cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Captive solvent methods for fast, simple carbon-11 radioalkylations

Carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals for receptor studies usually require final purification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A significant simplification of the apparatus is possible if the radiolabeling reaction can be done directly in the HPLC injection circuit. Captive solvent methods in which the reaction is done in a small volume of solvent absorbed in a porous solid matrix are a general approach to this problem. For N-methylations with [11C] methyl iodide, a basic catalyst may be incorporated in the polymeric or alumina solid phase. Reaction volumes are from 20 to 100 μL. Often no heating or cooling of the reaction column is necessary. The syntheses of [11C]PK11195 and [11C]flumazenil are described to illustrate some of the advantages and limitations of captive solvent methods.
VersaPatch: A Low Cost 2.5D Capacitive Touch Sensor

Capacitive input devices are becoming increasingly prevalent in consumer devices. This paper presents the hardware and algorithms for the low cost implementation of a capacitive 2.5D input device. The low cost and low power consumption of the device make it suitable for use in portable devices such as cellular phones. The electrical properties used are such that the pre-existing snap dome technologies in such devices can be used as capacitive sensing elements, further reducing the cost and size impact of the capacitive sensor.
Continuous alternation: The complexity of pursuit in continuous domains

Complexity theory has used a game-theoretic notion, namely alternation, to great advantage in modeling parallelism and in obtaining lower bounds. The usual definition of alternation requires that transitions be made in discrete steps. The study of differential games is a classic area of optimal control, where there is continuous interaction and alternation between the players. Differential games capture many aspects of control theory and optimal control over continuous domains. In this paper, we define a generalization of the notion of alternation which applies to differential games, and which we call "continuous alternation." This approach allows us to obtain the first known complexity-theoretic results for open problems in differential games and optimal control. We concentrate our investigation on an important class of differential games, which we call polyhedral pursuit games. Pursuit games have application to many fundamental problems in autonomous robot control in the presence of an adversary. For example, this problem occurs in manufacturing environments with a single robot moving among a number of autonomous robots with unknown control programs, as well as in automatic automobile control, and collision control among aircraft and boats with unknown or adversary control. We show that in a three-dimensional pursuit game where each player's velocity is bounded (but there is no bound on acceleration), the pursuit game decision problem is hard for exponential time. This lower bound is somewhat surprising due to the sparse nature of the problem: there are only two moving objects (the players), each with only three degrees of freedom. It is also the first provably intractable result for any robotic problem with complete information; previous intractability results have relied on complexity-theoretic assumptions. Fortunately, we can counter our somewhat pessimistic lower bounds with polynomial time upper bounds for obtaining approximate solutions. In particular, we give polynomial time algorithms that approximately solve a very large class of pursuit games with arbitrarily small error. Forź>0, this algorithm finds a winning strategy for the evader provided that there is a winning strategy that always stays at leastź distance from the pursuer and all obstacles. If the obstacles are described withn bits, then the algorithm runs in time (n/ź)o(1), and applies to several types of pursuit games: either velocity or both acceleration and velocity may be bounded, and the bound may be of either theL2- orLź-norm. Our algorithms also generalize to when the obstacles have constant degree algebraic descriptions, and are allowed to have predictable movement.
A pulse height discriminator and post-stimulus histogram system using integrated circuits.

Abstract Integrated circuits can be used to construct a compact, relatively inexpensive device which performs the functions of spike amplitude discrimination and digital post-stimulus histogram generation. The logic diagram, detailed schematic, and mode of operation of such a system is presented and discussed.
The Evolution of Gas Turbine Generator Set Reliability in the U.S. Navy

This paper looks back at the evolution of the Gas Turbine Generator sets (GTGs) in the U.S. Navy’s DDG 51 Class, reviewing lessons learned, successes and areas where work is still required. Topics are discussed in the context of Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) Total Ownership Cost (TOC) and maintainability. It reviews changes that resulted in MTBF increasing by a factor of five and TOC dropping by a factor of four. It also looks to the future, identifying potential areas of further improvement.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Influence of UV radiation on the survival of larvae from broadcast-spawning reef corals

Effects of ambient ultraviolet light on the survivorship of eggs and planulae larvae was investigated for three species of broadcast-spawning reef corals, Acropora palmata, Montastraea annularis, and M. franksi. Eggs and larvae from these corals contain high concentrations of lipids (60–70% by weight) and float in surface waters for 3–4 days following spawning. Larvae originating from colonies living at deeper sites on the reef exhibited significantly lower survivorship than conspecifics originating from parents in shallow water when experimentally exposed for up to 4 days to ambient surface levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Concentrations of the UVR-protective compounds correlated positively with survival and matched concentrations found in parent colonies, implying that higher concentrations of ultraviolet B protective compounds are responsible for greater survival of eggs and larvae from shallow compared to deeper-dwelling parents. Ultraviolet B appears to be responsible for most of the observed differences in larval survivorship with ultraviolet A playing a minor or insignificant role. Data presented here indicate that coral recruits on Caribbean reefs and elsewhere may originate primarily from adult colonies dwelling in shallow water.
Aspirin-induced inhibition of ovarian tumor cell growth.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine if aspirin inhibits the growth of ovarian tumor cells in vitro and to investigate possible mechanisms involved in inhibition. METHODS: OVCAR-3 ovarian tumor cells were grown in monolayer cultures and then harvested for use in proliferation assays. The cells were then treated with vehicle (1% absolute ethanol), 1-5-mmol/L aspirin, 1-μg/mL of anti HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody, or 20-ng/mL heregulin, the ligand for the HER-2/neu receptor either alone or in combination. Cellular proliferation was determined spectrophotometrically by the reduction of tetrazolium dye. Expression of Her-2/neu was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Aspirin induced inhibition of OVCAR-3 tumor cell growth in a dose-dependent fashion ranging from little to no inhibitory response in cultures treated with 1-mmol/L aspirin to 68% in those treated with 5-mmol/L aspirin. Expression of HER-2/neu was likewise reduced in a dose-dependent manner from 87% expression in control cells to 16% in those treated with 5-mmol/L aspirin. Addition of heregulin alone resulted in 23% proliferation over the control. The combination of heregulin plus 2-mmol/L aspirin caused 66% inhibition of tumor cell growth, whereas the blocking of the HER-2/neu receptor with the monoclonal antibody resulted in an even greater inhibitory response of 82%. CONCLUSION: OVCAR-3 tumor cell growth is inhibited by aspirin, and suppression appears to be potentiated by blocking the HER-2/neu receptor.
The fluorescence quenching rate constant for the distance-dependent quenching processes in the presence of diffusion

Abstract It is shown that the fluorescence quenching constant is given by the Laplace transform of the time-dependent bimolecular rate constant k ( t ). The dependence of the quenching rate constant on the transformation parameter can be obtained from measurements of the fluorescence decay functions and a Stern-Volmer-type analysis in the Laplace domain. The advantages of this type of investigation of the quenching rate function are demonstrated by a numerical calculation for the distance-dependentquenching process in
Commentary on an Empirical Investigation of a General Theory of Marketing Ethics

The article “An Empirical Investigation of a General Theory of Marketing Ethics” by Mayo and Marks constitutes a major effort at testing the theory of marketing ethics developed by Scott Vitell and me (1986). Mayo and Marks (hereafter, “M&M”) deduce several key research hypotheses from the theory, test those hypotheses using a marketing research scenario, and conclude: “The core relationships in Hunt and Vitell’s model appear to capture much of the decision-making processes that marketing managers employ in resolving an ethical dilemma.” Although no single empirical study ever provides a definitive test of a theory, their encouraging findings will likely prompt further empirical studies. The objective of this commentary is not to criticize the design of M&M’s research, for there is no such thing as a perfect research design. All efforts to test empirically a theory will necessarily involve significant amounts of interpretive creativity and there are always trade-offs to be made. Rather, the objective here is to (1) review certain exemplary aspects of the M&M research design, (2) suggest some alternative interpretations and procedures for future researchers in this area to consider, and (3) show how some of the issues in their article relate to more fundamental philosophy of science concerns.
Drug Permeation through Thin Model Membranes II: Permeation Characteristics of a Polymeric Model Biomembrane

A novel synthetic model biomembrane consisting of a polymeric matrix containing several natural membrane constituents has been developed that exhibits permeation characteristics often attributed to natural biological membranes. When used to separate two aqueous phases buffered at physiological pH's, the model membrane constitutes an experimental system simulating gastrointestinal absorption. The transport of salicylic acid from a chamber at pH 2.0 (A) through the synthetic membrane and into a receiving chamber at pH 7.4 (C) follows apparent first-order kinetics. Support is given to a proposed kinetic model of A → C because of negligible membrane retention and minimal back-transport of the test drug. The rate of disappearance from A approximated the rate of appearance in C. The model system more closely simulates in vivo conditions than previously used three-phase liquid in vitro models. The pH-partition hypothesis is examined using this experimental system, the results indicating that the unionized, lipidsoluble species is the only form of the drug to permeate the synthetic biomembrane readily.
No Differences in Cervical Cancer Stage at Diagnosis for Blacks and Whites in the Mountain West

This study assesses cervical cancer disparities between Blacks and Whites in terms of stage at diagnosis in a Mountain West state. A total of 1,408 women diagnosed with cervical cancer between 1995 and 2010 were identified from the Nevada Central Cancer Registry. Logistic regression modeling examined the effect of race on stage at diagnosis in both Nevada and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) population. After controlling for the main confounders, no significant differences in stage at diagnosis were observed between Black and White females in Nevada (aOR 0.91; 95 % CI 0.57–1.43). In contrast, Black women in SEER areas had a 21 % higher odds of being diagnosed at an advanced stage compared to Whites. Our findings suggest a favorable disparity balance for cervical cancer in Nevada where Blacks are largely recent arrivals in relation to the remaining US, where Blacks have long been established.
Reversible focal hyperthermic effects on evoked auditory cerebral responses

Abstract The click-induced cerebral response recorded as three positive and three negative waves (P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and N 1 , N 2 , N 3 ) from the auditory receiving cortex of cat was selectively modified by focal hyperthermia (FBF). (a) In the posterior ectosylvian gyrus with FBF of 41°C, there was enhanced amplitude of P 2 (24 to 40 ms, latency) and N 2 (44 to 62 ms) waves compared with responses recorded from cortex prior to treatment. (b) Similar enhancement occurred in the middle ectosylvian gyrus with FBF but the effect on the N 2 wave was less prominent. (c) In the anterior ectosylvian gyrus, the amplitude of the N 2 wave was enhanced to a greater extent than the P 2 wave by FBF. (d) In gyrus ansatus, adjacent to the anterior ectosylvian gyrus, FBF resulted in enhancement of the N 1 (16 to 22 ms) wave with smaller increases in the P 2 wave. P 3 N 3 waves showed increased amplitudes but with less stability than those described above. These observations indicate that focally elevated temperatures of auditory receiving cortex result in increased activities which can be recorded as selective enhancement of components of the click-evoked response. Compatible observations, obtained during FBF of the cerebellar auditory receiving area, show increased amplitudes and frequencies of efferent discharges in the superior cerebellar penduncle.
Credibility of Self-Report for Ethnic-Minority Pregnant Smokers†

Two independent samples of pregnant smokers were interviewed about their cigarette smoking and were tested with biochemical markers at the beginning and end of their pregnancies. Participants were mainly unmarried, racial minorities (chiefly Hispanic), and residents of the inner city. Phi coefficients between self-reported and chemical indicators ranged from .42 to .74. Contrary to expectations, the self-report/biochemical-measure correlations were higher at the end than at the beginning of the pregnancy term. The higher end-of-term correspondence between self-report and chemical indicators likely reflected better reliability of the measures, when taken at term. The results are in accord with earlier research with other populations, indicating adequate validity for self-reported smoking.
FTIR investigation of the intermediates formed in the reaction of nitroprusside and thiolates.

We have studied the outer-sphere reduction of [Fe(CN)5(NO)]2- by several reagents including dithionite and have for the first time measured the IR spectra of [Fe(CN)5(NO)]3- and [Fe(CN)4(NO)]2- in aqueous media. The spectra of [Fe(CN)5(NO)]3- and [Fe(CN)4(NO)]2- are consistent with bent six-coordinate {MNO}7 and linear five-coordinate {MNO}7 species, respectively. We have measured the UV−visible and IR spectra that evolve after [Fe(CN)5(NO)]2- is reacted with thiolate. These spectra permit us to assign the molecular structure of the so-called “red product” as [Fe(CN)5(η1-N-RSNO)]3-. We have followed the decomposition of the [Fe(CN)5(η1-N-RSNO)]3- by IR. Importantly, there is a 1:1 correspondence between the disappearance of the [Fe(CN)5(η1-N-RSNO)]3- and the formation of [Fe(CN)5(NO)]3-. Thus, we conclude under the conditions of this study, reduction of [Fe(CN)5(NO)]2- by thiolate takes place via a (dark) inner-sphere mechanism that yields [Fe(CN)5(NO)]3- via homolytic N−S bond cleavage.
Determination of tryptophan in feeds.

Much of the literature available on amino acid content of feeds lacks accurate tryptophan values owing to difficulties of tryptophan analysis. Three representative tryptophan methods commonly employed were found by Miller (1) to be unsatisfactory for the routine analysis of feeds. These included a microbiological method (2) and two colorimetric methods (3, 4). The modified method of Spies (5) is useful for the determination of tryptophan in isolated proteins but has not proved satisfactory for use with feeds in g,eneral (6) because of interference by unknown factors in calorimetric determinati.on of t’ryptophan. Miller (I) developed a method of Ba (OH), hydrolysis followed by :L p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde (D&IAB) determination of tryptophan in feeds. A key feature of his method was prec.ipitation of barium from an acid medium prior to nddit,ion of DMAB. His method gave only 80% recovery of added tryptophan for maiztl and 84% recovery for wheat. Slum,p and Schreuder (7) recently published a method eliminating Miller’s precipitation step. They used a low pH b,uffer (pH 3.25) tIo avoid precipitat’ion of barium while eluting hgdrolyzate from a Sephadex G-25 column. Although ~*ecovery of added tryptopharl was high (94 to IOO%), 80 min was required t’o resolve the trypt,ophan peak, limiting the number of samples which can bc run daily. The present paper reports improvements on the: ion exchange procedural for tryptophan analysis developed in our laboratory (8) prior to the appearance of the Slump and Schreuder report’ (7). A very recent8 report’ by Tkachuk and Irvine indicates that they have worked out a method similar to ours (9). They do not, however, report any comparat’ive results between the ion exchange and other tryptophan methods. In both procedures samples are hydrolyzed in Ba(OH)2 solut,ion in evacuat’ed, sealed tubes. Barium is precipitat’ed from an acid medium and tryptophan determined on t,he basic column of an amino acid analyzer. High recoveries
Domestic Violence Awareness and Prevalence in a First‐year Medical School Class*

Objective: To determine knowledge about domestic violence (DV), the effectiveness of formal instruction about DV, and the prevalence of DV in a first-year medical school class. Methods: A general-knowledge survey of DV was given before and approximately 1 month after 3 hours of instruction provided by emergency medicine and internal medicine faculty. A previously validated scale, the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA), was offered to determine baseline levels of DV within the group. Differences in first-year medical student knowledge of facts about DV and differences in responses by men vs women were determined before and after the instruction. Results: In the pre-instruction series, 144 of 148 (97%) participated. After the instruction, 141 of the same 148 students participated (95%). The prevalence of DV against women was correctly identified by 45% of the students as “15–30%” prior to instruction, and 65% after instruction. The prevalence of DV against males was correctly identified as “0–15%” by 48% of the students prior to instruction, and 70% after instruction. Before instruction, 29% of the students knew that “DV rates are equal in different socioeconomic groups,” vs 72% after instruction. Similarly, prior to instruction 58% of the students knew that the victim is not responsible for the abuse, and 84% knew this after instruction. Before instruction 14 (10%) of the students believed they were victims of DV in the past, representing 7% of the men and 13% of the women. Before instruction neither group believed they were present victims of DV. However, according to ISA scoring, 6% of the women were positive for violence in the past, and approximately 5% were positive for present violence. No men were positive for ISA-determined past or present violence. Conclusion: Improvement in awareness was demonstrated after 3 hours of instruction in a first-year medical school class. There was DV among female medical students in this first-year class and self-reporting was not reliable. These results support instruction on DV for medical students.
Peritubular Cell Influence on the Efficiency of Androgen-Binding Protein Secretion by Sertoli Cells in Culture*

The efficiency of androgen-binding protein (ABP) secretion into the medium of cultured Sertoli cells was increased by the addition of peritubular cells into the culture system. There was a positive correlation between the number of peritubular cells added to the cultures and the amount of ABP secreted. These responses were observed in cultures treated with highly purified FSH or in untreated cultures. Medium that had been exposed to peritubular cells before exposure to Sertoli cells did not mimic the effect observed when peritubular cells were added directly to Sertoli cells. The efficiency of ABP secretion by Sertoli cells was not a function of plating density, since the amount of ABP per mg cellular protein did not vary significantly among cultures of Sertoli cells which contained a wide variation in the numbers of cells present. These results suggest that peritubular cells play a role in regulating ABP secretion and thus support the hypothesis that cell to cell communication exists between these two ce...
Adaptive management of network resources

This paper describes a new adaptive algorithm that smoothly and dynamically adjusts the system resources of link rates and transmitter powers to maximize the performance of the system. Performance is explicitly measured from the point of view of traffic carried by the network. Transmitter powers are subsumed in the feasible rate region for the wireless network, and are not directly involved in evaluating the network. A new adaptive algorithm, DSM, is presented. DSM seeks optimal system performance by greedily searching the rate region surface seeking link rates that best meet QoS and user demand needs and then calculates transmitter powers to support these rates. If system requirements such as the number of users or their QoS change, the DSM adapts by again exploring the now changed rate region. Changes in the wireless environment are addressed by the algorithm in a similar fashion.
Hyperplasia of oligodendrocytes in quaking mice.

The number of neuroglial cells in selected fiber tracts of 90-day-old quaking and normal mice was determined by a combination of light and electron microscopy. Oligodendrocytes of quaking mice are normal in number in the anterior commissure and corticospinal tract (in the cervical spinal cord) but are increased two- to fourfold in the optic nerve and the fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis (in the cervical spinal cord). The nuclei and perikarya are normal in size or smaller than normal. Those tracts with the greatest hyperplasia of oligodendrocytes also have the greatest conten of myelin, suggesting that cell number influences content of myelin. However, the volume of myelin per oligodendrocyte also varies, between 2 and 11% of normal, in the different tracts of the mutant. The hyperplasia of oligodendrocytes in quaking mice may arise as compensation for their decreased production of myelin and reflect a normal plasticity in the processes of myelination. If so, the mutant may be a useful system for study of the regulation of myelogenesis.
A Comparison of Rhythm in English Dialects and Music

Informal Observations have Often been Made That a country9s language is reflected in its instrumental music. Limited research exists studying similarities between the rhythmic characteristics of French music and language on the one hand and British music and language on the other. Our research compares the rhythmic characteristics of the music and English dialects of the Shetland Islands in Scotland, County Donegal in Ireland, and the state of Kentucky, examining spontaneous speech and unscored musical recordings from the same people. We found that rhythmic characteristics are correlated in the speech and music in each dialect area.
Importance of imaging in studying cardiac stem cells

Joseph C Wu Author for correspondence: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Radiology & Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S140, Stanford, CA 94305-5111, USA Tel.: +1 650 736 2246 Fax: +1 650 736 0234 joewu@stanford.edu Importance of imaging in studying cardiac stem cells
Traumatic migraine versus concussion: a case report.

Context:An era of increased awareness of sports concussions may decrease a provider’s ability to diagnose the athlete’s actual condition and may ultimately prolong the restriction of the injured at...
Draft Genome Sequence of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading, Genetically Engineered Bioluminescent Bioreporter Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain HK44 (DSM 6700) is a genetically engineered lux-based bioluminescent bioreporter. Here we report the draft genome sequence of strain HK44. Annotation of ∼6.1 Mb of sequence indicates that 30% of the traits are unique and distributed over five genomic islands, a prophage, and two plasmids.
MSW Student Experiences in Online vs. Face-to-Face Teaching Formats?

Institutions of higher education have embraced online formats as a new form of teaching in order to reach more students. Like other disciplines, social work pedagogy has embraced the use of online technology in higher education. As a professional and ethical responsibility, it is imperative that social work online courses are of high quality and that they meet the stated objectives. The study presented here describes students' perceptions and experiences in online and in-classroom sections in the Theories and Practice with Communities and Agencies course at a large public university in Southeastern USA. A survey was administered to the students at the end of the semester. Qualitative themes show that method of instruction as it related to course content, comfort with the level of instruction, and role of instructor in online courses affected students' perceptions of both the course and method of instruction. Discussions are directed toward improving online instruction in social work education.
Fear of Death in Older Adults Predictions From Terror Management Theory

Terror management theory asserts that death fear (fear of annihilation) is buffered by self-esteem and beliefs in literal and symbolic immortality achieved through participation in the cultural system. The aims of this study were to determine how variables suggested by the theory were related to fear of death measures. Participants were 123 Black and 265 White elders aged 60 to 100 years; they were assessed on the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS), self-esteem, religiosity, locus of control, socioeconomic status, social support, and health. Regression analysis findings ( p <.05) offered partial support to the theory, with greater Fear of the Unknown (fear of annihilation) related to weaker religiosity, less social support, and greater externality; the effect of self-esteem was mediated by externality. Other predictors were related to an overall fear score based on the remaining 7 MFODS subscales. Findings are interpreted in terms of changing sources of self-esteem in old age.
Silica nanobubbles containing an organic dye in a multilayered organic/inorganic heterostructure with enhanced luminescence

We report the preparation, luminescent properties, and bioimaging applications of a novel zinc sulfide (core)-two-photon dye−silica (shell) multilayered heterostructure. The method utilizes reverse micelles synthesis involving multistep reactions as a result of which composite nanoparticles having different sizes and morphology can be obtained. The size of these composite nanoparticles is typically 15−30 nm. An increase in the luminescence intensity (∼70 times higher) and in fluorescence lifetime is observed for the dye encapsulated within the silica nanobubble. Photobleaching results indicate that the dye is truly encapsulated and the silica shell provides a barrier to penetration of oxygen, thereby making the dye more photostable. The application of these particles as nanoprobes for bioimaging of cells using two-photon laser scanning microscopy is also presented.
Serum proteins of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.

Abstract 1. 1. Fractionation of quail serum indicated two major protein components, one of which was an albumin fraction, and the other, a large molecular weight lipoprotein fraction. 2. 2. Quail serum albumin was physically and immunologically similar to chicken serum albumin. 3. 3. A large portion of the serum proteins of the laying female was found in the lipoprotein fraction, which, however, was only a minor component of the serum of the male.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Characterization of Porous Graphitic Carbon in Reversed‐Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract The thermodynamics and kinetics of solute transfer on porous graphitic carbon (PGC) are studied for two series of aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzenes and methylbenzenes. The retention behavior is characterized as a function of temperature, pressure, length of alkyl chain, and number and position of methyl substituents. In the thermodynamic studies, the retention factor (k) increases with an increase in the length of alkyl chain or number of methyl substituents. The data indicate that increases in the number of methylene and methyl substituents result in more negative changes in molar enthalpy (ΔHsm). Hence, the transition from mobile to stationary phase is a more energetically favorable, exothermic process with each methylene or methyl group added. The data also show that the change in molar volume (ΔVsm) is close to zero, which is consistent with an adsorption mechanism on PGC. Enthalpy‐entropy compensation is observed for both homologous series, and the compensation temperature suggests that t...
Assessing the feasibility and fidelity of an intervention for women with violent offenses

Women convicted of assaultive or violent offenses represent a small but important subpopulation of adults involved in the criminal justice system. The limited treatment and rehabilitation programs that are available for these women are usually developed for male offenders and do not consider factors that are especially relevant to women, such as higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders as well as their likely histories of interpersonal violence. Moreover, women's trajectories into violent behavior - as well as their trajectories out - may differ from their male counterparts. Due to the absence of programs available for this unique population, a new gender-specific and trauma informed intervention, Beyond Violence, was developed. This paper describes a pilot study with a mixed-methods approach that assesses the feasibility and fidelity of the intervention within a state prison for women. Overall, various components of feasibility (i.e. engaging the target population, gaining institutional support, and finding skilled treatment staff), were realized, as were fidelity elements such as adherence to the intervention material, and high attendance and satisfaction by participants. The positive results of this pilot study increase the likelihood of dissemination of the intervention and a randomized control trial is currently underway.
Caspase-2 Deficiency Enhances Aging-Related Traits in Mice

Alteration of apoptotic activity has been observed in a number of tissues in aging mammals, but it remains unclear whether and/or how apoptosis may affect aging. Caspase-2 is a member of the cysteine protease family that plays a critical role in apoptosis. To understand the impact of compromised apoptosis function on mammalian aging, we conducted a comparative study on caspase-2 deficient mice and their wild-type littermates with a specific focus on the aging-related traits at advanced ages. We found that caspase-2 deficiency enhanced a number of traits commonly seen in premature aging animals. Loss of caspase-2 was associated with shortened maximum lifespan, impaired hair growth, increased bone loss, and reduced body fat content. In addition, we found that the livers of caspase-2 deficient mice had higher levels of oxidized proteins than those of age-matched wild-type mice, suggesting that caspase-2 deficiency compromised the animal's ability to clear oxidatively damaged cells. Collectively, these results suggest that caspase-2 deficiency affects aging in the mice. This study thus demonstrates for the first time that disruption of a key apoptotic gene has a significant impact on aging.
Dried Whey Product, Menhaden Fish Meal, Methionine and Erythromycin in Diets of Young Turkeys

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of adding dried whey product, menhaden fish meal, methionine and erythromycin to practical-type diets of young turkeys. In each of two eight-week experiments with the same design, 432 poults were divided into 24 groups and fed diets in a 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design. Eight-week body weights of turkeys were increased 2.6% from 5% added dried whey product, 9.3% from 5% added menhaden fish meal, and 6.2 and 7.3% from 0.2 and 0.4% added methionine, respectively. Erythromycin thiocyanate additions at 11.0 mg./kg. failed to increase body weight. The increase in body weight was nil when dried whey product was added to diets containing 5% fish meal and was 5.2% when added to diets containing no fish meal. These data indicate that a common growth factor is present in the menhaden fish meal at about 2.5 times the concentration present in the dried whey product. Although an interaction between methionine and dried whey product was observed, the methionine content of the dried whey product can not logically explain the increase in body weight.
Managerial Power and Succession: SBU Managers of Mutual Funds

This study applies the performance-power-succession model to the analysis of the antecedents of succession among SBU managers. We hypothesize that six socio-political factors unique to the SBU manager role will have major effects on succession and will also moderate the performance-succession relationship. Data gathered on portfolio managers of open-ended mutual funds shows the main effects of tenure, portion of revenues controlled, managerial exits and entries, and leverage on succession, but reveals no support for market share. Mediating effects were found for tenure, portion of revenues controlled, market share, leverage, and managerial exits, but not for managerial entries. We discuss the implications of these findings for extending the literature on executive succession to include SBU managers.
Vector autoregression or simultaneous equations model? The intraday relationship between index arbitrage and market volatility

Abstract We conduct simulations to compare the vector autoregression (VAR) and simultaneous equations models (SEM) for examining temporal relationships among arbitrage spreads, spot price volatility, and futures price volatility. Contrary to Koch (1993) , we find that the VAR model can better reveal the underlying process, and that SEM can be misleading and may yield unreliable inferences.
Neurosteroid regulation of central nervous system development.

Abstract Neurosteroids are a relatively new class of neuroactive compounds brought to prominence in the past 2 decades. Despite knowing of their presence in the nervous system of various species for over 20 years and knowing of their functions as GABAA and N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) ligands, new and unexpected functions of these compounds are continuously being identified. Absence or reduced concentrations of neurosteroids during development and in adults may be associated with neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or behavioral disorders. Treatment with physiologic or pharmacologic concentrations of these compounds may also promote neurogenesis, neuronal survival, myelination, increased memory, and reduced neurotoxicity. This review highlights what is currently known about the neurodevelopmental functions and mechanisms of action of 4 distinct neurosteroids: pregnenolone, progesterone, allopregnanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity disrupts reconsolidation but not consolidation of a fear memory.

Abstract The reconsolidation hypothesis posits that memories that have been reactivated can be either enhanced or disrupted by pharmacological manipulation. Synaptic plasticity is presumed to underlie the reconsolidation process. Matrix metalloproteinases are proteins that regulate the extracellular matrix involved in plasticity events, and these proteins have recently been shown to influence learning and memory. However, all studies on the role of matrix metalloproteinases in learning and memory have employed tasks that rely on contextual cues. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which FN-439 would disrupt the consolidation and/or reconsolidation of a fear memory associated with a conditioned stimulus that signaled tone-shock pairings and that was independent of contextual cues. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given infusions of FN-439 (35 μg intracerebroventricular) 30 min prior to conditioning (tone-shock paired association) or 30 min prior to a single reactivation session given 24 h after conditioning. Administration of FN-439 did not disrupt consolidation of the freezing response when the tone (conditioned stimulus) was presented. In contrast, FN-439 infusion disrupted reconsolidation of the fear memory in a reactivation-dependent manner. The reduced freezing behavior was not due to a decrease in general anxiety levels, since FN-439 had no effect on the percent of open-arm time or open-arm entries in an elevated-plus maze task. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in the brain is capable of disrupting the reconsolidation of a tone-shock association memory that does not depend on contextual cues. The finding that a fear response to a previously paired conditioned stimulus can be disrupted by treatment with an MMP inhibitor during a single reactivation session suggests that this class of compounds may have therapeutic potential for posttraumatic stress disorder and/or simple phobias.
Differential inhibition of rat and human glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes by plant phenols.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes isolated from human tissues and rat liver are differentially inhibited by quercetin, alizarin, purpurogallin and ellagic acid. Rat liver GST isoenzymes are far more sensitive to these compounds as compared to the human GST isoenzymes. Among human GST, the anionic isoenzymes containing C type and A′ type subunits are inhibited to a greater extent as compared to the cationic isoenzymes containing A and B type subunits. The anionic GST isoenzymes of human erythrocytes and placenta are differentially inhibited by these plant phenols indicating that the placental and erythrocyte isoenzymes may be distinct proteins.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation with multiple arterial thromboses responding to antithrombin-III concentrate infusion.

Abstract Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) most often manifests itself through hemorrhagic episodes following thrombotic consumption of platelets and coagulation factors in the microvasculature. Rarely patients suffer major arterial thrombosis in the setting of disseminated intravascular coagulation. We treated such a patient, whose thrombotic diathesis was refractory to traditional heparin and fresh frozen plasma therapy, with infusion of anti-thrombin III concentrate. The response was a prompt improvement in both clinical and laboratory parameters followed by recurrent thrombosis when concentrate therapy was discontinued. This is the first reported case where DIC complicated by major arterial thrombosis was treated with antithrombin III concentrate. Our findings demonstrate that antithrombin III concentrates are useful in treating patients with DIC complicated by major arterial thrombosis.
Comparison of κ2-opioid receptors in guinea pig brain and guinea pig ileum membranes

Abstract The presence of κ -opioid receptor subtypes has been clearly established in guinea pig brain. Using [ 3 H]bremazocine in the presence of reversible blockers of μ, δ and κ 1 receptors, two additional binding sites can be determined in guinea pig brain membranes. The site with higher affinity for the opioid ligands represents κ 2 , while the other site has low affinity and is poorly characterized. The κ 2 site has high affinity for ethylketocyclazocine and other benzomorphans, as well as for the dynorphin gene products tested. The dynorphin analogs have no appreciable affinity for the low affinity site, so this site should not be called a κ receptor. With an appropriate membrane preparation, κ 2 binding can also be demonstrated in the guinea pig ileum. Binding affinities for selected ligands at κ 2 in guinea pig ileum membranes are very similar to affinities found in brain membranes.
The rolling of Be, W and V foil

Abstract Procedures are outlined for the fabrication of Be, W and V foils. Jacketing and rolling procedures are described in detail, as are the problems encountered during the processing. A discussion of the effect of various parameters on the fabrication of the foils is also presented.
Treatability aspects of urban stormwater stressors

Pollution from diffuse sources (pollution from contaminants picked up and carried into surface waters by stormwater runoff) has been identified as a significant source of water quality problems in the U.S. scientists and engineers continue to seek solutions that will allow them to optimize existing technologies and develop new ones that will provide the best possible protection to people, wildlife, and the environment. This paper addresses the various pollutants or stressors in urban stormwater, including flow (shear force), pathogens, suspended solids/sediment, toxicants (organic and metals), nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, and coarse solids. A broad overview of the pollutants removed and the removal mechanisms by and of conventional best management practices (BMPs) is also presented. The principal treatment mechanisms of conventional wet ponds, vegetative swales/buffer strips, and wetlands are sedimentation and filtration. These mechanisms have the capability to remove significant amounts of suspended solids or particulate matter and are a vital component of strategies to reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters. In addition, because most of the nation’s receiving water violations are caused by pathogen indicator bacteria, it is of utmost importance that research efforts address this problem. Further research is also needed on the treatment of emerging contaminants in BMPs and on the costs and affects of maintenance and maintenance schedules on the long-term performance of BMPs.
Hostility Ratings by Parents at Risk for Child Abuse: Impact of Chronic and Temporary Schema Activation.

Abstract Objective Two studies examined whether accessibility of hostility-related schema influenced ratings of ambiguous child pictures. Based on the social information processing model of child physical abuse (CPA), it was expected that CPA risk status would serve as a proxy for chronic accessibility of hostile schema, while priming procedures were used to manipulate temporary accessibility of hostility-related schema. Methods Participants included 108 parents (79 low and 29 high CPA risk) in Experiment 1 and 88 parents (43 low and 45 high CPA risk) in Experiment 2. Parents were randomly assigned to either hostile or neutral priming conditions. Following the priming procedures, all parents rated pictures that depicted children who appeared ambiguous with regard to the extent to which they were being hostile/cooperative. Results In both experiments, high, compared to low, CPA risk parents rated the ambiguous child pictures as more hostile. Further, both supraliminal (Experiment 1) and subliminal (Experiment 2) exposure to hostility-related words independently increased hostility ratings. In both experiments, the influence of chronic and temporary activation of hostile schema was additive and not interactive. Conclusion Findings from these experiments are consistent with the proposition that high CPA risk parents are more likely to infer hostility in response to ambiguous child cues. Further, accessibility of hostility-related schema in parents increases the likelihood of hostile inferences, which in turn may increase attributions of hostile intent and aggressive parenting behaviors.
Childhood sarcoidosis: A rare but fascinating disorder

Childhood sarcoidosis is a rare multisystemic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. In the pediatric series reported from the southeastern United States, sarcoidosis had a higher incidence among African Americans. Most reported childhood cases have occurred in patients aged 13–15 years. Macrophages bearing an increased expression of major histocompatibility class (MHC) II molecules most likely initiate the inflammatory response of sarcoidosis by presenting an unidentified antigen to CD4+ Th (helper-inducer) lymphocytes. A persistent, poorly degradable antigen driven cell-mediated immune response leads to a cytokine cascade, to granuloma formation, and eventually to fibrosis. Frequently observed immunologic features include depression of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and a heightened helper T cell type 1 (Th1) immune response at sites of disease. Circulating immune complexes, along with signs of B cell hyperactivity, may also be found. The clinical presentation can vary greatly depending upon the organs involved and age of the patient. Two distinct forms of sarcoidosis exist in children. Older children usually present with a multisystem disease similar to the adult manifestations, with frequent hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary infiltrations. Early-onset sarcoidosis is a unique form of the disease characterized by the triad of rash, uveitis, and arthritis in children presenting before four years of age. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is confirmed by demonstrating a typical noncaseating granuloma on a biopsy specimen. Other granulmatous diseases should be reasonably excluded. The current therapy of choice for sarcoidosis in children with multisystem involvement is oral corticosteroids. Methotrexate given orally in low doses has been effective, safe and steroid sparing in some patients. Alternative immunosuppressive agents, such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and cyclosporine, have been tried in adult cases of sarcoidosis with questionable efficacy. The high toxicity profile of these agents, including an increased risk of lymphoproliferative disorders and carcinomas, has limited their use to patients with severe disease refractory to other agents. Successful steroid sparing treatment with mycophenolate mofetil was described in an adolescent with renal-limited sarcoidosis complicated by renal failure. Novel treatment strategies for sarcoidosis have been developed including the use of TNF-alpha inhibitors, such as infliximab. The long-term course and prognosis is not well established in childhood sarcoidosis, but it appears to be poorer in early-onset disease.
The convergence of GIS and social media: challenges for GIScience

It is hard to believe that 10 years have passed since we wrote our guest editorial for IJGIS (Sui and Goodchild 2001). Using the nascent evidence that emerged in the late 1990s, we speculated back in 2001 that geographic information systems (GIS) were rapidly becoming part of the mass media. On the basis of the proposition of GIS as media, we were able to link GIScience with theories in media studies such as Marshall McLuhan's law of the media, which considers modern media as modifiable perceptive extensions of human thought (Sui and Goodchild 2003). Remarkable conceptual and technological advances in GIS have been made during the past 10 years. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the ‘GIS as media’ argument we made 10 years ago and to discuss the new challenges for GIScience posed by the growing convergence of GIS and social media.
Chi-Square Tests of Association and Goodness of Fit from Proportions and Percentages

Formulas are derived for computing the chi-square statistic from proportions or percentages, both for tests of goodness of fit and association. The advantages of the new formulas are: (1) computation is conceptually more congruent with the hypothesis being tested; (2) interpretation is facilitated (expected frequencies and discrepancies in frequencies are a function of sample size, whereas expected proportions and corresponding discrepancies are not); and (3) computation is facilitated in contingency tables since expected proportions do not need to be determined separately for each cell.