cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of forests and topography on the deposition of sub-micrometer aerosols measured by lead-210 and cesium-137 in soils

210Pb and 137Cs are present in the atmosphere as single atoms residing in sub-micrometer aerosols. When the carrier aerosols are deposited to the landscape, the 210Pb and 137Cs are retained by soils. The inventories of 210Pb and 137Cs in undisturbed soils serve as a measure of the rate of aerosol deposition that is free from experimental artifacts. 210Pb inventories in the lowland soils of New England are ∼25 d.p.m. cm−2. Inventories in soils above 1000 m elevation are a factor of 1.5-3 greater, demonstrating strong orographic enhancement of deposition. 137Cs was injected into the stratosphere by atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons; 210Pb is a decay product of 222Rn which emanates from the earth's surface. As a result of the difference in their sources, the 137Cs210Pb ratio in the atmosphere increases by a factor of 10 with height through the troposphere. The ratio in deposition, as preserved in lowland soils, is a factor of 2.2 greater than that in surface air due to the range of altitudes scavenged by precipitation. Deposition to mountains may be considered to be a mixture of aerosols scavenged by vertical precipitation and from surface air. Since the two sources have differing 137Cs210Pb ratios, the contribution of the two sources to total deposition may be determined by mass-balance calculation. The 137Cs210Pb ratio observed in mountain soils is 82±5% of that in lowland soils. The decrease in 137Cs/210Pb is the result of the preferential deposition of near-surface aerosols to mountainous areas. A model based on cautious assumptions indicates that the observed decrease in 137Cs/210Pb corresponds to a 24–47% contribution of surface air to the total deposition of surface-source aerosols. The pattern of 210Pb and 137Cs deposition suggests that both the seeder-feeder and the cloud droplet impaction mechanisms are responsible for increased aerosol deposition in mountainous regions. Soils under deciduous forests on mountain flanks which are seldom immersed in cloud show 25% increases in 210Pb inventories and decreased 137Cs/210Pb compared to surrounding lowlands. Soils under higher elevation forests that are frequently immersed in cloud show a 2-fold increase in 210Pb inventories and a greater decrease in 137Cs/210Pb.
Acceptance of noise with intelligible, reversed, and unfamiliar primary discourse.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intelligible and unintelligible primary discourse on acceptance of noise. Of particular interest was the effect of intelligibilit...
Social group utility maximization in mobile networks: From altruistic to malicious behavior

We develop a social group utility maximization (SGUM) game framework that takes into account both social relationships and physical coupling among users in a mobile network. Under the SGUM framework, each user aims to maximize its social group utility, defined as the weighted sum of the individual utilities of the users that have social ties with it. One distinctive merit of the SGUM framework is that it can capture complex social structure among mobile users, consisting of diverse “positive” and “negative” social ties, and hence it offers a platform spanning the rich continuum from zero-sum game (ZSG) to standard non-cooperative game (NCG) to network utility maximization (NUM) - traditionally disjoint paradigms for network management. We then study the SGUM-based game for two applications. For the SGUM-based random access control game, we show that there exists a unique social-aware Nash equilibrium (SNE). As the strength of social ties increases, each user's access probability at the SNE migrates from its strategy for a ZSG to that for a standard NCG, and eventually to its social optimal strategy for NUM, while the social welfare of all users at the SNE improves gradually. We then turn our attention to the SGUM-based multi-channel cooperative jamming game, which is always a ZSG, and show that there exists a unique mixed strategy SNE. When the social tie strength between the legitimate user and the cooperative jammer exceeds certain threshold, the cooperative jammer always jams the eavesdropper on some channel at the SNE, which improves the social welfare of the legitimate user and cooperative jammer. Our results shed light on the impact of social ties on users' strategies and social welfare. We believe that the SGUM framework will open a new door for exploring the social aspect of mobile networking.
A high-throughput system for two-hybrid screening based on growth curve analysis in microtiter plates.

The yeast two-hybrid system is a powerful tool for identifying novel protein-protein interactions. In general, biochemical marker genes such as lacZ are exploited for indirect quantification of the interaction, and commonly involve the conduct of rather laborious β-galactosidase assays. This paper describes a simple alternative method based on growth curve analysis of yeast cultures that is amenable to microtiter plate format, and therefore allows the quantification of large numbers of yeast two-hybrid combinations. The analyzed results of yeast cultures grown in microtiter plates were compared with those obtained from the classical β-galactosidase assay. We conclude that the method presented here is reproducible, of equal or greater sensitivity than the β-galactosidase assay, and can be further adapted for application to the conduct of large-scale, automated yeast two-hybrid experiments.
Civic Community in Small-Town America: How Civic Welfare Is Influenced by Local Capitalism and Civic Engagement*

Abstract The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to gain a fuller understanding of factors that foster community cohesion and contribute to the residents' social and economic well-being; and, second, to move beyond previous research that used larger spatial units such as states, counties, or aggregates of counties and to focus instead on American small towns (population 2,500–20,000). The data on small towns are drawn from public-use files and from confidential microdata from various economic censuses. From these sources we construct measures of locally oriented firms, self-employment, business establishments that serve as gathering places, and associations. The local capitalism and civic engagement variables generally perform as hypothesized; in some cases they are related quite strongly to civic welfare outcomes such as income levels, poverty rates, and nonmigration rates. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of working with place-level data and suggest some strategies for subsequent work on small towns and other incorporated places.
A medified bromosulfalein assay for the quantitative estimation of protein

Abstract A modified bromosulfalein assay for the quantitative estimation of protein is deseribed that is simple, rapid, and sensitive. The assay can be used in the range between 0.5 and 100 μg of protein with samples containing from about 0.01 to 5 mg of protein/ml. Estimates of protein levels in homogenates of various tissues obtained by the bromosulfalein assay compared well with those obtained by the more familiar Lowry method.
The United Fruit Company and Early Radio Development

When General Electric formed the Radio Corporation of America with Marconi assets in 1919, conflicts over patents prompted a push for cross-licensing agreements with the other large electrical and telephone interests. In addition to RCA, General Electric, AT&T and Westinghouse, a fifth partner in the patents pool was the United Fruit Company whose primary business was banana production. How the fruit company became a player in the American radio cartel and the impact of its radio activities in the tropics are the focus of this article. The evolution of its subsidiary the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company is also delineated.
U.N. and other international organizations

African Economic Indicators, 1975. U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, New York (1977). 60 pp. Unpriced. This is the most recent edition of an annual Economic Commission for Africa publication presenting comparative economic data for African countries. Most of the data is presented in chart form with accompanying explanatory text. Statistics on national accounts, population, education and health, trade, and transportation are among the topics covered.
Investigating Children’s Abilities to Count and Make Quantitative Comparisons

This study was designed to investigate children’s abilities to count and make quantitative comparisons. In addition, this study utilized reasoning questions (i.e., how did you know?). Thirty-four preschoolers, mean age 4.5 years old, participated in the study. According to the results, 89 % of the children (n = 30) were able to do rote counting and 70 % (n = 24) were able to do rational counting. When children were asked how they knew how many objects were in a set, 30 responded that they used a counting strategy. Sixty-five percent of children (n = 22) answered “zero” when no block was given and 21 children answered “nothing” when they were asked what zero meant to them. About quantitative comparisons, 65 % of children (n = 22) answered correctly when they were asked more and less questions.
An Overview of the Electric Vehicle Industry Development in the World

Due to the energy shortage and environment pollution, electric vehicle (EV) development has become more urgent. This paper first represented the EV technologies in the developed countries like Europe, USA, etc., and also explained the relevant situation in China. Secondly the paper introduced the EV standard research around the world. Finally, the EV industry development strategy and subsidy policies of those countries were summarized, which can promote the rapid development of the EV industry.
Twins and transsexualism: an update and a preview; research reviews: conjoined twins, angiographic lesions, single versus double embryo transfer; headlines: school placement legislation, Junior Taekwondo Olympics, prosthetic ears, murder victim.

In recent years, there has been growing appreciation for the complexity of gender identity. Focusing on monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for transsexualism can offer clues to events that may trigger this behavioral difference, offering new information about critical underlying factors. An update of twin research in this area is provided, together with a preview of a compelling new film, 'Red Without Blue.' Next, twin study findings on the topics of conjoined twinning, angiographic lesions and embryo transfer are provided. This is followed by a survey of newsworthy twins and twin-related events. Language: en
Action potential stimulation reveals an increased role for P/Q-calcium channel-dependent exocytosis in mouse adrenal tissue slices

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla receive cholinergic input from the splanchnic nerve. Upon sympathetic activity, chromaffin cells fire action potentials that open voltage-gated calcium channels and evoke the exocytic release of catecholamines. Catecholamines then regulate homeostatic processes such as cardiac output and vascular tone. Thus control of the Ca(2+) influx in chromaffin cells represents a target for the regulation of multiple physiological functions. Previous reports utilized square pulse depolarizations to quantify the proportional exocytic response as a function of Ca(2+) channel subtype. In this study, we use perforated patch voltage clamp and action potential waveforms to depolarize cells in situ. We analyze Ca(2+) current components under conditions that match the dynamic native cell behavior. This approach revealed a greater role for P/Q-type calcium channels in evoked exocytosis than previously reported. Thus, the P/Q-type channels represent a more important control point for the regulation of catecholamine-dependent processes than previously believed.
Bootstrapping estimators for the seemingly unrelated regressions model

In this paper we consider the possibility of using the bootstrap to estimate the finite sample variability of feasible generalized least squares and improved estimators applied to the seemingly unrelated regressions model. The improved estimators we employ include members of the Stein-rule family and a hierarchical Bayes estimator proposed by Blattberg and George (1991). Simulation experiments are carried out using several SUR examples as well as a very large example based on the price-promotion model, and data, from marketing research.
STRONG MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES FOR PARABOLIC NONLINEAR PROBLEMS WITH NONLOCAL INEQUALITIES TOGETHER WITH INTEGRALS

In [4] and [5], the author studied strong maximum principles for nonlinear parabolic problems with initial and nonlocal inequalities, respectively. Our purpose here is to extend results in [4] and [5] to strong maximum principles for nonlinear parabolic problems with nonlocal inequalities together with integrals. The results obtained in this paper can be applied in the theories of diffusion and heat conduction, since considered here integrals in nonlocal inequalities can be interpreted as mean amounts of the diffused substance or mean temperatures of the investigated medium.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus ablation abolishes circadian rhythms in rat brain neurotransmitter receptors

Abstract The effect of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ablation on rhythms in brain neurotransmitter receptors was studied. In control animals, the rhythms in the number of α-adrenergic and benzodiazepine receptors were circadian, whereas the rhythms in s-adrenergic and acetylcholine receptors were ultradian. SCN ablation resulted in loss of circadian, but not ultradian, rhythms, without change in the 24-h mean numbers. SCN ablation appears to cause a selective loss of circadian function in the regulation of brain receptors.
Interfacing Forest Engineering with Bioenergy Production

Woody biomass from forestland, urban greenbelts, and residential areas has the potential to provide more than 150 million tons per year of cellulosic feedstocks for biorefineries, pellet fuels, and fermentation. Production sites range from urban lots to large wildland forest tracts. Destinations range from small urban boutiques to large remote industrial complexes. The systems, logistics and equipment will need to be matched to the context of each combination of source and destination. This paper offers a discussion and postulates an operational context for planning equipment, business models, and logistics systems that may represent the likely evolution of the woody biomass feedstock industry. The context includes thousands of very small producers and users, and a continuum toward a few very large industrial complexes. Forest engineers are the logical engineering professionals to expanding their practices to include urban sources and new woody biomass uses. A premise is that forest engineers are well equipped to address issues of materials collection, handling, preprocessing into commercially valuable feedstocks, and transportation systems to move large volumes of woody biomass to market.
Polarographic determination of certain medicinal compounds containing pichloracetamido groups

Abstract A polarographic study has been made of a variety of compounds containing dichloracetamido groups, including N -(2,4-dichlorobenzyl) - N -(2-hydroxyethyl)dichloracetamide (chlorbetamide), N -(4-methylsulphonylphenyl) -1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyldichloracetamide(race-ophenidol), N,N' -bis-(2-ethoxyethyl>- nN,N' - p -xylylene-bis-dichloracetarnide (teclozan), N,N' -octamethytene-bis-diehloracetamide and their corresponding analogues. Analytical results are discussed from a quantitative and qualitative point of view with special emphasis on the stability of the compounds at various pH and the effect of various elements or groups in the molecule on the half-wave potentials of the two resulting cathodic waves.
Abstract CT416: Intratumoral administration of an Oncolytic Polio/Rhinovirus Recombinant (PVSRIPO) in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM): Preliminary results of the Phase I clinical trial

Background: PVSRIPO is the live attenuated, oral (SABIN) serotype 1 poliovirus vaccine containing a heterologous internal ribosomal entry site stemming from human rhinovirus type 2. An oncofetal cell adhesion molecule and tumor antigen widely expressed ectopically in malignancy, nectin-like molecule-5, is recognized by PVSRIPO. We report the preliminary results of a phase I clinical trial evaluating the intratumoral administration via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of PVSRIPO. Methods: Eligibility criteria for adult patients included: recurrent supratentorial GBM; 1-5 cm in diameter; ≥1cm away from the ventricles; ≥4 weeks after chemotherapy, bevacizumab (BEV) or study drug; adequate organ function; KPS >70%; and positive anti-poliovirus titer. Dose was rapidly escalated using a two-step continual reassessment method with anticipated accrual of 1 patient each on dose levels 1-4, and up to 21 patients at dose level 5. Results: Thus far, ten patients have been treated (1 each at levels 1 and 3, 2 at level 2, 2 at level 4, 4 at level 5). One dose limiting toxicity (patient #8) was observed at level 5, a grade 4 intracranial hemorrhage at the time of catheter removal, which required de-escalation to level 4. Grade 3 adverse events possibly related to study include hemiparesis (n=1) and lymphopenia (n=1). No grade 5 study related adverse events were observed. Eight patients remain alive, with two patients now 20 and 19 months post PVSRIPO, respectively. Two patients having previously failed BEV died six months post-infusion after initiating hospice care due to persistence of baseline neurologic deficits. After observing prolonged steroid use in 5 of 7 patients treated on dose levels 3 to 5 and after results of new immunogenic analysis became available, it was agreed upon that dose level 2 is probably the optimal dose level. The study has been amended to treat a total of 6 patients at dose level 2. Conclusion: Infusion of PVSRIPO via CED in the clinical setting is safe thus far and observed efficacy outcomes are intriguing. Dose expansion at dose level 2 is ongoing. Citation Format: Annick Desjardins, J H. Sampson, K B. Peters, T Ranjan, G Vlahovic, S Threatt, J E. Herndon, S Boulton, D Lally-Goss, F McSherry, A Friedman, H S. Friedman, D D. Bigner, M Gromeier. Intratumoral administration of an Oncolytic Polio/Rhinovirus Recombinant (PVSRIPO) in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM): Preliminary results of the Phase I clinical trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT416. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT416
Classes of time-dependent measures, non-homogeneous Markov processes, and Feynman-Kac propagators

We study the inheritance of properties of free backward propagators associated with transition probability functions by backward Feynman-Kac propagators corresponding to functions and time-dependent measures from non-autonomous Kato classes. The inheritance of the following properties is discussed: the strong continuity of backward propagators on the space L r , the (L r - L q )-smoothing property of backward propagators, and various generalizations of the Feller property. We also prove that a propagator on a Banach space is strongly continuous if and only if it is separately strongly continuous and locally uniformly bounded.
N,N-bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl]phosphorodiamidic chloride: a novel coupling reagent in the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Abstract Use of a novel coupling reagent, N,N-bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl]phosphorodiamidic chloride (BOPDC) in the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides is described. This reagent allows the synthesis of phosphotriesters in high yields (70–80%) without detectable side reactions. Synthesis of a hexanucleotide, d(A-A-C-C-C-G) is presented as an example.
Norepinephrine level in the hypothalamus of the genetically hypertensive mouse

The norepinephrine content of the hypothalamus of young mice with high blood pressure was statistically lower than that of mice with low blood pressure. The difference was not evident in older mice from these same strains. No differences in dopamine content were found suggesting a genetic difference in the activity of the converting enzyme.
Modeling of Thermophysical Processes in Liquid Ceramic Precursor Droplets Heated by Monochromatic Irradiation

A transient heat and mass transfer model is formulated to describe radiative heating of ceramic precursor droplets in a nonconvective environment. Heating causes vaporization of solvent from the droplet and concentration of the solute within the droplet leading to precipitation of the solute. It is found that the temperatures within the droplets are fairly uniform, but show different spatial profiles depending on the characteristics of solute absorptivity and duration of radiative heating. Incident laser irradiance and wavelength were found to play a significant role in the temperature profiles within droplets due to the absorption characteristics of the solute and the solvent. Lower levels of incident laser irradiation allows longer times for mass diffusion within a droplet leading to a gradual increase of the solute concentration from its center to its surface. Based on an equilibrium homogeneous precipitation hypothesis, it is found that the droplets heated with low laser irradiance tend to form thick precipitate shells as compared to those exposed to higher irradiances and consequently faster rates of vaporization. Large droplets form thin shells through surface precipitation, while small droplets may precipitate into shells of varying thickness depending on the magnitude of irradiance. Comparisons with convective heating in a high temperature plasma indicate that, with proper tuning of the laser irradiance, similar internal temperatures and solute concentration distributions are achievable. These modeling results suggest that different particle morphologies can be obtained from processing of liquid ceramic precursor containing droplets by proper tailoring of radiation parameters (wavelength and irradiance level).
Subset selection in predictive modeling of the CMM digitization uncertainty

Abstract A number of factors affect digitizing accuracy, such as the travel speed of the probe, pitch values, probe angles (part orientations), probe sizes, and feature sizes. A proper selection of these parameters in a digitization or automatic inspection process will improve the digitizing accuracy. Factorial design of experiments is used to plan the experiments. Regression analysis is applied to developing the empirical models for prediction of digitizing uncertainty. Four criteria, namely the PRESS statistic, the adjusted R 2 , the C p statistic, and the residual mean square s 2 , are employed to select the best regression model. Hypothesis testing is conducted to check the goodness of each model in construction and to qualify the validation of the model. It is shown that the prediction model has a satisfactory goodness of fit. The method for model selection and validation as well as the best model selected can be used in both computer-aided reverse engineering and automatic inspection for error prediction and accuracy improvement.
Evaluation of interfacial friction in material removal processes: the role of workpiece properties and contact geometry

In this work, the interfacial friction is investigated during a material removal test. Based on specially programmed experiments conducted on 6061 Al at 24 different conditions, it was found that the friction coefficient significantly varies in different temperature ranges. Using optical and transition electron microscopy, these variations were found to be dependent on phase changes within the workpiece crystalline structure and the amount of oxidation on the surface of the workpiece. The interfacial friction was also found to change with the geometry of the cutting tool, where larger tool wedge angles increased the shear stress in the shear plane.
Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera: Aphididae) as Prey for Two Species of Chrysopidae

The suitability of the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), as prey for 2 indigenous species of Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufulabris (Burmeister) and Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen), was examined. The developmental time and percentage mortality were compared for each prey separately and mixed. Prey preference was also tested for each predator using 2 preference models as well as a paired t –test. The developmental period for C. rufulabris was shortest on a mixed diet of aphids and whiteflies, suggesting that the nutritional quality of each prey alone was inferior to that of the combined prey. Development of C. cubana was slowest and mortality was greatest on the aphid diet. Both species of chrysopids were able to complete development on immature life stages of the whitefly alone. Both species consumed greater numbers of whiteflies than aphids; however, the consumption of aphids increased with each new instar. This trend indicates that prey selection was strongly influenced by increases in body size. The results of the paired t –test and probability model, coupled with the developmental responses in feeding trials, lead us to conclude that C. cubana exhibited a preference beyond that which was associated with body size for B. argentifolii over M. euphorbiae , whereas C. rufulabris demonstrated little or no such preference.
Using spatial contiguity as prior information in vector autoregressive models

Abstract Spatial contiguity information is often available information to economists modeling cross-sections of counties, states, regions, etc. yet it is frequently ignored. We show that this information can be easily incorporated in vector autoregressive models with little or no effort, using existing software, to produce improvements in forecasting performance.
A Study of High-Voltage Flashovers

A brief discussion is given of the various forms of electrical discharges as they are characterized by the physicists. Oscillographic records secured of voltages and currents, both before and during the flashovers, are reproduced and discussed. Polarity tests are described in which the electrode shape and spacing were found to determine the sign of the half-cycle at which flashovers would start. Photographic results obtained with moving films are illustrated, showing the various stages of a flashover from the formation of the corona discharges, through the initial sparkover, to the development of the half-cycle arc channels. The flashovers studied ranged from several feet to 22 ft. in length. Spectrographic analyses of the different stages of a flashover are described, wherein it is possible to gain some knowledge of several of the factors contributing to the conductivities of the various stages. Several of the spectra obtained are illustrated along with a comparison spectrum of lightning. With the knowledge gained from the laboratory studies made, the probable history of a high-voltage a-c. flashover is summarized.
Why does Education Lead to Lower Fertility? A Critical Review of Some of the Possibilities

Abstract In spite of close to a quarter century of research and policy interest in the quite uniquely universal negative relation between female education and fertility, the mechanisms behind this relation continue to intrigue and to fascinate. This paper tries to review critically some of the more common mechanisms suggested by the literature and offers a new look at some alternative possibilities.
Muscle cell differentiation.

The appeal of myogenic differentiation as a model developmental system derives in part from the complexity of regulatory steps required to account for the diversity of muscle structure and function. The intricate patterns of contractile tissue formation in the adult animal depend on the orderly progression of molecular signals that lead primordial precursor cells in the somites of vertebrate embryos to enter a particular myogenic pathway, migrate to predictable peripheral positions and undergo terminal differentiation at precisely defined developmental stages. Subsequent modulation of the myogenic program by neuronal and hormonal stimuli results in more subtle structural distinctions, produced by differential expression of the corresponding genetic targets.
Demand for male contraception

The biological basis for male contraception was established decades ago, but despite promising breakthroughs and the financial burden men increasingly bear due to better enforcement of child support policies, no viable alternative to the condom has been brought to market. Men who wish to control their fertility must rely on female compliance with contraceptives, barrier methods, vasectomy or abstinence. Over the last 10 years, the pharmaceutical industry has abandoned most of its investment in the field, leaving only nonprofit organisations and public entities pursuing male contraception. Leading explanations are uncertain forecasts of market demand pitted against the need for critical investments to demonstrate the safety of existing candidate products. This paper explores the developments and challenges in male contraception research. We produce preliminary estimates of potential market size for a safe and effective male contraceptive based on available data to estimate the potential market for a novel ...
Pointwise Bounds for the Solutions of the Smoluchowski Equation with Diffusion

We prove various decay bounds on solutions (fn : n > 0) of the discrete and continuous Smoluchowski equations with diffusion. More precisely, we establish pointwise upper bounds on nlfn in terms of a suitable average of the moments of the initial data for every positive l. As a consequence, we can formulate sufficient conditions on the initial data to guarantee the finiteness of \({L^p(\mathbb{R}^d \times [0, T])}\) norms of the moments \({X_a(x, t) := \sum_{m\in\mathbb{N}}m^a f_m(x, t)}\), (\({\int_0^{\infty} m^a f_m(x, t)dm}\) in the case of continuous Smoluchowski’s equation) for every \({p \in [1, \infty]}\). In previous papers [11] and [5] we proved similar results for all weak solutions to the Smoluchowski’s equation provided that the diffusion coefficient d(n) is non-increasing as a function of the mass. In this paper we apply a new method to treat general diffusion coefficients and our bounds are expressed in terms of an auxiliary function \({\phi(n)}\) that is closely related to the total increase of the diffusion coefficient in the interval (0, n].
Probing protein dynamics and function under native and mildly denaturing conditions with hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry

Abstract A combination of hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry emerged in recent years as a powerful experimental tool capable of probing both structural and dynamic features of proteins. Although its concept is very simple, the interpretation of experimental data is not always straightforward, as a combination of chemical reactions (isotope exchange) and dynamic processes within protein molecules give rise to convoluted exchange patterns. This paper provides a historical background of this technique, candid assessment of its current state and limitations and a discussion of promising recent developments that can result in tremendous improvements and a dramatic expansion of the scope of its applications.
N-body faddeev equations and the cluster expansion

Abstract We derive a set of integral equations of the Faddeev type for the N -particle scattering amplitude. This Faddeev theory for the N -body scattering problem then provides a closed theory for the cluster coefficients of an arbitrary quantum gas, which is free of convergence difficulties encountered in former series expansions.
Compassionate Phenomenal Conservatism

I defend the principle of Phenomenal Conservatism, on which appearances of all kinds generate at least some justification for belief. I argue that there is no reason for privileging introspection or intuition over perceptual experience as a source of justified belief; that those who deny Phenomenal Conservatism are in a self-defeating position, in that their view cannot be both true and justified; and that the demand for a metajustification for Phenomenal Conservatism either is an easily met demand, or is an unfair or question-begging one.
Psychosocial Functioning of Bullied Youth Who Adopt Versus Deny the Bully-Victim Label

This study addressed a need for research on the association between adopting or denying the label of bully victim and students' psychosocial functioning. Participants were 1,063 students in Grades 5, 7, and 9 in a school district in the northeastern United States. Students were grouped based on their pattern of responses to (a) the California Bully Victimization Scale (Felix et al., 2011), which does not use the term "bully," but includes behavioral items assessing frequency of peer victimization and whether or not that victimization involved any perceived power disadvantage, and (b) the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (Solberg & Olweus, 2003; Solberg, Olweus, & Endresen, 2007), which queries self-identification as a bully victim. We compared groups using a series of planned comparisons with ANOVA on self-reported emotional distress and withdrawal, behavioral reactivity and conduct problems, and prosocial behavior and peer competence, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997). Results revealed complexities regarding the experience of bullying. The perception of a power difference and having been bullied both related to psychosocial functioning in an interactive way, suggesting that both are important to query. Moreover, students who labeled themselves as victims of bullying reported poorer psychosocial functioning than those who had the experience of being bullied but did not adopt that label.
Shift-Variant Image Deblurring for Machine Vision: One-Dimensional Blur

Image deblurring is an important preprocessing step in the inspection and measurement applications of machine vision systems. A computational algorithm and analysis are presented for a new approach to one-dimensional shift-variant image deblurring. The new approach is based on a new mathematical transform that restates the traditional shift-variant image blurring model in a completely local but exactly equivalent form. The new approach is computationally noniterative, efficient, and permits very fine-grain parallel implementation. The theory of the new approach for onedimensional shift-variant deblurring is presented. Further, its advantages in comparison with related approaches, and experimental results are presented.
The impact of spatial layout of jobs on I/O hotspots in mesh networks

Network contention hotspots can limit network throughput for parallel disk I/O, even when the interconnection network appears to be sufficiently provisioned. We studied I/O hotspots in mesh networks as a function of the spatial layout of an application's compute nodes relative to the I/O nodes. Our analytical modeling and dynamic simulations show that when I/O nodes are configured on one side of a two-dimensional mesh, realizable I/O throughput is at best bounded by four times the network bandwidth per link. Maximal performance depends on the spatial layout of jobs, and cannot be further improved by adding I/O nodes. Applying these results, we devised a new parallel layout allocation strategy (PLAS) which minimizes I/O hotspots, and approaches the theoretical best case for parallel I/O throughput. Our I/O performance analysis and processor allocation strategy are applicable to a wide range of contemporary and emerging high-performance computing systems.
SR proteins escort the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP to the spliceosome.

Pre-spliceosomes, formed in HeLa nuclear extracts and isolated by sedimentation on glycerol gradients, were chased into spliceosomes, the macromolecular enzyme that catalyzes intron removal. We demonstrate that the pre-spliceosome to spliceosome transition was dependent on ATP hydrolysis and required both a U-rich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U snRNP)-containing fraction and a fraction of non-snRNP factors. The active components in the non-snRNP fraction were identified as SR proteins and were purified to apparent homogeneity. Recombinant SR proteins (ASF, SC35, SRp55), as well as gel-purified SR proteins, with the exception of SRp20, were able to restore efficient spliceosome formation. We also demonstrate that the pre-spliceosome to spliceosome transition requires phosphorylated SR proteins. This is the first evidence that SR proteins are required for the pre-spliceosome to spliceosome transition, the step at which the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP assembles on the pre-mRNA. The results shown here, together with previous data, suggest U snRNPs require SR proteins as escorts to enter the assembling spliceosome.
Detection of leptospirosis in India

A commentary on the paper by Karande et al Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global significance.1 In recent years, clinicians and epidemiologists have given increasing attention to this disease, with particular focus on two features: its epidemic potential; and severe manifestations, particularly pulmonary haemorrhage.2,3 However, in leptospirosis endemic regions, one quarter of patients (or more) presenting with simple fever have serological results suggesting the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Severe leptospirosis seems to be the tip of the iceberg of leptospiral infection: most people infected by Leptospira seem to have either have simple, undifferentiated fever (fever without focus) or subclinical illness.4 Fever is a cardinal manifestation of illness and is a common clinical complaint. In industrialised countries, an undifferentiated febrile illness is often referred to a “viral syndrome” or a “flu-like illness”, with the expectation that it will resolve itself. In the developing world, depending on locale, an undifferentiated fever may be called “dengue” or “malaria”, …
Bimodal character of polyester–solvent interactions. III. The effects of morphology on the nature of the interaction of nonaqueous solvents with the aromatic and the aliphatic ester residues of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The extent of solvent-induced shrinkage, swelling, and crystallization of polyester is found to be dependent on the initial morphology of the material. However, the nature of the interaction of the nonaqueous solvents with the aromatic and the aliphatic ester residues of poly(ethylene terephthalate) is found to be independent of morphology and only dependent on the differences in the stereochemical nature of the given solvent and polyester residue.
The Effect of Dietary Energy and Light Treatment on Broiler Performance

Abstract The influence of three dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels and two light regimes on broiler performance was studied in three feeding experiments. Broiler chicks were fed starter diets containing 3086 (23.5% protein), 3197 (24.6% protein), or 3307 (25.1% protein) kcal of ME/kg of ration. An intermittent lighting (IL) program of 15 min light:45 min darkness was compared to a continuous lighting (CL) control. Light treatment had a significant effect on body weight with CL controls weighing 8.2 and 24.0 g heavier than IL birds at 28 and 56 days of age, respectively. However, IL improved feed efficiency over CL by .040 at 28 days and .019 units of feed per unit of weight at 56 days of age. Although the effects of light X diet interactions were nonsignificant, the higher energy rations increased body weight more in CL than in IL. As the dietary energy of the ration increased, feed utilization at 56 days of age improved proportionally more with IL than with CL. Differences in total mortality, disease condemnations, and downgrades were also nonsignificant. Both male and female broilers grown in IL had less abdominal fat than those grown in CL, but differences were significant only between the female groups (P
A perturbation-aware noise convergence methodology for high frequency microprocessors

We present a practical flow that automates the process of analyzing noise failures and determining and implementing the most appropriate design fixes in high performance designs. For each noise problem, the flow implicitly identifies the most sensitive relevant electrical parameter(s) which it then maps to a physical solution that minimizes design perturbation. Integrated with standard physical synthesis, it was used extensively in a high volume 90 nm multi-GHz microprocessor project.
PARENT-REFERRED PROBLEM THREE-YEAR-OLDS: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SYMPTOMS

Parent referred problem three- yr-olds whose externalizing problems had improved by age six were compared with children whose problems persisted and with controls on symptom ratings obtained from mothers at ages three, four and six. Children who improved and those with persistent problems were Initially rated high on over activity, concentration difficulties and disobedience. Improved youngsters did not differ initially from controls on ratings of peer problems and other signs of antisocial behavior but children with persistent problems did. Groups also showed differential patterns of developmental change. The data suggest that both the nature and intensity of problems distinguish between children who do and do not outgrow their early difficulties.
Residency schedule, burnout and patient care among first-year residents

Background The 2011 US Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates reaffirm the need to design residency schedules to augment patient safety and minimise resident fatigue. Objectives To evaluate which elements of the residency schedule were associated with resident burnout and fatigue and whether resident burnout and fatigue were associated with lower perceived quality of patient care. Methods A cross-sectional survey of first-year medicine residents at three hospitals in May–June 2011 assessed residency schedule characteristics, including hours worked, adherence to 2003 work-hour regulations, burnout and fatigue, trainee-reported quality of care and medical errors. Results Response rate was 55/76 (72%). Forty-two of the 55 respondents (76%) met criteria for burnout and 28/55 (51%) for fatigue. After adjustment for age, gender and residency programme, an overnight call was associated with higher burnout and fatigue scores. Adherence to the 80 h working week, number of days off and leaving on time were not associated with burnout or fatigue. Residents with high burnout scores were more likely to report making errors due to excessive workload and fewer reported that the quality of care provided was satisfactory. Conclusions Burnout and fatigue were prevalent among residents in this study and associated with undesirable personal and perceived patient-care outcomes. Being on a rotation with at least 24 h of overnight call was associated with higher burnout and fatigue scores, but adherence to the 2003 ACGME work-hour requirements, including the 80 h working week, leaving on time at the end of shifts and number of days off in the previous month, was not. Residency schedule redesign should include efforts to reduce characteristics that are associated with burnout and fatigue.
Differential Effects of Sexual Composition and Interactional Context on Interaction Patterns in Dyads.

Recent research into whether males and females differ in their communication has been confounded by several variables: perceptual measures, observing isolated behaviors, and same-sex or mixed-sex composition of the communicative system. Some research has suggested that the interactional context may affect whether males and females communicate differently at all. This study sought to determine the differential impact of sexual composition and one aspect of interactional context (specifically, competitive or cooperative orientation) on interaction patterns in same-sex and mixed-sex dyads. Results confirm the expectation that competitive/cooperative orientation exerts a significant impact on both content and relationship patterns of interaction. Results also demonstate that the sexual composition of the dyads did not affect the interaction patterns, measured on any of five dimensions of interactional functions, in competitive dyads, cooperative dyads, or all dyads taken together.
The likelihood of Latino women to seek help in response to interpersonal victimization: An examination of individual, interpersonal and sociocultural influences

Help-seeking is a process that is influenced by individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors. The current study examined these influences on the likelihood of seeking help (police, pressing charges, medical services, social services, and informal help) for interpersonal violence among a national sample of Latino women. Women living in high-density Latino neighborhoods in the USA were interviewed by phone in their preferred language. Women reporting being, on average, between "somewhat likely" and "very likely" to seek help should they experience interpersonal victimization. Sequential linear regression results indicated that individual (age, depression), interpersonal (having children, past victimization), and sociocultural factors (immigrant status, acculturation) were associated with the self-reported likelihood of seeking help for interpersonal violence. Having children was consistently related to a greater likelihood to seek all forms of help. Overall, women appear to respond to violence in ways that reflects their ecological context. Help-seeking is best understood within a multi-layered and dynamic context.
Regional variation of indoor radon over three seasons

The levels of 222Rn in homes located in Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery County, Maryland were measured using alpha-track detectors during three consecutive 3-month seasonal intervals. Indoor radon can be related to the geological material under homes and to home construction. The indoor radon levels during winter were about twice as high as anticipated. Approximately 50% of the homes had winter indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended “action” level. During spring, indoor radon levels showed a considerable drop, with approximately 35% of the homes above 4 pCi/L. Values in summer were even lower, with approximately 22% of the homes above 4 pCi/L.
A performance analysis of lattice oscilation model kernels and KPCA

Kernel methods are mathematical tools that provide higher dimensional representation of given data set in feature space for pattern recognition and data analysis problems. Typically, the kernel trick is thought of as a method for converting a linear classification learning algorithm into non-linear one, by mapping the original observations into a higher-dimensional non-linear space so that linear classification in the new space is equivalent to non-linear classification in the original space. Moreover, optimal kernels can be designed to capture the natural variation present in the data. In this paper we present the standalone performance results of Einstein and Debye kernel functions and their respective performance for kernel principle component analysis on select databases. Empirical results show that these kernels perform well and some even better than existing kernels on these databases.