cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Trouble with American Forensic Psychiatry

Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty with training programs and board recognition. The cornerstone of the field is expert testimony on subjects ranging from criminal responsibility to work stress to malpractice. In the adversary system, however, the impartial expert may well be a myth. By not paying enough attention to the problems of being truly objective in court, forensic psychiatrists encourage the hired gun label and risk making a mockery of their subspecialty. Solutions first demand ongoing recognition and focus on the problem by organizations and training programs. Giving up the idea of being impartial and openly becoming debaters committed to whatever issue is at hand is one possibility. Other solutions are also discussed. Giving up the work is one form of protest.
Maximum entropy extrapolation of cumulant statistics: linear processes

The authors extrapolate, in the maximum-entropy (ME) sense, one-dimensional (1-D) cumulant statistics of a stationary random process which is the output of a linear, time-invariant (LTI) model excited by a non-Gaussian, independent and identically distributed input. The entropy rate of a linear process, is related with a special 1-D polyspectrum. Based on this relationship they derive 1-D polyspectral estimates that correspond to the most random time series whose cumulant sequence is consistent with the given finite set of 1-D cumulant statistics. The ME extension of the cumulant sequence of linear processes corresponds to that of an AR (autoregressive) process whose coefficients can be computed as the solution of a system of linear equations. The AR filter obtained using the ME cumulant extrapolation is applied to harmonic retrieval, and phase estimation of nonminimum-phase LTI systems. >
Trial of a Disease Management Program to Reduce Hospital Readmissions of the Chronically Critically Ill

Background Patients requiring prolonged periods of intensive care and mechanical ventilation are termed chronically critically ill . They are prone to continued morbidity and mortality after hospital discharge and are at high risk for hospital readmission. Disease management (DM) programs have been shown to be effective in improving both coordination and efficiency of care after hospital discharge for populations with single-disease diagnoses, but have not been tested with patients with multiple-disease diagnoses, such as the chronically critically ill Study objectives To test the effect of a DM program on hospital readmission patterns of chronically critically ill patients during the first 2 months after hospital discharge and to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the DM program Design Randomized, controlled trial Setting Academic medical center, extended care facilities, and participant homes Participants Three hundred thirty-four consenting adults from one academic medical center who underwent > 3 days of mechanical ventilation and survived to hospital discharge Intervention Two hundred thirty-one patients in the experimental group received care coordination, family support, teaching, and monitoring of therapies from a team of advanced-practice nurses, a geriatrician, and a pulmonologist for 2 months post-hospital discharge Measurements Rehospitalization rate, time-to-first rehospitalization, duration of rehospitalization, mortality during rehospitalization, and associated costs Results Patients who received DM services had significantly fewer mean days of rehospitalization (11.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.3 to 12.6) compared with the control group (16.7 days; 95% CI, 12.5 to 21.0; p=0.03). There were no other significant differences between experimental and control groups, although all measures of rehospitalization risk for the experimental group were in a positive direction. Total cost savings associated with the intervention were approximately $481,811 for the 93 subjects who were readmitted to the hospital Conclusions Chronic critical illness may have a natural trajectory of continued morbidity following hospital discharge that is not affected by the provision of additional care coordination services. Nevertheless, given the high cost of rehospitalization and the additional burden it imposes on patients and families, interventions that can reduce the duration of rehospitalization are cost-effective and merit continued testing
Elimination of the BKCa Channel's High-Affinity Ca2+ Sensitivity

We report here a combination of site-directed mutations that eliminate the high-affinity Ca(2+) response of the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (BK(Ca)), leaving only a low-affinity response blocked by high concentrations of Mg(2+). Mutations at two sites are required, the "Ca(2+) bowl," which has been implicated previously in Ca(2+) binding, and M513, at the end of the channel's seventh hydrophobic segment. Energetic analyses of mutations at these positions, alone and in combination, argue that the BK(Ca) channel contains three types of Ca(2+) binding sites, one of low affinity that is Mg(2+) sensitive (as has been suggested previously) and two of higher affinity that have similar binding characteristics and contribute approximately equally to the power of Ca(2+) to influence channel opening. Estimates of the binding characteristics of the BK(Ca) channel's high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites are provided.
Evaluation and modeling of edge-seal materials for photovoltaic applications

Because of the sensitivity of some photovoltaic devices to moisture-induced corrosion, they are packaged using impermeable front- and back-sheets along with an edge seal to prevent moisture ingress. Evaluation of edge seal materials can be difficult because of the low permeation rates involved and/or non-Fickian behavior. Here, using a Ca film deposited on a glass substrate, we demonstrate the evaluation of edge seal materials in a manner that effectively duplicates their use in a photovoltaic application and compare the results with standard methods for measuring water vapor transport. We demonstrate how moisture permeation data from polymer films can be used to estimate moisture ingress rates and compare the results of these two methods. Encapsulant materials were also evaluated for comparison and to highlight the need for edge seals. Of the materials studied, desiccant filled polyisobutylene materials demonstrate by far the best potential to keep moisture out for a 20 to 30 y lifetime.
The effects of strain localization on the formation of Ganymede's grooved terrain

We investigate the effects of strain localization on the formation of Ganymede’s grooved terrain by numerically modeling the extension of an ice lithosphere in which the yield strength of the ice decreases as the magnitude of the plastic strain increases. We do this to more realistically model fault strength, which is expected to vary with slip during initial fault development. We find that the inclusion of strain weakening leads to the formation of periodic structures with amplitudes of 200–500 m, consistent with the observed amplitudes of Ganymede’s large-scale grooves. The morphology of the deformation that results from extension depends both on the thermal gradient, which sets the lithospheric thickness, and on the rate at which the yield strength of the ice decreases with increasing plastic strain. Slow weakening with strain leads to low-amplitude, periodic structures, whereas moderate to rapid weakening with strain leads to large-amplitude, non-periodic structures. The combined influence of the thermal gradient and the weakening rate leads to the formation of complex surface deformation and may help explain the variety of surface morphologies observed within the grooved terrain.
Fluorometric Measurement of Pyridine Nucleotide Reduction in the Giant Axon of the Squid

By monitoring the fluorescence of the isolated giant axon of the squid Loligo pealei, it was possible to follow changes in its oxidation-reduction state as caused by the action of anoxia, cyanide, Amytal, and azide. The response to oxygen depletion was very rapid, the NAD within the axon being 90% reduced within 1-2 min. Cyanide and Amytal gave essentially similar results, although somewhat longer periods of time elapsed during their onset and washout periods. The extent of NAD reduction was essentially the same under conditions of anoxia and treatment with cyanide and Amytal. Azide was less effective in this respect, and at comparatively high levels of concentration (25-50 mM) gave values of 40% or less of the reduction observed with the other inhibitors. The application of ouabain and strophanthidin gave no observable NAD reduction. Variations in the time required to consume given quantities of dissolved oxygen before and after stimulation indicated an increase of 10-20% in oxygen uptake rate associated with activity, although this figure appeared to be a function of the surface-to-volume ratio of the axon. A biochemical analysis of axoplasm for oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotide was made. Fluorometric examination of centrifuged axoplasm indicated that the NAD-NADH was largely confined to the mitochondria of the axon.
Performance of a corticosteroid inhaler with a spacer fashioned from a plastic cold-drink bottle: effects of changing bottle volume.

Some clinicians advocate using metered-dose inhaler (MDI) spacers prepared from common household bottles. We evaluated the in vitro aerosol characteristics of fluticasone from the MDI alone and through spacers fashioned from 237-, 500-, 1000-, and 1500-mL polyethylene terephlate plastic cold drink bottles using a cascade impactor. Ten 110-µg actuations of fluticasone were sampled into the impactor during each of five runs with each configuration. The primary outcomes were the respirable dose (i.e., quantity aerosol 1.1–4.7 µm in size) and the quantity trapped in the oropharynx. The mean fluticasone respirable dose from the MDI alone (46.2 µg/actuation) was no different (p>0.05) compared with the same MDI mated to any of the bottle spacers, regardless of volume. The mean quantity of fluticasone trapped in the oropharynx from the MDI alone (39.2 µg /actuation) was greater (p < 0.001) than the same MDI mated with any bottle spacer (range 1.5–3.5 µg/actuation). These data suggest that any of the bottle spacer...
An Extension of the Diffusion Equation to Include Clearance by Capillary Blood Flow

A theory of heat and matter distribution in living tissues is presented for use where large-scale diffusion over millimeter distances is comparable in effect with smallscale diffusion, exchange, and convection over micron distances. The theory is in the form of a partial differential equation including the Fourier-Fick diffusion equation and Fick's perfusion principle in differential form. The theory is experimentally testable. It is compatible with Kety's radioactive tracer local clearance experiment and agrees at least qualitatively with steady-state experiments based on the use of Gibbs thermoelectric probe. The theory suggests an absolute method for determining capillary blood flow per unit volume by the transient response of a Gibbs thermoelectric probe to a sudden and temporary blood occlusion of the tissue. The possible significance and measurability of fluctuations in capillary blood flow are pointed out. (P.C.H.)
Abstract P011: Inverse Relationship between Environmental Contaminant Perfluorooctane Acid and Coronary Heart Disease in Diabetes

Background: The perfluoralkyl acid, perfluorooctanoate is a persistent and widespread environmental contaminant that has been linked to proinflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory changes in both humans and experimental models. Perfluorooctanoate, also called C8, has been positively related to several risk factors for both coronary heart disease and diabetes in the general population. However, the relationship of C8 to coronary heart disease in adults with diabetes remains unexplored. This study examines the association of C8 with coronary heart disease in individuals with diabetes drawn from a large Appalachian population. Methods: Data on 3943 adults aged ≥20 years with diabetes were obtained from the C8 Health Project, which collected blood samples, self-reported demographics, medical diagnoses, height, and weight in 2005-2006 as part of a legal settlement following perfluorooctanoate (C8) contamination of drinking water in West Virginia and Ohio. Results: The population was 52% female and 98% White. ...
Reliability aware data fusion

Due to ubiquitous sensors (GPS, Accelerometer), easy of use apps (Facebook, Twitter etc), presence of audio & video recording devices and higher internet connectivity, the key characteristics of raw data is changing. This new data can be characterized by 4Vs Volume, Velocity, Variety and Veracity. Moreover, due to popular trend of crowd sourcing or citizen sensors, it is reasonable to assume that people will provide multiple evidence of same event using different data types. For example during a Football match, some people will Tweet about Goals, Penalties etc while others will take a picture and upload it. Although the underlying modalities are different (text and image), the data describes the same event. Such multi modal evidences should be used to strengthen the belief in underlying physical event. Finally, each of the data point will have inherent uncertainty. The uncertainty can arise from inconsistent, incomplete, and ambiguous data as well as the trust worthiness of the user. Similarly, some sources are more reliable than others which will also play a part in overall reliability. The volume, velocity and variety are measurable/observable, however, there is no measure of truthfulness.
Discussion of “The effects of forecast type and performance-based incentives on the quality of management forecasts”

In this paper, I provide a summary and discussion of Chen, Rennekamp, and Zhou (2015). Doing so allows me the opportunity to discuss three interrelated themes – forecasting, motivated reasoning, and disaggregation. Following my summary, I discuss specific opportunities to extend this line of research. I also offer examples of more general extensions related to the psychology and economics of disaggregation.
PETE Students' Perceptions of a Healthy and Active Lifestyle.

Participants were male and female students (n = 12) in a physical education teacher education (PETE) program with a healthy and active lifestyle management (HALM) focus, at a university in the Intermountain West. The purpose of the study was to examine PETE students' perceptions of a healthy and active lifestyle (HAL). Following inductive content analysis of interview data and field notes, a model including several themes and categories emerged. Knowledge of HALM led to students developing views of a HAL, which influenced their HAL behaviors. Other social influences had a positive or negative effect on students' HAL behavior. Students were mostly autonomously motivated to exercise, but many were extrinsically motivated in their diets. Recommendations include a holistic focus in PETE programs, with time allocated to teach students how to teach HALM skills.
Native American Genomics and Population Histories

Studies of Native American genetic diversity and population history have been transformed over the last decade by important developments in anthropological genetics. During this time, researchers have adopted new DNA technologies and computational approaches for analyzing genomic data, and they have become increasingly sensitive to the views of research participants and communities. As new methods are applied to long-standing questions, and as more research is conducted in collaboration with indigenous communities, we are gaining new insights into the history and diversity of indigenous populations. This review discusses the recent methodological advances and genetic studies that have improved our understanding of Native American genomics and population histories. We synthesize current knowledge about Native American genomic variation and build a model of population history in the Americas. We also discuss the broader implications of this research for anthropology and related disciplines, and we highlight...
Genetics of Extracellular Protease Production in SACCHAROMYCOPSIS LIPOLYTICA

Mutants of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica with reduced ability to produce zones of clearing on skim-milk agar plates were isolated and their properties studied. For 18 mutants it was possible to score unambiguously segregants of crosses between these mutants and wild type for extracellular protease production. These mutants all produce reduced levels of extracellular protease in liquid culture. The mutations are recessive and are in nuclear genes. The 18 mutations define 10 or 11 complementation groups, no two of which are closely linked. Mutants in four of the complementation groups also produced reduced levels of extracellular RNAse, and the reduced levels of extracellular protease and RNAse production segregate together. Five of the mutants exhibited reduced mating frequency, and one mutant was osmotic remedial for extracellular protease production. These results demonstrate that many genes can affect extracellular protease production. Besides mutations in the structural gene and in regulatory genes, mutations are likely to be in genes involved in steps common to the production of several extracellular enzymes or in genes coding for cell wall or membrane components necessary for extracellular enzyme production.
Computing in 3D

3D technologies offer significant potential to improve total performance and performance per unit of power. After exploiting TSV technologies for cost reduction and increasing memory bandwidth, the next frontier is to create sophisticated logic on logic solutions that promise further increases in performance/power beyond those attributable to memory interfaces alone. These include heterogeneous integration for computing and exploitation of the high amounts of 3D interconnect available to reduce total interconnect power. Challenges include access for prototype quantities and the design of sophisticated static and dynamic thermal management methods and technologies, as well as test.
Time-Compressed Speech in Radio Advertising:

It is now possible, using electronic techniques, to speed up a radio commercial without a perceptible change in general voice quality. Results of experiments reported here suggest that radio advert...
Stabilizing Ni Catalysts by Molecular Layer Deposition for Harsh, Dry Reforming Conditions

To inhibit sintering of ∼5 nm supported Ni particles during dry reforming of methane (DRM), catalysts were stabilized with porous alumina grown by ABC alucone molecular layer deposition (MLD). The uncoated catalyst continuously deactivated during DRM at 973 K. In contrast, the DRM rates for the MLD-coated catalysts initially increased before stabilizing, consistent with an increase in the exposed nickel surface area with exposure to high temperatures. Post-reaction particles were smaller for the MLD-coated catalysts. Catalysts with only 5 MLD layers had higher DRM rates than the uncoated catalyst, and a sample with 10 MLD layers remained stable for 108 h.
On the Stability of Rotating Drops

We consider the equilibrium and stability of rotating axisymmetric fluid drops by appealing to a variational principle that characterizes the equilibria as stationary states of a functional containing surface energy and rotational energy contributions, augmented by a volume constraint. The linear stability of a drop is determined by solving the eigenvalue problem associated with the second variation of the energy functional. We compute equilibria corresponding to both oblate and prolate shapes, as well as toroidal shapes, and track their evolution with rotation rate. The stability results are obtained for two cases: (i) a prescribed rotational rate of the system ("driven drops"), or (ii) a prescribed angular momentum ("isolated drops"). For families of axisymmetric drops instabilities may occur for either axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric perturbations; the latter correspond to bifurcation points where non-axisymmetric shapes are possible. We employ an angle-arc length formulation of the problem which allows the computation of equilibrium shapes that are not single-valued in spherical coordinates. We are able to illustrate the transition from spheroidal drops with a strong indentation on the rotation axis to toroidal drops that do not extend to the rotation axis. Toroidal drops with a large aspect ratio (major radius to minor radius) are subject to azimuthal instabilities with higher mode numbers that are analogous to the Rayleigh instability of a cylindrical interface. Prolate spheroidal shapes occur if a drop of lower density rotates within a denser medium; these drops appear to be linearly stable. This work is motivated by recent investigations of toroidal tissue clusters that are observed to climb conical obstacles after self-assembly [Nurse et al., Journal of Applied Mechanics 79 (2012) 051013].
The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, and Its Principal Host Plant. IX. Biological Activity of Chemical Analogs of Corn Resistance Factor A (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone).

Benzoxazolinone and 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone, found in the tissues of several plant species of the family Gramineae, play an important role in host-plant resistance to insects and fungi. Biological activity is measurable as inhibition of growth of the insect or pathogen. A study was made of the growth inhibitory properties of over 50 analogs of benzoxazole and related phenolics, using the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.), and Penicilliuin chrysogenum as test organisms. Fungal growth inhibition was found to be dependent on two structural characteristics of the molecule: (1) the presence of a lipid-solubilizing group on the benzenoid nucleus, and (2) the presence of a nitro or amino group adjacent to a phenolic hydroxyl. Antifungal activity was not enhanced by an oxazole ring. Growth inhibitory activity against the European corn borer was closely associated with the presence of an oxazole or thiazole grouping, and phenolic compounds were of generally low activity.
Development and Application of On-line Data Port of EMS and PSASP

In order to make full use of grid real-time data in daily analysis and calculation and simplify the data entry,the online interface software of EMS and PSASP is developed.The software analyzes the data structures of EMS and PSASP in detail,realizes online and offline data integration and makes the history data of Jiangsu grid at any time seamlessly with PSASP.Through checking the results before and after data integration,the data interface is proved accurate and can provide basic data for grid operation mode calculation and failure analysis.In addition,dynamic monitoring and warning of grid operation state based on PSASP is realized by graph mode integration technology.
Quantification of Ranolazine in human plasma using HPLC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic study of its sustained-release preparation

AIM:The LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated,and assessed the pharmacokinetic properties after a single dose of 500,1000,or 1500 mg of ranolazine in healthy Chinese volunteers.METHODS: Twelve Chinese subjects(6 men,6 women) were enrolled in the single-dose phase of the PK study.The study were assigned to open-label,randomized-sequence,3×3 latin square design which consisted of three 1-day treatment periods and two 7-day washout periods.Volunteers were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of 500,1000,or 1500 mg of ranolazine(sustained-release tablets),sequential blood samples(4 mL each) were collected into heparin tubes at 0 hour(before administration) and 0.5,1.0,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,5.0,6.0,8.0,10.0,12.0,16.0,24.0,36.0,and 48.0 hours after administration.The LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated.RESULTS:The main PK parameters for ranolazine after administration of a single oral dose of 500,1000,and 1500 mg were as follows: Cmax were(742±253),(1355±502),and(2329±890) ng/mL,respectively;AUC0-48 were(9072±3400),(16574 ± 6806),and(29324±10857) ng·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞ were(9827±3152),(16882±6791),and(29924±10706) ng·mL-1·h;tmax were(5.3±1.4),(4.2±1.2),and(5.9±2.8) hours;t1/2 were(6.4±3.3),(6.4±3.5),and(6.7±4.3) hours.CONCLUSION: In this group of healthy Chinese subjects,AUC and Cmax increased proportionally with the dose,the PK properties of ranolazine were linear after administration of single oral doses of 500 to 1500 mg.These dosages were generally well tolerated by all the subjects.
Neurogenic expression of snail is controlled by separable CNS and PNS promoter elements.

The Drosophila snail (sna) gene is first expressed in cells giving rise to mesoderm and is required for mesoderm formation. sna is subsequently expressed in the developing nervous system. sna expression during neurogenesis evolves from segmentally repeated neuroectodermal domains to a pan-neural pattern. We have identified a 2.8 kb regulatory region of the sna promoter that drives LacZ expression in a faithful neuronal pattern. Deletion analysis of this region indicates that the pan-neural element is composed of separable CNS and PNS components. This finding is unexpected since all known genes controlling early neurogenesis, including the proneural genes (i.e. da and AS-C), are expressed in both the CNS and PNS. We also show that expression of sna during neurogenesis is largely independent of the proneural genes da and AS-C. The separate control of CNS and PNS sna expression and independence of proneural gene regulation add to a growing body of evidence that current genetic models of neurogenesis are substantially incomplete.
Asthma in children of Caribbean descent living in the inner-city: comparing Puerto Rican and Afro-Caribbean children

Ethnic minority children bear a disproportionate amount of the US asthma burden. We compared asthma morbidity and pulmonary function (%FEV1) in two Caribbean groups living in the Bronx, NY: Puerto Rican and Afro-Caribbean children. Caregiver-child dyads (Puerto Rican: n = 113, M age = 9.89 ± 2.05; Afro-Caribbean: n = 47, Mage = 10.35 ± 2.08) responded to sociodemographic and asthma-related questions, and children's %FEV1 was measured. Puerto Rican children had significantly greater (past year) asthma morbidity, yet there were no significant differences in %FEV1. This discrepancy between objective pulmonary function and asthma morbidity suggests the importance of considering sociocultural factors in pediatric asthma care.
On relay-interference networks with quantized feedback

We study quantized beamforming in wireless relay-interference networks with multiple transmitter-receiver pairs. For given transmitter rate requirements, we design structured distributed quantizers specifically to optimize the symbol error rate performance. We show that our quantizers achieve both maximal diversity and very high array gain using arbitrarily low feedback rates per receiver. Simulations are also provided, confirming our analytical results. We observe that our quantizers guarantee an equal diversity gain for each transmitter-receiver pair.
Regulation of Tissue Factor by NF-kB Transcription Factor p50 Is Essential for the Pathogeneses of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Arterial Restenosis.

Abstract NF-kB transcription factors regulate the expression of tissue factor (TF), a principal initiator for the coagulation cascade. Dominant among the five cellular members of NF-kB transcription factors is the p50/p65 heterodimer. Here we report that Andrographolide (Andro; a 350-dalton antagonist that targets reduced cysteine62 of p50 for inhibition of NF-kB activation) and genetic deletion of p50 potently attenuated TF activity in stimulated endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages. The direct binding of p50/p65 heterodimer to the TF-kB site in human TF promoter was demonstrated by p50 and p65 antibody ‘supershift' using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and immunoprecipitation of the promoter of the human TF gene from chromatins of TNF-a-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Andro-treated and p50 null mice both exhibited suppressed TF expression, blunted fibrin deposition, reduced venous thrombosis, and decreased neointimal hyperplasia. Blockade of TF activity by an anti-murine TF antibody also attenuated venous thrombosis and neointimal proliferation in vivo. Our findings thus indicate that NF-kB transcription factor p50 critically regulates TF activity in the pathogeneses of deep vein thrombosis and arterial restenosis, and suggest that specific inhibitors of p50, such as Andro, have the potential to be therapeutically valuable for preventing and perhaps treating arterial and venous thrombosis.
The Carbohydrate Moiety of the Water-Soluble Human A, B, H, Lea and Leb Substances

Abstract A review of the evidence on which a general structure of the carbohydrate portion of the blood group A, B, H, Lea and Leb substances from secretions has been proposed.
The role of Nrf1 and Nrf2 in the regulation of glutathione and redox dynamics in the developing zebrafish embryo

Abstract Redox signaling is important for embryogenesis, guiding pathways that govern processes crucial for embryo patterning, including cell polarization, proliferation, and apoptosis. Exposure to pro-oxidants during this period can be deleterious, resulting in altered physiology, teratogenesis, later-life diseases, or lethality. We previously reported that the glutathione antioxidant defense system becomes increasingly robust, including a doubling of total glutathione and dynamic shifts in the glutathione redox potential at specific stages during embryonic development in the zebrafish, Danio rerio . However, the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear, as is the effectiveness of the glutathione system in ameliorating oxidative insults to the embryo at different stages. Here, we examine how the glutathione system responds to the model pro-oxidants tert- butylhydroperoxide and tert- butylhydroquinone at different developmental stages, and the role of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf) proteins in regulating developmental glutathione redox status. Embryos became increasingly sensitive to pro-oxidants after 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), after which the duration of the recovery period for the glutathione redox potential was increased. To determine whether the doubling of glutathione or the dynamic changes in glutathione redox potential are mediated by zebrafish paralogs of Nrf transcription factors, morpholino oligonucleotides were used to knock down translation of Nrf1 and Nrf2 ( nrf1a, nrf1b, nrf2a, nrf2b) . Knockdown of Nrf1a or Nrf1b perturbed glutathione redox state until 72 hpf. Knockdown of Nrf2 paralogs also perturbed glutathione redox state but did not significantly affect the response of glutathione to pro-oxidants. Nrf1b morphants had decreased gene expression of glutathione synthesis enzymes, while hsp70 increased in Nrf2b morphants. This work demonstrates that despite having a more robust glutathione system, embryos become more sensitive to oxidative stress later in development, and that neither Nrf1 nor Nrf2 alone appear to be essential for the response and recovery of glutathione to oxidative insults.
Trends in Use of Ambulatory Surgery Centers for Cataract Surgery in the United States, 2001-2014.

Importance Cataract surgery is commonly performed at ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) and hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs). These venues differ in many ways, including surgical efficiency, patient throughput, patient safety, and costs per surgery. Objective To determine trends in use of ASCs and HOPDs for cataract surgery from 2001 to 2014 and factors affecting the site of surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis involved individuals 40 years and older who underwent cataract surgery between January 2001 and December 2014 from a nationwide US managed care network. Data were analyzed from February 2016 to February 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures We identified all enrollees who underwent cataract surgery and determined whether the surgery was performed at an ASC or HOPD. We calculated the proportion of surgeries performed at each site each year from 2001 to 2014. Multivariable logistic regression identified characteristics of enrollees who had cataract surgery at an ASC vs a HOPD. We also assessed geographic variation in the proportion of cataract surgeries performed at ASCs in 306 communities throughout the United States. Results Of the 369 320 enrollees included in this study, 208 319 (56.4%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 66.3 (10.4) years. All enrollees underwent cataract surgery (531 325 surgeries) from 2001 to 2014. Of these, 237 046 (64.2%) underwent cataract surgery at an ASC. The proportion of cataract surgeries performed at ASCs increased from 43.6% in 2001 to 73.0% in 2014. Compared with enrollees with incomes less than $40 000, those with incomes greater than $100 000 were 20% more likely to undergo cataract surgery at an ASC (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12-1.29). Enrollees with better overall health were no more likely to undergo cataract surgery at an ASC (odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-1.00) than at an HOPD. Enrollees who lived in communities without certificate of need laws were more than twice as likely to have surgery at an ASC (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% CI, 2.35-2.63). The proportion of cataract surgeries performed at ASCs from 2012 to 2014 varied considerably, from 1.6% in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to 98.8% in Pueblo, Colorado. Conclusions and Relevance We observed a large shift in the site of cataract surgery from HOPDs to ASCs from 2001 to 2014. Future research is needed to assess the effect of this transition in site of surgical care on patient access to surgery, surgical outcomes, patient safety, and societal costs.
Thermal management of a notional all-electric ship electromagnetic launcher

Abstract We present the development, coupling, and application of a quasi-3D multiphysics model of a notional all-electric ship electromagnetic launcher (EML) and a dynamic parallel-flow heat exchanger (PFHX) model to devise effective thermal management strategies for naval EMLs. The EML model combines a 2D electromagnetic-thermal model and a 3D thermal-fluid model developed based on the fundamental laws of electromagnetism, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics. Similarly, we applied the conservation laws to formulate a PFHX model and nondimensionalized it by identifying dimensionless parameters that pertained to the effectiveness-NTU method. We solved the coupled EML-PFHX model using finite element method and employed it to investigate the following aspects of naval EML thermal management: the effects of (1) thermal diffusion in the rail, (2) PFHX design and operation, and (3) cooling channel location on cooling performance and heat reversal. Subsequently, we deduced the following from our study: (1) thermal diffusion effectively assists the cooling channel with peak temperature reduction, and its contribution to the determination of optimal channel allocation is non-trivial; (2) improvement in cooling performance is not always directly proportional to larger heat exchanger size and higher flow rate—increased flow rate and NTU only result in higher pumping power as well as heat exchanger cost and volume without significant improvement in cooling performance beyond the optimal design and operating point; (3) placing the cooling channel close to the initial hot spot in the rail yields inferior cooling performance at high mass flow rate with 10 s of cooling and exacerbates the heat-reversal effect; and (4) optimal cooling channel allocation must therefore base on the given mass flow rate and cooling period—placing the channel near the initial hot spot is favorable for lower mass flow rates and shorter cooling periods, whereas channels should be placed at the rail center for equidistant heat flow from all four corners in the opposite case.
Soziologische Rahmenkonzeptionen. Eine Untersuchung der Rahmenmetapher im Kontext von Erinnern und Vergessen

In seinem Spielfilm Das Lied in mir erzahlt der Regisseur Florian Cossen die Geschichte einer jungen deutschen Frau, die auf einem Zwischenstopp in Argentinien ein Kinderlied hort, das sie mitsingen kann, ohne es je bewusst gehort zu haben. Nach einem Anruf zuhause erfahrt sie von ihrem Vater, dass sie adoptiert und ihre leiblichen Eltern zur Zeit der Militardiktatur verschleppt worden seien.
Spinning Superconductors and Ferromagnets

When a magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic body it starts to spin (Einstein-de Haas effect). This demonstrates the intimate connection between the electron's magnetic moment $\mu_B=e\hbar/2m_ec$, associated with its spin angular momentum $S=\hbar/2$, and ferromagnetism. When a magnetic field is applied to a superconducting body it also starts to spin (gyromagnetic effect), and when a normal metal in a magnetic field becomes superconducting and expels the magnetic field (Meissner effect) the body also starts to spin. Yet according to the conventional theory of superconductivity the electron's spin only role is to label states, and the electron's magnetic moment plays no role in superconductivity. Instead, within the unconventional theory of hole superconductivity, the electron's spin and associated magnetic moment play a fundamental role in superconductivity. Just like in ferromagnets the magnetization of superconductors is predicted to result from an aggregation of magnetic moments with angular momenta $\hbar/2$. This gives rise to a "Spin Meissner effect", the existence of a spin current in the ground state of superconductors. The theory explains how a superconducting body starts spinning when it expels magnetic fields, it provides a dynamical explanation for the Meissner effect, and it explains how supercurrents stop without dissipation, all of which we argue the conventional theory fails to explain. Essential elements of the theory of hole superconductivity are that superconductivity is driven by lowering of kinetic energy, which we have also proposed is true for ferromagnets], that the normal state charge carriers in superconducting materials are holes, and that the spin-orbit interaction plays a key role in superconductivity. The theory is proposed to apply to all superconductors.
Long-term crop rotation and tillage effects on soil greenhouse gas emissions and crop production in Illinois, USA

Abstract Two of the most important agricultural practices aimed at improving soil properties are crop rotations and no-tillage, yet relatively few studies have assessed their long-term impacts on crop yields and soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage and crop rotation on soil GHG emissions and yields following 15 years of treatment implementation in a long-term cropping systems experiment in Illinois, USA. The experimental design was a split-plot RCBD with crop rotation as the main plot: (continuous corn [Zea mays L.] (CCC), corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS), continuous soybean (SSS), and corn-soybean-wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] (CSW); with each phase of each crop rotation present every year) and tillage as the subplot: chisel tillage (T) and no-tillage (NT). Tillage increased the yields of corn and soybean. Tillage and crop rotation had no effect on methane (CH4) emissions (p = 0.4738 and p = 0.8494 respectively) and only rotation had an effect on cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) (p = 0.0137). However, their interaction affected cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions significantly (p = 0.0960); N2O emissions from tilled CCC were the greatest at 6.9 kg-N ha−1-yr−1; while emissions from NT CCC (4.0 kg-N ha−1-yr−1) were not different than both T CS or NT CS (3.6 and 3.3 kg-N ha−1−yr−1, respectively). Utilizing just a CS crop rotation increased corn yields by around 20% while reducing N2O emissions by around 35%; soybean yields were 7% greater and N2O emissions were not affected. Therefore results from this long-term study indicate that a CS rotation has the ability to increase yields and reduce GHG emissions compared to either CCC or SSS alone, yet moving to a CSW rotation did not further increase yields or reduce N2O emissions.
Evaluating flushing procedures to prevent nicarbazin carryover during medicated feed manufacturing

Abstract Carryover of medicated feed additives between batches of feed can potentially result in harmful drug residues in the edible tissues of food-animals. Flushing the equipment with an ingredient, such as ground grain, is one method used to remove any residual medicated feed from the system. It is generally recommended that the quantity of flush used be between 50 and 100 g/kg of the mixer’s capacity. However, there is little data that supports this recommendation. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the minimum quantity of flush material required to prevent drug carryover; and to quantify the interrelationship between flush size and drug concentration. The feed medicated with nicarbazin (Nicarb 250 g/kg®; 00.125 g/kg) was manufactured and conveyed from the mixer, through a drag conveyor and bucket elevator, and placed into a finished product bin. The system was then flushed using ground corn in the amount of 25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 g/kg of the mixer’s capacity (454.5 kg). Subsequently, a non-medicated diet was conveyed through the system and samples were collected and analyzed for nicarbazin. No differences were detected among the flush treatments, and all treatments were effective in reducing nicarbazin carryover to less than 2.2 mg/kg to the non-medicated diet. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that existing flushing guidelines meet or exceed what is required to prevent carryover of medicated feed additives.
Genome-wide association study identifies genes associated with neuropathy in patients with head and neck cancer

Neuropathic pain (NP), defined as pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system, is a debilitating chronic pain condition often resulting from cancer treatment. Among cancer patients, neuropathy during cancer treatment is a predisposing event for NP. To identify genetic variants influencing the development of NP, we conducted a genome-wide association study in 1,043 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, based on 714,494 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (130 cases, 913 controls). About 12.5% of the patients, who previously had cancer treatment, had neuropathy-associated diagnoses, as defined using the ICD-9/ICD-10 codes. We identified four common SNPs representing four genomic regions: 7q22.3 (rs10950641; SNX8; P = 3.39 × 10−14), 19p13.2 (rs4804217; PCP2; P = 2.95 × 10−9), 3q27.3 (rs6796803; KNG1; P = 6.42 × 10−9) and 15q22.2 (rs4775319; RORA; P = 1.02 × 10−8), suggesting SNX8, PCP2, KNG1 and RORA might be novel target genes for NP in patients with head and neck cancer. Future experimental validation to explore physiological effects of the identified SNPs will provide a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying NP and may provide insights into novel therapeutic targets for treatment and management of NP.
Post-concussion Symptom Factors and Neuropsychological Outcomes in Collegiate Athletes.

OBJECTIVES Research indicates that symptoms following a concussion are related to cognitive dysfunction; however, less is known about how different types of symptoms may be related to cognitive outcomes or how specific domains of cognition are affected. The present study explored the relationship between specific types of symptoms and these various cognitive outcomes following a concussion. METHODS One-hundred twenty-two student-athletes with sports-related concussion were tested with a battery that included a symptom report measure and various cognitive tests. Symptoms factors were: Physical, Sleep, Cognitive, Affective and Headache. Participants were grouped into "symptom" and "no symptom" groups for each factor. Cognitive outcomes included both overall performance as well as impairment scores in which individuals were grouped into impaired and not impaired based on a cutoff of 2 or more tests at the impaired level (<80 in standard scores). These cognitive outcomes were examined for all the tests combined and then specifically for the memory tests and attention/processing speed tests. A Bonferroni correction was used, and the results were considered significant at a level of p<.008. RESULTS Headache symptoms were significantly (p<.008) associated with overall cognitive impairment as well as memory and attention/processing speed impairment. Sleep symptoms were related to memory impairments. CONCLUSIONS The symptom specific relationships to cognitive outcomes demonstrated by our study can help guide treatment and accommodations for athletes following concussion. (JINS, 2018, 24, 684-692).
Cathodic Protection of Pre-Tensioned Concrete: Part II - Experiments Upon Prestressed Beams

Experiments were performed upon a series of pre-tensioned concrete beams whereby these were subjected sequentially to accelerated tendon corrosion via anodic polarization and then to cathodic over-protection. Lastly, the beams were autopsied, and the tendons were analyzed with regard to the extent of corrosion and occurrence of any fractures. A model was formulated which characterizes the stress state of a corroding tendon in concrete, and the data from the beams were evaluated within the context of this and of Constant Extension Rate Testing (CERT) results that were developed in companion research. Implications of the results with regard to criteria for qualification of precorroded pre-tensioned concrete members for cathodic protection are discussed.
Simulating Withdrawal Behaviors in Work Organizations: An Example of a Virtual Society

This article discusses computational modeling as a research discipline increasingly accessible to researchers in the social and behavioral sciences, a method necessary to allow us to address several important questions. Construction and use of virtual societies in which complex behavioral processes may be simulated in exquisite detail is possible because of the capacity and speed of desk top computers combined with requisite theoretical and methodological developments. Modeling has strengths orthogonal and complementary to those of the experimental tradition and correlational analyses of individual differences. These strengths can be exploited in many areas of psychology. Behavioral processes within a segment of a virtual society can be simulated with extreme levels of realism using overarching theoretical and empirical framework; segments can be combined to provide more macro statements. Variables that represent forces impinging on individuals from the macro-environment; variables that characterize relatively more micro-environments such as a work organization or the family or a classroom; and individual-level variables that summarize attitudinal, cognitive, and value states or traits can be included easily in simulations. Researchers can decompose and evaluate the interplay of multi-level causal forces as they interact within different theoretical models of how individuals enact different, interrelated behaviors. Temporal dynamics of behavioral processes, not well addressed by traditional research disciplines, can be exploited in modeling to permit the realistic study of dynamical, nonlinear systems. These points are illustrated by results from a program designed to simulate the process by which individuals withdraw from aversive work situations.
Clinical Neurogenetics: Neuropathic Lysosomal Storage Disorders

The lysosomal storage disorders are a clinically heterogeneous group of inborn errors of metabolism, associated with the accumulation of incompletely degraded macromolecules within several cellular sites. Affected individuals present with a broad range of clinical problems, including hepatosplenomegaly and skeletal dysplasia. Onset of symptoms may range from birth to adulthood. Most are associated with neurologic features. Later-onset forms are often misdiagnosed as symptoms, which might include psychiatric manifestations, are slowly progressive, and may precede other neurologic or systemic features. Symptomatic care, which remains the mainstay for most subtypes, can lead to significant improvement in quality of life.