cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF MARITAL STATUS ON SURVIVAL AFTER AN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY

A nonconcurrent prospective study was conducted in the metropolitan Baltimore, Maryland, area to examine the influence of marital status on the in-hospital and long-term survival rate of 1401 patients who experienced an acute myocardial infarction. Patients were classified as "married" or "unmarried" at the time of their myocardial infarction and any later change in the marital history was not considered. For married males the adjusted in-hospital case fatality rate was 19.7 per cent, whereas for unmarried males the rate was 26.7 per cent (p less than 0.05); similarly, the case fatality rate for married and unmarried females was 23.3 per cent and 37.4 per cent, respectively (p less than 0.05). A 10-year follow-up of 888 subjects who were discharged alive after an acute myocardial infarction also showed a significantly better survival rate for the married compared to the unmarried for both males (p less than 0.0001) and females (p less than 0.025). The results of this study indicate that married men and women who experience an acute myocardial infarction have a significantly better survival prospect, both in-hospital and after discharge, independent of other factors.
The distribution of the main intrinsic membrane polypeptide in ocular lens

The Main Intrinsic Polypeptide (MIP) of the ocular lens fiber cell plasma membrane was immunocytochemically localized at the ultrastructural level on ultrathin frozen sections of rat lens, and on extracted, gradient-purified bovine lens membranes. The results indicate that both the junctional and non-junctional membrane domains of the cortical lens fiber cell are MIP immunoreactive. Frozen thin section immunocytochemistry of the lens epithelium and hepatocytes, also using anti-MIP antibodies, revealed that these cells, and their intercellular junctions, are not MIP-immunoreactive. From these findings we conclude that 1) MIP, a putative fiber cell junctional protein, is present throughout the plasma membrane of the lens fiber cell, and is not confined to the fiber cell junctional domain, 2) MIP is not a detectable component of the lens epithelial cell membrane, or its intercellular junctions, 3) MIP is not detectable in gap junctions of hepatocytes.
The ore deposit-tectonics connection

Mineral Deposits and Global Tectonic Settings. By A.H.G. Mitchell and M.S. Garson. Pp.404. ISBN 0-12-499050-9. (Academic: 1982.) £23.60, $48.50.
705-3 Initial Experience with Left Ventricular Endocardial Catheter Manipulation Guided by Intracardiac Ultrasound Visualization: Improved Accuracy Over Fluoroscopic Imaging

The accuracy of radiofrequency ablation catheter tip localization with reference to surrounding anatomy was examined with both fluoroscopic and intracardiac long axis ultrasound imaging modalities in the canine left ventricle. 72 lesions (5–6 per dog) were created in 14 dogs with the delivery of 20–65 watts of radiofrequency power via 4–12 mm tip catheters. Using a 9 RAO and 9 LAO mapping zone grid system, the relationship between fluoroscopic catheter tip position and underlying anatomy was established. The catheter tip location predicted by the fluoroscopic approach correlated precisely with the specific post-mortem lesion location in 52 (72%) of lesions. In 18 (25%), the lesions were found to be one zone (1–2 cm) removed from the predicted site and were ≥2 zones removed in 2 (3%) lesions. locations predicted by longitudinally imaging intracardiac ultrasound as referenced to papillary muscles, the interventricular septum, and aortic and mitral annulae were significantly more accurate (chi 2 = 7.1, p = 0.029) than with fluoroscopy. In each of 20 sites examined, the lesion was within 5 mm of that predicted by intracardiac ultrasound localization. This information demonstrates that ultrasound guidance during catheter mapping may be superior to that possible with fluoroscopy. This is of importance for the localization of tachycardia circuits, the investigational localization of radiofrequency lesions created with catheter techniques, and for return site energy delivery in cases of unstable or only marginally reproducible tachycardias.
INTESTINAL PERFORATIONS SECONDARY TO MECHANICAL VENTILATION WITH NASAL PRONGS (NP) OR FACE MASK (FM)

To identify factors contributing to neonatal intestinal perforation (IP), all cases of IP not associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or bowel obstruction referred between 1975-1982 were reviewed. Eighteen babies met these criteria. Three met classic criteria for spontaneous perforation. Fifteen were receiving cycled mechanical ventilation by either NP or FM at the time of perforation. Perforations were localized to the stomach in 7, duodenum in 1, jejunum in 1 and ileum in 6. Gestational ages of mechanically ventilated infants ranged from 26-40 weeks (mean=30), weights from 890-2810 grams (mean=1500) and 5 minute Apgar from 1-10 (mean=6). The most common primary diagnosis was RDS. Twelve infants were males and two were enterally fed prior to perforation. Two babies died. All the cases and 57% of the controls were ventilated by NP or FM. To determine if the type of ventilation contributed to perforations, a matched case-control analysis was performed. Each NP or FM ventilated case was matched with four controls for gestation, age at perforation and Apgar scores. Using the Mantel-Haenzel estimate of odds ratio and test for significance for matched pairs, children with intestinal perforation were much more likely than controls to have been ventilated by either NP or FM; odds ratio =23.8 (X2MH = 35.6, p < 0.001). We conclude that mechanical ventilation with NP or FM is associated with an unnecessary risk to babies when compared to ventilation with ET tube.
On biological growth.

Mathematical representation of the general pattern of biological growth in unicellular or multicellular organisms is feasible. The weight of the organism is a practical variable for the description of this growth. The resultant differential equation contains a term representing the inhibitory effect of increase in size of the organism due to encroachment upon space and a term representing the, accumulation of toxic products. The solution for the weight rises from a low initial value to a maximum and then decays gradually, the ascending and descending curves being independent of each other. The solution appears to have value in integration and simplification of complex and variegated biological phenomena.
Metal-nanowall grating transparent electrodes: Achieving high optical transmittance at high incident angles with minimal diffraction

A novel architecture has been employed to fabricate transparent electrodes with high conductivity and high optical transmittance at high incident angles. Soft lithography is used to fabricate polymer grating patterns onto which thin metallic films are deposited. Etching removes excess metal leaving tall walls of metal. Polymer encapsulation of the structure both protects the metal and minimizes diffraction. Transmission is dependent upon the height of the walls and encapsulation and varies from 60% to 80% for structures with heights of 1400 nm to 300 nm. In encapsulated structures, very little distortion is visible (either parallel to or perpendicular to standing walls) even at viewing angles 60° from the normal. Diffraction is at characterized through measurement of intensity for zeroth through third order diffraction spots. Encapsulation is shown to significantly reduce diffraction. Measurements are supported by optical simulations.
On product-cordial index sets and friendly index sets of 2-regular graphs and generalized wheels

A vertex labeling f: V → ℤ2 of a simple graph G = (V, E) induces two edge labelings f +, f*: E → ℤ2 defined by f +(uυ) = f(u) + f(υ) and f*(uυ) = f(u)f(υ). For each i ∈ ℤ2, let υ f (i) = |{υ ∈ V: f(υ) = i}|, e + (i) = |{e ∈ E: f +(e) = i}| and e* f (i) = |{e ∈ E: f*(e) = i}|. We call f friendly if |υ f (0) − υ f (1)| ≤ 1. The friendly index set and the product-cordial index set of G are defined as the sets {|e + f(0) − e + (1)|: f is friendly} and {|e* f (0) − e* f (1)|: f is friendly}. In this paper we study and determine the connection between the friendly index sets and product-cordial index sets of 2-regular graphs and generalized wheel graphs.
Shyness and self‐reported competence

This investigation examined levels of shyness on competence. Results indicated that shy individuals, as compared to not‐shy individuals, were less competent. Perceptual differences were found on articulation, social composure, social confirmation, social experience, wit, overall conversational performance, expressiveness, and interaction management. Based on findings, conclusions were drawn and future research suggestions were discussed.
Partial nephrectomy does not compromise survival in patients with pathologic upstaging to pT2/pT3 or high-grade renal tumors compared with radical nephrectomy.

Objective To compare survival in patients with clinical T1b renal tumors that are pathologically upstaged, or high-grade tumors, treated by either partial nephrectomy (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN). The American Urological Association Guidelines recently advocated increasing use of PN in all patients with cT1 renal masses, but urologists are often hesitant to perform PN for larger more aggressive appearing cT1 renal tumors for fear of pathologic upstaging and a perceived compromise in cancer control. Methods From a single institutional kidney cancer registry, 2511 consecutive patients with presumed cT1 renal cell cancer underwent extirpative surgery; 1981 (79%) were found to have renal cell cancer (RCC) and 213 (10.7%) were upstaged on final pathology. In addition, 95 (5%) were found to have grade 4 cancer. Cancer-specific survival (CS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the groups. Results In the upstaged cohort, patients treated by PN (n = 96, 45%) had comparable OS and CS when studied stage for stage with those treated by RN (n = 117, 55%). Multivariate cox-proportional hazards analysis of OS in the upstaged subset demonstrated that only age, grade, and Charlson score predicted OS, whereas PN vs RN and stage did not. PN did not compromise survival in patients with grade 4 RCC compared with RN. Conclusions PN does not appear to compromise the chance for cancer cure in patients with cT1 tumors that are upstaged pathologically to pT2 or pT3 or high-grade renal masses when compared with RN. These concerns should not deter a surgeon from attempting PN when otherwise technically feasible.
Regulation of APC Cdh1 E3 ligase activity by the Fbw7/cyclin E signaling axis contributes to the tumor suppressor function of Fbw7

Fbw7 and Cdh1 are substrate-recognition subunits of the SCF- and APC-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, respectively. There is emerging evidence suggesting that both Fbw7 and Cdh1 function as tumor suppressors by targeting oncoproteins for destruction. Loss of Fbw7, but not Cdh1, is frequently observed in various human tumors. However, it remains largely unknown how Fbw7 mechanistically functions as a tumor suppressor and whether there is a signaling crosstalk between Fbw7 and Cdh1. Here, we report that Fbw7-deficient cells not only display elevated expression levels of SCFFbw7 substrates, including cyclin E, but also have increased expression of various APCCdh1 substrates. We further defined cyclin E as the critical signaling link by which Fbw7 governs APCCdh1 activity, as depletion of cyclin E in Fbw7-deficient cells results in decreased expression of APCCdh1 substrates to levels comparable to those in wild-type (WT) cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of cyclin E recapitulates the aberrant APCCdh1 substrate expression observed in Fbw7-deficient cells. More importantly, 4A-Cdh1 that is resistant to Cdk2/cyclin E-mediated phosphorylation, but not WT-Cdh1, reversed the elevated expression of various APCCdh1 substrates in Fbw7-deficient cells. Overexpression of 4A-Cdh1 also resulted in retarded cell growth and decreased anchorage-independent colony formation. Altogether, we have identified a novel regulatory mechanism by which Fbw7 governs Cdh1 activity in a cyclin E-dependent manner. As a result, loss of Fbw7 can lead to aberrant increase in the expression of both SCFFbw7 and APCCdh1 substrates. Our study provides a better understanding of the tumor suppressor function of Fbw7, and suggests that Cdk2/cyclin E inhibitors could serve as effective therapeutic agents for treating Fbw7-deficient tumors.
The Collagen Binding α1β1 Integrin VLA-1 Regulates CD8 T Cell-Mediated Immune Protection against Heterologous Influenza Infection

A common feature of many infections is that many pathogen-specific memory T cells become established in diverse nonlymphoid tissues. A mechanism that promotes the retention and survival of the memory T cells in diverse tissues has not been described. Our studies show that the collagen binding α1β1 integrin, VLA-1, is expressed by the majority of influenza-specific CD8 T cells recovered from nonlymphoid tissues during both the acute and memory phases of the response. Antibody treatment or genetic deficiency of VLA-1 decreased virus-specific CTL in the lung and other nonlymphoid tissues, and increased them in the spleen. In spite of the increase in the spleen, secondary heterosubtypic immunity against flu was compromised. This suggests that VLA-1 is responsible for retaining protective memory CD8 T cells in the lung and other tissues via attachment to the extracellular matrix.
FIELD SYSTEM FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF LANDFILL GAS PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

Abstract The driving forces for gas movement in the subsurface include both concentration gradients (diffusion) and pressure gradients (convection). Near the top of the landfill, small soil gas pressure differences with respect to atmospheric pressure have been typically disregarded but may be important to considerations of gas flux into and out of landfill cover materials. The authors have developed a portable, inexpensive system using off-the-shelf components to sensitively monitor pressures, temperatures and meteorological variables on a continuous basis. Previous experience has indicated that continuous monitoring of pressure changes is necessary to understand the dynamics of convection in the shallow subsurface. This application relies on a distributed network of commercially available Z-180 microprocessor-based integrated controllers to condition signals from electronic pressure transducers, meteorological sensors, and various temperature-sensing devices: thermocouples, thermistors and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). Output is recorded continuously over an Appletalk™ network. The sensitivity of the authors' current system exceeds 4 Pa for pressure and 0.01°C for temperature (thermistor sensors). This paper will describe the basic system components. The various choices for both temperature and pressure sensors will be discussed with respect to their sensitivity, adaptability and resolution. In addition, sample data output will be presented to illustrate the dynamics of shallow subsurface pressure and temperature changes.
A Conceptual Review of Discipline in the Schools: A Consultation Service Model.

Abstract Although discipline has been identified consistently as the major problem in U.S. education, few conceptual models are available to guide the analysis of discipline problems and to integrate the consultation and preventive mental health perspectives. A model is presented that integrates a consultation problem-solving process (involving problem identification, problem analysis, intervention, and evaluation) with the preventive mental health levels (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions). These perspective interface because discipline-related problems can occur and be resolved at all three prevention levels, although most are addressed only at the tertiary level. A review of the relevant literature is presented with each component of the model, and pragmatic applications are suggested to facilitate both problem-solving and consultation. Although the tertiary prevention level is emphasized, consultants are reminded that secondary and primary prevention programs are potentially more cost-effective and efficacious.
HCO rotational excitation in the photoinitiated unimolecular decomposition of H2CO

Abstract The unimolecular decomposition of H2CO via the H + HCO radical channel has been examined by photoexcitation of the S1 2243 and 2341 vibrational bands (31500-31855 cm−1). The H-atom translational energy distributions, obtained by using the high-n Rydberg time-of-flight technique, reflect the HCO internal energy distributions and reveal rotational excitation as high as Ka = 6 for ν = 0. Such high-Ka levels are believed to be the result of contributions from the S0 ground state surface at energies where the S0 and T1 radical pathways compete.
Large-scale spatial data processing on GPUs and GPU-accelerated clusters

The massive data parallel computing power provided by inexpensive commodity Graphics Processing Units(GPUs) makes large-scale spatial data processing on GPUs and GPU-accelerated clusters attractive from both a research and practical perspective. In this article, we report our works on data parallel designs of spatial indexing, spatial joins and several other spatial operations, including polygon rasterization, polygon decomposition and point interpolation. The data parallel designs are further scaled out to distributed computing nodes by integrating single-node GPU implementations with High-Performance Computing (HPC) toolset and the new generation in-memory Big Data systems such as Cloudera Impala. In addition to introducing GPGPU computing background and outlining data parallel designs for spatial operations, references to individual works are provided as a summary chart for interested readers to follow more details on designs, implementations and performance evaluations.
ATM network design for corporate networks

Abstract Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks play an important role in support of distributed applications and modern corporate systems. The applications that use these architectures transfer high volumes of data in high-speed bursts and have stringent delay requirements. To address these needs, network managers seek cost efficient network solutions that provide network capacity sufficient to support high-speed applications. In this paper we present a new formulation and solution procedure for designing ATM networks to support corporate applications. Given the locations of the application servers and multiple clients we would like to design a minimum cost ATM network by which the clients can access the servers. Most of the previous work done in this area separates the problem into a routing problem (virtual circuit routing) and an assignment (virtual path assignment) problem. Thus, the solutions tend to be sub-optimal in the combined problem. This research optimizes virtual path (VP) assignment and virtual circuit (VC) routing simultaneously. We formulate the combined problem explicitly and develop an effective solution method. The solution method provides the designer with virtual paths and virtual circuits over which the actual communication takes place. Computational results are provided.
Steady-state kinetic approaches to complex biological systems.

Steady-state kinetic approaches to study the biochemical systems have been extremly useful. In this paper we use this approach to explain the inhibition of electron transport in structurally bound multienzyme systems and in applying the work-energy cost transfer function to living tissues as studied by31P NMR spectroscopy. We show that in both systems the steady-state approach leads to equations and predictions that are in accordance with the experimental data.
On Feature Selection for Genomic Signal Processing and Data Mining

An effective data mining system lies in the representation of pattern vectors. The most vital information to be represented is the characteristics embedded in the raw data most essential for the intended applications. In order to extract a useful high-level representation, it is desirable that a representation can provide concise, invariant, and/or intelligible information on input patterns. The curse of dimensionality has traditionally been a serious concern in many genomic applications. For example, the feature dimension of gene expression data is often in the order of thousands. This motivates exploration into feature selection and representation, both aiming at reducing the feature dimensionality to facilitate the training and prediction of genomic data. The challenge lies in how to reduce feature dimension while conceding minimum sacrifice on accuracy. For feature selection, both individual and group information are important, and each has its own pros and cons in measuring the truly relevant information. The individual quantification is simple as each of the M features can be represented by one single value. However, it cannot deal with the inter-feature redundancy, abounding specially in genomic data. In contrast, the group information can fully address the mutual redundancy, but it is often too complicated to process. (Note that there are 2M possible groups.) Between the two extremes, fortunately, there is a convenient compromise: the pairwise kernel - which has a low complexity (M2 pairs) and yet reveals the critical information regarding the m inter-feature redundancy. Indeed, it has been already found very useful for many genomic applications. Especially, we shall describe how pairwise-based feature selection may be successful applied to genomic subcellular localization. A special method (VIA-SVM) designed exclusively for pairwise scoring kernels is introduced. This is the first method that fully utilizes the reflexive property of the so-called self-supervised training data, arising uniquely available in multiple sequence alignment. Based on several subcellular localization experiments, the VIA-SVM when combined with some filter-type metrics appears to deliver a substantial dimension reduction (one-order of magnitude) with only little degradation on accuracy.
Re-entangling the Thermometer: Cornelis Drebbel’s Description of his Self-regulating Oven, the Regiment of Fire, and the Early History of Temperature

A new, illustrated source, “Drebbel’s Description of his Circulating Oven,” sheds light on the thermostatic oven of Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633), a Dutch alchemist, engineer, and philosopher active in Holland, Zeeland, London and Prague. The “Description” survives in two German copies. It describes two new inventions, a “Judicium” (which we might call a thermometer) and a “Regimen” (which we might call a feedback control mechanism). It thus engages longstanding debates concerning the invention of the thermometer. More fundamentally, it engages the relationship of artisanality and philosophy. The “Description” highlights the entangled origins of both instruments, which emerged through combined concerns of alchemy, engineering, philosophy, and natural magic. In the early seventeenth century, the term “thermometer” indicated an object with a more expansive role than it later would. The later emergence of a distinct scientific instrument industry, separating previously entangled roles, has colored subsequent views of such instruments and their makers.
Lymphoid leukemia in the dog. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

True lymphoid leukemia of bone-marrow origin may present as two distinct clinical forms in the dog. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a rapidly progressive disease associated with proliferation of malignant, undifferentiated lymphoblasts. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a more insidious form of malignancy associated with abnormal proliferation of small lymphocytes. Recognition of these clinically distinct forms ofleukemia and their differentiation from lymphosarcoma are important in considering prognosis and approach to therapy.
Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke

Thrombolytic and antithrombotic agents form the cornerstone of stroke treatment and prevention. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator improves outcome in patients treated within 3 hours of stroke onset. Emerging trials are directed to extend the therapeutic window and identify agents that could provide better safety profiles. Large, randomized trials have also highlighted the effectiveness and safety of early and continuous antiplatelet therapy in reducing atherothrombotic stroke recurrence. Aspirin has become the antiplatelet treatment standard against which several other antiplatelet agents have been shown to be more effective. The prevention of cardioembolic stroke is best accomplished with oral anticoagulation, barring any contraindications.
Study group assists in global water cycle program

The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has appointed a Water Cycle Study Group (WCSG),chaired by George Hornberger of the University of Virginia, to advise the USGCRP agencies on development of a Global Water Cycle Program within the USGCRPThe aim is to define a USGCRP initiative for fiscal years 2001 and beyond. In appointing the group, Robert Corell (then chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research) noted that “Deficiencies in our understanding of the global water cycle severely handicap efforts to improve climate prediction and guide water resource planning. Central to this initiative is the establishment of a science community-based research planning process complemented by an enhanced interagency coordination effort to address the content of this effort for FY 2001 and beyond.” The charge to the WCSG is to “formulate a research strategy and scientific plan for investigating the global water cycle, its role in climate, and the fundamental processes that govern the availability and the biogeochemistry of water resources, [and to] develop the strategy and science plan for a national program.” The WCSG is assisted by a parallel Interagency Working Group (IWG), which is charged with coordinating agency activities with the development of the WCSG science plan.The IWG is cochaired by Rick Lawford of NOAA's Office of Global Programs and Robert Schiffer of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise.
Evaluating Lifelong Learning

One of the required ABET outcomes is “a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning.” Although students must demonstrate this recognition and ability at graduation, data from alumni can strengthen a program’s assertion that its graduates actually engage in lifelong learning. Several strategies for demonstrating lifelong learning are presented and discussed. In addition, a case study from the Mechanical Engineering Department at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology is presented. For the case study, several assessment instruments were used: an alumni survey, employer focus groups, an Advisory Board survey, and feedback from senior students. Each component will be discussed, results will be presented, and conclusions will be drawn. The alumni survey was made via the internet. The 760 respondents included graduates from the 1940s through the 2000s. Respondents were asked to indicate the number of additional courses or workshops that they had taken and whether or not they had received any additional degrees. Furthermore, respondents were asked to rate the importance of lifelong learning to their current job. In addition, they were asked to rate how well Rose had prepared them for lifelong learning. Employer perspective was gained through focus groups and the advisory board. Companies who were present at career fairs were asked to answer questions about Rose graduates in general. The ME Advisory Board contains members from institutions who are major employers of our graduates. Advisory board members gave feedback based on their knowledge of graduates’ performances. As in the alumni survey, both groups were asked to rate the importance of lifelong learning, along with how well Rose prepared them. Finally graduating seniors were asked to rate how important they felt lifelong learning would be in their careers. In addition, they were asked how well prepared they thought they were. All groups surveyed rated the ability to continue to learn and educate one’s self as being important, and all groups felt that RHIT graduates met the required standard.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The structure and evolution of radiatively cooling jets

The two-dimensional simulations presently used to characterize the structure and evolution of radiatively cooling supersonic jets reveal that cooling jet morphologies resemble those of adiabatic outflows, but with the fundamental difference that a dense, cold shell will condense out of the shocked gas at the head of the jet when the cooling distance behind either of the two principal shocks is smaller than the jet radius. For very high cooling rates, the material that accumulates at the head of the jet forms an extended plug of cold gas resembling the 'nose cone' observed in numerical simulations of strongly magnetized adiabatic jets. An investigation is made of the dependence of jet properties on the density ratio between the beam and the ambient medium, as well as on the strength of radiative cooling.
The use of tissue sealant to prevent fistula formation after laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy.

Background Pancreatic fistula occurs in about 20% of patients undergoing laparoscopic pancreatectomy. A variety of techniques have been described to decrease this rate, with limited success. Fibrin sealants are products that promote the adhesion of tissue surfaces to each other. This report demonstrates the use of fibrin sealants to decrease the incidence of pancreatic fistula.
Automated assay of glycosidases.

Abstract The Technicon Basic AutoAnalyzer sampler system was modified for simultaneous sampling of glycosidase(s) and substrate-buffer solutions. The inexpensive modification allows performance of automated enzyme analyses and enzyme kinetic studies with minimal consumption of substrate and/or enzyme.
Piezoelectric buckling-based NEMS relays for millivolt mechanical logic

We report on the design, fabrication, characterization, and scaling analysis of buckling-based NEMS relays that use, for the first time, piezoelectric actuation. The generated stress from anchored piezoelectric films is employed to buckle a clamped-clamped beam to connect the source and drain, while the residual stress is used to control the actuation voltage. This demonstration is the first of its kind to exploit residual stress to deliver a highly scalable switching mechanism that exhibits low actuation voltage (~1.8 V), and uniquely achieves an equivalent electric body bias via mechanical methods. Analytical and FEA simulation show a linear dependence of the switching voltage on the residual stress, while the voltage vs. stress tuning slope is reduced linearly with scaling the piezoelectric film thickness (-16.6 mV/MPa for 10 nm thick AlN film). A scaling analysis shows that millivolt switching is possible for aggressively miniaturized relays.
Crack and damage propagation in polystyrene under fatigue loading

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation experiments conducted on thin, single edge-notched polystyrene specimens demonstrate that during quasi-static propagation intense crazing surrounds and precedes the crack. The crack and its associated damage constitute a crack layer (CL). Craze accumulation within the zone ahead of the crack tip, i.e. the active zone, takes place prior to crack advance. During crack advance, the shape of the crack tip closely resembles that of the Dugdale-Barendblatt model. The shape of the active zone is found to be dependent on loading history. Fracture surface examination reveals two types of discontinuous crack growth bands: multicycle and single-cycle bands. The total energy release rate for unit CL advance, evaluated from load-displacement curves, is found to be close to the elastic energy release rate. The variation of the ratio of active zone length to band width with the energy release rate suggests that the elastic energy release rate does not uniquely characterize the strains and stresses around the crack tip. This is attributed to intensive crazing around the crack tip. The experimental results demonstrate that fracture propagates by the translation, expansion and distortion of the active zone. The critical energy release rate is found to be strongly dependent on loading history.
Inadequate Evidence for Multiple Intelligences, Mozart Effect, and Emotional Intelligence Theories

I (Waterhouse, 2006) argued that, because multiple intelligences, the Mozart effect, and emotional intelligence theories have inadequate empirical support and are not consistent with cognitive neuroscience findings, these theories should not be applied in education. Proponents countered that their theories had sufficient empirical support, were consistent with cognitive neuroscience findings, and should be applied in education (Cherniss, Extein, Goleman, & Weissberg, 2006; Gardner & Moran, 2006; Rauscher & Hinton, 2006). However, Gardner and Moran offered no validating evidence for multiple intelligences, Rauscher and Hinton concluded that "listening-to-Mozart" studies should be disregarded, and Cherniss, Extein, Goleman, and Weissberg agreed that emotional intelligence lacked a unitary empirically supported construct. My reply addresses theory proponents' specific criticisms of my review and reasserts my original claims.
Water-gas shift catalysis: kinetic isotope effect identifies surface formates in rate limiting step for Pt/ceria catalysts

In this investigation, isotope switching from H2O to D2O was used to validate the possibility that the decomposition of formate could be the rate limiting step for the water gas shift mechanism over metal promoted ceria, as was proposed earlier by Shido and Iwasawa. The surface species were followed stepwise by in-situ DRIFTS, while the conversion was monitored by GC to quantify the conversions. A normal kinetic isotope effect was observed, consistent with a link between the activation energy barrier of the rate limiting step and the breaking of the formate C–H bond.
Comparing analytic performance criteria: evaluation of HbA1c certification criteria as an example.

Background Direct comparison of analytical performance criteria that utilize different statistical approaches can be problematic. We describe a mathematical approach to compare performance criteria for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis used by the NGSP standardization program and the College of American Pathologists (CAP) to enhance consistency between the schemes.
Analysis of a whistle-blowing

The following article, published for completeness, was completed on 30 September 1987, was submitted to Nature soon afterwards, but never published. Those consulted about the manuscript held that there might be data, other than that in the seventeen pages of laboratory notebooks analysed by the authors, that would undermine their conclusions. Such supplementary data have indeed been submitted, but have been judged by the draft report of the Office of Scientific Integrity to have been fabricated.
Preaching Poetry: the Forgotten Verse of Ibn Al-Sahrazūrī

OETRY has had a place in Islamic preaching; preaching has played its part in poetry. While pre-Islamic Arab poets exhorted their patrons and tribes to valorous deeds, early Muslim preachers recited verse urging their followers to fulfill God's commands. In both instances, poetry's emotive energy powered the message1. The sudden and forceful impact this verse made upon an audience impressed the mystic and theologian al-Gazzall (d. 505/1111). He felt that poetry was especially effective for bringing to mind the world to come and for inciting believers to perform the pilgrimage and to confront the enemies of Islam2. But verse, particularly amorous verse, could also arouse illicit emotions and provoke unseemly behavior as al-Gazzali was aware when he criticized the frequent recitation of love poetry during sermons3:
Weak Interactions and Eötvös Experiments

A current-current model for weak interactions is used to show that the weak-interaction contribution to the ground-state energies of typical nuclei is about one part in 100 million of their rest masses. By comparing this contribution with the results of recent versions of the Eotvos experiments, it is concluded that weak-interaction energies obey the principle of equivalence to better than one part in 100, thus refuting claims that those experiments did not test weak-interaction effects.
Extensions of mixed-µ bounds to monotonic and odd monotonic nonlinearities using absolute stability theory†

In this paper we make explicit connections between classical absolute stability theory and modern mixed-μ analysis and synthesis. Specifically, using the parameter-dependent Lyapunov function framework of Haddad and Bernstein and the frequency dependent off-axis circle interpretation of How and Hall, we extend previous work on absolute stability theory for monotonic and odd monotonic nonlinearities to provide tight approximations for constant real parameter uncertainty. An immediate application of this framework is the generalization and reformulation of mixed-μ analysis and synthesis in terms of Lyapunov functions and Riccati equations. This observation is exploited to provide robust, reduced-order controller synthesis while avoiding the standard D, N - K iteration and curve-fitting procedures.
A Murine Model for Disseminated Candidiasis in Neonates

Candida albicans is the leading fungal pathogen causing invasive disease in immunocompromised patients including the neonate. A reliable animal model for disseminated candidiasis in the neonate is needed to study the unique aspects of this host-pathogen interaction. To establish such a model, 2-d-old BALB/c mouse pups were given i.p. injections with varied inocula of C. albicans or saline control. Pups were examined every 3-8 h for death. Surviving pups were killed at 72 h. Kidney, lung, spleen, liver, and brain were homogenized and plated for colony counts and/or fixed for histological staining. The i.p. injection of C. albicans led to mortality in a dose-dependent fashion. Disseminated infection was confirmed by colony counts of homogenized kidney, lung, and brain, as well as by histological examination. Infection with a C. albicans mutant lacking the cell surface adhesin, Als3p, led to significant reduction in mortality relative to WT (p = 0.03). This model will be useful to study the unique aspects of antifungal defense in a neonatal host and will provide a means to test novel therapeutic strategies.
Effect of β-cyclodextrin on production of L-phenylacetyl carbinol by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The rate and extent of microbial transformation of higher concentrations of benzaldehyde substrate to L-phenylacetyl carbinol (L-PAC) by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 834 was markedly stimulated by addition of different concentrations of β-cyclodextrin (BCD) to the fermentation medium. With 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% BCD in the fermentation medium and cumulative doses of benzaldehyde of 12 and 14 g/L, significantly higher yields of L-PAC were obtained, about one- to twofold that of the yields of the control experiments. The favorable effects of BCD were evident in spite of its presence in stoichiometric concentrations significantly lower than those of benzaldehyde. The presence of BCD also appeared to stimulate microbial growth slightly. Enhanced cellular activity was reflected by faster D-glucose consumption and faster benzaldehyde utilization in the presence of BCD.
A New GIS Approach for Estimating Shallow Groundwater Recharge and Discharge

Groundwater recharge and discharge define the relationships among groundwater storage, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface water. Understanding and quantifying groundwater recharge and discharge is crucial for developing effective management options for water supply. Traditional recharge and discharge studies usually require time-consuming (months or years) and labor-intensive field characterization. Therefore, a fast initial recharge and discharge estimation will help scientists and decision makers design more accurate and cost-effective research plans and management strategies. A new GIS based methodology along with an ArcMap plug-in package, PRO-GRADE, was developed to help hydrogeologists estimate recharge and discharge in a more efficient way than conventional methods. The Groundwater Recharge And Discharge Estimator (GRADE-GIS) in the PRO-GRADE package uses a mass balance approach for steady state two-dimensional unconfined aquifers. GRADE-GIS only requires relatively short preparation time (hours) using readily available data for water table and bedrock elevations, and hydraulic conductivities. The Pattern Recognition Organizer (PRO-GIS) in the PRO-GRADE package uses multiple image processing algorithms to estimate and visualize shallow recharge and discharge patterns and rates with GIS. The output of PRO-GRADE can be used as an initial guideline for conventional field study planning and decision making, or an initial condition for numerical simulations.
Autonomic components of vicarious conditioning and psychopathy

Examined vicariously instigated electrodermal activity within a classical conditioning paradigm using electric shock to a model as the unconditioned stimulus. Thirty-nine male Ss were selected for the study and divided into three groups: primary psychopaths (PP), secondary psychopaths (SP), and nonpsychopathic normals (NP). The selection procedures were based on scores obtained from the MMPI and the Activity Preference Questionnaire. The conditioning paradigm was composed of three GSR recording periods, which were identified as resensitization, conditioned anticipation, and vicarious instigation, respectively. Results indicated that the PP and the SP groups produced significantly less conditioned anticipatory GSRs than the NP group. The PP group also produced significantly less vicariously instigated GSRs than the SP and NP groups.
Combined effects of mass addition and nose bluntness on boundary-layer transition

Cone boundary layer transition location and Reynolds number as function of nose bluntness combined effect with Ar, air and He mass injection
Seeding atomic layer deposition of high-k dielectrics on epitaxial graphene with organic self-assembled monolayers.

The development of high-performance graphene-based nanoelectronics requires the integration of ultrathin and pinhole-free high-k dielectric films with graphene at the wafer scale. Here, we demonstrate that self-assembled monolayers of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) act as effective organic seeding layers for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO2 and Al2O3 on epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001). The PTCDA is deposited via sublimation in ultrahigh vacuum and shown to be highly ordered with low defect density by molecular-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. Whereas identical ALD conditions lead to incomplete and rough dielectric deposition on bare graphene, the chemical functionality provided by the PTCDA seeding layer yields highly uniform and conformal films. The morphology and chemistry of the dielectric films are characterized by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while high-resolution X-ray r...
Power Network Optimization Based on Link Breaking Methodology

A link breaking methodology is introduced to reduce voltage degradation within mesh structured power distribution networks. The resulting power distribution network combines a single power distribution network to lower the network impedance, and multiple networks to reduce noise coupling among the circuits. Since the sensitivity to supply voltage variations within a power distribution network can vary among various circuits, the proposed methodology reduces the voltage drop at the more sensitive circuits, while penalizes the less sensitive circuits. Each circuit can behave as an aggressor as well as a victim. The methodology utilizes two matrices describing the aggressiveness and sensitivity of a circuit. The proposed methodology is evaluated for multiple case studies, demonstrating a reduction in the voltage drop in the sensitive circuits. Based on these case studies, the voltage is improved by 5% at those nodes with the highest sensitivity. The voltage prior to application of the link breaking methodology is 96% of the ideal power supply voltage. Lowering the noise on the power network enhances the maximum operating frequency by 16% by utilizing the proposed link breaking methodology. The link breaking methodology has also been compared with a multiple voltage domain methodology, achieving 7% improvement in operating frequency.
New high pressure phases having the corundum structure

Abstract New high pressure polymorphs of In 2 O 3 , Tl 2 O 3 , GaFeO 3 and InMeO 3 where Me = Fe, Sc, or Tl have been synthesized. These polymorphs have the corundum structure and illustrate a new principle of high pressure synthesis: an increase of oxygen packing density without a major change of cation co-ordination.
A novel local PCA-Based method for detecting activation signals in fMRI

A novel local principal component analysis (LPCA) technique is presented for activation signal detection in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) without explicit knowledge about the shape of the model activation signal. Unlike the traditional PCA methods, our LPCA algorithm is based on a measure of separation between two clusters formed by the signal segments in active periods and inactive periods, which is computed in an eigen-subspace. In addition, we only applied PCA to the temporal sequence of each individual voxel instead of applying PCA to the fMRI data set. In our algorithm, we first applied a linear regression procedure to alleviate the baseline drift artifact. Then, the baseline-corrected temporal signals were partitioned into active and inactive segments according to the paradigm used for the fMRI data acquisition. Principal components were computed from all these segments for each voxel by PCA. By projecting the segments of each voxel onto a linear subspace formed by the corresponding most dominant principal components, two separate clusters were formed from active and inactive segments. An activation measure was defined based on the degree of separation between these two clusters in the projection space. We show experimental results on the activation signal detection from various sets of fMRI data with different types of stimulation by using the proposed LPCA algorithm and the standard t-test method for comparison. Our experiments indicate that the LPCA algorithm in general provides substantial signal-to-noise ratio improvement over the t-test method.
Determination of water from ultramicro solid samples

Numerous physical and chemical methods for determining water above the microgram range have been described fully in the literature (7, 12, 18). Although separation had been achieved early by simple gas chromatographic methods (4, 13, 14), considerable tailing of the water peak has made the quantitative estimation of water content difficult. Investigators have shown that the tailing effect can be reduced by use of suitable stationary phases on the support material (5, 15), and further alleviated by inclusion of a constant amount of water vapor in the carrier gas (I, 11). By using fluorine-containing polymers as solid supports, with or without added stationary liquid phase, it was demonstrated that water can be separated from other components, and excellent peak symmetry can be achieved (3, 10). More recent studies (8, 9, 19) made on porous polyaromatic polymer beads showed that these materials effect excellent separation of water from other components, giving a symmetrical water peak in most cases. Cieplinski, et al. (6) described the use of a polyaromatic resin to determine water in samples of l-5 ~1 of mixtures, obtaining excellent results by means of an internal standard for peak area comparisons. In most procedures, however, which use gas chromatography as a means to separate and determine water content, fluid samples in the milligram range are used. The use of suitable equipment, which also includes a gas chromatograph, has made possible the method described here for determining water content as low as 1 pg in solid samples ranging in size from about 5-50 pg.