cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Potential Characterization Of The Photoelectrochemical Etching System By Photoreflectance And Electroreflectance Techniques

We use the modulation techniques of electrolyte electroreflectance and photoreflectance to locally probe the semiconductor surface potential of various semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces. Changes in the surface potential are important in determining the rate of charge transfer in both electrode and electrodeless photochemical etching.
Manin pairs and topological field theory

Kazama has described an extension of the N=2 superconformal algebra in which the operator product of G^- with itself is singular. In this paper, we relate actions of this chiral algebra to Drinfeld's theory of Manin pairs, or equivalently, quasi-Lie bialgebras. We also show how to couple topological conformal field theories with this symmetry to topological gravity. As an application, we demonstrate the equivalence of the SL(2)/SL(2) model to a deformed SL(2)/SO(2) model tensored with a free field theory. (Revisions correct some minor errors.)
Spatial densities for specular points on a gaussian surface

Specular point densities for several models of randomly rough surfaces with a Gaussian height distribution are derived. Both area densities and volume densities conditioned by the surface height variate and surface curvatures are obtained. Several shadowing functions are compared with digital computer simulation results, and the application of the slope conditional shadowing function as a modifying factor for specular point densities is described. These densities, as modified by the shadowing function, are required in determining the statistics of fields reflected from random surfaces inducing deep-phase modulation whenever discrete scatterer models are employed in the analysis.
A novel peptide recognition mode revealed by the X-ray structure of a core U2AF35/U2AF65 heterodimer.

Abstract U2 auxiliary factor (U2AF) is an essential splicing factor that recognizes the 3′ splice site and recruits the U2 snRNP to the branch point. The X-ray structure of the human core U2AF heterodimer, consisting of the U2AF 35 central domain and a proline-rich region of U2AF 65 , has been determined at 2.2 A resolution. The structure reveals a novel protein-protein recognition strategy, in which an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM) of U2AF 35 and the U2AF 65 polyproline segment interact via reciprocal "tongue-in-groove" tryptophan residues. Complementary biochemical experiments demonstrate that the core U2AF heterodimer binds RNA, and that the interacting tryptophan side chains are essential for U2AF dimerization. Atypical RRMs in other splicing factors may serve as protein-protein interaction motifs elsewhere during spliceosome assembly.
The influence of voicing adjustments on the location of stuttering in the spontaneous speech of young child stutterers

Abstract The spontaneous speech of nine young ( 4–6 1 2 ) male stutterers was recorded in 45-min play sessions. All subjects had stuttered for 6 mo or more and had been diagnosed as stutterers by experienced clinicians. Transcriptions of the tapes were marked to show where stuttering occurred relative to phonemic events. Stuttering occurred significantly more often on words for which voice was initiated after a pause—whether at the beginning or the middle of a sentence—than during running speech. In running speech, frequency of stuttering was influenced by the voicing feature of the sounds surrounding the stuttered phone.
A Role for Ceramic Materials Science in Art, History and Archaeology

One’s first contact with materials occurs as infants with the swaddling cloths that warm and comfort us, but also restrain us. As life goes on material objects always surround us. They structure the way we look at the world and how we arrange our thoughts; they serve a wide range of utilitarian, aesthetic, social and symbolic functions; methods of designing, manufacturing and using materials are at the core of our technology and much of our culture. Materials technology, making and using objects, is thus in a unique position relative to history and culture. While interpretations sought by study of these objects are judgmental and humanistic, they must rest on as secure a foundation of solid materials knowledge as is possible. The central paradigm of materials technology is that the selection and processing of materials gives rise to a particular structure which is the source of useful properties (Fig. 1). This is exactly the process used by the artist who aims at aesthetic properties, and the craftsman and technologist who aim at particular properties.
Derivative generation from multivariate scattered data by functional minimization

Many multivariate interpolation schemes require as data values of derivatives that are not available in a practical application, and that therefore have to be generated suitably. A specific approach to this problem is described that is modeled after univariate spline interpolation. Derivative values are defined by the requirement that a certain functional be minimized over a suitable space subject to interpolation of given positional data. In principle, the technique can be applied in arbitrarily many variables. The theory is described in general, and a particular application is given in two variables. A major tool in the implementation of the technique is the Bezier-Bernstein form of a multivariate polynomial. The technique yields visually pleasing surfaces and is therefore suitable for design applications. It is less suitable for the approximation of derivatives of a given function.
M32: a constructive multilevel logic synthesis system

We describe a new constructive multilevel logic synthesis system that integrates the traditionally separate technology-independent and technology-dependent stages of modern synthesis tools. Dubbed M32, this system is capable of generating circuits incrementally based on both functional as well as structural considerations. This is achieved by maintaining a dynamic structural representation of the evolving implementation and by refining it through progressive introduction of gates from a target technology library. Circuit construction proceeds from the primary inputs towards the primary outputs. Preliminary experimental results show that circuits generated using this approach are generally superior to those produced by multi-stage synthesis.
Review of Understanding Revolution

Van Inwegen's book explores types of revolution and the role of ideologies, structures, and individuals in shaping revolution. Revolution is defined as “a forcible, irregular, popularly supported c...
Computer-based coding of fractures in the craniofacial region

A systematic approach to the coding of fractures in the craniofacial region is presented. An alpha-numeric code is formulated from an alpha component depicting the anatomical region of interest and a number which reflects the degree of disruption.
Deformation and Strain Measurement of Flip-Chip Solder Bump Under In-Situ Thermal Loading

Thermo-mechanical behavior of solder joints, especially the solder bumps located at the chip corners where most failures usually occur was investigated. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique with optical microscope was adopted to quantify the deformation behavior and strains of a solder bump of flip-chip package subjected to thermal loading. A flip-chip specimen was cross-sectioned after manual polishing process followed by wet etching method in order to generate natural speckle patterns with high enough contrast on the measuring surface for employing DIC technique. The sample was placed in a miniature heating chamber and subjected to in-situ thermal loading from 25 °C to 100°C. During the heating, sequential microscopic images of the cross-sectioned surface of a solder bump were acquired, and the deformation behavior and strain distributions were successfully measured with submicron accuracy by applying DIC technique on the captured images. The computed full-field displacement fields clearly depicted both normal and shear deformation of the solder bump under the thermal loading. In addition, from the strain fields, it was observed that strains were mostly concentrated on the bottom portion of solder bump near the pad connected to substrate. In order to assess the thermo-mechanical strains of the flip-chip interconnections more quantitatively, the average strains of solder joints at different locations were also measured and compared to one another. By doing so, the strain trends of solder bumps were effectively analyzed with respect to the distance to neutral point (DNP). Finally, finite element analysis was conducted by simulating the thermal loading applied in the experiments, and comparison between the simulation and experimental results of displacements and strains was made. The comparison results exhibited satisfactory agreement, which ensured the validity of the experimental data and methodology. This study can further expedite the studies of electronic-package reliability through fatigue and crack failure analysis of the solder joints due to thermal cyclic loading.© 2009 ASME
Animal-to-animal variability in the phasing of the crustacean cardiac motor pattern: an experimental and computational analysis

The cardiac ganglion (CG) of Homarus americanus is a central pattern generator that consists of two oscillatory groups of neurons: “small cells” (SCs) and “large cells” (LCs). We have shown that SC...
The intracerebral penetration of intraventricularly administered methotrexate: A quantitative autoradiographic study

The local concentration and distribution of methotrexate following intraventricular administration were studied in the brains of New Zealand White rabbits. Tritiated methotrexate was injected through subcutaneous reservoirs connected to ventricular catheters, the animals were sacrificed one hour after administration of the drug, and the distribution of the radiolabelled compound was assessed using quantitative autoradiographic techniques. The intracerebral distribution of tritiated inulin delivered in an identical fashion was studied for comparison. One hour after intraventricular administration of radiolabelled methotrexate or inulin approximately 40% of the area of the brain sections contained appreciable concentrations of the radiolabelled tracer. Gray matter adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid, including the hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and periaquaductal gray contained the highest concentrations of 3H-methotrexate. Large white matter tracts contained smaller amounts of tracer activity. The rapid and extensive penetration of intraventricularly administered methotrexate and inulin into normal brain parenchyma and the high methotrexate concentrations in specific regions of the brain provide insight into the pathogenesis of methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity.
Surface Characterization of Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers Designed for Streptavidin Immobilization

The self-assembly of streptavidin onto biotinylated alkylthiolate monolayers on gold has served as an important model system for protein immobilization at surfaces. Here, we report a detailed study of the surface composition and structure of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing biotinylated and diluent alkylthiolates and their use to specifically immobilize streptavidin. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have been used to characterize the films produced on gold from a range of binary mixtures of a biotinylated alkylthiol (BAT) and either a C16 methyl-terminated thiol (mercaptohexadecane, MHD) or a C11-oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated (OEG) thiol in ethanol. The correlation between the solution mole fraction of BAT and its surface mole fraction (χBAT,sur) indicates that it adsorbs ∼4-fold faster than OEG but slightly slower than MHD. ARXPS analysis demonstrates that the bi...
Determination of Anthocyanins, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth)

Anthocyanins, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and the antioxidant activity were determined in extracts of Andes berry fruit (Rubus glaucus Benth). Anthocyanis (ACNs) were isolated and characterized by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and electro spray ionization/mass spectrometry (PDA-ESI/MS/MS) analysis. The anthocyanin (ACN) content was 45 mg/100 g FW. The isolated anthocyanins were characterized as cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-xylorutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-rutinoside. The ascorbic acid content was 10.1 mg/100 g FW. The total phenolic content as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method was 294 mg GAE/100 g FW while the antioxidant activity as measured by ABTS(.) (+) radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was 2.01 and 4.50 mmol TE/100 g FW or 8.22 mmoles ferric iron reduced/100 g FW, respectively. The high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Andes berry suggest that this fruit could be a rich source of natural pigments, nutraceuticals, and natural antioxidants.
Effect of removing the zona pellucida on development of hamster and bovine embryos and

Abstract Uterine stage embryos collected from the hamster (8-cell) and cow (morula, early blastocyst) were monitored for development in vitro (embryo culture) and in vivo (embryo transfer) following premature removal of the zona pellucida. Removal of the zona pellucida did not significantly affect in vitro development to the blastocyst stage of (1) 8-cell hamster embryos (zonae removed by a combined enzymic-mechanical procedure), (2) bovine morulae (zonae removed by mechanical means only) (3) early bovine blastocysts (zonae removed by the enzymic-mechanical technique). Zona-free hamster embryos formed significantly fewer viable fetuses than did zona-intact embryos. The lower incidence of fetal development observed following transfer of zona-free 8-cell hamster embryos may have resulted in part from the formation of chimeras by fusion of these embryos in utero . Such fusion was observed to occur in vitro between zona-free embryos placed in close proximity. The proportion of pregnancies resulting from transfer of bovine blastocysts cultured from zona-free morulae was similar to that of zona-intact embryos. In this study we have demonstrated that (1) enzymic and mechanical procedures used to remove zonae pellucidae from uterine-stage hamster and bovine embryos do not adversely affect subsequent development of these embryos in vitro and in vivo and (2) zonae pellucidae are not required for normal development of these embryos. These findings have implications for microsurgery of mammalian embryos and for embryo transfer.
“Never Believe an Alcoholic”? On the Validity of Self-Report Measures of Alcohol Dependence and Related Constructs

A study of 114 male and female alcoholics was conducted to evaluate the validity of information obtained by means of self-report questionnaires. Factor analysis was used to derive composite measures of alcohol dependence, withdrawal symptomatology, pathological intoxication, and alcoholic psychosis. Validation was conducted by comparing these measures with independent and external criteria; that is, drinking estimates made by collateral informants, measures of general alcohol involvement, and drinking behavior 6 months after treatment.
10 years of rolling the minicircles: RCA assays in DNA diagnostics.

DNA amplification is the starting point of most DNA diagnostics and related assays [1,2]. Although temperature-cycling PCR still remains the dominant amplification technique, some robust isothermal...
Induced ovipositions in relation to age of oviducal egg in the domestic hen.

SummaryHens carrying oviducal eggs were injected with 0.30 unit of Pitressin at times equivalent to 1, 5, 9, 15, and 19 hours of time passed by the egz in the uterus. The percentages of birds laying prematurely were respectively 14, 32, 50, 51, and 56. Removal of the ruptured iollicle shortly aitcr reached its almost maximum size. The reovulation did not alter the response at the 19th hour in the uterus stage. The begining of the plateauof the response curve approximately coiilcided with the time at which theoviducal egg hecarne fully plumped, i.e. reached its almost maximum size. The response curve was interpreted as the expression of a change in the mechanical relationsbetween the uterus and the contained egg, rather than a change in intrinsic sensitivitydue to the action of the ruptured follicle.
Who Wins Nominations and Why? An Updated Forecast of the Presidential Primary Vote

This article builds on previous forecasts of the presidential primary vote by incorporating elite party endorsements and estimates of candidate electability. Elite endorsements are significant predictors of both parties' primary vote, but cash reserves are significant only for Democrats while Gallup poll results are significant only for Republicans. The model updated by the New Hampshire primary results indicates that the primary affects both parties' remaining primary vote, especially for Democrats. Republican nominations are largely predictable and determined mainly by effects occurring prior to the primaries, while Democratic nominations are relatively unpredictable before the primaries and are susceptible to momentum during the primaries.
Coprecipitation with uraniumIV oxalate

The coprecipitation of cerium(III) with uranium(IV) oxalate is studied using dimethyl oxalate to precipitate uranium(IV) from homogeneous solution. A limited study is also made using scandium(III) and uranium(IV). These systems obey the logarithmic distribution law more closely than the homogeneous distribution law. The distribution coefficient is found to be functionally related to the experimentally determined first-order precipitation rate constants when a trace quantity of cerium(III) is coprecipitated with carrier uranium(IV) oxalate. The coefficient trol migration is found to be equal to K/K where K, the fractional rate of precipitation of tracer, is determined in the presence of the carrier. The cerium (III) -uranium(IV) oxalate system obeys a distribution law modified to include ion charge rather than the unmodified Doerner-Hoskins logarithmic distribution law. (auth)
Formulation and testing of a microfiltration compatible synthetic metalworking fluid

A synthetic metalworking fluid (MWF) was formulated with the specific purpose of achieving both necessary functional properties such as lubricity and corrosion inhibition as well as compatibility with microfiltration. The synthetic formulation was assessed to have comparable lubricity and corrosion inhibition relative to a commercial formulation. The microfiltration performance with the newly formulated synthetic was superior to a previously reported study utilizing a commercial formulation. This suggests that successful formulation is possible that preserves both functionality and ease of recycling. However, microfiltration performance was found to be extremely sensitive to trace contaminants in the phosphate ester used in the formulation. Therefore, care needs to be taken to develop appropriate specifications for chemicals used for formulating membrane compatible metalworking fluids.
Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the energy use patterns and cost of production in greenhouse and open-field grape production. Data used in the study were obtained from the experiment conducted at the Akdeniz university research field. In the study, energy values were calculated by multiplying the amount of inputs and outputs by the related energy conversion factors. The results indicated that total input energy use in greenhouse and open-field production was found to be 24513.0 and 23640.9 MJ/ha, respectively. However, the output energy of greenhouse grapes (73396.0 MJ/ha) was lower than open-field grapes (120596 MJ/ha). The output–input ratio for greenhouse and open-field grape production was found to be 2.99 and 5.10, respectively. The economic analysis revealed that production costs for greenhouse grapes were higher than open-field grapes but greenhouse grapes were more profitable than open-field due to premium prices for greenhouse grapes.
From a Link-Node-Based Network Representation Model to a Lane-Based Network Representation Model: Two-Dimensional Arrangements Approach

Most mesoscopic and microscopic traffic simulation studies require the road network under analysis to be detailed at the lane level. Lane-based network representation models could serve as a more realistic platform to provide a geospatial context for traffic simulations to be performed at the level of individual vehicles in a manner that takes into consideration the geospatial context. Presently, most road networks are modeled based on a link-node structure, in which road segments are modeled as links that start, end, and connect to each other at nodes; detailed information regarding lane and lane connectivity at intersections is lost. To overcome this gap between the link-node-based and the lane-based network representations, both open source and commercial simulation packages had created specific data structures and formats, making it difficult to extend them to convert link-node representations into lane-based network representations and facilitate the sharing of resulting lane models. This paper presents an effective approach to automatically derive generic lane-based network representation models from link-node-based network representation models using the concept of two-dimensional (2D) arrangements to realize the automatic extraction of link and lane topologies. The method was prototyped and tested on a Manhattan and a Miami road network. The algorithms and tools created in this study greatly facilitate the development of mesoscopic and microscopic traffic simulation models to address a wide array of infrastructure engineering problems.
ARGOS, a vectorized general molecular dynamics program

Le choix specifique de la structure de donnee et la separation du calcul des interactions entre les molecules du solvant et du solute permettent une amelioration importante dans la vitesse de calcul du programme ARGOS. Des resultats illustratifs sont donnes pour le super-ordinateur NEC SX-2/400
Volunteer Activism and Professionalism in Social Movement Organizations

The effects of professionalism on volunteer activism within social movement organizations (SMOs) are more complex than generally recognized. Professionalism can inhibit or erode, substitute for, or facilitate volunteer activism. Most studies identify one of these patterns as typical of SMOs or dominant in a particular case. This article argues that some combination of the three, rather than a single pattern, is probably more typical of SMOs. To identify such combinations two analytic tools are needed: a more complex concept of volunteer activism than is generally used, and, a broader understanding of the means by which professionals influence volunteer activism. This article develops these tools through a comparative case study of the umbrella organizations of three major peace campaigns — the Emergency Peace Campaign (1936-1937), the atomic test ban campaign (1957-1963), and the nuclear weapons freeze campaign (1979-1986). The umbrella organizations are then shown to incorporate different combinations of the three basic patterns of professional-volunteer relations.
Units of special Church-Rosser monoids

Abstract Let M be a monoid with a special Church-Rosser presentation. We show that the monoid of left-invertible elements of M , the monoid of right-invertible elements of M , and the group of units of M all have special Church-Rosser presentations (which can be taken to be finite if the given presentation of M is finite).
Feedback effects in superconductors.

We calculate corrections to the BCS gap equation caused by the interaction of electrons with the collective phase and amplitude modes in the superconducting state. This feedback reduces the BCS gap parameter \ensuremath{\Delta} and leaves the critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ unchanged. The feedback effect is proportional to (\ensuremath{\Delta}/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$${)}^{2}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$ is the Fermi energy. This is a negligible correction for type-I superconductors. However, in type-II superconductors the feedback effect is greatly enhanced due to smaller Fermi velocities ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{F}}$, and may be responsible for effects seen in recent experimental data on organic superconductors.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the intraocular distribution of pilocarpine in rabbits

This report presents a mathematical model which has been developed to describe the intraocular disposition of pilocarpine following topical dosing in rabbits. The model uses experimentally determined parameters such as rates of tissue uptake of drug and equilibrium distribution coefficients. Differential mass balance equations for pilocarpine in the cornea, aqueous humor, iris-ciliary body, and lens were written and solved numerically. Measured tear concentrations, following topical dosing wih pilocarpine, were fit by a monoexponential curve and used as the forcing function of the model. By using a combination of known physiological and experimentally determined parameters, predictions of intraocular tissue levels of pilocarpine were made. These predictions were then compared to experimentally determined concentration-time profiles.
Inhibition of bone collagen synthesis by prostaglandin E2 in organ culture.

Prostaglandin E2 (10−6 to 10−4 M) inhibited incorporation of labeled proline into collagenase digestible protein, but not noncollagen protein, in calvaria of 21-day fetal rats cultured in a chemically defined medium for 24 hours. This effect did not occur immediately, was not abolished by adding cold proline to the medium, and was not associated with increased loss of collagen from the bone. Prostaglandin E1 was less effective while F, A, and B prostaglandins were ineffective or caused nonspecific inhibition of both collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis.
Phloem unloading in tobacco sink leaves: insensitivity to anoxia indicates a symplastic pathway.

Phloem unloading in transition sink leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was analyzed by quantitative autoradiography. Detectable levels of labeled photoassimilates entered sink leaves approx. 1 h after source leaves were provided with 14CO2. Samples of tissue were removed from sink leaves when label was first detected and further samples were taken at the end of an experimental phloem-unloading period. The amount of label in veins and in surrounding cells was determined by microdensitometry of autoradiographs using a microspectrophotometer. Photoassimilate unloaded from first-, second-and third-order veins but not from smaller veins. Import termination in individual veins was gradual. Import by the sink leaf was completely inhibited by exposing the sink leaf to anaerobic conditions, by placing the entire plant in the cold, or by steam-girdling the sink-leaf petiole. Phloem unloading was completely inhibited by cold; however, phloem unloading continued when the sink-leaf petiole was steam girdled or when the sink leaf was exposed to a N2 atmosphere. Compartmental efflux-analysis indicated that only a small percentage of labeled nutrients was present in the free space after unloading from sink-leaf veins in a N2 atmosphere. The results are consistent with passive symplastic transfer of photoassimilates from phloem to surrounding cells.
The developing electronic messaging market in the United States: market overview and analysis of key competitors

This article provides a brief overview of a new market for electronic messaging that is developing from the merging of the markets for electronic mail (E-mail) and electronic data interchange (EDI) in the United States. This merging is, in part, being driven by standards such as X.400 and X.435 which provide a basis for sending documents both free form, as is common with E-mail, and more structured, such as a purchase order sent for EDI purposes. In addition, we profile four key competitors, AT&T, MCI, IBM, and BT, which are all involved in both of these markets. These profiles are based on interviews conducted with product managers at the four firms and reviews of published articles and reports on these companies.
Approximate optimal atmospheric guidance law for aeroassisted plane-change maneuvers

In this paper, we develop an approximate optimal guidance law for the aeroassisted plane-change problem through the use of an expansion of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. This guidance law maximizes the final velocity of the re-entry vehicle while meeting terminal constraints on altitude, flight-path angle, and heading angle. The expansion is made with respect to a small parameter that arises naturally as the ratio of the atmospheric scale height to the radius of the Earth. The integrable zeroth-order solution obtained when the small parameter is set to zero corresponds to a solution of the problem where the aerodynamic forces dominate the orbital forces (all nonaerodynamic forces). Higher-order terms in the expansion are determined from the solution of linear, partial differential equations requiring only quadratures. Results from this guidance law, using only a first-order correction term, are quite impressive. Comparisons are made to a numerical optimal solution and another approximate analytical solution for this problem.
The Relationship between Mold Exposure and Allergic Response in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Objectives. The study's objective was to examine the relation between mold/dampness exposure and mold sensitization among residents of Greater New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. Methods. Patients were recruited from the Allergy Clinic of a major medical facility. Any patient receiving a skin prick test for one of 24 molds between December 1, 2005 and December 31, 2008 was eligible for the study. Exposure was assessed using standardized questionnaires. Positive mold reactivity was defined as a wheal diameter >3 mm to any mold genera. Results. Approximately 57% of participants tested positive to any indoor allergen, 10% to any mold. Over half of respondents had significant home damage, 34% reported dampness/mold in their home, half engaged in renovation, and one-third lived in a home undergoing renovation. Despite extensive exposure, and multiple measures of exposure, we found no relationship between mold/dampness exposure and sensitivity to mold allergens. Conclusions. These results along with results of earlier research indicate no excess risk of adverse respiratory effects for residents living in New Orleans after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina.
Cataloging Compared to Descriptive Bibliography, Abstracting and Indexing Services and Metadata

Cataloging is compared to descriptive bibliography, to enumerative bibliography and abstracting and indexing services as well as to metadata created by Web search engines or by nonprofessionals at sites such as Amazon.com. These four types of metadata are compared with regard to object of the description, functions, scope, number of copies examined, collective vs. individual creation, standardization, authority control, evidence, amount of descriptive detail, degression, time span the data is intended to last, and degree of evaluation.
Co-doping of InxGa1−xAs with silicon and tellurium for improved ultra-low contact resistance

Abstract We report Te doping of bulk In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As up to 2.6×10 19 cm −3 without saturation effects, and structural characterization and contact resistances between metal and epitaxial regrowth for four structures: Si doped and Si and Te co-doped n + InAs regrowth on a 10 nm In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel, Si doped and Si and Te co-doped n + In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As regrowth on a 7 nm In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel. We observe that the contact resistance for the Si doped and Si and Te co-doped n + InAs regrowth on the 10 nm In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel is 9.9 Ω μm (3.9 Ω μm 2 ) and 6.6 Ω μm (2.3 Ω μm 2 ), and the contact resistance for the Si doped and Si and Te co-doped n + In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As regrowth on the 7 nm In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel is 8.5 Ω μm (2.3 Ω μm 2 ) and 6.8 Ω μm (1.9 Ω μm 2 ). The improvement in contact resistance comes from improvements in electron mobility consistent with Te improving material quality as a surfactant.
Development of Molecular Biology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison

Dramatic changes in the foundation of academic departments in our universities are uncommon. With the demonstration that DNA was the cellular source of genetic information, and that this information could be regulated, the field of molecular biology was born. Later, when scientists found that they could tinker with this information, the field matured. In an unusually rapid manner, molecular biology was integrated into the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This present article is a chronology of how it happened. What are the factors that made this transition possible in the University of Wisconsin? What lessons have we learned from this experience?
The relationship of clinic experience with advanced HIV and survival of women with AIDS.

Objective: Hospital and physician experience have been linked to improved outcomes for persons with HIV. Because many HIV-infected patients receive care in clinics, we studied clinic HIV experience and survival for women with AIDS. Design: Retrospective cohort study of women with AIDS whose dominant sources of care were clinics. Clinic HIV experience was estimated as the cumulative number of Medicaid enrollees with advanced HIV who used a particular clinic as their dominant provider up to the year of the patient's AIDS diagnosis: low experience (< 20 patients), medium (20-99 patients), high (≥ 100 patients). Proportional hazards models examined relationships between experience and survival. Setting: A total of 117 New York State clinics. Patients: A total of 887 New York State Medicaid-enrolled women diagnosed with AIDS in 1989-1992. Main outcome measure: Survival after AIDS diagnosis. Results: In later study years (1991-1992), patients in high experience clinics had an approximately 50% reduction in the relative hazard of death (0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.82) compared with patients in low experience clinics. Adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, 71% of patients in high experience clinics were alive 21 months after diagnosis compared with 53% in low experience clinics. Experience and survival were not significantly associated in the early study years (1989-1990). Conclusions: In more recent years, women with AIDS receiving care in high experience clinics survived longer after AIDS diagnosis than those in low experience clinics, providing further evidence of a relationship between provider HIV experience and outcomes.
Computer Science Education in the 1980's

During the 1980's computer professionals will confront complex issues relating to microsystems and personal computing, computers and society, certification and accreditation, the job market, and cooperation among professional societies.
The formation of fibrous SiC in SiC/Al2O3 composites from the silica–carbon–aluminum system

Abstract The formation mechanisms of β-SiC fibers in SiC-Al 2 O 3 composites (β-SiC f /Al 2 O 3 ) from the silica-carbon-aluminum system are investigated in this paper. The initial mixtures were prepared by the milling of white ash (WA), black ash (BA) and aluminum powder in predefined compositions. The associated chemical reactions in the evolution of the reactants were examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and the final products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is found that the mechanisms of forming SiC fibers are different under different micro-circumstances; and the relationship between the morphologies of the β-SiC and the corresponding formation mechanisms is discussed. The density of the green bodies is found to play a key role in affecting the SiC formation mechanism, thus the morphology of the SiC; the green bodies formed under 150 MPa compression pressure were found to facilitate the SiC fiber growth mainly by the Solid–liquid-Solid (SLS) mechanism; and those formed above 300 MPa were found to produce primarily SiC particles first, then further annealed to quasi one-dimensional structure at a higher temperature (1500 °C). Straight SiC fibers were also found locally around free voids, and were interpreted by the vapor–solid (VS) and vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth mechanisms.
Effect of age of rat on development of hepatic carriers for bilirubin: a possible explanation for physiologic jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn.

Abstract A metod is described for measuring the level of proteins found in hepatic cytosol which bind bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein (BSP). The method is based on the competitive binding of either pigment between the carrier proteins and highly cross-linked dextran particles. Most binding activity was found in the adult rat liver, which contained 7–10 times that of the adult brain, kidney, spleen, or muscle. Binding activity in fetal rat liver was 25–35 per cent of the adult level for either bilirubin or sulfobromophthalein. Adult levels in the liver were not attained before 30 days postpartum, while the small amount of activity in other tissues was unchanged with age. High concentrations of BSP displaced bilirubin from the carriers, indicating common binding sites and a large capacity for adult liver to bind both pigments. The immaturity of a carrier system for bilirubin shown in the newborn rat may provide a partial explanation for the physiologic jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia often observed in newborn humans.
Stereochemistry of β-deuterium isotope effects on amine basicity

Secondary β-deuterium isotope effects on amine basicities are measured using a remarkably precise NMR titration method. Deuteration is found to increase the basicity of methylamine, dimethylamine, benzylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, 2-methyl-2-azanorbornane, and pyrrolizidine. The increase in dimethylamine arises entirely from enthalpy, contrary to a previous report. The method permits a determination of intramolecular isotope effects in 1-benzyl-4-methylpiperidine and 2-benzyl-2-azanorbornane. It is found that deuteration has a larger isotope effect when either antiperiplanar or synperiplanar to a lone pair, but the synperiplanar effect is smaller, as confirmed by computations. The isotope effect is attributed to a lowered zero-point energy of a C−H bond adjacent to an amine nitrogen, arising from delocalization of either a syn or an anti lone pair, and with no detectable angle-independent inductive effect.
Scheduling for a combination of made-to-stock and made-to-order jobs in a job shop

This paper deals with selecting a heuristic rule for concurrent scheduling of mixtures of due-date and non-due-date jobs. The measure of performance for the mixture of jobs is chosen to be mean flowtime subject to the constraint that due dates are satisfied. To handle varying levels of due-date tightness, three types of schedules are introduced. Dispatching rules for two of the three types of schedules were selected by simulation. Decision rules for determining the best schedules in appropriate situations are suggested.
Reverse micelles solubilizing DMSO and DMSO/water mixtures

Abstract Aerosol OT/cyclohexane reverse micelles solubilizing DMSO and DMSO/water mixtures have been investigated utilizing dynamic light scattering, IR spectroscopy and UV/vis absorption by a polarity probe. Without water, ∼2.5 DMSO molecules/AOT molecule are solubilized inside the micelles. Adding water to the reverse micelles significantly increases the DMSO solubilized. Reverse micelles solubilizing DMSO are larger than corresponding micelles containing an equal amount of water. IR spectra reveal water interacts both with DMSO and the surfactant head group. The polarity of DMSO increases inside the micelles, while the intramicellar DMSO/water polarity depends both on the ratio of the solvents and on micellar size.
Modeling and optimization of transmission schemes in energy-constrained wireless sensor networks

We consider a wireless sensor network with energy constraints. We model the energy consumption in the transmitter circuit along with that for data transmission. We model the bottom three layers of the traditional networking stack - the link layer, the medium access control (MAC) layer, and the routing layer. Using these models, we consider the optimization of transmission schemes to maximize the network lifetime. We first consider the optimization of a single layer at a time, while keeping the other layers fixed. We make certain simplifying assumptions to decouple the layers and formulate optimization problems to compute a strategy that maximizes the network lifetime. We then extend this approach to cross-layer optimization of time division multiple access (TDMA) wireless sensor networks. In this case, we construct optimization problems to compute the optimal transmission schemes to an arbitrary degree of accuracy and efficiently. We then consider networks with interference, and propose methods to compute approximate solutions to the resulting optimization problems. We give numerical examples that illustrate the computational approaches as well as the benefits of cross-layer design in wireless sensor networks.
Why mobile robots need a spatial memory

what might be useful for the design of robots.The understanding of human guided locomotion has rested on the assumption thatwhen humans move in their environment, they depend on two parallel and interactingsystems for the guidance of their locomotion: on-line sensory inputs received fromthe environment, and stored knowledge bases describing that environment (Strelow,1985; Haber, 1989).
N-channel tachistoscopes

Two 10-channel tachistoscopes are described. In one the optical system is based upon fiber optic light guides; channel and interchannel time control is provided by Tektronix pulse and waveform generators. In the other the optical system uses 10 8-mm variable power projector lens systems. Timing control is obtained from an Iconix timebase generator and preset counters. Two methods of programming the equipment are described and some experimental applications are considered.
The likelihood of additional nodal disease following a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients : validation of a nomogram

Abstract Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy examination is the current modality for evaluating the axilla in breast cancer patients. A nomogram has been developed to predict the likelihood of non-SLN metastases after a positive SLN biopsy examination. The purpose of this study was to validate the nomogram in a community breast center. Methods A prospective database was used to identify breast cancer patients with a positive SLN biopsy examination who underwent a completion axillary lymph node dissection. The nomogram was used to calculate the probability of having non-SLN involvement, and was compared with the observed numbers. Results The observed incidence of non-SLN involvement showed excellent correlation with the nomogram predicted probability (chi-square test statistic = 5.87; P = .83). Conclusions Predicting the risk of additional nodal metastases allows the surgeon and patient to make an individualized decision regarding the need for completion axillary lymph node dissection.
Film formation from colloidal dispersions stabilized by sugar derivatives and their controllable release for selective protein adsorption.

Although the use of sugar and sugar derivatives has been documented in polymer research for many years, there are no reports that would utilize these species as polymerization sites of colloidal po...
The Devil Wears Dockers: Devil Pacts, Trade Zones, and Rural-Urban Ties in the Dominican Republic

AbstractThis essay examines popular narratives that a spirit demon or baca lurked in an export garment plant in the Santiago trade zone of the Dominican Republic in the early 2000s. By interpreting the baca story, and the transformation of the baca itself from a rural context to an urban factory, we unpack the changing nature and meaning of employment under neoliberal capitalism, and tease apart complex geographies of status, exploitation, technology and debt.
Inhibition of gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid in vivo by carbonic anhydrase inhibition.

Inhibition of Gastric Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid in vivo by Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition
Applying a General Research Training Model to Group Work.

Abstract This article examines research training in counselor education and applies a general research training model to group work. Examples of applying group research training to classroom and field settings are given.
Algorithm performance in the determination of the refractive-index profile of optical fibers

Three algorithms for computing the refractive-index profile of azimuthally symmetric optical fibers via the inverse Abel transform are compared to determine their relative accuracies. Appropriate values of algorithm parameters are also determined. The direct differentiation algorithm, the iterative algorithm, and the Fourier algorithm are used to calculate the refractive-index profile from simulated measurements of the phase shift of light transmitted transversely through the fiber. The rms error in the calculated index profile is used to quantify the accuracy of each algorithm. The Fourier algorithm is typically the most accurate of the three.
Is flint corn naturally resistant to Sitophilus zeamais infestation

Abstract Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil) is one of the most destructive pests of maize stored in tropical and subtropical regions. This study determined the resistance of flint corn and dent corn to infestation by S. zeamais (Motschulsky), the maize weevil. Improved King Philip hybrid flint corn and Fontanelle 6T-510 hybrid dent corn were used in this experiment. Two temperature conditions (10 °C and 27 °C) and two storage times (15 days and 30 days) were used. Results showed that flint corn was more resistant to insect damage than dent corn at 27 °C and 30 day storage time. After 30 days storage time and 27 °C death rate was significantly higher in flint corn ( R 2 = 0.945) compared to ( R 2 = 0.634) in dent corn. Damaged seed was 10% higher in dent corn then in flint corn at 27 °C and 30 days. However, no significant difference was observed for seed weight loss between flint corn and dent corn at the same storage conditions. Both dent and flint corn were extensively cultivated in developing countries It appears that storage of flint corn may be one promising solution to reducing corn damage infestation problems in the tropics and in developing countries, but more research is needed.
Relationship between the sexual performance of bulls and their behavioral responses to non-sexual novel stimuli.

Individual differences in the sexual reaction times and ejaculation rates (serving capacity) of 14 beef bulls were compared with their behavioral responses to a novel arena and to novel non-sexual visual and auditory stimuli. Correlation coefficients for ejaculation rates were consistently low and nonsignificant, but bulls that were most inhibited by the novel environment/stimuli exhibited the longest latencies for first mount and ejaculation. The emotional reactivity of bulls may be more closely related to their sexual inhibitions than to measures of reproductive success.