cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in atmospheric elemental carbon concentrations from 1835 to 2005

225, and 62 ng m � 3 , respectively. We also collected � 55 cm long sediment cores from West Pine Pond near Whiteface Mountain. The cores were sliced and their 210 Pb ages determined. The first (top) five slices each represented sediment deposition over 7 years and the remaining 13 years each. EC was chemically separated from the sediment samples from four cores, and its concentration in each slice was determined using the thermal optical method. The [EC]sed followed closely that of [EC]atm from 1978 to 2005. Assuming wet and dry deposition as the only source, we can show that [EC]sed = K[EC]atm, where K (m 3 g � 1 ) is a constant for a given lake. From [EC]atm, and [EC]sed for the 1978–2005 period, K was determined to be 10,400 ± 4,400 m 3 g � 1 . With this value used for K and [EC]sed, the [EC]atm values were determined from 1835 to 1978. The [EC]atm from 1835–1862 was � 30 ng m � 3 , which may be close to the preindustrial background level. The [EC]atm was 65 ng m � 3 for the 1863–1875 period, then increased sharply, reaching a maximum value, 760 ng m � 3 , from 1917–1930. From 1931–1943 through 1978–1984, the concentration decreased gradually, from 680 to 560 ng m � 3 . The concentrations for 1985–1991, 1992–1998, and 1999–2005 were 295, 195, and 60 ng m � 3 , respectively. Model calculations for BC emissions from fossil fuel
The collective articulation of issues as design practice

In this paper we discuss one practice of social design and social innovation by which designers and participants work together to reveal the factors, relations and consequences of an issue. We refer to this as the collective articulation of issues. Within the context of social design and social innovation the articulation of issues takes on a distinctive character and can be manifested through a wider range of design engagements than previously considered. To support our discussion we analyse two design engagements from the growBot Garden project, a research project exploring technologies for small-scale agriculture. Through this analysis we identify the qualities of the event and pluralism as central to the collective articulation of issues. We argue that the collective articulation of issues is a foundational practice of social design and social innovation, comprising an outcome and purpose in its own right.
A Game Theoretic Framework for Community Detection

The mainstream approach for community detection focuses on the optimization of a metric that measures the quality of a partition over a given network. Optimizing a global metric is akin to community assignment by a centralized decision maker. In liu of global optimization, we treat each node as a player in a hedonic game and focus on their ability to form fair and stable community structures. Application on real-world networks and a well-known benchmark demonstrates that our approach produces better results than modularity optimization.
Alkaloids of the Bark of Teclea grandifolia

The bark of Teclea grandifolia Engl. was found to contain evoxanthine, norevoxanthine, and an unidentified alkaloid.
Frequency Analysis of the Detectability of Virtual Haptic Gratings

The tactile detectability of sinusoidal and square-wave virtual texture gratings were measured and analyzed. Using a three-interval one-up three-down adaptive tracking procedure, detection thresholds for virtual gratings were estimated using a custom-designed high position-resolution 3-degrees-of-freedom force-feedback haptic device. Two types of gratings were used, defined by sinusoidal and square waveforms, with spatial wavelengths of 0.2 to 25.6 mm. The results indicated that the participants demonstrated a higher sensitivity (i.e., lower detection threshold) to square-wave gratings than to sinusoidal ones at all the wavelengths tested. When the square-wave gratings were represented by the explicative Fourier series, it became apparent that the detectability of the square-wave gratings could be determined by that of the sinusoidal gratings at the corresponding fundamental frequencies. This was true for any square-wave grating as long as the detection threshold for the fundamental component was below those of the harmonic components
The DNA Binding Activity of MutL Is Required for Methyl-directed Mismatch Repair in Escherichia coli

The DNA binding properties of the mismatch repair protein MutL and their importance in the repair process have been controversial for nearly two decades. We have addressed this issue using a point mutant of MutL (MutL-R266E). The biochemical and genetic data suggest that DNA binding by MutL is required for dam methylation-directed mismatch repair. We demonstrate that purified MutL-R266E retains wild-type biochemical properties that do not depend on DNA binding, such as basal ATP hydrolysis in the absence of DNA and the ability to interact with other mismatch repair proteins. However, purified MutL-R266E binds DNA poorly in vitro as compared with MutL, and consistent with this observation, its DNA-dependent biochemical activities, like DNA-stimulated ATP hydrolysis and helicase II stimulation, are severely compromised. In addition, there is a modest effect on stimulation of MutH-catalyzed nicking. Finally, genetic assays show that MutL-R266E has a strong mutator phenotype, demonstrating that the mutant is unable to function in dam methylation-directed mismatch repair in vivo.
Cerebral morphometric abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome A quantitative MRI study of monozygotic twins

Although the pathologic substrate of Tourette's syndrome (TS) is unknown, studies have implicated subtle changes in the basal ganglia. To further investigate structural basal ganglia pathology in TS, we performed morphometric analyses of MRIs of 10 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for severity of TS but concordant for the presence of tic disorders (mean age, 16.3 years; range, 9 to 31 years). Right caudate volume was slightly but significantly reduced in the relatively more severely affected twins as a group compared with the less affected twins (mean difference = 6%, p < 0.01). Most of this difference was attributable to volume reduction in the anterior right caudate (p < 0.02), which was smaller in the more severely affected twin in nine of 10 twin sets. The mean volume of the left lateral ventricle was 16% smaller in the more severely affected twins than in the less severely affected twins (p < 0.01). The normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricles (left greater than right) was not present in the more severely affected twins, who had a trend toward a larger right lateral ventricle. Moreover, the difference within a pair in the degree of loss of the normal ventricular asymmetry correlated with the difference within a pair in the severity of the tic disorder (r = 0.75, p < 0.02). There were no other basal ganglia, ventricular volumetric, or asymmetry abnormalities. These findings partially replicate other MRI studies and suggest that subtle structural abnormalities in the CNS, particularly in the caudate, may play a role in the pathophysiology of TS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Improved Graphical Model for Audiovisual Object Tracking

Object tracking plays an important role in multimedia surveillance systems, in which the major types of data are video and audio captured by cameras and microphone arrays. In this paper, we describe a systematic approach to audiovisual object tracking, originally proposed by Beal et al, based on graphical models that jointly combine audio and video variables under a single probabilistic framework. We seek to improve this approach through three aspects: First, we introduce background subtraction preprocessing of video data. Second, we modify the video model to exclude the background from being transformed. Third, we extend the joint model to a dynamic Bayes net. These improvements yield satisfactory results on single person tracking in a noisy outdoor environment with far-field background road traffic, and handle situations where the target is lost due to occlusions.
Priming for Social Activities: Effects on Interactions between Children with Autism and Typically Developing Peers.

This study examined whether brief priming sessions (i.e., previewing activities with an adult ahead of time) would increase the rate of initiations made by children with autism to peers in inclusiv...
Variable order secant matrix technique applied to the elastic postbuckling of arches

This paper presents the implementation of Reissner's (J. Appl. Math. Phys. 1972; 23:795–804) strain–displacement relations for a planar beam using a variable order secant matrix (VOSM) technique. The secant matrices are formed using a Taylor expansion of the strain energy and hence the order of the secant and tangent matrices to be included in the nonlinear analysis can be varied depending upon the degree of nonlinearity involved in the problem. Nevertheless, a maximum of 24 matrices is sufficient to obtain predicted internal stress resultants to within 0.2% of the converged solution in all the problems tested. Using a three-noded isoparametric beam element, the accuracy of the VOSM method is demonstrated for the elastic postbuckling of arches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rod Shape Determination by the Bacillus subtilis Class B Penicillin-Binding Proteins Encoded by pbpA and pbpH

The peptidoglycan cell wall determines the shape and structural integrity of a bacterial cell. Class B penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) carry a transpeptidase activity that cross-links peptidoglycan strands via their peptide side chains, and some of these proteins are directly involved in cell shape determination. No Bacillus subtilis PBP with a clear role in rod shape maintenance has been identified. However, previous studies showed that during outgrowth of pbpA mutant spores, the cells grew in an ovoid shape for several hours before they recovered and took on a normal rod shape. It was postulated that another PBP, expressed later during outgrowth, was able to compensate for the lack of the pbpA product, PBP2a, and to guide the formation of a rod shape. The B. subtilis pbpH (ykuA) gene product is predicted to be a class B PBP with greatest sequence similarity to PBP2a. We found that a pbpH-lacZ fusion was expressed at very low levels in early log phase and increased in late log phase. A pbpH null mutant was indistinguishable from the wild-type, but a pbpA pbpH double mutant was nonviable. When pbpH was placed under the control of an inducible promoter in a pbpA mutant, viability was dependent on pbpH expression. Growth of this strain in the absence of inducer resulted in conversion of the cells from rods to ovoid/round shapes and lysis. We conclude that PBP2a and PbpH play redundant roles in formation of a rod-shaped peptidoglycan cell wall.
Evidence for stabilizing selection in a eukaryotic enhancer element

Eukaryotic gene expression is mediated by compact cis-regulatory modules, or enhancers, which are bound by specific sets of transcription factors. The combinatorial interaction of these bound transcription factors determines time- and tissue-specific gene activation or repression. The even-skipped stripe 2 element controls the expression of the second transverse stripe of even-skipped messenger RNA in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, and is one of the best characterized eukaryotic enhancers. Although even-skipped stripe 2 expression is strongly conserved in Drosophila, the stripe 2 element itself has undergone considerable evolutionary change in its binding-site sequences and the spacing between them. We have investigated this apparent contradiction, and here we show that two chimaeric enhancers, constructed by swapping the 5' and 3' halves of the native stripe 2 elements of two species, no longer drive expression of a reporter gene in the wildtype pattern. Sequence differences between species have functional consequences, therefore, but they are masked by other co-evolved differences. On the basis of these results, we present a model for the evolution of eukaryotic regulatory sequences.
Source Analysis of Central Plains Tradition Pottery Using Neutron Activation Analysis: Feasibility and First Results

AbstractWe report the results of a study applying instrumental neutron activation analysis (NAA) to pottery from eight sites assigned to the western part of the Central Plains tradition (Upper Republican and Smoky Hill phases) and six components identified as High Plains Upper Republican. Our purpose is to test the feasibility of using NAA to trace interactions among people of the Central Plains tradition and between the Central Plains tradition people and their counterparts on the High Plains. Results of the statistical analysis, which was performed using the chemical data for both newly sampled sites and previously studied sites (as reported by Cobry), suggest that NAA is a usable method for evaluating the movement of pottery for at least parts of the Central Plains tradition. Samples from four sites on Medicine Creek as well as the Albert Bell and LeBeau sites formed a single homogeneous group referred to as the Central Plains Reference Group. Samples from the other sites, however, formed distinct grou...
Integrating e-Books into Academic Libraries: A Literature Review

Academic libraries continue to face challenges of physical space, changing access demands from technology, and the delivery and accessibility of resources to populations both on- and off-campus. To address these challenges, academic libraries increasingly turn to e-books to build and supplement existing print collections. This review article examines the various streams within the library and information science literature related to e-book adoption in academic libraries. Topics within the literature examined include e-book technology, academic library adoption, cost, and modes of reading. This review of the literature is relevant to all academic librarians and administrators engaged in collection development decisions.
Wave propagation in a random dielectric rod array

Radiowave propagation in forested environments has been a well studied topic since the 1960s [1]. Recently, there is an emerging interest in deploying wireless sensor networks in forests for scientific and military applications such as forest fire detection and networked radios. Several measurement campaigns have been reported in the HF/VHF frequency ranges [2–4]. Although the resulting measurement data are quite valuable, it is difficult to gain physical insights from the data, since the propagation mechanisms become more complex for such near-ground, short-distance propagation through the forest. Furthermore, it is difficult to compare different measurement data sets due to differences in tree types, tree distributions, ground conditions and terrain profiles.
Outcomes After Right-Side Heart Sarcoma Resection

Background In patients with primary cardiac sarcoma, the tumor's location is more important than cell type in determining patient presentation, therapy options, and outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the outcomes after right-side heart sarcoma resection. Methods Clinicopathologic data from patients who underwent right-side heart sarcoma resection at our institution and patients identified in a literature search were examined. Morbidity and the 30-day mortality rate and survival were determined. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to identify independent predictors of overall survival. Results We identified 57 patients who underwent right-side heart sarcoma resection. Right-side heart failure was the most common complication (4 patients, 19%), and the 30-day mortality was 14% (3 patients). The overall 5-year survival rate was 17%, and the median overall survival duration was 9 months. Multivariate analyses revealed that surgical margin status was the only independent predictor of survival. Patients with negative surgical margins had a longer median overall survival duration (27 months versus 4 months) and a significantly higher overall 5-year survival rate (36% versus 0%; p = 0.0003) than patients with positive surgical margins. Conclusions The patients with right-side heart sarcoma resection had worse survival after resection than that reported for our patients who underwent resection for left-side heart sarcoma or pulmonary artery sarcoma. Because positive surgical margin status is an independent predictor of reduced survival, induction chemotherapy should considered to enhance resectability in right-side heart sarcoma patients, thus maximizing the possibility of obtaining negative surgical margins.
Childhood Diabetes A Contemporary Re-evaluation

There is still much ignorance and un certainty as to the relative merits of strict vs. free diets, oral vs. injectable drugs, the basic physiologic faults, the useful ness of the sugar tolerance and related tests, etc. Here is a straightforward ex position of the newer insights into patho genesis which are pertinent to the best care of the child with diabetes.
X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), often referred to as X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, is a powerful technique available for determining the local coordination site structure and electronic properties of specific atoms in molecules. XAS can be performed on molecules in the gaseous, solution, or solid states, and generally every element is spectroscopically active. This technique utilizes high intensity X rays supplied by synchrotron radiation sources to selectively excite core electron transitions for a specific element of choice. XAS spectra are divided into two spectral regions, the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) region and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) region. XANES spectra can be utilized to provide: (1) qualitative information regarding the ligands coordinated to the absorbing atom, (2) semi-quantitative information regarding the redox state of the absorbing atom, and (3) metal-ligand coordination geometry. Simulations of the EXAFS data can provide information regarding absorber-scatterer bond length values to extremely high accuracy (ca. ±0.02 A), as well as coordination numbers and ligand identity at reduced accuracies. The high accuracy in bond lengths achieved from XAS makes this technique extremely sensitive for measuring subtle structural perturbations within molecules under perturbed or turnover conditions. When utilized with other techniques, XAS can supply the metrical parameters required to understand the chemical properties of specific elements in a molecule. Keywords: X-ray Absorption spectroscopy; X-ray absorption fine structure; X-ray absorption near edge structure; near edge X-ray absorption fine structure; extended X-ray absorption fine structure.
Research and Development of the eXtendable Solar Array System

The eXtendable Solar Array System (XSAS) is a CubeSat power generation and distribution system under development by a team of students at the University of Michigan. Low power generation is a major factor limiting current CubeSat capabilities. XSAS is being designed as a 1U (10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) CubeSat attachment capable of high power generation by utilizing an extending array of solar panels that provide a large surface compared to the common 3U (10 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm) CubeSat. The geometry of extendable structure can provide additional benefits to a mission such as passive gravity gradient stabilization and the potential to integrate with a high gain antenna for enhanced communication capabilities. Preliminary calculations on the baseline design show that XSAS provides more than 20 watt-hours average power at 100° inclination orbits above 600 km, nearly triple the average 7 watt-hours power generation capability of a 3U CubeSat. A scaled down version of the extending array was tested in microgravity and validated as a reliable design. Currently, the XSAS project is in a research and development stage. All aspects of the XSAS technology are being investigated or redesigned based on previous testing results, lessons learned, and trade studies. Modeling is being done to determine power generation capabilities with respect to a range of orbital altitude and inclinations, structural characteristics, and thermal management methods. The extending structure and electrical power system are being designed and prototyped. The group will continue to raise the Technology Readiness Level and one day utilize XSAS to benefit a CubeSat mission.
Examining Professional Stereotypes in an Interprofessional Education Simulation Experience

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) provides a platform for early professional socialization, potentially affecting the accuracy of stereotypes among health professions students. The purpose of this study was to implement an interprofessional simulation with nursing, respiratory therapy (RT), and speech language pathology (SLP) students, and using the Student Stereotype Rating Questionnaire, evaluate how an IPE simulation approach may alter stereotypes that learners carry with them related to themselves and professions other than their own. Methods and Findings: Participants rated the extent to which they believe attributes, based on nine professional characteristics, apply to either their own profession (autostereotypes), other professions (heterostereotypes), or their own profession as seen by others (perceived autostereotypes) with the Student Stereotype Rating Questionnaire (SSRQ). A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used, and descriptive and analytical statistics conducted within and across groups. Participant impressions of the IPE experience are presented. Main limitations included smaller sample size of RT and SLP participants. Conclusions: Results showed a significant difference from pre- to post-IPE simulation in nursing heterostereoptype, autostereotype, and perceived autostereotype scores. No significant difference was seen in hetereostereotypes of RT and SLP students. Overall, student impressions were positive. Recommendations include study replication for larger sample size.
Explaining Disparities in Asylum Claims

This paper examines the effects of institutional design and legal culture on asylum adjudication. Noting a disparity in the rates at which asylum is granted by Immigration Judges and Asylum Corps Officers, this paper sets forth several hypotheses that may explain the disparity. Highlighting features of each forum that may be associated with approval rates, this paper suggests that the two-tiered asylum adjudication system encourages asylum-seekers with the strongest claims to utilize affirmative application procedures while dissuading those with weaker claims from presenting their claims to asylum officers. Moreover, this paper argues that institutional features of asylum adjudication engender an ethos that favors asylum applicants in the Asylum Corps but disfavors them in the Immigration Courts. Accordingly, changing the patterns of asylum adjudications requires changes to both workplace structure and workplace culture.
Buckling of Rings

Elastic buckling of rising under uniform external pressure is a well-studied problem. The purpose herein is to show that a direct and consistent scheme for solving the ring buckling problem, as well as all curved beam buckling problems of any material, is provided by the rate equation approach.
Ethical Commitments in Community-Based Research with Youth

ABSTRACTThis article offers an ethnographic account of a formally organized group of students who worked to influence policy in their schools and the adults they encountered in this activity. I also address my role as an observant participant to highlight a series of emergent “ethical opportunities” that created contexts for mutual human development. This account is intended to contribute to a discussion of the developmental role of contradictions highlighted in cultural-historical activity theory. In particular, I seek to highlight opportunities afforded by community-based research for all involved to respond to contradictions as learners, rather than arbiters of ethical practice.
Conceptual Design and Testing of a Landing Gear System for the TALARIS Lunar and Planetary Surface Exploration Hopper Prototype

The TALARIS (Terrestrial Artificial Lunar And Reduced gravIty Simulator) lunar hopper prototype vehicle, which conducts test flights in Earth gravity, may undergo significant impacts upon landing. Accordingly, a concept was developed for landing gear to mitigate the effects of these impacts. This concept was then developed and prototyped, and initial tests for actuation capability and deceleration capability were conducted on the prototype. Initial results indicate that the selected concept, a foam-compressing piston design, performs well. Further testing to measure peak acceleration of the payload atop the landing gear and to develop the concept with lightweight materials is also recommended.
A comparison of the effects of hyperthermia on cell growth in human T and B lymphoid cells: relationship to alterations in plasma membrane transport properties.

Hyperthermic exposure (39-43 degrees C) for 1 or 2 hr impairs growth and Na+-dependent amino acid transport in both a radiosensitive human T (Molt-4) and a radioresistant B (RPMI 1788) lymphoid cell line. The heat damage to Na+-dependent amino acid transport in both cell lines is reversible under the conditions tested. Cell growth, as judged by increases in cell number, is decreased in both cell lines after hyperthermic treatment (43 degrees C, 1-hr exposure). This decrease in growth correlated with the damage to, and recovery of, the Na+-dependent amino acid transport system. However, the sensitivity to heat of both growth and Na+-dependent amino acid transport appears to differ in Molt-4 which is somewhat more sensitive to hyperthermia (T-cell line) vs RPMI-1788 (B-cell line). In the case of Molt-4, the rate of growth is decreased for about 60-80 hr after cells are exposed for 1 hr at 43 degrees C; whereas increases in cell number in the RPMI 1788 is observed within 40 hr after the heat treatment. The differences observed in cell growth and transport in these two lymphoid cell lines are attributed to the manner in which heat affects (i) the transport parameters in Molt-4 vs RPMI 1788 (i.e., the Michaelis-Menten constants Km and Vmax) and (ii) the putative plasma membrane sulfhydryl protein(s) which modulates Na+-dependent amino acid transport.
Data monitoring and safety committees and their operations.

UNLABELLED The scientific burden of proof for new therapies and technologies in obstetrics and gynecology has risen steadily over the past 15 to 20 years, and the randomized clinical trial has become integral to this higher standard. Data monitoring and safety committees are now critical components of clinical trials, yet their history, rationale, methods of operation, and overall role have not been well-characterized in the obstetrics and gynecology literature. In this review, an overview of the important and evolving role of data monitoring and safety committees is provided. TARGET AUDIENCE Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe what a data monitoring and safety committee is, plan who should comprise the DMSC, and outline the functions of a DMSC.
Effects of ryanodine on model systems derived from muscle-V. Reconstituted actomyosin and alpha-actinin.

Abstract The influence of β-actinin on the ATPase activity of skeletal muscle actomyosin reconstituted from either G- or F-actin, and myosin A and the modification of this influence by ryanodine were studied. The ATPase activity of actomyosin reconstituted from G-actin and myosin A showed a progressive increase in rate. This finding suggested a gradual conversion of G- to F-actin, the latter then complexing with myosin A to form the active F-actomyosin. β-Actinin slowed this progressive increase in ATPase rate. Preincubation studies showed that ryanodine, which opposed this slowing effect, did not inactivate β-actinin. The ATPase activity of actomyosin reconstituted from myosin A and F-actin which has been preincubated with β-actinin was also reduced, but in this instance the progressive increase seen with G-actin was no longer observed. The results presented are compatible with the known effects of β-actinin, namely the retarding action on the conversion of G- to F-actin and the dispersing effect on F-actin. F-actin complexed with Myosin A in reconstituted actomyosin was less susceptible to the dispersing effect. Ryanodine opposed both types of action. Since the activity of β-actinin was not reduced by preincubation with ryanodine, it is concluded that the alkaloid stabilizes F-actin against the dispersing effect of β-actinin.
Individual Differences in Babbling and Early Speech: Predicting to Age Three

Over the past 15 years several studies have clearly demonstrated that, for any given child, the phonetic repertoire and phonological shapes used in late babble and in early words are closely related (cf., e.g., Crut-tenden, 1970, Labov and Labov, 1978, Stoel-Gammon and Cooper, 1984, and Vihman et al., in press). Furthermore, babbling, or vocalizations not identifiable as words, still accounts for some two-thirds of all vocalizations at a point when a child has a cumulative vocabulary, by parental report, of over 30 words (Vihman and Miller, forthcoming). It thus seems most sensible to draw on the child’s babbling as well as on early words in any attempt to characterize phonological or general vocal development at age one.
An Introduction and Hierarchical Organization of the Biophysical Tool in Section II

Abstract This chapter provides a brief introduction and hierarchical overview of the biophysical tools to be discussed in Section II of this book. In choosing these tools, we have organized them into a hierarchy of four separate levels (i.e., four tiers). The key criteria for this organization, concerns the richness in information each tool supplies regarding the biophysical properties and higher order structure of a protein drug. In using this key criterion a number of factors were observed to trend with this organization, including: (1) ease to operate and use, (2) cost to implement, (3) required amount of time to upset and acquire data, and (4) level of expertise to process, analyze and interpret data. The biophysical tools at the lowest two tiers (i.e., tier 1 and 2) fall into a general grouping that constitutes the standard or mainstream package of commonly used biophysical tools employed by nearly all biopharmaceutical companies in developing protein drugs. While the biophysical tools in the two highest tiers (i.e., tier 3 and 4), comprise a second grouping of methods that correspond to the more advanced biophysical tools.
Review: The Architecture of the Sun: Los Angeles Modernism 1900–1970 by Thomas S. Hines

Thomas S. Hines The Architecture of the Sun: Los Angeles Modernism 1900–1970 New York: Rizzoli, 2010, 756 pp. $95.00, ISBN 9780847833207 Reyner Banham once suggested that historians have the advantage of looking at the world through “the rear-view mirror.” This is a privilege that can be abused—or not. What counters the advantage of hindsight is the hope that the historian will lay out the evidence in such a way that the implicit realities of history become vivid. Thomas S. Hines, in his introduction to Dione Neutra’s book Richard Neutra: Promise and Fulfillment, 1919–1932 (1986), writes, “History at its best is an analytical narrative, where ‘methodology’ pervades but never engulfs the story.” In The Architecture of the Sun , Hines materializes this sentiment in a way that approaches cultural anthropology. Indeed, for the most part Hines manages to convey a sense of frailty, a sense of being “in the moment” that in other hands might come across as inevitability, the smugness of “being right after the events” that Banham’s statement implies. The early section of the book recounts the formative period of modern California architecture that began with the work of Charles and Henry Greene. Most readers will recognize Hines’s story of the influences behind the Greenes’ iconic houses along the Arroyo Seco in Los Angeles County. Hines reminds us of the unique blend of midwestern sentiment, Spanish colonialism, Gustav Stickley, Japonism, and so on, that informed their work. His description of the ways in which these elements were adapted to the context of California, however, is what makes this such a compelling chapter. Hines reminds us how the Greenes’ lifestyle was embodied in their architecture and how their lives established a pattern their clients could use to imagine their own lives in this new landscape. He explains how the Greenes’ early training and career were defined by a rejection of European styles in favor of a search for an American identity. …
Immunomodulation and the Risk for Neoplasia

The findings and conclusions in this article have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be considered to represent any agency determination or policy.
Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola Formation - XXVI: A New Species of Trachycardium From Tenmile Creek

In 1977 the writer published a study on the Cardiidae of the Chipola Formation in which 16 species were identified in collections that included 40,342 specimens. It was with considerable surprise, therefore, that recently a valve of what is clearly a new species of Tmchycardium was collected by George Mollyn, a Tulane University graduate student, from locality TU 951 on Tenmile Creek, Calhoun County, Florida.
Computer extracted features of nuclear architecture in H&E sections to predict disease recurrence in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients.

e17536Background: Most patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) are cured of their disease but 10-20% will develop recurrence. Identifying high risk patients is key to tailoring therapy and reducing treatment-related morbidity. In this study, we present initial findings using computerized analysis of local nuclear architecture from digitized H&E tissue sections of OPSCC via a new algorithm called cell run-length features (CRF) to distinguish patients with more versus less aggressive disease. Methods: H&E stained tissue microarray sections of 160 primary p16+ OPSCC were digitally scanned. Our CRF analysis involved 1) nuclei segmentation, 2) creation of local cell cluster graphs based on proximity of nuclei, and 3) computing CRF for each cell cluster graph. The CRF reflects the total number of different ways/runs that the graph vertices can be traversed. A higher CRF reflects more complex nuclear spatial architecture, while a lower CRF reflects the converse. A series of CRF features relat...
Numerical Project for the Undergraduate Heat Transfer Course

A numerical simulation project, described in this paper, was assigned in an undergraduate heat transfer course in the mechanical engineering curriculum. This project complemented the heat transfer lecture course and its corresponding heat transfer lab. It was used to help students visualize and better understand the difference between conduction heat transfer which occurs within a three-dimensional solid body and the convection and/or radiation which occur at the surface of the solid body. It also allowed the students to generate and compare results of one dimensional heat transfer calculations to three dimensional simulation results.The project contained well defined deliverables and an open-ended deliverable which allowed students to be creative. It gave the students reason to discuss the course outside the classroom. It allowed students to use SolidWorks heat transfer simulation and manage a MATLAB script without taking classroom time. It was appreciated and enjoyed by the students.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Brain Development and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Methods

In this chapter, I provide an overview of brain development, structure, and function as background for interpreting neuroscience research on mathematical cognitive development. The formation of the brain throughout prenatal development is described and the location and functions of the four major lobes of the brain and the major sulci and gyri are identified. I also explain the structure and functioning of neurons. Brain growth and regionally specific developmental changes in gray and white matter are detailed. Then, I describe cognitive neuroscience research methods including lesion studies, which measure changes in cognitive function related to brain injury, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), which induces temporary lesions. Cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques that have provided opportunities for studying the living and working brain are explained, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), which measures changes in blood flow, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), which measures white matter connectivity patterns, Event-Related Potentials (ERP), which measures electrical activity, and functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), which uses light to measure changes in blood flow. I conclude by discussing advantages and limitations of using these cognitive neuroscience research methods. Despite their limitations, these methods provide us with tools for discovering how knowledge and thought are embodied in our brains.
Interleukin-18 and interleukin-1β: Two cytokine substrates for ICE (caspase-1)

This special article deals with the role of processing enzymes in the generation of bioactive cytokines, particularly IL-1β and the novel cytokine IL-18, which was formerly called IFNγ-inducing factor (IGIF). The “classical” pathways of cytokine processing are described, as well as the importance of alternative cleavage enzymes. The topic of this review also concerns the biology of IL-18. The regulation of IL-18 production, the IL-18 receptor complex, and the biological effects of this novel cytokine are described.
Justification for a Cytogenetic Scheme of Embryonal Central Neuroepithelial Tumors

The concept of central neuroepithelial tumors of primitive or perhaps, as one should rather call them, embryonal type requires no apologia. The existence of this category of neoplasms has long been recognized, even in the days when the main emphasis was on the view that most tumors of the glioma group presumably arose from already differentiated cells which underwent dedifferentiation in the course of growth. Thusqillis (1960) singled out the cerebellar medulloblastomas from other glioma types as “truly embryonic tumours arising from still immature neural tissues during foetal life or early childhood.” There Is widespread agreement that, followed by the retinoblastoma, the cerebellar medulloblastoma is by far the commonest of the central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms in that category. As a result, it is the one whose histogenesis and differentiation potential have been most extensively investigated and discussed.
Measurement of particle velocities associated with waves propagating in bars

The measurement of longitudinal and radial particle velocities, associated with waves propagating in bars, by an electro-magnetic-induction method is described. It is shown that both velocity components can be measured in conducting and nonconducting bars with approximately the same order of precision normally achieved in strain measurements. Precautions which must be observed are discussed and typical results are presented.
A 5-year retrospective study of descriptors associated with identification of stage I and suspected deep tissue pressure ulcers in persons with darkly pigmented skin.

Background As skin assessment is critical to pressure ulcer prevention, it is essential that practitioners performing skin assessments understand individuals with dark skin tones may represent at-risk persons. In addition, visual cues commonly associated with the identification of stage I and suspected deep tissue injury (sDTI) pressure ulcers may not be sufficient in persons with darkly pigmented skin. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify common descriptors associated with stage I and sDTI pressure ulcers in persons with darkly pigmented skin, to determine whether the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) definitions are adequate, and to identify additional descriptors that might aid practitioners in identifying pressure ulcers in this at-risk population. Methods A 5-year retrospective review of 96 subjects with 274 stage I or sDTI pressure ulcers was conducted at an acute care facility. A literature search aided in identifying descriptors associated with pressure ulcers in persons with darkly pigmented skin. Computer-queried records targeted subjects matching the descriptors of "African American," "Asian," "Hispanic," "American Indian," "Alaskan Native,""Native Hawaiian," or "Pacific Islander" descent; with a "stage I or sDTI" and a "WOCN consult" from "March-2008 through March-2013." The pressure ulcer documentation of 9 wound, ostomy, and continence nurses (WOCNs) was analyzed. Results Stage I and sDTIs presentations were varied. However, the majority of pressure ulcers were associated with descriptors consistent with NPUAP staging guidelines. For stage I pressure ulcers, the prevailing presentation was nonblanchable erythema in 66 (75%) cases and intact skin in all 88 (100%) cases. Contrary to NPUAP guidelines, the blanching effect was commonly present. Stage I pressure ulcers also presented with normal color in 17 (11.4%) instances and were accompanied by bogginess, pain, and induration. For sDTI pressure ulcers, the prevailing color presentation was purple discoloration in 130 (70%) of the 186 cases. Intact skin was observed in 140 (75.3%) cases of the 186 cases. Conclusion Contrary to NPUAP guidelines, this study showed sDTIs can have a break in the skin, with 26 (14%) ulcers demonstrating this. This suggests the NPUAP definition may benefit from revision to improve the accuracy of sDTI identification among persons with darkly pigmented skin.
The influence of slope on vegetation recovery following nonnative grazer removal on Santa Rosa Island, California

Ecosystem restoration efforts have been ongoing on the Channel Islands of California since the 1980s. Although these island ecosystems evolved without ungulate grazers, large nonnative grazers, including sheep, cattle, feral pigs, deer, and elk, were present on the islands for over 160 years. Intensive grazing led to reductions in the extent of woody vegetation, increases in the area of grassland and bare ground, and widespread landsliding and gully erosion. This study focuses on Santa Rosa Island, the second largest (215.3 km2) island in Channel Islands National Park. After the park was created in 1980, the National Park Service progressively removed nonnative grazers to facilitate the restoration of native vegetation and the wildlife communities they support. We constructed a time series (1989 to 2015) of Landsat TM5 and Landsat 7 ETM+ images to evaluate large-scale and long-term vegetation change in response to grazer removal on Santa Rosa Island. We also evaluated the influence of slope percent, which can be an indicator of past grazing accessibility, on ecosystem recovery. Results indicate that removing nonnative grazers led to passive restoration of 42.1 km2 of scrub, chaparral, and woodland vegetation. In contrast, the area of grassland vegetation decreased by 31.2 km2 and bare ground decreased by 12.0 km2. The extent of scrub and woodland vegetation recovery was greater on gentle and moderate slopes compared to steep slopes, indicating that terrain does influence passive restoration. Despite changes in vegetation cover, 5.4 km2 has remained bare. Much of the bare ground is on ridgelines that were denuded down to the bedrock or regolith. Active restoration will be necessary on bare ridgelines, such as erosion control, fog capture, and oak woodland reforestation.
Chapter 8 – Carbon Isotopic Composition of DOM

This chapter describes the carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The sources, turnover, and fates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the oceans have been studied by a number of techniques and approaches using both direct measurements and inferred assessments and modeling. Foremost among the direct measurement techniques is the use of molecular “fingerprinting” or organic biomarker compound analyses and natural carbon isotopic measurements. Each of these approaches has specific advantages and disadvantages for its application to studies of DOC biogeochemistry and yields unique information about the distributions and cycling of both “bulk” (total) DOC and its constituent organic fractions. Organic biomarkers can be highly sensitive with respect to identifying the contributions of both general sources (e.g., marine vs terrestrial organic matter) as well as specific organisms (different genera and species of primary and secondary producers) to various organic carbon pools, including DOC. However, organic compounds may undergo structural modification because of bacterial and photochemical degradation and as a result can rapidly lose their structural specificity. In addition, “identifiable” biomarker compound classes and specific compounds typically represent only a small proportion (generally not more than 20–25%) of the total DOC pool and as such may or may not be representative of the cycling of the “average” bulk or total pool.
Telephone-based motivational interviewing versus usual care in primary care to increase physical activity: a randomized pilot study

Diabetes and prediabetes are chronic conditions that affect over 40% of the US adult population combined. Regular physical activity can benefit people with diabetes through improved glucose control and can reduce the conversion of prediabetes to diabetes. Studies are needed in settings where people with these conditions can be identified and provided the skills and support to increase physical activity. The primary care setting meets this need, but there are insufficient high-quality trials to recommend this approach be broadly implemented. We conducted a randomized, 24-week pilot study in Southern California to assess the feasibility of using information technology systems available in primary care for identifying potential participants, test methods for obtaining physical activity clearance, conducting mail-based assessments, and delivering telephone-based motivational interviewing to increase physical activity. Eligibility criteria included age between 18 and 74 years, diabetes or prediabetes, and physically inactive based on a clinical assessment tool. At baseline and follow-up, physical activity was assessed by a 7-day accelerometry, cardiometabolic risk factors were collected from electronic medical records, and psychosocial factors were assessed from validated questionnaires administered through a mail survey. Participants were block randomized into intervention or usual care. Staff collecting outcome data were blinded to group assignment. Analysis of covariance was used to assess the difference at follow-up between the intervention and usual care, adjusting for baseline. A total of 67 participants were randomized. Follow-up mail assessments were completed by 53 participants. Of 224 potential intervention calls, 194 were completed (87%). Psychosocial measures significantly improved in four of the five factors for physical activity motivation relative to participants in the usual care arm. The more internally focused factors for exercise self-regulation and outcome expectancies scores were significantly greater for participants in intervention compared with usual care. Moderate to vigorous physical activity improved in intervention participants relative to usual care, but the difference was not statistically significant. No adverse events were noted. The objectives of this pilot study were met. If a fully powered trial is successful, primary care settings with “behind-the-scenes” information technology support may be appropriate to increase physical activity among patients with prediabetes and diabetes. Exercise Promotion in Primary Care (EPPC), NCT03429088 , registered on February 5, 2018.