cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain Hemorrhage: When Brainwaves Leak Sensitive Medical Conditions and Personal Information

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) are rapidly gaining popularity in consumer market. It is therefore important to analyze the security and privacy threats these devices may introduce to their users. In this paper, we explore how malicious access to brainwave signals may surreptitiously reveal users' privacy-sensitive medical conditions and personal information, while they are browsing the web (or interacting with an app). At a conceptual level, we investigate the potential of brainwave signals, captured during a user's normal interactions with visual stimuli (e.g., images and audio-visuals) through a website or computer, in exposing whether the user is suffering from a given medical disorder (e.g., drug abuse or autism) and to which demographics group the user belongs (e.g., young vs. elderly or male vs. female). At an empirical level, as two representative case studies into such conceptual attacks, we present a concrete brainwave privacy attack, (Brain) Hemorrhage11In the context of our work, the term “Hemorrhage” is an attack against brainwave privacy. Brain Hemorrhage is a type of alcoholic cocktail, and hence the terminology is also intended to capture one of the case studies of our work on Alcohol Use Disorder., focusing on the leakage of Alcohol Usage Disorder (AUD) and users' age group. Hemorrhage is designed using machine learning techniques to identify the users suffering from AUD and age group by analyzing the seemingly innocuous brainwave signals leaked online in response to users' viewing of simple images or watching of videos. Based on the publicly available EEG datasets on AUD and aging, our study shows that Hemorrhage can predict the presence or absence of alcohol usage disorder with the precision of 96% and the presence or absence of aging condition with 94% accuracy. We also analyze, visualize and interpret the differences in the brainwave signals corresponding to AUD and aging, which serves to justify why our attack succeeds. While the use of neuroimaging devices to diagnose medical disorders in clinical settings is a common practice in the medical field, our study constitutes one of the first steps towards exploring the malicious use of brainwave devices in compromising people's health information privacy in an online setting (otherwise protected under the HIPAA law) as well as their age privacy. Given any website can have unfettered, permission-less access to the signals captured by the current BCI devices, we believe that our work raises a serious online health privacy and age privacy issues as these devices get widely deployed.
A Novel 3-D Printed Headstage and Homecage based WPT System for Long-term Behavior Study of Freely Moving Animals

Wirelessly powered neural stimulation and recording system is crucially important for the long-term study of the animal behaviors for the treatment of chronic neuropathic diseases. Headstage based neural implant is one of the popular methods to stimulate the neurons. In this work, a homecage based wireless power transfer (WPT) system is developed to supply power to a 3-D printed headstage which consists of a receiver (RX) coil, a rectifier and a light-emitting diode (LED) for optogenetic stimulation. A multilayer transmitter (TX) coil is designed to provide power over the 28.5 cm × 18 cm homecage area. The proposed system is able to achieve a maximum of 41.7% efficiency at 5 cm distance through air media using less number of headstage resonators compared to the other state-of-the art works.
Coupling of organic cation and inorganic lattice in methylammonium lead halide perovskites: Insights into a pressure-induced isostructural phase transition

Organic-inorganic hybrid metal-halide perovskite (OIHP) materials provide a tunable platform for engineering their optoelectronic properties. Although several high-pressure studies have been conducted from the OIHP family of single crystals and films, the exact nature of the dynamic coupling of the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ (MA) cation with the octahedral lattice framework and the mechanisms responsible for the structural phase transformation under pressure are not well captured. By combined photoluminescence (PL), synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction, and Raman-scattering studies as a function of pressure from methylammonium lead bromide ($\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$), we shed light on an isostructural phase transition due to the coupling of the MA cation and the $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{Br}}_{6}$ lattice through hydrogen bonding. The sharp discontinuities at $\ensuremath{\sim}$ 1 GPa and $\ensuremath{\sim}$ 3 GPa in the PL peak positions correlate with the structural changes observed in high-pressure XRD and Raman-scattering studies. The electronic band edge as a function of pressure is calculated within density-functional theory. The PL peak position, intensity and width of the excitonic peak show significant changes at 2 GPa, which corroborate the changes observed in high-pressure Raman-scattering studies. The frequencies of the lattice modes and the C--H/N--H bending and stretching modes of the MA cation show anomalous changes and other nuances at 2 GPa. The suppression of rotational and orientational disorder of the organic moiety is initiated at 2 GPa and the ordering is completed by 3.0 GPa, leading to an order-disorder type cubic II ($Im\overline{3}$) to orthorhombic ($Pnma$) phase transition. Along with the revelation of an isostructural transformation at 2 GPa, this paper highlights the impact of molecular vibrations on the electronic properties of $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$ under pressure.
A Historical Geospatial Analysis of Severe Weather Events in Oklahoma State Parks: A Park Management Perspective

The State of Oklahoma, located in the heart of Tornado Alley, frequently experiences severe weather events such as tornadoes, hail, and damaging wind. Weather events such as these inflict injury and, in some cases, death on park visitors as well as damage park infrastructure, amenities, and other natural resources. Park and recreation professionals, especially those in severe weather-prone areas, must prepare for and respond to such events with the appropriate emergency operations and hazard mitigation procedures (National Park Service, 2006; Whitworth & May, 2006). Following the tourism disaster and crisis management frameworks (Faulkner, 2001; Ritchie, 2008), this study focuses on risk analysis and hazard mitigation strategies and implementations applicable to parks and recreation areas. Additionally, this study seeks to remedy the lack of longitudinal historical research by employing geographic information system (GIS)-based approaches to investigate the spatial interaction between severe weather events and state parks. Using geospatial data of tornado, hail, wind, and lightning events from 1950 to 2015, provided by NOAA’s National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center, we quantitatively evaluate the potential risk of severe weather on Oklahoma State Parks. GIS-based kernel density estimation was utilized to create interpolated raster surfaces representing accumulated risk (1950-2015) for each type of severe weather event (similar to Dixon et al., 2011). Results show that tornadoes had the most widespread impact on parks in central to north-central regions of Oklahoma. Conversely, the risk posed by hail is more prevalent in parks located in western Oklahoma while parks in northeastern Oklahoma are most affected by severe winds. Parks located in the southeastern corner of Oklahoma have higher chance of lightning strikes. By combining all types of severe weather as a composite dataset, a ‘severe weather risk’ score was assigned to each state park. Natural hazard mitigation strategies and recommendations include allocate operation and maintenance appropriation to severe weather-prone state parks, strengthen emergency response procedure and training programs, and raise natural hazard awareness through communication and education programs. Although this study emphasizes a state-level administration, these methods are transferable to other scales (i.e., national, local) depending on data availability. Conceptual contributions to the tourism disaster and crisis management framework are also discussed.Subscribe to JPRA
Mutagenic exposures shape immunotherapy responses

The response to immunotherapy has been linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype in certain cancers. A new study examining the interaction between cancer type–specific mutational exposures and the B44 and B27 HLA supertypes finds that patients with mutant peptides complementary to these supertypes receive the most benefit from immune-checkpoint blockade.
The Determinants of Racial Disparities in Housing Returns

We identify the existence of a racial gap in housing returns that is an order of magnitude larger than disparities arising from housing costs alone. The returns gap is driven almost entirely by differences in distressed home sales (i.e. foreclosures and short sales). Black and Hispanic homeowners are both more likely to experience a distressed sale and to live in neighborhoods where distressed sales carry larger foreclosure discounts. Higher rates of distressed sales among minorities are driven by pre-existing differences in economic stability and neighborhood sorting. Black and Hispanic homeowners are more likely to default in response to increases in monthly payments, consistent with racial differences in liquid wealth holdings playing a key role in creating the observed disparities. We use quasi-experimental variation in the receipt of mortgage modifications to show that policies that encourage lenders to modify loans when homeowners can no longer afford their mortgages can mitigate gaps in housing returns, particularly if they are targeted towards minority homeowners or neighborhoods.
Assessing the Strengths and Weaknesses of Human Information Processing in Lending Decisions: A Machine Learning Approach

Effective financial reporting requires efficient information processing. This paper studies factors that determine efficient information processing. I exploit a unique small business lending setting where I am able to observe the entire codified demographic and accounting information set that loan officers use to make decisions. I decompose the loan officers’ decisions into a part driven by codified hard information and a part driven by uncodified soft information. I show that a machine learning model substantially outperforms loan officers in processing hard information. Using the machine learning model as a benchmark, I find that limited attention and overreaction to salient accounting information largely explain the loan officers’ weakness in processing hard information. However, the loan officers acquire more soft information after seeing salient accounting information, suggesting salience has a dual role: It creates bias in hard information processing, but facilitates attention allocation in new information acquisition.
Playing Fetch with CAT: Composing Cache Partitioning and Prefetching for Task-based Query Processing

Software prefetching and hardware-based cache allocation techniques (CAT) have been successfully applied in main-memory database engines to fetch data into cache before it is needed and to partition a shared last-level cache (LLC) to prevent concurrent tasks from evicting each others' data. We investigate the interaction of these techniques and demonstrate that while a single prefetching strategy is sufficient, the combination of both techniques is only effective if the cache partitioning strategy adapts the partitioning based on the types of tasks currently sharing an LLC. We present a simple, yet effective, scheme that uses prefetching and adapts cache partition allocations dynamically.
Social media for cardiovascular journals: State of the art review.

Abstract In cardiovascular (CV) medicine, the use of social media (SoMe) has increased the dissemination of scientific knowledge, including the sharing of scientific journal articles. With the rapid growth of online methods for communicating scientific research, the critical question is whether online attention correlates with citations in academic journal articles. Traditionally, the performance of a scientific journal article has been determined by the number of times it has been cited. The impact factor and the number of citations in peer-reviewed journals are widely accepted measures of scientific impact. Social media platforms such as Twitter ( Twitter.com ) enable the development of novel article- or journal-level metrics for assessing effect and influence. Indeed, “alternative metrics” for journal article impact have been proposed, with the most frequently used being the Altmetric Attention Score (AAS; Altmetric.com ). The relationship between these new metrics and established indicators such as citations has not been thoroughly investigated. We summarize numerous studies investigating associations between social media posts about journal articles and journal article citations. We then describe our own journal's social media strategy in light of these findings.
The membrane-actin linker ezrin acts as a sliding anchor

Protein linkages to filamentous (F)-actin provide the cell membrane with mechanical resiliency and give rise to intricate membrane architectures. However, the actin cytoskeleton is highly dynamic, and undergoes rapid changes in shape during cell motility and other processes. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the mechanically robust yet fluid connection between the membrane and actin cytoskeleton remain poorly understood. Here, we used a single-molecule optical trap assay to examine how the prototypical membrane-actin linker ezrin acts to anchor F-actin to the cell membrane. Remarkably, we find that ezrin forms a complex that slides along F-actin over micron distances while resisting mechanical detachment. The ubiquity of ezrin and analogous proteins suggests that sliding anchors such as ezrin may constitute an important but overlooked element in the construction of the actin cytoskeleton.
The Anxiety Disorders

This comprehensive 1998 text covers all the anxiety disorders found in the latest DSM and ICD classifications. Written by two internationally recognized authorities in the field, it provides detailed information about seven principal disorders, including anxiety in the medically ill. For each, it covers diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical features, natural history and differential diagnosis, and describes treatment approaches, both psychological and pharmacological. The scientific literature of the past few decades is thoroughly surveyed, with added insights from history, philosophy and the arts. At once scholarly and clinically to the point, this is a definitive reference for psychiatrists at all levels. It will also be of interest to other mental health professionals and to physicians in other specialties.
Sacrifice and Gender in Biblical Law

1. Introduction 2. Women's sacrificial roles in biblical law 3. The gendered victimology of animal offerings 4. Milk, meat, and mothers: the exclusion of mothers from sacrifice in cultic food laws 5. Death and the female: the sacred impurity of the red cow 6. Impurity and the creation of difference 7. Fathers and firstlings 8. Conclusion: child sacrifice and animal sacrifice.
Star Shaped Orthogonal Drawing

An orthogonal drawing of a plane graph \(G\) is a planar drawing, denoted by \(D(G)\), of \(G\) such that each vertex of \(G\) is drawn as a point on the plane, and each edge is drawn as a sequence of horizontal and vertical line segments with no crossings. \(D(G)\) is called orthogonally convex if each of its faces is an orthogonally convex polygon \(P\). (Namely, for any horizontal or vertical line \(L\), the intersection of \(L\) and \(P\) is a single line segment or empty). Recently, Chang et al. [1] gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a plane graph to have such a drawing.
Parallelization of ATD/chaotic-map turbulence models

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a new, high-resolution turbulence modeling procedure and the preliminary results for a 2D backward-facing step flow. It also discusses the parallelization of the corresponding computational algorithm and the corresponding speedup results. The prediction of high Reynolds number (Re) turbulent fluid motion is one of the most important and difficult problems in fluid mechanics, and as such, it presents one of the most challenging problems for parallel implementations. Additive turbulent decomposition comprises a family of procedures ranging from what is just a highly parallelizable form of direct numerical simulation to fairly simple models based on nonlinear algebraic maps. The expected consequence of employing more realistic models of the small-scale behavior is the ability to solve the large-scale equations on much coarser grids with lower-order methods to gain efficiencies and generally not easily obtained in large-eddy simulation and still capture significant small-scale flow features. The results obtained from the parallel calculations are not especially impressive with respect to parallel efficiency and/or speedups in light of the theoretically high potential speedups.
Evolutionary traction: the cost of adaptation and the evolution of sex.

The advantage of sexual reproduction remains a puzzle for evolutionary biologists. Everything else being equal, asexual populations are expected to have twice the number of offspring produced by similar sexual populations. Yet, asexual species are uncommon among higher eukaryotes. In models assuming small populations, high mutation rates, or frequent environmental changes, sexual reproduction seems to have at least a two-fold advantage over asexuality. But the advantage of sex for large populations, low mutation rates, and rare or mild environmental changes remains a conundrum. Here we show that without recombination, rare advantageous mutations can result in increased accumulation of deleterious mutations (‘evolutionary traction’), which explains the long-term advantage of sex under a wide parameter range.
Konstruktion und Gleichung einer Tangente

Wir denken uns in der Abb. 91 die Sekante AB um den Punkt P gedreht, so das der zweite Punkt Q sich dem Punkte P nahert. Sobald Q nach P gelangt ist, wird die Sekante zur Tangente in P. Dann aber ist (Abb. 92) PE = PF und zugleich OC = CE; und OD = DF. Soll also die Tangente in P konstruiert werden, so ziehe man PC parallel zu g, mache OC=CE; dann ist E P die Tangente in P. Das zwischen den Asymptoten liegende Stuck einer Hyperbeltangente wird also im Beruhrungspunkt halbiert. Da ferner das Dreieck OEF die doppelte Flache des Parallelogramms OCPD, dieses aber den Inhalt ab/2 hat (§ 51), so bestimmt jede Hyperbeltangente mit den Asymptoten ein Dreieck von dem konstanten Inhalte a·b. Open image in new window Abb. 92
Beyond The Low Hanging Fruit: Data Services and Archiving at the University of New Mexico

Open data is becoming increasingly important in research. While individual researchers are slowlybecoming aware of the value, funding agencies are taking the lead by requiring data be made available, and also by requiring data management plans to ensure the data is available in a useable form. Some journals also require that data be made available. However, in most cases, “available upon request” is considered sufficient. We describe a number of historical examples of data use and discovery, then describe two current test cases at the University of New Mexico. The lessons learned suggest that an instituional data services program needs to not only facilitate fulfilling the mandates of granting agencies but to realize the true value of open data. Librarians and institutional archives should actively collaborate with their researchers. We should also work to find ways to make open data enhance a researchers career. In the long run, better quality data and metadata will result if researchers are engaged and willing participants in the dissemination of their data.
The polypeptides of adenovirus: IV. Detection of early and late virus-induced polypeptides and their distribution in subcellular fractions

Abstract Three “early” polypeptides induced by adenovirus type 2 infection of HeLa cells have been detected. Two, E1 and E2, are found in cytoplasmic extracts. E3 is present in nuclear extracts. Increased resolution in acrylamide gel electrophoresis and prefractionation permitted these observations along with the detection of “late” polypeptides similar in amount but having higher apparent MW than the core polypeptides of the adenovirion. At late times the great bulk of protein is in structural polypeptides. Late nonstructural proteins cannot be positively identified and, if present, are synthesized at levels of 0.1–1% of the structural proteins.
Decomposing Integer Programming Models for Spatial Allocation

Spatial allocation generally involves the aggregation of spatial units into larger groups according to specified criteria. This paper describes a generalized method of formulating integer programming models for spatial allocation (IPSA). To do so, IPSA are decomposed into elementary forms which can then be recomposed for particular applications in a clear and consistent manner. The major implication of this paper is that the prescriptive capabilities of geographic information systems (GISs) can continue to benefit from future advances in mathematical programming techniques.
25 years of higher‐order confirmatory factor analysis in the organizational sciences: A critical review and development of reporting recommendations

Summary We discuss how confirmatory factor analysis results should be used to examine potential higher-order constructs and advocate that researchers present five types of evidence, which are as follows: (1) the ability of the higher-order model to reproduce the observed covariation among manifest variables; (2) the ability of the higher-order model to reproduce the observed covariation among manifest variables better than more parsimonious alternative models—and no less well than less parsimonious alternative models; (3) the ability of the higher-order model to reproduce the observed covariation among lower-order factors; (4) the ability of the higher-order factor to explain variation in lower-order factors; and (5) the ability of the higher-order factor to explain variation in manifest variables. We illustrate how this type of evidence could be presented with a worked example and contrast our recommendations with the manner in which higher-order confirmatory factor analysis has been used in the organizational sciences over the past 25 years to support claims regarding higher-order constructs such as core self-evaluations and transformational leadership. Our review shows that a substantial proportion of the 44 examined articles failed to present enough evidence to allow readers to understand the size and importance of higher-order factors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uses of the Computer in Music Composition and Research

Publisher Summary The use of computer in music composition has a long history. Much has been written by both composers and researchers, but publications of research results are rather limited to date, as are recordings and scores of computer-generated music. Although, there is undoubtedly work in progress, this chapter attempts to indicate the wide range of effort in both composition and research by describing a number of representative projects. There have been two basic approaches to the composition of music by computer. In one, the computer is used as a tool to provide output in the form of an alphanumeric representation of standard music notation or the actual printing of that notation. Then the notated music is performed by musicians using standard instrumental and vocal ensembles. In the second approach, the composer programs instructions for a digital computer, whose output in turn serves as input to an analog computer and this, in turn, produces electronic sounds via loudspeakers or transmits the electronic signals to recording tape for later performance. This chapter discusses music composed for performance by traditional means, music composed for performance by electronic synthesizer, and real-time composition by digital-analog computer. Furthermore, this chapter describes various music research done using the computer. This includes problems of music representation, music theory and style analysis, ethnomusicology, thematic indexing, bibliographies and information retrieval systems, and automated music typography for composition and research.
Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy

Pregnancy induces complex hormonal and immunological changes that modify normal thyroid physiology. Therefore, evaluation of thyroid function during pregnancy should be interpreted according to these changes. In our opinion, the high prevalence of pregnancy-related thyroid disorders and their important consequences for both mother and fetus indicate the need for routine thyroid function screening both before and during pregnancy. Once thyroid dysfunction is diagnosed, the management of the disorder requires frequent monitoring to adjust treatment accurately. The goal of treating hyperthyroidism with thionamide drugs is to maintain serum thyroxin (T4) in the upper normal range (free T4, 2-2.5 ng/dl; total T4, 12.0-18.0 μg/dl) using the lowest possible dose of the drug, while in hypothyroidism the goal is to return serum thyrotropin to the range between 0.5 and 2.5 mU/l.
Insulating oxide film formation with acid catalyzed hydrolysis of alkoxide precursors in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide

Insulating oxide films can be produced by hydrolysis of metal alkoxide precursors in the presence of an acid catalyst in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (sc-CO2). Using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a precursor and acetic acid (HAc) as a catalyst, uniform SiO2 films can be formed on surfaces of different substrates according to the reaction Si(OCH2CH3)4 + 2H2O → SiO2 + 4CH3CH2OH. The quality of the SiO2 film is controlled by the rate of hydrolysis of TEOS which is determined by the amount of water available in the system. In our sc-CO2 reaction system, water involved in the TEOS hydrolysis is generated by the in situ esterification process CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O. In the absence of acetic acid, the reaction proceeds very slowly. The acid catalyzed reaction probably involves proton coordination to the oxygen atoms of TEOS molecules that facilitates the hydrolysis. The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction produces dense SiO2 films instead of porous SiO2 films formed by water added hydrolysis of TEOS in sc-CO2. Formation of SiO2 films via hydrolysis in sc-CO2 is more rapid compared to the traditional hydrolysis reaction at room temperature. In general, metal alkoxide hydrolysis reactions carried out in a closed sc-CO2 system is not affected by moisture in air compared with traditional open-air hydrolysis systems. Using sc-CO2 as a reaction medium also eliminates undesirable organic solvents utilized in traditional alkoxide hydrolysis reactions.
Transdermal hormone therapy and bone health.

The clinical aftermath of the reporting of the initial fi ndings of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in 2002 was a profound reduction in the use of hormone therapies by menopausal women. This reduction led to a well documented increase in vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy among those women who discontinued their hormone regimens. However, another adverse impact among these women, as well as many other menopausal women, is the well recognized increased likelihood of osteoporosis resulting from the decline in circulating estradiol levels associated with natural and surgical menopause. Although the use of non-hormonal drugs such as bisphosphonates has been shown to reduce the risk of fracture in women with osteopo- rosis, bisphosphonates have not been shown to reduce the risk of fracture in non-osteoporotic women. Indeed, only oral estrogen (as demonstrated in the WHI studies) has been shown to reduce the risk of fracture in osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic women. As non-oral hormone therapies have been shown to be as effective in treating vasomotor symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy and to have a different (and perhaps more benefi cial) physiological effect than oral regimens, it behooves us to assess the impact of non-oral hormone regimens on bone mineral density and fracture risk. Although there are no clinical trials that primarily assess the impact of non-oral regimens on fracture risk in menopausal women, numerous studies are consistent in demonstrating the positive impact of non-oral regimens in maintaining and increasing bone mineral density among users, even for those women using estrogen doses that are considered to be "too low" to have a benefi cial impact on other menopausal symptoms.
Can Ethics be Taught or Is It Too Late

ISSUE Interior designers require an understanding of societal, professional, and personal ethical codes to successfully respond to complex moral decisions in the workplace. Course activities that involve ethical decision making help prompt students to identify and clarify their personal values by responding to moral issues they will encounter in design practice. GOAL Practice with ethical decision making allows students to learn more about their own values and how these values, in turn, impact their daily decisions. The goal was to prepare senior-level interior design students for decision making that maintains the high ethical standards of the interior design profession and their own personal ethics code. APPLICATION Debates and case studies, as instructional techniques, allow students to see ethical situations from various perspectives and encourage students to voice individual ideas. DESCRIPTION Students participated in a structured debate focused on design practice issues. They also reviewed and developed case studies representative of ethical issues that could arise in a business setting. CONCLUSION Providing interior design students the opportunity to explore ethical dilemmas in an academic setting is an effective preparatory method toward positive decision making as a design professional. Debates and case studies,. focused on ethics, provide students with an interactive learning experience that encourages the development of a personal framework for addressing moral issues. Students become confident about identifying and evaluating potential ethical dilemmas and drawing conclusions about situations they will confront in their professional careers.
Encapsulation of semiconducting polymers in vault protein cages.

We demonstrate that a semiconducting polymer [poly(2-methoxy-5-propyloxy sulfonate phenylene vinylene), MPS-PPV] can be encapsulated inside recombinant, self-assembling protein nanocapsules called “vaults”. Polymer incorporation into these nanosized protein cages, found naturally at ∼10,000 copies per human cell, was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Although vault cellular functions and gating mechanisms remain unknown, their large internal volume and natural prevalence within the human body suggests they could be used as carriers for therapeutics and medical imaging reagents. This study provides the groundwork for the use of vaults in encapsulation and delivery applications.
Hypersonic shock-wave turbulent-boundary-layer interaction flows

We use a two-dimensional/axisymmetric Navier-Stokes code to study the accuracy of the two-equation k-e turbulence model when compared with the hypersonic shockwave/boundary-layer interaction data base. Two modifications of the standard k-e model are also investigated. The first is the new two-layer k-e model developed by Rodi that has had good success for separated flows at low speeds. The second is a modification developed to account for compressibility effects following the work of Rubesin and Vuong and Coakley
Putting Operational Techniques to the Test: A Syntactic Theory for Behavioral Verilog

Abstract We present a syntactic theory for the behavioral subset of the Verilog Hardware Description Language. Due to the complexity of the language, the construction of this theory represents a serious test of the suitability of syntactic operational techniques for reasoning about industrial languages. Overall, we have found that these techniques are rather robust but with a few caveats. Our theory formalizes the simulation cycle explicitly, exposes a number of ambiguities and inconsistencies in the language reference manual (LRM), and is the most accurate known description of this subset of Verilog, with respect to the LRM. The syntactic theory has been used to automatically derive a simulator for Verilog.
The molecular mechanisms of conidial germination

The asexual spore, or conidium, is critical in the life cycle of many fungi because it is the primary means for dispersion and serves as a ‘safe house’ for the fungal genome in adverse environmental conditions. This review discusses the physiological process of germination, conidial adhesion and initiation of protein synthesis and also the regulatory pathways used to activate conidial germination. These include Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signaling, the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A and the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Insights into the process of conidial germination will increase our understanding of the mechanisms of dormancy and sensing of environmental stimuli, and permit identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of spore-borne fungal infections in plants and animals.
Climate Negotiations, EITE Industries, and the WTO: Facing the Conflicts

Though developed countries have contributed the lion's share of greenhouse gases to date, developing countries are rapidly catching up – and seem unlikely to adopt meaningful GHG controls in the near term. This prospect concerns major developed countries, since their own GHG controls could cause carbon-intensive production to migrate to unregulated countries, a phenomenon called “carbon leakage.” This article surveys progress in international negotiations to date. It argues that, given the slow pace of efforts to create a global GHG control framework, carbon tariffs and other border measures are likely to be invoked as an alternative means of preventing carbon leakage. The article illustrates the legal and economic pitfalls of border adjustments and urges major emitting countries to suspend the imposition of border measures for a limited time while negotiating a “Code of Good Practice” to guide their trade-related climate measures going forward. The Code that we describe would constrain the scope of borde...
WEAK EMISSIONS IN THE NEAR-INFRARED DAYTIME AIRGLOW.

Abstract Rocket-borne spectrometers have been used to examine the spectrum of the daytime airglow in the region from 6000 to 11,500 A. In addition to the previously observed features, a number of fainter emissions have been observed. These are the 2-0 band and the 1-0 sequence of the Meinel system of N 2 + at 7875 and 9212 A respectively, the atomic oxygen emissions at 7774 and 8446 A, and what appears to be the 1-0 band of the first positive system of N 2 at about 8850 A. The intensity ratio of the first to second positive systems in the dayglow was estimated and found to be an order of magnitude lower than the auroral ratio. Upper limits on the emission rates of other features not clearly present are also given.
Effects of wall moisture profiles on matched illumination waveforms — Simulation and measurement

The effects of wall moisture on the characteristics of matched illumination waveforms for use in through the wall radar imaging (TWRI) are examined via simulation. Various wall moisture profiles are considered for solid adobe-like walls including a uniform moisture profile, moisture concentrated in the interior region of the wall, and moisture concentrated at the exterior surface. Specific characteristics of the typical optimum waveform are noted for each of the moisture profiles considered. Techniques for experimentally validating the performance of the matched illumination waveforms are also summarized.
Infrared spectrum of hydrogen in the condensed phase with high-sensitivity spectrometers: Experiments with a 0.04-cm−1 Fourier transform spectrometer in the range 1.5–12 μm

Abstract The infrared spectrum of solid and liquid hydrogen was recorded using a Fourier spectrometer. The pure rotational U transitions, U 0 (0) in solid para hydrogen and U 0 (1) in solid normal hydrogen, with the accompanying phonon branches were observed for the first time. In addition, the rotational double transitions S 0 (0) + S 0 (1) and S 0 (1) + S 0 (1) were identified. The identifications of these transitions are based on positions calculated by making use of gas phase molecular constants. In the liquid the double transitions are preserved but the single transitions U 0 (0) and U 0 (1) are entirely absent. The region of Q 1←0 ( J ) reveals structure which has not been reported before. Its interpretation is presented.
Electrostatic field induced changes in mouse serum proteins

Chez des souris ayant ete exposee sur tout leurs corps aux champs electrostatiques paralleles a la surface de la terre, le pourcentage relatif des β-proteines de leur serum s'eleve. Nos calculs montrent que l'energie delivree par ces champs est negligeable. Son effet sur les β-proteines ne parait donc pas etre le resultat d'un transfer d'energie, mais plutot un effet informationnel.
Thin Anisotropic Coatings Based on Sol-Gel Technology.

Using sol-gel technology, thin organic/ceramic (ceramer) coatings have been applied to metal surfaces in order to enhance such surface properties as adhesion promotion and corrosion prevention. Isotropic coatings have been found to be effective in certain applications such as corrosion prevention, but the formation of anisotropic coatings permits greater flexibility over the resulting properties. Isotropic coatings derived from tetraethoxysilane, for example, effectively inhibit corrosion while being only 100 to 1000 A thick. These coatings do not, however, promote adhesion. Thin coatings made from traditional silane adhesion promoters alone are unable to prevent corrosion of metallic substrates. Using monomers with appropriate reactivities permits the single-step synthesis of anisotropic coatings that can both promote adhesion and prevent corrosion. These types of anisotropic coatings allow the physical and chemical properties of a coating to be varied as a function of distance from the substrate and confer properties to the substrate that would not be possible from a single isotropic coating. The principle behind the construction of these anisotropic coatings is general enough that it can be used in many applications where microengineering of surface structures is important.
Sorghum grain yield reductions caused by duration and timing of freezing temperatures

Management practices, as well as below-normal temperatures that occur late in the growing-season, can delay grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] maturity in the northern Great Plains. Delaying maturity increases the probability of a freeze occurring before the crop reaches physiological maturity. Studies were conducted during 1988 and 1989 using greenhouse- and field-grown plants in Kansas to determine caryopsis weight and test weight reductions from exposure to subfreezing air temperatures. Treatments of 0, -2, and - 4°C air temperatures for 2, 4, and 8 h were conducted in a growth chamber when developing grain had attained approximately one-half of its maximum weight. A second experiment studied the effects of exposure to -2°C for 4 h at different stages of grainfill. Caryopsis weights were progressively reduced as air temperature was reduced from 0 to -4°C. Effects of exposure time to subfreezing air temperatures on caryopsis weight were not consistent from year to year. Air temperatures of -2°C or lower reduced test weight of grain from field-grown plants, whereas only exposure to -4°C reduced test weight of grain from greenhouse-grown plants. Exposure to -2°C for 4 h reduced caryopsis weights 81% at 200, 57% at 300, 25% at 450, and 3% at 600 growing degree days (GDD, base temperature 5.7°C) after anthesis (maturity 850 GDD). Test weight response was similar to caryopsis weight response with test weights from plants exposed to freezing temperatures at 200 and 300 GDD after anthesis lower than at other treatment times or the control. These results indicate that minimum air temperature is the primary factor in determining caryopsis weight and test weight when grain sorghum is exposed to subfreezing air temperatures.
A Structural Econometric Model of Joint Consumption of Goods and Recreational Time: An Application to Pick-Your-Own Fruit

This article develops a structural econometric consumer demand model for goods, which have time and monetary costs, and where time spent obtaining the goods also enters into the utility function. The model is used to analyze customers' decision to buy pick-your-own versus preharvested strawberries at North Carolina pick-your-own fruit operations. The analysis distinguishes the effect of time as a resource constraint and time that provides utility. Demand for strawberries sold at the operations is price elastic, and demand for pick-your-own strawberries is less price elastic than demand for preharvested strawberries. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Farrell efficiency under value and quantity data

In 1957, Farrell introduced a nonparametric method to estimate technical efficiency. His original illustration, however, utilized value-based, rather than quantity-based data (p. 279). This common practice raises the question of how value-based DEA models coincide with quantity-based models. It is well known that the two models coincide when firms face identical prices. In practice, however, prices vary across firms and the two models yield materially different results. We decompose the resulting difference into its technology and firm-related components and then use Farrell’s original data set to show that the expected difference is systematic and one-sided.
Comparison of polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and urea as excipients for solid dispersion systems of miconazole nitrate

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to examine the feasibility of preparing fast-release solid dispersions of miconazole nitrate (MN), using 3 different water-soluble excipients: polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-10,000) and urea. Solid dispersions of miconazole were prepared by fusion or coprecipitation from ethanol. The phase diagrams of the MN-PEG dispersions were characteristic of a monotectic system, the MN-urea dispersions of a simple eutectic system with a eutectic composition of 80% MN and 20% urea, and the MN-PVP dispersions of a continuous solid solution. Solubilization and wetting of the drug both favored PEG and urea over PVP in promoting the dissolution of MN. Accordingly, a 7-fold increase in the dissolution rate of MN was achieved with both PEG and urea, while the dispersion of MN in PVP resulted in only a two-fold enhancement. The coprecipitated dispersion of MN in 80% w/w PEG and fused dispersions of MN in 80% w/w urea gave comparable results, and the highest initial dissolution rates among samples studied. Based on the results of this investigation solubilization and wetting were found to be more important than particle size reduction as a means of increasing the dissolution rate of MN.
Low power SRAM cell design for FinFET and CNTFET technologies

Implementations of SRAM cells in FinFET and carbon nanotube FET (CNTFET) technologies are presented in this paper. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors has identified these technologies as likely candidates to replace bulk CMOS. Leakage current is one of the major contributors in the power consumption in SRAM arrays; FinFETs have been shown to greatly reduce leakage current. The FinFET memory cells are presented. These cells dissipate 0.49 µW of static power. The CNTFET memory requires 0.195 µW of static power. In current synthesis processes Metallic CNTs are grown along with semiconductor CNTs, a metallic tolerant scheme is used to overcome the presence of metallic CNT. This CNTFET memory with metallic tolerance dissipates 0.21 µW of static power.
Equilibrium Unemployment Dynamics

The global dynamics of Pissarides' (1990) equilibrium model of aggregate unemployment are studied in the case of increasing returns to scale in production and constant returns to scale in the matching process. An equilibrium is a dynamic path for the aggregate number of matches generated by best-response search and recruiting investment decisions under rational expectations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for multiple equilibria, including limit cycles, are derived, and illustrative examples are computed. The application of saddle-loop bifurcation theory is a novel feature of the analysis. Since one equilibrium Pareto dominates all the others, a macroeconomic coordination problem exists.
The Current Labor Policies of American Industries

I. The situation down to 1920. — The effects of pre-war immigration, 393. — The effects of the war, 395. — The failure of post-war changes in the labor market to end the interest of business men in industrial good will, 396. — II. The post-war dread of labor trouble, 398. — The inability or unwillingness of employers to reduce wages in proportion to the drop in wholesale prices, 400. — The better appreciation by managers of the relationship between morale and efficiency, 401. — III. The methods by which enterprises have attempted to make labor more efficient and more contented: Helping employees acquire property, 404. — Helping them acquire a "stake" in the business, 408. — Protecting the magainst arbitrary treatment, 411. — Rewarding continuity of service, 414. — Giving them opportunity to advance, 416. — Giving them security, 419. — Other methods, 421. — IV. The effect of the new personnel policies upon the present labor situation. — Their effect upon productivity per worker, 424 .— Their effect upon union membership, 426. — Their effect upon the number of industrial disputes, 428. — Their effect upon the rate of turnover, 429. — V. The effect of the new labor policies upon labor's bargaining power and upon the spread of unionism, 431.
DURATION OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS IN RELATION TO SIDE OF LESION AFTER SEVERE HEAD INJURY

The relation between hemispheric lateralisation of intracerebral lesion and duration of impaired consciousness was investigated in 43 survivors of severe closed head injury. Duration of impaired consciousness, defined as the time from injury until the obeying of commands, was significantly longer in patients with left hemisphere than right hemisphere lesions. However, the side of intracerebral lesion had no effect on duration of impaired consciousness defined as time from injury until localisation to pain. Use of verbal methods to assess level of consciousness may be responsible for the observation that lesions of the language dominant hemisphere produce greater disturbance of consciousness than similar insults to the right hemisphere.