cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced mechanical strength and electrochemical performance of core–shell structured high–nickel cathode material

Abstract Improving capacity retention during cycling and the thermal–abuse tolerance of layered high–nickel cathode material, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), is a significant challenge. A series of core–shell structured cathode materials with the overall composition of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 was prepared via a coprecipitation method in which the nickel–rich composition (LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2) is the core and the manganese–rich composition (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2) is the shell. In terms of achieving a higher nickel content (more than 80%) of heterogeneous material, this core–shell structured material is a more practical approach because it has a larger nickel–rich core region and a thicker manganese–rich shell than the full–concentration gradient material, not to mention being more feasible for continuous mass production. Analysis of mechanical strength through nanoindentation shows that the core–shell structured NMC811 has higher stiffness and compressive stress–strain than the commercial homogeneous NMC811 and retains the mechanical strength and the binding force strong enough to prevent crack formation even after 200 cycles. The prepared core–shell structure NMC811 exhibits a greatly improved capacity retention of 76.6% compared to the commercial homogeneous NMC811 with a capacity retention of 39.6% after 200 cycles. This material also exhibits significantly improved thermal stability over the commercial homogeneous NMC811.
220 Year Diatom δ18O Reconstruction of the Guaymas Basin Thermocline Using Microfluorination

Author(s): Menicucci, AJ; Thunell, RC; Spero, HJ | Abstract: The removal of exchangeable oxygen from diatom opal prior to δ18Odiatom analysis is a crucial first step before analyzing frustule oxygen isotopes for paleoceanographic applications. We present the results of experiments that quantify the temperature-dependent reactivity of biogenic silica with water under laboratory conditions. We demonstrate that controlled exchange between rinse water and diatom opal at room temperature results in predictable alteration of δ18Odiatom, after vacuum dehydroxylation. Diatom samples equilibrated with an 18O-enriched δ18Oequil. water solution of +94.4‰ at ~21 °C for 70 hr prior to dehydroxylation yield δ18Odiatom data that can be directly interpreted with existing empirical δ18Odiatom versus temperature relationships. We compare sediment trap-based δ18Odiatom temperature data with modern δ18Oforam temperatures. Finally, we present an ~220 year record of δ18Odiatom data from an eastern Pacific Guaymas Basin boxcore, analyzed using the microfluorination technique, that indicates diatom chlorophyll maximum (Chlmax) temperatures have shifted from a period during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that was 8 °C cooler during the fall bloom relative to mean annual alkenone Uk′37 sea surface temperature, to the late twentieth century when we observe no difference between alkenone sea surface temperature and diatom Chlmax. These data suggest a twentieth century seasonal shift in the timing of fall upwelling and Guaymas Basin stratification breakdown that could be due to reduced upwelling efficiency and/or increased summer mixed layer thermal stratification.
Electrical injection and transport in Teflon-diluted hole transport materials

Abstract Diluting small molecule organic semiconductor hole transport materials with Teflon AF (TAF) dramatically increases their thermal/morphological stability while counterintuitively also increasing the current density in hole-only diodes. Here, we explore the origin of this current enhancement in co-evaporated blends of TAF and N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPD) and find that it results from improved hole injection and not from a mobility enhancement due to semiconductor dilution effects. Whereas electroabsorption measurements indicate that an interface dipole shift of up to 0.5 eV (depending on TAF concentration) aides hole injection at the indium-tin-oxide anode, time-of-flight and temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements show that the mobility of 25 vol% TAF:NPD blends decreases by roughly an order of magnitude relative to neat NPD despite having slightly lower energetic disorder. For comparison, diluting with 25 vol% high density polyethylene achieves a similar reduction in energetic disorder but only decreases the mobility by a factor of two. These results highlight the tradeoff between reducing energetic disorder and frustrating percolation in diluted organic semiconductors, and represent a step toward thermally-evaporated polymer-small molecule composites that maintain high mobility while offering improved morphological stability and lower refractive index for organic light emitting diodes.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening in Preoperative Patients

Patients with the medical diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and those with undiagnosed OSA have greater chances for adverse events during surgical procedures related to their medical condition. Early identification of at-risk OSA patients can help mitigate associated adverse events. The purpose of this project was to implement a preoperative process to provide early identification of at-risk OSA patients in the preadmission unit, at a large military level I trauma center in central Texas. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time (PICOT) question for this project is: "In the adult surgical population, how does the routine use of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire compared to non-standardized assessment influence the identification of OSA during the preadmission processing in a military health care treatment facility?" Following the implementation of the standardized use of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire, the identification of early at-risk OSA patients increased from 23% (based on a medical diagnosis of OSA) to 54% with an intermediate and high-risk OSA. Early identification of OSA has an impact on the decisions made to augment and enhance the patient-specific tailored care for each at-risk OSA surgical patient. Potential adverse events may be diminished or eliminated with the early identification of OSA patients. Preoperative policies that support the utilization of preoperative screening for OSA will improve the overall quality and safety of care provided to surgical patients.
Restricting Fair Use to Save the News: A Proposed Change in Copyright Law to Bring More Profit to News Reporting

If a newspaper today uncovered a monumental story and published it on their front page, readership would not change. The story would be on every major news website in minutes. All the twenty-four hour news stations would be reporting on the story within the hour. Despite secondary authors giving the original author credit for the story, the advertising revenue would not change hands. No consequential profit would fall upon the first reporter for the facts uncovered. The news industry's future is bleak as well. Media corporation investors are calling for only three national newspapers, and the diverse flow of ideas myriad reporters provide will soon be gone. However, the forecast does not have to be so grim. With just a slight change to the current fair use doctrine, newspapers could recover their loyal readership and could once again reap revenue for top-caliber news reporting. For twenty-four hours, national news websites could state a primary author's headline with a link to the story's homepage distributing the information to readers. The same day a story breaks, evening news channels could pay to license the facts, which would allow the initial reporter, or his newspaper, to recover more profit. Each newspaper in the country could reap revenue from its reporters while newly self-employed freelance journalists could find financial success in doing what they do best - researching and writing stories. This article proposes a change to current copyright law to bring more profit in news reporting. The alteration centers around allowing journalists, and the companies they work for, to own 98% of the investigated and researched facts they uncover for twenty-four hours after the story is first published. Part I examines the current state of the media and the effect of the Internet on the news business. Part II summarizes the economic and public policies behind protecting information. Part III analyzes the current copyright law's protection of information while Part IV does the same with misappropriation law. Part V describes the proposed amendment to current copyright law, points out a few legal and practical obstacles to be resolved, and ultimately concludes that the benefits far outweigh the potential problems.
The impact of education and clinical decision support on the quality of positive antinuclear antibody referrals

To implement and evaluate an intervention using education and clinical decision support (CDS) to improve the quality of positive ANA referrals. We retrospectively reviewed "positive ANA" referrals from April 2017 to May 2019. Demographic data and referring provider's location were recorded. Final diagnoses were categorized into two groups: rheumatic disease (RD) or no RD. We compared pre- and post-intervention groups for each type of referral. The positive predictive value (PPV) of an ANA referral leading to an RD for each referral group was calculated. Our intervention consisted of an educational poster and CDS which included a hard-stop prompt embedded into the electronic ANA order. All internal subgroups received CDS; only the main campus primary care providers (IPCP) received the educational poster. The external (EXT) referral subgroup did not receive either intervention. We found a significant increase in the number of RDs diagnosed post-intervention (p = 0.007). The PPV for all referrals increased from 16% to 26% during this project. All groups demonstrated improvement in PPV except the EXT group, which showed no change. Subgroups which demonstrated significant increase in the diagnosis of RD included total internal (p = 0.0005), internal PCP (p = 0.002), and affiliated primary care providers (p = 0.0002). The IPCP subgroup additionally received the educational intervention and did not demonstrate significant improvement. Implementing an intervention with a CDS component helps improve the quality of positive ANA referrals to rheumatology. Key Points • Clinical decision support improves the quality of positive ANA referrals. • Incorporating clinical decision support within the ANA order of an EHR is an effective way to deliver information to impact ordering at the "point of care."
Employer Contribution and Premium Growth in Health Insurance

We study whether employer premium contribution schemes could impact the pricing behavior of health plans and contribute to rising premiums. Using 1991-2011 data before and after a 1999 premium subsidy policy change in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), we find that the employer premium contribution scheme has a differential impact on health plan pricing based on two market incentives: 1) consumers are less price sensitive when they only need to pay part of the premium increase, and 2) each health plan has an incentive to increase the employer's premium contribution to that plan. Both incentives are found to contribute to premium growth. Counterfactual simulation shows that average premium would have been 10% less than observed and the federal government would have saved 15% per year on its premium contribution had the subsidy policy change not occurred in the FEHBP.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A State-of-the-Art Review.

The vast majority of patients (>99%) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 survive immediate infection but remain at risk for persistent and/or delayed multisystem. This review of published reports through May 31, 2021, found that manifestations of postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC) affect between 33% and 98% of coronavirus disease 2019 survivors and comprise a wide range of symptoms and complications in the pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurologic, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems in both adult and pediatric populations. Additional complications are likely to emerge and be identified over time. Although data on PASC risk factors and vulnerable populations are scarce, evidence points to a disproportionate impact on racial/ethnic minorities, older patients, patients with preexisting conditions, and rural residents. Concerted efforts by researchers, health systems, public health agencies, payers, and governments are urgently needed to better understand and mitigate the long-term effects of PASC on individual and population health.
Soft Tissue Wounds and Fasciotomies

When you imagine “war surgery”, you probably conjure up visions of crashing into the chest or abdomen just in time to save a live. Although very dramatic, this will be relatively uncommon in your combat surgical practice. This chapter is dedicated to what will be your most common operative case in combat – operative management of soft tissue wounds. Thanks to modern body armor and vehicles, many of the previously fatal injury mechanisms are now producing less fatal, but still significant, soft tissue injuries. These injuries are devastating and we rarely see these extensive soft tissue injuries during our training in the US. The garden variety civilian stab wounds, slash wounds, and hand gun injuries are incredibly minor compared to the wounds produced by things like a 50 caliber machine gun, an AK47 round, or more commonly an explosive device. We simply just don’t see these wounds routinely in the US civilian trauma centers and thus don’t have a developed comfort level with the management and pitfalls. The high velocity stuff is just simply unreal and requires a different set of rules and strategies to optimize your patient’s outcome. No amount of reading can completely prepare you for some of these injuries. The goal of this chapter is to shorten the learning curve and have you mentally prepared before you are faced with one.
The Simple Analytics of Debt-Equity Swaps and Debt Forgiveness

This paper is concerned with debt-equity swaps in which foreign residents are a party to the exchange (i.e., it does not deal with flight capital), and with debt forgiveness. The seemingly unrelated issues of debt-equity swaps and debt forgiveness are jointly treated in this study, because debt forgiveness is in fact a special case of debt-equity swaps. Namely, it is a swap in which a positive amount of debt is exchanged for zero equity. For this reason these two problems have many common features.
The differential Galois theory of strongly normal extensions

Differential Galois theory, the theory of strongly normal extensions, has unfortunately languished. This may be due to its reliance on Kolchin's elegant, but not widely adopted, axiomatization of the theory of algebraic groups. This paper attempts to revive the theory using a differential scheme in place of those axioms. We also avoid using a universal differential field, instead relying on a certain tensor product. We identify automorphisms of a strongly normal extension with maximal differential ideals of this tensor product, thus identifying the Galois group with the closed points of an affine differential scheme. Moreover, the tensor product has a natural coring structure which translates into the Galois group operation: composition of automorphisms. This affine differential scheme splits, i.e. is obtained by base extension from a (not differential, not necessarily affine) group scheme. As a consequence, the Galois group is canonically isomorphic to the closed, or rational, points of a group scheme defined over constants. We obtain the fundamental theorem of differential Galois theory, giving a bijective correspondence between subgroup schemes and intermediate differential fields. On the way to this result we study certain aspects of differential algebraic geometry, e.g. closed immersions, products, local ringed space of constants, and split differential schemes.
The Use of Inertia Relief to Estimate Impact Loads

In order to perform an inertia relief analysis, an analyst must first select single values to represent the force time histories which are applied to the structure. These forces are then applied to a partially or totally unrestrained structure (i. e., free-free), and the resulting rigid body accelerations are calculated. From these accelerations and the mass of the structure, the inertia forces can be calculated at all points in the structure and then applied along with the original forces. Finally, the structure is restrained from rigid body motion, and a conventional static analysis is performed. If the periods of the applied loads are much greater than the periods of those modes that would be excited in the structure, this approximate technique is exact. However, should the periods of the loads be close to those of interest in the structure, then the results are not nearly as good. The dynamic responses of simple series- and parallel-connected spring-mass systems are analyzed and compared with inertia relief calculations. An important conclusion is that for masses connected in series, the error in the inertia relief results increases as one gest farther from the applied load. The final example is a space frame structure composed of welded tubular elements and representing a subcompact vehicle geometry. It is subjected to a load which is similar to that resulting from the 8 km/h (5 mph) bumper impact safety standard.
Interactive Simulation Program for Water Flood Routing Systems

These are only a few examples from among the great number of events we needed to take into account and to process in order to achieve an accurate knowledge of the river behaviour during floods; and, in conclusion, we want to emphasize again how the use of an interactive system and a video unit have made it possible to set up our model very quickly, through the fitting of a great number of past events, and to use it very easily for any purpose, such as studying the concurrence of different parameters on the phenomenon, supplying the engineering design with the necessary data (water levels and discharges), simulating the behaviour of engineering hydraulic works to be built, and giving objective and timely data for flood control.
Reduced cortisol in acute liver failure is not due to pituitary failure or reduced binding proteins

Reduced cortisol is common in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). The aetiology of this phenomenon is unclear, relating potentially to reduced levels of cortisol binding proteins, pituitary or adrenal dysfunction. We examined the relative importance of these factors.
Chronic Pelvic Pain

The practicing gynecologist sees many patients in the office with complaints of chronic pelvic pain. The evaluation and treatment of these patients can often be daunting and evoke a visceral response of angst in the practicing physician. This can be avoided by approaching patients in a structured framework that addresses issues in a multifactorial fashion. The purpose of this chapter is to present some of the more common causes of chronic pelvic pain. This will begin with a brief overview followed by a discussion of an approach to history and physical examination, laboratory and diagnostic studies, differential diagnosis, and finally treatment options.
Physical Causes of Cancer

Physical carcinogens act by imparting energy into the biological material. This chapter summarizes what is known about different physical carcinogens. This chapter focuses primarily on the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation, such as γ rays and X rays, and on non-ionizing radiation, such as ultraviolet light and microwave radiation. The chapter also contains information on the evidence for and against electric and magnetic field (EMF) and ultrasound exposure leading to cancer. All these physical agents are ubiquitous in our environment. Understanding the risks associated with exposure aids in developing appropriate protection standards and approaches to reducing risks. Keywords: X ray; γ rays; radon; ultraviolet light; microwaves; RF; ultrasound; EMF
Taming Big Data: Using App Technology to Study Organizational Behavior on Social Media

Social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter provide an unprecedented amount of qualitative data about organizations and collective behavior. Yet these new data sources lack critical information about the broader social context of collective behavior—or protect it behind strict privacy barriers. In this article, I introduce social media survey apps (SMSAs) that adjoin computational social science methods with conventional survey techniques in order to enable more comprehensive analysis of collective behavior online. SMSAs (1) request large amounts of public and non-public data from organizations that maintain social media pages, (2) survey these organizations to collect additional data of interest to a researcher, and (3) return the results of a scholarly analysis back to these organizations as incentive for them to participate in social science research. SMSAs thus provide a highly efficient, cost-effective, and secure method for extracting detailed data from very large samples of organizations tha...
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: The rightful gold standard weight loss surgery procedure.

The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the National Institute of Health consider Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) the “gold standard” of weight loss surgery [1]. Merriam-Webster defines the gold standard as something that is considered to be the best and that is used to judge the quality or level of other, similar things [2]. We question the validity of continuing use of RYGB as the gold-standard weight loss procedure and instead argue that vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG) should be considered the new gold standard. RYGB has been in use for nearly 50 years, and although many other weight loss procedures have come and gone, they have always been inferior to the efficacy and durability of RYGB. A newer procedure, SG, first described by Hess et al. [3] as the initial component of biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch, has gained significant popularity. SG is a shorter and more technically straightforward procedure that makes less change to the body’s normal anatomy and physiology. Although described as the first step in a 2-part procedure, it has also served as an acceptable fall-back procedure if RYGB cannot be performed on high-risk or technically difficult patients. In the past decade, SG has surpassed RYGB in volume (42.1% versus 34.2%) to become the most common bariatric procedure in the United States [4]. Until recently, longerterm data was unavailable for SG, and the argument for RYGB as the gold standard remained valid. However, given these new data, the argument that RYGB is the gold standard becomes weak and arbitrary.
Provocative relation between soy and bone maintenance

There has been a substantial increase in research on the poten-tial health aspects of soy protein and soy phytoestrogens sincethe publication of the Proceedings of the First InternationalSymposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and TreatingChronic Diseasein 1995 (1). The data showing a significantreduction in serum cholesterol with soy protein consumptionwere strong enough that in October 1999 the Food and DrugAdministration approved a health claim for food labels on prod-ucts that contain 6.25 g soy protein/serving. Other soy and≥health relations are less clear.The effects of soy and soy phytoestrogens on bone mainte-nance are under active evaluation. Trials with ovariectomizedrats suggested that soy with isoflavones compared with ethanol-washed soy (essentially devoid of isoflavones) prevents the boneloss associated with the reduction of endogenous estrogen thatoccurs with menopause (2). In contrast, supplementation of sur-gically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys with conjugatedequine estrogens prevented bone loss, but soy did not (3).In the first published human trial, we found that supplement-ing postmenopausal woman for 6 mo with 40 g soy protein/dcontaining 90 but not 45 mg isoflavones/d (aglycone units) signi-ficantly increased bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineraldensity (BMD) of the lumbar spine but not of other bone sites(4). In this issue of the Journal, Alekel et al (5) give the resultsof a second 6-mo feeding trial with soy that specifically evalu-ated the effects of soy with isoﬂavones (80 mg/d) and with iso-flavones reduced to 4.4 mg/d on bone sparing in perimenopausalwomen. Although there were some differences between the trials(Table 1), Alekel et al also found that soy with high amounts ofisoflavones attenuated bone loss from the lumbar spine. The onlyother report of a feeding trial was an abstract from Gallagher etal (6). In that trial, no effect was found on spine or femur BMDof postmenopausal woman supplemented with soy with 3 differ-ent amounts of isoflavones after 9 mo.
A new Monte Carlo method for Neumann problems

The Monte Carlo methods (MCMs) have been applied with great success to the solution of the elliptic differential equation, but none of them in their present form can be used when a mixed boundary condition is involved. To overcome this limitation existing in classical MCMs, a new fixed random walk method, known as the triangular mesh random walk method, is presented for the elliptical problem with mixed boundary condition. This method can be used to solve many electromagnetic field problems. The numerical calculation involving some two-dimensional problems confirms the efficiency of triangular mesh random walk method.
Structure-activity relationships in the actinomycins.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents nomenclature of actinomycins (AMs) based on the peptide structure, which uses International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry–International Union of Biochemistry (IUPAC–IUB) rules for naming peptide analogs. AMs are well-known as specific inhibitors of DNA-primed RNA synthesis and are used as a biochemical tool in numerous investigations on cellular events, especially macromolecular biosynthesis and virus replication. The clinical use of actinomycin is in the treatment of Wilms' tumor, gestational choriocarcinoma, and mixed metastatic embryonal carcinoma of the testis. The chapter has compiled microbiological procedures for actinomycin preparation and chemical methods for modification of AM and for total synthesis. Analogs and derivatives of known structure have been listed. The chapter also describes structure-activity relationships in the AMs that can at present be deduced from approximately 30 peptide analogs that have been isolated from natural sources or produced by directed biosynthesis or by chemical synthesis. The crystal structure of AM and solution conformations from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichorism (CD) studies have been discussed.
Delayed Right Heart Failure Following Lung Transplantation

Dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) has been reported following lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension, usually in association with the use of inotropic agents. This report describes delayed severe right-sided heart failure associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction following sequential bilateral lung transplantation and closure of a ventricular septal defect. The patient had no evidence of outflow tract obstruction in the early posttransplant period but developed progressive right heart failure more than 2 months later. Catheterization revealed dynamic RVOTO and an elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The patient was treated with metoprolol tartrate and diltiazem hydrochloride with resolution of the outflow tract obstruction and heart failure. This case demonstrates that RVOTO can occur in the late posttransplant period and must be included in the differential diagnosis for patients who develop right-sided heart failure.
Impact of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron on invertebrates in a residential-recreational lake.

The effects of the insect growth regulator (IGR) diflubenzuron [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea] on planktonic, nektonic, and benthic invertebrates in a residential-recreational lake were studied during the period of April to October 1977. A 25% WP formulation of the IGR was applied at 156 g AI/ha (0.012 ppm) to the entire lake surface, once on April 26, and again on August 24.
PUMA, a potent killer with or without p53

PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) is a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only Bcl-2 family member and a critical mediator of p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis induced by a wide variety of stimuli, including genotoxic stress, deregulated oncogene expression, toxins, altered redox status, growth factor/cytokine withdrawal and infection. It serves as a proximal signaling molecule whose expression is regulated by transcription factors in response to these stimuli. PUMA transduces death signals primarily to the mitochondria, where it acts indirectly on the Bcl-2 family members Bax and/or Bak by relieving the inhibition imposed by antiapoptotic members. It directly binds and antagonizes all known antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. PUMA ablation or inhibition leads to apoptosis deficiency underlying increased risks for cancer development and therapeutic resistance. Although elevated PUMA expression elicits profound chemo- and radiosensitization in cancer cells, inhibition of PUMA expression may be useful for curbing excessive cell death associated with tissue injury and degenerative diseases. Therefore, PUMA is a general sensor of cell death stimuli and a promising drug target for cancer therapy and tissue damage.
Supported liquid-phase catalysis. I: A theoretical model for transport and reaction

Abstract A simplified theoretical model is proposed for the transport and chemical reaction of gaseous species in supported liquid-phase catalysts (SLPC) in which catalytic liquids with contact angles less than 90 ° are dispersed within inert porous supports. It is based on the use of the dusty-gas model for the flux in the residual gas pore space. The variation of the structural dusty-gas parameters with liquid loading is correlated by using results borrowed from the parallel-pore model and the random-pore model along with an interconnected near-spherical cell description of the porous medium. The proposed model is free of adjustable parameters and is therefore predictive. It corroborates the existence of a maximum in the reaction rate predicted previously for some systems and also exhibits other trends observed experimentally. In addition, other interesting charac teristics of SLPC are predicted.
Is there a brainstem generator of chronic daily headache

Using BOLD-fMRI we have previously documented activation of the red nucleus (RN) and substantia nigra (SN) during spontaneously and visually activated migraine headache. These observations prompted us to study brainstem function in chronic daily headache patients using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Seventeen chronic daily headache (CDH) patients, ten episodic migraine (EM) patients and fifteen controls (N) were imaged with a 3 tesla MRI system. For each subject, the relaxation rates R2, R2* and R2' were obtained for RN and SN. There was a significant decrease in R2' and R2* values for RN and SN in CDH compared to N and EM groups (p < 0.05), but no significant difference between the N and EM groups. A decrease in R2' and R2* indicates reduced deoxyhemoglobin and hence persistent activation of the RN and SN in CDH patients most likely secondary to ongoing headache at the time of study. The imaging data provide objective evidence of disturbed central nervous system function in CDH.
Interrelations of dietary and hormonal effects in aging

Abstract A model system is proposed which suggests that aging involves a genetically programmed process encoded within specific regions of the central nervous system and is characterized by a gradual ascendency of inhibitory over excitatory influences. The resulting neural suppression reduces tonic stimulation to the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis, the autonomic nervous system and the spinal cord, and promotes the secretion of inactive pituitary hormone, the involution of the somatic musculature (smooth, cardiac and striated) and the compromise of secretomotor function. Experimental observations from nutritional restriction studies which include the prolongation of the life-span and delays in reproductive and homeostatic aging, degenerative coat changes and the appearance of neoplasia, are considered from the perspective of this hypothesis.
Vague convergence of sums of independent random variables

A sequence (μn) of probability measures on the real line is said to converge vaguely to a measureμ if∫ fdμn →∫ fdμ for every continuous functionf withcompact support. In this paper one investigates problems analogous to the classical central limit problem under vague convergence. Let ‖μ‖ denote the total mass ofμ andδ0 denote the probability measure concentrated in the origin. For the theory of infinitesimal triangular arrays it is true in the present context, as it is in the classical one, that all obtainable limit laws are limits of sequences of infinitely divisible probability laws. However, unlike the classical situation, the class of infinitely divisible laws is not closed under vague convergence. It is shown that for every probability measureμ there is a closed interval [0,λ], [0,e−1] ⊂ [0,λ] ⊂ [0, 1], such thatβμ is attainable as a limit of infinitely divisible probability laws iffβ e [0,λ]. In the independent identically distributed case, it is shown that if (x1 + ... +xn)/an, an → ∞, converges vaguely toμ with 0 x] is a slowly varying function ofx. Conversely, ifL(x) is slowly varying, then for everyβ e (0, 1) one can choosean → ∞ so that the limit measure=βδ0.
POPULATION, COMMUNITY, AND ECOSYSTEM VARIATES AS ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS: PHYTOPLANKTON RESPONSES TO WHOLE-LAKE ENRICHMENT

We quantified the reliability of phytoplankton population, community, and ecosystem variates as indicators of whole-lake enrichment. Variates with high sensitivity to perturbation and low background variability were assumed to be more reliable indicators than variates with low sensitivity or high variability. Our data set included weekly data in four lakes (three manipulated and one reference) during two pretreatment summers and two summers of enrichment. We determined background variability by evaluating change in each variate from year to year in the reference lake throughout the experiment and in each manipulated lake during the pretreatment period. We evaluated sensitivity to enrichment using the frequency of departure from expected conditions for each variate during the period of experimental enrichment. Using this information, we then (1) tested the expectation that species populations are more reliable indicators of perturbation than ecosystem variates (biomass, chlorophyll, and primary productivit...
Mixed neutron/photon irradiation of unresectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: the final report of a randomized cooperative trial.

Abstract Three hundred and twenty-seven patients with inoperable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were entered on a randomized study comparing a mixture of neutron and photon (“mixed beam”) radiation therapy with photon/electron radiation therapy. Neutron treatment was delivered with fixed-beam, physics-laboratory-based equipment. Patients with histologically proven tumors of T-stage T2, T3, or T4 and any N-stage were eligible for randomization. Primary tumor sites were limited to cancers originating in the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, or hypopharynx. Patients entered on this study now have a minimum at-risk follow-up period of 6 years. Study results reveal no significant differences in overall loco-regional tumor control rates or survival. Subgroup analysis reveals significant differences based on whether or not patients presented with positive lymph nodes. Locoregional tumor control rates for patients presenting with positive lymph nodes were 30% for mixed-beam-treated patients versus 18% for photon-treated patients (p = 0.05). Loco-regional tumor control rates for patients presenting without positive lymph nodes were 64% for photon-treated patients and 33% for mixed-beam-treated patients (p = 0.004). Control of tumor located in the nodal sites favored mixed beam over photons by a margin of 45% ( 49 109 ) to 26% ( 23 87 ) with a significance of p = 0.004. Possible explanations for these contradictory findings are discussed.
Improving Molecular Genetic Test Utilization through Order Restriction, Test Review, and Guidance

The ordering of molecular genetic tests by health providers not well trained in genetics may have a variety of untoward effects. These include the selection of inappropriate tests, the ordering of panels when the assessment of individual or fewer genes would be more appropriate, inaccurate result interpretation and inappropriate patient guidance, and significant unwarranted cost expenditure. We sought to improve the utilization of molecular genetic tests by requiring providers without specialty training in genetics to use genetic counselors and molecular genetic pathologists to assist in test selection. We used a genetic and genomic test review process wherein the laboratory-based genetic counselor performed the preanalytic assessment of test orders and test triage. Test indication and clinical findings were evaluated against the test panel composition, methods, and test limitations under the supervision of the molecular genetic pathologist. These test utilization management efforts resulted in a decrease in genetic test ordering and a gross cost savings of $1,531,913 since the inception of these programs in September 2011 through December 2013. The combination of limiting the availability of complex genetic tests and providing guidance regarding appropriate test strategies is an effective way to improve genetic tests, contributing to judicious use of limited health care resources.
Gambling, chance and the discourse of power in ancien régime France

(1994). Gambling, chance and the discourse of power in ancien regime France. Renaissance and Modern Studies: Vol. 37, Foucault and Beyond, pp. 31-46.
Evolutionary Processes a Focus of Decade-Long Ecosystem Study of Antarctic's Lake Vostok

As scientists probe for life in new habitats and try to understand the processes that triggered the origin and guided the evolution of life on Earth, environments beneath large ice sheets are beginning to emerge as key ecosystems. Modern subglacial environments are analogues both for the icy moons of Jupiter and the environmental stresses that led to widespread evolutionary radiation following the Neoproterozoic “snowball” Earth. The largest modern analogue to these distant systems is Lake Vostok, a great Antarctic subglacial lake, and the international science community is developing a plan to systematically survey and explore this complex system over the next decade. Approximately the size of Lake Ontario, Lake Vostok lies beneath the 4 km thick East Antarctic ice sheet (Figure 1). The lake is much deeper than Lake Ontario—remotely measured water depths reach 670 m.
Detecting Misbehavior in Online Video Chat Services

Randomly pairing up strangers in online video chat services has quickly gained popularity over the past few years. One major issue that has emerged is the existence of misbehaviors and obscene content. Detecting misbehavior in online video chat services requires effective fusion of multiple types of evidence as well as efficient fusion strategies.
Biodistribution and antitumour efficacy of long-circulating N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer–doxorubicin conjugates in nude mice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the molecular weight (mol. wt) of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-doxorubicin (DOX) conjugates (P-DOX) on biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy in nu/nu mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 xenografts. Copolymerisation of HPMA, a polymerisable derivative of DOX (N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl doxorubicin) and a newly designed crosslinking agent, N(2),N(5)-bis(N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanyl-leucylglycyl)ornithine methyl ester monomers resulted in novel, high mol. wt, branched, water-soluble P-DOX containing lysosomally degradable oligopeptide sequences as crosslinks and side-chains terminated in DOX. Four conjugates with mol. wt of 22, 160, 895 and 1230 kDa were prepared. The results indicated that the half-life in blood and the elimination rate from the tumour were up to 28 times longer and 25 times slower, respectively, for P-DOX (mol. wt=1230 kDa) than for free DOX. Treatment with P-DOX (mol. wt > or = 160 kDa) inhibited tumour growth more efficiently than that of 22 kDa P-DOX or free DOX (P<0.02) at a 2.2 mg/kg DOX equivalent dose. In conclusion, the administration of long circulating P-DOX resulted in enhanced tumour accumulation with a concomitant increase in therapeutic efficacy.
Single Cotton Fiber Properties of Low, Ideal, and High Micronaire Values

The Favimat, a single fiber testing machine, is used to quantify the affects of cotton crimp on fibers from three samples consisting of cottons containing low, high, and ideal micronaire values for textile processing. In order to get a better representation of all fibers within these samples, the cotton is further divided into the Suter-Webb array length groups. Following cotton crimp image capturing, fiber fineness is determined by the vibroscope method. The mean values for these samples indicate that cotton containing more crimp in the fibers leads to larger elongation, force to break, linear density, tenacity. and work to rupture. The seven length groups from these cottons indicate that longer cotton fibers appear to contain more crimps per cm. The results suggest that the Favimat is satisfactory for measuring current and future cotton properties.
Density of nafion exchanged with transition metal complexes and tetramethyl ammonium, ferrous, and hydrogen ions: commercial and recast films.

The densities of commercial Nafion 117 and cast Nafion 1100 films were determined by the hydrostatic weighing method for films fully exchanged with hexaammineruthenium(III), tris(2,2‘ bipyridyl)rut...
Fluid inclusion evidence for an anticlockwise metamorphic P‐T path in central Massachusetts

Acadian (Late Silurian to Early Devonian) metamorphism in the Central Maine Terrane (CMT) in central Massachusetts is characterized by an early low-P, high-T (Buchan-type) metamorphism followed by thickening at high temperature (>650d C) and then by cooling to 100-200d C below peak recorded temperatures before eventual unroofing. Mineralogical and textural evidence for this path includes sillimanite pseudomorphs after early andalusite, abundant cordierite in pelitic lithologies, replacement of low-P cordierite-bearing assemblages by high-P garnet-bearing assemblages, and recrystallization of mylonites associated with late shear zones to form lower-T and higher-P assemblages. Peak conditions in the highest grade rocks were 685-780d C and 5-6 kbar; the cooling path passed through 550d C at about 6.5 kbar. The well-constrained P-T path documented from geological and mineralogical evidence for the CMT offers an unusual opportunity to examine characteristics of fluid inclusions that have experienced a long-lived metamorphic event spanning a broad range of P-T conditions. Fluid inclusion data from the CMT document a range of fluid compositions (CO2-rich, mixed CO2-N2-rich, N2-rich and H2O-rich) and densities during metamorphism. Densities of CO2 fluid inclusions range from 0.20 to 1.03 g cm-3. Medium-density CO2 fluid inclusions are contained in quartz inclusions within garnets in partial melt leucosomes, and in quartz grains within migmatites. Fluid inclusions within the quartz inclusions indicate trapping conditions of 650-700d C at pressures below 5 kbar. Other CO2 fluid inclusions from matrix quartz yield isochores which pass through 700d C and 5.2 kbar. The highest density inclusions associated with rocks containing the late high-P assemblages have isochores which pass below the estimated P-T conditions for recrystallization of the mylonite. Fluid inclusion evidence suggests an early low-P heating event, followed by thickening at high temperature, and then by nearly isobaric cooling to about 500d C with later decompression. This interpretation is also consistent with previously published petrological models and supports an anticlockwise P-T path for the CMT of south-central Massachusetts.
Monopole collective motion in helium and oxygen nuclei

We review the rationale for basing the calculation of collective motion on the periodic solutions of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock mean field. With suitable discretization, we find a family of these solutions and we apply a simple quantization rule. Results are presented for ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$.
Problems in estimating amounts of food cholesterol: Three methods for mixed diets

Abstract Our health conscious society is increasingly dependent on food tables for accurate cholesterol data. However, those data may be less exacting than for most nutrients since methods for determining cholesterol contents of foods have not been standardized. In this study, cholesterol contents of mixed diets have been evaluated as calculated from food tables and as analyzed by two methods, colorimetric and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), with the goal of identifying discrepancies due to method of analysis. Composites of 60 daily menus from five calorie levels were analyzed, all from controlled diets containing 35% fat calories. Half the composites were from low linoleic acid (low LOA) diets and half were from high linoleic acid diets (high LOA) and contained 10 and 30 g of linoleic acid, respectively. For both diets, cholesterol values analyzed by GLC were about 75% of calculated values but only about 50% of the colorimetric values. Cholesterol values from the colorimetric assay were higher than the total sterol values (cholesterol + plant sterols) from GLC analysis with total sterols representing constant percentages of the colorimetric values. Campesterol and sitosterol content of diets increased as calorie levels increased, but stigmasterol remained constant. Sitosterol was higher in the high LOA diets than in the low LOA diets. It was concluded that the discrepancy between cholesterol values measured by GLC, the presumed method of choice, and cholesterol content of foods calculated from food tables is large and presents a major problem in the accurate assessment of dietary cholesterol.