cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for non-cubic magnetostriction in epitaxial bubble garnets

Abstract Epitaxial bubble garnet films grown on non-magnetic garnet substrates exhibit a dominant growth or stress induced uniaxial anisotropy, which is responsible for the stripe and bubble domain structures, and the intrinsic cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy which can affect bubble device performance. The anisotropy constants have been deduced from measurements of stripe domain nucleation in the garnet films. We extend this measurement technique and its interpretation so that it also yields values of the magnetoelastic interactions. The measurement is based on observing the details of the topography of the nucleating domain structure, specifically the orientation of the nucleating stripe domains as a function of the orientation and magnitude of the applied magnetic field. The interpretation is based on a micromagnetic analysis of the conditions for homogeneous second order stripe domain nucleation. The contributions to the phenomena of the cubic anisotropy and of the magnetostriction are included in the analysis as perturbations. The theory produces predictions which are compatible with qualitative earlier experiments reported in the literature. It provides a satisfactory quantitative account of systematic new observations we have made on a GdTmY bubble garnet film with the specific objective of measuring magnetostriction. Analysis of the experimental data yields strong evidence for a non-cubic component of the magnetostriction possibly associated with the same growth-kinetic mechanism that gives rise to the non-cubic anisotropy. The sign and magnitude of the macroscopic non-cubic magnetoelastic constant is estimated from the experimental results.
A game theory approach to deception strategy in computer mediated communication

Many computer-based communication media offer visual anonymity. As a result, detecting online deception tends to be more difficult relative to traditional non-mediated communication. The state of the art research on online deception has focused on using linear statistical approaches to identifying behavioral differences between deceivers and truth-tellers. However, deception behaviors are not linear because deceivers may adopt dynamic strategies when they are motivated to succeed, and deceivers could disguise themselves to maximize their payoffs. Given such backdrop, this research is aimed to address deception strategies with a game theory approach. The results of an empirical study with a multi-stage game show that deceivers tend to select different strategies from truth-tellers and deceivers may adjust their strategies to avoid detection. These findings provide significant implications for explaining online deception in the full rationality paradigm.
Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair--current views.

Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the bone marrow of adult organisms were initially characterized as plastic adherent, fibroblastoid cells with the capacity to generate heterotopic osseous tissue when transplanted in vivo. In recent years, MSCs or MSC-like cells have been shown to reside within the connective tissue of most organs, and their surface phenotype has been well described. A large number of reports have also indicated that the cells possess the capacity to transdifferentiate into epithelial cells and lineages derived from the neuroectoderm. The broad developmental plasticity of MSCs was originally thought to contribute to their demonstrated efficacy in a wide variety of experimental animal models of disease as well as in human clinical trials. However, new findings suggest that the ability of MSCs to alter the tissue microenvironment via secretion of soluble factors may contribute more significantly than their capacity for transdifferentiation in tissue repair. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature describing the plasticity of MSCs and offer insight into how the molecular and functional heterogeneity of this cell population, which reflects the complexity of marrow stroma as an organ system, may confound interpretation of their transdifferentiation potential. Additionally, we argue that this heterogeneity also provides a basis for the broad therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Hybrid optical-digital signal processing applied to an optimal nonlinear phase estimator.

An electrooptical realization of an optimal phase estimator for phase modulated communication signals is described in this work. The realization uses an electrooptical processor to perform a 1-D convolution in a 2-D space and a computer to complete the calculations. The processor is a realization of the time domain recursive nonlinear filter. This paper describes the nonlinear filter theory, the electrooptical realization, and the performance of the processor.
A Method for Semiquantitative Spectrographic Analysis of Plant Ash for Use in Biogeochemical and Environmental Studies

A visual comparison method for semiquantitative spectrographic analysis of plant ash by dc arc technique has been applied to a wide variety of plant material. A split slit technique utilizing a Hartmann diaphragm and step filter assemblage enables the simultaneous recording of volatile elements from a short burn at 100% transmission and less volatile elements from a total energy burn at 15% transmission from the same electrode charge. Volatile elements, e.g., Ag, As, Bi, etc., are thus detected at low concentrations without the necessity of a separate analysis. Standards in a plant ash base are prepared in progressively lower concentrations from spectrographically pure powders in ranges applicable to most plants. Results are reported as six possible logarithmically spaced intervals per order of magnitude. Results show the repeatability to be within one reporting interval of the standards at the 68% confidence level and within two reporting intervals of the standards at the 95% confidence level. The over-all speed of the method suggests an application to large numbers of samples, and the analysis of more than 800 samples per man-month attests to the value of this method in reconnaissance studies.
Potential independence of the solution to the relativistic many-body problem and the role of negative-energy states in heliumlike ions

Solving the relativistic many-body problem using either many-body perturbation theory or configuration-interaction techniques is shown to lead to energies that depend slightly on the starting potential if the effects of virtual electron-positron pairs are excluded. If they are included without a correct implementation of quantum electrodynamics (QED), while this dependence is eliminated in a mathematical sense, the procedure is shown to give unphysical answers. When instead the effects of virtual electron-positron pairs are included using the S-matrix theory implementation of QED, the potential dependence is shown to be eliminated in a physical way through the inclusion of a particular class of Feynman diagrams.
Psychological aspects of genetic counseling: VII. Thoughts on directiveness.

Directiveness and nondirectiveness in genetic counseling are poorly understood on the operational level, and information about what counselors allege they do and what actually is done in practice is lacking. Although they are often thought of as diametrically opposite approaches, when viewed as strategies of persuasion, their similarities become more apparent. Directive counselors attempt to influence the counselee's behavior, whereas nondirective ones attempt to influence the latter's thinking processes; there is need for both approaches. Directiveness may also sometimes occur because of inadequate interview skills. The case made for directiveness is discussed and critiqued, available research is reviewed, and suggestions for future studies are advanced.
Preschool Children's Judgments about Hypothetical and Actual Transgressions

Preschoolers' (N= 112) judgments about hypothetical and actual moral and conventional transgressions were examined. Equal numbers of boys and girls at 2 ages (3 and 4 years old) either made judgments about 8 hypothetical moral and conventional transgressions or were interviewed on the same dimensions about 8 naturally occurring moral and conventional transgressions they witnessed in their preschools. Children judged both hypothetical and actual moral transgressions to be more serious, punishable, generalizably wrong, and independent of rules and authority than conventional transgressions. Regardless of domain, hypothetical transgressions were judged to be more wrong independent of rules than actual transgressions, and hypothetical (but not actual) moral transgressions were judged to be more independent of rules than conventional transgressions. 3-year-old girls judged the wrongness of actual moral transgressions to be more independent of authority than did 3-year-old boys. Similar findings were obtained when hypothetical and actual transgressions were matched, and domain differences were still obtained when individual items were examined. Findings are discussed in terms of previous research on preschoolers' conceptions of rules and transgressions.
Bovine Immunodeficiency VirustatGene: Cloning of Two Distinct cDNAs and Identification, Characterization, and Immunolocalization of thetatGene Products☆

cDNAs encoding the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) transactivator gene (tat) were cloned from virally infected cells and characterized. BIV expresses two distinct tat mRNAs composed of three exons that are derived by alternative splicing. The BIV tat mRNA splice variants encode Tat proteins of 103 (Tat103) and 108 (Tat108) amino acids. The Tat103 coding region is specified only by exon 2, while that of Tat108 is specified by a truncated exon 2 and the first 30 nt of exon 3. Thus, the first 98 amino acids of each Tat are identical, and have amino terminal, cysteine-rich, conserved core, basic, and carboxyl-terminal domains similar to Tats encoded by primate lentiviruses. BIV-infected bovine cells express a 14-kDa phosphorylated Tat protein identical in size to recombinant Tat expressed in bacteria. BIV Tat was shown to localize exclusively in the nucleoli of virally infected and Tat-expressing cells. Reporter gene assays indicated that Tat103 and Tat108 can strongly transactivate the BIV long terminal repeat (LTR) in virally permissive canine Cf2Th and nonpermissive HeLa and mouse NIH 3T3 cells, but not in permissive lapine EREp cells. However, an intact BIV tat gene is required for viral replication in both Cf2Th and EREp cells. Strong LTR activation by BIV Tat requires a TAR (transactivation responsive) element delimited by viral nt +1 to +31 and the Tat basic domain. BIV Tat strongly cross-transactivates the HIV-1 LTR in a TAR-dependent manner in Cf2Th, but not in EREp, HeLa, or NIH 3T3 cells. In contrast, strong, TAR-dependent cross-transactivation of the BIV LTR by HIV-1 Tat could not be demonstrated in any of these cell types. In Cf2Th cells Tat108 effects a moderately stronger transactivation of the BIV LTR than Tat103, indicative of a functional difference in BIV Tat proteins encoded by the mRNA splice variants. The present studies demonstrate that BIV Tat parallels the primate lentiviral Tats in structure and biochemistry but is not interchangeable with the latter.
Effect of the α subunit subtype on the macroscopic kinetic properties of recombinant GABAA receptors

Abstract The GABAA receptors (GABARs) are chloride-permeable ligand-gated ion channels responsible for fast inhibitory neurotransmission. These receptors are structurally heterogeneous, and in mammals can be formed from a combination of sixteen different subunit subtypes. Much of this variety comes from the six different α subunit subtypes. All neuronal GABARs contain an α subunit, and the identity of the α subtype affects the pharmacological properties of the receptors. The expression of each of the different α subtypes is regulated developmentally and regionally and changes with both normal physiological processes such development and synaptic plasticity, and pathological conditions such as epilepsy. In order to understand the functional significance of this structural heterogeneity, we examined the effect of the α subtype on the receptor's response to GABA. Each of the six α subtypes was transiently co-expressed with the β3 and γ2L subunits in mammalian cells. The sensitivity to GABA was measured with whole-cell recordings. We also determined the activation, deactivation, desensitization, and recovery kinetics for the six isoforms using rapid application recordings from excised macropatches. We found unique characteristics associated with each α subunit subtype. These properties would be expected to influence the post-synaptic response to GABA, creating functional diversity among neurons expressing different α subunits.
Nandanar: Untouchable Saint and Caste Hindu Anomaly

Cultural beliefs in support of untouchability are still prevalent in India today despite government efforts and new ideologies to combat them. These beliefs, I suggest, cannot be understood solely as a cultural tradition passively carried forward to the present, but are supported as well by psychological and social dynamics. Here, a study of the differing caste versions of an untouchable saint legend helps reveal some of these psychological and social aspects of untouchability beliefs through a discussion of attribution theory in social psychology and Bakhtin's dialogic approach to literature. In 1984-85 I1 did fieldwork in Tamil Nadu in a Paraiyar (untouchable) community near Chidambaram. From interviews with caste Hindus1 in the vicinity, sharp insights of some untouchable informants, and observances of interactions between caste Hindus and untouchables, I became aware not only of caste Hindus' views of untouchables-views in accord with the traditional Hindu belief that untouchables are inherently polluting, immoral, submissive, and lacking in intelligence-but also noted how cognitive manipulations in attribution processes, in conjunction with Hindu ontology and etiology, helped maintain these views, even in the face of contradictory information, such as an untouchable exhibiting positive qualities. These cognitive processes also became evident as I collected stories about Nandanar, an untouchable saint, and no
Credit, markets, and the agrarian economy of colonial India

For 19th-century British officials, peasant indebtedness was a cause of worry: it was a sign of poverty and a likely reason for the lack of dynamism in agriculture. Behind all peasant revolts, officials saw a long history of inherited debts, the machinations of usurers, and consequent land alienations. In nationalist discourse, indebtedness was evidence of peasants' impoverishment caused by high levels of state revenue demand. 20th-century British officials like Malcolm Darling invented the poverty thesis. It was not poverty, wrote Darling, but prosperity - the increased power to borrow - that led to the accumulating volume of debt. This was a picture reassuring to the official mind. Discussions on rural credit have now moved away from the simple issue of poverty and prosperity. The essays in the volume reflect proliferating horizons among historians of rural credit. In his introduction, Sugata Bose reflects upon the issues which underlie discussions of credit and markets. He argues that it is possible to understand complex agrarian relations in colonial India only by breaking out of the neat dichotomies which are frequently posited: continuity and change, prosperity and poverty, reciprocity and resistance, freedom and bondage.
Perioperative Skin Preparation

Liaison: Anthony T Tokarski BS Leaders: David Blaha MD (US), Michael A. Mont MD (US), Parag Sancheti MS, DNB, MCh (International) Delegates: Lyssette Cardona MD, MPH, MHA, AAHIVS, FIDSA, Gilberto Lara Cotacio MD, Mark Froimson MD, Bhaveen Kapadia MD, James Kuderna MD, PhD, Juan Carlos Lopez MD, Wadih Y Matar MD, MSc, FRCSC, Joseph McCarthy MD, Rhidian Morgan-Jones MB BCh, FRCS, Michael Patzakis MD, Ran Schwarzkopf MD, Gholam Hossain Shahcheraghi MD, Xifu Shang MD, Petri Virolainen MD, PhD, Montri D. Wongworawat MD, Adolph Yates Jr, MD
Steady-Periodic Three-Dimensional Foundation Heat Transfer From Refrigerated Structures

Analytical solutions for steady-periodic ground-coupled heat conduction problems for cylindrical and three-dimensional rectangular slab-on-grade floors beneath refrigerated structures with uniform and partial insulation are presented in this paper. The solutions, provide the soil temperature field, and the total slab heat gain. A parametric analysis is conducted to determine the effect of thermal insulation U-value and insulation width on the mean, amplitude, and phase tag of total slab heat gain. In particular, it was found that the mean and the amplitude of the total slab heat gain are effectively independent of its shape but are strongly affected by the slab size and thermal characteristics.
Suicide in later life: Some putative causes with implications for prevention

Research that has examined factors presumed to cause suicide is reviewed. The roles of physical illness, loss and isolation, sex role differences, economic conditions, attitudes, depression and hopelessness, and life satisfaction are considered. The relevance of these factors to a person-environment interaction perspective is discussed. Baechlor has suggested that suicide is always a solution to a problem and the implications of this fomulation for prevention are discussed. Educational, nontraditional, and policy implications are emphasized.
In vitro and in vivo comparison of argon-pumped and diode lasers for photodynamic therapy using second-generation photosensitizers.

Background and Objective Three prototype microchannel-cooled stacked diode array lasers were compared with the currently used conventional argon ion laser-pumped tunable dye lasers for suitability as light sources in photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment. Study Design/Materials and Methods The PDT response of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells in culture and SMT-F tumor bearing mice treated with chloro-aluminum sulfonated phthalocyanin (CASPc), benzoporphyrin derivative mono-acid (BPD-MA), and lutetium texaphyrin (Lutex) was determined using each laser light source. Survival of the CHO cells was measured using a cloning assay. Tumor regression/eradication was used to assess response in the mice. Results Both sources of laser light produced comparable PDT responses in the two systems tested. Conclusion It would be possible to replace the currently used argon ion laser-pumped dye laser systems with the diode lasers tested. Lasers Surg. Med. 23:274–280, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
QTL analyses of fiber components and crude protein in an annual × perennial ryegrass interspecific hybrid population

Annual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial (Lolium perenne L.) ryegrasses are two important forage and turfgrass species. Improving the digestibility of forage by decreasing fiber content is a major goal in forage crop breeding programs. An annual · perennial ryegrass interspecific hybrid population was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fiber components, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP). Samples were harvested three times in August and September 2003 and August 2004, respectively. Simple interval mapping was used to detect QTLs from both the male and female parental maps previ- ously developed for the population. Fiber com- ponents were all correlated positively with each other and were negatively correlated with CP. The largest correlations were between NDF and ADF with r = 0.86, 0.72, and 0.82 for each of the three harvests. All four traits showed interme- diate broad-sense heritability values ranging from 0.35 to 0.72. A total of 63 QTLs were de- tected for the four traits measured over the three harvests from both the female and male maps. Coincident QTLs were detected on linkage groups (LGs) 2, 6, and 7 for NDF, LGs 1, 2, and 7 for ADF, LGs 6 and 7 for ADL, and LG 2 for CP, respectively. Coincident QTLs were also detected on LGs 2, 6, and 7 for NDF and ADF, providing evidence of the genetic basis of the observed high level of phenotypic correlation. The QTLs on LGs 2, 6, and possibly 7 for fiber components were co-located on the same LG as several lignin biosynthetic genes from perennial ryegrass.
Synthesis of high molecular weight comb block copolymers and their assembly into ordered morphologies in the solid state.

This Article describes a simple two-step synthesis of comb block copolymers with molecular weights exceeding 1 000 000 g mol-1 and their assembly into ordered morphologies in the solid state. This work is exciting because these polymers assembled into morphologies with domain sizes exceeding 100 nm and, in some examples, 200 nm without the use of additives. These materials reflected selected wavelengths of visible light, and these wavelengths could be affected by swelling with methylene chloride vapor. A comparison between the structures of comb block copolymers and linear block copolymers is presented with a discussion of important parameters affecting their assembly in the solid state. This Article will first describe the synthesis of comb block copolymers using ring opening metathesis polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization and their subsequent characterization. The comb block copolymers, backbone polymers, and polystyrene arms were all characterized independent of each other and had lo...
Deactivation and reactivation of the inhibitory power of a conditioned inhibitor: Testing the predictions of an attentional-associative model

An attentional-associative model (Schmajuk, Lam, & Gray Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 22, 321–349, 1996) assumes that nonreinforced presentations of an inhibitory conditioned stimulus (CS) do not decrease its inhibitory associations. However, the model predicts that extended presentations will decrease attention to the inhibitor, thereby decreasing both (1) the expression of its inhibitory power in a summation test and (2) the rate of acquisition in a retardation test. The model also predicts that subsequent presentations of the inhibitory CS with a novel CS will increase both (1) and (2). Using a predictive learning design in humans, Experiment 1 examined the predictions involving the summation tests, whereas Experiments 2 and 3 examined the predictions involving the retardation tests. Experimental results were in agreement with the predictions of the model.
A simple model of long-term spike train regularization

A simple model of spike generation is described that gives rise to negative correlations in the interspike interval (ISI) sequence and leads to long-term spike train regularization. This regularization can be seen by examining the variance of the kth-order interval distribution for large k (the times between spike i and spike i + k). The variance is much smaller than would be expected if successive ISIs were uncorrelated. Such regularizing effects have been observed in the spike trains of electrosensory afferent nerve fibers and can lead to dramatic improvement in the detectability of weak signals encoded in the spike train data (Ratnam & Nelson, 2000). Here, we present a simple neural model in which negative ISI correlations and long-term spike train regularization arise from refractory effects associated with a dynamic spike threshold. Our model is derived from a more detailed model of electrosensory afferent dynamics developed recently by other investigators (Chacron, Longtin, St.-Hilaire, & Maler, 2000; Chacron, Longtin, & Maler, 2001). The core of this model is a dynamic spike threshold that is transiently elevated following a spike and subsequently decays until the next spike is generated. Here, we present a simplified version--the linear adaptive threshold model--that contains a single state variable and three free parameters that control the mean and coefficient of variation of the spontaneous ISI distribution and the frequency characteristics of the driven response. We show that refractory effects associated with the dynamic threshold lead to regularization of the spike train on long timescales. Furthermore, we show that this regularization enhances the detectability of weak signals encoded by the linear adaptive threshold model. Although inspired by properties of electrosensory afferent nerve fibers, such regularizing effects may play an important role in other neural systems where weak signals must be reliably detected in noisy spike trains. When modeling a neuronal system that exhibits this type of ISI correlation structure, the linear adaptive threshold model may provide a more appropriate starting point than conventional renewal process models that lack long-term regularizing effects.
Plant water relations influence carbon gain in a grass occurring along sharp gradients of soil temperature

Summary •The effects of supraoptimal soil temperatures on plants are not well known, despite their importance with fluctuating temperatures in many habitats. The effects of warm soils on carbon gain and water relations were evaluated for Dichanthelium lanuginosum , a grass that can persist in soils sustained at > 45°C by geothermal heating. •Microclimate, root and shoot biomass, photosynthetic gas exchange, and soil/plant water relations were measured under different root-zone temperatures in the field and glasshouse. •Carbon gain at midsummer decreased markedly for plants in 35–50°C vs c. 30°C soils, due to foliar necrosis and stomatal constraints to photosynthesis. Daily rates of dehydration, estimated from changes in leaf water potential, were also 30% greater for plants in the warmer soils. Soil water, evapotranspiration, and ratios of root : shoot biomass and area could not explain greater plant dehydration in warmer soils. •Reduced uptake of soil water may therefore lead to water stress and stomatal limitations to photosynthesis in warm soils, and may thereby influence the local-scale distribution of D. lanuginosum along steep gradients of soil-temperature within geothermal basins.
Electroencephalographic reactivity to unimodal and bimodal visual and proprioceptive demands in sensorimotor integration

We used electroencephalography to see how the brain deals with altered sensory processing demands in lower extremity movements. In unimodal conditions, sensory processing demands were altered with subjects performing movement to a small or large visual target, or with a small or large weight to modify proprioception. In bimodal conditions, both weight and targets needed to be met. We assessed activity over primary sensorimotor, premotor and parietal areas before and during knee movements. In unimodal conditions, the primary sensorimotor area showed the least sensitivity to the maximally increased sensory demand in both vision and proprioception, while the premotor region was most sensitive to proprioceptive demands, and the parietal region showed greatest sensitivity to visual demands. In bimodal conditions, intermediate levels of sensory processing demand maximally increased activation at premotor and parietal regions. However, when visual and proprioceptive demands were both maximal, activation decreased and was similar to that seen with the lowest level of sensory processing demand. As behavior was consistent across conditions while activation at these regions decreased, we suggest that additional brain areas, possibly high order cognitive and attentional regions, may be required to augment the function of the traditional sensorimotor network in lower extremity movements with increasingly difficult sensory processing demands.
High level definition of abstract domains in a relational data base system

A relational data base is herein defined as a collection of normalized relations (relations in first normal form) and a collection of domains. A normalized relation may be viewed as a table, wherein each row of the table corresponds to a tuple of the relation, and the entries in a given column belong to the set of values constituting the domain underlying that column. The domains of a data base have an abstract existence apart from the data base relations. The data base also includes various types of semantic integrity rules, which specify additional properties of the data in the data base. One such type of semantic integrity rule is the domain definition. A domain definition includes the precise description of the set of values (objects) constituting the domain. In a normalized data base, all domains are sets of atomic data values. A domain definition also includes a specification of the ordering on the values in a domain, for comparability purposes. In addition, a domain definition contains a specification of the action that is to occur if an attempt is made to violate the restriction that every entry in each column of a relation must be from the underlying domain of that column. A nonprocedural language permitting the high level expression of domain definitions is defined. Language details and examples are presented, and the syntax and informal semantics of the domain definition language are given. This approach to domain definition is analyzed in terms of its impact on other aspects of data base semantic integrity. The relationship with the data base system in general is outlined. An analysis of intradomain and interdomain comparability is included. An introduction to relevant implementation issues is also presented. Emphasis is placed on a general approach to implementation and implementation techniques, rather than on a specific system.
Sound velocity and magnetization measurements near the antiferronagnetic transition in the heavy fernion system URu2Si2

Abstract The heavy fermion superconductor URu2Si2 has a superconducting transition at 1.4 K and an antiferromagnetic transition at 17.5K. We present measurements in the vicinity of the antiferromagnetic transition of both sound velocity and magnetization.
A rare cause of laryngeal distress: Chondrosarcoma of the larynx

Abstract Laryngeal chondrosarcomas are much less aggressive lesions than chondrosarcomas that arise elsewhere in the body. Two cases of chondrosarcoma of the larynx encountered during a seven year period are presented, with a review of the literature. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are described. The MkI findings of laryngeal chondrosarcoma are compared to those of cartilaginous tumors elsewhere in the body. The differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of laryngeal chondrosarcomas are discussed.
Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric:

This paper provides empirical support for the behavioral and rhetorical constructs associated with toxic leadership in organizational contexts. Two exploratory studies were conducted that examined behavior and rhetoric of leaders through the lenses of abusive, bullying, destructive, toxic, and tyrannical leadership theories. In a qualitative study, participants expressed their direct experiences with leader toxicity. Eight behavioral dimensions emerged. Integrating those findings, a 51-item leader behavior assessment was developed to assess agreement of the severity of harmfulness of these dimensions. Based on the results of these studies, a typology of toxic leader behaviors and rhetoric was developed. Organizational implications are discussed.
Extensional Tectonics of Eastern Basin-Range/Overthrust Belt: Inferences on Structural Style from Reflection Data, Surface Geology, and Rheologic Models: ABSTRACT

Interpretations of over 1,500 km (900 mi) of industry-related reflection data in the Cordillera have revealed the following styles of late Cenozoic deformation: (1) the widespread development of asymmetric eastward-tilted basins that are bounded by low to moderate-angle planar and listric faults, and (2) five en echelon, low-angle reflections interpreted as regional detachments. Some steeply dipping planar and listric normal faults may be partly controlled by the presence of Mesozoic thrust structures, but this hypothesis is not applicable universally. In some cases, ends of normal fault segments are apparently determined by the positions of sidewall ramps and other cross-strike displacement transfer zones of Mesozoic age. Alternatively, several major normal faults, parti ularly those in Tertiary volcano-tectonic complexes, have no obvious relationship to Mesozoic structures. The low-angle reflections interpreted as a set of detachments extend east-west at least 200 km (125 mi) and dip gently westward from 3 km (2 mi) beneath the western Colorado Plateau to over 10 km (6 mi) at the Utah-Nevada border. The structural style of low-angle and listric faults cannot be reconciled easily with classic brittle failure theory, but the interpreted termination of normal faults at or above the frictional/quasiplastic transition may occur as shallow as ^approx 7 km (4 mi). Rheologic models of an extending upper crust suggest a vertically stratified model: brittle from the surface to as shallow as 7 km (4 mi), then variably ductile. The shallow depth of the upper ductil layer has important implication for controlling fault geometry and therefore the locations of fault-related basins. End_of_Article - Last_Page 933------------
Attribution theory and rape victim responsibility

The topic of rape victimization emerged in the last decade as an important social problem. Using a sample of medical students, this paper attempts to unravel the attribution of responsibility imputed to the victim of rape. Victim characteristics were varied by using vignettes in order to create an “ideal” and a “non‐ideal” rape victim. A testing of the attribution models of the just world and defensive attribution found that respondents assigned low levels of culpability to both victim types. Additionally, sex differences in perceptions of victim responsibility were found, with females according both victim types less blame than did males. Thus, partial support was found for the defensive attribution model.
First Report of Powdery Mildew, Caused by Erysiphe Cruciferarum, on Broccoli Raab in California

Broccoli raab (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), also known as rappini, is a leafy vegetable that is widely grown in Europe and has in recent years become an important crop in coastal California. During summer months in the Salinas Valley (Monterey County) in California, powdery mildew was observed on commercial field and greenhouse-grown plants. White ectophytic mycelial and conidial growth was present on leaves, causing chlorosis, and also developed on stems. Mycelia were amphigenous, in patches, often spreading to become effused. Appressoria were lobed and conidiophores were straight. Foot cells were cylindrical, measured 18 to 26 × 7 to 10 μm, and were followed by one to two cells of variable length. Conidia were produced singly, were cylindrical, and measured 35 to 50 × 12 to 21 μm with a length-to-width ratio greater than 2. No fibrosin bodies were observed in the conidia, and conidia germinated at the ends. Cleistothecia were not observed. The fungus was identified as Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex Junell (1). Pathogenicity was demonstrated by gently pressing infected leaves having abundant sporulation onto leaves of potted broccoli raab (cv. Spring Raab), incubating the plants in a moist chamber for 48 h, and then maintaining plants in a greenhouse. After 10 to 13 days, powdery mildew colonies developed on the test plants. Uninoculated control plants did not develop powdery mildew. With the same inoculation procedure, potted broccoli (Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis cv. Greenbelt) also became infected by the broccoli raab isolates. This is the first report characterizing this pathogen on broccoli raab in the state. Disease incidence and severity in field-planted crops were low, but greenhouse-grown plants became severely infected. Reference: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987.
Robot Search in 3D Swarm Construction

Robots in a swarm construction system need to be able to find their way to all potential places to add material to a structure. In two dimensions, a (trivial) procedure exists for a stateless robot moving along the outside of a structure, that will let it start at any point, take it to all potential attachment sites exactly once, and return it to its starting point, regardless of what part of the structure has already been built. Here we show that for three-dimensional structures made from cubic building blocks, where each exposed face of a block is a potential attachment site, no such procedure exists. Any robot search scheme must then necessarily involve excess movement and/or increased component complexity (e.g., memory or communication).
The Langer-Improved Wald Test for DIF Testing With Multiple Groups: Evaluation and Comparison to Two-Group IRT

Differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when the probability of responding in a particular category to an item differs for members of different groups who are matched on the construct being measured. The identification of DIF is important for valid measurement. This research evaluates an improved version of Lord’s χ2 Wald test for comparing item response model parameter estimates between two groups. The improved version uses better approaches for computation of the covariance matrix and equating the item parameters across groups. There are two equating algorithms implemented in IRTPro and flexMIRT software: Wald-1 (one-stage) and Wald-2 (two-stage), only one of which has been studied in simulations before. The present study evaluates for the first time the Wald-1 algorithm and Wald-1 and Wald-2 for three groups simultaneously. A comparison to two-group IRT-LR-DIF is included. Results indicate that Wald-1 performs very well and is recommended, whereas Type I error is extremely inflated for Wald-2. Perfo...
Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in Cre-loxP site-specific recombination.

We have determined the X‐ray crystal structures of two DNA Holliday junctions (HJs) bound by Cre recombinase. The HJ is a four‐way branched structure that occurs as an intermediate in genetic recombination pathways, including site‐specific recombination by the λ‐integrase family. Cre recombinase is an integrase family member that recombines 34 bp loxP sites in the absence of accessory proteins or auxiliary DNA sequences. The 2.7 A structure of Cre recombinase bound to an immobile HJ and the 2.5 A structure of Cre recombinase bound to a symmetric, nicked HJ reveal a nearly planar, twofold‐symmetric DNA intermediate that shares features with both the stacked‐X and the square conformations of the HJ that exist in the unbound state. The structures support a protein‐mediated crossover isomerization of the junction that acts as the switch responsible for activation and deactivation of recombinase active sites. In this model, a subtle isomerization of the Cre recombinase–HJ quaternary structure dictates which strands are cleaved during resolution of the junction via a mechanism that involves neither branch migration nor helical restacking.
Effect of Visceral Obesity on Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy

Objective To assess the relationship between visceral obesity and perioperative parameters in patients undergoing laparoscopic or robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 118 patients who underwent minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. On preoperative imaging, perinephric, visceral, and subcutaneous fat were measured. Higher estimated blood loss, complications, and warm ischemia time were used as surrogates of increased operation difficulty. We examined the association between the 3 groups of patients (ie low, medium, and high fat) with demographic and clinical characteristics. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine whether various measurements of obesity adversely affected surgical outcomes and complexity. Results No statistically significant differences were found between perioperative parameters and either perinephric, visceral, or subcutaneous fat. There was no association between changes in renal function and different fat groups. Multivariate analysis for estimated blood loss, complication rates, and warm ischemia time adjusted for age, race, sex, nephrometry score, Charlson comorbidities score, and other fat types, failed to demonstrate any significant differences. Increasing perinephric fat content was associated with higher visceral ( P P = .55). Hypertension was associated with perinephric ( P = .02) and visceral ( P = .04), but not subcutaneous obesity ( P = .08). Neither Charlson comorbidity nor American Society of Anesthesiologists scores showed any significant association with different fat types. Conclusion Individual patterns of obesity, namely subcutaneous, visceral, and perinephric, do not increase surgical complexity for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy by experienced surgeons. Furthermore, this operation can be performed safely with comparable complications and outcomes in moderately obese patients without compromising renal function.
Role of a Plasma Factor in Porphyrin Biosynthesis.

SummaryEvidence is presented which indicates that there is present in the plasma of normal dogs a factor, possibly some type of plasma protein or a related substance, which inhibits in vitro biosynthesis of porphyrins from ALA. The amount of activity of this factor is decreased in the plasma of anemic phenylhydrazine-treated dogs. It is suggested that this plasma inhibitory factor may play a physiological role in regulating porphyrino-genesis.
An experimental study of TCP/IP's Van Jacobson header compression behavior in lossy space environment

There has been some work done in studying the behavior of TCP/IP's Van Jacobson header compression (VJHC) over high bit-error-rate (BER) and long delay channels such as in the space environment. However, most studies have been done based on discussing the definitions and methodologies of the scheme. There are hardly any experimental results seen in support of these discussions. This paper discusses an experimental examination of the VJHC behavior in a lossy GEO-satellite environment, simulated using a test-bed. The experimental results show that VJHC causes go-back-n retransmission behavior. When a single packet is corrupted or lost, all packets arriving after the lost or corrupted packet, up to one bandwidth-delay product's worth, are lost and need to be retransmitted. This results in performance degradation in an environment with a very high BER (around 10/sup -5/) and long link delay. In comparison, when VJHC is disabled, only the corrupted or lost packets are retransmitted, avoiding unnecessary retransmissions. This suggests that it is better to disable TCP/IP's VJHC over very lossy channels.
PDS Cloud: Long Term Digital Preservation in the Cloud

The emergence of the cloud and advanced object-based storage services provides opportunities to support novel models for long term preservation of digital assets. Among the benefits of this approach is leveraging the cloud's inherent scalability and redundancy to dynamically adapt to evolving needs of digital preservation. PDS Cloud is an OAIS-based preservation-aware storage service employing multiple heterogeneous cloud providers. It materializes the logical concept of a preservation information-object into physical cloud storage objects. Preserved information can be interpreted by deploying virtual appliances in the compute cloud provisioned with cloud storage data objects together with their designated rendering software. PDS Cloud has a hierarchical data model supporting independent tenants whose assets are organized in multiple aggregations based on content and value. Continuous changes to data objects, life-cycle activities, virtual appliances and cloud providers are applied in a manner transparent to the client. PDS Cloud is being developed as an infrastructure component of the European Union ENSURE project, where it is used for preservation of medical and financial data.
The Association of Mode of Delivery and Common Childhood Illnesses

Participants enrolled in a randomized control trial (RCT) were eligible for this cross-sectional study to determine if children born via cesarean (C)-section had higher rates of common infectious diseases and change in normal daily activities due to illness than children born vaginally. The RCT collected parent-reported health information and mode of delivery was assessed during follow-up calls. Parent-reported rates of infectious sequelae and changes in daily activities were compared between C-section and vaginally delivered children. In total, 72.4% of the 522 children were delivered vaginally. After accounting for age, siblings, breast-feeding as an infant, and clustering within families, C-section delivered children had significantly higher rates of cumulative infectious diseases, lower respiratory tract infections, and cough than vaginally born children. Mode of delivery appears to have some lasting effect on child health 3 to 6 years after birth, specifically respiratory health. Further research is ...
OASIS: an automated program for global investigation of bacterial and archaeal insertion sequences

Insertion sequences (ISs) are simple transposable elements present in most bacterial and archaeal genomes and play an important role in genomic evolution. The recent expansion of sequenced genomes offers the opportunity to study ISs comprehensively, but this requires efficient and accurate tools for IS annotation. We have developed an open-source program called OASIS, or Optimized Annotation System for Insertion Sequences, which automatically annotates ISs within sequenced genomes. OASIS annotations of 1737 bacterial and archaeal genomes offered an unprecedented opportunity to examine IS evolution. At a broad scale, we found that most IS families are quite widespread; however, they are not present randomly across taxa. This may indicate differential loss, barriers to exchange and/or insufficient time to equilibrate across clades. The number of ISs increases with genome length, but there is both tremendous variation and no increase in IS density for genomes >2 Mb. At the finer scale of recently diverged genomes, the proportion of shared IS content falls sharply, suggesting loss and/or emergence of barriers to successful cross-infection occurs rapidly. Surprisingly, even after controlling for 16S rRNA sequence divergence, the same ISs were more likely to be shared between genomes labeled as the same species rather than as different species.
Effects of syllable stress on articulatory planning observed in a stop-signal experiment

This paper presents experimental evidence that gestural planning systems associated with stressed syllables are more highly activated than ones associated with unstressed syllables. A stop-signal experiment was conducted to investigate how syllable stress and metrical structure influence the ability to halt speech in mid-utterance. Subjects produced three sentences with controlled metrical patterns, and on 75% of trials were given a randomly timed signal to stop speaking as quickly as possible. The presence of syllable stress in the immediately upcoming speech plan increased the amount of time it took for speakers to halt their speech in response to the stop-signal. This finding is interpreted in the context of a dynamical model which incorporates activation and inhibition. Gestural systems associated with stressed syllables are more highly activated and hence take longer to inhibit. An additional contribution of this paper is the resurrection of the stop-signal paradigm in speech research. This paradigm has the potential to reveal new phenomena of theoretical import in a variety of linguistic domains.
Applications of Systems of First-Order Equations

There are many important engineering applications of systems of first-order, linear, constant-coefficient, ordinary differential equations. This chapter considers the study of linear vibrations for systems with more than one mass and then two topics from modern control theory are introduced, which are pole placement and the linear quadratic regulator.