cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Risk for Child Maltreatment

Background: The association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and risk for child maltreatment has not been well studied. Objective: To determine whether self-reported ADHD symptoms during childhood are associated with self-reported risk for child maltreatment. Methods: The study sample consists of 14,322 eligible participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a U.S. nationally representative sample of adolescents. Based on retrospectively self-reported ADHD symptoms during childhood we constructed ADHD subtypes (hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and combined) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). We also constructed different types of child maltreatment (supervision neglect, physical neglect, physical assault, and contact sexual abuse). We used logistic regression to examine the relationship between types of child maltreatment and subtypes of ADHD, controlling for demographic and familial risk factors. We also investigated whether child maltreatment is associated with the number of reported symptoms. To control for family level unobserved factors, we also analyzed a subsample of sibling pairs. Results: Having six or more inattention symptoms is associated with supervision neglect (odds ratio [OR]: 1.69; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.27-2.26; p Conclusions: The likelihood of being maltreated by adult caregivers is associated with inattentive symptoms during childhood. The association is significant in the full sample and is consistent across study designs, which is suggestive of a causal relationship, although the direction of causation cannot be determined. The association between hyperactive symptoms and ADHD is less likely to be causal, as the results from different models are not consistent.
Excitation gap in the normal and superconducting state of underdoped Bi2Sr2Ca1-xDyxCu2O8+\delta thin film and single crystals

We summarize photoemission data from underdoped Bi2Sr2Ca1-xDyxCu2O8+\delta that revealed anomalous properties: i) We observed an excitation gap in the normal state of underdoped samples, and this normal state gap closes in overdoped samples; ii) The normal state gap has similar magnitude and momentum dependence as the superconducting gap, which is consistent with a dx 2 -y 2 order parameter; iii) The normal state gap persists to a temperature range much higher than Tc; iv) The superconducting gap in the underdoped regime does not scale with Tc. These results are consistent with theoretical models that suggest the underdoped regime can be characterized by two temperatures, a mean‐field temperature below which there is pairing, and a lower superconducting transition temperature at which the pairs become phase coherent.
A Low Communication Rate Scheme for Distributed Detection

In a practical distributed detection application a large number of resolution cells are continually being tested. A key observation is that most resolution cells will be empty and obviously so, and hence transmission, depending on the coarseness of quantization either of many local "no" decisions or of low-valued local likelihood ratios, is wasteful both of communication bandwidth and of fusion center attention. Here we consider a new scheme based on a "send/no-send" idea. The local sensors are assumed to "censor" their observations such that data about a cell deemed (locally) to be uninformative is simply not transmitted. The main result is that with conditionally-independent sensor data and under a communication rate constraint, in order to minimize the probability of error, transmission should occur if and only if the local likelihood ratio value observed by the sensor does not fall in a single interval. With an appropriate redefinition of the average communication rate, a similar result can be derived under the Neyman-Pearson criterion. For low prior probabilities of a target's presence in a given resolution cell, generally the most applicable case (and also, by symmetry, the case of a prior probability close to unity), the degradation in performance as measured against centralized decision-making is generally insignificant.
Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China

(2006). Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 61-62.
What to Make of the Liberal Paradox

Sen's Liberal Paradox has received a good deal of attention in the literature. However, it is worth re-opening the discussion since the solutions offered so far have serious problems and since there is more to say about the nature of the problem displayed by the Liberal Paradox. I propose a new solution to the paradox in the following sense: First, I argue that its range of applicability is not very broad. Second, there is nothing paradoxical about a conflict of the principles involved in the Liberal Paradox. (Nagel's thesis of the ``fragmentation of value'' is important to make this point.) Third, I make a recommendation about how to remove conflicts when they occur in a restricted class of cases. For the other cases, no recommendation of similar appeal is available. But in the light of the first point, the availability of a generally applicable recommendation was not to be expected.
Bacterial Degradation of Biotin II. CATABOLISM OF 14C-HOMOBIOTIN AND 14C-NORBIOTIN

Abstract Investigation of the catabolism of 14C-biotin and 14C-biotin analogues in a biotin-degrading particulate system from bacteria has revealed the following. Both the side chain and the ureido ring of the biotin molecule are degraded in the particulate system. The side chains of dethiobiotin, homobiotin, and norbiotin are degraded, but little or no degradation of the ureido ring occurs in these three compounds. Neither the side chain nor the ureido ring of biotinol is metabolized. 14C-Norbiotin (the 4-carbon side chain analogue) was isolated and characterized from reaction mixtures of 14C-homobiotin. Another catabolite, tentatively identified as trisnorbiotin (the 2-carbon side chain analogue) was isolated from reaction mixtures containing either 14C-homobiotin or 14C-norbiotin. These findings indicate the presence of a β oxidative system which catalyzes the degradation of the side chain of biotin as well as of several biotin analogues.
Successive approximation in parallel graph algorithms

The notion of successive approximation is introduced in the context of parallel graph algorithms. The implementation of graph algorithms on Leighton's mesh of trees network model is considered. The implementations that have appeared so far in the literature are relatively straightforward. A common characteristic of these algorithms is that, in each iteration, for each vertex v, at most one edge is selected from the edges incident on v. This selection is based purely on local information such as the weights of the edges incident v or the labels of the neighboring vertices of v etc. As this sort of information appears on the same row of a mesh, these algorithms lend themselves to a direct implementation. In this paper we present an implementation of the open ear decomposition algorithm of Maon, Schieber and Vishkin. Some applications of open ear decomposition include parallel planarity testing, triconnectivity and 4-connectivity testing. This algorithm is different from the other algorithms considered for implementation on a mesh of trees in that a direct implementation is ruled out due to the communication problems posed by the network. Our implementation uses a technique of successive approximation. The process starts by finding an open ear decomposition of a subgraph of at most 2n edges: the edges of two edge-disjoint forests of G. Each subsequent iteration uses the decomposition from the previous step to obtain an open ear decomposition of an enlarged subgraph. This enlarged subgraph consists of the edges that received an ear label in the previous step together with at least as many new ones. Therefore the process converges in O(log n) iterations. The decomposition algorithm for each iteraction can be distributed on the network. The whole algorithm takes O(log3 n) time using O(n/log n × n/log n) processors. Assuming adjacency matrix representation of the graph, the achieved speedup is O(log n) factor off the optimal, which is the best known.
Prevention of diet-induced obesity in transgenic mice overexpressing skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase

Transgenic (Tg) FVB/N mice were produced that overexpress human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in skeletal muscle using the muscle creatine kinase promoter and enhancers. It was hypothesized that, by overexpressing LPL in muscle, high fat feeding-induced obesity would be prevented by diverting lipoprotein-derived triglyceride fatty acids away from storage in adipose tissue to oxidation in muscle. Mice were examined both at 6 wk of age before high fat (HF) feeding and at 19 wk of age after 13 wk of HF (46.1% fat) or high carbohydrate (HC) feeding (11.5% fat). At 6 wk in heterozygous Tg mice, LPL was increased 11-fold in white muscle and 2.5-fold in red muscle, but not in cardiac muscle or spleen, brain, lung, kidney, or adipose tissue. Plasma triglycerides (mg/dl) were lower in Tg mice (87 +/- 7 vs. 117 +/- 7, P < 0.0001), and glucose increased (201 +/- 9 vs. 167 +/- 8 mg/dl, P = 0.029). There were no differences in body weight between Tg and nontransgenic (nTg) mice; however, carcass lipid content (% body wt) was significantly decreased in male Tg mice at 6 wk (7.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 9.0 +/- 1.0%, P = 0.035). Body composition was not different in female Tg mice at 6 wk. Overall, when Tg mice were fed either a HC or HF diet for 13 wk, plasma triglycerides (P < 0.001) and free fatty acids (P < 0.001) were decreased, whereas plasma glucose (P = 0.01) and insulin (P = 0.05) were increased compared with nTg mice. HF feeding increased carcass lipid content twofold in both male (10.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 21.4 +/- 2.6%, HC vs. HF, P < 0.001) and female nTg mice (6.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 12.9 +/- 1.8%, P = 0.01). However, the targeted overexpression of LPL in skeletal muscle prevented HF diet-induced lipid accumulation in both Tg male (10.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 13.5 +/- 2.2%, HC vs. HF, P = NS) and female Tg mice (6.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 10.1 +/- 1.4%, P = NS). The potential to increase LPL activity in muscle by gene or drug delivery may prove to be an effective tool in preventing and/or treating obesity in humans.
Absorption efficiency in impedance matched infrared dipole antenna-coupled microbolometers

Optical antenna collection efficiency is limited by material loss, particularly dissipation in optical metals. We investigate the radiation resistance and Ohmic resistance in transmitting infrared (IR) dipole antennas by considering the concepts of input impedance, radiation efficiency and dispersion of metals in the antenna. Then by applying antenna reciprocity, the receiving properties of IR antennas are explored. We analyze the power absorbed by a nickel (Ni) microbolometer load connected with a half-wave dipole antenna and a full-wave dipole antenna. By tuning the load impedance we are able to impedance match to IR dipoles in order to show enhanced absorption efficiency when radiation resistance dominates over Ohmic loss.
Wnt signalling: What The X@# is WTX?

In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Tanneberger et al demonstrate that Amer1/WTX, a tumour suppressor protein previously known for promoting β‐catenin degradation and thus antagonizing Wnt signalling, is also required for LRP6 receptor phosphorylation and therefore activation of Wnt signalling. Amer1/WTX is recruited by PtdIns(4,5)P 2 to the plasma membrane, and in turn recruits the Axin–GSK3 complex and CK1γ to phosphorylate LRP6. While dichotomic players like Amer1/WTX are common in Wnt signalling, these new findings add more intrigues to this enigmatic protein and pathway.
Values for Urinary Free Cortisol during Treatment with Amino-Glutethimide for Cushing’s Syndrome

Of the chemical tests used, we found that values for urinary free cortisol had the best clinical correlation and were the most sensitive indicator of cortisol secretion in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome who was treated with amino-glutethimide.
Strategic significance of object-oriented design

Object-Oriented Programming is enabled by an advance in compiler technology and programming language design supporting encapsulation and inheritance. This technical adjustment has had a surprisingly broad impact on strategies for design and development of software. The methods for employing Object-Oriented Programming in software development are called Object-Oriented Design. This paper explains what Object-Oriented Programming is, why it has attracted so much interest, and then critically examines its potential impact.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using logic to define the Aufbau–Hund–Pauli relation: a guide to teaching orbitals as a single, natural, unfragmented rule-set

The general chemistry curriculum includes a prelude that consumes nearly all of the first semester and occupies the first third of the typical textbook. This necessary prelude to the main event is comparable in scope to precalculus though not broken out as a formal ‘prechemistry’ course. Atomic orbitals account for much of this prelude-to-chemistry. By tradition, orbital theory is conveyed to the student in three disjunct pieces, presented in the following illogical order: the Pauli principle, the Aufbau principle, and Hund’s rule. (Often the n + l rule is tossed into the mix as well, though with no fixed place in the scheme). In the early twentieth century, as various researchers announced new insights into the atom at unpredictable intervals, no one could have been faulted for teaching orbitals in such a manner, catch-as-catch-can. A hundred years on, the vestiges of that (presumed) practice look wrong, and are indefensible. In the approach advocated here, orbitals would be taught as a single hierarchical rule-set, with the parts coherently sequenced as Aufbau–Hund–Pauli (and with Madelung’s n + l rule rehabilitated as part of Aufbau, no longer a free-floating mnemonic aid only). Logic aside, pragmatism offers its own argument for adopting this scheme: A tighter approach to Aufbau can lighten the ‘prechemistry’ burden significantly and bring the student that much sooner to chemistry itself.
Surface field measurement of photoconductive power switches using the electro-optic Kerr effect

We report our investigations of the surface electric fields present between the contacts of an optically controlled semiconductor switch. The experimental arrangement uses the Kerr electrooptic effect to measure the surface fields when a pulsed voltage is applied across a gap between two electrodes on planar samples fabricated on a silicon wafer. The system arrangement measurement technique and preliminary experimental data is presented for deposited aluminium contacts.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analyzing chaos in the pressure generated by laser absorption by microparticles

Upon absorption of laser energy, microparticles can convert the absorbed energy into temperature rises, pressure waves, and vaporization. All of these will affect the surrounding material as well as damaging the absorbing particle. The pressure signals display especially complex behavior because of two competing time scales: the duration of the laser pulse and the characteristic mechanical oscillation time of the absorber. As the pulse duration is lengthened, the pressure signals become increasingly more complicated. Using power spectra and Lyapunov exponents, we show that for pulse durations greater than the characteristic oscillation time, the pressure signals are chaotic. The chaotic nature of the pressure signal presents potentially dangerous uncertainty when using longer laser pulses in biomedical and engineering applications.
Ab initio calculations of cooperativity effects on clusters of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and methanethiol

The results of ab initio calculations for cyclic clusters of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and methanethiol are presented. Dimer, trimer, and tetramer clusters of all four compounds are studied, as are pentamer and hexamer clusters of methanol. From optimized clusters at HG/6--31G**, total energies and binding energies were calculated with both the HF and MP2 theories using the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. Accurate binding energies were also calculated for the dimer and trimer of methanol using symmetry-adapted perturbation theory with the same basis set. Intermolecular and intramolecular distances, charge distribution of binding sites, binding energies, and equilibrium constants were computed to determine the hydrogen bond cooperativity effect for each species. The cooperativity effect, exclusive to hydrogen bonding systems, results form specific forces among the molecules, in particular charge-transfer processes and the greater importance of interactions between molecules not directly hydrogen bonded because of the longer range of the interactions. The ratios of equilibrium constants for forming multimer hydrogen bonds to that for dimer hydrogen bond formation increase rapidly with the cluster size, in contrast to the constant value commonly used in thermodynamic models for hydrogen bonding liquids.
Effect of suprachiasmatic lesions on diurnal heart rate rhythm in the rat

Heart rate and locomotor activity of rats kept under 12L/12D illumination regimen were recorded every six minutes for ten days using implantable radio transmitters. Some of the rats then received bilateral RF lesions into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Control sham operations were performed on the rest of the animals. After recovery from surgery, recording of heart rate and locomotor activity was continued for ten days. SCN-lesioned rats showed no significant diurnal fluctuation in heart rate, while normal and sham-operated rats showed the normal diurnal rhythm in that function. The arrhythmic diurnal heart-rate pattern of SCN rats appeared to be correlated with their sporadic activity pattern. The integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is therefore necessary for the generation and/or expression of diurnal rhythmicity in heart rate in the rat.
Personhood: empirical thing or rational concept?

Farah and Heberlein's (2007) essay reveals two important things. First, good empirical data inform good practical ethics. But, second, even the best data go only so far toward making sense out of k...
Production of Lymphocyte Chemokinetic Activity by Stimulated Alveolar Macrophages

While the presence of a lymphocytic parenchymal infiltrate is characteristic of several lung diseases, the mechanisms responsible for the focal accumulation of lymphocytes within the lungs remain unclear. Since alveolar macrophages secrete several substances that affect lymphocyte function, we examined supernatants of stimulated, cultured guinea pig alveolar macrophages for their ability to alter lymphocyte motility. Guinea pigs were immunized by footpad injection of ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Fourteen days later, alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchial lavage or teasing the lung parenchyma, enriched by adherence to plastic, and incubated for 3 and 24 hours in culture medium alone or medium containing either latex beads, OVA, or human serum albumin (HSA). Conditioned medium was harvested and assayed for chemoattractant activity against rat splenic lymphocytes in modified Boyden chambers. Regardless of stimulus, there was no evidence of enhanced lymphocyte motility above control values in supernatants harvested at 3 hours. At 24 hours, alveolar macrophages from OVA-sensitized guinea pigs stimulated with latex or OVA generated significant amounts of lymphocyte migration stimulating activity (LCA) (250 +/- 25 and 247 +/- 24 percent of control migration, respectively) compared to cells incubated in medium alone or with HSA (162 +/- 23 and 147 +/- 14 percent, respectively). Antigen recognition appears to be related to the presence of cytophilic anti-OVA antibody on the surfaces of alveolar macrophages of sensitized guinea pigs. LCA is resistant to neuraminidase, chymotrypsin, and heating to 56 degrees C, and was chemokinetic for T-lymphocytes. it elutes from Sephadex G-100 in two regions: one at approximately 67,000 d, and a second at approximately 15,000 d. These studies indicate that following systemic immunization, the guinea pig alveolar macrophage can react to specific antigen or phagocytosis of inert particulates by secreting a chemokinetic factor for T-lymphocytes, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of some types of antigen-induced lung disease.
Varying Coefficient Meta-Analytic Methods for Alpha Reliability

The conventional fixed-effects (FE) and random-effects (RE) confidence intervals that are used to assess the average alpha reliability across multiple studies have serious limitations. The FE method, which is based on a constant coefficient model, assumes equal reliability coefficients across studies and breaks down under minor violations of this assumption. The RE method, which is based on a random coefficient model, assumes that the selected studies are a random sample from a normally distributed superpopulation. The RE method performs poorly in typical meta-analytic applications where the studies have not been randomly sampled from a normally distributed superpopulation or have been randomly sampled from a nonnormal superpopulation. A new confidence interval for the average reliability coefficient of a specific measurement scale is based on a varying coefficient statistical model and is shown to perform well under realistic conditions of reliability heterogeneity and nonrandom sampling of studies. New methods are proposed for assessing reliability moderator effects. The proposed methods are especially useful in meta-analyses that involve a small number of carefully selected studies for the purpose of obtaining a more accurate reliability estimate or to detect factors that moderate the reliability of a scale.
Willingness of Parkinson's disease patients to participate in research using internet-based technology.

Abstract Background: Motor impairment and travel time have been shown to be important barriers to recruitment for Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical trials. This study determined whether use of Internet-based video communication for study visits would improve likelihood of participating in PD clinical trials. Subjects and Methods: University of Utah PD clinic patients were invited to complete a survey asking if they would be willing to participate in a hypothetical research study under four different scenarios. McNemar's test was used to test the hypothesis that remote assessments would improve willingness to participate. Results: Willingness to participate was 101/113 (87%) in the standard scenario. Willingness to participate was highest (93%; p=0.046) with most visits occurring via telemedicine at a local clinic, followed by some visits occurring via telemedicine at a local clinic (91%; p=0.157). Willingness to participate was lower with some (80%; p=0.008) or most (82%; p=0.071) visits occurring by home...
Exchange Rate Uncertainty in Money-Based Stabilization Programs

Complementing the explanation provided by Calvo and Vegh (1994) for money-based stabilization programs, exchange rate uncertainty introduced to a particular version of the portfolio approach with imperfect competition in the banking system leads to a bias toward appreciation that is directly related to the divergence of expectations and that dampens the interaction between portfolio movements and the real exchange rate. Based on Frankel-Froot, uncertainty exists when the fundamental equilibrium real exchange rate is temporarily unknown in a foreign exchange market with two types of agents: `parity-guessers,` who expect a jump to a reference parity level, and `money-followers,` who expect nominal depreciation equal to the monetary rule.
Cognitive development in children with inborn errors of urea synthesis.

Children with congenital urea cycle disorders are at a high risk for cerebral damage, mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. Intellectual outcome appears to be correlated with the severity of the underlying cerebral damage and the duration of hyperammonemic coma. Thus, if a good outcome is to Le possible, early diagnosis and treatment is essential. However, even prospective treatment of affected children may not prevent cognitive impairment and even asymptomatic hyperammonemia may have subtle effects on intellect.
Vygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind

1. Vygotsky: The Man and His Theory 2. Vygotsky's Genetic Method 3. The Social Origins of Higher Mental Functions 4. Vygotsky's Semiotic Analysis 5. Extending Vygotsky's Semiotic Analysis: Propositional and Discourse Referentiality 6. Semiotic Mechanisms in Vygotsky's Genetic Law of Cultural Development 7. Units of Psychological Functioning: Consciousness, Word Meaning, and Action 8. Mind and Society Notes Bibliography Name Index Subject Index
Forward Induction and Public Randomization

Abstract We show that if the set of subgame perfect equilibrium payoffs of a stage game is convexified by the introduction of public random variables, then forward induction loses all its power as an argument for refining Nash equilibrium. We establish that our argument does not depend on a convenient choice of off-equilibrium path beliefs.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C72.
Distinct protein tyrosine phosphorylation during mitogenesis induced in quiescent SV40-transformed 3T3 T cells by insulin or vanadate.

Insulin and vanadate selectively induce mitogenesis in quiescent SV40 large T antigen-transformed 3T3 T cells (CSV3–1) but not in quiescent nontransformed 3T3 T cells. Insulin and vanadate mediate this effect in CSV3–1 cells by distinct signal transduction mechanisms that involve protein tyrosine kinase activity. To further study these processes, changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by insulin and vanadate were investigated. Using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting techniques with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies, we report distinct protein phosphorylation characteristics in insulin- and vanadate-stimulated CSV3–1 cells. The insulin receptor β-subunit is phosphorylated within 2 min after insulin stimulation of transformed CSV3–1 cells. Insulin also stimulates a rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the 170 kDa insulin receptor substrate-1 and complex formation between the phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 and the 85 kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. In contrast, vanadate does not initially increase detectable phosphorylation of any proteins, including neither the insulin receptor nor the insulin receptor substrate-1. After 60 min, however, a marked increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of 55 and 64 kDa proteins is observed in vanadate-treated CSV3–1 cells. Furthermore, treatment of CSV3–1 cells with genistein abolishes the effects of vanadate on protein tyrosine phosphorylation but only minimally inhibits the effects of insulin. Finally, insulin stimulates the phosphorytion of a 33 kDa protein, whereas vanadate does not. By comparison, in nontransformed 3T3 T cells, insulin induces a delayed and weaker tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β-subunit and vanadate does not enhance the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 55 and 64 kDa proteins. These data together indicate that the mitogenic effects of insulin and vanadate are associated with distinct protein phosphorylation patterns that appear to be differentially regulated in SV40-transformed and nontransformed 3T3 T cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
932-91 Ventricular Interdependence in Explanted Human Hearts

Left ventricular (LV) contraction contributes importantly to right ventricular (RV) performance via left to right ventricular interaction (LV-RVI). To determine the magnitude of LV-RVI in human heart failure, 5 explanted hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were obtained at the time of transplant and restored to a beating condition using a blood perfusion system. One normal human heart, unsuitable for transplantation, was also obtained and served as control. Balloons were placed in both RV and LV With RV volume fixed at an end diastolic pressure (EDP) of 20 mmHg, LV volume was ramped from low (LV EDP = 0) to high (LV EDP = 30) and resulting changes in RV systolic pressures were plotted vs. changes in LV pressure. The slope of this line defines the LV-RVI pressure gain. An analogous procedure was used to determine RV-LVI. The figures depict representative data. In the DCM hearts mean ( ± SD) LV-RVI gain was 0.26 ± 0.06 and RV-LVI was 0.16 ± 0.12. In the control heart LV-RVI = 0.08 and RV-LVI = 0.15. LV-RVI is markedly increased in heart failure when compared to the control. This is consistent with previous reports using animal models. Conversely, RV-LVI remains unaffected by heart failure. These data, not previously available from humans, suggest that LV contribution to RV performance is significantly enhanced in chronic heart failure.
Development of a strategic process using checklists to facilitate team preparation and improve communication during neonatal resuscitation

Abstract Background To improve our neonatal resuscitations we review video recordings of actual high-risk deliveries as an ongoing quality review process. In order to help identify and review errors that occurred during resuscitation we educated our resuscitation teams using crew resource management and in March 2009 developed a checklist to be used for potentially high-risk resuscitations. Objective To describe our experience using checklists as an essential component of the actual resuscitation of potentially high-risk infants. Design/methods The checklist includes pre- and debrief components, along with duty-specific sub-lists (MD, RT, RN). The debrief is conducted upon completion of the resuscitation and addresses what was done well, what was not done well, and how it could have been improved. We reviewed all available checklists from March 2009 to November 2011 ( n = 260). We then performed a second review to determine if experience has changed the leaders perception of how resuscitation was being performed from November 2011 to May 2012 ( n = 185). Results We reviewed 445 completed checklists with quality assurance video review. During the initial cohort the most commonly described problems were: communication ( n = 58), equipment preparation and use ( n = 56), inappropriate decisions ( n = 87), leadership ( n = 56), and procedures ( n = 25). The number of debriefs where communication was identified as a problem decreased from 23% in the first time period to 4% ( p Conclusions The use of checklists during neonatal resuscitation was helpful in improving overall communication, and allowed for rapid identification of issues that need to be addressed by institutional leaders. There needs to be further evaluation of the utility and benefit of checklists for neonatal resuscitation. Based on our past and present experience we encourage the use of checklists for neonatal resuscitation teams.
A comparison of detection methods for infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus.

. A comparative study of immunological methods for detecting infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was made. The anti–IHNV antibody titre was measured by solid phase direct binding assays with‘125iodinated Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and with immunoperoxidase staining. The binding antibody titre was much higher than that obtained in the virus neutralization assay. The high binding antibody titre of rabbit anti–IHNV sera made the development of two immunological tests for IHNV possible. Virus–specific proteins were detected on nitrocellulose membranes after transfer from denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The immunological methods were highly specific, sensitive lo less than 10 ng of virus protein, and were useful in characterizing the different strains of IHNV.
Measurement error in racial and ethnic statistics

In the United States, the racial and ethnic statistics published by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) assume that each member of the U.S. population has a race and ethnicity and that if a member is black or white with respect to his risk of one disease, he is the same race with respect to his risk of another. Such an assumption is mistaken. Race and ethnicity are taken by the NCHS to be an intrinsic property of members of a population, when they should be taken to depend on interest. The actual or underlying race or ethnicity of members of a population depends on the risk whose variation within the population we wish to describe or explain.
Performance Limiting Effects in Power Generation from Salinity Gradients by Pressure Retarded Osmosis

Pressure retarded osmosis has the potential to utilize the free energy of mixing when fresh river water flows into the sea for clean and renewable power generation. Here, we present a systematic investigation of the performance limiting phenomena in pressure retarded osmosis—external concentration polarization, internal concentration polarization, and reverse draw salt flux—and offer insights on the design criteria of a high performance pressure retarded osmosis power generation system. Thin-film composite polyamide membranes were chemically modified to produce a range of membrane transport properties, and the water and salt permeabilities were characterized to determine the underlying permeability-selectivity trade-off relationship. We show that power density is constrained by the trade-off between permeability and selectivity of the membrane active layer. This behavior is attributed to the opposing influence of the beneficial effect of membrane water permeability and the detrimental impact of reverse sa...
Molecular layering during evaporation of ultrathin liquid films

DYNAMICAL processes in very thin liquid films play a critical role in phenomena such as lubrication, wetting, spreading and emulsions, but these dynamics remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Heslot et al.1–5 observed molecular layering effects in a spreading liquid droplet, which they interpreted in terms of flow anomalies. Here we report that evaporation dynamics can also lead to the formation of distinct molecular layers in a thin liquid film. We use ellipsometry to follow the evolution in time of the thickness profile of a film of tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy )silane deposited on silicon wafers. From an initially smooth gradient, we observe the formation of molecular steps 10 A in height. The evaporation rate shows an oscillatory dependence on film thickness, leading us to conclude that layering results from faster evaporation of incomplete layers relative to complete layers.
Cystic fibrosis and outpatient treatment with parenteral antibiotics in children

Despite recent key insights into the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, the treatment of patients suffering from this disease remains largely symptomatic. Control of respiratory infections is a vital part of patient management, involving daily physiotherapy and administration of mucolytics, bronchodilators and oral or intravenous antibiotics as necessary. For those patients requiring frequent courses of intravenous antibiotics, home treatment appears preferable to repeated hospital admissions. A home care programme for cystic fibrosis has been running at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital in Utrecht since 1991, with the aid of two specialist nurses to provide support and instruction for children and their parents. While parents of younger children were often reluctant to accept the increased responsibility for their child's care, children who had received a period of home treatment were enthusiastic about its use and eager for the programme to continue. However, anxiety of patients and parents and medical instability may be of such importance in certain circumstances that treatment is not always given at home, even after former successful periods of home care.
Dynamic band selection for hyperspectral imagery

This paper presents a new BS, called dynamic BS (DBS) which revolutionizes the commonly used BS by considering the number of bands to be selected, p as a variable which varies with criterion used for BS and different applications. Its idea is derived from information theory where it assumes that signal sources are considered as source alphabets with probabilities being their mutual spectral discriminatory powers calculated by a spectral similarity measure. If we further assume that a signal source is accommodated by a particular spectral band, the signal source will be encoded by 1 indicating a band being used to specify the signal source and 0 otherwise. Accordingly, band dimensionality to discriminate a signal source from other sources can be determined by its variable coding length obtained by the Huffman coding. With this interpretation the conventional BS can be considered as a fixed-dimensionality BS, referred to as static BS(SBS).
Popular punitivism and cultural mediation: The case of Spain

Abstract In the last decade, an increasing number of scholars have discussed and articulated embracement of popular punitivism within Spain. The discourse while vital to the study of popular punitivism has missed an important element, specific to the cultural mediators present within the nation. As the current discourse has missed this vital component, the intent of this article is to examine how a post-Franco Spain emerged to embrace elements of popular punitivism, most notably the use of prisons, while embracing a penal structure and philosophy that is reintegrative at its core. As such, it is offered that the cultural factors present within the nation have enabled it to mitigate some of the most harmful characteristics of popular punitivism
Reversed-phase chromatography fractionation tailored to mass spectral characterization of humic substances.

Large-scale structural characterization of humic substances via mass spectrometry requires reduction of complexity within nominal mass and separation of isomers, i.e., prefractionation. Humic substances (here loosely defined to encompass all humic, humic-like, and humic-containing material) are notoriously difficult to fractionate. Equally challenging is deriving information on whether and how fractionation has occurred. Here, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to induce tailored fractionation of Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) within nominal mass. The fractionation was optimized on synthetic standards that differed in polarity and had elemental formulas similar to SRFA. Fractions were analyzed via electrospray ionization ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Kendrick and Van Krevelen comparisons showed that fractionation occurred as predicted based on known molecular formula patterns.
Charge Carrier Resolved Relaxation of the First Excitonic State in CdSe Quantum Dots Probed with Near-Infrared Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

This manuscript describes a global regression analysis of near-infrared (NIR, 900−1300 nm) transient absorptions (TA) of colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) photoexcited to their first (1Se1S3/2) excitonic state. Near-IR TA spectroscopy facilitates charge carrier-resolved analysis of excitonic decay of QDs because signals in the NIR are due exclusively to absorptions of photoexcited electrons and holes, as probe energies in this region are not high enough to induce absorptions across the optical bandgap that crowd the visible TA spectra. The response of each observed component of the excitonic decay to the presence of a hole-trapping ligand (1-octanethiol) and an electron-accepting ligand (1,4-benzoquinone), and comparison of time constants to those for recovery of the ground state bleaching feature in the visible TA spectrum, allow for the assignment of the components to (i) a 1.6 ps hole trapping process, (ii) 19 ps and 274 ps surface-mediated electron trapping processes, and (iii) a ∼5 ns recombination o...
A New Tolerance Analysis Method for Designers and Manufacturers

Nouvelle methode pour l'analyse des tolerances a l'usage du bureau d'etude et du bureau des methodes
Fusing multiple Bayesian knowledge sources

We address the problem of information fusion in uncertain environments. Imagine there are multiple experts building probabilistic models of the same situation and we wish to aggregate the information they provide. There are several problems we may run into by naively merging the information from each. For example, the experts may disagree on the probability of a certain event or they may disagree on the direction of causality between two events (e.g., one thinks A causes B while another thinks B causes A). They may even disagree on the entire structure of dependencies among a set of variables in a probabilistic network. In our proposed solution to this problem, we represent the probabilistic models as Bayesian Knowledge Bases (BKBs) and propose an algorithm called Bayesian knowledge fusion that allows the fusion of multiple BKBs into a single BKB that retains the information from all input sources. This allows for easy aggregation and de-aggregation of information from multiple expert sources and facilitates multi-expert decision making by providing a framework in which all opinions can be preserved and reasoned over.
AN ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A STRIP A FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL

We study transient heat conduction in a strip of a functionally graded material (FGM) with continuous and piecewise differentiable properties. A multi-layered material model is first used to obtain the Laplace transforms of temperatures at the interfaces between the layers. An asymptotic analysis together with the inverse Laplace transform gives the interface temperatures for short times. An integration technique finally yields a closed form asymptotic solution of the temperature field in the FGM strip for short times
Critical thinking skills and reflective judgment development: Redefining the aims of higher education

Abstract Educators who agree that critical thinking and intellectual development are appropriate aims of higher education do not always agree on what constitutes good thinking. This study examined the relationship between two constructs that attempt to describe that aim: critical thinking as defined by the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and a stage model of adolescent and adult intellectual development described as reflective judgment. In a 2 × 4 design, 119 women students at four educational levels were matched on high and low extremes of critical thinking scores and were compared on the basis of their scores on the Reflective Judgment Interview. The results indicate: (a) a significant main effect for educational level: students at higher educational levels achieved higher scores on the reflective judgment measure; (b) a main effect for critical thinking: high critical thinking subjects out-performed low critical thinking subjects on the Reflective Judgment Interview; and (c) while low critical thinking subjects were homogeneously low in reflective judgment levels, high critical thinking subjects had significantly greater variability of Reflective Judgment Interview scores.
Immunosenescence and HIV

Purpose of review The present review discusses the interplay between HIV infection and other environmental factors (e.g. co-infection with CMV) in the acceleration of the aging process of the immune system, leading to ‘immunosenescence.’ Recent findings Basic studies in cell biology demonstrate that replicative senescence is a common pathway of many cell lineages, including those of the immune system, characterized by activation of a unique pro-inflammatory secretory program. In the setting of HIV disease, this process is accelerated, resulting in an immunosuppressed state that diminishes the ability of the immune system to contain virus while at the same time facilitating viral replication and spread. Clinically, these changes result in a lower capacity to respond to new infections as well as an increased frequency of age-associated end-organ disease (e.g. cardiovascular complications, cancer, and neurologic disease). Summary Accelerated immunosenescence in the setting of HIV disease is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, prompting the need for more investigation into its causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
Electron Fractographic Studies of Mechanical Fracture Processes in Metals

Electron microscope studies of metal fracture surfaces have shown the existence of fine-scale plastic tearing during the early stages of crack growth for a large number of specimens. “Running” fractures in many structural metals (steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys) propagate by the satellite nucleation of one or more different fracture mechanisms with the resultant submerged cracks linking with one another and with the major fracture to form incremental advances of the fracture front. The transition of macroscopically flat fracture to shear lips may occur over distances of about 10 to 100 microns, with the fine-scale fracture mode often changing from that of the fast fracture mode to tearing, normal rupture, and shear rupture. Shear lips always exhibit shear rupture dimples at high magnifications. Fatigue cracks are usually propagated by extremely fine-scale plastic rupture processes.
Notes on probabilistic radiative transfer

Abstract Some further applications are made of Frischs' theorem on the surface values of functions satisfying linear integral equations of transfer. The meaning of the surface values is discussed in terms of random walks.
Cytosolic p21Waf1/Cip1 increases cell cycle transit in vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract The intracellular localization of signaling proteins is critical in directing their interactions with both upstream and downstream signaling cascade components. While initially described as a cyclin kinase inhibitor, p21Waf1/Cip1 has since been shown to have bimodal effects on cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, and evidence is emerging that intracellular localization of this protein plays a role in directing its signaling properties by dictating its interactions with downstream molecules. Since we have previously demonstrated a pro-apoptotic and cell cycle inhibitory effect of p21 attenuation after transfection of antisense p21 oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) in several cell lines, we asked whether cytosolic p21 mediates a positive effect on vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell cycle transit. We now show that transfection of a nuclear-localization signal deficient (ΔNLS) p21 construct into VSM cells results in increased cytosolic levels of p21 and causes increased cell cycle transit as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Thus, at least in VSM cells, cytosolic localization of p21 is a means by which this signaling protein transmits pro-mitogenic signals to the proteins responsible for G1/S transition. Furthermore, compartmentalization of p21 may help explain the biphasic nature of p21 in a variety of cell types and may lead to therapeutic advances directed at modulating pathologic cell growth in vascular diseases and cancer.