cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship Does Pay

Existing evidence suggests that returns to entrepreneurship are low relative to the returns to wage work. These findings have been associated with non-pecuniary benefits, and more generally with heterogeneity in preferences, rationality or beliefs. In this paper I challenge this view. I extend the data and show that the differential in earnings is in fact U-shaped, with entrepreneurs earning more than wage workers both early and late in their lives. I argue that the difference in the earnings profile can be rationalized in the context of a life-cycle model of occupational choice where agents are fully informed, face no uncertainty, are fully rational, and ex-ante identical. I estimate this model and show that the lifetime returns to entrepreneurship can in fact be identical to those of being a wage worker.
Intragastric Balloon Treatment for Obesity: FDA Safety Updates

Over the past year, the FDA has issued two letters to healthcare providers alerting them to adverse events associated with ORBERA and ReShape intragastric balloons (IGBs), including several deaths. Both IGB devices were FDA-approved for use in the US in the summer of 2015. Although the adverse events cited in the two letters occurred following FDA approval, there was already evidence prior to FDA approval that the safety and efficacy of ReShape and ORBERA were highly questionable. Since January 1, 2006, ORBERA and Reshape IGB have been implicated in 33 deaths. Given the cited evidence, we recommend FDA withdrawal of these two devices.
Pharmacokinetics of sodium thiosulfate in Guinea pig perilymph following middle ear application.

Abstract Hypothesis To determine the pharmacokinetics of sodium thiosulfate in the inner ear perilymph following middle ear application in Guinea pigs. Background Cisplatin chemotherapy is often associated with a dose-dependent high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Sodium thiosulfate has been shown to reduce cisplatin-induced ototoxicity when given intravenously, but this may limit the tumoricidal effects of the chemotherapy. Recent animal studies looking at middle ear application of sodium thiosulfate have shown prevention of outer hair cell and hearing loss, but the perilymph pharmacokinetics have not yet been established. Methods Twenty Guinea pig ears were split into two groups and administered sodium thiosulfate to the middle ear at either a concentration of 250 mg/mL or 50 mg/mL for 30 min. Perilymph samples were then obtained serially through the round window over 6 h. Sodium thiosulfate concentrations were obtained using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results The 250 mg/mL group had a maximum perilymph concentration of 7.27 mg/mL (±0.83) that decreased to 0.94 mg/mL (±0.03) over 6 h. The 50 mg/mL group had an initial concentration of 1.63 mg/mL (±0.17) and was undetectable after 1 h. The half-life of sodium thiosulfate within perilymph was 0.74 h. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this study show that sodium thiosulfate is capable of diffusing through round window and into the inner ear perilymph. Peak levels decline over several hours after exposure. This has a potential application as a localized therapy in the prevention of cisplatin induced ototoxicity.
Comparison of osteoporosis in US adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

We examined bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis prevalence in those with type 1 compared to type 2 diabetes derived from a nationally representative sample from the civilian community in the United States. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2013–2014 were merged to obtain a large sample of diabetics at least 20 years of age with participation in the interview and medical examination. Osteoporosis status was defined by BMD at the total femur, femoral neck, or total lumbar spine. Self-reported diabetics that were prescribed insulin within the first year of diagnosis, are currently taking insulin, and reported no prescriptions for any diabetic pills were classified as type 1. Remaining self-reported diabetics were deemed as having type 2. A total of 2050 diabetics were included in which 87 (4%) were classified as type 1. Type 1 diabetics were found to have a significantly lower BMD at the total femur and femoral neck, but not at the lumbar spine in the adjusted models. Diabetics with type 1 were 4.7 times more likely to have osteoporosis than those with type 2. There was no significant relationship between diabetes type and BMD or osteoporosis prior to adjustment for confounders. Although our results show an increased likelihood of osteoporosis among those with type 1 diabetes, future studies including a larger sample from a community population are needed. It may benefit diabetics, especially those with type 1, to initiate osteoporosis screening methods including evaluation of fracture risk, bone quality, and BMD measurements at multiple sites earlier than recommended.
Reflections on Corruption in the Context of Political and Economic Liberalization

The chapter is in the nature of a partial overview, with a focus on some issues as yet rather inadequately discussed in the literature on Corruption and Development. After discussing different types of corruption and their differential implications for policy, it goes into the specific issue of the complexities in the relationships between economic and political liberalization and the incidence of corruption.
A Comparative Analysis of Factors Affecting the Frequency and Severity of Freight-Involved and Non-Freight Crashes on a Major Freight Corridor Freeway:

Traffic crashes cost society billions of dollars each year as a result of property damage, injuries, and fatalities. Additionally, traffic crashes have a negative impact on mobility, as they are a ...
RF Tags for Special Applications

In spite of the common notion that RFID is a technology for use primarily in departmental stores and supermarkets, the RFID technology might actually be most useful in a number of many special applications. In some of these applications, minimizing the cost of a tag might not necessarily be the main objective. There are a number of important problems where the performance of the tagging and tracking system, rather than a tag’s unit cost, is the critical factor. Although newer generation UHF and LF tags can sometimes be adapted to achieve an acceptable level of performance, the UWB technology might be a natural solution in many other special applications. In this chapter we discuss applications areas where UWB RF tags have the potential to play an important role.
Recent Studies of the Supermodulus Effect

Recent studies of elastic properties of superlattice thin films indicate that variations in elastic moduli often occur when the composition modulation wavelength is reduced below about 5 nm. The magnitude of these elastic anomalies is generally of the order of 15 to 30%, which is much smaller than the enhancements associated with the “supermodulus effect.” Superlattices that do display modulus variations appear to have relatively well defined interfaces, whereas systems with more diffuse interfaces display little or no effect. Recent models for the modulus anomalies, and for concomitant lattice parameter variations, have been based on effects related to the high density of interfaces characteristic of artificially multilayered thin films.
MSCs and Innate Immune Responses: A Balancing Act

The immunoregulatory functions of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), also called mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), have been studied extensively in recent years. Although there is still some confusion in the literature about the nomenclature, for the sake of simplicity, we will use the abbreviation MSC below, referring to cells isolated by their adherence to plastic, which might be derived from a variety of tissues (and might not have identical features). Most investigators who examined the mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory actions of MSCs focused on the interactions between the latter and cells that comprise the adaptive immune system (T and B cells). Recently, however, an increasing number of publications have described interactions between MSCs and neutrophil granulocytes and have provided data suggesting that effects on monocytes and macrophages may play a major role in MSC-induced immunomodulation. For example, MSCs were shown to enhance the antibacterial activities of neutrophil granulocytes preventing organ injury caused by the uncontrolled activation of these cells. Furthermore, MSCs were reported to modulate the functions of the monocyte/macrophage lineage by inducing these cells to acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype. This phenotypic switch seems to be critical not only in the prevention of sepsis-induced multiorgan failure but also in the protection by MSCs seen in autoimmune settings. In fact, data suggest that MSC-macrophage interactions may even be a key intermediate step in the MSC-mediated protection from T cell-driven autoimmunity. In this chapter, we summarize the most important findings that led to these conclusions.
Occipital nerve stimulation with the Bion® microstimulator for the treatment of medically refractory chronic cluster headache.

Background Chronic cluster headache is a severely disabling neurological disorder. Evidence from open-label case series suggest that occipital nerve stimulation may be effective for the treatment of chronic cluster headache. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a microstimulator for chronic cluster headache. Study design Prospective, observational feasibility study plus medical record review. Settings Academic medical center. Methods Four patients with medically refractory chronic cluster headache underwent implantation of a unilateral bion microstimulator. In-person follow-up was conducted for 12 months after implantation, and a prospective follow-up chart review was carried out to assess long term outcome. Results Three of the participants returned their headache diaries for evaluation. The mean duration of chronic cluster headache was 14.3 years (range 3 to 29 years). Pain was predominantly or exclusively retroocular/periocular. One participant demonstrated a positive response (> 50% reduction in cluster headache frequency) at 3 months post-implant, while there were 2 responders at 6 months. At least one of the participants continued to show > 60% reduction in headache frequency at 12 months. A chart review showed that at 58-67 months post-implant, all 3 participants reported continued use and benefit from stimulation. No side-shift in attacks was noted in any participant. Adverse events were limited to 2 participants with neck pain and/or cramping with stimulation at high amplitudes; one required revision for a faulty battery. Limitations Small patient population without control group. Not blinded or randomized. Conclusion Unilateral occipital nerve stimulation, using a minimally invasive microstimulator, may be effective for the treatment of medically refractory chronic cluster headache. This benefit may occur immediately after implantation, remain sustained up to 5 years after implantation, and occur despite the anterior location of the pain. Prospective, randomized controlled trials of occipital nerve stimulation in chronic cluster headache should proceed.
Algorithms for Solving Polynomial Systems

Because of the previously mentioned NP-Complete status of MQ, the topic of how to actually solve these systems has the disadvantage that truly efficient (i.e. polynomial time) algorithms have not yet been found. In fact, they will never be found if P ≠ NP. Nonetheless, there are algorithms available for experimentation, many of which we describe below.
Performing Ethnography: Staging Resistance:

In this performance script, I interrogate the ethical and political implications of the interdisciplinary turn to performance and theatre in critical ethnography. I focus on ethnodramas, and the pe...
A fifty-two-year love affair: rewatching Hiroshima mon amour after Fukushima

The film Hiroshima mon amour (1959), one of the first major Franco-Japanese co-productions, was released the same year in Japan with the title A Twenty-four-hour love affair. The Japanese title’s emphasis on time presents a move away from the film’s historical and political particularity as well as from the space evoked by the name “Hiroshima.” In watching Hiroshima mon amour after the 2011 nuclear disaster at Fukushima Daiichi, the film’s nuclear background, often seen as peripheral to the love story, comes to the fore. This article proposes a post-Fukushima viewing of Hiroshima mon amour that uses the chronotope of the nuclear to analyze the film’s nuclear spatiotemporality and draws parallels to recent Franco-Japanese films about Fukushima. By considering Hiroshima mon amour in the context of Mette Hjort’s definition of “affinitive transnationalism,” this article argues that Alain Resnais’s film can be understood today as an instance of solidarity as well as an opportunity for implicit criticism of Fra...
Inuvialuit Social Indicators: Applying Arctic Social Indicators Framework to Study Well-Being in the Inuvialuit Communities

The Northern Review 47 (2018): 167–185This study of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) socio-economic well-being used the established indicators framework, which was developed by the Arctic Social Indicators (ASI) project under the auspices of the Arctic Council. The assessment was conducted for the following six domains: health and population, material well-being, cultural vitality, closeness to nature, education, and fate control. The analysis revealed considerable internal differences within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in Canada’s western Arctic, especially between Inuvik and other communities in the Northwest Territories (NWT). With respect to most indicators, the ISR was better off than other NWT regions—with the exception of the capital city Yellowknife (unemployment, engagement in traditional activities, land claims status, and fate control)—or close to average (incomes, dependency on government transfers, consumption of country food, and education). The ISR fared worse than other NWT regions with respect to language retention and out-migration rates. In comparison with Inuit communities in Nunavut, the ISR had a generally higher level of material well-being, but demonstrated low language retention, lower consumption of traditional food, and inferior fate control status. The analysis shows that although the Inuvialuit Settlement Region appears to have variable levels of socio-economic well-being across most of the six domains, with some positive trends, it still faces considerable social challenges and has to deal with interregional inequalities. The most important problems revealed in this study are a continuing gap between the ISR and Yellowknife with respect to material well-being; disparities among the ISR communities (Inuvik vs. all other); potential shortage and leakage of human capital in outlying communities; and low language retention compared to other Inuit regions.
Opioid Analgesic Use and Risk for Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases

Certain opioids are reported to be immunosuppressive in vitro, and animal studies have suggested an increased risk for serious infection with opioid administration. Using linked databases, the auth...
Software Defined Ultrasonic System for Communication Through Solid Structures

RF signals are commonly used as a carrier signal in wireless communications. In some situations, like underwater, underground, closed containers or even intra-body, ultrasonic signal is a better carrier signal because RF signal attenuate very fast in these types of channels. Therefore, it is our objective is to assess the capability of using ultrasonic waves as a carrier waveform for communications. Ultrasonic signal is a type of waveform which has a frequency higher than 20 kHz. In this study, a ZYNQ System-on-Chip (SoC) platform is used to conduct ultrasonic communication experiments. This system consists of a transmitting transducer and a receiving transducer operating at MHz range frequencies. The transceiver unit operates using In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) modulation. With IQ modulation, different modulation schemes such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), phase shift keying (PSK) can be readily implemented on the platform without modifying the hardware setup. Experiments are conducted in solid channels with various shape, material and size to explore the ultrasonic communication feasibility in diverse environments. Performance of different modulation methods are discussed and compared in this paper.
The continued quest to assess public space

The quality of public space, as manifest in the city, is one of the closest measures of the state of the public sphere and as succinctly described by Low and Smith (2006), ‘… An understanding of pu...
Cognitive-behavioral group therapy and buprenorphine: Balancing methodological rigor and community partner ethical concerns in efficacy-effectiveness trials

Opioid use disorder (OUD) can encompass a number of behavioral, psychological, physiological, and interpersonal symptoms which collectively impair one’s functioning to different degrees. Of all the...
Documenting Models of Faith Community Nursing: Educational Perspectives

Faith community nurses work within different organizational models. This chapter will discuss a variety of organizational models and how these structures can support integration of faith community nursing into health care systems over time, as well as the preparation and ongoing education of the faith community nurse. Resources that provide direction, support, and integration into progressive systems of care that engage the person in their episodes of wellness as well as their episodes of illness will be presented. Faith community nursing is presented as offering continuum of care, cost effective, community-based, health promoting care which supports a better quality of life, over time, through integration into a system of care.
Directvisor: virtualization for bare-metal cloud

Bare-metal cloud platforms allow customers to rent remote physical servers and install their preferred operating systems and software to make the best of servers' raw hardware capabilities. However, this quest for bare-metal performance compromises cloud manageability. To avoid overheads, cloud operators cannot install traditional hypervisors that provide common manageability functions such as live migration and introspection. We aim to bridge this gap between performance, isolation, and manageability for bare-metal clouds. Traditional hypervisors are designed to limit and emulate hardware access by virtual machines (VM). In contrast, we propose Directvisor - a hypervisor that maximizes a VM's ability to directly access hardware for near-native performance, yet retains hardware control and manageability. Directvisor goes beyond traditional direct-assigned (pass-through) I/O devices by allowing VMs to directly control and receive hardware timer interrupts and inter-processor interrupts (IPIs) besides eliminating most VM exits. At the same time, Directvisor supports seamless (low-downtime) live migration and introspection for such VMs having direct hardware access.
Carbon solid lubricants: role of different dimensions

Over one-third of the worldwide energy production is estimated to be consumed by friction and wear. Delivering adequate lubrication between two contacting surfaces is one of the most efficient strategies to solve this issue. Over the past several decades, carbon materials have been regarded as promising lubricating materials due to their versatile structures, and superior mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties. This article provides a critical review on the lubricating performance of carbon materials with different dimensions ranging from zero (0D) to three dimensions (3D). Applications of these 0D to 3D carbon materials as lubricant coatings, additives in lubricants, and reinforcements in composites are reviewed. The mechanisms of the enhanced friction reduction and anti-wear performance based on the carbon-based lubricating materials are discussed. This review provides valuable guidelines on the selection and design of eco-friendly and nontoxic carbon-based lubricating systems.
Improving the Quality of Outpatient Pediatric Cardiology Management Plan Documentation

Purpose: Concise, complete physician documentation by sub-specialists is imperative. In the case of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease, it is of utmost importance that certain considerations such as the need for sub-acute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) prophylaxis, need for activity restrictions, and need for additional follow-up and testing be included in outpatient clinic documentation. The objective of our quality improvement initiative was to improve the rate of …
Global Warming: Analysis of Behavior and Organizational Practices as Climate Impacts Increase

This chapter summarizes consequences of climate change followed by an overview of theoretical accounts of relevant behavior of individuals and practices of organizations that adapt to the coming climate disasters (e.g., migration, social conflicts). Adaptation falls squarely on the shoulders of those living now and the next few generations as their skill sets and resources alter the current trajectory or continue the path to unimaginable devastation. The methods, ideals, findings, organized efforts, and success of the behavioral sciences can ultimately address the biggest challenge to well-being that humans have ever faced. How we respond collectively to climate change is determined by multiple factors that shape our daily behavior. Some responses to prevent climate change are easy like adopting energy conservation practices, recycling, and other behaviors that reduce consumption of fossil fuels. These are inadequate to alter the course of accelerating global climate change but can be seen as small steps in a shaping process to enable populations, relatively unaffected by changes now, to constrain their future selves and adopt lifestyles that are more sustainable. More meaningful and measurable positive impacts require advances in understanding how we applied behavior science to organize ourselves for many more behavior changes ahead. The path is set toward significant reinvention of how humans govern their consumptive approach to resources and learn to live sustainably. We hope this chapter is soon a checkpoint in the rearview mirror showing the foundations existent in 2020 leading to upcoming step changes in how humans adapt to a warmer planet.
Post-Mastectomy Surgical Pocket Irrigation With Triple Antibiotic Solution vs Chlorhexidine Gluconate: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Surgical Site Infections in Immediate Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND Post-mastectomy pocket irrigation solution choice is debated and primarily surgeon dependent. We compare triple antibiotic solution (TAS) with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine surgical site infection (SSI) rates after utilizing TAS vs CHG for breast pocket irrigation in immediate tissue expander (TE) breast reconstruction. METHODS A prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed in patients (18-81 years old) who underwent bilateral mastectomy with TE reconstruction. In each patient, 1 mastectomy pocket was randomized to TAS and the other to CHG. Both the TE and the pocket were irrigated in the respective solution. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI. Secondary outcomes were rates of mastectomy flap necrosis, hematoma, and seroma. RESULTS A total of 88 patients who underwent bilateral immediate breast reconstruction were enrolled. Demographic and operative characteristics were equivalent because each patient served as their own control. Between the TAS and CHG groups, the incidence of SSI did not differ (5 [4.5%] vs 7 [8.0%], P = 0.35), including minor infections (2 [2.3%] vs 1 [1.1%], P = 0.56), major infections (2 [2.3%] vs 6 [6.8%], P = 0.15), and those resulting in explantation (2 [2.3%] vs 5 [4.5%], P = 0.25). Necrosis, hematoma, or seroma formation also did not differ. No patients who developed SSI received radiation. CONCLUSIONS This study does not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in SSI between TAS and CHG irrigation, though TAS approached statistical significance for lower rates of infectious complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Effect on Plant and Microbial Growth

Carbon nanotubes, made of graphene, one of the world’s strongest material, has shown properties that are used in applications such as energy storage devices, electron emission devices, and environmental engineering application. Recently, researchers have focused on determining the effects of carbon nanotubes on soil microorganisms and plants. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the multi-walled carbon nanotubes will affect the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris as well as inhibit the growth of select soil microbes. Methods: The effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes were determined on bean plants grown under hydroponic conditions and on select soil microbes. Two weeks after germination, the plants were exposed to different concentrations of dispersed multi-walled carbon. The different concentrations were 0 ug (control), 50 \(\mu\)g, 250 \(\mu\)g, 500 \(\mu\)g, 750 \(\mu\)g and 1000 \(\mu\)g mL- 50 \(\mu\)g, 250 \(\mu\)g, 500 \(\mu\)g, 750 \(\mu\)g and 1000 \(\mu\)g mL-1. The growth was reported weekly by measuring the plants themselves, the diameter of the leaf, length and width, the roots, and the fruits. Cultures of Mesorhizobium sp. and Nitrosomonas stercoris were exposed to the 0ug (control), 50 \(\mu\)g, 250 \(\mu\)g, 500 \(\mu\)g, 750 \(\mu\)g and 1000 \(\mu\)g mL-1 of dispersed MWCNTs then incubated in the BioScreen reader. The optical density was reported every 30 minutes for 24 hours. Results: Our results showed that at 50 \(\mu\)g/mL, bean plants exhibited tolerance to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes whereas at 250 \(\mu\)g/mL and 500 \(\mu\)g/mL of MWCNTs plants showed reduced growth and development and even plant death. Aliquots of 750 \(\mu\)g/mL and above of MWCNTs lowered the microbial biomass. The presence of high concentrations of carbon nanotubes is likely to cause stress to microbes and the direct contact of CNTs with microbes could damage their cell membrane leading to cell death. Conclusion: As results of this study, the concentration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes should be set at a maximum of 500 \(\mu\)g mL-1 when being released to the soil or environment.
Mandated Reporter Training for Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Students Using Virtual Simulation and Community Collaboration: A Pilot Event

Abstract Background Child maltreatment has significant impact on the health and wellness of children and is a public health concern. Healthcare professionals are legally obligated mandated reporters in many states but make up only a small number of positive child maltreatment reports even when direct patient contact occurs. Methods Eight pediatric nurse practitioner students, four standard patients (SP), four community volunteers, and three faculty participated in a virtual SP event simulation. Students prepared with assignments and interactive lectures on child abuse and mandated reporting. They were asked to discuss concerning findings with SPs and complete a simulated report or concern. Standardized, evidence based, debriefing practices were utilized following the simulation to increase retention. This was determined by institutional review board to be quality improvement. Results Students, faculty, and community members reported positive learning experiences, and preparation for future clinical practice. Limitations included small class size, limited data collected due to timing and nature of the event. Conclusions The use of virtual simulation in child maltreatment and mandated reporting education is an effective method of preparation for clinical practice. Future research on effectiveness of training and expansion to multidisciplinary events could benefit future practice.
Molecular cloning of two chitinase genes from Serratia marcescens and their expression in Pseudomonas species

Abstract Two chitinase encoding Eco RI fragments from the enteric soil bacterium Serratia marcescens were cloned. From a genomic library of 5686 transductants, 21 expressed chitinase activity as indicated by clearing of a chitin-containing medium. The chitinase encoding clones could be divided into two groups. Four had an 18kb Eco RI fragment and 17 had a 9·4 kb Eco RI fragment. In Southern hybridization experiments the 18kb fragment showed no homology to the 9·4 kb fragment and restriction enzyme maps indicated no similarity. Triparental mating with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded transconjugants that expressed chitinase activity, inhibited growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. redolens germ tubes and reduced disease of radish caused by the same fungus.
A model of fulminant hepatic failure in the rabbit

Abstract A highly reproducible model of fulminant hepatic failure was developed by administering intravenously the selective hepatotoxin galactosamine hydrochloride (4.25 mmoles per kg) to genetically uniform rabbits. The great majority of rabbits died between 21 and 44 hr after injection following a period of coma which lasted 2.6 hr on average. Serum biochemical tests and liver histology reflected massive hepatic injury. Changes in plasma ammonia and amino acid concentrations, in coagulation parameters, and in the electroencephalogram were similar to those found in human fulminant hepatic failure. This model appears promising for future studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of fulminant hepatic failure.
Correlated strategies as Institutions

Two institutions that are often implicit or overlooked in noncooperative games are the assumption of Nash behavior to solve a game, and the ability to correlate strategies. We consider two behavioral paradoxes; one in which maximin behavior rules out all Nash equilibria (‘Chicken’), and another in which minimax supergame behavior leads to an ‘inefficient’ outcome in comparison to the unique stage game equilibrium (asymmetric ‘Deadlock’). Nash outcomes are achieved in both paradoxes by allowing for correlated strategies, even when individual behavior remains minimax or maximin. However, the interpretation of correlation as a public institution differs for each case.
The Alcator C-MOD control system

The computer-based portions of the Alcator C-MOD control system are described. The control system coordinates all C-MOD systems, including power, vacuum, heating and cooling, access control, plasma shape, and position control, and diagnostics. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are located near each subsystem. The control room is isolated by fiber optics. Functions that are essential to personnel or equipment safety are implemented in hardwired logic and monitored but not controlled by the PLCs. The initial configuration will include over 25 Allen-Bradley PLC-5 units. The PLCs in each subsystem are connected to personal computers (PCs) in the control room. The PCs provide graphical displays and operator interface. The PCs are networked and share process data with each other and with a master control console and a large mimic panel. During each shot, control of the power supply voltage programming will pass to a hybrid computer. The hybrid performs several matrix multiplications on the analog data using coefficients stored digitally and loaded prior to the pulse. Each set of coefficients provides control laws for a particular phase of the discharge. Any one of 400 sets of coefficients can be selected in less than 1 ms. >
The effect of alpha blockade on iontophoresis-induced ocular shedding of latent HSV-1 W in different host animals.

Previous studies demonstrated that non-specific beta blockade promoted ocular shedding of latent HSV-1 in the mouse and rabbit iontophoresis models. The present study examined the effect of topical alpha blockers, thymoxamine and corynanthine, on reactivation and induced ocular shedding of latent HSV-1 W in different host animals. Latent trigeminal ganglionic infection was established in Balb/c mice and New Zealand rabbits following corneal inoculation with HSV-1 W strain, and later confirmed by co-cultivation. Treatment with coded eye drops (thymoxamine, corynanthine or BSS was begun one day prior to iontophoresis induction and continued BID OU for 5 days. Reactivation and recovery of latent HSV-1 was determined by daily ocular swabs, and characteristic HSV-1 cytopathic effect in Vero cells. In Balb/c mice, topical administration of thymoxamine 0.5% or corynanthine 5% significantly reduced the number of virus-positive eyes, virus-positive mice, and total virus-positive swabs per experiment, whereas the i...
Auditory preference for conspecific song in isolation-reared zebra finches.

Abstract Seven female and six male zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata , were reared in acoustic isolation from song and tested for their preference for conspecific song when 28–53 days old by allowing them to select exposure to zebra finch or European starling, Sturnus vulgaris , song. The birds hopped more frequently on a perch that generated zebra finch song than one that produced starling song, and they spent more time listening to zebra finch song. There were no sex differences. The results indicate that during their sensitive period for song learning, and prior to experience with song, zebra finches prefer conspecific song to heterospecific song.
ON ANTICIPATORY SYSTEMS AND EXTENSIONS OF LOCAL MODELS

The classical idea of model, as a system that can anticipate, in a finite time interval, the full behavior of a real system, is shown to lead to serious contradictions. An alternate formalism is proposed, in which only general features of the real system can be projected. From this new formalism, optimal experiments on the real system are derived. A discussion of the problem of uniqueness in modelling theory is included. As an area in which the classical idea of model is applicable without contradictions, anticipatory systems are analyzed. Some general features of these systems are considered. Finally, the projective system of an anticipatory system is fully described in terms of the state system.
The Sexual Abuse of Boys Prevalence and Descriptive Characteristics of Childhood Victimizations

Recent clinical reports reveal that a sizable proportion of referrals involve boys. But because child sexual abuse is a problem that is often concealed, studies of reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases that actually occur. A small number of studies have examined the prevalence of unreported sexual abuse among nonclinical samples. The goal of the present study was to extend this previous work to a national basis. Self-reports of childhood sexual experiences were obtained from 2,972 men in an approximately representative national sample of students in higher education. Although the results are limited in generalizability to other students, this group represents 26% of all persons in the United States aged 18-24. In the present sample, 7.3% of the men reported a childhood experience that met at least one of the following three criteria for sexual abuse: (1) existence of age discrepancy between the child and perpetrator, (2) use of some form of coercion to obtain participation by the vic...
Evaluation of hypersingular integrals in the boundary element method by complex variable techniques

Strongly singular and hypersingular integrals that occur in many two dimensional applications of the boundary element method (e.g. potential theory and liner elasticity) can be treated in a unified manner by complex analysis. This paper presents an elegant approach for the evaluation of such hypersingular integrals. The limit to the boundary method, where a source point is moved from the inside (or outside) of a body to its boundary, is carried out using complex variables. The connection of this limit with the Hadamard Finite part of hypersingular integrals and principal value integrals is established. Many examples are worked out throughout the paper to illustrate the theory.
Life as synecdoche: Ansel Adams and the expanding liberal democratic tradition

In The rights of nature: A history of environmental ethics (1989), Roderick Nash paints a portrait of the United States' expanding liberal democratic tradition – the extension of ethics outward from self to other people to other living things and, ultimately, to the earth in its entirety. In this article, we examine the expanding liberal democratic tradition through the life of one individual, Ansel Adams, the renowned black-and-white landscape photographer. Adams captured the beauty of his country's landscapes and imbued them with meaning that evoked a strong sense of place (Tuan, Y. (1977). Space and place: The perspective of appearance. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press) thereby influencing both the environmental movement and the politics of place. Adams' story is a synecdoche, a representation of the larger story of twentieth-century environmentalism.
Hot-water treatments of potted palms to control the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis

Abstract Hot-water treatments were evaluated to disinfect roots and media of potted bamboo or Reed palm, Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret, and fishtail palm, Caryota mitis Lour. of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne. A continuous hot-water drenching (50°C for 15 min) of roots and media in pots or hot-water dipping (50°C for 15 min) of bare-rooted plants were successful in eliminating all burrowing nematodes in bamboo palms. Fishtail palms were disinfected of burrowing nematodes after hot-water drenching at 50°C for 13 min. Dipping plants intact in pots in a constant temperature water bath was not effective, as the root temperature remained below the thermal death point for nematodes due to slow heat transfer. No evidence of thermal damage was observed in either palm species drenched with hot water at 50°C for up to 20 min followed by hydro-cooling to ambient temperature. Ambient air-cooling after heat-treatment was detrimental as the residual heat caused both vegetative and root damage in the potted palms. These air-cooled palms suffered reduced growth and required a longer recovery period.
Stimulus selection and meaningfulness following a single opportunity to rehearse each paired associate

Stimulus selection was investigated as a function of stimulus meaningfulness (M) and list input position following a single study trial of paired-associate (PA) learning. Large individual differences were observed in Ss’ cue processing strategies: only 16 of 30 Ss appeared to have developed the strategy of selecting higher M words from word-trigram compound stimuli following a single exposure of each PA. There also was no systematic relationship between list input position and the occurrence of word selection for these 16 SSe But, on the average, less than 10 sec were required for most of the word-selecting Ss to develop the strategy of encoding the more meaningful cues for PA learning.
Generation of NO by Bystander Human CD8 T Cells Augments Allogeneic Responses by Inhibiting Cytokine Deprivation‐Induced Cell Death

Nitric oxide (NO), generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in bystander human CD8 T cells, augments the accumulation of allogeneically activated human CD8 T cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that iNOS-derived NO does not affect T-cell proliferation but rather inhibits cell death of activated human CD8 T cells after activation by allogeneic endothelial cells in culture. Exogenous NO did not affect activation-induced cell death of human CD8 T cells but specifically reduced death of activated T cells due to cytokine deprivation. NO-mediated inhibition of T-cell death did not involve cGMP signaling, and NO did not affect the expression of Bcl-2-related proteins known to regulate cytokine deprivation-induced cell death. However, NO inhibited the activity of caspases activated as a consequence of cytokine deprivation in activated T cells. This protective effect correlated with S-nitrosylation of caspases and was phenocopied by z-VAD.fmk and z-LEHD.fmk, pharmacological inhibitors of caspases. In summary, our findings indicate that NO augments the accumulation of activated human T cells principally by inhibiting cytokine deprivation-induced cell death through S-nitrosylation of caspases.
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PATHOGENESIS OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

ABSTRACT Purpose: Symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common ailments seen by the urologist. Significant advances have occurred in medical and surgical therapy, and in the understanding of the biology of this disease. However, the basic science literature is often conflicting and confusing, without a unified voice. We report the current state of knowledge of the molecular and cellular basis of BPH. Materials and Methods: We compiled and interpreted basic science studies relevant to BPH pathogenesis. Results: Cellular alterations that include changes in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and senescence in the epithelium and stroma are implicated in BPH pathogenesis. Molecular analyses have yielded numerous candidate genes important in disease progression. Differential expression of cytokines and growth factors in BPH tissue suggests roles for inflammation and hypoxia. Through the use of cell culture models the complex regulatory mechanisms of growth control in BPH are becoming defined. Conclusions: The scientific endeavor has resulted in great strides in our understanding of BPH on a molecular and cellular level. It is hopeful that basic science and translational research will improve treatment and prevention strategies for this common disease of elderly men.
Summer Cover Crop and Management System affect Lettuce and Cantaloupe Production System

Cover crops are widely used in both conventional and organic systems to protect and improve the soil. This study evaluated the effect of summer cover crop and management system on the production of fall romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spring cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) from 1999 to 2003. Cover crop treatments included cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] incorporated (CPI), cowpea used as mulch (CPM), sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] incorporated (SGI), and a bare ground control (BG). The management system treatments included conventional (CON), integrated crop management (ICM), and organic (ORG). The CPM and SGI increased soil organic matter content and changed the soil N profile. Soil organic matter was higher and nitrate leachingwas lower in the ORG system. The CPM plots had less weed growth during the lettuce crop, but higher weed biomass during the cantaloupe crop in the first year. During the cantaloupe season, weed biomass in the ORG increased over years relative to the CON system. The CPI plots had the highest lettuce yield in the first 2 yr, while SGI and CPI had higher cantaloupe yield. Lettuce yield in the ORG system increased over years relative to the CON system, but cantaloupe yield in the ORG system was lower in all four seasons. This study showed that cover crops could be used to improve cropping systems and that the soil and plants previously under long-term conventional system changed significantly during organic transition.
Comparative computer results of a new complementary pivot algorithm for solving equality and inequality constrained optimization problems

This paper reports the development of a new algorithm for solving the general constrained optimization problem (that of optimizing an objective function subject to both equality and inequality constraints). The approach is based on the complementary pivoting algorithms which have been developed to solve certain classes of fixed point problems. The specific approach is to use the equality constraints to solve for some variables in terms of the remaining ones thus enabling one to eliminate the equality constraints altogether. The result, under certain circumstances, is an optimization problem which may be transformed into a fixed point problem in such a way that a complementary pivoting code may be used to search for a solution.
Working at cross-purposes: Holmes and Vening Meinesz on convection

Beginning about 1930, Arthur Holmes and Felix Andries Vening Meinesz both argued that subcrustal convection currents were inevitable because of differential radioactive heating and that these currents exerted a viscous drag on the base of the crust. Holmes and Vening Meinesz, however, were in distinct disagreement on the mechanism by which convection currents caused crustal “downbuckling” at island arcs, and more generally, the global pattern of ascending and descending convection currents. Hence it is somewhat misleading to portray them as scientific allies, as is commonly done.
Influence of Cysteine Oxidation on Thermal Formation of Maillard Aromas

Cysteic acid and cysteinesulfinic acid, which are oxidized forms of reduced cysteine, were heated separately with d-glucose in an aqueous system of pH 6 at 160 °C for 2 h. The reaction products were extracted and analyzed. Among the identified compounds, pyrazines and furans are the most predominant compounds and no or only trace amounts of sulfur-containing compounds were identified in these two reaction systems. In the same reaction condition, the reduced cysteine and d-glucose produced mainly sulfur-containing compounds; no pyrazines were found in this system. The reaction mass of cysteic acid and d-glucose possessed smoky, nutty, and yeasty aromas, while cysteinesulfinic acid with d-glucose generated a strong coffee note. The reduced cysteine with glucose produced onion and garlic, as well as slightly meaty and sulfury, flavors. Keywords: Cysteine; cysteic acid; cysteinesulfinic acid; oxidation; Maillard aromas
Net‐Field Polarization in a Magnetically Biased Plasma

Systematic treatment of the net-field polarization of a plane wave propagating in a magnetically biased cold plasma. Polarization transformations under quasi-longitudinal conditions are examined. The wide variety of polarization transformations available suggests the usefulness of slabs of magnetically biased plasma to synthesize microwave polarizers and depolarizers.