cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Negatively Stated Disclosures in Legal Ads on Consumer Perceptions of the Lawyer: An Exploratory Study

With the advent of lawyer advertisements, regulation of such ads also materialized. Some states, such as Texas, have since adopted a system of legal specializations within the practice of law. The regulation of legal ads in Texas has taken a specific form when they indicate a legal specialty. The requirement is that any ad suggesting a specialty must state whether the lawyer has been designated a specialist in that area.
Computational Approach for Developing Blood Pump

This viewgraph presentation provides an overview of the computational approach to developing a ventricular assist device (VAD) which utilizes NASA aerospace technology. The VAD is used as a temporary support to sick ventricles for those who suffer from late stage congestive heart failure (CHF). The need for donor hearts is much greater than their availability, and the VAD is seen as a bridge-to-transplant. The computational issues confronting the design of a more advanced, reliable VAD include the modelling of viscous incompressible flow. A computational approach provides the possibility of quantifying the flow characteristics, which is especially valuable for analyzing compact design with highly sensitive operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and rocket engine technology has been applied to modify the design of a VAD which enabled human transplantation. The computing requirement for this project is still large, however, and the unsteady analysis of the entire system from natural heart to aorta involves several hundred revolutions of the impeller. Further study is needed to assess the impact of mechanical VADs on the human body
Precision agriculture: a challenge for crop nutrition management

Precision agriculture was initiated in the mid 1980s, using newly available technologies, to improve the application of fertilizers by varying rates and blends as needed within fields. Presently, the concept has been adapted to a variety of practices, crops, and countries. Its adoption varies significantly by cropping system, regions, and countries but it is progressively introduced or evaluated around the world. Several types of challenges limit a broader adoption: socio-economical, agronomical, and technological. Socio-economical barriers are principally costs and lack of skills. Agronomical challenges are lack of basic information, inadequate sampling and scouting procedures, absence of site-specific fertilizer recommendations, misuse of information, and lack of qualified agronomic services. There are multiple technological barriers that relate to machinery, sensor, GPS, software, and remote sensing. However, these barriers will be progressively lifted and precision agriculture will be a significant component of the agricultural system of the future. It offers a variety of potential benefits in profitability, productivity, sustainability, crop quality, food safety, environmental protection, on-farm quality of life, and rural economic development.
Expression of SV40 T antigen under control of rabbit uteroglobin promoter in transgenic mice

The rabbit uteroglobin gene is expressed in the lungs and reproductive tracts of male and female rabbits. To examine whether the promoter region of the uteroglobin gene could be used to target a heterologous gene to the lungs of transgenic mice, a fusion gene consisting of 3.3 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the rabbit uteroglobin gene and the large T antigen gene of the SV40 virus was constructed and microinjected into the pronuclei of one-cell mouse embryos. Eleven founder transgenic mice (5 female and 6 male) were generated. Seven of these mice developed bronchioalveolar neoplasms. Four of the founder males also developed primitive undifferentiated urogenital tract tumors. One founder female and one female offspring of a founder male developed glandular paraovarian tumors. Northern analysis revealed that the predominant site of expression of the transgene was the lung. Immunohistochemical staining showed T antigen predominantly in epithelial cells lining the bronchioles, the submucosal glands of the trachea, and the neoplasms. There appeared to be a high level of mosaicism for the transgene in the founder mice, with poor transmission of the transgene to subsequent generations. This suggests that, under the control of the uteroglobin promoter, the T antigen gene may be lethal to the fetus.
Productivity dynamics of small and medium enterprises in Taiwan

Using firm level data from Taiwan, this paper examines the link between firm size, growth and productivity. It shows that firms grow because they are more productive and not because they are larger in size. Indeed, the statistical analysis shows that while employment growth among Taiwanese firms was positively related to initial levels of total factor productivity, it was negatively related to initial size. The paper also shows that the productivity-size relationship has a virtuous cycle built in. More productive firms get larger and, in the process, obtain access to resources and information which enables them to become more productive. One implication of these results is that public policies should target productivity rather than size and should support reforms that make it possible for market mechanisms to weed out low productivity firms while facilitating the entry or growth of high productivity firms. Taiwan’s ability to keep entry and exit costs low is one reason why productivity gains there have been high.
Compensating Commitments: The Law and Economics of Commitment Bonds That Compensate for the Possibility of Forfeiture

This Article introduces compensating commitment bonds, which make it more affordable for a government, entity, or individual to commit to some course of action. These bonds, like traditional government or corporate bonds, can generate revenue for committing parties. A bond seller makes a commitment and promises to pay a forfeit if the seller fails to meet the bond conditions. The bond buyer pays the seller to be contractually designated as the recipient of any amounts the bond seller forfeits. This approach has potential application in a range of legal situations. Governments and other parties may use such bonds to facilitate commitments to principles from which they later may face temptation to deviate. Such bonds also can facilitate legislative compromise or the settlement of private legal disputes. The Article identifies a variety of incentive-equivalent commitment bond structures as well as the circumstances under which a particular implementation is likely to be most effective. It also explores hurdles to the use of such bonds, including the concerns that the courts might find a legislature’s use of such bonds to entrench its preferences unconstitutional and that a legislature might issue such bonds but cancel them after failing to maintain a commitment.
Designing an IT College

The University of the United Arab Emirates (UAEU) commissioned an international panel of experts to devise a model curriculum for their new College of Information Technology. The model has a university core in the freshman year, an IT core in the second year, and a professional concentration in one of seven degree programs in the third and fourth year. The seven degrees are computer science, computer systems engineering, software engineering, information systems, network engineering, information security, e-commerce, and educational technology. The curriculum is structured around a progressive-competence model, whose graduates meet recognised standards for entry-level professionals.
Surface Runoff and Water Erosion

The term “surface runoff” represents the portion of the water supply to the surface that is neither absorbed by the soil nor retained on its surface, but that runs down the slope. Surface runoff typically begins as a sheet flow, but as it accelerates and gains in erosive power, it eventually forms channels called rills or gullies. The running water tends to scour the soil surface and deepen those channels, which generally form a treelike pattern of converging branches with numerous confluences leading to larger streams. There exists a wide spectrum of flow patterns. On the one extreme is the thin, sheetlike runoff called overland flow. It is the primary type of surface runoff that is characterized by little topographic relief. The next distinctive type is found in the smallest stream channels, which gather the overland flow in a continuous fashion along their length to form the lowest order of stream flow. As these small streams merge with one another, they form channels of a higher order, which collect converging tributaries as well as continuous lateral inflows. The universal soil loss equation is used to estimate average annual soil loss in metric tons per hectare. The effective control of erosion by water consists of minimizing the impact of raindrops and the velocity of running water on the soil surface. This includes enhancing infiltrability, improving soil structure, and avoiding both compaction and excessive pulverization.
A new navy deep-water oceanographic survey vehicle: the Naval Oceanographic Office's Subsurface Autonomous Mapping System (SAMS)

The Subsurface Autonomous Mapping System (SAMS) is a full-ocean-depth (6000-meter) autonomous vehicle with integrated physical oceanography and bottom-mapping sensors. Developed for the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ocean Systems Laboratory, SAMS is a new NAVOCEANO capability for deep-sea Oceanographic data collection. SAMS is equipped with a CTD, an optical backscatter sensor, an ADCP, and a side-scan sonar. The SAMS vehicle is designed to conduct two types of missions: independent physical Oceanographic data collections and side-scan sonar bottom mapping surveys. SAMS can collect 10-12 hours of side-scan and Oceanographic data or up to 16 hours of Oceanographic data with the side-scan sonar disabled. At a cruising speed of 4 knots, the vehicle can survey more than 40 nmi during mapping missions and nearly 65 nmi during oceanography missions. The range of the vehicle, its ability to conduct preprogrammed and redirected missions, and its multipurpose sensor suite allow NAVOCEANO to conduct large-scale, deep-water Oceanographic and ocean bottom feature exploration with greater efficiency and flexibility.
Pediatric Urolithiasis: Medical Treatment and Outcomes

Purpose Pediatric urolithiasis is characterized by a significant risk of recurrence and thus warrants a full metabolic evaluation. Two of the mainstays of treatment are potassium citrate, and thiazides. Our retrospective study was designed to evaluate if these standard therapies are effective in reducing the excretion rates of lithogenic solutes and increasing supersaturation ratios among patients who received potassium citrate, thiazide or combination therapy. Material and Methods Between 2002 and 2008, 62 urolithiasis patients had multiple 24-hour urine tests performed. Patients were grouped into untreated controls, potassium citrate, thiazide, or a combination of both therapies. All patients were investigated for supersaturation levels of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, and hyperuricosuria. Results The mean age was 11 years and mean follow-up was 2 years. There were 23 untreated controls, 24 treated with potassium citrate, 12 with thiazide and 3 with both. Using the paired t-test in the potassium citrate group, significant improvement was seen in SS UA ((P=0.008) and hypocitraturia (P Conclusions Our study revealed statistically significant changes in multiple risk factors. Furthermore, we observed many clinically significant trends in SS CaOx, SS CaP, hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia across all treatment groups that match those noted in adults. Our study, although retrospective, demonstrated statistically and clinically significant changes in metabolic stone risk factors with the use of pharmacologic interventions.
Organization of a knowledge base by Q-analysis

Q-analysis is used in organizing a histopathological knowledge base which is a component of the diagnostic expert system at the University of Arizona. This expert system has three subsystems or modules: the first module guides the dynamic reconfiguration of the computer system; the second module guides scene decomposition and the extraction of diagnostic information; the third module uses a rule-based system to obtain a diagnostic assessment. A specific example of the usefulness of Q-analysis is given in the context of the third module; the data represent expert opinion concerning diagnosis of colonic cancer and are summarized in a matrix representing four diagnostic categories and nineteen diagnostic clues. The example shows that Q-analysis may be helpful to diagnosticians in defining and explaining the process they use in arriving at a diagnosis and in using this information as a basis for structuring the knowledge base.
Stability of f.c.c. titanium in titanium/aluminum multilayers

Crystal structures of as-sputtered Ti/Al multilayers are studied with special emphasis on the formation of f.c.c.-Ti and the effect of coherency strains on phase stability. The results are rationalized on the basis of a recently proposed thermodynamic model for phase stability in multilayers. In this paper, the thermodynamic model is modified to account for the effect of coherency strains on the phase stability. A new phase stability diagram is proposed for Ti/Al multilayers.
In situ electrical conductivity measurement of select liquid foods under hydrostatic pressure to 800 MPa

Electrical conductivity of select liquid foods and salt solutions was measured in situ during high pressure processing using a specially designed parallel electrode conductivity cell. Cell constants at atmospheric pressure were determined with KCl standards and calculated against standard data, while cell constants under pressure were estimated assuming isotropic compression. Measured conductivities of NaCl solutions under pressure were within 5.7% of previously reported data at pressures up to 800 MPa and temperatures to 61 °C. Electrical conductivity of NaCl and KCl solutions, orange juice, apple juice, tomato juice, and soybean oil were measured in triplicate in 100 MPa increments from 0.1 to 800 MPa. 0.01 m salt solutions were measured at 25 and 50 °C; 0.1 m salt solutions, juice and oil samples were measured at 25 °C. Results show conductivity of salt solutions and juice samples increased as a function of pressure, peaking between 200 and 500 MPa and decreasing above 500 MPa. Except for soybean oil, pressure had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on electrical conductivity for all samples. Temperature had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on electrical conductivity of 0.01 m salt solutions at all pressures. Conductivity of soybean oil was too low to be measured at atmospheric and pressurized conditions.
Multiple phase transitions found in a magnetic Heusler alloy and thermodynamics of their magnetic internal energy

The Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloy is one of the most widely investigated multiferroic material. While this system is well known to undergo a martensitic phase transformation as well as premartensitic transitions and anomalies, the present study reports the observation of multiple phase transitions occurring over a narrow temperature interval (including three lock-step martensitic transformations) whose detection, corroboration, and visualization is made through the use of several complementary techniques and methods. The spontaneous magnetization of various phases and their temperature dependence is experimentally derived, which provides fundamental information related to electrons contributing to the observed magnetism for each phase. The dynamics of micromagnetic reconfiguration across phase transitions show the remarkable feature of a system with an infinite number of available pathways resembling a devil's staircase as it repeatedly achieves the same final magnetic state. Using experimental values of specific magnetization, the field and temperature dependence of molecular-field coefficient is estimated. From thermodynamics considerations it is shown that as a general rule, the magnetic specific heat can be taken as equal to the difference in heat capacities at constant field and magnetization, and its field and temperature dependence is experimentally deduced. Finally, the form of the function for intrinsic specific magnetization is formally derived, which was previously cited by Stoner [Philos. Mag. 19, 565 (1935)] by inspection alone.
Modified channeled spectrum for fast measurement of thin films

A simple and effective technique for the simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and the thickness of thin films is proposed. The method is based on the spectral dependence of the visibility of interference fringes that result from thin-film interference when the film is illuminated with a white light. The film is on the special substrate, and an optical contact is provided between them. The measurement consists of finding the local change of the fringes' visibility in the observed channeled spectrum expressed as the seaming change of the fringes' periodicity. The method can be applied for real time optical inspection during the manufacturing of thin polymer films.
Navigating a Set of Discrete Regions in Body Position Space

Abstract This paper defines a mathematical object that expresses physiological aspects of motor control, besides physical aspects. Based on observations in human development and rehabilitation, this paper lays a foundation for unifying discrete with continuous aspects of motor control. Discreteness in motor control arises from the fact that movements are planned by the organism, based on movement limits set by the organism, the task, and the environment, rather than following simply from physical laws. This paper defines two relations, an ordering and a contiguity relation, between discrete regions of joint space crossed with physical space, to make a d-space . Within the d-space, a particular body and physical position is represented by a completely ordered set, a coincidence. A trajectory through a continuous space is represented by a coincidence sequence. Examples are drawn mostly from human locomotion, with particular interest in balance. Only in certain regions of body and physical position space can a body maintain balance, for example, a standing human. Slow steps proceed from one balanced region to another. A poset (partially ordered set) of sets of steps and its relationship to a person's balance regions can be used in the study of development or rehabilitation.
On cycles in the transcription network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background We investigate the cycles in the transcription network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unlike a similar network of Escherichia coli, it contains many cycles. We characterize properties of these cycles and their place in the regulatory mechanism of the cell.
Non-empirical derivation of the parameter in the B88 exchange functional

The B88 exchange energy density functional (created by Becke in 1988) is a crucial part of the most popular density functional in use today, B3LYP. B88 contains one empirical parameter which was fi...
Influence of In Vitro and In Vivo Oxygen Modulation on β Cell Differentiation From Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The possibility of using human embryonic stem (hES) cell-derived β cells as an alternative to cadaveric islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes is now widely acknowledged. However, current differentiation methods consistently fail to generate meaningful numbers of mature, functional β cells. In order to address this issue, we set out to explore the role of oxygen modulation in the maturation of pancreatic progenitor (PP) cells differentiated from hES cells. We have previously determined that oxygenation is a powerful driver of murine PP differentiation along the endocrine lineage of the pancreas. We hypothesized that targeting physiological oxygen partial pressure (pO2) levels seen in mature islets would help the differentiation of PP cells along the β-cell lineage. This hypothesis was tested both in vivo (by exposing PP-transplanted immunodeficient mice to a daily hyperbaric oxygen regimen) and in vitro (by allowing PP cells to mature in a perfluorocarbon-based culture device designed to carefully adjust pO2 to a desired range). Our results show that oxygen modulation does indeed contribute to enhanced maturation of PP cells, as evidenced by improved engraftment, segregation of α and β cells, body weight maintenance, and rate of diabetes reversal in vivo, and by elevated expression of pancreatic endocrine makers, β-cell differentiation yield, and insulin production in vitro. Our studies confirm the importance of oxygen modulation as a key variable to consider in the design of β-cell differentiation protocols and open the door to future strategies for the transplantation of fully mature β cells.
Microarray analysis detects novel Pax3 downstream target genes.

Pax3 is a transcription factor that is required for the development of embryonic neural tube, neural crest, and somatic derivatives. Our previous study (Mayanil, C. S. K., George, D., Mania-Farnell, B., Bremer, C. L., McLone, D. G., and Bremer, E. G. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 23259–23266) reveals that overexpression of Pax3 in a human medulloblastoma cell line, DAOY, resulted in an up-regulation in α-2,8-polysialyltransferase (STX) gene expression and an increase in polysialic acid on neural cell adhesion molecule. This finding suggests that STX might be a previously undescribed downstream target of Pax3. Because Pax3 is important in diverse cellular functions during development, we are interested in the identification of additional downstream targets of Pax3. We utilized oligonucleotide arrays and RNA isolated from stable Pax3transfectants to identify potential target genes. A total of 270 genes were altered in the Pax3 transfectants as compared with the vector control and parental cell line. An independent analysis by cDNA expression array and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction of several genes confirmed the changes observed by the oligonucleotide microarray data. Of the genes that displayed significant changes in expression, several contain paired and homeodomain binding motifs of Pax3 in their promoter regions. Using promoter-luciferase reporter transfection assays and electromobility shift assays, we showed at least one previously undescribed downstream target, STX, to be a biological downstream target of Pax3. Thus we report several previously undescribed candidate genes to be potential downstream targets of Pax3.
Factors related to the efficacy of treatment of enuresis.

Summary.-The variables of sex, frequency of wetting, a family history of enuresis, and use of positive reinforcement were examined to determine if they were significantly related to response to the bell-and-pad procedure. Dependent measures were number of days required to achieve dryness and frequency of werting in a l-yr. follow-up. Among the findings was that girls achieved the dryness criterion more quickly than boys. Frequency of enuresis was inversely related to number of days required to achieve dryness. Evidence was obtained suggesting a generic basis for resistance to reduction in enuretic behavior. Children who were tangibly reinforced for dryness did not wet less frequently in the follow-up nor did they achieve the dryness criterion more quickly. Nocturnal enuresis, the persistent nighttime wetting of the bed, is exhibited by more than 15% of all 5-yr.-olds and by about twice as many boys as girls (Lovibond & Coote, 1970; Yates, 1970). Treatment of enuresis by behaviorally oriented methods has generally been shown to be more effective than the use of psychodynamic or medical procedures (Jones, 1960; Lovibond, 1964; Yates, 1970). The typical behavioral treatment involves the use of an alarm box which is connected to two wire mesh pads. This device is frequently referred to as the bell-and-pad. The pads are placed in the bed with the child and urine passing through the pads creates a circuit which sets off the alarm. The child is conditioned to retain urine and to awaken in response to bladder distension by continued pairing of wetting with the sounding of the alarm. A recent review of enuresis studies (Doleys, 1977) included a survey of 12 investigations in which the age range of the children was between 4 and 15 yr. Following a treatment duration which ranged from a mean of five to 12 weeks, bedwetting was arrested in 75% of the children. The criterion for arrest was generally 14 consecutive dry nlghcs but ranged from seven to 28 dry nights. Of those enuretic children for whom adequate follow-up data were presented, 41% relapsed within 6 mo. of treatment. It should be pointed out that there is no over-all consensus regarding what constitutes a relapse. Owing to variation in the definition of relapse, rates have been reported to be as low as 6% (Forsythe & Redmond, 1974) to as high as 75% (Turner, Young, & Rachrnan, 1970). Generally, reported relapse rates of 40% are common and in most cases a relapse does not mean that the child is wetting at the same frequency as before treatment but simply that occasional wets are occurring. In devising a program called dry-bed training, Azrin, Sneed, and Foxx
Mantle, blastic, Burkitt.

When a diagnostic pathologist thinks of ‘Mantle’, ‘Blastic’ or ‘Burkitt’, distinct images arise for each.‘Mantle’ elicits images of a lymph node excisional biopsy or perhaps a polyp-laden GI resect...
Educational needs of home caregivers of terminally ill patients: literature review

Hospice care continues to be a rapidly growing philosophy of care at the end of life. One of the fundamental principles of hospice is the role of a primary caregiver to provide for the needs of the terminally ill loved one. Typically, a spouse, adult child, sibling, close friend, or significant other fills this role. Usually, the caregiver has no formal training in caregiving and is learning all aspects of providing for all the needs of the patient. This is an awesome responsibility and quite overwhelming for most caregivers. A research synthesis was completed to assess the educational needs of caregivers of terminally ill patients. The computerized literature search of several databases found very few studies on the educational needs of caregivers. The few studies that have been done have used both quantitative and qualitative approaches, using a variety of assessment tools, looking at several different populations, over varied time periods. In spite of the variety of methods and populations studied, all the studies came to similar conclusions. The needs of the studied caregivers fall into three main categories: needing information on meeting the physical needs of the patients, community resources, and the patient's illness. The findings provide a basis for further research to build a comprehensive educational program that maximizes the role of the caregivers of terminally ill patients.
Microprisms for in vivo Multiphoton Microscopy of Cortex

We demonstrate the use of microprisms for in vivo multiphoton microscopy of mouse cortex. These prisms enable a point-of-view more typical of ex vivo, cortical slice preparations, but in an in vivo context.
3-D Display Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of The Spine

The original data is produced through standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures with a surface coil applied to the lower back of a normal human subject. The 3-D spine image data consists of twenty-six contiguous slices with 256 x 256 pixels per slice. Two methods for visualization of the 3-D spine are explored. One method utilizes a verifocal mirror system which creates a true 3-D virtual picture of the object. Another method uses a standard high resolution monitor to simultaneously show the three orthogonal sections which intersect at any user-selected point within the object volume. We discuss the application of these systems in assessment of low back pain.
On multi-metal thermostats

An elastic analysis of bi-metal thermostats has been made by Timoshenko. The effect of having more than two metals, on the performance characteristics of a thermostat of the same total thickness as the bi-metal one, has not received attention. The performance characteristics of a thermostat such as temperature of cut-off, the temperature of cutting-in and sensitivity depend upon the radius of curvature to which a composite strip made of different materials will bend on being uniformly heated. A general expression for radius of curvature to which a multi-metal strip will bend when heated uniformly is derived. Using this expression and expressions obtained by Timoshenko for temperatures of buckling of a metal strip contained between supports and heated uniformly, a complete analysis of a tri-metal thermostat of equal metal thickness is made. From the analysis of the latter it is concluded that a multi-metal thermostat made of materials having different coefficients of linear expansion but of nearly equal moduli of elasticity and equal thicknesses, has a greater sensitivity over a practical range of temperature difference than one made of two metals, subject to the following conditions: that it has the same total thickness as the multimetal one, that the thickness of each of the materials if equal and the difference in the coefficients of linear expansion of the metals is equal to the difference of the coefficients of linear expansion of the extreme metals of the multiple metal one. Consideration of intersurface stresses in the case of a tri-metal thermostat, indicate that they can be kept to a lower level than in the case with bi-metal strips.
Veni, Vidi, Vici: In Vivo Molecular Imaging of Immune Response

"I came, I saw, I conquered," Julius Caesar proclaimed, highlighting the importance of direct visualization as a winning strategy. Continuing the "From the Field" series (see Editorial [2007] 26, 131), Gross et al. summarize how modern molecular imaging techniques can successfully dissect the complexities of immune response in vivo.
Tax Treaties and Foreign Direct Investment: Potential versus Performance

Bilateral tax treaties are an important method of international tax cooperation. I survey the existing literature on these agreements, highlighting the differences between the standard view that treaties increase foreign direct investment and the empirical evidence that finds little support for this. I also discuss the key differences in treaty formation between developed countries relative to that between developed and developing nations.
A programmable rippled-noise generator for auditory research

This paper describes the use of two pseudorandom noise generators designed by Wolf and Bilger (1977) to generate repeatable samples of noise with sinusoidally rippled amplitude spectra. A description is given of the interface necessary to program the generator using a laboratory computer. Small modifications to the original generators are required. Sample output spectra are also shown.
Dual stage modeling of moisture absorption and desorption in epoxy mold compounds

Abstract A dual stage diffusion model is developed in this paper for both absorption and desorption processes. Both stages in moisture absorption and desorption, i.e., Fickian and non-Fickian process, are described mathematically using a combination of Fickian terms. Absorption and desorption tests are also conducted on six distinct commercial epoxy mold compounds (EMCs) used in electronic packaging. For absorption, the samples are subjected to 85 °C/85% relative humidity and 60 °C/85% relative humidity soaking, respectively. Desorption conditions are above glass transition temperature at 140 °C and 160 °C. The dual stage models generate reasonable results for the diffusive properties and display outstanding experimental fits. All six compounds show strong non-Fickian diffusion behaviors, which are further verified by the experiments with different thicknesses. For absorption, while Fickian diffusion is dominant in the beginning of process, non-Fickian mechanism plays a large role with time increasing. Saturated moisture concentration associated with Fickian-stage diffusion appears to be independent of temperature under the tested conditions. For desorption, higher temperature leads to less percentage of the permanent residual moisture content in most compounds. At 160 °C, 90% of the initial moisture for all samples is diffused out within 24 h, following an approximate modified Fickian diffusion process. The dual stage model developed in this paper provides a mathematical formulation for modeling anomalous moisture diffusion behavior using commercial finite element analysis software.
Train in vain: A statutory analysis of security guard training requirements

How does one become a security guard? What sort of training is mandated for those seeking to be a security guard? There are currently over 10,000 security companies in the United States, employing 1.8 million guards. Security guards already outnumber police by almost three to one, and this discrepancy is expected to continue to grow. Every state requires police officers to undergo rigorous training. Security guards perform many of the same functions as police officers, and may even carry weapons. The question arises: to what extent do states regulate the training of armed and unarmed private security guards? This paper examines state statutory requirements for security guard training. The provisions of all fifty states are compared and evaluated. Our focus is on state regulations regarding the training of security guards. We are interested in determining what threshold requirements the states have seen fit to establish for training security guards, and whether these threshold requirements provide adequate...
Citizen of Which Republic? Foreigners and the Construction of National Citizenship in Central America, 1823-1845

The law of the South American states with reference to nationality of origin remains to be noticed. Sir Alexander Cockburn, Nationality: or, The law relating to subjects and aliens, considered with a view to future legislation (London, W. Ridgway, 1869), 17. In December 1841, voters in Sonsonate (El Salvador) elected Frenchman and long-time resident, Luis Bertrand Save, as their alcalde, or municipal judge, for 1842. The governor insisted that Save accept the office. However, Save convinced El Salvador's president that he should not serve since he was not a citizen of the country, citing French and Salvadoran laws to back up his argument. French law mattered because Save could lose his qualite de francais, or “Frenchness,” by holding office in a foreign government, and Salvadoran laws limited office-holding to its own citizens. In 1843, Save was again elected alcalde and again protested because “the law requires for these positions that it is indispensable that the elected be a citizen of the country. While I am a vecino (for I live in Sonsonate), I am not a ciudadano (citizen), and as a foreigner, have neither a letter of naturalization, nor am I naturalized de facto.” That is, Save acknowledged the importance of local citizenship and accepted the status of a Sonsonate vecino, or community member, but pointed out that he lacked national membership because his domicile did not make a “foreigner” a citizen, and he lacked the institutional change of status, naturalization, to overcome that foreignness.
Isolation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from Aedes vexans in Connecticut.

SummaryThe virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis was isolated from one pool of mosquitoes limited to 13 specimens of Aedes vexans collected Sept. 1, 1959, at Farmington, Conn. Distribution, seasonal incidence and bionomics of this mosquito fit epidemiological qualifications necessary for implication as a vector of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in this area.
Geographic distribution of skin cancer.

The role of the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight is presented in relation to the etiology and incidence of skin cancers. While the exposure to the carcinogenic range of the ultraviolet component of the solar spectrum was found to be of primary significance, ethnic background is also an important factor in the epidemiology of skin cancers. The significance of ethnic factors is illustrated by the high death rate from skin cancer in Ireland, although the total erythema dose is considerably smaller than in other countries where the death rate from skin cancer is lower. Environmental factors, such as reflection, scatter, and shielding, are discussed in regard to determining the degree of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The distribution of skin cancer on the body surface indicates the importance of the anatomic contours in determining the development of epidermal malignant tumors. The majority of squamous cell carcinomas of the skin appear to be caused directly by chronic exposure to sunlight. The incidence of two-thirds of basal cell carcinomas is also related to damage of the skin by ultraviolet radiation. The fact that one-third of basal cell carcinomas occur in anatomical locations which receive relatively little ultraviolet radiation suggests that other factors are significant in the genesis of this tumor. The data presented indicate that appropriate prophylactic measures may be developed for these largely preventable types of cancer.
Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America

“I, Juan Garrido, black resident [de color negro vecino] of this city [Mexico], appear before Your Mercy and state that I am in need of making a probanza to the perpetuity of the king [a perpetuad rey], a report on how I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of this New Spain, from the time when the Marques del Valle [Cortes] entered it; and in his company I was present at all the invasions and conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with the said Marques, all of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives [repartimiento de indios] or anything else. As I am married and a resident of this city, where I have always lived; and also as I went with the Marques del Valle to discover the islands which are in that part of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was much hunger and privation; and also as I went to discover and pacify the islands of San Juan de Buriquen de Puerto Rico; and also as I went on the pacification and conquest of the island of Cuba with the adelantado Diego Velazquez; in all these ways for thirty years have I served and continue to serve Your Majesty—for these reasons stated above do I petition Your Mercy. And also because I was the first to have the inspiration to sow maize here in New Spain and to see if it took; I did this and experimented at my own expense.”
RAILROAD POLICY AND INTERMODALISM: Policy Choices after Deregulation

Intermodalism is widely viewed as a promising recent development in transportation. This article examines the role played by railroads in intermodal freight transportation and the framework of public policies around whic intermodal freight movement has evolved. Intermodalism emerged because of technological, organizational, and public policy developments that contributed to its rapid growth. Deregulation of the rail industry since 1980 has led to significant restructuring through mergers and direct contracts between railroads and customers. As intermodal shipments become more important to the overall transportation system in the United States, attention will need to be given to ways in which intermodal concerns are addressed in surface transportation programs.
The binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.

Abstract The amount of RNA polymerase that can bind to DNA is measured by separating the enzyme bound to DNA from unbound enzyme by zone centrifugation. In a solution containing 0.05 m -KCl, 5 m m -MgCl2 and 0.01 m -Tris buffer (pH 7.9), the maximum amount of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that can bind to T7 DNA is 1.8 μg of enzyme per μg of DNA, or one polymerase molecule (molecular weight of 8.8 × 105) per 5 × 105 daltons of DNA. The maximum amount of RNA polymerase that can bind to f1 DNA is 11 μg per μg of DNA. The binding reaction is reversible, does not require magnesium ions, and is sensitive to the ionic strength and pH of the solution. Dinitrophenol (3 × 10−2 m ) and proflavine sulfate (10 μg/ml.) inhibit the reaction, but actinomycin (1 mμmole/ml.) does not. sRNA both charged and uncharged competes directly with DNA for the binding site on the enzyme.
Ethylene production by plants in a closed environment.

Ethylene production by 20-sq m stands of wheat, soybean, lettuce and potato was monitored throughout growth and development in NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Biomass Production Chamber. Chamber ethylene concentrations rose during periods of rapid growth for all four species, reaching 120 parts per billion (ppb) for wheat, 60 ppb for soybean, and 40 to 50 ppb for lettuce and potato. Following this, ethylene concentrations declined during seed fill and maturation (wheat and soybean), or remained relatively constant (potato). Lettuce plants were harvested during rapid growth and peak ethylene production. The highest ethylene production rates (unadjusted for chamber leakage) ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 ml/sq m/day during rapid growth of lettuce and wheat stands, or approximately 0.8 to 1.1 ml/g fresh weight/h. Results suggest that ethylene production by plants is a normal event coupled to periods of rapid metabolic activity, and that ethylene removal or control measures should be considered for growing crops in a tightly closed CELSS.
Nonresponse Bias in Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes Research: Implications for Evaluating Care

ABSTRACT Nonresponse bias was investigated in an outcomes study of adolescent substance abuse treatment. Treatment-related characteristics of respondents (n = 53) were compared with those of non respondents (n = 61). Statistical analysis showed that few differences were seen between respondents and nonrespondents. The results indicate that outcomes data can be collected in this treatment population that are relatively unaffected by nonresponse bias. Missing responses are shown to be very likely missing at random.
Corrosion and oxidation of vanadium-base alloys☆

The corrosion of several V-base alloys on exposure at elevated temperatures to helium environments containing hydrogen and/or water vapor are presented. These results are utilized to discuss the consequences of the selection of certain radiation-damage resistant, V-base alloys for structural materials applications in a fusion reactor.
Thenef gene of SIVmac239 is necessary for efficient growth in H9 cells

AIDS viruses require an intact functionalnef gene in order to inducedisease. The nonpathogenic molecular cloned virus SIVmac239nef-deletion encodes a truncatednef gene. This attenuated reading frame is expressed both in vitro and in a virus-infected animal in vivo. Encoding the first 58 amino acids of Nef, the reading frame retained its ability to down-modulate CD4 from the surface of T cells. CD4-down-modulated stable cell lines expressing full-length and truncatednef genes were significantly less infected by SIV. SIV-mac239nef-open and SIVmacnef-deletion encoding a truncatednef clearly differed in replication kinetics in H9 cells and H9-derived cell lines. SIV-mac239nef-deletion replication was delayed in H9.
Sliding Friction and Boundary Lubrication of Snow

Etude de la tribologie de la neige, mecanismes, effets et modeles pour des temperatures chaudes et froides en considerant l'humidite neigeuse et la lubrification humide
Applications Of Infrared Lasers To Chemistry

AbstractFollowing a brief summary of the present theoretical picture for infrared multiple photon absorption, anumber of recent examples of infrared laser- induced unimolecular reactions are discussed. The results forthe laser- induced reactions of allene, ethyl vinyl ether and cyclopropane appear to indicate that the vibra-tional energy deposited by the laser is distributed non -statistically in these molecules.The rate of most chemical reactions is determined by the energy deposited into the molecular system in the form of heat. This is usually accomplished through collisions leading to a statistical distribution of energyin all degrees of freedom. It has been recognized that in determining the rates of many simple endothermicreactions, the vibrational excitation is equal in tmportance to, or in some instances more important than theequivalent translational energy content.(l) In more complex molecules, as evidenced by several ion -moleculereactions, the vibrational energy content of the reactants is thought to be critjcally important in deter-mining the overall endothermic reaction rate and the reaction channels utilized.(2) Significant populationof high lying vibrational levels is normally attained by vigorous heating of a molecular ensemble. Howeveronly levels near, or below the critical energy content required for a chemical transformation can be attained
Compartment fire near-field entrainment measurements

Abstract A widely accepted consensus on entrainment models for large fires in compartments does not yet exist. To obtain further information on such entrainment rates, 20 full-scale, near-field experiments were conducted. Near-field entrainment occurs when hot layer interface heights are beneath the burner mean flame height so that cold layer entrainment occurs only near the burner surface. A durable compartment, similar to the standard fire test compartment, was designed and used in conjunction with a 0·61 m × 1·22 m porous surface propane burner to produce compartment fires with heat release rates from 330 to 980 kW. Entrainment rates of 0·74–0·98 kg/s were calculated from temperature measurements made within the compartment and in the doorway. The entrainment rates determined here were correlated with values from the literature. This correlation led to two curve fits which modify Zukoski's far-field offset model and can be used to estimate near-field entrainment rates. An offset for the near-field model of Thomas was also developed. The fire plume model of Baum and McCaffrey was found to compare favorably with the entrainment rates determined here.