cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering based hyperspectral imaging of plasmonic nanoplate clusters towards biomedical applications

A new optical scattering contrast-agent based on polymer-nanoparticle encapsulated silver nanoplates (PESNs) is presented. Silver nanoplates were chosen due to the flexibility of tuning their plasmon frequencies. The polymer coating preserves their physical and optical properties and confers other advantages such as controlled contrast agent delivery. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations model the interaction of light with the nanoplates in different orientations in the cluster. Hyperspectral dark field microscopy (HYDFM) observes the scattering spectra of the PESNs. An unsupervised sequential maximum angle convex cone (SMACC) image analysis resolves spectral endmembers corresponding to different stacking orientations of the nanoplates. The orientation-dependent endmembers qualitatively agree with the FDTD results. For contrast enhancement, the uptake and spatial distribution of PESNs are demonstrated by an HYDFM study of single melanoma cells to result in an enhanced contrast of up to 400%. A supervised spatial mapping of the endmembers obtained by the unsupervised SMACC algorithm reveals spatial distributions of PESNs with various clustering orientations of encapsulated nanoplates. Our study demonstrates tunability in plasmonics properties in clustered metal nanoparticles and its utility for the development of scatter-based imaging contrast agents for a broad range of applications, including studies of single cells and other biomedical systems.
The Land Use Energy Connection

To date, most planners have focused on the relationship between urban form and energy consumption. They argue that compact housing and urban patterns reduce both household and transportation energy use and should be promoted to combat a variety of ills, including import dependency and climate change. However, planners also have a strong role to play in energy production, particularly with the increasing adoption of renewable forms of energy. Planners will play an integral part in harmonizing local land use regulations and policies that will either promote or hinder the adoption of these technologies. In this article, we review industry and government reports, regulations, professional standards, news articles, and peer-reviewed literature in disparate fields. We identify pertinent environmental and land use planning issues of different types of centralized, distributed, conventional, and renewable energy generation, the implications and externalities of their fuel extraction, transportation, transmission ...
Can God speak? Does God speak?

This paper critically examines what Nicholas Wolterstorff has to say in Divine Discourse in response to the two questions in the title. It tries to show that his argument for the conclusion that God can have the obligations of a speaker is defective. It also tries to show that his argument for the conclusion that some actual person is entitled to believe that God has spoken to her is incomplete. The paper's conclusion is that Wolterstorff's arguments fail to establish, or to provide strong grounds for accepting, a positive answer to either of the questions in its title.
EDITS: development of questionnaires for evaluating satisfaction with treatments for erectile dysfunction.

Abstract Objectives. To develop Patient and Partner versions of a psychometrically sound questionnaire, the EDITS (Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction), to assess satisfaction with medical treatments for erectile dysfunction. Methods. Treatment satisfaction differs from treatment efficacy as it focuses on a person's subjective evaluation of treatment received. Twenty-nine items representing the domain of treatment satisfaction for men and 20 representing partner satisfaction were generated. Two independent samples of 28 and 29 couples completed all items at two points in time. Spearman rank-order correlations were derived to assess test-retest reliability and couple coefficients of validity. Internal consistency coefficients were calculated for both Patient and Partner versions and a content validity panel was used to analyze content validity. Results. Only items that met all the following criteria were selected to comprise the final questionnaires: (a) range of response four or more out of five; (b) test-retest reliability greater than 0.70; (c) ratings by at least 70% of the content validity panel as belonging in and being important for the domain; and (d) significant correlation between the subjects' and partners' responses. Eleven patient items met criteria and formed the Patient EDITS; five partner items met criteria and formed the Partner EDITS. Scores on the two inventories were normally distributed with internal consistencies of 0.90 and 0.76, respectively. Test-retest reliability for the Patient EDITS was 0.98; for the Partner EDITS, it was 0.83. Conclusions. Reliability and validity were well established, enabling the EDITSs to be used to assess satisfaction with treatment modalities for erectile dysfunction and to explore the impact of patient and partner satisfaction on treatment continuation.
In the face of anger: Startle modulation to graded facial expressions

In the present study, the startle reflex was examined with respect to the degree of anger displayed in facial expressions. To this end, 52 participants viewed faces that were morphed to display 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% anger. As the percentage of anger in faces increased from 0 to 100%, faces were perceived as increasingly angry; however, relative to neutral facial expressions, startle amplitude was only potentiated to maximally angry faces. These data imply a non-linear relationship between the intensity of angry faces and defensive physiological activity. This pattern of startle modulation suggests a categorical distinction between threatening (100% anger) and other facial expressions presented. These results are further discussed in terms of existing data, and how this paradigm might be utilized in psychopathology research.
The Etiology of Opioid Dependence

The World Health Organization Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs (1964) defined drug dependence as ... a state of psychic or physical dependence, or both, on a drug, arising in a person following administration of that drug on a periodic or continuous basis. The characteristics of such a state will vary with the agent involved, and these characteristics must always be made clear by designating the particular type of drug dependence in each specific case; for example, drug dependence of the morphine type, of cocaine type, of cannabis type, of barbiturate type, of amphetamine type, etc. Common to all of these types of drug dependence is the concept of “psychic” or “psychological” dependence, which is defined as a drive that requires administration of the drug to produce pleasure or to avoid discomfort (Eddy et al., 1970). Psychic dependence is usually distinguished from “physical” dependence, which is inferred from the appearance of drug-specific, transient abstinence phenomena (autonomic and behavioral) when the drug is withdrawn abruptly. However, as Eddy et al. (1970) pointed out, physical dependence is a powerful factor in reinforcing the influence of psychic dependence. It would seem that the main distinction between psychic and physical dependence is that the former is a vaguely defined cluster of inferences derived from subjective reports of the subject, while the latter is inferred from objective changes in his autonomic nervous system and his behavior.
Frequency broadening by self-phase modulation in optical fibers

We examine the effects of optical nonlinearities that are due to the intensity-dependent index of refraction in optical fibers. The broadening of the frequency spectrum of an optical pulse will combine with the group-velocity dispersion, increasing the temporal pulse spreading, thereby limiting the information transmission rate. We derive an exact formula for the rms frequency width of a Gaussian input pulse after it undergoes self-phase modulation. This new formula gives good agreement with experimental results.
Characterization and control of a high-Q MEMS inertial sensor using low-cost hardware

We propose a high-performance, low-cost system for control and characterization of MEMS rate and rate-integrating gyroscopes and other resonant sensors. MEMS gyroscopes, some accelerometers and clocks utilize mechanical resonators. High-quality factor, low-frequency resonator devices with damping time constants from seconds to several minutes pose special characterization challenges. The proposed system uses the commercial “USRP” software defined radio (SDR) hardware and open source GnuRadio software as a platform for the proposed characterization and control system. For characterization of resonators, we developed software to perform dual channel swept-frequency gain-phase analysis, impulse response real-time spectral analysis, and ring down testing which achieve performance comparable to dedicated commercial hardware. To highlight the capabilities of the characterization tools, we implemented an automatic mode matching algorithm in the software. The same hardware is used for control of gyroscopes in either rate or rate integrating modes. We present here two control schemes; a rate-only control implemented entirely in the FPGA of a USRP1, and a hybrid software/firmware control which is capable of rate and rate-integrating operation. Experimental results of characterization, automatic tuning and rate-mode operation of a rate and rate-integrating MEMS gyroscope are presented to demonstrate the viability of the proposed system.
A quantitative and comparative analysis of linear and nonlinear spectral mixture models using radial basis function neural networks

A radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is developed to examine two mixing models, linear and nonlinear spectral mixtures, which describe the spectra collected by both airborne and laboratory-based spectrometers. The authors examine the possibility that there may be naturally occurring situations where the typically used linear model may not provide the most accurate resultant spectral description. Under such a circumstance, a nonlinear model may better describe the mixing mechanism.
Improving the Bit-per-Joule Performance of IEEE 802.11 Based Wireless Networks through High Power Transmissions

Energy consumption is of utmost importance in ad hoc wireless networks where battery-operated nodes have limited power resources. Energy consumption is also important in meshed WLAN networks such as emerging home entertainment networks and meshed WiMax metropolitan area networks. So far, it has been advocated that nodes have to operate at the lowest possible power level that keeps the network connected in order to best conserve energy in the system. This approach however results in increased internal traffic and forces more nodes to be awake to relay information to the intended receivers. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the transmit power and the transmit data rate on the bit-per-joule performance of IEEE 802.11 based ad hoc wireless networks. We assume nodes to use software controlled radios whose modulation/coding scheme and rate parameters can be dynamically selected. We then develop an analytical model to calculate the energy consumption rate in the network. Our model takes into account the energy spent when the nodes are idle or asleep, when transmitting control packets, as well as when relaying, retransmitting and receiving packets. We examine the performance efficiency of the throughput per unit energy consumed attained under the employment of different jointly selected transmit power levels and data rates. We then compare the results attained using our analytical model with results attained via simulation using transmit power levels and data rate values found in commercially available IEEE 802.11b WLAN cards. Our results show that, when traffic is uniformly distributed across the area of operations, increasing the nodal transmit power level increases the bits/sec per watt, (or, equivalently, the bit per joule) performance of the network.
Effect of Norethindrone Acetate Upon Gonadotrophin-Induced Ovarian Function

Ovarian function was successfully induced in 2 successive cycles in 2 amenorrheic women using urinary gonadotrophins. When 5 mg of norethindrone acetate was administered along with the gonadotrophin ovarian function persisted. It was concluded that this is further evidence that this dosage of norethindrone acetate inhibits ovulation by suppression of the midcycle surge of LH.
LEARNING FROM OUR MISTAKES: ERROR MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR MATURE LEARNERS

This research explored the effects of training goal (learning goal vs. performance goal) and training type (error management vs. error avoidance) on word processing skill acquisition with older workers. Sixty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and attended two interactive tutorial training sessions. Results indicated that error management training lead to significantly higher performance test scores, learning quiz scores, and requests for assistance compared to error avoidant training. Additionally, learning goals generated significantly higher performance test scores and intrinsic motivation levels relative to performance goals. Other applications of error management training are discussed.
Metamorphic Geodesic Regression

We propose a metamorphic geodesic regression approach approximating spatial transformations for image time-series while simultaneously accounting for intensity changes. Such changes occur for example in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the developing brain due to myelination. To simplify computations we propose an approximate metamorphic geodesic regression formulation that only requires pairwise computations of image metamorphoses. The approximated solution is an appropriately weighted average of initial momenta. To obtain initial momenta reliably, we develop a shooting method for image metamorphosis.
Service-oriented Computation in Magnetic Fusion Research

Fusion science seeks a new power source and is advanced by experiments on fusion devices located worldwide. Fundamental to increasing understanding of fusion is the comparison of theory and experiment; measurements from fusion devices are analyzed and compared with the output of simulations to test the validity of fusion models and to uncover new physical properties. Integrating simulations with experimental data (or with other simulations) is in many cases a laborintensive task as different codes use different data storage formats. Moreover, the timely comparison of simulation with observations made during an experiment requires rapid turnaround both of analysis codes and simulation runs. Many simulations require extensive input and output processing, further increasing the amount of work necessary to achieve viable scientific results. Workers with the National Fusion Collaboratory are developing, deploying, and evaluating new technologies that facilitate analysis of experimental data and comparison with the results with those of simulations. Complex physics codes are made available on the National Fusion Grid (FusionGrid) as comprehensive computational services. Using the Globus Toolkit”, a servicebased approach was developed and subsequently combined with the TRANSP transport code to the benefit of fusion scientists. Output from both simulation and experimental codes are stored in MDSplus, the de facto standard for secure data storage of fusion data. Access control_for the resources of FusionGrid is greatly simplifiedfor both users and administrators_through unified authentication and authorization using X.509, a gridwide certificate management system, and a gridwide authorization system. Webbased solutions such as the recently developed Elfresco reflectometry code further simplify the process by making simulations available to scientists and providing an alternative to traditional distribution of code. Future work includes the development of parallelized modules to speed up longrunning codes along with the extension of MDSplus. These improvements will help accommodate the continuous data streams that will be found in future fusion devices such as ITER. This paper will present a discussion on specific solutions, examine deployment areas that present a challenge, and highlight areas where further work is required.
An optical-model investigation of elastic neutron scattering. Light nuclei

The elastic scattering of neutrons from several light nuclei (A<20 a.m.u.) has been analysed in terms of a four-parameter optical potential. It has been found that, although this four-parameter potential is adequate for describing neutron scattering from heavy nuclei, it fails to be uniformly applicable to neutron scattering from light nuclei.
Weight Management and Exercise for Cancer Survivors

Obesity may contribute to development and recurrence of cancer, as well as cancer-related and all-cause mortality. This risk factor is also among the most preventable causes of cancer. This article describes current evidence-based guidelines for weight management and physical activity for cancer survivors. The authors also discuss practical interventions to help survivors undertake behavioral changes to manage their weight.
The Third Serum Component

In previous papers1 it has been pointed out that heated hemolytic serum is so changed by exposure to blood corpuscles that direct quantitative comparisons between it and unexposed sera are impossible. This finding is of fundamental importance in serum pathology, as the assumption of the direct quantitative comparability of different sera, toxins, antitoxins, and the like is the basis for all quantitative conclusions thus far drawn in the subject. Work was therefore undertaken to determine the nature of this change, and to discover, if possible, means of overcoming it, and of thus making analyses possible. This work has led to the conclusion that, in addition to the complement and amboceptor currently assumed as the only active components of hemolytic serum, there is a third component, or series of components, having a marked influence on hemolytic power. Preliminary reports on this third component have already been made.2 Although the work is as yet incomplete, it is thought best, at this time, to bring together the data thus far gathered, in order to point the way to the future developments of the subject. There are two ways in which it is conceivable that exposure of heated hemolytic serum to blood corpuscles may produce qualitative changes in that serum. First, such exposure may change the chemical nature of certain individual serum components. Second, unequal absorption of the different components by the blood corpuscles may bring about disturbances in the quantitative relations, and thus cause a qualitative change in the serum as a whole. According to current theories there are present in such sera two components: (i) .a thermostable amboceptor: and (2) the third ?Work aided by the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Presented before the Chicago Pathological Society April 12, 1906, and before the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, at Baltimore, Md., May 18, 1906. Received for publication May 27, 1906. 1 Jour. Infect. Dis., 1905, 2, pp. 485-97; Trans. Chicago Path. Soc, 1905, 6, pp. 319-24; Jour, of Biol. Chem., 1906, 1, pp. 213-18; Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1906, 40, pp. 386-88. 2 Trans. Chicago Path. Soc, 1905, 6, pp. 351-58; Science, 1906, 23, p. 209; Jour. Infect. Dis., 1906, 3, PP225-77.
The Neustadt Silver Feather

I just renewed my subscription to WLT. So happy to renew I'm excited every time I receive your colorful publication with so many photos of writers. My congratulations to Adam Zagajewski, the 2004 Neustadt laureate (see WLT, May-August 2005, 3-26). I love that shot of him with the silver eagle feather in his suit pocket and his beautiful wife, Maya, smiling over his shoulder. I am especially attracted, because I conceived and sculpted the original silver eagle feather. Ivar Ivask, the longtime editor of WLT, asked me to come up with a symbol that would enhance the Neustadt cash award. You know the rest of the story (see below). It was my first sculpture commission, and I'm still proud. Mike Dirham
Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Using Tension-Dependent Stochastic Behavior of a Single-Molecule Template

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the most common genetic variation among individuals. The association of SNP with individual's response to pathogens, phenotypic variations, and gene functions emphasizes the importance of sensitive and reliable SNP detection for biomedical diagnosis and therapy. To increase sensitivity, most approaches employ amplification steps, such as PCR, to generate detectable signals that are usually ensemble-averaged. Introduction of amplification steps increases the complexity of a system, whereas ensemble averaging of signals often suffers from background interference. Here, we have exploited the stochastic behavior of a single-molecule probe to recognize SNP sequence in a microfluidic platform using a laser-tweezers instrument. The detection relies on on-off mechanical signals that provide little background interference and high specificity between wild type and SNP sequences. The microfluidic setting allows multiplex sensing and in situ recycling of the SNP probe. As a proof-of-concept, we have detected as low as 100 pM of an SNP target associated with coronary heart diseases within half an hour without any amplification steps. The mechanical signal permits the detection of single mutations involving either G/C or A/T pairs. We anticipate this system has the capacity to function as a highly sensitive generic biosensor after incorporation of a specific recognition element, such as an aptamer for example.
Organizational Properties and Managerial Learning: Testing Alternative Models of Attitudinal Change

This article is an initial attempt to work through some of the complex issues involved in organization development via the laboratory approach. Basically, the focus is on whether differences in man...
Mechanisms of twinning. V. Conjoined twins, stem cells and the calcium model.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the possible role of calcium in conjoined twinning. STUDY DESIGN: Conjoined (CJ) twins are an extreme example of monozygotic (MZ) twinning. Data were collected from various sources on factors to which gravidas who deliver CJ twins were exposed around the time of conception. RESULTS: A significant number of such women were subjected to environmental triggers. Of particular interest is increased CJ twinning following use of oral contraceptives. It is hypothesized that this resulted from prolonged ovulatory dysfunction in lightweight women. The incidence of uniovular twinning is inversely related to women's prepregnancy weights. CONCLUSION: These observations are consistent with the proposed general model of MZ twinning. Factors that induce calcium depression and delayed implantation encourage uniovular duplication in general and CJ twinning in particular.
The Public Perspective

As has been described in the previous chapter, the dynamic for the development of official attitudes to southern Africa was one based closely upon the structure and internal workings of a number of exclusive institutions and upon the composition of the narrow elite of which they were comprised. It must be stressed, however, that the opinions thus generated and the decisions thereby arrived at, though sanctioned by the authority of the state, were by no means guaranteed to conform to the viewpoints and expectations prevalent among the wider German public. Instead, it was the case that, owing to the growth of widespread interest in the issue, substantial and multifarious consideration of the topic was to become common outside of the confines of the politically empowered elite. Since the stratified political culture of imperial Germany did little to promote conformity between administrative opinion and that of either the non-elite political aspirant or the general public, these views not only had their own separate evolutionary framework but, in addition, often contrasted markedly with their official counterparts.
Evaluation of Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Training for Social Workers

Social work education is well positioned for workforce development initiatives that prepare practitioners to use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) with people at risk for alcohol use disorders. This article presents preliminary process and outcome evaluation data from the first year of a three-year grant which suggests that the training is acceptable and results in significant changes in trainees’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-perceived SBIRT skills. Training was embedded within the curricula of an urban school of social work, which includes a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) program and a single-concentration clinical Master of Social Work (MSW). Trainees included social work students (n = 134) and field instructors (n = 38). More than 90% of students were very satisfied or satisfied with the training, and 100% of field instructors rated the training as excellent or good. Students demonstrated significant changes from pre- to posttraining in substance use knowledge, confidenc...
4D tracking of biological samples using lens-free on-chip in-line holography

We propose an auto-refocused phase retrieval approach that combines refocusing and phase retrieving properties based on lens-free on-chip in-line holography. We demonstrate a 4D tracking application of imaging/monitoring in vivo biomedical scenes, e.g. Blepharisma.
Flexicution in Program Evaluation: Developing a Two-Tier Plan to Address Diverse Priorities Across the Four Services' Intensive Home Visitation Programming

ABSTRACTThe New Parent Support Program (NPSP) is an intensive secondary prevention, parent-education program that serves high-needs families with very young children in the Active Components of the...
Self-Study and Social Studies: Framing the Conversation

Over the past two decades, self-study has secured its place on the map of approaches to better understanding teacher education. Self-study has attracted interest from researchers and teacher educators representing diverse content areas. Curiously, however, social studies has remained largely on the sidelines as an under-represented participant in the growth of this new genre of educational research. Self-study can be a valuable way for social studies educators—both teachers and teacher educators—to learn about teaching, learn from their practice, and become better at what they do. Uniquely grounded in practice and its surrounding contexts, self-study represents a means of investigation that provides insights into some of the more elusive, and persistent questions in our field.
Evaluation of turbulent mixing transition in a shock-driven variable-density flow

The effect of initial conditions on transition to turbulence is studied in a variable-density shock-driven flow. Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) evolution of fluid interfaces with two different imposed initial perturbations is observed before and after interaction with a second shock reflected from the end wall of a shock tube (reshock). The first perturbation is a predominantly single-mode long-wavelength interface which is formed by inclining the entire tube to 80 relative to the horizontal, yielding an amplitude-to-wavelength ratio, , and thus can be considered as half the wavelength of a triangular wave. The second interface is multi-mode, and contains additional shorter-wavelength perturbations due to the imposition of shear and buoyancy on the inclined perturbation of the first case. In both cases, the interface consists of a nitrogen-acetone mixture as the light gas over carbon dioxide as the heavy gas (Atwood number, ) and the shock Mach number is . The initial condition was characterized through Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and density energy spectra from a large set of initial condition images. The evolving density and velocity fields are measured simultaneously using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. Density, velocity, and density–velocity cross-statistics are calculated using ensemble averaging to investigate the effects of additional modes on the mixing and turbulence quantities. The density and velocity data show that a distinct memory of the initial conditions is maintained in the flow before interaction with reshock. After reshock, the influence of the long-wavelength inclined perturbation present in both initial conditions is still apparent, but the distinction between the two cases becomes less evident as smaller scales are present even in the single-mode case. Several methods are used to calculate the Reynolds number and turbulence length scales, which indicate a transition to a more turbulent state after reshock. Further evidence of transition to turbulence after reshock is observed in the velocity and density fluctuation spectra, where a scaling close to is observed for almost one decade, and in the enstrophy fluctuation spectra, where a scaling close to is observed for a similar range. Also, based on normalized cross correlation spectra, local isotropy is reached at lower wave numbers in the multi-mode case compared with the single-mode case before reshock. By breakdown of large scales to small scales after reshock, rapid decay can be observed in cross-correlation spectra in both cases.
A Bitter Tale of Sweet Synergy.

Some sweeteners show a synergistic enhancement of perceived sweetness when they are tasted as binary mixtures. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Behrens et al. (2017) find that a surprising explanation for this classic observation may lie in their reciprocal inhibition of bitter taste receptors.
Inhibition of the solid state transformation of carbamazepine in aqueous solution: impact of polymeric properties

The effects of polymers on the anhydrate-to-hydrate transformation of carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated. The three types of polymers studied were polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (P...
Psychology Students' Expectations Regarding Educational Requirements and Salary for Desired Careers.

This study investigated the accuracy of psychology majors’ expectations regarding careers. Psychology majors, including 101 women and 35 men (Mage = 23 years; standard deviationage = 6.25), indicat...
Quality of Water and Soap Consumption

Water of a certain quality may possess both the economic characteristics of utility and scarcity and consequently have value, while water, as such, without regard to quality, may be of little use as well as abundant and consequently of little or no value. The primary purpose here is to measure the value of water quality with respect to its effect on soap consumption in the home. To obtain information concerning this problem, market surveys of setail soap sales have been made in Chicago Heights, Bloomington and Champaign-Urbana, Illinois and Superior, Wisconsin. These cities are comparable in size and are supplied with different types of water including naturally soft, municipally softened, medium hard and very hard. Soaps and soap products of all kinds sold at retail in the various cities have been included in the data. Commercial laundries have not been included in the study because most of the commercial laundry work in Chicago Heights goes out of town, while most of the laundries in Champaign-Urbana have water softeners. Industrial use of soap has not been included because the extent and type of industrial development varies materially from city to city. Some industries use large amounts of soap while others use practically none. The personal interview method has been used to collect all data on soap sales because a high percentage of returns is considered essential to the success of the study. The retail survey has proved to be the only practicable means of getting enough data on soap used in the home to be significant. The original data obtained by the surveys, if used without correction, would not give accurate results. Corrections have been made, therefore, for such inaccuracies as incompleteness of data, the sale of soap to the surrounding trade territory, the use of water from water softeners and cisterns in hard water cities and differences between the type of water used in a city and in its surrounding trade territory.
Spillover Impact of Non-Gaming Amenities on Gaming Volumes:

Considering the popularity of integrated resorts, this study aimed to investigate different types of non-gaming amenities as indirect casino revenue-generating centers. With fierce competition in t...
Role of Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Peripheral Vascular Disease

Imaging of the vascular system is an essential component in the preoperative and postoperative management of patients with peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities. Traditionally, contrast angiography, especially digital subtraction angiography, has been the gold standard for imaging of the arterial system. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) provides excellent visualization of the inflow and outflow vessels in most cases. The disadvantages of DSA are that it is invasive, costly, and not completely safe. Complications are rare but include contrast-related nephrotoxicity, allergic reactions, arterial injury with hemorrhage, thrombosis, or embolization. Because of this, less invasive imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance arteriography (MRA), have been developed.
Potentially avoidable hospitalizations in patients with advanced cancer.

e18275Background: Cancer patients and their clinicians often wish to avoid preventable hospital admissions, but efforts to understand the predictors of avoidable hospitalizations are lacking. We so...
International Marketing Involvement: The Construct, Dimensionality, and Measurement:

The growing importance of international marketing operations for the survival and success of an increasing number of businesses underscores the need to understand their involvement in these activit...
Quantification of Moving Target Cyber Defenses

Current network and information systems are static, making it simple for attackers to maintain an advantage. Adaptive defenses, such as Moving Target Defenses (MTD) have been developed as potential “game-changers” in an effort to increase the attacker’s workload. With many new methods being developed, it is difficult to accurately quantify and compare their overall costs and effectiveness. This paper compares the tradeoffs between current approaches to the quantification of MTDs. We present results from an expert opinion survey on quantifying the overall effectiveness, upfront and operating costs of a select set of MTD techniques. We find that gathering informed scientific opinions can be advantageous for evaluating such new technologies as it offers a more comprehensive assessment. We end by presenting a coarse ordering of a set of MTD techniques from most to least dominant. We found that seven out of 23 methods rank as the more dominant techniques. Five of which are techniques of either address space layout randomization or instruction set randomization. The remaining two techniques are applicable to software and computer platforms. Among the techniques that performed the worst are those primarily aimed at network randomization.
Stephen Hawking (1942-2018): Toward a complete understanding of the universe.

Stephen Hawking overcame the limitations of a debilitating disease to make major contributions to science. He did this through remarkable persistence, determination, conviction, courage, and will. He was supported in this by his family, his students, and his colleagues. Stephen Hawking. Image courtesy of Alan Fersht (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Stephen said, “My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe.” Stephen’s many contributions to science moved us significantly toward that goal. Much of his work was in two major areas—cosmology and the physics of black holes. I mention only one contribution in each that stands out—his work on the beginning of the universe and his work on the end of black holes. Stephen’s PhD advisor Dennis Sciama started him working on cosmology. An important question in the 1960s was, “Did the universe have a beginning?” Observations and the Einstein equation suggested that the early universe was very hot. But did the universe have a beginning or was it first big and then contracted, heated, and then reexpanded? The singularity theorems … [↵][1]1Email: hartle{at}physics.ucsb.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Mechanism of Fear at Behavior, Brain Circuits and Molecular Level

The study of “fear” can be traced back to the differences between “behaviorism” and “psychoanalysis” on cognition, while recent research on the learning and memory of fear by using modern cell and molecular biology experimental techniques has made our understanding of “fear” gradually multi-level and in-depth. At present, our research on fear can be divided into three levels, namely behavior, brain circuits and molecular. At the level of behavior, Pavlovian conditioning experiments have become the core method for studying fear, and behavioral approaches have been used for fear-related mental illnesses, such as the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). At the level of brain circuits, the brain circuits with the amygdala as the core have gradually become clear, and there is also a two-system or one-system debate on how to recognize the fear process. At the molecular level, the Hebbian synaptic plasticity mechanism and neuromodulatory-dependent mechanism are used to explain the process of fear memory acquisition. Based on the current three levels of research, revealing how feelings of fear may generate is likely to play a guiding role in the further understanding of “fear” and treatment of related diseases.
Childbearing Decisions in Residency: A Multicenter Survey of Female Residents.

PURPOSE To characterize how female residents make decisions about childbearing, factors associated with the decision to delay childbearing, and satisfaction with these decisions. METHOD In 2017, the authors sent a voluntary, anonymous survey to 1,537 female residents enrolled across 78 graduate medical education programs, consisting of 25 unique specialties, at 6 U.S. academic medical centers. Survey items included personal, partner, and institutional characteristics, whether the respondent was delaying childbearing during residency, and the respondent's satisfaction with this decision. RESULTS The survey response rate was 52% (n = 804). Among the 447 (56%) respondents who were married or partnered, 274 (61%) were delaying childbearing. Residents delaying childbearing were significantly more likely to be younger (P < .001), not currently a parent (P < .001), in a specialty with an uncontrollable lifestyle (P = .001), or in a large program (P = .004). Among self-reported reasons for delaying childbearing, which were not mutually exclusive, the majority cited a busy work schedule (n = 255; 93%) and desire not to extend residency training (n = 145; 53%). Many cited lack of access to childcare (n = 126; 46%), financial concerns (n = 116; 42%), fear of burdening colleagues (n = 96; 35%), and concern for pregnancy complications (n = 74; 27%). Only 38% (n = 103) of respondents delaying childbearing were satisfied with this decision, with satisfaction decreasing with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS Decisions to delay childbearing are more common in certain specialties, and many residents who delay childbearing are not satisfied with that decision. These findings suggest that greater attention is needed overall, and particularly in certain specialties, to promote policies and cultures that both anticipate and normalize parenthood in residency, thus minimizing the conflict between biological and professional choices for female residents.
Genome sequencing increases diagnostic yield in clinically diagnosed Alagille syndrome patients with previously negative test results.

Purpose Detection of all major classes of genomic variants in a single test would decrease cost and increase the efficiency of genomic diagnostics. Genome sequencing (GS) has the potential to provide this level of comprehensive detection. We sought to demonstrate the utility of GS in the molecular diagnosis of 18 patients with clinically defined Alagille syndrome (ALGS), who had a negative or inconclusive result by standard-of-care testing. Methods We performed GS on 16 pathogenic variant-negative probands and two probands with inconclusive results (of 406 ALGS probands) and analyzed the data for sequence, copy-number, and structural variants in JAG1 and NOTCH2. Results GS identified four novel pathogenic alterations including a copy-neutral inversion, a partial deletion, and a promoter variant in JAG1, and a partial NOTCH2 deletion, for an additional diagnostic yield of 0.9%. Furthermore, GS resolved two complex rearrangements, resulting in identification of a pathogenic variant in 97.5% (n = 396/406) of patients after GS. Conclusion GS provided an increased diagnostic yield for individuals with clinically defined ALGS who had prior negative or incomplete genetic testing by other methods. Our results show that GS can detect all major classes of variants and has potential to become a single first-tier diagnostic test for Mendelian disorders.
DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC DISCONTINUITIES IN THE SOLAR WIND AND IN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE

The statistical properties of magnetic discontinuities in the solar wind are investigated by measuring fluctuations in the magnetic field direction, given by the rotation {Delta}{theta} that the magnetic field vector undergoes during time interval {Delta}t. We show that the probability density function, P({Delta}{theta}), can be described by a simple model in which the magnetic field vector purely rotates with a relative increment {Delta}B/B that is lognormally distributed. We find that the probability density function of increments, P({Delta}B/B), has a remarkable scaling property: the normalized variable x = ({Delta}B/B) {center_dot} ({Delta}t/{Delta}t{sub 0}){sup -{alpha}} has a universal lognormal distribution for all time intervals {Delta}t. We then compare measurements from the solar wind with those from direct numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. We find good agreement for P({Delta}{theta}) obtained in the two cases when the magnetic guide field to fluctuations ratio B{sub 0}/b{sub rms} is chosen accordingly. However, the scale invariance of P({Delta}B/B) is broken in the MHD simulations with relatively limited inertial interval, which causes P({Delta}{theta}) to scale with measurement interval differently than in the solar wind.
The Relationship Between Penumbral Tissue and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Acute Stroke Patients Presenting in an Extended Time Window.

Background: Penumbral brain tissue identified with multimodal imaging can be salvaged with reperfusion in an extended time window. The risk of severe hemorrhagic complications after reperfusion therapy increases with worsening disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The relationship between penumbral tissue and BBB disruption has not been previously studied. Methods: Stroke patients presenting in an extended time window without a large vessel occlusion who underwent diffusion-perfusion MRI within 24 h of last-seen-normal were included. The volume of penumbral tissue was calculated using mismatch on MRI. Mean permeability derangement (MPD) of the BBB was measured within the ischemic lesion. A target profile (TP) for treatment was defined based on the EXTEND trial. Results: 222 patients were included with a median age of 73 and 55% women. The median NIHSS was 6, the mean core volume was 14 ml, the mean ischemic volume was 47 mL and the mean mismatch volume was 33 mL. Higher MPD was significantly associated with less mismatch volume (p = 0.001). A target profile was associated with lower MPD (OR 0.97; CI 0.96:0.99; p 20% suggesting an increased risk of hemorrhage. Thus, 33% (74/222) of patients had a favorable profile for benefit and safety. Conclusions: Patients presenting in an extended time window with a favorable penumbral profile for treatment have less severe BBB disruption. Up to a third of patients who currently go untreated could be considered for enrollment in a clinical trial of thrombolysis in an extended time window.
A Social Network Approach to Analyzing Social Movements

When looking at networked social movements, the image that comes to mind is one of like-minded people getting together online to create social change. However, in reality mediated social networks are more complex as autonomous individuals make up communities, clusters and niches based on their interactions that are reflective of particular positions on social, political, economic or environmental issues. Mixed in with centralized groups in support of a position, there are likely to be dissenters and detractors who in some cases seek to denigrate the movement or those engaged to support the movement. Within the online social networks are mediators who serve as hubs in the network and perhaps bridges to other clusters in the network. Such mediators may be influencers or other opinion leaders or those who are simply more engaged. In this chapter, social network analysis is applied to the structure of networked social movements, in order to better understand how clusters are formed within the network, referred to as modularity, the density of the network, centralization within the network and other factors that are visualized based on graph theory. Using the social network analysis approach, a case study of the #NeverAgain hashtag associated with the March for Our Lives social movement is presented.
Control of stomach smooth muscle development and intestinal rotation by transcription factor BARX1

Diverse functions of the homeodomain transcription factor BARX1 include Wnt-dependent, non-cell autonomous specification of the stomach epithelium, tracheo-bronchial septation, and Wnt-independent expansion of the spleen primordium. Tight spatio-temporal regulation of Barx1 levels in the mesentery and stomach mesenchyme suggests additional roles. To determine these functions, we forced constitutive BARX1 expression in the Bapx1 expression domain, which includes the mesentery and intestinal mesenchyme, and also examined Barx1(-/)(-) embryos in further detail. Transgenic embryos invariably showed intestinal truncation and malrotation, in part reflecting abnormal left-right patterning. Ectopic BARX1 expression did not affect intestinal epithelium, but intestinal smooth muscle developed with features typical of the stomach wall. BARX1, which is normally restricted to the developing stomach, drives robust smooth muscle expansion in this organ by promoting proliferation of myogenic progenitors at the expense of other sub-epithelial cells. Undifferentiated embryonic stomach and intestinal mesenchyme showed modest differences in mRNA expression and BARX1 was sufficient to induce much of the stomach profile in intestinal cells. However, limited binding at cis-regulatory sites implies that BARX1 may act principally through other transcription factors. Genes expressed ectopically in BARX1(+) intestinal mesenchyme and reduced in Barx1(-/-) stomach mesenchyme include Isl1, Pitx1, Six2 and Pitx2, transcription factors known to control left-right patterning and influence smooth muscle development. The sum of evidence suggests that potent BARX1 functions in intestinal rotation and stomach myogenesis occur through this small group of intermediary transcription factors.