cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stroke volume changes in baboons during spontaneous activity and exercise

M OST of the fundamental concepts of the function and control of circulation have evolved from experiments performed on dogs. Use of dogs for experiments has the advantage of convenience, but in certain cardiovascular studies, e.g., effects of exercise, there are cogent reasons for selecting an animal more closely related to man. Dogs are phylogenetically remote from man and are anatomically specialized for a different way of life. For example, their peripheral muscle mass is less well developed. Although dogs are susceptible to training, their capacity for learning is probably inferior to that of primates. This fact is particularly significant in view of recent evidence implicating higher nervous centers in the control of the cardiovascular system. In this study we have evaluated the spontaneous variations in stroke volume of a simian primate, the baboon, during spontaneous activity, postural changes and exercise. Flow in the ascending aorta was continuously recorded via chronically implanted ultrasonic flowmeters. The heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and duration of ventricular ejection were then computed from these recordings.
Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters: Initial Clinical Results

Anticoagulation is the accepted therapy for patients with thromboembolic disease. When contraindications to anticoagulant therapy are present, however, interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) may prevent pulmonary embolism (PE). The objective of this study was to report our early technical and clinical results with retrievable IVC filters (IVCFs) for the prevention of PE. One hundred and twenty-seven multitrauma patients between December 1, 2002, and December 31, 2004, underwent placement of Gunther-Tulip (n = 49), Recovery (n = 41), or OptEase (n = 37) retrievable IVCFs under real-time intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance. All patients had abdominal X-rays to verify filter location. Prior to IVCF retrieval, all patients underwent femoral vein color flow ultrasonography to rule out deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and vena-cavography to assess the IVCF for trapped emboli, filter tilt, or retrained thrombus. Thirty-nine patients died of their injuries; no deaths were related to IVCF placement. One PE occurred during follow-up after filter retrieval, and two femoral vein insertion-site DVTs occurred. One hundred twenty (94.4%) of IVCFs were placed without complication at the L2-3 level, as verified by abdominal X-rays. Filter-related complications included three groin hematomas (2.9%) and three IVCFs misplaced in the right iliac vein early in our experience (2.3%); these filters were uneventfully retrieved and replaced in the IVC within 24 hr. Sixty-six patients underwent uneventful retrieval of IVCFs after DVT or PE anticoagulation prophylaxis was initiated. Forty-five IVCFs were not removed: 41 due to contraindications due to anticoagulation and four because of trapped thrombus within the filter. The role of retrievable IVCFs continues to evolve, but in this study of 127 patients, prophylactic temporary IVCF placement was simple and safe, prevented fatal PE, and served as an effective “bridge” to anticoagulation. Further investigation of this bedside IVUS technique and the role of temporary IVCFs in different patient populations is warranted.
Expression of diverse and functional TCR γ and Ig heavy chain transcripts in fetal liver cells cultured with interleukin-7

Abstract We have previously shown that specific T cell receptor (TCR) γ V regions genes (Vγ4 and Vγ6) are rearranged and expressed by murine fetal liver (FL) cells cultured with IL-7. The present studies determined that the sequences of the TCR V region gene transcripts expressed in response to IL-7 included diverse and functional sequences expressed by thymocyte and peripheral Vγ4 + and Vγ6 + T cells, indicating that the IL-7-induced expression of these genes is functionally relevant and mimics normal in vivo developmental events of γδ T cells. We found that more than 50% of these TCR transcripts had N region diversity. The presence of N region diversity indicates that these TCR rearrangements took place in vitro , presumably in response to IL-7, because fresh (uncultured) FL cells do not produce detectable terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) mRNA or protein. We also found that 100% of immunoglobulin (Ig) VH7183-JH4 transcripts from FL cells cultured with IL-7 had N region diversity at the V-DJ region, while only 40% of Ig VH7183-JH4 transcripts from FL cells cultured in the absence of IL-7 had N region diversity at this region. FL cell cultures supplemented for 7 days with IL-7 had increased TdT mRNA and protein levels. However, since 1-day culture of FL cells with or without IL-7 resulted in induction of expression of TdT, IL-7 probably does not directly stimulate TdT expression, but increases the development and expansion of TdT + lymphoid cells. These findings implicate IL-7 as a regulator of the molecular signals involved in controlling TCR γ rearrangement and diversity, and provide an in vitro system for studying the regulation of TdT and N region diversity in B and T lymphoid progenitors by environmental signals.
The effect of β-ecdysone on insect neurosecretion in vitro

Abstract Cultured brains of late instar larvae of Madeira cockroaches, Leucophaea maderae , rapidly accumulated neurosecretory material in the perikarya and axons of the median neurosecretory cells. Treatment with the hormone β -ecdysone prevented this accumulation by causing the cells to release their products as rapidly as they were formed.
Characterization of the immunoregulatory properties of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2 production and interleukin-2 receptor expression in normal human lymphocytes☆

Abstract Thymosin alpha 1 (T α 1 ) and thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) have been shown to induce lymphocyte maturation and differentiation as well as to modulate mature immune responses to antigens and mitogens. The present study focused on the characterization of the mechanisms involved in Tα 1 and TF5 enhancement of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in human mononuclear cells. We provide evidence that TF5 and Tα 1 modulate an early event(s) during lymphocyte activation by mitogens. A short preincubation period (30 min) of non-adherent cells with thymosins, followed by extensive washing and subsequent exposure to PHA, was sufficient to enhance the production of IL-2 and the expression of IL-2R induced by the mitogen. Furthermore, the concomitant addition of PHA and thymosin during the preincubation period is not necessary for the enhancing effects to occur. We have also studied the role of macrophages on thymosin modulation of these responses. Results presented here indicate that macrophages are not essential for the interaction of thymosins with T-cells. However, macrophages are an absolute requirement during the exposure to the mitogen after preincubation with thymosins for the manifestation of TF5- and Tα 1 -mediated enhancing effects on IL-2 production and IL-2R expression. Human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (rIL-1β) was able to replace this macrophage requirement, indicating that production of IL-1 by these cells is a critical event in thymosin modulation of the IL-2 system. Two-color flow cytometric analysis and experiments involving the use of highly purified helper/ inducer (Th, CD4 + ) and cytotoxic/suppressor (Tc, CD8 + ) T-cell populations indicated that both, Th and Tc cell populations are targets of thymosin activity. These studies provide additional evidence that thymosins play an important role in the modulation of the normal immune response and begin to define the mechanisms underlying Tα 1 immunoregulatory properties.
Abstract IA25: Local immunomodulation at a single site of tumor generates a therapeutic immune response that cures metastatic disease at distant sites, including the brain.

TLR-9 ligand (CpG) injected directly into a tumor can induce a therapeutic immune response. However regulatory T-cells (Tregs) eventually inhibit the anti-tumor immune response and thereby limit the power of cancer immunotherapies. We found that Tregs within the tumor preferentially express the cell surface markers CTLA-4 and OX40. We show that intra-tumoral co-injection of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-OX40 together with CpG depletes tumor-infiltrating Tregs. This in situ immunomodulation performed with low doses of antibodies into a single tumor generates a systemic anti-tumor immune response able to eradicate disseminated disease in mice, including established CNS lymphoma with leptomeningeal metastases, sites usually considered as sanctuaries for conventional systemic therapies. These results support a paradigm shift in cancer therapy where instead of using monoclonal antibodies to target cancer cells systemically, we use monoclonal antibodies at low doses to target the tumor infiltrative immune cells locally. The consequences of this strategy are the generation of a more potent anti-tumor immune response, and the expectation of less toxicity. On the basis of our preclinical results we are now opening a Phase I/II clinical trial testing the combination of local low dose radiotherapy with escalating doses of Ibilumimab (anti-CTLA4). Patients with metastatic melanoma, colorectal cancer and lymphoma are eligible. The intention will be to find a safe dose of the antibody when injected locally together with radiotherapy and then to assess the patients for immune responses and for tumor responses at uninjected sites of disease. Citation Format: Aurelien Marabelle, Holbrook Kohrt, Ronald Levy. Local immunomodulation at a single site of tumor generates a therapeutic immune response that cures metastatic disease at distant sites, including the brain. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
Tellurium induced lattice dilation in OMVPE grown InP

For organometallic vapor phase epitaxial (OMVPE) grown InP, the change in lattice constant is measured as a function of tellurium (Te) dopant concentration. We observe ~0.15% dilation in the InP lattice constant at a Te concentration of ~1020 cm-3. Our measurements are compared to predictions from Vegard’s Law.
The impact of coordination on wholesale market participation: The case of the U.S. electricity industry

Abstract Coordination costs in a wholesale electricity market are a relevant public policy consideration. The mitigation of coordination costs, all else equal, should increase participation in the marketplace. Since Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 888 was issued in 1996, the level of trading activity in bulk electricity markets has increased significantly. In 1999, FERC issued Order 2000 to advance the role of regional transmission organizations (RTOs) in the restructured marketplace for wholesale electricity. RTOs have the potential to reduce the coordination costs, while also having the countervailing effect of causing market participants to incur compliance costs. This paper utilizes the diversity of the United States electricity market and a panel data set representing electric utilities for the period 1990–2009 to study the effects that RTOs have had on wholesale electricity exchange. The paper finds that the presence of a transparent wholesale marketplace for electricity has the effect of increasing participation, but this participation is uneven across types of electric utilities. Greater participation is seen for investor-owned and larger utilities. The results have important implications for policy aimed at wholesale markets and the transmission organizations, as the opportunities afforded by transparency may not be uniformly distributed across all market participants.
Timing analysis and optimization for 3D stacked multi-core microprocessors

In this paper we demonstrate the methodology for designing and optimizing the LEON3 multi-core microprocessor in 3D stacked ICs. Based on GDSII-level details, we compare the 3D IC implementations as well as the traditional 2D IC implementation. For 3D IC implementation, we compare three partitioning styles: core-level, block-level, and gate-level. These partitioning styles represent three most relevant 3D implementation choices. The design methodology for such partitioning styles and their implications on the physical layout are discussed. Then we propose two methods to perform timing optimizations for 3D stacked ICs: timing scaling and timing budgeting. By analyzing the timing constraints from each method and the effects on the timing results and the layout, we show that each method has different impacts on the overall design quality. Lastly, we discuss additional 3D optimization opportunities.
Non-contact opto-fluidics-based liquid level sensor for harsh environments

This paper presents a non-intrusive, non-contact liquid level sensor. The proposed sensor is a free-space-based optical sensor that uses opto-fluidic technology-based agile optics to direct light from a laser source to the Liquid Under Test (LUT). The presented design makes the proposed sensor ideal for use in environments where levels have to be determined for caustic or toxic liquids having a small window interface on the containers carrying them. The proposed design uses very low optical power levels (< 100 μW) making it useful for measuring levels of combustible liquids (e.g., jet fuels) which have a danger of being ignited at higher power levels. The proposed sensor can find potential applications in transportation, chemical and aerospace industries.
Two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging of the in vivo lung: Combining spiral computed tomogrpahy with multiplanar and volumetric rendering techniques

We applied multiplanar techniques and a modified version of our volumetric rendering program for three-dimensional imaging to single-breath hold spiral computed tomography (CT) datasets to generate two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) images of the in vivo lung. We report details of the combined 2-D/3-D spiral CT technique along with three representative cases from our initial experience.
Phosphorus regeneration in continental margin sediments

Benthic incubation chambers have been deployed in a variety of geochemical environments along the California Continental Margin. These include both high and low oxygen environments and sites where the rate of organic matter oxidation on the seafloor (Cox) ranges from < 1 mmol m−2 day−1 to more than 7 mmol m−2 day−1 through a depth range of 100–3500 m. This range in the rate of organic matter oxidation along with variations in the concentration of bottom water oxygen allow us to elucidate the diagenetic conditions under which P regeneration may be decoupled from organic matter cycling. Under conditions where bottom water oxygen concentration is low (<50 μM), and the rate of organic matter oxidation is also low (< 1 mmol m−2 day−1), P regeneration may be less than that expected from the decay of organic debris and, in some cases, there is a flux of phosphate into the sediments. At stations where bottom water oxygen is low, and the degradation rate of organic material is greater than 1 mmol m−2 day−1, phosphate may be released at a rate exceeding the production expected from the oxidation of organic matter. At stations having high bottom water oxygen concentrations, rates of organic matter decomposition < ∼7 mmol m−2 day−1, and where benthic irrigation is not significant, P regeneration is consistent with that expected from the decomposition of organic debris. In addition, our data indicate that high benthic iron fluxes are observed in regions exhibiting a decoupling between organic matter and phosphate, whereas low to zero iron fluxes are observed in regions where P regeneration is either consistent with or less than that expected from the decomposition of organic material. These results support previous work suggesting a coupling between iron cycling and phosphate cycling in suboxic environments. Data presented here show that this coupling may result in either preferential phosphate burial or release relative to organic material in suboxic environments.
Building an Active Computer Security Ethics Community

In spite of significant ethical challenges faced by researchers evaluating modern threats, the computer security field has yet to grow its own active ethics community to describe and evaluate the ethical implications of its work. Modern threats such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, worms, viruses, phishing, and botnets underscore the need for Internet security research in an increasingly networked and computationally reliant society. This research involves not only appropriate responses but also difficult issues of privacy and responsible disclosure of vulnerability information.
Microfibrillar elastic polymer wrapping of rat vena cava for the study of engineered arterial vein grafts

The autologous saphenous vein graft remains the graft of choice for 95% of surgeons performing coronary artery or peripheral bypass procedures. Within the first 5 years after implantation, 20%–40% of arterial vein grafts (AVG) fail due to intimal hyperplasia (IH)1. This adverse pathological response by AVGs may be in part due to their abrupt exposure to the significantly elevated circumferential wall stress associated with the arterial system2. We believe that if an AVG is given an ample opportunity to adapt and remodel to the stresses of the arterial environment, cellular injury may be reduced, thus limiting the initiating mechanisms of IH.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
What is Wrong with National Literature Departments

This article asks what is wrong with national literature departments. Traditional literature departments, even with various politically conscious additions – women writers, authors of colour, postcolonial conditions, linguistic minorities, queer theory – assume by their very structure a romantic notion of the nation state, of borders and of linguistics as a major aspect of national identity and canonicity. The article considers the early German Romantics to see how they understood the twinning of nation and culture, and how this is baggage that Western universities still carry, even as they try to open themselves to other cultures. ‘Fruhromantiker’ such as Friedrich Schlegel, A.W. Schlegel, Novalis and Fichte (along with Chateaubriand) idealize the Middle Ages as a time of great unity in Europe, and understand nationhood to have a divine aspect. Recently, the idea of the university and of national literature departments is being fundamentally rethought. Said, Bernheimer, Moebius, Reading, Foucault, Spivak, Bauman – to name just a few – have all worried about the place of literature in the light of globalisation, the dominance of Europe in literature departments, and the place of minority discourses. The article suggests that Comparative Literature may be the hope for the future in literary studies, because it is a field that by definition combines linguistic, cultural and political perspectives in its approach to texts. At the same time, however, comparative literature has traditionally been dominated by Eurocentrism, which has been the source of much criticism. Should the dominant languages of Europe be set aside to make room for the less known, less powerful ones? The article sees the European project of community as a source of hope, analogous to comparative literature, in facing both the challenge and cultural wealth of diversity.
The meiotic transcriptome architecture of plants

Although a number of genes that play key roles during the meiotic process have been characterized in great detail, the whole process of meiosis is still not completely unraveled. To gain insight into the bigger picture, large-scale approaches like RNA-seq and microarray can help to elucidate the transcriptome landscape during plant meiosis, discover co-regulated genes, enriched processes, and highly expressed known and unknown genes which might be important for meiosis. These high-throughput studies are gaining more and more popularity, but their beginnings in plant systems reach back as far as the 1960's. Frequently, whole anthers or post-meiotic pollen were investigated, while less data is available on isolated cells during meiosis, and only few studies addressed the transcriptome of female meiosis. For this review, we compiled meiotic transcriptome studies covering different plant species, and summarized and compared their key findings. Besides pointing to consistent as well as unique discoveries, we finally draw conclusions what can be learned from these studies so far and what should be addressed next.
Timing of Riverine Export of Nitrate and Phosphorus from Agricultural Watersheds in Illinois: Implications for Reducing Nutrient Loading to the Mississippi River

Agricultural watersheds in the upper Midwest are the major source of nutrients to the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico, but temporal patterns in nutrient export and the role of hydrology in controlling export remain unclear. Here we reporton NO3(-)-N, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total P export from three watersheds in Illinois during the past 8-12 years. Our program of intensive, long-term monitoring allowed us to assess how nutrient export was distributed across the range of discharge that occurred at each site and to examine mechanistic differences between NO3(-)-N and DRP export from the watersheds. Last, we used simple simulations to evaluate how nutrient load reductions might affect NO3(-)-N and P export to the Mississippi River from the Illinois watersheds. Artificial drainage through under-field tiles was the primary mechanism for NO3(-)-N export from the watersheds. Tile drainage and overland flow contributed to DRP export, whereas export of particulate P was almost exclusively from overland flow. The analyses revealed that nearly all nutrient export occurred when discharge was > or = median discharge, and extreme discharges (> or = 90th percentile) were responsible for >50% of the NO3(-)-N export and >80% of the P export. Additionally, the export occurred annually during a period beginning in mid-January and continuing through June. These patterns characterized all sites, which spanned a 4-fold range in watershed area. The simulations showed that reducing in-stream nutrient loads by as much as 50% during periods of low discharge would not affect annual nutrient export from the watersheds.
Tests for transient means in simulated time series

We present a family of tests to detect the presence of a transient mean in a simulation process. These tests compare variance estimators from different parts of a simulation run, and are based on the methods of batch means and standardized time series. Our tests can be viewed as natural generalizations of some previously published work. We also include a power analysis of the new tests, as well as some illustrative examples. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exact critical bubble free energy and the effectiveness of effective potential approximations

To calculate the temperature at which a first-order cosmological phase transition occurs, one must calculate ${F}_{c}(T)$, the free energy of a critical bubble configuration. ${F}_{c}(T)$ is often approximated by the classical energy plus an integral over the bubble of the effective potential; one must choose a method for calculating the effective potential when ${V}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}l0$. We test different effective potential approximations at one loop. The agreement is best if one pulls a factor $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{4}}{{T}^{4}}$ into the decay rate prefactor [where ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}={V}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}({\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{f})$], and takes the real part of the effective potential in the region ${V}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}l0$. We perform a similar analysis on the one-dimensional kink.
High-resolution airborne multisensor system

An aircraft-based multisensor system consisting of forward-looking and down-looking sensor suites has been developed. Sensors which have been evaluated in this system include CO2 and near-IR laser radars, long-wave passive IR extending to 12 micrometers , and an 85.5 GHz millimeter wave (MMW) radar. Sensor descriptions are presented along with example imagery. The goals of this continual effort are deeper understanding of the data characteristics, including realistic phenomenology, and the delivery of co-registered, multi- dimensional sensor data for the development of detection and classification algorithms.
Intercellular Nodule Localization and Nodule Specificity of Xanthine Dehydrogenase in Soybean

The distribution of xanthine dehydrogenase throughout the soybean plant as well as the intercellular localization of xanthine dehydrogenase within soybean nodules was determined. Polyclonal antibodies against purified xanthine dehydrogenase were prepared and used in an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay to determine whether xanthine dehydrogenase is a nodule-specific protein. This immunological assay showed that xanthine dehydrogenase is present in far greater concentration in the nodule than in any other plant organ. Immunodiffusion tests showed that anti-soybean nodule xanthine dehydrogenase would cross-react with nodule crude extracts from the ureide producers, soybean, cowpea, and lima bean, but would not cross-react with those of the amide producers, alfalfa and lupine. A crude extract from pea nodules cross-reacted slightly with anti-soybean xanthine dehydrogenase. Anti-soybean xanthine dehydrogenase did not cross-react with buttermilk xanthine oxidase either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by immunodiffusion test. Fresh nodule sections from the ureide-producers, soybean, cowpea, and lima bean, all stained positively for xanthine dehydrogenase. The substrate-dependent stain was inhibited by allopurinol and was observed only in the infected nodule cells of these species. Nodules from the amideproducers, alfalfa and white lupine, did not stain for xanthine dehydrogenase.
Increased water intake by rats maintained on high NaCl diet: analysis of ingestive behavior

Abstract To determine the temporal relation between the ingestion of dry food containing 8% NaCl and the increased daily consumption of water that occurs when rats eat this diet, rats were placed in specially designed cages linked to microprocessors that allowed the continuous monitoring of food and water ingestion. The increase in water intake was found to result from increases both in number and size of individual drinking bouts. Approximately 75% of the water intake was consumed in drinking bouts that occurred less than 5 min after feeding. Indeed, rats rarely consumed 8% NaCl diet without also drinking water in the same ingestive episode, and the volume of water they drank was proportional to the food intake in that episode. These and other observations suggest that ingestion of the high salt diet stimulated thirst rapidly. As such, they are consistent with previous reports that visceral osmoreceptors (or Na+-receptors) detect osmolytes passing through the gastrointestinal tract and provide an early stimulus of thirst in rats that precedes large increases in systemic plasma osmolality.
Effects of photoperiod-temperature regimes on pituitary gonadotrophs, pituitary gonadotropin potency and hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing acitivity in the teleost notemigonus crysoleucas

Abstract 1. 1.|The effects of various photoperiod-temperature regimes on gonadal activity, hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing activity, pituitary gonadotropin potency and pituitary gonadotrophs were examined in the teleost, Notemigonus crysoleucas . 2. 2.|In fish maintained on a long photoperiod-high temperature regime final gonadal maturation occurs. Under these conditions hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing activity is high, stainable gonadotrophs make up a low percentage of pituitary area and pituitary gonadotropin potency is relatively low. 3. 3.|Gonadotrophs make up a relatively large area of the pituitary and adenohypophyseal gonadotropin activity is high in fish exposed to long photoperiod-low temperature regimes. Long photoperiod-low temperature regimes do not stimulate final gonadal maturation. 4. 4.|Short photoperiod-high temperature conditions retard gonadal development or cause gonadal regression in Notemigonus . The area of the pituitary occupied by gonadotrophs and hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing activity are low in fish exposed to these conditions. Pituitary gonadotropin potency, however, is relatively high in fish maintained on short photoperiod-high temperature regimes. 5. 5.|Gonadotrophs were infrequent in the pituitary and pituitary gonadotropin potency was low in animals maintained on short photoperiod-low temperature regimes. These conditions do not promote the final stages of gonadal maturation in Notemigonus . 6. 6.|Light intensities of below 151x are insufficient to induce spawning in Notemigonus . Light intensities above 151x increase the incidence of spawning.
Inhibition of Polyamine Synthesis Suppresses Growth and γ‐Ray‐Induced Sublethal and Potentially Lethal Damage Recovery in Human Tumor Cells in Culture

Polyamines are ubiquitous polycations that interact with negatively charged macromolecules, including DNA. Since DNA is a target for radiation damage, we tested the hypothesis that radiation survival responses are polyamine-dependent in cells derived from human tumors arising at different sites (lung [A549], cervix [HeLa], and brain [D54 and U251]). Untreated cultures displayed different growth rates (HeLa ≈ A549 > D54 > U251). Treatment with the specific ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor α-difluoro-methylornithine (DFMO) for 2 days or more suppressed putrescine and spermidine contents in all four cell lines. DFMO inhibited growth of each line, but to varying degrees (U251 > HeLa ≈ A549 > D54). Polyamine depletion generally suppressed γ-ray-induced sublethal and potentially lethal damage recovery. The degree of suppression of these recovery processes varied among cell lines (D54 > A549 ≈ HeLa > U251), which correlated inversely with the ability of DFMO to suppress cell growth. These data suggest that agents such as DFMO, which suppress polyamine contents, may be useful adjuvants to radiation therapy by inhibiting either radiation recovery processes or cell proliferation, or both, during fractionated radiotherapy schedules. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation of naïve and memory T-cell homeostasis.

Recent work has confirmed the existence of homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the overall size and composition of the mature T-cell pool. Homeostatic mechanisms not only control total T-cell numbers but appear to act differently on naive vs. memory cells. The roles of self-MHC/peptide ligands and certain cytokines in T-cell homeostasis are discussed.
Transition state structure of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and principles of atomic motion in enzymatic catalysis

Immucillin-H [ImmH; (1S)-1-(9-deazahypoxanthin-9-yl)-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol] is a 23 pM inhibitor of bovine purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) specifically designed as a transition state mimic [Miles, R. W., Tyler, P. C., Furneaux, R. H., Bagdassarian, C. K., and Schramm, V. L. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8615-8621]. Cocrystals of PNP and the inhibitor are used to provide structural information for each step through the reaction coordinate of PNP. The X-ray crystal structure of free ImmH was solved at 0.9 A resolution, and a complex of PNP.ImmH.PO(4) was solved at 1.5 A resolution. These structures are compared to previously reported complexes of PNP with substrate and product analogues in the catalytic sites and with the experimentally determined transition state structure. Upon binding, ImmH is distorted to a conformation favoring ribosyl oxocarbenium ion formation. Ribosyl destabilization and transition state stabilization of the ribosyl oxocarbenium ion occur from neighboring group interactions with the phosphate anion and the 5'-hydroxyl of the ribosyl group. Leaving group activation of hypoxanthine involves hydrogen bonds to O6, N1, and N7 of the purine ring. Ordered water molecules provide a proton transfer bridge to O6 and N7 and permit reversible formation of these hydrogen bonds. Contacts between PNP and catalytic site ligands are shorter in the transition state analogue complex of PNP.ImmH.PO(4) than in the Michaelis complexes of PNP.inosine.SO(4) or PNP.hypoxanthine.ribose 1-PO(4). Reaction coordinate motion is dominated by translation of the carbon 1' of ribose between relatively fixed phosphate and purine groups. Purine and pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferases and nucleoside N-ribosyl hydrolases appear to operate by a similar mechanism.
Nixon’s jump into the cold water

Although at first publlc reaction to President Nixon’s Economic New Deal was very positive, criticism has been increasing during the last weeks. The most controversial issue at the moment in the USA Is without doubt the wage and price freeze imposed for 90 days.
Comparative physiology and architecture associated with the mammalian urine concentrating mechanism: role of inner medullary water and urea transport pathways in the rodent medulla

Comparative studies of renal structure and function have potential to provide insights into the urine-concentrating mechanism of the mammalian kidney. This review focuses on the tubular transport p...
The Poison in the Gift : Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village

"The Poison in the Gift" is a detailed ethnography of gift-giving in a North Indian village that powerfully demonstrates a new theoretical interpretation of caste. Introducing the concept of "ritual centrality," Raheja shows that the position of the dominant landholding caste in the village is grounded in a central-peripheral configuration of castes rather than a hierarchical ordering. She advances a view of caste as semiotically constituted of contextually shifting sets of meanings, rather than one overarching ideological feature. This new understanding undermines the controversial interpretation advanced by Louis Dumont in his 1966 book, "Homo Hierarchicus," in which he proposed a disjunction between the ideology of hierarchy based on the "purity" of the Brahman priest and the "temporal power" of the dominant caste or the king.
Changes in breathing pattern in the normal horse at rest up to age one year

Changes in pattern of airflow, sequence of respiratory muscle activation and generated pressures were measured serially in a group of foals during the first year post partum, in order to describe the maturation of the equine breathing pattern. In neonatal foals, inspiration and expiration were both primarily active and airflow pattern was essentially monophasic. By age 1 year, foals displayed essentially the same breathing pattern previously described in adult horses, utilising a combination of active and passive inspiration and expiration to breathe around, rather than from, the relaxation volume of the respiratory system (Vrx). A strong temporal relationship during growth was found between the timing of changes observed in airflow pattern and in the neuromuscular strategy of breathing. The transition to the adult breathing pattern appeared to involve a time delay in activation of both inspiratory and expiratory muscle groups, establishing a passive and active component to both inspiration and expiration. Throughout the study period, concurrent with the increase in delay of abdominal muscle activation, the expiratory flow pattern became progressively more biphasic in appearance. The time of appearance of a consistent biphasic inspiratory flow pattern was considerably later, at approximately age 1 year and coincided with the appearance of a delay in inspiratory muscle activation. From our results, we conclude that the transition from the neonatal to the adult breathing strategy in the horse appears not to be induced by the time course of chest wall stiffening during maturation. While changes in relative body proportions and size of abdominal contents during growth may influence the transition in breathing, our results also indicate that respiratory control mechanisms play an essential role in the expression of the polyphasic breathing pattern.
Feasibility of Interactive Technology for Symptom Monitoring in Patients with Fibromyalgia

Abstract Use of health information technology (IT) integrated with clinical services has the potential to empower self-management and decrease health care utilization for chronic disorders such as fibromyalgia (FM). However, the appropriate methodology that systematically facilitates the integration of health IT with clinical services between patients and nurses partnering to manage FM is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of technology-enhanced monitoring that engages FM patients using a mobile device. A quantitative and qualitative descriptive design was used in a convenience sample of 20 FM patients. Patients used a mobile monitoring device for one week; nurses responded to patient e-mailed symptom reports on a daily basis. Analysis was primarily descriptive—percent, frequencies, and means for individual questionnaire items and subscales were calculated. For qualitative data, a 1 hour focus group was audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed using content analysis. All participants used a mobile phone in their daily lives; half used a smart phone. Participants were interested in using a smart phone to monitor their health and to communicate with health care providers. Participants used the study mobile device an average of 5.2 days out of the 7 day study period. Most participants (80%) reported that monitoring symptoms using the device was easy to do. Sixty-five percent felt that using the device helped them to promptly address their symptoms. Results from this study indicated that health IT integrated with clinical services is feasible to monitor FM symptoms and to communicate with the care team.
Rotational Magnetic Moments in Polyatomic Molecules

There is generally present in a molecule a small magnetic moment associated with its rotational degree of freedom. The rotational $g$-factor can be measured by an experimental method based upon the Zeeman effect. Previously, the most successful measurements have been made with the molecular beam resonance technique. More recently, the microwave Zeeman splitting of molecular rotation lines has offered another method for the determination of rotational $g$-factors. With this method, the $g$-factors of several molecules such as N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, OCS, etc. have been measured. The quantum mechanical theory of the rotational magnetic moment of the symmetric top molecule has been developed, and the experimental results are discussed qualitatively in the light of this theory.
Impairment versus activity limitation after incident ischaemic stroke

Activity limitation scales, such as the Barthel index (BI) and modified Rankin scale (MRS), may fail to identify residual neurological deficits (impairment) in patients without activity limitation, leaving unresolved the question whether improvement in ADLs over time is due to restitution of impairments or compensation for unchanged deficits. We sought to determine the degree of impairment among ischemic stroke patients who have no activity limitation at 3 months. As part of the Performance and Recovery in Stroke registry, patients with first-time ischemic stroke confirmed on MRI were enrolled during acute admission between May 2002 and January 2008. All patients received inpatient and outpatient physical and occupational therapy according to standard of care. Three impairment measures were assessed 3 months after stroke: hand dynamometry in the affected hand (HD), the Fugl-Meyer scale (FM),1 and 9-hole peg test (9HPT). For HD and 9HPT, z-scores were calculated to correct for gender, age and hand dominance.2, 3 The motor score of the FM scale was used (maximum 100). All patients had 3-month BI and MRS assessments. An individual was deemed meaningfully impaired on HD and 9HPT tasks if he or she had a z-score more than 1.5 SD from established population norms, corresponding to a probability of 93.3% that the score was truly worse than population norms. For FM, since population norms do not exist, an individual was deemed meaningfully impaired if he or she had a total score less than 90.4 If an individual scored BI≥95 or MRS≤1, he or she was deemed “not limited in activity.”5 Among 66 patients, mean age was 61.2±10.4 years and 59.1% were male. Seventy-three percent of patients (48/66) were “not limited in activity” (BI≥95) at 3 months. Forty-seven percent of patients (31/66) were “not limited in activity” by MRS (MRS≤1). Of these patients, significant residual deficits were seen in all three impairment measures (Figure). Figure Percentage of patients not limited in activity who qualify as impaired In summary, we found little activity limitation at 3 months, but significant residual impairment. Reasons for this lack of correlation between impairment and disability scores may include insensitivity of disability scores to changes in impairment, the use of compensatory strategies such as learning to brush one’s teeth with the non-paretic hand, and the use of assistive devices. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between impairment and ADL performance. Stroke trials that employ activity limitation scales as outcome measures may be missing significant changes in impairment. Scales that assess neurological impairments, such as the Fugl-Meyer scale, the Jebsen hand test, and Berg gait exam, may be more appropriate as outcome measures. From a clinical perspective, classifying a patient to be without activity limitation when significant impairment persists may limit opportunities for additional, targeted rehabilitation interventions that could enhance functional abilities and improve quality of life.
Synthesis and reactions of cubane-type iron-sulfur-phosphine clusters, including soluble clusters of nuclearities 8 and 16.

A family of soluble, reduced iron-sulfur clusters with nuclearities 4, 8, and 16 having tertiary phosphine ligation and based on the Fe(4)S(4) cubane-type structural motif has been synthesized. The results of this investigation substantially extend and improve the results of our original work on iron-sulfur-phosphine clusters (Goh, C.; Segal, B. M.; Huang, J.; Long, J. R.; Holm, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 11844). A general property of this cluster family is facile phosphine substitution. The clusters [Fe(4)S(4)(PR(3))(4)](+) are precursors to monosubstituted [Fe(4)S(4)(PR(3))(3)X] (X = Cl-, RS-), homoleptic [Fe(4)S(4)(SR)(4)](3-), and all-ferrous monocubanes [Fe(4)S(4)(PR(3))(4)] (R = Pr(i), Cy, Bu(t); generated in solution). In turn, [Fe(4)S(4)(PPr(i)()(3))(3)(SSiPh(3))] and [Fe(4)S(4)(PPr(i)(3))(4)] can be transformed into the dicubanes [Fe(8)S(8)(PPr(i)()(3))(4)(SSiPh(3))(2)] and [Fe(8)S(8)(PPr(i)((3))(6)], respectively. Further, the tetracubanes [Fe(16)S(16)(PR(3))(8)] are also accessible from [Fe(4)S(4)(PR(3))(4)] under different conditions. X-ray structures are described for [Fe(4)S(4)(PCy(3))(3)X] (X = Cl-, PhS-), [Fe(8)S(8)(PPr(i)(3))(4)(SSiPh(3))(2)], [Fe(8)S(8)(PPr(i)()(3))(6)], and [Fe(16)S(16)(PCy(3))(8)]. The monosubstituted clusters show different distortions of the [Fe(4)S(4)](+) cores from idealized cubic symmetry. The dicubanes possess edge-bridged double cubane structures with an Fe(2)(mu(4)-S)(2) bridge rhomb and idealized C(2)(h)() symmetry. The ready cleavage of these clusters into single cubanes is considered a probable consequence of strained bond angles at the mu(4)-S atoms. Tetracubanes contain four individual cubanes, each of which is implicated in two bridge rhombs so as to generate a cyclic structure of idealized D(4) symmetry. Redox properties and Mossbauer spectroscopic parameters are reported. The species [Fe(4)S(4)(PR(3))(4)] (in solution), [Fe(8)S(8)(PR(3))(6)], and [Fe(16)S(16)(PR(3))(8)] are the only synthetic all-ferrous clusters with tetrahedral iron sites that have been isolated. Their utility as precursors to other highly reduced iron-sulfur clusters is under investigation.
Computation as a correlation device

Abstract The definition of a correlated equilibrium takes as given the information possessed by the players. Some correlated equilibria rely on information acquisition decisions that are difficult to rationalize. We study the correlated equilibria which can arise when agents choose their information and information acquisition costs are (ordinally) symmetric. The set of correlated equilibria which are attainable in this sense is much smaller than the full set of correlated equilibria. In two-player games, the only attainable correlated equilibria are randomizations over pure strategy Nash equilibria. More generally, cyclic monotonicity is necessary and sufficient for a correlated equilibrium distribution to be attainable.
Comparison of theoretical and experimental burning rates for a laminar wall fire

Laminar methyl methacrylate (MMA) wall fires were studied. The principal objective of the investigation was to obtain and compare theoretical and ex perimental burning rates. The wall fires were produced by burning MMA on a ceramic wick in an oxygen/nitrogen environment. Burning rate measurements were made for several values of ambient oxygen mass fraction, and it was found that a unique burning rate did not exist for a given ambient condition. For supply rates that were great enough to cause fuel to drip from the wick surface, the burning rate was found to increase slightly with supply rate. The burning rates in the limit of zero fuel dripping were chosen as characteristic values for comparison with theoretical results.Diffusion flame theory for laminar burning of a vertical fuel surface was used to predict burning rates. The effects of incomplete combustion were examined (using recently measured values of the effective heat of combustion), and are found to decrease the calculated burning rates by about ...
On the 2-sum in rigidity matroids

We show that the graph 2-sum of two frameworks is the underlying framework for the 2-sum of the infinitesimal and generic rigidity matroids of the frameworks. However, we show that, unlike the cycle matroid of a graph, these rigidity matroids are not closed under 2-sum decomposition.
Surfeit calories during parenteral nutrition influences food intake and carcass adiposity in rats

The relationship between surfeit caloric consumption during intravenous infusion of a parenteral nutrition solution providing 100% daily caloric needs (PN-100; glucose:fat:amino acid = 50:30:20), carcass adiposity, and postinfusion food intake was evaluated. Rats received saline (control) or PN-100 for 4 days via jugular vein. PN-100 rats were either allowed or denied access to chow during the infusion period. When food was available during the 4 days of PN-100, total cumulative caloric intake, eaten and infused, was 40% higher than controls (p < 0.01). Percent carcass adiposity was increased from 8.8% to 11.6% (p = 0.04), and there was a 3-day delay before food intake returned to baseline. When caloric intake was limited to that provided by PN-100, carcass adiposity was not increased and food intake was 86% of baseline during the first 24 h after stopping PN-100. Delayed return of normal food intake following PN-100 is the likely consequence of excess caloric ingestion during the PN-100 infusion period. The surfeit caloric intake resulted in increased carcass adiposity.
Applications and support technologies: bettering our living environments [Editor's Note]

After the torch was passed to me in late January this year, I started to think about how to improve our magazine to attract more of your attention. As a reader for over 10 years, I really missed some of the survey articles, which can help readers to learn about new fields. Unfortunately, these kinds of articles have slowly disappeared from most magazines. After consulting with our senior advisors and editors, and talking to some readers like you, I think it is a good idea to get such articles back. So we will slowly experiment with publishing some long invited survey articles from top researchers.