cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulverization of rubber under high compression and shear

Non-cryogenic pulverization of rubber material was obtained under high compression and shear using a modified Bridgman Anvil apparatus. The effects of operating variables, such as temperature, normal and shear forces, shear rate, and residence time were examined, and optimum conditions for obtaining desired particle size distribution with minimum agglomeration were identified. Based on our strain energy storage theory, a criterion of pulverization was obtained and computational analysis of deformation of rubber using a Mooney-type equation for stored energy was performed. The numerical values for strain energy distribution in a rubber disk, which indicate potential pulverization under different compression and shear forces, were obtained using the ANSYS computer program. This information was used as a guide to obtain optimum operating conditions and design parameters for optimum design of the solid state shear extrusion (SSSE) pulverization process [H. Arastoopour, Single Screw Extruder for Solid State Shear Extrusion Pulverization, U.S. Patent No. 8,101,468 (1998)].
Efficiency Testing of an Adjustable Linkage Triplex Pump

Current state of the art variable displacement pumps suffer from poor efficiency at low volumetric displacement. Additionally, their performance is strongly dependent on operating conditions. A new variable displacement linkage pump architecture has been developed which can achieve high efficiency across a wide range of operating conditions. Previous work has described the kinematics, energy loss modeling, and experimental validation of a low power single cylinder prototype as well as the design of a second generation prototype. The second generation pump employs roller element bearings in its joints to minimize friction losses and the three cylinder design reduces the pressure ripple. In this paper, experimental characterization is presented of the new 21 MPa, 6.75 cc/rev pump. High mechanical efficiency is achieved at low volumetric displacements at partial loads as low as 0.6% of maximum power. Poorly performing cartridge check valves result in low volumetric efficiencies at low displacements. Close agreement was obtained between the model and predicted work input using measured cylinder data as an input into the model. This work shows that the presented pump with properly functioning valves can achieve high efficiency across a wide range of operating conditions. Having such versatile pump performance can greatly improve the performance of hydraulic systems as well as expand their potential applications.
Transient‐Enhanced Diffusion during Furnace and Rapid Thermal Annealing of Ion‐Implanted Silicon

A transient-enhanced diffusion has been observed during the furnace or rapid thermal annealing of ion-implanted silicon. We have studied this transient in detail and show that, for doses of Group V dopants sufficient to amorphize the silicon, it arises from the trapping of interstitials by dopant atoms during implantation. These are retained during solidphase-epitaxial (SPE) growth, but can be released by additional thermal processing to cause the observed transient and the formation of a band of extended defects. We have measured the enhanced diffusion coefficients and the duration of the transient for Sb-implanted Si by careful furnace annealing experiments. We obtain general expressions which predict the effects of the transient during any thermal processing based on SPE growth (furnace, CW laser, or rapid thermal annealing). We show that there is no analogous mechanism of vacancy trapping by Group III elements.
Observation of Spatial Variability of Diurnal Thermocline and Rain-Formed Halocline in the Western Pacific Warm Pool

Abstract High-resolution measurements of temperature and salinity were made in the near-surface layer of the ocean during the Tropical Oceans-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, using probes mounted on the bow of the R/V Moana Wave. Because of surface waves and pitching of the vessel, the bow probes profiled the near-surface layer of the ocean within depths of 0–4.0 m. In the near-surface layer of the ocean in the western Pacific warm pool, strong variability of temperature and salinity produced by diurnal heating and/or rain was often observed. The contoured density field revealed cases of pronounced spatial variability. The shallow diurnal thermocline and rain-formed halocline are subject to perturbations that sometimes look like large amplitude internal waves. Possible sources of the internal waves in the near-surface layer of the ocean are discussed.
Does Atmospheric NO 3 ) Deposition Alter the Abundance and Activity of Ligninolytic Fungi in Forest Soils

Although field studies have demonstrated an ecosystem-specific effect of experimental atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition, a mechanistic understanding of how ligninolytic microbial communities respond to atmospheric deposition is lacking. Because high levels of inorganic N suppress lignin decomposition by some basidiomycetes, it is plausible that the abundance and activity of these key microorganisms underlies differential ecosystem responses of decomposition to atmospheric N deposition. We hypothesize that: (a) atmospheric N deposition will cause an ecosystem-specific reduction in basidiomycete activity and abundance with greatest decreases in ecosystems with lignin-rich forest litter and (b) the abundance of lignin degrading basidiomycetes will be positively correlated with ligninolytic enzyme activity. To test these hypotheses, we measured the effects of experimental N deposition on the potential activity of phenol oxidase enzymes, and the abundance of basidiomycete genes encoding laccase, a primary phenol oxidase enzyme, in three hardwood forests spanning a range of leaf litter lignin content. The black oak-white oak (BOWO) contains high lignin litter, the sugar maple-basswood (SMBW) has low lignin litter, and the sugar maple-red oak (SMRO) is intermediate. An ecosystem by N deposition interaction significantly influenced phenol oxidase activity in the surface soil (P = 0.05), where phenol oxidase activity decreased with increasing experimental N deposition in the BOWO ecosystem. No consistent response to N deposition was evident for surface soil phenol oxidase activity within either the SMRO or SMBW ecosystem. This interaction did not influence laccase gene abundance. Instead, basidiomycete laccase gene abundance was reduced by experimental N deposition (main effect) in surface soil. There was only a weak correlation between basidiomycete laccase gene abundance and potential phenol oxidase enzyme activity, suggesting that the abundance of organisms possessing laccase genes may not control phenol oxidase activity in soil. Our results suggest that the regulation of laccase gene expression may mediate the decomposition response to atmospheric N deposition.
On the composition of insoluble antigen-antibody complexes.

Abstract A relationship is established between the behavior of precipitin curves in the far antibody and antigen excess regions and the composition of certain soluble and insoluble antigen-antibody complexes. The primary assumption made is that antigen-antibody reactions proceed according to the principle of mass action. It is found that important features of the behavior of precipitin curves can be examined by plotting them logarithmically, yielding graphs which appear to have definite limiting slopes as the abscissa approaches ±∞. The values of these two slopes are related to the composition of certain of the smaller insoluble antigen-antibody complexes present in the reacting system. When applied to experimental data on antigen-rabbit antibody systems the method developed indicates that surprisingly small complexes must be insoluble: complexes as small as those composed of three antigen molecules and two antibody molecules. Contrasted to this, it is found that in the case of flocculating horse antibodies reacting with antigen insoluble complexes must be composed of at least some dozens of antigen and antibody molecules.
Two Tomato Expansin Genes Show Divergent Expression and Localization in Embryos during Seed Development and Germination

Expansins are plant proteins that can induce extension of isolated cell walls and are proposed to mediate cell expansion. Three expansin genes were expressed in germinating tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds, one of which (LeEXP4) was expressed specifically in the endosperm cap tissue enclosing the radicle tip. The other two genes (LeEXP8 and LeEXP10) were expressed in the embryo and are further characterized here. LeEXP8 mRNA was not detected in developing or mature seeds but accumulated specifically in the radicle cortex during and after germination. In contrast, LeEXP10 mRNA was abundant at an early stage of seed development corresponding to the period of rapid embryo expansion; it then decreased during seed maturation and increased again during germination. When gibberellin-deficient (gib-1) mutant seeds were imbibed in water, LeEXP8 mRNA was not detected, but a low level of LeEXP10 mRNA was present. Expression of both genes increased when gib-1 seeds were imbibed in gibberellin. Abscisic acid did not prevent the initial expression of LeEXP8 and LeEXP10, but mRNA abundance of both genes subsequently decreased during extended incubation. The initial increase in LeEXP8, but not LeEXP10, mRNA accumulation was blocked by low water potential, but LeEXP10 mRNA amounts fell after longer incubation. When seeds were transferred from abscisic acid or low water potential solutions to water, abundance of both LeEXP8 and LeEXP10 mRNAs increased in association with germination. The tissue localization and expression patterns of both LeEXP8 and LeEXP10 suggest developmentally specific roles during embryo and seedling growth.
THE AFFINE N = 4 YANG–MILLS THEORY

An affine field theory may be constructed by gauging an affine algebra. The momentum integrals of the affine N = 4 Yang–Mills theory are ultraviolet finite but diverge because the sum over states is infinite. If the affine symmetry is broken by postulating a nonvanishing vacuum expectation value for that component of the scalar field lying in the L0 direction, then the theory acquires a linear mass spectrum. This broken theory is ultraviolet finite too, but the mass spectrum is unbounded. If it is also postulated that the mass spectrum has an upper bound (say, the Planck mass), then the resulting theory appears to be altogether finite. The influence of the exotic states has been estimated and, according to the proposed scenario, is negligible below energies at which gravitational interactions become important. The final effective theory has the symmetry of a compact Lie algebra augmented by the operator L0.
On Minimizing Data-Read and Download for Storage-Node Recovery

We consider the problem of efficient recovery of the data stored in any individual node of a distributed storage system, from the rest of the nodes. Applications include handling failures and degraded reads. We measure efficiency in terms of the amount of data-read and the download required. To minimize the download, we focus on the minimum bandwidth setting of the 'regenerating codes' model for distributed storage. Under this model, the system has a total of n nodes, and the data stored in any node must be (efficiently) recoverable from any d of the other (n-1) nodes. Lower bounds on the two metrics under this model were derived previously; it has also been shown that these bounds are achievable for the amount of data-read and download when d=n-1, and for the amount of download alone when d≠ n-1. In this paper, we complete the picture by proving the converse result, that when d≠ n-1, these lower bounds are strictly loose with respect to the amount of read required. The proof is information-theoretic, and hence applies to non-linear codes as well. We also show that under two (practical) relaxations of the problem setting, these lower bounds can be met for both read and download simultaneously.
Matthew's Plurisignificant "Son of David" in Social Science Perspective: Kinship, Kingship, Magic, and Miracle:

It is well known in gospel studies that the Gospel of Matthew goes well beyond the Gospel of Mark in stressing Jesus as the "Son of David" (Fuller; Lovestam; Gibbs; Fitzmyer; Suhl; L. Fisher; Berger; Burger; Kingsbury; Duling 1978; Chilton). This study seeks to advance beyond such redaction critical studies by interpreting this theme with insights derived from the social sciences. Several models are used to lend perspective to the context of both the author and his story. Using the models as heuristic devices, or lenses to obtain a sharper focus, the object is to develop more socio-critically informed interpretations of Matthew's Son of David text segments.
Protein kinase C activity, protein phosphorylation and germinal vesicle breakdown in Spisula oocytes

Abstract To test the possible role of protein kinase C (C-kinase) in regulating germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in Spisula oocytes, we studied the effects of phorbol esters and antagonists of C-kinase on GVBD and protein phosphorylation. Responses to these agents were compared to those elicited by fertilization or increased extracellular K + . The tumor-promoting phorbol ester, 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent agonist of C-kinase, elicited GVBD with half-maximal stimulation at 20 n M . By contrast, 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, a phorbol ester which does not stimulate C-kinase, did not trigger GVBD. TPA accelerated GVBD when induced by excess K + , but it did not affect the time course of the process when initiated by fertilization. Three structurally different antagonists of C-kinase (W-7, H-7, and retinol) all blocked GVBD when induced by fertilization or TPA. When oocytes were preincubated with [ 32 P]orthophosphate and then stimulated to undergo GVBD by fertilization, TPA, or 45 m M K + , protein phosphorylation was greatly increased, especially for a polypeptide(s) of about 45 kDa. Phosphorylation increased prior to GVBD. Retinol inhibited phosphorylation in activated eggs. C-kinase activity was demonstrated in oocyte extracts. These results strongly suggest that protein phosphorylation by C-kinase is involved in the pathway that regulates GVBD in Spisula oocytes.
On the Hegemony of Liberal Individualism: A Reply to Williams

Rhys Williams has provided us a fascinating account of alternative conceptions of the public good, and the religious roots of these competing perspectives. His panoramic description of the rhetorical frameworks within which American politics (broadly construed) are contested is extraordinarily useful, and provides a valuable intellectual resource for many future analysts of the public roles of religion in democratic politics. To the extent that I take issue with Williams's account, I would emphasize that the three traditions of public discourse do not compete equally in contemporary American political discourse. Williams, of course, acknowledges that his "stewardship" model does not enjoy the same level of support as his "covenental" or "contractual" models, and he convincingly demonstrates that even the most radical individualism has deep religious roots. Nevertheless, I would suggest that, at the end of the twentieth century in the United States, the "contractual" model, without explicit acknowledgment of its theological origins, has become the dominant mode of discourse. Further, insights or values derived from other traditions are accredited forms of public discussion to the extent that they can be translated into the language of liberal individualism. Perhaps the most telling evidence for this proposition can be found in the changing fortunes of the contemporary Christian Right. At least since the formation of the Moral Majority in 1979, the political mobilization of doctrinally conservative Christians has been an important aspect of American electoral politics, and evangelicals have become an essential component of the Republican Party (see especially Kellstedt and Noll 1990). However, the Christian Right has experienced varying degrees of success, which are in part based on the translation of the NCR's moral agenda into the language of individual rights. In its earliest manifestation, Moral Majority and its leader, Jerry Falwell, made explicit use of "covenantal" language in its public rhetoric. For example, in Falwell's initial book, Listen, America!, Falwell makes explicit use of a covenant metaphor derived from the Hebrew Scriptures:
Capacity and coding for memories with real-time noisy defect information at encoder and decoder

The paper investigates the problem of information storage in a defective medium where real-time noisy information is available on the defects at both the encoder and the decoder. The problem is modelled as communication over a finite state channel with noisy state information available at both sides, It is shown that this problem can be transformed into Shannon's channel with side information problem. An optimal coding strategy is described and the capacity is derived. In general the capacity is given in terms of strategies. It is further shown that in some cases of interest the capacity can be described without employing Shannon strategies.
Evaluation and mapping of the DNA binding and oligomerization domains of the IE2, regulatory protein of human cytomegalovirus using yeast one and two hybrid interaction assays

Abstract The 86-kDa IE2 nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early (MIE) gene behaves as both a non-specific transactivator of viral and cellular gene expression and as a specific DNA-binding protein targeted to the cis -repression sequence (CRS) at the cap site of its own promoter/enhancer region. Although the IE2 protein produced in bacteria has been shown to bind to the 14-bp palindromic CRS motif and IE2 synthesized in vitro forms stable dimers in solution through the conserved C-terminus of the protein, there is no direct evidence as yet that the intracellular mammalian forms of IE2 do so. Here, we show that the intact HCMV IE2 protein both binds to CRS DNA and dimerizes in yeast cells. In a one-hybrid assay system, a GAL4/IE2 fusion protein expressed in yeast cells activated target HIS3 expression only when CRS sites were located upstream of the GAL1 minimal promoter, but failed to do so on mutant CRS sites, demonstrating a requirement for sequence-specific DNA-binding by IE2. Examination of a series of deletion and triple amino acid point mutations in the C-terminal half of IE2 mapped the domains required for DNA-binding in yeast to the entire region between codons 313 and 579, whereas in the previous in vitro study with truncated bacterial GST fusion proteins, it was mapped to between codons 346 and 579. Transient co-transfection assays with deleted IE2 effector genes in Vero cells showed that the extra segment of IE2 between codons 313 and 346 is also required for both autoregulation and transactivation activity in mammalian cells. In a two-hybrid assay to study IE2 self-interations, we generated both GAL4 DNA-binding (DB) and activation domain (A)/IE2 fusion proteins and showed that IE2 could also dimerize or oligomerize through the C-terminus of the protein in yeast cells. Domains required for this interaction were all mapped to within the region between codons 388 and 542, which is coincident with the domain mapped previously for dimerization by co-translation and immunoprecipitation in vitro. Comparison of the domains of the IE2 protein required for CRS binding and dimerization in yeast suggests that these activities correlate precisely with requirements for the negative autoregulation function of the IE2 protein in mammalian cells.
Parallel fabrication of RNA microarrays by mechanical transfer from a DNA master.

A new method for fabrication of RNA microarrays is described. The approach involves cohybridization of a short, biotinylated DNA oligonucleotide and an RNA probe sequence to DNA templates spotted onto a master array. Next, the short DNA sequence and the RNA probe are linked using a T4 DNA ligase. Finally, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) monolith modified on the surface with streptavidin is brought into conformal contact with the master array. This results in binding of the biotinylated DNA/RNA oligonucleotides to the PDMS surface. When the two substrates are mechanically separated, the DNA/RNA oligonucleotides transfer to the PDMS replica, and the DNA oligonucleotides remaining on the master array are ready to template another RNA replica array. This sequence can be repeated for at least 18 cycles using a single master array. RNA arrays consisting of up to three different oligonucleotide sequences and consisting of up to 2500 individual ∼70 μm spots have been prepared.
Iterative extended Hückel study of nucleic acid bases.

Abstract Iterative extended Huckel calculations are presented for adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These calculations, which include all valence electrons of both σ and π symmetries, are compared with earlier calculations based in whole or in part on π-electron theories. The present and previous studies also differ in the manner of calculating dipole moments. Nevertheless, the various calculations yield qualitatively similar dipole moments and π orbital energies. However, the present charge distributions are far less inhomogeneous than those of previous studies.
A bigData platform for analytics on access control policies and logs

Relying on an access control security policy alone to protect valuable resources is a dangerous practice. Prudent security must engage in other risk management and mitigation techniques to rapidly detect and recover from breaches. In reality, many security policies are either wrong, containing errors, or are misused and abused by malicious employees or compromised accounts; not all granted access is desirable. A popular approach to mitigate against these and other residual threats is to monitor applications to detect misuse and abuse of credentials in near real-time.We will show a platform for monitoring applications and the use of analytic models on diverse datasets for detecting suspicious user activity. Our platform combines traditional data management systems with BigData platforms to efficiently apply analytics across security relevant data (policies, logs, metadata) and provide administrators a dashboard of the current security status of the organization, and the ability to investigate prioritized alerts. One key analytic in the demo is a novel generalization of the role mining problem as applied to access logs and modeling user behavior for anomalies. Other analytics include conventional statistical measures, Gaussian mixture models and clustering, Markov models, and entropic analysis of requests. This demonstration will walk through a prototype system and describe the analytics and underlying architecture.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry of fullerenes.

Atandem reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer developed in our laboratory provides a unique opportunity to investigate the collision-induced dissociation of fullerene ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Specifically, this opportunity arises from the ability to utilize high energy collisional activation (normally available only on tandem sector instruments by using continuous ionization techniques) for ions formed by pulsed laser desorption, whereas most MALDI time-of-flight instruments record product ion mass spectra of ions formed by metastable or postsource decay. In this study we investigate the products of mass-selected and collisionally activated C 60 + and C 70 + ions by using different target gases over a range of target gas pressures. In general, heavier target gases produce more extensive fragmentation and improve the mass resolution of lower mass ionic products because a greater portion of these ions are formed by single collisions. Additionally, the tandem time-of-flight instrument utilizes a nonlinear (curved-field) reflectron in the second mass analyzer that enables high energy collision-induced dissociation spectra to be recorded without scanning or stepping the reflectron voltage.
Modules, objects and distributed programming: issues in RPC and remote object invocation

Distributed programming can be greatly simplified by language support for distributed communication, such as that provided by remote procedure call (RPC) or remote object invocation. This paper examines design and implementation issues in these systems, and focuses on the influence of the communications system on a distributed program. To make the discussion concrete, we introduce a single application as implemented in two environments : Modula-2+, an extension of Modula-2 with RPC, and Emerald, an object-based language that supports remote object invocation. We show that small differences in the implementation of the communication system can have a significant impact on how distributed applications are structured
Perspective get ready for innovation by invasion

Abstract From many years of field research in West Germany and the United States, and especially from a recent study of relatively mature firms in Ohio, Gerhard Mensch has become aware of the disruption caused by the invasion of industries by new technologies from the outside. He sees the frequency of these invasions increasing in coming years for reasons that go beyond technological matters to the pressures for change coming from the capital markets. In this Perspective, he suggests the invasions can be countered and the capital markets satisfied by giving a more prominent role to the innovation manager in the strategy development process.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Chain Collapse of Random Ionomers in a Poor Solvent

Abstract Chain collapse and ionic aggregation of sodium salts of lightly sulphonated polystyrene (Na-SPS) in a poor solvent were simulated by molecular dynamics of a single ionomer chain in vacuum. Ionomers with a sulphonation level from 0 to 28 mol% and a polymerisation index of 50 were constructed by virtual copolymerisation of the ionic and nonionic species. Chain collapse occurred by a three-stage process. Local collapse of the ionomer occurred in the first stage, which was marked by sharp decreases in both the radius of gyration (Rg) and the chain end-to-end distance (D). The second stage was a transition to a nearly constant Rg, and it was marked by one or more local maxima of Rg and D as a function of time. During that stage, the ionic groups aggregated and coalesced. The third stage was characterised by a nearly constant Rg. No intrachain ionic aggregation was observed below a critical sulphonation level of 4.0 mol% for Na-SPS. Packing of the ionic groups was highly ordered with a correlation length between Na atoms of 4.3 A. As the sulphonation level increased, Rg of the collapsed ionomers increased slightly and the conformation became less globule-like.
Use of Birth Certificates to Examine Maternal Occupational Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring

The continuing rise in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has led to heightened interest in the role of nongenetic factors, including exogenous exposures, but little research has been conducted. To explore a possible role in autism etiology, we used data available from our prior studies to examine potential occupational exposures, as these may occur at higher levels than environmental exposures. Parental occupation was obtained from birth certificates for 284 children with autism and 659 controls, born in 1994 in the San Francisco Bay Area. Self-reported occupation and industry were coded into eight exposure/chemical groups based on potential neurotoxicity or reprotoxicity by a board-certified physician in occupational medicine and an industrial hygienist blinded to case-control status. Mothers of autistic children were twice as likely to work in occupations considered exposed (14.4%) as mothers of controls (7.2%) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.3-4.2]). The exposure categories of the greatest frequency among case mothers were exhaust and combustion products (AOR = 12.0 [95% CI 1.4-104.6]) and disinfectants (AOR = 4.0 [95% CI 1.4-12.0]). Paternal occupational exposure was not associated with autism, potentially consistent with a direct in-utero exposure effect. There are several limitations of this hypothesis-generating study, including lack of detail on workplace and job duties, leading to possible misclassification and low proportion exposed. However, this misclassification would not be biased by case-control status and is unlikely to explain the associations we did find, suggesting that further research on exogenous exposures may yield useful etiologic clues.
The GacA global regulator of Vibrio fischeri is required for normal host tissue responses that limit subsequent bacterial colonization.

Summary Harmful and beneficial bacterium–host interactions induce similar host-tissue changes that lead to contrasting outcomes of association. A life-long association between Vibrio fischeri and the light organ of its host Euprymna scolopes begins when the squid collects bacteria from the surrounding seawater using mucus secreted from ciliated epithelial appendages. Following colonization, the bacterium causes changes in host tissue including cessation of mucus shedding, and apoptosis and regression of the appendages that may limit additional bacterial interactions. We evaluated whether delivery of morphogenic signals is influenced by GacA, a virulence regulator in pathogens, which also influences squid-colonization by V. fischeri. Low-level colonization by a GacA mutant led to regression of the ciliated appendages. However, the GacA mutant did not induce cessation of mucus shedding, nor did it trigger apoptosis in the appendages, a phenotype that normally correlates with their regression. Because apoptosis is triggered by lipopolysaccharide, we examined the GacA mutant and determined that it had an altered lipopolysaccharide profile as well as an increased sensitivity to detergents. GacA-mutant-colonized animals were highly susceptible to invasion by secondary colonizers, suggesting that the GacA mutant's inability to signal the full programme of light-organ responses permitted the prolonged recruitment of additional symbionts.
Adult and Juvenile Survival of Black-Capped Vireos within a Large Breeding Population in Texas

Abstract We used mark-recapture and information-theoretic model selection methodologies to estimate survival and recapture probabilities for the federally endangered Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla) at Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, during 1997–2006. Adult survival was time-dependent and ranged from 0.36 to 0.60. Although we found no support for sex-specific differences in adult survival, recapture probability was greater for males (0.83) than females (0.58). Adult survival differed among three study areas, which could be indicative of site-specific differences in habitat quality. Survival of juveniles from their hatching year to the following spring was dependent on age at banding. Survival of juveniles banded as nestlings or soon after fledging was low (0.10). The survival estimate for juveniles banded after postfledging independence was substantially higher (0.42). Because juvenile survival is difficult to estimate for passerines, it is often set at an arbitrary value such as one third or...
RCCN: radial basis competitive and cooperative network

The radial basis bidirectional competitive and cooperative network (RCCN) is a bidirectional mapping network that accommodates and generates radial basis function units (RBFUs) with the help of efficient use of the accommodation boundaries. The analysis and simulation show that the automatic generation scheme provides the necessary and sufficient enhancement of the network, the hierarchical learning scheme ensures the desired accuracy in mapping, the mapping scheme processes the many-to-many relation for both directions with sufficient accuracy, and using ellipsoidal boundaries is more efficient and flexible compared to circles. RCCN may create an enormous number of RBFUs and degenerate in accuracy by learning with noisy samples. However, greater efficiency can be expected if RBFUs are allowed to have individual accommodation boundary sizes under the optimal learning scheme. >
'Story of one's life and a tree of friends' - understanding millennials' information behaviour in social networks

Exploring ways in which new technology impacts adolescents' information behaviours and creates a social space requires holistic investigation. A qualitative study of 21 seniors in an upper-middle-class suburban high school revealed highly individualized use of Facebook and its features. These included: (i) Friends groups of 50-3700 members, with even the largest groups representative primarily of face-to-face connections, and (ii) a clear articulation within those groups of various categories, each with its own distinct communicative channel and style. A meaningful connection was found between the social value of various social network (SN)-mediated relationships and the communicative modes used to maintain and enhance them. Through a comprehensive literature review and clearly grounded analysis of rich data, this work supports the contention that adolescent social groups in which SNs are embedded form a distinct domain, and establishes a rationale for further investigation of adolescents' contextualized use of SNs within social relationships.
PET: A PErsonalized Trust Model with Reputation and Risk Evaluation for P2P Resource Sharing

Building a good cooperation in the P2P resource sharing is a fundamental and challenging research topic because of peer anonymity, peer independence, high dynamics of peer behaviors and network conditions, and the absence of an effective security mechanism. In this paper, we propose PET, a personalized trust model, to help the construction of a good cooperation, especially in the context of economic-based solutions for the P2P resource sharing. The trust model consists of two parts: reputation evaluation and risk evaluation. Reputation is the accumulative assessment of the long-term behavior, while the risk evaluation is the opinion of the short-term behavior. The risk part is employed to deal with the dramatic spoiling of peers, which makes PET differ from other trust models that based on the reputation only. This paper contributes to first modeling the risk as the opinion of short-term trustworthiness and combining with traditional reputation evaluation to derive the trustworthiness in this field.
Genetic citizenship: DNA testing and the Israeli Law of Return

The Israeli State recently announced that it may begin to use genetic tests to determine whether potential immigrants are Jewish or not. This development would demand a rethinking of Israeli law on the issue of the definition of Jewishness. In this article, we discuss the historical and legal context of secular and religious definitions of Jewishness and rights to immigration in the State of Israel. We give a brief overview of different ways in which genes have been regarded as Jewish, and we discuss the relationship between this new use of genetics and the society with which it is co-produced. In conclusion, we raise several questions about future potential impacts of Jewish genetics on Israeli law and society.
Regulation of supercooling and nucleation in a freeze intolerant beetle (Tenebrio molitor)

The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio mo however, the range of individual values remained highly variable. SCPs were significantly correlated (r = 0.59) with body weight: small larvae demonstrated a greater capacity for supercooling than larger individuals. In an attempt to identify the specific site of nucleation, the SCPs of hemolymph, fat body, and gut contents were determined and compared to whole body SCPs. Hemolymph and fat body samples generally supercooled to - 15°C or lower for larvae whose whole body SCPs were -5°C or higher. Only on some occasions could whole body SCPs be explained on the basis of the efficacy of ice nucleators within the gut. o 1990
THE EFFECTS OF TOPIC FAMILIARITY, MODE, AND PAUSING ON SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS' COMPREHENSION AND FOCUS ON FORM

Research in first language and second language (L2) comprehension has demonstrated that both learner and input variables contribute to the ease with which a message is understood. Questions remain, however, as to how these variables affect the way L2 learners process linguistic form during comprehension. This study examines how one learner variable (topic familiarity) and two input variables (mode and pausing) affect learners' comprehension and their processing of a new morphological form (the Spanish future tense) in the input. Two hundred sixty-six participants in an accelerated beginning Spanish course either read or listened to a short narrative in Spanish on either a familiar topic or an unfamiliar one. Additionally, half of the listening groups encountered 3-second pauses between each sentence. After listening to or reading the passages, the participants performed two comprehension tasks (recall protocol and multiple-choice test) and two form-assessment tasks (form-recognition task and tense identification/translation). The results revealed that, although all three variables affected learners' comprehension, only mode affected learners' processing future tense morphology.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the conference Form-Meaning Connections in Second Language Acquisition held in Chicago in February, 2002. This paper is based on my doctoral dissertation completed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I am extremely grateful to Bill VanPatten for his guidance during the entire process of the research project as well as to James F. Lee, Diane Musumeci, Alice Omaggio Hadley, and Anna Maria Escobar for their feedback and encouragement. I also wish to thank the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their insightful and critical comments. All errors and omissions are, of course, my own.
Animal cell mutants unable to take up biologically active glycerophospholipids.

We have isolated two mutant strains from the murine, macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7, that are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the antineoplastic, platelet activating factor analogue, 1-octadecyl-2-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OMe). The mutants were isolated using a single round of selection to ensure that resistance was due to a single gene defect. These mutants, RAW.R1 and RAW.R23, are approximately 20 times more resistant to ET-18-OMe (ID50 = 15-17 microM) than the parent strain (ID50 = 0.7-1.0 microM). Resistance to ET-18-OMe was due to a 90-95% reduction in the ability to take up and accumulate this compound. The uptake of other choline glycerophospholipids (e.g., platelet activating factor and 1-acyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) was also severely affected. This defect was not limited to choline glycerophospholipids; the uptake of an ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) was reduced by 80%. The uptake of palmitic acid, an amphipathic molecule bearing no phosphate-containing head group, was unaffected in the mutants. There was little metabolism of ET-18-OMe by either the wild-type or mutant cells. Binding of ET-18-OMe appeared to be normal in the mutants, but internalization of pre-bound ET-18-OMe was reduced. Uptake of non-lipid ligands such as horseradish peroxidase, lucifer yellow, and transferrin was normal in the mutants demonstrating that fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis is functional. The ability to generate mutants displaying a lesion that affects the uptake of both choline and ethanolamine phospholipids demonstrates that these species are internalized by RAW cells through one common primary route or through pathways that share a common factor. These mutants, and this approach to their isolation, offer a system with which to study and define the mechanisms of glycerophospholipid uptake into macrophages as well as other cell types.
Team members' interaction anxiety and team-training effectiveness: a catastrophic relationship?

Objective:In the present study, we examined the relationship between team members’ interaction anxiety and team-training effectiveness.Background:Training in the context of teams can be focused on either individual or team outcomes. Relatedly, the individual differences of team members can hinder or facilitate the effectiveness of training for both individuals and the team as a collective. Interaction anxiety is an understudied individual difference that has been shown to be negatively related to training effectiveness in individual contexts. However, its effects in team-training contexts are yet to be investigated.Method:A sample of 492 students in 123 four-person teams was trained to operate a complex, computer-based team task.Results:Interaction anxiety negatively related to team cohesion and team-training effectiveness. A cusp catastrophe model fit the data and showed that teams with more than one high-interaction-anxiety member were negatively affected.Conclusion:Interaction anxiety inhibits the soci...
New channel segmentation model and associated routing algorithm for high performance FPGAs

A new channel segmentation model for high perfor- mance FPGAs is presented. In this model. a channel is partitioned into several regionsand each region con- sists of tracks of equal length segments, but segment length is varied unifonnly across the regions. Each re- gion is allocated certain number of tracks. however the segments are not arranged in an uniform manner but in a staggered fashion. In order to make optimum we of the new model. we have also developed a routing al- gorithm. The key feature of OUT routing algorithm is the assignments of the nets to the appropriate tracks by delay computation and delay matching techniques. Ezperamental results show that. OUT model and the al- gonthm improve the longest net delay by as much as 75,11!i% and the average net delay by 48.28% as com- pared to the conventional vnifomly segmented model.
A model for EPROM intrinsic charge loss through oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) interpoly dielectric

Intrinsic charge loss phenomena of an EPROM cell with an interpoly oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) stacked film at elevated temperatures are discussed. There are three dominating charge loss mechanisms, which manifest themselves in three distinct phases in time evolution characteristics. The first phase is an initial fast threshold voltage shift which increases with nitride thickness and results from an intrinsic nitride property. The second phase is caused by electrons moving within the nitride. This electron transport follows a linear ohmic-like conduction. The third phase is a long-term charge loss due to electrons leaking through the top oxide. It can be minimized with a thick top oxide. Based on the above observations, a model to describe the intrinsic EPROM charge loss mechanisms is proposed. This model has been useful in developing a novel scaling methodology for an EPROM interpoly ONO films to improve charge retention capability. >
Chemistry of lichen constituents—VII: Mass spectra of some pulvic acid derivatives†

The mass spectra of three methoxypulvic dilactones, four methyl esters of methoxypulvic acids and five methyl ethers of pulvic acid derivatives have been measured and rationalised employing accurate mass measurements and metastable peak assignments to substantiate the proposed fragmentations and rearrangements. In particular, the mass spectral differences and similarities between the isomeric methoxypulvic dilactones, between their methanolysis products and between the isomeric methyl ethers, are rationalised.
Air to blood distribution of volatile organic compounds: a linear free energy analysis.

Partition coefficients, Kblood, for volatile organic compounds from air to blood have been collected for 155 compounds (air to human blood) and 127 compounds (air to rat blood). For 86 common compo...
Sterol metabolism. XL. On the failure of superoxide radical anion to react with cholesterol.

Abstract Superoxide radical anion (O2−) failed to react with cholesterol under a variety of conditions. In some instances products indicative of free radical oxidation by molecular oxygen (O2) were found, but no products of electronically excited (singlet) molecular oxygen (1O2) attack on cholesterol were detected. These results do not support a direct role of O2− in lipid peroxidation of cholesterol-rich membranes or of the formation of 1O2 from O2− distribution.
Promoting Female Weight Management in 1920s Print Media: an Analysis of Ladies' Home Journal and Vogue Magazines

This study explored if and how editorial and advertising content published in 1920s women's magazines promoted the thin female body ideal of that time. The work was guided by symbolic convergence theory, which suggests that rhetorical visions within the media contribute to audience perceptions of social reality. Ladies' Home Journal and Vogue were selected for analysis. Qualitative content analysis revealed three overarching rhetorical visions concerning female weight management. Through these visions, advertisement and editorial content achieved the rhetorical aims of promoting external and internal means of body control; constructing weight loss as readily achievable, safe, and valuable; and constructing body size as indicative of youthfulness, beauty, and fashionability. The role of visual images in supporting these rhetorical visions is discussed, and findings are situated within their social context. In addition, the relevance of the findings to the recurring popularity of the slim female ideal in the 20th century is explored.
Can a Moderate-Resolution Limited-Area Data Assimilation System Add Value to the Global Analysis of Tropical Cyclones?

AbstractThis study investigates the benefits of employing a limited-area data assimilation (DA) system to enhance lower-resolution global analyses in the northwest Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) basin. Numerical experiments are carried out with a global analysis system at horizontal resolution T62 and a limited-area analysis system at resolutions from 200 to 36 km. The global and limited-area DA systems, which are both based on the local ensemble transform Kalman filter algorithm, are implemented using a unique configuration, in which the global DA system provides information about the large-scale analysis and background uncertainty to the limited-area DA system. The limited-area analyses of the storm locations are, on average, more accurate than those from the global analyses, but increasing the resolution of the limited-area system beyond 100 km has little benefit. Two factors contribute to the higher accuracy of the limited-area analyses. First, the limited-area system improves the accuracy of the locat...