cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A source of terrestrial organic carbon to investigate the browning of aquatic ecosystems.

There is growing evidence that terrestrial ecosystems are exporting more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to aquatic ecosystems than they did just a few decades ago. This “browning” phenomenon will alter the chemistry, physics, and biology of inland water bodies in complex and difficult-to-predict ways. Experiments provide an opportunity to elucidate how browning will affect the stability and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. However, it is challenging to obtain sources of DOC that can be used for manipulations at ecologically relevant scales. In this study, we evaluated a commercially available source of humic substances (“Super Hume”) as an analog for natural sources of terrestrial DOC. Based on chemical characterizations, comparative surveys, and whole-ecosystem manipulations, we found that the physical and chemical properties of Super Hume are similar to those of natural DOC in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, Super Hume attenuated solar radiation in ways that will not only influence the physiology of aquatic taxa but also the metabolism of entire ecosystems. Based on its chemical properties (high lignin content, high quinone content, and low C:N and C:P ratios), Super Hume is a fairly recalcitrant, low-quality resource for aquatic consumers. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that Super Hume can subsidize aquatic food webs through 1) the uptake of dissolved organic constituents by microorganisms, and 2) the consumption of particulate fractions by larger organisms (i.e., Daphnia). After discussing some of the caveats of Super Hume, we conclude that commercial sources of humic substances can be used to help address pressing ecological questions concerning the increased export of terrestrial DOC to aquatic ecosystems.
Role of PINCH and Its Partner Tumor Suppressor Rsu-1 in Regulating Liver Size and Tumorigenesis

Particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine-rich protein (PINCH) protein is part of the ternary complex known as the IPP (integrin linked kinase (ILK)-PINCH-Parvin-α) complex. PINCH itself binds to ILK and to another protein known as Rsu-1 (Ras suppressor 1). We generated PINCH 1 and PINCH 2 Double knockout mice (referred as PINCH DKO mice). PINCH2 elimination was systemic whereas PINCH1 elimination was targeted to hepatocytes. The genetically modified mice were born normal. The mice were sacrificed at different ages after birth. Soon after birth, they developed abnormal hepatic histology characterized by disorderly hepatic plates, increased proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells and increased deposition of extracellular matrix. After a sustained and prolonged proliferation of all epithelial components, proliferation subsided and final liver weight by the end of 30 weeks in livers with PINCH DKO deficient hepatocytes was 40% larger than the control mice. The livers of the PINCH DKO mice were also very stiff due to increased ECM deposition throughout the liver, with no observed nodularity. Mice developed liver cancer by one year. These mice regenerated normally when subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy and did not show any termination defect. Ras suppressor 1 (Rsu-1) protein, the binding partner of PINCH is frequently deleted in human liver cancers. Rsu-1 expression is dramatically decreased in PINCH DKO mouse livers. Increased expression of Rsu-1 suppressed cell proliferation and migration in HCC cell lines. These changes were brought about not by affecting activation of Ras (as its name suggests) but by suppression of Ras downstream signaling via RhoGTPase proteins. In conclusion, our studies suggest that removal of PINCH results in enlargement of liver and tumorigenesis. Decreased levels of Rsu-1, a partner for PINCH and a protein often deleted in human liver cancer, may play an important role in the development of the observed phenotype.
Optical frequency measurements with the global positioning system: tests with an iodine-stabilized He–Ne laser

Global positioning system- (GPS-) referenced optical frequency combs based on mode-locked lasers offer calibrations for length metrology traceable to international length standards through the SI second and the speed of light. The absolute frequency of an iodine-stabilized He–Ne laser [127I2R(127) 11–5 f component] was measured with a femtosecond comb referenced to a multichannel GPS timing receiver. The expected performance and limitations of GPS-referenced comb measurements are discussed.
STAT4: An Initiator of Meta-Inflammation in Adipose Tissue?

Metabolic regulation and immune signaling are closely linked, as evidenced by both the physical proximity between metabolic cells (e.g., adipocytes and hepatocytes) and resident macrophages as well as the progression of inflammation in metabolic syndrome. Contrasting the reactions to pathogen infections, meta-inflammation describes a novel type of low-grade, unresolvable immune response that is in the causal pathway to metabolic dysregulation (1). Although how meta-inflammation is initiated remains unclear, the T-helper cell type 1 (Th1)/Th2 (or M1/M2) paradigm provides a simplified view of how immune cells are involved in readjusting metabolic set points in response to nutrient intake (2). It appears that Th1 cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-12 and interferon-γ [IFNγ]) or Th1 polarized immune cells promote insulin resistance, whereas Th2 signaling (e.g., IL-4 and IL-13) sustains metabolic homeostasis (3). In mouse genetic models, for example, tipping the Th1/Th2 balance toward one specific spectrum leads to the expected outcome (4). As such, immunometabolism has become an attractive target to treat metabolic diseases. Members of the signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT) family are transcription factors that mediate the signaling events of many cytokines in immune and nonimmune cells (5–7). The seven mammalian STAT proteins each contain a DNA-binding domain, a transactivation domain, and an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; the latter is required for dimerization (5). When cytokines are bound to cell …
PROLIFERATION OF DONOR MARROW AND THYMUS CELLS IN THE MYELOID AND LYMPHOID ORGANS OF IRRADIATED SYNGENEIC HOST MICE

CBA/HT6T6 bone marrow cells (1 x 107) or CBA/H bone marrow cells (1 x 107) plus CBA/HT6T6 thymus cells (5 x 107) were injected intravenously into lethally (800 R) irradiated CBA/H mice. Chromosome analyses of dividing cells in the host lymphoid and myeloid organs were performed at intervals after irradiation. Donor marrow cells settled and proliferated in the host bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes soon after injection, but donor marrow cells did not proliferate in the host thymus until day 10; then host-type cells were quickly replaced by donor-type cells in the thymus by day 20. On the other hand, donor thymus cells settled and proliferated in the host thymus and lymph nodes soon after injection but they gradually disappeared from these organs. On day 20, a few donor-type dividing cells (of thymus origin) were found in the host lymphoid and myeloid organs.
Teaching and learning English in Uzbekistan

Only A couple of decades ago, few could imagine that one of the most powerful countries in the world – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – would collapse, and Russian – the most prestigious and predominant language of the Soviet people – would be overtaken by English, the language once considered ‘the language of Western imperialism’ (Dushku, 1998:372). Today, because of both its unique international role and the fall of the Iron Curtain, English has become the most popular foreign language taught in schools and other educational institutions in former Soviet republics. The present paper will focus on the teaching and learning of English in Uzbekistan – a Soviet republic until 1990. In addition, issues related to foreign-language curriculum innovations, to teacher training, and to teaching resources will be discussed.
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF NON-EPISTEMIC FEMINIST VALUES IN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

In this paper I examine the feminist claim that non-epistemic values ought to play a role in scientific inquiry. I examine four holist arguments that non-epistemic values ought to play a role not only in the external aspects of scientific inquiry such as problem selection and the ethics of experimentation but also in its internal aspects, those that have to do with epistemic justification. In supporting their conclusion, I argue that they establish that the traditional external/internal distinction has served as a marker for more fundamental distinctions between non-epistemic and epistemic values and between the means by which each are pursued. However, I also contend that these arguments do nothing to deny these distinctions between epistemic and non-epistemic values. Maintaining these distinctions, I argue for an epistemic holism suggesting ways in which both substantive claims about non-epistemic values and reliable processes/methods for the legitimization of non-epistemic values may also be truth-conducive, thereby serving the epistemic ends of scientific inquiry.
Everyday Hyphens: Exploring Youth Identities with Methodological and Analytic Pluralism

Taking seriously the call for methodological and analytic pluralism, we advance three key assumptions of theory and method: 1) young people develop “hyphenated selves” in shifting social and political contexts and in everyday circumstances; 2) pluralistic methods and research designs have the potential to capture identity movement across time and space; and 3) a pluralistic approach to analysis, specifically using a dialogical framework, allows hyphenated selves to be heard and interpreted in a way that neither pathologizes contradiction nor privileges coherence but presents a skillfully woven narrative about the self. To take up these questions, we draw upon the visual and textual narratives produced by three adolescents participating in a longitudinal, multimethod study designed to document social and academic engagement among urban youth.
Multifunctioal ICMP messages for e-commerce

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks has been threatening our evolving eCommerce and eServices on the Internet for years. Regarding today's stateless Internet environment, researchers have designed various schemes carrying additional information to providing information for defending packet flooding attacks, packet dropping attacks, and routing protocol attacks. We present a multifunctional scheme, the ICMP Caddie message scheme (iCaddie), which loads specialized ICMP messages with route information of randomly-selected IP packets, to support IP traceback, packet dropping detention, routing protocol protection, differential services as well as message authentication and authorization.
Enolase is present in the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Non-covalently attached or soluble cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were extracted using a high pH/2-mercaptoethanol procedure and were separated for peptide sequencing using 2D-PAGE. A partial N- terminal sequence of a major protein spot was obtained and showed high identity with enolase gene products. Western blotting with an anti-enolase antibody confirmed that enolase was present in the cell wall extract. Biotinylation of cells prior to protein extraction with a membrane impermeable biotinylating agent confirmed that the detection was not owing to cell lysis during extraction. Transmission immunoelectron microscopy showed enolase to be present in the cell wall. Enolase contains no known secretion signal that would localize it to the cell wall. Thus S. cerevisiae must have further mechanisms for targeting proteins to the cell wall.
Thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase--a system that has come of age.

‹12 000 protein having a redoxactive disulfide; thioredoxin was the name assigned to thisprotein [4]. It was shown that thioredoxin was reduced bythioredoxin reductase in a NADPH-dependent reaction and thatin its dithiol form, thioredoxin served as the reductant ofribonucleotides via a ribonucleotide reductase. It was suggestedthat thioredoxin was equivalent to enzyme II in the methioninesulfoxide-reducing system and to fraction C in the sulfate-reducing system [4]. Thioredoxin reductase was shown to be adimeric flavoenzyme containing a redox active disulfide and aFAD in each subunit [3]. The intense study of the variousphysiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reduc-tase is the subject of the first Minireview [5].The thioredoxin–thioredoxin reductase system is verybroadly distributed and the two proteins have been isolatedfrom many species. Thioredoxins are similar to one another instructure and the conformation of the single domain is referredto as the thioredoxin fold with the redox-active disulfide form-ing a protrusion about 35 residues from the N-terminus.Thioredoxin reductases, on the other hand, fall into two classesas first noticed by Holmgren and his colleagues [6]. The low M
Active flash: towards energy-efficient, in-situ data analytics on extreme-scale machines

Modern scientific discovery is increasingly driven by large-scale supercomputing simulations, followed by data analysis tasks. These data analyses are either performed offline, on smaller-scale clusters, or on the supercomputer itself. Unfortunately, these techniques suffer from performance and energy inefficiencies due to increased data movement between the compute and storage subsystems. Therefore, we propose Active Flash, an insitu scientific data analysis approach, wherein data analysis is conducted on the solid-state device (SSD), where the data already resides. Our performance and energy models show that Active Flash has the potential to address many of the aforementioned concerns without degrading HPC simulation performance. In addition, we demonstrate an Active Flash prototype built on a commercial SSD controller, which further reaffirms the viability of our proposal.
ReCAP: Gaps in Insurance Coverage for Pediatric Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

QUESTION ASKED:We sought to determine the likelihood that pediatric and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients experience a gap in health insurance coverage in the first 2 years of therapy.SUMMARY ANSWER:We found that 12% of patients with ALL in our sample who had insurance at diagnosis experienced a gap in insurance coverage during the first 2 years of therapy; that is, they had one or more clinic encounter at which they did not have insurance. Patients with public insurance at diagnosis were more likely to experience an insurance gap than those with private insurance at diagnosis, and those diagnosed in more recent years were less likely to experience a gap.METHODS/APPROACH:We determined insurance status at all clinic encounters at a tertiary children’s hospital within 2 years of diagnosis for patients diagnosed with ALL between 1998 and 2010, and calculated the odds of a gap occurring on the basis of demographic and diagnostic variables.BIAS, CONFOUNDING FACTOR(S), DRAWBACKS:Our assessm...
The role of public policies in reducing smoking prevalence: results from the Michigan SimSmoke tobacco policy simulation model

Michigan has implemented several of the tobacco control policies recommended by the World Health Organization MPOWER goals. We consider the effect of those policies and additional policies consistent with MPOWER goals on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths (SADs). The SimSmoke tobacco control policy simulation model is used to examine the effect of past policies and a set of additional policies to meet the MPOWER goals. The model is adapted to Michigan using state population, smoking, and policy data starting in 1993. SADs are estimated using standard attribution methods. Upon validating the model, SimSmoke is used to distinguish the effect of policies implemented since 1993 against a counterfactual with policies kept at their 1993 levels. The model is then used to project the effect of implementing stronger policies beginning in 2014. SimSmoke predicts smoking prevalence accurately between 1993 and 2010. Since 1993, a relative reduction in smoking rates of 22 % by 2013 and of 30 % by 2054 can be attributed to tobacco control policies. Of the 22 % reduction, 44 % is due to taxes, 28 % to smoke-free air laws, 26 % to cessation treatment policies, and 2 % to youth access. Moreover, 234,000 SADs are projected to be averted by 2054. With additional policies consistent with MPOWER goals, the model projects that, by 2054, smoking prevalence can be further reduced by 17 % with 80,000 deaths averted relative to the absence of those policies. Michigan SimSmoke shows that tobacco control policies, including cigarette taxes, smoke-free air laws, and cessation treatment policies, have substantially reduced smoking and SADs. Higher taxes, strong mass media campaigns, and cessation treatment policies would further reduce smoking prevalence and SADs.
Benefits of Continuous Descent Operations in High-Density Terminal Airspace Considering Scheduling Constraints

This study estimates the potential benefits of continuous descents for more than 480,000 flights to 25 major airports in the National Airspace System. While reduced fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are expected for these procedures, the benefits during periods of congestion are not well understood. To address this gap, baseline trajectories were constructed from flight plan and track data for flights arriving at 8 busy terminal areas. Two types of continuous descent trajectories were modeled. One enforced a constant distance-to-fly constraint to simulate uncongested operations. The other enforced a constant time-to-fly constraint to simulate congested operations. Potential fuel savings were calculated for different continuous descent scenarios. Analysis of the distance-constrained trajectories showed that fuel savings was distributed unevenly among the flights. The estimated savings was less than 25 kg for over 45% of the flights, and less than 100 kg for over 87% of the flights. The time-constrained trajectories showed 70-85% less potential savings than the distance-constrained trajectories. Prioritization of the improvements necessary to execute continuous descents during periods of congestion must rely upon analysis of a sufficient sample of operations, representative of many days, aircraft types, and traffic demand levels.
Isolation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus from Calves with Acute Respiratory Disease

Viruses were recovered from nasal exudates of two of nine calves with acute respiratory disease. The strains, designated VC484 and VC488, were neutralized markedly by guinea pig antiserum against the Long strain of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. Physical and chemical properties of the isolates were characteristic of RS viruses. Cultures of infected primary bovine embryonic kidney cells developed numerous syncytial cells. Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions were present in syncytial and single cells. Infected cell cultures did not adsorb guinea pig erythrocytes, nor did infective culture fluids agglutinate guinea pig, rat, mouse, rabbit, calf, or horse erythrocytes. One of the two calves developed a significant increase in titer of antibody; the other calf had preexisting neutralizing antibody against both isolates. No other viruses were recovered. It is concluded that these calves were infected with bovine strains of RS virus, reported now in the United States.
Short-term memory and presentation rates with young children

Two groups of children, a 5-year-old and a 10-year-old group, were run in a short-term memory experiment designed to determine the effect of presentation rate on retention. The results indicate that longer presentation intervals improve recall of recently presented items while shorter presentation intervals improve recall of early items.
Optimization of hydrophile-lipophile balance for improved efficacy of Newcastle disease and avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines.

SUMMARY. Preparations of inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) oil-emulsion vaccines with surfactant hydrophile-lipophile-balance (HLB) values between 4.3 and 9.5 were evaluated for their efficacy in broiler-type white rock chickens. Chickens were vaccinated at 3-4 weeks of age and bled at 2-week intervals over 8 weeks. Post-vaccinal hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers (reciprocals) ranged from 197 to 485 for ND vaccines and from 184 to 1040 for AI vaccines. Based on the HI response, an HLB value of 7.0 induced the greatest stimulation of antibody titers. Ten percent surfactant in the oil phase of the vaccines induced maximum titers at this HLB. The oil: aqueous ratios of the vaccines did not greatly influence the overall serologic response when the vaccines had an HLB of 7.0. These results indicate that manipulating surfactant HLB values of OE vaccine may maximize the HI response in broilers. RESUMEN. Optimizaci6n del balance lipofilico-hidrofilico para mejorar la eficacia de las vacunas emulsionadas en aceite contra Newcastle e influenza aviar.
The Role of Glucagon in the Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective: There is general recognition that insulin and glucagon are the main hormones involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes, but the role of glucagon in diabetes is complex and in some circumstances controversial. The increasing appreciation of the role of glucagon in currently used hypoglycemic agents and the ongoing development of glucagon-targeted therapies underscores glucagon's important contribution in optimizing diabetes management. The current review provides a background on glucagon physiology and pathophysiology and an update for investigators, endocrinologists, and other healthcare providers on glucagon-modulating therapies. Methods: A literature review was conducted utilizing published literature in PubMed and AccessMedicine including the years 1922–2015 using the following key words: glucagon, bihormonal, diabetes mellitus, glucagon antagonists, glucagon-targeted therapies. Results: Glucagon is a counterregulatory hormone that promotes hepatic glucose production, thus preventing hypoglycemia in normal physiology. In patients with diabetes mellitus, glucagon secretion may be unregulated, which contributes to problems with glucose homeostasis. Several of the most effective therapies for diabetes have been found to suppress glucagon secretion or action, which may contribute to their success. Additionally, glucagon-specific targeted therapies, such as glucagon receptor antagonists, are being studied at a basic and clinical level. Conclusion: Glucagon plays an important role in contributing to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Utilizing hypoglycemic agents that decrease glucagon secretion or inhibit glucagon action can help improve glycemic control, making these agents a valuable resource in diabetes therapy. Abbreviations: cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4 GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide 1 GR-/- = glucagon receptor knockout GR-ASO = antisense oligonucleotides targeted against the glucagon receptor HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c HGP = hepatic glucose production SGLT-2 = sodium-glucose cotrans-porter 2 T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography for detecting angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography in the detection of significant coronary artery disease in stable angina pectoris patients,using coronary angiograghy as the gold standard. Methods CT angiography was performed in 34 patients (28 male, 6 female; mean age 66±12 years) with suspected coronary artery disease and compared with invasive coronary angiography within 15 days. Significant stenosis was defined as a diameter reduction 50%. Results Of 578 segments,544 (94.1%)were assessable. Compared with coronary angiograghy, on the segment-based analysis,the sensitivity of CT to diagnose significant stenosis was 51.5%, specificity 96.1%, positive predictive value(PPV)74% and negative predictive value(NPV)90%. On the patient-based analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of CT to detect CAD were 76%,99%,98% and 83%, respectively. Conclusions 64-slice computed tomography has a high accuracy for the detection of significant coronary artery stenosis and therefore can be considered as a valuable noninvasive technique.
Pasos Hacia La Salud: a randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered physical activity intervention for Latinas

Internet access has grown markedly in Latinos during the past decade. However, there have been no Internet-based physical activity interventions designed for Latinos, despite large disparities in lifestyle-related conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, particularly in Latina women. The current study tested the efficacy of a 6-month culturally adapted, individually tailored, Spanish-language Internet-based physical activity intervention. Inactive Latinas (N = 205) were randomly assigned to the Tailored Physical Activity Internet Intervention or the Wellness Contact Control Internet Group. Participants in both groups received emails on a tapered schedule over 6 months to alert them to new content on the website. The primary outcome was minutes/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at 6 months as measured by the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall; activity was also measured by accelerometers. Data were collected between 2011 and 2014 and analyzed in 2015 at the University of California, San Diego. Increases in minutes/week of MVPA were significantly greater in the Intervention Group compared to the Control Group (mean difference = 50.00, SE = 9.5, p < 0.01). Increases in objectively measured MVPA were also significantly larger in the Intervention Group (mean differences = 31.0, SE = 10.7, p < .01). The Intervention Group was also significantly more likely to meet national physical activity guidelines at 6 months (OR = 3.12, 95 % CI 1.46–6.66, p < .05). Findings from the current study suggest that this Internet-delivered individually tailored intervention successfully increased MVPA in Latinas compared to a Wellness Contact Control Internet Group. NCT01834287 .
Positive bethanechol chloride supersensitivity test in hereditary sensory neuropathy.

Abstract An 11-year-old girl with hereditary sensory neuropathy (type-II) presented with neurogenic bladder disease. Urodynamic evaluation revealed a sensory neurogenic bladder and a markedly positive bethanechol chloride supersensitivity test. This case report supports Lapides’ original observation that a positive bethanechol chloride supersensitivity test may occur in pure sensory neurogenic bladder disease
Monitoring renal function in children with urological abnormalities.

AbstractIn clinical practice glomerular filtration rate routinely is estimated by measuring serum creatinine and using the Schwartz formula for calculating an estimate of creatinine clearance or using the Gates formula for calculating the clearance of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid based on the uptake during radionuclide imaging. We compared these methods to the plasma clearance of iothalamate during extended constant infusion. All 3 tests were performed in 14 boys and 5 girls 9 months to 16 years old with urological abnormalities and moderate renal insufficiency.Using iothalamate as the reference, calculated creatinine clearance overestimated glomerular filtration rate by more than 20% in 12 of the 19 patients (63%). Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid uptake grossly overestimated glomerular filtration rate; in only 3 instances was the estimate within 20%. The accuracy of both formulas was better in older patients and in those with more normal renal function. We conclude that the Gates formula for mea...
Modulation of cerebral arterial tone by endothelium-derived relaxing factor

This study was designed to further elucidate the role of the endothelium in regulation of cerebral vascular smooth muscle tone. Dose-dependent vasoconstrictive effects of serotonin (5-HT) were examined in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded ring segments prepared from canine basilar and middle cerebral arteries. Some preparations were pretreated with 10(-5) M N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), an agent that inhibits the production of L-arginine-derived nitric oxide, one of the compounds proposed to be endothelium-derived relaxing factor. L-NNA alone elicited marked dose-dependent increases in tension in endothelium-intact preparations; a significantly smaller response was seen in endothelium-denuded preparations. The effects of L-NNA on endothelium-intact preparations were partially reversed by washing and treatment with L-arginine. The maximum tension induced by 5-HT was approximately doubled by removal of the endothelium as well as by L-NNA treatment of endothelium-intact preparations; a slight increase in maximum tension occurred in endothelium-denuded preparations treated with L-NNA. The concentration of 5-HT producing half-maximal contraction (ED50) was not affected by L-NNA. These data suggest that L-arginine-derived nitric oxide modulates canine cerebral arterial tone in both the resting state and during contraction with 5-HT.
Perms, Twist Outs, and Candidate Evaluations of Black Women

Scholar know little if anything about whether Black women’s natural or un-straightened hairstyles influence political cognition and behavior and specifically if hairstyle affects the choices of voters. Do natural hairstyles, specifically a "twist out," cause voters to view Black women candidates differently than those with straight hair? This study investigates the impact of Black women’s hairstyles on candidate evaluations, using an all Black population. Subjects were randomly assigned to campaign literature of Black women candidates in which the hairstyle of the Black woman differed while her issues stance of the candidates remained the same. We found that natural or un-straightened hair is an important factor that influences voters’ evaluations but vary in magnitude. Ultimately, we argue that race politics and gender politics scholars who do not incorporate hairstyle fail to fully uncover how voters read Black women’s bodies. Studying Black women allows us to explore categories between race and gender because Black women’s bodies illustrate how both have been linked in political and social practices. Both race and gender have shaped power relationships in the United States and by studying African American women, we are able to make connections between the material conditions and social contexts of racialized women’s bodies.
A Daughter’s Filiality, A Courtesan’s Moral Propriety and a Wife’s Conjugal Love: Rethinking Confucian Ethics for Women in the Tale of Kiều(Truyện Kiều)

Nguyen Du’s Truyện Kiều (“The Tale of Kiều”) is widely regarded as the epitome of Vietnamese culture and literary heritage. This essay seeks to read The Tale of Kiều intratextually to explore the implications of a powerful yet subversive tale of a woman whose unconditional commitment to filiality resulted in her gut-wrenching descent into the abyss of despair as concubine and courtesan. It seeks to show how an intratextual reading reveals the heroine of the story to be a well-educated, strong-willed, intelligent and courageous woman whose character transcended all the rigid stereotypes of traditional Confucian ethical admonitions for women. It will also discuss how Nguyen Du sought to redefine the relations between parent–child and husband-wife, as well as explore their significance for reconceptualizing Vietnamese Confucian ethics for women away from the “Three Bonds” and “Three Obediences” to a virtue ethics for women that is derived from the Confucian Five Relations.
The Magnetic Field

Until the time of Faraday, the action of magnets and electric charges were described almost exclusively in terms of their measured forces upon other nearby magnets and electric charges. Indeed, this was the disposition of many of the founders of the sciences of electricity and magnetism—men such as Coulomb, Biot, Poisson and Ampere. Like many of the French scientists, Michael Faraday was himself a very meticulous and well-respected experimentalist. But like Oersted, he made a decided break with the French empirical tradition by explaining electric and magnetic actions in terms of invisible—but nonetheless real—electric and magnetic fields. In his 1852 article entitled “On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic Force,” published in The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Faraday attempts to justify and defend his bold speculations. As you explore the text of this article, you might consider the following questions. Do you think that magnetic fields actually exist? If so, in what sense? Do they exist in the same sense that your hand exists? That light and gravity exist? That justice exists? That God exists? Or is the magnetic field perhaps just a useful (albeit disposable) conceptual hypotheses which we have inherited from the creative mind of Faraday?
Fiscal Stimulus and Employment at Home and Abroad in a Real Two-Country Customer-Market Model

In what can be called the monetary approach to unemployment fluctuation, even real shocks — of demand and of supply — depend for their effect on a monetary mechanism: the interest elasticity of the demand for money and the laggard or wayward behaviour of money wages or money prices. That approach has proved a durable part of Keynes’ legacy, accepted in most monetarist, new classical, and neo-Keynesian models, and it is so well assimilated into the thinking of practicioners that it is hardly ever explicit in their discussions. This theoretical slant has given powerful support to the thesis that fiscal stimulus in a country expands employment at least in the near term, with much of that expansionary effect spilling overseas if the economy is open and finance internationally mobile (1). Econometric analyses have tended to confirm such expansionary effects over a one- or two-year horizon. But empirical research has not yet spoken clearly about the medium- and longer-term effects of consumer and government stimuli to aggregate demand.
Online identification of bad synchrophasor measurements via spatio-temporal correlations

In order to obtain high-quality synchrophasor data prior to further power system applications such as state estimation and dynamic security assessment, this paper proposes an online data-driven algorithm to identify low-quality synchronphasor measurements caused by either physical instrumentation errors or intentional malicious attacks. The algorithm applies density-based local outlier factor (LOF) analysis and identify low-quality synchronphasor measurements which exhibit an outlier pattern of spatio-temporal correlation. The benefits of the proposed algorithm include: 1) it has fast computation performance, which is desirable for online application; 2) it is capable of identifying low-quality synchrophasor measurements during both normal and eventful operating conditions; 3) it is purely data driven, without involving any knowledge on network parameters or topology, which avoids the impact of parameter/topology errors on detection results.
Current Standard Clinical Predictive Markers

In addition to establishing the diagnosis of in situ and/or invasive carcinoma, core needle biopsies of the breast are invaluable for ancillary immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization testing of predictive and prognostic markers in breast cancer, that are of utmost clinical and therapeutic importance. Whether in the initial diagnostic setting for tumors destined to be routinely surgically excised, or in the setting of tumors to be excised following neoadjuvant therapy or even in the setting of recurrent or metastatic disease, small, well-fixed core needle biopsies of breast are ideally suited for robust, rapid, and reproducible testing. This chapter reviews current standard predictive and prognostic markers in clinical use, with special attention to their utility and limitations in the setting of core needle biopsies. In particular, hormone receptors estrogen and progesterone receptor will be discussed, with a brief introduction to the emerging use of androgen receptor in certain clinical settings. The utility of proliferation markers such as Ki-67 will be presented, with a brief examination of the role of proliferation markers in commercially available multi-gene prognostic assays such as Oncotype DX. Testing of core needle biopsies for HER2 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry and/or HER2 gene amplification by fluorescence or chromogenic in situ hybridization will be reviewed.
Relationship Between Acoustic Voice Onset and Offset and Selected Instances of Oscillatory Onset and Offset in Young Healthy Men and Women

Summary Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between (1) onset of the acoustic signal (X 1 a ) and prephonatory phases associated with oscillatory onset and (2) offset of the acoustic signal (X 2 a ) with the postphonatory events associated with oscillatory offset across vocally healthy adults. Subjects and Methods High-speed videoendoscopy was captured simultaneously with the acoustic signal during repeated production of /hi.hi.hi/ at typical pitch and loudness from 56 vocally healthy adults (aged 20–42 years; 21 men, 35 women). The relationships between the acoustic sound pressure signal and oscillatory onset and offset events from the glottal area waveforms (GAWs) were statistically investigated using a multivariate linear regression analysis. Results The X 1 a is a significant predictor of the onset of first oscillatory motion (X 1 g ) and onset of sustained oscillations (X 2 g ). X 1 a as well as gender are significant predictors of the first medial contact of the vocal folds (X 1.5 g ). The X 2 a is a significant predictor of the first instance of oscillatory offset (X 3 g ), first instance of incomplete glottal closure (X 3.5 g ), and complete cessation of (vocal fold) oscillatory motion (X 4 g ). Conclusions The acoustic signal onset is closely related to the X 1.5 g , but the latency between these events is longer for women compared to men. The X 2 a occurs immediately after incomplete glottal adduction. The emerging normative group latencies between the onset and offset of the acoustic and the GAW from this study appear promising for future investigations.
Do individual, online motivational interviewing chat sessions enhance weight loss in a group-based, online weight control program?

Objective To examine whether the addition of online motivational interviewing (MI) chats to a Web-based, group behavioral obesity treatment program augments weight loss outcomes relative to the Web-based weight control program alone. Methods Healthy individuals (N = 398, 24% minority) with overweight/obesity were randomized to a 36-session group Internet behavioral weight control treatment (BT) or the same group Internet treatment plus six individual MI chat sessions (BT + MI). Both conditions received weekly synchronous online chat group sessions for 6 months followed by 12 monthly group chats. Participants in both groups received identical behavioral lessons and individualized therapist feedback on progress toward meeting exercise and calorie goals. BT + MI also received six individual MI sessions delivered by a separate MI counselor via Web chat. Weight loss was measured at 6 and 18 months. Results There were no significant differences in weight loss between BT (−5.5 ± 6.0 kg) and BT + MI (−5.1 ± 6.3 kg) at 6 months or at 18 months (−3.3 ± 7.1 kg vs. −3.5 ± 7.7 kg for BT and BT + MI, respectively). Attendance at group chats did not differ between groups, nor did self-monitoring patterns, suggesting comparable engagement in the weight control program in both conditions. Conclusions Online MI chat sessions were not a viable strategy to enhance Web-based weight control treatment outcomes.
Migration of the Tropical Cyclone Zone throughout the Holocene

This paper proposes that a combination of short and long term atmospheric oscillations have resulted in latitudinal movement of the tropical cyclone (TC) zone and location of landfall through the Holocene. A GIS-based approach demonstrates that currently intensity changes of the Bermuda High (BH) result in a large latitudinal spread of TC track and landfall location across the western North Atlantic (NA), while a literature-based examination of paleoclimatic evidence supports the view that long-term changes in the pole-equator temperature gradient has resulted in significant latitudinal migration of the general NA atmospheric system throughout the Holocene, with a heightened (reduced) gradient moving the entire system southward (northward). Our model suggests that the location of hurricane landfall since the mid Holocene is controlled by a millennial scale migration of the hurricane zone (paralleling latitudinal movement of the entire system), complicated by the superimposition of a higher frequency variation in track location, (controlled by intensity oscillations). The resulting millennial scale shifts in landfall location of major hurricanes are hindcast, and methods for testing this hypothesis are described.
La chondroplastie par injection : remodelage enzymatique des greffes de cartilage

Resume Objectif Developper une technique d’injection d’enzymes assouplissant selectivement le tissu cartilagineux pour le remodelage des structures cartilagineuses de la tete et du cou. Materiel et methodes A partir d’oreilles de lapin, deux groupes ont ete formes : (1) le groupe « oreille de lapin entiere » et (2) le groupe « greffon composite » (echantillons de 2,5 mm × 3,0 cm preleves dans la region centrale du pavillon). Des injections sequentielles sous-perichondrales utilisant trois enzymes (hyaluronidase, pronase et collagenase de type II) ont ete realisees sur les echantillons de chaque groupe. Dans les echantillons temoins, une solution saline tamponnee au phosphate a ete injectee de la meme facon. Les oreilles entieres ont ensuite ete photographiees, maintenues en position anatomique verticale, pour evaluer leur deformation lors d’une compression afin de juger de l’integrite du cartilage. De plus, une photographie a contre-jour a ete realisee pour tous les echantillons afin d’evaluer davantage les effets des enzymes, de maniere a ce qu’une zone d’intensite lumineuse plus forte represente une augmentation du remodelage cartilagineux. Resultats L’application des enzymes digestives a entraine une reduction marquee de la resistance de la matrice des tissus cartilagineux, tout en preservant les couches superficielles sus-jacentes. Les pavillons entiers traites par les enzymes ont ete remodeles au niveau du site d’injection des enzymes. Les images a contre-jour ont revele une augmentation de l’intensite lumineuse locale dans les zones de digestion enzymatique. Il n’y a pas eu de destruction evidente de la peau sus-jacente lors de l’inspection visuelle. Conclusion Cette etude demontre la faisabilite de la chondroplastie par injection comme une potentielle methode alternative a la chirurgie conventionnelle pour le remodelage du cartilage auriculaire. Les injections sequentielles de hyaluronidase, de pronase et de collagenase de type II dans l’espace sous-perichondral peuvent etre realisees pour remodeler et assouplir les structures cartilagineuses avec une atteinte minimale des tissus environnants. Les etudes futures devront inclure des tests de viabilite des chondrocytes et l’optimisation des techniques d’injection.
Caregiving Identity and Flexibility

This chapter focuses on caregiver identity development and the importance of flexibility in their identity. The chapter begins with a discussion of identity development followed by work on caregiver identity development. Next, the assessment tools available for the study of caregiver identity development are presented. Finally, the chapter concludes with directions for future research.
Human-centric predictive model of task difficulty for human-in-the-loop control tasks

Quantitatively measuring the difficulty of a manipulation task in human-in-the-loop control systems is ill-defined. Currently, systems are typically evaluated through task-specific performance measures and post-experiment user surveys; however, these methods do not capture the real-time experience of human users. In this study, we propose to analyze and predict the difficulty of a bivariate pointing task, with a haptic device interface, using human-centric measurement data in terms of cognition, physical effort, and motion kinematics. Noninvasive sensors were used to record the multimodal response of human user for 14 subjects performing the task. A data-driven approach for predicting task difficulty was implemented based on several task-independent metrics. We compare four possible models for predicting task difficulty to evaluated the roles of the various types of metrics, including: (I) a movement time model, (II) a fusion model using both physiological and kinematic metrics, (III) a model only with kinematic metrics, and (IV) a model only with physiological metrics. The results show significant correlation between task difficulty and the user sensorimotor response. The fusion model, integrating user physiology and motion kinematics, provided the best estimate of task difficulty (R2 = 0.927), followed by a model using only kinematic metrics (R2 = 0.921). Both models were better predictors of task difficulty than the movement time model (R2 = 0.847), derived from Fitt’s law, a well studied difficulty model for human psychomotor control.
Adsorption of Phosphonylated Polyelectrolytes on Hydroxyapatite

The adsorption of phosphonylated polyphenylene oxide onto hydroxyapatite was investigated as a basis for biomedical applications involving surface modification of teeth and bone. The half-acid, half-ester form of the polymer was found to adsorb rapidly and the rate and amount increased with concentration. Phosphate, but not Ca++, is released into solution during adsorption. The ratio of released phosphate to polymer-bound phosphonate absorbed from solution, is about 2.5 at very low initial polymer concentrations but decreases rapidly to about 0.5 with increased concentration. For equivalent ionic strengths, added salts increase the rate and amount of polymer adsorbed in the order: CaC12 > KC1 = KNO3 > K2HPO4 > no salt. Desorption is enhanced by K2HPO4. These results can be explained by an adsorption mechanism that is controlled by the degree of charge neutralization along the polymer chain. Intrachain charge repulsion results in an extended random-coil conformation and adsorption in a thin layer with binding at many polymer sites. Charge screening, neutralization and chelation cause the random-coil to collapse. A collapsed conformation occupies only a relatively few binding sites and thus adsorption results in the formation of a thick layer. The conformation and binding of adsorbed layers are expected to be of major importance in surface-controlled phenomena such as adhesion, drug delivery, and flocculation.