cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated segmentation of the canine corpus callosum for the measurement of diffusion tensor imaging.

The goal of this study was to apply image registration-based automated segmentation methods to measure diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics within the canine brain. Specifically, we hypothesized that this method could measure DTI metrics within the canine brain with greater reproducibility than with hand-drawn region of interest (ROI) methods. We performed high-resolution post-mortem DTI imaging on two canine brains on a 7 T MR scanner. We designated the two brains as brain 1 and brain 2. We measured DTI metrics within the corpus callosum of brain 1 using a hand-drawn ROI method and an automated segmentation method in which ROIs from brain 2 were transformed into the space of brain 1. We repeated both methods in order to measure their reliability. Mean differences between the two sets of hand-drawn ROIs ranged from 4% to 10%. Mean differences between the hand-drawn ROIs and the automated ROIs were less than 3%. The mean differences between the first and second automated ROIs were all less than 0.25%. Our findings indicate that the image registration-based automated segmentation method was clearly the more reproducible method. These results provide the groundwork for using image registration-based automated segmentation methods to measure DTI metrics within the canine brain. Such methods will facilitate the study of white matter pathology in canine models of neurologic disease.
Side effects and quality of life in patients receiving high-dose rate brachytherapy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe the side effects and changes in quality of life (QOL) in patients receiving high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. DESIGN: Descriptive, repeated measures. SETTING: A radiation therapy department in a large university setting. SAMPLE: Nine patients receiving HDR brachytherapy to the bronchus and 18 patients receiving HDR brachytherapy for gynecologic cancer. METHODS: Patient self-administered questionnaires and chart review. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Side effects and QOL. FINDINGS: Patients receiving gynecologic treatments experienced fatigue, diarrhea, urinary frequency, and urinary burning. Few changes occurred in QOL over time. Patients receiving bronchial treatments experienced cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and difficulty swallowing. A decline in physical functioning occurred in the QOL measures over time. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving HDR brachytherapy experience similar side effects as patients receiving external beam radiation to the same site. Patients receiving treatment to the bronchus did not show improved QOL after treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This data can be used in teaching patients about the experience of receiving HDR brachytherapy, planning symptom management for these patients, planning future research exploring the relationship between side effects and QOL, further documenting the side effects of HDR brachytherapy, and examining the efficacy of nursing interventions for side effects.
Trial Reporting in ClinicalTrials.gov — The Final Rule

The final rule for reporting clinical trial results has now been issued by the Department of Health and Human Services. It aims to increase accountability in the clinical research enterprise, making key information available to researchers, funders, and the public.
Will phenotypic plasticity affecting flowering phenology keep pace with climate change

Rising temperatures have begun to shift flowering time, but it is unclear whether phenotypic plasticity can accommodate projected temperature change for this century. Evaluating clines in phenological traits and the extent and variation in plasticity can provide key information on assessing risk of maladaptation and developing strategies to mitigate climate change. In this study, flower phenology was examined in 52 populations of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) growing in three common gardens. Flowering date (anthesis) varied 91 days from late July to late November among gardens. Mixed-effects modeling explained 79% of variation in flowering date, of which 46% could be assigned to plasticity and genetic variation in plasticity and 33% to genetics (conditional R2 = 0.79, marginal R2 = 0.33). Two environmental variables that explained the genetic variation were photoperiod and the onset of spring, the Julian date of accumulating degree days > 5°C reaching 100. The genetic variation was mapped for contemporary and future climates (decades 2060 and 2090), showing flower date change varies considerably across the landscape. Plasticity was estimated to accommodate, on average, a +/- 13-day change in flowering date. However, the examination of genetic variation in plasticity suggests that the magnitude of plasticity could be affected by variation in the sensitivity to photoperiod and temperature. In a warmer common garden, lower latitude populations have greater plasticity (+16 days) compared to higher latitude populations (+10 days). Mapped climatypes of flowering date for contemporary and future climates illustrate the wide breadth of plasticity and large geographic overlap. Our research highlights the importance of integrating information on genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity and climatic niche modeling to evaluate plant responses and elucidate vulnerabilities to climate change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Nanotechnology enabled self-sustained power systems and high-power-density electronics for autonomous flight vehicles

For autonomous flight vehicles, nanotechnology-enabled high-power and high-energy densities microelectronics, power electronics, energy sources and energy storage solutions are examined. Proof-of-concept self-sustainable power systems are designed with applications in all-electric autonomous aerospace, naval and security platforms. Research and technology developments are performed in energy harvesting, management and storage. We research and demonstrate the following key components and modules: (1) Low-power microelectronics; (2) High-power-density semiconductor devices (power transistors) and power electronics; (3) Enabling energy harvesting sources, such as solar cells and electromagnetic generators; (4) Advanced energy storage solutions; (5) Energy management systems. Energy sustainability and concurrency are essential to ensure the overall functionality of flight, propulsion, navigation and other systems. We design, test and evaluate prototypes of integrated self-sustained power systems for different applications. High-power and high-energy densities, robustness, safety and affordability are ensured by using advanced technologies, front-end microelectronics, modular designs, practical system organizations, consistent control schemes and enabled energy conversion solutions. Our systems meet generic requirements and common specifications. These systems are able to provide power and energy in continuous and impulse operating envelopes up to hundreds of joules. Closed-loop systems are designed ensuring control and diagnostics. Experimental results are reported.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel WU Polyomavirus Isolate from Arkansas, USA, Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genome sequence of a WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) isolate, also known as human polyomavirus 4, collected in 2016 from a patient in Arkansas with an acute respiratory infection. Isolate hPyV4/USA/AR001/2016 has a double-stranded DNA genome of 5,229 bp in length.
Treatment of coronary artery in-stent restenosis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have significantly reduced the incidence and prevalence of coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR), ISR still occurs in approximately 10% of patients in real-world practice.Areas covered: The development of newer generations of DES, drug-coated balloons (DCB) and increased use of intracoronary imaging have improved our treatment options for and pathophysiologic understanding of ISR. These technological advancements have also largely supplanted older modalities for treatment of ISR, such as brachytherapy, bare metal stents, conventional and cutting balloon angioplasty, and atherectomy devices. This article reviews the presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of coronary artery ISR, with a focus on recent clinical data and emerging therapies for this difficult to treat clinical problem.Expert commentary: DCB and second-generation DES are the most effective treatment options for ISR. Most trials support a slight superiority of second-generation DES, whi...
CALCULATION OF DOUBLE BETA DECAY MATRIX ELEMENTS : THIRD DAY MODERATOR'S REPORT

The talks presented on the third day of theWorkshop on Calculation of Double Beta Decay Matrix Elements and the ensuing round table discussion are summarized.
Earthquakes in Oregon

Summary Neither in number nor in intensity has Oregon suffered from earthquakes, and so far the subject is one of scientific interest only. The number of earthquakes on record to date is thirty, and these appear all to be of tectonic origin. There is not an actual, but only an apparent seismic hiatus between California and the state of Washington. Oregon needs at least one complete seismograph, and an accurate study of this important and interesting subject should be begun at once.
Resilience frameworks instantiated to vehicular traffic applications

Ground transportation systems are critical to the economy, safety, and quality of life of any community. Thus, engineers and policy-makers need to make sure that these systems are resilient...
A large capacity time division multiplexed (TDM) laser beam combining technique enabled by nanosecond speed KTN deflector

In this paper, we present a novel large capacity (a 1000+ channel) time division multiplexing (TDM) laser beam combining technique by harnessing a state-of-the-art nanosecond speed potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) electro-optic (EO) beam deflector as the time division multiplexer. The major advantages of TDM approach are: (1) large multiplexing capability (over 1000 channels), (2) high spatial beam quality (the combined beam has the same spatial profile as the individual beam), (3) high spectral beam quality (the combined beam has the same spectral width as the individual beam, and (4) insensitive to the phase fluctuation of individual laser because of the nature of the incoherent beam combining. The quantitative analyses show that it is possible to achieve over one hundred kW average power, single aperture, single transverse mode solid state and/or fiber laser by pursuing this innovative beam combining method, which represents a major technical advance in the field of high energy lasers. Such kind of 100+ kW average power diffraction limited beam quality lasers can play an important role in a variety of applications such as laser directed energy weapons (DEW) and large-capacity high-speed laser manufacturing, including cutting, welding, and printing.
Optically induced metastability in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) is presently the most efficient thin-film photovoltaic technology with efficiencies exceeding 22%. An important factor impacting the efficiency is metastability, where material changes occur over timescales of up to weeks during light exposure. A previously proposed (V Se -V Cu ) divacancy model presents a widely accepted explanation. We present experimental evidence for the optically induced metastability transition and expand the divacancy model with first-principles calculations. Using photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, we identify a sub-bandgap optical transition that severely deteriorates the carrier lifetime. This is in accordance with the expanded divacancy model, which predicts that states below the conduction band are responsible for the metastability change. We determine the density-capture cross-section product of the induced lifetime-limiting states and evaluate their impact on device performance. The experimental and theoretical findings presented can allow assessment of metastability characteristics of leading thin-film photovoltaic technologies.
Dysphonia, Perceived Control, and Psychosocial Distress: A Qualitative Study.

Summary Objectives The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine relationships between psychological factors, particularly perceived control, and voice symptoms in adults seeking treatment for a voice problem. Methods Semistructured interviews of adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of muscle tension dysphonia were conducted and transcribed. Follow-up interviews were conducted as needed for further information or clarification. A multidisciplinary team analyzed interview content using inductive techniques. Common themes and subthemes were identified. A conceptual model was developed describing the association between voice symptoms, psychological factors, precipitants of ongoing voice symptoms, and perceived control. Results Thematic saturation was reached after 23 interviews. No participants reported a direct psychological cause for their voice problem, although half described significant life events preceding voice problem onset (eg, miscarriage and other health events, interpersonal conflicts, and family members' illnesses, injuries, and deaths). Participants described psychological influences on voice symptoms that led to rapid exacerbation of their voice symptoms. Participants described the helpfulness of speech therapy and sometimes also challenges of applying techniques in daily life. They also discussed personal coping strategies that included behavioral (eg, avoiding triggers and seeking social support) and psychological (eg, mind-body awareness and emotion regulation) components. Voice-related perceived control was associated with adaptive emotional and behavioral responses, which appeared to facilitate symptom improvement. Conclusions In this qualitative pilot study, participant narratives suggested that psychological factors and emotions influence voice symptoms, facilitating development of a preliminary conceptual model of how adaptive and maladaptive responses develop and how they influence vocal function.
Chemical Bonding and Transport Properties in Clathrates-I with Cu–Zn–P Frameworks

Quaternary clathrate-I phases with an overall composition of Ba8M16+yP30-y (M = Cu,Zn) exhibit complex structural chemistry. Characterization of the electronic structures and chemical bonding using quantum-chemical calculations and 31P solid state NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the Cu–Zn–P framework is flexible and able to accommodate up to six Zn atoms per formula unit via bonding rearrangements, such as partial Zn/P substitution and the formation of Cu–Zn bonds. Such perturbations of the framework’s bonding affect the thermal and charge transport properties. The overall thermoelectric figure-of-merit, ZT, of Ba8Cu14Zn2P30 is 0.62 at 800 K, which is 9 times higher than the thermoelectric performance of the ternary parent phase Ba8Cu16P30. Through a combination of inelastic neutron scattering and single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments at 10 K, low-energy rattling of the Ba guest atoms inside the large tetrakaidecahedral cages are shown to be the reason for the low thermal conductivities observed...
Jet Topics: Disentangling Quarks and Gluons at Colliders

We introduce jet topics: a framework to identify underlying classes of jets from collider data. Because of a close mathematical relationship between distributions of observables in jets and emergent themes in sets of documents, we can apply recent techniques in "topic modeling" to extract jet topics from the data with minimal or no input from simulation or theory. As a proof of concept with parton shower samples, we apply jet topics to determine separate quark and gluon jet distributions for constituent multiplicity. We also determine separate quark and gluon rapidity spectra from a mixed Z-plus-jet sample. While jet topics are defined directly from hadron-level multidifferential cross sections, one can also predict jet topics from first-principles theoretical calculations, with potential implications for how to define quark and gluon jets beyond leading-logarithmic accuracy. These investigations suggest that jet topics will be useful for extracting underlying jet distributions and fractions in a wide range of contexts at the Large Hadron Collider.
Case, configuration and argumenthood: Reflections on the second dative

In this paper I have argued for a configurational approach to Russian case. It was further demonstrated that both arguments and non-arguments may receive case for the same structural reasons, although only arguments are sensitive to features of the case assigner. This system was then applied to secondary predication, and it was shown how, given appropriate theoretical assumptions, the unique behavior of the second dative construction could be explained.
STRUCTURAL MODEL STUDIES OF LARGE PIPE BIFURCATION

This paper presents the results of a structural model study conducted on the design of a massive 12-ft, 6-in (3.81-m) diam steel pipe bifurcation subjected to a static head of 2,000 ft. (approx 610 m). The prototype structure is the largest bifurcation in the discharge line manifolds in the A.D. Edmonston Pumping Plant in Southern California, which pumps water over the Tehachapi Mountains in a single lift. The use of models in the design procedure is examined. Techniques used in determining the elastic stresses are presented and the results compared with a finite element analysis developed for this problem.
The Rationale and Implementation of Translational Systems Biology as a New Paradigm for the Study of Inflammation

The contents of this book represent a new way of looking at the role of inflammation in the balance between health and disease and present a series of advanced computational methods applied with an awareness of system-level consequences towards an explicit translational goal. Grounded in the fundamentals of scientific investigation, translational systems biology brings with it the reminder that the quest to improve human health involves being able to effectively intervene on the processes that generate health and disease. Furthermore, the foundational properties of inflammation that challenge the traditional and neotraditional research community, namely complexity and nonlinearity of structure and dynamics, also necessarily scale to the level of that community itself. As a result, the implementation of Translational Systems Biology not only provides a pathway towards discovering and engineering new and better therapies for specific disease processes but also represents a therapeutic paradigm shift for an increasingly ailing and insufficient biomedical research structure.
A Multiscale Method Coupling Network and Continuum Models in Porous Media II—Single- and Two-Phase Flows

We present a numerical multiscale method for coupling mass conservation laws at the continuum scale with a discrete, pore scale network model for two-phase flow in porous media. Our previously developed single-phase flow algorithm is extended to two-phase flows, for the situations in which the saturation profile go through a sharp transition from fully saturated to almost unsaturated states. Our method evaluates the continuum equation by simulations using small representative networks centering at different physical locations, and thereby computes the effective dynamics of the two phase flow at the continuum scale. On the other hand, the initial and boundary data for the network simulations are determined by the variables used in the continuum model. We present numerical results for single-phase flows with nonlinear flux-pressure dependence, as well as two-phase flows.
Health Insurance Systems in Developed Countries, Comparisons of

Health insurance systems in developed countries vary in many dimensions. A framework for discussing these dimensions is developed and then it is used to compare the health insurance systems of Canada, Germany, Japan, Singapore, and the USA. These countries span a wide array of dimensions, including who in the system bears risk, what choices are allowed, how much health spending burdens are redistributed, source of revenue, cost-saving strategies, and use of specialized and secondary insurance.
Cerebral Cortex Functional Localization

A firm knowledge of the structure and function of the cerebral cortex and the relationship of the cerebral cortex to the subcortical centers is of crucial importance for all who wish to understand the behavior and accomplishments of humans as opposed to other animal forms. The use of the thumb and fingers for fine manipulations with tools, the use of linguistic and mathematical symbols for communication in the auditory and visual spheres, and the capacity for postponement of gratification all reflect the evolution of the cerebral cortex.
Mechanical designs employing buckling physics for reversible and omnidirectional stretchability in microsupercapacitor arrays

Stretchable electronics draw widespread attention with reported applications in various sectors, including health care, optoelectronics, and energy. However, irreversible interconnect deformation a...
Abstract # 3189 Weighted gene co-expression network analysis suggests interferon activity is associated with depression severity

To further the identification and treatment of patients with mood disorders having an immune component, we must identify the specific nature of immune processes associated with mood. We analyzed peripheral blood RNA sequencing data from the Depression Genes and Networks (DGN) Study using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) from 441 adult subjects with a past or current diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. After filtering, 5778 genes were clustered in 19 modules. Overall, modules had weak clinical correlation; one module containing 63 genes showed the best correlation with scores on the 9-item Public–Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (r = 0.1, p = 0.03). This module was significantly enriched for the Gene Ontology Biological Process Type I Interferon Signaling (adjusted p? 0.001) and other pathways of anti-viral immunity. This module significantly overlapped with a module of 74 genes derived from 325 subjects from the DGN healthy control sample; it did not correlate significantly with any clinical trait in those subjects. One module of 52 genes from the depressed sample, containing primarily immunoglobulin chain genes, had no corresponding module in the healthy sample. This module, however, did not correlate significantly with any clinical trait. These findings replicate the previously published association of Interferon pathways with depression in this sample. Replication in an independent sample is necessary to validate the role of antiviral immunity in depression.
Integrating Chiropractic Care Into the Treatment of Migraine Headaches in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Case Series.

This case series illustrates an integrated model of care for migraine that combines standard neurological care with chiropractic treatment. For each patient, we describe the rationale for referral,...
Effect of preceptor-initiated referral system on advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students' rotation progress and graduation rate.

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to determine whether the referral and monitoring system developed at Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (BUCOPHS) for advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students is successful in improving on-time and overall graduation rates and decreasing rotation failures. Methods In May 2014, a formalized process for referral and monitoring of APPE students was established. This allows preceptors to recommend (via the electronic final evaluation form) additional monitoring or intervention in the areas of professionalism, time management, drug information, communication, and therapeutic/drug knowledge. The experiential education director subsequently meets with referred students and develops a customized longitudinal plan to help each student improve in the identified areas. Data collected for students who were referred included the rotation block, rotation type, preceptor type, and the specific areas recommended for monitoring and referral. In addition, each student's quarterly progress, specific assessments outlined in each student's customized longitudinal plan, number of failed rotations, on-time graduation, and overall graduation status was recorded. The university's institutional review board approved the study. Results Between May 2014 and April 2017, a total of 36 students were referred to the experiential education office for monitoring and/or intervention. Of these, 35/36 (97.2%) graduated on time. There were eight students who failed one APPE; no students received more than one failure. Conclusions Development of a referral and monitoring system for preceptors aids in retention of professional pharmacy students and increases on-time and overall graduation rates.
The mechanical and electronic properties of two-dimensional superlattices

New and stable two-dimensional (2D) materials based on in-plane alternating domains of different materials offer a way toward controlling bandgap via structural properties. Here, we present a brief review of the current state of the hybrid domains in terms of their synthesis and mechanical and electronic properties. Using density functional theory calculations, we show that there are small boundary stresses in graphene-boron nitride superlattices, suggesting that such domain boundaries will not experience severe deformation. With excellent mechanical stability and exotic electronic properties, we surmise that the bottleneck in the widespread usage of these 2D nanomaterials is the unavailability of large-scale synthesis techniques with reliable and controllable domain dimensions.
Serum neurofilament light chain concentration in a phase 1/2 trial of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation:

BackgroundSerum neurofilament light chain concentration is a proposed biomarker of axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Mesenchymal stem cells have anti-inflammatory and repair-promoting activities...
Opposing Regulation of Cocaine Seeking by Glutamate and GABA Neurons in the Ventral Pallidum.

Projections from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum (VP) regulate relapse in animal models of addiction. The VP contains GABAergic (VPGABA) and glutamatergic (VPGlu) neurons, and a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons co-express enkephalin (VPPenk). Rabies tracing reveals that VPGlu and VPPenk neurons receive preferential innervation from upstream D1- relative to D2-expressing accumbens neurons. Chemogenetic stimulation of VPGlu neurons inhibits, whereas stimulation of VPGABA and VPPenk neurons potentiates cocaine seeking in mice withdrawn from intravenous cocaine self-administration. Calcium imaging reveals cell type-specific activity patterns when animals learn to suppress drug seeking during extinction training versus engaging in cue-induced cocaine seeking. During cued seeking, VPGABA neurons increase their overall activity, and VPPenk neurons are selectively activated around nose pokes for cocaine. In contrast, VPGlu neurons increase their spike rate following extinction training. These data show that VP subpopulations differentially encode and regulate cocaine seeking, with VPPenk and VPGABA neurons facilitating and VPGlu neurons inhibiting cocaine seeking.
Niche Partitioning with Temperature among Heterocystous Cyanobacteria ( Scytonema spp., Nostoc spp., and Tolypothrix spp.) from Biological Soil Crusts

Heterocystous cyanobacteria of biocrusts are key players for biological fixation in drylands, where nitrogen is only second to water as a limiting resource. We studied the niche partitioning among the three most common biocrust heterocystous cyanobacteria sts using enrichment cultivation and the determination of growth responses to temperature in 30 representative isolates. Isolates of Scytonema spp. were most thermotolerant, typically growing up to 40 °C, whereas only those of Tolypothrix spp. grew at 4 °C. Nostoc spp. strains responded well at intermediate temperatures. We could trace the heat sensitivity in Nostoc spp. and Tolypothrix spp. to N2-fixation itself, because the upper temperature for growth increased under nitrogen replete conditions. This may involve an inability to develop heterocysts (specialized N2-fixing cells) at high temperatures. We then used a meta-analysis of biocrust molecular surveys spanning four continents to test the relevance of this apparent niche partitioning in nature. Indeed, the geographic distribution of the three types was clearly constrained by the mean local temperature, particularly during the growth season. This allows us to predict a potential shift in dominance in many locales as a result of global warming, to the benefit of Scytonema spp. populations.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains Hoti and Afghanistan cause viremia and mild clinical disease in cynomolgus monkeys

Background Development of vaccines and therapies against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) have been hindered by the lack of immunocompetent animal models. Recently, a lethal nonhuman primate model based on the CCHFV Hoti strain was reported. CCHFV Hoti caused severe disease in cynomolgus monkeys with 75% lethality when given by the intravenous (i.v.) route. Methodology/Principal findings In a series of experiments, eleven cynomologus monkeys were exposed i.v. to CCHFV Hoti and four macaques were exposed i.v. to CCHFV Afghanistan. Despite transient viremia and changes in clinical pathology such as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia developing in all 15 animals, all macaques survived to the study endpoint without developing severe disease. Conclusions/Significance We were unable to attribute differences in the results of our study versus the previous report to differences in the CCHFV Hoti stock, challenge dose, origin, or age of the macaques. The observed differences are most likely the result of the outbred nature of macaques and low animal numbers often used by necessity and for ethical considerations in BSL-4 studies. Nonetheless, while we were unable to achieve severe disease or lethality, the CCHFV Hoti and Afghanistan macaque models are useful for screening medical countermeasures using biomarkers including viremia and clinical pathology to assess efficacy.
The Biomedical Research Pyramid: A Model for the Practice of Biostatistics

Biostatisticians apply statistical methods to solve problems in the biological sciences. Successful practioners of biostatistics have advanced technical knowledge, are skilled communicators, and can seamlesslessly integrate with interdisciplinary scientific teams. Despite the breadth of skills required for success in this field, most biostatistics education programs place heavier emphasis on development of technical skills than skills necessary for collaborative work, including critical thinking, writing, and public speaking. Our master’s degree program in biostatistics aims for stronger integration of education in collaborative work alongside development of technical knowledge in biostatistics. Toward that end, we propose a model that provides students with a mental map for practicing biostatistics, and that can serve as a tool for faculty to create hands-on learning experiences for biostatistics students. The model helps students organize their knowledge of biostatistics, unifying the technical and collaborative aspects of the discipline in a single framework that can be applied across the broad array of activities that biostatisticians engage in. In this article we describe the model in detail and provide an initial assessment of whether the model might meet its intended purpose by applying the model to a common task for practicing biostatisticians and biostatistics students: describing the results of a medical research study.
Gender and Communication: Are There Decisive Differences?

Much has been written about gender differences—particularly between men and women—in regard to communication. Primarily relating to gender communication differences in professional settings, Pearson (Advertising: Principles & practice. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,, 1981) presented the terms masculine rhetoric versus feminine rhetoric, with the first one being decisive, direct, rational, authoritative, logical, aggressive, and impersonal, and the second being cautious, receptive, indirect, emotional, conciliatory, subjective, and polite (Baker in Management Communication Quarterly 5:36, 1991). Some of the most frequently mentioned differences in gender communication are that, (1) women are more vocal than men; (2) women are more verbally skilled than men; (3) men are more action oriented in their use of language, while women are more relationship oriented; (4) men are more competitive in their language use, while women are more cooperative; and (5) the above differences lead to regular communication frictions between men and women (Cameron, 2007). Some other communication differences often highlighted are, that men mainly communicate to support their prominence, while women do so to build relationships; men smile less than women, women use more paralanguage (nonverbal indicators of listening and understanding) than men do; men will use communicative touching more to confirm their dominance (pat on the back or shoulder), while women will touch for connection (arm-touching or offering a hug), and women use more eye contact than men (Admin/Public Relations …, 2017). This chapter will outline, then analyze, the most common stereotypical classifications of gender-related communication, provide a contemporary view on whether these classifications are myths or reality, and how they should be addressed in this third decade of the twenty-first century.
Enhancer viruses for combinatorial cell-subclass-specific labeling

Rapid cell type identification by new genomic single-cell analysis methods has not been met with efficient experimental access to these cell types. To facilitate access to specific neural populations in mouse cortex, we collected chromatin accessibility data from individual cells and identified enhancers specific for cell subclasses and types. When cloned into recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and delivered to the brain, these enhancers drive transgene expression in specific cortical cell subclasses. We extensively characterized several enhancer AAVs to show that they label different projection neuron subclasses as well as a homologous neuron subclass in human cortical slices. We also show how coupling enhancer viruses expressing recombinases to a newly generated transgenic mouse, Ai213, enables strong labeling of three different neuronal classes/subclasses in the brain of a single transgenic animal. This approach combines unprecedented flexibility with specificity for investigation of cell types in the mouse brain and beyond.
CT-Scan Denoising Using a Charbonnier Loss Generative Adversarial Network

We propose a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) optimized for noise reduction in CT-scans. The objective of CT scan denoising is to obtain higher quality imagery using a lower radiation exposure to the patient. Recent work in computer vision has shown that the use of Charbonnier distance as a term in the perceptual loss of a GAN can improve the performance of image reconstruction and video super-resolution. However, the use of a Charbonnier structural loss term has not yet been applied or evaluated for the purpose of CT scan denoising. Our proposed GAN makes use of a Wasserstein adversarial loss, a pretrained VGG19 perceptual loss, as well as a Charbonnier distance structural loss. We evaluate our approach using both applied Poisson noise distribution in order to simulate low-dose CT imagery, as well as using an anthropomorphic thoracic phantom at different exposure levels. Our evaluation criteria are Peek Signal to Noise (PSNR) as well as Structured Similarity (SSIM) of the denoised images, and we compare the results of our method versus recent state of the art deep denoising GANs. In addition, we report global noise through uniform soft tissue mediums. Our findings show that the incorporation of the Charbonnier Loss with the VGG-19 network improves the performance of the denoising as measured with the PSNR and SSIM, and that the method greatly reduces soft tissue noise to levels comparable to the NDCT scan.
Convergence Analysis of A Proximal Linearized ADMM Algorithm for Nonconvex Nonsmooth Optimization

In this paper, we consider a proximal linearized alternating direction method of multipliers (PL-ADMM) for solving linearly constrained nonconvex and possibly nonsmooth optimization problems. The algorithm is generalized by using variable metric proximal terms in the primal updates and an over-relaxation stepsize in the multiplier update. We prove that the sequence generated by this method is bounded and its limit points are critical points. Under the powerful Kurdyka-{Łojasiewicz} properties we prove that the sequence has a finite length thus converges, and we drive its convergence rates.
Publication Inaccuracies Listed in General Surgery Residency Training Program Applications.

Background Professionalism is a core competency that is difficult to assess. We examined the incidence of publication inaccuracies in Electronic Residency Application Service applications to our training program as potential indicators of unprofessional behavior. Study Design We reviewed all 2019-2020 National Resident Matching Program applicants being considered for interview. Applicant demographic characteristics recorded included standardized examination scores, gender, medical school, and medical school ranking (2019 US News & World Report). Publication verification by a medical librarian was performed for peer-reviewed journal articles/abstracts, peer-reviewed book chapters, and peer-reviewed online publications. Inaccuracies were classified as “nonserious” (eg incorrect author order without author rank promotion) or “serious” (eg miscategorization, non-peer-reviewed journal, incorrect author order with author rank promotion, nonauthorship of cited existing publication, and unverifiable publication). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for demographic characteristics to identify predictors of overall inaccuracy and serious inaccuracy. Results Of 319 applicants, 48 (15%) had a total of 98 inaccuracies; after removing nonserious inaccuracies, 37 (12%) with serious inaccuracies remained. Seven publications were reported in predatory open access journals. In the regression model, none of the variables (US vs non-US medical school, gender, or medical school ranking) were significantly associated with overall inaccuracy or serious inaccuracy. Conclusions One in 8 applicants (12%) interviewing at a general surgery residency program were found to have a serious inaccuracy in publication reporting on their Electronic Residency Application Service application. These inaccuracies might represent inattention to detail or professionalism transgressions.
A spectral element method applied to unsteady flows at moderate Reynolds number

The spectral element method is a high-order technique for solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations which combines spectral expansions with finite element methodology to give high accuracy in general geometries. In the spectral element discretization, the computational domain is broken up into macro-elements, and the velocity and pressure in each element are represented as high-order Lagrangian inter polants. The nonlinear terms in the equation are then treated with explicit collocation, while the pressure and viscous contributions are handled implicitly with variational projection operators. Parallel static condensation applied to the implicit equations gives an operation count commensurate with that for low-order sub-structure techniques at the same resolution. A time-splitting technique is presented for solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, and results are given for linear and (three dimensional) secondary spatial stability of plane Poiseuille flow, and for steady and unsteady separated channel flows at Reynolds numbers of several thousand.
The Endothelin Receptor

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, was discovered in 1988. Its role in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases has been widely investigated. Recent investigations of the pleiotropic actions of the endothelins, such as mitogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis, provide evidence for their potential role in cancer. Available data suggest that ET-1 plays a significant role in the growth and progression of such neoplasms as prostate and ovarian cancer, melanoma, bone malignancies, and other tumors. Development of endothelin receptor antagonists has allowed a better understanding of the role of ET-1 in cancer pathogenesis, and provided the possibility of therapeutic intervention. ET-1 exerts its action via the endothelin receptors A (ETA) and B (ETB); however, it appears that most of the mitogenic activity of ET-1 is mediated through the ETa receptor. Preliminary data from clinical trials investigating the ETa receptor antagonist, atrasentan, in patients with prostate cancer, were encouraging. The role of the endothelin axis in other malignancies is discussed as well.
Mapping payload development for MBARI's Dorado-class AUVs

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) is developing an autonomous seafloor mapping capability for deep ocean science applications. The MBARI Mapping AUV is a 0.53 m (21 in) diameter, 5.1 m (16.7 ft) long, Dorado-class vehicle designed to carry four mapping sonars. The primary sensor is a 200 kHz multibeam sonar producing swath bathymetry and sidescan. In addition, the vehicle carries 100 kHz and 410 kHz chirp sidescan sonars, and a 2-16 kHz sweep chirp subbottom profiler. Navigation and attitude data are obtained from an inertial navigation system (INS) incorporating a ring laser gyro and a 300 kHz Doppler velocity log (DVL). The vehicle also includes acoustic modem, ultra-short baseline navigation, and long-baseline navigation systems. A single cylindrical pressure housing contains all of the mapping sonar electronics, and the main vehicle control and acoustic communications electronics are housed in a separate glass ball. The Mapping AUV is powered by three 2 kWhr Li-polymer batteries, providing an expected mission duration of 12 hours at a typical speed of 1.5 m/s. The assembled package is rated to 6000 m depth, allowing MBARI to conduct high-resolution mapping of the deep-ocean seafloor. Initial at-sea testing commenced in May 2004 using the subbottom profiler and 100 kHz sidescan. The sonar package will also be mountable on ROV Ventana, allowing surveys at altitudes < 10 m at topographically challenging sites. The MBARI Seafloor Mapping team is now working towards integration of the multibeam sonar and towards achieving regular operations during 2005.
Software Requirements Specification of A University Class Scheduler

The University Class Scheduler (UCS) presented in this paper is a novel scheduling tool intended to be used by universities to schedule classes into classrooms. In essence, UCS allows university administrators to enter relevant college and building information, schedule the input classes (courses) into input classrooms, and create web pages that provide detailed schedule information on a semester-by-semester basis. The UCS, which performs the scheduling of classes according to a number of user-selected parameters, can be easily adapted for applications outside the academic realm. This paper presents the main aspects of the University Class Scheduler’s UML-based specification, gives details of the UCS’ current development status, and points to a series of possible extensions that we intend to investigate in the near future.
Cooperation and Self-Governance in Heterogeneous Communities

This paper theoretically studies the consequences of heterogeneity on self-governance, cooperation, and trust in large communities. I consider a game model where players belong to a large population and are randomly matched. Players interact with each other infrequently and, when matched, play a prisoners’ dilemma. There exists an institution that can convey information on play histories. Players’ payoff functions differ, so that some players have a higher tendency towards cooperation. This constitutes the main modeling innovation of this work and makes the model a mixed adverse selection-moral hazard model. A suitable equilibrium concept is introduced and characterized. Some novel comparative statics results are obtained, showing, in sharp contrast with previous papers, that more heterogeneous societies may sustain more cooperation. Private enforcement mechanisms are explored, showing conditions under which private for profit intermediation leads to Pareto optimal cooperation. We discuss the implications of my results for applied work and show how the disclosure of credit histories impacts the defection rates of credit relations.
NORMALITY OF INDIAN CROP YIELDS: APPLICATION OF PANEL ANALYSIS

This paper has two-fold contribution. First, normality of the crop yield residuals are examined using panel statistical procedures accounting for trend, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Second, to evaluate the importance of accounting for spatial and temporal variation on the normality of crop yield residuals, the changes in the skewness, kurtosis and D’Agostino-Pearson 2 (K ) omnibus normality test across panel and time-series models are examined. These are examined with an empirical application to district level data from 19502002 for 15 crops and 14 states in India composed of a total of 3143 individual reporting districts in India. Results indicate crop yield residuals were normally distributed in 65 percent and 73 percent of districts, respectively based on skewness and kurtosis statistics. Accounting for spatial and temporal variation seems to change the distribution of crop yield residuals in 20 percent, 14 percent and 17 percent of districts based on skewness, kurtosis and omnibus tests respectively.
PtCo/CoOx nanocomposites: Bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions synthesized via tandem laser ablation synthesis in solution-galvanic replacement reactions

Abstract Efficient yet, low-cost electrocatalysts are indispensable for electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Here we present laser ablation synthesis in solution in tandem with galvanic replacement reaction (LASiS–GRR), for the first time, as a facile route to synthesize nanocomposites (NCs) of PtCo nanaoalloy (NA) embedded in CoO x matrices as bifunctional electrocatalysts. High resolution TEM reveals PtCo NA of mean sizes ∼8.5–17.7 nm embedded in sponge-shaped CoO x matrices, while electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction data along with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) confirm the NC compositions and crystalline structures. Detailed electrochemistry data indicates outstanding ORR and OER activities for the PtCo/CoO x NCs while exhibiting better stability than the respective standard nanocatalysts. Such activities are ascribed to the shrunken lattice constants of alloyed PtCo that promote oxygen adsorption and the synergic “spillover” effect from high surface area CoO x matrices that accelerate both ORR and OER through symbiotic adsorption/desorption of intermediate species, while preventing aggregation and/or dissolution in alkaline medium. We report a combined overpotential of 756 mV vs. RHE for the PtCo/CoO x NC with 33.3% (molar) Pt content which is the best value ever reported for catalysts supported by carbon black. The enhanced bifunctional catalytic activities of the NCs are attributed to their unique heteronanostructures tailored by our one-pot, “green” synthesis route of LASiS–GRR.