cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Outcomes After the Prosthetic Training Phase of Rehabilitation After Dysvascular Lower Extremity Amputation

Abstract Objective To describe physical function outcomes and modes of physical therapy intervention for a cohort of patients with dysvascular lower extremity amputation (LEA) during the prosthetic training phase of rehabilitation. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting Physical rehabilitation clinics at a Veterans Affairs medical center and a university hospital. Patients Forty-two patients (38 men, 4 women, age 60.2 ± 8.4 years) who completed outpatient physical therapy rehabilitation with prosthetic training after dysvascular LEA. Methods All patients underwent a prosthetic training phase of rehabilitation, with standardized outcome measures performed at initiation and discharge. Main Outcome Measures Performance-based physical function measures included Two-Minute Walk (2MW), Timed-Up and Go (TUG), and 5-meter gait speed. Self-report physical function measures included the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire–Mobility Section (PEQ-MS) and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale. Rehabilitation dose was tracked as total number of clinic visits, rehabilitation duration, and specific intervention modes. Results There were significant improvements between initial and discharge values (mean ± SD) for the Two-Minute Walk (67.5 ± 29.9 m and 103.3 ± 45.8 m, respectively, P P P P P Conclusions Significant improvements in performance-based and self-report measures of physical function occurred during the prosthetic training phase of physical rehabilitation after dysvascular major LEA. Despite improvements in function, gait speed, and TUG outcomes remained below clinically important thresholds, indicating patients were limited in community ambulation and at risk for falls. Lack of moderate or greater correlation between rehabilitation dose and outcome measures may indicate the need for more specific rehabilitation dose measures.
DIAGNOSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF WAVE MECHANISMS IN RADOMES

Wavefronts in radome-bounded regions are related to boresight error; in particular, wavefront tilts are proportional to boresight error. The wavefronts and therefore boresight error depend strongly on wave polarization direction. A method for probing wavefronts was described. This diagnostic method was applied to specific, thin wall radome; it identified a wave mechanism, guided waves, which are omitted from approximate analytical methods that locally approximate curved radomes by assemblies of flat dielectric sheets. The diagnostic method has been applied to improve other radomes; it located reflecting regions.
Structural Connectivity in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

Investigators from Centre de Reference National Maladie Rare ‘Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette’ and Sorbonne University report white matter abnormalities in the pathways connecting the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus in a group of 49 adults with Tourette syndrome (TS).
Absence of thyroid hormone resistance in vitamin D-;resistant new world primates.

New World primates express a form of sterol/steroid resistance resulting from the presence of a 58-60 kDa intracellular protein (IDBP) which competes with nuclear receptor proteins for binding of vitamin D metabolites and sex steroids. As the thyroid hormone receptor is a recognized member of the steroid/retinoid/vitamin D receptor gene superfamily, we sought to confirm previous data describing the existence of thyronine resistance in New World primate species and to determine whether IDBP was capable of binding ligands which confer transcriptional regulatory potential on thyroid hormone-retinoid heterodimeric complexes. Circulating thyroid hormone levels were compared between vitamin D-resistant New World primates and nonresistant Old World primates. Total triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 index, and free thyroxine were not different between New World and Old World primates. Thyroxine was significantly lower (P < 0.03) in New World than in Old World primates. T3 (1 pM-1μM), 9-cis retinoic acid (100 nM) and all-trans retinoic acid (100 nM) were incapable of displacing 2 nM [3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 from IDBP extracted from B95-8 cells, a B-lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the vitamin D-resistant New World primate Callithrix jacchus. We conclude that the sterol/steroid-resistant state characteristic of many genera of New World primates does not extend to thyroid hormones and that the IDBP responsible for vitamin D resistance does not bind T3, 9-cis retinoic acid, and all-trans retinoic acid. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Substrate effects from force chain dynamics in dense granular flows

[1] Granular materials are composed of solid, discrete particles and exhibit mechanical properties that range from fluid to solid behavior. Some of the complexity exhibited by granular systems arises due to the long-range order that develops due to particle-particle contact. Inter-particle forces in granular materials often form a distributive network of filamentary force-accommodating chains (i.e., force chains), such that a fraction of the total number of particles accommodates the majority of the forces in the system. The force chain network inherent to a system composed of granular materials controls the macroscopic behavior of the granular material. Force transmission by these filamentary chains is focused (or localized) to the grain scale at boundaries such as the granular flow substrate. This investigation addresses the effects of force localization on the substrate by dynamic force chain processes and the implications for bed entrainment in dense, unconfined, two-dimensional, gravity-driven granular flows. Our experimental system employs photoelastic techniques and provides an avenue for quantitative force analysis via image processing and provides a data set that can be used validate discrete element modeling approaches. We show that force chains cause extreme bed-force localization in dynamic granular systems, and that these localized forces can propagate extensively into the substrate, even ahead of the flow front.
Inhibition of marine photosynthesis by ultraviolet radiation: Variable sensitivity of phytoplankton in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence during the austral spring

To assess the potential impacts of ozone depletion on photosynthesis in the Southern Ocean, we need to know more about effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on phytoplankton in Antarctic waters, where, in addition to variable stratospheric ozone, temporal and regional differences in vertical mixing might influence photosynthesis and photoacclimation of phytoplankton assemblages. Toward this end, we quantified the responses to UV of Antarctic phytoplankton in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence during the austral spring of 1993. Experimental results on spectral sensitivity of photosynthesis were fit statistically to a model that incorporated uninhibited photosynthesis as a function of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), wavelength-dependence of inhibition, and the kinetics of photosynthesis during exposure to UV. In contrast to previous results on UV-induced photoinhibition in a diatom culture at 20°C, natural phytoplankton from open waters of the Antarctic showed no ability to counter UV-induced inhibition of photosynthesis during exposures of 0.5-4 h: the rate of photosynthesis declined exponentially as a function of cumulative exposure, and inhibition was not reversed during incubations for up to 3.5 h under benign conditions. The results suggest that nonlinear exposure-response relationships are necessary for modeling UV-dependent photosynthesis in the surface mixed layer of the springtime Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Consequently, we modified our laboratory-based model of photosynthesis and photoinhibition to describe photoinhibition as a nonlinear function of biologically weighted cumulative exposure to damaging irradiance. The model described ∼90% of the spectrally dependent experimental variation in photosynthetic rate, and yielded six biological weighting functions (BWFs) for phytoplankton in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Assemblages from different stations showed substantial variability in sensitivity to UV. Tolerance of UV was generally highest in assemblages from shallower mixed layers, which presumably had experienced higher irradiance, including UV, prior to sampling. The BWFs of assemblages that seemed acclimated to low irradiance showed the highest sensitivity to UV yet seen for Southern Ocean phytoplankton. The pattern of UV sensitivity was consistent with acclimation, but also with selection against less tolerant species.
Reliability of frozen section examination in identifying poor prognostic indicators in Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma

Abstract Management of Stage I adenocarcinoma of the uterus includes hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and selective paraaortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Postoperative radiation therapy (RT) is selectively employed in patients with histologically defined poor prognostic indicators. We attempted to identify these poor prognostic indicators by frozen section (FS) at primary surgery in 55 patients with Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma; we found an excellent correlation between the results obtained on gross examination of the uterus with selected FS and the results after extensive sampling and microscopic examination of permanent section (PS). The depth of myometrial invasion was accurately predicted in 96.5%, and histologic grade in 94.5% of these patients. Sixty-six percent of patients with occult invasion of the cervix on PS were identified on FS. Using the above criteria, we identified by FS all patients (1555) who required adjuvant RT obviating the need for pelvic lymph node dissection. On the basis of our prliminary data, we recommend the use of careful gross examination and selective FS to identify patients requiring selective pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy and adjuvant therapy, thereby eliminating the need for staging lymph node dissection with its associated morbidity and complications.
Electronic Control of Stereoselectivities of Electrocyclic Reactions of Cyclobutenes: A Triumph of Theory in the Prediction of Organic Reactions

Before 1965, only a few examples of reactions of this type were known, and it was generally believed that steric effects determined the stereochemical course of such reactions. As anomalies were discovered, theories were developed to explain them. These theories led to predictions, which were tested by experiment and verified. Eventually, a comprehensive quantitative theory of stereoselectivity was developed, such that now the products of reactions of this type can be predicted with confidence. Cyclobutene was first prepared by Willstatter1 in 1905. Although its ready thermal conversion to 1,3butadiene was noted often in the early literature, it was not until the 1950s that mechanistic studies were undertaken. In 1958 Walters reported that the conversion of cyclobutene to butadiene was a wellbehaved unimolecular process occurring at 150 °C,2 a relatively low temperature compared to the 350 °C required for thermal cleavage of the almost equally strained cyclobutane. Walters reported an activation energy of 32.5 kcal/mol for the reaction along with a log A of 13.1. By that time initial reports of the stereochemistry of the ring-opening of 3-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted cyclobutenes had begun to appear, and by 1959 the substantial investigations of Vogel3,4 and particularly of Criegee and his co-workers5-7 had led to considerable mechanistic understanding of the reaction.
Detection of prostate cancer by alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S) in needle biopsy specimens previously reported as negative for malignancy.

Aims : To investigate the possibility of detecting small focal prostatic cancer by α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR)/P504S immunohistochemistry on needle biopsy specimens that were previously interpreted as negative for carcinoma on routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. Methods : Prostate needle biopsy specimens (n = 793) previously interpreted as benign prostatic tissue by conventional morphology from 239 patients with prostatic cancer diagnosed in other biopsy cores taken at the same biopsy session were stained with the P504S monoclonal antibody. If a biopsy specimen stained positively, two pathologists independently reviewed the original corresponding H&E-stained sections to establish the malignant diagnosis. Results : Eighty-four of the 793 biopsy specimens showed AMACR immunoreactivity; nine of these (9/793, 1.1%) contained previously unrecognized small focal prostatic carcinoma (Gleason 6, N = 8; Gleason 8, N = 1). Six of nine (67%) carcinomas showed foamy/pseudohyperplastic (N = 3) or atrophic (N = 3) features. Additionally, five biopsy specimens (5/793, 0.6%) with positive AMACR staining that did not meet the criteria for prostatic cancer on the original H&E slides were considered to be atypia. Conclusions : In this study, we found a 1.1% false-negative rate for carcinoma on routine H&E-stained sections. AMACR immunohistochemical staining has shown the ability to improve detection of small focal prostatic carcinoma that could be missed by conventional histological examination.
Environmental and genetic risk factors in early human atherogenesis: Lessons from the PDAY study

Abstract A multi-institutional study 'Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth' (PDAY) was initiated to document the natural history of atherosclerosis, its relationship to risk factors, and pathobiology of lesion development in young subjects. Pathology laboratories in nine centers collected arteries and tissues from over 2000 persons from 15 through 34 years of age whose deaths were attributed to homicides, accidents, or suicides. Arteries were evaluated for lesions, and risk factors were analyzed in a central laboratory. Post-mortem risk factors included serum lipoproteins, serum thiocyanate (smoking), glycohemoglobin (diabetes), thickness of panniculus adiposus (obesity), small renal artery changes (hypertension) and apoprotein isoforms. This study documents the development of atherosclerosis at an early age. It also shows that the recognized risk factors for coronary heart disease are associated with lesion development in the arteries of these young subjects. The PDAY study has a counterpart in Japan where the development of atherosclerosis has been studied in young subjects. This Japanese study, in a population in which coronary heart disease has not yet become a major epidemic, has findings quite similar to the findings from the PDAY study. Studies of atherosclerosis in both Japan and the USA provide strong justification for reducing risk factors in young persons.
Photocarcinogenicity of drugs

A number of commonly used medications including quinolone antibiotics, psoralens and various tetracycline derivatives are photosensitizers. These chemicals enhance the erythema response to sunlight. The effect of such exposures on cancer risk has only been quantified in humans for oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA). The experience of a cohort of 1380 patients followed for more than 20 years who received PUVA therapy for the treatment of psoriasis documents that long-term high dose exposure to PUVA greatly increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. After 15 years, the risk of melanoma is also increased among high dose patients. With PUVA therapy, an agent which is immunosuppressive in the skin, induces psoralen DNA adducts, is genotoxic and mutagenic. Substantially increased risk is only observed after many purposeful exposures to ultraviolet and this drug. These data suggest that at least some photosensitizing chemicals can substantially increase the risk of skin cancer in humans, but long-term multiple exposures appear to be necessary for a clinical meaningful increase of risk.
International Stem Cell Collaboration: How Disparate Policies between the United States and the United Kingdom Impact Research

As the scientific community globalizes, it is increasingly important to understand the effects of international collaboration on the quality and quantity of research produced. While it is generally assumed that international collaboration enhances the quality of research, this phenomenon is not well examined. Stem cell research is unique in that it is both politically charged and a research area that often generates international collaborations, making it an ideal case through which to examine international collaborations. Furthermore, with promising medical applications, the research area is dynamic and responsive to a globalizing science environment. Thus, studying international collaborations in stem cell research elucidates the role of existing international networks in promoting quality research, as well as the effects that disparate national policies might have on research. This study examined the impact of collaboration on publication significance in the United States and the United Kingdom, world leaders in stem cell research with disparate policies. We reviewed publications by US and UK authors from 2008, along with their citation rates and the political factors that may have contributed to the number of international collaborations. The data demonstrated that international collaborations significantly increased an article's impact for UK and US investigators. While this applied to UK authors whether they were corresponding or secondary, this effect was most significant for US authors who were corresponding authors. While the UK exhibited a higher proportion of international publications than the US, this difference was consistent with overall trends in international scientific collaboration. The findings suggested that national stem cell policy differences and regulatory mechanisms driving international stem cell research in the US and UK did not affect the frequency of international collaborations, or even the countries with which the US and UK most often collaborated. Geographical and traditional collaborative relationships were the predominate considerations in establishing international collaborations.
Acute Liver Failure and Liver Assist Devices

Survival of patients presenting with acute liver failure (ALF) has improved over the past decades due to earlier disease recognition, advances in supportive measures, intensive care, and liver transplantation. Liver assist devices may have a role in future care of patients with ALF, bridging them to recovery or to transplantation. A multidisciplinary team approach to the care of patients with ALF is critical for achieving good patient outcomes.
Men performing as women: Explorations in the world of female impersonators

Female impersonation, the public presentation of a feminine appearance, mannerisms, and character by males, is a neglected, but informative, area of inquiry for gender theorists. This paper examines the experiences and identities of a sample of professional female impersonators. Using data from semistructured interviews, the virtual (externally imposed) and actual (internally constructed) social identities of such men are analyzed. Reliance on impersonators’ own accounts of experiences as both performers and socially stigmatized persons uncovers discrepancies between perceptions of self and social labels. The social constructionist interpretation of gender is explored in light of the essentialist beliefs of both impersonators and their critics.
The effect of propofol on CA1 pyramidal cell excitability and GABAA-mediated inhibition in the rat hippocampal slice

Abstract An in vitro paired-pulse orthodromic stimulation technique was used to examine the effects of propofol on excitatory afferent terminals, CA1 pyramidal cells and recurrent collateral evoked inhibition in the rat hippocampal slice. Hippocampal slices 400 um thick were perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and electrodes were placed in the CA1 region to record extracellular field population spike (PS) or excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) responses to stimulation of Schaffer collateral/commissural fibers. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated recurrent inhibition was measured using a paired-pulse technique. The major effect of propofol (7–28 μM) was a dose and time dependent increase in the intensity and duration of GABA-mediated inhibition. This propofol effect could be rapidly and completely reversed by exposure to known GABA A antagonists, including picrotoxin, bicuculline and pentylenetetrazol. It was also reversed by the chloride channel antagonist, 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonicacid (DIDS). It was not antagonized by central (flumazenil) or peripheral (PK11195) benzodiazepire antagonists. Reversal of endogenous inhibition was also noted with the antagonists picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol. Input/output curves constructed using stimulus propofol caused only a small enhancement of EPSPs at higher stimulus intensities but had no effect on PS amplitudes. These studies are consistent with propofol having a GABA A -chloride channel mechanism causing its effect on recurrent collateral evoked inhibition in the rat hippocampal slice.
APOBEC3G-independent reduction in virion infectivity during long-term HIV-1 replication in terminally differentiated macrophages

Abstract APOBEC3G (APO3G) is a cellular cytidine deaminase with potent antiviral activity. In the case of HIV, the antiviral activity of APO3G is counteracted by the viral Vif protein. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) are terminally differentiated, non-dividing cells susceptible to HIV infection. Human MDM are known to express APO3G and HIV replication in these cells is dependent on Vif. Here we analyzed the correlation between HIV-1 replication and APO3G expression in MDM. Replication of wild type HIV-1 induced a gradual 4–5-fold reduction in APO3G expression. The efficiency of APO3G downregulation correlated with the efficiency of virus replication. Interestingly, despite downregulation of APO3G, the relative infectivity of viruses rapidly declined during the course of infection and was already reduced ∼ 90% prior to peak virus production. Cell-free virus preparations showed increased levels of a 41 kDa MA–CA processing intermediate. Sequence analysis around the MA–CA cleavage site and the protease and LTR regions did not reveal deaminase-induced hypermutation of the viral genome, suggesting that APO3G activity is not responsible for the incomplete Gag processing. Thus, the loss of infectivity of HIV-1 viruses produced from long-term infected primary macrophages is due to an APO3G-independent mechanism.
Notes on Avicenna's Concept of Thingness ( šay'iyya )

Les debats du kalām classique sur la relation reciproque entre chose (say') et existant (mawgūd) ont-ils prepare le terrain a la distinction avicennienne entre essence (māhiyya) et existence (wugūd)? Certains indices conduisent a penser que le concept de say'iyya pourrait avoir joue un role d'intermediaire entre les discussions des mutakallimīn et celle d'Avicenne. Cependant, les mentions par Avicenne de la say'iyya apparaissent plus frequemment dans les passages consacres a l'analyse de la relation entre causes efficientes et causes finales, question purement aristotelicienne. Un probleme philologique surgit alors: ces passages devraient-ils etre corriges pour lire sababiyya (causalite) a la place de say'iyya? Je soutiens que l'examen attentif des donnees incline a conserver say'iyya. Pour Avicenne, la say'iyya est l'aspect selon lequel la cause finale est premiere par rapport a la cause efficiente (aussi bien que par rapport aux causes formelle et materielle); l'existence, au contraire, est l'aspect selon lequel la cause efficiente est premiere par rapport a la cause finale. On peut discerner, en fait, dans les discussions d'Avicenne concernant les causalites efficiente et finale, que sa pensee suit une evolution depuis la problematique du kalām, opposant say' et mawgūd, jusqu'a sa propre problematique opposant māhiyya et wugūd.
Vibrational energy relaxation and reorientation of azide ion pairs in DMSO

Abstract Vibrational energy relaxation (VER) and reorientation times have been measured by ultrafast polarization infrared spectroscopy for the antisymmetric stretching ν3 band of free azide ion and NaN3, MgN3+, and CaN3+ ion pairs in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. The ν3 absorption bands are shifted to higher frequency in the ion pairs relative to the unassociated, dissolved anion, but VER times of the ion pairs are similar, all in the range of 11–18 ps. The reorientation times of the ion pairs are longer (>20 ps) than for free azide (6 ± 2 ps), as expected based on their structures. Ab initio calculations were performed to help interpret the experimental results.
Axisymmetric vortex method for low-mach number, diffusion-controlled combustion

A grid-free, Lagrangian method for the accurate simulation of low-Mach number, variable-density, diffusion-controlled reacting flow is presented. A fast-chemistry model in which the conversion rate of reactants to products is limited by the local mixing rate is assumed in order to reduce the combustion problem to the solution of a convection-diffusion-generation equation with volumetric expansion and vorticity generation at the reaction fronts. The solutions of the continuity and vorticity equations, and the equations governing the transport of species and energy, are obtained using a formulation in which particles transport conserved quantities by convection and diffusion. The dynamic impact of exothermic combustion is captured through accurate integration of source terms in the vorticity transport equations at the location of the particles, and the extra velocity field associated with volumetric expansion at low Mach number computed to enforced mass conservation. The formulation is obtained for an axisymmetric geometry where the impact of radial symmetry is imposed partly through the introduction of an "adaptive" core function, used in the discretization of the vorticity field, whose shape depend on the location of the computational element with respect to the axis of symmetry, and partly through the implementation of the Green's functions of the Poisson's equation and the diffusion equation. The core function is used to compute the velocity field, and in the simulation of diffusion, where the formulation allows different computational elements to have different core sizes, using an extension of the vorticity re-distribution approach. A fractional-step method is applied to decouple the convection and diffusion operators in the equations in the nonreacting flow. In the reacting flow simulations, operator splitting is applied to decouple the convection, generation and diffusion operators, while a second-order predictor-corrector integration is used in the convection and generation steps. Numerical tests are used to examine the convergence rates of the algorithm using a number of generic examples.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Theories of Dipole-Exchange Spin Waves in Thin Films: Case of the Missing Surface States

Calculations of dipole-exchange spin waves in thin films using a microscopic model show no evidence of surface modes above the lowest bulk frequency, in contrast to recent results based on a macroscopic model. The apparent absence of the surface branch in the former model is explained in terms of the admixture of bulk and surface waves. Nearly exact quantitative agreement between the two models is obtained for wave vectors as large as ${10}^{7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Synthesis of hyperbranched P poly(glycerol‐diacid) oligomers

Novel oligomeric prepolymers were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerol with iminodiacetic, azelaic, or succinic acid. The prepolymers were obtained, on average, in 62% yield and were characterized by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography. The synthesized oligomers had an average M.W. of 1543 Daltons (average polydispersity (PD)=1.34, average degree of polymerization (DOP)=5.5). Hyperbranching was evident in the oligomers produced when using azelaic acid and succinic acid as co-monomers with glycerol, whereas the reaction between iminodiacetic acid and glycerol resulted in linear products bearing cyclic urethane structures.
Texture development in the stir zone of near-α titanium friction stir welds

Shear textures in the stir zone of a near- α -titanium friction stir weld were examined by electron backscatter diffraction. The texture matches that of a D 2 ( 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 2 ) [ 1 1 1 ] bcc simple shear texture that was transformed to hcp according to the Burgers orientation relationship, which aligns { 1 1 0 } bcc with { 0 0 0 1 } hcp , although there is also evidence of a P 1 hcp shear texture component. Deformation therefore occurred predominantly above the β transus, and the α texture was inherited from a simple shear texture of the β phase.
Performance of a piezohydraulic actuation system with active valves

The concept of piezohydraulic actuation is to transfer the reciprocal small stroke displacement of piezoceramics into one directional movement by frequency rectification through the media of hydraulic fluid. Our work in piezohydraulic actuation is focused on the development of systems that incorporate active valves for flow control. We present experimental results demonstrating the importance of fluid compressibility and valve timing in the optimization of the output power of the actuation system. An efficiency analysis is also presented. Results show the effective bulk modulus of the fluid is approximately linearly dependent on pressure. A linear bulk modulus to pressure model for the working fluid is developed and the data is compared to experimental results. An array of different timing tests are run on the inlet and outlet valves and the results show that their timing is crucial to the performance of the system. Also shown is that the optimal timing conditions change slightly under different loads. To analyze the power and efficiency, the system is considered as two sub-systems, the piezoceramics sub-system and the hydraulic component sub-system. The power and efficiency of each sub-system is measured and analyzed under different loads. As load increases, the results show that the efficiency of the piezoceramics decreases while the efficiency of the hydraulic components increases.
Stress analysis of solenoids that develop gaps

Several large superconducting magnets recently built or under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory use ventilated winding-pack designs. Due to external constraints, it is not always possible to develop enough prestress to ensure compressive layer-to-layer interface pressures. Unless there is some mechanism to support tensile interface pressures (such as epoxy bonding, which is not possible in ventilated magnet designs), the magnet will develop gaps at these interfaces. Presented herein is a theory for determination of the nonlinear mechanical behavior of axisymmetric solenoids that can develop frictionless gaps which may open and close during magnet cooldown and energization. Also discussed are the implementation of this theory within a computer program and an example application of this theory to several magnets.
The importance of extended high viremics in models of HIV spread in South Africa.

Recent studies found a substantial fraction of ‘extended high viremics’ among HIV-1 subtype C, the most common subtype in southern Africa. Extended high viremics are HIV infected individuals who maintain a high viral load for a longer time period than usual after the initial infection. They are more infectious during this period, and their infection progresses to full-blown AIDS and death much faster than usual. This study investigates the impact of extended high viremics on the spread of the HIV epidemic in South Africa. We develop a simple deterministic compartmental model for HIV infection that includes extended high viremics. As the available data on extended high viremics are limited, we parameterize this model using only the fraction of extended high viremics among new infections and the reduced life-span of extended high viremics. We find that without extended high viremics, the HIV prevalence in South Africa would have remained close to its 1990 level, instead of increasing to the current epidemic levels. We also find that the greater the fraction of extended high viremics among susceptibles, the greater the steady-state HIV prevalence and the more sensitive the steady-state prevalence is to the HIV transmission probability. These results suggest that extended high viremics have an impact on the HIV epidemic in South Africa; justify the need for comprehensive epidemiological studies since the current data is limited; and suggest that future models of HIV for southern Africa should explicitly model extended high viremics.
Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves of GaBr

Abstract Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves are computed for the low-lying states of GaBr using complete active space MCSCF (CASSCF) followed by configuration interaction (CI) calculations. Among the 15 electronic states of GaBr considered here, 11 states are bound, for which spectroscopic properties are calculated. The potential energy curves of 15 states are reported. Our calculations predict a number of excited states of GaBr which are yet to be observed.
Attractiveness of tobacco budworm females altered by oral chemosterilants and dietary additives

FemaleHeliothis virescens (F.) moths reared from larvae on diet treated (0.1%) with experimental chemosterilants or the dietary additive, DL-leucine, were used as bait in sex lure traps in field cages when they were 2–4 nights old. Catches of untreated released males were used to determine relative attractiveness of the chemically treated females. The catch (indicating quantity or production frequency of pheromone) was significantly increased whendl-leucine had been fed in the larval diet, and sulfanilamide caused a slight increase in female attractiveness. The catch of males was significantly reduced when either reserpine or quercitin had been added to the diet. The other chemicals, bisdicumarol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, β-sitosterol, and dihydrocholesterol, did not significantly affect the catch.
Propagation of singularities phenomena for equations of tricome type

A survey of the author's recent results concerning propagation of singularities phenomena for linear mixed type partial differential equations is given. Results described include the interior effects of nontrapping over compact sets and seudo-convexity and the exhibition of the boundary effects of reflection, diffraction, and trapped gliding rays.Implications of the boundary results for selecting domains which can support solutions with isolated parabolic boundary singularities are given. Applications of the interior phenomena to solvability results are discussed as well as interpretations in the context of semi-Riemannian geometry and general relativity.
On an iterative method for variational inequalities

A number of numerical solutions are presented as examples of a new iterative method for variational inequalities. The iterative method is based on the reduction of variational inequalities to the Wiener-Hopf equations. For obstacle problems the convergence is guaranteed inW 1,p spaces forp?2. The examples presented are one and two dimensional obstacle problems in cases when the Greens function is known, but the method is very general.
Behavior of Adult Anoplophora glabripennis on Different Tree Species Under Greenhouse Conditions

We observed behaviors and compiled activity budgets of adult Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) given a choice of different species of living trees as hosts in a greenhouse. Frequency of observation of beetles on different tree species provided a good overall indicator of host preference. Beetles were most often observed resting; they were least active early in the day and most active late in the day, but mating was observed with equal frequency during all 4-h time intervals between 0800 and 2400 h. Adults of both sexes were promiscuous, mating repeatedly and with different partners. Males engaged in mate guarding for periods of several hours or more to ensure paternity of the guarded female's progeny.
Transport reduction via shear flow modification of the cross phase

As a model example of the effect of shear flow on the cross phase between electrostatic potential and pressure fluctuations, a nonlinear theory of resistive pressure gradient driven turbulence (RPGDT) in a shear flow is presented. This work builds on numerical studies of RPGDT, which have shown that both flow shear and curvature can affect the cross phase as well as the fluctuation levels. In this work, we show that the effect of shear flow on transport can be expressed through the temporal response of pressure to potential. It is shown heuristically that even in the case where the fluctuation levels are not modified, the flow shear still acts to reduce the phase angle between potential and pressure fluctuations, thereby suppressing transport. The scaling of the cross phase with flow shear and flow curvature is presented.
Intentions and institutions: Turning points and adolescents’ moral threshold

Abstract Morality is reemerging into sociological analyses; however social psychological mechanisms are currently underutilized within life course studies. This paper examines a key potential life course turning point in the careers of adolescents who encounter the criminal justice system to demonstrate the moral dimension of desistance from criminal activity. We explore the relationship between social institutions and individual intentions by looking at cognitive and emotional reactions adolescents report encountering the criminal justice system, offering a hypothetical model highlighting the central place of shame – a quintessential moral emotion brought about either by institutional pressures or feedback from significant others – in the process of shifting life course intentions. We focus on these ways that individual ‘moral thresholds’ may shift, potentially leading to life course turning points.
Is it time to proactively switch successful antiretroviral therapy? Carefully check your SWATCH.

In Martinez-Picado and colleagues' study reported in this issue, fewer virologic failures occurred with alternating antiretroviral regimens than with continuous treatment with one triple-drug regim...
Rhabdoid Epithelioid Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterine Corpus: A Case Report and Literature Review

A case of epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus with rhabdoid phenotype and early rhabdomyoblastic differentiation is described. A 72-year-old woman with a 5-week history of increased abdominal girth was found to have a large pelvic mass. The uterus revealed a large intramyometrial and left adnexal necrotic tumor that had spread to the small bowel mesentery and to the anterior abdominal peritoneum. The tumor was an epithelioid leiomyosarcoma with rhabdoid phenotype and focal early rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, as confirmed by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Also called composite extrarenal rhabdoid tumor (CERT), this lesion should be differentiated from malignant mixed mullerian tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and pure rhabdoid tumors of the uterus. The recognition of a rhabdoid phenotype is of clinical importance since these tumors are prone to be aggressive.
Synergistic blends of natural polymers, pectin and sodium alginate

A wide range of Pectin and Sodium Alginate blends have been investigated by casting films from aqueous solution. Blends showed synergy both in mechanical properties and water vapor permeation rate. Previously observed synergism in gels at low pH is also maintained in cast films of blends having up to 40% Pectin. Films were made water-insoluble by post-treatment with CaCl 2 , which develops physical crosslinks among the molecules of both polymers. After CaCl 2 treatment, mechanical properties are drastically changed due to development of physically crosslinked tie points in the molecular network structure. The modulus and tensile strength of the resulting network structure are dependent on the nature of the polymers. Even in water insoluble films, synergism in mechanical and water barrier properties is retained in films having up to 20% Pectin content. Structural reorganization before and after CaCl 2 treatment was investigated by X-ray and dynamic mechanical analysis. The synergism observed in mechanical properties of the films before and after CaCl 2 treatment is attributed to reduction in molecular mobility and change in molecular network structure. Structural reorganization in CaCl 2 -treated films, and thereby film properties, is dependent on the compositions of the blends; blended films show sharp glassy-rubbery transition in the storage modulus—temper— ature plot, which is not the case in untreated films. Film flexibility increases with increasing Pectin content in the blends.
Internal Classification of the Alor-Pantar Language Family Using Computational Methods Applied to the Lexicon

The non-Austronesian languages of Alor and Pantar in eastern Indonesia have been shown to be genetically related using the comparative method, but the identified phonological innovations are typologically common and do not delineate neat subgroups. We apply computational methods to recently collected lexical data and are able to identify subgroups based on the lexicon. Crucially, the lexical data are coded for cognacy based on identified phonological innovations. This methodology can succeed even where phonological innovations themselves fail to identify subgroups, showing that computational methods using lexical data can be a powerful tool supplementing the comparative method.
Canopy temperature based system effectively schedules and controls center pivot irrigation of cotton

Abstract Cotton is a perennial plant with an indeterminate growth pattern that is typically produced like an annual, but requires proper management to effectively produce high yields and good fiber quality in a thermally limited environment like the northern Texas High Plains. In 2007 and 2008, we investigated the effect of irrigation scheduling/control method and amount on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and water use efficiency. Methods were automatic irrigation scheduling and control of a center pivot system, and manually scheduled irrigation to replenish soil–water to field capacity. Cotton was irrigated with LEPA (low energy, precision application) drag socks in furrow dikes; three blocks were irrigated manually and three were irrigated automatically. Six replicates of the manual and automatic irrigation treatments were included in the randomized block design. Manual irrigations were based on the weekly replenishment of soil–water to field capacity in the top 1.5 m of the soil profile and included a fully irrigated treatment (I100), and treatments receiving 67% (I67) and 33% (I33) of the I100 amount, plus a non-irrigated treatment (I0). Automatic irrigations were triggered using a time temperature threshold (TTT) algorithm, which was designated as the I100 treatment, and treatments receiving 67%, 33%, and 0% of that amount (I67, I33 and I0, respectively). In 2007, overall mean lint yields (102.3 and 101.6 g m−2, manual and automatic, respectively) were not significantly different. Similarly, yields were not significantly different across automatic and manual treatments in the same treatment level, with the exception of the I67 treatment where the manual treatment yields were 11% greater. In 2008, the mean yields were 70% less than those in 2007 for both methods of irrigation (30.3 and 30.9 g m−2, manual and automatic, respectively) due to harsh climatic conditions at emergence and heavy rainfall and cooler temperatures in the month of August. Yields from the automatically irrigated plots in the I100 and I67 treatments, however, were significantly greater than yields from the corresponding manually irrigated plots; though there was no significant difference between yields in the drier treatments (I33 and I0) plots. These results indicate that the TTT algorithm is a promising method for auto-irrigation scheduling of short season cotton in an arid region. However, further studies are essential to demonstrate consistent positive outcomes.
Murderers and overcontrolled hostility

Lester, et ul. (1974) predicted that overcontrolled murderers should be more depressed and more introverted than undercontrolled murderers. To test this prediction, 16 inmates who had been sentenced for murder were given the Maudsley Personality Inventory (Jensen, 1958) to measure introversion, the Zung (1965) self-rating depression scale, and the overcontrol of hostility scale (Megargee, et dl., 1967). The men were 27.0 yr. old (SD = 3.1) and had served 7.4 yr. of their sentence (SD = 2.3). The product-moment correlation between overcontrol of hostility and depression was -0.28, nonsignificant and in a direction opposite to the prediction. The correlation between overcontrol and introversion was -0.36, nonsignificant and in a direction opposite to that predicted1 One may also note that overcontrol correlated significantly with Lie scale scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory, suggesting that overcontrolled individuals do indeed control their impulses unduly. This failure to find that murderers whose aggressive impulses are more overcontrolled are either depressed or introverted casts doubt on the prediction. However, this sample was tested after the murders and after several years of institutionalization. It may be that the predictions of Lester, et al. would be confirmed in a sample of murderers tested prior to the release of aggression.
Aging of amorphous raspberry powder: enthalpy relaxation and fragility.

Abstract Enthalpy relaxation experiments were conducted in freeze-dried raspberry powder at 5, 10 and 15 °C below its onset glass transition temperature ( T gi ) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The statistical differences in T gi for the raspberry powders aged at ( T gi − 5), ( T gi − 10), and ( T gi − 15) from 6 to 96 h were not significant ( p > 0.05). The non-exponential behavior of enthalpy relaxation in raspberry powder was fitted with the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) model. The mean relaxation time constant ( τ ) (1017.4 h) for raspberry powder aged at the temperature ( T gi − 15) was greater than the τ (147.1 h) at ( T gi − 5). The KWW model parameter β values for freeze-dried raspberry powders were greater than the β values of pure food constituents. The activation energy for enthalpy relaxation in the glassy state was determined as 145.4 kJ/mol by approximating with the Arrhenius equation. The dependence of mean relaxation time on temperature followed an Arrhenius behavior indicating raspberry powder is a strong system. Several approaches were used to classify raspberry powder into strong/fragile system. There is a difference among fragility parameters of raspberry powders determined using selected methods.
Injection Drug Use and Wound Care

Persons who have injected drugs present challenges to providing wound care. They tend to have multiple physical and psychosocial problems and abuse many substances. They may mistrust health care providers because of past experiences and their perceived negative attitude toward providers. Because they often self-treat abscesses and wounds before seeking care, the infection or wound can be large. A complete history and physical examination should be obtained. All aspects of the person's background will have an impact on wound healing. Wounds need careful assessment and diagnosis. Correct diagnosis of the wound is critical for the proper treatment. Treatment decisions must also include pain control, financial concerns, living arrangements, insurance, and the person's ability to perform the care. Patient education is a critical link in enhancing positive wound healing outcomes.