cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embodied Active Vision in Language Learning and Grounding

Most cognitive studies of language acquisition in both natural systems and artificial systems have focused on the role of purely linguistic information as the central constraint. However, we argue that non-linguistic information, such as vision and talkers' attention, also plays a major role in language acquisition. To support this argument, this chapter reports two studies of embodied language learning --- one on natural intelligence and one on artificial intelligence. First, we developed a novel method that seeks to describe the visual learning environment from a young child's point of view. A multi-camera sensing environment is built which consists of two head-mounted mini cameras that are placed on both the child's and the parent's foreheads respectively. The major result is that the child uses their body to constrain the visual information s/he perceives and by doing so adapts to an embodied solution to deal with the reference uncertainty problem in language learning. In our second study, we developed a learning system trained in an unsupervised mode in which users perform everyday tasks while providing natural language descriptions of their behaviors. The system collects acoustic signals in concert with user-centric multisensory information from non-speech modalities, such as user's perspective video, gaze positions, head directions and hand movements. A multimodal learning algorithm uses this data to first spot words from continuous speech and then associate action verbs and object names with their perceptually grounded meanings. Similar to human learners, the central ideas of our computational system are to make use of non-speech contextual information to facilitate word spotting, and utilize body movements as deictic references to associate temporally co-occurring data from different modalities and build a visually grounded lexicon.
Tropical cooling at the last glacial maximum and extratropical ocean ventilation1

[1] The NCAR CSM is used to simulate the climate at Last Glacial Maximum. The CSM simulates a tropical SST cooling of 2.1°C. It is shown that about half of this tropical cooling is associated with the upper ocean circulation, especially the ventilation of thermocline and intermediate waters from the mid/high latitude South Pacific.
In vitro association of leptospires with host cells.

Interactions of Leptospira interrogans with cultured endothelial and kidney epithelial cells were assayed by examining (i) cytoadherence of intrinsically radiolabeled leptospires to eucaryotic cell monolayers and (ii) penetration of leptospires through cell monolayers grown on polycarbonate filters in chemotaxis chambers. L. interrogans serovars attached to cultured cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Adherence was diminished following pretreatment of organisms with proteases, rabbit immune serum, or heat. When observed by scanning electron microscopy, most leptospires attached by both ends, rather than just one tip like Treponema pallidum. In penetration assays, 9.7% of added L. interrogans migrated through the monolayer-filter barrier, while only 0.3% of L. biflexa penetrated in the same time interval. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that organisms entered the host cell cytoplasm. These in vitro results indicate that leptospires have an invasive capacity that may be related to pathogenicity in vivo and suggest that further investigation of interactions with host cells may enhance knowledge of leptospiral virulence. Images
Anomalous diffusion producing normal relaxation and transport

From the Arrhenius law a probability distribution of timescales is derived by treating both the prefactor and the activation energy as random variables. In the defect-diffusion model this probability distribution is used to calculate the properties of the anomalous diffusion of defects. The timescales represent the pausing time distribution between movements of a defect. The conditions are determined for these mobile defects to produce stretched exponential relaxation. The diffusion of a single defect is anomalous, but the collective effect of all defects produces a characteristic relaxation timescale. The temperature and pressure dependence of this timescale is used to determine conductivity, dielectric relaxation, and viscosity.
Growth of Cephalotaxus harringtonia plant-cell cultures

Cell cultures of Cephalotaxus harringtonia were examined to characterize growth kinetics. The requirement for an undefined medium supplement (coconut water) was eliminated by maintaining high cell concentrations in semicontinuous and batch growth. Sucrose fed to batch-cultured cells was completely hydrolyzed and a diauxic growth pattern was observed corresponding to first glucose and then fructose uptake. Examination of increases in cell concentrations on the basis of fresh and dry weight showed that a substantial lag period existed between the initiation of substrate uptake and increases in cell volume. Specific growth rates were highest during periods of glucose uptake, but cell yields were comparable for the two sugars. In contrast, studies with glucose or fructose as the sole carbon source indicated that cell yields were significantly lower with fructose but specific growth rates were comparable for the two sugars.
Basal telencephalon suffices for early socialization in chicks

Abstract Normal chicks of the domestic fowl follow a large moving object and move toward clucking sounds, representing a parent, especially on the first day after hatching. Chicks completely decerebrated within one hour of hatching were not at all attracted to such stimuli. Chicks lacking most of the cerebrum but with the basal or primitive portion of the telencephalon intact were virtually normal in their development of these social responses.
Improving the Effectiveness of Aerial Pesticide Sprays

Thirty-eight aircraft setups were submitted in order to have droplet size and drift analyses performed. Four of the eleven insecticides predicted Dv0.5s were in the 351–400 µm range. Seven of the herbicide setups had predicted Dv0.5s in the 205–250 µm range, while ten Dv0.5s were > 351 µm. Five of the ten predicted Dv0.5s were between 386 and 413 μm. Twelve different herbicides were reported as having been applied with aircraft setups that had predicted Dv0.5s between 386 and 413 µm. A summary of the prior swath deposit data indicated that the percent recovery generally increased as the Dv0.5 increased. The magnitudes of the deposits on inert targets and cotton leaves appeared to be about equal for a given Dv0.5. The correlation coefficient between the “percent of the spray volume in droplets ≤100 µm and ≤200 µm in diameter” was 0.983. This result is consistent with prior results and indicates that either 100 or 200 µm can be effectively used as the upper limit when studying the “small droplet” component in sprays. We found several similarities or differences in the “small droplet” components based on data from different atomization tests. According to one set of atomization models, agricultural aircraft will be limited to about 225 km/h (i.e., 140 mph) in order to produce a 400 µm Dv0.5 spray when using currently available nozzles and water plus one or more pesticides. The extremes of the predicted drift deposits for 38 agricultural aircraft setups were over 30-fold apart.
Combination of laser plus 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of extensive genital condylomata acuminata.

Although laser is effective in the treatment of genital condylomata, patients with extensive lesions frequently require more than one treatment. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the cure rate achieved by a single laser treatment could be improved by adding topical 5% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Twenty patients with extensive genital condylomata were treated with laser alone. Twenty patients comparable to the first group in age, number, size, and distribution of the condylomata were treated by laser and 5-FU. The first application of 5% 5-FU cream was carried out at the end of the laser treatment by the surgeon in the operating room. The patients were instructed to apply 5-FU cream once weekly to the vulva and once every two weeks to the vagina by using an applicator filled to one-third with 5-FU cream. Seven patients (35%) without 5-FU were found to have persistent condylomata at the first follow-up examination eight to 12 weeks after the single laser treatment. Two additional patients were noted to have disease six and nine months after laser treatment. The combination of laser and 5-FU failed in two cases (10%), both identified at the first visit. The difference is statistically significant (P less than .025, chi-square test). Two patients exposed to 5-FU experienced chemical vulvitis. It is concluded that the combination of a single laser treatment and 5-FU has acceptable side effects and results in a higher cure rate than a single laser treatment without 5-FU.
A new class of estimators for the reduced second moment measure of point processes

A class of edge-corrected estimators for the reduced second moment measure of a stationary isotropic point process is proposed. All estimators in this class have the same unbiasedness properties as previously suggested edge-corrected estimators. One natural element in this class has superior asymptotic properties to existing estimators when the underlying process is Poisson. A simulation study shows that this superiority also holds for certain cluster processes.
Local charge writing in epitaxial SmNiO3 thin films

We have investigated the evolution of work function in epitaxial correlated perovskite SmNiO3 (SNO) thin films spanning the metal–insulator transition (MIT) by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Combining contact-mode atomic force microscopy, KPFM and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), we present charge writing processes associated with point defect engineering in SNO thin films. Surface potential tuning in two-terminal devices is demonstrated and compared to thermal control by proximity to the phase transition boundary. The charge distribution, retention, and diffusion on SNO were systematically examined. Local compositional changes by AFM-tip induced electric fields are shown to be a viable approach to spatially engineer electronic properties of correlated oxides towards eventual applications in electronics.
An integrated and comparative genetic map of the turkey genome.

An integrated genetic linkage map was developed for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) that combines the genetic markers from the three previous mapping efforts. The UMN integrated ma
Estrogen and Androgen Dynamics in the Cynomolgus Monkey

We studied the dynamics of androgen, estrogen, and cortisol (F) production, metabolism, and protein binding in cynomolgus monkeys (M. fascicularis) to provide baseline data and to compare these parameters with those obtained in other primates. Constant infusions of 3H-labeled androgens, 14C-labeled estrogens, and [3H]F were administered to 11 male cynomologous monkeys (M. fascicularis) for 3.5 h. Blood samples were obtained from a peripheral vein during the infusion, and all urine was collected for 96 h. In each of 3 monkeys, a catheter was inserted into the hepatic vein, and during the infusions blood samples were obtained from the hepatic and peripheral veins and the femoral artery. All blood and urine samples were analyzed for radioactivity as testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1). When indicated, blood samples were also analyzed for radioactivity as F. Blood samples taken before the infusions were analyzed for endogenous T, A, DHT, E1, E2, a...
Photolysis of fluorodifen

Summary. A dry film or p.-nitrophenyl-α,α,α:-trifluoro-2-nitro-2-tolyl ether (fluorodifen) decomposed rapidly under ultraviolet (2537 run) irradiation in the laboratory. Photolysis under growth chamber lights was slower. One major photolysis product (probably a polymer of fluorodifen) and several minor products were detected. Photolyse du flurodifene Resume. Un film sec de p-nitrophenyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ather (fluorodifenc) a ete rapidement decompose sous une irradiation dans l'ultra-violet (253,7 nm) au laboratoire. La photolyse sous l'eclairage des chambres elimatisees fut plus lente. Un produit important de la photolyse (probablement un polymeie du fluorodifene) et plusieurs produits secondaires ont ete detectes. Photolyse von Fluorodifen Zusammenfassung. Ein trockener Film von p-Nitrophenyl-α,α,α-trifiuor-2-nitro-p-tolylather (Fluorodifen) zersetzte sich im Laboratorium schnell bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht (253,7 nm). Unter Klimakammerlampen war die Photolyse lang-samer. Es konnten ein Hauptprodukt der Photolyse (wahrscheinlich ein Polymer von Fluorodifen) sowie mehrere Nebenprodukte festgestellt werden.
A Survey of Compact Radio Sources in NGC 6946

We report observational results of a VLA 20 cm and 6 cm survey of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946. The purpose of the survey is to identify compact radio sources in NGC 6946. We report the detection of 118 such sources. Using the spectral index to discriminate between thermal and nonthermal emission, 37 candidate sources have been identified as possible supernova remnants or background objects, 31 candidate sources have been identified as possible H II regions, and six sources have been identified with inverted spectra. The remaining sources were detected only at 20 cm. A catalog summarizing the properties of the radio sources is presented. The source positions, flux densities, and spectral indices are listed in the catalog. An atlas consisting of contour maps of all detected sources is presented.
Collisionless 16 μm fluorescence in SF6 following 10 μm CO2 laser pumping: Comments on the vibrational quasicontinuum

Abstract We have excited the υ3 mode of SF6 at 10 μm with a CO2 laser and detected fluorescence at 16 μm from the other infrared active mode, υ4. The risetime of the 16 μm fluorescence is limited by the 2 μs pumping pulse width even at pressures as low as 2 mtorr, where the mean time between collisions is 60 μs. We discuss the role of the vibrational quasicontinuum in our experiment and in multiple photon infrared dissociation of SF6.
Prophylactic Cholecystectomy in Transplant Patients: A Decision Analysis

Prophylactic laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed in solid organ transplant patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis. Modeled, decision analytic techniques were used to evaluate the different management strategies for asymptomatic cholelithiasis in cardiac and pancreas/renal transplant recipients. The clinical outcomes of expectant management, pretransplantation prophylactic cholecystectomy, and posttransplantation prophylactic cholecystectomy were analyzed for each population. The probabilities and outcomes were derived form a pooled analysis of published studies. One- and two-way sensitivity and cost analyses were performed. Prophylactic posttransplantation cholecystectomy is favored for cardiac transplant recipients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis, resulting in 5:1000 deaths versus 80:1000 for pretransplantation cholecystectomy and 44:1000 for expectant management. In distinction, expectant management for asymptomatic cholelithiasis is favored in pancreas/renal transplant patients, resulting in 2:1000 deaths compared with 5:1000 for prophylactic cholecystectomy. After heart transplantation, a strategy of routine, prophylactic cholecystectomy is anticipated to result in a cost savings of $17,779 per quality-adjusted life-year. Prophylactic posttransplantation cholecystectomy is the preferred management strategy for cardiac transplant patients with incidental gallstones, resulting in decreased mortality and significant cost savings per quality-adjusted life-year. Expectant management is the preferred strategy for pancreas and/or kidney transplant recipients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis.
Mutations of the Gene Encoding the Protein Kinase A Type I-α Regulatory Subunit (PRKAR1A) in Patients with the “Complex of Spotty Skin Pigmentation, Myxomas, Endocrine Overactivity, and Schwannomas” (Carney Complex)

Carney complex (CNC) is a familial multiple neoplasia syndrome associated with abnormal skin and mucosal pigmentation. The complex has features overlapping those of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) and the other multiple endocrine neoplasias (MENs). CNC is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and the responsible genes have been mapped by linkage analysis to loci at 2p16 and 17q22-24. Because of its unusual biochemical features (e.g., paradoxical responses to various endocrine signals) and its clinical similarities to MAS, genes implicated in cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling, including GNAS1 (which is responsible for MAS), had been considered likely candidates for causing CNC. The gene encoding the protein kinase A (PKA) type I-alpha regulatory subunit (RI alpha), PRKAR1A, had been mapped to 17q22-24; loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) analysis using polymorphic markers from this region revealed consistent changes in tumors from patients with CNC, including those from one family previously mapped to 17q22-24. Investigation of a polymorphic site within the 5' of the PRKAR1A gene showed segregation with the disease and retention of the allele bearing the disease gene in CNC tumors. Mutations of the PRKAR1A gene were also found to have occurred de novo in sporadic cases of CNC; no mutations were found in kindreds mapping to 2p16. Thus, genetic heterogeneity in CNC was confirmed; in total, 41% of all patients with CNC had mutations in the PRKAR1A gene. All mutations were frameshifts, insertions, and deletions that led to nonsense mRNA and premature termination of the predicted peptide product. Functional studies in CNC tumors suggested that inactivating mutations of the PRKAR1A gene led to nonsense mRNA decay (the mutant peptide product was not present) and were associated with dysregulated PKA activity, increased responsiveness to cAMP, and excess of type-II PKA activity. We conclude that the PRKAR1A gene, coding for the RIalpha subunit of PKA, a critical cellular component of a number of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways, is mutated in a subset of patients with CNC. In their tumors, there is LOH of the normal allele, suggesting that normal RI-alpha may have tumor suppression function in the tissues affected by CNC. An excess of type-II PKA activity was present in affected tissues, which may be responsible for the apparent tumorigenicity of PRKAR1A mutations in endocrine tissues.
Spectral Analysis of the Lower Eocene Wilkins Peak Member, Green River Formation, Wyoming: Support for Milankovitch Cyclicity

Abstract This study is the first to employ spectral analysis to examine meter-scale sedimentary cyclicity in the Wilkins Peak Member of the lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. Generally regarded as the classic example for orbital forcing of lacustrine sediments at eccentricity and precession time scales, this long-standing interpretation was recently contested, with a much shorter duration (≤ 10 ky) inferred for the dominant cyclicity. Earlier work lacked adequate age control or spectral analysis or both. Our analysis is based upon an evaluation in the frequency domain of oil-yield values from four boreholes, accuracy estimation for suggested orbital interpretations, and comparison to independent geochronology. Cored intervals 266–364 m thick represent a span of 1.2–1.7 m.y., with temporal resolution of ∼ 3–5 ky (∼ 1 m) for oil-yield values. Variations in spectral power with depth within the original records are interpreted to reflect changes in the rate of sediment accumulation. These changes are corrected prior to testing the orbital forcing hypothesis by using two methods: 1) a minimal adjustment (three segments) accounting for the dominant changes of spectral frequency with depth; and 2) correlating the published definitions of precessional cycles in these records to a 21 ky cosine curve. Orbital age models resulting from the two tuning methods are compared to available chronology and the tuned records are tested for the expected spectral peaks from orbitally forced records. We conclude that the dominant cyclicity of the Wilkins Peak Member is orbitally forced. Orbital age models overlap 40Ar/39Ar ages and inferred periods include long and short eccentricity, weak obliquity and precession. Eccentricity is resolved in the analyzed records but the expected ∼ 95 and ∼ 125 ky periods are not resolved, controlling the range of possible tuning periods and the accuracy of orbital age models. Sub-Milankovitch variability exists and can be resolved to a minimum period of ∼ 3–5 ky by the analyzed records. However, it cannot be characterized fully with the available chronology or by the previously calculated mean cycle duration.
Religious parties and the problem of democratic political legitimacy

Thinkers committed to an ideal of public reason are suspicious of religiously informed political activity as it undermines democratic political legitimacy. This paper considers Jurgen Habermas’s recent shifts on this question in light of the history of Europe’s religious parties in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These parties made a real and lasting contribution to Europe’s democratization and their history suggests ways in which Habermas and other defenders of public reason misunderstand the nature of democratic political legitimacy.
Nuclear Reactions in the Stars. I. Proton-Proton Chain

The rates are calculated for the main reactions making up the "proton-proton chain," whose net effect is the conversion of four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom. These calculations are carried out for temperatures and densities corresponding to central conditions in main sequence stars.The mean reaction rate for the beta-decay conversion of two protons into one deuteron is calculated accurately, using the latest data on the two-nucleon system and on beta-decay. It is shown that, under normal stellar conditions, the reaction chain is completed by the radiative capture of a proton by a deuteron and by the collision between two of the resultant ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ nuclei to form one ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ nucleus and two protons. Values are given for the rate of energy production and for the concentrations of deuterium and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ at various temperatures.
Physical activity determinants: a social cognitive approach

This paper presents Bandura's social cognitive theory as a utilitarian framework to study the determinants of physical activity. I provide an overview of social cognitive theory assumptions and stress the importance of studying self-efficacy in concert with other key cognitive processes. Research addressing when there is a cognitive-behavioral relationship is identified. The paper concludes with the practical implications of social cognitive theory.
Si/SiC-Based Layer Deposited on Boron Carbide Particles via CVD

The application of B4C as structural materials has been restricted largely because of its poor sinter-ability. Compared with pressure-less and hot pressing methods, sintering the B4C via the reaction-bonded boron carbide (RBBC) can to great extent circumvent such problem, which can even be conducted at low temperature, when Si/Si-based alloy was used as binding phase. However molten Si/Si-based alloy infiltrated into performs of bare B4C powders can strongly react with and significantly consume B4C particles based on molten infiltration reaction method. The present study aims to encapsulate B4C particles with a protective layer to block off its contact with molten Si/ Si-based alloy via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in CH3SiCl3(MTS)-H2-Ar system at low temperature (900-1100 °C) under atmospheric pressure. The phase composition and surface morphology of encapsulated B4C particles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) plus energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), respectively. It was found that the deposition temperatures have a significant effect on microstructure and composition of deposited coating. The studies on surface morphology revealed that spine-like crystals, nodular growth, island structure and whiskers can be deposited onto the surface of boron carbide particles. When deposited at 900-1000 °C,the coatings is Si + SiC co-deposition, while pure SiC coatings form only at as high deposition temperature at 1050 °Cand 1100 °C.
Neutron Time-Of-Flight Spectroscopy

The time-of-flight technique is employed in two of the instruments at the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility (CNRF). A pulsed monochromatic beam strikes the sample, and the energies of scattered neutrons are determined from their times-of-flight to an array of detectors. The time-of-flight method may be used in a variety of types of experiments such as studies of vibrational and magnetic excitations, tunneling spectroscopy, and quasielastic scattering studies of diffusional behavior; several examples of experiments are discussed. The authors also present brief descriptions of the CNRF time-of-flight instruments, including their modi operandi and some of their more pertinent parameters and performance characteristics.
A genetic linkage map for hexaploid, cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) based on an intraspecific cross 'Ogle/MAM17-5'.

Genetic research and breeding of oat (Avena sativa L.) would be aided by development of a genetic linkage map for a breeding population. Such a map could be used for localization of qualitative and quantitative trait loci, marker-assisted selection and other genetic analysis in an adapted, agronomically useful background. The objectives of this research were to develop a genetic linkage map of hexaploid cultivated oat, to identify homoeologous relationships of linkage groups, and to compare homologous linkage groups between this map and the previously published hexaploid oat map from the cross 'Kanota/Ogle' (KO). A total of 510 markers, including 172 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), 324 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and 14 simple sequence repeats (SSR), were assessed on a recombinant inbred population of 152 F5:6 lines derived from the cross, 'Ogle/MAM17-5' (OM). Twenty eight linkage groups of 5 cM or longer were formed using 476 of the markers, while 34 markers remained either unlinked or in small fragments less than 5 cM. The 28 linkage groups contained from 3 to 33 markers, and varied in size from 5.2 to 123.0 cM, representing a total map length of 1,396.7 cM. Three putative homoeologous groups (OM7, OM8 and OM18; OM2 and OM23; OM13 and OM16) were identified. Comparison with the published KO map indicated that nine OM linkage groups could be determined to be homologous to linkage groups in the KO map. Further comparison of the homologous linkage groups revealed that residual differences in genomic rearrangements existed between the two hexaploid oat populations. Some linkage groups were significantly extended compared with the KO map. Since the OM mapping population is segregating for a number of agronomically important traits, this genetic map will provide a useful tool for identification of qualitative and quantitative loci for these traits.
Angiotensin II directly stimulates activity and alters the phosphorylation of Na-K-ATPase in rat proximal tubule with a rapid time course.

We present evidence that Na-K-ATPase in the rat proximal tubule is directly activated by ANG II much faster than previously observed. Specifically, we show that a 2-min exposure to 0.1 and 1 nM ANG...
CORRELATION BETWEEN CELL SURVIVAL AND DNA SINGLE‐STRAND BREAK REPAIR PROFICIENCY IN THE CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELL LINES AA8 AND EM9 IRRADIATED WITH 365‐nm ULTRAVIOLET‐A RADIATION

Abstract— Cell survival parameters and the induction and repair of DNA single-strand breaks were measured in two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines after irradiation with monochromatic UVA radiation of wavelength 365 nm. The radiosensitive mutant cell line EM9 is known to repair ionizing-radiation-induced single-strand breaks (SSB) more slowly than the parent line AA8. EM9 was determined to be 1.7-fold more sensitive to killing by 365-nm radiation than AA8 at the 10% survival level, and EM9 had a smaller shoulder region on the survival curve (α= 1.76) than AA8 (α= 0.62). No significant differences were found between the cell lines in the initial yields of SSB induced either by γ-radiation (as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation) or by 365-nm UVA (as determined by alkaline elution). For measurement of initial SSB, cells were irradiated at 0.5°C to minimize DNA repair processes. Rejoining of 365-nm induced SSB was measured by irradiating cells at 0.5°C, allowing them to repair at 37°C in full culture medium, and then quantitating the remaining SSB by alkaline elution. The repair of these breaks followed biphasic kinetics in both cell lines. EM9 repaired the breaks more slowly (t1/2 values of 1.3 and 61.3 min) than did AA8 (t1/2 values of 0.9 and 53.3 min), and EM9 also left more breaks unrepaired 90 min after irradiation (24% vs 8% for AA8). Thus, the sensitivity of EM9 to 365-nm radiation correlated with its deficiency in repairing DNA lesions revealed as SSB in alkaline elution. These results suggest that DNA may be a critical target in 365-nm induced cellular lethality and that the ability of AA8 and EM9 cells to repair DNA strand breaks may be related to their ability to survive 365-nm radiation.
A Reintroduction to Political Economy: History, Institutions, and Power

A key question in the study of political economy is whether social spending by governments negatively affects economic growth. Recent work exemplifying a broad turn toward interdisciplinary social science strongly suggests that it does not. Scholars interested in such issues, as well as others at the intersection of "state" and "market," have much to gain from attending to the overlapping histories of law, institutions, policymaking, business, and economic development.
Moving boundaries in reaction-diffusion systems with absorption

Consider the reaction-diffusion system ∂ t u=d 0 ∂ xx u-ku(1-v)-μ 0 0 ∂ t u=d 1 ∂ xx v+ku(1-v) with boundary and initial conditions u(0,t)=c 0 , u(σ,t)=0 t>0 ∂ x v(0,t)=0, v(σ,t)=0 u(x,0)=u 0 (x), v(x,0)=v 0 (x) where 0≤u 0 (x)≤c 0 and 0≤v 0 (x)≤1 for x∈[0,σ]
Business cycles and fertility dynamics in the United States: a vector autoregressive model.

Using recent developments in time-series econometrics, this paper investigates the behavior of fertility over the business cycle. The sex-specific unemployment rates, the divorce rate and the fertility rate are shown to be governed by stochastic trends. Furthermore, fertility is determined to be cointegrated with the divorce rate. In the bivariate vector-autoregressions between fertility and unemployment, an increase in the female or male unemployment rates generate a decrease in fertility, which is consistent with the findings of previous time-series research concerning the procyclical behavior of fertility. However, when the models include the divorce rate and the proportion of young marriages as additional regressors, shocks to the unemployment rates bring about an increase in fertility, implying the countercyclicality of fertility. This outcome holds for the time period 1948–1982, as well as 1972–1982.
The psychological impact of premature birth on mothers and fathers

This longitudinal study compared the psychological impact of premature birth on women who were high risk during pregnancy and their partners with two comparison groups delivered at term (one high risk, one low risk). The subjects (N = 211 women, 123 men) were studied at four time periods between mid-pregnancy and four months post-delivery. Neither the women nor men differed significantly in anxiety, depression, sense of mastery, or self-esteem after the baby's birth. Maternal self-esteem increased after the birth; maternal depression scores differed significantly for the group by time interaction. Depression scores ranged widely at all times, with a significant proportion of women and smaller proportion of men indicating risks for clinical depression.
Pro-senescence therapy for cancer treatment

Abundant evidence points to a crucial physiological role for cellular senescence in combating tumorigenesis. Thus, the engagement of senescence may represent a key component for therapeutic intervention in the eradication of cancer. In this Opinion article, we focus on concepts that are relevant to a pro-senescence approach to therapy and we propose potential therapeutic strategies that aim to enhance the pro-senescence response in tumours.
The hemolytic-uremic syndrome in California: a review of 28 nonheparinized cases with long-term follow-up.

During the years 1960 to 1969, 28 cases of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome were seen in 27 children at the Stanford University Hospital. Certain major differences were noted between this series and the comprehensively reviewed one in Buenos Aires: an older age, averaging 4 1/2 years at Stanford versus 1 1/12 years in Buenos Aires; a more prolonged and frequently more severe prodrome; and a shorter duration of oligoanuria, average 6.4 days (0 to 18) versus 12.2 days (3 to 48). Three patients died at Stanford in the acute phase, 2 of the 5 seen before peritoneal dialysis was used and 1 of the subsequent 22 patients (23 cases). Of the 24 survivors, 21 have been followed for 2 to 10 years (average 5 years). Nineteen patients have recovered completely, with normal blood pressures and normal creatinine clearances of 90 to 142 ml. per minute per 1.73M 2 . (average 114). Two patients were left with chronic renal insufficiency (9.5 per cent versus 30 per cent seen in Buenos Aires). None of these patients received heparin therapy. It is concluded that the hemolytic-uremic syndrome as seen in this geographic area has a different natural history and a more favorable long-term prognosis than the syndrome in Buenos Aires.
REVERSIBLE ACCELERATION OF THE CORROSION OF AISI 304 STAINLESS STEEL EXPOSED TO SEAWATER INDUCED BY GROWTH AND SECRETIONS OF THE MARINE BACTERIUM VIBRIO NATRIEGENS

Abstract Growth of the nonsulfate-reducing marine bacterium Vibrio natriegens increased the corrosion current density (CD) of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) coupons when grown in a marine medium. The corrosion rate, estimated as the corrosion CD (Icorr), calculated from the Tafel constants and polarization resistance, increased from 230 to 2900 nA/cm2 during a 6-day incubation period with V. natriegens. Just before the rapid increase in the corrosion CD, bacterial cells were seen by epifluorescent microscopy after acridine orange staining to colonize the SS surface. On the third day of exposure to seawater, the rapid increase in the corrosion CD correlated with the appearance of extracellular material from the colonizing bacteria, as observed by (1) epifluorescent microscopy, (2) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) nondestructive analysis of lyophilized biofilms by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) using diffuse reflectance. The extracellular products from the colonizing bacteria corr...
The participation of working class mental patients in a mixed-class therapeutic group

Abstract After presenting evidence documenting the apathy of working class patients in a variety of therapeutic settings, we derive and test hypotheses predicting a similar trend in the participation of patients in a ward improvement group located in a small research oriented state hospital. In general the data are consistent with the pattern reported in the literature and we discuss a number of factors which help make the findings comprehensible.
Stability of multilayered composite plates

Abstract Quantitative assessment is made of the accuracy and range of validity of the classical and shear-deformation plate theories when applied to the stability analysis of multi-layered composite plates with large numbers of layers. The standard of comparison is taken to be the linear three-dimensional theory of orthotropic elasticity. In the shear-deformation theory, the composite correction are included and are shown to result in close agreement with three-dimensional elasticity solutions for a wide range of lamination and geometric parameters.
Quality criteria for visions and visioning in sustainability science

Envisioning how a desirable future might look is a long-standing effort in human evolution and social change. Utopian thought and visions provide direction for actions and behavior; more so, they create identity and community. Accordingly, the discourse on sustainability and sustainable development has recognized that positive visions about our societies’ future are an influential, if not indispensable, stimulus for change. Visioning is, thus, considered a key method in sustainability research and problem solving, for instance, in transformational sustainability science or in planning for urban sustainability. Yet, quality criteria for sustainability visions and guidelines on how to rigorously craft such visions are scattered over different strands of the literature and some are insufficiently developed. The goal of this article is to review and synthesize such quality criteria and design guidelines to inform sustainability visioning methodology. The review provides a concise reference framework for sustainability students, researchers, and professionals on how to enhance their sustainability visioning practices.
Failure following revision total knee arthroplasty: infection is the major cause

The objective of this study was to evaluate the survivorship of revision TKA and determine the reasons and predictors for failure. Between January 1999 to December 2005, 499 total knee arthroplasty revisions were performed on 474 patients. There were 292 (61.6%) women and 182 (38.4%) men. The average age at the time of index revision was 63.9 years. Revision was defined as surgery in which at least one component (tibial, patellar, femoral, or polyethylene) required exchange. At an average follow-up of 64.8 months (range, 24.1–111.6), and considering reoperation or re-revision as failure, there were 102 failures (18.3%). Infection was the major cause of failure (44.1%) followed by stiffness (22.6%), patellar or extensor mechanism problems (12.8%), periprosthetic fracture (5.9%), loosening (4.9%), haematoma formation (3.9%), malalignment (2.9%), and instability (2.9%). A total of 83% of failures were early (less than two years). Infection was the most common mechanism of failure of revision TKA. The majority of TKA revision failures tend to occur in the first two years after revision. The mode of failure of revision TKA appears to differ from the failure of primary TKA to some extent. Better understanding of current modes by which TKA revisions fail may enable surgeons to prevent these problems and improve outcomes for revision TKA.
Possible existence of a heavy photon (г0)

The Lehmann spectral form of the complete Green‘s function for the photon field is studied in the Heisenberg picture of quantum electrodynamics. Examination of the analytic properties of the spectral expansion suggests that if the theory is consistent, and the renormalization constant of the photon field small enough, then a very massive, unstable, gauge-invariant, neutral vector boson might exist. Its interaction can be strong as well as electromagnetic and an estimate of the effect of this heavy photon on high-energy electron-electron and electronpositron scattering is made. The present experimental validity of quantum electrodynamics, for distances down to r < 10-13cm, implies that the heavy photon‘s mass must be much larger than an electron mass.
Lung ventilation injures areas with discrete alveolar flooding, in a surface tension-dependent fashion

With proteinaceous-liquid flooding of discrete alveoli, a model of the edema pattern in the acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung inflation over expands aerated alveoli adjacent to flooded alve...
Analysis of the roles of HIV-derived microRNAs

Importance of the field: HIV-1 is a retrovirus that has infected millions in recent decades. The level of life cycle complexity and host control exerted by this small virus with only nine proteins is astonishing. An interesting direction that has emerged in recent years is the role of small non-coding RNAs in viral gene expression. Areas covered in this review: We focus on HIV-1 produced microRNAs (miRNAs), namely, TAR, Nef and miR-H1, and their roles in HIV-1 biogenesis. The article provides insights into TAR miRNA-mediated downregulation of viral and host gene expression by recruitment of chromatin remodeling components (HDAC1). What the reader will gain: We address the influence of TAR miRNA on host cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and the role of Nef miRNA in the regulation of viral and host gene expression. The review also highlights an intriguing connection between miR-H1 and HIV-1-associated neurological pathogenesis, and the influence of the miRNA machinery in the establishment of latency. In...
Cervical dilation: A comparison of Lamicel and Dilapan

A randomized prospective double-blind study compares the dilatation achieved with Lamicel and Dilapan synthetic dilators in the setting of second-trimester elective abortions. A total of 51 patients with estimated gestational ages of 13 to 16 weeks had either Lamicel dilators or Dilapan dilators placed approximately 20 hours before dilation and evacuation. The placement and removal were by someone other than the operator. The operator then recorded the number of the Pratt dilator at which resistance was first met. The mean for the Lamicel group was French size 38.5 ± 6.4. The mean for the Dilapan group was French size 50.4 ± 9.6. In the Dilapan group there were six patients for whom cervical resistance was never reached. The results indicate a significantly greater dilatation was achieved with Dilapan dilators. This correlation was also noted within the subsets of nulliparous and parous patients.
Consumption of atmospheric isoprene in soil

Natural vegetation annually emits 503 Tg yr -1 of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3 butadiene) to the global atmosphere where it reacts very rapidly with hydroxyl radicals and strongly regulates atmospheric chemistry. Current models of the compound's chemical behavior assume the atmosphere is the only significant sink; however, there is evidence that soil may consume isoprene. Here we show through field and laboratory studies that soil exposed to isoprene at low mixing ratios removed isoprene to concentrations below those commonly observed in forest canopies, and that the removal of isoprene was biologically mediated. On the basis of laboratory studies with soil from several different ecosystems worldwide, we provide a first approximation of a global annual soil sink for isoprene of 20.4 Tg yr -1 , suggesting a soil sink should be included in models that attempt to describe the effect of isoprene emission on atmospheric chemical processes.
Immunoglobulin Class and Subclass Profile of the Ro/SS-A Autoantibody Response

We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for autoantibody to Ro/SS-A antigen (anti-Ro/SS-A) in order to more fully characterize the autoimmune response that occurs to this antigen in patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). The microtiter plate-immobilized, biochemically purified Ro/SS-A antigen reacted with anti-Ro/SS-A antibody, but not with other closely related specificities (anti-La/SS-B, anti-SM, anti-U1-RNP) or normal sera. The optimal pH of antigen-antibody reaction in this ELISA was 7.2. The binding of sera containing anti-Ro/SS-A was inhibited 80% by preincubation with the same amount of Ro/SS-A antigen used for coating the plate. Although 11 of the 14 (79%) SCLE sera studied had precipitating anti-Ro/SS-A antibody by immunodiffusion, 13 (93%) sera had abnormally elevated IgG, IgA, or IgM ELISA binding levels. A good correlation between IgG anti-Ro/SS-A ELISA binding levels and immunodiffusion titers was observed (r - 0.8588, p less than or equal to 0.001) suggesting that IgG is the major anti-Ro/SS-A antibody class detected by double immunodiffusion, Sera with a combination of high rheumatoid factor levels (latex 3+ or higher) and high anti-Ro/SS-A titers (1:8 or higher in immunodiffusion) tended to give an abnormally high IgM anti-Ro/SS-A ELISA binding levels. After rheumatoid factor activity was removed by absorption with heat-aggregated human IgG, a 50% decrease in IgM anti-Ro/SS-A ELISA binding was noted. On the other hand, absorption of rheumatoid factor-negative sera that contained high IgM anti-Ro/SS-A binding activity did not significantly decrease ELISA binding levels. Prednisone and 6-azathioprine reduced the level of IgG anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibody in sera of treated SCLE patients by 50%. The IgG subclass profile of anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibody was analyzed by using mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for the 4 human IgG subclasses. Of anti-Ro/SS-A positive SCLE sera, 91% had predominantly IgG1 subclass autoantibody. The coexistence of IgM and IgG anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibody and the predominance of the IgG1 subclass is compatible with the possibility that this autoantibody response is under T-cell control. The predominance of IgG1 in the autoimmune response to Ro/SS-A antigen in SCLE patients is consistent with the hypothesis that antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity could be an important immunologic effector mechanism in this disorder.
Gastric Content of Fasted Primates: A Survey

The acidity of the gastric contents of fasted members of seven families of primates was measured, and no relationship was found between acid concentration and phylogenetic development; in general, however, gastric acidity was higher in New World monkeys than in Old World monkeys. The administration of histamine increased gastric acidity.
Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of rigid-core ionic liquid crystals

Ionic liquid crystals combine the unique solvent properties of ionic liquids with self-organization found for liquid crystals. We report a detailed analysis of the structure−property relationship of a series of new imidazolium-based liquid crystals with an extended aromatic core. Investigated parameters include length and nature of the tails, the length of the rigid core, the lateral substitution pattern, and the nature of the counterion. Depending on the molecular structure, two mesophases were observed: a bilayered SmA2 phase and the more common monolayered SmA phase, both strongly interdigitated. Most materials show mesophases stable to high temperatures. For some cases, crystallization could be suppressed, and room-temperature liquid crystalline phases were obtained. The mesomorphic properties of several mixtures of ionic liquid crystals were investigated. Many mixtures showed full miscibility and ideal mixing behavior; however, in some instances we observed, surprisingly, complete demixing of the co...
Recruiting, Retaining, and Benefiting From a Diverse Community College Faculty: A Case Study of One College’s Successes

The variety of experiences, backgrounds, and perspectives that an ethnically diverse faculty provides a community college give it the capacity to support the complex work that community colleges undertake. The challenges in having a diverse faculty require recruiting diverse applicants and in retaining those applicants once hired. Achieving these twin aims has proven elusive for many community colleges. This case study explores one college that underwent significant institutional transformations and concurrently diversified its faculty in ways that helped it evolve the collective skills that the institution needed. Over a 15-year period, the college became the most diverse in its state while growing from 4.3% full-time faculty of color to 23.3% full-time faculty of color. The study explores that 15-year period through analysis of archived records and interviews with key informants. This study identifies how a diverse faculty strengthened the college; it also suggests three key principles for how other col...