cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LATTICE GAS WAVE PROPAGATION MODELS INCLUDING DISSIPATION

New lattice gas models for one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) sound propagation have been recently proposed by the authors. These models were dissipationless and deterministic. In this paper, it will be shown how dissipation effects can be included into these lattice gas wave models. To simulate these dissipation effects, the lattice gas particles are assumed to take a random walk. The resulting models combine the authors' lattice gas wave models with published lattice gas models for the diffusion equation. The formulations are stable and consistent.
Tailor‐Made Onionlike Stereocomplex Crystals in Incompatible, Enantiomeric, Polylactide‐Containing Block Copolymer Blends

Stereocomplexes formed by blending enantiomeric PLA block copolymers have demonstrated great potential for applications in biomedical devices. Here, we successfully synthesized well-defined enantiomeric PLA containing block copolymers by living ring-opening polymerization of L- and D-lactides from hydroxyl-terminated hydrophilic [poly(ethylene oxide) or PEO] and hydrophobic [poly(ethylene-co-1,2-butylene) or PEB] oligomers. Quantitative stereocomplex formation was achieved by equimolar mixing of the incompatible PEO-b-PLLA and PEB-b-PDLA. Intriguingly, in the blend of PEB-b-PDLA and PEO-b-PLLA with different PEB and PEO molecular weights, onion-like stereocomplex crystals were observed because of unbalanced surface stresses caused by different PEO and PEB molecular weights.
Improving Student Modeling Through Partial Credit and Problem Difficulty

Student modeling within intelligent tutoring systems is a task largely driven by binary models that predict student knowledge or next problem correctness (i.e., Knowledge Tracing (KT)). However, using a binary construct for student assessment often causes researchers to overlook the feedback innate to these platforms. The present study considers a novel method of tabling an algorithmically determined partial credit score and problem difficulty bin for each student's current problem to predict both binary and partial next problem correctness. This study was conducted using log files from ASSISTments, an adaptive mathematics tutor, from the 2012-2013 school year. The dataset consisted of 338,297 problem logs linked to 15,253 unique student identification numbers. Findings suggest that an efficiently tabled model considering partial credit and problem difficulty performs about as well as KT on binary predictions of next problem correctness. This method provides the groundwork for modifying KT in an attempt to optimize student modeling.
Prosumer motivations in service experiences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to, first, make explicit the theoretical link between prosumers and co-creation as articulated in the service-dominant logic framework. The authors re-examine the contributions of prosumers to service experiences with the intent of clarifying how prosumers act as co-creators of value. The second purpose of this study is to clarify the underlying motivations for prosumers’ participation in co-creation/service experiences. The authors assert that high-quality service experiences require service researchers and managers to better understand prosumers and their motivations. Design/methodology/approach – Through a qualitative investigation, the authors examine prosumers and their social motivations – from a service experience perspective. Findings – The findings illustrate that prosumers are not only participants in the co-creation of value; the findings illustrate that prosumers are active designers of service experiences. This is because prosumers are motivated by both ...
Trustworthiness in B2C e-commerce: an examination of alternative models

Advancing research on trust requires clarifying the different conceptualizations of trust and trust-related constructs. The purpose of this study is to advance the theoretical conceptualization of trustworthiness by synthesizing previous research and testing three alternative conceptualizations within the e-commerce context. Data collected from multiple studies involving over 700 participants were used to examine the relative merits of trustworthiness as a one-dimensional construct, a grouping of three first-order constructs, and a second-order construct. Our results indicate that a one-dimensional view may be too simplistic, given the variety of factors that online consumers must weigh. Instead, the study suggests that trustworthiness is multidimensional and that both first- and second-order conceptualizations have a place in e-commerce trust research. Trust researchers should be guided by the research question, hypotheses, and research design in deciding which conceptualization to use.
The Polyphase Commutator Regulator for Speed Control

This paper presents an explanation of the theory and explains the characteristics of an a-c adjustable-speed drive obtained by using a polyphase commutator regulator mechanically coupled to the shaft of a wound-rotor induction motor and electrically connected to its slip rings. The theoretical loci of the system current vectors with respect to the voltage vectors of the induction motor are developed in terms of the constants of the machines and the applied voltage. A method of determining the characteristics of the drive from no-load tests or from design data is presented. The characteristics predicted on these bases are in excellent agreement with those obtained experimentally.
A sensitive search for SO2 in the martian atmosphere: Implications for seepage and origin of methane

Abstract Mars was observed near the peak of the strongest SO 2 band at 1364–1373 cm −1 with resolving power of 77,000 using the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. The observation covered the Tharsis volcano region which may be preferable to search for SO 2 . The spectrum shows absorption lines of three CO 2 isotopomers and three H 2 O isotopomers. The water vapor abundance derived from the HDO lines assuming D/H = 5.5 times the terrestrial value is 12 ± 1.0 pr. μm , in agreement with the simultaneous MGS/TES observations of 14 pr. μm at the latitudes (50° S to 10° N) of our observation. Summing of spectral intervals at the expected positions of sixteen SO 2 lines puts a 2 σ upper limit on SO 2 of 1 ppb. SO 2 may be emitted into the martian atmosphere by seepage and is removed by three-body reactions with OH and O. The SO 2 lifetime, 2 years, is longer than the global mixing time 0.5 year, so SO 2 should be rather uniformly distributed across Mars. Seepage of SO 2 is less than 15,000 tons per year on Mars which is smaller than the volcanic production of SO 2 on the Earth by a factor of 700. Because CH 4 /SO 2 is typically 10 −4 –10 −3 in volcanic gases on the Earth, our results show seepage is unlikely to be the source of the recently discovered methane on Mars and therefore strengthen its biogenic origin.
Deregulation, news releases, and price discovery

We hypothesize that the firm’s regulatory environment influences the sensitivity of its equity value to information. Using intraday stock price data of utilities operating in differing regulatory environments we test for systematic differences between the responsiveness of stock prices of utility firms operating in deregulated and regulated environments to a common information set. Our findings reveal sharp differences in responses, with those of utilities operating in deregulated environments the strongest, and the responses of utilities in highly regulated environments the weakest. While the evidence supports our hypothesis, in a broader sense, the evidence suggests that deregulation aids in the process of price discovery. We also find evidence that suggests that deregulation, per se, does not lead to higher stock price volatility.
Polymorphism in the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (AGTR1) is Associated With Age at Diagnosis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, lethal disease associated with single gene disorders, connective tissue disease, exposures to anorexigens, and often, idiopathic etiology. Genes can modify the risk of PAH: (1) monogenic disorders associated with PAH are incompletely penetrant, and (2) not all patients with associated conditions at increased risk for PAH develop the disease. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) provides a set of candidate genes that could modulate pulmonary vascular disease similar to its effects on renal and peripheral vasculature. Methods We studied 247 patients with PAH, comprising 177 with idiopathic PAH (IPAH), 63 with PAH/connective tissue disease (CTD), and 7 with PAH associated with anorexigens. Patients were genotyped for 5 common polymorphisms in angiotensinogen ( AGT ), angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ), cardiac chymase A ( CMA1 ), angiotensin II type 1 receptor ( AGTR1 ), and aldosterone synthase ( CYP11B2 ). Genotypes were tested for associations with age at diagnosis, hemodynamic parameters at diagnosis, and/or response to acute pulmonary vasodilator testing at diagnosis. Results Associations were demonstrated for AGTR1 and age at diagnosis in IPAH ( p = 0.005). Homozygotes for the 1166C allele ( n = 13) were associated with an age at diagnosis 26 years later than those with A/A ( n = 139) or A/C ( n = 90) genotypes. No associations were demonstrated for AGT, ACE, CMA1 , or CYP11B2. Conclusions The 1166C polymorphism in AGTR1 appears to be associated with a later age at diagnosis in IPAH, suggesting that this pathway could be involved in the biologic variability that is known to occur in PAH.
Lactate and Po2 Modulate Superoxide Anion Production in Bovine Cardiac Myocytes Potential Role of NADH Oxidase

Background Lactate increases lucigenin chemiluminescence (CL)–detectable superoxide anion (O2•−) generation in bovine vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, and a microsomal flavoprotein-containing NADH oxidase whose activity is regulated by Po2 and cytosolic NAD(H) redox appears to be the detected source of O2•− production. Little is known about the importance of this O2•−-producing system in cardiac myocytes. Methods and Results In isolated bovine cardiac myocytes, lactate (10 mmol/L) increased lucigenin-detectable O2•− levels to ≈1.8 times baseline, whereas pyruvate (10 mmol/L) and mitochondrial probes did not increase the detection of O2•−. A nonmitochondrial NADH oxidase activity, found in microsomes containing a cytochrome b558, was a major source of O2•− production in the homogenate of myocytes, because NADH (0.1 mmol/L) increased basal lucigenin CL >100-fold. NADPH oxidases, mitochondria, and xanthine oxidase were minor sources of detectable O2•− production. However, mitochondria released H2O2 in...
Extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov conditions and stability of feedback interconnections for dissipative discontinuous dynamical systems

In this paper, we develop dissipativity notions for dynamical systems with discontinuous vector fields. Specifically, we consider dynamical systems with Lebesgue measurable and locally essentially bounded vector fields characterized by differential inclusions involving Filippov set-valued maps specifying a set of directions for the system velocity and admitting Filippov solutions with absolutely continuous curves. In particular, we introduce a generalized definition of dissipativity for discontinuous dynamical systems in terms of set-valued supply rate maps and set-valued storage maps consisting of locally Lebesgue integrable supply rates and Lipschitz continuous storage functions, respectively. Moreover, extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov conditions, in terms of the discontinuous system dynamics, characterizing dissipativity via generalized Clarke gradients and locally Lipschitz continuous storage functions are derived. Finally, these results are used to develop feedback interconnection stability results for discontinuous systems.
The superfluid density of thick films of 4He on Vycor

Abstract We present measurements of the superfluid density of thick films of 4 He on Vycor glass, a virtually unexplored regime. The transition temperature as a function of coverage seems consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, an interesting enhancement of T c in very high coverage films is observed.
Natural and anthropogenic nitrogen uptake by bloom-forming macroalgae

Abstract The frequency and duration of macroalgal blooms have increased in many coastal waters over the past several decades. We used field surveys and laboratory culturing experiments to examine the nitrogen content and δ 15N values of Ulva and Gracilaria, two bloom-forming algal genera in Narragansett Bay, RI (USA). The northern end of this bay is densely populated with large sewage treatment plant nitrogen inputs; the southern end is more lightly populated and opens to the Atlantic Ocean. Field-collected Ulva varied in δ 15N among sites, but with two exceptions had δ 15N above 10‰, reflecting a significant component of heavy anthropogenic N. This variation was not correlated with a north–south gradient. Both Ulva and Gracilaria cultured in water from across Narragansett Bay also had high signals (δ 15N = ∼14–17‰ and 8–12‰, respectively). These results indicate that inputs of anthropogenic N can have far-reaching impacts throughout estuaries.
THE POLAR MARINE CLIMATE

ANY classification system which man invents must represent a compromise between detail and simplicity. The Kbppen system of classifying climates has for decades provided such a compromise for geographers. Though attacked periodically and altered occasionally, it has proved to be a relevant and valuable reference frame and teaching tool. Fortunately, geographers have succeeded in suppressing urges to make further subdivisions in Kbppen's climatic classes. Most dissatisfaction with refinement has been directed at an alleged oversimplification of the humidity classes. Thus McDougall' expanded Koppen's dry climate equations to yield five humidity classes, and dissatisfaction among others, notably Thornthwaite,2 has led to abandonment of the Kbppen system rather than alteration within its basic framework. Kbppen,3 perhaps more than many who have grown to view his system as a product of divine inspiration, considered it still in a state of flux at the time of his death. It is interesting that one suggestion on refinement, made by Kbppen himself, has not been pursued. Kbppen suggested that the Polar Tundra (ET) climate might be broken into two classes in order to avoid such disparity of climates as stations like Evangelist's Island and Sagastyr (U.S.S.R.) represent. By Kbppen's system of classification, those climates in which the mean temperature of the warmest month is less than 50'F. are called Polar. These he then subdivided into Tundra, where at least one month has a mean temperature above 320F. and Frost or Ice Cap, in which all months have mean temperatures below the freezing point. The 50'F. warmest-month isotherm was considered to represent fairly well the poleward limit of tree growth. Whether or not this is the active
Position Kinematics of the Generalized Lobster Arm and Its Series-Parallel Dual

The generalized lobster arm is a six revolute open kinematic chain with 3 consecutive intersecting pairs of axes. A new solution of the inverse position kinematics problem of this arm which takes advantage of its specific geometry is presented. A comparison is made with the direct position kinematics problem of the series-parallel dual mechanism. The equations governing the two problems show strong similarity and can each be reduced to a sixteenth degree univariate polynomial equation. The dual series-parallel mechanism is the one that exhibits, with the lobster arm, the symmetry that exists between the wrench and the velocity motor. Although the results presented here have intrinsic interest, a more generally important feature is the relationship between the solutions to the inverse kinematics of the serial mechanism and the direct kinematics of the parallel mechanism. Although the series-parallel duality has not been shown to hold in the position domain, except in terms of very general characteristics, it is shown here that the two solutions are of the same degree and have other features in common.
Evaluation of a U.S. Public Health Laboratory Service for the Molecular Detection of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

Crucial to interrupting the spread of tuberculosis (TB) is prompt implementation of effective treatment regimens. We evaluated satisfaction, comfort with interpretation, and use of molecular results from a public health service provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the molecular detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). An electronic survey instrument was used to collect information anonymously from U.S. Public Health Laboratories (PHL) that submitted at least one isolate of MTBC to CDC from September 2009 through February 2011. Over 97% of those responding expressed satisfaction with the turnaround time for receiving results. Twenty-six PHL (74%) reported molecular results to healthcare providers in less than two business days. When comparing the molecular results from CDC with their own phenotypic drug susceptibility testing, 50% of PHL observed discordance. No respondents found the molecular results difficult to interpret and 82% were comfortably discussing them with TB program officials and healthcare providers. Survey results indicate PHL were satisfied with CDC's ability to rapidly provide interpretable molecular results for isolates of MTBC submitted for determination of drug resistance. To develop educational materials and strategies for service improvement, reasons for discordant results and areas of confusion need to be identified.
Fetal growth retardation due to maternal tobacco smoke exposure in the rat.

Summary: Smoking during pregnancy results in offspring with an average birth weight 200 g less than those of non-smoking mothers. The pathogenesis of this effect is still unknown and there is no general agreement about the causal relationship between maternal smoking and subsequent fetal growth retardation. In the present study, a model of maternal smoking during pregnancy in the rat was established using the P & I Walton Exposure Machine. The study consisted of three groups: control, pair-fed, and smokeexposed. Smoke-exposed animals were exposed continuously to tobacco smoke for cycles of 7 min, 16 times a day from d 5 to d 20 of gestation. On d 21 of gestation, fetuses from all groups were removed by cesarean section, weighed, and dissected. The fetal brain, liver, and lungs as well as the placentas were weighed and analyzed for nucleic acid content. Fetal weight was found to be significantly reduced in both pair-fed and smoke-exposed groups compared with the control group. There was also a significant reduction in fetal body weight of the animals in the smoke-exposed group in comparison to those in the pair-fed group. Exposing the mother to smoke affected neither fetal brain weight nor nucleic acid content whereas fetal liver and lungs showed a significant decrease in both weight and nucleic acid content. These results indicate that the fetal growth retardation associated with maternal exposure to tobacco smoke in the rat corresponds to a disproportionate type. In addition, the present results indicate that the maternal tobacco smoke exposure induced fetal growth retardation without placental growth retardation.
Infrared emission spectra of candidate interstellar aromatic molecules

Interstellar dust is responsible, through surface reactions, for the creation of molecular hydrogen, the main component of the interstellar clouds in which new stars form. Intermediate between small, gas-phase molecules and dust are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Such molecules could account for 2-30% of the carbon in the Galaxy, and may provide nucleation sites for the formation of carbonaceous dust. Although PAHs have been proposed as the sources of the unidentified infrared emission bands that are observed in the spectra of a variety of interstellar sources, the emission characteristics of such molecules are still poorly understood. Here we report laboratory emission spectra of several representative PAHs, obtained in conditions approximating those of the interstellar medium, and measured over the entire spectral region spanned by the unidentified infrared bands. We find that neutral PAHs of small and moderate size can at best make only a minor contribution to these emission bands. Cations of these molecules, as well as much larger PAHs and their cations, remain viable candidates for the sources of these bands.
Three-dimensional approach to lung nodule detection in helical CT

We are developing an automated method for the detection of lung nodules in helical computed tomography (CT) images. This technique incorporates 2D and 3D analyses to exploit the volumetric image data acquired during a CT examination. Gray-level thresholding is used to segment the lungs within the thorax. A rolling ball algorithm is applied to more accurately define the segmented lung regions. The set of segmented CT sections, which represents the complete lung volume, is iteratively thresholded, and a 10-point connectivity scheme is used to identify contiguous 3D structures. Structures with volumes less than a predefined maximum value comprise the set of nodule candidates, which is then subjected to 2- and 3-D feature analysis. To distinguish between candidates representing nodule and non- nodule structures, the values of the features are merged through linear discriminant analysis. When applied to a database of 17 helical thoracic CT cases, gray-level thresholding combined with the volume criterion detected 82% of the lung nodules. Linear discriminant analysis yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93 in the task of distinguishing between nodule and non- nodule structures within this set of nodule candidates.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Jet Trajectories of Transverse Mixers at Arbitrary Angle in Turbulent Tube Flow

Anumerical procedure is presented to evaluate the tracer trajectory that results from single jet injection into a pipe at arbitrary angles. Numerical and asymptotic results from the jet conservation expressions, as well as empirical formula are compared with experimental data. It is found that the numerical procedure provides an accurate prediction of the jet trajectory, particularly, when the injection angle is either normal or upstream. Moreover, the numerical solutions provide estimates of both the jet diameter and concentration (or temperature) decay. Example trajectories are computed for a range of injection angles 30° ≤ θ 0 ≤ 150° and the profiles are found to be insensitive to the jet-to-pipe velocity ratio when jet coordinates are scaled with the jet momentum length.
East and Southeast Asian Material Culture in North America:: Collections, Historical Sites, and Festivals

The study of Asian immigration to the United States and Canada is a relatively new interest that emerged in the 1960s, a century after the major emigrations from China and Japan. Haseltine's directory is designed primarily to contribute to the study of Asian immigration, assimilation, and ethnic distinctiveness. The cultural groups Haseltine examines are Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and Korean peoples, whose migration across the Pacific began in the mid- and late 1800s. In Chapter One, Haseltine lists objects, as well as photographic and historical records, maintained in museums and historical societies in the United States and Canada. Chapter Two lists sites bearing significance to the lives of Asian immigrants and reflects not only their settlement primarily in Hawaii, California, and British Columbia, but their diffusion and concentration in various cities and geographical areas. Chapter Three focuses on the ways artistic and material culture traditions are maintained in Asian festivals primarily on the West Coast of the United States and in Hawaii. This directory is an excellent resource for those interested in the immigration and culture of Asian-Americans and Asian-Canadians. The book is also an excellent resource for courses in Asian History in North America.
Deletion of the Developmentally Essential Gene ATR in Adult Mice Leads to Age-Related Phenotypes and Stem Cell Loss

Developmental abnormalities, cancer, and premature aging each have been linked to defects in the DNA damage response (DDR). Mutations in the ATR checkpoint regulator cause developmental defects in mice (pregastrulation lethality) and humans (Seckel syndrome). Here we show that eliminating ATR in adult mice leads to defects in tissue homeostasis and the rapid appearance of age-related phenotypes, such as hair graying, alopecia, kyphosis, osteoporosis, thymic involution, fibrosis, and other abnormalities. Histological and genetic analyses indicate that ATR deletion causes acute cellular loss in tissues in which continuous cell proliferation is required for maintenance. Importantly, thymic involution, alopecia, and hair graying in ATR knockout mice were associated with dramatic reductions in tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells and exhaustion of tissue renewal and homeostatic capacity. In aggregate, these studies suggest that reduced regenerative capacity in adults via deletion of a developmentally essential DDR gene is sufficient to cause the premature appearance of age-related phenotypes.
Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology

Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.
Laminar-dependent dendritic spine alterations in the motor cortex of adult rats following callosal transection and forced forelimb use.

Previously, the authors found that partial denervation of the motor cortex in adult animals can enhance this region's neuronal growth response to relevant behavioral change. Rats with partial corpus callosum transections that were forced to rely on one forelimb for 18 days had increased dendritic arborization of layer V pyramidal neurons in the opposite motor cortex compared to controls. This was not found as a result of denervation alone or of forced forelimb use alone. However, it seemed possible that each independent manipulation (i.e., forced forelimb use alone and callosal transections alone) resulted in neural structural alterations that were simply not revealed in measurements of dendritic branch number and/or not inclusive of layer V dendrites. This possibility was assessed in the current study with a reexamination of the Golgi-Cox impregnated tissue generated in the previous study. Tissue was quantified from rats that received either partial transections of the rostral two-thirds of the corpus callosum (CCX) or sham operations (Sham) followed either by 18 days of forced use of one forelimb (Use) or unrestricted use of both forelimbs (Cont). Measurements of apical and basilar dendrites from pyramidal neurons of layer II/III and layer V were performed to detect spine addition resulting from either increased spine density or the addition of dendritic material. As hypothesized, significant spine addition was found following forced forelimb use alone (Sham+Use) and callosal transections alone (CCX+Cont). However, forced use primarily increased spines on layer II/III pyramidal neurons, whereas callosal transections primarily increased dendritic spines on layer V pyramidal neurons in comparison to Sham+Cont. A much more robust increase in layer V dendritic spines was found in animals with the combination of forced forelimb use and denervation (CCX+Use). In contrast to the effects of forced use alone, however, CCX+Use rats failed to show major net increases in spines on layer II/III neurons. These results indicate that while callosal denervation may greatly enhance the neuronal growth and synaptogenic response to behavioral change in layer V, it may also limit spine addition associated with forced forelimb use in layer II/III of the motor cortex.
Student Bodies Does the Sex Ratio Matter for Hooking Up and Having Sex at College

Using the Online College Social Life Survey, we examine whether the sex ratio of the student body of a college or university affects whether heterosexual students hook up, have relationships, have ...
Identifying Dimensions of Physical (Motor) Functional Capacity in Healthy Older Adults

This study addressed the dimensionality and construct validity of physical functional capacity within the context of performance-based measures. Sixty-two individuals (M= 70yrs), classified as "healthy" based on several screening procedures, completed a battery of standard neuromuscular and physical performance tests. Scores were submitted to a principal components factor analysis to examine and describe potential dimensions of physical functional capacity. Orthogonal and oblique rotations of axes were performed. Six interpretable and meaningful factors were extracted from the orthogonal rotation and identified as strength, unimanual dexterity, mobility/agility, static balance, general upper-extremity control, and movement planning speed. The results indicated that physical functioning in older persons is a multidimensional construct. Moreover, assessment techniques involving performance-based measures should be designed to diagnose physical functional status in separate motor dimensions and plan interven...
Immunity of mice surviving systemic leukaemia (L1210) to antifolic resistant variants of the disease.

Immunity of Mice Surviving Systemic Leukaemia (L1210) to Antifolic Resistant Variants of the Disease
The effects of heparin and protamine on resorption of bone particles.

Abstract Implantation of bone particles into rats initiates rapid, reproducible resorption that can be quantitated by histomorphometric analysis. Mast cells are found with the mononuclear and multinucleated cells that digest the bone. One of the constituents of mast cell secretory granules, heparin, is known to regulate collagenase activity. This study shows that 1) exogenous heparin stimulated resorption of implanted bone to 41% of control values and that 2) protamine, a heparin antagonist, reduced resorption to rates 50% of controls.
Vacuum U.V. absorption coefficients of hydrazines

Abstract Vacuum u.v. absorption coefficients for N2H4, CH3HN2H2 and (CH3)2N2H2 were obtained for wavelengths between 115 and 185 nm with an estimated experimental error of ± 15%. The measurements were made in a hydrazine-compatible flow-cell apparatus at room temperature. The measurements for N2H4 are in good agreement with the consensus of earlier data. The vacuum u.v. spectra of CH3HN2H2 and (CH3)2N2H2 are compared to those from one other available study.
Isolation of guinea pig basophils using anti-leukocyte antibody and density gradient centrifugation on Percoll.

Abstract Peripheral blood basophils were isolated from guinea pigs using a 2-step procedure. Initial enrichment of basophils was achieved by treating leukocyte preparations obtained from whole blood with antibody to contaminating granulocytes and mononuclear cells. Basophil populations of 82% purity (mean; range 65–99%) were obtained by subsequent application of the antibody treated preparation to discontinuous Percoll gradients. The isolated basophils were viable and shown to be functional by histamine release upon stimulation with various secretogogues.
Inducing in situ, nonlinear soil response applying an active source

[1] It is well known that soil sites have a profound effect on ground motion during large earthquakes. The complex structure of soil deposits and the highly nonlinear constitutive behavior of soils largely control nonlinear site response at soil sites. Measurements of nonlinear soil response under natural conditions are critical to advancing our understanding of soil behavior during earthquakes. Many factors limit the use of earthquake observations to estimate nonlinear site response such that quantitative characterization of nonlinear behavior relies almost exclusively on laboratory experiments and modeling of wave propagation. Here we introduce a new method for in situ characterization of the nonlinear behavior of a natural soil formation using measurements obtained immediately adjacent to a large vibrator source. To our knowledge, we are the first group to propose and test such an approach. Employing a large, surface vibrator as a source, we measure the nonlinear behavior of the soil by incrementally increasing the source amplitude over a range of frequencies and monitoring changes in the output spectra. We apply a homodyne algorithm for measuring spectral amplitudes, which provides robust signal-to-noise ratios at the frequencies of interest. Spectral ratios are computed between the receivers and the source as well as receiver pairs located in an array adjacent to the source, providing the means to separate source and near-source nonlinearity from pervasive nonlinearity in the soil column. We find clear evidence of nonlinearity in significant decreases in the frequency of peak spectral ratios, corresponding to material softening with amplitude, observed across the array as the source amplitude is increased. The observed peak shifts are consistent with laboratory measurements of soil nonlinearity. Our results provide constraints for future numerical modeling studies of strong ground motion during earthquakes.
Seeking Social Justice: A Teacher Education Faculty’s Self Study

As is now well documented, the numbers of children of color, poor children, and children with identified disabilities are on the rise in the United States, and in some places “minority” groups are now the majority of the school population (National Education Goals Panel, 1997). At the same time there is mounting evidence that the present educational system is failing to serve disproportionately large numbers of children who are not part of the mainstream (Christensen & Dorn, 1997; Darling-Hammond, 1995; Kozol, 1991). In response, there have been many calls for reform of public schooling and of teacher education (Banks, 1997; Dilworth, 1998; Rice-Jordan, 1995). A number of scholars have argued that we need teachers (and teacher educators) who enter and remain in the teaching force not to carry on business as usual but to work for social change and social justice (Ayers, Hunt & Quinn, 1998;Cochran-Smith, 1995, 1998;Oakes & Lipton, 1999; Skrtic & Sailor, 1996).
Fatty acid composition of tissue lipids from miniature swine: influence of dietary sucrose and starch.

The fatty acid composition of serum, liver and adipose tissue from Pitman-Moore miniature swine was determined following their consumption of starch- or sucrose-containing diets for a period of one year. Among the tissues studied there were no significant differences in the fatty acid composition due to the type of dietary carbohydrate (starch or sucrose). The cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition of all samples studied remained quite constant. There were minor fluctuations in fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides from serum collected at diferent intervals following initiation of the diets.
Expanded solid matter: Two-dimensional LJ modeling

The existence and technological importance of expanded solid forms of matter such as aerogels indicate the need for related theoretical and simulational modeling. As an elementary step in this direction, we have examined a concurrent (as opposed to sequential) aggregation process for Lennard-Jones particles in two dimensions, starting from dilute initial conditions. Steepest-descent mapping on the multi-particle potential energy surface to mechanically stable minima (‘‘inherent structures’’) is the basic tool involved. The results obtained for N = 400 particles display a wide diversity of extended, branched, and void-enclosing patterns that typically include frozen-in strains. Not surprisingly, the energies of these inherent structures tend to lie toward the high end of the full range of available inherent structure energies for 400 LennardJones particles. Furthermore, the geometric characteristics observed for these low-density aggregates support theoretical arguments indicating that the number of distinct inherent structures in free space rises faster than exponentially with particle number N. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression of doubly labeled Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso‐1 ferricytochrome c and 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignments by multidimensional NMR

Abstract We have expressed [U-13C,15N]-labeled Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c C102T;K72A in Escherichia coli with a yield of 11 mg/l of growth medium. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies were conducted on the Fe3+ form of the protein. We report herein chemical shift assignments for amide 1H and 15N, 13C°, 13Cα, 13Cβ, 1Hα and 1Hβ resonances based upon a series of three-dimensional NMR experiments: HNCA, HN(CO)CA, HNCO, HN(CA)CO, HNCACB, HCA(CO)N, HCCH-TOCSY and HBHA(CBCA)NH. An investigation of the chemical shifts of the threonine residues was also made by using density functional theory in order to help solve discrepancies between 15N chemical shift assignments reported in this study and those reported previously.
Experimental Test of a Return on Effort Version of Expectancy Theory: Across-Person and Within-Person Analyses

Although incremental algorithms are widely used in a variety of decision contexts, they have rarely been extended to models of human work behavior. In an experiment, predictions of intended effort and performance were compared using an incremental (return on effort) version of expectancy theory and the conventional model. Incremental predictions were consistently superior.
Does Calcium Leaching Increase Ductility of Cementitious Materials? Evidence from Direct Tensile Tests

There is an ongoing debate in the chemomechanics community over whether calcium leaching leads to an increase in brittleness or ductility of cementitious materials. While other research teams have addressed this question by size-effect studies of the fracture process of partially degraded mortar beams, we address this question, in this paper, through original results from direct tensile tests on unleached and asymptotically leached cement pastes and mortars. The test device is described first, followed by the presentation and a discussion of deformation and strength results. It is shown that: (1) the tensile strength of pastes degrades much less than that of mortars; (2) the strength degradation in tension is much lower than the compressive strength degradation; and (3) the deformation at failure increases substantially due to chemical softening for both paste and mortar. Finally, by employing different ductility definitions, ranging from deformation to fracture properties, it is concluded that cement-based materials become more ductile in the course of chemical softening by calcium leaching. This finding is substantiated by an analysis of the micromechanical sources of the material failure mechanisms in cement-based materials.
The reconstructive microsurgery ladder in orthopaedics

Since the advent of the operating microscope by Julius Jacobson in 1960, reconstructive microsurgery has become an integral part of extremity reconstruction and orthopaedics. During World War I, with the influx of severe extremity trauma Harold Gillies introduced the concept of the reconstructive ladder for wound closure. The concept of the reconstructive ladder goes from simple to complex means of attaining wound closure. Over the last half century microsurgery has continued to evolve and progress. We now have a microsurgical reconstructive ladder. The microsurgical reconstruction ladder is based upon the early work on revascularization and replantation extending through the procedures that are described in this article.
The Post-Post-Newtonian Problem in Classical Electromagnetic Theory

Abstract We find the Lagrangian to order c −4 for two charged bodies (with e 1 m 1 = e 2 m 2 ) in electromagnetic theory. This Lagrangian contains acceleration terms in its final form and we show why it is incorrect to eliminate these terms by using the equationsof motion in the Lagrangian as was done by Golubenkov and Smorodinskii, and by Landau and Lifshitz. We find the center of inertia and show that the potential energy term does not split equally between particles 1 and 2 as it does in the Darwin Lagrangian (Lagrangian to order c −2 ). In addition to the infinite self-energy terms in the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor, which are eliminated using Gupta's method, some new type of divergent terms are found in the moment of electromagnetic field energy and in the electromagnetic field momentum which cancel in the final conservation law for the center of inertia.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Rates Compared With Health Status and Behavior in the United States

Objectives To explore the relationship between renal cell carcinoma rates and health status and behavior in the United States. Methods The renal cell carcinoma incidence (2003-2004) and mortality rates (2000-2003) for males and females were compared with the levels of current smokers, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes, high fruit/vegetable diet, and excessive alcohol consumption on a state-by-state basis. Family income, lack of health insurance, urbanization, and urologist population density among the states were included to adjust for access to healthcare and socioeconomic status. Results The renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality rates for both males and females correlated directly with the levels of smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. The incidence rates correlated directly with hypertension for both sexes and the urologist population density for males. The mortality rates correlated inversely with high fruit/vegetable consumption, family income, and urbanization for both sexes. Multivariate analysis identified best-fit models for predicting renal cell carcinoma rates. Physical inactivity and urologist population density were the strongest variables for predicting the incidence rates in males; smoking for predicting the incidence rates in females; and smoking and high fruit/vegetable diet for predicting mortality in both sexes. Conclusions In the present study, we found that smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity correlated directly with the renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality and hypertension correlated directly with the incidence rates. A high fruit/vegetable diet, family income, and urbanization correlated inversely with renal cell carcinoma mortality rates. The prevalence of urologists correlated directly with the incidence rates for males but not for females.
Growth Mechanism of Oriented Long Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using "Fast-Heating" Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

The growth mechanism of long and aligned single walled carbon nanotubes using a recently reported “fast heating” chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is discussed. The effect of heating speed at the initial stage of the CVD process has been systematically studied, and a “kite-mechanism” for the nanotube growth is proposed. The understanding of the growth mechanism would enable us to design future experiments to obtain better control of the morphology of the produced nanotubes.
Priority queueing strategies for traffic control at a multichannel ATM switching system

The authors discuss the problem of furnishing an ATM-based B-ISDN (broadband ISDN) with two bearer services supporting different grades of transfer quality. By so doing, one is able to improve the utilization of network resources and provide a higher degree of flexibility. This is achieved by dynamically allocating network resources using priority classes. Several different loss priority queueing strategies are considered, namely complete sharing with push-out, complete sharing with push-out and head-of-the-line, partial buffer sharing, complete buffer partitioning but complete bandwidth sharing, and complete partitioning. A multichannel system model is developed for performance evaluation of these schemes. The authors develop performance bounds and compare these schemes in terms of performance and implementation complexity. They find that several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the loss probability can be achieved for the high priority class with little impact on the low priority class performance. >
Emittance measurement in a magnetic field

Emittance can be measured by intercepting an electron beam on a range thick plate and then observing the expansion of beamlets transmitted through small holes. The hole size is selected to minimize space charge effects. In the presence of a magnetic field the beamlets have a spiral trajectory and the usual field free formulation must be modified. To interpret emittance in the presence of a magnetic field an envelope equation is derived in the appropriate rotating frame. >
Microwave plasma assisted synthesis of single crystal diamond at high pressures and high power densities

Summary form only given. It is now widely understood that CVD synthesized diamond quality and growth rates can be improved by using high power density microwave discharges operating at pressures above 160 Torr. Thus we have developed microwave plasma reactor designs and associated process methods that are both robust and are optimized for high pressure and high power density operation and thereby take advantage of the improved deposition chemistry and physics that exist in the high pressure (180-320 Torr) regime. Here we will present the single crystal diamond (SCD) synthesis performance of two 2-5 kW, 2.45 GHz microwave plasma assisted CVD reactor designs, Reactors B and C, that have been specifically designed and optimized for operation in the high pressure regime. The reactors have incorporated design features that are adaptable such as reactor tuning that allows discharge matching and also the control of the position, size and shape of the discharge. Reactor B has been described earlier and Reactor C further improves performance by increasing applicator size and by positioning the discharge away from the reactor walls. The experimental performance of the new reactor designs will be presented and will be compared with each other and with a related reactor, Reactor A, that operates at lower pressures of 10-160Torr.
Potential Regulation of Age-0 Gizzard Shad by Hybrid Striped Bass in Ohio Reservoirs

Abstract Piscivores can control prey populations in north temperate lakes, leading to increased zooplankton and reduced phytoplankton. In reservoirs with gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum an omnivorous planktivore, this cascade occurs with lower probability because while this fish is shorter than 60 mm in total length (TL) it readily consumes zooplankton but also switches to phytoplankton and detritus. Prospects for gizzard shad control probably hinge on piscivore consumption of age-0 individuals. Hence, we quantified capture efficiency of hybrids of striped bass Morone saxatilis × white bass M. chrysops (small: 190–250 mm, TL; large: 310–360 mm, TL) when combined with three gizzard shad size-groups (of five possible, ranging 40–120 mm) in a 500-L aquarium. Small hybrid striped bass selected 40-mm gizzard shad but preferred neither 60-mm nor 80-mm prey. Large hybrid striped bass demonstrated no selection for 40–120-mm gizzard shad. We incorporated these data into a bioenergetics model to evaluate whether h...