cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency analysis of the resting awake EEG in mild senile dementia of Alzheimer type.

Abstract Spontaneous resting electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded from 40 subjects with senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) and 40 individually matched elderly controls at entry into a longitudinal study of SDAT. All of the demented subjects had only a mild degree of dementia, and all were still living in the community. Several measures of EEG activity were calculated, based upon the power spectra of the EEG samples from left and right occipital-to-vertex derivations. Paired t tests showed significant differences between demented and control group means for measures of theta and beta activity, but not for measures of alpha and delta activity. A significant decrease in the ‘average mean frequency' in demented subjects was attributed to the combination of decreased beta and increased theta activity. The earliest changes in the resting EEG in SDAT are increased theta and decreased beta power. These changes are not identical to those reported in normal aging, in which a decrease in alpha activity accompanies the changes in theta and beta.
Development of the one-sided nonlinear adaptive Doppler shift estimation techniques

The new development of a one-sided nonlinear adaptive shift estimation technique (NADSET) is introduced. The background of the algorithm and a brief overview of NADSET are presented. The new technique is applied to the wind parameter estimates from a 2-μm wavelength coherent Doppler lidar system called VALIDAR located in NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia. The new technique enhances wind parameters such as Doppler shift and power estimates in low Signal-To-Noise-Ratio (SNR) regimes using the estimates in high SNR regimes as the algorithm scans the range bins from low to high altitude. The original NADSET utilizes the statistics in both the lower and the higher range bins to refine the wind parameter estimates in between. The results of the two different approaches of NADSET are compared.
Biocidal and biostatic activity of aliphatic amines against southern house mosquito larvae and pupae.

About 120 aliphatic, fatty, and alkyl amines were evaluated against larvae and pupae of the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. The lower alkyl amines and their salts showed low level of activity. In the homologous series of primary long chain alkyl amines (R-NH2), the activity generally increased as the length of the alkyl chain increased. Against larvae, oleyl, tall oil, coco oil and tallow amines showed considerable activity. In the secondary amines (R2 NH), dicoco (mostly dilauryl) amine was more effective against larvae than dilauryl and dioleyl-linoleyl amine. They were not effective against pupae. Two tertiary amines (trilauryl and tricapryl) showed little activity. Fatty imidazolines and diethanol amides generally were ineffective against larvae, but they showed some activity. against pupae. The former group, however, was more active than the latter. Three fatty propylene diamines showed considerable activity against both larvae and pupae. These were com and tallow propylene diamines. In the homologous series of primary beta-amines, the biological activity was correlated with the length of the alkyl chain. Maximum activity was obtained when the alkyl side chain contained 15 carbon atoms. This was true for both the larvae and the pupae. Their salts were less effective. In the homologous monoquarternaries, high larvicidal activity was manifested by dimethyl-dilauryl, and dimethyl dicoco ammonium salts. In general the dimethyl dialkyl ammonium chlorides were more effective against pupae than larvae. One compound, namely dimethyl dialkyl ammonium bromide, also was quite effective against larvae and pupae. The remaining quaternaries showed slight to moderate activity. Alkyl imidazolinium and isoquinolinium bromides showed slight to moderate activity. The imidazolinium halides were generally more effective. Ethoxylated adducts of aliphatic amines showed slight to moderate activity. Among these the ethoxylated adducts of β-mono amines and β-diamines were more effective. The overall level of activity of these compounds was lower than that of the parent compounds.
The plasma membrane brings autophagosomes to life

The plasma membrane is identified as a source for the formation of autophagosomes, the double membrane vesicles that deliver intracellular components to lysosomes for their degradation.
Lipoprotein lipase gene variants and risk of coronary disease: a quantitative analysis of population-based studies.

The purpose of this study is to quantify the magnitude of the association between common variants in the lipoprotein lipase gene and coronary disease, based on published population-based studies. Fourteen studies, representing 15,708 subjects, report allelic distribution for lipoprotein lipase gene variants among coronary disease patients and control subjects. Patient outcomes included clinical coronary disease events and documented coronary disease based on angiography. Allele frequencies are estimated for disease and non-disease groups within each study. A 2X2 contingency table is used to compute individual study odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, relating the presence of the rare allele to disease status. Mantel-Haenszel-stratified analysis of each allelic variant results in a summary odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the association between each rare allele in the lipoprotein lipase gene and coronary disease. The lipoprotein lipase D9N allele has a summary odds ratio of 1.59 (95% confidence interval 1.03–2.55), indicating a 59% increase in risk of coronary disease for carriers with this allelic variant. The lipoprotein lipase N291S allele showed no association with coronary disease (summary odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.73–1.19). The summary odds ratio for lipoprotein lipase S447Ter allele is 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.65–1.0), indicating a marginal negative association between this variant and coronary disease. The common lipoprotein lipasePvu II polymorphism shows no relation to coronary disease (summary odds ratio 0.90,95% confidence interval 0.80–1.01). The rare allele of the lipoprotein lipase HindIII polymorphism is negatively associated with coronary disease (summary odds ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.73–0.96). The lipoprotein lipase D9N allele is associated with high levels of triglyceride and low levels of high-density lipoprotein. Similar atherogenic lipid levels are observed in subjects with structural mutations lipoprotein lipase C188E and P207L. Carriers of the S447Ter allele have low levels of triglyceride. The lipoprotein lipase gene variants which decrease lipoprotein lipase catalytic activity are associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia, but not the elevation of apolipoprotein B seen in this disorder. In conclusion, allelic variants in the lipoprotein lipase gene are associated with altered lipid levels and differential coronary disease risk.
Socioeconomic marginality and health services utilization among Central Harlem substance users.

The article examines whether decrements in socioeconomic measures in a poor, substance using population predict changes in health services utilization. The sample consisted of 658 “hard drug” (crack, powder cocaine, and heroin) users drawn from Central Harlem in New York City during 1998 and 1999. Chain referral and social networking were used in order to gain access to hidden users. The sample was stratified according to operational measures indicating socioeconomic marginality, one calculated using indices of income, education, and employment and another designed to measure lived homelessness. Rates of self-reported utilization of 10 health services were compared across strata. In this sample socioeconomic marginality reflected by low levels of income, education, and employment sometimes predicts greater rates of health services utilization and, in other cases, it predicts lower rates. When the sample is stratified according to an operational measure of homelessness, the gradient of greater utilization ...
Development of monoclonal antibodies to parathyroid hormone-induced resorptive factors from osteoblast-like cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) induces osteoblastlike cells to secrete factors capable of increasing cellular bone resorption; these factors are extremely labile. We have partially isolated them from supernatants of PTH-stimulated ROS 17.2 cells using affinity chromatography. Products eluted from the matrix, carboxymethyl cellulose covalently linked to Cibacron Blue F3GA, (CM-AB) were used as immunogens in mice. Serum from these mice blocked the effect of PTH-stimulated supernatants in a bioassay for bone resorption (the bone rudiment system). Then, hybridomas were produced from spleen cells of these mice. Screening of these hybridoma cultures revealed a consistent blocking effect of supernatants at a dilution of 1:100 in the bioassay. At higher dilution (1:1000), however, fewer culture supernatants blocked this effect in the bioassay. Mixed hybridoma cultures have been cloned and subcloned. Evaluation of the resulting hybridoma supernatants revealed that supernatants from at least three clones were necessary to neutralize the effect of the PTH-induced, osteoblast-produced resorption factors in organ culture. Similarly, using sucrose density gradient analysis, it is necessary to use three antibodies to bind all the 35S-labeled protein from supernatants of PTH-stimulated ROS cultures (equivalent to the fraction used as immunogen in the mice). The effect of PTH in organ culture is blocked by this same group of hybridoma supernatants. The antibodies appear specific for osteoblast-like cell resorption factors, as they do not block the effect of PTH on cAMP accumulation in ROS cell cultures. On the other hand, they do block the effects of dibutyral cAMP on resorption in organ culture. The effect of antibodies on bone resorption is not nonspecific, as hybridomas have no effect on increased 45Ca release from organ culture induced by thyroxine. We conclude that we have isolated hybridomas that produce antibodies capable of binding to PTH-induced, osteoblast-produced factors. These antibodies are able to inhibit the increase in cellular bone resorption in organ cultures caused to either PTH or these factors.
Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions

Analysis of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, based on 3514 occurrences of 340 genera of marine bivalves (Mollusca), suggests that extinction intensities were uniformly global; no latitudinal gradients or other geographic patterns are detected. Elevated extinction intensities in some tropical areas are entirely a result of the distribution of one extinct group of highly specialized bivalves, the rudists. When rudists are omitted, intensities at those localities are statistically indistinguishable from those of both the rudist-free tropics and extratropical localities.
A simple counterexample to a conjecture of rota

Consider the poset Pn of partitions of an n-element set ordered by refinement. Let S(n, k) be the number of partitions containing k blocks. Let Ln be the maximum length of an antichain in Pn Rota conjectured that Ln = maxkS(n, k). In this paper we construct larger antichains for all n sufficiently large.
Worldwide Regulations and Legislation; Their Effects on Pharmaceutical Product Development

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry has become one of the most legislated and regulated industries in the world. The worldwide regulations although differing in scope and intensity all target on the pharmaceutical development, testing and manufacture of drug products. The impact of the constantly changing worldwide legislation and regulations is a primary concern.
Increase in effective activation energy during physical aging of a glass

Abstract The novel technique of multi-frequency temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry is employed to measure a decrease in the heat capacity under quasi-isothermal conditions. The effect is used to monitor the kinetics of physical aging in glassy maltitol at ∼5–8 °C below the glass transition temperature. The heat capacity relaxation is analyzed by an isoconversional method that yields effective activation energy for different extents of relaxation. The early stages of aging demonstrate an activation energy ∼145 kJ mol −1 that is significantly smaller than the activation energy of α-relaxation (413 kJ mol −1 ), which is closely approached at the final stages of aging.
Sensitive Quantitative Nucleic Acid Detection Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays

We report a new theoretical approach to optimize the performance and quantify the results of gene expression oligonucleotide microarrays which are widely used in biomedical research. An on-array hybridization isotherm that takes into account the screened Coulomb repulsion between the assayed nucleic acid target and the layer of surface tethered oligonucleotide probes is presented. The hybridization efficiency is found as a function of the genomic target (sequence, length, and concentration), array parameters (probe sequence and length, surface probe density), and hybridization conditions (temperature and buffer ionic strength). We present simple relations for the hybridization signal maximum and the linear dynamic detection range and show explicit criteria for optimization. The approach is based on an extension of our recently published theory (Vainrub, A.; Pettitt, B. M. Phys. Rev. E 2002, 66, art. no.-041905) which we generalize here for the cases of target depletion effects and arbitrary target length.
Sirolimus-induced intractable chronic diarrhea: a case report

Sirolimus is a macrolide that is extensively used in transplant clinics. The most common side effects of sirolimus are hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, rash, and well-tolerated diarrhea. Herein I have reported a case of intractable, disabling, chronic diarrhea secondary to sirolimus in a renal transplant recipient. The sirolimus dose had been recently increased from 2 mg to 5 mg 1 month before the patient began to complain of severe diarrhea. In addition to the case presentation, the literature is reviewed as well as possible mechanisms of sirolimus-induced diarrhea are discussed. In conclusion, clinicians should consider sirolimus as a potential etiology for severe chronic diarrhea among patients who are treated with sirolimus.
Metallurgical interactions at the contacts GaAs interface

Interface morphology, phase composition, and elemental diffusion of Pt/Ti/Ge/Pd ohmic contacts to both n and p+-GaAs have been investigated as a function of annealing temperature. Structural and chemical results were correlated with specific contact resistances (ρc) measured for each thermal treatment. Annealing at 450°C yielded the lowest ρc, ∼6.4 × 10−7Ω-cm2. The interface was observed to be smooth and abrupt. Two interface phases were detected; a primary phase, PdGe, and a secondary, Ga-rich Pd-Ga-As ternary phase. The presence of this ternary phase was found to be critical to contact formation on n-GaAs. The Ti and Pt layers remained pristine. Annealing at 550°C resulted in a slightly higher ρc, ∼2.1 × 10−6Ω-cm2. There was significant elemental diffusion within the contact metal and minor diffusion into the GaAs substrate. The interface possessed limited areas of spiking with uniform composition. Annealing at 600°C proved to have a detrimental effect on the ρc, ∼10−4Ω-cm2. This electrical degradation was accompanied by strong chemical intermixing between the contact and substrate, resulting in a continuous nonplanar interface with deep multiphase protrusions.
Effect of feeding Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract or Aspergillus oryzae plus yeast culture plus mineral and vitamin supplement on performance of Holstein cows during a complete lactation.

Abstract The addition of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm ® ) increased milk flow and mean 3.5% FCM production during the latter stages of the full lactation trial compared with the control group and the Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract plus yeast culture plus mineral-vitamin supplement (VitaFerm ® ) group. Based on the differences observed when FCM production was determined for the cows at various stages of lactation, Amaferm apparently had its greatest effect during the early stages of the lactation cycle and subsequent milk production was likely a result of higher initial production. The response difference observed between the Amaferm and VitaFerm treatments could have resulted from the additional minerals provided by the VitaFerm compared with the Amaferm and control groups.
Isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS) for the certification of lead and cadmium in environmental standard reference materials.

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) have been determined in six new environmental standard reference materials (SRMs) using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS). The SRMs are the following: SRM 1944, New York-New Jersey Waterway Sediment, SRMs 2583 and 2584, Trace Elements in Indoor Dust, Nominal 90 mg/kg and 10,000 mg/kg Lead, respectively, SRMs 2586 and 2587, Trace Elements in Soil Containing Lead from Paint, Nominal 500 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg Lead, respectively, and SRM 2782, Industrial Sludge. The capabilities of ID ICP-MS for the certification of Pb and Cd in these materials are assessed. Sample preparation and ratio measurement uncertainties have been evaluated. Reproducibility and accuracy of the established procedures are demonstrated by determination of gravimetrically prepared primary standard solutions and by comparison with isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID TIMS). Material heterogeneity was readily demonstrated to be the dominant source of uncertainty in the certified values.
FACULAR AND SUNSPOT AREAS DURING SOLAR CYCLES 22 AND 23

We present an analysis of facular/network and sunspot areas (and their ratio) covering most of cycle 22 and all of cycle 23. The data are corrected areas (in microhemispheres) from full-disk solar images using two photometric telescopes at the San Fernando Observatory, CFDT1 and CFDT2. Images from CFDT2 have approximately twice the spatial resolution of CFDT1. Sunspot areas are obtained from red images where spots are determined as those pixels darker than ?8.5%. Facular/network areas are from Ca II K-line images where facular/network pixels are?brighter than 4.8%. Regressions of facular area versus spot area for CFDT1 give a slope term of 25. For CFDT2, the slope term is 33. The average ratio of facular to spot area for cycle 22 is 45 and for cycle 23 the ratio is 42. These values are substantially higher than those from earlier studies. The increase is due to a combination of higher spatial resolution and the removal of a correction factor in ?. For the 0.3?nm K-line images, the spot to facular/network ratio is 138 for six years of cycle 23. A relation is given for the dependence of facular/network area on contrast. The relationship of facular/network area to sunspot area is linear for data from both telescopes.
Radio-Frequency Plasma Polymers Containing Ionic Phosphonate Groups. 1. Copolymerization of Perfluoroallylphosphonic Acid and Chlorotrifluoroethylene

Radio-frequency plasma polymer and copolymer films, ranging in thickness from 9 to 660 nm, were prepared from perfluoroallylphosphonic acid (PAPA) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). ac conductance measurements showed that the apparent conductivity of the films increased from 1.7 to 4.2 mS/cm as the PAPA content of the comonomer feed was increased from 0 to 100%. Cyclic voltammetry in the presence of chloride indicated that the films were anionic and showed that they were strongly adherent to gold electrodes in aqueous media. As the PAPA content of the comonomer feed was increased, the advancing water contact angle of the films decreased from 98.4° to 8.3° and the solid surface tension (γ s ) of the films increased from 25.4 to 72.5 dyn/cm. High-resolution ESCA and FTIR spectroscopies indicated that increasing the PAPA content of the comonomer feed caused a change in the polymer structure from a highly fluorinated, lightly cross-linked Teflon-like structure to a lightly fluorinated, highly cross-linked structure containing phosphonic acid groups. A mechanism for the formation of the ionic polymer films is proposed in which retention of the phosphonic acid moiety occurs via cleavage of PAPA into fluorocarbon and phosphonate fragments followed by reincorporation of the phosphonic acid into the growing plasma polymer film.
Enzymatic Conversion of Alpha-Formamidinoglutaric Acid to Glutamic Acid by Rat Liver

A PREVIOUS report from this laboratory1 gave evidence that histidine is converted to glutamic acid in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro experiment, done with guinea pig-liver slices, is subject to the criticism that degradation of α-formamidinoglutaric acid, the principal conversion product, may have occurred non-enzymatically. Direct evidence for such a conversion has been found so far only in micro-organisms adapted to histidine2. I have now shown the presence in rat liver of an enzyme which degrades α-formamidinoglutaric acid (N-formiminoglutamic acid) to glutamic acid.
How good is a single-scattering model of visible-NIR atmospheric skylight polarization?

Measurements of visible-NIR skylight polarization are compared with radiative transfer calculations from a model that employs polarized single scattering. The measurements are from a full-sky imaging polarimeter under conditions ranging from very low aerosol content to thick forest fire smoke. Generally, the lack of multiple scattering in the model leads to overestimated degree of polarization in all but very clear conditions at the longest wavelengths (> 600 nm).
Incremental Diagnostic Value of Regional Left Ventricular Function Over Coronary Assessment by Cardiac Computed Tomography for the Detection of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Acute Chest Pain – From The ROMICAT Trial

Background— The incremental value of regional left ventricular function (LVF) over coronary assessment to detect acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is uncertain. Methods and Results— We analyzed 356 patients (mean age, 53±12 years; 62% men) with acute chest pain and inconclusive initial emergency department evaluation. Patients underwent 64-slice contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography before hospital admission. Caregivers and patients remained blinded to the results. Regional LVF and presence of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and significant stenosis (>50%) were separately assessed by 2 independent readers. Incremental value of regional LVF to predict ACS was determined in the entire cohort and in subgroups of patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease, inconclusive assessment for stenosis (defined as inability to exclude significant stenosis due to calcium or motion), and significant stenosis. During their index hospitalization, 31 patients were ultimately diagnosed with ACS (8 myocardial infarction, 22 unstable angina), of which 74% (23 patients) had regional LV dysfunction. Adding regional LVF resulted in a 10% increase in sensitivity to detect ACS by cardiac computed tomography (87%; 95% confidence interval, 70% to 96%) and significantly improved the overall accuracy (c-statistic: 0.88 versus 0.94 and 0.79 versus 0.88, for extent of plaque and presence of stenosis, respectively; both P <0.03). The diagnostic accuracy of regional LVF for detection of ACS has 89% sensitivity and 86% specificity in patients with significant stenosis (n=33) and 60% sensitivity and 86% specificity in patients with inconclusive coronary computed tomographic angiography (n=33). Conclusions— Regional LVF assessment at rest improves diagnostic accuracy for ACS in patients with acute chest pain, especially in those with coronary artery disease and thus may be helpful to guide further management in patients at intermediate risk for ACS. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov][1]. Unique identifier: [NCT00990262][2]. [1]: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00990262&atom=%2Fcirccvim%2F3%2F4%2F375.atom
Multi-Zone-MPC: Clinical Inspired Control Algorithm for the Artificial Pancreas

Abstract An artificial pancreatic β-cell based on multipartite zone model predictive control (Multi-Zone-MPC) is evaluated on the UVa FDA-accepted metabolic simulator. Multi-Zone-MPC provides different tunings for the MPC weights based on four regions of glycemia: hypoglycemia, normoglycemia, elevated glycemia, and hyperglycemia. Defining these four zones provides richer control tunings that result in safe and effective control. The controller predictions are based on an average ARX-model that is developed using data collected from a meal response of ten different in silico adult subjects. A comparison of Multi-Zone-MPC and standard Zone-MPC is conducted on 100 in silico adult subjects following a one meal scenario of 75g. Multi-Zone-MPC outperform Zone-MPC with low blood glucose index (LBGI) of 0.1 versus 0.5, respectively without any significant change of high blood glucose index (HBGI). The use of four control zones in the Multi-Zone-MPC is successfully demonstrated to be a better control strategy that reduces the postprandial peaks and at the same time avoids any hypoglycemia due to efficient insulin administration, hence, providing effective and safe glucose regulation to individuals with T1DM.
Modulation of the migration and differentiation potential of adult bone marrow stromal stem cells by nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible free radical, which serves as a pluripotent intracellular messenger in numerous cell systems. NO has been demonstrated to regulate actin dependent cellular functions and functions as a putative inductive agent in directing stem cells differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous NO on the kinetics of movement and morphological changes in adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a wound healing model of cellular migration. Cellular migration and morphological changes were determined by measurement of changes in the area and fractal dimension of BMSCs monolayer as a function of time in the presence of an NO donor (S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-D,L-Penicillamine, SNAP) compared to untreated BMSCs. Response of the BMSCs' actin cytoskeleton and desmin to NO was assessed by determining changes in their integrated optical density (IOD) and fractal dimension at 24 h and 7 days. NO suppressed BMSCs' migration accompanied by a reduction in cell size, with maintenance of their stellate to polygonal morphology. In response to NO, the actin cytoskeleton expressed an increase in randomness but maintained a constant amount of F-actin relative to the cell size. The presence of NO also induced an increase in randomly organized cytoplasmic desmin. These data suggest that NO has an apparent inductive effect on adult BMSCs and is capable of initiating phenotypic change at the gross cellular, cytoskeletal and molecular levels. It is apparent, however, that additional factors or conditions are required to further drive the differentiation of adult BMSCs into specific phenotypes, such as cardiomyocytes.
Understanding the interaction of Lipoarabinomannan with membrane mimetic architectures.

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. LAM is secreted in urine and serum from infected patients and is being studied as a potential diagnostic indicator for the disease. Herein, we present a novel ultra-sensitive and specific detection strategy for monomeric LAM based on its amphiphilic nature and consequent interaction with supported lipid bilayers. Our strategy involves the capture of LAM on waveguides functionalized with membrane mimetic architectures, followed by detection with a fluorescently labeled polyclonal antibody. This approach offers ultra-sensitive detection of lipoarabinomannan (10 fM, within 15 min) and may be extended to other amphiphilic markers. We also show that chemical deacylation of LAM completely abrogates its association with the supported lipid bilayers. The loss of signal using the waveguide assay for deacylated LAM, as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) images that show no change in height upon addition of deacylated LAM support this hypothesis. Mass spectrometry of chemically deacylated LAM indicates the presence of LAM-specific carbohydrate chains, which maintain antigenicity in immunoassays. Further, we have developed the first three-dimensional structural model of mannose-capped LAM that provides insights into the orientation of LAM on supported lipid bilayers.
China′s Endogenous Investment Cycle

Abstract China′s economic cycles in the past 35-plus years have been driven by an endogenous investment cycle. According to an investment-cycle hypothesis for centrally planned economies, investment fluctuates because its growth rate responds inversely, with delay, to the degree of tautness in the economy′s supply capacity. In this paper′s macroeconomic model, the investment cycle is generated by a two-way dependency between state fixed investment and the magnitude of inflationary pressure. The estimated coefficients of structural equations and the simulation result suggest the presence of such an endogenous investment cycle in China. J. Comp. Econom., October 1994, 19 (2), pp. 188-216. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
Lateral variations in Compressional/Shear velocities at the base of the mantle

Observations of core-diffracted P ( P diff) and SH ( SH diff) waves recorded by the Missouri-to-Massachusetts (MOMA) seismic array show that the ratio of compressional ( P ) seismic velocities to horizontal shear ( SH ) velocities at the base of the mantle changes abruptly from beneath the mid-Pacific ( VP / VS = 1.88, also the value predicted by reference Earth models) to beneath Alaska ( VP / VS = 1.83). This change signifies a sudden lateral variation in material properties that may have a mineralogical or textural origin. A textural change could be a result of shear stresses induced during the arrival at the core of ancient lithosphere from the northern Pacific paleotrench.
Cascade Showers in Lead

Cascade showers of energies up to 500-1000 Mev have been photographed in a cloud chamber that contained eight lead plates. A comparison with theory is made in terms of the size of a shower at its maximum as a function of the total number of particles in the shower. The conclusion reached is that the theoretical cross sections for radiation and pair production are essentially correct for energies up to 500-1000 Mev.
Rotation Effects on Vibration of Structures Seen From a Rotating Beam Simply Supported off the Rotation Axis

In rotating beams, the Coriolis force acts through the mass and rotary inertias of the beam. A rotating beam simply supported off the axis of rotation is used as an example to study effects of this Coriolis force on vibration of structures. By adopting such a simple model, mass- and rotary inertia-induced terms in the free vibration responses can be obtained in separate, closed forms. The effect of each of these terms on vibration characteristics of the rotating beam is discussed in relation to parameters such as nonrotating natural frequencies, the rotation speed, and the slenderness ratio. Practical implications of these results in analyses of rotating structures of other types are discussed, for example estimating the significance of rotary inertias in relation to the slenderness ratio and the rotation speed.
Adenosine A2A Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Bi-Directionally Alter Cocaine Seeking in Rats

Repeated cocaine administration enhances dopamine D(2) receptor sensitivity in the mesolimbic dopamine system, which contributes to drug relapse. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are colocalized with D(2) receptors on nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons where they antagonize D(2) receptor activity. Thus, A(2A) receptors represent a target for reducing enhanced D(2) receptor sensitivity that contributes to cocaine relapse. The aim of these studies were to determine the effects of adenosine A(2A) receptor modulation in the NAc on cocaine seeking in rats that were trained to lever press for cocaine. Following at least 15 daily self-administration sessions and 1 week of abstinence, lever pressing was extinguished in daily extinction sessions. We subsequently assessed the effects of intra-NAc core microinjections of the A(2A) receptor agonist, CGS 21680 (4-[2-[[6-amino-9-(N-ethyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride), and the A(2A) receptor antagonist, MSX-3 (3,7-dihydro-8-[(1E)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-7-methyl-3-[3-(phosphonooxy)propyl-1-(2-propynyl)-1H-purine-2,6-dione disodium salt hydrate), in modulating cocaine- and quinpirole-induced reinstatement to cocaine seeking. Intra-NAc pretreatment of CGS 21680 reduced both cocaine- and quinpirole-induced reinstatement. These effects were specific to cocaine reinstatement as intra-NAc CGS 21680 had no effect on sucrose seeking in rats trained to self-administer sucrose pellets. Intra-NAc treatment with MSX-3 modestly reinstated cocaine seeking when given alone, and exacerbated both cocaine- and quinpirole-induced reinstatement. Interestingly, the exacerbation of cocaine seeking produced by MSX-3 was only observed at sub-threshold doses of cocaine and quinpirole, suggesting that removing tonic A(2A) receptor activity enables behaviors mediated by dopamine receptors. Taken together, these findings suggest that A(2A) receptor stimulation reduces, while A(2A) blockade amplifies, D(2) receptor signaling in the NAc that mediates cocaine relapse.
Evidence for nonrandom rejoining of chromatid breaks and its relation to the origin of sister-chromatid exchanges.

Abstract Studies were made of the relative frequencies of sister-strand exchanges, isochromatid deletions, and symmetrical and asymmetrical interchanges involving daughter endoreduplicated chromosomes (diplochromosomes) in tritiated thymidine-labeled aneuploid Chinese hamster and diploid human cells. It was found that the reunion of broken ends in the endoreduplicated chromosomes was not random and that the ratio of symmetrical to asymmetrical interchanges was about the same as the ratio of sister-strand exchanges to isochromatid deletions. These data are interpreted to mean that sister-strand exchanges may be radiation-induced exchanges resulting from isolocus breaks that do not rejoin in the expected random fashion. The very high frequency of interchanges in daughter endoreduplicated chromosomes is taken as evidence in support of the site hypothesis of Wolff and Atwood (see ref. 19).
Her Heart Was in the Right Place: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

PRESENTATION Although coronary artery disease accounts for the majority of reported sudden cardiac deaths, other structural and nonstructural conditions may predispose patients to out-ofhospital arrests. If recognized early, these conditions can be managed early and aggressively. Early recognition was providential for an asymptomatic 27-year-old woman. She underwent routine preoperative evaluation for altruistic living-donor kidney transplantation to her brother, who suffered from a congenital kidney disease. Her initial physical and laboratory evaluation, as guided by the Amsterdam Forum for care of live kidney donors, was grossly normal. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed (Figure 1).
Absence of circular dichroism in high-temperature superconductors

We have repeated and improved upon the experiment of Lyons et al., in which the observation of circular dichroism in high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors was reported. We found a simple extension to the previous technique which makes the apparatus exclusively sensitive to T-violating circular dichroism. We find no evidence for a temperature-dependent signal in all ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ samples studied. We establish sensitivity of the apparatus to surface roughness and ascribe the previously observed signal to possible surface contamination.
Movements and memory : The making of the stonewall myth

This article examines why the Stonewall riots became central to gay collective memory while other events did not. It does so through a comparative-historical analysis of Stonewall and four events s...
Society, institutions, and common sense: Themes in the discourse of book challengers in 21st century United States

Abstract Understanding why people attempt to remove, relocate, or restrict books in an age of ubiquitous access is one of the more puzzling aspects of contemporary challenge cases. In order to better comprehend this largely symbolic phenomenon, this study focused on the arguments that book challengers employed to justify the removal, relocation, or restriction of books in 13 challenge cases in public libraries and schools across the United States between 2007 and 2011. Three sources of discourse, which were coded for common themes, were analyzed. The first consisted of a variety of documents, obtained via state open record requests to governing bodies, which were produced in the course of challenge cases. Recordings of book challenge public hearings constituted the second source of data. The third source of discourse consisted of interviews with challengers. The study found the following common themes in challengers' worldviews: First, they saw contemporary society as being in a state of decline and were concerned with preserving the innocence of children in the midst of this decay. Second, they constructed public institutions as symbols of the community that must represent their values and aid parents in their difficult role as boundary setters. Finally, challengers demonstrated a reverence for the books as a material object and employed common sense interpretive strategies. It is hoped that this analysis will offer a starting point for comparing the discourse of challengers to the discourse of other social actors and aid librarians and other information professionals in providing effective responses to challengers to materials in their respective institutions.
The Thermodynamics of Desire in Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter

Critics have long recognized that Ivan's Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter (Zapiski okhotnika) is only nominally a work about hunting, and that it is concerned, at a deeper level, with much more important issues (serfdom, narrative form, and so on). This essay argues that Turgenev's cycle of stories is indeed about okhota, but not just in the traditional sense of the word: it is centrally (though not exclusively) a book about desire. Turgenev is fascinated by desire and longing (okhota) in its many different manifestations (sexual-biological, psychic-emotional, spiritual, aesthetic), by its slow simmer and burn, its cultivation, suppression, release, dissipation. Again and again throughout the cycle his narrator-okhotnik positions himself, both literally and figuratively, “in cover” (na taige)–a vantage point whence he can study (and vicariously participate in) the romantic longing of his various targets. The essay explores implications of this paradigmatic pattern in a number of the stories (most importantly, and in the most detail, in “Yermolai and the Miller's Wife” and “Living Relic”). It argues, furthermore, that Turgenev's preoccupation in Notes of a Hunter with the nature and dynamics of desire was highly personal in its origins (it reflects his longing for Pauline Viardot), yet also universal in its implications: he drew deeply on his own experience to articulate a model of existential and affective conduct that resonated quietly but profoundly in Russian literature in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Regional Atmospheric Circulation and Rainfall Variability in South Equatorial Africa

AbstractThis study examines daily precipitation data during December–March over south equatorial Africa (SEA) and proposes a new zonal asymmetric pattern (ZAP) that explains the leading mode of weather-scale precipitation variability in the region. The eastern and western components of the ZAP, separated at about 30°E, appear to be a consequence of an anomalous zonal atmospheric cell triggered by enhanced low-level westerly winds. The enhanced westerlies are generated by a diagonal interhemispheric pressure gradient between the southwestern Indian and north tropical Atlantic Oceans. In eastern SEA these winds hit the East African Plateau, producing low-level convergence and convection that further intensifies the westerlies. In western SEA a subsiding branch develops in response, closing the circulation cell. The system gradually dissipates as the pressure gradient weakens. Through this mechanism, simultaneous changes in two hemispheres generate a regional zonally oriented circulation that relies on clima...
Immunization Registry-Based Recall for a New Vaccine

Background.— Immunization recall for specific vaccines may be necessary to "catch up" children with newly available vaccines or recall children after vaccine shortages. The extent to which immunization registry–based recall can increase immunization rates for a new vaccine has not been prospectively studied. Objective.— To assess the efficacy of letter/telephone recall for immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in an economically disadvantaged urban population. Design/Methods.— Randomized controlled trial at an inner-city teaching hospital. Using an immunization registry, we randomly assigned children aged 6 weeks to 22 months unimmunized for PCV7 to an intervention group (n = 610) or a control group (n = 624). The intervention consisted of letter and telephone recall for PCV7 vaccination. Two months after intervention, receipt of 1 or more doses of PCV7 was assessed. Intention-to-treat analysis was used. Results.— We were unable to successfully contact 42.3% of the intervention subjects by mail and telephone. In the intervention group, 23.0% (140 children) received PCV7 within 2 months compared with 20.2% (126 children) in the control group ( P = NS). No intervention effect was evident when children were stratified by age. A large proportion of the study population had Medicaid insurance (51.2%) or were uninsured (28.5%), but response to PCV7 recall did not vary by insurance status. Conclusions.— Letter and telephone recall for PCV7 vaccine did not significantly increase the rate of PCV7 immunization in an inner-city teaching hospital serving a disadvantaged population. The effectiveness of recall appears to have been limited by the inability to reach many subjects by mail and telephone.
A new linear-leaved Cyanea (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from Kaua'i, and the “rediscovery” of Cyanea linearifolia

Cyanea kuhihewa (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) is described from Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands and assigned to sect.Hirtellae. Because of its leaves, it was first identified asC. linearifolia, a member of sect.Delisseoideae presumed extinct. However, the new species differs by its flat or slightly revolute (vs. strongly revolute) leaf margins, fewer-flowered pubescent inflorescences with shorter peduncles and bracts longer than wide (vs. wider than long), and larger pubescent flowers.
An electro-mechanical periodic system with piezoelectric transducers and coupled circuitry: dynamic analysis and applications

In this paper, we integrate piezoelectric transducers and coupled circuitry, which themselves form an electrical periodic system, onto a mechanical structure to form an electro-mechanical periodic system. The overall dynamics of the electro-mechanical system can thus be altered by tuning the electrical parameters. A transfer-matrix-based modeling technique is adopted in the dynamic analysis, where each element is represented by two state vectors at its both ends with a transfer matrix relating them. As the transfer matrix has the advantage on describing harmonic motions within the element, the global analysis can be facilitated given the repetitive nature of periodic systems. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the characteristics of wave propagation and attenuation in terms of propagation constants. Effects of each tunable parameter are also discussed through detailed parametric analysis. The proposed system can be tailored to various engineering needs. One example is adaptive vibration isolation with tunable effective frequency range. Another example is vibration energy harvesting through the piezoelectric transducers and circuitry.
Toward a More Practical Marking Scheme for IP Traceback

Probabilistic packet marking (PPM) has been studied as a promising approach to realize IP traceback. In this paper, we propose a new PPM approach that improves the current state of the art in two practical directions: (1) it improves the efficiency and accuracy of IP traceback and (2) it provides incentives for ISPs to deploy IP traceback in their networks. Our PPM approach employs a new IP header encoding scheme to store the whole identification information of a router into a single packet. This eliminates the computation overhead and false positives due to router identification fragmentation. Our approach does not disclose the IP addresses of the routers having marked packets, thereby alleviating the ISP's security concern of disclosing network topology. Our approach is able to control the distribution of marking information. So it is suitable to be deployed as a value-added service which may create revenue for ISPs. Therefore our PPM approach improves the performance and practicability of IP traceback.
Goal Programming Model Subsystem of a Flexible Nurse Scheduling Support System

Abstract A model for nurse scheduling via the goal programming versions of the traditional “set covering” model is discussed in detail. The demand profile and nurses preferences are fed into an expert like capability designed to formulate a goal programming representation of the problem. Solutions to the goal programmed model are made available for various goal priority options. Each solution can be disaggregated into specific assignments for specific units and nurses.
Imaging from an unmanned aerial vehicle: agricultural surveillance and decision support

Abstract In September 2002, NASA’s solar-powered Pathfinder-Plus unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to conduct a proof-of-concept mission in US national airspace above the 1500 ha plantation of the Kauai Coffee Company in Hawaii. While in national airspace, the transponder-equipped UAV was supervised by regional air traffic controllers and treated like a conventionally piloted aircraft. High resolution color and multispectral imaging payloads, both drawing from the aircraft’s solar power system, were housed in exterior-mounted environmental pressure pods. A local area network (LAN) using unlicensed radio frequency was used for camera control and downlink of image data at rates exceeding 5 Mbit s −1 . A wide area network (WAN) allowed a project investigator stationed on the US mainland to uplink control commands during part of the mission. Images were available for enhancing, printing, and interpretation within minutes of collection. The color images were useful for mapping invasive weed outbreaks and for revealing irrigation and fertilization anomalies. Multispectral imagery was related to mature fruit harvest from certain fields with significant fruit display on the tree canopy exterior. During 4 h “loitering” above the plantation, ground-based pilots were able to precisely navigate the UAV along pre-planned flightlines, and also perform spontaneous maneuvers under the direction of the project scientist for image collection in cloud-free zones. Despite the presence of ground-obscuring cumulus cloud cover of ca. 70% during the image collection period, the UAV’s maneuvering capability ultimately enabled collection of cloud-free imagery throughout most of the plantation. The mission demonstrated the capability of a slow-flying UAV, equipped with downsized imaging systems and line-of-sight telemetry, to monitor a localized agricultural region for an extended time period. The authors suggest that evolving long-duration (weeks to months) UAVs stand to make a valuable future contribution to regional agricultural resource monitoring.