cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct clusters of older adults with common neuropsychological symptoms: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study

Abstract This study aims to identify distinct clusters of community-dwelling older adults (N = 7580) based on characteristics of common neuropsychological symptoms and examine how these clusters differ in socio-demographics and health-related attributes. Four clusters were identified: 1-No Symptoms (41%), 2-Pain Only (32%), 3-Pain+Moderate+Insomnia+Mild Depression+Mild Anxiety (17%), and 4-Pain+Mild insomnia+Moderate Depression+Moderate Anxiety (10%). Compared to clusters 1 and 2, individuals in clusters 3 and 4 tended to be older, Hispanic or non-Hispanic Black, female, obese, have high school education or less, not live with anyone, and rate their health fair or poor. Compared to cluster 1, others were significantly associated with worse health-related attributes. This association was distinctly stronger in clusters with more symptoms that were more severe. Interventions focusing on pain may need to incorporate strategies to deal with sleep and psychological symptoms and the severity to improve associated health-related attributes and reduce health care burden.
Are E-Cigarette Flavors Associated with Exposure to Nicotine and Toxicants? Findings from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study

Increasing adoption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has led to numerous concerns about health effects resulting from long-term use [...].
An Explainable Approach of Inferring Potential Medication Effects from Social Media Data

Understanding medication effects is an important activity in pharmacovigilance in which patients are the most important contributor. Social media, where users share their personal experiences of medication effects, have been recommended as an alternative data source of gathering signal information of suspected medication effects. To discover potential medication-effect relations from Twitter data, we devised a method employing analogical reasoning with neural embedding of Twitter text. The process involves learning the neural embedding from unlabeled tweets and performing vector arithmetic, making it obscure to understand how an inferred relation is derived. To make the process understandable and interpretable and to facilitate the decision making on accepting or rejecting any inferred medication-effect relations, we added explanation(s) to each step of the process. An example of inferred relation is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in explaining how the result of each step is derived.
Employee Happiness: Why We Should Care

Albert Schweitzer once stated that “success is not the key to happiness, happiness is the key to success.” Despite this widespread belief, employee happiness is often perceived by organizations as an insubstantial topic, irrelevant to bottom-line outcomes. Equally as problematic, past investigations have primarily utilized other positive emotion variables as a proxy for happiness, thus convoluting the relationships between happiness and work outcomes. As such, taking a scientist-practitioner approach, the present study sought to address the need to: (a) directly measure employees’ happiness, (b) link employee happiness to outcomes of organizational interest, and (c) assess the impact that organizational psychosocial factors have in decreasing employee happiness levels. Therefore, by measuring employee happiness, job demands, and organizational outcomes through a two-wave full panel design, the present study provided evidence for employee happiness’s ability to significantly mediate the relationship between job demands and organizational outcomes. Explicitly, a high level of job demands decreased employee happiness, which subsequently decreased employees’ organizational commitment, task performance, and contextual performance, while increasing turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviors. These results carry significant theoretical and practical implications. Future QOL (Quality of Life) and organizational research would benefit from building on the present findings and establishing a nomological net of employee happiness. Additionally, practitioners have the opportunity to utilize this evidence to demonstrate the impact that employee happiness has on organizationally-relevant outcomes and the role that organizations can have in fostering employee happiness.
Comparing acute fatty liver of pregnancy from hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome.

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome are both associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. ...
Protocol for analysis of glycoproteomics LC-MS data using GlycReSoft

Summary/AbstractThe GlycReSoft software tool allows users to process glycoproteomics LC-MS data sets. The tool accepts proteomics database search results or a user-defined list of proteins in the sample. GlycReSoft processes LC-MS data to yield deconvoluted exact mass values. The user has the option to import a list of theoretical glycans from an external database, a curated glycan list, or a measured glycome. The tool assembles a list of theoretical glycopeptides from the lists of theoretical glycans and proteins, respectively. The program then scores the tandem mass spectra in the LC-MS data files and provides graphical views of the identified glycopeptides for each protein in the sample, and the set of glycoforms identified for each peptide sequence.
Analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate immediate release vs. oxycodone/acetaminophen for acute pain in the emergency department.

Abstract Objective Previous research demonstrated that administration of Morphine Sulfate Immediate Release (MSIR) results in similar analgesic efficacy to Oxycodone but with significantly lesser degrees of euphoria and reward. The purpose of this study sit to investigate if MSIR combined with Acetaminophen can serve as an opioid analgesic alternative to Oxycodone combined with acetaminophen (Percocet) for acute pain in the Emergency Department (ED). Methods A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of ED patients aged 18 to 64 years presenting with moderate to severe acute pain as defined by an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) with an initial score of ≥5 (0 = no pain and 10 = very severe pain). Patients were randomized to receive either 15 mg MSIR combined with 650 mg of Acetaminophen or 10 mg Oxycodone combined with 650 mg Acetaminophen. Patients were assessed at baseline, 30, 45 and 60 min. The primary outcome was reduction in pain at 60 min. Secondary outcomes include drug likeability and adverse events. Results 80 patients were enrolled in the study (40 per group). Demographic characteristics were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). Mean NRS pain scores at baseline were 8.44 for the MSIR group and 8.53 for the Percocet group (P = 0.788). Mean pain scores decreased over time but remained similar between the groups: 30 min (6.03 vs. 6.43; P = 0.453), 45 min (5.31 vs. 5.48; P = 0.779), and 60 min (4.22 vs. 4.87; P = 0.346). Reduction in mean NRS pain scores were statistically significant from baseline to 30, 45 and 60 min within each group (P Conclusion MSIR provides similar analgesic efficacy as Percocet for short-term pain relief in the ED, similar rates of nausea/vomiting, and lower rates of likeability of the drug.
Biological sex impacts perioperative complications after reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humeral fracture.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in complication rates between males and females undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures. We hypothesized that (1) females were more likely to undergo reverse shoulder arthroplasty for fracture, and (2) males were more likely to sustain a perioperative complication. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried to identify patients who underwent reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fracture between 2011 and 2018. Patients were stratified based on biological sex. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and 30-day perioperative complication rates were collected. Univariate analyses and multiple variable logistic regression modeling were performed. Results About 905 patients were included in the analysis-175 (19.3%) were male and 730 (80.7%) were female. Males were more likely to sustain perioperative complications (26.3% vs. 14.1%; P < .001)-pneumonia (2.9% vs. 0.5%; P = .016), unplanned intubation (2.3% vs. 0.4%; P = .029), and unplanned reoperation (9.1% vs. 1.1%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, males were at a 2.4-fold increase risk of developing any complication (OR = 2.38 [95% CI 1.55-3.65]; P < .001) and a 10-fold increase risk of returning to the operating room for an unplanned reoperation (OR = 10.59 [95% CI 4.23-27.49]; P < .001) compared with females. Conclusion Females were more likely to undergo reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fracture, but males were at increased risk of sustaining short-term complications. This study provides useful information for clinicians to consider when counseling their patients during the perioperative period.
Neural network learning of improved compressive sensing sampling and receptive field structure

Abstract While the theory of compressive sensing (CS) in modern signal processing typically indicates that uniformly random sampling facilitates the efficient recovery of sparse signals, such measurements are infeasible in many engineering applications and are not well reflected by the constraints of natural systems, including neuronal networks in the brain. Uniformly random sampling also does not leverage the underlying structure of many classes of signals, and may therefore be suboptimal in these cases. We address these issues by formulating a novel neural network framework for learning improved CS sampling based on the intrinsic structure present in classes of training signals. Beyond sparsity in an appropriate domain, this approach does not assume knowledge of any specific signal statistics and is purely data-driven. The learning methodology is biologically realistic in that it utilizes (1) asymmetric feedback and feedforward connections in the neural network and (2) only information from adjacent layers in training the CS measurement matrix. Observing a broad spectrum of learned sampling paradigms that improve CS signal reconstructions relative to uniformly random sampling, our learned sampling is widely applicable across logistical constraints. Motivated by the receptive field structure of sensory systems, we specifically analyze natural scene inputs and demonstrate improved CS reconstruction as a result of training across several choices of penalization schemes on the sampling weights. Considering this learning is effective even under sparse and spatially localized constraints, as commonly observed in the brain, we hypothesize that neuronal connectivity may have manifested with the aim of providing a compressive encoding of data by leveraging its sparse structure, thereby achieving efficient signal transmission.
From Biology to Therapy: Progress in Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a unique lymphoid malignancy, in that the number of malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells present in the involved lymph node is only 1–2% of the total tumor cellularity.1 An extensive infiltrate of normal immune cells surrounds the malignant cell, and this infiltrate comprises T-cells, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and B-cells.2 Despite significant numbers of intratumoral immune cells, the malignant clone inhibits immune function and the intratumoral immune microenvironment is profoundly immunosuppressive. However, the exact composition of the tumor microenvironment differs by HL subtype and is determined by cytokines secreted by the HRS cells.3 The HRS cells have the ability to not only modulate the immune infiltrate but are relatively invisible to the immune system due to loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and have also co-opted the immune checkpoint pathways by overexpressing programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligands on the cell surface.4
New Developments in the Management of Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by recurrent transmural inflammation of the intestinal tract that, left unchecked, can lead to significant morbidity. The repertoire of available therapeutics for the treatment of CD has been expanding at a rapid pace, largely due to continuous advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology. Navigating the different medications and understanding the nuances of use and known side effects have led to the ability to tailor treatment to the specific disease in the individual patient. This has propelled clinicians into an era of personalized medicine where treatment is tailored based on the unique circumstances of the patient.
Collaborative Governance Under the Endangered Species Act: An Empirical Analysis of Protective Regulations

Recent conservation and administrative law scholarship emphasizes the need for potential legal adversaries to work together. Stakeholders and regulators can pool their political capital, money, property, expertise, and legal leverage to achieve more than could be accomplished through mere mechanical implementation of statutory commands. Most commentators associate collaboration with programs promoting fuzzy objectives to engage the public and advisory groups. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a polarizing statute that imposes seemingly uncompromising mandates. But this Article demonstrates that the ESA actually provides rich opportunities for collaborative governance. In exploring this underappreciated success story, we document how conservation collaboration adapts otherwise strict, generic prohibitions to the recovery needs of individual species on the brink of extinction. We identify conditions under which collaboration arises. This Article examines the nearly two hundred ESA protective regulations that tailor federal restrictions to the ecological and social circumstances of particular extinction threats. Our original empirical study explores how the rules manifest collaborative governance, as well as the extent to which they promote imperiled species recovery. We focus on provisions in which parties agree to constrain activities in exchange for limited statutory liability. Almost three-quarters of protective regulations substitute practice-based limitations for difficult-to-detect, proximate-effect prohibitions. Our results show that collaborative governance transforms the ESA from a statute prohibiting certain outcomes (such as harm or jeopardy to a species) to a regulatory program implementing collaboratively crafted best practices, along the lines of pollution-control statutes. Paradoxically, this shift may improve the prospect for species recovery, even with regulations less stringent than the standard statutory prohibitions. This insight allows us to recommend mechanisms for constructing better regulations and suggest avenues for future research.
Toward Validating a Mentorability Scale For First-Year Mentees in Developmental Relationships

This study validates a novel mentorability scale, or, a survey measuring first-year college students’ ability to be mentorable. The scale was developed after two pilot studies across three years and was administered in Fall 2019 to 84 first-year students at a large, Hispanic-serving institution in the U.S. South. The scale includes items on how mentees perceive their own ability to be open to feedback, commit time to their mentor, use their mentor’s advice, attend meetings and co-curricular events with their mentor, discussion social lives and academics with their mentor, listen to their mentor, and be respectful of their mentor. Initial results suggest that students who rated themselves highly as being willing to take advice from their mentor correlated with semester-to-semester and year-to-year retention. Implications for first-year student retention and postsecondary mentoring programs will be addressed.
An In Vivo Comparison: Novel Mesh Suture Versus Traditional Suture-Based Repair in a Rabbit Tendon Model

Purpose Despite advancements in surgical techniques, suture pull-though and rupture continue to limit the early range of motion and functional rehabilitation after flexor tendon repairs. The aim of this study was to evaluate a suturable mesh compared with a commonly used braided suture in an in vivo rabbit intrasynovial tendon model. Methods Twenty-four New Zealand female rabbits (3–4 kg) were injected with 2 units/kg botulinum toxin evenly distributed into 4 sites in the left calf. After 1 week, the animals underwent surgical tenotomy of the flexor digitorum tendon and were randomized to repair with either 2-0 Duramesh suturable mesh or to 2-0 Fiberwire using a 2-strand modified Kessler and 6-0 polypropylene running epitendinous suture. Rabbits were killed at 2, 4, and 9 weeks after surgery. Results Grouping across time points, 58.3% (7 of 12) of Duramesh repairs were found to be intact for the explant compared with 16.7% (2 of 12) of Fiberwire repairs (P = .09). At 2 weeks, the mean Duramesh repairs were significantly stronger than the Fiberwire repairs with a mean failure load of 50.7 ± 12.7 N compared to 14.8 ± 18.3 N (P = .02). The load supported by the Duramesh repairs at 2 weeks (mean 50.7 ± 12.7 N) was similar to the load supported by both Fiberwire (52.2 ± 13.6 N) and Duramesh (57.6 ± 22.3 N) at 4 weeks. The strength of repair between Fiberwire and Duramesh at 4 weeks and 9 weeks was not significantly different. Conclusions The 2-strand tendon repair with suturable mesh achieved significantly greater strength at 2 weeks than the conventional suture material. Future studies should evaluate the strength of repair prior to 2 weeks to determine the strength curve for this novel suture material. Clinical Relevance This study evaluates the utility of a novel suturable mesh for flexor tendon repair in an in vivo rabbit model compared with conventional suture material.
Prognostic factors in neuroendocrine small cell cervical carcinoma: a multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathologic factors associated with survival in patients with neuroendocrine (NE) cervical carcinoma. METHODS All patients with NE cervical carcinoma diagnosed between 1979–2001 were identified from tumor registry databases at two hospitals. Data were collected from hospital charts, office records, and tumor registry files. The impact of clinical and pathologic risk factors on the survival of patients with small cell NE carcinoma of the cervix was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier life table analyses and log-rank tests. The independent prognostic factors found to be predictive of survival in univariate analysis were evaluated using Cox regression. All tests were two-tailed with P values < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (median age, 42 years) were diagnosed with neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma, which included 21 with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage I disease, 6 with FIGO Stage II disease, 5 with FIGO Stage III disease, and 2 with FIGO Stage IV disease. Seventeen patients underwent a radical and 6 patients underwent a simple hysterectomy. Fourteen women received adjuvant therapy with pelvic radiation and/or cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Ten women received primary radiotherapy with (n = 5) or without (n = 4) chemotherapy and the remaining patient refused therapy. Women with early-stage (Stage I-IIA) disease had median survival rates of 31 months compared with 10 months in the advanced-stage (Stage IIB-IVB) group (P = 0.002). In univariate analysis, advanced stage (P = 0.002), tumor size >2 cm (P = 0.02), margin involvement (P = 0.016), pure versus a mixed histologic pattern (P = 0.04), margin status (P = 0.016), and smoking (P = 0.04) were considered poor prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, smoking for early-stage patients and stage of disease in the overall population remained as independent prognostic factors of survival. CONCLUSIONS Smoking and advanced stage are reported to be poor prognostic factors for survival in patients with NE small cell carcinoma of the cervix. Only those with early lesions amenable to extirpation are cured. The role of primary or postoperative radiation with or without chemotherapy is unclear and yields uniformly poor results, particularly in patients with advanced lesions. Clinical trials are needed. Cancer 2003;97:568–74. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11086
Positron emission tomography for measurement of copper fluxes in live organisms.

Copper is an essential nutrient element required for normal development and physiology of live organisms; however, excess copper is harmful.1–7 Absorption, retention, and excretion of copper are tightly regulated to maintain copper homeostasis by a systemic balance of influx and efflux of copper ions under physiologic conditions.4,8,9 Wilson’s disease is caused by mutation of the ATP7B gene,10,11 which encodes a Cu+-transporting β polypeptide ATPase, and is characterized by hepatic and neurological disorders resulting from the toxicity of the accumulation of excess copper ions in the liver and brain tissues. In contrast, Menkes disease is caused by mutation of the ATP7A gene, which encodes a Cu+-transporting α polypeptide ATPase, and is characterized by neurological disorders resulting from cerebral copper deficiency due to reduced absorption of copper and subsequent reduction of copper influx to the brain.12–15 Significant progress has been made in describing the role of various copper transporters and chaperones in the regulation of copper metabolism at the molecular and cellular levels.16–20 However, many mechanistic details of the systemic regulation of copper metabolism remain elusive, partly due to the lack of a reliable tool for real-time kinetic analysis of copper fluxes in live organisms. Development of a tool for non-invasive measurement of copper fluxes in live organisms is not only significant for studying the systemic regulation of copper metabolism, but also significant for studying the pathophysiology of Wilson’s disease, Menkes disease, and other inherited and acquired human copper metabolism disorders.
Focusing on Paradox in Financial Accounting

The accounting profession has not made much headway in admitting that the traditional double entry system is not capable of simultaneously rendering a sensible balance sheet and income statement under changing prices. Consequently, little effort has been focused on addressing basic epistemological questions of 'Why do these flaws and paradoxes exist?' or 'What is the inherent underlying cause or nature of these paradoxes?' This paper reminds us of unresolved problems and paradoxes in accounting and suggests that concepts from philosophy, physics and game theory might serve as launching points for the accounting profession to gain more insight into the nature of the paradoxes and contradictions that seem inherent in many phases of financial accounting practice.
Elements of Standardization, Firm Performance and Selected Marketing Variables

SUMMARY This study determines the influence of the elements of standardization on firm performance using a Fortune 500sample. A factor analysis on the eleven elements of standardization revealed that the three dimensions of standardization are promotion standardization, product standardization, and distribution standardization. The three dimensions along with five marketing variables (region, product life cycle, market share/leadership, international sales, and type of product) were regressed with two performance criteria (return on sales and sales growth) using GLM procedure in SAS. Overall, standardization affects performance positively. However, the level and degree of influence of each dimension or element varies. The influence of marketing variables on performance and on prevalence of standardization also shows mixed results. Further studies should be conducted with different groups/samples to corroborate the findings of this research.
Quantitative Analysis of Douglas-fir Somatic Embryogenesis

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is one of the world’s most commercially important timber trees. Due to the increasing demands for forest products and the decreasing woodland area, there is a need for increasing wood production on existing lands. The use of elite tree clones is an effective way of increasing productivity. Somatic embryogenesis is considered to be an economically viable method of mass propagation of such elite clones (Aitken-Christie et al, 1995).
Spectra and structure of phosphorus—boron compounds. Part XXIV. Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational analysis, vibrational assignment and normal coordinate analysis of ethyldifluorophosphine—borane

Abstract The Raman spectra (3200–100 cm−1) of ethyldifluorophosphine—borane and ethyl-difluorophospine-borane-d3 have been recorded for the solid and fluid phases, and depolarization data have been recorded for the liquid phase. Additionally, the IR spectra (3200–50 cm−1) have been recorded for the solid and gaseous phases. These data allow the complete assignment, except for the BH3 and CH3 internal torsions, of the fundamental vibrations based on band cotours, depolarization values, isotopic shift factors, and group frequencies. The asymmetric torsion is assigned to a weak broad band observed at 78 and 76 cm−1 in the -d0 and -d3 compounds, respectively. A variable temperature study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid shows that ethyldifluorophosphine- borane exists in the trans and gauche conformers with an ethalphy difference of 157 ± 35 cm−1 (450 ± 100 cal mol−1) with the trans conformer being more stable in this phase, and the only form present in the crystalline solid. A normal coordinate calculation is carried out utilizing a modified valence force field to calculate the frequencies and potential energy distribution for both conformers. From the number of observed lattice modes in the Raman spectrum of the solid along with the observed doubling of several of the intra-molecular fundamentals, it is conducted that there are at least two molecules per primitive cell. These results are compared to similar quantities for several related molecules.
Post-Columbine: Juvenile Offenders and the State Supreme Courts

Recent research finds elected state court justices are constrained from implementing policy preferences by electoral necessity; however, the research lacks a consideration of how judges' perceptions of issue salience might also restrict judicial voting choice. I examine the voting behavior of state supreme court justices in cases where juveniles are tried as adults decided before and after the Columbine incident and find elected justices show an increase in conservative voting after Columbine. The results suggest that the ability of retention methods to structure judicial behavior is partially a function of issue salience.
Three Methods of Enhancing Global Educational Awareness for Future Teachers

Teachers can echo the ethnic diversity of students in simulation trips to achieve an appreciation of globally indigenous education practices for future teachers. This article explores the three methods of achieving this, consisting of technology, acting out, and simulated trips, as they may be used by teachers to blend the more salient characteristics of various cultures into the existing curriculum without jeopardizing the intended student learning outcomes. The most likely result of using these methods will be to enrich the standard curriculum, accomplished through the use of technology and acting-out activities. Technically, this involves applying critical hermeneutics to globally indigenous education, but in this article the author will simply refer to it informally as a pedagogical awareness of ‘collective individual differences' in the teaching-learning process. This application works at all levels: elementary, secondary, and university level.
Synthetic bacteriochlorins bearing polar motifs (carboxylate, phosphonate, ammonium and a short PEG). Water-solubilization, bioconjugation, and photophysical properties

Bacteriochlorins are potentially excellent chromophores for near-infrared (NIR) photochemical and spectroscopic studies yet the intrinsically hydrophobic macrocycle core has stymied work in aqueous media. Herein, a set of bacteriochlorins bearing distinct polar motifs is reported. The motifs include phosphonate (pH-dependent anionic, BC1), carboxylate (pH-dependent anionic, BC2), ammonium (permanently cationic) without (BC3) or with (BC4) a linker ester moiety, and tetraethyleneoxy (a short PEG, polar non-ionic, BC5). The groups are located at the 3,5-positions of each of two aryl groups at the bacteriochlorin 3,13-sites. Synthesis of the bacteriochlorins entails the Suzuki coupling of a common 3,13-dibromobacteriochlorin building block with a set of aryl boronates. Five factors were selected for comparisons among the polar motifs upon attachment to the bacteriochlorins: (1) synthesis yield and ease of purification, (2) amenability toward subsequent derivatization, (3) water-solubility, (4) full-width-at-half-maximum (fwhm) of the long-wavelength (Qy) absorption and fluorescence bands, singlet excited-state lifetime (τS) and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), and (5) stability in the dark or under illumination. Water-solubility was assessed by examination of the absorption spectra across a 1000-fold concentration range (∼0.2–0.6 μM to ∼200–600 μM). With the exception of BC4, all displayed good aqueous solubility, photostability, and photophysical properties in aqueous solution (fwhm = 23–31 nm, Φf = 0.10–0.16, τS = 1.9–2.7 ns). The modestly lower Φf and τS values for the bacteriochlorins in aqueous versus organic (N,N-dimethylformamide) media are traced to an increased rate constant for excited-state internal conversion. Upon consideration of all factors, the ammonium (short linker) and short PEG groups were most attractive for solubilization of the bacteriochlorins in aqueous media. The studies prompted the synthesis of two water-soluble (ammonium-substituted) bacteriochlorins bearing N-hydroxysuccinimide esters.
Rho kinase-mediated local cold-induced cutaneous vasoconstriction is augmented in aged human skin.

Cutaneous vasoconstriction (VC), a critical thermoregulatory response to cold, is generally impaired with aging. However, the effects of aging on local cooling-induced VC and its underlying mechani...
High-resolution inter-ictal SPET and phased-array MRI in partial epilepsy: an imaging comparison with video/EEG and outcome correlation.

To assess the clinical utility of high-resolution inter-ictal single photon emission tomography (SPET) of regional cerebral perfusion and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with a phased-array temporal lobe coil, 35 patients with presumed partial epilepsy were evaluated prospectively by these techniques in addition to prolonged video/electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring. Twenty of these patients had surgical treatment of partial epilepsy with outcome determinations spanning from 12 months to 3 years at follow-up. There were four categories of imaging findings as compared to scalp/sphenoidal EEG localization. Category I included 12 patients (34% of total) in whom there was complete imaging and EEG concordance. Category II included 4 patients (11 %) in whom MRI and EEG were concordant but SPET was divergent or normal. Category III included 13 patients (37%) in whom SPET and EEG were concordant but MRI was divergent or normal. Category IV included 4 patients (11%) in whom neither SPET nor MRI was concordant with EEG. In this study, the relative sensitivities of SPET and MRI for localization of partial epilepsy based on prolonged scalp/sphenoidal video/EEG recordings were 76% and 49%, respectively. We conclude that these neuroimaging techniques (phased-array MRI and inter-ictal cerebral perfusion SPET) are complementary and useful in the pre-operative evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy.
Environmental Design Trade-offs

SUMMARY Designing for the environment requires that trade-offs be made. In an ideal world, (green) products perform as well, are less expensive, more convenient and more aesthetically phasing than other products. Unfortunately, this is usually not the case, and trade-offs between environmental impacts, engineering performance and customer satisfaction are unavoidable. This paper presents a methodology for making these trade-off decisions. An example of material selection in the automotive industry is presented.
Autoradiographic evidence of 3-methylindole covalent binding to pulmonary epithelial cells in the goat.

Abstract 3-Methylindole (3MI), the main ruminal fermentation product of L-tryptophan, causes acute pulmonary edema and interstitial emphysema in ruminants. Intravenous infusion of 3MI in goats causes necrosis and sloughing of pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. Previous studies indicate that a reactive metabolite or metabolites of 3MI bind covalently to tissue macromolecules in the lung and this binding is associated with the pneumotoxicity of 3MI. We undertook this autoradiographic study of 3MI covalent binding to test the hypothesis that reactive 3MI metabolite(s) bind to the lung cells susceptible to #MI-induced injury. We infused goats with [3H]3MI and killed them either 0.5, 2 or 6 h after start of the infusion. Sections of fixed lung were extensively washed, alcohol dehydrated and embedded in plastic. Only covalently bound radioactivity remained. Silver grains were quantitated per area in the developed autoradiographs. There was a 2:1 ratio of binding to the small airway epithelium compared to the interalveolar septa in all the goats. Both ciliated and non-ciliated bronchiolar cells were labeled, as were both types I and II pneumocytes. Normal goat lung slices incubated in vitro with [3H]3MI were labeled in the same pattern. Inclusion of either of the inhibitors of cytochrome P-450, SKF-525-A or piperonyl butoxide significantly reduced this binding to both the pneumocytes and the bronchiolar cells. We consider these results supportive of our hypothesis that 3MI is metabolized to reactive intermediates by the epithelial cells of the lung, where they bind to macromolecules, which may cause cellular damage.
Inhibition of renal brush border phosphate transport and stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by cyclic amp and parathyroid hormone.

Abstract The aims of the study were to determine whether 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (8BcAMP) in vivo mimics the inhibitory action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphate transport across the brush border membrane (BBM) of the renal proximal tubule, and to examine whether changes in BBM transport are accompanied by changes in the rate of renal gluconeogenesis. Thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were anesthetized and equilibrated, and control urine collections were obtained prior to removing the left kidney. Subsequent intravenous infusion of 8BcAMP at 50 mg/hr for 2 hr increased fractional excretion of phosphate from 4 ± 1 (controls) to 29 ± 4% (P − -dependent transport of phosphate was decreased from 747 ± 135 (controls) to 564 ± 126 pmoles per mg per 0.25 min after 8BcAMP (P − -independent phosphate uptake and Na − -dependent L-proline uptake were not changed significantly. Renal gluconeogenesis in the same animals was increased from 2.5 ± 0.3 (controls) to 5.3 ± 0.5 μ moles glucose per g tissue per hr after infusion of 8BcAMP (P
Failure of Emergency Department Observation Unit Treatment for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

Abstract Background The effectiveness of observation unit (OU) management of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) has not been fully evaluated. Objective This study was performed to determine the rate and risk factors. Methods Retrospective cohort study of children ages 2 months to 18 years admitted to the OU for an SSTI between 2007 and 2010 from a pediatric emergency department (ED). Failure of OU therapy was defined as subsequent inpatient ward admission, re-admission after discharge from OU, initial or repeat incision and drainage after OU admission, or change in antibiotic therapy. Demographic, clinical, and lesion characteristics were collected. Comparative analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with OU failure; prolonged OU admission, defined as length of stay ≥ 36 h was evaluated. Results One hundred ninety-two (63.2%) of 304 subjects with SSTI were eligible; mean age was 6.2 ± 5.3 years, and 52% were male. Fever (≥38°C) in the ED was present for 77 (40%). Most lesions were skin abscesses (53%) and were located on the lower extremity (36%) and buttock/genitourinary (21%). OU treatment failure occurred in 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.5–28.3), primarily due to inpatient admission. Fever on ED presentation was significantly associated with OU failure (odds ratio 2.02; 95% CI 1.02–4.02). Demographics, body site, presence of abscess, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were not associated with OU failure. Prolonged OU admission occurred in 18 subjects (9.4%). Conclusion SSTI can be successfully treated in the OU, though febrile children with SSTI are at risk for OU treatment failure and should be considered for inpatient admission.
A homogeneous fluorometric assay platform based on novel synthetic proteins.

Novel synthetic recombinant sensor proteins have been created to detect analytes in solution, in a rapid single-step "mix and read" noncompetitive homogeneous assay process, based on modulating the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) property of the sensor proteins upon binding to their targets. The sensor proteins comprise a protein scaffold that incorporates a specific target-capturing element, sandwiched by genetic fusion between two molecules that form a FRET pair. The utility of the sensor proteins was demonstrated via three examples, for detecting an anti-biotin Fab antibody, a His-tagged recombinant protein, and an anti-FLAG peptide antibody, respectively, all done directly in solution. The diversity of sensor-target interactions that we have demonstrated in this study points to a potentially universal applicability of the biosensing concept. The possibilities for integrating a variety of target-capturing elements with a common sensor scaffold predict a broad range of practical applications.
Critical Role for Endocytosis in the Regulation of Signaling by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K1 Protein

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a member of the gammaherpesvirus family. KSHV is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. The first open reading frame of the KSHV genome encodes a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein named K1. K1 is structurally similar to the B-cell receptor (BCR), and its cytoplasmic tail contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif that can activate Syk kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Recent evidence suggests that receptor signaling occurs not only at the cell membrane, but from intracellular compartments as well. We have found that K1 is internalized in a clathrin-dependent manner, and efficient internalization is coupled to its signaling function. Once internalized, K1 traffics from the early endosome to the recycling endosome. Interestingly, blocking K1's activation of Syk and PI3K prevents K1 from internalizing. We have also found that blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis prevents downstream signaling by K1. These results strongly suggest that internalization of K1 is intimately associated with normal signaling. When K1 internalization was examined in B lymphocytes, we found that K1 cointernalized with the BCR. Altogether, these results suggest that K1's signaling function is tightly coupled to its internalization.
Grazing-incidence Cherenkov X-ray generation

Abstract X-ray Cherenkov radiation can be generated by electrons incident on thin foils. For grazing incidence the Cherenkov radiation intensity can be more than a decade greater than for perpendicular incidence. Experimental results are discussed in terms of a simple formalism.
The Relation of Blood Pressure and Flow to the Development and Regression of Experimentally Induced Pulmonary Arteriosclerosis

Systemic artery-pulmonary artery shunts have been made in dogs and the relation between pulmonary artery pressure and blood flow and the development of vascular lesions has been studied. Arteriolar medial hypertrophy and intimal proliferation are not necessarily incited by a large blood flow, but such lesions are more readily induced by an end-to-end than by an end-to-side type of shunt. Intimal proliferation is not associated with stainable alterations in elastic tissue or lipid infiltration. Vascular lesions do not readily regress when the inciting factor is removed.
Reproductive, hormonal and milk characteristics in ewe lambs treated with ovine growth hormone before breeding

One month before a fall breeding season, 30 6-mo-old fine-wool ewe lambs were allotted to one of three treatment groups consisting of either 0, 2.5 or 5 mg ovine growth hormone (oGH) daily for 10 d and then, on alternate days, for an additional 20 d. Five ewes from each treatment group were bled at hourly intervals for 8 h on Days 0 (first day of treatment), 9, 19 and 29. Milk yield and composition were examined on Day 21 post partum. Neither feed intake nor ewe weights differed (P > 0.20) among treatments. Serum insulin did not differ (P > 0.20) among treatments before or during the 5 h following treatment on Day 0 or 29; however, 6, 7 and 8 h after oGH administration, a linear, dose-dependent increase (P 0.20) among groups. Pregnancy rates did not differ (P > 0.20) in ewe lambs receiving 0 (70%), 2.5 (80%) and 5 (60%) mg oGH. No differences were detected (P > 0.40) in milk yield or composition among treatments. In fine-wool ewe lambs treated with 2.5 or 5 mg of exogenous oGH for 30 d before breeding, neither reproductive performance nor subsequent milk production were enhanced; however, these treatments increased serum GH and insulin.
Properties of Electrospinning Jets

Measurement of elongational stresses, stereographic images of jet paths, innovative collection of fluid jets, and utilization of elongational flow for assembly or disassembly of particulate structures, the electron microscopic views inside nanofibers, and the morphological and crystallographic changes that occur during heating of the metastable electrospun fibers illuminate the growing versatility of the electrospinning process.
Caring for a Loved One with Cancer: It Is My Job

This study investigated the experiences of caregivers of loved ones with cancer in Lome, Togo. The authors developed a framework that captures the experiences of 17 caregivers. The framework explains the exploratory factors that influenced the lives of caregivers from the caregivers’ own perspectives. Findings showed that even though the caregivers experienced significant challenges that affected their lives and the lives of their families, because of cultural norms and expectations, they tried their best to overcome the challenges. Although some reported positive impacts on their family functioning, others reported negative impacts such as fragmentation of the family unit. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
On the design of a tunnel-entrance hood with multiple windows

Abstract An analysis is made to determine the optimal distribution of ‘windows’ in the wall of a long tunnel-entrance hood used to suppress the micro-pressure wave produced when the compression wave generated by an entering high-speed train reaches the far end of the tunnel. An ideally designed hood causes the pressure to rise linearly across a compression wavefront of thickness equal approximately to the ratio of the hood length to the train Mach number. At moderate train Mach numbers the hood length can be assumed to be ‘acoustically compact’, and the initial form of the compression wave can then be expressed in terms of an equivalent source distribution representing the train and the compact Green's function for sources in the hood. The requirement that the wavefront profile be linear imposes certain conditions on the Green's function that permits the determination of the hood window dimensions. Our calculations take no account of the influence on compression wave formation of separated air flow over the train, from the hood portal and from the peripheries of the windows. The explicit predictions of the optimum window sizes given in this paper may therefore be too small, and should be refined by using model scale tests that allow window dimensions to be varied from their predicted optimal values to incorporate the effects of flow separation.
Assessing Reproducibility of a Protein Dynamics Study Using in Vivo Labeling and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Measuring dynamics of proteins abundance in cells in response to stimuli such as growth factors or drugs requires analysis of more than one time point. Proteomic approaches have traditionally been used to measure only one state at a time because quantitation is difficult, especially when mass spectrometry is used as a readout. Isotopically labeled reagents have recently been introduced that allow comparison of two or three different states by mass spectrometry. Here, we evaluate the reproducibility of an experiment that measures three states simultaneously through stable isotope labeling of cells with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) using light, medium, and heavy versions of amino acids. The major goal of this study was to assess the reproducibility of such experiments in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). Our results show that it is possible to obtain reproducible quantitative data to study protein dynamics based on our analysis of more than 220 peptide sets d...
Primary sequential memory: An activation-based connectionist model

Abstract Storage and retrieval of ordered sequences from a single, serial presentation of each element in the sequence is typically not explained by existing connectionist models. Some models finesse the issue by presenting all the elements in a sequence simultaneously. Others rely on weight-changing algorithms that require multiple presentations of the sequence. We present a model for short-term storage and recall of ordered information that relies on gated activation mechanisms. Activation from each element presented serially recruits randomly connected responder nodes whose combined activation represents the element and its position in the sequence. The sequence is later recalled by feeding activation back to the elements from the recruited responder nodes. We discuss the relevance of the model to various results from cognitive psychology, including the facts that the length-of human sequential memory is very limited, that for novel sequences recall is better for elements at the beginning and ends of sequences than for elements in the middle, and that humans have greater difficulty recalling the second occurrence of an element in a sequence containing a repeated element.