci were fractionated either by isoelectric focusing on a sucrose gradient at pH 3–10, or by gel filtration on a G-75 Superfine Sephadex column. Some fractions induced lymphocyte transformation, others inhibition of macrophage migration, and others both. With the two types of fractionation here used the lymphocyte transformation activity was concentrated in a single peak, while the activity responsible for macrophage migration inhibition was scattered over multiple fractions. The significance of these findings is discussed.
EFFECT OF GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION AND FRYING ON THE THIAMINE CONTENT OF BACON

The effects of ionizing irradiation and frying on the thiamine and riboflavin content of bacon were determined. Significant destruction of thiamine but not riboflavin occurred during both the irradiation and frying. The destruction of thiamine was found to be directly related to the dose of ionizing radiation or the degree of cooking. Frying before irradiation, reduction of water content by lyophilization, and irradiation at - 40°C rather than 2°C produced significantly greater retention of thiamine. Frying the bacon following irradiation produced radiation dose-related, nonadditive, increased destruction of thiamine. The protective effect of frying before irradiation was not directly linked with the reduction of moisture by frying.
Influence of induced resistance in soybean on the development and nutrition of the soybean looper and the Mexican bean beetle

Standard gravimetric technique was used to assess the effect of induced resistance in soybean on the consumption and utilization of food by the Mexican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis, and the soybean looper (SBL), Pseudoplusia includens. Induced resistance had significant retarding effects on the development and growth of both SBL and MBB. SBL fed leaves of previously injured soybean plants had a 8.5% longer developmental time through the entire larval stage and a 10.4% lower pupal weight than larvae fed leaves from uninjured plants. MBB fed on leaves from previously injured plants through the first three instars had a 9.1 % longer developmental time and a 16.5% lower final weight than those fed on leaves from uninjured plants. Induced resistance showed no significant effect on total food consumed by either SBL or MBB. Nutritional indices including relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), approximate digestibility (AD), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were calculated on dry weight measurements. In general, induced resistance had greater impacts on the performance of MBB than on that of SBL. Resume Influence de la resistance induite chez le soja sur le developpement et l'alimentation de Pseudoplusia includens et Epilachna varivestis Une technique gravimetrique uniforme a ete utilisee pour mesurer l'effet de la resistance induite du soja et la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments par E. varivestis (Coleop.: Coccinellidae) et P. includens (Lepid.: Noctuidae). La resistance induite a significativement retarde la croissance et le developpement des 2 insectes. La consommation de feuilles deja abimees a prolonge de 8.5% la duree du developpement de P. includens et a reduit de 10.4% le poids des chrysalides. La consommation de feuilles de soja abimees pendant les 3 premiers stades d'E. varivestis a prolonge le developpement de 9.1% et a reduit de 16.5% le poids des nymphes. La resistance induite n'a pas provoque une modification significative de la quantite de feuilles de soja abimees chez les 2 insectes. Les indices de nutrition, comprenant le taux de consommation relative (RCR), le taux de croissance relative (RGR), l'efficacite de transformation de l'aliment ingere (ECI), la digestibilite approchee (AD) et l'efficacite de conversion de l'aliment digere (ECD), ont ete calcules a partir des poids secs. En general, la resistance induite a eu des effets plus nets sur les performances d'E. varivestis que de P. includens.
Statistics and dynamics

Abstract The classical statistics of Boltzmann and Gibbs will be discussed. As pointed out long ago by Einstein, there is a connection of the statistics applicable to a system and its underlying dynamics. This follows, for example, from the existence of quantum (Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac) statistics, where the underlying dynamics is quite different from classical mechanics. In 1988 Tsallis proposed a very successful new statistics. Its connection with an underlying dynamics as well as with the nonextensivity of systems are still matters of active investigation.
Influence of Domestic Livestock Grazing on American Pika (Ochotona princeps) Haypiling behavior in the Eastern Sierra Nevada and Great Basin

In a pilot study, I observed a relationship between domestic livestock grazing and location of American pika (Ochotona princeps) haypiles in the eastern Sierra Nevada and several Great Basin mountain ranges. Where vegetation communities adjacent to talus bases (forefields) were grazed, mean distance from the talus borders to the closest fresh hay - piles was 30.1 m (SD = 18.9 m, n = 27), and haypiles were found only high in the talus. In ungrazed forefields, mean distance was 1.8 m (SD = 0.9 m, n = 57), and haypiles were found along the low-elevation talus-vegetation border. Where grazing was active, haypiles consistently contained vegetation gathered from plants growing within the talus. Talus vegetation appeared to be of lower diversity and the plant species of lower nutritional value than forefield plants. This difference, if real, would compromise quality of forage for summer browsing and winter haypile storage. This con- dition, combined with potentially less favorable summer and winter thermal conditions of upper talus locations relative to lower talus borders, suggests that grazing might be a factor compromising population conditions and status of pikas. Recent studies have reported higher extirpation rates of pika populations in Great Basin ranges (primarily in Nevada) than in adjacent regions. Because domestic livestock grazing is widely permitted on public lands throughout pika habitat in the Great Basin but not permitted (or much more restricted) in pika habitat of the Sierra Nevada, California, grazing effects might be contributing to observed regional differences in viability of pikas.