cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fractional direct dialysis quantification: A new approach for prescription and monitoring hemodialysis therapy

Fractional direct dialysis quantification: A new approach for prescription and monitoring hemodialysis therapy. We describe a new methodology, fractional direct dialysis quantification (FDDQ) utilizing the Fresinius® Dialysate Sampling Module (DSM), for quantitating total solute removal during hemodialysis (HD). Our data demonstrate that this technique and Direct Dialysis Quantification (DDQ) yield virtually identical results. FDDQ, however, obviates the practical obstacles that have limited the applicability of DDQ. We discuss the theoretical and practical advantages of this methodology, as compared to urea kinetic modeling (UKM) with Kt/V, for prescribing and monitoring dialysis therapy. FDDQ provides reliable and accurate quantitative data of dialysis function and protein catabolic rate (PCR) independent of questionable theoretical assumptions and parameters required for UKM with Kt/V. It is simple to comprehend and apply. It permits easy comparison of standard and rapid high efficiency dialyses. It also facilitates the quantitative comparison of HD and continuous therapies (peritoneal dialysis and various types of continuous hemofiltration). FDDQ permits the use of other solutes, in place of or in addition to urea, for the quantitation of HD. Because of its simplicity and probable low cost, it can be used with each HD session. It will thus provide accurate data on delivered versus prescribed therapy. These features should permit more accurate monitoring and lead to a clearer understanding of the relationship of outcomes versus delivered dialysis dose, and consequently more effective adjustment of dialysis therapy.
On the energy dependence of the angular distribution of photoelectrons from oriented molecules

We discuss the angular distribution of photoelectrons from oriented linear molecules. We first derive a simple expression, in which the different symmetries of the various final state channels is explicitly taken into account. For CO 4σ, we show with numerical calculations that for most of the ω-range studied (20 <hhω < 200 eV) the σ → π channel is more important than the σ → σ channel. The only exception is the 20 <hhω <40 eV range, which is dominated by the well-known shape resonance in the σ channel. The σ → π dominance means that the angular distributions are not simply correlated to initial state orbital symmetry and that large frequency dependent effects occur. These effects are experimentally observed in the CO/Ni(111) system. We also interpret earlier data on the COPt(111) system. We also show that the frequency dependence of the angular resolved intensity from a valence orbital on an oriented molecule shows an oscilliatory behavior. We numerically estimate the magnitude of the effect and conclude that effects of this kind allow the determination of the molecular nuclear coordinates with high accuracy. We thus claim that, when properly analyzed, angle resolved photoemission may be quite sensitive to geometrical spacings.
Magnesium-aluminium alkoxides: The synthesis of Mg[Al(OR)4]2 (R = Busec and Ph), structure of (thf)2Mg[(μ-OPh)2Al(OPh)2]2, and dynamic NMR of Mg[Al(OBusec)4]2

Abstract Magnesium reacts with 2 equivalents of Al(OR)3 and 2 equivalents of HOR, R = Busec or Ph, yielding Mg[Al(OBusec4]2, a liquid which can be distilled under reduced pressure, or (thf)2Mg[(μ-OPh)2Al(OPh)2]2, a crystalline solid. An X-ray structure for (thf)2Mg[(μ-OPh)2Al(OPh)2]2 shows a distorted octahedral magnesium which is attached to two thf ligands and two Al(OPh)4− chelates via double OPh bridges. Mass spectra indicate that the molecule oligomerizes upon loss of the thf solvate molecules. Variable temperature NMR spectra of Mg[Al(OBusec)4]2 can be interpreted in terms of a structure in which each Al(OBusec)4 moiety is coordinated to the magnesium via double OBusec bridges. At low temperature the exchange of bridging and terminal OBusec groups slows on the NMR time scale with a barrier to exchange of 43 kJ mol−1.
Peripartum Liver Triglyceride and Plasma Metabolites In Dairy Cows

Nine pregnant, nonlactating cows were used to monitor liver triglycerides before and after parturition. Estimates were made of the contribution of depressed feed intake and parturition to plasma NEFA concentrations and development of fatty liver. Liver biopsies and plasma samples were obtained on d 19, 10, 5, 3, and 1 prior to calving and on d 1, 7, 14, and 21 after calving. Depression of DMI started on d 2 prior to calving and was 40% of DMI on d 3 prior to depression of feed intake. Elevation of plasma NEFA concentrations started prior to DMI depression, on d 5 before parturition. Liver triglyceride infiltration did not occur until the concentration of plasma NEFA was maximized on d 1 after calving. This result implicated the acute rise in NEFA at calving as a contributing factor to triglyceride accumulation in the liver. The increasing plasma glucose and decreasing plasma BHBA prior to calving may have reflected metabolic changes toward gluconeogenesis. Liver glycogen decreased 70% during the final 19 d prior to calving. Hepatic triglyceride infiltration (7.7% DM basis) on d 1 post-partum and duration of DMI depression prepartum were less severe than those observed in previous studies. Frequent liver biopsies did not affect DMI.
Association of Human Milk Feedings With a Reduction in Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Very Low Birthweight Infants

Association of Human Milk Feedings With a Reduction in Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Very Low Birthweight Infants
Invariant σ-fields for a class of diffusions

The invariant σ-field for a diffusion gives all bounded harmonic functions for the infinitesimal generator of that diffusion. We specify the invariant σ-field for a class of two dimensional diffusions and thereby obtain a representation for all bounded harmonic functions for the process. When the infinitesimal generator is radially symmetric we obtain the Martin boundary. This is used to find the invariant σ-field for the corresponding process.
POSTER: Data quality evaluation: integrating security and accuracy

Data quality (DQ) is essential to achieve data trustworthiness, as it assures that data is free of errors, complete, and consistent. This paper proposes an approach to evaluate DQ in multichannel sensor networks and systems with heterogeneous data sources. The approach integrates various DQ indicators ranging from traditional data accuracy metrics to network security and business performance measures. It demonstrates the advantage of including security metrics into the DQ evaluation for the design optimization of data fusion procedures and even the whole data collection and communication systems. The DQ metrics composition and calculus are discussed. However, the major attention is paid to the analysis of the relationship between conventional data accuracy metrics and network security indicators.
H–R–R Polychromatic Plates*

A description is given of the H-R-R plates and evaluation of the test as a device (a) to separate those with defective color vision from those with normal color vision, (b) to classify the type of defect (qualitative diagnosis), and (c) to indicate the extent of the defect (quantitative diagnosis). For this evaluation 780 subjects were used, not selected on the basis of a statistical survey. The H-R-R plates are shown to be in complete agreement with the A.O. test (revised selection) in separating the subjects into two groups: 150 with defective and 630 with normal red-green vision. The test agrees remarkably well with the Nagel anomaloscope in classifying the subjects with defective red-green vision into deutan and protan types. It rates 23 percent of these subjects as having mild defect, 31 percent as having medium defect, and 46 percent as having strong defect. For the subjects with defective color vision, a detailed comparison is presented of the qualitative classifications into deutan and protan types yielded by the H-R-R plates with those made by the Nagel anomaloscope, the Tshihara test, and the dichotomous test. A further comparison is made for these subjects between the quantitative estimates of extent of defect by the H-R-R plates and performance on various aptitude tests which were designed to select those color-defective persons who can meet the color requirements of specific but different tasks. It is shown that the percentage who pass these tests significantly and consistently decreases as the severity of defect shown by the H-R-R plates increases. The practical importance of a simply administered, comprehensive test, such as is provided by the H-R-R plates, to vocational selection and guidance is discussed, and an example given of their application in the radio and television industry.
Handwarming and relaxation in temperature feedback: positive placebo effects.

Sixteen males and females were randomly assigned to either temperature feedback groups warm-relax (WR) or cool-relax (CR) to determine how successful hand-warming and -cooling alters the subjective report of relaxation. After eight 1/2-hour sessions the WR and CR demonstrated a significant difference in temperature change, but there were no significanct main effects in reported subjective relaxation. The reported feelings of relaxation were negatively correlated to the directionality of temperature change and were primarily attributed to nonspecific expectancies.
BMP receptor 1b is required for axon guidance and cell survival in the developing retina

Abstract Previous work has documented the importance of BMPs in eye development. Loss-of-function studies in mice, with targeted deletions in either the Bmp7 or Bmp4 genes, have shown that these molecules are critical for early eye development. On the basis of the asymmetry in the dorsal–ventral expression patterns of several members of this family, it has been proposed that these molecules are critical for some aspect of dorsal–ventral patterning in the eye; however, it has been difficult to test this hypothesis because of the early requirement for BMPs in eye development. We have therefore examined the effects of loss of one of the BMP receptors, the BmprIb, on the development of the eye by using targeted deletion. We have found that BmprIb is expressed exclusively in the ventral retina during embryonic development and is required for normal ventral ganglion cell axon targeting to the optic nerve head. In mice with a targeted deletion of the BmprIb gene, many axons arising from the ventrally located ganglion cells fail to enter the optic nerve head, and instead, make abrupt turns in this region. A second phenotype in these mice is a significantly elevated inner retinal apoptosis during a distinct phase of postnatal development, at the end of neurogenesis. Our results therefore show two distinct requirements for BmprIb in mammalian retinal development.
A Stability Analysis of Two Horizontal CBM Wells in the Deep Mannville Coals, Alberta Basin, Canada

Abstract This study describes the main technical challenges encountered while drilling the first horizontal coalbed methane well ever attempted in Canada. The well was drilled in the deep (>1,300 m), low-permeability (1–3 md) coals of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Formation in the central Alberta Plains. The study also discusses the investigation that followed the occurrence of a few unexpected events during the drilling phase of the well, as well as the stability analysis of the horizontal borehole conducted. Suggestions are made on how to best mitigate the risk of getting the drill pipe stuck and potentially losing the hole along with drilling equipment. The findings are very instructive and should have an application in geological settings similar to those found in the Alberta Basin. Any modifications on how to drill horizontal wells in coal seams present at great depths and under high in-situ stresses must take into account the geomechanical properties of the target seam through triaxial testing, whi...
Green Chemistry Meets Green Business: A Match Long Overdue

In May of 2009, the Stockholm Convention added nine chemicals to its list of banned or restricted chemicals. While some businesses may be tempted to see further limitations on chemical production of persistent organic pollutants as an inconvenient hindrance, I argue that business ought to see strengthened rules as an opportunity to improve efficiency and to become more competitive in the global market place both financially and ethically. By re-examining not only product design but also products purchased, every company can reduce their ecological footprint at a molecular level. And as more companies demand a greener supply chain, consumers also benefit from greater availability of greener products.
Bilingual phonological awareness: Multilevel construct validation among Spanish-speaking kindergarteners in transitional bilingual education classrooms

The construct validity of English and Spanish phonological awareness (PA) tasks was examined with a sample of 812 kindergarten children from 71 transitional bilingual education program classrooms located in 3 different types of geographic regions in California and Texas. Tasks of PA, including blending nonwords, segmenting words, and phoneme elision, were measured in Spanish and in English and analyzed via multilevel confirmatory factor analysis at the task level. Results showed that the PA tasks defined a unitary construct at both the student and classroom levels in each language. English and Spanish PA factors were related to each other (.93 and .83 at the student and classroom levels, respectively) as well as to word reading, both within languages (correlations estimated between .74 and .93) and across languages (correlations estimated between .47 and .79). Although the PA constructs were statistically separable in each language, the high correlation between Spanish and English PA indicates considerable overlap in these abilities.
A dynamic flux chamber to measure mercury emission from aquatic systems

A floating flux chamber, built of Plexiglas, has been developed to measure vapour-phase mercury fluxes over aquatic systems. The chamber is connected via Teflon tubes to a semi-automatic sampling device and to a mercury analyzer (battery-powered) to perform the determination of mercury emission in situ. Relatively low chamber blanks have been observed both in laboratory and in field conditions. The low detection limit of the analyzer (0.5 pg of mercury) allows measurements of mercury concentration in a short period of time (10 min). In this way it is possible to follow the real-time temporal trend of mercury emission. Some data obtained with this flux chamber in selected areas of the Mediterranean basin are reported.
Dynamics of viscoelastic fluid filaments in microfluidic devices

The effects of fluid elasticity and channel dimension on polymeric droplet formation in the presence of a flowing continuous Newtonian phase are investigated systematically by using different molecular weight (MW) poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions and varying microchannel dimensions with constant orifice width (w) to depth (h) ratio (w∕h=1∕2) and w=25μm, 50μm, 100μm, and 1mm. The flow rate is varied so that the mean shear rate is practically identical for all cases considered. Relevant times scales include inertia-capillary Rayleigh time τR=(Rmax3ρ∕σ)1∕2, viscocapillary Tomotika time τT=η0Rmax∕σ, and the polymer relaxation time λ, where ρ is the fluid density of the dispersed phase, σ is the interfacial tension, η0 is the zero shear viscosity of the dispersed polymer phase, and Rmax is the maximum filament radius. Dimensionless numbers include the elasticity number E=λν∕Rmax2, elastocapillary number Ec=λ∕τT, and Deborah number, De=λ∕τR, where ν=η0∕ρ is the kinematic shear viscosity of the fluids. Exper...
Lost in the dark: emotion adaption

Having environments that are able to adjust accordingly with the user has been sought in the last years particularly in the area of Human Computer Interfaces. Environments able to recognize the user emotions and react in consequence have been of interest on the area of Affective Computing. This work presents a project -- an adaptable 3D video game, Lost in the Dark: Emotion Adaption, which uses user's emotions as input to alter and adjust the gaming environment. To achieve this, an interface that is capable of reading brain waves, facial expressions, and head motion was used, an Emotiv® EPOC headset. For our purposes we read emotions such as meditation, excitement, and engagement into the game, altering the lighting, music, gates, colors, and other elements that would appeal to the user emotional state. With this, we achieve closing the loop of using the emotions as inputs, adjusting a system accordingly as a result, and elicit emotions.
New promise and hope for treating hereditary angioedema.

Background: While there is no approved effective therapy for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in the USA, four different drugs are completing or have recently completed Phase III clinical trials. Objective: To review the clinical status and future prospects of the new therapies under development for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Methods: A review was carried out of the literature and presentations at meetings on the efficacy and safety of plasma-derived C1 inhibitor, recombinant human C1 inhibitor, the kallikrein inhibitor DX-88, and the B2 bradykinin receptor antagonist HOE-140. Results/conclusion: Each of these drugs has been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of hereditary angioedema; however, subtle differences in their mechanisms of action and delivery may influence how physicians and patients utilize the different drugs. The availability of effective therapy is expected to reshape the management of hereditary angioedema.
Unusual synthesis by the Escherichia coli CCA-adding enzyme

The tRNA 39 end contains the conserved CCA sequence at the 74‐76 positions. The CCA sequence is synthesized and maintained by the CCA-adding enzymes. The specificity of the Escherichia coli enzyme at each of the 74‐76 positions was investigated using synthetic minihelix substrates that contain permuted 39 ends. Results here indicate that the enzyme has the ability to synthesize unusual 39 ends. When incubated with CTP alone, the enzyme catalyzed the addition of C74, C75, C76, and multiple Cs. Although the addition of C74 and C75 was as expected, that of C76 and multiple Cs was not. In particular, the addition of C76 generated CCC, which would have conflicted with the biological role of the enzyme. However, the presence of ATP prevented the synthesis of CCC and completely switched the specificity to CCA. The presence of ATP also had an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of multiple Cs. Thus, the E. coli CCA enzyme can be a poly(C) polymerase but its synthesis of poly(C) is regulated by the presence of ATP. These features led to a model of CCA synthesis that is independent of a nucleic acid template. The synthesis of poly(C) by the CCA-adding enzyme is reminiscent of that of poly(A) by poly(A) polymerase and it provides a functional rationale for the close sequence relationship between these two enzymes in the family of nucleotidyltransferases.
Silylcyclocarbonylation (SiCCa) of alkynylamines catalyzed by rhodium complexes

Attempted silylcarbocyclization (SiCaC) of 2-allyl-1-propargyltetrahydroisoquinoline with HSiMe2Ph and carbon monoxide catalyzed by Rh(acac)(CO)2 unexpectedly gives8-exo-silylmethylene-4,5-benzo-9-indolizidinone, 8-allyl-8-silylmethyl-4,5-benzo-9-indolizidinone, and a hydrosilylation product. Possible mechanisms are proposed for the observed facile N-allyl cleavage and allyl transfer as well as the silylcyclocarbonylation (SiCCa) of the alkynylamine generated in situ. The SiCCa reactions of 1-propargyltetrahydroisoquinoline, (R)-2-(3-butynyl)pyrrolidine, (S)-2-[(R)-1-hydroxy-3-butylnyl]pyrrolidine and (S)-2-[diethynyl-(hydroxy) methyl]pyrrolidine are further investigated. These reactions give the corresponding indolizidine or pyrrolizidine skeletons in one step. The scope and limitation of the SiCCa reaction and related reactions are discussed.
Long-Term Field Monitoring and Evaluation of Maintenance Practices for Pervious Concrete Pavement in Vermont

Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is used because of its unique properties that allow water to infiltrate into the surface. The objectives of the study reported in this paper were to observe the performance of PCP in the field, determine the effectiveness of cleaning methods to restore infiltration rates, and compare field observations with laboratory results when possible. Two PCP sites in Vermont were monitored over a year through the measurement of infiltration rates at several locations. Facility-wide cleaning operations, such as street sweeping and vacuum-truck cleaning, were tested for their capability to restore infiltration rates. Spot-cleaning methods, such as hand vacuuming, pressure washing, and a combination of the two, were also tested. Infiltration rates decreased gradually during the monitoring period, with average reductions of 59% at the first facility and 26% at the second. Street sweeping and vacuum-truck cleaning restored infiltration rates by 21% and 30%, respectively, but could not re...
Characterizing the Supercooled Large Droplet Environment with Corresponding Turboprop Aircraft Response

This continuing study evaluated turboprop aircraft performance response to various environmental conditions. These conditions included clear air, warm rain, ice only, mixed phase, and supercooled drops encountered during 19 separate e ights. Supercooled droplets consisting of cloud, drizzle, and rain sizes were the main focus of this study. Aircraft response was quantie ed by rates of change in aircraft rateof-climb capability, lift and drag coefe cients and, lift over drag ratio. The aircraft performance parameters were compared to environmental hydrometeor parameters, such as 80% volumetric diameter (80VD)*liquid water content (LWC), quantifying the environmental conditions. Results show that encounters with supercooled drizzle drops, or ZL, resulted in maximum rates of performance degradation. These high rates of degradation forced the pilot to take evasive action within 5 min of entering these hazardous conditions. The Wyoming King Air experienced substantial increases in drag and stall speed, substantial decreases in climb capability, and signie cant lift degradations while encountering ZL. Encounters with supercooled cloud and rain-sized drops resulted in minor to low rates of performance degradation, whereas encounters with supercooled drops in low ice particle concentrations resulted in only minor rates of degradation. In addition, aircraft response to high ice particle concentrations and low liquid water, following a ZL encounter, resulted in rapid performance recovery, possibly because of erosion of ice on the airframe. Aggregates of needles and hexagonal plates led to the highest rates of recovery, whereas cold, clear air resulted in the lowest rates of recovery. Furthermore, e ight analyses facilitated quantifying ZL horizontal extents and encounter frequencies. For example, ZL measured by a one-dimensional cloud probe during atmospheric research e ights exceeded 0.05 g /m 3 twice per 10 e ight hours over a horizontal length of 29 km. The results presented herein show a strong relationship between aircraft response and environmental parameters utilizing the largest drops in the hydrometeor distribution (80VD*LWC and ZL LWC). The results suggest that the most severe icing is actually caused by drizzle-sized drops as opposed to freezing rain. In addition, the results suggest that activating the de-icing boots (with typical chordwise coverage) after a ZL encounter may have little effect on aircraft performance recovery.
A dominant mutation in the maize homeobox gene, Knotted-1, causes its ectopic expression in leaf cells with altered fates

Dominant mutations of the Knotted-1 (Kn1) homeobox gene of maize alter the differentiation and growth of cells associated with leaf veins. By analyzing Kn1 transcripts and KN1 protein, we show that the gene is not expressed at high levels during the development of wild-type leaves. Instead, Kn1 is expressed in apical meristems of vegetative and floral shoots, and is downregulated as leaves and floral organs are initiated. Kn1 is also expressed in relatively undifferentiated cells within developing vascular bundles, as well as ground tissue, in immature, unelongated axes of wild-type vegetative and floral shoots. In Kn1-N2 mutant plants, quantitative, but not qualitative differences are apparent in Kn1 transcripts and KN1 protein, consistent with previous observations that dominant Kn1 mutations map to non-coding regions of the gene. Kn1 is expressed ectopically in vascular bundles within developing mutant leaves in a pattern that correlates with the phenotypic alterations produced by the Kn1-N2 mutation. Thus, Kn1 apparently alters the fates of leaf cells in which it is ectopically expressed from an early stage of leaf development. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that Kn1 functions in its wild-type context as a regulator of cell determination.
Longitudinal Analysis of the Prevalence, Maintenance, and IgA Response to Species of the Order Bacteroidales in the Human Gut

Bacteroidales species are the most abundant Gram-negative bacteria of the human intestinal microbiota. These bacteria evolved to synthesize numerous capsular polysaccharides (PS) that are subject to phase variation. In Bacteroides fragilis, PS synthesis is regulated so that only one of the eight PS biosynthesis loci is transcribed at a time in each bacterium. To determine if the bacteria evolved this unusual property to evade a host IgA response, we directly studied the human fecal ecosystem. We performed a longitudinal analysis of the abundant Bacteroidales species from 15 healthy adults at four intervals over a year. For this study, we used bacterial culture to perform analyses not accurate with DNA-based methods, including quantification of total viable Bacteroidales bacteria, strain maintenance, and IgA responses. Abundant Bacteroidales isolates were identified to the species level using multiplex PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Arbitrarily primed PCR was used for strain typing. IgA responses to endogenous strains carried over the year were analyzed, and the orientations of the invertible PS locus promoters from the ecosystem were quantified. Subjects consistently harbored from 5 × 10(8) to 8 × 10(10) Bacteroidales bacteria/g of feces. Within the cohort, 20 different Bacteroidales species were detected at high concentrations. Bacteroides uniformis was the most prevalent; however, abundant Bacteroidales species varied between subjects. Strains could be maintained over the year within the ecosystem at high density. IgA responses were often not induced and did not correlate with the elimination of a strain or major changes in the orientations of the capsular PS locus promoters.
Investigation of hemolysis in a generic implantable device: An FDA initiative

Computational fluid simulations were developed for a generic blood-interfacing implantable device. The simulations were analyzed to determine hemodynamic behavior within the device, including velocity profiles, the magnitude of shear stress, and pressure drop. By monitoring100 streamlines, the total blood damage induced by the device was estimated and compared to that observed for a bioprosthetic aortic valve.
All of the Economic Aid the U.S., Eu, and Japan Give to the Developing World Is Stolen Back by Our Illegal Price-Fixing Cartels

This compares the magnitudes of two forms of economic interaction between the developed and developing world. The first is the amount of economic foreign aid provided by the developed world to the developing world during a single year. The second is an estimate of the yearly amount that illegal price fixing cartels, comprised of companies from the U.S., the EU, and Japan, overcharge – steal! – from purchasers in these same countries. This comparison shows these amounts are roughly equivalent. If anything, cartels probably steal more from the developing world than the developed world gives them in economic assistance. This means that all of the economic foreign assistance that developed countries provide to the developing world, or its equivalent, is illegally stolen back by the developing world's companies. The devastating effects of these cartels means, in effect, that the developing world gives no net economic foreign aid to the developed world. This conclusion has a number of implications. This is very much a work in progress. Suggestions are most welcome, to rlande@ubalt.edu. I have posted two versions of this thesis. The first was prepared for a speech. The second is the start of an article, but it is only an undeveloped skeleton, with many parts needing to be developed.
Kinetic Studies of Crystallization of Synthetic Mica Glass

The mechanism of crystallization of a synthetic mica glass was studied on the basis of microstructures and reaction kinetics. Uniform crystallization of this glass was found to occur by a two-stage process. The glass first transformed to an intermediate pseudocrystalline phase from which mica crystals subsequently were formed. The kinetics of the reaction leading to this intermediate pseudocrystalline phase were studied quantitatively by microscopic methods. The nucleation of this intermediate phase was found to be heterogeneous. The growth of the rim of the plate-shaped intermediate phase was an interface-controlled process having an activation energy of 84 kcal per mole. The rate of growth of the intermediate phase was found to be consistent with previous relations that describe the kinetics of growth of crystals from a glass. The final mica phase initially formed at the interfaces of the intermediate phase and parent glass phase; later it progressively formed within the intermediate phase.
Letters to a Young Psychologist An Invitation to Dialogue

In this response to the major contribution, “Voices of Early Career Psychologists in the Society of Counseling Psychology,” the past president of the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP) expresses appreciation, describes aspects of her early career experience in light of the survey findings in the major contribution, offers reflections concerning membership and leadership, and makes recommendations for future research and organizational development. The author invites dialogue and collaboration with early career counseling psychologists in order to promote membership and leadership of early career professionals in the SCP.
Evidence, Methodology, Test-Based Accountability, and Educational Policy: A Scholarly Exchange Between Dr. Eric A. Hanushek and Drs. John Robert Warren and Eric Grodsky

This exchange represents a follow-up to an article on the effects of state high school exit examinations that previously appeared in this journal (Warren, Grodsky, & Kalogrides 2009). That 2009 was article featured prominently in a report by the National Research Council (NRC) that evaluated the efficacy of test-based accountability systems. Hanushek (2012) was highly critical of the NRC’s interpretation of the existing evidence, including Warren, Grodsky, & Kalogrides’ 2009 piece. Here, Warren and Grodsky explain why they believe that Hanushek incorrectly evaluated their original article on state high school exit examinations. Hanushek then responds.
Blending hierarchical and attribute-based file naming

A framework that treats hierarchical naming as a special case of attribute-based naming with constant rules is discussed. The framework allows the construction of a name-spaces-blending hierarchy with characteristics of flat attribute-based systems and provides a comprehensive mechanism for combining these name spaces in flexible ways to build up large distributed structures. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by implementing a prototype file and directory server. Client workstations require minimal modifications in order to access this service through the NFS (network file server) protocol. >
IT Management and Governance in Equal Parts

To be most effective, companies must manage their IT resources and use them in their governance structure. So there is a defined difference between IT management and IT governance. If a company wants to grow and be successful, it must not only manage its IT resources, but also use those resources throughout the company as part of the governance structure. IT governance implies a system in which all stakeholders, including the board, internal customers and related areas such as finance, have the necessary input into the decision making process, thus preventing a single stakeholder, typically IT, [from] being blamed for poor decisions. It also prevents users from later complaining that the system does not behave or perform as expected.
GaN Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier with More Than One Octave Carrier Bandwidth

A high efficiency envelope tracking power amplifier which operates over the carrier frequency range of 500 MHz to 1.75 GHz is reported. The amplifier employs a single integrated circuit (IC) GaN RF PA which achieves greater than 12 W output power with greater than 50% drain efficiency under CW excitation. When used in the envelope tracking system with a 6.6 dB PAPR downlink single-carrier WCDMA signal, the GaN PA IC achieves 4 W of output power with 31% system efficiency (RF PA achieved 58.5% drain efficiency) at 752 MHz. Across the frequency range 500 MHz to 1.75 GHz, greater than 2 W with greater than 25% efficiency was demonstrated for the same WCDMA signal using the same configuration and biases for the RFPA and envelope amplifier, without changing impedance matching as the RF center frequency was tuned across the band. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report of an envelope tracking power amplifier operated over carrier frequencies covering more than one octave range.
Attachment as a predictor of friendship qualities in college youth

In this study we examined the relationship between adult attachment style and friendship qualities in a sample of 330 undergraduates using the Adult Attachment Measure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and the Friendship Qualities Scale (Bukowski, Hoza, & Boivin, 1994). Results indicated that securely attached individuals showed higher levels of transcending problems in their friendships and lower levels of conflict, while avoidant individuals showed higher levels of conflict and lower levels of companionship. Interactions between attachment style, sex of the participant, and the sex of the friend (same/opposite sex) suggested the combined impact of these variables on specific friendship qualities.
Classification as an Impediment to Reliable and Valid Use of Spatial Information: A Disaggregate Approach

Nominal categories and classified data are closely tied to the geographic discipline. This paper examines the use of categories and classification in geography, problems that are encountered with them, and some reasons for those problems. General theories of categorization from the cognitive sciences and from philosophy are examined and compared to geographic practice. Finally, an alternative approach to the use of classified data in digital spatial databases is outlined. Complex concepts can be stored as disaggregated fields representing underlying processes that are more easily defined than the complex categories that they will define. User end software allows for the reconstruction of these factors into a wide variety of complex concepts according to the needs of the user. This approach explores how to create databases of high utility and versatility.
Justice globale et positionnement du sujet racialisé chez les militants chrétiens du Nord

Au cours des dernieres annees, le mouvement altermondialiste et les Forums sociaux mondiaux (FSM) ont fait l’objet de critiques serieuses. En effet, des le deuxieme FSM en 2002, certains commencaient a se demander si ces rencontres ne se pretaient pas a la « colonisation de la resistance » (Mngxitama 2005). D’autres ont remarque et commente la predominance des groupes du Nord aux differents forums. Mon objectif est d’etudier le positionnement racialise des groupes confessionnels et de leurs membres habitant les pays du Nord. La methode utilisee pour comprendre le processus de racialisation est en grande partie influencee par les methodologies feministe, postcoloniale et antiraciste ; celles-ci cherchent a reveler les facons dont la connaissance est produite pour etablir et maintenir des relations inegales, ainsi que pour construire des subjectivites au moyen de representations et de modes de pensee racialises. L’une des questions pratiques que mon analyse souleve est la suivante : les activistes des pays du Nord devraient-ils meme participer aux mouvements mis en cause ici ? De plus, etant donne les inquietudes croissantes exprimees par le mouvement altermondialiste et les gens qui participent aux FSM, j’ai tenu a soulever des questions qui necessitent un examen beaucoup plus pousse ; j’ai aussi voulu faire ressortir le besoin de recherches universitaires plus soutenues et d’etudes approfondies sur les liens existant entre l’Eglise, la theologie et le mouvement altermondialiste.
Molten Rock Drilling: ABSTRACT

The Sandia Magma Energy Project has resulted in the conclusion that it is scientifically feasible to extract energy from magma resources buried within the top 6.2 mi (10 km) of the earth's crust. Supporting that conclusion were the ten holes that have been drilled successfully into the melt zone of Kilauea Iki Lava Lake. One recent hole was drilled and cored through the entire 98 ft (30 m) thick molten zone. Two novel drilling systems were developed. The first used an insulated drill stem with an uncooled superalloy drag bit. This system was tested successfully in the laboratory at magma temperatures but never used in the field. The second system used standard drill pipe, a modified core barrel, and a water jet-augmented face discharge diamond coring bit. A high rate of water flow was used to cool the drill stem and solidify the molten rock as the bit advanced. This system was laboratory tested and successfully used to drill 5 holes (345 ft, 105 m) in the molten rock zone of Kilauea Iki, where the temperatures were above 1,020°C. Core recovery was 100%. End_of_Article - Last_Page 962------------
Adaptive system identification by nonadaptively trained neural networks

This paper proposes a novel adaptive neural system (ANS), which minimizes computation, focuses on learning about and adapting to the unknown environmental parameter, and eliminates (or reduces) poor local minima of the performance surface during the operation of the ANS. The idea is illustrated by its application to adaptive system identification. The adjustable weights of the ANS are divided into nonadaptively and adaptively adjustable weights. The former are determined by a nonadaptive training, using a priori information. Only the latter are adapted in operation. If they consist of linear weights of the ANS, the fast algorithms for adaptive linear filters are applicable for adaptation.
P2P-IM: A P2P Presence System for the Internet

Traditional instant messaging applications rely on central server infrastructure to broker user information. The cost and complexity of this infrastructure makes it difficult for developers to build and deploy lightweight presence and instant messaging systems within their own applications. In this paper, we describe P2P-IM, a peer-to-peer instant messaging client that does not rely on any hosted server infrastructure. The system provides the rich facilities available from traditional client-server systems but enables easy deployment and integration with existing applications. The solution provides simplified identity generation, connectivity, and rich per-application data publication.
Application of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters of the V-O-Na System to the Sodium Corrosion of Vanadium-Base Alloys

The compatibility problem with liquid sodium is the primary limitation for the use of vanadium-base alloys as a fuel cladding in a sodium-cooled fast-breeder reactor. While there is considerable disagreement in the reported corrosion behavior of candidate alloys,(1–4) the importance of nonmetallic impurities (O, N, H, and C) in sodium on the predominant corrosion processes is generally recognized. Much of the disagreement can be attributed to the inability to measure these impurities with the required degree of accuracy. The oxygen concentrations in sodium frequently encountered in experimental systems that are used in corrosion studies are too low to be measured accurately by present chemical methods (e.g., mercury amalgamation and vacuum distillation). Furthermore, oxygen concentrations determined from Na2O solubility data at cold-trap temperatures are often inaccurate because of 1) oxide depletion from the cold trap to a value below the equilibrium solubility, 2) insufficient rate of supply of oxygen to the main loop from a bypass cold trap, and 3) a nonequilibrium oxygen concentration in sodium with respect to Na2O saturation at the temperature of the cold trap.
Diagnosing Parkinson's disease using videotaped neurological examinations: Validity and factors that contribute to incorrect diagnoses

Field work is commonly required in movement disorders research. Sending neurologists into the field can be logistically challenging and costly. Alternatively, neurological examinations may be videotaped and reviewed later. There is little knowledge of the validity of the videotaped neurological examination in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We examined the validity of the videotaped Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor examination in the diagnosis of PD, and sought to determine which factors are associated with incorrect diagnoses. PD patients and controls were enrolled in a familial aggregation study between August of 1998 and June of 2000, and as part of that study each was examined by a physician who performed an in-person UPDRS motor examination. Each also underwent a second, videotaped UPDRS motor examination. Based on the review of this videotape, a neurologist, who was blinded to the previous clinical diagnosis, assigned a diagnosis of PD or normal. A total of 211 of 231 PD patients (sensitivity = 91.3%), and 170 of 172 controls (specificity = 98.8%) were correctly identified based on the videotape. True positives had a higher mean rest tremor score (1.7 vs. 0.3; P < 0.001), action tremor score (0.9 vs. 0.3; P < 0.001), bradykinesia score (11.2 vs. 7.4; P = 0.02), and disease of longer mean duration (8.9 vs. 5.8 years; P = 0.001) than false negatives. False negatives did not differ from true positives in terms of age, total dose of levodopa, Hoehn and Yahr score, or rigidity, gait and posture, or facial masking scores (each assessed during the in-person examination). The videotaped UPDRS motor examination is a useful means of diagnosing PD and provides an alternative approach for the diagnosis of PD in field studies. A limitation is that patients with milder PD of shorter duration may not be recognized as PD.
Observations on division stages in the protozoan hypotrich Stylonychia

The study of mitotic events by electron microscopy has been greatly retarded by inability to select dividing cells among the relatively much greater proportion of cells that are not in division. The protozoa, even though their micronuclear division represents a specialized type of mitosis, offer the possibility of isolation and observation of selected cytological events and therefore provide choice material for such observations. In addition, the ciliate protozoa exhibit special macronuclear morphology at the time of deoxyribose nucleic acid synthesis, a highly specialized division of the macronucleus and, further more, engage in the formation of a rather large number of cilia in a short time. Therefore, dividing ciliates offer the possibility for study of the four events, micronuclear mitosis, macronuclear nucleic acid synthesis, macronuclear division, and ciliary formation.
Cochlear implants in children.

In recent years, notable progress has been made in the rehabilitation of children with mild to moderate-severe hearing impairment using new and advanced hearing aids. The major problem which remained was the lack of availability of treatment options for those with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss who received little or no benefit from conventional amplification. The purpose of the cochlear implant is to provide these children with direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. A hearing aid amplifies incoming stimuli while a cochlear implant attempts to replace a function lost by the cochlea. In a normal hearing ear, the hair cells within the cochlea act as a transducer of mechanical energy of sound vibration to energy capable of enervating the eighth nerve. The consequence of a decrease in the number of hair cells is the loss of ability of the cochlea to perform the functions, which result in eighth nerve stimulation. The implant replaces the task of the lost hair cells by converting mechanical energy into the electrical energy necessary to excite the remaining cochlear neurons. In order to truly appreciate the application and unfolding of cochlear implants as applied to the pediatric population, it is important to summarize the development of the devices in general.
A qualitative theory for simulating distributed parameter systems

The author addresses the problem of using and simulating industrial processes as distributed parameter systems (DPSs), that is partial differential equations (PDEs). A qualitative theory of linear DPSs is developed based on multidimensional Laplace transforms. A simple graphical representation using spatial and temporal frequencies is shown to be useful in predicting the behavior of the distributed parameter system. Analogously, a discrete-time/discrete-space simulation representation is derived along with the associated sampling rules. The continuous graphical s-domain frequency tools are then converted to a discrete representation and used to determine the accuracy of the resulting discrete simulation of the given PDE. The resulting graphical tools should allow engineers to have greater understanding of the behavior of DPSs. >
Placental changes after experimental abruptio placentae and fetal vessel ligation of rhesus monkey placenta

Abstract After vascular ligation of fetal vessels using rhesus monkey place11tas at 100 to 120 days' gestational age, syncytial trophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts were found to be still growing 40 to 50 da ys after treatment. The villi in the treated lesions were few, large, and fibrotic. There were neither intervillous fibrin deposits nor thrombi in the wide intervillous spaces. Because of the sparsity of villi. the syncytial trophoblast was seemingly increased in amount. The monkey fetuses appeared to tolerate the insult of fetal vascular ligation , but experimental abruptio placentae resulting in derangements of the maternal circulation caused fetal death in utero.
Demagoguery and Mental Independence in James Fenimore Cooper's Political Writings

AbstractThis essay examines James Fenimore Cooper’s two key nonfiction texts, Notions of the Americans (1828) and The American Democrat (1838), for their appraisal of the process of opinion formation in democracies. Cooper is concerned with the mental dependence and conformism that characterizes American democracy. In particular, he worries that public-spirited individuals will avoid participating in the public sphere for fear of defamation by irresponsible newspaper editors and that public discourse may be captured by partisans, levelers, and economic speculators. His response is to appropriate for the burgeoning democracy the concept of “gentleman,” a term that he now applies to the public-spirited democrat whose persuasive, nondemagogic rhetoric defends equal rights to life, liberty, and property. The true American democrat is the moderate individual, neither sheepish nor presumptuous, who speaks and acts in defense of equal freedom.