cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cramér-Rao bounds for coprime and other sparse arrays, which find more sources than sensors

The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) offers a lower bound on the variances of unbiased estimates of parameters, e.g., directions of arrival (DOA) in array processing. While there exist landmark papers on the study of the CRB in the context of array processing, the closed-form expressions available in the literature are not easy to use in the context of sparse arrays (such as minimum redundancy arrays (MRAs), nested arrays, or coprime arrays) for which the number of identifiable sources D exceeds the number of sensors N. Under such situations, the existing literature does not spell out the conditions under which the Fisher information matrix is nonsingular, or the condition under which specific closed-form expressions for the CRB remain valid. This paper derives a new expression for the CRB to fill this gap. The conditions for validity of this expression are expressed as the rank condition of a matrix defined based on the difference coarray. The rank condition and the closed-form expression lead to a number of new insights. For example, it is possible to prove the previously known experimental observation that, when there are more sources than sensors, the CRB stagnates to a constant value as the SNR tends to infinity. It is also possible to precisely specify the relation between the number of sensors and the number of uncorrelated sources such that these conditions are valid. In particular, for nested arrays, coprime arrays, and MRAs, the new expressions remain valid for D = O ( N 2 ) , the precise detail depending on the specific array geometry.
On the Values of Science and Technology in Wei,Jin and North South Dynasties

Built on the purpose of pragmatism and utilization,the instrumental rationality is considered the mainstream of values of science and technology in ancient China.China made great progress not only in the ideology and culture fields,but also in the science and technology during the period of Wei,Jin and North South Dynasties.Many scientists focused on theoretical exploration and the beauty of science in their scientific research works.Their values of science were value rationality.However,instrumental rationality is still prevalent.Therefore,value rationality ran neck and neck with instrumental rationality.
Taxonomic revision of the Greater Antillean Pseudolima clade of Miconia (Miconia sect. Krugiophytum: Miconieae: Melastomataceae)

The Pseudolima clade (Miconia sect. Krugiophytum) consists of two Puerto Rican species, M. karlkrugii and M. krugiana and one Hispaniolan species, M. inaequipetiolata. All three species display morphological characters (e.g., bulla-based hairs) that resemble those found in Miconia sect. Lima, and for that reason had been considered to be putative members of the Lima clade. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, presented here, suggest that these taxa actually are not most closely related to members of the Lima clade, and thus it appears likely that the characters seemingly linking these species with the Lima clade either are symplesiomorphic or convergent. These three species are representative of the taxonomic difficulties regarding determination of clade affinities (and generic limits) using morphological characters, which is a common problem in Miconieae. We provide a taxonomic revision of these three species including illustrations, distribution maps and descriptions.
Hidden Aztecs and Absent Spaniards

Situated at the foot of the snow-capped volcanoes of Iztaccihuatl and Popocatepetl, Huejotzingo was one of the major prehispanic powers of central Mexico. Like Tlaxcala, it took part in the flower wars with Tenochtitlan; and, as an ally of Tlaxcala, it offered Cortes assistance in his march on the Aztec capital.1 Huejotzingo has dwindled in both size and importance in the meantime, however, and is now only a small, dusty town known for its Franciscan convent, its cider and its carnival. The carnival is an annual explosion of prodigious street theatre. By my count, some 2500 took part in the carnival play in 1989 and 10,000 to 15,000 filled the square to watch.2 The Huejotzingo play has none of the delicacy of the final moments of the Yohualichan danza de los santiagos. In scale, volume and violence it is more akin to the Tlaxcala Conquest of Jerusalem or to the annual fiesta de mows y cristianos at Alcoy in Spain. The dialogue between official discourse and unofficial signs, however, is just as powerful.
Control Theory and Applications

In this chapter, a presentation of control theory and engineering as applied to ocean engineering is given. The chapter starts with the fundamentals of systems science and theory, i. e., descriptions of systems in state space and for linear, time-invariant ones in the frequency domain using the Laplace transform as well as with ordinary differential equations with respect to time. Then stability, controllability, and observability with an emphasis to linear, time-invariant systems are presented. Bode plots for sinusoidal steady-state analysis as well as the root locus technique for proportional gain feedback design are presented. For single-input, single-output systems, PID control is introduced as both a pole placement problem as well as in the framework of conventional Ziegler–Nichols methods. Pole placement design with the addition of Luenberger observers is presented for linear, time-invariant systems with any time of inputs and outputs. A brief presentation of digital controller implementations is given. Applications from ocean engineering include control of autonomous underwater vehicles and autopilots for surface vessels.
Documentation of a recharge-discharge water budget and main-streambed recharge volumes, and fundamental evaluation of groundwater tracer studies for the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer

Data and information reveal that the Edwards Aquifer between Lady Bird Lake (the Colorado River) in Austin, Texas and the "groundwater divide" near Kyle, Texas discharges to 2 major springs: Barton Springs and Cold and Deep Eddy Springs. The long-term mean discharges for the springs are 51 cubic feet per second and 5.5 cubic feet per second, respectively. The source for Cold and Deep Eddy Springs probably represents Dry Creek in the Rollingwood, Texas area and a small amount of recharge water from Barton Creek. Additional springflow, which periodically discharges from the lower reach of Barton Creek immediately upstream from Barton Springs, varies from zero when Barton Springs is flowing about 50 cubic feet per second to about 5 cubic feet per second during extreme high-flow conditions at Barton Springs. Two streamflow gain-loss studies on the Colorado River document any other discharges from the Edwards Aquifer to the Colorado River to be nonexistent or minor. A recharge-discharge water budget for a 32-month period reveals that the total discharge from Barton Springs, Cold and Deep Eddy Springs, the lower reach of Barton Creek, and groundwater pumpage is about 3% less than the surface recharge—a value within the potential error of the measurements. Additionally, for the budget period, recharge within the main channels of the 6 major streams crossing the recharge area account for a minimum of 75% of total recharge. Therefore, long-term recharge within the recharge area from overland flow or tributaries to the main channels represents a maximum of 25% of total recharge, a value equivalent to a mean depth of 2.1 inches per year over the 90-square-mile recharge area, or no more than 6.6% of the long-term mean precipitation of 32 inches per year over the recharge area. Citation: Slade RM Jr. 2014. Documentation of a recharge-discharge water budget and main streambed recharge volumes, and fundamental evaluation of groundwater tracer studies for the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer. Texas Water Journal. 5(1):12-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v5i1.6988.
Optimal timing of hepatitis C treatment for patients on the liver transplant waiting list.

The availability of oral direct-acting antivirals has altered the hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment paradigm for both pre–liver transplant (LT) and post-LT patients. There is a perceived trade-off between pre-LT versus post-LT treatment of HCV—treatment may improve liver function but potentially decrease the likelihood of a necessary LT. Our objective was to identify LT-eligible patients with decompensated cirrhosis who would benefit (and not benefit) from pre-LT treatment based on their Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. We simulated a virtual trial comparing long-term outcomes of pre-LT versus post-LT HCV treatment with oral direct-acting antivirals for patients with MELD scores between 10 and 40. We developed a Markov-based microsimulation model, which simulated the life course of patients on the transplant waiting list and after LT. Simulation of LT integrated data from recent trials of oral direct-acting antivirals (SOLAR 1 and 2), the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), and other studies. The outcomes of the model included life expectancy, 1-year and 5-year patient survival, and mortality. Model-predicted patient survival was validated with UNOS data. We found that, at the national level, treating HCV before LT increased life expectancy if MELD was ≤27 but could decrease life expectancy at higher MELD scores. Depending on the UNOS region, the threshold MELD score to treat HCV pre-LT varied between 23 and 27 and was lower for UNOS regions 3, 10, and 11 and higher for regions 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 9. Sensitivity analysis showed that the thresholds were stable. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the optimal MELD threshold below which decompensated cirrhosis patients should receive HCV treatment while awaiting LT is between 23 and 27, depending on the UNOS region. (Hepatology 2017;65:777-788)
Astrocyte IKKβ/NF-κB signaling is required for diet-induced obesity and hypothalamic inflammation

Objective Obesity and high fat diet (HFD) consumption in rodents is associated with hypothalamic inflammation and reactive gliosis. While neuronal inflammation promotes HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction, the role of astrocyte activation in susceptibility to hypothalamic inflammation and diet-induced obesity (DIO) remains uncertain.
Considerations When Using Predictive Equations to Estimate Energy Needs Among Older, Hospitalized Patients: A Narrative Review.

Purpose of Review The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the accuracy of predictive equations used to estimate energy expenditure in older, hospitalized adults.
Use of Electronic Clinical Decision Support and Hard Stops to Decrease Unnecessary Thyroid Function Testing

NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital embarked on a Zero Unnecessary Study (ZEUS) initiative, whereby all aspects of clinical care were evaluated and strategies were implemented to mitigate waste. An opportunity was found in regards to thyroid function testing. It has been shown that certain TFTs are ordered far more often than clinically indicated. Free T3 (fT3) and Free T4 (fT4) are only indicated when the TSH is abnormal in the inpatient setting, with rare exceptions. Thus, a clinical algorithm for Clinical Decision Support (CDS) and Hard Stops (HS) were incorporated into the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) to prevent fT3 or fT4 to be ordered without an abnormal TSH, with certain predefined exceptions. In addition, a reflex rule was built which automatically orders (reflex) fT3 and fT4 if the TSH is abnormal. The pre and post-intervention ratios of fT3 and fT4 orders per total TSH orders were analyzed. Pre-intervention data revealed that fT4 was the most frequently ordered TFT laboratory test on admission, after TSH. Post-Intervention, there was a decrease in the ratio of fT4 to TSH orders (fT4/TSH) of 35.2%, from 44.6% to 28.9%. The percentage of fT4 ordered due to abnormal TSH increased by 126.1%, from 36.8% to 83.2%. The fT3 to TSH ordering ratio similarly decreased by 55.2%, from 6.2% to 2.9%. The decreases in both fT3/TSH and fT4/TSH ratios were statistically significant. Any unnecessary orders are a burden on healthcare. It is now possible to achieve goals that were not previously thought to be possible because of advancement in medicine and technology. By making small changes and saving costs, we can target our energy and resources toward effectively treating patients.
Extreme Groups and the Militarization of Social Media

The qualitative research in this chapter serves as a supplement and support of the theoretical discourse analysis. It provides a dataset of the most prominent religious clerics in the Middle East and their influence on religious extremist; identifying the names of a hundred and thirty six (136) of the most active Salafi and Salafi Jihadi clerics on social media. The results indicate that there is hardly any difference between how a Salafi or a Jihadi group conduct their propaganda campaigns. Another noticeable result is that both groups use demographic segmentation to specifically target sub-groups, such as women and kids. This chapter concludes that, apart from few negligible differences, both Salafi and jihadi groups are ideologically aligned.
Loss and Grief Among Persistently Delinquent Youth: The Contribution of Adversity Indicators and Psychopathy-Spectrum Traits to Broadband Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology.

Despite profound adversity exposure (loss, trauma) among delinquents, with adversity linked to early-onset persistent delinquency [EOPD], externalizing syndromes (Conduct Disorder) continue to overshadow impairing internalizing syndromes. Three understudied factors potentially contribute to both syndromes among delinquents: bereavement-related distress [BRD] from death-exposures; psychopathy-spectrum traits associated with system-involvement; and emotional abuse, implicated in lifespan morbidities. Therefore, we characterized loss/BRD among 107 EOPD adolescent girls and boys, comparing: (1) psychopathology and maltreatment (emotional, physical and sexual abuse); and (2) adversity-related (BRD, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD], maltreatment) and psychopathy-spectrum predictors of internalizing and externalizing syndromes. Death exposure was common, resulting in developmental disruptions (school difficulties: 49.4%) and clinically significant BRD (33.8%), with girls evidencing greater BRD severity. BRD and psychopathy-traits, not PTSD, positively predicted all youths’ internalizing, and boys’ externalizing, syndromes. More frequent physical abuse increased both syndromes among boys. Emotional abuse alone predicted girls’ externalizing syndromes, highlighting the contribution of this overlooked maltreatment-type.
You Can Count on Your Fingers: The Role of Fingers in Early Mathematical Development

Even though mathematics is considered one of the most abstract domains of human cognition, recent work on embodiment of mathematics has shown that we make sense of mathematical concepts by using insights and skills acquired through bodily activity. Fingers play a significant role in many of these bodily interactions. Finger-based interactions provide the preliminary access to foundational mathematical constructs, such as one-to-one correspondence and whole-part relations in early development. In addition, children across cultures use their fingers to count and do simple arithmetic. There is also some evidence for an association between children’s ability to individuate fingers (finger gnosis) and mathematics ability. Paralleling these behavioral findings, there is accumulating evidence for overlapping neural correlates and functional associations between fingers and number processing. In this paper, we synthesize mathematics education and neurocognitive research on the relevance of fingers for early mathematics development. We delve into issues such as how the early multimodal (tactile, motor, visuospatial) experiences with fingers might be the gateway for later numerical skills, how finger gnosis, finger counting habits, and numerical abilities are associated at the behavioral and neural levels, and implications for mathematics education. We argue that, taken together, the two bodies of research can better inform how different finger skills support the development of numerical competencies, and we provide a road map for future interdisciplinary research that can yield to development of diagnostic tools and interventions for preschool and primary grade classrooms.
Soft agar-based selection of spontaneously transformed rat prostate epithelial cells with highly tumorigenic characteristics.

Abstract The critical molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer remain elusive. In this report, we demonstrate that normal rat prostate epithelial cells (PEC) undergo spontaneous transformation at high passage (p > 85) evidenced by the acquisition of anchorage independent growth when plated on soft agar and tumorigenicity when injected into immunodeficient mice. In addition, we also report the discovery of a minor subpopulation of spontaneously transformed PEC derived from high passage PEC with the ability to migrate through a layer of 1% agar and form expanding colonies on the underlying plastic substratum. Comparison of these soft agar invasive (SAI) cells with low (p 85) PEC identified marked differences in cell morphology, proliferation and motility. The SAI subpopulation was more tumorigenic than the high passage anchorage independent cultures from which they were isolated, as manifested by a decreased latency period and an increase in the size of tumors arising in immunodeficient mice. In contrast, low and mid passage cells were unable to grow on soft agar and failed to form tumors when injected into immunodeficient mice. Screening with antibody-based signaling arrays identified several differences in the altered expression levels of signaling proteins between SAI-derived cells and low or high passage PEC, including the up-regulation of EGFR and MAPK-related signaling pathways in SAI-selected cells. In summary, these studies suggest that the SAI assay selects for a novel, highly tumorigenic subpopulation of transformed cells that may represent an early step in the progression of slow growing prostatic carcinomas into more rapidly growing and aggressive tumors.
The reflexive theory of perception

The Reflexive Theory of Perception (RTP) claims that perception of an object or property X by an organism Z consists in Z being caused by X to acquire some disposition D toward X itself. This broadly behavioral perceptual theory explains perceptual intentionality and correct versus incorrect, plus successful versus unsuccessful, perception in a plausible evolutionary framework. The theory also undermines cognitive and perceptual modularity assumptions, including informational or purely epistemic views of perception in that, according to the RTP, any X-caused and X-directed dispositions are genuinely perceptual—including affective, attitudinal, and immediately activated purely action-directed behavioral dispositions. Thus the RTP has the potential to provide the foundations for a broadly behavioral counter-revolution in cognitive science.
The Extracellular Matrix as a Modulator of Angiogenesis

Endothelium is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations residing in a variety of vascular beds. The endothelial cells resident in these diverse vascular beds or regions exhibit a broad range of diversity in their functions and appearances in addition to their shared common features such as non-thrombogenicity, polarity, and transport functions. Response to injury (neovascularization) is a response common to all endothelial cell populations, yet the responses vary depending on whether the endothelial cells are derived from large vessels or the microvasculature. Another factor thought to play an important role in the modulation of endothelial cell behavior in response to injury is the extracellular matrix. Large-vessel endothelial cells respond to injury by sheet migration/proliferation until the defect is covered. Evidence has been accrued supporting the concept that the underlying matrix determines, in part, the migration and proliferation rates, possibly via modulating cytoskeletal organization of the cells. In addition, the continual synthesis and secretion of matrix components by the responding cells appear to be crucial in the response to injury. Although microvascular endothelial cells respond to injury by migration and proliferation as do the large vessel endothelial cells, they migrate through interstitial tissue and ultimately form capillaries. Recent evidence has demonstrated that matrix composition can affect proliferation rate, matrix synthesis, and multicellular organization during the neovascularization process. In addition, matrix organization appears to influence differentiation of microvascular endothelial cells, specifically the ability of selected endothelial cell populations to form fenestrations. Thus, matrix composition and organization appear to play significant roles in orchestrating the growth and differentiation of endothelial cells during the highly integrated series of responses known as neovascularization.
Echocardiographic Observations Regarding Pulmonary Valve Motion in Children with Pulmonary Vascular Obstructive Disease

Pulmonary valvular motion has recently been characterized for adults with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD). Echocardiographic features of PVOD include loss of the presystolic posterior motion (the pulmonary valve “a wave”) flattening of the diastolic segment and premature systolic anterior motion (PSAM) of the pulmonary valve, which is almost always followed by a secondary systolic posterior motion. The systolic pulmonary valve motion thus inscribed resembles the letter “w”. We postulated that PSAM would occur earlier in children with a site for right to left shunting. Our study population consisted of 8 children with ventricular septal defect plus PVOD of severe degree, 18 patients with cor pulmonale and pulmonary hypertension due to cystic fibrosis and 500 children with various other forms of congenital cardiac disease studied by consecutive examination, approximately 20% of whom had pulmonary vascular obstruction of some degree. All children with ventricular septal defect and severe PVOD had PSAM of the pulmonary valve. Those with combined cor pulmonale and PVOD had variable pulmonary valve motion, but most were not separable from normals. Two of those children had PSAM. Of the 500 consecutive examinations of children, we found only 8 with PSAM of the pulmonary valve. With respect to PSAM, two groups of children emerged with differences, those with severe PVOD plus VSD (group 1) and those with PVOD without VSD (group 2).
Women in Medicine: Recognition and Responsibility

When women and others who have been traditionally underrepresented in medicine gain greater membership in the profession, they have a responsibility to avoid imposing a group-based viewpoint and must remain open to more collaborative thinking. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
EBV DNA Structure and Oncogene Expression in EBV-Associated Malignancies

Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important factor in the genesis of the monoclonal B-lymphoid proliferation, African Burkitt’s lymphoma, lymphoproliferations in the immunosuppressed, and the epithelial malignancy, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We wished to analyze these and other proliferations in which EBV might be implicated for viral DNA content and expression and to identify cellular functions induced in the varied EBV-related disease states.
Parental work limitations at diagnosis of advanced stage pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma—Results of caregiver work limitations questionnaire (CG WLQ).

e18927Background: Cancer cost estimates rarely include the cost of family caregiving. Beyond the physical and emotional demands of caregiving, parents’ other roles and responsibilities can be disru...
Withdrawal Symptom, Treatment Mechanism, and/or Side Effect? Developing an Explicit Measurement Model for Smoking Cessation Research.

Introduction Assessment of withdrawal symptoms, treatment mechanisms, and side effects is central to understanding and improving smoking cessation interventions. Though each domain is typically assessed separately with widely used questionnaires to separately assess each domain (eg, Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale = withdrawal; Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief = craving; Positive and Negative Affect Schedule = affect; symptom checklist = side effects), there are substantial problems with this implicit "one questionnaire equals one construct" measurement model, including item overlap across questionnaires. This study sought to clarify the number and nature of constructs assessed during smoking cessation by developing an explicit measurement model. Methods Two subsamples were randomly created from 1246 smokers in a clinical trial. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify and select a model that best represented the data. Measurement invariance was assessed to determine if the factors and their content were consistent prior to and during the quit. Improvement in construct overlap within this model was compared against the implicit measurement model using correlational analyses. Results A 5-factor measurement model composed of negative affect, somatic symptoms, sleep problems, positive affect, and craving fits the data well prior to and during quitting. All factor content except somatic symptoms was consistent over time. Correlational analyses indicated that the 5-factor model attenuated construct overlap compared to the implicit model. Conclusions The models generated from data-driven approaches (eg, the 5-factor model) reduced overlap and better represented the constructs underlying these measures. This approach created distinct, stable constructs that span over measures of side effects and potential treatment mechanisms. Implications This study demonstrated that measures assessing treatment mechanisms, withdrawal symptoms, and side effects contain problematic overlap that reduces the clarity of these key constructs. The use of data-driven approaches showed that these measures do not map on to their posited latent constructs (eg, the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale does not yield a withdrawal factor). Rather, these measures form distinct, basic processes that may represent more meaningful constructs for future research on cessation and treatment. Assessments designed to individually examine these processes may improve the study of treatment mechanisms.
Association of Pre-End-Stage Renal Disease Serum Albumin With Post-End-Stage Renal Disease Outcomes Among Patients Transitioning to Dialysis.

Objective Serum albumin is a marker of malnutrition and inflammation and has been demonstrated as a strong predictor of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Yet, whether serum albumin levels in late-stage CKD are associated with adverse outcomes after the transition to ESRD is unknown. We hypothesize that lower levels and a decline in serum albumin in late-stage CKD are associated with higher risk of mortality and hospitalization rates 1 year after transition to ESRD. Design and Methods This retrospective cohort study included 29,124 US veterans with advanced CKD transitioning to ESRD between 2007 and 2015. We evaluated the association of pre-ESRD (91 days before transition) serum albumin with 12-month post-ESRD all-cause, cardiovascular, and infection-related mortalities and hospitalization rates as well as the association of 1-year pre-ESRD albumin slope and 12-month post-ESRD mortality using hierarchical multivariable adjustments. Results There was a negative linear association between serum albumin and all-cause mortality, such that risk doubled (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.87, 2.28) for patients with the lowest serum albumin 0.25 g/dL/year was associated with reduced mortality risk (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.91) compared with a slight decline in albumin (ref: >−0.25 to 0 g/dL/year), whereas a decline more than 0.5 g/dL/year was associated with a 55% higher risk in mortality (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.43, 1.68) in fully adjusted models. Conclusions Lower pre-ESRD serum albumin was associated with higher post-ESRD all-cause, cardiovascular, and infection-related mortalities and hospitalization rates. Declining serum albumin levels in the pre-ESRD period were also associated with worse 12-month post-ESRD mortality.
English within Japanese: Loanwords from English in Japanese as a vocabulary pool for EFL education

Abstract The present study examined English textbooks used in Japanese middle and high schools, and analyzed to what extent the English words that are included in those textbooks are already integrated into the vocabulary pool of Japanese as loanwords. The findings of the present study showed that approximately 80% of the English words introduced in the first four years of English education in schools in Japan are already integrated into Japanese as loanwords. Based on this high percentage of English words with loanword counterparts in Japanese, the present study has argued that English loanwords in Japanese can be used as a resource for learning new vocabulary in the field of EFL education for L1 speakers of Japanese.
Cheek Dimpleplasty: A Review of the Literature:

Dimpleplasty is the surgical creation of dimples on the face for aesthetic purposes. Dimples have been associated with a sign of beauty and even good fortune in some cultures and have also found th...
Policy Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Light of Most Patients (≥72%) Spending at Most One Night at the Hospital After Elective, Major Therapeutic Procedures

A large number of inpatients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of the United States may interfere with the ability of hospitals to take care of patients requiring treatment for other conditions. Nonetheless, many patients need surgery to improve their quality of life and to prevent deterioration in health. Curtailment of services also negatively affects the financial health of hospitals and health systems. Broad policies to prohibit all "elective" surgical procedures to ensure that there is sufficient hospital capacity for pandemic patients may be unnecessarily restrictive because, for many such procedures, patients are rarely admitted following surgery or only stay overnight. We studied all elective inpatient and ambulatory cases involving major therapeutic procedures performed in the state of Florida in 2018. We mapped the primary procedure to the corresponding Clinical Classification Software (CCS) category. We determined the distributions of lengths of stay overall and as stratified by CCS category, then calculated the percentage of cases that had a hospital length of stay of ≤1 night (i.e., 0 or 1 day). A threshold of one night was selected because patients discharged home on the day of surgery have no effect on the inpatient census, and those staying overnight would either have a transient effect or no effect if observed overnight in the postoperative care unit. Among the 1,852,391 elective cases with one or more major therapeutic procedures, 65.2% (95% lower confidence limit [LCL] = 65.1%) of cases had a length of stay of 0 days and 72.9% (95% LCL = 72.8%) had stay ≤1 day. There were 38 different CCS categories for which at least 95% of patients had a length of stay of ≤1 day. There were 28 CCS codes that identified 80% of the patients who were discharged with a length of stay ≤1 day, showing representation of multiple surgical specialties. Our results show that even in the face of constraints imposed by a high hospital census, many categories of major therapeutic elective procedures could be performed without necessarily compromising hospital capacity. Most patients will be discharged on the day of surgery. If overnight admission is required, there would be an option to care for them in the postanesthesia care unit, thus not affecting the census. Thus, policies can reasonably be based on allowing cases with a substantial probability of at most an overnight stay rather than a blanket ban on "elective" surgery or creating a carve-out for specified surgical subspecialties. Such policies would apply to at least 72% of elective, major therapeutic surgical procedures.
Structure of Blood Coagulation Factor VIII in Complex With an Anti-C2 Domain Non-Classical, Pathogenic Antibody Inhibitor.

Factor VIII (fVIII) is a procoagulant protein that binds to activated factor IX (fIXa) on platelet surfaces to form the intrinsic tenase complex. Due to the high immunogenicity of fVIII, generation of antibody inhibitors is a common occurrence in patients during hemophilia A treatment and spontaneously occurs in acquired hemophilia A patients. Non-classical antibody inhibitors, which block fVIII activation by thrombin and formation of the tenase complex, are the most common anti-C2 domain pathogenic inhibitors in hemophilia A murine models and have been identified in patient plasmas. In this study, we report on the X-ray crystal structure of a B domain-deleted bioengineered fVIII bound to the non-classical antibody inhibitor, G99. While binding to G99 does not disrupt the overall domain architecture of fVIII, the C2 domain undergoes an ~8 A translocation that is concomitant with breaking multiple domain-domain interactions. Analysis of normalized B-factor values revealed several solvent-exposed loops in the C1 and C2 domains which experience a decrease in thermal motion in the presence of inhibitory antibodies. These results enhance our understanding on the structural nature of binding non-classical inhibitors and provide a structural dynamics-based rationale for cooperativity between anti-C1 and anti-C2 domain inhibitors.
Valspodar limits human cytomegalovirus infection and dissemination.

Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that establishes a life-long infection affecting up to 80% of the US population. HCMV periodically reactivates leading to enhanced morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients causing a range of complications including organ transplant failure and cognitive disorders in neonates. Therapeutic options for HCMV are limited to a handful of antivirals that target late stages of the virus life cycle and efficacy is often challenged by the emergence of mutations that confer resistance. In addition, these antiviral therapies may have adverse reactions including neutropenia in newborns and an increase in adverse cardiac events in HSCT patients. These findings highlight the need to develop novel therapeutics that target different steps of the viral life cycle. To this end, we screened a small molecule library against ion transporters to identify new antivirals against the early steps of virus infection. We identified valspodar, a 2nd-generation ABC transporter inhibitor, that limits HCMV infection as demonstrated by the decrease in IE2 expression of virus infected cells. Cells treated with increasing concentrations of valspodar over a 9-day period show minimal cytotoxicity. Importantly, valspodar limits HCMV plaque numbers in comparison to DMSO controls demonstrating its ability to inhibit viral dissemination. Collectively, valspodar represents a potential new anti-HCMV therapeutic that limits virus infection by likely targeting a host factor. Further, the data suggest that specific ABC transporters may participate in the HCMV life-cycle.
Beyond Black and White: Conceptualizing and essentializing Black-White identity.

OBJECTIVE Psychological research suggests that Black-White individuals are often conceptualized as Black and White, and that essentialist beliefs about race are negatively associated with conceptualizing Black-White individuals as such. The present research examined what people think it means to be Black and White (e.g., a mixture of Black and White vs. completely Black and completely White) and whether essentialism is indeed negatively associated with such concepts. METHOD We used multiple methodologies (e.g., surveys, open-ended explanations, experimental manipulations) to examine how Black, White, and Black-White perceivers conceptualized Black-White individuals (Studies 1-3) and the extent to which essentialist beliefs, both dispositional (Studies 2-3) and experimentally induced (Study 4), predicted those concepts. RESULTS We find that U.S. Black-White individuals most often conceptualized "Black and White" to mean a mixture of Black and White (Study 1), as did U.S. White individuals and U.S. Black individuals (Studies 2 and 3), and that racial essentialism-both dispositional (Studies 2 and 3) and experimentally manipulated (Study 4)-was positively associated with this conception. CONCLUSION Our data shed new light on the complexity of race concepts and essentialism and advance the psychological understanding of Black-White identity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
COVID-19 Pandemic and Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: No Significant Change in Glycemic Control During The Pandemic Lockdown of 2020.

Importance: There is no consensus on the impact of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the US. Aim: To determine the impact of the pandemic lockdown of March 15th through July 6th, 2020 on glycemic control after controlling for confounders. Subjects and Methods: An observational study of 110 subjects of mean age 14.8 ± 4.9 years(y), [male 15.4 ± 4.0y, (n=57); female 14.1 ± 3.8y, (n=53), p=0.07] with T1D of 6.31 ± 4.3y (95% CI 1.0-19.7y). Data were collected at 1-4 months before the lockdown and 1-4 months following the lifting of the lockdown at their first post-lockdown clinic visit. Results: There was no significant change in A1c between the pre- and post-pandemic lockdown periods, 0.18 ± 1.2%, (95% CI -0.05 to 0.41), p=0.13. There were equally no significant differences in A1c between the male and female subjects, -0.16 ± 1.2 vs -0.19 ± 1.2%, p=0.8; insulin pump users and non-pump users, -0.25 ± 1.0 vs -0.12 ± 1.4%, p=0.5; and pubertal vs prepubertal subjects, 0.18 ± 1.3 vs -0.11 ± 0.3%, p=0.6. The significant predictors of decrease in A1c were pre-lockdown A1c (p<0.0001) and the use of CGM (p=0.019). The CGM users had significant reductions in point-of-care A1c (0.4 ± 0.6%, p=0.0012), the CGM-estimated A1c (p=0.0076), mean glucose concentration (p=0.022), a significant increase in sensor usage (p=0.012), with no change in total daily dose of insulin (TDDI). The non-CGM users had significantly increased TDDI (p<0.0001) but no change in HbA1c, 0.06 ± 1.8%, p=0.86. Conclusions: There was no change in glycemic control during the pandemic lockdown of 2020 in US children.
Simple method for determining metal power oxidation kinetics with a zirconia sensor

A basic zirconia oxygen sensor was utilized to monitor the gas–solid oxidation reaction characteristics of metal/metal-oxide powder beds. The method described allowed for simple determination of chemical reaction rate constants for the oxidation reactions. The signal output of the sensor was analyzed for oxidation of the powder bed and diffusion of oxygen into the powder bed. The oxygen transport mechanisms occurring inside the sensor were described to further understand the signal outputs from the powder bed, and a discussion of relevant thermodynamic and kinetic theory was provided. Two metal/metal-oxide systems were examined using this device to demonstrate its performance. The simple Ni/NiO system was chosen to demonstrate feasibility, and the complex W/WO3 system was chosen to demonstrate versatility of the sensor. Combining the experimental data with relevant kinetic theory, chemical reaction rate constants were calculated from plots of sensor ocv versus time for each reaction step during the metal oxidation sequences.
An Investigation of Reynolds Stress Structures in Plane Turbulent Wakes

Instantaneous u-υ signals in the turbulent far wake of a cylinder have been analysed using an extended “quadrant analysis” in order to investigate the Reynolds stress structure and the features of large eddies. The results indicate that the region between the location of maximum shear and the edge of the wake is similar to the outer layer of boundary layers and bursts of slow moving flow ejecting outward contribute the most to the Reynolds shear stress. In the wake centerline region, fast moving fluid crossing the centerline contributes significantly but with opposite sign. There is a special type of flow near the centerline: flow moving upstream along the centerline slower than the mean velocity. This type of motion does not contribute to the shear stress but contains kinetic energy.
Power management system for microbial fuel cell powered water quality monitoring system

The paper presents the design and test results of a power management system for a microbial fuel cell (MFC) powered water quality monitoring system, where sensors and communication devices are used to collect water quality data in a water body such as a river or a lake and transmit the data to a remote computer, and a MFC is used as the energy source for the sensors and communication devices. The power management system bridges the gap between the MFC and the water quality monitoring system by generating sufficient voltage and current for the sensors and communication devices using the low voltage and low current of the MFC.
HOW RONALD FISHER BECAME A MATHEMATICAL STATISTICIAN

En hommage a Bernard Bru, cet article rend compte de l’influence decisive qu’a eu Karl Pearson sur Ronald Fisher. Fisher ayant soumis un bref article redige de facon hâtive et insuffisamment reflechie, Pearson lui fit reponse editoriale d’une grande finesse qui arriva a point nomme.
The modification of yeast hexokinases by proteases and its relationship to the dissociation of hexokinase into subunits.

Abstract Crystalline hexokinase prepared by the method of Darrow and Colowick consists largely of enzyme which has been modified in its chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior by yeast protease which is present during the isolation procedure. This proteolytic modification can be prevented by removal of the protease by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose; it can also be largely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Preparations made by the diethylaminoethyl cellulose method contain two forms of the enzyme (P-I and P-II), both of which are more basic by chromatography and electrophoresis than is protease-modified enzyme (S forms). Form P-II shows the same catalytic activity as the Darrow-Colowick preparation, but Form P-I is less active. The two forms are equally susceptible to modification by trypsin. Forms P-I and P-II exist mainly as tetramers of molecular weight about 100,000 at low ionic strength in the neutral pH region, as measured by ultracentrifuge, light scattering, or gel filtration. They tend to dissociate, without loss of catalytic activity, to dimers as the ionic strength, temperature, or pH is raised or when glucose is added in the presence of phosphate. They can be converted to S forms by trypsin or yeast protease only when glucose or salts are present, suggesting that the enzyme must be in the dimer state in order for modification to occur. The protease-modified enzyme tends to exist mainly as a dimer of molecular weight around 50,000 at neutral pH. Thus, modification by trypsin seems to remove some groups which normally play a role in the association of dimer molecules to form the tetramer structure. Mercaptoethanol causes a striking decrease in sedimentation rate when added to the enzyme at pH 9.0. This may be correlated with the recent finding that mercaptoethanol can cause inactivation of the enzyme at this pH.
Kilorobot Search and Rescue Using an Immunologically Inspired Approach

This paper presents a new concept and simulated results for the distributed coordination of autonomous robot teams via the Immunology-derived Distributed Autonomous Robotics Architecture (IDARA) to perform select search and rescue (SAR) operations autonomously. Primarily designed for the coordination and control of “kilorobot” colonies, this architecture incorporates the immune system’s stochastic learning and reaction mechanisms to yield astute and adaptive responses to dynamic environmental conditions. These mechanisms allow the architecture to vary actions from reactive to deliberative to result in a guided, yet stochastic, method that is ideal for dynamic operations such search in unstable terrain. IDARA was evaluated in a variety of SAR problem domains via computer simulations. These tests show that the IDARA framework is robust to noise and does not degrade when coordinating large colonies of up to 1,500 robots. By providing new levels of scalability in noisy environments, IDARA enables the full potential of micro-scale robotic platforms for intelligent exploration, mapping, and SAR operations in a manner not afforded by traditional methods.
Testing hypotheses about mechanisms for the unknown carbon sink: A time series analysis

[1] We test hypotheses about the unknown sink for carbon by analyzing time series for the unknown carbon sink, carbon emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and surface temperature between 18(10 and 1990. During this period, the time series for the unknown carbon sink is determined by annual changes in carbon emissions and summer land surface temperature in the northern hemisphere. The first difference of carbon emissions indicates that an increase in carbon emissions may generate a short run increase in oceanic uptake that is not simulated correctly by models. The temperature effect may have its greatest impact on terrestrial vegetation in the midlatitudes and high latitudes of Eastern North America and Europe. We also test and reject hypotheses that increases in the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 , nitrogen deposition associated with fossil fuel combustion, or uncertainty about the rate at which forests are cut and/or regrow are responsible for changes in the unknown carbon sink over time.
Use of Mental Health Services by Children Ages Six to 11 With Emotional or Behavioral Difficulties

Objective:The authors reported use of mental health services among children in the United States between ages six and 11 who were described by their parents as having emotional or behavioral difficulties (EBDs).Methods:Using data from the 2010–2012 National Health Interview Survey, the authors estimated the national percentage of children ages six to 11 with serious or minor EBDs (N=2,500) who received treatment for their difficulties, including only mental health services other than medication (psychosocial services), only medication, both psychosocial services and medication, and neither type of service. They calculated the percentage of children who received school-based and non–school-based psychosocial services in 2011–2012 and who had unmet need for psychosocial services in 2010–2012.Results:In 2010–2012, 5.8% of U.S. children ages six to 11 had serious EBDs and 17.3% had minor EBDs. Among children with EBDs, 17.8% were receiving both medication and psychosocial services, 28.8% psychosocial services...