cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genericity of simple eigenvalues

Abstract Simple eigenvalues are shown to be generic in several senses for regular ordinary differential operators.
Comparison of Efficacies of Cysteine Protease Inhibitors against Five Strains of Plasmodium falciparum

Falcipain-2, a cysteine protease and essential hemoglobinase of Plasmodium falciparum, is a potential antimalarial drug target. We compared the falcipain-2 sequences and sensitivities to cysteine protease inhibitors of five parasite strains that differ markedly in sensitivity to established antimalarial drugs. The sequence of falcipain-2 was highly conserved, and the sensitivities of all of the strains to falcipain-2 inhibitors were very similar. Thus, cross-resistance between cysteine protease inhibitors and other antimalarial agents is not expected in parasites that are now circulating and falcipain-2 remains a promising chemotherapeutic target.
Geographical effects of urbanizing on ruralizing in Europe, 1920–2000

Initial Summary, During the years since 1920 the ratios of urban to rural population have changed quite differently in the various European nations. Until nearly the present time rural numbers exceeded those in localities with more than 20,000 persons in all four geo? graphical subdivisions of the continent.1 Before the depression of the 1930s the rates of increase in rural numbers matched, or nearly equaled, the urban ones in all but northern Europe. But after World War II urbanizing became the dominant force throughout the continent. So much so that one may now generalize that the countries of northern and western Europe are more likely to absorb any future population growth in existing or new urban areas rather than in rural ones. Furthermore, several southern and eastern European nations have reached or are approaching the same stage. In the future urbanizing will become even stronger at both continental and national scales in all Europe. Also, it is likely that by the year 2000 ruralizing will be important only at local scales in a few scattered areas. How these distributional changes have come about and their significance to future population distributions are the subject of this analysis. The conclusions are based on a combination of four recent measures in each country: 1) the level, degree, and
Gambling-Related Problems as a Mediator Between Treatment and Mental Health with At-Risk College Student Gamblers.

Disordered gambling has been linked to increased negative affect, and some promising treatments have been shown to be effective at reducing gambling behaviors and related problems (Larimer et al. in Addiction 107:1148–1158, 2012). The current study seeks to expand upon the findings of Larimer et al. (Addiction 107:1148–1158, 2012) by examining the relationship between gambling-related problems and mental health symptoms in college students. Specifically, the three-group design tested the effects of two brief interventions for gambling—an individual, in-person personalized feedback intervention (PFI) delivered using motivational interviewing and group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, versus assessment only on mood outcomes. The mediating effect of gambling-related problems on mood was also explored. Participants (N = 141; 65 % men; 60 % Caucasian, 28 % Asian) were at-risk college student gamblers [South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur and Blume in Am J Psychiatry 144:1184–1188, 1987) ≥3], assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Gambling problems were assessed using the Gambling Problems Index (Neighbors et al. in J Gamb Stud 18:339–360, 2002). Mental health symptoms were assessed using the depression, anxiety, and hostility subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis in Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): administration, scoring, and procedures manual, National Computer Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, 1993). Results revealed that the PFI condition differentially reduced negative mood, and that reductions in gambling-related problems partially mediated this effect. Implications for intervention for comorbid mood and gambling disorders are discussed.
Three-dimensional structure of a plane mixing layer

An experimental study is reported which shows the spanwise structure of a plane mixing layer originating from laminar boundary layers. Quantitative measurements are obtained for the first time which show the origin and evolution of streamwise vortices within the mixing layer. After the first spanwise vortex rollup occurs, streamwise structures are triggered in clusters within the braid region of the mixing layer. Further downstream, they realign to form pairs of counterrotating vortices. The maximum vorticity diffuses rapidly with increasing downstream distance while the vortices grow, scaling with the mixing layer vorticity thickness. The presence of the streamwise vortices leads to significant spanwise distortions in the mean and turbulence properties of the mixing layer. A consistent peak in the secondary shear stress exists for each streamwise vortex.
Soil layering and preferential flow impacts on seasonal changes of GPR signals in two contrasting soils

Abstract Experimental evidence has shown that soil layering can significantly alter water movement through soil profiles, especially in sloping landscapes. Detailed knowledge of soil layering and its position in the landscape is therefore necessary for determining dynamic subsurface flow. In this study, we used Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in combination with high resolution real-time soil water monitoring to investigate seasonal changes in GPR signals to identify soil horizon interfaces and their impacts on water flow in two contrasting soils. The results showed that 1) in the deep Rushtown soil located in a concave hillslope, GPR reflections in the Bw–BC and BC–C horizon interfaces became clearer as soil became wetter. Such increased contrast along interfaces was due to the presence of water associated with water-restricting BC horizon and lateral flow from upslope area; and 2) in the shallow Weikert soil located in a planar hillslope, GPR reflections in the soil–bedrock interface and the weathered–unweathered rock interface become intermittent as soil became wetter. This scattering of GPR reflection was due to the non-uniform distribution of water in fractured shale bedrock and possible tree root effects. While wet condition permitted the enhanced detection of water distribution in both soil profiles, optimal time for detecting soil layering was different for these two soils: wet condition was more suited for detecting water-restricting dense layer in the deep Rushtown soil, while dry season was optimal for identifying the soil–bedrock interface in the shallow Weikert soil. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of repeated GPR surveys in different seasons to capture subsurface hydrologic processes and the impacts of soil layering and preferential water distribution on seasonal changes of GPR signals. It also provides a useful reference for selecting optimal time for GPR survey in the field.
Measuring the effects of food availability on Lake Superior Diporeia consumption rates using radiolabeled algae

Abstract Within the Lake Superior benthic macroinvertebrate community, Diporeia spp. are the most abundant organisms and account for the largest proportion of biomass. As detritivores that feed on organic material in surficial sediments, Diporeia play a major role in transferring energy and nutrients to higher trophic level consumers and are favored prey for Lake Whitefish and other benthivorous fish species. The objective of this study is to quantify and model the response of the Diporeia consumption rate to changes in food availability. Diporeia were introduced to microcosms containing various concentrations of 14 C-labeled green algae ( Selenastrum capricornutum ) and incubated for 24 hours. Consumption was calculated as the radioisotope content of each animal divided by the specific activity of the labeled algae. A hyperbolic (Michaelis–Menten) function was fit to the data, yielding a maximum consumption rate of 1.76 ± 0.4 SE mg C/g DW/d. The predicted consumption rate corresponding to average Lake Superior algal carbon fluxes was 0.08 ± 0.15 mg C/g DW/d. For the observed range of carbon fluxes to benthic habitats in the Great Lakes, the relationship between consumption and food supply is well described by a linear function, with consumption rates ranging from 0.08–0.38 mg C/g DW/d. The parameter estimates presented here may act as inputs for a bioenergetics model used to predict Diporeia growth and production in Lake Superior.
Contribution of the Lung to Total Body Clearance of Meperidine in the Dog

The potential role of the lung in the disposition of meperidine was examined in six conscious dogs instrumented for measurement of appropriate hemodynamic parameters. Following an intravenous bolus injection of 5 mg/kg, blood samples were collected simultaneously from cannulas placed in the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery, concurrent with the hemodynamic measurements. Pulmonary clearance, calculated from concentration differences between pulmonary arterial and left ventricular blood and pulmonary blood flow, averaged 12.1 ± 3.70 mL/min/kg, accounting for 58 ± 13% of the total clearance of the drug. These results help resolve differences between previously reported meperidine clearance in the dog and physiological blood flows and imply that the dog may be a poor model for this drug in humans where clearance is primarily hepatic.
Ancrene Wisse: Guide for Anchoresses

Ancrene Wisse: Guide for Anchoresses. A Translation Based on Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 402 (Exeter Medieval Texts and Studies) BELLA MILLETT (Trans.) Exeter, Exeter University Press, 20...
Strengthening of lamellar vs. equiaxed Ag-Cu eutectic

Abstract The strength of the Ag-Cu eutectic was measured by tension testing for two different types of structure over a range of sizes, temperatures and strain rates. One was a lamellar structure which was produced by high speed directional solidification and the other an equiaxed structure resulting from deformation and recrystallization. At elevated temperatures the material with the lamellar structure was much stronger than that with the equiaxed structure. The equiaxed structure was superplastic. As the size of the plates and the grains decreased, the strength increased at low temperatures, but decreased at elevated temperatures. The difference in strength of the two materials was attributed to the different morphologies and nature of the intorphase boundaries. Specifically, important contributions to the strengthening can result from the incompatibility of slip across incoherent boundaries, as in equiaxed structure, from an interaction of dislocations with the interface dislocations that make up semi-coherent boundaries as in the lamellar structure, and an interaction of dislocations with the boundaries due to the discontinuity in elastic modulus at the interface. At high temperatures grain boundary shear may weaken material containing incoherent boundaries.
Communities of Exclusion: Women StudentExperiences in Information Technology Classrooms

Despite important enrollment gains in science and engineering majors, women students are still conspicuously underrepresented in information technology (IT) programs. Previous research has reported that women students are isolated and less confident in their IT courses and, ultimately, become discouraged by competitive classroom environments. In this article, I extend previous research on the classroom experiences of women IT students through a series of ethnographic observations aimed at understanding classroom discourses. Rather than focusing on women students’ challenges, I focus on classroom spaces, interactions, and community characteristics. I argue that the four classroom contexts included in this study can be described in terms of two discourses: discourses of power and discourses of disengagement-discourse patterns the women students in this study have limited access to and utility with. These understandings can be beneficial to faculty and student affairs professionals as they seek to improve cl...
Evidence from rare gases for magma-chamber degassing of highly evolved mid-ocean-ridge basalt

HIGHLY evolved lavas have been recovered from moderate- to fast-spreading centres along the mid-ocean ridge system, most commonly near propagating rifts and overlapping spreading centres1–7. Their origin and occurrence are generally explained by extensive modification of a primary basalt magma by fractional crystallization at shallow levels in the oceanic crust (model I)1–4,6–9. Other crustal processes have also been invoked, including periodic magma mixing of a highly fractionated liquid with multiple primary liquids (model 2)10,11, and seawater interaction with the mantle-derived magma (model 3)12–14. Here we report the first 4He and argon isotope data for several highly evolved mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) and andesites. The samples were recovered with the submersible Alvin from a very limited section (<8 km2) of the axial valley of the eastern Galapagos Rift, between 85° 52′ and 85° 50′ W. Although they range in composition from moderately evolved normal (N) MORB to ferrobasalts, Fe–Ti basalts and high-silica andesites, geochemical studies indicate that the suite is cogenetic, facilitating interpretation of the data15. We find distinct differences in the rare-gas data between the evolved and N-MORBs, indicating that the evolved magmas have undergone pre-eruption degassing in a process not common to the source magmas for normal MORBs. Our data fit well with model 1, but provide no evidence for models 2 and 3.
Pressure Natriuresis and Renal Medullary Blood Flow in Dogs

Abstract In the present study, we evaluated the effects of changes in arterial pressure on regional renal blood flows and sodium excretion in anesthetized dogs during control conditions and after 5% volume expansion with isotonic saline. Medullary and cortical blood flow responses were determined with laser-Doppler needle flow probes inserted into the midmedullary and midcortical regions, and whole-kidney blood flow was assessed with an electromagnetic flow probe. Volume expansion in six dogs caused marked increases in urine flow (20.2±5.5 to 82.5±22.7 μL·min−1·g−1) and sodium excretion (3.2±0.5 to 11.1±2.7 μmol·min−1·g−1), with slight increases in glomerular filtration rate (0.92±0.03 to 1.01±0.02 mL·min−1·g−1) but no significant changes in total renal blood flow (4.7±0.3 to 5.2±0.6 mL·min−1·g−1), medullary blood flow (+6±9%), or cortical blood flow (+12±10%). During stepwise reductions in renal arterial pressure (150 to 75 mm Hg) elicited with a renal arterial occluder, both before and after volume expansion, medullary, cortical, and total renal blood flows as well as glomerular filtration rate exhibited efficient autoregulation, with slopes not significantly different from zero over this range of arterial pressure. There were marked increases in the slopes of the relationships between arterial pressure and urine flow (0.18±0.05 to 0.78±0.27 μL·min−1·g−1·mm Hg−1) as well as sodium excretion (0.03±0.004 to 0.10±0.03 μmol·min−1·g−1·mm Hg−1) during volume expansion. These data demonstrate that medullary blood flow is efficiently autoregulated in dogs during control and volume-expanded states and indicate that the mechanism responsible for the arterial pressure–induced changes in sodium excretion does not depend on coincident alterations in medullary blood flow.
PECAM-1 phosphorylation and tissue factor expression in HUVECs exposed to uniform and disturbed pulsatile flow and chemical stimuli

Introduction We analyzed the relationship between platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) activation and tissue factor (TF) RNA expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to mechanical and chemical stimulation. Methods Fifty percent confluent and 100% confluent HUVEC cultures were exposed to pulsatile forward flow, as a model for uniform flow, or pulsatile to-and-fro flow, as a model for disturbed flow, using a parallel-plate flow chamber system for up to 4 hours in the presence or absence of 4 U/mL thrombin. Protein lysates were immunoprecipitated for PECAM-1 and then immunoblotted with anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody. TF RNA expression was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results HUVECs exposed to disturbed flow induced higher TF expression at 4 hours than HUVECs exposed to uniform flow in sparse cultures (16.8 ± 5.8 vs 5.1 ± 1.2; P P P P P Conclusions The significantly higher TF RNA expression induced by disturbed flow and cell confluence indicates that suppression of PECAM-1 phosphorylation may be an important contributory mechanical signal pathway that promotes TF expression when HUVECs are exposed to disturbed flow.
CS1: what should we be teaching?

At the 1998 SIGCSE Technical Symposium a paper, entitled "Providing Intellectual Focus to CS1/CS2," was presented in which the authors argued for a more intellectually-focused approach to the first-year sequence in an undergraduate computer science program. The central intellectual role in CS1 and CS2 should be: "The study and application of languages and methods for making precise and understandable descriptions of software for human beings and the approach is built around the concepts of systems thinking and mathematical modeling as these principles are manifested in a component-based software paradigm" [12]. Following up on these ideas, the author of the current paper stakes out a particular position concerning one of the two courses, the CS1 course: no matter which software methodology is developed, no matter under which paradigm ideas are presented, no matter which programming language is used there are certain fundamental concepts that ought to be introduced in a first course in a computer science major. Toward this end the author raises and addresses three questions, articulates some goals that are based on answers to the questions and describes the fundamental concepts. In addition, the author indicates how these concepts can be developed in CS 1 irrespective of the methodology, paradigm and language presented.
Captivating Lifelong Learners in the Third Age Lessons Learned From a University-Based Institute

The prevalence of learning providers for third agers continues to expand alongside the growth of the older adult population, yet there remains little empirical evidence on what types of learning experiences are most desired by lifelong learners. This article examines the effects that different learning topics have on attendance at classes hosted by a university-based lifelong learning institute, asking, Which learning topics draw enrollment in a lifelong learning program? Registration data were collected from 7,332 attendees of 290 learning experiences held over four semesters; class topics were coded and analyzed using a multivariate regression procedure. Results indicate that lifelong learners are more interested in classes concerning global issues, religion/philosophy, and social issues focusing on particular groups and individuals. The results remain significant after accounting for structural arrangements such as class time, day of the week, number of sessions, and location. Implications for enhancin...
Expression of cancer-testis antigens MAGEA1, MAGEA3, ACRBP, PRAME, SSX2, and CTAG2 in myxoid and round cell liposarcoma

Myxoid and round-cell liposarcoma is a frequently encountered liposarcoma subtype. The mainstay of treatment remains surgical excision with or without chemoradiation. However, treatment options are limited in the setting of metastatic disease. Cancer-testis antigens are immunogenic antigens with the expression largely restricted to testicular germ cells and various malignancies, making them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. Gene expression studies have reported the expression of various cancer-testis antigens in liposarcoma, with mRNA expression of CTAG1B, CTAG2, MAGEA9, and PRAME described specifically in myxoid and round-cell liposarcoma. Herein, we further explore the expression of the cancer-testis antigens MAGEA1, ACRBP, PRAME, and SSX2 in myxoid and round-cell liposarcoma by immunohistochemistry in addition to determining mRNA levels of CTAG2 (LAGE-1), PRAME, and MAGEA3 by quantitative real-time PCR. Samples in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks (n=37) and frozen tissue (n=8) were obtained for immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Full sections were stained with antibodies to MAGEA1, ACRBP, PRAME, and SSX2 and staining was assessed for intensity (1–2+) and percent tumor positivity. The gene expression levels of CTAG2, PRAME, and MAGEA3 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. In total, 37/37 (100%) of the samples showed predominantly strong, homogenous immunoreactivity for PRAME. There was a variable, focal expression of MAGEA1 (11%) and SSX2 (16%) and no expression of ACRBP. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated PRAME and CTAG2 transcripts in all eight samples: six tumors with high mRNA levels; two tumors with low mRNA levels. The gene expression of MAGEA3 was not detected in the majority of cases. In conclusion, myxoid and round-cell liposarcomas consistently express PRAME by immunohistochemistry as well as CTAG2 and PRAME by qualitative real-time PCR. This supports the use of cancer-testis antigen-targeted immunotherapy in the treatment of this malignancy.
Wear of copper-based solid solutions

Abstract The effect of solute atoms on sliding wear was studied by alloying OFHC copper with chromium, silicon and tin. The hardness was found to increase linearly with the atomic solute content although the rate of hardening was different for different solutes. Microscope observations show that the principal mode of wear is indeed delamination. The results further show that both the wear rate and the friction coefficient are reduced when the solute content is increased. The reduction in the friction coefficient is a consequence of reduced plowing contribution to the tangential component of the surface traction. Both the increase in hardness and the decrease in the friction coefficient reduce the wear since both affect the subsurface deformation rate and consequently the crack nucleation rate. The lower coefficient of friction also reduces the crack propagation rate and the thickness of the wear sheets.
Biomimetic synthesis of water-soluble conducting copolymers/homopolymers of pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene.

A novel biomimetic route for the synthesis of electrically conducting homopolymers/copolymers of pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in the presence of a polyelectrolyte, such as polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), is presented. A poly(ethylene glycol)-modified hematin (PEG-hematin) was used to catalyze the homopolymerization of pyrrole and EDOT as well as copolymerization of EDOT and pyrrole in the presence of SPS to yield homopolymers of polypyrrole/SPS and PEDOT/SPS as well as a polypyrrole-co-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/SPS complex. Spectroscopic characterization [UV−visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)], thermal analysis, (TGA), and electrical conductivity studies for these complexes indicated the presence of a stable and electrically conductive form of these polymers. Furthermore, the presence of SPS that serves as a charge-compensating dopant in this complex provides a unique combination of properties such as processability and water solubility.
Getting an Invitation to the English Table—and Whether or Not to Accept It

In this article, we trace the journey our professional writing program took from marginal area to well-supported specialty in an English department—a journey we made without sacrificing our commitment to prepare students for professional-level employment. In so doing, we explore the grounds of intellectual compatibility between our field and English studies and describe the conditions most conducive to professional writing's finding a respected place in English departments.
A reactive force-field for Zirconium and Hafnium Di-Boride

Abstract Zirconium and Hafnium Di-Boride are the two major material systems that are of critical importance for applications in ultra-high temperature environments where both oxidation and mechanical damage mechanisms (such as creep) are operative. Atomistic simulations of these materials at finite temperatures have been hampered due to the unavailability of inter-atomic potentials for the involved elements. In this paper, we present the development of interatomic potentials for both ZrB 2 and HfB 2 within the ReaxFF framework—thus enabling modeling of chemical reactions. The parameters of the reactive force field are derived by fitting to detailed quantum mechanical simulations of ZrB 2 and HfB 2 clusters and crystal structures.
On Testability of Missing Data Mechanisms in Incomplete Data Sets

This article is concerned with the question of whether the missing data mechanism routinely referred to as missing completely at random (MCAR) is statistically examinable via a test for lack of distributional differences between groups with observed and missing data, and related consequences. A discussion is initially provided, from a formal logic standpoint, of the distinction between necessary conditions and sufficient conditions. This distinction is used to argue then that testing for lack of these group distributional differences is not a test for MCAR, and an example is given. The view is next presented that the desirability of MCAR has been frequently overrated in empirical research. The article is finalized with a reference to principled, likelihood-based methods for analyzing incomplete data sets in social and behavioral research.
Detection of specific anti-antibodies in patients treated with radiolabeled antibody☆

Abstract Over 100 patients have received cyclic treatment with polyclonal 131 I labeled anti-ferritin and anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibodies from different animal species (rabbit, pig, cynomolgous monkey, bovine, and baboon). Because survival was prolonged from original cyclic treatment, retreatment with original antibodies (recycling) became a necessary consideration. An assay using autoradiography of Ouchterlony gels, with diffusion of patients' sera against the varied radiolabeled antibodies, was developed to detect anti-antibody precipitin vands. Anti-antibody could be detected with a sensitivity to the 60 ng level. Sera from 35 patients given from 1 to 7 separate cycles (2 injections/week, total antibody 6 mg/cycle) of radiolabeled foreign antibody were studied for the production of anti-antibodies. Anti-antibodies were detected in 11 of 22 primary hepatoma patients studied, 3 of 4 intrahepatic biliary cancer patients, and 0 of 9 Hodgkin's disease patients. In all but two of the patients, the anti-antibodies produced were specific for the species used in the treatment of the patient. Eight patients were reinjected (recycled) with previously used antibodies and the presence or absence of precipitin vands correlated with the ability of these antibodies to deposit in the tumor or to be rapidly degraded. The importance of this assay is its simplicity, sensitivity, and the rapid detection of anti-antibody activity for patients requiring treatment with radiolabeled antibodies.
Implementation research: a significant step in the right direction to advance health outcome in Nigeria.

During my fellowship training, I was required to complete a hypothesis driven research in order to become eligible for board certification by the American Board of Pediatrics. I started the process by meeting with my mentor who asked me what type of research I was interested in. I gave him a little history of my background in research. I had no significant training in laboratory-based research (so-called bench research), and I have only then performed research to seek “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices” of a population. I have always been fascinated by research that sought to understand human behavior and how that behavior can be used to design effective interventions to improve health outcomes. So, I told him about my passion for population-based studies that focuses on interventions to promote health outcomes. He asked me to look into health services research as it might fit into what I would like to do.
Secure genomic testing with size- and position-hiding private substring matching

Recent progress in genomics and bioinformatics is bringing complete and on-demand sequencing of human (and other) genomes closer and closer to reality. Despite exciting new opportunities, affordable and ubiquitous genome sequencing prompts some serious privacy and ethical concerns, owing to extreme sensitivity and uniqueness of genomic information. At the same time, new medical applications, such as personalized medicine, require testing genomes for specific markers that themselves represent sensitive (e.g., proprietary) material. This paper focuses on privacy challenges posed by such genetic tests. It presents a secure and efficient protocol called: Size- and Position-Hiding Private Substring Match- ing (SPH-PSM). This protocol allows two parties -- one with a digitized genome and the other with a set of DNA markers -- to conduct a test, such that the result is only learned by the former, and no other information is learned by either party. In particular, the genome owner does not even learn the size or the position of the markers, which makes SPH-PSM the first of its kind. Finally, we report on a prototype of the proposed technique which attests to its practicality.
Scientific Research and Human Rights: A Response to Kitcher on the Limitations of Inquiry

In his recent work exploring the role of science in democratic societies Kitcher (Science in a democratic society. Prometheus Books, New York, 2011) claims that scientists ought to have a prominent role in setting the agenda for and limits to research. Against the backdrop of the claim that the proper limits of scientific inquiry is John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle (Kitcher in Science, truth, and democracy. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001), he identifies the limits of inquiry as the point where the outcomes of research could cause harm to already vulnerable populations. Nonetheless, Kitcher argues against explicit limitations on unscrupulous research on the grounds that restrictions would exacerbate underlying social problems. I show that Kitcher’s argument in favor of dissuading inquiry through conventional standards is problematic and falls prey to the same critique he offers in opposition to official bans. I expand the conversation of limiting scientific research by recognizing that the actions that count as ‘science’ are located in the space between ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’. In this space, we often attempt to balance freedom of research, as scientific speech, against the disparate impact citizens might experience in light of such research. I end by exploring if such disparate impact justifies limiting research, within the context of the United States, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 or under international human rights standards more generally.
On the linear optimal digital servo problem

For linear time-invariant digital systems, convergence of the Riccati equation associated with the optimal servo problem is examined. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the existence of finite gains when the command input trajectories may fail to be asymptotically stable.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance: 3. Culture results

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between blood and urine cultures for cytomegalovirus and clinical outcomes in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. METHODS: Prospective epidemiologic study of 108 patients with newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus retinitis. Blood and urine were cultured for cytomegalovirus at diagnosis of retinitis, at 1 month and 3 months after diagnosis, and every 3 months thereafter. RESULTS: Of the patients, 80.6% were found to have either a positive blood culture or urine culture for cytomegalovirus at the time of diagnosis of retinitis, and a positive blood culture at diagnosis was associated with an increased mortality (odds ratio=1.91, P = .012). Follow-up cultures were positive in approximately 20% of patients, and the rate was constant over time. The development of a positive blood or urine culture during follow-up correlated with the occurrence of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the contralateral eye in those patients with unilateral disease at diagnosis (odds ratio=5.74, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and positive blood cultures for cytomegalovirus have a poorer prognosis.
Single-cell printing to form three-dimensional lines of olfactory ensheathing cells.

Biological laser printing (BioLP™) is a unique tool capable of printing high resolution two- and three-dimensional patterns of living mammalian cells, with greater than 95% viability. These results have been extended to primary cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), harvested from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. OECs have been found to provide stimulating environments for neurite outgrowth in spinal cord injury models. BioLP is unique in that small load volumes (~µLs) are required to achieve printing, enabling low numbers of OECs to be harvested, concentrated and printed. BioLP was used to form several 8 mm lines of OECs throughout a multilayer hydrogel scaffold. The line width was as low as 20 µm, with most lines comprising aligned single cells. Fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to determine the functionality of the printed OECs, to monitor interactions between printed OECs, and to determine the extent of cell migration throughout the 3D scaffold. High-resolution printing of low cell count, harvested OECs is an important advancement for in vitro study of cell interactions and functionality. In addition, these cell-printed scaffolds may provide an alternative for spinal cord repair studies, as the single-cell patterns formed here are on relevant size scales for neurite outgrowth.
Food availability but not cold ambient temperature affects undirected singing in adult male zebra finches.

Abstract Adult male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) produce hundreds of song bouts per day, even when housed in social isolation. Whether the production of this ‘undirected song’ is influenced by specific environmental factors is unclear, although we previously found that short-term food (but not water) deprivation leads to a prompt cessation of singing. Here, male zebra finches were placed on a schedule of restricted feeding for 11 days to ask whether stimulus features associated with food influenced undirected song independent of the effect of food on body mass. We also evaluated the within-day effects of ambient temperature (Ta) variation on metabolic rate and then, based on these data, placed male zebra finches on 5 days of cold Ta (8 °C) to determine whether a moderately increased energy demand associated with cold Ta would influence undirected song. Daily song production and several energetic variables were measured during each manipulation, and data obtained during baseline and recovery periods (food and water available ad libitum, Ta=26 °C) provided a standard for comparison. Our results showed that the schedule of restricted feeding produced more than two-thirds reduction in the daily production of undirected song, while cold Ta had no effect. Daily food intake and body mass were well defended under both manipulations. Thus, undirected singing by adult male zebra finches appears to show a specific relationship to the availability of food. Possible mechanisms linking food availability to singing are discussed.
Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere.

Terrestrial biosphere–atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange is dominated by tropical forests, where photosynthetic carbon (C) uptake is thought to be phosphorus (P)-limited. In P-poor tropical forests, P may also limit organic matter decomposition and soil C losses. We conducted a field-fertilization experiment to show that P fertilization stimulates soil respiration in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In the early wet season, when soluble organic matter inputs to soil are high, P fertilization drove large increases in soil respiration. Although the P-stimulated increase in soil respiration was largely confined to the dry-to-wet season transition, the seasonal increase was sufficient to drive an 18% annual increase in CO2 efflux from the P-fertilized plots. Nitrogen (N) fertilization caused similar responses, and the net increases in soil respiration in response to the additions of N and P approached annual soil C fluxes in mid-latitude forests. Human activities are altering natural patterns of tropical soil N and P availability by land conversion and enhanced atmospheric deposition. Although our data suggest that the mechanisms driving the observed respiratory responses to increased N and P may be different, the large CO2 losses stimulated by N and P fertilization suggest that knowledge of such patterns and their effects on soil CO2 efflux is critical for understanding the role of tropical forests in a rapidly changing global C cycle.
A Poisson Regression Index for Tropical Cyclone Genesis and the Role of Large-Scale Vorticity in Genesis

A Poisson regression between the observed climatology of tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) and large-scale climate variables is used to construct a TCG index. The regression methodology is objective and provides a framework for the selection of the climate variables in the index. Broadly following earlier work, four climate variables appear in the index: low-level absolute vorticity, relative humidity, relative sea surface temperature (SST), and vertical shear. Several variants in the choice of predictors are explored, including relative SST versus potential intensity and satellite-based column-integrated relative humidity versus reanalysis relative humidity at a single level; these choices lead to modest differences in the performance of the index.The featureof the newindexthat leadsto thegreatest improvement is afunctionaldependenceon lowlevel absolute vorticity that causes the index response to absolute vorticity to saturate when absolute vorticity exceeds a threshold. This feature reduces some biases of the index and improves the fidelity of its spatial distribution. Physically, this result suggests that once low-level environmental vorticity reaches a sufficiently largevalue,otherfactorsbecomeratelimitingsothatfurtherincreasesinvorticity(atleastonamonthlymean basis) do not increase the probability of genesis. Although the index is fit to climatological data, it reproduces some aspects of interannual variability when applied to interannually varying data. Overall, the new index compares positively to the genesis potential index (GPI), whose derivation, computation, and analysis is more complex in part because of its dependence on potential intensity.
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation in the Setting of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy. Case Report and Review of the Literature

The management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) can be often complicated by the presence of stunned myocardium and left ventricular failure. Vasopressors and inotropes are commonly used to optimize mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation pump (IABP) may be indicated in the management of these patients. We report the case of a 55-year-old patient who suffered an aSAH complicated by severe left ventricular failure, who subsequently developed symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. Left ventricular failure precluded traditional hemodynamic augmentation, and IABP was successfully used instead, which allowed for reinstitution of hypertensive hypervolemic therapy and prevented delayed cerebral ischemia. A review of the literature conducted on symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aSAH and severe left ventricular failure revealed seven publications describing 14 patients with aSAH treated with an IABP during the period of vasospasm. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation pump (IABP) is used for hemodynamic support of patients in cardiogenic shock and its use in the setting of aSAH, cardiomyopathy, and cerebral vasospasm can be beneficial in preventing delayed ischemic deficits.
Preparing for Leadership: What Academic Department Chairs Need to Know.

Much of the work of colleges and universities gets done at the academic department level. Yet, most institutions of higher learning pay little attention to either the preparation of academic department leaders or their succession into the position. This paper examines the first step taken at the University of Nevada Las Vegas (U.S.A.) to address this mid‐level academic leadership preparedness issue. That step: Identify what department chairs need to know to be effective leaders. The authors then outline an approach to department‐level leadership preparation based on the data gathered in the multi‐level needs assessment effort reported herein and discuss possible implications for like‐minded institutions.
Hypogastric Artery Preservation During Aortoiliac Aneurysm Repair

Hypogastric artery (HA) embolization with iliac limb extension is often performed for patients with concomitant aorta and common iliac artery aneurysms at the time of standard endovascular aneurysm repair. However, symptomatic pelvic ischemia following HA exclusion can be debilitating. In this study, we described two cases of HA preservation using commercially available stent grafts. The techniques that we described enable patients with concurrent aorta and iliac aneurysms to undergo endovascular aneurysm repair without increasing the risk of pelvic ischemia. Although the long-term durability of these trifurcated graft configurations remains to be determined, the short-term results are superb. Technical considerations of these two different approaches have also been compared.
Longitudinal Study of Remission Among Older Adults with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

Objective Although studies have found that as many as half of older community-dwelling adults with schizophrenia were in symptomatic remission, these findings had been based on cross-sectional data. This study examines longitudinal changes in symptom remission rates and predictors of remission. Methods The original sample consisted of 250 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders aged 55 and over living in New York City who developed the disorder before age 45. Data on 104 follow-up interviews are presented. Mean follow-up was 54 months (range: 12–116 months); mean age was 61 years, 55% were male, and 55% were white. A modified version of the Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group criteria was used for determining remission status. Results There was a nonsignificant decline in the percentage attaining remission (49% baseline, 40% follow-up); 25% were in remission at both assessments, 35% were not in remission at either assessment, 25% went from remission to nonremission, and 16% went from nonremission to remission. Four significant baseline predictors of remission were found at follow-up: higher community integration, greater number of entitlements, fewer psychotropic medications, and lower frequency of psychiatric services. Baseline remission status predicted having more total contacts at follow-up. Conclusion Older adulthood is not necessarily a quiescent period, and there is considerable fluctuation in remission status. Two social variables—community integration and entitlements—predicted remission on follow-up, thus suggesting social interventions may be especially useful strategies for this population.
cascading: nonlinear phase shifts

Nonlinear phase shifts which increase with input irradiance can be generated in quadratically nonlinear materials by the exchange of energy between a fundamental and a second harmonic. Here we review this effect, theory and experiment.
High-Throughput DNA Sequencing of the Ruminal Bacteria from Moose ( Alces alces ) in Vermont, Alaska, and Norway

In the present study, the rumen bacteria of moose (Alces alces) from three distinct geographic locations were investigated. Moose are large, browsing ruminants in the deer family, which subsist on fibrous, woody browse, and aquatic plants. Subspecies exist which are distinguished by differing body and antler size, and these are somewhat geographically isolated. Seventeen rumen samples were collected from moose in Vermont, Alaska, and Norway, and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced using Roche 454 pyrosequencing with titanium chemistry. Overall, 109,643 sequences were generated from the 17 individual samples, revealing 33,622 unique sequences. Members of the phylum Bacteroidetes were dominant in samples from Alaska and Norway, but representatives of the phylum Firmicutes were dominant in samples from Vermont. Within the phylum Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae was the dominant family in all three sample locations, most of which belonged to the genus Prevotella. Within the phylum Firmicutes, the family Lachnospiraceae was the most prevalent in all three sample locations. The data set supporting the results of this article is available in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), available through NCBI [study accession number SRP022590]. Samples clustered by geographic location and by weight and were heterogenous based on gender, location, and weight class (p < 0.05). Location was a stronger factor in determining the core microbiome than either age or weight, but gender did not appear to be a strong factor. There were no shared operational taxonomic units across all 17 samples, which indicates that these moose may have been isolated long enough to preclude a core microbiome among moose. Other potential factors discussed include differences in climate, food quality and availability, gender, and life cycle.
Crystallite size effects in nickel catalysts: Cyclohexane dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis

Abstract Crystallite size dependence of cyclohexane dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis has been studied over silica-supported nickel catalysts. The samples were freshly prepared and sintered catalysts, produced by homogeneous precipitation-deposition and ranging from 25 to 40 wt% Ni on SiO 2 . Crystallite size distributions were determined from magnetization data. Other experimental measurements, such as hydrogen chemisorption and catalytic kinetics, were made in the same cell in order to provide in situ precision. Average crystallite sizes varied from 2 to 4 nm and critical differences were found in this region. Areal rates for dehydrogenation more than doubled, whereas cyclohexane hydrogenolysis decreased by a factor of 5. These findings were shown to be consistent with a model wherein dehydrogenation occurs on crystal face sites and hydrogenolysis on edge positions. Benzene hydrogenolysis followed the same pattern as dehydrogenation, suggesting that common intermediates are involved.
Ectopic impulse generation in demyelinated axons: Effects of PaCO2, pH, and disodium edetate

Demyelinating lesions in the trigeminal root were produced by chronic implantation of chromic suture in 12 cats. Two types of abnormal repetitive action potential generation were recorded from demyelinated fibers: reflected spikes and afterdischarge. Both types of abnormal impulse generation were increased by hypocalcemia induced by disodium edetate infusion, hypocapnia produced by hyperventilation, and, to a lesser extent, alkalosis secondary to sodium bicarbonate administration. This hyperexcitability of fibers could be inhibited by hypoventilation with elevation of PaCO2 or by calcium chloride administration. These results may help explain the pathophysiological basis of paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis and other disorders in which demyelination is a prominent feature.