cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic and Interpersonal Theories of Depression

In contrast to the wealth of literature on psychodynamic and interpersonal theories of depression in adults, there is a paucity of contributions examining these aspects of depression in adolescents, and particularly in children. This relative neglect of psychodynamic approaches to juvenile depression may seem surprising, since some of the major psychoanalytic theorists of depression, such as those of Freud and Abraham, specifically implicated childhood events in the etiology of adult mood disorders. Freud suggested the loss of a love object or the love of that object in early childhood as predisposing to adult melancholia, if a substitute object could not be found. Abraham went so far as to postulate the existence of a childhood episode of depression, termed “primal parathymia,” secondary to a disappointment in the child’s relationship with his or her mother in the history of adult depressives. Later psychoanalytic authors such as Rado and Jacobson continued to consider adult depression as the result of childhood experiences that were devoid of adequate care or love, often casting the adult experience as a reliving of the childhood disillusionment with needed others and the frustration of not receiving the required nurturance from parental figures.
Much Ado about Nothing: The Internet Dream

In the last five years the growth of the Internet has gone far beyond the expectations of many. From its humble beginnings as a small communication medium of the privileged few to the global mass communication medium for everyone, the Internet has aroused many dreams and expectations that may never come to be. While it is too early to pass judgement on its achievements, already two camps of opposing philosophies have emerged. Those who think that the Internet is a wonder kid to perform miracles, in one camp, and those who see it as a cancer of our civilization, in the other. Is the Internet an empty promise? This paper surveys many of the visible pitfalls that may make the argument about the pending abyss of the Internet plausible.
Auto-obliteration of maxillary sinuses through osteoneogenesis in children with cystic fibrosis: A possible new way to reduce morbidity.

Abstract Background Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene, leading to dysregulation of epithelial fluid transport, dehydration of airway surfaces and impaired mucociliary function in the sinuses, lungs, pancreas and other organs. This leads to thickened secretion which blocks the sinus ostia and promotes chronic bacterial overgrowth and destruction of the mucosa. Chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis patients leads to a decreased quality of life involving increased hospitalizations, infections, pneumonia, and acute exacerbations, warranting multiple sinus surgeries. This study investigates the effects of a more aggressive surgical approach on reducing the need for repeat surgeries. Methods A retrospective review of CT scans of nine cystic fibrosis patients who have had aggressive endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) was performed. The decrease in maxillary sinus volume was measured using pre-operative and post-operative scans. Results A significant decrease in maxillary sinus volume was observed in all subjects. Volume reduction occurred through osteoneogenesis, causing auto-obliteration of the sinuses with cancellous bone. Conclusions Aggressive endoscopic sinus surgery for maxillary sinuses incites an osteoneogenetic reaction that leads to auto-obliteration of the sinus and reduces sinus-related morbidity in children with cystic fibrosis. Through this osteoneogenesis, the sinus is transformed into a shallow cup that does not retain secretions and is easy to clear. It is our impression that this may lead to reduced morbidity and a decreased need for repeat maxillary sinus surgery.
American Society of Biomechanics Journal of Biomechanics Award 2017: High-acceleration training during growth increases optimal muscle fascicle lengths in an avian bipedal model.

Abstract Sprinters have been found to possess longer muscle fascicles than non-sprinters, which is thought to be beneficial for high-acceleration movements based on muscle force-length-velocity properties. However, it is unknown if their morphology is a result of genetics or training during growth. To explore the influence of training during growth, thirty guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) were split into exercise and sedentary groups. Exercise birds were housed in a large pen and underwent high-acceleration training during their growth period (age 4–14 weeks), while sedentary birds were housed in small pens to restrict movement. Morphological analyses (muscle mass, PCSA, optimal fascicle length, pennation angle) of a hip extensor muscle (ILPO) and plantarflexor muscle (LG), which differ in architecture and function during running, were performed post-mortem. Muscle mass for both ILPO and LG was not different between the two groups. Exercise birds were found to have ∼12% and ∼14% longer optimal fascicle lengths in ILPO and LG, respectively, than the sedentary group despite having ∼3% shorter limbs. From this study we can conclude that optimal fascicle lengths can increase as a result of high-acceleration training during growth. This increase in optimal fascicle length appears to occur irrespective of muscle architecture and in the absence of a change in muscle mass. Our findings suggest high-acceleration training during growth results in muscles that prioritize adaptations for lower strain and shortening velocity over isometric strength. Thus, the adaptations observed suggest these muscles produce higher force during dynamic contractions, which is beneficial for movements requiring large power outputs.
Iridium-catalyzed α-alkynylation of cyclic nonaromatic eneformamides: application to the synthesis of azapolycyclic architectures

A modular, regioselective, step-economical, and chelation-assisted dehydrogenative alkynylation of cyclic nonaromatic eneformamides with terminal alkynes, under iridium catalysis, is described. The versatile eneformamidynes have been skeletally remodelled to other relevant architectures, including saturated cyclic amines and azabicyclic amines.
Continued Analysis of High-Frequency Broadband Acoustic Scattering from Non-Linear Internal Waves during SW06

Abstract : The long-term goal is to understand high-frequency broadband acoustic backscattering from small-scale physical processes, such as internal waves, turbulence, and microstructure, in shallow, stratified waters.
Four-year follow-up of two patients on maintenance therapy with fondaparinux and mycophenolate mofetil for microthrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome.

ObjectivesWe discuss two patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) who presented with critical ischemia of both lower extremities due to arterial microthrombi. They received multimodality thera...
A case of Ewing-like sarcoma showing trilaminar differentiation after treatment

Abstract Here we present a case of a 56 year old male with an Ewing-like bilateral retroperitoneal sarcoma with evidence of a EWSR1-POU5F1 fusion gene. Biopsy showed a high grade round cell sarcoma expressing strong membranous CD99 antigen. The tumor shrank considerably after extensive neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy. The resected specimens showed complete regression of the malignant component, with the residual tumor resembling ganglioglioma as well as of differentiated tumors of endoderm and mesoderm. While ganglioneuromatous differentiation of Ewing sarcoma has previously been reported, the other elements are a novel finding and may be attributed to the uncommon fusion transcript identified in this case and to the effect of therapy.
Earth/The Documentary Impulse: Mō hitotsu no kyōiku—Ina shōgakkō harugumi no kiroku/ Lessons from a Calf—Record of the Spring Class at Ina Elementary School, 1991

Kore-eda’s early documentaries reveal the director’s practice of patient observation, with topics ranging from “Living Science” lessons at a rural elementary school to medical malpractice. They set the stage for his feature films to follow.
Content Analysis of Negative Online Reviews of Hospice Agencies in the United States.

Importance As online reviews of health care become increasingly integral to patient decision-making, understanding their content can help health care practices identify and address patient concerns. Objective To identify the most frequently cited complaints in negative (ie, 1-star) online reviews of hospice agencies across the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study conducted a thematic analysis of online reviews of US hospice agencies posted between August 2011 and July 2019. The sample was selected from a Hospice Analytics database. For each state, 1 for-profit (n = 50) and 1 nonprofit (n = 50) hospice agency were randomly selected from the category of extra-large hospice agencies (ie, serving >200 patients/d) in the database. Data analysis was conducted from January 2019 to April 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Reviews were analyzed to identify the most prevalent concerns expressed by reviewers. Results Of 100 hospice agencies in the study sample, 67 (67.0%) had 1-star reviews; 33 (49.3%) were for-profit facilities and 34 (50.7%) were nonprofit facilities. Of 137 unique reviews, 68 (49.6%) were for for-profit facilities and 69 (50.4%) were for nonprofit facilities. A total of 5 themes emerged during the coding and analytic process, as follows: discordant expectations, suboptimal communication, quality of care, misperceptions about the role of hospice, and the meaning of a good death. The first 3 themes were categorized as actionable criticisms, which are variables hospice organizations could change. The remaining 2 themes were categorized as unactionable criticisms, which are factors that would require larger systematic changes to address. For both for-profit and nonprofit hospice agencies, quality of care was the most frequently commented-on theme (117 of 212 comments [55.2%]). For-profit hospice agencies received more communication-related comments overall (34 of 130 [26.2%] vs 9 of 82 [11.0%]), while nonprofit hospice agencies received more comments about the role of hospice (23 of 33 [69.7%] vs 19 of 31 [61.3%]) and the quality of death (16 [48.5%] vs 12 [38.7%]). Conclusions and Relevance Regarding actionable criticisms, hospice agencies could examine their current practices, given that reviewers described these issues as negatively affecting the already difficult experience of losing a loved one. The findings indicated that patients and their families, friends, and caregivers require in-depth instruction and guidance on what they can expect from hospice staff, hospice services, and the dying process. Several criticisms identified in this study may be mitigated through operationalized, explicit conversations about these topics during hospice enrollment.
Acute Bone Pain: An Analysis of Symptom Management Interventions After Administration of Granulocyte-Colony-Stimulating Factors for Myelosuppression.

Background The administration of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) has proven to be essential in increasing the body's immune system following treatment with chemotherapy; however, many patients have reported varying levels of acute bone pain after receiving G-CSFs. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to manage acute bone pain following G-CSF administration. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was administered to hospitalized patients who received G-CSFs during a four-month period to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of interventions in reducing pain. Findings The findings of this study suggest that patients employ pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for pain management, but results are inconsistent and often inadequate. Nonpharmacologic interventions received higher scores for consistency and perceived effectiveness.
Screening for Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death in the US and the world. In 2011, the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) showed that annual screening of high-risk patients with low-dose CT (LDCT) reduced lung cancer mortality. Since the NLST was published, the US Preventive Services Task Force and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid have recommended annual LDCT for lung cancer screening for certain patients. This teaching script will instruct learners how to identify eligible patients and properly counsel them on the possible harms and benefits of screening using shared decision-making.
Effect of Environmental Factors on Growth Kinetics of Biocontrol Agent Bacillus thuringiensis Bacterium using 2L and 5L A+ Sartorius Stedim Biostat® Fermentation Systems

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling, Gram-positive bacterium that is used as a biological pesticide and used to genetically engineer plants due to the toxic proteins it produces. B. thuringiensis was studied in batch cultures to determine the specific growth rates and doubling times. The purpose of this experiment was to research the growth kinetics of Bacillus thuringiensis in a 2L bioreactor and a 5L bioreactor containing growth media at different environmental conditions. Fermentation parameters were controlled by utilizing a Sartorius Stedim Biostat® A+ bioreactor system for bacterial growth. The environmental conditions included temperature, agitation, and aeration. The specific growth rates of B. thuringiensis were determined. The optimal conditions for the 2L bioreactor were 200 RPM, 30°C, 1.5 VVM, and with the highest specific growth rate 0.30 hr and the shortest doubling time 2.3 hr. For the 5L bioreactor, the optimal conditions were 150 RPM, 30°C, 1.5 VVM, and with the highest specific growth rate 1.2 hr and the fastest doubling time 0.6 hr.
A double-edged sword: Prolonged detection of SARS-COV-2 in patients receiving cancer directed therapy.

Abstract Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 (S-2) infection duration and its impact on patients with cancer and mild to moderate COVID-19 undergoing cancer-directed therapy (CDT), especially in the underserved population, is not well described. We conducted a retrospective study to analyze S-2 positive (+) patients on CDT to describe the S-2 duration and its impact on CDT. Methods:Two hundred ninety-nine patients with cancer were tested with nasopharyngeal (NP) S-2 PCR assay at Columbia University Medical Irving Center (CUIMC), a Minority-NCI Community Oncology site, of which 77 (26%) tested positive. We retrospectively analyzed 26 S-2 (+) patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 receiving CDT who consented to the study. NP PCR was repeated every 1 to 2 weeks until 2 successive negative (−) PCRs were obtained prior to restarting CDT. Time to 2 (−) PCR and serology results were recorded. Cycling thresholds (Ct) were obtained for S-2 specific targets and represented an indirect measure of viral load. Results: Demographics of N = 26 patients are: Hispanic (N = 17, 65%), Black (N = 1, 4%), White (N = 7, 27%), and undeclared (N = 1, 4%). Among the tumor histologies represented, gastrointestinal (N = 9, 35%), breast (N = 5, 19%), and sarcoma (N = 3, 12%) were most common. Median time to 2 (−) PCR was 32 days. Twenty patients required greater than 14 days to achieve 2 sequential (−) swabs. CDT was delayed in 21 patients (81%) of whom three experienced disease progression, likely attributed to an interruption in CDT, which was delayed by a mean of 53 days. Interestingly, nine (41%) patients had Ct values greater than 34 for the pan SARS target and seven (32%) patients had Ct values greater than 34 for the SARS-COV-2 target. Sixteen of 16 patients on CDT, tested positive for IgG antibodies at the time of consent, despite protracted viral detectability by NP PCR. Conclusion: Patients receiving CDT appear to have prolonged detectable S-2 by PCR, which can lead to interruption of CDT and POD in patients. We believe and recommend that patients with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 and aggressive malignancies are at greatest risk for cancer related morbidity and mortality due to CDT cessation and should be considered for continued CDT without interruption. Ct values and serology testing are tools that can help identify those patients on CDT who may be at greatest risk of worsening COVID-19 or of spreading S-2.
Comparison of Six-Month Post-Transplant Survival before and after Implementation of the 2018 UNOS Allocation Policy Change

Purpose The intent of the UNOS allocation system change was to better prioritize heart transplantation (HT) for the most critically ill patients. Here, we explore six-month post-transplant survival of HT patients one year before (PRE) and after (POST) the allocation change (10/18/2018). Methods We identified all adult patients (N=3776) that underwent HT between 10/18/2017 to 10/17/2019. There were 1741 patients in the PRE group and 2035 in the POST group. Baseline clinical characteristics were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test as appropriate. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and both Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards (PH) regression analysis adjusted for policy change, recipient age, donor age, bilirubin, creatinine, dialysis use, ischemic time, ventilator use, and ECMO use. Results There was a significant reduction in six-month survival in the POST vs. PRE group (92% vs 94%, p=0.04). On univariate analysis, the policy change was a significant predictor of mortality (HR 1.30 [1.02, 1.67]), however on multivariate analysis significance was lost (HR 1.16 [0.90, 1.50]). Median ischemic time (3.5 hrs vs. 3.0 hrs, p Conclusion There was a small, but significant reduction in six-month post-transplant survival following implementation of the policy change. Policy change was a significant predictor of mortality on univariate analysis, but significance was lost on multivariate analysis.
Stochastic Stackelberg Security Games

In this paper, we consider a discrete time stochastic Stackelberg game where there is a defender (also called leader) who has to defend a target and an attacker (also called follower). The attacker has a private type that evolves as a controlled Markov process. The objective is to compute Stochastic Stackelberg equilibrium of the game where defender commits to a strategy. The attacker's strategy is the best response to defender strategy and defender's strategy is optimum given attacker plays best response. In general computing such equilibrium involves solving a fixed-point equation for the whole game. In this paper, we present an algorithm that computes such strategies by solving smaller fixed-point equations for each time t. This reduces the computational complexity of the problem from double exponential in time to linear in time. Based on this algorithm, we compute Stackelberg equilibrium of a security example.
The ESG Debate Emerges from the Soil of Climate Denial

It has been almost six decades since Rachel Carson’s ominous warning of pending environmental disaster. During 2019 the United Nations requested urgent action from world leaders, given that “just over a decade is all that remains to stop irreversible damage from climate change.” With every passing year, damage resulting from destructive climate change causes increased pain, suffering, death and massive property loss. During 2020 and 2021 alone, severe weather events have included: destructive fires in California; record breaking freeze, power outage, and threat to the electrical grid in Texas; continuation of disruptive drought in U.S. Western states; and record-breaking high temperatures in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Global recognition of threats posed by carbon emissions appears universal. For several years, U.S. intelligence agencies have considered climate change to be a risk to national security. During April 2021, U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin described climate change as an “existential threat to national security.” As one of the first actions taken by the incoming Administration, president Biden observed, “The United States and the world face a profound climate crisis. We have a narrow moment to pursue action at home and abroad in order to avoid the most catastrophic impacts of that crisis and to seize the opportunity that tackling climate change presents.” We believe this paper contributes to the corporate governance discussion and understanding of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues.
In-medium $$\Delta (1232)$$ Δ ( 1232 ) potential, pion production in heavy-ion collisions and the symmetry energy

Using the dcQMD transport model, the isoscalar and isovector in-medium potentials of the $$\Delta $$ (1232) baryon are studied and information regarding their effective strength is obtained from a comparison to experimental pion production data in heavy-ion collisions below 800 MeV/nucleon impact energy. The best description is achieved for an isoscalar potential moderately more attractive than the nucleon optical potential and a rather small isoscalar relative effective mass $$\hbox {m}^*_\Delta \approx $$ 0.45. For the isovector component only a constraint between the potential’s strength at saturation and the isovector effective mass difference can be extracted, which depends on quantities such as the slope of the symmetry energy and the neutron-proton effective mass difference. These results are incompatible with the usual assumption, in transport models, that the $$\Delta $$ (1232) and nucleon potentials are equal. The density dependence of symmetry energy can be studied using the high transverse momentum tail of pion multiplicity ratio spectra. Results are however correlated with the value of neutron-proton effective mass difference. This region of spectra is shown to be affected by uncertain model ingredients such as the pion potential or in-medium correction to inelastic scattering cross-sections at levels smaller than 10%. Extraction of precise constraints for the density dependence of symmetry energy above saturation will require experimental data for pion production in heavy-ion collisions below 800 MeV/nucleon impact energy and experimental values for the high transverse momentum tail of pion multiplicity ratio spectra accurate to better than 5%.
Origami-like folded mems for realization of TIMU: fabrication technology and initial demonstration

This paper reports a prototype of miniature, <50 mm3, Timing and Inertial Measurement Unit (TIMU), implemented utilizing a Folded MEMS concept. The approach is based on a wafer-level fabrication of high aspect ratio single-axis sensors, interconnected by flexible polyimide hinges, and then folded into a 3-D configuration, typically in a shape of cube or prism. Co-fabricated thru-wafer interconnects enable interfacing sensors on the device side of the TIMU with signal conditioning electronics potentially integrated inside a folded 3-D structure. We report a TIMU prototype with all 7 sensors operational, thus demonstrating a feasibility of the proposed fabrication approach. In this paper, we emphasize the characterization of the low-noise accelerometers, implemented on the TIMU sidewalls, demonstrating VRW of 0.057 m=s2= p h and bias instability of <0.2 mg.
Experimental Evaluation of the Height of a Random Set of Points in a d-Dimensional Cube

We develop computationally feasible algorithms to numerically investigate the asymptotic behavior of the length Hd(n) of a maximal chain (longest totally ordered subset) of a set of n points drawn from a uniform distribution on the d-dimensional unit cube Vd = [0, 1]d. For d ≥ 2, it is known that cd(n) = Hd(n)/n1/d converges in probability to a constant cd < e, with limd→∞ cd = e. For d = 2, the problem has been extensively studied, and, it is known that c2 = 2. Monte Carlo simulations coupled with the standard dynamic programming algorithm for obtaining the length of a maximal chain do not yield computationally feasible experiments. We show that Hd(n) can be estimated by considering only the chains that are close to the diagonal of the cube and develop efficient algorithms for obtaining the maximal chain in this region of the cube. We use the improved algorithm together with a linearity conjecture regarding the asymptotic behavior of cd(n) to obtain even faster convergence to cd. We present experimental simulations to demonstrate our results and produce new estimates of cd for d ∈ {3,...,6}.
Cascade pseudo derivative feedback control algorithm and its application to design of autopilots

Autopilots based on proportional, integral plus derivative (PID) controllers have been used to steer ship for many years. The main drawback of conventional PID autopilots is their lack of adaptivity, and for this reason various adjustments to the controller gain settings are needed if they are to achieve good performance throughout the operating range of the ship. The design of autopilots for ship steering control based on the cascade pseudo derivative feedback (PDF) control algorithm is discussed. The simulation results show the superiority of the autopilot based on cascade PDF algorithm. The cascade PDF autopilot has an improved transient behavior and is robust to variation in the parameters and nonlinearities of the ship dynamics. >
Activation of the Escherichia coli Nitrate Reductase (narGHJI) Operon by NarL and Fnr Requires Integration Host Factor

Integration host factor protein (IHF) was shown to be required for Fnr- and NarL-dependent activation of the nitrate reductase (narGHJI) operon of Escherichia coli in response to nitrate availability and anaerobiosis. Using a narG-lacZ reporter fusion to evaluate narGHJI expression in vivo both the nitrate and anaerobic dependent controls were severely impaired in a himA mutant compared with the wild type strain. IHF was also required for Fnr-independent anaerobic control of narGHJI expression. In vitro, purified IHF protein was shown to bind to a narG promoter fragment with an apparent dissociation value of 5 nM by use of a gel shift assay. DNase I footprinting studies revealed that IHF protects a 37-base pair region centered 125 base pairs 5' of the narG transcription site. These studies suggest that the IHF protein performs a DNA bending function at the narG promoter to allow nitrate-dependent activation by the NarL regulatory protein, and second, it enhances the Fnr-dependent expression from the narG promoter under anaerobic cell growth conditions. A model whereby three transcriptional activators, NarL, IHF, and Fnr, induce expression of a sigma 70-dependent promoter for the narGHJI operon is discussed.
Geospatial patterns of human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in Minnesota

Objectives To identify factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and to determine the geographic distribution of vaccine uptake while accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Design This study is cross-sectional in design using data collected via the Internet from the Survey of Minnesotans About Screening and HPV study. Setting and participants The sample consists of 760 individuals aged 18–30 years nested within 99 ZIP codes surrounding the downtown area of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Results In all, 46.2% of participants had received≥1 dose of HPV vaccine (67.7% of women and 13.0% of men). Prevalence of HPV vaccination was found to exhibit strong spatial dependence () across ZIP codes. Accounting for spatial dependence, age (OR=0.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.83) and male gender (OR=0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.07) were negatively associated with vaccination, while liberal political preferences (OR=4.31, 95% CI 2.32 to 8.01), and college education (OR=2.58, 95% CI 1.14 to 5.83) were found to be positively associated with HPV vaccination. Conclusions Strong spatial dependence and heterogeneity of HPV vaccination prevalence were found across ZIP codes, indicating that spatial statistical models are needed to accurately identify and estimate factors associated with vaccine uptake across geographic units. This study also underscores the need for more detailed data collected at local levels (eg, ZIP code), as patterns of HPV vaccine receipt were found to differ significantly from aggregated state and national patterns. Future work is needed to further pinpoint areas with the greatest disparities in HPV vaccination and how to then access these populations to improve vaccine uptake.
Solar Wind Stimulation of the Magnetosphere

The manner in which the solar wind stimulates geomagnetic activity has been a subject of interest since spacecraft measurements of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field became available. It was demonstrated with Mariner 2 measurements that a rough relationship exists between solar wind bulk speed and geomagnetic activity (Snyder et al., 1963). The average size of the magnetosphere is less at times of high Kp, suggesting that the solar wind pressure is greater then (Gosling et al., 1967). Sudden commencements and impulses in the geomagnetic field are produced by interplanetary shocks and discontinuities as reported by a number of groups (e.g., Gosling et al., 1968). Increases in the solar wind proton density and α-particle abundance which occur following interplanetary shocks, and at about the time of the main phase development of geomagnetic storms, have also been reported (e.g., Bame et al., 1968; Hirshberg et al., 1970). The importance of a southward directed magnetosheath magnetic field for the production of disturbances has been reported by Fairfield and Cahill(1966). Numerous other studies have been published but space precludes a discussion of them here.
Surface Properties of Poly[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate] Deposited from Liquid CO2 High-Pressure Free Meniscus Coating

The surface characteristics of poly[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate] (PFOEA) films deposited using a high-pressure free meniscus coating (hFMC) process with liquid CO{sub 2} (l-CO{sub 2}) as the coating solvent on 12.5 cm diameter silicon wafer substrates were investigated using contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The results were compared with surface property measurements of PFOEA films deposited from 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113) under normal dip coating conditions at atmospheric pressure. NEXAFS measurements showed that perfluoroalkyl groups in the films from l-CO{sub 2} and Freon 113 were well-organized and oriented normal to the substrate at the air/polymer interface. AFM images and XPS measurements revealed that a terrace-like structure of the PFOEA film from l-CO{sub 2} resulted in carbonyl group exposure at the air/polymer interface. This leads to smaller contact angles on the films cast from l-CO{sub 2} relative to the specimens deposited from Freon 113. Annealing the films deposited from the solvents resulted in droplet formation on the surface due to dewetting. The critical surface tension ({gamma}{sub c}) after annealing the film prepared from Freon 113 increased from 6.5 to 8.5 mJ/m{sup 2}, whereas {gamma}{sub c} of the film deposited frommore » l-CO{sub 2} decreased slightly from 9.7 to 8.9 mJ/m{sup 2}. We discuss how surface morphology changes before and after annealing play a role in the variation of {gamma}{sub c}.« less
A comparison of measured and computed sound pressure levels in a non-uniform acoustically lined duct

A comparison of measured and numerically calculated acoustical fields is presented for a non-uniform lined duct in the absence of appreciable mean flow. The frequency range investigated includes the “cut-on” frequencies of several transverse modes in certain portions of the duct. Measured pressure fields are compared to those predicted by one and two dimensional numerical models. The validity of the one dimensional model is confirmed for frequencies below cut-on of the first transverse mode. For higher frequencies the one dimensional model is clearly unsatisfactory, as might be expected. The two dimensional model gives reasonable results for frequencies below and above cut-on of the transverse modes, although it indicates a very strong sensitivity, of acoustical fields, to small variations in local wall impedance data.
Effect of the deletion of upstream DNA sequences on expression from the ilvGp2 promoter of the ilvGMEDA operon of Escherichia coli K-12

Transcription in vitro of the regulatory region of the ilvGMEDA operon yields two attenuated RNAs initiated from the tandem promoters ilvGp1 and ilvGp2. Both S1 nuclease analysis and the fusion of ilvGp1 to galK indicate that transcription is not initiated in vivo from ilvGp1. However deletion of DNA sequences 150 to 100 bp upstream of ilvGp2 drastically reduces expression in vivo from ilvGp2. Both the distance separating ilvGp2 from the upstream DNA sequences and their relative orientation to each other on the DNA helix affect expression from ilvGp2. Deletion of DNA sequences approximately 400 bp upstream of ilvGp2 increases expression in vivo from this promoter. Analysis of products of transcription in vitro indicates that the effects observed in vivo are probably not due to DNA conformation or interactions of RNA polymerase.
A Non-Equilibrium Model of Hemispheric Mean Surface Temperature

Abstract A simple mean hemispheric temperature model has been constructed in the form of a differential equation which is a function of three independent variables: carbon dioxide content of the air, volcanic ejecta and anthropogenic particulate pollution. This model appears to simulate the behavior of Northern Hemisphere mean temperatures as well as they are known and gives a different pattern of behavior for the Southern Hemisphere. By more completely accounting for those anthropogenic processes which produce both lower tropospheric aerosols and carbon dioxide, such as fossil fuel burning and agricultural burning, we calculate an expected slight decrease in surface temperature with an increase in CO2 content. Though an invariant “solar constant” was assumed, an unmistakable 20–25 year periodicity was found in the difference between the calculated and observed direct solar flux reaching the earth's surface, suggesting a definite but small periodic variation in the solar constant.
The current state of infection with respiratory syncytial virus in the setting of congenital cardiac malformations.

A long with prematurity and chronic lung disease, the presence of congenital cardiac disease in infants and young children is a significant risk for the clinical consequences of an illness produced by infection with the respiratory syncytial virus. 1 In this review, we present a current understanding of such illnesses, their prevention, and their treatment.
Nuclear spectroscopy from on-line nuclear orientation

Abstract Low-temperature nuclear orientation is well established as a technique for gaining spectroscopic information from radioactive decays. A new development in this field has been the on-line coupling of a dilution refrigerator to an isotope separator, which permits the direct implantation of any desired nuclide. If the isotope separator is itself on-line to a heavy-ion accelerator, it is possible to produce, implant and orient a variety of short-lived nuclei, especially those far from stability. Technological details of such facilities are discussed and examples of recent results from three operating facilities are given.
The relative signs of the long range spin-spin coupling constants in formic acid esters

Abstract The relative signs of the long range coupling constants through the carboxyl group in formic acid esters have been determined by the double resonance technique. The coupling constant between the formyl proton and the α-protons to the carboxyl group across four bonds is negative and that between the formyl proton and the β-protons separated by five bonds is positive. The long range coupling constants of several formic acid esters are given.
Computer modeling of surface coil sensitivity.

A simple model is presented for the calculation of relative signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of coils of different sizes and configurations when applied to in vivo MRS. Axial symmetry is assumed, which enables rather simple expressions to be used for the calculation of coil loading by the tissue. The model is calibrated to experiments through measurement of the loaded and unloaded coil Q's. Applications of the model demonstrate that for small, superficial regions of interest (ROI), small surface coils can provide a S/N much improved over that of a larger coil. However, for very deep ROIs, larger coils or coils producing S/N. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
Crystal and Solution Structures of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte-binding Antigen 140 Reveal Determinants of Receptor Specificity during Erythrocyte Invasion.

Erythrocyte-binding antigen 140 (PfEBA-140) is a critical Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion ligand that engages glycophorin C on host erythrocytes during malaria infection. The minimal receptor-binding region of PfEBA-140 contains two conserved Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains, a fold unique to Plasmodium species. Here, we present the crystal structure of the receptor-binding region of PfEBA-140 at 2.4 Å resolution. The two-domain binding region is present as a monomer in the asymmetric unit, and the structure reveals novel features in PfEBA-140 that are likely determinants of receptor specificity. Analysis by small-angle x-ray scattering demonstrated that the minimal binding region is monomeric in solution, consistent with the crystal structure. Erythrocyte binding assays showed that the full-length binding region containing the tandem DBL domains is required for erythrocyte engagement, suggesting that both domains contain critical receptor contact sites. The electrostatic surface of PfEBA-140 elucidates a basic patch that constitutes a putative high-affinity binding interface spanning both DBL domains. Mutation of residues within this interface results in severely diminished erythrocyte binding. This study provides insight into the structural basis and mechanism of PfEBA-140 receptor engagement and forms a basis for future studies of this critical interaction. In addition, the solution and crystal structures allow the first identification of likely determinants of erythrocyte receptor specificity for P. falciparum invasion ligands. A complete understanding of the PfEBA-140 erythrocyte invasion pathway will aid in the design of invasion inhibitory therapeutics and vaccines.
Parallel uses for serial arithmetic in signal processors

In this paper we consider using 'digit serial' processing to build high performance parallel structures, in particular, parallel signal processors. Digit serial arithmetic processors have digit serial data transmission combined with digit serial computation. Three digit serial arithmetic processors are presented and compared with their digit parallel counterparts. We show that by using a digit serial approach we can achieve a higher throughput than with a digit parallel processor, even though the two processors are structurally similar and have components of similar complexity.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical Strategies for Sensing Neuronal Voltage Using Quantum Dots and Other Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Biophysicists have long sought optical methods capable of reporting the electrophysiological dynamics of large-scale neural networks with millisecond-scale temporal resolution. Existing fluorescent sensors of cell membrane voltage can report action potentials in individual cultured neurons, but limitations in brightness and dynamic range of both synthetic organic and genetically encoded voltage sensors have prevented concurrent monitoring of spiking activity across large populations of individual neurons. Here we propose a novel, inorganic class of fluorescent voltage sensors: semiconductor nanoparticles, such as ultrabright quantum dots (qdots). Our calculations revealed that transmembrane electric fields characteristic of neuronal spiking (∼10 mV/nm) modulate a qdot’s electronic structure and can induce ∼5% changes in its fluorescence intensity and ∼1 nm shifts in its emission wavelength, depending on the qdot’s size, composition, and dielectric environment. Moreover, tailored qdot sensors composed of t...
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modulates dihydropyridine effects on L-type Ca2+ channels, cytosolic Ca2+, and contraction in adult rat cardiac myocytes.

Abstract The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6) on dihydropyridine (DHP) interaction with L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICa), cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai), and cell contraction in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes was studied. The DHP L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker nitrendipine (10 nM) reduced peak ICa (measured by whole-cell voltage clamp from -45 to 0 mV) and reduced the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient (measured as the transient in indo-1 fluorescence, 410/490 nm) and the twitch amplitude (measured via photodiode array) during steady-state electrical stimulation (0.5 Hz). The DHP L-type Ca2+ channel agonist BAY K 8644 (10 nM) significantly increased ICa, the amplitude of the Cai transient, and contraction. When cells were exposed to DHA (5 microM) simultaneously with either BAY K 8644 or nitrendipine, the drug effects were abolished. Arachidonic acid (C20:4) at 5 microM did not block the inhibitory effects of nitrendipine nor did it prevent the potentiating effects of BAY K 8644. DHA modulation of DHP action could be reversed by cell perfusion with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin at 1 mg/ml. Neither DHA nor arachidonic acid alone (5 microM) had any apparent effect on the parameters measured. DHA (5 microM) had no influence over beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation (isoproterenol, 0.01-1 microM)-induced increases in ICa, Cai, or contraction. The findings that DHA inhibits the effect of DHP agonists and antagonists on Ca(2+)-channel current but has no effect alone or on beta-adrenergic-induced increases in ICa suggests that DHA specifically binds to Ca2+ channels at or near DHP binding sites and interferes with ICa modulation.
Electrophysiologic recovery in postischemic, stunned myocardium despite persistent systolic dysfunction

Previous investigators have hypothesized that myocardial "stunning" may result either from a primary impairment in excitation or from electromechanical dissociation. Thrombolytic therapy and angioplasty have increased the importance of understanding the electrophysiologic effects of brief ischemia followed by reperfusion. We investigated the electrophysiologic properties of mechanically dysfunctional stunned myocardium in 18 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, intravenously administered). After thoracotomy, the proximal anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 15 minutes, which was followed by 20 minutes of reperfusion. At baseline, peak ischemia, and 20 minutes of reperfusion, local electrogram durations, activation times, and refractory periods were measured from 12 standardized sites within the ischemic and border zones. Echocardiographic percentage of systolic wall thickening confirmed normal preischemic and markedly reduced postischemic function in the investigated region. Despite the marked electrophysiologic abnormalities observed in the ischemic zone during ischemia, mean electrogram duration, calculated conduction velocity, and mean effective refractory period after 20 minutes of reperfusion had returned almost to baseline values 39.2 +/- 11.5 msec versus 37.2 +/- 12.1 msec, 0.65 +/- 0.15 m/sec versus 0.68 +/- 0.15 m/sec, and 134 +/- 14 msec versus 131 +/- 8 msec, respectively. Corresponding mean values within the ischemic border zone were similarly close to baseline values after reperfusion. There was no significant difference in local heterogeneity (coefficient of variation) within the ischemic or border zone after reperfusion versus baseline values. Although the postischemic electrophysiologic status returned to normal, systolic thinning and dyskinesis persisted in the region of measurement. The contractile dysfunction that results from reperfusion-induced injury can thus occur in the setting of apparent excitation-contraction uncoupling.
A stable, inducible, dose-responsive ODC overexpression system in human cell lines

ODC is a labile protein subject to rapid turnover, and a conditional expression system providing long-term overexpression may be helpful in further understanding the biochemical properties of this enzyme and elucidating aspects of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway that have otherwise been difficult to study. HEK293 and LNCaP cell lines were engineered to stably and inducibly overexpress ODC using a Tet-on inducible construct. Clones from both cell lines were characterized by evaluating ODC mRNA expression, ODC activity, intracellular and extracellular polyamine levels, SSAT activity and growth kinetics. The ODC-inducible cell lines were time- and dose-responsive providing a mechanism to increase ODC and putrescine accumulation to a desired level in a flexible and controllable manner. The findings demonstrate that LNCaP ODC overexpressing cells maintained over a 100-fold increase in ODC activity and over a 10-fold increase in intracellular putrescine after 6 h. ODC induction at the highest levels was accompanied by a slight decline in intracellular spermidine and spermine levels and this observation was supported by the finding that SSAT activity was induced over 40-fold under these conditions. Growth rate remained unaffected following at least 12 h of ODC overexpression. Similar results were observed in the HEK293 ODC overexpressing cells.
REPRESENTATIONAL POLITICS IN CHINATOWN: The Ethnic Other

Abstract This study engages with interlocking socio-cultural intra -ethnic relationships from the on-the-job perspectives of ethnic social agents involved in selling ethnic goods and services to tourists. It focuses on the narratives provided by Chicago’s Chinatown Chinese to justify their involvement in the tourism-related project of manipulating ethnic identity. In so doing, it reveals the role of social relationships and the discursive representations of those relationships, with special attention to the depictions and manipulation of ethnicity as a kind of cultural currency in the tourism exchange. By exposing these relationships, this study reveals intra -ethnic domination processes at work in an ethnic urban space of tourism; processes which, at times, serve to produce experiences of ethnic identity.
Characterization of Pasteurized Fluid Milk Shelf-life Attributes

Pasteurized fluid milk samples were systematically collected from 3 commercial dairy plants. Samples were evaluated for microbial, chemical, and sensory attributes throughout shelf life. In general, product shelf lives were limited by multiplication of heat-resistant psychrotrophic organisms that caused undesirable flavors in milk. The predominant microorganisms identified were Gram-positive rods including Paenibacillus, Bacillus, and Mi- crobacterium. Principal component analysis of sensory data collected using quantitative descriptive analysis showed that attributes related to milk flavor defects explained the largest amount of variance. These findings highlight the need to develop specific strategies for excluding bacterial contaminants from milk to further extend product shelf lives.
A Foaming Bath Method for Direct Heat Treatment System for Wire Rod Manufacture

The behavior of the hot rolled wire rods during cooling in water was precisely investigated by a laboratory test and it has been made clear that cooling by subcool-boiling in a gaswater mixed fluid can be a new cooling method and this fluid can be taken as a new coolant which has excellent characteristics for patenting.The new direct heat treatment system having the very wide range of cooling speeds, in which this new cooling method and new coolant was applied as the principal technology, was developed.The treated wire rods have not only the good mechanical properties but also the high uniformity within a coil.