cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of finite-alphabet iterative decoders under processing errors

It is widely recognized that emerging hardware technologies will be inherently unreliable. In this paper, we study the performance of finite-alphabet iterative decoders when implemented on noisy hardware built out of unreliable components. We derive a recursive expression for the error probability in terms of both the transmission noise and processing errors. We allow different components of the decoding algorithm associated with certain computational units (i.e., bit and check nodes of varying degrees in the underlying graph) to be implemented using a collection of processors with varying levels of processing error rates. Performance analysis and optimal resource allocation of a noisy Gallager E decoder is presented as an application example of our general derivation. Simulations demonstrate that the implementation of a noisy iterative decoder according to the proposed analysis-guided optimal resource allocation outperforms implementations based on uninformed resource allocation under the common resource budget.
Attributions for social failure and aggression in incarcerated delinquent youth.

While a variety of cognitive deficits and biases have been found to characterize aggressive and delinquent children and youth, very little attention has focused on determining whether aggressive youth also display deviant attributional beliefs in response to social failure. Research in the more impersonal cognitive domains such as achievement has shown attributions for failure to be potent determinants of both affective rections and subsequent responding. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate whether specific attributional patterns following social failure may also relate to aggressive behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the relation betweeen the level of self-reported physical aggression and specific atttributional patterns following hypothetical social failure in a sample of incarcerated delinquent males. While the general hypotheses were that increased aggressiveness would be related to a greater tendency to endorse attributions for social failure that are external, stable, and controllable, only the hypothesis with regard to controllability was supported. The findings are discussed in terms of the relation between cognition and aggression in delinquent youth.
Statistical properties of hard-wall potentials

Abstract We develop an effective potential for calculating the quantum statistical properties of potentials having high, sharp barriers. Accurate results are obtained for an infinite square well potential at all temperatures.
Local Labor Market Adjustment to Immigration: The Roles of Participation and the Short Run

While previous research has generally found that immigration raises unemployment for natives, effects are often more muted than expected. Anticipated out-migration responses have been similarly difficult to discern. However, these findings may be byproducts of the long-run nature of most inquiries, which furthermore do not account for changes in natives’ labor force participation. In response, this study evaluates the impact of the arrival of low-skilled immigrants on low-skilled natives in urban areas over a five year period. Initial static results from the Census Basic Monthly Survey clearly indicate that immigrants have a significant negative impact on natives’ labor force participation. Building upon these static panel results, characteristics of immigrants’ destination choices are examined along with the ensuing adjustment process through dynamic analyses of local markets. Surges of immigrants significantly reduce the labor force participation of low-skilled natives, emphasizing this often neglected channel for labor market adjustment. Previous work may thus understate the true impact of immigrants on local labor markets by focusing on the longer term and ignoring adjustments through participation.
Use of emergency room facilities in a rural area: A spatial analysis

Abstract This paper is a spatial analysis of travel patterns to emergency room facilities. Spatial patterns of travel to emergency room (ER) facilities are analysed in this paper to determine the extent to which the residents of a rural region use the ER facilities of nearby small towns, and to explore variables affecting their choice of facility and their travel pattern. This study involves the hospitals of a small town in western New York near the Pennsylvania line which receive sufficient number of ER patients from two Pennsylvania countries besides their local and other New York State patients.
Pathophysiologische und therapeutische Aspekte des linksventrikulären „Remodelings” in der Postinfarktphase

Zusammenfassung: Spezifische Umbauvorgange im Bereich der Randzone des Infarkts und im Bereich des nicht infarzierten Myokards werden als „Remodeling” bezeichnet. Der Prozes des ventrikularen Remodelings dauert uber Wochen und Monate nach der initialen Myokardschadigung bis ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Wandspannung und Festigkeit der Narbe aus kollagenem Bindegewebe erreicht ist. Der Prozes des Remodelings nach Myokardinfarkt wird in zwei Phasen eingeteilt, einer fruhen Phase innerhalb der ersten 72 Stunden und einer spaten Phase jenseits der ersten drei Tage. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielen Hypertrophie und Kollagenabbau. Geschadigte Myozyten sezernieren Zytokine, die einen Trigger fur nachfolgende biochemische Ablaufe im Rahmen des Remodelings darstellen. Neben Revaskularisationsmasnahmen zur Wiederherstellung eines offenen Infarktgefases spielt der Einsatz pharmakotherapeutischer Strategien, wie ACE-Hemmer und β-Adrenorezeptorenblocker zur Beeinflussung des „Remodelings” in der Therapie nach abgelaufenem Myokardinfarkt eine wesentliche Rolle. Therapy of Left Ventricular Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Summary: Left ventricular remodeling is the process by which ventricular size, shape, and function are regulated by mechanical, neurohormonal, and genetic factors. Remodeling may be physiological and adaptive during normal growth or pathological due to myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, or valvular heart disease. Postinfarction remodeling has been divided into an early phase within 72 hours and a late phase beyond 72 hours. The early phase involves expansion of the infarct zone, which may result in early ventricular rupture or aneurysm formation. Late remodeling involves the left ventricle globally and is associated with time-dependent dilatation, the distortion of ventricular shape, and mural hypertrophy. Hypertrophy and collagen degradation are adaptive responses during postinfarction remodeling. Myocardial repair is triggered by cytokines released from injured myocytes. Ventricular remodeling is influenced most by infarct artery patency. Once infarct evolution has occurred, pharmacological intervention, like ACE inhibition and β-adrenoreceptor blocking agents, may minimize infarct expansion and ventricular dilatation and improve the long-term prognosis.
Kinins and anti‐inflammatory steroids

1. This investigation was designed to re-examine the possibility that anti-inflammatory steroids interfere with the kinin-forming system.2. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids cannot be explained by the inhibition of kinin formation. This view is based on the following findings.3. Neither hydrocortisone nor prednisolone nor dexamethasone inhibited the activation or activity of intrinsic plasma kinin forming enzymes resulting from dilution, incubation with kininase inhibitors, or exposure to glass, monosodium urate microcrystals or to precipitated complexes of rheumatoid factor and aggregated human gamma-globulin.4. Hydrocortisone did not inhibit the action of the active kinin-forming enzymes, human salivary or urinary kallikrein, or plasmin on purified kininogen.5. Hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone did not inhibit the hydrolysis of benzoyl-arginine-ethyl ester by human plasmin, plasma kallikrein or hog pancreatic kallikrein.6. Kinin formation occurred normally in plasma taken from two patients receiving betamethasone and one receiving prednisone.
Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis

Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis were determined by a two-dimensional video tracking method to simultaneously measure the aponeurosis deformation. Failure loads averaged 1189 ± 244 N ...
Antenatal Corticosteroids for Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes: Single or Repeat Course?

Objective The aim of this article is to determine the risk of maternal chorioamnionitis and neonatal morbidity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) exposed to one corticosteroid course versus a single repeat corticosteroid steroid course. Study Design Secondary analysis of a cohort of women with singleton pregnancies and PPROM. The primary outcome was a clinical diagnosis of maternal chorioamnionitis. Using multivariate logistic regression, we controlled for maternal age, race, body mass index, diabetes, gestational age at membrane rupture, preterm labor, and antibiotic administration. Neonatal morbidities were compared between groups controlling for gestational age at delivery. Results Of 1,652 women with PPROM, 1,507 women received one corticosteroid course and 145 women received a repeat corticosteroid course. The incidence of chorioamnionitis was similar between groups (single course = 12.3% vs. repeat course = 11.0%; p = 0.8). Women receiving a repeat corticosteroid course were not at increased risk of chorioamnionitis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–2.14). A repeat course of steroids was not associated with an increased risk of any neonatal morbidity. Conclusion Compared with a single steroid course, our findings suggest that the risk of maternal chorioamnionitis or neonatal morbidity may not be increased for women with PPROM receiving a repeat corticosteroid course.
Vibration injury damages arterial endothelial cells.

Prolonged exposure to hand-transmitted vibration can cause debilitating neural and vascular dysfunction in humans. It is unclear whether the pathophysiology involves simultaneous or sequential injury of arteries and nerves. The mechanism of vibration injury was investigated in a rat tail model, containing arteries and nerves structurally similar to those in the human hand. Tails were selectively vibrated for 1 or 9 days with the remainder of the animal at rest. One vibration bout of 4 h/day, 60 HZ, 5 g (49 m/s(2)) acceleration, injured endothelial cells. Injury was signaled by elevated immunostaining for NFATc3 transcription factor. Electron microscopy revealed that vibration for 9 days produced loss and thinning of endothelial cells, with activated platelets coating the exposed subendothelial tissue. Endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells contained double membrane-limited, swollen processes indicative of vasoconstriction-induced damage. Laser doppler surface recording demonstrated that 5 min of vibration significantly diminished tissue blood perfusion. These findings indicate that early injury involves vasoconstriction and denuding of the arterial endothelium.
Community exercise program use and changes in healthcare costs for older adults

Abstract Background Regular exercise is associated with many health benefits. Community-based exercise programs may increase exercise participation, but little is known about cost implications. Methods A retrospective, matched cohort study was conducted to determine if changes in healthcare costs for Medicare-eligible adults who choose to participate in a community-based exercise program were different from similar individuals who did not participate. Exercise program participants included 1114 adults aged ≥65 years, who were continuously enrolled in Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) between October 1, 1997 and December 31, 2000 and who participated in the Lifetime Fitness (exercise) Program© (LFP) at least once; three GHC enrollees who never attended LFP were randomly selected as controls for each participant by matching on age and gender. Cost and utilization estimates from GHC administrative data for the time from LFP enrollment to December 31, 2000 were compared using multivariable regression models. Results The average increase in annual total healthcare costs was less in participants compared to controls (+$642 vs +$1175; p =0.05). After adjusting for differences in age, gender, enrollment date, comorbidity index, and pre-exposure cost and utilization levels, total healthcare costs for participants were 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.6%–103.5%) of control costs. However, for participants who attended the exercise program at an average rate of ≥1 visit weekly, total adjusted follow-up costs were 79.3% (95% CI, 71.3%–88.2%) of controls. Conclusions Including a community exercise program as a health insurance benefit shows promise as a strategy for helping some Medicare-eligible adults to improve their health through exercise.
The Fenske Conservation Method for Pressure Transient Solutions with Storage

A method for determining pressure transient solutions for wells with storage (and skin) is presented, based upon an approach developed by Fenske in the ground water literature. By specifically conserving the entire mass of the system, including the wellbore or wellbores, it is possible to generate many common type curves. The procedure can be developed in an exact manner, in which case it is equivalent to existing techniques, however, a simple approximation step makes possible the generation of common solutions without recourse to numerical or ornate analytical techniques. In some cases the approximation provides equivalent solutions with substantially less computation, in other cases the solutions are significantly in error, although perhaps still usable. The achievement of computationally rapid, closed-form solutions is of significant advantage for current developments in computerized interpretation. Examples shown in the paper demonstrate the application of the approximate Fenske method, and its exact generalization. The approximate method gives agreement within 2% of the standard singlewell, storage and skin type curves. However, as the storage becomes small, as for example in the cylindrical wellbore case (where it is zero), the accuracy becomes unacceptable at early time. As an example of how the method can be applied to configurationsmore » other than those developed by Fenske the derivation of the method for the slug test problem is demonstrated. The solution obtained using the approximate method is within acceptable accuracy.« less
Identification of mouse mammary adipose cells by membrane antigens.

Antisera produced to mammary adipose cells from midpregnant BALB/c females can be used to distinguish mammary adipose cells from mammary epithelial cells and fibroblast. The mammary adipose membrane antigen detected by indirect immunofluorescence was found in adipose cells from (a) mammary glands of virgin, midpregnant and lactating mice; (b) mammary fat pads that had been surgically cleared of glandular elements; and (c) epididymis. In all tissues, this cell-surface antigen was removed by the enzymatic action used to dissociate the cells from the tissues and was shown to be fully restored when cells were cultured for 48 hr.
Biochemical effects of ozone on asthma during postnatal development

Background Ozone exposure during early life has the potential to contribute to the development of asthma as well as to exacerbate underlying allergic asthma.
Predictive value of hippocampal internal architecture asymmetry in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary Background Asymmetry of hippocampal internal architecture (HIA) clarity has been suggested to be a sign of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and is frequently associated with other MRI findings of HS. The goal of this work is to use a previously developed HIA visual scoring system ( Ver Hoef et al., 2013 ) to quantify HIA asymmetry in a retrospective series of consecutive temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and evaluate its value in predicting laterality of seizure onset both in patients with other signs of HS (HS+) and those without (HS−). Methods The HIA scoring system was used to rate hippocampal asymmetry and to assess the agreement between HIA and seizure lateralization. The median values of the average HIA scores for each hippocampus were compared for HS+ epileptogenic hippocampi, HS− epileptogenic hippocampi, and non-epileptogenic hippocampi with a Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. Pair-wise differences between groups were evaluated with the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test. A logistic regression model examined the utility of average HIA asymmetry score in predicting the true laterality of seizure onset as determined by video-EEG. Sensitivity and specificity are calculated using various asymmetry thresholds in each patient group. Results Fifty-five patients were identified who met inclusion criteria. Thirteen patients (24%) were found to have hippocampal atrophy and/or signal abnormality indicative of HS (HS+) and 42 did not (HS−). Significant differences were observed in the distribution of individual and average HIA scores between each of the groups of hippocampi, with HS+ hippocampi having the lowest HIA scores and non-epileptogenic hippocampi having the highest. Logistic regression analysis showed that the average HIA asymmetry score was a strong predictor of the laterality of seizure onset (β = 3.93508, p Conclusions In this report we show for the first time that HIA asymmetry is a significant predictor of the laterality of seizure onset in TLE patients with otherwise normal MRI findings, and that the proposed HIA scoring system has high specificity and moderate sensitivity for lateralizing seizure onset in patients with TLE.
A META‐ANALYSIS OF THE MAGNITUDE OF BIASED ATTENTION IN DEPRESSION

In this quantitative review, we examined the magnitude of attentional biases to negative stimuli in depression. Results from 29 empirical studies examining emotional Stroop or dot probe results in depressed participants (clinical depression, nonclinical dysphoria, and subjects undergoing depressive mood induction) were examined. Studies using the emotional Stroop task yielded marginally significant evidence of a difference between depressed and nondepressed samples, whereas those using the dot probe task showed significant differences between groups (d = 0.52). We found no evidence for significant moderation of these effects by age, sex, type of depressed sample, year of publication, stimulus presentation duration, or type of stimuli (verbal or nonverbal), although statistical power for these tests was limited. These results support the existence of biased attention to negative information in depression.
A history of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum (1957–2004)

Recognition that one of the essential prerequisites of successful neuro-psychopharmacological research is a continuous dialogue between clinicians and basic scientists led to the founding of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum (CINP) in Zurich on September 2, 1957. At the time, CINP was the only association in neuro-psychopharmacology. It was hoped that by organizing biennial congresses, it would facilitate the interaction among the many disciplines involved in the new field. It was also envisaged that discussion of findings in translational research would provide guidance for developing more selective and thereby more effective psychotropic drugs. These expectations were not fulfilled. In the years that followed, major developments in neuropharmacology without parallel development in the methodology of clinical investigations, created a widening gap between neuro- and psychopharmacology. Clinical interpretations of neuropharmacological findings filled in the missing information from translational research. In the 1980s, to facilitate the dissemination of these interpretations, CINP established Travel Awards for Young Investigators to assist them in attending the biennial meetings. In the 1990s, the college extended its activities by organizing other meetings, including president's workshops, regional meetings, educational seminars and other programs. By the end of the 20th century CINP was a legal entity that was registered in Switzerland with domicile in Zurich. It had also become a financially secure organization with sufficient funds to support administration and coordination. In the early years of the 21st century CINP established a central office and a congress-organizing group. To meet the needs of its steadily growing membership from Asia, Australia and the Latin Americas, CINP has been regionalized. In order to regain its relevance to all its members it is hoped that CINP will return to its roots.
Strategies for lifelong knowledge extraction from the web

The increasing availability of electronic text has made it possible to acquire information using a variety of techniques that leverage the expertise of both humans and machines. In particular, the field of Information Extraction (IE), in which knowledge is extracted automatically from text, has shown promise for large-scale knowledge acquisition. While IE systems can uncover assertions about individual entities with an increasing level of sophistication,alltext understanding -- the formation of a coherent theory from a textual corpus -- involves representation and learning abilities not currently achievable by today's IE systems. Compared to individual relational assertions outputted by IE systems, a theory includes coherent knowledge of abstract concepts and the relationships among them. We believe that the ability to fully discover the richness of knowledge present within large, unstructured and heterogeneous corpora will require a lifelong learning process in which earlier learned knowledge is used to guide subsequent learning. This paper introduces Alice, a lifelong learning agent whose goal is to automatically discovera collection of concepts, facts and generalizations that describe a particular topic of interest directly from a large volume of Web text. Building upon recent advances in unsupervised information extraction, we demonstrate that Alice can iteratively discover new concepts and compose general domain knowledge with a precision of 78%.
Activation of the Mercury laser, a diode-pumped, gas-cooled, solid-state slab laser

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA Abstract: Operation of the Mercury laser with one of two amplifiers activated has yielded 31.6 Joules at 0.1 Hz and 20.6 Joules at 10 Hz. Correction of static distortions in the amplifier was accomplished using a conjugate phase optic.
Microdetermination of ammonia by the ring oven technique and its application to air pollution studies

Abstract A method for the determination of traces of ammonia in air has been developed. Use is made of simple and inexpensive apparatus such as the ring oven. The limit of detection is 0.05 μg N and the range for quantitative determination 0.1–1.00 μg N. The developed method is simple, quick, reliable and specific. It is also free from any interferences that are of significance in air pollution studies. Some considerations for the problems of air sampling for ammonia have been given and a simple and efficient technique developed. The reliability of the developed ring oven method has been tested by analyzing air samples for ammonia. By following the recommended procedure, both ammonia gas and ammonium compounds can be determined in air.
Modeling Unstable Brain Aneurysms: MR Molecular Imaging of Myeloperoxidase in Vascular Wall and Correlation With Human Pathology

Brain aneurysm bleeding is associated with high rates of fatality or permanent neurological impairment. Despite the low risk of bleeding of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm (UCA) [1,2], the dismal outcome of aneurysmal rupture has led to the aggressive treatment of these aneurysms. In 2008, approximately 60,000 UCAs were treated in the USA [3]. The rate of morbidity and mortality from treatment is high: approximately 5 and 14% for coil embolization and surgical clipping, respectively [3]. The risk-benefit analysis does not support treatment of all UCAs and in an era of significant attention to healthcare economics, considerable expense for treatment of unruptured aneurysms may not be justified. Thus, there is a strong clinical need to identify asymptomatic patients with UCA who would benefit from preventative interventional or surgical procedures.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Plutonium(IV) cluster with a hexanuclear [Pu6(OH)4O4]12+ core.

A mixed hydroxo/oxo plutonium(IV) carboxylate resulting from the hydrolysis and condensation of PuIV in an acidic aqueous solution has been isolated. The structure of Li6[Pu6(OH)4O4(H2O)6(HGly)12]Cl18·10.5H2O (1) consists of a cationic [Pu6(OH)4O4]12+ core that is decorated by glycine ligands. The synthesis, structure, and characterization of the hexanuclear unit, which represents the first example of a PuIV polynuclear complex containing both hydroxo- and oxo-bridging ligands, are described herein.
Mesoscopic Interaction Potential for Carbon Nanotubes of Arbitrary Length and Orientation

Mesoscopic tubular potential is developed for the description of the van der Waals interaction between straight single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of arbitrary length and orientation. The potent...
Functional consequences of experimental nerve lesions: Effects of reinnervation blend

In spite of a constant and irrepressible growth of sprouts from the proximal stump of peripheral nerves that have been injured, functional recovery varies greatly from one case to another. To try and understand the reasons for this variability, I have proposed a novel view of the events occurring in a regenerating nerve; based on this view, a probability model was designed that could represent all situations observed after nerve injury. This model, described elsewhere, is based on the assumptions that the guidance role of basal lamina tubes is fundamentally important and that when this guidance fails, regrowth is random. In the present study, this model was tested; behavioral results were measured after various procedures on rat sciatic nerve, and these data were compared with results predicted for similar injuries through the probability model. A good correlation was observed between theoretical and experimental results, indicating that the probability model was reliable. Using this model as the basis for my conclusions, the inconsistent results of current surgical techniques of nerve repair were tentatively explained.
Electrospun fiber alignment using the radon transform

Aligned, electrospun fibers have been used in a wide variety of applications from filters to scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study we demonstrate a quick and accurate method to quantify fiber alignment using the Radon Transform. To test the accuracy of this method, we generated mock images fibers with varying degrees of fiber alignment. Images were filtered to detect edges and analyzed with the Radon Transform from 1 to 180 degrees at 1 degree intervals. The absolute values of each column were summed and used to create a normalized probability distribution function. The probability distribution function was quantified using both the full width half- maximum (FWHM) and calculating the entropy of the function. These results were compared to an analysis method using the fast Fourier transform. The FWHM for the Radon transform was consistent and statistically different at all fiber orientations for different degrees of fiber variation. Both the entropy analysis for the Radon transform and the FWHM for the fast Fourier transform did not show statistical difference. The FWHM method for the radon transform was performed on electrospun fibers and showed statistical difference between two groups known to be statistically different by manual analysis.
Hematoma resolution as a target for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: Role for peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ in microglia/macrophages

Objective Phagocytosis is necessary to eliminate the hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); however, release of proinflammatory mediators and free radicals during phagocyte activation is toxic to neighboring cells, leading to secondary brain injury. Promotion of phagocytosis in a timely and efficient manner may limit the toxic effects of persistent blood products on surrounding tissue and may be important for recovery after ICH. Methods Intrastriatal blood injection in rodents and primary microglia in culture exposed to red blood cells were used to model ICH and to study mechanisms of hematoma resolution and phagocytosis regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in microglia/macrophages. Results Our study demonstrated that the PPARgamma agonist, rosiglitazone, promoted hematoma resolution, decreased neuronal damage, and improved functional recovery in a mouse ICH model. Microglia isolated from murine brains showed more efficient phagocytosis in response to PPARgamma activators. PPARgamma activators significantly increased PPARgamma-regulated gene (catalase and CD36) expression, whereas reducing proinflammatory gene (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression, extracellular H(2)O(2) level, and neuronal damage. Phagocytosis by microglia was significantly inhibited by PPARgamma gene knockdown or neutralizing anti-CD36 antibody, whereas it was enhanced by exogenous catalase. Interpretation PPARgamma in macrophages acts as an important factor in promoting hematoma absorption and protecting other brain cells from ICH-induced damage.
Summer zooplankton distribution in a Georgia Estuary

Zooplankton were collected with Van Dorn bottles at two estuarine stations near Savannah, Georgia, USA, during summer, 1974, from the surface, 2 m, 4 m, and at the bottom of the water column at 2-h intervals for 11 days. Acartia tonsa occurred at the surface at night and during high and rising tides in higher concentrations than at the same depth during daylight and other tide stages. The highest bottom concentrations of this calanoid copepod occurred at high tide. A negative phototaxic response was also apparent in this species. While not quantitatively sampled by Van Dorn bottles, harpacticoid copepods and Pseudodiaptomus coronatus Were distributed in a manner similar to that of A. tonsa. Copepod nauplii, on the other hand, were always more abundant at the surface than at the bottom, with the highest concentration occurring during low tide. The distribution pattern of nauplii appears to be a function of dilution and concentration by tidally induced changes in water volume, whereas more advanced copepod stages follow a complexly controlled distribution pattern linked with tidal mixing dynamics as outlined in a previous study by Jacobs (1968).
Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism

A preoccupation with restricted interests (RI) is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Engagement in RI is commonly observed in this population and impacts social, adaptive, and emotional functioning. The presence of anxiety disorders and overlap in symptom expression with RI, such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), in children with ASD suggests a possible link between anxiety and the RI manifestation. RI play a multidimensional role in ASD and have been described as being expressed in multiple forms, such as fact collection or the enactment of RI through play. However, there is little research exploring in more detail the possible relationship between RI expression and anxiety. To explore the association between RI expression and anxiety, the current study examined the association between the various modes of RI expression and anxiety disorder symptoms in 68 elementary-aged children diagnosed with high-functioning ASD. Findings indicated that symbolic enactment of RI in the form of play, rather than information collection or time engaged in RI, was significantly linked with the increased presence and severity of anxiety symptoms. The conceptualization of RI as possible maladaptive coping responses to negative emotional experiences is discussed.
Accelerated Heat-Aging Studies on Fluororubber in Various Media

Heat-aging studies were conducted on fluororubber (copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and perfluoropropylene) using N,N-dicinnamylidene-1,6-hexanediamine, a Schiff's base of 1,6-hexanediamine, and MgO as acid acceptor. The principal technique employed was chemical stress relaxation for determining network changes brought about in the heat-aged fluororubber. This technique was backed up by swelling measurements, gel permeation chromatography, and IR spectroscopy. Stress relaxation curves are plotted for a wide range of variation in parameters (time, crosslinking density, state of curing, temperature, intermittent and continuous relaxation).
HIV and STD risk behavior among 18- to 25-year-old men released from U.S. prisons: provider perspectives.

Ninety-seven service providers, representing 83 agencies, were interviewed about sexual and drug use HIV/STD risk behaviors and their determinants among young men who have been released from prison. Providers believed that men frequently practiced sexual risk behavior, often in conjunction with substance use. Individual determinants of risk behavior primarily focused on “making up for lost time,” being a man, degree of HIV/STD knowledge and vulnerability, desire to escape, and future orientation. Peers, partners, and family were portrayed as strong interpersonal influences on risk behavior, both positively and negatively. The dominant contextual determinant of risk behavior was the co-occurrence of sex and drug use. Structural determinants of reduced risk included stable housing, economic sufficiency, and positive community support for safer behavior (e.g., drug treatment access, needle exchange). The findings highlight the need for comprehensive, transitional case management for young men as they reintegrate into the community, including HIV/STD prevention.
Borders on the Fantastic: Mimesis, Violence, and Landscape at the Temple of Preah Vihear

kingdom which had never been formally colonized. The dispute regarded territorial sovereignty over the area of an ancient Brahmanic temple named Preah Vihear (following the Khmer language of Cambodia) or Phra Viharn (following Thai language). The Temple is perched high on a spur of the Dangrek mountain chain which roughly forms the boundary between both countries. North of the Dangrek lies the Khorat Plateau of Northeast Thailand, while to the south the Temple affords a magnificent view of the forested Cambodian plain below. The judgment was peculiar in that it relied upon absence to startling effect. Applying the principle qui tacet consentire videtursi loqui debuisset acpotuisset (Judgment, 23) [He who keeps silent is held to consent if he must and can speak-ibid., 96], ICJ held that Thailand's failure to protest the inaccuracy of a map purporting to reflect the watershed line between the two states, and thus by the Treaty of 1904 the international boundary between them, constituted tacit acceptance of the map line as the line established by treaty. The effects of this reasoning were as follows: (a) a gross representation, a 1:200,000 scale map that made a considerable error in placing the watershed, was held to fix the boundary, supplanting the treaty text, which specifies a physical fact, the watershed line, as the boundary; (b) concrete acts of sovereignty on the ground were largely dismissed as being 'exclusively the acts of local, provincial authorities' (Judgment, 30) while mere inferences about behavior taken to be absence of official protest received legal force; and (c) the 'general political conditions existing in Asia at this period,' (Judgment, 128) i.e., the enormous facts of French colonial
Are we “out of the box” yet? A case study and critique of managerial metaphors of change

A cultural‐critical approach is used to explore dominant and alternative ideologies of change reflected in the metaphors of a retail‐based management staff. The case study reveals the managers as change agents were well versed in the corporate call to “get out of the box, “yet reflected a less transformational vision of change in their own discourse. Traveling metaphors used by the store‐level managers indicated a process orientation to change, but one that severely limited discussion about other possible routes toward the desired end. Suppressed alternative metaphors speaking to the personal losses and frustrations associated with change are exposed and validated in this analysis. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy of HeLa cells – Effects of ferrocene methanol and silver ion

Abstract The viability and activity of HeLa cells were probed using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The feedback generated by HeLa cells during scanning depends on the electrochemical mediator. Living HeLa cells generated positive feedback when ferrocene methanol (FcMeOH) was oxidized at the tip, showing that the cells reduced FcMeOH + . The positive feedback with FcMeOH changed to negative feedback when the HeLa cells were exposed to toxic treatments, i.e. CN − or UVC radiation, suggesting that FcMeOH + reduction can be used to monitor cell activity. Living HeLa cells also accumulate FcMeOH after exposure times of a few h, but the presence of mM concentrations of FcMeOH has no apparent effect on the cell viability. The effect of Ag + (known to be toxic to bacteria at the 10 μM level) on HeLa cells was probed using the FcMeOH as an indicator. The activity of the HeLa cells was not affected in a culture medium containing Ag + up to 10 mM. The uptake of Ag + by living and dead HeLa cells was small and nearly the same, indicating that even at high Ag + concentrations in the culture medium, only a small amount of Ag + is accumulated within the cells.
Temporal visualization of planning polygons for efficient partitioning of geo-spatial data

Partitioning of geo-spatial data for efficient allocation of resources such as schools and emergency health care services is driven by a need to provide better and more effective services. Partitioning of spatial data is a complex process that depends on numerous factors such as population, costs incurred in deploying or utilizing resources and target capacity of a resource. Moreover, complex data such as population distributions are dynamic i.e. they may change over time. Simple animation may not effectively show temporal changes in spatial data. We propose the use of three temporal visualization techniques -wedges, rings and time slices - to display the nature of change in temporal data in a single view. Along with maximizing resource utilization and minimizing utilization costs, a partition should also ensure the long term effectiveness of the plan. We use multi-attribute visualization techniques to highlight the strengths and identify the weaknesses of a partition. Comparative visualization techniques allow multiple partitions to be viewed simultaneously. Users can make informed decisions about how to partition geo spatial data by using a combination of our techniques for multi-attribute visualization, temporal visualization and comparative visualization.
Revisiting Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: Are We Too Smitten With the Mitten? Is All Nonuse “Learned”? and Other Quandaries

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has gained considerable popularity as a valuable treatment for a hemiparetic upper extremity. This approach is compatible with the emerging notion that task-oriented or functionally oriented retraining of the impaired limb provides evidence to support its utility. This article first provides a historical perspective on the development of CIMT. An overview model of how learned nonuse of the hemiparetic limb occurs and can be overcome with CIMT is discussed, and then a more detailed model that incorporates critical issues requiring considerably more basic and applied scientific exploration is described. Among the issues considered are the extent to which hemiparetic limb nonuse and subsequent modes of delivery to overcome it are governed by structure-function deficits rather than being attributable primarily to behavioral phenomena; the relative importance of the intensity of training; the need to better balance unimanual and bimanual upper-extremity task practice; the role of psychosocial and cultural factors in fostering patient compliance; the optimization of modes of delivery; and the reevaluation of the constellation of components contributing to successful outcomes with this treatment. Finally, the strengths, uncertainties, and limitations associated with CIMT are examined.
High resolution transmission electron microscopy of dislocation core dissociations in gold and iridium

Abstract The occurrence of brittle fracture in iridium has attracted significant attention in recent years and is thought to be related to the energetics of the dislocation core, in particular the extremely high unstable stacking energy. Although it is not experimentally possible to measure the unstable stacking energy, first-principles calculations have been used to predict both this and the stacking-fault energy. These calculations suggest that, despite large differences in stacking-fault energy and elastic constants, gold and iridium exhibit similar dissociation behaviours, with screw dislocations in both metals dissociated by approximately 1 nm. In the current study, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been utilized to observe experimentally the arrangement of atomic columns surrounding dislocation cores. Deviations from perfect lattice sites have been measured, and experimental observations quantified through comparisons with image simulations. In the case of screw dislocatio...
Family background, cognitive abilities, and personality as predictors of education and occupational attainment across two generations

This study reports on the relative influences of parental attainment and cognitive ability and subjects' own cognitive ability, personality, and social attitudes on the educational and occupational attainments and incomes of 183 Generation 3 subjects of Caucasian ancestry and 186 of Japanese ancestry originally tested in 1972-76 in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition (HFSC) and re-tested in 1987-88. In contrast to earlier reports of sex differences in the influence of Generation 2 attainment and on Generation 3 attainment when these offspring were younger, family background had a trivial influence and own cognitive ability had a substantial influence on educational attainment for both racial/ethnic groups and both sexes. For income, however, own cognitive ability was only a significant predictor for male subjects. Within-family correlational analyses also supported this sex difference in influences on attainment.
Correlated, ab initio electron propagators in the study of molecular wires: Application to a single molecular bridge placed between two model leads

A correlated, ab initio electron propagator approach is tested for a model system containing 1,4-benzene-dithiolate attached to two gold or two aluminum atoms. Qualitative agreement with available experiment is achieved for the gold dithiolate system. Similar current and conductance curves obtain for both metal leads when the Fermi energy is set to −1.0 eV. A molecular orbital analysis is given for the gold dithiolate system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Based on Meniscus and Articular Cartilage Status at the Time of Surgery Five- to Fifteen-Year Evaluations

We sought to determine how the status of the meniscus and articular cartilage observed at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affects results at 5 to 15 years after surgery. Objective follow-up was obtained on 482 patients at a mean of 7.6 years after surgery. Subjective follow-up was obtained on 928 patients at a mean of 8.6 years after surgery. Patients with both menisci present had significantly better KT-1,000 arthrometer scores than did patients with any part of the medial or both menisci removed. Stepwise regression analyses determined that a partial or total medial or lateral meniscectomy and damaged articular cartilage significantly lowered the final subjective total score. Patients with both menisci present and normal articular cartilage had a mean subjective total score of 94, and 97% had normal or near normal radiographic ratings on a weightbearing 45 degrees posteroanterior radiographs. The overall International Knee Documentation Committee rating was normal or nearly normal for 204 of 235 patients (87%) with both menisci present, 52 of 74 patients (70%) with partial or total lateral meniscectomies, 71 of 113 patients (63%) with partial or total medial meniscectomies, and 36 of 60 patients (60%) with both menisci removed. We concluded that the long-term subjective and objective results of a successful anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are affected by the status of the menisci and articular surface.
Cognitive Style and Foreign Policy: Margaret Thatcher's Black-and-White Thinking:

Margaret Thatcher was a key late-20th-century political figure, with a major part of her influence felt in international affairs. Her colleagues and interlocutors agree that Thatcher was a distinctive and forceful individual. Yet, few studies have sought to systematically investigate her worldview and leadership style, and evaluate their impact upon her policy choices. Here, I apply Hermann's conceptual complexity content analysis scheme to the entirety of Thatcher's responses to foreign policy questions in the House of Commons, finding that she scores significantly lower in complexity than both the average world leader and the average post-1945 British prime minister. This aspect of cognitive style, which has been associated with stark, black-and-white worldviews, is shown to have strongly conditioned Thatcher's foreign policy decisions in the Falklands crisis, her relationship with Ronald Reagan, her evaluation of the Soviet Union and of Mikhail Gorbachev, and her attitude toward German reunification. I...
Pannexin 1 is the conduit for low oxygen tension-induced ATP release from human erythrocytes

Erythrocytes release ATP in response to exposure to the physiological stimulus of lowered oxygen (O2) tension as well as pharmacological activation of the prostacyclin receptor (IPR). ATP release i...
Optical Music Interpretation

A system to convert digitized sheet music into a symbolic music representation is presented. A pragmatic approach is used that conceptualizes this primarily two-dimensional structural recognition problem as a one-dimensional one. The transparency of the implementation owes a great deal to its implementation in a dynamic, object-oriented language. This systemis a part of a locally developed end-to-end solution for the conversion of digitized sheet music into symbolic form.
Quantitative delineation of the efferent anatomy of the medial mammillary nucleus of the cat

A quantitative description based on fractional parts of the total neuron population discovered for the projecting neuron subpopulations of the medial mammillary nucleus in the cat is presented. Five neuron subpopulations send projections through the principal mammillary tract to the thalamic, subthalamic and tegmental structures and one intrinsic subpopulation has been identified. These subpopulations describe in detail the structural organization of the projecting neurons. Although the methodology and supportive research leading to these results is quite extensive the material presented in this paper is concerned with 15 cats in which appropriate lesions have been placed. These animals provide the data upon which the quantative description rests.