cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Party Factionalism: National Conventions in the New Era

A new era in national party convention decision-making has emerged in the past couple of decades, caused by a decline in the control of state and local leaders over delegates. Therefore it is hypothesized that a more stable factional pattern should emerge in each party, unfettered by considerations of short-term bargaining typical of earlier periods. Factor analysis revealed that an unprecedentedly stable cleavage pattern has indeed prevailed in each party since the early 1960s, and some of the effects on mass perceptions of politics, delegation representativeness, party unity, and the degree of issue orientation in our parties are considered.
Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A6Σ+-X6Σ+ System of CrH: Evidence for a 4Σ+ Lowest Excited State

Abstract The emission spectrum of CrH has been observed in the near-infrared region from 10 000-13 500 cm−1 using a Fourier transform spectrometer. Compared with the previous work on this molecule, the present spectra provide greatly improved measurements of the line positions of the A6Σ+-X6Σ+ electronic transition. The rotational analysis of the 0 - 0 band has been performed providing the following principal molecular constants: T00 = 11 552.6848(10) cm−1, B′ = 5.271996(29) cm−1, and B″ = 6.1317406(19) cm−1. As was first noted by Kleman and Uhler, the excited state is perturbed. By correcting a few misassignments in the previous work, we conclude that a nearby a4Σ+ state is responsible for the perturbation. The a4Σ+ state has an approximate band origin T00 = 11 186 cm−1 and a preliminary rotational constant B0 = 6.10 cm−1. This state lies below the A6Σ+ state and is, therefore, the lowest lying excited state.
Reprocessing hydrofluoric acid etching solutions by reverse osmosis

Abstract Reverse osmosis has been applied in this study for reprocessing HF present in etching solutions. Experimental results show a very high degree of permeation of HF and rejection of ionic impurities by certain membranes. An ion exclusion model has been developed to estimate the degree of HF permeation and shows the same trends as the experimental data. To check the chemical stability of the membranes, when exposed to different concentrations of HF and Fluosilicic acid (the major impurity present in the HF etching solutions) for extended periods of time, ion rejection and water permeability properties of fresh and exposed membranes were determined. No significant change in the rejection properties was observed even after prolonged periods of exposure. The results of this work indicate that several commercially available thin film composite membranes can be used to reprocess HF by removing ionic and particulate impurities.
NK4 Antagonizes Tbx1/10 to Promote Cardiac versus Pharyngeal Muscle Fate in the Ascidian Second Heart Field

The heart and head muscles share common developmental origins and genetic underpinnings in vertebrates, including humans. Parts of the heart and cranio-facial musculature derive from common mesodermal progenitors that express NKX2-5, ISL1, and TBX1. This ontogenetic kinship is dramatically reflected in the DiGeorge/Cardio-Velo-Facial syndrome (DGS/CVFS), where mutations of TBX1 cause malformations in the pharyngeal apparatus and cardiac outflow tract. Cardiac progenitors of the first heart field (FHF) do not require TBX1 and segregate precociously from common progenitors of the second heart field (SHF) and pharyngeal muscles. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern heart versus pharyngeal muscle specification within this lineage remain elusive. Here, we harness the simplicity of the ascidian larva to show that, following asymmetric cell division of common progenitors, NK4/NKX2-5 promotes GATAa/GATA4/5/6 expression and cardiac specification in the second heart precursors by antagonizing Tbx1/10-mediated inhibition of GATAa and activation of Collier/Olf/EBF (COE), the determinant of atrial siphon muscle (ASM) specification. Our results uncover essential regulatory connections between the conserved cardio-pharyngeal factor Tbx1/10 and muscle determinant COE, as well as a mutual antagonism between NK4 and Tbx1/10 activities upstream of GATAa and COE. The latter cross-antagonism underlies a fundamental heart versus pharyngeal muscle fate choice that occurs in a conserved lineage of cardio-pharyngeal progenitors. We propose that this basic ontogenetic motif underlies cardiac and pharyngeal muscle development and evolution in chordates.
Should Dialysis be Offered to All Elderly Patients

Nephrologist are often faced with the question of the appropriate initiation and withdrawal from dialysis. Many clinicians feel that patient should be offered dialysis when they have ESRD regardless of the potential risks vs. benefits. My position in this debate is that nephrologists have the obligation to order treatments that are indicated and effective for their patients and will provide more benefit that harm. They should not order dialysis in patient that are not likely to benefit from the treatment. Patients have the right to refuse treatments but not the right to demand that a clinician order an ineffective treatment. Shared decision making is the key principle in deciding on the initiation and withdrawal from dialysis. The national guideline; Shared Decision Making: The Appropriate Initiation and Withdrawal from Dialysis supports this approach.
Notaries and Credit Markets in Nineteenth-Century Mexico

Little is known about the logic of lending transactions and the development of credit markets in Mexico, or the rest of Latin America, prior to banks. We know even less about what role financial intermediaries played in these pre-banking markets, or who these intermediaries were. This article analyzes the intermediary role notaries played in the long-term credit market in Yucatan, in southeastern Mexico, in the nineteenth-century. Using a unique dataset of mortgages from the notarial records in the Yucatan state archive, the article shows that, in the absence of banks, notaries facilitated access to credit, and that, in the institutional and political context of Yucatan, both entrepreneurship and monopoly were being fostered.
The Receipt of Prevention Services by Veterans Using VA versus Non-VA Facilities

Abstract Objectives.This paper compares the health promotion/disease prevention services received by veterans who reported receiving 90%+ of their care inside Veterans Health Administration (VA) facilities with counterparts who reported receiving 90%+ of their care outside VA facilities. Results are compared with the U.S. Healthy People 2000 goals. Methods.Random samples were drawn of 300 men and 150 women visiting primary care clinics in six VA facilities. A 66% adjusted response rate was achieved after two mailings (n= 1,703). For this analysis, those veterans who reported receiving 90%+ of their care inside VA facilities (n= 909) were compared with veterans who reported receiving 90%+ of their care outside VA facilities (n= 185). Results.Of the 13 health promotion\disease prevention services, 6 were significantly influenced by source of care. Five of the significant differences reflected statistically higher prevalence rates for those receiving 90%+ of their care inside the VA (mammograms and counseling for alcohol, nutrition, exercise, and seatbelt use). One reflected a higher prevalence rate for those receiving 90%+ of their care outside the VA system (tetanus boosters). Conclusions.Veterans receiving 90%+ of their care in VA facilities obtained more preventive services than counterparts using non-VA providers. Assessment and counseling services need to be targeted to more veterans to comply more fully with U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations and Healthy People 2000 objectives.
Reconsideration of the Role of Theory in Psychosocial Intervention

Abstract This response article points out areas of agreement and disagreement among the target article and commentaries comprising this special issue. Whereas all authors acknowledge the value of theory for psychosocial intervention with children and families, they approach theory from different epistemologies. I argue that a utilitarian action-oriented approach to theory in which theories are local and particular statements that attempt to explain observed phenomena has replaced the traditional view of theory as “truth.” Similarly, intervention researchers are less likely to ascribe to “name brand” theoretical orientations and more likely to hypothesize specific causal constructs that are then targeted in interventions. These constructs are retained, revised, or discarded based on their demonstrated utility in organizing facts, explaining change, and solving particular problems. Implications of this utilitarian epistemology for intervention research and practice in school/clinical child psychology are suggested. Finally, I argue that a critical community of researchers and practitioners operating from diverse theoretical orientations and empirical bases is essential to the vitality of our discipline.
Sequential Algorithm for the Design of Piecewise Linear Classifiers

A sequential algorithm for designing piecewise linear classification functions without a priori knowledge of pattern class distributions is described. The algorithm combines adaptive error correcting linear classifier design procedures and clustering techniques under control of a performance criterion. The classification function structure is constrained to minimize design calculations and increase recognition through-put for many classification problems. Examples from the literature are used to evaluate this approach relative to other classification algorithms.
Does Brain Volume Loss Predict Cognitive and Narrative Discourse Performance Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Purpose In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between brain volume loss and performance on cognitive measures, including working memory, immediate memory, executive functions, and intelligence, and a narrative discourse production task. An underlying goal was to examine the prognostic potential of a brain lesion metric for discourse outcomes. It was hypothesized that brain volume loss would correlate with and predict cognitive and narrative discourse measures and have prognostic value for discourse outcomes. Method One hundred sixty-seven individuals with penetrating head injury participated. Correlational and regression analyses were performed for the percentages of total brain and hemispheric volume loss and scores on 4 cognitive measures (WMS–III Working Memory and Immediate Memory primary indexes, D-KEFS Sorting Test, and WAIS–III Full Scale IQ) and 7 narrative discourse measures (T-units, grammatical complexity, cohesion, local and global coherence, story completeness, and story gr...
Geometric Metastability, Quivers and Holography

We use large N duality to study brane/anti-brane configurations on a class of Calabi-Yau manifolds. With only branes present, the Calabi-Yau manifolds in question give rise to N=2 ADE quiver theories deformed by superpotential terms. We show that the large N duality conjecture of hep-th/0610249 reproduces correctly the known qualitative features of the brane/anti-brane physics. In the supersymmetric case, the gauge theories have Seiberg dualities which are represented as flops in the geometry. Moreover, the holographic dual geometry encodes the whole RG flow of the gauge theory. In the non-supersymmetric case, the large N duality predicts that the brane/anti-brane theories also enjoy such dualities, and allows one to pick out the good description at a given energy scale.
Reactions of organosilicon-group V compounds with nitrosyl chloride

The reactions of (CH3)3SiN(CH3)2, (CH3)3SiP(CH3)2, and (CH3)3SiAs(CH3)2 with NOCl have been studied. The products observed are, respectively: (CH3)3SiCl and (CH3)2NNO; (CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)3, N2O, NO, N2, (CH3)3SiCl, (CH3)2P(O)Cl, and a glassy solid; (CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)3, N2O, and (CH3)2AsCl.
Building an institutional repository in a time of very tight budgets

This poster presents an overview of an exploratory initiative to examine and assess the viability of developing an institutional repository system at a teaching-oriented mid-size university with minimal monetary commitment. A need has been identified for an institutional repository and necessary steps have been taken to implement it. Faculty and staff from several departments worked together to create a prototype Institutional Repository using DSpace, an open source repository software. This repository represents a unique endeavor, in that it has been instituted at a non-research based university, and the creators have chosen to involve students in the planning, design, implementation, and documentation stages of the project. In addition, the university's Library Science students will also be involved in creating and maintaining collections. This poster focuses on the steps taken to set up and maintain a quality Institutional Repository at Valdosta State University without placing a large demand on the institution's resources.
Cutaneous Vitiligo Following Management of Uveal Melanoma in 6 Patients

Importance The relationship of vitiligo to cutaneous melanoma is believed to be due to an immune response generated to melanoma antigens that cross-react with normal skin. There is little in the literature on the relationship between cutaneous vitiligo and uveal melanoma. Objective To describe the clinical profile, treatment, and outcome in patients with uveal melanoma who subsequently developed cutaneous vitiligo. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective case series of 6 patients with uveal melanoma who had developed cutaneous vitiligo and were examined at a tertiary eye care institution. Main Outcome and Measure Development of cutaneous vitiligo. Results The mean age at presentation was 62 years (range, 39-85 years). No patient had a personal history of cutaneous melanoma, autoimmune disease, or cutaneous vitiligo. The mean tumor basal diameter was 12.9 mm (median, 12.7 mm; range, 7-19 mm), with a mean thickness of 9.5 mm (median, 8.4 mm; range, 3-19 mm). Treatment included plaque radiotherapy in 4 patients and enucleation in 1 patient; 1 patient refused therapy. No patient had local tumor recurrence at the 71-month mean follow-up, but of the 3 patients who developed metastases at the 52-month mean follow-up, 2 were treated with a melanoma vaccine. The mean interval from initial presentation to onset of vitiligo was 77 months (range, 5-168 months). The vitiligo developed bilaterally with multiple well-defined lesions, affecting 5% to 40% of the cutaneous surface, generally in the upper body. During the 71-month mean follow-up (range, 4-205 months), there was 1 death. Conclusions and Relevance Patients with uveal melanoma can develop vitiligo spontaneously or following vaccine therapy. Involvement is multiple and bilateral, predominantly affecting the upper body.
Neurologist versus machine: is the pupillometer better than the naked eye in detecting pupillary reactivity.

Background A 62-year-old man with severe traumatic brain injury developed postsurgical anisocoria in which there was a discrepancy between pupillometer and manual testing.
Effects of radiative decay in four-wave-mixing spectroscopy: Narrow resonances produced by nonconservation of population, alignment, and orientation

We present experimental and theoretical results describing the presence of radiative-decay-induced narrow resonances in systems which do not conserve population, alignment, or orientation. We show how spectroscopic line-shape analysis of the nonlinear response can be used to determine all of the relaxation parameters characterizing a two-level atom.
Nutrition, Agriculture and the Global Food System in Low and Middle Income Countries.

The entire food value chain and diet of low and middle income countries (LMICs) are rapidly shifting. Many of the issues addressed by the nutrition community ignore some of the major underlying shifts in purchases of consumer packaged foods and beverages. At the same time, the drivers of the food system at the farm level might be changing. There is a need for the agriculture and nutrition communities to understand these changes and focus on some of their implications for health. This rapid growth of the retail sector will change the diets of the food insecure as much as that of the food secure across rural and urban LMIC’s. This short commentary contents that current research, programs and policies are ignoring these rapid dynamic shifts.
Generalized numerical solutions of freezing a saturated liquid in cylinders and spheres

A numerical method and graphs of generalized solutions are presented for a moving interface problem of freezing a saturated liquid inside a cylindrical or a spherical container with a constant heat transfer coefficient, as well as melting a saturated solid. The frozen solid phase has a constant heat capacity.
MATLAB simulation for computing probability of detection

This paper presents a MATLAB simulation that computes the probability of detection for a radar. It allows the user to input a wide range of radar characteristics. The target detection method has the capacity for handling fluctuating targets. This is important because actual targets are observed to scintillate and the probability of detection decreases as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases. This paper also considers characteristics of the operational mode of the radar system, such as its PRF (pulse repetition frequency), number of pulses processed, and the necessary range resolving ratio. The simulation utilizes formulas for detection probability associated with a target's range and uses the Swerling cases to model the! target's fluctuating cross section. The goal is to build a MATLAB simulation that can display radar observations in a format that facilitates analysis in range versus azimuth.
Cognitive factors in clinical research and practice

Abstract Recent advances in delineating basic cognitive and social cognitive processes may hold great promise for furthering our understanding of important clinical issues, in particular theories of psychopathology, theories of therapeutic change, and theories of clinical inference. In this article, the role of knowledge structures (including schemata), processing heuristics, biases, and products are explored with particular emphasis on their potential role in the clinical change process. Therapies which are explicitly metacognitive in nature are seen as frequently, but not invariably, most closely approximating the active intervention components most likely to produce alterations in important mechanisms mediating change. Suggestions for refinements in both clinical practice and clinical research are offered.
Context based object categorization: A critical survey

The goal of object categorization is to locate and identify instances of an object category within an image. Recognizing an object in an image is difficult when images include occlusion, poor quality, noise or background clutter, and this task becomes even more challenging when many objects are present in the same scene. Several models for object categorization use appearance and context information from objects to improve recognition accuracy. Appearance information, based on visual cues, can successfully identify object classes up to a certain extent. Context information, based on the interaction among objects in the scene or global scene statistics, can help successfully disambiguate appearance inputs in recognition tasks. In this work we address the problem of incorporating different types of contextual information for robust object categorization in computer vision. We review different ways of using contextual information in the field of object categorization, considering the most common levels of extraction of context and the different levels of contextual interactions. We also examine common machine learning models that integrate context information into object recognition frameworks and discuss scalability, optimizations and possible future approaches.
Structured matrix norms for real and complex block-structured uncertainty

Abstract New upper bounds for robust stability are developed for block-structured real and complex uncertainty involving arbitrary spatial norms. Specifically, norm-bounded, block-structured uncertainty is considered wherein the defining norm is not necessarily the maximum singular value. In the case where the defining norm on the uncertainty characterization is set equal to the spectral norm, the resulting upper bounds generalize upper bounds for mixed-μ by permitting the treatment of nondiagonal real uncertain blocks as well as accounting for internal matrix structure in the uncertainty. The overall framework provides for a considerably simplified proof of the standard mixed-μ bound.
Advanced Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Guide for the Primary Care Physician

Primary care physicians care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who are receiving advanced therapies that include immunomodulator drugs (eg, azathioprine and methotrexate) and biologic therapy. These agents have significantly improved remission rates and the quality of life for patients suffering from IBD. However, patients taking these drugs need special care and counseling with regard to adverse effects, infection risk, cancer risk, and pregnancy. Newer treatment paradigms incorporate earlier use of biologic therapy, often in combination with immunomodulator drugs, to alter the natural course of the disease. Comprehensive care for these patients, including health maintenance, requires collaboration between primary care physicians and gastroenterologists. Despite their high cost, advanced therapies are likely to be cost-effective. This article discusses general concepts about azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and common biologic drugs used in IBD.
Simulation of SOI devices and circuits using BSIM3SOI

A versatile SOI model derived from the BSIM3v3 bulk MOSFET model is capable of simulating partially and fully depleted devices with options for self-heating and floating body effects. The model can automatically switch between fully and partially depleted regimes. After refining body current models we for the first time present successful dc and transient device and circuit simulation of an SOI MOSFET technology with L/sub eff/ below 0.2 /spl mu/m.
Determining protein structure using the distance geometry program APA

APA is a computer program, written in C, designed to determine the three-dimensional structure of proteins using distance geometry. We present the sampling and convergence properties of APA, as tested on bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). The results confirm the program’s earlier success with poly-L-alanine, albeit with some complications. The correct overall orientation of the BPTI conformation is achieved at an early stage in the algorithm. The correct orientations of the a-carbons are obtained by local reflections, instead of a penalty term, resulting in a smoother convergence. Finally, a process of choosing dissimilarities from two reduced data sets resulted in almost all structures converging. In order to compare with Havel’s DG-II distance geometry program, the sampling and convergence properties were tested on Havel’s 10 data sets. These simulated data sets were generated from the BPTI crystal and kindly provided by Tim Havel. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mobile Echogenicities on Scrotal Sonography Is the Finding Associated With Vasectomy

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether mobile echogenicities seen in the epididymis on scrotal sonography are associated with prior vasectomy. METHODS We prospectively obtained a sonographic video clip of each epididymal body in outpatients sent for scrotal sonography. The presence of punctate mobile echogenicities in the epididymal body was noted, and the indication for the sonogram, patient age, and history of vasectomy were recorded. This study was compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and was approved by the Institutional Review Board. RESULTS Of 345 patients (mean age, 44.9 years), 56 (16.2%) had undergone vasectomy and 289 had not. Mobile echogenicities were found in 8 patients, 7 of whom were postvasectomy. The rates of mobile echogenicities appearing were 12.5% (7 of 56) in the vasectomy group and 0.3% (1 of 289) in the nonvasectomy group (P < .0001, Fisher exact test). Epididymal cysts were seen in 184 of 345 patients (53.3%). There was no significant difference in the presence of epididymal cysts in the patients who had undergone vasectomy compared to those who had not (P = .34), including 30 of 56 postvasectomy patients (53.6%) and 154 of 289 patients without vasectomy (53.3%). Pain was reported by 177 patients (51.3%), including 34 of 56 (60.7%) in the postvasectomy group and 143 of 289 (49.5%) without vasectomy. The presence of pain was similar in both groups (P = .15). CONCLUSIONS The presence of mobile echogenicities in the epididymis is almost always a postvasectomy finding and occurs in approximately 12.5% of such patients. There is no significant difference in the rate of epididymal cysts or pain after vasectomy compared to those who have not had vasectomies.
Making Clinical Research a Reality

An approach to foster research by individual physical therapists in a specific clinical setting is presented. The issues surrounding the establishment of a mechanism for the conduct of clinical research are discussed and a process for establishing the support system is described.
Complex Absorbing Potential Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Method Yields Smooth and Internally Consistent Potential Energy Surfaces and Lifetimes for Molecular Resonances.

The recently developed equation-of-motion electron-attachment coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-EA-CCSD) method augmented by a complex absorbing potential (CAP) is applied to the 2Πg resonance of N2– and the 2Σu+ resonance of H2– at various internuclear distances. The results illustrate the advantages of EOM-CC for treating resonance states over state-specific approaches. CAP-EOM-EA-CCSD produces smoothly varying potential energy curves and lifetimes for both Σ and Π resonances. The computed lifetimes and energy differences between the neutral and electron-attached states are internally consistent, that is, the resonance width becomes zero at the same internuclear distance where the energy of the electron-attached state drops below that of the neutral state. Such smooth and internally consistent behavior is only achieved when the perturbation due to the CAP is removed using the first-order deperturbative correction that we introduced earlier; the evaluation of resonance positions and widths from ra...
Memory System Connectivity Exploration

In programmable embedded systems, the memory subsystem represents a major cost, performance and power bottleneck. To optimize the system for such different goals, the designer would like to perform Design Space Exploration, evaluating different memory modules from a memory IP library, and selecting the most promising designs. However while the memory modules are important, the rate at which the memory system can produce the data for the CPU is significantly impacted by the connectivity architecture between the memory subsystem and the CPU. Thus, it is critical go consider the connectivity architecture early in the design flow, in conjunction with the memory architecture. We present a connectivity architecture exploration approach, evaluating a wide range of cost, performance, and energy connectivity architectures. When coupled with our memory modules exploration approach, we can significantly improve the system behavior We present experiments on a set of large real-life benchmarks, showing significant performance improvements for varied cost and power characteristics, allowing the designer to tailor the performance, cost and power of the programmable embedded system.
Characterizing instability of aeolian environments using analytical reasoning

This short communication describes the development and application of analytical reasoning to quantify instability of an aeolian environment using scale-dependent information coupled with conceptual knowledge of process and feedback mechanisms. Specifically, a simple Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) for aeolian landscape instability was developed that represents conceptual knowledge of key biophysical processes and feedbacks. Model inputs include satellite-derived surface biophysical and geomorphometric parameters. FCMs are a knowledge-based artificial intelligence (AI) technique that merges fuzzy logic and neural computing in which knowledge or concepts are structured as a web of relationships that is similar to both human reasoning and the human decision-making process. Given simple process–form relationships, the analytical reasoning model is able to map the influence of land management practices and the geomorphology of the inherited surface on aeolian instability within the South Texas Sand Sheet. Results suggest that FCMs can be used to formalize process–form relationships and information integration analogous to human cognition with future iterations accounting for the spatial interactions and temporal lags across the sand sheets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is stalking a learned phenomenon? An empirical test of social learning theory

Abstract Purpose We examine the extent to which components of social learning theory (i.e., definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling) predict stalking victimization and perpetration using survey data from a large sample of college students. Methods Among a sample of 2,766 college students, logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the relationships between social learning theory and stalking perpetration and victimization. Results Results suggest that victimization and perpetration are functions of social learning. The findings also indicated that females were significantly more likely to be both stalking victims and perpetrators. Conclusions Regarding stalking perpetration and victimization, our results suggest that there may be responses, attitudes, and behaviors that are learned, modified, or reinforced primarily through interaction with peers. Overall, social learning theory concepts appear to be important predictors of stalking perpetration and victimization that help to develop theoretical explanations for stalking.
Objective analysis of stallion sperm motility.

Abstract An image-analysis system utilizing a microcomputer and CellSoft computer-assisted semen analysis software package was evaluated to assess stallion sperm motility characteristics. Analyses were performed at 37°C on a 6 μl drop of diluted semen placed on a glass slide and covered with an 18 mm2 coverslip. Four groups of 25 cells each per slide, four slides per ejaculate and four ejaculates from each of three stallions were analyzed in a nested model. The percentage of motile sperm cells, mean velocity (μm/sec), mean linearity, and mean angular head displacement (μm) were measured. Statistical analysis of variance components showed that within ejaculates, more variation was accounted for in the differences among groups of 25 cells than among slides. Predicted standard deviations calculated for combinations of slides and groups of cells showed that a combination of two slides from which a total of 400 cells were analyzed resulted in a mean intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 5.7% for the four measured variables. The following are individual coefficients of variation: percentage of motile cells (7.8%), mean velocity (6.4%), mean linearity (1.9%) and mean angular head displacement (6.6%). When ejaculate differences were included in the model and predicted standard deviations were calculated for a single ejaculate, the mean inter-assay CV was 9.2%. Mean velocity (6.4%) and mean linearity (4.7%) were more repeatable among ejaculates than either the percentage of motile sperm (14.4%) or angular head displacement (11.2%). It was concluded that this system is precise enough to determine differences in motility characteristics of stallion semen samples.
Olfaction in Drosophila

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is equipped with a sophisticated olfactory sensory system that permits it to recognize and discriminate hundreds of discrete odorants. The perception of these odorants is essential for the animal to identify relevant food sources and suitable sites for egg-laying. Advances in the last year have begun to define the molecular basis of this insect’s discriminatory power. The identification of a large multi-gene family of candidate Drosophila odorant receptors suggests that, as in other animals, a multitude of distinct odorants is recognized by a diversity of ligand-binding receptors. How olfactory signals are transduced and interpreted by the brain remains an important question for future analysis. The availability of genetic tools and a complete genome sequence makes Drosophila a particularly attractive organism for studying the molecular basis of olfaction.
Fertility of Diluted Bull Semen Containing 100 Micro-Grams of Streptomycin Per Milliliter

Summary Streptomycin sulfate in the amount of 100 γ per milliliter was added to diluted bull semen used in the routine operation of an artificial breeding establishment on a split sample control basis for a period of 4 mo. A total of 2,340 cows was inseminated with the control semen, and 2,379 cows with semen containing streptomycin. Over-all results showed a 61.1N. R. per cent for the control group as compared to 69.8N. R. per cent for the streptomycin-treated group. The increase of 8.7N. R. per cent was found to be highly significant. An inverse linear relationship between response and the initial level of fertility was noted even though most bulls of "so-called" high efficiency responded in some degree to treatment.
Diffraction of electromagnetic waves by periodic arrays of rectangular cylinders

Reflection, transmission, and absorption of electromagnetic waves by periodic arrays of conducting or dielectric rectangular cylinders are studied by a finite-difference time-domain technique. Truncated gratings made of lossless and lossy conducting and dielectric elements are considered. Results for surface current density, transmission, and reflection coefficients are calculated and compared with corresponding results in the literature, which are obtained by approximate or rigorous methods applicable only to idealized infinite models. An excellent agreement is observed in all cases, which demonstrates the accuracy and efficacy of our proposed analysis technique. Additionally, this numerical method easily analyzes practical gratings that contain a finite number of elements made of lossless, lossy, or even inhomogeneous materials. The results rapidly approach those for the idealized infinite arrays as the number of elements is increased. The method can also solve nested gratings, stacked gratings, and holographic gratings with little analytical or computational effort.
T Tauri stars: from mystery to magnetospheric accretion

This is a selective historical overview of the progess in understanding T Tauri spectra. Originally they were understood to be very young, but the physical conditions (or even geometry) of the material on the star and in its surroundings were mysterious. The origin and meaning of the emission lines was largely unknown. Today we have a detailed consensus of what is happening near and on these newly forming stars. They are very magnetically active, and the stellar field is strong and extensive enough to control both the final accretion onto the star and the launching of outflows which solve the angular momentum problem during formation. Much of this consensus has emerged from spectral information, but much remains to be learned. I highlight some of the seminal breakthroughs that have led to the current picture. There are very complex and time-variable components to the entire physical system that constitutes a T Tauri star, and spectral information at various wavelengths and resolutions is crucial to making further progress.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Two‐Dimensional Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model Using Analysis of Variance

This article demonstrates application of sensitivity analysis to risk assessment models with two-dimensional probabilistic frameworks that distinguish between variability and uncertainty. A microbial food safety process risk (MFSPR) model is used as a test bed. The process of identifying key controllable inputs and key sources of uncertainty using sensitivity analysis is challenged by typical characteristics of MFSPR models such as nonlinearity, thresholds, interactions, and categorical inputs. Among many available sensitivity analysis methods, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is evaluated in comparison to commonly used methods based on correlation coefficients. In a two-dimensional risk model, the identification of key controllable inputs that can be prioritized with respect to risk management is confounded by uncertainty. However, as shown here, ANOVA provided robust insights regarding controllable inputs most likely to lead to effective risk reduction despite uncertainty. ANOVA appropriately selected the top six important inputs, while correlation-based methods provided misleading insights. Bootstrap simulation is used to quantify uncertainty in ranks of inputs due to sampling error. For the selected sample size, differences in F values of 60% or more were associated with clear differences in rank order between inputs. Sensitivity analysis results identified inputs related to the storage of ground beef servings at home as the most important. Risk management recommendations are suggested in the form of a consumer advisory for better handling and storage practices.
Online Shopping as Foraging: The Effects of Increasing Delays on Purchasing and Patch Residence

This paper extends the Behavioral Ecology of Consumption, a foraging theory model of human decision-making in an online environment, in a replication and extension of previous online foraging research. Participants shopped for music CDs in a simulated internet mall featuring five virtual music stores with delay to in-stock feedback of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 seconds. Preference was measured as the proportion of total purchases and shopping time allocated to each store. Consistent with previous research, a hyperbolic decay function provided the best fit to the data. The results further the consumer foraging model and bolster existing evidence of the generality of hyperbolic discounting and matching in human decision-making.
Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior

Circadian (daily) rhythms are present in almost all plants and animals. In mammals, a brain clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus maintains synchrony between environmental light/dark cycles and physiology and behavior. Over the past 100 y, especially with the advent of electric lighting, modern society has resulted in a round-the-clock lifestyle, in which natural connections between rest/activity cycles and environmental light/dark cycles have been degraded or even broken. Instances in which rapid changes to sleep patterns are necessary, such as transmeridian air travel, demonstrate negative effects of acute circadian disruption on physiology and behavior. However, the ramifications of chronic disruption of the circadian clock for mental and physical health are not yet fully understood. By housing mice in 20-h light/dark cycles, incongruous with their endogenous ∼24-h circadian period, we were able to model the effects of chronic circadian disruption noninvasively. Housing in these conditions results in accelerated weight gain and obesity, as well as changes in metabolic hormones. In the brain, circadian-disrupted mice exhibit a loss of dendritic length and decreased complexity of neurons in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex, a brain region important in executive function and emotional control. Disrupted animals show decreases in cognitive flexibility and changes in emotionality consistent with the changes seen in neural architecture. How our findings translate to humans living and working in chronic circadian disruption is unknown, but we believe that this model can provide a foundation to understand how environmental disruption of circadian rhythms impacts the brain, behavior, and physiology.
Walter White and Passing

Walter White, the blond, blue-eyed Atlantan, was a voluntary Negro, that is, an African American who appears to be White but chooses to live in the Black world and identify with its experiences. He joined the NAACP national leadership in 1918 as assistant secretary and became secretary in 1931, serving at this post until his death in 1955. His tenure was marked by an effective public antilynching campaign and organizational stability and growth during the Depression years and by controversy over his leadership style. For him, posing as a Caucasian—and then telling all who would listen about his escapades—had three interrelated purposes. First, he developed inside information about mob psychology and mob violence, publicity of which was critical to the NAACP's campaign against lynching. Second, White hoped to show Whites in particular the fallacy of racial stereotyping and racial categorization. Third, by emphasizing the dangers he courted—and even embellishing on them—he enhanced his racial bona fides at key times when his Black critics called into question his leadership.
Genetic Variation in Neonate Behavior of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Bioassays were developed to test plant selection of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)) host strains to corn (Zea mays L.) and stargrass, a forage grass closely related to bermudagrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis). Neonate larvae from 3 corn strain and 3 rice strain colonies preferentially selected corn over stargrass in petri dish choice tests. However, bioassays of whole plants and whole plant volatiles showed that selection of a particular host was not clear and there were no significant differences in plant choice. Two additional bioassays were conducted to determine if larvae would continue to disperse once they came in contact with a plant source. One colony was always biased towards corn regardless of which plant was encountered first. For 4 colonies, the attraction to corn was reduced such that when stargrass was first contacted, equal or greater numbers of larvae stayed and did not migrate to corn. Finally, the attraction to corn was lowest in 1 colony...
Amiloride: the “new” renal tonic?

sodium reabsorption in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron is mediated by the amiloride-sensitive, epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), which are expressed in the apical (luminal) membranes. The regulated reabsorption of sodium at these nephron sites plays a key role in the regulation of
Charlesgate: Palimpsest of Urban Planning

Between Boston's Back Bay and Kenmore neighborhoods, a small park branched off from the Charles River. This park, once a salty bog, was transformed into a tranquil urban oasis: Charlesgate Park. Today it is again a wasteland, albeit one capped by a highway overpass.
Sublethal Effects of Parathion, Methyl Parathion, or Formulated Methoprene Fed to Colonies of Honey Bees

Small colonies of honey bees in outdoor flight cages were fed insecticide treated syrup and water for 31 days. Consumption and utilization of food and production of sugar honey, wax, and bees were measured. Even at 1000 ppm, methoprene gave no observed hormonal effects, but one formulation (AltosidR5E) eliminated brood production. Although adult kill was not significant, bees had less sealed brood when they were given methyl parathion at 0.02 ppm or parathion at 0.1 ppm. Methyl parathion at 0.2 ppm reduced survival of adults and accumulation of sugar honey. Parathion at one ppm reduced the populations of all stages and accumulation of sugar honey. The results suggest that methoprene is relatively safe for honey bees and that parathion and methyl parathion have deleterious sublethal effects.
Recognizing and managing errors of cognitive underspecification.

OBJECTIVES James Reason describes cognitive underspecification as incomplete communication that creates a knowledge gap. Errors occur when an information mismatch occurs in bridging that gap with a resulting lack of shared mental models during the communication process. There is a paucity of studies in health care examining this cognitive error and the role it plays in patient harm. The goal of the following case analyses is to facilitate accurate recognition, identify how it contributes to patient harm, and suggest appropriate management strategies. METHODS Reason's human error theory is applied in case analyses of errors of cognitive underspecification. Sidney Dekker's theory of human incident investigation is applied to event investigation to facilitate identification of this little recognized error. RESULTS Contributory factors leading to errors of cognitive underspecification include workload demands, interruptions, inexperienced practitioners, and lack of a shared mental model. Detecting errors of cognitive underspecification relies on blame-free listening and timely incident investigation. Strategies for interception include two-way interactive communication, standardization of communication processes, and technological support to ensure timely access to documented clinical information. Although errors of cognitive underspecification arise at the sharp end with the care provider, effective management is dependent upon system redesign that mitigates the latent contributory factors. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive underspecification is ubiquitous whenever communication occurs. Accurate identification is essential if effective system redesign is to occur.
Implicit theories of criminal responsibility: Decision making and the insanity defense.

Three questions relevant to insanity decisions were examined: (a) What informational cues are weighed most heavily in the attribution of criminal responsibility? (b) How do verdict forms influence these attributions? And (c) How do individuals' beliefs about insanity and responsibility influence decision making? Undergraduate subjects (n=181) responded to vignettes portraying an act by a mentally disordered defendant. Psychiatric jargon was avoided, so that attributions were not a function of diagnostic terminology. It was found that, under the traditional scheme of not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) vs. guilty, level of mental disorder (schizophrenia vs. personality disorder) was the primary determinant of insanity decisions. Also, insanity judgments were more likely to be made for acts performed without planful intentionality. Under the alternative scheme of NGRI vs. guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) vs. guilty, mental disorder still controlled NGRI verdicts; a bizarre act increased the likelihood of a GBMI over a guilty verdict; and the GBMI verdict option reduced markedly the proportion of psychotic defendants found NGRI and the proportion of personality disordered defendants found guilty. There were no significant differences between diagnostic groups in the likelihood of being found GBMI. Most subjects preferred to utilize the GBMI option as a compromise verdict even in the face of very severe mental illness. Attitudinal data revealed considerable variation in agreement with the classic moral logic of the insanity defense and accounted for a significant amount of the variance in insanity decisions. The implications for both social policy and future research are discussed.
Growth in Hyperactive Children Treated With Stimulant Medication

Attention deficit disorder (ADD) is a common diagnosis in the United States. Many children are treated with stimulant medications to improve symptoms; however, there have been concerns that use of these medications leads to poor growth. The purpose of this article is to review the diagnostic criteri