cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiopoietin1/Tie2 and VEGF/Flk1 induced by MSC treatment amplifies angiogenesis and vascular stabilization after stroke.

Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and promote angiogenesis after stroke. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and its receptor Tie2 mediate vascular integrity and angiogenesis as does VEGF and its receptors. In this study, we tested whether MSC treatment of stroke increases Ang1/Tie2 expression, and whether Ang1/Tie2 with VEGF / vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) (Flk1), in combination, induced by MSCs enhances angiogenesis and vascular integrity. Male Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated with or without MSCs. Marrow stromal cell treatment significantly decreased blood—brain barrier (BBB) leakage and increased Ang1, Tie2, and occludin (a tight junction protein) expression in the ischemic border compared with MCAo control. To further test the mechanisms of MSC-induced angiogenesis and vascular stabilization, cocultures of MSCs with mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs) or astrocytes were performed...
Lafayette meteorite: petrology and opaque mineralogy

The Lafayette meteorite is a calcium-rich achondrite composed predominantly of cumulus clinopyroxene with minor iron-rich olivine and rare interstitial feldspar. The opaque oxide minerals are magnetite-ilmenite intergrowths, an apparently homogenous Cr-rich titaniferous magnetite, and discrete ilmenite. Pyrite, the major sulfide mineral, occasionally displays lamellar intergrowths of marcasite that appear to be of primary origin. Troilite occurs as inclusions in ilmenite or interstitial to the silicate minerals. Bulk chemical composition of the glass in the fusion crust is comparable with that of the Nakhla meteorite. The glass contains abundant skeletal crystals of magnetite as well as very rare, zoned magnetite grains with rims enriched in Mg and depleted in Ti relative to the cores. Although no brecciation is visible in the Lafayette meteorite, the presence of deformed twin lamellae in the clinopyroxene indicates some deformation has occurred.
A Remarkable Series of Vinblastine Analogues Displaying Enhanced Activity and an Unprecedented Tubulin Binding Steric Tolerance: C20' Urea Derivatives

A systematic series of previously inaccessible key C20′ urea and thiourea derivatives of vinblastine were prepared from 20′-aminovinblastine that was made accessible through a unique Fe(III)/NaBH4-mediated alkene functionalization reaction of anhydrovinblastine. Their examination defined key structural features of the urea-based analogues that contribute to their properties and provided derivatives that match or exceed the potency of vinblastine by as much as 10-fold in cell-based functional assays, which is directly related to their relative tubulin binding affinity. In contrast to expectations based on apparent steric constraints of the tubulin binding site surrounding the vinblastine C20′ center depicted in an X-ray cocrystal structure, remarkably large C20′ urea derivatives are accommodated.
Directed convergence in stable percept acquisition

Abstract We view a perceptual capacity as a nondeductive inference, represented as a function from a set of premises to a set of conclusions. The application of the function to a single premise to produce a single conclusion is called a “percept” or “instantaneous percept.” We define a stable percept as a convergent sequence of instantaneous percepts. Assuming that the sets of premises and conclusions are metric spaces, we introduce a strategy for acquiring stable percepts, called directed convergence. We consider probabilistic inferences, where the premise and conclusion sets are spaces of probability measures, and in this context we study Bayesian probabilistic/recursive inference. In this type of Bayesian inference the premises are probability measures, and the prior as well as the posterior is updated nontrivially at each iteration. This type of Bayesian inference is distinguished from classical Bayesian statistical inference where the prior remains fixed, and the posterior evolves by conditioning on successively more punctual premises. We indicate how the directed convergence procedure may be implemented in the context of Bayesian probabilistic/recursive inference. We discuss how the L∞ metric can be used to give numerical control of this type of Bayesian directed convergence.
Creating contiguous forest habitat: An experimental examination on incentives and communication

Abstract Forest fragmentation exists when private landowners break up large forest stands into smaller parts. Fragmentation increases risks to endangered species that find shelter in contiguous forest habitat that falls across several landowners. Policy makers interested in reuniting these forests across fences should consider how to design a voluntary incentive scheme to meet this objective cost-effectively. Herein we consider the degree to which pre-play communication – cheap talk – between landowners could work to coordinate effectively their forest protection actions.
Pretrial Home Detention With Electronic Monitoring A Nonexperimental Salvage Evaluation

The problem of overcrowding in U.S. state and federal prisons and jails has prompted searches for alternatives to incarceration for persons already sentenced or awaiting trial. One of the most visible alternatives adopted is electronically monitored home detention, or "house arrest. " This article reports on one study conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana to evaluate the effectiveness of electronically monitored home detention for 224 defendants awaiting resolution of charges against them. Tracking of those in the program revealed that successful completion of monitored detention was more likely if the person had (a) a suitable living arrangement, where parents or a spouse also lived, and (b) a criminal record, if any, consisting of only minor offenses. The importance of defendant screening, organization and effective management of the monitoring, and program coordination among involved judges, prosecutors, and otheragents is emphasized.
Sex scandals: A cross-cultural analysis of image repair strategies in the cases of Bill Clinton and Silvio Berlusconi

Abstract The former President of the United States, Bill Clinton, and the current Prime Minister of Italy, Silvio Berlusconi, do not have many things in common save one: both have been involved in highly publicized sex-related scandals during their respective mandates. And yet in both cases, from the beginning, each safeguarded his position and managed to keep a significant percentage of the public opinion on his side. This paper argues that although the image restoration strategies of Berlusconi and Clinton were substantially different in content and form, they were both appropiate in their cultural contexts. A cross-cultural examination of the cultural dynamics of these two distinct nations shows that the effectiveness of image restoration strategies can vary greatly according to cultural, political and media variables of each country.
Absolute Intensities and the Chemical Objectives of Charge Density Studies by Diffraction Methods

It is shown that an experimental measurement of the absolute scale is highly desirable for the quantitative measurement of atomic form factors and, more generally, electron distributions in crystals. The experimental scale-factor measurement on the mineral kernite confirms that atomic orbitals in molecules are contracted relative to isolated-atom orbitals. Objectives of charge-density measurements are divided into direct analysis of the charge density and the analysis of derived quantities, such as net atomic charges, dipole moments and the ionic character of bonds.
Impact of Holocene dust aggradation on A horizon characteristics and carbon storage in loess-derived Mollisols of the Great Plains, USA

The amount and vertical distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is primarily a function of vegetation type and climate, with influence from soil and landscape properties and human activities. The influence of dust aggradation on landscapes during the Holocene has largely been ignored as a factor in long-term SOC storage. Dust aggradation is important to soil horizonation and C sequestration since the dust deposit buries the landscape and increases solum thickness. Mollisols on loess-covered upland tables in central Nebraska have aggraded throughout the Holocene as Bignell Loess accumulated above the late Pleistocene Brady Soil. In the loess tablelands, the thickness of mollic colors, A horizon properties, and SOC storage all decrease with distance from the source of Bignell Loess, which is along a gradient of increasing precipitation. For example, along a 140-km transect of decreasing Bignell Loess thickness and increasing rainfall, total thickness of A horizons decreases by 70 cm and the thickness of mollic colors decreases by 93 cm. Total SOC storage decreases from 17.5 to 7.7 kg/m2. A portion of the SOC in subsurface horizons of modern soils was likely inherited from the Brady Soil, which probably formed in a climate different than the present, suggesting that SOC storage is probably not in equilibrium with modern climatic conditions. Dust aggradation on a biologically active surface in a steppe environment has affected horizonation, pigmentation and SOC storage in central Great Plains loess-derived Mollisols.
Synthesis of a tritium labeled photolabile analogue of farnesyl diphosphate : (E,E)-[1-3H]-(2-diazo-3-trifluoropropionyloxy)geranyl diphosphate (DATFP-GDP)

Tritiated (E, E)-(2-diazo-3-trifluoropropionyloxy)geranyl diphosphate (DATFP-GDP) has been used as a photolabile analogue of (E, E)-farnesyl diphosphate (E, E-FDP) for an aid in isolating enzymes utilizing E, E-FDP as a substrate. We now report an alternative method of synthesizing this probe in which the tritium label is introduced in the step just before the introduction of the diphosphate group. Thus, DATFP-geraniol is oxidized to DATFP-geranial with activated manganese dioxide. The tritium label is introduced by reduction of the aldehyde with NaBT4. The DATFP-group successfully withstands both of these steps. The overall yield for these two steps is 69%. Diphosphorylation of the resulting alcohol afforded DATFP-[1-3H]-GDP in 8% yield with a specific activity of 48.6 μCi/μmol and radiochemical purity of 94%.
The epidemiologic transition in a frontier town — Manti, Utah: 1849–1977

Census reports and information in burial records of Manti, Utah from 1849 to July 1977 are examined in order to (1)document mortality trends and differentials by age, sex, cause-of-death, and seasonality as Manti passed from a frontier settlement to a rural agricultural community; and (2) ascertain whether the shifts in the cause-of-death structure follow those patterns outlined by Omran (1971, 1974, 1977) in his theory of the epidemiologic transition. Findings parallel patterns suggested by Omran. Major factors accounting for mortality reductions are (1) elimination of the population's dependence upon a contaminated water supply, and (2) adoption of medical advances as they became available.
Restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem on private lands in the US South: an ecological economic analysis

Abstract The longleaf pine ecosystem is one of the most biologically diverse in North America, supporting hundreds of plant and animal species. Because of its timber and many non-timber benefits, there is strong interest among forestry professionals, conservation groups, and the public at large in restoring longleaf pine ecosystems. However, many landowners are reluctant to grow longleaf pine on their lands on a commercial basis because the economic returns from longleaf pine timber production are usually less than those of slash pine. In this study, we develop a model that determines the profitability of longleaf and slash pine timber production after consideration of carbon sequestration, habitat for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, and other amenity benefits. Results suggest that internalizing carbon sequestration benefits and red-cockaded woodpecker habitat benefits alone is not enough for landowners to switch from slash pine to longleaf. Additional payments of $16 to 33 per ha per year, reflecting extra amenity benefits associated with longleaf pine relative to slash pine, make longleaf production financially competitive. Incentives that reflect carbon, biodiversity, and amenity benefits associated with longleaf production may be the optimal way of restoring longleaf pine ecosystems on rural private lands in the US South.
Specificity and digestive function of alkaline proteinase from the gastric juice of the crayfish orconectes virilis

Abstract 1. 1. The oxidized B-chain of insulin was incubated in the presence of an alkaline proteinase isolated from the gastric juice of the crayfish. 2. 2. Peptide maps of insulin digests indicate that the enzyme demonstrates broad proteolytic specificity. 3. 3. Amino-acid analyses of peptide fragments obtained from insulin digests and incubations of the enzyme with some dipeptides of the same sequences as found in the B-chain suggest a preference for leucyl, tyrosyl, and phenylalanyl residues. 4. 4. On die basis of its broad specificity, the alkaline proteinase is proposed as acting in a compensatory manner in that pepsin is not found in the gastric juice.
Overnight resident preliminary interpretations on CT Examinations: should the process continue?

We report our experience with resident preliminary interpretations given at night on both abdominal and neurological CT scans to quantify the discrepancy rate when compared to the final report. An attempt was also made to document any adverse clinical outcomes as a result of the preliminary interpretation. From January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2004, adult CT examinations were prospectively interpreted by residents at night at a level I trauma center. Both the neurological and body CT scans were reviewed beginning at 7:00 a.m. the following morning by the respective subspecialty staff and discrepancies were noted. Adult CT examinations (6,858) were prospectively interpreted by residents: 5,206 cranial spinal CT examinations and 1,652 body CT examinations. Among the neurological studies, there were six cases identified as major discrepancies (0.1%) and 185 minor discrepancies (3.5%). Among the body CT cases, there were seven cases identified as major discrepancies (0.4%) and 23 cases of minor discrepancies (1.4%). There is a low discrepancy rate (0.2% major and 3.1% minor) in the preliminary resident interpretations from the final report. The process of overnight preliminary CT interpretations should continue as it is not substandard care.
Why they wouldn't cite from sites A study of journalists' perceptions of social movement web sites and the impact on their coverage of social protest

This study uses qualitative in-depth interviews to examine journalists' attitudes and decisions about social protest coverage in the wake of (a) journalists' own use of the internet and (b) the use of the internet by social movement organizations. Interviews were conducted with journalists who covered protests that formed part of the movement for democratic globalization in US cities and in Canada during 1999 and 2000. Although regarded as major success stories for the role of the internet in political communication, mobilization over the web seems to have had little impact on journalists. The in-depth interviews revealed skepticism, not early adoption, of web resources in the coverage of these protests. This study provides an exploratory model for the sustained study of journalists' internet use and their attitudes toward social movements and protest as the internet age evolves.
Experimental study of heat transfer in layered composites

Abstract The heat-transfer characteristics of layered composites where the interface is parallel to the major heat flow direction is experimentally studied for low frequency periodic excitation. From the results, the problem of using steady equivalent thermal properties for unsteady heat conduction analysis is examined. It is concluded that the use of steady equivalent thermal properties for unsteady heat conduction gives good results only when the thermal conductivities of the two constituents do not differ widely. The use of a model with two “diffusivities” for characterizing the heat-transfer problem for this specific geometry is also discussed in detail. One of the diffusivities accounts for the phase shift of the periodic excitation; the other accounts for attenuation.
Ergodic properties where order 4 implies infinite order

For a family of dynamical properties, knowing that the condition holds for order 4 implies that it holds for all orders. Here we establish this for the properties minimal self-joinings, simplicity and for cartesiandisjointness.
Characterization of a bovine thymic differentiation antigen analogous to CD1 in the human.

Three monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), TH97A, CC13, and CC14, define a thymic differentiation antigen in cattle. The antigen is expressed on 50–60% of bovine thymocytes, located mainly in the cortical areas, but is not expressed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In cryostat sections of lymph node, the antibodies read with large dendritic-like cells in the paracortical regions. They also react with a proportion of the large ‘frilly’ cells in afferent lymph and with dendritic-like cells in the dermis. The antibodies apparently do not react with cells in the epidermis. Biochemical analysis of the antigen recognized by MoAb TH97A reveals two bands of 44 kDa and 12 kDa under reducing conditions. These polypeptides are distinct from bovine class I major histocompatibility complex molecules reactive with the MoAb w6/32. The tissue distribution of positive cells together with results of biochemical analyses indicate that the antigen recognized by these MoAb is the bovine analogue of the human CD1.
Effect of plasma spray processing variations on particle melting and splat spreading of hydroxylapatite and alumina

Splats of hydroxylapatite (HA) and alumina were obtained via plasma spraying using systematically varied combinations of plasma velocity and temperature, which were achieved by altering the primary plasma gas flow rate and plasma gas composition. Particle size was also varied in the case of alumina. Splat spreading was quantified via computer- aided image analysis as a function of processing variations. A comparison of the predicted splat dimensions from a model developed by Madejski with experimental observations of HA and alumina splats was performed. The model tended to underestimate the HA splat sizes, suggesting that evaporation of smaller particles occurred under the chosen experimental conditions, and to overestimate the observed alumina splat dimensions. Based on this latter result and on the surface appearance of the substrates, incomplete melting appeared to take place in all but the smaller alumina particles. Analysis of the spreading data as a function of the processing variations indicated that the particle size as well as the plasma temperature and velocity influenced the extent of particle melting. Based on these data and other considerations, a physical model was developed that described the degree of particle melting in terms of material and processing parameters. The physical model correctly predicted the relative splat spreading behavior of HA and alumina, assuming that spreading was directly linked to the extent of particle melting.
The correct name for the Nikko maple (Aceraceae).

Consideration of the elements of the protologue show thatAcer nikoense Maximowicz must be regarded as a valid name for the Nikko Maple of Japan when published in November 1867, not based onNegundo?nikoense Miquel.Acer maximowiczianum Miquel (Dec. 1867) is a superfluous synonym based onA. nikoense Maxim. non Miq.
Interpolation of Fluvial Morphology Using Channel-Oriented Coordinate Transformation: A Case Study from the New Jersey Shelf

We present a new methodology for interpolating channel morphology that incorporates a transformation from geographic to channel-based coordinate systems. Interpolation in the transformed space enables enforcement of downstream continuity of morphology and edge delineation through any changes in channel direction. The transformation is guided by a “channel center line,” which approximately tracks the path of the channel through geographic space; coordinates are given in distance along and across the center line. Accurate interpolation requires a track line density sufficient to unambiguously trace channels from one track line to the next. Channel continuity is ensured by first interpolating along paths defined by the channel thalweg and edges, which must be chosen by the user, and along several interim paths between the edges and thalweg. The completed interpolations for each channel are transformed back into geographic coordinates, and channel confluence is handled through a maximum depth criterion. The method is applied here to shallowly buried channels mapped with high-resolution chirp seismic data on the New Jersey shelf, but should be applicable to a wide range of subaerial and buried fluvial systems.
Ultrastructural study of Sjögren's syndrome‐like disease in MRM mice

Salivary glands of autoimmune MRL/1 mice were examined ultrastructurally and by immunoelectron microscopy to further characterize the Sjogren's syndrome-like disease in these animals. Major salivary glands from 12 female and 7 male MRL/1, two female MRL/n, and one female BALB/c mice were examined by electron microscopy and the glands from 4 female MRL/1 mice were subjected to immunoelectron microscopy in order to detect Lyt-1 and Lyt-2 positive lymphoid cells. Mononuclear cell infiltrates were not seen in the salivary gland from the BALE mouse and occurred rarely in glands of MRL/n mice. However, in MRL/1 mice, numerous lymphoid cells were present and acinar cells displayed low cytoplasmic density, cytoplasmic vacuolization and cellular lysis. Lymphoid cells were predominantly Lyt-1 positive although some Lyt-2 positive cells were observed. These results suggest that the MRL/1 mouse represents a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome in man.
Safety profiles of current antiangiogenic therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer.

The biological agents approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer – bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor A, along with cetuximab and panitumumab, two monoclonal antibodies that target the epidermal growth factor receptor – are associated with a number of adverse events that range in severity from relatively mild to potentially life threatening. Hypertension, thromboembolic events, proteinuria, bleeding, and gastrointestinal perforation have all been associated with bevacizumab, while dermatologic toxicities are common with cetuximab and panitumumab. Hypersensitivity reactions and hypomagnesemia are also a concern with cetuximab and panitumumab. The frequency of these adverse events in randomized clinical trials is reviewed, and recommendations for managing these events in patients undergoing treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer are provided.
Cross-national study of risky sexual behavior among gang-involved youth in metropolitan Boston and San Salvador, El Salvador

Although conformity to peer norms poses significant risks for adolescent sexual behavior, information is limited on types of gang-related activities that predict risky sexual behavior among gang-involved youth. Using data from Boston (n = 375) and San Salvador (n = 207), we compared the two groups on key characteristics and assessed factors associated with risky sexual behaviors. Number of arrests and aggression predicted number of sexual partners in Boston and San Salvador samples, while delinquency, arrests and age predicted pregnancy outcomes. Medium to large effect-size differences were noted in future orientation, delinquency and gang-involvement attitudes. Gang-involvement and risky sexual behavior were associated in this sample. Salvadoran youth differed significantly from those in Boston on key gang-related characteristics, rendering them even more vulnerable.
Impacts of diurnal temperature cycles on the geothermal regime on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Abstract This study investigates whether the diurnal temperature cycle affects the geothermal regime on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To separately characterize this effect, the impact of climatic warming on the ground's thermal regime is eliminated by setting the global warming rate to 0 °C/year. The diurnal temperature cycle at the natural ground surface is denoted as sinusoidal functions with amplitudes of 0, 5, 8, and 12 °C, respectively. A one-dimensional heat conduction model was utilized to compute the geo-temperature under the natural ground surface, eliminating the effect of geometric boundaries, such as the roadway's embankment, on the geothermal regime. The results show that the diurnal temperature cycle does affect the geothermal regime as (1) under the same mean annual ground temperature, the higher diurnal temperature fluctuation amplitude (DTFA) on the ground surface, the thinner the active layer; (2) the higher the DTFA, the colder the underlying soil. An analysis of the heat flow at the ground surface showed that the diurnal temperature cycle resulted in a net negative heat balance at the earth's surface. This heat loss induced by the diurnal temperature cycle cools the underlying soil. The results and analysis suggest that, currently, the documented numerical model which ignores the diurnal temperature cycle overestimates the warming of the underlying soil. This overestimation, if the DTFA at ground surface is 12 °C, would be up to 0.4 °C. Considering that pavement surface usually undergoes high diurnal temperature cycles, the impact of the DTFA on pavement subgrade's frost conditions and on the pavement deformation is simply discussed.
Energy levels in 98Tc from the 98Mo(p, n)98Tc and 97Mo(3He, d)98Tc reactions

Abstract Low-lying states in 98Tc have been studied via the 98Mo(p, n)98Tc and 98Mo(p, nγ)98Tc reactions for proton energies between 2.4 and 4.2 MeV. The γ-ray decay schemes are reported. Additional information was obtained from the study of the 97Mo(3He, d)98Tc reaction at E 3 He = 19 and 23 MeV . Proton transfer l-values and spin assignments are discussed.
Antioxidant and co-antioxidant activity of vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C, either alone or in the presence of vitamin E or a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, upon the peroxidation of aqueous multilamellar phospholipid liposomes☆

Thermally labile azo-initiators, dissolved in either the aqueous or lipid phase, have been used to generate peroxyl radicals at a known, steady rate in an aqueous dispersion of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar liposomes at 37 degrees C in order to study the antioxidant behaviour of ascorbate itself and ascorbate in combination with either alpha-tocopherol or a water-soluble alpha-tocopherol analogue (TROLOX(-]. It is found that ascorbate is an effective inhibitor of peroxidations initiated in the aqueous phase, with each ascorbate terminating 0.6 radical chains (i.e., n = 0.6), but it is a very poor inhibitor of peroxidations initiated in the lipid phase. Peroxidations initiated in the lipid-phase in the presence of either alpha-tocopherol or TROLOX(-) indicate that ascorbate is an excellent synergist with both phenolic antioxidants (n = 0.4). In peroxidations initiated in the aqueous phase ascorbate acts as a co-antioxidant with TROLOX(-) (n = 0.7), but the interpretation of the approximately additive effect obtained in the presence of alpha-tocopherol is complicated by the fact that under the experimental conditions employed alpha-tocopherol alone does not give a distinct, measurable inhibition period. The latter problem is shown to be due to a non-uniform distribution of the water-soluble initiator within the liposome. Other examples of the complicating effects of non-uniform distributions of reactants in kinetic studies of the autoxidation of organic substrates dispersed in water are described.
Herpes Simplex Virus Virion Host Shutoff Attenuates Establishment of the Antiviral State

Herpes simplex virus mutants lacking the vhs protein are severely attenuated in animal models of pathogenesis and exhibit reduced growth in primary cell culture. As a result of these properties, viruses with vhs deleted have been proposed as live-attenuated vaccines. Despite these findings and their implications for vaccines, the mechanisms by which vhs promotes infection in cell culture and in vivo are not understood. In this study we demonstrate that vhs-deficient viruses replicate to reduced levels in interferon (IFN)-primed cells and that this deficit has both IFN-dependent and IFN-independent components. Furthermore, vhs-defective viruses induce increased and physiologically active levels of IFN, increased amounts of IFN-stimulated transcripts, and more phosphorylated eIF2alpha. In addition, we demonstrate greater accumulation of viral RNAs following infection with a vhs-deficient virus. This leads to the hypothesis that attenuation of viruses lacking vhs may be attributed to increased levels of double-stranded RNA, a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Together these data show that vhs likely functions to reduce innate immune responses and thereby acts as a critical determinant of viral pathogenesis.
Optical Imaging and Information Storage in Ion Implanted Ferroelectric Ceramics

Photographic images can be stored in ferroelectric-phase lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics using a novel photoferroelectric effect. These images are nonvolatile but erasable and can be switched from positive to negative by application of an electric field. We have found that the photosensitivity of ferroelectric PLZT is dramatically improved by ion implantation into the surface exposed to image light. For example, the intrinsic photosensitivity to near-UV light is increased by as much as four orders of magnitude by co-implantation with Ar and Ne. The increased photosensitivity results from implantation-induced decreases in dark conductivity and dielectric constant in the implanted layer. Furthermore, the increased photoferroelectric sensitivity has recently been extended from the near-UV to the visible spectrum by implants of Al and Cr. Ion-implanted PLZT is the most sensitive, nonvolatile, selectively-erasable image storage medium currently known.
Evidence for multiple opiate receptor involvement in different phencyclidine-induced unconditioned behaviors in rats.

Rats were used for comparing the behavioral response profiles of phencyclidine (PCP) and d,1-N-allylnormetazocine (NANM), two drugs that are proposed to exert their effects through the “PCP/sigma” receptor. Phencyclidine (1.0–5.0 mg/kg) and NANM (2.5–10.0 mg/kg) induced dose-related increases in locomotion, sniffing, repetitive head movements, non-object directed mouth movements, and ataxia. Both drugs also increased food and water consumption during the latter portion of the drug response. Ingestive behaviors induced by PCP (2.5 mg/kg), as with eating and drinking stimulated by the mu-opiate morphine (2.0 mg/kg), were blocked by a relatively low dose of the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.5 mg/kg). Multiple injections of PCP (2.5 mg/kg for 4 days) or NANM (10.0 mg/kg for 4 days) augmented several measures of behavioral activation, including horizontal locomotion, rearing, and nonfocused sniffing, but did not significantly change stereotyped behaviors or ataxia. Reciprocal cross-sensitization of locomotor activation is indicated by the finding that the response to a challenge injection of PCP (2.5 mg/kg) or to NANM (10.0 mg/kg) after 4 days of treatment with the other drug closely resembled the enhanced locomotor response observed after the chronic treatment. Phencyclidine and NANM thus appear to exert many of their effects on unconditioned behavior through common mechanisms, including interaction with sigma receptors. In addition, these findings are consistent with previous suggestions that a muopiate receptor system may modulate some effects of PCP.
Methylmercury elicits rapid inhibition of cell proliferation in the developing brain and decreases cell cycle regulator, cyclin E.

Abstract The developing brain is highly sensitive to methylmercury (MeHg). Still, the initial changes in cell proliferation that may contribute to long-term MeHg effects are largely undefined. Our previous studies with growth factors indicate that acute alterations of the G1/S-phase transition can permanently affect cell numbers and organ size. Therefore, we determined whether an environmental toxicant could also impact brain development with rapid (6–7 h) effects on DNA synthesis and cell cycle machinery in neuronal precursors. In vivo studies in newborn rat hippocampus and cerebellum, two regions of postnatal neurogenesis, were followed by in vitro analysis of two precursor models, cortical and cerebellar cells, focusing on the proteins that regulate the G1/S transition. In postnatal day 7 (P7) pups, a single subcutaneous injection of MeHg (3 μg/g) acutely (7 h) decreased DNA synthesis in the hippocampus by 40% and produced long-term (2 weeks) reductions in total cell number, estimated by DNA quantification. Surprisingly, cerebellar granule cells were resistant to MeHg effects in vivo at comparable tissue concentrations, suggesting region-specific differences in precursor populations. In vitro, MeHg altered proliferation and cell viability, with DNA synthesis selectively inhibited at an early timepoint (6 h) corresponding to our in vivo observations. Considering that G1/S regulators are targets of exogenous signals, we used a well-defined cortical cell model to examine MeHg effects on relevant cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and CDK inhibitors. At 6 h, MeHg decreased by 75% levels of cyclin E, a cell cycle regulator with roles in proliferation and apoptosis, without altering p57, p27, or CDK2 nor levels of activated caspase 3. In aggregate, our observations identify the G1/S transition as an early target of MeHg toxicity and raise the possibility that cyclin E degradation contributes to both decreased proliferation and eventual cell death.
Interrelationships between performance measures for the machine-repairman problem

The machine-repairman problem with heterogeneous machines and multiple repairmen is considered. It is assumed that machine up times and repair times have general distributions, and a work-conserving service discipline is employed. Under these general assumptions, steady-state relationships between performance measures are examined for the individual machines. Also, various performance measures are defined for the aggregate system and interrelationships between these measures are established.
Prognostic Significance of Visceral Pleural Involvement in Early-Stage Lung Cancer

Abstract BACKGROUND: Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) may impact non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survival. However, previous studies are mixed as to whether VPI is an independent prognostic factor in early-stage cancers and whether its effect is size dependent. In the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, VPI leads to upstaging of cancers METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, we identified 16,315 patients with stage I-II NSCLC treated with lobectomy. We used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression to assess the association of VPI with lung cancer-specific (primary outcome) and overall survival. Based on these results, we created a revised VPI staging classification. RESULTS: Overall, 3,389 patients (21%) had VPI. Kaplan-Meier analysis stratified by tumor size showed worse cancer-specific survival in patients with VPI ( P CONCLUSIONS: VPI is a prevalent finding associated with worse prognosis in early-stage lung cancer, even among patients with tumors > 3 cm, a factor not captured in the current staging system. Patients with VPI may be considered candidates for more aggressive treatment.
Blood flow in capillaries

A previous theoretical study on blood flow in capillaries has been extended and improved. The theory neglects the cell membrane's resistance to bending and uses the simplifications of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication. Cell shape, cell velocity, pressure drop, and flow field are determined from the theory without recourse to empirical parameters. The results are applicable to capillaries of approximately 8 μ diameter and smaller. Detailed comparisons are given with applicable prior experimental and theoretical work on cell shape and pressure drop.
An alternative strategy for resolving ethical dilemmas in rural healthcare.

Ethical dilemmas pose unique challenges for rural healthcare providers and rural hospital directors. While many systematic frameworks for analyzing and resolving ethical issues have been developed,...
Prospects for outcomes research in radiology and health policy.

H ealth policy involves a variety of issues that pertain to the financing and delivery of health care in the United States. Traditionally, health policy has been viewed from a "macro" perspective, addressing issues such as reimbursement levels for hospitals, physicians, and procedures or visits. Now, as prepaid care is taking hold throughout the country and as "algorithms" or "guidelines" for care are being developed by multiple groups and institutions, the domain of health policy is moving closer to the bedside and clinic. These factors have led to an increased interest in "outcomes research" in all areas of medicine, including radiology. Several questions need to be addressed when considering cost-effectiveness and outcomes research.
Antigenic and immunogenic studies on cell culture-derived Babesia canis

Abstract Babesia canis antigens derived from cell culture reacted specifically with immune serum from dogs convalescing from babesiosis. The antigens were heterogenous as compared to antigens elaborated in vivo. The major antigenic moiety from cell culture eluted in the first peak of Sephadex G-200 is indicative of a molecular weight around 900 000. In contrast, in vivo-derived antigen coeluted with albumin and hemoglobin suggesting a molecular weight of 67 000. The major antigenic mass is proteinacious and contains disulfide bonds as indicated by thermolability and sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol. Both particulate and soluble B. canis antigens were immunogenic, particularly when emulsified in Saponin as an adjuvant. Such antigens conferred a considerable degree of protection in susceptible dogs and it suggested that immunoprophylaxis to B. canis may be feasible.
Effect of Boric Acid on Pit Growth in Alloy 600 Steam Generator Tubing

Abstract An experimental program was conducted to determine the role of boric acid on the pitting behavior of alloy 600 steam generator tubes. The test solution consisted of 5620 wppm Cl−, 3984 wppm SO4=, and 500 wppm Cu++ yielding a Cl−/SO4= ratio of 1.4. Boric acid was added in amounts of 0, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 wppm BO33−. Exposure tests were conducted at 75°C in aerated and deaerated solutions and at 288°C in deaerated solution. Results show that pit growth at 75°C is greater than at 20 or288°C regardless of BO33− concentration. Pit growth rate in deaerated tests at 75°C is greater than that in aerated tests by four to six times. A clear effect of borate on pit growth was not observed, but the presence of borate did have several effects. With increasing borate levels, pit coalescence increased, pit morphology changed from crystallographic etching to intergranular attack and micropitting, and the level of general corrosion increased.
Wordsworth, Galignani, and the Aesthetics of Piracy

This article examines the complicated production history of Galignani’s 1828 pirated edition of Wordsworth’s Works. It demonstrates, with particular reference to two forms of the work held in the Bodleian library, Oxford, that the 1828 edition was in fact reissued several times up until c.1850, and considers the aesthetic and authorial anxieties that this sale engenders in Wordsworth. Weaving together the concerns of pirate and poet, it considers the ways in which Galignani’s democratisation of Wordsworth forces the poet to respond in new ways to the burgeoning nineteenth-century reading public, and explores how this affects the physical make up of his own one volume edition of his Poems (1845).
Palatability of Methionine Hydroxy Analog or DL-Methionine for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract A decrease in grain intake occurred initially after feeding supplemental methionine hydroxy analog (top-dressed or mixed with concentrate) but top-dressing DL-methionine did not affect intakes. After initial adjustment (1 to 3 d), cows generally returned to normal grain intakes on diets supplemented with methionine hydroxy analog. Intake patterns were similar at all methionine hydroxy analog levels, which attained three to four times that recommended for supplementation. Increases in plasma free methionine at methionine hydroxy analog intakes above 40 g/d suggest bypass of additive for intestinal absorption.
Regional ependymal upregulation of vimentin in Chiari II malformation, aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia.

Vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100 β protein were studied by immunocytochemistry in the ependyma of patients with Chiari II malformations, congenital aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia. Paraffin sections of brains and spinal cords of 16 patients were examined, 14 with Chiari II malformations, most with aqueductal stenosis and/or hydromyelia as associated features, and 2 patients with congenital aqueductal stenosis without Chiari malformation. Patients ranged in age from 20-wk gestation to 48 years. The results demonstrated: 1) in the fetus and young infant with Chiari II malformations, congenital aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia, vimentin is focally upregulated in the ependyma only in areas of dysgenesis and not in the ependyma throughout the ventricular system; 2) GFAP and S-100β protein are not coexpressed, indicating that the selective upregulation of vimentin is not simple maturational delay; 3) vimentin upregulation also is seen in the ependymal remnants of the congenital atretic cerebral aqueduct, not associated with Chiari malformation; 4) in the older child and adult with Chiari II malformation, vimentin overexpression in the ependyma becomes more generalized in the lateral ventricles as well, hence evolves into a nonspecific upregulation. The interpretation from these findings leads to speculation that it is unlikely that ependymal vimentin is directly involved in the pathogenesis of Chiari II malformation, but may reflect a secondary upregulation due to defective expression of another gene. This gene may be one of rhombomeric segmentation that also plays a role in defective programming of the paraxial mesoderm for the basioccipital and supraoccipital bones resulting in a small posterior fossa. This interpretation supports the hypothesis of a molecular genetic defect, rather than a mechanical cause, as the etiology of the Chiari II malformation.
Developing design guidelines for constructed wetlands to remove pesticides from agricultural runoff

Abstract This paper presents a research strategy for evaluatung the capability of constructed, restored, and natural wetlands to assimilate and process pesticides associated with agricultural runoff from croplands. A modeling approach that is central to this research strategy is presented and the mathematical foundation is explicitly stated. This approach generates predictions that can be experimentally and rigorously tested. Criteria for selection of “model” pesticides for experimentation include factors such as use patterns and amounts as well as intrinsic characteristics of the pesticide. The design of the experimental constructed wetland cells for this research includes water flow and depth control, clay liners to prevent infiltration, and wetland vegetation as a variable. The experimental strategy should permit optimal transfer of study results from site to site and ultimately provide recommindations for pesticides that are compatible with wetlands as well as design characteristics for constructed wetlands to be used with specific crop-pesticide combinations.
Conduction mechanism analysis for Fe1−δO and Co1−δO

Abstract By analyzing the electrical conductivity at constant thermoelectric coefficient, the small polaron conduction mechanism can sometimes be unambiguously established in transition metal oxides. Using this technique, Fe 1−δ O is shown to exhibit small polaron conduction. The data for Co 1−δ O indicate band-type conduction.
The ontogeny of the verification system

Children of ages 4, 5, and 6–7 were asked to verify true affirmative statements (e.g., You are a child ), false affirmative statements (e.g., You are a baby ), false negative statements (e.g., You aren't a child ) and true negative statements (e.g., You aren't a baby ), and to answer corresponding yes—no questions. Children, especially the youngest children, found negative statements extremely difficult to verify, but found affirmative statements, affirmative questions, and negative questions equally easy. A proposed acquisition model states that children acquire the answering system earlier than the verification system and that they use the answering system to verify statements before they acquire the verification system. The answering system is found to be the precursor of the verification system. Implications of the model for current verification models and alternative interpretations of the findings are discussed.
Incidence of hoarseness in school children over a 1 year period.

Abstract Approximately 1500 school-aged children were screened for hoarseness twice within a 3-month time span. Consensus of three judges was used as the final criterion for regarding a child as having a hoarse voice quality. Results indicated that the general incidence of hoarseness was approximately 13%; however, only between 2.4% and 3.4% of the children were regarded as having a clinically significant problem. Incidence of chronic hoarseness was 5%. A year later, speech samples were obtained from 251 children who were hoarse during the first phase of this study and from an identical number of control children who did not exhibit hoarseness in the first phase. Again, a panel of three judges rated the speech samples for hoarseness. Results indicated that the incidence of hoarseness in the experimental group was considerably and significantly higher than in the control group.
Detecting changes in insect herbivore communities along a pollution gradient

The forests surrounding the urban areas of the Los Angeles basin are impacted by ozone and nitrogen pollutants arising from urban areas. We examined changes in the herbivore communities of three prominent plant species (ponderosa pine, California black oak and bracken fern) at six sites along an air pollution gradient. Insects were extracted from foliage samples collected in spring, as foliage reached full expansion. Community differences were evaluated using total herbivore abundance, richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity, and discriminant function analysis. Even without conspicuous changes in total numbers, diversity or richness of herbivores, herbivore groups showed patterns of change that followed the air pollution gradient that were apparent through discriminant function analysis. For bracken fern and oak, chewing insects were more dominant at high pollution sites. Oak herbivore communities showed the strongest effect. These changes in herbivore communities may affect nutrient cycling in forest systems.