cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Racial Essentialism and Racial Nominalism: A Mixed-Methods Study of Beliefs About Race

The researcher used a mixed-methods approach to examine the breadth and prevalence of people’s understandings of race. Open-ended qualitative interviews with undergraduate students at a private university (N = 28) were used to inductively develop a multidimensional model of beliefs about race; eight beliefs about race were subsumed under two broader categories including racial essentialism (i.e., belief in race as naturally occurring entities) and racial nominalism (i.e., belief in race as a social idea). In the quantitative stage, a broader community sample (N = 575) completed an online survey comprised of questions generated from qualitative interviewees’ descriptions of their beliefs. Analyses of survey responses offer estimates of the prevalence of the eight beliefs about race as well as point to demographic variation in endorsement of these beliefs. Essentialist beliefs tended to more frequently be endorsed by males, people of color, immigrants, and non-college students; nominalist beliefs tended to be endorsed by females and college students. Findings are discussed in relation to the conceptualization of beliefs about race and the potential impact of this model for the study of inter-group behavior.
Stable electro-optic frequency comb generation using an ultrahigh finesse etalon filtered optoelectronic oscillator

In this work we investigate the overall stability of tunable, broadband electro-optic frequency combs created in an optoelectronic oscillator filtered with an ultra-high finesse Fabry-Perot etalon. Fractional frequency stability measurements show Allan deviations as low as 3E-13 for the comb central frequency of 193THz, and as low as 5E-10 on the 10.5GHz repetition frequency. At timescales of τ = 0.1s, the total frequency fluctuation of the outermost comb lines is calculated to be on the order of 388Hz. Individual comb line amplitude stability is also investigated, and the average amplitude fluctuation amongst all comb lines within 10dB amplitude deviation is measured to be ± 0.22dB standard deviation.
Nutrition of the Critically Ill and Traumatized Patient: Parenteral Alimentation

The human organism responds to trauma or disease by stimulating the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex. The hypothalamopituitary complex secretes somatotropic, adrenocorticotropic, thyrotropic, and antidiuretic (ADH) hormones. This endocrine response has two major consequences: (a) the combined effect of ADH and adrenal mineralocorticoid hormones conserving water to maintain blood volume and (b) the pituitary-adrenal axis secreting glucocorticoids to mobilize amino and fatty acids for sugar production, stimulating the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine for the catabolism of glycogen to sugar, and aiding the induction of lipid and protein catabolism. This accelerated breakdown of fats and proteins is the main cause of weight loss during disease and trauma. The secretion of somatotropic hormones, which usually begins on the third day of disease or trauma, increases the serum concentration of glucose by mobilizing additional fats and proteins. At the same time, the stimulated thyroid accelerates metabolism and the utilization of glucose.
A Clinical Approach to Infrastructure Asset Management

For almost thirty years, the condition of the nation’s civil infrastructure has been the topic of discussion. There is no question that a real need exists for a strategy to renew or replace many worn or obsolete systems and components. However, the magnitude and cost of such a task and how best to approach it, remains elusive. The current approaches to infrastructure asset management generally focus on a system’s physical condition and the cost to maintain or improve it. Condition assessment is an important factor, basing asset management strategies solely on physical condition, without considering condition on how well infrastructure is actually delivering service, will often understate the true performance of the system and over estimate investment requirements to restore it. This paper will examine examples of predictive algorithms from medicine and sports as possible models for a new approach to developing an asset management tool for infrastructure.
Cognitive Function and Brain-Adrenal Axis Activity in Aging, Depression and Dementia

The brain-adrenal axis* represents one of the major adaptation mechanisms maintaining the body homeostatic balance (see Dilman, 1971). Since the 1960s it has become an object of increased attention to psychiatrists and has resulted in the avalanch of publications reviewed elsewhere (Stokes, 1987). This chapter reviews the findings of our research team as well as closely related literature in an attempt to offer a satisfactory explanation of the known facts and to suggest directions for further investigation.
Motivations to attend a non-traditional conference: Are there differences based on attendee demographics and employment characteristics?

This study assessed the motivations of attendees of a very different type of conference than have been addressed in other studies (e.g., educational). Delegates of the Conference for Food Protectio...
The Life, Death, and Afterlife of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAFC), established in the early phase of the Soviet-Nazi war as a propaganda unit, gradually developed links with foreign Jewish organizations and began to act as...
Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is...
Sera Antibody Repertoire Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Broad and Pandemic Strain Neutralizing Responses after Human Norovirus Vaccination

Summary Rapidly evolving RNA viruses, such as the GII.4 strain of human norovirus (HuNoV), and their vaccines elicit complex serological responses associated with previous exposure. Specific correlates of protection, moreover, remain poorly understood. Here, we report the GII.4-serological antibody repertoire—pre- and post-vaccination—and select several antibody clonotypes for epitope and structural analysis. The humoral response was dominated by GII.4-specific antibodies that blocked ancestral strains or by antibodies that bound to divergent genotypes and did not block viral-entry-ligand interactions. However, one antibody, A1431, showed broad blockade toward tested GII.4 strains and neutralized the pandemic GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney strain. Structural mapping revealed conserved epitopes, which were occluded on the virion or partially exposed, allowing for broad blockade with neutralizing activity. Overall, our results provide high-resolution molecular information on humoral immune responses after HuNoV vaccination and demonstrate that infection-derived and vaccine-elicited antibodies can exhibit broad blockade and neutralization against this prevalent human pathogen.
Accelerated Mineralization as a Mimic of Hemorrhagic Conversion.

A 65-year old man was admitted to the neurocritical care unit for possible hemorrhagic transformation of a recent left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. His medical history was notable for atrial fibrillation, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis, calciphylaxis, and hyperparathyroidism status post-parathyroidectomy. His laboratory test results at the time of the stroke were notable for hyperphosphatemia (7.2 mg/dL) and normal calcium levels (9.3 mg/dL). The patient started anticoagulation 2 weeks poststroke and underwent a routine head CT 1 day later (figure). The scan showed extensive high-density signal along the cortex of the recently infarcted left MCA territory. The signal measured at 80–100 Hounsfield units, higher than expected for acute blood. A dual-energy calcium overlap map revealed that the high-density material was consistent with acute mineralization, possibly potentiated by the patient's history of calciphylaxis and abnormal calcium phosphate metabolism in the setting of ESRD.1,2 This case illustrates accelerated mineralization and cortical laminar necrosis as a mimic of acute hemorrhagic transformation in a patient with advanced renal disease. Dual-energy CT, which uses 2 different energy levels to analyze material composition, differentiates between calcification and acute hemorrhage >90% sensitivity and specificity and is useful in this setting.3
Temporal but not spatial dysmetria relates to disease severity in FA

Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is an inherited disease that causes degeneration of the nervous system. Features of FA include proprioceptive and cerebellar deficits leading to impaired muscle coordination and, consequently, dysmetria in force and time of movement. The aim of this study is to characterize dysmetria and its association to disease severity. Also, we examine the neural mechanisms of dysmetria by quantifying the EMG burst area, duration, and time-to-peak of the agonist muscle. Twenty-seven individuals with FA and 13 healthy controls (HCs) performed the modified Functional Ataxia Rating Scale and goal-directed movements with the ankle. Dysmetria was quantified as position and time error during dorsiflexion. FA individuals exhibited greater time but not position error than HCs. Moreover, time error correlated with disease severity and was related to increased agonist EMG burst. Temporal dysmetria is associated to disease severity, likely due to altered activation of the agonist muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we quantified spatial and temporal dysmetria and its relation to disease severity in Friedreich's ataxia (FA). We found that FA individuals exhibit temporal but not spatial dysmetria relative to healthy controls. Temporal dysmetria correlated to disease severity in FA and was predicted from an altered activation of the agonist muscle. Therefore, these results provide novel evidence that FA exhibit temporal but not spatial dysmetria, which is different from previous findings on SCA6.
Spatial changes in trace element and strontium isotope water chemistry in a temperate river system with application to sturgeon movement

Understanding patterns in trace element concentrations and water quality within river systems provides a foundation to evaluate retrospective movements and habitat use of fish. Because trace elemen...
Treating destructive behavior reinforced by increased caregiver compliance with the participant's mands

Functional analyses sometimes do not identify momentary fluctuations in the function of destructive behavior (Bowman, Fisher, Thompson, & Piazza, 1997). In such cases, individuals may mand for the reinforcer that is currently most preferred and display destructive behavior if that mand goes unreinforced. In this study, we conducted a mand analysis to test whether destructive behavior functioned as a precurrent response that increased reinforcement for the participant's mands. We then evaluated a treatment that matched this function of destructive behavior by providing differential or time-based reinforcement of participant mands in accordance with multiple or chained schedules with reinforcement-schedule thinning. Decreases in destructive behavior averaged 97.4% across cases. We discuss these results relative to the importance of matching treatments for destructive behavior to operant functions for both traditional and idiosyncratic functions of destructive behavior.
'New' Collaborative Learning Environments: The Convergence of Hermeneutics and Hypertext

Don Lavoie was the consummate teacher. He embraced the life of the mind, the world of ideas and philosophies and books with all of his being. And, he taught by example rather than by pronouncements, that being a scholar meant that you had to respect but not be bound by disciplinary borders, that being a teacher meant that you had to give generously not only of your ideas but of your time, and that being a student meant that you had to be an ardent and assiduous reader. Indeed, the anchor of Lavoie's pedagogic creed, to borrow a term from Dewey, was a belief that one of the best ways to learn was by meticulously questioning a text and then listening intently to what it and your fellow questioners had to say to you in reply. Consequently, Lavoie (ever the good hermeneuticist) embraced those settings that facilitated this play of questions and answers. Although he was an excellent lecturer and enjoyed teaching in the traditional classroom, he thrived in the workshop, in the readings group, in the one-on-one conversation and in the hypertextual learning environment.
Benzodiazepine and Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics (Z-Drugs): The Other Epidemic

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are CNS depressant drugs with sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. BZDs replaced barbiturates and other hypnotics in the late 1950s and became the most prescribed medications in 1977. Generally considered effective and safe for short-term use, long-term BZD use beyond 6 weeks is controversial due to loss of efficacy and cognitive adverse outcomes. Side effects include alteration of sleep architecture, nightmares, agitation, amnesia, cognitive impairment, confusion, depression, and dementia. BZD-induced psychomotor impairments lead to increased risks of falls and motor vehicle accidents. Abrupt BZD discontinuation may lead to rebound of the symptoms for which they were prescribed and withdrawal symptoms. The mortality risk of BZD use disorder is of special concern in vulnerable populations given the current opioid overdose epidemic, as BZDs use by patients with opioid use disorders (OUD) contributes significantly to an increase in opioid-related death. In the early 1990s, nonbenzodiazepine GABAA receptor agonists at the BZD receptor site, the Z-drugs (zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone, and eszopiclone), were introduced for treatment of insomnia. Z-drugs have been promoted as safer than traditional BZDs and rapidly gained wide acceptance with the public and practitioners. However, given their similar mechanism of action, their risks and side effects are similar. Given the risks, prescription of sedatives should be avoided or, if necessary, should be limited to short-term use for acute issues. Studies demonstrate that BZD discontinuation after long-term use is associated with improved quality of life once the withdrawal syndrome has been overcome.
Tubulin as a G Protein

GTP binding proteins in the synaptic membrane appear to mediate several receptor induced processes. These processes and the G-proteins mediating them include the stimulation [Gs] and inhibition [Gi] of adenylate cyclase, the gating of K+ [Gi] and Ca++ channels and the activation of phospholipase c [G?]. Several other processes might be G protein mediated as well, but the identity of the specific G proteins involved has not been determined. For many of these G proteins, the amino acid sequence and the nature of gene coding for that protein have been established. Furthermore, the tertiary structure of some is known or surmised and specific molecular domains have been suggested to participate in various aspects of G protein function.
The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in the Association Between Trait Mindfulness and PTSD Symptoms among Trauma-Exposed Adults

Growing evidence of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) warrants greater understanding of factors relevant to the relation between trait mindfulness and PTSD, such as emotion dysregulation (ED). The goal of this study was to examine associations between trait mindfulness, ED, and PTSD symptoms across two samples of trauma-exposed adults. Participants for Sample 1 (n = 39, 90% women, 100% Black) and Sample 2 (n = 60, 100% women, 87% Black) were recruited from an urban hospital in the South. Trait mindfulness, ED, and PTSD were assessed. Across both samples, mindfulness and ED were significantly associated with overall PTSD severity (r = − .49 and r = − .42, ps = .001; r = .53 and r = .51, ps < .001, respectively) in the expected direction. In Sample 1, mindful nonjudgment and difficulty with emotion regulation strategies showed the strongest associations with overall PTSD severity as well as symptom clusters. In Sample 2, mindful acceptance and all ED dimensions (except non-awareness) showed strong associations with overall PTSD severity and particularly with negative cognitions and mood symptoms. In both samples, ED mediated the association between mindfulness and overall PTSD severity (Sample 1: ab = − .15, 95% CI [− .35, − .02]; Sample 2: ab = − .11, 95% CI [− .22, − .04]). These findings demonstrate the important role of ED in the relation between trait mindfulness and PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed adults. They highlight the value of examining ED as a mechanism of change in mindfulness-based interventions for PTSD. Sample 1: NCT03922581, April 22, 2019; NCT03938350, May 6, 2019; Sample 2: NCT02754557, April 28, 2016.
Foreign Divestment during Postmerger Integration: Antecedents of MNE Foreign Divestment

This study extends research on foreign divestment by considering it within the broader context of corporate restructuring, exploring how MNE M&As affect divestment of foreign affiliates. Drawing fr...
Green electrospinning of chitin propionate to manufacture nanofiber mats.

Abstract Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose in nature, and it is currently under-utilized partially because of its insolubility in common solvents. Herein, chitin was propionylated to improve its dissolution in green solvents, i.e., ethanol and water, and manufactured nanofibers and nonwoven mats via electrospinning with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a co-spinning aid. Polymer solution viscosity, electrospun CP/PEO fiber morphology, mechanical, thermal, dynamic thermal, and surface contact angle of nanofiber mats were evaluated. Results showed that fibers with CP content up to 97% could be produced. The electrospun CP/PEO nanofiber mats exhibited good mechanical strength, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity with water contact angles up to 133°. Filtration test of separating carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes from water demonstrated the potential use of the CP/PEO nanofiber mats in fluid filtration of fibrous pollutants.
Soil profile analysis using interactive visualizations, machine learning, and deep learning

Abstract Soil is an essential element of life, and soil properties are crucial in analyzing soil health. Recent developments of proximal sensor technologies, such as portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectroscopy or visible and near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, offer rapid and non-destructive alternatives for quantifying data from soil profiles. While the data collection time using these technologies decreases significantly, the subsequent analysis remains time-consuming, and current analysis solutions only provide basic visualizations. Furthermore, the use of collected data from proximal sensors to predict high-level soil properties has garnered worldwide attention in the past decade, owing to its convenience. Therefore, this paper discusses the objectives for software solutions in this area, consolidated from interviewing 102 stakeholders. Following these requirements, data visualizers work closely with soil scientists to propose a set of interactive visualizations for analyzing soil profiles using pXRF data. These interactive visualizations receive positive feedback from the domain experts. This project also explores various machine learning and deep learning approaches to predict soil properties from spectral data. This work then proposes a deep learning model called RDNet that achieves state-of-the-art results in predicting pH H 2 O and pH KCl from Vis–NIR spectra acquired from a set of globally distributed soil samples.
Low Velocity Impact Damage to Carbon/Epoxy Laminates

Impact damage tends to be more detrimental to a laminate's compression strength as compared to tensile strength. Proper use of Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) Techniques can remove conservatism (weight) from many structures. Test largest components economically feasible as coupons. If damage tolerance is a driver, then consider different resin systems. Do not use a single knockdown factor to account for damage.
Chapter 12 Advances in Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the advances made in the field of analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The rapid increase in publications describing analytical-scale SFE over the last four years attests to both the interest in, and the need for new sample extraction methods. A wide range of quantitative SFE applications has been reported, and several investigators have demonstrated that the ability of SFE to drastically reduce both the time required, and the quantities of waste solvents produced for sample extractions. Further developments in the use of modifiers, the extraction of water samples, class-selective extractions, and chemical derivatizations under SFE conditions may increase the range of quantitative SFE applications in the near future. However, analytical SFE is still a very new field, and a much deeper understanding of the physical and chemical factors that control extraction rates and efficiencies is required to support the development of routine and widely-applicable SFE methods, particularly for polar and high molecular weight analytes.
New Pebax®/zeolite Y composite membranes for CO2 capture from flue gas

Abstract A new Pebax®/zeolite Y composite membrane with three layers on top of the polyethersulfone (PES) substrate was designed and successfully synthesized for CO2 capture from flue gas. The three layers were the zeolite Y inorganic layer, selective Pebax® layer, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cover layer, respectively, from bottom to top. Zeolite Y with a particle size of about 40 nm was synthesized and deposited onto the PES substrate. On top of the zeolite Y layer, a selective polymer layer was deposited with the blend solution of Pebax® and ethylene oxide (EO)-containing small molecules. A PDMS cover layer was applied on top of the Pebax® layer for defect abatement. The composite membrane showed a better CO2/N2 separation performance compared to the membrane without the zeolite Y layer, which was due to two reasons. First, the hydrophilic zeolite Y layer improved the adhesion between the Pebax® polymer layer and the substrate, which allowed for the preparation of much thinner and defect-free membranes. Second, the zeolite Y layer had a smaller interparticle pore size than the PES substrate and then minimized the penetration of polymer solution into the pores, which reduced the mass transfer resistance of CO2 molecules through the membrane. The effects of different Pebax® blend compositions and various coating conditions on the membrane separation performance were also investigated. This work for the first time reports a thin Pebax® membrane with a high CO2 permeance and a relatively good CO2/N2 selectivity at 57 °C. The resulting Pebax®/zeolite Y composite membrane exhibited a CO2 permeance up to 940 GPU and a CO2/N2 mixed gas selectivity of 30 at 57 °C, indicating promising potential for CO2 capture from flue gas.
Assessing Placebo Response Using Bayesian Hierarchical Survival Models

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Study of Long-Term Maintenance Drug Therapy in Recurrent Affective Illness was a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial designed to determine the efficacy of a pharmacotherapy for the prevention of the recurrence of unipolar affective disorders. The outcome of interest in this study was the time until the recurrence of a depressive episode. The data show much heterogeneity between centers for the placebo group. The aim of this paper is to use Bayesian hierarchical survival models to investigate the heterogeneity of placebo effects among centers in the NIMH study. This heterogeneity is explored in terms of the marginal posterior distributions of parameters of interest and predictive distributions of future observations. The Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to approximate posterior and predictive distributions. Sensitivity of results to the assumption of a constant hazard survival distribution at the first stage of the hierarchy is examined by comparing results derived from a two component exponential mixture and a two component exponential changepoint model to the results derived from an exponential model. The second component of the mixture and changepoint models is assumed to be a surviving fraction. For each of these first stage parametric models sensitivity of results to second stage prior distributions is also examined.
Reinforcement enhancing effects of acute nicotine via electronic cigarettes.

Background Recent human studies confirm animal research showing that nicotine enhances reinforcement from rewards unrelated to nicotine. These effects of acute nicotine via tobacco smoking may also occur when consumed from non-tobacco products.
Influences of the Normative Environment of Peer Groups on Community College Students' Perceptions of Growth and Development.

Grounded in Weidman's (1989a) socialization model and Pace's (1979b) theoretical conception of “quality of effort,” this study examines the effects of peer groups on community college students perceptions of general educational gains. Peer groups were defined as the aggregate student body within an institution. The sample consisted of a national sample of community college students who had responded to the Community College Student Experiences Questionnaire. Given the nested structure of the data, hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine institutional- and student-level effects. Dominant influences on students' perceived gains were from the quality of effort exerted by students. Aggregates of individual-level measures were used as indicators of the peer environment and had little impact on individual-level estimates.
Differentiated quality-of-protection provisioning in optical/MPLS networks

This paper investigates the problem of dynamic survivable lightpath provisioning against single node/link failures in optical mesh networks employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). We present a new approach to provisioning lightpath requests according to their differentiated quality-of-protection (QoP) requirements. We focus on one of the most important QoP parameters, namely protection-switching time, since lightpath requests may have differentiated protection-switching-time requirements. For example, lightpaths carrying voice traffic may require 50-ms protection while lightpaths carrying data traffic may have a wide range of requirements. Numerical results show that, compared to shared-path protection, our approach achieves significant performance gain which leads to remarkable reduction in blocking probability. While our focus is on optical WDM network, the basic ideas of our approaches can be applied to multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks with appropriate variations, e.g., differentiated bandwidth granularities.
Linguistic fusion: A comparative sociolinguistic study of Spanish-English code-switching found in natural and planned speech

The following study analyzes the frequency and nature of Spanish-English codeswitching found in both the natural and planned speech (i.e. film) of Mexican-Americans. It investigates and compares the form, frequency, and function of code-shifts in four hours of recorded bilingual conversation obtained from the radio station, KXOL-FM Latino 96.3 (based out in Los Angeles, California) with the code-shifts found in Cardoso‘s (2003) film, Real Women Have Curves. Particular attention is given to what type of code-switching occurs in the recordings (whether it is intersentential switching or intrasentential switching) and specifically where those distinct types of code-shifts occur during communication. The environment, or speech acts, in which the code switches take place is also examined. The overarching purpose of this study is to uncover, explain, and compare the grammatical rules and socio-pragmatic functions of Spanish-English code-switching found in both natural and
Uterine integrity is required to maintain human fetal immunologic naiveté (MUC7P.770)

Introduction: In healthy pregnancy, maternal and fetal compartments are physically separated by multiple cell layers and the fetal immune system displays an ‘in-experienced’ phenotype in utero. The uterus as an immunologic barrier contributing to the naive state of the fetal immune system has not been explored thus far. Methods: A prospective cohort study of fetuses born to mothers with prior uterine scar was undertaken (UCLA IRB # 11-002962). Cord blood lymphocytes were analyzed for memory status of the T regulatory cells (CD4+FoxP3+RO/RA) and blinded from placental location prior to final analysis. Results: In this prospective cohort study, we identified placental implantation in apposition to a uterine scar as a sufficient factor for fetal in utero immune activation (CD45RO+), specifically in the regulatory T cell compartment. Our results (N=20) identify a risk difference of 90% with a relative risk of 10 (p<0.05) of activation (RO+) of the FoxP3+ regulatory T cells when the placenta was implanted over the prior uterine scar. Discussion: Our study demonstrates that intrauterine formation of tolerogenic fetal responses is caused by fetal exposure to a scarred uterus. Our results highlight the role that uterine integrity plays as an immunologic barrier.
Strategic Appraisal: The Changing Role of Information in Warfare

Advanced information technologies will have a profound effect on our national security. Driven by the need to understand this revolution and to take steps towards defending against information attack, the editors provided this thorough examination of information warfare, with implications for the U.S. and other countries.
Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method: Uniform Building Code-1988

The earthquake resistant design regulations of the 1988 Uniform Building Code [UBC-88 (International Conference of Building Officials 1988)] are based mainly on the publication by the Structural Engineers Association of California (1988) (SEAOC-1988) entitled Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Tentative Commentary, which is based to some extent on the provisions of the Applied Technology Council (1978) recommendations (ATC3–06–1978) and of the Building Seismic Safety Council (1988) guidelines (BSSC-1988). The key UBC-1988 provisions for earthquake resistant design are presented in this chapter.
Curvilinear base points, local complete intersection and Koszul syzygies in biprojective spaces

Let I = be a bigraded ideal in the bigraded polynomial ring k[s, u; t, v]. Assume that I has codimension 2. Then Z = V(I) C P 1 × P 1 is a finite set of points. We prove that if Z is a local complete intersection, then any syzygy of the f i vanishing at Z, and in a certain degree range, is in the module of Koszul syzygies. This is an analog of a recent result of Cox and Schenck (2003).
The order of DNA replication in mammalian cells: A modified density labelling procedure for isolating sequences replicated at specific times

Abstract These experiments were directed towards establishing a procedure for isolation of the DNA sequences replicated at different times in S phase for further study. Primary considerations were thus for a method that gave fairly large quantities of cells as well synchronized in S phase as possible. The use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells synchronized by isoleucine starvation followed by exposure to hydroxyurea [1] seemed to be most promising and was explored in detail. During the course of this work, a labelling scheme was developed that involved exposure to BrdUrd during the same time window in two sequential S phases. Only those regions of the genome replicated in the same interval in each S period contained BrdUrd in both strands and these were readily isolated in CsCl gradients. As applied in the present experiments, this labelling procedure showed no untoward effects on cell-cycle traverse and gave DNA distributions in density gradients that closely approximated those that would be expected for the conditions employed.
Annihilator ideals and primitive elements in complex bordism

We determine the prime ideals in the complex bordism ring $\pi_{\ast}(MU)$ which can be the annihilator ideals of elements in the complex bordism of finite complexes. Such a prime ideal must be finitely generated and invariant under all stable $MU$-cohomology operations. We go on to determine the invariant prime ideals in $\pi_{\ast}(MU)$.
A Lactate Dehydrogenase Specific to the Liver of Gadoid Fish

Comparative studies on tissue extracts of haddock, cod, and related species in the suborder Gadoidei indicated the presence of a lactate dehydrogenase specific to liver tissue. Genetic and evolutionary variation of the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in these fishes indicate that the liver isozyme is encoded at a structural gene locus genetically distinct from the loci encoding the heart and muscle isozymes. The properties of purified liver, heart, and muscle lactate dehydrogenases from haddock were compared to investigate their relationship. The haddock liver enzyme is like other lactate dehydrogenases in having a molecular weight of 140,000 with a subunit size of 35,000. The liver enzyme is distinguished from the heart and muscle isozymes by its greater resistance to heat inactivation. The gadoid heart and muscle isozymes do not hybridize with each other in vivo or in vitro, but the liver enzyme can hybridize with both in vitro, although not in a random fashion. The catalytic properties of the haddock liver and heart isozymes are very similar; they are distinct from the muscle isozyme in having a greater affinity for both lactate and pyruvate and in being inhibited at high pyruvate concentrations. The liver enzyme showed no unusual substrate specificities. Ironically, the liver enzyme can be mistaken for the muscle enzyme since both have nearly identical electrophoretic mobilities. The catalytic properties of the haddock heart and liver enzymes suggest that these two may be homologous and that both might be homologous to the heart-type lactate dehydrogenase of the higher vertebrates. The immunological crossreactivity of these two with each other and with chicken heart lactate dehydrogenase provides confirmation for this hypothesis. The immunological data suggest a considerable degree of sequence homology between the heart and liver lactate dehydrogenases of gadoid fishes. From evolutionary considerations, it appears that the divergence of the heart and liver loci from an ancestor heart-type locus is a relatively recent event, perhaps arising concurrently with the evolution of the gadoid fish into a distinct lineage.
Functional Alignments And Self-Tests For Tilted And Decentered Optics

The alignment of tilted and decentered optics is ordinarily difficult, because such optics have neither simple alignment points amenable to ordinary boresignt methods, nor a simple alignment tneory. Several different alignment examples which provide insight into a practical universal approacn to all such systems are explored. The examples detailed are segments of tne Antares Laser Fusion Project's optical train.
Power systems transient stability enhancement using static VAr compensators

Electrical power demand continues to grow, but because of cost, and growing environmental concerns construction of new transmission lines is not keeping up with this trend. Therefore, power utilities are forced to load existing power lines to their thermal limits by improving on the transient stability limit. Several devices are used for this purpose; amongst them are static Var compensators (SVC), which are the topic of this paper. Specifically, this paper describes a method to (1) select the best location where to place SVCs, (2) identify the best supplementary signals to use for stability enhancement, and (3) tune the controller parameters to dampen inter-area oscillations. The algorithm is tested on a system developed by Ontario Hydro and used extensively in the literature to prove the effectiveness of proposed methodology. The software used in this study is based on an EPRI package (PSAPAC) and MATLAB.
Ensuring Quality Cancer Care by the Use of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Critical Pathways

PURPOSE: We describe the impact of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on improvement in oncology treatment processes or outcomes. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of the literature from 1966 to the present and a directed review of the literature. RESULTS: Improvements have been demonstrated in compliance with evidence-based guidelines or evidence-based medicine, and in short-term length of stay, complication rates, and financial outcomes. The data suggest that patient satisfaction can be maintained despite a shorter length of stay. There has been one example of province-wide improvement in disease-free and overall survival of breast cancer patients coincident with the adoption of CPGs. The components of successful guidelines can be summarized as follows: (1) development is based on evidence, with the guideline formulated by key physicians in the group; (2) the guidelines are disseminated to all affected health care professionals for critique; (3) implementation includes direct feedback on per...
Electrical Behaviour of Materials

In many applications, the electrical behaviour of a material is more critical than its mechanical behaviour. Metal wire used to transfer current over long distances must have a high electrical conductivity so that little power is lost by heating of the wire. Ceramic and polymer insulators must possess dielectric properties that prevent breakdown of the materials and arcing between conductors. Semiconductor devices used to convert solar energy to electrical power must be as efficient as possible to make solar cells a practical alternative energy source.
Neural responses during social reflection in relatives of schizophrenia patients: relationship to subclinical delusions.

Background Deficits in the capacity to reflect about the self and others (“social reflection” [SR]) have been identified in schizophrenia, as well as in people with a genetic or clinical risk for the disorder. However, the neural underpinnings of these abnormalities are incompletely understood.
Adaptive system: The study of information, pattern, and behavior

Even though the word “information” has a number of different meanings, most scientific conceptions of information are unidimensional and quantitative. Such information concepts ignore the major issues of information processing in adaptive systems. A brief look at the information processing requirements of adaptive systems (focusing upon humans) suggests the existence of another dimension of information—that having to do with behavior and thus with pattern.
Effects of trailing-edge flap on buffet characteristics of a supercritical airfoil

The buffet characteristics of a 16% thickness-to-chord ratio supercritical airfoil were investigated in the Institute for Aerospace Research (IAR) High Reynolds Number Two-Dimensional Test Facility. The trailingedge flap dimension was 13.5% chord and it was deflected at various angles to study the effect of modifying the downstream pressure on controlling flow separation over the airfoil. The unsteady normal force was measured and the buffet boundary was determined from the divergence of the fluctuating normal force. The investigation was conducted quite deep into the buffet regime. Spectral analyses of the normal force were carried out and the frequencies of shock-wave oscillations were measured. They were found to be Mach-number dependent and varied between 50-80 Hz for M = 0.612 to 0.792. The effects of varying the flap angles on the shock-wave position and drag of the airfoil were also investigated. Results for an off-design Mach number of 0.612 were given in some detail.
Electronic Structures and Reactivities of Pyramidal Alkenes and Carbonyls

Theoretical predictions that alkenes and carbonyls pyramidalize in asymmetric environments were made before any conclusive experimental evidence for this phenomenon had been noted. In the last two years, several such pyramidalizations have been discovered. This review summarizes the predictions, experimental discoveries, and theoretical explanations of pyramidalizations of alkene and carbonyl carbons and describes the evidence indicating that both pyramidalization and stereoselectivity in reactions of such molecules arise from torsional (closed-shell repulsion) effects.
A new dependence parameter approach to improve the design of cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes.

Background and purpose Power and sample size calculations for cluster randomized trials require prediction of the degree of correlation that will be realized among outcomes of participants in the same cluster. This correlation is typically quantified as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), defined as the Pearson correlation between two members of the same cluster or proportion of the total variance attributable to variance between clusters. It is widely known but perhaps not fully appreciated that for binary outcomes, the ICC is a function of outcome prevalence. Hence, the ICC and the outcome prevalence are intrinsically related, making the ICC poorly generalizable across study conditions and between studies with different outcome prevalences. Methods We use a simple parametrization of the ICC that aims to isolate that part of the ICC that measures dependence among responses within a cluster from the outcome prevalence. We incorporate this parametrization into sample size calculations for cluster randomized trials and compare our method to the traditional approach using the ICC. Results Our dependence parameter, R, may be less influenced by outcome prevalence and has an intuitive meaning that facilitates interpretation. Estimates of R from previous studies can be obtained using simple statistics. Comparison of methods showed that the traditional ICC approach to sample size determination tends to overpower studies under many scenarios, calling for more clusters than truly required. Limitations The methods are developed for equal-sized clusters, whereas cluster size may vary in practice. Conclusions The dependence parameter R is an alternative measure of dependence among binary outcomes in cluster randomized trials that has a number of advantages over the ICC.
Dielectric Continuum Models for Hydration Effects on Peptide Conformational Transitions

Models for hydration effects that treat the solute and solvent as dielectric continua with different dielectric constants have achieved considerable popularity in recent years. Here we compare such models with microscopic molecular dynamics simulations for a variety of conformational transitions in peptides. The conformational changes studied include changing backbone torsion angles in the alanine dipeptide; formation of hydrogen bonds of the sort seen in antiparallel β-sheets in formamide and alanine dipeptide dimers; transitions from type I to type II β-turns; and propagation of an α-helix from the N- and C-terminal ends. In each case, the peptide solute is described with the CHARMM-19 force field, and continuum solvent models (determined from finite-difference solutions to the Poisson equation and a surface-area term) are compared to free energy simulations using explicit TIP3P water as a solvent. In general, the agreement between the two theoretical methods is good, but “solvation” of a CHARMM-19 solu...
Importance of postingestional factors in the satiation of sodium appetite in rats.

Abstract Two experiments using the technique of intragastric infusion of isotonic saline were conducted to examine the role of postingestional factors in the regulation of sodium intake by sodium deficient rats. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the sodium appetite of a Formalin injected rat is satiated by intragastric infusion of sufficient NaCl to restore the rat's sodium balance. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a sodium deficient rat's bar pressing for NaCl is influenced by the amount of NaCl previously intragastrically infused. As the amount of saline delivered intragastrically to the rats increased, the amount of saline they worked for decreased. In addition, the infused sodium apparently was as effective as sodium taken orally in satiating the rats' sodium appetites.
Accelerated Recovery of L-Type Ca Current Contributes to the Loss of SR Ca Release Restitution in Mice Lacking Casq2

Cardiac Ca-release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is reduced with successively shorter coupling intervals of premature stimuli, a phenomenon known as SR Ca-release restitution. Interestingly, myocytes lacking the SR luminal Ca binding protein calsequestrin (Casq2 KO) lack SR Ca-release restitution. Here we test whether altered L-type Ca current (ICa) responsible for triggering SR Ca-release contributes to the loss of Ca-release restitution.Results: ICa was recorded in voltage-clamped ventricular myocytes isolated from Casq2 KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Cells were pre-treated with ryanodine and thapsigargin to eliminate SR Ca-release. After a 1 Hz train of depolarizing stimuli (S1), ICa restitution was measured by applying premature stimuli (S2) at successively shorter S1-S2 coupling intervals. Both groups have decreased ICa at short S1-S2 intervals, but ICa recovered significantly faster in KO vs. WT myocytes (p<0.001, Figure). Eliciting Ca-release by ICa tail currents (which eliminates participation of ICa restitution) reduced the difference between WT and KO Ca-release restitutions.Conclusion: Accelerated recovery of ICa contributes to loss of SR Ca-release restitution in mice lacking Casq2 and may further increase risk for ventricular arrhythmia in vivo.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Intellective variables and mathematics achievement: Directions for research

Abstract Research concerned with the analysis and correlates of mathematical abilities, conducted primarily during the past decade, is reviewed. It is concluded that certain specific abilities, in addition to general intelligence, affect performance in mathematics. Especially promising directions for research are the effects of language (verbal) training on quantitative abilities, the determination of variables influencing sex differences and age differences in the number and clarity of mathematical factors, the role of heredity in determining mathematical abilities, and the interactions between aptitudes and instructional treatments in the learning of mathematics.
Regulation in the chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus: fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.

Partially purified fructose diphosphatase from the obligate chemolithotroph,Thiobacillus neapolitanus has been characterized, and some of its regulatory properties described. The enzyme had a high effinity for its substrate, but was inhibited by substrate at concentrations above 1 mM. The enzyme had an absolute requirement for a divalent cation. In the absence of EDTA there was a single pH optimum in the alkaline range between 8.5 and 9.5; in the presence of EDTA there was considerable was activity at both neutral and alkaline pH. This diphosphatase was inhibited by AMP at 10−4 M or greater-, the lower the pH, the greater the AMP inhibition. Treatment of the enzyme with 5×10−5 Mpara hydroxy mercuribenzoate allowed retention of full catalytic activity while abolishing considerable AMP inhibition. Exposure of the enzyme to several concentrations of urea had no effect on the AMP inhibition. Homocystine (0.06 mM) and coenzyme A (0.1 mM) had no effect. At 1 mM, PEP caused 60% inhibition, 2, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid produced 26% inhibition, and pyruvate had no effect.