cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Proton-Proton Colliding Beam Facility Isabelle

This paper attempts to present the status of the ISABELLE construction project, which has the objective of building a 400 + 400 GeV proton colliding beam facility. The major technical features of the superconducting accelerators with their projected performance are described. Progress made so far, difficulties encountered, and the program until completion in 1986 are briefly reviewed.
EXAMINING A MODEL OF EVOLUTIONARY EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMIC CHANGE WITHIN EXISTING SOCIETAL SYSTEMS

Within today's emerging global society, educational systemic change is a dynamic, complex process that must seek to engage active participation of all stakeholders. This article examines alternative models of this process, providing different perspectives of the recursive and comprehensive nature of change when viewed from the vantage points of those stakeholders within the process. An envisioned school or educational system that addresses preparation of a citizenry dedicated to democratic principles and issues of social justice must consciously examine the relationships, that form and reform interconnecting and unifying diverse subsystems within the school's constructed meaning and purpose.
Quantitative Monitoring of Apoptosis in Viable Cells with Elastic Scattering Spectroscopy

Programmed cell death, apoptosis, entails a sequence of subcellular ultrastructure changes, which are monitored with elastic scattering spectroscopy. Changes are sensed earlier than possible by standard assays, invoking structures beneath the optical resolution limit.
DETERMINATION OF ALUMINUM, CALCIUM, AND MAGNESIUM IN FRASER FIR (ABIES FOLIAGE) FOLIAGE AND SURROUNDING SOIL IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

Located at high elevation sites in the Southern Appalachians, the Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) has suffered visible decline in recent years. This study involved the measurement of concentration levels of aluminum, calcium, and magnesium by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine the contribution of acidic deposition to this decline. Calcium and magnesium are nutrients, and hence one would anticipate relatively high foliar concentrations of these elements in the absence of pollution. Conversely, aluminum is toxic to the trees, and one would expect higher foliar concentrations in polluted locations. Statistical comparisons of the metal concentrations did not demonstrate a causal relationship between the location or elevation of Fraser fir stands. However, compared to previous studies, the foliar concentrations of calcium and magnesium were higher than concentrations previously reported in the 1990s, suggesting pollution controls may have reduced atmospheric deposition.
Co–Mo catalyzed growth of multi-wall carbon nanotubes from CO decomposition

Abstract We investigated the growth of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalyzed by SiO2-supported Co–Mo bi-metallic catalyst in flowing CO at 700 °C. We found that both Co and Mo are present in catalytic particles at the tips of CNTs, but their compositions vary from one catalytic particle to another and significantly deviate from the initial mixing composition. The Co concentration and distribution in the catalytic particle of a CNT largely determines the length of the CNT. The CNT growth process is carbon adsorption on exposed area of a catalytic particle and subsequent precipitation at the CNT-catalyst interface or open CNT wall edges. The encapsulation of a catalytic particle was found to occur by the growth of the open-edged graphene walls around the particle. Two types of long CNTs were observed: one with their CNT walls ended at the CNT-particle interface, and the other with their CNT walls open to the environment. The former have diameters similar to their catalytic particle size while the latter have larger diameters.
A Novel In Vivo Approach to Assess Radial and Axial Distensibility of Large and Intermediate Pulmonary Artery Branches

Pulmonary arteries (PAs) distend to accommodate increases in cardiac output. PA distensibility protects the right ventricle (RV) from excessive increases in pressure. Loss of PA distensibility plays a critical role in the fatal progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) toward RV failure. However, it is unclear how PA distensibility is distributed across the generations of PA branches, mainly because of the lack of appropriate in vivo methods to measure distensibility of vessels other than the large, conduit PAs. In this study, we propose a novel approach to assess the distensibility of individual PA branches. The metric of PA distensibility we used is the slope of the stretch ratio–pressure relationship. To measure distensibility, we combined invasive measurements of mean PA pressure with angiographic imaging of the PA network of six healthy female dogs. Stacks of 2D images of the PAs, obtained from either contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) or computed tomography digital subtraction angiography (CT-DSA), were used to reconstruct 3D surface models of the PA network, from the first bifurcation down to the sixth generation of branches. For each branch of the PA, we calculated radial and longitudinal stretch between baseline and a pressurized state obtained via acute embolization of the pulmonary vasculature. Our results indicated that large and intermediate PA branches have a radial distensibility consistently close to 2%/mmHg. Our axial distensibility data, albeit affected by larger variability, suggested that the PAs distal to the first generation may not significantly elongate in vivo, presumably due to spatial constraints. Results from both angiographic techniques were comparable to data from established phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ex vivo mechanical tests, which can only be used in the first branch generation. Our novel method can be used to characterize PA distensibility in PAH patients undergoing clinical right heart catheterization (RHC) in combination with MRI.
Separation of polymers by flow field‐flow fractionation

La technique d'ecoulement FFF est adaptee a des systemes non aqueux, specifiquement a la separation et la caracterisation de polymeres synthetiques dissous dans des solvants organiques
Direct approach to two-filter smoothing formulas†

We present what we believe to be the most direct derivation to date of the two-filter smoothing formulas.
Blood and Guts: General and Trial-Specific Effects of Videotaped Crime Scenes on Mock Jurors

A mock jury study was conducted to evaluate the effects of videotaped crime scenes on juries. Forty-eight subjects took the Juror Bias Scale and read a murder trial transcript. In addition, subjects viewed a videotape of an actual murder victim presented as the victim described in the transcript (trial-relevant video) or as one taken from another case (trial-nonrelevant video), or viewed no tape at all. Subjects filled out a questionnaire, then returned two days later to act as mock jurors in an assault case. Results indicated that exposure to the trial-relevant crime scene led subjects to set lower standards of proof and brought out individual juror biases for the prosecution. On a more general level, the crime scene tape led subjects to make lower estimates of the homicide rate, to believe the rate was increasing, and to view other crimes more seriously. Overall, the findings suggest that crime scene videos can prejudice the outcome of a criminal trial.
Rock Moisture Measurements: Techniques, Results, and Implications for Weathering

Rock moisture is an important factor for the intensity and distribution of frost weathering processes. However, quantitative measurements are scarce, which is partly due to the lack of reliable measurement techniques. This paper presents five different techniques for obtaining rock moisture data. While collecting rock pieces and two-dimensional geoelectric measurements allow determination of the spatial moisture distribution, the temporal variability can be derived from conductivity and time domain reflectometry records. Computer simulations, using rock properties and climatic records as input data, render it possible to clarify the important aspects that are responsible for the moisture distribution. It proved to be advisable to use several methods to check and validate the results. The results, obtained in study areas in the Bavarian Alps, make it clear that direct rainfall is the main source of rock moisture. The influence of snow is limited to the immediate vicinity of the snow fields and is not equally pronounced at different times and positions. Rock moisture levels are higher in summer than they are in winter, since in winter less water is supplied in liquid form. Northerly exposed rockwalls are generally more moist than those exposed in a southerly direction, which is due to the different insolation as well as to the wind direction during rainfall. In every position the rock is, on average, wetter on the inside than it is on the surface. This means that shallow frost cycles, as typical for south-exposed sites, are not affecting weathering, since they take place at a depth level that is mostly dried out. Numerous spatial and temporal patterns of rockfall found in the same study areas can be explained through variations in rock moisture. Thus, the moisture content of the rock is considered to be one of the major controlling factors of the frost-shattering rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Violation of Kohler's rule in magnetoresistance of YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract In both the 90K and 60K phases of YBa2Cu3O7−δ, the transverse magnetoresistance is positive and varies with temperature as T−4, instead of the T−2 behavior predicted by Kohler's rule.This unusual behavior in the MR is deeply related to the anomalous behavior of the Hall angle.
Alterations in both excitation and inhibition occur before the onset of seizure activity in the hippocampus

Excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms have been implicated in the onset of seizures and as underlying kindling. In this study, changes in responses to single stimuli and paired pulse stimuli were used to monitor postsynaptic excitability before the onset of seizure activity in limbic circuits of urethane-anesthetized rats. With sufficient stimulus intensity, a stimulus paradigm of seven pulses every second for 10 s led to seizure activity, as indicated by the appearance of maximal dentate activation, and afterdischarges. An increase in the evoked response was found in both CA1 and the dentate gyrus during stimulus trains to either CA3 or the angular bundle and there was the appearance of a polysynaptic response. There was an increase in paired pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus and a decrease in paired pulse inhibition in the CA1 region during the stimulus protocol. Since repeated seizures and a number of pharmacological agents are known to alter the onset and duration of seizure activity, a relationship between the changes in excitability and the onset of the seizure activity was tested using MK-801, ketamine, bicuculline, diazepam, phenobarbital, baclofen and repeated seizures. Overall, alteration of the amplitude of the polysynaptic response in CA1 to angular bundle stimulation correlated best with the effects of the drugs and the seizures on the duration of maximal dentate activation.
Modulation of Interleukin (IL)-13 Binding and Signaling by the γc Chain of the IL-2 Receptor

Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 are cytokine products of TH2 cells which exert similar effects in a variety of cell types. We recently described IL-13R expression on human renal cell and colon carcinoma cells and demonstrated that γc is not a component of IL-13R or IL-4R systems in these cells. In lymphoid cells such as B cells and monocytes, which respond to IL-13, γc is a component of IL-4R but does not appear to be a component of IL-13R. Furthermore, while significant IL-13 binding is observed on carcinoma cells, IL-13 barely binds these lymphoid cells and the binding characteristics are different. To better understand the role of γc in IL-13 binding and signaling, we have transfected a renal cell carcinoma cell line with γc and examined IL-13 and IL-4 binding and signaling. IL-13 binding as well as IL-13 and IL-4 signaling through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway were severely inhibited. This inhibition was paralleled by a loss of expression of one of the IL-13R chains and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. Thus, although γchas been shown to enhance IL-4 binding and function in some cell types, its influence on IL-13R function in tumor cells appear to be largely negative.
Segmentation of parotid glands in head and neck CT images using a constrained active shape model with landmark uncertainty

Automatic segmentation of parotid glands in head and neck CT images for IMRT planning has drawn attention in recent years. Although previous approaches have achieved substantial success by reaching high overall volume-wise accuracy, suboptimal segmentations are observed on the interior boundary of the gland where the contrast is poor against the adjacent muscle groups. Herein we propose to use a constrained active shape model with landmark uncertainty to improve the segmentation in this area. Results obtained using this method are compared with results obtained using a regular active shape model through a leave-one-out experiment.
Red-Bed Evaporite, and Carbonate Facies Associations in Interior Basins--A Model for Resource Exploration: ABSTRACT

Mid-Continent evaporite sequences exhibit a common association with red beds and carbonate rocks. These lithologic elements can be interrelated in a model of coastal evaporite sedimentation, based on modern analogs of evaporites in association with mud-rich tidal flats, coastal sabkhas, and hypersaline brine pans. As an example of these relations, upper Clear Fork-Glorieta strata (Permian, Leonardian) in the Texas Panhandle contain red beds, evaporites, and carbonate rocks, and are characterized by a gradual basinward (southerly) shift in facies through time. Upper Clear Fork rocks in the study area record dominance of coastal evaporite and carbonate environments early in the development of the study interval. Evaporites and associated carbonates, which were deposited in hypersaline, tide-fed brine pans, landward of open-marine shelf environments, include (1) algal-laminated carbonate rocks, commonly with swallowtail-crystal pseudomorphs after gypsum, (2) laminated anhydrite, and (3) mud-banded salt. Chaotic mudstone-salt is present and was deposited in landward salt-mud flats. Glorieta rocks r cord late-stage dominance of siliciclastic sedimentation. Laterally-persistent Glorieta siliciclastic units consist of mudstone-siltstone facies, deposited in intertidal mud flats, and grade basinward into sandstone and dolomite deposited in clastic shelf environments. Periods of siliciclastic deposition alternated with periods of evaporite deposition. During sedimentation of each siliciclastic sequence, mud flats prograded seaward into the shelf terrane. Subsequent deposition of evaporites was on the expanded mud flats surface. This example exhibits many similarities with evaporite sequences in other parts of the Permian basin, parts of the Salina basin, and selected salt occurrences in the Rocky Mountains. Understanding of facies interrelations is important in predicting resource potential of evaporite beds, and the occurrence of hydrocarbons in evaporite-associated strata. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1288------------
Clinton's World: Purpose, Policy, and Weltanschauung

This administration was forced to write new scripts for a New Age. Pontification became the name of the game, but they were lucky. During eight years in power, the Clinton administration's rhetoric was tested only meekly and fitfully.
Formalin-induced c-fos expression in the spinal cord of fetal rats

The maturational status of Aδ and C-fibers in the fetal rat spinal cord was examined using formalin-induced c-fos expression as a marker for neuronal activities. Awake 19-, 20-, and 21-day fetuses (FD) were injected ex utero with 5 μl of 10% formalin either into the ventral aspect of the forepaw or the hindpaw. FD 19 fetuses showed little response to the injection, but with increasing age, the fetuses exhibited more specific behaviors following injury of the paw. By FD 21, fetuses treated with formalin injection showed body curls and twitches, mouth opening, face wiping, and withdrawal of the injected paw. The anatomical data paralleled that of behavior; FD 19 animals expressed a small number of Fos labeled nuclei following the formalin injection that was not statistically different from control animals. The formalin-induced increase in Fos staining was first observed at FD 20 with a large increase in the number of Fos labeled cell occurring between FD 20 and 21. By FD 21, the pattern of Fos stained nuclei resembled that found in neonatal rats. There was constitutive bilateral staining in all untreated, saline and formalin injected fetuses that is unique to prenatal animals. Formalin treated fetuses showed constitutive level of staining in addition to the increase in the c-fos expression caused by formalin. We have thus demonstrated that, as indexed both by behavioral response and by Fos immunoreactivity, rat fetuses are capable of transmitting and responding to noxious input before birth.
Tubular Reactor Synthesis of Doped Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide and Its Enhanced Activation by Coronas and Soft X-rays

An aerosol tubular reactor system to synthesize nanostructured vanadium-doped titanium dioxide particles is described. The resultant particle size distributions, crystal phases, and morphology and distribution of dopant are established as a function of the operating conditions. The addition of the dopant promotes sintering and an increase in the primary particle size. Downstream of the furnace, a corona-soft X-ray reactor is used to demonstrate the effectiveness in degradation of toluene. An improvement in the degradation rates is observed when soft X-ray irradiation is used in conjunction with the corona. Addition of the V-dopant enhanced the photodegradation of toluene.
Mesothelium of the murine allantois exhibits distinct regional properties

The rodent allantois is thought to be unique amongst mammals in not having an endodermal component. Here, we have investigated the mesothelium, or outer surface, of murine umbilical precursor tissue, the allantois (∼7.25-8.5 days postcoitum, dpc) to discover whether it exhibits the properties of an epithelium. A combination of morphology, challenge with biotinylated dextran amines (BDAs), and immunohistochemistry revealed that the mesothelium of the mouse allantois exhibits distinct regional properties. By headfold stages (∼7.75-8.0 dpc), distal mesothelium was generally squamous in shape, and highly permeable to BDA challenge, whereas ventral proximal mesothelium, referred to as "ventral cuboidal mesothelium" (VCM) for the characteristic cuboidal shape of its cells, was relatively impermeable. Although "dorsal cuboidal mesothelium" (DCM) resembled the VCM in cell shape, its permeability to BDA was intermediate between the other two regions. Results of immunostaining for Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Epithelial-cadherin (E-cadherin), together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), suggested that impermeability in the VCM may be due to greater cellular contact area between cells and close packing rather than to maturity of tight junctions, the latter of which, by comparison with the visceral yolk sac, appeared to be rare or absent from the allantoic surface. Both VCM and DCM exhibited an ultrastructure more favorable for protein synthesis than did the distal squamous mesothelium; however, at most stages, VCM exhibited robust afadin (AF-6), whereas the DCM uniquely contained alpha-4-integrin. These observations demonstrate that the allantoic mesothelium is not a conventional epithelium but possesses regional ultrastructural, functional and molecular differences that may play important roles in the correct deployment of the umbilical cord and its associated vascular, hematopoietic, and other cell types.
REDESCRIPTION OF ARGULUS VARIANS BERE, 1936 (BRANCHIURA, ARGULIDAE) INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF ITS EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND FIRST LARVAL STAGE

Argulus varians a ete originellement decrit (Bere, 1936) d'apres cinq echantillons femelles provenant de quatre especes differentes de poissons. Cette etude redecrit l'espece d'apres un grand nombre d'echantillons obtenus de Sphoeroides testudineus. Sont egalement incluses les descriptions du mâle, de l'œuf et du premier stade larvaire, ainsi qu'une discussion des affinites taxonomiques de l'espece.
PHYSICAL HABITAT OF CETACEANS ALONG THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE IN THE NORTHCENTRAL AND WESTERN GULF OF MEXICO

The physical habitat of cetaceans found along the continental slope in the north-central and western Gulf of Mexico was characterized from shipboard sighting data, simultaneous hydrographic measurements, and satellite remote sensing. The study area was encompassed by the longitude of the Florida-Alabama border (87.5°W), the southernmost latitude of the Texas-Mexico border (26.0°N), and the 100-m and 2,000-m isobaths. Shipboard surveys were conducted seasonally for two years from April 1992 to May 1994. A total of 21,350 km of transect was visually sampled in an area of 154,621 km2. Sighting localities of species in the study area were differentiated most clearly with bottom depth. Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) were consistently found in the shallowest water on the continental shelf and along the shelf break. In addition, the bottom depth gradient (sea floor slope) was less for Atlantic spotted dolphins than for any other species. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were found most commonly along the upper slope in water significantly deeper than that for Atlantic spotted dolphins. All the other species and species categories were found over deeper bottom depths; these were Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), short-finned pilot whales (Glob-icephala macrorhynchus), pygmy/dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.), roughtoothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Mesoplodon spp., pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), Clymene dolphins (Stenella clymene) and unidentified beaked whales (Ziphiidae). Risso's dolphins and short-finned pilot whales occurred along the upper slope and, as a subgroup, were significantly different from striped dolphins, Mesoplodon spp., pantropical spotted dolphins, Clymene dolphins, and unidentified beaked whales, which occurred in the deepest water. Pygmy/dwarf sperm whales, rough-toothed dolphins, spinner dolphins, and sperm whales occurred at intermediate depths between these two subgroups and overlapped them.
Integrating Information Technology: competency recommendations by teachers for teacher training

ABSTRACT A challenge for teacher training education lies in keeping courses up to date. This paper provides a view of the top ten IT competencies required of pre‐service teachers, as perceived by practising teachers in USA schools. This paper reports findings from 215 teachers in Colorado public schools. A complimentary view of reasons that teachers have for not using new media in instruction indicates that convenient access to hardware and software are significant issues and recommends re‐examination of traditional teacher training and practise.
Reprint of “Does functional neuroimaging solve the questions of neurolinguistics?” [Brain and Language 98 (2006) 276–290]

Abstract Neurolinguistic research has been engaged in evaluating models of language using measures from brain structure and function, and/or in investigating brain structure and function with respect to language representation using proposed models of language. While the aphasiological strategy, which classifies aphasias based on performance modality and a few linguistic variables, has been the most stable, cognitive neurolinguistics has had less success in reliably associating more elaborately proposed levels and units of language models with brain structure. Functional imaging emerged at this stage of neurolinguistic research. In this review article, it is proposed that the often-inconsistent superfluity of outcomes arising from functional imaging studies of language awaits adjustment at both “ends” of the process: model and data. Assumptions that our current language models consistently and reliably represent implicit knowledge within human cerebral processing are in line for major revision; and the promise of functional brain imaging to reveal any such knowledge structures must incorporate stable correlates of the imaging signal as dependent variable.
Reconciling the supply of scientific information with user demands: an analysis of the problem and review of the literature

Policy makers around the world are calling for the production and diffusion of more useful information for environmental decision-making. Ideally, useful information expands alternatives, clarifies choice and enables policy makers to achieve desired outcomes. Decision makers, however, often lack the useful information needed for good decision-making. By concentrating efforts on increasing the supply of scientific information, scientists may not be producing information considered relevant and useful by decision makers, and may simply be producing too much of the wrong kind of information. Users may have specific information needs that go unmet, or may not be aware of the existence of potentially useful information. This paper defines the practical problem of reconciling the supply of scientific information with users’ demands so that scientists produce information that decision makers need and use in policy decisions. Literature from a variety of disciplines and topics is reviewed to: explain the goals of reconciling the supply and demand of scientific information; define what constitutes useful information; explore lessons learned from experience and describe the characteristics and conditioning factors that shaped those experiences; and identify various alternative strategies and processes that forge stronger science policy linkages. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.
A Completely Atraumatic Pickup Forceps Designed to Hold Vein Grafts

Abstract A completely atraumatic pickup forceps to hold vein grafts during bypass procedures is described.
An efficient constraint planning algorithm for multidatabases

Summary form only given. We have earlier proposed a general framework of an agent based constraint checker for checking global integrity constraints. The constraint checker consists of: update parser, metadatabase extractor, constraint planner, constraint optimizer and constraint executor. One of the important steps in checking for global constraints is to generate sub constraints from global integrity constraints. These sub constraints can be locally executed on remote sites. The constraint planner devises an effective plan for generating such sub constraints from each of the global constraints. In this paper, we focus on the constraint planner module. We propose an efficient algorithm that takes as input an update statement and the list of all global constraints and outputs sub constraints to be executed on remote sites. Our algorithm is efficient since the algorithm does not require the update statement to be executed before the constraint check is carried out. In this way, we save lot of time and resources avoiding any potential rollbacks. Our vision for implementation exploits parallelism by virtue of employing mobile agents.
Fregatten Mynden: a 17th-century Danish Frigate Found in Northern Germany

The remains of a small 17th-century Danish frigate were investigated off the island of Rugen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, northern Germany. Through research in the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen it was possible to identify the ship. Using documentary and archaeological sources, the layout, equipment and appearance of one of the small and less prestigious warships of the 17th and early 18th century could be reconstructed. In addition, aspects of shipboard life will be illustrated. © 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society
Lasting power of new clotting proteins

Hemophilia is a genetic disease caused by a deficiency of one of the coagulation proteins. The term usually refers to either hemophilia A, factor VIII (FVIII), with an incidence of 1 in 5000 male births, or hemophilia B, factor IX (FIX), with an incidence of 1 in 30 000 male births. When severe, the disease leads to spontaneous life-threatening bleeding episodes. Current therapy requires frequent intravenous infusions of therapeutic factor concentrates. Most patients administer the infusions at home every few days and must limit their physical activities to avoid bleeding when the factor activity levels are below normal. In March 2014, a new therapeutic FIX preparation was approved for clinical use in Canada and the United States and, in June 2014, a new FVIII preparation was approved for clinical use in the United States. Over the next couple of years, other new factor products for FIX, FVIIa, and FVIII, which are currently in late stages of clinical trials, will likely also be approved. These new factors have been engineered to extend their half-life in circulation, thus providing major therapeutic advances for patients with hemophilia primarily by allowing treatment with fewer infusions per month. In the clinical trials so far, 500 patients have successfully used these extended half-life products regularly for 1 year to prevent spontaneous bleeding, to treat successfully any bleeding episodes, and to provide effective coagulation for major surgery. Essentially all infusions were well tolerated and effective. These promising new therapies should allow patients to use fewer infusions to maintain appropriate clotting factor activity levels in all clinical settings.
PULMONARY NODULE CLASSIFICATION: SIZE DISTRIBUTION ISSUES

Automated nodule classification systems determine a model based on features extracted from documented databases of nodules. These databases cover a large size range and have an unequal distribution of malignant and benign nodules, leading to a high correlation between malignancy and size. For two recent studies in the literature, much of the reported performance of the system may be derived from size based on analysis of their size distributions. We performed experiments to determine the effect of unequal size distribution on a nodule classification system's performance. Preliminary results indicate that the performance across the entire dataset (a sensitivity/specificity of 0.85/0.80) does not generalize to a subset of nodules (0.50/0.80), but performance can be improved by specifically training on that subset (0.60/0.80). Additional testing with larger datasets needs to be performed, but results reported in this area are overly optimistic.
Neutrophil and Kupffer cell-induced oxidant stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver

The hypothesis that Kupffer cells and infiltrating neutrophils generate reactive oxygen in the hepatic sinusoids and may contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver was investigated in a model of partial no-flow ischemia and reperfusion in male Fischer rats in vivo. During the reperfusion period of 60 min, plasma concentrations of glutathione disulfide (GSSG; index of oxidant stress) increased from 1.62 +/- 0.20 microM glutathione (GSH) equivalents to maximal values of 11.82 +/- 1.45 (45 min ischemia), 24.19 +/- 2.35 (60 min ischemia), and 70.20 +/- 7.8 (120 min ischemia). The basal tissue GSSG content in the postischemic lobes (0.19 +/- 0.02 nmol GSH eq/mg protein) increased by 50-100%. Although the number of neutrophils in liver and lung increased by 3- to 10-fold during reperfusion, there was no positive correlation between the number of neutrophils and the GSSG concentrations measured in plasma or tissue. However, activation of Kupffer cells with high doses of retinol or with Propionibacterium acnes significantly enhanced plasma GSSG levels, while inactivation of Kupffer cells with methyl palmitate or gadolinium chloride significantly attenuated the increase of plasma GSSG. Inactivation of Kupffer cells protected the liver significantly against ischemia-reperfusion injury. It is concluded that Kupffer cells are the predominant source of reactive oxygen formed during the initial reperfusion period and that Kupffer cell activity (including reactive oxygen formation) contributes to reperfusion injury in the liver in vivo.
Become Who You Are: Integrating the Conceptions of Will and Being in the Psychotherapeutic Theory of Rollo May

This article discusses the essential foundation of Rollo May's unique approach to psychotherapy. Emphasis is placed on exploring and revealing the most basic elements that can be said to constitute the center of May's psychotherapeutic theory. This center exhibits a fundamental concern with the reality of an individual's being, that is, with empowering the individual to experience the reality of his or her being in a deeper and more authentic way. Such empowerment relies on and engages the dynamic processes of freedom and will, which make it possible for an individual to confront and actualize his or her inner potentialities for living. The heart of the therapeutic endeavor, then, is the supportive challenge to experience the depths of one's existence, to become who one truly is. The article concludes with an emphasis on May's concept of self-affirmation, a revolutionary way of existing in the world involving individual, cultural, and global implications for positive transformation.
Ground Current Modification of Mobile Terminal Antennas and Its Effects

In this letter, a dual-band parasitic radiator is de signed and optimized to modify the current distribution on the ground plane of a handheld terminal. Using a variable-length dual-band parasitic radiator, the ground current distribution is controlled, and low specific absorption rate (SAR) and high radiation efficiency at 900 and 1880 MHz are obtained. The proposed antenna scheme consisting of a dual-band parasitic element and a driven dual-band antenna reduces the peak SAR by 50% and 40% at 900 and 1880 MHz, respectively, compared to a conventional dual-band antenna. Significant increase in radiation efficiency is also obtained.
Action, Outcome, and Value A Dual-System Framework for Morality

Dual-system approaches to psychology explain the fundamental properties of human judgment, decision making, and behavior across diverse domains. Yet, the appropriate characterization of each system is a source of debate. For instance, a large body of research on moral psychology makes use of the contrast between “emotional” and “rational/cognitive” processes, yet even the chief proponents of this division recognize its shortcomings. Largely independently, research in the computational neurosciences has identified a broad division between two algorithms for learning and choice derived from formal models of reinforcement learning. One assigns value to actions intrinsically based on past experience, while another derives representations of value from an internally represented causal model of the world. This division between action- and outcome-based value representation provides an ideal framework for a dual-system theory in the moral domain.
Acquisition of Secondary Reinforcers by Children

In one partially reinforced and one continuously reinforced group, children made no response during training. One partially reinforced group picked up and ate candy which was presented contiguously...
‘Like me?’: ventromedial prefrontal cortex is sensitive to both personal relevance and self-similarity during social comparisons

Social comparisons are an important means by which we gain information about the self, but little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying comparative social judgment, as most prior functional magnetic resonance imaging research on this topic has investigated judgments of self or others in isolation. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has routinely been implicated in social cognitive tasks that rely on such absolute judgments about the self or others, but it is unclear whether activity in this region is modulated by personal relevance of social stimuli or self-similarity of judgment targets. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate that these forces interact to determine vmPFC response during social comparisons, as well as neural activity in the bilateral anterior insulae. Comparisons between the self and similar others exhibit a unique response in this region when compared with other judgment contexts, suggesting that the special psychological status afforded to these social comparisons is indexed by activity in the vmPFC and insula.
Velocity of the center of pressure during walking

The purpose of this study was to describe the velocity of the center of pressure during walking in a sample of young, healthy individuals. The velocity of the center of pressure was recorded in 60 subjects while they walked barefoot over a floor-mounted pressure platform. The results of this study indicate that the velocity of the center of pressure follows a predictable pattern during the stance phase of walking. Intraclass correlation coefficients calculated to measure between-trial reliability for specific parameters of the velocity of the center of pressure ranged from 0.361 to 0.912. These study results suggest that velocity of the center of pressure may be a useful measurement in future gait research.
Automatic spike sorting using tuning information

Current spike sorting methods focus on clustering neurons' characteristic spike waveforms. The resulting spike-sorted data are typically used to estimate how covariates of interest modulate the firing rates of neurons. However, when these covariates do modulate the firing rates, they provide information about spikes' identities, which thus far have been ignored for the purpose of spike sorting. This letter describes a novel approach to spike sorting, which incorporates both waveform information and tuning information obtained from the modulation of firing rates. Because it efficiently uses all the available information, this spike sorter yields lower spike misclassification rates than traditional automatic spike sorters. This theoretical result is verified empirically on several examples. The proposed method does not require additional assumptions; only its implementation is different. It essentially consists of performing spike sorting and tuning estimation simultaneously rather than sequentially, as is currently done. We used an expectation-maximization maximum likelihood algorithm to implement the new spike sorter. We present the general form of this algorithm and provide a detailed implementable version under the assumptions that neurons are independent and spike according to Poisson processes. Finally, we uncover a systematic flaw of spike sorting based on waveform information only.
Human factors analysis to improve the processing of Ares-1 launch vehicle

The Constellation Program (CxP) is composed of an array of vehicles used to go to the Moon and Mars. 1 2 The Ares vehicle one of the Systems of CxP, goes through several stages of processing before it is launched at the Kennedy Space Center. In order to have the efficient and effective ground processing inside and outside the vehicle, all of the ground processing activities should be analyzed. The analysis for this program was performed, by engineers, technicians, and human factors experts with spacecraft processing experience. The procedure used to gather data was accomplished by observing human activities within physical mockups. The paper will focus on the procedures, analysis and results from these observations.
Remarks on the Ancient Evidence for Democratic Peace

Responding to Eric Robinson, it is argued that evidence from ancient Greece is inadequate to provide reliable counter-examples to the democratic peace proposition, provided that the proposition is correctly defined. For the best-documented case, the Athenian invasion of Syracuse, the preponderance of evidence does make Syracuse a well-established democracy like Athens. But there is contradictory evidence not addressed by Robinson. More important, it is arguable that the decisionmaking body in Athens (the majority of the assembly) did not perceive Syracuse as behaving like a fellow democracy. That is what matters, according to an explanation of the democratic peace based not on institutional or normative causes but on the decisionmakers' perception of a shared democratic political culture. In more modern cases where such ambiguities can be checked against primary evidence, the proposition that this shared perception prevents war holds almost without exception. Other ancient cases cited by Robinson, includi...
Cognitive Constraints on Decision Making under Uncertainty.

Models of decision making under uncertainty should be grounded in general cognitive processes reflecting pervasive constraints from the nature of our environment. Developing integrated models applicable across different tasks provides converging constraints that increase the predictiveness of models to new situations. Decision making is such a rich discipline that it is often considered in relative isolation, leading to entire fields devoted to specialized aspects and domains. Decision making under uncertainty can be better understood through the prism of general theories of cognition, constrained by representations and mechanisms developed to account for the much broader range of human activities (Anderson and Lebiere, 2003). This argument is an elaboration of Simon's bounded rationality (e.g., Simon, 1957) approach to constraining the rationality of optimal decision making by the cognitive limitations of the decision maker. Further, those cognitive limitations, and more generally the entire decision making process, should be modeled in a computational framework that captures in detail not only the cognitive mechanisms and representations involved (Newell, 1990) but also motivational processes (Kruglanski et al., 2007; Kruglanski and Gigerenzer, 2011) as well as perceptual (especially attentional) and motor processes (Card et al., 1983) to reflect the constraints of the task environment. Finally, decision making involves not simply raw cognitive processes but also knowledge and strategies on how to approach the problem (Gigerenzer et al., 1999). Fortunately, unified theories of cognition enable the representation of declarative and procedural knowledge constructs in a way that interacts with the constraints of the cognitive and perceptual processes to provide a rich account of performance in the task. Providing a detailed but unified computational account of those factors and their interaction across a wide range of tasks is essential for a deeper understanding of human decision making under uncertainty, as it involves general cognitive processes that are not limited to specific paradigms but take place across all human activities. We illustrate those points by briefly describing a number of instances of our recent line of research in models of decision making. In particular, we want to highlight the importance of applying the same modeling approach to widely different paradigms of decision making (including domains that are not usually considered part of decision making) in order to bring the maximum force of converging constraints onto the problem. Indeed, the main issue with many decision making tasks is not that they are too difficult to model, but instead that too many distinct models provide roughly equivalent accounts of the data, making it hard to determine which provide a fundamental understanding of human decision making processes and which are merely well-fitted parametric descriptions of human performance.
A compact CTD system with programmable controller for obtaining in situ water samples

A compact CTD system has been assembled consisting of a Seabird SBE-1 CTD, a General Oceanics rosette water sampler, and a programmable controller which allows bottles to be tripped at preselected depths. Controller gets depth from the CTD during the cast, compares them with preprogrammed values stored in memory, and then fires the rosette and stores several CTD data scans when the proper depths are reached. The system is compact and easy to handle, requires no electrical power from the ship, and all data are internally recorded in the CTD and controller. The system has been used successfully from small coastal patrol vessels in areas with strong currents where CTD casts must be performed rapidly. This paper describes the design of the controller and gives a preliminary evaluation of the performance of the system from data collected in the Caribbean. >
Maximum-Parsimony Haplotype Inference Based on Sparse Representations of Genotypes

The haplotypes of an individual can be used to predict diseases and help designing drugs. However, experimentally determining haplotypes is expensive and time-consuming, so genotypes are usually measured instead. Given the set of genotypes for a group of unrelated individuals, it is possible to infer the haplotype pair for each subject based on the maximum parsimony principle. Finding the exact solution to this problem is NP-hard. We propose two related formulations of the haplotype inference problem that translate the maximum parsimony principle into the sparse representation of genotypes. In the first formulation we look for the set of haplotypes that explain the genotypes such that the resulting frequency vector of haplotypes is as sparse as possible. The sparseness condition is achieved by minimizing the Tsallis entropy of the frequency vector, which is still an NP-hard problem. We propose a method that enumerates all local minima with high probability by solving a set of integer linear programs of low dimensionality. The minimizer is then found by identifying the local minimum point that achieves the lowest Tsallis entropy. In the second formulation, we state the haplotypes inference as a sparse dictionary selection problem. Each genotype is reconstructed by a haplotype pair selected from a set of available haplotypes that needs to be sparse. This leads to an approximately submodular maximization problem and therefore, can be solved with a fast greedy method. We test the proposed solutions with different data sets and compare the performance with the state-of-the-art methods, achieving similar or better results.
Membrane-Based, Liquid–Liquid Separator with Integrated Pressure Control

We describe the development and application of an improved, membrane-based, liquid–liquid separator. Membrane-based separation relies on the exploitation of surface forces and the use of a membrane wetted by one of the phases; however, successful separation requires accurate control of pressures, making the operation and implementation cumbersome. Here we present an improved separator design that integrates a pressure control element to ensure that adequate operating conditions are always maintained. Additionally, the integrated pressure control decouples the separator from downstream unit operations. A detailed examination of the controlling physical equations shows how to design the device to allow operation across a wide range of conditions. Easy to implement, multistage separations such as solvent swaps and countercurrent extractions are demonstrated. The presented design significantly simplifies applications ranging from multistep synthesis to complex multistage separations.