cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The emerging use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of human chronic wounds

Introduction: Close to 5 million people in the USA are affected by chronic wounds, and billions of dollars are spent annually for their treatment. Despite advances in chronic wound management over the past decades, many patients afflicted with chronic wounds fail to heal or their ulcers recur. There is emerging evidence that the use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) can offset this situation of impaired healing. Areas covered: This article provides a review of the use of BM-MSC for the treatment of chronic wounds, the current development of stem cell delivery to chronic wounds and related challenges are also described in this manuscript. Expert opinion: Numerous animal studies and a few pilot studies in human wounds have shown that BM-MSC can augment wound closure. Still, the primary contribution of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to cutaneous regeneration and the long-term systemic effects of MSCs are yet to be established. In addition, we need to determine whether other types of stem...
Heparan sulfate: a stem cell therapy target?

In this issue of Blood , Saez et al demonstrate that inhibition of heparan sulfate proteoglycan production by bone marrow osteolineage stromal cells results in hematopoietic stem cell egress from the bone marrow niche into the peripheral circulation.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Inhibiting Mx1+
‘La clef de commerce’—The changing role of Africa in France's Atlantic empire ca. 1760–1797

Scholarship on the French Atlantic empire traditionally and uniquely focuses upon Africa as a source of slave labour for the American colonies. However, this article explores how, in the second half of the eighteenth century, Africa emerged as a viable alternative for colonial expansion. Uncertainties about a colonial future in the New World directed French expansionist attention away from the Americas and towards the African continent, expanding its role beyond a source of labour. The intellectual underpinnings for a transfer of empire first surfaced within the Physiocratic School of political economy. The article examines the emergence of such ideas and their reception within the colonial administration of the Ancien Regime. It also shows how expansion into Africa became central to the imperial agenda of the first French Republic. Exploring Africa as a substitute to colonial America helps expand the lens through which Africa is examined as part of the Atlantic World. It also reveals continuities between...
PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE ANTIQUITY OF THE SCOTTSBLUFF BISON QUARRY AND ITS ASSOCIATED ARTIFACTS

T HE publication of a paper by Alfred S. Romer announcing the discovery of a "fossil"camel in a Utah cave deposit of supposedly Recent age,' revived, on a new front, the long war over Pleistocene man in America. A reply by the late O. P. Hay2 soon followed, and with it the conflict shifted from emphasis upon a denial, as was formerly the custom, of the authenticity of the association of man with fossil animals in America, to the question of the time of extinction of these same animals.3 It is here, in the opinion of the present writers, that the question threatens to linger for a long time to come. Everyone of fair judgment will now admit that there are undoubted cases of association of artifacts with the remains of animals no longer living on the North American continent. In that, at least, we have made some progress, and cleared the air sufficiently to gaze about us with less prejudice. At the same time, however, we have run upon a snag. For the assemblage of ghostly forms which once, in the opinion of paleontologists, characterized the Pleistocene, have, almost without exception, suddenly stirred in their graves and moved forward into the Recent. This, to the dismay of the "Pleistocene school," and the everlasting joy of those anthropologists who were beginning to feel a trifle hard pressed in their beliefs. Though the writers feel that the last word has yet to be uttered in this controversy, and though they are of the opinion that the appearance of certain Pleistocene species within a more or less ancient and fabulous Recent does not, ipso facto, dissipate the problem of man's antiquity in America, they do realize that this new obstacle enormously complicates the question. For if so many of these extinct species extend into the Recent while the deposits continue to give evidence of some age, the problem bids fair to be insurmountable for some time to come. Hence it is with some hesitation that they offer the following account of the bison quarry at
Weyl semimetal and superconductor designed in an orbital-selective superlattice

We propose two complementary design principles for engineering three-dimensional (3D) Weyl semimetals and superconductors in a layer-by-layer setup which includes even- and odd-parity orbitals in alternating layers---dubbed an orbital selective superlattice. Such a structure breaks mirror symmetry along the superlattice growth axis which, with the help of either a basal plane spin-orbit coupling or spinless $p+ip$ superconductivity, stabilizes a 3D Dirac node. To explore this idea, we develop a 3D generalization of the Haldane model and a Bogoliubov--de Gennes Hamiltonian for the two cases, respectively, and show that tunable single or multiple Weyl nodes with linear dispersion in all spatial directions can be engineered desirably in a widespread parameter space. We also demonstrate that a single helical Weyl band can be created at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point at the Fermi level in the superconducting case via gapping out either of the orbital states by violating its particle-hole symmetry but not any other symmetries. Finally, implications of our results for the realization of an anomalous Hall effect and Majorana bound state are discussed.
Alcohol use and blood pressure in an unacculturated society.

Alcohol intake has been associated with higher blood pressure in acculturated populations but not in unacculturated societies. We performed a cross-sectional survey of a random community sample of 5023 male Yi rural farmers and 1656 Yi and 2173 Han men living in an urban setting. Average alcohol intake among drinkers was 36.4 g/d in Yi farmers, 56.5 g/d in Yi migrants, and 38.7 g/d in Han men. Age-adjusted mean diastolic blood pressure was 66.9, 70.5, and 71.7 mm Hg, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure was higher at higher alcohol intakes in all three groups (all P < .001). After adjustment for age, body mass index, heart rate, smoking, and physical activity, the change (95% confidence interval) in diastolic blood pressure for each standard drink was 0.50 (0.38-0.62), 0.31 (0.18-0.43), and 0.24 (0.07-0.40) mm Hg for Yi farmers, Yi migrants, and Han men, respectively. The percentage of variance in diastolic blood pressure explained by alcohol intake was 5% for Yi farmers, 4% for Yi migrants, and 2% for Han men. In a random sample of 831 men, these associations were independent of urinary sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium and sodium-potassium ratio. In the Yi farmers, associations were less strong for systolic blood pressure and no longer significant after adjustment. Approximately 33% of hypertension could be attributed to daily alcohol use in the Yi groups compared with 9.5% in the Han people.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Utilization of substitutable substrates in a bioreactor under cycling: A study on process dynamics and optimization

The process of simultaneous utilization of two substitutable substrates for growth purposes in a continuously operated cyclic bioreactor was described with a mathematical model. The model assumes that all required nutrients except for the two substitutable resources are present in the reactor in excess at all times. Hence, the kinetics of the process depend only on the availability of the two substitutable substrates. Cyclic operation is imposed by the periodic harvesting of a fraction of the microbial suspension and replenishment of the harvested volume with an equal volume of fresh medium. The proposed model has been experimentally validated for its basic predictions by using a relatively simple system involving a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 17514) and media containing phenol and glucose as carbon and energy sources. The mathematical model was subjected to a detailed analysis of its dynamics through the use of computer algorithms based on the bifurcation theory for forced systems. It was found that self-substrate and cross-substrate inhibition terms which introduce nonlinearities in the denominator of the specific growth-rate expressions lead to regions of multistability in the operating parameter space. The effects of all five operating parameters, namely, concentration of the two substrates in the medium, dilution rate, fraction of reactor contents harvested, and fraction of cycle time devoted to replenishing the harvested suspension with fresh medium, on the dynamics of the system were investigated, and the results are presented in the form of two-dimensional projections of the operating diagram. Optimization studies were also performed and their results show that, in most cases, operating parameters can be selected in ways which maximize the working capacity of the reactor while achieving a desired conversion of at least one of the substrates.
Hormonal and behavioral aspects of maternal care in the hamster: a review.

Abstract This review covers a description of the maternal behavior cycle in the hamster and relationships between the endocrine system and prepartum changes in activity, aggression, sexual receptivity, and maternal care. Postpartum maternal behavior consists of the mother's “normal” cannibalism of some portion of her litter, the formation of a bond between mother and her young, the development of behavioral synchrony between the mother and her pups, and maternal aggression toward conspecifics. The maternal responses of virgin female, male, and juvenile animals are described and methodological considerations in the testing of both virgin and parturient animals are presented. Finally, a theoretical framework for considering the regulation of maternal care in the hamster is presented. Two main phases of regulation are proposed; an onset phase that originates prepartum and depends on the physiological conditons of pregnancy and a maintenance phase which provides for the continuation of maternal care during lactation and is based on both endogenous maternal factors and external litter-related stimuli. A transition period beginning at parturition facilitates the shift between the onset and maintenance phases.
Toward a profile of student software piraters

Efforts to counter software piracy are an increasing focus of software publishers. This study attempts to develop a profile of those who illegally copy software by looking at undergraduate and graduate students and the extent to which they pirate software. The data indicate factors that can be used to profile the software pirater. In particular, males were found to pirate software more frequently than females and older students more than younger students, based on self-reporting.
Rapid growth responses of dwarf corn coleoptile sections to picloram

Abstract The initial and transient growth responses of coleoptile sections of Dwarf-1 corn ( Zea mays L.) to picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolonic acid) were studied and compared to those produced after IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) treatments. Growth was measured every 36 sec with an angular displacement transducer. Picloram-mediated and also IAA-mediated growth recorded approximately 10 min of lag period before any growth response was elicited. The rate of picloram-mediated growth then increased rapidly, reaching a maximum between 25 and 40 min after treatment. This was followed by a second maximum approximately 80 min after treatment; then the growth rate slowly decreased to a constant level. The shape of the rate curve of picloram-mediated growth was essentially the same as that obtained after IAA treatment. Analysis of growth kinetics suggests that modes of growth stimulating action of picloram may not involve IAA metabolism inplants, but suggests that the compound is itself an auxin.
Interobserver variability with the interpretation of thyroid FNA specimens showing predominantly Hürthle cells.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is used for the diagnosis and triaging of thyroid lesions. Recently, it has been shown that the pathologic interpretation of selected thyroid specimens can show a high degree of interobserver variability (IV). Because Hurthle cells may be seen in neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease, we investigated whether pathologists consistently interpret FNA specimens from these lesions. In the present study, 22 FNA specimens that showed Hurthle cells as the predominant cell type were reviewed by 7 pathologists. Cytologic features were assessed semiquantitatively. IV was calculated, and individual case diagnoses were compared with cytologic features. IV was high before diagnoses were collapsed into like diagnoses and triage recommendations (k = 0.17, 0.44, and 0.51, respectively). Overall cellularity, number of Hurthle cells, and number of lymphocytes all correlated with collapsed diagnostic agreement, and the number of air-dried rapid Romanowsky-stained slides, overall cellularity, number of Hurthle cells, and number of lymphocytes all correlated with collapsed triage recommendations.
Radioisotope wear studies aid material and lubricant selection for fine pitch gearing

Abstract Delco Appliance Division needed to know what combination of lubricant and first reduction gear material would result in acceptable wear of a phosphor bronze pinion in a newly designed high-torque 10 rpm synchronous motor. To appraise the best combination of gear materials and lubrication for optimum performance of a gear train is very time consuming when using standard laboratory life test techniques. To evaluate quickly the various possible combinations, a life test and a wear study using radioisotopes were devised for this motor.
TPEPICO Spectroscopy of Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Iodide: Neutral and Ionic Heats of Formation and Bond Energies

The 0 K dissociative ionization onsets of C2H3X --> C2H3(+) + X (X = Cl, I) are measured by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy. The heats of formation of C2H3Cl (Delta H(f,0K)(0) = 30.2 +/- 3.2 kJ mol(-1) and Delta(H f,298K)(0) = 22.6 +/- 3.2 kJ mol(-1)) and C2H3I (Delta(H f,0K)(0) = 140.2 +/- 3.2 kJ mol(-1) and Delta(H f,298K)(0) = 131.2 +/- 3.2 kJ mol(-1)) and C- X bond dissociation enthalpies as well as those of their ions are determined. The data help resolve a longstanding discrepancy among experimental values of the vinyl chloride heat of formation, which now agrees with the latest theoretical determination. The reported vinyl iodide heat of formation is the first reliable experimental determination. Additionally, the adiabatic ionization energy of C2H3I (9.32 +/- 0.01 eV) is measured by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy.
Effect of diet on vitellogenin, vitellin and ecdysteroid levels during the second cycle of oögenesis in the housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract Both ecdysteroid and vitellogenin exhibited peak levels of approx. 35 pg/μl and approx. 30 μg/μl, respectively, 12–24 h after oviposition when females were provided a complete diet during the first and second gonotrophic cycle. However, ecdysteroid and vitellogenin levels did not exceed 15 pg/μl and 12 μg/μl, respectively, in flies that were fed sucrose after oviposition. Nutritionally deprived flies that were fed the complete diet for 4 h after oviposition had a maximum ecdysteroid concentration of 18 pg/μl and vitellogenin levels of 14 μg/μl. Furthermore, these nutritionally deprived flies had lower haemolymph non-specific protein levels, and retarded ovarian development when compared with those given free access to the complete diet. This suggests that feeding on a nutritionally adequate diet provided materials that were required for steroidogenesis and vitellogenesis. Oviposition released a specific behaviour that caused houseflies to select the complete diet over sucrose. This selection and subsequent feeding coordinated endocrine events and provided the nutritional requirements that were necessary for the development of the second cycle of eggs.
An enhanced test generator for capacitance induced crosstalk delay faults

Capacitive crosstalk can give rise to slowdown of signals that can propagate to a circuit output and create a functional error A test generation methodology, called XGEN, was developed to generate tests for such failures. Two drawbacks of XGEN are: (i) it is not complete because of restricted propagation conditions, and (ii) a constrained logic value system is used. In this paper, we relax the propagation conditions to increase the solution space. This increases the likelihood of finding a test. We also present a nine-valued algebra that distinguishes between hazardous values and non-hazardous values. Finally, we use the relation between arrival time and required time ranges to selectively turn off the timing computation procedure which is computationally expensive. Other drawbacks of previous versions of XGEN are: (i) a simplified pin-to-pin delay model was used, and (ii) crosstalk computation could not handle timing ranges. We have addressed both of those issues.
The Iron-Neon Hollow-Cathode Spectrum.

Over 4000 wave lengths are listed between 1900 and 9000 A for Fe i, Fe ii, Ne i and Ne ii lines measured in a hollow cathode discharge tube with iron electrodes and a neon gas filling. Photoe-electric traces between 2400 and 5700 A on a semiquantitative intensity scale are also included. For Fe i, energy values for 124 even and 240 odd levels have been computed. These have been used to calculate Ritz standards for most of the Fe i lines.
Management of solitary metastasis to the brain: the role of elective brain irradiation following complete surgical resection.

Abstract We examined the records of 33 patients who presented with the clinico-radiological diagnosis of solitary brain metastasis and no other evidence of tumor dissemination. Length of survival of patients and patterns of treatment failure were analyzed according to the treatment modalities that were used, i.e., total excision alone or total excision with elective brain irradiation. Both groups were comparable regarding major parameters that affect response and survival in patients with brain metastasis. There did not appear to be any significant advantage to the use of irradiation following excision, at least at the doses employed in this study. We advocate the use of higher doses of irradiation in any curative attempt following total excision of a solitary brain metastasis. A higher incidence of subsequent spinal cord involvement by tumor was found in patients with lesions in the posterior fossa, pointing out the need for careful evaluation of the spinal cord with cerebrospinal fluid cytology and perhaps myelography prior to resection.
Artifactual dendritic beading in rat spinal cord induced by perfusion with cold saline and paraformaldehyde

Abstract Extensive dendritic beading of MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2) immunoreactivity has previously been observed in the contused rat spinal cord. However, we have also observed dendritic beading in occasional uninjured animals. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility that perfusion conditions contributed to the dendritic beading. Under deep anesthesia, uninjured rats (adult female Long-Evans, 200–225 g) were transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde at cold (4 °C) or warm (20 °C) temperature, and at a low (20 ml/min) or high (50 ml/min) flow rate. Dendrites were visualized by MAP2 immunoreactivity. The results demonstrate that perfusion with cold solutions at a high flow rate induces pronounced dendritic beading, and when perfused at a low flow rate, results in moderate dendritic beading. Warm perfusates did not induce dendritic beading when administered at a low flow rate, but occasional beading was observed with a high flow rate. Western blots revealed spectrin breakdown, but not MAP2 loss, in rats perfused with cold saline solution at a high flow rate, conditions that also resulted in dendritic beading. These findings demonstrate that dendritic morphology is sensitive to both temperature and flow rate of the perfusate. Warm fixative and a low perfusion flow rate minimized the perfusion-induced dendritic beading.
Effects of morphine on dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and on cyclic GMP formation in primate brain amygdaloid nucleus

Abstract In homogenates of Macaca mulatta (Rhesus) or Cebus apella amygdaloid nuclear complex, adenylate cyclase activity was approximately doubled by either 10μ M dopamine or 8m M NaF. In the presence of morphine, the stimulation by dopamine was reduced. A 90–100% inhibition of the dopamine stimulation was obtained with 20μ M , and a 50% inhibition, with 5μ M morphine. The effects of 10μ M morphine on dopamine stimulation were reversed by 10μ M naloxone. Morphine itself did not significantly affect the basal adenylate cyclase activity, but in the presence of 10μ M morphine the stimulation by 8m M NaF was reduced approxiamtely 50%. The data suggest an action of morphine at a receptor site which is distinct from the dopamine receptor, but which inhibits the dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase. In addition, the cyclic GMP content of Cebus amygdala slices was reduced by 50–75% during incubation for 5–20 minutes with morphine. Maximum effects on cyclic GMP were obtained with 10μ M , and half-maximum effects, with 0.1μ M morphine. The effect of morphine on amygdala cyclic GMP was not reversed by naloxone. Thus, this action of morphine may not be receptor mediated, or may involve the interaction of morphine with receptors other than the opiate receptor.
TIRF and Model Blood Vessels Combined to Elucidate the Role of the Cytoskeleton in Platelet Activation

Platelets are cell fragments that play a central role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Typically platelets circulate as thin flat disks; however upon encountering a damaged vessel wall they are recruited to the exposed subendothelial matrix where they adhere and activate. The platelets interact with the exposed matrix proteins via specific adhesive glycoproteins found on the surface of the platelet. Activated platelets have extensive pseudopodia due to a change in the assembly of cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and tubulin. The rearrangement of the cytoskeleton also corresponds with the secretion of granule content leading to the amplification of the platelet stimulation and the formation of a stable platelet-fibrin plug. A popular model assumes that the granules are drawn to the center of the platelet before release occurs, indicating the importance of the cytoskeletal components that drive this centralization leading to the eventual clot formation.In this study we will examine cytoskeletal protein arrangements in granule release using TIRF to study the activated platelets that aggregate on the protein coatings along a microfluidic channel. These protein coatings will include proteins found in damaged vessel walls such as collagen and fibrinogen. TIRF uses an induced evanescent wave created at the interface of a glass and to selectively excite fluorescent molecules located near the interface. Here we will describe the microfluidic channels we used to model blood vessels. By controlling which proteins are coated on the inside of the channels we are able to visualize platelet activation in a more native setting. We will also discuss methods that were used to stain cytoskeletal proteins to reduce the premature activation of the platelets. A better understanding of these models will lead to a greater understanding clot formation.
Conjugate localized enhancement of total electron content at low latitudes in the American sector

We report evidence for a discrete localized enhancement of total electron content (TEC) in magnetic-conjugate regions at dusk in the American sector during large magnetic storms. After their formation, the conjugate enhancements persist at these longitudes and corotate into the night sector. We use ground-based GPS TEC and Millstone Hill radar observations, and DMSP overflights to investigate this phenomenon. Both poleward and eastward components of the disturbance electric field are needed to account for the observed redistribution of cold plasma at low and mid latitudes inside the plasmapause. We conclude that horizontal plasma transport associated with disturbance electric fields is the dominant mechanism for producing the conjugate TEC enhancements. The repeatability and geographic localization of this feature indicate a longitudinal specificity for the process associated with its formation. This long-lasting conjugate enhancement in TEC serves as a corotating source for the erosion plumes of storm-enhanced density seen during such events.
Restorying the Illness Experience in Multiple Sclerosis

The authors describe multiple sclerosis (MS) and the emotional distress it induces in patients and their families. They present a framework for conceptualizing the impact of chronic illness on patients and their families and suggest approaches that could be used in counseling these clients. Several modalities for helping MS patients and their families find meaning in their chronic illness are then described. These include narrative therapy, restorying techniques, and cognitive restructuring.
Protein microarrays: prospects and problems

Protein microarrays are potentially powerful tools in biochemistry and molecular biology. Two types of protein microarrays are defined. One, termed a protein function array, will consist of thousands of native proteins immobilized in a defined pattern. Such arrays can be utilized for massively parallel testing of protein function, hence the name. The other type is termed a protein-detecting array. This will consist of large numbers of arrayed protein-binding agents. These arrays will allow for expression profiling to be done at the protein level. In this article, some of the major technological challenges to the development of protein arrays are discussed, along with potential solutions.
A cytostome/cytopharynx in green euglenoid flagellates (euglenales) and its phylogenetic implications

Abstract The green, phototrophic euglenoid, Colacium libellae , has a vestigial cytostome and cytopharynx. The membrane forming the simple pocket is decorated with a dense, microfilamentous mesh. The mesh binds the pocket to a band of reinforcing microtubules which is homologous with the bodonid MTR. The opening of the cytostome at the reservoir-canal transition zone implies that the phototrophic euglenoid canal is formed by the invagination of the vestibulum of the phagotrophic euglenoids. Our observations support the hypothesis that the phagotrophic euglenoids arose from a bodonid ancestor and gave rise to the phototrophs by chloroplast acquisition.
Design and implementation of a portable computerized axial tomography system for field use

Abstract A prototype, portable computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner for in-field use has been designed, built and tested by researchers at the University of Missouri — Columbia. The device weighs 24 kg (53 lbs), is battery-powdered (providing eight hours of use without recharge), and fits into two small suitcases. A typical scan provides a low resolution (1.0 cm) image of an object 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter with a density of 0.65 g/cm 3 in eight minutes of imaging and data reconstruction time. The resulting image is displayed in the field on the system's portable computer system.
Energy deposition in [Fe(CO)5]+˙ upon collision with a metal surface

Collision of the title ion upon a stainless steel surface at near-normal incidence leads to deposition of internal energy in a well-defined narrow distribution. The energy deposited increases with laboratory collision energy and exceeds 7 eV (average) for 100 eV collisions. The translational-to-vibrational energy transfer efficiency is 15% (assuming an infinitely massive target) at 25 eV collision energy. Comparison is made with the internal energy distributions associated with gas-phase collisional activation using both low and high ion kinetic energies. The narrowness of the distribution of internal energies, the easy access to ions excited to different extents, and the high internal energies accessible, make the ionlsurface collision process superior to gas-phase collisional activation for this system. Various methods of activation are used to characterize gas-phase ions through their dissociation reactions. In spite of their success in many ion structural problems, all of these methods suffer from one or more of the following disadvantages: (i) only a small average amount of energy is deposited,'-'' (ii) a very broad range of energies is depo~ited,~-~,~~ -'~ (iii) only a limited set of ions can be studied (e.g. only ions absorbing certain photons, or only ions having a stable neutral c~unterpart),~,' ,~~~~ (iv) the ion internal energy is not kno~n~-~,~~~,~~ and (v) variation of the ion internal energy in a controlled fashion is not straightfor~ard. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These disadvantages limit the type and number of ions which can be studied, as well as the quality and quantity of information available. We wish to report our results concerning energy deposition with a promising new ion excitation method, surface-induced dissociation (SID). It is possible to excite organic ions by allowing them to collide with a stainless steel surface at small laboratory The extent of fragmentation increases with increasing collision energy, suggesting that there is a dependence of the energy deposition upon the collision energy. We now show that a narrow energy distribution is deposited in these experiments. Furthermore, the amount of energy deposited can be systematically increased up to very high values. Thus, this method allows experiments to be conducted as a function of ion internal energies. The SID method should also be useful in calibrating other activation methods which deposit unknown or ill-defined amounts of energy. The energy transfer associated with surface collisions can be characterized by ion kinetic energy measurementsz5 or by employing a recently developed method3 for estimating the distribution of internal energies, P(E), in a population of ions. The method is based on fragment ion abundances arising from a
External beam plus intraoperative irradiation for gastrointestinal cancers

Although useful palliation can often be achieved when external beam irradiation and chemotherapy are used to treat locally advanced gastrointestinal malignancies, local control and long-term survival are infrequent in view of the limited tolerance of surrounding organs and tissues. In view of dose limitations of external beam irradiation, intraoperative irradiation (IORT) with electrons has been used as a supplement to external treatment in an attempt to improve the therapeutic ratio of local control versus complications. An IORT dose of 10 to 20 Gy has been combined with fractionated external beam doses of 45 to 55 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions in studies performed in the United States, Japan, Europe, and Scandinavian countries. In this paper the indications for and the results of aggressive combined techniques that include IORT are discussed. Results obtained with external beam techniques alone or with chemotherapy and resection are presented by site to demonstrate the need for higher doses of irradiation. When results from IORT series are compared to standard treatment with regard to disease control and survival, local control appears better with locally advanced colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer; and survival appears better with colorectal ± biliary cancers. With pancreatic cancer, improvements in local control do not translate into increased survival in view of the high incidence of subsequent liver and peritoneal failures. Implications for future strategies in all sites are discussed.
Purdue pegboard age and sex norms for people 40 years old and older

A group of 212 healthy 40‐ to 85‐year‐olds were administered the Purdue Pegboard test of manual dexterity. The four subtests included dominant hand, nondominant hand, and bimanual performance as well as a more complex bimanual task, assembly. Differences between scores of each hand were calculated to evaluate lateralization. Performance on all subtests slowed significantly with increasing age. Women were significantly faster than men on all tasks, but the rate of age‐related decline in performance did not differ between sexes. Lateralization, which was significantly greater in women (p < .01), tended to increase with age, but this trend was not statistically significant. This study provides age‐ and sex‐specific normative values for Purdue Pegboard performance in individuals over age 40 and specifically emphasizes the need to consider sex when evaluating manual dexterity.
Biodegradation: its measurement and microbiological basis

Article de synthese sur la base microbiologique de la biodegradation de composes organiques: comment les cellules initient la biodegradation, mecanisme d'attaque des composes xenobiotiques, devenir des produits provenant du metabolisme et du cometabolisme, besoins associes a l'emploi de systemes avec substrats melanges, importance et interaction dans les communautes microbiennes, evolution de nouvelles voies (genie genetique et plasmide). Tests de biodegradabilite aerobies et anaerobies
Hadroproduction and photoproduction of beauty and charm in fixed-target experiments

We summarize the current experimental situation for charm and beauty production in fixed-target experiments. Particular emphasis is placed on beauty cross-sections and charm pair correlations.
Efferents of the medial preoptic area in the guinea pig: An autoradiographic study

Abstract Medial preoptic axons were traced into the diagonal band of Broca and septum, particularly lateral septum. Other labeled fibers could be followed dorsally from medial preoptic area injections adjacent to the stria medullaris, and in the periventricular fiber system and the stria terminalis and its bed nucleus. The anterior and medial amygdaloid nuclei were labeled by fibers via the stria terminalis and others arching over the optic tract and through the substantia innominata. The lateral habenula was labeled. Labeled periventricular fibers reached the periventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Descending efferents were traced principally below the fornix and in the adjacent lateral hypothalamus to label the anterior hypothalamus, the tuberal nuclei, and median eminence. Axons of the medial preoptic area joined the medial part of the medial forebrain bundle and distributed to the reticular formation and the central gray of the midbrain and pons. A small amount of contralateral connections were described.
Microwave Applications to Bonneville Power Administration System

The development of microwave radio has presented the power industry with a valuable tool for transmitting many types of intelligence. It is now being applied to the communication system of the Bonneville Power Administration, since the use of power line carrier by it and ten major interconnected power utilities has almost saturated the available carrier spectrum.
Loss of epidermal p38α signaling prevents UVR-induced inflammation via acute and chronic mechanisms.

UVB is a component of solar radiation primarily responsible for causing damage and cancer in irradiated skin, and disrupting immune homeostasis. The immediate harm and long-term health risks of excessive sunlight exposure are affecting the lives of nearly all people worldwide. Inflammation is a key mechanism underlying UVB’s various detrimental effects. Here we show that activation of the protein kinase p38α is restricted to the epidermis in UVB-exposed skin, and that p38α ablation targeted to the epithelial compartment is sufficient to suppress UVB-induced inflammation. Mechanistically, loss of epithelial p38α signaling attenuates the expression of genes required to induce vascular leakage and edema, and also increases the steady-state abundance of epidermal γδ T cells, which are known to promote the repair of damaged epidermis. These effects of p38α deficiency delineate a molecular network operating at the organism–environment interface, and reveal conditions crucial to preventing the pathology resulting from sun-damaged skin.
Prolactin and substrate stimulation of locomotor activity in adult tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Groups of adult tiger salamanders were treated with either prolactin or saline and were maintained between behavioral observation on either a moist pea gravel substrate or in water. During 60-minute observation periods, all animals in a group were placed together in moisture-gradient apparati, and locomotor activity scores and substrate preferences were recorded and analyzed. Prolactin or saline and substrate type exerted no effects on eventual substrate preference. However, animals in both substrate groups treated with prolactin displayed greater activity than either group treated with saline. The group of salamanders treated with prolactin and held between behavioral observations on moist gravel displayed significantly more activity than animals in any other group. These results suggest that prolactin-stimulated locomotion represents a behavioral component of a “second metamorphosis” event in tiger salamanders.
Integrating neuroscience and psychological approaches in the study of early experiences.

: Rodent maternal separation and primate rearing environment paradigms demonstrate that early disturbances in caregiving that sensitize stress-responsive neurocircuits may play a role in the etiology of mood disorders. Psychosocial studies document the importance of adverse early experiences in the risk for psychopathology. The time is ripe for integrating the animal neuroscience and human psychosocial research on early experiences and stress. Based on work by the National Institute of Mental Health Early Experience, Stress Neurobiology & Prevention Science research network, findings in the human literature that are consistent with those in animal models are reviewed. In addition, however, anomalous findings and the challenge they pose in translating the basic neuroscience findings to human development are also discussed.
Dissociative experiences in a college age population: Follow-up with 1190 subjects

Abstract Although dissociation is again finding a place in the scientific literature, there exist relative few studies examining the process in a normal population. To clarify its components within a nonclinical sample, 1090 undergraduates were administered two brief self-report measures of dissociative experiences: the Dissociative Experiences Scale [DES (Bernstein & Putnam, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727–735, 1986)] and the Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation [QED (Riley, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 449–450, 1988)]. This study reports descriptive statistics and the factor analytic structure of this data. College age individuals report a variety of dissociative processes. Although the two instruments used were somewhat different in original conception, they were significantly correlated and describe similar experiences, especially in terms of the first three factors. Overall, the DES produced four factors which, in order of variance explained, are: 1. (1) absorption/derealization; 2. (2) depersonalization; 3. (3) segment amnesia; and 4. (4) in situ amnesia. The QED produced five factors which were: 1. (1)depersonalization; 2. (2) process amnesia; 3. (3) fantasy/daydream; 4. (4) dissociated body behavior; and 5. (5) trance. Results are discussed in terms of types of dissociative processes, implications for normal populations, and suggestions for future research.
Rearing condition and plasma cortisol in rhesus monkey infants

Previous studies comparing plasma cortisol levels in mother-reared and nursery-reared rhesus monkey infants under baseline and stress conditions have reported conflicting findings. Differences in subject age, procedures, and specific rearing history may account for many of the discrepant findings. In the present study, mother-reared infants from large social groups, peer-only reared animals, and infants reared with surrogates and limited peer contact were studied in different test conditions across the first 6 months of life. Infants were sampled under three conditions: following a neonatal assessment at Days 14 and 30, immediately upon capture on Day 60, and after 30-min isolation periods on Days 90, 120, and 150. Mother-reared infants exhibited higher cortisol levels on Days 14 and 30 than did both types of nursery-reared infants. In addition, Day 60 basal values of mother-reared infants were higher than those of both peer-reared and surrogate/peer-reared infants. However, on Days 90, 120, and 150, both mother-reared and peer-reared infants exhibited higher cortisol levels in response to separation and 30-min isolation than did the surrogate/peer-reared infants. These differences may reflect group-specific variations in physical environment, capture time, feeding regimen, or diurnal HPA axis rhythms.
Authenticity and Healing

Caring and compassion cannot be faked. These are not actions we perform mechanically but states of being that flow from within to make healing connection with others in need. To be authentically healing requires that we live authentic lives. This paper describes what it means to be authentic from a psychospiritual perspective, discusses the components of authentic caring and ends with an exploration of ways to cultivate the authenticity of our lives in general and in our efforts to heal others.
An Ecological Study of the Association of Metal Air Pollutants with Lung Cancer Incidence in Texas

Background Air pollution particulate matter and tobacco smoke, which contain metals that are human lung carcinogens, are associated with lung cancer risk. We conducted an ecological study to examine the association of metal air pollutants with lung cancer incidence in Texas. Methods During the period 1995 to 2000, 81,132 lung cancer cases were reported in Texas. We identified eight metals that (1) are in airborne particulate matter or tobacco smoke or are human lung carcinogens and (2) had consistent Environmental Protection Agency air release reporting for multiple counties from 1988 through 2000. We examined the association of metal air releases with the average annual age-adjusted primary and non-small cell lung cancer rates in the 254 Texas counties. Results Univariate analysis indicated the following positive associations: (1) zinc with the primary (p = 0.02) and non-small cell (p Conclusions The study suggests that inhalation exposure to metals, including those that are essential human nutrients, play a role in lung carcinogenesis.
Telemetry and random-walk models reveal complex patterns of partial migration in a large marine predator

Animals are often faced with complex movement decisions, particularly those that involve long-distance dispersal. Partial migrations, ubiquitous among all groups of vertebrates, are a form of long-distance movement that occurs when only some of the animals in a population migrate. The decision to migrate or to be a resident can be dependent on many factors, but these factors are rarely quantified in fishes, particularly top predators, even though partial migrations may have important implications for ecosystem dynamics and conservation. We utilized passive acoustic telemetry, with a Brownian bridge movement model and generalized additive mixed models, to explore the factors regulating partial migration in a large marine predator, the tiger shark, throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Although sharks tended to utilize a particular “core” island, they also demonstrated inter-island movements, particularly mature females that would swim from the northwestern Hawaiian Islands to the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). Im...
SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON INDUCED POLARIZATION

The phenomenon of induced polarization is treated as an induced electromotive force, leading to a polarization constant which is included in the effective resistivity of polarizable materials, such as earth materials. The transmission of sinusoidal electromagnetic waves through a polarizable earth is treated for frequencies above 30 cps. The polarization induced in a two‐layer earth is treated theoretically and calculations are presented.
Eminence-Based Medicine versus Evidence-Based Medicine: It's Okay for 12-Year-Old Pitchers to Throw Curveballs; It's the Pitch Count that Matters

Working from a prior investigation, we sought to determine the validity of the claim: "It's okay for 12-year-old pitchers to throw curveballs; it's the pitch count that matters." Our previous expert opinion survey demonstrated that this statement was most probably false. The purpose of this report was to investigate the validity of this statement, and to determine if our sports medicine experts "got it right." Using the most current sports medicine literature, this statement was critically examined so that an evidence-based opinion could be given and compared with the results of our prior study.
Application-perceived multicast push performance

Summary form only given. Multicast is an effective and scalable solution to disseminate data in the Internet. Middleware support for multicast-based data dissemination (MSMDD) aims to integrate state-of-the-art data management methods and multicast communication techniques and provide a scalable multicast-based data management layer to applications. By using multicast in MSMDD, the server can disseminate hot documents effectively. To evaluate multicast performance, previous work often utilizes network-level metrics. We employ application level criteria to analyze the multicast push performance in MSMDD. When packets are not lost on links, our result shows that the application-perceived (or client-perceived) performance is independent of the delay from the server to clients; the multicast rate is a major factor for the performance; an end-to-end multicast system achieves almost the same application-perceived performance as IP multicast under the same multicast rates. However, IP multicast can tolerate much more packet losses than the end-to-end multicast system.
Becoming Centenarians: Disease and Functioning Trajectories of Older U.S. Adults as They Survive to 100

Background. Little is known about the health and functioning of individuals who become centenarians in the years prior to reaching age 100. We examined long-term trajectories of disease, disability, and cognitive function in a sample of U.S. centenarians to determine how their aging experience differs from their nonsurviving cohort counterparts, and if there is heterogeneity in the aging experience of centenarians.
Sparse covariance estimation under Kronecker product structure

We introduce a sparse covariance estimation method for the high dimensional setting when the covariance matrix decomposes as a Kronecker product, i.e., Σ 0 = A 0 ⊗ B 0 , and the observations are Gaussian. We propose an l 1 penalized maximum-likelihood approach to solve this problem. The dual formulation motivates an iterative algorithm (penalized flip-flop; FFP) based on a block coordinate-descent approach. Although the l 1 -penalized log-likelihood function (objective function) is non-convex in general and non-smooth, we show that FFP converges to a local maximum under relatively mild assumptions. For the fixed dimension case, large-sample statistical consistency is proved and a rate of convergence bound is derived. Simulations show that FFP outperforms its non-penalized counterpart and the naive Glasso algorithm for sparse Kronecker-decomposable covariance matrix.