cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental Justice in Ohio

This paper investigates the correlates of inequity in the distribution of exposure to air pollution in the state of Ohio. Although virtually all studies in the environmental justice literature analyze cross-sectional data, we construct a panel data set and estimate an econometric model of exposure utilizing the generalized method of moments. In addition, we postulate a surrogate for class position derived from data on estate tax collections. Even after accounting for some of the criticisms of the environmental justice literature, class and race are still significant correlates of the distribution of environmental burdens.JEL Classification: Q53, R10, C23
Atomic force microscopy analysis of central nervous system cell morphology on silicon carbide and diamond substrates.

Brain machine interface (BMI) devices offer a platform that can be used to assist people with extreme disabilities, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease. Silicon (Si) has been the material of choice used for the manufacture of BMI devices due to its mechanical strength, its electrical properties and multiple fabrication techniques; however, chronically implanted BMI devices have usually failed within months of implantation due to biocompatibility issues and the fact that Si does not withstand the harsh environment of the body. Single crystal cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) are semiconductor materials that have previously shown good biocompatibility with skin and bone cells. Like Si, these materials have excellent physical characteristics, good electrical properties, but unlike Si, they are chemically inert. We have performed a study to evaluate the general biocompatibility levels of all of these materials through the use of in vitro techniques. H4 human neuroglioma and PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell lines were used for the study, and polystyrene (PSt) and amorphous glass were used as controls or for morphological comparison. MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assays were performed to determine general cell viability with each substrate and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to quantify the general cell morphology on the substrate surface along with the substrate permissiveness to lamellipodia extension. 3C-SiC was the only substrate tested to have good viability and superior lamellipodia permissiveness with both cell lines, while NCD showed a good level of viability with the neural H4 line but a poor viability with the PC12 line and lower permissiveness than 3C-SiC. Explanations pertaining to the performance of each substrate with both cell lines are presented and discussed along with future work that must be performed to further evaluate specific cell reactions on these substrates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Custom data layout for memory parallelism

We describe a generalized approach to deriving a custom data layout in multiple memory banks for array-based computations, to facilitate high-bandwidth parallel memory accesses in modern architectures, where multiple memory banks can simultaneously feed one or more functional units. We do not use a fixed data layout, but rather select application-specific layouts according to access patterns in the code. A unique feature of this approach is its flexibility in the presence of code reordering transformations, such as the loop nest transformations commonly applied to array-based computations. We have implemented this algorithm in the DEFACTO system, a design environment for automatically mapping C programs to hardware implementations for FPGA-based systems. We present experimental results for five multimedia kernels that demonstrate the benefits of this approach. Our results show that custom data layout yields results as good as, or better than, naive or fixed cyclic layouts, and is significantly better for certain access patterns and in the presence of code reordering transformations. When used in conjunction with unrolling loops in a nest to expose instruction-level parallelism, we observe greater than a 75% reduction in the number of memory access cycles and speedups ranging from 3.96 to 46.7 for 8 memories, as compared to using a single memory with no unrolling.
IMPROVING SEQUENCE ALIGNMENTS FOR INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS

Here we analyze sequence alignments for intrinsically disordered proteins. For 55 disordered protein families we measure the performance of different scoring matrices and propose one adjusted to disordered regions. An iterative algorithm of realigning sequences and recalculating matrices is designed and tested. For each matrix we also test a wide range of gap penalties. Results show an improvement in the ability to detect and discriminate related disordered proteins whose average sequence identity with the other family members is below 50%.
Forward deformation of PET volumes using material constraints

A method for non-rigidly deforming 3D PET datasets is described. The method uses a Lagrangian motion field description and a forward deformation mapping which conserves total voxel intensities. To regularize the deformation, a large-deformation isotropic strain energy function is used that models the material properties of cardiac tissue. The method is applied to motion compensation in PET to combine different time frames, or gates, of a cardiac sequence.
Helicobacter pylori and the Pathogenesis of Gastroduodenal Inflammation

Helicobacter pylori is a newly discovered gram-negative bacterium that lives in the human stomach and duodenum. Infection with this organism is strongly associated with type B antral gastritis and with peptic ulcer disease. Recent evidence from human volunteer studies, therapeutic trials with antimicrobial agents, and experiments with animal models indicates that H. pylori plays an etiologic role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis. Gastric metaplasia is observed in virtually all patients with duodenal ulceration and may be the target tissue for these bacteria in the duodenum. Patients in whom H. pylori can no longer be identified after ulcer therapy remain in remission for significantly longer than do patients in whom the organism can be found. The data concerning an etiologic role of H. pylori in duodenal ulcer are suggestive but not yet conclusive. Present antimicrobial therapy can suppress but usually cannot eliminate H. pylori.
Isolation of paraquat-tolerant mutants from tomato cell cultures.

Tomato callus clones selected for the ability to grow at paraquat concentrations lethal to wild-type cells were found at an approximate frequency of 5×10−8 per viable cell. Diploid plants were regenerated from nine of the nineteen paraquat-tolerant callus clones isolated. Although some of these plants appeared normal, others had altered morphology and reduced vigor and fertility. New callus cultures initiated from these regenerated plants typically had at least a 30-fold increase over the wild type in tolerance to paraquat. Tests on callus from sexual progeny showed that the paraquat-tolerant phenotypes of clones PQT4, PQT6, and probably also PQT13 resulted from dominant nuclear mutations, but the number of loci involved is not yet known. Paraquat spray experiments indicated that slight paraquat-tolerance was expressed at the plant level in PQT13, but not in any of the other clones tested.
Creation of a Chloroplast Microsatellite Reporter for Detection of Replication Slippage in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Microsatellites are composed of short tandem direct repeats; deletions or duplications of those repeats through the process of replication slippage result in microsatellite instability relative to other genomic loci. Variation in repeat number occurs so frequently that microsatellites can be used for genotyping and forensic analysis. However, an accurate assessment of the rates of change can be difficult because the presence of many repeats makes it difficult to determine whether changes have occurred through single or multiple events. The current study was undertaken to experimentally assess the rates of replication slippage that occur in vivo in the chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A reporter construct was created in which a stretch of AAAG repeats was inserted into a functional gene to allow changes to be observed when they occurred at the synthetic microsatellite. Restoration of the reading frame occurred through replication slippage in 15 of every million viable cells. Since only one-third of the potential insertion/deletion events would restore the reading frame, the frequency of change could be deduced to be 4.5 x 10(-5). Analysis of the slippage events showed that template slippage was the primary event, resulting in deletions rather than duplications. These findings contrasted with events observed in Escherichia coli during maintenance of the plasmid, where duplications were the rule.
7 Imaging-Based Screening for Colorectal Cancer

Screening reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality(strong evidence). All major strategies for CRC screening have favorable cost-­effectiveness ratios compared to no screening (moderate evidence). Available evidence does not support choosing one test over another (moderate evidence). Increased compliance with CRC screening is critical to reduce CRC incidence and mortality (moderate evidence).
New horizons for mobile computing

Storage capacity and communication bandwidth are two factors that significantly impact the design and implementation of mobile systems. Furthermore, storage density is increasing at an exponential rate faster than the associated communication bandwidth. High-density storage in very small form factors will enable new classes of applications that would not be possible in systems which rely heavily on communication. These applications, which involve continuous capture, pre-loaded content, and proactive data loading, will help overcome some of the barriers presented to mobile systems. Researchers would be prudent to recognize these trends and better understand how technology growth will impact their research agenda.
Isolation, sequence, and expression of a human keratin K5 gene: transcriptional regulation of keratins and insights into pairwise control.

The mitotically active basal layers of most stratified squamous epithelia express 10 to 30% of their total protein as keratin. The two keratins specifically expressed in these cells are the type II keratin K5 (58 kilodaltons) and its corresponding partner, type I keratin K14 (50 kilodaltons), both of which are essential for the formation of 8-nm filaments. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the coordinate regulation of the two keratins is an important first step in understanding epidermal differentiation and in designing promoters that will enable delivery and expression of foreign gene products in stratified squamous epithelia, e.g., skin. Previously, we reported the sequence of the gene encoding human K14 (D. Marchuk, S. McCrohon, and E. Fuchs, Cell 39:491-498, 1984; Marchuk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1609-1613, 1985). We have now isolated and characterized the gene encoding human K5. The sequence of the coding portion of this gene matched perfectly with that of a partial K5 cDNA sequence obtained from a cultured human epidermal library (R. Lersch and E. Fuchs, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:486-493, 1988), and gene transfection studies indicated that the gene is functional. Nuclear runoff experiments demonstrated that the K5 and K14 genes were both transcribed at dramatically higher levels in cultured human epidermal cells than in fibroblasts, indicating that at least part of the regulation of the expression of this keratin pair is at the transcriptional level. When the K5 gene was transfected transiently into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, foreign expression of the gene caused the appearance of endogenous mouse K14 and the subsequent formation of a keratin filament array in the cells. In this case, transcriptional changes did not appear to be involved in the regulation, suggesting that there may be multiple control mechanisms underlying the pairwise expression of keratins.
Topological insulator nanostructures

Electrons in topological insulators possess unique electronic band structures and spin properties, promising a novel route to engineer material properties for electronics and energy science. Enhancing the surface state signal in electron transport is critical for both fundamental study of the surface states and future applications. Nanostructures of topological insulators naturally have large surface-to-volume ratios, effectively increasing the surface transport compared to the bulk contribution. Moreover, the unique morphology of topological insulator nanostructures results in various quantum effects of electronic states, which can tailor the surface band via quantum confinement. Here we review recent progress in topological insulator nanostructures. Material design and electron transport of topological insulator nanostructures are introduced, with an emphasis on the unique properties of nanostructures. A few examples of applications and future perspective in using these nanostructures are also discussed.
A New Method of Recording Ciliary Movement

THE rate of vibration of cilia is usually too great to permit of accurate observation with an ordinary microscope unless the light be interrupted at a suitable frequency and for suitable periods of time. If the frequency of vibration be approximately fourteen or more beats per second, the form of each cilium during the two phases of its beat, and the nature of the metachronal waves which pass over the epithelium, can be readily observed by means of a suitable stroboscope. If, however, the frequency of vibration is lower than ten per second, accurate observations of this type are impossible owing to the low intensity of illumination which is necessary to reduce flicker to a convenient level. In such cases permanent records of individual cilia or of the metachronal waves can be made by synchronising, with a variable speed stroboscope, the shutter of an ordinary cinematograph camera; in this way slow motion records of rapidly vibrating cilia can be obtained, and the frequency and velocity of beat can be determined with accuracy.
DISEQUILIBRIUM CARBON, OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN CHEMISTRY IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF HD 189733b AND HD 209458b

We have developed a one-dimensional photochemical and thermochemical kinetics and diffusion model to study the effects of disequilibrium chemistry on the atmospheric composition of “hot-Jupiter” exoplanets. Here we investigate the coupled chemistry of neutral carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen species on HD 189733b and HD 209458b and we compare the model results with existing transit and eclipse observations. We find that the vertical profiles of molecular constituents are significantly affected by transport-induced quenching and photochemistry, particularly on the cooler HD 189733b; however, the warmer stratospheric temperatures on HD 209458b help maintain thermochemical equilibrium and reduce the effects of disequilibrium chemistry. For both planets, the methane and ammonia mole fractions are found to be enhanced over their equilibrium values at pressures of a few bar to less than an mbar due to transport-induced quenching, but CH4 and NH3 are photochemically removed at higher altitudes. Disequilibrium chemistry also enhances atomic species, unsaturated hydrocarbons (particularly C2H2), some nitriles (particularly HCN), and radicals like OH, CH3, and NH2. In contrast, CO, H2O, N2, and CO2 more closely follow their equilibrium profiles, except at pressures 1 μbar, where CO, H2O, and N2 are photochemically destroyed and CO2 is produced before its eventual high-altitude destruction. The enhanced abundances of CH4, NH3, and HCN are expected to affect the spectral signatures and thermal profiles of HD 189733b and other relatively cool, transiting exoplanets. We examine the sensitivity of our results to the assumed temperature structure and eddy diffusion coefficients and discuss further observational consequences of these models.
Quartz in Coal Dust Deposited on Internal Surface of Respirable Size Selective Samplers

The objective of the present study is to quantify quartz mass in coal dust deposited on the internal cassette surface of respirable size-selective samplers. Coal dust was collected with four different respirable size-selective samplers (10 mm Dorr-Oliver nylon [Sensidyne, St. Petersburg, Fla.], SKC Aluminum [SKC Inc., Eighty Four, Pa.], BGI4L [BGI USA Inc., Waltham, Mass.], and GK2.69 cyclones [BGI USA Inc.]) with two different cassette types (polystyrene and static-dissipative polypropylene cassettes). The coal dust was aerosolized in a calm air chamber by using a fluidized bed aerosol generator without neutralization under the assumption that the procedure is similar to field sampling conditions. The mass of coal dust was measured gravimetrically and quartz mass was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods, Method 7603. The mass fractions of the total quartz sample on the internal cas...
Lipopolysaccharide Clearance, Bacterial Clearance, and Systemic Inflammatory Responses Are Regulated by Cell Type–Specific Functions of TLR4 during Sepsis

The morbidity associated with bacterial sepsis is the result of host immune responses to pathogens, which are dependent on pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR4. TLR4 is expressed on a range of cell types, yet the mechanisms by which cell-specific functions of TLR4 lead to an integrated sepsis response are poorly understood. To address this, we generated mice in which TLR4 was specifically deleted from myeloid cells (LysMTLR4KO) or hepatocytes (HCTLR4KO) and then determined survival, bacterial counts, host inflammatory responses, and organ injury in a model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), with or without antibiotics. LysM-TLR4 was required for phagocytosis and efficient bacterial clearance in the absence of antibiotics. Survival, the magnitude of the systemic and local inflammatory responses, and liver damage were associated with bacterial levels. HCTLR4 was required for efficient LPS clearance from the circulation, and deletion of HCTLR4 was associated with enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, lower bacterial levels, and improved survival in CLP without antibiotics. Antibiotic administration during CLP revealed an important role for hepatocyte LPS clearance in limiting sepsis-induced inflammation and organ injury. Our work defines cell type–selective roles for TLR4 in coordinating complex immune responses to bacterial sepsis and suggests that future strategies for modulating microbial molecule recognition should account for varying roles of pattern recognition receptors in multiple cell populations.
Extracavitary Manifestation of Primary Effusion Lymphoma as a Right Atrial Mass

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a subset of large B cell lymphomas and has been mostly associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rare cases have been reported in organ transplant recipients and chronic hepatitis C patients. It typically presents as an effusion in the pleural and pericardial spaces but rarely disseminates. However, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and bone marrow has been reported. Diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features. We present a case with a right atrial mass which tested positive for human herpes virus 8 (HHV8), CD20, CD30 and lambda light chains and negative for CD138, kappa light chain, PAX5, Epstein-Barr virus, latent membrane protein 1, CD2, CD3, CD8 and CD56. Bilateral pleural effusions and pericardial effusions were noted which tested positive for HHV-8, CD30 and CD45. The patient responded well to the R-EPOCH regimen with complete resolution of the effusions and a significant decrease in the size of the right atrial mass. This case report illustrates the atypical manifestation of PEL as a right atrial mass.
The Release of Technetium from Defense Waste Processing Facility Glasses

Laboratory tests are being, conducted using two radionuclide-doped Defense Waste Processing, Facility (DWPF) glasses (referred to as SRL 13IA and SRL 202A) to characterize the effects of the glass surface area/solution volume (SN) ratio on the release and disposition of {Tc} and several actinide elements. Tests are being conducted at 90{degrees}C in a tuff ground water solution at SN ratios of 10, 2000, and 20,000 m{sup {minus}1} and have been completed through 1822 days. The formation of certain alteration phases in tests at 2000 and 20,000 m{sup {minus}1} results in an increase in the dissolution rates of both classes. The release of {Tc} parallels that of B and Na under most test conditions and its release increases when alteration phases form. However, in tests with SRL 202A glass at 20,000 ,{sup {minus}1}, the {Tc} concentration in solution decreases coincidentally with an increase in the nitrite/nitrate ratio that indicates a decrease in the solution Eh. This may have occurred due to radiolysis, glass dissolution, the formation of alteration phases, or vessel interactions. Technetium that was reduced from {Tc}(VII) to {Tc}(IV) may have precipitated, thou-h the amount of {Tc} was too low to detect any {Tc}-bearing phases. These results show the importancemore » of conducting long-term tests with radioactive glasses to characterize the behavior of radionuclides, rather than relying on the observed behavior of nonradioactive surrogates.« less
An efficient architecture for lifting-based two-dimensional discrete wavelet transforms

An architecture for the lifting-based two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform is presented. The architecture is easily scaled to accommodate different numbers of lifting steps. The architecture has regular data flow and low control complexity, and achieves 100% hardware utilization. Symmetric extension of the image to be transformed is handled in a way that does not require additional computations or clock cycles. The architecture is investigated in terms of hardware parameters such as memory size and number of ports, number of memory accesses, latency, and throughput. The proposed architecture achieves higher throughput and uses less embedded memory than architectures based on convolutional filter banks.
Demodectic mange in a white-tailed deer from Walker County, Texas.

The first documented occurrence of demodectic (Acari: Prostigmata: Demodicidae) mange in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, in Texas was diagnosed from deep skin scrapings taken from the neck, shoulders, and withers of a fair-to-poor condition 6 yr-old male deer captured at Elkins Lake (latitude 30° 39′ 27″ N, longitude 95° 32′ 33″ W), Walker County. Approximately 35% of the animal’s skin showed effects of the demodicosis, which may have contributed to the animal’s body condition. The hematology of the infected deer seemed little altered from mean erythrocyte and leukocyte values of the local deer population, except for an observed eosinophilia (23% increase), which is consistent with an ectoparasitic infection and the concomitant bacterial infection observed. Predicated on host specificity and total body length measurements, Demodex odocoilei Desch & Nutting is probably the parasite collected from the captured white-tailed deer.
The role of c-myc during normal B cell proliferation, and as B cells undergo malignant transformation.

c-myc is a protooncogene that encodes a 64 kDa nuclear protein containing carboxy-terminal leucine zipper and helix-loop-helix domains [1]. These two structural features predict a role for the Myc oncoprotein as a transcription factor requiring a protein partner. Blackwell and colleagues [2] demonstrated that Myc binds DNA in a sequence specific fashion by recognizing the sequence CAC(G/A)TG. This same group also isolated Max, a leucine zipper and helix-loop-helix protein partner for Myc [3]. Although Myc and Max homodimers can bind CAC(G/A)TG motifs with weak affinity [2, 3], the Myc:Max heterodimers demonstrate a much higher binding affinity, indicating that relative cellular levels of both these phosphoproteins is important. Max, but not Myc, is present in quiescent cells, and functions as a transcription repressor [4, 5]. Therefore, the induction of Myc expression as cells enter the cell cycle not only countermands the repression of gene expression elicited by the Max homodimers, but also results in the gradual increase in Myc:Max heterodimers that initiate growth-related gene expression. Two growth related genes known to be regulated by Myc are ornithine decarboxylase [6] and cdc25A phosphatase [7]. The appearance of Myc:Max heterodimers not only occur as cells progess into the G1 stage of the cell cycle, but are required for cells to progress through the G1 cell cycle stage [8]. Thus, unlike other oncoproteins that appear early during cell cycle progression, such as Fos, both c-myc mRNA and Myc protein are expressed at multiple cell cycle stages [9–11]. This indicates that the protein products of Myc regulated genes are available during the entire mammalian cell cycle.
Lowball Guidance and Management's Credibility

This study examines a consequence of lowball guidance related to management guidance credibility. Lowball guidance defined reflects a firm’s intention to guide the market expectation downwards as well as the managerial incentives to gain trading benefits as documented in prior studies of expectations management (Cheng and Lo, 2006; Richardson et al., 2004). I document evidence of the effect of prior lowball guidance on guidance credibility that varies with the news type of the newly-issued guidance. Prior lowball guidance attenuates analysts’ and investors’ responses to negative news guidance but enhances their responses to positive news guidance. The effect is strongest when a firm lowballed in the immediate prior quarter, and decreases as the prior lowball guidance becomes more of a distant event. The opposite of lowball guidance — highball guidance — mainly indicates a firm’s incapability to forecast earnings, and adversely affect guidance credibility regardless of the news type.
Effect of morphine, methadone, hydromorphone or oxymorphone on the thermal threshold, following intravenous or buccal administration to cats.

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of morphine, methadone, hydromorphone or oxymorphone on the thermal threshold in cats, following buccal and intravenous (IV) administration. Study design Randomized crossover study. Animals Six healthy adult female ovariohysterectomized cats weighing 4.5 ± 0.4 kg. Methods Morphine sulfate (0.2 mg kg −1 IV or 0.5 mg kg −1 buccal), methadone hydrochloride (0.3 mg kg −1 IV or 0.75 mg kg −1 buccal), hydromorphone hydrochloride (0.1 mg kg −1 IV or 0.25 mg kg −1 buccal) or oxymorphone hydrochloride (0.1 mg kg −1 IV or 0.25 mg kg −1 buccal) were administered. All cats were administered all treatments. Skin temperature and thermal threshold were measured in duplicate prior to drug administration, and at various times up to 8 hours after drug administration. The difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature (ΔT) was analyzed. Results Administration of methadone and hydromorphone IV resulted in significant increases in ΔT at 40 minutes after drug administration. Buccal administration of methadone resulted in significant increases in thermal threshold, although no significant difference from baseline measurement was detected at any time point. IV administration of morphine and oxymorphone, and buccal administration of morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone did not cause significant thermal antinociception. Conclusion and clinical relevance At the doses used in this study, IV administration of methadone and hydromorphone, and buccal administration of methadone resulted in transient thermal antinociception. The results of this study do not allow us to predict the usefulness of these drugs for providing analgesia in clinical patients.
Quantitative Requirements of the Infant and Child for Water and Electrolyte Under Varying Conditions

The participants in this symposium have described the principles underlying the physiology of the body fluids and their application to clinical medicine. These principles apply equally well throughout the age span from birth through old age. My assignment is to describe the quantitative aspects of fluid and elec­ trolyte therapy as they apply over the period of growth while body size and metabolic activity reciprocally change. The clinician working with children faces the problem of prescribing fluids for the smallest premature infant as well as the nearly adult-sized adolescent. How is this assessment to be made over such a wide range of body size? For the purpose of day-by-day planning of parenteral replacement therapy, the water and electrolyte requirements are best thought of in terms of 4 com­ ponents of loss. Water is continually lost from the skin and lungs in the interests of regulation of body temperature. Secondly, fluid must be continually lost as urine to insure regulation of the osmotic pressure and acid-base balance of the body fluids as well as in the interests of excretion of metabolites. Thirdly, in many pathologic states, water and salts are lost through abnormal gastrointestinal function. The fourth component that must be considered may be that of pre­ viously incurred deficit of water and electrolyte. The first 2 of these, and often the third, must be regarded as obligatory and continuous losses, while the fourth is static and, once restored, will not recur provided the obligatory losses are con­ tinually and adequately met. The prime factor dictating the obligatory fluid requirement of the individual is his metabolic activity in terms of heat production. The smaller the individual, the greater must be his heat production per unit of body weight. Table 1 indi­ cates the heat production in terms of body weight and surface area of the average 4-month-old infant and the average 70-Kg. young adult with comparable degrees of physical activity (approximately twice basal). The infant has one tenth of the weight and one fifth of the surface area of the adult. Each kilogram of the infant's weight presents twice the surface area of the adult and, hence, twice the heat-radiating surface. In order for thermal equilibrium to be maintained, twice as many calories must be expended for heat production. In terms of surface area the caloric requirements may generally be thought of as being approximately equal at both ages although the observational data shown in Table 1 indicate that this is not strictly true. Since water loss from the skin and lungs (insensible
Eotaxin/CCL11 is involved in acute, but not chronic, allergic airway responses to Aspergillus fumigatus.

Eotaxin/CCL11 is a major chemoattractant for eosinophils and Th2 cells. As such, it represents an attractive target in the treatment of allergic disease. The present study addresses the role of eot...
Failure analysis on mechanical connection for composite material laminated board

Taking the Tsai-Wu norms of failure as damage criterion,the Hashin norms of classification as criterion of damage types,and adopting finite element software and method of progressive failure treatment,the simulation model on the process of damage occurrence and expansion for laminated board was established.Aimed at the bolt connection for laminated board of composite materials,the degenerative method of rigidity ratio was adopted to carrying out damage treatment and numerical simulation of destroying process and found out the failure strength and the final failure strength of the first layer of bolt connection structure for laminated board.The result of test is identical with the calculation of analysis,thus verified the effectiveness of this theoretical model.
Attrition from Student Affairs: Perspectives from Those Who Exited the Profession.

Attrition of student affairs professionals is an issue of concern for the profession. This mixed methods study highlights reasons why participants left their student affairs careers. Seven general themes emerged from the study, including burnout, salary issues, career alternatives, work/family conflict, limited advancement, supervisor issues and institutional fit, and loss of passion. Challenges faced by those who chose to leave are presented with implications for practitioners and future research.
Remote heartbeat signal detection from visible spectrum recordings based on blind deconvolution

While recent advances have shown that it is possible to acquire a signal equivalent to the heartbeat from visual spectrum video recordings of the human skin, extracting the heartbeat’s exact timing information from it, for the purpose of heart rate variability analysis, remains a challenge. In this paper, we explore two novel methods to estimate the remote cardiac signal peak positions, aiming at a close representation of the R-peaks of the ECG signal. The first method is based on curve fitting (CF) using a modified filtered least mean square (LMS) optimization and the second method is based on system estimation using blind deconvolution (BDC). To prove the efficacy of the developed algorithms, we compared results obtained with the ground truth (ECG) signal. Both methods achieved a low relative error between the peaks of the two signals. This work, performed under an IRB approved protocol, provides initial proof that blind deconvolution techniques can be used to estimate timing information of the cardiac signal closely correlated to the one obtained by traditional ECG. The results show promise for further development of a remote sensing of cardiac signals for the purpose of remote vital sign and stress detection for medical, security, military and civilian applications.
Maternal cardiovascular dynamics. II. Posture and uterine contractions.

Maternal hemodynamic changes were evaluated in 23 normal patients undergoing induction of labor at term. It was found that maternal posture exerted a significant influence on cardiodynamics. A change in position from supine to lateral produced an increase in cardiac output of 21.7 per cent, a decrease in heart rate of 5.6 per cent, and an increase in stroke volume of 26.5 per cent. Similar cardiovascular alterations were produced by effective uterine contractions in the supine position during early first stage of labor. The cardiac output increased by 15.3 per cent, the heart rate declined by 7.6 per cent, and the stroke volume increased by 21.5 per cent. Uterine contractions with patients in the lateral position produced only a 7.6 per cent rise in cardiac output and stroke volume. The heart rate remained unchanged. The vascular obstruction produced by the gravid uterus at term must be considered when evaluating maternal hemodynamics.
Relating soil phosphorus to dissolved phosphorus in runoff: a single extraction coefficient for water quality modeling.

Phosphorus transport from agricultural soils contributes to eutrophication of fresh waters. Computer modeling can help identify agricultural areas with high potential P transport. Most models use a constant extraction coefficient (i.e., the slope of the linear regression between filterable reactive phosphorus [FRP] in runoff and soil P) to predict dissolved P release from soil to runoff, yet it is unclear how variations in soil properties, management practices, or hydrology affect extraction coefficients. We investigated published data from 17 studies that determined extraction coefficients using Mehlich-3 or Bray-1 soil P (mg kg(-1)), water-extractable soil P (mg kg(-1)), or soil P sorption saturation (%) as determined by ammonium oxalate extraction. Studies represented 31 soils with a variety of management conditions. Extraction coefficients from Mehlich-3 or Bray-1 soil P were not significantly different for 26 of 31 soils, with values ranging from 1.2 to 3.0. Extraction coefficients from water-extractable soil P were not significantly different for 17 of 20 soils, with values ranging from 6.0 to 18.3. The relationship between soil P sorption saturation and runoff FRP (microgram L(-1)) was the same for all 10 soils investigated, exhibiting a split-line relationship where runoff FRP rapidly increased at P sorption saturation values greater than 12.5%. Overall, a single extraction coefficient (2.0 for Mehlich-3 P data, 11.2 for water-extractable P data, and a split-line relationship for P sorption saturation data) could be used in water quality models to approximate dissolved P release from soil to runoff for the majority of soil, hydrologic, or management conditions. A test for soil P sorption saturation may provide the most universal approximation, but only for noncalcareous soils.
Impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on Emergency Psychiatry

Emergency psychiatry (EP) is an integral component of comprehensive hospital-based emergency care. EP developed and grew into a medical subspecialty in response to deinstitutionalization and other large-scale forces, resulting in large numbers of psychiatric patients presenting to emergency departments. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 contains several features and provisions that are likely to impact the practice of EP. This article reviews and examines the impact of the ACA on psychiatric emergency care to date and anticipated in the near future.
Engineering and environmental performance of eco-efficient self-consolidating concrete (Eco-SCC) with low powder content and recycled concrete aggregate

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is an innovative type of concrete that requires little to no mechanical vibration, and can be consolidated into formwork under its own weight. While the precast concrete industry has fully adopted SCC because of its tremendous benefits, the overall use of SCC in the concrete market, particularly in the ready-mixed concrete production, is still very limited. One of the main obstacles that prevents the wide use of SCC is the high cost and environmental impact associated with the high powder (cement, cementitious materials, and filler) content. A new concept of eco-efficient SCC (Eco-SCC) was recently presented in Europe and Asia, which aims to achieve SCC behavior with a powder content comparable to conventional vibrated concrete. This paper presented a preliminary study of the development of Eco-SCC with low powder contents and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Results showed that while the lower amount of powder materials and the use of RCA did affect the fresh and harde...
Effect of Residual Stresses on Safe Life Prediction of Railway Axles

Abstract Residual stresses play an important role in fatigue crack growth in railway axles. Due to crack closure, they affect not only the stress ratio R but add directly to the effective range of the cyclic crack load in terms of stress intensity factor. In order to account for this effect in a safe life analysis, the stress intensity factor K Irs due to the residual stress is required. The cut-compliance method is a suitable means to determine K Irs . The method is described briefly, and by an example it is shown how it can be applied to railway axles. The obtained residual stresses turned out to be compressive in the vicinity of the surface, which is beneficial for the fatigue performance of the axle. If these stresses are accounted for in the crack growth law, the calculated safe life in case of a pre-existing crack-like defect is increased dramatically. Furthermore, the effect of the press-fit of the wheels is investigated. The corresponding stresses were calculated by FEM. Actually, these stresses represent another type of residual stresses and can be superimposed to the measured residual stresses in the analysis. They also affect the crack growth rate significantly.
Latent Variable Modeling of Neural Population Dynamics

Neural activity is noisy (“stochastic”) and dynamic at various spatiotemporal scales. We consider a general class of latent variable models for characterizing neuronal population dynamics or analyzing various sorts of neural data. The inference of latent variable models can lead to novel solutions for signal detection, neural decoding, denoising, dimensionality reduction, and data visualization. We review general modeling and inference strategies for latent variable models. Finally, we illustrate our methods with several neuroscience applications using population spike trains recorded from the animal’s hippocampus and neocortices.
INSIGHTS INTO HEMOGLOBIN DYNAMICS FROM RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy provides a useful technique for monitoring local structure in complex molecular systems via selective enhancement of the vibrational spectra of chroraophoric centers. The availability of reliable high-power pulsed lasers makes possible two important extensions of the technique: 1) Using nonlinear optical devices, the laser wavelength can be shifted far into the ultraviolet region, allowing simple conjugated chroraophores to be probed, including aromatic side chains of proteins and the peptide bonds of the protein backbone. 2) The temporal characteristics of the pulses can be used to study photochemical transients on the nanosecond, and even the picosecond time scale. These new techniques have been applied to hemoglobin, in order to study the coupling of ligation with protein structure change. Time-resolved studies of the heme RR spectrum establish that photolysis of bound CO leads to very rapid (< 30ps) formation of high-spin heme, via intersystem crossing. This early photoproduct is structurally unrelaxed, however. The Fe-histi-dine bond is compressed, and the excursion of the Fe atom from the heme plane is restricted. The full out-of-plane displacement is associated with a ~ 100ns relaxation, while the Fe-histidine stretching frequency relaxes to the R state deoxyHb value at ~ 1μs, and is further weakened in a 20μs process, which has been assigned to the R→T quaternary rearrangement. When, however, UV excitation, at 218 and 200nm, is used to probe the RR spectra of tryptophan and tyrosine, respectively, evidence is found for the establishment of intersubunit contacts which are characteristic of the T quaternary structure within 7ns of CO photolysis. This result suggests that there is a quite rigid connection between the heme and the interface, leading to very rapid adjustment of the subunit contacts; this must produce a strained structure, which relaxes through subsequent conformational changes to the equilibrium T quaternary structure. A scheme for HbCO photodynamics is presented which incorporates these findings.
Microscopic and Metagenomic Analyses of Peltigera ponojensis (Peltigerales, Ascomycota)

Premise of research. Recent high-throughput molecular analyses indicate that lichen consortia include bacterial communities, but these are not always characterized at the generic taxonomic level, a...
ESTRADIOL MODULATES GTP CYCLOHYDROLASE I GENE EXPRESSION IN BRAIN CATECHOLAMINERGIC SYSTEMS

There is a close relationship between the regulation of biosynthesis of catecholamines (CA) and 4,5,6,7 tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the essential cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Mutations in the gene for GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), the rate limiting enzyme in BH4 biosynthesis, causes dominant inherited progressive dystonia, or Segawa’s disease, which is characterized by a dopamine (DA) deficiency in the nigrostiatal neurons. These patients are treated by administration of the DA precursor, L-Dopa. A similar phenotype is also observed with recessively inherited mutations in TH gene (reviewed in 1).
A taxonomy of IoT: Security and privacy threats

Potential Security and Privacy concerns are widely discussed in the community of Internet of Things (IoT); however, the issue is still not fully addressed, and the demands for new methods of investigation are highly appraised. The current published research focused more on identifying the security issues associated with early type of IoT's applications based on sensors, such as RFID and WSN. However, todays IoT commercial applications are more advanced and use different of integrated objects. This research paper utilizes Design Science Research (DSR) methodology to better understand the security and privacy issue in IoT through creating an artifact. The purpose of this study is to propose taxonomy in order to categorize IoT's objects, so security and privacy issues would be fully addressed.
Risk Factors for Self-Reported Cholera Within HIV-Affected Households in Rural Haiti

Background Cholera continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is now endemic in Haiti since first being introduced in 2010. Cholera and HIV have significant geographic overlap globally, but little is known about the clinical features and risk of cholera among HIV-infected people and their households. Methods We assessed HIV-affected households originally recruited for a randomized controlled trial of food supplements. We assessed for correlation between household and individual factors and reported history of cholera since 2010 using univariable and multivariable analyses. Results There were 352 HIV-infected household members, 32 with reported history of medically attended cholera, and 1968 other household members, 55 with reported history of medically attended cholera. Among HIV-infected individuals in this study, no variables correlated with reported history of cholera in univariable analyses. Among all household members, known HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.75; 95% CI, 2.43-5.79; P < .0001), source of income in the household (AOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.05-3.15; P = .034), time required to fetch water (AOR, 1.07 per 5-minute increase; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12; P = .015), and severe household food insecurity (AOR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.25-8.34; P = .016) were correlated with reported history of cholera in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions Known HIV infection, source of household income, time required to fetch water, and severe household food insecurity were independently associated with reported history of medically attended cholera in HIV-affected households in rural Haiti. Further research is required to better understand the interactions between HIV and cholera.
Constraint satisfaction, databases, and logic

Constraint satisfaction problems constitute a broad class of algorithmic problems that are ubiquitous in several differ­ ent areas of artificial intelligence and computer science. In their full generality, constraint satisfaction problems are NP-complete and, thus, presumed to be algorithmically in­ tractable. To cope with the intractability of these prob­ lems, researchers have devoted considerable research efforts to both the design of heuristic algorithms for constraint sat­ isfaction and the pursuit of "islands of tractability", that is, special cases of constraint satisfaction problems for which polynomial-time algorithms exist. During the past decade, the pursuit of "islands of tractability" of constraint satisfaction has been intensified and has led to a number of discoveries that have also unveiled tight connections between constraint satisfaction, database theory, logic, and universal algebra. Our goal in this paper is to present an overview of the current state of affairs in the study of the computational complexity of constraint satisfaction with emphasis on the connections of this area of research with database theory and logic. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 contains the precise definition of the C O N STRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM and its reformulation as the H O M O M O R P H I S M P R O B L E M ; Section 3 contains some of the connections between constraint satisfaction problems and database theory; the remaining Sections 4, 5, and 6 contain a high-level account of some of the main results about the computational complexity of constraint satisfaction and the pursuit of tractable cases of this problem.