cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrosilated Dendritic Networks of POSS Cores and Diacetylene Linkers

Inorganic−organic hybrid dendritic networks containing POSS cores were constructed using two different vinyl-terminated diacetylene linker ligands via hydrosilylation reactions. FT-IR and DSC evaluations of the thermal polymerization of the diacetylene ligands indicated that such polymerizations occurred via a diradical mechanism in both long-range ordered and short-range ordered regimes at ∼110 °C and ∼310 °C, respectively, within the networks. The networks were further characterized by solid-state 13C and 29Si CPMAS NMR measurements. The hydrosilated networks possess exceptional thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities, with the degradation temperature of one being 485 °C in N2 and 400 °C in air. The glass transition temperatures of the networks were found to be between 40 and 60 °C by rheological measurements. Rheological properties of the networks were examined as a function of the degree of diacetylene polymerization.
Should patients with drug-resistant HIV-1 continue to receive antiretroviral therapy?

The ultimate goal of antiretroviral therapy for patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is to cure the infection. Failing that, the objective is to stop the progression ...
Self-Beliefs and Career Counseling

Judy, a middle-aged housewife, had been eager to work with the DISCOVER computer-assisted career guidance program. Now she focused intensely on the video screen. Using the first DISCOVER module, she identified her interests and was pleased when the assessment printout pointed to career regions including general health care, education, and social services. She evaluated her abilities on the next module and cagerly awaited the results. The second printout, however, related her selfassessed abilities to data-oriented careers, including management and finance. "I can't do those types of things," Judy blurted out as she read the summary statement of her abilities assessment. The career counselor explained the computer's analysis was based on what she had said about herself, including her own evaluations of her abilities. Judy, however, insisted, "But I can't do those things. I just don't have the capability."
Cosmic string formation by flux trapping

We study the formation of cosmic strings by confining a stochastic magnetic field into flux tubes in a numerical simulation. We use overdamped evolution in a potential that is minimized when the flux through each face in the simulation lattice is a multiple of the fundamental flux quantum. When the typical number of flux quanta through a correlation-length-sized region is initially about 1, we find a string network similar to that generated by the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. With larger initial flux, the loop distribution and the Brownian shape of the infinite strings remain unchanged, but the fraction of length in infinite strings is increased. A 2D slice of the network exhibits bundles of strings pointing in the same direction, as in earlier 2D simulations. We find, however, that strings belonging to the same bundle do not stay together in 3D for much longer than the correlation length. As the initial flux per correlation length is decreased, there is a point at which infinite strings disappear, as in the Hagedorn transition.
Successful Triage of Suspected Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome by Peripheral Blood Smear Review

Objectives: In 2001, the University of New Mexico Hospitals implemented a rapid screening tool for the triage of suspected hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome based on peripheral blood smear morphology. Five criteria guided clinical decisions: thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, granulocytic left shift, absence of toxic changes, and more than 10% immunoblasts. Smears meeting four of five criteria were previously shown to have high predictive value for infection. Our retrospective study aimed to determine clinical performance of this test over the past decade. Methods: Computerized records of 188 smear results were compared with serology. Results: Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis confirmed that the four of five cutoff was the most clinically useful, with sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 93%, respectively. All patients meeting five of five criteria had confirmed infections. Fifteen discordant results were uncovered, explained by positive subsequent tests in the same patient or severe disease without further testing. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that peripheral smear analysis is clinically useful in this endemic region.
Activation of NMDA receptors leads to phosphorylation of TRPV1 S800 by protein kinase C and A-Kinase anchoring protein 150 in rat trigeminal ganglia

Abstract A-Kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) is required for the phosphorylation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) by PKA or PKC in sensory neurons and, hence, affects TRPV1-dependent hyperalgesia under pathological conditions. Recently, we showed that the activation of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors sensitizes TRPV1 by enhancing serine phosphorylation through PKC in trigeminal nociceptors. In this study, we extended this observation by investigating whether AKAP150 mediates NMDA-induced phosphorylation of TRPV1 via PKC in native sensory neurons in the rat. By adopting a phospho-specific antibody combined with a surface biotinylation assay, we first assessed NMDA-induced changes in the phosphorylation level of serine 800 residues (S800) in TRPV1 delimited to cell surface membrane in cultured trigeminal ganglia (TG). The biotinylation assay yielded that the application of NMDA significantly increased the phosphorylation of S800 (p-S800) of TRPV1 at time points correlating with the development of NMDA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia [10] . We then obtained a siRNA sequence against AKAP150 that dose-dependently down-regulated the AKAP150 protein. Pretreatment of TG culture with the siRNA, but not mismatch sequences, prevented the NMDA-induced phosphorylation of serine residues of total TRPV1 as well as S800 of membrane bound TRPV1. We confirmed that AKAP150 co-immunoprecipitated with TRPV1 and demonstrated that it also co-immunoprecipitated with NMDA receptor subunits (NR1 and NR2B) in TG. These data offer novel information that the activation of NMDA-induced TRPV1 sensitization involves p-S800 of TRPV1 in cell surface membrane in native sensory neurons and that AKAP150 is required for NMDA-and PKC-mediated phosphorylation of TRPV1 S800. Therefore, we propose that the NMDA receptor, AKAP150, and TRPV1 forms a signaling complex that underlies the sensitization of trigeminal nociceptors by modulating phosphorylation of specific TRPV1 residues.
Calcium channel currents in isolated smooth muscle cells from the basilar artery of the guinea pig.

Ca2+ channel currents were studied in smooth muscle cells from the basilar artery of the guinea pig using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, 10 mM Ba2+ as the charge carrier and strong buffering of intracellular Ca2+ with EGTA (pCai=8). Cell capacitance was 18.8 ± 6.6 pF (n= 96) and maximum current density at +10 to +20 mV (holding potential < −55 mV), measured early in dialysis, was −14.8 ± 4.9 pA/pF (n= 83). Currents reversed at approximately +95 mV and, at more positive potentials, outward Cs+ currents were recorded that were blocked by either external Cd2+ or Ca2+. One component of current was identified that had properties consistent with L-type channels. On the basis of measurements of tail currents, its threshold for activation was −15 mV, its voltage dependence of activation was steep and it was half-activated at +8.5 mV. It inactivated very slowly at +15 mV (2787 ± 511 ms) and it deactivated rapidly (251 ± 55 μs) at −55 mV. It was quickly lost during dialysis and was largely blocked by 1 nM nifedipine (1-s pulses, holding potential = −55 mV). A second component, termed B-type current, was identified that had properties inconsistent with those of T-type channels. On the basis of tail currents, its threshold for activation was −30 mV, its voltage dependence of activation was less steep and it was half-activated at +33.7 mV. It was half-inactivated at −32.1 mV, it inactivated with a time constant of 162 ± 13 ms at +15 mV and it deactivated relatively slowly (3.8 ± 0.8 ms) at −55 mV. It was less sensitive than L-type current to dialysis and to block by nifedipine.
High overlay accuracy for double patterning using an immersion scanner

Double patterning (DP) is widely regarded as the lithography solution for 32 nm half pitch semiconductor manufacturing, and DP will be the most likely litho technology for the 22 nm node [1]. When using the DP technique, overlay accuracy and CD control are of critical importance [2]. We previously introduced the NSR-S620D immersion scanner, which provides 2 nm overlay capabilities. In the case of the latest generation NSR-S621D system, improvements have been developed for further overlay accuracy enhancement. In this paper, we will show the overlay accuracy and Mix-and-Match performance of the NSR-S621D. Further, the marked improvement in product overlay and the overlay result in Spacer DP as a result of enhanced alignment accuracy will also be shown.
Opal-associated particulate phosphorus: Implications for the marine P cycle

Abstract Previous attempts to evaluate ocean P mass balance and residence time have utilized sequential extraction techniques to isolate and analyze P associated with Fe and Mn oxides and oxyhydroxides, authigenic minerals, detrital, and organic phases. However, in many oceanographic settings, diatoms are the primary producers, and the traditional sequential extraction protocol does not result in complete dissolution of diatom frustules and may not liberate all of the opal intrinsic P associated with the frustules themselves. By adding an opal dissolution step to the end of the extraction protocol, additional P was liberated from the sediments, suggesting that there is an opal-associated P fraction that likely contributes to total reactive P concentrations. In opal-rich sediments, the opal-associated P fraction averages as much as 50–60% of extractable P, and total reactive P concentrations are often more than double when the opal-associated P fraction is included. The presence of opal-intrinsic P potentially has significant implications for ocean P mass balance and residence time of P in the oceans. For example, P burial has possibly been underestimated in settings dominated by diatoms. Additionally, consideration of a significant sedimentary opal-P component suggests that the residence time of P in the oceans may be even shorter than currently suspected.
Determinants of Parent Attitudes about Schools and the School System

Parents judge the school their child attends by one set of standards, the school system by another.
First regional evaluation of nuclear genetic diversity and population structure in northeastern coyotes (Canis latrans)

Previous genetic studies of eastern coyotes ( Canis latrans) are based on one of two strategies: sampling many individuals using one or very few molecular markers, or sampling very few individuals using many genomic markers. Thus, a regional analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in eastern coyotes using many samples and several molecular markers is lacking. I evaluated genetic diversity and population structure in 385 northeastern coyotes using 16 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A region-wide analysis of population structure revealed three primary genetic populations, but these do not correspond to the same three subdivisions inferred in a previous analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. More focused geographic analyses of population structure indicated that ample genetic structure occurs in coyotes from an intermediate contact zone where two range expansion fronts meet. These results demonstrate that genotyping several highly heterozygous SNPs in a large, geographically dense sample is an effective way to detect cryptic population genetic structure. The importance of SNPs in studies of population and wildlife genomics is rapidly increasing; this study adds to the growing body of recent literature that demonstrates the utility of SNPs ascertained from a model organism for evolutionary inference in closely related species.
Living ring-opening polymerization of a carbohydrate-derived lactone for the synthesis of protein-resistant biomaterials.

An efficient living ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of a permethoxylated ϵ-caprolactone [(OMe)CL] catalyzed by yttrium(III) isopropoxide was developed for the synthesis of degradable protein-resistant polymers [P(OMe)CL]. The lactone monomer was efficiently prepared from a reduced sugar, d-dulcitol. Kinetic studies of the ROP revealed a linear dependence of ln[M]0/[M] on polymerization time as well as a linear correlation between the number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) and monomer conversion; both support it is a living polymerization. A series of block copolymers of our permethoxylated lactone with ϵ-caprolactone [P(OMe)CL-b-PCL] were synthesized and fully characterized. In thermal analyses only single Tgs were observed in all the block copolymers, suggesting that P(OMe)CL and PCL blocks are fully miscible. Finally, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensograms demonstrated that both P(OMe)CL and the P(OMe)CL-b-PCL block copolymers exhibit excellent resistance to fibrinogen and lysozyme.
A wireless routing protocol in d-dimensional spaces

We present simulation results of a wireless routing protocol as well as join, leave, failure, and maintenance protocols, for nodes in a d-dimensional Euclidean space (d ≥ 2).
Monte Carlo simulation of turbulent atmospheric transport and comparisons with experimental data

In a previous paper Peterson presented measurements of the /sup 41/Ar emitted continuously into the atmosphere from a reactor at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Here, calculated results obtained with the Monte Carlo atmospheric transport model of Watson and Barr are presented and compared with the experimental data. The measured quantities with which comparisons are made are 1) the position north of Brookhaven where the maximum /sup 41/Ar concentration occurred for specific values of x (east of Brookhaven) and t time; 2) the standard deviation sigma/sub y/ of the /sup 41/Ar concentration about the position of maximum concentration for specific values of x and t; and 3) a quantity that is proportional to the maximum /sup 41/Ar concentration for specific values of x and t. The calculated results are in moderately good agreement with the experimental data at most distances (< or =300 km) and most times for which data are available.
Chiral Capillary Electrophoretic Determination of 2′,3′‐Dideoxy‐5‐fluoro‐3′‐thiacytidine in Rat Plasma

Abstract Chiral drugs have the potential for differential pharmacokinetics and metabolism of individual enantiomers. Analytical methods are needed for the separation and quantitation of the enantiomers. Here, we present a method for the separation and quantitation of two enantiomers of 2′,3′‐dideoxy‐5‐fluoro‐3′‐thiacytidine (FTC) from rat blood plasma using organic protein precipitation with liquid–liquid extraction and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Lamivudine (3TC) was used as an internal standard. The CE system consisted of a 75 µm I.D., 37 cm length fused silica capillary, and a UV detector monitoring a wavelength of 280 nm. The run buffer was aqueous containing 90 mM hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin in 50 mM phosphate at pH 2.5. The system was maintained at 25°C, and the separation voltage was 25 kV with a runtime of 15 min. The method was linear over the range from 0.5 to 100 µg/mL. The method had baseline resolution of the enantiomers and showed high precision and accuracy both within and between runs...
Performance of a composite as a function of the number of judges

Abstract In decision situations where relevant variables cannot be easily measured, mathematical aggregation of individual judgments may prove to be a useful decision aid. A wide variety of studies indicate that composite judgments formed by equal-weighting aggregation models outperform the average individual judge making up the composite. However, the use of these composite judgments in actual decision making situations has not been suggested because of inefficiencies caused by the need to include the judgments of a large number of individuals in the formation of the composite. If composites formed by pooling judgments of fewer decision makers produce similar incremental performance, these inefficiencies would be substantially reduced, making use of such a technique more practical. This study empirically tested the effects of group size upon the incremental accuracy of an equal-weighted composite judge in three different judgment tasks. The results indicate that on average the majority of the increment gained by aggregating large numbers of judges can be obtained by aggregating three judges.
Extended hydrogen-bonded structures of phosphatidylethanolamine.

Abstract The structure of phosphatidylethanolamine in pure dry hexane was studied. Viscosity measurements show that the hexane solution of PE has a very high viscosity, while freeze fracture electron microscopy revealed extensive fibre-like structures. These extended structures are disrupted by the addition of small amounts of water or organic solvents which are capable of hydrogen-bonding. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the lipid solutions in dry and hydrated hexane show considerable differences in the phosphate and ethanolamine absorption bands, and demonstrate that the viscous fibre-like structures formed by phosphtidylethanolamine in dry hexane consist of extended intermolecular hydrogen-bonds, similar to those found in the solid lipid, with the ammonium group as the hydrogen-donor and the phosphate group as the hydrogen-acceptor. The high viscosity is not observed in hexane solution of phosphatidylcholine.
Direct insertion of euchromatic material from chromosome y in the x-chromosome in hypogonadotropic hypogonadisms with crohn's disease

The relationship between chromosomal abnormalities and Crohn’s disease has not been established. Crohn’s disease is associated with inflammation of the bowel, severe abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea. Its etiology is not known at present. A recessive gene with incomplete penetrance is thought to be a factor which does not follow simple mendelian inheritance. We report a case, where the euchromatin material of Y chromosome (p11.1 p11.2) has been directly inserted into the long arm of the X chromosome (q21.2), and is assumed to be the most likely cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in this patient. It could also be that the function of the testis-determining factor (SRY) has been disrupted due to the insertion, causing loss of testicular development.
Metabolism of cholesteryl esters of very low density lipoproteins in the guinea pig.

Abstract Very low density lipoproteins from guinea pig plasma, endogenously labeled with 3H in both the esterified and free cholesterol moieties, were obtained from serum collected 20 hr after the intravenous injection of 3H-cholesterol into donor animals. When these lipoproteins were injected into recipient guinea pigs, the esterified 3H-cholesterol was rapidly cleared from the plasma; 24% was in the liver in 5 min and 54% in 15 min. A smaller fraction of the esterified cholesterol appeared in other plasma lipoprotein fractions, with 3H in the low density lipoproteins reaching a peak of 9%–18% of the injected esterified 3H-cholesterol between 30 and 60 min after the injection. The results indicate that most of the esterified cholesterol in very low density lipoproteins of guinea pig plasma is removed directly by the liver and a minor fraction is transferred to low density lipoproteins. The pattern of labeling of cholesteryl esters of high density lipoproteins in these experiments suggests that their low concentration in the guinea pig is accompained by a rapid turnover rate.
A comparative study on the elastic‐plastic collapse strength of initially imperfect deep spherical shells

Abstract : A finite-difference method for the large deformation elastic-plastic analysis of spherical caps is applied to predict the collapse strength of initially imperfect deep spherical shells. Twelve uniformly loaded hemispherical shell models with flat spots at their apex are analyzed. For each model, a number of shallow spherical regions containing the flat spot are selected from its domain. One of these selected shallow regions yields a minimum buckling pressure; this minimum value is taken as the theoretical buckling load for the shell model under consideration. Present solutions are in good agreement with existing experimental and empirical results. The good comparison suggests that initially imperfect deep spherical shells may be analyzed by using a much simpler mathematical model - the spherical cap, and thus the analytical cost may be greatly reduced. This also demonstrates that the collapse of imperfect spherical shells is primarily a local phenomenon and therefore dependent on local geometry. Consequently, the presence of initial imperfections must be fully taken into consideration in any large deformation inelastic buckling analysis before such analysis can be expected to quantitatively predict the collapse strength of practical shell structures. (Author)
ESR Studies on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates by Rat Liver Microsomes in the Presence of NADPH or NADH

Experiments were carried out using spin-trapping ESR spectroscopy to evaluate in a quantitative and kinetic manner the production of reactive oxygen intermediates by rat liver microsomes. Comparisons between the effectiveness of NADH and that of NADPH in catalyzing microsomal generation of reactive oxygen intermediates were made. Superoxide production was determined by assaying the generation of superoxide dismutase-sensitive stable nitroxyl radicals formed from 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine. Identical spectra were produced when microsomes were incubated with NADH or NADPH; reaction rates were linear for at least 10 min of reaction and were about three- to fourfold greater with NADPH. In the presence of iron, microsomes catalyze the production of hydroxyl radical during electron transfer. Initial experiments utilizing 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO) as the spin-trapping agent proved unsatisfactory for the microsomal system as adequate kinetics could not be determined in view of the rapid decay of the DMPO-OH adduct, as well as secondary adducts such as DMPO-CH3 or DMPO-hydroxyethyl (HER). The spin-trapping agent alpha-[4-pyridyl-1-oxide]-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) was evaluated. POBN-OH adducts were somewhat more stable but also rapidly decayed after 2 to 3 min. However, production of POBN-CH3 and POBN-HER adducts was proportional to that of microsomal protein, increased with time over a 5- to 15-min period, and then was relatively stable. The redox cycling agent paraquat increased POBN-HER adduct formation twofold. Formation of the adduct with either NADH or NADPH required an iron catalyst and did not occur in the presence of the iron chelator desferrioxamine. Ferric EDTA was most reactive in catalyzing production of the adduct, ferric DTPA was 60 to 70% as effective, and ferric ATP was 20 to 30% as effective as ferric EDTA, with both reductants. Irrespective of the iron complex, rates of POBN-HER formation with NADH were about 70% those of NADPH. Formation of the adduct was inhibited by catalase, mannitol, and GSH, but not superoxide dismutase. These experiments support the usefulness of POBN plus ethanol for kinetic studies on the production of .OH by microsomes and validate that microsomes in the presence of an iron catalyst generate .OH not only with NADPH as cofactor, but also with NADH.
Comparison of outcomes of nonsurgical spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage based on risk factors and physician specialty.

Background The authors report the effects of patient risk factors and physician specialty on the clinical outcomes of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), who were treated nonsurgically at 3 academic medical centers. To our knowledge, there is no reported literature on the effect of physician specialty and outcomes (modified Rankin scale [mRS] score, in-hospital death, and hospital length of stay [LOS]). Methods A new patent pending data-mining method, Healthcare Smart Grid™, retrospectively analyzed hospital data for 129 patients with spontaneous ICH admitted to 3 (two university and one community) hospitals in a single metropolitan region and treated nonsurgically. Patients with traumatic hemorrhages and subarachnoid hemorrhages were excluded from the study. Demographic data, clinical presentation, medical risk factors, and hematoma characteristics were tested for associations with 3 outcomes: in-hospital death, mRS score at discharge, and LOS. Results A total of 129 cases were identified in the university (77 cases) and community (52 cases) hospitals during a 20-month period (December 2005-July 2007). The mean age was 64.1 years with 48% being men and 83% being black. The median LOS among survivors was 6 days. LOS was significantly associated with physician specialty ( P =.002 for both comparisons: neurologists and neurosurgeons with internists) and hemorrhage volume. Mortality in these patients was 23%. In an adjusted analysis, hemorrhage volume ( P P =.001) were significant predictors of in-hospital mortality, whereas physician specialty, number of comorbidities, and other risk factors were not. The median mRS score at discharge was 3. Larger hemorrhage volume tends to predict greater disability ( P =.06). Conclusions LOS for spontaneous nonsurgically treated ICH tends to be the least with admission to specialist services such as neurologists and neurosurgeons. Physician specialties do not seem to influence mRS score or mortality in medically managed spontaneous ICH. Hemorrhage volume has a statistically significant association with death and LOS.
LAN, LAM and convergence of Iterative ML estimates; optimal design in Gaussian one-way mixed model

For a one-way mixed Gaussian ANOVA model we prove local asymptotic normality and local asymptotic minimaxity of maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) and of its certain iterative approximations. A geometric rate of convergence in probability is proved for these iterative estimates to MLE. Asymptotically optimal designs for large samples are studied.
Algal Morphogenesis: How Volvox Turns Itself Inside-Out

Abstract During its development, the multicellular green alga Volvox undergoes inversion, in which spherical embryos turn their multicellular sheet completely inside out. A mutant analysis has revealed that a novel kinesin motor protein is essential for completing this process.
The need for a soil quality index: Local and regional perspectives

Granatstein, D. and D.F. Bezdicek. 1992. The need for a soil quality index: local and regional perspectives. Amer. J. Alternative Agriculture 7:12-16.
Shipyard radiological safety as related to nuclear submarines

An outline of some of the methods and procedures that are used to insure safe working conditions in radioactive work areas.
On the number of $m$-term zero-sum subsequences

A sequence S of terms from an abelian group is zero-sum if the sum of the terms of S is zero. In 1961 Erdős, Ginzburg and Ziv proved that any sequence of 2m− 1 terms from an abelian group of order m contains an m-term zero-sum subsequence [10]. This sparked a flurry of generalizations, variations and extensions [1] [3] [7] [8] [11] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [22] [26] [27] [28] [37]. Since a sequence from the cyclic group Z/mZ consisting of only 0’s and 1’s has its m-term zerosum subsequences in exact correspondence with its m-term monochromatic subsequences, then the Erdős-Ginzburg-Ziv Theorem can be viewed as a generalization of the pigeonhole principle for m pigeons and 2 boxes. In essence, the Erdős-Ginzburg-Ziv Theorem expresses the idea that often the best way to avoid zero-sums is to consider sequences with very few distinct terms. For sequences whose length is greater than 2m−1, a natural question to ask is how many m-term zero-sum subsequences can one expect. If the sequence S has length n and consists of at most two distinct terms, then there will be at least (dn 2 e m ) + (bn 2 c m ) m-term monochromatic subsequences. Thus ∗AMS Subject Classification: 11B75 (11B50)
Holt-Oram syndrome associated with combined ostium primum and secundum atrial septal defects: Successful surgical closure

Abstract A 55 year old man with the typical findings of Holt-Oram syndrome except for the presence of a septum primum defect in addition to the usual secundum defect is described. The clinical, physical, radiologic and operative findings are presented.
Cancer incidence of Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in Cook County, Illinois.

Background. Variations in cancer incidence and mortality rates between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites have been reported in several regions in the United States. This report describes the ethnic variation in selected cancer sites in Cook County, Illinois. Methods. Cancer incidence, age-specific, and age-standardized relative rates, and 95% confidence intervals were estimated among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in Cook County, Illinois, for 1986-1987. Hispanics were identified using surnames and maiden names with the Generally Useful Ethnic Search System (GUESS). Results. Rates of lung cancer in Hispanics were approximately half of those observed for non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics also had lower rates of colon, breast, and bladder cancer. Hispanic females had rates of invasive cervical cancer that were approximately two times higher than those of non-Hispanic whites. Conclusions. These results are consistent with previous studies and suggest that Hispanics residing in the United States may retain some of the risk profile of those living in their home country. Cancer 1995;75:2939–45.
ROTC Policy Regarding Homosexuals

This is a policy analysis, in a historical context, of how Association of American University institutions responded to Reserve Officer Training Corps policy excluding homosexuals. The time period for this study is 1982 to 1992. Qualitative methods are used to analyze data and arrive at conclusions. Secondary data provide additional depth and background. This study reveals seven different positions institutions have taken in response to ROTC policy, these include: supporting ROTC policy, neutrality, collective action, barring military recruiters from campus, distancing the institution from ROTC, and changing the campus climate. This includes examples taken from AAU institutions and rationales behind making policy decisions.
Mobilizing Palestinians in support of one state

This article examines the challenges to mobilizing Palestinians in support of a single democratic state in Palestine/Israel. The current fragmentation and diversity of outlooks among Palestinians demands a segmented approach, particularly toward Palestinian citizens of Israel, refugees living outside of historic Palestine, and those suffering under Israeli military occupation. Appeals to the Palestinian political class, nationalists, and Islamists, are also considered.
Correlation between response to chemotherapy of human tumors in patients and in nude mice

Human tumors serially heterotransplanted in nude mice have been tested for their response to chemotherapeutic agents. Fourteen melanomas, 14 colorectal carcinomas, and 14 breast carcinomas have been used. Each tumor originated in a different patient. The tumors were maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice. For the experiments in this study, each neoplasm was transplanted under the kidney capsule of 60 to 100 adult nude mice. The areas of the individual tumor implants were precisely measured immediately after insertion using a stereo microscope equipped with a micrometric ocular. The animals were then divided into groups of six to ten animals each. One group was injected daily with saline and served as controls. The mice in the remaining groups were injected daily for eight days with one of the following chemotherapeutic agents--Adriamycin (doxorubicin), 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide), Alkeran (melphalan), vincristine, vinblastine, methyl-CCNU, or BCNU--at optimum doses (the maximum dose tolerated that causes less than 10% weight loss). Treatment was initiated when the implants were well established, having roughly doubled their initial mass. The animals were then sacrificed and the tumors measured again. A drug was rate effective only if it inhibited growth of the tumor by 99% or more. The results so obtained were compared with the published results of various clinical trials. When the sensitivity of the human tumors in the mice was compared with the sensitivity of tumors of the same type that had been treated in human patients, a close correlation was found. The panel study detected nine of ten effective drugs, giving only two false-positive results. Our data strongly support the validity of heterotransplants of human tumors in the nude mouse as a predictive system for testing new anticancer agents and in determining optimal treatment schedules and combinations of known drugs.
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF HYPERTENSION: Anesthetic Implications in Patients With Coronary Disease

Although there are different medical conditions associated with the diagnosis of hypertension, this article focuses on relevant issues concerning the preoperative evaluation of patients with essential hypertension. In considering the preoperative evaluation of patients with hypertension, it is important to consider the prevalence of this medical condition. Hypertension is one of the most common indications for long-term treatment in the Western world because of the evidence that such treatment substantially reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. About 20% of adults aged older than 40 have a blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg, with a risk of stroke 100% higher than subjects of the same age with a blood pressure of 125/75 mm Hg. 73 The prevalence of hypertension in surgical subgroups, such as patients having an arteriovenous fistula placement for vascular dialysis access, may be disproportionately increased. The incidence of various risk factors in 469 patients studied at the Mayo Clinic were hypertension (92%), diabetes mellitus (26%), coronary artery disease (86%), and previous myocardial infarction (42%). 100 The incidence of hypertension in 83,958 Veterans Administration Medical Center patients was 36%. 65 Subgroups of essential hypertension may be considered as isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), or mixed hypertension. The prevalence of these hypertensive subgroups in elderly patients in an outpatient setting was ISH, 19.1% (systolic >160 mm Hg and diastolic 31
Electron transfer and projectile excitation in single collisions

Abstract Studies of electron transfer (capture) and projectile excitation occuring together in a single encounter are reviewed. This combined capture and excitation can result from either a correlated or an uncorrelated interaction. The correlated process is referred to as resonant transfer and excitation (RTE), while the uncorrelated process is called nonresonant transfer and excitation (NTE). RTE is analogous to dielectronic recombination (DR) which occurs in the interaction between an ion and a free electron. Experimental and theoretical works leading to establishing the existence of RTE are reviewed as well as considerations relevant to distinguishing RTE from NTE. The dependences of RTE on projectile atomic number (14≤Z≤23) for Li-like ions, and on projectile charge state for H-like to Ne-like ions have been measured and compared with theory. The effect of the target electron momentum distribution on RTE has been demonstrated by comparing measurements for H2 and He targets. Measurements of RTE involving L-shell excitation have been conducted and compared with K-shell results. All of the measured RTE cross sections to date for H2 and He targets are in reasonable agreement with calculations based on theoretical DR cross sections averaged over the target electron momentum distribution; however, systematic discrepancies between experiment and theory exist. Additionally, it has been found that RTE can contribute considerably to total single-electron capture cross sections in the region where RTE is important, accounting for nearly half of the total capture events for calcium ions colliding with H2.
The effect of two inhalation anesthetics of the order of spin-labeled phospholipid vesicles

Abstract The order parameter (S′n) of spin-labeled phosphatidylcholine vesicles has been shown to decrease in a concentration-dependent manner with two inhalation anesthetics, halothane and methoxyfluorane. Similar decreases ofS′n are observed in vesicles labeled adjacent to the polar head group and those labeled near the bilayer center. This suggests that inhalation anesthetics cause a generalized fluidization of the membrane rather than a disorder localized in a particular region of the bilayer. Measurements of the isotropic nitrogen hyperfine coupling constant (a′N) show a decrease in polarity of the environment with increasing anesthetic concentrations. The experimental approach of plottingS′n versus anesthetic concentration provides a test of whether anesthetics produce their effects on a per molecule or per volume basis.
Ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry of iron-deficient polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Abstract Previous studies have documented decreased activities of certain enzymes and altered function in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during iron deficiency. The present study was undertaken to determine if the enzymatic abnormalities could be correlated with morphologic or quantitative change in PMN granules. Ultrastructural examination of primary and secondary granules and assessment of the secondary granule components alkaline phosphatase and vicinal glycol-containing glycoconjugates was performed in rabbit bone marrow, peripheral blood, and peritoneal heterophils. In addition, biochemical quantifications of the secondary granule component alkaline phosphatase and the primary granule marker β-glucuronidase were performed. The results confirmed that a marked, significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase occurs in iron-deficient animals; however, no biochemical decrease in β-glucuronidase activity was observed. Ultrastructurally, PMN secondary granules of iron-deficient rabbits tended to be more numerous than in controls when examined with morphometric and glycoconjugate staining methods, but lacked staining in alkaline phosphatase preparations. These results demonstrate that iron-deficient rabbits produce normal to increased quantities of primary and secondary granules, despite a uniform deficiency of alkaline phosphatase, a secondary granule marker.
Contraceptive practices of female physicians

To evaluate a potential bias between methods of birth control used and prescribed by physicians, we surveyed sexually active female physicians in regards to their own methods of birth control. When the contraceptive practices of female physicians are compared to those of the general population, no difference in use of various contraceptive methods is found. Among female obstetrician-gynecologists, however, the intrauterine device continues to be a disproportionally popular method of contraception. It is concluded that no gender bias exists in prescribing patterns of contraceptives since contraceptive use in female physicians is identical to that of the general populations.
Resistance Minimum of Magnesium: Electrical Resistivity below 1°K

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of the two magnesium specimens described by Spohr and Webber in the preceding paper have been extended to temperatures below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At the lowest temperature at which data were obtained (0.22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), the electrical resistivities of both specimens were continuing to increase. The ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0.22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{4.22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}}}$ was found to be 1.05 for the purer specimen and 1.24 for the less pure (manganese alloy) specimen.
CP -Violating Interference Effects in Radiative K 0 Decays

It is shown that the observation of interference between ${K}_{L}$ and ${K}_{S}$ decays in the partial decay rate into any nonleptonic mode is direct evidence of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation. The examples of ${K}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and ${K}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are analyzed in detail; a large interference effect may be possible in either of these cases if there is a large $\mathrm{CP}$ violation associated with interactions involving photon emission.
Soluble HLA class I and class II molecules in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis : Acute response to interferon-β1a treatment and their use as markers of disease activity

During relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), serum soluble HLA class I surface antigen (sHLA-I) levels are reported to either decrease or remain unchanged, whereas serum sHLA-II levels increase. Interferon-beta1b therapy was recently reported to increase serum sHLA-I in RRMS. In the present prospective study, solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure sHLA-I and sHLA-II in the sera of 21 RRMS patients during a clinical exacerbation, and then six weeks after treatment with high-dose interferon-beta1a (IFN-beta1a). Pretreatment serum sHLA-I was significantly lower in patients than in normal controls (P < 0.0005). Pretreatment sHLA-II was also significantly lower than in normal controls (P = .003) unless enhancing MRI lesions (objectified relapse) were present; then sHLA-II levels were similar to normal controls (relative increase). Six weeks after initiation of IFN-beta1a treatment, a significant increase in serum sHLA-I was observed in all 21 RRMS patients (P < .0005). Conversely, serum sHLA-II decreased significantly after treatment in the entire patient group (P < .0005). The acute effect of IFN-beta1a on serum sHLA-I and sHLA-II was observed to be the opposite of that occurring during RRMS relapses. Monitoring of both sHLA-I and sHLA-II appears necessary if these molecules are to be developed as RRMS activity markers.
Fatty Alcohol Accumulation in the Autosomal Recessive Form of Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata

Abstract Patients with the autosomal recessive form of rhizometic chondrodysplasia punctata (ARRCDP) and other generalized peroxisomal disorders are deficient in the incorporation of fatty alcohol into plasmalogen lipids. To determine whether these patients accumulated fatty alcohol, we measured their plasma fatty alcohol concentrations. Plasma octadecanol levels were elevated in six patients with AR-RCDP but tended to be normal in other generalized peroxisomal disorders such as neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome. Cultured skin fibroblasts from AR-RCDP patients accumulated six-fold more hexadecanol than normal when cells were incubated in the presence of palmitate but had normal hexadecanol content when palmitate was not present in the culture medium. These cells were profoundly deficient in the incorporation of hexadecanol into ether lipids but oxidized hexadecanol to fatty acid normally. AR-RCDP fibroblasts also showed a two- to seven-fold increase in the rate of hexadecanol synthesis, which was associated with an increase in the activity of acyl-CoA reductase. We conclude that patients with AR-RCDP accumulate fatty alcohol due to its impaired incorporation into ether lipids and a greatly increased rate of fatty alcohol synthesis.
Experimental investigation on machining of free-form surfaces

Abstract A technique has been developed to machine free-form surfaces on three axis CNC machines to overcome the undesirable effects of the conventional technique. An experiment was designed and run to compare the machining time, size of the cutter location data file, and the dimensional accuracies produced by the conventional techniques against those produced by the proposed technique.
Effect of divalent cations on the limited proteolysis of prothrombin by thrombin.

Abstract The inhibitory influence of divalent cations on the ability of bovine α-thrombin to hydrolyze prothrombin showed the trend Mn2+ ⪢ Ca2+ ⩾ Mg2+ > Sr2+ ⪢ Ba2+. This effect was not due to an inhibition of thrombin's catalytic activity as measured by hydrolysis of a specific synthetic substrate, H- d -Phe-pipecolyl-Arg-p-nitroanilide (D-PhePipArgNA). The presence of divalent cations did not inhibit thrombic proteolysis of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-domainless prothrombin. Prothrombin and Gladomainless prothrombin were used as competitive inhibitors in the thrombic hydrolysis of D-PhePipArgNA. The apparent Ki value calculated for prothrombin was 18 μ m . When either Ca2+ or Mn2+ were present, there was no inhibition. The apparent Ki value determined for Gla-domainless prothrombin was 28 μ m in either the absence or presence of Ca2+. Addition of divalent cations to prothrombin, but not to Gladomainless prothrombin, resulted in an altered protein conformation as measured by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. These results suggest that a conformational change secondary to the interaction of divalent cations with the Gla-containing domain of prothrombin is required for cation-dependent inhibition of thrombin hydrolysis.
Comparison of coherent and noncoherent optical correlators

This paper presents a simplified description of coherent and noncoherent optical correlators and derives the correlator models. The advantages of the tolerances in component positioning and quality for the noncoherent correlator are explained in detail. Performance measures for correlator comparison are outlined and quantitative comparison data are provided. An implementation approach for bipolar noncoherent filters is introduced and promising results simulating a limited number of amplitude and phase levels are given. We will show that the performance of noncoherent and coherent correlators are comparable and thus the noncoherent correlator should be more widely used because of its implementation advantages.
The heat shock cognate 80 gene of tomato is flanked by matrix attachment regions

Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are thought to participate in the organization and segregation of independent chromosomal loop domains. Although there are several reports on the action of MARs in the context of heterologous genes, information is more limited on the role of MARs associated with plant genes. Transgenic studies suggest that the upstream, intron and downstream regions of the developmentally regulated heat shock cognate 80 gene (HSC80) of tomato participate in chromatin organization. In this study, we tested the in vitro affinity of the HSC80 gene to chromosomal scaffolds prepared from shoot apices of tomato. We found that a 1.5 kb upstream region and a 1.4 kb downstream region, but not the intron region, are MARs. These MARs interact with tomato and pea scaffolds and bind regardless of the expression status of HSC80 in the tissue from which the nuclei were isolated. Comparison to two known yeast MARs ARS1 and CENIII, showed that the HSC80 5′MAR binds more avidly to tomato scaffolds than ARS1, while no binding of CENIII was observed. Competition binding between the two HSC80 MARs indicated that the 5′ MAR can outcompete the 3′ MAR and not vice versa. Last, we observed that the interaction of the 3′ MAR with the scaffold could result in an electrophoretic mobility shift resistant to SDS, protease, and phenol treatment. In conclusion, MARs whose binding properties can be clearly differentiated are closely flanking the HSC80 gene. The discovery of MARs in regions which have a distinct function in HSC80 transgenes but not in transient expression assays, is consistent with a chromosomal scaffold role in HSC80 gene regulation.