cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2 year outcome for 8 year old female managed with partial cystectomy for primary bladder clear cell carcinoma

Bladder cancer is rare in the pediatric population, and clear cell carcinoma is extremely rare with one other pediatric case reported. Here we report the clinical outcome for a medically complicated pediatric patient with muscle invasive clear cell carcinoma treated with partial cystectomy without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. Final pathology was stage T2bN0M0 with negative margins. At 2 years, there is no disease recurrence by cystoscopy, chest and abdominal imaging. Postoperative issues have been related to reduced bladder capacity and compliance and the patient is currently managed with continuous urinary diversion and will require future definitive lower tract reconstruction.
The Entrepreneurial Nature of Salespeople: How They Justify Unethical Behaviors

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a theoretical model in which salesperson ethical behavior is moderated by techniques of neutralization. Sales people are risk takers, pursue new ventures and thus deal with constant change. Such an entrepreneurial setting can make salespeople vulnerable to the use of neutralizations. The techniques of neutralization, is a set of rationalizations that people use to justify their illegal or unethical behavior. In addition, to understanding the circumstances under which neutralization techniques are more likely to be employed, a series of propositions are developed. The general theory of marketing ethics is used as a general framework.
Dynamics of Awake Hippocampal-Prefrontal Replay for Spatial Learning and Memory-Guided Decision Making

Spatial learning requires remembering and choosing paths to goals. Hippocampal place cells replay spatial paths during immobility in reverse and forward order, offering a potential mechanism. However, how replay supports both goal-directed learning and memory-guided decision making is unclear. We therefore continuously tracked awake replay in the same hippocampal-prefrontal ensembles throughout learning of a spatial alternation task. We found that, during pauses between behavioral trajectories, reverse and forward hippocampal replay supports an internal cognitive search of available past and future possibilities and exhibits opposing learning gradients for prediction of past and future behavioral paths, respectively. Coordinated hippocampal-prefrontal replay distinguished correct past and future paths from alternative choices, suggesting a role in recall of past paths to guide planning of future decisions for spatial working memory. Our findings reveal a learning shift from hippocampal reverse-replay-based retrospective evaluation to forward-replay-based prospective planning, with prefrontal readout of memory-guided paths for learning and decision making.
Nationwide comparison of the medical complexity of patients by surgical specialty.

Abstract Objective Intuitively, the chronic disease burden of surgical patients varies considerably by surgical specialty, although sparse evidence in the literature supports this notion. We sought to characterize the medical complexity of surgical patients by surgical specialty and to quantify the association between medical complexity and outcomes. Methods The National Inpatient Sample, an all-payer inpatient database representative of 97% of all U.S. hospitalizations, was used to identify adults undergoing surgery between 2005 and 2014. The most commonly performed operations that constituted 80% of each surgical specialty's practice were abstracted. The previously validated Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI) was calculated per year by surgical specialty as a measure of medical complexity. Outcomes and resource utilization were assessed by comparing mortality rate, length of stay, and cost. Results An estimated 53,232,144 patients underwent operations in one of nine surgical specialty categories. Surgical specialties were ranked by ECI, with cardiac surgery (3.56), vascular surgery (3.49), and thoracic surgery (2.86) having the highest mean ECI (all P values Conclusions Although all surgical patients have exhibited an increase in comorbidities during the past decade, candidates for cardiac and vascular operations appear to carry the largest burden of chronic conditions. Despite caring for patients with the highest burden of comorbidities for emergent operations, vascular surgery did not have the highest mortality, inpatient costs, or length of stay compared with some of the other specialties. The intensity of care and assumed risk in treating medically complex vascular patients should be taken into consideration in deciding health policy, reimbursement, and hospital resource allocation.
Better Algorithms for Estimating Non-Parametric Models in Crowd-Sourcing and Rank Aggregation

Motivated by applications in crowd-sourcing and rank aggregation, a recent line of work has studied the problem of estimating an $n \times n$ bivariate isotonic matrix with an unknown permutation acting on its rows (and possibly another unknown permutation acting on its columns) from partial and noisy observations. There are wide and persistent computational vs. statistical gaps for this problem. It is known that the minimax optimal rate is $\widetilde{O}(n^{-1})$ when error is measured in average squared Frobenius norm. However the best known polynomial time computable estimator due to Mao et al. achieves the rate $\widetilde{O}(n^{-\frac{3}{4}})$, and this is the natural barrier to approaches based on using local statistics to figure out the relative order of pairs of rows without using information from the rest of the matrix. \n\nHere we introduce a framework for exploiting global information in shape-constrained estimation problems. In the case when only the rows are permuted, we give an algorithm that achieves error rate $O(n^{-1 + o(1)})$, which essentially closes the computational vs. statistical gap for this problem. When both the rows and columns are permuted, we give an improved algorithm that achieves error rate $O(n^{-\frac{5}{6} + o(1)})$. Additionally, all of our algorithms run in nearly linear time.
Meiklejohn, Alexander. The First Amendment is an Absolute, 1961 Sup. Ct. Rev. 245

Students new to the study of First Amendment law often grapple with the complexity and ambiguity of its parameters, a sensation familiar to all who encounter legal analysis and scholarship for the ...
A Novel Application for the Efficient and Accessible Diagnosis of ADHD Using Machine Learning (Extended Abstract)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder among children and adolescents. Current clinical diagnosis, however, is inaccurate, inefficient, and inaccessible in developing nations, hindering the administration of proper treatment regimens. Clinical assessments are based on qualitative observations of perceived behavior. They are time-consuming and costly, preventing minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups from gaining the support they need to succeed academically, socially, and occupationally. A more accurate and accessible method of detection is necessary to ensure that all children are able to be diagnosed and given proper treatment regimens. This research proposes a novel machine learning-based method to analyze pupil-dynamics data as an objective biomarker to characterize ADHD. After visualizing and engineering pupillometric features, a voting ensemble classification algorithm and meta learner were developed and yielded the most optimal leave-one-out-cross-validation metrics on a declassified dataset. The ensemble model, in particular, classified ADHD with. 821 sensitivity, 0.727 specificity, and 0.856 AUROC. This model was implemented in a web application that administers a memory task and captures pupil biometrics in realtime. This application is the first to use pupil-size dynamics as a biomarker, and offers a time-efficient, accurate, and accessible approach to diagnose ADHD in developing nations.
The Nasa Tropics Mission as a Pathfinder for Future Operational Earth Observing Systems

The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROP-ICS) mission was selected by NASA as part of the Earth Ven-tureInstrument (EVI-3) program and flight hardware has been delivered for a launch in the 2021–2022 timeframe. TROP-ICS comprises a constellation of six CubeSats in three low-Earth low-inclination orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel at 205 GHz that is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. A seventh (spare) flight unit has also been delivered that could serve as the seventh element in the constellation or could be launched in advance of the primary mission for checkout of key system performance. The TROPICS mission highlights a number of aspirations of future earth observing sysems, including high revisit rate, system resilience, rapid technology infusion, and low cost. This paper presents these elements with an eye toward future operational architectures for weather and climate monitoring.
Chiral polymers and nanocomposites for metaphotonics

Metaphotonics is a rapidly emerging new direction that deals with manipulation of electric and magnetic fields and their coupling in (thin)nanoengineered materials to control the field distribution and propagation of electromagnetic waves1,2 Chiral photonics expands the scope of Metaphotonics and offers chiral control of both linear and nonlinear optical functions for applications ranging from optical switching, to negative- and near-zero refractive index metamaterials, to chiral bioimaging. However, realization of such applications requires materials with optical chirality at visible wavelengths that is orders of magnitude larger than that of any naturally-occurring materials. Our theory-guided-design and synthesis of novel chiral polymers with very large optical rotation will be presented along with our recent reports of plasmonic, excitonic and structural enhancement of linear and nonlinear optical activity. Some results on nanocomposite exhibiting large magneto-optic effect will also be presented, which may enable mapping of ultra-weak magnetic fields, like those generated by brain function. We are pursuing multiscale modeling and experimental design on interaction of structured light endowed with both spin and orbital angular momentum, with structured chiral plasmonic media for adaptive control of effective dielectric function which reveals that the incident light can be controlled dynamically, i.e. in terms of amplitude, wavelength, and total angular momentum, j (polarization and wavefront) to enable adaptive control of epsilon-near-zero behavior.
The Informational Efficiency of Cross-Listed Securities and the Quality of Institutions

Keech and Munger (2015) argue that the failures of markets are often preceded by the failures of governments to define the necessary institutions needed for the success of markets. In this paper, we attempt to test this hypothesis by examining whether institutional quality is associated with higher levels of informational efficiency in financial markets. To do so, we use a unique empirical design that holds the structure of financial markets constant while exploiting crosssectional variation in the level of institutional quality. In particular, we examine the association between the informational efficiency of cross-listed securities on US markets and the home country’s level of institutional quality. Results provide some general evidence that the quality of institutions in the home country is associated with greater informational efficiency in the crosslisted securities. These findings are supportive of the Keech and Munger (2015) hypothesis.
Managing XML documents using RDBMS

Using a native XML DBMS to efficiently store and retrieve XML data has been well studied. Various native XML DBMSs were developed, and they support most of the features of XQuery. The core topics of these studies are indexing methods for XML. There are two major issues about the existing XML DBMSs: (1) most existing native XML DBMSs use range based indexing methods, resulting in significant extra space; (2) related information in an XML document are isolated in storage. In this paper, we present a method that maps XML data into relational tables. Our method is still range based, which means it can process queries with regular path expression efficiently. But with the introduction of node grouping, the extra space needed for the indexing is reduced significantly. With fewer tables created, we show that query processing can also be significantly expedited.
Near-field enhancement characteristics of resonant periodic waveguides

In this paper, the near-field properties of weakly modulated resonant waveguide gratings are treated. Numerical results obtained with rigorous-coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and with the finite-difference time domain method (FDTD) yield quantitative information on relative field strengths and spatial extents associated with the near fields. The results show that the near-field strength can be greatly enhanced and that it is inversely proportional to the modulation strength up to /spl sim/0.36 in the case under study.
Unfavorable outcome of pregnancy: Repeated losses

Abstract Studies of repeated unsuccessful pregnancies have almost always focused on maternal rather than fetal factors because adequate autopsy data on the neonates have usually been lacking. The current study analyzed such autopsy data from 783 consecutive fetal and perinatal deaths in a New York City Hospital. Elements of the amniotic fluid infection syndrome were identified in 30.5 per cent of offspring of first pregnancies, 22.9 per cent of neonates when all previous pregnancies were successful, and in 54.5 per cent of pregnancies when 2 or more previous pregnancies were unsuccessful. In an analysis of other common fetal, neonatal, and maternal disorders, only Rh erythroblastosis fetalis had a significant association with previous premature deliveries and perinatal losses.
Earthquake Behavior of Suspended-Floor Buildings

The earthquake integrity of a new type of multistory building, referred to as suspended-floor high rise, is investigated. In these structures floors are supported by steel tension elements called hanger straps which are draped over the end walls of two reinforced concrete core towers. Limited-capacity connecting elements called bumper bars couple the motions of the suspended floors and the supporting core towers. A three-dimensional analytical model and pertinent dynamic analysis techniques are presented. Finite element representations of the core towers are incorporated into substructure models which feature all basic components of the system. The model is assembled using series elimination, and the linear dynamic response to several earthquake loadings is provided to illustrate structure behavior. Dynamic testing performed at the site of two existing suspended-floor buildings produced natural frequencies and damping values. Comparison of measured and computer-generated frequencies demonstrates the validity of the analytical model.
Constraints of Operational Risk Measurement and the Treatment of Operational Risk Under the New Basel Framework

Amid increased size and complexity of the banking industry, operational risk has a greater potential to transpire in more harmful ways than many other sources of risk. This paper provides a succinct overview of modeling constraints and critical issues of consistent risk estimation under current regulatory standards. In particular, we show how the varying characteristics of operational risk and different methods to identify, collect and report operational risk losses influence the reliability and consistency of operational risk estimates. The implications of our findings offer instructive and tractable recommendations for a more effective operational risk measurement.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of subcomponents of antimycin A.

Abstract Using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, a mixture of antimycins A was separated into eight hitherto unreported subcomponents, A 1a , A 1b , A 2a , A 2b , A 3a , A 3b , A 4a , and A 4b . Although a base-line resolution of the known four major antimycins A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 was readily achieved with mobile phases containing acetate buffers, the separation of the new antibiotic subcomponents was highly sensitive to variation in mobile phase conditions. The type and composition of organic modifiers, the nature of buffer salts, and the concentration of added electrolytes had profound effects on capacity factors, separation factors, and peak resolution values. Of the numerous chromatographic systems examined, a mobile phase consisting of methanol-water (70:30) and 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium phosphate at pH 3.0 yielded the most satisfactory results for the separation of the subcomponents. Reversed-phase gradient HPLC separation of the dansylated or methylated antibiotic compounds produced superior chromatographic characteristics and the presence of added electrolytes was not a critical factor for achieving separation. Differences in the chromatographic outcome between homologous and structural isomers were interpretated based on a differential solvophobic interaction rationale. Preparative reversed-phase HPLC under optimal conditions enabled isolation of pure samples of the methylated antimycin subcomponents for use in structural studies.
Therapeutic management of ocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: 43 cases (1979-1989).

Summary The records of 50 horses with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over an 11 year period were reviewed to determine the influence of therapy on the outcome of the case. Follow-up information was obtained for 43 of the 50 cases. The disease was more prevalent in the light horse breeds; however, the draft breeds also were at risk. There was no sex predisposition and the average age was 11.8 years. Tumour recurrence was significant when surgery alone was performed. The eyelid and nictitating membrane were the primary sites for tumor recurrence. Cases in which adjunctive therapy was used correlated with a lower rate of recurrence.
Have new media editors abandoned the old media ideals? The journalistic values of online newspaper editors

This study employed an online survey of 187 editors of online versions of traditional newspapers to investigate their journalistic values. It examined whether those values were predicted by age, gender, education, major, years of journalism experience, circulation of the traditional newspaper, political interest and political ideology, and the degree to which online newspaper editors believe they control the content of their Web site. The findings suggest that the values of online newspaper editors more closely mirrored traditional newspaper journalists than online journalists in terms of their news values. As in previous studies, few variables predicted news values. None predicted the disseminator/investigative value, although the two political measures, political interest and ideology, did explain adversarial attitudes even after controlling for the demographics, experience levels, and newspaper size. Liberals and those most politically interested were more likely to believe in an adversarial role for t...
Preoperative and intraoperative infection workup in apparently aseptic revision shoulder arthroplasty

The possibility of infection should be considered in every revision shoulder arthroplasty even in the absence of clinical symptoms and signs of infection because indolent infection is prevalent. Detection of infection in apparently aseptic failed arthroplasties poses a diagnostic challenge as the conventional principles and criteria used for hip and knee arthroplasty are not generally applicable. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are among the infectious organisms most commonly identified in such situations. Serum inflammatory markers are essential but are often unreliable as they have poor sensitivity in the shoulder. Preoperative shoulder joint aspiration culture is an important step but is subject to high false-negative rates. Lower cutoff values of synovial fluid analysis are used for detection of periprosthetic infection than for native joint infection as demonstrated in the knee literature. Intraoperatively, frozen section should be considered when a diagnosis of infection has not been established even in the presence of clinical suspicion. Gram stain is currently not recommended because of its low sensitivity and negative predictive value. Intraoperative culture is critical and should be performed whenever there is clinical suspicion of infection. Unexpected positive intraoperative cultures are not uncommon, and 6% to 25% of them appear to represent true infection as demonstrated with positive follow-up cultures or subsequent development of infection. In revision shoulder arthroplasty, determining the presence of infection can be difficult. A standardized approach is needed to determine the best course of treatment in this particular clinical setting.
The Crystal Structure of Topaz

An investigation of the orthorhombic crystal topaz, Al2SiO4F2, with x-rays has been reported by Leonhardt. With the aid of data from Laue and rotation photographs he found for the edges of the unit of structure, containing 4Al2SiO4F2, the values d100 = 4.64 A, d010 = 8.78 A, and d001 = 8.37 A, and determined the space-group of the crystal to be V16h. A deduction of the atomic arrangement, dependent on about fifteen parameters, was not attempted; for such complicated structures cannot be treated by the usual methods.
Clonal nature of spontaneous akr leukemia: studies utilizing the x-linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase.

AKR mice heterozygous at the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) locus were used in experiments to determine the number of cells from which spontaneous thymic leukemias (thymomas) develop. Because only one of the two X-chromosomes is active in XX somatic cells, thymic leukemias that are clonal should display either type A or type B PGK, but not both, while those that are multicellular in origin may exhibit both enzymes. Spontaneous thymomas from 19 PGK heterozygous animals expressed exclusively (I I tumors) or predominantly (8 tumors) a single enzyme in contrast to non-malignant tissue from these animals which expressed both enzyme types in approximately equal ratios. When primary tumors expressing a single or predominant enzyme type were transplanted, the transplanted tumors invariably displayed the PGK phenotype that predominated in the initial tumor indicating that the minor PGK component was not contributed by malignant cells. These results indicate that spontaneous AKR leukemias are clonal.
Toward applying automatic control to assist coastal land-water management in the Mekong Delta

Effective coastal land management often translates to the livelihood of its local inhabitant. This challenge is especially important in developing nations. In this paper, we report our effort toward using automatic control to aid the coastal land-water management issues in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The report focuses on augmenting the governing dynamics of the existing VRSAP simulation of the MK Delta hydrology such that it would be manageable by a feedback control loop. Steady state linearization and analysis of the governing equations takes into account lateral input. The lateral input is given dynamical properties having effect on water flow and level.
BILIRUBIN ALBUMIN BINDING PARAMETERS IN SHEEP DURING EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO)

Three sheep (average wt. 32 kg) were anesthetized, ventilated and cannulated for venoarterial (VA-ECMO) by-pass procedure (Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organ 28:350, 1982). Bilirubin albumin binding parameters were determined using a Bilirubin Hematoflurometer (Pediatr Res 17:127A, 1983). Pre-VA ECMO values were: hemoglobin (Hgb) 8-10 gm/dl; plasma Hgb 1-7mg/dl; Fibrinogen (F) 110-245 mg/dl; Fibrin split products (FSP) 10 μg/ml and platelet count (Plt) 495-880×103/mm3. During VA-ECMO, F was 96-225 mg/dl, FSP over 40 μg/ml and the Plt was 94-269×103/mm3. As shown (Figure), the Hgb and bilirubin levels varied, with elevation of plasma Hgb. In spite of hemoglobinemia suggesting intravascular hemolysis, the reserve bilirubin binding capacity (RBBC) and saturation index (SI) values were normal during the study. The normal RBBC and SI values would make the development of bilirubin neurotoxicity unlikely during VAECMO.
Primitives for robotic mechanical assembly : force directed insertions

Abstract Definition of robotic primitives for insertions is an essential step in achieving a truly flexible manufacturing environment. We present techniques based on active compliance implemented with hybrid force-position control capable of inserting a wide variety of shaped pegs. Analysis of this method indicates that it will work on arbitrarily shaped convex pegs, and may frequently work on non-convex pegs as well. The technique presented here provides a significant step toward simplifying the programming of a flexible manufacturing environment.
Converging on the Poles: Contemporary Punishment and Democracy in Hemispheric Perspective

In this article I place U.S. punishment trends in comparative context, seeking to show that the contemporary penal regime in the United States resembles patterns of governance prevalent throughout Latin America, the world's most economically unequal region. In both the U.S. and Latin America, I argue, neoliberal reforms have produced societies characterized by ever greater divides between the haves and have-nots, and state criminal justice institutions increasingly position themselves to police this boundary rather than mitigate its effects. In this article, I examine these trends through the lens of wars on crime and terrorism, arguing that in societies polarized between a dwindling set of haves and an ever more numerous (and potentially unruly) group of have-nots, an inexorable pull makes criminal justice institutions more aggressive in their enforcement of class and racial boundaries. Hallmarks include a widening of the criminal justice net (by broadening definitions of criminal activity, for example) and a deepening of the deprivations visited on those ensnared within it. The article concludes with reflections on the need for reconfiguring conceptions of human rights and their relation to security.
A Bayesian approach for analyzing case 2 interval-censored data under the semiparametric proportional odds model

Abstract Analyzing interval-censored data is difficult due to its complex data structure containing left-, interval-, and right-censored observations. An easy-to-implement Bayesian approach is proposed under the proportional odds (PO) model for analyzing such data. The nondecreasing baseline log odds function is modeled with a linear combination of monotone splines. Two efficient Gibbs samplers are developed based on two different data augmentations using the relationship between the PO model and the logistic distribution. In the first data augmentation, the logistic distribution is achieved by the scaled normal mixture with the scale parameter related to the Kolmogorov–Smirnove distribution. In the second data augmentation, the logistic distribution is approximated by a Student’s t distribution up to a scale constant. The proposed methods are evaluated by simulation studies and illustrated with an application of an HIV data set.
Hip-hop rhymes reiterate phonological typology

In this paper, we analyze a database of rhymes from African-American English hip-hop. The analysis shows that rappers possess detailed implicit knowledge about speech sounds that is largely irrelevant to the sound pattern of their particular language, but has been argued to play a role in constraining possible sound systems across all human languages. We argue that rhyme data are related to phonological typology because many phonological patterns involve the neutralization of contrasts in contexts where they are less perceptible, and rhyme involves implicit judgments of perceptual similarity between sounds. The general finding is that sounds are more likely to mismatch in a rhyme in those contexts where the contrast between the sounds is more likely to neutralize cross-linguistically, even though the contrasts studied here do not neutralize in these contexts in English. The results contribute to the evidence for detailed implicit phonetic knowledge and bear on the issue of synchronic explanation in linguistic theory.
Quantitation of cotton fibre-quality variations arising from boll and plant growth environments

Abstract Crop growth simulation models used to manage cultural inputs and to improve yields of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., do not address fibre quality, a major determinant of cotton fibre price and end-use. Fibre maturation simulations require rapid, reproducible methods for fibre quality quantitation at the boll or locule level. Combination of fibre quality mapping by fruiting site with quality quantitation by an electron-optical particle sizer provided replicated, reproducible data suitable for use in predictive models and quantitative studies of fibre quality variations attributable to genotype and growth environment. The efficacy and potential of this unique fusion of agronomic and textile technologies were examined through comparisons of three 1992 fibre quality database subsets from the US Southeastern Coastal Plain and Mississippi Delta. Comparisons of ‘Pee Dee 3’ fibre quality, on a locule-by-locule basis at positions 1 and 2 on main-stem nodes 5 through 18, revealed that fibre length, cross-sectional area, and physical maturity varied among fruiting sites. Subsurface microirrigation applied during an early-season drought increased fibre yield by 40%, significantly increased fibre fineness, and decreased fibre maturity indicators. Fibre length variations were compared between ginning methods and among nine genotypes grown in the Coastal Plain. Irrigation-related reductions in physical fibre maturity, found in the Coastal Plain, were contrasted with chronological maturities of ‘DPL5415’ and ‘DES119’ fibre harvested 21, 28, 35, 42, or 56 days post-anthesis in the Mississippi Delta. Fibre-quality mapping with particle-sizing represents a powerful, new tool for constructing fibre development simulations essential for improving cotton fibre quality and processing outcome.
Renewal of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition

Prior research has demonstrated renewal, which is the ability of contextual cues to modulate excitatory responding to a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS). In the present research, conditioned lick suppression in rats was used to examine similar contextual modulation of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. After Pavlovian conditioned inhibition training with a CS in one context, subjects were exposed to pairings of the CS with an unconditioned stimulus (US) either in the same or in a second context. Results indicated that, when the CS was paired with the US in the second context, the CS retained its inhibitory control over behavior, provided that testing occurred in the context used for inhibition training. However, when the CS-US pairings occurred in the inhibition training context, the CS subsequently proved to be excitatory regardless of where testing occurred. These observations indicate that conditioned inhibition is subject to renewal.
C-protein limits shortening velocity of rabbit skeletal muscle fibres at low levels of Ca2+ activation.

1. Effects on maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) due to partial extraction of C-protein were investigated in skinned fibres from rabbit psoas muscles. Up to 80% of endogenous C-protein was extracted, as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of fibre segments obtained before and after the extraction protocol. Vmax was obtained at 15 degrees C by measuring the times required to take up various amounts of slack imposed at one end of the fibre. 2. During maximal activation with Ca2+, Vmax in control fibres was 4.26 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 7) muscle lengths per second (ML/s). Following extraction of approximately 40% of endogenous C-protein, Vmax in these same fibres was 4.41 +/- 0.24 ML/s. 3. At sufficiently low levels of submaximal activation, high- and low-velocity phases of unloaded shortening were observed. Partial extraction of C-protein significantly increased Vmax in the low-velocity phase but had no effect on the high-velocity phase. The effect on low-velocity Vmax was fully reversed by re-addition of purified C-protein. 4. At low levels of activation, the amount of shortening to the break-point between the high- and low-velocity phases was not significantly affected by C-protein extraction. Under control conditions the average break-point was 85.6 +/- 3.1 nm/half-sarcomere, while 84.1 +/- 3.1 nm/half-sarcomere was obtained following partial extraction of C-protein. 5. These results are considered in terms of a model in which an internal load slows Vmax at low levels of activation once a given amount of active shortening has occurred. C-protein may contribute to this internal load either by binding to actin and myosin or by influencing mechanical properties of myosin cross-bridges.
Temporal net flux pattern of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in wethers consuming different forages

Abstract Wethers consumed alfalfa, ryegrass-wheat or bermudagrass hay three times daily (8 h feeding interval). In Experiment 1 (ad libitum intake), DE intake was 2.96, 3.29 and 2.40 Mcal day−1 (SE 0.316), and digestible N intake was 17.7, 10.2 and 5.5 g day−1 (SE 0.99) for alfalfa, ryegrass-wheat and bermudagrass, respectively. Splanchnic oxygen consumption over an 8 h period was affected (P = 0.05) by a treatment by time post-feeding interaction because of a similar interaction (P = 0.08) in hepatic oxygen consumption. Alpha-amino N release by the portal-drained viscera was greater for alfalfa versus grasses and differed (P 0.10) with time post-feeding, and portal-drained viscera ammonia N release exhibited (P = 0.07) a treatment by time interaction. In conclusion, alfalfa consumed ad libitum resulted in a different temporal pattern of splanchnic bed oxygen consumption than ryegrass-wheat or bermudagrass, but it did not appear that high oxygen consumption early after feeding alfalfa impacted subsequent oxygen use. Samples should be taken throughout an 8 h feeding interval, particularly early after feeding, to assess average net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues over the interval with ad libitum consumption or with a moderately restricted level of feed intake.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-imidazole; a novel thermally induced N-hydroxyimidazole N-O bond cleavage.

2,4,5-Triaryl-imidazoles were synthesized directly from the keto-oxime in moderate to good yields via cyclization to the N-hydroxyimidazole and an unprecedented in situ thermal reduction of the N−O bond upon microwave irradiation at 200 °C for 20 min.
Preliminary Evidence for the Reliability and Validity of a Foreign Language Anxiety Scale

Dickerson, W.B. (1984a, October). A new look at an old problem: The Z and D morphemes. Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Midwest Regional TESOL Conference, Cincinnati. Dickerson, W.B. (1984b). The role of formal rules in pronunciation instruction. In J. Handscombe, R. Orem, & B. Taylor (Eds.), On TESOL '83 (pp. 135148). Washington, DC: TESOL. Farhady, H. (1982). Measures of language proficiency from the learner's perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 43-59. Harris, T. (1981). Practical English, Book 1. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Hisama, K. (1980). An analysis of various ESL proficiency tests. In J.W. Oller, Jr., & K. Perkins (Eds.), Research in language testing (pp. 47-53). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Pike, L.W. (1979). An evaluation of alternative item formats for testing English as a foreign language (TOEFL Research Rep. No. 2). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Suter, R.W. (1976). Predictors of pronunciation accuracy in second language learning. Language Learning, 26, 233-253.
PTSD and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Aging Veterans

Objectives To determine if late-life posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cardiovascular disease in a sample of older veterans, and whether the association is independent of medical and psychiatric comorbities. Design Retrospective cohort study conducted using the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Patient Care Database (2000–2011). Setting VA medical centers in the United States. Participants A total of 138,341 veterans 55 years and older without cardiovascular disease at study baseline (2000–2003). Measurements PTSD and cardiovascular disease (as defined by diagnoses of: cerebrovascular disease [CVD], congestive heart failure [CHF], myocardial infarction [MI], and peripheral vascular disease [PVD]) were identified by ICD-9 codes during study baseline (2000–2003) and follow-up (2004–2011), respectively. Results 3% of veterans (N = 4,041) had a baseline diagnosis of PTSD. Unadjusted increased risk of incidence of CVD was 80%, CHF was 56%, MI was 82%, and PVD was 60% in veterans with PTSD compared with those without PTSD. After adjustment for demographics, medical comorbidities, substance use, and psychiatric comorbidities, veterans with late-life PTSD were at a 45% increased risk for incident CVD, 26% increased risk for incident CHF, 49% increased risk for incident MI, and 35% increased risk for PVD compared with veterans without late-life PTSD. Conclusions Findings highlight the longitudinal impact of PTSD on increasing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in older adults. This study implies the need for greater monitoring and treatment of PTSD in older persons, particularly older veterans, to assist in preventing adverse outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, over the long term.
A Critical Investigation of Common Lighting Design Metrics for Predicting Human Visual Comfort in Offices with Daylight

AbstractExisting visual comfort metrics are reviewed and critiqued based upon their ability to explain the variability in human subjective responses in a daylit private office laboratory environment. Participants (n = 48) evaluated visual comfort and preference factors, totaling 1488 discreet appraisals, and luminance-based metrics were captured with high dynamic range images and illuminance-based metrics were recorded. Vertical illuminance outperformed all commonly referenced visual comfort metrics including horizontal illuminance, IES luminance ratios, daylight glare probability (DGP), and daylight glare index (DGI). The bounded borderline between comfort and discomfort is introduced, and preliminary visual comfort design criteria are proposed for several existing metrics. Fundamental limitations of glare indices are documented, and the implications of inconsistent application of luminance ratio calculation methods are quantified. Future research is detailed.
Impregnation Study of Porous Elements of High-Voltage Components

The impregnation of HV components is important if not critical for reliable operation. Fine windings, porous insulation such as kraft paper and pressboard, and similar elements need to be impregnated for good thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and, in the case of insulation, to minimize internal discharges. Although widely used, there appears to be little systematic work done to explain the important factors governing the basic process when a filled, thermosetting compound such as a filled epoxy is used in a pressure impregnation. In this paper we have derived an expression for the depth of penetration of a thermosetting compound into a porous substrate such as kraft pressboard. The equation is extended to the case of a filled thermoset where filtration of the filler occurs at the substrate surface. The expression derived relates filter cake permeability, substrate permeability, applied pressure and the viscosity-time relationship of the impregnating. filtered compound. Data are presented showing good agreement with the derived expression.
Cancer stem cells refined.

A hierarchy of stem cells has been identified within leukemias, providing a more complex view of how these self-renewing populations parallel the normal stem cell compartment. As the resemblance between normal and malignant stem cells deepens, new opportunities for understanding and treating malignancy emerge.
Biomechanical analysis of the cruciate four-strand flexor tendon repair.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test in vitro a new flexor tendon suture technique that was simple and easy to perform, yet strong enough to withstand the projected forces of an in vivo active motion rehabilitation protocol. Forty human cadaveric flexor digitorum profundus tendons were divided and repaired using 1 of 4 suture techniques (the modified Kessler, the Strickland, the modified 4-strand Savage, and the Cruciate 4-strand repairs). Each repair was tested using a slow-test machine and displacement control at 2 mm/s. Force applied, the resultant gap, and ultimate tensile strength were recorded and statistical comparisons were performed using a two-tailed Student's t-test with level of significance set at p = .05. The Cruciate suture technique was demonstrated to be nearly twice as strong to 2-mm gap formation (44 N) compared with the Kessler, Strickland, and Savage repairs. Ultimate tensile strength was also significantly stronger for the Cruciate technique (56 N) than the Kessler, Strickland, or Savage repairs. The technique was significantly faster to perform than the Savage or Strickland repairs and was comparable in repair time to the 2-stranded Kessler repair. The design of the new suture technique allowed the tendon repair to be completed with the ease and speed of a 2-strand technique, but bestowed on the repair strength that exceeded current 4-strand techniques.
Export of photosynthate affected when leaves are pretreated with growth substances.

SEVERAL investigators have shown that cytokinins are strong mobilizing agents1–3. For example, a spot of cytokinin on a leaf can attract such substances as amino-acids from adjacent untreated tissues, and treatment of fruits4,5, shoot tips6, or expanded leaves7 increases movement of photosynthate into the treated area. Gibberellic acid also enhances movement of assimilates into the treated area, but the growth retardant CCC ((2-chloro-ethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride) causes a decrease in the mobilizing power of the treated area4,6. We are not aware, however, that leaves on intact plants have ever been pretreated with growth regulators to study the effect on the export of photosynthate from the treated leaves.
Flow interface for charge-reduced electrospray of nanoparticle solutions.

A charge reduction (CR) interface for electrospray ionization that permits simultaneous analysis of nanoparticle solutions by multiple detection methods was characterized. In the direct infusion configuration, a constant flow of analyte solution undergoes electrospray ionization (ESI). The charged aerosol is sampled directly into the atmospheric pressure inlet of a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer and into a CR device followed by a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and condensation particle counter (CPC). In the plug injection configuration, analyte solution is injected into a liquid chromatograph. The effluent is split to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and the ESI interface. The charged aerosol is then sampled through the CR device directly into the CPC. Performance characteristics of the two configurations were studied with sucrose and protein solutions. When a liquid flow rate in the low microliter per minute range was used, the reconstructed droplet size distribution fro...
A synthetic standard for competitive RT-PCR quantitation of 13 GABA receptor type A subunit mRNAs in rats and mice

Abstract We describe a synthetic 769-bp DNA internal standard, GABARQuant 1, for measuring mRNAs of 13 GABA A receptor subunits by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). When it is transcribed into cRNA, added in known amounts to target mRNAs in extracts from rat or mouse tissue, competitively reverse transcribed into cDNA, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the relative intensities of the amplified, stained target and standard DNA bands enable measurement of small amounts of mRNAs for GABA A receptor subunits α 1–6, β 1–3, γ 1–3 and δ and the three cellular markers β -actin, light neurofilament protein, and glutamine synthetase. For the subunits, most standard products (263–504 bp) differ in size from target products (398–564 bp) by 10–20%. Primer pairs span at least one intron, to prevent interference by genomic DNA, and at least one rat versus mouse restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), to enable rat products to be distinguished from mouse products.
Successful pregnancy after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and fractionated total body irradiation

We report the case of a 24-year-old man who received high-dose cyclophosphamide (CY) 120mg/kg over 2 days and twice daily fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) over 3 days(1,320 cGy) prior to allogeneic bone mar rowtransplantation. Seven and one-half years later he fathered a normal child who has developed normally so far.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Different Genotypes of Potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.)

Antioxidant activity of potato compared with that of broccoli, onion, carrot and bell peppers was higher than all except broccoli. Patatin appeared to be the major water-soluble compound that showed antioxidant activity. The activity varied among potato cultivars, but was not related to flesh color or total phenolics. Antioxidant activity was evenly distributed within tuber parts and/or sections, except for skin tissue which had the greatest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Total phenolics varied among cultivars, with some containing twofold higher concentrations than other cultivars. Phenolic content differences were genotype dependent and not related to flesh color.
Numerical simulation of mixing of coaxial air flows with condensation

Abstract A numerical model is described for the flow and cloud formation processes during co-current mixing of cold dry air and warm moist air in a large-diameter flow chamber. This numerical model solves for the flow pattern and the distributions of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water droplets in the chamber. The computational scheme uses a two-equation turbulence model ( k −3, model), which has been modified to include the effects of buoyancy and droplet condensation. The turbulent transport of momentum, heat, species, and droplets are simultaneously determined. The model also incorporates a treatment of the droplet growth and sedimentation mechanisms during the cloud formation process. Samples of the streamlines, isotherms, and contours of constant droplet and species concentrations obtained for a matrix of running conditions are presented. Results from this numerical model indicate that the wall of the cylindrical chamber (oriented vertically) has a very strong influence on the flow field and on the temperature distribution inside the chamber. The model predictions are shown to be in good agreement with limited experimental observations of a coaxial mixing process. The strengths and limitations of the model are also discussed.