cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mild traumatic brain injury increases vulnerability to cerebral ischemia in mice

Recent studies have reported that TBI is an independent risk factor for subsequent stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TBI would exacerbate experimental stroke outcomes via alternations in neuroimmune and neurometabolic function. We performed a mild closed-head TBI and then one week later induced an experimental stroke in adult male mice. Mice that had previously experienced TBI exhibited larger infarcts, greater functional deficits, and more pronounced neuroinflammatory responses to stroke. We hypothesized that impairments in central metabolic physiology mediated poorer outcomes after TBI. To test this, we treated mice with the insulin sensitizing drug pioglitazone (Pio) after TBI. Pio prevented the exacerbation of ischemic outcomes induced by TBI and also blocked the induction of insulin insensitivity by TBI. However, tissue respiratory function was not improved by Pio. Finally, TBI altered microvascular responses including promoting vascular accumulation of serum proteins and significantly impairing blood flow during the reperfusion period after stroke, both of which were reversed by treatment with Pio. Thus, TBI appears to exacerbate ischemic outcomes by impairing metabolic and microvascular physiology. These data have important implications because TBI patients experience strokes at greater rates than individuals without a history of head injury, but these data suggest that those strokes may also cause greater tissue damage and functional impairments in that population.
Strategies to Enhance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Pathology Training Programs: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

Context.— Like many medical specialties, pathology faces the ongoing challenge of effectively enriching diversity, equity, and inclusion within training programs and the field as a whole. This issue is furthered by a decline in US medical student interest in the field of pathology, possibly attributable to increasingly limited pathology exposure during medical school and medical student perceptions about careers in pathology. Objective.— To review the literature to identify the challenges to diversity, equity, and inclusion in pathology, with an emphasis on the pathology trainee pipeline. To evaluate the medical education literature from other medical specialties for diversity and inclusion-focused studies and initiatives, and determine the outcomes and/or approaches relevant for pathology training programs. Data sources.— A literature review was completed by a search of the PubMed database, as well as a similar general Google search. Additional resources, including the Web sites of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Electronic Residency Application Service, and the National Resident Matching Program, were used. Conclusions.— Many strategies exist to increase diversity and encourage an inclusive and equitable training environment, and many of these strategies may be applied to the field of pathology. Interventions such as increasing exposure to the field, using a holistic application review process, and addressing implicit biases have been shown to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in many medical specialties. In addition, increasing access to elective and pipeline programs may help to bolster medical student interest in careers in pathology.
Rubella immunity rates in women of childbearing age in an urban teaching hospital

Rubella is a highly contagious viral infection that can cause devastating effects on a growing fetus. Although rubella can be prevented with the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, some individuals have a weak immune response and do not sustain an adequate antibody titer to protect against the disease. MMR antibody titers are not routinely assessed in the general population, although healthcare professionals, military workers and pregnant women are commonly screened. This study aimed to investigate rubella immunity rates in primiparous women. The authors believed that the nonimmunity rate would be substantial enough to justify potential rubella immunity screening in all women of childbearing age at annual gynecologic exams prior to pregnancy. Findings recommend obtaining a rubella titer, as well as a measles titer, when women present for their first gynecological visit.
Preliminary Evaluation of Aluminum Foil Compatibility with EVA and POE Encapsulants

Emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies with inexpensive cell interconnect material will help to further reduce the manufacturing costs of solar cells. Aluminum foil has been explored as an inexpensive alternative material replacing silver and copper interconnect materials in the IBC (interdigitated back contact) cells or as moisture barrier in the backsheet. It is critical to assess the compatibility of the aluminum foil with dominant encapsulant types so the reliability of PV modules with aluminum interconnect is not compromised over decades of exposure in the field. In this work, through extended accelerated stress tests, we have evaluated the compatibility of aluminum foil with two encapsulant types, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) and POE (polyolefin elastomer). This aluminum/encapsulant compatibility evaluation was performed using both glass/glass and glass/backsheet constructions. The extended accelerated stress tests used in this work were UV (300 kWh/m2) and damp heat (1500 hours). Based on the after-stress optical and performance parameters of the mini-modules, it is demonstrated that the POE encapsulant is more compatible with aluminum foil compared to the EVA encapsulant irrespective of the substrate type, glass or backsheet.
ApoA-I mimetics favorably impact cyclooxygenase 2 and bioactive lipids that may contribute to cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic treated HIV.

Abstract Objective We investigated whether apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptides 4F and 6F can be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce blood and gut bioactive lipids, proinflammatory effects of endotoxin (LPS) and aberrant activation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) as instigators of increased risk for cardiometabolic disease in chronic treated HIV. Methods We used two humanized murine models of chronic treated HIV infection (n = 109 mice) and gut explants from HIV infected (n = 10) persons to determine whether Tg6F and 4F attenuate in vivo and ex vivo increased blood and gut bioactive lipids (measured by mass spectrometry) and intestinal protein levels of COX-2 (measured by immunoassays) in chronic treated HIV. Results In these models of HIV, when compared to HIV-1 infected mice on antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone, oral Tg6F in combination with ART attenuated increases in plasma and gut bioactive lipids (and particularly COX lipids) and intestinal COX-2. 4F and Tg6F also reduced ex vivo production of COX-2 protein and associated secretion of bioactive lipids in gut explants from HIV-1 infected persons treated with LPS. Conclusion ApoA-I mimetics favorably impact the proinflammatory effects of LPS, COX-2 and production of bioactive lipids that collectively drive gut and systemic inflammation in chronic treated HIV. Given prior experimental evidence that the proinflammatory effects of LPS, COX-2 and gut dysfunction contribute to cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic HIV, apoA-I mimetic peptides may be a novel therapy to treat cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic HIV.
Preoperative lifestyle intervention in bariatric surgery: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background Studies on the impact of presurgery weight loss and lifestyle preparation on outcomes following bariatric surgery are needed. Objective To evaluate whether a presurgery behavioral lifestyle intervention improves weight loss through a 24-month postsurgery period. Setting Bariatric Center of Excellence at a large, urban medical center. Methods Candidates for bariatric surgery were randomized to a 6-month behavioral lifestyle intervention or to 6 months of usual presurgical care. The lifestyle intervention consisted of 8 weekly face-to-face sessions, followed by 16 weeks of face-to-face and telephone sessions before surgery; the intervention also included 3 monthly telephone contacts after surgery. Assessments were conducted 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Results Participants who underwent surgery (n = 143) were 90.2% female and 86.7% White. Average age was 44.9 years, and average body mass index was 47.5 kg/m 2 at study enrollment. At follow-up, 131 (91.6%), 126 (88.1%), 117 (81.8%) patients participated in the 6-, 12-, and 24-month assessments, respectively. Percent weight loss from study enrollment to 6 and 12 months after surgery was comparable for both groups, but at 24 months after surgery, the lifestyle group had significantly smaller percent weight loss compared with the usual care group (26.5% versus 29.5%, respectively, P = .02). Conclusions Presurgery lifestyle intervention did not improve weight loss at 24 months after surgery. The findings from this study raise questions about the utility and timing of adjunctive lifestyle interventions for bariatric surgery patients.
Vaccination visits in early childhood: just one more visit to be fully vaccinated.

Abstract Background: This study characterizes the healthcare visits at which children receive vaccinations, including the number of these visits and the number of vaccinations that are administered. Methods: The 1999 National Immunization Survey (NIS) is a nationally representative sample of children aged 19 to 35 months, verified by provider records, that is conducted to obtain estimates of vaccination coverage rates. We describe the number of healthcare visits in which one or more vaccinations were given, the number of vaccinations given at these visits, and the number of visits and vaccinations needed for an underimmunized child to complete the recommended vaccination series. Results: Of the children who did not receive all doses of the recommended vaccinations (4:3:1:3:3 vaccination series), three fourths had four or more immunization visits. Vaccination coverage increased as the number of visits increased, and children who had completed the series were more likely to receive multiple vaccinations than those who had not. Most children (70.7%) received a maximum of four vaccinations in any immunization visit. The majority of children (73.5%) who had not completed the 4:3:1:3:3 vaccination series needed only a single visit to complete the series. The majority (61.7%) of children who needed only one visit also needed only one additional vaccination. Conclusions: While estimated national coverage for all recommended vaccinations is considerably below the Healthy People 2000 and Healthy People 2010 goal of 90%, achieving this goal is in essence just one visit away. If all children who needed one more visit were to receive that final visit, the national coverage among children 19 to 35 months for all recommended vaccinations would be 93%.
Space-geodetic evidence for multiple magma reservoirs and subvolcanic lateral intrusions at Fernandina Volcano, Galápagos Islands

[1] Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements of the surface deformation at Fernandina Volcano, Galapagos (Ecuador), acquired between January 2003 and September 2010, we study the structure and the dynamics of the shallow magmatic system of the volcano. Through the analysis of spatial and temporal variations of the measured line-of-sight displacement we identify multiple sources of deformation beneath the summit and the southern flank. At least two sources are considered to represent permanent zones of magma storage given their persistent or recurrent activity. Elastic deformation models indicate the presence of a flat-topped magma reservoir at ∼1.1 km below sea level and an oblate-spheroid cavity at ∼4.9 km b.s.l. The two reservoirs are hydraulically connected. This inferred structure of the shallow storage system is in agreement with previous geodetic studies and previous petrological analysis of both subaerial and submarine lavas. The almost eight-year-long observation interval provides for the first time geodetic evidence for two subvolcanic lateral intrusions from the central storage system (in December 2006 and August 2007). Subvolcanic lateral intrusions could provide the explanation for enigmatic volcanic events at Fernandina such as the rapid uplift at Punta Espinoza in 1927 and the 1968 caldera collapse without significant eruption.
Diesel emission control in review: The last 12 months

Driven mainly by tightening of regulations, advance diesel emission control technologies are rapidly advancing. This paper will review the field with the intent of highlighting representative studies that illustrate the state-of-the-art. First, the author makes estimates of the emission control efficiency targets for heavy and light duty applications. Given the emerging significance of ultrafines to health, and to emission control technologies, an overview of the significant developments in ultrafine particulate science is provided, followed by an assessment of filter technology. Major deNOx catalyst developments, in addition to SCR and LNT progress is described. Finally, system integration examples are provided. In general, progress is impressive and studies have demonstrated that high-efficiency systems are within reach in all sectors highway vehicle sectors. Engines are making impressive gains, and will increase the options for emission control. Regarding ultrafines, evidence suggests the aerosol nanoparticles come from lube oil. Filter technology is focusing on optimization, with work being done on better ways to regenerate the filter and improving system back pressure. SCR NOx control is focusing on urea injection algorithms, and system optimization, while NOx adsorbers are showing marked improvements in performs and durability. System integration of filters and NOx control is moving into heavy-duty systems, albeit mainly on the bench.
The molecular and pharmacological properties of muscarinic cholinergic receptors expressed by rat sweat glands are unaltered by denervation.

Previous studies have indicated that denervation of adult rodent sweat glands results in the loss of secretory responsiveness to muscarinic agonists. To elucidate the molecular basis of this loss, we have characterized the muscarinic cholinergic receptor present in adult rat sweat glands and examined the effects of cholinergic denervation on its properties and expression. When homogenates of gland-rich tissue from adult animals were assayed with [N-methyl-3H]-scopolamine, a high- affinity muscarinic antagonist, the concentration of muscarinic receptors was 301 fmol/mg protein and the affinity was 131 pM. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that ligand binding sites were detectable only on glands. In competition studies with well- characterized muscarinic agents, the receptor exhibited typical muscarinic pharmacology. Further investigation with the selective muscarinic antagonists 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, pirenzepine, and AF DX-116 revealed that the sweat gland receptor belongs to the M2 glandular pharmacological subtype. In situ hybridization histochemistry with receptor subtype-specific oligonucleotide probes indicated that rat sweat glands express the m3 molecular receptor subtype. Seven days after sciatic nerve transection, when denervated glands were compared to those on the contralateral unoperated side, there was no significant difference either in the concentration or affinity of muscarinic binding sites or in receptor density or distribution. Furthermore, the molecular subtype and the level of its expression were unchanged. Thus, it appears that muscarinic binding sites and m3 receptor mRNA are present in denervated sweat glands that are unresponsive to muscarinic stimulation. These results suggest that the regulation of responsiveness occurs at a point distal to the expression of muscarinic receptors.
Celastrol Protects against Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction through Activation of a HSF1-PGC1α Transcriptional Axis

Altering the balance between energy intake and expenditure is a potential strategy for treating obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, despite years of progress in identifying diverse molecular targets, biological-based therapies are limited. Here we demonstrate that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) regulates energy expenditure through activation of a PGC1α-dependent metabolic program in adipose tissues and muscle. Genetic modulation of HSF1 levels altered white fat remodeling and thermogenesis, and pharmacological activation of HSF1 via celastrol was associated with enhanced energy expenditure, increased mitochondrial function in fat and muscle and protection against obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis during high-fat diet regimens. The beneficial metabolic changes elicited by celastrol were abrogated in HSF1 knockout mice. Overall, our findings identify the temperature sensor HSF1 as a regulator of energy metabolism and demonstrate that augmenting HSF1 via celastrol represents a possible therapeutic strategy to treat obesity and its myriad metabolic consequences.
Effects of epinephrine on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT-4 phosphorylation in muscle.

beta-Adrenergic stimulation has been reported to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes. This effect has been attributed to a decrease in the intrinsic activity of the GLUT-4 is...
Determination of extractable arsenic in soils using slurry sampling-on-line microwave extraction-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract A flow injection procedure has been developed for the determination of acid-extractable arsenic in soils by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Several parameters, including acid and borohydride concentrations, exposure time to microwave energy, and the microwave power applied, were optimized. The on-line microwave extraction increased the recovery of the adsorbed arsenic significantly; whereas, preparation of the slurry in 10% hydrochloric acid instead of water increased the recovery only when the microwave oven was off. Low recoveries, which were investigated by removing the hydride generation manifold and connecting the system via an on-line filter to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, were due to the irreversible adsorption of arsenic on the soil. This irreversible adsorption does not allow standard additions calibration. The solution detection limit was 0.2 μg l −1 for a 212-μl injection loop, corresponding to 7 ng g −1 in solid for a 2.5% m/v slurry prepared in 25 ml.
Large Deviation Principle for Optimal Filtering

Abstract. We derive a large deviation principle for the optimal filter where the signal and the observation processes take values in conuclear spaces. The approach follows from the framework established by the author in an earlier paper. The key is the verification of the exponential tightness for the optimal filtering process and the exponential continuity of the coefficients in the Zakai equation.
Heritability of Resistance to Seed Shattering in Kleingrass

Seed shattering and nonuniformity of seed ripening in kleingrass, Panicum coloratum (L.), reduce the quantity of harvestable seed and contribute to diminished seed quality. In this study two populations were derived from an accession of kleingrams (PI 410177) that has superior seed retention. The objective was to determine the heritability of seed retention and the feasibility of developing improved germplamm from these populations
Increased urinary flow without development of polyhydramnios in response to prolonged hypoxia in the ovine fetus.

Abstract Objective: In the ovine fetus subjected to 24 hours of hypoxia, urinary flow is normal within a few hours from the onset of hypoxia and there is a maintained inhibition of swallowing. We hypothesized that 4 days of fetal hypoxia would lead to polyhydramnios. Study Design: Five late-gestation fetal sheep were subjected to hypoxia for 4 days and 7 other late-gestation fetal sheep served as time control animals. Fetal hypoxia was produced on postsurgical days 5 through 9 by continuous intratracheal nitrogen insufflation to the ewe. On days 3, 5, 7, and 9 after surgery, amniotic fluid volume, fetal urinary flow rate, and the compositions of maternal and fetal blood, amniotic fluid, and fetal urine were measured. A 3-factor analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results: During the period of experimental hypoxia the mean (±SE) fetal PaO 2 was 16.0 ± 0.6 mm Hg, versus 21.2 ± 0.7 mm Hg in control sheep ( P P P =.60). Fetal blood lactate increased in the hypoxic animals, averaging 3.4 ± 2.1 mmol/L versus 1.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L in control animals ( P =.02). Fetal urinary excretions of sodium, potassium, chloride, and lactate increased significantly during hypoxia, by 170% to 400%. Conclusion: Four days of nitrogen-induced hypoxia in the ovine fetus resulted in excess fetal urinary flow approximating 1000 mL/d greater than normal without the development of polyhydramnios. Because amniotic fluid volume did not change and hypoxia is a known inhibitor of fetal swallowing, we speculate that intramembranous absorption of amniotic water, electrolytes, and lactate increased. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1008-14.)
Variational surface modeling

We present a new approach to interactive modeling of freeform surfaces. Instead of a fixed mesh of control points, the model presented to the user is that of an infinitely malleable surface, with no fixed controls. The user is free to apply control points and curves which are then available as handles for direct manipulation. The complexity of the surface’s shape may be increased by adding more control points and curves, without apparent limit. Within the constraints imposed by the controls, the shape of the surface is fully determined by one or more simple criteria, such as smoothness. Our method for solving the resulting constrained variational optimization problems rests on a surface representation scheme allowing nonuniform subdivision of B-spline surfaces. Automatic subdivision is used to ensure that constraints are met, and to enforce error bounds. Efficient numerical solutions are obtained by exploiting linearities in the problem formulation and the representation.
Successful unrelated donor cord blood transplantation for adult sickle cell disease and Hodgkin lymphoma

Successful unrelated donor cord blood transplantation for adult sickle cell disease and Hodgkin lymphoma
Inhibition in recall from cueing with recall targets

After presentation of categorized lists subjects were given category names to serve as retrieval cues and, in some cases, words from the original list as well. The primary finding was inhibition in recall of additional category instances when both category names and items were presented as compared to recall cued only by category names. These results were interpreted as incompatible with interitem associative theories but consistent with hierarchical theories. Presenting item cues was proposed to increment the strengths of these items to a superordinate control element and consequently decrease accessibility of other items. A secondary finding of output interference between successively recalled categories was attributed to decreasing accessibility of information not successfully integrated into higher-order units.
Riluzole Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: An Open-Label Trial

Background Most patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) show only partial reduction of symptoms with standard therapy. Recent imaging data suggests glutamatergic dysfunction in the corticostriatal pathway in OCD. We investigated the efficacy of augmentation therapy with riluzole, a glutamate-modulating agent, in treatment-resistant OCD. Methods Thirteen patients aged between 18 and 65 years with a primary diagnosis of OCD that had proven resistant to standard treatment were treated with the addition of riluzole to their existing pharmacotherapy. Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Depression Inventory (HAM-D), and Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAM-A) scores were obtained weekly. Results Thirteen treatment-resistant OCD patients received riluzole 50 mg twice a day. Y-BOCS scores improved significantly over time. Of 13 patients, 7 (54%) demonstrated a >35% reduction in Y-BOCS scores, and 5 (39%) were categorized as treatment responders. HAM-D and HAM-A scores for the group also significantly improved over time. Riluzole was well tolerated with no serious adverse effects noted. Conclusions Riluzole appears to have significant antiobsessional, antidepressant, and antianxiety properties. The addition of this agent may be of practical clinical benefit in patients with OCD.
Adolescent Prozac Administration Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects in Adulthood by Reducing ERK2 Signaling in the VTA

Depression is a prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms such as anhedonia, disrupted social behavior, and alterations in stress-responsive neurobiological systems, which have all been replicated in animal models ([Nestler et al., 2002][1]; [Ansorge et al., 2007][2
Dynamic force/position modeling of a one-DOF smart piezoelectric micro-finger with sensorized end-effector

In this paper, a generic microscale system is studied where a smart microsystem composed of an active based material actuator, sensorized structure and transformation system is studied. This problem is important at the microscale because it offers a force measurement of the applied force by the actuator to a flexible environment which enables to understand the interaction between the complete smart microsystem and the environment and to design and control the interaction between the system and the environment. A special case where a sensorized end-effector is fixed on the tip of a piezoelectric actuator is detailed. Integrating a sensorized end-effector influences the behavior of the smart microfinger and is not studied in recent works. The complete finger, which is called in this paper smart finger, consists of a piezoelectric actuator, an end-effector and a novel piezoresistive force sensor. A complete model is developed for generating both force and displacement at the finger's tip while interaction with a flexible environment. A nonlinear model of the piezoelectric actuator is considered and a complete model is developed taking into account the frequency dependent hysteresis of the piezoelectric actuator. The model of the hysteresis is based on the Bouc-Wen method which simplifies the parameter estimation. The complete dynamic force/position model of the finger is validated experimentally with small errors (less than 10%).
Mechanistic study of stereoselective gas-phase reactions of phosphenium ions with cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes.

The 1,3-dioxolane-2-phosphenium ion, 1,3-benzodioxole-2-phosphenium ion, and o-biphenylenephosphenium ion are reported to react in a stereoselective manner with cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes in the gas phase in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Elimination of NH3 from an addition product was observed only for the trans isomer. Several reaction mechanisms were experimentally and computationally examined (B3LYP/6-31G(d)//HF/6-31G(d) + ZPVE level of theory). The most plausible mechanism is initiated by addition of one of the amino groups to the electrophilic phosphorus atom followed by proton transfer between the amino groups. A change to a diaxial conformation for the trans isomer facilitates anchimeric assistance by the now nucleophilic phosphorus atom as the C−N bond breaks to release NH3. Intramolecular proton transfer competes with the conformational change and ultimately leads to ethylene glycol elimination. The transition states for the critical steps of these two...
On the Average Number of Maxima in a Set of Vectors and Applications

A maximal vector of a set ~s one which is not less than any other vector m all components We derive a recurrence relation for computing the average number of maxunal vectors m a set of n vectors m d-space under the assumpUon that all (nl) a relative ordermgs are equally probable. Solving the recurrence shows that the average number of maxmaa is O((ln n) a-~) for fixed d We use this result to construct an algorithm for finding all the maxima that have expected running tmae hnear m n (for sets of vectors drawn under our assumptions) We then use the result to find an upper bound on the expected number of convex hull points m a random point set
Aneurysm rupture is independently associated with increased late mortality in those surviving abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Purpose. The aim of this study was to define whether veterans who survived repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) experienced late survival rates similar to those surviving repair of intact AAA. Methods. All veterans undergoing AAA repair in DRGs 110 and 111 during fiscal years 1991–1995 were identified using the Veterans Affairs (VA) Patient Treatment File (PTF). Late mortality was defined using VA administrative databases including the Beneficiary Identification and Record Locator System and PTF. Illness severity and patient complexity were defined using PTF discharge data that were further analyzed by Patient Management Category software. Veterans were followed up to 6 years after AAA repair. Results. During the study, 5833 veterans underwent repair of intact AAA while 427 had repair of ruptured AAA in all VA medical centers. Operative mortality was defined as that which occurred within 30 days of surgery or during the same hospitalization as aneurysm repair. For those undergoing repair of intact AAA, operative mortality thus defined was 4.5% (265/5833). Operative mortality was 46% (195/427) after repair of ruptured AAA. Overall mortality (including operative mortality) during 2.62 ± 1.61 years follow-up was 22% (1282/5833) with intact AAA versus 61% (260/427) for those with ruptured AAA ( P P 30 days and who were discharged alive after repair of ruptured AAA versus 1821 days for those who initially survived repair of intact AAA ( P Conclusions. In addition to higher postoperative mortality rates with ruptured AAA, mortality during follow-up for survivors of AAA repair was also greater for those who survived repair of ruptured AAA. The toll taken by ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms did not end in the immediate postoperative period.
Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in childhood: the way forward.

Abstract Objective Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a severe, chronic renal parenchymal infection. Nephrectomy is curative. Open nephrectomy is a well-known operative challenge. We describe successful laparoscopic nephrectomy in three patients with XGP. Materials and methods Case notes and radiology of three patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for XGP were reviewed. The preoperative presentation, operative details, postoperative recovery and complications were recorded. Results The ages of the three children were 9, 5 and 1.3 years. Retroperitoneoscopy was performed via 3 × 5-mm ports. Creation of retroperitoneal space was easier than anticipated despite the perinephric inflammation. Excellent visualization of renal pedicle was obtained. The renal vessels were divided using the ultrasonic dissector (Sonosurg, Olympus). The kidney was then mobilized and dissected off adjacent structures. It was extracted via a small extension to one of the incisions on each occasion. None of them needed conversion. Average operating time was 3 h and 30 min. Histology of XGP was confirmed in all. Conclusions Laparoscopic nephrectomy has replaced open nephrectomy for most conditions. Preoperatively, it was thought that laparoscopy might be unsuitable because of the involvement of perinephric tissues commonly seen in this condition; however, excellent visualization was achieved enhancing the ease of dissection. Dealing with the pedicle before handling the kidney also proved beneficial, allowing better visualization and safe dissection. Postoperative pain and morbidity were greatly reduced. The cosmetic result was excellent. We recommend the laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy in XGP when expertise is available.
Comment on “A model for phosphate glass topology considering the modifying ion sub-network” [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 154501 (2014)]

In a recent paper, Hermansen, Mauro, and Yue [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 154501 (2014)] applied the temperature-dependent constraint theory to model both the glass transition temperature, Tg, and fragility, m, of a series of binary alkali phosphate glasses of the form R2OxP2O51−x, where R represents an alkali species. Key to their success seems to be the retention of linear constraints between the alkali ion (R+) and the non-bridging oxygens near Tg, which allows the model to mimic a supposed minimum for both Tg(x) and m(x) located near x = 0.2. However, the authors have overlooked several recent studies that clearly show there is no minimum in m(x). We argue that the retention of the alkali ion constraints at these temperatures is unjustified and question whether the model calculations can be revised to meet the actual experimental data. We also discuss alternative interpretations for the fragility based on two-state thermodynamics that can accurately account for its compositional dependence.
Fusion power from magnetically confined plasma

On the basis of an assumed magnetically confined, stable, quiescent plasma, the relations for the fusion power liberated and the electric power consumed to generate an externally applied magnetic field are recalled. From these, appropriate scaling laws are developed which show the relative importance of various machine parameters, independently of the specific form of machine assumed. In the event that any of this class of machines should be proved physically possible, the directions of development needed to improve the economy of a resulting power-generating system are indicated. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of increasing the yield of a fusion plant are compared.
Contribution of Emergent Aquatic Insects to Refueling in Spring Migrant Songbirds

ABSTRACT. Refueling by spring migrant landbirds is an important determinant of arrival timing and, thus, should also affect acquisition of high-quality territories and mates. Spring migrants can encounter adverse weather and low prey availability, but emergent aquatic insects (e.g., chironomid midges) may provide an important food resource in wetland areas. We used stable-carbon-isotope (δ13C) analysis of exhaled CO2 as an indication of recent dietary intake (contributions from aquatic or terrestrial food webs), plasma lipid metabolite profiling to assess refueling performance, and arthropod sampling to investigate whether diet and refueling differed between Lake Erie shoreline and inland forest sites and how diet, condition, and midge availability (biomass) were associated with refueling along the lakeshore in northwestern Ohio in spring 2007 and 2008. Midge availability was not associated with refueling performance for Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata), Magnolia Warblers (D. magnolia), or Whit...
Ionospheric convection driven by NBZ currents

Computer simulations of Birkeland currents and electric fields in the polar ionosphere during periods of northward IMF were conducted. When the IMF z component is northward, an additional current system, called the NBZ current system, is present in the polar cap. These simulations show the effect of the addition of NBZ currents on ionospheric convection, particularly in the polar cap. When the total current in the NBZ system is roughly 25 to 50 percent of the net region 1 and 2 currents, convection in the central portion of the polar cap reverses direction and turns sunward. This creates a pattern of four-cell convection with two small cells located in the polar cap, rotating in an opposite direction from the larger cells. When the Birkeland currents are fixed (constant current source), the electric field is reduced in regions of relatively high conductivity, which affects the pattern of ionospheric convection. Day-night asymmetries in conductivity change convection in such a way that the two polar-cap cells are located within the large dusk cell. When ionospheric convection is fixed (constant voltage source), Birkeland currents are increased in regions of relatively high conductivity. Ionospheric currents, which flow horizontally to close the Birkeland currents, are changed appreciably by the NBZ current system. The principal effect is an increase in ionospheric current in the polar cap.
Mean free-path length theory of predator-prey interactions: Application to juvenile salmon migration

Ecological theory traditionally describes predator–prey interactions in terms of a law of mass action in which the prey mortality rate depends on the density of predators and prey. This simplifying assumption makes population-based models more tractable but ignores potentially important behaviors that characterize predator–prey dynamics. Here, we expand traditional predator–prey models by incorporating directed and random movements of both predators and prey. The model is based on theory originally developed to predict collision rates of molecules. The temporal and spatial dimensions of predators–prey encounters are determined by defining movement rules and the predator’s field of vision. These biologically meaningful parameters can accommodate a broad range of behaviors within an analytically tractable framework suitable for population-based models. We apply the model to prey (juvenile salmon) migrating through a field of predators (piscivores) and find that traditional predator–prey models were not adequate to describe observations. Model parameters estimated from the survival of juvenile chinook salmon migrating through the Snake River in the northwestern United States are similar to estimates derived from independent approaches and data. For this system, we conclude that survival depends more on travel distance than travel time or migration velocity.
The peptides acetyl-(Gly-3(S)Hyp-4(R)Hyp)10-NH2 and acetyl-(Gly-Pro-3(S)Hyp)10-NH2 do not form a collagen triple helix.

Abstract Hydroxylation of proline residues in the Yaa position of the Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeated sequence to 4(R)-hydroxyproline is essential for the formation of the collagen triple helix. A small number of 3(S)-hydroyxyproline residues are present in most collagens in the Xaa position. Neither the structural nor a biological role is known for 3(S)-hydroxyproline. To characterize the structural role of 3(S)-hydroxyproline, the peptide Ac-(Gly-3(S)Hyp-4(R)Hyp)10-NH2 was synthesized and analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At 4 °C in water the circular dichroism spectrum indicates that this peptide was in a polyproline-II-like secondary structure with a positive peak at 225 nm similar to Ac-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)10-NH2. The positive peak at 225 nm almost linearly decreases with increasing temperature to 95 °C without an obvious transition. Although the peptide Ac-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)10-NH2 forms a trimer at 10 °C, sedimentation equilibrium experiments indicate that Ac-(Gly-3(S)Hyp-4(R)Hyp)10-NH2 is a monomer in water at 7 °C. To study the role of 3(S)-hydroxyproline in the Yaa position, we synthesized Ac-(Gly-Pro-3(S)Hyp)10-NH2. This peptide also does not form a triple helix in water. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data (including line widths and nuclear Overhauser effects) are entirely consistent, with neither Ac-(Gly-3(S)Hyp-4(R)Hyp)10-NH2 nor Ac-(Gly-Pro-3(S)Hyp)10-NH2 forming a triple helix in water. Therefore 3(S)-hydroxyproline destabilizes the collagen triple helix in either position. In contrast, when 3(S)-hydroxyproline is inserted as a guest in the highly stable -Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyprepeated host sequence, Ac-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)3-Gly-3(S)Hyp-4(R)Hyp-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)4-Gly-Gly-NH2 forms as stable a trimer (Tm = 49.6 °C) as Ac-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)8-Gly-Gly-NH2 (Tm = 48.9 °C). Given that Ac-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)3-Gly-4(R)Hyp-Pro-(Gly-Pro-4(R)Hyp)4-Gly-Gly-NH2 forms a triple helix nearly as stable as the above two peptides (Tm = 45.0 °C) and the knowledge that Ac-(Gly-4(R)Hyp-Pro)10-NH2 does not form a triple helix, we conclude that the host environment dominates the structure of host-guest peptides and that these peptides are not necessarily accurate predictors of triple helical stability.
Intensity-dependent absorption coefficient in photorefractive BaTiO 3 crystals

It is shown experimentally that the nonsymmetric behavior of the beam-coupling gain coefficient of BaTiO3 crystals with respect to the sense of the c axis is caused by an intensity-dependent absorption coefficient. It is also found that the actual coupling gain coefficient is dependent on the intensity, even after it is compensated for by the nonsymmetric component. The temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient is measured.
Differential cross sections for e-LiF scattering

Differential cross sections are calculated for e-LiF scattering from 1 to 20 eV using a three-part hybrid method in which low-l partial waves are calculated using the multiple-scattering method, intermediate-l partial waves are calculated using the closed-form point dipole method and high-l waves are obtained using the first Born approximation. Good agreement between theory and experiment at 5.44 and 20 eV confirms the suitability of both the three-part hybrid approach and of the three separate approximations used therein. The differential cross section spectrum is dominated by dipole scattering at small angles, but clearly shows the influence of the molecular core at intermediate and large angles.
Cyclic simple shear apparatus for low-strain soil tests

A testing system has been developed to study the behavior of saturated sand under low-level cyclic shearing strains. The system has been used to determine threshold shear strain levels for fabric destruction in sand aged for different time periods. The system includes a special soil chamber and a direct simple shear (DSS) machine. To impose very small shearing strains, the DSS machine was designed to apply and measure horizontal deformations as small as 0.0005 mm (2 × 10−5 inches). Data obtained to date support the results of previous investigators who performed triaxial tests on freshly deposited samples, indicating a threshold cyclic shear strain level of approximately 0.01 percent. At strains in excess of those levels, destruction of the sand fabric occurred, as evidenced by a reduction in shear modulus at low strain levels. Subsequent modest increases in shear modulus were observed after the specimens were allowed to recover for 24 hours and then tested again. During the recovery period, drainage valv...
α-Adrenergic modulation of cyclic AMP formation in rat CNS: highest level in olfactory bulb

The cyclic adenosine monophosphate response to catecholamines in the rat brain is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors which activate adenylate cyclase and by alpha-adrenergic receptors which potentiate the response to beta-stimulation. We have found that the alpha-potentiation effect in the olfactory bulb is 2-3X greater than in other forebrain areas. This correlates with the extremely high density of alpha-receptors in this brain region and makes it a useful model for the study of alpha-receptor function.
Effect of Lubricant on the Surface Structure of Aluminosilicate Fibers

Commercial aluminosilicate fibers of the nominal composition 45 wt% Al2O3, 54 wt% SiO2 have similar bulk properties but different surface chemistries, depending on whether they were formed with (WL) or without (NL) the aid of a mineral-oil lubricant. Both fiber samples are X-ray amorphous as formed; they have similar crystallization temperatures and have activation energies for crystallization of 751 and 854 kJ/mol for samples NL and WL, respectively. Fiber surface properties differ markedly, as indicated by diffuse reflectance infrared transmission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These techniques show that carbon from the lubricant degradation and/or combustion is incorporated into the melt, whereupon it reacts with nonbonding oxygens in the Al-O network to form network carbonates.
On some questions of Fisk and Brändén

P. Branden recently proved a conjecture due to S. Fisk, R.P. Stanley, P.R.W. McNamara and B.E. Sagan. In addition, P. Branden gave a partial answer to a question posed by S. Fisk regarding the distribution of zeros of polynomials under the action of certain non-linear operators. In this article, we give an extension to a result of P. Branden, and also answer a question posed by S. Fisk.
SU‐C‐BRA‐03: SPARK 4DCT ‐ a Simulation, Post‐Processing and Resorting Kit for 4DCTs

Purpose: 4DCT images can suffer from poor image quality, motion artifacts, and missing data, which sometimes requires rescanning the patient. Most commercially available resorting software do yet not support adequate solutions for the manual correction of scans where a simple phase based resorting algorithm does not yield a satisfying Result: Our purpose is to improve image quality through better resorting tools. Methods: We have developed SPARK 4DCT, a Java based tool that allows the user to choose from six different automatic resorting algorithms, has an advanced manual resorting editor, and interpolates missing data caused by irregular breathing. Expert users can find a direct and convenient access to correcting phase and image selection errors, while advanced automated algorithms improve the baseline quality of the 4DCT with less effort. Results: Using anonymized patient data as examples, we present how the most common problems of 4DCT quality are solved with SPARK 4DCT's alternative resorting algorithms, manual amplitude/phase assignment, missing data interpolation and manual resorting. To prove feasibility for the clinical routine, we also estimate the time required for improving the 4DCT quality. Conclusions: By advancing the workflow of 4DCT resorting and extending the tools available to improve their quality, SPARK 4DCT can replace the commercial resorting software, and is potentially a useful tool to improve the clinical routine of 4DCT resorting in many hospitals. Its design as a Java applet makes its integration into any clinical environment easy, because it allows for access from almost any computer/operating system. As an asset to the 4DCT imaging community the tool will be freely available as an open source code, which, in combination with its simulation capabilities, makes this tool a candidate for facilitating further 4DCT research.
Targeting structural flexibility in HIV-1 protease inhibitor binding

HIV-1 protease remains an important anti-AIDS drug target. Although it has been known that ligand binding induces large conformational changes in the protease, the dynamic aspects of binding have been largely ignored. Several computational models describing protease dynamics have been reported recently. These have reproduced experimental observations, and have also explained how ligands gain access to the binding site through dynamic behavior of the protease. Specifically, the transitions between three different conformations of the protein have been modeled in atomic detail. Two of these forms were determined by crystallography, and the third was implied by NMR experiments. Based on these computational models, it has been suggested that binding of inhibitors in allosteric sites might affect protease flexibility and disrupt its function.
Hydroxylation of camphor and pericyclocamphanone. Evidence against substrate binding through enol linkages

Abstract Hydroxylation of camphor-3,3-d2 in P. Putida occurs without loss of deuterium. Furthermore, pericyclocamphanone, a compound incapable of enolization is also hydroxylated by the same bacterial strain. These results indicate that enolization is not required for substrate binding.