cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Determination Of The Trade Impacts Of The Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement

This paper seeks to determine the impact of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) on the flow of trade between Australia and the United States. To accomplish this, time series data were gathered for 10 SITC REV. 1(0-9) classifications for the years 1985-2009. These data were then sorted into three sub-classes (by direction of trade flow): 1) U.S. exports for that particular SITC class to Australia, 2) vice versa, and then 3) total trade volume for that particular sub-class between the two nations. These three classifications for each SITC class were then regressed against the explanatory variables of GDP (both Australian/U.S.), Population (both Australian/U.S.), the Relative Exchange Rate (AU$/US$), and a dummy trade agreement variable, AUSFTA. The results suggest that AUSFTA has been a greater trade creation catalyst for Australia than for the United States. In fact, for the United States, a greater level of trade diversion has been the result.
Parameterization of the Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds

Abstract A new approach for parameterization of the broadband solar and infrared radiative properties of ice clouds has been developed. This parameterization scheme integrates in a coherent manner the δ-four-stream approximation for radiative transfer, the correlated k-distribution method for nongray gaseous absorption, and the scattering and absorption properties of hexagonal ice crystals. A mean effective size is used, representing an area-weighted mean crystal width, to account for the ice crystal size distribution with respect to radiative calculation. Based on physical principles, the basic single-scattering properties of ice crystals, including the extinction coefficient divided by ice water content single-scattering albedo, and expansion coefficients of the phase function, can be parameterized using third-degree polynomials in terms of the mean effective size. In the development of this parameterization the results computed from a light scattering program that includes a Geometric ray-tracing progr...
Procrastination and the Law

There is a large literature in behavioral economics finding that people routinely override their long-term preferences due to the pull of immediate gratification. With this in mind, this paper develops a simple model of repeated procrastination that can be used to examine the efficacy of legal rules. Among other things, the model leads to the following counter-intuitive result: a person who from a long-term perspective believes that violating the law is economically worthwhile, may nonetheless repeatedly procrastinate following through with the planned misconduct. This sort of "time-inconsistent obedience" helps explain an important puzzle in the criminal law literature: the fact that people routinely obey the law even though the expected benefits of disobedience greatly exceed the expected sanctions. The phenomenon of time-inconsistent obedience has implications beyond the problem of unintended over-deterrence. In particular, I argue that lawmakers who are sufficiently aware of the self-control problems of citizens can take advantage of them by engaging in "stealth regulation": creating legal rules that lead people to repeatedly procrastinate doing otherwise legal activities. I show how even relatively low hurdles for getting abortions can have a much larger impact on reducing the number of abortions than one would expect if one were to assume that people have perfect self-control. Additionally, I extend the concepts of time-inconsistent obedience and stealth regulation to interactions between private parties, such as co-conspirators, corporate participants, and spouses.
Vibrational modes in the Pmc21 structure of ZnGeN2

Abstract Vibrational normal modes at the Brillouin zone center and related Raman and infrared spectra are calculated from first-principles density functional perturbation theory for the until now hypothetical Pmc21 structure of ZnGeN2 and are compared with those in the known Pnb21 structure. Although there are great similarities in phonon spectra, we show that the distinctions are specific enough to experimentally distinguish the two crystal structures.
Multiparametric MRI in the assessment of response of rectal cancer to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: A comparison of morphological, volumetric and functional MRI parameters

To compare morphological and functional MRI metrics and determine which ones perform best in assessing response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in rectal cancer. This retrospective study included 24 uniformly-treated patients with biopsy-proven rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent MRI, including diffusion-weighted (DW) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences, before and after completion of CRT. On all MRI exams, two experienced readers independently measured longest and perpendicular tumour diameters, tumour volume, tumour regression grade (TRG) and tumour signal intensity ratio on T2-weighted imaging, as well as tumour volume and apparent diffusion coefficient on DW-MRI and tumour volume and transfer constant Ktrans on DCE-MRI. These metrics were correlated with histopathological percent tumour regression in the resected specimen (%TR). Inter-reader agreement was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). For both readers, post-treatment DW-MRI and DCE-MRI volumetric tumour assessments were significantly associated with %TR; DCE-MRI volumetry showed better inter-reader agreement (CCC=0.700) than DW-MRI volumetry (CCC=0.292). For one reader, mrTRG, post-treatment T2 tumour volumetry and assessments of volume change made with T2, DW-MRI and DCE-MRI were also significantly associated with %TR. Tumour volumetry on post-treatment DCE-MRI and DW-MRI correlated well with %TR, with DCE-MRI volumetry demonstrating better inter-reader agreement. • Volumetry on post-treatment DCE-/DW-MRI sequences correlated well with histopathological tumour regression. • DCE-MRI volumetry demonstrated good inter-reader agreement. • Inter-reader agreement was higher for DCE-MRI volumetry than for DW-MRI volumetry. • DCE-MRI volumetry merits further investigation as a metric for evaluating treatment response.
A Synthesis of Stream Restoration Efforts in Florida (USA)

Studies summarizing stream restoration projects in the US are outdated and omit the majority of restoration projects in Florida. To address this gap, we compiled stream restoration data from diverse sources to create a Florida Stream Restoration Database (FSRD, available at http://www.watershedecology.org/databases.html) containing information on project type, location, completion date, and costs. The FSRD contains 178 projects categorized by restoration type, including riparian management (23%), stream reclamation (19%), flow modification (13%), bank stabilization (12%), channel reconfiguration (11%), in-stream habitat improvements (11%), floodplain reconnection (6%), invasive species removal (4%), and dam removal (1%). Projects were spatially clustered into three geographic regions, providing insight on the diversity of initiatives, needs, and funding sources of land management agencies and private landowners that motivated restoration efforts. Projects in the Florida panhandle emphasized in-stream habitat restoration, while peninsular projects were dominated by flow modification, and projects in the west central region focused on stream reclamation to mitigate surface mining practices and water quality and habitat improvements in tidal streams. Results suggest that Florida is spending much more on stream restoration than previously documented. Between 1979 and 2015, the mean and median stream restoration project costs in Florida were $15.4 million and $180 000, respectively, indicating a strongly skewed distribution because of the large Kissimmee River restoration project in central Florida. This work highlights the need for, and utility of, statewide and national restoration databases to improve restoration tracking. This need will become increasingly critical as more stringent water quality and habitat mitigation rules are implemented across the country. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking Sexual Violence

Sociologist Nacy Whittier reviews the books Sex Panic and the Punitive State, At the Dark End of the Street, and Unspeakable. Each differently addresses sexual violence in relation to race, class, and criminalization.
ELECTROPHORETIC AND IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF THE SERUM OF GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL GUINEA PIGS.

SummaryThe serum protein composition of germfree and conventional guinea pigs displays significant differences during young adult life (2-4 months) at which time the alpha, beta, and gamma globulins are less than those of the conventional animal. Immuno-electrophoretic analysis shows one component of the germfree gamma globulin range absent at this time.In contrast to a diet containing only vegetable protein, which resulted in little beta and no detectable gamma globulin in the serum of adult germfree guinea pigs, a diet composed of complex vegetable and animal proteins stimulated the formation of larger amounts of globulins. This resulted in comparable or not significantly different alpha, beta, and gamma globulin fractions for year old germfree and conventional animals.The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Janine Bemelmans, Ann Hermans, and of Bernard A. Teah of the Germfree Animal Operations and his group for maintenance of the germfree animals.,
Breathing and Twisting: An Investigation of Framework Deformation and Guest Packing in Single Crystals of a Microporous Vanadium Benzenedicarboxylate

The structural details of the compounds vanadium benzenedicarboxylate VO(bdc)·Guest, where the Guests are the absorbed six-ring molecules: benzene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane, have been determined from single crystal X-ray data. All of the six-ring guest molecules show a high degree of ordering inside the channels of VO(bdc). The interactions between the guests and the host framework are dominated by van der Waals bonding. The six-ring molecules are all packed in two columns in the channels, either in herringbone or close to parallel patterns. The packing changes the space group symmetry of VO(bdc) from Pnma to the noncentrosymmetric space group P212121. The VO(bdc) framework deforms to closely adapt to the shape and thickness changes of the double columns of the guest molecules. In addition to the well studied breathing deformation, a twisting deformation mechanism that involves a cooperative rotation of the octahedral chains accompanied by bending of the bdc liga...
SWASH DYNAMICS UNDER OBLIQUELY INCIDENT WAVES

A horizontally two-dimensional, numerical model is developed for predicting the time-dependent free surface elevation and fluid velocities in the swash and surf zones under obliquely incident waves. The assumptions of shallow water waves with small incident angles are made to simplify the continuity and momentum equations and reduce computational efforts considerably. The developed numerical model allows gradual alongshore variations of the bathymetry and the incident regular or irregular waves at its seaward boundary. The numerical model is compared with available regular wave data of alongshore uniformity as an initial assessment of the model. The wave height, setup and runup are predicted well. The numerical model with the bottom friction factor calibrated previously for swash oscillations predicts the magnitude of longshore current but can not reproduce the longshore current profile probably because it does lot model the transition zone and lateral mixing.
Development of Headforms for ISO Eye and Face Protection Standards

Abstract Objective The ISO TC94 SC6 Committee for Eye and Face Protection requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) develop standard headforms for possible incorporation into ISO standards. The objective of this study was to develop headforms representative of workers throughout the world for testing eye and face protective devices. Methods The 3D scan data for 1169 U.S. workers and 350 Chinese workers were analyzed to define the variation of the dimensions that are important to eye and face protective devices using 3D processing techniques. Measurements for 317 Japanese workers were also obtained from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan for comparison purposes. Fourteen existing headforms were compared to determine their representation of the world's working population. Included were five sizes to represent U.S. workers and five sizes for Chinese workers, two EN 168 sizes, and two Japanese headforms. Results The largest head shape variation among the U.S. workers is between a small female head and a large male head. When comparing the average head for each dataset, the U.S. average is larger than the Chinese average except in the cheek areas. This is also true when comparing the U.S. average to the Japanese data. Comparisons revealed that the existing NIOSH small, medium and large headforms can cover the world population variation very well. The Chinese small, medium and large headforms can also represent Japanese workers. However, the ear positions for the NIOSH and Chinese headforms were not representative of the population data. Conclusions New headforms were developed by revising existing NIOSH and Chinese headforms. Designers and manufacturers of eye and face related products such as safety glasses may need to consider the differences between U.S. and Asian workers.
Diuresis of Hyperthyroidism

SummaryThe diuresis produced in normal animals by thyroid administration fails to occur in pancreatectomized dogs although the metabolic rate is increased.
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of Fe,Zn,Ca in whole blood

Objective:To establish a method,named flame atomic absorption spectrometry,to determine the content of the serum iron,zinc,calcium directly.Methods:Transfer the venous blood sampling,dilute with whole blood,and use the lanthanum nitrate as the ionization inhibitors,then,direct determination.Results:When the content of iron is in the range of 0.50~3.00 μg/ml,related coefficient refers to 0.99992,the recovery obtained is 91.7%,the detection limit(3 σ) is 0.006 μg/ml;while the content of zinc is in the range of 0.015~0.090 μg/ml,related coefficient refers to 0.9993,the recovery obtained is 92.5%,the detection limit(3 σ) is 0.015 μg/ml;while the content of calcium is in the range of 0.50~2.00 μg/ml,related coefficient refers to 0.9994,the recovery obtained is 96.7%,the detection limit(3 σ) is 0.006 μg/ml.Conclusion:The method is convenient and rapid,and the results are accurate.So it is suitable for large quantity analysis.
Photosynthetic and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Xantha Type Rice Mutant

The chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters and single plant yield of a new xantha type rice mutant(Annongbiao 810S) and its wild type(Annong 810S) were comparatively studied.It was showed that: the total chlorophyll content in mutant was significantly lower than that of the wild type at the whole growth stage,the chlorophyll content in combination F1 from mutant had no difference with that in combination F1 from wild rice;the Chl a/Ch b ratio in mutant was higher than that of wild type;the net photosynthetic rate of the mutant at different stages was higher than that in the wild type;the FV/Fm,FV′/Fm′,φPS2,ETR2 and QP in the mutant were higher than that in the wild type,the QN was lower in the mutant;the yield of self-breed in the mutant was higher than that of the wild type,the test of F1 hybrid performance showed that the mutant had excellent combining ability.
Food Safety Regulation

Food quantity and quality have emerged as major public policy issues in sub-Saharan Africa because of the effect on human health and lost productivity. Economists discuss food safety in the context of market failure and externalities. The consumption of some foods may lead to the incidence of disease, the cost of which would be borne by the rest of society in the form of lost work days and productivity. Food safety is promoted using tort and regulatory standards. The two approaches in developing standards in food systems are a liability orientation, that is, a system based in tort (this approach is based in private law), and a second approach based in regulation based on statute (this is based in public law). Food safety regulation is also influenced by the precautionary principle. Plaintiffs in food safety actions have relied on traditional tort theories such as negligence and strict liability.
Let the Sun Shine

Clemson University students designed an inexpensive sensor node and cloud computing infrastructure to collect real-time, localized solar irradiation data. This data can be used by consumers and utilities to predict the availability of solar-generated electricity and to manage its use.
A low-power hybrid magnetic cache architecture exploiting narrow-width values

Modern microprocessors have increased the word width to 64-bits to support larger main memory sizes. It has been observed that data can often be represented by relatively few bits, so-called narrow-width values. To leverage narrow-width data, we propose a hybrid cache architecture composed of magnetic RAM (MRAM) and SRAM to save the upper and lower 32-bits of each word in MRAM and SRAM respectively. To address write performance issue of MRAM, we propose an optimal dynamic write buffer (DWB) allocation mechanism. To enhance efficacy of our hybrid cache in the absence of narrow-width values, we propose a double row write (DRW) technique that adaptively partitions non-narrow data to two 32-bit pieces for consecutive row writes in the SRAM part. DWB and DRW jointly guarantee the performance of the proposed hybrid cache and balance a tradeoff between the buffer size and the number of double row writes. Our evaluation on SPEC CPU2000, SPEC CPU2006 and Mibench benchmarks shows that our hybrid cache can achieve up to 46% power and 24% area savings at the same performance as the conventional SRAM cache.
Teaching Pragmatics with Corpus Data: The Development of a Corpus-Referred Website for the Instruction of Routine Formulas in Russian

While there has been an increasing number of studies incorporating the use of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) applications in pragmatics instruction over the past decade, these applications have yet to harness the explanatory and illustrative power of corpus data. The current chapter documents the process of developing a corpus-based online instructional website for the teaching of routine formulas in Russian, including a description of the process of selecting routine formulas using corpus methodologies and of designing the online modules using excerpts from the oral subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus. Recommendations based on this experience are provided for others interested in creating similar resources. Learner feedback on the site itself, with particular focus on the comprehensibility and usefulness of the corpus excerpts, is presented to demonstrate the effects of corpus-referred instructional materials. This project promotes the case for the utilization of corpus methodologies in pragmatics-focused CALL applications as it provides insight into developmental processes, benefits, and potential future avenues of exploration.
Abstract 2831: Development of selective GRP94 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer

Glucose Regulated Protein 94 (Grp94) is an Hsp90 paralog localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher eukaryotes. While the mechanisms associated with Grp94-pathogenic expression are still actively studied, the focus thus far of most cancer related studies has been primarily on the immunogenic activity of Grp94/peptide complexes and the involvement of this protein in the secretion of IGF-I and IGF-II and the regulation of Toll-like receptors and integrins. This status quo has recently changed when work from our lab has shown that in certain breast cancers the maintenance of a high density HER2 species at the plasma membrane and its associated aberrant signaling also requires Grp94, rendering these tumors highly sensitive to Grp94 inhibition. The discovery of selective and potent Grp94 inhibitors has been hindered due to the high similarity of the ATP-binding regulatory pocket of the Hsp90 paralogs. However, recent work from our lab has shown that this apparent roadblock can be overcome by using library screening and structural and computational analysis to discover purine-based molecules that show 100-fold selectivity for the Grp94 isoform. Herein, we detail for the first time the structure activity relationship of the selective purine derived Grp94 molecules. This work provides insights on how to overcome the high structural similarity of Hsp90s in the ligand binding pocket, and also reports selective and therapeutically relevant Grp94 inhibitors based on a purine scaffold. These initial inhibitors have potent activity against cancer cells providing an important platform for the development of Grp94 inhibitors with drug-like features and potential for clinical translation. Citation Format: Stefan O. Ochiana, Tony Taldone, Hardik J. Patel, Pallav Patel, Yan Pengrong, Weilin Sun, Anna Rodina, Smit Shah, Daniel T. Gewirth, Gabriela Chiosis. Development of selective GRP94 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2831. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2831
Load bearing characteristics of ceramic refractories

This paper describes the underlying mechanisms of deformation of refractories at high temperatures. Equations for deformation by consolidation of pores and by slumping are developed.
A 30-Year-Old Man with Three Primary Malignancies: A Case of Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency

Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is a devastating cancer predisposition syndrome for which clinical manifestations, genetic screening, and cancer prevention strategies are limited. We report a case of CMMRD presenting with metachronous colorectal cancer and brain cancer. Oncologists and gastroenterologists should be aware of the CMMRD syndrome as a rare cause of very early-onset colorectal cancer.
Dynamic and Steady Characteristics of Polymer-Ceramic Pressure-Sensitive Paint with Variation in Layer Thickness

Polymer-ceramic pressure-sensitive paint (PC-PSP) has been investigated as a surface-pressure sensor for unsteady aerodynamics and short duration measurements. This PSP provides a fast response to a change in pressures with a spray-coating ability. Because it is sprayed onto an aerodynamic surface, the thickness of PC-PSP may play an important role in determining the performance of this sensor. The thickness of other fast PSPs, such as anodized aluminum pressure-sensitive paint, is a major factor in determining its performance. We vary the thickness of PC-PSP from 10 to 240 μm in order to study its effects on PSP measurement characteristics including time response, signal level, pressure sensitivity, and temperature dependency. It is found that the thickness does affect these characteristics. However, a thickness over 80 μm provides uniform performance in these characteristics.
The Hospital Readmission Reduction Program Is Associated With Fewer Readmissions, More Deaths: Time to Reconsider.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Over the last decade, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has focused on several initiatives to reduce 30-day readmissions among the Medicare population. The intended objective has been to reduce health care
Congruent Bifurcation Angles in River Delta and Tributary Channel Networks

We show that distributary channels on river deltas exhibit a mean bifurcation angle that can be understood using theory developed in tributary channel networks. In certain cases, tributary network bifurcation geometries have been demonstrated to be controlled by diffusive groundwater flow feeding incipient bifurcations, producing a characteristic angle of 72∘. We measured 25 unique distributary bifurcations in an experimental delta and 197 bifurcations in 10 natural deltas, yielding a mean angle of 70.4∘±2.6∘ (95% confidence interval) for field-scale deltas and a mean angle of 68.3∘±8.7∘ for the experimental delta, consistent with this theoretical prediction. The bifurcation angle holds for small scales relative to channel width length scales. Furthermore, the experimental data show that the mean angle is 72∘ immediately after bifurcation initiation and remains relatively constant over significant time scales. Although distributary networks do not mirror tributary networks perfectly, the similar control and expression of bifurcation angles suggests that additional morphodynamic insight may be gained from further comparative study.
Abstract 17806: Progressive Myocardial Tissue Injury Immediately After Coronary Reperfusion Can be Assessed by Ultrasonic Integrated Backscatter

Background: Myocardial reperfusion following prolonged ischemia may paradoxically cause additional injury, including edema and microvascular damage. These structural alterations augment tissue echogenicity measurable by integrated backscatter (IB). We sought to characterize alterations of myocardial IB in an ischemic and then reperfused region of the rat heart. Methods: Myocardial IB in 12 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied at baseline, 60 minutes after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, and chronologically after coronary reopening. Short-axis scans of the mid left ventricle were acquired at a frequency of 8 MHz. Mean±SD values of IB were measured in the region of interest at baseline, ischemia, and reperfusion, and assessed by a paired t-test. Results: See figure and table. IB did not significantly change between baseline and ischemia. However, within 1 minute of reperfusion, IB significantly increased, as compared to both baseline and ischemia, and continued to increase until 10 minutes after reperfusion, when a plateau was reached. Conclusions: Myocardial reperfusion following acute prolonged ischemia in a rat heart significantly augments tissue echogenicity. A continuing increase of IB within minutes of the reperfusion onset and the subsequent plateau of elevated IB values suggest progression and completion, respectively, of reperfusion injury, detectable by a high-frequency transducer.
Biological Perspectives of Some Trauma Injuries

Some biological aspects of trauma are presented in the following table. This paper presents a brief overview of some of these injuries.
The nature and content of physician telephone calls in a private practice.

Telephone encounters received by two physicians in a private rural family practice setting were examined over a 61-day sampling period. A total of 1,264 calls were received during the study period, with 905 (71.6 percent) being received in the office setting. An average of 10.4 calls per physician were received each day, and a mean of 16.2 minutes per physician was spent each day with telephone encounters. Each call was brief, lasting 1.6 minutes (standard deviation 1.5 minutes); administrative and personal calls each lasted significantly longer than other call categories (F = 20.8, P = .0001). More chronic disease diagnoses tended to be handled during office when compared with nonoffice telephone encounters. The majority of calls (932, or 83.1 percent) did not require a face-to-face visit as judged by the physician. Of the office calls, 58.2 percent were handled by the physicians through a message system rather than a direct physician telephone call. It is estimated that uncharged care over the telephone saved patients in this practice up to $150,000 per year.
Sub-10-nm-Diameter InGaAs Vertical Nanowire MOSFETs: Ni Versus Mo Contacts

Recently, sub-10-nm-diameter InGaAs vertical nanowire (VNW) MOSFETs have been demonstrated. The key to this achievement was the use of Ni for the top ohmic contact. In this paper, we present a detailed study of the impact of Ni and Mo contacts on the electrical characteristics of highly scaled InGaAs VNW MOSFETs. Sequential annealing experiments are presented that reveal the optimum temperature for each type of contact. A negative temperature dependence of the ON-resistance of 7-nm-diameter Ni-contacted devices suggests the existence of an energy barrier. We also observe an unexpected transconductance and drain-induced barrier loweirng (DIBL) dependence on transistor diameter in Ni-contacted devices as well as abnormal DIBL asymmetry to swapping source and drain. All these results can be explained by Ni diffusing down the nanowire during the contact annealing process, reducing the effective channel length, and creating a Schottky-barrier drain.
Effects of experimental chronic traffic noise exposure on adult and nestling corticosterone levels, and nestling body condition in a free-living bird.

Abstract Transportation noise affects urbanized, rural, and otherwise unaltered habitats. Given expanding transportation networks, alterations in the acoustic landscapes experienced by animals are likely to be pervasive and persistent (i.e. chronic). It is important to understand if chronic noise exposure alters behavior and physiology in free-living animals, as it may result in long-lasting impacts, such as reduced reproductive success. Here, we experimentally tested the effects of chronic traffic noise on baseline and stress-induced corticosterone (the primary avian glucocorticoid), parental feeding behavior, and fitness proxies in breeding tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Our results show that chronic traffic noise is related to altered corticosterone in both adult female and nestling tree swallows, suggesting that noise may be a stressor in both groups. In adult females, our results suggest that traffic noise is related to a limited ability to respond to subsequent acute stressors (i.e. reduced stress-induced corticosterone levels after handling). Further, our results show no evidence of habituation to noise during the breeding season, as the negative relationship between traffic noise and adult female stress-induced corticosterone became stronger over time. In nestlings, we found a positive relationship between traffic noise exposure and baseline corticosterone. Finally, we found a negative relationship between traffic noise and nestling body condition, despite no detectable effects of noise on nestling provisioning (e.g. parental feeding rate, or insect bolus size/composition). These results highlight the potential long-term consequences of chronic noise exposure, as increased baseline corticosterone and reduced nestling body condition in noise-exposed areas may have negative, population-level consequences.
A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Student Abstinence-Only Programs and Sexual Behavior and Attitudes:

This meta-analysis of 14 studies examines the relationship between abstinence-only programs and the sexual behavior and—attitudes of urban students from middle school to early in college. The resul...
Technical Note: In silico imaging tools from the VICTRE clinical trial.

Purpose In silico imaging clinical trials are emerging alternative sources of evidence for regulatory evaluation and are typically cheaper and faster than human trials. In this Note, we describe the set of in silico imaging software tools used in the VICTRE (Virtual Clinical Trial for Regulatory Evaluation) which replicated a traditional trial using a computational pipeline. Materials and methods We describe a complete imaging clinical trial software package for comparing two breast imaging modalities (digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis). First, digital breast models were developed based on procedural generation techniques for normal anatomy. Second, lesions were inserted in a subset of breast models. The breasts were imaged using GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo transport methods and read using image interpretation models for the presence of lesions. All in silico components were assembled into a computational pipeline. The VICTRE images were made available in DICOM format for ease of use and visualization. Results We describe an open-source collection of in silico tools for running imaging clinical trials. All tools and source codes have been made freely available. Conclusion The open-source tools distributed as part of the VICTRE project facilitate the design and execution of other in silico imaging clinical trials. The entire pipeline can be run as a complete imaging chain, modified to match needs of other trial designs, or used as independent components to build additional pipelines.
Temporary transvenous atrioventricular synchronous pacing using a single lead in a pediatric patient.

For pediatric patients with significant bradycardia, pacing has become a vital therapy. Owing to small patient size and anatomic limitations from structural heart disease, epicardial pacing systems may be required, though complications are well described.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Significant morbidity and potential mortality may result from the resulting bradycardia after a complication. Patients with significant hemodynamic derangement in the absence of effective pacing require consideration of temporary pacing until a permanent system can be implanted. Various methods of temporary pacing using transvenous approaches are published.6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Research investigating these approaches in children is lacking.11 For patients with heart block who require atrioventricular (AV) synchrony to maintain effective cardiac output, temporary pacing with a single ventricular pacing lead will be inadequate and requires a second lead to provide atrial sensing. Alternatively, the use of a ventricular lead capable of providing atrial sensing (VDD) has the potential for the same hemodynamic benefit with use of a single lead.12,13 In this report we describe the novel use of a VDD pacing lead attached to an externalized generator in a pediatric patient with structural heart disease contrasted with a case of a single ventricular lead not capable of atrial sensing (VVI).
Expert-Novice Comparison Reveals Pedagogical Implications for Students' Analysis of Primary Literature.

Comparison of think-aloud interviews of biology faculty and students as they read a research article revealed that faculty have more complex schemas than students and that they reduce cognitive loa...
The Value of Sleep for Optimizing Health

We spend a third of our lives sleeping, a behavioral state that typically requires the person to lie recumbent in the dark with eyes closed, in a comfortable, quiet, and safe location. If evolutionary processes, spanning millions of years, are responsible for fine-tuning our adaptive advantage, then it stands to reason that sleep must be an evolved adaptation important for the survival (and health) of all mammalian species. Since the 1950s, when the different stages of sleep were first identified, enormous intellectual and physical resources have been dedicated to the task of identifying a function (or set of functions) for sleep and to better understand why sleep is so important for general health. Prominent among the many scientific hypotheses of sleep function are whether (and how) sleep serves a basic restorative function, a memory/cognition function, and/or a general health function. In contrast to these health-oriented hypotheses of sleep function is the reality that lost and disrupted sleep promote their own set of negative health outcomes. This chapter will describe what is known about healthy sleep, disrupted sleep, and sleep loss and their general effects on cognitive and physical health. An efficient, practical clinical assessment of sleep quality and quantity and the approach to sleep interventions are also described.
Unpolarized resonant notch filters for the 8-12 µm spectral region.

The long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral region spanning ∼8−12µm is useful for many scientific and industrial applications. As traditional multilayer film components are not straightforwardly realized at these bands, we provide design, fabrication, and testing of polarization independent bandstop filters based on the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect. Focusing on the zero-contrast grating architecture, we successfully fabricate prototype filters in the Ge-on-ZnSe materials system. Applying mask-based photolithography and dry etching, photoresist patterns form the desired Ge grating structures. The resulting devices exhibit clean transmittance nulls and acceptably high sidebands. Moreover, we verify polarization independent notch filtering by assembling two identical GMR filters with gratings oriented orthogonally. This approach to realize effective GMR elements will be useful for various fields including photonic and optoelectronic devices operating in the LWIR region.
Johnson Lumber: Bet on the Upside or Avoid the Downside?

James Baker is general manager of a large lumber mill in rural Virginia, Johnson Lumber. While on a business trip with the owner (the founder's grandson) and the owner's son, he receives the news that the company's planing mill has caught fire and is burning down. Baker, the owner, and the owner's son must decide what to do in the wake of losing the planing mill. Choices include rebuilding, seeking partnerships with other mills to use their facilities to fulfill existing business, or possibly closing shop and simply taking current profits. If they rebuild, Johnson Lumber will have to shut down for a year, risking the loss of customers and putting several people from the struggling community around the mill out of a job. If Johnson Lumber closes entirely, it will put its workers in an even worse position. But would it be feasible to use other mills' facilities? What if the other mills turned them down? On top of everything, the owner and his son have differences in their attitudes about and goals for the business. Baker must consider the options carefully and balance the pressure to please both the current and future owners of Johnson Lumber with what would be best for the business and the local community whose families it helped support. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0196 Rev. Feb. 18, 2020 Johnson Lumber: Bet on the Upside or Avoid the Downside? Friday, March 9, 2006 The ringer on James Baker's phone seemed overly loud. Perhaps that was because it was 4:00 a.m., and he was in a hotel room on a business trip. It was never good news when the phone rang at that hour. This case was no exception. It was Janet McAleer, the security guard at Johnson Lumber's planing mill facility in Ladysmith, Virginia. “The mill has smoke in it,” she said. A fire in a lumber mill, which was by definition filled with fuel, was to be taken seriously. . . .
A Bitter Pill to Swallow? The Consequences of Patient Evaluation in Online Health Q&A Platforms

Online Health Q&A platforms (OHQPs), where patients post health-related questions, evaluate advice from multiple doctors and direct a bounty to their most preferred answer, have become a prominent channel for patients to seek and receive medical advice in China. Common characteristics of these platforms include bounty-motivated problem solving, limited search functionality, and lack of peer-assessment. To explore the quality of medical advice promoted on these platforms, we analyzed data on patients’ evaluation of 497k answers to 114k questions on one of the most popular OHQPs, 120ask.com, over a 3-month period. We assembled a panel of independent (offline) physicians and instructed them to professionally evaluate the quality of 13k answers. We found that the quality of medical advice offered on the platform was on average high and that low-quality answers were rare (6%). However, our results also indicate that patients, as laypeople, lacked the ability to discriminate advice based on quality. They were as likely to choose the best answer as the worst. When poor advice was offered, patients chose it over a high-quality alternative as much as 15% of the time. The medical accuracy of patient evaluation was worse in some critical categories (cancer, heart and liver disease) and for vulnerable subpopulations (pediatrics). Given that millions of patients seek medical advice from OHQPs in China annually, the social and economic implications of this finding are troubling. To understand how patients evaluate advice, we leveraged natural language processing techniques to construct a rich set of answer features and estimated a deep learning model to determine how patients responded to features. Importantly, we identified the extent to which patients respond positively or negatively to different heurist cues. While our results indicate that OHQPs perform well, we identified several concerns that should be addressed through platform design and policy changes. Because the Q&A process lacks peer review mechanisms, signals of advice quality are not conveyed to patients, forcing them to rely on heuristic cues which cannot effectively guide them towards the best advice. We also found that the platform reputation metric was not correlated with the quality of advice-giver’s advice, may effectively encourage patients to select lesser quality medical advice, and increased the risk of moral hazard for malicious players to intentionally provide less accurate but more agreeable advice for personal gain. Finally, we found that OHQPs enabled or exacerbated care avoidance. We discuss several potential policy changes to address these shortcomings.
COVID-19 First Responders: The Gayatri Pariwar and the Immune Ritual Body

The following article investigates one North Indian new religious movement's initial reactions to the onset of COVID-19. The Gayatri Pariwar is an organization popular in Uttar Pradesh, India, and its members believe it is their duty to save the world through a regime of virtuous lifestyle practices, beginning with the reformation of the self. Between mid-March and May 2020, the Gayatri Pariwar responded to the pandemic in three distinctive ways: it folded COVID-19 into the organization's longstanding eschatological project, pursued ritual practices understood to provide immunity against moral and viral contagion, and insisted upon an ethic of caregiving meant to include society at large in their redemptive mission. This article analyzes the Gayatri Pariwar's COVID-19-related YouTube video alongside ethnographic data to demonstrate how the Gayatri Pariwar used the viral pandemic as an occasion to reiterate and pursue its identity as a global moral custodian. © 2021 The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Acequias as Commons Lessons for a Post-capitalist World

Acequias are a form of commons used to share scarce surface water for agricultural purposes. They have existed in the arid southwestern United States for centuries. In this paper I will argue that acequias are pre-capitalist organizations that convey important lessons for a post-capitalist world. The paper will also discuss La Vega, a grazing commons supported by the Hispanic culture. Both forms of the commons help to sustain low-income households many of whose members do not have regular or full-time wage-labor jobs, and they provide examples of sustainable agriculture in a fragile, high altitude environment. Within the study of political economy, they are an example of political struggles in the arena of material production and reproduction.
Remote Magnetic Navigation: Human Experience in Pulmonary Vein Ablation

Objectives We aimed at assessing the feasibility and efficacy of remote magnetic navigation (MN) and ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Background This novel MN system could facilitate standardization of the procedures, reducing the importance of the operator skill. Methods After becoming familiar with the system in 48 previous patients, 45 consecutive patients with AF were considered for ablation using the Niobe II remote magnetic system (Stereotaxis, St. Louis, Missouri) in a stepwise approach: circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA), pulmonary vein antrum isolation (PVAI), and, if failed, PVAI using the conventional approach. Remote navigation was done using the coordinate or the wand approach. Ablation end point was electrical disconnection of the pulmonary veins (PVs). Results Using the coordinate approach, the target location was reached in only 60% of the sites, whereas by using the wand approach 100% of the sites could be reached. After step 2 ablation, only 1 PV in 4 patients (8%) could be electrically isolated. Charring on the ablation catheter tip was seen in 15 (33%) of the cases. In 23 patients, all PVs were isolated with the conventional thermocool catheter, and in 22 patients only the right PVs were isolated with the conventional catheter. After a mean follow-up period of 11 ± 2 months, recurrence was seen in 5 patients (22%) with complete PVAI and in 20 patients (90%) with incomplete PVAI. Conclusions Remote navigation using a magnetic system is a feasible technique. With the present catheter technology, effective lesions cannot be achieved in most cases. This appears to impact the cure rate of AF patients.
Beta-blockers for childhood vascular tumors.

Purpose of reviewSince 2008, beta-blockers have become first-line treatment for infantile hemangiomas, the most common tumor of infancy. Their role is also being explored in the treatment of other childhood vascular tumors.Recent findingsRecent research has demonstrated that propranolol is a more ef
Quantum Mechanical Studies of the Photophysics of DNA and RNA Bases

This chapter reviews current computational studies of the photophysical behavior of DNA and RNA bases. The theoretical concepts and electronic structure methods appropriate for computational photophysical and photochemical studies are presented. The natural nucleobases have ultrashort excited state lifetimes and very low quantum yields for fluorescence. Quantum chemical calculations revealing radiationless decay pathways that quench fluorescence are discussed
Trading in the Marketplace of Ideas: Letters-to-the-Editor and Op-Ed Articles (Part I)

Professor Abrams authors a column, Writing it Right, in Precedent, The Missouri Bar's quarterly magazine. In a variety of contexts, the column stresses the fundamentals of quality legal writing - precision, conciseness, simplicity, and clarity.
Mixture of designer experts for multi-regime detection in streaming data

Real-time streaming data takes on distinct visible patterns, known as regimes, as a result of changing external influences. Regimes corresponding to hazardous states, such as turbulent flow in oil pipelines or patients experiencing heart arrhythmias, must be identified quickly and accurately by on-line detection algorithms. In this paper, we propose a modification to the mixture of experts framework, which is traditionally used to model piecewise stationary time series. Our proposed modification allows experts to produce features specific to their designated regimes, rather than being limited to prediction error. This approach provides the flexibility to update the mixture modularly as new regimes emerge without the burden of retraining the entire mixture, as is typical in traditional classifiers. Our approach is tested on flow rate data from an oil and gas application, as well as detecting heart arrhythmias from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. It outperforms traditional classification approaches both in terms of error rate and detector delay.