cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use among Those with Impaired Kidney Function in the United States.

BACKGROUND Although hypertension is common in CKD and evidence-based treatment of hypertension has changed considerably, contemporary and nationally representative information about use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEs) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in CKD is lacking. METHODS We examined ACE/ARB trends from 1999 to 2014 among 38,885 adult National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants with creatinine-based eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. RESULTS Of 7085 participants with CKD, 34.9% used an ACE/ARB. Across four eras studied, rates of use rose significantly (rates were 25.5% in 1999-2002, 33.3% in 2003-2006, 39.0% in 2007-2010, and 40.1% in 2011-2014) but appeared to plateau after 2003. Among those with CKD, use was significantly greater among non-Hispanic white and black individuals (36.1% and 38.2%, respectively) and lower among Hispanic individuals (26.7%) and other races/ethnicities (29.3%). In age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-adjusted models, ACE/ARB use was significantly associated with era (adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.14 to 1.74 for 2003-2006, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.48 to 2.28 for 2007-2010, and 2.02; 95% CI, 1.61 to 2.53 for 2011-2014 versus 1999-2002); it also was significantly associated with non-Hispanic black versus non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity (aOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.66). Other multivariate associations included older age, men, elevated BMI, diabetes mellitus, treated hypertension, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, health insurance, and receiving medical care within the prior year. CONCLUSIONS Rates of ACE/ARB use increased in the early 2000s among United States adults with CKD, but for unclear reasons, use appeared to plateau in the ensuing decade. Research examining barriers to care and other factors is needed.
Perceived community-based needs of low-income parents with psychiatric disabilities who experienced legal challenges to their parenting rights

Abstract Substantial numbers of US parents with psychiatric disabilities are highly vulnerable to loss of child custody or visitation, through child welfare system involvement or divorce proceedings. This study describes the community-based needs of parents with psychiatric disabilities who experienced legal challenges to their parenting rights. This exploratory study involved semi-structured telephone interviews with twelve former clients of a legal services program that provides representation to low-income parents with psychiatric disabilities facing challenges to child custody or visitation. Interviews were audio-recorded, professionally-transcribed, and analyzed using a qualitative, content analysis approach. Three broad themes emerged regarding the types of supports parents reported as useful for their well-being: (1) informal support networks; (2) responsive mental health care for the whole family; and (3) meaningful legal representation. Within these three areas, unmet needs were frequent and problematic. A fourth theme emerged: chronic economic hardships and material deprivation, which point to unmet financial needs. The needs and supports described in this study should be addressed through the development of comprehensive services and supports that meet the psychosocial, legal, and socioeconomic needs of parents with psychiatric disabilities and their children. Future research is also warranted.
Recommendations for School Counselors: Applying the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC) in Assisting Korean Adolescent Students in the United States:

The school counseling profession strongly encourages practitioners to work within a multicultural and a social justice perspective. More literature is needed that clarifies exactly how school couns...
Predictors of immune-related adverse events associated with checkpoint inhibitors.

e15159Background: Immune-related adverse events (irAE) remain a significant challenge with the expansion of checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) indications. Unlike previous studies published, we investigat...
Effects of Visual Feedback Complexity on the Performance of a Movement Task for Rehabilitation

This study investigated the effects of visual feedback (VF) complexity on movement performance to potentially optimize the design of VF-based rehabilitation. We evaluated the effects of VF complexity on performance of the two-legged squat during training with concurrent (real-time) VF and short-term retention with no VF. Four VF cases were employed to train spatial positioning of the thigh segment in unique combinations of complexity (simple, complex) and representation of body-discernibility (abstract, representative). Eighteen able-bodied subjects attempted to minimize the error between individual body segment positions and a target trajectory during concurrent VF and short-term retention tests. Complex-representative VF demonstrated greater potential for training with increased performance consistency in both motion and muscle activity patterns.
Characterizing Quality of Life in Caregivers of People with Parkinson's Disease and Dysphagia.

Caring for a family member with dysphagia can negatively impact caregiver wellbeing, although little is known about how dysphagia severity or specific symptoms influence this. The purpose of this study was to examine how objective measures of dysphagia in people with Parkinson’s disease influenced their caregivers’ quality of life. Fifty caregivers (mainly spouses) of people with Parkinson’s disease completed a caregiver quality of life survey. Results were compared to medical chart reviews, interviews, and instrumental evaluations of swallowing from the care recipients. Outcomes included caregiver quality of life score, ratings of airway invasion and pharyngeal residue, and Parkinson’s disease duration. Descriptive and regression analyses were completed. All caregivers reported reduced quality of life, with 28% having severely disturbed adaptation. Every care recipient with Parkinson’s disease demonstrated airway invasion and/or pharyngeal residue. Together, the combination of older care recipient age and longer disease duration was associated with poorer caregiver quality of life [adj. R2 = 0.10–0.12, p = 0.03–0.4]. Neither airway invasion nor pharyngeal residue was related to caregiver quality of life (p > 0.05). Findings confirmed that caregivers of people with Parkinson’s disease and dysphagia experience reduced quality of life; however, current methods of assessing caregivers’ quality of life may not adequately account for dysphagia-specific burden. Results highlight the urgent need for the development of dysphagia-specific assessments of caregivers’ quality of life to facilitate identification of high-risk caregivers and aid the development of support systems to improve health outcomes for caregivers and care recipients.
Associations between brain and behavioral processing of facial expressions of emotion and sensory reactivity in young children.

The ability to decode and accurately identify information from facial emotions may advantage young children socially. This capacity to decode emotional information may likewise be influenced by individual differences in children's temperament. This study investigated whether sensory reactivity and perceptual awareness, two dimensions of temperament, as well as children's ability to accurately label emotions relates to the neural processing of emotional content in faces. Event related potentials (ERPs) of 4 to 6 year-old children (N = 119) were elicited from static displays of anger, happy, fearful, sad, and neutral emotion faces. Children, as a group, exhibited differential early (N290) and mid-latency (P400) event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to facial expressions of emotion. Individual differences in children's sensory reactivity were associated with enhanced P400 amplitudes to neutral, sad, and fearful faces. In a separate task, children were asked to provide an emotional label for the same images. Interestingly, children less accurately labeled the same neutral, sad, and fearful faces, suggesting that, contrary to previous work showing enhanced attentional processing to threatening cues (i.e., fear), children higher in sensory reactivity may deploy more attentional resources when decoding ambiguous emotional cues.
"Treat everybody right": Examining foodways to improve food access

Detroit is regularly assumed to be a “food desert” despite contradicting evidence. With fruits and vegetables available at each of Detroit’s 70 independent, full-line grocery stores, there remains a lack of understanding among media and academics of residents’ perception and preferences for food access. A baseline study was initiated during the summer of 2014 to understand residents’ own perceptions of food access and to assess the socio-cultural foodways utilized by residents. A total of 207 Detroit residents participated in focus groups and interviews to discuss food provisioning. Residents identified a wide range of food access points, from home gardens and fishing to specialty meat markets and big-box stores. However, 60% of residents reported that their primary grocery store was a chain supermarket outside the city limits. Residents highlighted “customer service” and in-store treatment as key factors in choosing where to shop for food. These new findings present contradictions to assumptions about food access in Detroit and similar cities. The findings point to a significant opportunity to leverage geo-ethnographic methods in order to focus on resident perceptions and preferences to improve food access.
NASA Mechanical Impact Testing in High-Pressure Oxygen

Three independently developed high-pressure gaseous oxygen mechanical impact testers have been used to evaluate materials for the Space Shuttle Program. A test program evaluating the performance of these test systems is described. The gaseous and liquid oxygen test procedures and equipment are considered along with the material selection procedures. The results of the NASA mechanical impact tester variability study are presented, including penetration function curves and curve parameters and equivalent energies and comparisons of high-pressure testers at ambient pressure and temperature, ambient temperature and 34 MPa, and cryogenic temperature and 34 MPa. Finally, a summary of NASA mechanical impact test data is presented.
Surface Location Error in Milling

Chapter 5 studies the influence of forced vibrations on part geometric accuracy in milling. The associated errors are referred to as surface location errors, or SLE. After describing SLE, an analytical, frequency domain solution is first presented which includes a Fourier series force model and SLE variation with axial location along the tool axis. A time domain simulation is then detailed which models the cycloidal motion of the cutter teeth and predicts SLE.
Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation

The vestibular system sends projections to brainstem autonomic nuclei that modulate heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in head and body position with regard to gravity. Consistent with this, binaural sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) in humans causes vasoconstriction in the legs, while low frequency (0.02-0.04 Hz) sGVS causes a rapid drop in heart rate and blood pressure in anesthetized rats. We have hypothesized that these responses occur through activation of vestibulo-sympathetic pathways. In the present study, c-Fos protein expression was examined in neurons of the vestibular nuclei and rostral ventrolateral medullary region (RVLM) that were activated by low frequency sGVS. We found c-Fos-labeled neurons in the spinal, medial and superior vestibular nuclei (SpVN, MVN and SVN, respectively) and the parasolitary nucleus. The highest density of c-Fos-positive vestibular nuclear neurons was observed in MVN, where immunolabeled cells were present throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the nucleus. C-Fos expression was concentrated in the parvocellular region and largely absent from magnocellular MVN. C-Fos-labeled cells were scattered throughout caudal SpVN, and the immunostained neurons in SVN were restricted to a discrete wedge-shaped area immediately lateral to the IVth ventricle. Immunofluorescence localization of c-Fos and glutamate revealed that approximately one third of the c-Fos-labeled vestibular neurons showed intense glutamate-like immunofluorescence, far in excess of the stain reflecting the metabolic pool of cytoplasmic glutamate. In the RVLM, which receives a direct projection from the vestibular nuclei and sends efferents to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, we observed an approximately 3-fold increase in c-Fos labeling in the sGVS-activated rats. We conclude that localization of c-Fos protein following sGVS is a reliable marker for sGVS-activated neurons of the vestibulo-sympathetic pathway.
Innovation in Second Generation Mental Health Courts

Mental health courts divert mentally ill offenders from the criminal justice system into court-ordered treatment. Since their creation a decade ago, mental health courts have continued to change court policies, practices and services to improve participant success. This article first argues that the structure and characteristics of mental health courts facilitated this innovation. Next, it analyzes qualitative interview data on how seven mental health courts have changed since 2003 and the potential impact of those changes on client success and the courts' capacity for future change. The article concludes that innovation remains key to mental health court success.
Quantitative trait loci: mapping drug and alcohol-related genes.

Publisher Summary Recent developments in molecular biology and molecular genetics are beginning to allow the identification of specific genes that influence complex traits such as drug responses. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a method that has been successfully employed to identify genetic markers near genes that influence drug sensitivity. By studying specific animal populations, genetically segregating for a number of genes and markers that are polymorphic, an association between drug sensitivity and possession of a particular allele is established. In this chapter one method for accomplishing QTL mapping is described, and its use to map genes influencing drug response is shown in selected examples. One powerful feature of QTL mapping is that the indication of a gene's location may suggest a candidate gene that is responsible for the drug sensitivity. An additional feature of large-scale QTL mapping projects using the BXD RI strains is that they are cumulative. Because the initial screen involves testing the same set of RI strains, data from one study can readily be compared with those from another. Provisional genetic map locations, such as those detected by a screen of BXD RI strains, require verification by additional genetic methods, such as analysis of segregating populations. The most notable limitation of the BXD RI strains is that there are only 26 data points (genotypes) available for mapping. When these strain means are compared with the 1600+ available markers, these multiple tests of association result in an increased rate of false-positives. However, QTL mapping is a promising method for identifying genetic influences on complex pharmacobehavioral responses.
Electrical properties and defect structure of polycrystalline doped barium titanium niobate

The authors present the preliminary results of a study of the defect chemistry of barium titanium niobate (BTN) and Ba/sub 6-1.5x/La/sub x/Ti/sub 2/Nb/sub 8/O/sub 30/ (BLTN). A preliminary model for the defect chemistry of BLTN is presented, and the trends in conductivity with composition, temperature, and p/sub 02/ are shown, for sintered compacts of BLTN with lanthanum content from 0% to 20%. The major lattice defects in these compositions are tentatively identified, and an estimate of the thermal bandgap is derived. >
Evaluation of low-level features by decisive feature patterns [content-based image retrieval]

In content-based image retrieval (CBIR), the effectiveness of the low-level features depends on their capabilities in describing the high-level semantic concepts. How to properly evaluate such an effectiveness remains a challenge. In this paper, we address the evaluation problem by using the decisive feature patterns of the low-level features. Intuitively, a decisive feature pattern is a combination of low-level feature values that are unique and significant for describing a semantic concept. An evaluation study on three low-level features shows that our method can tackle the evaluation problem well. That is, the decisive feature patterns can properly characterize the low-level features' capabilities in describing the semantic concepts
Calibrating the avian molecular clock

Molecular clocks are widely used to date phylogenetic events, yet evidence supporting the rate constancy of molecular clocks through time and across taxonomic lineages is weak. Here, we present 90 candidate avian clock calibrations obtained from fossils and biogeographical events. Cross-validation techniques were used to identify and discard 16 inconsistent calibration points. Molecular evolution occurred in an approximately clock-like manner through time for the remaining 74 calibrations of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome b. A molecular rate of approximately 2.1% (+/- 0.1%, 95% confidence interval) was maintained over a 12-million-year interval and across most of 12 taxonomic orders. Minor but significant variance in rates occurred across lineages but was not explained by differences in generation time, body size or latitudinal distribution as previously suggested.
Flu-like symptoms associated with fluoxetine overdose: A case report

The serotonin reuptake inhibitor zimelidine may cause flu-like symptoms and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Guillain-Barre syndrome has not been reported with the use of the structurally related serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Flu-like symptoms are described in the manufacturer's literature on fluoxetine but are absent from published studies. We describe a patient who developed flu-like symptoms, urticaria and angioedema 2 days after fluoxetine overdose. There were no neurologic sequelae. This case confirms that fluoxetine may be associated with flu-like symptoms and suggests that, because these symptoms occurred after overdose, they may be dose related. The additional findings in this patient suggestive of allergy, an unusual feature of drug overdose, are discussed.
Some recent trends in the fabrication, functionalisation and characterisation of metal oxide nanowire gas sensors

Due to strong interdependence of the electron transport and surface processes in quasi 1-D metal oxide nanostructures, chemiresistors and field effect transistors (FETs) based on nanowires perform excellently as sensing elements and may be able to compete with traditional thin film sensors in the field of solid state sensorics. Namely, applications requiring a stable, reproducible sensing element of small size with sensitive performance will benefit from this new platform. In this report, a few recent trends in the fabrication, functionalisation and characterisation of quasi 1-D metal oxide nanowire sensors are reviewed.
Development of surface acidity during electrochemical treatment of pan-carbon fibers

Abstract The development of surface acidity on Amoco T300 fibers during mild electrochemical oxidation was investigated. Selective neutralization and ESCA were the primary tools used to investigate fiber-surface functionality. The standard selective neutralization technique was modified to use a conductometric back titration. The conductometric titration is necessary to measure the surface acidity of the mildly treated fibers. Thallium derivatization coupled with ESCA analysis was used to obtain an independent measure of surface acidity. Incipient surface treatment of untreated Amoco T300 carbon fibers results in significant oxidation but produces little surface acidity. As oxidation proceeds, however, more of the oxygen placed on the surface is in an acidic form. The onset of prominent surface acidification during electrochemical treatment is accompanied by surface degradation. Commercially surface-treated fibers are sparingly oxidized and have little surface acidity. Fibers from various manufacturers do have significant differences in their surface chemistries.
Indentation Induced Tin Whisker Formation on Tin Plated Component Leads

Tin whisker formation has been a serious concern for application of pure Tin as a Pb-free component lead finish. It has been long believed that residual stress is the root cause of whisker formation. A fundamental question is if stress produced by other than the plating processing and post-plating metallurgical reactions can induce whisker formation. In this study, micro indents were made on pure Tin plated component leads to induce stress for studying stress induced whisker formation. Nano-indentation was performed to measure hardness and elastic modulus of the Tin coating layer where whiskers initiate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study indentation deformation mechanisms and to monitor the nucleation and growth of whiskers in-situ. In additions, finite element analysis was carried out to theoretically calculate the stress/strain distribution around the indentations. Experimental and theoretical calculation results show that whiskers form at a certain stress level. This suggests that there might exit a critical stress threshold that governs the whisker formation. It is believed that establishment of a quantitative relationship between stress level and whisker formation/growth could lead to a breakthrough in risk and reliability assessment with pure Tin application in the electronic industry and in safeguard for smooth Pb-free transition.Copyright ?? 2005 by ASME
Comparison of Measured and Simulated Flows During the 15 December 1987 Detroit River Flow Reversal

Abstract Flow reversals in the Detroit River are unique hydraulic phenomena which disturb the normal flow patterns and which may cause high concentrations of waterborn pollutants by temporarily blocking their downstream transport and dilution. Until recently, flow reversals in the river have been implied from water level relationships and unsteady numerical flow models, but not directly measured. An acoustic Doppler current profiler deployed on the river bottom at Ft. Wayne, in Detroit, has provided the first opportunity to directly measure a flow reversal, which occurred for about 3 hours on 15 December 1987. The meter provided continuous measurements of the vertical velocity distribution for approximately 1-m depth segments in the overhead water column at quarter-hour intervals. These measurements provided an ideal data set to analyze river dynamics associated with flow reversals and to evaluate the importance of major factors necessary for the occurrence of flow reversals in the river. It was found that reasonably accurate simulation of flow reversals with the unsteady flow models require the inclusion of surface wind shear and the use of small time increments that are much shorter than the standard hourly water level data. Model simulation with specially obtained 5 and 15 minute water level and wind data produced generally similar model flows that are reasonably close to the measured values. Because short-period (15 minute or less) wind and water level data are not readily available, river flow reversals simulated using hourly data may be significantly underestimated.
INTERPRETATION OF ION CHANNELING RESULTS FROM EPITAXIAL PT THIN FILMS AND CO/PT MULTILAYERS

Abstract Ion channeling was used to characterize the orientation and crystalline quality of very thin ( Co >Pt multilayers grown epitaxially on (0 0 1) MgO single crystal substrates by electron beam evaporation. Planar channeling measurements were found to be particularly useful for characterizing the film orientation, and for identifying the structure of ultra-thin Co layers in the multilayers. Comparison of ion channeling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results points out several potential difficulties in interpreting ion channeling data in these highly mismatched epitaxial systems.
Transmembrane Regions V and VI of the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Are Required for Constitutive Activation by a Mutation in the Third Intracellular Loop

Gonadotropin receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane (TM) receptor family. Several point mutations in TM V and VI and the intracellular loop 3 (i3) have been identified in the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor gene, leading to constitutive activation of the receptor. Because gonadotropin receptors are highly conserved, we mutated the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor at the corresponding amino acids. However, the FSH receptor mutants showed minimal increases in basal cAMP production. Taking advantage of this difference between the two receptors, we designed chimeric receptors with or without a point mutation in the i3 to identify the region in the LH receptor important for its constitutive activation. Introduction of the point mutation into chimeric receptors containing only TM V to VI from the LH receptor led to major increases in ligand-independent cAMP production. Furthermore, a chimeric receptor with only TM V and VI derived from the LH receptor can be rendered constitutively active by the mutation in the i3 from the FSH receptor. These results suggest that interactions between TM V and VI of the FSH receptor are essential for maintaining the receptor in the more constrained state, whereas interactions between these domains of the LH receptor are permissive for constitutively activating mutations in the i3.
Transcranial Doppler correlation with angiography in detection of intracranial stenosis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of velocity criteria applied to transcranial Doppler (TCD) signals in the detection of stenosis of the middle cerebral (MCA), distal vertebral, and basilar arteries.Sixty-five patients who underwent both cerebral angiography and transcranial Doppler examinations in the workup of acute cerebral ischemia were reviewed. Angiography was performed a mean of 7 +/- 5 days (range, 1 to 28 days) after TCD. Interpretation of the angiogram was performed without input regarding the TCD findings. TCD interpretation was performed according to standard criteria.When we used a mean velocity (MV) cutoff of > or = 80 cm/s in the MCA as the criterion for stenosis, 10 of 12 stenoses of any degree were detected by TCD, with 11 of 87 false-positives. Nine of 12 MCA stem (M1) stenoses were detected when a cutoff of > or = 90 cm/s was used, with 7 of 87 false-positives. When we used an MV cutoff of > or = 70 cm/s as the criterion for > or = 50% stenosis of the vertebrobasilar sys...
Taking polycation gene delivery systems from in vitro to in vivo

It is widely believed that non-viral gene delivery systems may improve safety and overcome tissue-tropism limitations associated with viral-based gene therapies. Cationic liposome-based gene delivery currently accounts for 9-12% of ongoing gene therapy clinical trials in the United States and Europe. Polycation-based gene delivery is at an earlier development stage. However, both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that this is an area of much promise. Complexes of polycations with DNA result in major improvements in the control of size, charge, and the hydrophilic-lipophilic characteristics of the transfecting species, when compared with other non-viral systems. This review serves as an introduction to the current status of this field.
Extracellular ATP inhibits transport in medullary thick ascending limbs: role of P2X receptors.

Absorption of NaCl by the thick ascending limb (TAL) involves active transport and therefore depends on oxidative phosphorylation. Extracellular ATP has pleiotropic effects, including both stimulat...
CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO PROTEINASE INHIBITOR (ATI) CDNAS FROM ALFALFA LEAVES (MEDICAGO SATIVA VAR. VERNEMA) : THE EXPRESSION OF ATI GENES IN RESPONSE TO WOUNDING AND SOIL MICROORGANISMS

cDNAs encoding two Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitors were isolated from the leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The cDNAs are derived from a small gene family (3 to 10 genes) encoding alfalfa trypsin inhibitors (ATIs). Each cDNA clone encoded a mature ATI that was part of a larger, putative preprotein. ATI mRNAs are continuously expressed in flower parts, but are mechanically wound-inducible in the stems and leaves. ATI mRNA is shown to be continuously present in roots of soil-grown plants, but its presence is primarily in response to microorganisms present in the soil. Additionally, while mechanical wounding of the alfalfa roots induced ATI mRNA synthesis both in the roots and in the leaves, microbial infection of the roots triggered ATI mRNA synthesis in the roots but not in the leaves. These results suggest that both local and systemic signalling pathways for proteinase inhibitor synthesis are present in alfalfa plants.
Synthesis and characterization of the monomeric imides Ar'MNAr' ' (M = Ga or In; Ar' or Ar' ' = terphenyl ligands) with two-coordinate gallium and indium.

Reaction of Ar‘MMAr‘ (M = Ga or In) with N3Ar‘ ‘ (Ar‘ = C6H3-2,6-Dipp2, Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri2, Ar‘ ‘ = C6H3-2,6(Xyl-4-But)2) afforded the first monomeric imides of heavier group 13 elements with two-coordinate metals. Planar, trans-bent structures with short M−N bond distances were observed, which are consistent with lone pair character at both M and N and a bond order less than the formally expected triple one.
RESPONSE OF PREPUTIAL AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TO ACTH1

THE growth response of the preputial glands of the female rat to ACTH in adrenalectomized-ovariectomized animals indicates that these glands are subject to the direct action of this trophic hormone (Jacot and Selye, 1952). Furthermore, it has been shown that the ascorbic acid of male rat preputial glands can be depleted by stress or ACTH in acute experiments, and that these alterations in the vitamin content resemble the changes which occur in the adrenal gland following these same stimuli (Hess et al., 1952). It has been known for some time that the level of adrenal ascorbic acid is greatly reduced by hypophysectomy (Leblond and Chamorro, 1940; Bowman et al., 1940). Tyslowitz (1943) reported that the concentration of ascorbic acid in the adrenal glands gradually declines for about 18 days following the operation. Thereafter, he found that the concentration remained stabilized at about 60% of the value for intact animals.
Crack Growth in a ductile-phase-toughened in situ intermetallic composite under monotonic and cyclic loading

One approach to improving the ductility and toughness of brittle solids is to incorporate a ductile phase into the brittle matrix in order to impede the extension of incipient cracks. In this regard, recent word has shown that niobium can provide significant ductile-phase toughening in several intermetallic composites via crack bridging, plastic stretching and interfacial debonding mechanisms; however, under cyclic loading the role of the ductile phase appears to be less effective. Accordingly, the purpose of the current study is to examine the effect of the addition of ductile Nb phase on fracture and fatigue behavior in an equiaxed Nb/Nb[sub 3]Al in situ composite; results are compared with behavior in unreinforced Nb[sub 3]Al and Nb to determine possible mechanisms of crack propagation in Nb-toughened Nb[sub 3]Al intermetallic composites.
Morphological analysis in school-age children: dynamic assessment of a word learning strategy.

Purpose Morphological analysis is the ability to use knowledge of root words and affixes to determine the meanings of unfamiliar, morphologically complex words. Beginning in the early elementary gr...
Anemia is associated with hypercholesterolemia in rats only when liver iron is elevated

The objective of this study was designed to answer the question whether anemia per se is a potential inducer of hyperlipidemia. For this purpose, two types of anemia were induced; copper-deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Seventy-two weanling male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned randomly to 12 dietary groups differing in the levels of copper, iron, and the types of dietary carbohydrates. The rats were fed either a copper-deficient (0.6 μg Cu/g) or adequate (6.0 μg Cu/g) diets containing either low (5), adequate (50), or high (500) μg Fe/g The diets also contained fructose or starch as the sole source of dietary carbohydrate. All iron-deficient rats became anemic. Copper-deficient rats developed anemia only when they consumed the diet containing fructose and when they consumed the high levels of dietary iron. Anemia, per se, was not associated with elevated levels of blood cholesterol or triglycerides unless the diet consumed was deficient in copper and was either high in iron or contained fructose. The most severe hypercholesterolemia developed in rats fed the copper-deficient diet, which contained high levels of iron. These rats also exhibited high levels of liver iron. The highest degree of hypertriglyceridemia developed in copper-deficient rats fed the fructose-based diet. Data show that anemia per se was not associated with hypercholesterolemia. Similarly, excess liver iron by itself was not accompanied with hypercholesterolemia. The combination of anemia with excess liver iron was instrumental in raising blood cholesterol. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:81–87, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis: A Current Molecular Analysis.

Apoptosis is a cell suicide program characterized by distinct morphological (cell shrinkage, membrane blebbirig, pyknosis, chromatin margination. denser cytoplasmic images) and biochemical (e.g, DNA fragmentation into distruct address, degradation. of apoptotion markers such as PAR*’ and nuclear (anuns) features. It is involved in multipte physiological processes cxaniplinched by involution; of mammary issues., emboyonic; development, nomocostic maintaince of tissue and organs. and maiuration of the immune aslem as in many pathological condition. represented by nurologic dengradation (Alzerimer’s dieses autoimmune and Inflammatory dieses etology atherosclerosic AIDS, and oncogenesis and underprogression Numberpous moleculrer entities herc been shown to reboloate the apoptotic process. This review provides a conside summery of the recent data on the role of oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes. cytation and factors/growth factors receptors. intracellular signal transducers, cell cycler egulation. Reactive oxygen species on other free radicts extracelluler matrix regulator cell adhession moleculer and specefic endonucleases and cytoplasmic problem (the ICL processed in regulating cell survival and apoptose. of the molecular mechanism regulating apoptosis bears tremendous impact on enhancing of understanding of many dieses infacting the human being an antibody brings us hope for the cure of the diseases of.
Probabilistic assessment methodology for continuous-type petroleum accumulations

The analytic resource assessment method, called ACCESS (Analytic Cell-based Continuous Energy Spreadsheet System), was developed to calculate estimates of petroleum resources for the geologic assessment model, called FORSPAN, in continuous-type petroleum accumulations. The ACCESS method is based upon mathematical equations derived from probability theory in the form of a computer spreadsheet system.
Acute inflammatory response to sheep red blood cell challenge in mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) : phenotypic and functional analysis of peritoneal exudate cells

Abstract TCDD is a widespread environmental contaminant of concern to human health because of its well-recognized immunotoxicity in laboratory animals. Suppression of the murine antibody response to xenogeneic erythrocytes has been shown to be one of the most sensitive assays for TCDD immunotoxicity. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the suppressed immune function have not been fully elucidated. In the present studies, peritoneal macrophage recruitment, activation, and antigen-presenting function in response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) injection were compared in C57B1/6 mice treated with a single oral dose of 0 or 5 μg TCDD/kg. In vehicle-treated mice, SRBC injection induced a typical inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity. Within 6 hr, the number of neutrophils increased and remained elevated until 40 hr. Macrophage numbers increased at 24 hr and remained elevated through 72 hr. In TCDD-treated mice, a hyperinflammatory response to SRBC was observed. The total number of peritoneal exudate cells was significantly greater at 16, 24, and 40 hr after SRBC challenge when compared to that of vehicle-treated mice. The increased number of peritoneal cells reflected significant increases in both neutrophils and macrophages. Mac-1+ peritoneal cells were examined by two-color flow cytometric analysis on Days 0-3 after SRBC injection for expression of the activation markers F4/80 and I-A. The intensity of F4/80 fluorescence significantly decreased 24-72 hr following SRBC challenge, while fluorescence associated with I-A significantly increased at 72 hr. These changes are consistent with macrophage activation. TCDD did not significantly alter F4180 expression on Mac-1+ cells, whereas I-A expression was increased earlier on cells from TCDD-treated mice. However, TCDD treatment did not alter the antigen presentation function of peritoneal cells, assessed by their ability to induce the proliferation of SRBC-primed T cells in vitro. The antigen-presenting function of adherent spleen cells was also not altered by TCDD exposure. To test the hypothesis that an excess number of phagocytes in TCDD-treated mice were clearing the antigen more efficiently, leading to a smaller (e.g., suppressed) antibody response, we attempted to overcome TCDD suppression by increasing the amount of SRBC antigen used for challenge. However, the magnitude of the anti-SRBC response in TCDD-treated mice was not significantly altered by increasing the antigen challenge dose, suggesting that enhanced clearance of antigen by macrophage is not a mechanism for TCDD-induced suppression of the anti-SRBC response. The mechanism(s) for the enhanced inflammatory response and its relationship, if any, to TCDD immunotoxicity remain to be elucidated.
Construction of orthonormal multi-wavelets with additional vanishing moments

An iterative scheme for constructing compactly supported orthonormal (o.n.) multi-wavelets with vanishing moments of arbitrarily high order is established. Precisely, let φ=[φ1,. . .,φr]⊤ be an r-dimensional o.n. scaling function vector with polynomial preservation of order (p.p.o.) m, and ψ=[ψ1,. . .,ψr]⊤ an o.n. multi-wavelet corresponding to φ, with two-scale symbols P and Q, respectively. Then a new (r+1)-dimensional o.n. scaling function vector φ ♯:=[φ ⊤,φr+1]⊤ and some corresponding o.n. multi-wavelet ψ ♯ are constructed in such a way that φ ♯ has p.p.o.=n>m and their two-scale symbols P ♯ and Q ♯ are lower and upper triangular block matrices, respectively, without increasing the size of the supports. For instance, for r=1, if we consider the mth order Daubechies o.n. scaling function φ m D , then φ ♯:=[φ m D ,φ2]⊤ is a scaling function vector with p.p.o. >m. As another example, for r=2, if we use the symmetric o.n. scaling function vector φ in our earlier work, then we obtain a new pair of scaling function vector φ ♯=[φ ⊤,φ3]⊤ and multi-wavelet ψ ♯ that not only increase the order of vanishing moments but also preserve symmetry.
A Decomposition Algorithm for a Discrete Location-Allocation Problem

This paper considers a discrete location-allocation problem for simultaneously determining the location of a given number of capacitated facilities on certain predesignated sites, and the allocation of their products among a fixed number of customers. The objective is to determine the location and subsequent allocation that minimizes the total cost of construction or location, production, and transportation. The formulation of this model is a specially structured, generally nonconvex problem. However, we specify certain sufficient conditions for the solution to two network-structured linear programs to provide an optimal solution to this problem. For other situations, we present an implicit enumeration algorithm within the framework of Benders' decomposition method, which fully exploits the structure of the problem. This method is an improvement over traditional Lagrangian approaches. Computational experience is provided to demonstrate the practicality of this algorithm for reasonable size problems, as well as its superiority over alternative implicit enumeration schemes. This paper also sheds light on the general implementation of Benders' decomposition technique.
The Effects of Daily Homework Assignments on the Acquisition of Basic Skills by Students with Learning Disabilities

Examined in this two-study investigation was the effectiveness of supplemental homework assignments on the acquisition of basic skills by students with diagnosed learning disabilities (LD). In Experiment 1, an adapted alternating treatments design was used to investigate the efficacy of unstructured homework assignments with 6 elementary school-aged students having basic math problems. Although the impact of the homework assignments differed across students, three factors maximized the effectiveness of the homework assignments: rate of homework completion, percentage correct on the homework assignments, and the rate of acquisition of the content being presented. Experiment 2, designed to formally test the effectiveness of homework assignments structured specifically to address these identified factors, confirmed that homework can be employed to increase the effectiveness of direct instruction sequences with students diagnosed as LD.
COLORBLIND VISION : I. LUMINOSITY LOSSES IN THE SPECTRUM FOR DICHROMATS

1. Measurements have been made of the dark-adapted foveal threshold of normal and colorblind persons in five parts of the spectrum using a 1° circular test field. 2. Compared to normals, protanopes (red-blinds) show an elevation of the threshold which increases slowly from blue to yellow and rises rapidly thereafter until in the red the threshold is more than ten times as high as normal. Deuteranopes (green-blinds) do not show so high an elevation, their maximum in the green being only about 70 per cent above normal. 3. These threshold elevations correspond to luminosity losses in the spectrum. For the protanope the total loss in the spectrum is nearly one-half of the normal luminosity; for the deuteranope it is nearly two-fifths of normal. 4. Such losses support the idea that colorblindness corresponds to the loss of one of the three receptor systems usually postulated to account for normal color vision. However, the color sensations reported by colorblind persons, especially monocular colorblinds, do not support the idea of a lost or inactivated receptor system. A fresh explanation for colorblindness is called for to reconcile these conflicting kinds of evidence.
Roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the acquisition and expression of fat-conditioned flavor preferences in rats.

Abstract Sugars and fats elicit innate and learned flavor preferences with the latter mediated by flavor–flavor (orosensory) and flavor–nutrient (post-ingestive) processes. Systemic dopamine (DA) D1 (SCH23390: SCH) and D2 (raclopride: RAC), but not opioid antagonists blocked the acquisition and expression of flavor–flavor preferences conditioned by sugars. In addition, systemic D1, but not D2 or opioid antagonists blocked the acquisition of flavor–nutrient preferences conditioned by intragastric (IG) sugar infusions. Given that DA antagonists reduce fat intake, the present study examined whether systemic D1 or D2 antagonists altered the acquisition and/or expression of conditioned flavor preferences (CFP) produced by pairing one novel flavor (CS+, e.g., cherry) with a 3.5% corn oil (CO: fat) solution relative to another flavor (CS−, e.g., grape) paired with a 0.9% CO solution. In an expression study, food-restricted rats were trained to drink either flavored 3.5% or 0.9% CO solutions on alternate days. Subsequent two-bottle tests with the CS+ and CS− flavors mixed in 0.9% CO solutions occurred 0.5 h after systemic administration of vehicle (VEH), SCH (50–800 nmol/kg) or RAC (50–800 nmol/kg). The rats displayed a robust CS+ preference following VEH treatment (87–88%) the expression of which was attenuated by treatment with moderate doses of RAC, and to a lesser degree, SCH. In an acquisition study, six groups of rats received VEH, SCH (25, 50, 200 nmol/kg) or RAC (50, 200 nmol/kg) 0.5 h prior to 1-bottle training trials with CS+ flavored 3.5% and CS− flavored 0.9% (CS−) CO solutions. A seventh Limited VEH group was trained with its training intakes limited to that of the SCH and RAC groups. Subsequent two-bottle tests were conducted with the CS+ and CS− flavors presented in 0.9% CO without injections. Significant and persistent CS+ preferences were observed in VEH (75–82%), Limited VEH (70–88%), SCH25 (75–84%), SCH50 (64–87%), SCH200 (78–91%) and RAC200 (74–91%) groups. In contrast, the group trained with RAC50 displayed a significant initial CS+ preference (76%) which declined over testing to 61%. These data indicate limited DA D1 and D2 receptor signaling involvement in the expression and acquisition of a fat-CFP relative to previous robust effects for sugar-CFP.
Adsorption of carbon monoxide Au/Pd(1 0 0) alloys in ultrahigh vacuum: Identification of adsorption sites

Abstract The adsorption of carbon monoxide is studied on Au/Pd(1 0 0) alloys by means of reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The alloy was formed by adsorbing a four-monolayer thick gold film on a Pd(1 0 0) substrate and by heating to various temperatures to form alloys with a range of palladium coverages. The alloy was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the composition of the outermost layer measured using low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy. CO adsorbs on palladium bridge sites only for palladium coverages greater than 0.5 monolayers (ML) suggesting that next-nearest neighbor sites are preferentially populated by palladium atoms. CO adsorbs on atop palladium sites and desorbs at ∼350 K corresponding to a desorption activation energy of ∼117 kJ/mol. However, at lower palladium coverages, these sites are not occupied and CO desorption states are detected 170 and 112 K corresponding to desorption activation energies of ∼53 kJ/mol and ∼35 kJ/mol, respectively, for these states. It is suggested that these states are due to a restructuring of the surface to form low-coordination gold sites that obscure the atop palladium site.
Sociological imperialism in three theories of the market

This essay reviews three prominent sociological studies of firms and markets: Neil Fligstein's The Architecture of Markets, Glenn Carroll and Michael Hannan's The Demography of Corporations, and Harrison C. White's Markets from Networks. The review essay discusses how economic sociology focuses on processes ignored by economists. However, research findings and theoretical developments are rarely reconciled or integrated with economic research. The conclusion discusses possible links between the varying schools of economic sociology and heterodox economic traditions such as contemporary institutional economics.