cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Substituted 1,3-Diene Synthetic Equivalents by a Ru-Catalyzed Diyne Hydrative Cyclization

Catalyzed by [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6, the hydrative cyclization of dipropargylic sulfone substrates provides an effective way to synthesize highly functionalized substituted 3-sulfolenes. The amount of water is crucial for the reactivity of this cycloisomerization reaction. The scope and limitations of the Ru-catalyzed cycloisomerization are discussed. A marked ketone-directing effect was observed for the first time in ruthenium-catalyzed cyclizations. A plausible mechanism for the ketone-directed cycloisomerization is also rationalized. The utility of this method was demonstrated by both sulfur dioxide extrusion of the 3-sulfolenes to afford 1,3-dienes and subsequent inter- or intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions.
THE DEARTH OF CHEMICALLY ENRICHED WARM-HOT CIRCUMGALACTIC GAS

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) around galaxies is believed to record various forms of galaxy feedback and contain a significant portion of the 'missing baryons' of individual dark matter halos. However, clear observational evidence for the existence of the hot CGM is still absent. We use intervening galaxies along 12 background active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as tracers to search for X-ray absorption lines produced in the corresponding CGM. Stacking Chandra grating observations with respect to galaxy groups and different luminosities of these intervening galaxies, we obtain spectra with signal-to-noise ratios of 46-72 per 20 mA spectral bin at the expected O VII K{alpha} line. We find no detectable absorption lines of C VI, N VII, O VII, O VIII, or Ne IX. The high spectral quality allows us to tightly constrain upper limits to the corresponding ionic column densities. These nondetections are inconsistent with the Local Group hypothesis of the X-ray absorption lines at z {approx_equal} 0 commonly observed in the spectra of AGNs. These results indicate that the putative CGM in the temperature range of 10{sup 5.5}-10{sup 6.3} K may not be able to account for the missing baryons unless the metallicity is less than 10% solar.
Single-family housing transactions: Seller motivations, price, and marketing time

Factors such as relocation and financial distress motivate the seller of a single-family home to facilitate sale by posting a lower list price, communicating the motivations to the marketplace, or offering sales incentives to agents. Impacts of seller motivations on selling prices and marketing times are estimated using data for single-family homes sold in Arlington, Texas, from 1991 to 1993. Results show selling price discounts for houses with sellers who are either eager, motivated, or anxious, houses with sellers who have relocated, foreclosures, and vacant houses. Only foreclosure houses show the reduced marketing time expected for properties with motivated sellers. The results further suggest that the list price is the seller's primary mechanism for selling the property. Reducing the list price fosters faster sales at the sacrifice of the selling price.
Fourier–Stieltjes Algebras of Locally Compact Groupoids☆

For locally compact groups, Fourier algebras and Fourier–Stieltjes algebras have proven to be useful dual objects. They encode the representation theory of the group via the positive definite functions on the group: positive definite functions correspond to cyclic representations and span these algebras as linear spaces. They encode information about the algebra of the group in the geometry of the Banach space structure, and the group appears as a topological subspace of the maximal ideal space of the algebra. Because groupoids and their representations appear in studying operator algebras, ergodic theory, geometry, and the representation theory of groups, it would be useful to have a duality theory for them. This paper gives a first step toward extending the theory of Fourier–Stieltjes algebras from groups to groupoids. IfGis a locally compact (second countable) groupoid, we show that B(G), the linear span of the Borel positive definite functions onG, is a Banach algebra when represented as an algebra of completely bounded maps on aC*-algebra associated withG. This necessarily involves identifying equivalent elements of B(G). An example shows that the linear span of the continuous positive definite functions need not be complete. For groups, B(G) is isometric to the Banach space dual ofC*(G). For groupoids, the best analog of that fact is to be found in a representation of B(G) as a Banach space of completely bounded maps from aC*-algebra associated withGto aC*-algebra associated with the equivalence relation induced byG. This paper adds weight to the clues in earlier work of M. E. Walter on Fourier–Stieltjes algebras that there is a much more general kind of duality for Banach algebras waiting to be explored.
A note on tubular brane dynamics

We present new time dependent solutions for the dynamics of tubular D2-branes. We comment on the connection to cosmic string dynamics and explicitly give a few simple examples of oscillating and rotating brane configurations.
Exploiting a research underclass in phase 1 clinical trials.

Paying study subjects is not a new practice, but neither is it uncontroversial. Dr. Carl Elliott and Roberto Abadie ask, is it ethically problematic to pay poor people to test the safety of new drugs?
Surface plasmon assisted laser cooling of solids

Threshold and efficiency of laser cooling can be significantly improved due to rapid energy transfer from semiconductor to metal heat sink via excitation of surface plasmon polaritons and their subsequent decay in the metal.
Emergence of the active magnetotail plasma sheet boundary from transient, localized ion acceleration

[1] Observations of the Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) have been typically accompanied by field-aligned crescent-shaped ion beams, thought to emanate at distant or mid-tail semi-permanent or impulsive acceleration sites. Typically such observations, and the theoretical and modeling efforts to explain them, have been disjoint from the adjacent plasma sheet properties near the equatorial projection of the observation. Thus the plasma sheet boundary layer has been thought of as a harbinger of remote, rather than local plasma sheet activity, exception of plasma sheet expansions during the recovery phase of substorms. Using case and statistical studies from THEMIS, obtained simultaneously at the near-Earth PSBL and at its adjacent central plasma sheet (CPS), we study the transient and impulsive nature of PSBL beams and their inherent connection with CPS bursty bulk flows and associated dipolarization fronts. We show that PSBL beams typically commence a few minutes before CPS flow bursts, which in turn are seen tens of seconds ahead of the arrival of dipolarization fronts. These timing correlations, the crescent shapes of PSBL ion beams, the CPS ion flux enhancements in the earthward and dawnward directions, and other particle distribution characteristics can all be well reproduced by a simple model of ion reflection and acceleration at earthward-propagating dipolarization fronts associated with CPS flow bursts. The emerging paradigm, therefore, unifies impulsive transport phenomena across latitudes in the near-Earth magnetotail plasma sheet.
An optimal control of a flexible spinning satellite

A modification of optimal spinning satellite control theory is proposed, based on introducing an additional vector into the equation for control torque components. This modification essentially means that the amplitudes of the time-dependent satellite perturbation functions can be made small when the amplitudes of the control torque components are allowed to be different. An algorithm for computer simulation of the satellite control theory is provided. A singular perturbation scheme is used which greatly reduces the number of degrees of freedom in the flexible satellite motion equations.
Risk of physical abuse to children of spouse abusing parents

The purpose of this study is to estimate the gender-specific probability of a violent spouse also physically abusing his or her child within a representative sample. The study is based on a sample of 3,363 American parents interviewed for the 1985 National Family Violence Survey. The study shows that marital violence is a statistically significant predictor of physical child abuse. The greater the amount of violence against a spouse, the greater the probability of physical child abuse by the physically aggressive spouse. This relationship is stronger for husbands than for wives. The probability of child abuse by a violent husband increases from 5% with one act of marital violence to near certainty with 50 or more acts of marital violence. The predicted probability of child abuse by a violent wife increases from 5% with one act of marital violence to 30% with 50 or more acts of marital violence. Implications for divorce custody proceedings are discussed.
Hazard Analysis for Uncontrolled Space Vehicle Reentry

*Satellites in low earth orbit ultimately reenter the earth’s atmosphere at end of mission due to orbital decay. Although most of the mass of a typical space vehicle is destroyed and rendered harmless, a significant portion survives to ground impact. As the number of reentry events increased in recent years, some surviving components have impacted near populated areas and drawn attention to the casualty risk. In response to this hazard, the US government developed guidelines to mitigate the danger posed by randomly reentering space objects. If an upper bound for casualty expectation is exceeded, a controlled deorbit/reentry into a sparsely populated region is recommended. This paper develops the mathematical methods needed to compute risk to people and property. The impact probability density function for randomly reentering debris is derived and used with the population density function to compute the casualty expectation. Examples of casualty expectation and risk of damage to property are provided.
Shadow world evaluation of the Yang-Mills measure

A new state-sum formula for the evaluation of the Yang-Mills measure in the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of a closed surface is derived. The formula extends the Kauffman bracket to diagrams that lie in surfaces other than the plane. It also extends Turaev's shadow world invariant of links in a circle bundle over a surface away from roots of unity. The limiting behavior of the Yang-Mills measure when the complex parameter approaches −1 is studied. The formula is applied to compute integrals of simple closed curves over the character variety of the surface against Goldman's symplectic measure. AMS Classification 57M27; 57R56, 81T13
Reconstruction of the potential from I-function

If f(x, k) is the Jost solution and f(k) = f(0, k), then the I-function is I(k) := f ′(0, k)/f(k). It is proved that I(k) is in one-to-one correspondence with the scattering triple S := {S(k), kj , sj , 1 ≤ j ≤ J} and with the spectral function ρ(λ) of the Sturm-Liouville operator l = −d/dx + q(x) on (0,∞) with the Dirichlet condition at x = 0 and q(x) ∈ L1,1 := {q | q = q, ∫∞ 0 (1 + x)|q(x)dx <∞}. Analytical methods are given for finding S from I(k) and I(k) from S, and ρ(λ) from I(k) and I(k) from ρ(λ). Since the methods for finding q(x) from S or from ρ(λ) are known, this yields the methods for finding q(x) from I(k).
Semantic inference using chemogenomics data for drug discovery

Semantic Web Technology (SWT) makes it possible to integrate and search the large volume of life science datasets in the public domain, as demonstrated by well-known linked data projects such as LODD, Bio2RDF, and Chem2Bio2RDF. Integration of these sets creates large networks of information. We have previously described a tool called WENDI for aggregating information pertaining to new chemical compounds, effectively creating evidence paths relating the compounds to genes, diseases and so on. In this paper we examine the utility of automatically inferring new compound-disease associations (and thus new links in the network) based on semantically marked-up versions of these evidence paths, rule-sets and inference engines. Through the implementation of a semantic inference algorithm, rule set, Semantic Web methods (RDF, OWL and SPARQL) and new interfaces, we have created a new tool called Chemogenomic Explorer that uses networks of ontologically annotated RDF statements along with deductive reasoning tools to infer new associations between the query structure and genes and diseases from WENDI results. The tool then permits interactive clustering and filtering of these evidence paths. We present a new aggregate approach to inferring links between chemical compounds and diseases using semantic inference. This approach allows multiple evidence paths between compounds and diseases to be identified using a rule-set and semantically annotated data, and for these evidence paths to be clustered to show overall evidence linking the compound to a disease. We believe this is a powerful approach, because it allows compound-disease relationships to be ranked by the amount of evidence supporting them.
Effects of atmospheric breakup on crater field formation

Abstract This paper investigates the physics of meteoroid breakup in the atmosphere and its implications for the observed features of strewn fields. There are several effects which cause dispersion of the meteoroid fragments: gravity, differential lift of the fragments, bow shock interaction just after breakup, centripetal separation by a rotating meteoroid, and possibly a dynamical transverse separation resulting from the crushing deceleration in the atmosphere. Of these, we show that gravity alone can produce the common pattern in which the largest crater occurs at the downrange end of the scatter ellipse. The average lift-to-drag ratio of the tumbling fragments must be less than about 10 −3 , otherwise small fragments would produce small craters downrange of the main crater, and this is not generally observed. The cross-range dispersion is probably due to the combined effects of bow shock interaction, crushing deceleration, and possibly spinning of the meteoroid. A number of terrestrial strewn fields are discussed in the light of these ideas, which are formulated quantitatively for a range of meteoroid velocities, entry angles, and crushing strengths. It is found that when the crater size exceeds about 1 km, the separation between the fragments upon landing is a fraction of their own diameter, so that the crater formed by such a fragmented meteoroid is almost indistinguishable from that formed by a solid body of the same total mass and velocity.
L2F and LDV velocimetry measurement and analysis of the 3-D flow field in a centrifugal compressor

The flow field in the Purdue Research Centrifugal Compressor is studied using a laser two-focus (L2F) velocimeter. L2F data are obtained which quantify: (1) the compressor inlet flow field; (2) the steady-state velocity field in the impeller blade passages; and (3) the flow field in the radial diffuser. The L2F data are compared with both laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) data and predictions from three-dimensional inviscid and viscous flow models. In addition, a model is developed to calculate the effect on the measurement volume geometry of refraction by curved windows. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using the L2F for turbomachinery measurements is discussed in terms of measurement accuracy, ease of use, including sample time per correlated event and the ability to make measurements in regions of high noise due to stray radiation from wall reflections.
The effect of sodium contamination on the oxidation of single crystal silicon carbide

Abstract The effect of sodium contamination on the oxidation kinetics of single crystal silicon carbide has been studied at elevated temperatures (1100–1300°C). Sodium (50 and 1000 ppm, respectively) was introduced into the crystals by using a multilayer ion implantation technique. Oxidation studies after the implantation showed that sodium contamination accelerates the oxidation of SiC. The parabolic rate constants for the 1000 ppm sodium-implanted SiC are nearly twice those for unimplanted SiC. The apparent activation energies for oxidation of the implanted SiC are similar to those for oxidation of unimplanted SiC (around 130 kJ mol −1 ). The sodium remains largely in the growing oxide on SiC during oxidation as measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis. Double oxidation experiments using 16 O 2 (g) and 18 O 2 (g) revealed that sodium had a very small effect on diffusivities for ionic oxygen, but molecular oxygen diffusivities were increased by a factor of two for the highest sodium concentration. The rate controlling mechanism for oxidation of silicon carbide at this level of sodium contamination in this temperature range remains the transport of molecular oxygen through the growing oxide.
Graded-field autoconfocal microscopy.

Autoconfocal microscopy (ACM) is a simple implementation of a transmitted-light confocal microscopy where a nonlinear detector plays the role of a virtual self-aligned pinhole. We report here a significant improvement of ACM based on the use of graded-field (GF) imaging. The technique of GF imaging involves introducing partial beam blocks in the illumination and detection apertures of an imaging system. These partial beam blocks confer phase-gradient sensitivity to the imaging system and allow control over its background level. We present the theory of the GF contrast in the context of ACM, comparing it to GF contrast in a non-scanning widefield microscope, and discuss various performance characteristics of GF-ACM in terms of resolution, sectioning strength, and an “under-detection” light collection geometry. An advantage of ACM is that it can be readily combined with two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy. We present images of rat brain hippocampus using simultaneous GF-ACM and TPEF microscopy. These images are inherently co-registered.
Aortopathy in the 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome

The 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome, caused by the reciprocal duplication of the Williams-Beuren syndrome deletion region, is a genomic disorder with an emerging clinical phenotype. Dysmorphic features, congenital anomalies, hypotonia, developmental delay highlighted by variable speech delay, and autistic features are characteristic findings. Congenital heart defects, most commonly patent ductus arteriosus, have been reported in a minority of cases. Included in the duplicated region is elastin (ELN), implicated as the cause of supravalvar aortic stenosis in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. Here we present a series of eight pediatric patients and one adult with 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome, all of whom had aortic dilation, the opposite vascular phenotype of the typical supravalvar aortic stenosis found in Williams-Beuren syndrome. The ascending aorta was most commonly involved, while dilation was less frequently identified at the aortic root and sinotubular junction. The findings in these patients support a recommendation for cardiovascular surveillance in patients with 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome.
The Incremental Informativeness of Stock Prices for Future Accounting Earnings

This study extends previous research that documents a stock price reaction leading accounting earnings. The primary issue is that prior studies use a naive earnings expectation model (random walk) as the benchmark for the information content of lagged returns and do not adequately address the “incremental” information content of lagged returns. This study identifies and estimates firm-specific models of earnings to control directly for the autocorrelation in earnings. The explanatory power of lagged prices with respect to this earnings residual is investigated using both a multiple regression model of lagged returns and a multiple time-series vector autoregressive model. In-sample estimation of the models provides clear evidence that stock prices impound information about future earnings incremental to the information contained in historical earnings data. Holdout period analysis of the earnings forecasts from these lagged return models finds that both models outperform the naive seasonal random walk expectation, but neither model outperforms the more sophisticated Box-Jenkins forecasts. On an individual firm basis, earnings forecasts supplemented with the lagged return data tend to be less precise than the Box-Jenkins forecasts, but the price-based models demonstrate an ability to rank the earnings forecast errors from the time-series models. The analysis helps to characterize the limitations of lagged returns as a means of predicting future earnings innovations.
Large Lorentz scalar and vector potentials in nuclei

Abstract In nonrelativistic models of nuclei, the underlying mass scales of low-energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are largely hidden. In contrast, the covariant formulations used in relativistic phenomenology manifest the QCD scales in nuclei through large Lorentz scalar and four-vector nucleon self-energies. The abundant and varied evidence in support of this connection and the consequences are reviewed.
Isolation of delta 4-pregnene-11 beta, 17 alpha, 20 beta, 21-tetrol-3-one from skeletal muscle of normal and stressed rats after injection of cortisol-4-C14.

Abstract Unchanged cortisol and Δ 4 -pregnene-11β, 17α,20β,21-tetrol-3-one (Reichstein's Compound E) have been isolated from the chloroform extract of skeletal muscle of normal and tourniquet-shocked rats 5 min. after intracardiac injection of cortisol-4-C 14 . The ratio of the 20β-hydroxy derivative to unmetabolized cortisol has been found to be 1:2 in normal and 1:5 in stressed rats. The 20β-hydroxy derivative was not present in the chloroform extract of the muscle of eviscerated rats, demonstrating that metabolism of cortisol to its 20β-hydroxy derivative does not occur in muscle under these conditions.
A comparison of the accuracy of echo features during endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of malignant lymph node invasion

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate echo features of lymph nodes during endoscopic ultrasound and assess the utility of these echo features and endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration in predicting malignant lymph node invasion. Methods: Thirty-five lymph nodes in 25 patients with lung, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer were evaluated by endoscopic ultrasound. Endoscopic ultrasound examinations were performed with a radial scanning echoendoscope. Confirmation of benign lymph nodes was obtained by surgical resection while malignant lymph nodes were confirmed by real-time endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration with a linear array echoendoscope. Results: Nineteen benign lymph nodes and 16 malignant lymph nodes in the mediastinum, celiac axis, and the peripancreatic area were included in the study. The following echo features were compared between benign and malignant lymph nodes: size greater than 1 cm, hypoechoic, distinct margins, and round shape. No single feature independently predicted malignant invasion. When all four of the above features were present in the same lymph node, the accuracy for predicting malignant invasion was 80%. However, all four features of malignant involvement were present in only 25% (4 of 16) of malignant lymph nodes. Our study also suggests that the above echo features may be a less reliable predictor of malignant invasion in pulmonary malignancies when compared to gastrointestinal cancers. Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes in 22 patients revealed malignant lymph node invasion in 16 and benign cells in 6 patients. Conclusion: Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration is an important adjunct for accurate lymph node assessment for malignancy. (Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:474-9.)
Evidence for Changing Flood Risk in New England Since the Late 20th Century

: Long-term flow records for watersheds with minimal human influence have shown trends in recent decades toward increasing streamflow at regional and national scales, especially for low flow quantiles like the annual minimum and annual median flows. Trends for high flow quantiles are less clear, despite recent research showing increased precipitation in the conterminous United States over the last century that has been brought about primarily by an increased frequency and intensity of events in the upper 10th percentile of the daily precipitation distribution – particularly in the Northeast. This study investigates trends in 28 long-term annual flood series for New England watersheds with dominantly natural streamflow. The flood series are an average of 75 years in length and are continuous through 2006. Twenty-five series show upward trends via the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test, 40% (10) of which are statistically significant (p < 0.1). Moreover, an average standardized departures series for 23 of the study gages indicates that increasing flood magnitudes in New England occurred as a step change around 1970. The timing of this is broadly synchronous with a phase change in the low frequency variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation, a prominent upper atmospheric circulation pattern that is known to effect climate variability along the United States east coast. Identifiable hydroclimatic shifts should be considered when the affected flow records are used for flood frequency analyses. Special treatment of the flood series can improve the analyses and provide better estimates of flood magnitudes and frequencies under the prevailing hydroclimatic condition.
A perylenedicarboxamide linker for DNA hairpins

Abstract The synthesis and properties of a perylenediamide diol linker and several DNA hairpins possessing this linker are described. The diol linker absorbs and fluoresces strongly in the visible. Hairpins having poly(dA)–poly(dT) stems have fluorescence quantum yields and decay times similar to those of the linker, indicating that hole injection does not occur from the singlet excited linker into the base pair domain. Fluorescence quenching by dG or dZ bases is observed when these bases are located near the linker. The strong distance dependence of fluorescence quenching is consistent with a superexchange mechanism for electron transfer. Failure to observe formation of the linker anion radical by means of femtosecond time resolved absorption spectroscopy is attributed to fast charge recombination. The properties and behavior of the perylene linker and its hairpins are compared to those of other arenedicarboxamide linkers.
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activities of (R)-(O)-methylserine derivatives

Abstract Efficient procedures for the synthesis of (R)-N-benzyl-2-amino-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-3), 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionic acid (4), and O-methylserine (5) are described beginning from (R)-Cbz-serine ((R)-7). The reactions proceeded with little or no racemization and permitted the synthesis of the potent anticonvulsant (R)-N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-2). The anticonvulsant activities of 2–4 were determined revealing the surprising activity of (R)-2.
Electric dipole moments and disalignment of interstellar dust grains

The degree to which interstellar grains align with respect to the interstellar magnetic field depends on disaligning as well as aligning mechanisms. For decades, it was assumed that disalignment was due primarily to the random angular impulses a grain receives when colliding with gas-phase atoms. Recently, a new disalignment mechanism has been considered, which may be very potent for a grain that has a time-varying electric dipole moment and drifts across the magnetic field. We provide quantitative estimates of the disalignment times for silicate grains with size ≳0.1 μm. These appear to be shorter than the time-scale for alignment by radiative torques, unless the grains contain superparamagnetic inclusions.
Numerical Simulation of Wick Diffusion Flames

A numerical scheme has been established for simulation of time-dependen t wick diffusion flames at nearlaminar conditions. The mathematical model is based on the conserved scalar approach, assuming infinitely fast reactions. The numerical scheme is based on staggered grids and primitive variables. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the continuity and mixture fraction equations are solved for ethanol-air wick diffusion flames. The numerical simulation reproduces the periodic flame oscillations experimentally observed in vertical, cylindrical, wick diffusion flames. The simulation adequately predicts the oscillation frequency. The prediction shows that there exists a significant variation in local fuel vaporization velocities and that the departure from the steady-state boundary-layer analysis concerning the fuel vaporization velocities is significant. Nomenclature Cp = specific heat D = binary diffusion coefficent / = mixture fraction g = acceleration of gravity H = "total" enthalpy, Eq. (12) h = thermal enthalpy hf = enthalpy of formation Mt = molecular weight of rth species ra" = fuel mass burning rate per unit surface of the wick N — number of species p = pressure R = universal gas constant r = radial coordinate S = source term T = temperature t = time u = axial velocity v = radial velocity v = velocity vector vw = fuel vaporization velocity, m"/p w = chemical reaction rate Yt = mass fraction of the ith species z = axial coordinate F^ = generic diffusivity A = thermal conductivity IJL = dynamic viscosity IJLF = mass fraction of the fuel element in the ;th species, Eq. (10) p = density TIJ = stress tensor $ = generic variable
Solar differential rotation and meridional flow: The role of a subadiabatic tachocline for the taylor-proudman balance

We present a simple model for the solar differential rotation and meridional circulation based on a mean field parameterization of the Reynolds stresses that drive the differential rotation. We include the subadiabatic part of the tachocline and show that this, in conjunction with turbulent heat conductivity within the convection zone and overshoot region, provides the key physics to break the Taylor-Proudman constraint, which dictates differential rotation with contour lines parallel to the axis of rotation in case of an isentropic stratification. We show that differential rotation with contour lines inclined by 10°-30° with respect to the axis of rotation is a robust result of the model, which does not depend on the details of the Reynolds stress and the assumed viscosity, as long as the Reynolds stress transports angular momentum toward the equator. The meridional flow is more sensitive with respect to the details of the assumed Reynolds stress, but a flow cell, equatorward at the base of the convection zone and poleward in the upper half of the convection zone, is the preferred flow pattern.
Realizing Higher-Level Gauge Symmetries in String Theory: New Embeddings for String GUTs

Abstract We consider the methods by which higher-level and non-simply laced gauge symmetries can be realized in free-field heterotic string theory. We show that all such realizations have a common underlying feature, namely a dimensional truncation of the charge lattice, and we identify such dimensional truncations with certain irregular embeddings of higher-level and non-simply laced gauge groups within level-one simply laced gauge groups. This identification allows us to formulate a direct mapping between a given subgroup embedding, and the sorts of GSO constraints that are necessary in order to realize the embedding in string theory. This also allows us to determine a number of useful constraints that generally affect string GUT model-building. For example, most string GUT realizations of higher-level gauge symmetries G k employ the so-called diagonal embeddings G k ∉ G × G × … × G . We find that there exist interesting alternative embeddings by which such groups can be realized at higher levels, and we derive a complete list of all possibilities for the GUT groups SU (5), SU (6), SO (10), and E 6 at levels k = 2,3,4 (and in some cases up to k = 7). We find that these new embeddings are always more efficient and require less central charge than the diagonal embeddings which have traditionally been employed. As a by-product, we also prove that it is impossible to realize SO (10) at levels k > 4 in string theory. This implies, in particular, that free-field heterotic string models can never give a massless 126 representation of SO (10).
Mild Palladium-Catalyzed Selective Monoarylation of Nitriles

Two new palladium-catalyzed procedures for the arylation of nitriles under less basic conditions than previously reported have been developed. The selective monoarylation of acetonitrile and primary nitriles has been achieved using α-silyl nitriles in the presence of ZnF2. This procedure is compatible with a variety of functional groups, including cyano, keto, nitro, and ester groups, on the aryl bromide. The arylation of secondary nitriles occurred in high yield by conducting reactions with zinc cyanoalkyl reagents. These reaction conditions tolerated base-sensitive functional groups, such as ketones and esters. The combination of these two methods, one with α-silyl nitriles and one with zinc cyanoalkyl reagents, provides a catalytic route to a variety of benzylic nitriles, which have not only biological significance but utility as synthetic intermediates. The utility of these new coupling reactions has been demonstrated by a synthesis of verapamil, a clinically used drug for the treatment of heart disea...
Nanoalloy catalysts: structural and catalytic properties

Noble metals alloyed with certain transition metals in the form of a nanoalloy exhibit enhanced catalytic or electrocatalytic activities for various reactions, especially when oxygen activation is involved in the reactions. Recent studies have gained important insights into how the interatomic distances and structures of the nanoalloy catalysts operate synergistically in activating oxygen and maneuvering surface oxygenated species. This article highlights some of these insights into nanoalloy catalysts in which Pt is alloyed with a second and/or third transition metal (M/M′ = Co, Fe, V, Ni, Ir, etc.), for catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide in the gas phase and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cell reaction conditions. One important emphasis is placed on understanding of atomic-scale chemical/structural ordering and coordination in correlation with the catalytic or electrocatalytic properties based on findings from ex and in situ synchrotron X-ray techniques such as high energy X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution function and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic analysis. The understanding of the details of active sites of the nanoalloys has significant implications for the design of low-cost, active, and durable catalysts for sustainable energy production and conversion reactions.
Europa planetary protection for Juno Jupiter Orbiter

Abstract NASA’s Juno mission launched in 2011 and will explore Jupiter and its near environment starting in 2016. Planetary protection requirements for avoiding the contamination of Europa have been taken into account in the Juno mission design. In particular Juno’s polar orbit, which enables scientific investigations of parts of Jupiter’s environment never before visited, also greatly assist avoiding close flybys of Europa and the other Galilean satellites. The science mission is designed to conclude with a deorbit burn that disposes of the spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Compliance with planetary protection requirements is verified through a set of analyses including analysis of initial bioburden, analysis of the effect of bioburden reduction due to the space and Jovian radiation environments, probabilistic risk assessment of successful deorbit, Monte-Carlo orbit propagation, and bioburden reduction in the event of impact with an icy body.
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics: Biological and Technological Aspects

Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become the tool of choice for identifying and quantifying the proteome of an organism. Though recent years have seen a tremendous improvement in instrument performance and the computational tools used, significant challenges remain, and there are many opportunities for statisticians to make important contributions. In the most widely used "bottom-up" approach to proteomics, complex mixtures of proteins are first subjected to enzymatic cleavage, the resulting peptide products are separated based on chemical or physical properties and analyzed using a mass spectrometer. The two fundamental challenges in the analysis of bottom-up MS-based proteomics are: (1) Identifying the proteins that are present in a sample, and (2) Quantifying the abundance levels of the identified proteins. Both of these challenges require knowledge of the biological and technological context that gives rise to observed data, as well as the application of sound statistical principles for estimation and inference. We present an overview of bottom-up proteomics and outline the key statistical issues that arise in protein identification and quantification.
Relative multiple ionization cross sections of neon by oxygen ions

Abstract The relative multiple ionization cross sections of neon are calculated for 30 MeV oxygen projectiles using the theoretical partial multiplet fluorescence yields and experimental relative intensities.
Waste package degradation from thermal and chemical processes in performance assessments for the Yucca Mountain disposal system for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste

Abstract This paper summarizes modeling of waste container degradation in performance assessments conducted between 1984 and 2008 to evaluate feasibility, viability, and assess compliance of a repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. As understanding of the Yucca Mountain disposal system increased, modeling of container degradation evolved from a component of the source term in 1984 to a separate module describing both container and drip shield degradation in 2008. A thermal module for evaluating the influence of higher heat loads from more closely packed, large waste packages was also introduced. In addition, a module for evaluating drift chemistry was added in later PAs to evaluate the potential for localized corrosion of the outer barrier of the waste container composed of Alloy 22, a highly corrosion-resistant nickel–chromium–tungsten–molybdenum alloy. The uncertainty of parameters related to container degradation contributed significantly to the estimated uncertainty of performance measures (cumulative release in assessments prior to 1995 and individual dose, thereafter).
Facile synthesis of 5′-deoxy- and 2′,5′-dideoxy-6-thiopurine nucleosides by nucleoside phosphorylases

Abstract 5′-Deoxy-6-thioguanosine, 2′,5′-dideoxy-6-thioguanosine, 5′-deoxy-6-mercaptopurine riboside and 2′,5′-dideoxy-6-mercaptopurine riboside were synthesized enzymatically from thiopurine bases and corresponding ribosyl donors using nucleoside phosphorylase. This is the first report of trans-5′-deoxyribosylation to thiopurine bases by nucleoside phosphorylase. 5′-Deoxy-6-thioguanosine selectively blocked the growth of v-ras-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. In addition, the in vitro antitumor cytotoxicity data for 5′-deoxy- and 2′,5′-dideoxy-6-thiopurine nucleosides were comparable to those for the corresponding thiopurine bases.
Expansion of prostate epithelial progenitor cells after inflammation of the mouse prostate.

Prostatic inflammation is a nearly ubiquitous pathological feature observed in specimens from benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer patients. The microenvironment of the inflamed prostate is highly reactive, and epithelial hyperplasia is a hallmark feature of inflamed prostates. How inflammation orchestrates epithelial proliferation as part of its repair and recovery action is not well understood. Here, we report that a novel epithelial progenitor cell population is induced to expand during inflammation. We used sphere culture assays, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry to show that this population is increased in bacterially induced inflamed mouse prostates relative to naive control prostates. We confirmed from previous reports that this population exclusively possesses the ability to regrow entire prostatic structures from single cell culture using renal grafts. In addition, putative progenitor cells harvested from inflamed animals have greater aggregation capacity than those isolated from naive control prostates. Expansion of this critical cell population requires IL-1 signaling, as IL-1 receptor 1-null mice exhibit inflammation similar to wild-type inflamed animals but exhibit significantly reduced progenitor cell proliferation and hyperplasia. These data demonstrate that inflammation promotes hyperplasia in the mouse prostatic epithelium by inducing the expansion of a selected epithelial progenitor cell population in an IL-1 receptor-dependent manner. These findings may have significant impact on our understanding of how inflammation promotes proliferative diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, both of which depend on expansion of cells that exhibit a progenitor-like nature.
M-Theory Phenomenology and See-Saw Mechanisms ∗

A version of M-theory phenomenology is proposed in which the symmetry is based on the group SO (10) × SO (10) × SO (10) × U (1) × U (1). Each SO (10) group acts on a single generation. The U (1) × U (1) is regarded as the hidden sector symmetry group. The supersymmetry is broken in the hidden sector by the Fayet-Iliopoulos D -term for each group. The D -term is needed also to circumvent the powerful non-renormalization theorem since the SO (10) × SO (10) × SO (10) is broken down to the usual SO (10) by the pair condensation of certain messenger sector multiplets. The exchange of U (1) gauge bosons gives an attractive force for the pair to be created and condensed. The off-diagonal mass matrix elements among the generations in these messenger sector multiplets are the source of the flavor dynamics including the CP violation. The pair condensation of another multiplet in the messenger sector leads to the doublet-triplet splitting. The SO (10) decuplet Higgs couples only to one of the generations. The other couplings should, therefore, be calculated as higher order corrections. We present our preliminary results on the calculation of the mass matrices and the mixing angles for leptons and quarks in this model.
The theta characteristic of a branched covering

Abstract We give a group-theoretic description of the parity of a pull-back of a theta characteristic under a branched covering. It involves lifting monodromy of the covering to the semidirect product of the symmetric and Clifford groups, known as the Sergeev group. As an application, we enumerate torus coverings with respect to their ramification and parity and, in particular, show that the corresponding all-degree generating functions are quasimodular forms.
SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL MESON PHYSICS

A summary of the present experimental status of meson physics is presented. The presentation includes the new results presented at the MESON06 workshop, as well as other recent experimental developments in the field.
Urea Activation of Nitrimines: A Mild, Metal-Free Approach to Sterically Hindered Enamines

Nitrimines have been identified as impressive starting points for the syntheses of otherwise inaccessible, sterically encumbered enamines. The activation of nitrimines with urea catalysts for reaction with a variety of amines enables the formation of highly substituted enamines in high yield. The reactions benefit from mild, metal-free conditions, high functional group tolerance, and straightforward scale up.
An Approach to Guided Wave Mode Selection for Inspection of Laminated Plate

Overall philosophy of composite material inspection is discussed with a sample problem presentation to illustrate the utility of guided wave analysis and the use of field distributions across the thickness of a specimen to predict its sensitivity to specific anomalies in the material. Guided Lamb-type waves in a three-layered laminated compos ite plate with different anomaly content is studied in this article. Our work is focused pri marily on the detection of interlaminar bond layer imperfections and cracks normal to the interfaces. A Lamb wave mode selection criteria is discussed with respect to defect sen sitivity analysis. Selection of appropriate modes and frequencies is suggested by an ap proach based on an analysis of the modal displacement and power distribution across the multilayered structure as opposed to the previously utilized approach based on a numerical analysis of the dispersion relations for different boundary conditions and effective material properties.
Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes: Applications in Organic Synthesis

A fundamental aim in the field of catalysis is the development of new modes of small molecule activation. One approach toward the catalytic activation of organic molecules that has received much attention recently is visible light photoredox catalysis. In a general sense, this approach relies on the ability of metal complexes and organic dyes to engage in single-electron-transfer (SET) processes with organic substrates upon photoexcitation with visible light. Many of the most commonly employed visible light photocatalysts are polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium and iridium, and are typified by the complex tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II), or Ru(bpy)32+ (Figure 1). These complexes absorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum to give stable, long-lived photoexcited states.1,2 The lifetime of the excited species is sufficiently long (1100 ns for Ru(bpy)32+) that it may engage in bimolecular electron-transfer reactions in competition with deactivation pathways.3 Although these species are poor single-electron oxidants and reductants in the ground state, excitation of an electron affords excited states that are very potent single-electron-transfer reagents. Importantly, the conversion of these bench stable, benign catalysts to redox-active species upon irradiation with simple household lightbulbs represents a remarkably chemoselective trigger to induce unique and valuable catalytic processes. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes: versatile visible light photocatalysts.
PHYSICS AT e-e-: A CASE FOR MULTI-CHANNEL STUDIES

I argue that it would be crucial to have as many channels as possible to understand the physics of electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) in next-generation collider experiments. A historic example of the parity violation and the V-A interaction is used to make this point. An e-e- option offers us a new channel in this respect. The usefulness of this channel is exemplified for the case of supersymmetry and of the strongly coupled EWSB sector.
The post-Newtonian treatment of the VLBI experiment on September 8, 2002

Abstract Gravitational physics of VLBI experiment conducted on September 8, 2002 and dedicated to measure the speed of gravity (a fundamental constant in the Einstein equations) is treated in the first post-Newtonian approximation. Explicit speed-of-gravity parameterization is introduced to the Einstein equations to single out the retardation effect caused by the finite speed of gravity in the relativistic time delay of light, passing through the variable gravitational field of the solar system. The speed-of-gravity 1.5 post-Newtonian correction to the Shapiro time delay is derived and compared with our previous result obtained by making use of the post-Minkowskian approximation. We confirm that the 1.5 post-Newtonian correction to the Shapiro delay depends on the speed of gravity cg that is a directly measurable parameter in the VLBI experiment.