cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccines: How Effective Are They?

In the United States, vaccines for human use are licensed by the Food and Drug Administration, and recommendations for their use are formulated and revised on a regular basis by the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control, and the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Over the past twenty five years, immunization programs have markedly reduced the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases in children, as evidenced by drastic declines in the rates of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and rubella infections.
Human β-adrenergic receptors. Simultaneous purification of β1- and β2-adrenergic-receptor peptides

Beta-Adrenergic receptors from basal membranes of human placenta were purified from digitonin extracts by sequential rounds of affinity chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and steric-exclusion h.p.l.c. Basal membranes display both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors, in the ratio 65:35. Affinity chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography on heptylamine-Sepharose and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel removed most of the contaminating proteins, and final purification of the receptor to apparent homogeneity was achieved by steric-exclusion h.p.l.c. The purified receptors showed Mr 67000 on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Specific binding of radioligand to the purified beta-adrenergic receptors displayed stereoselectivity, and the agonist competition profiles demonstrated the presence of both beta 1- and beta 2-receptors. By using the subtype-selective ligands CGP-20712A (beta 1-selective) and ICI-118,551 (beta 2-selective), the purified Mr-67000 species was shown to be composed of equivalent amounts of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors. Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-alprenolol and sequential elution with 1 microM-CGP-20712A followed by 100 microM(-)-alprenolol permitted beta 1-adrenergic receptors to be resolved from the mixture of beta 1-/beta 2-adrenergic receptors. The pharmacologically distinct human beta 1 and beta 2-adrenergic receptors are shown to be structurally very similar peptides.
The ASCAP/CBDNA Frederick Fennell Prize: Interviews With the Eight Winning Composers:

Initiated in 2002, the ASCAP/CBDNA Frederick Fennell Young Composers Award is a biennial recognition of an outstanding new work for winds by an American composer between the ages of 18 and 30. The ...
Neuronal circuits for accommodation and vergence in the primate

Single-unit recording studies of the activity of the motor and premotor neurons controlling vergence and accommodation in primates have provided significant insights into the putative accommodation and vergence controllers and the mechanisms by which they interact. Studies of midbrain near-response neurons in general, and of those that project to medial rectus motoneurons in particular, have revealed that these cells receive input both from the blur-accommodation and the disparity-vergence controller and that their activity is generally related to both vergence and to accommodation. These results indicated that, at least at the level of the midbrain, near-response neurons are not confined to independent channels for accommodation and for vergence control. These results are explained by a modification to the dual-interaction model in which each midbrain cell receives inputs from both the blur-accommodation and the disparity-vergence controllers but these inputs vary in relative strength. Additional studies have revealed that neural signals on medial rectus motoneurons and Edinger-Westphal neurons are related to both the static and dynamic components of vergence and accommodation. The existence of these signals suggests that, similar to the saccadic control system, the brain may control the velocity of these movements and integrate the velocity signal to obtain a position signal. This theory is provided with further support by the observation that while some premotor midbrain near-response neurons are predominately related to vergence angle and to accommodation, others are much more closely related to the velocity of these movements.
Margarita Alonso-Ramos (Ed.), Spanish Learner Corpus Research: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

This article reviews Spanish Learner Corpus Research: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 9789027210753
Psoriasiform spongiotic dermatitis

A 55-year-old homeless man with AIDS and history of psoriasis presented with generalised skin lesions. He reported pink rashes appearing on the legs 8 months ago. It spread with severe itching and scaling, and exacerbated into erythematous papular infiltrated skin lesions over the arms, legs and
Frequency of CIED remote monitoring: A quality improvement follow-up study.

Background Based on the findings of a prior study of CIED (Cardiac Implantable Electrical Device) remote monitoring (RM) frequency at the same center, the University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center (UMCHC) instituted a quality improvement (QI) change to reduce the frequency of routine CIED RM from every 2 months to every 3 months. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of this QI initiative to reduce workload without compromising patient care. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of all UMCHC patients with CIEDs followed via Medtronic CareLink CIED remote monitoring system from July 2015 to June 2017, after the QI change in 2014. The primary outcome was success of transition to new monitoring schedule. Secondary outcomes included complications, incidence of actionable events (AES), patient compliance, and change in workload. Outcomes were compared to the prior study. Results There were 325 patients (mean age was 24 ± 14 years) included, of who 293 (90%) completely transitioned to the new RM schedule. During the study period, 96 transmissions included AES (4% of total), of which 50 (52%) were asymptomatic and discovered on routine monitoring. No patient experienced a complication attributable to decreased RM frequency. The mean number of interrogations decreased by 1.6 per patient over the 2-year period compared to prior study. Conclusions This study demonstrated successful implementation of a QI initiative to reduce CIED monitoring frequency at a single center with no patient adverse events. The intervention reduced workload and potentially improved patient compliance with routine RM.
Testing the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis: Modeling chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) using human embryonic stem cells (hESC)

LB-89 Compelling studies suggest that self-renewing CSC are resistant to current forms of therapy targeted at rapidly dividing, non-self-renewing populations, which represent a reservoir for relapse and metastasis. Characterizing and targeting CSC in various cancers therefore has important implications for reducing the risk of relapse and rates of therapeutic recalcitrance. CML is a cancer where a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) has been identified and suggested to give rise to this cancer by acquisition of BCR-ABL, a fusion gene that produces a constitutively active protein tyrosine kinase product p210BCR-ABL. Efforts to model disease with human cells have been limited by the relative dearth of CML patient samples. hESCs may provide a limitless and consistent source of primitive progenitor cells and have therefore been used to this end to produce in vitro and in vivo model systems of CML CSC. GFP-Luciferase transduced hESC were intra-hepatically injected into neonatal RAG2-/γc-/- mice +/- cotransduction with BCR-ABL. Engraftment from 4-10.5 weeks was observed, without teratoma formation, analyzed by both bioluminescent imaging (IVIS 200 ®) and FACS of hematopoietic organs for human hematopoietic markers (n=8). CD45 staining was observed by FACS in livers (1.6-72.1%) where 14-51% and 3-38% of these were CD38+ and CD34+ respectively, spleen (14.9%) where 6.4% of these were CD90+, bone marrow (1.37-10.7%) where 14-15.8%, .6-1%, and .5-1% of these were CD38, CD34, and CD90+ respectively, and in thymus (2.36-5.7%) where 34%, 12-16.6%, and 6.4% of these were CD38, CD34, and CD90+ respectively compared to untransplanted controls and exclusion of mouse MHC and CD45.2+ cells. After transduction with BCR-ABL hESC engraftment became more robust by bioluminescence (n=8) and a trend toward greater myeloid lineage engraftment may be occurring based on CD45RA staining. Although engraftment by direct hESC injection has been successful, injection of hematopoietic progenitors derived from hESC may show greater engraftment potential. Thus, for modeling CML CSC in vitro and creating a source of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells for engraftment studies, hESC differentiation on OP9 stromal cell lines is being utilized. Up to 7% of differentiating hESCs expressed CD34 allowing future studies of BCR-ABL transduction prior to or subsequent to differentiation. Existence of enhanced self-renewal, alteration of transcriptional repertoire, or skewing toward specific hematopoietic lineages due to BCR-ABL expression will be evaluated. These hematopoietic progenitors can then be used for subsequent transplantation into RAG2-/γc-/- mice for in vivo CSC modeling. Preliminary studies showed engraftment by bioluminescent imaging after CD34 selection and 7.23% of liver stained for CD45 in one mouse where 43% were also CD38+ (n=2). Future experiments aim to rigorously test this hypothesis of the CML CSC.
Szemerédi–Trotter-type theorems in dimension 3

Abstract We estimate the number of incidences in a configuration of m lines and n points in dimension 3. The main term is m n 1 / 3 if we work over the real or complex numbers but m n 2 / 5 over finite fields.
Ethical Controversies in Engaged Research

This chapter examines the main characteristics of engaged research (ER) that can make such research ethically problematic. Engaged research is that form of research in which the persons or groups being studied are also participants in the research. The problematic characteristics are the participation continuum or degree of engagement, complexity of relationships in ER projects, and the developmental nature of ER. These characteristics have generated several ethical controversies: (1) ethics of process or of outcomes, (2) ambiguity of “community,” (3) capacity of participants, (4) variety and unpredictability of risk, and (5) ethical review and regulation. We use examples from two ER projects, one in probation and one in a residential program for youth, to highlight the problems. We conclude with some steps that might help resolve the ethical disagreements among ER researchers.
Design and control of distillation columns with inert venting

Abstract The feed streams in many distillation columns contain small amounts of very light components that must be removed in the overhead system. To avoid having to operate at the high pressures or low temperatures required to totally condense the distillate, a small vapor vent stream is removed from the top of the reflux drum. This paper considers the economic and controllability issues involved in the design and control of these inert venting systems. An important engineering trade-off between product losses in the vent and energy consumption leads to an optimum operating pressure, which varies with the concentration of inert in the feed.
[Epidemiological characteristics of molecular transmission cluster among reported HIV/AIDS cases in Jiaxing city, Zhejiang province, 2017].

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of one large HIV molecular transmission cluster in Jiaxing city, Zhejiang province, 2017 in order to select those people under high-risk and providing basis for programs on prevention. Methods During 2017, newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases in this city were recruited. Plasma samples were collected from subjects, followed by RNA extraction, RT-PCR and nest-PCR for pol gene amplification, before being sequenced and aligned. Mega 6.0 software was used to construct phylogenetic tree, and Cytoscape 3.6.0 software was used to identify HIV molecular transmission clusters. Cases within the large transmission clusters were investigated, using a field-epidemiology-questionnaire. Data related to socio-demographics and previous sexual behaviors were collected and EpiData 3.0 and SPSS 20.0 software were used. Results In the large transmission cluster with subtype identified as CRF07_BC, in Jiaxing, 2017, 26 cases of the total 30 cases were investigated. A total of 80.8% (21/26) could be identified as newly infected within the last two years and 30.8%(8/26) could be identified as newly infected within the last one year, including 22 cases infected locally. Among several infected cases who were at age 45 years or older, they admitted that they had experienced unprotected sexual contacts in local city for long time and having had more than 10 disclosed sexual contacts within the last two years at the local venues. Conclusions This molecular cluster had been formed and scaled up quickly in recent two years, it has played an important role in promoting and scaling up the HIV transmission. Three cases identificed as high risk played an importantrde role in scaling up this cluster. Key words: HIV; Molecular transmission clusters; High risk transmitter
Safety and Efficacy of Colored Iris Reconstruction Lens Implantation.

Purpose We sought to evaluate the 1- to 9-year safety and efficacy of colored iris reconstruction lens implantation in eyes with visual disturbances caused by partial or complete aniridia. Design Prospective, interventional case series. Methods Thirty-eight patients were implanted with Ophtec 311 colored iris reconstruction lenses at the University of California, Los Angeles as part of a larger U.S. Food and Drug Administration clinical trial. Patients in group 1 lacked corneal pathology. Patients in group 2 patients had corneal pathology, such as endothelial failure, previous transplants, or scarring. Safety measures included loss of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), surgical complications, adverse events, secondary interventions, and corneal endothelial cell loss. Efficacy measures included improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and subjective visual disturbances. Results Groups 1 (n = 8) and 2 (n = 30) showed improvements in CDVA (P = .155 and .038), UDVA (P = .002 and P Conclusions Colored iris reconstruction lens implantation improved CDVA, UDVA, and subjective visual disturbances 3 years postoperatively and beyond. Adverse events, complications, and subsequent declines in visual acuity were common, however, in these eyes with complex medical and surgical histories.
Association of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in US-Born Mexican Americans but not First Generation Immigrants.

Background Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a primary driver for the cardiometabolic complications of obesity; VAT‐associated cardiovascular disease risk varies by race, but most studies hav...
Constructing and counting regular triangular matrices

Von Neumann regularity within a ring of upper triangular matrices is characterized in terms of how such a matrix and an upper triangular generalized inverse can be constructed. In the case of a fin...
Measuring protein levels in planarians using western blotting.

Summary In the planarian field, two techniques are mostly used for protein detection: immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting. While IHC is great for visualizing the spatial distribution of proteins in whole organisms, it has limitations in antibody availability and issues related to nonspecific expression. The use of western blotting can circumvent nonspecific expression, providing a dependable way to quantify proteins of interest. Here, we present a standardized, easily reproducible protocol with details on protein extractions of whole planarians and western blotting. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ziman et al. (2020a) .
The False Promise of Peña-Rodriguez

In Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado, the Supreme Court recognized that racial bias influencing jury deliberations is incompatible with the Sixth Amendment’s impartial jury guarantee and the Fourteenth Amendment’s anti-discrimination principles. The Court therefore created a racial bias exception to the centuries-old no-impeachment rule, claiming the decision reflected “progress” in the effort to overcome race-based discrimination in the jury system. This article asserts that Pena-Rodriguez is full of false promise—that under the standard it sets, only the most egregious examples of juror racial bias will even be considered by a court. Rather than protect against racial bias, subsequent cases reveal that Pena-Rodriguez’s standard insulates most forms of racism from review. As society reckons with the ways in which race invidiously infects the criminal legal system, Pena-Rodriguez falls far short of its professed goal of eliminating bias from the jury box.
Conceptions of Learning and Teaching for Faculty Who Teach Basic Science.

Conceptions of learning and teaching refer to what faculty think about teaching effectiveness. Approaches to teaching refer to the methods they use to teach. Both conceptions and approaches range from student-centered/learning-focused (active learner engagement) to teaching-centered/content-focused (passive learner engagement). This study explored how faculty teaching experience influenced faculty conceptions and their approaches to teaching. The authors hypothesized that more experienced educators appreciate and apply active learning approaches. The authors used a cross-sectional survey to collect anonymous data from the Basic Science faculty at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM). The survey included the Conceptions of Learning and Teaching scale (COLT; Jacobs et al. 2012) and demographic information. They assessed instrument reliability with Cronbach’s alpha and examined relationships between variables with correlation and chi-square and group differences with ANOVA. Thirty-eight percent (50/130) of faculty responded to the survey. COLT scores for student-centered (4.06 ± 0.41) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than teacher-centered (3.12 ± 0.6). Teacher-centered scores were lower (p < 0.05) for younger (30–39, 2.65 ± 0.48) than older faculty (50–59, 3.57 ± 0.71) and were negatively correlated with using multiple teaching methods (p = 0.022). However, 83% (39/50) reported using both traditional lectures and active approaches. Faculty conceptions about teaching showed appreciation for active learning, but a tendency to use traditional teaching methods interspersed with student-centered ones. Teaching experience was not related to faculty conceptions but was related to their teaching approaches. The amount of time dedicated to teaching was related to the appreciation of active learning, and young teachers were more student-oriented.
The Application of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act to Employment Discrimination: Why the Circuits Have Gotten It Wrong

This article will address the issue of whether the ADA authorizes a disabled litigant to file an employment discrimination claim against a state or local government pursuant to Title II as to avoid the shorter limitations period of Title I. It will first review the history of litigation on the issue. This article will detail why resolution of this question requires an application of administrative law jurisprudence. The Attorney General, to whom Congress delegated authority to implement Title II, has concluded that Title II covers employment. This article will argue that because the Attorney General has promulgated a reasonable interpretation of Title II, the interpretation is entitled to deference. In concluding that the Attorney General is entitled to deference, this article will further detail that the rationale courts set forth to conclude — that Congress clearly intended for only Title I to cover employment — is not supportable. Moreover, the legislative history of Title II is clear: Congress intended for Title II to cover employment discrimination. Accordingly, more than enough support exists for the Attorney General’s conclusion that Title II covers employment discrimination. On the other hand, the Attorney General has also promulgated regulations that can be interpreted to require a Title II litigant to exhaust administrative remedies even if he files a claim pursuant to Title II. This article will explain why this regulation promulgated by the Attorney General is not entitled to deference. Congress spoke unambiguously on this issue: it wanted the remedies governing Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act to govern Title II claims and the remedies governing Section 504 do not require exhaustion of administrative remedies.
Sorry, Not Sorry: An Empirical Review of Excessive Force Claims Focusing on Inconsistent Reasonableness Standards and Expressions of Sympathy

Inconsistent standards of objective reasonableness are not reasonable for those seeking to recover against law enforcement on excessive force claims. As the Supreme Court has established its § 1983 jurisprudence, the courts of appeal have diverged on the analysis of “objective reasonableness.” Instead of simply reviewing the various approaches, this article empirically reviews appellate level excessive force cases from a twenty-six-year span to determine the statistical outcomes of excessive force claims relative to the approach employed. The results suggest that although nonuniform reasonableness standards do affect the probability of a claimant’s successful outcome, reasonableness alone is not the sole determinative factor. In addition to highlighting the other measurable factors, this article sheds light on how the courts ultimately use expressions of sympathy to apologize to plaintiffs while simultaneously finding in favor of law enforcement. This article and its research places a focus on the reasonableness standards, but the analysis ultimately hinges on qualified immunity and the court’s acknowledgment of its shortcomings, but failure to act.
Physician Mental Health: My Personal Journey and Professional Plea

Longitudinal surveys of adults in the United States have shown that approximately 1 in 5 individuals have experienced a mental illness in the prior year, with an increase in the observed prevalence over the last decade. Studies of physicians, including medical students, residents, and fellows, have shown that they also experience mental disorders, with some research (e.g., on depression) showing prevalence rates higher than those in the general population. Tragically, physicians also have higher suicide rates than the general population. In this Invited Commentary, the author discusses his own challenges with mental disorders beginning in early childhood. He shares how earlier trauma led to the emergence of symptoms that nearly caused him to withdraw from medical school during his first year, and he describes how support from a faculty member helped him receive psychiatric treatment that allowed him to successfully negotiate that serious crisis and experience a long, productive career. The author underscores how the idealized image of the physician as care giver rather than care receiver that many bring to their medical career, as well as the stigma associated with mental disorders, may prevent physicians from seeking care. He uses the narrative of his personal journey to make a plea to colleagues to share their own stories of mental illness and successful treatment, arguing that this is key to ultimately destigmatizing these issues for the profession of medicine.
Fixing a Failed Jurisdictional Revolution

Federal courts historically viewed most threshold requirements for litigation—time or content related—as part of their jurisdiction. Noncompliance resulted in dismissal, regardless of time or effort invested, because of lack of authority to hear jurisdictionally flawed cases. This approach spelled harsh consequences for litigants and courts. Most affected were “have not” litigants whose cases were (belatedly) dismissed on technicalities. In 2004, the Supreme Court changed course and formulated a rule allowing jurisdictional labels only upon Congressional “clear statement.” The Court identified the harsh consequences as its motivation. This shift was celebrated by scholars and termed a “jurisdictional revolution.” But although the Court’s recent decisions have consistently found litigation requirements non-jurisdictional, any appearance of relief for beleaguered litigants is illusory. First, the Court did not define the implications of non-jurisdictional litigation requirements, which left lower courts with unprecedented issues that prolonged litigation and retained harsh consequences for noncompliant litigants. Second, the Court used one rule for different types of requirements. Third, the Court’s rule itself is not workable for lower courts and results in lower courts finding litigation requirements jurisdictional. The article argues that the Court should instead conclusively define what makes a requirement jurisdictional. It should also articulate non-jurisdictional effects contextually by addressing noncompliant litigants’ characteristics, the causes of the noncompliance, and the merits of the case adjudicated. This will assist litigants in surviving noncompliance with a non-jurisdictional requirement and allowing for guidance for lower courts
Online-compatible Unsupervised Non-resonant Anomaly Detection.

There is a growing need for anomaly detection methods that can broaden the search for new particles in a model-agnostic manner. Most proposals for new methods focus exclusively on signal sensitivity. However, it is not enough to select anomalous events - there must also be a strategy to provide context to the selected events. We propose the first complete strategy for unsupervised detection of non-resonant anomalies that includes both signal sensitivity and a data-driven method for background estimation. Our technique is built out of two simultaneously-trained autoencoders that are forced to be decorrelated from each other. This method can be deployed offline for non-resonant anomaly detection and is also the first complete online-compatible anomaly detection strategy. We show that our method achieves excellent performance on a variety of signals prepared for the ADC2021 data challenge.
Intervention, Ethnic Conflict and State-Building in Iraq: A Paradigm for the Post-Colonial State

Part 1: Literature Review 1. Theories of Ethnic Identification and Conflict 2. Approaches to the State-Building Process 3. The Role of UN Peacekeeping in Ethnic Conflicts Part 2: Theory-Building 4. The State-Centric Model and its Critics 5. Ethnic Conflict and the State-Building Process: Toward an Integrated Theory for a Global, Post-Cold War Era 6. Globalization, the End of the Cold War, Increasing State Failure, and Ethnic Mobilization 7. Ethnic Conflict, State-Building, and UN Peacekeeping: An Integrated Theory for the Post-Cold War Era Part 3: Case Study 8. Patterns of State Formation in the Middle East and Western Europe: A Comparison 9. W(h)ither Iraq? The Impact of Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts upon the State-Building Process Part 4: Conclusion 10. Conclusion
Assessment of mass transfer limitations in oligomerization of butene at high pressure on H-beta

Abstract Fundamental aspects of 1-butene oligomerization kinetics were investigated under differential conversion at industrially relevant temperatures and pressures on the zeolite H-beta. An apparent activation energy of 28 kJ mol −1 for dimer formation was measured and suggests that dimer formation rates were limited by mass transfer. The result was in apparent contradiction to the rapid, and not mass transfer limited, rate of butene double bond isomerization. The Weisz–Prater criterion for the rate of butene consumption was 0.007, a value smaller than 1, suggests that butene transport in the zeolite micropores was not in control of the rate of either oligomer formation or double bond isomerizatoin. Oligomerization kinetics are rationalized then by a model in which transport of oligomers out of the zeolite crystal is rate controlling. Titration of external acid sites with n -octyltrichlorosilane was used to ensure that rates of formation of either product were not significantly impacted by catalysis on the outside of the zeolite crystallites.
Poison pill securities

Abstract This paper tests hypotheses about the wealth effects of poison pill securities and hypotheses about the characteristics of firms that adopt them. Our estimates indicate that poison pill defenses reduce stockholder wealth by a statistically significant amount. We also find that firms that adopt poison pill defenses are significantly less profitable than the average firm in their industries during the year prior to adoption. Moreover, the managers of these firms hold statistically significantly smaller fractions of their own firms' stock than the average fraction held by managers of other firms in the same industries.
Price relations among hog, corn, and soybean meal futures

This paper examines the relations among hog, corn, and soybean meal futures price series using the Perron (1997) unit root test and autoregressive multivariate cointegration models. Accounting for the significant seasonal factors and time trends, we find the three series are cointegrated with one single cointegrating vector, whose coefficients are comparable to the ratios used by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Ex-post trading simulations that utilize the cointegration results generate significant profits, suggesting that market expectations may not fully incorporate the mean-reverting tendencies as indicated by the cointegration relations, and that inefficiency exists in these three commodity futures markets. Results from our ex-ante trading simulations that employ the USDA ratios also provide some evidence in this regard. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 25:491–514, 2005
Distress of Japanese parents of children with intellectual disabilities: Correlations with age of parent and negative mood regulation expectancies

Parents caring for a child with an intellectual disability (ID) face many challenges. Few studies in Japan have focused on parents of children with an ID. We investigated the psychological factors that might help these parents maintain well-being, in particular negative mood regulation expectancies (NMRE). NMRE are beliefs about one's ability to diminish one's negative moods. Research has shown NMRE to buffer the effects of stress: stronger NMRE are associated with less symptoms of distress, including depression and anxiety. We examined the associations of NMRE, coping, and severity of the child's ID with parental distress (somatization, depression, and anxiety) among 106 Japanese parents (mean age = 56.7 years) caring for at least one child with an ID. The age of the parent was negatively associated with parental distress, particularly anxiety. NMRE were also negatively related to distress, independent of the age of the parent and coping. The severity of the child's ID was not related to coping or parental distress. Stronger beliefs that they could control their negative moods and being older seemed to protect parents of an ID child from symptoms of distress.
Foundations of Algorithms

Foundations of Algorithms, Fifth Edition offers a well-balanced presentation of algorithm design, complexity analysis of algorithms, and computational complexity. Ideal for any computer science students with a background in college algebra and discrete structures, the text presents mathematical concepts using standard English and simple notation to maximize accessibility and user-friendliness. Concrete examples, appendices reviewing essential mathematical concepts, and a student-focused approach reinforce theoretical explanations and promote learning and retention. C++ and Java pseudocode help students better understand complex algorithms. A chapter on numerical algorithms includes a review of basic number theory, Euclid's Algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor, a review of modular arithmetic, an algorithm for solving modular linear equations, an algorithm for computing modular powers, and the new polynomial-time algorithm for determining whether a number is prime. The revised and updated Fifth Edition features an all-new chapter on genetic algorithms and genetic programming, including approximate solutions to the traveling salesperson problem, an algorithm for an artificial ant that navigates along a trail of food, and an application to financial trading. With fully updated exercises and examples throughout and improved instructor resources including complete solutions, an Instructors Manual and PowerPoint lecture outlines, Foundations of Algorithms is an essential text for undergraduate and graduate courses in the design and analysis of algorithms. Key features include: The only text of its kind with a chapter on genetic algorithms Use of C++ and Java pseudocode to help students better understand complex algorithms No calculus background required Numerous clear and student-friendly examples throughout the text Fully updated exercises and examples throughout Improved instructor resources, including complete solutions, an Instructors Manual, and PowerPoint lecture outlines
William M. Bowen (Ed.), The Road Through the Rust Belt: From Preeminence to Decline to Prosperity (Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2014).Susan M. Wachter and Kimberly A.Zeuli (Eds.), Revitalizing American Cities (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014).

Two recent books on economic development in former manufacturing cities, The Road Through the Rust Belt (hereafter RRB), edited by William M. Bowen of Cleveland State University, and Revitalizing A...
An Intelligent Architecture for ATM Traffic Congestion Control

An asynchronous transfer mode ATM network is a high-speed multimedia network that handles various kinds of traffic with different bit rates and different qualities of services QoS. To maintain QoS for each traffic source and to avoid a possible congestion problem, an ATM network requires highly sophisticated and flexible controllers to insure that the demanding performance can be achieved under unexpected changes in traffic conditions. In this article we propose an intelligent architecture using neural networks for traffic congestion control in an ATM network. The congestion control using neural networks is suitable for an ATM because neural networks can learn the offered traffic characteristics and the dynamic changes of the traffic. The proposed mechanism is based on the adaptive prediction of the future value of the offered traffic and the flow rate for each traffic source. At every given time slot, the controllers in the proposed architecture predict whether the congestion will happen or not and regulate the volume of input traffic for each traffic source before the congestion happens, maintaining the user-required QoS for each traffic source based on the predefined rules. Consequently, the mechanism guarantees the QoS for each traffic source and efficiently prevents congestion.
Central Nervous System Complications and Outcomes After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Background Central nervous system complications (CNSC) can be the cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We aimed to determine the incidence of CNSC and its impact on survival. Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients with hematologic disorders who received allo-HSCT between 2002 and 2011 at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Results Of the 351 patients identified, 45 developed CNSC (12.8%). The 100-day cumulative incidence of CNSC was 8% (95% confidence interval, 8-15). The most common CNSC included posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (40%), stroke or transient ischemic attack (24%), seizures (20%), and infection (9%). The 5-year overall survival was significantly lower among patients with versus without CNSC (14% vs. 44%, P = .0004). In multivariate analysis, the risk of mortality for patients with versus without CNSC was significantly higher (hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.36; P = .04). Conclusion The occurrence of CNSC after allo-HSCT was associated with reduced survival. Identifying patients at risk, monitoring, early detection, and management of CNSC after allo-HSCT are needed to improve outcomes.
Local Information Links to the National Metropolitan Hierarchy: The Southeastern United States

The primary purpose of this paper is to determine the degree to which nonmetropolitan and small metropolitan areas participate in the US information economy. It has long been known that large metropolitan areas have become integrated among themselves into the national economy, but it has been assumed that small centers remain focused on local and regional links. This study uses 1996 data from Federal Express Corporation to measure flows of packages to and from 18 pickup and delivery zones for the area served by Atlanta's Hartsfield International Airport to 41 large US metropolitan areas. Although the rural and small pickup and delivery zones do not generate or attract the high magnitude of flows of large metropolitan areas, the data show that, by a variety of measures, the small centers are remarkably strongly tied to the uppermost level of the US metropolitan hierarchy.
The temperature dependence of coherent two-photon processes in naphthalene in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime

Abstract Temperature-dependent intensity data for two-photon excitation and second harmonic generation signals phase matched onto the polariton branches of the single a-exciton of naphthalene are presented. The data are shown be in quantitative agreement with the polariton fusion model which accounts for strong exciton-photon coupling. In this model the polariton scattering frequency and group velocity determine the branching ratios for the above signals.
The invisible gender: educational outcomes for African American females in father-only versus mother-only households

Abstract In the last three decades, we have witnessed dramatic demographic changes in the number of African American children raised by a single parent. During this period, the majority of scholarly work has focused on African American males raised in mother-only households. Missing from this important discussion is the influence of other types of African American single parent households on African American females. Using a nationally representative sample of eighth grade students from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), this research examines the relative effects of being in a single parent mother-only versus father-only household on the educational achievement of African American middle-grade females ( N = 63,090). Findings are that: (1) females in mother-only households perform less well than their counterparts in father-only households; (2) socioeconomic status is over three times more important than household type in predicting educational outcomes; (3) females in mother-only households get a greater return for increases in socioeconomic status than their counterparts in father-only households; and (4) race, gender, and class are simultaneously intersecting categories/relations in the family experiences and educational achievement processes of African American females.
Effect of Injections of Nuclei on “Take”of Implants of a Lymphoma in Mice

Results and ConclusionsIn Table I are summarized the number and type of “immunizing”injections administered and the number of survivors of 3 subsequent tumor implants given 1 month apart. The “immunizing”treatment in (1) and (2) killed over half of the animals, most dying of lymphoma, some of toxemia. The injections in (3) and (4) resulted in a mortality rate little more than would be expected in an untreated group in 4 months (9.5%). None developed tumors following injections of nuclei.Of the 100 mice receiving a single injection of 500 viable lymphoma cells only 2 survived. Of these, one survived 2 implantations before succumbing to pneumonia and the other survived 3 implantations and at the time of this writing is still alive without tumor. Since the number of survivors is so small no deductions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of this treatment as means for “immunizing”the animals to the tumor. In group (2) receiving fragmented cells, 4 of the 43 survivors (9.3%) showed “immunity”to 3 successive im...
A Neural‐Network Approach to the Determination of Aquifer Parameters

A new approach to determine aquifer parameter values from aquifer-test data has been developed that uses the pattern-matching capability of a neural network. The network is trained to recognize patterns of normalized drawdown data as input and the corresponding aquifer parameters as output. The Theis and Hantush-Jacob solutions for confined and leaky-confined aquifer conditions are used to derive the input patterns based on the parameter values selected from predetermined ranges. The trained network produces output of aquifer parameter values when it receives the aquifer-test data as the input patterns. The results obtained from this new approach are in good agreement with published results using other techniques. The advantages of the present approach are the automated process of obtaining aquifer parameter values and the ability of the network to associate drawdown to the corresponding Theis and Hantush-Jacob solutions.
Influenza in the Intensive Care Unit

Influenza remains an important epidemic viral infection. Thousands of deaths occur and billions of dollars are spent each year with influenza-related illnesses. Morbidity and mortality are largely ...
First Reports of Aphelenchoides fragariae on Royal Fern and on Hosta and Other Hosts in South Carolina.

In September 1999, royal ferns (Osmunda regalis L.) at a South Carolina wholesale nursery were found to be infected by foliar nematodes. Lesions were brown, vein-limited, and often fan shaped. As severity increased, affected leaflets became totally necrotic. Nematodes were extracted by excising and dicing symptomatic leaf sections and placing them in water for up to 24 h. Ten adult nematodes from each of two fern plants were examined microscopically and determined to be Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos) Christie. This is the first report of this nematode infecting royal fern. In August 1996, leaves from several cultivars of Hosta spp. with yellow to tan, vein-limited lesions were submitted from The South Carolina Botanical Garden (Clemson, SC) to the Clemson University Plant Problem Clinic for diagnosis. Nematodes were extracted and examined as described above and identified as A. fragariae. This is the first report of this nematode infecting Hosta spp. in South Carolina. Since 1996, foliar nematodes...
Modulation in vitro of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in brain microsomes: evidence for the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation associated with inactivation and activation of the enzyme.

Abstract The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in brain microsomes was modified in vitro . The inactivation of the enzyme required Mg 2+ and ATP or ADP, and an inactivator present both in S 105 and microsomes. Inactivation was dependent on inactivator concentration and time of preincubation. The inactive reductase in brain microsomes could be completely reactivated by a factor present in brain S 105 . Reactivation of the enzyme also depended on incubation time and the activator concentration. Activator activity was inhibited by NaF, a phosphatase inhibitor. Both the inactivator and the activator appear to be proteins. Our data thus suggest that the inactivation and the reactivation of the reductase in brain microsomes occurs via protein-mediated interconversion to phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of the enzyme with differing catalytic activity. The HMG-CoA reductase activity increases almost two-fold during isolation of the brain microsomes. This increase in activity is blocked when brain tissue is homogenized in the medium containing NaF. In rat brain about 50% of the reductase exists in an inactive form in both young and adult rats. The low reductase activity in brain of adult animals does not appear to be related to an increase in the proportion of an inactive phosphorylated form of the enzyme. This suggests that developmental change in the reductase activity is not associated with the change in the proportion of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of the enzyme.
Changing Methodology of Measuring Growth and Inflation: The Case of Ukraine

The case of Ukraine is used to expose conceptual and statistical problems of measuring growth and inflation in the FSU countries whose methodologies resemble an offspring of a new western methodology and an old Soviet technique. The role of designing the CPI sample and incorporating new goods into an existing market basket is discussed from both theoretical and applied standpoints. Other methodological issues include weighting procedures, aggregation methods, and consistency of price and growth indices at different levels of aggregation. Directions for improvement in statistical data, sampling, and CPI computation have been identified.
Geographic Patterns of Fishes and Jellyfish in Puget Sound Surface Waters

Abstract We explored patterns of small pelagic fish assemblages and biomass of gelatinous zooplankton (jellyfish) in surface waters across four oceanographic subbasins of greater Puget Sound. Our study is the first to collect data documenting biomass of small pelagic fishes and jellyfish throughout Puget Sound; sampling was conducted opportunistically as part of a juvenile salmon survey of daytime monthly surface trawls at 52 sites during May–August 2003. Biomass composition differed spatially and temporally, but spatial differences were more distinct. Fish dominated in the two northern basins of Puget Sound, whereas jellyfish dominated in the two southern basins. Absolute and relative abundance of jellyfish, hatchery Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and chum salmon O. keta decreased with increasing latitude, whereas the absolute and relative abundance of most fish species and the average fish species richness increased with latitude. The abiotic factors with the strongest relationship to biomass ...
Linking Information to Real-Life Problems: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration of Librarians, Departments, and Food Businesses

Through a United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (USDA CSREES) Higher Education Challenge Grant, a team of teaching faculty and librarians at Rutgers University developed an interdisciplinary course, “Food and Nutrition Business Information and Communication.” The course employed an active learning approach that involved a unique collaboration between various academic disciplines; the Rutgers University Libraries; the School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies (SCILS); and the Rutgers Food Manufacturing Technology Facility (FMT). In the course, teams of students from the departments involved worked collaboratively to help solve an actual research problem from industry partners working at FMT. Three examples of student problem solving are presented and assessed using the rubric developed for the course. The course actively involves librarians and demonstrates the importance of information literacy skills in today's information eco...