cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of a customer gradient in a spatial monopoly

Traditional location theory analyzes the behavior of a monopolist selling a good (service) in a spatial market having identical customers distributed at uniform density. However, customers in highly urbanized societies rarely exhibit uniform (flat) densities. Consequently, location theory has lost some of its relevance for clarifying how firms should behave in densely populated spatial markets. This paper uses a downward-sloping function, centered on the point of sales, to represent the type of customer gradient that is now common in urban settings. Therefore, the location-specific demand density for a low-order retail good is determined by the interaction between a (single-good) linear pricing system and a linear customer gradient. The spatial monopolist must adjust its price to both exogenous factors when seeking to maximize profit in the market. Under a mill (f.o.b.) price system, a steeper customer density induces the monopolist to raise its price higher to maintain its profit.
Evaluation of the Consensus Sleep Diary in a community sample: comparison with single-channel electroencephalography, actigraphy, and retrospective questionnaire

Study Objectives:The Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD) was developed by experts to promote standardization of sleep diary data across the field, but studies comparing the CSD with other assessments of sl...
Chorioptic Mange in an American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) from Massachusetts, USA

American black bears (Ursus americanus) are increasingly reported to develop mange. This report describes a case of mange associated with a Chorioptes species, which has not previously been reported, to our knowledge, in free-ranging black bears. Basic clinical findings as well as methods of identification for this mite are provided.
Considerations for implementation: Pediatric outpatient antimicrobial stewardship program.

Abstract It is encouraging that most acute care centers have formal antimicrobial stewardship (AS) programs; though, most antibiotic use occurs in outpatient settings where access to infectious diseases specialists are limited. Stewardship programs often target dichotomous populations (adult or pediatric), but most children receive care in nonacademic, community outpatient settings. We propose 3 considerations for adult providers and infection preventionists seeking to incorporate outpatient AS elements and implement quality improvement initiatives that optimize pediatric care.
Vitamin B6 deficiency and the lymphoid system. I. Effects on cellular immunity and in vitro incorporation of 3H-uridine by small lymphocytes.

Abstract Thoracic duct lymphocytes from vitamin B6-deficient rats were found to have a reduced capacity to respond to foreign lymphoid cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), to produce normal lymphocyte transfer reactions, and to incorporate 3H-uridine in vitro. These findings indicate that specific nutritional deficiencies may impair cellular immunity and that this impairment can be monitored by the MLR. It is suggested that the reduction in MLR activity and in 3H-uridine uptake by TDL cells reflected either a shift in the proportions of T and B cells in the TDL and/or an impairment in the capacity of such cells to function in the MLR and in the in vitro test for 3H-uridine incorporation.
In Living Context: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Rethinking Rural Prevention.

This chapter argues that knowledge of two factors—local context and latest teaching and learning models—is crucial in the successful dissemi-nation of national school-based drug and alcohol prevention programs for young people in rural areas. Successful dissemination is defined as programs that achieve their intended goals (i.e., delaying the onset of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and abuse or remediating the use among those already using). The chapter is not a critique or evaluation of programs such as the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program, but rather it is an attempt to understand ways in which to increase their effectiveness. Although the chapter focuses on prevention in rural areas, it speaks broadly to the field of prevention.
Form: An Introduction to Self-Similarity and Fractal Behavior

We will organize this talk around three questions, questions that could be used to organize an introduction to almost any subject.
Characterization of a novel active release coating to prevent biofilm implant‐related infections

Biofilm implant-related infections cost the US healthcare system billions of dollars each year. For several decades, device coatings have been developed that actively release antimicrobial compounds in an attempt to prevent these infections from developing. To date, few coatings have been put into clinical use. These have shown limited to no efficacy in clinical trials. Recent data have shown the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel active release coating that may address the limitations of coatings that are used clinically. In this study, the novel active release coating was characterized to gain an understanding of the effects of combining an antimicrobial additive, cationic steroid antimicrobial-13 (CSA-13), to a medical grade polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material. Results indicated that the addition of CSA-13 did influence the physical properties of the PDMS, but not with adverse effects to the desired material properties. Furthermore, there was no indication of chemical reactivity. It was shown that CSA-13 was uniformly dispersed as small particles throughout the PDMS matrix. These particles were able to dissolve and elute out of the PDMS within a 30-day period. The results of this work suggested that the PDMS with CSA-13 was thermally, chemically and physically stable when used as a device coating to treat local infection and/or prevent biofilm implant-related infections from developing.
Decoupling strategies for printed circuit boards without power planes

Traditional decoupling capacitors connected between V/sub CC/ and GND traces can be relatively ineffective at frequencies above their self-resonant frequency. This paper evaluates decoupling capacitor mounting strategies on boards without power planes. Techniques for minimizing mutual inductance and improving decoupling at frequencies above resonance are investigated.
Mutations of factor VIII cleavage sites in hemophilia A

Hemophilia A is caused by a defect in coagulation factor VIII, a protein that undergoes extensive proteolysis during its activation and inactivation. To determine whether some cases of hemophilia are caused by mutations in important cleavage sites, we screened patient DNA samples for mutations in these sites by a two-step process. Regions of interest were amplified from genomic DNA by repeated rounds of primer-directed DNA synthesis. The amplified DNAs were then screened for mutations by discriminant hybridization using oligonucleotide probes. Two cleavage site mutations were found in a survey of 215 patients. A nonsense mutation in the activated protein C cleavage site at amino acid 336 was discovered in a patient with severe hemophilia. In another severely affected patient, a mis-sense mutation results in a substitution of cysteine for arginine in the thrombin activation site at amino acid 1689. This defect is associated with no detectable factor VIII activity, but with normal levels of factor VIII antigen. The severe hemophilia in this patient was sporadic; analysis of the mother suggested that the mutation originated in her gametes or during her embryogenesis. The results demonstrate that this approach can be used to identify factor VIII gene mutations in regions of the molecule known to be important for function.
MECHANISM OF CYCLOSPORIN-INDUCED TOLERANCE TO PRIMARILY VASCULARIZED ALLOGRAFTS IN MINIATURE SWINE : EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION OF EXOGENOUS IL-2

Indefinite tolerance to kidney allografts across a two-haplotype class I disparity can be induced in miniature swine in 100% of cases by a short course of cyclosporin A (CyA). Without CyA, all recipients reject kidney allografts within 2 wk. These animals therefore provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms of induction and maintenance of tolerance in a large animal model. Previous studies of cellular and humoral immunity suggested that a T cell help deficit at the time of the first exposure of the host's immune system to alloantigens was involved in tolerance induction. We have now studied the effect of exogenous T cell help in the form of an IL-2 infusion during both the induction and maintenance phases of tolerance. Lymphoid infiltrates were seen in class I mismatched renal allografts by day 8 in all animals whether treated with CyA or not. Administration of i.v. IL-2 on postoperative days 8, 9, and 10 to animals receiving the full CyA tolerizing regimen led to acute rejection in four of four animals. These rejecting animals showed induction of IL-2R expression on graft infiltrating cells in the kidney, suggesting that the infiltrates present before IL-2 administration were capable of causing rejection once T cell help was provided. Treatment with IL-2 did not abrogate long-term tolerance. Thus, limitation of T cell help at the time of first exposure to Ag in this model appears to be required to prevent rejection during the time required for active tolerance to develop. Once established, this tolerance does not appear to require continuous limitation of T cell help to be maintained, suggesting loss, inactivation, or suppression of the cells capable of causing rejection.
EXPLAINING MENTAL ILLNESS

Like late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century doctors such as Benjamin Rush and Amariah Brigham, Nathaniel Hawthorne recognized the pathogenic potential of excessive religious zeal. In much of his short fiction Hawthorne offers a medical perspective of characters who obsessively find sin either in themselves or others. Yet he was skeptical about a new medical perspective of the human mind that potentially obscured the moral symbolism, or what he referred to as the ““moral signification,”” of apparent mental illness. In his short fiction Hawthorne thus tries to resolve an implicit dialogue between medical and theological views of the mind by fusing the Puritan sensitivity to symbol and moral signification with a keen medical awareness of the dangers of religious enthusiasm and unhealthy obsession with discovering moral signification. His mode of narration ““saneitizes”” the insane search for moral signification exemplified by characters such as Ethan Brand, Roderick Elliston, and the Minister Hooper.
Risks and Complications of Vasectomy

Vasectomy is a safe and effective procedure for permanent contraception. Vasectomy is 30 times less likely to fail and 20 times less likely to have postoperative complications than its gynecologic counterpart. Complications from vasectomy are rare and minor in nature. Immediate risks include infection, hematoma, and pain. Complications seldom lead to hospitalization or aggressive medical management. Technique is surgeon dependent; however, certain techniques, such as fascial interposition, seem to decrease rates of vasectomy failure. Despite myriad vasectomy techniques, failure rates are less than those seen with tubal ligation. Available data suggest that vasectomized men do not seem at increased risk for immune-complex diseases.
Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents

The pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis originates as early as childhood, and disparities in rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among children have been previously documented. This review of recently published studies on race/ethnicity-specific burden of risk factors among US children/adolescents highlights the persistent racial/ethnic variations in prevalence of CVD risk factors, with sizeable burdens of CVD risk among all race/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic Black children had the highest rates of high blood pressure and obesity, while Mexican American children had higher diabetes rates and lowest rates of ideal fasting glucose levels. Non-Hispanic White children had lower rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of physical activity, but they experienced higher burdens of adverse lipid levels and cigarette smoking than others. Comprehensive public health policies addressing CVD risk in childhood are needed to lower the future burden of CVD.
Essential kinase-independent role of a Fer-like non-receptor tyrosine kinase in Caenorhabditis elegans morphogenesis.

Morphogenesis requires coordination of cell surface activity and cytoskeletal architecture. During the initial stage of morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans , the concerted movement of surface epithelial cells results in enclosure of the embryo by the epidermis. We report that Fer-related kinase-1 (FRK-1), an ortholog of the mammalian non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fer, is necessary for embryonic enclosure and morphogenesis in C . elegans . Expression of FRK-1 in epidermal cells is sufficient to rescue a chromosomal deficiency that removes the frk-1 locus, demonstrating its autonomous requirement in the epidermis. The essential function of FRK-1 is independent of its kinase domain, suggesting a non-enzymatic role in morphogenesis. Localization of FRK-1 to the plasma membrane requires β-catenin, but not cadherin or α-catenin, and muscle-expressed β-integrin is non-autonomously required for this localization; in the absence of these components FRK-1 becomes nuclear. Mouse FerT rescues the morphogenetic defects of frk-1 mutants and expression of FRK-1 in mammalian cells results in loss of adhesion, implying a conserved function for FRK-1/FerT in cell adhesion and morphogenesis. Thus, FRK-1 performs a kinase-independent function in differentiation and morphogenesis of the C . elegans epidermis during embryogenesis.
Invariant subrings of separable algebras

This paper gives a necessary and sufficient condition that the ring of invariants of every group of automorphisms of every projective, separable, commutative algebra over a given commutative ring is itself a union of separable, projective subalgebras. Rings satisfying the condition include products of connected rings, von Neumann regular rings, and some rings of functions.
The role of laparoscopy in the treatment of early ovarian carcinoma

Laparoscopic management of early ovarian cancer (EOC) has constituted a controversial issue since it was first described. Recent data reinforced the arguments supporting the use of laparoscopy in the management of EOC. Advances in laparoscopy have enabled surgeons to meet the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics' criteria for staging of EOC. Although most study results are encouraging, the sample size is still too small to be able to draw definite conclusions. Frequently cited concerns such as accuracy of staging, intraabdominal tumor rupture and port site metastasis should not be used as arguments against laparoscopic management of EOC. Clinical evidence is clearly in favor of a larger role for laparoscopy in the management of EOC. This should encourage studies with larger sample sizes to confirm the validity of laparoscopic management of EOC.
Absorption spectrum of the uranyl ion in perchlorate media III. Resolution of the ultraviolet band structure; some conclusions concerning the excited state of UO22+

Abstract The ultraviolet spectrum of the aqueous uranyl ion is a complicated network of absorption bands which overlap so seriously that a very careful investigation is essential for the observation of the band structure. This feature has heretofore prevented the observation of the band structure, and as a result has handicapped the development of a suitable theoretical model for the uranyl ion. This report explains how the ultraviolet spectrum of the aqueous uranyl ionin a perchlorate medium has been resolved into twelve Gaussian shaped absorption bands; this is a continuation of the band analysis for the visible spectrum. The visible and uv absorption spectra (1795–5000 A; 55 710–20 000 cm−1) of the uranyl ion, which under the experimental conditions is complexed only with water ligands, is composed of 24 detectable bands. A study of the relationships between the bands has led to a breakdown of the 24 bands into 7 major absorption bands (or band groups) which have an average spacing of 6137 cm−1. A linear relationship between the band energies and the logarithms of the oscillator strengths of the 7 major bands is noted. The first two major bands are in agreement with two triplet excited states aspreviously proposed from theoretical considerations. The lower-lying, vibrationally perturbed triplet at 24 107 cm−1 is composed of 12 bands. The second triplet at 31 367 cm−1 which is also vibrationally perturbed, and has not been previously observed experimentally, is composed of 7 bands. It is proposed that the 5 remaining very broad bands which show no vibrational structure represent electron transitions from the ground state to five excited states having regular energy increments. The fluorescence emission spectrum is shown to result from two excited levels to five vibrational levels in the ground state, but only 4.66 percent of the emitting energy is from the higher of the two excited levels.
New Radioactive Nuclides of the Rare Earths

Proton bombardment of pure ${\mathrm{Er}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, followed by ion-exchange separation, has yielded an unreported radionuclide of erbium with a 3.6-hour half-life. It is assigned to ${\mathrm{Er}}^{161}$ and decays by $K$ capture with gamma rays of 0.195, 0.824, and 1.12-Mev energy. Its daughter, 2.5-hour ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{161}$, was also identified and was observed to decay by $K$ capture with a 0.090-Mev gamma ray.
Performance of a muscle-like “leaky” pneumatic actuator powered by modulated air pulses

There is current interest in the development of legged robotic devices inspired by biological walking systems. We have developed an actuator for this type of device that closely emulates the performance of muscle. The actuator is a “leaky” single-effect air cylinder controlled through a 3-way valve that either permits charging the cylinder with compressed air or opens it to the atmosphere. To emulate muscular activation with trains of identical nerve impulses that vary in frequency, we controlled the pressure in the cylinder through pulse frequency modulation. To allow a comparison between our cylinder and muscle, we evaluated the open loop performance of the cylinder and valve system in isometric (no motion) and linear isotonic (constant load) conditions. We demonstrate that this mode of activation of the cylinder makes its behavior quite close to that of muscle. Furthermore, our cylinder/valve system generated twice the tension developed by muscle of the same cross-sectional area, with half its power-to-weight ratio. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The hospital tuberculosis registry: An aid to infection control

Abstract Maintenance of a “central tuberculosis registry” has been proposed to facilitate communication between hospital personnel and other persons such as members of health departments and practicing physicians involved in the care of patients. A 5-year experience revealed additional benefits: (1) recognition, and partial correction, of deficiencies in tuberculin testing; (2) recognition and termination of a pseudoepidemic of false positive acid-fast bacilli smears; (3) increased frequency with which patients were placed in respiratory isolation at the time of admission to the hospital; and (4) decrease in the incidence of tuberculin conversions among hospital employees. It is suggested that such a registry should be included in all hospital infection control programs.
Activity patterns in Siphonaria populations: Heading choice and the effects of size and grazing interval

Abstract Directional choice and the effects of size and grazing frequency on activity were studied in the pulmonate limpets Siphonaria normalis Gould at Enewetak Atoll and S. alternata (Say) in Bermuda. Whenever individual limpets made a second grazing trip on the same tide, they avoided moving in the direction taken on the first trip. When a longer time interval separated two trips, heading choice on the second excursion was random. Headings within groups of siphonariid limpets active on the same tide were also randomly distributed. Infrequent grazers moved further per trip than their less sedentary neighbors at both sites in Bermuda; larger animals moved further than smaller ones at one of these sites. At Enewetak, there were no significant associations between distance and size or grazing interval. Frequency of movement and median time spent off scars remained unaffected by size at all sites, and there was no evidence that grazing frequency affected the length of time that limpets spent off scars.
A Survey on the Potential Mode of Inhibition for Oxalic Acid on Polyphenol Oxidase

: The potential mode of inhibition for xalic acid on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was investigated. The extent of inhibition was influenced not only by oxalic acid concentration but also by pH. Inhibition was most prominent at pH 4.0 where complete inhibition occurred at the 4-mM oxalic acid concentration and was less evident at higher pH values. Inhibition of PPO by oxalic acid was due to its binding with copper to form an inactive complex, and the inhibition was characterized as noncompetitive. Oxalic acid diminished the catechol-quinone product formation, and no quinone bleaching was observed. Oxalic acid was a more potent inhibitor of PPO compared with other structurally related acids.
A serum-free medium for the growth of muscle cells in culture

Rates of cell proliferation essentially equal to those in 10% serum were obtained when Yaffe's L6 myoblasts were incubated in Ham's F-12 medium containing 10(-5) M fetuin, 10(-6) M insulin, and 10(-7) M dexamethasone; we have designated this mixture muscle medium-1 (MM-1). Addition of other growth factors and hormones in various combinations did not increase the proliferation of myoblasts above the rate in MM-1, and neither fetuin nor insulin could be replaced by other growth factors. All glucocorticoids tested (but no other steroid hormones) were active. Fetuins prepared by the rather different procedures of Pedersen, Deutsch, and Spiro were all active, and the active material was heat labile and nondialyzable; this is the first cell culture system in which highly purified Spiro fetuin has been found active. Primary rat myoblasts proliferated more rapidly that fibroblasts in parallel cultures when incubated in MM-1. This simple medium, composed of relatively inexpensive and readily available components, should be useful for the study of muscle cell growth and differentiation.
Dueling orphans–interacting nuclear receptors coordinate Drosophila metamorphosis

At least seven orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are transcriptionally regulated by the steroid hormone ecdysone and expressed during the onset of Drosophila metamorphosis. A recent paper provides functions for two of these receptors, E75B and DHR3, through trans-regulation and heterodimerization(1). DHR3 appears to function as a switch that defines the transition from a late larva to a prepupa, and E75B functions as a timer that modulates this transition. This study provides a biological function for orphan receptor interactions during development.
EFFECTS OF FLOWING WATER ON NITROGEN‐ AND PHOSPHORUS‐LIMITED PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND OPTIMUM N:P RATIOS BY SPIROGYRA FLUVIATILIS (CHAROPHYCEAE)1,2

The effects of flowing water on net photosynthesis, dark respiration, specific growth rate, and optimum N:P ratios by Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse were assessed. The alga was cultivated under nitrogen or phosphorus limitation in laboratory streams at three flow velocities: 3, 12, and 30 cm·s−1. The Droop equation adequately described respiration and photosynthesis (PSnet) as a function of N or P cell quota (QN or Qp). The data show that for N- or P-limited Spirogyra fluviatilis, flowing water is physiologically costly. Generally, flowing water had little effect on respiration rates; however, the proportion of gross photosynthesis devoted to dark respiration did increase with flow velocity. For photosynthesis, the minimum N and P cell quotas increased with velocity, and the theoretical PSnet maxima for N and P both appeared greatest at 12 cm·s−1. The Droop models showed that for any given QN or Qp, PSnet, was reduced by the 30-cm·s−1 treatment. Consistent with this finding, independent estimates of specific growth rates for P-limited S. fluviatilis in the laboratory streams were inversely related to flow velocity when ambient PO4−3 was undetectable. However, growth was not diminished at the fastest velocity when PO4−3 was available for uptake. Thus, the increase in cellular phosphorus demand can be offset by flow-enhanced P uptake when conditions permit; otherwise, growth will be impaired. The optimum N:P ratios for S. fluviatilis at 3, 12, and 30 cm·s−1 were 50, 58, and 52 by atoms, respectively, when calculated for PSnet= 0. The optimum ratios were inversely related to PSnet and decreased to approximately 20 when PSnet was near maximum. The potential for flowing water to mediate nutrient partitioning among lotic algae by altering growth rates and optimum nutrient ratios is discussed.
An apparent atmospheric teleconnection between snow cover and the North American Monsoon

Snow cover has been shown to reduce lower-atmospheric temperatures thereby modifying atmospheric circulation patterns over time scales of days to months. Over the past three decades an inverse relationship between Eurasian winter snow cover extent and subsequent summer rainfall across India has been studied. Very little research has addressed the potential relationship between North American snow cover and the North American monsoon. The work presented here identifies an apparent inverse relationship between July and August snow cover across western North America and August precipitation across a portion of the southwestern U.S. that is susceptible to an annual monsoon circulation. Results suggest that during a summer season characterized by low snow cover across western North America, the typical subtropical ridge across the southern U.S. intensifies. The product appears to be an atmosphere that is conducive to advection of low-level moisture northward across areas of the southwestern U.S.
An experimental study of relationships between attitudes, brand preference, and choice

This paper examines the effectiveness of models of preference and choice based on specific product attributes. An experiment with soft drink brands produced data that reflect preference rankings, choice, and evaluation of specific attributes at different points in time. Deterministic and stochastic choice models are examined.
Balancing the tightrope of cardiac allograft rejection: equations or experience?

> “The only relevant test of the validity of a hypothesis is comparison of prediction with experience.” > > Milton Friedman Let's face it. We love clinical prediction rules that forecast outcomes in cardiovascular medicine. Our clinical armamentarium is suffused with a variety of scores that seek to predict unique outcomes such as the Framingham risk score for future ischemic events,1 the Congestive Heart Failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75, Diabetes Mellitus, and Prior Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (CHADS2) score to ascertain the risk of neurological events in atrial fibrillation,2 or clinical decision rules to exclude acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting to the emergency department.3 Generally, for a prediction rule to be successfully inserted into our clinical lexicon, it should be highly relevant, easy to use, and exercise sufficient discrimination between extremes to allow for deployment of decisional strategies. This frequently requires an artificial reductionism of the clinical outcome of interest into yes or no categorical variables. Often, such an oversimplification of an otherwise complex outcome variable can render it to be less informative. Article see p 3013 In this issue of Circulation , Kilic and colleagues4 sought to develop a clinical prediction rule for the risk stratification of propensity for cardiac allograft rejection. Using a relatively large and contemporary cohort of adult heart transplant recipients (1998–2008) drawn from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, these investigators meticulously correlated >450 clinical variables per patient with the dichotomous primary outcome of cardiac transplant rejection treated at the clinician's discretion by 1 year after transplant. After a laborious statistical process, they found 4 variables worthy of entry into a scoring system (range 0–13), including age at transplant, recipient sex, recipient race, and the number of donor-recipient HLA mismatches. This scoring system, which assigned numeric values to variables based on the magnitude …
Single discharge, spark erosion in TiB2 and zinc part I: Experimental

Abstract The mechanisms associated with the spark erosion process in TiB 2 and zinc are studied. The study is based on investigations on the effects that the tool electrode geometry, input energy, and electrode polarity have on the main parameters governing the process. Single capacitor discharge experiments using a copper pin-type tool electrode on plate-type workpiece electrodes (TiB 2 and zinc) are used. The results obtained from the experimental work are then used to improve the understanding of the spark erosion process. Accordingly, the following conclusions are suggested by this study: (a) the tool geometry does not influence the magnitude of the discharge energy dramatically; (b) cross-deposited copper is observed in the TiB 2 craters; and (c) specific energy for material removal from TiB 2 is significantly higher than zinc.
Removal and separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions using a silica-gel-bonded macrocycle system

The recent permanent attachment of macrocycles such as the crown ethers to silica gel via a hydrocarbon-type linkage has made possible the design of systems capable of the selective and quantitative removal of cations from aqueous solutions. These systems can be operated indefinitely without loss of the expensive macrocycle and maintain the selectivity shown toward metal ions in aqueous solution by the particular macrocycle in the free state. These systems are of potential value in concentrating cations present at the nanogram-per-milliliter level, making their analysis by conventional procedures possible, and in selectively removing either wanted or unwanted metal cations from solutions in which they are present in the milligram-per-milliliter to the nanogram-per-milliliter range. The latter application is treated in this correspondence using the alkaline-earth cations, Ag/sup +/, Hg/sup 2 +/, Tl/sup +/, and Pb/sup 2 +/.
Do noise masks terminate target processing

Much recent research in visual information processing has employed a methodology resting on the assumption that a noise mask following presentation of a target stimulus terminates processing of that target. In the absence of appropriate controls, such a methodology is viable only insofar as an erasure theory of masking is valid. However, the phenomena from which the erasure position has derived its strongest support have been subject to alternative theoretical explanations, the most general of which is that of temporal integration. The experiment reported here tested these alternatives. Twelve subjects served in a tachistoscopic study designed to determine whether the same noise field of dots could either erase a degraded target digit or facilitate target identification through temporal integration, under both forward and backward masking paradigms. This was found to be the case, and the results were interpreted as consistent with an integration theory of masking and as incompatible with an erasure conception. The results suggested that efforts to control target processing time through display of a visual noise pattern subsequent to target presentation are methodologically inadequate when devoid of some basic control operations.
Succinate metabolism in the gills of the mussels Modiolus demissus and Mytilus edulis.

1. 1. Thin-later chromatographic evidence shows succinic acid as an anaerobic end-product of glycolysis in the gills of Modiolus demissus and Mytilus edulis. 2. 2. Sodium succinate stimulates oxygen consumption in intact gill pieces and in gill homogenates of both species. 3. 3. The stimulation of oxygen consumption by succinate in gill homogenates of both species is inhibited by sodium malonate. 4. 4. Oxygen consumption in gill homogenates of Modiolus, but not Mytilus, is stimulated following anaerobic incubation of intact gills, and this stimulation is blocked by malonate.
Neutrophil-endothelial interactions in a cell-column model of the microvasculature: effects of fMLP.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro model which, compared to stagnant two-chamber systems, is more analogous to the rheological conditions found in the vasculature and permits near simultaneous measurement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) entrapment and endothelial monolayer permeability.Methods: A previously described cell-column model of the vasculature was perfused with 2 ± 106 PMN/ml at an average fluid velocity of 0.09 cm/s and an average estimated endothelial surface shear stress of 4.5 dyne/cm2 for a total of 60 min. PMN entrapment was estimated from counts of PMN in this recirculating system. Bovine endothelial permeability was estimated from an indicator dilution analysis of the three co-injected dyes: blue dextran (molecular weight [MW]) 2 ± 106), sodium fluorescein (MW 342) and cyanocobalamin (MW 1355).Results: Circulation of PMN through cell-columns did not activate PMN, although the number of circulating PMN decreased at a rate of 14% per 65 cm2 of endothelial...
Bayesian analysis for causes of failure at a water utility

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to inform facility managers of the type of failure affecting certain pipe types more than others. This is useful in asset management as preventive maintenance can be undertaken for those pipe types that experience high probabilities of failure.Design/methodology/approach – The probability of a specific pipe type failing given the cause of break, age at failure, pipe diameter, and type of soil at the location of the break was found using inventory and main break data from the Honolulu Board of Water Supply (HBWS). Bayes’ theorem was then applied to find the posterior probabilities of failure starting from the prior probabilities of failure.Findings – It was observed that the greatest probabilities of failure involved corrosion, pipes aged between 20‐30 years, 8″ pipes, and pipes in fill material. The pipe types were ranked and scored based on their probability of failing due to break cause, age, diameter, and soil type. Cast iron pipes were shown to have the highest p...
Building Energy Management as Continuous Quality Control Process

This paper describes a macroanalytic approach to energy management in buildings. Conventionally, energy improvement measures are designed and deployed in buildings, expecting and typically achieving energy savings from changes to the building envelope or energy systems such as lighting system retrofits. However, additional savings opportunities can be identified by analyzing the interaction between building systems and the influence of building occupants. An energy accounting system can provide the required wealth of data and information and facilitate the analysis on which to design and refine further retrofit measures. The problem of energy management is cast in the framework of a classical feedback control loop: A “sensor” (energy accounting system) monitors the utility consumption of the building in question, compares it with predefined “setpoints” (energy consumption targets) and analyzes the deviations within a comprehensive reporting system (the “controller”). In response to the analysis, adequate ...
Nonideality Correction Factors for Adsorbates

Abstract The values of the nonideality factor, α, obtained by P. H. Emmett and S. Brunauer, (J. Am. Chem. Soc.59,1553 (1937)) with the aid of the van der Waals equation of state for various adsorbates, and which are routinely utilized in adsorption experiments, are valid only for nonpolar gases such as nitrogen, argon, and oxygen. On the other hand, for most gases, the α’s from three-parameter equations of state, such as the virial equation involving the correlation of Pitzer (PIT) and the Peng–Robinson (P–R) equation, are in excellent conformity with those retrieved from experimentally measured P–V–T data. The PIT correlation is the preferred choice for nonpolar and partially polar organic and inorganic adsorbates on account of its accuracy and amenability to simple numerical calculations. The P–R equation, although complex, is suited for predicting the α’s of highly polar gases at various temperatures of adsorption. A new set of α’s recovered from these two equations for various adsorbates will potentially facilitate adsorption and chemisorption measurements in vacuum volumetric systems.
Future directions in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a heterogeneous group of cancers with pathologic features of biliary tract differentiation, and is best classified anatomically as intrahepatic CCA (ICC), perihilar (pCCA), or distal (dCCA) CCA. They represent a clinically and genetically diverse collection of cancers. Surgical resection represents the only curative modality for CCA, although there are encouraging data with liver transplantation for early stage pCCA. There is no established adjuvant therapy for CCA. Unfortunately, most patients with CCA will present with unresectable or metastatic disease with poor prognosis. Currently the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin remains the standard therapy for advanced CCA. No second line therapy has definitely demonstrated improved survival benefits. Development of molecularly targeted therapies in advanced CCA remains challenging. However, recent efforts with targeted and whole exome sequencing have defined the landscape of mutations underlying CCA, particularly ICC. The identification of novel molecular signatures in CCA coupled with molecularly targeted therapy development provides the potential for developing novel therapeutic options in this intractable disease.
A molecular perspective on mammalian evolution from the gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein, with convincing evidence for bat monophyly.

The evolutionary relationships of the various orders of placental mammals remain an issue of uncertainty and controversy. Molecular studies of mammalian phylogeny at the DNA level that include more than just a few orders are still relatively meager. Here we report results on mammalian phylogeny deduced from the coding sequence of the single-copy nuclear gene for the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP). Analysis of 13 species representing eight eutherian orders and one marsupial yielded results that falsify the hypothesis that megachiropteran bats are "flying primates," only convergently resembling microchiropteran bats. Instead, in agreement with more traditional views, as well as those from other recent molecular studies, the results strongly support a monophyletic Chiroptera (micro- and megabats grouped together). The IRBP results also offer some rare molecular support for the Glires concept, in which rodents and lagomorphs form a superordinal grouping. Also in congruence with other recent molecular evidence, IRBP sequences do not support the view of a superorder Archonta that includes Chiroptera along with Dermoptera (flying lemur), Scandentia (tree shrew), and Primates. IRBP was not however, without its shortcomings as a molecular phylogenetic system: high levels of homoplasy, evident in the marsupial outgroup, did not allow us to properly root the tree, and several of the higher level eutherian clades were only weakly supported (e.g., a Carnivora/Chiroptera clade and an Artiodactyla/Carnivora/Chiroptera clade). We suggest that these shortcomings may be diminished as the phylogenetic density of the data set is increased.
Solution of λφ on F4

Abstract We solve the standard λφ4 model on an F4 lattice non-perturbatively in the symmetric phase by evaluating the linked cluster expansion (LCE) through 12th order following the approach of Luscher and Weisz (LW). The solution is continued across the transition line into the broken phase by integrating the perturbative renormalization group (RG) equations. In the Goldstone phase, the renormalized coupling never exceeds 2 3 of the tree level unitarity bound when Λ/mR ≥ 2. Our results confirm recent Monte Carlo (MC) data and we obtain as an upper bound for the Higgs mass mR/fπ = 2.45(7) at Λ/mR = 2.
Atomic structure of nanometer-sized amorphous TiO2

Amorphous titania $({\text{TiO}}_{2})$ is an important precursor for synthesis of single-phase nanocrystalline anatase. We synthesized amorphous titania by hydrolysis of titanium ethoxide at the ice point. Transmission electron microscopy examination and nitrogen gas adsorption indicated that the particle size of the synthesized titania is $\ensuremath{\sim}2\text{ }\text{nm}$. Synchrotron wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) was used to probe the atomic correlations in this amorphous sample. Atomic pair-distribution function (PDF) derived from Fourier transform of the WAXS data was used for reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations of the atomic structure of the amorphous ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ nanoparticles. Molecular-dynamics simulations were used to generate input structures for the RMC. X-ray-absorption spectroscopy (XAS) simulations were used to screen candidate structures obtained from the RMC by comparing with experimental XAS data. The structure model that best describes both the WAXS and XAS data shows that amorphous ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ particles consist of a highly distorted shell and a small strained anataselike crystalline core. The average coordination number of Ti is 5.3 and most Ti-O bonds are populated around $1.940\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. Relative to bulk ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$, the reduction in the coordination number is primarily due to the truncation of the Ti-O octahedra at the amorphous nanoparticle surface and the shortening of the Ti-O bond length to the bond contraction in the distorted shell. The pre-existence of the anataselike core may be critical to the formation of single-phase nanocrystalline anatase in crystallization of amorphous ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ upon heating.
pp interactions at 303GeVc: Separation of diffractive and nondiffractive components of the multiplicity distribution

Abstract We have studied the properties of the inclusive pp → pX reation at 303 GeV c . Protons of momentum 1.4 GeV c or less are measured and identified by their ionization. We investigate the multiplicity distribution associated with those events having a small four-momentum transfer to the target proton. Under the assumption that this selection enhances or isolates the diffractive component of the interaction, we discuss the properties of the diffractive and nondiffractive components.
The current disequilibrium of North Cascade glaciers

Three lines of evidence indicate that North Cascade (Washington, USA) glaciers are currently in a state of disequilibrium. First, annual balance measured on nine glaciers yields a mean cumulative balance for the 1984–2004 period of −8·58 m water equivalent (w.e.), a net loss of ice thickness exceeding 9·5 m. This is a significant loss for glaciers that average 30–50 m in thickness, representing 18–32% of their entire volume. Second, longitudinal profiles completed in 1984 and 2002 on 12 North Cascade glaciers confirm this volume change indicating a loss of −5·7 to −6·3 m in thickness (5·0–5·6 m w.e.) between 1984 and 2002, agreeing well with the measured cumulative balance of −5·52 m w.e. for the same period. The change in thickness on several glaciers has been equally substantial in the accumulation zone and the ablation zone, indicating that there is no point to which the glacier can retreat to achieve equilibrium. Substantial thinning along the entire length of a glacier is the key indicator that a glacier is in disequilibrium. Third, North Cascade glacier retreat is rapid and ubiquitous. All 47 glaciers monitored are currently undergoing significant retreat or, in the case of four, have disappeared. Two of the glaciers where mass balance observations were begun, Spider Glacier and Lewis Glacier, have disappeared. The retreat since 1984 of eight Mount Baker glaciers that were all advancing in 1975 has averaged 297 m. These observations indicate broad regional continuity in glacial response to climate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the structure of linear apex NLC graph grammars

It is known that linear apex NLC (Lin-A-NLC) grammars can generate NP-complete graph languages. The present paper examines the source of this expressive power by analyzing complexity and decidability of the so-called k-connecting Lin-A-NLC (k-Lin-A-NLC) grammars in which the right-hand side of each production contains at most k nodes that can be connected to outside nodes. The number of connecting nodes is indeed one source of the expressive power of graph grammars in that k-Lin-A-NLC @?(k+1)-Lin-A-NLC for every k>=0. There exists a 2-Lin-A-NLC language which is NP-complete but every 1-Lin-A-NLC language is in NLOG. The equivalence problem is undecidable for 1-Lin-A-NLC languages but is decidable for 0-Lin-A-NLC languages (even when one of two input languages is an arbitrary B-NLC language).
Work Performance Differences Between College Students With and Without ADHD

Objective: This study examines the difference between college students with and without Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in regard to their work performance. Method: A series of ANOVAs analyzed group differences in symptoms experienced at work. The independent variable was group (i.e., ADHD, Controls). The dependent variables include items from Barkley’s “Work Performance Rating Scale” (Barkley & Murphy, 1998), which assesses the degree to which symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are evident on the job. For the group with ADHD, the relationship between symptom severity and indicators of work performance (e.g., number of times fired, overall rating of work performance) was also examined, using correlational analyses. Descriptive analyses were also used to examine which items were most frequently endorsed by the group with ADHD, as well as which areas of work were most affected by ADHD symptoms. Results: Results reveal that ADHD has a detrimental impact on the work performance of college students in multiple areas. Severity of symptoms was unrelated to number of times fired from a job and the overall indicator of work performance. Conclusion: College students with ADHD do exhibit more on-the-job difficulties than their non-ADHD peers, and thus may require extra support with their work-related endeavors.
Molecular Identification and Characterization of an Essential Pyruvate Transporter from Trypanosoma brucei

Pyruvate export is an essential physiological process for the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei as the parasite would otherwise accumulate this end product of glucose metabolism to toxic levels. In the studies reported here, genetic complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been employed to identify a gene (TbPT0) that encodes this vital pyruvate transporter from T. brucei. Expression of TbPT0 in S. cerevisiae reveals that TbPT0 is a high affinity pyruvate transporter. TbPT0 belongs to a clustered multigene family consisting of five members, whose expression is up-regulated in the bloodstream form. Interestingly, TbPT family permeases are related to polytopic proteins from plants but not to characterized monocarboxylate transporters from mammals. Remarkably, inhibition of the TbPT gene family expression in bloodstream parasites by RNAi is lethal, confirming the physiological relevance of these transporters. The discovery of TbPT0 reveals for the first time the identity of the essential pyruvate transporter and provides a potential drug target against the mammalian life cycle stage of T. brucei.