cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of urea ammonium polyphosphate (UAPP) II. Chemical environment in the soil surrounding banded UAPP

Abstract A laboratory experiment was set up to determine whether NH3 and/or NO2‐N accumulates near banded UAPP. Soil was sampled concentrically at two distances (radii of .95 to 2.54 cm and 2.54 to 3.81 cm) surrounding a fertilizer band at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 days after application. Fertilizer materials used were UAPP (36–18–0 and 28–28–0) and an ammonium nitrate plus concentrated superphosphate mixture (AN + CSP) with each carrier being used at two ratios of N and P and two rates of each ratio. Only treatments containing UAPP (36–18–0 at rates of 56+28+0 and 112+56+0 kg/ha) produced NO2‐N in excess of 10 ppm during the sampling period. All rates and ratios of UAPP provided conditions necessary for free NH3 accumulation, i.e., intermediate or higher levels of NH4‐N in conjunction with high soil pH.
African American Youth Speak Out About the Making of Safe High Schools

The need for safe, secure schools is without question an essential prerequisite for learning and development. There are, however, unintended developmental costs to the way current discipline practices and safe school policies are enacted. There is compelling evidence that the well-intentioned efforts on the part of school officials to maintain a safe educational environment are in conflict with students' age-appropriate strivings for autonomy and culturally rooted forms of self-expression. Students'self-reports suggest that this clash can lead to disenfranchisement of African American urban youths, especially boys, from high school. Through the synthesis of African American youth development theory and the commentary of urban youth, this article illuminates the tension that exists between safe-school policies and African American adolescent development.
Laboratory spectra of CO2 vibrational modes in planetary ice analogs

Laboratory spectra have shown that CO2 is a powerful diagnostic tool for analyzing infrared data from remote observations, as it has been detected on icy moons in the outer Solar System as well as dust grain surfaces in the interstellar medium (ISM). IR absorption band profiles of CO2 within ice mixtures containing H2O and CH3OH change with respect to temperature and mixture ratios. In this particular study, the CO2 asymmetric stretching mode near 4.3 m (2350 cm (exp-1)), overtone mode near 1.97 m (5080 cm (exp-1)), and the combination bands near 2.7 m (3700 cm (exp-1)), 2.8 m (3600 cm (exp-1)), and 2.02 m (4960 cm (exp -1)), are systematically observed in different mixtures with H2O and CH3OH in temperature ranges from 15K to 150 K. Additionally, some high-temperature deposits (T greater than 50 K) of H2O, CH3OH, and CO2 ice mixtures were performed. These data may then be used to interpret infrared observational data obtained from icy surfaces in the outer Solar System and beyond.
Establishing a Framework for an Information System

Many decision errors arise out of a failure to understand the nature and structure of the information system that supports policy decisions, public or private. For a information system to be reliable and accurate three subsystems, data collection, inquiry (or analysis) and policy decision, must share the same base of concepts, measurable proxies porn the real world to represent those concepts, and compatible measurement techniques and processing designs in the data used. All information systems must be closely adapted to the specific context of the decisions they are intended to support. Rapid globalization of markets and the parallel revolution in information technologies and supporting information infrastructure, institutions and human capital are transforming the agri-food sector. The food system is moving away from mass markets driven by the production of standardized commodities toward many smaller, diverse, and customized niche markets driven by consumer preferences for specific food characteristics. Concentration, vertical coordination and integration are growing, particularly in the livestock sector, and especially hogs. Information technologies now permit firms to discover and track consumer preferences while the new biotechnologies make it possible to create the characteristics in products that consumers desire in niche markets. Information has itself become an important commodity.
Product and process innovations in the life cycle of an industry

Abstract Filson [Rev. Econ. Dyn. 4 (2001)] uses industry-level data on firm numbers, price, quantity and quality along with an equilibrium model of industry evolution to estimate the nature and effects of quality and cost improvements in the personal computer industry and four other new industries. This paper studies the personal computer industry in more detail and shows that the model explains some peculiar patterns that cannot be explained by previous life-cycle models. The model’s estimates are evaluated using historical studies of the evolution of the personal computer industry and patterns that require further model development are described.
δ→δ* Revisited: What the energies and intensities mean

Abstract Attempts to extract estimates of the δ-bond strength of quadruply metal-metal-bonded molecules from their δ→δ* electronic transitions have been hindered in the past by limited understanding of the origins of the energies and intensities of these transitions. We show that the energies of the δ→δ* transitions of a wide variety of these molecules are adequately interpreted in terms of a simple zero-differential-overlap model that yields one-electron δ-δ* splittings of 5000–10,000 cm−1 and two-electron exchange terms [K(δ,δ*)] of 5000–8000 cm−1. Because of the magnitude of K, singlet-triplet δ→δ* splittings are very large, and configuration interaction is important for the correct description of the ground state. The intrinsic intensity of 1(δ→δ*) is estimated to be quite low. The considerable intensities observed in many cases do not correlate with δ-bond strength, but instead reflect intensity stealing from charge-transfer excited states as a result of δ,δ*-orbital mixing with ligand orbitals. The intrinsic δ-bond stabilization is estimated to be on the order of 10 kcal mol−1.
Dividend decisions and the structure of the life insurance industry

Abstract The behavior of life insurance company dividend decision-making is modeled for both stock and mutual companies. Insurer payout behavior, regardless of organizational form, follows a “savings” pattern which buffers the dividend stream from short-run variability. Thus total payouts to policyholders and/or stockholders reflect long-term results rather than annual experience. Variables important in explaining annual changes in dividend levels are related to the organizational structure of the insurer. Whereas mutual companies primarily relate the change in payout to volume, stock companies' payout differentials are primarily a function of earnings. The study also examines the relative importance of policy reserves, contingency reserves, and surplus in dividend decisions.
A numerical method for obtaining multiple linear regression parameters with physically realistic signs and magnitudes: Applications to the determination of equilibrium constants from solubility data

Abstract A common problem in experimental geochemistry is the derivation of equilibrium constants from solubility experiments. A simple method of deriving these equilibrium constants, multiple linear regression, often results in the appearance of negative values. This has been a significant obstacle to continuing research in this field. The problem occurs for the most part because of significant correlations among the “independent” concentration variables. These correlations are an inescapable result of the nature of the experiments and the physical model being fitted. Ridge regression is an appropriate modification to simple linear regression which overcomes this difficulty. Ridge regression results in a simple procedure to obtain physically plausible, yet statistically rigorous stability constants. Of course, other problems may further degrade the quality of derived equilibrium constants, e.g . uncertainty in activity coefficients and no purely statistical method can overcome these types of problems. However, ridge regression is an effective procedure to overcome the multicolinearity which is the main cause of negative equilibrium constants. We demonstrate the use of ridge regression with a general mathematical model and then illustrate its use in the determination of iron-chloro complex equilibrium constants from solubility studies of pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite in NaCl solutions at 250°C. Ridge regression may also be of use in other geochemical problems where one must estimate parameters with a physical interpretation and where the independent variables are significantly intercorrelated.
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 (IGF-BP1) in Children with Acanthosis Nigricans: A Marker for Insulin Resistance and/or Hyperinsulinemia? † 452

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 (IGF-BP1) in Children with Acanthosis Nigricans: A Marker for Insulin Resistance and/or Hyperinsulinemia? † 452
A simple intermolecular potential for liquid ammonia

Abstract A simple intermolecular potential function is derived for liquid ammonia that is suitable for computer simulations. The potential is shown to yield reasonable thermodynamic and structural data. The model is further tested by carrying out molecular dynamics calculations on solid ammonia.
Effective internal fields and magnetization buildup for magnetotransport in magnetic multilayered structures

Starting with the Kubo formula for electric conductivity we derive a set of equations that define the spin diffusion that is present when current is driven through inhomogeneous magnetic media. We show the spin accumulation, or nonequilibrium magnetization, attendant to charge transport through regions of inhomogeneous magnetization is governed by the same equations found in a thermodynamic approach to magnetoelectric transport.
Ensuring Grid Code Harmonic Compliance of Wind Farms

The prevalence of cabled infrastructure associated with wind farms, combined with the increase in power-electronic interfaces in wind turbines and reactive power plant, has highlighted the pervasive nature of harmonics on electricity networks. Insufficient consideration is given to the effects of harmonics through the low prioritisation of power quality in the Front-End Engineering and Design stage and a lack of awareness of the obligations of the respective parties involved. The resulting designs are incompatible with the requirements of the relevant Grid Codes. This can lead to delays, commercial exposure, restricted network access and subsequent loss of revenue. The obligations of the Transmission Owner (TO), System Operator (SO) and wind farm developer are discussed with respect to Grid Code requirements and the responsibilities of each party in ensuring compliance. The technical aspects of assessing harmonic compliance are described in the context of the design considerations which are made at the various stages of the project development. These include the shift in resonances within the host network, the modification of existing harmonic distortion and the propagation of injected harmonics into the network and through to the extra high voltage, high voltage and medium voltage substations. The ensuing challenges associated with ensuring compliance through filter design are discussed in the context of relevant international standards, including UK ER G5/4-1, IEEE 519, EN 50160 and IEC 61000-3-6. The results indicate that shifts in resonances are more problematic to resolve, compared to the propagation of injected harmonics: injected harmonics are readily absorbed through local filtering and thus the emissions are typically low; in contrast, the effects of shifts in resonances must be transferred back to the point of common coupling, resulting in complex local filtering. Early selection by the developer of appropriate transmission infrastructure and technology can lower the filtering requirement necessary to meet the harmonic specification issued by the host TO.
The development of toddlers' responses to affectionate teacher behavior

The development of new teacher-toddler affectional systems was examined. Ten toddlers were observed on the first 40 days of day care attendance during free play. The children's responses to their teacher's smiling, affectionate words, and affectionate contact were recorded. Smiling received affectionate child responses earlier than did affectionate words or contact. Smiling was also more likely to receive affectionate responses overall. The teachers' frequency of smiling predicted the likelihood of affectionate child responses to affectionate contact better than did the teachers' frequency of affectionate contact. The key role of smiling in the development of reciprocal affection is discussed.
Art by computer program == programmer creativity

Abstract The designation ‘computer artist’ seems to carry little meaning these days. Observing that computers permeate artists' daily lives is hardly news. Observing artists fulfilling their creative role by entering into collaborations with computer programmers or heading up teams of technical experts to support the electronic needs of their multi-media, interactive, or installation work is common place. But observing artists who program in the strict sense of the word, by writing code in a symbolic language to implement algorithms, is still enough of a novelty that it continues to raise questions about what it truly means to say that an artist is a person who is “skilled in the creation of aesthetic works”. Based on practical experience writing computer programs to output aesthetic imagery, I outline what I believe it means for a programmer-artist to be creative.
Lack of behavioral effects of monoamine depletion in healthy subjects

This study was designed to determine the behavioral effects of a reduction in catecholamine and indoleamine function in healthy subjects. Eight healthy subjects received the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) in combination with a full-strength tryptophan-depleting amino acid drink during one 4-day test session, and AMPT and tryptophan-supplemented amino acid drink (n = 2), or a 25% strength tryptophan-depleting amino acid drink (n = 6) during a second 4-day test session. The combined administration of AMPT and the tryptophan-free amino acid drink did not produce statistically significant or even clinically noticeable changes in mood among the healthy subjects. The implications of these observations for the monoamine hypotheses of depression are discussed.
Slow solvation dynamics of a water-nitrobenzene system.

Very slow changes in solvation taking place in water-saturated nitrobenzene have been observed and studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared, and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy. These changes are most likely caused by the rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonded water network. Lithium salts used as the "reporter" species in the 7 Li NMR experiments accelerate this reorganization. Results of this work are important for electrochemical studies of the nitrobenzene-water interface.
FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Despite petrodollars, ideological and economic divisions in the Middle East make for difficult agricultural development. High food deficits plague the area and projections are for Increased consumptlon and food shortfalls. However, the area has seen some dramatic production and development growth and external food aid t ofurther this development seems worthwhile for the Middle East and the West.
Multiple immunoblots after non-electrophoretic bidirectional transfer of a single SDS–PAGE gel with multiple antigens

Western blotting is a very sensitive and powerful fundamental technique in immunology that has been used to detect and characterize proteins of low abundance. This technique employs the transfer of proteins separated on SDS-PAGE to nitrocellulose sheets for further detection using antibodies. Here we report the non-electrophoretic transfer of the 60-kDa Ro (or SSA) autoantigen, 240 and 220 kDa spectrin antigens and prestained molecular weight standards from SDS-PAGE gels to nitrocellulose to obtain multiple immunoblots. In fact, we have used this procedure to obtain 12 immunoblots from a single gel with multiple sera.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design

The present conference discusses topics in the analysis of composite structures, composite materials' impact and compression behavior, composite materials characterization methods, composite failure mechanisms, NDE methods for composites, and filament-wound and woven composite materials' fabrication. Attention is given to the automated design of a composite plate for damage tolerance, the effects of adhesive layers on composite laminate impact damage, instability-related delamination growth in thermoset and thermoplastic composites, a simple shear fatigue test for unidirectional E-glass epoxy, the growth of elliptic delaminations in laminates under cyclic transverse shear, and the mechanical behavior of braided composite materials.
Extreme glass forming range for amorphization by mechanical alloying

Abstract On the basis of metastable equilibrium between a binary amorphous phase and a crystalline phase of pure component, we deduced an analytic expression for the extreme glass forming range (extreme GFR) in mechanical alloying TM-TM systems. It is proposed that the extreme GFR can be predicted according to the thermodynamic parameter, i. e. the ratio of the enthalpy of solution at infinite dilution to the melting enthalpy of the components of a given system.
A Robotic Dynamic Activity Simulator: Design, Performance and Application

The mechanics and physiological processes that produce human locomotion are most commonly measured using non-invasive techniques that limit potential risks to subjects or patients. The complex mechanics of the foot and ankle during dynamic events often cannot be determined from information provided by these techniques and a deeper understanding is necessary to more effectively diagnose and treat pathologic conditions. This has prompted many researchers to turn to alternative techniques, in most cases either numerical simulation employing computational models or physical laboratory models that load or re-animate cadaver limbs procured from conscientious donors.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effects of Bone Graft Materials on the Microhardness of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

Abstract Introduction Large through-and-through lesions have been reported to heal faster and better when filled with bone graft material at the time of an apicoectomy. It is unknown what effect these have on retrograde filling materials such as white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). In this study, the null hypothesis was tested that the presence of bone graft materials does not affect the microhardness of WMTA. Methods Freshly mixed WMTA was condensed into acrylic cylinders and preincubated aerobically at 37°C for 1 hour. Cylinders were immersed in simulated body fluid in close proximity to graft materials: xenograft (Bio-Oss, n = 60), freeze-dried bone allograft (MinerOss, n = 60), demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (OraGraft, n = 40), and allograft (Puros, n = 60). Knoop microhardness of half the samples in each group was evaluated after 2 weeks of incubation and the remainder at 4 weeks. The values for each group were then compared with 2-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results WMTA microhardness values for Bio-Oss, MinerOss , and Puros groups were lower than those for OraGraft and control groups regardless of incubation period ( P P P P P Conclusions Demineralized and mineralized graft materials appear to have a differential effect on the microhardness of WMTA.
Molecular diversity through RNA editing: a balancing act

RNA editing by adenosine deamination fuels the generation of RNA and protein diversity in eukaryotes, particularly in higher organisms. This includes the recoding of translated exons, widespread editing of retrotransposon-derived repeat elements and sequence modification of microRNA (miRNA) transcripts. Such changes can bring about specific amino acid substitutions, alternative splicing and changes in gene expression levels. Although the overall prevalence of adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing and its specific functional impact on many of the affected genes is not yet known, the importance of balancing RNA modification levels across time and space is becoming increasingly evident. In particular, transcriptome instabilities in the form of too much or too little RNA editing activity, or misguided editing, manifest in several human disease phenotypes and can disrupt that balance.
Photonic crystals and silicon photonics

Recent important advances in subwavelength nanostructures offer extraordinary control over the properties of light. We can now manipulate the propagation, storage, and generation of light, as well as practically prescribe its matter interaction properties based on first-principles. Photonic crystals, in particular, offer the unique ability to achieve ultrahigh Q/V m nanocavities, and the arbitrary control of dispersion characteristics to increase photon-matter interaction times. In addition, silicon photonics offer the unique opportunity towards the convergence of electronics and photonics in a monolithic silicon platform for unprecedented information processing capacity. In this talk, we will review critical advances in these arenas, as well as present our developments in fundamental and applied studies of optics in subwavelength nanostructures.
Testing implications of a tournament model of school district salary schedules

Using panel data on the salary schedules of public school teachers and administrators, I look for evidence of a tournament wage structure. A tournament model is presented, where teachers compete for promotion to administrators. Districts can create incentives for teachers by offering either a higher pay premium for promotion or a larger probability of promotion. The model predicts an inverse relationship between these two values. Evidence supporting this prediction is found in the data. In contrast, an alternative model of incentive pay, where returns to seniority substitute for imperfect monitoring, is not supported empirically. This result is consistent with intuition that tenure protections make it hard for districts to fire shirking teachers, making returns to seniority a poor method of providing incentives.
Flow in periodically constricted tubes: Transition to inertial and nonsteady flows

A global Galerkin/spectral method is used in the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation in periodically constricted tubes. In contrast to previous studies, fully three-dimensional and time-dependent flows are considered. Friction factors from the computed axisymmetric stationary flow field are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data deep into the inertial region where a pronounced flow-separation region is found within the tube. This stationary solution is stable to axisymmetric disturbance at all Reynolds numbers but destabilizes to azimuthal-dependent disturbance at a critical Reynolds number which is also in agreement with the data of Deiber and Schowalter (1979, A.I.Ch.E. J.25, 638-644). Due to the rotational symmetry, the Hopf bifurcation that occurs at the critical Reynolds number is a degenerate one with two identical pairs of neutrally stable eigenvalues. Nonlinear analysis based on the centre manifold theorem and normal form analysis is carried out on a reduced version of the full equation to characterize the Hopf bifurcation.
Nucleus-cytoplasm relationships in the action of ultraviolet radiation on amoeba proteus

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the division rate, capacity to divide, and survival of whole amoebae and nucleate and enucleate half cells have been observed. The overall effects are summarized in Table I. 2. 2. The first effect of irradiation of whole amoebae and nucleated half amoebae is a delay in the divisions immediately following. This is completely reversible; later progeny of the irradiated amoebae have a normal division rate. 3. 3. Amputation of half of the cytoplasm greatly increases the radiation sensitivity as measured by delayed division or by the dose required for permanent inhibition of division (sterilization dose). 4. 4. Amoebae that have received the sterilization dose may survive for 20–30 days but not longer. 5. 5. The survival time of enucleate fragments is very much reduced by small (200–500 ergs/mm2) doses of ultraviolet radiation. 6. 6. It is concluded that the overall radiation effect may have both nuclear and cytoplasmic components.
Behavioral and pharmacological effects of centrally administered aminooxyacetic acid in rats.

Abstract In the present experiment unilateral intrastriatal injections of aminooxyacetic acid (1, 2.5, 5 μmol) to freely moving animals and pentobarbital-anesthetized rats produced contralateral jerks and dose-dependent mortality, but no barrel rotation. At 10–12 days there were no significant differences in exploratory activity, passive avoidance behavior, and elevated plus-maze test in aminooxyacetic acid-treated animals as compared with controls. However freely moving animals microinjcctcd with aminooxyacetic acid (but not the pentobarbital-pretreated group) had impaired learning activity in an active avoidance conditioning test, and showed reduced striatal concentrations of substance P and GABA. Intrastriatal injections of aminooxyacetic acid therefore result in both acute and chronic behavioral changes which are attenuated by pentobarbital anesthesia.
Multiple structural genes for the alpha chain of canine (Canis familiaris) hemoglobin.

There are two forms of the α chain of canine hemoglobin differing only at residue 130. One form (Tα) contains threonine at this position, the other (Aα) contains alanine. Studies of two Labrador dog families strongly support the existence of multiple α-chain structural genes as the basis of the α-chain heterogeneity. There must be at least one gene locus forTα and one forAα; the exact number of loci has not been determined. Two other dog breeds, the Basenji and the Beagle, also have bothTα and Aα chains.
Job satisfaction and teacher absenteeism

Extant research on the relationship between job satisfaction and employee absenteeism in the private sector clearly shows that job satisfaction is not a major factor in absenteeism. To determine whether a similar pattern prevails in educational organizations, a study was conducted among elementary teachers. Although the results of this study are consistent with the previous research, there is evidence to suggest that the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism, tenuous as it appears to be, is conditioned by the design of the teacher's job. Specifically, job satisfaction and absenteeism are more apt to be related under a condition of high work interdependence than under moderate or low interdependence. (This research was supported in part by the Institute for Educational Finance and Governance, Stanford University.)
Spatial processes that maintain biodiversity in plant communities

Abstract The composition of communities of sessile organisms, and the change in species diversity with time, is a spatially explicit phenomenon. Three spatial factors clearly affect diversity: (1) the structure and heterogeneity of the landscape that limits species immigration and ultimate community size; (2) neighborhood interactions that determine colonization and extinction rates and influence residence times of local populations; and (3) disturbances that open spatially contiguous areas for recolonization by less abundant species. The importance of these three factors was first reviewed and then examined with a spatially explicit, multi-species model of plant dispersal, competition and establishment, with an assumption of neutrality (all species had equivalent life histories) that reduced the initial dimensionality of the problem. The simulations assumed that the probability of immigration was a linear function of mainland abundance and distance to islands, similar to the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and the unified neutral theory of biodiversity. The rate of increase in species richness was not constant across island sizes, declining as island area became very large. This pattern was explained by the spatial dynamics of colonization and establishment, a non-random process that cannot be explained by passive sampling alone. Simulations showed that population establishment depended critically on rare long-distance dispersal events while population persistence was achieved by the formation of aggregated species distributions that developed through restricted dispersal and local competitive interactions. Nevertheless, species richness always declined to a single species in the absence of disturbances, while up to 40 species could persist to 10,000 years when spatially dependent mortality was added. Further explorations with spatially explicit models will be required to fully appreciate the consequence of land use change and altered disturbance regimes on patterns of species distribution and the maintenance of diversity.
Dissipation mechanism in a high-Tc granular superconductor: Applicability of a phase-slip model.

The magnetoresistance and {ital I}-{ital V} characteristics for the 110-K phase of a polycrystalline Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor are reported. The Josephson-junction model of Ambegaokar and Halperin fits well to the data and yields the temperature and field dependence of the phase-slip activation energy {ital U}{sub 0}. The field dependence of {ital U}{sub 0} is explained by Fraunhofer interference under magnetic field within weak links originated from the sample microstructure. We suggest that this model may have general applicability to dissipation in both granular and single-crystal materials.
Rotation and alignment of rods in two-dimensional chaotic flow

We study the dynamics of rod shaped particles in two-dimensional electromagnetically driven fluid flows. Two separate types of flows that exhibit chaotic mixing are compared: one with time-periodic flow and the other with constant forcing but nonperiodic flow. Video particle tracking is used to make accurate simultaneous measurements of the motion and orientation of rods along with the carrier fluid velocity field. These measurements allow a detailed comparison of the motion and orientation of rods with properties of the carrier flow. Measured rod rotation rates are in agreement with predictions for ellipsoidal particles based on the measured velocity gradients at the center of the rods. There is little dependence on length for the rods we studied (up to 53% of the length scale of the forcing). Rods are found to align weakly with the extensional direction of the strain-rate tensor. However, the alignment is much stronger with the direction of Lagrangian stretching defined by the eigenvectors of the Cauchy...
Knowledge discovery in molecular biology: Identifying structural regularities in proteins

In recent years, there has been an explosive amount of molecular biology information obtained and deposited in various databases. Identifying and interpreting interesting patterns from this massive amount of information has become an essential component in directing further molecular biology research. The goal of this research is to discover structural regularities in protein sequences by applying the SUBDUE discovery system to databases found in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank. In this paper we discuss issues relevant to this application including data preparation and representation. We report on the results of applying SUBDUE to several classes of protein structures and discuss the potential significance of these results in the study of proteins.
Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from Naturally Ventilated Free-Stall Dairy Barns

Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from two naturally-ventilated freestall dairy barns are presented in this paper. Barn 1 (B1) housed 400 fresh-lactating cows, while Barn 2 (B2) housed 850 non-fresh-lactating cows. The relationships between NH3 and H2S emissions and environmental factors (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) were evaluated. Average emissions of NH3 (32.3 g/d-cow) from the smaller B1 were approximately two times as the average emissions (16.6 g/d-cow) from the larger B2. Average emissions of H2S, however, were similar at 2.05 and 1.74 g/d-cow from B1 and B2, respectively. Average emissions of NH3 and H2S were highest in summer (July) at 44.2 and 2.78 g/d-cow from B1, and 23.2 g and 1.92 g/d-cow from B2, respectively. The lowest emissions, on the other hand, were observed in winter (January) at 27.8 and 1.92 g/d-cow from B1, and 10.2 and 0.87 g/d-cow from B2, respectively. In general, emissions of NH3 increased with temperature (R2=0.87) and wind velocity (R2=0.77), while inverse relationships were observed between NH3 emissions and relative humidity (R2=0.84). The correlations between H2S emissions and the same environmental parameters, in general, were poor (R2 = 0.01). Significant spikes of H2S emissions were observed during manure-flushing events.
On-chip characterization of cryoprotective agent mixtures using an EWOD-based digital microfluidic device

For tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, cryopreservation, a technique for preserving biomaterials in the frozen state with cryoprotective agents (CPAs), is critically important for preserving engineered tissues (ETs) as well as cells necessary to create ETs. As more diverse ETs are produced using various cell types, CPAs and corresponding freeze/thaw (F/T) protocols need to be developed cell/tissue-type specifically. This is because CPAs and F/T protocols that have been successful for one cell/tissue type have proven to be difficult to adapt to other cell/tissue types. The most critical barrier to address this challenge is the inability to screen and identify CPA or CPA mixtures efficiently. In this paper, we developed an “electro-wetting-on-dielectic” (EWOD) based digital microfluidic platform to characterize and screen CPA mixtures cell-type specifically. The feasibility of the EWOD platform was demonstrated by characterizing and optimizing a mixture of dimethlysulfoxide (DMSO) and PBS for human breast cancer cell line as model CPA mixture and cell line. The developed platform multiplexed droplets of DMSO and PBS to create an array of DMSO-PBS mixtures, and mapped the phase change diagram of the mixture. After loading cell suspensions on the platform, the mixture was further screened on-chip for toxicity and cryoprotection. The results were discussed to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of the EWOD platform for cell and tissue-type specific optimization of CPA mixtures and F/T protocols.
COBALT CHLORIDE AND ETHYLENE AFFECT FRUITING OF AGARICUS BISPORUS

The addition of approximately 0.8 mM cobalt chloride to the casing in Agaricus bisporus cultivation causes a delay in the initiation of fruiting and a decrease in yield. Surprisingly, the addition ...
The macimorelin-stimulated growth hormone test for adult growth hormone deficiency diagnosis

Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) causes a reduction in lean body mass, bone mineral density, exercise tolerance and overall quality of life and treatment with growth hormone (GH) improves some of these outcomes. Because symptoms are non-specific and random GH levels are not useful in establishing its diagnosis, provocative tests are often necessary. The insulin tolerance test is the ‘gold standard’ test for diagnosis of AGHD but it is often cumbersome to perform and is contraindicated in certain patients due to the risk of hypoglycemia. Administration of the orally available ghrelin mimetic and GH secretagogue macimorelin increases GH levels acutely via the ghrelin receptor GHSR1-a and it has been shown to have good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing AGHD. Here we review the evidence of the potential use of macimorelin for this indication.
DDE inhibition of marine algal cell division and photosynthesis per cell

Abstract Exuviella baltica , a marine dinoflagellate, was exposed to DDE, the major metabolite of DDT, at a concentration of 25 μg/liter of medium. At intervals of 1 hr and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days, cells were withdrawn from the culture, washed, and reseeded in DDE-free medium, and their growth (cell division) and photosynthesis were monitored for 14 days. No increase in cell numbers occurred until cells were removed from DDE, and lag phases, proportional to the duration of DDE exposure and lasting up to 5 days, preceded exponential growth. Cell densities comparable to controls were eventually reached in all treated cultures. A similar pattern of 14 C uptake per milliliter of culture and per cell was observed. A 1-hr exposure to DDE resulted in a maximum reduction of 45% in carbon fixed per cell, while longer exposures caused reductions as great as 91%, relative to controls.
A Subjectivist Theory of Entrepreneurship

The current neoclassical synthesis of economic theory does not contain a role for the entrepreneur and entrepreneurial activity. In this paper we argue that such a role can be reintroduced into the economic foundations of strategy by adopting a subjectivist theory of entrepreneurship. A subjectivist theory focuses on individuals (subjects), on their knowledge, capabilities, and resources, and on the processes of discovery and creativity that constitute the heart of entrepreneurship. To begin the development of a subjectivist theory of entrepreneurship within the context of dynamic resource-based theory, we examine the thought of Edith Penrose (1959) to suggest strategic issues that invite closer examination, and we then conclude with suggested directions for further research.
Experimental models and high-throughput diagnostics for tissue regeneration.

During wound healing, cells recreate functional structures to regenerate the injured tissue. Understanding the healing process is essential for the development of new concepts and the design of novel biomimetic approaches for delivery of cells, genes and growth factors to accelerate tissue regeneration. To this end, realistic experimental models and high-throughput diagnostics are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of healing and reveal the genetic networks that determine tissue repair versus regeneration. Following a brief overview of the biology of wound healing, this review covers the in vitro and in vivo models that are employed at present to study the healing process. Discussion then covers the application of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies in epithelial development, living skin substitutes and wound healing. Finally, this review provides a perspective on novel technologies that should be developed to facilitate the understanding of wound healing complications and the...
Principal component extraction using recursive least squares learning

A new neural network-based approach is introduced for recursive computation of the principal components of a stationary vector stochastic process. The neurons of a single-layer network are sequentially trained using a recursive least squares squares (RLS) type algorithm to extract the principal components of the input process. The optimality criterion is based on retaining the maximum information contained in the input sequence so as to be able to reconstruct the network inputs from the corresponding outputs with minimum mean squared error. The proof of the convergence of the weight vectors to the principal eigenvectors is also established. A simulation example is given to show the accuracy and speed advantages of this algorithm in comparison with the existing methods. Finally, the application of this learning algorithm to image data reduction and filtering of images degraded by additive and/or multiplicative noise is considered. >
The Synergistic Effects of Two-Intron Insertions on Heterologous Gene Expression and Advantages of the First Intron of a Rice Gene for Phospholipase D

The first intron of a rice gene for phospholipase D (PLD) had an expression-enhancing effect in transient expression assays. This intron also had an enhancing effect in the reverse orientation, and the effect was accompanied by the increase in the steady-state level of transcripts in both orientations. The splicing efficiency of the PLD intron was very low even in the normal orientation, and the intron was not spliced in the reverse orientation. When two different introns were inserted in tandem, synergistic, additive, or negative effect on the reporter gene expression were observed depending on the combination of introns. A synergistic effect was observed for the combinations of PLD and catalase or ubiquitin introns, and sucrose synthase and catalase introns, whereas two PLD introns gave an additive effect. The enhancement of expression in these combinations was accompanied by the increase in the steady-state level of the respective transcripts.
Tools and Lessons from a Multiagent Systems’ Class

AbstractWe provide a summary of the lessons we have learned after teaching a graduate multiagent systems class over the last six years. The class has used various technologies such as RoboCup (along with our Biter and SoccerBeans tools), NetLogo, JADE, and FIPA-OS. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss our view of the future of multiagent systems. We notice the ongoing separation of software agent design from the theoretical underpinnings of multiagent theory and propose the development of a unifying notation for representing multiagent problems.
High‐Temperature Healing of Cracklike Flaws in Titanium Ion‐Implanted Sapphire

Controlled-geometry voids were introduced into unim-planted and Ti-implanted high-purity c-axis sapphire substrates using microfabrication techniques and ion beam etching, and subsequently transferred to an internal interface by hot-pressing. The morphological evolution of crack-like and channellike defects oriented parallel to the basal plane in response to anneals at 1700°C was studied. The healing behavior of defects in the unimplanted and Ti-ion-implanted samples differs significantly. Ti additions appear to reverse the directional dependence of the healing characteristics in undoped sapphire, greatly stabilizing defects with edges aligned along the [1100] direction, while reducing the stability of defects with edges aligned parallel to the [1120] direction relative to unimplanted sapphire. The healing characteristics of unimplanted and Ti-implanted sapphire substrates are compared and contrasted with those observed previously in Ca- and Mg-ion-implanted sapphire.
The Circulator and Antenna as a Single Integrated System

An integration methodology is presented for antenna systems that incorporate a ferrite circulator wherein the geometrical and material parameters of the circulator are adjusted to effect integration; no impedance equalizers are required. To validate the proposed methodology, a system comprised of a microstrip circulator and Yagi planar-type antenna is presented. The overall system exhibits excellent passband characteristics in both the experimental and numerical data. Additionally, the ferrite properties and system network parameters were extensively measured to substantiate the claims made herein.
Religion, Self Control, and Substance Use

Previous research has examined a number of mechanisms through which religion might have an indirect influence on substance use. One potential intervening mechanism that has received little empirical attention is self control. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) we (1) examine the association between religion and self control, (2) determine if self control mediates the effect of religiosity on substance use, and (3) determine if the effect of self control on substance use varies depending on adolescents’ religiosity. The results suggest that religious youth exhibit higher levels of self control. Also, self control partially mediates the effect of adolescents’ religiosity on marijuana use and drinking. The only evidence we find for an interaction between self control and religiosity suggests self control has a moderately greater effect on alcohol use among those of low, rather than medium or high, religiosity.
Biological Pest Control in Mix and Match Forests

Forestry takes places at many nodes along two spectra. One spectrum is that of simplification, ranging from lightly exploited natural forests, to modified forests, to intensively managed, cropping of trees in plantations. The other spectrum is that of native vs. exotic species composition of the organisms (tree, herbivores, natural enemies) present. Forests are often considered perennial, stable, lightly modified systems in which the forces of biological control are free to operate. Yet, this only corresponds to conditions present at some nodes on these axes. Here, after discussing the ways in which simplification and invasion affect the composition of forest systems, I have identified a series of cases that represent major positions defining these axes. For each of these cases, I present examples of the potential applications of biological control and the kinds of risks, if any, that each type of biological control entails.
New developments in management of oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer or receiving targeted anticancer therapies

Purpose Issues surrounding the prevention and management of severe oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer and patients receiving targeted anticancer therapies are reviewed. Summary Cancer therapy-related mucositis is associated with many negative and potentially life-threatening sequelae. Patients receiving chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer are at high risk for severe oral mucositis, but there are currently no definitive recommendations on pharmacologic preventive strategies. Recently published evidence on the use of palifermin to combat oral mucositis during chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer is encouraging, with two randomized controlled trials indicating an absolute risk reduction of about 15%; however, palifermin use was not associated with lower rates of mucositis-related treatment delays or chemotherapy dosage reductions, and concerns about optimal dosage and cost–benefit issues persist. Oral mucositis due to targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma and other disorders (e.g., kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors) is generally less severe than mucositis caused by conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. For both types of mucositis, recommended management strategies include good oral hygiene and optimal pain control. Research in this area continues to be complicated by investigators’ use of varying terminology and mucositis classification schemes. Conclusion Palifermin appears to reduce the frequency of oral mucositis in patients treated for head and neck cancer, but its place in therapy has not been determined. Although the oral complications of targeted therapies are clinically distinct from those of conventional cytotoxic therapy, the literature recommends similar palliative management strategies for both.