cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNSATURATED SUGARS: Unsaturated Sugars via Cyclic Thionocarbonates, Cyclic Orthoformates, and Disulfonic Ester Intermediates: 5,6-Dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-xylo-hex-5-enofuranose, 3-O-Benzyl-5,6-dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-xylo-hex-5-enofuranose, and Methyl 4,6-O-Benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-α-d-erythro-hex-2-enopyranoside

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on unsaturated sugars through cyclic thionocarbonates, cyclic orthoformates, and disulfonic ester intermediates. Alkene-type unsaturation can be generated from terminal diol groups by forming a cyclic thionocarbonate and treating the latter with trimethyl phosphite. The procedure is effective with sugar derivatives even when an additional, unsubstituted hydroxyl group is present. The acid-catalyzed decomposition of a cyclic orthoformate provides a simple yet powerful process for converting a terminal diol group into an alkene, starting with a sugar derivative having all other hydroxyl groups protected. Vicinal diol groups in suitable carbohydrate derivatives can be converted by way of disulfonic ester intermediates into alkenes even when the hydroxyl groups are trans-disposed in a cyclic system.
Late Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT).

Abstract Abstract 2252 Poster Board II-229 Introduction: HCT is increasingly offered as a therapeutic option for hematological malignancies. Improvement in therapeutic and supportive care strategies has resulted in a growing population of long-term survivors. These survivors are at a substantial risk of morbidity, contributed to by therapeutic exposures, and development of comorbidities. For example, HCT survivors are potentially at increased risk of atherosclerotic disease of large and small vessels, due to the higher risk of dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension in HCT survivors ( Blood 2007;109:1765-72) as well as prior exposures to atherogenic therapeutic exposures (pre-HCT, during conditioning and post-HCT). However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been well-characterized in HCT survivors, in part because of the long latency of clinically overt disease, requiring extended follow-up of large cohorts. The current report addresses this gap in literature by comprehensively evaluating the role of pre- and post-HCT therapeutic exposures (chemotherapy, radiation), transplant-related conditioning regimens, and comorbidities (pre- and post-HCT) in the development of late CVD after HCT. Methods: Utilizing a nested case-control design, individuals with late CVD (diagnosed ≥1 year after HCT) were identified from a cohort of 3,287 1+ year survivors who underwent HCT at a single institution. This cohort formed the sampling frame for selecting controls (without CVD) matched for age and year of HCT, donor source (allogeneic vs. autologous), and length of follow-up. All episodes of CVD (cases) were clinically validated, and included coronary artery disease (CAD) or cerebrovascular events (stroke). Results: Sixty-three patients with late CVD were identified; 44 (69.8%) had CAD and 19 (30.2%) had stroke. Median age at HCT was 49.0 years (range, 18.6 to 78.9 years); median time to CVD was 4.1 years (range, 1.15 to 19.45 years); 66.7% received autologous HCT. Compared to matched controls (N=183), patients with late CVD were more likely to be male (68.3% vs. 51.6%; p=0.02), had greater body mass index at HCT (28.5 vs. 26.6 kg/m2; p=0.03), and were more likely to have multiple comorbidities after HCT (47.6% vs. 13.4%; p Conclusions: The current study represents the most comprehensive experience to date describing risk factors for late CVD following HCT, and demonstrates that mediastinal radiation and presence of comorbidities are primarily responsible for the risk of late CVD. These data form the basis for identifying high-risk individuals for targeted surveillance, as well as developing preventive strategies in the form of aggressive management of comorbidities. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Using field size factors to characterize the in-air fluence of a proton machine with a range shifter

The range shifter (RS) is used to treat shallow tumors for a proton pencil beam scanning system (PBS). Adding RS certainly complicates the commissioning of the treatment planning system (TPS) because the spot sizes are significantly enlarged with RS. In this work, we present an efficient method to configure a commercial TPS for a PBS system with a fixed RS. By combining a spiral delivery with customized control points, we were able to significantly improve measurement efficiency and obtain 250 field size factors (FSF) within three hours. The measured FSFs were used to characterize the proton fluence and fit the parameters for the double-Gaussian fluence model used in the TPS. Extensive validation was performed using FSFs measured in air and in water, absolute doses of spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) fields, and the dose measurements carried out for patient-specific quality assurance (QA). The measured in-air FSFs agreed with the model’s prediction within 3% for all 250 FSFs, and within 2 for 94% of the FSFs. The agreement between model’s prediction and measurement was within 2% for the in-air and in-water FSFs and the absolute doses for SOBP beams. The patient-specific QA of 113 fields showed an excellent gamma passing rates (96.95 ± 2.51%) for the absolute dose comparisons with gamma criteria of 2 mm and 2%. The excellent agreement between the model’s prediction and measurements proved the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method of using FSFs to characterize the proton fluence and configure the TPS for a PBS system with fixed RS.
Discrete mobility on the surface of glasses.

From an applications perspective, the glass transition temperature (Tg)—conceptually, the point at which a liquid transitions into a disordered solid—is perhaps the most important parameter of a glass because it sets the conditions under which it can be successfully exploited as an enabling material. Some time ago, 1991 to be exact, it was discovered that the Tg of the glass former, ortho-terphenyl, when physically confined to the nanometer-length scale, was reduced in comparison with its bulk value (1). A few years later, even more dramatic suppressions in the Tg, because of confinement, were observed for ultrathin films of polystyrene in the supported and freely standing thin-film geometries (2, 3). The implication of these findings was dramatic and twofold. From a technological standpoint, it would be critical to understand these effects to aid in the establishment of new materials’ design rules for the fast-approaching field of nanotechnology that would be partially enabled by confined glasses, including thin films. From a scientific standpoint, the question of “why” became the central challenge. That is, why, when confined to the nanoscale, the Tg can be suppressed so dramatically from the bulk value. Very early, strong evidence pointed to a connection between enhanced dynamics at the free surface of glasses and the suppression of Tg (2⇓⇓–5). However, exactly how this enhanced mobile layer is correlated to the measured changes in Tg and the corresponding underlying molecular dynamics has remained an intriguing, and a far-from-understood question (6, 7). Reporting in PNAS, Zhang and Fakhraai found that the surface diffusivity of ultrathin films of a molecular glass former was enhanced compared with bulk and independent of film thickness, despite a concurrent dramatic reduction in the Tg and enhancement in the relaxation dynamics within … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: rpriestl{at}princeton.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Interfacing Creativity and Innovation: The Role of Managerial Perceptions and Decision Making

Creativity and innovation are an essential part of business success in the modern world, yet there is limited evidence-based understanding of how creativity and innovation are linked. This study se...
Gene Drive Strategies for Population Replacement

Gene drive systems are selfish genetic elements capable of spreading into a population despite a fitness cost. A variety of these systems have been proposed for spreading disease-refractory genes into mosquito populations, thus reducing their ability to transmit diseases such as malaria and dengue fever to humans. Some have also been proposed for suppressing mosquito populations. We assess the alignment of these systems with design criteria for their safety and efficacy. Systems such as homing endonuclease genes, which manipulate inheritance through DNA cleavage and repair, are highly invasive and well-suited to population suppression efforts. Systems such as Medea, which use combinations of toxins and antidotes to favor their own inheritance, are highly stable and suitable for replacing mosquito populations with disease-refractory varieties. These systems offer much promise for future vector-borne disease control.
Heterogeneous MOS microring resonators

We demonstrate a heterogeneous microring resonator with integrated InP-dielectric-Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor by high-k dielectric wafer bonding. HfO 2 is used for its extremely high k value (20–30) and enables optical tuning range more than twice better than Al 2 O 3 based MOS devices.
Immune Modulation as Cancer Treatment Using Gene Therapy

Modulation of the immune system as an approach to attack cancer has been explored for the past 50 years. Efficacy of this treatment has been achieved in a limited number of patients. However, a maj...
Theta oscillations promote temporal sequence learning.

Abstract Many theoretical models suggest that neural oscillations play a role in learning or retrieval of temporal sequences, but the extent to which oscillations support sequence representation remains unclear. To address this question, we used scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to examine oscillatory activity over learning of different object sequences. Participants made semantic decisions on each object as they were presented in a continuous stream. For three “Consistent” sequences, the order of the objects was always fixed. Activity during Consistent sequences was compared to “Random” sequences that consisted of the same objects presented in a different order on each repetition. Over the course of learning, participants made faster semantic decisions to objects in Consistent, as compared to objects in Random sequences. Thus, participants were able to use sequence knowledge to predict upcoming items in Consistent sequences. EEG analyses revealed decreased oscillatory power in the theta (4–7 Hz) band at frontal sites following decisions about objects in Consistent sequences, as compared with objects in Random sequences. The theta power difference between Consistent and Random only emerged in the second half of the task, as participants were more effectively able to predict items in Consistent sequences. Moreover, we found increases in parieto-occipital alpha (10–13 Hz) and beta (14–28 Hz) power during the pre-response period for objects in Consistent sequences, relative to objects in Random sequences. Linear mixed effects modeling revealed that single trial theta oscillations were related to reaction time for future objects in a sequence, whereas beta and alpha oscillations were only predictive of reaction time on the current trial. These results indicate that theta and alpha/beta activity preferentially relate to future and current events, respectively. More generally our findings highlight the importance of band-specific neural oscillations in the learning of temporal order information.
Abstract WP339: Reducing Door-to-Needle Time for Acute Ischemic Stroke Thrombolysis in a Community Hospital

Reducing door-to-needle time [DTNT] for delivery of IV t-PA to acute ischemic stroke [AIS] patients improves functional outcome [1, 2]. Our community hospital sought to evaluate methods for improving DTNT in a non-academic center. Weekly debriefings of all AIS cases were conducted to develop process improvement strategies using a rapid cycle test of change model; which allows for quickly implementing changes in organizational structure [3]. Paired t-test was used to compare mean DTNT before and after implementation of changes. First, stroke patients arriving by ambulance were transferred directly to CT scan, eliminating the time delay of gurney transfers. The stroke team then started formal stroke debriefs, wherein areas for improvement were sought on an individual basis. In response to a delay due to IV tubing issues, pharmacy included tubing with the t-PA. Next, the algorithm was changed to allow ED staff to order t-PA while neurologist was en route. Later, a neurologist was assigned to be on-site at the hospital for immediate response. Pharmacy began hand delivering t-pa after a delivery delay due to miscommunication. After triage delays for atypical strokes, ED began pre-shift nursing messages and displayed posters that emphasized atypical stroke symptoms. Pharmacy designated one phone number to quickly communicate t-PA was to be given. The process improvements resulted in a significant reduction of average monthly DTNT by 7.56 minutes (p = 0.02) (Figure 1). Weekly debriefings of AIS cases lead to policy changes which significantly reduced DTNT in our community hospital. Saver, J.L., et al.: The “Golden Hour” and Acute Brain Ischemia; Stroke. 2010;41:1431-1439 Lees KR, et al: Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke; Lancet. 2010 May 15;375(9727):1695-703. Langley G.L.: The Improvement Guide: A Practical Approach to Enhancing Organizational Performance 2009, 2 nd ed. Jossey Bass, San Francisco
Aligning Incentives by Capping Bonuses

A puzzling feature of many incentive compensation plans is the practice of capping bonuses above a certain threshold. While bonus caps are often justified on the grounds of keeping pay levels in check, it has also been argued that such caps can wreak havoc on a firm’s incentive problems. In this paper, we study a setting in which bonus caps can actually help align incentives. When a CEO is impatient, she may be tempted to take a hardline stance with a privately-informed manager in project selection: if she places little weight on future flows, she is fixated on cost-cutting and curtailing budget padding. A bonus cap can soften the CEO’s posture by inducing risk aversion and thus creating a preference for a middle ground. We show that this force can enable a judiciously chosen cap to achieve goal congruence between shareholders and a CEO.
Document Delivery as a Supplement or Replacement for Serial Subscriptions

Increasing serials costs and shrinking budgets present challenges for academic libraries to continue providing sufficient access to scholarly articles. Rapid document delivery services can serve as...
Asian Americans & chronic kidney disease in a nationally representative cohort

There is a paucity of specific data on early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among Asian Americans (AAs). The objective of this study was to examine the independent association of Asian race/ethnicity and socio-demographic and co-morbidity factors with markers of early kidney damage, ascertained by ACR levels, as well as kidney dysfunction, ascertained by eGFR levels in a large cross-sectional sample of AAs enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Secondary data analyses of the NHANES 2011–2014 data of a nationally representative sample of 5907 participants 18 years and older, US citizens, and of Asian and White race. NHANES data included race (Asian vs. White), as well as other socio-demographic information and comorbidities. Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) categories and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were used as indicators for CKD. Descriptive analyses using frequencies, means (standard deviations), and chi-square tests was first conducted, then multivariable logistic regression serial adjustment models were used to examine the associations between race/ethnicity, other socio-demographic factors (age, sex, education), and co-morbidities (obesity, diabetes, hypertension) with elevated ACR levels (A2 & A3 – CKD Stages 3 and 4–5, respectively) as well as reduced eGFR (G3a-G5 and G3b –G5 - CKD Stage 3–5). AAs were more likely than White participants to have ACR levels > 300 mg/g (A3) (adjusted OR (aOR) (95% CI) 2.77 (1.55, 4.97), p = 0.001). In contrast, adjusted analyses demonstrated that AAs were less likely to have eGFR levels 300 mg/g levels (A3) but lower risk of having eGFR levels < 60 ml/min/1.732 m2 (G3a-G5). The findings support the need to address the gaps in knowledge regarding disparities in risk of early stage CKD among AAs.
Novel Word Learning in Children Who Are Bilingual: Comparison to Monolingual Peers

Purpose We compared novel word learning in 2nd-grade children with typical development who were Spanish–English bilinguals to English monolinguals to understand word learning in bilingual children....
Quantum secret sharing using weak coherent states

Secret sharing allows a trusted party (the dealer) to distribute a secret to a group of players, who can only access the secret cooperatively. Quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocols could provide unconditional security based on fundamental laws in physics. While the general security proof has been established recently in an entanglement-based QSS protocol, the tolerable channel loss is unfortunately rather small. Here we propose a continuous variable QSS protocol using conventional laser sources and homodyne detectors. In this protocol, a Gaussian-modulated coherent state (GMCS) prepared by one player passes through the secure stations of the other players sequentially, and each of the other players injects a locally prepared, independent GMCS into the circulating optical mode. Finally, the dealer measures both the amplitude and the phase quadratures of the receiving optical mode using double homodyne detectors. Collectively, the players can use their encoded random numbers to estimate the measurement results of the dealer and further generate a shared key. We prove the unconditional security of the proposed protocol against both eavesdroppers and dishonest players in the presence of high channel loss, and discuss various practical issues.
Abstract 824: LKB1 loss in lung adenocarcinoma leads to global hypomethylation and altered FOXA binding

LKB1 is functionally lost in 30% of lung adenocarcinoma cases. There are no targeted therapies available for LKB1-loss tumors. Previous studies of LKB1-loss in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer suggested that LKB1 loss drives DNA hypermethylation and serine biogenesis. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) maintain CpG methylation, which suppresses gene transcription. The primary substrate for DNMTs is S-adenosyl Methionine (SAMe), and the maintenance of CpG methylation has been shown to be dependent on continued regeneration of SAMe. KRAS status is associated both with LKB1 loss and with a CpG island hypermethylation phenotype (CIMP). Using a previously published 16-gene signature for LKB1 loss, we set out to confirm whether the changes that occur in the mouse model of pancreatic cancer also occur in lung cancer. We applied our signature to samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung adenocarcinoma dataset (signature-positive samples are described as “LKB1-loss”), which allowed us to compare both gene expression data as well as methylation data from Illumina 450k microarrays. We then developed a cell-line model for LKB1-loss in order to study the mechanism by which LKB1 regulates DNA methylation. We observed that LKB1-loss is associated with widespread demethylation of the genome in TCGA samples. Approximately 14,000 CpG sites were significantly hypomethylated in LKB1-loss tumors, while only 200 were hypermethylated (adjusted p-value cutoff = 0.05). Furthermore, Student’s t-test showed that LKB1-loss samples have significantly lower average methylation (β-values), regardless of KRAS status. Using motif analysis, we found that demethylated CpG sites are significantly enriched for FOXA1/2/3 consensus binding sites. FOXA transcription factors are well known as pioneering transcription factors that mediate demethylation. We discovered in vitro that FOXA1 localization and turnover is dependent on LKB1 expression, specifically the activity of downstream kinase SIK. Rather than showing enhanced serine biogenesis, LKB1-loss tumors express less DNMT1 and LC-MS/MS analysis shows depletion of SAMe. Finally, in vitro models of LKB1-loss show an increased sensitivity to DNMT inhibitors and FOXA1 silencing. Together, these observations suggest that LKB1-loss lung adenocarcinoma patients have a distinct hypomethylation profile. This profile may make them uniquely sensitive to DNMT-inhibition in combination with other therapies, a hypothesis which we will test in future studies. Citation Format: Michael J. Koenig, Joseph Amann, Bernice Agana, Jacob Kaufman, Vicki Wysocki, Christopher Oakes, David P. Carbone. LKB1 loss in lung adenocarcinoma leads to global hypomethylation and altered FOXA binding [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 824.
Cutting the Umbilical Cord: Patriarchy and the Family Metaphor in Turgenev's Virgin Soil

ABSTRACTIn his final novel, Virgin Soil (1877), Turgenev takes up the theme of the particular kind of populism (Narodnichestvo) that swept across the European part of Russia in the 1860s and 70s. C...
Bank and Levee Stabilization, Lower Colorado River

The Bureau of Reclamation, United States Dept. Of Interior has been involved in the problems of leveee protection, river bank stabilization, and sedimentation on the Lower Colorado River for several years. The procedures used for providing levee protection under the early conditions of no storage dams on the river generally involved large quantities of quarry-run stone placed on the levee by means of railroad cars. Conditions in 1961, with a high degree of flood protection provided by Hoover, Davis, and Parker Dams call for different methods. Channelization activities on the Lower Colorado River still provide levee protection to surrounding land areas; however, greater stress is given to bank stabilization along the normal stage channel banks in order to maintain the channel in its designed location and alinement and to control the movement of sediment from the alluvial banks. The methods being used by the Bureau of Reclamation are the result of 50 yr of experience. Innovations in the methods of placing riprap stone for bank stabilization purposes have resulted in the development of fast and economical procedures that have proven entirely satisfactory when used on the non-cohesive, alluvial banks typical of the Lower Colorado River.
Transcription initiation in mycobacteria: a biophysical perspective.

Recent biophysical studies of mycobacterial transcription have shed new light on this fundamental process in a group of bacteria that includes deadly pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M...
SLEEP APNEA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

This meta-analysis assessed the relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and echocardiographic parameters suggesting diastolic dysfunction, which is a well-recognized finding in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). We searched the databases including Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid
Efficient learning of personalized visual preferences in daylit offices: An online elicitation framework

Abstract Human preference-based control in buildings may achieve maximum occupant satisfaction as well as energy savings. Adaptive and online learning methods are needed for learning human preferences, using the minimum amount of data possible with quantified uncertainty. This paper presents an online visual preference elicitation learning framework, developed for efficiently learning occupants' visual preference profiles and hidden satisfaction utility functions in daylit offices. A combination of Thompson sampling and pure exploration (uncertainty learning) methods was used in the sequential elicitation framework, to determine the set of successive visual preference queries (for visual conditions) with most information gain. In this way, a balance between exploration and exploitation is realized and the area around the satisfaction utility maximum is learned with minimum number of steps. Experiments with human subjects were conducted in private sidelit offices to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the learning framework. A single-variable model (vertical illuminance) was used to demonstrate the method and visualize results. The entropy of the distribution of the most preferred visual condition is computed for each learned preference profile to quantify the certainty and evaluate the learning efficiency. Our method learns most individual visual preferences to an acceptable certainty level within one day, and indicates the need for personalization. Finally, we discuss the integration of visual preferences into control applications. A switching algorithm is proposed, shifting iteratively between the learning and control modes depending on the certainty of the learned preference model. This work contributes to developing comprehensive online learning methods towards preference-based tuned indoor environments.
94. THE POWER OF ONE: COMBINING A COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP WITH ADVOCACY TRAINING

Background Food insecurity (FI) affects 1 in 9 Americans. While residency programs now include FI training, many are didactic-based. Engagement with this complex social issue is enhanced by community-based training. Methods In our FI curriculum, PL1s visit a food bank. We utilize experiential learning as a conceptual framework, through which knowledge is gained and evolves through experience and reflection. The day begins with service learning in the garden and discussion of sustainable food sources. The interns then create healthy, low-cost meals to teach to families, and then participate in a simulation that recreates a day in the life of families experiencing FI. They confront barriers such as low literacy, immigrant status, and food deserts. The day ends with a reflection on their role in advocacy and connecting families to food resources. Evaluation includes assessment of knowledge (based on the AAP Food Security Policy pre-reading) and attitudes (self-efficacy for advocacy) completed pre, post, and 6-12mo post. Results From 2016-2019, 113 interns completed the curriculum. Data were captured for 86 post and 26 thus far in 6-12mo post. There was no significant change in knowledge from pre (79.3% correct) to post (79.5%, P=.95) nor from post to 6-12mo post (76.9%, P=.55). From pre to post, advocacy-related self-efficacy increased significantly by an average of 21.2% (range 7.6-39.6%, P Conclusion A community-based experience early in residency can enhance self-efficacy for addressing FI, particularly on the patient level, and is sustained months later. A community partner enhanced resident knowledge of local resources. Future improvements include better incorporation of the AAP Food Security policy to increase knowledge. This curriculum can be replicated in programs seeking community partnerships for experiential learning.
Do government incentives attract and retain international investment? A study of foreign-owned firms in North Carolina

In an era of strong global competition, national, state, and localgovernments are vying to attract and retain investment by international firmsby increasing the range and value of public incentives for businesses toinvest in their jurisdictions. A survey of executives in 118internationally-owned firms in North Carolina reveals that they rank stateincentives low in a list of factors that they believe attract foreign-ownedcompanies and retain them in the state. Labor force, transportation, qualityof life, and overall business climate factors are consistently ranked highestby business executives, and state tax, finance, plant services, and marketingassistance are consistently ranked low. Questions concerning theeffectiveness, appropriateness, and equity of such incentives and theirimpacts on influencing domestic and international firms to choose locationsin a state or locality continue to be debated. Why do governments persist insuch questionable policies? Often perception offsets reality in publicpolicy-making. The political need to `do something' even if it is ineffective,a `follow the herd' mentality, fear of political criticism, and anunwillingness to `disarm' unilaterally all seem to explain the persistence ofstate incentive policies that even the intended beneficiaries claim are of lowpriority in their decisions.
Property Rights and Economic Development

Formal private property rights (“FPPRs”) have been advocated as an important prerequisite to economic development: a legal right to property ownership motivates economic players to engage in economic activities when these activities yield property interests, and this, in turn, contributes to economic development. All of the OECD countries today, which are economically advanced, protect FPPRs. However, there are also historical instances in which absence of FPPRs did not necessarily result in economic stagnation, but instead led to significant economic growth. This article analyzes cases in which FPPRs promoted economic development and those in which substantial economic growth took place without clearly defined FPPRs. FPPRs also need to be balanced against public interest; the government may limit FPPRs by expropriation for a public objective, including economic development. This paper also discusses the point of balance between FPPRs and public interest in property that may change with the different stages of economic development.
Graduate Health Professional Student COVID-19 Experiences: An Era of Uncertainty

On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic (World Health Organization, 2020). At this time many universities and schools in the United States decided to move to strictly online learning. This study sought to investigate how graduate students in five health professional programs at a private university in Virginia were impacted by and coping in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, which utilized an anonymous survey, brought to light five different themes regarding what students saw as their biggest challenge. These themes included learning difficulties, pandemic specific concerns, mental health, maintenance of routine/schedule, and family responsibilities. Respondents were also asked if they felt students could be utilized in any capacity if another pandemic were to arise. Students felt that they could be helpful in assisting medical professionals, public health outreach, volunteer work and assisting fellow students. Through this research, information about how pandemics affect graduate health care students can be better understood, and highlight potential solutions by extension, in the setting of a future pandemic.
Abstract 123: A CRISPR/Cas9-engineered ARID1A-deficient human gastric cancer organoid model reveals essential and non-essential modes of oncogenic transformation

Mutations in ARID1A, encoding a subunit of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, rank amongst the most common molecular aberrations in human cancer. However, oncogenic consequences of ARID1A mutation in human cells remain poorly defined due to lack of forward human genetic model systems. Here, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ARID1A in primary TP53-/- human gastric organoids induced morphologic dysplasia, tumorigenicity and mucinous differentiation but impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Genetic Wnt pathway activation rescued mucinous differentiation, but not hyperproliferation, suggesting alternative essential pathways of ARID1A-mediated transformation. ARID1A loss induced transcriptional regulatory modules characteristic of MSI and EBV subtype human gastric cancer, including FOXM1 regulation of multiple mitotic regulatory genes and BIRC5/survivin. Convergently, high-throughput compound screening indicated selective vulnerability of ARID1A-deficient organoids to BIRC5/survivin inhibition, functionally implicating BIRC5/survivin as an essential mediator of proliferation following initial ARID1A loss. However, CRISPR inactivation of ARID1A in established gastric cancer cell lines did not elicit sensitivity to BIRC5/survivin inhibitors, suggesting that this pathway may be selectively required during the early establishment of tumorigenesis. Overall, we define distinct pathways downstream of oncogenic ARID1A mutation, with non-essential Wnt-inhibited mucinous differentiation in parallel with essential transcriptional FOXM1/BIRC5-stimulated proliferation, indicating the general utility of organoid-based forward genetic cancer analysis in human cells. Citation Format: Yuan-Hung Lo, Kevin S. Kolahi, Yuhong Du, Chiung-Ying Chang, Andrey Krokhotin, Ajay Nair, Walter D. Sobba, Kasper Karlsson, Sunny J. Jones, Teri A. Longacre, Amanda T. Mah, Alexandra Sockell, Jose A. Seoane, Jin Chen, Jonathan S. Weissman, Christina Curtis, Andrea Califano, Haian Fu, Gerald R. Crabtree, Calvin J. Kuo. A CRISPR/Cas9-engineered ARID1A-deficient human gastric cancer organoid model reveals essential and non-essential modes of oncogenic transformation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 123.
Do State Regulatory Institutions Matter: Using Network Theory to Explore Linkages between Air Policy Boards and Pollution Outcomes

Do State Regulatory Institutions Matter: Using Network Theory to Explore Linkages between Air Policy Boards and Pollution Outcomes By Debra Anne Jacobs, Ph.D., Public Policy and Administration A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Major Director: Carolyn Funk, Ph.D., L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs The purpose of this study is to test an adapted model of network theory against state air pollution control institutions. Air pollution control presents a regulatory problem that has interstate, intrastate and multiple federal dimensions. It is one of extreme complexity and uncertainty, from both a regulatory and scientific perspective. The changing political environment federally has enabled states to redefine their roles in the regulatory process (Adler, 1997; Krane, 2007). Drawing from network theory in intergovernmental policy processes my research tests three key factors in explaining state air pollution levels: tenure in office of the air policy administrator, the use of air policy boards, and networking encompassing agency
Family Agathotanaidae Lang, 1971a

The family Agathotanaidae was represented in the trench material by one new species of Agathotanais, A. hadalis; one new species of Paragathotanais, P. abyssorum and one previously described species of Paranarthrura. The new species are described and both genders of P. vitjazi Kudinova-Pasternak, 1970 are re-described. Paranarthrura zevinae Kudinova-Pasternak, 1970 is transferred to Paragathotanais.
Research in space: Prelude to commercialization

Abstract The concept of commercial activities in space existed long before the first artificial satellite was launched in 1957. Commercial communication satellite service began in 1965 and expanded rapidly, exceeding the most optimistic projections. Yet other commercial activities in space have failed to follow. This paper discusses the reasons for this failure, namely that the necessary infrastructures are not in place. A methodology for performing an analysis of the necessary infrastructures is presented. Within the context of this methodology, a search is made for activities that might presently be viable. Research in a low-gravity environment is identified as a candidate activity. It is shown that existing infrastructure could support “commercial” research activities, and that important researchable questions can be identified that are amenable to research in space.
Achieving Scalable Locality with Time Skewing

Microprocessor speed has been growing exponentially faster than memory system speed in the recent past. This paper explores the long term implications of this trend. We define scalable locality, which measures our ability to apply ever faster processors to increasingly large problems (just as scalable parallelism measures our ability to apply more numerous processors to larger problems). We provide an algorithm called time skewing that derives an execution order and storage mapping to produce any desired degree of locality, for certain programs that can be made to exhibit scalable locality. Our approach is unusual in that it derives the transformation from the algorithm's dataflow (a fundamental characteristic of the algorithm) instead of searching a space of transformations of the execution order and array layout used by the programmer (artifacts of the expression of the algorithm). We provide empirical results for data sets using L2 cache, main memory, and virtual memory.
The Case and its Modes

This essay distinguishes six ways in which films and concepts relate to each other: in an instance, a concept contains a film; in an allusion, a film includes a concept; in an example, a concept traverses a film; in an illustration, film and concept remain external to one another; in an exception, film and concept occupy the same space; in a case, film and concept hold relations of proximity. I argue that the first five functions are deficient modes of the case, which expresses the relationship between film and concept in terms of their capacity to unfold one another.
A new CPW-fed slot antenna for ultra-wide band application

A new design of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed folded slot antenna is presented which is suitable for ultra-wide band application. Antenna impedance and bandwidth are studied as function of slot parameters, substrate dielectric constant, and substrate thickness. Wideband operation is achieved by designing an adjacent semicircular slot to a folded slot antenna. A prototype antenna was fabricated on RO4003 (/spl epsiv//sub r/ = 3.38, substrate thickness = 7.5 mm) and measured for VSWR characteristics. The antenna can operate in the 4.1-7.7 GHz frequency range and has a bandwidth of 61% within 2:1 VSWR.
Syntheses and thermal stabilities of polyamides from 2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-dicarbonyl dichloride and diamines

The properties of 12 polymers derived from 2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-dicarbonyl dichloride are analyzed. The solution and interfacial polymerizations of 2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-dicarbonyl dichloride are described. It is observed that due to high glass transition temperatures and the lack of flexibility of the polyamide of 2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-dicarbonyl dichloride most of the polymers failed to fabricate into fibers or films. The data reveal that the polyamides formed from terphenyl ether form a tough, heat-pressed film; the polyamides made from aromatic diamides show great thermal stability; and the polyamides derived from aliphatic or benzylic diamides display no thermal stability.
CFD for hypersonic airbreathing aircraft

A general discussion is given on the use of advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in analyzing the hypersonic flow field around an airbreathing aircraft. Unique features of the hypersonic flow physics are presented and an assessment is given of the current algorithms in terms of their capability to model hypersonic flows. Several examples of advanced CFD applications are then presented.
Changes in messenger RNAs coding for neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-operated channels in the developing rat cerebral cortex.

The ontogenetic development of poly(A)+ mRNAs coding for receptors to several neurotransmitters (kainate, glutamate, acetylcholine, and serotonin) and voltage-operated channels (sodium and calcium) was studied by isolating total poly(A)+ mRNA from the brains of rats at various developmental stages and injecting it into Xenopus oocytes. The oocytes translated the foreign mRNA and incorporated functional receptor/ion channel complexes into the cell membrane. Thus, recording of induced membrane currents in voltage-clamped oocytes gave a measure of the relative amounts of the different messengers. Responses induced by kainate, glutamate, acetylcholine, and serotonin all increased with age and reached a maximum in oocytes injected with mRNA from adult cortex. Messenger RNAs for the earliest ages examined, Embryonic Days 15 and 18, expressed little or no response to kainate, glutamate, or acetylcholine, while 50–70% of the adult response was reached by Postnatal Day 10. In contrast, the serotonin-induced response was already comparatively large (16% of the adult level) in oocytes injected with mRNA from Embryonic Day 15 brain and increased postnatally to adult levels. The expression of voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels was small in oocytes injected with mRNA from embryonic animals and increased postnatally to reach a maximum in oocytes injected with mRNA from adult animals.
Evaluation of renal masses with contrast-enhanced rapid acquisition spin echo MR imaging

To assess the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced rapid acquisition spin-echo (RASE) imaging for the detection and characterization of renal masses, we evaluated 18 patients with CT evidence of 67 renal masses. The masses included 58 simple cysts, 8 solid neoplasms, and 1 pseudotumor. Patients were examined with standard spin-echo (SE) pulse sequences including pre- and postcontrast T1-weighted images and noncontrast T2-weighted images as well as pre- and postcontrast RASE images. Each pulse sequence was reviewed individually and in a group with other pulse sequences by two blinded observers. The performance of contrast-enhanced RASE imaging either alone or in combination with a T2-weighted SE sequence resulted in improved diagnostic accuracy compared with unenhanced conventional SE and RASE sequences. The contrast-enhanced RASE sequence outperformed the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted SE sequence for one observer; similar diagnostic accuracy was achieved with the two examinations by the other observer. Combining the T2-weighted sequence with contrast-enhanced RASE images did not increase lesion detection but did increase the observers' confidence in making the diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging resulted in significant improvement in the detection and characterization of renal lesions compared to unenhanced MR imaging.
Stable transfection of rat angiotensin II receptor subtypes in mouse adrenocortical Y1 cells

A procedure is described for stably transfecting mouse adrenocortical Y1 cells with AT1a and AT1b angiotensin II (AII) receptor subtypes using the lipofectin reagent, DOTAP. The transfected cells are screened by radioreceptor assay using125I-[Sar1,Ile8]AII to select those cells that express high levels of the AII receptors. The establishment of individual transfected Y1 cell lines expressing AT1a and AT1b receptors provides a valuable model system in which to compare the function and signal transduction mechanisms of these two highly homologous AII receptor subtypes.
Glycopeptidome of a Heavily N-Glycosylated Cell Surface Glycoprotein of Dictyostelium Implicated in Cell Adhesion

Genetic analysis has implicated the cell surface glycoprotein gp130 in cell interactions of the social amoeba Dictyostelium, and information about the utilization of the 18 N-glycosylation sequons present in gp130 is needed to identify critical molecular determinants of its activity. Various glycomics strategies, including mass spectrometry of native and derivatized glycans, monosaccharide analysis, exoglycosidase digestion, and antibody binding, were applied to characterize a nonanchored version secreted from Dictyostelium. s-gp130 is modified by a predominant Man8GlcNAc4 species containing bisecting and intersecting GlcNAc residues and additional high-mannose N-glycans substituted with sulfate, methyl-phosphate, and/or core α3-fucose. Site mapping confirmed the occupancy of 15 sequons, some variably, and glycopeptide analysis confirmed 14 sites and revealed extensive heterogeneity at most sites. Glycopeptide glycoforms ranged from Man6 to Man9, GlcNAc0−2 (peripheral), Fuc0−2 (including core α3 and perip...
R-744 gas cooler model development and validation

Abstract A first principles-based model was developed for a transcritical CO2 gas cooler, using a finite element method. The model uses published correlations for refrigerant and airside heat transfer and pressure drop. Experimental results are presented at 48 operating conditions. The model predicted the gas cooler capacity within ±2% and pressure drop on the R-744 side well within the range of experimental error. The model's usefulness is demonstrated by analyzing alternative circuiting and multi-slab designs.
Enhancing Research on Cancer Survivors

The United States devotes substantial resources to understanding the etiologies of cancer and improving treatments, but much less research has focused on the needs of cancer survivors after they have completed active treatment. This article augments findings from the Institute of Medicine about cancer survivorship research and ways to enhance quality of life and quality of care. Studies of cancer survivors should focus on mechanisms and risk factors for impaired quality of life and evaluate interventions to improve this domain. Research to improve quality of care should concentrate on survivorship care plans, surveillance tests, respective roles of primary and specialty care, and performance measures related to survivorship care. Opportunities to expand research on cancer survivors include clinical trials, large cohort studies, cancer registries, and national surveys. Research to understand the needs of cancer survivors will provide a foundation for effective programs to meet these needs.
ON THE REPLICATOR DYNAMICS BEHAVIOR UNDER STRATONOVICH TYPE RANDOM PERTURBATIONS

This paper studies the behavior of replicator dynamics systems under White Gaussian Noise (WGN) perturbations in the Stratonovich form. Long-run behavior is described for the system with two pure strategies. The method of Lyapunov functions is used to find the sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability and strong instability of the pure strategies for the system with arbitrary number of pure strategies. Extinction of strictly dominated pure strategies is proven for any level of the noises.
Quantity Discounts and Quality Premia for Illicit Drugs

Abstract This article explores quantity discounts and quality (purity) premia in the prices of illicit drugs. It examines several models of how drug prices might depend on transaction size. A simple relation implied by a tree model of the domestic distribution network fits data provided by the Western States Information Network for 1984–1991 quite well for various illicit drugs. Quality premia are less well explained. It is observed that price is not a function of pure quantity alone; customers pay more for 2 grams at a given purity than they do for 1 gram at double that purity. Nevertheless, some purity premia are observed for white heroin, brown heroin, and powder cocaine, although not for methamphetamines, crack, or heroin tar. The estimated coefficients reflect known phenomena such as the collapses in the prices of cocaine and black tar heroin; intuitively reasonable but undocumented phenomena, such as discounts for brown heroin near the Mexican border; and some unexpected results, such as an apparent...