cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interior-point algorithm for large-scale quadratic problems with box constraints

We present computational experience with an interior-point algorithm for large-scale quadratic programming problems with box constraints. The algorithm requires a total of O(√nL) number of iterations, where L is the size of the input data of the problem, and O(n 3) arithmetic operations per iteration. The algorithm has been implemented using vectorization and tested on an IBM 3090-600S computer with vector facilities. The computational results suggest that the efficiency of the algorithm depends on an appropriate choice of parameters. Computational results with various large-scale problems, including examples of obstacle problems, are presented.
The mechanism of human angiosarcoma drug resistance

9567 Background: Angiosarcoma (AS) is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells. AS has an extremely poor outcome since it can metastasize widely and rapidly becomes chemoresistant. Understanding t...
Analysis of Dynamical Systems by Truncated Point Mappings and Cell Mapping

Recent results obtained by the authors on the utility of truncated point mappings applicable to the analysis of multidimensional, multiparameter, periodic nonlinear systems are presented here. Based on multinomial truncation, an explicit analytical expression is determined for the point mapping in terms of the states and parameters of the system to any order of approximation. By combining this approach with analytical techniques, such as the perturbation method employed here, we obtain a powerful tool for finding periodic solutions and for analyzing their stability. A new approach for analyzing nonlinear systems which combines the techniques of truncated point mapping and cell mapping methods is also described here.
Cancer After Metastasis: The Second Transformation

It has long been recognized by oncologists and families of cancer patients that metastatic cancers are considerably different from their primary cancer counterparts. Their growth, for example, tends to be more explosive (Weiss et al. 1986; Blomqvist et al. 1993; Oda et al. 2001; Klein 2009), easier to spread and more difficult to stop; yet, very little is understood about the differences between the biology of metastatic cancer and that of primary cancer. Current research efforts have mostly focused on understanding the mechanisms of metastatic processes by addressing questions like the following: What triggers cancer cells to spread? How do they circumvent the body’s defenses? and How does one prevent metastasis? In comparison, relatively little can be found in the literature about the unique biology of metastatic cancer. For example, the molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for driving the more explosive growth of metastatic cancers are virtually unknown. This may have reflected a belief widely held by cancer researchers that metastatic cancer is a terminal illness and hence not much can be done to stop its progression once a cancer has metastasized, which may have influenced the priorities in studying the underlying biology of metastasis.
Identification of self-regulatory network motifs in reverse engineering gene regulatory networks using microarray gene expression data

Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) are reconstructed from the microarray gene expression data through diversified computational approaches. This process ensues in symmetric and diagonal interaction of gene pairs that cannot be modelled as direct activation, inhibition, and self-regulatory interactions. The values of gene co-expressions could help in identifying co-regulations among them. The proposed approach aims at computing the differences in variances of co-expressed genes rather than computing differences in values of mean expressions across experimental conditions. It adopts multivariate co-variances using principal component analysis (PCA) to predict an asymmetric and non-diagonal gene interaction matrix, to select only those gene pair interactions that exhibit the maximum variances in gene regulatory expressions. The asymmetric gene regulatory interactions help in identifying the controlling regulatory agents, thus lowering the false positive rate by minimizing the connections between previously unlinked network components. The experimental results on real as well as in silico datasets including time-series RTX therapy, Arabidopsis thaliana, DREAM-3, and DREAM-8 datasets, in comparison with existing state-of-the-art approaches demonstrated the enhanced performance of the proposed approach for predicting positive and negative feedback loops and self-regulatory interactions. The generated GRNs hold the potential in determining the real nature of gene pair regulatory interactions.
Results from an institutional universal reflex testing program for MSI/MMR in colorectal cancer.

796Background: In colorectal cancer (CRC), clinical guidelines and immunotherapy treatment selection requires knowledge of tumor DNA mismatch repair gene deficiencies (dMMR) or accumulation of microsatellite repeats through genomic errors (MSI-H). Tumors harboring dMMR/MSI-H are found in 15- 20% of early stage CRC while the prevalence is ~5% in metastatic disease. Reflex testing of CRC to identify these important subsets has been proposed as a system-solution to improve identification. We present a large, single-institutional database of CRC reflexively profiled for MSI/MMR status at the University of Florida (UF). Methods: Beginning in 2009, stage IV CRC underwent reflex testing for MSI/MMR status. Earlier stage CRC testing began in subsequent years. For all new CRC diagnosed at UF, concurrent testing for dMMR by IHC (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6), MSI by PCR (Promega MSI kit) and NGS is performed with appropriate positive and negative controls. IHC protein loss is confirmed by second GI pathologist. MSI is no...
AI Pro: Data Processing Framework for AI Models

We present AI Pro, an open-source framework for data processing with Artificial Intelligence (AI) models. Our framework empowers its users with immense capability to transform raw data into meaningful information with a simple configuration file. AI Pro's configuration file generates a data pipeline from start to finish with as many data transformations as desired. AI Pro supports major deep learning frameworks and Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX), which allows users to choose models from any AI frameworks supported by ONNX. Its wide range of features and user friendly web interface grants everyone the opportunity to broaden their AI application horizons, irrespective of the user's technical expertise. AI Pro has all the quintessential features to perform end-to-end data processing, which we demonstrate using two real world scenarios.
Sedentary Time and Behavior during School: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACTBackground: Sedentarism is uniquely associated with numerous health problems (e.g., obesity). School-age youth spend a considerable portion of their time being sedentary, although relativel...
Cache Efficient Louvain with Local RCM

We develop a cache efficient Louvain community detection algorithm. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by bench-marking it against four existing Louvain algorithms on the Intel Knights Landing (KNL) and Haswell computational platforms using real and synthetic datasets. For a single iteration of Louvain, our algorithm obtains a speedup of up to 76.18% on real datasets on KNL, 51.91% on real networks on Haswell, 71.31% on synthetic networks on KNL, and 59.13% on synthetic networks on Haswell. These percentages using 2 iterations are 62.91%, 43.27%, 67.61%, and 54.43%, respectively.
Light environment drives evolution of color vision genes in butterflies and moths

Opsins, combined with a chromophore, are the primary light-sensing molecules in animals and are crucial for color vision. Throughout animal evolution, duplications and losses of opsin proteins are common, but it is unclear what is driving these gains and losses. Light availability is implicated, and dim environments are often associated with low opsin diversity and loss. Correlations between high opsin diversity and bright environments, however, are tenuous. To test if increased light availability is associated with opsin diversification, we examined diel niche and identified opsins using transcriptomes and genomes of 175 butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). We found 14 independent opsin duplications associated with bright environments. Estimating their rates of evolution revealed that opsins from diurnal taxa evolve faster—at least 13 amino acids were identified with higher dN/dS rates, with a subset close enough to the chromophore to tune the opsin. These results demonstrate that high light availability increases opsin diversity and evolution rate in Lepidoptera. Yash Sondhi et al. annotate the genomes and transcriptomes of 175 Lepidoptera species and identify 14 independent opsin duplications associated with bright environments. From estimating their rates of evolution, the authors reveal that opsins from diurnal taxa evolve faster, and that high light availability increases opsin diversity and evolution rate in this order.
Detecting Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers with a brief tablet-based cognitive battery: sensitivity to Aβ and tau PET

β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau positron emission tomography (PET) detect the pathological changes that define Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in living people. Cognitive measures sensitive to Aβ and tau burden may help streamline identification of cases for confirmatory AD biomarker testing. We examined the association of Brain Health Assessment (BHA) tablet-based cognitive measures with dichotomized Aβ -PET status using logistic regression models in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia (N = 140; 43 Aβ-, 97 Aβ+). We also investigated the relationship between the BHA tests and regional patterns of tau-PET signal using voxel-wise regression analyses in a subsample of 60 Aβ+ individuals with MCI or dementia. Favorites (associative memory), Match (executive functions and speed), and Everyday Cognition Scale scores were significantly associated with Aβ positivity (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.75 [95% CI 0.66–0.85]). We found significant associations with tau-PET signal in mesial temporal regions for Favorites, frontoparietal regions for Match, and occipitoparietal regions for Line Orientation (visuospatial skills) in a subsample of individuals with MCI and dementia. The BHA measures are significantly associated with both Aβ and regional tau in vivo imaging markers and could be used for the identification of patients with suspected AD pathology in clinical practice.
Circulating mature granzyme B+ T cells distinguish Crohn’s disease-associated axial spondyloarthritis from axial spondyloarthritis and Crohn’s disease

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) has strong connections with intestinal inflammation as occurs in Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the immunologic mechanisms that distinguish axSpA, CD, and those with features of both diseases (CD-axSpA) are unknown. This study aimed to address this question by initial unbiased single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) on a pilot cohort followed by validating findings using flow cytometry and ELISA in a larger cohort. Two individuals each with CD, axSpA, CD-axSpA, and healthy controls (HC) were recruited for a pilot discovery scRNAseq cohort, and the validation cohort consisted of 18 axSpA, 24 CD, 13 CD-axSpA, and 17 HC that was evaluated by flow cytometry on PBMCs and ELISAs for plasma cytokines. Uniquely, PBMCs from subjects with CD-axSpA demonstrated a significant increase in granzyme B+ T cells of both CD4+ and CD8+ lineages by both scRNAseq and flow cytometry. T cell maturation was also greater in those with CD-axSpA, particularly the CD4+ granzyme B+ population. Pathway analysis suggested increased interferon response genes in all immune cell populations within CD-axSpA. Although IFN-γ was elevated in the plasma of a subset of subjects with CD-axSpA, IL-6 was also significantly elevated. Our findings support the presence of a chronic interferonopathy in subjects with CD-axSpA characterized by interferon signaling by pathway analysis and an expansion of mature, cytotoxic T cells. These data indicate fundamental immunological differences between CD-axSpA and both of the putative “parent” conditions, suggesting that it is a distinct disease with unique natural history and treatment needs.
Outcomes of systemic anticoagulation with bivalirudin for Impella 5.0.

Temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) devices are used for the management of cardiogenic shock. The Impella 5.0 (Abiomed; Danvers, MA) (IMP5) is a commonly used, surgically implanted, tMC...
Curricular philosophies reflected in individualized education program goals for students with complex support needs

Individualized education program (IEP) goals are meant to be personalized to address the unique needs of students with disabilities, while also reflecting the student's grade-aligned general education curriculum. IEP goals describe what, how, and where students with disabilities are taught, and reflect the curriculum used to provide instruction. In this study, we analyzed how IEP goals align with the different curricular philosophies for students with severe disabilities. Using a sample of 88 IEPs for students with complex support needs (i.e., severe disabilities) in Grades K-12, we found most goals (57%) reflect curricular philosophies of the 1970s-1990s (i.e., developmental, functional, and social inclusion) eras, with only 26% of IEP goals representative of modern curricular philosophies (i.e., grade-aligned academic content). We also found secondary-aged students were less likely to have grade-aligned academic goals compared to elementary-aged students. We offer implications for ensuring individualization and goals reflecting skills needed for the 21st century.
Disparity in Medicare payments by gender and training track in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery.

Background Gender disparities in medicine have been demonstrated in the past, including differences in the attainment of roles in administration and in physician income. Objective Our objective was to determine the differences in Medicare payments based on the provider gender and training track among female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons. Study Design Medicare payments from the Provider Utilization Aggregate Files were used to determine the payments made by Medicare to urogynecologists. This database was merged with the National Provider Identifier registry with information on subspecialty training, years since graduation, and the geographic pricing cost index used for Medicare payment adjustments. Physicians with Results A total of 578 surgeons with female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery subspecialty training met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 517 (89%) were trained as gynecologists, whereas 61 (11%) were trained as urologists. Furthermore, 265 (51%) of the gynecology-trained surgeons and 39 (80%) of the urology-trained surgeons were women. Among the urology-trained surgeons, the median female surgeon was paid $85,962 and their male counterparts were paid $121,531 (41% payment difference). In addition, urology-trained female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery surgeons performed a median of 1135 services and their male counterparts performed a median of 1793 services (57% volume difference). Similarly, among gynecology-trained surgeons, the median female payment was $59,277 with 880 services performed, whereas male gynecology-trained surgeons received a median of $66,880 with 791 services performed, representing a difference of 12% in payments and 11% in services. With linear mixed modeling, male physicians were paid more than female physicians while controlling for specialty training, number of services performed, years of practice, and geographic pricing cost index (P Conclusion Although Medicare payments are based on an equation, differences in reimbursement by physician gender exist in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery with female surgeons receiving lower payments from Medicare. The differences in reimbursement could not be solely explained by differences in patient volume, area of practice, or years of experience alone, suggesting that, similar to other fields in medicine, female surgeons in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery are not paid as much as their male counterparts.
Human Enhancement Uses of Biotechnology, Ethics, Cognitive Enhancement

Introduction Cognition Cognitive Enhancement Biological Substrates The Nature of Enhancement Importance of Cognitive Enhancement Individual Use Pattern Understanding Complex Systems Ethical Issues Common to Biological and Information Interventions Goals Costs Justice Risks and Benefits Ethical Issues Relating Principally to Biological Interventions Ethical Issues Relatively Unique to Cognitive Enhancement with Information Technology Confidentiality Computer-Assisted Information Processing Missing Data Cognitive Prostheses Computer Program Error Symbiosis Conclusions and Future Directions Cyberspace Computers as Moral Players Importance Revisited Keywords: biotechnology; ethics
Economic stoplight control design

The choice of stoplight control parameters - sample size, sampling interval, and control limits - is considered from an economic point of view. The hourly cost function is derived to allow the optimal choice of the width of the green region of the stoplight control rule also. The average number of samples to signal and the average number of sample units to signal by using the modified stoplight rules are determined, under the assumption that the measured characteristic is normally distributed. An example illustrates the potential savings of this technique of designing stoplight control charts.
Free R value: cross-validation in crystallography.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the free R value and other applications of cross-validation in crystallography. Powerful methods have been developed to lower the chances of misinterpreting or overinterpreting diffraction data. Some of the more important methods measure the agreement of the structure with empirical rules about protein folds, comprehensive conformational analyses, the real-space correlation coefficient, and the free R value. The protein-folding rules and conformational analyses depend on empirical knowledge of protein structure. They validate the model regardless of the fit to the diffraction data. In contrast, the real-space correlation coefficient and the free R value are entirely diffraction data based and are applicable to any macromolecule. They validate the extent to which the model explains the diffraction data. Even the best bulk solvent and multiconformer models result in free R values of around or slightly above 20% for the penicillopepsin crystal structure. A free R value of 20% is significantly higher than expected from the estimated high statistical quality of the diffraction data. Thus, it is conceivable that the present models for solvation and thermal motion are incomplete. Alternatively, the intensity data might be affected by systematic errors of unknown origin. These facts point to the need for the solution of benchmark macromolecular structures at high resolution and with accurate experimental phases.
Socioecology of Five Sympatric Monkey Species in the Kibale Forest, Uganda

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses: (1) the major behavioral and sociological features of the five sympatric species, including red colobus, black and white colobus (bw), mangabey, blue monkey, and redtail monkey, (2) presents hypotheses relating their social organization and ecology, (3) examines the applicability of these hypotheses to other primates, especially other cercopithecids, and (4) suggests testable hypotheses and fruitful areas for future research. Food availability is usually seen as determined by the environment. However, it is important to take into account both the physiology and anatomy of the consumer species concerned. Group size of bw colobus is relatively stable in differing habitats and this may be related to its limited digestive and detoxification abilities. The Kibale omnivores showed an inverse relationship between body and group size, and a direct relationship between the body and home range size. Similar trends are suggested by the spider, capuchin, and squirrel monkeys. The smallest monkeys had the largest group size and the smallest home range, probably due to their greater dietary diversity and foraging efficiency for mobile arthropods. It is still unclear why the groups of red colobus with completely overlapping home ranges in Kibale do not unite into one group. Probably, it is a matter of some subtle factor of feeding ecology or a function of social factors, such as the optimal group size for maximizing the reproductive success of individual high-ranking males.
A Calibration Source for Low Energy Electron Detectors

Sounding rockets and satellites typically carry a variety of instruments that almost always includes a low energy (<20 keV) electron detector. While the principle of operation of these electron detectors is often simple, the actual electrical and/or mechanical configuration usually requires that several approximations be made while designing for optimal instrument response. The situation is often further complicated by spatial nonuniformities in electron multiplier devices such as microchannel plates. Because of the difficulties in analytical and numerical modeling of these approximations, the response of the instrument is best determined by calibration with an appropriate electron beam. A facility for testing and calibrating low energy electron detectors has been designed and built based on basic physical principles. The electron source is very nearly uniform in energy and parallel across a 12.7 cm diameter. Both the energy and the intensity of the beam can be varied smoothly, up to approximately 20 keV. The facility has been used in conjunction with a positioning table to test several rocket and satellite instruments and has proven to be an essential tool in the development of quality instruments.
Antecedents of euthanasia and suicide among older women.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of older women who sought Jack Kevorkian's assistance in dying and to compare them with those of an age-matched sample who committed suicide. METHOD: This retrospective case-control study compared all 18 women age 55 and older who died with the assistance of Jack Kevorkian and whose deaths were investigated in Oakland County, Michigan from 1995 to 1997 with all 15 women age 55 and older who committed suicide in the same county during the same time period. We coded 203 variables in 7 domains from medical examiner files, including autopsy findings. RESULTS: Significantly more of Kevorkian's cases had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis (p = .018), a recent decline in health (p = .031), or inadequately controlled pain (p = .041). Women who committed suicide had more prevalent chronic illnesses and were more likely to have been diagnosed with clinically significant depression or other psychiatric disorders (p = .023). Both groups were significantly less likely to be married (p Language: en
Counting the Nouns: Simple Structural Cues to Verb Meaning

Two-year-olds use the sentence structures verbs appear in—subcategorization frames—to guide verb learning. This is syntactic bootstrapping. This study probed the developmental origins of this ability. The structure-mapping account proposes that children begin with a bias toward one-to-one mapping between nouns in sentences and participant roles in events. This account predicts that subcategorization frames should guide very early verb learning, if the number of nouns in the sentences is informative. In 3 experiments, one hundred and thirty-six 21- and 19-month-olds assigned appropriately different interpretations to novel verbs in transitive (“He’s gorping him!”) versus intransitive sentences (“He’s gorping!”) differing in their number of nouns. Thus, subcategorization frames guide verb interpretation in very young children. These findings constrain theoretical proposals about mechanisms for syntactic bootstrapping.
Exacerbation of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration Following Cataract Extraction

: Exacerbation of macular degeneration from nonexudative to exudative disease following cataract extraction has been reported infrequently. We report two cases, one in an 87‐year‐old male a...
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 – significance of single-nucleotide polymorphism at residue 526 and the role of Pro347 near the fifth transmembrane domain

Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs), which are members of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase family, catalyze the conversion of cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. Mammals have two isoenzymes: ACAT1 and ACAT2. Both enzymes are drug targets for treating human diseases. ACAT1 is present in various cell types. It contains nine transmembrane domains (TMDs), with the active site His460 located within TMD7, and the active site Asn421 located within the fourth large cytoplasmic loop. In human ACAT1, a single-nucleotide polymorphism exists for residue 526: the codon is either CAG for Gln, or CGG for Arg. Gln526/Arg526 is present within the C-terminal loop. Its biochemical significance is unknown. In addition, within the C-terminal half of ACAT1, numerous residues conserved with those of ACAT2 are present; the functions of these conserved residues are largely unknown. Here, we performed single-substitution mutagenesis experiments to investigate the roles of individual residues present in the C-terminal loop, including Gln526/Arg526, and the eight conserved Pro residues located near/in various TMDs. The results show that the enzyme activity of ACAT1 with Gln526 is less active than that of ACAT1 with Arg526 by 40%. In addition, several residues in the C-terminal loop are important for maintaining proper ACAT1 protein stability. Other results show that Pro347 plays an important role in modulating enzyme catalysis. Overall, our results imply that the CAG/CGG polymorphism can be utilized to perform ACAT1 activity/human disease susceptibility studies, and that Pro347 located near TMD5 plays an important role in modulating enzyme catalysis.
The Intersection of Ethics and Religion: Implications for Life and Work Outcomes

Due, in part, to the seemingly endless supply of high-profile ethics scandals in organizations, interest in both ethical and unethical organizational behavior has seen tremendous growth recently. H...
Harmonic coordinate method for simulating generic singularities

This paper presents both a numerical method for general relativity and an application of that method. The method involves the use of harmonic coordinates in a 3+1 code to evolve the Einstein equations with scalar field matter. In such coordinates, the terms in Einstein's equations with the highest number of derivatives take a form similar to that of the wave equation. The application is an exploration of the generic approach to the singularity for this type of matter. The preliminary results indicate that the dynamics as one approaches the singularity is locally the dynamics of the Kasner spacetimes.
Selected periarticular soft tissue problems in the elderly.

A number of localized soft tissue problems commonly affect the elderly. If these conditions are not properly recognized and treated early on, an otherwise quite functional patient in an independent living setting becomes disabled and dependent on caregivers. This loss of function and independence can lead to further immobility, pain, suffering, added medical costs, and anguish both for the patient and the caregivers. The conditions themselves almost always have a mechanical etiology, and thus, treatment is best accomplished by addressing local structural or mechanical problems. Rarely does one need to resort to extensive pharmacologic or surgical intervention with the attendant clinical risks and costs.
A conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating goats

The efficacy of a lipid-encapsulated trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid supplement (LE-CLA) on milk production and milk fatty acid (FA) profile was investigated. Thirty multiparous Alpine lactating goats (50 ± 7.4 kg) in late lactation were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Does were fed a diet of bermudagrass hay, dehydrated alfalfa pellets, and concentrate. Does were randomly allocated to three treatments; A) unsupplemented (Control), B) supplemented with 30 g/d LE-CLA (low-dose; LLE), and C) supplemented with 60 g/d LE-CLA (high-dose; HLE). Milk yield, DMI, and milk protein content and yield were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.05). Compared with Control, milk fat yield was reduced 8.1% by the LLE treatment and 21.2% by the HLE treatment (P < 0.001), with milk fat content reduced 4.8 and 17.6% by the LLE and HLE treatments, respectively (P < 0.001). Milk fat content of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was 0.03, 0.09 and 0.19 g/100 g of fatty acids for the Control, LLE and HLE treatments, respectively. The transfer efficiency of trans-10, cis-12 CLA from the two levels of CLA supplement into milk fat was not different between treatments and averaged 1.85%. In conclusion, trans-10, cis- 12 CLA reduced milk fat synthesis in lactating goats in a manner similar to that observed for lactating dairy cows and sheep. However, dose-response comparisons suggest that the degree of reduction in milk fat synthesis is less in goats compared with sheep and dairy cows.
Reactive change and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in papanicolaou smears: A cytohistologic correlation

The purposes of this study were to delineate morphologic criteria for the terms reactive/reparative change (RC) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), which were proposed by the Bethesda System, and to evaluate the impact of the new terminology on patient management. Using criteria defined in this article, 88 cervical smears originally reported as "atypia" were reclassified as RC (57) and ASCUS (31). Correlation with the colposcopically directed biopsies was as follows: 3/57 RC showed condyloma and 19/31 ASCUS had squamous lesions (14 condyloma, four mild, and one moderate dysplasia). The remainder of the cases had either cervicitis or no significant abnormality histologically. Using the proposed criteria, 61.3% of ASCUS correlated with positive biopsies, compared to 5.2% of the RC cases. Our results indicate that patients with smears showing RC are significantly less likely to have a squamous lesion as compared to those showing ASCUS, and therefore may be managed more conservatively.
Grand unification with the exceptional group E8

A truly unified model of the basic gauge interactions, except for gravity, based on the exceptional group E/sub 8/ is proposed. The fundamental fields belong to the smallest possible single representations for each spin. In addition to accounting for the three ''observed'' SU(5) families, this Letter predicts the existence of three more conjugate SU(5) families below 1 TeV.
Total synthesis of (-)-21-isopentenylpaxilline.

The total synthesis of (−)-21-isopentenylpaxilline (1) has been achieved. Key elements of the synthesis include the stereocontrolled construction of the advanced eastern hemisphere (−)-5, a highly efficient union of the eastern and western fragments (−)-5 and 4, respectively, exploiting our 2-substituted indole synthesis, and a new protocol for the construction of ring C.
Sudanese women entrepreneurs.

The number of female entrepreneurs is growing around the globe. The rate of women’s entrepreneurship in Africa is higher than in any other region of the world but no studies have focused on North Sudan. We investigate female entrepreneurs in North Sudan by addressing these questions: (1) What are the major challenges North Sudanese female entrepreneurs face in (a) venture startup, and (b) running their businesses, (2) What are the main support sources enabling North Sudanese female entrepreneurs’ (a) venture startup, and (b) successful management of their new ventures?, and (3) Is there family involvement in the North Sudanese female entrepreneurs’ businesses; and if so, how? Personal issues, management skills, and obtaining financing are challenges while sources of support include schooling and previous work experience, moral support, and institutional support. Implications are discussed.
Spatial and Temporal Relationships Between Water Quality and Land Use in Northern Georgia, USA

The impact of land use changes caused by urban sprawl on water quality since the 1970s in northern Georgia, USA is studied by examining the spatial and temporal relationships between land use and water quality indicators in 43 watersheds through geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analyses. GIS analyses are used to delineate watersheds using Digital Elevation Models for water sampling sites and to derive land use indicators such as urban land, forest, agricultural land, and wetland for each watershed. Statistical analyses are used to examine, quantify, and compare the relationships between water quality and land use indicators and to find good predictors of water quality changes in response to the spatial and temporal variations of land uses. Significant spatial relationships are found between all the 14 studied water quality indicators, including dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, dissolved nutrients, dissolved ions, dissolved solids, and suspended sediment, and two land use indicato...
Estrogenic soybean isoflavones and chronic disease: Risks and benefits

Many edible plants contain natural estrogens called phytoestrogens. These compounds possess mixed estrogen agonist-antagonist properties that are organ-specific in vivo. We have focused on estrogenic soybean isoflavones because of their potential extensive dietary availability. In this article, we review the clinical and experimental evidence for the possible benefits and risks of ingestion of estrogenic isoflavones throughout the life span, and highlight areas needing further elucidation.
Determination of chromium in biological reference materials by instrumental NAA using Compton suppression

Instrumental neutron activation analysis in conjunction with Compton suppression methods has been used to determine chromium concentrations in 13 biological reference materials. Special attention was focussed on the interferences and the ways of lowering their contribution. Separate data was obtained for normal and Compton suppressed modes of counting so that a comparison could be performed. The results for chromium as compared to the certified or compilation values were in excellent agreement.
The hippocampus and motivation: a re-examination.

Summary Evaluation of the literature of the effects on behavior of homeostatic shifts and hippocampal lesions suggest that both conditions produce parallel effects. In both cases, performance is improved on simple tasks and impaired on complex task. The similarity between these effects and the Inverted “U” function is noted and a “behavioral habituation” model was suggested as the mode of hippocampal functioning. This model postulates that in the intact animal, the hippocampus inhibits sensory input during a condition of homeostatic equilibrium and releases inhibition during a disequilibrium. A model is suggested in which the hippocampus modifies or biases responsiveness to events in the environment as a function of the internal homeostatic milieu.
Merton’s “True Self”: A Resource for Survivors of Sexual Abuse by Priests

The toxic impact of clergy sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence can be complex and enduring. For some, a particularly painful consequence is noteworthy change in one’s personal identity or sense of self. Survivors frequently experience unrelenting grief over the loss of the “self” that was experienced as “real” prior to the onset of abuse. Memories of days and times when this self was “alive” are often accompanied by strong feelings of affection and joy. Despair over the loss of this identity contrasts sharply with the indifference or hostility felt for the self with which they have been burdened as a consequence of sexual abuse by clergy in childhood. Many struggle with the unbearable conviction that they are fated to live “in the skin” of an identity that is not an authentic expression of the person they were meant to be. This article suggests that the writings of Thomas Merton (1915–1968) may offer a hopeful resource for survivors of clergy sexual abuse and for those working in support of survivors’ recovery. Merton has been described as “the most influential Catholic author of the twentieth century” http://www.merton.org). His writings touch the “deeper woundedness of spirit and psyche” (Kilcourse, Cross Curr, 49:87–96, 1999, p. 90) and his elegant examination of the true self lies “at the center of his teaching on the Christian life” (Conn, Pastor Psychol, 46:323–332, 1998, p. 327). For Merton, the true self is indestructible and, because it is “rooted in God” (Merton, The inner experience: Notes on contemplation, Harper Collins, New York, 2003, p. 2), always open to discovery, growth, and transformation. This framework may be especially useful for individuals whose personal identity, as a consequence of sexual abuse in childhood by clergy, is experienced as forever poisoned and beyond redemption.
Long-term treadmill exercise attenuates tau pathology in P301S tau transgenic mice

Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that modifying lifestyle by increasing physical activity could be a non-pharmacological approach to improving symptoms and slowing disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Previous studies have shown that exercise reduces tau hyperphosphorylation, however, it is not known whether exercise reduces the accumulation of soluble or insoluble tau aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles, which are both neuropathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathy. In this study, 7-month old P301S tau transgenic mice were subjected to 12-weeks of forced treadmill exercise and evaluated for effects on motor function and tau pathology at 10 months of age. Exercise improved general locomotor and exploratory activity and resulted in significant reductions in full-length and hyperphosphorylated tau in the spinal cord and hippocampus as well as a reduction in sarkosyl-insoluble AT8-tau in the spinal cord. Exercise did not attenuate significant neuron loss in the hippocampus or cortex. Key proteins involved in autophagy—microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 and p62/sequestosome 1 —were also measured to assess whether autophagy is implicated in the exercised-induced reduction of aggregated tau protein. There were no significant effects of forced treadmill exercise on autophagy protein levels in P301S mice. Our results suggest that forced treadmill exercise differently affects the brain and spinal cord of aged P301S tau mice, with greater benefits observed in the spinal cord versus the brain. Our work adds to the growing body of evidence that exercise is beneficial in tauopathy, however these benefits may be more limited at later stages of disease.
Is rapid performance improvement across short precue-target delays due to masking from peripheral precues?

The role of lateral masking in more rapid performance improvement with peripheral than with central precuing was investigated. A peripheral precue to the inside of the target location provided less masking at zero precue-target delay than a precue to the outside (experiment 1) or a precue involving a partial target at the target location (experiment 2). There was no significant interaction between precue-target delay and precue type in a comparison of inside precues and precues involving a briefly-brightened box around the target location, although overall performance was significantly poorer with the latter (experiment 3). Performance was better at short precue-target delays with inside precues than with central precues (experiment 4), yet it did not improve significantly more rapidly. Minimizing lateral masking with peripheral precues thus eliminates the dramatic performance improvement sometimes observed across short precue-target delays, causing performance to be consistently better than with central precues across these delays. Language: en
Answer to Fock Concerning the Time Energy Indeterminacy Relation

An answer is given to a recent criticizm by Fock, concerning our paper "Time in the Quantum Theory and the Uncertainty Relation for Time and Energy." It is proved that Fock's criticizm is wrong, and that our previous conclusion that energy can be measured in an arbitrarily short period of time is valid.
Propagation of Radio Waves over a Plane Earth

THE purpose of this letter is to point out an error in sign in Prof. A. Sommerfeld's original paper (1909) on the attenuation of radio waves1. This error in sign has recently been reflected in Bruno Rolf's graphs2 of the Sommerfeld formula, predicting dips to zero in the field intensity at finite distances from a radio transmitter and other anomalous phenomena. This error in sign has been corrected in Prof. Sommerfeld's 1926 papers3 and also does not occur in the derivation by B. van der Pol and K. F. Niessen4. In this latter paper an exact expression is given for the potential of a vertical infinitesimal dipole (equation 21). After expanding this expression, I found that most of the terms are negligibly small at moderately low frequencies for distances from the source greater than a wave-length, giving for the potential function of a vertical dipole over a plane earth: where e is the dielectric constant of the ground referred to air as unity, is the conductivity of the ground in electromagnetic units, c is the velocity of light in cm. per sec., is the wave-length in cm. and r is the distance in cm.
Effects of active pasture, teak (Tectona grandis) and mixed native plantations on soil chemistry in Costa Rica

In this study soil samples were taken from the O/A and B horizons of undisturbed forest, active pasture, and 8- to 12-year-old teak and mixed native plantations. Samples were analyzed for K, Ca, Mg, soil organic carbon, pH, exchangeable acidity, bulk density, and compared with a fertility equation. Bulk density was significantly lower in the undisturbed forest than other land uses, suggesting that after approximately 10 years of growth neither plantation lowered bulk density significantly from that of the active pasture. Teak plantations had significantly higher Mg and K (B horizon) and Ca (O/A horizon) concentrations than the undisturbed forest. This trend suggests that exchangeable base concentrations increase when land use changes from undisturbed forest to pasture, then pasture to plantation, with the most pronounced effect of this in teak plantations exhibiting more high fertility plots than other land uses. Soil organic carbon concentration was similar for all land uses except for a significantly lower concentration in teak plantations than in active pasture (O/A horizons). These results suggest that teak plantations may be advantageous for increasing soil fertility but, with respect to restoration of undisturbed forest conditions, present significant deviations in soil chemistry. Options for improved plantations soil management are discussed.
Body mass index and thromboembolic stroke in nonsmoking men in older middle age. The Honolulu Heart Program.

While evidence suggests that obesity has an independent relation to coronary artery disease, similar findings for stroke have not been established. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between body mass index and the risk of thromboembolic stroke independently of other risk factors.Since 1965, the Honolulu Heart Program has followed a cohort of men in a prospective study of cardiovascular disease. This article examines the relationship between the baseline measurement of body mass index and the risk of thromboembolic stroke in 1163 nonsmoking men in older middle age (55 to 68 years). Men who had an elevated risk of stroke due to hypertension, diabetes, and other risk factors were excluded from the analysis.After 22 years of follow-up, the rate of stroke increased significantly with increasing levels of body mass (P < .01). In the bottom tertile of the body mass index, the rate of thromboembolic stroke was 28.7 per 1000 (11/383). In the middle tertile, the rate was increased by 40% to 40.7...
Determination of carbon cluster ionization potentials via charge transfer reactions

Ionization potentials (IPs) for carbon clusters containing 6–24 atoms have been determined from charge transfer reactions of carbon cluster ions with compounds of known ionization potential in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Cluster IPs generally decrease with increasing cluster size, but the IPs for clusters containing 4n+3 atoms (n=1–5) are found to be ∼0.5 eV lower than those of neighboring clusters. The relationship between cluster IP and structure is discussed.
Molecular basis for effects of carcinogenic heavy metals on inducible gene expression.

Certain forms of the heavy metals arsenic and chromium are considered human carcinogens, although they are believed to act through very different mechanisms. Chromium(VI) is believed to act as a cl...
Observation of the temperature dependence of the structure factor in a metallic glass

Abstract The x-ray structure factor has been measured as a function of temperature over the range T = 300 K to T = 675 K for the metallic glass Nb 60 Ni 40 . In this range of temperature it was found that at the first peak, k p , in the structure factor, S(k), the magnitude of S(k p ) decreased linearly with increasing temperature. Furthermore this variation was large enough to account quantitatively for the anomalous transport results on this sample, namely, that the resistivity decreases with increasing temperature.
Accounting for decisions and decisions for accounting

Abstract Behavioral decision theory (BDT) is concerned with “accounting for decisions”. The development of this interdisciplinary field is traced from the appearance of several key publications in the 1950s to the present. Whereas the 1960s saw increasing theoretical and empirical work, the field really started to flourish in the 1970s with the appearance of the review by Slovic & Lichtenstein ( Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , pp. 549–744, 1971), and key papers on probabilistic judgment (Tversky & Kahneman, Science , pp. 1124–1131, 1974), and choice (Kahneman & Tversky, Econometrica , pp. 263–291, 1979). From the early 1980s to the present, BDT has seen considerable consolidation and expansion and its influence now permeates many fields of enquiry. After this brief history, eight major ideas or findings are discussed. These are: (1) that judgment can be modeled; (2) bounded rationality; (3) to understand decision making, understanding the task is more important than understanding the people; (4) levels of aspiration/reference points; (5) use of heuristic rules; (6) the importance of adding; (7) search for confirmation; and (8) thought as construction. Next, comments are addressed to differences between BDT and problem solving/cognitive science. It is argued that whereas many substantive differences are artificial, two distinct communities of researchers do exist. This is followed by a discussion of some major shortcomings currently facing BDT that include questions about the robustness of findings as well as overconcern with a few specific, “paradoxial” results. On the other hand, there are many interesting issues that BDT could address and several specific suggestions are made. Moreover, these issues represent opportunities for accounting research and several are enumerated. Finally, BDT presents “decisions for accounting” in the sense that scarce resources need to be allocated to different types of research that could illuminate accounting issues. The argument is made that BDT is one research metaphor or paradigm that has proved useful in accounting and that should be supported. Such support, however, may mean that some researchers may work on issues that, at first blush, might seem distant from accounting per se .