cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Large-Scale Process Control System Design

Abstract This paper reviews the development and application of a specific computer-aided design methodology called “SIMKON” for large-scale dynamic process control systems. This methodology has been implemented in the SIMKON-IV software system. The set of algorithms used in SIMKON is based on state-of-the-art simulation and control technologies and is a spinoff from the well-known DIGIKON-IV, ADAPS and KONPACT programs developed for aerospace and defense applications by Honeywell over a period of time and includes about 50,000 FORTRAN-IV statements. The significance of this development is that it provides the user with the total system capability of developing alternative controller organizations and corresponding multiperformance figures for large systems under one unified interactive command structure. The interactivity with the user significantly improves the productivity of the user. The richness of its command repertoire and the advanced algorithms it uses for implementing its functions make SIMKON-IV one of the most complete and advanced system engineering tools for control applications in the process industry. Brief descriptions of this tool and its basic capabilities and application areas are given. In addition, typical inputs and outputs are illustrated.
A Comparison Between Virtual Reality and Digital Human Modeling for Proactive Ergonomic Design

Proactive ergonomics can improve the overall performance and well-being of the user and has the potential to improve the product quality and reduce the cost of resources. Application of Digital Human Modeling (DHM) is a pathway for proactive ergonomics. However, DHM has the issue of fidelity and it is yet not in the level of simulating human perceptions and emotions accurately. In this study, we have proposed an ergonomics approach that is used to infuse human factor engineering (HFE) guidelines during the early design process. The approach utilizes Virtual Reality (VR), Computer Aided Design (CAD) objects, and human-subjects to proactively filter design ideas, during the conceptualization phase, before functional prototypes are built. A comparative study between full computational prototyping and mixed prototype using VR is performed by (a) designing cockpit packaging and (b) assessing human performance during a fire in cockpit emergency situation. It is found that the cockpit design based on the two prototyping strategies provide similar outcomes. However, the computational prototyping approach is more suitable in design space exploration and the mixed prototyping is more relevant for communicating design ideas. Further, it is found that the computational prototyping approach cannot simulate the change in human performance due to emergency whereas the mixed prototype is able to simulate the change in human performance due to the emergency situations.
Change in admission blood glucose from chronic glycemic status in acute heart failure hospitalization and 30-day outcomes: A retrospective analysis

Abstract Background Admission blood glucose (BG) has demonstrated contradictory association with 30-day mortality in acute heart failure (AHF) hospitalization. To explore these contradictory findings, we aimed to determine if admission BG reflects an acute change from chronic glucose control and investigate the association between the admission and chronic BG change (ΔBG) with 30-day mortality in AHF. Methods We analyzed patients (n = 1045) age ≥ 65 with Centers of Medicare Services benefits and known 30-day all-cause mortality hospitalized with AHF at an academic medical center from 2009 to 2016. We included diabetic (n = 736) and non-diabetic (n = 309) patients with recent Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). We defined ΔBG as the difference in the admission and chronic BG, calculated from HbA1c. Results Admission BG was 126 (101, 167) mg/dl and was moderately elevated (≥170 mg/dl) in 25% of admissions. The median (IQR) ΔBG was −7 (−29, 26) mg/dl, with 74% of all admissions (66% diabetic, 92% non-diabetic) presenting within ±50 mg/dl of the chronic BG. Admission BG was not associated with mortality. ΔBG > +100 mg/dl displayed increased 30-day mortality (18.6% vs 6.9%, p 200 mg/dl (n = 166), a ΔBG > +100 mg/dl was present in 77% of those deceased vs 31% of those alive at 30 days (p = 0.003; positive likelihood ratio = 5.7). ΔBG > +100 mg/dl was strongly associated with 30-day mortality risk (OR 6.4, 95% CI 2.3–18.9; p = 0.0005) after multivariate adjustment. Conclusions Admission BG predominantly reflects chronic glycemic status. Increased change in admission from chronic BG was associated with increased 30-day mortality.
Spice, vulnerability, and victimization: Synthetic cannabinoids and interpersonal crime victimization among homeless adults

AbstractBackground: Although the physiologic and psychological harms associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids, such as spice, are well-described, researchers have yet to examine how spice ...
Instructional design: Resources for online learning

Librarians, perhaps more than most professionals, understand the meaning of “other duties as assigned” in our job descriptions. Frequently, we are tasked with quickly learning a new technology, process, or even a new discipline with little support for training. As academia evolves and the priorities of administrations shift, so do our job duties. Although stressful, it has resulted in what I believe to be the strongest asset of librarianship and librarians: flexibility. We are quick learners, early adopters, and will (usually) roll with the punches.
Sharing Health Data and Biospecimens with Industry - A Principle-Driven, Practical Approach.

Sharing Health Data and Biospecimens with Industry Regulations give substantial discretion to individual organizations when it comes to sharing deidentified data and specimens with outside entities...
Is there value in the routine practice of discarding the incision scalpel from the surgical field to prevent deep wound contamination with Cutibacterium acnes

Background Cutibacterium acnes is found in skin flora of the shoulder and is the most common microbe identified in periprosthetic shoulder infections. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is C acnes present on the incision scalpel in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty despite extensive skin preparation techniques to prevent wound contamination. Methods The authors collected a consecutive case series of patients meeting inclusion criteria. Patients were included if they underwent either primary or revision shoulder arthroplasty at the tertiary care hospital with the senior author during the study period. Culture swab samples, testing for presence of C acnes, were collected from 17 consecutive patients who underwent shoulder arthroplasty with a single fellowship-trained surgeon between November 2019 and March 2020. Culture reports were recorded as “positive” or “negative” after 21 days. Institutional review board approval of the study protocol was obtained. The null hypothesis was that there would be no cases with knife blades “culture positive” for C acnes. Results 17 patients were identified and fit inclusion criteria. There were 12 men (mean age 64.3 years, range 48-79 years) and 5 women (mean age 69.8 years, range 59-79 years). Two patients (11.8%) were found to have C acnes growth on the skin knife. Both patients were male and older than 70 years undergoing primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty with no history of previous shoulder infections. Conclusion The presence of C acnes on the skin blade in 2 patients validates concerns that there is C acnes present in dermal tissue despite extensive attention to eradication of these microbes. There was a high rate of C acnes contamination on scalpel blades used for initial skin incisions and the authors conclude that there is value in discarding these blades from the surgical field.
Endoscopic Endonasal Odontoidectomy with Nasopharyngeal Flap Reconstruction.

Objective This study aimed to demonstrate the nuances in preoperative management, surgical technique, and reconstruction for an endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy. Design Assembly of an operative video demonstrating technique for endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy. Setting this study is a comprehensive skull base team at a tertiary care center. Participant The patient is a 53-year-old male, with basilar invagination and myelopathy, who underwent cervical fusion, 6 years back, without ventral decompression at an outside hospital. He presented to our clinic with persistent myelopathy and generalized weakness, thus an endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy for brainstem decompression was recommended. Main Outcome Measures Preoperative computed tomography (CT) angiography and intraoperative CT navigation demonstrated normal carotid artery anatomic localization. An inverted U-shaped mucosal flap was reflected inferiorly and preserved. The C1 arch was identified and resected with a high speed drill. The resultant diseased soft tissue arising from retropulsion of the odontoid process was then removed and the odontoid process identified. This bone was removed centrally until a thin cap remained. After removal of the cap, the underlying ligamentous tissue was removed until dural pulsations were appreciated and brainstem decompression achieved. Hemostasis was attained and the mucosal flap mobilized into position. Results Postoperative CT imaging demonstrated resolution of basilar invagination and brainstem decompression ( Fig. 1 ). The patient improved both in arm dexterity and ambulation after surgery and the reconstruction demonstrated appropriate healing on nasal endoscopy 2 months postoperatively. Conclusions This operative video demonstrates nuances in endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy. This case also demonstrates that ventral decompression after long-term cervical fusion can improve myelopathy and that fusion in the setting of bony ventral compression, rather than rheumatoid panus, may not reduce over time with fusion only. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/370FFuBA89Y .
A descriptive analysis of the commensal luminal and mucosal microbiome of the duodenum using a cannulated calf model

The gut microbiome provides important metabolic functions for the host animal. Bacterial dysbiosis as a result of bacterial, viral, and parasitic gastrointestinal infections can adversely affect the metabolism, productivity, and overall health. The objective of this study is to characterize the commensal microbiome present in the lumen and the epimural surface of the duodenum of cattle, as we hypothesize that due to metabolic processes and/ or host proprieties, there are differences in the natural microbiota present in the epimural surface and luminal contents of the bovine duodenum.
Team triage increases discharges and decreases time to discharge without increasing test ordering.

Objectives Emergency department (ED) crowding is detrimental to patients and staff. During traditional triage, nurses evaluate patients and identify their level of emergency. During team triage, physicians and/or nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) place orders, laboratory results, intravenous lines (IVs), and imaging in triage. Team triage improves access to testing and decreases length of stay. However, ordering practices in team triage may lead to overtesting. Methods This is a retrospective review of patients seen before and after a team triage process was established. Percentage of patients receiving testing and the diagnostic yields of troponins, lactates, international normalized ratios (INRs), blood cultures, glomerular filtration rates (GFR), and head computed tomography (CT) images were studied. Results A total of 704 traditionally triaged patients and 862 team triaged patients met inclusion criteria. Comparing traditional versus team triaged patients, the proportion of patients discharged was 0.44 versus 0.53 (P < 0.001), and the length of stay to discharge was 417 versus 375 minutes (P = 0.003). Comparing traditional versus team triage, a head CT was obtained 12.5% versus 5.7% (P < 0.001) of the time with diagnostic yield 45.5% versus 52% (not significant), troponin was obtained 51.3% versus 45.9% (not significant) of the time with diagnostic yield 14.9% versus 13.9% (not significant), lactate was obtained 41.6% versus 32.1% (P = 0.011) of the time with diagnostic yield 18.4% versus 12.3% (not significant), INR was obtained 70.2% versus 55.8% (P = 0.007) of the time with diagnostic yield 15.8% versus 10.5% (P = 0. 042), GFR was obtained 99.3% versus 98.4% (not significant) of the time with diagnostic yield 18.9% versus 13.7% (P = 0.02), and blood cultures were obtained 23.4% versus 7.3% (P < 0.001) of the time with diagnostic yield 7.3% versus 9.3% (not significant). Conclusion Compared with traditional triage, the team triage process increased discharges and decreased time to discharge, but did not lead to increased testing or decreased diagnostic yield.
Simulation methods for RF integrated circuits

The principles employed in the development of modern RF simulators are introduced and the various techniques currently in use, or expected to be in use in the next few years, are surveyed. Frequency and time domain techniques are presented and contrasted, as are steady state and envelope techniques and large and small signal techniques.
Differential requirements for mitochondrial electron transport chain components in the adult murine liver

Summary Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) dysfunction is a common cause of metabolic disease in humans, but the mechanisms underlying tissue specific phenotypes are not understood. Complex I (cI) is classically considered the entry point for electrons into the ETC, and in vitro experiments indicate that cI is required for maintenance of the NAD+/NADH ratio, an indicator of cellular redox status. This finding has largely not been tested in vivo. Here, we report that mitochondrial complex I (cI) is dispensable for homeostasis of the adult mouse liver; animals with hepatocyte-specific loss of cI function display no overt phenotypes or signs of liver damage, and maintain liver function and redox status. Further analysis of cI-deficient livers did not reveal significant proteomic or metabolic changes, indicating little to no compensation is required in the setting of complex I loss. In contrast, complex IV (cIV) dysfunction in adult hepatocytes results in decreased liver function, steatosis, and liver damage, accompanied by significant metabolomic and proteomic perturbations. Correspondingly, we find that complex I-deficient livers are reliant on an alternative pathway, whereby electrons are donated to the ETC via dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, to maintain redox status. Our results support a model whereby complex I loss is tolerated in the mouse liver because hepatocytes make use of alternative electron donors to fuel the mitochondrial ETC.
Habitat restoration for brown trout (Salmo trutta) has limited effects on macroinvertebrate communities in a historically metal-contaminated stream.

Quantifying the success of stream remediation or restoration projects that are designed to improve water quality or habitat, respectively, is often challenging because of insufficient posttreatment monitoring, poorly defined restoration goals, and failure to consider fundamental aspects of ecological theory. We measured the effects of habitat restoration on aquatic and terrestrial prey resources in a system recovering from the long-term effects of mining pollution. The study was conducted in the Upper Arkansas River, a Rocky Mountain stream located in central Colorado, USA. Remediation of California Gulch, a United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Superfund Site that discharged metals from past mining operations into the stream, was completed in 2000, resulting in significant improvements in water quality, benthic macroinvertebrate communities, and brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. A large-scale restoration project designed to improve habitat and increase the density and biomass of brown trout was completed in 2014. To assess the effectiveness of these habitat improvements on invertebrate communities in this system, we sampled sites for 9 years before (2010-2014) and after (2015-2018) restoration was completed. In contrast to our expectations, we observed few changes in the abundance of aquatic or terrestrial invertebrates after restoration. The most common response was an overall reduction in abundance resulting from significant instream disturbances during and immediately after restoration, followed by a gradual return to pretreatment conditions. Despite reductions in prey abundance, the number of prey items in the diet of brown trout increased significantly after restoration. We discuss several explanations for these responses, including the effects of residual metals, increased predation by brown trout, and the recalcitrance of novel communities dominated by metal-tolerant species. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of remediation and restoration differed between macroinvertebrates and fish. Benthic macroinvertebrates were more dependent on water quality improvements at the watershed scale, whereas brown trout populations responded to both improvements in water quality and reach-scale improvements in habitat. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;00:1-9. © 2021 SETAC.
Heuristics in the delivery room.

Clinical decisions made in the delivery setting are often made under high pressure and great uncertainty, and have serious consequences for mother and baby. Theories of decision-making suggest that...
Role of peroxisomes in human lipid metabolism and its importance for neurological development

Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurological development as exemplified by the devastating neurological consequences of a defect in the biogenesis of peroxisomes as in Zellweger syndrome. The underlying basis for the important role of peroxisomes in neurological development resides in the fact that peroxisomes catalyze a number of physiological functions, notably involving the metabolism of different lipids. Indeed, peroxisomes catalyse the beta-oxidative breakdown of certain fatty acids including: (1.) the very long-chain fatty acids C22:0, C24:0, and C26:0; (2.) pristanic acid and (3.) the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid which cannot be oxidized in mitochondria. Furthermore, peroxisomes catalyze the synthesis of a particular type of lipids, i.e. ether-linked phospholipids, which are highly abundant in brain, especially in myelin. The current state of knowledge with respect to the metabolic role of peroxisomes will be described in this paper with particular emphasis on the role of peroxisomes in brain.
Research of Greenhouse Efficient Automatic Irrigation System Based on Evapotranspiration

Traditional water-saving irrigation management turns on water pump in a settled interval decided by grower’s experience. The method just saves water on the back of losing yield. In order to result the problem, a kind of greenhouse efficient irrigation management system based on Evapotranspiration has been developed. The system includes greenhouse environmental monitoring subsystem, irrigation analysis subsystem, control methods, can instruct users to irrigation greenhouse through quantitative calculating greenhouse crop water requirement. The system has been examined in greenhouses of ShengFangYuan Test Station in Beijing, China; the result shows that the system can instruct greenhouse irrigation efficiently, increase yield 18%, and save water 28%.
The School as a Setting for Consultation

In the early 1800s, children who were fortunate enough to receive an education did so in one-room schoolhouses. Attendance was sporadic and often depended on the availability of a teacher and the completion of chores around the home or farm. Together with a small number of friends and neighbors, the children who were present each day would be instructed in the fundamentals of reading, writing, and arithmetic using whatever materials were available and at whatever pace was necessary to accommodate their divergent skills. Following the industrial revolution of the late 1800s, it became fashionable to view schools as “factories” and children as “raw materials” who one day would become products capable of meeting the demands of an industrialized society (Cubberley, 1916). Compulsory education, child labor laws, and waves of immigrants entering the United States in the early 1900s produced staggering increases in school enrollments and corresponding increases in state and federal expenditures on public education (Fagan & Wise, 2007).
Vascular reactivity to angiotensin II infusion during gestation.

Abstract We serially tested 26 healthy, young, nulliparous patients, while they were maintained in the left lateral recumbent position, during a four-week interval (29 to 32 weeks), with progressive increments of angiotensin-II (A-II) (2.0 to 15.0 ng. per kilogram per minute). Blood pressure was recorded with an ultrasound device. All patients were followed through delivery. Three patients (12 per cent) developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH); only one of these three demonstrated enhanced vasoreactivity prior to PIH. Conversely, 13 patients who did not develop PIH demonstrated enhanced vasoreactivity at least once during the testing interval. Comparison of results obtained from one week to the next was evaluated in 57 test pairs; discordant data, i.e. reaction to
Some Anthropometric Data of Western College Girls

(1903). Some Anthropometric Data of Western College Girls. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 245-248.
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Announcements on Public Goods Contributions

We include probabilistic announcements in a standard public goods experiment. Although the possibility of having decisions announced encourages subjects to contribute more to the group account, learning that some individuals are free-riding more than the average has a negative effect.
Diet in the Epidemiology of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in the New York State Cohort

A number of authors have presented evidence that high dietary fat increases the risk of breast cancer, and a number have presented evidence to the contrary. In this study, dietary histories were obtained in 1980 from 18,586 postmenopausal women in New York State. These women were followed through 1987 to ascertain their incidence of breast cancer and other cancers and deaths from all causes, as registered in the New York State Tumor Registry and Office of Vital Statistics. Survival analysis revealed that the incidence of breast cancer increased with age, was higher among the nulliparous, was higher for those with a late (> 26 years) age at first pregnancy, and increased with increasing socioeconomic status--all risk factors discovered before for breast cancer. No increase in risk was related to the ingested amount of calories, vitamins A, C, or E, dietary fiber, or fat. Although dietary fat has been found to be associated with higher risk of cancer at a number of other sites, e.g., the lung, colon, and rectum, and although some previous writers have suggested an association with risk of breast cancer, the findings in three cohort studies as well as in eight substantial case-control studies are negative and suggest that a relation is far from established.
The use of ground-penetrating radar in archaeology

This chapter focuses on the usage of ground-penetrating radar mapping method in archaeology. Ground-penetrating radar is a geophysical method that can accurately map buried archaeological features in three-dimensions. Data are collected when radar waves are transmitted from a surface antenna into the ground, and reflected off buried archaeological features and stratigraphic horizons. The reflected waves are recorded back at the surface and the transmission time is measured that can be converted to depth in the ground. In today's climate of rescue archaeology, cultural resource management, and the prevalent ethic of site conservation, non-invasive methods of subsurface exploration and mapping are becoming increasingly important. New computer enhanced geophysical methods, including ground-penetrating radar, are being developed for site identification, mapping and analysis, which can non-invasively gather massive amounts of data from buried sites without having to dig. Archaeologists who are only familiar with the traditional methods of gathering data by the shovel and trowel method are being increasingly marginalized in this changing environment. It concludes that ground-penetrating radar surveys can also be of tremendous value for the rapid, nondestructive determination of the number, character and orientation of subsurface features at archaeological sites. The GPR mapping method can be used to produce maps that are a far more complete picture of a site than is possible using excavation alone.
Selected Testing of Newborns for Sickle Cell Disease

There are two main reasons for sickle cell testing: the early detection of those with sickle cell disease and the detection of the carrier state, sickle cell trait. The mortality of the severe forms of sickle cell disease is particularly high during the first 5 years of life. Recent data have shown that early detection of sickle cell disease and institution of expert medical care and follow-up may reduce early mortality and morbidity. The ability to detect most forms of sickle cell disease in the newborn period has made the goal of preventive care theoretically possible. The purpose of the detection of the carrier state, sickle cell trait, is less clear. Sickle cell trait has almost no clinical importance to the individual. Although a few case reports have suggested that sickle cell trait may not be a benign condition, most experts agree that sickle cell trait does not significantly alter health or disease. The main purpose of carrier testing is for genetic counseling. Mass screening of African Americans for sickle cell trait was advocated in the 1960s. However, no data have shown that results of such screening have had any impact on reproductive planning. Ideally, sickle cell testing should provide the following results. All newborns with various forms of sickle cell disease should be diagnosed by 3 months of age, before the onset of clinical problems. All heterozygotes for the βs-globin gene, or the genes for other hemoglobinopathies that may combine with βs gene to produce clinically significant forms of sickle cell disease, should be aware of the relevant genetic information at childbearing age.
Expression, purification, and characterization of human cystatin C monomers and oligomers

Human cystatin C (cysC) is a soluble basic protein belonging to the cysteine protease inhibitor family. CysC is a potent inhibitor of cathepsins--proteolytic enzymes that degrade intracellular and endocytosed proteins, remodel extracellular matrix, and trigger apoptosis. Inhibition is via tight reversible binding involving the N-terminus as well as two β-hairpin loops of cysC. As a significant component of cerebrospinal fluid, cysC has numerous other functions, including support of neural stem cell growth and differentiation. Several studies suggest that cysC may bind to the Alzheimer-related protein beta-amyloid (Aβ), and inhibit its aggregation and toxicity. Because of an increasing recognition of its important biological roles, there is considerable interest in methods to produce full-length recombinant human cysC. Several researchers have reported success, but with processes that require multiple purification steps. Here we report successful production of human cysC using an intein-based expression system and a simple one-column purification scheme. The recombinant protein so obtained was natively folded and active as an enzyme inhibitor. Unexpectedly, even mild concentration by ultrafiltration caused significant oligomerization. The oligomers are noncovalent and retain the native secondary structure and inhibitory activity of the monomer. The oligomers, but not the monomers, were highly effective at inhibiting aggregation of Aβ. These results demonstrate the critical importance of careful physicochemical characterization of recombinant cysC protein prior to evaluation of its biological functions.
Targeting obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction to prevent cancer development and progression

The incidence of obesity, a leading modifiable risk factor for common solid tumors, is increasing. Effective interventions are needed to minimize the public health implications of obesity. Although the mechanisms linking increased adiposity to malignancy are incompletely understood, growing evidence points to complex interactions among multiple systemic and tissue-specific pathways including inflamed white adipose tissue. The metabolic and inflammatory consequences of white adipose tissue dysfunction collectively provide a plausible explanation for the link between overweight/obesity and carcinogenesis. Gaining a better understanding of these underlying molecular pathways and developing risk assessment tools that identify at-risk populations will be critical in implementing effective and novel cancer prevention and management strategies.
e-Health AON (Application-Oriented Networks)

As the world is gearing up towards implementation of digital healthcare networking solutions, the solution roadmap for a national e-Health interconnection network infrastructure is in great demand. This paper first identifies the major benefits in interconnection services that are critical to universal deployment. Then it provides an overview of our e-Health AON (Application Oriented Network) approach that offers direct support to the aspects of interconnection services, operational management services, and security control services. To further achieve the desired effects, this paper presents performance validation plans to assist the realization of a universal e-Health application interconnection network.
Development of Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis Equipped with Amperometric Detection for Analysis of Explosive Compounds

Cyclic voltammograms of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and other related explosive compounds obtained by using glassy carbon, platinum, nickel, gold, and silver electrodes revealed the applicability of gold and silver in capillary electrophoresis (CE) amperometric detection. The selected electrode, gold or silver, was inserted into a specially designed detection cell that was easily adapted to a commercial CE apparatus. The electrochemical reduction of TNT, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 10 other explosives could be reliably monitored at −700 mV vs Ag/AgCl. CE analyses were performed with a borate buffer (15 mM, pH 8.7) containing 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to attain baseline resolution of the selected compounds. A bimetal electrode, prepared by depositing silver on gold, offered a superior performance by exploiting the sensitivity of gold while suppressing its response toward acetonitrile to achieve a 10-fold lower detection limit...
Surface activation of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane used in fuel cells with vacuum UV photo-oxidation

Perfluorosulfonic acid membrane (Nafion-117) was surface activated with low-pressure vacuum UV photo-oxidation downstream from Ar microwave plasma. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy detected defluorination and incorporation of oxygen into the modified Nafion surface. An in-depth chemical state analysis for the C 1s, O 1s and S 2p spectra is reported.
BETWEEN ANARCHISM AND AUTONOMIST MARXISM

Anarchists and autonomist Marxists played a vital role in the development of the Alternative Globalization Movement (AGM), especially with regard to their distinct contributions and insights in the realm of strategy and organization. Despite their common anticapitalist and antiauthoritarian orientation, however, their practical and theoretical approaches to issues of organization and change remain substantially different and in some contexts have been deeply divisive. This paper explores the theoretical and practical similarities and differences between anarchists and autonomists. It begins with an analysis of the tenuous binary between “lifestyle” and “social” anarchism, primarily within the U.S., where anarchism has significantly impacted AGM activism. What follows is a discussion of autonomist movements in Italy and Germany from the 1950s onward. The article then compares both tendencies in terms of how they balance the organizational requisites for change with their desires for freedom.
Laser Doppler velocimeter measurements of flow field around a bluff body

Abstract Greater understanding of the details of the flow fields around bluff bodies and the separated regions associated with these flows is necessary to advance the knowledge of fluid–structure interactions. These mechanisms are particularly important in wind engineering in determining design pressures on structures. In almost all instances the maximum design pressure occurs in regions of separated flow. The details of the flow in these separated regions and the criteria for physical or numerical modeling of the flows in these regions are not well understood. Measurements have been conducted using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to examine the structure of separated shear layers and the associated regions of separated flow. A LDV is an important tool for this application. A LDV system is capable of measuring reversing flows and consequently high local turbulent intensities. Thermal anemometry does not allow measurements under these conditions. When making measurements with a LDV in air, it is necessary to seed the flow with particles. Seeding is a challenge in applying these measurement techniques to flows in boundary-layer wind tunnels. Efforts to understand the basic mechanisms affecting pressure fluctuations and associated extreme pressures on a bluff body will be advanced by the ability to measure the flow in separated shear layers and within separated regions associated with these shear layers. The use of a LDV system provides an additional tool to explore this complex region.
Comparison of cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade between immediate postpartum and nonpregnant patients

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate and compare cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade and intubating conditions between immediate postpartum (PP) and nonpregnant (NP) patients. Design: Prospective control study Settings: University Hospital Center Patients: 44 ASA physical status I and II patients: 22 immediate postpartum (PP) patients ( 40 weeks from prior pregnancy) scheduled for elective gynecological procedures. Interventions: General anesthesia was induced intravenously (IV) with thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg, fentanyl 2.0 to 3.0 ug/kg, midazolam 0.015 to 0.025 mg/kg, and cisatracurium 0.2 mg/kg. Evoked electromyographic responses of the adductor pollicis muscle were obtained by supra-maximal train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve every ten seconds via surface electrodes at the wrist. Intubation was attempted at 90 s after completion of cisatracurium administration and again at 120 seconds if the first attempt was unsuccessful. The intubating anesthesiologist assessed the intubating conditions with four variables: jaw relaxation, vocal cord immobility and exposure, patient/diaphragmatic movement, and overall intubating impression. Intraoperative anesthetic was maintained with 30% oxygen, 70% nitrous oxide, and 1% end-tidal isoflurane, as tolerated. Patient temperature was maintained at 35.5° to 37.5° Celsius (C), and end-tidal carbon dioxide at 30 to 36 mmHg. Measurements and Main Results: The mean onset times to 50%, 90%, and maximal T 1 depression and mean time to 25% T 1 recovery in the PP group (68 ± 19 sec, 110 ± 26 sec, 147 ± 32 sec, 60 ± 6 min) were significantly less than those in the NP group (80 ± 17 sec, 131 ± 28 sec, 181 ± 44 sec, 69 ± 12 min), respectively (p 0.05). All patients were successfully intubated on the first attempt at 90 seconds. 91% of the NP group and 81% of the PP group had excellent overall intubating conditions. Conclusions: This is the first published control study to compare the effects of cisatracurium between NP and PP patients. The results suggest that the mean onset time and clinical duration of cisatracurium are significantly shorter in immediate postpartum patients than those in nonpregnant female patients.
A long-term evaluation of the mandibular Schwarz appliance and the acrylic splint expander in early mixed dentition patients

Introduction: The aim of this prospective longitudinal clinical study was to evaluate the short-term and long-term changes in dental-arch dimensions in patients treated with either an acrylic splint rapid maxillary expander alone (RME-only) or a rapid maxillary expander combined with a mandibular removable Schwarz plate (RME-Sz) in the early mixed dentition, followed later by fixed appliances in the permanent dentition. Methods: The dental casts of 27 RME-only patients were compared with those of 23 RME-Sz patients and 16 untreated controls (CTRL) with constricted maxillary arches at 4 times: pretreatment (T1), after expansion but before fixed appliance therapy (T2), after fixed appliance therapy (T3), and at long-term observation (T4). The mean ages for the treated groups were approximately 9 years at T1, 12 years at T2, 14 years at T3, and 20 years at T4. Arch width, arch depth, arch perimeter, and molar angulation were assessed in all subjects at all observation times. T1-T2, T2-T3, T3-T4, and T1-T4 changes were compared statistically in the treated groups with respect to the CTRL. Results: Treatment with an RME-only or an RME-Sz followed by fixed appliances produced significant short-term and long-term increases in maxillary arch widths compared with the CTRL. The RME-Sz led to significantly more favorable results than the RME-only protocol: (1) significantly greater increases in the transverse width of the mandibular arch and mandibular arch perimeter in the long term, and (2) uprighting of the mandibular posterior teeth buccally, thus allowing for an amount of maxillary expansion that was clinically effective for the correction of moderate tooth size-arch size discrepancies. In the overall observation interval, the significant increases in maxillary and mandibular arch perimeters in the RME-Sz group were 3.8 and 3.7 mm, respectively, when compared with the CTRL. The RME-only protocol produced modest long-term increases in maxillary arch perimeter (2.6 mm); the average long-term increase in mandibular arch perimeter (2.0 mm) in the RME-only group was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The RME-Sz led to significantly more favorable results than the RME-only protocol.
How positionally stable is a transesophageal echocardiographic probe? Implications for three-dimensional reconstruction

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from a single esophageal scanning position requires a stable relationship between the probe and the heart. The purpose of this study was to examine the movement of a transesophageal echocardiographic probe during 3D image acquisition. A new dual-axis multiplane probe was used that includes a miniature (6 × 6 × 9 mm) magnetic sensor in the tip. The sensor identifies the probe's 3D position and 3D orientation in space with respect to the location of a magnetic field generator placed beneath the subject. In vivo 3D scanning was performed in five anesthetized, ventilated dogs, with positional determinations acquired every 66 msec. Probe movement was estimated by computing the deviations of each x, y, and z position and orientation determination, compared with the average values during each 3D scan or cardiac cycle. Ten 3D scans were analyzed, involving 263 cardiac cycles and 2328 determinations. The range and SD of the translational movement of the transducer were 2.3 and 0.8 mm, 1.7 and 0.5 mm, and 2.4 and 0.7 mm in x, y, and z directions, respectively, during 3D scanning. Translational movement was more dominant than was rotational movement. Misregistration of three-dimensional reconstructions may be due to subtle probe movement. The ability to monitor probe movement may be helpful in optimizing 3D data sets.
Crystallization of melts, pegmatite intrusion and the Inverian retrogression of the Scourian complex, north‐west Scotland

Partial melting of tonalitic gneisses in the 2.7 Ga Badcallian granulite facies metamorphic episode in the Scourian complex of north-west Scotland produced a suite of granitic to trondhjemitic liquids. On cooling and excavation of the complex, these melts underwent fractional crystallization and the residual liquids eventually became water saturated. Comparison with experimental data suggests that water saturation would have occurred in these melts at around 620–700°C. From the retrograde P–T-time path followed by the complex it is estimated that H2O-dominated fluids were exsolved from these melts at c. 2.5 Ga. It is proposed that these fluids were the cause of the 2.5 Ga Inverian retrogression of the Scourian complex and that water-saturated melts formed during the crystallization of the leucogneisses were intruded as a suite of pegmatites. The timing of pegmatite intrusion is consistent with this proposition as are the temperature estimates, timing, distribution and nature of the Inverian phase of metamorphism. It is likely that the crystallization of melts is an important process in bringing about hydrous retrogressive metamorphic episodes in a number of other basement terrains, such as West Greenland and Australia.
Ecosystem response to upwelling off the Oregon coast: Behavior of three nitrogen‐based models

[1] The behavior of three ecosystem models is analyzed for upwelling off the Oregon coast as a function of the number of model components. The first ecosystem model includes dissolved inorganic nitrogen-phytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ), the second (NPZD) adds detritus, and the third (NNPZD) splits the nutrients into nitrate and ammonium. The models are made as equivalent as possible by choosing the same parameterizations for the biological interactions and are coupled to a two-dimensional physical circulation model. Simulations with wind forcing from summer 1973 lead to similar spatial and temporal patterns for the three models. The mean phytoplankton concentration is maximum onshore of the upwelling jet while the mean zooplankton concentration is maximum farther offshore. The main difference among the models is a larger maximum zooplankton concentration for the NPZ simulation. This difference is attributed to the sinking of phytoplankton rather than detritus. We repeat the NNPZD summer 1973 simulation with wind forcing from 1999 and with constant wind stress. We also use the 1973 wind forcing and vary model parameters. The zooplankton maximum grazing rate is increased, the detritus sinking rate is reduced, and the inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium is removed. In all cases, the maximum of the zooplankton concentration is found offshore of the phytoplankton maximum. The locations and magnitudes depend upon the nature of the time variability of the wind forcing and on the biological parameters. The wind variability and the parameter values have little effect on the mean primary productivity, but have a larger effect on the f-ratio.
Gas-bubble disease in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

Abstract Exposure of crabs to water supersaturated with air resulted in formation of gas emboli in the hemal system, which in turn caused localized ischemia. More than one-third of the exposed crabs died during the 2 days following the episode. In surviving crabs, the most severely affected organs and tissues were the gills, heart, and antennal gland. Especially in gills, emboli were still present in apparently healthy crabs 35 days following exposure to water supersaturated with air. Evidence of ischemic injury was focal in character except in the antennal gland, where the epithelium of the labyrinth was sometimes extensively degenerate. Repair processes apparently did not involve hemocytes except for occasional fibroblastic infiltration in damaged gill lamellae.
Simulations, Practical Limitations, and Novel Growth Technology for InGaN-Based Solar Cells

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) alloys exhibit substantial potential for high-efficiency photovoltaics. However, theoretical promise still needs to be experimentally realized. This paper presents a detailed theoretical study to provide guidelines to achieve high-efficiency InGaN solar cells. While the efficiency of heterojunction devices is limited to ~11%, homojunction devices can achieve suitable efficiencies, provided that highly p-type-doped InGaN layers and thick, single-phase InGaN films can be grown. Thus, we have developed a novel growth technology that facilitates growth of p-type nitride films with greatly improved hole concentration and growth of InGaN without phase separation, offering promise for future high-efficiency InGaN solar cells.
Cytokine-induced phosphorylation of pp100 in FDC-ER cells is at tyrosine residues.

Abstract Using FDC-P1 cells stably transfected with a murine erythropoietin receptor cDNA as a model, we recently have shown that erythropoietin (EPO), IL-3 and GM-CSF each induce the rapid phosphorylation of a common cytosolic target, i.e., a Mr 100,000 phosphoprotein “pp100”. Presently, we demonstrate that cytokine-induced phosphorylation of pp100 is primarily at tyrosine residues. This is shown by Western blotting with the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody PY20, and by the resistance of [ 32 P]-pp100 to hydroxide-mediated hydrolysis of phosphates. These data, together with the recent observation by Linnekin et al. that pp 100 p 97 apparently associates directly with EPO receptors, suggest that pp100 may comprise an immediate common component in the signal transduction pathways of EPO, IL-3, GM-CSF and possibly other type I/II cytokine receptors. Additional analyses suggest that pp100 is distinct from a previously described Mr 100,000 cytosolic target which is tyrosine phosphorylated in hematopoietic cells upon activation of T-cell receptors.
Evaluation of peroxidase as a biochemical indicator of toxic chemical exposure in the aquatic plant Hydrilla Verticillata, Royle

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the utility of peroxidase (POD) activity as a biochemical indicator of contaminant exposure in the aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata, Royle. The plants were exposed to anthracene, sulfomet-uron methyl (Oust®), Cd2+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Se4+ in concentration factors of 10. POD was extracted and measured by spectrophotometric assay. There was a significant increase in POD activity after a 5-d exposure to each of the chemicals at 1 mg/L. The optimum pH for POD activity after exposure to the chemicals was 5.5 to 6.0. The increase in POD was found to be dose dependent for each of the chemicals. The lowest concentration of chemical to induce a significant POD increase was 0.01 mg/L for anthracene, Oust, Cd, Cr, and Cu; 0.1 mg/L for Se; and 1.0 mg/L for Mn.
Effects of psychoactive drugs on operant responding and non-operant activity of rats with hippocampal system damage.

Abstract The effects of various psychoactive drugs (methylphenidate, 0.2–8.0 mg/kg; pentobarbital, 0.5–10.0 mg/kg; caffeine, 3.2–32.0 mg/kg; imipramine, 1.0–20.0 mg/kg; d-amphetamine, 0.1–1.0 mg/kg) on the operant and non-operant behavior rates of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with various lesion types localized in the septal-hippocampal area were tested in an appetative operant paradigm utilizing both a response contingent (VI50 sec) and a response non-contingent (VT50 sec) schedule. In general, both pentobarbital and imipramine reduced the rate of both behavioral measures in a dose-dependent manner while the psychomotor stimulants tended to decrease operant rates and increase non-operant rates to varying degrees in all groups. There were differential drug effects among the various lesion types which would indicate specific drug responsivity patterns. These results are discussed in terms of their usefulness in understanding the therapeutic effects of these drugs in treating possible hippocampal dysfunction.