cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk, Protective Factors, and Symptomatology Among Urban Adolescents: Findings of a Research Study on Youth Violence and Victimization

Drawing on extant literature on the impact of risk and protective factors on externalizing and internalizing behavior, this research explores the relationship between sociodemographic and family background characteristics, exposure to violence, and victimization as risk factors and the moderating effects of coping strategies as protective factors utilized by 453 African-American adolescents exposed to community violence drawn from a larger sample of survey data on 500 youth. Findings suggest a linkage between the indicators of exposure to violence and victimization, symptomatology, and coping strategy among youth. Implications for future research are addressed.
The World Trade Organization’s Role in Global Energy Governance

The World Trade Organization is by many accounts the most successful international organization in history. Yet it has been slow to address head-on the problems in one of the largest sectors of the global economy—energy. Indeed, fuel exports alone constitute roughly 18% of global merchandise exports, the single largest category. Historically, this reluctance to engage with energy can be explained partially by the fact that many major fossil fuel-producing nations were outside of the GATT. Today, however, most such nations are WTO members. While the WTO dispute settlement system has become an active tool for regulating government support of the renewable energy sector, active WTO regulation of the fossil fuel sector remains limited. This chapter presents an overview of WTO rules and how they apply or might apply to the energy sector. It further argues that this differential treatment between fossil fuels and renewable energy reflects (a) the greater number, and the identity, of nations that aspire to be “producers” of renewable energy, and (b) the expected growth in renewable energy in years to come.
Dramatic Domain Rearrangements of the Cyanobacterial Orange Carotenoid Protein upon Photoactivation

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria make important contributions to global carbon and nitrogen budgets. A protein known as the orange carotenoid protein (OCP) protects the photosynthetic apparatus from damage by dissipating excess energy absorbed by the phycobilisome, the major light-harvesting complex in many cyanobacteria. OCP binds one carotenoid pigment, but the color of this pigment depends on conditions. It is orange in the dark and red when exposed to light. We modified the orange and red forms of OCP by using isotopically coded cross-linking agents and then analyzed the structural features by using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Unequivocal cross-linking pairs uniquely detected in red OCP indicate that, upon photoactivation, the OCP N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) reorient relative to each other. Our data also indicate that the intrinsically unstructured loop connecting the NTD and CTD not only is involved in the interaction between the two domains in orange OCP b...
Mimicking biophysical stimuli within bone tumor microenvironment

In vivo, cells reside in a complex environment regulating their fate and function. Most of this complexity is lacking in standard in vitro models, leading to readouts falling short of predicting the actual in vivo situation. The use of engineering tools, combined with deep biological knowledge, leads to the development and use of bioreactors providing biologically sound niches. Such bioreactors offer new tools for biological research, and are now also entering the field of cancer research. Here we present the development and validation of a modular bioreactor system providing: (i) high throughput analyses, (ii) a range of biological conditions, (iii) high degree of control, and (iv) application of physiological stimuli to the cultured samples. The bioreactor was used to engineer a three-dimensional (3D) tissue model of cancer, where the effects of mechanical stimulation on the tumor phenotype were evaluated. Mechanical stimuli applied to the engineered tumor model activated the mechanotransduction machinery and resulted in measurable changes of mRNA levels towards a more aggressive tumor phenotype.
Local and systemic effects of phenylalanine on intestinal transport of tyrosine and tryptophan.

SummaryThe local and the systemic effects of Phe on the intestinal transport of 1 mM Tyr and 5 mM Trp in Krebs-Henseleit buffers were studied in vitro by everted rat intestinal loops and in vivo by perfusion. The presence of equimolar Phe in the buffer did not inhibit the transport of Tyr and Trp in the in vitro everted intestinal loops, or in the in vivo perfusion studies. However, there was a significant inhibition in the in vitro and in the in vivo experiments (36 and 37%, respectively) when Phe was present in the buffers in a 10:1 ratio. Hyperphenylalanine-mia did not alter amino acid absorption. There were no differences in the transport of Tyr and Trp both in vitro and in vivo between the intestinal loop preparations of rats fed diets containing either 1.2, 8.2 or 0.1% Phe and 0.1% pCPA.
Studies on the Purification of Alum-Precipitated Diphtheria Toxoid

side-reactions occasionally produced by alum-precipitated toxoid. Pope and Linggood2 and Linggood3 have shown that purer final products are obtained when certain manipulations are carried out in addition to precipitation with alum. Probably the methods employed by Eaton4 and Pappenheimer5 would prove valuable in the same way; but as those of the former authors are somewhat simpler they have been followed, with such modification as preliminary experiment has indicated.
The Vatican, Nazi-Fascism, and the Making of Transnational Anti-communism in the 1930s

Given the recent scholarly interest in the history of anti-communism, it is surprising that relatively little has been written on the ambitious transnational anti-communist campaign launched by the...
Model study initiation angle of fracture under refracturing

Considering the pore pressure of injection/production around the refracturing well under coupling liquid/solid, mathematical models are established to describe the maximum principal stress and orientation angle of maximum principal stress induced by pore pressure around refracturing wells. Considering that the initial artificial fracture is full of incompetent and compressible fluid, affection efficient of fluid is presented; the model of stress field induced by initial artificial fracture is established. According to the linear superimposition law, model of stress field distribution around refracturing well is established. According to the breakdown formula of the crack, model of initial angle of refracturing is set up. The refracturing initial angle variation range is obtained. Both the calculation and the production results of two refracturing wells are compared, which shows that the calculation of the refracturing initial angle is accurate, and the method is practical.
Leydig and Sertoli cell function in normal and oligospermic males: a preliminary report.

Sertoli and Leydig cell function was evaluated in patients with oligospermia. Testicular biopsy specimens were incubated in vitro with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH), and the amount of cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) generated was measured. Cyclic AMP has been shown to be the intracellular mediator for the pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH. The amount generated by the Sertoli cells in response to FSH, and by the Leydig cells in response to LH, was contrasted with that in age-matched, normal control subjects. The Leydig cell response was similar in both groups. However, the amount of cyclic AMP generated by the Sertoli cells from oligospermie males was much less when compared with normal control subjects. This finding suggests a possible metabolic abnormality in the Sertoli cells of patients with oligospermia which might, in turn, alter spermatogenesis.
Social Networks, Strategic Doing, and Sustainable Management of Local Food Systems

In recent years there has been increasing interest in many communities across the United States in developing local food systems. This has resulted in the creation of Food Policy Councils (FPCs) which have emerged as the entity with primarily responsibility for managing the local food system’s growth and development. FPCs are necessary because there is no entity, either in the public or private arena, whose responsibility it is to deal with food and food policy issues. Food Policy Councils and the local food systems whose growth and development they oversee are not hierarchical entities but are loosely formed networks of local stakeholders who have a passion and interest in localizing to the greatest extent possible the system that produces the food that we consume. The success of any network is driven, to a large extent, by the structure and nature of the social relationships of the people that comprise the network. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a technique that allows network relationships to be analyzed and, among other things, network leaders to be identified and relationship gaps to be discovered which if filled could strengthen the FPC. Healthy and productive relationships enhance the sustainability of both the FPC and the local food system. A significant challenge facing FPCs is delivering value in the form of projects and initiatives that result in tangible progress. This is particular challenging when the members of an FPC are volunteers who have constraints on how much time they can devote to the organization. While FPCs may be tempted to develop a strategic plan as a framework for guiding its actions a more productive avenue might be to utilize a process called Strategic Doing. Strategic Doing emphasizes action over planning and is designed to deliver tangible results more quickly.
Japan and Africa

Japan’s relationship with Subsaharan Africa provides a textbook case-study of its foreign policy toward every ‘developing’ region. Tokyo has followed a neomercantilist strategy of concentrating on securing Japan’s regional geoeconomic interest while skirting any political entanglements. The region’s few mass consumer markets and vast mineral deposits are ‘captured’ by huge Japanese consortia backed by government loans and ‘aid’ largely tied to purchases of Japanese goods and services. The result is a classic dependency relationship whereby the African country increasingly relies on Japanese goods, services and capital for its economic livelihood, while Tokyo minimises its own potential dependence on that country by spreading its economic bets across the developing world. Although Africa’s share in Japan’s trade has never exceeded 3 per cent of Japan’s total trade, it is important in several key import and export products. Some African countries have become important markets for such Japanese products as telecommunications, heavy electrical equipment, vehicles and consumer electronics, and a vital source of such resources as chromium, vanadium, manganese, uranium and platinum.
Sleep and Pain in Pediatric Illness: A Conceptual Review.

SummaryBackground Sleep disruption is a common comorbidity of pediatric pain. Consequences of pain and disrupted sleep, evidence for the pain-sleep relation, and how aspects of illness, treatment, and pharmacological pain management may contribute to or exacerbate these issues are presented. Aims This conceptual review explored the relation between pain and sleep in children diagnosed with chronic medical or developmental conditions. The goal of this review is to expand upon the literature by examining common themes in sleep disturbances associated with painful conditions across multiple pediatric illnesses. Populations reviewed include youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), migraines, cystic fibrosis (CF), sickle cell disease (SCD), cancer, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), juvenile fibromyalgia (JFM), and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Results Consistent evidence demonstrates that children with medical or developmental conditions are more vulnerable to experiencing pain and subjective sleep complaints than healthy peers. Objective sleep concerns are common but often under-studied. Evidence of the pain–sleep relationship exists, particularly in pediatric SCD, IDD, and JIA, with a dearth of studies directly examining this relation in pediatric cancer, JFM, CF, and FGIDs. Findings suggest that assessing and treating pain and sleep disruption is important when optimizing functional outcomes. Conclusion It is essential that research further examine objective sleep, elucidate the pain–sleep relationship, consider physiological and psychosocial mechanisms of this relationship, and investigate nonpharmacological interventions aimed at improving pain and sleep in vulnerable pediatric populations.
A Quasi-Experimental Examination of Telework Eligibility and Participation in the U.S. Federal Government:

This article examines the causal effects of telework eligibility and participation on employee attitudes, including perceived fairness, job satisfaction, and intention to stay, in the U.S. federal government. Drawing on the literatures on social exchange and organizational justice, we investigate how telework eligibility and participation influence employee attitudes and whether different reasons for nonparticipation have varying impacts. Our findings show that those employees who are eligible to telework report higher levels of perceived fairness, job satisfaction, and intention to stay than do those employees who are ineligible. On the other hand, the effects of telework participation on employee attitudes depend upon the reasons why nonparticipants do not telework. Specifically, when employees do not telework because of insufficient technical or managerial support, they report significantly lower levels of perceived fairness, job satisfaction, and intention to stay than do teleworkers. However, nontele...
I Beg to Differ: Taking Account of National Circumstances under the Paris Agreement, the ICAO Market-Based Measure, and the Montreal Protocol’s HFC Amendment

This paper explores the different ways in which negotiators to three recent environmental instruments accounted for different national circumstances in formulating commitments and other aspects of cooperation in the instruments. The author finds that the negotiators of these instruments have significantly expanded the arsenal of differentiation tools based on considerations pertaining to logic, fairness, limited capacity, and negotiating leverage.
Perceived cognitive function for breast cancer survivors: association of genetic and behaviorally related variables for inflammation

Purpose We explored relationships between genetic variability and behaviorally related variables (body mass index and exercise frequency) for inflammation, and perceived cognitive function (PCF) for breast cancer survivors (BCS). Our primary aim was to explore relationships between select single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IL1R1, IL6, TNF genes, and PCF. Our secondary aim was to explore whether body mass index (BMI) and exercise frequency moderate these relationships.
Charge State Dependence of Stopping Power for Oxygen Ions Channeled in Silver

In previous work [1] it was shown that electron capture and loss cross sections for 30–40 MeV oxygen ions in Au channels were small enough (~10-19 cm2) to preclude charge state equilibrium in crystals 1 μm thick. In fact, a large fraction of charges 8+ and 7+ passed through the crystal without any charge exchange. In this work we show that similar conditions obtain in Ag and we have measured the charge state dependence of the stopping power for 27.8 and 40 MeV 0 ions in the [110] axial channel. We find that for those ions which do not undergo charge exchange S = kq2 for charges 6+, 7+ and 8+. Other features observed in the energy spectra of the emergent ions are attributable to charge exchange in the crystal. Screening by Fermi electrons is expected to be the same for channeled and randomly penetrating ions. The results indicate that this screening is not effective in reducing the energy loss of the ion.
Islamic Radicalization in Russia’s North Caucasus: Lessons from Russia’s Handling of Religious Revival

AbstractReligious radicalization in Russia poses one of the most significant security threats as the insurgency in the North Caucasus continues to challenge stability in the region and the number o...
The Nature of Educational Innovation

Innovation and novelty come from the same Latin word, “novus.” These words imply something new. The idea that something is new is dear to our hearts. We have been conditioned by advertisers and promoters to associate “new” with “improved,” whether the product is laundry soap, a smart phone, or a school curriculum. The Oxford English Dictionary defines innovation as “the introduction of novelties.” Innovation is a noun related to the verb “to innovate,” first found in print in 1561 in Thomas Norton’s book, Calvin’s Instructions, in which Norton wrote, “a desire to innovate all things moveth troublesome men” (Calvin 1960). So this term innovation appears to have touched emotions, both positive and negative, from that time to this day.
Probabilistic ODF estimation from reduced HARDI data with sparse regularization

High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) demands a higher amount of data measurements compared to Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), restricting its use in practice. We propose to represent the probabilistic Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) in the frame of Spherical Wavelets (SW), where it is highly sparse. From a reduced subset of measurements (nearly four times less than the standard for HARDI), we pose the estimation as an inverse problem with sparsity regularization. This allows the fast computation of a positive, unit-mass, probabilistic ODF from 14-16 samples, as we show with both synthetic diffusion signals and real HARDI data with typical parameters.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF SIDERITE CONCRETIONS IN THE FRANCIS CREEK SHALE (PENNSYLVANIAN) OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS

Siderite concretions are well known from the Francis Creek Shale because of their extensive fossils. The excellent fossil preservation requires that concretions began to form early during diagenesis. Conditions for siderite formation are very restricted; ΣaS must be low, PCO 2 (or ΣaCO 3 = ) relatively high (much higher than for water in equilibrium with the atmosphere), a Fe ++ much higher than in sea water, and the aCa ++ /aFe ++ much less than in sea water. On the basis of plotted stability fields the Eh and pH should fall within narrowly defined ranges. To maintain low values for ΣaS = there must be no bacterial reduction of SO 4 = , suggesting that sea water was not present during the stage of siderite formation. The depositional environment was a delta, in which rapid transition from fresh to marine conditions could occur. Even if the overlying water were brackish to marine, the pore water in the freshly deposited sediment was fresh to brackish, perhaps maintained by a fresh water head from the landward extent of the delta wedge. Iron for the concretions may have been supplied by moving pore water from nearby swamps characterized by a high aFe ++ but low pH, by water expelled from the underlying peat, and by the detrital minerals throughout the sediment, although shale analyses showed no definite gradients in iron content adjacent to pyrite or siderite concretions. To favor siderite precipitation a higher pH than what is normally found in fresh water draining from swamps is required, which suggests the development of microenvironments. Bacterial decomposition of organic matter with the production of ammonia from the protein-aceous material will raise pH, while CO 2 , which is also liberated, will tend to raise the PCO 2 . Fossil nucleii of many concretions support this mode of formation. Studies of concretions at Ottawa, Illinois, indicate siderite formed first, followed by pyrite, then calcite. In other areas pyrite probably formed earlier than siderite, the sulfur being derived from reduction of residual SO 4 in the pore water until it was depleted.
Geographically distant social networks elevate perceived preparedness for coastal environmental threats

This study examines the effects of geographically differentiated social network support resources on perceived household preparedness and resource adequacy for coping with environmental hazards. The guiding notion is that socially close but spatially distant network resources will become critical for resilience in disaster contexts when the efficacy of local network resources become compromised due to community-wide disruption. Results from a random sample household survey of 928 coastal Louisiana residents confirm that perceived preparedness and resource adequacy for coping with environmental hazards is higher among those with strong support resources that are more than 2 h away from where they live, whereas access to support from local neighbors plays a lesser role. The implication is that efforts intended to build resilient communities by way of enhancing social network resources can benefit from considering the importance of promoting regional, in addition to localized, social ties.
Silicon biointerfaces for all scales.

Design principles for the development of silicon biointerfaces enable the non-genetic, light-controlled modulation of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and of cellular excitability in vitro, in tissue slices and in mouse brains.
Factors Modifying Toxicity

In the evaluation of hazards associated with exposure of humans to chemicals, whether they be encountered as drugs, through occupational exposure, or as the result of environmental contamination, the use of animal data is of obvious importance. In the usual safety evaluation studies of a compound in laboratory animals, environmental conditions are controlled as carefully as possible, animal bedding and food are selected with great diligence, and the utmost care is taken to maintain the health of the animals in order to minimize confounding variables. In order to institute the proper controls, one must first recognize the factors that affect the responses of animals to exposures to toxic chemicals. Some of these are discussed in this chapter.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND RELATED RESEARCH IN LEARNING TO THE DESIGN OF COMPUTER LITERACY CURRICULA

Publisher Summary This chapter explains techniques for increasing a layperson's view of computers and computer programming. It discusses the usefulness of five recommendations concerning the design of computer literacy curricula: (1) provide the learner with a concrete model of the computer; (2) encourage the learner to actively restate the new technical information in his or her own words; (3) assess the learner's existing intuitions about computer operation and try to build on them, or modify them, as needed; (4) provide the learner with methods for chunking statements into a larger, single, meaningful unit; and (5) provide the learner with methods for analyzing statements into smaller, meaningful parts. Each recommendation is concerned with increasing the meaningfulness of learning new computer information by novices. Information enters the human cognitive system from the outside and must go through the following steps: (1) reception, (2) availability, and (3) activation.
Tension testing of very thin electrodeposits

A tension-testing machine is described for determining the mechanical properties of thin-foil specimens with dimensions scaled so that the width-to-thickness ratio is sufficiently small so that the strain across the specimen is uniform. The loads are applied by means of a computer-controlled stepping motor having a linear motion of 10 nm/step. The gauge-length change is measured optically. There is the capability to vary the strain rate between .0004/s and 8/s and for low-frequency fatigue testing. The mechanical properties of electroplated nickel, nickel-molybdenum, and nickel phosphorus alloys were determined.
Controversial "Conversations": Analyzing a Museum Director’s Strategic Alternatives When a Famous Donor Becomes Tainted

This teaching case places students in the role of Dr. Johnnetta Cole, director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African Art, as she determines how to respond to a situation in which Bill Cosby—well-known entertainer, spouse of a museum advisory board member, donor, and lender of a significant number of important pieces of art on display at the Museum—has been charged with sexual misconduct. Representing the Museum, the director must weigh the cost of appearing to support her friends the Cosbys against the value of displaying one of the world’s largest private collections of African American art. This case extends stakeholder theory by utilizing Dunn’s (2010) three-factor model for applying stakeholder theory to a tainted donor situation. Subscribe to JNEL
Biology of RNA Surveillance in Development and Disease.

The ‘RNA world’, in which RNA molecules stored information and acquired enzymatic properties, has been proposed to have preceded organism life. RNA is now recognized for its central role in biology, with accumulating evidence implicating coding and noncoding (nc)RNAs in myriad mechanisms regulating cellular physiology and disequilibrium in transcriptomes resulting in pathological conditions. Nascently synthesized RNAs are subjected to stringent regulation by sophisticated RNA surveillance pathways. In this review, we integrate these pathways from a developmental viewpoint, proposing RNA surveillance as the convergence of mechanisms that ensure the exact titration of RNA molecules in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, leading to development without the onset of pathological conditions, including cancer.
Effects of Methylmercury and Theaflavin Digallate on Adipokines in Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Diabetes is a contributor to morbidity across the globe and is often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and other inflammatory diseases associated with aging. In addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, environmental factors such as metals and persistent organic pollutants may increase the severity or lower the threshold of these conditions. In cell culture, methylmercury is toxic to adipocytes and may impact adipokine secretions. In this study, we determined the effects of different concentrations of theaflavin digallate on methylmercury exposed 3T3-L1 adipocytes in cell culture. Secretions of resistin, adiponectin and lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were monitored using ELISA assays. Cell morphology of methylmercury and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate treated adipocytes was assessed using Lipid (Oil Red O) staining. Exposure to methylmercury increased the levels of resistin and adiponectin as well as 4-HNE when compared to the control cells. Methylmercury treated cells resulted in smaller number of adipocytes and clumped lipid droplets. These results suggest that methylmercury induces reactive oxygen species leading to development of an inflammatory response. Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate reduced the impact of methylmercury by maintaining the adipocytes morphology and secretion patterns of adiponectin, resistin and 4-hydroxynonenal. With this experimental model system other anti-inflammatory and signaling agents could be tested at the biochemical level before eventually leading to studies in animal models.
Infection Control Strategies in Transplant Populations

Infection control and prevention strategies are of great importance to the healthcare system as a whole, but are even more critical in the immunocompromised host. While transplant recipients present unique challenges to clinicians and infection control practitioners alike, standard approaches to infection control are still of foremost importance in this population. The type of transplantation, degree of immune suppression, and duration of time following transplantation help determine the risk of developing infections with various pathogens, and this chapter will address potentially preventable infections as a function of time after transplantation.
The Need for a National Strategy to Address Vector-Borne Disease Threats in the United States

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) cause significant morbidity and mortality each year in the United States. Over the last 14 yr, over 700,000 cases of diseases carried by ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas have been reported from U.S. states and territories to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of reported cases has been increasing annually with two major trends: a steady increase in tick-borne diseases and increasing intermittent outbreaks of mosquito-borne arboviruses. The factors that are driving VBD introduction and emergence vary among diseases but are not likely to disappear, indicating that current trends will continue and probably worsen in the absence of effective prevention and control tools and implementation capacity. There are a number of challenges to preventing VBDs, including the lack of vaccines and effective vector control tools, insecticide resistance, and eroding technical capacities in public health entomology at federal, state, and local levels. For these reasons, a national strategy is needed to address VBD threats and to reverse the alarming trend in morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.
Association of Health Conditions and Health Service Utilization With Intimate Partner Violence Identified via Routine Screening Among Middle-Aged and Older Women.

Importance The US Preventive Services Task Force recently determined that there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) in women who are middle-aged and older. Certain Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinics have been routinely screening women of all ages for IPV since 2014. Objectives To examine the proportion of women older than childbearing age (ie, ≥45 years) who have positive results when routinely screened for past-year IPV at VHA clinics and to evaluate the associations of a positive screening result with health conditions and health service utilization. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included 4481 women aged 45 years and older who were screened for past-year IPV in 13 VHA outpatient clinics in 11 states between April 2014 and April 2016. Data analysis was conducted from March 2019 to August 2019. Exposure Positive screening result for past-year IPV. Main Outcomes and Measures Mental and physical health conditions (identified usingInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition [ICD-9] andICD-10codes from VHA medical record data) and VHA health services utilization (identified using inpatient and outpatient VHA encounter data) in the 20 months after screening. Results In this study, 2937 of 4481 women (65.5%) were middle-aged (ie, aged 45 to 59 years), and 1544 (34.5%) were older (ie, aged ≥60 years), with 1955 (43.6%) black participants. A total of 255 middle-aged women (8.7%; mean [SD] age, 51 [4] years) and 79 older women (5.1%; mean [SD] age, 64 [5] years) screened positive for past-year IPV. In adjusted logistic regression models among middle-aged women, screening positive for IPV was associated with subsequent diagnoses of anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.50-2.70;P Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this study was the largest to evaluate routine screening for IPV among women aged 45 years and older, and it found that IPV remained prevalent and was associated with morbidity for these women. Screening for IPV in women older than 44 years may improve detection and provision of evidence-based services to this growing population.
Does Formation of Multicellular Colonies by Choanoflagellates Affect Their Susceptibility to Capture by Passive Protozoan Predators

Microbial eukaryotes, critical links in aquatic food webs, are unicellular, but some, such as choanoflagellates, form multicellular colonies. Are there consequences to predator avoidance of being unicellular vs. forming larger colonies? Choanoflagellates share a common ancestor with animals and are used as model organisms to study the evolution of multicellularity. Escape in size from protozoan predators is suggested as a selective factor favoring evolution of multicellularity. Heterotrophic protozoans are categorized as suspension feeders, motile raptors, or passive predators that eat swimming prey which bump into them. We focused on passive predation and measured the mechanisms responsible for the susceptibility of unicellular vs. multicellular choanoflagellates, Salpingoeca helianthica, to capture by passive heliozoan predators, Actinosphaerium nucleofilum, which trap prey on axopodia radiating from the cell body. Microvideography showed that unicellular and colonial choanoflagellates entered the predator's capture zone at similar frequencies, but a greater proportion of colonies contacted axopodia. However, more colonies than single cells were lost during transport by axopodia to the cell body. Thus, feeding efficiency (proportion of prey entering the capture zone that were engulfed in phagosomes) was the same for unicellular and multicellular prey, suggesting that colony formation is not an effective defense against such passive predators.
Nef enhances HIV-1 replication and infectivity independently of SERINC3 and SERINC5 in CEM T cells

Abstract The lentiviral nef gene encodes several discrete activities aimed at co-opting or antagonizing cellular proteins and pathways to defeat host defenses and maintain persistent infection. Primary functions of Nef include downregulation of CD4 and MHC class-I from the cell surface, disruption or mimicry of T-cell receptor signaling, and enhancement of viral infectivity by counteraction of the host antiretroviral proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5. In the absence of Nef, SERINC3 and SERINC5 incorporate into virions and inhibit viral fusion with target cells, decreasing infectivity. However, whether Nef’s counteraction of SERINC3 and SERINC5 is the cause of its positive influence on viral growth-rate in CD4-positive T cells is unclear. Here, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout SERINC3 and SERINC5 in a leukemic CD4-positive T cell line (CEM) that displays robust nef-related infectivity and growth-rate phenotypes. As previously reported, viral replication was severely attenuated in CEM cells infected with HIV-1 lacking Nef (HIV-1ΔNef). This attenuated growth-rate phenotype was observed regardless of whether or not the coding regions of the serinc3 and serinc5 genes were intact. Moreover, knockout of serinc3 and serinc5 failed to restore the infectivity of HIV-1ΔNef virions produced from infected CEM cells in single-cycle replication experiments using CD4-positive HeLa cells as targets. Taken together, our results corroborate a recent study using another T-lymphoid cell line (MOLT-3) and suggest that Nef modulates a still unidentified host protein(s) to enhance viral growth rate and infectivity in CD4-positive T cells. Importance HIV-1 Nef is a major pathogenicity factor in vivo. A well-described activity of Nef is the enhancement of virion-infectivity and viral propagation in vitro. The infectivity-effect has been attributed to Nef’s ability to prevent the cellular, antiretroviral proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 from incorporating into viral particles. While the activity of the SERINCs as inhibitors of retroviral infectivity has been well-documented, the role these proteins play in controlling HIV-1 replication is less clear. We report here that genetic disruption of SERINC3 and SERINC5 rescues neither viral replication-rate nor the infectivity of cell-free virions produced from CD4-positive T cells of the CEM lymphoblastoid line infected with viruses lacking Nef. This indicates that failure to modulate SERINC3 and SERINC5 is not the cause of the virologic attenuation of nef-negative HIV-1 observed using this system.
Establishing clinically significant outcome thresholds for the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation 2 years following total shoulder arthroplasty

ABSTRACT Background Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation (SANE) is a simple, time-efficient patient reported outcome measure (PROM) used to assess postoperative shoulder function. Clinically significant outcome values and ability to correlate with longer legacy PROM scores at 2 years following shoulder arthroplasty are unknown. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using SANE, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Constant scores that were collected at minimum two-year follow-up. A total of 153 patients that underwent anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) were included. A distribution-based method was used to determine the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). An anchor-based method was used to determine substantial clinical benefit (SCB). The following anchor question was collected alongside the PROMs and graded on a 15-point Likert scale to establish the SCB: “Since your surgery, has there been any change in the pain in your shoulder?” Linear regression was used to assess correlations between PROMs. Results SANE showed moderate correlation with ASES (R2 = 0.493) and Constant (R2 = 0.586) scores (p Conclusions This study establishes concurrent construct validity for SANE and suggests that it is a valid metric to assess the MCID and SCB at two years following anatomic TSA and RTSA. SANE demonstrated moderate correlations with ASES and Constant scores. Patients undergoing RTSA demonstrated a lower propensity to achieve SCB at two-years postoperatively compared to anatomic TSA. Level of evidence Basic Science Study; Validation of Outcome Instruments
Bacillibactins E and F from a Marine Sponge-Associated Bacillus sp

Chemical investigation of a marine sponge-associated Bacillus sp. led to the discovery of bacillibactins E and F (1 and 2). Despite containing the well-established cyclic triester core of iron-binding natural products such as enterobactin, bacillibactins E and F (1 and 2) are the first bacterial siderophores that contain nicotinic and benzoic acid moieties. The structures of the new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and Marfey's method. A plausible biosynthetic pathway to 1 and 2 is proposed; this route bears great similarity to other previously established bacillibactin-like pathways but appears to differentiate itself by a promiscuous DhbE, which likely installs the nicotinic moiety of 1 and the benzoic acid group of 2.
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Erythromelalgia Related Foot Pain: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular disorder characterized by erythema, warmth, and episodic burning pain, often felt in the face, hands, and feet. Symptoms are typically worse with heat, exercise, stress, and during the overnight hours. Management often requires a multidisciplinary approach, including pain trigger avoidance, cool water baths, and topical and oral neuropathic medications. The use of spinal cord stimulation has been described in multiple case reports with success reported out to 24 months. To our knowledge, the use of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation for erythromelalgia-related pain has not been described. Herein, we present a case of erythromelalgia-related pain at the bilateral plantar surfaces of the feet, which was treated successfully with bilateral sacral S1 nerve root DRG stimulation.
Reactive oxygen species as potential signal mediators in all-trans retinoic acid mediated differentiation of neuroblastoma

1854 Retinoids, active vitamin A metabolites, are signaling molecules that are involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during development. Retinoids exert their effects, in part, through binding to nuclear hormone receptors, thereby modulating gene expression. The clinical effectiveness of retinoid therapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma and other tumors is of interest due to their success in management of acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, one limitation to their use is the potential for induction of chemoresistance. Several studies have reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, are generated upon exposure to retinoids. Therefore, we evaluated the role of ROS in ATRA-mediated signaling in neuroblastoma. Administration of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH) increased immunoreactive 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-adducted proteins in a time dependent manner, verifying increases in lipid peroxidation products that could be the result of increased ROS production. In addition, the p50 and p65 components of the redox sensitive transcription factor, NFκB, translocated to the nucleus within 24 h, resulting in an increase in DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Protein and activity levels of the mitochondrial antioxidant and NFκB target gene, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), increased in a concentration and time dependent manner upon ATRA administration. The increase in ROS and MnSOD, a protein reported to enhance differentiation, increased prior to expression of neuronal markers (NeuN, NMDAR1, tau), suggesting an early event in ATRA-mediated signaling. The antiapoptotic protein and NFκB target gene, bcl-xL, increased within 24 h of exposure to ATRA, an effect that was attenuated in the presence of antioxidants. Taken together, these results suggest that generation of ROS upon ATRA administration may represent an indirect, yet novel pathway by which retinoids modulate signaling events and may serve as a pharmacological target to increase the efficacy of ATRA therapy. (Supported by 1P20RR020180)
Numerically Accelerated Development Cycle for Ultra-high Finesse Micro-fabricated Resonators

We show that eigenmode solvers can drastically shorten the development cycle of high finesse micro-Fabry-Perot resonators. In conjunction with angstrom-level surface metrology, benchmarked simulation yields accurately predict eigenmode profiles and finesses in nonstandard resonator geometries.
High Plains wheat mosaic virus: An enigmatic disease of wheat and corn causing the High Plains disease.

Brief history In 1993, severe mosaic and necrosis symptoms were observed on corn (maize) and wheat from several Great Plains states of the USA. Based on the geographical location of infections, the disease was named High Plains disease and the causal agent was tentatively named High Plains virus. Subsequently, researchers renamed this virus as maize red stripe virus and wheat mosaic virus to represent the host and symptom phenotype of the virus. After sequencing the genome of the pathogen, the causal agent of High Plains disease was officially named as High Plains wheat mosaic virus. Hence, High Plains virus, maize red stripe virus, wheat mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) are synonyms for the causal agent of High Plains disease. Taxonomy High Plains wheat mosaic virus is one of the 21 definitive species in the genus Emaravirus in the family Fimoviridae. Virion The genomic RNAs are encapsidated in thread-like nucleocapsids in double-membrane 80-200 nm spherical or ovoid virions. Genome characterization The HPWMoV genome consists of eight single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments encoding a single open reading frame (ORF) in each genomic RNA segment. RNA 1 is 6,981-nucleotide (nt) long, coding for a 2,272 amino acid protein of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. RNA 2 is 2,211-nt long and codes for a 667 amino acid glycoprotein precursor. RNA 3 has two variants of 1,439- and 1,441-nt length that code for 286 and 289 amino acid nucleocapsid proteins, respectively. RNA 4 is 1,682-nt long, coding for a 364 amino acid protein. RNA 5 and RNA 6 are 1,715- and 1,752-nt long, respectively, and code for 478 and 492 amino acid proteins, respectively. RNA 7 and RNA 8 are 1,434- and 1,339-nt long, code for 305 and 176 amino acid proteins, respectively. Biological properties HPWMoV can infect wheat, corn (maize), barley, rye brome, oat, rye, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and foxtail barley. HPWMoV is transmitted by the wheat curl mite and through corn seed. Disease management Genetic resistance against HPWMoV in wheat is not available, but most commercial corn hybrids are resistant while sweet corn varieties remain susceptible. Even though corn hybrids are resistant to virus, it still serves as a green bridge host that enables mites to carry the virus from corn to new crop wheat in the autumn. The main management strategy for High Plains disease in wheat relies on the management of green bridge hosts. Cultural practices such as avoiding early planting can be used to avoid mite buildup and virus infections.
Integration Of Ca2+ In Plant Drought And Salt Stress Signal Transduction Pathways

Plants cope with environmental changes by activating signal transduction cascades that control and coordinate the physiological and biochemical responses necessary for adaptation. Numerous signaling pathways that function as an integrated network have been implicated in plant abiotic stress response. Amongst them, calcium signaling was found to be incorporated in different signaling pathways during abiotic stress response, e.g. to heat, cold, drought, and salt. A well-recognized model of calcium signaling is that calcium signals characteristic of either elevation or oscillation of cytosolic Ca2+ is generated upon stimulation and then transduced through an array of Ca2+ activated proteins and downstream components, including calmodulins (CaMs) and CaM-binding proteins (CaMBPs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), Ca2+ and CaM-binding transcription factors, and other Ca2+-binding proteins. Potential targeted effectors of calcium signaling include important enzymes/proteins involved in various cellular metabolism and physiological adjustment. This review begins with the generation of calcium signals followed by reviewing components decoding calcium signals. Implication of the signaling components in drought and salt stress response is emphasized and discussed
Oral contraceptives and blood coagulation: A critical review

Based on epidemiologic data, women who take oral contraceptives seem to have an increased risk of developing thromboembolic disease. In order to explain this association, some studies have been undertaken to find abnormalities in the hemostasis system. Many conflicting test results have been reported, probably reflecting in part the technical difficulties in use of reliable, reproducible, and specific assay systems. None of the data obtained seems to be specific for users of oral contraceptive drugs, and none was found uniformly in all takers of the drugs. Many findings are probably unimportant from the overall point of view of the physiology of hemostasis. Unfortunately, there seems to be no test procedure or even combination of tests that will reliably predict which patient might develop a thromboembolic episode in association with oral contraceptives or in association with any other condition recognized as being a risk factor. Even in most patients who do have a thrombosis, the test procedures fail to signal this event with reliability and predictability. At this time, it is not known whether oral contraceptives do or do not trigger the hemostasis system to develop a thrombosis or by which mechanism they could trigger the event. Fortunately, only a very small number of women develop thrombosis in association with oral contraceptives.