cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fingertip Injuries in Athletes, Musicians, and Other Special Cases

Management of fingertip injuries in athletes is optimized by consideration of the sport, the playing position, the timing within the season, the level of competition, and the patient's goals. Mallet and jersey fingers are common injuries in athletes and may be treated in several different ways, based on the nature of the injury and the timing of presentation, as well as the athlete's demands. Management of fingertip injuries in musicians is optimized by consideration of how the musician handles his or her instrument and the specific requirements of the injured digit in the context of musical performance.
Peripheral Nerve Blocks Associated With Shorter Length of Stay Without Increasing Readmission Rate for Ankle Open Reduction Internal Fixation in the Outpatient Setting: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

Abstract Peripheral nerve blocks (PNB) have become an important modality for pain management in ankle fracture surgery. Previous studies have reported their efficacy, but concerns with rebound pain and readmissions have been cited as possible deterrents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of PNB on hospital length of stay (LOS), narcotic intake, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and associated complications in patients undergoing outpatient ankle open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Adult patients undergoing ankle ORIF were matched 2:1 (no block:block) using propensity-score matching. Preoperative patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared between cohorts. VAS and total narcotic intake were evaluated for each of the first three postoperative 8-hour shifts. Narcotic medication was converted to morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Thirty-two patients who received PNB were matched to 64 patients who did not. The PNB group had lower VAS and MME during each of the 8-hour shifts after surgery: 0 to 8 hrs (VAS 1.8 vs 6.3; MME 10.6 vs 77.9; p
No camera needed with MR-based eye tracking.

Using a deep neural network, Frey et al. are able to track participants’ eye movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging of the eyes. This technique can be applied across studies to new and old data alike, allowing retrospective analyses of past studies.
Carson, Rachel Louise

1907–1964 American writer and marine biologist who directed public attention to the misuse of pesticides with her 1962 publication Silent Spring. Keywords: Silent Spring; cancer; DDT; marine biology; ocean
Osteopontin expression in biopsies of calciphylaxis

Background Calciphylaxis combines features of vascular thrombotic occlusion and endoluminal calcification. In this study we examine the expression of osteopontin as a diagnostic marker and its role in lesional pathogenesis.
Oracle Database In-Memory: A dual format in-memory database

The Oracle Database In-Memory Option allows Oracle to function as the industry-first dual-format in-memory database. Row formats are ideal for OLTP workloads which typically use indexes to limit their data access to a small set of rows, while column formats are better suited for Analytic operations which typically examine a small number of columns from a large number of rows. Since no single data format is ideal for all types of workloads, our approach was to allow data to be simultaneously maintained in both formats with strict transactional consistency between them.
System Checkpointing Using Reflection and Program Analysis

This paper describes a technique for checkpointing a running system by a combination of reflective introspection and program analysis. By using an extension to Java's Reflection API which allows activation frames and other aspects of execution state to be reflectively inspected and modified, we can halt at and restart from arbitrary points in the execution. We apply this checkpointing technique to an area that is not typically associated with reflection -- optimization of memory footprint and startup time. We have successfully used this technique in the joeq virtual machine to reduce the heap size and the application startup time significantly.
Use of Context in Video Processing

Interpreting an event or a scene based on visual data often requires additional contextual information. Contextual information may be obtained from different sources. In this chapter, we discuss two broad categories of contextual sources: environmental context and user-centric context. Environmental context refers to information derived from domain knowledge or from concurrently sensed effects in the area of operation. User-centric context refers to information obtained and accumulated from the user. Both types of context can include static or dynamic contextual elements. Examples from a smart home environment are presented to illustrate how different types of contextual data can be applied to aid the decision-making process.
Comparison of hyporheic exchange under covered and uncovered channels based on linked surface and groundwater flow simulations

[1] Hyporheic exchange is an important process upon which stream biogeochemical cycling is dependent. The potential for hyporheic exchange in covered channels (i.e., ice-covered channels, karst conduits, fractures) with permeable sediments has not yet been assessed. We characterize the potential for hyporheic exchange in covered channels using linked turbulent channel flow/groundwater flow simulations. Simulations show that hyporheic exchange occurs in covered channels which have shallower hyporheic zones and larger hyporheic fluxes than equivalent-depth equivalent-discharge uncovered channels. We also analyzed hyporheic exchange for the case of freely floating covers with rough undersides and found that hyporheic exchange decreases with increasing cover roughness which in turn is driven by subdued bed topography, a response to additional resistance due to covers. The results suggest that hyporheic exchange occurs in covered channels and may be just as or perhaps more important to the ecology and biogeochemistry of these channels than to open channel streams.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pelvic Tumors in Children

AbstractPelvic tumors in children may be large, complex and of unknown origin. Preoperative radiological information regarding tumor localization and extent becomes essential in these cases for proper staging and surgical planning. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the ability to enhance the surgical preparation of children who present with a pelvic mass. Advantages of MRI over computerized tomography include improved soft tissue characterization, signal enhancement of neuroendocrine tumors and multiplanar imaging. These features better define the origin, size and extent of tumors. In addition, no ionizing radiation is required. Several examples of pelvic tumors are presented. The new anatomical information provided by MRI altered surgical planning previously based on computerized tomography findings alone.
Differences in Ca2+ Channels Governing Generation of Miniature and Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in Spinal Laminae I and II

Many neurons of spinal laminae I and II, a region concerned with pain and other somatosensory mechanisms, display frequent miniature “spontaneous” EPSCs (mEPSCs). In a number of instances, mEPSCs occur often enough to influence neuronal excitability. To compare generation of mEPSCs to EPSCs evoked by dorsal root stimulation (DR-EPSCs), various agents affecting neuronal activity and Ca2+ channels were applied to in vitro slice preparations of rodent spinal cord during tight-seal, whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings from laminae I and II neurons. The AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX (10–20 μm) regularly abolished DR-EPSCs. In many neurons CNQX also eliminated mEPSCs; however, in a number of cases a proportion of the mEPSCs were resistant to CNQX suggesting that in these instances different mediators or receptors were also involved. Cd2+ (10–50 μm) blocked evoked EPSCs without suppressing mEPSC occurrence. In contrast, Ni2+ (≤100 μm), a low-threshold Ca2+ channel antagonist, markedly decreased mEPSC frequency while leaving evoked monosynaptic EPSCs little changed. Selective organic antagonists of high-threshold (HVA) Ca2+ channels, nimodipine, ω-Conotoxin GVIA, and Agatoxin IVA partially suppressed DR-EPSCs, however, they had little or no effect on mEPSC frequency. La3+ and mibefradil, agents interfering with low-threshold Ca2+ channels, regularly decreased mEPSC frequency with little effect on fast-evoked EPSCs. Increased [K+]o (5–10 mm) in the superfusion, producing modest depolarizations, consistently increased mEPSC frequency; an increase suppressed by mibefradil but not by HVA Ca2+ channel antagonists. Together these observations indicate that different Ca2+ channels are important for evoked EPSCs and mEPSCs in spinal laminae I and II and implicate a low-threshold type of Ca2+ channel in generation of mEPSCs.
IEEE SoutheastCon 2014 technical program overview

IEEE region conferences generally are about IEEE region business and student-oriented functions. However, IEEE SoutheastCon 2014 incorporates a peer-reviewed technical research paper program that draws paper submissions and attendees not only from the USA Southeast region, but also from other regions and even other countries. That technical program is fully integrated so that, for example, students primarily involved in other parts of the conference are welcome, and encouraged, to also attend technical paper sessions.
A comparison of the interphase development and mechanical properties of Nicalon and Tyranno SiC fiber-reinforced ZrTiO4 matrix composites

The differences in interphase development and mechanical properties between Nicalon and Tyranno fiber-reinforced ZrTiO4 matrix composites were assessed. The composites were reinforced with either uncoated or BN-coated fibers. The microstructure and interphase development were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. Mechanical behavior was characterized by strength and toughness measurements. Tyranno composites developed thinner interphases due to the differences in the structure and chemistry of the starting fiber resulting from the addition of Ti to the starting polymer precursor. BN-coated fiber composites developed a thicker carbon interphase layer due to incorporation of O into the as-received BN coating. Tyranno composites were weakened by fiber clustering and were not as tough as Nicalon composites due to a lack of thermal debonding.
Metabolism and depletion of albendazole in the muscle tissue of channel catfish following oral treatment

The residue depletion of albendazole (ABZ) and its metabolites was studied in channel catfish muscle tissue. Channel catfish were dosed once with 10 mg/kg ABZ via stomach tube with manual restraint. Muscle tissue samples were collected at 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h postdose. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was used to assay ABZ and its major metabolites: ABZ sulfoxide (ABZ-SO), ABZ sulfone (ABZ-SO2) and ABZ aminosulfone (ABZ-2-NH2SO2) in the muscle tissue. The results indicate that ABZ and ABZ-SO were present in low concentrations, i.e. <15 and <10 microg/kg, respectively, at 8 h postdose in catfish muscle with and without skin. ABZ-SO2 was present at 1 microg/kg concentration levels until 48 h in muscle alone and 72 h in muscle with skin. ABZ-2-NH2SO2 was not detected at any withdrawal periods.
ON THE EULER PRODUCT OF THE DEDEKIND ZETA FUNCTION

It is well known that the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is still valid for ℜ(s) = 1 and s ≠ 1. In this paper, we extend this result to zeta functions of number fields. In particular, we show that the Dedekind zeta function ζk(s) for any algebraic number field k can be written as the Euler product on the line ℜ(s) = 1 except at the point s = 1. As a corollary, we obtain the Euler product formula on the line ℜ(s) = 1 for Dirichlet L-functions L(s, χ) of real characters.
Rapid intracellular motility and dynamic membrane events in an Antarctic foraminifer.

Abstract Some properties of cytoplasmic transport in a cold-adapted (Antarctic) organism are reported for the first time. Phase-contrast light microscopy of Astrammina rara, an arenaceous foraminiferan protozoan, reveals that the saltatory transport of cytoplasmic granules in reticulopods occurs bidirectionally and at rates up to 7.5-μm/s. Extracellularly attached latex microspheres are rapidly translocated on the reticulopodial surface, thus demonstrating membrane fluidity at low (−1.8 °C) ambient temperatures. Rapid extension/withdrawal and branching/fusing of pseudopodia further illustrate dynamic plasma membrane activity at subzero temperatures. Immunofluorescence microscopy with an antibody monospecific for tubulin shows that these pseudopods contain microtubules. The motility of this cold-adapted foraminifer therefore appears fully comparable to the motility of allogromiid foraminifers from temperate waters.
Lanthionine−Somatostatin Analogs: Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity, and Enzymatic Stability Studies

A series of cyclic somatostatin analogs containing a lanthionine bridge have been subjected to studies of structure-activity relationships. A direct synthesis of the thioether bridged analog (1) of sandostatin (SMS 201,995) and several lanthionine hexa-, hepta-, and octapeptides was carried out by using the method of cyclization on an oxime resin (PCOR) followed by condensation reactions in solution. The structures of the target peptides were analyzed by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) and subjected to high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) studies after opening of the peptide ring by proteolytic cleavage. The biological activities of these compounds have been evaluated by assaying their inhibitory potencies for the release of growth hormone (GH) from primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells, as well as by their binding affinities to cloned somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5). The structural modification of sandostatin by introducing a lanthionine bridge resulted in a significantly increased receptor binding selectivity. The lanthionine octapeptide with C-terminal Thr-ol (1) showed similar high affinity for rat SSTR5 compared to somatostatin[1-14] and sandostatin. However, it exhibits about 50 times weaker binding affinity for mSSTR2b than sandostatin. Similarly, the lanthionine octapeptide with the C-terminal Thr-NH2 residue (2) has higher affinity for rSSTR5 than for mSSTR2B. Both peptides (compounds 1 and 2) have much lower potencies for inhibition of growth hormone secretion than sandostatin. This is consistent with their affinities to SSTR2, the receptor which is believed to be linked to the inhibition of growth hormone release by somatostatin and its analogs. The metabolic stability of lanthionine-sandostatin and sandostatin have been studied in rat brain homogenates. Although both compounds have a high stability toward enzymatic degradation, the lanthionine analog has a 2.4 times longer half-life than sandostatin. The main metabolites of both compounds have been isolated and identified by using an in vivo technique (cerebral microdialysis) and mass spectrometry.
Tariffs Versus Quotas Under Uncertainty: Restricting Imports and the Role of Preference

This paper analyzes trade policies for a small country facing foreign price uncertainty and domestic production disturbances. The import-induced externality provides a rationale for trade restrictions. When the terms of trade are uncertain, the optimal composite tariff may require a negative ad valorem tariff, but dominates the optimal quota. Moreover, a production subsidy/tax may be combined with a specific tariff, but not with a quota. A general ranking of quotas versus tariffs in the presence of domestic uncertainty depends upon the price elasticity of demand for the importable and the curvatures of the indirect utility and the external damage functions. [410]
Palliative Radiation for Lung Cancer Metastases to the Breast: Two Case Reports

Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer to the breast represent an unusual diagnosis. We present two cases of metastatic lung cancer to the breast that were treated with palliative radiation with achievement of good local control and symptom relief. We suggest the use of palliative radiation therapy as an effective and simple treatment modality for metastatic disease to the breast.
Movement and growth indicators in resident and adfluvial coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Hurricane River, Lake Superior, Michigan, USA

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are found throughout Lake Superior, Lake Nipigon, and their tributaries. Lacustrine and adfluvial life history variants were historically popular with anglers and were called coasters; coaster brook trout populations are now severely reduced and are of conservation concern. Coasters were known to grow larger and mature later than their stream resident counterparts. This study compared movement patterns, age, size, condition, and relative weight of wild coaster and resident brook trout from the Hurricane River, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan. Wild brook trout ≥ 100 mm from the Hurricane River downstream from Hurricane Falls were tagged with passive integrated transponder tags and monitored for stream-lake movement behavior from May 2003 to November 2007. During 2006 and 2007, brook trout were scale sampled and aged to construct a regression that was then used to calculate the age of all brook trout tagged from 2003 to 2007. Most brook trout movement took place in the fall with October the peak month of emigration with a secondary peak in late spring/early summer and some activity nearly year round. There were no differences found in age structure, size or condition between coasters and residents while in the stream. Our data suggest that a priori growth differences are not determining the expression of coaster outmigration and that stream-lake movements made by coasters, likely driven by habitat requirements, may be highly flexible and facultative.
CDK4/6 Inhibitor PD 0332991 Sensitizes Acute Myeloid Leukemia to Cytarabine-Mediated Cytotoxicity.

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and CDK6 are frequently overexpressed or hyperactivated in human cancers. Targeting CDK4/CDK6 in combination with cytotoxic killing therefore represents a rational approach to cancer therapy. By selective inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 with PD 0332991, which leads to early G1 arrest and synchronous S phase entry upon release of the G1 block, we have developed a novel strategy to prime acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells for cytotoxic killing by cytarabine (Ara-C). This sensitization is achieved in part through enrichment of S-phase cells, which maximizes the AML populations for Ara-C incorporation into replicating DNA to elicit DNA damage. Moreover, PD 0332991 trigged apoptosis of AML cells through inhibition of the homeobox (HOX)A9 oncogene expression, reducing the transcription of its target PIM1. Reduced PIM1 synthesis attenuates PIM1-mediated phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic BAD and activates BAD-dependent apoptosis. In vivo, timely inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 by PD 0332991 and release profoundly suppresses tumor growth in response to reduced doses of Ara-C in a xenograft AML model. Collectively, these data suggest selective and reversible inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 as an effective means to enhance Ara-C killing of AML cells at reduced doses, which has implications for the treatment of elderly AML patients who are unable to tolerate high dose Ara-C therapy.
Effective tree scattering and opacity at L-band

This paper investigates vegetation effects at L-band by using a first-order radiative transfer (RT) model and truck-based microwave measurements over natural conifer stands to assess the applicability of the tau-omega) model over trees. The tau-omega model is a zero-order RT solution that accounts for vegetation effects with effective vegetation parameters (vegetation opacity and single-scattering albedo), which represent the canopy as a whole. This approach inherently ignores multiple-scattering effects and, therefore, has a limited validity depending on the level of scattering within the canopy. The fact that the scattering from large forest components such as branches and trunks is significant at L-band requires that zero-order vegetation parameters be evaluated (compared) along with their theoretical definitions to provide a better understanding of these parameters in the retrieval algorithms as applied to trees. This paper compares the effective vegetation opacities, computed from multi-angular pine tree brightness temperature data, against the results of two independent approaches that provide theoretical and measured optical depths. These two techniques are based on forward scattering theory and radar corner reflector measurements, respectively. The results indicate that the effective vegetation opacity values are smaller than but of similar magnitude to both radar and theoretical estimates. The effective opacity of the zero-order model is thus set equal to the theoretical opacity and an explicit expression for the effective albedo is then obtained from the zero- and first- order RT model comparison. The resultant albedo is found to have a similar magnitude as the effective albedo value obtained from brightness temperature measurements. However, it is less than half of that estimated using the theoretical calculations (0.5 - 0.6 for tree canopies at L-band). This lower observed albedo balances the scattering darkening effect of the large theoretical albedo with a first-order multiple-scattering contribution. The retrieved effective albedo is different from theoretical definitions and not the albedo of single forest elements anymore, but it becomes a global parameter, which depends on all the processes taking place within the canopy, including multiple-scattering.
A method for continuous monitoring of the intracranial pressure

Patients suffering acute intracranial pressure increases can be more advantageously handled if the intracranial pressure is constantly monitored. 91 patients with acute head injuries, hydrocephalus, cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, encephalitis, intracerebral hemorrhage, or carbon monoxide intoxication have been so monitored by using the Numoto pressure switch by a method herein described. The main advantage has been the knowledge of the level of intracranial pressure at any given time and the early detection of a rising pressure when this phenomenon occurred. There were no complications except for 3 cases of infection. Two of these cases were minor purulent collections only at the site of exit of the tube in the scalp. One patient with a compound wound, cerebral laceration, and intracerebral hematoma developed a wound infection and brain abscess which required drainage.
Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and the Renin-Angiotensin System

Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is a biomarker for cardiovascular disease that also predicts the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is a unique therapeutic modality because it both treats hypertension and improves arterial health and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Controversy exists regarding the role of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in IMT regression. Our article provides an update on how ACE inhibitors and ARBs could play a role in decreasing IMT.
Nonlinearity of Calibration Graphs for Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence in Graphite-Tube Atomizers

Calibration graphs for Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (LEAFS) were constructed for graphite-tube electrothermal atomizers (ETAs). Laser radiation was propagated through holes in the side of the tubes, and atomic fluorescence was detected at a right angle through the bore of the tube. The LEAFS calibration graphs, while linear with a relative slope of one for 4 to 6 orders of magnitude, became nonlinear at high analyte concentrations. Observations concerning this nonlinearity are presented here. The onset of nonlinearity was believed to be primarily caused by post-filter effects. For nonresonance LEAFS, long lifetimes for the terminating energy levels in the fluorescence processes were believed to increase the probability of post-filter effects and subsequently to increase curvature of calibration graphs. Those conditions that increased the residence time of atoms in the furnaces (i.e., no internal gas flow and platform atomization) appeared to also increase post-filter effects and thus increased the amount of curvature of the calibration graphs.
Reperfusion of infarcting myocardium: benefit of surgical reperfusion in a chronic model.

Surgical reperfusion of experimental infarction leads to improved recovery of regional function compared with medical reperfusion, but sustained myocardial salvage has not been demonstrated. Twenty-two dogs were subjected to two hours of anterior descending occlusion and divided into three groups: group P (n = 7), no reperfusion; group M (n = 8), medical reperfusion; and group S (n = 7), controlled surgical reperfusion. Ischemia caused systolic bulging (-36% of control systolic shortening, p p p p
Uncertainty analysis of rocket motor thrust measurements with correlated biases

Abstract The uncertainty analysis of a rocket motor thrust measurement and calibration system is presented. The thrust measurement system has 10 load cells with 5 in tension and 5 in compression, and the calibration system has 6 load cells. The elemental sources of load-cell random uncertainty considered are excitation voltage, amplifier stability and noise, and analog-to-digital conversion resolution. The elemental sources of load-cell systematic uncertainty (bias) considered are calibration, excitation voltage, nonlinearity, hysteresis, system alignment, and other mechanical sources such as friction. The calibration hierarchy and excitation systematic uncertainties are correlated since they have a common source. These correlation effects dominate the resulting thrust measurement uncertainties and form the focus of this study. The trust measurement uncertainty is up to three and a half times larger when correlation effects are considered relative to the case where correlation is neglected.
The mechanism of propagation of intracellular calcium waves in cultured human uterine myocytes

Abstract Objective: The primary goal of this work was to determine the relative importance of sarcoplasmic reticulum inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors in the mechanism of intracellular calcium wave propagation in human uterine myocytes. A secondary goal was to identify the rate-determining step of calcium wave propagation. Study Design: Pregnant human myometrium was obtained at the time of cesarean delivery, enzymatically dispersed, and cultured through several passages. Intracellular calcium wave velocities were measured with video fluorescence microscopy and the calcium-dependent fluorescent dye calcium green 1. Experimental conditions were modified by exposure of the cells to ruthenium red (blocked ryanodine receptor), ryanodine (locked open ryanodine receptor), oxytocin (increased inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate), sodium butyrate (intracellular acidification), ammonium chloride (intracellular alkalinization), and elevation of temperature (from 19°C to 30°C). Results: Wave velocities were found to be the same for spontaneously occurring (9.6 ± 2.6 μm/s) and oxytocin-stimulated (10.3 ± 3.4 μm/s) waves. Advance treatment of the cells with ryanodine or ruthenium red failed to change oxytocin-stimulated wave velocities from control values. The temperature dependence of calcium wave velocities was studied across the range 19°C to 30°C. Plots of wave velocities versus the inverse of the temperature yielded apparent activation energies that were the same for spontaneous (13.2 ± 0.3 kcal/mol) and oxytocin-induced (14.3 ± 1.6 kcal/mol) waves. After intracellular acidification by treatment with butyrate (20 mmol/L) wave velocities increased by 44%. Wave velocities decreased by 35% after treatment with ammonium chloride (20 mmol/L). Conclusion: Propagation of intracellular calcium waves in cultured human uterine myocytes exhibited mechanisms of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release that could use either inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors alone or ryanodine receptors alone, or both together. The rate-determining step for calcium wave propagation was diffusion of calcium though a highly buffered cytoplasm. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1228-34.)
Questioning the Value of Punishment

The author critically examines and rejects the claim that physical punishments lead to aggression through the acceptance of norms of violence. She proposes an alternate theory to account for how children acquire norms and why they become violent. The proposed Construct Theory explains why abused, neglected, and rejected children—as well as those who are punished—tend to become anti-social.
Bremsstrahlung Rate and Spectra from a Hot Gas ( Z = 1 )

An interpolation between the quadrupole and extreme relativistic electron-electron brems-strahlung contribution to the emission rate and spectra from a Maxwell-Boltzmann electron gas is carried out. These results are then added to the "exact" electron-ion results already in the literature to give the total emission for the temperature region $1 \mathrm{keV}\ensuremath{\le}k{T}_{e}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.3 \mathrm{MeV}$. It is found that quadrupole corrections are sufficient until the temperatures reach $k{T}_{e}\ensuremath{\simeq}100$ keV. At higher temperatures all multipoles must be included in order to describe the emission accurately.
Improving Consumer Health IT Application Development: lessons from other industries, a summary

This paper is a summary of the Improving Consumer Health Information Technology (IT) Application Development: Lessons from Other Industries, Background Report (available at http://healthit.ahrq.gov/developmentmethodsbackgroundreport). originally published on July 2011. The report was commissioned by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) as a key deliverable for the task order entitled "Understanding Development Methods from Other Industries to Improve the Design of Consumer Health IT" and is an outgrowth of the Building Bridges: Consumer Needs and the Design of Health IT workshop sponsored by AHRQ. The workshop was held at AHRQ's facilities on July 27--28, 2009.
On energy delivery to delay-averse flexible loads: Optimal algorithm, consumer value and network level impacts

In many cases, demand for electricity can be viewed as demand for energy over a time horizon and not instantaneous demand for power (i.e., energy rate). Demand for energy translates to more flexibility in energy delivery. Assuming availability of proper information, which is promised by smart grids, this flexibility can be utilized to reduce costs for the consumers alongside providing other benefits.
Osteonecrosis of the jaw onset times are based on the route of bisphosphonate therapy.

Purpose Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been reported to be associated with patients receiving bisphosphonate (BP) therapy. There are many reports that suggest that the time of exposure to BPs is a significant risk factor for ONJ and that the greatest risk occurs after dentoalveolar surgery. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the duration of BP therapy and related events before the onset of ONJ based on an intravenous (IV) or oral route of administration. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients referred to our institution to identify the onset of ONJ based on the exposure to BP therapy and associated triggers (ie, dentoalveolar surgery or spontaneous occurrence) based on the route of BP administration. Demographic data (ie, age, gender, and race), medical diagnosis related to BP therapy, and information as to whether the BP therapy was continued at the time of ONJ diagnosis were also collected. Results We reviewed the records for 114 patients with a history of ONJ. We divided patient cohorts by route of BP administration, with 76 patients having a history of IV BP therapy and 38 patients having a history of oral BP therapy. The overall onset of ONJ was earlier in the IV BP group (median, 3 years) compared with the oral BP group (median, 5 years). There was no statistical difference in the duration to occurrence of ONJ associated with dental extraction compared with spontaneous occurrence for both the IV and oral BP groups. Conclusions The median onset of ONJ for patients undergoing IV BP therapy occurs earlier than the median onset for patients undergoing oral BP therapy, and there was no difference in onset occurring spontaneously and after dental extraction. The significance of these findings suggests that patients who receive IV BP therapy should be closely evaluated after the initiation of BP therapy. The lack of evidence suggesting greater onset after dental extraction may provide clinical support for dentoalveolar surgery that is indicated for patients with a history of BP therapy. Research focusing on the clinical circumstances and physiologic events during early antiresorptive therapy may provide insight as to the critical risk factors.
Lossless wavelet compression for telemammography

Transmission of mammographic images in real time and of sufficient accuracy to render accurate diagnosis is under demand. This requires efficient lossless image compression schemes. Image compression has been a major research area for the past few decades despite the massive growth in data storage and transmission speeds. Moreover, wavelets have become the cutting edge techniques in image compression. Thus the work presented in this paper is to address some of the questions. Several types of wavelets are utilized to identify the best wavelet to deliver a lossless compression scheme for mammographic images. Compression results for different mammograms are presented.
Electronically-coupled tungsten-tungsten quadruple bonds: comparisons of electron delocalization in 3,6-dioxypyridazine and oxalate-bridged compounds.

The preparation of the 3,6-dioxypyridazine-bridged tungsten complex, [W2(O2CtBu)3]2(μ-H2C4N2O2), I, is described, along with its single-electron oxidized cation, I+, formed in the reaction between I and Ag+PF6-. Compound I has been structurally characterized as a PPh3 adduct, and I+PF6- as a THF solvate, by single-crystal X-ray studies. The geometric parameters of these compounds compare well with those calculated for the model compounds [W2(O2CH)3]2(μ-H2C4N2O2) and [W2(O2CH)3]2(μ-H2C4N2O2)+ by density functional theory employing the Gaussian 98 and 03 suite of programs. The calculations indicate that the two W2 centers are strongly coupled by M2 δ-to-bridge π-bonding, and further coupled by direct M2···M2 bonding. Compound I is purple and shows an intense absorption in the visible region due to a metal-to-bridge charge transfer and, with excitation within this absorption, compound I exhibits pronounced resonance Raman bands associated with symmetric vibrations of the bridge and the M4 unit. The cyclic vo...
Integrated design systems — capturing, reusing and optimizing design methods in new millennium

Abstract An important goal of New Millennium is to research new methods of performing spacecraft and mission design. We have completed the first phase of our effort on how to make design tools such as analysis programs more available. We are now embarking with Stanford University on discovering methods to allow more project history and knowledge to be automatically captured and reused and with Ames Research Center on how to use virtual reality to enhance the visualization of new missions before any hardware exists. We are also trying to capture the design process in an electronic form so that computer aided optimization may lead to a vastly greater search of the possible designs which meet the design requirements.
Human complement regulator expression by the normal female reproductive tract

Background The membrane-associated proteins that regulate human complement activation are ubiquitously expressed and function cooperatively to protect cells from autologous complement damage. For classical and alternative pathways, the primary regulators at the stage of C3 proteolysis and deposition are membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF;CD55), whereas protectin or CD59 regulates terminal component assembly. There is increasing awareness in reproductive, tumor, and transplantation immunology of the conventional and non-complement roles of these proteins. The human reproductive system may serve as a model of the non-complement functions. Methods We performed immunohistochemical analyses of multiple normal ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervices, and uterine corpi by using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies to provide a detailed, direct comparison of complement regulator expression. Results Membrane cofactor protein was diffusely and strongly expressed on all epithelia and vascular endothelium and wee the predominant regulator on oocytes. In contrast, decay-accelerating factor had variable expression in intensity and distribution on epithelia and was notably absent on certain epithelia and oocytes. It was the only regulator present on the connective tissue between muscle bundles in the myometrium and the cervix and was found on most stroma. CD59, although staining intensity varied, was present on virtually all epithelia, vascular tissue, and stroma. Conclusions Distinct reproducible patterns of complement regulator expression are found throughout the female reproductive tract. Differential expression on certain epithelia and oocytes may suggest non-complement activities. This comprehensive study should provide a basis for further characterization of pathological tissues and mechanisms of cellular localization. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Fault Lines along Fast Lanes

This column discusses the economics of fast lanes, wherein ISPs offer faster delivery for a higher price while giving slower service.
Jejunoileal atresia: A 27-year experience

Abstract Purpose: In this study, the authors review cases of jejunoileal atresia (JIA) to evaluate their surgical treatment strategy. Methods: Eighty-eight neonates who underwent surgical repair for JIA were divided into four groups for the type of lesion: group I, membranous (n = 23), group II, interrupted (n = 49), group III, multiple (n = 9), and group IV, apple-peel (n = 7). Group I patients were treated with membranectomy or bowel resection and anastomosis, group II with resection of the dilated bowel and one anastomosis, group III with two to six multiple anastomoses to preserve bowel length, and group IV with minimal bowel resection and bowel anastomosis. During surgery a uniform protocol was used to minimize bowel resection and to perform an end-to-end single layer anastomosis using either Halsted horizontal mattress or conventional interrupted sutures. Mortality, morbidity, days for functional recovery, and central venous nutrition (CVN) were included in the review. Results: Of 88 patients, three died of causes unrelated to operation for JIA. Nine patients underwent an additional laparotomy for leakage (n = 4) and obstruction (n = 5). Oral feeding was allowed on day 5.4 ± 4.3 and full caloric intake via the enteric route on day 12.5 ± 10.0. Twenty-one patients required CVN for 32.4 ± 19.1 days. None required a long-term treatment for the short bowel syndrome. Conclusion: This study concludes that efforts to preserve bowel length are laudable to avoid the short bowel syndrome and that an end-to-end single layer anastomosis contributes to early recovery of bowel function.
On finite amplitude spinning acoustic modes and subsonic choking

Abstract The propagation of small but finite amplitude spinning acoustic wave modes in an annular duct is studied. The usual frequency dispersion relation of linear theory is extended to include the non-linear effect of amplitude dispersion. A perturbation procedure in which the frequency, wavenumber, and amplitude relation is represented by a power series in the energy density or the square of the wave amplitude, i.e. w=w 0 (k)+w 2 (k)a 2 +w 4 (k)a 4 +⋯, is described. It is found that non-linear effects are not negligible for wave modes of moderate amplitude. The phenomenon of “subsonic choking” of these waves due to finite amplitude effect are investigated. The physical aspects of this phenomenon are also discussed.
Unlocking the barriers to improved functional capacity in the elderly: rationale and design for the "Fit for Life trial".

Advancing age is associated with an increase in physical impairment, functional limitations, disability, and loss of independence. Regular physical activity conveys health benefits, but the yield on physical function in the elderly, is less clear. Current exercise guidelines are focused predominantly on aerobic programs despite evidence that age-associated declines are mediated by peripheral tissue changes. The Fit for Life trial proposes a new paradigm of exercise training for the elderly that uses a low-mass high-repetition training regimen specifically focused on peripheral tissue beds or body regions (Regional Specific Training Stimulus — RSTS). RSTS is designed to deliver a localized stimulus to the peripheral vasculature, bone and muscle, without imposing a significant central cardiorespiratory strain. The purpose of this study is three-fold; 1) to derive effect sizes from the RSTS intervention by which to power a subsequent larger, confirmatory trial; 2) to assess fidelity of the RSTS intervention; and 3) to assess the interrelationship of the primary endpoints of physical impairment/fitness (VO2peak, 1 repetition maximal contraction) and function (Senior Fitness Test scores) following two versions of a 4 + 8 week protocol. Men and women over 70 years, at risk for losing independence will be randomized to either 4 weeks of RSTS or “aerobic” exercise, followed by an identical 8 weeks of progressive whole-body training (aerobic plus resistance). The guiding hypothesis is that the magnitude of adaptation after 12 weeks will be greatest in those initially randomized to RSTS. Possible mediators of the intervention effect — physical impairment/fitness and function relationship, including vascular function, muscle mass, strength, and physiology will also be assessed.
Application of IMM filtering to passive ranging

This paper presents an interacting multiple model (IMM) filtering scheme for use in passive ranging with angle-only measurement data. The application is to an air-to-air multiple target tracking environment. The IMM implementation uses the Modified Spherical Coordinates (MSC) method for one of the filter models and a general acceleration model for the other filter. This method, in effect, provides maneuver detections to that range and range rate estimation errors from the MSC filter are minimized and an accurate covariance matrix is maintained to reflect these errors.
MARKER TRANSPORT THROUGH ECOSYSTEM ENERGY FLOW

Abstract Markers are substances which are artificially introduced into ecosystems in small quantities and which have no acute effects on energy flow. A marker might be a pollutant which affects life significantly only over long time frames. Alternatively, a marker might be a benign substance easily detected in small amounts and introduced in order to trace energy flow and so evaluate energy flow models. The flow of markers can be modeled in parallel to energy flow by assuming that energy flowing out of a compartment carries with it a proportional mass of marker. The purpose of this paper is to derive qualitative conditions on the food-web structure and the consumption functions of a model which guarantee stability of energy and marker flows. We will show that many consumption functions used in mathematical ecology lead to sign-stable models of energy flow and furthermore that such models enjoy inherent stability of associated marker flows.
Driving the Earth machine

The asthenosphere—derived from the Greek asthenēs, meaning weak—is the uppermost part of Earth's mantle, right below the tectonic plates that make up the solid lithosphere. First proposed by Barrell 100 years ago (1), the asthenosphere has traditionally been viewed as a passive region that decouples the moving tectonic plates from the mantle and provides magmas to the global spreading ridge system. Recent studies suggest that the asthenosphere may play a more active role as the source of the heat and magma responsible for intraplate volcanoes. Furthermore, it may have a major impact on plate tectonics and the pattern of mantle flow.
An improved method of numerical solution for flux components in potential flow

Abstract A numerical method for solution of flux components which is completely superior to a method described previously has been developed. In some cases this method leads to a direct, non- iterative solution of two-dimensional problems. It also has an advantage over the alternating direction implicit method in that much larger space increments can be used in one direction than in the other. Examples are given which show the application of the method to mixed boundary conditions, curved boundaries, and a point source.
Separation-Individuation, Exploration, and Identity Diffusion as Mediators of the Relationship Between Attachment and Career Indecision

The purpose of this study was to test the fit of a theoretical model in which separation-individuation, career exploration, and identity diffusion were specified as mediators of the relationship between attachment functioning (anxious and avoidant) and career indecision (informational and personal—emotional). Structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables was used to examine the fit of the model to self-report data provided by college students (N = 285). The model provided a good fit to the data, with most theorized paths being significant and in the predicted direction. However, expected paths between separation-individuation and the career-related variables were not significant, raising questions about this construct as a mediator of attachment—career indecision relationships. Implications for future research and for intervention are presented.
Era, an essential Escherichia coli small G-protein, binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

Era is an essential G-protein in Escherichia coli identified originally as a homologue protein to Ras (E. coli Ras-like protein). It binds to GTP/GDP and contains a low intrinsic GTPase activity. Its function remains elusive, although it has been suggested that Era is associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, cell division, energy metabolism, and cell-cycle check point. Recently, a cold-sensitive phenotype was found to be suppressed by the overexpression of 16S rRNA methyltransferase, suggesting Era association with the ribosome. Here we demonstrate that Era specifically binds to 16S rRNA and the 30S ribosomal subunit. Both GTP and GDP, but not GMP, inhibit Era binding to ribosomal component. Involvement of Era in protein synthesis is suggested by the fact that Era depletion results in the translation defect both in vitro and in vivo.
A simple UV-microbeam for partial cell irradiation.

On peut irradier les regions sous-cellulaires si la radiation UV d'un monochromateur est limitee par les ouvertures interchangeables de champ dans le plan de la pellicule photographique d'un appareil reflex, monte sur un microscope. L'image UV est demagnifiee par un oculaire et un objectif achromatique aussi bien a la lumiere UV qu'a la lumiere visible.