cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Well Performed Systems

In this paper we have presented a para-digm for designing or operating systems with multiple, while may be conflicting, optimization criteria. Adopting compromise as a basis, the concept "well-performed systems" has been applied to a version of the multi-processor scheduling problem. Based on this concept, unlike approaches in conventional scheduling problems, we allow multiple disciplines in the scheduler. The performance of the system are formulated as conjunctive goals and the degree these goals are satisfied classifies the system into several operating levels. We construct rules to relate different optimization plans to different operating levels and apply these optimization plans whenever needed. Simulation studies have been conducted and the results show that the allowance of multiple disciplines outperforms a system with only one discipline enforced.
Bonding of young sheep to heifers

Abstract Rambouillet×Polypay lambs, averaging 45, 62 and 90 days of age, were penned with 8–9-month-old heifers for 60 days. Following 30 and 60 days of pen confinement, the treated and control lamb-heifer groups were observed in a 120-ha paddock for interspecific and intraspecific aggregation or dispersion; i.e. cross-species bonding. Interspecies distances averaged ≤20 m in the treated groups vs. 600–1000 m in controls. Interspecific distance was not different between 45 and 90-day-old lambs. Treated lambs followed any heifer (s) which tolerated sheep. Bonding was poorly developed (lambs and heifers were widely separated) within the 62-day-old lamb-heifer group, possibly because two heifers periodically physically abused the lambs by butting and kicking them. It was concluded that 45–90-day-old lambs can be successfully bonded to cattle by penning the two animal species together for a period as short as 30 days.
DNA cross-linking with metallointercalator-peptide conjugates.

Short peptides have been tethered to a DNA−intercalating ruthenium complex to create a photoactivated cross-linking reagent. The ruthenium complex, [Ru(phen)(bpy‘)(dppz)]2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bpy‘ = 4-(butyric acid)-4‘-methyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, and dppz = dipyridophenazine), delivers the peptide to DNA and initiates the cross-linking reaction by oxidizing DNA upon irradiation in the presence of an oxidative quencher. The tethered peptide, only five to six residues in length, forms cross-links with the oxidized site in DNA. Cross-linking was detected and studied by gel electrophoresis and through spectroscopic measurements. The ruthenium−peptide complex is luminescent when bound to DNA, and the binding constants for several intercalator−peptide conjugates were determined by luminescence titration. The composition of the peptide affects both binding affinity and the extent of cross-linking. The greatest amounts of cross-linking were observed with tethered peptides that contained positively charged r...
A versatile flow phantom for intravoxel incoherent motion MRI

Although there have been many advancements in cancer research, much is still unknown about the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. Diffusion-weighted MRI has proven to be a viable and versatile microstructural probe. Diffusion-weighted sequences specifically sensitive to intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) have seen a recent resurgence of interest as they promise to provide a valuable window on the vascular microenvironment. To understand, test, and optimize IVIM-sensitive approaches, a complex flow phantom was constructed to mimic certain characteristics of the tumor microenvironment such as tortuous microvasculature, heterogeneous vascular permeability, and interstitial fluid pressure buildup. Results using this phantom on a clinical scanner platform confirmed IVIM sensitivity to microscopic flow effects. Biexponential fitting of signal decay curves enabled quantitative extraction of perfusion fraction, IVIM-related pseudodiffusivity, and tissue diffusivity. Parametric maps were also generated, illustrating the potential utility of IVIM-sensitive imaging in clinical settings. The flow phantom proved to be an effective test-bed for validating and optimizing the IVIM-MRI technique to provide surrogate markers for microvascular properties. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NONCONTRAST DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated a noncontrast, dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for quantitative evaluation of the female sexual arousal response and compared these results with those of a previously described, contrast enhanced MRI technique.Materials and Methods: Eight normal, healthy volunteer women underwent 2 separate MRI sessions, during which they were shown audiovisual material consisting of interleaved neutral and audiovisual sexual stimulation segments. Serial high resolution MRI of the genital structures was done at 3-minute intervals during a 45-minute period. Images were analyzed in blinded fashion and measurements of clitoral volume with time were obtained for each subject. Measured clitoral volumes together with the percent change in clitoral volume during audiovisual sexual stimulation for MRI sessions 1 and 2 were compared within subjects. Results were also compared to those of prior contrast enhanced MRI studies in the same subjects.Results: There was excellent intrasubje...
Characterization of palladium supported on sulfated zirconia catalysts by DRIFTS, XAS and n-butane isomerization reaction in the presence of hydrogen

Abstract Palladium supported on sulfated zirconia (PdSZ) has been characterized by the n-butane isomerization reaction in the presence of hydrogen, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of adsorbed carbon monoxide. Catalyst calcination at 873 K followed by hydrogen reduction at 513 K results in the formation of 30–40 A Pd metal clusters, but the surface can only weakly adsorb CO, though stronger than Pd-free, sulfated zirconia catalysts. In the presence of hydrogen, PdSZ has a lower n-butane isomerization activity than SZ, and the Pd function cannot stabilize the reaction at low H 2 /n-butane ratios.
Radiated seismic energy and strain energy release in laboratory dynamic tensile fracture

Tensile dynamic fractures were propagated under two experimental congifurations for the purpose of assessing the relative amount of strain energy release that is consumed as fracture energy and radiated as seismic waves. The configurations used were (1) application of localized thermal stresses to 2.29 mm-thick plates of soda-lime glass and (2) double cantilever beam (DCB) experiments in 12.7 mm-thick glass plates, in which a fracture is propagated from a notch at one end of the specimen by application of a transverse load. Fracture propagation velocities of 0.35–2 mm/μs were obtained for fractures in the first configuration. A capacitance transducer with a point-like probe was used for measuring the seismic displacement waveforms from propagating fracture sources. This transducer is capable of measuring absolute surface displacements with a resolution of 0.01 nm. It has a flat frequency response in the range 10 kHz to 6 MHz. Measured seismic efficiencies, or the ratio of radiated seismic energy to strain energy released, are in the range 10−5 to 10−3.
Improved method for determination of inorganic sulfate in biologic fluids.

Summary1) An improved method for the determination of inorganic sulfate in biologic fluid has been presented.2) The results compare favorably with other methods requiring larger quantities of serum or plasma.
A Social Contract for International Business Ethics

This article begins with a detailed analysis of how the choice situation of a social contract for international business ethics can be constructed and justified. A choice situation is developed by analyzing conceptions of the multinational firm and the domain of international business. The result is a hypothetical negotiation between two fictional characters, J. Duncan Grey and Elizabeth Redd, who respectively represent the interests of businesses and communities seeking to engage in international trade. The negotiators agree on ethical principles governing wages, the environment, and compliance social and cultural norms. These principles are then shown to rest in wide reflective equilibrium with considered moral judgments on international business ethics, which are drawn from international agreements, such as the UN Declaration on Human Rights, and voluntary business initiatives, such as the Global Sullivan Principles and the UN Global Compact.
Temperature dependence of the conductance and magnetoresistance of Cr O 2 powder compacts

${\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ cold-pressed powder compacts show different electronic transport property than the single crystals. We have analyzed the temperature dependence of the conductance and magnetoresistance (MR) of cold-pressed compacts of ${\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ powders. Our results show that there exist two channels of the conductance $G.$ One is the inter-granular spin-dependent tunneling conductance ${(G}_{\mathrm{SDT}}),$ which is found proportional to $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{1/T}^{1/2}).$ The other is a spin-independent channel ${(G}_{\mathrm{SI}})$ due to the higher-order inelastic hopping through the localized states due to imperfections in the barrier. ${G}_{\mathrm{SI}}$ is found to follow the power law ${T}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ and \ensuremath{\gamma} is related to the number of localized states in the barrier. At low temperatures the conductance is determined essentially by the SDT channel. As the temperature increases, the hopping channel becomes dominant. This spin-independent inelastic hopping conductance is one of the main reasons for the rapid decrease of MR with increasing temperature.
A bitter aftertaste: unintended effects of artificial sweeteners on the gut microbiome.

Intestinal microbial communities regulate a range of host physiological functions, from energy harvest and glucose homeostasis to immune development and regulation. Suez et al. (2014) recently demonstrated that artificial sweeteners alter gut microbial communities, leading to glucose intolerance in both mice and humans.
CONTRAST PARANASAL SINUSOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF DISEASE OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES OF FIVE HORSES

Positive-contrast paranasal sinusography was employed to evaluate 5 horses with disease of the paranasal sinuses. Diseases of the paranasal sinuses of these horses were progressive ethmoidal hematoma, bacterial sinusitis secondary to dental disease, and neoplasia. Positive-contrast sinusography allowed more complete evaluation of disease of the paranasal sinus of the horse than did survey radiographs.
A specific defect in galactosyltransferase regulation on sperm bearing mutant alleles of the t/t locus.

The relationship between sperm surface glycosyltransferases and surface antigens coded for by the T/t locus of the mouse has been examined. Sperm expressing t antigens associated with six different complementation groups of recessive lethalt alleles produce more than two to five times theN-acetylglucosamine:galactosyltransferase activity of wild-type sperm. Eight other enzymes assayed show essentially equal activities in normal andt-sperm preparations. The following observations suggest that the increased galactosyltransferase activity ont sperm is due to a deficiency of galactosyltransferase inhibition relative to normal sperm. (1) The presence of a wild-type galactosyltransferase inhibitor is shown when wild-type andt sperm are mixed and assayed for transferase activity. The wild-type sperm inhibitt-sperm enzyme activity by 80%. (2) Sperm from mice which carry a T/t locus deletion (THp), which presumably interferes with inhibitor synthesis, show about three times the galactosyltransferase activity of normal littermates. (3) Pretreatment of wild-type ort sperm with antiserum directed against the appropriate T/t locus antigen stimulates galactosyltransferase activity 2- to 15-fold, apparently by inactivating the transferase inhibitor. These data suggest that the characteristic increases in galactosyltransferase activity shown byt sperm are due to reduced inhibition of the transferase activity. It is possible that the increased availability of galactosyltransferases ont sperm is at least partly responsible for their preferential fertilizing ability.
A study of the flow-field evolution and mixing in a planar turbulent jet using direct numerical simulation

Turbulent plane jets are prototypical free shear flows of practical interest in propulsion, combustion and environmental flows. While considerable experimental research has been performed on planar jets, very few computational studies exist. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first computational study of spatially evolving three-dimensional planar turbulent jets utilizing direct numerical simulation. Jet growth rates as well as the mean velocity, mean scalar and Reynolds stress profiles compare well with experimental data. Coherency spectra, vorticity visualization and autospectra are obtained to identify inferred structures. The development of the initial shear layer instability, as well as the evolution into the jet column mode downstream is captured well.The large- and small-scale anisotropies in the jet are discussed in detail. It is shown that, while the large scales in the flow field adjust slowly to variations in the local mean velocity gradients, the small scales adjust rapidly. Near the centreline of the jet, the small scales of turbulence are more isotropic. The mixing process is studied through analysis of the probability density functions of a passive scalar. Immediately after the rollup of vortical structures in the shear layers, the mixing process is dominated by large-scale engulfing of fluid. However, small-scale mixing dominates further downstream in the turbulent core of the self-similar region of the jet and a change from non-marching to marching PDFs is observed. Near the jet edges, the effects of large-scale engulfing of coflow fluid continue to influence the PDFs and non-marching type behaviour is observed.
TU-D-352-01: Beyond the Limits of Active Matrix Flat-Panel Imagers: A Comparative Performance Assessment of X-Ray Converter Enhancement Versus Innovative Active Pixel Sensor Architectures

Purpose: Despite the many advantages of Active Matrix Flat‐Panel Imagers (AMFPIs), these devices suffer from modest system gain relative to additive noise, as well as restrictions on maximum frame rates and charge trapping. A quantitative comparison of the performance of two of the strategies being developed to overcome these limitations is presented. One strategy employs significant enhancement of direct detection converter properties while the other employs complex, polycrystallinesilicon (poly‐Si) pixel circuits to form active pixel sensor (APS) architectures. Method and Materials:Theoretical upper limits for DQE and for other metrics that determine maximum frame rate and charge trapping effects were computed under fluoroscopic and radiographic conditions using a combination of cascaded systems analysis and circuit simulation. The cascaded systems calculations employed empirical measurements, published data and analytical calculations, while the simulations used representative a‐Si:H and poly‐Si transistor models. Results: The potential of high sensitivity photoconductors, such as HgI 2 , to offer up to a factor of 10 increase in system gain results in significant improvement to DQE performance under conditions of low exposures and/or for very small pixel sizes. Poly‐Si APS designs are capable of equivalent, or even greater DQE improvement through a combination of gain provided by in‐pixel amplifiers, along with correlated double sampling of the pixel signal. Furthermore, APS circuit designs allow substantially higher frame rates as well as reduction in charge trapping effects such as ghosting. Conclusion: While both approaches offer substantial improvements in DQE, and thus imaging performance, under conditions of low exposure and/or for small pixel pitches, converter enhancement offers the potential advantage of compatibility with existing AMFPI array designs. Conversely, poly‐Si APS architectures offer flexibility of design, function and operation, providing for the possibility of variable gain as well as addressing frame rate limitations and charge trapping issues.
PRISM-II compiler and architecture

This paper discusses the architecture and compiler for a general-purpose metamorphic computing platform called PRISM-II. PRISM-II improves the performance of many computationally-intensive tasks by augmenting the functionality of the core processor with new instructions that match the characteristics of targeted applications. In essence, PRISM (processor reconfiguration through instruction set metamorphosis) is a general purpose hardware platform that behaves like an application-specific platform. Two methods for hardware synthesis, one using VHDL Designer and the other using X-BLOX, are presented and synthesis results are compared. >
Challenges of integration in semiconductor manufacturing firms

Manufacturing efforts to reduce time to market often adopt a concurrent engineering approach that focuses on coordination and integration among engineering, production and marketing functions. Technological complexity in the semiconductor industry requires an extension of this paradigm to include multiple engineering groups and a strong production maintenance department. Through interviews with employees drawn from engineering, production, maintenance, marketing and other departments at three semiconductor plants, organizational problems are uncovered that inhibit successful integration within firms in this industry. Ideas for overcoming these problems are given with suggestions for future research.
Fermat's principle for dispersive waves in nonstationary media

Fermat's principle is extended to nonstationary, anisotropic, inhomogeneous media that support a class of waves with frequency-dependent velocity. The approach used to prove the stationarity of travel times with respect to deformation of the actual ray trajectory is based on a comparison of the rays that follow from the variational principle, and from the eikonal equation. The identities that relate phase and group velocities and their derivatives in rather general anisotropic, dispersive, inhomogeneous, nonstationary media are established, it is shown that not only the travel time, but the optical path length as well, is stationary on the actual ray in media with time-dependent parameters if wave frequency is required to be the same function of time on every trial ray as it is on the actual ray
Scheduling of access points for multiple live video streams

This paper studies the problem of serving multiple live video streams to several different clients from a single access point over unreliable wireless links, which is expected to be major a consumer of future wireless capacity. This problem involves two characteristics. On the streaming side, different video streams may generate variable-bit-rate traffic with different traffic patterns. On the network side, the wireless transmissions are unreliable, and the link qualities differ from client to client. In order to alleviate the above stochastic aspects of both video streams and link unreliability, each client typically buffers incoming packets before playing the video. The quality of the video playback subscribed to by each flow depends, among other factors, on both the delay of packets as well as their throughput. In this paper we address how to schedule packets at the access point to satisfy the joint per-packet-delay-throughput performance measure. We test the designed policy on the traces of three movies. From our tests, it appears to outperform other policies by a large margin.
Sacral neuromodulation: cost considerations and clinical benefits.

OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the efficacy of sacral neuromodulation and compare voiding-related health care utilization costs before and after receiving an implant. METHODS A retrospective review of patients receiving InterStim therapy (Medtronic Neurological, Minneapolis, Minn) was completed. Health care utilization was determined for the year before and the year after implantation, and included hospital and clinic visits, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and prescriptions. Utilization costs were derived from Medicare CPT coding and reimbursement data. Drug costs were derived from the actual pharmacy costs. Efficacy was assessed subjectively by patient-reported questionnaire and objectively by voiding diary, pad usage, and number of catheterizations. RESULTS Sixty-five patients received InterStim therapy. Outpatient visits for urinary symptoms decreased in the 12 months after implantation with a mean decrease of 2.2 visits (P <0.0001). This resulted in a 73% reduction in average yearly office visit expenses from $994 to $265 per patient. After implant, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed decreased by 0.97 (P <0.0001). This translated into a decrease in the cost of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures from $733 to $59 per patient (P <0.0001). Drug costs were significantly decreased (P <0.02) from $693 to $483 per patient. These cost savings represent a 92% reduction in outpatient doctor visits and diagnostic and procedure costs along with and a 30% reduction in drug expenditures. CONCLUSION After InterStim therapy, voiding-related health care costs are reduced. InterStim therapy is an effective treatment option with high patient satisfaction for medically refractory voiding dysfunction.
Evaluating the microtubule cytoskeleton and its interacting proteins in monocots by mining the rice genome

† Background Microtubules (MTs) are assembled by heterodimers of a- and b-tubulins, which provide tracks for directional transport and frameworks for the spindle apparatus and the phragmoplast. MT nucleation and dynamics are regulated by components such as the g-tubulin complex which are conserved among eukaryotes, and other components which are unique to plants. Following remarkable progress made in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana toward revealing key components regulating MT activities, the completed rice (Oryza sativa) genome has prompted a survey of the MT cytoskeleton in this important crop as a model for monocots. † Scope The rice genome contains three a-tubulin genes, eight b-tubulin genes and a single g-tubulin gene. A functional g-tubulin ring complex is expected to form in rice as genes encoding all components of the complex are present. Among proteins that interact with MTs, compared with A. thaliana, rice has more genes encoding some members such as the MAP65/Ase1p/PRC1 family, but fewer for the motor kinesins, the endbinding protein EB1 and the mitotic kinase Aurora. Although most known MT-interacting factors have apparent orthologues in rice, no orthologues of arabidopsis RIC1 and MAP18 have been identified in rice. Among all proteins surveyed here, only a few have had their functions characterized by genetic means in rice. Elucidating functions of proteins of the rice MT cytoskeleton, aided by recent technical advances made in this model monocot, will greatly advance our knowledge of how monocots employ their MTs to regulate their growth and form.
Online visual merchandising (VMD) of apparel web sites

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine visual merchandising (VMD) elements of apparel retail web sites, to describe the state of apparel online VMD and to develop a taxonomy of online VMD cues whose effects can be studied empirically.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 50 US and 50 Korean web sites were content analyzed in terms of environment, manner of presentation, and path finding.Findings – Results of the study revealed that many VMD features of offline stores have been implemented online. In addition, some VMD features of online apparel stores do not have a direct offline parallel. The taxonomy of VMD cues can be used by researchers to systematically study the effects of the cues following the SOR Model.Research limitations/implications – Because of the descriptive nature of the study important discussions about possible effects of various VMD elements on consumer behaviors cannot be addressed. Future research needs to investigate the effects of different VMD features introduced in ...
Rate-dependent, finite elasto-plastic deformation of polycrystals

Based on Hill’s method, a self-consistent averaging scheme is proposed for estimating the overall, finite deformation response of polycrystalline aggregates consisting of single crystals which undergo plastic flow by rate-dependent crystallographic slip, accompanied by elastic lattice distortion. First, constitutive relations for such single crystals are developed assuming that the slip-rate and the associated resolved shear stress are governed by: (1) a power-law relation, and (2) a viscoplastic relation. Then, Hill’s idea that the constraint imposed on a single crystal by the remaining aggregates may be represented by embedding the single crystal in a homogeneous, infinitely extended matrix having the instantaneous overall moduli, is used to formulate a completely self-consistent averaging procedure, valid for rate-dependent materials at finite strains and rotations. This method includes both the Hill and the Krӧner‒Budiansky‒Wu (K. B. W.) methods as limiting cases; when rate-effects are negligible, it reduces to Hill’s self-consistent method as formulated by Iwakuma and Nemat-Nasser for finite deformations, while it reduces to a generalized finite deformation version of the K. B. W. method for strongly rate-dependent materials. Illustrative numerical examples are presented for a plane uniaxial deformation, using a two-dimensional poly crystalline model. These examples clearly show that the rate-dependent crystallographic slip on the level of single crystals produces a more stable overall behaviour of poly crystals. This supports similar results arrived at by other investigators for single crystals and for polycrystals, by using the Taylor averaging scheme. It is shown that, while Taylor’s averaging scheme gives accurate estimates of the incremental quantities at large strains, the total overall quantities differ considerably from the ones obtained by the self-consistent method.
A quasi-Gaussian Kalman filter

In this paper, we present a Gaussian approximation to the nonlinear filtering problem, namely the quasi-Gaussian Kalman filter. Starting with the recursive Bayes filter, we invoke the Gaussian approximation to reduce the filtering problem into an optimal Kalman recursion. We use the moment evolution equations for stochastic dynamic equations to evaluate the prediction terms in the Kalman recursions. We propose two methods, one based on stochastic linearization and the other based on a direct evaluation of the innovations terms, to perform the measurement update in the Kalman recursion. We test our filter on a simple two dimensional example, where the nonlinearity of the system dynamics and the measurement equations can be varied, and compare its performance to that of an extended Kalman filter.
Metal Overlayers on Self-Organized Molecular Assemblies: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of CR/CM and NI/CM on 12-Nercaptododecanenitrile

Overlayers of Cr and Ni deposited at 22°C and at −100°C onto self-organized molecular assemblies of HS(CH2)11CN on Au have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For the lowest overlayer coverages, the C 1s and N 1s core levels show evidence for a chemical interaction between the deposited metal and the CN end-group. At 22°C and for coverages of 0.6 nm or more, Cr/CN shows a C 1s low binding energy, carbide-like shoulder. The degree of metal penetration is assessed based on the attenuation of the C 1s and Au 4f intensities, and on the positions of the Cr and Ni 2p levels. In general, the least penetration and the largest binding energy shifts of the C, N, and the Cr or Ni core levels are observed for Cr/CN, while and Ni/CN shows smaller shifts and greater penetration.
A Symposium Overview: Surface Properties of Implant Materials

Like most thriving human endeavors, the field of implant materials and devices intersects with a universe of populations and professions. Nearly everyone will “get into the act” in one way or another, resulting in a variety of perspectives that have more, or less, foundation in fact and genuine concern for the patient. Even the scope of the points of view of scientists and engineers is relatively broad. One reason for the richness of the field in which we work is the increasing number of sites in the body to which implants are being delivered for the treatment of disease and replacement or augmentation of natural tissues. Another reason is the diversity of materials used in implants and diagnostic devices.
A challenge to human evolution—cognitive dissonance

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE CHALLENGES A POSSIBILITY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION Cognitive dissonance (CD) is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting elements of knowledge. CD is among “the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology” (e.g., Alfnes et al., 2010, p. 147). It is well known that this discomfort is usually resolved by devaluing and discarding a conflicting piece of knowledge (Festinger, 1957; Cooper, 2007; HarmonJones et al., 2009); we discuss it in detail below. It is also known that awareness of CD is not necessary for actions to reduce the conflict, and these actions are often fast and momentary (Jarcho et al., 2011). CD is particularly evident when a new scientific theory is developed. It takes a while to accept the new knowledge. However, I would like to emphasize that even a mundane element of knowledge to be useful it must differ from innate knowledge supplied by evolution or from existing knowledge acquired through experience. Otherwise the new knowledge would not be needed. For new knowledge to be useful it must contradict existing knowledge to some extent. Can new knowledge be complementary rather than contradicting? New knowledge does not come from nowhere, knowledge grows by analogy, by differentiation of previous knowledge, by using what already exists. This is the reason for several empirical laws: Zipf ’s law, the power law, Pareto laws. All of these laws essentially express equivalent statistical properties of systems, in which new entities (or usage) evolve from pre-existing ones (Simonton, 2000; Newman, 2005; Novak, 2010). For example, according to Zipf ’s law the frequency of a word is inversely proportional to its statistical rank; this empirical relation is observed in most languages and in many other similar systems (this was theoretically proven in the given references). Since new knowledge emerges by modifying previous knowledge, there must always be conflict between the two. Because of this conflict between new and previous knowledge CD theory suggests that new knowledge should be discarded. This process of resolving CD by discarding contradictions is usually fast, “momentary” and according to CD theory new knowledge is discarded before its usefulness is established. This is the paradoxical conclusion of CD theory. To summarize, according to CD theory knowledge has to be devalued and discarded. But accumulation of knowledge is the hallmark of human evolution. It follows that the fact of human cultural evolution contradicts this well established theory. This paradoxical aspect of CD has not received appropriate attention during more than 50 years of the development of CD theory.
Effect of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well structure on refractive index

We investigate the refractive index difference between the GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs) and bulk AlGaAs. We find the refractive index difference is smaller when the electric field in the nominally intrinsic MQW region is larger, or when the well (GaAs) thickness of the QW's is larger, or when the Al fraction of the QWs is smaller. The maximum refractive index difference between the 100 /spl Aring/ GaAs/100 /spl Aring/ Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As QWs at zero electric filed and bulk Al/sub 0.1/Ga/sub 0.9/As is about 0.044. Even with a small refractive index difference of 0.0132, the OFF-state reflectance of a normally-off MQW modulator at the designed photon wavelength will increase from the desired value of 0% to 90% when the reflectivity of the bottom mirror is 0.99. >
Unsteady state behavior of multicomponent distillation columns: Part II: Experimental results and comparison with simulation during start‐up at total reflux

Experimental concentration profiles throughout a fourteen plate column approaching steady state at total reflux were obtained for mixtures of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. The concentration profiles are characterized by a large movement of the middle component, toluene, through the column so that its maximum concentration shifts from plate to plate until steady state is reached. Computer runs were made in which the column variables were specified to be, as nearly as possible, those observed or calculated for the experimental runs. The computer results indicated the same behavior as the experimental runs, and the concentration profiles were in fair agreement. Thus, the computer model and calculation procedure used could replace the real column for many purposes. Inaccuracies in the computer simulation are due more to inadequate information about the characteristics of the real column than to deficiencies of the computer model.
Looking healthy: visualizing mental health and illness online:

Through a historical case study of the mental health community website HealthyPlace.com, the author applies social semiotics and critical discourse analysis to interrogate the visual discourse surrounding mental health online. Web design transformations over the course of a decade demonstrate how visual imagery conveys a shift from a biomedical discourse focused on illness to a social-therapeutic discourse centered on health and wellness. Ultimately, the author argues that the utilization of faces in stock photography, stylized images, and social media platforms on HealthyPlace reflects a growing trend in virtual visual synthetic personalization on the internet to market mental health disorders as a concern for the everyday person while selling the promise of wellness through online participation. This article explores the visual language of mental health and wellness online to expanding on research in the field of visual communication, health communication, and new media studies.
neu Antigen-Negative Variants Can Be Generated after neu-Specific Antibody Therapy in neu Transgenic Mice

Prolonged administration of HER-2/neu-specific monoclonal antibody therapy is now widely used for the treatment of HER-2/neu-overexpressing tumors in advanced-stage breast cancer patients. Monoclonal antibody therapy has the potential to promote reduced tumor expression of HER-2/neu by receptor down-modulation and/or the generation of antigen-negative variants. Loss of antigen by either mechanism could potentially impact subsequent therapeutic strategies targeting HER-2/neu. In this study, the effects of chronic neu-specific monoclonal antibody therapy on tumor growth and neu protein expression were examined in a murine model of neu-overexpressing breast cancer. Treatment of neu-overexpressing tumors with neu-specific antibody, in vitro or in vivo, resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition. When neu antibody was used to treat neu-overexpressing tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo in tumor-bearing mice, neu receptor expression was not diminished after cessation of therapy. However, in the setting of clinically undetectable disease in a fraction of animals, antigen-negative variants were generated. An understanding of the effects of monoclonal antibodies on target antigen expression is critical for the future design and testing of novel HER-2/neu-targeted therapies administered in combination with or after HER-2/neu-specific monoclonal antibody therapy.
Some Useful Resources for Students Who Are Tempted to Bring Enlightenment to Errant Non-Behaviorists

Correcting misconceptions is no work for amateurs. And, by “amateurs,” I mean those who have not read Judith Martin’s Miss Manner’s Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior (1982) and Dale Carnegie’s How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936).
Mycobacterium smegmatis Has Two Pyrazinamidase Enzymes, PncA and PzaA

The Mycobacterium smegmatis pncA gene, encoding nicotinamidase/pyrazinamidase, was identified. While it was similar to counterparts from other mycobacteria, the M. smegmatis PncA had little homology to the other M. smegmatis pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase, encoded by the pzaA gene. Transformation of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG with M. smegmatis pncA or pzaA conferred susceptibility to pyrazinamide.
Problems for Natural Selection as a Mechanism

Skipper and Millstein analyze natural selection and mechanism, concluding that natural selection is not a mechanism in the sense of the new mechanistic philosophy. Barros disagrees and provides his own account of natural selection as a mechanism. This discussion identifies a missing piece of Barros's account, attempts to fill in that piece, and reconsiders the revised account. Two principal objections are developed: one, the account does not characterize natural selection; two, the account is not mechanistic. Extensive and persistent variability causes both of these difficulties, so further attempts to describe natural selection as a mechanism are also unlikely to succeed.
Investing in Use Assets

If you think back in the financial-planning process to when and if you first prepared your personal financial statement, you will notice that your home and automobile were properly listed as use assets and not as investments. Although a profit motive may attach to some use assets (particularly luxury automobiles or antique collectibles), generally such assets are purchased so you can make efficient and enjoyable use of them.
Catalysis by Chimeric Proteins: Conversion of a β-lactamase to a D,D-Carboxypeptidase

The β-lactam antibiotics are the substrates of two large groups of bacterial enzymes. The first group, the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), function as the D,D-carboxypeptidases (Cpase) and transpeptidases (Tpase) involved in the crosslinking of peptidoglycan in the final stage of cell wall biosynthesis (1). By catalyzing the hydrolysis of a C-terminal D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide followed by transfer of the free amino terminus to another peptide chain, these enzymes stabilize the bacterial cell wall against hypotonic lysis (Figure 1). The PBPs are also able to bind the β-lactam antibiotics as structural analogues to the D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide, however opening of the lactam bond by these enzymes leads to a stable acyl-enzyme complex. This slow reversible binding of the antibiotics prevents the crosslinking that is catalyzed by the PBPs and that is necessary for cell viability.
A New Bleaching Technique with Possible General Use in Entomology

Studies of aedine mosquito eggs have been hampered by the opaque egg shell and the resultant inability to observe the enclosed embryo. In efforts to overcome this obstacle various investigators have used chlorine-containing solutions (Mortenson 1950; Beckel 1953; Craig 1955; Christophers I960) or dilute aqua regia (DeCoursey and Webster 1952) to decolorize or remove the dark chorion. While these methods have been valuable for embryological and morphological studies, the drastic chemical treatment is frequently lethal (Christophers, p. 158) or has obvious deleterious effects on the embryos (personal observations) which render them unsuitable for physiological studies. Due to our need to observe normal aedine mosquito embryos before and during hatching, a search for a more satisfactory bleaching technique was initiated.
Greedy Heuristic Methods for Locating Water Quality Sensors in Distribution Systems

Monitoring and surveillance systems for drinking water distribution networks are intended to provide real time warning of drinking water contamination events and mitigate their public health consequences. Drinking water distribution networks often serve large populations over vast areas. There exist a large number of access points where contaminants could be introduced, and these are spread throughout the service area. Transport of contaminants from these access points to consumers would occur through a multitude of pathways, and be dominated by water flows that change magnitude and direction in response to frequent changes in water use and system operation. The above features of drinking water distribution networks dictate that design of a successful monitoring and surveillance system is comprised of three interrelated sub-tasks:
Effect of Three Soil-applied Insecticides in Field Corn on Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Pest Potential

In 1982, a field survey in corn indicated a relationship between use of terbufos as a soil-applied treatment at planting and the incidence of heavy infestations of Tetranychus urticae Koch in treated corn and adjacent peanut fields. In 1983. field studies found enhanced T. urticae population growth in corn treated with terbufos or aldicarb but not in carbofuran-treated corn. The implications of these results for the pest potential of mites on other crop hosts in a corn/peanut agroecosystem are discussed.
Relaxed Selection in Commercial Crosses of Poultry

Abstract Comparison was made during an eight and one-half month laying period between three commercial crosses (strains) of poultry and an advanced generation (relaxed selection) population in each strain. The strains differed significantly in egg production, body weight, and egg weight but not in mortality. Relaxed selection resulted in a significant (13%) decrease in egg production and a decrease in body weight (2.8%), but no change in egg weight or mortality over strains. Two strains decreased in egg and body weight due to relaxation of selection while one strain increased in both traits resulting in significant interactions between strains and relaxation of selection for these two traits. The differences in egg production between selected and relaxed lines were primarily due to reduced rate of lay in the relaxed lines. Differences in egg prdouction between strains were due to differences in both rate of lay and age at maturity.
Practitioners’ Perceptions of Occupational Therapy in Middle School Settings

Date Presented 4/17/2015 In this qualitative study, we explored the practices of occupational therapists working in middle schools to identify current trends in an effort to ascertain what would be considered best practice for adolescents in middle schools as well as to support therapists in understanding their roles in this setting.
Spezielle echographische Methoden zur Beurteilung okularer Fremdkörper

Nachweis und Lokalisation intraokularer Fremdkorper mit Ultraschall wurden erstmals 1956 von Mundt u. Hughes vorgeschlagen und von Oksala beschrieben. Der klinische Wert einer echographischen Fremdkorperlokalisation wurde fruhzeitig erkannt und in den folgenden Jahren in klinischen und experimentellen Arbeiten gesichert. Heute wird die Echographie in zahlreichen Kliniken neben anderen Fragestellungen an Auge und Augenhohle auch routinemasig zur Fremdkorperdiagnostik angewandt.
Subwavelength grating wideband reflectors with tapered sidewall profile

One main difference between practical device and ideal design for subwavelength grating structure is the tapered sidewall profile of grating, which is normally obtained by the practical CMOS-compatible fabrication and etching process. Our work has investigated the impacts of tapered sidewall profile on the subwavelength grating wideband reflector characteristics. Both zero-contrast gratings (ZCG) and high- contrast gratings (HCG) are numerically investigated in detail and the results show a distinct differences of the impacts of tapered sidewall profile of grating. The simulation results reveal that this factor play a critical role in determining the reflection bandwidth, average reflectance, and the band edge. Our study has potential in guiding the utilization of subwavelength grating wideband reflector on application of a variety of nanophotonic devices and their integration, as well as to facilitate the design of the fabrication process on the control of tapered sidewall profile.
Lauschen als Bildungserlebnis Nietzsches Vorträge Über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten

My reading of Nietzsche’s lectures On the Future of our Educational Institutions argues that Nietzsche’s praise of the Greek genius as a role model for the unity of art and life does not provide a solution for the educational problem of art’s transition into life and personal transformation. The problem is first demonstrated by an analysis of Schiller’s Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man that leave the subject in a problematic intermediate zone between art, politics, and life. Subsequently, I identify narrative details of successful transitions in Nietzsche’s Lectures such as the metaphor of the dream (which envisions this desired unity) and in instances of indirect learning through overhearing. (MC; in German)
Service Receipt and Mental Disorders in Child Welfare and Mental Health Systems in Los Angeles County

Objective:Use of administrative data from child welfare (CW) and mental health systems in Los Angeles County provided a unique opportunity to more closely examine mental health needs of children dually served by these systems. This study examined the presence of mental disorders and correlates of receipt of mental health services by diagnostic classification in this population.Methods:Data were obtained for 3,191 children receiving services from Los Angeles County’s Department of Children and Family Services and Department of Mental Health (DMH) between July 2011 and July 2012. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models examined the relationship between sociodemographic and CW-related characteristics and receipt of outpatient services by clinician-diagnosed mental disorder.Results:Of the 3,191 referred children, 68% met criteria for one of the four diagnostic classifications. Mood disorders were the most common diagnosis (30%), followed by anxiety disorders (20%), behavior disorders (9%), and atte...
SLNB in cutaneous SCC: A review of the current state of literature and the direction for the future

The concept of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been universally accepted for melanoma, however, remains controversial for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We performed a quantitative review on 260 cases of SCC that had a SLNB. The positivity rate was found to be 14.6%. Literature was qualitatively reviewed to determine whether a positive SLNB has any bearing on prognosis in SCC cases, finding a significant relationship between poor prognosis and a positive SLN (P = 0.0082).
Shared Dysregulation of Homeostatic Brain-Body Pathways in Depression and Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of shared dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axes associated with depression and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Clinical implications and future research are also discussed.