cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of olive oil emulsions with solid stabilizers

The present piece of work has revealed that the olive oil emulsions stabilised by solids in certain respects behave in the same manner as the corresponding kerosene emulsions. Thus the degradation of the emulsion on ageing follows the normal course and there are no departures from the general behaviour of kerosene emulsions so far as the matter of lack of action of electrolyte and sensitization by some protective colloids is concerned. But these systems do present some peculiarities. For example, the emulsions of this work are less fine but more stable than the corresponding kerosene emulsions owing to the higher viscosity of the olive oil which makes the dispersion of the globules difficult but prevents them from coalescence. Bordeaux mixture when used as stabilizer exhibits the tendency of emulsifying agent antagonism and formation of multiple emulsion. The former phenomenon is more pronounced with many other emulsions which could not be investigated by size frequency analysis. This is due to the reaction in situ between the basic stabilizing bivalent and trivalent cations and oleic acid constituent of the olive oil with the production of oleates of polyvalent metals which promote reverse type of emulsions. The perplexing fact about these emulsions is that emulsifying agent antagonism is set up with certain solid agents while with other similar compounds it is evaded. As a matter of fact it varies with the mode of precipitation of the same emulsifier. So any general theoretical interpretation is to emerge only after intensive investigations.
Quantitative studies on the levels of transamidase in normal intima and atherosclerotic plaque.

Abstract Transglutaminase activity was measured in human aortic plaque and uninvolved intima-media adjacent to the plaque to determine if transamidase activity increased in plaque in relation to the severity of the lesion. The mean transamidase activity of the uninvolved thoracic intima-media decreases two fold in those over 30 compared to those under 30 (p
A Fair-exchange E-commerce Protocol with Automated Dispute Resolution

In this paper, we present a fair-exchange electronic commerce (e-commerce) protocol, based on using an online trusted third party, that ensures fairness and prevents any party from gaining advantage by quitting prematurely from the transaction or otherwise misbehaving. An important contribution of this protocol is that the dispute resolution is taken care of within the protocol itself and does not require manual intervention. Thus even if one of the parties disappear after the transaction completion, the other party does not suffer in any manner. Another noteworthy contribution is that the protocol allows the customer to verify that the product he is about to receive is the one he actually ordered, before the customer pays for the product. At the same time it ensures that the customer receives the product if and only if the merchant gets paid for the product. All these features are achieved without significantly increasing the communication overhead or interactions with the third party as compared with similar protocols.
Population dynamics visualization system for management of airborne biochemical agents attacks

One major problem that faces the evacuation of cities attacked with airborne biological and chemical agents is an effective coordination and analysis of information from multiple sources. Examples of relevant data resources include point of airborne agent attack, wind speed and direction, population density and its dynamics as time progresses, traffic pattern of roadways [11], and topology of the affected city. This research is concerned with developing an effective visualization system for the evacuation of cities attacked with airborne biological and chemical agents. The specific problem that this section of the project is aimed at solving is informative data visualization on population distribution in conjunction with other factors that will facilitate a successful evacuation.
Very-low-birth-weight, Preterm Infants With or Without Intracranial Hemorrhage Neurologic, Cognitive and Cranial MRI Correlations at 4-8-year Follow-up

Fourteen very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm infants with and without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) were prospectively followed from birth to 4 to 8 years for the purpose of determining neurologic and cognitive sequelae associated with ICH severity and to correlate outcomes with brain morphology as determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Intracranial hemorrhage was documented by cranial ultrasonography performed in early life. Follow-up assessments included neurologic and psychometric examinations and cranial MRI scans. Of six children with no ICH, five had normal results on all three follow-up measures. Three children with Grade I-II ICH had mild to moderate neurologic and cognitive sequelae with focal white matter MRI abnormalities. Five children with Grade III-IV ICH had severe neurologic, cognitive, and MRI deficits, including MRI regional and diffuse white matter abnormalities and/or cortical atrophy. Focal and diffuse neurologic deficits correlated with the extent of MRI morphologic abnormalities. Results of this study indicate that ICH severity correlated with outcomes in children at follow-up; the more severe the ICH, the more adverse the neurologic, cognitive, and MRI results. MRI white matter abnormalities were present in all children with any degree ICH, while ventriculomegaly was seen only in severe ICH (Grade III-IV ICH). Neurologic deficits correlated with MRI structural abnormalities.
Ligand blot analysis of juvenile hormone esterase binding proteins in Manduca sexta L.

Biotinylated recombinant juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) was used for ligand blotting of proteins from fat body tissue and pericardial athrocytes of Manduca sexta. Proteins were separated by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Eight putative JHE binding proteins were detected in fat body tissue and in pericardial athrocytes of both M. sexta and Heliothis virescens. The predominant bands were 29, 72, 75, 125 and 240 kDa, with minor bands at 50, 80 and 205 kDa. All putative JHE binding proteins were present from the second through to the fifth instar larvae of M. sexta. On wide-range isoelectric focusing, the 29 kDa JHE binding protein separated into three species with isoelectric points of 6.5, 6.6 and 6.8. Biotinylated-JHE did not bind recombinant M. sexta-derived juvenile hormone binding protein. The mutant JHE with mutations K29R and K524R binds weakly to the JHE binding protein P29, relative to binding of wild-type JHE [Shanmugavelu et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275 (2000) 1802‐1806]. A similar reduction in binding was not seen for the 29 kDa binding protein identified here in pericardial athrocytes by ligand blot. This result is discussed. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
On Cooperative Content Distribution and the Price of Barter

We study how a server may disseminate a large volume of data to a set of clients in the shortest possible time. Cooperative scenarios where clients are willing to upload data to each other and, under a simple bandwidth model, derive an optimal solution involving communication on a hypercube-like overlay network were first considered. The authors also studied different randomized algorithms, and show that their performance is surprisingly good. Then non-cooperative scenarios based on the principle of barter, in which one client does not upload to another unless it receives data in return were considered. A strict barter requirement increases the optimal completion time considerably compared to the cooperative case. Relaxations of the barter model in which an efficient solution is theoretically feasible was also considered, and show that obtaining a high-performance practical solution may require careful choices of overlay networks and data-transfer algorithms
Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Post-Earthquake Port-au-Prince, Haiti

We report outcomes and 12-month survival for the first cohort of patients to undergo multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment after the earthquake in Haiti. From March 3, 2010 to March 28, 2013, 110 patients initiated treatment of laboratory-confirmed MDR-TB at the Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) Center in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Twenty-seven patients (25%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. As of October 31, 2013, 95 (86%) patients were either cured or alive on treatment, 4 (4%) patients defaulted, and 11 (10%) patients died. Culture conversion occurred by 30 days in 14 (13%) patients, 60 days in 49 (45%) patients, and 90 days in 81 (74%) patients. The probabilities of survival to 12 months were 96% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 89-99) and 85% (95% CI = 64-94) for HIV-negative and -positive patients, respectively. Despite adverse conditions, outcomes for patients with MDR-TB are highly encouraging. Major efforts are underway to scale up community directly observed therapy and expand care to other regions of Haiti.
Supervisees' Perspectives of Power Use in Supervision

In this study, we examined the use of power in the supervisory relationship from supervisees' perspectives. Semistructured interviews of 11 supervisees in a Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education training program were conducted. From analysis of interview transcripts, themes about the ways in which supervisors and supervisees used power in the supervisory relationship emerged. Supervisors' power uses included discussions of power, empowering supervisees, promoting an atmosphere of safety, collaborating with supervisees, imposition of style/orientation, and misuses of power, such as violation of confidentiality. Themes for supervisees' power uses included supervisee-peer power, supervisees as consumers, and withholding information. Implications for researchers, supervisors, and supervisees are presented.
Deploying the ITS infrastructure in California

Describes intelligent transportation system (ITS) attributes and benefits as well as the challenges that state Department of Transportations (DOTs) and other public agencies face in the funding and deployment of ITS. The paper reports on some of the best practices nationally and internationally with a focus on the California experience. It also reports on the steps that are being undertaken to solve the major hurdles to building the intelligent infrastructure. The paper also makes some recommendations on ways to improve California's ability to deploy ITS.
Three-dimensional modeling and visualization of the cochlea on the Internet

3D modeling and visualization of the cochlea using the World Wide Web (WWW) is an effective way of sharing anatomic information for cochlear implantation over the Internet, particularly for morphometry-based research and resident training in otolaryngology and neuroradiology. In this paper, 3D modeling, visualization and animation techniques are integrated in an interactive and platform-independent manner and implemented over the WWW. L.T. Cohen et al.'s (1996) template shape with mean cross-sectional areas of the human cochlea is extended into a 3D geometrical model. Also, spiral computer tomography data of a patient's cochlea is digitally segmented and geometrically represented. The cochlear electrode array is synthesized according to its specification. Then, cochlear implantation is animated with both idealized and real cochlear models. The insertion length, angular position and characteristic frequency of individual electrodes are estimated online during the virtual insertion. The optimization of the processing parameters is done to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology for clinical applications.
Antiandrogen withdrawal alone or in combination with ketoconazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer patients: a phase III trial (CALGB 9583).

Purpose Antiandrogen withdrawal (AAWD) results in a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (decline in PSA level of ≥ 50%) in 15% to 30% of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AiPCa) patients. Thereafter, adrenal androgen ablation with agents such as ketoconazole (K) is commonly utilized. The therapeutic effect of AAWD alone was compared with simultaneous AAWD and K therapy. Patients and Methods AiPCa patients were randomized to undergo AAWD alone (n = 132), or together with K (400 mg orally [po] tid) and hydrocortisone (30 mg po each morning, 10 mg po each evening; n = 128). Patients who developed progressive disease after AAWD alone were eligible for deferred treatment with K. Results Eleven percent of patients undergoing AAWD alone had a PSA response, compared to 27% of patients who underwent AAWD and simultaneous K (P = .0002). Objective responses were observed in 2% of patients treated with AAWD alone compared to 20% in patients treated with AAWD/K (P = .02). There was no difference in survival. ...
Polarimetric modeling and parameter estimation with electromagnetic vector sensors

The authors analyze two polarimetric models in which the complete electromagnetic field is measured. The first model considers estimation of the polarimetric response of a surface by measuring the reflections of actively generated plane waves. The second model considers estimation of the polarization of passively generated plane waves. In both models the authors provide a natural parametrization of the distribution of the received electromagnetic signal. Using the Cramer-Rao bound on the variance of unbiased estimates of the parameters, they show that this parametrization, which has a simple geometrical interpretation, also has good statistical properties. These models are fitted into a common framework and are compared. >
Immunoperoxidase characterization of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck

A retrospective analysis of 18 cases of extramedulary plasma-cytoma (EMP) was done to characterize the type of immuno-globulin being synthesized by the neoplastic cells. The immunoperoxidase stain can be performed on previously fixed tissue and offers a means of predicting the likelihood of progression to multiple myeloma (MM). Tumors producing lgG make up the majority of cases of EMP in the literature and only 9% have progressed to MM. Smaller numbers of tumors producing other immunoglobulin classes have been studied, but it is clear that their prognosis is much more grave.
Evaluating the Use of Security Tags in Security Policy Enforcement Mechanisms

Security tagging schemes are known as promising mechanisms for providing security features in computer systems. Tags carry information about the tagged data throughout the system to be used in access control and other security mechanisms. This paper discusses several different uses of security tags related to different security policies, highlighting appropriate uses of the tags. The evaluation of the use of tags is presented in the summary of three security tagging application domains. One domain, using hardware-based tagging to prevent high-level attacks, was not found to be feasible. A project to use hardware-based tagging for OS security enhancement and a project that uses software-based tagging for multi-level secure document management were successful.
Identification of Bioactive Molecules by Adipogenesis Profiling of Organic Compounds

An important step in the postgenomic drug discovery is the construction of high quality chemical libraries that generate bioactive molecules at high rates. Here we report a cell-based approach to composing a focused library of biologically active compounds. A collection of bioactive non-cytotoxic chemicals was identified from a divergent library through the effects on the insulin-induced adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells, one of the most drastic and sensitive morphological alterations in cultured mammalian cells. The resulting focused library amply contained unique compounds with a broad range of pharmacological effects, including glucose-uptake enhancement, cytokine inhibition, osteogenesis stimulation, and selective suppression of cancer cells. Adipogenesis profiling of organic compounds generates a focused chemical library for multiple biological effects that are seemingly unrelated to adipogenesis, just as genetic screens with the morphology of fly eyes identify oncogenes and neurodegenerative genes.
A cost analysis of the software dilemma: to maintain or to replace

The authors develop an analytical model for determining the optimal rewriting time. They consider two rewriting strategies involving two different technologies. Several interesting propositions with managerial implications emerge from the analysis. These include the impacts of increasing maintenance requirements and unstructuredness of the technology on the optimal rewriting time, the differences in replacement times for the two technologies, and the effects of system integration requirements on replacement decisions. >
Directed evolution of the tryptophan synthase β-subunit for stand-alone function recapitulates allosteric activation

Enzymes in heteromeric, allosterically regulated complexes catalyze a rich array of chemical reactions. Separating the subunits of such complexes, however, often severely attenuates their catalytic activities, because they can no longer be activated by their protein partners. We used directed evolution to explore allosteric regulation as a source of latent catalytic potential using the β-subunit of tryptophan synthase from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrpB). As part of its native αββα complex, TrpB efficiently produces tryptophan and tryptophan analogs; activity drops considerably when it is used as a stand-alone catalyst without the α-subunit. Kinetic, spectroscopic, and X-ray crystallographic data show that this lost activity can be recovered by mutations that reproduce the effects of complexation with the α-subunit. The engineered PfTrpB is a powerful platform for production of Trp analogs and for further directed evolution to expand substrate and reaction scope.
Architectures for multi-gigabit wire-linked clock and data recovery

Clock and data recovery (CDR) architectures used in high-speed wire-linked communication receivers are often shown as PLL or DLL based topologies. However, there are many other types of CDR architectures such as phase-interpolator, oversampling and injection locked based topologies. The best choice for the CDR topology will depend on the application and the specification requirements. This paper presents an overview and comparative study of the most commonly used CDR architectures. This analysis includes the circuit structures, design challenges, major performance limitations and primary applications. Finally, the tradeoffs among the various CDR architectures are summarized.
Bilingual Random Walk Models for Automated Grammar Correction of ESL Author-Produced Text

We present a novel noisy channel model for correcting text produced by English as a second language (ESL) authors. We model the English word choices made by ESL authors as a random walk across an undirected bipartite dictionary graph composed of edges between English words and associated words in an author's native language. We present two such models, using cascades of weighted finite-state transducers (wFSTs) to model language model priors, random walk-induced noise, and observed sentences, and expectation maximization (EM) to learn model parameters after Park and Levy (2011). We show that such models can make intelligent word substitutions to improve grammaticality in an unsupervised setting.
The self-protective and undermining effects of attributional ambiguity

Two experiments assessed the self-protective and undermining effects of attributional ambiguity. Both studies utilized immersive virtual environment technology to achieve otherwise difficult manipulations of stigma. In Experiment 1, White and Latino participants were either stigmatized (represented as Latino) or not (represented as White) and given negative leadership performance feedback. Afterwards, stigmatized participants reported higher well-being and attributed negative feedback more to discrimination than nonstigmatized participants. In Experiment 2, Latinos represented veridically showed self-protective effects after receiving negative leadership feedback. Additionally, this experiment revealed undermining effects of attributional ambiguity such that those participants represented as Latino discounted positive feedback and reported lower well-being. Thus, attributional ambiguity of stigmatized individuals (real or induced) buffered well-being in the face of negative feedback but undermined the well-being effects of positive feedback.
Mandates vs markets: addressing over-allocation of Pacific Northwest River Basins.

Water has always been the key element of human development, quality of life, and transportation in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). While seemingly abundant when irrigation was first developed in the 19th Century, today many PNW rivers are fully allocated, leading to conflict in times of drought, a situation which may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change. In the PNW, water is managed by an array of Federal, State, and non-governmental entities, each with its own perspective and mission. This paper discusses the relative merits of solutions based on supporting market mechanisms through improved definition of water rights on the one hand, and authoritative mandates on the other.
Infections and the Inflammatory Response in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Study objective Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and infections are frequently associated with the development and progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). We investigated, at onset and during the progression of ARDS, the relationships among (1) clinical variables and biological markers of SIRS, (2) infections defined by strict criteria, and (3) patient outcome. Biological markers of SIRS included serial measurements of inflammatory cytokines (IC)—tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL) 1β, 2, 4, 6, and 8—in plasma and RAL fluid. Methods We prospectively studied two groups of ARDS patients: 34 patients treated conventionally (group 1) and nine patients who received glucocorticoid rescue treatment for unresolving ARDS (group 2). Individual SIRS criteria and SIRS composite score were recorded daily for all patients. Plasma IC levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on days 1, 2,3, 5, 7, 10, and 12 of ARDS and every third day thereafter while patients received mechanical ventilation. Unless contraindicated, bilateral BAL was performed on day 1, weekly, and when ventilator-associated pneumonia was suspected. Patients were closely monitored for the development of nosocomial infections (NIs). Results ICU mortality was similar among patients with and without sepsis on admission (54% vs 40%; p Conclusions Sepsis as a precipitating cause of ARDS was associated with higher plasma IC levels. However, NIs were not associated with an increase in SIRS composite scores, individual SIRS criteria, or plasma IC levels above patients’ preinfection baseline. SIRS composite scores over time were similar in S and NS. SIRS criteria, including fever, were found to be nonspecific for NI. Irrespective of etiology of ARDS, plasma IC levels, but not clinical criteria, correlated with patient outcome. These findings suggest that final outcome in patients with ARDS is related to the magnitude and duration of the host inflammatory response and is independent of the precipitating cause of ARDS or the development of intercurrent NIs.
Development of the corpus callosum and cavum septi in man.

The development of the cerebral commissures, septal area, primordium hippocampi, septum pellucidum and cavum septi was followed from early embryonal stages to term. The growth of the corpus callosum was measured from the fourth fetal month to maturity. It was concluded that the development of the corpus callosum is preceded by the infolding of the dorsal part of the lamina reuniens of His (1904) in the region of the prospective hippocampus into a median groove, and by fusion of its banks into a massa commissuralis which becomes the bed for corpus callosum, as was described by Zuckerkandl (1901) in mice. The cavum septi arises as a pocket between the walls of the infolded primordium hippocampi and bridged by the corpus callosum. The pocket is open at first into the interhemispheric fissure and remains open in the adult rodents, carnivora and monkeys (Rhesus). The pocket is sealed by the rostrum of corpus callosum in cetacea (Tursiops), apes and in man. Interstitial cavitation in the commissural plate as postulated by Hochstetter (1929) has not been observed.
Composite Piezoelectric Materials for Transduction

Abstract In order to optimize the detection of acoustical signals in a hydrostatic mode for future applications, new transduction materials which combine active ferroelectric materials with other inert phases such as polymers were developed. These new composite piezoelectric materials exhibit hydrostatic piezoelectric coefficients that far exceed what the conventional lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) ceramics can offer. The particular concept of 0–3 composites is discussed in detail as a typical example of recent accomplishment in this area of new materials technology. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of some 0–3 composite samples are given as a function of temperature and pressure. The acoustic performance of a prototype hydrophone array is also presented to demonstrate the potential of these materials for future transducer applications.
Marketing Strategy-Performance Relationship: An Investigation of the Empirical Link in Export Market Ventures:

The relationship between marketing strategy and performance has been well documented in the domestic marketing context. However, empirical work in the context of export marketing has been fragmente...
Geodetic instruments from the viewpoint of the physicist

In connection with my work at the U.S. Bureau of Standards in the calibrating of various geodetic instruments and in the preparing of occasional specifications for instruments of this sort as well as in consequence of my visit to European standardizing laboratories I have become deeply interested in this subject. As I have been fortunate in my opportunities for seeing and working with geodetic instruments in several countries, a brief critical description of a few of these may be of some interest. A discussion of these leads naturally to some remarks on geodetic instrument design, and then to a brief outline of the efforts being made in the Section of Length Measurements at the Bureau of Standards to cooperate in geodetic work.
Effects of elevated [CO2] on maize defence against mycotoxigenic Fusarium verticillioides

Maize is by quantity the most important C4 cereal crop; however, future climate changes are expected to increase maize susceptibility to mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens and reduce productivity. While rising atmospheric [CO2 ] is a driving force behind the warmer temperatures and drought, which aggravate fungal disease and mycotoxin accumulation, our understanding of how elevated [CO2 ] will effect maize defences against such pathogens is limited. Here we report that elevated [CO2 ] increases maize susceptibility to Fusarium verticillioides proliferation, while mycotoxin levels are unaltered. Fumonisin production is not proportional to the increase in F. verticillioides biomass, and the amount of fumonisin produced per unit pathogen is reduced at elevated [CO2 ]. Following F. verticillioides stalk inoculation, the accumulation of sugars, free fatty acids, lipoxygenase (LOX) transcripts, phytohormones and downstream phytoalexins is dampened in maize grown at elevated [CO2 ]. The attenuation of maize 13-LOXs and jasmonic acid production correlates with reduced terpenoid phytoalexins and increased susceptibility. Furthermore, the attenuated induction of 9-LOXs, which have been suggested to stimulate mycotoxin biosynthesis, is consistent with reduced fumonisin per unit fungal biomass at elevated [CO2 ]. Our findings suggest that elevated [CO2 ] will compromise maize LOX-dependent signalling, which will influence the interactions between maize and mycotoxigenic fungi.
A design pattern for using non-developmental items in real-time Java

This paper addresses the need to reduce the difficulties in developing time-constrained Java applications. We present a design pattern for a class of time-constrained real-time applications that allows developers to use (and re-use) Java code libraries and non-developmental items (NDI). The proposed design pattern simplifies the implementation of the time-constrained tasks substantially by not requiring the use of no-heap real-time threads. We tested the design pattern with the Java Real-Time System (RTS) 2.0 from the Sun Microsystems. This paper also presents a simple methodology for determining the appropriate values for the RTS run-time parameters (thread priorities, memory usage, process load, and task deadlines) in order to ensure the deterministic execution of the time-constrained tasks.
Hume as Man of Reason and Woman’s Philosopher

Methodological feminism in philosophy—the attempt to utilize feminist insights, issues, and concerns in the pursuit of philosophical knowledge and understanding—can benefit the history of philosophy—the attempt to understand philosophy’s past—in at least four different ways. First, it can suggest new questions to ask and new resources to use in trying to understand the historical context in which a philosophical work was produced. Second, it can furnish a different and distinctive perspective from which to read historical philosophical texts, thereby making it more likely that their interpretation will not be merely partial or one-sided. Third, it can provide tools of criticism with which to evaluate the adequacy of the philosophical theories and arguments that an interpretation reveals. Fourth, it can show how to apply the philosophy of a past writer to philosophical issues of contemporary significance—not only gender issues specifically, but also the many philosophical issues with which gender issues intersect— in ways that can increase the value of the entire historical undertaking. One recent case in which methodological feminism has proven very productive in the history of philosophy is that of Hume’s treatment of reason. In the course of his published writings, David Hume makes dozens of claims about reason. Yet it remains a controversial question what Hume’s attitude toward reason is, and even what he means by the very term ‘reason’. Like many other topics in Hume’s philosophy, however, Hume’s treatment of reason has been fruitfully informed by recent feminist writings. Genevieve Lloyd, in her 1984 book entitled The Man of Reason: “Male” and “Female” in Western Philosophy, was a pioneer in addressing Hume’s treatment of reason from a feminist perspective. More recently, Annette Baier—who was the first writer to raise the question of Hume’s claim to be 171
A Nodal Green's Function Method for Multidimensional Neutron Diffusion Calculations

A nodal method for the solution of the multidimensional neutron diffusion equation is developed and evaluated. The method is based on the linear form of the nodal balance equation written in terms ...
Selectivity of Insecticides That Kill the Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Protect the Parasite Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Insecticide sprays directed at the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), conflict with the life cycle of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan, a parasite of the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). Insecticides selective for potato leafhoppers would favor survival of the parasite in its weevil host. In the laboratory, methoxychlor was most selective for the potato leafhopper, followed in decreasing order by carbophenothion, acephate, and dimethoate. Dosages with maximum selectivity were also identified in field tests. Methoxychlor exhibited highest selectivity, followed by acephate, carbophenothion, and dimethoate. Selectivity for the potato leafhopper was severely reduced using the manufacturer’s recommended dosage. The dosage of each insecticide that resulted in >95% mortality of potato leafhoppers in the field, but low mortality of the alfalfa weevil, was identified as a management-selective dosage. Management selectivity was highest for acephate, followed by methoxychlor, carbophenothion, and dimethoate. This dosage always exceeded that which provided maximum selectivity. The cost/selectivity relationships are expressed for the various insecticides.
Parametric Representation and Shape Optimization of a Wing for Flapping Micro Air Vehicles

of wing planform on the aerodynamic performance of a rigid wing in forward flapping flight and hovering configurations were investigated in this paper. The planform design space was parameterized using a new, modified Zimmerman method based on low aspect ratio Zimmerman planform designs. The aerodynamic forces on the wing were calculated using Peters’ aerodynamics with an assumed inflow coupled with blade element theory. A multiobjective optimization approach was taken to find the best planform designs for three objectives: wing area, peak power input, and an aerodynamic force based on the kinematic configuration‐lift for hovering and thrust for forward flapping flight. A gradientbased optimizer and the -constraint method were used to find the Pareto front of optimal designs.
PDE Modeling and Control of Electric Vehicle Fleets for Ancillary Services: A Discrete Charging Case

This paper examines modeling and control of a large population of grid-connected plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). PEV populations can be leveraged to provide valuable grid services when managed via model-based control. However, such grid services cannot sacrifice a PEV’s primary purpose—mobility. We consider an aggregator, which can control a fleet of PEVs with three possible charging rates: charging at a constant rate, discharging at a constant rate or idle. We develop a system of coupled partial differential equations for aggregating large populations of PEVs and transform its discretized version into a state space representation. We propose a linear quadratic regulator to track a power signal that provides load following services. We investigate the sensitivity of controller parameters, different bidding strategies and their impact on the performance of the provided balancing service. We examine this control design on a simulated case study and analyze sensitivity to a variety of assumptions and parameter selections.
Automotive V2X on phones: Enabling next-generation mobile ITS apps

Automotive connectivity standards promise to usher in new apps and services that utilize vehicle-to-vehicle communications, and mobile app trends point to the potential of direct device-to-device connections. The convergence of the two, made possible by new hardware, system software, and programming abstractions, promises to realize next-generation mobile ITS apps. The city-scale impact of such convergence can now be projected using new evaluation infrastructure that captures interactions between humans, vehicles, devices and networks.
Clinical Monitoring and Effect of All-Autoed Exchange Transfusion Controlled by Infusion Pump

Objective To explore effect and safety of all-autoed exchange transfusion controlled by infusion pump.Methods Twenty-two neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia were treated by all-autoed exchange transfusion,using peripheral arteries and veins connected by stopcock,exchange transfusion cycle was controlled by infusion pump.Results After exchange transfusion,the mean serum bilirubin concentration decreased from 563.27 μmol/L to 304.18 μmol/L and the exchange rate of total bilirubin was 46.0%.Vital signs monitored and recorded was safety.Conclusion All-autoed exchange transfusion controlled by infusion pump is safe and effective for neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia.
An enzyme-responsive conjugate improves the delivery of a PI3K inhibitor to prostate cancer

An enzyme-responsive peptide drug conjugate was developed for TGX-D1, a promising PI3K inhibitor for prostate cancer therapy. LNCaP-specific KYL peptide was used as the targeting ligand and the prostate specific antigen (PSA) cleavable peptide (SSKYQSL) was used as the enzyme-responsive linker. SSKYQSL is cleaved by recombinant human PSA at 10-250 μg/mL. By contrast, the linker is stable in the serum of prostate cancer patients with high PSA levels (>500 ng/mL), indicating that this linker can survive the systemic circulation in prostate cancer patients but be cleaved in the tumor microenvironment. Cellular uptake of the peptide drug conjugate in prostate cancer cells is improved by about nine times. Biodistribution study reveals significant tumor accumulation of the peptide drug conjugate in nude mice bearing C4-2 tumor xenografts. Meanwhile, distribution of the conjugate in other major tissues is the same as the parent drug, indicating a high specificity of the conjugate to prostate cancers in vivo.
Monitoring the Charge Distribution during Proton and Sodium Ion Conduction along Chains of Water Molecules and Protein Residues

Quantum calculations are used to determine the level of delocalization of the charge of a cation as it translates along a chain of water molecules or glycine residues. Charge dispersal is monitored via the molecular electrostatic potential and the dipole moment of the entire system. The positive charge is largely localized on the water molecule on which the proton is situated, but becomes more intense and extended as the proton moves along the chain. The positive charge is more delocalized in protonated polyglycine, where it extends over at least an entire residue. Displacement of the proton along the chain intensifies the charge, and progressively polarizes the entire chain. This pattern of charge intensification is more profound in both the 310 and α-helical structures. An Na+ cation behaves in much the same way as H+ in terms of charge migration.
Extension of Pd-Mediated One-Pot Ketone Synthesis to Macrocyclization: Application to a New Convergent Synthesis of Eribulin

Recently reported Pd-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis from an unactivated alkyl bromide and a thioester has been extended to a macrocyclic ketone synthesis. In situ generation of alkylzinc halide via single electron transfer (SET), using NbCpCl4 and CrCl3, was the key for the success of macrocyclization. A new convergent synthesis of eribulin has been achieved, using (1) catalytic asymmetric Ni/Cr-mediated coupling to form the C19–C20 bond, (2) base-induced cyclization to form the methylenetetrahydrofuran ring, and (3) Pd-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis to form the macrocyclic ketone.
Surplus and Indicator

This essay offers a perspective on journal impact factor (JIF) centrism in academic evaluation from the vantage point of academic publishing in an increasingly data-driven scholarly environment. The political implications and orientations to the JIF are thought through with respect both to commercial publishing industry consolidation and to the reliance of public-sector scholarly communities on (oligopolistic) commercial academic publishing houses. The author proposes that centrism to the JIF as a legitimizing indicator and incentivizing norm leads to two diametrically opposed forms of “surplus”: for academic communities, surplus emerges in the form of layers of scholarly knowledge effects/impact and labor, which, because they remain foreclosed to formal professional recognition, are inadvertently reconstructed as dispensable (waste); for private sector publishing companies––whose contribution to the publishing process consists foremost in providing scalable content management/distribution platforms and in transforming unique manuscript content into standardized digital objects that are amenable to indexing, aggregation, and comparative calculation––surplus emerges in the form of monetary surplus (profit). The essay describes the inner workings of these phenomena.
Achieving Collective Impact: Reflections on Ten Years of the University of Georgia Archway Partnership

Collective impact is a model for achieving tangible change and improvement in communities through a series of well-defined parameters of collaboration. This article provides a 10-year reflection on the University of Georgia Archway Partnership, a university–community collaboration, in the context of the parameters of collective impact. Emphasis is placed on the backbone organization and the opportunity for universities to serve as backbone organizations. The outcomes achieved through the Archway Partnership support the principles of collective impact and demonstrate the viability of a new model that could facilitate university–community engagement for regional and land-grant universities.
Femtosecond laser absorption, heat propagation, and damage threshold analysis for Au coating on metallic substrates

Abstract The role of metallic substrates as a heat sink for thin layer gold coatings in double-layered optical components exposed to the ultrashort pulsed laser was investigated with the focus on the impact of the gold layer thickness. A two dimensional FEMTO-2D computational code for solid metallic targets with two-layered assemblies has been developed. The model is then used to simulate targets response to fs laser pulses at near damage threshold fluence and to determine the target damage threshold depending on its structure and the substrate material. Considering temperature dependent optical properties of a gold allowed us to make quantitative estimation of the damage threshold unlike many other models. The simulations show decreasing heat sink effect of the substrate with increasing coating thickness until it becomes negligible for 200 nm gold layer. Preliminary results show that a maximum improvement of the damage threshold of about 10% compared to a pure gold target is predicted for 50 nm gold coatings on two substrate materials: copper and nickel.
Epigenetic Regulation of Neuron’s Regenerative Abilities After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Many essential cellular processes are affected by epigenetic modifications, and in recent years it has become apparent that chromatin-based epigenetic mechanisms underlie important aspects of the neuronal regeneration process. There are two primary epigenetic mechanisms—DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones—that result in changes in the chromatin structure. Question about involvement of DNA methylation in the regenerative response after injury continue to be unresolved for now. While one laboratory indicated that after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury global genomic methylation and DNA methyltransferases protein levels decreased in the spinal cord, other authors concluded that DNA methylation is not a key factor in the differential regenerative response between central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) injuries. Study of histone acetylation (one of the most widely occurred histone modifications) showed it different occurrence after PNS and CNS injuries. Spinal cord injury (SCI) led to marked reduction in histone acetylation while level of acetylated histone 4 markedly increased in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after peripheral axotomy. If histone acetylation and other epigenetics modifications influence the effectiveness of axon regeneration in the mature CNS, their manipulation could form the basis for novel therapies to improve regeneration of interrupted axons in patients with SCI and many other CNS disorders.
Einstein's magnum opus

On the centenary of general relativ­ity, physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and historian Jurgen Renn published The Road to Relativity, a facsimile of Albert Einstein’s 1915–1916 Ger­man manuscript with an English translation and page-by-page commentary placing this seminal work in its historical and scientific context. Their new book, The Formative Years of Relativity, discusses in detail—yet deliberately without mathemat­ics—general relativity’s development up to the early 1930s, focusing mainly on Ein­stein’s lectures at Princeton in May 1921.
Aesthetic Symbiosis and Spiritual Quest: Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece in Hindemith’s Opera Mathis Der Maler

In the 1930s, the then foremost German composer, Paul Hindemith (1895–1963), found himself torn between three forces: the instigations of the Nazi government to write music towards the glorification of the Third Reich, the urging of his friends and colleagues to use his influence and speak up against the devilish developments in German politics, and his own wish to live exclusively for his art, to compose, perform and teach. In the middle of this inner turmoil, which eventually led to his emigration, Hindemith composed his opera Mathis der Maler, in which he clearly identified with the painter, whom he made the protagonist. Mathis Grunewald (ca. 1482–1532) had himself suffered greatly from feeling torn in three directions: his sense of obligation to the society in which he had grown up, which entailed the demand to support the Peasants’ Insurgence, the demand of his conscience to stand by his religious convictions and take a stance in the Lutheran Uprising, and finally his wish to dedicate all his life to his art and thus his direct service to God.
Effects of Surface Roughness, Oxidation, and Temperature on the Emissivity of Reactor Pressure Vessel Alloys

AbstractThermal radiation will be an important mode of heat transfer in future high-temperature reactors and in off-normal high-temperature scenarios in present reactors. In this work, spectral directional emissivities of two reactor pressure vessel (RPV) candidate materials were measured at room temperature after exposure to high-temperature air. In the case of SA508 steel, significant increases in emissivity were observed due to oxidation. In the case of Grade 91 steel, only very small increases were observed under the tested conditions. Effects of roughness were also investigated. To study the effects of roughening, unexposed samples of SA508 and Grade 91 steel were roughened via one of either grinding or shot-peening before being measured. Significant increases were observed only in samples having roughness exceeding the roughness expected of RPV surfaces. While the emissivity increases for SA508 from oxidation were indeed significant, the measured emissivity coefficients were below that of values com...
Understanding the perioperative do-not-resuscitate order

Abstract The primary goal of this article is to improve end-of-life (EOL) care in the perioperative period. Clinicians should be able to understand the ethical and legal foundations for the "do-not-resuscitate" (DNR) order to help patients and their families make decisions about EOL care, understand the concept of "required reconsideration" for DNR orders prior to surgical procedures, acknowledge that DNR orders are based either on the patient's perception of their quality of life (QOL) or the physician's determination of medical futility as it relates to the patient's disease process, and appreciate the distinction between prolonging life and prolonging death in the perioperative setting.