cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional analysis of a major capsid protein gene from Spodoptera exigua ascovirus 5a.

The major capsid protein (mcp) gene of Spodoptera exigua ascovirus 5a (SeAV-5a) was confirmed by aphidicolin viral DNA replication inhibition analysis to be a late gene. The 5′ and 3′ ends of mcp gene transcripts have been mapped. Primer extension analyses indicated that transcription of the mcp gene initiates from a cytosine 25 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the translation start codon. Two independent approaches by 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3′ RACE) and oligo (dT) cellulose binding assay suggested that SeAV-5a mcp mRNA is polyadenylated. Analyses by 3′ RACE also revealed that mcp transcripts terminate at a U, either at 26 or 38 nt downstream of the translation stop codon. The putative 5′ transcription control region of the SeAV-5a mcp gene shares similarities with other ascoviruses and Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), containing a conserved TATA-box-like motif (TAATTAAA) and an ATTTGATCTT motif upstream of it. The 3′ downstream regions of the mcp gene of all the ascoviruses examined and CIV can form a stem-loop structure, and the ends of the mcp gene transcripts of SeAV-5a are within the predicted stem-loop region. This suggests that the stem-loop structure of the mcp gene might be involved in transcription termination.
Genomic targets of the KRAB and SCAN domain-containing zinc finger protein 263

Half of all human transcription factors use C2H2 zinc finger domains to specify site-specific DNA binding and yet very little is known about their role in gene regulation. Based on in vitro studies, a zinc finger code has been developed that predicts a binding motif for a particular zinc finger factor (ZNF). However, very few studies have performed genome-wide analyses of ZNF binding patterns, and thus, it is not clear if the binding code developed in vitro will be useful for identifying target genes of a particular ZNF. We performed genome-wide ChIP-seq for ZNF263, a C2H2 ZNF that contains 9 finger domains, a KRAB repression domain, and a SCAN domain and identified more than 5000 binding sites in K562 cells. Our results suggest that ZNF263 binds to a 24-nt site that differs from the motif predicted by the zinc finger code in several positions. Interestingly, many of the ZNF263 binding sites are located within the transcribed region of the target gene. Although ZNFs containing a KRAB domain are thought to function mainly as transcriptional repressors, many of the ZNF263 target genes are expressed at high levels. To address the biological role of ZNF263, we identified genes whose expression was altered by treatment of cells with ZNF263-specific small interfering RNAs. Our results suggest that ZNF263 can have both positive and negative effects on transcriptional regulation of its target genes.
Fine-tuning therapy with basal insulin for optimal glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a review.

SUMMARYObjective: To review results from clinical studies utilizing basal insulin therapy and discuss the impact of intensive glycemic control using forced-titration algorithms to fine-tune insulin dosing in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Research design and methods: A Medline and PubMed search was undertaken for the years 1991–2004 using the following search terms: insulin, diabetes therapy, forced titration, glycemic control, and intensive insulin therapy.Results: The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study demonstrated that the great majority of patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require insulin and have provided level IA evidence that intensive glycemic control improves patient outcomes. Several recently published studies in patients with type 2 diabetes showed that forced titration of basal insulin shows promise in reaching glycemic goals. Forced-titration algorithms employ a structured approach in helping patients achieve glycemic targets: doses are adjusted until glycemic goals...
Electron photodetachment from HS - . The electron affinity of HS

The cross section for electron photodetachment from H${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has been measured using an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) spectrometer with a tunable dye laser. A cubic spline routine is employed to remove random noise from the spectrum and allows the observation of rotational effects. The structure in the spectrum is explained in terms of a model which includes the interaction of the spin, orbital, and rotational angular momenta in HS. Comparison of the theoretically constructed photodetachment cross section predicted by this model with the experimental spectrum leads to an electron affinity for HS of 2.314\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 eV and an estimate of the rotational temperature of the H${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions in the ICR cell.
HD exchange kinetics of alcohols and protonated peptides: Effects of structure and proton affinity

The kinetics of gas-phase HD exchange reactions of a series of protonated amino acids and peptides with deuterium-substituted alcohols (D2O, CH3OD, C2H5OD and 1-C4H9OD) were studied in an external source Fourier transform mass spectrometer. The number of exchanges observed on the time-scale of these experiments ranged from one to the total number of ‘labile’ substrate hydrogens, depending on the amino acid and the deuterating reagent. Exchange efficiencies, k/kADO, varied from <0.001 to 0.3. Within the series ROD, the reactivity increased with increasing size of the R group. For the amino acids with alkyl side-chains, a roughly linear correlation of log(k/kADO) with proton affinity difference (ΔPA = PA of unprotonated substrate - PA of reagent) was observed. The amino acids lysine and histidine and the dipeptides alanylglycine and diglycine showed higher reactivity and greater tendency for multiple exchange, with a weaker dependence on ΔPA. The ability of a peptide and an alcohol to exchange efficiently even when ΔPA is larger is attributed to the occurrence of exchange within a cyclic hydrogen-bonded complex, in which the deuterating agent forms a bridge between the site of protonation and a basic site on the substrate.
Surfing for Knowledge: Virtual Libraries and Books on the Web

Virtual environments such as Second Life (SL) may provide a way to connect with today's digital native and increase the readership of the community college student, both in virtual and real world libraries. Many colleges and universities already have a presence in SL. Books and services typically found in a “brick and mortar” library can be provided in these virtual libraries, including the ability to “read” a book. Limitation to these spaces include funding and training of the virtual librarian. Future research is needed to determine the best way to serve community college students in these digital spaces and the training required of the virtual librarian.
Solitary plexiform neurofibroma is not pathognomonic of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis: a report of a case

A 42-year-old Caucasian man presented with a 1.8-cm nodule in the proximal thigh (Fig. 1) that had been slowly enlarging for approximately 5 years. The patient had no family history of neurofibromatosis. Physical examination revealed none of the other stigmata of this neurocutaneous disorder. D.A.F. performed an elliptical excision as an out-patient procedure. Grossly, the lesion was homogeneously opalescent and gelatinous. The tissue was fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Routine hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were prepared. The most notable feature on low power magnification was a large, circumscribed, lobular proliferation of spindle cells in a loose fibrillar background that distorted much of the dermis and subcutaneous fat (Fig. 2). On high power magnification, a population of cells with ovoid and S-shaped nuclei admixed within densely packed eosinophilic collagenous material was seen at the center of the lobule (Fig. 3A). A small amount of mucin was also present. Within this cellular area, a dense population of S-shaped spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm was arranged in a parallel array forming microfascicles. At the periphery of this cellular component, a similar population of cells was arranged against a loose fibrillar background of abundant mucin (confirmed by colloidal iron stain) and scattered mast cells (Fig. 4). Lining the lobule was a compressed rim of thin, delicate collagen bundles and perineurial cells. Pleomorphic nuclei and mitotic figures were not observed. The surrounding dermis and subcutaneous tissue were unremarkable. Thickened collagen bundles at the center of the lobule could be seen with a frichrome stain. An S-100 protein immunoperoxidase stain highlighted scattered Schwann cells within the lobule (Fig. 3B), and nerve bundles adjacent to the neurofibroma served as infernal positive controls.
Phase transition in fluid nitrogen at high densities and temperatures

Dynamic equation-of-state data are presented for liquid ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ single- and double-shocked to pressures of 100 GPa (1 Mbar), compressions to fourfold over initial liquid density, and internal energies to 1 MJ/mole. Three double-shock points lie above the principal Hugoniot in pressure-volume space, the first such observation in condensed matter. The data are interpreted in terms of a continuous phase transition, identified as molecular dissociation by comparison of the shock compression curves of liquid ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and isoelectronic CO.
Viral DNA Synthesis Defects in Assembly-Competent Rous Sarcoma Virus CA Mutants

The major structural protein of the retroviral core (CA) contains a conserved sequence motif shared with the CA-like proteins of distantly related transposable elements. The function of this major region of homology (MHR) has not been defined, in part due to the baffling array of phenotypes in mutants of several viruses and the yeast TY3. This report describes new mutations in the CA protein of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that were designed to test whether these different phenotypes might indicate distinct functional subdomains in the MHR. A comparison of 25 substitutions at 10 positions in the RSV conserved motif argues against this possibility. Most of the replacements destroyed virus infectivity, although either of two lethal phenotypes was obtained depending on the residue introduced. At most of the positions, one or more replacements (generally the more conservative substitutions) caused a severe replication defect without having any obvious effects on virus assembly, budding, Gag-Pol and genome incorporation, or protein processing. The mutant particles exhibited a defect in endogenous viral DNA synthesis and showed increased sensitivity of the core proteins to detergent, indicating that the mutations interfere with the formation and/or activity of the virion core. The distribution of these mutations across the MHR, with no evidence of clustering, suggests that the entire region is important for a critical postbudding function. In contrast, a second class of lethal substitutions (those that destroyed virus assembly and release) consists of alterations that are expected to cause severe effects on protein structure by disruption either of the hydrophobic core of the CA carboxyl-terminal domain or of the hydrogen bond network that stabilizes the domain. We suggest that this duality of phenotypes is consistent with a role for the MHR in the maturation process that links the two parts of the life cycle.
Planning for the future--long-term care and the 2008 election.

Long-term care affects a large portion of the population, it is expensive, and it requires a unique partnership between government and citizens. David Stevenson writes that, nonetheless, the candidates in the 2008 presidential race have been virtually silent about long-term care policy.
Flexation of caldesmon: effect of conformation on the properties of caldesmon

The contribution of the extended and bent forms of caldesmon to its function was investigated by examining chemically modified forms of this protein. The bent 'hairpin' form of caldesmon was enhanced between pH 6.0 and 8.0 and at low ionic strengths, as reported by an increase in excimer fluorescence of pyrene-labelled caldesmon under these conditions. The presence of nucleotides also produced significant conformational changes in caldesmon, as detected by fluorescence measurements and protease digestions. Titrations of pyrene caldesmon with actin, heavy meromyosin, and calmodulin resulted in a decrease in excimer fluorescence. The function of the bent form of caldesmon was investigated by using intramolecular 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide-crosslinked caldesmon. The inhibition of acto-S-1 ATPase activity by crosslinked caldesmon was less efficient compared with that by pyrene modified and control caldesmons. Caldesmon's ability to switch from an activator to an inhibitor of actin-activated ATPase of myosin was also affected by the folding. Cosedimentation experiments revealed normal binding of crosslinked caldesmon to smooth muscle myosin. These results indicate the importance of caldesmon's transition from extended to folded forms and suggest possible functional roles for these different forms of caldesmon.
Bioconversion of limonene to α-terpineol by immobilized Penicillium digitatum

Bioconversion of (4R)-(+)-limonene to (4R)-(+)-α-terpineol by immobilized fungal mycelia of Penicillium digitatum was investigated in batch, repeated-batch and continuously fed systems. The fungi were immobilized in calcium alginate beads. These beads remained active for at least 14 days when they were stored at 4 °C. Three different aeration rates were tested. The highest yield was obtained at a dissolved oxygen level of 50.0 μmol/l. α-Terpineol production by this fungus was 12.83 mg (g beads)−1 day−1, producing a 45.81% bioconversion of substrate. Repeated-batch bioconversion showed yield decreases in the second and the third cycles. Regeneration with nutrient media after the third cycle improved the bioconversion yields. With continuous bioconversion, the half-life was dependent on the aeration. The optimum conditions with a continuous reactor were at an aeration rate of 0.3 standard l/min and a dilution rate of 0.0144 h−1.
Substitution of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) with sulfur dioxide under reductive conditions

Treatment of Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (in the forms of Kel-F 6061 and Neoflon M400H) with Zn/SO2 in DMF results in substitution of the chloride ligand with the sulfinic acid moiety. Subsequent oxidation affords the sulfonic acid. The materials are characterized by elemental analysis, titration, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR. ATR-IR studies indicate that functionalization is probably not a surface-selective phenomenon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:265–269, 1998
The nature and effect of thermal residual stresses in discontinuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract Thermal residual stresses generated in the matrix of a discontinuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composite during cooling from the solutionizing/fabrication temperature has been calculated for two reinforcement-matrix combinations. The results suggest that the presence of large thermal residual stresses can explain why the experimentally observed contribution of matrix-to-fiber load transfer to the strength of discontinuous composites such as silicon carbide/aluminum is considerably less than that predicted by various shear lag models. It was found that thermal residual stresses can also account for the difference between the proportional limit and the yield strength of discontinuous fiber composites and can explain why the composite yield strength in compression is greater than that in tension. It was also inferred that in composites with weak interfaces, the presence of a residual interfacial shear actually strengthens the interface, especially for composites with elasto-plastic matrices where hydrostatic compression in the matrix next to the interface inhibits crack nucleation and growth.
Relative importance of aldose reductase versus nonenzymatic glycosylation on sugar cataract formation in diabetic rats

ABSTRACT The relative importance of sorbitol formation versus nonenzymatic glycosylation and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) on sugar cataract formation was examined in diabetic rats. Diabetes was experimentally induced in young, 50 g rats with streptozotocin, and aldose reductase inhibitors were administered in the diet for up to 8 weeks at concentrations of 0.06% for tolrestat or ponalrestat and 0.0125% for AL-1576. Cataract formation was monitored by hand-held slit lamp for up to 11 weeks. Lens polyol levels were monitored by GLC, glycosylated protein levels were spectrophotometrically determined, and AGE products were estimated by fluorescence measurements and ELISA. Sugar cataract formation was observed in all untreated diabetic rats while cataract formation was inhibited in all diabetic rats treated with the AR inhibitors. Lens sorbitol levels were reduced in all ARI-treated rats. Glycosylated lens protein levels were elevated in the diabetic rats, and these levels were not significantly ...
Error Variability and the Differentiation Between Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia With Phonemic Paraphasia

Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of error variability for differentiating between apraxia of speech (AOS) and aphasia with phonemic paraphasia. Method Participants ...
Rate enhancements and quasi-periodic dynamics during forced concentration cycling of CO and O2 over supported PtSnO2

Abstract Forced reactant cycling of carbon monoxide-nitrogen and oxygen-nitrogen streams over PtSnO 2 in a differential reactor results in enhancements of the reaction rate of up to 9 times that of the optimal steady state. Dynamic features common to periodically forced reaction systems were experimentally observed. In addition, quasi-periodic behaviour under forced concentration cycling was also observed. Transient response experiments combined with see-through FTIR analysis confirm an underlying Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type mechanism. Spectral analysis of the quasi-periodic patterns identified at least three time constants of different orders of magnitude. The nature of the patterns also indicated a reaction mechanism which included one or more “reservoirs” of reactants and/or reaction intermediates.
SIMULATION-BASED OIL SPILL RESPONSE MANAGEMENT TRAINING

ABSTRACT Since June 1993, the Center for Marine Environmental Protection and Safety has operated (and integrated into its industry-oriented training programs for the Oil Pollution Act of 1990) a Nor-Control Oil Spill Management Simulator.
Deterministic texture analysis and synthesis using tree structure vector quantization

Texture analysis and synthesis is very important for computer graphics, vision, and image processing. This paper describes an algorithm which can produce new textures with a matching visual appearance from a given example image. Our algorithm is based on a model that characterizes textures using a nonlinear deterministic function. During analysis, an example texture is summarized into this function using tree structure vector quantization. An output texture, initially random noise, is then synthesized from this estimated function. Compared to existing approaches, our algorithm can efficiently generate a wide variety of textures. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated using standard test images from the Brodatz texture album.
A Response Regulator That Represses Transcription of Several Virulence Operons in the Group A Streptococcus

A search for homologs of the Bacillus subtilis PhoP response regulator in the group A streptococcus (GAS) genome revealed three good candidates. Inactivation of one of these, recently identified as csrR (J. C. Levin and M. R. Wessels, Mol. Microbiol. 30:209–219, 1998), caused the strain to produce mucoid colonies and to increase transcription of hasA, the first gene in the operon for capsule synthesis. We report here that a nonpolar insertion in this gene also increased transcription of ska (encoding streptokinase), sagA (streptolysin S), and speMF (mitogenic factor) but did not affect transcription of slo (streptolysin O), mga (multiple gene regulator of GAS), emm (M protein), scpA (complement C5a peptidase), or speB or speC (pyrogenic exotoxins B and C). The amounts of streptokinase, streptolysin S, and capsule paralleled the levels of transcription of their genes in all cases. Because CsrR represses genes unrelated to those for capsule synthesis, and because CsrA-CsrB is a global regulatory system in Escherichia coli whose mechanism is unrelated to that of these genes in GAS, the locus has been renamed covR, for “control of virulence genes” in GAS. Transcription of the covR operon was also increased in the nonpolar insertion mutant, indicating that CovR represses its own synthesis as well. All phenotypes of the covR nonpolar insertion mutant were complemented by the covR gene on a plasmid. CovR acts on operons expressed both in exponential and in stationary phase, demonstrating that the CovR-CovS pathway is separate from growth phase-dependent regulation in GAS. Therefore, CovR is the first multiple-gene repressor of virulence factors described for this important human pathogen.
Deschooling Environmental Education

If "education" is problematic as such, as radical critics such as Illich and Holt argue, then environmental education is problematic too. Despite the seemingly uncontroversial character of the goal of "ecological literacy," for instance, I argue that this notion is deeply flawed: it replaces a living sense of connectedness with a mandated and technical set of skills - perfect for schools, but that is just the problem. In its place I suggest a broader understanding of what we are about as environmentally-concerned citizens and educators: reconstructing the larger lifeworld in a way more connected to and consistently engaged with the more-than-human world. Schools have a role to play within this reconstruction, but the essential process is much larger and must engage all of us.
Resilience and Adaptation among Alaska Native Men

Objectives. This study examined the resilience, adaptive capacities, and gender role transitions of adult Alaska Native males. They have endured cultural and historical distress, along with gender role transitions that have been associated with many chronic social problems. This study searched for the reason why numerous Alaska Native men have established adaptive pathways despite these many challenges. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2004; 63(1):93-94)
Diagnostic Options and Challenges for Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses

Dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are arboviruses that share the same Aedes mosquito vectors and thus overlap in their endemic areas. These two viruses also cause similar clinical presentations, especially in the initial stages of infection, with neither virus possessing any specific distinguishing clinical features. Because the outcomes and management strategies for these two viruses are vastly different, early and accurate diagnosis is imperative. Diagnosis is also important for surveillance, outbreak control, and research related to vaccine and drug development. Available diagnostic tests are aimed at detection of the virus, its antigenic components, or the host immune antibody response. In this review, we describe the recent progress and continued challenges related to the diagnosis of DENV and CHIKV infections.
Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by non‐native fishes

Positive interactions among non-native species could greatly exacerbate the problem of invasions, but are poorly studied and our knowledge of their occurrence is mostly limited to plant-pollinator and dispersal interactions. We found that invasion of bullfrogs is facilitated by the presence of co-evolved non-native fish, which increase tadpole survival by reducing predatory macroinvertebrate densities. Native dragonfly nymphs in Oregon, USA caused zero survival of bullfrog tadpoles in a replicated field experiment unless a non-native sunfish was present to reduce dragonfly density. This pattern was also evident in pond surveys where the best predictors of bullfrog abundance were the presence of non-native fish and bathymetry. This is the first experimental evidence of facilitation between two non-native vertebrates and supports the invasional meltdown hypothesis. Such positive interactions among non-native species have the potential to disrupt ecosystems by amplifying invasions, and our study shows they can occur via indirect mechanisms.
Use of Fc-Engineered Antibodies as Clearing Agents to Increase Contrast During PET

Despite promise for the use of antibodies as molecular imaging agents in PET, their long in vivo half-lives result in poor contrast and radiation damage to normal tissue. This study describes an approach to overcome these limitations. Methods: Mice bearing human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)–overexpressing tumors were injected with radiolabeled (124I, 125I) HER2-specific antibody (pertuzumab). Pertuzumab injection was followed 8 h later by the delivery of an engineered, antibody-based inhibitor of the receptor, FcRn. Biodistribution analyses and PET were performed at 24 and 48 h after pertuzumab injection. Results: The delivery of the engineered, antibody-based FcRn inhibitor (or Abdeg, for antibody that enhances IgG degradation) results in improved tumor-to-blood ratios, reduced systemic exposure to radiolabel, and increased contrast during PET. Conclusion: Abdegs have considerable potential as agents to stringently regulate antibody dynamics in vivo, resulting in increased contrast during molecular imaging with PET.
Adaptation to the Microbial Environment

The sections in this article are: 1 Relationships Between Microbes and Vertebrates 1.1 Commensal and Mutual Interactions: The Normal Flora 1.2 Parasitic Interactions 2 Antimicrobial Host Defense 2.1 Innate or Nonspecific Immunity 2.2 Acquired or Specific Immunity 2.3 Other Factors in Host Defense 3 Summary
Mucinous Degeneration of the Epithelium of the Urinary Tract of Swine

Mucinous degenerative change was observed in the epithelial cells lining the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder of pigs with exudative epidermitis, coliform enteri- tis, hog cholera, and suppurative arthritis. Mucins were observed within transitional cells either as granular or homogenous material within vacuoles. Lakes filled with mucins also were formed as a result of the coalescence of mucin from degenerating transitional cells. The cells and lakes of mucin were stained selectively by periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue, and colloidal iron. On the basis of the reactivity patterns with these stains the transitional epithelial cells were considered capable of producing acidic and neutral mucins. The potential of the urinary tract epithelium for secretion of mucus has been observed in many species of animals. In chronic proliferative cystitis of cattle, the transitional epithelium may undergo metaplasia to mucus-secret- ing goblet-shaped cells arranged in glandular patterns (I). In man, mucus-se- creting epithelial metaplasia has been observed in the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder (2,5). A mucinous degeneration has been observed in the ep- ithelium of the renal pelvis and ureter of pigs with exudative epidermitis (3). In these pigs, dilatation of the ureters and renal pelves resulted from ureteral obstruction caused by edema, inflammatory cellular infiltrate, hyperplasia, and mucinous degeneration of the epithelium. Mucinous degeneration of the epithelium of the urinary tract of swine with diseases other than exudative epidermitis and the histochemical nature of the mucinous material are reported.
Two universal transformations for commensurate distributed circuits

Two universal transformations for commensurate distributed circuits are presented. The transformations are particularly useful in the analysis and synthesis of coupled transmission-line circuits
Large-scale brain networks in affective and social neuroscience: Towards an integrative functional architecture of the brain

Understanding how a human brain creates a human mind ultimately depends on mapping psychological categories and concepts to physical measurements of neural response. Although it has long been assumed that emotional, social, and cognitive phenomena are realized in the operations of separate brain regions or brain networks, we demonstrate that it is possible to understand the body of neuroimaging evidence using a framework that relies on domain general, distributed structure–function mappings. We review current research in affective and social neuroscience and argue that the emerging science of large-scale intrinsic brain networks provides a coherent framework for a domain-general functional architecture of the human brain.
There's a Madness in the Method Redefining Citizen Contacting of Government Officials

Recent meta-analysis of research on citizen-initiated contacting of government officials revealed that the findings are basically an artifact of the method used. Macroanalytic studies using aggregate data find a negative or curvilinear relationship between contacting and socioeconomic status (SES), and microanalytic studies using survey data find a positive or null relationship between contacting and SES. This author argues that almost all survey researchers have used an invalid operational measure of contacting. Analysis of results from a Birmingham, Alabama, survey, which defined contacting in the conventional way and with specific, bounded-and aided-recall questions, strongly suggests that much of what researchers know or think they know about contacting is suspect.
The Impact of the Cold War Upon Civil Liberties

AT A TIME when the fears of some have reached a stage where a school board member in a reputedly enlightened community finds Robin Hood communistic; when a respected organization in its efforts to become the sole custodian of patriotism finds the Girl Scouts subversive; and when the public scene is characterized by the spectacles of perjury trials, the probing of men's minds by legislative inquisitions, and charges and findings of disloyalty with such accompaniments as guilt by association, perpetual jeopardy of those so unfortunate.as to be accused, and expurgation by oath, it is an understatement to say that basic liberties are endangered. In such a state of affairs regardless of whether fears for the national security are rational or irrational or whether suspicions are justified or not,, it is inevitable that legislatures, executives, and courts will reflect popular distempers and respond to them either because they share the public fears or desire to exploit them for political preferment. Legislative response has taken the form of the accusatorial inquisition and statutes designed to outlaw the Communist Party, control subversion, and to revive a form of the test oath for public employees. Executive response has assumed the form of loyalty and security programs, vigorous enforcement of anti-subversive legislation, and the use or misuse on occasion of the files of the secret police and the Civil Service Commission for partisan political purposes. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the explosion of the atomic bomb, the mounting tensions of the Cold War, and the subsequent development of the hydrogen bomb have produced a crisis in the ancient conflict between liberty and authority, or as currently called, national security. The crisis places in full focus the dilemma which Lincoln faced in 1861 and stated so well when he asked, "Must a government of necessity be too strong for the liberties of its own people, or too weak to maintain its own existence?"L
Bright lights, clearly visible in the healthcare R&D tunnel, could burn out for lack of funds

Bright lights have never been more visible in healthcare R&D, each heralding innovative approaches to disease diagnosis, treatment, or prevention. Unfortunately, this promise of continued healthcare innovation is increasingly threatened by inadequate funding of R&D at many levels: in academic and nonprofit organizations, in small business ventures, and even in large pharmaceutical companies. If we are to continue transforming the practice of medicine, we must ensure that R&D funding levels are made sufficient to leverage recent scientific advances into important new medicines. Thanks to legions of dedicated researchers over the last century, we are making significant progress against major killers. The next generation of drugs and biologics could delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's for long enough to be considered a “cure.” Current experience with pandemic swine flu has acquainted the population-at-large with an idea of the magnitude of potential risks created by a “bad bugs, no drugs” scenario. Innovative biomedical R&D has been so successful for so long that many of us who live in the developed world now consider good health to be an entitlement. We simply cannot afford to miss the enormous opportunities now coming into focus, which promise to relieve suffering, reduce morbidity, and eliminate so many needless deaths. Several focal points are recommended as the basis around which we might begin to address these needs at the NIH and FDA, along with small businesses and big pharma. Drug Dev Res 70:457–460, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metabolic Versatility of Prokaryotes for Urea Decomposition

In this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Kanamori et al. (6) present evidence that Oleomonas sagaranensis, an α-proteobacterium, metabolizes urea by two distinct pathways. On the one hand, this microorganism directly hydrolyzes urea by action of urease, an enzyme that is widely distributed in prokaryotes, fungi, and plants. In addition, O. sagaranensis decomposes urea by use of urea amidolyase, an activity heretofore observed only in selected yeast and green algae. Of more general interest, sequence database searches suggest that the latter pathway is present in numerous other prokaryotes; thus, this alternative pathway for urea decomposition may be more prevalent than generally appreciated. These results inspire questions about why a microbe would possess two routes for urea degradation, how the two pathways are regulated and utilized in the cell, and whether one pathway might function in a role other than urea degradation.
The Use of Executive Guidance in State Budget Preparation

The method by which a state budget is developed is critical to the policy-making process. A longitudinal study of states finds an increasing use of budget guidance techniques that control how agencies may propose policy changes and request funds to support those changes. The article examines whether the use of budget guidance is associated with several factors, including regions of the United States, state socio-economic characteristics, state government characteristics, various aspects of state budgeting (such as the use of policy analysis by the executive), and the educational characteristics of the professional staffs in state budget offices.
Investigations on the Use of the Cayley Form for Feedback Controller Design

A novel approach for designing feedback controllers for mechanical systems by extending spacecraft attitude controllers to N-dimensional rotations is presented. The approach is enabled by the Cayley form, which represents the motion of mechanical systems as the rotation of N-dimensional rigid bodies. In particular an attempt is made to extend to N-dimensions a proof of global asymptotic stability of linear feedback of the Rodrigues parameters and angular velocity. The complexity of N-dimensional rotational kinematics, however, disallows a direct generalization of the three-dimensional proof. Two alternative nonlinear feedback controllers are presented and analyzed for their optimality and performance. These controllers are applied to a three-link manipulator system and found in one example to have superior performance to conventional controllers. Additionally, a new set of quasi velocities is developed that does provide globally asymptotically stable linear feedback for general mechanical systems.
Experiencing Work: An Essay on a Person‐Centric Work Psychology

In this essay we argue for a more person-centric direction for research in industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology. We argue that the prevailing paradigm within I–O treats workers as objects and in so doing limits the ability to develop a deep and continued understanding of the important ways in which humans relate to work. In response, we think there is a need for a more coherent focus on the worker and on the subjective experience of working. After describing the current paradigm we suggest an alternative—a person-centric work psychology that takes the worker as its focus and worker experience as a topic of study.
The Concept of a Right Ordering

There can be no doubt that the dramatic increase in malpractice litigation in our time constitutes a serious social problem. Solutions to that problem do not seem to be forthcoming from medicine, which cannot guarantee that patients will always fully recover from every illness, nor do they seem to be forthcoming from law, which cannot make logical room in the corpus juris for any a priori limitations on the right to sue for damages. Nor will solutions be found, I am presently convinced, through attempts to assimilate the modes of thought appropriate to one profession into those appropriate to the other: to make lawyers somehow partners in a healing process, or to describe, or circumscribe, each facet of the physician-patient relationship in terms of legal rights, duties and responsibilities. I agree with Darrel Amundsen that the tension between lawyers and physicians drawn by the malpractice issue has certain ancient roots. But a partial resolution of our otherwise unprecedented present condition will require a fundamental reordering of specifically modern social expectations, i.e., the expectations that an individual is taught to hold toward his society — and not only with regard to the workings of law and medicine.
A regime-dependent artificial neural network technique for short-range solar irradiance forecasting

Solar power can provide substantial power supply to the grid; however, it is also a highly variable energy source due to changes in weather conditions, i.e. clouds, that can cause rapid changes in solar power output. Independent systems operators (ISOs) and regional transmission organizations (RTOs) monitor the demand load and direct power generation from utilities, define operating limits and create contingency plans to balance the load with the available power generation resources. ISOs, RTOs, and utilities will require solar irradiance forecasts to effectively and efficiently balance the energy grid as the penetration of solar power increases. This study presents a cloud regime-dependent short-range solar irradiance forecasting system to provide 15-min average clearness index forecasts for 15-min, 60-min, 120-min and 180-min lead-times. A k-means algorithm identifies the cloud regime based on surface weather observations and irradiance observations. Then, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are trained to predict the clearness index. This regime-dependent system makes a more accurate deterministic forecast than a global ANN or clearness index persistence and produces more accurate predictions of expected irradiance variability than assuming climatological average variability.
Solar Particle Event Dose Forecasting Using Regression Techniques

Doses from solar particle events can be a serious threat to the wellbeing of crews traveling through space. Therefore predicting the time that such event will take place, forecasting the dose buildup over time, and the total dose from such event is needed to enable crews to take actions to mitigate the effects by entering a shielded area designed for their protection. Earlier work developed methods that used neural networks and Bayesian methods to forecast the total dose and dose versus time profile from an event. Subsequently, Locally Weighted Regression (LWR) and Kernel Regression (KR) techniques have been investigated to forecast the total dose. In this work, Kernel Regression methods are used to train and dose forecasting software using the dose rate and total accumulated dose. After training, the software predicts the dose buildup over time and the total dose for the test event. In the current research we have divided all of the events in our database into eight groups and use KR to train each group separately. We then test them to determine if the percentage differences between the dose forecast predictions for the test events and the actual event data, for each event in the group, are less than a 15% target value within 4 hours of the onset of the event. Results for the current dose forecasting system are presented.
Molecular Pathology of Hemoglobin and Erythrocyte Membrane Disorders

Inherited abnormalities of the erythrocyte comprise an important group of hemolytic disorders. These defects include abnormal hemoglobins and abnormal proteins of the erythrocyte membrane. Because of the easy accessibility of the erythrocyte, these disorders represent some of the best understood disorders at the molecular level. A logical approach to the evaluation and diagnosis of these disorders allows implementation of rational management strategies and the avoidance of ineffective or deleterious therapies.
Electronic structure study of the CdS buffer layer in CIGS solar cells by X-ray absorption spectroscopy: Experiment and theory

Abstract A systematic investigation of the electronic structure of the CdS buffer layer of CIGS solar cells has been undertaken using S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), both experimentally and theoretically. We found from XAS that growing CdS films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) exhibits more long-range disorder when compared to single crystal CdS, CdS grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and theory. We investigated the significance of a variety of point defects and potential atomic substitutions in first-principles estimates of the differential S K-edge XAS sensitivity. We find that substituting some sulfur atoms with e.g. oxygen or selenium does not introduce significant changes to the partial S(3p) density of states of the conduction band in CdS and we infer that the electronic structure modifications of these defects are spatially localized and do not hybridize strongly with bands with significant sulfur p character. Moreover, by comparison with experimental XAS should be sensitive to CdSO4; however this is not in the CdS layers of CIGS devices studied here. We also find that the CBD of CdS on FTO-glass and separately on CIGS does not produce any significant changes in the local atomic structure of CdS indicating no CIGS-influenced growth.
A simple information management system for use in on-line experimentation

The hardware and software capabilities of the modern on-line laboratory permit the development of increasingly complex experimental procedures. These procedures often involve the collection of data from many participants over extended periods of time. The procedures may require the conditional presentation of experimental tasks which are defined by numerous parameters or determined in part by previous participant behavior. The generation, organization, retrieval, and analysis as well as the documentation and monitoring of these experimental procedures often require a source of on-line information. A Simple Information Management (SIM) system for use in on-line environments is one means of providing this information. The SIM system has been used to implement experimental procedures for the study of human problem solving and has general properties which make it of interest.
Public Policy Made by Private Enterprise Bond Rating Agencies and Urban America

Since World War II, and especially since the1970s, cities have increasingly relied on municipal bonds as a crucial source of income. At the same time, the bond rating agencies have exerted more influence on potential investors—a development with significant consequences for the nation’s cities. The need for elected officials to measure their actions against possible rewards and punishments imposed by the bond rating agencies allowed private businesses to shape public policies in distant places impervious to the mandates given democratically elected local governments. This paper examines the challenges faced by public officials in three cities (Philadelphia, Chicago, and Detroit) because of the power wielded by bond rating agencies.
Recent progress in compressor stall and surge control

i ABSTRACT , A “review of recent research activities by the authors in thearea .of compressor stall and surge control is described. New ,multi-mode models for rotating stall and surge ha+e been developed, which extend the classical single mode Moore-Greitzer model to handle the nonlinear interaction between multiple azimuthal modes of instability. Linear controllers have been developed and tested, which open and close bleed ports by an amount proportional to the rotating &ll amplitude. Fuzzy logic controllers, which use heuristic laws rather thari.a reduced order model, are also described. The issue of robust control, i.e., controlling a system when the underlying opera@ characteristcs of the .._ system are not known, is briefly addressed Computational studies &red at ‘under&id@ the physics of compressor instabili&s ‘a& given Exper&mtal verification of the
Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Diagnostics of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Silicon

We present the results of experiments on velocity selection of fast laser ablated al, Ga, and in atoms by a novel, non-mechanical, technique. Pulses of atoms with broad velocity distributions are produced by laser ablation of a single component pure metal target in vacuum. after a delay of ~ 1 μs, there exists a strong one-to-one correlation between atomic velocity and distance traveled from the ablated surface. Thus, a second pulsed laser, delayed by ~ 1 μs and crossed at a right angle to the atomic beam, can be used to photoionize only those atoms with unwanted velocities, i.e.: atoms moving too fast or too slow to be hidden behind an opaque mask placed ~ 1 cm from the ablated surface. the photoions, and any ions surviving from the ablation event, are subsequently deflected from the beam by a static magnetic field. by a fortunate coincidence, al, Ga, and in atoms all have very large single photon photoionization cross sections at 193 nm, the output wavelength of the arF excimer laser; thus, well over 95% of the unwanted atoms can be easily photoionized and rejected. We have demonstrated velocity selected al, Ga, and in atom fluxes equivalent to Ф ~ 1011 atoms/(cm2-eV-pulse) at a working distance of 10 cm.
Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR of multiple cryptococcal brain abscesses.

This report describes MR findings in a non-AIDS patient with biopsy-proved cryptococcal CNS infection and suggests improved sensitivity of Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging
Research and application of distributed fiber-optic temperature sensor system

This paper introduces the principle,system components,temperature calculation method and experiment data of distributed fiber -optic temperature sensor(DTS) system based on Raman Scattering and OTDR technology.The DTS system consists of temperature measurement instrument,optic fiber and temperature demodulation software.It is low-cost,high sensitive,reliable,safe and continuous distributed measurement along the optic fiber.The experiment data indicate that the system has a high precision in measurement and position and is widely used in various fields.
Foreword of Editor-in-Chief

Creative Arts Educ Ther (2015) 1(1):4–5DOI: 10.15534/CAET/2015/1/2 Foreword of Editor-in-Chief 主編前言 Shaun McNiff 教授
Documentation of Treatment: Botulinum Toxin

Anatomic documentation of treatment sites creates a historical record upon which further treatment modifications may be individualized. For example, if a patient has inadequate lateral forehead wrinkle reduction, one may refer to the treatment diagram and use this as a basis for adding new lateral treatment sites.