cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A literature survey of broken ice-structure interaction modelling methods for ships and offshore platforms

Abstract Numerical modelling present an alternative to the more industry-accepted full-scale trials and physical model tests for predicting ice actions on ships and offshore platforms in a broken ice-field. Before a method is developed or adopted, it is essential to survey the existing methods that modelled relevant aspects of ice-ship interaction processes. This work presents an extensive literature survey of various existing ice-structure interaction models, primarily in the context of their applications to the simulations of stationkeeping and dynamic positioning (DP) of ships and offshore platforms in broken and managed ice-fields. A brief discussion is presented on various modelling methods, highlights of their capabilities, limitations, and applicability for real-time or fast simulations. Most of the computational methods such as finite element method (FEM), discrete element method (DEM), particle in cell (PIC) method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, and other conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods require high computation resources. They often take a long calculation time, which is unsuitable for real-time simulations. The suitable methods for such simulations are perhaps the non-smooth DEM (NDEM), 2-D DEM, empirical, and some hybrid methods. Regardless of the methods adopted, validations with quality measurements and observations are paramount to the success of the models.
Complications Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty Versus Ankle Arthrodesis for Primary Ankle Osteoarthritis.

IntroductionThere are minimal data comparing complications between ankle arthrodesis (AA) versus total ankle arthroplasty (TAR) for operative management of primary osteoarthritis (OA). This study a...
What is the optimal initial dose of epinephrine during neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room

The neonatal resuscitation program recommends a wide dose range of epinephrine for newborns who receive chest compressions (endotracheal tube [ET] dose of 0.05–0.1 mg/kg or intravenous [IV] dose of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg), which presents a challenge to neonatal care providers when attempting to determine the optimal initial dose. Dosing errors are common when preparing epinephrine for neonatal resuscitation. Based on animal data, we suggest preparing 0.1 mg/kg or 1 ml/kg of 1 mg/10 ml epinephrine in a 5 ml syringe for ET administration. For IV epinephrine, we suggest preparing an initial dose of 0.02 mg/kg or 0.2 ml/kg of 1 mg/10 ml epinephrine in a 1 ml syringe. A dose of 0.02 mg/kg enables use of a 1 ml syringe for a wide range of birth weights from 500 g to 5 kg. The use of a color-coded syringe may decrease errors in dose preparation.
Editorial: Business and the Development of Christian Social Thought

Gratian, the great medieval codifier of canon law, included this aphorism: “It is always unlawful for men to fornicate, but it is sometimes lawful to do business.” To say that the Christian tradition’s interaction with the world of business has been mercurial might be an overstatement, however. There has been a relatively clear development in the attitudes of Christian theologians, from the church fathers to the present day, moving from outright criticism and cautious skepticism (if not unambiguous rejection) to relative critical appreciation and cautious optimism (if not uncritical embrace).
Second trimester cerebroplacental ratio versus umbilicocerebral ratio for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes.

An abnormal third trimester cerebroplacental ratio has been previously associated with adverse perinatal outcome. The less studied inverse of the cerebroplacental ratio, the umbilicocerebral ratio,...
Collaboration vs. Imposition as Motifs for a Theory of Public Finance: Transcending the Goldscheid-Schumpeter Debate

This essay is written for a Festschrift to commemorate Jurgen Backhaus’s contributions to political economy on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Erfurt. Jurgen is a penetrating and wide-ranging scholar from whom I have learned much since we first met in 1974. It would be easy to write a book to commemorate the numerous paths of influence and insight I have received from Jurgen. But I have only this paper through which to offer my commemoration and I have chosen a topic that arose at our very first meeting. That topic was the debate between Joseph Schumpeter and Rudolf Goldscheid regarding different approaches to the discharge of Austria’s public debt at the end of the First World War and the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. That point of departure leads quickly into a consideration of divergent approaches to the theory of public finance, and particularly the conceptualization of capital accounts for political entities and the place of political presuppositions within a theory of public finance.
The Dynamics of Brain–Body–Environment Systems: A Status Report

Publisher Summary It is becoming increasingly clear that situatedness, embodiment, and dynamics work much better as a unit. Combining these three ideas leads to the notion of a brain–body–environment system, wherein an agent's nervous system, its body, and its environment are each conceptualized as dynamical systems that are in continuous interaction. Taking such a perspective seriously has fundamental implications across the cognitive, behavioral, and brain sciences, but it also raises many difficult empirical and theoretical challenges. Exploring these implications and addressing these challenges has been a major focus of the current research program for almost 20 years. This chapter reviews both the experimental and the theoretical accomplishments of this research program to date, and then discusses some of the major challenges that remain.
C-Terminal Protein Sequence Analysis Using the Hewlett-Packard G1009A C-Terminal Protein Sequencing System

An automated carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) protein sequencing technology developed by Hewlett-Packard enables the direct confirmation of the C-terminal sequence of native and expressed proteins, the detection and characterization of protein processing at the C-terminus, the identification of post-translational proteolytic cleavages, and partial sequence information on amino-terminally blocked protein samples. The approach offers sequence analysis through each of the 20 common amino acid residues including proline, which has historically been highly problematic. Additionally, the scope of typically analyzable protein samples spans a usefully broad molecular weight range and degree of structural complexity.
Impact of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack due to ARP storm

ARP-based Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks due to ARP-storms can happen in local area networks where many hosts are infected by worms such as code red. In ARP attack, the DDoS agents constantly send a barrage of ARP requests to the gateway, or to another host within the same sub-network, and ties up the resource of attacked gateway or host. In this paper, we measure the impact of ARP-storms on the availability of processing and memory resources of a Window-XP server deploying a high performance Pentium-IV processor. Index terms — ARP attack, Computer Network Security, Distributed Denial of Service Attacks.
Ontology alignment for real-world applications

An ontology-driven approach to data integration relies on the alignment of the concepts of a global ontology that describe the domain, with the concepts of the ontologies that describe the data in the local databases. Once the alignment between the global ontology and each of the local ontologies is established, users can potentially query hundreds of databases using a single query that hides the underlying heterogeneities. Using our approach, querying can be easily extended to a new database by aligning its ontology with the global one. For this purpose, we have designed and implemented a software tool to align ontologies. The output of this tool is a set of mappings between concepts, which will be used to produce the queries to the local databases once a query is formulated on the global ontology.
Aspects of diapause and its genetics in northern drosophilids

The adult diapause of Drosophila subarctica, D. littoralis and D. bifasciata and the larval diapause of Chymomyza costata are described along with the geographic distribution of the diapausing races in northern Scandinavia. The northern populations of these species are univoltine and the adult diapause appears to depend on the photoperiod and the larval diapause on temperature. The genetics of the diapause in D. littoralis was elucidated by crosses between univoltine and multivoltine strains. Multivoltinism appears to be dominant over univoltinism and the genetic determination of diapause polygenic.
Obstructing ventricular septal defect in double outlet right ventricle.

Abstract Three cases of double outlet right ventricle with evidence of interventricular obstruction are presented. In 2, the diagnosis was established by hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic studies. The arterial oxygen saturation was normal, indicating a preferential flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. The systolic pressure in the right ventricle and aorta was equal, and a significant gradient between the left ventricle and aorta was found. Gineangiocardiography showed a high aorta originating from the right ventricle and demonstrated that a small ventricular septal defect was the only outlet of the left ventricle. In the third case, postmortem examination revealed that the ventricular septal defect was very small. A combined subaortic and subpulmonary conus was present with a prominent subaortic component. The portion of the subpulmonary conus related to the ventricular septal defect was markedly distorted. This arrangement appeared to be responsible for the small size of the ventricular septal defect. It is suggested that the presence of an obstructive ventricular septal defect in double outlet right ventricle constitutes a developmental complex with characteristic clinical, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic features.
Representation, testing and policy implications of planning processes

Various ways to represent planning processes to test and draw policy implications from them are presented. We argue that three kinds of variables should be included: context, process and outcome. Four different models which incorporate these three variables are proposed, and data from a large public sector planning study are fitted to these four models. The findings suggest that the process-outcome link is the key to understanding the effectiveness of planning processes.
Spectroscopic and computational studies of a series of high-spin Ni(II) thiolate complexes.

The electronic structures of a series of high-spin Ni(II)-thiolate complexes of the form [PhTttBu]Ni(SR) (R = CPh3, 2; C6F5, 3; C6H5, 4; PhTttBu = phenyltris((tert-butylthio)methyl)borate) have been characterized using a combined spectroscopic and computational approach. Resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopic data reveal that the νNi−SR vibrational feature occurs between 404 and 436 cm−1 in these species. The corresponding rR excitation profiles display a striking de-enhancement behavior because of interference effects involving energetically proximate electronic excited states. These data were analyzed in the framework of time-dependent Heller theory to obtain quantitative insight into excited state nuclear distortions. The electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of 2−4 are characterized by numerous charge transfer (CT) transitions. The dominant absorption feature, which occurs at ∼18,000 cm−1 in all three complexes, is assigned as a thiolate-to-Ni CT transition involving molecular orbi...
How Many Calories are Necessary During Critical Illness

Several nutritional alternatives exist to provide critically ill patients sufficient calories to meet metabolic demands. Intuitively, investigators, nutritionists, and clinicians have pursued the goal of providing high-calorie nutrition support, believing that this would improve outcomes. There is little evidence, however, that meeting caloric goals is of significant benefit. In fact, accumulating data suggest that feeding patients below previously described caloric goals is associated with better outcomes, including decreases in hospital stay, ventilator dependence, use of antibiotics, and even mortality. This suggests that permissive underfeeding could replace the paradigm of meeting measured caloric goals. Prospective evidence to support adoption of permissive underfeeding is lacking, however. Appropriate clinical studies are necessary to prove its safety and efficacy.
Evolutionary aspects and sensitivity studies of some major gene models

Abstract Extensive biometrical and statistically oriented studies in segregation and pedigree analyses reflect current efforts to demonstrate major gene factors playing a significant role for a whole hierarchy of multifactorial diseases and related risk factors exhibiting continuous variation. The evolutionary aspects of the changes in gene frequencies of some major gene one locus models admitting a broad range of genotype-phenotype associations and different forms of selection functions are investigated. The flexibility of differences among the genotypic-phenotypic distribution can take account of variable penetrance expressivity, complex multifarious heterogeneous background effects, or partial dominance concepts. The phenotype distribution and selection function are assumed to be time invariant such that the environments with which the population interacts do not depend on either the phenotypes or the genotypes present in the population of any particular generation. Viability selection optimizing or directional acts on the phenotypic level. We consider random mating, and concentrate mostly on evaluating the nature of the equilibrium structure for the cases of “strong” and “weak” selection. For weak stabilizing selection the determinants of superior genotypic fitness in the class of phenotypic symmetric distributions reside in minimizing a combination of the phenotypic variance and the deviation of the phenotypic mean from the optimal phenotype. With equal means of central phenotype values, a canalizing selection effect signifying fitness superiority for the genotype with minimal variance is in force. For strong stabilizing selection the genotype-phenotype density at the optimal value determines the relative genotype fitness value. For directional selection the determinants of the selection realizations depend on a “standardized” deviation of the mean phenotype distributional value relative to its total variance. The effects of symmetry as against asymmetry in the genotype distributions with prescribed means and variances were investigated by numerical computations.
Discovery of two young brown dwarfs in an eclipsing binary system

Brown dwarfs are so-called failed stars that have insufficient mass to sustain nuclear reactions but are too massive to be planets. From this in-between position, brown dwarfs offer unique insights into the nature and origins of both stars and planets. Until now it has not been possible to measure the fundamental physical properties of brown dwarfs directly. But with the discovery of two young brown dwarfs in an eclipsing binary system in the Orion Nebula star-forming region, it has been possible to measure the mass and radius of two in one go. Surprisingly, the less-massive brown dwarf is the hotter of the pair; a finding that runs contrary to the predictions of all current theoretical models of coeval brown dwarfs. This might mean that the two brown dwarfs did not form at the same time, but got together in the recent past. The discovery of a brown-dwarf eclipsing binary system presents a puzzle, as despite both objects having large radii in accordance with current theory the less-massive brown dwarf is the hotter of the pair, contrary to theoretical predictions. Brown dwarfs are considered to be ‘failed stars’ in the sense that they are born with masses between the least massive stars (0.072 solar masses, M⊙)1 and the most massive planets (∼0.013M⊙)2; they therefore serve as a critical link in our understanding of the formation of both stars and planets3. Even the most fundamental physical properties of brown dwarfs remain, however, largely unconstrained by direct measurement. Here we report the discovery of a brown-dwarf eclipsing binary system, in the Orion Nebula star-forming region, from which we obtain direct measurements of mass and radius for these newly formed brown dwarfs. Our mass measurements establish both objects as brown dwarfs, with masses of 0.054 ± 0.005M⊙ and 0.034 ± 0.003M⊙. At the same time, with radii relative to the Sun's of 0.669 ± 0.034R⊙ and 0.511 ± 0.026R⊙, these brown dwarfs are more akin to low-mass stars in size. Such large radii are generally consistent with theoretical predictions for young brown dwarfs in the earliest stages of gravitational contraction4,5. Surprisingly, however, we find that the less-massive brown dwarf is the hotter of the pair; this result is contrary to the predictions of all current theoretical models of coeval brown dwarfs.
Impact of Vineyard Pesticides on a Beneficial Arthropod, Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae), in Laboratory Bioassays

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effects of six vineyard pesticides on Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a key predator of the mite Calepitrimerus vitis Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyoidae), in Pacific coastal vineyards. Materials tested were whey powder, 25% boscalid + 13% pyraclostrobin (Pristine), 40% myclobutanil (Rally), micronized sulfur (92% WP), 75% ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (mancozeb; Manzate), and 91.2% paraffinic oil (JMS Stylet), all applied at three concentrations. Pesticide dilutions were directly sprayed onto T. pyri adult females and juveniles, and each treatment was assessed to determine effects on direct mortality and fecundity. Five of the six pesticides tested resulted in 50% for adult and juvenile assays and resulted in significantly higher mortality. Sublethal effects were more pronounced than acute pesticide toxicity, particularly in juvenile mite bioassays. Significant decreases in fecundity were detected in the sulfur and mancozeb treatments compared with the control in juvenile tests. The relative percentage of fecundity reduction for juvenile mites was highest when applying mancozeb (>70%), sulfur (>25%), or myclobutanil (>20%). Adult mites displayed the greatest reductions in fecundity from applications of paraffinic oil (>20%) or mancozeb (>15%) treatments. Boscalid (+ pyraclostrobin) and whey displayed the least effect on fecundity across all bioassays. These results can be used to develop management guidelines in vineyard pest management practices to help conserve and enhance predatory mite populations.
Sulfite—disulfite equilibrium on an ion chromatography column

In the course of investigating new eluents for the resolution of sulfite from sulfate using a commercial column, unexpected behavior was observed for the sulfite peak when certain eluents were used, namely, distortion of peak shape and shortened retention time with increased concentration. This behavior is described in terms of a sulfite-disulfite equilibrium occurring on the column. Conditions for a baseline resolution of sulfite and sulfate are also presented
Performance of expanded-bed methanogenic reactor

A completely mixed, expanded-bed, anaerobic granular activated carbon reactor was operated continuously on synthetic wastewaters in which acetate was the only organic carbon source. Steady-state performance was achieved for four influent acetate concentrations, namely: 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400 mg/l. Steady-state removal efficiencies of acetate, COD, and DOC exceeded 98, 97 and 98%, respectively. Biological utilization was the major removal mechanism for acetate in the anaerobic filter. This process was demonstrated to be capable of purifying low strength wastewaters down to levels that are acceptable for final discharge. 16 references.
Simulation of Sandstone-Matrix Acidizing in Heterogeneous Reservoirs

A numerical simulator was developed to predict porosity and permeability changes and the resulting effect on well productivity in sandstones subject to matrix acidizing. While earlier acidizing models are based on homogeneous porous media, here vertical variation in permeability was accounted for by consideration of several noncommunicating zones or layers with different overall permeability-height (Kh) products. Each layer, in turn, may have radial permeability variations and different physical and chemical properties. In this manner, the presence of a damaged zone can be incorporated by a change in near-wellbore properties. During acidizing, the permeability change at a given vertical location depends on factors that affect acid penetration rate, such as initial acid concentration, mineral composition, temperature, flow rate, and cumulative acid injected at that location. Because the reservoir is vertically heterogeneous, initial distribution of injected acid will be nonuniform, with the majority of the flowing acid tending to enter zones with higher permeabilites. This is unfavorable because the lower-permeability zones are of interest in a stimulation treatment. Adding diverting agents to the acid solutions, however, tends to decrease the flow rate of higher-permeability areas and helps to distribute fluid uniformly. The effect of organic resin diverting agents (added continuously) on verticalmore » fluid distribution in a wellbore is also modeled. With this model, the effect of injection rate on acid penetration distance and on diverting-agent efficiency was investigated. Acidization results in a heterogeneous porous medium are compared with results obtained for a vertically homogeneous porous medium. Finally, the design of optimal diverting strategies in matrix stimulation of heterogeneous formations is described.« less
[18F]FHBG PET/CT Imaging of CD34-TK75 Transduced Donor T Cells in Relapsed Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patients: Safety and Feasibility

Described herein is a first-in-man attempt to both genetically modify T cells with an imagable suicide gene and track these transduced donor T cells in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients using noninvasive positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) imaging. A suicide gene encoding a human CD34-Herpes Simplex Virus-1-thymidine kinase (CD34-TK75) fusion enabled enrichment of retrovirally transduced T cells (TdT), control of graft-versus-host disease and imaging of TdT migration and expansion in vivo in mice and man. Analysis confirmed that CD34-TK75-enriched TdT contained no replication competent γ-retrovirus, were sensitive to ganciclovir, and displayed characteristic retroviral insertion sites (by targeted sequencing). Affinity-purified CD34-TK75+-selected donor T cells (1.0–13 × 105)/kg were infused into eight patients who relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Six patients also were administered 9-[4-(18F)fluoro-3-hydroxymethyl-butyl]guanine ([18F]FHBG) to specifically track the genetically modified donor T cells by PET/CT at several time points after infusion. All patients were assessed for graft-versus-host disease, response to ganciclovir, circulating TdT cells (using both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and [18F]FHBG PET/CT imaging), TdT cell clonal expansion, and immune response to the TdT. This phase 1 trial demonstrated that genetically modified T cells and [18F]FHBG can be safely infused in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Spectral reflectance and emissivity features of broad leaf plants: Prospects for remote sensing in the thermal infrared (8.0–14.0 μm)

Abstract Field emissivity measurements were made of leaves collected from nine deciduous tree and agricultural plant species. The data show, for the first time, that it is possible to discriminate subtle spectral emissivity features of leaves from the natural background emission. Under conditions of controlled measurement geometry (leaves arranged to cover a flat surface), the field emissivity spectra agreed fairly well with emissivity values calculated from laboratory directional hemispherical reflectance measurements. Spectral features associated with a variety of leaf chemical constituents, including cellulose, cutin, xylan, silica, and oleanolic acid could be identified in the field emissivity data. Structural aspects of leaf surfaces also influenced spectral behavior, notably the abundance of trichomes, as well as wax thickness and texture. Field spectral measurements made at increasing distances from natural plant canopies showed progressive attenuation of the spectral emissivity features. This attenuation is ascribed to increased multiple scattering that superimposes an opposite-in-sign reflected component on the emittance, and to the increasing number of canopy voids within the instrument field of view. Errors associated with the removal of atmospheric features and with the non-isotropic thermal characteristics of canopies also contribute to the loss of spectral information at greater measurement distances. In contrast to visible and short-wave infrared data, thermal infrared spectra of broad leaf plants show considerable spectral diversity, suggesting that such data eventually could be utilized to map vegetation composition. However, remotely measuring the subtle emissivity features of leaves still presents major challenges. To be successful, sensors operating in the 8–14 μm atmospheric window must have high signal-to-noise and a small enough instantaneous field of view to allow measurements of only a few leaf surfaces. Methods for atmospheric compensation, temperature–emissivity separation, and spectral feature analysis also will need to be refined to allow the recognition, and perhaps, exploitation of leaf thermal infrared spectral properties.
Ceramide Reverses Brefeldin A (BFA) Resistance in BFA-resistant Cell Lines

We have found that C6 ceramide, a cell-permeable ceramide analog, partially restored the brefeldin A (BFA) sensitivity in a BFA-resistant mutant of Vero cells (BER-40) and in the naturally BFA-resistant Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Incubation of BER-40 and MDCK cells with low concentrations of C6 ceramide resulted in (i) a pronounced increase in BFA cytotoxicity as measured by the inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation and the inhibition of colony formation by BFA, (ii) a significant protection by BFA against ricin cytotoxicity, and (iii) an inhibition of bulk protein secretion by BFA in BER-40 and MDCK cells. Related sphingolipids including sphingosine, sphingomyelin, and lactosylceramide and other unrelated lipid second messengers such as arachidonic acid and 1,2-diacylglycerol did not elicit the protection of BER-40 and MDCK cells against ricin cytotoxicity by BFA. C6 ceramide was the most effective among the ceramides with different acyl chain lengths. Interestingly, dihydro-C6 ceramide, which lacks the trans double bond in the sphingoid base, had no effect. On the other hand, C6 ceramide did not enhance BFA sensitivity in BFA-sensitive Vero cells. The LD50 of C6 ceramide were similar in Vero and BER-40 cells. Fluorescence microscopic studies revealed that C6 ceramide induced the redistribution of β-COP from the Golgi membranes to a more dispersed localization in both BFA-sensitive and BFA-resistant cell lines, mimicking the effect of BFA. Suboptimal concentration of C6 ceramide also restored the effect of BFA on the β-COP distribution in BER-40 and MDCK cells. These results indicate that C6 ceramide restores the BFA sensitivity in BFA-resistant BER-40 and MDCK cells.
A rule-based robot scheduling system for flexible manufacturing cells

In this research we examine a class of flexible manufacturing cells (FMC) containing a robot. The role of the robot is to load parts onto machines, to unload parts from machines, and to transport parts between machines. Since the productivity of an FMC is directly proportional to the level of productive work performed by the robot, the manner in which robots move between machines affects productivity. The problem of finding efficient robot schedules/tours is therefore one of substantial economic significance in the operation of a FMC. Unfortunately, in many practical situations it is difficult to develop efficient robot schedules given the dynamic environments in which they exist. We devise a rule-based system to assist the cell supervisor in making good decisions by dynamically coordinating the available information during the production process. The rule-based system combines an algorithmic procedure to deal with a well-structured environment and a flexible heuristic approach employed to deal with less well-structured environments. Both the algorithmic and heuristic procedures are applied separately, then together, to control the robot's movement in a simulation experiment. We show that there is a predictable tradeoff between the quality of the resulting schedule and the information contents of heuristic used.
Mechanotransduction via the elastin–laminin receptor (ELR) in resistance arteries

Abstract The arterial wall is composed of dynamically interacting cellular and acellular components that are necessary for the maintenance of vessel homeostasis. Two extracellular proteins in the vessel wall, elastin and laminin, play important structural roles. We recently established a role for the elastin–laminin receptor (ELR) in mechanotransduction of stretch in cultured vascular smooth muscle (VSM) (Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol. 280(3) (2001) H1354). We found stretch-mediated signaling by the ELR decreased the expression of the proto-oncogene, c-fos , and subsequent cellular proliferation. However, the role for the ELR in mediating pressure-induced changes in gene expression in intact, isolated resistance vessels is unknown and the goal of this study was to ascertain this possibility. In this study, isolated rat cerebral (∼180 μm) and mesenteric (∼280 μm) arteries were pressurized to 65 mmHg (baseline) and this pressure was held for 2 h. After this equilibration, pressures were increased to either 80 mmHg ( n =6) or 140 mmHg ( n =6) for 30 min and transcript levels of c-fos and the housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Elevation of pressure in the cerebral arteries decreased the c-fos/ GAPDH ratio by 72% in the 140 mmHg group compared to the 80 mmHg control. Importantly, the decrease in c-fos expression was blocked by ELR peptide antagonists (VGVAPG or YIGSR, 10 μM, n =6). In contrast, the decrease in c-fos expression was not observed in the mesenteric resistance arteries. In these vessels, pressure (140 mmHg) increased the c-fos/GAPDH ratio (+68% compared to normotensive control, n =6). To account for the difference between the cerebral and mesenteric vessels, histological analysis of elastin fiber content was performed. Cerebral arteries have greater amounts of loose elastin fibers (fibers outside of the organized elastin laminae) in the tunica media compared to mesenteric arteries. This may explain the opposite stretch-induced responses of c-fos expression in these vessels. Stretch-induced ELR signaling may play a prominent role in vascular adaptations to hypertension in specific organ systems. Our data further suggest that ELR activation may represent a larger component of mechanosensitive signaling in the cerebral circulation than in the mesenteric circulation.
Slavery, Emancipation and Labour Migration in West Africa: The Case of the Soninke

L'etude des consequences de l'emancipation des esclaves est d'une grande importance pour la comprehension de l'histoire du travail en Afrique occidentale. Le systeme social des Soninke de la haute vallee du Senegal, comme pour beaucoup de peuples saheliens a l'epoque precoloniale, reposait largement sur l'esclavage. L'apparition des migrations de travail chez les Soninke, cependant, s'explique beaucoup moins par l'abolition de l'esclavage que par la disparition progressive du commerce esclavagiste en Senegambie au dix-neuvieme siecle. En effet, c'est alors que furent substitutes a la traite interieure les migrations saisonnieres des jeunes Soninke. Ces migrations, traditionnellement orientees vers le commerce en Gambie, furent detournees vers la production d'arachide dans cette meme region, probablement sous l'influence des trafiquants d'esclaves Soninke. Quant a l'emancipation, elle ne crea nullement un exode chez les esclaves nouvellement liberes mais elle permit leur entree dans la courant des migrations saisonnieres. Dans ce sens, l'abolition de l'esclavage fut un phenomene important dans l'histoire du travail en Afrique occidentale. De plus, elle suscita des transformations dans 1'organisation du travail familial chez les Soninke, qui resulterent en un surcroit de migrants.En conclusion, l'histoire des Soninke illustre l'importance de la question des migrations traditionnelles pour la comprehension des migrations modernes en Afrique occidentale, rappelant en cela l'histoire des migrations de travail en Europe, qui furent elles aussi les heritieres de courants plus anciens de mobilite geographique.
Redatuming borehole-to-surface electromagnetic data using Stratton-Chu integral transforms

Summary We present a new method of analyzing borehole-to-surface electromagnetic (BSEM) survey data based on redatuming of the observed data from receivers distributed over the surface of the earth onto virtual receivers located within the subsurface. The virtual receivers can be placed close to the target of interest, such as just above a hydrocarbon reservoir, which increases the sensitivity of the EM data to the target. The method is based on the principles of downward analytical continuation of EM fields. We use Stratton-Chu type integral transforms to calculate the EM fields at the virtual receivers. Model studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream with a nitrate supplement, southern Mississippi, U.S.A.

Abstract The fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream to which nitrate was added as a nutrient supplement was determined. The stream, in southern Mississippi, U.S.A. was 234 m long. Water was supplied to the stream by an artesian well at about 1.21 s −1 , resulting in a mean water velocity of about 0.5 m min −1 . Acetone was injected continuously for 26 days resulting in concentrations of 20–40 mg l −1 . A nitrate solution was injected for 21 days resulting in an instream concentration of about 1.7 mg l −1 at the upstream end of the stream. Rhodamine-WT dye was used to determine the travel time and dispersion characteristics of the stream, and t-butyl alcohol was used to determine the volatilization characteristics. Volatilization controlled the fate of acetone in the model stream. The lack of substantial bacterial degradation of acetone was contrary to expectations based on the results of laboratory degradation studies using model stream water enriched with nitrate. A possible explanation for the lack of significant degradation in the model stream may be the limited 6-h residence time of the acetone in the stream.
What do we know about iron in silicon after 45 yr of research

Abstract Iron is the most investigated metallic impurity in crystalline silicon. It is thought that the fundamental physical properties of Fe in Si, such as diffusivity, solubility, and reaction constants of pairing with boron, are firmly established. However, our analysis shows that there remains a good deal of contradiction in the literature data, and that the uncertainty of the reaction constants is too large for quantitative predictive simulations of iron defect reactions, such as gettering simulations. Possible reasons for discrepancies in the literature data are discussed, and improved measurement procedures are suggested. Finally, the current state of understanding of the reactions of iron to form iron oxides and silicates, which may be responsible for lifetime-killing intragranular defects in solar cells, is discussed.
Whatever Happened to Environmental Analysis

For the past several years, environmental analysis has been a popular topic in the management literature. Under titles such as environmental analysis, environmental scanning, issues analysis, issues management, and others, a variety of published materials has discussed the desirability of the activity, and how it could or should be accomplished.1 Two assumptions are explicit or implicit in many of these works: that the function will increase in importance over time,2 and that there is merit in organizing the activity as a free-standing, real time staff function within the firm (either in concert with strategic planning,3 or in a unit outside the normal planning process, cutting across organizational hierarchies).4
The “Emigration, Migration, and Immigration” of Prostate Cancer

In the vast majority of cases, cancer continues to be an incurable disease when it has spread beyond the primary organ. Most cancer research and therapy design to date has focused on chemotherapy directed at killing the replicating tumor cells. Little attention has been placed on targeting the microenvironments of the primary tumor site, the circulating tumor cells, or the metastatic or secondary (target) tumor site and how cancer cells move among them. To develop these targets, a better understanding of metastasis and the mechanisms underlying the spread of tumors is required. This review describes the steps of metastasis using a paradigm of emigration to migration to immigration, with prostate cancer as a model system.
Boron mediation on the growth of Ge quantum dots on Si (1 0 0) by ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition system

Abstract Self-assembled Ge quantum dots (QDs) with boron mediation are grown on Si (1 0 0) by an industrial hot wall ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) system with different growth temperatures and dopant gas flow rates. Diborane (B 2 H 6 ) gas is applied as a surfactant on the Si (1 0 0) prior to the growth of Ge QDs. Small dome and pyramid shaped Ge QDs are observed after boron treatment as compared to the hut shaped Ge cluster without boron pre-treatment at 525 and 550 °C. The Ge QDs have a typical base width and height of about 30 and 6 nm, respectively, and the density is about 2.5×10 10 cm −2 for the growth temperature of 525 °C. Through weakening the SiH bond during the epitaxy growth and changing the stress field on the surface of the Si (1 0 0) buffer, boron mediation can modify the growth mode of Ge QDs. When the growth temperature is low (525–550 °C), the former factor is dominate, as the growth temperature is raised (600 °C), the latter parameter may play an important role on the formation of Ge QDs. Optical transition from Ge QDs is demonstrated from photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Furthermore, multifold Ge/Si layers are also carried out to enhance the PL intensity with first Ge layer treated by B 2 H 6 and avoid the generation of threading dislocations.
Similarity of Antigenic Determinants in Pituitary and Chorionic Gonadotropins from Primates

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and neutralization of biological activity in bioassays were used to test antisera for identification of common antigenic determinants among pituitary and chorionic gonadotropins in extracts of pituitary and urine, and in sera from man and other higher primates. Extracts of human and baboon pituitaries, pregnancy sera from rhesus monkeys, baboons and a chimpanzee, and extracts of chimpanzee urine displaced 131I-labeled human luteinizing hormone from combination with antiserum against human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) made in a rabbit. In addition, an antiserum against HCG neutralized the biological activity of these materials. Despite the fact that not all of these materials were equally effective in the radioimmunoassay or biological test systems utilized, evidence was obtained for similarity of antigenic determinants among these preparations. (Endocrinology 88: 702, 1971)
keV particle bombardment of solids: molecular dynamics simulations and beyond

Abstract The bombardment of solids with keV atoms or ions leads to rather violent collisions with subsequent ejection of target particles. This review discusses computational aspects of molecular dynamics simulations designed to describe this process, and presents studies in which the calculations have played an important role in understanding the details of the bombardment and ejection processes at the atomic level. The molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with comparable experiments allow this process to be used as a measure of surface structure. Recently experiments were performed that measured the energy and angular distributions of particles ejected in two electronic states. We have accordingly incorporated a simple electronic excitation/de-excitation model into the simulation and shown that collisional events are important to describe the measured distributions.
Empire of the sun: Lelio Guidiccioni and Pope Urban VIII

In 1633 and again in 1639, Lelio Guidiccioni, a priest and poet of the day, published in Rome poems celebrating the dedication of Bernini's baldacchino over the Tomb of St. Peter, and generally setting out the claims to pre-eminence as sun-king of Bernini's patron, Urban VIII. Just a few weeks before the first of these poems was published, Urban's inquisitors had condemned Galileo, and the later piece was written in the very year that the English Puritan poet, John Milton, visited the Palazzo Barberini. The protests of Galileo and Milton against a dying ideology are familiar. Guidiccioni's poems are valuable for the light they throw on the other side of the case, and for the clash they illustrate between two views of truth.
Global Prediction of Thermal Soil Regimes

A thorough understanding of thermal soil regimes is critical information for a wide variety of disciplines and engineering applications as well as for the evaluation of potential and limitations of thermal and optical sensors. In this study we have developed a procedure for the evaluation of global thermal soil regimes. First, pedotransfer functions are used to derive thermal soil properties (volumetric soil heat capacity and thermal conductivity) from readily available soil data on texture, bulk density, and organic carbon. Next, the average annual soil temperature is derived from the average annual air temperature. Then, the thermal top boundaries are derived either for well-watered sites using the daily and annual air temperature amplitudes as proxies for the daily and annual soil surface temperature amplitudes or for a wide range of environmental conditions using the model HYDRUS1D. A thorough validation of the proposed procedure is needed for the quantification of the probability with which soil thermal regimes can be predicted.
Perceptions of Cognitive Styles: Acquisition, Exhibition and Implications for Information System Design:

Cognitive style perceptions are suggested as possible explanations for the communication barrier often found to exist between system specialists and the users of information systems. Two empirical studies are presented which demonstrate that (a) perceptual differences can be observed for specific cognitive styles and between subjects possessing contrasting educational backgrounds, (b) no apparent relationship exists between cognitive style perceptions and cognitive behaviors, and (c) consistent differences were shown in the manner in which subjects perceived the analytic (more potent) and heuristic (less potent) cognitive styles. The implications of these findings f or the inf ormation system design process are discussed.
Measurements of positronium-formation cross sections for positrons scattered by Rb atoms

Measurements of positronium (Ps) -formation cross sections (upper and lower limits) for positrons (1{endash}17 eV) scattered by Rb atoms are reported. These measurements, along with recent measurements and calculations of total cross sections, provide evidence that coupling effects between Ps formation and other scattering channels may be very important for energies below 10 eV for Rb. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Replacing the Transfusion of 1-2 Units of Blood with Plasma Expanders that Increase Oxygen Delivery Capacity: Evidence from Experimental Studies.

At least a third of the blood supply in the world is used to transfuse 1–2 units of packed red blood cells for each intervention and most clinical trials of blood substitutes have been carried out at this level of oxygen carrying capacity (OCC) restoration. However, the increase of oxygenation achieved is marginal or none at all for molecular hemoglobin (Hb) products, due to their lingering vasoactivity. This has provided the impetus for the development of “oxygen therapeutics” using Hb-based molecules that have high oxygen affinity and target delivery of oxygen to anoxic areas. However it is still unclear how these oxygen carriers counteract or mitigate the functional effects of anemia due to obstruction, vasoconstriction and under-perfusion. Indeed, they are administered as a low dosage/low volume therapeutic Hb (subsequently further diluted in the circulatory pool) and hence induce extremely small OCC changes. Hyperviscous plasma expanders provide an alternative to oxygen therapeutics by increasing the oxygen delivery capacity (ODC); in anemia they induce supra-perfusion and increase tissue perfusion (flow) by as much as 50%. Polyethylene glycol conjugate albumin (PEG-Alb) accomplishes this by enhancing the shear thinning behavior of diluted blood, which increases microvascular endothelial shear stress, causes vasodilation and lowering peripheral vascular resistance thus facilitating cardiac function. Induction of supra-perfusion takes advantage of the fact that ODC is the product of OCC and blood flow and hence can be maintained by increasing either or both. Animal studies suggest that this approach may save a considerable fraction of the blood supply. It has an additional benefit of enhancing tissue clearance of toxic metabolites.
Photodynamic therapy dosimetry by fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopies

Instrumentation is developed for real-time determination of photodynamic therapy dosimetry in vivo, employing measurements of fluorescence emission spectra corrected for effects of dynamic tissue optical properties using white light diffuse reflectance. This system accurately measures photosensitizer photobleaching, photoproduct formation, and tissue oxygenation, all of which are useful as dose metrics.
A mechanism to automatically bait electric grid insect traps with sex pheromone

A mechanism to automatically bait electric grid traps with prospective sex pheromone samples was developed and used during bioassays of chemical components isolated from the extracts of female tobacco budworms,Heliothis virescens (F.). By baiting traps at specified times during the night, this mechanism contributed to the final identification of the sex pheromone.