cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient formulation of the modified nodal integral method and application to the two-dimensional burgers' equation

An alternate formulation of the recently proposed modified nodal integral method (MNIM) has been developed to further reduce computation time when solving nonlinear partial differential equations with a nonlinear convection term such as Burgers' equation and the Navier-Stokes equation. In this formulation, by adding and subtracting a linearized convection term, in which the node-averaged velocity at the previous time step multiplies the spatial derivative, the node-interior approximate analytical solution is developed in terms of this previous time-step node-averaged velocity. This leads to a set of discrete equations with coefficients that need to be evaluated only once each time step for each node, resulting in a significant reduction in computing time when compared with the original MNIM formulation. A numerical scheme using the node-averaged velocities at the previous time step - to be referred to as M{sup 2}NIM - for the two-dimensional, time-dependent Burgers' equation has been developed. The method is shown to be second order and to posses inherent upwinding. When compared with MNIM, numerical results show a significant reduction in the computation time without sacrificing accuracy.
Colorectal cancer diagnostics: biomarkers, cell-free DNA, circulating tumor cells and defining heterogeneous populations by single-cell analysis

Reliable biomarkers are needed to guide treatment of colorectal cancer, as well as for surveillance to detect recurrence and monitor therapeutic response. In this review, the authors discuss the use of various biomarkers in addition to serum carcinoembryonic antigen, the current surveillance method for metastatic recurrence after resection. The clinical relevance of mutations including microsatellite instability, KRAS, BRAF and SMAD4 is addressed. The role of circulating tumor cells and cell-free DNA with regards to their implementation into clinical use is discussed, as well as how single-cell analysis may fit into a monitoring program. The detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells and cell-free DNA in colorectal cancer patients will not only improve the understanding of the development of metastasis, but may also supplant the use of other biomarkers.
Hardening functions for large scale distributed computations

The past few years have seen the development of distributed computing platforms designed to utilize the spare processor cycles of a large number of personal computers attached to the Internet in an effort to generate levels of computing power normally achieved only with expensive supercomputers. Such large scale distributed computations running in untrusted environments raise a number of security concerns, including the potential for intentional or unintentional corruption of computations, and for participants to claim credit for computing that has not been completed. This paper presents two strategies for hardening selected applications that utilize such distributed computations. Specifically, we show that carefully seeding certain tasks with precomputed data can significantly increase resistance to cheating (claiming credit for work not computed) and incorrect results. Similar results are obtained for sequential tasks through a strategy of sharing the computation of N tasks among K>N nodes. In each case, the associated cost is significantly less than the cost of assigning tasks redundantly.
Pulmonary fibrotic response to aspiration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Background: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are new manufactured nanomaterials with a wide spectrum of commercial applications. To address the hypothesis that MWCNTs cause persistent pulmonary pathology, C57BL/6J mice were exposed by pharyngeal aspiration to 10, 20, 40 or 80 μg of MWCNTs (mean dimensions of 3.9 μm × 49 nm) or vehicle. Lungs were preserved at 1, 7, 28 and 56 days post- exposure to determine the potential regions and target cells for impact by MWCNT lung burden. Morphometric measurement of Sirius Red staining was used to assess the connective tissue response. Results: At 56 days post-exposure, 68.7 ± 3.9, 7.5 ± 1.9 and 22.0 ± 5.1 percent (mean ± SE, N = 8) of the MWCNT lung burden were in alveolar macrophages, alveolar tissue and granulomatous lesions, respectively. The subpleural tissues contained 1.6% of the MWCNT lung burden. No MWCNTs were found in the airways at 7, 28 or 56 days after aspiration The connective tissue in the alveolar interstitium demonstrated a progressive increase in thickness over time in the 80 μg exposure group (0.12 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.01, 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.01 μm for 1, 7, 28 and 56 days post-exposure (mean ± SE, N = 8)). Dose-response determined at 56 days post-exposure for the average thickness of connective tissue in alveolar septa was 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± .02, 0.14 ± 0.01, 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.01 μm (mean ± SE, N = 8) for vehicle, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg dose groups, respectively. Conclusions: The distribution of lung burden was predominately within alveolar macrophages with approximately 8% delivery to the alveolar septa, and a smaller but potentially significant burden to the subpleural tissues. Despite the relatively low fraction of the lung burden being delivered to the alveolar tissue, the average thickness of connective tissue in the alveolar septa was increased over vehicle control by 45% in the 40 μg and 73% in the 80 μg exposure groups. The results demonstrate that MWCNTs have the potential to produce a progressive, fibrotic response in the alveolar tissues of the lungs. However, the increases in connective tissue per μg dose of MWCNTs to the interstitium are significantly less than those previously found for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).
Web application characterization through directed requests

Web applications are increasingly prominent in society, serving a wide variety of user needs. Engineers seeking to enhance, test, and maintain these applications must be able to understand and characterize their interfaces. Third-party programmers (professional or end user) wishing to incorporate the data provided by such services into their own applications would also benefit from such characterization when the target site does not provide adequate programmatic interfaces. In this paper, therefore, we present methodologies for characterizing the interfaces to web applications through a form of dynamic analysis, in which directed requests are sent to the application, and responses are analyzed to draw inferences about its interface. We also provide mechanisms to increase the scalability of the approach. Finally, we evaluate the approach's performance on three well-known, non-trivial web applications.
Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States

The Kyoto protocol has focused the attention of the public and policymarkers on the earth’s carbon (C) budget. Previous estimates of the impacts of vegetation change have been limited to equilibrium “snapshots” that could not capture nonlinear or threshold effects along the trajectory of change. New models have been designed to complement equilibrium models and simulate vegetation succession through time while estimating variability in the C budget and responses to episodic events such as drought and fire. In addition, a plethora of future climate scenarios has been used to produce a bewildering variety of simulated ecological responses. Our objectives were to use an equilibrium model (Mapped Atmosphere‐Plant‐ Soil system, or MAPSS) and a dynamic model (MC1) to (a) simulate changes in potential equilibrium vegetation distribution under historical conditions and across a wide gradient of future temperature changes to look for consistencies and trends among the many future scenarios, (b) simulate time-dependent changes in vegetation distribution and its associated C pools to illustrate the possible trajectories of vegetation change near the high and low ends of the temperature gradient, and (c) analyze the extent of the US area supporting a negative C balance. Both models agree that a moderate increase in temperature produces an increase in vegetation density and carbon sequestration across most of the US with small changes in vegetation types. Large increases in temperature cause losses of C with large shifts in vegetation types. In the western states, particularly southern California, precipitation and thus vegetation density increase and forests expand under all but the hottest scenarios. In the eastern US, particularly the Southeast, forests expand under the more moderate scenarios but decline under more severe climate scenarios, with catastrophic fires potentially causing rapid vegetation conversions from forest to savanna. Both models show that there is a potential for either positive or negative feedbacks to the atmosphere depending on the level of warming in the climate change scenarios.
Finite-step algorithms for constructing optimal CDMA signature sequences

A description of optimal sequences for direct-spread code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is a byproduct of recent characterizations of the sum capacity. This paper restates the sequence design problem as an inverse singular value problem and shows that the problem can be solved with finite-step algorithms from matrix theory. It proposes a new one-sided algorithm that is numerically stable and faster than previous methods.
Efficacy, dose reduction, and resistance to high-dose fluticasone in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Background & Aims We evaluated the efficacy and safety of high-dose swallowed fluticasone propionate (FP) and dose reduction in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and analyzed esophageal transcriptomes to identify mechanisms. Methods We conducted a randomized, multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of daily 1760 mcg FP in participants age 3–30 years with active EoE. Twenty-eight participants received FP, and 14 participants received placebo. After 3 months, participants given FP who were in complete remission (CR) received 880 mcg FP daily, and participants in the FP or placebo groups who were not in CR continued or started, respectively, 1760 mcg FP daily for 3 additional months. The primary end point was histologic evidence for CR. Secondary end points were partial remission (PR), symptoms, compliance, esophageal gene expression, esophageal eosinophil count, and the relationship between clinical features and FP responsiveness. Results After 3 months, 65% of subjects given FP and no subjects given placebo were in CR ( P = .0001); 12% of those given FP and 8% of those given placebo were in PR. In the FP group, 73% of subjects remained in CR, and 20% were in PR after the daily dose was reduced by 50%. Extending FP therapy in FP-resistant participants did not induce remission. FP decreased heartburn severity ( P = .041). Compliance, age, sex, atopic status, or anthropomorphic features were not associated with response to FP. Gene expression patterns in esophageal tissues of FP responders were similar to those of patients without EoE; there was evidence for heterogeneous steroid signaling in subjects who did not respond to FP and preliminary evidence for transcripts predictive of FP responsiveness. Conclusions Daily administration of a high dose of FP induces histologic remission in 65%–77% of patients with EoE after 3 months. A 50% dose reduction remained effective in 73%–93% of patients who initially responded to FP. Nonresponders had evidence of steroid resistance; histologic and molecular markers may predict resistance. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT00426283.
Facet: A Procedure for the Automated Synthesis of Digital Systems

In the past decade significant effort has been devoted to the development of methodologies for design at the register-transfer level. However, effective and versatile procedures are still not available. This paper presents an efficient procedure for the automated synthesis of data paths at the register-transfer level. The procedure minimizes the numbers of storage elements, data operators, and interconnection units. In addition, the procedure has the capability of exploring alternatives in the design space. In some preliminary experiments the procedure produced designs nearly identical to commercially produced designs.
THE KINETICS OF TRYPSIN DIGESTION : II. CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE REACTION IS MONOMOLECULAR.

1. The kinetics of enzyme reactions diverge more or less from the simple mass action expression for a monomolecular reaction. There is good reason to believe that these discrepancies are due to other secondary reactions which also agree with the law of mass action. Attempts to incorporate all these reactions in one equation, however, are unsatisfactory owing to the complexity of the relations involved. 2. It is possible, however, to regulate conditions experimentally so that these secondary reactions are reduced to a minimum. This has been done in the case of trypsin digestion by working at a low temperature, which prevents inactivation of the trypsin, by using a large amount of trypsin, which prevents the inhibiting effect of the products from becoming noticeable, and by using the disappearance of the protein as the indicator which obviates the complicating effects of the consecutive reactions. 3. Under these conditions the hydrolysis, for any initial concentration of casein is accurately represented by the monomolecular formula, See PDF for Equation The effect of variations in the initial trypsin concentration are also correctly predicted. 4. If the initial casein concentration is varied, however, the value of the constant changes for each casein concentration, becoming less as the casein increases and eventually becoming nearly inversely proportional to the casein concentration. It is pointed out that this cannot be due to a compound between enzyme and casein, nor to the viscosity, but is probably owing to an equilibrium between the casein and water, in which the casein can be replaced by the first cleavage products. This is corroborated by the fact that if the casein is dissolved in a freshly prepared solution of digested casein, the anomalous effect of the substrate concentration disappears and the reaction is typically monomolecular in every respect. A solution of digested casein which has been in prolonged contact with trypsin does not have this effect. 5. It is pointed out that the various equations that have been proposed to account for the enzyme reactions on the basis of a compound between the enzyme and substrate could be applied equally well on the basis of a compound between water and the substrate which is attacked by the enzyme.
The One Percent: Top Incomes and Wealth in Sociological Research

The one percent, those at the top of the income and wealth distributions, are fundamental to understanding social and economic inequality and mobility, but sociologists rarely focus research attention on this group. This article presents updated evidence showing that both income and wealth are very highly concentrated in the United States but that the concentration of wealth, particularly financial wealth, is extremely high. We focus on the one percent of wealth owners and identify patterns in asset ownership, liabilities, and demographic traits that are relevant to sociological research. Findings show, for example, that those in the one percent have unique asset and debt portfolios that, to some extent, insulated them from the ill effects of the recent recession; however, patterns reported also highlight inheritance and suggest that mobility into the one percent is possible. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.
Confronting anthropology's silencing praxis: Speaking of/from a Chicana consciousness

In this article, the author explores how both normative and oppositional stances contrib ute to a silencing praxis in anthropology. She suggests that anthropology as a discipline and as an institution works hard to silence due to its history, its theoretical nature, and its methods that require static and uncomplicated single identities of its subjects and theoreticians. The practice and theory of anthropology contradict each other. Its practice demands an ethnographer-Native informer dyad, placing the ethnographer as the knower while only valuing the knowledge of the Native. Its theory values native knowledge and exalts diversity vis-a-vis cultural relativism. Opposing either theory or practice underscores the paradox. As a Chicana anthropologist, the author experiences a tricky conflation of these competing agendas. She recommends exposing these limita tions and actively reclaiming the very voice and epistemology that has been denounced to persist in the method and efficacy of anthropology .
Entrainment and Turn-Taking in Human-Human Dialogue

Interlocutors in spoken conversations have been shown to entrain, or become similar to each other, in multiple dimensions. We investigate the relationship between entrainment and turn-taking. We show that speakers entrain on turn-taking behaviors such as the distribution of turn types and degree of latency between turns, and that entrainment at turn exchanges is related to some extent to the type of turn exchange.
Science and the politics of pathology

MEYER-BAHLsuRG, H. F. L. (1977). Sex hormones and male homosexuality in comparative perspective. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 6, 297-325. MEYER-BAHLsuRG, H. F. L. (1979). Sex hormones and female homosexuality: A critical examination. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 8, 101-119. MEYER-BAHLsuRG, H. F. L. (1984). Psychoendocrine research on sexual orientation: Current status and future options. Progress in Brain Research, 61, 375-398. PAUL, W. (1982). Social issues and homosexual behavior: A taxonomy of categories and themes in anti-gay argument. In W. Paul, J. D. Weinrich, J. C. Gonsiorek, & M. E. Hotvedt (Eds.), Homosexuality: Social, psychological, and biological issues (pp. 29-54). Beverly Hills: Sage.
RENAL AMYLOIDOSIS RESULTING FROM A CHRONICALLY INFECTED BURN

An interesting and unusual case of an 11-year-old white male with chronically infected burns of his lower extremities who developed amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome is reported. The case is considered from the following aspects: (1) the rarity of amyloidosis in burns, (2) the short duration between the onset of the primary disease and the amyloidosis, (3) the age of the patient, and (4) the striking clinical improvement of the renal manifestations after the treatment of the burn. The treatment of the burns, using homografts, and the importance of renal biopsy in the diagnosis and follow-up are also discussed. Addendum: A third renal biopsy was performed in August, 1963, about one year following the second one. The amount of amyloid seen in the glomeruli did not seem to have diminished.
The Background for Current Literacy Studies

In order to set the stage for articulating a Vygotskian approach to literacy research, my first task is to define the term “literacy,” something that is harder to do now than it ever has been. The Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary (2003) defines literacy rather circularly as the “quality or state of being literate,” tracing the origins of the term to 1883. Literate in turn comes from the 15th Century and evolved from “Middle English literat, from Latin litteratus marked with letters, literate, from litterae, letters, literature.”
The Role of PTFE in Cathode Transition Layer in Aqueous Electrolyte Li-Air Battery

Abstract To optimize the performance of aqueous lithium-air battery (LAB), a series of experiments were conducted on the structure and composition of the air-breathing cathode. Using a thin 100 μm carbon paper as the backing of cathode yielded good battery discharge performance. However, this thin carbon paper does little to prevent an aqueous catholyte from evaporating. A thin transition carbon nanofiber (CNF) layer bonded with PTFE (Teflon) was introduced into the cathode to alleviate water evaporation, while keeping oxygen diffusion through the cathode. Since oxygen diffusion is a limiting factor when the battery discharges at high current densities, the influence of PTFE content in the transition CNF layer was investigated, together with electrode thickness. An optimal value of 30 wt.% PTFE in CNF was found to be the best to balance water evaporation and battery discharge performance. It is shown that a PTFE bonded CNF transition layer can significantly enhance cathode performance for air-breathing aqueous LABs.
Thermal management of quantum cascade lasers in an individually addressable monolithic array architecture

There are a number of military and commercial applications for high-power laser systems in the mid-to-long-infrared wavelength range. By virtue of their demonstrated watt-level performance and wavelength diversity, quantum cascade laser (QCL) and amplifier devices are an excellent choice of emitter for those applications. To realize the power levels of interest, beam combining of arrays of these emitters is required and as a result, array technology must be developed. With this in mind, packaging and thermal management strategies were developed to facilitate the demonstration of a monolithic QCL array operating under CW conditions. Thermal models were constructed and simulations performed to determine the effect of parameters such as array-element ridge width and pitch on gain region temperature rise. The results of the simulations were considered in determining an appropriate QCL array configuration. State-of-the-art micro-impingement cooling along with an electrical distribution scheme comprised of AlN multi-layer technology were integrated into the design. The design of the module allows for individual electrical addressability of the array elements, a method of phase control demonstrated previously for coherent beam combining of diode arrays, along with access to both front and rear facets. Hence, both laser and single-pass amplifier arrays can be accommodated. A module was realized containing a 5 mm cavity length monolithic QCL array comprised of 7 elements on 450 m pitch. An output power of 3.16 W was demonstrated under CW conditions at an emission wavelength of 9μm.
Renal clearance of ribonuclease.

Summary(1) The magnitude of the renal clearance of RNAase and its failure to change during loading suggests filtration of an unbound fraction of enzyme as the mode of excretion. (2) The arterial and renal vein concentrations of RNAase across the kidney were identical under the conditions of these experiments. (3) RNAase serum levels were elevated in 3 of 4 anuric dogs but did not continue to rise with blood urea nitrogen.
Abstract A05: Secondary consent to research use of biospecimens among men

Background: Research conducted with stored biospecimens has substantial societal benefits. Equally important is the use of the samples for research unplanned at the time of consent for biospecimen collection; however, willingness to allow samples to be used for future research may vary by sociodemographic backgrounds. Much of the literature on secondary research use of biospecimens is conducted among women and therefore, little is known about male willingness to consent to secondary research use of biospecimens. Methods: This study analyzed the future research consent questions from a prostate cancer biorepository study (N=1,932). The prostate cancer biorepository study enrolled men after a prostate cancer diagnosis but before treatment to collect serum and tissue for analyses on genetic, dietary and clinical risk factors for prostate cancer recurrence and mortality. On the consent form, men were asked three separate questions regarding participation in future studies: 1) May we use the materials collected in this study to analyze other factors? 2) May we share your information with other investigators at our institution without any protected health information? 3) May we share your information with other investigators at our university with protected health information? We analyzed each of these questions separately to determine significant predictors for consent to each of these questions. Predictors assessed included race, age, education, marital status, employment status, smoking history, family history of prostate cancer, stage of cancer, and grade of cancer. Results: 99.33% consented to the secondary use of other factors; 98.39% consented to the secondary use with other investigators without any identifying information; and 68.88% consented to the secondary use with other investigators with identifying information. Race was the only significant predictor for each of the three questions. African-American men were significantly less likely to agree to the secondary use to analyze other factors (Chi sq=8.38, p=0.0152); to share samples without protected health information (Chi sq=29.79, p Conclusion: There is a general willingness to consent to secondary research use of biospecimens among men. However, African-American men remain less likely to consent to secondary research use than men of other racial backgrounds. Racial differences in willingness to consent affect whether data generated from biorepositories are applicable to African American men. Citation Format: Bettina F. Drake, William MacMillan, Jennifer Haslag-Minoff, Kimberly Kaphingst. Secondary consent to research use of biospecimens among men. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A05. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A05
The Relevance of Regional Seismic Networks for the Siting of Critical Facilities

The question of the value or relevance of regional seismic networks to the siting of critical facilities is valid given the Jack of a direct relationship between a cataloging of earthquakes and the critical questions of engineering design and confidence. A history of seismological knowledge of the central United States is presented. This history points out both what a seismic network is and is not capable of providing over a short period. Besides providing accurate locations and magnitudes of regional earthquakes, important by-products of the network support have been found--the most important of which, in the engineering sense, is the realization that the attenuation of strong ground motion is regionally frequency dependent, so much so that western U.S. strong ground motion spectra are not appropriate to the central and eastern U.S. An answer to the question whether or not regional networks are relevant is a qualified “yes”. Regional networks are relevant if they are part of a research program which addresses all aspects of the earthquake problem, from the acquisition of data to, most importantly, the use of that data to address the immediate needs of the engineering and regulatory communities.
Research on 3D Visualization of Electromagnetic Interference for Ultra-high Voltage Transmission Lines

To graphically describe the spatial distribution and influence of electromagnetic scattering of ultra-high voltage(UHV) transmission lines on surrounding sensitive facilities,focusing on the demands of interference simulation and protection design platform for efficient model of UHV transmission lines electromagnetic scattering, we achieved the 3D visualization of electromagnetic interference(EMI) cloud image for UHV alternating current demonstration project based on the component geographic information system(GIS) technology, VS 2010(C# language) platform, and Arc Engine(AE)10.0 tool. The EMI calculations were made via particular data interface, and then the results were presented in the 3D visualization scene of transmission lines in the form of EMI cloud images(equipotential contours). The research results show that, the 3D visualization technologies can more graphically and straightforwardly present the EMI results to the users, and can implement the spatial distance measurement and EMI intensity query between transmission lines and surrounding sensitive points, which are the new combinations of power system and 3D GIS.
Research on analysis and simulation of planar mechanism based on B/S remote

This paper establishes kinematics models and mechanical models of se veral kinds of typical planar mechanisms with the analytic method on the basis o f summarizing forefathers'research work,and develops the Analysis and Simulation Software of Planar Mechanism based on B/S remote.While utilizing this software to analysis and simulate to the planar mechanism,only need to install it in the end of the esrver,authorized users can design mechanism's parameters convenientl y,swiftly and carry on three-dimensional simulation to the mechanism by browser .The software has high precision,convenience for use and maintenance and has cer tain practicability.
Complete Vascular Ring Detected by Barium Esophagography

The diagnosis of a vascular ring can be made on the basis of characteristic findings on barium esophagography. We report a case of a double aortic arch in a 9-month-old girl that was diagnosed in t...
The Pass-Through Puzzle: The Missing Prince from Hamlet

Much has been made of the “puzzle” that the past appreciation and recent depreciation of the dollar have not resulted in an equal pass-through in dollar prices of imports within the US as in earlier periods (1). The media see Robert Kuttner [15] in the New York Times a yeart ago, reporting on a 1987 Brandeis Conference of local experts on international macroeconomics) have presented this with some fanfare and, presumably encouraged by economists in the field, as a major crisis in international economic theory. And it has led to a search for explanations, including a revival of the Samuelson-Kemp-Wan type of hysterisis theories in the important work by Richard Baldwin [1] and by Baldwin and Krugman [2].
Connections between Family Communication Patterns, Person-Centered Message Evaluations, and Emotion Regulation Strategies

In this study, we theorize that family communication patterns (FCPs) and 2 emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and suppression) explain variations in person-centered (PC) supportive message evaluations. Specifically, we forward an emotion regulation model that predicts reappraisal and suppression will mediate the relation between FCPs and PC message evaluations. Results (N = 361) suggest that conversation orientation positively predicted reappraisal and negatively predicted suppression; conformity orientation positively predicted suppression only. Reappraisal positively and suppression negatively predicted the extent to which people discriminated among PC message evaluations. Reappraisal also mediated the relation between conversation orientation and PC message evaluations. These results have implications for how capable people are to evaluate and ultimately profit from beneficial support when coping with negative emotions.
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld: On the Difficulty of Becoming a Law Professor

Wesley Hohfeld (1879 - 1918) is well known to legal philosophers and to property teachers for his table of fundamental conceptions, a terminological framework for understanding legal doctrine and reasoning. This work was also substantively important for some members of the American Legal Realist movement and Critical Legal Studies. More personally he was part of the generation of law teachers who had to figure out how to become a professional academic in the years after completion of the job of reordering of the corpus juris in the wake of the demise of the writ system. A Harvard Law School educated westerner who ambivalently wanted to move east from his post at the then decidedly non-elite Stanford Law School, Hohfeld eventually made it to the then decidedly non-elite Yale Law School. His relatively brief career sheds light on both how in the years before World War I legal academics built a professional identity and how they navigated the nascent law school network. It also raises a question of how an analytical legal scholar might have responded to later developments in jurisprudence.
Abstract 30: Endurance Exercise Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy in Aged Nrf2-/- Mice

Background: Radical forms of oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are highly reactive with nucleic acids, proteins and lipids and promote their oxidation. Normally, cellular ROS/RNS concentrations...
Differential timing and patterns of recurrence among breast cancer subtypes

1076 Background: At present, effects of heterogeneity among breast cancer subtypes on timing and patterns of relapse are not fully understood. We characterized timing and patterns of distant recurrence among subtypes in women followed from initial diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods: 345 pts with newly diagnosed predominantly stage II-III breast cancer were treated with multiagent neoadjuvant therapy and subtyped by IHC: LumA (ER/PR+, HER2-); LumB (-ER/PR+, HER2+); Basal (triple neg); HER2 (HER2+,ER/PR-). Site-specific patterns of distant metastasis (DM) were examined among pts with single site of first DM. Sites of relapse were bone, CNS, viscera, lymph node, and soft tissue. Time to progression (TTP) was from date of initial diagnosis. Results: 108 patients developed metastatic disease; 65 demonstrated a single site of first DM. Basal subtype was associated with greater CNS and visceral metastases and fewer bone metastases than other subtypes. LumA subtype was associated with fewer CNS and greater bone ...
Radioactive seed localization for breast conservation surgery: Low positive margin rate with no learning curve

Abstract Background Radioactive seed localization (RSL) is an alternative to wire localization. We compared the rate of positive margins for evidence of a learning curve in implementing RSL. Methods A retrospective review of RSL by three surgeons at a single institution from 2002 to 2016. Positive margins were defined as ink on tumor. Results Surgeon experience with RSL for ranged from 142 to >500 cases. The positive margin rate among the first 100 of each surgeons' experience (n = 300) was 2.3% and the rate during the most recent up to 100 cases after experience with at least 100 RSL procedures (n = 242) was 4.1% (p = 0.32). Individual surgeon's positive margin rates ranged from 2 to 5% in the early experience and 2–7% in the later experience (p = NS). Conclusions RSL for breast conservation surgery has a low rate of positive margins even early in a surgeon's experience. Implementation of RSL can be done with no evidence of a learning curve.
«Ante todo, nunca te mientas a ti mismo»: Pedro de Valencia , la «Historia de Chile» y la autocensura

Al llarg del regnat de Felip III, el regne de Xile va estar en crisi. La «pacificacio» del sud d’aquell regne llunya anava malament i a la cort reial es debatien les tactiques militars necessaries per garantir la seguretat d’aquella regio. Hi havia un partit que estava a favor d’una «guerra defensiva» i un altre que es mostrava favorable a una «guerra a foc i a sang». Enmig d’aquest debat, Pedro de Valencia, un dels cronistes oficials de Felip III, va decidir, en un acte premeditat d’autocensura, abandonar la historia del regne de Xile que hom li havia encomanat escriure. La interrelacio entre la crisi a Xile, Valencia i l’autocensura es complicada, pero demostra, ja a principis del segle XVII, l’existencia d’un mon globalitzat, en el qual una crisi militar en un hemisferi tenia la capacitat de catalitzar en l’altre una crisi de consciencia que, al seu torn, va donar com a resultat un acte d’autocensura. A les pagines seguents, intentare fer tot el possible per desenredar aquests fils diversos que unien allo que, a la superficie, semblen ser dues crisis totalment diferents.
Medical Therapy for Cushing’s Syndrome in the Twenty-first Century

Medical therapy has a useful adjunctive role in many patients with Cushing's syndrome. Patients with pituitary corticotroph adenomas who have received radiation therapy to the sella require medical therapy until the effects of radiation therapy occur. In addition, patients with Cushing's syndrome who cannot undergo surgery promptly, including those who are acutely ill and cannot safely undergo tumor resection, may benefit from medical therapy as a bridge to surgery. Other possible candidates for medical therapy are those with unresectable tumors or those whose tumor location remains unknown despite adequate diagnostic evaluation.
Application of a commercial barley beta-amylase in brewing.

Food-grade barley β-amylase, commercially available in bulk, was tested on the laboratory and pilot-plant scale to evaluate its potential utility in mashing. When mash temperature was varied betwee...
Improving service delivery to cancer survivors in primary care settings project.

52Background: An estimated 14 million cancer survivors live in the U.S., with up to 18 million expected by 2020. Methods: We established a partnership with three Texas family medicine training prog...
Ascorbate Effects on Endomembrane Electron Transport and Membrane Flux

A central problem of cellular biology and biochemistry is how membrane translocations in cell motility, saltatory motion and vesicular transport (endocytosis/exocytosis) occur. Little is known about the mechanisms to transduce chemical energy into physical displacements of membrane sheets, vesicles or protrubances (1,2).
The Hong Kong Linked Rate Mechanism: Monetary Lessons for Economic Development

A currency board is a monetary institution that issues notes and coins which are fully convertible into a reserve currency at a fixed rate on demand. Reserves are equal to 100 per cent, or slightly more, of a board’s notes and coins. There have been over seventy currency boards and all have maintained convertibility, even during civil wars. Although successful, currency boards fell victim to changing economic fashions, and most were replaced by central banks after World War II. Hong Kong has one of the few remaining currency board systems, although that system remains largely unknown, even to monetary specialists. An analysis of the evolution and working of Hong Kong’s system is presented in this text. Strengths and weaknesses of the current system are discussed, and measures to correct weaknesses are suggested. The desirability of the currency board system for developing countries, particularly those making the transformation from socialism to capitalism, is also examined.
Parallel Bottom-up Tomita parsing

In the previous chapter we have derived the parsing schema LR(0) and concluded that the differences with Earley are trivial details. Hence there is a structural correspondence between Earley chart parser and generalized LR parsers. This correspondence can be used to cross-fertilize different variants of either kind algorithm. A particularly interesting example that we will discuss here is the Parallel Bottom-up Tomita (PBT) algorithm [Lankhorst and Sikkel, 1991], [Sikkel and Lankhorst, 1992], where the conventional parallelization of Earley’s algorithm is applied to the Tomita parser.
Disability Justice: Rethinking “Inclusion” in Arts Education Research

“In the arts and education, the purpose of disability justice is to challenge the reliability of categories and definitions of disability.”Athe 2017 Art Education Research Institute (AERI)1 in Illi...
Fabrication of Ag–Pd concave nanocrystals through facet-selective oxidation of Ag atoms

We report the fabrication of Ag-Pd concave nanocrystals by introducing the Pd(ii) precursor into an aqueous suspension of Ag nanocubes in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) under ambient conditions. Different from the previously reported work that involved the oxidation of Ag and deposition of Pd at random sites on the surface for the generation of Ag-Pd hollow nanocrystals, we demonstrate that the Cl- ions from CTAC can confine the oxidation of Ag atoms to the side faces of a nanocube while the resultant Pd atoms are deposited on the edges in an orthogonal manner. By controlling the amount of the Pd(ii) precursor involved in a synthesis, we can transform Ag nanocubes into Ag-Pd nanocrystals with different degrees of concaveness for the side faces and controllable Pd contents. We characterize the outermost layer of concave surfaces for the as-obtained Ag-Pd nanocrystals by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) through the use of an isocyanide probe. This facile approach would enable the fabrication of Ag-based concave nanocrystals for applications in plasmonics and catalysis.
2307: Resting state network profiles of Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia: A preliminary examination

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Recent evidence from resting-state fMRI studies have shown that brain network connectivity is altered in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. However, few studies have examined the complete connectivity patterns of these well-reported RSNs using a whole brain approach and how they compare between dementias. Here, we used advanced connectomic approaches to examine the connectivity of RSNs in Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and age-matched control participants. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 44 participants [27 controls (66.4±7.6 years), 13 AD (68.5.63±13.9 years), 4 FTD (59.575±12.2 years)] from an ongoing study at Indiana University School of Medicine were used. Resting-state fMRI data was processed using an in-house pipeline modeled after Power et al. (2014). Images were parcellated into 278 regions of interest (ROI) based on Shen et al. (2013). Connectivity between each ROI pair was described by Pearson correlation coefficient. Brain regions were grouped into 7 canonical RSNs as described by Yeo et al. (2015). Pearson correlation values were then averaged across pairs of ROIs in each network and averaged across individuals in each group. These values were used to determine relative expression of FC in each RSN (intranetwork) and create RSN profiles for each group. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our findings support previous literature which shows that limbic networks are disrupted in FTLD participants compared with AD and age-matched controls. In addition, interactions between different RSNs was also examined and a significant difference between controls and AD subjects was found between FP and DMN RSNs. Similarly, previous literature has reported a disruption between executive (frontoparietal) network and default mode network in AD compared with controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our approach allows us to create profiles that could help compare intranetwork FC in different neurodegenerative diseases. Future work with expanded samples will help us to draw more substantial conclusions regarding differences, if any, in the connectivity patterns between RSNs in various neurodegenerative diseases.
ON THE SOLUTION OF GENERALIZED EQUATIONS UNDER H{\"O}LDER CONTINUITY CONDITIONS

We provide a local convergence analysis of Newton's method for solving a certain class of generalized equations in a Banach space setting under H{\"o}lder and center-H{\"o}lder continuity conditions on the Fr{\'e}chet-derivative of the operator involved. Using more precise estimates and under the same hypotheses/computational cost we provide a ner convergence analysis of Newton's method than before [5], [6], [9].
Mechanism design with ambiguous transfers: An analysis in finite dimensional naive type spaces

Abstract This paper introduces ambiguous transfers to the problems of full surplus extraction and implementation in finite dimensional naive type spaces. The mechanism designer commits to one transfer rule but informs agents of a set of potential ones. Without knowing the adopted transfer rule, agents are assumed to make decisions based on the worst-case expected payoffs. A key condition in this paper is the Beliefs Determine Preferences (BDP) property, which requires an agent to hold distinct beliefs about others' information under different types. We show that full surplus extraction can be guaranteed via ambiguous transfers if and only if the BDP property is satisfied by all agents. When agents' beliefs can be generated by a common prior, all efficient allocations are implementable via individually rational and budget-balanced mechanisms with ambiguous transfers if and only if the BDP property holds for all agents. This necessary and sufficient condition is weaker than those for full surplus extraction and implementation via Bayesian mechanisms. Therefore, ambiguous transfers may achieve first-best outcomes that are impossible under the standard approach. In particular, with ambiguous transfers, efficient allocations become implementable generically in two-agent problems, a result that does not hold under a Bayesian framework.
Ni‐Catalyzed, Domino Synthesis of Tertiary Alcohols from Secondary Alcohols.

The use of an in situ generated N-heterocyclic carbene allows for the synthesis of a variety of tertiary alcohols (III) from secondary alcohols (I) through a domino oxidation—addition protocol.
Orthophoto Maps vs. Conventional Maps

The paper presents a brief description of orthophoto instruments which exist at present. Cartographic techniques in orthophoto mapping are mentioned and some experiments are described. An almost co...
Prediction of a Non-Valence Temporary Anion State of (NaCl)2

The equation-of-motion coupled cluster method is used to characterize the low-lying anion states of (NaCl)2 in its rhombic structure. This species is known to possess a non-valence bound anion of Ag symmetry. Our calculations also demonstrate that it has a non-valence temporary anion of B2u symmetry, about 14 meV above threshold. The potential energy curves of the two anion states and of the ground state of the neutral molecule are reported as a function of distortion along the symmetric stretch normal coordinate. Implications for experimental detection of the temporary anion state are discussed. The sensitivity of the results to the inclusion of high-order correlation effects and of core correlation is examined.
Cybersecurity and platform competition in the cloud

Abstract Cloud computing services are examples of platforms in the classic sense of the economics of two-sided markets. In particular, indirect externalities arise in the cloud from connecting users with developers of complementary products or services. The premise investigated here is that a cloud provider's security is subject to the same rigors of two-sided market competition that shape a cloud provider's pricing and strategy. In so doing, this study demonstrates how cybersecurity shapes cloud competition and cloud competition shapes cybersecurity. Specifically, cybersecurity is shown to be a user-side phenomenon with characteristics that can lead to the coexistence of cloud services providers rather than monopoly. In addition, a user's switching costs are characterized in terms of the ratio of the potential consequence of a class break under a user's current provider against that of the competition. Finally, a component of cybersecurity is identified for which there is no technical solution.
Flexible Energy Harvester on a Pacemaker Lead Using Multibeam Piezoelectric Composite Thin Films.

Implantable medical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, rely on batteries for operation. However, conventional batteries only last for a few years, and additional surgeries are ...