cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior Interventions in the Restroom: Flushing Away Noise

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effectiveness of Flushing Away Noise, an interdependent group contingency using an iPod equipped with a decibel meter application, for reducing noise in restrooms. Two Head Start classrooms in the Southeastern United States, referred for demonstrating high levels of student noise in the restroom, were included in the study. The authors used a multiple-baseline design across 4 groups to determine existence of a functional relation between implementation of the intervention and a decrease in noise level. After introducing the intervention, the authors observed substantial decreases in noise level in all groups. In addition, teachers indicated that they found the intervention socially acceptable. The results support the utility of Flushing Away Noise for promoting behavioral expectations in a bathroom setting.
Growth and Structural Change: An Overview

The rate of GDP growth accelerated in Bangladesh since the beginning of the 1990s. The three-year average annual growth centered around 1990/91 was 4.77 percent. Population grew at 2.18 percent per year at the time so that the annual rate of growth in per capita income was 2.53 percent. The three-year average annual growth in GDP centered around 2010/11 had risen to 6.34 percent while the rate of population growth had fallen to 1.39 percent, making the annual growth in per capita income 4.88 percent, as much as 93 percent higher than what it was two decades before! Note that the rate of growth in per capita income would have been only 4.07 percent if the population growth rate had remained the same as at the beginning of the 1990s. Thus more than a third of the acceleration in per capita growth was due to the fall in the rate of population growth.
John Updike’s Sermons

At one point in his youth John Updike is supposed to have thought of studying theology and preparing for a career in the ministry. Instead, he majored in English at Harvard as prelude to a vocation as literary artist, yet his interest in theological and religious matters has never flagged, as is evidenced by his attention paid to figures such as Kierkegaard, Barth and Tillich in his reviews and essays as well as in his fiction.2 His narratives are frequently inhabited by clergy and contain a large number of church services and other fictionalized religious discourse. Many of his other, non-clerical characters are more or less earnest believers and churchgoers, and the religious sanctuary still plays a fairly prominent role in the towns that constitute the settings of his narrations.
Race, Crime and Criminal Justice in Spain

Any discussion of the intersections of race and crime remains a relatively new topic for contemporary scholars of Spanish society. The reason the topic is new remains rooted in two interrelated problems, both relating to Spanish history — or at least a general interpretation of Spanish history. The first problem is a historical unwillingness to acknowledge the role that racial identity, or ethnic difference, has played in forging Spanish notions of national identity. This view is generally buttressed by the claim that Spain remained relatively isolated and inward-looking during a period when the rest of Europe became dominated by racial definitions of ‘national identity’. For one, Spain stood apart as the rest of Europe spread outward in imperialist adventures which brought notions of race and social Darwinist explanations of difference back to the metropole. How can there be racism if there is no deep sense of racial hierarchy?
Excited States of V 51 and Cr 53

The region of excitation in ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ up to 4.12 Mev has been investigated through studies of the inelastic scattering of protons. In this region of excitation, thirty-five excited states were found. The low-lying excited states of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ were investigated through the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{52}(d, p){\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ and the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ reactions. The ground-state $Q$ values for these reactions are 5.720\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 and 8.275\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 Mev, respectively. The first two excited states in ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ are at 0.565 and 1.008 Mev. In these studies, the bombarding beam was provided by an electrostatic accelerator, and the reaction products were analyzed with a broad-range magnetic spectrograph.
Multicriteria Decision Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment

Assessment of environmental impact is one of the crucial steps in life-cycle assessment (LCA). Current LCA tools typically compute an overall environmental score using a linear-weighted aggregation of normalized inventory data relating to relative performance in impact categories such as global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, or eutrophication. However, uncertainty associated with quantification of weights is, in general, very high. Moreover, where multiple stakeholder groups are engaged in a particular problem, there may be several different sets of weights that result in disparate scores or ranking. In some cases, the final results may seem entirely dependent upon the relative importance of weights and/or level of data uncertainty. Therefore, we propose to couple life-cycle impact assessment tools with stochastic multiattribute acceptability analysis (SMAA), which is a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique for exploring uncertain weight spaces. This paper briefly reviews the current state of the art for impact assessment in LCA and compares results using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s TRACI model with the SMAA approach for transportation energy alternatives with uncertain preference information. In both cases, life-cycle inventories are compiled from Argonne National Labs’ GREET model. In the typical life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA), case results are based on the total environmental score, allowing dissimilar impacts to be added together, which correlates rank to the highest normalized impact. However, the SMAA approach balances the criteria more evenly, resulting in a different preference ordering. The difference between the two methods is partly due to stochastic versus point representation of weights. Data normalization, which converts incommensurate impact units to dimensionless quantities for the purpose of aggregation, greatly influences the results.
Induction of UBC9 and the Sumoylation Pathway in Multiple Myeloma Promotes Plasma Cell Growth and Correlates with Decreased Patient Survival.

The pursuit of rationale, targeted therapies relies on a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that subvert normal growth control and lead to development of Multiple Myeloma (MM). To further define the mechanistic steps that contribute to MM pathogenesis, we examined mRNA expression profiles of CD138 + plasma cells obtained from normal, Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance (MGUS), and MM patient samples. Using genomic results in combination with molecular and cellular-based assays, we demonstrate a critical role for UBC9 and the sumoylation pathway in myeloma cell growth and survival. Notably, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated a ten-fold induction in UBC9 ; a gene that encodes the sole Sumo-conjugating enzyme in human cells. We demonstrated an elevation of UBC9 in both MM primary patient cells and in a number of patient-derived MM cell lines. In addition, a number of other sumoylation pathway components were induced in primary MM cells at the gene and protein level relative to normal plasma cells. We believe that induction of UBC9 is an early genetic event in the pathogenesis of MM since the induction was observed at the gene and protein level in plasma cells from patients with MGUS. Importantly, UBC9 induction was functionally significant since a different pattern of sumoylation was observed in total cell lysate from MM patient plasma cells relative to that of normal plasma cells. Furthermore, overexpresion of a mutant form of UBC9 deficient in Sumo-conjugating activity increased the sensitivity of plasma cells to apoptosis by chemotherapeutic agents and these cells were impaired in other essential functions that included cellular proliferation, DNA synthesis, resistance to apoptosis and adhesion to bone marrow stroma. Immunoblotting of MM patient cell lysates also demonstrated a similar induction of the UBC9 gene product (Ubc9) as well as induction of the Sumo ligases Nse2 and PIAS1. These studies identify UBC9 as a target upregulated early in the pathogenesis of MM and indicate a critical role for sumoylation in disrupting the controls that govern normal plasma cell growth. To further develop prognostically relevant molecular signatures and classifications of MM subtypes, we analyzed the survival outcome of patients that expressed induced levels of UBC9 , as well as other sumoylation components, and demonstrate significantly reduced survival of such patients following current treatment modalities. The results provide evidence for critical role of UBC9 and sumoylation in MM pathogenesis. Furthermore, sumoylation pattern may serve as a therapeutic target in MM, help stratify clinical management and provide a framework for the identification of sumoylation pathway targets that govern MM cell growth and progression.
Survey Experiments on Candidate Religiosity, Political Attitudes, and Vote Choice

Because identification with and affect toward social groups is a primary heuristic for citizens, the social group profiles of candidates are important for electoral behavior. We focus on an increasingly important element of candidates’ social characteristics: their levels of religiosity and secularism. We argue that as religious groups and identities become structured less by what religion they are and more by how religious they are (or are not), candidate religiosity and secularism should condition the impact of political orientations such as partisanship and cultural policy attitudes on vote choice. Highly religious candidates should attract more support from Republicans and from cultural conservatives, while overtly secular candidates should appeal more to Democrats and cultural liberals. Using a survey experiment in which respondents evaluate a state legislative candidate with varying levels of religiosity and secularism, we find strong support for our argument.
What is the Longest Word in the Yiddish Language

In this paper, we argue that Yiddish potentially has the longest word of any language. This word has 865 characters. Including neologisms and allowing for word borrowings from other source languages, it is argued here that Yiddish has a longest word length at least one, two or three more than that in any other language. It is also arguably the case that Yiddish has a word length at least twice that in any other language (2N 1, 2N 2 or 2N 3, depending on various aspects of the source language where N is the longest word in the sourcelanguage). This is due to various aspects of other languages include the use of abugidas in Sanskrit (which may be said to currently hold the record), the regular use of certain prefixes to indicate neologisms in Yiddish and the phenomenon of shm-reduplication in Yiddish.
Unconventional Monetary Policy and the Role of Central Banks

Over the last few years, central banks in industrial countries have undertaken a variety of policies that deviated from ordinary monetary policy. Why were these policies used? Did they work? What will be the effect of phasing them out? And what long-term concerns do they raise? Clearly, markets were broken, and there was a need to repair them. Some of these innovative instruments seemed to have worked quite well. But now central banks are struggling to get inflation up into their target bands. Large central bank balance sheets may create needed safe, short-term instruments, but take much liquidity management away from the private sector, while tempting governments to use them for other purposes. Sober thinkers need to examine the experience of the last few years and ask again, what should central banks be asked to do and what ought to be the range of actions they can take?
DroneTrack: An Indoor Follow-Me System Using Acoustic Signals

Excerpted from "Indoor Follow Me Drone," from MobiSys 2017, Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, with permission. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3081362 © ACM 2017.
Hookah use as a predictor of other tobacco product use: A longitudinal analysis of Texas college students

Abstract Introduction Hookah use is particularly prevalent among U.S. college students; however, few studies have investigated whether hookah use is a risk factor for the initiation of other tobacco products. This study examined whether hookah use predicted subsequent initiation of other combustible tobacco products (conventional cigarettes and cigar products) and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) among Texas college students during a 2.5-year study period. Methods This study involved a longitudinal analysis of data from Waves 1–6, with 6 months between each wave, of the Marketing and Promotions Across Colleges in Texas Project (Project M-PACT). Two separate multilevel discrete-time survival analyses were used to model the associations between past 30-day hookah use and subsequent initiation of 1) other combustible tobacco products, and 2) ENDS during the 2.5 year study period, after controlling for demographic, other tobacco use, and risk-taking personality characteristics (i.e. sensation seeking and impulsivity). Results After controlling for covariates, past 30-day hookah use was associated with significantly higher odds of subsequent initiation of other combustible tobacco products. Past 30-day hookah use also predicted subsequent initiation of ENDS after controlling for covariates. Conclusions This study is one of the first to demonstrate that hookah use is a predictor of subsequent initiation of other combustible tobacco products and ENDS among college students. These findings suggest that hookah may prime individuals to use other tobacco products, which has important implications for prevention programs and future research.
Can mHealth Improve Risk Assessment in Underserved Populations? Acceptability of a Breast Health Questionnaire App in Ethnically Diverse, Older, Low-Income Women.

Background Use of mobile health (mHealth) tools has expanded rapidly but little research has been done on its acceptability by low-income, diverse, older patient populations.
Splenic rupture, liquefaction and infection after blunt abdominal trauma.

A 48-year-old man with no significant medical history presented with increasing abdominal pain for the past week with new fever and chills overnight. The patient suffered a mechanical fall 2 weeks prior to presentation, striking his left flank on a stepping stool from standing but did not seek medical attention due to tolerable discomfort. His laboratory values were significant for leucocytosis (19 10^9/L) and lactic acidosis (3 mmol/L). The patient’s haemoglobin and haematocrit were within normal limits (14.1 gm/L and 42.9%, respectively). On physical examination, the patient had a soft abdomen with diffuse tenderness (greatest in the left upper quadrant), but no costovertebral or flank tenderness, external signs of trauma or ecchymosis. A CT with intravenous contrast was obtained with non-enhancement of the lower pole of the spleen with an irregular margin related …
3D morphological analysis of spiral intestine morphogenesis in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea.

Background The evolution of organ asymmetries is less explored than the field of organ morphology and coiling. The digestive tract of elasmobranchs provides a fascinating model for studying the evolution of morphological asymmetries. Unique to elasmobranchs and all basal fishes is the spiral intestine, which may represent an intermediate morphology in evolution from the straight gut of lamprey to the elongated coils of higher vertebrates. The short spiral allows for a large absorptive surface area that can fit into a restrictive abdominal space. Results Using histology and high resolution microCT, we provide the first 3D morphometric analysis of the spiral intestine during development in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Spiral formation is initiated by asymmetric growth in the mesenchyme, causing a bulging fold that protrudes into the lumen of the gut. As development proceeds, the fold elongates and spirals into a right-handed helix. Spiraling progresses along the anterior-posterior axis and is likely the result of mechanical forces driven by the asymmetric growth of surrounding tissues. After initial asymmetric growth, radial constraints from within the gut tube create constrictive forces further propagating spiraling. Conclusion We propose a model for potential biophysical mechanisms that direct the morphogenesis of the spiral intestine.
Marangoni circulation by UV light modulation on sessile drop for particle agglomeration

An analytical solution of a biharmonic equation is presented in axisymmetric toroidal coordinates for Stokes flow due to surface tension gradient on the free surface of sessile drops. The stream function profiles exhibit clockwise and counter-clockwise toroidal volumes. The ring or dot formed by the downward dividing streamlines between these volumes predicts the experimentally deposited particle ring or dot well. This finding suggests that the downward dividing streamline can be taken to be a reasonable indicator of where deposition occurs. Different light patterns directed at different locations of the droplet can give rise to a single spot or ring. A relationship between the positions of the light intensity peak and possible locations of particle deposition is analysed to demonstrate that the streamlines can be generated on-demand to achieve particle deposition at predetermined locations on the substrate. Toroidal corner vortices called Moffatt eddies have appeared in other corner flows and develop in this optical Marangoni flow as well near the contact line.
Effects of speaking rate on the behavior of tense and lax vowel durations

The current study investigated the effects of speaking rate on the acoustic durations of four pairs of American English tense and lax vowels [i– i , ae–e, ɑ–ʌ, u– u ] in four different postvocalic consonantal contexts [t, d, s, z] using seven subjects. Results showed that the durational behavior of tense and lax vowels as a function of rate was context dependent and followed one of two broad patterns: (i) in certain contexts (usually in /t/ and /z/ contexts), most of the tense–lax vowel pairs maintained a constant absolute duration difference across different rates, and (ii) in other contexts (usually /d/ and /s/) the change in tense vowel durations as a function of rate was significantly different from their lax vowel counterparts, so that the vowels maintained neither an absolute duration difference nor a constant proportional relationship. When the results were interpreted within the framework of several existing models of vowel duration, it was found that none of the models captured the durational behavior of these vowels as a function of rate. There was some support for the additive and imcompressibility models but none for the multiplicative model. This suggests a speech timing system that is more complex than the models suppose.
Chapter 9 – Personnel Training

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on personnel training requirements that have become the key requirements in regulations related to workplace health and safety, and environmental quality. Their importance derives from several distinct and interrelated factors that influence not only the American but also the global workplace as the need for employees to develop the skills and behavioral patterns required to achieve and maintain safe work conditions, right of employees to participate in decision-making that affects their well being, the recognition by the public at large, and increasingly complex industrial base. Personnel training became a complex undertaking for even small business and, in large corporations, that typically demands a significant investment of time and money. In both large and small corporations, effective personnel training is directly relevant not only to broad health and safety objectives, but also to the converging economic and marketing interests that underlie any modern business. All personnel training is viewed as corporate risk management, which is inclusive of all corporate effort to control losses in productivity, capital resources, human resources, and market performance. An effective corporate risk management program is essential in achieving proactive management control of hazards and resulting in community-wide emergencies.
Endovascular Stroke Interventions: Procedural Complications and Management

Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy has evolved significantly and has become the mainstay and most effective currently available treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients due to large vessel occlusion. Mechanical thrombectomy is presently performed using a stent retriever or stent-like device, an aspiration catheter, or a combination of the two. Much of the literature has focused on the benefits of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy with only limited data about procedural complications and management. Awareness of risk factors and early recognition of these complications can potentially reduce complication rates, improve management, and yield better overall outcomes. In this review, the authors present a description of intraprocedural complications and strategies to prevent and treat these complications.
Self-Injurious Behavior, Rituals, and Stereotypies in Dual Diagnosis

Individuals with intellectual disabilities often engage in self-injurious behavior, rituals, and stereotypy. These behaviors participate a class of challenging behavior which do not require the presence or participation of other individuals. Rather than directed outward, such as aggression, these behaviors are directed inward. These behaviors are problematic because they are repetitive and disruptive to ongoing activities. In addition to being disruptive, self-injury is also dangerous because of the potential for harm to the individual. Interventions which target the reduction of self-injury, rituals, and stereotypy include treatments based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, protective equipment, and medication. Although many of these interventions can be implemented individually, more often these interventions are implemented as part of a treatment package.
At multiple fronts: Diabetes stigma and weight stigma in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Aim The diabetes and obesity fields have called for attention to the harmful role of stigma in obesity and diabetes, especially given that little is known about the extent and nature of diabetes stigma facing adults with type 2 diabetes, or the experience of weight stigma in this population. This study addresses this research gap by examining the prevalence and demographic correlates of weight stigma and diabetes stigma in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods Adults (N = 1212, Mage = 52) with type 2 diabetes living in the USA were recruited by a healthcare-oriented market research firm, and completed online questionnaires to assess their experiences with weight stigma and diabetes stigma, as well as their internalization of both forms of stigma. Rates of stigma and sociodemographic correlates (years with type 2 diabetes, age, education, income, gender, race and BMI) were examined. Results More than half of participants reported prior experiences of weight stigma, and 40-60% reported experiencing weight stigma in a healthcare context. Participants reported frequent experiences with diabetes-related stigma including blame and judgement, self-stigma and differential treatment. Women reported more weight stigma than men, and White women appeared particularly at risk for experiencing weight and diabetes related stigma relative to Black women. Conclusions Individuals with type 2 diabetes reported higher rates of weight stigma than the general population, experienced high rates of diabetes-related stigma, and many internalized these forms of stigma. Increased attention to stigma reduction is essential to ensuring equitable care for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Toward a Trustable, Self-Hosting Computer System

Due to the extremely rapid growth of the computing and IT technology market, commercial hardware made for the civilian, consumer sector is increasingly (and inevitably) deployed in security-sensitive environments. With the growing threat of hardware Trojans and backdoors, an adversary could perpetrate a full system compromise, or privilege escalation attack, even if the software is presumed to be perfectly secure. We propose a method of field stripping a computer system by empirically proving an equivalence between the trustability of the fielded system on one hand, and its comprehensive set of sources (including those of all toolchains used in its construction) on the other. In the long run, we hope to facilitate comprehensive verification and validation of fielded computer systems from fully self-contained hard-ware+software sources, as a way of mitigating against the lack of control over (and visibility into) the hardware supply chain.
Phase Identification and Ordered Vacancy Imaging in Epitaxial Metallic Ta2N Thin Films.

Epitaxial transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are an emerging class of crystalline thin film metals that can be heteroepitaxially integrated with common group III-nitride semiconductors such as GaN and AlN. Within a binary family of TMN compounds (i.e., TaxNy), several phases typically exist, many with similar crystal structures that are difficult to distinguish by conventional X-ray diffraction or other bulk characterization means. In this work, we demonstrate the combined power of high-resolution transmission and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy for definitive phase identification of tantalum nitrides with different N-sublattice ordering. Analysis of molecular beam epitaxy-grown γ-Ta2N films on SiC substrates shows that the films are γ phase, threading dislocation-free, and Ta-deficient. The lack of Ta manifests as ordered Ta vacancy planar defects oriented in the plane perpendicular to the [0001] growth direction and accounts for the substoichiometry. Optimization of the growth parameters should reduce the Ta vacancy concentration, and alternatively, exploitation of the attractive nature of the Ta vacancies may enable novel planar structures. These findings serve as an important first step in applying this epitaxial TMN material for new electronic and superconducting device structures.
On a Deterministic Approximation of Inventory Systems with Sequential Service-Level Constraints

Solving Inventory Models with Service-Level Constraints by Using a Deterministic Approximation
Exploring Multiple Pathways to Low TDD GaP/Si for III-V/Si Photovoltaics

Threading dislocation density (TDD) is a key parameter that commonly limits the performance of epitaxially integrated III-V/Si photovoltaics. The GaP/Si epitaxial bridge is a widely studied III-V on Si integration pathway, and recent advances have realized low-106 cm-2 TDD in n-GaP/Si templates that can be integrated in III-V/Si PV designs amenable to efficiencies well beyond single-junction Si. However, continued development and scaling of III-V/Si PV will ultimately rely on a deeper understanding of dislocation evolution in GaP/Si and will require more process flexibility than has heretofore been demonstrated. Thus, this work demonstrates multiple pathways toward achieving-low 106 cm-2 TDD, through which we can gain both substantial fundamental understanding of GaP/Si integration and can achieve the needed process flexibility to enable scalable production.
Promoting Health and Wellness in Congregations Through Lay Health Educators: A Case Study of Two Churches

Religious institutions are in regular contact with people who need education about and support with health issues. Creating lay health educators to serve in these communities can promote health initiatives centered on education and accessing resources. This paper is a prospective observational report of the impact of trained lay health community congregation members in two faith communities based on an urban setting. We describe health efforts made in an African-American Methodist church and in a Latino Spanish-speaking Catholic church. We review the intricacies in establishing trust with the community, the training of lay health educators, and the implementation strategies and outcomes of health initiatives for these communities.
Pluralism about truth in early chinese philosophy: A reflection on Wang chongs approach

The debate concerning truth in Classical Chinese philosophy has for the most part avoided the possibility that pluralist theories of truth were part of the classical philosophical framework. I argue that the Eastern Han philosopher Wang Chong (c. 25-100 CE) can be profitably read as endorsing a kind of pluralism about truth grounded in the concept of shi 實, or "actuality". In my exploration of this view, I explain how it offers a different account of the truth of moral and non-moral statements, while still retaining the univocality of the concept of truth (that is, that the concept amounts to more than the expression of a disjunction of various truth properties), by connecting shi with normative and descriptive facts about how humans appraise statements. In addition to providing insight into pluralist views of truth in early China, the unique pluralist view implicit in Wang's work can help solve problems with contemporary pluralist theories of truth.
The Development and Test of a Hand-Held Computerized Training Aid

Advances in semiconductor technology are making possible the development of hand-held training aids that can accompany a soldier in a variety of living and working areas. Such training aids can package, to large measure, many of the known advantages of computer-based training (CBT) into a more convenient delivery medium. When scaled down to such a size, the opportunities for CBT use increase dramatically. In a recent Army study (Francis & Levey, 1982), for example, ten hand-held computers were reviewed for their potential as low-cost training devices. The study concluded that these hand-held computers are capable of performing important training tasks. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the development of a device that is dedicated to training applications, present evidence for its training effectiveness in a field setting, and discuss planned changes in its design and capabilities.
Improved Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of Carica papaya cultivar ‘Kapoho’ from embryogenic cell suspension cultures

The adoption of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to agronomically important Carica papaya cultivars and genotypes, such as “Kapoho’, has been challenging. To address this problem, an alternative transformation protocol was developed for papaya using embryogenic suspension-derived cultures. The ability of the tissues (cultivar ‘Kapoho’) to regenerate plantlets from these cultures was demonstrated for both transgenic lines and untransformed controls. Suspension-derived cultures at the young globular calli stage contained embryos highly receptive to Agrobacterium infection and did not require the problematic wounding treatments inherent in other protocols. The optimum parameters selected to obtain transgenic calli were as follows: 1-d co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, the cell density used for transformation was A600 of 0.005, and elimination of Agrobacterium post-transformation was done using 250 mg/L carbenicillin and cefotaxime. Putative transgenic calli were confirmed positive for the presence of the eGFP transgene, Cp45 promoter sequence, and hygromycin resistance gene (hptII) using PCR. The presence of eGFP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were detected using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. Visualization of qualitative eGFP fluorescence in roots, stems, and leaves further confirmed the expression of Cp45:eGFP fusion in the transformed papaya plantlets. This technique serves as an alternative and efficient method to generate transgenic plants in a simple laboratory setup that facilitates Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of previously difficult papaya cultivars and genotypes.
[Plagiarism] - Acknowledging Sources: Attribution and Perspectives on Originality

Plagiarism is an elusive concept, and many teaching materials have been put together to help scholars (and students with research and writing projects) with the puzzle. This slide show collects several sources and provides some cautionary information about what can happen in the context of legal scholarship. The slide show is titled, [Plagiarism] - Acknowledging Sources: Attribution and Perspectives on Originality with the idea that front-end teaching and information can supplant, replace, or at least ameliorate, plagiarism challenges raised by lack of clarity on how to provide attribution of research sources.
On-chip antenna arrays for multi-chip RF data transmission

This paper presents the design of two and four element antenna arrays operating at 60 GHz for wireless interconnects between chips in a multi-chip computing system. The antenna in package uses a periodically-patched artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) to enhance the antenna performance. The AMC creates a high efficiency antenna that can be integrated directly onto CMOS chips.
Restaurant Menu Analysis: Can We Go Further?

Abstract As costs continue to escalate, menu analysis has once again become a significant topic of interest among foodservice professionals. A variety of menu analysis methods were discussed in hospitality literature over the last 30 years. Despite the fact that they offer different approaches and focus on different characteristics, they all have a common goal of finding a strategy that will help restaurant managers reveal more profitable menu items and possibly increase menu profitability. This article proposes an index method that helps to determine changes in overall menu contribution margin based on changes in contribution margin per individual menu item, proportion of sold items, and quantity of menu items sold. This method is meant to be a supplementary tool for analysis to support and enhance current menu analysis techniques.
Vagal nerve stimulation reduces metabolic rate and uncouples the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption in conscious mice (LB775)

We tested the hypothesis that an increase in metabolic rate contributes to the weight loss associated with chronic vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) that has been observed in patients with epilepsy or ...
Elderly and civil procedure: Service and default, capacity issues, preserving and giving testimony, and compulsory physical or mental examinations

This article discusses the important elder law issues in the context of civil litigation and how many procedural rules affect the elderly directly. The author focuses on four main subject areas that affect the elderly the most: (1) Service and default; (2) Capacity related issues; (3) Preserving and giving testimony; and (4) compulsory physical or mental examinations. Within these four main areas, the author gives several hypotheticals from real court cases and relates them to the law of civil procedure and the first year class. The author ends by giving suggestions to first year professors of civil procedure on how to incorporate these rules in class, giving students an opportunity to better understand the relationship between civil litigation and elder law.
Air-Stream Temperature Correlation In Forested And Urban Headwater Streams In The Southern Appalachians

Air temperature can be an effective predictor of stream temperature. However, little work has been done in studying urbanimpacts on air-stream relationships in groundwater-fed headwater streams in mountainous watersheds. We applied waveletcoherence analysis to two 13-month continuous (1 hr interval) stream and air temperature datasets collected at Boone Creek, anurban stream, and Winkler Creek, a forest stream, in northwestern North Carolina. The main advantage of a wavelet coherenceanalysis approach is the ability to analyse non-stationary dynamics for the temporal covariance between air and streamtemperature over time and at multiple temporal scales (e.g. hours, days, weeks and months). The coherence is both time andscale-dependent. Our research indicated that air temperature generally co-varied with stream temperature at time scales greaterthan 0.5 day. The correlation was poor during the winter at the scales of 1 to 64 days and summer at the scales of 1.5 to 4 days,respectively. The empirical models that relate air temperature to stream temperature failed at these scales and during theseperiods. Finally, urbanization altered the air-stream temperature correlation at intermediate time scales ranging from 2 to 12 days.The correlation at the urban creek increased at the 12-day scale, whereas it decreased at scales of 2 to 7 days as compared with theforested stream, which is probably due to heated surface runoff during summer thunderstorms or leaking stormwater orwastewater collection systems. Our results provide insights into air-stream temperature relationships over both time and scaledomains. Identifying controls over time and scales are needed to predict water temperature to understand the future impacts thatinteracting climate and land use changes will have on aquatic ecosystem in river networks.
A Methodology for the Design of Communication Networks and the Distribution of Data in Distributed Supercomputer Systems

In this paper the combined problem of communication network design and file allocation is studied for supercomputer networks. The network topology is restricted to be maximally connected and of minimal diameter in order to enhance network reliability as well as to reduce communication cost and delay.
Influence of adrenocorticotropin, cortisone, aspirin, and phenylbutazone on the rate of exfoliation and the rate of renewal of gastric mucosal cells.

The rate of exfoliation of canine gastric surface epithelial cells was estimated by measuring the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid in Heidenhain pouch washings before, during, and after the administration of cortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), aspirin, and phenylbutazone. Also, the mitotic frequency in gastric mucosal biopsies was determined before and during the administration of ACTH and aspirin. In addition, the influence of aspirin on the rate of uptake of thymidine-H3 by the gastric mucosa of rats was evaluated by radioautography. The rate of exfoliation of surface epithelial cells was reduced by ACTH and cortisone and was increased by aspirin and phenylbutazone. Whereas ACTH decreased the mitotic frequency in gastric mucosal biopsies, aspirin had no significant effect; moreover, aspirin did not affect the rate of uptake of thymidine-H3 by gastric mucosa of rats. The data suggest that one of the mechanisms of gastric mucosal injury by ACTH and cortisone may be a reduced rate of renewal of surface epithelial cells. Aspirin and phenylbutazone, on the other hand, appear to affect the gastric mucosa in such a way that shedding of surface cells increases without a concomitant increase in the rate of cell renewal.
The role of numeracy and approximate number system acuity in predicting value and probability distortion

It is well documented that individuals distort outcome values and probabilities when making choices from descriptions, and there is evidence of systematic individual differences in distortion. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between individual differences in such distortions and two measures of numerical competence, numeracy and approximate number system (ANS) acuity. Participants indicated certainty equivalents for a series of simple monetary gambles, and data were used to estimate individual-level value and probability distortion, using a cumulative prospect theory framework. We found moderately strong negative correlations between numeracy and value and probability distortion, but only weak and non-statistically reliable correlations between ANS acuity and distortions. We conclude that low numeracy contributes to number distortion in decision making, but that approximate number system acuity might not underlie this relationship.
Do You Still Hold to an Activation Only Theory of the REM Sleep-Dreaming Correlation?

Allan’s new paper, Dream Consciousness, represents the ideal function of theory, particularly in a new field such as the cognitive neuroscience of dreaming. A theory is not a belief. It is, rather, an abstract representation of what we know and might reasonably assume about the phenomena under consideration. A good theory is one that provokes enough new research for it to be revised or replaced – ideally within 5 years. This is precisely how Allan’s AIM model trumps Freud’s 1899 theory of dreaming. This new proposal that “REM sleep dreaming … provides a structural and functional building block for waking consciousness…” is based on several revisions of the original AIM model that Allan originally published in The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming (1992). Revisions of the original model were made in response to continuous new research findings both within neurophysiology and human dreaming.
Models for Discrimination Between Alternative Modes of Inheritance

Two extreme types of data may be available for discriminating between alternative modes of inheritance: data on two inbred lines, their F1 and the backcrosses, or data on a sample of relatives drawn from a random mating population. For the former kind of data a ten-parameter model is proposed that subsumes, as special cases, one-locus, two-locus, polygenic, or mixed major locus/polygenic inheritance for a quantitative trait For the latter kind of data three basic models are compared for detecting major gene segregation: the generalized major gene (transmission probability) model, the mixed major gene/polygenic inheritance model and the flexible regressive models. In all cases it is assumed that the environmental variation is normally distributed. The principle of maximizing expected entropy can be used to choose the best-fitting specific genetic hypothesis and, using the general model as a baseline, the likelihood ratio criterion can be used to test for departure from any specific hypothesis. It is recognized that these segregation analysis models can only suggest, never prove, the existence of monogenic segregation.
Mechanism design for multi-agent meeting scheduling

In this paper we examine the benefits and limitations of mechanism design as it applies to multi-agent meeting scheduling. We look at the problem of scheduling multiple meetings between various groups of agents that arise over time. All the agents have private information regarding their time preferences for meetings. Our aim is to elicit this information and assign the meetings to times in a way that maximizes social welfare. We discuss problems with previous attempts to design incentive compatible (IC) and individually rational (IR) mechanisms for meeting scheduling. We show how requesting agent preferences for entire schedules helps to eliminate IC problems. We focus, in particular, on the problem of determining when agents are available for meetings. We show that our choice of IC and IR mechanisms is quite restricted when we allow agents to declare their availability.
Palynology and depositional environment of the Río Ignao nonglacial deposit, province of Valdivia, Chile

In south-central Chile, the Rio Ignao nonglacial deposit with a minimal radiocarbon age of 56,000 +2000, −1700 yr shows the following sequence of pollen assemblages, starting with the oldest: Gramineae (zone 1), Gramineae-Corynabutilon-Lomatia-Ovidia (zone 2), Nothofagus-Embothrium-Gramineae (zone 3A), Nothofagus-Gramineae-Tubuliflorae (zone 3B and D), and Nothofagus-Drimys-Myrtaceae (zone 3A). This sequence implies an initial dry and rather cold climate that later became wetter and somewhat warmer, reached a warm peak, and ultimately became colder and drier. At the warmest time, the Andean tree line is estimated to have been about 900 m lower and average January (summer) temperature about 3–4°C colder than at present. The Rio Ignao deposit is believed to represent an early interstade of the last glaciation, known in southern Chile as the Llanquihue Glaciation.
Fuel Cycle Analysis of the SABR Subcritical Transmutation Reactor Concept

A fuel cycle analysis was performed for the SABR transmutation reactor concept, using the ERANOS fast reactor physics code. SABR is a sodium-cooled, transuranic (TRU)-Zr-fueled, subcritical fast reactor driven by a tokamak fusion neutron source. Three different four-batch reprocessing fuel cycles, in which all the TRUs from spent nuclear fuel discharged from light water reactors are fissioned to >90% (by recycling four times), was examined. The total fuel residence time in the reactor was limited in these three cycles by a radiation damage limit (100, 200, or 300 displacements per atom) to the cladding material. In the fourth cycle the fuel residence time was determined by trying to achieve 90% burnup in a once-through cycle without reprocessing.
The Political Geography of Europe: 1900-2000 A.D.

Abstract During the 20th century, the political geography of Europe has been reshaped several times. In World War I, Germany created several new states in Eastern Europe including an independent Ukraine. After the war, the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire helped to produce the familiar middle tier of states that ran from Poland on the Baltic to Yugoslavia on the Adriatic. Germany altered that pattern in WWII when Poland and the Czech lands were taken over and the new states of Slovakia and Croatia appeared. The Soviet Union radically altered the boundaries of Eastern Europe after World War II. With the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe in recent years, creation of another group of states and further changes in boundaries have taken place. Five times during the course of the century the political geography of Europe has undergone major change. There is nothing to suggest that the political scene has stabilized.
Satellite and ground-based microclimate and hydrologic analyses coupled with a regional urban growth model

Abstract Urban development is shown to induce predictable changes in satellite-based measures of radiant surface temperature and evapotranspiration fraction—as long as certain features of the development are known. Specifically, the vegetation changes that accompany the development and the initial climatic state of the land parcel must be noted. Techniques are also developed for quantifying the effects of urbanization on the surface hydrology at a watershed scale. Streamflow and precipitation data are related graphically in order to determine a watershed's general ratio of stormwater runoff to rainfall, along with any changes in the ratio over time. Four distinct runoff responses, separated by season and antecedent moisture conditions, are distinguishable for a particular basin, with the response during the non-summer months under typical antecedent moisture conditions the most representative of and responsive to land-use patterns. This particular runoff response can be estimated from satellite-derived land cover patterns and certain physical attributes of a basin. These satellite-based microclimate and hydrologic analyses are coupled with an existing urban growth model (SLEUTH). The SLEUTH urban growth model simulates future development scenarios for a region of interest. The resulting changes in urban land use lead to the evolution of site-specific climate and hydrology based on the scheme that is presented in this paper. This study, as well as related tools and bodies of knowledge, can be used to broaden the scientific basis behind land-use management decisions.