cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical imaging by single pulse interferometric coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy.

A single pulse interferometric coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) spectroscopy method is used to obtain broadband CARS spectra and microscopy images of liquid and polymer samples. The pump, Stokes, and probe pulses are all selected inside a single broadband ultrafast pulse by a phase- and polarization-controlled pulse shaping technique and used to generate two spectral interference CARS signals simultaneously. The normalized difference of these two signals provides an amplified background-free broadband resonant CARS spectrum over the 400−1500 cm-1 range with 35 cm-1 spectral resolution. Chemically selective microscopy images of multicomponent polymer and liquid samples are investigated with this new CARS method. Multiplex CARS spectra at 10 000 spatial points are measured within a few minutes, and used to construct chemically selective microscopy images with a spatial resolution of 400 nm. The spectral bandwidth limits, sensitivity, homodyne amplification advantages, spatial resolution, depolarization, ch...
Diplomacy as Independent and Dependent Variable

A distinction between diplomacy as independent variable, impacting upon other developments, and diplomacy as dependent variable, adapting to other causes, is employed to underpin focused case analysis of negotiation between states. To dramatize diplomacy as dependent variable, it is hypothesized that allies with convergent interests would find negotiations between themselves more difficult when domestic constraints such as political ideology and pressure group activity intrude. To highlight diplomacy as independent variable, it is hypothesized that adversaries with divergent interests employ diplomatic statecraft to reduce the chances of war in periods of confrontation. Using a relatively small case sample, this study confirms these hypotheses, but reveals similarities as well as differences between the case categories. It is argued that the focused case approach is a fruitful way to yield much-needed generalizations about diplomatic statecraft.
The thermal polymerization of amino acids in the presence of sand.

Abstract Sand was tested as a model of a common “impurity” that could have influenced the formation of thermal prebiotic protein. Increasing proportions of sand (0–16 g) in admixture with one set of reactant amino acids (1 g), when heated at 175 °C for 1.5 h, resulted in increasing yields of polyamino acids of increasing size and color intensity; amino acid composition was not greatly affected. Similar results were noted for three of five other sets of reactant amino acids (8 g sand per g amino acids). In no case did sand prevent the amino acids from polymerizing. The results are interpreted to indicate a broader range of conditions conducive to the formation of prebiotic protein and to further emphasize that environmental parameters should be considered in the experimental modeling of prebiotic processes.
Melt growth of high-resistivity CdZnTe crystals by controlling Cd over-pressures

Abstract In this study, Cd1−xZnxTe crystals, with x=0.20, were grown unseeded by closed-ampoule vertical directional solidification (Bridgman) technique under controlled Cd over-pressures. CdZnTe crystals of high electrical resistivity have been reproducibly obtained with the In dopant concentration of 4–6 ppm, atomic and a Cd reservoir temperature between 785 and 825 °C. A combination of three process modifications have contributed to the accomplishment: (1) homogenizing the ampoules of starting materials under the vacuum environment to minimize contamination, (2) performing growth under controlled Cd over-pressures with the optimal In dopant, and (3) controlling post-growth cooling procedures to maintain uniformity of electrical properties over the crystal.
Optimal scheduling of in-situ analysis for large-scale scientific simulations

Today's leadership computing facilities have enabled the execution of transformative simulations at unprecedented scales. However, analyzing the huge amount of output from these simulations remains a challenge. Most analyses of this output is performed in post-processing mode at the end of the simulation. The time to read the output for the analysis can be significantly high due to poor I/O bandwidth, which increases the end-to-end simulation-analysis time. Simulation-time analysis can reduce this end-to-end time. In this work, we present the scheduling of in-situ analysis as a numerical optimization problem to maximize the number of online analyses subject to resource constraints such as I/O bandwidth, network bandwidth, rate of computation and available memory. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through two application case studies on the IBM Blue Gene/Q system.
Insights into few-layer epitaxial graphene growth on 4H-SiC(000(1)over-bar substrates from STM studies

Epitaxial carbon was grown by heating $(000\overline{1})$ silicon carbide (SiC) to high temperatures $(1450--1600\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C})$ in vacuum. A continuous graphene surface layer was formed at temperatures above $1475\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) were extensively used to characterize the quality of the few-layer graphene (FLG) surface. The XPS studies were useful in confirming the graphitic composition and measuring the thickness of the FLG samples. STM studies revealed a wide variety of nanometer-scale features that include sharp carbon-rich ridges, moir\'e superlattices, one-dimensional line defects, and grain boundaries. By imaging these features with atomic-scale resolution, considerable insight into the growth mechanisms of FLG on the carbon face of SiC is obtained.
Pregnancy outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia patients on imatinib therapy

Introduction Imatinib is a first-line therapy to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients.
Subharmonic bifurcation in an S-I-R epidemic model.

An S → I → R epidemic model with annual oscillation in the contact rate is analyzed for the existence of subharmonic solutions of period two years. We prove that a stable period two solution bifurcates from a period one solution as the amplitude of oscillation in the contact rate exceeds a threshold value. This makes rigorous earlier formal arguments of Z. Grossman, I. Gumowski, and K. Dietz [4].
Racial differences in prostate carcinogenesis. Histologic and clinical observations.

This study found that the prevalence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) in black men was 2.2 times greater than in white men. However, black men are underdiagnosed when compared with white men. Racial differences exist in the prevalence of HGPIN and in the Gleason score of local stage cancers, suggesting racial variability in prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate cancer screening programs need to reach out to this underserved population.
Numerical Modeling of Jet Impingement and Validation of Convection: Conduction Decoupling in Thermal Design

The steady rise in cooling requirements of commercial computer products mandates the development of aggressive thermal management techniques, as well as accurate design and analysis methodologies. Single phase direct liquid jet impingement, offers a controlled high performance alternative, by eliminating the need for a thermal interface, and by delivering the coolant directly to the surface of the chip. This paper characterizes the thermal performance of a specific direct liquid jet impingement scheme in which the hot fluid exhausts via return vents located in the immediate vicinity of the jet. The study also quantifies the error associated with using the average heat transfer coefficient as a thermal performance metric for the non-uniform cooling boundary condition that occurs in such jet impingement solutions. The thermal performance of the direct liquid jet impingement designs are characterized and studied, via CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models constructed using a commercial numerical solver. The hydraulic performance is analytically estimated using a simple loss coefficient based model. A square 10×10×0.75 mm3 chip, dissipating 400W, and cooled by water at 32°C, is considered as the representative example for the analysis. The effect of jet density on thermal performance is characterized for 1–400 jets/cm2 , and for several feasible flow parameters, i.e. inlet jet velocities (5–10 m/s) and volumetric flow rates (946–1893 liters/minute). For the configurations explored, the optimal jet density was found to be 100 jets/cm2 . An engineering cut-off point for the use of the 1-D average heat transfer coefficient metric, was identified as 10 jets/cm2 . The error associated with use of a 1-D average heat transfer coefficient was shown to be in excess of 5% when the jet density is less than 10 jets/cm2 , as high as 20% for the single jet case, and less than 0.7% for jet densities greater than 36 jets/cm2 .© 2005 ASME
Sensitivity analysis in RIPless compressed sensing

Sensitivity analysis in optimization theory explores how the solution to a particular optimization problem changes as the objective function or constraints of such optimization problem perturb. A recent and yet important class of optimization problems is the framework of compressed sensing where the objective is to find the sparsest solution to an under-determined and possibly noisy system of linear equations. In this paper, we show that by utilizing some tools in sensitivity analysis, namely Invariant Support Sets (ISS), one can improve certain developed results in the field of compressed sensing. More specifically, we show that in a noiseless and RIP-less setting [11], the recovery process of a compressed sensing framework is a binary event in the sense that either all vectors with the same support and sign pattern can be recovered from their compressive samples or none can be estimated correctly. However, in a noisy and RIP-less setting, recovering only one signal from its limited noisy samples guarantees that there exist signals (possibly even with different supports and sign patterns) and noise vectors that shall be recovered with good accuracies by using Lasso.
Linking Spatial Variations in Water Quality with Water and Land Management using Multivariate Techniques.

Most studies using multivariate techniques for pollution source evaluation are conducted in free-flowing rivers with distinct point and nonpoint sources. This study expanded on previous research to a managed “canal” system discharging into the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, where water and land management is the single most important anthropogenic factor influencing water quality. Hydrometric and land use data of four drainage basins were uniquely integrated into the analysis of 25 yr of monthly water quality data collected at seven stations to determine the impact of water and land management on the spatial variability of water quality. Cluster analysis (CA) classified seven monitoring stations into four groups (CA groups). All water quality parameters identified by discriminant analysis showed distinct spatial patterns among the four CA groups. Two-step principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) was conducted with (i) water quality data alone and (ii) water quality data in conjunction with rainfall, flow, and land use data. The results indicated that PCA/FA of water quality data alone was unable to identify factors associated with management activities. The addition of hydrometric and land use data into PCA/FA revealed close associations of nutrients and color with land management and storm-water retention in pasture and citrus lands; total suspended solids, turbidity, and NO 3 + NO 2 with flow and Lake Okeechobee releases; specific conductivity with supplemental irrigation supply; and dissolved O 2 with wetland preservation. The practical implication emphasizes the importance of basin-specific land and water management for ongoing pollutant loading reduction and ecosystem restoration programs.
SU‐FF‐I‐69: The Impact of Sparse Data Sets On the Quality of MR Images

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of reduction in acquired data size on the final appearance of MR images and to assess the synergetic impact of imageinterpolation, used in softcopy viewing, on the perception of image quality. Method and Materials: A rapid progress in signal quality of the MRI data acquired with modern MRIhardware, coupled with a desire to speed up the acquisition times as much as possible, promotes a practice where drastic reductions in the size of acquired data are implemented by the MRI system operator. Routinely, the physician viewing the MR images is presented with incomplete and confusing information about the true size of the acquired data. Most physicians are oblivious to the potential impact of complex acquisition algorithms on the quality of images. The situation is further confounded by various imageinterpolation techniques used by softcopy display systems. A standard spin echoimaging sequence (270/10, FOV 30 cm, slice thickness 5 mm, gap 5 mm, 11 slices, 1 NEX, BW=2*15.63 kHz) was used to generate a baseline image with 256*256 acquisition matrix. This was followed by an acquisition of a 512*512 image that served as a “golden reference standard”, given the fact that the standard MR displays use 512*512 image size as a default. The baseline protocol was then repeated by varying options and parameters that affected the sizes of the acquisition matrix, processing matrix, or display matrix. Results:Images other than the golden reference standard exhibit artifacts whose strength strongly depends on the resampling algorithm applied. The extent and severity of observed artifacts increases with the number of options used to generate the image.Conclusion: The image acquisition parameters and display resampling algorithms need to be carefully accounted for when evaluating image artifacts in MR images.
A Review and Evaluation of Existing Adaptive Sampling Criteria and Methods for the Creation of NURBs-Based Metamodels

Metamodels are widely used during the design process in place of expensive simulation models when computationally efficiency is imperative. Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBs) based metamodels have proven to be an effective modeling technique. Although metamodels can reduce the computation expense of design analysis and optimization, the sampling methods used to create the metamodels also play an imperative role in the computational efficiency and overall model quality. The research presented in this paper reviews various adaptive sampling criteria and methods and evaluates the different methods to determine the best sampling technique for the development of NURBs-based metamodels.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Toxicity of the anticoagulant rodenticide difethialone to Microtus guentheri and Meriones tristrami

Abstract The toxicity of 0.0025% difethialone whole-wheat bait to the field rodents Microtus guentheri and Meriones tristrami was studied in no-choice experiments. The LD50 for M. guentheri was 1.497 mg kg−1 with 95% confidence limits 1.248–1.744 mg kg−1. The log dose-response slope in M. tristrami was very steep, and indicated an LD50 of ∼0.5−0.8 mg kg−1. These results were used to estimate the concentration and the doses of treated bait proposed for field trials.
Radioiodinated azide and isothiocyanate derivatives of cocaine for irreversible labeling of dopamine transporters: synthesis and covalent binding studies.

Two novel N-substituted-3β-phenyltropane alkaloids have been labeled with iodine-125 for use as irreversible probes of dopamine transporter (DAT) binding sites. One contains an iodoaryl azide moiety for photolabeling, while the other bears an iodoaryl isothiocyanate for direct conjugation. Both radioligands were prepared in a one-flask procedure by electrophilic radioiodination of the corresponding aniline under no-carrier-added conditions, followed either by diazotization and treatment with sodium azide, or by addition of thiophosgene under basic conditions. Specifically, (−)-N-[4-(3-[125I]iodo-4-azidophenyl)butyl]-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane ([125I]MFZ-2-24) and (−)-N-[4-(3-[125I]iodo-4-isothiocyanophenyl)butyl]-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane ([125I]MFZ 3-37) were synthesized. Isolation by reversed-phase HPLC and solid-phase extraction gave good average yields of [125I]MFZ-2-24 (67%, n = 5) and [125I]MFZ-3-37 (45%, n = 3) with high radiochemical purities (96−99%) and specific ...
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

Crack propagation in materials can lead to catastrophic failures. The understanding of crack propagation in materials is of crucial importance in many industries, including nuclear, chemical and aeronautical applications. From an engineering point of view, fracture mechanics is used as a basis for predicting critical crack size, strength of a structure as a function of crack size, inspection requirements pertaining to size of an admissible crack and the period of time between inspections. It is usually required to determine the distribution of stresses and strains in a body that is subjected to external loads or displacements. The closed form solutions for crack propagation are rarely available. A numerical simulation of such problems is therefore required. This research work uses Finite Element Method (FEM) for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to predict Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) for different crack geometries. The validation of the results based on modeling and simulation is carried out through comparison with our experimental investigations for crack propagation using photo-elastic methods.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Expressing the equivalence of non-isothermal and isothermal heat sterilization processes

Currently, the sterility of heat-processed food and pharmaceuticals is assessed in terms of an F0 value, based on the equivalence of the heat treatment to an isothermal process at a reference temperature. This F0 value, however, has a meaning if, and only if, the inactivation kinetics of the targeted spores (or cells) follow a first-order relationship and the temperature dependence of the D value, the reciprocal of the rate constant, is log-linear. There is growing evidence that these conditions are not satisfied by many spores, including those of Clostridium botulinum and vegetative cells. Consequently, a replacement for the F0 value is proposed in the form of a momentary equivalent time at the reference temperature based on the actual survival pattern of the spores, which need not be log-linear. This equivalent time can be calculated together with the theoretical survival ratio in real time, thus enabling an operator to monitor the lethality of ongoing industrial heat processes. The concept is demonstrated with published survival data of C. botulinum, for which the Weibullian and log-logistic models served as primary and secondary models, respectively. The safety factor according to the proposed method is in the number of added minutes of processing, beyond the theoretical time needed to reduce the survival ratio of the targeted spores or cells to a level that would produce practical (or commercial) sterility. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Non-invasive measurement of membrane morphology via UFDR: pore-size characterization

Abstract This paper describes the development of an ultrasonic technique for the characterization of membrane morphology. Ultrasonic frequency-domain reflectometry (UFDR) using a 90 MHz focused immersion transducer has been employed to obtain characteristic acoustic responses from microporous polymeric membranes with nominal pore sizes in the range of 0.1–0.6 μm. Systematic and statistically significant differences in signal amplitude are observed in the frequency domain for reflections from the back surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membranes. As the pore-size of the membranes increases, the amplitude of the reflected signal at high frequencies decreases due to increased scattering of the ultrasonic wave. These UFDR differences correspond well with those obtained from independent measurements including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas–liquid porometry. A simple phenomenological artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed to predict membrane pore-size based upon the signal amplitude at five frequencies. Such predictive capability suggests that the combination of UFDR and ANN may have significant utility for membrane quality control applications.
Comment on Anthony Downs's “Have Housing Prices Risen Faster in Portland Than Elsewhere?”

Abstract Forms of urban containment are found in more than a hundred jurisdictions across the United States. The lightning rod for the debate over urban containment is metropolitan Portland, OR, which has had an urban growth boundary for a generation. In the early 1990s, housing prices there soared, providing fodder to interests opposed to public interference in the private development market. Downs contributes to the debate by finding that over the long term, metropolitan Portland's housing prices are more in line with its West Coast and national contemporaries than not. This comment first reviews some of the literature associating growth controls and growth management with housing price changes. I then examine how Oregon's and metropolitan Portland's particular institutional measures ameliorate potential price effects, offering lessons for containment programs everywhere. I caution that urban containment is here to stay and that the best way for development interests to protect themselves from undesirab...
A neural network that visualizes what it classifies

Abstract We describe a high-performance neural classifier that transforms a training set of multi-dimensional features into a set of visually meaningful points in a two-dimensional display. The display also shows the classifier decision regions. Visualization of the training points and decision regions provides two benefits: one for the designer and one for the user. The designer benefits by seeing clusters of points that may then be applied to an additional classification stage. The user benefits by finding data in the training set that is illustrative of a query, thereby obtaining an explanation of the classification provided by the neural network. We show in applications, including image segmentation and ship classification, that our network's visualizations enable the designer to refine the network to achieve low error rates. We demonstrate the visualization capabilities of the classifier using synthetic data, and compare the visualization performance to Kohonen's self-organizing map.
The Measurement of Curiosity As a Feeling of Deprivation

Curiosity as a feeling of deprivation (CFD) reflects feelings of uncertainty and tension that motivate information-seeking and problem-solving behavior. Twenty-seven CFD items were administered to 321 participants (248 women, 73 men) along with other measures of curiosity and other personality traits such as anxiety, anger, and depression. Factor analyses of the CFD items identified 3 factors from which 5-item subscales were developed: (a) a need to feel competent, (b) intolerance experienced when information is inaccessible or inadequate, and (c) a sense of urgency to solve problems. Moderately high correlations of the CFD scales with other measures of curiosity provided evidence of convergent validity, whereas divergent validity was demonstrated by minimal correlations of the CFD scales with the other personality traits.
Why Aren't E-Books Gaining More Ground in Academic Libraries? E-Book Use and Perceptions: A Review of Published Literature and Research.

E-books have yet to assume a significant place in academic library collections. This article focuses on extracting common themes from the literature that might help the reader better understand why e-books have not yet become the cornerstone of the academic library. Patrons do not use e-books because they find the experience of using e-books incongruous with their experience of using other electronic resources, and many of the unexpected limitations they encounter when using e-books are not inherent to the format. Most often, they are purposefully imposed limitations tied to digital rights management techniques. Librarians do not purchase e-books because the titles they want to acquire are often not available electronically, because they are priced or packaged in a way that makes them less appealing than their print counterparts, or because acquiring e-books does not easily integrate into their normal acquisitions workflow.
Prescribed versus actual length of stay and inpatient neurorehabilitation outcome for brain dysfunctional patients

Abstract Objective: To determine (1) whether brain dysfunctional patients have better rehabilitation outcomes if they receive prescribed length of stay (LOS) versus less than prescribed and (2) if LOS and cognitive status relate to goal attainment. Design: Prospective inception cohort study. Study Setting: Medical center and a neurological institute. Participants: One hundred six patients with acute static brain lesions. Main Outcome Measures: Documentation of goal attainment at discharge and maintenance of goals 6 months after discharge. All subjects also received neuropsychological tests at admission and discharge. Results: Patients who received prescribed LOS achieved their rehabilitation goals at discharge more frequently than patients who received less than prescribed LOS. There was, however, no difference between groups as to maintenance of rehabilitation goals 6 months after discharge. There was no relation between number of days spent in neurorehabilitation and number of goals achieved at discharge. Cognitive status at discharge was strongly related to achieving rehabilitation goals. Conclusion: Although LOS may not specifically relate to goal attainment in a heterogenous group of brain dysfunctional patients, patients who receive the prescribed LOS and who show notable improvement in cognitive status tend to achieve rehabilitation goals, compared with patients who do not.
The role of the thalamus in cortical function: not just a simple relay

Recent work on the visual thalamic relays provides two key properties reviewed here. First, ∼95% of input to lateral geniculate relay cells is non-retinal and dynamically modulates the relay based on behavioral state, including attention. Part of this relates to control of a voltage-gated, low-threshold Ca2+ conductance that controls the relay cell response mode (tonic or burst). Second, the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar are examples of two relay types: the former is a first order relay, transmitting subcortical (retinal) information, while the latter is mostly a higher order relay, transmitting information from layer 5 of one cortical area to another. Higher order relays seem to be important to corticocortical communication, which challenges the dogma that such communication is based on direct cortico–cortical connections. Other examples of first order and higher order relays also exist. Interesting differences in functional circuitry between first and higher order thalamic relays are beginning to accumulate, which indicate extramodulatory functions for higher order relays. Thus, the thalamus provides a behaviorally relevant, dynamic control over the nature of information relayed, and also plays a key role in basic cortico–cortical communication.
Energetic and Entropic Contributions to the Surface Energy of a Free-Standing Thin Film of n-Tetracontane

The surface free energy, γμ, calculated from the chemical potential, μ, and the contribution of the internal energy to the surface energy, γU, are compared for a molecular model of a free-standing thin film of n-tetracontane. The coarse-grained chains are represented on a high-coordination lattice with a step length of 2.5 A. Each occupied site on this lattice represents a two-carbon unit of n-tetracontane. The configurations of the coarse-grained chains are governed by two types of energies. Short-range intramolecular conformations are weighted using first- and second-order interactions in the classic rotational isomeric state model of Abe et al. for polyethylene (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 631). Intermolecular, as well as long-range intramolecular, interactions are weighted with a discretized Lennard-Jones potential energy function, truncated after the third shell. The contribution of these two energies to γU of the amorphous free-standing thin film is 22 erg/cm2 at 400 K. The chemical potential of the...
ACYCLOVIR'S ANTIHERPETIC ACTIVITY IS POTENTIATED BY INHIBITION OF RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE: 205

Compound A723U, a 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone, was found to inactivate herpes simplex virus (HSV) ribonucleotide reductase. Inactivation occurred only while the enzyme was catalyzing the reduction of substrate and at a maximum rate of 17 per hr. A723U inhibited virus replication (ED50 = 3-5 μM) at concentrations that were not toxic to the confluent host cells. It also exhibited mutually potentiated anti-HSV activity with acyclovir (ACV). Sub-inhibitory concentrations of either compound significantly decreased the ED50 of the other compound. As expected, A723U caused the dGTP pool to decrease. However, it also caused the level of ACV-triphosphate to markedly increase. The consequence is a facilitation of the binding of ACV-triphosphate to its target enzyme, HSV DNA polymerase.
Molting of Preadult Nematodes of the Genus Paratylenchus Stimulated by Root Diffusates

The nonfeeding preadult larvae of the plant-parasitic nematodes, Paratylenchus projectus and P. dianthus, survive in moist soil during long periods in the absence of host plants. In water, only small percentages molt to the adult stage. In root diffusates from some but not all plants, nearly all of them molt.
Algebrants in many-electron quantum mechanics: Applications of generalized determinants or matrix functions

We define the algebrant, a mathematical generalization of the determinant, the immanant, the permanent, and the Schur functions. Algebrants are classified as multilinear matrix functions or multicomponent symmetrized tensors. In applications, such as N-electron quantum mechanics, where extensive computation is required, it is vital to reduce computational effort, e.g., the well-known N-factorial problem. We derive certain mathematical properties that can be incorporated in efficient computing algorithms for algebrants. Foremost is our “elimination theorem,” which allows (in important special cases) zeros to be introduced into an algebrant in close analogy with Gaussian elimination for determinants. Savings accruing from such elimination can be substantial. We show examples from Matsen's spin-free quantum chemistry where elimination effectively removes the N-factorial problem that has hitherto stifled possible applications.
Distal phalangeal bone cysts: differentiation of enchondromata and epidermal cysts:

Enchondromas are common in the hand but less frequent in the distal phalanges. Epidermal cysts are rare in the hand but when they occur can be difficult to differentiate from enchondromas both clinically and radiologically. Our review of seven distal phalangeal bone lesions treated over 7 years included four enchondromas and three epidermal cysts. The patients with epidermal cysts all had a history of previous penetrating trauma 5-8 years earlier. One patient with an enchondroma had a history of a penetrating injury. Patients presenting with distal phalangeal lesions and a history of previous penetrating injury appear more likely to have an epidermal cyst than an enchondroma. This is important as there may be a higher recurrence rate following curettage and bone grafting.
To the Moon, Mars, and Beyond: Culture, Law, and Ethics in Space-Faring Societies

The U.S. civilian space program is focused on planning for a new round of human missions to the Moon and, later, perhaps, to Mars. These plans are intended to realize a “vision” for exploration articulated by President George W. Bush. It is important to examine this “vision” in the broader context of 21st-century space exploration, which is a truly global enterprise. Questions to be addressed include the following: How will extending human presence into the solar system affect society and culture on Earth? What legal, ethical, and other value systems should govern human settlements and other activities in space? Do humans have rights to exploit extraterrestrial resources and alter extraterrestrial environments? Does space exploration need reinvention to meet social needs? This article describes the current environment for space policy making and a framework of space law, ethics, and culture within which these questions can be considered.
The elevation of α-fetoprotein messenger RNA in regenerating rat liver

Abstract The level of serum AFP increased in the rats treated with CCl 4 . The increase of serum AFP concentration can be suppressed by administration of dexamethasone. The molecular basis of these increases in serum level of AFP was investigated by examining AFP mRNA concentration in livers of normal, CCl 4 -, and hormone-treated animals. The increase in AFP mRNA content in rat liver may be the primary factor responsible for the alteration of AFP serum levels as determined by translation and hybridization assay.
Finding the lost treasure: understanding reuse of used computing devices

In this paper, we report our findings on the adoption practices of used personal digital assistants (PDAs) to inform reuse of outdated computing products. Our interviews with 12 eBay users who bought used PDAs showed a variety of ways in which users indirectly supported sustainability. This allowed us to re-examine sustainability as something that is dynamically and arbitrarily shaped by the users and not just dependent on the sustainable feature of the product. We end with design implications for supporting users' shaping of sustainability.
Pharmaconutrition for the Obese, Critically Ill Patient

Obesity is an epidemic that affects approximately 30% of the adult population in the United States. The prevalence of obesity in the critically ill seems to correlate with the rise in obesity in the general population. Delivery of standard enteral nutrition (EN) to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been shown to decrease infectious complications. Obese ICU patients may be at increased risk for infections, ICU length of stay, and ventilation requirements compared to the nonobese. Pharmaconutrition has been shown to decrease many of these negative ICU outcomes. Because of obesity-associated increased ICU risk, provision of certain pharmaconutrients should be considered in obese patients requiring EN therapy. This review examines the evidence for specific nutrients such as green tea, curcumin, sulforaphane, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-leucine, protein, probiotics, magnesium, medium-chain triglycerides, and zinc for the treatment of obesity. These nutrients could potentially be added to current EN formulas or provided as supplements.
Conversion of 4-Hydroxybutyrate to Acetyl Coenzyme A and Its Anapleurosis in the Metallosphaera sedula 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Carbon Fixation Pathway

The extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula (optimum growth temperature, 73°C, pH 2.0) grows chemolithoautotrophically on metal sulfides or molecular hydrogen by employing the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3HP/4HB) carbon fixation cycle. This cycle adds two CO2 molecules to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to generate 4HB, which is then rearranged and cleaved to form two acetyl-CoA molecules. Previous metabolic flux analysis showed that two-thirds of central carbon precursor molecules are derived from succinyl-CoA, which is oxidized to malate and oxaloacetate. The remaining one-third is apparently derived from acetyl-CoA. As such, the steps beyond succinyl-CoA are essential for completing the carbon fixation cycle and for anapleurosis of acetyl-CoA. Here, the final four enzymes of the 3HP/4HB cycle, 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase (AMP forming) (Msed_0406), 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase (Msed_1321), crotonyl-CoA hydratase/(S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Msed_0399), and acetoacetyl-CoA β-ketothiolase (Msed_0656), were produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli, combined in vitro, and shown to convert 4HB to acetyl-CoA. Metabolic pathways connecting CO2 fixation and central metabolism were examined using a gas-intensive bioreactor system in which M. sedula was grown under autotrophic (CO2-limited) and heterotrophic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the importance of the 3HP/4HB pathway in supplying acetyl-CoA to anabolic pathways generating intermediates in M. sedula metabolism. The results indicated that flux between the succinate and acetyl-CoA branches in the 3HP/4HB pathway is governed by 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase, possibly regulated posttranslationally by the protein acetyltransferase (Pat)/Sir2-dependent system. Taken together, this work confirms the final four steps of the 3HP/4HB pathway, thereby providing the framework for examining connections between CO2 fixation and central metabolism in M. sedula.
Designing the best catamaran

The AHP is used to develop a sailboat called an MHM-Maran that combines the characteristics of a sloop with a catamaran. With one large and one small pontoon (connected by two poles made of titanium), a fin keel, spade rudder, and a never-before-seen sail (maranaker), it offers many performance benefits to the sailor and is being considered by a contemporary sailboat manufacturer.
Studies on dispersed pancreatic exocrine cells. I. Dissociation technique and morphologic characteristics of separated cells.

A procedure for dissociation of the guinea pig pancreas into individual cells is described which employs enzymatic digestion with pure collagenase, chymotrypsin, and hyaluronidase, utilizes an interposed chelation of divalent cations by EDTA, and is terminated by gentle shearing. Yields of cells are 50–60%, based on DNA recovered. The population comprises ∼95% exocrine cells, the remainder consisting of endocrine, duct, and vascular endothelial cells. The exocrine cells, though spherical, retain the structural attributes of their in situ counterparts, including differentiation of the plasmalemma into zones corresponding to the former apical and basal plasmalemma, polarized distribution of organelles indicated by fields of zymogen granules in the cytoplasm underlying the former apex, central location of the Golgi complex, and placement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus in the former basal pole of the cell. Electron microscope study of the effects of individual treatments used during dissociation indicates that digestion of basement membrane and collagen is solely due to collagenase activity and that separation of desmosomes (and possibly of zonulae adherentes) results only from exposure to low [Ca++] and EDTA and is not effected by the enzymes used. Gap junctions are resistant to enzymes and EDTA; tight junctions resist enzyme treatment but undergo rearrangement upon exposure to EDTA. Both junctions require mechanical shear for complete cell separation. Neither chymotrypsin nor hyaluronidase produces visible alterations in stromal or junctional elements. Dissociation requires the concerted action of enzymes, chelation of divalent cations, and mechanical shear, since the individual treatments are alone ineffective.
Commercial Radio Tube Transmitters

Tube transmitters for outputs from 500 watts to 20 kilowatts, and for continuous wave and interrupted continuous wave telegraphy and telephony are described in detail. The essential elements of such transmitters are discussed. Data are given on the characteristics of various power tubes and rectifiers, and a statement relative to the expectation of life of a tube.
Anti-tumor innate immunity activated by intermittent metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment of 9L brain tumor xenografts is preserved by anti-angiogenic drugs that spare VEGF receptor 2.

Metronomic cyclophosphamide given on an intermittent, 6-day repeating schedule, but not on an exposure dose-equivalent daily schedule, activates an anti-tumor innate immune response that leads to major regression of large implanted gliomas, without anti-angiogenesis. Mice bearing implanted 9L gliomas were used to investigate the effects of this 6-day repeating, immunogenic cyclophosphamide schedule on myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are pro-angiogenic and can inhibit anti-tumor immunity, and to elucidate the mechanism whereby the innate immune cell-dependent tumor regression response to metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment is blocked by several anti-angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Intermittent metronomic cyclophosphamide scheduling strongly increased glioma-associated CD11b+ immune cells but not CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells, while bone marrow and spleen reservoirs of the suppressor cells were decreased. The inhibition of immune cell recruitment and tumor regression by anti-angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, previously observed in several brain tumor models, was recapitulated in the 9L tumor model with the VEGFR2-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody DC101 (p 0.05). The interference by receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the immunogenic actions of intermittent metronomic chemotherapy is not a consequence of anti-angiogenesis per se, as demonstrated in an implanted 9L tumor model. Furthermore, this undesirable interaction with tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be avoided by using anti-angiogenic drugs that spare the VEGFR2 pathway.
Placebo: From Pain and Analgesia to Preferences and Products

When the placebo response was invoked by Beecher (1946, 1955) in soldiers who were wounded on the beaches of Anzio (it was noted that wounded soldiers required less morphine than wounded civilians), it unleashed a revolution in the understanding of the underlying neurobiology of the placebo effect and the impact of placebo in human clinical studies. Although placebo is a widespread phenomenon in medicine, the underlying neurobiology of it is not yet fully elucidated, though pain and analgesia have provided the most compelling and mechanistic insights into the phenomenon (Amanzio and Benedetti 1999; Beecher 1955; Benedetti et al. 2003; Fields 1981; Gracely et al. 1983; Levine, Gordon, and Fields 1978; Levine et al. 1979; Petrovic et al. 2002). Recent neuroimaging studies in humans provide supporting and novel insights into the central nervous system's processing of the placebo response (Ploghaus et al. 2003; Wager et al. 2004). Placebo is defined as an inactive substance that is used in controlled studies to determine the effectiveness of medications. However, if Shiv, Carmon, and Ariely's (2005) results indeed reflect a placebo response, this definition is probably outmoded because it should include nonmedical effects.
Quantitative determination of bacterial spore association with particles in cleanroom environment

In order to establish a creditable biological contamination transport model for predicting the cross contamination risk during spacecraft assembly and upon landing on Mars, it is important to determine the quantity and size distribution of bacterial spore containing particles on the surface of spacecraft in cleanroom. We conducted an extensive set of air and surface sampling in indoor, outdoor, and cleanroom environments and determined the ratios of the number of spore forming bacteria to that of their dust particle carriers of various sizes. We found that the average number of cultivable spore forming bacteria on particles of > 7 microns is ∼ 10−2 while on particles of < 1 microns ∼ 10−6. Our data also confirmed the existence of multiple spores on a single particle. The results from these studies are essential for developing a reliable biological contamination transport model for meeting the Planetary Protection requirements for future Mars Missions.
Targeting Family Risk Factors in the Context of Treating Youth Depression: A Survey of Psychologists:

This study investigated the practices and perceptions of psychologists related to targeting family risk factors when treating youth depression. Participants were practicing psychologists recruited through the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology (N = 279). Psychologists completed a brief anonymous survey about addressing parental psychopathology, interparental discord, and parent-child relationship problems when treating youth depression. Psychologists tended to use clinical interviews with parents and youth to assess family risk factors for a large percentage of their cases, whereas they tended to use questionnaires completed by parents and youth for a relatively small percentage of cases. When psychologists made treatment recommendations related to family risk factors, they perceived that a relatively small percentage of families adhered to the recommendations. Although they tended to report knowing when to make treatment recommendations that target family risk factors, they felt less confident in how to get families to follow the recommendations. Results highlight important directions for future research related to directly targeting family risk factors in the context of treating youth depression.
Enhancement of Pulmonary Drug Absorption in the Rat by Bromphenol Blue and Related Dyes

1. Pulmonary absorption studies in the rat showed that intratracheally administered 5–10 mM bromphenol blue, bromcresol green and bromthymol blue markedly increased the absorption rate of 0·1 mM phenol red.2. Similarly, 1–10 mM bromphenol blue increased the absorption rate of 0·1 mM p-aminohippuric acid, tetraethylammonium and mannitol by 2- to 18-fold in a concentration-dependent manner.3. Mannitol absorption was enhanced more by bromthymol blue, sulpho-bromophthalein, bromcresol purple, thymol blue and bromcresol green than by bromphenol blue or m-cresol purple. Chlorphenol red and phenol red had no effect on mannitol absorption.4. The results indicated that certain sulphonic acid dyes increase the permeability of the respiratory tract epithelium, perhaps by increasing its porosity.
Regular use of aspirin and pancreatic cancer risk

Background Regular use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been consistently associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma, and there is some evidence for a protective effect for other types of cancer. As experimental studies reveal a possible role for NSAIDs is reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer, epidemiological studies examining similar associations in human populations become more important.
The poststimulation program of CD4 versus CD8 T cells (death versus activation-induced nonresponsiveness).

Both CD8 and CD4 T cells undergo autocrine IL-2-induced proliferation and clonal expansion following stimulation with Ag and costimulation. The CD8 T cell response is transient because the cells rapidly become activation-induced nonresponsive (AINR) and exhibit split anergy. In these cells, the capacity for IL-2 production is lost, but TCR-mediated IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity are maintained. At this point, the CTL become dependent on IL-2 provided by CD4 Th cells for continued expansion. If IL-2 is available to support expansion for a brief period, AINR is reversed and the cells regain the ability to produce IL-2. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells do not become AINR, but instead are rendered susceptible to Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death following stimulation through TCR and CD28. Using z-VAD-fmk or anti-Fas ligand mAb to inhibit cell death, we demonstrate that previously activated CD4 T cells retain the ability to up-regulate c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity and IL-2 mRNA levels upon TCR engagement and no longer require costimulation. This rewiring of signaling pathways is similar to that seen following reversal of AINR in CD8 T cells. Thus, CD8 and CD4 T cells appear to use distinct mechanisms, AINR and activation-induced cell death, respectively, to limit excessive clonal expansion following a productive response, while permitting important effector functions to be expressed.