cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Just-in-time manufacturing system: a periodic pull system

The just-in-time manufacturing system, as developed in the Toyota Motor Co., may be stated as producing or stocking ‘only the necessary items in necessary quantities at the necessary time’. When the just-in-time concept is applied to an industrial material management system, it is called a pull system, which means that the amount and time of material flow are determined by the rate and time of the actual stock consumption. Actually, in Toyota, this pull system is operated manually by means of a kanban, a sort of card or tag. As an alternative to a kanban method, a periodic pull system (PPS) is developed as an operating policy of practising a Pull system. Due to the fact that, in a PPS, the manual information processing time of a kanban method is replaced with an instant on-line computerized processing, the material lead time is much shorter than that of a kanban system. This results in better system performance such as less lead time inventory and faster system response. A PPS is formulated mathematically...
Regional brain concentrations of neuropeptides in Huntington's chorea and schizophrenia.

To ascertain whether Huntington9s chorea and schizophrenia are associated with specific regional alterations in neurotensin, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, the concentrations of these putative neurotransmitters were measured by radioimmunoassay in postmortem brain samples from patients with Huntington9s chorea or schizophrenia. Compared to 50 patients without psychiatric or neurological disease, the patients with Huntington9s chorea showed significantly elevated concentrations of all three neuropeptides in the nucleus caudatus. In the nucleus accumbens somatostatin levels were increased threefold, while in the amygdala thyrotropin-releasing hormone levels were elevated. In contrast, the schizophrenics exhibited reduced levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in two frontal cortical regions, reduced somatostatin levels in one frontal cortical area, and increased neurotensin levels in one frontal cortical area. None of the differences between the diseased brains and the controls could be accounted for by differences in age, sex, or time between death and autopsy.
Structural organization and mapping of the human mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene and pseudogene

Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mtGPD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which is thought to play an important role in cells that require an active glycolytic pathway. Abnormalities in mtGPD have been proposed as a potential cause for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To facilitate genetic studies, we have isolated genomic clones containing the coding regions of the human mtGPD-encoding gene (GPDM). The gene contains 17 exons and is estimated to span more than 80 kb. All splice junctions contain GT/AG consensus sequences. Introns interrupt the sequences encoding the leader peptide, the FAD-binding site, the calcium-binding regions, and a conserved central element postulated to play a role in glycerol phosphate binding. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to map this gene to chromosome 2, band q24.1. A retropseudogene was identified and mapped to chromosome 17.
Reduced-Runoff Irrigation of Sudan Grass Hay, Imperial Valley, California

Sudan grass is a moderately salt-tolerant annual that is capable of substantial osmotic adjustment under high soil salinity conditions, but little is documented about its actual water use and yield under saline conditions. We estimate water use and evaluate the effects of “reduced-runoff” irrigation on soil salinity associated with Sudan grass hay production during a three-year field study (1996–98) in the Imperial Valley, California. The reduced-runoff irrigation method relies on the application of a simplified volume-balance surface irrigation model, and can result in negligible surface runoff; however, its use may have adverse impacts on soil salinity. Despite an anticipated salinity-induced yield reduction of about 15% associated with an average soil salinity of 6 dS/m (0–0.6 m depth), use of the reduced-runoff method resulted in satisfactory crop yields, practically no tailwater runoff, and a slight decrease from the initial average profile soil salinity. The average applied water depth and estimated...
Growth Politics and Downtown Development: The Economic Imperative in Sunbelt Cities

Urban areas dominated by growth do not follow the same progrowth strategies for development. Some cities have adopted development policies that seek to redistribute the costs and benefits of downtown economic development. This is not necessarily, however, an antigrowth strategy but is, rather, a progressive growth agenda. In this comparative study, the characteristics of growth politics are examined through downtown development strategies that affect commercial development and neighborhood housing. The distribution of costs and benefits of such development to commercial and residential sectors indicates different public/private relationships that can be found within growth politics.
Probing heart cytochrome c oxidase structure and function by infrared spectroscopy.

IR spectra directly probe specific vibrators in bovine heart cytochromec oxidase, yielding quantitative as well as qualitative information on structures and reactions at these vibrators. C-O IR spectra reveal that CO binds to $$Fe_{a_3 }^{2 + } $$ as two conformers each in isolated immobile environments sensitive to Fe a and/or CuA oxidation state but remarkably insensitive to pH, medium, anesthetics, and other factors that affect activity. C-N IR spectra reveal that the one CN− that binds to fully and partially oxidized enzyme can be in three different structures. These structures vary in relative amounts with redox level, thereby reflecting dynamic electron exchange among Fe a , CuA, and CuB with associated changes in protein conformation of likely significance in O2 reduction and H+-pumping. Azide IR spectra also reflect redox-dependent long-range effects. The amide I IR bands, due to C-O vibrators of peptide linkages and composed of multiple bands derived from different secondary structures, reveal high levels of α-helix (∼60%) and subtle changes with redox level and exposure to anesthetics. N2O IR spectra reveal that these anesthetic molecules at clinically relevant levels occupy three sites of different polarity within the enzyme as the enzyme is reversibly, but only partially, inhibited.
Modeling and implementation of energy neutral sensing systems

We present the modeling, implementation, and evaluation of a single wireless sensor network that executes energy-harvesting algorithms and sensing applications. The network energy-management is modeled as a feedback control system. An asynchronous execution of the energy-management and the application processes is modeled as a finite state machine. To evaluate our approach, we designed energy neutral sensing systems for two applications and implemented them with Fennec Fox.
Simulation of modern parallel systems: a CSIM-based approach

Components of modern parallel systems are becoming quite complex with many features and variations. An integrated modeling of these components (interconnection network, messaging layer, programming model, and computation-communication characteristics of applications) is essential to derive design guidelines for next generation parallel systems. Most of the current simulation-based modeling platforms do not support such integrated modeling. This paper presents our effort at The Ohio State University towards integrated modeling of parallel systems. Basic features of our CSIM-based Wormholerouted Multiprocessor Simulator (WORMulSim) are outlined. A set of techniques used in our simulator to model different network components (such as switches, links, wormhole/cut-through switching techniques, routing protocols, network interfaces), messaging layer with basic communication primitives, distributed shared memory programming model, and computation-communication characteristics of applications are presented. Some sample performance measures of our simulator on current generation workstations are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of integrated modeling with low computational overhead.
A quantitative approach to wind farm diversification and reliability

This paper proposes a general planning method to minimize the variance of aggregated wind farm power output by optimally distributing a predetermined number of wind turbines over a preselected number of potential wind farming sites. The objective is to facilitate high wind power penetration through the search for steadier overall power output. Another optimization formulation that takes into account the correlations between wind power outputs and load is also presented. Three years of wind data from the recent NREL/3TIER study in the western US provides the statistics for evaluating each site upon their mean power output, variance and correlation with each other so that the best allocations can be determined. The reliability study reported in this paper investigates the impact of wind power output variance reduction on a power system composed of a virtual wind power plant and a load modeled from the 1996 IEEE RTS. Some traditional reliability indices such as the LOLP are calculated and it is eventually shown that configurations featuring minimal global power output variances generally prove the most reliable provided the sites are not significantly correlated with the modeled load. Consequently, the choice of uncorrelated/negatively correlated sites is favored.
At Issue An Un-Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is examined critically. Although the hypothesis is coached in chemical terms, the evidence is primarily pharmacologic. In addition, neuroleptic mechanisms do not fit a simple hyperdopaminergic formulation, and treatment efficacy points to a general psychotic rather than specific schizophrenic role for dopamine. Most compromising to the hypothesis is the therapeutic action of L-dopa when combined with neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenics. Dopamine appears important but cannot be viewed as a simple pathogen.
Analytic study on nonlinear variants of the RLW and the PHI-four equations

Abstract An analytic study on nonlinear variants of the RLW and the PHI-four equations is presented. We first use the sine–cosine method to derive compact and noncompact exact solutions for these variants. Second we employ the tanh method to confirm the obtained physical structures. The results emphasize the power of the methods used.
Motivational influences on word recognition: IV. Cortical magnification does not explain parafoveal versus foveal differences

In two experiments, hungry and satiated subjects were compared on word recognition for words of three types of content: food, positively emotional, or negatively emotional content. The purpose was to assess whether expanding the size of the parafoveal image would yield patterns of word processing that were similar to those obtained under foveal viewing. Words of 17-mm size were created to take cortical magnification into account. The conditions in Experiment 1 yielded overall high levels of performance, and the conditions in Experiment 2 yielded overall low levels of performance; yet, the usual foveal patterns of word recognition failed to be evident, especially with respect to motivation. In Experiment 2, highly frequent words were significantly more easily recognized than were infrequent words, but the usual facilitation of hunger (as opposed to satiation) was absent for both experiments. The data suggest that foveal and parafoveal viewing lead to two quite distinct forms of lexical processing.
Ab initio quantum chemical study of electron transfer in carboranes

Abstract The electron transfer (ET) properties of 10- and 12-vertex carboranes are investigated by the ab initio Hartree–Fock method within the Marcus-Hush (MH) two-state model and the Koopman theorem (KT) approach. The calculated value of the ET coupling matrix element, V AB , is consistently higher in the KT approach than in the MH two-state model. For the carborane molecules functionalized by –CH 2 groups at C-vertices, V AB strongly depends on the relative orientation of the planes containing the terminal –CH 2 groups. The predicted conformation dependence of V AB offers a molecular mechanism to control ET between two active centers in molecular systems.
Deep Imaging of the Kuiper Belt with the Keck 10 Meter Telescope

We present a new, pencil-beam survey of the Kuiper Belt taken with the Keck 10 m telescope. The cumulative surface density of Kuiper Belt Objects measured to apparent red magnitude mR=26.1 is 31+ 12−14 deg-2, while to mR=26.6 it is 40±33 deg-2. These numbers are compatible with an extrapolation of the luminosity function deduced earlier from measurements in the 20≤mR≤25 range, and they confirm a Kuiper Belt differential size distribution index q~4.
Combined bilateral lung-liver transplantation complicated by intraoperative right ventricular dysfunction and postoperative hepatic artery thrombosis.

t r t s t COMBINED LUNG AND LIVER transplantation is performed infrequently because simultaneous transplantation f the 2 organs rarely is indicated. Patients selected for this rocedure are not expected to survive transplantation of either rgan alone. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by ysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance eceptor on epithelial cells leading to abnormally viscous seretions. These secretions cause obstruction of the airways, the ntestinal tract, and the biliary and pancreatic ducts. The priary cause of mortality in patients with CF is end-stage lung isease. End-stage liver disease is the second most common ause of death.1 Recent advancements in the treatment of CF have improved survival, and CF has become a common indication for combined lung-liver transplantation in the United States.2,3
Long- baseline optical interferometer for astrometry

A proposed astrometric interferometer capable of relative stellar position measurements with 10-4 arcsec accuracy is described. The instrument is a long-baseline Michelson interferometer modified to track the fringe motion caused by atmospheric turbulence. Simultaneous fringe amplitude and phase measurements at two wavelengths are used to correct atmospheric distortion when the field of view is much larger than the isoplanatic patch. Relative positions of stars brighter than ~ 10 mag in an ~ 1° field of view can be measured with an accuracy of ~10-4 arcsec after several hours of observation. Such an instrument should have a number of interesting astrophysical and geophysical applications, such as a search for planets around nearby stars, the gravitational deflection of light around the sun, and changes in the earth’s axis of rotation.
Modeling and optimal control of discrete-event chemical processes using petri nets

Abstract A large class of process operations, including manufacturing systems, batch processing, valving operations, startup and shutdown procedures, can be characterized as discrete-event systems. This paper proposes the use of Petri nets as a modeling tool for the analysis and control of such systems. Modeling rules are developed for several specific situations. It is shown how the graphical model can be translated to a system of linear equations and constraints. An optimal control can then be implemented by solving a mixed-integer linear program to minimize the number or cost of the control actions required to move the system from one state to another. Additional operational constraints can be incorporated in the control calculation.
Leaf Residency and Interleaf Movement of Four Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Apple

We studied the polyphagous predators, Typhlodromus pyri (Tp) Schunten and Amblyseius andersoni (Aa) Chant, to test if either had shorter residency times on leaves with abundant prey or had greater tendencies for interleaf movement than the oligophagous mites, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Mo) (Nesbitt) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Nf) (Garman), or if the opposite trends among species occurred when these mites were held without prey. Tests were nm on single apple, Malus pumila Miller, leaves or apple seedlings. Residencey times for immatures on leaves with no prey were much shorter for M. occidentalis , but with prey they were shorter for T. pyri and much shorter for A. andersoni . Residency times for female adults with no prey were similar among species, but with prey they were longest for M. occidentalis and shortest for A. andersoni . Patterns of interleaf movement of immatures were similar to residency data. On seedlings with abundant prey, larvae of all species moved little, but nymphs of A. andersoni and N. fallacis moved more than nymphs of T. pyri and M. occidentalis . Larvae of M. occidentalis held without prey moved most but its nymphs died and nymphs of T. pyri and N. fallacis moved more than nymphs of A. andersoni . Larvae with moderate levels of prey moved little but T. pyri nymphs moved less far than others. Immature losses were related to movement levels. Overall, data agreed with our hypotheses and helped explain why M. occidentalis and N. fallacis are better adapted to respond numerically to outbreaks of spider mites whereas A. andersoni and T. pyri are better adapted to keep them at low levels. Movement patterns are discussed in relation to competition and species displacement among these 4 mites.
Use of high flow nasal cannula in critically ill infants, children, and adults: a critical review of the literature

Background High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) systems utilize higher gas flow rates than standard nasal cannulae. The use of HFNC as a respiratory support modality is increasing in the infant, pediatric, and adult populations as an alternative to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation.
Systematic human factors evaluation of a teledermatology system within the U.S. military.

A well-established, high-volume teledermatology program for the U.S. military was surveyed for human factor issues. Factors that facilitate or impede were assessed among users and managers to ident...
Genomic messaging system and DNA mark-up language for information-based personalized medicine with clinical and proteome research applications.

The convergence of clinical medicine and the Life Sciences, commencing with opportunities in clinical trials and clinically linked medical research, presents many novel challenges. The Genomic Messaging System (GMS) described here was originally developed as a tool for assembling clinical genomic records of individual and collective patients, and was then generalized to become a flexible workflow component that will link clinical records to a variety of computational biology research tools, for research and ultimately for a more personalized, focused, and preventative healthcare system. Prominent among the applications linked are protein science applications, including the rapid automated modeling of patient proteins with their individual structural polymorphisms. In an initial study, GMS formed the basis of a fully automated system for modeling patient proteins with structural polymorphisms as a basis for drug selection and ultimately design on an individual patient basis. Keywords: bioinformatics • geno...
60 HAEMORRHAGIC-ISCHAEMIC LESIONS OF THE NEONATAL BRAIN: CORRELATION BETWEEN CEREBRAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME AND MRI IN INFANCY

A group of sixty-five at-risk neonates was enrolled in a prospective follow-up study in order to assess the relationship between the degree of Cerebral Visual Impairment, established using the Acuity Card Procedure, and the extent of neurological sequelae. Furthermore, MR- and CT-scans were performed in all infants with severe neurological sequelae to study whether characteristic lesions occurred in the central visual pathway.
Evaluation of spectrum measurement devices for operational use

Abstract Several neutron spectrometers manufactured by Bubble Technology Industries (BTI) were tested and evaluated in a variety of neutron fields. Findings and conclusions are presented for the following BTI instruments: a modification of the Rotational Spectrometer (ROSPEC) that includes a thermal and epithermal capability, the Simple Scintillation Spectrometer that is used in conjunction with the ROSPEC to extend its high-energy range, and the MICROSPEC N-Probe which is capable of providing a crude spectrum over the energy range from thermal to 18 MeV. The main objective of these measurements was to determine the accuracy of both the energy spectrum and dose equivalent information generated by these devices. In addition, the dose response of the Wide-Energy Neutron Detection Instrument (WENDI-II) was measured in all neutron fields relative to a bare 252Cf calibration. The performance of the WENDI-II rem meter was compared to the dose information generated by the neutron spectrometers. The instruments were irradiated to bare 252Cf and 241AmBe sources, and in a series of moderated 252Cf fields using a standard D2O sphere and a set of polyethylene spheres. The measured spectra were benchmarked with a set of detailed Monte Carlo calculations with the same energy bin structure as that of the instruments under test. These calculations allowed an absolute comparison to be made with the measurements on a bin by bin basis. The simulations included the effects of room return and source anisotropy.
Complexity of Recognizing Equal Unions in Families of Sets

A family of sets has the equal union property if there exist two nonempty disjoint subfamilies having equal unions and has the full equal union property if, in addition, all sets are included. Both recognition problems are NP-complete even when restricted to families for which the cardinality of every set is at most three. Both problems can be solved in polynomial time when restricted to families having a bounded number of sets with cardinality greater than two. A corollary is that deciding if a graph has two disjoint edge covers is in P.
“Facebook Fired”: Legal Standards for Social Media–Based Terminations of K-12 Public School Teachers

The increased use of social media sites like Facebook has had an impact on employees when their behavior on such sites is deemed to be inappropriate by employers. This has led to a phenomenon that the popular press calls “Facebook Fired,” where an employee is fired for personal social media use. Such terminations have significant potential legal consequences. This article examines the current case law related to social media–based terminations within the job type of K-12 public school teachers. We give legal and practical recommendations to teachers who might potentially face such situations. We suggest legislation and give social media policy language recommendations for school corporations. Finally, we call for research examining the perceptions of fairness of such terminations by workers as well as the public at large.
S & P 500 index options prices and the Black-Scholes option pricing model

This paper examines the mispricing behavior of the B-S option pricing model through the comparison of simultaneous equation solutions for implied present value of ex-dividends and implied standard deviation among in-the-money, at-the-money, and out-of-the-money options for the S&P 500 index option for the 1987 through 1989 period. The empirical results suggest that the B-S model tends to underprice the set (deep in-the-money calls and deep out-of-the-money puts) relative to the set (deep out-of-the money calls and deep in-the-money puts). In addition, empirical results suggest that the predictions of ex-dividends obtained from the P-C parity condition yield a smaller bias than those of the B-S model.
Measurement of left ventricular volume by biplane angiocardiography and indicator-washout techniques: a comparison in the canine heart.

Left ventricular volumes were determined sequentially in 31 dogs and simultaneously in 12 by biplane angiocardiography and a dye-dilution, thermal washout technique. The mean ejected fraction (SV/EDV; systolic volume/end diastolic volume) was significantly higher when measured by angiocardiography (.53 ± .03) than by the washout method (.27 ± .02). The end diastolic volume measured by angiocardiography was lower, 21.1 ± 1.5 ml/10 kg versus 34.4 ± 3.6, as was the end systolic volume, 11.3 ± 1.3 ml/10 kg versus 25.5 ± 3.2. Mean stroke volume by angiocardiography was 10.9 ml/10 kg, or 1.8 ml greater than by dye dilution (the average amount of contrast material injected per beat was 1.9 ml/10 kg). No difference was found between the washout fractions calculated from early and from late beats. There was a significant inverse correlation between the observed heart rate and washout SV/EDV. There was no correlation between heart rates and the discrepancy in measuring the various volumes. Technical difficulties and theoretical considerations are discussed and it is concluded that in dogs the angiographic method gives more accurate calculations of end diastolic and end systolic volumes than the washout technique. The latter method appears to underestimate SV/EDV systematically, probably because of incomplete mixing of indicator in the ventricle. This leads to falsely high values for EDV and ESV.
Colonial North America

The escalating integration of North America - by treaty, investment, trade, migration, travel, mass-media, and environmental pollution - renders our national boundaries increasingly porous. As a result, we may now be prepared to broaden our historical imagination beyond the national limits of the United States, to see more clearly a colonial past in which those boundaries did not yet exist.1
Comparison of two population-level ecotoxicological endpoints: The intrinsic (rm) and instantaneous (ri) rates of increase

The instantaneous rate of increase (ri) was compared to the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) as an alternative population-level ecotoxicological endpoint. The terrestrial arthropod Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, the pea aphid, was used as the model species and the new nicotinergic insecticide, imidacloprid, as the xenobiotic. In the first experiment, rm was generated each day from a life table for A. pisum neonates exposed to nontreated (control) potted broad bean, Vicia faba L. (variety Banner), and compared to determine the earliest rm which was not significantly different from the final rm. The rm for neonates introduced to nontreated plants was significantly different on days 6 and 7 but not significantly different between 8 to 40 d postintroduction. A second experiment examined the change in ri over time for neonates introduced at birth to nontreated broad bean and censused at 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 d postintroduction. The ri for neonate populations introduced to nontreated broad bean peaked on days 11 and 19. The ri on nontreated beans was significantly different (p < 0.05) from rm on days 8 and 15 but not significantly different at 11, 13, 17, 19, and 21 d. A third experiment was conducted comparing rm and ri following 11 d exposure to a range of imidacloprid concentrations applied to broad bean. There was a high correlation (r = 0.91, n = 21, p < 0.01) between ri and rm 11 d after the start of the study, suggesting that ri can be used as a predictive measure in place of rm. There was a negative relationship, y = 0.32 – 0.43x (r2 = 0.88, n = 21), between ri and exposure to imidacloprid-treated broad bean, suggesting that simple regressions may be utilized as tools in the assessment of xenobiotics on population growth rates.
Comment on: Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of Lyme disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Sir, The recent article by Warshafsky et al. may encourage the use of single-oral-dose doxycycline for tick-bite prophylaxis, which in my opinion and in the light of other evidence, is likely to be ineffective. The recommendation for single-dose prophylaxis was first made by Nadelman et al. in 2001 as a result of a randomized controlled trial in 482 patients and was included in the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s (IDSA’s) guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. Three of the authors of the Nadelman et al. article were also authors of the IDSA guidelines. In their original article, Nadelman et al. showed that their single-dose regimen was 87% effective in blocking both the erythema migrans (EM) and the appearance of anti-Borrelia antibodies expected with borreliosis, but they did not show that it blocked actual infection in the antibiotic recipients. This is analogous to observations made in the 1950s that low-dose penicillin blocked cutaneous lesions of syphilis in rabbits but not the infection. The study by Nadelman et al. did not comment on complaints of fever and flu-like illness and limited its follow-up to 6 weeks instead of the 1–2 years used in other studies and no normal control group was used to compare the incidence of fever and flu-like illness with that of the treated/placebo groups. However, investigators at the CDC in Fort Collins, Colorado, showed that 80% of newly infected mice treated with a comparable single oral dose of doxycycline developed persistent borreliosis, which was found by grinding up tissues and using culture and PCR for bacterial detection. The sera from these mice were discarded without testing for anti-Borrelia antibodies so we do not know if they remained seronegative despite proven infection. Not surprisingly when the same criteria are used in the recent meta-analysis a similar result is obtained, i.e. a single oral dose blocks both EM and antibodies. By promoting this potentially flawed recommendation, the authors and the IDSA may actually promote persistent borreliosis that will be seronegative, and therefore difficult to diagnose. Transparency declarations
Pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) and their actions in regulating miRNA in novel resolution circuits in inflammation

Unresolved inflammation is associated with several widely occurring diseases such as arthritis, periodontal diseases, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Endogenous mechanisms that curtail excessive inflammation and prompt its timely resolution are of considerable interest. In recent years, previously unrecognized chemical mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified that control the acute inflammatory response by activating local resolution programs. Among these are the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) that include lipoxins (LX), resolvins (Rv), protectins (PD), and maresins (MaR), because they are enzymatically biosynthesized during resolution of self-limited inflammation. They each possess distinct chemical structures and regulate cellular pathways by their ability to activate pro-resolving G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in a stereospecific manner. For instance, RvD1 controls several miRNAs of interest in self-limited acute inflammation that counter-regulate the mediators and proteins that are involved in inflammation. Here, we overview some of the biosynthesis and mechanisms of SPM actions with focus on the recently reported miR involved in their pro-resolving responses that underscore their beneficial actions in the regulation of acute inflammation and its timely resolution. The elucidation of these mechanisms operating in vivo to keep acute inflammation within physiologic boundaries as well as stimulate resolution have opened resolution pharmacology and many new opportunities to target inflammation-related human pathologies via activating resolution mechanisms.
Thrombotic microangiopathy and retroviral infections: A 13-year experience

Eleven of fifty serum samples collected from patients with a diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), from 1979 to 1991, tested positive for antiretroviral antibodies. Seven had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and four had human lymphotrophic virus, type I (HTLV-I) infection. All patients were treated with plasma exchange and/or infusion, but only two of the HIV-infected patients obtained a complete response (CR) and one of them died after a few months. Combined results from the literature indicate that most patients with HIV infection survive less than one year from the initial diagnosis of TMA. In the setting of HIV infection, TMA is a treatable condition, but survival for most patients is less than 12 months. Three of the four HTLV-I infected patients with TMA had a CR. These observations strongly suggest that both HIV and HTLV-I infections are associated with TMA, but rigorous epidemiologic studies will be needed to determine the relative risk for each. Retroviral infections should be considered in patients with TMA, especially if the patient has associated risk factors and demographic characteristics.
Principal component analysis of dipeptides

Principal component analysis applied to a set of dipeptides illustrates how changes in families of parameters act in concert to produce overall molecular structural changes. Principal component analysis is an eigenvalue–eigenvector analysis whereby the parametric sensitivity coefficient matrix is manipulated to produce weighted principal components, which reveal the variant and invariant directions in the parameter space. This analysis summarizes the sensitivity results by revealing interdependence among the parameter values with regard to their role in controlling the molecular structure. An analysis of the principal components reveals hidden relationships among the parameters. Thus, those parameters, which were thought to be of controlling significance with respect to the molecular structure, may, in fact, not be (or vice versa) due to cooperative parametric interactions; as a result, the parameters of significance in a sequence of dipeptides are identified. In general, for the dipeptides studied, there is mutual exclusion of dominant parameters between the sets of invariant and variant eigenvectors. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive regulatory substitutions affect multiple stages in the life cycle of the bacteriophage ϕX174

Previously, we showed that adaptive substitutions in one of the three promoters of the bacteriophage ϕX174 improved fitness at high-temperature by decreasing transcript levels three- to four-fold. To understand how such an extreme change in gene expression might lead to an almost two-fold increase in fitness at the adaptive temperature, we focused on stages in the life cycle of the phage that occur before and after the initiation of transcription. For both the ancestral strain and two single-substitution strains with down-regulated transcription, we measured seven phenotypic components of fitness (attachment, ejection, eclipse, virion assembly, latent period, lysis rate and burst size) during a single cycle of infection at each of two temperatures. The lower temperature, 37°C, is the optimal temperature at which phages are cultivated in the lab; the higher temperature, 42°C, exerts strong selection and is the condition under which these substitutions arose in evolution experiments. We augmented this study by developing an individual-based stochastic model of this same life cycle to explore potential explanations for our empirical results. Of the seven fitness parameters, three showed significant differences between strains that carried an adaptive substitution and the ancestor, indicating the presence of pleiotropy in regulatory evolution. 1) Eclipse was longer in the adaptive strains at both the optimal and high-temperature environments. 2) Lysis rate was greater in the adaptive strains at the high temperature. 3) Burst size for the mutants was double that of the ancestor at the high temperature, but half that at the lower temperature. Simulation results suggest that eclipse length and latent period variance can explain differences in burst sizes and fitness between the mutant and ancestral strains. Down-regulating transcription affects several steps in the phage life cycle, and all of these occur after the initiation of transcription. We attribute the apparent tradeoff between delayed progeny production and faster progeny release to improved host resource utilization at high temperature.
The Treatment of Irradiation Fracture of the Femoral Neck

Treatment of 44 patients with 56 postirradiation fractures of the femoral neck is reported. Of 2612 patients who received pelvic irradiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 40 developed fractures of the femoral neck, an incidence of 1.5%. Sixteen of the 40 patients had bilateral fractures. The average age of the patients was 58.5 yr at the time of irradiation. The average irradiation dose was approximates 3600 r (parametrial dose), the largest dose being 4235 r. The average interval from irradiation to the onset of pain in the hip was 36.6 months (3 to 240 months) and from the onset of pain to diagnosis, 3 months. Forty-six surgical procedures were performed: 36 as primary treatment and 9 because of failure or complications of the first procedure. The average follow-up time of these patients was 6.9 yr. The presenting complaint was usually spontaneous onset of pain in the groin and medial portion of the thigh. Initially the physical examination often revealed only restriction of internal rotation of the affected hip, and the roentgenograms appeared normal in some instances. Subsequently, a change in bone density was noted at the inferior aspect of the femoral neck, denoting an adduction type of fracture. Themore » displaced fractures resembled the traumatic adduction fractures of the femoral neck seen in patients who had not received irradiation. Acetabular changes were also noted, characterized by marked osteoporosis and occasionally fracture of the acetabulum. Seven methods of primary therapy were used to treat these patients: no treatment, nonsurgical measures (crutches or bedrest), internal fixation, bone- grafting (with and without additional fixation), osteotomy, arthroplasty, and the insertion of a prosthesis. Early in situ internal fixation or internal fixation with bone grafts was the procedure of choice in fractures of the femorai neck secondary to irradiation. Reconstructive procedures, such as cup arthroplasty or insertion of a prosthesis, were effective treatment in selected cases. Osteotomy was not applicable for primary treatment of this type of fracture. (H.H.D.)« less
Automated Detection and Quantification of Brain Lesions in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury Using MRI

The purpose of this study is to develop a reproducible method for quantifying brain lesions in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Quantifying the effects of neuropathology is an important goal in the study of brain injury and disease, yet examiners have encountered significant difficulty quantifying brain lesions in neurotrauma where there may exist multiple, overlapping forms of injury including large focal lesions and more subtle, diffuse hemorrhage and/or shear injury. In the current study, we used conventional MRI to quantify brain lesion volume at separate time points in individuals with severe TBI. We present an automated method (ISODATA) for quantifying brain lesions that is compared against a standard semi-automated volumetric approach. The ISODATA method makes no assumptions about the location or extent of brain lesions, instead identifying areas of neuropathology via voxelwise comparisons of MRI signal intensity. The data reveal that ISODATA overlaps significantly with a semi-automated approach, is reliable across multiple observations, and is sensitive to change in lesion size during recovery from TBI. This study validates a reproducible, automated lesion quantification method used here to determine the location and extent of brain pathology following TBI. This approach may be used in conjunction with advanced imaging techniques to characterize the relationship between brain lesions and neurometabolism and function.
Modeling maternal-offspring gene-gene interactions: The extended-MFG test

Maternal-fetal genotype (MFG) incompatibility is an interaction between the genes of a mother and offspring at a particular locus that adversely affects the developing fetus, thereby increasing susceptibility to disease. Statistical methods for examining MFG incompatibility as a disease risk factor have been developed for nuclear families. Because families collected as part of a study can be large and complex, containing multiple generations and marriage loops, we create the Extended-MFG (EMFG) Test, a model-based likelihood approach, to allow for arbitrary family structures. We modify the MFG test by replacing the nuclear-family based “mating type” approach with Ott’s representation of a pedigree likelihood and calculating MFG incompatibility along with the Mendelian transmission probability. In order to allow for extension to arbitrary family structures, we make a slightly more stringent assumption of random mating with respect to the locus of interest. Simulations show that the EMFG test has appropriate type-I error rate, power, and precise parameter estimation when random mating holds. Our simulations and real data example illustrate that the chief advantages of the EMFG test over the earlier nuclear family version of the MFG test are improved accuracy of parameter estimation and power gains in the presence of missing genotypes.
Promoting Social and Emotional Growth of Students with Disabilities

Students with disabilities are often faced with numerous challenges as they progress through their school years. In addition to disability-related challenges, they may encounter additional difficulties such as bullying in school and lack of social acceptance by their peers. It is important that students with disabilities develop competence in skills that will promote their social success in school. Affective education during their school years may improve the quality of life for students with disabilities as they transition into adulthood. Music-making experiences can provide opportunities to practice important life skills that will benefit students’ social and emotional development.
A link between gut community metabolism and pathogenesis: molecular hydrogen-stimulated glucarate catabolism aids Salmonella virulence.

Glucarate, an oxidized product of glucose, is a major serum organic acid in humans. Still, its role as a carbon source for a pathogen colonizing hosts has not been studied. We detected high-level expression of a potential glucarate permease encoding gene gudT when Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are exposed to hydrogen gas (H2), a gaseous by-product of gut commensal metabolism. A gudT strain of Salmonella is deficient in glucarate-dependent growth, however, it can still use other monosaccharides, such as glucose or galactose. Complementation of the gudT mutant with a plasmid harbouring gudT restored glucarate-dependent growth to wild-type (WT) levels. The gudT mutant exhibits attenuated virulence: the mean time of death for mice inoculated with WT strain was 2 days earlier than for mice inoculated with the gudT strain. At 4 days postinoculation, liver and spleen homogenates from mice inoculated with a gudT strain contained significantly fewer viable Salmonella than homogenates from animals inoculated with the parent. The parent strain grew well H2-dependently in a minimal medium with amino acids and glucarate provided as the sole carbon sources, whereas the gudT strain achieved approximately 30% of the parent strain's yield. Glucarate-mediated growth of a mutant strain unable to produce H2 was stimulated by H2 addition, presumably owing to the positive transcriptional response to H2. Gut microbiota-produced molecular hydrogen apparently signals Salmonella to catabolize an alternative carbon source available in the host. Our results link a gut microbiome-produced diffusible metabolite to augmenting bacterial pathogenesis.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Phospholipid-Detergent Mixture

A series of four molecular dynamics computer simulations totaling more than 40 ns in length have been carried out on hydrated bilayer systems to study the interaction between a diacylphospholipid, 1-palmitoyl2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), and an oligo(ethylene oxide) alkyl ether detergent, C12E4. Simulations of pure lipid bilayers, pure detergent bilayers, and a mixed system in a 5:1 lipid-to-detergent ratio, show good agreement with experimental measurements. The simulations confirm experimental observations of the membrane’s ability to significantly alter the conformations of the solute detergent molecules and offer an explanation of some seemingly contradictory experimental results. In addition to providing a molecular level explanation of the changes in solute structure, the present simulations demonstrate the importance of environment on solutes incorporated into membranes and show that molecular dynamics simulations is a tool with great potential for the study of membrane-polymer interactions.
The corporate social responsibility continuum as a component of stakeholder theory

There has been much discussion in recent decades about the extent of a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) obligations (see, for example, Van Marrewijk, 2003). Beginning with Friedman’s 1962 shareholder primacy perspective, whose sole focus was on the firm’s responsibility to its owners, and moving to a stakeholder primacy perspective, an expanded notion of a firm’s obligations to all relevant stakeholders, not just owners, the topic has been debated by many management and marketing scholars (see, for example, Donaldson and Preston, 1995; Greenley and Foxall, 1998; Miles and White, 1998; Mintzberg et al., 2002; Polonsky, 1995; Polonsky et al., 2002; Sirgy and Lee, 1996).
Continuum modeling of large networks

This paper is concerned with the modeling and simulation of extremely large networks. We derive a time-dependent diffusion–convection partial differential equation, the solution of which captures the global characteristics of a stochastic network model. Continuum modeling provides a powerful way to deal with the number of components in large networks and opens up the use of highly sophisticated mathematical tools such as adaptive finite element methods. This, in turn, makes it possible to carry out—with reasonable computational burden even for very large systems—network performance evaluation and prototyping, network design, systematic parameter studies, and optimization of network characteristics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data Management Lifecycle and Software Lifecycle Management in the Context of Conducting Science

This paper examines the potential for comparisons of digital science data curation lifecycles to software lifecycle development to provide insight into promoting sustainable science software. The goal of this paper is to start a dialog examining the commonalities, connections, and potential complementarities between the data lifecycle and the software lifecycle in support of sustainable software. We argue, based on this initial survey, delving more deeply into the connections between data lifecycle approaches and software development lifecycles will enhance both in support of science.
Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Coronary Microvascular Rarefaction and Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction”

We thank Dr Campbell for his interest in our work. We agree that cardiomyocyte size is an important determinant of coronary microvascular density.1 We also agree that measurement of the diffusion radius or cardiomyocyte width may provide additional information regarding the magnitude of reduction in microvessel density accounted …