cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elbow-room for consequentialists

C ONSEQUENTIALISM tells us to do that action of those available to us which will have the best consequences. Ties are rare. So in almost every situation, such a theory will tell us that one and only one action is morally acceptable. Consequentialism is frequently criticized on this score (see [3], [6], [9] and [10]). Michael Slote, for example, objects that consequentialism deprives us of moral autonomy ([9], p. 23). But he doesn't do much to explain what he means. Seana Shiffrin, however, provides an account of the sort of moral autonomy Slote needs and she uses it to defend Slote's objection [7]. In this paper, I show where Shiffrin's arguments go wrong and I argue that consequentialism does not deprive us of any moral autonomy worth having. Shiffrin tells us that the moral autonomy Slote needs
Twice Migrants and Multiple Migrants

This entry examines the concepts of “twice migrants” and “multiple migrants” as important components of general migration patterns. East African Asian postcolonial migrations are one example of these processes, which have been found among other groups and diverse societies around the globe. Such migrants acquire skills and networks that facilitate their ability to integrate into new environments or to move on to seek further opportunities in other states. Keywords: diaspora; ethnicity; migration
Natural Language Processing in Oncology A Review

Importance Natural language processing (NLP) has the potential to accelerate translation of cancer treatments from the laboratory to the clinic and will be a powerful tool in the era of personalized medicine. This technology can harvest important clinical variables trapped in the free-text narratives within electronic medical records. Observations Natural language processing can be used as a tool for oncological evidence-based research and quality improvement. Oncologists interested in applying NLP for clinical research can play pivotal roles in building NLP systems and, in doing so, contribute to both oncological and clinical NLP research. Herein, we provide an introduction to NLP and its potential applications in oncology, a description of specific tools available, and a review on the state of the current technology with respect to cancer case identification, staging, and outcomes quantification. Conclusions and Relevance More automated means of leveraging unstructured data from daily clinical practice is crucial as therapeutic options and access to individual-level health information increase. Research-minded oncologists may push the avenues of evidence-based research by taking advantage of the new technologies available with clinical NLP. As continued progress is made with applying NLP toward oncological research, incremental gains will lead to large impacts, building a cost-effective infrastructure for advancing cancer care.
Stability of myocardial O2 consumption-pressure-volume area relation in red cell-perfused rabbit heart.

We evaluated the mechanical and energetic stability of the isolated rabbit heart perfused with a suspension of bovine red cells in Krebs-Henseleit buffer in terms of the pressure-volume area (PVA) concept. PVA, the area surrounded by the end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) relations and the systolic P-V trajectory of the P-V diagram, represents the total mechanical energy generated by each cardiac contraction. Myocardial O2 consumption (VO2) per beat has been reported to be highly linearly correlated with PVA. We used the slope and VO2-axis intercept of the VO2-PVA relation as energetic parameters and the maximum P-V ratio (Emax) as a contractility index of the left ventricle (LV) and compared them every 30 min for 120 min. Emax, the slope, and VO2 intercept of the VO2-PVA relation did not change significantly over 120 min compared with their control values [7.3 +/- 2.9 mmHg.ml-1.100 g LV, (1.67 +/- 0.40) x 10(-5) ml O2.mmHg-1.ml-1, and (3.26 +/- 1.01) x 10(-2) ml O2.beat-1.100 g LV-1, respectively]. However, the goodness of the linear fit of the VO2-PVA relation decreased after 90 min (r = 0.94 control, 0.62 at 90 min, and 0.64 at 120 min). Therefore, we conclude that the isolated bovine red cell-perfused rabbit heart preparation is stable for mechanical and energetic studies for at least 60 min.
The Colonial Caribbean: Landscapes of Power in the Colonial Caribbean

On the morning of May 23, 1832, Samuel Sharpe was hanged in the Jamaican town of Montego Bay. The hanging of black men was a tragically common event in the colonial Caribbean, and this particular execution may well have slipped unnoticed into the annals of history had it not been for the fact that Sam Sharpe was the condemned leader of an uprising of Jamaica’s enslaved population. Although insurrections of the enslaved working class were common in colonial Jamaica, the scale of this particular event was unprecedented in British West Indian history. The insurrection led by Sharpe, known alternately as the Baptist War, the Christmas Rebellion, and the Great Slave Rebellion, involved tens of thousands of people who took up arms, not against the planters who enslaved them, but against the sugarcane fields and industrial buildings in which they worked. During the two-week period between December 27, 1831 and January 5, 1832, some 100 plantations in the western parishes of Jamaica were destroyed; yet only about 17 white people were killed. The uprising was quickly suppressed by the well-armed Jamaica militia, and reprisals against the rebels were swift and brutal, resulting in more than 300 executions, including that of Sam Sharpe (Blackburn 1988; Hart 2002; Holt 1992; Reckford 1968; Watts 1990).
Use of signals and systems engineering to improve the safety of warfarin initiation

Warfarin-dosing algorithms combine clinical factors and dosing history with the current international normalized ratio (INR) to estimate the therapeutic warfarin dose. Unfortunately, these approaches can result in an overdose if the INR is spuriously low. Our goal was to develop an alert mechanism based on prior INRs in addition to the current INR. Using data from the Genetics InFormatics Trial (GIFT) of Warfarin to Prevent DVT, we analyzed warfarin dose estimates for days 3 through 11 that were ≥10 % higher than an average of the previous two dose estimates. We fit a stepwise mixed model to current and prior dose estimates, and subsequently compared the root-mean-square-error (RMSE) in predicting the final therapeutic dose using the GIFT algorithm versus the mixed model. From 861 dosing records (obtain from 556 patients), 646 dosing records (75 %) were randomly selected for the derivation cohort and 215 dosing records (25 %) for the validation cohort. Using one prior dose estimate improved the accuracy of the warfarin dose estimate. Compared to a dose estimate based on current INR (GIFT algorithm), the mixed model reduced the RMSE in the derivation cohort by 0.0015 mg/day (RMSE 0.2079 vs. 0.2094; p = 0.039). In the validation cohort, the RMSE reduction was not significant. A mixed model of dose estimates based on the current and most recent INRs shows potential to improve the safety of warfarin dosing. Clinicians should be cautious about aggressively escalating the warfarin dose after an INR that is lower than expected.
Discrepant estimates of primary and export production from satellite algorithms, a biogeochemical model, and geochemical tracer measurements in the North Pacific Ocean

Estimates of primary and export production (PP and EP) based on satellite remote sensing algorithms and global biogeochemical models are widely used to provide year-round global coverage not available from direct observations. However, observational data to validate these approaches are limited. We find that no single satellite algorithm or model can reproduce seasonal and annual geochemically determined PP, export efficiency (EP/PP), and EP rates throughout the North Pacific basin, based on comparisons throughout the full annual cycle at time series stations in the subarctic and subtropical gyres and basin-wide regions sampled by container ship transects. The high-latitude regions show large PP discrepancies in winter and spring and strong effects of deep winter mixed layers on annual EP that cannot be accounted for in current satellite-based approaches. These results underscore the need to evaluate satellite- and model-based estimates using multiple productivity parameters measured over broad ocean regions throughout the annual cycle.
Normalized dissipation rate in a moderate Taylor Reynolds number flow

Time-resolved velocity measurements are obtained using a hot-wire in a nearly homogeneous and isotropic flow downstream of an active grid for a range of Taylor Reynolds numbers from to . It is found that the dimensionless dissipation rate, , is nearly a constant for sufficiently high values of Taylor Reynolds number, , and is approximately equal to . This value is approximately less than the value reported by Bos et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 19 (4), 2007, 045101), which is obtained using DNS/LES (direct numerical simulation combined with large eddy simulation) for decaying homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, and is in excellent agreement with the active grid experiment of Thormann & Meneveau (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26 (2), 2014, 025112.). The results presented herein show that deviation from isotropy may cause inconsistencies in the computation of . As a result, it is suggested that the velocity scale be the square root of the turbulence kinetic energy. The integral length scale measurements obtained from the longitudinal velocity correlation are in close agreement with the integral length scale measured from the peak of the energy spectrum, , where is the wavenumber and is the one-dimensional power spectrum of the downstream velocity.
Teaching Students to Analyze Examples of Classical Conditioning

Given sufficient repetition, most introductory students can become quite proficient at solving examples of classical conditioning. Unfortunately, without our instructional algorithm this approach is too time consuming for practical application in most introductory classes. Using the approach presented in this paper to train students to analyze the examples produces faster and greater performance improvements than repetition alone. More important, the approach also demonstrates, at a relatively simple level, that analysis skills can be caught directly once the concept itself is reduced to manageable components using a task analysis.
Abstract 309: Two SoxD Family Transcription Factors Influence Heart Function at Baseline and After Cardiac Overload

Background: Sox6, a member of the SoxD family of transcription factors, has recently been established as a mediator of the actions of MyomiRs miR-208b and 499 in skeletal muscle. Sox6 suppresses th...
Integrated Water Resources Management

This chapter examines the practices and approaches that have come to be known as integrated water-resources management (IWRM). It begins with an analysis of integrated approaches to water-resources management at different levels, including watershed management, agricultural water management, basin management, national policies and governance, and transnational decision making. From this analysis, IWRM is seen not as a single approach but as a wide range of approaches to manage water and related resources – a meta-approach or meta-concept that both transcends and links the various levels at which management takes place.
Phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II in the rat dorsal medial prefrontal cortex is associated with alcohol‐induced cognitive inflexibility

Repeated cycles of alcohol [ethanol (EtOH)] intoxication and withdrawal dysregulate excitatory glutamatergic systems in the brain and induce neuroadaptations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that contribute to cognitive dysfunction. The mPFC is composed of subdivisions that are functionally distinct, with dorsal regions facilitating drug-cue associations and ventral regions modulating new learning in the absence of drug. A key modulator of glutamatergic activity is the holoenzyme calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) that phosphorylates ionotropic glutamate receptors. Here, we examined the hypothesis that abstinence from chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure dysregulates CaMKII activity in the mPFC to impair cognitive flexibility. We used an operant model of strategy set shifting in male Long-Evans rats demonstrating reduced susceptibility to trial omissions during performance in a visual cue-guided task versus albino strains. Relative to naive controls, rats experiencing approximately 10 days of abstinence from CIE vapor exposure demonstrated impaired performance during a procedural shift from visual cue to spatial location discrimination. Phosphorylation of CaMKII subtype α was upregulated in the dorsal, but not ventral mPFC of CIE-exposed rats, and was positively correlated with perseverative-like responding during the set shift. The findings suggest that abstinence from CIE exposure induces an undercurrent of kinase activity (e.g. CaMKII), which may promote aberrant glutamatergic responses in select regions of the mPFC. Given the role of the mPFC in modulating executive control of behavior, we propose that increased CaMKII subtype α activity reflects a dysregulated 'top-down' circuit that interferes with adaptive behavioral performance under changing environmental demands.
Health Communication Theory and Research: An Overview of the Communication Specialist Interface

(1978). Health Communication Theory and Research: An Overview of the Communication Specialist Interface. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 2, Communication Yearbook 2, pp. 495-503.
High-performance flexible waveguide-integrated photodetectors

Mechanically flexible photonic devices are essential building blocks for novel bio-integrated optoelectronic systems, wearable sensors, and flexible consumer electronics. Here we describe the design and experimental demonstration of high-performance flexible semiconductor nanomembrane photodetectors integrated with single-mode chalcogenide glass waveguides. Through a combination of a waveguide-integrated architecture to enhance light–matter interactions and mechanical engineering of multilayer configurations to suppress strains, the detector devices exhibit record optical and mechanical performance. The devices feature a noise equivalent power as low as 0.02 pW·Hz1/2, a linear dynamic range exceeding 70 dB, and a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.4 GHz, all measured at 1530 nm wavelength. The devices withstand 1000 bending cycles at a submillimeter radius without degradation in their optoelectronic responses. These metrics represent significant improvements over state-of-the-art flexible photodetectors.
Effect of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

Septostomy reduces right ventricular (RV) workload at the expense of hypoxemia in patients with advanced pulmonary hypertension (PH). A patent foramen ovale (PFO) may serve as a “natural” septostomy, but the incidence and impact of a PFO in PH remains uncertain. We prospectively examined echocardiograms in 404 PH patients referred for initial hemodynamic assessment. Patients included had saline bubble injection and if negative repeatinjection after Valsalva maneuver. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were examined. Survival was modeled using Kaplan–Meier method. Eisenmenger syndrome or known atrial shunts other than PFO were excluded: 292 patients met entry criteria. A PFO was identified in 16.8% of the entire cohort, 22.9% of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients, and 8.6% of Dana Point group 2 PH patients. Right atrial to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure difference was lowest in the latter group (−7.9 ± 7.1 vs −1.7 ± 5.5 mm Hg for all others, p
The Liver as an Energy Source in Man During Exercise

Apparently only 25–50% of the available metabolic substrate for prolonged work in fasted man can be accounted for by oxidation of free fatty acids (FFA) transported to muscle via plasma (1–2). A key question is, “What is the source and nature of the unaccounted for substrate?”
1 – Signals and Systems

This chapter provides an overview of signals and systems that is largely based on signal representation framework, linear system theory, and on transform theory. Signal processing deals with operations performed on a signal with the intent of either modifying it in some desirable way or extracting useful information from it. Signal processing encompasses the theory, design, and practice of software and hardware for converting signals produced by different sources into a form that allows a more effective utilization of the signal content. The chapter describes some basic notions of discrete-time, continuous-time signals, and systems. The emphasis is on discrete-time signals and systems, but notions for the two cases are presented in parallel. The concepts of sampling and quantization that relate continuous and discrete-time signals are briefly discussed. Fundamentals of discrete-time systems and properties, such as linearity, time-invariance, causality, and stability are reviewed. Frequency domain analysis of signals and Fourier transforms are then presented followed by a discussion of frequency-selective filtering. Finally, the discrete Fourier transform is presented, and its importance in implementing signal processing algorithms is described.
Reproducibility of low and high concentration data in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. II. Overloaded band profiles on Chromolith-C18.

Single-component adsorption isotherm data were acquired by frontal analysis (FA) for six low molecular weight compounds (phenol, aniline, caffeine, o-toluidine, p-toluidine and propylbenzoate) on one Chromolith-C18 column (#30, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), using different methanol:water solutions (composition between 60/40 and 15/85 v/v, depending on the solute) as the mobile phase. These data were modeled for best agreement between the experimental data points and the adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption-energy distributions were also derived and used for the selection of the best isotherm model. Widely different models were obtained for these six compounds, four being convex upward (i.e., Langmuirian) and two having at least one inflection point. Overloaded band profiles corresponding to two different sample sizes (a low and a high loading factor) were recorded on six monolithic columns (#30-35) belonging to the same manufactured lot. These experimental band profiles were compared to the profiles calculated from the isotherm measured by FA on the first column, using the equilibrium-dispersive (ED) model of chromatography. For four of the six columns (#30, #32, #33, and #35), the reproducibility was better than 5 and 2.5% for the low and the high concentration profiles, respectively. On the other two columns (#31 and #34), the bands showed significant and systematic retention time shifts for all six compounds (with nearly identical band shapes), the relative adsorption being between 6 and 15% stronger on column #31 or between 2 and 7% lower on column #34. These differences seem to be correlated with the differences in the total porosities of these columns, which differ by 3% from columns #31 to #34, the higher porosity column giving the stronger adsorption.
Self-Efficacy and Addictive Behaviors

It was not long after Bandura introduced the construct of self-efficacy in 1977 that scientists and practitioners in the addictive behaviors began to use the construct in their theorizing and research. Marlatt and Gordon (1979) found a key role for self-efficacy in their model of relapse. Condiotte and Lichtenstein (1981), DiClemente (1981), and Shiffman (1982) began using self-efficacy to understand the process of smoking cessation. Heather, Rollnick and Winton (1982) and Litman and colleagues (1979) began discussing how efficacy could be used as a predictor of relapse in alcohol-dependence treatment. Self-efficacy demonstrated both conceptual and practical utility, as well as heuristic value, in these initial studies. Since 1977, many studies have used the construct with smoking, alcohol problems, drug abuse, and eating disorders. Measures of self-efficacy continue to prove valuable in the assessment and treatment of these addictive behaviors, particularly in the area of maintenance or relapse (Di-Clemente, 1986). However, questions and controversies surround the use and usefulness of self-efficacy with addictive behaviors. This chapter summarizes the issues that arise when applying self-efficacy to the addictive behaviors, as well as review studies that have used the construct with smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, and eating disorders.
Computational Investigation on Electronic Structures and Properties of 4,6-Bis(nitroimino)-1,3,5-triazinan-2-one: An Insensitive Munition Compound

In order to minimize unintentional detonation, munitions researchers have focused on the development of chemical compounds that are insensitive to external stimuli while maintaining their effectiveness. Although these compounds, known as high-performance insensitive munition compounds, are promising in terms of potency and stability, their environmental impacts have either not been fully understood or are yet to be investigated. In the present research, we have performed a quantum chemical investigation on electronic structures and properties of an insensitive munition compound 4,6-bis(nitroimino)-1,3,5-triazinan-2-one (DNAM). The density functional theory using the B3LYP and M06-2X functionals and MP2 methodology were used for geometry optimization of various tautomeric forms of DNAM. The effect of bulk water solution was evaluated using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model and the density-based solvation model. Ionization potentials, electron affinities, redox properties, and p Ka values were also computed and compared with the available experimental data. These physical and chemical properties of DNAM have been discussed with regard to the varying tautomeric forms in which DNAM can exist.
Additively Manufactured Vertically Interconnected On-Package Microstrip Patch Antenna

A 17 GHz additively manufactured package integrated patch antenna is presented for vertical interconnection with a MMIC device. The antenna is fabricated using a multi-layer and multi-material 3D-printing process that combines fused deposition modeling of ABS plastic, micro-dispensing of silver paste Du-Pont CB028 and laser machining. Performance is successfully measured and characterized achieving a return loss greater than 19 dB at the desired design frequency, with a 10 dB bandwidth ranging from 16.8 GHz up to 17.4 GHz. Good agreement between simulated and measured radiation patterns is also obtained with a peak gain of 4.2 dBi.
ELDRS Characterization to of Texas Instruments LMP2012 RRO Precision Amplifier

TI’s space grade LMP2012 is a dual, rail-to-rail output, precision chopper-stabilized operational amplifier. It went through total ionizing dose testing at 10 mrad/s and was found to be ELDRS-free.
RH-Temperature Stability Diagram of the Dihydrate, β-Anhydrate, and α-Anhydrate Forms of Crystalline Trehalose.

Trehalose crystals exhibit polymorphic, deliquescent, and hydrate-forming traits and can exist in dihydrate, β-anhydrate, or α-anhydrate (isomorphic desolvate) forms. The objective of this study was to identify the relative humidity (RH) and temperature boundaries for phase changes of these different trehalose crystal forms. The deliquescence points (RH0 s) of the anhydrate and dihydrate trehalose crystals were determined from 20 to 50 °C using a combination of water activity and dynamic vapor sorption measurement techniques. Increasing temperatures from 20 to 50 °C resulted in decreases in RH0 from 95.5% to 90.9% RH for the dihydrate and 69.9% to 62.0% RH for the β-anhydrate. The effects of temperature on the anhydrate-hydrate RH boundaries were also determined, using a combination of equilibration in controlled water activity solutions, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Increasing temperatures resulted in increases in the anhydrate-hydrate RH boundaries. The irreversible β-anhydrate to dihydrate boundary increased from 44.9% to 57.8% RH, and the reversible α-anhydrate to dihydrate boundary increased from 10% to 25% RH, as temperature increased from 20 to 50 °C. This is the first report of an RH-temperautre stability map for crystalline trehalose. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The manuscript addresses the issue of the physical stability and phase transformations of crystalline trehalose stored in different temperature and relative humidity environments. Unwanted hydrate formation or dehydration of crystal hydrates can lead to other undesirable water-solid interactions and/or physical modifications that have the potential to influence product quality and delivery traits. Therefore, this study identified relative humidity and temperature stability boundaries of the different trehalose crystal forms, using a variety of established and novel techniques to create a relative humidity-temperature stability map of crystalline trehalose from 20 to 50 °C.
Functional profile and clinical significance of major tumor infiltrating lymphocyte subsets in lung cancer-associated brain metastases.

2066Background: Despite the biological and clinical implications, the immune composition and functional characteristics of adaptive immune cells in brain metastases (BrM) are poorly understood. Usi...
Lifestyle and Dietary Modifications

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is commonly diagnosed by otolaryngologists and may be managed using various approaches. Traditionally, otolaryngologists treat LPR with a combination of medications and lifestyle modifications. These lifestyle changes are often the same as those provided for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), commonly referred to as acid reflux. While pharmacological therapy for LPR is well studied, there is a paucity of data on the effect of lifestyle modifications for treating LPR. Most studies are found in the gastroenterology literature and address esophageal rather than laryngopharyngeal symptoms. In this chapter, we will explore lifestyle and dietary modifications and their rationale for patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux and will discuss the evidence where available.
Review of Everyday Creativity and the Healthy Mind: Dynamic New Paths for Self and Society

You could call Ruth Richards a mother of invention, if that title were not already taken. Her work spans science, psychology, humanities, and social sciences. Her writings, teaching, and research f...
Utilization of an audit tool to evaluate accuracy of treatment summary and survivorship care plans.

A quality review process was implemented to determine compliance with the requirement from the Commission on Cancer to use the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) template as the minimum data set for Treatment Summary and Survivorship Care Plans (TS/SCP) provided to cancer survivors. TS/SCPs generated during 2017 (N = 1257) were audited for concordance with each of the 66 TS/SCP line items on ASCO’s template. Descriptive statistics and chi-square statistics were used to examine line item concordance, overall and by services groups (survivorship vs. other oncology service). Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of service delivery group on the concordance. Institutional compliance with the ASCO template was very high; 76% of the 66 line items were present in at least 75% of the delivered TS/SCPs. There was a significantly higher rate of concordance for TS/SCPs provided by the survivorship service (83% vs. 66%, P = 0.006). TS/SCPs provided by the survivorship service were nearly twice as likely to be concordant with ASCO template (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.77–2.00) compared to those by other service groups. Use of the electronic medical record to auto-populate information was instrumental in achieving a high rate of concordance. Institutions should consider providing training to improve or maintain quality of these documents. Ensuring that the information contained on the TS/SCP is consistently present is necessary for a high-quality survivorship visit between the clinician, PCP, and survivor and as a record of care for future health care encounters.
Validation of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection of 2 Flavobacterium columnare genomovars.

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in a variety of fish hosts. Using modifications to previously established protocols, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was valida...
Comparing Vertical Distributions of Chl-a Fluorescence, Marine Snow, and Taxon-Specific Zooplankton in Relation to Density Using High Resolution Optical Measurements

Interactions between predators and their prey are important in shaping planktonic ecosystems. However, these interactions are difficult to assess in situ at the spatial scales relevant to the organisms. This work presents high spatial resolution observations of the nighttime vertical distributions of individual zooplankton, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and marine snow aggregates in stratified coastal waters of the Southern California Bight. Data were obtained using a planar laser imaging fluorometer (PLIF) augmented with a shadowgraph zooplankton imaging system (O-Cam) mounted along with ancillary sensors on a free-falling platform. Fluorometer and PLIF sensors detected two well-defined and distinct peaks: the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) and a fluorescent particle maximum (FPM) dominated by large aggregates. The O-Cam imaging system allows reliable estimates of concentrations of crustacean and gelatinous zooplankton group; we found that grazers and their predators had well-structured nighttime distributions in and around the SCM and FPM in ways that suggested predator avoidance at the peak of the SCM and immediately above the FPM (where predatory hydromedusae, and to some degree euphausiids, were primarily located). Calanoid copepods were found above the SCM while cyclopoids were associated with the FPM. The locations of predator and grazer concentration peaks suggest that their dynamics may control the vertical gradients defining the SCM and FPM.
Response to: Perceptions of student skill development in problem-based learning may not correlate with objective measures of performance in the clinical environment.

Dear Editor We thank Gordon et al. (2020) for their thoughtful comments on our paper and read with great interest the McManus et al. (2020) article describing the MedDifs study of UK medical school...
Pharmacological Treatments for Tinnitus—Reply

In Reply Dr Asnis emphasizes the importance of pharmacological treatments for tinnitus, which were not addressed in our Clinical Update.1 Although we disagree with his assertion that nonpharmacological treatments are ineffective in many, his letter does raise several good points about the comorbid conditions of insomnia and depression and the role that pharmacotherapy, especially hypnotics and antidepressants, may play. Unfortunately, no drug has “demonstrated replicable, long-term reduction of tinnitus impact in excess of placebo effects,”2 and there is no drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for tinnitus.
DISCOVERY OF A LARGE NUMBER OF CANDIDATE PROTOCLUSTERS TRACED BY ∼15 Mpc-SCALE GALAXY OVERDENSITIES IN COSMOS

To demonstrate the feasibility of studying the epoch of massive galaxy cluster formation in a more systematic manner using current and future galaxy surveys, we report the discovery of a large sample of protocluster candidates in the 1.62 deg2 COSMOS/UltraVISTA field traced by optical/infrared selected galaxies using photometric redshifts. By comparing properly smoothed three-dimensional galaxy density maps of the observations and a set of matched simulations incorporating the dominant observational effects (galaxy selection and photometric redshift uncertainties), we first confirm that the observed ~15 comoving Mpc-scale galaxy clustering is consistent with ΛCDM models. Using further the relation between high-z overdensity and the present day cluster mass calibrated in these matched simulations, we found 36 candidate structures at 1.6 < z < 3.1, showing overdensities consistent with the progenitors of M z = 0 ~ 1015 M ☉ clusters. Taking into account the significant upward scattering of lower mass structures, the probabilities for the candidates to have at least M z = 0 ~ 1014 M ☉ are ~70%. For each structure, about 15%-40% of photometric galaxy candidates are expected to be true protocluster members that will merge into a cluster-scale halo by z = 0. With solely photometric redshifts, we successfully rediscover two spectroscopically confirmed structures in this field, suggesting that our algorithm is robust. This work generates a large sample of uniformly selected protocluster candidates, providing rich targets for spectroscopic follow-up and subsequent studies of cluster formation. Meanwhile, it demonstrates the potential for probing early cluster formation with upcoming redshift surveys such as the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment and the Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph survey.
Theory Traditions and Influences

This chapter looks at the various disciplines that business communication has drawn from to collectively construct its unique identity. Understanding these traditions helps stakeholders in the field to better access the underlying assumptions that our theories incorporate. This knowledge also guides our awareness of where and why various theories may fall short, and signals directions that we can pursue to extend and refine the theories in business communication.
Morphological Patterns During Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electrodeposition

The quasi-two-dimensional electrodeposition of several metals (zinc, copper, silver and lithium) of varying levels of anisotropy has been investigated. The morphologies are very diverse for the different metals and the morphology selection depends on the degree of anisotropy. The fast propagation of the quasi-two-dimensional deposit is due to the lack of convection in the confined electrolyte. The velocity of the deposit is determined by the drift velocity of the anions, as the system is attempting to maintain electroneutrality and reduce the electric field in the space charge region. The effects of impurities and natural convection on the morphology are investigated as well.
Assessing Communication and Trust in an AI Teammate in a Dynamic Task Environment

This research examines the relationship between anticipatory pushing of information and trust in human– autonomy teaming in a remotely piloted aircraft system - synthetic task environment. Two participants and one AI teammate emulated by a confederate executed a series of missions under routine and degraded conditions. We addressed the following questions: (1) How do anticipatory pushing of information and trust change from human to human and human to autonomous team members across the two sessions? and (2) How is anticipatory pushing of information associated with the trust placed in a teammate across the two sessions? This study demonstrated two main findings: (1) anticipatory pushing of information and trust differed between human-human and human-AI dyads, and (2) anticipatory pushing of information and trust scores increased among human-human dyads under degraded conditions but decreased in human-AI dyads.
Chapter 2 Long-Term Trends in Schooling: The Rise and Decline (?) of Public Education in the United States

In recent decades, there has been rising anxiety about the quality of the public education in the United States. However, it is important to note that this has not always been the case; in fact, the United States has long been a leader in terms of the public provision of education at all levels of schooling. This chapter documents this history, describing the conditions in the early years of the country that were conducive to the rise of universal public education, in particular the relative homogeneity of the population and the local nature of the provision of public education. These factors increased local support and enabled the educational system to be responsive to local needs. In more recent history, however, there has been substantial change in the demographics of the United States; this chapter also explores how well the public education system has been able to adapt to these changes.
Abstract P013: Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Kidney Dysfunction among Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in Community: The ARIC Community Surveillance

Introduction: Several studies reported that kidney dysfunction is prevalent and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, most of these reports were from clinical trials or a single hospital, limiting their generalizability to clinical practice in the community. Methods: We tackled these questions using data from community-based surveillance for ADHF conducted as a part of the ARIC Study from 2005 to 2009 for residents aged ≥55 years in 4 US communities (Jackson, Mississippi; Washington County, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Forsyth County, North Carolina). All analyses were weighted to account for the stratified sampling design. The association of kidney function with mortality (in-hospital, 28-day, and 1-year) was assessed using logistic regression. The CKD-EPI equation with worst serum creatinine during hospitalization was used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and persons from nonblack and nonwhite racial groups...
A disease by any other name: musings on the concept of a genetic disease.

What exactly is a genetic disease? For a phrase one hears on a daily basis, there has been surprisingly little analysis of the underlying concept. Medical doctors seem perfectly willing to admit that the etiology of disease is typically complex, with a great many factors interacting to bring about a given condition. On such a view, descriptions of diseases like cancer as geneticseem at best highly simplistic, and at worst philosophically indefensible. On the other hand, there is clearly some practical value to be had by classifying diseases according to theirpredominant cause when this can be accomplished in a theoretically satisfactory manner. The question therefore becomes exactly how one should go about selecting a single causal factor among many to explain the presence of disease. When an attempt to defend such causal selection is made at all, the standard accounts offered (Koch's postulates, Hill's epidemiological criteria, manipulability) are all clearly inadequate. I propose, however, an epidemiological account of disease causation which walks the fine line between practical applicability and theoretical considerations of causal complexity and attempts to compromise between patient-centered and population-centered concepts of disease. The epidemiological account is the most basic framework consistent with our strongly held intuitions about the causal classification of disease, yet it avoids the difficulties encountered by its competitors.
Dermatological effects of weathered petroleum exposure (844.18)

Nearly 5 million barrels of oil were released into the Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon oil well failure, making it undoubtedly the largest environmental disaster response effort in U.S. history. Spill remediation workers were continuously exposed to weathered oil and appeared to suffer a myriad of health effects, including contact dermatitis. However, the mechanism by which crude oil exposure induces skin inflammation has not been examined. To investigate this pathology, a mouse model of seven day exposure to weathered crude oil or acetone (control) was utilized, employing C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. Immunohistochemistry, multiplex protein analysis, and real-time PCR were then conducted on skin samples isolated from each strain. Inflammatory cytokine expression showed that oil exposure increased IL-6, CXCL10, and CCL2 levels, the extent of which differed based on mouse strain. Histopathology showed obvious inflammation in the oil exposed skin, primarily characterized by epidermal thickening an...
Neurosyphilis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients: neuroimaging findings.

PURPOSE To evaluate and describe the neuroimaging findings of patients with neurosyphilis. METHODS The neuroimaging studies of 35 patients with documented neurosyphilis were reviewed. Diagnosis was established in 34 patients with cerebrospinal fluid for a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test, complemented by autopsy in 1 and brain biopsy in 1. All patients had reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody tests with absorption in their sera. Imaging studies included plain and contrast-enhanced CT of the brain, plain and gadolinium-enhanced MR, MR angiography, and conventional angiography. Imaging findings were also correlated with the relevant pathologic findings at autopsy in three additional patients with neurosyphilis who did not have brain imaging studies. RESULTS Of the 35 patients with imaging studies, 32 tested human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive, and 3 were HIV-seronegative. Eleven (31%) of 35 patients had normal radiographic findings. Cerebral infarctions were seen in 8 (23%) of 35 patients, and nonspecific white matter lesions in 7 (20%) of 35. Cerebral gummas and extraaxial enhancement indicating meningitis were noted in 2 (6%) of 35 patients, respectively. Arteritis was demonstrated in 2 (50%) of 4 patients who underwent either MR angiography or conventional angiography. The 3 subjects who had autopsy but not imaging studies were found to have manifestations of meningovascular syphilis, including syphilitic leptomeningitis and an obliterative endarteritis. CONCLUSION We conclude that findings of vascular occlusive disease manifested as infarction or arteritis, enhancing cortical lesions with or without adjacent meningeal enhancement, focal or diffuse extraaxial enhancement, and white matter disease, although nonspecific, in the proper clinical setting should prompt appropriate testing for neurosyphilis, a treatable disease, in patients with and without HIV infection.
Precision of Intraoperative Assessment of Cup Alignment During Navigated THA

Introduction There is great interest in technologies to improve the accuracy and precision in placing implants for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Malik et al. (J Arthroplasty, 2010) showed that an imageless navigation system could be used to produce accurate measures of acetabular cup alignment compared to a CT-based alignment method using an imaging phantom. In this study we sought to compare the precision of an image-based navigation system with post-operative CT scans in a clinical patient cohort who received navigation-assisted THA. Methods Eighteen patients with 20 hips consented to this IRB-approved analysis of intra- and post-operative THA cup alignment. All patients received THA with image-assisted alignment (MAKO Surgical, Fort Lauderdale). Nominal cup placement, subject to intraoperative surgeon adjustment and approval, was 40° radiographic inclination (RI) and 20° radiographic anteversion (RA) according to the definitions of Murray (JBJS-Br, 1993). Intraoperative cup alignment was measured by collecting five points on the cup rim with an optically tracked stylus. Postoperative cup alignment was measured by registering pre- and post-operative pelvic models generated from CT scans, and determining the postoperative cup orientation relative to the pre-operative pelvis coordinate system (Figure 1). Repeated measures testing of the CT-based measurements on 10 patient scans showed precision and bias of 0.7° and 0° for radiographic inclination, and 0.6° and 0.1° for radiographic anteversion. Results Mean cup alignment with navigation and CT was within 1° of the nominal target values (Figure 2). There was not a significant difference in the cup inclination measure between intraoperative and CT-based measures, while the intraoperative measure of anteversion showed a 2° bias compared to the CT-based measures. Using a 5° difference between the intraoperative and postoperative measures as the definition for cup placement outliers, 2 cups (10%) were outliers for inclination and 3 cups (15%) were outliers for anteversion (Figure 3). No cup in this series was an outlier for both inclination and anteversion. Discussion Optical navigation to confirm cup placement appears to result in relatively few alignment outliers, with no outliers for both angles and no single difference greater than 10°. Although differences between intraoperative and CT-based measures were small, it appears acquisition of a larger number of points on the cup rim could further enhance the precision of the navigation-based surgeon feedback. Consistent with previous studies, cup alignment using optical navigation is more precise than cup alignment using traditional manual methods.
Academic skills building through global health: The UTMB scholarly project model

20 were attached to 10 intervention PHCs. Median age was 31.5yrs (IQR 26.8-35.3, range 20-38); 31 (81.6%) were married. Highest education was primary-level for 12 (31.6%), secondary for 14 (36.8%), tertiary for 7 (18.4%), and none for 5 (13.2%). Englishspeaking proficiency was “none” for 1 (2.6%), “basic” for 21 (55.3%), “moderate or better” for 16 (42.1%). Median time-period since HIV diagnosis was 2.0 years (IQR 1.8-4.3). Mean pre-test and post-test scores were 72.4% and 87.7% respectively. The MM program’s early successes included better MM work attendance, improved documentation, increased timeliness/less missed opportunities for client tracking and increased frequency/quality of MM-client interactions. Going Forward: Even though education and English proficiency were relatively low, MMs were able to absorb and retain training knowledge. Their relatively high baseline PMTCT knowledge was encouraging. With appropriate supervisory support, these lay HIVpositive women c Funding: INSPIRE grant from WHO through the Canadian Government. Abstract #: 02ETC073
Short-range Coulomb screening in a dielectric crystal.

Etude de l'effet d'ecran du a un reseau d'elements ponctuels polarisables. Le facteur d'ecrantage lointain (lie a la constante dielectrique statique) persiste meme a des distances de un ou deux espacements de reseau. Dans quelques configurations, le facteur d'ecrantage est augmente par proximite. On met en evidence un cas ou il excede 1 d'environ 1% alors que la polarisabilite est encore inferieure au seuil antiferroelectrique de Luttinger
Human lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells--II. Studies of various L-amino acid methyl esters on LAK generation at high cell density.

Abstract Nineteen L -amino acid methyl esters were studied for their cytotoxic activity on human monocytes, NK activity, and LAK activation by IL-2 at high cell density (5 × 10 6 cells/ml). Phenylalanine, Met, Trp, Cys, Tyr, Asp and Glu methyl esters depleted monocytes from PBMC, caused inhibition of NK activity, and allowed LAK activation at high cell density. Alanine, Val and Pro methyl esters were marginal. Glycine, Ser, Thr, Lys, His and Arg were not active. Leucine, Ile and cystine methyl esters depleted monocytes and also NK activity; LAK activation was suppressed. The D series of the active L -amino acid (Met, Tyr and Trp) methyl esters were not active. The position of the methyl ester is important as shown by 5-Glu methyl ester which was not active as Glu(OMe) 2 . Phenylalanine T-butyl ester was not as active as the methyl or the ethyl ester. This indicates that the breakage of the ester bond is the rate-limiting step for the actions of the Phe alkyl esters. Seven L -amino acid amides (Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Glu, Asp and Tyr) were studied and only Ile, Leu, and Phe were found to be active. Isoleucine and Leu amides depleted monocytes with little inhibitory effect on NK activity and thus allowed LAK activation. In summary, depletion of monocytes by the amino acid methyl esters and the amides allowed LAK activation at high cell density.