cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practice to Research and Back in a Social Service Agency: Trying to DO BETTER

There is a growing emphasis of evidence-based program requirements being integrated into social welfare policies for youth care services in the U.S. This trend highlights the need for increased practitioner understanding and involvement in the research process to develop and implement evidence-based programs for youth with emotional and behavioral disorders who receive residential services. The purpose of this review was to provide residential care practitioners and researchers with an understanding of a transdisciplinary translational research approach for social service agencies and the research activities that can be included. A review of the literature from a collaborative project between a social service agency and university that resulted in the development and testing of an aftercare intervention for youth departing residential programs was used to explain the framework. The DO BETTER framework outlines a process that (1) focuses on input from practitioners and consumers to help determine problems that impact youth and families, (2) involves research and practitioner partnerships to conduct a variety of research activities to create solutions and (3) provides results that are useful for practitioners. The research activities of the project illustrate the iterative processes of practice to research and back to practice that included youth, caregivers, practitioners, researchers, and experts from other disciplines. The framework is provided to help researchers plan for collaborative research with social service agencies, and to help non-researchers in agencies become more familiar with research activities to increase their involvement in program design, testing, implementation and sustainability.
Chemobrionic Sponge-Mimetic Tubules for Probing the Template-Assisted Evolution of Ocean Sponges and Bioengineering Applications

This work expands the scope of chemobrionic chemistry to produce biopolymer-intercalated inorganic tubes that structurally and chemically resemble both oceanic hydrothermal vent tubules and the sca...
Adsorption properties of acetylene, ethylene and ethane in UiO-66 with linker defects and NO2 functionalization

Separation of small hydrocarbon gases is crucial for many industrial processes, but the high energy demand of current separation techniques encourages exploration of alternative sorption-based approaches. Here, we investigate the metal organic framework UiO-66(Zr) as possible solid adsorbent with a focus on the fundamental sorption mechanisms of C2 hydrocarbons in the presence of linker defects and NO2 functionalization. To this end, we directly measure heats of adsorption with calorimetry and correlate our results with ab initio calculations. In particular, we study adsorption of C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6 at 293 K and 195 K. At 293 K, the measured low-coverage enthalpy is found to be an average enthalpy of multiple adsorption sites. However, at 195 K, the low-coverage enthalpy corresponded to the strongest binding site, i.e. the linker defect site. We find that C2H2 exhibits the highest adsorption enthalpy with a significant gap of ∼6 kJ mol−1 to C2H4 and ∼9 kJ mol−1 to C2H6. Our ab initio calculations show excellent agreement with our experiments and are crucial to uncover the mechanisms that lead to the observed differences in binding affinity as a function of coverage. We also find that binding enthalpies increase for all three gases by adding –NO2 functional groups, which even further increase the gap to ∼9 kJ mol−1 and ∼10 kJ mol−1 for C2H4 and C2H6, respectively. Our findings provide mechanistic insight that suggests that linker defects in UiO-66(Zr) have promise to improve its effectiveness as a solid adsorbent in C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6 applications and that functionalization may be used to increase specificity.
Upper extremity reconstruction following open surgical repair of giant arteriovenous fistula aneurysm: clinical case and systematic review of the literature.

Background Nearly 30% of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) located in the upper extremity for hemodialysis access result in short- and long-term adverse effects, such as rupture, necessitating emergent surgical management and extensive soft-tissue reconstruction. With this systematic review, we aimed to compile all reported open surgical techniques used for complicated AVF repair in the upper extremity, the respective soft-tissue reconstructive outcomes, and vascular patency rates at final follow-up. Methods Using Ovid Medline/PubMed databases, we conducted a review of the English-language literature on AVF aneurysm surgical management in the upper extremity, filtered for relevance to open surgical technique and outcomes in vascular patency after aneurysmal repair at long-term follow-up (≥6 months postoperatively). We include a detailed case of surgical removal of a giant AVF aneurysm and subsequent flap elevation and reconstruction of the upper extremity. Results Of 150 articles found in the initial search, 19 (from 2010-2017) met inclusion criteria. From the reviewed studies, 675 patients underwent open surgical repair of AVF aneurysm in the upper extremity. Surgical approaches included partial-to-full aneurysm excision, interposition graft, tubularized extracellular matrix, sutured and stapled aneurysmorrhaphy, and stent graft. Rates of vascular patency at repair site ranged from 47% to 100%, with a pooled average of 78% at 6 months or longer postoperatively. Conclusions For plastic and hand surgeons, aneurysmal ligation and excision is feasible even in severe cases and is associated with overall good vascular and soft-tissue reconstructive outcomes in the upper extremity. Level of evidence III.
Real Time CPR Feedback and Coaching Improves Pediatric CPR Quality

Introduction: High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is paramount in pediatric cardiac arrest. Because pediatric cardiac arrest is a rare event, the skills required to deliver high-quality CPR are easily lost over time. Moreover, the metrics of high-quality CPR such as depth and rate are difficult to quantify during a stressful code event. Advanced defibrillators now offer real-time feedback on depth, rate, and recoil. Peer CPR coaches can then translate machine feedback into improved compressor performance. For a matched pre- and post-intervention cohort of …
Multi-Resemblance Multi-Target Low-Rank Coding for Prediction of Cognitive Decline With Longitudinal Brain Images

An effective presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) would have enormous public health benefits. Sparse coding (SC) has shown strong potential for longitudinal brain image analysis in preclinical AD research. However, the traditional SC computation is time-consuming and does not explore the feature correlations that are consistent over the time. In addition, longitudinal brain image cohorts usually contain incomplete image data and clinical labels. To address these challenges, we propose a novel two-stage Multi-Resemblance Multi-Target Low-Rank Coding (MMLC) method, which encourages that sparse codes of neighboring longitudinal time points are resemblant to each other, favors sparse code low-rankness to reduce the computational cost and is resilient to both source and target data incompleteness. In stage one, we propose an online multi-resemblant low-rank SC method to utilize the common and task-specific dictionaries in different time points to immune to incomplete source data and capture the longitudinal correlation. In stage two, supported by a rigorous theoretical analysis, we develop a multi-target learning method to address the missing clinical label issue. To solve such a multi-task low-rank sparse optimization problem, we propose multi-task stochastic coordinate coding with a sequence of closed-form update steps which reduces the computational costs guaranteed by a theoretical convergence proof. We apply MMLC on a publicly available neuroimaging cohort to predict two clinical measures and compare it with six other methods. Our experimental results show our proposed method achieves superior results on both computational efficiency and predictive accuracy and has great potential to assist the AD prevention.
Data Set Appendix: Optimal Issuer Disclosure of Opinions

Original Paper is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3102667 This data set of 2,548 issuer opinion disclosures contains the source material that I analyze. In order to compile this data set, I obtained the 10-K filings, immediately preceding and immediately following the issuance of in Omnicare, Inc. v. Laborers District Council Construction Industry Pension Fund, 135 S. Ct. 1318 (2015), of the first 30 companies, alphabetically, in the S&P 100 index, excluding any companies without both pre- and post-Omnicare 10-Ks. Second, I searched these 60 10-Ks for the following opinion signals: “opinion,” “believe,” “belief,” “think,” “estimation,” and “consider.” Although these signals do not encompass the entire world of possible expressions of opinion, they are used extensively by issuers to indicate statements of opinion. Third, I exercised judgment when deciding whether to classify statements containing these signals as opinions. I omitted all statements where, although a signal was used, no opinion was expressed. For example, I included statements in which “consider” was used synonymously with “believe” but omitted statements in which “consider” was used synonymously with “deem,” “treat as,” “think about,” or “take into account.” Fourth, I included only those statements expressing opinions on behalf of the issuer, a subsidiary of the issuer, the management, the board, or a committee of the board. Therefore, I omitted the opinions of auditors, attorneys, and other third parties. Fifth, to the extent that the 10-K filings incorporated other SEC filings by reference (such as annual reports to shareholders or proxy statements), I searched the incorporated components of these filings using the same methodology. When examining filings incorporated by reference, I did not second-guess companies’ statements about incorporation.
In ANCA-associated vasculitis, avacopan was superior to prednisone taper for sustained remission

Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, et al. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:599-609. 33596356.
Mechanistic Study of Ni(II) Sorption by Green Rust Sulfate.

The sorption of Ni(II) by green rust sulfate (GR-sulfate) was studied in anoxic pre-equilibrated suspensions at pH 7.0 and pH 7.8 with combined batch kinetic experiments, X-ray diffraction measurements, and Ni K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyses. Continuous removal of aqueous Ni(II) was observed over the course of the reaction (1-2.5 weeks) at both pH values, with no concurrent changes in aqueous Fe(II) levels or detectable mineralogical modifications of the GR sorbent. XAS results indicate that Ni(II) is not retained as mononuclear adsorption complexes on the GR surface but rather incorporated in the octahedral layers of an FeII0.67-xNiIIxFeIII0.33(OH)2-layered double hydroxide (LDH) phase with 0 < x < 0.67. The combined macroscopic and spectroscopic data suggest that Ni(II) substitutes into the GR lattice during Fe(II)-catalyzed recrystallization of the sorbent and/or forms secondary Ni(II)/Fe(II)-Fe(III)-LDH phases with a higher stability than that of GR, complemented likely by Ni(II)-Fe(II) exchange at GR particle edges. The results of this study reveal GR to be a dynamic sorbent that engages in dissolution-reprecipitation and exchange reactions, causing extensive incorporation of trace metal Ni(II)aq. Additional work is needed to further define the mechanisms involved and to assess the sorptive reactivity of GR with other trace metal species.
OpenUAS Version 1.0

The future of fixed-wing autonomous aircraft operations depends on the availability of an appropriate UAS testbed. The testbed must be accessible: relatively inexpensive and easy to come by, without requiring long shipping delays from small international companies. It must be reconfigurable to accommodate the vast range of different sensor packages, payloads, use-cases, and flight characteristics needed to accommodate a broad variety of autonomy operations. It must be easy to fix or find replacement parts that will inevitably break during rigorous testing and it must accommodate safety analysis on-board with a deep understanding of the aircraft's design. Yet no previous fixed-wing UAS meets this need. Therefore, we contribute the first completely open-source (in both hardware and software) fixed-wing UAS, designed for reconfigurability and accessibility of broad audiences from researchers to high school students.
Deficits and Money Growth in the United States: A Comment

Joines (1985) argues that the Federal Reserve accommodates war-induced deficit spending but not non-war-induced deficit spending. Using a first-difference form of a reaction function to obtain a stationary time series of the monetary base, we find that the Federal Reserve has accommodated federal government deficit spending in the post-World War II period.
Characterization of a Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Developed by Retroviral Insertional Mutagenesis That Is Resistant to Sindbis Virus Infection

The alphavirus Sindbis virus (SV) has a wide host range and infects many types of cultured cells in vitro. The outcome of infection is dependent on the strain of virus used for infection and the properties of the cells infected. To identify cellular determinants of susceptibility to SV infection we mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by retroviral insertion with a vector containing the neomycin resistance gene that allowed selection for integration into transcriptionally active genes. Cells were then selected for survival after infection with SV. The most resistant cell line (CHO-18.4m) exhibited delayed virus replication and virus-induced cell death, had a single retroviral insertion, and was defective in SV binding to the cell surface. Further analysis revealed that CHO-18.4m cells were deficient in the expression of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. This further confirms the importance of heparan sulfate as an attachment molecule for SV in vitro and demonstrates the usefulness of this technique for identifying cellular genes that are important for virus replication.
Fabrication of a microvalve with piezoelectric actuation

The fabrication of an active MEMS micro valve driven by integrated bulk single crystal piezoelectric actuators is reported. The valve is a nine-layer structure of glass, Si, and silicon on insulator (SOI) assembled by wafer level fusion bonding and anodic bonding, die level anodic bonding and eutectic bonding. Valve head strokes as large as 20/spl mu/m were realized through hydraulic amplification of small strokes of piezoelectric actuators. A flow rate of 0.21ml/s was obtained at 1 kHz. The fabrication, bonding and assembly processes, as well as some test results are described.
Studies on antigenic competition. V. Evidence for the involvement of a thymic-derived cortisone-sensitive cell in the mediation of antigenic competition.

Abstract Animals depleted of lymphoid subpopulations by neonatal thymectomy, by adult thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution, or by hydrocortisone treatment did not exhibit antigenic competition. In contrast, injection of anti-lymphocyte serum, while depressing the magnitude of the immune response, did not effect antigenic competition. It is concluded that a thymic-dependent cortisone-sensitive cell population is involved in the initiation of antigenic competition.
A subset of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expresses high levels of interleukin-12 in response to combined CD40 ligand and interferon-γ treatment

Dendritic cells (DCs) may arise from multiple lineages and progress through a series of intermediate stages until fully mature, at which time they are capable of optimal antigen presentation and T-cell activation. High cell surface expression of CD83 is presumed to correlate with full maturation of DCs, and a number of agents have been shown to increase CD83 expression on DCs. We hypothesized that interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression would be a more accurate marker of functionally mature DCs capable of activating antigen-specific T cells. We used combinations of signaling through CD40, using CD40 ligand trimer (CD40L), and interferon gamma to demonstrate that CD83 expression is necessary but not sufficient for optimal production of IL-12 by DCs. Phenotypically mature DCs could be induced to produce high levels of IL-12 p70 only when provided 2 simultaneous stimulatory signals. By intracellular cytokine detection, we determined that only a subset of cells that express high levels of CD80 and CD83 generate large amounts of IL-12. DCs matured with both signals are superior to DCs stimulated with the individual agents in activating antigen-specific T cell in vitro. These findings have important implications regarding the identification, characterization, and clinical application of functionally mature DCs.
practical-programming-in-tcl-and-tk

Tcl Fundamentals. Tcl Data Structures. Control Flow Commands. Procedures and Scope. Eval. Strings and Pattern Matching. Working with UNIX. Tk Fundamentals. Tk by Examples. The Pack Geometry Manager. Binding Commands to X Events. Using X Resources. Managing User Preferences. C Programming and Tcl.
Mechanisms of Jak/STAT Signaling in Immunity and Disease

More than two decades ago, experiments on the antiviral mechanisms of IFNs led to the discovery of JAKs and their downstream effectors, the STAT proteins. This pathway has since become a paradigm for membrane-to-nucleus signaling and explains how a broad range of soluble factors, including cytokines and hormones, mediate their diverse functions. Jak/STAT research has not only impacted basic science, particularly in the context of intercellular communication and cell-extrinsic control of gene expression, it also has become a prototype for transition from bench to bedside, culminating in the development and clinical implementation of pathway-specific therapeutics. This brief review synthesizes our current understanding of Jak/STAT biology while taking stock of the lessons learned and the challenges that lie ahead.
Physical properties of Ce 3-x Te 4 below room temperature

The physical properties of polycrystalline Ce${}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}$Te${}_{4}$ were investigated by measurements of the thermoelectric properties, Hall coefficient, heat capacity, and magnetization. The fully filled, metallic $x=0$ compound displays a soft ferromagnetic transition near 4 K, and analysis of the corresponding heat capacity anomaly suggests a doublet ground state for Ce${}^{3+}$. The transition is suppressed to below 2 K in the insulating $x=0.33$ composition, revealing that magnetic order in Ce${}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}$Te${}_{4}$ is driven by a Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)-type interaction. The thermoelectric properties trend with composition as expected from simple electron counting, and the transport properties in Ce${}_{3}$Te${}_{4}$ are observed to be similar to those in La${}_{3}$Te${}_{4}$. Trends in the low-temperature thermal conductivity data reveal that the phonons are efficiently scattered by electrons, while all compositions examined have a lattice thermal conductivity near 1.2 W/m K${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 200 K.
Using a Project to Add Practicality to Pedagogy.

In the marketing research class taught at University of South Carolina, Upstate School of Business and Economics, pedagogical emphasis is placed on the marketing research process as it relates to the policies and functions of the business enterprise. Historically, the marketing research project has been used in this undergraduate class to convey the nuances of market research to students. Participating students define the problem or opportunity for their client, determine budgets and timetables, select and design the research instrument(s), collect the data, organize and analyze the data, and present the project findings. A recent project, which involved work for the City of Sunshine, identified, measured, and analyzed specific “quality of life” variables and assessed the impact of the city’s revitalization efforts on the perceptions of its citizens. The study targeted three population sectors using questionnaires for data collection. The data was consolidated and analyzed by the students using WebSurveyor’s online survey tools. Comparative analysis was also performed using secondary data sources such as city tourism and visitor information, as well as sundry information from previous projects and similar city revitalization plans. The results of their analysis and corresponding conclusions are outlined in this paper.
Review of Dental Impression Materials

Major advances in impression materials and their application have occurred during the last decade, with greater emphasis being placed on rubber impression materials than on dental compound, zinc oxide-eugenol, and agar and alginate. Of particular interest has been the effect of disinfection solutions on the qualities of impressions and the biocompatibility of impression materials. The principal advance in hydrocolloids has been the introduction of the agar/alginate impression technique, which has simplified the procedure and improved the quality of gypsum dies compared with those prepared in alginate impressions. The tear strength of some alginates has been improved, and some have been formulated so that the powder is dustless, thus reducing the health hazard as a result of patient inhalation of dust during the dispensing process. Polyether and silicone impression materials have been modified so that the working time, viscosity, and flexibility of the polyethers have been improved and, with the introducti...
Market changes and spread components, implications for international markets

Abstract Trading in international markets is changing and evolving due to competitive pressure and technological innovations. Evidence of changes are seen on the London Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the Swiss Exchange, and the Deutsche Borse. This paper examines changes in the components of Nasdaq spreads following the implementation of new Order Handling Rules in early 1997 and the reduction in minimum tick size from $0.125 to $0.0625 in June 1997. Trading volume increases and spreads decrease significantly following each change. We find that order processing and asymmetric information costs decline following each rule change. Inventory holding costs increase over the sample period. Also, we find a significant increase in the probability of a trade flow reversal after the implementation of the Order Handling Rules.
Therapeutic delivery of carbon monoxide: WO2008/003953

The basic claims of this application involve the synthesis and description of manganese carbonyl compounds for the therapeutic delivery of carbon monoxide (CO). These manganese-based compounds can have multiple formulations, which are broken down into four different aspects. Further claims include the use of such compounds to introduce CO to humans or other mammals as well as to isolated or extracorporeal organs. CO has been shown to have potent cell signaling effects, including vasodilation and inhibition of inflammation. Examples of the synthesis and the effective release of CO from these compounds are included in this application. Additionally, in vitro and ex vivo data support the biological effectiveness of these compounds and the merits of this specific class of carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs). There are multiple potential clinical candidates from the data presented and future work is expected to develop these CORMs into clinical products for a myriad of pathophysiological processes and ...
Croup - The bark is worse than the bite

It is a cliche of primary care pediatrics: on call in the winter, you find yourself on the telephone with a worried parent who is anxiously trying to describe a baby's symptoms — and then, in the background, you hear the barking. I regularly joke with other pediatricians about the things we're asked to diagnose over the phone (“Could you just hold the receiver right up to the rash?”), but croup is an easy long-distance diagnosis. Parents call at night because croup gets worse at night. The barking cough can be terrifying to a parent who hasn't heard it before, . . .
CNT/conducting polymer composite conductors impart high flexibility to textile electroluminescent devices

Highly transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mesh fabrics were dip coated with carbon nanotubes (CNT) followed by inkjet printing with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to develop textile-based CNT/PEDOT:PSS composite conductors. These coated fabrics show a combination of conductivity, transparency and flexibility suitable for use in flexible displays. Sequential CNT and PEDOT:PSS coating greatly enhances the conductivity at high tensile strains without reducing the optical transparency. Electroluminescent (EL) devices using such textile-based CNT/PEDOT:PSS composite conductors as the front electrodes exhibit superior flexibility and mechanical robustness over their ITO-coated PET film-based counterparts under stretching and tight bending.
Concomitant Tricuspid Valve Operations Affect Outcomes After Mitral Operations: A Multiinstitutional, Statewide Analysis

Background Mitral valve (MV) disease is often accompanied by concomitant tricuspid valve (TV) disease. This study determined the influence of performing TV procedures in the setting of MV operations within a multiinstitutional patient population. Methods From 2001 to 2008, 5,495 MV operations were performed at 17 different statewide centers. Of these, 5,062 patients (age, 63.4 ± 13.0 years) underwent an MV operation and 433 (age, 64.0 ± 14.2 years) underwent combined MV and TV (MV+TV) operations. The influence of concomitant TV procedures on operative death and the composite incidence of major complications was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Patients undergoing MV+TV were more commonly women (62.7% vs 45.5%, p p p p = 0.78), were similar between groups. MV replacement (63.5%) was more common than repair (36.5%, p p p = 0.001) and postoperative complications were higher after MV+TV compared with MV. More important, risk adjustment showed performance of concomitant TV procedures was an independent predictor of operative death (odds ratio, 1.50; p = 0.03) and major complications (odds ratio, 1.39; p = 0.004). Conclusions A concomitant TV operation is a proxy for more advanced valve disease. Compared with MV operations alone, simultaneous MV+TV operations are associated with elevated morbidity and death, even after risk adjustment. This elevated risk should be considered during preoperative patient risk stratification.
Experiments on three systems with non-variational aspects

Abstract We present recent experimental results for three pattern-forming systems in which non-variational effects play an important role. The first is thermal convection in a shallow horizontal layer of fluid with temperature-dependent properties. In this system, a hexagonal lattice of convection cells forms at onset. This lattice becomes unstable to rolls when the temperature difference is increased sufficiently. In the “roll” state, the roll are curved and the system forms stable rotating spirals. The rotating spiral states are associated with non-variational effects. Secondly, we discuss the formation of localized pulses in binary-mixture convection near onset. These pulses would not exist in a potential system. In narrow channels, they have been observed as stable states. In systems which are spatially extended in two dimensions they can form spontaneously, and can be long-lived. The third topic which we discuss is the Kuppers-Lortz instability in a thin horizontal layer of a Boussinesq fluid heated from below and rotated about a vertical axis. In this case, the pattern which forms immediately above the onset of convection is non-periodically time dependent even though the amplitude grows continuously from zero as the temperature difference is increased. The dominant mechanism of the instability is found to involve the motion of boundaries between coherent regions of convection rolls of a given orientation. The time dependence could not occur in a variational system. Since it occurs for arbitrarily small amplitudes, one might hope that it is amenable to theoretical analysis.
Capturing the Atlantic cold tongue and coastal upwelling in an intermediate-level ocean model coupled to a regional climate model

Coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models are known to have difficulties simulating the cold tongue in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Here a regional climate model coupled to an intermediate-level mixed layer ocean model with Ekman dynamics is developed and used to better understand the seasonal evolution of the equatorial Atlantic cold tongue and upwelling off western Africa. Parameterization improvements are made to an earlier version of the ocean model to account for the variations in temperature and shearing stress at the base of the mixed layer. 90-km resolution sensitivity tests demonstrate that the development of the equatorial Atlantic cold tongue in the boreal spring/summer is captured only if seasonal variations in the temperature at the base of the ocean mixed layer are included. The development of cold temperatures off the northwest African coast in the late boreal winter/spring is found to be primarily associated with the net radiation balance as shortwave warming of the mixed layer is relatively low while latent cooling is relatively high yielding a net cooling of mixed layer temperatures, consistent with other studies. The westward extension of the Atlantic cold tongue is primarily due to the horizontal advection of cool water from the South Atlantic African coast. This coastal cooling is associated with vertical diffusion and vertical entrainment, while the vertical entrainment has a secondary and more localized role over the equatorial Atlantic.
Development of infrared detectors based on Type II, InAsSb strained-layer superlattices

An overview is provided of long wavelength, photovoltaic detectors constructed with Type II (also known as staggered''), III-V superlattices. Specifically, the electronic properties of InAsSb strained-layer superlattices and prototype detectors utilizing these structures are described. 12 refs., 5 figs.
Initiation conditions for debris flows generated by runoff at Chalk Cliffs, central Colorado

Abstract We have monitored initiation conditions for six debris flows between May 2004 and July 2006 in a 0.3 km2 drainage basin at Chalk Cliffs; a band of hydrothermally-altered quartz monzonite in central Colorado. Debris flows were initiated by water runoff from colluvium and bedrock that entrained sediment from rills and channels with slopes ranging from about 14° to 45°. The availability of channel material is essentially unlimited because of thick channel fill and refilling following debris flows by rock fall and dry ravel processes. Rainfall exceeding I = 6.61(D)− 0.77, where I is rainfall intensity (mm/h), and D is duration (h), was required for the initiation of debris flows in the drainage basin. The approximate minimum runoff discharge from the surface of bedrock required to initiate debris flows in the channels was 0.15 m3/s. Colluvium in the basin was unsaturated immediately prior to (antecedent) and during debris flows. Antecedent, volumetric moisture levels in colluvium at depths of 1 cm and 29 cm ranged from 4–9%, and 4–7%, respectively. During debris flows, peak moisture levels in colluvium at depths of 1 cm and 29 cm ranged from 10–20%, and 4–12%, respectively. Channel sediment at a depth of 45 cm was unsaturated before and during debris flows; antecedent moisture ranged from 20–22%, and peak moisture ranged from 24–38%. Although we have no measurements from shallow rill or channel sediment, we infer that it was unsaturated before debris flows, and saturated by surface-water runoff during debris flows. Our results allow us to make the following general statements with regard to debris flows generated by runoff in semi-arid to arid mountainous regions: 1) high antecedent moisture levels in hillslope and channel sediment are not required for the initiation of debris flows by runoff, 2) locations of entrainment of sediment by successive runoff events can vary within a basin as a function of variations in the thickness of existing channel fill and the rate of replenishment of channel fill by rock fall and dry ravel processes following debris flows, and 3) rainfall and simulated surface-water discharge thresholds can be useful in understanding and predicting debris flows generated by runoff and sediment entrainment.
Under cover of boredom: Recent publications on the ‘Stasi’, the East German ministry for state security

David Childs and Richard Popplewell, The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service (New York: New York University Press, 1996; and London: Macmillan, 1996). Pp.253, biblio., index. US$45 and £40. ISBN 0–8147–1551–6 and 0–333–63094–7. Markus Wolf with Anne McElvoy, Man Without a Face (New York: Random House Times Books, 1997). Pp.367, index. US$25. ISBN 0–8129–6394–6. Markus Wolf, Spionage Chef im Geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen (Munich: List Verlag, 1997). Pp.512. DM44. ISBN 3–471–79158–2. Wjatscheslaw Keworkow, Der geheime Kanal (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1995). Pp.284. DM29.80. ISBN 3–87134–224–6. Abteilung Bildung und Forschung (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Bundesbeauftragten fur die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Berlin: Chr. Links Verlag). Eight volumes to date. Volumes discussed in review: Helmut Muller‐Enbergs (ed.) Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums fur Staatssicherheit (Berlin: Links, 1996). Vol. 3. Pp.544, biblio, index. D...
Post-Deposition Patterning of Laser Deposited YBa2Cu3O7-δ Films

We report here on two aspects of non-chemical, post-deposition processing of laser-deposited superconducting Yba2Cu3O7-δ thin films. One patterning process consists of placing a contact mask over the film and removes the surrounding material by excimer laser ablation. Good edge definition for 30–100 μm etch features is obtained. However, some redeposition of material is observed. In separate patterning experiments, oxygen-deficient films were re-oxygenated by a direct-write laser heating method. This process produces very smooth edges between the superconducting patterns and the surrounding material.
Simple and inexpensive application of steric exclusion chromatography for the isolation of low-molecular-weight additives from polymer systems

Abstract The application of steric exclusion chromatography is described for the isolation of additives from polymers. A simple and inexpensive, gravity-flow system has been evaluated employing Sephadex LH-60 with tetrahydrofuran as eluent, and recoveries have been shown to be quantitative for a range of additives employed in poly(vinyl chloride) formulations, although problems were encountered in the recovery of antioxidants and organotin stabilisers. Maximum column loadings of polymer have been established in order to maximise recovery of additives present at low levels and for the trace analysis of trasformation products.
Prostaglandin-mediated regulation of the mixed lymphocyte culture and generation of cytotoxic cells.

Abstract We examined the role of prostaglandins or prostaglandin-producing cells in the regulation of proliferation and generation of specific cytotoxicity in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures of mouse spleen cells. Cultures treated with indomethacin or other prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors resulted in enhanced proliferation and cytotoxicity. The level of prostaglandins produced in vitro, as measured by RIA, was 10−8M and was found to be completely blocked by indomethacin. Adding back 10−8M PG restored baseline (control) proliferative responses. Kinetics of the enhanced MLC response were unchanged from controls as were the specificities of the cytotoxic cells. Cells from indomethacin-treated cultures were more efficient at killing targets than those from control cultures. Prostaglandins appear to have a preferential effect on the induction of cytotoxic cells.
New convergence estimates for multilevel algorithms for finite-element approximations

New convergence estimates are established for some multilevel algorithms for finite-element methods applied to elliptic problems with jump coefficients. A uniform rate of convergence is derived if the coefficient has only one jump interface. If the coefficient has multi-jump interfaces which meet at only one interior point in the domain, the convergence rate is bounded by 1−(CJ)−1, where J is the number of levels and C is a constant independent of the jump.
Magnetic susceptibility of escherichia coli

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was measured by the Faraday balance technique using a microcomputer controlled Cahn balance. The volume magnetic susceptibility of E. Coli is determined to be approximately 1X10 -6 (SI units). The high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) method for capturing aerobic E. coli in its supernatant fluid is determined to have a maximum efficiency of 42%.
Boolean autoencoders and hypercube clustering complexity

We introduce and study the properties of Boolean autoencoder circuits. In particular, we show that the Boolean autoencoder circuit problem is equivalent to a clustering problem on the hypercube. We show that clustering m binary vectors on the n-dimensional hypercube into k clusters is NP-hard, as soon as the number of clusters scales like $${m^\epsilon (\epsilon >0 )}$$ , and thus the general Boolean autoencoder problem is also NP-hard. We prove that the linear Boolean autoencoder circuit problem is also NP-hard, and so are several related problems such as: subspace identification over finite fields, linear regression over finite fields, even/odd set intersections, and parity circuits. The emerging picture is that autoencoder optimization is NP-hard in the general case, with a few notable exceptions including the linear cases over infinite fields or the Boolean case with fixed size hidden layer. However learning can be tackled by approximate algorithms, including alternate optimization, suggesting a new class of learning algorithms for deep networks, including deep networks of threshold gates or artificial neurons.
Tissue polarity points from cells that have higher Frizzled levels towards cells that have lower Frizzled levels

Abstract Background: The frizzled (fz) gene of Drosophila encodes the founding member of the large family of receptors for the Wnt family of signaling molecules. It was originally studied in the adult epidermis, where it plays a key role in the generation of tissue polarity. Mutations in components of the fz signal transduction pathway disrupt tissue polarity; on the wing, hairs normally point distally but their polarity is altered by these mutations. Results: We devised a method to induce a gradient of fz expression with the highest levels near the distal wing tip. The result was a large area of proximally pointing hairs in this region. This reversal of polarity was seen when fz expression was induced just before the start of hair morphogenesis when polarity is established, suggesting that the gradient of Fz protein acted fairly directly to reverse hair polarity. A similar induction of the dishevelled (dsh) gene, which acts cell autonomously and functions downstream of fz in the generation of tissue polarity, resulted in a distinct tissue polarity phenotype, but no reversal of polarity; this argues that fz signaling was required for polarity reversal. Furthermore, the finding that functional dsh was required for the reversal of polarity argues that the reversal requires normal fz signal transduction. Conclusions: The data suggest that cells sense the level of Fz protein on neighboring cells and use this information in order to polarize themselves. A polarizing signal is transmitted from cells with higher Fz levels to cells with lower levels. Our observations enable us to propose a general mechanism to explain how Wnts polarize target cells.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS AND CLUSTER ALGORITHMS II

Abstract We continue the study, initiated in Part I, of graphical representations and cluster algorithms for various models in (or related to) statistical mechanics. For certain models, e.g. the Blume–Emery–Griffths model and various generalizations, we develop Fortuin Kasteleyn-type representations which lead immediately to Swendsen Wang-type algorithms. For other models, e.g. the random cluster model, that are defined by a graphical representation, we develop cluster algorithms without reference to an underlying spin system. In all cases, phase transitions are related to percolation (or incipient percolation) in the graphical representation which, via the IC algorithm, allows for the rapid simulation of these systems at the transition point. Pertinent examples include the (continuum) Widom–Rowlinson model, the restricted 1-step solid-on-solid model and the XY model.
Ellagic acid metabolism and binding to DNA in organ explant cultures of the rat

Abstract Ellagic acid (EA) is a plant phenolic compound with postulated antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity. In this study, explants of esophagus, forestomach, colon, bladder, trachea, lung and liver from male Sprague-Dawley rats (130–140 g) were incubated in culture medium containing [3H]EA (20 μM, 4.5 μCi/ml) for 24 h at 37°C. After extraction, purification and quantitation of explant DNA significant differences in the binding of EA to the DNA was observed. The most binding occurred in esophagus and the least in lung. Analysis of the organosoluble fraction of the culture medium by high performance liquid chromatography yielded 3 metabolites of EA. None of the metabolites were identified. Elution of water-soluble metabolites from an alumina column showed that there were sulfate ester, glucuronide and glutathione conjugates of EA in the explant culture medium from all the organs. The profile of water-soluble conjugates was very similar between colon and forestomach and between trachea and lung. These results indicate that EA binds to DNA in different tissues and that tissues metabolize EA to both organosoluble and water-soluble products.
Tuberculous dactylitis in childhood; a prognosis.

Summary 1. Twenty-one patients with tuberculous dactylitis complicating primarytuberculous infections in childhood were followed until death or to date (an average of eleven years). 2. Fourteen, or two-thirds of the patients, were 2 years of age or less when this complication occurred. Sixteen were negro and five were white. Eleven had dactylitis as a minor complication of a severe generalized tuberculosis, ten had dactylitis as part of a relatively mild infection. 3. The dactylitis was the presenting complaint in eleven patients. 4. The bones of the hands were involved eight times more frequently than those of the feet. The proximal phalanx of the index and middle fingers were the bones most frequently involved. 5. Provided the patient survived the other manifestations of tuberculosis, the prognosis for complete healing of the bone with return to normal contour in most instances was excellent. Healing occurred in from one to three years.
PHOTOPHYSICS OF DIOXORHENIUM(V) IN NAFION

The emission properties of [ReO2(py)4]+ in Nafion perfluorosulfonated membranes have been investigated. The excited state of [ReO2(py)4]+is a sensitive probe of microheterogeneous environments in aqueous solution (Thorp el al. (1989) J. Am. Chem. SOC. 111,4364–4368). The absorption and emission maxima indicate that the interior of the membrane is quite polar, similar to ethylene glycol (Z-85). Two well-resolved emission components show different lifetimes (τ1(H2O) = 250 ns, τ2,(H20) = 1.3 μs) and isotope effects (3.0, 2.4), indicative of varying degrees of solvent accessibility. The evidence suggests that [ReO2(py)4]+ occupies two distinct regions in the polymer film, assigned as the interfacial region and the ion-cluster region based on previous electrochemical studies involving other metal ions.
Combinatorial optimization by Hopfield networks using adjusting neurons

A new Hopfield network architecture using adjusting neurons is proposed in order to improve the quality of the solutions and the robustness of the network. A systematic design approach for this new network architecture is presented. The design approach is demonstrated with the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). The simulation results on some well-known QAP test problems show a significant performance improvement by this new Hopfield network architecture.
Effect ofd- andl-α-aminoadipate on the efflux ofl-aspartate,l-glutamate and γ-aminobutyrate from superfused rat brain slices

Abstract d -α-Aminoadipate ( d -AA) and l -α-aminoadipate ( l -AA) were found to significantly reduce spontaneous efflux of [14C] l -aspartate from preloaded rat brain slices. Only d -AA significantly reduced spontaneous efflux of [14C] l -glutamate and [3H]γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA); l -AA reduced but not significantly the efflux of these 2 labeled amino acids. d -AA reduced K+-stimulated release of [14C] l -aspartate and [14]C] l -glutamate significantly, and l -AA that of [3H]GABA significantly. Since both d -AA and l -AA inhibit the uptake of l -aspartate, l -glutamate and GABA, their effects on the efflux of these amino acids are more specific. These results also suggest that it is unlikely that the depressant effect of d -AA, and the excitant effect of l -AA on neurons when applied locally by iontophoresis are secondary to the accelerated or decelerated release of more specific transmitter amino acids from neighboring cells.
A smuggling approach to the passive in english

Abstract. I propose a theory of the passive that combines aspects of the principles and parameters analysis (no specific rules, no downward movement) and Chomsky's (1957) Syntactic Structures analysis (the arguments in the passive are generated in the same positions as they are in the active).
Effects of acidosis on the distribution and processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein in cultured hippocampal neurons

Reported increases in brain lactate production in Alzheimer disease led us to test the hypothesis that lactic acid acidosis alters the processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein, βPP, in neurons. To test this proposition, embryonic rat hippocampal neurons were first cultured for 4 d in serum-free B27/neurobasal medium. Lactic acid at 0.5 and 1 mg/mL (pH 7.1 and, 6.9, respectively) caused a dosedependent increase in cellular β-amyloid immunoreactivity detected with antibody 4G8. Acidosis did not affect secretion of βPP or its derivatives into the medium. The cytoplasmic production of βPP was slightly reduced by acidosis without a differential effect on maturation or proteolytic processing. In the substrate-bound material, which was insoluble in nonionic detergent, acidosis caused increases in an N-terminal 75-kDa band, a C-terminal 72-kDa band, and potentially amyloidogenic bands at 35 and 38 kDa. Processing to the 4-kDa amyloid β protein was not observed in these nearly pure rat neuronal cultures. These results suggest that mild acidosis is sufficient to alter neuronal processing of the amyloid precursor protein into potentially amyloidogenic forms and increase certain βPP fragments bound to the substrate. If a similar process occurs in the presence of other cell types in the aging brain, acidosis may stimulate an extracellular deposition of amyloid and contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.