cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fitting ACE Structural Equation Models to Case-Control Family Data

Investigators interested in whether a disease aggregates in families often collect case-control family data, which consist of disease status and covariate information for members of families selected via case or control probands. Here, we focus on the use of case-control family data to investigate the relative contributions to the disease of additive genetic effects (A), shared family environment (C), and unique environment (E). We describe an ACE model for binary family data; this structural equation model, which has been described previously, combines a general-family extension of the classic ACE twin model with a (possibly covariate-specific) liability-threshold model for binary outcomes. We then introduce our contribution, a likelihood-based approach to fitting the model to singly-ascertained case-control family data. The approach, which involves conditioning on the proband’s disease status and also setting prevalence equal to a pre-specified value that can be estimated from the data, makes it possible to obtain valid estimates of the A, C, and E variance components from case-control (rather than only from population-based) family data. In fact, simulation experiments suggest that our approach to fitting yields approximately unbiased estimates of the A, C, and E variance components, provided that certain commonly-made assumptions hold. Further, when our approach is used to fit the ACE model to Austrian case-control family data on depression, the resulting estimate of heritability is very similar to those from previous analyses of twin data.
A Uniform Database of 2.2-16.5 Micron Spectra from the ISOCAM CVF Spectrometer*

We present all ISOCAM circular variable filter (CVF) spectra that cover more than one-third of the 2.2-16.5 μm spectral range of the instrument. The 364 spectra have been classified according to the classification system of Kraemer et al., as modified by Hodge et al. to account for the shorter wavelength range. Prior to classification, the spectra were processed and recalibrated to create a uniform database. Aperture photometry was performed at each wavelength centered on the brightest position in each image field and the various spectral segments merged into a single spectrum. The aperture was the same for all scale sizes of the images. Since this procedure differs fundamentally from that used in the initial ISOCAM calibration, a recalibration of the spectral response of the instrument was required for the aperture photometry. The recalibrated spectra and the software used to create them are available to the community on-line via the ISO Data Archive. Several new groups were added to the KSPW system to describe spectra with no counterparts in either the SWS or PHT-S databases: CA, E/SA, UE/SA, and SSA. The zodiacal dust cloud provides the most common background continuum to the spectral features, visible in almost 40% of the processed sources. The most characteristic and ubiquitous spectral features observed in the CVF spectral atlas are those of the unidentified infrared bands (UIR), which are typically attributed to ultraviolet-excited fluorescence of large molecules containing aromatic hydrocarbons. The UIR features commonly occur superimposed on the zodiacal background (18%) but can also appear in conjunction with other spectral features, such as fine-structure emission lines or silicate absorption. In at least 13 of the galaxies observed, the pattern of UIR emission features has been noticeably shifted to longer wavelengths.
THE INTENSITY AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF MU-MESONS 1100 FEET UNDERGROUND

The results of the determination of the intensity and angular distribution of the Μ-mesons at a depth of 8.5-104 g/cm2 underground areI =I0 cosn θ withIo = (2.10±0.5) · 10−6 s−1 cm−2 sr−1 andn = 2.3 ± 0.3. The significance of the results in determining the parentage of theΜ-mesons is discussed.
The effects of equivalence ratio on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot in premixed ethane flames

Abstract The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot has been investigated in atmospheric-pressure, laminar, ethane/oxygen/argon premixed flames as a function of mixture equivalence ratio. Mole fraction profiles of major products, trace aromatics, substituted aromatics, and PAH were quantified by direct gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Soot particle diameters, number densities, and volume fractions was determined using static (classical) light scattering. The dependencies of flame species mole fraction profiles on equivalence ratio, using the expression, X i max = A i φ n i were also determined. The parameter n i , an indication of sensitivity to equivalence ratio, for stable aromatic precursors exhibits the following rank order: c-C 5 H 6 (4.21) > C 3 H 4 (3.09) > b-C 4 H 6 (2.43) > C 4 H 4 (2.20) > C 4 H 2 (2.16) > C 2 H 2 (1.66). For aromatic species, the values of n i were in the following order: phenylacetylene (9.33) > benzene (8.17) > indene (7.97) > toluene (6.39). In comparison, PAH species were extremely sensitive to flame equivalence ratios, with the following n values: benzo[a]pyrene (30.37) > acenaphthylene (15.33) > cyclopenta (cd) pyrene (14.58) > fluoranthene (13.52) > pyrene (12.73) > anthracene (11.18) > phenanthrene (10.79) > naphthalene (8.99).
Long-term transtelephonic electrocardiographic monitoring in the detection and evaluation of variant angina

To facilitate the outpatient diagnosis of variant angina by documenting transient ST segment elevation during chest pain, we studied the feasibility of transtelephonic ECG monitoring during angina episodes. Eight patients with known coronary artery spasm underwent simultaneous continuous ambulatory and transtelephonic ECG monitoring during a 24-hour period. Five patients (62%) had transient diagnostic ST segment shifts on both continuous ambulatory and transtelephonic monitoring. Another eight patients with coronary spasm underwent 24-hour continuous ambulatory monitoring and separate 14-day period of transtelephonic monitoring. The addition of this longer monitoring period provided diagnostic ST segment shifts in three patients. We conclude that transtelephonic monitoring in patients with suspected coronary artery spasm can provide important additional diagnostic information to continuous ambulatory monitoring, particularly in the patient with infrequent or unpredictable chest pain.
Axi-symmetric loads on an elastic half-space containing an inclusion

Abstract The problem of a linearly elastic half-space containing a rigid-lubricated cylindrical inclusion and subjected to a normal static circular line load at the plane surface is treated. The stress and displacement components on the plane boundary yield simple expressions from which quantitative results are readily determined. The singularities existing under the applied load are examined.
Rainbow trout liver activation systems with the ames mutagenicity test

A poikilothermic metabolic activation system developed from liver homogenate of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri) was used in the Ames Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Mutagenicity Test. Postmitochondrial fractions (S9) mediated four model promutagens – 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), 2-aminofluorene (2AF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)–that require two different exogenous metabolic activation routes to form mutagens with Salmonella TA98 and TA100. The enzymatic activity of trout S9 was cytochrome P-450-like; it was heat labile and oxygen- and cofactor-dependent. Preincubation temperature significantly influenced the sensitivity of the fish-activated Ames test. Bacterial mutagenesis with trout activation significantly decreased as preincubation temperature increased; the optimum S9 activation temperature range for trout was 10 to 15°C compared with 37°C for the rat. The liquid-preincubation test was best adapted to the trout poikilothermic activation system; it was significantly more sensitive than the plate-incorporation test in detecting histidine revertants. The S9 activity of trout and rat was qualitatively similar in the Ames test: that is, both fractions metabolically activated 2AA, 2AF, BaP and 3MC to produce bacterial mutagenesis with Salmonella TA98 and TA100. The use of this ecologically relevant exogenous activation system in the short-term predictive genotoxicity testing of freshwater ecosystems is helpful in the assessment of potential hazards of chemical contaminants on fishery resources.
Effect of Win 44441-3 and naloxone on endotoxin-induced hypotensive shock in anesthetized hypertensive rats

Abstract A model of endotoxin-induced shock was developed in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. E. coli lipopolysaccharide (13 mg/kg i.v.) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by at least 51 mm Hg in 80–90% of rats. Naloxone (1.25 – 10.0 mg/kg i.v.) partially restored blood pressure of hypotensive rats for 6–15 minutes after injection. Win 44441-3 (0.25 – 2.0 mg/kg i.v.) raised blood pressure for 3–12 minutes after injection. Ten minute pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg i.v.) or Win 44441-3 (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) did not appreciably reduce the hypotensive effect of E. coli lipopolysaccharide. This model is a rapid and covenient bioassay for evaluating the effects of opioid antagonists in endotoxin shock. In this model naloxone and Win 44441-3 exhibited beneficial effects but a prolonged duration of action of the Win compound over naloxone was not observed.
Person, number and inclusivity in two andean languages

Abstract 1. The problem I wish to address here is first of all historiographie and that is the ultimate textual provenience of the analytic categories ‘inclusive’ and ‘exclusive’ as applied to person systems. A distinction between inclusive, a sort of ‘we’ including the addressee, and exclusive, a ‘we’ excluding the addressee, is linguistically quite common, as Forchheimer's (1953) survey and William Jacobsen's areal study of western North America (1980) demonstrate. It is of interest to the South Americanist because, according to Mary Haas’ well known historiographie study (1969), amplified by Martha Hardman-de-Bautista (1972), the terms first appeared in colonial grammatical studies of both Aymara and Southern Peruvian Quechua. But it is also of interest to the Indo-Europeanist because of the possibility that like categories may be reconstructable for Indo-European (Kurylowicz, 1964:149), and consideration of the historiography of the terms leads to greater analytic precision with respect to their nature.
Modeling of the Off-Axis High Power Diode Laser Cladding Process

Off axis high power diode laser (HPDL) cladding is commonly used for surface quality enhancement such as coating, part repairing, etc. Although some laser cladding models are available in literature, little has been reported on the modeling of powder flow and molten pool for a rectangular beam with side powder injection. In this article, a custom-designed flat nozzle delivers the powder material into a distinct molten pool formed by a HPDL with a rectangular beam. A powder model is first presented to reveal the powder flow behavior below the flat nozzle. Key parameters such as nozzle inclination angle, rectangular beam profile, shielding gas flow rates, and powder feed rate are incorporated so that spatial powder density powder velocity, and temperature distribution are distinctly investigated. Then in order to describe thermal and fluidic behaviors around the molten pool formed by the rectangular beam, a three-dimensional self-consistent cladding model is developed with the incorporation of the distributed powder properties as input. The level set method is adopted to track the complex free surface evolution. Temperature fields and fluid motion in the molten pool area resulting from the profile of rectangular beam are distinctly revealed. The effect of continuous mass addition is also embedded into the governing equations, making the model more accurate. A HPDL cladding with little dilution is formed and the simulated results agree well with the experiment.
Acid-base equilibria in arterial blood and ascitic fluid.

Abstract The pCO 2 [HCO 3 − ], and [H + ] of ascitic fluid were consistently above those of arterial blood. Although differing in absolute concentrations, these acid-base parameters were directly related in arterial blood and ascitic fluid. Concentrations of [H + ] and [HCO 3 − ] in ascitic fluid were inconsistent with the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. It is possible that the high pCO 2 , hydrogen ion and bicarbonate concentration in the ascetic fluid might be related to partial equilibrium with venous blood or represent the effect of contact with tissues.
“Race Matters” in the Journal of Applied Communication Research

Social issues have been a general stimulus for communication scholarship since the inception of the field. Over time, much of this research has evolved into what is known as applied communication r...
Visualizing the CPU scheduler and page replacement algorithms

In this paper, we present two packages that simulate the multilevel feedback queue scheduling algorithm for a single CPU, and five page replacement algorithms that are used in the context of memory management. The paper gives a brief description of the interactive, self-paced packages and explains how we use them in Operating System courses. We also highlight the merits of the packages and the benefits to the students derived from our Java written simulations.
Structural transition in nickel-doped zinc fluotitanate observed by electron paramagnetic resonance

Abstract The EPR spectrum of Ni 2+ in single crystals of zinc fluotitanate ZnTiF 6 ·6H 2 O has been studied between 4.2 K and room temperature in the frequency range 14.0–16.5 GHz. A structural transition was observed at (180±2) K between a high-temperature trigonal structure and a low temperature orthorhombic structure. Spin hamiltonian parameters are reported above and below the transition.
Fat and fed: frequent use of summer torpor in a subtropical bat

A widely held view is that torpor is avoided by mammals whenever possible because of potential costs associated with reduced body temperatures and slowed metabolic processes. We examined this hypothesis by quantifying use of torpor in relation to body condition of free-ranging northern long-eared bats (Nyctophilus bifax, approximately 10 g), a species known to hibernate, from a subtropical region during the austral summer when insects were abundant. Temperature-telemetry revealed that bats used torpor on 85% of observation days and on 38% of all nights. Torpor bouts ranged from 0.7 to 21.2 h, but the relationship between duration of torpor bouts and ambient temperature was not significant. However, skin temperature of torpid bats was positively correlated with ambient temperature. Against predictions, individuals with a high body condition index (i.e., good fat/energy reserves) expressed longer and deeper torpor bouts and also employed torpor more often during the activity phase at night than those with low body condition index. We provide the first evidence that use of torpor in a free-ranging subtropical mammal is positively related with high body condition index. This suggests that employment of torpor is maximised and foraging minimised not because of food shortages or low energy stores but likely to avoid predation when bats are not required to feed.
Power and knowledge in nursing: a feminist poststructuralist view.

This article explores the concepts of power and knowledge from two philosophical perspectives, the feminist and the poststructuralist, and examines their application to nursing knowledge and nursing science. Principles of poststructuralist and feminist philosophies are presented. The role of the nur
Phenotypic assessment of galanin overexpressing and galanin receptor R1 knockout mice in the tail suspension test for depression-related behavior

Rationale Galanin and its receptors exert inhibitory neuromodulatory control over brain monoamines. Rat studies revealed that galanin expression is upregulated by exposure to stressors and that galanin manipulations modify neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress, leading to the hypothesis that galanin mediates depression-related behaviors.
Arterial, portal, or systemic chemotherapy for patients with hepatic metastasis of colorectal carcinoma

Hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma are common and may be resected for cure. The response of liver metastases to systemic chemotherapy is low. In contrast, hepatic arterial chemotherapy produces higher response rates than systemic chemotherapy, but randomized trials have not definitely proved a survival advantage because they allowed cross over. Most adjuvant portal vein chemotherapy studies have shown a survival advantage over the control group, but it is not clear whether this benefit is from the portal vein therapy or from immediate postoperative chemotherapy, since there is rarely a reduction in liver metastases. We describe the results of systemic, hepatic artery infusion, and portal therapy for patients with liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma.
Biology Direct: celebrating 7 years of open, published peer review

Biology Direct, an online open access journal published by BioMed Central, is celebrating its 7th anniversary. Biology Direct started as an experiment, perhaps a daring one, on a new system of open peer review, under which the signed reviews and the author responses are published as an integral part of the final version of each article. The goals of the journal were set high: we strived to establish a new system of peer review that we hoped would avoid the all too obvious pitfalls of anonymous peer review. In addition, we expected that Biology Direct would generate productive scientific debate that would substantially add to the content of an article, in particular by alerting readers to potential problems with the reviewed work as well as additional relevant data and ideas [1, 2].
Accumulation of Lead and Arsenic by Carrots Grown on Lead-Arsenate Contaminated Orchard Soils

Concerns have been raised of possible human food chain transfer of lead and arsenic from crops grown on orchard soils with histories of lead arsenate use. The objective of this study was to determine arsenic and lead uptake by three cultivars of carrots grown on four orchard soils with histories of lead arsenate use. Total concentrations of arsenic and lead in these soils ranged from 93 to 291 and from 350 to 961 mg kg−1 for arsenic and lead, respectively. Arsenic in peeled carrot ranged from 0.38 to 1.64 mg kg−1, while lead ranged from 2.67 to 7.3 mg kg−1 dry weight. This study demonstrated that carrots will accumulate arsenic and lead in the root, which may become a human health risk when consumed. However, further studies are needed to determine what fraction of arsenic and lead in these carrots are bioavailable to humans when consumed.
Exploiting X-correlation in output compression via superset X-canceling

An alternative to masking unknown (X) values before the compactor (i.e., X-masking) is to capture X's in the MISR and cancel them out after compaction (i.e., X-canceling). Existing X-canceling methodologies require a number of control bits to perform the X-canceling that is linear in the number of X's to be canceled. This paper describes a new methodology for X-canceling which can exploit the fact that the scan cells in which X's are captured tend to be highly correlated in order to significantly reduce the number of control bits required for X-canceling. X's tend to be generated in certain portions of the design, and hence certain scan cells capture X's with much higher frequency than other scan cells. Instead of custom generating the control bits to cancel out only the X's in one MISR signature, the proposed approach finds a general superset solution which can cancel out the X's for many MISR signatures. This allows the same control bits to be reused many times thereby significantly improving the amount of compression that can be obtained. Architectures for implementing superset X-canceling are described along with experimental results.
High power potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser vaporization prostatectomy.

Purpose: We prospectively studied a cumulative cohort of men with obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser vaporization prostatectomy to determine the safety and efficacy of this procedure.Materials and Methods: A total of 55 men with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated with a 60 W. KTP laser produced by a prototype Laserscope ††Laserscope, San Jose, California. generator and delivered through a side-deflecting fiber with a 22Fr continuous flow cystoscope. Sterile water was used for irrigation. The prostatic lobes were vaporized to within capsular fibers. Mean lasing time plus or minus standard deviation was 44 ± 19 minutes.Results: Mean prostate volume plus or minus standard deviation was 43 ± 14 ml. No patient had any significant blood loss or fluid absorption, or required blood transfusion. Foley catheters did not require irrigation and were removed less than 24 hours postoperatively. All patients ...
Evaluation of a new pediatric air-displacement plethysmograph for body-composition assessment by means of chemical analysis of bovine tissue phantoms

Background: Body-composition assessment reflects infant growth and nutritional status but is limited by practical considerations, accuracy, and safety. Objective: This study evaluated the precision and accuracy of a new air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) system for pediatric body-composition assessment. Design: We used 24 phantoms constructed from bovine lean muscle and fat. The phantoms varied in mass (1.3894-9.9516 kg) and percentage fat (%Fat; 2.08-34.40%), thereby representing infants between birth and 6 mo of age. Estimates of %Fat obtained with chemical analysis (CA), hydrostatic weighing, and ADP were compared. Results: There was no significant difference between %Fat measured with ADP (%Fat ADP ) and %Fat measured with CA (%Fat CA ); the mean values were 18.55% and 18.59%, respectively. SDs for %Fat ADP and %Fat CA were not significantly different (0.70% and 0.73%, respectively). %Fat measurements obtained with ADP, CA, and hydrostatic weighing were highly correlated (r > 0.99, P < 0.0001). The regression equation (%Fat CA = 0.996%Fat ADP + 0.119; SEE = 0.600; adjusted R 2 = 0.997; P < 0.0001) did not differ significantly from the line of identity (%Fat CA = %Fat ADP ). There was high agreement between individual measurements of %Fat ADP and %Fat CA , as shown by the narrow 95% limits of agreements between methods (-1.22% to 1.13%), and there was no systematic bias in individual differences across the phantom mass and %Fat ranges. Conclusion: ADP provides a highly precise and accurate estimate of %Fat in bovine tissue phantoms in the pediatric ranges of body weight and body fatness.
Cellular neural network implementations: a current mode approach

A current-mode CMOS circuit implementation of a cellular neural network is discussed. The implementation mimics classical cellular automata and has been designed for image processing. Signals are processed in current mode using simple current mirrors, inverters, and sources. Simulations for networks constructed have shown effectiveness in edge detection and noise removal. >
Patterns of hospital use, family history and co-existing conditions among urban African-American and Hispanic-American children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Little information is available about insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) when it occurs among US minorities. The incidence of IDDM among African-American and Hispanic children < 18 years of age was determined in the city of Chicago. Hospital records were used as the primary source of cases, and a small amount of additional data was collected from the medical charts. Cases were drawn from records at 37 hospitals in Cook County, IL. African-American and Hispanic patients using insulin, residing in the city of Chicago, and < 18-years-old at onset were registered. Three secondary sources were used and overall ascertainment was estimated at 86%. There were 413 new cases during the 6-year interval 1985 through 1990. The age-standardized incidence of IDDM was 13.2/100,000 (95% confidence interval (C.I.) 11.8-14.8) among African-Americans and 10.8/100,000 (95% C.I. 9.5-12.3) among Hispanics. Hospital use differed between African-Americans and Hispanics, presumably based on geographic, cultural and financial factors. Diabetes among the first degree relatives of children from both ethnic groups was common, and the most frequently listed co-morbid conditions were asthma and obesity. The risk for IDDM in Chicago is among the highest for both African-origin and Hispanic children worldwide. The prevalence of asthma and obesity parallels the high prevalence of these conditions among non-diabetic children in Chicago. The ongoing epidemic of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) among African-Americans and US Hispanics is likely to be the reason for the large number of minority IDDM patients who have a first-degree relative with diabetes.
Improving Student Behavior and School Discipline with Family and Community Involvement

This study reports the results of efforts of school officials to implement family and community involvement activities to reduce the number of disciplinary actions and to ensure a school climate fo...
t‐Butoxymagnesium Bromide

[19065-60-2] C4H9BrMgO (MW 177.32) InChI = 1S/C4H9O.BrH.Mg/c1-4(2,3)5;;/h1-3H3;1H;/q-1;;+2/p-1 InChIKey = NVDYPYBOQNGGBF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (associated alkoxide base) Preparative Method: the reagent is prepared in situ by reacting anhydrous tert-BuOH with 1.0 equiv EtMgBr in Et2O or THF.1, 2 The crystalline solid, which has a dimeric structure, is obtained by the reaction of MeMgBr with acetone in Et2O.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: use the same precautions that are recommended for Potassium t-Butoxide, i.e. avoid contact of solutions with eyes, skin, and clothing. Conduct all reactions under an inert atmosphere.
Modal control of large flexible space structures using collocated actuators and sensors

The authors consider the problem of assigning the eigenvalues associated with critical modes of a large flexible space structure into a specified region in the left-half plane via direct velocity feedback control (DVFC) using collocated actuators and sensors. Conditions for the existence of a DVFC using collocated actuators and sensors that can achieve the eigenvalue assignment are derived. When there exist nonunique feasible DVFCs, the one with least Frobenius norm feedback gain is determined. An experimental four-bay truss is used to illustrate the results. >
Female Genital Cutting and Reproductive Experience in Minya, Egypt

In African populations practicing female genital cutting (FGC), beliefs exist that these procedures enhance reproduction and that their medicalization may diminish adverse effects, yet available findings are mixed in part for methodological reasons. We use data from a representative sample of ever-married women aged 17-55 years in Minya, Egypt, to examine the effects of type of FGC and type of circumciser on a woman's risks of primary infertility and pregnancy loss. Contrary to previous studies in Egypt, neither type of circumcision nor type of circumciser is associated with adverse fertility outcomes among circumcised women in Minya.
Genomic Diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei Clinical Isolates: Subtractive Hybridization Reveals a Burkholderia mallei-Specific Prophage in B. pseudomallei 1026b

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of the disease melioidosis and is a category B biological threat agent. The genomic sequence of B. pseudomallei K96243 was recently determined, but little is known about the overall genetic diversity of this species. Suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to assess the genetic variability between two distinct clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei, 1026b and K96243. Numerous mobile genetic elements, including a temperate bacteriophage designated phi1026b, were identified among the 1026b-specific suppression subtractive hybridization products. Bacteriophage phi1026b was spontaneously produced by 1026b, and it had a restricted host range, infecting only Burkholderia mallei. It possessed a noncontractile tail, an isometric head, and a linear 54,865-bp genome. The mosaic nature of the phi1026b genome was revealed by comparison with bacteriophage phiE125, a B. mallei-specific bacteriophage produced by Burkholderia thailandensis. The phi1026b genes for DNA packaging, tail morphogenesis, host lysis, integration, and DNA replication were nearly identical to the corresponding genes in phiE125. On the other hand, phi1026b genes involved in head morphogenesis were similar to head morphogenesis genes encoded by Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages. Consistent with this observation, immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that polyclonal antiserum against phiE125 reacted with the tail of phi1026b but not with the head. The results presented here suggest that B. pseudomallei strains are genetically heterogeneous and that bacteriophages are major contributors to the genomic diversity of this species. The bacteriophage characterized in this study may be a useful diagnostic tool for differentiating B. pseudomallei and B. mallei, two closely related biological threat agents.
On the Nature of Recombinants Formed during Transformation in Hemophilus influenzae

During the process of transformation in Hemophilus influenzae integration of donor DNA, i.e. the formation of recombinant DNA, involves the incorporation of single-stranded DNA. Evidence was obtained from cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of DNA from donor-recipient complexes that integration was accompanied by the formation of hybrid DNA with a density intermediate with respect to heavy, 2H, 15N, donor and light, 1H, 4N recipient DNA. On denaturation the position of the heavy donor DNA moved closer to, but not all the way toward, the density position of the original donor DNA. In addition to supporting the idea of single-stranded incorporation, this evidence suggested that the integrated donor DNA was covalently linked to light recipient DNA. The DNA was taken up in the double-stranded form and no detectable amounts of denatured DNA could be found during the transformation process. However, during the process of integration an amount of donor atoms, equivalent to the amount of hybrid DNA formed, appeared in recipient DNA, and indicated that while one strand of DNA was integrated the other was broken down and resynthesized. The density of the hybrid DNA, as well as rebanding of denatured hybrid, indicated that the size of the integrated piece of DNA was large, approximately 6 x 106 daltons.
SOURCES OF CONSUMER CREDIT: INSTALMENT DEBT AMONG INSTITUTIONAL CREDITORS

THE ANNUAL Survey of Consumer Finances in 1956 was extended in scope, in order to investigate the socioeconomic characteristics of consumers and the institutions which serve their credit needs. This material, gathered by the Survey Research Center under the sponsorship of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, provides statistical information from a nation-wide sample of consumer spending units on institutional choices in consumer use of instalment credit. This was the first and the only time that the Survey attempted to determine by interviews the sources of consumer instalment credit. The Survey findings on the sources of consumer credit were reported briefly in the July, 1956, Federal Reserve Bulletin. A substantial amount of additional statistical information on this subject which was gathered by the Survey, however, has not been published. This present study is an analysis of these hitherto unpublished data.' After a brief review of consumer debt in early 1956, the distribution of the consumer instalment debt held by the different types of creditor institutions will be outlined. The creditor holdings will then be related to the income, the liquid-asset holdings, the occupational grouping, and the family life-cycle of consumer spending units. Regional variations by type of credit-granting institution will be considered. The purposes of the credits and the type of credit granters will be related to consumer incomes. The main characteristics of the instalment holdings of the different types of credit-granting institutions will be summarized, and the factors accounting for this consumer choice will be evaluated. Certain qualifications and limitations of the data should be pointed out. The July, 1956, article in the Federal Reserve Bulletin emphasizes "the need for caution in interpreting Survey findings with respect to personal debt." One difficulty, possibly accounted for by an
Genetic Studies of the Pyridoxine Mutant in Variety Two of Tetrahymena pyriformis

SYNOPSIS. When two strains cf T. pyrifornzit that do not require exogenous pyridoxine are crossed, all progeny grow without the vitamin. Offspring from crosses of two pyridoxine requiring clones require pyridoxine with the exception of a few which will grow without pyridoxine. The ratio is approximately 3: 1 favoring the pyridoxine requiring category. In matings involving the homozygous dominant pyridoxine requiring clones with the double recessive mutant, that is +/f X p/p, all of the resuking progeny need pyridoxine. Test crossing these heterozygotes (+/p) with the parental pyridoxine non-requiring clones (p/p) gives offspring approximating a 1: 1 ratio. Matings between two heterozygotes derived from breeding experiments also yield progeny in approximately 3 pyridoxine requiring : 1 pyridoxine non-requiring. All data indicalte selection for the heterozygote in the population and a possible selection against either homozygote. The great abundance of heterozygotes and rarity of recessive homozygotes in natural habitats corroborates these findings. The genetic evidence supports a single gene hypothesis although the possibilbty of multiple closely linked genes cannot be ignored. There is also the possibility that a dominant suppressor gene may function in blocking the activity of the pyridoxine mutant genes. Moreover, if this gene exists it may be incompletely dominant since the heterozygote grows slightly on deficient media.
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL COMMUNITIES

Technology has made U.S. agriculture one of the world's most productive and competitive industries. Farmers have already witnessed the dramatic results of two major technological eras in agriculture. The mechanical era from 1920 to 1950 allowed farmers to make the transition from animal-powered agriculture to engine-powered commercial agriculture.
The Connected Learning Model for disseminating evidence-based care practices in clinical settings

Clinical practice guidelines have been developed to improve patient care and outcomes. Guideline implementation is often stymied by the complexity of patients' conditions, complex care environments, and limited advanced clinical training of nursing staff. To translate key elements of heart failure guidelines into practice in a nursing home, the Connected Learning Model was developed based on the diffusion of innovations framework. An advanced practice nurse in geriatrics fostered greater interaction and collaboration among key administrative, medical, and nursing staff to promote awareness of heart failure guidelines and to translate key practices from those guidelines into the nursing home setting. Direct care staff skills for early recognition and reporting of signs and symptoms of acute heart failure were enhanced through a learner-centered educational program which included classroom and unit-based instruction and bedside clinical teaching. The Connected Learning Model is a promising method to mobilize advanced nursing expertise to bridge research/practice gaps through implementation of clinical practice guidelines that are systematically adapted to accommodate diverse health care contexts.
Exposure to an Antisense Oligonucleotide Decreases Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor Receptor Binding in Rat Pituitary Cultures

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) appears to integrate the endocrine, autonomic, immunologic, and behavioral responses of mammals to stress. To investigate further the role of CRF in the CNS, we have begun investigating the usefulness of "antisense knockdown" strategies directed against the CRF receptor using rat anterior pituitary gland primary cell cultures. The 15-mer antisense (5' CTG-CGG-GCG-CCG-TCC 3') and "scrambled" control (5' CGT-CCG-CGC-GCT-GCG 3') oligonucleotides were synthesized based on the rat CRF receptor sequence just downstream of the initiation codon. In each of four separate experiments, exposure to 10 mumol/L of antisense oligonucleotide for 40-67 h resulted in significant (17-36%) decreases in 125I-ovine CRF binding to pituitary cells as compared with either control (no oligonucleotide) or 10 mumol/L of "scrambled" oligonucleotide. Moreover, compared with scrambled oligonucleotide, exposure to 10 mumol/L of antisense oligonucleotide, which produced a 22% decrease in CRF receptor binding, also resulted in a significant attenuation of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone response following a 30-min challenge with 100 pmol/L of CRF. Thus, CRF receptor antisense oligonucleotides apparently reduce functional expression of CRF receptors. This technique may be useful in studying the kinetics of CRF receptor production and the physiological functions of CRF receptors within the CNS.
Current status of HTRF(®) technology in kinase assays.

Background: Homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) is a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based technology used to measure bimolecular interactions. It has been applied successfully to kinase assays and has become an important tool in kinase drug discovery. Objective: This article reviews the current status of HTRF technology in biochemical and cellular kinase assays. Methods: Recent literature and meeting reports on HTRF kinase assays are reviewed, and their principles, advantages and drawbacks, current status and the potential applications in kinase drug discovery are discussed. Results/conclusion: HTRF kinase assays are homogeneous, robust, sensitive, easy to miniaturize and high-throughput. This assay format is versatile, as both peptide and protein substrates can be used, and high ATP concentrations are tolerated, which enables the assay to be performed under conditions mimicking the physiological environment. HTRF kinase assays have been applied to both high-throughput screening and comp...
A reiterated leader sequence is present in polyomavirus late transcripts produced by a transformed rat cell line.

Abstract In cells transformed by polyomavirus, the viral genome is integrated into the host DNA, and in the absence of excision, viral gene expression is limited to the early region. We report here that the ability of a unique transformed rat cell line, designated SS1A, to produce readily detectable levels of late mRNAs is due to rearrangements of the integrated viral sequences. The structure of the SS1A insertion, resulting from amplification and deletion events, allows for the formation of a primary late transcript that can subsequently be spliced to generate a reiterated leader attached to the body of the late mRNA coding sequences. The presence of transcripts containing such a leader was confirmed by sequencing the 5' end of cDNA copies of late mRNAs isolated from a library constructed with SS1A mRNA. These results suggest that a reiterated leader sequence is necessary to stabilize late mRNA.
Prediction of the gene expression in normal lung tissue by the gene expression in blood

Background Comparative analysis of gene expression in human tissues is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific control of gene expression. It can also open an avenue for using gene expression in blood (which is the most easily accessible human tissue) to predict gene expression in other (less accessible) tissues, which would facilitate the development of novel gene expression based models for assessing disease risk and progression. Until recently, direct comparative analysis across different tissues was not possible due to the scarcity of paired tissue samples from the same individuals.
Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991

The Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (47 U.S.C. § 227), enacted in response to abuses by telemarketers, prohibits the sending of unsolicited advertisements to telephone facsimile machines, which it defines as equipment which can transcribe electronic signals received over a telephone line onto paper. This definition arguably includes electronic mail messages received using a personal computer equipped with a modem, courts have not yet addressed the applicability of the TCPA to e-mail. Unsolicited commercial e-mail is widely disfavored on the Internet and within commercial online services. Network service providers and individual users fight unsolicited e-mail using contractual prohibitions, rules of netiquette, and various self-help mechanisms, but the TCPA could add a strong legal tool to their arsenal. Congress does not appear to have considered the Act's potential applicability to e-mail; the breadth of its definition of telephone facsimile machine appears to be accidental. However, the policies behind the ban on unsolicited fax advertising apply to e-mail as well as to conventional facsimile transmissions, and restrictions on unsolicited e-mail advertising would probably pass constitutional muster. Nonetheless, it is doubtful that courts will extend the TCPA as it currently stands to include e-mail advertising, and alternative methods of addressing the junk e-mail problem are likely to have fewer undesirable side effects.
Childhood Obesity Risk in Overweight Mothers Support for Screening

Purpose. Family dietary and nutritional behaviors predispose children to obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the childhood obesity risk among overweight women and to assess feasibility of using a screening tool in a busy clinic setting. Design. A cross-sectional study using the Family Nutrition Physical Activity (FNPA) tool was self-administered by 98 overweight mothers identifying risk factors for childhood obesity. Measures. Mothers completed demographic and a 20-item screening survey with subscales on family meal patterns, family eating habits, food choices, beverage choices, restriction/reward, screen time behavior and monitoring, healthy environment, family activity involvement, child activity involvement, and family routine. After completing the survey, a summary of recommended practices from the American Academy of Pediatrics was provided. Results. Ninety-eight mothers participated (of 172 children between 2 and 18 years old). Lower FNPA scores (obesogenic) were associated were higher...
Economics, economic anthropology, and debt

Debt is a social and ideological construct, not a simple economic fact. Noam ChomskyMiranda Joseph’s monograph, Debt to Society: Accounting for Life under Capitalism, contributes to an emerging bod...
Epidemiological analysis of bacillary dysentery occurred in Kaiyang County between 2004 and 2010

OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to determine the characteristics and epidemic trend of bacillary dysentery in Kaiyang County, so to provide scientific bases for the development of preventive measures against bacillary dysentery.METHODS Descriptive analyses were performed on suveillance data on the epidemics and epidemiology of bacillary dysentery occurred in Kaiyang County between 2004 and 2010. RESULTS Morbidity of bacillary dysentery occurred in Kaiyang between 2004 and 2010 fluctuated between 15.54 per 100 000 and 39.57 per 10 000, with an average annual morbidity of26.56 per 100 000. While the epidemic was mostly sporadic, some towns had larger outbreaks of the disease. Bacillary dysentery occurred year-round and peaked between May and October. The disease was prevalent among all age groups, especially among children younger than the age of 5(33.15%). In terms of the occupation of the patients, farmers, students, children,and toddlers had the highest to lowest morbidity. Positive rate of Shigella isolated from samples surveyed between 2008 and2010 was 8.52%, with 54.29% being S. sonnei and 45.71% being S. flexneri; multiple drug resistance was observed in the strains. Most of the confirmed cases were in moderate-to-mild or non-typical conditions, and consistency on clinical diagnosis of the patients was 38.24%. CONCLUSION While morbidity of bacillary dysentery has been decreasing in Kaiyang, potential outbreaks of bacillary dysentery may still occur in certain regions. In addition, epidemic strain in the area has varied, resulting in strains with increasingly strong drug resistances. Futhermore, non-typical clinical symptoms of the disease have emgered, leading to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Therefore, reinforcement of the prevention and suveillance of bacillary dysentery in Kaiyang is suggested.
Evaluation of Correlation Dimensions of Engine Cylinder-Piston Clearance and Vibration Signal

In order to evaluate the wear status of cylinder liner-piston components by using engine cylinder liners' vibration signal features,this study established a dynamic model of cylinder liner,piston,crank and connecting rod of the engine and carried out its dynamic simulation. Then the vibration analysis of the cylinder liner surfaces was conducted,and the correlation dimensionbased signal features of the simulated vibration signals were evaluated. The analytical results showed that when the cylinder-piston wear clearance increases,the vibration signal amplitude increases,the self-correlation degree also increases,and the correlation dimension of the cylinder liner surfaces ' vibration signal decreases. These correlation dimensions can serve as feature indexes to evaluate the wear status of engine cylinder liner-piston components.