cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization masks: concept and initial assessment

Polarization from photomasks can be used as a new lever to improve lithographic performance in both binary and phase-shifting masks (PSMs). While PSMs manipulate the phase of light to control the temporal addition of electric field vectors, polarization masks manipulate the vector direction of electric field vectors to control the spatial addition of electric field components. This paper explores the theoretical possibilities of polarization masks, showing that it is possible to use bar structures within openings on the mask itself to polarize incident radiation. Rigorous electromagnetic scattering simulations using TEMPEST and imaging with SPLAT are used to give an initial assessment on the functionality of polarization masks, discussing the polarization quality and throughputs achieved with the masks. Openings between 1/8 and 1/3 of a wavelength provide both a low polarization ratio and good transmission. A final overall throughput of 33% - 40% is achievable, corresponding to a dose hit of 2.5x - 3x.
The effect of intralist repetition on free recall

Summary The S s were presented with lists of unrelated English words which they were to recall in any order. Within each list, four different words were repeated two, three, four, and five times, respectively. The proportion of repeated words that were recalled consistently exceeded the proportion predicted by the all-or-none hypothesis, which states that items are memorized either completely or not at all.
Motivation×Expectancy×Value: A functional measurement approach

Functional measurement methodology was applied to test theMotive×Expectancy×Value (MEV) model of human motivation. Subjects judged the value of hypothetical “games of chance” in which hunger, chance of winning a sandwich, and sandwich preference were varied along with similar information concerning a drink. Graphical tests showed excellent agreement between the data and the theoretical properties of parallelism and linear fan shape. Exact statistical tests of goodness of fit confirmed these graphical tests. Despite the complexity of the task, which required integration of six pieces of information, subjects' judgments obeyed a simple cognitive algebra. Applications of functional measurement were suggested for approach-avoidance conflict, level of aspiration, work motivation, and achievement motivation. These methods can provide exact tests of the behavior models in terms of the subjective values at the level of the individual. They thus provide a unified nomothetic-ideographic approach to motivation theory.
Femtosecond wave packet spectroscopy: Coherences, the potential, and structural determination

Recently, we presented a formalism for extracting highly resolved spectral information and the potential of bound isolated systems from coherent ultrafast laser experiments, using I2 as a model system [Gruebele et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 166, 459 (1990)]. The key to this approach is the formation of coherent wave packets on the potential energy curve (or surface) of interest, and the measurement of their scalar and vector properties. Here we give a full account of the method by analyzing the coherences of the wave packet in the temporal transients of molecules excited by ultrashort laser pulses, either at room temperature, or in a molecular beam. From this, some general considerations for properly treating temporal data can be derived. We also present a direct inversion to the potential and quantum and classical calculations for comparison with the experiments.
Photomicrographic microscope for both micro and macro application.

A simple instrument is described for microscopic and macroscopic photographic recording of tissue preparations. It admits preparations up to 4×4 in. and allows magnification up to about 2600× by easy interchange of components. The instrument also serves as a precision enlarger of 8–35 mm transparencies to 8×10-in. images.
Descripción de los estatolitos y relaciones morfométricas y gravimétricas en el calamar patagónico (Loligo gahi ) (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

Resumen es: Se realizo la descripcion de los estatolitos y la determinacion de relaciones morfometricas y gravimetricas en el calamar patagonico Loligo gahi a parti...
Effect of hyperlipemic serum on cholesterol accumulation in monkey aortic medial cells.

Abstract The effect of hyperlipemic monkey serum on cholesterol ester formation and accumulation in monkey aortic medial cells grown in tissue culture was studied. The cellular incorporation and esterification of free cholesterol was followed using the specific activity of serum labeled with free [ 14 C]cholesterol while the cellular sterol content was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatographic techniques. The effects produced by hyperlipemic monkey serum (HMS) and normal monkey serum (NMS) were evaluated at both comparable percentage levels in the media and at equivalent exogenous cholesterol concentrations. When the two sera were adjusted to equal exogenous free cholesterol levels, the incorporation of free cholesterol by the aortic medial cells was related to the free cholesterol concentration of the culture media whether supplied by normal or hyperlipemic serum, while hyperlipemic serum slightly stimulated the esterification of this free cholesterol. Under these conditions the total cholesterol content of the HMS-grown cells was 35% greater than that of NMS-grown cells, due to an elevation in free cholesterol of approximately 3 μg/mg cell protein and a 2- to 4-fold increase in esterified cholesterol. At similar percentage levels, the hyperlipemic serum stimulated a greater incorporation of free cholesterol into the monkey medial cells, accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the cellular esterification of this free cholesterol.
Self-Reported Urge Urinary Incontinence (UUI) Among Older Mexican–American Men: Risk Factors and Psycho-Social Consequences

Extant literature on Urge Urinary Incontinence (UUI) focuses on women and non-Hispanic Whites and little is known about ethnic minority men. We analyzed 700 Mexican-American men aged 75 and older from the fifth Wave (2004/5) of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. Logistic regression analyses examined risk factors for self-reported UUI and the impact of UUI on mental health and social support. Twenty-nine percent reported having difficulty holding their urine until they could get to a toilet. Men with more co-morbid conditions and men with prostate problems were more likely to report UUI symptoms. Men with UUI were less likely to report having a confidant and had a higher risk of high depressive symptoms. This study is the first to examine risk factors for and consequences of self-reported UUI among older Mexican-American men using a large community-based survey.
Routine clinical estimation of rectal, rectosigmoidal, and bladder doses from intracavitary brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix☆

Abstract An evaluation of rectal, rectosigmoidal, and bladder doses from intracavitary brachytherapy in carcinoma of the cervix has been initiated on a routine basis in an effort to obtain the optimum radiotherapeutic dose. Contrast radiography on a radiotherapy simulator is used to image the rectum and bladder, and dose rates are determined at predesignated reference points with the aid of computer calculated dose distributions. Forty-three patients have been reviewed in order to ascertain the correlation between radiation injury and dose at reference points in the rectum and bladder. The variability in the incidence of injury and the importance of predisposing factors suggests that a single tolerance dose for the reference points is not satisfactory. However, the reference doses are an important addition to other clinical factors in evaluating the treatment plan. Further, the reference doses can alert the therapist to the presence of hot spots resulting from unusual anatomy or perforation of the uterus. Finally, they serve as documentation of the doses to normal structures within the treatment volume. This is an important aspect of current radiotherapy. In a related study involving 77 patients, the doses at points A and B and the prescription in mghr were analyzed in relation to radiation injury. There was no apparent association between the incidence of radiation injury in either the mghr prescription or the doses at points A or B. Computer calculations were supplemented with in vivo and in vitro thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements. The in vivo rectal measurements are of little value on a routine basis because of the difficulties in obtaining the measurements and the uncertainties in the measured values. We conclude that routine contrast radiography of the rectum and the bladder with dose calculations at selected reference points provides important information for optimizing radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix without a significant increase in treatment planning effort or patient discomfort.
Use of rational numbers in the design of robust geometric primitives for three-dimensional spatial database systems

A necessary step in the implementation of three-dimensional spatial data types for spatial database systems and GIS is the development of robust geometric primitives. The authors have previously shown the need for 3D spatial data types and rigorously defined them. In this paper, we propose a set of 3D geometric primitives that can be used to implement them robustly. We provide for their robustness by specifying them using rational numbers. In the discretization of space, the developers of two-dimensional spatial data types have used simplicial complexes, realms or dual grids to produce robustness, but extending any of these to 3D is not adequate. Furthermore, rational number theory is sufficiently developed to apply to 3D implementation primitives. Efforts are lacking, however, in the field of spatial databases to show that spatial operations involving 3D spatial data types are closed under rational arithmetic. We therefore define four geometric primitives using rational numbers: point, segment, facet and solid which correspond to 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D spatial objects respectively. Also, we compare the rational specification of 3D primitives to the discretization methods used in 2D. Finally, we show that intersections involving these primitives have rational closure. We therefore conclude that use of rational numbers in the design of geometric primitives provides for a robust implementation of three-dimensional spatial data types.
Measuring criminal justice technology outputs: The case of Title III wiretap productivity, 1987-2005

Abstract This analysis considers outputs produced by Title III electronic wiretaps. Based on 1987-2005 data, wiretap productivity is assessed by examining the number of wiretaps, places wiretaps are installed, numbers of people whose communications are intercepted, the number of intercepted communications, the number of communications labeled incriminating, the arrests and convictions linked to wiretaps, and the relationships among arrests and convictions. Wiretapping is focused mostly on narcotics violations. The numbers of people, interceptions, and incriminating interceptions increased. One-fifth of intercepted communications were classified as incriminating. Incriminating information is linked to arrests and convictions that unfold over time. The more people intercepted, the more arrests result, but convictions decline over time. Arrests are driven by the number of intercepted persons. Convictions are driven by the number of incriminating interceptions. Two simultaneous but opposing operations were in place by 2005: big increases in the number of intercepted communications in 2003 through 2005; and by 2005, overall declines in the measured productivity of wiretaps.
A BETTER DESIGN FOR A JUG MOLD CLINCH

A design of a clinch is shown that is suitable for all shouldered ware. This design will give longer life to the molds, yield a better looking product, and do away with cracking at the clinch, and the jiggerman can work more rapidly and easily.
Health-related quality of life outcome of children with prominent ears after otoplasty

To investigate health-related quality of life changes that occurred in children with prominent ears applied pre- and postoperatively. A prospective study was performed in 67 consecutive children who underwent otoplasty procedures between April 2008 and July 2010 and followed up for more than 2 years. Evaluations and interviews performed in the pre-and postoperative periods included the patients' history, clinical and routine laboratory examinations. Glasgow children's benefit inventory was the basis of the used inquiry for detecting the changes in health-related quality of life after otoplasty. For the children's cohort, the mean total Glasgow children's benefit inventory score was 23.9 (p < 0.001), indicating a benefit from the operation. All Glasgow children's benefit inventory subscores (emotion, physical health, learning, and vitality) were raised (mean 30.84, 14.98, 18.89, and 23.96, respectively). The health-related quality of life was raised in 63 of 67 children (94.03%). Negative Glasgow children's benefit inventory scores or subscores were not found in a single case. Otoplasty can significantly increase patients' health-related quality of life and leads to a high rate of patient satisfaction in children with prominent ears.
Toward a better understanding of PowerPoint deck design

The critical landscape surrounding PowerPoint is highly troubled. Empirical research is scarce, and commentators share little common ground and have taken highly divergent positions. Often arguments are unnuanced and flawed. This review essay identifies and discusses ten problems that have confused and hindered the study of PowerPoint. Among the problems are these: The lack of terminology for categorizing deck content; the need for a more sophisticated understanding of mediation (how PowerPoint “edits thought”) and the relationship between PowerPoint and organizational culture; the formulation of broad arguments based on a narrow set of presentation genres; the habit of regarding slides as standalone artifacts divorced from the presentation; and insufficient attention to context (the particular circumstances surrounding a presentation) including the personal style of the presenter. If we can achieve a healthier critical landscape, we will see better commentary, research studies, decks, and presentations.
Update in Gastroenterology and Hepatology: Evidence Published in 2013

This update summarizes studies published in 2013 that the authors consider highly relevant to the practice of gastroenterology and hepatology. Topics include esophageal diseases, gastrointestinal b...
Using Information Technology to Coordinate Transnational Service Operations: A Case Study in the European Union

When multinational organizations operate across borders they must solve a host of problems relating to culture, currencies, language, customs and laws. In addition to these local variables, organizations are under increasing pressure to integrate or coordinate operations. This study explores the information strategy adopted by a new organization located in Holland and serving the European (EU) market. It identifies the way in which local variables affected its strategy and examines the way in which the organization used information technology to coordinate an operation that served over a dozen countries in the EU. Implications are drawn for organizations that find it increasingly necessary to coordinate transaction and planning activities across national borders.
Modeling deformable surfaces with level sets

This article describes how to use level sets to represent and compute deformable surfaces. A deformable surface is a sequence of surface models obtained by taking an initial model and incrementally modifying its shape. Typically, we can parameterize the deformation over time, and thus we can imagine that a surface moves or flows under the influence of a vector field. The surface flow, v, can be determined as a function of spatial position (and time), or it can depend on the shape of the surface itself. The latter is called a geometric flow. Deformable surfaces have been used to solve a variety of problems in image processing, computer vision, visualization, and graphics. In graphics, for instance, deformable surface models have been used to form sequences of shapes that animate the morphing of one object into another. They have also been used to denoise or smooth surface models derived from a set of noisy 3D measurements.
A finite-volume ELLAM for three-dimensional solute-transport modeling.

A three-dimensional finite-volume ELLAM method has been developed, tested, and successfully implemented as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) MODFLOW-2000 ground water modeling package. It is included as a solver option for the Ground Water Transport process. The FVELLAM uses space-time finite volumes oriented along the streamlines of the flow field to solve an integral form of the solute-transport equation, thus combining local and global mass conservation with the advantages of Eulerian-Lagrangian characteristic methods. The USGS FVELLAM code simulates solute transport in flowing ground water for a single dissolved solute constituent and represents the processes of advective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing from fluid sources, retardation, and decay. Implicit time discretization of the dispersive and source/sink terms is combined with a Lagrangian treatment of advection, in which forward tracking moves mass to the new time level, distributing mass among destination cells using approximate indicator functions. This allows the use of large transport time increments (large Courant numbers) with accurate results, even for advection-dominated systems (large Peclet numbers). Four test cases, including comparisons with analytical solutions and benchmarking against other numerical codes, are presented that indicate that the FVELLAM can usually yield excellent results, even if relatively few transport time steps are used, although the quality of the results is problem-dependent.
Fast Regular Expression Matching Using Small TCAM

Regular expression (RE) matching is a core component of deep packet inspection in modern networking and security devices. In this paper, we propose the first hardware-based RE matching approach that uses ternary content addressable memory (TCAM), which is available as off-the-shelf chips and has been widely deployed in modern networking devices for tasks such as packet classification. We propose three novel techniques to reduce TCAM space and improve RE matching speed: transition sharing, table consolidation, and variable striding. We tested our techniques on eight real-world RE sets, and our results show that small TCAMs can be used to store large deterministic finite automata (DFAs) and achieve potentially high RE matching throughput. For space, we can store each of the corresponding eight DFAs with 25$\,$000 states in a 0.59-Mb TCAM chip. Using a different TCAM encoding scheme that facilitates processing multiple characters per transition, we can achieve potential RE matching throughput of 10–19 Gb/s for each of the eight DFAs using only a single 2.36-Mb TCAM chip.
Chemical and physical limits on the performance of metal silicate high-k gate dielectrics

Abstract This research identifies four significant limitations on the performance of high- k alternative gate dielectrics that derive from inherent relationships between (i) chemical bonding and physical properties, and (ii) device operation. These include interfacial band offset energies, thermal stability against chemical phase separation, coordination dependent dielectric constants, and interfacial fixed charge. Then these are applied to transition metal silicate alloys, e.g., (ZrO 2 ) x (SiO 2 ) 1− x . The paper also includes results for other high- k oxides, Al 2 O 3 and Ta 2 O 5 , and their alloys that relate to the issues addressed in this paper, and in particular help to put the results on the silicate alloys into a better perspective. This portion of the paper provides additional perspective with regard to the differences in the chemical and physical limitations of elemental oxides and binary oxide alloys.
Primary Versus Secondary Closure of Cutaneous Abscesses in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives Cutaneous abscesses have traditionally been treated with incision and drainage (I&D) and left to heal by secondary closure. The objective was to compare the healing rates of cutaneous abscesses following I&D after primary or secondary closure. Methods This was a randomized, controlled, trial, balanced by center, with blocked randomization created by a random-number generator. One urban and one suburban academic emergency department (ED) participated. Subjects were randomized to primary or secondary wound closure following ID a 40% difference in wound healing was sought) and overall failure rate (need for additional intervention including suture removal, additional drainage, antibiotics, or admission within 7 days after drainage). Results Fifty-six adult patients with simple localized cutaneous abscesses were included; 29 were randomized to primary closure, and 27 were randomized to secondary closure. Healing rates at 7 days were similar between the primary and secondary closure groups (69.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 49.1% to 84.4% vs. 59.3%, 95% CI = 40.7% to 75.5%; difference 10.3%, 95% CI = −15.8% to 34.1%). Overall failure rates at 7 days were also similar between the primary and secondary closure groups (30.4%, 95% CI = 15.6% to 50.9% vs. 28.6%, 95% CI = 15.2% to 47.1%; difference 1.8%, 95% CI = −24.2% to 28.8%). Conclusions The rates of wound healing and treatment failure following I&D of simple abscesses in the ED are similar after primary or secondary closure. The authors did not detect a difference of at least 40% in healing rates between primary and secondary closure.
Ethanol production and alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract Mannitol and sorbitol induce a shift from the homolactic fermentation, observed when Streptococcus mutans strains are grown on glucose or sucrose. This shift in the composition of the fermentation products is a result of the production of significant levels of ethanol from both mannitol and sorbitol. Coincident with the synthesis of ethanol by all Strep. mutans strains examined is the production of an NAD-linked alcohol dehydrogenase.
Isotope effects and spectroscopic assignments in the non-dissociative photoionization spectrum of N2

Photoionization efficiency spectra of 14N2, 15N14N, and 15N2 from 15.5 to 18.9 eV were measured using synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with a resolution of 6 meV, and significant changes in peak energies and intensities upon isotopic substitution were observed. Previously, we reported the isotope shifts and their applications to Titan's atmosphere. Here, we report more extensive experimental details and tabulate the isotope shifts of many transitions in the N2 spectrum, including those for 15N14N, which have not been previously reported. The isotope shifts are used to address several long-standing ambiguities in spectral peak assignments just above the ionization threshold of N2. The feature at 15.677 eV (the so-called second “cathedral” peak) is of particular interest in this respect. The measured isotope shifts for this peak relative to 14N2 are 0.015 ± 0.001 eV for 15N2 and 0.008 ± 0.001 eV for 15N14N, which match most closely with the isotope shifts predicted for transitions to the (A 2Πu v′ = 2)4sσg 1Πu state using Herzberg equations for the isotopic differences in harmonic oscillator energy levels plus the first anharmonic correction of 0.0143 eV for 15N2 and 0.0071 eV for 15N14N. More generally, the isotope shifts measured for both 15N2 and 15N14N relative to 14N2 provide new benchmarks for theoretical calculations of interferences between direct and indirect autoionization states which can interact to produce intricate resonant structures in molecular photoionization spectra in regions near ionization thresholds.
Diagnostics of Tool-Part Interactions During Riveting on an Aluminum Aircraft Fuselage

Manufacturing processes including cutting, grinding, polishing, and riveting in metal structures involve dynamic processing loads, which can seriously affect material quality-for example, short transverse stresses or defect densities surrounding rivet holes. In structural health monitoring, these process loads are often not considered when designing loads and usage monitoring sensing and data interrogation systems. Riveting operations for assembling aerostructures and their effects on local material/part quality in the neighborhood of the holes are examined herein. Physics-based nonlinear dynamic models taking into account complex double riveting impacts at the front and back of a fuselage section and the effects of operator preload are first developed to guide the experimental measurement process. Experimental shock acceleration data on the end of a rivet gun are then utilized to extract features for assessing rivet fitness in situ using vibration signals. A qualitative agreement between the analytical and experimental nonlinear resonance data surrounding 100 Hz is obtained. It is demonstrated using rivet quality assurance indicators based on spectral transmission through the tool-part interface and human operator specifications that such techniques can be utilized to identify riveting processes with skewed delivery (gun or bar), circular indentations, and bucking bar slip to assess susceptibility to future damage in fuselage structures. A simple method for normalizing loads data to take into account changes in rivet gun mass is also proposed.
Elastothermodynamic damping in laminated composites

When a composite material is subjected to a time-harmonic stress field (homogeneous or inhomogeneous), different phases undergo different temperature fluctuations due to the well-known thermoelastic effect. As a result irreversible heat conduction occurs within each phase and between phases, and entropy is produced. This entropy production is the genesis of elastothermodynamic damping, and manifests itself as a conversion of work into heat. This is one of a large number of sources of damping in a real composite. Mechanics-based analytical methods for predicting damping due to various relaxation mechanisms have not been reported. Therefore, it becomes difficult to divide the total (experimentally measured) damping into its various constituents. This defines the objective of the present work: we present a methodology for predicting the elastothermodynamic damping of an N-layer laminated composite. The stress field may be quite general so long as the resulting heat conduction occurs only in the direction orthogonal to the laminae. By way of illustration, numerical results are presented for a symmetric three-layer plate in biaxial bending.
African researchers underrepresented.

I read with interest the News Focus story “In the shadow of Jane Goodall” (J. Cohen, 2 April, p. [30][1]). I was fascinated by the progress in behavioral research but disconcerted to learn that, 50 years after this research began, only 1 of 18 long-term chimpanzee and bonobo research sites has a
Marine Stratocumulus Cloud Clearing Episodes Observed during FIRE

Abstract Data from the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE) were combined with NOAA synoptic products, satellite imagery, and boundary-layer model data to document the existence and causes of periodic clearing of large regions of marine stratocumulus clouds off the coast of California during the summer season. These synoptic-to-mesoscale clearing episodes appear to be correlated with the ridging of the Pacific subtropical anticyclone into the United States Pacific Northwest, resulting in offshore flow effects. Furthermore, the subsidence associated with the Pacific subtropical anticyclone may help cause the clearing episodes, or prevent the redevelopment of these clouds in the clear regions. Because of the contribution of marine stratocumulus clouds to the global albedo, the clearing of large regions of these clouds may impact climate. Therefore, better understanding of these clouds is necessary in order to parameterize them in global climate models.
THE ROOTS AND PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE AND RELATED MASS VIOLENCE

Abstract Genocide and mass violence originate in difficult life conditions, conflict between groups, and cultural characteristics such as a history of devaluation of a group, victimization, and overly strong respect for authority. These can join in creating uncertainty and fear, frustrating the fulfillment of basic psychological needs, and shaping destructive psychological reactions and social processes such as scapegoating and destructive ideologies. The evolution of increasing hostility and violence can follow, allowed by the passivity of internal and external bystanders. Halting genocide and mass violence is very difficult. It is more effective to focus on early prevention: responding to difficult life conditions, developing positive attitudes and constructive ideologies that humanize the “other”; dialogue; healing wounds and memories of past victimization; training about the roots, psychological impact, and prevention of violence in workshops and the media; and supporting development practices and democratization. Early prevention requires leadership in the United Nations, the work of NGOs, cooperating national governments, and citizen groups of active bystanders.
A new drug treatment for premenstrual exacerbation of schizophrenia.

Abstract This article reports our experience with three schizophrenic women who had severe premenstrual exacerbation of schizophrenia. To date, there have been no effective measures to prevent recurrence or to treat such patients. Antipsychotic and hormonal medications, alone or together, or in combination with psychotherapy, or hospitalization or both, were not effective for any of the patients. The addition of lithium, together with continued use of an antipsychotic agent and a hormonal agent, was an effective treatment. The pathophysiology of the premenstrual tension syndrome is unknown. 1–3 In its milder form, it has been treated with hormones, diuretics, and a variety of other agents. 1,4–6 For the more severe form, lithium has been tried, primarily based on the rationale that it is an affective condition. Results have been inconclusive. 3,7–9 Lithium also has been utilized in treating severe mood disturbances in schizophrenic patients, 10–15 usually alone, but often in combination with antipsychotic medication. 13,14
Bound on time-reversal noninvariance in the nuclear Hamiltonian.

Energy-level fluctuations are calculated by random-matrix methods, for time-reversal noninvariant (TRNI) Hamiltonians. The theory, applied to the data, shows that in the neutron and proton resonance regions, for heavy and intermediate nuclei (i.e., respectively), the local rms off-diagonal multiparticle H(TRNI) matrix element < or approx. = D/10, with D the level spacing. Spectral averaging methods reduce this to a bound on the nucleon-nucleon TRNI vs TRI interactions. First calculations, for /sup 169/Er, give a 1% upper bound.
The Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Affirmative Counseling Self-Efficacy Inventory (LGB-CSI): Development, validation, and training implications.

Five studies on the development of the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Affirmative Counseling Self-Efficacy Inventory (LGB-CSI) were conducted. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of an initial pool of 64 items yielded 5 factors that assess counselor self-efficacy to perform lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) affirmative counseling behaviors (Application of Knowledge, Advocacy Skills, Self-Awareness, Relationship, and Assessment Skills). The LGB-CSI evidenced high internal consistency; however, low test-retest reliability was found over a 2-week period. Convergent validity was supported by correlations with measures of general counseling self-efficacy and attitudes toward LGB individuals. Discriminant validity was evidenced by an absence of relations between the LGB-CSI and measures of social desirability, self-deceptive positivity, and impression management. Construct validity was supported by findings indicating varying levels of self-efficacy commensurate with status in the field. Recommendations for training interventions are discussed.
A Home for Obedience: Masculinity in Personal Status for Muslims Law

Over the centuries, family laws around the Muslim world have been enacted mainly with the aim of restricting women and curbing their rights. One of the issues that family laws paid much attention to and legislated in details is disobedience (nushuz) of the wife. Nushuz in shari’a is said to be withholding of the conjugal rights of the husband. Although Nushuz became a description of women’s behavior, in Chapter 4, of the Qur’an, An-Nisa (The Women) mentions the nushuz of both the husband and the wife—nushuz of the wife in verse 34 and a husband’s nushuz in verse 128. This chapter discusses both husband and wife’s nushuz and highlights the masculinity (and manipulation of that interpretation) in the Qur’an to legislate laws such as the Sudanese Personal Status for Muslims Act, 1991. The law dealt with the wife’s disobedience in details, but totally ignored to legislate any limit of the husband’s desertion of his wife or any behavior that may make him the one who is nashiz.
Exceptionally strong electronic coupling between [Mo2] units linked by substituted dianionic quinones.

Ligands derived from N–CH3 substituted benzoquinonemonoimines are exceedingly good facilitators of electronic communication between two quadruply bonded dimolybdenum units and provide record values for comproportionation constants
Principles of CBI Design and the Adult Learners The Need for Further Research

The increasing use of computer-based instruction in performance improvement/HRD is accompanied by a growing need for guidelines directing its effective design and use. Current CBI research has limitations that have not been addressed. Research deficiencies include a limited number of studies in many areas, contradictory findings, and questionable generalizability to adults in the workplace due to an almost exclusive use of college age and younger students as research subjects. This article examines principles of CBI design found in the performance improvement/HRD literature and their applicability to adults in the workplace. Five major areas are discussed: learner control, feedback, screen design, use of group methods, and computer anxiety. CBI designers are urged to be cautious in adopting current research guidelines. Further research on CBI for adults in the workplace is urged.
RESPONDING TO VICTIMIZED ALASKA NATIVE WOMEN IN TREATMENT FOR SUBSTANCE USE

High rates of physical and sexual abuse have been found among Alaska Native women entering a residential treatment program in Fairbanks, Alaska. Little information, however, has been available that describes the nature of such abuse and its relationship to treatment outcome. This article describes the extent of such abuse and reviews factors involved in its onset. The implications of the findings are discussed with an emphasis on how they can be applied to enhance treatment outcome. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Bus-oriented load sharing for a network of sensor driven processors

A load-sharing problem involving the optimal allocation of measurement data among n sensor-driven processors interconnected through a bus-type communication medium is considered for three distinct architectural configurations. It is found that a minimal-time solution can be achieved if the computations by the processors end simultaneously. Simple recursions for the determination of the optimal allocation of load are presented. It is shown that for this problem a small number of processors can be almost as effective as a larger number. >
Dynamics of gene duplication and transposons in microbial genomes following a sudden environmental change

A variety of genome transformations can occur as a microbial population adapts to a large environmental change. In particular, genomic surveys indicate that, following the transition to an obligate, host-dependent symbiont, the density of transposons first rises, then subsequently declines over evolutionary time. Here we show that these observations can be accounted for by a class of generic stochastic models for the evolution of genomes in the presence of continuous selection and gene duplication. The models use a fitness function that allows for partial contributions from multiple gene copies, is an increasing but bounded function of copy number, and is optimal for one fully adapted gene copy. We use Monte Carlo simulation to show that the dynamics result in an initial rise in gene copy number followed by a subsequent falloff due to adaptation to the new environmental parameters. These results are robust for reasonable gene duplication and mutation parameters when adapting to a novel target sequence. Our model provides a generic explanation for the dynamics of microbial transposon density following a large environmental change such as host restriction.
An Examination of Healthy Aging Across a Conceptual Continuum: Prevalence Estimates, Demographic Patterns, and Validity

As a recent review (1) demonstrates, there is no universally accepted definition of healthy or successful aging. Without question, however, Rowe and Kahn's concept of “successful aging” has played a major role in moving the scientific discourse on healthy aging forward. As of this writing, in fact, their seminal work on successful aging (2) has been cited in nearly 900 scientific articles (3). According to Rowe and Kahn, an individual experiences successful aging if they are free of disease, risk factors for disease, and disability; have high physical and cognitive functioning; and are socially and productively engaged (ie, actively engaged) (4). This conceptualization has been the subject of criticism, with some questioning how attainable these criteria are for the majority of older adults (5). Indeed, McLaughlin and colleagues (6) found that only 10.9% of older adults in the United States were aging “successfully” in 2004 using a definition informed by Rowe and Kahn's conceptualization. Although most would agree that the individual elements of Rowe and Kahn's definition are important, an overly restrictive definition of healthy aging is likely to result in the classification of many individuals with inconsequential health problems as unhealthy. This is not ideal if one wishes to differentiate between older adults in reasonably good health from those whose health places them at risk of adverse events. With the broader goal of helping to guide future research aimed at understanding the distribution and determinants of healthy aging, we investigated how sequential modifications to Rowe and Kahn's definition affect (i) the prevalence of healthy aging, (ii) demographic patterns in the phenomenon, and (iii) the validity of the concept.
Escaping Ethiopia's poverty trap: the case for a second agrarian reform

Growth-friendly egalitarian distribution of land and smallholder farming notwithstanding, rural Ethiopia continues to face an ever-deepening livelihoods crisis. This paper synthesises the theoretical and empirical literature on Ethiopian and other comparable land institutions, in search of a coherent economic framework for pinpointing the roots of the problem and a menu for sensible policy options. It argues that land privatisation, as an integral part of a second agrarian reform, is necessary for attaining optimal farm sizes, thicker markets and robust industrialisation. A sordid history of political marginalisation of the peasantry makes freehold a superior alternative to more secure state leasehold. For a thoroughgoing agricultural transformation, however, sufficiency entails substantial increases in public investment that are designed to crowd-in private investment. Ethiopia's market-led agricultural development strategy must focus on boosting sustainable growth while ensuring subsistence for all.
Genetic Epidemiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

We have previously reported that family history of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was associated with both lobar and nonlobar ICH. We sought to further examine this finding by analyzing differences by age and by apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype. All cases of hemorrhagic stroke in the greater Cincinnati area were identified through retrospective screening, and a subset was invited to undergo a direct interview and genetic testing. Interviewed subjects were matched to 2 controls by age, race, and sex. Conditional stepwise logistic regression modeling was used to determine whether having a first-degree relative with an ICH (FHICH) was an independent risk factor for ICH. Between May 1997 and December 2002, we recruited 333 cases of ICH. FHICH was found to be an independent risk factor for both lobar ICH (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9; P = .04) and nonlobar ICH (OR ratio = 5.4; P = .01) after controlling for the presence of numerous variables. Among nonlobar ICH cases, the risk appeared to be predominately in those age /= 70 years but not at age /= 70 years but not at age < 70 years. Family history of ICH is a risk factor for lobar ICH after controlling for the presence of Apo E4.
On the Application of Explanation-Based Learning to Acquire Control Knowledge for Branch and Bound Algorithms

The goal of this article is to present a methodology for the automatic acquisition of new control knowledge in the form of dominance and equivalence conditions, using an explanation-based learning algorithm from artificial intelligence. The acquisition of new control knowledge proceeds through the following stages: 1) Analysis of the problem-solving activity, generated from the application of a branch and bound algorithm on specific instance(s) of a class of problems. 2) Interpretation of the problem-solving activity and synthesis of new control knowledge, which can lead to more efficient solution of future problems. The generated control knowledge is provably correct within the theory of the given class of problems and the employed branch and bound strategy. Consequently, the number of nodes evaluated by a specific branch and bound algorithm is guaranteed to be reduced, as new control knowledge is continuously acquired from the solution of specific problems. The article presents the theoretical foundations for the handling of the above two tasks. It concludes with an application of the proposed approach to a mixed integer linear programming formulation of a batch scheduling problem.
Contrasting and Cooperative Effects of Copper and Iron Deficiencies in Male Rats Fed Different Concentrations of Manganese and Different Sources of Sulfur Amino Acids in an AIN-93G-Based Diet

Dietary nutrient interactions are important factors to consider in the study of nutrient status and requirements. Here, the effects of dietary interactions among copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and sulfur amino acids (SAA) on blood cell characteristics and enzyme activities were observed. Male rats (n = 8) were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design and fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing dietary Cu (<1 and 5 mg/kg), Fe (10 and 35 mg/kg), Mn (10 and 50 mg/kg) and either L-cystine (LCys) or DL-methionine (DLMet). Blood was analyzed by automated hematology cell counting and by flow cytometry. Severe Cu deficiency was verified by reductions in the activities of serum ceruloplasmin (1% of control), RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD1) (14% of control), liver cytochrome c oxidase activity (25% of control) and serum extracellular SOD (SOD3) activity (20% of controls). Because Cu is required for Fe utilization, many physiologic responses that require Fe were affected by both deficiencies, including lowered blood hemoglobin (Hgb), lower RBC volume and Hgb concentration, and an increased number of reticulocytes. Cu and Fe deficiencies together worsened some conditions, i.e., lower Hgb, lower RBC Hgb, increased RBC distribution width, increased number of reticulocytes and nucleated RBC, and a higher platelet count. Increasing dietary Mn had little effect on most variables, except to reduce serum Cu when dietary Cu was adequate but not when it was low, and to reduce RBC SOD1 activity when dietary Fe was low but not when it was adequate. Hgb concentrations were higher (P < 0.002) in Cu-deficient rats fed LCys than in those fed DLMet. There was no effect in Cu-adequate rats. Hgb was higher (P < 0.004) in Fe-adequate rats fed LCys than in those fed DLMet, with no effect in Fe-deficient rats. Although the anemia of Cu deficiency in AIN-93G-fed rats was not as pronounced as that reported in rats fed the AIN-76A-based diet, other manifestations of the deficiency were prominent.
New bounds on a hypercube coloring problem and linear codes

In studying the scalability of optical networks, one problem arising involves coloring the vertices of the n-dimensional hypercube with as few colors as possible such that any two vertices whose Hamming distance is at most k are colored differently. Determining the exact value of /spl chi//sub k~/(n), the minimum number of colors needed, appears to be a difficult problem. We improve the known lower and upper bounds of /spl chi//sub k~/(n) and indicate the connection of this colouring problem to linear codes.
Are juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) becoming less social

Caribbean spiny lobsters areoneof themost commercially important fisheries due in large part to their highly gregariousnature that facilitates their harvest by the use of traps or aggregationdevices containing conspecifics. Aggregation in this species has been shown to be due to strong attraction to conspecific chemical cues that influence movement rates, discovery of crevice shelters, and den sharing behaviours. Although aggregation has been shown to have many potential benefits (reduction in exposure time and predation risk), it may also have significant costs as well (increase in predator encounters, disease transmission, and fishing mortality). We compared the results of three published and three unpublished Y-maze chemical cue choice experiments from 1996 to 2012 to determine if there has been a decrease in conspecific attraction by early benthic juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (15–55 mm carapace length, CL). We found that attraction to conspecific chemical cues decreased since 2010 and was significantly lower in 2012. Lobsters showed individual variation in conspecific attraction but this variationwas unrelated to size, sex, or dominance status. We also found localized regional variation in conspecific attraction with lobsters from high shelter/high disease areas showing significantly lower conspecific attraction than those from low shelter/low disease areas. Given that conspecific attraction varies among individuals and potentially increases mortality through either natural (increased disease transmission) or fishery-induced (attraction to traps) mechanisms, we should play close attention to this loss of conspecific attraction in juvenile lobsters. Future studies should investigate both the causation and the ecological significance of changes in conspecific attraction in regions that vary in intensity of disease (PaV1) and fishing pressure.
Focal Mastocytosis in Lymph Nodes From a Beagle Dog

An 11-year-old Beagle dog had focal mastocytosis in the midtracheobronchial and left tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The cells were well-differentiated and were arranged in well-defined follicles. There were neither skin tumors nor mast-cell accumulations in other tissues.