cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operation Murambatsvina and the Politics of Street Vendors in Zimbabwe

Soon after the government of Zimbabwe began a wide-ranging demolition of the informal sector infrastructure on 19 May 2005, some street vendors whose market stalls had been destroyed were back at their trading sites. Four years after this clean up exercise, code-named Operation Murambatsvina, tens of thousands of informal traders could be seen on the pavements of Harare and other Zimbabwean cities. While debates about murambatsvina have focused on why this blitz occurred and how it affected livelihoods depending on the informal economy, little is known about the vendors who revived their activities in the post-murambatsvina period. This case study of Makomva Business Centre in Harare's Glen View Township attempts to understand how the ‘survivors’ of this blitz responded and explains why they responded in the manner in which they did. The study found out that rather than resorting to organised forms of resistance, the murambatsvina victims realised their limited capacity to confront the armed police and a ...
Position-dependent linkages of fibronectin- integrin-cytoskeleton.

Position-dependent cycling of integrin interactions with both the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell spreading, migration, and wound healing. Whether there are regional changes in integrin concentration, ligand affinity or cytoskeleton crosslinking of liganded integrins has been unclear. Here, we directly demonstrate a position-dependent binding and release cycle of fibronectin–integrin–cytoskeleton interactions with preferential binding at the front of motile 3T3 fibroblasts and release at the endoplasm–ectoplasm boundary. Polystyrene beads coated with low concentrations of an integrin-binding fragment of fibronectin (fibronectin type III domains 7–10) were 3–4 times more likely to bind to integrins when placed within 0.5 microns vs. 0.5–3 microns from the leading edge. Integrins were not concentrated at the leading edge, nor did anti-integrin antibody-coated beads bind preferentially at the leading edge. However, diffusing liganded integrins attached to the cytoskeleton preferentially at the leading edge. Cytochalasin inhibited edge binding, which suggested that cytoskeleton binding to the integrins could alter the avidity for ligand beads. Further, at the ectoplasm–endoplasm boundary, the velocity of bead movement decreased, diffusive motion increased, and approximately one-third of the beads were released into the medium. We suggest that cytoskeleton linkage of liganded integrins stabilizes integrin-ECM bonds at the front whereas release of cytoskeleton-integrin links weakens integrin-ECM bonds at the back of lamellipodia.
Certain determinants of the "ventriloquism effect".

Visual stimuli associated with a sound source can affect its localization in space—the basis for the “Ventriloquism” effect. The present experiments show that it is possible to obtain such effects over a much wider angle in the vertical median plane than in the horizontal plane. Such “capture” effects are also shown to be larger, the more similar the visual stimuli are to visual stimuli originally associated with that sound source. Attentional variables appear to be critical.
Low Concentration of Tritium in Iron Meteorites

A SERIOUS geochemical problem that is not yet solved is the quantity of tritium found in iron meteoritos. Although all other isotopes produced by cosmic rays in both iron and stone meteorites are in close agreement with expected values estimated by cross-sect ion measurements using large accelerators1, tritium is either absent or at least an order of magnitude less than expected in iron meteorites (for example, ref. 2, and the references listed in that article). The tritium content of stone meteorites is not abnormal.
Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Wheat Flour Tortilla Quality Evaluation Methods.

ABSTRACT Accurate determination of tortilla quality is imperative because of the growing market. This calls for quality tests that are replicable. However, current tortilla quality testing relies heavily on subjective tests with unknown reliability. This study aimed to determine the relationship between subjective tortilla quality testing and available objective methods, and assess whether the latter can potentially replace the former. Correlation and regression analyses were done using data on subjective opacity and rollability, and objective L* value and texture parameters based on 114 wheat samples. Opacity scores and L* values were significantly correlated, but this relationship was affected by evaluator experience; in a controlled setting, experienced evaluators scores were more reliable (SEM = ±0.25 – 3.8, r = 0.96) than less experienced evaluators (SEM = ±0.25 – 7.3, r = 0.92). Tortilla rollability, which approximates shelf stability, correlated most strongly with the rupture distance from two-dime...
Some chemical constituents of the scent of the striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis )

The malodorous, volatile portion of the scent or musk of the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) containstrans-2-butene-1-thiol, 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, andtrans-2-butenyl methyl disulfide but no 1- butanethiol.
Regional Study of the Dakota Aquifer (Darton's Dakota Revisited)

In 1905, N. H. Darton described the geology and underground-water resources of the central Great Plains in his classic report that emphasized the importance of the Dakota aquifer to this region of the United States. Since Darton's work, many investigators have studied Dakota-aquifer hydrology with regard to development of local or statewide resources. Preliminary mapping of relatively recent fluid-level data by the U.S. Geological Survey indicates regional potentiometric trends similar to those interpreted by Darton, but altitudes substantially lower in part of the area. The classic artesian-system concept of the Dakota aquifer is not consistent with some of the data and observations of the past several decades. The simple aquifer geometry and effective lateral hydraulic continuity normally associated with that concept do not appear to characterize the Dakota aquifer regionally.
Ketoconazole for Treatment of Gonadotropin Independent Precocious Puberty(GIPP) in Girls with McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS): Preliminary Experience † 491

MAS in girls is characterized by GIPP due to constitutive activation of G protein regulated gonadotropin receptors in the ovary. This form of GIPP is resistant to therapy with GnRH analogues. Medroxyprogesterone does not prevent bone age advancement. Testalactone requires frequent, inconveniently large oral doses and is not always effective. Both medroxyprogesterone and testalactone may have undesirable side effects.
Structure of β-AgAlO2 and structural systematics of tetrahedral MM′X2 compounds

Abstract The structure of β-AgAlO2 has been refined from neutron diffraction data by the Rietveld method. The space group is Pna21 with a=5.4306(1) A, b=6.9802(1) A, c=5.3751(1) A, and Z=4. Both cations are tetrahedrally coordinated to oxygen. The tetrahedron around Al is quite regular with distances ranging from 1.75 to 1.77 A and angles ranging from 107.8 to 111.0°. The tetrahedron around Ag is, however, highly distorted with distances ranging from 2.35 to 2.48 A and angles ranging from 99.3 to 131.6°. The low bond valence calculated for Ag(I) of 0.895 is attributed to the strong deviation of the O−Ag−O angles from 109.5°. This structure is based on the hexagonal ZnO structure, and we show that the ordered arrangement of M(I) and M(III) cations in this structure directly causes the tetrahedra to distort and tilt.
Glomerular structural and functional changes in a high-fat diet mouse model of early-stage Type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes often results in diabetic nephropathy, which is preceded by an elevated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study was designed to develop a mouse model of Type 2 diabetes and to elucidate the glomerular events in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy.
Expectations, undergraduate debt and the decision to attend graduate school: a simultaneous model of student choice

Abstract Previous econometrics studies of the relation between undergraduate debt and post-baccalaureate activity specify a single equation in which the level of debt is an exogenous determinant of the activity. In general, these analyses do not find an inverse relation between debt and the activity. In contrast to earlier work the estimates from the multi-equation model developed in this paper do show that an increase in expected educational debt significantly reduces the probability that a student expects to enroll in a post-baccalaureate program. I also find that there is no relationship between an unexpected difference of actual and expected debt and a difference of expected and actual post-baccalaureate activity.
Ambulatory surgery and malignant hyperthermia.

Purpose of review It is timely to review recent publications that add to our knowledge of malignant hyperthermia because we can go to the web or to newspapers and read of recent tragic malignant hyperthermia deaths. Recent findings New methods were used to affirm some of the previous observations regarding the epidemiology of malignant hyperthermia, and the well known North American Malignant Hyperthermia Registry was used to describe characteristics of malignant hyperthermia deaths. Anesthesia workstations have been found to have a larger reservoir of potent inhalation anesthetics than did their predecessors. Activated charcoal can assist in cleaning these machines. Genetic diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility can sometimes be obtained from blood specimens. Work continues to increase the sensitivity of blood-based testing of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Summary Because malignant hyperthermia is potentially lethal, families should be evaluated as thoroughly as possible when an individual who claims to be malignant hyperthermia susceptible presents for elective surgery. Genetic testing may facilitate the evaluation of families with a very strong history of malignant hyperthermia. The use of activated charcoal can speed the removal of potent inhalation anesthetics from anesthesia workstations. This should facilitate the anesthetic care of malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients.
Monitoring Ag−Cr Interactions in SOFC Cathodes Using Raman Spectroscopy

Due to its excellent conductivity and catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction, silver has been used as cathode (or electrocatalyst), current collector, or electrical contact in low-temperature s...
Markets and the measurement of value

Consumer's surplus and the Hicksian measures of compensating and equivalent variation have a long history in empirical economic analysis. However, at both the theoretical and the empirical level, economists, psychologists, and public choice theorists have not been able to reach a significant consensus regarding the usefulness of these measures. Economic theorists have only recently dissected the differences which exist between alternative welfare measures in a systematic and transparent fashion. In Willig (1976), Hausman (1981), and Takayama (1984), the role of income in determining the correct, theoretical measurements of compensating and equivalent variations was exposed. During this same period of time, theoretical results obtained by the psychologists Kahneman and Tversky (1979) indicated that the fundamental structure of preferences upon which the theoretical economic results are based is flawed. The so-called prospect theory of decision developed by these authors indicated that measured of welfare based upon payment will differ from measures of welfare based upon compensation because of the fact that individuals will value losses at a greater marginal rate than gains. This difference was then predicted to dominate any income effect important in the economist 's model. Finally, this period recorded the emergence of many demand revealing processes which provide individuals with appropriate incentives to accurately reveal their preferences. As summarized in Coursey and Schulze (1986), one interpretation of the literature on incentive compatibility suggests a set of well defined guidelines for improving both the accuracy and validity of compensating and equivalent variation measures. These differences in professional preferences regarding what is important in improving the accuracy of economic welfare measurements led John
When and Where I Enter: Anna Julia Cooper, Afrocentric Theory, and Africana Studies

Anna Julia Cooper provides an important, though often overlooked, Africana intellectual history and philosophy in the field of Africana Studies generally and Black women’s history particularly. Many of the studies on Anna Julia Cooper’s life and philosophy have been done outside of the discipline of Africology, and as a result, her work has primarily been placed in the feminist and literary studies field. While it can be stated that her speeches and writings have greatly contributed to the growth of these philosophies, Cooper’s most fundamental and least recognized intellectual contribution is to the establishment and advancement of the Afrocentric discourse. There is an urgent need to recover and reclaim Anna Julia Cooper, her foremothers, and contemporaries who have not been thoroughly discussed within Africana studies as agents of cultural change in their communities and at large. In this article, Cooper’s intellectual thought is situated at the center and examined for its significance to the discourse...
Modulo (2n+1) arithmetic logic

A novel format for representing modulo (2n + 1) numbers is shown to be helpful in achieving modular addition and complementation. Logic for fast addition using carry-look-ahead and modular complementation is also presented.
Expression and hormonal regulation of coactivator and corepressor genes.

Steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and ligand-inducible transcription factors. These receptors modulate transcription of various cellular genes, either positively or negatively, by interacting with specific hormone-response elements located in the target gene promoters. Recent data show that nuclear receptors enhance or inhibit transcription by recruiting an array of coactivator and corepressor proteins to the transcription complex. We examined and compared the expression of four coactivator (steroid receptor coactivator-1 and E1A-associated 300-kDa protein) and corepressor (SMRT and N-CoR) genes in a number of tissues including several endocrine glands and cell lines. We also addressed whether their messenger RNA levels are hormonally regulated by studying the effects of thyroid hormone (T3) and estrogen (E2) treatment in rat pituitary cells (GH3) in vitro and in anterior pituitary in vivo. Our studies show that there are distinct tissue-specific expression...
A Role for Single-Stranded Templates in Cell-Free Adeno-Associated Virus DNA Replication

Assays have been described in which duplex adeno-associated virus (AAV) DNA can be replicated in HeLa cell extracts with exogenous AAV Rep protein. These assays appear to mimic the AAV DNA replication that occurs in the cell, including the ability of extracts from adenovirus (Ad)-infected cells to replicate duplex AAV DNA templates more efficiently than extracts from uninfected cells can. We showed previously that the Ad-infected extract was able to support a more processive replication than the uninfected extract. When the Ad single-stranded DNA binding protein (Ad-DBP) was added to an uninfected extract, DNA replication became processive. Based on a strand displacement replication model, we hypothesized that the Ad-DBP was stabilizing the displaced single-stranded DNA during strand displacement replication. In this report, we show that in Ad-infected extracts most of the newly replicated duplex DNA is converted into a single-stranded form shortly after synthesis. Using the results of assays for the replication of single-stranded AAV DNA, we show that these single-stranded molecules serve as templates for additional replication. In addition, we identify a class of molecules which are likely to be intermediates of replication on single-stranded templates. We discuss a possible role for replication of single-stranded molecules in the infected cell.
ASSOCIATIONS OF FATHERS' HISTORY OF INCARCERATION WITH SONS' DELINQUENCY AND ARREST AMONG BLACK, WHITE, AND HISPANIC MALES IN THE UNITED STATES†

Nearly 13 percent of young adult men report that their biological father has served time in jail or prison; yet surprisingly little research has examined how a father's incarceration is associated with delinquency and arrest in the contemporary United States. Using a national panel of Black, White, and Hispanic males, this study examines whether experiencing paternal incarceration is associated with increased delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood. We find a positive association with paternal incarceration that is robust to controls for several structural, familial, and adolescent characteristics. Relative to males not experiencing a father's incarceration, our results show that those experiencing a father's incarceration have an increased propensity for delinquency that persists into young adulthood. Using a national probability sample, we also find that a father's incarceration is highly and significantly associated with an increased risk of incurring an adult arrest before 25 years of age. These observed associations are similar across groups of Black, White, and Hispanic males. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest benefits from public policies that focus on male youth “at risk” as a result of having an incarcerated father.
Glucocorticoids sensitize the innate immune system through regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Glucocorticoids have long been recognized as powerful anti-inflammatory compounds that are one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs in the world. However, their role in the regulation of innate immunity is not well understood. We sought to examine the effects of glucocorticoids on the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), a central component of the inflammasome and innate immunity. Surprisingly, we show that glucocorticoids induce both NLRP3 messenger RNA and protein, which is a critical component of the inflammasome. The glucocorticoid-dependent induction of NLRP3 sensitizes the cells to extracellular ATP and significantly enhances the ATP-mediated release of proinflammatory molecules, including mature IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. This effect was specific for glucocorticoids and dependent on the glucocorticoid receptor. These studies demonstrate a novel role for glucocorticoids in sensitizing the initial inflammatory response by the innate immune system.
Simplified Formulation of the Toll Design Problem

Much of the existing literature on congestion pricing has assumed that it is possible to toll every link in the network. Whereas this is very interesting theoretically, it is not of much use in practice where only a limited number of links can be tolled (e.g., certain bridges, tunnels, and freeways). To accommodate this situation, a bilevel formulation of the toll design problem that is similar in spirit to bilevel formulations of the continuous network design problem can be developed. Unfortunately, such formulations can be difficult to solve. A simplified, single-level formulation of the toll design problem that may prove to be more applicable in practice is presented.
Management of Migratory Atelectasis and Pneumonitis in Guillain—Barré Syndrome

Patchy transitory atelectasis and acute pulmonary infections constitute provocative therapeutic challenges in this disease.
Tables for the Calculation of the Mutual Inductance of Any Two Coaxial Single-Layer Coils

Absolute formulas for the calculation of the mutual inductance of coaxial solenoids, although they are required for work of the great precision necessary in absolute measurements, are not convenient for routine calculations. Series formulas, although simpler, are limited in the range of their convergence, thus requiring the choice of the proper formula for any given problem. The tables and formulas here presented enable the mutual conductance of any two coaxial solenoids whatever to be calculated from a single formula. Examples make clear that a five-figure accuracy may be attained with concentric coils and even with poorly coupled coils the error does not exceed a few parts in ten thousand.
Community Alternatives and Rearrest in Colorado

Individual data are analyzed to assess the impact of community placement on individual offenders in the state of Colorado. The results indicate that both personal characteristics and program placement influence chances of rearrest. Community placement does not increase the individual's risk of rearrest. These conclusions suggest that community placement is a viable alternative to incarceration for many offenders. Language: en
Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in sub-Saharan Africa.

Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in subSaharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa’s fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). 1 All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need.
Identifying New Sources of Resistance to Eyespot of Wheat in Aegilops longissima

Eyespot, caused by Oculimacula yallundae and O. acuformis, is an economically important disease of wheat. Currently, two eyespot resistance genes, Pch1 and Pch2, are used in wheat breeding programs but neither provides complete control or prevents yield loss. Aegilops longissima is a distant relative of wheat and proven donor of genes useful for wheat improvement, including disease resistance. Forty A. longissima accessions and 83 A. longissima chromosome addition or substitution lines were evaluated for resistance to eyespot. Among the 40 accessions tested, 43% were resistant to O. yallundae, 48% were resistant to O. acuformis, and 33% were resistant to both. Addition or substitution lines containing chromosomes 1S1, 2S1, 5S1, and 7S1, and a 4S17S1 translocation were resistant to O. yallundae. Chromosomes 1S1, 2S1, 4S1, and 5S1 contributed to resistance to O. acuformis more than others. Chromosomes 1S1, 2S1, 5S1, and 7S1 provided resistance to both pathogens. This is the first report of eyespot resistance in A. longissima. These results provide evidence that genetic control of eyespot resistance is present on multiple chromosomes of the S1 genome. This research demonstrates that A. longissima is a potential new source of eyespot resistance genes that could broaden the genetic diversity for wheat improvement.
Understanding the Lived Experience of a Sioux Indian Male Adolescent: Toward the pedagogy of hermeneutical phenomenology in education

Currently, there is a resurgence of interests in phenomenology in education. This article sheds light on the importance of hermeneutical phenomenology in teaching and learning based on the lived experience of a Sioux Indian adolescent boy, elicited from an ethnographic case study conducted at an alternative high school in the US. Employing narrative inquiry, this article seeks phenomenological ways of understanding students' lived experiences and explores the meaning of the pedagogical practice of hermeneutical phenomenology in education. I delve into how hermeneutical understanding of the phenomena of students' lived experience can catapult both students and teachers into the personal growth and development in a reciprocal way. It is my hope that such an understanding will facilitate an educational aim that focuses on the ontology of being and becoming while students' existence is brought to the center of teaching and learning.
The absence of an interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice: a randomized, double-blind trial.

The question of potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by cranberry juice (CJ) is a topic of biomedical importance. Anecdotal reports of CJ-warfarin interaction are largely unconfirmed in controlled studies. Thirty patients on stable warfarin anticoagulation (international normalized ratio [INR], 1.7-3.3) were randomized to receive 240 mL of CJ or 240 mL of placebo beverage, matched for color and taste, once daily for 2 weeks. The INR values and plasma levels of R- and S-warfarin were measured during the 2-week period and a 1-week follow-up period. The CJ and placebo groups (n = 14 and 16, respectively) did not differ significantly in mean plasma R- and S-warfarin concentrations. Eight patients (4 on CJ, 4 on placebo) developed minimally elevated INR (range, 3.38-4.52) during the treatment period. Mean INR differed significantly (P < .02) only on treatment day 12; at all other time points, the groups did not differ. Cranberry juice has no effect on plasma S- or R-warfarin plasma levels, excluding a pharmacokinetic interaction. A small though statistically significant pharmacodynamic enhancement of INR by CJ at a single time point is unlikely to be clinically important and may be a random change. Enhanced warfarin anticoagulation attributed to CJ in anecdotal reports may represent a chance temporal association.
Time course of corticospinal excitability in reaction time and self‐paced movements

We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study the time course of corticospinal excitability before and after brisk thumb abduction movements, either in a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm or self-paced. Premovement increase in corticospinal excitability began about 20 msec earlier for self-paced compared with simple RT movements. For both simple RT and self-paced movements after electromyographic (EMG) offset, there was a first period of increased excitability from 0 to 100 msec, followed by a second period from 100 to 160 msec. Corticospinal excitability was decreased from about 500 to 1,000 msec after EMG offset for both types of movements. Our results show that motor preparation that begins 1.5 to 2 seconds before self-paced movement is not associated with increased corticospinal excitability. The first phase of increased corticospinal excitability after EMG offset may be due to activity of motor cortex neuron subthreshold for activating spinal motor neurons, and the second phase may reflect a subthreshold second agonist burst. The period of decreased corticospinal excitability after movement corresponds to the onset of event-related synchronization (ERS) of electroencephalographic signals in the 20-Hz band, and supports the hypothesis that ERS may be related to an inactive, idling state of the motor cortex.
Improvement in β-Cell Secretory Capacity After Human Islet Transplantation According to the CIT07 Protocol

The Clinical Islet Transplantation 07 (CIT07) protocol uses antithymocyte globulin and etanercept induction, islet culture, heparinization, and intensive insulin therapy with the same low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus maintenance immunosuppression as in the Edmonton protocol. To determine whether CIT07 improves engrafted islet β-cell mass, our center measured β-cell secretory capacity from glucose-potentiated arginine tests at days 75 and 365 after transplantation and compared those results with the results previously achieved by our group using the Edmonton protocol and normal subjects. All subjects were insulin free, with CIT07 subjects receiving fewer islet equivalents from a median of one donor compared with two donors for Edmonton protocol subjects. The acute insulin response to glucose-potentiated arginine (AIRpot) was greater in the CIT07 protocol than in the Edmonton protocol and was less in both cohorts than in normal subjects, with similar findings for C-peptide. The CIT07 subjects who completed reassessment at day 365 exhibited increasing AIRpot by trend relative to that of day 75. These data indicate that engrafted islet β-cell mass is markedly improved with the CIT07 protocol, especially given more frequent use of single islet donors. Although several peritransplant differences may have each contributed to this improvement, the lack of deterioration in β-cell secretory capacity over time in the CIT07 protocol suggests that low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus are not toxic to islets.
An image-based RNAi screen identifies SH3BP1 as a key effector of Semaphorin 3E–PlexinD1 signaling

Extracellular signals have to be precisely interpreted intracellularly and translated into diverse cellular behaviors often mediated by cytoskeletal changes. Semaphorins are one of the largest families of guidance cues and play a critical role in many systems. However, how different cell types translate extracellular semaphorin binding into intracellular signaling remains unclear. Here we developed and performed a novel image-based genome-wide functional RNAi screen for downstream signaling molecules that convert the interaction between Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) and PlexinD1 into cellular behaviors. One of the genes identified in this screen is a RhoGAP protein, SH3-domain binding protein 1 (SH3BP1). We demonstrate that SH3BP1 mediates Sema3E-induced cell collapse through interaction with PlexinD1 and regulation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activity. The identification and characterization of SH3BP1 as a novel downstream effector of Sema3E-PlexinD1 provides an explanation for how extracellular signals are translated into cytoskeletal changes and unique cell behavior, but also lays the foundation for characterizing other genes identified from our screen to obtain a more complete picture of plexin signaling.
The transition from diffuse to focused extension: Modeled evolution of the West Antarctic Rift system

Two distinct stages of extension are recognized in the West Antarctic Rift system (WARS). During the first stage, beginning in the Late Cretaceous, extension was broadly distributed throughout much of West Antarctica. A second stage of extension in the late Paleogene was focused primarily in the Victoria Land Basin, near the boundary with the East Antarctic craton. The transition to focused extension was roughly coeval with volcanic activity and strike‐slip faulting in the adjacent Transantarctic Mountains. This spatial and temporal correspondence suggests that the transition in extensional style could be the result of a change in plate motions or impingement of a plume. Here we use finite element models to study the processes and conditions responsible for the two-stage evolution of rifting in the WARS. Model results indicate that the transition from a prolonged period of broadly distributed extension to a later period of focused rifting did not require a change in the regional stress regime (changes in plate motion), or deep mantle thermal state (impingement of a plume). Instead, we attribute the transition from diffuse to focused extension to an early stage dominated by the initially weak accreted lithosphere of West Antarctica, and a later stage that concentrated around a secondary weakness located at the boundary between the juvenile West Antarctica lithosphere and Precambrian East Antarctic craton. The modeled transition in extension from the initially weak West Antarctica region to the secondary weakness at the West Antarctic‐East Antarctic boundary is precipitated by strengthening of the West Antarctica lithosphere during syn-extensional thinning and cooling. The modeled synextensional strengthening of the WARS lithosphere promotes a wide-rift mode of extension between 105 and ! 65 Ma. By ! 65 Ma most of the extending WARS region becomes stronger than the area immediately adjacent to the East Antarctic craton and extension becomes concentrated near the East Antarctic/West Antarctic boundary, forming the Victoria Land Basin region. Mantle necking in this region leads to syn-extensional weakening that promotes a narrow-rift mode of extension that becomes progressively more focused with time, resulting in formation of the Terror Rift in the western Victoria Land Basin. The geodynamic models demonstrate that the transition from diffuse to focused extension occurs only under a limited set of initial and boundary conditions, and is particularly sensitive to the pre-rift thermal state of the crust and upper mantle. Models that predict diffuse extension in West Antarctica followed by localization of rifting near the boundary between East and West Antarctica require upper mantle temperatures of 730±50 °C and sufficient concentration of heat producing elements in the crust to account for ! 50% of the upper mantle temperature. Models with upper mantle temperatures bca. 680 °C and/or less crustal heat production initially undergo diffuse extension in West Antarctica, and quickly develop a lithospheric neck at the model edge furthest from East
Overcoming Endogenous Constraints on Neuronal Regeneration

One of the grand challenges in neuroengineering is to stimulate regeneration after central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury to restore function. The state of the art today is that PNS injuries heal to a limited extent, whereas CNS injuries are largely intractable to regeneration. In this context, we examine the underlying biochemical and cellular constraints on endogenous healing of neural tissues. Identification and characterization of endogenous “rate-limiting” processes that constrain regeneration would allow one to craft solutions to overcome critical impediments for accelerated healing. It is increasingly evident that biochemical pathways triggered by the nature and duration of injury-triggered inflammatory response may determine the endogenous constraints and subsequently determine regenerative fate. In this paper, critical endogenous constraints of PNS and CNS regeneration are identified, and the effects of modulating the phenotypes of immune cells on neuronal regeneration are discussed.
ADP-ribosylation Factor 1 Protein Regulates Trypsinogen Activation via Organellar Trafficking of Procathepsin B Protein and Autophagic Maturation in Acute Pancreatitis

Several studies have suggested that autophagy might play a deleterious role in acute pancreatitis via intra-acinar activation of digestive enzymes. The prototype for this phenomenon is cathepsin B-mediated trypsin generation. To determine the organellar basis of this process, we investigated the subcellular distribution of the cathepsin B precursor, procathepsin B. We found that procathepsin B is enriched in Golgi-containing microsomes, suggesting a role for the ADP-ribosylation (ARF)-dependent trafficking of cathepsin B. Indeed, caerulein treatment increased processing of procathepsin B, whereas a known ARF inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) prevented this. Similar treatment did not affect processing of procathepsin L. BFA-mediated ARF1 inhibition resulted in reduced cathepsin B activity and consequently reduced trypsinogen activation. However, formation of light chain 3 (LC3-II) was not affected, suggesting that BFA did not prevent autophagy induction. Instead, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy showed that BFA arrested caerulein-induced autophagosomal maturation. Therefore, ARF1-dependent trafficking of procathepsin B and the maturation of autophagosomes results in cathepsin B-mediated trypsinogen activation induced by caerulein.
Noteworthy records of the birds Neomorphus radiolosus Sclater and Salvin, 1878 (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae), Geotrygon frenata (Tschudi, 1843) (Columbiformes: Columbidae) and Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould, 1858 (Galliformes: Odontophoridae) in the Western Cordillera of the Colombian Andes

We recorded the Banded Ground-cuckoo ( Neomorphus radiolosus ), White-throated Quail-Dove ( Geotrygon frenata ) and Chestnut Wood-Quail ( Odontophorus hyperythrus ) in the Pacific Slope of the Western Andes of Colombia. Records of N. radiolosus extend its geographic distribution 130 km north of its known range. The species had probably not been recorded yet because of its rarity and the absence of studies. Records of G. frenata and O. hyperythrus extend their lower altitudinal limit into 430 m and 1140 m, respectively. Camera trapping appears as promising tool for recording data of the distribution of bird species.
Sharon Adams and Julian Goodare, eds., Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions. Studies in Early Modern Cultural, Political and Social History. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 253. ISBN 9781843839392. £65.00.

Sharon Adams and Julian Goodare, eds., Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions. Studies in Early Modern Cultural, Political and Social History. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 253. ISBN 9781843839392. £65.00.
Copyright, Computer Software and the New Protectionism

This article begins by exploring the nature of software as an area of technology similar to others except for the ease of its copying and distribution. Next, the traditional copyright protection available for technology is reviewed. Such traditional protection is either nonexistent or severely limited in scope, for fundamental reasons of social policy. The policy justification for affording software an increased level of protection over traditional technologies is piracy prevention, and increased software protection should be no greater than necessary to satisfy the policy goal. The article then analyzes the software cases and commentary in light of the antipiracy policy goal. The trend in the cases and much of the commentary is to protect software well beyond the level necessary to satisfy that goal, without offering a policy basis for extending protection so far. The nature of software requires that statutory interpretation and judicial citation be effected with careful reference to policy goals, as superficial application of traditional copyright analysis leads to results conflicting with optimal social policy.
Shapley-Value Parables of Corporations as Evolutive Systems of Associational Cognition

Instead of taking the orthodox view of business corporations as nexuses of contracts as a basic premise, this article focuses on their aspect as “incorporating” autonomous systems of associational (group-level) cognition for business objectives. In order for such a system to be consistent with the individual rationality of participants and organizational efficiency, the sharing of “fairness” norm among them is logically necessary and sufficient. Under such generic property, business corporations may evolve in varied architectural forms associated with corresponding norms and governance structures. As the complexity of corporate cognitive environments increases, business corporations tend to develop modular systems of associational cognition, which would make the orthodox premise of the shareholder sovereignty questionable.
Aortic and/or mitral valve surgery in patients with pulmonary hypertension performed via a minimally invasive approach

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the setting of left-sided valvular heart disease is common, and significantly increases the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing aortic and/or mitral valve surgery. Minimally invasive valve surgery is associated with a decreased incidence of perioperative complications, and a faster recovery, when compared with conventional sternotomy. In the present study, the outcomes of 569 patients with PH who underwent minimally invasive aortic and/or mitral valve surgery were analysed. The operative mortality was 3.5%, and postoperative strokes occurred in 1.4%. The mean intensive care unit and hospital length of stays were 50 ± 14 h and 7 ± 1 days, respectively. Patients with severe PH (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥40 mmHg) had a longer duration of postoperative ventilation and intensive care unit length of stay, when compared with mild/moderate PH, and similar clinical outcomes. In conclusion, a minimally invasive approach to aortic and/or mitral valve surgery in patients with PH is safe and feasible, and may be considered as an alternative to conventional median sternotomy.
Cellulose and Clay in Sand Affects Termiticide Treatments

Increasing cellulose concentrations in sand treated with chlordane or chlorpyrifos significantly reduced mortality of Reticulitermes Hesperus Banks in directexposure experiments. Apparently, chlordane and chlorpyrifos bind to cellulose particles, making them less available to workers. The addition of cellulose or clay to the sand increased mortality caused by cypermethrin. Large amounts of cellulose in sand treated with chlordance led to significantly greater tunneling than in sand treated with chlordane but without cellulose. Minimal mortality occurred in any of these chlordane tunneling trials. Termites tunneled into sand treated with chlorpyrifos only when the cellulose concentration reached 10 or 20%. Significant mortality occurred from tunneling in all sand conditions treated with chlorpyrifos regardless of cellulose concentration. High cellulose concentrations appear to influence the movement or detectability of chlorpyrifos by termites. Termites never tunneled in sand treated with cypermethrin regardless of cellulose concentration. Clay concentrations in sand treated with chlordane reduced tunneling distances compared with pure sand treated with chlordane. The presence of clay in the sand seems to reduce the binding of chlordane to the sand particles, promoting increased movement of chlordane into untreated sand. When clay concentrations reached 10 or 20%, termites tunneled in sand treated with chlorpyrifos. The high clay concentrations apparently bind the chlorpyrifos, making it less detectable and less toxic to tunneling termites. Temites never tunneled in sand treated with cypermethrin regardless of clay concentration.
Use of the Grand Canonical Transition-Matrix Monte Carlo Method to Model Gas Adsorption in Porous Materials

We present grand canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo (GC-TMMC) as an efficient method for simulating gas adsorption processes, with particular emphasis on subcritical gas adsorption in which capillary phase transitions are present. As in other applications of TMMC, the goal of the simulation is to compute a particle number probability distribution (PNPD), from which thermophysical properties of the system can be computed. The key advantage of GC-TMMC is that, by appropriate use of histogram reweighting, one can generate an entire adsorption isotherm, including those with hysteresis loops, from the PNPD generated by a single GC-TMMC simulation. We discuss how to determine various thermophysical properties of an adsorptive system from the PNPD, including the identification of capillary phases and capillary phase transitions, the equilibrium phase transition, other free energies, and the heat of adsorption. To demonstrate the utility of GC-TMMC for studies of adsorption, we apply the method to various sy...
Hybrid Silicon Photonic Platforms for Near- and Mid-Infrared Wavelengths

The standard silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide technology has certain shortcomings for near-infrared and more importantly mid-infrared applications. Demonstrated novel hybrid platforms on silicon substrates (namely, thin-film lithium niobate, silicon-on-nitride and air-clad) will be introduced and discussed. Article not available.
Anatomical patterns of infantile hemangioma (IH) of the extremities (IHE)

Background From 18% to 30% of infantile hemangiomas (IH) are located on the extremities (IHE). They can be divided into localized, segmental, and minimal or arrested growth (IH-MAG) subtypes. Objective We sought to correlate localization of IHE with the anatomy of the arterial vascular supply. Methods All children with segmental IHE and IH-MAG presenting to our department of pediatric dermatology from 2002 to 2015 were evaluated. Hemangiomas were mapped and their patterns were analyzed. Results Most IHE were unilateral (105/109). Two thirds (68/109) were located on the upper, and one third (41/109) on the lower extremities. Distal locations were more frequently affected. Segmental IHE were more common (upper extremities 83.8%; lower extremities 56.1%) than IH-MAG (16.2% and 43.9%, respectively). Ulceration occurred in 5.5%. Localization of IHE was found to correspond to supply areas of embryonic arterial variants. Limitations This was a retrospective study. Only segmental IHE and IH-MAG were evaluated. Angiographic studies were not performed. Conclusion The location of IHE may be related to variant anatomy of arterial supply during embryo fetal development. We hypothesize that this contributes to temporary regional tissue hypoxia during early fetal development, which is a known stimulus for the proliferation of hemangioma stem cells.
Predictive Significance of Abnormal Potentials for Guiding Ablation Target Sites in Patients With Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias From Aortic Sinus Cusp

Objective: To explore the predictive significance of abnormal potentials for guiding ablation target target sites in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias from aortic sinus cusp(ASC-IVAs).Methods: Our study included 3 groups, ASC-IVAs group, n =29 consecutive patients, IVAs control group, n =10 IVAs patients originating from right ventricular outflow tract and PSVT control group, n=10 patients of paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia. The electro/anatomical mapping was established, the characteristics of abnormal potentials were analyzed among different groups and the relationship between abnormal potentials with ablation target sites was studied.Results: In ASC-IVAs group, the incidence of pre-potential(PP), amplitude of late potential(LP) before and after ablation, the interval of QRS and LP(QRS-LP) after ablation were significantly higher than controls, P0.05. In ASCIVAs group, compared with unsuccessful ablation target sites, the amplitude of PP was smaller than successful ablation target sites, P0.05, the incidences of LP before and after the ablation were higher, P0.05, and the prolonged QRS-LP for predicting the successful ablation sites had the sensitivity at 72% and specificity at 100%.Conclusion: The PP and LP often occurred in patients with ASC-IVAs, LP is more meaningful for guiding ablation sites. The prolonged QRS-LP may predict the sensitivity and specificity for successful target ablation sites in ASC-IVAs patients.
Effects of probiotics on Helicobacter pylori eradication in children with abdominal pain

Objective To evaluate the effects of probiotics on Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) eradication and the side effects related to eradication therapy in children with abdominal pain. Method Fifty-four H.pylori-positive children were randomized into two groups.Group A: Omeprazole(0.6 mg/kg,q.d.),amoxicillin(25 mg/kg,b.i.d.),clarithromycin(10 mg/kg,b.i.d.) for 14 days;Group B: Omeprazole(0.6 mg/kg,b.i.d.),amoxicillin(25 mg/kg,b.i.d.),clarithromycin(10 mg/kg,b.i.d.),and oral 'GOLDEN BIFID'(1 g,b.i.d) for 14 days.Subjects were asked to report any side effects of therapy during the treatment period.Four weeks after finishing therapy,the H.pylori status was rechecked by 13C-urea breath test. Result H.pylori eradication was achieved in 20 of the 27 patients in Group A(74.1%) and in 24 of the 27 patients(88.8%) in Group B;the difference was not significant(P0.05).The frequency of side effects e.g bad appetite and diarrhea were significantly decreased in Group B(P0.05). Conclusion The addition of probiotics do not increase the H.pylori eradication rates;however,it decreases the frequency of side effects of the triple therapy.