cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective Effects of Phenylbutyrate in the N171-82Q Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of exonic CAG triplet repeats in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein (Htt), however, the means by which neurodegeneration occurs remains obscure. There is evidence that mutant Htt interacts with transcription factors leading to reduced histone acetylation. We report that administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor phenylbutyrate after onset of symptoms in a transgenic mouse model of HD significantly extends survival and attenuates both gross brain and neuronal atrophy. Administration of phenylbutyrate increased brain histone acetylation and decreased histone methylation levels as assessed by both immunocytochemistry and Western blots. Phenylbutyrate increased mRNA for components of the ubiquitin-proteosomal pathway and down-regulated caspases implicated in apoptotic cell death, and active caspase 3 immunoreactivity in the striatum. These results show that administration of phenylbutyrate, at doses that are well tolerated in man, exerts significant neuroprotective effects in a transgenic mouse model of HD, and therefore represents a very promising therapeutic approach for HD.
Reflection, Reflection: A Comment and Modest Proposal

Several important areas of agreement in the King-Herrnson debate suggest that a broad consensus exists on the desirability of changing disciplinary practice and norms governing the collection and release of original data. After reading both essays, I am convinced that both Gary King and Paul Herrnson would agree that (1) Collecting and organizing political science data is often a costly enterprise that requires a substantial commitment of valued resources, including money, time, and expertise. (2) Collecting data is a highly desirable activity that ought to be encouraged, not discouraged. (3) Improving the practices and habits associated with data collection and analysis will increase the chance that interesting work is replicated and extended, in the interest of building cumulative knowledge in political science. (4) Ways should be found to encourage the widespread dissemination of data, provided the rights of subjects and the original collectors of the data are protected. I believe that almost all practicing social scientists would subscribe to these
The dual political economy of taxes and tradable permits

Abstract The widely accepted difference in the political economy of taxes and tradable permits results from overly simple models. A more general model shows that the distributional impacts driving the political economy of grandfathered permits can be similar for both policies.
Interest Arbitration and the Incentive to Bargain A Principal-Agent Approach

This article develops an asymmetric information model of final-offer arbitration. If the union negotiator has superior information about the bargaining environment, then the union rank and file may find it in their best interest to require their negotiator to go to arbitration some of the time. In a simple two-state model, it is shown that if arbitration is rational for the union rank and file, it will occur only in the state where the bargaining environment is unfavorable to the union.
Receptor-mediated internalization of pseudomonas toxin by mouse fibroblasts

Abstract Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) was used as a probe to study the mechanism by which protein ligands are internalized by mammalian cells. Both biochemical and electron microscopic methods were used to look at the internalization of PE by mouse LM cell fibroblasts. Our data suggest that PE enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, a process previously thought to be restricted to the entry of biologically significant molecules such as lysosomal enzymes and peptide hormones. Biochemical studies showed that methylamine (20 mM) and chloroquine (10 μM) protected LM cells from the action of PE. Full protection was observed if methylamine or chloroquine was added to the monolayers simultaneously with toxin or if they were added up to 10 min after toxin binding. Later addition of amine or chloroquine afforded partial protection to the monolayers. With immunoelectron microscopy we observed that in the cold toxin bound diffusely to the cell surface but was rapidly internalized when cells were warmed to 37°C. In the presence of methylamine, chloroquine or ammonium chloride, internalization did not occur. We propose that PE enters mouse fibroblasts by receptor-mediated endocytosis and that chloroquine and methylamine, agents which are known to block this process, prevent expression of toxicity.
Derivation and Validation of a 30-Day Heart Failure Readmission Model

In 2006, there were >1 million hospital admissions for heart failure (HF), and the estimated cost to the United States in 2009 was >$37.2 billion. Better models to target aggressive therapy to patients at the highest risk for readmission are clearly needed. We studied 3,413 consecutive admissions for HF based on discharge diagnosis codes from October 2007 to August 2011 from a single academic center. We randomly generated derivation and validation sets in a 3:1 ratio. We used generalized estimating equations to develop our models, accounting for repeated hospitalizations and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test to examine model calibration. The 30-day readmission rate was 24.2% in the derivation set. Of 25 candidate variables, the best fitting model included creatinine, troponin, hematocrit, and hyponatremia at discharge; race; zip code of residence; discharge hour; and number of hospitalizations in the previous year. Insignificant variables included intravenous diuretic use on day of discharge, discharge service, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, age, and gender. The risk of 30-day readmission increased with increasing decile of predicted risk in both the validation and derivation cohorts. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the model was 0.69 in the derivation set and 0.66 in the validation set. In conclusion, we derived and validated a simple model relating discharge-specific characteristics at risk of 30-day readmission. Application of this approach may facilitate targeted intervention to reduce the burden of rehospitalization in patients with HF, but our results suggest that the best readmission models may require incorporation of both clinical and local system factors for optimal prediction.
The effect of sorbed penetrants on the aging of previously dilated glassy polymer powders. I: Lower alcohol and water sorption in poly(methyl methacrylate)

Sorption kinetics and equilibria for methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol in 0.544 μm diameter poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres were determined at 35°C over a wide range of relative pressures. Sorption isotherms were concave to the pressure axis at low relative pressures and convex to the pressure axis at higher relative pressures. These results, considered in the context of recently reported data for high pressure sorption of gases in polymeric glasses, suggest that the S-shaped isotherms reported here are examples of a generalized isotherm which describes sorption behavior of all penetrants in glassy polymers if an appropriate range of concentration is traversed by the experimental protocol. The effects of dialating the microspheres by preswelling with methanol were studied by subsequent low pressure sorption of water, methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol at 35°C. The preswollen microspheres exhibited initially higher sorption capacities than the as-Received samples, but tended to consolidate with time following the preswelling treatment. The aging process, monitored by periodic short-term sorption with the various penetrant probes, was arrested by contacting the microspheres with an activity of n-propanol sufficient to maintain a sorbed concentration of approximately 1 wt %. The aging was significantly retarded by the presence of low concentrations of water and ethanol. Conversely, the aging process appeared to be essentially unaffected by the presence of correspondingly low concentrations of methanol. The complex kinetics describing the sorption of the various penetrants ranged from Fickian diffusion to polymer relaxation-controlled absorption, depending upon penetrant, relative pressure, and prior exposure history. The low temperature preswelling of the microspheres markedly increased the rate of sorption as well as the respective apparent equilibrium sorption.
Reliability of functional localization using fMRI

Neuroimaging researchers increasingly take advantage of the known functional properties of brain regions to localize them and probe changes in their activity under different conditions. The utility of this approach depends in part on the reliability of the methods used to define these regions of interest. Two operations may affect the reliability of functionally identified regions: spatially normalizing data to a stereotactic atlas and statistically combining data across participants to form a composite region (as opposed to identifying individual regions for each participant). The effect of these two operations on reliability was evaluated for two functionally identifiable regions: the MT complex and the frontal eye fields. Spatial normalization had almost no effect on within-subject reliability, while grouping across participants negatively affected retest measures of the activation and location of regions defined on separate occasions. We conclude that, for typical sample sizes and numbers of observations per subject, functional localization is most reliable when performed for each individual using data in atlas space.
Characterization of Lesser Cornstalk Borer Injury to the Root-Hypocotyl Region of Peanut Plants'

Abstract Lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), larval injury to the root-hypocotyl region of greenhouse-reared ‘Florunner’ peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., plants was investigated by determining the size and distribution of feeding sites. The percent injury to periderm, cortex, phloem, and xylem tissues also was estimated. Tissue loss due to insect feeding was measured for only the most prominent of several wound sites on each stem axis. Percent injury to principal tissues was estimated by planimetric methods. The lesser cornstalk borer caused significant injury to the periderm, cortex, and the phloem on mainstems of peanut plants. Mean percent injury was 31.67% for the periderm and cortex, 16.78% for phloem, and only 0.19% for the xylem. Approximately 91% of all feeding sites occurred on the mainstem or were contiguous with the mainstem and a branch. The frequently of plants with feeding sites declined linearly with increasing number of sites. These data support ...
General and Special Topics in the De Baptismo of Tertullian

ne of the major trends in recent TertuUian scholarship, as surveyed by Robert Sider in Ancient Rhetoric and the Art of TertuUian, has been the study of the impact of classical rhetoric on his theology, with particular attention to style, structure, and argumentation.' An important complement to this research is a study by Timothy Barnes which sets Tertulhan's works in their second century milieu, including the Second Sophistic movement.^ Yet, despite the impressive array of scholarship on Tertulhan's rhetorical practice, at least one subject in this domain remains largely unexplored—his use of the classical topics. Some work has been done. Sider reviews both Heinze's study of the Apologeticum, part of which analyzes Tertulhan's use of the topoi and status, and Helene Petre's book on exempla in TertuUian.^ In TertuUien et la Conversion de la Culture Antique, Jean-Claude Fredouille points out arguments in De Monogamia derived the demonstrative and deliberative topics and from the conjectural and qualitative status." And Sider's own work, which gathers examples of the status and various general and special topics from Tertulhan's cor-
Oxaprozin-Induced Symptomatic Hepatotoxicity

OBJECTIVE:To describe a case of symptomatic hepatotoxicity attributed to oxaprozin use.CASE SUMMARY:A 41-year-old white woman was admitted to the hospital with malaise, anorexia, and right upper quadrant pain. The patient was found to have severe jaundice with liver enzyme elevation. Laboratory test results for potential etiologies were negative, except for the use of oxaprozin for the preceding six weeks. Diagnosis of drug-induced hepatotoxicity was made by liver biopsy. The patient's symptoms resolved and liver enzymes normalized after oxaprozin was discontinued.DISCUSSION:Symptomatic hepatic effects attributable to most nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are rare and usually mild. Oxaprozin has been shown to cause mild elevation of liver enzymes in clinical studies. This is the second reported case of presumed oxaprozin-induced icteric hepatitis. The mechanism of oxaprozin-induced hepatotoxicity is unclear, but is thought to be due to metabolic idiosyncrasy. Most NSAID reactions are hepatocel...
The importance of carbon fiber to polymer additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) holds tremendous promise in terms of revolutionizing manufacturing. However, fundamental hurdles limit the widespread adoption of this technology. First, production rates are extremely low. Second, the physical size of the parts is generally small, less than a cubic foot. Third, the mechanical properties of the polymer parts are generally poor, limiting the potential for direct part replacement and functional use of the polymer components. This article describes various ways in which carbon fibers (CFs) can be used to address these fundamental hurdles. First, CF-reinforced polymers developed for AM have demonstrated specific strengths approaching aerospace-quality aluminum. Second, CF additions can radically reduce the distortion and warping of the material during deposition, which enables large-scale, out-of-the-oven, high deposition rate manufacturing. Finally, the complementary nature of CF technology and AM is discussed, showing how merging the two manufacturing processes enables the construction of complex components that would not be possible with either technology alone.
Genetic Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes with the Use of DNA Fingerprinting

Molecular genetic similarities among a Streptococcus pneumoniae library were examined by comparing DNA restriction endonuclease banding patterns (fingerprints) after nuclease digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis. Densitometric scanning graphs of DNA fingerprints on photonegative film were compared for similarity, i.e., the percentage of shared bands. Comparison of serotypes 1, 3, 12, 14, and 25 revealed 54% +/- 9% similarity. Fingerprints within serogroups IX and XVIII did not differ from non-cross-reactive types. Intraserotypic comparison of strains of type 25 (n = 5) revealed 89% +/- 4% similarity. Five strains of type 3 were 75% +/- 19% similar; however, two of these strains had 96% similarity and three strains had 98% +/- 2% similarity, perhaps suggesting subtypes with serotype 3. Substantial DNA fingerprint differences were found among serotypes and significantly greater similarity among strains of a given type. Thus, DNA analyses used on other gram-positive bacteria are applicable to pneumococci.
Genetics of Psychiatric Disease

Genetic epidemiologic studies reveal that relatives of bipolar (BIP) probands are at increased risk for recurrent unipolar (RUP), BIP, and schizoaffective (SA) disorders, while relatives of schizophrenia (SZ) probands are at increased risk for SZ, SA, and RUP disorders. The overlap in familial risk may reflect shared genetic susceptibility. Recent genetic linkage studies have defined confirmed susceptibility loci for BIP disorder for multiple regions of the human genome, including 4p16, 12q24, 18p11.2, 18q22, 21q21, 22q11-13, and Xq26. Studies of SZ kindreds have yielded robust evidence for susceptibility at 18p11.2 and 22q11-13, both of which are implicated in susceptibility to BIP disorder. Similarly, confirmed SZ vulnerability loci have been mapped for 6p24, 8p and 13q32. Strong statistical evidence for a 13q32 BIP susceptibility locus has been reported. Thus, both family and molecular studies of these disorders suggest shared genetic susceptibility. These two group of disorders may not be so distinct as current nosology suggests.
Heavy ion acceleration in the divergent solar wind

[1] We study the heavy ion acceleration due to cyclotron interaction with both right- and left-hand polarized MHD waves propagating along the magnetic field in the outward direction in the divergent solar wind. It is shown in test-particle approximation that heavy ions can overcome the gap between the maximum resonant velocity for left-handed waves and minimum resonant velocity for right-handed waves and acquire the average parallel velocity on the order of local Alfven speed relative to the protons.
Current concepts of polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is one of the most common malformations of cortical development. It has been known for many years and its clinical and MRI manifestations are well described. Recent advances in imaging, however, have revealed that polymicrogyria has many different appearances on MR imaging, suggesting that is may be a more heterogeneous malformation than previously suspected. The clinical and imaging heterogeneity of polymicrogyria is explored in this review.
Bactericidal and metabolic properties of human eosinophils.

The bactericidal and metabolic activities of peripheral leukocytes obtained by dextran sedimentation from six patients with eosinophilia (50%-90%) due to a variety of etiologies were compared to cells collected from normal donors (70%-95% polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Eosinophils exhibited less phagocytosis than granulocytes, which appeared to account for diminished bactericidal activity against S. albus, S. aureus , and E. coli . The oxidation of glucose-1-14C, glucose-6-14C, and formate-14C were all significantly greater by nonphagocytizing eosinophils than neutrophils. With phagocytosis the increase in glucose-1-14C and glucose-6-14C oxidation was greater for eosinophils than neutrophils despite less measurable particle ingestion. The oxidation of formate-14C by phagocytizing eosinophils was similar to neutrophils in two patients studied. Leukocytic pyrogen (LP) was produced by phagocytosis of heat-killed S. albus or exposure to endotoxin in four out of five cases studied. Blood cells obtained from the fifth patient who had a probable myeloproliferative disorder did not produce significant amounts of LP when similarly stimulated. The common feature of diminished phagocytic activity and elevated resting oxidative metabolism in all patients regardless of etiology of the eosinophilia suggest that this property is common to all eosinophils. The failure of the morphologically abnormal eosinophils of the last patient to release LP served as another distinguishing feature of his cells and may be common to myeloproliferative disorders of the granulocyte series in general.
Nonlinear Coherent Imaging of Nanostructures and Single Molecules

We demonstrate that four-wave-mixing microscopy is a convenient method for visualizing the nonlinear properties of individual nano-structures, and that it offers a route towards probing the ultrafast spatio-temporal dynamics of fundamental excitations in nanomaterials.
Parity-associated weight gain and its modification by sociodemographic and behavioral factors: a prospective analysis in US women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how the relationship between parity increase and weight gain is modified by sociodemographic and behavioral factors. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, 1971–75) and its follow-up of those aged 25 y and older, the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Survey (NHEFS, 1982–84). SUBJECTS: The analytical sample was nationally representative of the United States and included 2952 white or African-American non-pregnant women aged 25–45 y at baseline, who were re-measured approximately 10 y later. MEASUREMENTS: Statistical interactions in multiple linear and logistic regression models were examined to identify how eight sociodemographic and three behavioral factors modified the effect of parity increase on body weight change and risk of substantial weight gain. RESULTS: Factors that increased parity-associated weight gain included being African-American, living in a rural area, not working outside the home, having fewer children, lower income and lower education, and being unmarried. Among white women, being younger and having higher body weight at baseline increased parity-associated weight gain, while among African-American women, being older and having lower body weight increased parity-associated weight gain. African-American smokers gained less weight with an increase in parity, while the interactions between smoking and physical activity with parity-associated weight gain in whites were complex. CONCLUSION: The effects of sociodemographic and behavioral factors on parity-associated weight gain varied by race and parity change, with the most consistent findings being that unmarried and unemployed white women had greater parity-associated weight gain, while both white and African-American women who smoked, had higher education, or higher parity had lower parity-associated weight gain. This information may contribute to better targeting and more effective interventions to prevent postpartum weight retention.
Dual Targeting of Adenoviral Vectors at the Levels of Transduction and Transcription Enhances the Specificity of Gene Expression in Cancer Cells

Adenoviral (Ad) vector-mediated strategies for cancer gene therapy mandate a vector that is capable of efficient expression of the therapeutic gene specifically within the target tumor cells. In one approach to the development of cancer cell-specific vectors, Ad vectors have been targeted at the level of transduction to achieve the selective delivery of the therapeutic gene. In an alternative approach to the derivation of cancer cell-specific vectors, Ad vectors have been targeted at the level of transcription by placing the therapeutic gene under the control of transcriptional regulatory sequences that are activated in tumor cells, but not in normal cells, and therefore target expression selectively to the tumor cell. In this report, we demonstrate that a higher degree of specificity for cancer cells can be achieved by combining the complementary approaches of transductional and transcriptional targeting, each of which is imperfect or "leaky" by itself.
Differences in physician communication when patients ask versus tell about religion/spirituality: a pilot study.

Background and objectives Research suggests that physicians should pursue spiritual issues and that patients desire to discuss religion/spirituality (R/S) in medical encounters. This study explored the differences in physician communication in response to patient inquiry or disclosure of R/S and hypothesizes that physician communication will differ when patients disclose R/S as contrasted to inquire about R/S. Methods Family physicians and family medicine resident physicians were recruited from a family medicine department at a community hospital (n=27). An objective structured clinical examination, with a standardized patient encounter, was used to expose the participants to a conversation regarding R/S. Participants were assigned, by alternating clustered assignment, to two conditions: patient disclosure of R/S or patient inquiry about physician R/S. The primary outcome measure was physician response, specifically physician-control, partnership-building, and supportive-talk messages. Results When the patient asks questions about R/S, physicians communicate more control messages and less supportive talk messages than when the patient discloses information about R/S. Conclusions Training physicians to anticipate and respond to patient disclosure and inquiry will increase the likelihood they can enact patient-centered strategies. These methods should focus on teaching residents how to be sensitive to the R/S context of their patients and to recognize their own intuitive reactions to patient communication in that context.
Epidemiology and Classification of Brain Tumors

Several studies suggest that the incidence of brain tumors is rising, an increase that cannot be accounted for by improved diagnostic abilities. Brain tumors can be subdivided according to their histology and location. When approached from this standpoint, survival statistics and treatment options can vary greatly. Understanding the pathology and classification of tumors assists in understanding treatment approaches and provides a knowledge base for education of patients and families.
The Process Matters: Moral Constraints on Cosmopolitan Education

Cosmopolitan education aims to transmit cosmopolitan forms of life in order to participate morally in the world community. The primary characteristics of this cosmopolitan education are its acceptance of the shared humanity of all persons as a fact of human existence and as a motivating guide for human interaction, and the requirement of democratic inclusion in deliberations of the governance of those interactions, including morality. Such an education in cosmopolitan morality requires means that befit its core components. This paper contrasts the concepts of strict and moderate cosmopolitanism, empirical and deliberative morality, and structural and dispositional cosmopolitanism to show that the moderate, inclusive and deliberative processes of deliberative dispositional cosmopolitanism are more suited to cosmopolitan education in morality than strong, empirical-focused structural cosmopolitan efforts. Though strong, structural and empirically based forms may be more likely to guarantee preferred outcomes in the learning of specific morals or the implementation of institutional norms, they are also more likely to run afoul of the core components of cosmopolitanism because they will privilege outcomes over processes, and are thus more likely to be less inclusive and more coercive. In contrast, and even though they are less certain to guarantee preferred moral outcomes or actions, moderate, deliberative dispositional forms of cosmopolitan education embody the morality they seek to inform, and are more likely to find sustained internalised support over time.
State-space inflow modelling for lifting rotors with mass injection

In the field of rotorcraft dynamics, it is significant that the induced inflow field is well understood and modeled. A large number of methodologies have been developed in the past years, among which the state-space model is recognised for its advantage in real-time simulation, preliminary design, and dynamic eigenvalue analysis. Recent studies have shown success in representing the induced flow field everywhere above the rotor plane even with mass source terms on the disk as long as they have zero net flux of mass injection when integrated over the disk. Nevertheless, non-zero net mass influx is expected in numerous situations, such as ground effect, tip drive rotors, etc; and the incapability of previous models limits the utilisation of the methodology in these cases. This work presents an extended potential-flow, state-space model derived from the potential-flow momentum equation by means of a Galerkin approach. The induced velocity and pressure perturbation are expanded in terms of closed-form, time-dependent coefficients and space-dependent associated Legendre functions and harmonics
Design and Implementation of a Multi-sensor Mobile Platform

In the last several years, mobile manipulators have been increasingly utilized and developed from a theoretical viewpoint as well as for practical applications in space, underwater, construction, and service environments. Our mobile manipulator RISCbot, is comprised of a manipulator arm mounted on a motorized mobile base wheelchair. The work presented in this chapter explores the use of multi-sensor for combining measurements from ultrasonic and infrared sensors for mobile manipulator navigation and obstacle avoidance. Furthermore, we deal with the problem of controlling of a mobile manipulator via sensor fusion in order to reduce the uncertainty in localization and obstacle avoidance. Sensor fusion is used by combining and integrating data gathered from sensory information provided by ultrasonic and infrared sensors to enhance the quality of information provided to RISCbot.
Stimulation of the Posterior Cortical-Hippocampal Network Enhances Precision of Memory Recollection

Summary Episodic memory is thought to critically depend on interaction of the hippocampus with distributed brain regions [1–3]. Specific contributions of distinct networks have been hypothesized, with the hippocampal posterior-medial (HPM) network implicated in the recollection of highly precise contextual and spatial information [3–6]. Current evidence for HPM specialization is mostly indirect, derived from correlative measures such as neural activity recordings. Here we tested the causal role of the HPM network in recollection using network-targeted noninvasive brain stimulation in humans, which has previously been shown to increase functional connectivity within the HPM network [7]. Effects of multiple-day electromagnetic stimulation were assessed using an object-location memory task that segregated recollection precision from general recollection success. HPM network-targeted stimulation produced lasting (∼24 hr) enhancement of recollection precision, without effects on general success. Canonical neural correlates of recollection [8–10] were also modulated by stimulation. Late-positive evoked potential amplitude and theta-alpha oscillatory power were reduced, suggesting that stimulation can improve memory through enhanced reactivation of detailed visuospatial information at retrieval. The HPM network was thus specifically implicated in the processing of fine-grained memory detail, supporting functional specialization of hippocampal-cortical networks. These findings demonstrate that brain networks can be causally linked to distinct and specific neurocognitive functions and suggest mechanisms for long-lasting changes in memory due to network-targeted stimulation.
Applications of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A Critical Review

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a relatively new method for the assessment of body composition. Because this approach is safe, noninvasive, rapid, portable, inexpensive, and easy to use, it may be amenable for laboratory, clinical, and field assessment of human body composition. The purpose of this presentation is to summarize the current uses of this method and to evaluate its validity.
Visual Detection of Small Unmanned Aircraft System: Modeling the Limits of Human Pilots

Every month, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) receives over 100 reports of small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) operating in airspace where they do not belong and the industry has not deployed any specific, ubiquitous solution to preclude this potential collision hazard for pilots of manned aircraft [1]. The purpose of this research is to determine the key physical attributes and construct a new mathematical model to determine the probability of visual detection and avoidance of sUAS. Using the Monte Carlo simulation method, this study provided a means for addressing the effects of uncertainty in the uncontrollable inputs. As a result, it produced a set of probability curves for various operating scenarios and depicted the likelihood of visually detecting a small, unmanned aircraft in time to avoid colliding with it. This study suggested the probability of detecting a sUAS in time to avoid a collision, in all cases modeled during the study, is far less than 50%. The probability was well under 10% for sUAS aircraft similar to the products used by many recreational and hobby operators. This study indicated the see-and-avoid is not a reliable technique for collision prevention by manned-aircraft pilots with small, unmanned aircraft and call for regulators and the industry’s deployment of alternative methods.
The Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Management of Patients Requiring Dental Implants: An American Academy of Periodontology Best Evidence Review

Background: Application of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has grown exponentially across dentistry with a clear impact in implant dentistry. This review aims at providing the scientific context to understand if CBCT imaging should become the standard of care for patients requiring dental implants.Methods: A literature search for CBCT applications in implant dentistry was performed using the PubMed database that included studies published between January 1, 2000, and June 24, 2017.Results: Of 559 citations identified and manually screened, 161 were selected as suitable for the purpose of the review. The selected studies belonged to three distinct categories: 1) diagnosis and treatment outcome assessment, 2) implant treatment planning, and 3) anatomic characterization.Conclusions: The current available literature reflects an increased optimization of emerging CBCT imaging protocols and further highlights its diverse applications for dental implant therapy. This technology continues to be considered an...
The Next Long Swing

These are times of dramatic change in the ways in which work is organized in the United States and throughout the world. The new realities of a global economy, the shift from standardized mass production to flexible specialization, fast-paced technological change, and the evolution of new structures and employer strategies for controlling labor have engulfed workers, managers, and employers in a swirl of change and uncertainty. In the past 25 years, the comforting banality of stable, if unimaginative, jobs with high wages, good benefits, and promising careers in bureaucratic work settings has been shaken by such transformations as deindustrial-ization, outsourcing, downsizing, contingent work, two-tiered employment structures, and perpetual skill restructuring of jobs. These changes have received much attention from scholars of work and the labor process; however, a coherent theoretical framework for understanding the roots of these changes and their possible consequences for work in the next century has not been forthcoming.
Long-term Survival Outcomes of Triple-Receptor Negative Breast Cancer Survivors Who Are Disease Free at 5 Years and Relationship With Low Hormone Receptor Positivity

We counsel our triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients that the risk of recurrence is highest in the first 5 years after diagnosis. However, there are limited data with extended follow-up on the frequency, characteristics, and predictors of late events. We queried the MD Anderson Breast Cancer Management System database to identify patients with stage I–III TNBC who were disease free at 5 years from diagnosis. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate yearly recurrence-free interval (RFI), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS), as defined by the STEEP criteria. Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We identified 873 patients who were disease free at least 5 years from diagnosis with median follow-up of 8.3 years. The 10-year RFI was 97%, RFS 91%, and DRFS 92%; the 15-year RFI was 95%, RFS 83%, and DRFS 84%. On a subset of patients with oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor percentage recorded, low hormone receptor positivity conferred higher risk of late events on multivariable analysis for RFS only (RFI: HR=1.98, 95% CI=0.70–5.62, P-value=0.200; RFS: HR=1.94, 95% CI=1.05–3.56, P-value=0.034; DRFS: HR=1.72, 95% CI=0.92–3.24, P-value=0.091). The TNBC survivors who have been disease free for 5 years have a low probability of experiencing recurrence over the subsequent 10 years. Patients with low hormone receptor-positive cancers may have a higher risk of late events as measured by RFS but not by RFI or DRFS.
Imaging of Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation.

This article reviews intestinal transplantation, an increasingly successful treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure, and describes the various types of procedures, the expected postoperative anatomy, and the role of imaging in preoperative evaluation and postoperative surveillance for assessment of potential complications.
Effects of Applause Magnitude and Musical Style On Listeners’ Evaluations of Choral Performances

Applause, an overt expression of approval from audience to performer, is one of the most common forms of audience response to live musical performances. In this study, we examined the effects of ap...
Phylogenetic Aspects of Myelin Structure

Proteins are the major determinants of the spacing between membranes in compact, internodal myelin. This conclusion derives from X-ray diffraction and biochemical analyses (Kirschner et al., 1984; Inouye and Kirschner, 1988a,b; Lemke, 1988). For example, the idea that proteins protrude into the spaces between the membrane bilayers and act as struts to maintain their separation is based on the finding that the distance between them is at least twice as wide as that measured for hydrated myelin lipid multilayers. That P0-glycoprotein has a more extended conformation than PLP derives from the observation that inter-membrane spaces in PNS myelin are greater than those in CNS myelin; and this difference in extension may be consistent with the relative sizes of their putative cytoplasmic and extracellular domains as deduced from primary sequence data (Laursen et al., 1984; Stoffel et al., 1984; Lemke & Axel, 1985). Non-specific forces (such as electrostatic and hydration repulsion, and van der Waals attraction) account for many of the changes in membrane packing at the extracellular apposition when pH or ionic strength are altered; however, specific and short-range molecular interactions presumably involving proteins appear to define the native separation and to underlie the invariance of the cytoplasmic apposition.
Air mixing criteria for ceiling slot-ventilated agricultural enclosures

The use of a scale-model is an effective technique to predict the performance of ventilation in full-scale prototypes. Many criteria have been proposed to simulate the behavior of airflow between scale-model and prototype. Because of the inconsistent results of past proposed similarity criteria, more validation work is needed to clarify the conflicts. Dimensional analysis using both the Buckingham Pi method and manipulating the governing differential equations was used to theoretically establish similarity parameters. Only partially similarity was reached since conflicts exist between proposed similarity parameters. Experiments of two scale models were conducted to study airflow similarity in ceiling slot-ventilated agricultural enclosures using different similarity criteria. The evaluation of similarity between scale-model and prototype included validation of penetration distance, airflow pattern, airspeed field, and temperature field using methods that included smoke visualization, airspeed field measurement, and temperature field measurement. The studies focused on the Reynolds number (Re) and inlet jet momentum ratio (Rm) as the similitude criteria for isothermal airflow, and Archimedes number (Ar) for nonisothermal airflow. The experimental results offer better agreement using Rm than using Re as the similitude criterion for isothermal airflow. Ar is an appropriate similitude criterion when the nonisothermal airflow pattern exhibits two-circulation airflow behavior. After the airflow is
The guanylyl cyclase family of natriuretic peptide receptors

Guanylyl cyclases are cytoplasmic and membrane-associated enzymes that catalyze the conversion of GTP to cyclic GMP, an intracellular signaling molecule. Molecular cloning has identified a multigene family encoding both soluble and particulate forms of the enzymes. Diffusible agents such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide activate the soluble guanylyl cyclases. The particulate members of the family share a characteristic domain arrangement, with a single transmembrane span separating a variable extracellular ligand-binding domain from a conserved intracellular regulatory and cyclase catalytic domain. Seven members of the particulate guanylyl cyclase family have been identified, and they include the receptors for natriuretic peptides and Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. Recently, animal models have been developed to study the role of natriuretic peptides and their guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptors in renal and cardiovascular physiology.
Pseudo-hoops with Internal States

In this chapter we study the internal states for the more general fuzzy structures, namely the pseudo-hoops, and we present state pseudo-hoops and state-morphism pseudo-hoops. We define the notions of state operator, strong state operator, state-morphism operator, weak state-morphism operator and we study their properties. We prove that every strong state pseudo-hoop is a state pseudo-hoop and any state operator on an idempotent pseudo-hoop is a weak state-morphism operator. One of the main results of the chapter consists of proving that every perfect pseudo-hoop admits a state operator. Other results refer to the connection of the state operators with states and generalized states on a pseudo-hoop. Some conditions are given for a state operator to be a generalized state and for a generalized state to be a state operator.
Dynamic Crack Curving and Crack Branching

The dynamic crack curving criterion proposed by Ramulu and Kobayashi1 is based on a micro-mechanic model of continuous micro- flaw growth and coalescence in the vicinity of the moving crack tip. It is a dynamic extension of the crack curving criterion proposed by Streit and Finnie.2 When an off-axis micro-flaw connects with the crack tip, the crack is momentarily kinked or bifurcated. Figure 1 shows several attempts for a rapidly propagating crack to branch in a Homalite-100 plate. Also shown is a successful crack branching under presumably a favorable state of stress.
A Three-dimensional Printed Low-cost Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Model for Ultrasound-guided Injection Training.

Anterior shoulder dislocations are the most common, large joint dislocations that present to the emergency department (ED). Numerous studies support the use of intraarticular local anesthetic injections for the safe, effective, and time-saving reduction of these dislocations. Simulation training is an alternative and effective method for training compared to bedside learning. There are no commercially available ultrasound-compatible shoulder dislocation models. We utilized a three-dimensional (3D) printer to print a model that allows the visualization of the ultrasound anatomy (sonoanatomy) of an anterior shoulder dislocation. We utilized an open-source file of a shoulder, available from embodi3D® (Bellevue, WA, US). After approximating the relative orientation of the humerus to the glenoid fossa in an anterior dislocation, the humerus and scapula model was printed with an Ultimaker-2 Extended+ 3D® (Ultimaker, Cambridge, MA, US) printer using polylactic acid filaments. A 3D model of the external shoulder anatomy of a live human model was then created using Structure Sensor®(Occipital, San Francisco, CA, US), a 3D scanner. We aligned the printed dislocation model of the humerus and scapula within the resultant external shoulder mold. A pourable ballistics gel solution was used to create the final shoulder phantom. The use of simulation in medicine is widespread and growing, given the restrictions on work hours and a renewed focus on patient safety. The adage of “see one, do one, teach one” is being replaced by deliberate practice. Simulation allows such training to occur in a safe teaching environment. The ballistic gel and polylactic acid structure effectively reproduced the sonoanatomy of an anterior shoulder dislocation. The 3D printed model was effective for practicing an in-plane ultrasound-guided intraarticular joint injection. 3D printing is effective in producing a low-cost, ultrasound-capable model simulating an anterior shoulder dislocation. Future research will determine whether provider confidence and the use of intraarticular anesthesia for the management of shoulder dislocations will improve after utilizing this model.
Peer Review: A Vital Gatekeeping Function and Obligation of Professional Scholarly Practice:

The author argues for the centrality of peer review in assessing the scholarly merits of manuscripts, given considerable changes in the publication landscape that present formidable challenges for ...
Pain and Fatigue Associated with Generalized Joint Hypermobility in Gaucher Disease

Gaucher Disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary disease, fatigue, and bone pain and crises. While most physicians show primary concern with visceral and hematologic symptoms, patients report interest in decreasing fatigue and pain, which has an effect on quality of life. Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is characterized by joint laxity and increased joint range, and affect levels of both pain and fatigue. The relationship in patients with GD between chronic pain, residual fatigue, and GJH was investigated. Participants with GD Type 1 performed a Beighton Score and five-part questionnaire to meet diagnostic criteria for GJH. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were used to assess pain and fatigue. Therapeutic goals and the Disease Severity Scoring System (DS3) evaluated treatment goals and disease involvement. 33% of our population (4/12) met GJH criteria. Of those with GJH, 50% expressed moderate pain severity and 25% reported moderate pain interference, compared to 12.5% and 0% without GJH. 50% of both groups reported severe fatigue. There was a strong positive correlation between reported values of pain severity, pain interference, and fatigue. Participants met a median of 96.3% of Gaucher-related therapeutic goals. In those with GJH versus those without GJH, 50% and 57.1%, respectively, had “mild disease” involvement. We did not see significant changes in the levels of pain and fatigue between the two groups of participants, but the study did reinforce those who report higher levels of pain severity and interference also report high levels of fatigue, regardless of a GJH diagnosis. Someone with high levels of pain may need anticipatory management for fatigue. Our patients were well-managed and met many therapeutic goals, which may account for the levels of pain and fatigue reported. Future studies recommended include larger, more generalizable studies for GD and GJH.
Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Deleterious Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in Spice/K2 Products.

The chief psychoactive constituent of many bioactive phytocannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC) found in hemp, cannabis or marijuana plants are scientifically denoted by the Latin term, Cannabis sativa, acts on cell surface receptors. These receptors are ubiquitously expressed. To date, two cannabinoid receptors have been cloned and characterized. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is found to serve as the archetype for cannabinoid action in the brain. They have attracted wide interest as the mediator of all psychoactive properties of exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids and they are abundantly expressed on most inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Recent evidence established that cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) is also expressed in the neurons at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals and are involved in neuropsychiatric effects. Distinct types of cells in many regions in the brain express CB2Rs and the cellular origin of CB2Rs that induce specific behavioral effects are emerging. To mimic the bliss effects of marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) have been sprayed onto plant material, and this plant material has been consequently packaged and sold under brand name “Spice” or “K2”. These SCBs have been shown to maintain their affinity and functional activity for CB1R and CB2R and have been shown to cause severe harmful effects when compared to the effects of Δ9-THC. The present review discusses the potential brain mechanisms that are involved in the deleterious effects of SCBs.