cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing dissolved organic matter using PARAFAC modeling of fluorescence spectroscopy: a comparison of two models.

We evaluated whether fitting fluorescence excitation−emission matrices (EEMs) to a previously validated PARAFAC model is an acceptable alternative to building an original model. To do this, we built a 10-component model using 307 EEMs collected from southeast Alaskan soil and streamwater. All 307 EEMs were then fit to the existing model (CM) presented in Cory and McKnight (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 8142−8149). The first approach for evaluating whether the EEMs were fit well to the CM model was an evaluation of the residual EEMs, and we found 22 EEMs were fit poorly by the CM model. Our second measure for verifying whether EEMs were fit well to the CM model was a comparison of correlations between the percent contribution of PARAFAC components and DOM measurements (e.g., dissolved nutrient concentrations), and we found no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the two models. These results support the approach of fitting EEMs to an existing model when DOM is collected from similar environments, w...
Growth and decay kinetics of defect centers in high-purity fused silicas irradiated at 77 K with X-Rays or 6.4-eV laser light

High-purity synthetic fused silicas (Suprasil 1, 1200 ppm OH; Suprasil Wl. < 5 ppm OH) were subjected to 100-keV X-rays or 6.4-eV laser photons at 77 K and their electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were recorded as a function of dose (or laser fluence) and. subsequently, as a function of 5-min isochronal anneals to 300 K. For Suprasil 1: E' centers (Si·) grew as the ~ 0.88 power of X-ray dose from ~104 to 107 rad; oxygen hole centers (OHCs) followed a similar growth law except for an additional component which saturated at a dose of ~ 105 rad. Atomic hydrogen grew linearly with X-ray dose, becoming the dominant paramagnetic species above ~3×105 rad. The growth of H0 and OHCs under laser irradiation consisted of a saturating component due to single-photon photolysis of OH groups, as well as a linear component of H0 growth due to two-photon excitations. For Suprasil Wl: Both E' centers and OHCs grew as the ~ 0.7 power of X-ray dose. The OHC spectra of Suprasil Wl are identified as arising from the superimposed signals of peroxy radicals (Si-O-O·) and self-trapped holes (STHs). For both materials: E' centers are not produced in significant numbers by 6.4-eV irradiation at 77 K. Both the E' centers and the OHCs are believed to he of the trapped hole type: their isochronal anneal curves are interpreted in terms of the detrapping of STHs in a well-defined stage ~ 150–200 K and the more gradual release of trapped electrons from a non-paramagnetic trap which cannot he populated by 6.4-eV light in low-OH silicas. A much more stable electron trap. believed to be an interstitial O2 molecule, is preferentially photopopulated in Suprasil Wl. It is found that low-OH silica which is also O2 free is virtually immune to 6.4-eV photon damage at 77 K.
Risk aversion and prudence in the large

Abstract The familiar measures of absolute and relative risk aversion constructed by Pratt and Arrow, along with the measures of absolute and relative prudence inspired by Leland and later developed by Kimball, are local instruments based on the first and second derivatives of utility at a specific level of wealth. As such, they are applicable only to infinitesimal risks—those for which differential calculus is a suitable analytical tool. Consequently, they may not accurately gauge preferences regarding the larger risks typically encountered in practice. To address this problem, the present paper develops more general, closed-form index measures of risk aversion and prudence that are applicable to either large or small risks. The new measures are exact in that they do not rely on approximations, they can be implemented empirically without knowledge of the functional form of utility, and they do not require information regarding pre-existing wealth.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN AND ADRENAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

In vitro protein synthesis by a cell-free preparation (15,000 × g supernatant fraction) of pig adrenals was studied, measuring glycine-14C and Z-leucine-14C incorporation into protein. Adrenocorticotrophin administered to rats in vivo caused a significant increase in the total activity of nondialyzable “supernatant factor” stimulating amino acid incorporation into protein. The specificity of the observed effect for adrenocorticotrophin was confirmed by experiments with both a synthetic tricosapeptide and a highly purified preparation obtained from natural sources. The “supernatant factor” was nondialyzable, had an approximate molecular weight of 10-14 × 104, and was inactivated by incubation at 55 C and also by incubation with trypsin. It was not inactivated by ribonuclease. Nucleic acids prepared by several methods were inactive. The “supernatant factor’ could be purified by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, and chemical analysis revealed the protein nature of the material with virtually no rib...
TH‐A‐220‐08: A Feasibility Study of a Rigidity Penalty Term for Deformable Alignment in the Head and Neck Region

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility and impact of a rigidity penalty (RP) on displacement vector field (DVF) for improvement of deformable alignment in the neck region. Methods: An existing B‐spline image registration method was modified to contain a weighted sum of image similarity measure and penalty terms. The penalty term was derived from the orthogonality condition of the deformation gradient tensor. This term was applied to a cervical vertebral body (C3) which was segmented from a reference image. Sum of squared difference (SSD) was used for the image similarity measure. The method was tested on cone‐beam CT scans taken for head and neck intensity‐modulated radiation therapy. To evaluate the accuracies of the existing and modified methods, the strain components of DVFs were calculated, and the measured versus transformed coordinates of 10 landmarks located on the vertebra were compared. Results: The RP value was minimized by the penalized image registration method although the SSD was slightly compromised. The strain components of the DVFs were significantly reduced. Moreover, the registration errors of the landmark pairs were decreased (−0.254 ± 2.176, −2.045 ± 3.894, 0.562 ± 3.179) [mm] to (− 0.381 ± 0.580, 0.236 ± 1.996, 0.437 ± 1.250) [mm]. Conclusions: Reduction in strain indicates that the RP term successfully discouraged local deformation. In addition, improvement in the registration accuracy of the landmark pairs shows the modified method outperforms unregularized alignment. The results also indicate that image alignment using only intensity metrics may result in nonphysical DVFs. Ongoing work will further explore optimizing the weighting of the penalty for clinical images in the neck region, as well as testing on a finite element modeled representation of the neck anatomy undergoing controlled physical deformations. This work was supported by NIHP01CA59827.
Binuclear versus mononuclear copper complexes as catalysts for asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene

Abstract A number of (S)-(−)-2-amino-1,1-diaryl-1-propanol compounds have been synthesized. They were used to form the binuclear copper complexes through a spontaneous assembly of the individual components, the β-aminoalcohol, 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzenedialdehyde, and copper acetate monohydrate, in methanol. These binuclear complexes were examined as asymmetric catalysts for cyclopropanation of styrene by ethyl diazoacetate. Moderate improvement in enantioselectivity has been observed for the binuclear versus mononuclear copper complexes. The e.e. values up to 87% for trans and 93% for cis products and the ratio between trans and cis products up to 9:1 have been obtained.
Vibrational spectra and force constants of methylphosphine

Present address of Joseph A. Lannon: Pitman-Dunn Laboratory, Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Speech Recognition: A Tutorial Overview

Research toward mechanical recognition of speech is laying the foundation for significant advances in pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. This paper explains the nature of some of these advances and provides an introduction to the state of the art of automatic speech recognition.
Structure-based drug design: applications in immunopharmacology and immunosuppression

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) combines the power of many scientific disciplines, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, medicinal chemistry, molecular modeling, biology, enzymology and biochemistry, in a functional paradigm of drug development. The current strength of SBDD lies in parlaying enzyme inhibitors into drugs, but a variety of technological advances over the past few years now makes it possible to address complex biological targets, such as those regulating immunosuppression and immunoactivation. Manuel Navia and Debra Peattie discuss the SBDD paradigm and consider several of its achievements and challenges in immunopharmacology, particularly as these apply to the design of novel, potent immunosuppressants.
Power spectra and correlations of intensity fluctuations in electromagnetically induced transparency

The quantum fluctuations of optical beams are highly correlated in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The intensity fluctuations are enhanced by conversion of phase noise to intensity noise in atomic vapour. We have studied spectra of intensity fluctuations in dense rubidium vapour for different laser beam powers. Observed excess noise spectrum is broader than EIT window at the same optical power. Both spectral widths are proportional to the laser beam intensity. By using signal subtraction scheme we can reduce amplitude of the fluctuations to close the photonic short noise level. This result confirms the high degrees of intensity correlations and can be used to improve quality of optical atomic clocks.
Dysphagia in the Elderly

The capacity to swallow or eat is a basic human need and can be a great pleasure. Older adults look forward to sharing mealtimes and participating in social interactions. The loss of capacity to swallow and dine can have far-reaching implications. With age, the ability to swallow undergoes changes that increase the risk for disordered swallowing, with devastating health implications for older adults. With the growth in the aging population, dysphagia is becoming a national health care burden and concern. Upward of 40% of people in institutionalized settings are dysphagic. There is a need to address dysphagia in ambulatory, acute care, and long-term care settings.
SOME EFFECTS OF WAVE-LENGTH VARIATIONS OF THE LONG WAVES IN THE UPPER WESTERLIES

Abstract In an attempt to use the equation developed by Rossby for the motion of waves in a single-layer barotropic atmosphere as a prognostic tool, the effect of the upstream variation of wave length is studied. With the aid of the concept of group velocity an expression is obtained for trough displacement which takes into account the change of wave length with time and the acceleration of the long waves. Tests of the results indicate that the inclusion of the upstream wave-length variation in the forecast of trough displacement gives a significant improvement in the forecast verification. The results can be expressed qualitatively as follows: If the wave length of the long waves increases upstream at the initial moment, the eastward speed of the wave under consideration decreases with time. If the wave length decreases upstream at the initial moment, the eastward speed of the wave increases with time.
Free-Surface Wave-Induced Separation

Free-surface wave-induced separation is studied for a surface-piercing NACA 0024 foil over a range of Froude numbers (0, .2, .37, .55) through computational fluid dynamics of the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and the continuity equations with the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model, exact nonlinear kinematic and approximate dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, and a body/free-surface conforming grid. The flow conditions and uncertainty analysis are discussed. A topological rule for a surface-piercing body is derived and verified. Steady-flow results are presented and analyzed with regard to the wave and viscous flow and the nature of the separation.
Comparison of Master Station and User Algorithms for Wide-Area Augmentation System

Theglobalpositioningsystem will be used for awide variety of applications.However, aircraft use of any satellitebased navigation system raises signi cant concern with respect to accuracy and integrity. The wide-area augmentation system (WAAS) is a navigation system that adds an independent ground network and increases navigation accuracy and integrity. The WAAS will be a supplemental navigation aid for all phases of  ight down to category I precision approach in 1997. Eventually, it will be a primary navigation aid. Stanford University installed three wide-area reference stations in the Western United States and has been conducting independent  ight tests of WAAS since 1994. The comparison of the two different WAAS algorithms and the results from the Stanford UniversityWAAS static and  ight tests are presented. The results showed that 3.5m ofWAAS user vertical positioning accuracy, compared to 80m for stand-alone,can be achieved using bothWAAS algorithms.That accuracy is within the § 4:1-m 95% error limits for a category I instrument landing system. An improvement on the existing grid ionosphere estimation algorithm is also included as well as the introduction of a weighted least-square solution in WAAS user position computation.
Characterization of the gene for HRG4 (UNC119), a novel photoreceptor synaptic protein homologous to unc-119.

HRG4 (HGMW-approved symbol UNC119) is a novel human photoreceptor-enriched gene coding for a 240-amino-acid protein. Initially, HRG4 was shown to be 57% homologous to a newly discovered Caenorhabditis elegans gene, mutated in a coordination mutant and involved in chemosensation. Recently, HRG4 has been localized to the photoreceptor synapses in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. The HRG4 gene was cloned and characterized to facilitate its analysis as a potential pathogenic gene. The gene consisted of five coding exons, spread over approximately 8 kb of genomic DNA. The transcriptional start site was 14 bp upstream of the cDNA, 68 bp upstream of the putative translational initiation codon. Five GC boxes were identified in a 100-bp upstream region, along with a photoreceptor conserved element 1-like sequence at -603. Another photoreceptor gene-associated sequence, Ret-1, was present in intron 1, 71 bp downstream of the exon 1/intron 1 border. A CpG island encompassing exon 1 and sequences just before and after it was present. The gene was fine mapped to 17q11.2, facilitating its future consideration as a candidate for retinal diseases mapped to the same region.
Monitoring Rater Performance Over Time: A Framework for Detecting Differential Accuracy and Differential Scale Category Use

In this study, we describe a framework for monitoring rater performance over time. We present several statistical indices to identify raters whose standards drift and explain how to use those indices operationally. To illustrate the use of the framework, we analyzed rating data from the 2002 Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition examination, employing a multifaceted Rasch approach to determine whether raters exhibited evidence of two types of differential rater functioning over time (i.e., changes in levels of accuracy or scale category use). Some raters showed statistically significant changes in their levels of accuracy as the scoring progressed, while other raters displayed evidence of differential scale category use over time.
In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Molecular Gels and Liquid Crystals from Vitamin-C Amphiphiles

Various organic self-assembled systems such as low-molecular-weight gels and liquid crystals have been utilized as efficient hosts for in situ synthesis and stabilization of gold nanoparticles using vitamin-C-based amphiphiles.
Functionally Distinct NEAT (NEAr Transporter) Domains within the Staphylococcus aureus IsdH/HarA Protein Extract Heme from Methemoglobin

The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus uses iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins to scavenge the essential nutrient iron from host hemoproteins. The IsdH protein (also known as HarA) is a receptor for hemoglobin (Hb), haptoglobin (Hp), and the Hb-Hp complex. It contains three NEAT (NEAr Transporter) domains: IsdHN1, IsdHN2, and IsdHN3. Here we show that they have different functions; IsdHN1 binds Hb and Hp, whereas IsdHN3 captures heme that is released from Hb. The staphylococcal IsdB protein also functions as an Hb receptor. Primary sequence homology to IsdH indicates that it will also employ functionally distinct NEAT domains to bind heme and Hb. We have used site-directed mutagenesis and surface plasmon resonance methods to localize the Hp and Hb binding surface on IsdHN1. High affinity binding to these structurally unrelated proteins requires residues located within a conserved aromatic motif that is positioned at the end of the β-barrel structure. Interestingly, this site is quite malleable, as other NEAT domains use it to bind heme. We also demonstrate that the IsdC NEAT domain can capture heme directly from Hb, suggesting that there are multiple pathways for heme transfer across the cell wall.
Simple Method for Determining Nucleobase pKa Values by Indirect Labeling and Demonstration of a pKa of Neutrality in dsDNA

Phosphorothioates were substituted into double-stranded DNA to study protonated Class I A+.C basepairs by 31P NMR. The method was effective in reporting the A+.C pKa. pKa values near 7.0 were found with optimal nearest-neighbor partners. Such pKa values could expand the catalytic repertoire of nucleic acids.
Mycoplasma effects on SV40 transformation of human amnion cells.

SummaryIncidence of transformation of human amnion cells by SV40 was reduced and the appearance of transformed foci delayed by concurrent SV40-mycoplasma infection of primary cultures. The number of population doublings during serial cultivation was reduced, as was the number of culture passages and the time before “crisis” of the SV40 transformed cells. Mycoplasma infection of an SV40 transformed strain already in serial cultivation caused even more cell destruction and effects on the population doubling number. The virus production pattern changed, but differently for individual strains. After mycoplasma elimination, the number of passages and cell divisions, and the time before “crisis” increased, and several strains were recovered from “crisis” as permanent cell lines.
L-shell X-ray opacity of many-electron atoms

The study presents a formulation for obtaining the L-shell photoelectric cross section (sigma sub L) for many-electron atomic systems. A scaling law is suggested for the evaluation of the contribution to sigma sub L from 2s and 2p ejection from a general system in any ionization state. The formula is expressed in terms of the effective nuclear charge (Z sub 2s and Z sub 2p) seen by the corresponding bound electrons, with Z sub 2s and Z sub 2p, obtained from improved screening constants derived in a recent investigation. A comparison is made of Hartree-Fock and hydrogenic expressions for sigma sub L with experimental results for atomic neon at X-ray photon energies, providing the basis for the scaling law and an approximate energy dependence for the cross sections. The special case of sigma sub L for atomic Fe is considered in detail. This L edge has structure because of the different threshold for 2s and 2p photoejection; the latter has fine structure.
Juvenile Periodontitis as a Model for Neutrophil Function: Reduced Binding of the Complement Chemotactic Fragment, C5a

The binding of the chemotactic complement fragment, C5a, to peripheral blood neutrophils of Localized Juvenile Periodontitis (LJP) patients and normal controls was quantitated using iodinated human C5a and a rapid centrifugation assay. There was a significant reduction in the number of binding sites per cell on neutrophils from the patient group, whereas the binding affinity remained the same as control values.
Developmental Changes in Glucocorticoid Receptor and 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Oxidative and Reductive Activities in Rat Leydig Cells1

Glucocorticoids directly regulate testosterone production in Leydig cells through a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated repression of the genes that encode testosterone biosynthetic enzymes. The extent of this action is determined by the numbers of GR within the Leydig cell, the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoid, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) activities that interconvert corticosterone (in the rat) and its biologically inert derivative, 11-dehydrocorticosterone. As glucocorticoid levels remain stable during pubertal development, GR numbers and 11βHSD activities are the primary determinants of glucocorticoid action. Therefore, in the present study, levels of GR and 11βHSD messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured in rat Leydig cells at three stages of pubertal differentiation: mesenchymal-like progenitors (PLC) on day 21, immature Leydig cells (ILC) that secrete 5α-reduced androgens on day 35, and adult Leydig cells (ALC) that are fully capable of testosterone biosynthesi...
Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction after single-lung transplantation. Biplane transesophageal echocardiographic findings.

In this case, dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was detected by biplane transesophageal echocardiography in a patient with hemodynamic instability after single-lung transplantation and ventricular septal defect repair.
Combining multiple cues for texture edge localization

A visual feature such as an edge may be signaled by one of any number of visual cues such as modulation of brightness, color, stereo disparity, motion, texture and so on. Here, a theory is reviewed which suggests that when more than one cue is available, separate location estimates are made using each cue, and the resulting estimates are averaged. Cues which are more reliable are given a correspondingly larger weight in the average. A psychophysical paradigm (perturbation analysis) is described for testing whether the theory applies and estimating its parameters. Preliminary results are described for localization of texture edges signaled by changes in contrast, local texture orientation and local texture scale. The data are consistent with the theory: In the data, individual cues appear to be averaged and more reliable cues are given more weight.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Posterior rectus abdominis sheath abscess after tension-free vaginal tape

Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) is commonly used to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI). TVT is known for its simplicity of use and successful outcomes with low morbidity [1]. However, complications can occur. We report an abscess posterior to the rectus muscle following TVT. A 46-year-old woman underwent TVT for SUI. On postoperative day (POD) 13, she presented with an abscess of the left suprapubic incision, which was treated with antibiotics and drainage. She represented on POD 22 with multiple pulmonary emboli and sepsis, and computed tomography (CT) revealed a multiloculated abdominal-wall fluid collection deep to the rectus muscle. The mesh was removed via vaginal incision. The rectus sheath abscess was accessed through a subfascial but extraperitoneal midline incision. The abdominal-wall wound was connected to the suprapubic wound. Whereas major infectious complications of TVT are rare, when they do occur, debridement, drainage, and removal of the mesh are imperative to prevent morbidity.
Inelastic displacement demand of bridge columns considering shear–flexure interaction

Reinforced concrete bridge columns exhibit complex hysteretic behavior owing to combined action of shear, bending moment, and axial force under multi-directional seismic shakings. The inelastic displacement of columns can be increased by shear-flexure interaction (SFI). This paper develops a simple yet reliable demand model for estimating the inelastic displacement and ductility based on the nonlinear time history analyses of 24 full-size columns subject to a suite of near-fault ground motions. A coupled hysteretic model is used to simulate the shear-flexure interactive (SFI) behavior of columns and the accumulated material damage during loading reversals, including pinching, strength deterioration, and stiffness softening. Guided by rigorous dimensional analysis, the inelastic displacement responses of bridge columns are presented in dimensionless form showing remarkable order. A dimensionless nonlinearity index is derived taking into account of the column strength, ground motion amplitude, and softening or hardening post-yield behavior. Strong correlation is revealed between the normalized inelastic displacement and the dimensionless structure-to-pulse frequency, the dimensionless nonlinearity index as well as the aspect ratio. Two regressive equations for displacement and ductility demands are proposed and validated against the simulation results. The SFI effects are discussed and included explicitly through the aspect ratio in the proposed model. This study offers a new way to realistically predict the inelastic displacement of columns directly from structural and ground motion characteristics. C.
Indentation size effect in FCC metals: An examination of experimental techniques and the bilinear behavior

The indentation size effect (ISE) and the bilinear behavior for pure face centered cubic (FCC) metals including aluminum, nickel, silver, and 70/30 copper–zinc (α-brass) alloy using a single Berkovich indenter tip in a single test machine were investigated. The results confirmed that this behavior is mechanistic in nature and were consistent with those reported by A.A. Elmustafa and D.S. Stone [J. Mech. Phys. Solids51, 357–381 (2003)] of the ISE and the bilinear behavior using two separate indenter tips (Berkovich and Vickers) from two separate machines. Therefore, the bilinear behavior is present regardless of tip geometry or machine used. We also investigated the cause for a deviation in the continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) data from discrete data points obtained using the load control protocol at shallow depth. We conducted experiments near grain boundaries to determine if the CSM deviation at shallow depths were caused by a hardening effect due to dislocation interaction with the interface.
Simulation of embedded memories by defective hashing

Because logic designs are becoming more complex and extensive, they increasingly tend to contain embedded memories. In the simulation (particularly fault simulation) of these designs, the embedded memories may be found to require large amounts of storage unless a carefully designed simulation strategy is adopted. This paper describes a technique that drastically reduces the storage required in the fault simulation of such large designs. The required amount of storage can be fixed at compile time or at load time, and can almost always be made to fit in the available storage at the cost of only a small decrease in the predicted exposure probabilities.
Structures and Phase Transformations of Asymmetric Bent Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polyesters

A series of new asymmetric bent main-chain liquid crystalline (LC) polyesters (BPE-Cn) were synthesized through the condensation polymerization of A−B type asymmetric α,ω-carboxylic acid−hydroxyl-terminated monomers containing different even numbers of methylene spacers (BPCA-Cn-PmOH, where n = 6, 8, and 10). Differential scanning calorimetry results showed three phase transition processes in this series of BPE-Cn samples. The phase change with the lowest transition temperature is cooling rate dependent, while the two higher temperature transitions are cooling rate independent. One-dimensional (1D) powder wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results at different temperatures revealed that during cooling this series of polymers exhibits a low-ordered LC phase and a highly ordered smectic crystal phase before developing a crystalline phase at lower temperatures. The phase structures and symmetry were identified by 2D WAXD and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). On the basis of 2D fiber WAXD patterns, ...
Biomechanical Comparison of 2 Different Locking Plate Fixation Methods in Vancouver B1 Periprosthetic Femur Fractures

Locking plates are commonly used to treat fractures around a well-fixed femoral component. The optimal construct should provide sufficient fixation while minimizing soft-tissue dissection. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether plate length, working length, or bone mineral density affects survival of locking plate fixation for Vancouver type B1 periprosthetic hip fractures. A transverse osteotomy was created just distal to cemented femoral prostheses in 9 pairs of cadaveric femurs. Fractures were stabilized with long (20-hole) or short (12-hole) locking plates that were secured proximally with cables and screws and distally with screws only. Specimens were then cycled 10 000 times at 2500 N of axial force and 15 Nm of torque to simulate full weightbearing. A motion capture system was used to record fracture displacement during cycling. Failure occurred in 5 long and 3 short plates, with no significant differences found in the number of cycles to failure. For the specimens that survived, there were no significant differences found between long and short plates for displacement or rotation observed at the fracture site. A shorter working length was not associated with increased failure rate. Lower bone mineral density was significantly associated with failure (P = .02). We concluded that long locked plates do not appear to offer a biomechanical advantage over short locking plates in terms of fixation survival, and that bone mineral density was a better predictor of failure than was the fixation construct type.
Feeling Economically Dependent on One's Job: Its Origins and Functions With Regard to Worker Well‐Being

The origins and functions of feeling economically dependent on one's job were examined among a sample of 168 hospital workers. As predicted, economic dependency was found to be greater the more dependents workers have, the less money they earn from their jobs, the less other income they have in their family units, the more they adhere to an instrumental work orientation, and the less mobile they perceive themselves to be. Also as predicted, it was found that economic dependency fully mediated the relationship between 4 of the 5 antecedents (number of dependents, other income, instrumental values, and perceived mobility) and the subjective well-being of workers. Job-related income was observed to have both direct and indirect effects. Further, the relationship between economic dependency and subjective well-being was negative. These latter findings are discussed and implications drawn for the future use of the economic dependency construct.
A portable system for recording neural activity in indoor and outdoor environments

We present a self-contained portable USB based device that can amplify and record small bioelectric signals from insects and animals. The system combines a purpose built low noise amplifier with off the shelf components to provide a low cost low power system for recording electrophysiological signals. Using open source software the system is programmed as a simple USB device and can be connected to any USB capable computer for recording data. This simple and universal interface provides the ability to connect to a variety of systems. Open source acquisition software was also written to record signals under the linux operating system. Performance analysis shows that our device is able to record good quality signals both indoors and outdoors and delivers this performance at a very low cost. Compared to larger systems our device provides the additional advantage of portability given that it can fit into a pocket and costs a fraction of large systems used in electrophysiology labs.
Enzyme defect in skin fibroblasts in intermittent branched-chain detonuria and in maple syrup urine disease

Abstract The enzyme defect in maple syrup urine disease and in its varient form, intermittent branched-chain ketonuria, is demonstrable in skin fibroblast cultures derived from patients with this disease. In both instances there is considerable reduction in the ability to decarboxylate all three branched-chain keto acids. In view of the recent evidence that there are two or three branched-chain decarboxylases, each with a specific substrate, it is suggested that one gene controls the synthesis of a polypeptide that is common to the involved enzymes or to some structural or regulatory part of the enzyme complex.
QUANTITATIVE AIR-BORNE TUBERCULOSIS IN THE RABBIT THE COURSE OF HUMAN TYPE INFECTION

1. Pulmonary tuberculosis in unselected rabbits, induced by primary quantitative air-borne infection with human type tubercle bacilli, may retrogress or progress. Some animals whose disease was in a stationary condition might have fallen into one of the above groups had the experiments been prolonged. 2. Within the limits of the observations natural resistance or susceptibility appears to be the chief factor in determining the course of the disease. 3. Following the development of the primary lesions the tuberculin reaction became positive but thereafter proved to be an unreliable indicator of the course of the disease. 4. Tubercle bacilli can be recovered from macroscopically normal lung tissue of rabbits several weeks after primary infection. 5. Reinfection did not induce the formation of new lesions nor alter the course of the disease caused by the primary infection.
Reaction engineering for catalyst design

Abstract The development of new or improved catalysts is an interdisciplinary effort. Reaction engineering, via mathematical models, can identify key catalyst design variables and quantify their optimum values. By providing this type of qualitative and quantitative guidance, reaction engineering has vastly accelerated the development of new catalysts in many instances. This paper identifies frontier areas of investigation and suggests opportunities for the future.
Effects of Trait Anxiety and the Scamper Technique on Creative Thinking of Intellectually Gifted Students

This work assessed the effect of trait anxiety (measured on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and the Scamper technique on figural creative thinking, measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. An analysis of covariance with 52 gifted students in a summer camp gave no significant main effect of treatment for trait anxiety, or their interaction. Scamper may not effectively improve figural creativity and anxiety may not influence figural creativity the same way it influences verbal creativity, at least as measured.
Ex ova chick chorioallantoic membrane as a novel model for evaluation of tissue responses to biomaterials and implants.

One of the major obstacles in developing rationale strategies to control inflammation and fibrosis surrounding implants is the lack of a simple and inexpensive in vivo model to screen tissue reactions to various biomaterials and implants. To begin to fill this gap, we have developed an ex ova model of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) for testing of tissue reaction to biomaterials and implants. For these studies, we evaluated tissue reactions (inflammation and fibrosis) to two commonly used biomaterials (nylon and silastic) grossly and histologically in the ex ova CAM. Nylon mesh was incorporated within the CAM tissue 4 days postplacement. After 8 days postplacement, the nylon mesh was totally incorporated into the CAM. Histologically, little or no inflammation was seen associated with the incorporated nylon mesh at any time point. In the case of silastic tubing, significant incorporation of the CAM was seen grossly by 1-2 days postplacement. Incorporation of the tubing continued at day 8 postplacement of the silastic tubing, with ingrowth of the CAM into the lumen of the tubing. Histological evaluation of CAMs indicated that no significant tissue reactions (inflammation or fibrosis) occurred in the CAM tissue surrounding the silastic tubing or in the CAM tissue and vasculature that had grown into the silastic tubing. To our knowledge, this report represents the first investigation of the usage of the ex ova CAM model, a shell-less chick embryo model (ex ova), as an in vivo model to test the tissue reactions to biomaterials and implants.
Jaw lever analysis of Hawaiian gobioid stream fishes: A simulation study of morphological diversity and functional performance

Differences in feeding behavior and performance among the five native Hawaiian gobioid stream fishes (Sicyopterus stimpsoni, Lentipes concolor, Awaous guamensis, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, and Eleotris sandwicensis) have been proposed based on the skeletal anatomy of their jaws and dietary specialization. However, performance of the feeding apparatus likely depends on the proportions and configurations of the jaw muscles and the arrangement of the jaw skeleton. We used a published mathematical model of muscle function to evaluate potential differences in jaw closing performance and their correlations with morphology among these species. For example, high output force calculated for the adductor mandibulae muscles (A2 and A3) of both A. guamensis and E. sandwicensis matched expectations based on the morphology of these species because these muscles are larger than in the other species. In contrast, Stenogobius hawaiiensis exhibited an alternative morphological strategy for achieving high relative output forces of both A2 and A3, in which the placement and configuration of the muscles conveyed high mechanical advantage despite only moderate cross-sectional areas. These differing anatomical pathways to similar functional performance suggest a pattern of many-to-one mapping of morphology to performance. In addition, a functional differentiation between A2 and A3 was evident for all species, in which A2 was better suited for producing forceful jaw closing and A3 for rapid jaw closing. Thus, the diversity of feeding performance of Hawaiian stream gobies seems to reflect a maintenance of functional breadth through the retention of some primitive traits in combination with novel functional capacities in several species.
The design of a monolithic, signal conditioned pressure sensor

A bipolar IC process has been used to design and manufacture a pressure sensor that includes temperature compensation and amplification in a monolithic silicon structure. Specifically, a bipolar IC process has been combined with a micromachined silicon diaphragm and piezoresistive sensing element to produce a fully integrated pressure sensor. The result of this effort is a sensor that is easy to manufacture and can be directly interfaced to a microprocessor with an integral analog-to-digital converter. This allows a considerable reduction in space and the simplification of external circuitry for systems that require a pressure input. The design of the single element sensor, circuitry, and key processing aspects are discussed. >
A simple hard-limited adaptive algorithm for blind equalization

An algorithm for adaptive blind equalization is proposed. It is interpreted as a sign version of a widely referenced algorithm for blind equalization, and it is demonstrated by way of simulations that the performance of this new sign algorithm is comparable to that of its unsigned version. A simple variable step-size scheme to accelerate the convergence process is also proposed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the significant improvements in the convergence rates that are obtained using this variable step-size scheme. >
Post-treatment with the cyclosporin derivative, NIM811, reduced indices of cell death and increased the volume of spared tissue in the acute period following spinal cord contusion.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive drug shown to inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). Although the therapeutic efficacy of CsA in traumatic brain injury is being inve...
Human Growth and Body Weight Dynamics: An Integrative Systems Model

Quantifying human weight and height dynamics due to growth, aging, and energy balance can inform clinical practice and policy analysis. This paper presents the first mechanism-based model spanning full individual life and capturing changes in body weight, composition and height. Integrating previous empirical and modeling findings and validated against several additional empirical studies, the model replicates key trends in human growth including A) Changes in energy requirements from birth to old ages. B) Short and long-term dynamics of body weight and composition. C) Stunted growth with chronic malnutrition and potential for catch up growth. From obesity policy analysis to treating malnutrition and tracking growth trajectories, the model can address diverse policy questions. For example I find that even without further rise in obesity, the gap between healthy and actual Body Mass Indexes (BMIs) has embedded, for different population groups, a surplus of 14%–24% in energy intake which will be a source of significant inertia in obesity trends. In another analysis, energy deficit percentage needed to reduce BMI by one unit is found to be relatively constant across ages. Accompanying documented and freely available simulation model facilitates diverse applications customized to different sub-populations.
Influence of CR3 (CD11b/CD18) Expression on Phagocytosis of Bordetella pertussis by Human Neutrophils

CR3 (CD11b/CD18) is expressed on neutrophils, and the engagement of CR3 can promote phagocytosis. CR3 serves as the receptor for the Bordetella pertussis adhesin filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and for the adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which blocks neutrophil function. The influence of CR3, FHA, and ACT on the phagocytosis of B. pertussis by human neutrophils was examined. The surface expression and function of CR3 are regulated. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) increased CR3 surface expression, but only TNF-α increased the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose B. pertussis, suggesting that elevated CR3 expression alone is not sufficient to promote phagocytosis. Purified FHA and pertussis toxin also increased the surface expression of CR3 on neutrophils, while ACT and the B subunit of pertussis toxin did not affect CR3 expression. FHA-mediated attachment to CR3 can lead to phagocytosis, especially in the absence of ACT. FHA mutants failed to attach and were not phagocytosed by neutrophils. Similarly, an antibody to CR3 blocked both attachment and phagocytosis. The addition of exogenous FHA enhanced the attachment and phagocytosis of wild-type B. pertussis and FHA mutants. Mutants lacking the SphB1 protease, which cleaves FHA and allows the release of FHA from the bacterial surface, were phagocytosed more efficiently than wild-type bacteria. ACT mutants were efficiently phagocytosed, but wild-type B. pertussis or ACT mutants plus exogenous ACT resisted phagocytosis. These studies suggest that the activation and surface expression of CR3, FHA expression, and the efficiency of ACT internalization all influence whether B. pertussis will be phagocytosed and ultimately killed by neutrophils.
Early bioprosthetic valve failure caused by preserved native mitral valve leaflets

The importance of preservation of subvalvular apparatus and valve-ventricular continuity during mitral valve replacement (MVR) has been suggested for many years. The chordal-sparing MVR has been shown to be superior to the standard MVR with chordal resection in terms of improved left ventricular function and has been considered to be a safe procedure. However, we encounter a rare case requiring early reoperation for bioprosthetic valve failure caused by preserved leaflets after chordal-sparing MVR.
A Business Elite: German-Jewish Financiers in Nineteenth-Century New York

Business history, if it is to comprehend the men and movements with which it deals, must of necessity invade other academic fields. This article is an attempt to trace the social and economic influences which fashioned the ultimate business activities of German-Jewish investment bankers in the late nineteenth century. Second only to the group of houses of Yankee origin, the group led by Kuhn, Loeb & Co. provides us with an outstanding example of a business elite in operation. Significant from the point of view of business history is the fact that in origins, early activities, and outlook, these family firms displayed remarkable similarities. Once established in New York they became even more tightly knit through marriage and social life. Only when all these factors have been taken into account can we claim to understand the unique role which these businesses played in the development of the American capital market.
Underpredicting Learning after Initial Experience with a Product

For products that require skills to use, such as computers, cell phones, and sports equipment, consumers’ purchase and usage decisions often depend on their prediction of the speed with which they will master the relevant skills. In this article, we identify a systematic pessimism in predictions of such skill learning occurring in the initial skill-acquisition phase of product use. After initially trying new products, people underpredict how quickly they will acquire the skills required for product use. Further, we find that this underprediction of learning is due to a failure to appreciate how rapidly task experience leads to a shift from system 2 to system 1 processing. In six experiments, we document the effect, examine its generality across several tasks, and demonstrate its consequences for product devaluation and abandonment. We conclude with a discussion of implications for customer service, promotions, and the design of new products.
Cardiac Abnormalities in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Resumé

There have been numerous reports demonstrating electrocardiographical changes secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage, consisting of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, alterations in QRS configuration, Q-T interval prolongation, T-wave abnormalities, and S-T segment elevation or depression. Abnormalities of cardiac muscle and subendocardial hemorrhage have been seen in patients dying of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Experimental work has shown that electrical impulses in the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus produce most of these changes, and the implication is that these changes can be prevented by sympathetic blockade. Pulmonary edema also has been shown to occur frequently after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and again the sympathetic nervous system is implicated in the pathophysiology. Studies done illustrating these points are discussed and conclusions drawn with reference to therapy.
Simplified methods of reasoning in fuzzy models

An obvious reason for the success of the Mamdani method of reasoning was that this method was efficiently simplified. However, it is widely known that the Mamdani method has one major drawback-it cannot work when the partitioning of the input space is not complete, i.e. some gaps in the rule-base exist. This is the reason that one of the basic requirement in fuzzy modeling is the complete partitioning of the input space by the antecedent fuzzy sets. An alternative solution to this problem is simply to replace the Mamdani method by the so-called logical method; but it has one major drawback it requires more calculations and there is no analytical description of the input-output relationship presented by the fuzzy model. Consequently this method is not suitable for learning. In this paper we show that the logical method can be significantly simplified. The result is a new reasoning method that is characterized with an analytical input-output description; in addition, its computational complexity is comparable to this of the Mamdani method. >