cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salicylate-Induced Auditory Perceptual Disorders and Plastic Changes in Nonclassical Auditory Centers in Rats

Previous studies have shown that sodium salicylate (SS) activates not only central auditory structures, but also nonauditory regions associated with emotion and memory. To identify electrophysiological changes in the nonauditory regions, we recorded sound-evoked local field potentials and multiunit discharges from the striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex after SS-treatment. The SS-treatment produced behavioral evidence of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Physiologically, the treatment significantly enhanced sound-evoked neural activity in the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus, but not in the cingulate. The enhanced sound evoked response could be linked to the hyperacusis-like behavior. Further analysis showed that the enhancement of sound-evoked activity occurred predominantly at the midfrequencies, likely reflecting shifts of neurons towards the midfrequency range after SS-treatment as observed in our previous studies in the auditory cortex and amygdala. The increased number of midfrequency neurons would lead to a relative higher number of total spontaneous discharges in the midfrequency region, even though the mean discharge rate of each neuron may not increase. The tonotopical overactivity in the midfrequency region in quiet may potentially lead to tonal sensation of midfrequency (the tinnitus). The neural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus may also contribute to the negative effect that patients associate with their tinnitus.
Investigating the generality of the delayed-prompt effect.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in an attempts to replicate the findings of Touchette's classic 1971 experiment. The results obtained were more variable than those obtained by Touchette. Four of 34 subjects learned the Horizontal E discrimination without errors. Ten subjects preempted the red prompt stimulus erroneously. Twelve subjects failed to preempt. Among those who failed to preempt, at least six had not learned the target discrimination. There were also five subjects who failed to preempt who, on subsequent tests, demonstrated that they had learned the target discrimination. For these subjects, the onset of the prompt appeared to grant “permission to respond”. An attempt is made to account for the differences in the current results and those of Touchette (1971). We also compare our results to the usually successful application of the delayed prompt to education and training problems. We note that the procedures used in these successful applications are often quite different from those in the original Touchette experiment and our own.
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy in mice myocardial glycogen, lipids and certain enzymes

Abstract Chronic ethanol feeding to C57B1 mice for 25 weeks caused an increase in heart size, both absolutely and relative to body weight. When ethanol was fed with a diet having a methionine imbalance, the activities of acetyl CoA synthetase were depressed. Ethanol also caused functional changes in the heart mitochondria measured as a decrease in P O ratios; thus it appears that alcohol per se can affect the heart. The correlation of the biochemical abnormalities in mitochondria with the ultrastructural pathology observed suggest that the C57B1 mouse may serve as a useful experimental animal model for the study of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
Prediction of the heliospheric current sheet tilt: 1992 – 1996

Heliospheric current sheet tilt evolves systematically over the solar cycle. Here we show that this evolution is different than the sunspot cycle and that tilt for the period 1992-1996 can be predicted using persistence. That is, the tilt over the coming cycle will be the same as for the past cycle. The Ulysses spacecraft has passed Jupiter and is moving out of the plane of the ecliptic, so we use the prediction of the changing heliospheric current sheet tilt to predict that Ulysses will pass beyond the envelope, or maximum latitude, of the heliospheric current sheet in November 1993.
Antibiotics in cutaneous medicine: an update.

Abstract Antibiotics play a vital role in contemporary cutaneous medicine and surgery. They are prescribed more commonly than perhaps any other group of medications with the exception of the corticosteroids. This review discusses the major oral antibacterial agents used in dermatology today, including the beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, clindamycin, and rifampin.
The effect of geography and vitamin D on African American stature in the nineteenth century: Evidence from prison records

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic literature. Although blacks and whites today reach similar terminal statures in the United States, nineteenth-century African American statures were consistently shorter than those of whites. Greater insolation (vitamin D production) is documented here to be associated with taller black statures. Black farmers were taller than workers in other occupations, and, ironically, black youth statures increased during the antebellum period and decreased with slavery's elimination.
Duration of innovation in educational psychology

Education, and in particular educational psychology, has been subject to periodic enthusiasms for new approaches to instruction, with each new approach succeeded in time by still another. Four innovative programs instituted in different universities a decade ago were examined currently with the aim of identifying change versus continuity and of exploring possible reasons for their status. Two of the four schools continue with their programs little changed, while two have reverted to more traditional teaching methods. Termination of the innovative programs in these schools appears related to high expenses, loss of the enthusiast/leader, and separation of instructor from students. Continuing programs were not as “radical”; as the terminated ones and had maintained instructor‐student interaction.
all-Trans-Retinoic Acid Reduces Neointimal Formation and Promotes Favorable Geometric Remodeling of the Rat Carotid Artery After Balloon Withdrawal Injury

Background—The multifactorial and unpredictable nature of human restenosis will probably necessitate interventional strategies that target multiple processes involved in acute vascular narrowing. Retinoids (eg, all-trans-retinoic acid, atRA) represent a growing class of pleiotropic biological response modifiers with demonstrable efficacy in managing several pathological conditions. In this report, we have initiated studies to examine the hypothesis that atRA limits neointimal formation after experimental vascular injury. Methods and Results—Rats were predosed with atRA (30 mg · kg−1 · d−1 PO) or corn oil 4 days before balloon withdrawal injury (BWI) of the left common carotid artery and continued on this drug regimen for an additional 14 days. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis documented therapeutic levels of atRA in serum and vascular tissue. atRA depressed peak DNA synthesis in the tunica media of BWI vessels (P<0.05). Histomorphometry revealed atRA-mediated reductions in neointimal area,...
Aerodynamic levitation of laser-heated solids in gas jets

The aerodynamic levitation technique is developed for studies of high-temperature material properties and gas/condensed-phase reaction kinetics. Stable levitation is demonstrated in a supersonic jet from a 0.081 cm nozzle with 0.03-0.20 g 0.24-0.47 cm diameter solid spheres at a height between 0.7-2.0 cm above the nozzle and ambient pressures between 1.1-18 Torr. A model of supersonic jet levitation is developed which accurately predicts the values of height vs pressure over the full range of conditions investigated. It is found that the efficiency with which jet momentum is converted into levitation force decreases with the jet/specimen diameter ratio and the jet Reynolds number, and the rate of jet spreading with distance from the nozzle is found to agree with that measured by pitot tube traverses of the jet. In addition, laser heating is shown to reduce the jet momentum required for levitation at a given height and to increase levitation stability. Measurements of sphere levitation in subsonic gas jets show that the required jet momentum flow rate exceeds the specimen weight by about 2/the specimen drag coefficient at its terminal free-fall speed under ambient conditions.
A Numerical Simulation of Heat Pipe Application to the Cooling of Pulse Detonation Engines

A numerical method based on the finite elements is applied to the cooling of pulse detonation tube using heat pipe technology. Towards this end, the fluid flow and heat transfer in the wick are modeled as flow in a porous medium. The flow is described using the so called Darcy Brinkman model which has close resemblance to the Navier-Stokes equations. It is found that for Darcy numbers less than 0.0001 the results are indistinguishable from regular Darcy flows. The shape of the heat pipe is that of a fin with the proportion of the length of the evaporator section being varied. In this study two values of this ratio have been used, namely 1 and 0.5.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Recognition of forms against a complex background.

Although many visual tasks require the observer to search for and attempt to recognize one of a particular class of objects of interest, the problem has received little systematic investigation. Basic visibility data, based upon known shapes presented in known positions, certainly do not apply. In this experiment, observers were repeatedly presented with a background array of curvilinear forms, among which a “critical target” was present 50% of the time. The critical targets consisted of one or another of five examples of six geometrical forms, all with straight sides and sharp corners, any one of which was equally likely to appear in any part of the visual field. Probability of correct recognition was determined as a function of the number of background forms, viewing time, visual angle, and form density. Forms were selected on the basis of a preliminary experiment in which basic recognition data were gathered on 240 different forms.
Effect of arterial pressure on left ventricular O2 consumption, coronary blood flow, and reserve capacity following coronary occlusion

The effect of mean systemic arterial pressure (SAP) on myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) coronary blood flow (CBF) and the reduction of left ventricular (LV) reserve capacity resulting from coronary artery occlusion was studied in 25 open-chest pentobarbital anesthetized dogs with fixed cardiac output and controlled heart rate (HR) and SAP. In all animals, baseline MVO2 and CBF were obtained and LV reserve capacity was determined by identifying the HR and SAP level which raised mean left atrial pressure to 12 mm. Hg. After uniform placement of a pericoronary snare, the dogs were randomized to five equal groups, and SAP was set at 40, 70 (two groups), 100, and 130 mm. Hg. MVO2 and CBF were redetermined and the coronary artery was ligated in all except one group (70 mm. Hg) which served as sham control. thirty minutes after coronary occlusion, MVO2, CBF, and LV reserve capacity were determined again. Percent of nonperfused myocardium did not differ among groups (27.6 +/- 1%). MVO2 bore a linear relationship to SAP setting wheras CBF bore a curvilinear relationship. Coronary occlusion did not modify these relationships. Significant, but similar decreases in tolerated HR (23.1 +/- 4.7 min.-1) and SAP (41.9 +/- 6.2 mm. Hg) from control values were observed in all four groups regardless of SAP setting. We concluded that the impact of coronary ligation on MVO2, CBF, the loss of functional reserve capacity, and possibly the extent of ischemic injury of the left ventricle, is not modified by afterload changes. However, optimal O2 supply-to-demand ratio appears at SAP of about 100 mm. Hg.
Moisture levels, nitrogen levels—clue to the next limiting factor on crop production

Abstract In an experiment from the literature, corn grown to the grain stage with from low to high levels of N fertilizer and with from inadequate to adequate soil moisture exhibited sequentially additive and synergistic interactions. Grain yields in kg ha‐1 varied from 10,600 for the highest level of N and soil moisture to 1100 for low soil moisture and high N and 2700 for low N and high soil moisture. At the low soil moisture, high N resulted in yield decrease. Curves not only indicated a variable critical level for N, but also that full response to N was not obtained at the highest N level. The slope of the curves indicated that another factor had become more limiting than N.
Coordinate frame for symmetry detection and object recognition.

Can subjects voluntarily set an internal coordinate frame in such a way as to facilitate the detection of symmetry about an arbitrary axis? If so, is this internal coordinate frame the same as that involved in determining perceived top and bottom in object recognition and shape perception? Subjects were required to determine whether dot patterns were symmetric. Cuing the subjects in advance about the orientation of the axis of symmetry produced a substantial speedup in performance (Experiments 1 and 3) and an increase in accuracy with brief displays (Experiment 2). The effects appeared roughly additive, with an overall advantage for vertical symmetry; thus, the vertical axis effect is not due to a tendency to prepare for the vertical axis. The cuing advantage was found to depend upon the subject's knowing in advance the spatial location as well as orientation of the frame of reference (Experiment 4). The fifth experiment provided evidence that the frame of reference responsible for these effects is the same as the one that determines shape perception: Subjects viewed displays containing a letter (at an unpredictable orientation) and a dot pattern, rapidly naming the letter and then determining whether the dots were symmetric about a prespecified axis. When the top-bottom axis of the letter was oriented the same way as the axis of symmetry for the dots, symmetry judgments were significantly more accurate. Thus, the results suggest a single frame of reference for both types of judgment. The General Discussion proposes a theory of how visual symmetry may be computed, which might account for these phenomena and also characterize their relation to "mental rotation" effects. Language: en
The influence of calcium on the cyclic AMP-mediated stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation by prostaglandin E 1 .

Prostaglandin type E1 (PGE1) rapidly stimulates cyclic AMP formation and the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in rat thymic lymphocytes suspended in vitro by reactions which are not affected by wide variations in the extracellular calcium concentration. On the other hand, the operation of the associated reaction(s) responsible for the subsequent progression of the stimulated cells into mitosis is profoundly affected by the extracellular calcium level. If the maximum intracellular cyclic AMP concentration is in the lower range of stimulatory values (e.g., 150 × 10−8 picomoles per cell as produced by an exposure to 0.5 μg of PGE1 per milliliter of medium), an extracellular calcium concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mM is needed to obtain maximum cell proliferation, but not the maximum stimulation of DNA synthesis. Contrariwise, if the cellular cyclic AMP content is raised to a much higher level (260 × 10−8 picomoles per cell) by exposure to a greater PGE1 concentration (5.0 μg per millilter), cell proliferation is maximally stimulated in calcium-free medium and increasing the extracellular calcium concntration above 0.2 mM actually prevents the stimulation of cell proliferation (but does not affect the stimulation of DNA synthesis). Thus, the ultimate translation of PGE1's early cyclic AMP-mediated reactions into increased cell proliferation is determined by both the intracellular cyclic AMP level and the extracellular calcium concentration.
Photo-induced changes in magnetization of GdBaCo2O5+δ

Abstract We report a study of the effect of red light (λ=650 nm ) on the magnetic properties of GdBaCo2O5+δ. The ferromagnetic transition temperature decreases by 4 K and the intermediate to high spin state transition temperature increases by 3 K. We propose that electron capture in the oxygen vacancy along Co–O chain and competing interaction between the orbital ordering and ferromagnetic phase are responsible for the above observed results. A ‘butterfly-wing’ shaped hysteresis loop along with a field induced transition has been observed in the temperature window 190≤T≤215 K .
Melanophores and Their Role in Color Change and the Ecology of the Marine Isopod, Sphaeroma Quadridenta Tum Say

[Les migrations du pigment melanophore chez Sphaeroma quadridentatum Say sous un cycle jour/nuit de 12/12 presentent un rythme diurne. La dispersion maximale du pigment se produit a 14.00 h, huit heures apres l'eclairement, et la dispersion minimale douze heures plus tard a 02.00 h, huit heures apres l'extinction. Le rythme diurne persiste inchange durant un cycle de 24 h lorsque les animaux sont soumis a une obscurite continue. La valeur absolue de la dispersion pigmentaire est liee a l'intensite de lumiere incidente et reflechie. Il y a une relation directe entre la dispersion pigmentaire et l'illumination totale et une relation inverse entre cette dispersion et la lumiere reflechie. Les reponses en pigment melanophore sont comparees chez S. quadridentatum et chez Ligia exotica Roux, et la signification adaptative du changement de coloration chez les deux especes est discutee., Les migrations du pigment melanophore chez Sphaeroma quadridentatum Say sous un cycle jour/nuit de 12/12 presentent un rythme diurne. La dispersion maximale du pigment se produit a 14.00 h, huit heures apres l'eclairement, et la dispersion minimale douze heures plus tard a 02.00 h, huit heures apres l'extinction. Le rythme diurne persiste inchange durant un cycle de 24 h lorsque les animaux sont soumis a une obscurite continue. La valeur absolue de la dispersion pigmentaire est liee a l'intensite de lumiere incidente et reflechie. Il y a une relation directe entre la dispersion pigmentaire et l'illumination totale et une relation inverse entre cette dispersion et la lumiere reflechie. Les reponses en pigment melanophore sont comparees chez S. quadridentatum et chez Ligia exotica Roux, et la signification adaptative du changement de coloration chez les deux especes est discutee.]
Three-dimensional charge structure of a mountain thunderstorm

[1] Lightning charge transport is analyzed for a thunderstorm which occurred on 18 August 2004 near Langmuir Laboratory in New Mexico. The analysis employs wide band measurements of the electric field by a balloon-borne electric field sonde or Esonde, simultaneous Lightning Mapping Array measurements of VHF pulses emitted during lightning breakdown, and Next Generation Weather Radar data. The thunderstorm was composed of two principal updrafts. In the stronger updraft the positively charged particles reached altitudes up to 14 km, and in the weaker updraft the positive particles reached 11 km altitude. The negatively charged particles generated in the updraft appeared to reach altitudes up to 10 km in the strong updraft and 8 km in the weaker updraft. Just outside the updrafts the positive and negative particles drop sharply; thereafter, they drop down at a nearly linear rate, between 1 and 2 km in altitude per 10 km in horizontal distance. Initially, as the updraft developed, most charge was transported by updraft flashes; later, after about 15 to 20 min, extensive flashes were predominant. Most cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes transported negative charge from outside the updraft at 6 km altitude down to ground; however, some strokes of a CG reached into a higher negative charge region closer to the updraft. Nearly 6 times as much charge was transported by intracloud (IC) flashes when compared to CG flashes. The ratio of the average charge transport for an IC flash to the average charge transport for a CG flash was 1.6, while the average generator current associated with the combined updrafts was 2.3 amperes for 40 min.
Synthetic cathinones and their rewarding and reinforcing effects in rodents

Synthetic cathinones, colloquially referred to as “bath salts,” are derivatives of the psychoactive alkaloid cathinone found in Catha edulis (Khat). Since the mid-to-late 2000s, these amphetamine-like psychostimulants have gained popularity amongst drug users due to their potency, low cost, ease of procurement, and constantly evolving chemical structures. Concomitant with their increased use is the emergence of a growing collection of case reports of bizarre and dangerous behaviors, toxicity to numerous organ systems, and death. However, scientific information regarding the abuse liability of these drugs has been relatively slower to materialize. Recently we have published several studies demonstrating that laboratory rodents will readily self-administer the “first generation” synthetic cathinones methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and methylone via the intravenous route, in patterns similar to those of methamphetamine. Under progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, the rank order of reinforcing efficacy of these compounds is MDPV ≥ methamphetamine > methylone. MDPV and methylone, as well as the “second generation” synthetic cathinones α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), also dose-dependently increase brain reward function. Collectively, these findings indicate that synthetic cathinones have a high abuse and addiction potential and underscore the need for future assessment of the extent and duration of neurotoxicity induced by these emerging drugs of abuse.
Systematic Review of the Literature on Pain in Patients with Polytrauma Including Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective To review the literature addressing the assessment and management of pain in patients with polytraumatic injuries including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and blast-related headache, and to identify patient, clinician and systems factors associated with pain-related outcomes.
Role Of Surface Instability And Anisotropy On Strain Relaxation Of Sige On Si(110)

SiGe alloys (< 1.5 % mismatch) were grown on Si (110) substrates at 700δC by molecular beam epitaxy. The structure and surface morphology were studied as a function of SiGe coverage (1.5mn-9nm) using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and RHEED. A very high density of nanoscale SiGe ledges (less than 1 nm high and 1 μm long) were observed to form on the step terraces created during buffer layer growth. An interesting phenomenon is that the step bunches generated by the buffer growth and SiGe ledges are aligned along the elastically hardest <11= direction on the Si (110) surface. With increasing alloy thickness, the nanoscale SiGe ledges become longer and straighter. The effects of the surface instability and elastic anisotropy on the elastic relaxation effects are discussed.
Intrauterine growth retardation in twin-twin transfusion syndrome

RUBEN QUINTERO, EFTICHIA KONTOPOULOS, PATRICIA BORNICK, University of South Florida, Obstetrics & Gynecology/Maternal Fetal Medicine, Tampa, Florida OBJECTIVE: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as an estimated fetal weight !10th percentile, can coexist with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of TTTS patients treated with Selective Laser Photocoagulation of Communicating Vessels (SLPCV) relative to the presence of IUGR. STUDY DESIGN: The database of all TTTS patients treated with SLPCV between July 1997 and June 2005 was queried for the concomitant diagnosis of IUGR. Pre-operative variables included gestational age at surgery (GASx), Stage, and absent end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery (UA-AEDV) of the IUGR twin. Outcome variables included gestational age at delivery, perinatal survival, survival of the IUGR twin. Surgeries were conducted under IRB approved protocols and all patients signed informed consent. RESULTS: SLPCV was performed in 449 patients during the study period. IUGR was present in 48% of donors. The median GASx was significantly higher in the IUGR group (19.6 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, p !.001). IUGR differed significantly with Stage (34%, 41%, 59%, 50%, for Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively, p !.001). IUGR donors were more likely to have UAAEDV (42.2% vs. 23.5%, p!.001). However, survival of at least one fetus (85.8% vs. 87.1%) or of the IUGR donor (63% vs. 75%) was no different between IUGR and non-IUGR groups, respectively. Survival analysis showed no difference in the gestational age at delivery between the two groups (median 33.0 vs. 33.1, IUGR vs. non-IUGR groups). CONCLUSION: IUGR affects approximately 50% of all TTTS patients and is associated with a higher incidence of UA-AEDV. Despite the handicap, overall perinatal survival and, in particular, survival of the IUGR fetus is no different between IUGR and non-IUGR TTTS patients treated with SLPCV. Long term studies on the outcome of IUGR donors are warranted to assess the merit of SLPCV in this subset of TTTS patients.
Magic angle spinning NMR of conducting polymers

Because of their typically intractable nature, conducting polymers as a class of materials have proved particularly difficult to characterize by the conventional techniques of polymer analysis. We present here examples of the application of a powerful new tool, cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CMPAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy, to the investigation of the structure and reactions of the conducting polymers polyacetylene and polypyrrole.
The effect of microstructural banding on failure initiation of HY-100 steel

Microstructural banding of a hot-rolled HY-100 steel plate was accentuated by cooling slowly from the austenite region, which resulted in alternating layers of soft, equiaxed ferrite, and hard “granular ferrite.” The segregation of substitutional alloying elements such as Ni and Cr was identified as the main cause for the microstructural banding. Such banding induces anisotropic flow behavior at large strains, with deformation constrained by “pancake-shaped” bands of the hard granular ferrite. Tensile tests of circumferentially notched HY-100 specimens were performed in order to explore the stress dependence of failure in the slow-cooled as well as the quenched and tempered conditions. The failure behavior of the slow-cooled, microstructurally banded material exhibited a pronounced susceptibility to a void-sheet mode of failure. However, the absence of carbides within the equiaxed ferrite delays void coalescence and material failure to higher strains than in a quenched and tempered microstructure, despite the increased susceptibility to shear localization.
Methods for the systematic investigation of gastrointestinal contrast media for MRI: evaluation of intestinal distribution by radiographic monitoring.

Abstract Comparison of the effectiveness of various gastrointestinal (GI) contrast agents for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is often complicated by varying amounts intraluminal filling with the orally administered agents. To achieve more uniform and reproducible imaging results with GI contrast agents for MR imaging (GICMR), we evaluated a radiographic method for monitoring intraluminal filling and distribution. Solutions of Mn-DPDP (2 mM), to which a small amount of barium sulfate (6 wt/vol%) was added, were administered orally to dogs. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit were monitored fluoroscopically. MR imaging was performed either 1) at a fixed time after administration of the contrast agent or 2) at a variable interval when the contrast agent was observed fluoroscopically to be in the terminal ileum. When initiation of MR imaging was guided by fluoroscopic monitoring of intestinal contrast distribution, uniform and reproducible intestinal contrast enhancement by GICMR was achieved. However, when MR imaging was performed at a fixed time interval after oral administration, nonuniform and variable GI visualization was obtained, and this corresponded to the variable intestinal distribution observed fluoroscopically. We conclude that reproducible intestinal filling with orally administered contrast agents can be accomplished with a radiographic monitoring technique, and this promotes more consistent GI visualization on MR images. Such standardized and reproducible methods are necessary for studies in which the effectiveness of GI contrast media for MR imaging is evaluated and compared.
Varieties of Subnational Undemocratic Regimes: Evidence from Argentina and Mexico

This article analyzes concept formation and its empirical and theoretical implications for the study of subnational undemocratic regimes. The paper argues that extant conceptualizations of subnational political regimes, which generally draw on a strategy of “conceptual expansion” have important drawbacks for the study of subnational undemocratic regimes (SURs). To overcome these shortcomings, the article claims for a strategy of “conceptual separation” that disaggregates political regimes into two orthogonal dimensions, i.e., the access to and the exercise of state power. Drawing on original evidence from Argentina and Mexico, the article demonstrates that the strategy of conceptual separation helps researchers to (1) avoid truncation of the universe of cases for analysis, (2) obtain new and more precise information about the actual magnitude of the uneven territorialization of democracy, (3) recognize the existence of two ideal type domains of SURs: patrimonial and bureaucratic, and (4) gain more analytic leverage to identify the causal mechanisms that explain regime continuity within and across SUR types. In-depth case studies of the state of Puebla (Mexico) and the province of San Luis (Argentina) demonstrate empirically the workings of the mechanisms that account for regime continuity in bureaucratic-like SURs. The article also demonstrates the potential of distinguishing between SUR types for the study of SUR origins and SUR change.
Altered gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia

The underlying pathology of schizophrenia (SZ) is likely as heterogeneous as its symptomatology. A variety of cortical and subcortical regions, including the prefrontal cortex, have been implicated in its pathology, and a number of genes have been identified as risk factors for disease development. We used in situ hybridization (ISH) to examine the expression of 58 genes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, comprised of Brodmann areas 9 and 46) from 19 individuals with a premorbid diagnosis of SZ and 33 control individuals. Genes were selected based on: (1) previous identification as risk factors for SZ; (2) cell type markers or (3) laminar markers. Cell density and staining intensity were compared in the DLPFC, as well as separately in Brodmann areas 9 and 46. The expression patterns of a variety of genes, many of which are associated with the GABAergic system, were altered in SZ when compared with controls. Additional genes, including C8orf79 and NR4A2, showed alterations in cell density or staining intensity between the groups, highlighting the need for additional studies. Alterations were, with only a few exceptions, limited to Brodmann area 9, suggesting regional specificity of pathology in the DLPFC. Our results agree with previous studies on the GABAergic involvement in SZ, and suggest that areas 9 and 46 may be differentially affected in the disease. This study also highlights additional genes that may be altered in SZ, and indicates that these potentially interesting genes can be identified by ISH and high-throughput image analysis techniques.
Revision Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion

This article serves to review the role of a revision anterior cervical decompression and fusion, excluding that performed for adjacent level disease. Proper patient selection and preoperative workup of recurrent and superior laryngeal nerve function are essential ingredients to clinical success. In most instances, computed tomography-myelography is the imaging modality of choice as residual stenosis from ossified posterior longitudinal ligament or osteophyte formation is most amenable to revision surgery. Clinical success, however, is contingent on proper patient selection.
Biogenesis and subcellular organization of the magnetosome organelles of magnetotactic bacteria

Bacterial cells, like their eukaryotic counterparts, are capable of constructing lipid-based organelles that carry out essential biochemical functions. The magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria are one such compartment that is quickly becoming a model for exploring the process of organelle biogenesis in bacteria. Magnetosomes consist of a lipid-bilayer compartment that houses a magnetic crystal. By arranging magnetosomes into chains within the cell, magnetotactic bacteria create an internal compass that is used for navigation along magnetic fields. Over the past decade, a number of studies have elucidated the possible factors involved in the formation of the magnetosome membrane and biomineralization of magnetic minerals. Here, we highlight some of these recent advances with a particular focus on the cell biology of magnetosome formation.
The removal of nucleic acids from microbial extracts by precipitation with lysozyme.

Abstract It is usually necessary to remove nucleic acids from microbial extracts in order to avoid their interference with the isolation of enzymes from the extract. This may be particularly important where the purification procedure includes chromatography on an anion-exchange column such as DEAE-Sephadex (1). Methods that have been used have included precipitation with Mn, destruction of the nucleic acids with nucleases, and precipitation with basic substances, usually protamine sulfate or streptomycin sulfate. It is likely that there may be advantages, in some cases at least, in using other basic proteins for this purpose, since the results obtained with the previous methods have not always been satisfactory. The procedure described in this paper utilizes high concentrations of lysozyme to precipitate nucleic acids from a bacterial extract. The separation obtained with lysozyme was efficient, reproducible, and superior to the separation obtained with protamine sulfate.
Molecular characterization and embryonic expression of the even-skipped ortholog of Tribolium castaneum.

In short germ insects, the procephalon and presumptive anterior segments comprise most of the embryonic rudiment which lengthens as posterior segments are added during development (Sander, K. (1976) Adv. Insect Physiol. 12, 125-238). The expression pattern of a grasshopper ortholog of the primary pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve) suggests that it is not relevant to segmentation in this short germ insect (Patel, N.H., Ball, E.E. and Goodman, C.S. (1992) Nature 357, 339-342). However in Drosophila, a long germ insect that forms all segments simultaneously, eve plays a vital role in segment formation (Nusslein-Volhard, C., Wieschaus, E. and Kluding, H. (1984) Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193, 267-282). We have characterized the eve ortholog of the beetle Tribolium castaneum. The homeodomain sequence is highly conserved between beetle, fly, and grasshopper eve orthologs. Tc eve is expressed in stripes during segmentation, but in a pattern differing in some details from that of the fly gene. This pattern is coincident with that detected with a cross-reacting antibody (Patel, N.H., Condron, B.G. and Zinn, K. (1994) Nature 367, 429-434). Thus, an ancestral even-skipped gene appears to have evolved a role in segmentation in a common ancestor of flies and beetles. Unlike vertebrate orthologs but similar to eve, Tc eve is not linked to the homeotic complex.
AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR FREIGHT TRUCKS USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM AND CFD

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code has been combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) to perform a two-dimensional drag minimization on the base region of tractor trailers. Few studies have been conducted with CFD driven by a GA due to extensive run times and the general non autonomous characteristics of meshing a suitable CFD geometry. This study solves the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations to obtain a drag calculation used by the GA. Custom FORTRAN subroutines were written to handle the structured meshing of the tractor trailer with a variable geometry base slat for the entire design space. The mesh generator was used as a subroutine in the GA with the only input being the geometric variables. The objective function for the GA consists primarily of the mesh generator code and the CFD solver. The base optimization involved placing flaps of varying size, position, and curvature in the base region to determine a minimum drag configuration. The front of the tractor trailer remained unchanged, but was included in the CFD analysis. The base flaps were defined by a cubic function requiring 4 variables plus one additional variable to set the length of the flaps. For this study the flap length was limited to a maximum of four feet aft of the trailer base. The resulting minimum drag configuration was shown to reduce drag by over 50 percent when compared to the CFD run with no base flaps.
The Effects of Long Term Storage on Lithium Drifted Silicon Detectors

The characteristics of four (4) lithium drifted silicon surface barrier detectors have been studied. Detector noise and leakage current were measured at the beginning and end of a sixteen (16) mounth interval. The thickness of the intrinsic region, at the beginning and end of a fourteen (14) month interval, was determined by use of proton beams from the University of Southern California Linac and the University of Colorado cyclotron. Detector noise measurements were made using both a standard pulser technique and the photopeak from Ba133 . The noise and leakage were measured at -54°C, +20°C aud +60°C. The detector leakage was measured as a function of bias at +20°C. The detector thickness measurements were also performed at +20°C
Horn Fly and Face Fly Control on Beef Cattle Using Back Rubbers and Dust Bags Containing Coumaphos or Fenthion

Cooperative studies were conducted at various locations in South Dakota during the summers of 1967 and 1968 to determine effectiveness of dust bags containing 1.0 or 5.0% coumaphos or 5.0% fenthion and back rubbers containing 1.0% coumaphos or 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% fenthion for controlling horn flies and face flies. Both chemicals, regardless of concentrations, provided good horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), control and aided in reducing face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, populations. Complete control of face flies was obtained in I experiment using a tank-type back rubber containing 1% fenthion. The degree of horn fly and face fly control obtained in all experiments was associated closely with utilization of back rubbers and dust bags by cattle.
Third-person effects and direct-to-consumer advertisements for antidepressants.

Background: This study examines the evidence for a third- person effect (TPE) in the reactions of individuals affected by depression to direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements for antidepressants. TPE predicts that people will perceive the self to be less vulnerable to such advertisements than others. Previous research has identified such an effect, but did so in general population surveys. Past Previous research has also found a link between depression and diminished self-serving biases; whether this would be the case for TPE is unknown. Methods: An online questionnaire was administered to 148 participants in an Internet depression support group to investigate their perceptions of the influence of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements for antidepressants. Results: Consistent with expectations derived from third-person effect TPE research, participants, although relatively neutral in their attitudes toward such advertisements, nevertheless perceived other individuals with depression as more influenced than themselves. Positive attitudes towards DTC advertisements and depressive symptoms at the time of the survey were each negatively associated with this third-person perception (TPE). Conclusions: Individuals who have been diagnosed with depression and who participated in an online depression support group believe that they are less vulnerable to the influence of DTC advertisements than the typical person with a history of depression. This is moderated by attitudes towards DTC advertisements as well as by depressive symptoms, each of which is associated with a weakened TPE. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the minimum of independent geometrically distributed random variables

The expectations E(X(sub 1)), E(Z(sub 1)), and E(Y(sub 1)) of the minimum of n independent geometric, modifies geometric, or exponential random variables with matching expectations differ. We show how this is accounted for by stochastic variability and how E(X(sub 1))/E(Y(sub 1)) equals the expected number of ties at the minimum for the geometric random variables. We then introduce the 'shifted geometric distribution' and show that there is a unique value of the shift for which the individual shifted geometric and exponential random variables match expectations both individually and in the minimums.
Bridge Dynamics for Capillary-Based Liquid Deposition

A new capillary-based lithography technique of liquid droplet deposition is further developed. Main advantage of this method in comparison with others techniques is that it is non-invasive both to the substrate and to the writing tip. The method is studied both theoretically and experimentally. To adequately describe bridge dynamics between the capillary and the substrate, proper boundary conditions must be set in the model for the liquid-surface interface. Based on literature review, two laws of contact line motion are identified: Tanner’s law and Blake’s equation. These two approaches are tested in multiple experiments with different retraction speeds from 3 microns/s to 300 microns/s. Analysis of the experimental data show that both Tanner’s and Blake’s equation can describe the correlation between the contact line velocity and the dynamic contact angle. In addition, both laws are employed in the direct numerical simulation of the bridge dynamics using 3D spectral boundary element method. Modeling results are compared with experimental data and show good agreement.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Electronic control of the competitive π donation in heteroatom substituted CpFe(CO)2(olefin)BF4 complexes and the resulting influence on the symmetry of the metal to olefin bond

Abstract Nucleophilic, single substitution of CpFe ( CO ) 2 ( cis - η 2 - ( EtO ) CHCH ( OEt ) ) + BF 4 - with para substituted anilines was used to prepare a series of cis Fp olefin complexes 10 – 14 of the general formula, CpFe ( CO ) 2 [ η 2 - ( EtO ) CHCHNH ( p - C 6 H 4 X ) ] + BF 4 - , where X = OMe ( 10 ), Me ( 11 ), Cl, ( 12 ), COMe ( 13 ), and CN ( 14 ). These complexes contain both vinyl oxygen and vinyl nitrogen π donors capable of p–π donation to the olefin. This series allows a comparison of competitive π donor strengths as X is varied across the series. Correlation of the Hammett σ para parameters for X with the 13 C NMR shifts of the metal coordinated vinyl carbons demonstrated that as the electron withdrawing character of the para substituent was increased, the aniline (while still the dominant π donor) competed less effectively with the cis ethoxy group, moving the Fp + moiety toward a more central point along the olefin face. The implication of such control for the nucleophilic substitution chemistry of these complexes is discussed.
Local connections between the columns of the periaqueductal gray matter: a case for intrinsic neuromodulation

Abstract Chemical stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) in conscious animals produces opposite responses (viz., defensive behavior and pressor responses from the lateral PAG column vs. quiescence and depressor responses from the ventrolateral PAG column), raising the possibility that PAG columns are interconnected. To test this hypothesis, two types of anatomical experiments were performed in rats. First, the anterograde axonal marker Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) was injected into individual PAG columns or adjoining regions which included the Edinger–Westphal, dorsal raphe, and precommissural nuclei. Ten days later, the intrinsic PAG projections were studied. Our results show that each PAG column projects bilaterally to all of the other PAG columns, and also provides local connections within its own column. Furthermore, the Edinger–Westphal and precommissural nuclei project to all four PAG columns, while the dorsal raphe nucleus projects only to the ventrolateral and lateral columns. In a second experiment, we found that cardiovascular-related PAG projection neurons of both the lateral and ventrolateral columns receive inputs from the reciprocal PAG column. This was demonstrated by a double tracer neuroanatomical study in which PHA-L was first iontophoretically ejected into either the lateral or ventrolateral PAG columns and then, several days later the retrograde transneuronal viral tracer, pseudorabies virus, was injected into the stellate sympathetic ganglion. Intra-PAG circuits were visualized by a dual immunohistochemical procedure. These results suggest that during the fight-or-flight response when the `fight' program is activated, the `flight' PAG network may be inhibited and the converse situation may occur during the flight response.
Brain Temperature Alters Hydroxyl Radical Production during Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats:

Selective neuronal cell death in the CA, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and neurons of the dorsolateral striatum as a consequence of brain ischemia/reperfusion (IR) can be ameliorated with brai...
Cloning and expression pattern of dog SDF-1 and the implications of altered expression of SDF-1 in ischemic myocardium

Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) plays a pivotal role in the mobilization and homing of stem cells, indicative of its potential in myocardial regeneration after heart damage. The use of large animal models in cardiac surgery research plays an essential role in the translation of results from basic studies into clinical trials. Considering the aforesaid two reasons, for the first time, we cloned dog SDF-1 cDNA and characterized the constitutive expression pattern of SDF-1 gene in normal dog tissues and the dynamic expression pattern in a dog model of myocardial infarction (MI) by means of ELISA test, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In a dog model of MI, We also examined and compared the differentially expressed pattern of SDF-1 between infarct area and border zone of myocardium in order to explore the implication of differentially distribution of SDF-1 in the mobilization and homing of stem cells to the damaged heart. Our results provide insights into expression pattern and pathophysiologic significance of dog SDF-1 in normal and heart-damaged dogs.
A decomposition method for the stability analysis of large microbial systems.

Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to present a method for the stability analysis of microbial systems consisting of a large number of different populations of microorganisms. The overall system is decomposed into easily analyzable subsystems and its stability characteristics are deduced from those of a properly constructed linear system of lower dimension. Several examples are provided which demonstrate the use of the method in studying the dynamics of some interacting microbial populations which grow under continuous flow conditions and, after a parametric analysis, the regions of the parameters which guarantee coexistence are found.