cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-principles study of the elasticity, piezoelectricity, and vibrational modes in LiGaO 2 compared with ZnO and GaN

The lattice-dynamical properties of ${\text{LiGaO}}_{2}$ have been studied by means of first-principles density-functional calculations using the pseudopotential linear-response approach in the local-density approximation. For comparison, similar calculations are performed for the related materials ZnO and GaN. The quantities calculated are the elastic constants, the piezoelectric constants, the static and high-frequency dielectric constants, and the zone-center vibrational modes. The latter are used to calculate infrared optical spectra and compared with experiment. The results are compared to available experimental data, indicating overall satisfactory agreement typical of the methodology used. The nature of the vibrational modes is examined in terms of the mode eigenvectors and indicates a large mixing of wurtzite derived modes due to the lower symmetry.
Drying tests with washed late-crop potatoes in the Red River Valley, 1950 and 1951

These tests involving 11 lots of potatoes during a 2-year period, indicate that drying Red River Valley storage potatoes after they are washed for market is not necessary except possibly for some lots affected with late blight or other decays. Potatoes from 1 lot had an appreciable amount of late blight rot on arrival when not dried, but very little when dried with warm air. Weight loss and in some cases sprouting were greater in the dried than in non-dried potatoes. Transit temperatures of the dried potatoes were higher because of the initial higher temperature.
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of infectious complications associated with diverticular disease of the colon

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of infectious complications associated with diverticular disease of the colon
Evidence of Construct Validity for Work Values

Abstract Despite the importance of work values in the process of career adjustment ( Dawis, 2002 ), little empirical research has focused on articulating the domains represented within the construct of work values and the examination of evidence of validity for the construct has been limited. Furthermore, the larger number of work values measures has made it difficult to determine the key domains that constitute the construct. The current study sought to examine multiple measures of work values to understand domains represented within the construct of work values and to establish evidence of validity for these domains. Principal Components Analysis utilizing scores on the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire ( Rounds, Henley, Dawis, Lofquist, & Weiss, 1981 ), the revised edition of Super's Work Values Inventory (SWVI-R; Zytowski, 2006 ), and Manhardt's Work Values Inventory ( Manhardt, 1972 ) found that six components best explained the data. These components reflected the importance of: the working environment, having challenging work, opportunities for status and income, autonomy, organizational support, and relationships. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES : II. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

Several physicochemical properties of the active principles of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates have been investigated. Ultrafiltration through Zsigmondy filters of graded porosities has shown that the active substances are retained by membranes finer than 100 to 120 seconds, whereas coarser ones readily permit their passage. The average porosity of this filtration end-point represents a particle size of about 50 to 100 mµ. When fractionally precipitated with ammonium sulfate, most of the activity of a culture filtrate was concentrated in the two-thirds saturated portion. Isoelectric properties were studied by means of capillary analysis and cataphoresis. At pH 3.0 and below, the substances suspended in the culture filtrates migrated to the cathode; activity in this chamber, however, could not be demonstrated. At pH 4.0 and above, reversal to the anode occurred, as the active materials became negatively charged and readily migrated to this chamber. The isoelectric point, therefore, was considered to be between pH 3.0 and 4.0. Preliminary experiments on adsorption, extraction, and pH stability have been described.
A Computerized Model for Home Glucose Monitoring Proficiency Testing: Efficacy of an Innovative Testing Program

PURPOSEA newly instituted computerized system for proficiency testing of home glucose monitoring was evaluated comparing accuracy of patient determination of glucose with serum values measured in the laboratory.METHODSPatients returning for routine blood glucose testing ordered by their care provider brought their glucose monitoring equipment to the laboratory. They performed a finger-stick glucose check in the laboratory while the laboratory phlebotomist drew blood for glucose determination; both results were computer analyzed. Patients with a 25% or less variation from the laboratory were considered proficient, while those with greater than 25% variation were defined as nonproficient.RESULTSOver a 19-month period, 300 of the 3208 patients notified about the study completed proficiency testing at least once. Using the defined proficiency of 25% variation or less, 12% of the participants were nonproficient. Using a variation of 15% or less, 31% of patients were nonproficient.CONCLUSIONSAn annual methodolo...
Cross-national Urban Structure in the Era of Global Cities: The US-Mexico Transfrontier Metropolis:

The growth of cities along international boundaries is symptomatic of the gradual integration of border territory into the economic circuitry of the world system. Border urbanisation represents an ...
Community implementation of home care palliative care education.

purpose: The purpose of this National Cancer Institute-funded training project was to improve end-of-life care agencies through implementation of a palliative care curriculum. The Home Care Outreach for Palliative Care Education (HOPE) program was designed to improve the knowledge and skills of home healthcare professionals who provide care to the terminally ill and their families at home. description of program: A five-module palliative care education curriculum was designed and implemented in five home care agencies in the Los Angeles area. One hundred twenty-five nurses and 28 home health aides participated. The methods of data collection included two written surveys conducted before and after intervention, chart audit tool and a case study analysis form. results: The precourse data revealed deficiencies in home-care agency staff knowledge in and clinical aspects of end-of-life care. Regarding agency nurses' knowledge on end-of-life issues, the overall percentage scores from preeducation to posteducation rose from 84.6% to 89.0% (P = .0001). Participants rated the education program as extremely valuable for the home care agency staff. clinical implications: As home care will likely continue to be a primary setting for end-of-life healthcare, improvement of palliative care education in home health agencies is needed. The HOPE project provided insight and experience in the education of nonhospice home care staff in end-of-life care. Participant responses and evaluations indicated that end-of-life care education can improve the quality of care provided by home health agencies. Finally, this education program may result in a heightened awareness of hospice care and, although not objectively quantified, perhaps an increase in referrals to hospice.
Placebo studies and ritual theory: a comparative analysis of Navajo, acupuncture and biomedical healing

Using a comparative analysis of Navajo healing ceremonials, acupuncture and biomedical treatment, this essay examines placebo studies and ritual theory as mutually interpenetrating disciplines. Healing rituals create a receptive person susceptible to the influences of authoritative culturally sanctioned ‘powers’. The healer provides the sufferer with imaginative, emotional, sensory, moral and aesthetic input derived from the palpable symbols and procedures of the ritual process—in the process fusing the sufferer's idiosyncratic narrative unto a universal cultural mythos. Healing rituals involve a drama of evocation, enactment, embodiment and evaluation in a charged atmosphere of hope and uncertainty. Experimental research into placebo effects demonstrates that routine biomedical pharmacological and procedural interventions contain significant ritual dimensions. This research also suggests that ritual healing not only represents changes in affect, self-awareness and self-appraisal of behavioural capacities, but involves modulations of symptoms through neurobiological mechanisms. Recent scientific investigations into placebo acupuncture suggest several ways that observations from ritual studies can be verified experimentally. Placebo effects are often described as ‘non-specific’; the analysis presented here suggests that placebo effects are the ‘specific’ effects of healing rituals.
A Sucrose-Mediated Sol–Gel Technique for the Synthesis of MgO–Y2O3 Nanocomposites

A sucrose-mediated aqueous sol–gel procedure was developed to synthesize MgO–Y2O3 nanocomposite ceramics for potential optical applications. The synthesis involves the generation of a precursor foam containing Mg2+ and Y3+ cations via the chemical and thermal degradation of sucrose molecules in aqueous solution. Subsequent calcination and crushing of the foam gave MgO–Y2O3 nanocomposites in the form of thin mesoporous flake-like powder particles with uniform composition and surface areas of 27–85 m2 g−1, depending on calcination conditions. The flakes exhibited a homogeneous microstructure comprising intimately mixed nanoscale grains of the cubic MgO and Y2O3 phases. This microstructure was resistant to grain coarsening with average grain sizes of less than 100 nm for calcination temperatures of up to 1200°C. The results indicate that the sucrose-mediated sol–gel process is a simple effective method for making nanoscale mixed oxides.
And the Survey Says: The Case for Community Engagement.

Often superintendents and boards of education employ an expert-based, school-centered, “decide and defend” decision making approach when dealing with critical school district issues. In the case presented here, involving what to do with an historic school building, it is an approach that did not yield the result the superintendent or board of education anticipated. This case gives prospective administrators an opportunity to contrast a “decide and defend” approach to decision-making with a community engagement approach. The teaching notes highlight the essential elements of effective community engagement and conclude with a culminating activity that asks students to identify a critical issue in their school district and outline a community engagement plan to address it.
Spectra and Structure of Silicon-Containing Compounds. X. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Methoxytrimethylsilane and Methoxy-D3-Trimethylsilane:

The infrared (20 to 3100 cm−1) and Raman (10 to 3100 cm−1) spectra of gaseous (CH3)3SiOCH3 and (CH3)3SiOCD3 have been recorded. The Raman spectra of both liquids and the infrared and Raman spectra of the "light" compound in the solid state have also been recorded. A vibrational assignment based upon depolarization ratios, frequency shifts with isotopic substitution, and group frequencies is proposed. The Si—O torsional mode was observed at 67 cm−1 which gives a barrier to internal rotation of 1.02 kcal/mol. Strong mixing of the Si—O—C bending mode with the C—Si—C bends is proposed. The CH3—O torsion was not observed.
Testing the Effects of Peer Socialization Versus Selection on Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Treated Adolescents

This study examined the relative influence of peer socialization and selection on alcohol and marijuana use among 106 adolescents who received a brief intervention. Adolescents were recruited between 2003 and 2007 and followed for 12 months as part of a SAMHSA-funded study. Cross-lagged panel models using four assessment points examined the longitudinal relationship between adolescent substance use and peer substance involvement separately for alcohol and marijuana. Consistent with community studies, there was evidence of both peer socialization and peer selection for alcohol use, and only evidence of peer selection for marijuana use. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.
Organochlorines, Organophosphates, and Pyrethroids in Channel Catfish, Rainbow Trout, and Red Swamp Crayfish from Aquaculture Facilities

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were collected from 8 southern states in the United States and analyzed for 34 organochlorine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid compounds. Approximately 45% of catfish, 72% of trout, and 92% of crayfish contained no detectable residues. Most residues detected were well below action limits for fish. Chlorpyrifos, for which there is no established tolerance, was detected in catfish; however, residues of this pesticide were not detected in samples collected after the 1st year of the study. The data collected during this study further support the safety of aquaculture products.
Effects of dried distillers grains with solubles on growing and finishing pig performance in a commercial environment.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimal level of dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) from a common ethanol manufactur- ing facility and to determine the potential interactions between dietary DDGS and added fat on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. All experiments were conducted at the same com- mercial facility and used DDGS from the same ethanol manufacturing facility. In Exp. 1, a total of 1,050 pigs (average initial BW 47.6 kg), with 24 to 26 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment, were fed diets containing 0 or 15% DDGS and 0, 3, or 6% added choice white grease in a2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a 28-d growth study. Overall, there were no DDGS × added fat interactions (P ≥ 0.14). There was an improvement (linear, P < 0.01) in ADG and G:F as the percentage of added fat in- creased. There was no difference (P = 0.74) in growth performance between pigs fed 0 or 15% DDGS. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,038 pigs (average initial BW 46.3 kg), with 24 to 26 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment, were fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, or 30% DDGS in a 56-d growth study. Pigs fed diets containing DDGS had
Revisiting "What They Think": Adolescent Drinking and the Importance of Peer Beliefs.

The association between delinquent peers and delinquent behavior is among the most consistent findings in the criminological literature, and several recent studies have raised the standards for determining the nature and extent of peer influence. Despite these advances, however, key questions about how deviant behavior is socially transmitted remain unresolved. In particular, much of the research examining peer influence has been limited to peer behavior, despite a rich literature supporting the salience of beliefs, such as expectations and moral approval, in shaping behaviors. In the current study, I model the peer influence and selection processes with longitudinal social network analysis to reexamine the contributions of peer beliefs and behaviors to adolescent drinking. I find evidence that beliefs related to peer drinking have both a direct and an indirect impact on behavior and play an important role in the friendship selection process. These results highlight the importance of understanding how peers influence deviant behavior and suggest that peer beliefs are an important part of this relationship. Language: en
Least and most favorable distributions for the design of randomly deployed sensor detection systems

When designing a system in which sensors are randomly deployed in a circular region to detect a signal emitter in a random location, the system designer may consider the least favorable distribution for the emitter location. The adoption of the least favorable distribution is conservative, solves the composite hypothesis issue, and makes the measurements conditionally i.i.d., as shown in our previous work. It may be argued, however, that the adoption of least favorable distributions generally leads to designs that are too conservative. In order to provide bounds for the loss in detection performance due to the least favorable distribution approach, we determine the most favorable distribution for the emitter location; then, using large sample theory, we determine how many additional sensors a design based on the least favorable distribution would require in comparison with a design based on the most favorable distribution. We also provide analytical bounds and examples.
Adaptive noise canceling applied to sinusoidal interferences

This paper investigates a new method for eliminating sinusoidal or other periodic interference corrupting a signal. This task is typically accomplished by explicitly measuring the frequency of the interference and implementing a notch filter at that frequency. The method proposed herein uses an adaptive filter to eliminate the interference. The procedure is called adaptive noise canceling and is applicable when an auxiliary reference input is available containing the interference alone. The reference input is filtered in such a way that it closely matches the interfering sinusoid, and is then subtracted from the primary input leaving the signal alone. The results of this research show that when a sum of sinusoids is applied to an adaptive filter, the filter converges to a dynamic solution in which the weights of the filter are time varying. This time-varying solution implements a tunable notch filter, with a notch located at each of the reference frequencies. When used in noise-canceling applications, this adaptive notch filter provides a simple alternative to other methods of tracking and eliminating sinusoidal interferences.
On a functional equation connected with a property of complex numbers

In this paper we determine the general solution of the equation [ f (x) + f (y)][ f (u) + f (v)] = f (xu − yv) + f (xv + yu) for all x, y, u,v ∈ ℝ without assuming any regularity condition on the u...
Grief: The Social Context of Private Feelings

Although the psychology of grief focuses on individuals, grief occurs in the context of social relationships and culture. The dynamic effects of the social and cultural context on individual grief are discussed from the perspective of symbolic interaction theory and family systems theory. Implications of these theories presented here include problems for the bereaved due to loss of a person who was an important part of the social context, the role of material objects in bereavement, problems when bereavement occurs in ethnically mixed close relationships, the effects of family dynamics in reaction to a loss, ambivalence of bereaved people toward social interactions, the value of casual social support in bereavement, the occurrence of misinformed professional prescriptions for the bereaved, and limits on our knowledge of what another may be feeling. The theoretical analysis leads to discussion of difficulties in providing social support and social services for the bereaved.
Static stretching does not alter pre and post-landing muscle activation

Static stretching may result in various strength and power deficiencies. Prior research has not determined, however, if static stretching causes a change in muscle activation during a functional task requiring dynamic stability. The purpose of this study was to determine if static stretching has an effect on mean pre and postlanding muscle (vastus medialis VM, vastus lateralis VL, medial hamstring MH, and biceps femoris BF) activity. 26 healthy, physically active subjects were recruited, from which 13 completed a 14-day static stretching regimen for the quadriceps and hamstrings. Using the data from the force plate and EMG readings, a mean of EMG amplitude was calculated for 150 msec before and after landing. Each trial was normalized to an isometric reference position. Means were calculated for the VM, VL, MH, and BF from 5 trials in each session. Measures were collected pre, immediately following the 1st stretching session, and following 2 weeks of stretching. A 14-day static stretching regimen resulted in no significant differences in pre or postlanding mean EMG amplitude during a drop landing either acutely or over a 14-day period. Static stretching, done acutely or over a 14-day period does not result in measurable differences of mean EMG amplitude during a drop landing. Static stretching may not impede dynamic stability of joints about which stretched muscles cross.
Short-chain fatty acids induce intestinal epithelial heat shock protein 25 expression in rats and IEC 18 cells.

Background & Aims: Because short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and heat shock proteins (hsps) confer protection to intestinal epithelia cells (IECs), we studied whether SCFAs modulate IEC hsp expression. Methods: Hsp 25, hsp72, and hsc73 protein expression in rat intestinal tissues and IEC-18 cells were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cell survival under conditions of oxidant stress (monochloramine) was determined using 51 Cr release in hsp25 cDNA antisense and sense-transfected cells expressing minimal and increased hsp25, respectively. Results: Butyrate induces a time- and concentration-dependent increase in hsp25, but not hsp72 or hsc73, protein expression in rat IEC-18 cells but not 3T3 fibroblasts. Other SCFAs, including the poorly metabolized isobutyate, also induced selective expression of hsp25. Butyrate treatment significantly improved the ability of IEC-18 cells to withstand oxidant (monochloramine) injury. This effect could be blocked in cells in which hsp25 induction by butyrate was blocked by stable hsp25 antisense transfection. Additionally, hsp25-transfected overexpressing IEC-18 cells showed increased resistance to monochloramine. In vivo, increasing dietary fiber increased colonic, but not proximal, ileal hsp25 while having no effect on hsp72 or hsc73 expression. Conclusions: SCFAs, the predominant anions of colonic fluid derived from bacterial flora metabolism of luminal carbohydrates, protect IECs against oxidant injury, an effect mediated in part by cell-specific hsp25 induction.
Homicides of law enforcement officers responding to domestic disturbance calls

Objective To describe the law enforcement officer (LEO), encounter, perpetrator and victim characteristics of domestic disturbance-related LEO homicides in the USA from 1996 to 2010. Methods Narrative text analysis was conducted on the Federal Bureau of Investigation9s annual report ‘Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted’. Potential cases were confirmed if the narrative included the term ‘domestic disturbance’ or a domestic disturbance situation was described. Results 116 LEOs were killed while responding to domestic disturbance calls. Ninety-five per cent of these homicides were committed with a firearm. Sixty-seven per cent of LEOs were wearing body armour when killed; however, 52% received the fatal wound to the head/neck. Sixty-one per cent of suspects had a criminal history mentioned within the narratives and perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) were more likely to be killed by LEOs than suspects involved in other forms of domestic violence. Victims of the domestic disturbance were killed in 21% of the IPV-related LEO homicide cases as opposed to only 5% of other domestic disturbance calls. A firearm was the most common weapon used in the murder of a domestic disturbance victim (86%). Conclusions This study describes domestic disturbance-related LEO homicides. Future research in this area should further examine the dangers unique to domestic disturbance calls. A longitudinal analysis could provide greater understanding of the injury and mortality risks faced by LEOs, in order to inform homicide prevention among law enforcement.
Comparing two functional programming systems

A technique is presented for comparing the performance of functional languages with different evaluation strategies running on different machines. A set of small benchmarks is used, and th execution times of these programs running in the functional language and in the implementation language of the functional system are compared. The ratio of these execution times measured how well the functional system used the resources of the underlying hardware and implementation language. Also two functional programming systems are described. One system is a graph reduction interpreter for lambda calculus. The other is a DEL-style intermediate instruction set architecture for FP. The benchmarks in FP and the performances of the two systems on these benchmarks are presented. >
Energiespeicher – Es gibt keinen Königsweg, aber auch keine Alternative

Der steigende Anteil erneuerbarer Energien erschwert die Regulierung von Angebot und Nachfrage in Stromnetzen. Hier werden Moglichkeiten zur Integration von erneuerbaren Energien in das Energiesystem diskutiert. Denkbare Losungen sind der uberregionale Lastausgleich, die zeitliche Verschiebung von Lasten, die Abregelung von Ubererzeugung und insb. die Speicherung von Strom, z. B. in Stromspeichern oder chemischen Produkten. Die Komplexitat des Problems und der Losungsmoglichkeiten sind zugleich Herausforderung und Chance fur die Technologiewirtschaft, insb. auch fur die Chemiebranche. The increasing share of renewable energy complicates the management of demand and supply in the power grids. Here, possibilities to integrate renewable energies into the existing energy system are discussed. Imaginable solutions include transregional load balancing, temporal load shifting, curtailment of excess generation and particularly storage of electricity, e.g., in electricity storage devices or chemical products. The complexity of the problem and the solution alternatives are at the same time challenges and chances for the technology industry, particularly the chemical industry sector.
Lateral Silicide Growth

Silicide formation and growth kinetics have been investigated with lateral diffusion couples formed by deposition of Ni and Cr layers on patterned Si substrates and by deposition of Ni patterns on Si films. For annealing temperatures between 520 and 650°C the growth of CrSi 2 follows a (time) ½ dependence with an activation energy of 1.4± 0.1 eV. In Ni-silicide formation at temperatures below 600°C, Ni was the predominant moving species. As the temperature increased, the motion of Si became significant. The apparent activation energy for silicide formation varied from E a ≅ 1.4 eV for Ni motion at relatively low temperatures to E a ≅ 2.3 eV for Si motion that occurs at high temperatures. Lateral diffusion in device geometry structures resulted in degradation of contact planarity due to the penetration of metal silicides in Ni-Si structures or the erosion of silicon in Cr-Si structures.
THE ROLE OF ALTERNATE LIFE-HISTORY STAGES OF A MARINE MACROALGA: A SEED BANK ANALOGUE?

Many organisms occurring in temporally variable environments have evolved life-history traits that enable their populations to persist during unfavorable environmental conditions. Numerous terrestrial plants, insects, and marine invertebrates, for example, rely on resting stages that disperse their propagules in time. Although widely observed among many taxa, few examples exist for marine macroalgae, at least in part because of the methodology involved in studying them. Here, I determined that microscopic life stages of the annual marine macroalga Desmarestia ligulata overwinter during periods when the macroscopic thalli are absent, thereby allowing this species to persist in temporally variable environments. Examination of field-grown microscopic stages with fluorescence microscopy identified these stages as gametophytes. Holdfast tagging experiments determined that recruitment of the macroscopic stages was not enhanced by regrowth of perennial thalli as observed in other macroalgae, suggesting that overwintering gametophytes were the sole source of sporophyte recruitment. In contrast to true resting stages, Desmarestia gametophytes were not dormant, but rather were metabolically active, sensitive to small differences in environmental quality, and highly subject to physical damage. Gametophyte photosynthetic rates were greater under higher irradiance, and growth rates were greater under longer photoperiods and higher irradiance. Although their survival appeared to be reduced by grazing from large (>1 cm) invertebrates and sedimentation, gametophytes were able to survive in the field for at least 15 mo and thereby enhance sporophyte recruitment more than a year after settlement. I suggest that Desmarestia gametophytes be regarded as alternate life-history stages that simply maintain populations under a different set of environmental conditions than the macroscopic sporophytes do, rather than as “dormant” or “resting” stages.
Locational Marginal Pricing for real and reactive power

The locational marginal prices (LMPs) for real and reactive power is calculated with the framework of full AC optimal power flow (OPF). The production cost of reactive power from various generation sources including generators and reactive compensators was integrated in the objective function with operation constraints. Interior point method combined branch and bound was employed to solve the OPF problem with discrete variables. The decomposition of LMP into three components of energy reference, network loss and congestion are computed. The calculation of LMP for real and reactive power at each bus was tested using an IEEE 30-bus system model.
Ought, Can, and Presupposition: An Experimental Study

In this paper, I present the results of an experimental study on intuitions about moral obligation (ought) and ability (can). Many philosophers accept as an axiom the principle known as “Ought Implies Can” (OIC). If the truth of OIC is intuitive, such that it is accepted by many philosophers as an axiom, then we would expect people to judge that agents who are unable to perform an action are not morally obligated to perform that action. The results of my experimental study show that participants were more inclined to judge that an agent ought to perform an action than that the agent can perform the action. Overall, participants said that an agent ought to perform an action even when they said that the agent cannot do it. I discuss the implications of these results for the debate over OIC.
The Law and Economics of Corporate Social Responsibility and Greenwashing

In this symposium article, I explore the concept of greenwashing in more depth. In the first part of the article, I start with first principles, looking at the origins of greenwashing, its definitions, and identifying the economic incentives that lead firms into the practice. The second part of this article examines the legal structure that allows greenwashing to occur, and with it, explores the pervasiveness and extent of greenwashing. The third part of this article articulates the harms of greenwashing. Intuitively, greenwashing involves deception, falsity, and hypocrisy that reflexively seem problematic. Precisely identifying the actual harm inflicted by some forms of greenwashing, however, is much more difficult to pinpoint. The last portion of the paper outlines the law and economics analysis to argue that greenwashing might, in the aggregate, represent one of the most serious challenges to achieving corporate social responsibility in business today.
From Nuremberg to UNESCO: informed consent to medical treatment or exam

Th e informed consent to a medical treatment or participation in medical research is nowadays considered a fundamental standard of everyday practice and scientifi c research in medicine. However, accepting this standard, both in medical ethics and law, is not uniquely viewed upon in terms of its content or necessity. Starting from basic principles – human dignity and individual autonomy – UNESCO’s International Committee for Bioethics has off ered in sketches of three bioethics declarations unique rules which must be followed in the application of this institute, and which were consequently adopted by consensus by all UNESCO state members. Following a short historical overview, this presentation examines the standards of patients’ consent to a medical measure or exam contained in UNESCO’s bioethics declarations, namely: Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights, International Declaration on Human Genetic Data and Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Th e presentation will show that declarations hold only minimum standards that protect patients or participants in medical exams from self-willing treatment or research and that the authors of these documents missed the opportunity to set rigorous and explicit rules for the applications of this institute. However, bearing in mind that most countries’ domestic legal regulations are not suffi ciently elaborated in regards with biomedicine and that the existing domestic laws diff er in many aspects, the author shall show that the UNESCO’s bioethics declarations are a useful source and signposts for the domestic systems in defi ning ethical and legal regulations regarding biomedicine. Besides, even though these documents are not legally binding, one should bear in mind that declarations of this type are the fi rst step towards the necessary protection of human rights with regards to biomedicine worldwide and they promote a new approach to solving bioethical dilemma based on the international law on human rights.
Glass Substrates for Advanced Packaging

There has been substantial work done in the past few years to apply glass solutions for Advanced Packaging. Advantages of glass based solutions create significant opportunities by leveraging economies of scale, forming substrates at design thickness and leveraging thermal and electrical properties. A lot of work is being done to validate the value of glass as an interposer substrate. The ability to leverage both wafer and panel-based metallization strategies for filling glass vias has been shown. Transitioning these processes to cost-effectiveness and high throughput has shown great promise. The electrical performance of glass relative to silicon at high frequencies makes glass solutions very attractive, particularly in RF applications. Electrical models and characterization have demonstrated the advantages of the insulating properties of glass, and its positive impact on functional performance. Reliability tests show that glass solutions can meet device requirements. The substantial progress and readines...
On the probability summation model for laser-damage thresholds

This paper explores the probability summation model in an attempt to provide insight to the model's utility and ultimately its validity. The model is a statistical description of multiple-pulse (MP) damage trends. It computes the probability of n pulses causing damage from knowledge of the single-pulse dose-response curve. Recently, the model has been used to make a connection between the observed n −1∕4 trends in MP damage thresholds for short pulses (<10 μs) and experimental uncertainties, suggesting that the observed trend is an artifact of experimental methods. We will consider the correct application of the model in this case. We also apply this model to the spot-size dependence of short pulse damage thresholds, which has not been done previously. Our results predict that the damage threshold trends with respect to the irradiated area should be similar to the MP damage threshold trends, and that observed spot-size dependence for short pulses seems to display this In this paper, we develop the application of the PSM to laser- damage thresholds in greater detail than in previous works and consider the consequences of assuming its validity. We do not attempt to prove or disprove the model, rather we develop a set of predictions that must all be considered when using or assess- ing the model against experimental data. The model has been used to make a connection between the n −1∕4 trend and exper- imental uncertainties, 2,3 which we wish to address. We will also show that the model can account for the dependence of the MP ED50 trends on spot size and that it may also provide an explan- ation for the single, short-pulse ED50 dependence on spot size. Important note: The PSM relates the dose-response curve for a single pulse (SP) to the dose-response curve for MPs, and this paper contains a great deal of discussion about dose-response curves and their shape. One very important property of a dose- response curve is its "sharpness," i.e., the difference between a dose for which damage is virtually impossible and a dose for which damage is virtually guaranteed. Unfortunately, there are two quantities that are in common use to characterize this property, and both are often called "slope." The first definition, which is used in this paper and denoted as SL, refers to the slope of the best fit line obtained with probit analysis. The second
A Homozygous RAB3GAP1:c.743delC Mutation in Rottweilers with Neuronal Vacuolation and Spinocerebellar Degeneration.

Background A variety of presumed hereditary, neurologic diseases have been reported in young Rottweilers. Overlapping ages of onset and clinical signs have made antemortem diagnosis difficult. One of these diseases, neuronal vacuolation and spinocerebellar degeneration (NVSD) shares clinical and histological features with polyneuropathy with ocular abnormalities and neuronal vacuolation (POANV), a recently described hereditary disease in Black Russian Terriers (BRTs). Dogs with POANV harbor mutations in RAB3GAP1 which codes for a protein involved in membrane trafficking. Hypothesis Rottweilers with NVSD will be homozygous for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele associated with POANV in BRTs. Animals Eight Rottweilers with NVSD confirmed at necropsy, 128 Rottweilers without early onset neurologic signs, and 468 randomly selected dogs from 169 other breeds. Methods Retrospective case–control study. Dogs were genotyped for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele with an allelic discrimination assay. Results All 8 NVSD-affected dogs were homozygous for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele while the 128 NVSD-free Rottweilers were either homozygous for the reference allele (n = 105) or heterozygous (n = 23) and the 468 genotyped dogs from other breeds were all homozygous for the reference allele. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The RAB3GAP1:c.743delC mutation is associated with a similar phenotype in Rottweilers and BRTs. Identification of the mutation permits a DNA test that can aid in the diagnosis of NVSD and identify carriers of the trait so that breeders can avoid producing affected dogs. Disruption of membrane trafficking could explain the neuronal vacuolation seen in NVSD and other spongiform encephalopathies.
Early Heidegger on Social Reality

This book chapter shows how the early Heidegger’s philosophy around the period of Being and Time can address some central questions of contemporary social ontology. After sketching “non-summative constructionism”, which is arguably the generic framework that underlies all forms of contemporary analytic social ontology, I lay out early Heidegger’s conception of human social reality in terms of an extended argument. The Heidegger that shows up in light of this treatment is an acute phenomenologist of human social existence who emphasizes our engagement in norm-governed practices as the basis of social reality. I then defuse a common and understandable set of objections against invoking the early Heidegger as someone who can make any positive contribution to our understanding of social reality. Lastly, I explore the extent to which the early Heidegger’s philosophy provides insights regarding phenomena of collective intentionality by showing how the intelligibility of such phenomena traces back to individual agents’ common understanding of possible ways of understanding things and acting with one another. With the early Heidegger, I argue that this common understanding is the fundamental source and basis of collective intentionality, not the non-summativist constructionism on which contemporary analytic social ontology has sought to focus with much effort. The lesson about social ontology that we should learn from the early Heidegger is that there is a tight connection between the social constitution of the human individual and his or her capacity to perform actions or activities that instantiate collective intentionality.
Verification of Tropical Cyclone Genesis Forecasts from Global Numerical Models: Comparisons between the North Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific Basins

AbstractAccurately forecasting tropical cyclone (TC) genesis is an important operational need, especially since the National Hurricane Center’s Tropical Weather Outlook product has been extended from 2 to 5 days. A previous study by the coauthors verified North Atlantic TC genesis forecasts from five global models out to 4 days during 2004–11. This study expands on the previous research by 1) verifying TC genesis forecasts over both the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins, 2) extending the forecast window to 5 days, and 3) updating the analysis period through 2014. Verification statistics are presented and compared between the two basins. Probability of detection and critical success indices generally are greater over the eastern North Pacific basin compared to the North Atlantic. There is a trade-off between models that exhibit a greater probability of detection and a greater false alarm ratio, and models that exhibit a smaller false alarm ratio and a smaller probability of detection. Results also ...
Literature Review of Investment Mechanism of Higher Education

Higher education cultivates a large number of senior personnel for the society,promotes the economy and science progress ceaselessly.However,funding for higher education is becoming more and more difficult problem of government that many countries have been unable to afford all of the cost of higher education.Therefore more and more experts and scholars have made a study in this field in order to solve the major issues.The famous American economist Johnstone puts forward the theory of higher education cost sharing,while many domestic scholars put forth a wide range of input mechanism.But the mechanism should suit actual national condition and could not copy foreign mechanism completely and break away from the reality.
Can Elevated Plasma Homocysteine Levels Result in the Inhibition of Intracellular Methyltransferases

We have been interested in the biochemical mechanisms by which elevated plasma total homocysteine concentrations are associated with premature cardiovascular disease and neurological impairment in humans (1). In this paper, we would like to consider the possibility that a part of the pathology may result from the inhibition of one or more members of a class of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases. These intracellular enzymes are often subject to potent inhibition by their S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) product (2). This product is normally metabolized by AdoHcy hydrolase, which gives rise to adenosine and homocysteine. However, the equilibrium of this reaction strongly favors AdoHcy formation (3), thus linking increases in intracellular homocysteine to increases in AdoHcy and resulting in the inhibition of methyltransferases.
Fate of 90 children with ileal conduit urinary diversion a decade later: analysis of complications, pyelography, renal function and bacteriology.

Abstract A study of the long-term results of ileal conduit urinary diversion for non-malignant disease in 90 children has shown that there were 75 survivors after 10 to 16 years. Stomal stenosis and ureteroileal or other intrinsic obstructions requiring ileal loop revisions occurred frequently and as late as 13 years postoperatively. Of 144 renal units 76 per cent improved or remained stable and 69.3 per cent of normal kidneys remained normal after more than a decade of urinary diversion. In order to obtain these results close lifetime followup and aggressive loop revisions have been required. Urine cultures were consistently negative in 70.5 per cent of all patients. Good results were obtained in terms of preservation of renal function in all categories. Creatinine clearance remained in the normal range after 10 years if the excretory urogram remained normal. Ileal conduit urinary diversion remains a major surgical undertaking but it also remains the standard of urinary diversion against which all other methods must be judged. The results in terms of renal preservation are impressive but so too are the significant number of long-term complications. Any other method of diversion (such as the sigmoid conduit) that can improve upon these results will be welcomed. All children with ileal conduit urinary diversion for reasons other than a neurogenic bladder must be considered candidates for urinary reconstruction.
Host Response to Synthetic Versus Natural Biomaterials

Biomaterials have gained tremendous attention in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their ability to enhance functional tissue regeneration. After implantation of biomaterial-based device or drug carrier, it comes in contact with surrounding cells and consequently elicits confined and/or chronic inflammatory responses. The immune responses to biomaterials do not depend only on the method of implantation such as surgery and injection but also depend on source of biomaterials and their physicochemical properties such as molecular weight, chemical composition, mechanical properties and degradation rate. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the biological responses to the implanted biomaterials. In this chapter, a brief discussion about different natural and synthetic biomaterials and their inflammatory responses is provided. Different strategies to minimize the immune response have also been discussed.
Recent Advances and Clinical Applications of PET Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Imaging

Purpose of Review The purpose of this review was to summarize current advances in positron emission tomography (PET) cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) imaging, with a specific focus on clinical applications of novel and established tracers.
Memory effects in active particles with exponentially correlated propulsion.

The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle (OUP) model imagines a microscopic swimmer propelled by an active force which is correlated with itself on a finite time scale. Here we investigate the influence of external potentials on an ideal suspension of OUPs, in both one and two spatial dimensions, with particular attention paid to the pressure exerted on ``confining walls.'' We employ a mathematical connection between the local density of OUPs and the statistics of their propulsion force to demonstrate the existence of an equation of state in one dimension. In higher dimensions we show that active particles generate a nonconservative force field in the surrounding medium. A simplified far-from-equilibrium model is proposed to account for OUP behavior in the vicinity of potentials. Building on this, we interpret simulations of OUPs in more complicated situations involving asymmetrical and spatially curved potentials, and characterize the resulting inhomogeneous stresses in terms of competing active length scales.