cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschool Children With and Without Developmental Delay: Risk, Parenting, and Child Demandingness

Although past literature has established relations between early child risk factors, negative parenting, and problematic child behavior, the nature of these interrelations and pathways of influence over time remains largely unknown, especially in children with developmental delays or disabilities. In the current study data were drawn from the longitudinal Collaborative Family Study and included a sample of 260 families with preschool children with and without developmental delays. Child-related risk was assessed at child age 36 months, maternal intrusiveness and negative affect at 48 months, and child demandingness at 60 months. Results indicated significant relations between early risk, negative parenting, and subsequent child demandingness. Sickliness as an infant was the most salient predictive risk factor of later child demandingness. Developmental delay was the most significant predictor of subsequent negative parenting. Results are discussed as being more indicative of additive rather than mediational processes given that early child risk and negative maternal parenting both contributed uniquely to the subsequent development of child demandingness.
A reassessment of the role of activity in the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections

In all mammalian species the projections from the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus terminate in separate layers or territories. This mature projection pattern is refined early in development from an initial state where the inputs of the two eyes are overlapping. Here I discuss the results of studies showing that the formation of segregated eye-specific retinogeniculate projections involves activity-mediated binocular competition. I conclude that while retinal activity undoubtedly is involved in this process, the results of recent studies cast doubt on the prevalent notion that retinal waves of activity play an instructional role in the formation of segregated retinal projections.
DIII-D power supply fault system

The DIII-D Tokamak magnetic confinement fusion device has been equipped with a power-supply fault system that provides orderly shutdown in case of any of a number of faults. The nature of the fault dictates the extent of the shutdown required. CAMAC hardware accumulates data and triggers computer acquisition of diagnostic information. The system speeds diagnosis and repair of problems. A description is given of the DIII-D power systems; the field-shaping power and control; the hardware fault logic; the CAMAC power-supply data acquisition; the DIII-D data acquisition computer system; the data acquisition database and tables; the handling of power-supply data; and the power-supply fault system operation. >
Intragroup or Intergroup Attitude Projection Can Increase Opinion Certainty: Is There Classism at College?1

Two processes were examined by which estimation of the attitude positions of others can increase opinion certainty. In Study 1, sophomore and senior students exhibited greater conviction about their own opinions following an opportunity to estimate the attitudes of in-group members compared to persons who did not receive this opportunity. In an out-group projection condition, as expected, reduced attitude similarity to freshman students augmented the opinion certainty of sophomores only. In this condition, sophomore opinion certainty was predicted by their perceived status similarity to the freshman out-group. In Study 2, the relationships between intergroup status similarity, projected intergroup attitudes, and increments in opinion certainty were reexamined and replicated. These findings are discussed in accord with the motivational and cognitive factors that account for the interface between group dynamics and attitude strength.
Freshwater wetland restoration of an abandoned sand mine: Seed bank recruitment dynamics and plant colonization

We examined plant recruitment from two soil seed banks used in the freshwater wetland restoration of an abandoned sand mine in South Brunswick, New Jersey. One seed bank was already present at the mine prior to restoration; the other was imported from a nearby wetland to be destroyed by road development. We also investigated the effects of pH and water regime on recruitment in a greenhouse study and assessed plant recruitment at the restoration site during the first growing season. Multivariate analysis of recruitment in greenhouse communities revealed differential responses of the two seed banks to pH and water regime treatments. In the wetland soil, species richness and plant density responded favorably to inundation and increased pH treatments. In the mine soil, species richness and density were greatest with non-inundated and unadjusted pH conditions. The imported seed bank was characterized by greater species richness (n=21) than the mine seed bank (n=14). Mean recruit density was also greater in the wetland soil (263.6 individuals/m2) than the mine soil (60.1 individuals/m2). Recruits unique to the imported wetland seed bank included a significant proportion of obligate wetland species (52.4%). More species were censused in the field study (82) compared to the greenhouse study (24), with 23.2% of species present in both studies. A lower proportion of obligate wetland species (24.0%) was present in the field. The imported wetland seed bank was the major contributor to species richness and plant density, indicating that the use of imported soils as an amendment may enhance success of wetland restoration projects.
Tendon fascicles exhibit a linear correlation between Poisson's ratio and force during uniaxial stress relaxation.

The viscoelastic behavior of ligaments and tendons is thought to play an important role in the normal function of these tissues. The time and rate dependent behaviors are manifested as stress relaxation, creep, and hysteresis. The viscoelastic properties dissipate energy and thus may protect the tissue from damage [1]. Experimentally observed changes in viscoelastic behavior in damaged and diseased tissue highlights the importance of understanding the rate and time dependence [2,3]. However, the exact mechanisms giving rise to the viscoelastic behavior of ligaments and tendons at the continuum level remain unclear. Discerning the source of this behavior is complicated by the multiscale structural organization and high level of hydration in these tissues. Stress relaxation mechanisms may be both flow dependent and flow independent, and may occur at different structural levels [4–9]. Rate dependent behavior has been observed at the fibril level, fiber level, fascicle level, and tissue level [4,8,10,11]. This study focused on the viscoelastic behavior at the fascicle level, and more specifically, the flow-dependent mechanisms. Understanding the fascicular response is fundamental to understanding the macroscopic tissue response, and the fascicle level was deemed a prudent starting point in understanding the multiscale viscoelastic behavior of tendon and ligament tissue. It has been suggested that biphasic theory may explain the apparent viscoelastic behavior of single fascicles [9]. According to biphasic theory, apparent viscoelasticity is a result of energy dissipated from fluid flux through a porous solid phase [12,13]. This fluid flux is driven by volumetric strain, governed by the Poisson's effect of the elastic solid phase. During stress relaxation, biphasic theory predicts a time dependent lateral contraction, which would be manifested experimentally as a time dependent Poisson's ratio. Furthermore, biphasic theory predicts that the instantaneous force during relaxation should be proportional to the instantaneous lateral contraction. These observations motivated our hypothesis that during stress relaxation, single fascicles will display a time dependent lateral strain and Poisson's ratio, a large volume loss at equilibrium and a linear correlation between force and Poisson's ratio. To test this hypothesis, the force, transverse strain, and Poisson's ratio were measured in single rat tail tendon (RTT) fascicles during stress relaxation testing.
Hypertrophy of Alveolar Wall Cells Secondary to an Air Pollutant

When guinea pigs were exposed to 2 ppm nitrogen dioxide continously for 7, 14, and 21 days, a significant increase was found in the average area per alveolar wall cell (P < .025). The duration of the experiment was also significant (P < .05). The method as used, based on an image analyzer quantitation of 9,824 lactate dehydrogenase- positive alveolar wall cells, can contribute to the basic understanding of the type 2 pneumocyte and potentially to the establishment of air quality standards.
Effects of force-molting by conventional and experimental light restriction methods on performance and agonistic behavior of hens.

Abstract We conducted two experiments to compare the effects of force-molting on performance and agonistic behavior of White Leghorn hens. Treatments in Experiment 1 were 1) stress period (no feed and 8 hr light/day for 10 days) followed by recovery period (ground corn and 8 hr light/day for 18 days) and 2) same as Treatment 1 except that ground corn was supplemented with the amino acids cystine, glycine, serine, and threonine. Experiment 2 consisted of two treatments: 1) same as Treatment 1 of Experiment 1 and 2) stress period (cracked corn and no light for 10 days) followed by recovery period (same as Treatment 1; Experiment 1). In both experiments the hens were given 14 hr light/day and were fed a 17% protein layer mash during the premolt and postmolt periods. Nonmolted hens served as controls in both experiments. Force-molted hens fed ground corn supplemented with amino acids during the recovery period did not have significantly better egg production, egg weight, or egg quality than hens fed ground corn only. Force-molting by total light restriction was generally not superior to a conventional method (feed and partial light restriction) of force-molting, although hens force-molted by total light restriction did produce significantly heavier eggs (P
Shear Stress Effects on Human T Cell Function

A modified Couette viscometer was used to study the effect of shear stresses on human T lymphocyte functions. Cell suspensions containing T cells, B cells, and monocytes were subjected to uniform shear stresses of 100 and 200 dynes/cm2 for 10 minutes. After stress exposure, the T cell response to the lectin phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was a strong function of the total cell concentration in culture. Stressed cells cultured with 0.5 μg/ml PHA-P at an initial concentration of 1 × 106 cells/ml did not incorporate significant amounts of tritium-labelled thymidine into their DNA. This inability to incorporate thymidine could be related to insignificant amounts of interleukin-2 (IL2) detected in cell culture supernatants. A size analysis revealed that exposure to stress interfered with the ability of PHA-P to induce cellular enlargement characteristic of an activation response. Fluorescence flow cytometric studies showed that the membrane depolarization response of cell suspensions to PHA-P was significantly affected after exposure to shear stresses. In contrast, when shear stressed cells were cultured at lower cell densities of 0.5 × 106 and 0.25 × 106 cells/ml, the functional responses to PHA-P were similar to those of controls. The data obtained suggest that controlled exposure to sublytic shear stresses results in alterations that can affect the proliferative response of the T cell population, and that these alterations are cell-density dependent.
Evolving transfer functions for artificial neural networks

The paper describes a methodology for constructing transfer functions for the hidden layer of a back-propagation network, which is based on evolutionary programming. The method allows the construction of almost any mathematical form. It is tested using four benchmark classification problems from the well-known machine intelligence problems repository maintained by the University of California, Irvine. It was found that functions other than the commonly used sigmoidal function could perform well when used as hidden layer transfer functions. Three of the four problems showed improved test results when these evolved functions were used.
Increased Stratospheric Hydrogen Chloride in the El Chichón Cloud

Spectroscopic observations of the total column amount of hydrogen chloride above an altitude of 12 kilometers in the latitude range 20° to 40°N have been made both before and 3 to 6 months after the eruptions of El Chichon Volcano in March and April 1982. In the region of the cloud of volcanic aerosols, the hydrogen chloride total column after the eruptions increased by approximately 40 percent, even after allowance is made for the global secular increase in hydrogen chloride of 5 percent per year. The column amounts of hydrogen fluoride show no such increase.
Assessing the Barriers to Engaging Challenging Populations in Disease Management Programs

Disease management has gained popularity as a way to improve health status and control of chronic illness through the use of risk stratification, targeted nurse outreach, telephonic nurse advice, and evidence-based guidelines in managing illness. Disease management programs have been successfully implemented by commercial insurers and managed care plans, as well as in Medicare and state Medicaid programs. Although evidence regarding cost savings is inconsistent, it appears that disease management programs do impact health status and quality of care, and improve self-management among the chronically ill.
Feeling without Thinking? Reply to Zajonc.

Summary In a recent paper, Zajonc maintains that in the course of forming impressions, preferences, and attitudes, feelings can sometimes precede associated cognitions. Zajonc's thesis is critiqued and it is argued that it is inadequate both on logical and empirical grounds. More precisely, the meanings of evaluative terms are predicated upon proper usage in particular contexts with a background of relevant cognitions and behaviors. Indeed, evidence from self-perception and self-labelling theories suggests that assertions of affect are at least partially based upon inferences from behaviors and contextual cues. It is concluded, then, that it is an implausible position to conceive affect as being precognitive.
198 MS-based approaches for the structural determination of retroviral ribonucleoproteins

The interactions between the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of the Gag polyprotein and the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of viral RNA play multifaceted roles in the lifecycle of HIV-1. Owing to the well-known chaperone activity of NC, such interactions may induce remodeling of RNA structure which results in either exposing or concealing RNA signals responsible for different viral functions. For this reason, mapping the sequences bound by NC must be followed by the characterization of the underlying RNA structure to fully understand the biological significance of the specific interactions. We have developed complementary approaches based on mass spectrometry (MS) which enable the identification of protein-binding sites and the investigation of their structural context. One of them involves the application of bifunctional alkylating reagents to form irreversible cross-links between protein and RNA moieties that are placed within mutual striking distance by the ribonucleoprotein fold. The specific protein–RNA an...
Generation of CO and smoke during underventilated combustion

The CO and smoke yields observed for underventilated laminar diffusion flames are presented for methane and ethene for global equivalence ratio (Phi) over the range 0.5 to 4.0. A Burke-Schumann type burner with fuel in the center tube and air in the annular region was used. The peak CO yields for methane and ethene, 0.37 and 0.47, respectively, are at least a factor of 100 greater than for overventilated burning. The ratio of CO/CO[sub 2] versus [Phi] for the methane flame is compared with local measurements of this ratio for both overventilated and underventilated laminar diffusion flames and with the results for turbulent natural gas flames quenched in an upper layer. The peak smoke yields for methane at a flow rate of 10 cm[sup 3]/s and for ethene at a fuel flow rate of 6.4 cm[sup 3]/s are 0.01 and 0.05, respectively, compared with yields of 0.0 and 0.028 for the overventilated case. The proportionally between smoke yield observed for overventilated burning for a wide range of fuels is found not to be valid for the underventilated case. The chemical makeup and structure of the smoke produced at high equivalence ratio is qualitatively different from smoke produced under overventilated conditions;more » the smoke is mainly organic rather than graphitic and it has an agglutinated structure rather than an agglomerate structure with distinct primary spheres usually observed in overventilated burning.« less
GIORGIONE WAS SO-CALLED BECAUSE OF HIS NAME

L'A. defend une theorie nominale de la description, inspiree de Mill, Kaplan et Kripke, expliquant les usages predicatifs, non-referentiels et referentiels des noms propres. Repondant aux problemes de Frege et Russell, ainsi qu'aux objections de circularite et de rigidite, l'A. montre que sa version du descriptivisme doit s'accompagner d'une approche pragmatique de la communication.
Effect of Crack Velocity on Crack Resistance in Brittle‐Matrix Composites

Fast- and slow-fracture studies were conducted on a glass matrix–metal particle composite system, using the appliedmoment double-cantilever-beam technique. At 10 vol % metal, the fracture toughness (KIc) was seen to increase 71% over that of the matrix alone, as compared to an increase of only 40% in the stress intensity (KI) for the same system in slow fracture. This difference was corroborated by fracture surface stereology work, which showed 9.6% metal on the fast-fracture surface as compared to only 5.3% for the slowfracture specimens. This indicates that in slow fracture, the crack “chooses” its path of propagation, thus resulting in a lowering of the expected increase in crack resistance.
Acute β-Adrenergic Activation Triggers Nuclear Import of Histone Deacetylase 5 and Delays Gq-induced Transcriptional Activation

During hemodynamic stress, catecholamines and neurohumoral stimuli may induce co-activation of Gq-coupled receptors and β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), leading to cardiac remodeling. Dynamic regulation of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), a transcriptional repressor, is crucial during stress signaling due to its role in epigenetic control of fetal gene markers. Little is known about its regulation during acute and chronic β-AR stimulation and its cross-interaction with Gq signaling in adult cardiac myocytes. Here, we evaluate the potential cross-talk between Gq-driven and β-AR mediated signaling at the level of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HDAC5. We show the translocation of GFP-tagged wild type HDAC5 or mutants (S279A and S279D) in response to β-AR or Gq agonists. Isoproterenol (ISO) or PKA activation results in strong nuclear accumulation of HDAC5 in contrast to nuclear export driven by Ca2+-calmodulin protein kinase II and protein kinase D. Moreover, nuclear accumulation of HDAC5 under acute ISO/PKA signaling is dependent on phosphorylation of Ser-279 and can block subsequent Gq-mediated nuclear HDAC5 export. Intriguingly, the attenuation of Gq-induced export is abolished after chronic PKA activation, yet nuclear HDAC5 remains elevated. Last, the effect of chronic β-AR signaling on HDAC5 translocation was examined in adult myocytes from a rabbit model of heart failure, where ISO-induced nuclear import is ablated, but Gq-agonist mediated export is preserved. Acute β-AR/PKA activation protects against hypertrophic signaling by delaying Gq-mediated transcriptional activation. This serves as a key physiological control switch before allowing genetic reprogramming via HDAC5 nuclear export during more severe stress, such as heart failure.
Papaverine and Ro 20-1724 inhibit cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and increase cyclic AMP levels in psoriatic epidermis in vitro.

The comparative inhibitory potency of papaverine and Ro 20-1724 (4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone) on cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) and cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE) activities and their effect on the levels of cAMP and cGMP were examined in psoriatic epidermis. At concentrations of 5 × 10 -4 M, papaverine inhibited the hydrolysis of both cAMP and cGMP by either the low or high Km psoriatic epidermal PDE nearly 100% (p -4 M papaverine or Ro 20-1724 the tissue levels of cAMP were increased 343% or 1395% respectively (p
Bilateral Artisan lens for aphakia and megalocornea: Long-term follow-up.

We received approval from the U.S. implant Food and Drug Administration and the University's Institutional Review Board to the Artisan lens (Ophtec BV) in both eyes of a patient who was aphakic and had megalocornea. No other intraocular lens would easily solve this patient's need because of the large anterior segment. The patient was having increasing difficultly with aphakic contact lenses because of his work environment. We present almost 5 years of follow-up data of this patient.
The natural history of anal transition zone inflammation and possible relationship to pouchitis: a long‐term longitudinal study

Aim Reservoir ileitis (pouchitis) is the most common complication after pelvic pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis and the aetiology remains largely unknown. The anal transition zone (ATZ) contains the only remaining colonic epithelium after ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) and may provide important clues as to whether ulcerative colitis and pouchitis share a common pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinally the long-term histological changes in the ATZ and their relationship to the incidence of pouchitis. Method Patients with a double-stapled IPAA for ulcerative colitis at an academic medical centre with at least 10 years of clinical and histological follow-up were identified from a prospective database. Annual ATZ and pouch biopsies were taken and interpreted by two expert gastrointestinal pathologists. ATZ histological variability score, the incidence of pouchitis, and function were correlated over time. ATZ biopsies were scored from one to three based on the extent of inflammation. Results Sixteen of the 114 patients having IPAA fulfilled the criteria for admission to the study. There were 179 biopsies of the ATZ. All exhibited variability in ATZ histology over time and 81% had a 2-unit change in their inflammatory score. There was no correlation between pouchitis and histological severity score of the ATZ. Similarly, function over time did not vary with the intensity of ATZ inflammation. Conclusion ATZ inflammation varies substantially over time in most patients. But these changes from year to year did not correlate with function or the occurrence of pouchitis.
Zero U.S. population growth--when how and why?

An ever-growing U.S. population is not economically desirable. In f act the sooner a stationary population is attained the sooner per capita incomes will begin to increase. However almost a century will be needed to stabilize population. If the gross reproduction rate fell from 1.441 (the 1965 rate) to 1.014 by the year 2000 the population would continue to increase from 279 million to 346 million in 2060. At that date the age distributions would be stabilized. Both crude birth and death rates would be 13 against 1965s 18/1000 for births and 10/1000 for deaths. The proportion of children under 15 years would be 19.6% as against todays 30.9%. This would not harm business sales as some claim. Only owners of land and other resources which are scarce benefit from population growth. The market economy would change to meet the needs of a shifting demographic situation. The value of real estate should not be a governing factor because the windfall profits to the owner are actually paid for by the society as a whole in higher sewer rates less living space and fees for services. This stabilization would mean few families would have more than 3 children most would have 2 or less. If the largest families have the greatest reduction in child ren fewer families would be in poverty and the children would have greater educational and economic advantages. Studies have shown that the relationship between poverty and family size transcends race or age. The more children the more likely the family is to be poor and the more likely the children are to be stunted in physical and mental growth. Society as a whole must pay for the education of these children. It is in the interest of all for the government and society to encourage smaller families.
Processing of Dynamic Phase Images of Moving Organisms

Recent work utilizing an interference microscope system imaging live biological samples to create phase image movies tracking dynamic motions and volumetric changes is presented. Measurement examples highlight background leveling and unwrapping phase in time.
Implementation of a heart failure readmission reduction program: a role for medical residents

Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the leading causes of hospital readmissions within 30 days of discharge. Due to the substantial costs associated with these readmissions, several interventions to reduce CHF readmissions have been developed and implemented. Methods: To reduce CHF readmissions at our community teaching hospital, the Smooth Transitions Equal Less Readmission (STELR) program was developed. Utilizing the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle for quality improvement, resident physicians tracked patients enrolled in the STELR program. The resident contribution to the program was substantial in that they were able to quantify the improvement in both physician practices and patient readmissions. This provided insight into program areas requiring further modification, which the hospital would not have obtained without resident participation. Results: The readmission rate for patients diagnosed with heart failure decreased from 32% prior to program implementation, to 24% hospital wide (including patients who were not tracked in the STELR program), and 21% among patients tracked by the residents. Conclusion: This effective CHF readmission reduction program requires less financial resources compared to government funded programs. The resident involvement in the STELR program helped to assess and improve the program and also allowed the residents to gain an awareness of the resources available to their patients to facilitate their transition home. The program exposed the residents to systems-based practice, a fundamental element of their residency training and, more generally, community care. Keywords: Heart failure; hospital readmission; medical residency; documentation; quality improvement; systems-based practice (Published: 30 April 2012) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2012, 2 : 10674 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v2i1.10674
Reversible sulfasalazine-induced granulomatous hepatitis

Abstract Sulfasalazine, a drug common in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, may cause liver damage. We present a patient with documented granulomatous hepatitis which resolved on liver biopsy 6 weeks after discontinuation of the drug.
Integrable wide-free-spectral-range Fabry-Perot optical filters using free-standing LiNbO~3 thin films

We demonstrate the use of free-standing thin films of a complex oxide for chip-scale optical filtering. The films are used as low-order etalons with very large free spectral ranges that exceed 6.78?THz (>50?nm at 1550?nm) and use a small chip area (<500??m2) when they are integrated. The films are produced by crystal ion slicing; this process exfoliates a micrometers-thin layer of single-crystal optical material from a bulk parent by means of high-energy-ion implantation. The etalons, which are 10??m thick with Ag deposited on both surfaces, are integrated into a silica-on-silicon waveguide block.
Enhanced crystallization of the Cys18 to Ser mutant of bovine gammaB crystallin.

Abstract The cysteine residues of the γ crystallins, a family of ocular lens proteins, are involved in the aggregation and phase separation of these proteins. Both these phenomena are implicated in cataract formation. We have used bovine γB crystallin as a model system to study the role of the individual cysteine residues in the aggregation and phase separation of the γ crystallins. Here, we compare the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of the recombinant wild-type protein (WT) and the Cys18 to Ser (C18S) mutant. We find that the solubilities of the two proteins are similar. The kinetics of crystallization, however, are different. The WT crystallizes slowly enough for the metastable liquid-liquid coexistence to be easily observed. C18S, on the other hand, crystallizes rapidly; the metastable coexisting liquid phases of the pure mutant do not form. Nevertheless, the coexistence curve of C18S can be determined provided that crystallization is kinetically suppressed. In this way we found that the coexistence curve coincides with that of the WT. Despite the difference in the kinetics of crystallization, the two proteins were found to have the same crystal forms and almost identical X-ray structures. Our results demonstrate that even conservative point mutations can bring about dramatic changes in the kinetics of crystallization. The implications of our findings for cataract formation and protein crystallization are discussed.
Stability of two-dimensional quasisingular space-times

We study the stability of a class of two-dimensional cylindrical space-times with quasiregular singularities using massless scalar waves. The fact that the stress-energy scalarT μv T μv diverges indicates the instability of the singularity toward formation of a scalar curvature singularity. In special cases a nonscalar curvature singularity results.
Early opioid prescription and subsequent disability among workers with back injuries: the Disability Risk Identification Study Cohort.

Study design Prospective, population-based cohort study. Objective To examine whether prescription of opioids within 6 weeks of low back injury is associated with work disability at 1 year. Summary of background data Factors related to early medical treatment have been little investigated as possible risk factors for development of long-term work disability among workers with back injuries. We have previously shown that about 1 of 3 of workers receive an opioid prescription early after a low back injury, and a recent study suggested that such prescriptions may increase risk for subsequent disability. Methods We analyzed detailed data reflecting paid bills for opioids prescribed within 6 weeks of the first medical visit for a back injury among 1843 workers with lost work-time claims. Additional baseline measures included an injury severity rating from medical records, and demographic, psychosocial, pain, function, smoking, and alcohol measures from a worker survey conducted 18 days (median) after receipt of the back injury claim. Computerized database records of work disability 1 year after claim submission were obtained for the primary outcome measure. Results Nearly 14% (254 of 1843) of the sample were receiving work disability compensation at 1 year. More than one-third of the workers (630 of 1843) received an opioid prescription within 6 weeks, and 50.7% of these (319 of 630) were received at the first medical visit. After adjustment for pain, function, injury severity, and other baseline covariates, receipt of opioids for more than 7 days (odds ratio = 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.1) and receipt of more than 1 opioid prescription were associated significantly with work disability at 1 year. Conclusion Prescription of opioids for more than 7 days for workers with acute back injuries is a risk factor for long-term disability. Further research is needed to elucidate this association.
A genome-wide screen for genes influencing conduct disorder

While behavioral genetic studies have suggested that childhood conduct disorder is under genetic influence, studies aimed at gene identification are lacking. This study represents the first genome-wide linkage analysis directed toward identifying genes contributing to conduct disorder. Genome screens of retrospectively reported childhood conduct disorder and conduct disorder symptomatology were carried out in the genetically informative adult sample collected as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). The results suggest that regions on chromosomes 19 and 2 may contain genes conferring risk to conduct disorder. Interestingly, the same region on chromosome 2 has also been linked to alcohol dependence in this sample. Childhood conduct disorder is known to be associated with the susceptibility for future alcohol problems. Taken together, these findings suggest that some of the genes contributing to alcohol dependence in adulthood may also contribute to conduct disorder in childhood.
The Protein Structure Initiative Structural Biology Knowledgebase Technology Portal: a structural biology web resource

The Technology Portal of the Protein Structure Initiative Structural Biology Knowledgebase (PSI SBKB; http://technology.sbkb.org/portal/ ) is a web resource providing information about methods and tools that can be used to relieve bottlenecks in many areas of protein production and structural biology research. Several useful features are available on the web site, including multiple ways to search the database of over 250 technological advances, a link to videos of methods on YouTube, and access to a technology forum where scientists can connect, ask questions, get news, and develop collaborations. The Technology Portal is a component of the PSI SBKB ( http://sbkb.org ), which presents integrated genomic, structural, and functional information for all protein sequence targets selected by the Protein Structure Initiative. Created in collaboration with the Nature Publishing Group, the SBKB offers an array of resources for structural biologists, such as a research library, editorials about new research advances, a featured biological system each month, and a functional sleuth for searching protein structures of unknown function. An overview of the various features and examples of user searches highlight the information, tools, and avenues for scientific interaction available through the Technology Portal.
Complexation of copper by aquatic humic substances from different environments

Abstract The copper-complexing properties of aquatic humic substances isolated from eighteen different environments were characterized by potentiometric titration, using a cupric ion selective electrode. Potentiometric data were analyzed using FITEQL, a computer program for the determination of chemical equilibrium constants from experimental data. All the aquatic humic substances could be modelled as having two types of Cu(II)-binding sites: one with K equal to about 106 and a concentration of 1.0 ± 0.4 × 10−6 M(mg C)−1 and another with K equal to about 108 and a concentration of 2.6 ± 1.6 × 10−7 M(mg C)−1. A method is described for estimating the Cu(II)-binding sites associated with dissolved humic substances in natural water based on a measurement of dissolved organic carbon, which may be helpful in evaluating chemical processes controlling speciation of Cu and bioavailability of Cu to aquatic organisms.
Egg Consumption Patterns and Preferences of Kansas College Students

Abstract INTRODUCTION SINCE 1951 U.S. per capita egg consumption has decreased. If egg producers are to reverse the trend, they need to know attitudes and preferences of consumers. Richter and Brenner (1960) reported that the most important factor in the egg industry may be the breakfast habits of the average consumer. Another reason they suggest for the drop in egg consumption is a decline in the use of eggs for home baking. Baker et al. (1965), stated that teenage girls eat fewer eggs than do teenage boys and that younger homemakers serve fewer eggs than do older homemakers. Clark et al. (1964), found convenience a factor governing use of breakfast foods. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted among Kansas State University students to determine their egg consumption patterns and preferences. Two food centers that serve a total of 3,000 students daily were the source of information for on-campus students; a total…
Lumen Gentium No. 8, and Subsistit in, Again

Francis A. Sullivan says that the one Church of Christ continues to exist perfectly in the Catholic Church, and is present imperfectly in other churches and ecclesial communities. However, he thinks Lumen Gentium 8 also enables us to say that the many churches, non-Catholic and Catholic, are all in the one Church of Christ, since to say the one Church of Christ subsists in the Catholic Church means no more than “continues to exist in” the Catholic Church. In this way, he denies the identity of the one Church of Christ and the Catholic Church. We point out that magisterial documents since Vatican II have consistently refused this proposal, and have instead spoken only of the one Church being present or operative, according to degrees, in non-Catholic churches and communities. We argue that while it is true there is “ecclesial reality” outside the Catholic Church, in that there are elements of truth and sanctification outside of her, the one Church of Christ of which Vatican II expressly speaks is the Church with all the gifts of unity and instruments for salvation with which Christ endowed it. The Catholic Church is not contained in any larger divinely willed and dominically instituted ecclesial reality, and it is without qualification the one Church of Christ and the one Church of Christ is without qualification the Catholic Church.
EFFECTS OF PRODUCT CONDENSATION ON REACTION-ENHANCED VAPORIZATION RATES AND ON THE TRANSITION FROM HOMOGENEOUS TO HETEROGENEOUS REACTION IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE METAL OXIDATION.

In order to predict the vaporization rate of fume-forming condensed phases into reactant-rich gases it is necessary to account for the strong augmentation of vapor transport rates caused by bulk flow into the reaction-condensation zone. For this purpose a simple film theory is developed based on the idealization of a thin reaction-condensation “front” supplied by convection-diffusion processes normal to the surface, but with condensate removal by convection processes parallel to the vaporizing surface. The steady-state position or “stand-off distance” of the front and, hence, its effect on the observed mass transfer rate, are determined by the demands of local reactant stoichiometry at the front and species conservation throughout the two-part film, subject to the imposed vapor and oxidizer boundary concentrations. As applied to the problem of metal vaporization into reactive atmospheres, it is shown that while we recover the results of Turkdogan, Grieveson, and Darken in highly dilute isothermal systems (i.e., metals far from their boiling points vaporizing into dilute oxygen-inert gas mixtures) appreciable additional effects due to the condensation process are predicted in the limit of oxidizer-rich ambient gases. Combining this extended theory with the notion that there is an upper limit to the attainable magnitude of the vaporization rate enhancement at which the reaction regime must change from homogeneous to heterogeneous, leads to predicted critical (transition) oxidizer pressures valid even approaching the practically important limit of pure gaseous ozidizer. On the assumption that this transition will occur when the metal vaporization rate approaches that expected in a vacuum (as has been experimentally observed by Turkdogan, Grieveson, and Darken), illustrative calculations are presented for the metals Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Be, Fe, and Zr vaporizing into oxygen-inert gas mixtures, and conclusions are drawn concerning the impossibility of the vapor phase reaction mode at surface temperatures too far below the metal boiling (or sublimation) point. It is also shown that the formalism can be extended to incorporate an alternative critical condition, perhaps more realistic under some experimental conditions, viz., oxygen penetration to the surface due to the finite thickness of the reaction zone. In either event, the model can be readily used to predict the homogeneous-heterogeneous transition locus and its dependence on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of product condensation, and physical, chemical, and aerodynamic parameters.
Comparison of vestibular and auditory startle responses in the rat and cat.

Abstract Cats, humans, and many other animals show stereotyped EMG responses in limb and axial muscles if suddenly dropped into free-fall. In cats, these free-fall responses (FFR) consist of highly synchronized bursts in most limb and axial muscles at 18–22 ms. We have used FFR to evaluate descending motor function and recovery in chronic spinal injured cats. Here FFR are compared with auditory evoked startle reflexes (ASR) in the hindlimb muscles of the rat and cat to determine whether they are related, and whether they could be used to evaluate descending motor function in the rat. ASR and FFR in the two species were similar except that the earliest components for both responses occurred around 9 ms in the rat versus 18–20 ms in the cat. Also, FFR in cats were usually more consistent and greater in amplitude during repeated drops than in rats, while the converse was true for ASR. Rat FFR amplitudes increased significantly after administering ketamine or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), especially with both drugs together, while ASR amplitudes did not. FFR in cats recorded under ketamine analgesia were not normally improved by 4-AP. Finally, both FFR and ASR were suppressed by pentobarbital, chloralose, or motor activity. These data suggest that: (1) FFR appears to be a vestibular evoked startle reflex; (2) in the rat, ASR should be useful as a test of descending motor function following spinal injury, and (3) the combination of ketamine and 4-AP may be useful in revealing the presence of functional spinal pathways after CNS trauma.
Polarized distribution of HCO3- transport in human normal and cystic fibrosis nasal epithelia.

The polarized distribution of HCO3− transport was investigated in human nasal epithelial cells from normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) tissues. To test for HCO3− transport via conductive versus electroneutral Cl−/HCO3− exchange (anion exchange, AE) pathways, nasal cells were loaded with the pH probe 2′,7′-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein and mounted in a bilateral perfusion chamber. In normal, but not CF, epithelia, replacing mucosal Cl− with gluconate caused intracellular pH (pHi) to increase, and the initial rates (ΔpH min−1) of this increase were modestly augmented (∼26 %) when normal cells were pretreated with forskolin (10 μm). Recovery from this alkaline shift was dependent on mucosal Cl−, was insensitive to the AE inhibitor 4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (H2DIDS; 1.5 mm), but was sensitive to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel inhibitor diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC; 100 μm). In contrast, removal of serosal Cl− caused pHi to alkalinize in both normal and CF epithelia. Recovery from this alkaline challenge was dependent on serosal Cl− and blocked by H2DIDS. Additional studies showed that serosally applied Ba2+ (5.0 mm) in normal, but not CF, cells induced influx of HCO3− across the apical membrane that was reversibly blocked by mucosal DPC. In a final series of studies, normal and CF cells acutely alkaline loaded by replacing bilateral Krebs bicarbonate Ringer (KBR) with Hepes-buffered Ringer solution exhibited basolateral, but not apical, recovery from an alkaline challenge that was dependent on Cl−, independent of Na+ and blocked by H2DIDS. We conclude that: (1) normal, but not CF, nasal epithelia have a constitutively active DPC-sensitive HCO3− influx/efflux pathway across the apical membrane of cells, consistent with the movement of HCO3− via CFTR; and (2) both normal and CF nasal epithelia have Na+-independent, H2DIDS-sensitive AE at their basolateral domain.
Woman Abuse, Assimilation, and Self-Concept in a Rural Mexican American Community

This study proposed to describe the effect of assimilation on self-concept and abuse in a rural, minority population of Mexican American women. Ethnic language translations were developed to enable investigation with a rural, Spanish-speaking, Mexican American population. Reassessment of reliability and validity of both English and Spanish translations of instrumentation for a rural population was performed. Data were collected through convenience sampling from both rural battered women's shelters and rural community service centers. Significant differences were found between groups of abused (n = 85) versus non-abused (n = 84) women on dimensions of self-concept. Assimilation variables found to be significantly correlated with self-concept for abused and non-abused Mexican American women included language, attitudes toward traditionalfamily structure, and values. Significant differences werefound between abused and non-abused Mexican American women in attitudes toward traditional family structure and sex...
Quorum sensing primes the oxidative stress response in the insect endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius.

Background Sodalis glossinidius, a maternally transmitted bacterial endosymbiont of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), uses an acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing system to modulate gene expression in accordance with bacterial cell density. The S. glossinidius quorum sensing system relies on the function of two regulatory proteins; SogI (a LuxI homolog) synthesizes a signaling molecule, characterized as N-(3-oxohexanoyl) homoserine lactone (OHHL), and SogR1 (a LuxR homolog) interacts with OHHL to modulate transcription of specific target genes. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a tiling microarray to analyze the S. glossinidius transcriptome in the presence and absence of exogenous OHHL. The major finding is that OHHL increases transcription of a large number of genes that are known to be involved in the oxidative stress response. We also show that the obligate symbiont of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (SOPE), maintains copies of the quorum sensing regulatory genes that are found in S. glossinidius. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that these sequences are evolving under stabilizing selection, consistent with the maintenance of their functions in the SOPE symbiosis. Finally, the expression studies in S. glossinidius also reveal that quorum sensing regulates the expression of a cryptic, degenerate gene (carA) that arose from an ancient deletion in the last common ancestor of S. glossinidius and SOPE. Conclusions/Significance This oxidative stress response is likely mandated under conditions of dense intracellular symbiont infection, when intense metabolic activity is expected to generate a heavy oxidative burden. Such conditions are known to arise in the bacteriocytes of grain weevils, which harbor dense intracellular infections of symbiotic bacteria that are closely related to S. glossinidius. The presence of a degenerate carA sequence in S. glossinidius and SOPE indicates the potential for neofunctionalization to occur during the process of genome degeneration.
Particle diffusion in tokamaks with partially destroyed magnetic surfaces

A Hamiltonian formalism is developed for the drift-orbit trajectories of particles in toroidal systems in the presence of stochastic fields. The equations of motion are integrated numerically to investigate the modification of neoclassical diffusion in a tokamak due to the onset of stochasticity. A significant increase in the diffusion coefficient is observed below the stochastic threshold for electrons, whereas ions are typically not affected until the magnetic field has become quite stochastic.