cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of soil temperature and soil water content on fine root turnover rate in a California mixed conifer ecosystem

[1] Measurement of fine root production and turnover rate, the reciprocal of mean life span of a root population, is crucial to the understanding of the carbon cycle of an ecosystem as fine roots account for up to 30% of global terrestrial net primary production. Our goal was to characterize fine root production, mortality, standing crop, and turnover rate in a Mediterranean climate. Using simulations, we established that our sampling interval must be less than monthly to keep the turnover rate error to less than 10%. Adhering to this interval, we measured fine root turnover rate by mark-recapture modeling methods and compared predicted with observed turnover rates. The best selected model indicated that these rates were a function of diameter, length, soil temperature, and soil water content. Turnover rate increased with decreasing diameter and length and increasing soil temperature and soil water content. We found a yearly pattern of hysteresis between fine root production, mortality, and turnover rate relative to soil temperature. This was explained by soil temperature-moisture hysteresis using our best selected model. Production and turnover rate were greater in spring to early summer when both soil temperature and soil moisture were high, resulting in a seasonal variation of belowground net primary production. We suggest that this behavior could be a result of fine roots' strategy to cope with a limited growing season of a semiarid Mediterranean climate.
Imaging of damage in sandwich composite structures using a scanning laser source technique

The Scanning Laser Source (SLS) technique described in this paper enables non-contact high-resolution imaging of damage in sandwich composite structures. In the SLS technique, ultrasound is generated using a pulsed YAG:Nd laser that is scanned over the structure to be inspected. Both conventional piezo-electric transducers and laser interferometers can be used to monitor the ultrasound. Characteristic changes in the ultrasonic signal are observed as the laser source moves over the damaged part of the structure, and these changes can be related to underlying matrix cracking or fiber-breakage. The SLS technique has several significant advantages over conventional methods, including: (i) non-contact in situ measurements, (ii) remote placement of laser equipment using fiber optics, (iii) ability to inspect surfaces with complex geometry, (iv) high spatial resolution, and (v) sensitivity high enough to detect fiber-breakage in a single ply. Example applications to image artificial and impact-induced defects in composite structures are demonstrated.
Optical characterization of Ag nanoparticles fabricated using heterogeneous condensation in air

We developed a controllable method based on heterogeneous condensation for preparation of nanoparticles in gas media. Optical extinction measurements show a shift in the peak that correlates well with average size.
Relationship between the magnitude of myocardial ischemia and ultrastructural alterations.

Abstract Previous studies have defined the sequence and time course of ultrastructural alterations in markedly ischemic myocardial tissue. In order to determine the effects of various levels of ischemia on myocardial ultrastructure we evaluated myocardial segments from the perfuse-fixed left ventricle 12 hr after occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. Radioactive microspheres, injected before and after occlusion, were employed to calculate segmental blood flow, and six samples from each segment were excised for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that cellular changes follow a sequence which is related to the extent of myocardial ischemia. When flow declined to 50–75% of control values cellular swelling became evident and enlarged mitochondria with a relatively translucent matrix were common, although focal. In contrast a reduction in blood flow below 50% of control precipitated more marked mitochondrial changes—including the appearance of amorphous dense bodies—as as well as glycogen depletion, disruption of the contractile elements, and the appearance of contraction bands. In segments with blood flows between 25 and 50% of control, these alterations were less marked and somewhat variable as were nuclear changes, but became widespread and characteristic of all cells when blood flow was reduced below 25%. On the basis of these findings and other studies which have defined reversible and irreversible myocardial injury, it is suggested that (1) irreversible cell injury occurs in many cells when tissue perfusion falls below 50% of control, and (2) advanced stages of irreversible damage characterize virtually all cells when blood flow falls below 25% of control.
T2‐T3 carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx: A comparison of surgery and radiotherapy

This paper compares results for T2-T3 carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx treated with radiotherapy (RT), supraglottic laryngectomy, or total laryngectomy. Two hundred thirty patients with T2-T3 carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx were treated at the University of Florida between 1964 and 1989. All had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were treated with RT alone (160), supraglottic laryngectomy (25), or total laryngectomy (45). The probabilities of local control, local-regional control, distant metastasis, and survival were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and comparisons were made between the three treatment methods. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, T stage, anatomic suitability for a supraglottic laryngectomy, treatment group, and presence or absence of a pretreatment tracheostomy were evaluated in multivariate analyses for the various end points. The 2-year local control rates for patients treated with RT alone, supraglottic laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy for T2 lesions were 87%, 82%, and 100%, respectively, and rates for T3 lesions were 70%, 71%, and 81%. In the multivariate analyses, T stage was of independent prognostic significance for the end point of local control, whereas AJCC stage was a significant prognostic factor for control above the clavicles and cause-specific survival. The incidence of severe complications was as follows: RT (6%), supraglottic laryngectomy (20%), and total laryngectomy (16%). In this analysis of T2-T3 supraglottic larynx carcinomas, treatment with RT offered equivalent local control rates, local-regional control rates, and survival rates with fewer severe complications compared with supraglottic laryngectomy. Although total laryngectomy was associated with a modest improvement in local-regional control, the differences were not statistically significant, and this procedure would rarely be indicated today for T2 lesions and uncommonly for T3 lesions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological characterization of nitric oxide production in a rat model of meningitis

Abstract Depending on its concentration and target site, nitric oxide (NO) is an intracellular messenger or inflammatory mediator. Recent research supports an expanded role for NO in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammatory diseases. Using analytical and pharmacological techniques, the present study identifies NO as a potential inflammatory mediator in experimental meningitis in the rat. Intracisternal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced NO synthesis from the lateral and third ventricle choroid plexi and surface meninges but not from systemic white blood cells, suggesting that meningeal inflammation was restricted to the central nervous system. The time course of NO production revealed a 3 hr lag after intracisternal LPS, followed by a peak at 8 hr and subsequent decrease to baseline 24 hr after LPS dosing. The pharmacological rank order of NO synthase inhibitors in meningeal preparations (NG-aminoarginineNG-methylarginine aminoguanidine) was slightly different than the rank order for the LPS—stimulated monocyte-macrophage cell line, J774A.1 (NG-aminoarginineNG-methylarginine aminoguanidine). A prolonged inhibition of NO production was observed in cultured meningeal preparations or J774A.1 cells briefly exposed to and washed free from NO synthase inhibitors. These findings implicate NO as an inflammatory mediator during experimental meningitis, and suggest that NO synthase inhibitors might be potentially useful agents for meningeal inflammation.
Strategies for enhancing the commercial viability of CdTe-based photovoltaics

Abstract Environmental, health and safety (EHS that they identified Cd content as a key issue when explaining any concerns they did have; and, that they are willing to purchase CdTe PV modules if the price and performance are competitive, if CdTe PV technology is endorsed by users like themselves, and, if there exists a convenient method of handling end-of-life modules. An analysis of public acceptance strategies of industries facing comparable EHS issues revealed that public relations, regulations, and/or commercial necessity may justify collection and recycling programs for end-of-life CdTe modules. Estimates of the economics of reclaiming CdTe PV modules indicated costs of $0.15–0.25/Wp due, in large part, to the collection and processing expenses. Key strategy recommendations include additional testing to clearly establish EH&S hazards for CdTe-based compounds, programs to educate customers and the public on the nature of these compounds, and further exploration of alternative end-of-life module collection and recycling options.
Two-dimensional rough surface couplers for broadband quantum-well infrared photodetectors

Rough surfaces are proposed as a class of couplers for achieving high absorption in broadband quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). The performance of these structures is predicted numerically using the steepest-descent fast-multipole method, a recently developed fast electromagnetic analysis technique. This method permits the efficient and accurate solution of the electric-field integral equation governing scattering from a quasiplanar structure. The scattered optical electric-field component along the growth direction at the device layer can be used to predict the QWIP absorption. It is demonstrated that rough-surface couplers exhibit very high absorption sustained over large spectral ranges, in contrast to quasirandom or periodic gratings that are characterized by tradeoffs between peak absorption and spectral range. It is expected that the excellent spectral absorption characteristics of rough-surface couplers will make them particularly suitable for broadband QWIP applications.
Macrodontia in Pleistocene humans from Europe as a feature of physiological acromegalosis: association with geomagnetic dipole field intensity

In a continuing investigation of acromegalosis in Pleistocene humans, macrodontia of the cheek teeth, estimated by their average summed occlusal areas (posterior ASOA), is related to geomagnetic field intensity of the Earth's main dipole (GMFI), measured in dipole moment units (DMU). The odontometric baseline derives from 2,111 teeth published for Europe, dated ca. 3000,000–5,000 years BP, grouped into twelve databases according to independent archeological and geological criteria. Most of the dental measurements are fromFrayer (1978) andWolpoff (1971, 1979, 1982). The GMFI baseline is adapted from the North Pacific deep-sea core data ofWollin et al. (1971), as in previos papers on hyperostosis (Ivanhoe, 1979) and progressive hypercrania (Ivanhoe, 1982). Parametric statistical analysis of thin human Pleistocene bioenvironmental association reveals (1) that two distinct, noncontemporaneous macrodontia lineages are present; (2) that posterior ASOA is a direct linear function of mean DMU; and (3) that time depth is not, by itself, a good predictor of macrodontia. Together, the combined GMFI, geological time depth, and specific lineage variables account for nearly 90% of the total variance in posterior ASOA. The earlier lineage, dated ca. 300,000–60,000 years BP, corresponding to advancedHomo erectus, preneandertals and early neandertals, and subdivided into two populations at about 130,000 years BP, is much more macrodont than the later lineage, corresponding to late neandertals through Mesolithicsapiens, subdivided into ten sample.s Reflecting concurrent changes in mean DMU, posterior ASOA fell in the Riss-Wurm interglacial, rose again to a peak in the main Wurm glacial stage, and fell gradually thereafter to approximate modern normal tooth sizes by the beginning of the Holocene. GMFI dependent variability of Pleistocene human macrodontia in Europe parallels closely that observed for hyperostosis in the northern hemisphere (Ivanhoe, 1979). The theory of Pleistocene human acromegalosis is discussed within the context of paleoanthropology, including aspects of the proposed geomagnetotrophic-neuroendocrine mechanism, and the question of rickets in the neandertals (Ivanhoe, 1970) is updated.
Memory tests distinguish between patients with focal temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy

Summary: We examined the ability of preoperative memory performance to distinguish between patients who had been diagnosed as having left (LTLE, n = 31), right (RTLE, n = 37), and extra-(ETLE, n = 17) temporal lobe focal epilepsy. All patients eventually underwent surgical resections. Analyses indicated that the ETLE group performed better than the RTLE group on nonverbal memory measures and better than the LTLE group on verbal memory measures. Discriminant function analyses indicated that use of a combination of measures that assess different aspects of memory were of significant value in distinguishing between patients with focal TLE and ETLE. This approach, as compared the use of single measures, improved classification rates of all three groups. The best single predictor of group membership, an index of verbal learning, yielded a 47% overall correct classification rate, with sensitivities ranging from 25 to 59%, and performed at worse than chance levels in classifying RTLE patients. A multivariate approach, which included an index of verbal and nonverbal learning, incidental nonverbal memory, and consolidation of organized and rote verbal material, yielded a 65% correct classification rate, with sensitivities ranging from 57 to 75%. This compares favorably with other noninvasive techniques for lateralizing epileptogenic lesions.
Electron spin resonance of organic free radicals in dental enamel and other calcified tissues.

Abstract After X-irradiation and subsequent heating, a new paramagnetic centre was observed in human mature enamel, the eggshell of birds, dentine and bone. The electron spin resonance spectrum consisted of seven narrow equispaced hyperfine lines with second-order splittings. The isotropic spin-Hamiltonian parameters were a = 21.7 G and g = 2.0034. The model for the centre consisted of an unpaired electron on a carbon atom interacting with the protons of two neighbouring methyl groups. The characterization of this organic radical, which is common to all calcified tissues that have been examined, is discussed in relation to the molecular structure and biochemical properties of these tissues. In enamel, phosphate covalently bound to the organic component has been described in the form of a tripeptide, with the grouping glutamic acid-serine phosphateleucine. In this tripeptide, leucine has two neighbouring methyl groups which could account for the organic radical here described.
Effective Sampling Range of Food-Based Attractants for Female Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

ABSTRACT Release—recapture studies were conducted with both feral and sterile females of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to determine sampling range for a liquid protein bait (torula yeast/borax) and for a two-component synthetic lure (ammonium acetate and putrescine). Tests were done in a guava, Psidium guajava L., grove and involved releasing flies at a central point and recording the numbers captured after 7 h and 1, 2, 3, and 6 d in an array of 25 Multilure traps located 9–46 m from the release point, In all tests, highest rate of recapture occurred within the first day of release, so estimations of sampling range were based on a 24-h period. Trap distances were grouped into four categories ( 30 m from release point) and relative trapping efficiency (percentage of capture) was determined for each distance group. Effective sampling range was defined as the maximum distance at which relative trapping efficiency was ≥25%. This corresponde...
Quantitative synthesis of feedback systems with distributed uncertain plants

There is given a constrained plant P described by a partial differential equation (p.d.o.) in two variables, t and x. Owing to uncertainty, P belongs to a given sot P. Tliero are assigned tolerances on the system response y∥ t,xx) in rosponso to command input r( t,x), to be achieved over the defined t, x intervals for all pe p Frequency-response methods in two complex variables S1 and S2 are used to synthesize the system. Those methods are two-variable generalizations of the quantitative design techniques developed for lumped uncertain plants. Detailed design examples are given for two cases : (1) linear, constant-coefficient p.d.e. plant defined on semi-infinite t, x with zero boundary conditions ; (2) similar to (1) except for definition on finite x. The latter case is converted to a problem on two semi-infinite variables t and ψ( x) with coefficients which are functions of ψ. A synthesis technique for lumped, time-varying plants is adapted for this now problem. This method may be used for the general l...
Ion irradiation temperature effect on HfO2/MgO multi-layer structures

Abstract Properties of nuclear materials may be improved by employing composite materials. However, these properties usually degrade during the operation in a nuclear reactor environment due to radiation damage accumulation. For this study we fabricated a multi-layer structure composed of MgO and HfO2 thin films on a sapphire substrate. This multi-layer structure was designed to mimic a CERCER (ceramic–ceramic) composite fuel form. The goal of this study was to investigate features of radiation damage evolution cause by ion beam irradiation in a wide temperature range. We observed phase transformation in HfO2 from monoclinic to the tetragonal polymorph and no changes in MgO. Formation of thin amorphous regions adjacent to the MgO/HfO2 and HfO2/sapphire substrate interfaces was identified in both cases. Phase and microstructural changes demonstrated pronounced dependence on irradiation temperature, which we attributed to either enhanced annihilation of irradiation induced point defects or intermixing between the components of our multi-layered structure.
Analysis of extreme drinking in patients with alcohol dependence using Pareto regression.

We developed a novel Pareto regression model with an unknown shape parameter to analyze extreme drinking in patients with Alcohol Dependence (AD). We used the generalized linear model (GLM) framework and the log-link to include the covariate information through the scale parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution. We proposed a Bayesian method based on Ridge prior and Zellner's g-prior for the regression coefficients. Simulation study indicated that the proposed Bayesian method performs better than the existing likelihood-based inference for the Pareto regression.We examined two issues of importance in the study of AD. First, we tested whether a single nucleotide polymorphism within GABRA2 gene, which encodes a subunit of the GABA(A) receptor, and that has been associated with AD, influences 'extreme' alcohol intake and second, the efficacy of three psychotherapies for alcoholism in treating extreme drinking behavior. We found an association between extreme drinking behavior and GABRA2. We also found that, at baseline, men with a high-risk GABRA2 allele had a significantly higher probability of extreme drinking than men with no high-risk allele. However, men with a high-risk allele responded to the therapy better than those with two copies of the low-risk allele. Women with high-risk alleles also responded to the therapy better than those with two copies of the low-risk allele, while women who received the cognitive behavioral therapy had better outcomes than those receiving either of the other two therapies. Among men, motivational enhancement therapy was the best for the treatment of the extreme drinking behavior. Language: en
Dispersion, experimental apparatus, and the acceptance of the wave theory of light

Summary This paper concentrates on a debate over dispersion in the second half of the 1830s, in which both sides utilized the same set of experimental data to test a proposed wave account of dispersion, but could not agree on how these data should be used. The conflict regarding experimental data was caused by differences in instruments. In the debate, optical instruments in many ways functioned like paradigms, shaping scientists' opinions. Instruments also led the debate into an impasse, because no apparatus was available for the necessary experimental replication. Because of unreconcilable differences regarding experimental evidence, the wave theory's failure in explaining dispersion did not become an obstacle to its acceptance.
Quantum nondemolition measurement of parity and generation of parity eigenstates in optical fields

The parity of photonic number states is known to be an important observable for quantized electromagnetic fields with applications to quantum information processing and to Heisenberg-limited measurement of phase shifts in quantum interferometry performed with maximally entangled states and with twin number states. In this paper we describe an approach to the quantum nondemolition measurement of parity for quantized optical fields. The method proposed involves the use of a cross-Kerr interaction where we assume a large Kerr nonlinearity is available through the techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency. Our proposed method does not require the measurement of photon number but rather measures parity directly. The method not only allows for the quantum nondemolition measurement of parity but also allows for the von Neumann projection of parity eigenstates from an arbitrary field state. The generation and detection of higher-order parity eigenstates is also discussed. Losses from dissipation and the effects of detector efficiency are considered.
Modulation of retinal endothelial barrier in an in vitro model of the retinal microvasculature

The prediabetic/diabetic condition functionally alters the microvascular bed of the eye and the breakdown in the transvascular barrier may be produced by changes in the retinal endothelial barrier. To better understand how retinal microvessel barrier is maintained and is altered in vivo this study applies and extends our previously described in vitro permeability technique to study retinal endothelial monolayers. The model of the retinal microvasculature consists of retinal capillary endothelial cells cultured on porous microcarrier beads and perfused in chromatographic 'cell-columns'. This model design relies on indicator-dilution techniques to measure the permeability of the retinal endothelial monolayer and detects small changes in retinal endothelial permeability produced by treatments. Bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (RCE) were obtained using an endothelial selective media. RCE were seeded at 3 x 10(4) cells cm-2 of fibronectin-coated gelatin microcarriers. After 7 days of microcarrier culture, microcarriers were poured to form columns 0.66 cm in diameter and 1.6 cm in length. The cell-column elution patterns of coinjected optically absorbing tracers (blue dextran 2 x 10(6) Da; cyanocobalamin 1355 Da; sodium fluorescein 376 Da) were analysed to estimate the permeability of the RCE monolayers covering the microcarriers. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed complete monolayer formation on the surface of the microcarriers. We found that baseline monolayer permeability averaged 7.57 +/- 0.57 x 10(-5) cm sec-1 for cyanocobalamin and 9.29 +/- 0.78 x 10(-5) cm sec-1 for sodium fluorescein (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 39). Permeability did not increase over 2 hr of cell-column perfusion. Permeability was decreased by 1 micron isoproterenol (n = 3) and increased by 1 microgram ml-1 cytochalasin D (n = 5). This is one of the first reports of in vitro permeability values for the transport barrier formed by retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, the endothelial component of the retinal barrier is dynamic, and is enhanced by isoproterenol and diminished by cytochalasin D.
FGFR Fusions in the Driver's Seat

Through a clinical deep sequencing protocol, Wu and colleagues have identified multiple FGFR fusion proteins in diverse cancers. Pharmacologic inhibition of FGFR suppressed the growth of FGFR fusion-positive tumor models, suggesting that these FGFR fusions are oncogenic drivers and highlighting the use of streamlined clinical sequencing efforts to identify novel, actionable driver oncoproteins in human tumors.
Is the Revolution Missing or Are We Looking in the Wrong Places

, Vol. 53, Issue 4, pp. 459–465, ISSN 0037-7791, electronic ISSN 1533-8533. © 2006 by Society for the Study of Social Problems, Inc. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, at http://www. ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. Is the Revolution Missing or Are We Looking in the Wrong Places?
Optimization Of A Window Fourier Domain Search System

Several methods are presented for optimizing the quality of results returned from a window Fourier domain search system. These techniques include choosing the best spectral range, smoothing, baseline correction, and calibration of data using interpolation. While window Fourier domain search systems perform quite well, minor adjustments to the spectral domain data improve the quality of results significantly. These improvements are particularly important in cases where the data are extremely similar, such as spectra of compounds in a homologous series.
Inhibition of pancreatic cancer and potentiation of gemcitabine effects by the extract of Pao Pereira

Lack of effective therapy is a major problem in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In the present study, we investigated a natural product, the extract of Pao Pereira (Pao), for its anti-pancreatic cancer effect in vitro and in vivo, either alone or in combination with the first-line chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine (Gem). Pao induced dose-dependent apoptosis to all five tested pancreatic cancer cell lines. The combination of Pao and Gem had a synergistic effect in the inhibition of cell growth, with combination indices (CIs) <1 by Chou-Talalay's median effect analysis based on the isobologram principle. Adding Pao to Gem treatment reduced the concentration of Gem to produce an equitoxic effect on pancreatic cancer cells. In an orthotopic pancreatic xenograft mouse model, mice bearing PACN-1 tumors were treated with Pao and Gem, either alone or in combination. The progression of tumors was monitored longitudinally by imaging of live animals. While Gem did not provide significant inhibition, Pao treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth by 70-72%. Combined Pao and Gem treatment further enhanced the tumor inhibitory effect compared to Gem alone, and markedly reduced metastatic lesions in the peritoneum. Collectively, these data suggest that the extract of Pao possesses anti-pancreatic cancer activity and can enhance the effects of Gem in vitro and in vivo.
Radiation Belts of Jupiter: A Second Look

The outbound leg of the Pioneer 11 Jupiter flyby explored a region farther from the equator than that traversed by Pioneer 10, and the new data require modification or augmentation of the magnetodisk model based on the Pioneer 10 flyby. The inner moons of Jupiter are sinks of energetic particles and sometimes sources. A large spike of particles was found near lo. Multiple peaks occurred in the particle fluxes near closest approach to the planet; this structure may be accounted for by a complex magnetic field configuration. The decrease in proton flux observed near minimum altitude on the Pioneer 10 flyby appears attributable to particle absorption by Amalthea.
Tobacco Use and Smoking Intentions Among U.S. Fifth-Grade Students

Purpose To identify the risk and protective factors for cigarette smoking and future intentions among racially/ethnically diverse preadolescent children. Methods We analyzed data from 5,119 fifth-grade children and their parents living in three U.S. metropolitan areas. Using the multivariate logistic regression models, we examined how cigarette smoking and intentions to smoke within 1 year are associated with (1) number of friends who smoke, (2) parental disapproval of smoking, (3) parental communication about not smoking, (4) performance in school, and (5) educational aspirations. Results Twenty-nine percent of the children were black, 44% were Hispanic, 22% were white, and 5% were of another race/ethnicity. Mean age was 11.1 years. The prevalence of ever smoking a cigarette among black, Hispanic, and white children was 9.8%, 5.6%, and 4.9%, respectively. In adjusted analyses, children were more likely to have smoked a cigarette if their friends smoked (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8-6.9), they frequently had trouble with schoolwork (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-3.1), or their parents were not college graduates (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5 for high school graduate). They were less likely to have smoked cigarettes if their parents disapproved of smoking (aOR .3, 95% CI .1-.6). Parental communication (aOR .1, 95% CI .0-.6) and disapproval (aOR .2, 95% CI .1-.7) had protective associations for future intentions among children who had ever and had never smoked, respectively. Conclusions Fifth-graders share many of the same risk factors for smoking identified in older adolescents, some of which are modifiable. Antismoking policies and programs should be designed for preadolescents as well as adolescents, and campaigns targeting parents should place greater emphasis on communication and expressed disapproval of smoking.
Stirred, not shaken.

Given the widespread use of alcoholic beverages in the western world, let us hope that the provocative studies by Walsh and Nicolas and their colleagues reported in this issue will stir researchers...
Abundance and Taxa Composition of Copepod Nauplii Over Southeastern Bering Sea Deep Water Spawning Grounds of Walleye Pollock, Theragra Chalcogramma

This project examined the abundance, taxa, stage and size of copepod nauplii available as prey for walleye pollock larvae in its deep water spawning grounds of the southeastern Bering Sea. Nauplii of the genera Oithona, Eucalanus, and Metridia were the most commonly encounted types while Pseudocalanus and Microcalanus were rare. There was marked interannual variation in the taxa and abundance of copepod nauplii coexisting with the pollock larvae. Stages I-IV of Oithona were present at 0 to 8 l-1 at different depths. Individual stages III-VI of Metridia nauplii occurred at 0 to 6 l-1, while Eucalanus nauplii were present at 0.1 to 9 l-1, depending on stage and depth. Nauplii III-IV of the genera Pseudocalanus and III-VI Microcalanus were usually present at less than 1 l-1. In 1992, 54 to 56% of the nauplii had body lengths of 150-350 μm which are typical of those found in stomachs of first-feeding pollock larvae. In 1993 corresponding estimates were 64 to 68%. Copepod nauplii with body lengths of 150-350 μm were generally present at 1 to 15 l-1, but at one station their counts exceeded 20 l-1.
Development and optimization of plaque assays for rat coronaviruses

Plaque assays under Sephadex or agarose overlays are described for rat coronaviruses (RCVs) grown in L2 mouse fibroblasts. A plaque assay using Sephadex was simple; however, viable plaques could not be collected for propagation, and fixation was necessary before evaluation. Plaque formation under agarose was optimized using diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) in the pre-treatment and absorption media and trypsin added to the absorption media and agarose overlay. The use of DEAE-D alone, trypsin alone or trypsin combined with DEAE-D significantly increased plaque numbers and visibility. Plaque numbers were highest when pre-treatment media contained DEAE-D, absorption media contained DEAE-D and trypsin, and the agarose overlay contained trypsin. The assay was useful for plaque isolation and quantification of sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDA), Parker's rat coronavirus (PRCV) and other coronavirus isolates from rats and its specificity was demonstrated by plaque-reduction neutralization testing. These methods will facilitate production of cloned virus stocks for study of RCV biology and virus quantification for in vitro and in vivo studies of RCVs.
Ideology, narrative analysis, and popular culture

By showing that the formal analysis of mass culture has come of age, two recent books suggest that a new way of raising the old questions about the relationship of culture to society is possible. Indeed, they make important, if unequal, contributions to the methodology of narrative analysis in general, at the same time that they suggest that a rigorous investigation of cultural forms of the internal dynamics of superstructures as such may prove a good deal more crucial to the student of social history, particularly in the area of periodization, than has often been thought. Both Will Wright's Sixguns and Society and John G. Cawelti's Adventure, Mystery, and Romance~ offer materials for a new theory of ideology-surely the key link or mediatory concept in any attempt to link cultural objects with social phenomena. They demonstrate that a new conception of the ideological, if it is to draw on the findings of the study of myth, of psychoanalysis and of structural anthropology, must take as its privileged object of investigation narrative itself, now considered as a "form of reasoning" about experience and society (Wright, 200) of equal dignity to the various types of conceptual thought in service in daily life.
Does laparoscopic adrenalectomy jeopardize oncologic outcomes for patients with adrenocortical carcinoma

Background For patients with known or suspected adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), considerable controversy exists over the use of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The purpose of this study was to assess recurrence and survival patterns in patients with a pathologic diagnosis of ACC treated with laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy.
Feeling force: mechanical transduction by vertebrates and invertebrates

Detection of mechanical stimuli requires conversion of the signal's inherent information into neuronal electrical signals. Studies of vertebrate hair cells suggest that this is accomplished by elastic links between stereocilia that control the opening of ion channels. Molecular genetics in Caenorhabditis elegans has identified candidate proteins that may be responsible for similar functions in this organism.
Synthetic Studies toward Mannopeptimycin-E: Synthesis of the O-Linked Tyrosine 1,4-α,α-manno,manno-Pyranosyl Pyranoside

The enantioselective synthesis of the C-4‘ acylated 1,4-α,α-manno,manno-disaccharide fragment of mannopeptimycin-E has been achieved in seven steps from d-tyrosine. The route relies upon diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed glycosylation, diastereoselective reduction, and diastereoselective bis-dihydroxylation. The efficiency of the synthesis is demonstrated by the high overall yield (37%) and the preparation of various analogues.
Does medical student knowledge of anticoagulation differ by future intended practice

Background: The scope of medical student knowledge may differ by the student's future intended specialty.Aim: To determine whether medical student knowledge of and confidence with anticoagulation differed by perceived likelihood of managing anticoagulation in future practice.Methods: One hundred and twenty-three third- and fourth-year medical students (41% response rate) participated in a cross-sectional web-based survey. We assessed whether perceived likelihood of managing anticoagulation in future intended practice was associated with anticoagulation knowledge and confidence with managing anticoagulation.Results: Out of 24 questions assessing anticoagulation knowledge, the mean percentage correct was 58% (SD 29%). Anticoagulation knowledge did not differ by perceived likelihood of managing anticoagulation as part of their future practice. However, students predicting higher likelihood of managing anticoagulation in their future practice were significantly more confident about their abilities to manage a...
Testicular Function in Type II Hyperlipoproteinemic Patients Treated with Lovastatin (Mevinolin) or Neomycin

Steroid synthesis requires cholesterol derived from de novo synthesis or plasma lipoproteins. Low density lipoproteins appear to be the major contributor of cholesterol for steroid synthesis in man. Patients with disorders of low density lipoproteins or the low density lipoprotein receptor have reduced cortisol production in response to ACTH. Therapeutic agents designed to lower plasma cholesterol could, therefore, adversely affect steroid hormone production. Lovastatin (mevinolin) is a new hypolipidemic agent which blocks cholesterol synthesis by competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. In beagle dogs, lovastatin at 40-180 times the clinically effective dose in man, has been associated with an increase in spontaneous testicular atrophy. Accordingly, the effect of lovastatin on testicular function and lipoprotein levels was studied in 16 hyperlipidemic men in a randomized, double blind, cross-over study with another hypolipidemic agent, neomycin. Serum testosterone, PRL, LH, and FSH; LHRH-stimulated LH and FSH concentrations; and testicular size were measured, and semen analyses were made. We found no evidence that lovastatin had adverse effects on testicular function despite significant alterations in plasma lipoprotein concentrations.
Peirce's Critique of Psychological Hedonism

Psychological hedonism (PH) is the theory that all of our actions are ultimately motivated by a desire for our own pleasure or an aversion to our own pain. Peirce offers a unique critique of PH based on a descriptive analysis of self-controlled action. This essay examines Peirce's critique and his accounts of self-controlled action and of desire.
Targeting Neurons of Rat Nucleus Tractus Solitarii with the Gene Transfer Vector Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 to Up-Regulate Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has distinct advantages over other viral vectors in delivering genes of interest to the brain. AAV mainly transfects neurons, produces no toxicity or inflammatory responses, and yields long-term transgene expression. In this study, we first tested the hypothesis that AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) selectively transfects neurons but not glial cells in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) by examining expression of the reporter gene, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), in the rat NTS after unilateral microinjection of AAV2eGFP into NTS. Expression of eGFP was observed in 1–2 cells in the NTS 1 day after injection. The number of transduced cells and the intensity of eGFP fluorescence increased from day 1 to day 28 and decreased on day 60. The majority (92.9 ± 7.0%) of eGFP expressing NTS cells contained immunoreactivity for the neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5, but not that for the glial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein. We observed eGFP expressing neurons and fibers in the nodose ganglia (NG) both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection. In addition, eGFP expressing fibers were present in both ipsilateral and contralateral nucleus ambiguus (NA), caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Having established that AAV2 was able to transduce a gene into NTS neurons, we constructed AAV2 vectors that contained cDNA for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and examined nNOS expression in the rat NTS after injection of this vector into the area. Results from RT-PCR, Western analysis, and immunofluorescent histochemistry indicated that nNOS expression was elevated in rat NTS that had been injected with AAV2nNOS vectors. Therefore, we conclude that AAV2 is an effective viral vector in chronically transducing NTS neurons and that AAV2nNOS can be used as a specific gene transfer tool to study the role of nNOS in CNS neurons.
Resonant frequencies for diffraction gratings

Abstract This note is devoted to a study of resonance phenomena in electromagnetic gratings. In particular, a characterization of the scattering frequencies (the complex values of the frequency inducing resonant behaviors) is given by using a variational method. After the diffraction problem is reduced to a bounded domain, we extend it to complex values of the frequency. The existence of the resolvant of the diffraction problem is established in the upper complex half-plane. It is shown that this resolvant can be extended meromorphically to the domain C/R+. In addition, the scattering frequencies, which correspond to the poles of this extension, solve a nonlinear eigenvalue problem.
Strengthening the Role of Public Health in Environmental Policy

Over the past 25 years there has been a steady decline in the role of public health agencies in environmental protection. This paper examines the major factors that have contributed to that decline, including the impact of federal environmental laws, the disparity in funding between regulatory and public health activities in environmental protection, and the emergence of risk assessment as a basis for environmental decisions. The methods of risk assessment and traditional public health approaches are contrasted, and the advantages of the involvement of public health agencies are discussed. Recommendations are presented for strengthening the role of public health in environmental decisionmaking to address more effectively public concerns about environmental risks.
Modeling absorption and rheological changes as suspensions are applied to porous substrates

Abstract During the application of a suspension to a porous substrate, some components of the suspension can penetrate the substrate and change the properties of the suspension. During offset printing, a pigmented ink contacts porous paper and absorption of the oil from the ink by the paper influences the final product quality and press operations. Although various models have been presented in the literature to describe these processes, a quantitative comparison of models is lacking. Commercial cyan ink was diluted with mineral oil to generate various pigment and resin concentrations in the oil base. A porous ceramic plate with pores of approximately one micron in the top layer was used to simulate the porous layer of a paper-coating layer. The absorption rate of the ink-oil mixture into the plate was characterized gravimetrically. The viscosity change of the mixture after contact with the ceramic plate was characterized by a controlled stress rheometer. Three different models described in the literature were developed further to predict absorption rates and the rate of increasing viscosity. Next, the predictions of these models were compared to the experiments. A filtercake based model predicts the absorption rate at various concentrations of oil and ink. The increase in viscosity due to absorption is predicted qualitatively using various models. A modified filtercake model is proposed that predicts the absorption rates and viscosity increases of these systems within expected accuracy.
Mixed differentiation of primary carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Two patients with primary tumors of bladder of mixed histologic composition (adenocarcinoma and transitional cell) are reported. Both patients were women and were treated with total cystectomy and urinary diversion. Histologic study of the specimens demonstrated cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis. The authors believe that both of these cases represent examples of mixed differentiation of primary tumors of bladder rather than separate malignancies.
The Materiality of Social Power: The Artifact-Acquisition Perspective

This paper explores the materiality of social power relationally through study of social interactions with artifacts. Specifically, it is argued that acquisition of an artifact instantiates social power by imposing interactions on groups taking part in that artifact's life-history activities. We introduce the “performance-preference matrix,” an analytic tool for systematically studying the effects of such acquisition events on activity groups. The use of the performance-preference matrix is illustrated through an example: the acquisition of electric-arc lights for lighthouses in the 19th century. Suggestions are offered for analyzing culture-contact situations and for handling singularized artifacts such as heirlooms and monuments.
HOX expression patterns identify a common signature for favorable AML

Deregulated HOX expression, by chromosomal translocations and myeloid-lymphoid leukemia (MLL) rearrangements, is causal in some types of leukemia. Using real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we examined the expression of 43 clustered HOX, polycomb, MLL and FLT3 genes in 119 newly diagnosed adult acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) selected from all major cytogenetic groups. Downregulated HOX expression was a consistent feature of favorable AMLs and, among these cases, inv(16) cases had a distinct expression profile. Using a 17-gene predictor in 44 additional samples, we observed a 94.7% specificity for classifying favorable vs intermediate/unfavorable cytogenetic groups. Among other AMLs, HOX overexpression was associated with nucleophosmin (NPM) mutations and we also identified a phenotypically similar subset with wt-NPM. In many unfavorable and other intermediate cytogenetic AMLs, HOX levels resembled those in normal CD34+ cells, except that the homogeneity characteristic of normal samples was not present. We also observed that HOXA9 levels were significantly inversely correlated with survival and that BMI-1 was overexpressed in cases with 11q23 rearrangements, suggesting that p19(ARF) suppression may be involved in MLL-associated leukemia. These results underscore the close relationship between HOX expression patterns and certain forms of AML and emphasize the need to determine whether these differences play a role in the disease process.
Reward behavior by male and female leaders: A causal inference analysis

Abstract This research investigated causal inferences between leader reward behavior (positive and punitive) and subordinate goal attainment, absenteeism, and work satisfaction over a 3-month period in a merchandise distribution center ( n = 252). Four groups were studied: (a) male supervisors-male subordinates, (b) male supervisors-female subordinates, (c) female supervisors-female subordinates, and (d) female supervisors-male subordinates. Using the techniques of tests of mean differences and corrected cross-lag correlations, the results revealed that: (a) No significant differences attributed to sex were found between the four groups with the perceptions of leader reward behavior or subordinate outcome measures, and (b) the causal inference analysis suggested that the relationships between leader reward behavior and subordinate attitudes and behavior were independent of the effects of sex of supervisor or subordinate. Implications for research on sex stereotypes and leadership were discussed.
Fluorescence lifetime and quenching rate measurements of the ultraviolet and visible emission bands of the CF3 radical

Abstract Vacuum UV synchrotron radiation was used to produce electronically excited CF 3 radicals by photolysis of CF 3 Cl, CF 3 Br, and CF 3 I. The collision-free fluorescence lifetime of both the UV and visible emission bands of CF 3 was measured to be 14–17 ns using a time-resolved photon-counting detection system. The quenching rates of the UV and visible band emissions by CF 3 precursor molecules are (1–6) × 10 7 s −1 Torr −1 .