cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Status of Migrants

Migrants are subject to the diseases of both their host and home countries. In order to study the health consequences of migration the morbidity mortality and fertility patterns of Quechua-speakers in lowland Bolivia were compared to those of Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the region. Quechua-speakers (mostly migrants) reported similar numbers of illnesses and disability days but significantly higher fertility and infant mortality rates than Spanish-speakers (mostly nonmigrants). (authors)
Adventures in El Norte The Identities and Immigration of Unaccompanied Youth

Research on migration typically focuses on adults; yet, each year, thousands of children and adolescents immigrate to the United States independently. The experiences and identities of these young immigrants are complicated by a myriad of social locations, not least of all their gender identity. Based on sixteen qualitative interviews with men who immigrated to the United States as unaccompanied minors in the 1990s and 2000s, this article provides an intersectional understanding of the dynamic relationship between masculine identity and migration experience for adolescent men who migrate by themselves. In particular, this work explores how migration can serve as a “male quest story,” allows young men to take economic responsibility for their families, and provides the opportunity for men to escape local forms of violent masculinities.
Proactive Control of Approximate Programs

Approximate computing trades off accuracy of results for resources such as energy or computing time. There is a large and rapidly growing literature on approximate computing that has focused mostly on showing the benefits of approximate computing. However, we know relatively little about how to control approximation in a disciplined way. In this paper, we address the problem of controlling approximation for non-streaming programs that have a set of "knobs" that can be dialed up or down to control the level of approximation of different components in the program. We formulate this control problem as a constrained optimization problem, and describe a system called Capri that uses machine learning to learn cost and error models for the program, and uses these models to determine, for a desired level of approximation, knob settings that optimize metrics such as running time or energy usage. Experimental results with complex benchmarks from different problem domains demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Law and Development in West and Central Africa (OHADA)

This seminar paper considers whether OHADA - an experiment in unifying business law in African countries - has been a success. Following a prologue that explains the origins of the paper, the first part of the paper sets out basic information about the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en Afrique (“Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa,” known by the acronym OHADA). This part is followed by a review of law and development literature to assess the value of this literature for an evaluation of the success (or not) of OHADA. A third part then focuses on one specific uniform law, the law of secured transactions. The paper concludes that notwithstanding challenges the OHADA institutions exist and have produced uniform business laws for the formal business sector. Whether OHADA has been the cause of increased investment and trade requires studies that have not been carried out.
T. S. Eliot’s ‘Obscurity’ in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

T. S. Eliot's earliest verse is composed of observations, detached, ironic, and alternatively disillusioned and nostalgic in tone. Eliot's mingling of subtle observation with unexpected cliche represents a difficulty that is often magnified because too much 'obscurity' is assumed. This paper aims at clarifying the 'obscurity' by means of a stylistic analysis of the linguistic devices that the poet used to create "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and its intended meaning. Adopting the concept of style as 'foregrounding', the idea that style is constituted by departures from linguistic norms, it analyzes the poem in terms of its lexical foregrounding, and adopting the concept of style as 'choice', the idea that style is constituted by choices of linguistic devices, it analyzes the poem in terms of its syntactic choices. It claims that it is the systematic foregrounding or violation of the norm of the standard which makes possible the poetic utilization of language. Without seeing foregrounding as a poet's linguistic device, there could be no poetry for the poet or no possible understanding of poems for the reader. It also claims that stylistically significant syntactic choices by the poet serve effectively the intended meaning.
Structural Specification and Utility

Computer science in general and software engineering in particular are very dependent on formal specifications of the elements, structures, and operations of whatever is being designed for implementation on a computer. This dependency also extends to the area of HCI design. The definitions of a variety of interface structures (Chapter 4) and visualizable spaces in which those structures can be instantiated (Chapter 10) have been presented with the assertion that they are useful in designing interfaces. To bear that out, it is essential that the structural paradigms be properly included in the methodology for interface design and evaluation. This means that it must be possible to illustrate both their formal specification and their practical utility once they are specified.
Navigating Exterior Networks to Caramelo

This chapter examines several epitexts that Cisneros herself creates centered on dramatic and performative presentations of the self that deploy spectacles of ethnicity. Cognitive thresholds of the reading experience, these displays of latinidad, prepare readers for similar strategies of performance in Caramelo. Epitexts such as public birthday celebrations, interviews, and the material on her website join non-authorial epitexts such as the publisher’s Facebook page for Cisneros with multiple links to other paratexts about the writer and her work. The epitextual network of Caramelo also includes what can be termed “crowd-sourced advertising” for the novel including reviews, commentary, and ratings on sites such as Amazon and Goodreads. The novel’s extensive and expanding network of epitexts combines elements of hegemonic and populist multiculturalism.
Asymptotic Optimality of Extended Non-Delete Set Compound Rules for Classification Between N(-1,1) and N(1,1)

In this paper we consider N independent classifications between N(-1,1) and N(1,1) distributions. Ballard and Gilliland (1978) considered the sequence version of this problem, and the risk behavior of extended and unextended sequence compound rules were investigated. We consider the set version of the same problem, and study the N risk behavior of extended non-delete set compound rules.
Developing Local Oral Reading Fluency Cut Scores for Predicting High-Stakes Test Performance.

This study evaluated the classification accuracy of a second grade oral reading fluency curriculum-based measure (R-CBM) in predicting third grade state test performance. It also compared the long-term classification accuracy of local and publisher-recommended R-CBM cut scores. Participants were 266 students who were divided into a calibration sample (n = 170) and two cross-validation samples (n = 46; n = 50), respectively. Using calibration sample data, local fall, winter, and spring R-CBM cut scores for predicting students’ state test performance were developed using three methods: discriminant analysis (DA), logistic regression (LR), and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC). The classification accuracy of local and publisher-recommended cut scores was evaluated across subsamples. Only DA and ROC produced cut scores that maintained adequate sensitivity (≥.70) across cohorts; however, LR and publisher-recommended scores had higher levels of specificity and overall correct classification. Implications for developing local cut scores are discussed.
A weighted framework for unsupervised ensemble learning based on internal quality measures

Unsupervised ensemble, or consensus clustering, consists in finding the optimal combination strategy of individual clusterings that is robust with respect to the selection of an algorithmic clustering pool. Recently an approach was proposed based on the concept of consensus graph that has profound advantages over its predecessors. Despite its robust properties this approach assigns the same weight to the contribution of each clustering to the final solution. In this paper, we propose a weighting policy for this problem that is based on internal clustering quality measures and compare against other popular approaches. Results on publicly available datasets show that weights can significantly improve the accuracy performance while retaining the robust properties.
Hot corrosion: a modification of reactants causing degradation

It has been conjectured that if sulfur in the fuel is removed, engine materials will cease to experience attack from hot corrosion since the fuel sulfur has been viewed as the primary source that h...
Syntheses of 1,2,3-triazole-BODIPYs bearing up to three carbohydrate units

A series of BODIPYs bearing one (4b,c), two (6a) or three (3b) glucose units attached to the meso(8) and the boron atom positions were synthesized using a Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition reaction. The resulting 1,2,3-triazole-BODIPYs were characterized by 1H, 13C and 11B NMR, HRMS, and in the case of 4a and 4b by X-ray crystallography. Triazole-BODIPYs 3b, 4b and 6a were highly permeable in cells and non-toxic to human HEp2 cells, both in the dark and upon light irradiation (IC50 > 100 μM). The time-dependent cellular uptake increased with the increase number of glucose units.
Lipofibromatous Hamartoma of the Palmar Cutaneous Branch of the Median Nerve.

Background Lipofibromatous hamartoma (LFH) is a benign tumor of peripheral nerves, most commonly reported in the median nerve, and often associated with carpal tunnel symptoms. There have been nearly 200 reported cases of LFH in the median nerve, but to the authors’ knowledge, this 10-year-old girl represents the first case report involving the palmar cutaneous branch. Methods An excisional biopsy of the mass was performed via a standard midline palmar incision. The tumor was found encapsulating the palmar cutaneous branch, and thus it was sacrificed. Results The incision healed without issue, but the patient reported numbness in the palm of her hand as was expected. Conclusion LFH is a benign tumor, although it can cause symptoms due to mass effect. If the diagnosis is uncertain or a patient is symptomatic, excisional biopsy can be performed even if involving a cutaneous nerve.
Refocus Attention Towards Observing in Design Foundation Education

The ability to create sophisticated artifacts to improve life has been a hallmark of the human species. Over the years we’ve reached a point where nature has come to play a minor role in our daily lives. This affects almost every aspect of our existence: transport, housing, food production, communication, entertainment, etc. Such technological advances have brought efficiency, convenience and safety. Modern life would be unthinkable without the technological amenities and systems available to us. As a means of survival in a potentially hostile world, we have changed from active observers and participants within the environment into merely passive actors within the boundaries of a manmade reality whose comforts we have taken for granted. With the development of modern forms of communication beginning with the radio and television and recently the Internet and virtual reality, we have become further distanced from the natural world. It is now possible to live completely detached from nature. For everything natural, a substitute has been created. Even the intangible human imagination has been desensitized and “dis-trained” to see the world in a particular way that is now mediated by technology. Furthermore, the pacing of modern life leaves little room for rest, contemplation and reflection. This poses a great risk for aspiring designers who are tasked to envision a better world. It has become easy to draw upon information from far-flung places via the Internet, yet we neglect what lies in our immediate surroundings. To address this, John R. Stilgoe astutely calls for “regaining history and awareness in everyday places” in his manifesto “Outside Lies Magic” [1]. In the context of Design Foundation Education, it is essential to stimulate the skills of observation and discovery as a prerequisite for problem solving. The environment around us offers a surprising amount of solutions which can be unlocked when we access all of our senses. For design educators, it is critical to remind students that solutions can be right in front of them when they are willing to go outside. This case study intends to refocus attention towards observing what is already there in close physical proximity. With all the discoveries to be made outside, impressions can lead to a more thorough understanding of our environment and ultimately stimulate better solutions.
Actions of Angiotensin II on Isolated Cardiac Myocytes

Studies on isolated cardiac myocytes have demonstrated that the type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II receptor stimulates multiple cellular processes, including growth, gene expression, and contractility. The AT1 receptor of cardiac myocytes has been shown to activate G-protein-mediated signal transduction pathways, such as those linked to phospholipase C and D activation, and many of the actions of angiotensin II on cardiac myocytes are the consequence of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation and/or increased intracellular calcium. However, angiotensin II-induced protein synthesis may occur via a PKC-independent process involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. The AT1 receptor of cardiac myocytes also couples to novel signaling pathways, such as JAK–STAT, that are likely involved in cell growth, gene expression, or a cellular inflammatory response. In addition, angiotensin II may stimulate cell growth and gene expression of cardiac myocytes through an intracrine action involving a nuclear receptor. Paradoxically, angiotensin II has recently been shown to oppose hypertrophy, or even induce apoptosis, of cardiac myocytes through either the AT1 or type 2 (AT2) angiotensin II receptor. AT1 receptor-mediated apoptosis occurs in some ventricular myocytes in culture and appears to result from the stimulation of calcium-dependent endonucleases. Events linking AT2 receptors to inhibition of cell growth are less well defined but may involve activation of phosphatases. Finally, evidence indicates that angiotensin II may also indirectly stimulate the growth of cadiac myocytes through an AT1 receptor-mediated release of a trophic factor from cardiac fibroblasts.
Privatizing International Law

The old understanding of international law as something created solely by and for sovereigns is defunct. Today the production and enforcement of international law increasingly depends on private actors, not traditional political authorities. As with other public services that we used to take for granted – schools, prisons, energy utilities and transportation networks – privatization has come to international law.The tasks of this paper are both positive and normative. It both locates the privatization process within a broader model of law production and uses criteria supplied by that theory to assess its value. It argues that innovation in the production of international law may achieve considerable benefits. Changes in international economics and politics make experimentation imperative. At the same time, some forms of privatization pose considerable risks without corresponding benefits. The question whether international law applies at all to particular conduct is fundamental and has profound consequences. It involves a choice between legal systems, not simply a choice among applicable rules. Privatization that destabilizes the domain of international law, i.e., that makes it less clear where international rules apply, produces high costs that require exceptional justification.In particular, the last portion of the paper traces through a range of areas where the political branches, through statutes, have given different directions as to the application of international law in lawsuits. I argue that courts should follow these directions, not only because of a general obligation to fulfill statutory intent, but because disregard of them will confuse the general issue of when international law applies. Thus the courts should not expand the domain of international law when statutory law indicates otherwise, and should not demur from applying international law where legislation invokes it, no matter what private litigants seek and whether or not courts generally wish to contribute to the development of international law. As simple and straightforward as these propositions may seem, they resolve many pressing current disputes.
Perception as a Source of Justification of Belief

Most contemporary theories of the justification of empirical belief have ruled out sensory perception as a source of justification. The arguments favoring this position, however, have not sufficiently addressed the central points that Husserl has made in support of his claim that sensory perception is a source of justification. Husserl’s discussion undermines one of the main arguments used to deny perception an originating role, namely the argument whose grounds are the epistemic regress problem. When the phenomenological analyses which Husserl uses to support his position are extended beyond the point to which he developed them in order to bring out the role of future time-consciousness in verification, as this article does, there results an approach to epistemic justification which has promise as a rival to the coherentist and naturalistic theories that have become prevalent in recent times.
Vibrational and Electronic Excitation of Molecules by Short-Pulse Strong Laser Fields

For weak electromagnetic fields, vibrational and electronic excitation of molecules generally occurs through resonant one-photon interactions or two-photon Raman-type transitions. Short-pulse strong laser fields open up a variety of new excitation schemes, which are characterized by non-resonant or high-order resonant interactions. The study of vibrational and electronic excitation of molecules by strong laser fields is important for a number of reasons: (1) It reveals new features of the strong field interaction with molecules, such as R-dependent ionization and inner orbital ionization; (2) It informs other studies such as high-harmonic generation and quantum tomography. In particular, it probes various assumptions that are made, such as only one orbital is active and the ionization rate is a maximum along the internuclear axis; (3) It allows for the spectroscopy of previously inaccessible states of the molecules, such as the charge resonant state of I2 2 + and the excited states of H2 + ; (4) It may lead to novel methods for creating population inversions in the vaccum–ultraviolet; (5) It may lead to new methods for coherent control of thermal ensembles. In this paper, we present an overview of these strong field excitation schemes and give examples for many of them.
Strategies for recruiting a sample of adults with type 2 diabetes from primary care clinics in rural Appalachia: Incorporating cultural competence

Abstract Background Recruiting research participants from primary care in rural Appalachia is a major challenge and can be influenced by cultural characteristics, making it critically important to incorporate strategies of cultural competence in the overall design of clinical research. Objectives The purpose of this paper is to describe culturally competent strategies used for recruitment and data collection with a sample of adults with type 2 diabetes from primary care settings in Appalachia. Design The Purnell model of cultural competence and relevant literature served as a framework for study design. Four overarching approaches informed the organization of recruitment strategies and development of the data collection plan. Procedures The approaches included selection of research sites, establishing collaborations, sustaining collaborative relationships, and enhancing understanding of benefits of participation. Four recruitment sites were selected based on potential to enhance diversification of participants; multiple steps were included in each of the three remaining approaches to build relationships and gain participation. A study log was maintained to provide evaluation data. Results Recruitment took 14 months and a sample of 102 subjects provided consent with 101 participants providing complete data. Demographics were representative of the region except that African American participation was higher (6.9%) compared to current north central Appalachia (3%). Over 72% of participants indicated they would be interested in participating in future studies. Conclusions These findings emphasize the importance of employing strategies for cultural competence in study design. Use of concepts from the Purnell model led to enhanced representativeness and potential for subsequent generalizability.
The Role of Behavioral Medicine in Integrated Healthcare

This chapter reviews evidence from randomized controlled trials that demonstrate the importance of behavioral interventions for improving lifestyle behaviors and preventing and treating chronic diseases. Taking a lifespan approach, we review trials including participants ranging from children to elderly adults, and show that critical components of effective interventions include targeting self-regulation and self-efficacy through strategies such as self-monitoring, receiving feedback, developing action plans, and utilizing effective goal setting strategies. Although limited research exists on comparing the effectiveness of integrating behavioral health experts into the integrated care team, the effects of traditional randomized trials show the consistent effectiveness of implementing behavioral interventions with a high fidelity of delivery. Furthermore, there is a growing literature that supports the cost-effectiveness of behavioral interventions on reducing hospital utilization and medication usage. Thus, the field of behavioral medicine has the potential to play a fundamental role in reducing healthcare utilization and costs by improving lifestyle habits that have been related to the prevention of chronic diseases.
On Nonregularized Estimation of Psychological Networks.

An important goal for psychological science is developing methods to characterize relationships between variables. Customary approaches use structural equation models to connect latent factors to a number of observed measurements, or test causal hypotheses between observed variables. More recently, regularized partial correlation networks have been proposed as an alternative approach for characterizing relationships among variables through off-diagonal elements in the precision matrix. While the graphical Lasso (glasso) has emerged as the default network estimation method, it was optimized in fields outside of psychology with very different needs, such as high dimensional data where the number of variables (p) exceeds the number of observations (n). In this article, we describe the glasso method in the context of the fields where it was developed, and then we demonstrate that the advantages of regularization diminish in settings where psychological networks are often fitted ( p≪n ). We first show that improved properties of the precision matrix, such as eigenvalue estimation, and predictive accuracy with cross-validation are not always appreciable. We then introduce nonregularized methods based on multiple regression and a nonparametric bootstrap strategy, after which we characterize performance with extensive simulations. Our results demonstrate that the nonregularized methods can be used to reduce the false-positive rate, compared to glasso, and they appear to provide consistent performance across sparsity levels, sample composition (p/n), and partial correlation size. We end by reviewing recent findings in the statistics literature that suggest alternative methods often have superior performance than glasso, as well as suggesting areas for future research in psychology. The nonregularized methods have been implemented in the R package GGMnonreg.
Bayesian Joint Estimation of Multiple Graphical Models

In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian group regularization method based on the spike and slab Lasso priors for jointly estimating multiple graphical models. The proposed method can be used to estimate the common sparsity structure underlying the graphical models while capturing potential heterogeneity of the precision matrices corresponding to those models. Our theoretical results show that the proposed method enjoys the optimal rate of convergence in $\ell_\infty$ norm for estimation consistency and has a strong structure recovery guarantee even when the signal strengths over different graphs are heterogeneous. Through simulation studies and an application to the capital bike-sharing network data, we demonstrate the competitive performance of our method compared to existing alternatives.
Apparent dust size discrepancy in aerosol reanalysis in north African dust after long-range transport

Abstract. North African dust reaches the southeast United States every summer. Measurements taken in Miami, Florida indicate that more than one-half of the surface dust mass concentrations reside in particles with diameters less than 2.1 μm, while vertical profiles of micropulse lidar depolarization ratios show dust reaching above four km during pronounced events. These observations are compared to the representation of dust in the MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis and closely-related GEOS-5 Forward Processing (FP) aerosol product, both of which assimilate satellite-derived aerosol optical depths using a similar protocol and inputs. These capture the day-to-day variability in aerosol optical depth well, in a comparison to an independent sun-photometer-derived aerosol optical depth dataset. Measured near-surface dust mass concentrations slightly exceed model values, with most of the modeled dust mass in diameters between 2–6 μm. Modeled-specified mass extinction efficiencies equate light extinction with approximately three times as much aerosol mass, in this size range, compared to the measured dust sizes. GEOS-5 FP surface-layer sea salt mass concentrations greatly exceed observed values, despite realistic winds and relative humidities. In combination, these observations help explain, why, despite realistic total aerosol optical depths, 1) free-tropospheric model volume extinction coefficients are lower than those retrieved from the micro-pulse lidar, suggesting too low model dust loadings, and 2) model dust mass concentrations near the surface are higher than those measured. The modeled vertical distribution of dust, when captured, is reasonable. Large, aspherical particles exceeding the modeled dust sizes are also occasionally present, but dust particles with diameters exceeding ten μm contribute little to the measured total dust mass concentrations after such long-range transport. A further integrated assessment is needed to confirm this study's interpretations.
They Call Us and We Go.

They Call Us and We Go In medical school, we learn that physicians do not turn away from human suffering: when we’re called, we go. So though a PCP initially ignored a call for volunteer staff for ...
Dielectric breakdown in epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films

In this work, thin epitaxial layers of dielectric barium titanate (BaTiO3 or BTO) were grown on Nb-doped strontium titanate (001) substrates using either molecular beam epitaxy or atomic layer deposition and then electrically stressed to the point of breakdown. The BTO layer thicknesses were in the range of 20–60 nm, and typical breakdown fields were in the range of 1.5–3.0 MV/cm. Electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to provide information about the degradation mechanism. High-resolution imaging revealed widespread structural damage in the BTO films after breakdown had occurred, with substantial polycrystallinity as well as amorphous regions. EELS analysis of the stressed films showed characteristic signatures of valence change in the Ti L23 EELS spectra associated with the accumulation of oxygen vacancies. Stressed heterostructures that had been patterned by electron lithography showed similar trends, including degraded crystallinity as well as oxygen loss.
Comparing methods for predicting the impacts of invasive species

With the accelerating spread of invasive species around the globe, there is an urgent need to predict where invaders are likely to have the largest impacts and what those impacts will be. Predicting the impacts of individual invasive species a priori has proven to be a problematic endeavor, and several possible methods for doing this have been proposed. In this study we use a model system to compare the different predictive methods that have been proposed to determine which provides the most accurate predictions. Community composition in this system was measured at two separate sites in the Gulf of Maine 20 years ago, just before the arrival of the invasive Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. We repeated the community assessment at each site and determined the overall impacts of this invader over the last two decades. We then predicted the likely impacts based on the historical community composition using 3 methods: the invasion history of this species at sites further south along the mid-Atlantic, scaling up per capita consumption rates that have been measured on individual species in the recipient community, and using mesocosm experiments that used a range of experimental approaches. We show that the invader has had clear, but moderate impacts on the invaded sites since its arrival. We further show that for this omnivorous consumer, predictions based on invasion history and on long term field mesocosm experiments performed much better than predictions based on scaling up from consumption on individual species or based on short term mesocosm experiments conducted in the lab or field. These results highlight potential biases that can be produced by some mesocosm approaches and by scaling up from per capita consumption on individual prey species measured in isolation to predict consumer impacts under more natural conditions.
Design of a Low-Cost, Lightweight Smart Wheelchair

This paper presents a smart wheelchair, a customized version of a commercially available manual one. The motivation of this research was to support individuals with limited mobility in navigating their world. The proposed automated wheelchair consists of a stereo depth camera, LIDAR, DC gear motor, motor controller, joystick, emergency switch, processors, etc. The users have the option of controlling where their wheelchair goes by navigating themselves through the joystick or automatically through the developed hands-free application. This app relays back to the Jetson processor situated underneath the chair, which has the capability to move through any indoor location to reach the user's chosen destination. Although the initial research goal was to enable the wheelchair to navigate a patient through an indoor hospital facility, this low-cost, lightweight wheelchair is envisioned to be employed in all indoor locations and accessible by a broader range of users than just the wealthy few. The project's design files have been made available so that this open-source wheelchair can be reproduced publicly.
Chitosan–Stem Cell Interactions

Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, has been extensively used for tissue engineering in the form of hydrogel, scaffolds, microparticles, nanoparticles, and nanofibers. To develop composite constructs with targeted tissue regeneration, chitosan is often combined with hydroxyapatite, collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, silk fibroin, etc. biomaterials. In addition to this, chitosan is often modified with varied physico-chemical properties. For regenerative application, to improve the efficacy of constructs, chitosan in various forms is combined with various stem cells, among which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied widely. In this review we focused on the studies that exclusively used chitosan in combination with multipotent adipose and bone marrow-derived MSCs and pluripotent-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). When cultured on chitosan, stem cells displayed greater affinity in terms of cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation into functional cell types both in vitro albeit different potential. When transplanted in vivo, stem cell-laden chitosan constructs showed greater integrity into the host system, differentiated into targeted cells, and demonstrated improved repair of the damaged tissue. These studies provide great insight into the current and future potential of chitosan for regenerative applications.
Prisoner Incorporation: The Work of the State and Nongovernmental Organizations

This article brings the concept of incorporation as used in studies of citizenship into the analysis of the reception of ex-prisoners by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). I introduce the concept of ‘prisoner incorporation’ to illustrate the ways in which NGOs, tasked with reentry work through devolution policies, include ex-prisoners as citizens. I use data from policy and organizational documents, interviews with staff at 18 NGOs, and program observations to demonstrate that incorporation varies by religious and political orientation and the receipt of Department of Corrections (DOC) funding. I distinguish between NGOs focused on ‘classic reentry’, which emphasizes treatment and work-focused economic incorporation, and those focused on ‘broader incorporation’, in which domestic labor, culture, religion, and politics warrant the inclusion of ex-prisoners as citizens in particular communities. Based on the results, I reconsider arguments that NGOs have a limited ability to shape the citizenship of criminalized people.
Eosinophilic Vasculitic Neuropathy As A Presentation Of Churg-Strauss Syndrome (P2.445)

Objective: To report a case of eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitic neuropathy in Churg Strauss Syndrome (CSS) Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a common presentation of CSS. Eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitic neuropathy is a rare form of vasculitic neuropathy associated with this condition. Design/Methods: Description of a case report Results: A 53-year old female with past medical history of asthma developed progressive symmetrical distal weakness and paresthesias in 4 weeks’ duration. Her symptoms started a month prior as erythematous rash on her feet followed by weakness in both hands and foot drop. Neurological exam showed significant bilateral wrist flexor and ankle dorsiflexor weakness and distal sensory loss. The presumptive diagnosis was Guillain Barre syndrome. However, lumbar puncture yielded normal CSF analysis. Electrophysiological studies showed acute active axonal asymmetrical sensorimotor neuropathy. Her blood work was significant for 65% eosinophils in complete blood count, markedly elevated sedimentation rate and positive p-ANCA with elevated myeloperoxidase level. A sural nerve biopsy showed severe generalized decreased density of myelinated nerve fibers, acute axonal degeneration in teased fiber preparation, granulomatous collections of eosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages adjacent to large epineurial arterioles and fibrinoid necrosis of vessel walls diagnostic for eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitis. Based on a history of asthma, eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitis, eosinophilia, and positive myeloperoxidase, she was diagnosed with CSS and was started on cyclophosphamide 500 mg IV every 2 weeks for 6 weeks and methylprednisolone 500 mg IV daily for 6 days followed by oral prednisolone. The patient had improvement in her motor and sensory functions upon follow-up visit. Conclusions: Eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitis is a rare form of vasculitic neuropathy associated with CSS. Subacute symmetrical distal weakness can be a clinical presentation. The diagnosis requires a nerve biopsy showing typical eosinophilic granulomatous perivascular inflammation. Aggressive immunotherapy can improve motor and sensory functions. Disclosure: Dr. Devarapalli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thaisetthawatkul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zabad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dyck has nothing to disclose.
Sub-therapeutic colchicine levels in a patient treated for acute pericarditis in the setting of carbamazepine use: A case report.

What is known and objective Colchicine is a standard therapy for the treatment of acute pericarditis. It is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is subject to potential drug interactions. Multiple case reports describe accumulation of colchicine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, but limited data exist for increased colchicine clearance with CYP3A4 inducers. We describe a case of idiopathic haemorrhagic pericarditis treated with colchicine but rendered ineffective given potential drug interaction with carbamazepine. Case summary A 61-year-old man with a history of seizures presented to the emergency department with severe chest pain radiating to the back and was found to have a large pericardial effusion. The patient underwent pericardiocentesis, which demonstrated a haemorrhagic pericardial effusion. After an extensive workup, he was treated for idiopathic pericarditis with anti-inflammatories and colchicine but failed to improve despite adequate colchicine loading and maintenance dosing. A serum colchicine level was checked given a potential CYP3A4 drug interaction in the setting of chronic carbamazepine use and was found to be sub-therapeutic. Concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers in the setting of colchicine use can render anti-inflammatory strategies ineffective and may result in treatment failure. What is new and conclusion Due to its hepatic and intestinal metabolism by CYP3A4 enzymes, colchicine is susceptible to drug-drug interactions resulting in either toxicities or rendering it ineffective with concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers, respectively. Carbamazepine, a common anti-epileptic medication and known inducer of the CYP3A4 enzyme, may reduce levels of colchicine in the blood resulting in treatment failure. Further study is required to determine if dose adjustments may overcome this drug interaction.
Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of T Cell Subtypes Reveals Senescent and Cytotoxic Genes in Alzheimer's Disease

Recent studies identifying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in immune cells have uncovered important links between disease risk alleles and gene expression trends in monocytes, T cells, and other cell types. However, these studies are generally done with young, healthy subjects, limiting the utility of their findings for age-related conditions such as Alzheimer9s disease (AD). We have performed RNA sequencing on four T cell subsets in genome-wide genotyped and well-characterized AD subjects and age- and sex-matched healthy controls from the Religious Orders Study/Memory and Aging Project. Correlating gene expression data with AD neuropathological traits, and with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to detect eQTLs, we identified several significant genes involved in T cell senescence and cytotoxicity, consistent with T cell RNA sequencing studies in aged/AD cohorts. We identified unexpected eQTLs previously associated with neuropsychiatric disease traits. Finally, we discovered that pathways related to axon guidance and synaptic function were enriched among trans-eQTLs in coding regions of the genome. Overall, our data sheds more light on the genetic basis behind phenotypic changes in T cells during aging and AD.
The relationships among body weight, body composition, and intramuscular fat content in steers

Angus steers of known age (265 +/- 17 d) and parentage were used in a 2-yr study (yr 1, n = 40; yr 2, n = 45) to evaluate the relationship between percentage of i.m. fat content of the longissimus dorsi at the 12th rib and carcass characteristics during growth of nonimplanted steers. Steers were sorted by age and EPD of paternal grandsire for marbling into high- and low-marbling groups so that steers with varying degrees of genetic potential for marbling were evenly distributed across slaughter groups. All steers were fed a 90% concentrate corn-based diet. Steers were allotted to five slaughter groups targeted to achieve hot carcass weights (HCW) of 204, 250, 295, 340, and 386 kg over the course of the feeding period. Data were analyzed as a completely random design with a factorial arrangement of treatments (year, marbling group, and slaughter group). Marbling group did not affect backfat, LM area, yield grade (YG), or marbling score. Regression equations were developed to quantify the change in carcass characteristics and composition over slaughter groups. Hot carcass weight increased in a linear fashion and differed (P < 0.01) among the slaughter groups as anticipated by design. Yield grade followed a quadratic upward pattern (P < 0.01) as HCW increased. Slaughter group affected the degree of marbling linearly (P < 0.01). There were no slaughter group x marbling group interactions, indicating that no differences occurred in the pattern of marbling attributable to paternal grandsire EPD. Carcasses expressed small degrees of marbling at 266 kg of HCW and obtained a YG of 3.0 at 291 kg of HCW. Fractional growth rates decelerated with increasing HCW. Greater advances in marbling relative to total carcass fatness occurred at HCW less than 300 kg. Management practices early in growth may influence final quality grade if compensatory i.m. fat content development does not occur.
Race and Gender in the Law Review

A number of years ago a noted historian of the American West, Patricia Limerick, addressed the plenary session of the Association of American Law Schools. In her speech, she described how the received history of the West consisted of a narrative in which explorers like Lewis and Clark entered and discovered a vast empty territory. This account was, of course, inaccurate; as Limerick pointed out, the West was populated before the explorers arrived, just not with folks like them. And, she noted, how much more interesting the story has become since we can now see that empty land as populated with diverse peoples.As important, the traditional narrative obscured the bloody reality of extermination, enslavement, and domination by white settlers that placed them in a position to construct an official history. It deleted as well the resistance of the peoples the settlers tried to subjugate. The story has become both less noble and more complicated once contested by the perspectives of people of color.
Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Assessment

Cross-cultural assessment refers to the practice of acquiring test data on persons who differ culturally. Such assessment practices originally were used somewhat exclusively by persons who specialized in cross-cultural psychology, a branch of psychology that studies similarities and variances in human behavior and psychological constructs across cultures (VandenBos, 2007). Cross-cultural scholarship has been described as growing from a whisper in the 1960s to a thriving enterprise in the twenty-first century (Segall, Lonner, & Berry, 1998). This growth is seen, in part, in an increase in the numbers of cross-cultural studies, going from an estimated 600 in 1978 to approximately 1,500 in 2003 (van de Vijver, 2006). Keywords: cross-cultural assessment; cultural differences; emic and etic; statistical methods
The elasticity of demand for an imperfectly competitive firm : A shortcut technique

Abstract This paper offers a computational technique for the price elasticity of demand of private buyers when an imperfectly competitive firm sells its product to both private buyers and to a public assistance program which pays a fixed price. An example is given for Nursing Home care.
The Influence of Observed Stock Price Changes on Analysts' Earnings Forecast Revisions: Experimental Evidence

Prior research demonstrates that the sign and magnitude of analysts' earnings forecast revisions are positively associated with the sign and magnitude of prior security returns. In an experiment, we examine whether observed stock price changes influence analysts' earnings forecast revisions in the context of varying levels of uncertainty about future earnings. We find that analysts' earnings forecast revisions are influenced by observed stock price changes when uncertainty about future earnings is high, but not when uncertainty about future earnings is low. Additional analyses provide evidence that the effect of uncertainty about future earnings on analysts' earnings forecast revisions is mediated by analysts' confidence in their forecasts. Results suggest that part of the association between analysts' earnings forecast revisions and prior security returns is likely due to analysts observing stock price changes and incorporating price information, either intentionally or unintentionally, into their forecasts.
American Indian Nonfiction: An Anthology of Writings, 1760s–1930s

Review of: "American Indian Nonfiction: An Anthology of Writings, 1760s–1930s," edited by Bernd C. Peyer.
tRNA Structure and Ribosomal Function: I. tRNA Nucleotide 27-43 Mutations Enhance First Position Wobble

Abstract Transfer RNA su7 G36 is a derivative of tRNATrp with a 3′GUC anticodon complementary to the glutamine codon CAG. This tRNA requires a normally forbidden G-U wobble at the first codon position to suppress a UAG (amber) termination codon. Measurement of amber suppression by mutated su7 G36 tRNAs and correction for tRNA levels and aminoacylation allowed calculation of KUAG, a linearized index of in vivo ribosomal function. Following saturating mutagenesis of the anticodon arm of su7 G36, screening for UAG suppression using a lacZ reporter yielded tRNAs with up to 40-fold increased first position G-U wobble, judged from KUAG. The parental anticodon helix has minimized this type of miscoding, and virtually all changes in the top base-pair of the anticodon helix, nucleotides (nt) 27-43, increased the error. Thus, misincorporation of amino acids due to aberrant first position wobble is apparently prevented by normal tRNA structure, which is specifically altered by substitution at nt 27-43, the top base pair of the anticodon helix. All 16 permutations of nt 27-43, the hotspot for increased wobble, were subsequently constructed and compared. Comparison of values for tRNA coding function, tRNA level, and aminoacylation for the 16 suggest that a tRNA conformational change, specifically involving both nt 27-43, differentially affects all these tRNA functions. This conformational alteration, which presumably occurs normally on the ribosome, appears more complex than simple breakage of the normal 27-43 base-pair. We suggest that the change is in the angle and/or flexibility of the tRNA L-shape. Among these 16 tRNAs, efficient wobble is strongly and inversely correlated with good aminoacylation and high tRNA levels; this quality may have been selected. Constraints on the sequences of natural tRNAs suggest that nt 27-43 have effects on function in many tRNAs.