cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Suburban Densities: History and Theory

A paradigmatic developing suburb, Acton, Massachusetts, was zoned in 1955 to produce a community of 45,000 people. In 2010, Acton had about 23,000 people and is unlikely to grow much more. I develop a simple model in the Tiebout (1956) tradition to explain why Boston's suburbs, and by extension, most suburbs, have adopted land-use regulations that are arguably too restrictive. The baseline model is that of a single developer who owns all the land in a community and commits herself to a master plan. Private covenants assure that the community will be fully developed, and competition among community developers creates at least locally optimal densities. This outcome is contrasted with a model in which undeveloped land is owned by many developers, who must coordinate their land-use decisions by way of public zoning. Their initial zoning plan is disciplined by the wariness of prospective homebuyers, who decline to buy homes in towns without zoning. New homeowners, however, realize that developer control of zoning could lead to changes that will result in excessive density. As enough of them arrive, they take over the reins of zoning to avoid overdevelopment. In a stable housing market, I show that a system by which all homeowners pay for community services by property taxes plus exactions or impact fees for later, higher-cost development leads to the same optimal outcome as a private developer. Finally, I argue that an exogenous shift in housing demand, such as that caused by unexpected inflation in the 1970s, and the (perhaps endogenous) adoption of extra-municipal regulations, is apt to cause all zoned communities to adopt additional restrictions. These can be modeled as if the town acquired a monopoly on development rights because other towns simultaneously limit growth. Acton and all of Boston's suburbs and those of other high-productivity metropolitan areas end up with populations that are arguably too small and housing prices that are too high.
Effects of a small dam on freshwater mussel growth in an Alabama (U.S.A.) stream

1. Dams, ubiquitous features in many lotic ecosystems, are believed to have many broad-ranging and predominantly negative effects on stream biota. Whereas the impacts of larger dams are well studied, few studies have quantified effects of small dams on streams. 2. Recent surveys found numerous locations where mussels were abundant and larger in reaches immediately downstream from small dams. We examined mussel shell growth and resource conditions in Sandy Creek, a small (third-order) tributary of the Tallapoosa River in east-central Alabama (U.S.A.), to determine whether larger populations and individuals result from more rapid growth or longer lifespans of mussels downstream from the dam. 3. Growth rates for populations occurring immediately downstream from the dam (mill reach), c. 5 km downstream from the dam (downstream reach) and upstream from the impoundment (upstream reach) were compared with environmental conditions (seasonal measures of nutrient concentrations and water chemistry) and food availability [total suspended solids (TSS)]. Water temperature was continuously monitored using data loggers. 4. Analysis of length-at-age data using multiple growth models found that mill reach mussels grew faster than both up- and downstream populations. This dam appears to substantially increase water temperatures and may extend the shell growth period in the mill reach. TSS quantity varied seasonally between sites but was generally highest in the impoundment and mill reach during spring and autumn. TSS quality was highest in the upstream reach from spring through autumn but was highest in the impoundment and mill reach during winter. 5. Our data suggest that some small impoundments enhance conditions for freshwater mussel growth in downstream reaches. However, we do not know how far downstream this subsidy extends or how different species respond to mill dam augmentation. Regardless, mounting evidence suggests that this phenomenon is geographically and taxonomically widespread in eastern North America. Heretofore, undocumented positive effects of small dams suggest that some older dams may warrant protection or restoration if downstream reaches support imperilled mussel populations. Further, some small dams may prove useful conservation tools for natural resource managers attempting to identify sites for mussel culture facilities or translocation refugia.
Self-reported Current or Prior Periodontal Disease Performs Moderately Well in Characterizing Periodontitis Status in Postmenopausal Women Who Receive Regular Dental Checkups.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Accuracy of self-reported periodontal disease in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Lamonte MJ, Hovey KM, Millen AE, Genco RJ, Wactawski-Wende J. J Periodontol 2014; 85(8):1006-18. Reviewer Paul I. Eke, PhD, MPH, PhD Purpose/Question The study examines the accuracy of self-reported periodontal disease in a cohort of post-menopausal women. Source of Funding Federal Government: NHLBI contract N01WH32122, NIDCR DE 13505 and DE04898, and US Army Reserve Medical Corps Grant DAMD17-96-1-6319. Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Human Geography and the “New Ecology”: The Prospect and Promise of Integration

Abstract The “new ecology” underscores the role of nonequilibrium conditions in biophysical environments, a reorientation of biological ecology based in part on biogeography. This paper describes the contributions of the “new ecology” and examines their implications for the analysis of biophysical environments in human geography, the most notable of which is a reformulation of certain key ecological postulates (generalized carrying capacity, area-biodiversity postulate, biodiversity-stability postulate). The irony of these reformulations is that our advanced understandings of biophysical environments come at the expense of the perceived certainty of prediction and possible justification for human-induced environmental degradation. These difficulties are not insuperable, however, as is readily demonstrated by the applications of the “new ecology” in landscape ecology and agroecology. Their example may prove instructive as geographers integrate the “new ecology's” perspectives on biophysical environments an...
Effect of Production Process Parameters on Manufacture and Properties of Porous Ceramic Based on Al 2 O 3

Al2O3 based porous ceramic (APC) is prepared successfully by a polymer sponge replica method.1 The main raw material used is white fuzed corundum powder. The effect of zirconium dioxide content (0 – 12 wt.%), sintering temperature (1450 – 1550°C), and holding duration (2 – 6 h) on APC phase composition, macrostructure, microstructure, and properties after sintering, ultimate strength in compression and thermal shock resistance, are studied. Porous ceramic based on Al2O3, exhibiting an ultrafine microstructure, may be prepared by adding ZrO2. It has been detected that APC properties depend to a considerable extent on production process parameters. APC exhibiting considerable porosity (88.9%), good ultimate strength in compression (0.52 MPa), and good thermal shock resistance (19 thermal cycles) may be obtained by firing a specimen containing 8 wt.% ZrO2 at 1500°C and holding for 2 h.
Mutagenicity of some monoaromatic hydroxamic acids

Abstract The mutagenicity of some monoaromatic hydroxamic acids was tested in the presence and absence of rat liver S-9 with Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100. Of the five A'-(chlorophenyl)-substituted hydroxamic acids and seven N-arylformohydroxamic acids tested, 2 of the first and 4 of the latter series were mutagenic to both strains upon metabolic activation. None of the four N-acetyl-type hydroxamic acids was mutagenic to either strain, even upon activation. Because some of the N-acetyl-derived hydroxamic acids were inactive, whereas the same aromatic nucleus possessing a formyl group displayed significant activity, a consideration of the nature of the aryl group in hydroxamic acid mutagenicity is important.
Optimal and adaptive battery discharge strategies for Cyber-Physical Systems

We introduce a dynamic battery model that describes the variations of the capacity of a battery under time varying discharge current. This model is input-output equivalent to the Rakhmatov-Vrudhula-Wallach (RVW) model that has been verified by experimental data. Our model allows battery capacity prediction for feedback control laws and online scheduling algorithms that are building blocks for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) theory. We design optimal and adaptive discharge profile for a square wave impulsive current to achieve maximum battery life. Simulation results are provided to compare battery life for different discharge profiles.
Academic and Professional Programs in Agribusiness

Concern for serving the agribusiness sector of agriculture has been of increasing interest for agricultural economics professionals in recent years. Many departments of agricultural economics have added specific programs with agribusiness emphasis, and others have incorporated agribusiness into the name of the department. The MBA programs in agribusiness at Santa Clara and Harvard Universities and
Rapid assay for amidohydrolase (urease) activity in environmental samples

The use of microplate technology for enzyme assays has made it economical to measure a wide range of activities in environmental samples. Urease is one of the most widely measured soil enzyme activities, but current methods are cumbersome. We have developed a rapid, safe and sensitive assay that can be performed on microplates.
To Study, Perchance To Treat

Health and disease represent complicated interactions between genetics, environmental exposures, behavioral patterns, and the social organization for the diagnosis and delivery of medical care. Man...
Adenylate cyclase assay with adenylyl imidodiphosphate and product detection by competitive protein binding.

Abstract An assay for adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) is described using adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as substrate. Methods are described for introducing the cyclase reaction mixture directly into a protein binding assay for the cyclic nucleotide without purification of cyclic AMP. Significant substrate depletion and regenerating systems are avoided by this method, and blank values are negligible. The assay is capable of reproducibly detecting adenylate cyclase activity with less than 5 μg of protein from rat cerebral cortex.
Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Estimation of Arbitrary Signals Distorted by Nonlinear Devices

This paper presents a new method for estimating the total carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) of an arbitrary signal distorted by a nonlinear device. Using a kernel function derived from swept power two-tone intermodulation distortion (IMD) measurements, the CIR versus input power of a nonlinear device may be determined for any arbitrary input signal. Only a knowledge of the input signal peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) distribution is required. Simulation results are compared to measured results of output signal CIR of a nonlinear amplifier fed by a CDMA signal over a range of power levels. Better than 1 dB agreement was achieved over a 14 dB range of input power.
Optical finite impulse response neural networks

The finite impulse response neural network is described in detail. Different algorithms capable of temporal back-propagation are considered, including a novel modification to the conventional algorithm, called the delayed-feedback back-propagation algorithm. We present and analyze different optoelectronic processors making use of adaptive volume holograms and three-dimensional optical processing. Two single-layer architectures are presented: the input delay plane architecture and the output delay plane architecture. By combining them it is possible to implement both forward and backward propagation in two multi-layer architectures: the first making use of the conventional temporal back-propagation and the second making use of delayed-feedback back-propagation.
Myocardial mitochondrial calcium accumulation modulates nuclear calcium accumulation and DNA fragmentation

Background. Previously, we have shown that normothermic global ischemia increases cytosolic calcium accumulation in both the mature and aged heart. Increased nuclear and mitochondrial calcium accumulation was shown to occur in the aged but not the mature heart, and these age-related differences were associated with increased DNA fragmentation and decreased cellular viability only in the aged heart. Methods. To investigate the relationship between increased mitochondrial and nuclear calcium and DNA fragmentation, mature and aged rabbit hearts were subjected to normothermic global ischemia with and without the addition of ruthenium red to block mitochondrial calcium influx. Cytosolic calcium accumulation was measured in a parallel experiment using fura-2. Results. Ruthenium red ameliorated mitochondrial calcium accumulation and was associated with both decreased DNA fragmentation and decreased nuclear calcium accumulation. Conclusions. Nuclear calcium accumulation was correlated with increased mitochondrial calcium accumulation but not increased cytosolic calcium accumulation in the aged heart. Modulation of mitochondrion "futile calcium cycling" may be of significance in the modulation of ischemic myocardial injury.
Development of stratification in a cylindrical enclosure

Abstract This paper describes temperature measurements and flow visualization in a piston-cylinder enclosure where a temperature difference is suddenly established between the enclosure and the gas contained in it. The data provides experimental support for the existence of internal waves and reveals several time constants that characterize the process.
Quantum requirements for proton uptake in spinach chloroplasts

Abstract Studies of electron and proton transport in chloroplast preparations (Type D) from spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) yield three basic results. First, in electron transport catalyzed by methyl viologen from water to oxygen at pH 7.6, the quantum requirement for electron transport ( hv e − ) was 2.2, while the corresponding requirement for proton transport ( h v H + ) was 1.2. Second, the electron and proton quantum requirements were relatively independent of the individual chloroplast preparation or certain components of the resuspension medium, but did depend upon the reaction medium's initial pH. Third, measurable electron and proton transport did not occur under 715-nm illumination, nor did such activities occur in the presence of DCMU under 645-nm illumination when methyl viologen was used as the electron transport cofactor. These experimental results reconcile the quantum requirement of proton transport with Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory for chloroplast energy transduction and resolve a long standing controversy regarding the quantum requirement in chloroplast thylakoids.
Kinetics and energetics of oxygen adsorption on Pt(111) and Pt(112)- A comparison of flat and stepped surfaces

A comparative study of oxygen adsorption on Pt(111) and Pt(112) has been performed using temperature programmed desorption, isothermal desorption, Auger spectroscopy, LEED and isotopic measurements. On Pt(112) three molecular adsorption states (α1, α2, α3) and two atomic adsorption states (β1, β2) have been found. The β2-state exhibits repulsive lateral interaction whereas the β1-state shows attractive interaction. The adsorption kinetics at Tad = 87 K involves a precursor state. For Pt(112) at 87 K, the sticking coefficient is 0.97 at zero coverage and remains constant in the low coverage regime. On Pt(111) at 87 K, the sticking coeffient increases with increasing oxygen coverage at low coverage, with s0 = 0.29. This suggests that empty Pt sites near an O2-covered Pt site experience an enhanced reactivity with O2. Tad = 300 K the adsorption kinetics are governed by direct dissociative adsorption with an activation barrier of ≈2 kal/mol on Pt(111), yielding an initial sticking probability of 0.05, whereas a complicated adsorption behavior is obtained for Pt(112) with s0 = 0.53. The conversion of molecular oxygen into atomic oxygen is discussed as well as the influence of subsurface oxygen and “clean-off” effects on the adsorption kinetics.
Elastically supported cantilever beam subjected to nonstationary seismic excitation

The dynamic behaviour of bridge piers under seismic load is studied here in the context of random vibration. The earthquake excitation is modelled as white noise filtered by the Clough–Penzien filter in cascade with modulation accounting for intensity non-stationarity. The bridge pier modelled as an elastically supported cantilever beam witha lumped mass at the top. An analytical solution is presented for the response statistics, which may be used to develop probabilistic seismic response spectra for design. It is found that the first two modes of the pier approach to rigid-body motion when the stiffness of the elastic support decreases. Seismic responses increase with the top mass, resultingin significantly high displacement and shear but negligible moment at the top, and higher shear and moment at thebase. Lower stiffness of the elastic support increases the pier top displacement and moment responses, but may increase or reduce shear responses. The probabilistic spectrum of the relative displacement between the bridge superstructure and the pier top may depend on the two systems’ relative modal properties. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric synthesis of syn-(2R,3S)-and anti-(2S,3S)-ethyl diamino-3-phenylpropanoates from N-(benzylidene)-p-toluenesulfinamide and glycine enolates.

Addition of differentially N-protected glycine enolates to enantiopure sulfinimines affords syn- and anti-α,β-diamino esters with high diastereoselectivities and good yields.
A two-dimensional decision algorithm for real-time tool monitoring

A real-time drill monitoring algorithm is proposed, based on tool life and thrust models and real-time thrust measurements. The algorithm tracks the drilling process in two dimensions; drilling time and drilling thrust. A statistical approach was developed to consider the variation (both noise and signal) present in the thrust measurements. The algorithm developed is based on an extensive drilling experiment involving carbon steel and four independent variables; cutting speed ranging from 32 to 65 sfpm (162 to 330 mms-1), feed ranging from 00025 to 0015 ipr (00635 to 0-381 mm), drill diameter ranging from 0-2969 to 0-5781 inch (754 to 14-68 mm), and steel hardness ranging from 146 to 330BHN. A central composite designed experiment with 30 treatment combinations was used. The algorithm is demonstrated using data that were collected during the experiment.
Enumerating symmetric directed convex polyominoes

It is shown, both analytically and bijectively, that the number of symmetric directed convex polyominoes with semiperimeter 2n + 2 is equal to the central binomial coe0cient ( 2n n ).
Acclimation to successive short term salinity changes by the bivalve Modiolus demissus. II. Nitrogen metabolism

The bivalve Modiolus demissus acclimates rapidly to new salinity regimes when exposed to successive short term osmotic stress. During exposure to hypoosmotic stress ventricular primary amine concentration decreases to an apparent steady-state level within six hours, while hemolymph primary amine concentration increases. Upon re-exposure to 100% sea water following a 6-hour hypoosmotic stress, intracellular primary amines increase rapidly and return to control levels after six hours of exposure. Concomitant with this is an apparent decrease in hemolymph primary amine concentration. The rapidity with which reacclimation to hyperosmotic media proceeds and the pattern of change of individual amino acids suggests that transport of hemolymph FAA may play an important role in cell volume regulation induced by increases in external salinity.
Reconciling Individual and Aggregate Evidence Concerning Partisan Stability: Applying Time‐Series Models to Panel Survey Data

Party identification has been studied extensively using both individual- and aggregate level data. This paper attempts to formulate a statistical model that can account for the range of empirical generalizations that have emerged from aggregate time series and panel surveys. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we show that only certain types of data generation processes can account for these empirical regularities. Deciding which of the remaining types best explains the data means investigating the ways in which individual level partisanship behaves over time. Partisanship at the aggregate level tends to be highly autocorrelated, reequilibrating slowly in the wake of each perturbation. Working downward from the analysis of aggregate data, previous researchers argued that aggregate parti sanship is fractionally integrated and contended that dynamics at the individual level are therefore heterogeneous. Using data from three panel surveys, we present the first direct assessment of individual-level dynamics. We also investigate the hypothesis that these dynamics vary among individuals, a claim that motivates much recent work on fraction ally integrated time series. The model that best explains the observed characteristics of party identification is one in which individuals respond in similar ways to external shocks, reequilibrate rapidly thereafter, and seldom change their equilibrium level of partisan attachment.
Interganglionic regulation of heartbeat in the cockle Clinocardium nuttallii.

Abstract 1. 1. The response of the heart to stimulation of selected nerve pathways and ganglia was studied in the bivalve Clinocardium nuttallii Conrad. 2. 2. Output from the cerebral ganglion chiefly excited the heart, whereas that from the visceroparietal ganglion predominantly inhibited the heart. An inhibitory pathway from the cerebral ganglion and an excitatory pathway from the visceroparietal ganglion were also found. 3. 3. Fibers capable of evoking cardioregulatory activity passed between cerebral and visceroparietal ganglia. These interganglionic pathways were indicated by the fact that stimulating either or both ganglia with the connective between them intact produced excitation and then inhibition. 4. 4. Pathways through both ganglia of a bilateral pair conveyed impulses across the body and produced heart reactions similar to those evoked from a single ganglion of each pair. In addition a nerve pathway between cardioregulatory nerves was found; when all ganglia were excluded and the heart was severed between an auricle and the ventricle, stimulation of the connective on the side of the isolated auricle produced excitation or inhibition of the ventricle. 5. 5. In animals with intact nervous systems, excitation of the heart preceded foot extension, and inhibition of the heart accompanied foot retraction. These and other reactions suggest the extent of co-ordinated involvement of cerebral and visceroparietal ganglia in some aspects of bivalve activity. 6. 6. Possible cardioregulatory nerve pathways are diagrammed.
Pivotal studies of orphan drugs approved for neurological diseases

Since the signing of the Orphan Drug Act in 1983, there have been more than 300 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) market approvals for treatment indications for rare diseases in the United States. The rate of approvals has been increasing despite substantial year-to-year variability (Fig).1 The number of drugs garnering orphan designation status is also on the rise: 608 designations from 2003 to 2007 versus 343 designations from 1998 to 2002.2 Therapies for rare diseases are important to drug development; from 2003 through 2007, 26% of new molecular and biological entities approved by the FDA had an orphan indication.3 The success of the Orphan Drug Act in promoting the development of therapies for rare diseases is widely accepted.4–7 However, the policy has been critiqued for concerns of misuse by drug developers,4,5 providing too few financial incentives,5,6 providing financial incentives unfavorable to society,8 creating an unsustainable market for rare disease drugs,4 and for being resistant to critical evaluation.9 Fig US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) orphan indication approvals, 1983 to 2007. The FDA Office of Orphan Products Development states that “approval of orphan designation does not alter the standard regulatory requirements and process of obtaining marketing approval,” and that “safety and efficacy of a compound must be established through adequate and well-controlled studies.”10 Adequate and well-controlled studies are defined according to Section 314.126 of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 314.126).11 The regulation requires a “design that permits a valid comparison with a control.”11 The control may be a placebo, dose comparison, active treatment, or historically derived. Concurrent controls should be randomized. The Director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the FDA may “waive in whole or in part any of the criteria” regarding adequate and well-controlled studies. However, “uncontrolled studies or partially controlled studies are not acceptable as the sole basis for the approval of claims of effectiveness.” To date, the key characteristics of the clinical trials leading to the FDA approval of drugs with orphan indications have not been described and compared with trials conducted for drugs without orphan indications. The size and phase of clinical trials leading to orphan drug approvals by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) was shown in a 2008 Lancet essay.12 The author, a former member of the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products of EMEA, concluded that European regulators “do the best that they can with the limited information available.”12 Other trial designs have occasionally been used to investigate treatments for small patient populations,4 but the rate of use of these alternative strategies has not been shown. Thus, we set out to determine four key elements of clinical study design (control, blinding, randomization, and size) for the trials used to approve drugs for neurological diseases with and without an orphan indication.
Control for Rate of Seed Development and Seed Yield Potential in Soybean

Selecting for increased weight per seed among male-sterile soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] increased seed weight and seed yield for male-fertile progeny but had minimal effects on seed number per ha. Assimilate availability to the seed during selection was essentially nonlimiting for an extended period, since male-sterile plants have few seeds per plant. For the observed range, seed weight has shown no association with seed yield potential. This study tested two alternate hypotheses to explain the increased seed yield potential: (i) selection identified genotypes with increased seed sink activity per plant or (ii) selection identified genotypes with reduced seed maturation rates
Viscosity of linseed oil as a function of mineral spirits and temperature

The viscosities of raw linseed oil, boiled linseed oil, and combinations of raw or boiled linseed oil with mineral spirits were measured as a function of temperature. In general, the viscosity data for these solutions were found to follow the equation n=BeE/RT, where n is viscosity, B is a constant, E is the activation energy of flow, and T is absolute temperature. The viscosity values interpolated from the regression equations at 25 C, 40 C, and 60 C were analyzed as a function of percent mineral spirits for raw and boiled linseed oils. The results suggest that linseed oilmineral spirits mixtures behave as ideal solutions.
Virtual reality as an adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients.

For daily burn wound care procedures, opioid analgesics alone are often inadequate. Since most burn patients experience severe to excruciating pain during wound care, analgesics that can be used in addition to opioids are needed. This case report provides the first evidence that entering an immersive virtual environment can serve as a powerful adjunctive, nonpharmacologic analgesic. Two patients received virtual reality (VR) to distract them from high levels of pain during wound care. The first was a 16-year-old male with a deep flash burn on his right leg requiring surgery and staple placement. On two occasions, the patient spent some of his wound care in VR, and some playing a video game. On a 100 mm scale, he provided sensory and affective pain ratings, anxiety and subjective estimates of time spent thinking about his pain during the procedure. For the first session of wound care, these scores decreased 80 mm, 80 mm, 58 mm, and 93 mm, respectively, during VR treatment compared with the video game control condition. For the second session involving staple removal, scores also decreased. The second patient was a 17-year-old male with 33.5% total body surface area deep flash burns on his face, neck, back, arms, hands and legs. He had difficulty tolerating wound care pain with traditional opioids alone and showed dramatic drops in pain ratings during VR compared to the video game (e.g. a 47 mm drop in pain intensity during wound care). We contend that VR is a uniquely attention-capturing medium capable of maximizing the amount of attention drawn away from the 'real world', allowing patients to tolerate painful procedures. These preliminary results suggest that immersive VR merits more attention as a potentially viable form of treatment for acute pain.
Phased array systems in silicon

Phased array systems, a special case of MIMO systems, take advantage of spatial directivity and array gain to increase spectral efficiency. Implementing a phased array system at high frequency in a commercial silicon process technology presents several challenges. This article focuses on the architectural and circuit-level trade-offs involved in the design of the first silicon-based fully integrated phased array system operating at 24 GHz. The details of some of the important circuit building blocks are also discussed. The measured results demonstrate the feasibility of using integrated phased arrays for wireless communication and vehicular radar applications at 24 GHz.
Intracerebral involvement in Hodgkin's disease. A report of 6 cases and review of the literature

Intracerebral involvement in Hodgkin's disease is an unusual complication. Only 28 cases have been reported. During the past twenty-four months, we have seen six patients with intracranial involvement. Five of the six patients were male and all had mixed cellular histology. We have found the cytocentrifuge examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, brain scan, angiography, and computerized axial tomography to be the most important diagnostic examinations. We feel that intracranial disease will be seen with increasing frequency as patients are living longer.
Taking Simmel seriously in evolutionary epistemology

Abstract Donald T. Campbell outlines an epistemological theory that attempts to be faithful to evolution through natural selection. He takes his position to be consistent with that of Karl R. Popper, whom he credits as the primary advocate of his day for natural selection epistemology. Campbell writes that neither he nor Popper want to give up the goal of objectivity or objective truth, in spite of their evolutionary epistemology. In discussing the conflict between an epistemology based on natural selection and objective truth, Campbell cites an article by the German sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel entitled ‘On a Connection of Selection Theory to Epistemology’, as presenting the issue in a notably forthright manner. The present essay summarizes Simmel's article, with the purpose of clarifying, in terms that Campbell apparently finds satisfactory, the conflict that Campbell acknowledges between an evolutionary epistemology and ultimate truth; the essay then examines the responses of Campbell and Popper to Simmel's position. While Campbell and Popper acknowledge the work of Simmel, their responses suggest something less than a full consideration of Simmel's position.
Mortality among men occupationally exposed to phosgene in 1943–1945

Abstract Mortality and causes of death as reported on death certificates were described among white male workers exposed to phosgene in 1943–1945 at a uranium-processing plant in Tennessee. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated by using death rates for United States white males. As of 1974, SMRs for all causes and for various selected causes were similar in 699 chemical workers chronically exposed to low levels of phosgene (and to daily episodes of levels above 1 ppm) and in 9352 controls who worked at the same plant. SMRs for diseases of the respiratory system were 78 and 113 in the chemical workers and controls, respectively. A group of 106 male chemical and other workers was acutely exposed to higher levels of phosgene (i.e., above 50 ppm, based on clinical symptoms), and 25 had X-ray evidence of acute pneumonitis. Among the 106 men, one death from pulmonary edema due to phosgene poisoning occurred less than 24 hr after exposure, and a total of 30 deaths occurred as of 1974 (SMR = 113); there were no deaths from lung cancer, but three deaths (vs 1.37 expected) were due to respiratory diseases. Further follow-up of these groups is needed, including data on morbidity as well as mortality.
Tympanometric and acoustic-reflex studies in neonates.

Tympanograms and acoustic reflexes for a broadband noise and for a 1000-Hz tone were measured in normal neonates. Notched tympanograms were typical of neonatal ears for a 220-Hz probe tone. A singl...
Model for Low-Energy Meson-Baryon Scattering

An effective Lagrangian, containing relativistic $\mathrm{SU}(6)$-invariant three- and four-point interaction terms, is constructed for the scattering of the 35 meson representation by the 56 baryons. The lowest-order matrix elements calculated from the Lagrangian include single-particle exchange terms that account for long-range forces, and four-point interaction terms that approximate short-range forces for low-energy scattering. Because of the imposition of free-field conditions on the scattered particles, the amplitudes maintain a coplanar $U(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}U(3)$ symmetry, which is then broken by the mass differences in the multiplets. There are three parameters in the model, which are fixed by the ${S}_{11}$, ${S}_{31}$, and ${P}_{11}$ scattering lengths for $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ elastic scattering. Unitarity is implemented without introducing more parameters, by equating the matrix elements to those of the reaction matrix $K$. The amplitudes for all other reactions contained in 35 \ensuremath{\bigotimes} 56 scattering are determined thereby. In particular, the cross sections and angular distributions for $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}N$, $\mathrm{KN}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{KN}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}N$, $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, and $\overline{K}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ are calculated near their thresholds and compared with experiment. In all cases where comparisons can be made, the model is in fairly good agreement with the data, with the exception of $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\Sigma}$. The threshold amplitudes for vector-meson production are also given as a prediction of the model.
Sustainable photocatalytic asphalt pavements for mitigation of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide vehicle emissions

The ability of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic nanoparticles to trap and decompose organic and inorganic air pollutants render them a promising technology as a pavement coating to mitigate the harmful effects of vehicle emissions. This technology may revolutionize construction and production practices of hot-mix asphalt by introducing a new class of mixtures with superior environmental performance. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of incorporating TiO2 into asphalt pavements. To achieve this objective, the photocatalytic effectiveness and durability of a water-based spray coating of TiO2 was evaluated in the laboratory. This study also presents the field performance of the country’s first air-purifying photocatalytic asphalt pavement, located on the campus of Louisiana State University. Laboratory evaluation showed that TiO2 was effective in removing NOₓ and SO2 pollutants from the air stream, with an efficiency ranging from 31–55% for NOₓ pollutants and 4–20% for SO2 pollutants. The maximum NOₓ and SO2 removal efficiencies were achieved at an application rate of 0.05 L/m². The efficiency of NOₓ reduction is affected by the flow rate of the pollutant, relative humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) light intensity. In the field, NOₓ concentrations were monitored for both the coated and uncoated sections to directly measure photocatalytic degradation. Furthermore, nitrates were collected from the coated and uncoated areas for evidence of photocatalytic NOₓ reduction. Results from both approaches show evidence of photocatalytic NOₓ reduction. Further field evaluation is needed to determine the durability of the surface coating.
Effect of lithocholic acid feeding on plasma lipoproteins and binding of radioiodinated human lipoproteins to hepatic membranes in rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing 0.25% lithocholic acid for 6 weeks exhibited elevated serum cholesterol. 2. 2. The rats were fed diets containing 5 or 20% fat with and without the lithocholate and/or oxytetracycline-HCl. 3. 3. The cholesterol elevation was associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) and not very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) or low density lipoprotein (LDL). 4. 4. Specific binding of human [125IHDL to hepatic membranes was lowered in lithocholate-fed rats, but binding of human [125I]LDL to these membranes was not affected.
Preservice Teachers' Self Efficacy and Knowledge of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders.

This research examined preservice teachers’ knowledge of emotional and behavioural disorders (EBD) and their sense of efficacy. The participants included a convenience sample of 230 undergraduate general education and special education preservice teachers enrolled in teacher education classes. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 51 with a mean age of 23.37 years (SD = 6.8 years). The Teacher Self Efficacy Scale (TSES) (long form) and Knowledge of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders questionnaire were administered. The participants had higher efficacy in instructional strategies, classroom management, and instructional abilities than in student engagement. There was no significant correlation between field experience, additional coursework, and familiarity with a child with EBD and the preservice teachers’ knowledge of EBD or self efficacy. This information is relevant to teacher programme coordinators indicating that further efforts should be made to increase preservice teachers’ knowledge of EB...
Behavioral and biochemical effects of neonatal treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopa ☆

Abstract Rats receiving injection of either 6-hydroxydopa (60 μg/g) or saline on Days 1, 3, and 5 of life were studied in adulthood on a number of behavioral tasks before being sacrificed at 8 or 12 months for NE assay. The treated rats exhibited impaired passive avoidance, less shock-induced aggression, and more locomotor open-field activity than the control rats. There were no differences between the groups in male copulatory behavior, food and water intake, or thermoregulation. In comparison to the saline rats, 6-hydroxydopa rats showed elevated levels of endogenous NE in lower brainstem regions, e.g., midbrain and pons-medulla, as well as cerebellum. Hypothalamic NE level was not affected. Significant depletions of NE were obtained in the hippocampus and neocortex.
A comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of machine tool manufacturing facilities

Manufacturing accounts for 37% of the global energy demand. Few researchers have conducted a holistic energy assessment of factories where energy beyond production equipment is accounted for, and environmental impact assessments of machine tool manufacturing are even more limited. All the while, factories need to understand where energy is used, how to allocate it to their products, and where savings lie. This paper quantifies the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of a machine tool manufacturer located in Iga, Japan. Six plants within the factory are investigated whose primary operations range from precision machining to product assembly. Furthermore, a model of the energy consumption of each plant's HVAC system is developed and used to evaluate the environmental impacts and operating costs at alternative sites in China, Germany, and the US. Location was found to have a significant influence on the environmental impacts and resulted in changes in the annual energy consumption relative to the Iga baseline that ranged from −10% to 8%. Additionally, opportunities for improvement were identified by comparing the energy intensities of the equipment within the plants to industrial averages. Since the plants in this study use widespread manufacturing processes and varied climates were investigated, the methods and strategies that were developed can be extended to other discrete manufacturing facilities to identify opportunities for cleaner production.
Supporting effective health and biomedical information retrieval and navigation: A novel facet view interface evaluation

There is a need to provide a more effective user interface to facilitate non-domain experts' health information seeking in authoritative online databases such as MEDLINE. We developed a new topic cluster based information navigation system called SimMed. Instead of offering a list of documents, SimMed presents users with a list of ranked clusters. Topically similar documents are grouped together to provide users with a better overview of the search results and to support exploration of similar literature within a cluster. We conducted an empirical user study to compare SimMed to a traditional document list based search interface. A total of 42 study participants were recruited to use both interfaces for health information exploration search tasks. The results showed that SimMed is more effective in terms of users' perceived topic knowledge changes and their engagement in user-system interactions. We also developed a new metric to assess users' efforts to find relevant citations. On average, users need significantly fewer clicks to find relevant information in SimMed than in the baseline system. Comments from study participants indicated that SimMed is more helpful in finding similar citations, providing related medical terms, and presenting better organized search results, particularly when the initial search is unsatisfactory. Findings from the study shed light on future health and biomedical information retrieval system and interface designs.
Impact of the 2012 United States Preventive Services Task Force statement on prostate-specific antigen screening: analysis of urologic and primary care practices.

Objective To identify the effect of the 2012 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recommendation statement on primary care referral patterns and urologists' decision making. Methods Men referred to our institution for newly elevated PSA level from June 2011 to June 2013 were identified. Patients with a prior history of prostate cancer or biopsy were excluded. Clinical and management parameters were compared between those presenting in the year before vs the year after the USPSTF statement. Factors predictive of receiving a prostate biopsy were identified using multivariate regression analysis. Results A total of 201 men were identified in the pre-USPSTF period and 212 men, thereafter. The groups were comparable in age, race, prostate cancer family history, PSA values, and digital rectal examination findings. At the initial evaluation, patients presenting after the statement were more likely to undergo PCA3 testing (27% vs 11%; P P = .02) and less likely to undergo immediate biopsy (16% vs 24%; P = .03). The proportion of patients ultimately receiving a biopsy was equivalent. The groups were similar in the percentage of positive biopsies, Gleason distribution, and D'Amico risk. African American race and family history were predictors for receiving a biopsy in the post-USPSTF group but not in the pre-USPSTF group. Conclusion The 2012 USPSTF recommendation statement has not affected the number or clinical characteristics of patients referred to a tertiary center for elevated PSA level. After recommendation, urologists ordered significantly more PCA3 and repeat PSA tests and recommended fewer biopsies at the initial visit. The fraction of patients ultimately receiving a biopsy remained the same.
5-HT and the brain–gut axis: opportunities for pharmacologic intervention

Interactions between the enteric nervous system of the gut and the brain occur bidirectionally over sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. Coordinated actions of the central, autonomic and enteric nervous systems modulate intestinal motor, sensory and secretory activities by neuromodulators, including 5-HT, noradrenaline and dopamine. 5-HT is an important signaling molecule in the brain-gut axis and the 5-HT released from enterochromaffin cells modulates peristaltic, secretory, vasodilatory, vagal and nociceptive reflexes. Irritable bowel syndrome is associated with altered motility, secretion and sensation; enteric 5-HT signaling may be defective in this disorder. In this editorial, recent data are reviewed and the potential for the development of pharmacologic intervention is assessed.
The myth of Rubinomics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze and understand the Rubinomics hypothesis or the argument that “fiscal discipline” will bring private investment to a growth path as a result of a decrease in real interest rates, during the 1990s in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – The paper relies on a range of previously published works and macroeconomic data to test the Rubinomics hypothesis.Findings – The paper concludes based on data from the experience of the US economy during the 1990s that the evidence does not validate the arguments of Rubinomics.Originality/value – The “crowding‐out” debate is an important controversy in macroeconomics. By shedding light over this controversial issue, this paper shows that the US experience during the so‐called roaring 1990s, a period of extraordinary “fiscal discipline,” did not follow the classical crowding‐out hypothesis.
Introduction—World-class basic education

Borrowing educational institutions and ideas from the past and from other contemporary education systems is a significant part of the educational history of many nations. Many of the current nations continue to probe the past for pleasure or insights, while some nations seek to erase much of their educational past. Further, an increasing number of contemporary governments and educational leaders actively seek to improve or redesign their educational programmes by borrowing current educational ideas, programmes, and institutions from other countries. This Introduction recognizes the legitimacy of multiple definitions of the term “world-class” but limits discussion to basic education. Thus, the focus here is on pre-university schooling. Attention will be given to the measurement of quality as an integral component of world-class education, approaches to its planning, and discussions of relevant contemporary issues and trends.