cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Salivary Epithelial Cells from Human Salivary Glands for In Vitro Growth as Salispheres or Monolayers

The salivary glands are a site of significant interest for researchers interested in multiple aspects of human disease. One goal of researchers is to restore function of glands damaged by radiation therapies or due to pathologies associated with Sjogren's syndrome. A second goal of researchers is to define the mechanisms by which viruses replicate within glandular tissue where they can then gain access to salivary fluids important for horizontal transmission. These goals highlight the need for a robust and accessible in vitro salivary gland model that can be utilized by researchers interested in the above mentioned as well as related research areas. Here we discuss a simple protocol to isolate epithelial cells from human salivary glands and propagate them in vitro. Our protocol can be further optimized to meet the needs of individual studies. Briefly, salivary tissue is mechanically and enzymatically separated to isolate single cells or small clusters of cells. Selection for epithelial cells occurs by plating onto a basement membrane matrix in the presence of media optimized to promote epithelial cell growth. These resulting cultures can be maintained as three-dimensional clusters, termed "salispheres", or grown as a monolayer on treated plastic tissue culture dishes. This protocol results in the outgrowth of a heterogenous population of mainly epithelial cells that can be propagated for 5-8 passages (15-20 population doublings) before undergoing cellular senescence.
Teaching Entropy from Phase Space Perspective: Connecting the Statistical and Thermodynamic Views Using a Simple One-Dimensional Model

Connecting the thermodynamic definition of entropy, dS = dQ/T (Clausius’s equation), with the statistical definition, S = kB ln Ω (Boltzmann’s equation), has been a persistent challenge in chemical education at the undergraduate level. Not meeting this challenge results in students taking away the meaning of entropy in a vague and subjective way as a measure of “disorder” or increase in number of configurations without any meaningful way of connecting it to heat. To address this challenge, we present a simple model that connects these two definitions. This approach relies centrally on emphasizing that the number of configurations, Ω, includes configurations in both real space and momentum space, collectively known as the phase space. Without including momentum configurations (i.e., how fast the particles move), connecting heat to entropy change is not possible. We construct the phase space for an ensemble of simple one-dimensional systems at equilibrium and show that delivery of heat dQ to the system results in an increase in the number of momentum configurations and consequently an expansion of the phase space area by dΩ. Relating dQ to dΩ is the linchpin between the two views and, when integrated, leads to Boltzmann’s equation. We further show that understanding entropy in terms of volume of phase space removes common ambiguities in teaching the subject. Among other examples, we show that understanding adiabatic compression, if treated using the usual approach, results in contradictions that are resolved if a phase space view is adopted. We propose this approach at the undergraduate physical chemistry and physics level.
Using Faculty Professional Development to Foster Organizational Change: a Social Learning Framework

Change is a constant presence within today’s higher education institutions. Local faculty professional development opportunities may provide avenues for enacting these organizational changes through personal continuous improvement. While working to meet these organizational priorities, it is also essential that professional development must provide opportunities for individual growth. Combining systems thinking and social learning theories may provide solutions for meaningful faculty development that also meets identified organizational priorities. This article will describe the creation of a conceptual framework that utilizes systems thinking and change in combination with social learning theories that may be employed to encourage meaningful development engagements for faculty in order to lead change in higher education institutions. In addition to defining each component of the framework, suggestions for intervention strategies, change strategies and design considerations are also offered. Action planning pages provided within the framework will help practitioners make decisions regarding their own individual higher education settings.
Small RNAs in Duckweeds

Within eukaryotic genomes, there are several types of small RNAs including sn, sno, si, and miRNAs. With respect to the Lemnaceae family, the vast majority of the research to date has been conducted in Spirodela polyrhiza, focused mainly on the miRNAs. This research consists of three small RNA-sequencing experiments in strains from China, Germany, and the USA, with each experiment identifying conserved miRNAs and predicting novel miRNAs and targets. While the novel miRNAs and recently discovered miRNAs fluctuated, the family size and expression of well-known miRNA families was consistent between the three experiments. While miRBase likely contains many incorrect annotations, these miRNAs were annotated according to strict criteria and analyzed for the miRBase high confidence list. They were further characterized through degradome sequencing, which confirmed half of the conserved miRNAs and a third of the novel. Finally, Spirodela polyrhiza has a surprisingly low abundance of 24nt sRNAs, which are required to suppress transposon proliferation.
Can preoperative magnetic resonance arthrography accurately predict intraoperative hip labral thickness

Abstract Objective There is limited literature investigating the reliability of magnetic resonance-based assessments of labral size. The goal of this study was to validate the reliability of magnetic resonance arthrography-based labral size measurements with intra-operative arthroscopic measurements. Methods Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears were prospectively enrolled. Preoperative magnetic resonance arthrograms were used to determine labral size at the anterior-superior portion (zone 2), mid-superior portion (zone 3), and posterior-superior portion (zone 4). Intra-operative labral widths were measured at the same anatomical zones of the acetabulum using an arthroscopic probe. Mean labral size was determined for each location and a Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between imaging-based measurements and intra-operative measurements. Results 117 patients were enrolled with 70% being female, an average age of 39.1 ± 13.3, and an average body mass index was 26.5 ± 5.4. The average labral sizes based on intraoperative measurements were 6.85 mm in zone 2, 7.45 mm in zone 3, and 7.29 mm in zone 4. The average labral sizes based on MRA were 6.95 mm in zone 2, 7.24 mm in zone 3, and 6.71 mm in zone 4. There was a poor correlation between MRA and intraoperative measurements in zones 2 and 3 (zone 2: R = 0.171, p = 0.065; zone 3: R = 0.335, p = 0.00022) and no correlation in zone 4 (R = −0.22, p = 0.82). Conclusion This study demonstrates a poor correlation in labral measurements between magnetic resonance arthrogram imaging and intraoperative measurements, suggesting that this imaging modality may be insufficient in providing accurate measurements of labral size.
Evaluating the need for dermatological care in a postsurgical bariatric sample

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery rates are increasing in tandem with obesity in the United States. patients after surgery bariatric can lose up to or more than one-third of their excess weight within the first year. This sudden loss of weight can lead to skin redundancy and increased susceptibility to dermatological issues. There is a paucity of literature addressing the issue of skin redundancy and associated factors following bariatric surgery. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence and severity of dermatological concerns among postbariatric surgery patients and assess the impact of these issues on patients’ quality of life. Setting Surgical Weight Loss Clinic at an academic medical center in south-central Pennsylvania. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered from September 9 to November 30, 2020 to adult postoperative patients. Data were collected via self-report questionnaires with a retest issued approximately 72 hours later. The survey included questions regarding occurrences of skin disturbances and the Dermatology Life Quality Index. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4. Results A total of 575 patients were invited to participate, with 103 participating and 69 completing the retest. The health questionnaire indicated that 69.6% of patients had challenges with skin rashes or irritation due to loose skin; 80.6% were interested in having skin removal surgery; and only 5.8% were referred to a dermatologist for their concerns. Conclusion The presence of skin concerns was associated with impaired HRQOL among postbariatric patients. This suggests a need to further educate the bariatric interdisciplinary team to evaluate the impacts of skin pathology on postbariatric patients.
Change in normative eating self-efficacy is associated with six-month weight restoration following inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder characterized by rigid and restrictive eating behaviors, resulting in significantly low body weight. While specialized behavioral intensive treatment programs can reliably support individuals with AN to normalize eating and weight control behaviors and achieve weight restoration, prognostic factors predicting relapse following treatment are unclear. We examined whether changes in (i) normative eating self-efficacy, (ii) body image self-efficacy, (iii) drive for thinness, and (iv) body dissatisfaction from inpatient admission to six-month follow-up were associated with weight restoration status at program discharge and at six-month follow-up. The sample comprised 146 participants with AN admitted to a meal-based inpatient-partial hospitalization program. Participants completed questionnaires at inpatient admission and six months following program discharge. Additionally, at follow-up, participants reported the frequency of engaging in normalized eating behaviors since discharge (e.g. eating with others and preparing a balanced meal). The majority (73.3%) of participants attained a BMI > 19 at discharge and 59.6% were weight restored at six-month follow-up. Change in normative eating self-efficacy was significantly associated with weight restoration at follow-up, whereas change in body image self-efficacy, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction were not. For each one unit increase in normative eating self-efficacy, patients were 4.65 times more likely to be weight restored at follow-up (p = .002). Additionally, individuals reporting a higher frequency of normalized eating behaviors at follow-up were more likely to be weight restored. Normative eating self-efficacy and normalized eating behaviors may represent vital treatment targets for relapse prevention interventions for this high-risk population.
Efficient Three Dimensional Formation Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in GPS-Denied Environments

This paper considers the control problem for leader-follower unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to maintain a three-dimensional (3D) formation in GPS-denied environments. The controller derivation is based on a 3D dynamics model that uses the distance, azimuth and elevation angles, defined in a local spherical coordinate frame, to describe the relative motion between two UAVs. To ease the derivation process and to generate an efficient controller that does not demand considerable onboard computational resources, this paper employs a design process that integrates the feedback linearization approach, a linear-quadratic regulator (LQR), and the differential flatness method. The proposed controller is tested in a simulated environment where the follower UAV is commanded to follow a predefined 3D formation with respect to the leader UAV that tracks a circular orbit with intermittently varying desired airspeed and orbit radius. The simulation result shows that the controller is able to drive the follower UAV to quickly converge to and maintain the desired formation only using the relative distance and orientation information in a GPS-denied environment. The proposed controller also shows its comparable performance in comparison to an existing Backstepping controller on the basis of converging speed, steady-state error, overshoot, and computational efficiency.
Extraction of omega-3-rich oil from Camelina sativa seed using supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Camelina sativa seed is an underutilized oil source; however, it is a potential source of omega-3-rich oil. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) is a desired green solvent for the extraction of omega-3 oils; however, there is no reported study on the SC-CO 2 extraction of Camelina seed oil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of SC-CO 2 for the extraction of Camelina seed oil and to compare with traditional extraction methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design was employed to investigate the extraction conditions: pressure (35–45 MPa), temperature (50–70 °C), and time (90–250 min). A second order polynomial model was developed to predict the oil yield. Increasing pressure and time increased the oil yield, whereas increasing temperature did not have a significant effect. RSM-optimized conditions (45 MPa, 70 °C and 224.5 min) obtained by RSM for the range of variables predicted a yield of 27.0% oil, whereas the actual yield was 25.1 ± 2.0%. Oil yield was further increased to 31.6% at the RSM-optimized conditions by increasing the SC-CO 2 extraction time to 510 min. Soxhlet (hexane) and cold press methods yielded 35.9% and 29.9% oil, respectively. Extraction method did not have a significant effect on the fatty acid composition and tocopherol content ( P > 0.05); however, phytosterol content of the cold pressed oil was significantly lower than that of SC-CO 2 and Soxhlet (hexane) ( P 2 is a promising green solvent for the extraction of Camelina seed oil.
Livy's Political Philosophy: Power and Personality in Early Rome

This volume explores the political implications of the first five books of Livy's celebrated history of Rome, challenging the common perception of the author as an apolitical moralist. Ann Vasaly argues that Livy intended to convey through the narration of particular events crucial lessons about the interaction of power and personality, including the personality of the Roman people as a whole. These lessons demonstrate the means by which the Roman republic flourished in the distant past and by which it might be revived in Livy's own corrupt time. Written at the precise moment when Augustus' imperial autocracy was replacing the republican system that had existed in Rome for almost 500 years, the stories of the first pentad offer invaluable insight into how republics and monarchies work. Vasaly's innovative study furthers the integration in recent scholarship of the literary brilliance of Livy's text and the seriousness of its purpose.
Current Perspectives on Campylobacter

Abstract Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States and control of this pathogen has proven difficult due to its ability to colonize and spread quickly through a poultry flock. This chapter will discuss Campylobacter from its discovery to the current understanding of virulence, resistance, and epidemiological tracking methods. It also examines the role poultry production plays in human infection and how it influences the genome of Campylobacter . Resistance phenotypic and genotypic traits of Campylobacter gained by the usage of antibiotics and coccidiostats in poultry production are also discussed.
Trace metal concentration and partitioning in the first 1.5 m of hydrothermal vent plumes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow

Abstract To determine the significance of metal fluxes from hydrothermal vents, understanding the speciation, reactivity, and possible transformations of metals and metal sulfides within the hydrothermal plume is critical. In this study, we measure the concentration and partitioning of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni) and sulfide phases within the first 1.5 m of the rising plume at three vent fields (TAG, Snakepit, and Rainbow) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A HCl/HNO3 leaching method was used to differentiate metals present in metal mono-sulfides from those in pyrite and chalcopyrite. At all three vent sites, Mn and Fe are primarily in the
The Middle East: From Transition to Development

In light of recent major economic and socio-cultural changes, indicators used by western models of development and modernization to describe the region of the Middle East as 'transitional' no longer apply. The alternate 'dependency theory' is suggested as a tool by which the process of modernization in the area could be better understood. On the traditional-developed continuum, the Middle East is characterized as quasi-developed, a unique phase distinct from the transitional or developed phases.
Idiopathic Urinary Bladder Stone Disease

There is ample evidence that bladder stones occurred in antiquity with the earliest known human bladder stone found in a predynastic grave at El Amrah in Upper Egypt dated about B.C. 4,800.
Upper esophageal sphincter function during belching

We studied the mechanism of belching with specific attention to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) in 14 normal volunteers. Belching occurred by the following sequence of events: lower esophageal sphincter relaxation; gastroesophageal gas reflux, recorded manometrically as a gastroesophageal common cavity phenomenon; UES relaxation; esophagopharyngeal gas reflux; and restoration of intraesophageal pressure to baseline by a peristaltic contraction. Upper esophageal sphincter relaxations comparable to those associated with belches were induced by abrupt esophageal distention with air boluses. In contrast, fluid boluses injected into the midesophageal body either had no effect on UES pressure or increased UES pressure. Thus, the UES responded to esophageal body distention in two distinct ways: abrupt relaxation in response to air boluses and pressure augmentation in response to fluid boluses. Mucosal anesthesia did not alter the UES response to esophageal boluses of gas or liquid thereby making it unlikely that these substances are differentiated by a mucosal receptor. Rapid distention of the proximal esophagus with a cylindrical balloon (15 cm long) elicited UES relaxation. These findings suggest that the rapidity and spatial pattern of esophageal distention, rather than discrimination of the type of material causing the distention, determines whether or not UES relaxation occurs.
Spiking neural p systems: some characterizations

We look at the recently introduced neural-like systems, called SN P systems. These systems incorporate the ideas of spiking neurons into membrane computing. We study various classes and characterize their computing power and complexity. In particular, we analyze asynchronous and sequential SN P systems and present some conditions under which they become (non-)universal. The non-universal variants are characterized by monotonic counter machines and partially blind counter machines and, hence, have many decidable properties. We also investigate the language-generating capability of SN P systems.
Intelligent Traffic Data Processing for ITS Applications

Real-time traffic data are the lifeline sustaining the operation of Advanced Traffic Management and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATMS/ATIS). Data are essential to drive algorithms related to congestion/incident detection, travel time forecasting, and real-time route guidance. A common problem in many ATMS/ATIS applications is the sparsity of real-time traffic data, reflecting the financial constraints of acquiring and maintaining large-scale traffic monitoring systems. This paper proposes the use of intelligent processing, or data integration tools, to overcome the data sparsity problem and make the best use of existing data resources. This approach recognizes the elements of uncertainty and vagueness in defining and solving the problem. An example application of the proposed data integration method is presented in the context of a congestion detection algorithm. The method uses an imprecise knowledge representation within the framework of fuzzy operator logic (FOL) and the modified Dempster-Shafer rule of combination. Results indicate that knowledge of a link congestion status (i.e., congested or uncongested) increased several folds after the data integration algorithm was applied. Further work is needed to calibrate the algorithm in the field (in this study simulation was used) and to apply the procedures on large-scale networks.
Efficient Multicast in All-Port Wormhole-Routed Hypercubes

This paper addresses the problem of collective data distribution, specifically multicast, in wormhole-routed hypercubes. The system model allows a processor to send and receive data in all dimensions simultaneously. New theoretical results that characterize contention among messages in wormhole-routed hypercubes are developed and used to design new multicast routing algorithms. The algorithms are compared in terms of the number of steps required in each, their measured execution times when implemented on a relatively small-scale nCUBE-2, and their simulated execution times on larger hypercubes. The results indicate that significant performance improvement is possible when the multicast algorithm actively identifies and uses multiple ports in parallel.
A neural network for the estimation of forces acting on radar targets

Abstract This paper presents a newly developed neural network as applied to the problem of the estimation of the acting forces on radar targets such as reentry vehicles. The nonlinearities in the network are estimated, instead of being assumed as with conventional networks, using a novel approach based on optimal control and the method of invariant imbedding. No teaching signal is required since the network learns from the incoming radar observations and develops an estimate for the unknown forces. The neural network acts as an inverse dynamics model of the process that generated the radar observations. Thus, given noisy observation, the network successfully learns how to generate the proper forces that yielded these observations. A simple example, but yet realistic, of the target dynamics is given, and Monte Carlo simulation is performed. The estimates of the unknown forces are obtained by the neural network and it is shown that they are very close to the real forces.
Intercomparison of Ground-Based Velocity Track Display (GBVTD)-Retrieved Circulation Centers and Structures of Hurricane Danny (1997) from Two Coastal WSR-88Ds

Abstract A plausible primary circulation and circulation center of a tropical cyclone (TC) can be deduced from a coastal Doppler radar using the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique and the GBVTD-simplex algorithm. The quality of the retrieved primary circulation is highly sensitive to the accuracy of the circulation center that can only be estimated from the degree of scattering of all possible centers obtained in GBVTD-simplex analyses from a single radar in real TCs. This study extends previous work to examine the uncertainties in the GBVTD-simplex-derived circulation centers and the GBVTD-derived primary circulations in Hurricane Danny (1997) sampled simultaneously from two Doppler radars [Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Dopplers (WSR-88Ds) in Mobile, Alabama, and Slidell, Louisiana] for 5 h. It is found that the mean difference between the individually computed GBVTD-simplex-derived centers is 2.13 km, similar to the estimates in previous studies. This value can be improved to 1.59 k...
Asymptotics of Heat Kernels on Projective Spaces of Large Dimensions and on Disk Hypergroups

In this note we give exact asymptotic rates of convergence of Brownian motions on complex and quaternionic projective spaces to the uniform distribution when the dimension of these spaces tends to infinity. Similar results are also established for the symmetric spaces U(n)/U(n-1) and disk hypergroups. Proofs will be based on a comparision of heat kernels with Poisson kernels together with a central limit result for Poisson kernels.
Tectonics and Depositional History of Rocky Mountain Intermontane Basin: ABSTRACT

In the Uinta basin of northeastern Utah, the Uinta and Duchesne River Formations are composed of extremely diverse fluvial sedimentary rocks. The rock units overlie extensive lacustrine deposits of Lake Uinta and provide a sensitive record of late Laramide (latest Eocene) tectonic events in this part of the Rocky Mountains. The fluvial deposits are dominantly heterogeneous, laterally discontinuous sandstone lenses and varied amounts of conglomerate and poorly stratified, fine-grained rocks. Uplift of the Uinta Mountains changed geographic conditions and drainage patterns in the Uinta basin and strongly influenced the characteristics of contemporaneous sedimentary deposits. Important features of the stratigraphic sequence are (1) the oldest major body of sediment (early Duchesnean) produced during uplift of the Uinta Mountains is considerably younger than the youngest preserved deposits of Lake Uinta (middle Uintan); (2) lower (early Duchesnean) and upper (late Duchesnean) conglomeratic rock units record two major episodes of uplift, each composed of several smaller events; and (3) thick volcanic ash deposits, now altered, accumulated during the quiescent period (middle Duchesnean) between major uplifts. This sequence of events imposes some constraints on inferred geomorp ic development of the region. The deposits also demonstrate that the latest Eocene (about 40 m.y. ago) was a time of major differential movement of the Uinta Mountains and the Uinta basin, and was not a time of tectonic quiescence in northeastern Utah. Because of the great distance of the Rocky Mountains from the North American continental margins, detailed knowledge of local tectonic timing affords the best opportunity for plausible speculations relating plate tectonic mechanisms to Laramide events and to early development of the Colorado Plateau and the Basin-Range province. End_of_Article - Last_Page 767------------
The Mattering Map: Multiplicity, Metaphor and Morphing in Contextual Theory and Practice

This article describes and elaborates upon the theoretical model of the Mattering Map, initially introduced in Engendered Lives: A New Psychology of Women's Experience (Kaschak, 1992). This model presents the principles of contextual feminist therapy in a manner that honors the complexity, multiplicity and motion or morphng of the energetic field of mattering. The mattering map is more intimately related to 21st century physics than to 19th and 20th centuries reductionist and fragmenting models of assessment or treatment. Its use in a therapeutic milieu is considered with particular guidelines for assessment and treatment.
Genetic algorithms for design for assembly: The remote constrained genetic algorithm

Assembly is a key manufacturing process for many industries and the use of Design for Assembly (DFA) can have substantial benefits. This paper examines the DFA problem, especially in the context of global manufacturing where suppliers may be distributed over the globe. The use of Genetic Algorithms is proposed to search through networks such as the Internet for parts that both satisfy constraints and minimize cost. The overall result is an architecture that can be used for global manufacturing. This approach is illustrated with a description of an implementation involving the design of Personal Computers.
Tumor suppressor gene regulation of cell growth: recent insights into neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 gene function.

The development of cancer involves a myriad of genetic changes that impact on multiple processes important for the orderly regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Genes whose protein products are disrupted during neoplastic transformation are termed “tumor suppressor genes” (TSGs). Many of these TSGs are associated with familial cancer predisposition syndromes, in which affected individuals have an increased risk of certain malignancies. Studies on the mechanism of action for known TSGs have revealed three intracellular loci of critical importance: environmental sensing and signal initiation, signal propagation and transduction, and cell cycle control. The neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2 genes are discussed as illustrative examples of tumor suppressors that function at the levels of signal transduction and environmental sensing, respectively.
Ultrafast Photophysical Investigation of Cresyl Violet Aggregates Adsorbed onto Nanometer-Sized Particles of SnO2 and SiO2

The relaxation dynamics of cresyl violet H-aggregate dimers adsorbed onto SnO2 or SiO2 colloidal particles has been examined with ca. 200 fs time resolution. These experiments were performed by monitoring both the ground state recovery of the excited dye molecules and the transient absorption signal in the region of the dye radical cation. For cresyl violet−SiO2, the ground state recovery is a single exponential with a 2.9 ± 0.2 ps time constant. Transient absorption measurements that monitored the excited electronic state of the dye show a similar 2.5 ± 0.4 ps decay. The observed dynamics for cresyl violet−SiO2 is assigned to internal conversion followed by vibrational relaxation of the adsorbed cresyl violet dimers. The similarity of the transient absorption and bleach recovery time constants shows that vibrational relaxation is extremely rapid, i.e., internal conversion is the rate-limiting step. For cresyl violet−SnO2, the ground state recovery is biexponential with time constants of 2.4 ± 0.4 ps (∼80...
Perceptions of university and family environments as functions of depression in university students

Perceptions of university and family environments were measured in two groups of university students differing in depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): a nondepressed group (ND: mean BDI score = 5.15, N = 20)and a moderately depressed group [MD; mean BDI score = 20.00, N = 20).Perceptions of the university were assessed by selected subscales from the College and University Environment Scales (CUES);perceptions of the family were assessed by subscales chosen from the Family Environment Scale (FES).MD subjects had more negative views of their environments, whether their perceptions were compared with ND subjects' perceptions or with their own perceptions of the ideal environment. MD subjects had no tendency, however, to rate more similarly different subscales from the same measure, or corresponding subscales of the CUES and FES, than did ND subjects. These results are interpreted as confirming the second component of Beck's negative cognitive triad but as failing to support the presence of the cognitive distortion of overgeneralization in depression.
Effects of prior knowledge on the effectiveness of a hybrid user model for information retrieval

To quickly find relevant information from huge amounts of data is a very challenging issue for intelligence analysts. Most employ their prior domain knowledge to improve their process of finding relevant information. In this paper, we explore the influences of a user's prior domain knowledge on the effectiveness of an information seeking task by using seed user models in an enhanced information retrieval system. In our approach, a user model is created to capture a user's intent in an information seeking task. The captured user intent is then integrated with the attributes describing an information retrieval system in a decision theoretic framework. Our test bed consists of two benchmark collections from the information retrieval community: MEDLINE and CACM. We divide each query set from a collection into two subsets: training set and testing set. We use three different approaches to selecting the queries for the training set: (1) the queries generating large domain knowledge, (2) the queries relating to many other queries, and (3) a mixture of (1) and (2). Each seed user model is created by running our enhanced information retrieval system through such a training set. We assess the effects of having more domain knowledge, or more relevant domain knowledge, or a mixture of both on the effectiveness of a user in an information seeking task.
Structures of the yeast ribonucleotide reductase Rnr2 and Rnr4 homodimers.

Class I ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Eukaryotic RNRs comprise two subunits, the R1 subunit, which contains substrate and allosteric effector binding sites, and the R2 subunit, which houses a catalytically essential diiron-tyrosyl radical cofactor. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are two variants of the R2 subunit, called Rnr2 and Rnr4. Rnr4 is unique in that it lacks three iron-binding residues conserved in all other R2s. Nevertheless, Rnr4 is required to activate Rnr2, and the functional species in vivo is believed to be a heterodimeric complex between the two proteins. The crystal structures of the Rnr2 and Rnr4 homodimers have been determined and are compared to that of the heterodimer. The homodimers are very similar to the heterodimer and to mouse R2 in overall fold, but there are several key differences. In the Rnr2 homodimer, one of the iron-binding helices, helix αB, is not well-ordered. In the heterodimer, interactions with...
Measurement of total body chloride.

SummaryTotal body chloride was measured in normal man by the dilution of bromide and it has been estimated that nearly half the total body chloride is intracellular.
Voices of clients and caregivers in a maternity home

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived health-related needs of women who spent part of their pregnancy, labor, delivery, and immediate postpartum days in a maternity residence that provided adoption placement services. The method was qualitative; semistructured interviews and content analysis were used. The authors concluded that the perceived needs of this population were essentially congruent with those of the nurse caregivers. Information and support in labor were cited as primary needs. The authors suggest that this population may significantly underestimate postpartal needs. A second finding was that these mothers seemed to express a heightened sense of joy and relief in their newborn's health, which may reflect the compressed time they have to demonstrate maternal behaviors.
Erratum: "Chemical Inhomogeneities in the Milky Way Stellar Halo" (2009, AJ, 137, 272)

We have been alerted that the angular momentum components listed for Galactic globular clusters in Table 4 of our original analysis are at odds with other recent determinations of these quantities (e.g., Smith et al. 2009), and we thank Martin C. Smith for pointing out this discrepancy. We have identified and corrected an error in our computation of the cluster coordinates that affected both the angular momentum components and the orbital parameters listed in Table 4. In this Erratum, we present a corrected version of Table 4, revised Figures 16-19, which relied on the data presented in Table 4, and a very brief description of the observed correlations. This material supersedes that presented in Section 7.2 of the original analysis. Orbital parameters are included in all cases where the cluster completed enough orbits to allow these quantities to settle to a constant value. We also include kinematic properties of two clusters (M13 and NGC 104) that did not meet this criterion in our original analysis. Using the kinematic criteria for inner and outer halo membership listed in Section 4 of our original study, three clusters fit the inner halo classification (M4, M22, and M55), and six clusters fit the outer halo classification (M3, M13, M68, NGC 5466, Pal 5, and Pal 12). Figures 16-19 display mean abundance ratios for these clusters using the corrected orbital parameters. There may be a hint that [Mg/Fe] in the outer halo clusters ([Mg/Fe] = +0.20 ± 0.09, σ= 0.15, N= 4) is slightly lower than in the inner halo clusters ([Mg/Fe] = +0.35 ± 0.07, σ= 0.10, N= 3), even if we exclude Pal 12, which shares the same low [α/Fe] abundance ratios as Sagittarius. The mean dispersions in [X/Fe] of the inner and outer halo clusters are comparable. The [Ba/Eu] ratio in the outer halo clusters ([Ba/Eu] = –0.32 ± 0.07, σ= 0.12, N= 4) is also lower than in the inner halo clusters ([Ba/Eu] = +0.00 ± 0.20, σ= 0.28, N= 3), again excluding Pal 12. The [Y/Fe] ratio may correlate with cluster orbital parameters in that only sub-solar [Y/Fe] ratios are found in clusters with R apo 10 kpc, |Z max| 5 kpc, or V 100 km s-1. These trends generally resemble those observed in metal-poor field stars. We stress that this error only affects the globular cluster kinematic properties discussed in Section 7.2 of the original analysis. All other sections of that work, including the kinematic properties for field halo stars listed in Table 1, are correct in the original version.
The Impact of Technology-Enhanced Student Teacher Supervision on Student Teacher Knowledge, Performance, and Self-Efficacy during the Field Experience.

The eSupervision instructional program is a series of five online modules housed in a content management system that support triad members (student teachers, cooperating teachers, university supervisors) during the field experience. The program was designed on a cognitive apprenticeship framework and uses a variety of technology to support both novice and expert activities, including online discussion forums, guided observations, video reflection, and a lesson plan performance support system. Forty-one student teachers (19 eSupervision, 22 non-eSupervision) completed a statewide assessment of knowledge and performance at the conclusion of their student teaching. Seventeen (8 eSupervision, 9 non-eSupervision) also completed a pre- and post-efficacy measure. After accounting for their experiences with the cooperating teacher, the results indicate a non-significant difference in teaching knowledge and performance and a statistically significant interaction in self-efficacy favoring eSupervision students. Imp...
Products of cell-like decompositions

Abstract This paper represents a survey concerning cell-like decompositions of manifolds. Primarily it summarizes the status of results and problems describing when the product of E 1 with such a decomposition space is again a manifold, and more generally it discusses conditions under which the product of two such decomposition spaces is also a manifold.
Mycothiol: a target for potentiation of rifampin and other antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Actinomycetes, including Mycobacterium species, are Gram-positive bacteria that use the small molecule mycothiol (MSH) as their primary reducing agent and in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Due to these important functions, MSH is a potential target for the development of antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis. This review summarizes the progress to date on the viability of enzymes involved in MSH biosynthesis and MSH-dependent detoxification as drug targets, biochemical characterization of target enzymes (structure, mechanism and substrate specificity) and development of MSH biosynthesis and MSH-dependent detoxification enzyme inhibitors. In addition, the ability of MSH to influence the sensitivity of mycobacteria to existing antibiotics and potential of MSH biosynthesis and MSH-dependent detoxification enzyme inhibitors to modulate the activity of existing antibiotics are described.
1-D and 2-D digital fractional-order Savitzky-Golay differentiator

In this paper, the one-dimension digital fractional-order Savitzky–Golay differentiator (DFOSGD), which generalizes the Savitzky–Golay filter from the integer order to the fractional order, is introduced and extended to 2-D by a group of direction operators. Then, a new image-enhancing algorithm is proposed based on the 2-D DFOSGD, and an unsupervised optimization algorithm is proposed for choosing the fractional-order parameter. Four numerical experiments are used to assess the performance of 2-D DFOSGD-based image-enhancing algorithm, and the results demonstrate its validity.
Hamiltonian streamline-guided features

Abstract We present a new feature extraction method based on two dynamical systems induced by intensity landscape: the negative gradient system and the Hamiltonian system. Given the dynamical systems, features are extracted using the Hamiltonian streamlines. Whereas the majority of popular feature extraction methods are computed on the local gradient, our new features contain global topological information about the intensity landscape. We describe the mathematical properties of the Hamiltonian streamline-guided features as well as algorithms for extracting them. To test the new features, we use a face classification experiment and compare them against a standard local gradient feature: Haar-like features. Our experiments show that the global nature of the Hamiltonian streamline-guided features complements the local Haar-like features. For images of the same size, our feature space is demonstrably more compact and descriptive resulting in significantly fewer features needed for comparative classification accuracy and speed. When the two types of features are combined, superior performance is achieved.
Large superconducting magnets — a key issue in commercialization of MHD

Abstract As recent economic studies favour the commercialization of MHD for power generation, the status of the technology development is analysed. The most significant obstacle to the early introduction of MHD generators is the lagging development of large scale superconducting magnets. Development in this area can be seen as an example of intensive international co-operation.
Competitive adsorption of strontium and fulvic acid at the muscovite–solution interface observed with resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity

Abstract Molecular-scale distributions of Sr2+ and fulvic acid (FA) adsorbed on the muscovite (0 0 1) surface were investigated using in situ specular X-ray reflectivity (XR) and resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity (RAXR). The total amount of Sr2+ adsorbed from a 1 × 10−2 mol/kg SrCl2 and 100 mg/kg Elliott Soil Fulvic Acid II (ESFA II) solution at pH 5.5 compensated 81 ± 5% of the muscovite surface charge, less than previously measured (118 ± 5%) in an ESFA II-free solution with the same Sr concentration and pH. Inner-sphere (IS) and outer-sphere (OS) Sr2+ constituted 87% of the total adsorbed species in IS:OS proportions of 19:81 compared to 42:58 in the solution without FA, suggesting that adsorbed FA competes with the IS Sr2+ for surface sites. The coverage of both IS and OS Sr2+ decreased even more in a pH 3.5 solution containing the same concentration of FA and 0.5 × 10−2 mol/kg Sr(NO3)2, whereas a significant amount of Sr2+ accumulated farther from the surface in the FA layer. The amount of Sr2+ incorporated in the ∼10 A thick FA layer decreased by 79% with decreasing FA concentration (100 → 1 mg/kg) and increasing Sr2+ concentration (0.5 × 10−2 → 1 × 10−2 mol/kg) and pH (3.5 → 3.6). These results indicate not only that adsorbed FA molecules (and perhaps also H3O+) displace Sr2+ near the muscovite surface, but also that the sorbed FA film provides binding sites for additional Sr2+ away from the surface. When a muscovite crystal pre-coated with FA after reaction in a 100 mg/kg ESFA II solution for 50 h was subsequently reacted with a 0.5 × 10−2 mol/kg Sr(NO3)2 and 100 mg/kg ESFA II solution at pH 3.7, a significant fraction of Sr2+ was distributed in the outer part of the FA film similar to that observed on fresh muscovite reacted at pH 3.5 with a pre-mixed Sr–FA solution at the same concentrations. However, this Sr2+ sorbed in the pre-adsorbed organic film was more widely distributed and had a lower coverage, suggesting that pre-sorbed FA may undergo fractionation and/or conformational changes that diminish its capacity, and that of the muscovite (0 0 1) surface, for adsorbing the aqueous Sr cation.
Scalable emulation of TinyOS applications in heterogeneous network scenarios

Simulating the behavior of sensor applications in a heterogeneous network or under diverse environmental conditions is particularly challenging. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of TiQ†, a scalable framework that allows unmodified TinyOS applications to be evaluated in a diverse set of operating conditions, including heterogeneous networks. We validate TiQ against MoteLab, a physical sensor network testbed, and show that TiQ can predict the behavior of the real network with less than 4% error. Through several case studies, we demonstrate the key benefits of TiQ: (1) it supports a diverse set of scenarios involving heterogeneous networks, mobile data mules, and multiple operating systems, (2) it scales to over a thousand nodes and can simulate such large networks up to 6X faster than comparable simulators, (3) it provides a system to easily validate TinyOS applications, evaluate network designs, and optimize design parameters (e.g., beacon rate) based on individual criteria, and (4) it leverages existing physical layer models in network simulators to provide more accurate simulations.
Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling on rates of apoptosis in retina of dopamine beta hydroxylase (Dbh−/−) knockout mice

Abstract We have investigated whether insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling alters rates of apoptosis in dopamine beta-hydroxylase (Dbh−/−) knockout mice. Retinal lysates from Dbh−/− and their heterozygote littermates (Dbh+/−) were used to examine the role of norepinephrine in the regulation of IGF-1 receptor signaling and apoptosis in the retina. Western blot analysis was done for protein levels of total and phosphorylated IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), and Akt. A caspase 3 ELISA and dopamine ELISA were done on retinal lysates. To verify which regions of the retina were undergoing apoptosis, TUNEL labeling was performed. No changes in dopamine were noted between the KO and heterozygote mice. IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation was significantly decreased in Dbh−/− mice as compared to their heterozygote littermates (P
Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Prader-WiIIi syndrome

Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) was determined on 16 Prader-Willi patients. Chromosome analysis of 14 patients showed an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 in seven subjects and normal chromosome results for the remaining individuals. Two separate and distinguishable hand profiles for each group based on the chromosome findings were identified. Correlation studies confirmed the homogeneity of the chromosome deletion group relative to the Prader-Willi individuals with normal chromosomes. Discriminant analysis of Prader-Willi versus normal individuals produces a function of three MCPP variables plus age which may provide a useful tool for diagnosis.
Gender, race, and cardiac care: why the differences?

This reality is common to men and women in the U.S. of all races: they all are more likely to die from heart disease than any other cause ([1][1]). Beyond this commonality, however, lie substantial variations in cardiac care according to gender and race. In 2002, a comprehensive review of studies