cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency gain in c-Si cells through selective emitter and double printing

Abstract Among the many different ways one can look at to improve solar cell performance, those which require minor changes to the cell architecture are clearly beneficial and often preferred to implement in mass production. Many studies are devoted to the emitter or the contact formation in silicon solar cells. In particular, the selective emitter (SE) approach with a high doping concentration at the surface underneath the metal-contact area coupled with a low doping level in the non-metalized areas is gaining momentum for mass production implementation. By leveraging on the better blue response (leading to higher Isc and Voc) we were able to achieve 0.6%abs efficiency increase with a simple printable dopant paste approach. We also tested the possibility to optimize contact formation by different implementations of double metal printing (DP) process. The use of differentiated pastes, and very fine line (60um) we were able to achieve an extra 0.2%abs efficiency increase, while saving precious Ag paste.The two technologies combined significantly improve the cell performance, adding only two process steps in a cell production line, in turn reducing the cost per Wp.
Abstract 5163: Does melanoma metastasis recapitulate an embryonic neural crest invasion program

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Melanocytes derive from a highly invasive and pluripotent embryonic cell population called the neural crest. It has been proposed that melanocytes might be inherently predisposed to having invasive and metastatic attributes following neoplastic transformation as a result of their embryonic differentiation program. Metastatic melanoma cells are highly invasive and typically exhibit a high degree of plasticity, similar to their neural crest progenitors, but whether these cells recapitulate an embryonic invasion program related to their ancestral neural crest is unclear. We have shown that metastatic melanoma cells transplanted into the chick embryonic neural crest microenvironment invade into the host tissue, migrate along host neural crest cell migratory pathways, do not reform tumors, and can potentially be reprogrammed to a neural-crest-cell-like phenotype (Kulesa et al., 2006; Hendrix et al., 2007; Kasemeier-Kulesa et al., 2008). Here, we use the chick embryo neural crest microenvironment, combined with 2-photon photoactivation cell labeling and time-lapse microscopy, as a model to address the predisposition hypothesis in more detail. We find that melanoma cell orientation to the host cranial neural crest migratory routes and ellipticity of cell shape increase as cells stream out in distinct strand-like structures. Strand-like structures extend into the neural crest microenvironment, but give rise to individually invasive cells away from the neural tube. 2-photon photoactivation of PSCFP2, to discretely label small numbers of melanoma cells in ovo, reveals that the most invasive cells do not start at the tissue transplant periphery but may come from deep within the transplant. In vivo 2-photon time-lapse imaging confirms the unpredictable nature of melanoma dissemination and that some cells are more aggressively predisposed. These results indicate that melanoma metastasis resembles the neural crest migratory pattern but is unpredictable in the spatio-temporal order of invasion. We propose that the chick embryo transplant model is a valid, in vivo model of melanoma metastastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5163.
Data relocalization to mitigate slow convergence caused by under-resolved stress fields in computational damage mechanics

Abstract Nonlocal theories are often regarded as necessary to achieve mesh-insensitive predictions of ceramic damage, while purely numerical sources of abnormally slow convergence have been largely ignored. An alternative stress field regularization technique compensates for under-resolution of the stress field by preserving the probability of failure initiation regardless of whether the domain is discretized into few or many elements. This method, called data relocalization, effectively replaces the uniform stress state assigned to a low-order finite element with the m -norm of the actual (spatially varying) stress field, where m is the Weibull modulus. As an example, a ceramic Brazilian indirect tension test (for which the pre-failure stress field is known) is shown to exhibit intolerably slow convergence when run with only scale-dependent and statistically variable strength. Nearly convergent solutions are then achieved even on a very coarse mesh using data relocalization, thus proving a purely numerical (nonphysical) source of mesh sensitivity.
Period doubling, two-color lattices, and the growth of swallowtails in Bose-Einstein condensates

The band structure of a Bose-Einstein condensate is studied for lattice traps of sinusoidal, Jacobi elliptic, and Kronig-Penney form, all in the context of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. It is demonstrated that the physical properties of the system are independent of the type of lattice. The Kronig-Penney potential, which admits a full exact solution in closed analytical form, is then used to understand the swallowtails, or loops, that form in the band structure. The appearance of swallowtails is explained by adiabatically tuning a second lattice with half the period. Such a two-color lattice, which can be easily realized in experiments, has intriguing physical properties. For instance, swallowtails appear even for weak nonlinearity, which is the experimental regime. We determine the stability properties of this system and relate them to current experiments.
From LEP to Academic: Reflections on My Twenty Years in Title VII

Abstract The genesis of Title VII brought about significant changes in how children from diverse language backgrounds were perceived and acknowledged by the American educational system. Prior to Title VII, linguistically diverse children were basically neglected by a system narrowly focused on a monocultural and monolingual method of schooling which allowed for no linguistic or cultural differences among its students. This article is a reflective endeavor aimed at highlighting how Title VII affected one individual who has been in the field of bilingual education for over twenty years. Beginning from the perspective of a LEP child and continuing through her professional life, the author traces the impact of Title VII on language minority education. This perspective is tempered by the experiences and reflections encountered along the way.
Suicide and Religion: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract Previous work on the relationship between religion and suicide has focused on the simple bivariate relationship and has failed to address the problem of the possible convergence between Catholicism and Protestantism in the underlying determinant of suicide, the degree of social integration. The present study explores the relationship more systematically through a series of multiple regression analyses. The lack of any significant relationship between the proportion Catholic and measures of the suicide rate supports the convergence hypothesis. In contrast, two control variables taken from other prominent theories of suicide have considerable explanatory power. Tests of Durkheim's theory of marital integration and suicide all confirm a significant relationship but one of a parabolic form. Finally, the paradigm connecting the level of industrialization to suicide is confirmed, but preliminary analysis of social mobility rates and suicide indicate that this relationship is more of a function of cultu...
OMS-2 catalyzed oxidation of tetralin: A comparative study of microwave and conventional heating under open vessel conditions

Microwave heating as an alternative to conventional heating for K-OMS catalyzed oxidation of tetralin under atmospheric pressure conditions has been described. The conversions and selectivities obtained by microwave and conventional heating are compared for K-OMS-2 catalysts. Significant differences were found in conversion and product distribution when comparing the conventional and microwave heated experimental results performed under the same reaction conditions. Conversions up to 88% and turnover frequencies up to 20 were achieved under microwave irradiation. The major products of oxidation of tetralin were tetralone and tetralol (>75%). In addition, the effects of using different solvent systems in the reactions were studied. The characterization of catalysts before and after the reactions using XRD, SEM, and Raman are reported.
Genotype-phenotype association studies of chromosome 8p inverted duplication deletion syndrome.

Individuals diagnosed with chromosome 8p inverted duplication deletion (invdupdel(8p)) manifest a wide range of clinical features and cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study is to employ array CGH technology to define more precisely the cytogenetic breakpoints and regions of copy number variation found in several individuals with invdupdel(8p), and compare these results with their neuropsychological characteristics. We examined the cognitive-behavioral features of two male and two female children, ages 3–15 years, with invdupdel(8p). We noted cognitive deficits that ranged from mild to severe, and adaptive behavior composites that ranged from significantly to substantially lower than adequate levels. CARS scores, a measure of autistic behavior, identified three children with autism or autistic-like features. Three of the four children exhibited attention deficits and hyperactivity consistent with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD. One child showed extreme emotional lability. Interestingly, intellectual disability was not correlated with deletion size, nor was the deletion location associated with the autistic phenotype. On the other hand, the duplication length in 8p21.1/8p22 was associated with cognitive deficit. In addition, a small locus of over-expression in 8p21.3 was common for all three participants diagnosed as autistic. A limitation of the study is its small sample size. Further analyses of the deleted and over-expressed regions are needed to ascertain the genes involved in cognitive function and, possibly, autism.
Coloring perfect ( K 4 - e )-free graphs

Abstract This note proves the Strong Perfect Graph Conjecture for (K4 − e)-free graphs from first principles. The proof directly yields an O(pn2) algorithm for p-coloring a perfect (K4 − e)-free graph.
Determination of Nonligand Amino Acids Critical to [4Fe-4S]2+/+ Assembly in Ferredoxin Maquettes†

The prototype ferredoxin maquette, FdM, is a 16-amino acid peptide which efficiently incorporates a single [4Fe-4S]2+/+ cluster with spectroscopic and electrochemical properties that are typical of natural bacterial ferredoxins. Using this synthetic protein scaffold, we have investigated the role of the nonliganding amino acids in the assembly of the iron-sulfur cluster. In a stepwise fashion, we truncated FdM to a seven-amino acid peptide, FdM-7, which incorporates a cluster spectroscopically identical to FdM but in lower yield, 29% relative to FdM. FdM-7 consists solely of the. CIACGAC. consensus ferredoxin core motif observed in natural protein sequences. Initially, all of the nonliganding amino acids were substituted for either glycine, FdM-7-PolyGly (.CGGCGGC.), or alanine, FdM-7-PolyAla (.CAACAAC.), on the basis of analysis of natural ferredoxin sequences. Both FdM-7-PolyGly and FdM-7-PolyAla incorporated little [4Fe-4S]2+/+ cluster, 6 and 7%, respectively. A systematic study of the incorporation of a single isoleucine into each of the four nonliganding positions indicated that placement either in the second or in the sixth core motif positions,.CIGCGGC. or.CGGCGIC., restored the iron-sulfur cluster binding capacity of the peptides to the level of FdM-7. Incorporation of an isoleucine into the fifth position,.CGGCIGC., which in natural ferredoxins is predominantly occupied by a glycine, resulted in a loss of [4Fe-4S] affinity. The substitution of leucine, tryptophan, and arginine into the second core motif position illustrated the stabilization of the [4Fe-4S] cluster by bulky hydrophobic amino acids. Furthermore, the incorporation of a single isoleucine into the second core motif position in a 16-amino acid ferredoxin maquette resulted in a 5-fold increase in the level of [4Fe-4S] cluster binding relative to that of the glycine variant. The protein design rules derived from this study are fully consistent with those derived from natural ferredoxin sequence analysis, suggesting they are applicable to both the de novo design and structure-based redesign of natural proteins.
SSH-Enabled ParaView

ParaView is a very powerful visualization tool used by many in the Department of Defense (DoD) high performance computing (HPC) community. It is both fast and flexible. It performs well on a user’s desktop, but it can also scale to take advantage of clusters and large shared memory machines. Recently, ParaView has been adapted to run on the Linux clusters at the US Army Research Laboratory DoD Supercomputing Resource Center (ARL DSRC) using the Load Sharing Facility (LSF) batch queues. This method makes heavy use of Secure Shell (SSH) port forwarding to move data between the cluster nodes and the user’s desktop. The method is fast, convenient, and secure. Unfortunately, not everyone can use SSH port forwarding. For example, some users may not have access to servers that allow port-forwarded traffic. Also, there are users that are specifically banned from initiating a port forward from their desktop. To solve this problem, we have developed a version of ParaView that does not use TCP/IP sockets between the client and the server. Instead, the data is passed through the SSH standard in/out. If the user wishes to use a batch queue, a helper script handles the communication between the login node and the nodes that are allocated to the user. This paper describes the implementation of an SSHenabled ParaView. It then empirically compares our version to various other methods of running ParaView in the DoD HPC environment. Finally, it helps guide HPC users to determine the method that best fits their needs. This work benefits the DoD HPC community by making ParaView client/server available to users that have been previously unable to use it.
Lipid activation of the signal recognition particle receptor provides spatial coordination of protein targeting.

The signal recognition particle (SRP) and SRP receptor comprise the major cellular machinery that mediates the cotranslational targeting of proteins to cellular membranes. It remains unclear how the delivery of cargos to the target membrane is spatially coordinated. We show here that phospholipid binding drives important conformational rearrangements that activate the bacterial SRP receptor FtsY and the SRP–FtsY complex. This leads to accelerated SRP–FtsY complex assembly, and allows the SRP–FtsY complex to more efficiently unload cargo proteins. Likewise, formation of an active SRP–FtsY GTPase complex exposes FtsY’s lipid-binding helix and enables stable membrane association of the targeting complex. Thus, membrane binding, complex assembly with SRP, and cargo unloading are inextricably linked to each other via conformational changes in FtsY. These allosteric communications allow the membrane delivery of cargo proteins to be efficiently coupled to their subsequent unloading and translocation, thus providing spatial coordination during protein targeting.
Measuring Polymer Microstructure using Spatially-Resolved Eels in the Stem

Image contrast for the examination of multiphase polymers in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) usually requires differential staining by a heavy element (Os, Ru, U). Staining methods have provided a wealth of microstructural information in polymers, but there are situations, particularly where high resolution is needed, where staining is undesirable or impossible. This research has collected microstructural information from multiphase polymers without heavy-element stains using spatially-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The technique is known as spectrum imaging. The principal problems facing spectrum imaging in polymer applications are: (1) the identification of spectral fingerprints distinguishing different polymer phases; and (2) the extraction of meaningful microstructural data from large data sets where the signal is weak due to instrumentation and materials constraints. This paper describes applications of spectrum imaging to PE/PS and HDPE/Nylon 6 blends. The aim is to identify adequate spectral features and establish data acquisition and extraction procedures for applications to general, unstained, multiphase polymers.
Shear Stress Induces Endothelial Differentiation From a Murine Embryonic Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Line

Objective— Recent studies have illustrated that mesenchymal stem cells possess the potential to differentiate along an endothelial lineage, but the effect of shear on mesenchymal differentiation is unknown. Thus, we developed an in vitro shear stress system to examine the relationship between shear stress and the endothelial differentiation of a murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cell line, C3H/10T1/2. Methods and Results— The parallel plate system of fluid shear stress was used. Shear stress significantly induced expression of mature endothelial cell–specific markers in CH3H/10T1/2 cells such as CD31, von Willebrand factor, and vascular endothelial–cadherin at both the mRNA and protein levels with real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analyses, respectively. In addition, shear-induced augmentation of functional markers of the mature endothelial phenotype such as uptake of acetylated low-density lipoproteins and formation of capillary-like structures on Matrigel. Furthermore, shear stress significantly upregulated angiogenic growth factors while downregulating growth factors associated with smooth muscle cell differentiation. Conclusions— This study demonstrates, for the fist time, endothelial differentiation in a mesenchymal progenitor CH3H/10T1/2 cell line resulting from shear exposure. Thus, this analysis may serve as a basis for further understanding the effect of shear on mesenchymal and vascular cell differentiation.
Absorptive hyperoxaluria leads to an increased risk for urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis in cystic fibrosis.

Background: Hyperoxaluria has been incriminated to account for the increased incidence of urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Hyperoxaluria presumably is caused by fat malabsorption and the absence of such intestinal oxalate-degrading bacteria as Oxalobacter formigenes . To better elucidate its pathophysiological characteristics, we prospectively studied patients with CF by determining these parameters and performing renal ultrasonography twice yearly. Methods: In addition to routine tests in urine (lithogenic and stone-inhibitory substances), the presence of O formigenes was tested in stool, plasma oxalate was measured, and a [ 13 C 2 ]oxalate absorption test was performed in 37 patients with CF aged 5 to 37 years (15 females, 22 males) who were constantly hyperoxaluric before the study. Results: Hyperoxaluria (oxalate, 46 to 141 mg/1.73 m 2 /24 h [0.51 to 1.57 mmol/1.73 m 2 /24 h]; normal, 2 /24 h [ 2 /24 h]) was now found in 24 patients (64.8%). Plasma oxalate levels were elevated in 6 patients (7.92 to 19.5 μmol/L; normal, 6.3 ± 1.1 μmol/L). Oxalobacter species were detected in only 1 patient. Intestinal oxalate absorption was elevated (11.4% to 28.5%; normal, 2 /24 h [0.2 to 1.1 mmol/1.73 m 2 /24 h]; normal female, >2.8 mg/1.73 m 2 /24 h [>1.6 mmol/1.73 m 2 /24 h]; male, >3.3 mg/1.73 m 2 /24 h [>1.9 mmol/1.73 m 2 /24 h]). Urine calcium oxalate saturation was elevated in 17 patients (5.62 to 28.9 relative units; normal female, Conclusion: Absorptive hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia are the main culprits for the increased incidence of urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in patients with CF. We advocate high fluid intake, low-oxalate/high-calcium diet, and alkali citrate medication, if necessary. Additional studies are necessary to determine the influence of Oxalobacter species or other oxalate-degrading bacteria on oxalate handling in patients with CF.
Factors Affecting Poultry Flavor 2. The Effect of a Mechanical Quick-Chill Cooling Unit

Abstract REPORTS in the literature by Pippen and Klose (1955) and Hurley et al. (1958) indicate some leaching of flavor, minerals and nutritional components with the current commercial chill tank immersion cooling systems, but these losses have not resulted in detectable flavor differences in the fried or roasted product. There is general agreement among investigators that prolonged holding of carcasses in cold water is deleterious to the maintenance of optimum flavor. The recent innovation of mechanical quick chill cooling units in the poultry processing industry which shortens the time of chilling for broilers to 30 minutes, stimulated interest in this study. The objective of this investigation was to compare the effect of a quick-chill automatic system and the conventional immersion cooling method on freshly ice-packed broilers with respect to shelf-life, flavor and tenderness in the cooked bird. PROCEDURES A uniform lot of approximately 100 pullets of White Vantress × Arbor Acre …
Robustness portraits of diverse biological networks conserved despite order-of-magnitude parameter uncertainty

Motivation: Biological networks are robust to a wide variety of internal and external perturbations, yet fragile or sensitive to a small minority of perturbations. Due to this rare sensitivity of networks to certain perturbations, it is unclear how precisely biochemical parameters must be experimentally measured in order to accurately predict network function. Results: Here, we examined a model of cardiac β-adrenergic signaling and found that its robustness portrait, a global measure of steady-state network function, was well conserved even when all parameters were rounded to their nearest 1–2 orders of magnitude. In contrast, β-adrenergic network kinetics were more sensitive to parameter precision. This analysis was then extended to 10 additional networks, including Escherichia coli chemotaxis, stem cell differentiation and cytokine signaling, of which nine exhibited conserved robustness portraits despite the order-of-magnitude approximation of their biochemical parameters. Thus, both fragile and robust aspects of diverse biological networks are largely shaped by network topology and can be predicted despite order-of-magnitude uncertainty in biochemical parameters. These findings suggest an iterative strategy where order-of-magnitude models are used to prioritize experiments toward the fragile network elements that require precise measurements, efficiently driving model revision. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Land Privatization in Hawai‘i: An Analysis of Governmental Leases and Court Cases in Hawai‘i 1830s–1910s

This article examines land governance transitions during the transformation from a monarchy to a western/US private property governance system in the Hawaiian Islands, covering the historical structures through the 1830s, the implementation of the Māhele (division) during the 1840s–1850s, and the immediate consequences. Though the Hawaiian monarchy initiated land reforms in part to protect indigenous Hawaiian commoners from eviction, the institutions and practices created through land reform effectively disadvantaged indigenous Hawaiian commoners from claiming property, and later, even the Hawaiian monarchy lost direct control over lands that the King had set aside. Implications of this analysis for future research and political debate are discussed.
Prostaglandins inhibit endogenous pain control mechanisms by blocking transmission at spinal noradrenergic synapses

Spinal intrathecal injections of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory analgesics (NSAIAs) indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid, which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, cause dose-dependent hypoalgesia in the rat. Intrathecal injections of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) produce dose- dependent hyperalgesia. To determine whether this action of prostaglandins on the central nervous system is mediated through pain- generating or analgesia pathways, we studied the effect of intrathecal PGE2 on endogenous opioid-induced analgesia. Intrathecal PGE2 antagonized the analgesia produced by both brain stimulation and intracerebroventricular morphine. In contrast, the NSAIAs synergized with brain stimulation and morphine-induced analgesia. The alpha- adrenergic antagonist phentolamine and the catecholaminergic selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, used to block tonic catecholamine activity in endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia systems, prevented the hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal PGE2. Phentolamine did not, however, block the hyperalgesia caused by intradermal PGE2. These findings suggest that prostaglandins can block endogenous opioid- mediated analgesia systems by inhibiting the bulbospinal noradrenergic component of this analgesia pathway.
Joint Power Management of Memory and Disk Under Performance Constraints

This paper presents a method to combine memory resizing and disk shutdown to achieve better energy savings than can be achieved individually. The method periodically adjusts the size of physical memory and the timeout value to shut down a hard disk to reduce the average energy consumption. Pareto distributions are used to model the disk idle time. The parameters of the distributions are estimated at runtime and used to calculate the appropriate timeout value. The memory size is changed based on the predicted number of disk accesses at different memory sizes. The method also considers the delay caused by power management and limits the performance degradation. The method is simulated and compared with other power management methods. Simulation results show that the method consistently achieves better energy savings and less performance degradation across different workloads
Approximate analysis of load dependent general queueing networks

A method for obtaining approximate solutions to load-dependent closed queueing networks containing general service-time distributions and first-come-first-served scheduling disciplines is presented. The technique demonstrated is an extension of the well-known method of R. Marie (1979). A formula for the conditional throughputs is derived. After each iteration a check is performed to guarantee that the results obtained are within a tolerance level epsilon . These iterations are repeated whenever invalid results are detected. On the average, the solutions obtained vary by less than 5% from their respective exact and simulation results. >
The interrelationship between methionine, choline, and sulfate in broiler diets.

Two experiments were conducted to study the interrelationships between methionine, choline, and inorganic sulfate in a corn-soybean meal diet. The basal diet contained 21% crude protein and 3264 kcal ME/kg and no supplemental methionine, choline, or potassium sulfate. A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used involving .24% DL-methionine, 1100 mg choline/kg, and .10% potassium sulfate. A total of 384 Cobb, male, feather-sexed chicks were fed the experimental diets for 3 weeks in each experiment. Supplementing the basal diet with potassium sulfate in the presence of choline or methionine resulted in a greater growth response than when either was supplemented alone. A consistent sulfate response occurred when the diet contained supplemental choline and no supplemental methionine. Results indicated that sulfate must be present for choline to spare a maximum amount of methionine.
Financialization, Shareholder Value, and the Transformation of Timberland Ownership in the US

In the last two decades, significant portions of US timberlands previously held by vertically integrated corporations have been sold off to institutional investors (known as TIMOs and REITs). This article explains the causes as well as the social and ecological implications of this transformation through a multi-level analysis that combines macrostructural theories of financialization with the shareholder value conception of control in corporate governance. Bringing this integrated perspective to bear on the industrial timber sector and its landownership practices illuminates both how financialization is built through specific institutional practices and how such practices are equally shaped by the broader structural pressures of financialization. By focusing on the so-called ‘real’ effects of financialization through shareholder value in a particular natural resource sector, we begin to outline the construction of an ecological political economy of financialization. We argue that an ecological political ...
Cuba's Cold War Foreign Policy in the Middle East: From Agitator to Mediator

Cuba's Cold War policy in the Middle East embodies the Third World undercurrents that played an important role in shaping the international order beyond the U.S.–Soviet binary. Castro believed that his revolution would inspire a coalition of developing nations from among the Arab World bound together by past experiences of imperialism. The experiment, however, was far less glorious. Contradiction and complication plagued Cuba's Cold War policies in the Middle East. Castro, inspired by the ideals of nationalism yet handicapped by Soviet dependency, enacted rather convoluted, seemingly hypocritical foreign policies in the Middle East. Broader still, Castro's inability to secure cooperation with the Arab World during the Cold War exemplified the fractionalization that plagued Third World relations. The failures in Cuba's Middle East relations reflected the failure of unity that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Empire and ultimately the Cold War.
Experimental Porcelanite Recrystallization Kinetics: A Nucleation and Growth Model

ABSTRACT Selected run products from a series of kinetic experiments performed by Ernst and Calvert (1969) on the recrystallization of cristobalitic Monterey porcelanite were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Crystal size and morphology of newly-generated quartz prisms indicate that the zero-order solid-state transformation postulated by Ernst and Calvert is unlikely. As an alternative explanation of the kinetics of this reaction, we tentatively propose a model involving nucleation and growth of quartz by a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism.
Peer Social Networks of Young Boys With Developmental Delays

Community-based peer social networks of young boys with developmental delays and parental arranging and monitoring of their child's peer contacts were examined. Comparisons were made to matched groups of children who were developing typically and to children with communication disorders. Results showed more limited peer social networks for both groups of children with disabilities based primarily on the frequency of contacts with peers and linkages established across school and community settings. All three groups were indistinguishable from one another on numerous measures of peer social networks, including duration and quality of individual relationships and participation in organized group activities with peers. Groups also differed on parental arranging and monitoring, which appeared to be related to children's developmental level.
A metallo base-pair incorporating a terpyridyl-like motif: bipyridyl-pyrimidinone·Ag(I)·4-pyridine

The design and characterization of a geometrically unique, metallo base-pair motif is reported.
On the Correction of Partial Beam Blockage in Polarimetric Radar Data

Abstract Three methodologies for correcting the radar reflectivity factor (ZH) in the presence of partial beam blockage are implemented, compared, and evaluated using a polarimetric radar dataset from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) in northwestern Mexico. One methodology uses simulated interactions between radar beams and digital terrain maps, while the other two invoke the self-consistency of polarimetric radar measurands in rainfall, and the relative insensitivity of a specific differential phase to beam blockage. While the different methodologies often agree to within 1–2 dB, significant disagreements can occur in regions of sharp azimuthal gradients in beam blockage patterns, and in areas where the terrain-caused radar clutter map is complex. These disagreements may be mitigated by the use of additional radar data to develop the polarimetric correction techniques, by a more sophisticated terrain-beam interaction model, or by a higher-resolution digital terrain map. Intercomparisons betwe...
Comparative annotation of functional regions in the human genome using epigenomic data.

Epigenetic regulation is dynamic and cell-type dependent. The recently available epigenomic data in multiple cell types provide an unprecedented opportunity for a comparative study of epigenetic landscape. We developed a machine-learning method called ChroModule to annotate the epigenetic states in eight ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements cell types. The trained model successfully captured the characteristic histone-modification patterns associated with regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, and showed superior performance on identifying enhancers compared with the state-of-art methods. In addition, given the fixed number of epigenetic states in the model, ChroModule allows straightforward illustration of epigenetic variability in multiple cell types. Using this feature, we found that invariable and variable epigenetic states across cell types correspond to housekeeping functions and stimulus response, respectively. Especially, we observed that enhancers, but not the other regulatory elements, dictate cell specificity, as similar cell types share common enhancers, and cell-type–specific enhancers are often bound by transcription factors playing critical roles in that cell type. More interestingly, we found some genomic regions are dormant in cell type but primed to become active in other cell types. These observations highlight the usefulness of ChroModule in comparative analysis and interpretation of multiple epigenomes.
The Alongshore Transport of Freshwater in a Surface-Trapped River Plume

Abstract The alongshore transport of a surface-trapped river plume is studied using a three-dimensional model. Model simulations exhibit the previously observed rightward veering (in the Northern Hemisphere) of the freshwater and establishment of a downstream geostrophically balanced coastal current. In the absence of any ambient current, the plume does not reach a steady state. The downstream coastal current only carries a fraction of the discharged freshwater; the remaining fraction recirculates in a continually growing “bulge” of freshwater in the vicinity of the river mouth. The river mouth conditions influence the amount of freshwater transported in the coastal current relative to the growing bulge. For high Rossby number [O(1)] discharge conditions, the bulge shape is circular and the coastal current transport is smaller than for the model runs of low Rossby number discharges. For all model runs conducted without an ambient current, the freshwater transport in the coastal current is less than the fr...
Learning Fast Hand Pose Recognition

Practical real-time hand pose recognition requires a classifier of high accuracy, running in a few millisecond speed. We present a novel classifier architecture, the Discriminative Ferns Ensemble (DFE), for addressing this challenge. The classifier architecture optimizes both classification speed and accuracy when a large training set is available. Speed is obtained using simple binary features and direct indexing into a set of tables, and accuracy by using a large capacity model and careful discriminative optimization. The proposed framework is applied to the problem of hand pose recognition in depth and infrared images, using a very large training set. Both the accuracy and the classification time obtained are considerably superior to relevant competing methods, allowing one to reach accuracy targets with runtime orders of magnitude faster than the competition. We show empirically that using DFE, we can significantly reduce classification time by increasing training sample size for a fixed target accuracy. Finally, scalability to a large number of classes is tested using a synthetically generated data set of \(81\) classes.
Development of Structure in Marine Communities: Colonization and Succession

Any newly available patch of habitat—a newly upwelled parcel of water, or a recently cleared surface—is subject to colonization by organisms. There is nearly always a supply of propagules from an array of species, ready to colonize the unoccupied environment. Colonizers continually threaten to invade any habitat. The composition of the assemblage of species present in any one environment is a composite of invasive opportunity and ability vs. propensity of the species already present to prevent or further invasion. Almost invariably, there is some replacement of species over the course of time, which has been called succession. Because the species that may have propagules available to colonize at any one time may vary, and because of meteorological or hydrological events, the resulting array of “settled” species, and the timing of replacements, all have an element of uncertainty.
Conflicting Information About Conflict of Interest

Conflict of interest occurs when circumstances create a risk that a person's professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest. This has recently become a focus of attention for physicians and physicians' groups as well as for the lay
Metabolic Emergencies in Oncology

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) refers to the constellation of electrolyte abnormalities that occur as a result of the rapid and immediate release of intracellular contents into the bloodstream. The syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia (Table 72.1). Metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure may also occur. The release of intracellular potassium and organic, as well as inorganic, phosphate into the bloodstream from cells undergoing apoptosis, results in the development of hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia, respectively. Prolonged and severe hyperphosphatemia may result in a marked decrease of the serum calcium concentration, but symptomatic hypocalcemia rarely develops. It is the rapid breakdown of nucleic acids that leads to hyperuricemia. TLS may develop before the administration of chemotherapy in patients with rapidly proliferating hematologic neoplasms; however, TLS usually occurs after the administration of high doses of chemotherapy, which results in the rapid destruction of tumor cells.
Reference Stress Concepts for the High Temperature Deformation and Rupture of Cyclically Loaded Shell Structures

The theory of continuum damage mechanics is used to determine the properties of shells operating at temperatures sufficiently high for time-dependent deformations and material damage to be dominant factors affecting load- carrying capacity. Constitutive equations are proposed which reflect the micro-mechanical laws of damage growth, and it is demonstrated how these equations can then be used to determine results at the structural level which form the basis for consistent design procedures. The effectiveness of the method is studied by referring to the results of a number of experimental programs.
IT vs. OT Security: A Time to Consider a Change in CIA to Include Resilienc

There has long been debate over the differences between IT and OT networks, especially concerning security. Examining the business drivers behind OT and how security is typically measured provides insight into the cause of the mismatch. Adding a new measure, resilience, into the traditional CIA mix provides better security and business objective alignment in OT systems. This paper postulates a new method for the measurement of security in OT systems, specifically the addition of resilience as a driving factor. Using resilience as a framing method before attempting to employ security controls in an OT system will result in better alignment of security control outcomes with respect to system control objectives.
EFFECT OF UCS INTENSITY ON THE ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION OF AN AVOIDANCE RESPONSE.

Forty one female albino rats received 50 trials of acquisition training in a one-way avoidance task with UCS (shock) intensities of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 ma, and were subsequently extinguished. The 0.5 ma group made significantly fewer avoidance responses and had longer response latencies in acquisition and on the first extinction trial. The highest shock level produced significantly longer escape latencies on early trials but did not retard avoidance learning. These results are compared with those found using other avoidance tasks.
Analytical expressions of the pump and laser power as SRS threshold in double-clad fiber lasers

Double-clad scheme has provided an effective solution to take use of high power semiconductor lasers(or laser arrays) as the pump source.However,with the increase of the fiber laser power,stimulated Raman scattering may reach its threshold and finally limit the further increase of the fiber laser powers.After adopting justified approximation,it was analytically solved.The rate equation of the double-clad fiber lasers without the spontaneous emission terms,and expressions for the fiber laser power and pump power were derived when the Stokes radiation inside fiber reached its threshold.Based on these expressions,dependence of the threshold on the fiber laser parameters were studied.
Predictive control of aero-engine with model mismatching

Two measures have been taken for predictive control of the aero-engine.One is to select the predictive model according to the dynamic response law of the aero-engine.Another is to intenerate the input vectors by hyperbola tangent function.The simulation results show that the performance of predictive control is good although the aero-engine model varies with the change of condition in flight while the predictive model keeps unchanged.
Access to Health Care and Hearing Evaluation in US Adults

Objectives:To explore self-reported hearing testing access for adults in a nationally representative survey.Methods:Demographic and audiologic adult survey respondent variables in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database 2011-2012 cohort were examined. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results:In all, 5864 adult respondents were analyzed. Two-thirds (65.6%) of respondents reported having hearing tested 10 or more years ago or never tested at all. Male gender (OR = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.31-3.94), having a health care visit less than 3 years ago (OR = 8.19; 95% CI, 2.09-32.2), and having health insurance (OR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08-2.77) were significantly associated with respondents reporting having a hearing test less than 10 years ago. Mexican American race (OR = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20-0.83) and respondent age 40 to 59 (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33-0.81) were significantly associated with respondents reporting having a hearing test 10...
Shaping men's memory: the effects of a female's waist-to-hip ratio on men's memory for her appearance and biographical information

Abstract Previous research has shown that people are better at remembering attractive faces than unattractive faces, possibly because physical attractiveness is a sign of increased mate value. However, perceivers may rely on additional appearance cues (e.g., bodily features, dress) when assessing mate value. Thus, men may remember more about a female target when she possesses more attractive bodily features, such as a waist-to-hip ratio that approaches the optimal .70. Two studies were conducted to examine whether female waist-to-hip ratio influences the number of details men recall and recognize about a female target. Study 1 utilized a free recall method, whereas Study 2 consisted of a recognition method. Results indicated that men who viewed a female target with a waist-to-hip ratio of .50 or .90 recalled and recognized significantly fewer details than men who viewed a female target with a waist-to-hip ratio of .60, .70, or .80. These data illustrate adaptive memory, whereby perceivers better remember information of greater adaptive value to them, because this information may lead them to make better fitness-related decisions about whom to potentially mate with. Limitations regarding the realism of the photographs and generalizability of the data are also discussed.
Exposures Resulting in Safety and Health Concerns for Child Laborers in Less Developed Countries

Objectives. Worldwide, over 200 million children are involved in child labor, with another 20 million children subjected to forced labor, leading to acute and chronic exposures resulting in safety and health (S&H) risks, plus removal from formal education and play. This review summarized S&H issues in child labor, including forced or indentured domestic labor as other sectors of child labor. Specifically, we focused on exposures leading to S&H risks. Methods. We used PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. References were in English, published in 1990-2015, and included data focused on exposures and S&H concerns of child labor. Results. Seventy-six journal articles were identified, 67 met criteria, 57 focused on individual countries, and 10 focused on data from multiple countries (comparing 3-83 countries). Major themes of concern were physical exposures including ergonomic hazards, chemical exposure hazards, and missed education. Childhood labor, especially forced, exploitative labor, created a significant burden on child development, welfare, and S&H. Conclusions. More field researche data emphasizing longitudinal quantitative effects of exposures and S&H risks are needed. Findings warranted developing policies and educational interventions with proper monitoring and evaluation data collection, plus multiple governmental, international organization and global economic reform efforts, particularly in lower-income, less developed countries.