cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
11 – PCR in Situ Hybridization

This chapter describes a manual “hot-start” modification for PCR in situ hybridization that allows the detection of one target copy per cell with a single primer pair. The greatest impact of PCR in situ hybridization is in the area of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 related pathogenesis. One of the most perplexing issues regarding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is that early studies stated that few of the T helper cells actually contain the virus, especially early in the disease process. A great deal of variation is seen in the different published protocols for PCR in situ hybridization. Much of this variation is based on methods that attempt to inhibit diffusion of the amplified product from the site of origin and to prevent drying of the amplifying solution. Much attention has focused on the ability to label the product directly in in situ PCR that eliminate the need for a hybridization step. The weakness of PCR in situ hybridization is related to the weaknesses of both PCR and in situ hybridization. Competing pathways in PCR can limit its specificity and sensitivity. Further, background signal from complexing of the probe and non-target molecules in in situ hybridization lead to false positive results.
Colonial development in Pandorina morum: I. Structure and composition of the extracellular matrix

Every cell in a colony of the freshwater alga Pandorina morum produces a daughter colony in each round of vegetative reproduction. The cells of P. morum structurally resemble those of Chlamydomonas and do not obviously differ from their presumptive unicellular ancestor in ways that would account for their colonial state. It is therefore possible that their colonial association may be the result of altered extracellular matrix, intercellular connections, or modified processes of cell division and matrix formation. The ultrastructural studies and chemical analysis reported here show that the matrix of P. morum is a multilayered structure containing hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and sulfated polysaccharide. Significantly, this matrix displays no major differences from the “wall” of Chlamydomonas species. No intercellular connections have been found in mature colonies. The extracellular matrix therefore maintains, but does not initiate, the colonial arrangement of the cells.
Sequential internal mammary artery grafts. Expanded utilization of an ideal conduit.

The internal mammary artery, when used as a conduit for coronary artery bypass, offers a better long-term patency rate and survival rate than the saphenous vein; however, its utility has been limited. Among other factors, the availability of only two internal mammary arteries for anastomosis has been a major limitation. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, we constructed sequential internal mammary artery grafts in 87 patients. In 49 patients (Group I), only one internal mammary artery was used for sequential anastomosis. In another 31 patients (Group II), one internal mammary artery was used for sequential anastomosis and the other was used for single end-to-side anastomosis. Both internal mammary arteries were used in seven patients (Group III) for the construction of sequential anastomoses. Postoperatively, 64 patients were evaluated by exercise stress tests. None of these patients had a positive stress test although seven patients (11%) had electrocardiographic changes that were considered equivocal. Coronary angiography was performed in 35 of the 87 patients, with 92 vein grafts and 90 internal mammary artery anastomotic sites evaluated within 1 year of operation. A total of 83 vein grafts and 84 internal mammary artery anastomotic sites evaluated within 1 year of operation. A total of 83 vein grafts and 84 internal mammary artery anastomoses were found to be patent. Thus the patency rate for vein grafts was 90 % and for internal mammary artery grafts, 93 %. During the follow-up period (8 to 52 months), three patients died and one was lost to follow-up. Among the remaining patients, 79 had complete relief from symptoms, three had minimal symptoms, and one patient obtained no relief from symptoms. Based on these results, we have concluded that the extended use of internal mammary artery, constructing sequential anastomoses, is technically feasible and provides adequate perfusion to the area of myocardium supplied by such grafts.
A comparison of anti-arrhythmic efficacy of carvedilol vs metoprolol succinate in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Background The effects of carvedilol and metoprolol succinate on appropriate and inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are not fully understood. Hypothesis The hypothesis of our study is possible carvedilol superiority over metoprolol in patients with ICD. Methods All patients with ICD registered to a single device clinic between 1/2012 and 6/2017 (n = 569) were identified. Patients with systolic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%) treated with carvedilol vs metoprolol succinate were compared. Primary endpoint was difference in survival free of appropriate device therapy (shock or anti-tachycardia pacing, ATP). Secondary endpoints were freedom from inappropriate therapy (shock or ATP) and all cause death. Results A total of 225 patients were included in the analysis with median follow up of 57 months (IQR 33.7-90). The 2 groups were comparable in the baseline characteristics. Carvedilol was superior to metoprolol succinate in improving survival free of appropriate ICD therapy (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.24-0.72, P = 0.01). This difference was driven by reduction in survival free of appropriate shocks (HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.15-0.63, P = -0.01) while there was no significant difference in appropriate ATP (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.28-1.1, P = 0.12). There was no significant difference in time to inappropriate shocks (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.19-5.6, P = 0.97), inappropriate ATP (HR 0.93, OR 0.24-3.5, p value 0.9) or all cause death (HR 0.8; 95% CI 0.42-1.5, P = 0.52). Conclusions This study suggests that carvedilol use was associated with improved survival free of appropriate ICD therapy compared to metoprolol succinate in patients with HFrEF.
Reflux Esophagitis and Barrett Esophagus

Gastroesophageal reflux disease may elicit a histologic reaction in the squamous mucosa of the esophagus. From a clinical perspective, it is divided into erosive and nonerosive forms. While no histologic feature is specific, reflux esophagitis is associated primarily with eosinophils. These are typically scattered within the epithelium and do not reach the intensity seen in eosinophilic esophagitis. Other features include basal cell hyperplasia, papillary elongation, spongiosis, and increased epithelial thickness. Prolonged reflux esophagitis may result in metaplastic transformation of the squamous mucosa to a columnar mucosa containing goblet cells, referred to as Barrett esophagus. This metaplastic mucosa is a preneoplastic condition, which may ultimately transform into adenocarcinoma through a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. There are three morphologies of dysplastic Barrett mucosa: intestinal, foveolar, and serrated types. Grading dysplasia is a subjective endeavor and suffers from poor inter- and intra-observer agreement.
Application of ac impedance as diagnostic tool – Low temperature electrolyte for a Li-ion battery

Abstract In this report, we study the impact of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of lithium ion batteries (LIB) on low temperature performance in 3-electrode pouch cells with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Two kinds of electrolytes are used for the comparison purpose. One is chosen as the best low temperature electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a certain ratio) developed in our laboratory by design of experiment method. The other electrolyte used is state-of-art baseline electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in 3 EC/7 EMC). Electrochemical impedance of cathode, anode and the complete cell is measured in various states of aging, charge, and temperature conditions. Our results show that majority of the full cell impedance arises from anode SEI. Cathode SEI has very small impedance. Approximately 75% of full cell impedance is from anode and rest is from cathode. The impedance data are fitted by RC equivalent circuit model to extract various parameters of interfacial phenomena. Also, the data are analyzed by using the relation between the impedance, its distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and the time constants. Conclusively, the high rate performance of a LIB in low temperature depends on the kinetics of the electrochemical process rather than the value of polarization resistance.
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Pediatric Stroke: Report of Three New Cases.

Abstract Background Mechanical thrombectomy for treatment of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is well-studied in adult populations, but not in children. Methods We report 3 new cases of pediatric stroke treated using mechanical thrombectomy. Two cases of AIS and 1 case of CVT were identified from 2018 pediatric stroke clinic records. Results Thrombectomy was successful in 1 of the 2 AIS cases and in the CVT case. None of the children were asymptomatic after thrombectomy. One AIS case had good recovery than developed dystonia which responded to treatment; the second AIS case had residual hemiplegia; and the child with CVT had mild school problems. Conclusions Mechanical thrombectomy is being increasingly used for pediatric stroke treatment. This study and recent literature reviews suggest thrombectomy holds promise as a treatment for selected pediatric stroke patients. Questions remain about the safety and efficacy of thrombectomy in children with stroke since large randomized controlled studies are not yet feasible.
Abstract IA21: Exploiting the biology of exosomes for diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Humans circulate trillions of exosomes at all times. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a size range of 40-150 nm and a lipid bilayer membrane and are released by all cell types. Normal exosomes contain DNA, RNA, and proteins. Some proteins such as CD9, CD63, and flotillin are often detected on the surface of exosomes and serve as markers. Exosomes likely remove excess and/or unnecessary constituents from the cells, functioning like garbage bags. Although their precise physiologic role remains largely unknown, is it suggested that exosomes may mediate specific cell-cell communication and activate signaling pathways in cells they fuse or interact with. Exosomes are detected in the tumor microenvironment, and emerging evidence suggests that they play a role in facilitating tumorigenesis by regulating angiogenesis, immunity, and metastasis. Circulating exosomes could be used as liquid biopsies and noninvasive biomarkers to potentially inform on early detection and diagnosis of cancer patients. Exosomes can be used for the treatment of cancer. This lecture will highlight some of the recent advances in the area of exosomes’ biology and their utility in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Additionally, the use of exosomes in personalized therapy for cancer patients will be discussed. Citation Format: Raghu Kalluri. Exploiting the biology of exosomes for diagnosis and treatment of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
Development and Validation of the Recognizing Addictive Disorders Scale: A Transdiagnostic Measure of Substance-Related and Other Addictive Disorders.

Substance use disorders and behavioral addictions commonly co-occur. However, few available self-report measures reliably and validly assess the full range of addictive conditions. The development ...
Rectal Cancer: Local Therapy

Surgical treatment for rectal cancer typically involves complete resection of the rectum and mesorectum by performing a low anterior resection (LAR) or abdominoperineal resection (APR). Resection of the locoregional lymph nodes has been shown to lower local recurrence rates. However, these operations can be quite morbid. Complication rates following APR resection are as high as 30–60% leading to sexual dysfunction, perineal wound infection and stoma complications. Mortality rates can be as high as 7% following radical resection. APR is reserved for those patients with low rectal cancers involving or adjacent to the anal sphincter that cannot be resected with negative margins without removing the sphincter. However, many patients are opposed to living with a stoma. Local excision avoids the morbidity and mortality of radical resection. Additionally, it may be a better option for those patients deemed high risk for cardiovascular complication following radical resection. Patient selection with proper staging followed by meticulous surgical technique is the cornerstone of oncologic success when contemplating local excision as the definitive treatment for any rectal cancer.
Membrane linkage of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Wzy capsular polysaccharide occurs through an acylglycerol

Capsular polysaccharides (capsules) protect bacteria from environmental insults and can contribute to virulence in pathogenic bacteria. Their appropriate display on the bacterial surface is critical to their functions. In Gram-positive bacteria, most capsules are synthesized by the Wzy polymerase-dependent pathway, which is also utilized in the synthesis of many capsules and O-antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. Synthesis of capsule repeat units initiates on undecaprenyl-phosphate on the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane, with polymerization occurring on the outer face of the membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, the capsule can be transferred to peptidoglycan, as in Streptococcus pneumoniae where a direct glycosidic bond to the peptidoglycan N-acetylglucosamine occurs. In S. pneumoniae, capsule can also be detected on the membrane, and this has generally been assumed to reflect polysaccharide that is linked to undecaprenyl-phosphate and in the process of synthesis. We provide evidence here, however, that final membrane linkage occurs through an acylglycerol, and essentially all of the polysaccharide is transferred from the initial undecaprenyl-phosphate acceptor to an alternate acceptor. This step allows for recycling of undecaprenyl-phosphate and represents an additional terminal step in capsule synthesis. In this regard, capsule synthesis resembles that of the wall- and lipoteichoic acids of S. pneumoniae, wherein a common repeat unit and polymer structure are synthesized by the Wzy pathway with divergence at the terminal step that results in linkages to peptidoglycan and a membrane acylglycerol anchor. IMPORTANCELinkage of capsular polysaccharides to the bacterial cell surface is a critical step in assuring the ability of these polymers to fulfill their functions, such as the resistance to complement-mediated phagocytosis that can be essential for pathogenic organisms to survive in host environments. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which these linkages occur is incomplete. In this study, we provide evidence for linkage of an S. pneumoniae Wzy capsule to an acylglycerol, the most abundant class of lipids in the membrane. This linkage provides a terminal acceptor for capsule that occurs in addition to that of peptidoglycan. Transfer to these terminal receptors is an essential step in CPS synthesis, as failure to do so can be lethal for the cell.
Servant Leadership and Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Proposed Integrative Model for Middle-Level Leaders

Recent studies propose that leadership and entrepreneurship potentially share many important linkages. Given these potential linkages, an integrative model of servant leadership and corporate entrepreneurship is both timely and relevant for conceptualizing causality between the two previously conceived independent fields. Several researchers have suggested that middle-level managers are change agents of organizational knowledge. Given middle managers dualistic role as both individual and organizational leaders, the objective of this paper is to propose an integrative model to test how servant leadership variables influence corporate entrepreneurship variables from the middle-level of an organization. An integrated model that combines Patterson’s (2003) constructs of servant leadership (i.e., agapao love, humility, altruism, vision, trust, empowerment, and service) as process variables with Rutherford & Holt’s (2007) corporate entrepreneurship is proposed.
Use of genetic algorithms for query improvement in information retrieval based on a vector space model

Query improvement based on modifications of query term weights can be viewed, in vector space models, as searching a high-dimensional document space for optimal or near optimal queries. A new search method, based on a class of adaptive procedures, genetic algorithms, is suggested in this dissertation research. The objective of this dissertation is to study the feasibility of applying genetic algorithms to query modification, aiming to improve the retrieval effectiveness. The idea is that based on relevance feedback the algorithm modifies query term weights to search for the optimal or near optimal query which retrieves more relevant documents than its predecessors. Initial experiments based on two document collections have indicated the feasibility of this idea. The results have shown both query performance improvement throughout the genetic process and query individual convergence in the final generation. During the study for finding the best set of the genetic parameters, we developed a hybrid method where the crossover rate and the mutation rate are modified within the genetic process. This has led to further improvement of the performance, compared with other parameter setting we have used. A further test of the hybrid algorithm was applied to a standard document collection, the Cranfield database, and a large document collection in the TREC project. The outcomes from the two document collections also have shown both performance improvement and query convergence as shown in the previous two databases. Moreover, the results from the Cranfield database also showed the improvement of retrieval effectiveness measuring in standard precision, compared with both baseline case with no query modification and the outcomes from one of other studies using relevance feedback. The outcomes from TREC have shown the applicability of this genetic algorithm to large document collections where additional relevant documents were brought to users in the genetic modification process. Several features of the genetic query modification also have been displayed. The algorithm has shown adaptability to different evaluation functions where user's preference for precision versus recall can be taken into account by tuning the system. Another feature is parallel search where different query individuals with distinct term weights search different areas within a document space retrieving partly or totally different set of relevant documents. The promising outcomes of genetic optimal query search merit continuing research. The areas for future studies also are presented, such as adjusting window size for document retrieval, parallel machine implementation of genetic query search and feature detection of document collection for tuning the outcomes of systems.
The Other Side of the Wall

MY STARTING POINT is something that must seem fairly obvious: the notion that we are creatures of our own experience. I would not expect to get much of an argument on that score, and yet if one begins to develop this idea in certain ways, one can readily create a dialectic that has the appearance, at least, of a dilemma. One could, for example, emphasize the ways in which we are the victims of our experience, limited or, to heighten the metaphor, imprisoned by its iron precincts. Or one could, I think, with equal validity emphasize the liberating character of experience and stress how every new experience frees us from the limitations of our former condition. It is simply a matter of how we wish to construe the notion that we are creatures of our own experience. What both versions of the idea have in common, however, is the concept of a barrier, a line of demarcation. And this has special significance for the poem that is the focus of my essay? Robert Frost's "Mending Wall." "Mending Wall" is extremely familiar, certainly one of Frost's best known poems and perhaps one of the most famous in all of American poet ry. It is almost invariably read by students from elementary school to the college level; until very recently, it made every anthology; it readily lends itself to quotation. Say "Something there is that doesn't love a wall" and educated people are certain to catch the reference. Moreover, it is a remark ably straightforward poem. That is to say, given the standard new critical reservations, it seems to mean pretty much what it says and to present no classic ambiguities. A survey of the long record of commentary on the poem, which was published in 1914, reveals relatively little critical disagree ment.
Accommodation of the human placenta to hypoxia.

Abstract In the perfused, term human placenta, the fetal circulation responds to hypoxia by a marked vasodilatation and to a high oxygen concentration by vasoconstriction. This is interpreted as a rapid accommodation resulting in alterations of the effective area for oxygen exchange. When terminal villi are explanted for organ culture, and the concentration of oxygen in the chamber is reduced from 26 to 6 per cent, morphologic changes occur in the syncytiotrophoblast. The nuclei, together with some cytoplasm, cluster at one pole of the villus, leaving only a thin layer of cytoplasm over the basement membrane. The distance from the intervillous space to the nearest fetal capillary is reduced by 25 per cent. In accordance with the law governing diffusion, such a change should permit a comparable increase in the quantity of oxygen transferred per unit of time. The clustering of nuclei and thinning of the syncytial covering is quite marked by 6 hours. If normal oxygen concentration is now restored, the morphologic changes are largely reversible. The changes are interpreted as a slow accommodation of the placenta to chronic hypoxia. The nuclear clustering and “naked” villi are quite identical to those observed in the majority of villi of placentas from women with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia.
Controversies regarding neonatal seizure recognition

Recognition and classification of neonatal seizures remain problematic, particularly when clinicians rely only on clinical criteria. Physicians should utilize synchronized video-EEG-polygraphic recordings to correlate suspicious behaviors with electrographic seizures, to help limit misdiagnosis and overtreatment of either normal or abnormal nonepileptic behaviors. Since neonatal seizures, particularly status epilepticus, predict an increased risk for later epilepsy and other neurological sequelae, accurate diagnoses are needed for aggressive antiepileptic drug use in the NICU, as well as family counseling and anticipatory medical care after discharge. Neurophysiological documentation of neonatal seizures also must be integrated with an appreciation of pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for brain lesions that cause seizures. Maternal-fetal-placental diseases, as well as genetic vulnerabilities may be responsible for seizures long before diagnosis in the newborn period. Alternatively, the severity of seizures in neonates with perinatal asphyxia or other etiologies may be independently associated with brain injury. Seizures in the newborn are one of the few, neonatal neurological emergencies. While prompt diagnostic and therapeutic plans are necessary, unresolved medical issues continue to challenge the physician's evaluation of the newborn with suspected seizures (table I) [1-3]. Recognition of the seizure state remains the foremost challenge to overcome. Clinical and electroencephalographic manifestations of neonatal seizures vary dramatically from those of older children. This generalization is underscored by the brevity and subtlety of the clinical repertoire of the newborn's neurological examination. Environmental restrictions surrounding the sick infant in an intensive care setting, including confinement within an isolette, intubation and attachment to multiple catheters limit accessibility. Medication alters arousal and muscle tone, which further limit the clinician's ability to consider these clinical neurological signs as surrogate markers of underlying brain disorders. Brain injury from antepartum factors may later be expressed as neonatal seizures, as part of a postnatal, encephalopathic clinical picture which may only be precipitated by stress during the intrapartum and neonatal periods [4]. Alternatively, medical conditions during parturition or after birth may cause seizures, with coincident injury. For medication options to effectively treat seizures, new agents need to be designed for specific etiologies, timing of injury, and the unique cellular/molecular organization of the immature brain. This review addresses the challenges and controversies regarding neonatal seizure recognition in the context of current clinical practices. Experimental models of neonatal seizures elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and adverse consequences of seizures on brain development. Since 20% to 50% of children with neonatal seizures experience later epilepsy, diagnostic accuracy is essential [5, 6], particularly for the newborn who suffers a prolonged seizure state.
Reification of the Chinese Intellectual: On the Origins of the CCP Concept of Zhishifenzi

Research has largely overlooked the reification of the intellectual (zhishifenzi) after the 1949 Communist revolution. Studying this major feature of Chinese socialism can illuminate the workings o...
Weathering the Global Storm: The Benefits of Monetary Policy Reform in the LA5 Countries

This paper highlights that central banks from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru (the LA5 countries) reaped the benefits of what they sowed in successfully weathering the global crisis. The adoption of far-reaching institutional, policy, and operational reforms during the last two decades enabled central banks to build credibility about their commitment with the objective of price stability. Thus, when the 2007 - 08 supply shock and the financial crisis hit the world, the LA5 central banks reacted swiftly and effectively based on a flexible policy framework and with the support of strong macroeconomic and financial foundations. Building on the experience of the LA5 central banks and complementing with recommendations from the IMF’s technical advice, the paper provides several suggestions for countries seeking to strengthen the effectiveness of monetary policy.
Temporal dynamics of fish communities on an exposed shoreline in Hawaii

Environmental conditions on higher latitude coral reefs can be extremely variable, and may structure fish communities in ways not previously observed in the more stable, low latitude locations where communities have usually been studied. Temporal changes in fish community structure were examined in an intensive two-year study of the reef fishes of Hanalei Bay, Kauai, Hawaii. Hanalei Bay is directly exposed to winter swells with high surf, as well as frequent heavy winter rainfall and high river discharge. Twenty-two transects (25 × 5 m) were established in a wide variety of habitats and censused monthly (N = 1052 censuses). Over 121 000 sightings of individuals from 150 species were made during the study. Seasonal patterns in number of species, number of individuals, species diversity, and evenness were observed, with winter values usually lowest. Values of these ensemble variables tended to be higher at deeper sites and at sites with greater habitat complexity. Surf height and degree of wave exposure were negatively correlated with several measures of community organization. Groups of fishes with different levels of spatial mobility tended to occupy depths consistent with their various abilities to respond to events of heavy weather. The rank abundance of fish taxa tended to be more stable seasonally at sites with less exposure to high wave energy. These seasonal effects may suggest some type of short-range movement from more exposed and monotypic habitats to locations that are deeper or otherwise provide refuge from seasonally heavy seas.
Cardiac transplantation for older patients: Characteristics and outcomes in the septuagenarian population

Background With increasing age of patients with heart failure, it is important to understand the potential role for orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) in elderly patients. We examined recipient and donor characteristics and long-term outcomes of older recipients of OHT in the United States. Methods Using the United Network for Organ Sharing database, we identified OHT recipients from the years 1987–2014 and stratified them by age 18–59 years old, 60–69 years old, and ≥70 years old. We compared baseline characteristics of recipients and donors and assessed outcomes across groups. Results During this period, 50,432 patients underwent OHT; 71.8% ( n = 36,190) were 18–59 years old, 26.8% ( n = 13,527) were 60–69 years old, and 1.4% ( n = 715) were ≥70 years old. Comparing the ≥70 years old group and 60–69 years old group, older patients had higher rates of ischemic etiology (53.6% vs 44.9%) and baseline renal dysfunction (61.4% vs 56.4%) and at the time of OHT were less likely to be currently hospitalized (45.0% vs 50.9%) or supported with left ventricular assist device therapy (21.0% vs 28.3%). Older recipients received organs from older donors (median age 36 years old vs 30 years old) who were more likely to have diabetes and substance use. After OHT, the median length of stay was similar between groups. At 1 year, of patients alive, patients ≥70 years old had fewer rejection episodes (17.8%) compared with patients 60–69 years old (29.5%). The 5-year mortality was 26.9% for recipients 18–59 years old, 29.3% for recipients 60–69 years old, and 30.8% for recipients ≥70 years old. Conclusions Despite advanced age and less ideal donors, OHT recipients in their 70s had similar outcomes to recipients in their 60s. Selected older patients should not routinely be excluded from consideration for OHT.
A WATER-ESCAPE TEST FOR MICE'

Several studies have previously demonstrated the effective use of water-escape as a motivating factor in animal learning (Glaser, 1910; Moss 1924; Rosvold & Mirsky, 1954). While the majority of these studies are variations of closed-field tests in which animals perform in a manner similar to maze tests, the latter appear a relatively ineffective and lengthy procedure when applied to mice (Vicari, 1929). The present technique has been shown to be effective for demonstrating the rapid acquisition of an orlentatlon response in mlce. The apparatus, consisting of a plastic, water-filled (27" C) pan, 954 X 1254 X 3%", had a 6" plastic escape ramp fastened to an upper corner at a 32" angle to the base, and a horizontal plastic platform attached at a right angle with the far edge of the pan. Using water approximately 3" deep, 10 male Swiss-Webscer mice were given four trials 15 min. apart. Each time S was dropped into the center of the apparatus at the edge opposite the escape platform. Response latencies were measured by timing the interval between dropping S into the apparatus and in reaching and climbing the escape ramp.
Testing student micro computer skills through direct computer use

This paper introduces the concept of testing students' microcomputer skills through direct computer use. Techniques are discussed which make it feasible for the instructor to grade the disk and printout that are produced by each student. The process can be generally applied to testing many different skill areas, and has been effectively used for tests on DOS and utilities, wordprocessing, spreadsheet work, and data base. Practical examples of test creation and grading of spreadsheet tests are presented. Further developments of the technique are suggested.
Ulysses’ Race to the Pole: Symposium Summary

This paper reproduces the Symposium Summary presentation at the 28th ESLAB Symposium on The High Latitude Heliosphere. The summary is not comprehensive but with considerable latitude covers the highlights of the conference. Featured are the observations of the high-speed wind from the growing southern polar coronal hole, new measurements of the interstellar gas and pickup ions, new measurements of cosmic ray modulation at high latitude, and our growing awareness of the three-dimensional heliosphere.
A quantitative comparison of the activity of cardioacceleratory extracts from various portions of the cockroach nerve cord.

Abstract The nerve cord of the American cockroach was divided into four portions, the supraoesophageal, the suboesophageal, the three thoracic, and the last four abdominal ganglia. A saline extract was made of each portion, and each was then assayed for its action on the isolated cockroach heart. Only cardioacceleratory activity was detected, and it was found in all portions of the nerve cord. Dry weights were determined for the above ganglion groups, and the percentage increase in heart rate was tabulated in terms of activity per unit weight. On this basis the suboesophageal and abdominal ganglia contained about 50 per cent more cardioacceleratory activity than either supraoesophageal or thoracic ganglia.
Effects of processing on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of binary Cr–Ta alloys

Abstract The microhardness, and tensile and fracture-toughness properties of drop-cast and directionally-solidified Cr-9.25 at.% (atomic percent) Ta alloys have been investigated. Directional solidification was found to soften the alloy, which could be related to the development of equilibrium and aligned microstructures. It was observed that the tensile properties of the Cr–Ta alloys at room and elevated temperatures could be improved by obtaining aligned microstructures. The directionally-solidified alloy also showed increased fracture toughness at room temperature. This trend is mainly associated with crack deflection and the formation of shear ribs in the samples with aligned microstructures. The sample with better-aligned lamellae exhibits greater fracture toughness.
The association of pisatin tolerance and demethylation with virulence on pea in Nectria haematococca.

Abstract Fifty-seven field isolates and two ascospore isolates of Nectria haematococca mating population (MP) VI were tested for sensitivity to pisatin, ability to demethylate pisatin, and virulence on pea. There was a range of ability to express each attribute. All of the highly virulent isolates were tolerant of pisatin and were able to demethylate pisatin. All of the isolates most sensitive to pisatin apparently lacked the ability to demethylate pisatin and were of low virulence on pea. An additional group of low virulence isolates was tolerant of pisatin and/or able to metabolize this phytoalexin. Tolerance of and/or the ability to metabolize pisatin appears to be required for high virulence on pea by N. haematococca MP VI. Genetic analysis of the diversity present in this collection of isolates would provide a more rigorous assessment of this hypothesis.
High-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection for quantitating COL-3, a chemically modified tetracycline, in human plasma.

Abstract COL-3, 6-deoxy-6-demethyl-4-dedimethylamino-tetracycline, is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. A specific and sensitive analytical method was necessary to quantitate the analyte in human plasma. High-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection was utilized to quantitate COL-3 from 30 to 10 000 ng/ml in two calibration curves: 30–1500 and 400–10000 ng/ml. The sample preparation consisted of acetonitrile precipitation for all plasma samples. COL-3 is separated on a Waters Symmetry® C-18 (2.1×150 mm) column with oxalic acid (0.01 M, pH 2.2)–acetonitrile mobile phase. The total run time was 23 min. Identification of COL-3 and the internal standard was through positive chemical ionization and selective ion monitoring. A quantifying and qualifying ion for COL-3 is used to verify the presence of COL-3 in patient samples. Inter- and intra-run mean percent errors for all of the quality controls were less than 18.3% and relative standard deviations were all less than 14.9%. Recovery of COL-3 and the internal standard was approximately 55 and 72%, respectively. Freeze–thaw stability of COL-3 was variable. This method is suitable for quantifying COL-3 in patient samples and to further characterize the clinical pharmacology of this compound.
The stellar atmospheres problem

Abstract This paper discusses the construction of model stellar atmospheres placing particular stress on the mathematical methods used. The basic equations and assumptions of the problem are presented. Techniques which reduce the transfer equation to a set of linear equations are developed. It is shown how the constraint of radiative equilibrium may then be included directly into the transfer equation, yielding much more powerful methods for constructing model atmospheres than previously available. The scheme where all equations and constraints are solved simultaneously via full linearization is also given,and possibilities for improvement are briefly discussed.
Calculation of Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the hfs Interactions in Fe F 2

The temperature and pressure dependence of the hyperfine magnetic field in ferrous fluoride is determined by diagonalizing the appropriate crystal-field Hamiltonian self-consistently with the expectation value of the operator ${S}_{z}$. The results of this calculation are in good agreement with experimental data for $P=0$. Attention is also given to the temperature and pressure dependence of the nuclear quadrupole splitting associated with $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$.
Influence of Temperature on the Absorption of Inhaled Bovine Serum Albumin through Isolated Rabbit Lungs

AbstractWe examined the influence of temperature on the absorption of inhaled 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 125I- into the pulmonary circulation in isolated rabbit lungs. The lungs were insufflated for 15 min with an aerosol containing either 125I-BSA or Na 125I. The inhaled dose was the amount deposited in the lungs distal to the main bronchi. Blood samples were obtained from the perfusion circuit for 4.5 hr following insufflation. When 125I-BSA was inhaled, the 125I appeared in the blood in trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble and TCA-precipitable fractions. At 38°, the TCA-precipitable and TCA-soluble fractions appeared in the blood at rates of about 1.4 and 1.9% of the inhaled dose per hour, respectively. Cooling to 12° reduced these rates to 0.25 and 0.12% per hour, respectively. The initial rate of 125I- absorption was much more rapid (4%/min) and no temperature dependence was detected. These results indicate that the rates of absorption and breakdown of inhaled albumin were markedly temperature...
Social Capability, History and the Economies of Communist and Post-Communist States

It has been shown, for non-Communist developed and developing countries, that earlier development of agriculture, a dense population, and a state-level polity is associated with a higher income and more rapid economic growth in the late 20th Century. We investigate whether this was also the case for countries under Communism and for the same countries in transition to a market economy. Our findings are generally affirmative, with an interesting pattern for the Eurasian socialist core countries involving higher growth nearer their west European and east Asian poles. We also find that ethnic fractionalization, which is correlated with late pre-modern development, shows harmful effects in the transition era but not under Communism.
CHANGE AND STABILITY IN SUPERPOWER RIVALRY

We investigate the dynamics of superpower rivalry. Participants in policy debates within each state use information about expected future threats and economic costs to influence other policy actors, and this process of sophisticated reaction links the security policies of these two states into a single rivalry system. Analysis of vector autoregression models of U.S. and Soviet military expenditures and diplomatic hostility and U.S. gross national product supports the hypothesis that these policies approximate the behavior of unitary rational states capable of forming rational expectations of each other's future behavior. The dynamic response of this system to a wide range of exogenous shocks (or innovations) reveals the underlying stability of this rivalry system. The military expenditures of both states exhibit a cyclical response to innovations, with a shorter U.S. cycle. This lack of synchronization creates several problems for analysis and for policy change.
The cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design: review and reappraisal

This paper reviews and reappraises the current research on the cognitive task analysis methodology for job or task design and analysis. Specifically, it classifies the current cognitive task analysis methods for job or task design and analysis, sorts out commonalities and differences among all these cognitive task analysis methodology for job and task design and analysis by conducting pros and cons comparisons, and provides guidelines in selecting cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design and analysis. Moreover, based on the current literature review, a validated human-centered information-processing model for cognitive task performance was developed based on human information processing theory. This new model focuses on identifying all cognitive aspects of human performance in technical work, with the goal of assisting job (re)design to increase human job performance.
Voices from within: Native American faculty and staff on campus

What is the role of Native American faculty and staff in majority institutions with relation to Native American students? This chapter provides recommendations for student affairs professionals and further research.
First Generation College Students: Motivation, Integration, and Academic Achievement

The study reported in this article investigated motivation and integration dimensions that influence college academic achievement of first-generation students compared to nonfirst-generation students. Participants consisted of 277 ethnically diverse students who were attending a community college. Bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed that motivation and integration dimensions contributed significantly to academic achievement for first-generation students, but not for nonfirst-generation students. Specifically, among first-generation students, academic integration contributed to higher grade point averages while extrinsic motivation and amotivation contributed significantly to lower grades. Implications of these finding and recommendations are discussed.
EFFECT OF PURIFIED PARATHYROID HORMONE ADDED IN VITRO ON THE RESPIRATION OF OLIGOMYCIN-INHIBITED RAT RENAL TUBULES.

The influence of purified bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) added in vitro on the oxygen consumption of isolated rat renal tubules was studied. PTH did not alter significantly endogenous tubule cell respiration, but when cellular oxidation was inhibited by oligomycin B, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, the hormone stimulated oxygen consumption by 33% (p<0.001). This result is discussed in relation to the effect of PTH on mitochondrial substrate oxidation. (Endocrinology 75: 277, 1964)
192Pt: A piece in the Pt intruder state puzzle

A common interpretation of the light Pt isotopes involves the coexistence and mixing with proton intruder states from above the Z = 82 shell gap. An alternative description of the Pt isotopes using a simple, single configuration, the two-parameter interacting boson approximation model Hamiltonian, is discussed. To test these predictions, experiments on 192Pt were performed. New coincidence data found no support for several low-energy, low-spin states previously proposed in β decay. Results from an (α, 2n) experiment identified states of the γ band up to spin 9+. Results of these experiments are discussed in terms of IBA calculations.
Diurnal variations in major rainwater components at a coastal site in North Carolina

Abstract Concentrations of several major rainwater components were determined in rain events occurring during the early morning hours (12:00 midnight to 6:00 a.m.) and during the afternoon (12:00 noon to 6:00 p.m.) to examine possible diurnal variations. Generally, rainwater components with gas phase origins (H+, NO3−, formaldehyde, H2O2, formic acid, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, and lactic acid) had higher concentrations during p.m. rain events compared to a.m. events. Although source strengths of both biogenic and anthropogenic rainwater components are generally higher during the daytime, nocturnal removal of a wide variety of components in similar proportions (approximately 2–3× less at night) indicates a physical rather than a chemical process affecting diurnal variations. Rainwater components with aerosol origins (Cl−, and SO42−) displayed the opposite diurnal pattern or showed no diurnal variation. Possible reasons for these variations include one or both of the following scenarios: (1) the formation of dew at night removes gas phase atmospheric gasses but not aerosols or (2) during the night, a marine air mass containing lower concentrations of all analytes and higher concentrations of Cl− is advected into the area.
The Human Dimension of Changing Shorelines Along the U.S. North Atlantic Coast

Shoreline change has serious implications for coastal communities and policymakers at all levels of government. The purpose of this study was to examine existing knowledge on the social effects of erosion and accretion along the North Atlantic Coast. Initially, a comprehensive annotated bibliography of peer-reviewed literature was undertaken from which trends and themes were identified. A gap analysis matrix was developed using social variables and measurable parameters. Findings showed that overall, the quantity, breadth, and depth of literature were limited, and neglected the interdisciplinary perspective necessary to understand the social implications of shoreline change.
A Relativistic Measure of Variation in Preference

The assessment of preference generally requires a determination of both resource availability and utilization (Chesson 1978). However, a determination of resource availability in nature is beset by the fact that it may be impossible to measure it from the point of view of the organism under consideration. For instance, how closely does a sweep net sample of insects approximate what may be encountered by an insectivorous bird? This problem makes particularly difficult a study of geographic or temporal variation in resource use, which may result from changes in either preference or availability. The nature of such changes is central to a study of the coevolution of competing species (Roughgarden 1976). Here I propose a method by which spatial or temporal changes in preference may be assessed without reference to the availability of various resources, thereby obviating the difficulties inherent in other measures of preference. It requires the determination of resource use by two or more ecologically similar species in different areas or times. The measure developed may be used to assess variation in preference for prey size, foraging site, host plant, nesting site, etc.
Observation of inversion layers at AlN-Si interfaces fabricated by metal organic chemical vapour deposition

AlN has been grown on Si(111) substrates by metal organic chemical vapour deposition. The formation of an inversion layer on n-type Si(111) has been clearly observed by capacitance-voltage measurements at high and low frequencies. The interface trap level density was calculated to be in the range of 1011 cm–2eV–1 from capacitance-voltage and conductance-voltage measurements.