cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers reveal genetic variation in the symbiotic fungus of leaf-cutting ants.

RAPD markers were used to examine the degree of genetic variation within the putatively asex- ual basidiomycete fungus (Lepiotaceae: provisionally named Leucoagaricus gongylophorus) associated with the leaf-cutting ant species Atta cephalotes. We ana- lyzed fungal isolates from ant nests in two geograph- ically distant sites, two isolates from Panama and five isolates from Trinidad. Ten decamer primers were used to amplify total DNA from these seven fungal isolates, and RAPD banding patterns were compared. Genetic similarity among isolates was determined by pair-wise comparisons of the shared number of DNA bands on an agarose gel. There was considerable ge- netic variation among isolates of the symbiotic fungus even within sites. Pairs of fungal isolates from the two different sites shared an average of only 36% of the bands in their RAPD profiles, while pairs from the within sites shared an average of 72% of the bands. RAPD markers may be useful for further investigation of the genetic structure of the fungal symbiont within species of leaf-cutting ants.
The constituent equations of piezoelectric bimorphs

A brief review of applications of piezoelectric bimorphs is presented. The constituent equations which describe the behavior of piezoelectric bimorphs for various mechanical boundary conditions are derived. The internal energy density of infinitesimally small volume elements in thermodynamic equilibrium is calculated in the presence of a voltage on the electrodes, a clamped cantilever beam condition on one side of the beam and a set of three different classical boundary conditions on the other side of the beam. These are a mechanical moment M at the end of the beam, a force F perpendicular to the beam, applied at its tip, and a uniformly distributed body force p. The total internal energy content is calculated by integrating over the entire volume of the beam. Two different beam configurations are considered: parallel polarizations of the two adjoining elements of the beam with an internal electrode; and antiparallel orientation without an internal electrode. The canonical conjugate of the moment is calculated as the angular deflection at the tip of the beam α, while that of the force at the tip is the local vertical deflection δ. The canonical conjugate of the uniform load on the beam is found to be the volume displacement V of the beam. The canonical conjugate of the voltage across the electrodes is the charge on the electrodes. The equations are given in the direct form, with external parameters (M, V), (F, V), and (p, V) as independent variables and also in a linear combination with (M, F, p, V) as variables. These constituent equations can be used to calculate the behavior of the bimorph under any condition that can be described as a linear combination of forces at the tip, moments at the tip and uniform loads on the entire beam. This allows us to use the bimorph as a black box, without having to consider its internal movement or charges.
The Parallel Protocol Engine

The design and implementation of a multiprocessor-based communication subsystem called the Parallel Protocol Engine (PPE), for the parallel and pipelined execution of protocols, are described. As an example, an implementation of the ISO 8802-2.2 logical link control on a four-processor version of the PPE is presented and analyzed. The performance of the implementation is more than 16,000 type-2 information protocol data units/s, commensurate with emerging high-speed networks that operate in the 100-Mb/s range. The overall end-to-end performance of an integrated system, where two workstations, each equipped with a PPE, communicate over a high-speed link, is analyzed and the problems concerning the soft- and hardware interface to the PPE are presented. >
A Photoactive Molecular Triad as a Nanoscale Power Supply for a Supramolecular Machine

A tetrathiafulvalene-porphy- rin-fullerene (TTF-P-C60)molecular triad, which generates electrical current by harnessing light energy when self- assembled onto gold electrodes, has been developed. The triad, composed of three unique electroactive compo- nents, namely, 1)an electron-donating TTF unit, 2)a chromophoric porphyrin unit, and 3)an electron-accepting C 60 unit, has been synthesized in a modular fashion. A disulfide-based anchoring group was tagged to the TTF end of the molecule in order to allow its self- assembly on gold surfaces. The surface coverage by the triad in a self-assem- bled monolayer (SAM)was estimated to be 1.4 nm 2 per molecule, a density which is consistent with hexagonal close-packing of the spherical C60 com- ponent (diameter ~ 1 nm). In a closed electronic circuit, a triad-SAM func- tionalized working-electrode generates a switchable photocurrent of ~ 1.5 m Ac m 2 when irradiated with a 413 nm Kr-ion laser, a wavelength which is close to the porphyrin chro- mophore7s absorption maximum peak at 420 nm. The electrical energy gener- ated by the triad at the expense of the light energy is ultimately exploited to drive a supramolecular machine in the form of a (2)pseudorotaxane comprised of a p-electron-deficient tetracationic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT 4 + )cyclophane and a p-elec- tron-rich 1,5-bis((2-hydroxyethoxy) ethoxy)naphthalene (BHEEN)thread. The redox-induced dethreading of the CBPQT 4 + cyclophane from the BHEEN thread can be monitored by measuring the increase in the fluores- cence intensity of the BHEEN unit. A gradual increase in the fluorescence in- tensity of the BHEEN unit concomi- tant with the photocurrent generation, even at a potential (0 V)much lower than that required (300 mV)for the direct reduction of the CBPQT 4 + unit, confirms that the dethreading process is driven by the photocurrent generat- ed by the triad-SAM.
Tags and type checking in LISP: hardware and software approaches

One of the major factors that distinguishes LISP from many other languages (Pascal, C, Fortran, etc.) is the need for run-time type checking. Run-time type checking is implemented by adding to each data object a tag that encodes type information. Tags must be compared for type compatibility, removed when using the data, and inserted when new data items are created. This tag manipulation, together with other work related to dynamic type checking and generic operations, constitutes a significant component of the execution time of LISP programs. This has led both to the development of LISP machines that support tag checking in hardware and to the avoidance of type checking by users running on stock hardware. To understand the role and necessity of special-purpose hardware for tag handling, we first measure the cost of type checking operations for a group of LISP programs. We then examine hardware and software implementations of tag operations and estimate the cost of tag handling with the different tag implementation schemes. The data shows that minimal levels of support provide most of the benefits, and that tag operations can be relatively inexpensive, even when no special hardware support is present.
Oxidation Kinetics of Silicon Carbide Crystals and Ceramics: I, In Dry Oxygen

The oxidation kinetics of several single-crystal and polvcrystalline silicon carbide materials and single-crystal silicon in dry oxygen over the temperature range 1200° to 1500°C were fitted to the linear-parabolic model of Deal and Grove. The lower oxidation rates of silicon carbide compared to silicon can be rationalized by additional consumption of oxidant in oxidizing carbon to carbon dioxide. The (000J) Si face of the silicon carbide platelets exhibited lower parabolic oxidation rates than the (0001) C face, by a factor of 10 at 1200°C. Apparent activation energies increased from a value of ∼120 kJ/mol below 1400°C to a value of ∼300 kJ/mol above this temperature. The (0001) Si face exhibited this high activation energy over the entire temperature range. The controlled nucleation thermally deposited material exhibited the highest oxidation rates of the polycrystalline materials followed by the hot-pressed and sintered α-silicon carbides. In general, the oxidation rates of the polycrystalline materials were bracketed by the oxidation rates of the basal planes of the single-crystal materials. Higher impurity concentrations and higher density of nucleation sites led to a greater susceptibility to crystallization of the scale which significantly complicated the oxidation behaviors observed. When crystallization of the oxide scale occurred in the form of a layer of spherulitic cristobalite crystals, a retardation of the oxidation rates was observed. An accelerated oxidation behavior was found when this coherent layer was superseded by the formation of fine mullite crystals.
Lower bounds for parametric estimation with constraints

A Chapman-Robbins form of the Barankin bound is used to derive a multiparameter Cramer-Rao (CR) type lower bound on estimator error covariance when the parameter theta in R/sup n/ is constrained to lie in a subset of the parameter space. A simple form for the constrained CR bound is obtained when the constraint set Theta /sub C/, can be expressed as a smooth functional inequality constraint. It is shown that the constrained CR bound is identical to the unconstrained CR bound at the regular points of Theta /sub C/, i.e. where no equality constraints are active. On the other hand, at those points theta in Theta /sub C/ where pure equality constraints are active the full-rank Fisher information matrix in the unconstrained CR bound must be replaced by a rank-reduced Fisher information matrix obtained as a projection of the full-rank Fisher matrix onto the tangent hyperplane of the full-rank Fisher matrix onto the tangent hyperplane of the constraint set at theta . A necessary and sufficient condition involving the forms of the constraint and the likelihood function is given for the bound to be achievable, and examples for which the bound is achieved are presented. In addition to providing a useful generalization of the CR bound, the results permit analysis of the gain in achievable MSE performance due to the imposition of particular constraints on the parameter space without the need for a global reparameterization. >
Numerical Simulation of Vortex Cavitation in a Three-Dimensional Submerged Transitional Jet

Vortex cavitation in a submerged transitional jet is studied with unsteady threedimensional direct numerical simulations. A locally homogeneous cavitation model that accounts for non-linear bubble dynamics and bubble/bubble interactions within spherical bubble clusters is employed. The velocity, vorticity, and pressure fields are compared for both cavitating and noncavitating jets. It is found that cavitation occurs in the cores of the primary vortical structures, distorting and breaking up the vortex ring into several sections. The velocity and transverse vorticity in the cavitating regions are intensified due to vapor formation, while the streamwise vorticity is weakened. An analysis of the vorticity transport equation reveals the influence of cavitation on the relative importance of the vortex stretching, baroclinic torque, and dilatation terms. Statistical analysis shows that cavitation suppresses jet growth and decreases velocity fluctuations within the vaporous regions of the jet. DOI: 10.1115/1.1976742
Analysis of a mixed-use urban wifi network: when metropolitan becomes neapolitan

While WiFi was initially designed as a local-area access network, mesh networking technologies have led to increasingly expansive deployments of WiFi networks. In urban environments, the WiFi mesh frequently supplements a number of existing access technologies, including wired broadband networks, 3G cellular, and commercial WiFi hotspots. It is an open question what role city-wide WiFi deployments play in the increasingly diverse access network spectrum. We study the usage of the Google WiFi network deployed in Mountain View, California, and find that usage naturally falls into three classes, based almost entirely on client device type. Moreover, each of these classes of use has significant geographic locality, following the distribution of residential, commercial, and transportation areas of the city. Finally, we find a diverse set of mobility patterns that map well to the archetypal use cases for traditional access technologies.
Memory formation during anaesthesia: plausibility of a neurophysiological basis

As opposed to conscious, personally relevant (explicit) memories that we can recall at will, implicit (unconscious) memories are prototypical of ‘hidden’ memory; memories that exist, but that we do not know we possess. Nevertheless, our behaviour can be affected by these memories; in fact, these memories allow us to function in an ever-changing world. It is still unclear from behavioural studies whether similar memories can be formed during anaesthesia. Thus, a relevant question is whether implicit memory formation is a realistic possibility during anaesthesia, considering the underlying neurophysiology. A different conceptualization of memory taxonomy is presented, the serial parallel independent model of Tulving, which focuses on dynamic information processing with interactions among different memory systems rather than static classification of different types of memories. The neurophysiological basis for subliminal information processing is considered in the context of brain function as embodied in network interactions. Function of sensory cortices and thalamic activity during anaesthesia are reviewed. The role of sensory and perisensory cortices, in particular the auditory cortex, in support of memory function is discussed. Although improbable, with the current knowledge of neurophysiology one cannot rule out the possibility of memory formation during anaesthesia.
Optimization of RF/microwave multichip module performance based on neural models of passives and interconnects

Widely used in multichip modules, distributed passive devices are subject to intensive research for efficient modeling in the RF/microwave frequency range. This paper introduces the concept of generation of accurate and fast neural models for passives that efficiently integrate high-frequency electromagnetic effects. By optimizing the circuit performance, the proposed approach can automatically predict not only the optimum geometrical parameters of passives but also their optimum location in the chip layout. Applications using neural models implemented in commercial circuit simulators are presented.
TROLLING: A NOVEL TRAPPING METHOD FOR CHRYSOPS SPP. (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)

Abstract Trolling, a novel trapping method, was developed and tested for deer flies, Chrysops spp., and other Tabanidae. The trap is a plastic plant container coated with Tanglefoot that is mounted upside down on a rod in an apparatus attached to a vehicle. The vehicle is then driven “trolled” to attract Tabanidae. Trap movement, color, shape, dimension and size were evaluated to improve trap catch. Response by Chrysops vittatus Wiedemann/C. pikei Whitney and C. macquarti Philip to the trap’s parameters are reported. The most effective trap is a 15 cm diameter pot (Lerio C-360, B-6, The Lerio Corp. Mobile, AL) painted bright blue, placed 1-2 m above the ground and moved at a speed of less than 3.13 m/sec. Response of Chrysops spp. to the trap indicated the hierarchy of behavioral stimuli to Chrysops spp. in order of importance to be height, movement, speed, dimensions, color, size, and contrast. No known tabanid attractants tested including CO2, acetone or octenol increased trap captures and the insect re...
Hepatitis-B: A review

The recent literature on various aspects of hepatitis-B is reviewed with emphasis on the interrelationships of viral structure, antigenic components, and host immune response in acute, chronic, and asymptomatic carrier states of the infection. The mode of replication and mechanisms of transmission are discussed. Special attention is paid to potential non-parenteral routes of spread. The role of hepatitis-B in associated immune complex diseases and in hepatoma is outlined. A guide to the interpretation of serologic tests for hepatitis-B associated antigen and antibody patterns is presented in relation to the clinical stage and prognosis of the infection. Therapy, except in conceptual terms, is not covered but a summary of the current status of active and passive immunization is given. The unresolved question of the infectivity of carrier medical staff for their patient contacts, and the reverse, is discussed.
Recent Developments in Styles of Integrated Regulation and Supervision in Selected Jurisdictions

This paper analyses developments which have taken place over the years and contributed to the present structure of regulation in several selected jurisdictions which constitute the focus of this paper. In considering the emergence of conglomerates, a discussion of the form of regulation which existed prior to the growth of conglomerates, along with reasons for deregulation is undertaken. Furthermore, the different deregulatory approaches adopted in various selected jurisdictions will be discussed briefly. This paper also considers how well the Financial Services Authority’s statutory objectives address the objectives of financial regulation. Having considered the developments leading to the adoption of a single regulator, not only in the UK, but also in other selected jurisdictions, this paper will primarily focus on the UK’s single regulator for financial services.
Ion Beam Self Annealing in Thin Silicon Films

Residual lattice disorder in 1µm-thick silicon films as a function of the dose rate of 120 keV Ar+ ion implantations has been investigated. At a fluence of 1x1014 ions/cm2, low dose rates produced a highly damaged surface layer as expected; however, at a dose rate sufficient to locally heat the implanted film to a temperature of approximately 700°K, essentially complete annealing of the lattice disorder was observed. This temperature is significantly less than that normally required for post-implant thermal annealing. Measurements of lattice disorder were based on medium energy Rutherford backscattering and channeling analyses.
Direct finite-element solver of linear complexity for system-level signal and power integrity co-analysis

In this paper, we develop a fast direct finite-element solver of linear (optimal) complexity for solving large-scale system-level signal and power integrity problems. The proposed direct solver has successfully analyzed an industry product-level full-package problem and correlated with measurements in time domain. The finite-element matrix of over 15.8 million unknowns resulting from the analysis of the package, including both signal lines and power delivery structures, is directly solved in less than 1.6 hours on a single core running at 3 GHz. Comparisons with the finite element methods that employ the most advanced direct sparse solvers have demonstrated the clear advantages of the proposed high-capacity linear-complexity direct solver. An accurate system-level signal and power integrity anal- ysis for high-speed and high-performance package design would call for a first-principles-based full-wave analysis of global electrical interactions among signal lines, power de- livery network, analog/RF components, vias, inhomogeneous dielectrics, etc. in a setting of a complete package. The large scale of the underlying simulation problem, the broad band of the working frequencies, the irregularly shaped geometries, the inhomogeneous materials, and the large number of inputs and outputs, have all conspired to make the full-wave analysis of a full package extremely challenging. Existing fast full-wave solvers for solving large-scale problems are, in general, itera- tive solvers since traditional direct solvers are computationally expensive. The optimal complexity of an iterative solver is O(NrhsNitN), where Nrhs is the number of right hand sides, Nit is the number of iterations, and N is the matrix size. To analyze the interaction among a large number of circuit ports and to perform many what-if analyses for an optimal design, the number of right hand sides is proportional to the port count and the number of what-if analyses. When the number of right hand sides is large, iterative solvers become inefficient. In contrast, a direct solver has a potential of achieving O(N) complexity, which is optimal for solving N unknowns. To analyze system-level signal and power integrity prob- lems with first-principles based accuracy, the finite element method (FEM) is a popular method for choice because of its great capability in handling both complicated materials and geometries. A traditional direct finite element solver is computationally expensive. It is shown in (1) that the optimal operation count of a direct FEM solution in exact arithmetic is O(N 1:5 ) for 2-D problems, and O(N 2 ) for 3-D problems.
Problems in Real and Functional Analysis

* Problems: Set theory and metric spaces* Measures Lebesgue measure* Measurable and integrable functions $L^p$ spaces* Sequences of functions* Product measures* Normed linear spaces* Functionals Normed linear spaces* Linear operators* Hilbert spaces* Index
Altered conformation of the p53 protein in myeloid leukemia cells and mitogen-stimulated normal blood cells.

Expression of the normal p53 gene promotes cell differentiation, maturation and apoptosis. The mutant p53 gene, which does not function normally, is frequently expressed at elevated levels in tumor cells [for review see Lane, D.P. & Benchimol, S. (1990). Genes Dev., 4, 1-8]. We have analysed the expression of and mutational change in the p53 gene in the peripheral blood cells of 49 primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The p53 protein levels were elevated in 37 patients (75%) when measured by immunoprecipitation with antibodies PAb1801 and PAb421, which recognize both normal and mutant forms of the protein. The p53 protein from 32 of these 37 patients was immunoprecipitated by PAb240, which recognizes a conformation of p53 protein associated with point mutations. However, point mutations were detected by single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay and direct sequencing in only three patients at codons 178, 245, 273 and 290. Growth stimulation of normal lymphocytes also generated p53 which was immunoprecipitable by PAb240. Thus, alteration of p53 conformation, rather than acquisition of point mutations, could be the mechanism underlying the increased proliferation of myeloid cells in most AML patients.
Quality improvement in community-based, long-term care: theory and reality

Community-based, long-term care has become an increasingly popular and needed service for the aged and disabled populations in recent years. These services witnessed a major expansion in 1981 when Congress created the Home and Community-Based Waiver authority for the Medicaid program. Currently, all states offer some complement of community-based, long-term care services to their elderly and disabled populations and nearly all states have Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services waivers which extend these services to their Medicaid eligible clients. An ever increasing proportion of the population is in need of community-based, long-term care services. Between nine and eleven million Americans of all ages are chronically disabled and require some help with tasks of daily living. In 1990, thirty percent of the elderly with at least one impaired activity of daily living used a community-based, long-term care service. Not surprisingly, expenditures for community-based, long-term care have increased.
Cooperatives in Sub-Saharan Africa

Agricultural cooperatives are important institutions in agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Cooperatives comprise individuals who have pooled resources to provide input, output, and capital resources to members at a low cost. Major agricultural cooperatives include production and marketing cooperatives, poultry and livestock cooperatives, fishing and fish marketing cooperatives, and food processing and marketing cooperatives. The economics of cooperatives is based on Coasian theory. Cooperative governance structures solve information asymmetry and monitoring problems encountered in agency relationships such as the free rider problems that arise when property rights are poorly defined. The cooperative form of organization is also effective in reducing the transaction costs associated with contracting because members operate within mutually agreed rules. Court cases involving cooperatives in SSA have focused on government interference in the activities of cooperative movements in SSA.
Income inequality is cyclical

Periodic rises and falls in the gap between the rich and poor over centuries indicate that inequality will not grow forever, argues Branko Milanovic.
Is It Legal? Is It Right? The Can and Should of Use

The Snowden disclosures illuminated a gap between what information is legally permissible to collect and what the populace feels is appropriate collection. But this distinction applies in other realms as well, raising important questions about private-sector collection and use of individuals' data.
RNA secondary structure prediction using context-sensitive hidden Markov models

It has been believed for decades, that proteins are responsible for most of the genetically important functions in all cells. Due to this reason, most of the research in molecular biology was focused on identifying genes that encode proteins, and their roles in the genetic network. Recent studies indicate that noncoding RNAs play important roles in various processes. Such ncRNA genes cannot be effectively identified using traditional gene-finders that aim at protein-coding genes. Many ncRNAs conserve their secondary structures as well as their primary sequences, which have to be taken into account when looking for ncRNA genes. In this paper, we propose a new method based on context-sensitive HMMs, which can be used for predicting RNA secondary structure. It is demonstrated that the proposed model can predict the secondary structure very accurately, at a low computational cost.
Metrics: moving beyond the adaptation information gap — introduction to the special issue

This introduction to the special issue addresses the need to move beyond the adaptation information gap and the benefits and problems inherent in this move. It provides a background on this project and a brief review of the existing literature and recent advances in developing measurement and assessment instruments — ‘metrics’ — for the important guiding concepts of water security and adaptive capacity in water management. The review summarizes the promise and challenges encountered in the development and application of metrics and demonstrates that significant challenges remain in developing and applying metric instruments in real-world contexts, the most vexing being the lack of agreement on what model(s) to use and how to weight factors; the lack of evaluation of the validity and robustness of the instruments; the lack of consistency in analytical and application scales; deficits in engaging public participation in instrument design and use; and enduring tensions between contextualized and systematized knowledge, descriptive and predictive capabilities, and static and fluid data.
The Perceptual Differences between Shippers and Motor Carriers Regarding the Carrier Choice Decision and the Industrial Marketing Implications of these Differences

This study identifies the significant differences in the assessment of the importance of thirty five carrier selection variables by both carriers and shippers. Significant perceptual differences existed for those surveyed, and it is quite possible that such differences also exist in the general population. Industrial marketing managers must gain an appreciation of actual shipper needs in order to develop service mixes which more thoroughly satisfy real shipper needs. Developing such service mixes will enhance shipper satisfaction and protect and possibly even increase market share.
Permeation fill-tube design for inertial confinement fusion target capsules

A unique approach for permeation filling of nonpermeable inertial confinement fusion target capsules with deuterium–tritium (DT) is presented. This process uses a permeable capsule coupled into the final target capsule with a 0.03-mm-diameter fill tube. Leak free permeation filling of glow-discharge polymerization (GDP) targets using this method have been successfully demonstrated, as well as ice layering of the target, yielding an inner ice surface roughness of 1- m rms (root mean square). Finally, the measured DT ice-thickness profile for this experiment was used to validate a thermal model’s prediction of the same thickness profile.
Approximate Analysis of Unsteady Laminar Flow

Computations of unsteady laminar flows in pipies usually require lengthy calculations due to the complications presented by the exact solutions. In this paper, an alternative approach to the solutions of unsteady laminar flows in pipies is offerd. An approximation to the friction coefficient is made. It is shown that expressing the friction coefficient in terms of the instantaneous Reynolds number results in an approximation for which the error involved is relatively small when compared with available exact solutions. The concept of an average friction coefficient is developed, and its relations to a frequency Reynolds number and to the mean value of the ascillating pressure difference ratio is obtained. By the use of the average friction coefficient, unsteady laminar pipe flow computations can be done in a manner very similar to the steady flow computations.
Unified Theory of Thermomechanical Behavior of Viscoelastic Materials

Workers in the field of continuum mechanics have had occasion to witness, in recent times, a significant evolution in the theory of irreversible thermodynamics of viscoelastic materials. Following On-sager’s work in the early 1930’s there ensued an intense activity consisting in attempts to give a thermodynamic basis to the mechanical theory of small viscoelastic deformations which, of course, constitute processes that may be regarded as small deviations from an equilibrium state. Worthy of mention at this point is the work of Biot [1, 2] and other able researchers [3–6]. It is of historical interest that this activity left in its wake a divided opinion. Strong objections were voiced from the mathematical wing of “natural philosophers” who in a tours de force attacked such assumptions which, apparently, were arbitrary and, at most, of debatable validity.
THE DIAMOND ANVIL CEll. FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AT HIGH PRESSURES

Brief descriptions of the five generic types of diamond anvil high pressure cells are given with an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses for various kinds of scientific measurement applications. Three techniques applied successfully to the study of energetic materials, optical polarizing microscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray powder diffraction, are described along with examples of some relevant data and results.
Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Monitor Faults and for Troubleshooting in the Process Industries

Abstract The detection and diagnosis of faults, and isolation of their cases, in complex systems is one of the critical problems arising today in the operation of high performance ships, airplanes, space vehicles, chemical plants, and nuclear power plants. By fault (state of fault) we mean degradation of process performance because of some mechanical or physical change internal or external to the process (the cause of the fault). Various quantitative methods to diagnose faults can be found in the literature of the last 20 years using either model based techniques, pattern recognition, binary reasoning, or expert systems. Artificial neural networks have been demonstrated to be good pattern classifiers, and thus are able to diagnose faulty conditions. Some of the basic concepts and techniques are described here for fault classification via artificial neural networks. To make the discussion concrete, an example application in which faults in a heat exchanger are diagnosed is presented. The example shows how to go about extracting the features needed for fault detection and diagnosis via artificial neural networks,.
Engaging with the syuzhet: A new methodological approach to analyzing and visualizing internet discourse:

The dynamic nature of written communication using the internet has provided the ethnographic community with a rich source of data to sample and analyze. While the past century has seen considerable...
Critical developmental windows for morphology and hematology revealed by intermittent and continuous hypoxic incubation in embryos of quail (Coturnix coturnix)

Hypoxia during embryonic growth in embryos is frequently a powerful determinant of development, but at least in avian embryos the effects appear to show considerable intra- and inter-specific variation. We hypothesized that some of this variation may arise from different protocols that may or may not result in exposure during the embryo’s critical window for hypoxic effects. To test this hypothesis, quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix) in the intact egg were exposed to hypoxia (~15% O2) during “early” (Day 0 through Day 5, abbreviated as D0-D5), “middle” (D6-D10) or “late” (D11-D15) incubation or for their entire 16–18 day incubation (“continuous hypoxia”) to determine critical windows for viability and growth. Viability, body mass, beak and toe length, heart mass, and hematology (hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration) were measured on D5, D10, D15 and at hatching typically between D16 and D18 Viability rate was ~50–70% immediately following the exposure period in the early, middle and late hypoxic groups, but viability improved in the early and late groups once normoxia was restored. Middle hypoxia groups showed continuing low viability, suggesting a critical period from D6-D10 for embryo viability. The continuous hypoxia group experienced viability reaching <10% after D15. Hypoxia, especially during late and continuous hypoxia, also inhibited growth of body, beak and toe when measured at D15. Full recovery to normal body mass upon hatching occurred in all other groups except for continuous hypoxia. Contrary to previous avian studies, heart mass, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were not altered by any hypoxic incubation pattern. Although hypoxia can inhibit embryo viability and organ growth during most incubation periods, the greatest effects result from continuous or middle incubation hypoxic exposure. Hypoxic inhibition of growth can subsequently be “repaired” by catch-up growth if a final period of normoxic development is available. Collectively, these data indicate a critical developmental window for hypoxia susceptibility during the mid-embryonic period of development.
Implementation of a Blood Management Program at a Tertiary Care Hospital: Effect on Transfusion Practices and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Surgery.

Background:Patient blood management (PBM) programs represent a perioperative bundle of care that aim to reduce or eliminate unnecessary transfusions.Objective:To evaluate the impact of a PBM program on transfusion practices and clinical outcomes at a single surgical department at a tertiary care hos
Migrant Workers and Their Occupational Health and Safety

In 2015, approximately 244 million people were transnational migrants, approximately half of whom were workers, often engaged in jobs that are hazardous to their health. They work for less pay, for longer hours, and in worse conditions than do nonmigrants and are often subject to human rights violations, abuse, human trafficking, and violence. Worldwide, immigrant workers have higher rates of adverse occupational exposures and working conditions, which lead to poor health outcomes, workplace injuries, and occupational fatalities. Health disparities of immigrant workers are related to environmental and occupational exposures and are a result of language/cultural barriers, access to health care, documentation status, and the political climate of the host country. Recommendations on global and local scales are offered as potential solutions to improving the health of immigrant workers.
Chapter 20 – Raft River Plants, Idaho, USA

The Raft River geothermal field in southeastern Idaho has been the site of two power plant developments. The original development was supported by the United States Department of Energy (DOE), and the other is a private project of U.S. Geothermal, Inc. The chapter begins with a description of the geologic setting of the two projects, followed by an in-depth discussion of the two projects, including maps, conceptual models, flow diagrams, design specifications, well characteristics, and performance assessments. The original pilot plant did not complete the anticipated 5 years of operation, but several important lessons were learned from the test program. Twenty years later U.S. Geothermal set about renewing the project, and a chronology of this project is outlined in the chapter. The new power plant has very similar design performance, but uses a quite different energy conversion system.
Applications to Group Cohomology

This final chapter is a survey, without proofs, of a few of the applications of buildings to the cohomology theory of groups, A prerequisite for this chapter is a familiarity with the basic facts about group cohomology, as given for instance in [17]. I will also use some algebraic topology (fundamental group, covering spaces, homology theory of manifolds, etc.).
Theoretical Studies of Dinuclear Compounds with Multiple Metal-Metal Bonds

The last twenty-five years have been witness to the birth and growth of metal-metal multiple bond chemistry. During this time a wide variety of compounds containing multiple bonds of order up to four have been synthesized, and a wealth of data concerning their structure, properties, and reactivity has been collected.1 An exciting aspect of research in this field is the central role that both qualitative and quantitative electronic structure theory have played in developing a rational framework for understanding the physical structures and properties of these complexes. Approximate molecular orbital theory was applied to these systems almost as soon as they were discovered, and its use has progressed in unison with experimental work, so that the two are intimately intertwined. The synthesis of a new compound containing a metal-metal multiple bond is almost always combined with an interpretation of its properties and reactivity in terms of some form of molecular orbital theory. Conversely, the metal-metal multiple bond problem provides a good test of the usefulness of an electronic structure method.
The Role of the Insula in the Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

While Parkinson’s disease (PD) is perhaps most well-known for its effect on motor functionality, it is important to also realize that this disease has a host of non-motor symptoms (NMS) that affect patients’ day-to-day lives through neurological pathways as well. This chapter will review the literature regarding a connection between these non-motor symptoms and the insula and attempt to show that the insula has a role in facilitating these symptoms. In order to do this, this paper will first discuss what insula is and then identify non-motor symptoms of PD and some possible treatments for these symptoms, followed by discussion of the known effects of these treatments on neural tissue and, specifically, the insula. Based on reports from the literature, there is a possible link between the insula and the NMS of PD as expressed through the relationship between the treatment of these NMS and the effects these treatments have on the insula as well as the knowledge that many of the non-motor symptoms we see presented by PD fall under the category of bodily functions the insula has been shown to contribute to controlling.
Air-sea interactions on Titan: Lake evaporation, atmospheric circulation, and cloud formation

Abstract Titan's abundant lakes and seas exchange methane vapor and energy with the atmosphere via a process generally known as air-sea interaction. This turbulent exchange process is investigated with an atmospheric mesoscale model coupled to a slab model representation of an underlying lake. The impact of lake size, effective lake mixed layer depth, background wind speed, air-lake temperature differential, and atmospheric humidity on air-sea interaction processes is studied through dozens of two-dimensional simulations. The general, quasi-steady solution is a non-linear superposition of a very weak background plume circulation driven by the buoyancy of evaporated methane with a stronger opposing thermally direct (sea breeze) circulation driven by the thermal contrast between the cold marine layer over the lake and the warmer inland air. The specific solution depends on the value of selected atmosphere and lake property parameters, but the general solution of the superposition of these two circulations is persistent. Consistent with previous analytical work of others, the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux trend toward opposite and equal values such that their ratio, the Bowen ratio, approaches −1.0 in most, but not all, of the quasi-steady state solutions. Importantly, in nearly all scenarios, the absolute magnitude of the fluxes trends toward very small values such that the equilibrium solution is also nearly a trivial solution where air-sea energy exchange is ~3 W m−2 or less. In all cases, a cool, moist, and statically stable shallow marine layer with nearly calm winds and small turbulent flux exchanges with a colder underlying lake is produced by the model. The temperature of the lake, the marine properties of the air, and the strength of the sea breeze depends on the initial conditions and to a lesser degree, the boundary conditions.
Review of application-driven quantum and statistical physics, vol. 1: foundations

The story of modern physics is full of curious characters, quirky savants, intellectual heroes, and even a few villains. Paul Dirac hated public attention so much that he toyed with refusing the No...
How Do You Build a Group Program Based on the Principles of Intrinsic Motivation? Developing an After-School Program to Meet the Needs of all Students: Eight Years of Development

Many communities lack adequate after-school programs, especially after-school programs that help children improve academically. To answer this need, our university research team collaborated with two community sponsors to develop an effective after-school program for students who were failing in reading. Some of the children had failed for multiple years. The goal was to bring children up to their appropriate age level in reading and to develop something that could be an ongoing, long-term self-sustaining program for the community. Across eight years, we developed, implemented, and tested an after-school group-centered prevention model, using a program packet to facilitate training with a community volunteer staff. The first-person accounts included in this article describe the development of the program and the development of the volunteer staff needed to continue the program. We present a model that can be used by any community to develop a similar program. The success of our model focused on using a group-centered prevention format, stressing intrinsic motivation, and teaching vowel clustering.
[Comparing nanoflow reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry for top-down proteomics].

One of the major shortcomings in top-down proteomics is the lack of efficient separations for intact proteins that can be effectively coupled to mass spectrometry. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and nanoflow reversed-phase liquid chromatography (nanoRPLC) are two methods that can be coupled to mass spectrometry directly and have been recently advanced in terms of their ability to separate intact proteins in complex biological mixtures. In this work, for the first time, we compared the state-of-the-art nanoRPLC-MS/MS and CZE-MS/MS platforms for top-down characterization of a standard protein mixture and an Escherichia coli (E. coli) proteome sample. CZE-MS produced comparable signals of standard proteins to RPLC-MS with 10-times less sample consumption. Interestingly, the proteins in RPLC-MS tended to have higher charge states than in CZE-MS, most likely due to the high acetonitrile concentration in RPLC mobile phase, leading to the more extensive unfolding of proteins in RPLC compared to in CZE. CZE-MS/MS identified 159 proteins and 513 proteoforms using 1-μg E. coli proteins in a single run and outperformed RPLC-MS/MS using 1-μg E. coli proteins in terms of protein and proteoform identifications (159 vs. 105 proteins and 513 vs. 277 proteoforms). The RPLC-MS/MS using 8-μg E. coli proteins identified 245 proteins and 1 004 proteoforms in a single run, and the data was much better than that from CZE-MS/MS (1-μg E. coli proteins) regarding the number of identifications because of the 8-times higher sample loading amount and significantly wider separation window of RPLC-MS/MS compared to CZE-MS/MS.
Special Section: Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine: Historical Research, Public Debates, and Methodological Disputes. Foreword:

This article is part of the special cluster titled Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine since the 1990s, guest edited by Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe.This sp...
Modeling Pulsars in dense star clusters

Over a hundred millisecond radio pulsars (MSPs) have been observed in globular clusters (GCs), motivating theoretical studies of the formation and evolution of these sources through stellar evolution coupled to stellar dynamics. Here we study MSPs in GCs using realistic N-body simulations with our Cluster Monte Carlo code. We show that neutron stars (NSs) formed in electron-capture supernovae can be spun up through mass transfer to form MSPs. Both NS formation and spin-up through accretion are greatly enhanced through dynamical interaction processes. We find that our models for average GCs at the present day with masses ≍ 2 × 105M⊙ can produce up to 10 – 20 MSPs, while a very massive GC model with mass ≍ 106M⊙ can produce close to 100. We show that the number of MSPs is anti-correlated with the total number of stellar-mass black holes (BHs) retained in the host cluster. As a result, the number of MSPs in a GC could be used to place constraints on its BH population. Some intrinsic properties of MSP systems in our models (such as the magnetic fields and spin periods) are in good overall agreement with observations.
Treatment of Recurrent Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinuses Using Concomitant Infusion CIS-Platinum and Radiation Therapy

Radiotherapeutic control of squamous cell carcinoma extending to or destroying adjacent bone is unlikely without surgical resection. Successful treatment even with combined modality therapy is unlikely when tumor extends beyond the confines of the adjacent bone. Such is the case in advanced carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses. Unfortunately, paranasal sinus tumors often remain asymptomatic until advanced with an average delay of six months between the onset of symptoms and the start of treatment. (1)