cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of planar and 3D tri-gate technologies to muon-induced single event upsets

We report on muon-induced single event upsets (SEU) in SRAMs built on 32nm planar and 22nm and 14nm 3D Tri-Gate technologies. Experimental cross sections were measured using the M20C positive muon beamline at TRIUMF. Physics-based simulations were conducted to estimate sea-level SEU rates for both, positive and negative muons. Our results indicate that a) the muon induced upset rate is negligible compared to neutron induced upset rate, and b) the introduction of 3D Tri-Gate transistors reduced the susceptibility to muons by approximately two orders of magnitude relative to 32nm planar cross sections.
Evaluation of Optimized Multisectioned Acoustic Liners

A critical examination is presented of the use of optimized axially segmented acoustic liners to increase the attenuation of a liner. New calculations show that segmenting is most efficient at high frequencies with relatively long duct lengths where the attenuation is low for both uniform and segmented liners. Statistical considerations indicate little advantage in using optimized liners with more than two segments, while the bandwidth of an optimized two-segment liner is shown to be nearly equal to that of a uniform liner. Multielement liner calculations show a large degradation in performance, due to changes in assumed input model structure. Finally, in order to substantiate previous and future analytical results, in-house (finite difference) and contractor (mode matching) programs are used to generate theoretical attenuations for a number of liner configurations for liners in a rectangular duct with no mean flow. Overall, the use of optimized multisectioned liners (sometimes called phased liners) fails to offer sufficient advantage over a uniform liner to warrant their use, except in lowfrequency, single-mode application. AdB F f* H* / M m p pA x x* y y* 6 Nomenclature speed of sound sound attenuation function frequency channel height length of duct Mach number transverse mode number dimensionless Fourier coefficient of pressure, p(x,y),p*/pA amplitude of pressure fluctuation or p JcJ 2 dimensionless axial coordinate, x* /H* axial coordiante dimensionless transverse coordinate, y*/H* transverse coordinate fractional impedance variation specific acoustic impedance dimensionless frequency/*//*/cJ or co*//*/27rcJ
Heat Activation and Heat-induced Dormancy of Bacillus stearothermophilus Spores

Heat-induced dormancy was observed when spores of two strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus were heated in distilled water at 80, 90, and 100 C. At temperatures above 100 C, true activation occurred; however, maximal activation was not achieved until temperatures of 110 to 115 C were employed. A heat treatment of 115 C for 3 min was required to induce maximal activation in one suspension of strain 1518 spores, whereas a heat treatment of 110 C for 7 to 10 min was adequate for the other suspension of strain 1518 spores. Spores from both strain M suspensions required heat treatments of 110 C for 9 to 15 min for maximal activation. The degree to which the spores could be activated was strain dependent and variable among spore suspensions of the same strain. The germination and outgrowth of all spores, regardless of strain and suspensions source, were significantly reduced when the spores were heated in m/120 phosphate buffer at maximal or near maximal activating temperatures. It was suspected that phosphate lowered the heat resistance of the spores to the extent that the heat treatments were lethal to a portion of the populations.
Molecular DNA‐based testing for blood group antigens: recipient–donor focus

DNA-based testing for blood group antigens has become commonplace in a number of clinical situations to improve transfusion therapy for blood transfusion recipients. These include typing for antigens in patients who are multiply transfused to determine which blood group antibodies may be present, typing when the red blood cells (RBCs) are coated with immunoglobulin, and typing for uncommon antigens, especially when no serologic reagent is available. Other clinical applications include resolving ABO typing discrepancies for patients awaiting transplant, or determination of the original type of a bone marrow transplant recipient, or confirmation of an ABO subgroup in a kidney donor. Testing for the specific mutation associated with depressed Kell system antigens in McLeod syndrome may also have value because different mutations appear to be associated with prognosis. Applications in prenatal medicine include discrimination between weak D and partial D to determine if a pregnant woman is a candidate for Rh immune prophylaxis, and assessing the risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus or newborn and neonatal thrombocytopenia. Assessing risk includes testing the paternal sample for the target antigen, and if positive testing for gene copy number (zygosity) and testing the fetus from amniocentesis or non-invasive maternal plasma sample. Donor centers are now able to screen large numbers of donors to label antigen-negative RBC products. DNA typing will change transfusion practice by allowing patients facing chronic transfusion therapy to have a more comprehensive blood group antigen profile performed, and to receive donor units antigen-matched for more than ABO and RhD to reduce alloimmunization. A patient who makes an alloantibody to a RBC antigen is forever at risk for his or her lifetime; for a serious transfusion reaction if ever requiring transfusion in an emergency, and also for a high risk pregnancy if a woman of child bearing age. Prevention of alloimmunization is an important advance in transfusion safety and is now possible with electronic patient medical records and testing and labeling of blood products for additional blood group antigens.
A Moored Array for Measuring Internal Solitary Waves during Shallow Water 06

Shallow Water 06 was a large ocean acoustics and physical oceanography experiment conducted during July-Sept 2006 off the New Jersey coast. This large scale experiment included seven ships, sixty-two moorings, dozens of Pi's, a fleet of gliders, aircraft, and satellites. A component of this experiment was the moored array of physical oceanographic sensors that was designed to measure the vertical and horizontal structure of the internal solitary wave field generated at the shelf break as it propagated through the acoustics array. Thirty four moorings were deployed by WHOI - both heavily instrumented Environmental Moorings (6) and less heavily instrumented Structure Moorings (28). A number of solitary wave events were observed, and the 19 August 2006 event was selected to illustrate the internal soliton signature at one mooring, and the ability of the moored array to track this solitary wave through the large and small scale moored arrays, giving it's speed, direction and changes with time.
Geographic information systems: A mixed methods spatial approach in business and management research and beyond

Numerous phenomena in business and management (BAM) research have a spatial context; yet, the analysis of place and space is under-utilized by many researchers. Thus, we provide a framework for helping BAM researchers think spatially. Specifically, we demonstrate the utility of geographic information systems (GIS) as a mixed research tool. We demonstrate how GIS applications can involve the combining of quantitative and qualitative research techniques, methods, approaches, data, concepts, language and, most importantly, technologies, thereby yielding mixed research. We outline the types of research questions that can be addressed using GIS applications. Further, we illustrate how GIS applications can enhance representation and legitimation of already-collected data. Finally, we discuss how the use of GIS can transform mono-method research (i.e., quantitative or qualitative research) into mixed research without compromising researchers' philosophical assumptions and stances (e.g., post-positivism, constructivism). In providing our framework, we contend that GIS applications increase the rigor of BAM research and enable researchers to explore complex phenomena through an integrative, recursive, and iterative analysis.
Immunology: cascade into clarity.

Immune mediator molecules such as antimicrobial peptides are crucial for host responses to pathogens. Akirins are the latest identified components of a signalling cascade that leads to these responses in insects and mice.
Sensitive method for the measurement of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in serum and tissue and its application to dispostion studies

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the measurement of amiodarone (AM) and its metabolite(s) in serum and tissues was developed. The method uses a 5-μm silica column, methanol containing 0.02% perchloric acid at pH 4 as the mobile phase, and ultraviolet detection at 240 nm. The standard curves for AM and desethylamiodarone (DAM) were linear for serum (range 0.025–6.0 μg/ml) and tissues (range 0.1–0.5 μg for 10–25 mg wet weight). There was a significant decrease as a function of time in AM and DAM concentrations in patients' sera left at ambient temperature in the presence of light. This HPLC method was applied to studies on serum AM elimination kinetics in patients and on tissue uptake during chronic AM administration to rabbits. The elimination half-life (5.8 h) of AM after a 5 mg/kg intravenous dose to a patient was similar to that after acute oral doses. AM, being lipophilic, accumulated maximally in the fat tissue (56 μg/g wet weight), followed by lung and liver in rabbits injected with AM for six weeks. The latter two tissues also contained nearly equal quantities of DAM. The high concentrations of AM and DAM in the liver and lungs may be related to the hepatic toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis associated with chronic AM therapy. Two new metabolites were found in the lung and bile of AM-treated rabbits, but these have not yet been identified.
Rapid identification of chromosomal abnormalities in human neoplasia.

Recent advances in banding techniques have led to the belief that certain chromosomal defects are consistently associated with specific types of human neoplasia. Based on the GTG technique, it has been suggested that the malignant cells of most neoplasias show chromosomal abnormalities (Yunis et al. 1983). From this recent publication of Yunis it appears that the majority of bands involved in carcinogenesis are G-negative, i.e., do not stain by the GTG technique, and it is therefore difficult to localize the breakpoints. In some of our recent publications we emphasized the importance of the RFA technique (Verma and Lubs 1975), which stains Giemsa-negative bands darkly, thus providing precise identification of chromosomal abnormalities (Verma and Dosik 1976). However, this technique cannot be applied until the slides have aged for at least 7 days. Therefore, we are reporting an alternative procedure using BrdU which provides “reverse” banding immediately when the slides are stained with acridness orange an...
Bumble bees exhibit daily behavioral patterns in pollen foraging

In response to global declines in bee populations, several studies have focused on floral resource provisioning schemes to support bee communities and maintain their pollination services. Optimizing host-plant selection for supplemental floral provisioning requires an understanding of bee foraging behavior and preferences for host-plant species. However, fully characterizing these preferences is challenging due to multiple factors influencing foraging, including the large degree of spatiotemporal variability in floral resources. To understand bee pollen foraging patterns, we developed a highly controlled mechanistic framework to measure pollen foraging preferences of the bumble bee Bombus impatiens to nine plant species native to Pennsylvania. We recorded continuous observations of foraging behavior of the experimental bee community and individual bees, while simultaneously standardizing for the number of foragers in the environment and differences in floral display of each plant species, while controlling for flowering phenology such that bees only foraged when all plant species’ flowers were open. Our results demonstrate that B. impatiens exhibit predictable daily patterns in their pollen foraging choices, and their preferences are dominated by the host-plants they visit first. We hypothesize that these patterns at the community and individual levels are driven by the interplay between pollen abundance and quality. We recommend that daily cycles of host-plant visitation be considered in future studies to ensure precise and accurate interpretations of host-plant preference. Such precision is critical for comprehensive analyses of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms driving bee foraging behavior and the selection of host-plant species to use in habitat restoration protocols.
HIV Cure Research: Expanding the Ethical Considerations

Mounting evidence is fueling excitement over the possibility of curing HIV infection. Research aimed at eliminating the need for continuous antiretroviral therapy includes a range of approaches, fr...
Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Silica Variability, 1990–1998

Industrial hygiene laboratories use one of three analytical techniques (X-ray diffraction spectrometry, infrared absorption spectrometry, and colorimetric spectrophotometry) for the quantitative determination of crystalline silica. Interlaboratory variability historically has been high for these analyses (∼25–35% relative standard deviation). Agreement between laboratories, as measured by the American Industrial Hygiene Association Proficiency Analytical Testing program over the period April 1990 through April 1998, was studied. Analysis of over 11,000 data points (laboratory/sample/round combinations) showed some significant differences between analytical methods in their relative recovery and precision, although overall mean recoveries were similar for the three techniques. Relative recovery of colorimetric results (but not those of the X-ray or infrared results) was significantly affected by sample loading in the range 40–170 µg silica per sample. Differences on the order of 5–10% were produced in some...
Dynamical Effects of Mars on Asteroidal Dust Particles

Asteroidal dust particles resulting from family-forming events migrate from their source locations in the asteroid belt inwards towards the Sun under the effect of Poynting-Robertson (PR) drag. Understanding the distribution of these dust particle orbits in the inner solar system is of great importance to determining the asteroidal contribution to the zodiacal cloud, the accretion rate by the Earth, and the threat that these particles pose to spacecraft and satellites in near-Earth space. In order to correctly describe this distribution of orbits in the inner solar system, we must track the dynamical perturbations that the dust particle orbits experience as they migrate inwards. In a seminal paper Opik (1951) determines that very few of the μm-cm sized dust particles suffer a collision with the planet face as they decay inwards past Mars. Here we re-analyze this problem, considering additionally the likelihood that the dust particle orbits pass through the Hill sphere of Mars (to various depths) and experience potentially significant perturbations to their orbits. We find that a considerable fraction of dust particle orbits will enter the Hill sphere of Mars. Furthermore, we find that there is a bias with inclination, particle size, and eccentricity of the particle orbits that enter the Martian Hill sphere. In particular the bias with inclination may create a bias towards higher-inclination sources in the proportions of asteroid family particles that reach near-Earth space.
One-dimensional metallic conducting pathway of cyclohexyl-substituted spiro-biphenalenyl neutral radical molecular crystal.

The unprecedented metallic character of the cyclohexyl-substituted spiro-biphenalenyl neutral radical molecular crystal (5) suggested by its Pauli paramagnetism [Science 2005, 309, 281] is contradicted by the thermally activated conduction measured along the needle axis of crystal 5 and by an optical gap of Eg = 0.34 eV. Herein we provide the first high quality ab initio electronic structure calculations using density functional theory to reconcile these properties. The calculations point toward 5 being a quasi one-dimensional (1-D) material, with a 1-D conducting pathway along the [101] π-chain direction. Along any directions other than the π-chain, conduction is impeded by the small interchain overlap. 5 has a quarter-filled band structure with a density of states of N(Ef) = 7.5 states eV-1 at the Fermi level, leading to a metallic character along the π-chain.
Cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac disorders in long-term survivors of pediatric liver transplantation

The MetS and cardiovascular disease are leading causes of late morbidity in adult liver transplantation recipients; however, limited data are available in pediatric liver transplantation. A single-center retrospective review was undertaken for patients who had a liver transplantation before 18 yr of age and were >5 yr post-transplantation, to study the prevalence of MetS, its components, and cardiac disorders. Fifty-eight patients were included in the study with a mean age at transplantation of 6.3 ± 6.1 yr and mean follow-up of 14.1 ± 6.0 yr. Of the study group, 41.4% were overweight or obese, with ongoing prednisone use and increased duration of follow-up being significant risk factors. Fifty-three patients had sufficient data for determining MetS, which was present in 17% of the patients. Although the prevalence of MetS is low in pediatric liver transplant recipients, it is associated with CKD and prednisone therapy (p < 0.05). Echocardiography data were available for 23 patients, of whom 43.4% had LVH and 13% had evidence of PH. The spectrum of cardiac disorders in this population is much wider than in adults.
Primary epithelial tumors of the appendix and a reappraisal of the appendiceal “mucocele”

A 28-year review of the records at Hines V.A. Medical Center revealed 17 primary epithelial tumors of the appendix. Five of these tumors were benign and 12 malignant. It is suggested that the term mucocele be abandoned, because it represents the end result, rather than a definite pathologic entity. The majority of benign tumors and carcinoid tumors of the appendix are discovered incidentally to other procedures. The majority of adenocarcinomas cause symptoms and signs of appendicitis. Simple appendectomy is sufficient treatment of all benign tumors of the appendix, and for all carcinoids that show no gross local metastases and are less than 2 cm in diameter. Simple appendectomy followed by right hemicolectomy or initial right hemicolectomy is the treatment of choice for all carcinoids of the appendix that show gross local metastases and are 2 cm or more in diameter and for all adenocarcinomas of the appendix, whether mucinous or colonic, in the absence of distant metastasis. A new classification for primary epithelial tumors of the appendix is suggested.
Computational design of protein–ligand interfaces: potential in therapeutic development

Computational design of protein-ligand interfaces finds optimal amino acid sequences within a small-molecule binding site of a protein for tight binding of a specific small molecule. It requires a search algorithm that can rapidly sample the vast sequence and conformational space, and a scoring function that can identify low energy designs. This review focuses on recent advances in computational design methods and their application to protein-small molecule binding sites. Strategies for increasing affinity, altering specificity, creating broad-spectrum binding, and building novel enzymes from scratch are described. Future prospects for applications in drug development are discussed, including limitations that will need to be overcome to achieve computational design of protein therapeutics with novel modes of action.
Kinetics of precursor-mediated ordering of two-dimensional domains.

Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to study the kinetics of precursor-mediated ordering of a lattice gas with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor repulsive interactions. We find that the growth exponent x is affected strongly by the rate at which a precursor is deexcited into a chemisorbed state. If this rate is high, x is close to the value obtained for conservation of density. If this rate is low, x is close to the value for nonconserved density even though the total number of particles is actually conserved. We conclude that the length of precursor ``hops'' influences the growth exponent.
Interspousal Criticism: A Behavioral Mediator Between Husbands’ Gender Role Conflict and Wives’ Adjustment

Seventy-two married couples participated in a study of husband gender role conflict and interpersonal criticism and wife psychological and marital adjustment. Participants were recruited from a community in the Midwestern USA. Husband criticism was measured using self-report, wife-report, and trained coder ratings of an audiotaped task in which husbands described their wives and their relationship with their wives. Hypothesized associations between husband gender role conflict and husband interspousal criticism were supported. In addition, all three measures of husband criticism were found to mediate the relationship between husband gender role conflict and wife marital adjustment. However, only self- and wife-reported criticism by husbands significantly mediated the relationship between husband gender role conflict and wife depressive symptoms.
Genes within genes within bacteria

Recently, an unusual gene structure has been described in species of the genus Thermus, in which the rpmH (ribosomal protein L34) coding sequence was found to be entirely overlapped by the unusually large rnpA (RNase P protein subunit) sequence. Gene overlap is common in viruses, but has not been seen to this extent in any bacterium.
The power of information

Abstract The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) was the first legislatively mandated database in the history of the United States government. It provides access to information on releases of toxic chemicals. Following a brief history of the database, this article describes how access to public data in the TRI has contributed to significant reductions in overall pollution and helped change the role of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from a strictly command-and-control regulatory body to one encouraging information-sharing and voluntary reductions. The article also discusses how the TRI has served as a model for integration of multiple sets of data to promote use and understanding of complex information. The article also describes how the database has served as a model for similar databases internationally.
The Overworked American or the Time Bind?: Assessing Competing Explanations for Time Spent in Paid Labor

A number of analysts have examined the issue of whether time in paid labor is a voluntary decision or constrained by the demands of employers. Many contend that Americans are overworked by their employers, especially if they are highly educated, working at the apex of the occupational hierarchy, and placed in large firms. On the other hand, Arlie Hochschild suggests in The Time Bind that long hours reflect an avoidance of hectic family lives in favor of the rewards and recognition found at work. To examine the explanatory power of these arguments, this article uses data from the Survey of Ohio's Working Families (SOWF) to predict the scheduling and the length of time spent in paid labor. Little support is found for Hochschild's argument and more support is found for other explanations of the overworked American.
Glandular trichomes: Enzymic browning assays for improved selection of resistance to the green peach aphid

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in the glandular trichomes of 32Solanum tuberosum ×S. berthaultii F3 hybrid clones differentially resistant to the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was determined. Within this population of segregating clones, aphid infestation levels varied 8-fold, while a 5-fold difference in glandular trichome PPO activity was observed. PPO activity and aphid resistance at three sample dates were correlated as follows: r = 0.38 (P = 0.05), r = 0.31 (P = 0.10), and r = 0.55 (P = 0.01), respectively. The total browning potential test (TBP), a modification of the PPO assay, was developed for use in screening for aphid resistance. The TBP procedure is rapid, inexpensive, and highly effective in identifying aphid resistant clones.
MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-BASED ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS IN NASOPHARYNGEAL SWAB SPECIMENS. † 1108

MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-BASED ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS IN NASOPHARYNGEAL SWAB SPECIMENS. † 1108
A Social Identity Maintenance Model of Groupthink

We present a social identity maintenance model of groupthink that (a) defines groupthink as a collective attempt to maintain a positive image of the group, (b) identifies conditions under which this form of concurrence seeking is likely to occur, (c) parsimoniously explains the equivocal empirical findings on groupthink, and (d) specifies intervention tactics that can mitigate the detrimental consequences of groupthink for group decision outcomes.
Remember the gum-elastic bougie at extubation

Although the use of a gum-elastic bougie to secure an airway is well described, its use during extubation is not well documented. A bougie was passed through the endotracheal tube (ETT) prior to extubation in anticipation of possible reintubation of a patient with a difficult airway. Once the bougie was in place, the ETT was removed over it. Later, when the patient's airway did become compromised, the trachea was rapidly reintubated using the bougie, without the need for direct laryngoscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, or, worse, emergency tracheostomy.
Police officer candidate mmpi‐2 performance: Gender, ethnic, and normative factors

Eighty-four police officer applicants (61 White males, 12 White Females, and 11 minority males) were administered the MMPI-2 as part of an employment screening assessment. All the applications showed a defensive style, low scores on scales 2 and 0, and extreme scores on scale 5. Implications of high scale 5 scores for female and low scale 5 scores for male police officer applicants are discussed.
Surface heating and three-dimensional motion of a thermoelastic beam

In this paper, we derive the equations for three-dimensional motion and temperature of a thermoelastic beam. The modeling takes into account surface heating and radiation. The model is simplified when the beam cross-section is an annulus with small wall thickness. Well-posedness as well as asymptotic behavior of the solutions are discussed using the semigroup method for the simplified model.
Selective expression of Narp in primary nociceptive neurons: Role in microglia/macrophage activation following nerve injury

Neuronal activity regulated pentraxin (Narp) is a secreted protein implicated in regulating synaptic plasticity via its association with the extracellular surface of AMPA receptors. We found robust Narp immunostaining in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that is largely restricted to small diameter neurons, and in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In double staining studies of DRG, we found that Narp is expressed in both IB4- and CGRP-positive neurons, markers of distinct populations of nociceptive neurons. Although a panel of standard pain behavioral assays were unaffected by Narp deletion, we found that Narp knockout mice displayed an exaggerated microglia/macrophage response in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to sciatic nerve transection 3 days after surgery compared with wild type mice. As other members of the pentraxin family have been implicated in regulating innate immunity, these findings suggest that Narp, and perhaps other neuronal pentraxins, also regulate inflammation in the nervous system.
U(n) Wigner coefficients, the path sum formula, and invariant G-functions

We prove the path sum formula for computing the U(n) invariant denominator functions associated to stretched U(n) Wigner operators. A family of U(n) invariant polynomials G"["@l"]^(^n^) is then defined which generalize the "@mG"q^(^n^) polynomials previously studied. The G"["@l"]^(^n^) polynomials are shown to satisfy a number of difference equations and have symmetry properties similar to the "@mG"q^(^n^) polynomials. We also give a direct proof of the important transposition symmetry for the G"["@l"]^(^n^) polynomials. To enable the non-specialist to understand the foundations for these remarkable polynomials, we provide an exposition of the boson calculus and the construction of the multiplicity-free U(n) Wigner operators.
The spectrally selective properties of Ag2S films on silver

Silver was reacted in sulfur vapor to form Ag2S films of varying thickness. Absorptance and emittance measurements were made to discern the spectral selectivity. A sharp transition of reflectance versus wavelength occured in Ag2S films at about 1.2–1.4 μm. The plasma wavelenght calculated from the band-gap energy was 1.2 μ which supported Christie's model of spectral selectivity. The ratio of absorptance to emittance increased with increasing film thickness, but differences were observed for different sulfidation treatments. The Ag2S films were tested for stability at 200 and 500°C in air and were found to be unstable at these temperatures. Absorptance decreased with increasing exposure time due to dissociation of the Ag2S and/or to the formation of Ag2SO4 nodules on the surface. it appears that the use of Ag2S films would be limited to temperatures below about 150°C.
Cromakalim and lemakalim activate Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in canine colon

The effects of cromakalim (BRL 34915) and its (−) optical isomer, lemakalim (BRL 38227) on the activity of 265-pS Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK channels) were examined in cell-attached and inside-out patches from canine colonic myocytes. In cell-attached patches lemakalim increased the open probability (Po) of BK channels. Mean NPo, where N is the number of channels per patch, at + 50 mV increased from 0.08 to 0.26 (20 μM lemakalim). In inside-out patches, cromakalim and lemakalim increased channel NPo rapidly and reversibly. This increase in NPo was due to a shift in half-maximal activation. Glyburide (20 μM) prevented the increase in NPo caused by lemakalim in cell-attached patches and reversed the increase in NPo in inside-out patches. Under conditions where Ca2+-activated K+ channels were maximally activated, lemakalim failed to increase current or induce a second type of K+ channel activity. When tetraethylammonium (200 μM) was added to the pipette solution to block the BK channel half maximally, lemakalim also failed to induce a second type of channel. Adenosine triphosphate (1 or 2 mM) applied to the inner surface of inside-out patches had no effect on Po of BK channels. Finally, the effects of lemakalim on ensemble average currents, constructed from multiple openings of BK channels in cell-attached patches was found to successfully mimic the effects of the drug on whole-cell membrane currents. We conclude that cromakalim and lemakalim activate BK channels in canine colonic cells. Whether this action participates in the membrane hyperpolarization and the decrease in frequency and duration of slow waves produced by these compounds in intact colonic muscles remains to be investigated.
The role of action potential shape and parameter constraints in optimization of compartment models

Automated parameter search methods are commonly used to optimize compartment model parameters. An important step in parameter fitting is selecting an objective function that represents key differences between model and experimental data. We construct an objective function that includes both time-aligned action potential shape error and errors in firing rate and firing regularity. We then implement a variant of simulated annealing that introduces a recentering algorithm to handle infeasible points outside the boundary constraints. We show how our objective function captures essential features of neuronal firing patterns, and why our boundary management technique is superior to previous approaches.
Laboratory studies of atmospheric sulfur chemistry using tunable diode laser probes

Tunable lead-salt diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) provides a sensitive and versatile probe for the study of the kinetics and mechanisms of atmospheric reactions. In our laboratory, the combination of laser flash photolysis with TDLAS detection of reactant and/or product species has proven useful in several studies of the gas phase oxidation of the atmospheric sulfur compound dimethylsulfide, a process which may play an important role in global climate modification/regulation. Typically a radical species is produced by UV laser photolysis of a stable precursor in a slowly flowing mixture of reactant and buffer gases. The concentration of this radical or a selected reaction product is then followed by TDLAS on a time scale of microseconds to milliseconds. This method allows direct determination of reaction rates and product branching ratios over a range of temperature, pressure and reactant concentrations in complete isolation from reactor surfaces.
Good versus moderate regulation of alloxan-induced diabetes in arteriosclerotic and nonarteriosclerotic rats

Nonarteriosclerotic (virgin) and arteriosclerotic (breeder) rats were made diabetic with alloxan. Animals were treated with constantly adjusted doses of insulin, occasionally adjusted doses, or no treatment. The obese breeder rats lost weight; the lean virgin rats gained weight. All of the animals were autopsied 5 months post-alloxan. Blood pressure increased in virgin rats; the pre-existent mildly elevated blood pressure of arteriosclerotic breeder rats decreased. Glucosuria was effectively reduced in animals accorded good control; blood glucose was not effectively controlled. Circulating non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides were more effectively normalised by insulin therapy. The diabetes was accompanied by adrenal hypertrophy, thymus gland involution, and increased circulating corticosterone. Virgin rats (68%) developed arterial disease when made alloxan-diabetic; treatment with insulin completely prevented arterial disease. Breeder rats with pre-existent arteriosclerosis showed worsening of their cardiovascular disease; when made severely diabetic those provided with good control of their diabetes were protected against exacerbation of their vascular disease.
Deformation mechanisms in a Ru-Ni-Al ternary B2 intermetallic alloy

Abstract Deformation mechanisms in a B2 Al50Ni5Ru45 alloy have been studied in compression over the temperature range 298–1323 K. The alloy exhibited a low temperature sensitivity of the flow stress over the temperature range 298–973 K. The strain rate sensitivity below 973 K was relatively low, similar to binary RuAl-based alloys. Dislocation analyses after room temperature compression indicate the presence of 〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 0〉 dislocations on {1 1 0} planes, with the 〈1 0 0〉 dislocations present with slightly higher densities. Compression creep tests at stress levels between 300 MPa and 500 MPa revealed exceptional creep strength in the temperature range investigated. The predominant dislocation substructure after creep deformation consisted of uniformly distributed, cusped 〈1 0 0〉-type screw dislocations on {1 1 0} planes. The deformation behavior and creep mechanisms are discussed in comparison with other high melting temperature B2 intermetallics.
A Prostitute's Lived Experiences of Stigma

This research used a semi-structured interview method and Smith and Osborn's (2003) interpretive phenomenological analysis to investigate a female prostitute's experiences of stigma associated with her work. To structure the interview schedule, Seidman's (2006) in-depth phenomenologically based interviewing method, which comprises three areas of focus, “focused life history,” “details of the experience” under investigation, and “reflection of the meaning” of the experience, was used as a general guide. Ten broad psychological themes were identified: 1) awareness of engaging in what people think is bad; (2) negative labeling by people who discover she is a prostitute; 3) hiding and lying about her identity as a prostitute to avoid being labeled negatively; 4) hiding and lying about her prostitution identity result in stress, anxiety, and exhaustion; 5) wishing she did not have to hide and lie about being a prostitute; 6) questioning and objecting to the stigmatization of prostitution; 7) managing the sense of stigmatization by persons who know about her prostitution by shifting focus away from devaluing and toward valuable qualities of prostitution; 8) developing occupational esteem and self-esteem through reflection of values; 9) compassion towards other people who suffer from stigma; and 10) resiliency.
Markers of detection

Abstract Three applications of markers of detection: screening, replacing surveillance cystoscopies, and guiding evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria, are discussed. In one study, repetitive hematuria screening in men age ≥50 effectively shifted the stage of high grade cancers at diagnosis from muscle invasive to earlier ones, reducing bladder cancer, and all cause mortality. This technique is sensitive, but is not terribly specific. Testing other markers alone or in combination with each other and/or hemoglobin screening in similar or higher risk populations is now beginning. Currently, no commercially available marker is sufficiently sensitive to replace all surveillance cystoscopies for low risk bladder cancer, although some cystoscopic examinations can probably be replaced by markers. Available markers are too insensitive for small, high grade cancers to replace any surveillance cystoscopies in this group. No single marker or combination of markers can safely replace cystoscopy in the work-up of patients with microhematuria who are at high risk for harboring bladder cancer. However, markers may be useful for directing which patients age ≤40 with asymptomatic microhematuria without histories of smoking, particularly women, require cystoscopic evaluation.
Derivation of n-ports with prescribed insertion-loss characteristics from known two-ports

Simple procedures are presented for finding an n-port, and/or its immittance matrixes, having the same insertion-loss characteristics between every pair of ports, when a realisation is known for n = 2. Various types of symmetry are also defined for n-ports.
Organochlorine residues in the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris

Forty-five tissue samples, consisting of 15 liver samples, 19 kidney samples and 11 blubber samples from the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, were analysed using gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for a variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Pesticides (o,p-DDT, o,p-DDD, hexachlorobenzene and lindane) were detected in all three tissues, but they were found most frequently in the liver and kidney. However, due to the low frequency of observed pesticides, their concentrations could not be related to age, sex, length or the geographical location where the manatee carcasses were recovered. Compared to most manatees in the study, one female perinatal manatee born in captivity had elevated concentrations of lindane in the liver and o,p-DDD in the kidney, suggesting that the pesticides found in this animal were transferred from the mother prior to birth.
PETRIFIED PLANTS FROM THE UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN OF NORTH AMERICA. II. LEPIDOSTROBUS FAYETTEVILLENSE SP. N.

A B S T R A C T Structurally preserved arborescenlt lycopsid fructifications are described from the Fayetteville Shale (Upper Mississippian) of northwestern Arkansas. Specimens of Lepidostrobus fayettevillense sp. n. range from complete cones 22.5 cm long and approximately 1.0 cm in diameter to smaller water-worn fragments. The cones consist of a central axis bearing closely spaced, spirally arranged sporophylls which extend from the cone axis at right angles. Each sporophyll consists of a pedicel which is turned up at its end to form a distal lamina. Sporangia are large and attached to the adaxial surface of each sporophyll. The vascular cylinder consists of a centrally located exarch protostele at least 1.1 mm in diameter. The new species is compared with morphologically similar lycopsid fructifications of equivalent age. DETAILED aniatomical studies of Upper Mis
Plasma glucose response to natural vasopressin in maturity onset diabetics and adult nondiabetics.

Abstract Plasma glucose rose following natural vasopressin injection in 9 maturity onset diabetic and 14 adult nondiabetic subjects. The rise was sustained throughout the 2-hour test period. No significant changes in plasma insulin and growth hormone occurred. Stimulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary secretions were not essential factors, as the response occurred in bilaterally adrenalectomized subjects. It is suggested that natural vasopressin may have a direct glucose elevating action perhaps mediated via Cyclic AMP activation of hepatic phosphorylase.
Convective Heat Transfer in a Curved Annular-Sector Duct

A numerical analysis of heat transfer behavior in a curved annular-sector duct is presented in this article. A uniform axial heat flux and constant peripheral wall temperature boundary condition are applied in this study. The effects of three major parameters on the heat transfer process (the axial pressure gradient, the dimensionless radius ratio, and the dimensionless curvature) are systematically studied. The results indicate that completely different temperature distribution patterns are evident among the segmented duct in different locations relative to the symmetrical center line. The Nusselt number significantly increases as the pressure gradient increases. Furthermore, an increase of the dimensionless curvature will also enhance heat transfer because of a strong secondary flow. Finally, the results indicate that heat transfer is improved dramatically as the duct radius ratio decreases, especially when the duct radius ratio is smaller than 0.6.
1198 SURFACTANT METABOLISM IN BEIGE MOUSE LUNG

The beige mouse (Be), a mutant strain of the C57 black mouse (Bl), expresses the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Lamellar bodies in Be type II alveolar epithelial cells are markedly enlarged and associated with a 3-fold increase in lung surface active material (SAM) phospholipid (PL) compared to normal Bl (J. Histochem. Cytochem. 23:863, 1975). To determine if the accumulation of SAM is due to a defect in secretion we studied synthesis and release of PL in Be and Bl lung slices. Incorporation of [1,2-14C] choline into PL precursors and PL was measured at intervals from 0-120 min. Slices (1.0 mm) were incubated at 37°C in KRB buffer, pH 7.4, in 95% O2/5% CO2. Shaking rate was 120/min. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DPC) was 18% of the newly synthesized PL in both groups. Incorporation into PL and DPC was not different between the two strains. However, recovery of 14C-PL after 30 min. in fresh media, following a 30 min. incorporation period, was 0.86±0.11(SD)% of total (tissue plus media) 14C-PL in Bl and 1.48±0.17% in Be (P< 0.01). Specificactivity of PL in media was not different in Be and Bl. There were no differences in QO2 (Be=54.0±5.2(SD)μl O2/mg DNA/hr; Bl=60.5±12.5) and ATP depletion. These data suggest that a simple defect in secretion does not explain the accumulation of SAM in lamellar bodies in Be type II epithelial cells. The finding of increased release of PL by Be slices under basal conditions without differences in either tissue incorporation or specific activity of released product indicates a more complex mechanism.
Numerical Investigation of Slat and Compressibility Effects for a High-Lift Wing

Three-dimensional multielement wings are simulated to investigate slat aerodynamics, numerical modeling techniques, and compressibility effects for high-lift flows. The computations are performed by solving both the incompressible and compressible Navier-Stokes equations on structured, overset grids. Turbulence is modeled via the one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model. All of the computed cases include the main wing with a half-span flap deflected to 40 deg. Three leading-edge configurations of this unswept wing are then considered: no slat, full-span slat, and a three-quarter-span slat. The slat elements are deployed to 6 deg. Computations of the model, which simulates a landing configuration at 10-deg angle of attack and a chord-based Reynolds number of 3.7 x 10 6 , are validated with surface pressure measurements acquired at the NASA Ames 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel. By the observation of the changes to the high-lift flowfield by adding the slat, as well as by varying its spanwise length, a detailed computational assessment of a properly configured slat is achieved. Moreover, the results increase the computational knowledge of how to model the slat flow physics accurately
Assessing changes in gas migration pathways at a hydraulic fracturing site: Example from Greene County, Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract Natural gas produced from a zone of thin Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian sands approximately 1200 m above the hydraulically fractured Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale interval was monitored for evidence of gas migration. Gas samples were collected from seven vertical Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian gas wells and two vertical Marcellus Shale gas wells 2 months prior to-, during-, and 14 months after the hydraulic fracturing of six horizontal Marcellus Shale gas wells at the study site. The isotopic and molecular compositions of gas from the two producing zones were distinct and remained so during the entire monitoring period. Over the time of monitoring, the molecular/isotopic signatures of gas from the Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian field did not show any evidence of contamination from deeper Marcellus Shale gas that might have migrated upward from the hydraulically fractured interval. Our results indicate no hydrologic connectivity between the fractured interval and formations 1200 m above, which means that contamination of even shallower drinking water aquifers (∼2200 m above fractured interval) is unlikely at this study site. While localized consideration for geology and site development practices are extremely important, the monitoring methods used in this study are applicable when trying to understand and quantify natural gas mixing and migration trends.
Built-in generation of weighted test sequences for synchronous sequential circuits

We describe a method for on-chip generation of weighted test sequences for synchronous sequential circuits. For combinational circuits, three weights, 0, 0.5 and 1, are sufficient to achieve complete coverage of stuck-at faults, since these weights are sufficient to reproduce any specific test pattern. For sequential circuits, the weights we use are defined based on subsequences of a deterministic test sequence. Such weights allow us to reproduce parts of the test sequence, and help ensure that complete fault coverage would be obtained by the weighted test sequences generated.