cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure

We present a theory for photoelectron scattering in the 100--1000 eV energy range designed to simulate experimental measurements of angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure (ARPEFS) from ordered surfaces. The zero-order problem of photoabsorption in the solid is treated first, followed by a scattering problem which incorporates the scattering ion cores in a perturbation series (cluster expansion). The dynamics of core-hole relaxation are discussed, but the dynamical effects are shown to be small. The Taylor-series magnetic-quantum-number expansion is used for the curved-wave, multiple-scattering equations. We argue that a velocity-dependent surface barrier gives primarily an inner potential shift, with no clear evidence for surface electron refraction. Analytic formulas for aperture integration are derived and thermal averaging in a correlated Debye model is extended to multiple scattering. Reasonable values for nonstructural parameters in the theory are shown to give very good simulations of the experimental ARPEFS measurements from c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)S/Ni(001) in contrast to previous theoretical calculations. We find, in agreement with full multiple-scattering calculations, that forward focusing is a fundamental feature of ARPEFS and that curved-wave corrections are essential for quantitative results. Since the scattering path-length difference is not appreciably altered by forward scattering, the ARPEFS oscillation frequency is equal to the geometrical path-length difference plus a small potential phase shift, but the amplitude and constant phase of the oscillations cannot be predicted by theories based upon single-scattering or plane-wave approximations.
Studies on heterogeneity in ferritin subunits.

Abstract Subunits prepared by dissociating rat and human ferritins by acid/urea or SDS can be resolved by isoelectric focusing in urea/Triton gels into many discrete forms. Most of these are not true isosubunits but aggregation artefacts formed during electrofocusing. The distribution of H and L subunit classes in these aggregates indicates that HeLa and heart ferritins contain similar classes of H and L subunits but that one or both of these classes is different in liver and kidney ferritins. To avoid aggregation artefacts, we examined subunits syntbesised in vitro from exogenous mRNA. Our results indicate that HeLa and rat liver cells synthesise only one class of L subunit but two classes of H subunit.
Bunker Silo Management and Its Relationship to Forage Preservation on Dairy Farms

Management practices were quantified for ensiling of alfalfa and grass crops in 30 fillings of 15 bunker silos over 2 yr on 12 farms in eastern New York. Wet mass ensiled per day, time and vehicle weight in packing, DM and nutrient analyses, and particle size were determined at filling. At feedout, cover integrity, density of tires used to hold down the cover, smoothness of the working face, and feedout rate were assessed. Rate and extent of DM loss, nutrient content of ensiled material, silage temperatures at the working and top surfaces, and aerobic instability were evaluated. Packing intensity, defined as the vehicle weight multiplied by the time spent packing per unit of top surface area, was associated with increased silage DM density, lower DM losses, and improved aerobic stability. The ADIN was lower with filling periods 11.6 cm/d averaged nearly 10 percentage points lower in extent of DM losses.
The Signature of the Cosmological Redshift in Population Studies of Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra

The slope of a gamma-ray burst spectrum determines how the burst flux decreases as the cosmological redshift z increases. This provides a test for the presence of a cosmological redshift in a sample of gamma-ray bursts. Many bursts have spectra characterized by a frequency-dependent power-law index, so a burst subset can be created by requiring that each subset member have a power-law index of the given value at a low frequency and an index of a different given value at a high frequency. If all bursts in this subset are at z much less than 0.1, then the flux at low frequency will change proportionally with the flux at high frequency. If, however, z greater than 0.1 for most bursts, then the linear dependence of the high-frequency flux on the low-frequency flux disappears at the flux characterizing the spatial cutoff in the log N-log C(max)/C(min) diagram. This signature of the cosmological redshift generally persists when gamma-ray bursts are given a broad distribution of intrinsic fluxes and spectral shapes. The characteristics that a burst distribution must have to mask the cosmological redshift are discussed. The limitations of this test are observational, arising primarily from errors in measuring the photon flux and in determining the spectral index of the burst spectrum.
REVIEW OF THE STILT BUG GENUS HOPLINUS, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON OTHER HOPLININI (HETEROPTERA: BERYTIDAE: GAMPSOCORINAE)

The new stilt bug Hoplinus paulai is described from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitus photographs, scanning electron micrographs of selected structures, illustrations of male parameres, and a revised key are provided to help distinguish this species from other members of the genus. New distribution and/or host records are given for Hoplinus scutellatus Henry, Oedalocanthus ornatus Henry, and Xenoloma princeps Harris, and a discussion pertaining to the rediscovered name-bearing type of Neides spinosissimus Signoret, the type species of Hoplinus Stal, is provided.
A novel nuclear protein which binds to Gγ and Aγ globin promoters and modulates hemoglobin synthesis in K562 cells

Nuclear extract of human erythroleukemic cell line K562 contains a 70 kDa protein which is gradually reduced when cells are induced to express globin genes by 25 microM hemin. When globin synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide (100 micrograms/ml) or Actinomycin D (1 microgram/ml), the disappearance of this protein was prevented. The 70 kDa nuclear protein exhibited strong binding to G gamma and A gamma globin promoters but not to beta-globin promoter. This suggests that this 70 kDa nuclear protein may be involved in the regulation of fetal globin gene expression.
Prostaglandin H Synthase and Lipoxygenase Gene Families in the Epithelial Cell Barrier

Epithelial barrier cells (in skin, gut, and airway) are both active modulators and important targets of the inflammatory response, and some of these cellular events may be regulated at a molecular level by products of phospholipid-arachidonic acid metabolism. Accordingly, we have defined some of the characteristics of gene expression and enzyme regulation for distinct members of the PGH synthase and lipoxygenase gene families in normal and inflamed epithelial tissues and in epithelial cells isolated from mucosal and epidermal tissue (Table 1). A unifying scheme for our findings includes the following enzymatic systems: (i) a PGH synthase-1/PG isomerase pathway responsible for constitutive generation of prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2) and maintenance of physiologic epithelial function; (ii) a PGH synthase-2/PG isomerase and synthase pathway capable of producing additional prostaglandins (e.g., excess PGE2 and/or PGF2 alpha and PGD2) especially after stimulation by growth factors and cytokines; and (iii) a family of arachidonate 12- and 15-lipoxygenases that may serve to generate hydroxy acids (e.g., 12- and 15-HETE) as mediators of basal epithelial function and that (after overexpression and oxidant activation) may also catalyze membrane peroxidation that contributes to epithelial damage during inflammation. The regulatory mechanisms inherent in the control of this scheme provide a biochemical rationale for balancing constitutive and inducible oxygenation activities and maintaining epithelial barrier function.
Testing a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathy and Its Association With Ethnicity, Gender, Intelligence, and Violence.

Although a 2-factor model has advanced research on the psychopathy construct, a 3-factor model was recently developed that emphasized pathological personality and eliminated antisocial behavior. However, dropping antisocial behavior from the psychopathy construct may not be advantageous. Using a large sample of psychiatric patients from the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study (J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman, 1994), the authors used confirmatory factor analysis to test a 4-factor model of psychopathy, which included interpersonal, affective, and behavioral impulsivity dimensions and an antisocial behavior dimension. Model fit was good for this 4-factor model, even when ethnicity, gender, and intelligence variables were included in the model. Structural equation modeling was used to compare the 3- and 4-factor models in predicting proximal (violence) and distal (intelligence) correlates of psychopathy.
Phonetic variability and the variable perception of L2 word stress by French Canadian listeners

This study investigates development and individual attainment in the perception of word stress by French Canadian second language (L2) learners of English at three proficiency levels (intermediate,...
Gender, Police Arrest Decisions, and Notions of Chivalry

* * * The extent of preferential treatment toward female offenders during arrest has been a neglected topic in research on female criminality. This article uses data collected in 1977 during police-suspect encounters with 785 males and females to explore the existence of chivalrous treatment of female offenders in the initial stages of criminal processing. These data indicate that chivalry exists at the stage of arrest for those women who display appropriate gender behaviors and characteristics. In general, the findings suggest that female suspects who deviate from stereotypic gender expectations lose the advantage that may be extended to female offenders. Specifically, older, white, female suspects are less likely to be arrested than their younger, black or hostile sisters. In addition, in the initial stage of criminal processing, female property offenders receive no leniency, and some evidence suggests that offenses against property weigh more heavily in arrest decisions for females than for males. Differences in the factors influencing police arrest decisions for male and female suspects are also examined.
Are the conservation of natural enemy biodiversity and biological control compatible goals

Abstract In conservation biological control (CBC), we attempt to reduce pest problems by increasing the abundance and diversity of the natural enemy community. However, rather than consistently strengthening herbivore suppression, studies show that the conservation of natural enemy species richness sometimes weakens, or has no affect, on biological control. Evidence is mounting that this idiosyncratic mix of positive, negative, and neutral effects of enemy diversity is caused by niche complementarity, intraguild predation, and functional redundancy, respectively. While the balance of evidence suggests that the conservation of natural enemy diversity and biological control are compatible goals, CBC practitioners cannot ignore the fact that conserving intraguild predators can sometimes disrupt biological control. Recent studies have made important progress toward identifying the traits of enemies and their prey that promote intraguild predation, functional redundancy, and niche complementarity. However, intraguild predation has received more attention than niche complementarity, and more theoretical and empirical work is needed rectify this asymmetry. We suggest that a continued focus on natural enemy functional traits, particularly those that are expressed at larger spatiotemporal scales, will increase our ability to identify the “right” kind of diversity and may ultimately improve the practice of conservation biological control.
Variational principle for the P(4) affine theory of gravitation and electromagnetism

We propose a Lagrangian for theP(4) theory of gravitation and electromagnetism which is a straightforward generalization of the Einstein Lagrangian. A constrained Palatini variation of this Lagrangian yields the geometrical Einstein-Maxwell affine field equations. We show that these results can be extended easily to include both electric and magnetic charges. Finally, we consider conservation laws arising from the invariance properties of the Lagrangian.
Abstract mathematical molecular biology

The tremendous complexity of even the simplest living unit makes a correct theoretical guess as to its mechanism very difficult. It is therefore suggested that, following the example of the physical sciences, a number of purely abstract cases in molecular biology be studied mathematically at first. Subsequent comparison of the different conclusions of such an abstract theory with available data would enable us to decide which of the conceivable situations are likely to occur in reality. As a first step toward such a study the problem of the minimal size of a living unit is studied. Usually the minimal size is considered to be determined by information-theoretical requirements. It is shown that the minimal size may have a very different origin. It may be determined by the possibility that too small a system, even though performing all necessary biological functions, may not be viable unless it is a member of a large group of other similar systems. This approach is developed both from a metric and from a relational point of view. Some relational characteristics of systems of reactions which possess the elementary metabolic properties of organisms are studied.
Ectopic Pregnancy Causing Hemothorax Managed by Thoracoscopy and Actinomycin D

Abstract Background: Most patients with extratubal ectopic pregnancies present with vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. We report a case of an extratubal ectopic pregnancy with extra-abdominal manifestations. Case: An ectopic pregnancy implanted on the diaphragm resulted in spontaneous hemothorax due to trophoblastic invasion into the pleura. Thoracoscopic excision followed by actinomycin D chemotherapy provided successful resolution of the ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: Abdominal pregnancies may have bizarre clinical presentations.
Experiences with a Feedback Version Development Methodology

In the development of programs for novel applications, a series of design-implementation phases may be necessary in order to acquire a deeper understanding of the problem. This paper develops a feedback version development approach incorporating systematic knowledge integration techniques. Our experiences in applying these methods to various projects are also discussed.
Use of a preparative-scale, recirculating isoelectric trapping device for the isolation and enrichment of acidic proteins in bovine serum

A recirculating, preparative-scale isoelectric trapping device, developed for the binary isoelectric trapping separation of proteins has been used to desalt, isolate and enrich the pI<4 protein fraction from a 150 mL sample of bovine serum. Subsequent re-separation of the 2<pI<4 fraction with pH 3.0, 3.5 and 3.9 buffering membranes resulted in distinct, narrow pI fractions whose components could be readily analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC, even though they were below the detection limit in the original bovine serum sample. The entire isoelectric trapping process (from desalting to collection of the final, narrow pI fractions) took only 7h, indicating the potential of the recirculating, preparative-scale isoelectric trapping device as a front-end component in the proteomic work-flow when sufficiently large samples are available.
Data reduction for the MIPS far-infrared arrays

Traditional photoconductive detectors are used at 70 and 160 microns in the Multiband Imaging Photometer for SIRTF. These devices are highly sensitivity to cosmic rays and have complex response characteristics, all of which must be anticipated in the data reduction pipeline. The pipeline is being developed by a team at the SIRTF Science Center, where the detailed design and coding are carried out, and at Steward Observatory, where the high level algorithms are developed and detector tests are conducted to provide data for pipeline experiments. A number of innovations have been introduced. Burger's model is used to extrapolate to asymptotic values for the response of the detectors. This approach permits rapid fitting of the complexities in the detector response. Examples of successful and unsuccessful fits to the laboratory test data are shown.
Optimal Computer Disk Access

We consider several models of computer disk access and show that in many cases greedy policies, such as the nearest server policy, minimize the process of distances traveled by heads on circular, spherical, or linear data media. This minimization is in the joint stochastic or lower orthant sense.
Causality and theories of multiple scattering in random media

Abstract It is shown that the causal or noncausal behavior of theories of multiple scattering of waves in random media is merely a consequence of the representation of the single scattering process. One can expect causality, and possibly therefore Kramers- Kronig relations, to be satisfied by a theory which either (a) correctly and fully represents the scattering operator of an individual scatterer or (b) though using an on-mass-shell representation such as the Waterman T matrix, excludes scatterer overlap.
The eight most frequent mistakes people make in front of an audience

Purpose – Effective communication through public speaking is an essential skill for executives, and this article explains how to avoid the top eight mistakes that people make when in the spotlight.Design/methodology/approach – Based on the author's experience as an executive coach and former television news anchor, the article uses real‐life examples to illustrate the mis‐steps CEOs and other leaders have made in their public communications, and offers practical tips for how to avoid repeating these eight common mistakes.Findings – The article presents practical ways to avoid eight common and preventable errors that leaders are apt to make in public speaking situations.Practical implications – In addition to having business or technical skills, CEOs and other leaders must become masterful and effective communicators. This article explains how to avoid common errors in public speaking, and how to identify the lesson in every mistake. Effective communicators don't have to be perfect, but they must be prepar...
Sea urchin ovoperoxidase: oocyte-specific member of a heme-dependent peroxidase superfamily that functions in the block to polyspermy

Ovoperoxidase is one of several oocyte-specific proteins that are stored within sea urchin cortical granules, released during the cortical reaction, and incorporated into the newly formed fertilization envelope. Ovoperoxidase plays a particularly important role in this process, crosslinking the envelope into a hardened matrix that is insensitive to biochemical and mechanical challenges and thus providing a permanent block to polyspermy. Here we present the primary structures of two ovoperoxidases as predicted from cDNAs cloned from the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (AF035380) and Lytechinus variegatus (AF035381). We also present a proposed scheme for the post-translational processing of ovoperoxidase based upon comparisons between the cDNA and protein structures and taking into account previously published reports. The sea urchin ovoperoxidase sequences conform to a profile shared by members of a heme-dependent animal peroxidase family, including the mammalian myelo-, lacto-, eosinophil, and thyroid peroxidases. Using in situ RNA hybridizations, we showed that the mRNA of S. purpuratus ovoperoxidase (4 kb) is present exclusively in oocytes, and is turned over rapidly following germinal vesicle breakdown. Taking into account our immunoblot and N-terminal sequencing data along with reports from similar peroxidases, we propose that ovoperoxidases are synthesized in a pre-pro form and proteolytically processed to result in the 70 and 50 kDa forms that are found in the fertilization envelope. The sequence and structural data presented here will facilitate our continuing studies of the biogenesis of cortical granules and the fertilization envelope. Additionally, since ovoperoxidase activities have been reported in a wide range of animals, these cDNAs will be useful in uncovering similar peroxidases used in the fertilization reactions of other metazoan eggs.
Parvalbumin and Calbindin expression in parallel thalamocortical pathways in a gleaning bat, Antrozous pallidus

The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) listens to prey-generated noise to localize and hunt terrestrial prey while reserving echolocation to avoid obstacles. The thalamocortical connections in the pallid bat are organized as parallel pathways that may serve echolocation and prey localization behaviors. Thalamic inputs to the cortical echolocation call- and noise-selective regions originate primarily in the suprageniculate nucleus (SG) and ventral division of medial geniculate body (MGBv), respectively. Here we examined the distribution of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) expression in cortical regions and thalamic nuclei of these pathways. Electrophysiology was used to identify cortical regions selective for echolocation calls and noise. Immunohistochemistry was used to stain for PV and CB in the auditory cortex and MGB. A higher percentage (relative to Nissl-stained cells) of PV+ cells compared with CB+ cells was found in both echolocation call- and noise-selective regions. This was due to differences in cortical layers V–VI, but not layers I–IV. In the MGB, CB+ cells were present across all divisions of the MGB, with a higher percentage in the MGBv than the SG. Perhaps the most surprising result was the virtual absence of PV staining in the MGBv. PV staining was present only in the SG. Even in the SG, the staining was mostly diffuse in the neuropil. These data support the notion that calcium binding proteins are differentially distributed in different processing streams. Our comparative data, however, do not support a general mammalian pattern of PV/CB staining that distinguishes lemniscal and nonlemniscal pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2431–2445, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superstitiousness and perceived anxiety control as predictors of psychological distress.

Abstract It has been suggested that superstitiousness may be a subclinical manifestation of obsessive–compulsive symptomatology. The present study examined whether the relationship between superstitiousness and obsessive–compulsive symptoms was exclusive or whether superstitiousness was a less specific construct. A sample of undergraduates ( n =191) completed measures associated with superstitiousness, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, symptoms of anxiety disorders other than obsessive–compulsive disorder (panic symptoms, agoraphobic cognitions, worry, and social fears), general psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and stress), and perception of anxiety control. Results indicated a gender difference in superstitiousness exists, with females being significantly more superstitious than males. Little relationship was found between superstitiousness and the other constructs in males, whereas moderate relationships were found between superstitiousness and the other constructs in females. The suggestion that superstitiousness is nonspecific and related more to perception of control than any specific form of psychological distress is discussed.
Two-photon polymerization initiators for efficient three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication

Summary form only given. Two-photon excitation provides a means of activating chemical or physical processes with high spatial resolution in three dimensions and has enabled the development of 3D fluorescence imaging, 3D optical data storage, and 3D lithographic microfabrication. Each of these applications takes advantage of the fact that the two-photon absorption probability depends quadratically on intensity, and therefore under tight-focusing conditions, the absorption is confined at the focus to a volume of order /spl lambda//sup 3/, where /spl lambda/ is the laser wavelength. Any subsequent process, such as fluorescence or a photo-induced chemical reaction, is also localized in this small volume. For instance, two-photon excitation can initiate conventional reactions such as side-group deprotection, radical generation, and polymerization, through energy transfer or electron transfer. However, the efficiency of such processes depends critically on the strength of the chromophore's two-photon absorptivity. We have developed a wide array of chromophores which hold great promise for 3D optical data storage and 3D microfabrication. These materials are based on donor-/spl pi/-donor, donor-acceptor-donor, or acceptor-donor-acceptor structural motifs.
Budgetary Collective Action Problems: Convergence and Compliance under the Maastricht Treaty on European Union

Budgetary agreements may be thought of as collective action problems in which the problem at hand is maintaining group cohesion by controlling free riders. The standard solution to the free rider problem includes monitoring group behavior and imposing sanctions. This article analyzes the collective action problem present in the budgetary provisions of the Maastricht Treaty, which created the Economic Monetary Union, by focusing on the four stages of budgetary compliance that are evident in all budgetary agreements and treaties.
Callimachus, the Victoria Berenices, and Roman Poetry

It is now five years since P. J. Parsons published the Lille Callimachus, and the dust appears to have settled. The appearance of these fragments, which greatly increase our knowledge of the opening of the third book of the Aetia, has been followed by no great critical reaction. Apart from the attractive suggestion of E. Livrea that the ‘Mousetrap’ (fr. 177 Pf.) may belong within the story of Heracles and Molorchus, the episode has had somewhat limited impact. This is against the usual trend of over-reaction to the publication of new literary texts (witness the Cologne Archilochus and the new Gallus), and is in part a tribute to the thoroughness and clarity with which Parsons presented the fragments.
RELIABLE DESIGN LOADS FOR NATURAL PHENOMENA: ILLUSTRATION WITH WIND SPEEDS

A primary purpose of structural codes is to provide designs that produce safe and economical structures for their entire intended lifetime. When considering forces due to natural phenomena, our historical records are often marginal in terms of reliable data. This is especially true for the case of wind loads, where topography effects prevent the use of historical data except in the local region. Therefore, one may need to select wind forces based on a 50- or 75-year design life when the total record length is of that magnitude. The field of extreme value statistics is a powerful methodology that has not had significant use by the engineering community. It is specifically intended to provide the most reliable estimates for return periods of the order of the total record length. In this study, automatically recorded wind data from several sites in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States are used to provide design wind speeds. These speeds are compared with the raw data to indicate the sensitivity of the procedures. Extreme sensitivity of the design wind speeds is found, dependent on which probabilistic method is used to compute them. Use of design data from observed extremes, fitted probabilistic models, and extreme value statistical theory give very different results between sites and even within sites. Great caution is needed for design values longer than the observed data record, and even for return periods on the order of the length of the data record. While the paper uses the recorded wind data as a pathfinder, the approach is discussed in terms of the determination of design loads for other natural phenomena.
Patterns and Correlations in Economic Phenomena Uncovered Using Concepts of Statistical Physics

This paper discusses some of the similarities between work being done by economists and by physicists seeking to find “patterns” in economics. We also mention some of the differences in the approaches taken and seek to justify these different approaches by developing the argument that by approaching the same problem from different points of view, new results might emerge. In particular, we review two such new results. Specifically, we discuss the two newly-discovered scaling results that appear to be “universal”, in the sense that they hold for widely different economies as well as for different time periods: (i) the fluctuation of price changes of any stock market is characterized by a probability density function (PDF), which is a simple power law with exponent α + 1 = 4 extending over 102 standard deviations (a factor of 108 on the y-axis); this result is analogous to the Gutenberg-Richter power law describing the histogram of earthquakes of a given strength; (ii) for a wide range of economic organizations, the histogram that shows how size of organization is inversely correlated to fluctuations in size with an exponent ≈ 0.2. Neither of these two new empirical laws has a firm theoretical foundation. We also discuss results that are reminiscent of phase transitions in spin systems, where the divergent behavior of the response function at the critical point (zero magnetic field) leads to large fluctuations. We discuss a curious “symmetry breaking” for values of Σ above a certain threshold value Σc; here Σ is defined to be the local first moment of the probability distribution of demand Ω - the difference between the number of shares traded in buyer-initiated and seller-initiated trades. This feature is qualitatively identical to the behavior of the probability density of the magnetization for fixed values of the inverse temperature.
What Works? Competitive Strategies of Major Parties Out of Power

What should major parties out of power do to win elections? To answer that question, we need to understand what these parties do to recapture political ascendancy and whether their actual behaviour differs from their optimal behaviour. In this article, we propose a systematic, replicable method of identifying the competitive strategies that American parties out of power have adopted in their pursuit of the presidency. We present a taxonomy of party strategies, which we operationalize by comparison of utility functions for hypothetical voters. Using both directional and proximity models of issue voting, we compute these utility functions for each presidential election from 1852 to 1996, controlling for variables that systematically affect voting, including economic conditions and incumbency. These results suggest that, contrary to the views of many political scientists and party activists, there is no single optimal strategy through which parties out of power can regain it. Rather, several competitive strategies offer similar prospects for electoral success.
An adaptive device impedance matching circuit

Test engineers have been frustrated in their efforts to perform accurate functional testing of high speed VLSI devices on commercial ATE because of the impedance mismatch between the device and the ATE pin electronics. This mismatch between the low device output impedance and high ATE test station impedance causes signal reflections ('ringing') that interfere with testing. This paper will describe a circuit that effectively eliminates the problem of signal reflections. In contrast to earlier proposed solutions, this circuit is simple to understand and use. >
Suppression of DNA-PK by RNAi has Different Quantitative Effects on Telomere Dysfunction and Mutagenesis in Human Lymphoblasts Treated with γ Rays or HZE Particles

Abstract Zhang, Q., Williams, E. S., Askin, K. F., Peng, Y., Bedford, J. S., Liber, H. L. and Bailey, S. M. Suppression of DNA-PK by RNAi has Different Quantitative Effects on Telomere Dysfunction and Mutagenesis in Human Lymphoblasts Treated with γ Rays or HZE Particles. Radiat. Res. 164, 497–504 (2005). Basic to virtually all relevant biological effects of ionizing radiation is the underlying damage produced in DNA and the subsequent cellular processing of such damage. The damage can be qualitatively different for different kinds of radiations, and the genetics of the biological systems exposed can greatly affect damage processing and ultimate outcome—the biological effect of concern. The accurate repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity and function. Incorrect repair of such lesions results in chromosomal rearrangements and mutations that can lead to cancer and heritable defects in the progeny of irradiated parents. We have focused on the consequent...
High throughput VLSI architecture for soft-output mimo detection based on a greedy graph algorithm

Maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding is a very computational-intensive task for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channel detection. This paper presents a new graph based algorithm to achieve near ML performance for soft MIMO detection. Instead of using the traditional tree search based structure, we represent the search space of the MIMO signals with a directed graph and a greedy algorithm is applied to compute the a posteriori probability (APP) for each transmitted bit. The proposed detector has two advantages: 1) it keeps a fixed throughput and has a regular and parallel datapath structure which makes it amenable to high speed VLSI implementation, and 2) it attempts to maximize the a posteriori probability by making the locally optimum choice at each stage with the hope of finding the global minimum Euclidean distance for every transmitted bit. Compared to the soft K-best detector, the proposed solution significantly reduces the complexity because sorting is not required, while still maintaining good bit error rate (BER) performance. The proposed greedy detection algorithm has been designed and synthesized for a 4 by 4 16-QAM MIMO system in a TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. The detector achieves a maximum throughput of 600 Mbps with a 0.79 square mm core area.
On occluding contour artifacts in stereo vision

We study occluding contour artifacts in area-based stereo matching: they are false responses of the matching operator to the occlusion boundary and cause the objects extend beyond their true boundaries in disparity maps. Most of the matching methods suffer from these artifacts; the effect is so strong that it cannot be ignored. We show what gives rise to the artifacts and design a matching criterion that accommodates the presence of occlusions as opposed to methods that identify and remove the artifacts. This approach leads to the problem of measurement contamination studied in statistics. We show that such a problem is hard given finite computational resources, unless more independent measurements directly related to occluding contours is available. What can be achieved is a substantial reduction of he artifacts, especially for large matching templates. Reduced artifacts allow for easier hierarchical matching and for easy fusion of reconstructions from different viewpoints into a coherent whole.
Habitual Sleep Duration and Predicted 10‐Year Cardiovascular Risk Using the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations Among US Adults

Background The association between sleep duration and predicted cardiovascular risk has been poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the association between self‐reported sleep duration and predicted 10‐year cardiovascular risk among US adults. Methods and Results Data from 7690 men and nonpregnant women who were aged 40 to 79 years, who were free of self‐reported heart disease and stroke, and who participated in a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2012 were analyzed. Sleep duration was self‐reported. Predicted 10‐year cardiovascular risk was calculated using the pooled cohort equations. Among the included participants, 13.1% reported sleeping ≤5 hours, 24.4% reported sleeping 6 hours, 31.9% reported sleeping 7 hours, 25.2% reported sleeping 8 hours, 4.0% reported sleeping 9 hours, and 1.3% reported sleeping ≥10 hours. After adjustment for covariates, geometric mean–predicted 10‐year cardiovascular risk was 4.0%, 3.6%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.7%, and 3.7% among participants who reported sleeping ≤5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and ≥10 hours per night, respectively ( P Wald chi‐square<0.001). The age‐adjusted percentages of predicted cardiovascular risk ≥20% for the 6 intervals of sleep duration were 14.5%, 11.9%, 11.0%, 11.4%, 11.8%, and 16.3% ( P Wald chi‐square=0.022). After maximal adjustment, however, sleep duration was not significantly associated with cardiovascular risk ≥20% ( P Wald chi‐square=0.698). Conclusions Mean‐predicted 10‐year cardiovascular risk was lowest among adults who reported sleeping 7 hours per night and increased as participants reported sleeping fewer and more hours.
Pharmacological characterization, localization, and regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in skate horizontal cells.

Glutamate is believed to be the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina, and its fast postsynaptic effects are elicited by activating NMDA-, kainate-, or AMPA-type glutamate receptors. We have characterized the ionotropic glutamate receptors present on retinal horizontal cells of the skate, which possess a unique all-rod retina simplifying synaptic circuitry within the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Isolated external horizontal cells were examined using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Glutamate and its analogues kainate and AMPA, but not NMDA, elicited dose-dependent currents. The AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 at 100 lm abolished glutamate-elicited currents. Desensitization of glutamate currents was removed upon coapplication of cyclothiazide, known to potentiate AMPA receptor responses, but not by concanavalin A, which potentiates kainate receptor responses. The dose‐response curve to glutamate was significantly broader in the presence of the desensitization inhibitor cyclothiazide. Polyclonal antibodies directed against AMPA receptor subunits revealed prominent labeling ofisolated external horizontal cells with the GluR2/3 and GluR4 antibodies. 1-Naphthylacetyl spermine, known to block calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, significantly reduced glutamate-gated currents of horizontal cells. Downregulation of glutamate responses was induced by increasing extracellular ion concentrations of Zn 2+ and H + . The present study suggests that Ca 2+ -permeable AMPA receptors likely play an important role in shaping the synaptic responses of skate horizontal cells and that alterationsinextracellular concentrationsofcalcium,zinc,andhydrogenionshave thepotentialtoregulate thestrengthof postsynaptic signals mediated by AMPA receptors within the OPL.
Misunderstanding of asthma controller medications: association with nonadherence.

Objective. Nonadherence to regular inhaled anti-inflammatory medication use is a frequent contributor to poor control of persistent asthma and may result from misunderstanding of the preventive rol...
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) NAM proteins regulate the translocation of iron, zinc, and nitrogen compounds from vegetative tissues to grain

The NAM-B1 gene is a NAC transcription factor that affects grain nutrient concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum). An RNAi line with reduced expression of NAM genes has lower grain protein, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. To determine whether decreased remobilization, lower plant uptake, or decreased partitioning to grain are responsible for this phenotype, mineral dynamics were quantified in wheat tissues throughout grain development. Control and RNAi wheat were grown in potting mix and hydroponics. Mineral (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, and Zn) and nitrogen (N) contents of organs were determined at regular intervals to quantify the net remobilization from vegetative tissues and the accumulation of nutrients in grain. Total nutrient accumulation was similar between lines, but grain Fe, Zn, and N were at lower concentrations in the NAM knockdown line. In potting mix, net remobilization of N, Fe, and Zn from vegetative tissues was impaired in the RNAi line. In hydroponics with ample nutrients, net remobilization was not observed, but grain Fe and Zn contents and concentrations remained lower in the RNAi line. When Fe or Zn was withheld post-anthesis, both lines demonstrated remobilization. These results suggest that a major effect of the NAM genes is an increased efflux of nutrients from the vegetative tissues and a higher partitioning of nutrients to grain.
Nitrates and Nitrites: Ingestion, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology

This chapter highlights facets of a broad range of topics that collectively encompass the “nitrate-nitrite problem.” The overview portrays the current status of an area with potentially important ramifications in regard to aspects of mutagenesis/carcinogenesis and, thus, in regard to public health. The reader will encounter citation of some older literature that appears neglected but merits reconsideration in the light of modern knowledge. The reader will also encounter mention of numerous gaps in current knowledge that seem to hinder critical evaluation of the nitrate-nitrite problem. Many of these gaps can be readily filled by further research. In no case is it intended that the final word has been said or that all pertinent and important documentation has been exhaustively reviewed and discussed. Many unsettled issues remain, and in fact differences of opinion prevail more often than not. It is hoped that some balance has been achieved in presentation of the most controversial points. Certainly, the reader is referred to the original literature that contains the data and theses on which the segments of this review were built. Nothing really new is presented in this review— just a way of looking at things that, in itself, may suggest new critical experimentation and analysis.
Evaluation of the Athens-Canadian Randombred Population 1. Time Trends at Two Locations

Abstract THE importance of control populations for separating genetic and environmental effects has been well documented (Dickerson, 1955; Gowe and Johnson, 1956; King et al., 1959; Goodwin et al., 1960). Although considerable information is available regarding egg-type control populations (King, 1961; King et al., 1963; Clayton and Robertson, 1966; Kinney et al., 1968), only limited data are available for meat-type controls (Jaap et al., 1962; Merritt and Gowe, 1962; Merritt, 1966, 1968). Hess (1962) described the development and maintenance of the Athens Canadian (A.C.) randombred meat-type population of chickens. Since this population is widely used it would be valuable to have information on production characteristics and possible time trends of various quantitative traits. Since time trends in control populations can be influenced by genetic (natural selection, genetic drift, inbreeding) and directional environmental changes, evaluation of these trends may not provide a critical measure of the reliability of these populations. Nevertheless, evaluation…
Cystine and lysine reabsorption in the isolated perfused rat kidney.

Renal tubular reabsorption of cystine and lysine were studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney to bridge the gap between in vivo clearance studies, and in vitro transport studies of tubule fragm...
Is Carbonic Anhydrase Required for Photosynthesis

Despite the isolation and biochemical characterization of plant carbonic anhydrase, understanding of its physiological role lags far behind that of the vertebrate enzyme. The hypothetical functions of carbonic anahydrase in plants include facilitated diffusion of CO2 across membranes, supplying CO2 to ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase when there is a local depletion, and catalysis of buffering by HCO3 − or CO2. Photoautotrophic cell suspension cultures which exhibit the photosynthetic properties of leaf cells generally have been found to contain little or no carbonic anhydrase, whether grown at 660 ppm or 5% CO2 (C.A. Roeske, unpublished). The exception is a soybean cell culture that has leaf-like levels of the enzyme (2670 IU/mg Ch1). The location of isozymes of carbonic anhydrase, activity in vivo, and CO2 response curves of the two cell lines are presented below.
Ontological Insecurity, Racial Tension, and Confidence in the Police in the Shadow of Urban Unrest

According to the theory of “ontological insecurity,” people who worry that society is in a state of decline or upheaval will also support punitive social control of deviants. I test the relationship between several measures of people's anxiety about the state of society, their perception of racial tension, and their confidence in the police (as enforcers of social control) during the period of social unrest following the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. I use ordinary least squares regression to analyze data from a nationally representative public opinion poll gathered for the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press during August, 2014. I find that pessimism about the state of the economy, pessimism about race relations, and the experience of personal hardship are related to decreased confidence in the police, while pessimism about the state of morals in society is related to increased confidence. I conclude that public confidence in the police is intertwined with public confidence in the stability of the country, more generally. This study supports a “neo-Durkheimian” model of policing. The opposite findings of economic versus moral insecurity also call for refinement of the ontological insecurity theory.
The Developmental State

This chapter seeks to critically interrogate the Developmental State concept. Beginning with an examination of the late development experience in East Asia, from which the theory of the Developmental State emerged, this empirical basis is used to extrapolate a number of key principles common to those experiences. The core tenets of industrial policy and ‘state effectiveness’ are identified, and then subsequently examined in terms of state–market relationships (or the role of the state in market in order to facilitate industrialisation and economic growth), and state–society relationships (or the particular constellation of socio-economic relationships required to deliver effective economic policy). Collectively, these facilitate the Developmental State position that an effective state is required for successful latecomer industrialisation. These core tenets are subsequently critiqued, facilitating concluding thoughts about the ways in which the Developmental State concept needs to (re)invigorate itself in order to remain relevant to the empirical phenomenon of the rise of the twenty-first-century Developmental States—including alternative understandings of ‘state effectiveness’ and the different politics that underpin these states.
Atomic structure of a rhinovirus C, a virus species linked to severe childhood asthma

Isolates of rhinovirus C (RV-C), a recently identified Enterovirus (EV) species, are the causative agents of severe respiratory infections among children and are linked to childhood asthma exacerbations. The RV-C have been refractory to structure determination because they are difficult to propagate in vitro. Here, we report the cryo-EM atomic structures of the full virion and native empty particle (NEP) of RV-C15a. The virus has 60 “fingers” on the virus outer surface that probably function as dominant immunogens. Because the NEPs also display these fingers, they may have utility as vaccine candidates. A sequence-conserved surface depression adjacent to each finger forms a likely binding site for the sialic acid on its receptor. The RV-C, unlike other EVs, are resistant to capsid-binding antiviral compounds because the hydrophobic pocket in VP1 is filled with multiple bulky residues. These results define potential molecular determinants for designing antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.