cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Selective Light Scattering on Measurements of Absorption Spectra of Chlorella.

Experimental information about the light scattering characteristics of biological cells is surprisingly scarce. Even though all measurements of absorption spectra of intact biological structures must be influenced to some extent by scattering, there have been few investigations dealing specifically with scattering by cell suspensions. However, recent experiments have revealed that light absorbing cells and cellular components in suspension scatter light with a strong spectral selectivity (5, 6). Scattering maxima occur on the long wave length sides at absorption maxima. Other studies have demonstrated that this selective scattering can influence measurements of absorption spectra, shifting apparent band positions by 10 to 15 ??? (7, 8). The present paper describes further investigations of phenomena related to selective scattering. We attempted to obtain information about light scattered at small angles to an incident beam from suspensions of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick (Emerson strain) by using special experimental methods to measure absorption spectra. We have made use of the fact that the effects of
Comparison of human observer and algorithmic target detection in nonurban forward-looking infrared imagery

We have performed an experiment that compares the performance of human observers with that of a robust algorithm for the detection of targets in difficult, nonurban forward-looking infrared imagery. Our purpose was to benchmark the comparison and document performance differences for future algorithm improvement. The scale-insensitive detection algorithm, used as a benchmark by the Night Vision Electronic Sensors Directorate for algorithm evaluation, employed a combination of contrastlike features to locate targets. Detection receiver operating characteristic curves and observer-confidence analyses were used to compare human and algorithmic responses and to gain insight into differences. The test database contained ground targets, in natural clutter, whose detectability, as judged by human observers, ranged from easy to very difficult. In general, as compared with human observers, the algorithm detected most of the same targets, but correlated confidence with correct detections poorly and produced many more false alarms at any useful level of performance. Though characterizing human performance was not the intent of this study, results suggest that previous observational experience was not a strong predictor of human performance, and that combining individual human observations by majority vote significantly reduced false-alarm rates.
Wakayama symposium: role of canonical Notch signaling in conjucntival goblet cell differentiation and dry eye syndrome

This review summarizes a recent finding regarding the intrinsic canonical Notch signaling pathway in regulating normal ocular surface morphogenesis and its role in the pathogenesis of goblet cell deficiency-associated keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS, or dry eye). Specifically, we used novel transgenic mice to investigate the mechanism of how the Notch1 activation may serve as the upstream control of expression of transcription factors Kruppel-like factors 4 or 5 (Klf4 or Klf5) which in turn controls goblet cell differentiation and activates mucin 5/ac synthesis during ocular surface morphogenesis.
An Apprenticeship Approach to Developing Research Projects

This paper introduces a technique designed to motivate students to learn (1) statistical techniques, and (2) conduct original research during a single term of research methods. The “Apprenticeship Model” prepares novice researchers for both initial and long-term achievement while developing term projects. Employing skill-based instruction and a controlled literature research environment, this model is structured to maximize student success through a series of scaffolded exercises.
Analysis of In-Plane Compression and Bending of Honeycombs With Laminated Cell Walls

Using laminated composite cell walls in honeycomb structures can bring potential advantages such as increased specific stiffness, greater options for material selection, and very importantly, improved manufacturing efficiency. In this paper, the in-plane elastic responses of honeycomb structures with laminated composite cell wall are investigated. An analytical model was developed to obtain the effective elastic properties of the honeycombs based on the laminate properties of the cell wall. The derived homogenization properties were then used to predict the in-plane compression and bending behaviors of the structures. The predicted results were compared with those from finite element analysis of the full detailed honeycomb models. The results of the homogenized solid model, with significant computational cost savings, were in good agreement with those of honeycomb models with full geometric details. It was also demonstrated that the proposed model can be effectively and efficiently used for composite cell wall design and material selection.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Interjurisdictional Cooperation Among Police Departments in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area

This is a study of cooperative arrangements that exist among 28 independent police departments in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The conditions that are conducive to the development and maintenance of patterns of cooperation in organized human activity are among the factors that are the subject of basic disagreements among political theorists. Some argue that cooperation will not occur among autonomous agencies or units of governments unless it is developed and overseen by a higher authority in an integrated chain of command. Others contend that cooperative arrangements will emerge and pose no difficulties as long as concurrent judicial, political and administrative arrangements are available to process and resolve conflict. In addition, these arrangements can facilitate the supplying of complementary services that relate to the problems of overarching communities of interest.' The one approach tends to emphasize the limitations of federalism whereas the other argues that federalism will work under appropriate conditions. From a researcher's standpoint, the diverging beliefs of proponents of each of the two approaches suggest the need to systematically examine assertions made with a view to ascertaining the degree to which these beliefs are grounded in fact. This discussion will be an empirical examination of several hypotheses that exist in the extant literature pertaining to the reform I would like to acknowledge the support of the Center for Studies of Metropolitan Problems of the National Institute of Mental Health in the form of Grant 5 RO1 MH
Self-healing antimicrobial polymer coating with efficacy in the presence of organic matter

Abstract A method to prepare a self-healing, antimicrobial polymer coating that retains efficacy against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the presence of organic matter is reported. A coating composed of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) and styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) was applied to a maleic anhydride functionalized polypropylene support. The chemistry of the polymer coating was designed to impart hydrophobicity due to the styrene subunits, intrinsic antimicrobial character (>99.9% reduction) from the cationic primary amine groups, and enhanced antimicrobial character ( > 99.99% reduction) after chlorination of N-halamine forming groups. Antimicrobial effectiveness was demonstrated under conditions of increasing organic load. Up to 500 ppm horse serum, chlorinated coatings retained full antimicrobial character (>99.99% reduction). Even at 50,000 ppm of horse serum, the coating provided ∼90% reduction as prepared, and between ∼75% and ∼80% reduction in the form of N-halamines. Microscopy confirmed no evidence of bacterial adhesion on the coating surface. Finally, the coating exhibited self-healing properties after exposure to acid and alkaline solutions and restoration by heat, as confirmed through spectroscopy from the rebuilding of characteristic chemical bonds. Such robust antimicrobial polymer coatings with efficacy under conditions of increasing organic load may support reducing microbial cross-contamination in food and biomedical industries.
Development of a robust image processing technique for bubbly flow measurement in a narrow rectangular channel

Abstract This paper presents a robust image processing technique for bubbly flow measurement over a wide range of void fractions. The proposed algorithm combines geometrical, optical and topological information recorded with high speed cameras to separate and reconstruct the overlapping bubbles. The common difficulties such as overlapping, irregular bubble shape, surface deformation and large clustering in digital image processing are solved by combining different information based on a preset decision table and flow chart. Test with synthetic bubble images is performed to evaluate the reliability of the algorithm and quantify the uncertainty of the data. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can accurately measure bubbly flows with void fraction up to 18% for large bubbles. Four runs of bubbly flow images in a 30 mm × 10 mm rectangular channel are then recorded by three high speed cameras. The area-averaged void fraction of these test runs range from 2.4% to 9.1%. The axial and lateral distributions of bubble number density are obtained by the present algorithm for studying the characteristics of these flows.
Variable Efficacy of the Proteinaceous Antifungal YvgO in Select Fruit Juices and Teas as a Complement with UV Methods of Food Protection.

Heat-resistant fungal spores present a processing challenge for beverages and fruit juices, as thermal and UV strategies are often inadequate in reducing heat-resistant fungal burdens to acceptable levels. While effective against pathogenic or invasive bacteria, germicidal UV light treatments also fail to achieve an appreciable reduction of heat-resistant fungal spores. As an alternative, the efficacy of the antifungal protein YvgO was examined across a selection of fruit juices and teas, as well as solid model matrices. Compared with its efficacy in analogous liquid matrices, the apparent efficacy of YvgO was diminished on acidified solid matrices due to a reduction in YvgO diffusion. Using an XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] tetrazolium dye cytotoxicity assay, the effective concentrations to reduce growth by 50% were elucidated in samples challenged with Byssochlamys fulva H25. The MICs were determined and ranged from 2 ppm in apple juice and acidified teas t...
Research Directions: Reports from the Discussion Groups

The ARW was conducted using a combination of presentation format and group discussion. During the presentations, research agenda issues were identified, written on cards, and these cards posted on the walls. During group discussion, participants clustered issues into research topics for further discussion. Nine major research topics were identified. The first eight formed the basis for the research agenda as articulated in this paper, and the ninth being less focused, hence untreated here. These topics are: (1) What is Special about Spatial Knowledge?, (2) Spatial Primitives, (3) User Behavior, (4) User Interfaces, (5) Task Taxonomy, (6) Cross-cultural Issues, (7) Collaboration — Computer Supported Collaborative Work, (8) Design Methods, and (9) Design Issues. The influences among the topics imply directions for a research agenda. The topics with the largest number of inter-topic influences appear more central to the research agenda; these being “What is Special About Spatial Knowledge?” and “Cross-cultural Issues”. However, those two topics maybe the most difficult to treat in the near-term in regards to cognitive aspects of HCI for GIS.
Rapid correction of neurologic deficits by percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD).

ABSTRACT Immediate correction of neurologic deficits due to herniated disc disease following percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) has not previously been reported. In a review of 182 cases of herniated intervertebral disc disease with radicular pain syndromes, the author observed a high percentage of return of absent ankle and knee jerk reflexes, return of straight leg raising to normal, and a change of the characteristic rolling to one side, bending the knees, and propping up with the hands as the usual maneuver to change from a supine to a sitting position ("Choy sign") to an ability to sit up directly by trunk flexion, immediately, and at 1 day after PLDD. The neurophysiologic implications are discussed.
Statistical procedures used in multiple-group experiments.

(1966). Statistical Procedures Used in Multiple-group Experiments. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 441-445.
Gan-Based Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistors and Ultraviolet Detectors

Semiconductor nitrides such as aluminum nitride (AlN), gallium nitride (GaN), and indium nitride (InN) are very promising materials for their potential use in optoelectronic devices and high-power and high-temperature electronic devices. Specifically, nitrides are suitable for applications such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, UV detectors, Bragg reflectors, waveguides, UV and visible light emitting diodes (LED), and laser diodes (LD) for digital data read-write applications. The large bandgap, large dielectric breakdown field, fortuitously good electron transport properties, and good thermal conductivity of GaN are conducive for use in high-power electronic devices. This chapter focuses on GaN based semiconductor devices and there use as modulation-doped field effect transistors (MODFET) and ultraviolet detectors. With its reduced impurity scattering and unique gate capacitance-voltage characteristics, the MODFET has become the dominant high-frequency device. Research has reported on the superior performance of GaN-based MODFET on SiC and sapphire substrates with respect to competing materials, particularly at X band and higher frequencies. The chapter also describes the problem of polarization in GaN semiconductors, highlighting the main reasons. It also discusses topics such as Schottky barriers for gates in GaN, GaN contacts, and AlGaN/GaN MODFETS, focusing on GaN characteristics and experimental performance. UV detector structures based on GaN and Al x GAl -x N include photoconductors (PC), metal semiconductor-metals (MSM), and photovoltaics (PV). These detector structures were typically grown on sapphire substrates by variations of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) methods. The chapter closes with a discussion on these properties of GaN based semiconductors and their design and application as UV detectors.
Photoinduced Vesicle Formation via the Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction

Synthetic vesicles have a wide range of applications from drug and cosmetic delivery to artificial cell and membrane studies, making simple and controlled formation of vesicles a large focus of the field today. Here, we report the use of the photoinitiated copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction using visible light to introduce spatiotemporal control into the formation of vesicles. Upon the establishment of the spatiotemporal control over vesicle formation, it became possible to adjust initiation conditions to modulate vesicle sizes resulting in the formation of controllably small or large vesicles based on light intensity or giant vesicles when the formation was initiated in flow-free conditions. Additionally, this photoinitiated method enables vesicle formation at a density 400-fold higher than initiation using sodium ascorbate as the catalyst. Together, these advances enable the formation of high-density, controlled size vesicles using low-energy wavelengths while producing enhance...
Perceived barriers to food packaging recycling: Evidence from a choice experiment of US consumers

Abstract To increase recycling rates, packaging companies, policymakers, and food and beverage companies have promoted recycling of packaging through media and packaging labels. Yet, how effective such information is at enhancing recycling behavior remains subject to debate. This study contributes to the literature on product recycling by examining how particular packaging characteristics foster or hinder recycling. An online survey administered to a representative sample of 1500 American households is used to examine consumer perceived barriers to recycling food packaging. Using a between-subject choice experiment design, we investigate the effectiveness of message targeting and media delivery, including infographic and video treatments, on consumer stated recycling behavior of a plastic or boxboard sandwich container. We find that respondents viewed having to clean packaging, a requirement for many food products, as a barrier to recycling, but not the type of packaging material or the number of steps involved in recycling the product. Individuals drawn to recycling for energy conservation reasons were less likely to view cleaning as a barrier. The information treatments did not significantly affect consumer recycling behavior, however, they altered preferences for packaging material.
Depressive Symptoms, Cardiac Disease Severity, and Functional Status in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (from the Heart and Soul Study).

Patient-reported health status is highly valued as a key measure of health care quality, yet little is known about the extent to which it is determined by subjective perception compared with objective measures of disease severity. We sought to compare the associations of depressive symptoms and objective measures of cardiac disease severity with perceived functional status in patients with stable coronary artery disease. We assessed depressive symptoms, severity of cardiovascular disease, and perceived functional status in a cross-sectional study of 1,023 patients with stable coronary artery disease. We compared the extent to which patient-reported functional status was influenced by depressive symptoms versus objective measures of disease severity. We then evaluated perceived functional status as a predictor of subsequent cardiovascular hospitalizations during 8.8 years of follow-up. Patients with depressive symptoms were more likely to report poor functional status than those without depressive symptoms (44% vs 17%; p
Fetal Alcohol Exposure Alters Blood Flow and Neurological Responses to Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Adult Mice.

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can result in physical and neurocognitive deficits that are collectively termed "fetal alcohol spectrum disorders" (FASD). Although FASD is associated with lifelong intellectual disability, the mechanisms mediating the emergence of secondary mental health and physical disabilities are poorly understood. Based on our previous data showing that maternal ethanol (EtOH) exposure in mice resulted in an immediate reduction in cranially directed fetal blood flow, we hypothesized that such exposure would also result in persistent alterations in cranially directed blood flow in the prenatally alcohol-exposed (PAE) adult. We also hypothesized that PAE adults exposed to an acute cerebrovascular insult would exhibit more brain damage and neurobehavioral impairment compared to non-PAE adult controls. Methods Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to EtOH, 3 g/kg, or water by intragastric gavage. Blood flow in carotid, renal, and femoral arteries was assessed by ultrasound imaging in PAE and control adults at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. To mimic ischemic stroke in young adult populations, 3-month-old PAE and control animals were subject to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and subsequently assessed for behavioral recovery, stroke infarct volume, and brain cytokine profiles. Results PAE resulted in a significant age-related decrease in blood acceleration in adult mice, specifically in the carotid artery. A unilateral transient MCAo resulted in equivalent cortico-striatal damage in both PAE and control adults. However, PAE adult mice exhibited significantly decreased poststroke behavioral recovery compared to controls. Conclusions Our data collectively show that PAE adult mice exhibit a persistent, long-term loss of cranially directed blood flow, and decreased capacity to compensate for brain trauma due to acute-onset adult diseases like ischemic stroke.
The lecture’s absent audience

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the noun “lecture” dates from the 14th century and means the “action of reading, perusal. Also, that which is read or perused.” This definition, while ac...
Targeted Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Inflammation Detection: A Review of Current Evidence

Molecular imaging is a form of nanotechnology that enables the noninvasive examination of biological processes in vivo. Radiopharmaceutical agents are used to target biochemical markers, permitting...
Mindfulness as a Prerequisite to Effective Leadership; Exploring the Constructs that Foster Productive Use of Feedback for Professional Learning

This paper proposes a model that integrates mindfulness, ego, and mindset as filters of the information available for professional learning. The paper explores connections between mindset, ego, and mindfulness that promote or inhibit an educator’s ability to use feedback for learning. A leader’s commitment to creating spaces for meaningful use of all types of feedback promotes a school climate that encourages risk taking in learning. Mindfulness, the cultivation of the ability to pay attention to the present moment non-judgmentally, is a prerequisite skill to the effective delivery and use of feedback to promote professional learning. The development of mindfulness requires practice of a method and the continual application of mindfulness to remain open to learning from feedback.
Autonomous paddle aerator for shrimp tanks

This paper presents two problems observed in the Marine Aquaculture Station — EMA of the Federal University of Rio Grande, more specifically related to the aeration of the culture tanks to pisciculture and/or carniciculture. Firstly, the high energy consumption of the paddle aerators was identified, due to the continuous need to oxygenate the water. Subsequently, it was noted that static aerators do not aerate the water evenly and they require that their placement be done manually by technicians or assistants. Thus, initially, the article proposes a design of an autonomous aerator with electric power coming from a photovoltaic solar energy system. In the sequence, a navigation system for the aerator is proposed along the tank, based on a differential performance of the motors connected to the paddle.
Use of the Omaha System for ontology-based text mining to discover meaning within CaringBridge social media journals

Abstract Objectives The goals of this study were to examine the feasibility of using ontology-based text mining with CaringBridge social media journal entries in order to understand journal content from a whole-person perspective. Specific aims were to describe Omaha System problem concept frequencies in the journal entries over a four-step process overall, and relative to Omaha System Domains; and to examine the four step method including the use of standardized terms and related words. Design Ontology-based retrospective observational feasibility study using text mining methods. Sample A corpus of social media text consisting of 13,757,900 CaringBridge journal entries from June 2006 to June 2016. Measures The Omaha System terms, including problems and signs/symptoms, were used as the foundational lexicon for this study. Development of an extended lexicon with related words for each problem concept expanded the semantics-powered data analytics approach to reflect consumer word choices. Results All Omaha System problem concepts were identified in the journal entries, with consistent representation across domains. The approach was most successful when common words were used to represent clinical terms. Preliminary validation of journal examples showed appropriate representation of the problem concepts. Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate the feasibility of using an interface terminology and ontology (the Omaha System) as a text mining information model. Further research is needed to systematically validate these findings, refine the process as needed to advance the study of CaringBridge content, and extend the use of this method to other consumer-generated journal entries and terminologies.
Why are they being so nice to us? Social identity threat and the suspicion of Whites’ motives

AbstractStigmatizing racism has made Whites’ kindness attributional ambiguous to people of color (POC). When this ambiguity is experienced in domains where stereotypes are active, POC may experience praise from Whites as a form of social identity threat. The current article reviews how POC are predicted to respond to Whites’ positivity as a function of their beliefs about Whites’ motives. To the extent that POC are suspicious of Whites’ motives and chronically discount positivity from Whites, praise and positive overtures from Whites were predicted to be threatening. Evidence suggests that POC suspicious of Whites motives are the most sensitive to positive responses from Whites, reacting with both greater threat and social accuracy compared to non-suspicious POC. The current work reviews the empirical evidence on suspicion and highlights avenues for future research that explores suspicion’s origins and capacity to shape the academic and professional identities of POC.
Use of autologous fascia lata as a pericardial substitute following open-heart surgery.

Thirteen patients requiring repeat open-heart surgery had autologous free fascia lata grafts implanted to effect complete pericardial closure. In four patients, the graft was used to augment the pericardial space because of myocardial failure and enlargement. In the remainder, fascia lata was used because shrinkage, scarring, or absence of the pericardium from prior operation prevented primary closure. No hemodynamic problems related to implantations of the grafts were seen. The harvesting of the grafts produced no functional deficits, and complications at the donor site were insignificant. Complete pericardial closure with fascia lata protects underlying myocardial structures (i.e., saphenous vein grafts) in the event that further reoperation for bleeding or infection is required. In addition, it provides for compartmentalization of the mediastinum, allowing accurate assessment of the site of postoperative bleeding.
Molecular Probes Reveal Chemical Selectivity of the Solid–Electrolyte Interphase

The solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) is well-known to provide critical protection between the strongly reducing negative electrode and the organic electrolytes of nonaqueous batteries. Batteries with a poorly passivating SEI will suffer from rapid capacity fade and short lifetimes. Despite its importance and extensive study of its structure and composition, the mechanism of SEI passivation remains poorly understood. In this work, we demonstrate using electrochemical collector-generator measurements that the SEI is chemically selective in its passivation and propose a model based on catalytic active sites to explain its performance. Electrochemically interrogating the SEI with functionalized ferrocene mediators shows that the through-film mediator reduction is much more sensitive to mediator functional group than size, indicating preferential partitioning into the organic SEI layer. Additional experiments with controlled electrode crosstalk show that incorporation of dissolved transition metals increases...
Nokia Phones: From a Total Success to a Total Fiasco: A Study on Why Nokia Eventually Failed to Connect People, and an Analysis of What the New Home of Nokia Phones Must Do to Succeed

This research intensively reviews and analyzes the strategic management of technology at Nokia Corporation. Using traditional narrative literature review and secondary sources, we reviewed and analyzed the historical transformation of Nokia's core business, leadership strategies, business architecture, R&D policy, innovation strategy, product lunch, and smartphones recognition and demonstration. We identified various strategic gaps that the previous analytical studies seemingly have missed to identify and generalize. Therefore, we add to the literature a bundle of the lessons learned that chronologically explain how Nokia failed to create and sustain competitive advantages, particularly in the smartphone market. We concluded that the problem at Nokia was not the lack of innovation, but rather, it was the lack of a precise technology forecasting, and misunderstanding that the needs in smartphone market were not just about demonstrating a mobile phone that makes calls, texts and connects to the web, but also the platform that operates all these functions together. Since Nokia's brand name is recently back in the market through a newly licensed firm (HMD Global), we further discuss how likely the new Nokia's smartphones will possibly compete and plausibly succeed in a very well-established market.
Stochastic Projection and Collocation

This chapter is concerned with expansions of functions of random variables in terms of common random variables. The chapter covers spectral expansions (polynomial chaos methods) and computational realizations of this using quadrature, collocation, and Galerkin projection. Sparse quadratures are also discussed to evaluate multiple dimensional integrals. The methods are applied to several PDEs including the Poisson’s equation and the Black-Scholes model.
Continuous Slabs and Beams

Continuity provides an economic benefit with shallow sections and longer spans possible. Continuity also inherently improves safety due to the redundancy provided by the continuity. This comes at a price of increased calculation and detailing complexity, increased construction complexity, and increased propensity for cracking and other distress due to the effect of restrained creep and shrinkage.
The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Bone Mass: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Recent evidence demonstrates that tobacco smoking causes an imbalance in bone turnover, leading to lower bone mass and making bone vulnerable to osteoporosis and fracture. Tobacco smoke influences bone mass indirectly through alteration of body weight, parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis, adrenal hormones, sex hormones, and increased oxidative stress on bony tissues. Also, tobacco smoke influences bone mass through a direct effect on osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone. A RANKL-RANK-OPG pathway is an essential regulatory pathway for bone metabolism and its importance lies in its interaction with most of the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which smoking influences bone mass. Both first- and secondhand smoke adversely affect bone mass; smoking cessation seems to reverse the effect of smoking and improve bone health. Recent advances in research on bone turnover markers could advance scientific knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which smoking may influence bone mass.
Hoping for optimality or designing for inclusion: Persistence, learning, and the social network of citizen science.

The explosive growth in citizen science combined with a recalcitrance on the part of mainstream science to fully embrace this data collection technique demands a rigorous examination of the factors influencing data quality and project efficacy. Patterns of contributor effort and task performance have been well reviewed in online projects; however, studies of hands-on citizen science are lacking. We used a single hands-on, out-of-doors project—the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST)—to quantitatively explore the relationships among participant effort, task performance, and social connectedness as a function of the demographic characteristics and interests of participants, placing these results in the context of a meta-analysis of 54 citizen science projects. Although online projects were typified by high (>90%) rates of one-off participation and low retention (
Rescue Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: An Exercise in Futility?

Background: Despite the use of surfactant, antenatal steroids, and optimized ventilation, Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) infants face significant morbidity in the form of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The use of prophylactic inhaled nitric oxide (INO) in these patients has been studied in several trials and is not recommended. However, INO is used as a rescue therapy for hypoxic respiratory failure when other treatment options have failed. Our objective was to compare the respiratory outcomes of ELBW infants who received rescue INO during admission to similar patients who did not. Methods: With Institutional Review Board approval, data were retrospectively extracted from the medical records of all infants with birth weight ≤ 1,000 g admitted to the Rush University Children9s Hospital NICU from January 2015 to December 2017 who survived > 72 h. Patients with major congenital malformations were excluded. 150 patients were identified, of which 15 received INO. 3 patients were excluded as INO was discontinued quickly within 72 h for absence of a clinical response and no evidence of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiogram. 12 patients, who received rescue INO for hypoxic respiratory failure were compared to the remaining 138 patients. Death and tracheostomy rates were compared using Fisher Exact/Chi-Square and Odds Ratios. Demographic data and other clinical markers were evaluated by t-test or Fisher Exact to assess similarity of the groups. Results: INO recipients had lower birth weight (645 ± 175 g vs 778 ± 142 g, P=0.02) with similar birth gestational age (25.5 ± 1.6 weeks vs 25.6 ± 1.6 weeks, P=0.82) with lower weight for gestation z-scores (-0.94 ± 1.34 vs 0.06 ± 1.14, P=0.03). INO recipients had a significantly higher rate of death (92% vs 4%, P Conclusions: Use of rescue INO in ELBW infants was associated with significantly worse mortality and respiratory outcomes compared to non-recipients, with 100% of recipients dying or requiring tracheostomy. Given these poor outcomes, use of rescue INO in this population for hypoxic respiratory failure cannot be recommended. Additional studies may identify a specific subset of patients with reversible pulmonary hypertension who may benefit from INO.
Sonic booms and sonic thumps for non-specialists

One of the most straightforward applications of nonlinear acoustics is in the long range propagation of the shock waves created by supersonic aircraft. The sounds heard on the ground are either loud (sonic booms) or are quiet (sonic thumps) depending on the pressure versus time signature. This talk with give a brief overview of sonic booms and the role nonlinear acoustics plays in their propagation. The carpet of sounds heard on the ground from an example single flight will be shown. The role of nonlinear acoustics in the certification of future supersonic low-boom aircraft will be highlighted. Much more information about sonic boom is freely available from ntrs.nasa.gov, and one great reference is “Sonic Boom” by Maglieri, et al. (NASA/SP-2014-622). [Work supported by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Environment and Energy through ASCENT, the FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and the Environment, Project 41 through FAA Award Number 13-C-AJFE-PSU under the supervision of Sandy Liu. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the FAA.]
Assessing suitability of modified center pivot irrigation systems in corn production using low altitude aerial imaging techniques

Abstract This study evaluated corn (Zea mays var. indentata) canopy vigor and temperature variations using small unmanned aerial system (UAS) based spatiotemporal imagery data. The key objective was to develop understanding on site-specific suitability of the Mid Elevation Spray Application (MESA) and Low Elevation Spray Application (LESA) sprinkler systems in irrigating corn crop and potential water as well as energy savings. Aerial data was collected through small UAS flights at 100 m height above ground level and on 49, 59, 65, 77, 105, 114, 134 days after planting (DAP). Small UAS had 5-band multispectral and radiometric thermal imager on-board the platform. Custom image processing algorithms were developed to extract various vegetation indices (Normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], Green NDVI [GNDVI] and Normalized difference red edge [NDRE]) and canopy temperature maps from the imagery data. Two sample T-test was performed on extracted data to understand significant difference, at 5% level, within the LESA and MESA treatments. For both the irrigation techniques, the crop vigor increased in the early growth stage (49, 65 DAP), peaked in the mid growth stage (77, 105, 114 DAP) and then decreased in the late growth stage (134 DAP). The MESA irrigated sections had higher vigor (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE), but not significant, compared to LESA throughout the season. Similarly, the MESA irrigated areas had significantly (0.61–2.07 °C) cooler canopies than LESA. Such results were anticipated, in part due to the issues with the sprinkler heads used in LESA. The heads were being pulled off in the corn field, causing the weighted hose to damage the crop. A different kind of sprinkler head was used after this incident. However, some strips of corn had already been damaged. Overall, this study results confirm suitability of aerial imagery data in evaluating pertinent irrigation treatments. Additional season’s data would be needed to clearly understand which technique (LESA or MESA) is more suitable for irrigating corn crop in the central part of state of Washington.
Deep convolutional neural network for laser forward scattering image classification in microbial source tracking

The colony-based laser scatter imaging for microbial source tracking heavily relies on the power of optical scattering image classification. While carefully handcraft feature extraction achieved excellent results for the colonies with certain sizes for optimal classification results, the classification accuracy drops quickly for smaller or larger colonies outside of the colony size range. In this study, a deep convolutional neural network was implemented for laser scattering image feature extraction and classification. The results show that the deep learning classification method clearly outperforms the traditional clustering methods with high accuracy and consistency for host species with a wide range of colony sizes. It also provides comparable accuracy for the colonies with the optimal sizes.
Designing reflections on practice: Helping teachers apply cognitive learning principles in an SFT: Inquiry-based learning program

The objective of this research into teacher education was to provide teachers with a deeper understanding of the cognitive goals of an inquiry-based learning program — Schools for Thought (SFT), and how these might be fostered using specific classroom activities. The classroom activities the workshops analyzed are derived from cognitive research aimed at fostering constructivist learning environments and include various strategies for facilitating collaborative learning and discussion among students (Bruer, 1993; Brown & Campione, 1994). The study documents 13 workshop sessions with teachers from grade 6,7, and 8. Teachers were asked to videotape segments of classroom activities in each of four phases of the SFT research cycle. The videotapes were edited by the authors and then discussed with teachers focusing on their effectiveness at implementing the cognitive goals for each unit phase. Analysis of these sessions reveal a shift in the focus of teachers' discussion from identifying procedures or the planning sequence of inquiry-based activities, to the usefulness these activities have for fostering specific cognitive and pedagogical goals. However, important differences remain in what researchers and teachers consider important when reflecting on teaching.
Organizational Attributes and Their Effect on Donor Intentions: Examining How the Descriptors Used in Marketing Communications Can Affect Donor Support

Utilizing a choice-based conjoint survey of donors from four nonprofit organizations, this study investigated individual donation intentions and their organizational and venture attribute preferenc...
An electrochemical study of cobalt-salen (N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminocobalt(II) in the oxidation of syringyl alcohol in acetonitrile

The reactivity of cobalt(II) complexes with molecular oxygen is a heavily studied and extremely important catalytic system. These interactions result in the formation of metal-dioxygen adducts that are responsible for numerous cobalt-catalyzed oxidations. In the case of 4-coordinate cobalt salen [Co(salen)] complexes, the formation of catalytically active, mononuclear, superoxo adducts in the presence of a secondary, N-donor ligand has been demonstrated [Co(salen)pyr-O2]. In batch reactions, these adducts are known to readily oxidize certain para-substituted phenolic compounds resulting in benzoquinones in high yield. Para-phenolic model compounds have been used to demonstrate the potential use of cobalt Schiff base complexes in the oxidation of lignin biomass. This work investigates the redox behavior of the Co(salen)pyr-O2 adduct as a potential recyclable electrocatalyst. Using traditional electrochemical techniques, the activity of the Co(salen)pyr-O2 adduct is evaluated as it applies to the oxidation of the substrate syringyl alcohol (4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol) in acetonitrile. Typical EC′ electrochemical behavior is reported showing a near linear relationship between substrate concentration and peak current density (Jp) up to 200 mV s−1. Electrochemical titration of catalytic amounts of Co(salen) with pyridine in the presence of excess oxygen and substrate indicate that the one-electron oxidation of Co(salen)pyr-O2H is reversible up to 2:1 pyridine to cobalt. However EPR characterization of electrolysis experiments with Co(salen)pyr-O2 in the presence of excess substrate show evidence for the deactivation of the catalyst system after two hours, indicating possible poor ligand stability or the occurrence of an inhibiting side reaction under reaction conditions.
Job satisfaction indicators for tenure and non-tenure track social work faculty: similar but not equal

Despite sharing similar job responsibilities, two distinctly different career pathways exist within the social work professorate in the United States: tenure-track and non-tenure track. Tenure trac...
Complementary and alternative medicine

Abstract The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies continues to rise worldwide. The cultural importance of various CAM techniques and systems cannot be overlooked. As data become available on the use and adverse events, misuse, adulterations, toxicities and interactions of various dietary supplements (DS) and other CAM therapies, the clinician can piece together appropriate patient care approaches. Reporting mechanisms in many countries continue to be sporadic and inconsistent. Information may be biased or inaccurate in the public domain, causing consumer distrust of healthcare provider guidance. As with any therapeutic decision-making, the patient/consumer should be included in the process and given evidence-based information to weigh the risks and benefits for the individual's needs. Healthcare providers should familiarize themselves with CAM practices and the benefits and associated risks to best care for their patient populations. In this review of the current literature from January through December 2019, the adverse effects of herbal dietary supplements (HDS) are organized as affecting different physiological systems. Systematic reporting and monitoring of AEs from mind/body therapies are extremely limited though reported as found. The full impact caused by side effects (SE) of various CAM therapies may be underappreciated due to this lack of complete data.
To be there when the picture is being painted

There is nothing quite like the excitement of discovery in science-of finding something no one else knew and seeing a story unfold. One has to be part of an emerging picture to feel the elation. These moments in a lifetime are few and far between, but they fuel enthusiasm and keep one going. They are embedded in struggles and joys of everyday life, years of establishing what Louis Pasteur called "the prepared mind," working with mentors, trainees, and colleagues, failures and successes. This article recalls 1) how I got to be a biochemist; 2) my contributions as an educator and researcher, especially regarding meprin metalloproteases; and 3) my participation in communities of science. Perhaps my reflections will help an aspiring scientist see how fulfilling a career in science can be.
Evaluation of the impact of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of glasdegib in otherwise healthy volunteers.

Glasdegib is being developed for indications in myeloid malignancies. The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single, oral, 100-mg glasdegib dose under fasted conditions was assessed. Open-label, parallel-group study (NCT03596567). Participants of good general health were selected and categorized, based on their estimated glomerular filtration rate, into normal (≥ 90 mL/min), moderate (≥ 30 to < 60 mL/min), or severe (< 30 mL/min) renal impairment groups. Blood samples were collected up to 120 h post-dose. PK exposure parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis. All 18 participants completed the study. Respectively, ratios of adjusted geometric means (90% confidence interval) for glasdegib area under the curve from time 0 to infinity and peak plasma concentration versus normal participants were 205% (142–295%) and 137% (97–193%) in the moderate group, and 202% (146–281%) and 120% (77–188%) in the severe group. Glasdegib median time to peak plasma concentration was 2.0 h in both impairment groups and 1.5 h in the normal group. Mean oral clearance was decreased by approximately 50% in both renal impairment groups compared with the normal group. The plasma-free fraction of glasdegib was not altered by renal impairment. Five all-causality adverse events were reported in three participants; two were considered treatment-related. The similar changes in exposure observed for participants with renal impairment, coupled with the known safety data from clinical experience, suggest that a lower starting dose of glasdegib may not be required for moderate or severe renal impairment. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03596567 (started May 17, 2018).