cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic recovery and polymer-polymer interactions

i) Elastic recovery in polymeric liquids is a cooperative phenomenon in the sense that individual polymer molecules undergoing retraction must interact with one another in order to generate recovery. Stress generated by polymer molecules under an externally imposed flow field may or may not be a cooperative phenomenon. We suggest that the ability to describe the large elastic recovery exhibited by many polymeric liquids furnishes a crucial test of the validity of methods used to model the interaction of a given polymer molecule with its neighbors. Temporary-junction network models appear to be capable of explaining observed recoveries. Elastic recovery cannot be explained by single-molecule-in-a-mean-field theories which involve no calculation of the effect of the single molecule on the mean field. ii) A Gaussian network theory equation for the change of volume with elongation for a cross-linked elastomer is generalized in order to allow the bulk compliance to depend on elongation. iii) It is proved that two classes of flow history, namely shear-free and shear, are “constitutively independent” in the sense that, for a given viscoelastic liquid of unknown constitutive equation, the behavior in one class cannot be predicted from rheological measurements (however extensive) made solely in the other class.
Single machine sequencing with nonlinear multicriteria cost functions: an application of generalized dynamic programming

Scope and P lupose--A task frequently encounter in operations management is the ~h~uling of tasks or jobs where the attractiveness of the schedule is evaluated relative to multiple performance measures. If there exists a linear multicriteria cost (or penalty) function of these performance measures, then dynamic programming (DP) may be used to find an optimal schedule. However, in the more general case of a nonlinear multicriteria cost function, conventional DP may fail to produce an optimal schedule due to the potential violation of monotonicity. Furthermore, the alternative of first generating the entire efficient set (over which the multicriteria cost function can subsequently be minimized) often requires a prohibitive computational effort. We present an alternative generalized DP approach to this class of problems that guarantees optimaIity, notwithstanding the nonlinearity of the cost function. An example demonstrates that our approach can represent a significant computational improvement over first generating the entire efficient set, and is only slightly more expensive computationally than applying conventional DP, which in this case is only a heuristic.
Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase in celery plants and cells.

Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) in celery (Apium graveolens L.) suspension cells and plants showed that MTD is a cytoplasmic enzyme. MTD was found in the meristems of celery root apices, in young expanding leaves, in the vascular cambium, and in the phloem, including sieve-element/companion cell complexes, parenchyma, and in the exuding phloem sap of cut petioles. Suspension cells that were grown in medium with mannitol as the sole carbon source showed a high anti-MTD cross-reaction in the cytoplasm, whereas cells that were grown in sucrose-containing medium showed little or no cross-reaction. Gel-blot analysis of proteins from vascular and nonvascular tissues of mature celery petioles showed a strong anti-MTD sera cross-reactive band, corresponding to the 40-kD molecular mass of MTD in vascular extracts, but no cross-reactive bands in nonvascular extracts. The distribution pattern of MTD within celery plants and in cell cultures that were grown on different carbon sources is consistent w ith the hypothesis that the Mtd gene may be regulated by sugar repression. Additionally, a developmental component may regulate the distribution of MTD within celery plants.
In Situ Protection of Silicon Wafers Against Metal Contamination in Furnace Processes Without Environmental Hazard

A new cleaning system for production furnaces using an electric field protection against ionic contaminants was successfully tested or high and low temperature processes. It was shown that this technique could maintain metallic contamination on the same level as standard cleaning with chlorine or HCl. However, since the electric field is always active during the process, the cleaning takes place continuously and no special process time is consumed such as in conventional chlorine-based cleaning. Therefore, the furnace productivity increases in addition to eliminating hazardous gases and waste that cause safety and health issues in the manufacturing site. The novel in situ cleaning system reduced the contamination to an acceptable level even in worst case scenarios, which simulated built-in leaks in the furnace. The system was tested in annealing processes as well as in thermal oxidation. Excellent results were obtained for mobile ions cleaning at the oxidation furnace at process temperatures as low as 850°C. In this paper we present the cleaning processes, their results, and compare them to standard chlorine based processes. We discuss the results and present our conclusions that the novel in situ cleaning can replace the conventional process, improve systems utilization, and eliminate environmental, safety, and health hazards.
A funny thing happened on the way to the marketplace [security problems]

The security community tends to define problems and solutions in terms of technology. However, real-world systems are more than just technology, and if we want to secure them, we also must consider their nontechnological aspects. The article explores this marketplace dimension of building secure systems in the real world includes the views of Jothy Rosenberg, founder, CEO and CTO of Service Integrity, a Web-service monitoring and analysis software firm, and Adam Golodner, Associate Director for Policy at the Institute for Security Technology Studies.
Serum Thyrotropin (TSH) Levels after Thyroid Ablation Compared with TSH Levels after Exogenous Bovine TSH: Implications for 131I Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma

In a group of ten patients who had undergone thyroid ablation for thyroid carcinoma, serum endogenous TSH was measured after withdrawal of triiodothyronine treatment. Serum TSH levels rose progressively during the 10–20 days of observation. Only two patients reached a plateau in their TSH level 10 and 15 days after withdrawal. Another group of ten subjects (5 euthyroid, 5 hypothyroid) were given 10 U bovine thyrotropin im on 3 successive days. Bovine TSH levels in their serum measured in a specific radioimmunoassay reached a peak of approximately 100–120 μU/ml in 2–4 hr and declined about 50% at 8–10 hr. Successive injections did not have an additive effect on the level achieved. Assuming the units of human and bovine TSH have an equivalent effect in man, the sustained elevated levels reached 2–3 weeks after withdrawal of triiodothyronine probably cause as much stimulation of residual functional thyroid tissue as does administration of bovine thyrotropin.
Identification and comparative analysis of subolesin/akirin ortholog from Ornithodoros turicata ticks

Subolesin is an evolutionary conserved molecule in diverse arthropod species that play an important role in the regulation of genes involved in immune responses, blood digestion, reproduction and development. In this study, we have identified a subolesin ortholog from soft ticks Ornithodoros turicata, the vector of the relapsing fever spirochete in the United States. Uninfected fed or unfed O. turicata ticks were used throughout this study. The subolesin mRNA was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced. Quantitative-real time PCR (QRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate subolesin mRNA levels at different O. turicata developmental stages and from salivary glands and gut tissues. Bioinformatics and comparative analysis was performed to predict potential post-translational modifications in O. turicata subolesin amino-acid sequences. Our study reveals that O. turicata subolesin gene expression is developmentally regulated, where; adult ticks expressed significantly higher levels in comparison to the larvae or nymphal ticks. Expression of subolesin was evident in both unfed and fed ticks and in the salivary glands and midgut tissues. The expression of subolesin transcripts varied in fed ticks with peak levels at day 14 post-feeding. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. turicata subolesin showed a high degree of sequence conservation with subolesin’s from other soft and hard ticks. Bioinformatics and comparative analysis predicted that O. turicata subolesin carry three Protein kinase C and one Casein kinase II phosphorylation sites. However, no myristoylation or glycosylation sites were evident in the O. turicata subolesin sequence. Our study provides important insights in recognizing subolesin as a conserved potential candidate for the development of a broad-spectrum anti-vector vaccine to control not only ticks but also several other arthropods that transmit diseases to humans and animals.
On the relative migratory aptitudes of carbon and heteroatoms in borate complexes. A surprising α-thia effect

Dimethylsulfoxonium methylide reacts with dicyclohexyl(α-thiophenylmethyl)methylborane via 1,2-alkyl migration and alkyldithiaborolane via 1,2-sulfur migration.
Cocapropylene (Propylcocaine) Formation by Human Liver In Vitro

Formation of cocapropylene (CP), the n-propyl analogue of cocaine, by human liver has been demonstrated for the first time through incubation of whole liver homogenates with cocaine (COC) and n-propanol (PrOH). The formation of CP was noted by 30 min in each case, and it continued throughout the 6-h study period. The concentration of COC declined throughout each incubation. Sodium fluoride was found to inhibit completely the formation of CP. For control purposes, the capability of each liver to generate cocaethylene (CE), the known transesterification product of COC and ethanol (EtOH), was established by separate incubation of the homogenate with COC and EtOH. Concentrations of COC, CP, and CE in the respective homogenates were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas those of EtOH and PrOH were measured by gas-liquid chromatography.
Measures Of Investor Sentiment: A Comparative Analysis Put-Call Ratio Vs. Volatility Index

Traditional research on asset pricing has focused on firm-specific and economy-wide factors that affect asset prices. Recently, the finance literature has turned to non-economic factors, such as investor sentiment, as possible determinants of asset prices (see for example, Fisher and Statman 2000 and Baker and Wurgler 2006). Studies such as Baek, Bandopadhyaya and Du (2005) suggest that shifts in investor sentiment may explain short-term movements in asset prices better than any other set of fundamental factors. A wide array of investor sentiment measures are now available, which leads us quite naturally to the question of which measure best mirrors actual market movements. In this paper, we begin to address this question by comparing two measures of investor sentiment which are computed daily by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) and for which historical data are freely available on the CBOE website, thus making them ideal for use by both academics and practitioners studying market behavior: the Put-Call Ratio (PCR) and the Volatility Index (VIX). Using daily data from January 2, 2004 until April 11, 2006, we find that the PCR is a better explanatory variable than is the VIX for variations in the S&P 500 index that are not explained by economic factors. This supports the argument that, if one were to choose between these two measures of market sentiment, the PCR is a better choice than the VIX.
A severe phenotype in mice with a duplication of exon 3 in the cystic fibrosis locus

To develop an animal model for cystic fibrosis (CF), targeted gene disruption in embryonic stem (ES) cells was used to generate a duplication of exon 3 (cftrm1Bay allele) of the mouse CF gene. ES cells containing this mutation were used to generate chimeric animals that transmitted the mutant allele through the germline. Homozygous mutant animals display a severe phenotype, with approximately 40% dying within 1 week from intestinal obstruction. RNAase protection analysis of the cftrm1Bay allele did not detect any normal mRNA (< 1-2% of wild-type) in mutant animals. Pathologic changes in the intestines from mutant mice included mucus accumulation in the crypts and intestinal lumen, dilatation of the bases of the crypts, enlargement of goblet cells, and the presence of concretions in the crypts or between the villi. Changes were also present in the mucosal glands of the pharynx and the minor sublingual glands, where dilatation of acini and accumulation of eosinophilic material were evident. Atrophy of acinar cells that may be secondary to nutritional deficiency and mild inflammation in the main pancreatic duct were present in the pancreas of mutant animals. No changes were noted in the lung, trachea, liver, or male reproductive tract of mutant animals, and mutant males were fertile. Homozygous mutant mice showed defects in cAMP-mediated ion transport both in ileum and in cultured fetal tracheal explants. Thus, an additional mouse model for CF has been generated that should prove useful for the understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of treatments for CF.
Computation of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues and the Singular Value Decomposition

Before we discuss methods for computing eigenvalues, we mention an interesting observation. Consider the polynomial, f(& λ), $$ {{\lambda }^{p}} + {{a}_{{p - 1}}}{{\lambda }^{{p - 1}}} + ... + {{a}_{1}}\lambda + {{a}_{0}} $$ Now form the matrix, A, $$ \left[ \begin{gathered} 0 1 0 ... 0 \hfill \\ 0 0 1 ... 0 \hfill \\ \ddots \hfill \\ 0 0 0 ... 0 \hfill \\ - {{a}_{0}} - {{a}_{1}} - {{a}_{2}} ... - {{a}_{{p - 1}}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right] $$ The matrix A is called the companion matrix of the polynomial f. It is easy to see that the characteristic equation of A, equation (2.11) on page 68, is the polynomial f(λ): $$ \det (A - \lambda I) = f(\lambda ) $$ Thus, given a general polynomial f, we can form a matrix A whose eigenvalues are the roots of the polynomial. It is a well-known fact in the theory of equations that there is no general formula for the roots of a polynomial of degree greater than 4. This means that we cannot expect to have a direct method for calculating eigenvalues; rather, we will have to use an iterative method.
TwoKind authentication: protecting private information in untrustworthy environments

Users often log in to Internet sites from insecure computers and more recently have started divulging their email passwords to social-networking sites, thereby putting their private communications at risk. We propose and evaluate TwoKind Authentication, a simple and effective technique for limiting access to private information in untrustworthy environments. In its simplest form, TwoKind offers two modes of authentication by providing a low and a high authenticator. By using a low authenticator, users can signal to the server that they are in an untrusted environment, following which the server restricts the user's actions.We seek to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple authenticators in promoting safer behavior in users. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach through a user experiment - we find that users make a distinction between the two authenticators and generally behave in a security-conscious way, protecting their high authenticator the ma jority of the time. Our study suggests that TwoKind will be beneficial to several Internet applications, particularly if the privileges associated with the low authenticator can be customized to a user's security preferences.
Basin-scale hydrogeologic impacts of CO2 storage: Capacity and regulatory implications

Industrial-scale injection of CO2 into saline formations in sedimentary basins will cause large-scale fluid pressurization and migration of native brines, which may affect valuable groundwater resources overlying the deep sequestration aquifers. In this paper, we discuss how such basin-scale hydrogeologic impacts (1) may reduce current storage capacity estimates, and (2) can affect regulation of CO2 storage projects. Our assessment arises from a hypothetical future carbon sequestration scenario in the Illinois Basin, which involves twenty individual CO2 storage projects (sites) in a core injection area most suitable for long-term storage. Each project is assumed to inject five million tonnes of CO2 per year for 50 years. A regional-scale three-dimensional simulation model was developed for the Illinois Basin that captures both the local-scale CO2–brine flow processes and the large-scale groundwater flow patterns in response to CO2 storage. The far-field pressure buildup predicted for this selected sequestration scenario support recent studies in that environmental concerns related to near- and far-field pressure buildup may be a limiting factor on CO2 storage capacity. In other words, estimates of storage capacity, if solely based on the effective pore volume available for safe trapping of CO2, may have to be revised based on assessments of pressure perturbations and their potential impacts on caprock integrity and groundwater resources. Our results suggest that (1) the area that needs to be characterized in a permitting process may comprise a very large region within the basin if reservoir pressurization is considered, and (2) permits cannot be granted on a single-site basis alone because the near- and far-field hydrogeologic response may be affected by interference between individual storage sites. We also discuss some of the challenges in making reliable predictions of large-scale hydrogeologic impacts related to CO2 sequestration projects.
Novel Single-Tube Agar-Based Test System for Motility Enhancement and Immunocapture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by H7 Flagellar Antigen-Specific Antibodies

This paper describes a novel single-tube agar-based technique for motility enhancement and immunoimmobilization of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Motility indole ornithine medium and agar (0.4%, wt/vol) media containing either nutrient broth, tryptone broth, or tryptic soy broth (TSBA) were evaluated for their abilities to enhance bacterial motility. Twenty-six E. coli strains, including 19 O157:H7 strains, 1 O157:H− strain, and 6 generic E. coli strains, were evaluated. Test bacteria were stab inoculated in the center of the agar column, and tubes were incubated at 37°C for 18 to 96 h. Nineteen to 24 of the 26 test strains (73.1 to 92.3%) were motile in the different media. TSBA medium performed best and was employed in subsequent studies of motility enhancement and H7 flagellar immunocapture. H7 flagellar antiserum (30 and 60 μl) mixed with TSBA was placed as a band (1 ml) in the middle of an agar column separating the top (3-ml) and bottom (3-ml) agar layers. The top agar layer was inoculated with the test bacterial strains. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 12 to 18 h and for 18 to 96 h. The specificity and sensitivity of the H7 flagellar immunocapture tests were 75 and 100%, respectively. The procedure described is simple and sensitive and could be adapted easily for routine use in laboratories that do not have sophisticated equipment and resources for confirming the presence of H7 flagellar antigens. Accurate and rapid identification of H7 flagellar antigen is critical for the complete characterization of E. coli O157:H7, owing to the immense clinical, public health, and economic significance of this food-borne pathogen.
Examining the impact of physical and sexual abuse on the employment of women with disabilities in the United States: an exploratory analysis.

Purpose. The relationship between the employment status of women with disabilities and the incidence of physical and sexual abuse in the United States was examined.Method. Data from the 2005 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed using descriptive analysis and proportional analysis to determine the significance of the relationship between the experience of abuse and employment status for women with disabilities. Due to the large sample size, effect size was examined through Cohen's h. Logistic regression analysis was also used to examine the risk of unemployment for women with disabilities who are abused.Results. Women with disabilities who have been abused have higher levels of unemployment than women without disabilities who have not been abused. In addition, women with disabilities who have been abused have higher levels of unemployment than women without disabilities who have not been abused. Finally, experiencing physical and sexual abuse increases the risk of unemployment ...
Fracture Strength of Ceramic Bracket Tie Wings Subjected to Tension

One of the most common areas of ceramic bracket fracture is within the tie-wing complex. When an archwire is ligated into position, tensile forces are placed under the tie wing. However, no study, to date, has focused specifically on the fracture resistance of the tie-wing complex. The aim of this study is to compare the tensile fracture strength of seven currently available ceramic brackets (Inspire, Fasci- nation, Mystique, InVu, Clarity, Virage, and Luxi) as a function of bracket brand and bracket configuration, semitwin vs true-twin. Based on a power analysis of pilot data, 10 maxillary central incisor brackets per group were tested to failure with a tensile load placed directly under the distoincisal tie wing. The results ranged from a maximum mean fracture strength of 147.71 (5.87) MPa with Fascination brackets to a minimum mean fracture strength of 84.28 (7.01) MPa with Luxi brackets. The statistical analysis indicated a significant effect on fracture strength as a function of bracket brand (P , .05) and that semitwin brackets, Fascination, Mystique, and Virage, had significantly higher fracture strength than true-twin brackets, Clar- ity, InVu, and Luxi (P , .05). Interestingly, the only monocrystalline bracket in the study, Inspire, could not be fractured using the investigation protocol. In fact, the steel ligature fixture wire would break before tie-wing fracture at a mean fixture failure of 198.65 MPa. (Angle Orthod 2004;75:95-100.)
The Fabrication of Stainless Steel Parts for MEMs

A micro-molding process was used to fabricate parts in the 0.1 to 10 mm size range from a stainless steel nano-powder. The two types of molds used were both produced from parts fabricated using the LIGA process so that they had precise dimensional tolerance and straight sidewalls. Rigid PMMA molds were made by injection molding and flexible silicone rubber molds were made by casting. Mold filling was accomplished by mixing the powder with epoxy to form a putty-like material that was then pressed into the mold cavities and allowed to cure. After pyrolysis of the epoxy, the parts were sintered in forming gas. The densification kinetics were measured in situ using a video system. Full densification was achieved after 1 hour at 1350°C. The microstructure of the sintered parts was examined using the SEM. The mechanical strength, hardness, dimensional tolerance and surface roughness of the sintered parts were also measured.
Circuit modeling methodology for UWB omnidirectional small antennas

In ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, antennas act as filters that introduce a frequency dependent response from the transmitter to receiver. To capture the waveform dispersion so that one can equalize/compensate at the transmitter/receiver, a new circuit modeling methodology that handles omnidirectional small antennas is proposed. By transforming the antennas into the degenerated Foster canonical forms and utilizing the waveform-omnidirectional property, it is shown that the transmitted far field waveform is a scaled version of the voltage across the radiation resistor in the model. Extended Thevenin/Norton equivalent circuits with dependent sources tracking the frequency dependence of the antenna effective length are also built for UWB receiving antennas. Simulation and experimental results show that this methodology is effective over a wide bandwidth and suitable for modeling most UWB antennas.
Iterative detection and decoding for separable two-dimensional intersymbol interference

We introduce two detection methods for uncoded two-dimensional (2-D) intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. The detection methods are suitable for a special case of 2-D ISI channels where the channel response is separable. In this case, the 2-D ISI is treated as the concatenation of two one-dimensional ISI channels. The first method uses equalization to reduce the ISI in one of the two dimensions followed by use of a maximum a posteriori (MAP) detector for the ISI in the other dimension. The second method employs modified MAP algorithms to reduce the ISI in each dimension. The implementation complexity of the two methods grows exponentially in the ISI length in either the row or column dimension. We develop two iterative decoding schemes based on these detection methods and low-density parity-check codes as error correction codes. Simulation results show that the bit-error-rate performance loss caused by the 2-D ISI for the separable channel response considered is less than 1 dB over a channel without ISI. This motivates equalizing a general 2-D ISI channel response to a nearby separable matrix.
Harbour excitations by incident wave groups

By using the multiple-scales perturbation method, analytical solutions are obtained for the second-order low-frequency oscillations inside a rectangular harbour excited by incident wave groups. The water depth is a constant. The width of the harbour entrance is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of incident carrier (short) waves, but small in comparison with the wavelength of the wave envelope. Because of the modulations in the wave envelope, a second-order long wave is locked in with the wave envelope and propagates with the speed of the group velocity. Outside the harbour, locked long waves also exist in the reflected wave groups, but not in the radiated wave groups. Inside the harbour, the analytical expressions for the locked long waves are obtained. Owing to the discontinuity of the locked long waves across the harbour mouth, second-order free long waves are generated. The free long waves propagate with a speed of (gh)½ inside and outside the harbour. The free long waves inside the harbour may be resonated in a low-frequency range which is relevant to the harbour resonance.
No small matter: qualitatively distinct challenges of pediatric genomic studies

�ere are a number of compelling reasons why pediatric populations should be preferentially studied to understand the genomic basis of disease. First, many forms of adult disease have genetic etiologies that were discovered in pediatric studies (for example, cardiomyopathies, several causes of infertility and colorectal cancer) where the more penetrant or homozygous mutations, clinically presenting in early childhood, made the genetic pathogenesis much clearer than in adult disease. Second, being able to detect the genetic antecedents of adult disease best allows us to study how the disease develops on the way to adulthood and, just as importantly, gives the longest possible lead time for the implementation of the most cost-effective primary prevention (for example, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to reduce the cardiac manifestations of Marfan syndrome if given in childhood). �ird, the individual variation due to environmental exposures, whether it be diet, drugs or other habits, is by definition relatively small compared with that of adults who have had an order of magnitude more exposure to the environment. Consequently, the case could be made that a greater fraction of pathophysiological variability in children can be attributable to inherited traits (although one could make several opposing arguments, including the increased suscepti bility of children to certain environmental insults). Last, and most importantly, children constitute a population with distinct physiology and disease risks and there is no substitute for pediatric genomics studies in order to better understand and ultimately manage or treat these risks and diseases. So why is it that pediatric genomic studies form only a small fraction of the entire collection of genomic studies formed to date? Challenges in pediatric genomics research �ere is more here than just the usual underfunding of pediatric projects relative to adult projects, although this certainly may be an important factor [1]. In many ways the barriers mirror some of those that cause underrepresentation of historically under-represented and underserved minorities in genetic studies as outlined by Francis Collins and colleagues [2]. One important consideration is that it is just much harder to perform genetic studies with children. To start with, there is the matter of consent and assent. Children are not children forever and therefore the parental consent most likely has to be eventually replaced by childhood assent and then full consent as they reach maturity [3]. �is already imposes significantly more in terms of overheads for consent management than those incurred by adult prospective studies.
ModSpec: an open, flexible specification framework for multi-domain device modelling

We describe ModSpec, a MATLAB/Octave based specification format suitable for modelling devices across a wide variety of application domains, including circuits, optics, fluidics and biology. The ModSpec format and associated API are centered around describing the nonlinear differential equations at the core of any device model. The format is open, general and easy to use, and is supported by toolchains that translate and automatically differentiate models, set up equations for systems of interacting devices, and provide simulation facilities. We illustrate the use of ModSpec for modelling semiconductor, photovoltaic, fluidic and neuronal devices and systems.
Perioperative complications after hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty are equivalent.

Background: Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) results in superior clinical outcomes to hemiarthroplasty (HA); however, TSA is a more technical and invasive procedure. This study retrospectively compares perioperative complications after HA and TSA using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Methods: The NSQIP user file was queried for HA and TSA cases from the years 2005 through 2010. Major complications were defined as life-threatening or debilitating. All complications occurred within 30 days of the initial procedure. We performed multivariate analysis to compare complication rates between the two procedures, controlling for patient comorbidities. Results: The database returned 1,718 patients (HA in 30.4% [n ¼ 523] and TSA in 69.6% [n ¼ 1,195]). The major complication rates in the HA group (5.2%, n ¼ 29) and TSA group (5.1%, n ¼ 61) were similar (P ¼ .706). Rates of blood transfusions for postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing HA (2.3%, n ¼ 12) and TSA (2.9%, n ¼ 35) were indistinguishable (P ¼ .458). Venous thromboembolism was a rare complication, occurring in 0.4% of patients in each group (2 HA patients and 5 TSA patients, P >.999). On multivariate analysis, the operative procedure was not associated with major complications (P ¼.349); however, emergency case, pulmonary comorbidity, anemia with a hematocrit level lower than 36%, and wound class of III or IV increased the risk of a major complication (P < .05 for all). Conclusion: Multivariate analysis of patients undergoing TSA or HA in the NSQIP database suggests that patient factorsdnot the procedure being performeddare significant predictors of major complications. Controlling for patient comorbidities, we found no increased risk of perioperative major complications in patients undergoing TSA compared with HA. Level of evidence: Level III, Retrospective Cohort Design, Treatment Study. 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
N,N-ジメチルホルムアミドの構造

NMRスペクトルを用いて二硫化炭素中のN.N-ジメチルホルムアミドの化学シフト,結合定数,および線幅を30°～-70℃において調べた。二つのメチル基に基づ仁重線間のシフトは低温になるにしたがって徐々に増大し, 限界値は12.5士0.5cpsである。またホルミル陽子とトランス位置のメチル基との間の結合定数は0.65cps(25d℃)から0.cCps(-40℃)まで滅少する。この結合定数の減少はジメチルホルムアミドの三フッ化ホウ素との錯化合物ではもっと明らかである。ホルミル陽子の吸収線の幅は温度低下とともに狭くなり,30℃では4.7cps,-70℃では2.4cpsである。これらの結果から,ジメチルホルムアミドは高温においては非平面型で存在することが結論された。
Seasonal Patterns for Entomological Measures of Risk for Exposure to Culex Vectors and West Nile Virus in Relation to Human Disease Cases in Northeastern Colorado

We examined seasonal patterns for entomological measures of risk for exposure to Culex vectors and West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) in relation to human WNV disease cases in a five-county area of northeastern Colorado during 2006-2007. Studies along habitat/elevation gradients in 2006 showed that the seasonal activity period is shortened and peak numbers occur later in the summer for Culex tarsalis Coquillett females in foothills-montane areas >1600 m compared with plains areas 1600 m. The vector index for abundance of WNV-infected Cx. tarsalis females for the plains sites combined exceeded 0.50 from mid-July to mid-August, with at least one site exceeding 1.00 from early July to late August. Finally, we found that abundance of Cx. tarsalis females and the vector index for infected females were strongly associated with weekly numbers of WNV disease cases with onset 4-7 wk later (female abundance) or 1-2 wk later (vector index).
Ethics and Resources

In the opening paragraph of this text we noted that often students and technologists use the confocal microscope to collect images without a full understanding of how the system works. Unfortunately, an additional factor affecting image collection is that often the students and technologists are given a preconceived idea of what the final image or data should look like.
The Deresination of Guayule: A Physical Model. Part I: Effect of Water and Temperature on the Diffusion Coefficients

Abstract 1. The nature of the static deresination of guayule worms is complicated by the presence of moisture. In analogy with hevea latex coagulum, the moisture occurs in pockets and channels between the rubber agglomerates which contain the solubilized resin, and it enhances desorption of the resin into a solvent. At moisture above a critical level (around 10 wt.%), the pockets are likely to be interconnecting, thus providing easy access for the water-miscible solvent to the interior of the worms through an interchange process with the moisture. 2. Assuming minimal resistance at the surface of the worms, the static deresination is thought to take place in four consecutive steps: (a) the penetration of solvent into the pores of the worms made up of moisture pockets and channels, (b) the absorption (swelling) of the solvent into the rubber phase and subsequent transfer of the solubilized resin from the rubber phase to the solvent, (c) diffusion of the resin as a solute in the solvent through the swollen r...
Voltage dependence of Ca2+sparks in intact cerebral arteries

Ca2+ sparks have been previously described in isolated smooth muscle cells. Here we present the first measurements of local Ca2+ transients (“Ca2+ sparks”) in an intact smooth muscle preparation. C...
Adverse drug reactions-a matter of opinion.

The accurate identification of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is difficult because ADRs usually present no unique clinical or laboratory findings that demarcate them from the manifestations of concurrent illnesses. The identification of ADRs depends on the clinical assessments of physicians-sometimes the clinician treating the patient and at other times a clinical pharmacologist. Considering the complex and subjective nature of clinically identifying ADRs, how accurately are ADRs identified? To answer this question, three clinical pharmacologists each independently evaluated 60 selected cases to determine if medication, alcohol, or "recreational" drugs had caused the hospitalization. The three clinical pharmacologists agreed on only 30 cases (50%), and 27 of these were thought to be unrelated to medications. In 19 of the 30 cases about which the clinical pharmacologists disagreed, they disagreed on whether or not a medication-or alcohol-related event had occurred at all. The clinical pharmacologists disagreed with the physicians treating the patient in 22% to 37% of the cases, but because of the differences among the pharmacologists, the treating physicians agreed with at least one of them in 95% of the cases. Complete agreement between the clinical pharmacologists and the treating physicians occurred in 47% of the cases. This degree of disparity in the clinical identification of ADRs shows that the evaluation of ADRs is subjective and imprecise. The accurate identification of ADRs awaits the development of an objective technique for recognizing ADRs. Language: en
Stability of Dynamical Systems with Discontinuous Motions

In this paper we present a stability theory for discontinuous dynamical systems (DDS): continuous-time systems whose motions are not necessarily continuous with respect to time. We show that this t...
Comparative Analysis of Quadriceps Emg Signals During Weight Bearing Flexion of Normal and Tka Knees

Introduction Electromyography (EMG) is the best known method in obtaining in vivo muscle activation signals during dynamic activities, and this study focuses on comparing the EMG signals of the quadriceps muscles for different TKA designs and normal knees during maximum weight bearing flexion. It is hypothesized that the activation levels will be higher for the TKA groups than the normal group. Methods Twenty-five subjects were involved in the study with 11 having a normal knee, five a rotating platform (RP) posterior stabilized (PS) TKA, and nine subjects with a PFC TC3 revision TKA. EMG signals were obtained from the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis as the patients performed a deep knee bend from full extension to maximum flexion. The data was synchronized with the activity so that the EMG data could be set in flexion-space and compared across the groups. EMG signals were pre-processed by converting the raw signals into neural excitations and normalizing this data with the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) performed by the subject. The signals were then processed to find the muscle activations which, normalized by MVC, range from 0 to 1. Results The average muscle activations for each of the three groups are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3 for the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis respectively. The vastus medialis had the highest activation of the muscles during the weight bearing activity from 0 to 90 degrees flexion. On average, the trend seen is that the normal group had lower muscle activation levels to perform the weight bearing activity as opposed to the TKA groups which supports our hypothesis. The PS RP TKA had lower peak values than the PFC TC3 TKA. Discussion EMG analysis provides insight into muscle activation during dynamic activities. When designing TKA devices for implantation, the patient themselves must be taken into account. In a subject with deficient ligaments, a more constrained device can make day-to-day activities easier, but at the expense of extra effort in achieving higher flexion activities. The high constraints within the PFC TC3 may cause the patient to have to put more effort into the activity. The rotating platform TKA had closer to normal muscle activation levels for the maximum weight bearing knee flexion activity.
Con la Iglesia hemos topado: Saturnino Calleja y la censura de cuentos infantiles

This article studies the relationship between children’s literature and religious censorship in Spain towards the end of the nineteenth century. The study focuses on the publishing house Saturnino Calleja—a milestone in the history of the book printing in Spain and Latin America—and, specifically, on the case of two short stories included in its catalogue that were forbidden and removed from the bookstores by the Diocese of Madrid: El principe Simplicio and a very culturally Peninsularized version of El soldadito de plomo. In addition to its literary analysis, this essay reflects on the possible reason that made the Spanish Diocese not only censor, but also remove from circulation two texts deeply anchored in the genre’s tradition.
Measurement characteristics of the childhood Asthma-Control Test and a shortened, child-only version

The childhood Asthma-Control Test (C-ACT) is validated for assessing asthma control in paediatric asthma. Among children aged 4–11 years, the C-ACT requires the simultaneous presence of both parent and child. There is an unmet need for a tool that can be used to assess asthma control in children when parents or caregivers are not present such as in the school setting. We assessed the psychometric properties and estimated the minimally important difference (MID) of the C-ACT and a modified version, comprising only the child responses (C-ACTc). Asthma patients aged 6–11 years (n=161) from a previously completed multicenter randomised trial were included. Demographic information, spirometry and questionnaire scores were obtained at baseline and during follow-up. Participants or their guardians kept a daily asthma diary. Internal consistency reliabilities of the C-ACT and C-ACTc were 0.76 and 0.67 (Cronbach’s α), respectively. Test–retest reliabilities of the C-ACT and C-ACTc were 0.72 and 0.66 (intra-class correlation), respectively. Significant correlations were noted between C-ACT scores and ACQ scores (Spearman’s correlation r=−0.56, 95% CI (−0.66, −0.44), P<0.001). The strength of the correlation between C-ACTc scores and ACQ scores was weaker (Spearman’s correlation r=−0.46, 95% CI (−0.58, −0.33), P<0.001). We estimated the MID for the C-ACT and C-ACTc to be 2 points and 1 point, respectively. Among asthma patients aged 6–11 years, the C-ACT had good psychometric properties. The psychometric properties of a shortened child-only version (C-ACTc), although acceptable, are not as strong. An existing childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) could be altered and improved to assess asthma status from child-only responses. C-ACT is a well-used, reliable way of testing asthma control in children aged 4 to 11 years, but it relies on the simultaneous presence of both parent or caregiver and child to respond to questions. In certain circumstances, for example in schools, a child-only assessment tool would be invaluable. Christian Bime at the University of Arizona, together with scientists across the US, trialed a child-only version of the C-ACT for assessment accuracy, using the four questions aimed at children from the original test. While the shortened version did not quite perform to a high enough standard for immediate use, the researchers hope that alterations and improvements to the child-only test will enable its use in future.
Buying schools with social capital: how local response to state reform fosters education revenue inequality

In this article, the author tests the hypothesis that social capital leads to greater inequality in public school revenue. Research has linked social capital – the manifestation of social networks ...
Social perspective taking: a benefit of bilingualism in academic writing

The task of writing arguments requires a linguistic and cognitive sophistication that eludes many adults, but students in the US are expected to produce texts that articulate and support a claim—simple written arguments—starting in the fourth grade. Students from language-minority homes likewise must learn to produce such writing, despite their relatively limited experience with the English language, reflected in the availability of smaller mental lexicons and more restricted syntactic constructions. Yet some features of bilingual children’s cognition, such as precocious development of theory of mind and strong metalinguistic awareness, might support the crafting of arguments in writing, where the explicit consideration of multiple points of view can serve to strengthen one’s case for a claim. In this study we examine the incidence of social perspective-taking acts in the argumentative essays of language-minority and English-only students in Grades 4–6 and find that language-minority students match or surpass the English-only students on two critical measures of perspective taking (perspective acknowledgment and perspective articulation). We also explore possible links between students’ use of perspective taking in their argumentative essays and a validated formal measure of the same skill, uncovering different relationships between them in the two language groups. Links to previously attested bilingual advantages and to the development of argumentation are discussed.
Resuscitation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from dormancy requires hibernation promoting factor (PA4463) for ribosome preservation.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections are difficult to treat with antibiotic therapy in part because the biofilms contain subpopulations of dormant antibiotic-tolerant cells. The dormant cells can repopulate the biofilms following alleviation of antibiotic treatments. While dormant, the bacteria must maintain cellular integrity, including ribosome abundance, to reinitiate the de novo protein synthesis required for resuscitation. Here, we demonstrate that the P. aeruginosa gene PA4463 [hibernation promoting factor (HPF)], but not the ribosome modulation factor (PA3049), is required for ribosomal RNA preservation during prolonged nutrient starvation conditions. Single-cell–level studies using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and growth in microfluidic drops demonstrate that, in the absence of hpf, the rRNA abundances of starved cells decrease to levels that cause them to lose their ability to resuscitate from starvation, leaving intact nondividing cells. P. aeruginosa defective in the stringent response also had reduced ability to resuscitate from dormancy. However, FISH analysis of the starved stringent response mutant showed a bimodal response where the individual cells contained either abundant or low ribosome content, compared with the wild-type strain. The results indicate that ribosome maintenance is key for maintaining the ability of P. aeruginosa to resuscitate from starvation-induced dormancy and that HPF is the major factor associated with P. aeruginosa ribosome preservation.