cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of the uptake of very low density lipoprotein remnants by the perfused rat liver

The receptor-mediated uptake of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants by the rat liver was studied. Livers were perfused with native 125I-VLDL remnants, radiolabeled apo E-deficient remnants, and radiolabeled remnants that contained reductively methylated apo B and unmodified apo E. The specific uptake of the apo E-deficient remnants was 20% of that for the native remnants, whereas the specific uptake of the remnants containing unreactive apo B was 78% of the control value. This suggests that the apo E of VLDL remnants is the principal ligand for binding to the receptor, and in the absence of apo E, apo B may participate in binding. This conclusion is supported by the finding that dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC)- apo E complexes were effective in competing for the hepatic uptake of 125I-VLDL remnants. The intracellular distribution of radioactivity was analyzed by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. At five minutes after perfusion, radioactivity was associated with the plasma membrane and lysosomal fractions, and at 30 minutes most of the radioactivity was associated with the lysosomal fraction. Binding and internalization of VLDL remnants was also directly visualized by electron microscopy. Internalization proceeded by coated pit-coated vesicle formation with subsequent delivery to lysosomes. Our findings demonstrate that the apo E of VLDL remnants mediates binding to the hepatic receptor and that the internalization and degradation of VLDL remnants is by a similar pathway to that previously described for LDL.
A clarification of the factors governing the stability of rx- radical anions

It is stressed that RX−1 radical anions can bs formed even when the configuration and hybridization of the completely dissociated radical R· differ from that of R in the parent molecule RX. The necessary condition for RX-1 dissociation is derived and illustrated by means of potential energy diagrams.
ELM energy scaling in DIII-D

The energy lost from the pedestal region due to an average ELM in DIII-D is determined from changes to the electron density and temperature profiles as measured by Thomson scattering. The ELM energy due to loss of temperature in the pedestal is associated with conduction and is found to decrease with increasing pedestal density. The ELM energy from lost pedestal density, or convective transport, remains constant as a function of density. The scaling of the two transport channels, conduction and convection, are examined in terms of parallel transport processes in the scrape-off-layer and divertor.
Systematics of target and projectile K -x-ray production and radiative electron capture for 20-80-MeV Cl q + ions incident on 25-200-μg/ cm 2 Cu targets

A systematic investigation of $K$-x-ray production for 20-80-MeV Cl ions in collision with thin self-supporting Cu targets has been conducted. Target and projectile characteristic x rays and radiative electron capture (REC) have been measured as a function of target thickness for incident charge states $ql{Z}_{1}\ensuremath{-}2$. At 80 MeV data were also obtained for $q={Z}_{1}\ensuremath{-}1$. Large enhancements in both characteristic x-ray production and REC were observed for $q={Z}_{1}\ensuremath{-}1$. Measured x-ray yields were parametrized versus target thickness using the model of Betz et al., and least-squares fits to the data were performed. Target $K$-x-ray production for $ql{Z}_{1}\ensuremath{-}2$ is described reasonably well by the Coulomb perturbed-stationary-state relativistic plus electron capture relativistic (CPSSR+ECR) theory. For $q={Z}_{1}\ensuremath{-}1$ the enhancement in the x-ray yield is predicted quite well by the method of Gray et al. The mean fluorescence yield for the highly stripped Cl ions is determined and found to increase by a factor of about 6 over the range 20-80 MeV, having a value (\ensuremath{\sim} 0.1) nearly equal to the single $K$-vacancy value at 20 MeV. The radiative lifetime for the projectile ions is found to be \ensuremath{\sim} 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ sec, which is about three times longer than the single-$K$-vacancy radiative lifetime calculated by Scofield. Parametrization of the REC yields versus target thickness is used to normalize the measured REC intensity to the fraction of ions with $K$ vacancies. Resulting REC cross sections are compared with the free-electron theory of Bethe and Salpeter and good agreement is obtained if it is assumed that each of the "loosely" bound electrons in Cu contributes equally to the REC process. By combining the results obtained for the characteristic x rays and REC, the fluorescence yield for $K$-shell capture events may be estimated, giving values in the range (2-4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for the beam energies studied.
Switendick criterion for stable hydrides.

The interaction between a pair of hydrogen (H) atoms embedded in a metal matrix has been studied by using the self-consistent-field molecular-orbital method. The total energy of the cluster as a function of H-H separation reveals two minima corresponding to the bond lengths of molecular hydrogen and metal-hydrogen dimer. It is suggested that the stronger metal-hydrogen bonding may be responsible for the 2.1 A\r{} minimum H-H distance observed by Switendick in stable metal hydrides.
Single-component poly(ε-caprolactone) composites

Abstract Non-covalently bonded crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) have been formed by threading host cyclic starches, α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs), onto guest poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) chains and by co-crystallization of guest PCL and host urea (U). PCLs were coalesced from both ICs by appropriate removal of the α-CD and U hosts. When added at low concentrations, PCL coalesced from its α-CD–IC served as an effective self-nucleating agent for the bulk crystallization of as-received PCL from the melt. Film sandwiches consisting of two layers of as-received (asr) (control), and one layer each of asr and self-nucleated (nuc) (composite) PCLs were produced by melt pressing. A composite sandwich consisting of a film of neat PCL coalesced from its U–IC (c-PCL) and a film of asr-PCL was also melt pressed. DSC showed that both composite films maintain their characteristic structures and properties even after melt-pressing them together. Both single component film sandwiches exhibited strong interfaces and better mechanical properties than the asr-PCL/asr-PCL control composite sandwiches. These results are similar to those previously obtained on similarly prepared nylon-6 (N-6) sandwich composites made with asr- and nuc-N-6 films with the same levels of crystallinity. However, while the elongation at break was greatly reduced in the asr-N-6/nuc-N-6 composite, asr-/asr-, asr-/c-, and asr-/nuc-, PCL/PCL-composites all showed similarly large elongations at break. The above room temperature and well below room temperature glass-transition temperatures of N-6 and PCL are likely the cause of their widely different elongations at break.
Readiness or avoidance: e‐resources and the art historian

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the information‐seeking behaviors of art historians.Design/methodology/approach – A survey of art historians was done to ascertain their use of e‐resources. The paper discusses the impact of electronic resources and digital image databases on the research methodologies of today's art historians.Findings – Although art historians depend on using the library for research, many have a rather limited awareness of electronic resources and have not fully developed the skills to utilize then to their fullest potential.Originality/value – This follows up on Deirdre R. Stam's 1984 study of the information‐seeking behaviors of art historians.
Accurate whole-spectrum measurements of intracellular pH and [Na(+)].

Fluorescent measurements of intracellular H+ and Na+ are improved by using whole spectra of the fluorescent indicators BCECF and SBFI, respectively. The extra data in whole spectra enable both an accurate calibration and a ready detection of artifacts which are not possible to identify using a more conventional data analysis that relies upon only two wavelength “windows” in the fluorescence spectra. The whole-spectrum technique is applicable to cell suspensions in a conventional fluorimeter (as is reported here with SBFI), as well as to attached cells using a fluorimeter combined with an inverted epifluorescence microscope. The spectral method was highly reproducible in that pairs of successive pH measurements differed, on average, by only 0.01±0.02 U. Random uncertainty from sample to sample was estimated numerically from the standard deviation of measurements on ionophore-treated cells. When full-spectrum analysis was employed, this scatter showed a two-fold improvement over results obtained using the two-wavelength ratio method. Because SBFI has a relatively narrow dynamic range, whole-spectrum analysis has been applied to improve the accuracy of sodium determinations. The calibrated system measured [Na+]i with excellent linearity over the range 2–150 mM and with an accuracy of approximately 5 mM.
An algorithm for decomposing a class of matrices into lower and upper triangular matrices

Abstract A fast and computationally effecient algorithm for decomposing a class of matrices into a product of lower and upper (LU) triangular matrices is introduced. The class of matrices considered is almost tridiagonal with the exception being that the upper rightmost element and lower leftmost element are nonzero.
The partition and dimerization of octanoic acid in several organic-aqueous systems

Abstract The partition and dimerization constants of octanoic acid between five organic solvents and 0.1 M sodium perchlorate solution have been measured over the organic concentration range of 10 -4.1 -10 0.9 M with carbon-14 labelled acid. The partition and dimerization constants for the five organic solvent systems were determined to be 1830±85 and negligible for 1-hexanol, 1150 ±47 and negligible for 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 148±15 and 286±18 for chloroform, 47±6 and 320±86 for benzene, and 4.6±0.4 and 5940±1890 for hexane.
The Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber Mutation Provides New Insights into Human Mitochondrial Function and Genetics

Of the ~50 mtDNA point mutations, reported so far, that cause disease in humans, ≥ 35 occur in tRNA genes (Schon et al. 1997). Of these, perhaps the best-studied is the A → G transition at position 8344 in the tRNA^(Lys) gene, the mutation that causes myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber syndrome (MERRF; Shoffner et al. 1990). This disorder is an encephalomyopathy characterized by myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia, and mitochondrial myopathy, with additional dysfunction, in some individuals, in tissues other than brain and skeletal muscle (Schon et al. 1997). Histological analysis of transverse sections of a MERRF patient’s skeletal muscle, stained with Gomori’s modified trichrome stain, reveals the presence of “ragged red fibers,” muscle fibers that exhibit peripheral blotchy, red patches that represent subsarcolemmal accumulations of mitochondria.
Anti-RhD immunoglobulin in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired bleeding autoimmune disorder characterized by a markedly decreased blood platelet count. The disorder is variable, frequently having an acute onset of limited duration in children and a more chronic course in adults. A number of therapeutic agents have demonstrated efficacy in increasing the platelet counts in both children and adults. Anti-RhD immunoglobulin (anti-D) is one such agent, and has been successfully used in the setting of both acute and chronic immune thrombocytopenia. In this report we review the use of anti-D in the management of ITP. While the FDA-approved dose of 50 mg/kg has documented efficacy in increasing platelet counts in approximately 80% of children and 70% of adults, a higher dose of 75 μg/kg has been shown to result in a more rapid increase in platelet count without a greater reduction in hemoglobin. Anti-D is generally ineffective in patients who have failed splenectomy. Anti-RhD therapy has been shown capable of delaying splenectomy in adult patients, but does not significantly increase the total number of patients in whom the procedure can be avoided. Anti-D therapy appears to inhibit macrophage phagocytosis by a combination of both FcR blockade and inflammatory cytokine inhibition of platelet phagocytosis within the spleen. Anti-RhD treatment is associated with mild to moderate infusion toxicities. Rare life-threatening toxicities such as hemoglobinuria, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation have been reported. Recommendations have been proposed to reduce the risk of these complications. Anti-D immunoglobulin can be an effective option for rapidly increasing platelet counts in patients with symptomatic ITP.
Evaluation of a Moderate Resolution, Satellite-Based Impervious Surface Map Using an Independent, High-Resolution Validation Data Set

Given the relatively high cost of mapping impervious surfaces at regional scales, substantial effort is being expended in the development of moderate-resolution, satellite-based methods for estimating impervious surface area (ISA). To rigorously assess the accuracy of these data products high quality, independently derived validation data are needed. High-resolution data were collected across a gradient of development within the Mid-Atlantic region to assess the accuracy of National Land Cover Data (NLCD) Landsat-based ISA estimates. Absolute error (satellite predicted area—“reference area”) and relative error [satellite (predicted area—“reference area”)/”reference area”] were calculated for each of 240 sample regions that are each more than 15 Landsat pixels on a side. The ability to compile and examine ancillary data in a geographic information system environment provided for evaluation of both validation and NLCD data and afforded efficient exploration of observed errors. In a minority of cases, errors...
On deriving equivalent architecture model from system specification

This paper presents a formal approach to correctly refine a system specification to an architecture model. The tasks in the system specification are distributed onto components of the system architecture to derive the architecture model. We present this refinement step and use formalisms to prove that the derived architecture model is equivalent to the specification. This approach aims at solving the verification problem in system level design through gradual refinements that produce an equivalent output model at each step.
Contribution of Virus-Like Particles to the Immunogenicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag-Derived Vaccines in Mice

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein is a major target antigen for cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-based vaccine strategies because of its high level of conservation. The murine model has been used extensively to evaluate potential HIV-1 vaccines. However, the biology of HIV-1 Gag is somewhat different in human and murine tissues. The ability of HIV-1 Gag to form virus-like particles (VLPs) in human cells is severely curtailed in murine cells. Hence, it is not known whether immunizing mice with expression vectors encoding HIV-1 Gag provides an accurate assessment of the immunogenicity of these candidate vaccines in primates. In this report, we made use of a chimeric Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV)-HIV-1 Gag in which the p17 matrix domain of HIV-1 was replaced with the p15 matrix and p12 domains from MMLV. Murine cells expressing this construct released significant amounts of VLPs. The construct preserved H-2d-restricted antigenic determinants in the remaining portion of HIV-1 Gag, allowing immunogenicity studies to be performed with mice. We demonstrated that immunizing mice with plasmid DNA or adenoviral vectors encoding this chimeric Gag did not significantly increase the HIV-1 Gag-specific cellular or humoral immune response when compared to immunization with a myristoylation-incompetent version of the construct. Thus, the release of VLPs formed in vivo may not play a major role in the immunogenicity of vectors expressing HIV-1 Gag constructs.
A Local Pressure Boundary Condition Spectral Collocation Scheme for the Three-Dimensional Navier---Stokes Equations

A spectral collocation scheme for the three-dimensional incompressible $$({\varvec{u}},p)$$ ( u , p ) formulation of the Navier---Stokes equations, in domains $$\varOmega $$ Ω with a non-periodic boundary condition, is described. The key feature is the high order approximation, by means of a local Hermite interpolant, of a Neumann boundary condition for use in the numerical solution of the pressure Poisson system. The time updates of the velocity $${\varvec{u}}$$ u and pressure $$p$$ p are decoupled as a result of treating the pressure gradient in the momentum equation explicitly in time. The pressure update is computed from a pressure Poisson equation. Extension of the overall methodology to the Boussinesq system is also described. The uncoupling of the pressure and velocity time updates results in a highly efficient scheme that is simple to implement and well suited for simulating moderate to high Reynolds and Rayleigh number flows. Accuracy checks are presented, along with simulations of the lid-driven cavity flow and a differentially heated cavity flow, to demonstrate the scheme produces accurate three-dimensional results at a reasonable computational cost.
Reappraisal of the role of endotoxin in the sepsis syndrome

There is strong evidence to implicate endotoxin released from gram negative bacteria in the pathogenesis of the sepsis syndrome and related conditions, but equally compelling data bring the role of endotoxin into doubt. Reappraisal of endotoxin and its release from gram negative bacteria suggests that it is not directly responsible for the complications of sepsis syndrome. Rather, release of endotoxin is a marker for the transition of gram negative organisms to cell-wall-deficient forms (L-forms) that may persist undetected despite antibiotic therapy directed against the parental form. This transition has two consequences in compromised patients: L-forms cause organ failure, and they serve as a sanctuary from which cell-wall-intact revertants may arise.
Risky business: Trauma exposure and rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in African American children and adolescents

Demographics, parental risk factors, and experiencing interpersonal trauma (domestic violence, community violence, and physical and sexual abuse) are related to childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about these factors and the risk of PTSD in African American children. This study examined associations between PTSD symptoms and gender, age, parent mental illness, parent substance abuse, and interpersonal trauma in African American children. Participants were 257 children and adolescents, ages 8-17 years (M = 11.7, SD = 2.5), who received outpatient mental health treatment. Being female and witnessing domestic violence was associated with more PTSD symptoms. Exposure to community violence and physical abuse increased the odds of clinically significant PTSD symptomatology by more than 2 times. The rate of PTSD (16%) was lower in the current study than in other same-age study populations (25%-40%). Risk factors and identification strategies for PTSD are discussed.
Silicon Decorated Cone Shaped Carbon Nanotube Clusters for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

In this work, we report the synthesis of an three-dimensional (3D) cone-shape CNT clusters (CCC) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with subsequent inductively coupled plasma (ICP) treatment. An innovative silicon decorated cone-shape CNT clusters (SCCC) is prepared by simply depositing amorphous silicon onto CCC via magnetron sputtering. The seamless connection between silicon decorated CNT cones and graphene facilitates the charge transfer in the system and suggests a binder-free technique of preparing lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. Lithium ion batteries based on this novel 3D SCCC architecture demonstrates high reversible capacity of 1954 mAh g−1 and excellent cycling stability (>1200 mAh g−1 capacity with ≈100% coulombic efficiency after 230 cycles).
Intrinsic Activity and Stability of Bifunctional Human UMP Synthase and Its Two Separate Catalytic Domains, Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase and Orotidine-5′-phosphate Decarboxylase

Human UMP synthase is a bifunctional protein containing two separate catalytic domains, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10) and orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23). These studies address the question of why the last two reactions in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis are catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme in mammalian cells, but by two separate enzymes in microorganisms. From existing data on subunit associations of the respective enzymes and calculations showing the molar concentration of enzyme to be far lower in mammalian cells than in microorganisms, we hypothesize that the covalent union in UMP synthase stabilizes the domains containing the respective catalytic centers. Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from studies of stability of enzyme activity in vitro, at physiological concentrations, of UMP synthase, the two isolated catalytic domains prepared by site-directed mutagenesis of UMP synthase, and the yeast ODCase. The two engineered domains have activities very similar to the native UMP synthase, but unlike the bifunctional protein, the domains are quite unstable under conditions promoting the dissociated monomer.
Habitat use of juvenile goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara in the Florida Keys, USA

This study reports the distribution, abundance and habitat use of juvenile goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara along fringing red mangrove Rhizophora mangle shorelines of the Florida Keys, USA. The species has been protected from fishing in US waters since 1992, after reach- ing commercial extinction, yet juvenile habitat use remains poorly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of underwater mangrove habitat structure and complexity in determining distribution of juvenile goliath grouper in the Florida Keys. Visual underwater surveys were used to record juvenile presence, abundance and size. Habitat characteristics as continuous variables (depth, canopy, overhang and prop root width) and nominal variables (bottom type, sun exposure, shoreline shape and shoreline type) were also recorded. Juveniles aggregated in sites with high structural complexity, soft sediment and eroded shorelines. Well-developed fringing red mangrove shorelines were the preferred juvenile goliath grouper habitat.
Testing with hostile data streams

This note describes a method of testing software for response to malicious data streams. Systems that process data streams obtained from an external source such as the Internet are vulnerable to security issues if malicious data is not processed correctly. This note describes a testing method that creates malicious data streams, applies them to a software application and checks the appropriateness of the application response.The note begins with a description of the problem: inade-quate testing of software response to malicious data streams. I present a method of testing the response to malicious data streams and introduce the concepts of lexical, syntactic and semantic data stream deformation. I provide a description of a system that produces and applies such tests. This descrip-tion divides the testing system into components and provides some detail about each component. This system applied to Adobe Acrobat Reader version 5.0.1 provides a case study. The study applied 141,306 unique test cases and revealed 11 distinct indications of buffer overrun, numerous program lock-ups, and four steganographic possibilities.Research is on-going in the following areas: generalized buffer overrun exploitation, maliciously testing protocols and testing with encoded or encrypted data streams.
Ratiometric Temperature Sensing with Semiconducting Polymer Dots

This communication describes ultrabright single-nanoparticle ratiometric temperature sensors based on semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots). We attached the temperature sensitive dye—Rhodamine B (RhB), whose emission intensity decreases with increasing temperature—within the matrix of Pdots. The as-prepared Pdot-RhB nanoparticle showed excellent temperature sensitivity and high brightness because it took advantage of the light harvesting and amplified energy transfer capability of Pdots. More importantly, the Pdot-RhB nanoparticle showed ratiometric temperature sensing under a single wavelength excitation and has a linear temperature sensing range that matches well with the physiologically relevant temperatures. We employed Pdot-RhB for measuring intracellular temperatures in a live-cell imaging mode. The exceptional brightness of Pdot-RhB allows this nanoscale temperature sensor to be used also as a fluorescent probe for cellular imaging.
Texture formation and magnetic properties of RF sputtered CoCrTa/Cr longitudinal thin films

CoCrTa films of different thicknesses were RF-sputtered on 1000-AA-thick Cr underlayers. The in-plane coercivity has a maximum of 1670 Oe for 200-AA-thick CoCrTa films and then decreases to 740 Oe for 9000-AA-thick films. The in-plane squareness also decreases monotonically from 0.80 to 0.25 when the thickness of CoCrTa films increases from 100 AA to 9000 AA. By using transmission electron diffraction, it was found that CoCrTa films thinner than 400 AA have a distribution of c-axes lying mostly in the film plane or tilted by an angle of about 28 degrees with respect to the film plane. 9000-AA-thick CoCrTa films are dominated by perpendicularly oriented c-axes. Crystallographic texture change during the growth process of CoCrTa films could be responsible for the observed thickness dependence of the in-plane coercivity and squareness. TEM (transmission electron microscope) micrographs of these films show no physical voids in the grain boundaries. >
Examining coding structure and redundancy in DNA

A review of DNA signal content, redundancy, and mutational mechanisms is presented. Mutation-robust methods are developed to detect a linear coding structure and approximate tandem repeats. In this article, a method to uncover an error-correction coding structure in the nucleotide sequence is developed and its efficiency in detecting approximate tandem repeats, such as microsatellite regions, is demonstrated.
Assessing Risk for Terrorism Involvement

The challenge of counterterrorism focuses increasingly on prevention. In this effort, nations are starkly confronted with questions about which people are likely to engage in terrorist action. Though a variety of risk assessment technologies are available for a range of populations and types of violent behavior, a robust empirical foundation does not yet exist for understanding the risk of terrorism or involvement in violent extremist activity. A structured assessment process that is systematic, transparent, and reliant on current evidence would serve the interests of both procedural fairness and substantive security, but a simple process of tallying risk factors is unlikely to be effective. This study outlines some of the foundational concepts and challenges for developing approaches to assess individuals’ risk of terrorism involvement and violent extremist activity. It begins by examining the concept of risk assessment as it pertains to involvement in terrorism. Next, it suggests a series of guiding principles for developing a risk assessment approach. Finally, it outlines what a formulation-based risk assessment model for terrorist involvement might look like, at least conceptually.
Abstract 691: Arv1 Deletion Alters Fat Storage via Adipose-Extrinsic Mechanisms

ARE2 Required for Viability 1 (ARV1) is a transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is believed to promote intracellular sterol transport in yeast. Deletion of ARV1 in yeast causes lipid accumulation in the ER, altered membrane structure, and constitutive activation of the unfolded protein response. This protein is conserved in mammals, and human ARV1 is known to rescue the growth and viability defects in ARV1 deficient yeast. In previous work, we found that germline deletion of Arv1 in mice results in a 25% reduction in body weight, greatly reduced fat mass, increased energy expenditure, andimproved glucose tolerance. In the present work, we sought to test the hypothesis that loss of ARV1 activity in white and brown fat is responsible for the metabolic changes we observed. To test this, we utilized two different adipose-selective Cre drivers: Adiponectin-Cre and Ap2-Cre. Adiponectin-Cre mediated deletion was robust and highly specific to the white and brown fat, and had no impact on fa...
Notable Estate and Gift Tax Articles of 2012

In this annual article for Tax Notes, Professor Crawford reviews ten notable estate and gift tax law review articles published in 2012. They are (in alphabetical order): (1) Karen Boxx, "Too Many Tiaras: Conflicting Fiduciary Duties in the Family-Owned Business Context;" (2) Jeffrey A. Cooper, "Time for Permanent Estate Tax Reform;" (3) Thomas P. Gallanis and Josephine Gittler, "Family Caregiving and the Law of Succession: A Proposal;" (4) Mark Glover, "The Therapeutic Function of Testamentary Formality;" (5) Louise Lark Hill, "Fiduciary Duties and Exculpatory Clauses: Clash of the Titans or Cozy Bedfellows?" (6) David Horton, "Testation and Speech;" (7) Jason Mazzone, "Facebook's Afterlife;" (8) Nancy A. McLaughlin, "Extinguishing and Amending Tax-Deductible Conservation Easements: Protecting the Federal Investment After Carpenter, Simmons, and Kaufman;" (10) Reid Kress Weisbord, "Wills for Everyone: Helping Individuals Opt Out of Intestacy."
Visco elastic Effects in Tape-Springs

Following recent interest in constructing large self-deployable structures made of reinforced polymer materials, this paper presents a detailed study of viscoelastic effects in folding, stowage, and deployment of tape-springs which often act as deployment actuators in space structures. Folding and stowage behavior at different temperatures and rates are studied. It is found that the peak load increases with the folding rate but reduces with temperature. It is also shown that a load reduction of as much as 60% is possible during stowage due to relaxation behavior. Deployment behavior after significant load relaxation demonstrates features distinct from elastic tape-springs. It starts with a short dynamic response, followed by a quasi-static deployment, and ends with a slow creep recovery process. A key feature is that the localized fold stays stationary throughout deployment. Finite element simulations that incorporate an experimentally characterized viscoelastic material model are presented and found to capture the folding and stowage behavior accurately. The general features of deployment response are also predicted, but with larger discrepancy.
Fragmentation of Care in Ectopic Pregnancy

Objectives Ectopic pregnancy is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Women who experience fragmented care may undergo unnecessary delays to diagnosis and treatment. Based on ectopic pregnancy cases observed in clinical practice that raised our concern about fragmentation of care, we designed an exploratory study to describe the number, characteristics, and outcomes of fragmented care among patients with ectopic pregnancy at one urban academic hospital. Methods Chart review with descriptive statistics. Fragmented care was defined as a patient being evaluated at an outside facility for possible ectopic pregnancy and transferred, referred, or discharged before receiving care at the study institution. Results Of 191 women seen for possible or definite ectopic pregnancy during the study period, 42 (22 %) met the study definition of fragmented care. The study was under-powered to observe statistically significant differences across groups, but we found concerning, non-significant trends: patients with fragmented care were more likely to be Medicaid recipients (65.9 vs. 58.8 %) and to experience a complication (23.8 vs. 18.1 %) compared to those with non-fragmented care. Most patients (n = 37) received no identifiable treatment prior to transfer and arrived to the study hospital with no communication to the receiving hospital from the outside provider (n = 34). Nine patients (21 %) presented with ruptured ectopic pregnancies. The fragmentation we observed in our study may contribute to previously identified socio-economic disparities in ectopic pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion If future research confirms these findings, health information exchanges and regional coordination of care may be important strategies for reducing maternal mortality.
NHERF-2 silences the silencers.

Hyperresponsiveness to growth factors underlies a wide variety of human diseases, including hemangiomas, the most common tumor of childhood. Hemangiomas have been found to be clonal neoplasms of endothelial cells, with somatic mutations in unknown genes likely to be responsible for their development
Comparison of Susceptibility to European Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Three Groups of Related Apple Crosses with and Without Scab Resistance

When three groups of related apple selections, of which only one group possessed the Vf gene fore resistance to apple scab. Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., were evaluated as grafts for European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), preference, we found that although there were significant differences in pubescence and the rate of leaf production, differences in mite preference were not associated with the presence of the Vf gene.
MODIS-Landsat Data Fusion for Estimating Vegetation Dynamics – A Case Study for Two Ranches in Southwestern Texas

Remote sensing has been widely used in vegetation-dynamics monitoring. Many studies have used data acquired by multispectral sensors, such as the Landsat TM sensor, due to their high spatial resolution (30 m). However, during the growing season, the temporal resolution (16 day) cannot capture rapid changes of vegetation. Meanwhile, coarse-spectral-resolution sensors, such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), have high-frequency temporal information that can catch the details of landscape changes. In this research, we proposed a data-fusion approach that lead us to merge the MODIS and Landsat TM data to create a dataset of vegetation dynamics with both a high spatial resolution and a fine temporal resolution. The Comanche and Faith Ranches, located in west Texas, were chosen for this study. The MODIS product was used as a regionally consistent reference dataset to correct the Landsat imagery. Based on this new dataset, NDVI time-series curves from 2004 to 2011 were calculated with the MODIS 13 Vegetation Dataset. One random sample of red-band images was tested and compared with MODIS data. A high correlation coefficient 0.907 and RMSE 0.0245 was found.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: medical management and practical surgical palliation.

A new surgical procedure has allowed successful palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 2 full-term infants. This procedure establishes continuity between the proximal pulmonary artery and the descending aorta. Pulmonary flow is controlled by an aortopulmonary shunt to the isolated confluence of the pulmonary arteries. The technique obviates the need for manipulation of the diminutive ascending aorta and, in addition, corrects coarctation of the aorta which is present in 70% of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The wide availability of prostaglandin E1 offers a means of medical resuscitation for these moribund infants and makes surgical palliation a viable option for many infants whose condition had previously been considered hopeless.
Children's Artistic Abilities: Fact or Fancy?

Summary The decline of children's art at adolescence is a well-established occurrence, as is the ferment of artistic activity among young children. The question under consideration is why children's art declines. The two major theories are, first, that society's teachings during early childhood or adolescence are repressive and, second, only adolescents gifted with a high degree of creativity have the capacity to continue their artistic development into adulthood. A corollary of the latter view is that artists' productions differ only in degree, not in kind, from art produced by young children. A third view is introduced which argues that early expression of art forms is functional to instrumental aspects of cognitive maturation and that persons who become artists differ from young children in six significant behaviors: critical ability, cognitive and perceptual flexibility, relational cognitive style, strong goal orientation, mature moral development, and an unusually close relationship to nature.
Several Influence Factors for the Inner Flow Field of Ducted Propeller

The inner flow field of ducted propeller was calculated using theoretical method;several factors that influence the inner flow field were studied to obtain the movement regulation of inner liquid of ducted propeller.An iterative method was used to analyze the interaction between duct and propeller.The doublet and source strength on the surface of propeller and duct were solved with iterative calculation.Morino formula was used to calculate the induced velocities of propeller and duct,and so to achieve the inner flow field of ducted propeller.The panel method was taken as the numerical calculation method,and numerical program was compiled.Several factors that influence the inner flow field of ducted propeller were studied,which include the expanded area ratio,blade numbers of propeller,and shape and location of the duct.Results show that the above parameters have great influence on the magnitude and periodicity of the inner flow field of propeller.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Group Skills Training for Bipolar Disorder

There is growing evidence that the capacity for emotion regulation is compromised in individuals with bipolar disorder. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), an empirically supported treatment that specifically targets emotion dysregulation, may be an effective adjunct treatment for improving emotion regulation and residual mood symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder. In this open, proof-of-concept pilot study, 37 participants engaged in a 12-week DBT group skills training program, learning mindfulness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills. Repeated measures mixed models revealed skill acquisition in the areas of mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance, as well as improved psychological well-being and decreased emotion reactivity. The results of this study support a burgeoning literature that DBT is a feasible adjunct intervention for patients with bipolar disorder.
Packaging requirements of pharmaceuticals

The substances used in medicine for the treatment of disease (and loosely referred to as ‘drugs’) take many forms and are of diverse origin [1]. As Ross [1] pointed out the derivation of the word drug is unknown but originally it meant a simple medicinal substance, mostly of vegetable origin, such as witch-hazel leaves, dandelion root and camomile flowers, but it also included such potent poisons as belladonna (deadly nightshade), aconite (monkshood) and opium.
Assessing impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on Florida panther movements

Movement patterns can influence an animal's ability to secure food, find mates, and avoid enemies, potentially affecting individual fitness. We studied movement patterns of 10 male and 3 female endangered Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) using location data collected from a long-term (2005–2012) GPS collar study. Males traveled faster and covered longer daily distances than females during both the wet and dry seasons (wet:dry—males 289:372 m/h and 4,616:6,701 m; females 186:280 m/h and 2,629:5,239 m). Panthers occupying higherselected habitat traveled faster, but with shorter daily movement distances in comparison to habitats that were less frequently selected. An index of risk (derived using traffic volume and road density) that was linked to habitat predicted to be avoided by panthers was associated with reduced daily movement distances. Our results suggest that Florida panthers alter their movement patterns in response to environmental change and anthropogenic disturbances.
3-D ICS DSM Interconnect Performance Modeling and Analysis

The unprecedented growth of the computer and the information technology industry is demanding ULSI circuits with increasing functionality and performance at minimum cost and power dissipation. ULSI circuits are being aggressively scaled to meet this demand. This in turn has introduced some very serious problems for the semiconductor industry. Continuous scaling of ULSI circuits is reducing gate delays but rapidly increasing interconnect (RC) delays. Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) roadmap predicts that, beyond the 130 nm technology node, performance improvement of advanced ULSI is likely to begin to saturate unless a paradigm shift from present IC architecture is introduced. Also, increasing interconnect loading significantly increases the power consumption in high-performance chips. In fact, around 40-70% of the total chip power consumption can be due to the wiring network used for clock distribution, which is usually realized using long global wires. Additionally, interconnect scaling has significant implications for traditional computer-aided-design (CAD) methodologies and tools which are causing the design cycles to increase, thus increasing the time-to-market and the cost per chip function. Furthermore, increasing drive for the integration of disparate signals and technologies is introducing various system-on-a-chip (SoC) design concepts, for which existing planar (2-D) IC design may not be suitable. This chapter analyzes the limitations of the existing interconnect technologies and design methodologies and presents a novel 3-dimensional (3-D) chip design strategy that exploits the vertical dimension to alleviate the interconnect related problems and to facilitate SoC applications. A comprehensive analytical treatment of these 3-D ICs has been presented and it has been shown that by simply dividing a planar chip into separate blocks, each occupying a separate physical level interconnected by short and vertical inter-layer interconnects (VILICs)
Differences of Face and Object Recognition in Utilizing Early Visual Information

The first cortical stage in both object and face recognition by humans is generally presumed to be a filtering of the image by cells which can be approximated as oriented spatial frequency kernels. Are the outputs of these filters mapped in the same manner to the separate patches of tissue in extrastriate cortex presumed to code faces and objects? Complementary images of objects and faces were produced by dividing the Fourier spectrum of each image into 8 frequency bands and 8 orientation bands. In the inverse Fourier transform, half the 8 × 8 values (analogous to all the red squares of a checkerboard in a row by column representation of frequency and orientation) were contained in one member of a complementary image pair and the remaining combinations of values (e.g., black squares) were contained in the other member. In a naming task original and complementary images produced equivalent priming (equal RTs and error rates) for objects, but name verification for famous faces showed less priming for the complementary image. One possible explanation for these results is that faces are represented as a direct mapping of the outputs of early filter values whereas objects are recognized by means of intermediate primitives (e.g., parts), in which the same primitives can be activated by many patterns of filter activations. Two additional experiments using nonface but highly similar shaped objects (chairs) and unfamiliar faces confirmed the above hypothesis.
Rivers and Streams: Physical Setting and Adapted Biota

Streams and rivers are enormously important, with their ecological, and economic value, greatly outweighing their significance on the landscape. Lotic ecology began in Europe with a focus on the distribution, abundance, and taxonomic composition of aquatic organisms and in North American with a focus on fishery biology. Since 1980, stream/river research has been highly interdisciplinary, involving fishery biologists, aquatic entomologists, algologists, hydrologists, geomorphologists, microbiologists, and terrestrial plant ecologists. Stream and river biota evolved in response to, and in concert with, the physical and chemical setting. Streams/rivers transport water and move sediments to the sea as part of the hydrologic cycle that involves evaporation, plant evapotranspiration, and precipitation. Ephemeral streams flow only in the wettest year, intermittent streams flow predictably every year during capture of surface runoff, and perennial streams flow continuously during wet and dry periods, receiving both stormflow and groundwater baseflow. The lotic biota, for example, algae, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, and fishes, have evolved adaptations to their running-water setting. Dominant physical features of this setting are current, substrate, and temperature. Key chemical constituents are dissolved gases, dissolved inorganic ions and compounds, particulate inorganic material, particulate organic material, and dissolved organic ions (nitrogen and phosphorus) and compounds.
Accurate Strain Gauge Limits Through Geometry Mistuning Modeling

Safe engine operation is ensured by setting safety limits on rotor airfoil-mounted strain gauges that monitor the dynamic response of the component. Traditionally, strain gauge limits are generated...
A Tensegrity-Inspired Compliant 3-DOF Compliant Joint

Our Tensegrity-Inspired Compliant Three degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic joint adds omnidirectional compliance to robotic limbs while reducing sprung mass through base mounted actuation. This enables a robotic limb which is safer to operate alongside humans and fragile equipment while still capable of generating quick movements and large forces if required. Unlike many other soft robotic systems which leverage continuously soft materials, our joint is simpler to model with low order dynamic systems and has a host of embedded sensing which provide ample information of its position and velocity. We first discuss geometry selection and optimization to maximize the theoretical configuration space of the joint. We then show several of our mechatronic design solutions, which are easily generalized to a multitude of cable-driven mechanisms, and demonstrate the performance of these mechanisms within the context of our hardware prototype. We then present results on the controllable stiffness of our physical prototype. Finally, we demonstrate the strength of our prototype which is capable of lifting a 7 kg mass at a distance of 0.95 meters from the joint.