cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crash Risk and Risky Driving Behavior Among Adolescents During Learner and Independent Driving Periods.

Abstract Purpose Novice adolescents' crash rates are highly elevated early in licensure, despite substantial practicedriving during the learner period. The objectives of this study were to examine the variability in measures of driving risk among adolescents during the learner and early independent driving periods and evaluate how risk varies by driving experience, gender, time of day, and road surface conditions. Methods Objective driving data were collected in a naturalistic cohort study of 90 adolescent drivers with learner driving permit and 131 experienced adult drivers. Participants’ private vehicles were equipped with data acquisition system documenting driving kinematics, miles driven, and video recordings of the driver and the driving environment. Crash/near-crash (CNC) and kinematic risky driving (KRD) rates were calculated during the learner and early independent driving periods by gender (female/male), time of day (day/night), and road surface conditions (wet/dry) for adolescents and adults. Results CNC and KRD rates of adolescents were similar to adult drivers during the learner period (CNC: incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.67, confidence interval [CI] = .98–2.82 and KRD: IRR = 1.04, CI = .78–1.40, respectively), but dramatically higher in the first year of independent driving (CNC: IRR = 6.51, CI = 4.03–10.51 and KRD: IRR = 3.95, CI = 2.96–5.26, respectively), and particularly elevated the first 3months of licensure. Adolescent KRD rates were higher for males than females and invariably higher than adult rates during day and night, wet and dry conditions. Conclusions While the learner driving period was relatively safe for adolescents, the transition to independent driving was typified by a dramatic increase in risk among adolescents that was higher than adult rates overall and under varying driving conditions.
Multiplicity Distributions in Au + Au Collisions at Various AGS Beam Energies

We report the multiplicity distributions from the collision of Au + Au at the AGS experiments E866 and E917. During the 1995 run, data was taken for beam energies of 2, 4, and 11 GeV/nucleon (GeV/n). The 1996 run was composed of 6, 8, and more of 11 GeV/n beam,* thus giving us an opportunity to study the nuclear dynamics of the same colliding system at various energies. We were able to obtain the multiplicity distributions from the E866/E917’s global detector New Multiplicity Array (NMA) almost immediately, since it requires very little overhead to generate physics results. Here we share some of these results. Comparisons to models are not done here, mostly due to lack of time between data-taking and reporting of the results.
An Effective Way of Producing Fully Assembled Antibody in Transgenic Tobacco Plants by Linking Heavy and Light Chains via a Self-Cleaving 2A Peptide.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have evolved into an important class of effective medicine in treatment of various diseases. Since the antibody molecule consists of two identical heavy chains (HC) and two light chains (LC), each chain encoded by two different genes, their expressions at similar levels are critical for efficient assembly of functional recombinant mAbs. Although the plant-based expression system has been tested to produce fully assembled recombinant mAbs, coordinately expressing HC and LC at similar levels in a transgenic plant remains a challenge. A sequence coding for a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A peptide has been successfully used to link two or more genes, which enable the translated polyprotein to be “self-cleaved” into individual protein in various genetically modified organisms. In the present study, we exploited the usage of F2A in Ebola virus monoclonal antibody (EBOV mAb) production. We found that transgenic tobacco plants carrying a transcription unit containing HC and LC linked by 2A not only produced similar levels of HC and LC but also rendered a higher yield of fully assembled EBOV mAb compared to those expressing HC and LC in two independent transcription units. Purified EBOV mAb bound to an Ebola epitope peptide with an apparent Kd value of 141.1 ± 22.6 nM (R²=0.9801), indicating its proper assembly and high affinity binding to Ebola epitope peptide. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing mAb production by overexpressing a single transcription unit consisting of HC, LC and 2A in stable transformed tobacco plants.
Progressive Cities: Models for Using Public Land for Community Gardens

Community gardens enhance the quality of life and well-being of people living in cities. Known benefits include decreased crime rates, decreased blight, decreased poverty levels, decreased rates of obesity, increased access to good food for poor residents, increased jobs and job-training, and increased educational opportunities. Cities across the nation with the common goal of sustainability have formed partnerships with various entities in various configurations in furtherance of this progressive ideal: sustainable living through community gardening. This paper sets out the local laws, state laws, and funding mechanisms cities have created or used to create community gardens. Part I will provide some background and a brief overview of the community garden concept in general. Part II will explain: (1) the types of entities that create community gardens, citing examples of successful city partnerships; (2) the logistics involved in creating community gardens, with a focus on land acquisition and basic planning, again citing examples of various approaches taken by cities; and (3) city policies and ordinances that have created, funded, or otherwise supported community gardens, again providing examples of the process and achievements of select municipalities in this area. Part III will list current California Law on point for cities to draw upon in their community garden efforts, summarize the challenges and barriers facing city leaders in their sustainability efforts, and offer ten basic recommendations for cities interested in sustainability.
Efficacy results of a phase 2 trial of first-line idelalisib plus ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

PI3 kinase (PI3K) activity is critical for survival of neoplastic B cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blockade of PI3K signaling with idelalisib is effective for the treatment of relapsed CLL in combination with the anti-CD20 antibody ofatumumab. In this single-arm, open-label, nonrandomized phase 2 study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of idelalisib with ofatumumab in 27 patients with treatment-naive CLL in need of therapy. Patients were planned to receive idelalisib for 2 monthly cycles, then idelalisib and ofatumumab for 6 cycles, followed by idelalisib indefinitely. The study was closed early and all patients ceased therapy when an increased rate of death as a result of infection was observed on other first-line idelalisib trials. Median time on therapy was 8.1 months, and median duration of follow-up was 39.7 months. We previously reported high rates of hepatotoxicity in a smaller cohort of patients in this trial; toxicities necessitated therapy discontinuation in 15 patients after a median of 7.7 months. The most frequent grade ≥3 adverse events were transaminitis (52% of patients), neutropenia (33%), and colitis/diarrhea (15%). The best overall response rate (ORR) was 88.9%, including 1 complete response. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 23 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 18-36 months); 11 patients have not yet required second-line therapy. Idelalisib and ofatumumab demonstrated an unacceptable safety profile in the first-line setting, which resulted in a short PFS despite a high ORR. Future development of PI3K inhibitors for use in treatment-naive CLL will require novel approaches to mitigate toxicities. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02135133.
Dimensions of Adolescent Civic Reasoning: An Examination of Individual Differences:

The current study examined sociodemographic characteristics and political discussion as correlates of adolescents’ qualitative understanding of three civic behaviors. Participants were 743 adolesce...
Making Effective Hpv Vaccine Recommendations: Intermediate Outcomes of a Brief Provider Training

Background. Physician recommendation is a key determinant of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake. To support providers’ HPV vaccine recommendations, we sought to evaluate the impact of a structured, in-person communication training on theoretically-based correlates and quality of providers’ HPV vaccine recommendations. Methods. As part of a randomized controlled trial in 2015, we delivered physician-led, in-clinic HPV vaccination communication trainings to primary care providers in North Carolina. Each clinic received a one-hour training that included a review of …
Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Reveals Cancer Cell Resistance to NK Cells Induced by NK-Derived IFN-γ

The anti-leukemia activity of NK cells helps prevent relapse during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in leukemia patients. However, the factors that determine the sensitivity or resistance of leukemia cells in the context of NK-mediated cytotoxicity are not well-established. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen in the human chronic-myelogenous-leukemia (CML) cell line K562 to identify genes that regulate the vulnerability of leukemia cells to killing by primary human NK cells. The distribution of guide RNAs (gRNAs) in K562 cells that survived co-incubation with NK cells showed that loss of NCR3LG1, which encodes the ligand of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30, protected K562 cells from killing. In contrast, loss of genes that regulate the antigen-presentation and interferon-γ-signaling pathways increased the vulnerability of K562 cells. The addition of IFN-γ neutralizing antibody increased the susceptibility of K562 cells to NK-mediated killing. Upregulation of MHC class I on K562 cells after co-incubation with NK cells was dependent on IFNGR2. Analysis of RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed that low IFNGR2 expression in cancer tissues was associated with improved overall survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) patients. Our results, showing that the upregulation of MHC class I by NK-derived IFN-γ leads to resistance to NK cytotoxicity, suggest that targeting IFN-γ responses might be a promising approach to enhance NK cell anti-cancer efficacy.
An Argument for the Inclusion of Children Without Medicare

This article continues the debate over health care coverage in the United States, specifically as it pertains to children, an underserved population group. Statistics provided illustrate the connection between healthy children and healthy adults, thus arguing for better health services for children so that they will live healthier, be more productive, and require fewer medical services as they grow older. Because of the undeniable success of the Medicare program, a federal program to support medical care for older American citizens, specifically citizens over the age of sixty-five, the argument is made that the federal government should include children within Medicare coverage or provide a similar alternative. Costs associated with entitlement programs continue to rise, threats of insolvency persist, and the argument for adding additional recipients to depleting coffers is a difficult one. Nonetheless, this article argues that by providing health care coverage to children, expenditures will decrease in the future. Utilizing illustrations taken from children with HIV, children suffering from poverty, and the persistence of racism, the article suggests that providing a program to children similar to Medicare offers a moral and a rational means to achieving a healthier and wiser society in the future.
A Comparison Theorem for a Class of Stochastic Partial Differential Equations

A comparison theorem is derived for a class of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE’s). The SPDE’s are defined on a function space, are driven by a function valued (possibly cylindrical) Wiener process, and the coefficients are time dependent. This generalizes a result proved in Kotelenez [2]. As a corollary a sufficient condition for positivity of solutions is obtained.
Cognitive reserve attenuates the association between HIV serostatus and cognitive performance in adults living in the deep South

Cognitive reserve has shown evidence of mitigating HIV-related effects on cognition in people living with HIV (PWH). In a sample of adults residing in the Deep South, an underrepresented subgroup i...
Perpetration and Victimization of Emotional Abuse and Controlling Behaviors in a Sample of Batterer Intervention Program’s Participants: An Analysis of Stressors and Risk Factors:

The study employs a sample of 584 men and women referred to a multisite BIP and investigates IPV risk factors and stressors. The study also identifies unique risk factors and stressors in associati...
A Combined Reach Out and Read and Imagination Library Program on Kindergarten Readiness.

OBJECTIVES: Sharing books with preschoolers is known to improve kindergarten readiness. Both Reach Out and Read (ROR) and Dolly Parton’s Imagination Library (DPIL) have shown positive effects on book sharing at home. We developed a novel combined ROR/DPIL program and examined the effect on kindergarten readiness assessment (KRA) scores. METHODS: At urban ROR primary care sites, patients RESULTS: A total of 797 kindergarten-aged ROR/DPIL participants were matched to Ohio KRA scores for 2016, 2017, and 2018 school years. The percentages of students “on-track” on KRA literacy subtests increased significantly by cohort (2016, 42.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.9%–50.9%] versus 2017, 50.9% [95% CI: 44.9%–56.9%] versus 2018, 58.3% [95% CI: 53.3%–63.3%], P = .004). ROR/DPIL participants were compared with a proportionate stratified random sample of 1580 non-ROR/DPIL peers. On-track in literacy did not significantly differ between groups (2016 [P = .262], 2017 [P = .653], 2018 [P = .656]), nor did they differ after restricting analysis to economically disadvantaged children (2016 [P = .191], 2017 [P = .721], 2018 [P = .191]). CONCLUSIONS: With these results, we suggest that a program combining literacy anticipatory guidance at clinic visits and more books in the home can potentially improve kindergarten readiness. Pediatric health care providers can play an important role in promoting kindergarten readiness through literacy promotion.
Stigma experiences of patients living with gastroparesis.

Introduction Stigmatization toward chronic digestive diseases is well documented. Patients perceive others hold negative stereotypes toward their disease and may internalize these beliefs as true. Because of this, stigmatization is associated with poor outcomes across disease-related and psychosocial domains. No study to date evaluates stigmatization toward patients living with gastroparesis (GP), a poorly understood disease affecting gastric motility. We aimed to gain deep understanding of stigma in patients living with gastroparesis. Methods Patients with GP were recruited from two university-based gastroenterology practices as well as patient advocacy support groups. Participants underwent a semi-structured qualitative interview about their experiences with stigma related to their GP diagnosis, which were audio-recorded and transcribed to text for analysis using a grounded theory approach. Major themes with representative quotations were documented. Results Twenty-three patients participated. The majority were White, female, with idiopathic GP under the care of a gastroenterologist. All patients reported stigma related to GP. Seven major themes were found: stigma from healthcare providers, stigma within interpersonal relationships, GP as an invisible disease, blame, unsolicited suggestions on how to manage disease, disclosure, and stigma resistance. Conclusions This is the first study to describe stigma experiences in patients with GP. The results suggest patients experience considerable stigmatization toward their condition from multiple sources. Patients also demonstrated resistance to negative beliefs, which can serve as a protective factor for the negative effects of disease stigma. Clinicians should be aware of stigma in GP patients, including their own potential internal biases and behaviors.
Addressing the Social Needs of Medicaid Enrollees Through Managed Care: Lessons and Promising Practices from the Field.

With growing recognition of the adverse health impacts of unmet social needs, Medicaid managed care organizations (MMCOs) are increasingly focusing on addressing the social needs of Medicaid enroll...
Bridge Plating Technique for a Cuboid Fracture-Dislocation with Associated Lisfranc Injury in the Setting of High Energy Trauma: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction Cuboid dislocations are rare injury in the foot. This has led to a lack of published data, with no consensus on how to best fixate this type of injury. There are multiple case reports that have approached this injury with Kirschner wire fixation. This article describes how a complete cuboid dislocation can be treated with bridge plating. Case Presentation A 67-year-old female was involved in a motor vehicle accident in which she sustained multiple injuries including a Lisfranc dislocation and cuboid dislocation of the left foot. A compressive dressing was applied to the patients left lower extremity and her injuries were triaged. The patient's cuboid dislocation was treated with a bridge plating technique. At her 2 month follow up the patient was transitioned to full weight bearing in a tennis shoe and her radiographs showed a maintenance of reduction of her cuboid. Conclusion Bridge plating the lateral column of the foot provides a stable construct for severe instability of the cuboid. This technique allowed the patient to begin weight bearing sooner while maintaining reduction of the lateral column of the foot. Further research is needed to asses pain and range of motion after removal of the bridge plate.
Key Issues in Surgical Training of Residents and Fellows

Dermatologic surgery is a major component of dermatology practice in the USA. The skill set required to perform surgical procedures is developed during the residency period and augmented through surgery-specific fellowships. In recent years, the breadth and scope of surgical procedures provided by dermatologists has increased exponentially. A commensurate expansion in the training requirements of residents and fellows has occurred to meet these demands. Concurrently, evaluation systems to assess competency have been broadened to ensure adequate training and safe delivery of care. However, the provision of surgical training to residents and fellows continues to be met with a number of challenges which are discussed herein.
Feature Diagrams in Phonology

Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. These patterns give evidence that the segments of speech – consonants and vowels – are composed of sub-segmental dimensions called Distinctive Features. Both segments and features are ultimately definable in physical terms – either articulatory or acoustic. A question that has dominated phonology from its generative inception concerns the possibility/degree of abstraction in the mental representation of these physical events. This poster examines attempts to diagrammatically represent Distinctive Features. Over time, these diagrams have become more abstract and simpler – evidence that perhaps physiology is informed by diagrams.
Microcystic/Reticular Schwannoma of the Proximal Sigmoid Colon: Case Report With Review of Literature

We report a case of microcystic/reticular schwannoma of the proximal sigmoid colon in a 61-year-old man. A 12-mm polyp was detected while the patient was undergoing screening for colorectal neoplasm. This rare variant of schwannoma was initially described in 2008 and shows a predilection for the visceral organs, predominantly the gastrointestinal tract. We also review 11 other reported cases of microcystic/reticular schwannomas in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike conventional gastrointestinal schwannomas, which are more common in the stomach, this variant appears to be more common in the large intestine. Histologic examination of this polyp showed predominant lipoblast-like vacuolated cells within a myxoid stroma with focal spindle cell areas. Features suggestive of malignancy, like nuclear pleomorphism, mitosis, or necrosis, were absent. Immunohistochemistry for S100 protein showed strong nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity, whereas cytokeratin and CD117 stains were negative. It is important to entertain microcystic/reticular schwannoma in the differential diagnosis of a signet ring cell adenocarcinoma or a myxoid gastrointestinal stromal tumor, particularly on small biopsy specimens.
Effect of Educational and Supportive Strategies on the Ability of Caregivers of People With Dementia to Maintain Participation in That Role

A systematic review of evidence of the effectiveness of educational and supportive strategies for enabling caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or related dementias to maintain participation in that role was conducted as part of the American Occupational Therapy Association's Evidence-Based Literature Review Project. Forty-three articles met inclusion criteria. Results suggest that interventions that jointly engage people with AD and their caregivers in education and training in the home setting are more successful than strategies that focus solely on people with AD. Greater carryover is noted when education and training are implemented at the time that the caregiver identifies concerns. Interventions should provide caregivers with problem solving, technical skills, support, simple home modification strategies, and referral to community resources. Interventions mediated by technology have a positive effect on the caregiver and are especially important for those who live in rural areas.
The relationship between positive end-expiratory pressure and cardiac index in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the association between positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and cardiac index in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the multicenter randomized controlled Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial enrolling adult patients within 48 hours of ARDS onset. Patients randomized to the pulmonary artery catheter arm, who had PEEP and cardiac index measurements performed within a short period of each other during the first 3 days of the FACTT study enrollment, were included in this study. Because FACTT had a 2 × 2 factorial design, half of the patients were in a "liberal fluids" study arm, and the other half were in a "conservative fluids" study arm. Results The final study population (833 measurements or observations, in 367 patients) was comparable with the original overall FACTT study population. The mean PEEP level used was 8.2 ± 3.4 cm H 2 O, and the mean cardiac index was 4.2 ± 1.2 L/min per square meter. There was no association between PEEP and cardiac index in patients with ARDS, even when adjusted for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, age, fluid study arm in FACTT, and sepsis. Conclusion In patients with ARDS who are managed with liberal or conservative fluid management protocols, PEEP is not associated with lower cardiac index.
Rationale for targeting the pre–B-cell receptor signaling pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Inhibitors of B-cell receptor (BCR) and pre-BCR signaling were successfully introduced into patient care for various subtypes of mature B-cell lymphoma (eg, ibrutinib, idelalisib). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) typically originates from pre-B cells that critically depend on survival signals emanating from a functional pre-BCR. However, whether patients with ALL benefit from treatment with (pre-) BCR inhibitors has not been explored. Recent data suggest that the pre-BCR functions as tumor suppressor in the majority of cases of human ALL. However, a distinct subset of human ALL is selectively sensitive to pre-BCR antagonists.
Dynamic Stress Intensity Factor due to Concentrated Normal Loads on Semi-Infinite Cracks in Orthotropic Materials

The transient elastodynamic response due to concentrated normal impact load on the faces of a semi-infinite crack in an orthotropic material is examined. In contrast to earlier papers where numerical approximations were used, a closed form solution for the stress intensity factor history around the crack tip is found here. Laplace and Fourier transforms together with the Wiener-Hopf technique are employed to solve the equations of motion in terms of displacements. Even though the problem has characteristic length, it has been shown in previous works that the Wiener-Hopf technique can be applied. The asymptotic expression for the stress near the crack tip is analyzed which leads to the dynamic stress intensity factor in mode I. Similarly to the isotropic case, it is found that the stress intensity factor has a singularity and discontinuity when the Rayleigh wave emitted from the load arrives at the crack tip. Results are presented for orthotropic materials as well as for the isotropic materials. The closed...
Simulation Methodology for Statisticians, Operations Analysts, and Engineers

MODELING AND CRUDE SIMULATION Definition of Simulation Golden Rules and Principles of Simulation Modeling: Illustrative Examples and Problems The Modeling Aspect of Simulation Single-Server, Single-Input, First-In/First-Out (FIFO) Queue Multiple-Server, Single-Input Queue An Example from Statistics: The Trimmed t Statistic An Example from Engineering: Reliability of Series Systems A Military Problem: Proportional Navigation Comments on the Examples Crude (or Straightforward) Simulation and Monte Carlo Introduction: Pseudo-Random Numbers Crude Simulation Details of Crude Simulation A Worked Example: Passage of Ships Through a Mined Channel Generation of Random Permutations Uniform Pseudo-Random Variable Generation Introduction: Properties of Pseudo-Random Variables Historical Perspectives Current Algorithms Recommendations for Generators Computational Considerations The Testing of Pseudo-Random Number Generators Conclusions on Generating and Testing Pseudo-Random Number Generators SOPHISTICATED SIMULATION Descriptions and Quantifications of Univariate Samples: Numerical Summaries Introduction Sample Moments Percentiles, the Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function, and Goodness-of-Fit Tests Quantiles Descriptions and Quantifications of Univariate Samples: Graphical Summaries Introduction Numerical and Graphical Representations of the Probability Density Function Alternative Graphical Methods for Exploring Distributions Comparisons in Multifactor Simulations: Graphical and Formal Methods Introduction Graphical and Numerical Representation of Multifactor Simulation Experiments Specific Considerations for Statistical Simulation Summary and Computing Resources Assessing Variability in Univariate Samples: Sectioning, Jackknifing, and Bootstrapping Introduction Preliminaries Assessing Variability of Sample Means and Percentiles Sectioning to Assess Variability: Arbitrary Estimates from Non-Normal Samples Bias Elimination Variance Assessment with the Complete Jackknife Variance Assessment with the Bootstrap Simulation Studies of Confidence Interval Estimation Schemes Bivariate Random Variables: Definitions, Generation, and Graphical Analysis Introduction Specification and Properties of Bivariate Random Variables Numerical and Graphical Analyses for Bivariate Data The Bivariate Inverse Probability Integral Transform Ad Hoc and Model-Based Methods for Bivariate Random Variable Generation Variance Reduction Introduction Antithetic Variates: Induced Negative Correlation Control Variables Conditional Sampling Importance Sampling Stratified Sampling
Response of Lactating Dairy Cows to Fat Supplementation During Heat Stress

Effects of supplemental prilled long-chain fatty acids on lactation performance during heat stress were examined using eight multiparous Holstein cows in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 15-d periods. Cows were ruminally cannulated and were assigned randomly to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were 0 or 5% supplemental fat and thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. Cows were housed in environmental chambers with thermoneutral conditions of 20.5 degrees C and 38% relative humidity for 24 h/d or heat stress conditions of 31.8 degrees C and 56% relative humidity for 14 h/d and 25.9 degrees C with 56% relative humidity for 10 h/d. Isonitrogenous diets (17% CP) containing 50% alfalfa silage and 50% concentrate were offered for ad libitum intake. Diets contained 1.64 or 1.83 Mcal NEL/kg DM. No diet by environment interactions were significant. Milk fat percentage (3.46 vs. 3.15%) and 3.5% FCM (31.5 vs. 29.2 kg/d) were higher for cows fed 5 vs. 0% fat. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk protein percentage did not differ between diets. Heat stress decreased DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and milk protein percentage but did not affect milk fat percentage. Results suggest that supplemental fat at 5% of diet DM enhances lactation performance similarly under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions.
The role of an anomalous noninfectious protein in virus synthesis.

Abstract Highly infectious tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been reconstituted in vitro with an anomalous noninfectious protein isolated from diseased plants and nucleic acid isolated from tobacco mosaic virus. It appears then that virus biosynthesis occurs in two parts: by the reduplication of virus nucleic acid and the formation of an anomalous protein. In the host, these components are produced separately and simultaneously; then under the proper conditions they polymerize to constitute the characteristic rod-shaped infectious virus particles.
Caldwell-Luc procedure

The Caldwell-Luc procedure is a surgery that was first described over a 100 years ago. Though advances in endoscopic techniques and tools have greatly diminished the indications for this operation, it is still a procedure in which there is great utility in the right patient. This article describes the operation in detail. It will also guide the surgeon in determining a surgical candidate for this operation.
Echocardiography for percutaneous heart pumps.

two commercially available percutaneous heart pumps include TandemHeart (CardiacAssist, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) and Impella 2.5 (Abiomed, Danvers, Massachusetts), and they currently are used to support high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions or acutely failing ventricles. TandemHeart
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 11 in sporadic gastrinomas.

Gastrinomas are pancreatic endocrine neoplasms that arise either sporadically or are inherited as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome (MEN I). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the region flanking the MEN I gene at chromosome 11q13 has been documented in a few sporadic and familial pancreatic endocrine tumors, but not previously in sporadic gastrinomas. It has therefore been suggested that gastrinomas develop by a mechanism different from other tumors associated with the MENI syndsrome. We report LOH on chromosome 11 in 5 of 11 sporadic gastrinomas. Four of these tumors have LOH for markers flanking the MEN I region. Molecular evaluation of segments of chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 known to contain cloned or putative tumor suppressor genes fail to show LOH except at one locus in one tumor. These data suggest that a tumor suppressor DNA segment exists at 11q13 that may be involved in the development of sporadic gastrinomas.
Target dependence for low-Z ion charge state fractions

Abstract Equilibrium charge state fractions have been measured for 3–7 MeV lithium, boron and carbon ions passing through thin foils of copper, silver, and gold. The current results are combined with other low-Z ion data from the literature to give the relative influence of different target materials on charge exchange processes. The mean charge of the projectile, the functional form of the charge state distribution, and the charge state distribution width are parameters used to examine the effects of the electronic structure on charge exchange for various target-projectile combinations. Projectile shell structure is found to have a large influence on the widths of the charge state.
Preserving Fertility in Children and Adolescents with Cancer

In the face of excellent survival rates for pediatric and adolescent cancer, preserving the opportunity to have biological children is an important component of long term quality of life. Yet, modern chemotherapeutic regimens continue to pose a threat to fertility. The only fertility preservation methods available to pre-pubertal children of both genders is cryopreservation of gonadal tissue, a highly experimental intervention, or shielding/re-location of reproductive tissue in the setting of radiation. These techniques are available in the post pubertal population as well, but post pubertal patients also have the option for cryopreservation of gametes, a process that is much simpler in males than females. For this reason, prior to the initiation of therapy, sperm banking should be considered standard of care for males, while consideration of embryo or oocyte cryopreservation should be limited to those females at risk of developing ovarian failure. Attention to reproductive health and fertility preservation should continue after the completion of therapy. Establishing programs that streamline access to current fertility preservation techniques will assist in ensuring that all eligible patients can avail themselves of current options.
Separating and Identifying the Active Ingredient of a Stain Resist Compound

A sulfonated aromatic stain resist chemical consisting of the condensation product of phenol sulfonic acid, dihydroxy diphenol sulfone, and formaldehyde was separated by semi-prep scale reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Stain resistance activity was demonstrated in only two of the ten fractions that were isolated, with very slight activity in another two fractions. The active stain resist component is a low molecular weight condensation product of the sulfonic acid and sulfone with the phenolic groups converted to alkyl aryl ethers. The active component comprises only about 10% of the total weight of the stain resist chemical.
Use of surface-modified zeolite Y for extraction of metal ions from aqueous to organic phase

Abstract The surface hydroxyl groups of air-dried zeolite Y (Si/Al=2.3) were silylated using n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as the derivatizing agent. Derivatization was confirmed by elemental analysis, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and contact angle measurements. The presence of C18 functionalities on the surface makes the zeolite crystallites sufficiently hydrophobic such that, upon suspension in a mixture of water and an immiscible organic solvent such as toluene, the crystallites disperse into the toluene phase. We report here the ion-exchange properties of these surface-derivatized zeolites, focusing on the possibility of extracting ions from the aqueous phase into an organic phase. In order to establish the feasibility of extraction, an aqueous solution of cobaltocenium (Cp2Co+) ions was used as the model system, since its characteristic electronic spectrum can be used to estimate the loss from the aqueous phase. Although the zeolite crystallites are repelled by the aqueous solution, their ability to extract ions from the aqueous phase via ion exchange is preserved, although the rate of the ion-exchange process is considerably slower. Ion exchange of Cs+ and Sr2+ cations from aqueous solutions was also examined. In the presence of a million-fold excess of Na+ ions, concentrations typically present in radioactive waste solutions, there was no selective uptake of Cs+ and Sr2+ ions.
A Simple Instrument for the Field Measurement of Turbulent Diffusion Flux

Abstract A new instrument is described which enables integrated values of water and carbon dioxide flux to be obtained under field conditions. The principle of operation is the Thornthwaite-Holzman equation for turbulent diffusion under adiabatic conditions, but a simple adaption would allow automatic correction for nonadiabatic conditions. The instrument is simple and designed for continuous unattended operation under difficult field conditions, where integrated flux values are required over long time intervals. Preliminary tests under such conditions show satisfactory agreement with an independent estimate of evapotranspiration from autumn fields of tall grasses and sedges.
Evidence that axons are mitogenic for oligodendrocytes isolated from adult animals.

Recovery from demyelinating events in the adult central nervous system (CNS) may depend in some situations on the generation, by cell division, of new oligodendrocytes (ODCs). Adult ODCs, identified by morphological criteria, have been shown to divide in vivo in response to induced demyelination or to physical trauma, although the factors that elicit this response are unknown. Adult ODCs do not proliferate in vitro under normal conditions (ref. 4 and P.M.W., unpublished observations). Encouraged by observations that axons provide a mitogenic stimulus for Schwann cells and support the proliferation of embryonic ODC progenitors, we have studied the response of adult ODCs, identified by immunocytological criteria, to axons of dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture. We have now found that adult ODCs proliferate in vitro when neurones are present but not when neurones are absent, suggesting that neurons can elicit ODC division under the conditions prevailing in our culture system.
Mucosal tears on endoscopic insufflation resulting in perforation: an interesting presentation of collagenous colitis.

3 43-year-old woman presented with an 8-month history of watery diarrhea and rampy abdominal pain. Routine laboraory studies and stool cultures were normal. olonoscopy showed normal colonic muosa, but on insufflation of the ascending olon, multiple long linear lacerations were oted (A). Several hours after the proceure, the patient developed diffuse abdomnal pain, which progressively worsened. he presented to the emergency department 4 hours after the colonoscopy. Vital signs nd laboratory values were normal, and iniial plain films of the abdomen revealed no free air or other bnormality. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed istention and edema of the ascending and transverse colon nd some thickening of the peritoneum (B, white arrow), nd free air surrounding the ascending colon (B, white rrowhead). The patient’s condition worsened with diffuse eritoneal irritation. Exploratory laparotomy and right emicolectomy found a markedly inflamed and edematous scending colon. The final pathology showed a thickened subepithelial asement membrane with an inflammatory infiltrate onsistent with collagenous colitis. A pink band seen eneath the mucosa (C, black arrow) is the collagen and characteristic of collagenous colitis. The patient’s atery diarrhea initially continued postoperatively. She as started on sulfasalazine and her diarrhea improved. Collagenous colitis is an uncommon cause of chronic iarrhea. The endoscopic appearance of the colon is typcally normal. Diagnosis is dependent on the clinical ymptoms and the findings on biopsy of a thickened ubepitheleal basement membrane. Cruz-Correa and oauthors first described lacerations seen on insufflaion of the colon during colonoscopy in a patient with ollagenous colitis. These lacerations have rarely reulted in perforation. They are possibly related to the hickened subepithelial collagen layer causing a loss of lasticity and distensibility, resulting in fracture of the ayer and laceration of the overlying mucosa. Collagnous colitis usually has a benign course, but linear lac-
Telomere Higher-Order Structure and Genomic Instability

Telomeres, nucleoprotein complexes at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes, have vital roles in chromosome integrity. Telomere chromatin structure is both intricate and dynamic allowing for a variety of responses to several stimuli. A critical determinant in telomere structure is the G-strand overhang. Facilitated by telomeric proteins, the G-strand overhang stabilizes telomere higher-order assemblies most likely by adopting unusual DNA structures. These structures influence activities that occur at the chromosome end. Dysfunctional telomeres induce signals resulting in cell growth arrest or death. To overcome telomere dysfunction, cancer cells activate the DNA polymerase, telomerase. The presence of telomerase at the telomere may establish a particular telomeric state. If the chromosome ends of cancer and normal cells exist in different states, cancer-specific telomere structures would offer a unique chemotherapeutic target.
Estimation-Based Non-Cooperative Power Allocation in Two-Tier Femtocell Networks

Femtocells (FCs) are low power, small-area cellular networks typically designed for use in a home or small business. The design of FC networks is challenging due to their independence of each other and of the underlying macrocell (MC) network thereby, necessitating non-cooperative resource allocation schemes. This paper develops a new distributed non-cooperative uplink (UL) power allocation scheme for FC users. Our scheme aims at fairly maximizing the throughput of femto users (FUs) based on periodic interference estimation performed by the femto access points (FAPs). We compare our scheme to the optimal centralized one. Simulation results show that our scheme presents good performances in terms of throughput and fairness.
Approximately Optimal Stratification

Abstract The cum method of Dalenius and Hodges for approximately optimal construction of strata is utilized to approximate the variance of the stratified estimate, for estimation of the population mean of a random variable Y by the technique of stratified random sampling. The approximation provides a basis for choosing optimally, for fixed cost, the number of strata to be constructed and the total sample size to be used. It also facilitates other purposes, such as the comparison of optimal stratified with optimal simple random sampling. The study is carried out for the situations of stratification on the estimation variable and of stratification on a covariable closely associated with the estimation variable.
DISLOCATION STRUCTURES IN EXTRUDED FEAL

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation of the dislocation structures in extruded FeAl, and is a part of an extensive study involving microstructure-mechanical properties of several extruded B2 aluminides including FeAl, NiAl, NiAl-Zr and Co-Ni-Al. Since these materials are subsequently tested in the extruded form, the understanding of the pre-existing dislocation structure is important for the analysis of the mechanical properties
CA-125 levels after surgical exploration and radioactive chromic phosphate in ovarian cancer patients.

Abstract Trends in CA-125 levels after completion of therapy in ovarian cancer patients who received intraperitoneal radioactive chromic phosphate therapy ( 32 P) after primary surgical resection or second-look surgery were evaluated. Ninety patients who underwent surgical exploration and 32 P were reviewed. Twenty-nine patients were excluded due to insufficient number of CA-125 levels or recurrence within 12 months, with 61 patients with serial CA-125 levels and no evidence of disease for 12 months available for analysis. 32 P followed initial resection in 24 patients (16 Stage I, 3 Stage II, 5 Stage III). 32 P followed chemotherapy and second-look procedures in 37 patients (4 Stage I, 3 Stage II, 27 Stage III, 3 Stage IV). Elevated CA-125 levels were present in 25 (41%) patients within 12 months of 32 P (46% after primary exploration, 38% after second-look). The degree of CA-125 elevation (U/ml) was 30–100 (23%), 100–200 (11%), and >200 (7%). Of the 25 patients with an elevated CA-125, the elevation persisted more than 4 months in 11 (44%). All but two patients had normal CA-125 levels by 12 months. An abnormal elevation in CA-125 was seen in 33% of patients 4 months after receiving 32 P and abdominal surgery, with values ranging as high as 500 U/ml. Although elevations in CA-125 are reported following surgery alone, the duration of elevation appears to be longer with 32 P. Therefore, persistent elevations of CA-125 following 32 P between 4 and 12 months should be judged with caution as they may not reflect recurrent disease.
Probing Structure and Dynamics of Lipid Microdomains with Tagged Proteins and Lipids: A Hybrid Particle-Continuum Simulation Approach

Lipid rafts are functional microdomains in the cell membrane. They have been implicated in many important cellular processes such as signal transduction, protein sorting and viral entry. At th is point, our understanding of the collective dynamics of lipids and lipid clusters in vivo is rather limited. To this end, by employing a hybrid particle-continuum approach, we simulate the coupled dynamics of diffusing probe particles (both proteins and lipids) and the evolving membrane composition. Importantly, we demonstrate that the structure and dynamics of lipid microdomains can be extracted from the fluctuating dynamics of the probe particles. These results suggest novel experimental ways of exploring raft dynamics.
Extension of effective medium theory to three‐component system—two conductive particle types in the polymer matrix

A foundation is presented for the extension of the normal effective medium theory (for a two-component system (filler and polymer matrix)) to a three-component system (two filler species and matrix). No experimental test of the improved theory is made here, but some general trends are confirmed by other experiments. The theory is sufficiently general to allow the second filler component to represent a particle of the same composition as the first filler component but of a different size, or of the same size but of a different composition. Important satellite derivations are included.
TPD of deuterium spillover on Pt/A2O3

Abstract The desorption of D 2 from Pt/Al 2 O 3 was studied by temperature-programmed desorption in an ultrahigh vacuum system. Four different states attributed to desorption from Al 2 O 3 were observed between −100 °C and 500 °C. These four states are referred to as α, β, γ and δ, respectively. The β, γ and δ states are populated mainly by spillover from Pt. A surface diffusion model is applied to the β state and a diffusion activation energy of 3.2 kcal mol −1 is calculated. The α state is populated readily, is involved in the isotope exchange reaction at −100 °C and does not depend on the presence of platinum.