cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-energy of a nodal fermion in a d -wave superconductor

We re-consider the self-energy of a nodal (Dirac) fermion in a 2D d-wave superconductor. A conventional belief is that Im \Sigma (\omega, T) \sim max (\omega^3, T^3). We show that \Sigma (\omega, k, T) for k along the nodal direction is actually a complex function of \omega, T, and the deviation from the mass shell. In particular, the second-order self-energy diverges at a finite T when either \omega or k-k_F vanish. We show that the full summation of infinite diagrammatic series recovers a finite result for \Sigma, but the full ARPES spectral function is non-monotonic and has a kink whose location compared to the mass shell differs qualitatively for spin-and charge-mediated interactions.
Characterizing the unstructured intermediates in oxidative folding.

A recently developed method is used here to characterize some of the folding intermediates, and the oxidative folding processes, of RNase A. This method is based on the ability of trans-(Pt(en)2Cl2) 2+ to oxidize cysteine residues to form disulfide bonds faster than the disulfide bonds can be rearranged by reshuffling or reduction. Variations of this method have enabled us to address three issues. (i) How the nature of the residual structure and/or conformational order that is present, or develops, during the initial stages of folding can be elucidated. It is shown here that there is a 10-fold increase in the propensity of the unfolded reduced forms of RNase A to form the native set of disulfides directly, compared to the propensity under strongly denaturing conditions (4-6 M GdnHCl). Thus, the unfolded reduced forms of RNase A are not statistical coils with a more condensed form than in the GdnHCl-denatured state; rather, it is suggested that reduced RNase A has a little bias toward a native topology. (ii) The structural characterization of oxidative folding intermediates in terms of disulfide pairing is demonstrated; specifically, a lower-limit estimate is made of the percentage of native disulfide-containing molecules in the two- disulfide ensemble of RNase A. (iii) The critical role of structured intermediate species in determining the oxidative folding pathways of proteins was shown previously. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of a structured intermediate in the oxidative folding of proteins can be revealed by this method.
SU-E-T-495: Monte Carlo Dose Verification of Passive Scattering Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: To verify the clinical pencil beam dose calculation algorithm for passive scattering proton therapy using field with large range in tissue, i.e. in prostate cancer, using a Monte Carlo(MC) simulation system. Methods: Previously treated prostate cancer cases were randomly selected from our patient database. All patients received the same dose prescription of 50Gy (25 fractions) to planning treatment volume including the seminal vesicles (PTV1), followed by 28Gy (14 fractions) boost to the prostate gland only (PTV2). Patient and beam geometry were imported to our MC simulation platform (TOPAS ‐ TOol for PArticle Simulation) and the dose of each individual beam, as well as their weighted sum, were calculated and compared to pencil beam algorithm‐based calculation from the clinical treatment planning system (XiO). Results: Preliminary results from four patient cases show overall good agreement between the pencil beam and MC calculations. However, a small but systematic overestimation of the dose, as calculated by the pencil beam calculation algorithm, was noticed for the target structures (<2% difference in D95 for PTV1 and PTV2), compared to the MC calculation. The inverse was observed for the OARs (rectum and bladder) for which the dose seems to be somewhat underestimated by the pencil beam calculation algorithm (up to 3.75% difference in the volume covered by the 70Gy and 75Gy isodose lines). Furthermore, systematic difference in the range calculation was noticed: the pencil beam calculation algorithm results in larger proton range, in the order of 3–4mm, compared to the MC calculations for all beams and patients studied. This can be attributed to the bone anatomy in the path of the beams (femoral heads). Conclusions: Routine MC dose calculation has the potential to improve delivery accuracy in proton therapy of prostate cancer and influence the analysis of currently ongoing clinical trials of protons versus IMRT. Funded by NIH/NCI R01 CA140735
Robotic assisted total pelvic exenteration

Total pelvic exenteration is an ultra-radical procedure which involves removal of pelvic organ content and reconstruction of urinary system, gastrointestinal, and pelvic floor. Brunschwig in 1948 was the first to describe the procedure [1]. This ultra-radical surgery typically requires a large incision in an operative field that is small and deep. In addition, the tissues are commonly distorted, obliterated, or fibrotic either from previous surgical dissection and/or radiation. Thus, the development of surgical planes can be challenging. Consequently, this procedure is associated with long operative time, high morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and mortality. Minimally invasive surgery offers several advantages over open surgery including shorter hospitalization, faster recoveries, less blood loss, better cosmesis, and fewer complications. In order to decrease morbidity and prolonged hospitalization, a minimally invasive approach might be an alternative to laparotomy for pelvic exenteration.
Effects of interruption of limbic system pathways on different measures of activity.

Abstract Activity levels were measured following selective knife-cuts of the fornix, medial forebrain bundle or diagonal band. Each of these manipulations increased running-wheel activity, but only fornix transection increased activity in the stabilimeter. The stabilimeter activity declined following diagonal band cuts, and did not change following medial forebrain bundle cuts. None of these manipulations changed open field or rearing activity. The different patterns of effects suggest different anatomical systems that control activity, and emphasize the heterogeneity of activity indices.
Intermembrane Forces Probed by Osmotic Stress and Solid-State 2H NMR Spectroscopy

Intermembrane forces play a significant role in biological processes such as fusion, shape transformations, and lipid-protein interactions. Forces suggested to govern intermembrane interactions include van der Waals attraction, membrane undulations, hydration force, and lipid protrusions. How do the regimes of these forces overlap and how can we experimentally study them? Through use of osmolytes and dehydration we can control intermembrane spacing in liquid-crystalline DMPC-d54 membranes [1]. Measured order parameters from solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy allow deformations to be accessed at a molecularly resolved level [2]. Stresses from dehydration and osmotic pressure are thermodynamically equivalent, because the change in chemical potential when transferring water from the interlamellar space to the bulk water phase corresponds to an induced pressure. A unified theoretical framework predicts an ideal equation of state for the membrane system that depends inversely on the number waters per lipid as confirmed by experimental 2H NMR data [1]. Non-ideal interactions (intermembrane forces) within the membrane system are treated in terms of an osmotic coefficient. Intermembrane forces have differing temperature dependences and can be separated by the temperature variation of the osmotic coefficient. At lower osmotic pressures (larger intermembrane separation) the osmotic coefficient has a linear temperature dependence, agreeing with theoretical predictions for thermal undulations. At high pressures (smaller intermembrane separation) the osmotic coefficient becomes independent of temperature, in accord with predictions for lipid protrusions. Our evidence shows that undulations dominate at intermediate intermembrane distances and protrusions dominate at short distances. We provide a new experimental method for understanding intermembrane forces. This understanding is needed for the interpretation of membrane fusion, shape transformations, and lipid-protein interactions. [1] K.J. Mallikarjunaiah et al. (2011) Biophys. J.100, 98-107. [2] A. Leftin and M.F. Brown (2011) BBA1808, 818-839.
Metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma to the posterior mandible as initial presentation: A first report of an extremely uncommon scenario☆

Abstract Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare type of soft tissue malignancy, representing less than 1% of the sarcomas. It usually occurs in the deep soft tissue of the lower extremities in adults with a propensity to occur in the head and neck tissues in children. It is characterized by a peculiar pattern of metastasis which can occur prior to the detection of the primary lesion. Metastases to the head and neck bone are extremely rare. Herein, we present a 21-year-old female who presented with metastatic ASPS to the posterior mandible before detection of the primary lesion in her thigh. We review ASPS in the context of the current literature.
Infrapopliteal bypass for established gangrene of the forefoot or toes

Abstract This study was undertaken to assess factors affecting limb salvage after femorodistal bypass in patients with established gangrene. From January 1977 through June 1983, 361 patients underwent infrapopliteal bypasses; 58 patients (59 limbs) had forefoot and/or toe gangrene. There were 33 men and 25 women (mean age 67.6 years), and 40 patients (69%) were diabetic. A total of 71 femorodistal bypass procedures were performed in these patients: a single bypass in 49, repeat procedure in eight, and multiple bypasses in two patients. Graft material was autogenous saphenous vein in 22 cases, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in 39 cases, and a composite graft in 10 procedures. After bypass 50 patients underwent limited toe or forefoot amputation with uncomplicated healing. Limb salvage by life-table analysis was 70% at 1 year, 60% at 3 years, and 28% at 5 years. The graft patency at 3 years was 65% for vein grafts and 30% for PTFE grafts. In the entire series the operative mortality rate was 1.7%. Age, sex, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus did not influence the result of surgery. Similarly, failure of a previous femoropopliteal or tibial graft did not reduce the likelihood of limb salvage. Graft patency, however, is prerequisite for limb salvage, and graft patency can be maintained by thrombectomy or repetitive bypass. The present study suggests that limb salvage is possible in as many as two thirds of limbs with established gangrene. Although saphenous vein remains the graft material of choice, its absence should not preclude attempts at limb salvage. Repetitive grafting did not jeopardize patient safety but contributed significantly to extended limb survival. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:669-77.)
Responses in primary somatosensory cortex of rhesus monkey to controlled application of embossed grating and bar patterns.

Responses of 66 neurons in primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of three anesthetized monkeys (Macaca mulatto) were characterized with grating patterns of 550- to 2900-mm groove width (Gw) and 250-mm ridge width, and/or pairs of 3-mm-wide ridges (bars) spaced 1-20 mm apart. Surfaces were stroked across single fingertips at parametrically varied levels of force ('25-150 g) and velocity ('25-100 mm/sec). The average firing rates (AFRs) of many cells varied with Gw, but force and velocity altered response functions (e.g., from linear to plateau or inverted). Slowly adapting (SA) cells were more sensitive to force, rapidly adapting (RA) cells to velocity. Force and velocity affected all cells sensitive to Gw, which suggests that response independence (e.g., AFR correlated with Gw but not force or velocity) may require active touchDischarge intervals of many cells replicated stimulus temporal period. This temporal fidelity in SAs far exceeded examples reported for active touch. However, discharge burst duration a...
Expression of a β-glucosidase gene results in increased accumulation of salicylic acid in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc NN genotype

A β-glucosidase gene (bglA) from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c was cloned into the binary vector pGA482 under the control of the 35S Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) promoter. A second construct was generated for accumulation of the bglA gene product in the vacuole of transformed tobacco plants. Reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the bglA gene was expressed in 71% of cytosol-targeted and 67% of vacuole-targeted transgenic tobacco T1 plants. T1 transgenic plants (pGLU100 and pGLU200) exhibited elevated levels of free salicylic acid (SA) with a concomitant significant decrease in the level of glucosylsalicylic acid (GSA) compared to the untransformed tobacco plants and tobacco plants transformed with the empty vector (pGA482). Following inoculation with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), lesion area was 51% smaller in pGLU100 plants and 60% smaller in pGLU200 plants compared to inoculated untransformed and negative control plants.
The interface in Al2O3 particulate-reinforced aluminium alloy composite and its role on the tensile properties

The interface characterization of the aluminium alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particulates ((Al2O3)p/AI composite) was performed using X-ray diffractometry and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A layer of MgAl2O4 single crystals was observed at the (Al2O3)p/Al interface in the as-received extruded composites. Such MgAl2O4 crystals formed at the surface of (Al2O3)p are believed to grow by consuming a certain amount of (Al2O3)p. Upon loading, interfacial debonding was observed to occur at the boundary between MgAl2O4 and the aluminium alloy, or along the MgAl2O4 layer itself. These experimental observations are correlated with the tensile properties of such composites.
Writing dancing in the age of postmodernism

Drawing of the postmodern perspective and concerns that informed her groundbreaking Terpsichore in Sneakers, Sally Banes s Writing Dancing documents the background and developments of avant-garde and popular dance, analyzing individual artists, performances, and entire dance movements. With a sure grasp of shifting cultural dynamics, Banes shows how postmodern dance is integrally connected to other oppositional, often marginalized strands of dance culture, and considers how certain kinds of dance move from the margins to the mainstream. Banes begins by considering the act of dance criticism itself, exploring its modes, methods, and underlying assumptions, and examining the work of other critics. She traces the development of contemporary dance from the early work of such influential figures as Merce Cunningham and George Balanchine to such contemporary choreographers as Molissa Fenley, Karole Armitage, and Michael Clark. She analyzes the contributions of the Judson Dance Theatre and the Workers Dance League, the emergence of Latin postmodern dance in New York, and the impact of black jazz in Russia. In addition, Banes explores such untraditional performance modes as breakdancing and the drunk dancing of Fred Astaire."
fMRI segmentation at 1.5T by clustering

A feasibility study was conducted to segment 1.5T fMRIs into gray matter and large veins using individual pixel intensity and temporal phase delay as two correlated parameters in gradient echo images. The time-course of each pixel in gradient echo images acquired during visual stimulation with a checkerboard flashing at 8Hz was correlated to the stimulation 'on'-'off' sequence to identify activated pixels. The temporal delay of each activated pixels was estimated by fitting its time-course to a reference sinusoidal function. The mean signal intensity difference of the activated pixels was computed by subtracting the average of the 'on' images from the average of the 'off' images. After replacing each activated pixel with 2D features (i.e., intensity and time-delay), a clustering method based on a K-means algorithm was employed to classify vein and tissue pixels. Good demarcation between large veins and activated gray matter was achieved with this method.
Determination of the degree of coherence of light from spectroscopic measurements

A method is proposed for determination of the amplitude and the phase of the spectral degree of coherence from spectroscopic measurements. The technique is illustrated by a numerical example.
Parallelism of iterative CT reconstruction based on local reconstruction algorithm

An iterative algorithm is suited to reconstruct CT images from noisy or truncated projection data. However, as a disadvantage, the algorithm requires significant computational time. Although a parallel technique can be used to reduce the computational time, a large amount of communication overhead becomes an obstacle to its performance (Li et al. in J. X-Ray Sci. Technol. 13:1---10, 2005). To overcome this problem, we proposed an innovative parallel method based on the local iterative CT reconstruction algorithm (Wang et al. in Scanning 18:582---588, 1996 and IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 15(5):657---664, 1996). The object to be reconstructed is partitioned into a number of subregions and assigned to different processing elements (PEs). Within each PE, local iterative reconstruction is performed to recover the subregion. Several numerical experiments were conducted on a high performance computing cluster. And the FORBILD head phantom (Lauritsch and Bruder http://www.imp.uni-erlangen.de/phantoms/head/head.html ) was used as benchmark to measure the parallel performance. The experimental results showed that the proposed parallel algorithm significantly reduces the reconstruction time, hence achieving a high speedup and efficiency.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit composition in the rat trigeminal principal nucleus remains constant during postnatal development and following neonatal denervation.

Abstract N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a major role in various forms of developmental and adult synaptic plasticity (Lopez de Armentia M, Sah P (2003) J Neurosci 23:6876–6883). Activity-dependent shifts in NR2 subunits of the NMDARs have been proposed to be the molecular basis of critical period plasticity. Several supporting examples have been reported; however it is not clear whether the relationship between NMDAR subunit changes and neural plasticity are correlative or causal, nor whether such a relationship is universal across all sensory pathways with developmental plasticity. In the present study, we used voltage-clamp recording techniques to investigate whether subunit composition of NMDARs changes during development and after neonatal denervation in the principal sensory nucleus (PrV) of the trigeminal nerve. Relative AMPA receptor contribution to synaptic transmission increased linearly by the second postnatal week in the normal PrV. Denervation by peripheral nerve damage did not alter this process. We took the weighted decay time constant (τ w ) of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs as an index for NMDAR subunit composition. The τ w measurement and Western blot analysis revealed that NMDARs contained both NR2A and NR2B subunits. The NR2A/NR2B ratio did not change during postnatal development or after neonatal denervation. Thus, critical period plasticity-related pattern formation in the PrV does not depend on changes in subunit composition of NMDARs. The mechanism underlying developmental synaptic plasticity in the PrV differs from those in higher trigeminal centers and other brain structures.
Use of matched filters for extraction of left ventricular features in two-dimensional short-axis echocardiographic images

ABSTRACTAn automatic method for identification of the center point of the left ventricle of the myocardium during systole is described for 2-dimensional short—axis echocardiographic im-ages. This method, based on the use of large matched filters, identifies a single fixed centerpoint during systole, by locating the three features: the epicardial boundary along the pos-tenor wall, the epicardial boundary along the anterior wall, and the endocardial boundary along the anterior wall. Thus, it provides a first step towards the long term goal of auto- matic recognition of the endocardial and epicardial boundaries. An index associated withthe filter used to approximate the epicardial boundary along the posterior wall provides anindication of the quality of the image and a reliability measurement of the estimate. Whentested on 207 image sequences, 18 images were identified by this index (applied to the enddiastolic frame) as unsuitable for processing. In the remaining 189 image sequences, 16 ofthe automatically defined center points were judged poor when compared with estimatesmade on the end diastolic frame by an independent expert observer.
Subsurface drip application of alternative fumigants to methyl bromide for controlling nematodes in replanted grapevines

BACKGROUND: Many California grape growers use preplant fumigation to ensure uniform and healthy grapevine establishment in replant situations. A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of subsurface drip-applied chemical alternatives to methyl bromide on plant-parasitic nematodes, plant vigor and fruit yield during the 6 year period following replanting. RESULTS: Subsurface drip fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin and with iodomethane plus chloropicrin had generally similar nematicide activity as methyl bromide in three grape types, while sodium azide was less effective. The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin enhanced vine vigor similarly to methyl bromide. However, all plots treated with alternative fumigants produced less fruit yield than methyl bromide over the 4 years of evaluation. CONCLUSION: Subsurface drip fumigation with alternative chemicals to methyl bromide generally provided adequate management of plant-parasitic nematodes during the vine establishment period. However, further research is required to increase the performance of alternative chemicals against other components of the replant problem, as grape yield in vines grown in the alternative treatments was lower than in methyl bromide. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effectiveness of Serotonin-Receptor Antagonist Antiemetic Therapy over Successive Courses of Carboplatin-Based Chemotherapy

Abstract Purpose. There are extremely limited data available in the general oncology or gynecologic cancer literature to document the effectiveness of antiemetic therapy over multiple courses of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Methods. To examine this highly clinically relevant issue, we analyzed the complete treatment course of patients with gynecologic cancers receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy regimens who had participated in one of four institutional serotonin-receptor antagonist antiemetic trials, which had specifically evaluated the benefits of such therapy during only the first treatment course. Medical records were reviewed to examine the development of emesis during subsequent chemotherapy treatment cycles. Results. The 91 patients included in this analysis received a median of 6 courses (range 1–18) of carboplatin (initial AUC dose 4, 5, and 6 in 29, 29, and 32 patients, respectively). All received ondansetron or granisetron plus dexamethasone with every treatment course. Complete control of emesis (no acute or delayed nausea or vomiting) was experienced by 56 (62%) patients during every cycle. Conversely, 20% of women noted one or more episodes of nausea without vomiting and 19% developed at least one incidence of vomiting. In no case was emesis considered to be severe (grade 3), and no patient required either discontinuation of carboplatin or a dose reduction due to the development of emesis. Conclusion. In the large majority of patients, serotonin-receptor antagonist antiemetic therapy, administered in combination with dexamethasone, is highly effective over multiple courses in preventing significant carboplatin-induced nausea and vomiting.
Characterization of the performance variation for regular standard cell with process nonidealities

In IC manufacturing, the performance of standard cells often varies due to process non-idealities. Some research work on 2-D cell characterization shows that the timing variations can be characterized by the timing model. However, as regular design rules become necessary in sub-45nm node circuit design, 1-D design has shown its advantages and has drawn intensive research interest. The circuit performance of a 1-D standard cell can be more accurately predicted than that of a 2-D standard cell as it is insensitive to layout context. This paper presents a characterization methodology to predict the delay and power performance of 1-D standard cells. We perform lithography simulation on the poly gate array generated by dense line printing technology, which constructs the poly gates of inverters, and do statistical analysis on the data simulated within the process window. After that, circuit simulation is performed on the printed cell to obtain its delay and power performance, and the delay and power distribution curves are generated, which accurately predict the circuit performance of standard cells. In the end, the benefits of our cell characterization method are analyzed from both design and manufacturing perspectives, which shows great advantages in accurate circuit analysis and yield improving.
Effect of acoustic streaming on ultrasonic heating

It was found in in vitro experiments performed on tissue phantoms that acoustic streaming in low attenuating fluid may dramatically reduce the temperature rise generated by ultrasound at the surface of bone, if the ultrasound path contains a low-attenuating-fluid/thin-soft-tissue/bone structure. The temperature rise at the surface of bone generated by a 3.5 MHz focused ultrasound beam of 180 mW source acoustic power and an average acoustic intensity at the focus of 5.8 W/cm2 was measured to be only 18% of the value predicted by an existing model, when the bone was in contact with the low attenuating fluid. When a bone surface that is covered by 1 mm thick soft tissue is exposed to the same ultrasound beam, the measured temperature rise at the tissue-bone surface is only 60% of the calculated value.
Predictors of subgroups based on maximum drinks per occasion over six years for 833 adolescents and young adults in COGA

Objective:A person’s pattern of heavier drinking often changes over time, especially during the early drinking years, and reflects complex relationships among a wide range of characteristics. Optimal understanding of the predictors of drinking during times of change might come from studies of trajectories of alcohol intake rather than cross sectional evaluations.Method:The patterns of maximum drinks per occasion were evaluated every 2 years between the average ages of 18 and 24 years for 833 subjects from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Latent class growth analysis identified latent classes for the trajectories of maximum drinks, and then logistic regression analyses highlighted variables that best predicted class membership.Results:Four latent classes were found, including Class 1 (69%), with about 5 maximum drinks per occasion across time; Class 2 (15%), with about 9 drinks at baseline that increased to 18 across time; Class 3 (10%), who began with a maximum of 18 drinks per occas...
Mef2 gene expression marks the cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages during mouse embryogenesis.

Members of the MEF2 family of transcription factors bind a conserved A/T-rich sequence in the control regions of many skeletal and cardiac muscle genes. To begin to assess the roles of the different Mef2 genes in the control of muscle gene expression in vivo, we analyzed by in situ hybridization the expression patterns of the Mef2a, Mef2c and Mef2d genes during mouse embryogenesis. We first detected MEF2C expression at day 7.5 postcoitum (p.c.) in cells of the cardiac mesoderm that give rise to the primitive heart tube, making MEF2C one of the earliest markers for the cardiac muscle lineage yet described. By day 8.5, MEF2A, MEF2C and MEF2D mRNAs are all detected in the myocardium. By day 9.0, MEF2C is expressed in rostral myotomes, where its expression lags by about a day behind that of myf5 and several hours behind that of myogenin. MEF2A and MEF2D are expressed at a lower level than MEF2C in the myotome at day 9.5 and are detected in more embryonic tissues than MEF2C. Expression of each of the MEF2 transcripts is observed in muscle-forming regions within the limbs at day 11.5 p.c. and within muscle fibers throughout the embryo at later developmental stages. The expression of MEF2C in the somites and fetal muscle is distinct from that of MEF2A, MEF2D and the myogenic bHLH regulatory genes, suggesting that it may represent a distinct myogenic cell type. Neural crest cells also express high levels of MEF2 mRNAs between days 8.5 and 10.5 of gestation. After day 12.5 p.c., MEF2 transcripts are detected at high levels in specific regions of the brain and ultimately in a wide range of tissues. The distinct patterns of expression of the different Mef2 genes during mouse embryogenesis suggest that these genes respond to unique developmental cues and support the notion that their products play roles in the regulation of muscle-specific transcription during establishment of the cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages.
Beurling-Lax representations using classical Lie groups with many applications II: GL(n,©) and Wiener-Hopf factorization

The classical Beurling-Lax-invariant subspace theorem characterizes the full range simply invariant subspacesM of L n 2 as being of the formM=ΘH n 2 where Θ∈L n×n ∞ is a phase function. Here L n 2 is the Hilbert space of measurable ℂn-valued functions on the unit circle {eit|0≤t≤2π} which are square-integrable in norm, H n 2 is the subspace of functions in L n 2 with analytic continuation to the interior of the disk {z‖z|<1}, L n×n 2 is the space of measurable essentially bounded n×n matrix functions on the unit circle, and a phase function Θ is one whose values Θ(eit) are unitary for a.e. t (i.e., Θ(eit) is in the Lie group U(n) a.e.). Halmos extended this to L ∞ 2 . A subspace M⊂L n 2 is said to beinvariant if eit M⊂M,simply invariant if in addition $$\mathop \cap \limits_{k \geqslant 0} $$ eikt M=(0), andfull range if $$\mathop \cup \limits_{N > 0} $$ e−iNt M is dense in L n 2 . In the Beurling-Lax representationM=ΘH n 2 ,M uniquely determines Θ up to a unitary constant factor on the right if one insists that Θ(eit)∈U(n). If one demands only that Θ(eit) ∈ GL(n,ℂ) (the group of invertible n×n complex matrices), however, there is considerably more freedom; in fact ΘH n 2 =Θ1H n 2 where Θ1 ΘF and F∈L n×n ∞ is outer with inverse F−1∈L n×n ∞ . More generally, we have ΘH n 2 =[Θ1H n ∞ ]− whenever Θ1=ΘF and F is outer with F and F−1 in L n×n 2 . (An F∈L n×n 2 will be said to beouter if FH n ∞ is a dense subset of H n 2 .) In particular one can use this freedom to obtain representationsM=[ΘH n ∞ ]− where the representor Θ has values Θ(eit) in other matrix Lie groups. This program was carried out in accompanying work of the authors [B-H1-4] for the classical simple Lie groups U(m,n), O(p,q), O*(2n), Sp(n,C), Sp(n,R), Sp(p,q), O(n,C), GL(n,R), U*(2n), GL(n,R) and SL(n,C) and many applications were given. In this paper we give a natural theorem for GL(n,ℂ), by introducing the extra structure of preassigning the spaceM x=[ΘH n ∞ ]− as well asM=[ΘH n ∞ ]−. The theorems in [B-H1-4] can be derived by specializing our main result here for GL(n,ℂ) to the various subgroups which we listed.
An Alternative for Including Phasor Measurements in State Estimators

With the increasing use of real-time synchronized phasor measurement units, it is necessary to consider applications of these measurements in greater detail. One of the most natural applications of these measurements is in the area of state estimation. A straightforward application of state estimation theory treats phasor measurements of currents and voltages as additional measurements to be appended to traditional measurements now being used in most energy management system (EMS) state estimators. The resulting state estimator is once again nonlinear and requires significant modifications to existing EMS software. This paper proposes an alternative approach, which leaves the traditional state estimation software in place, and discusses a novel method of incorporating the phasor measurements and the results of the traditional state estimator in a postprocessing linear estimator. This paper presents the underlying theory and provides verification through simulations of the two alternative strategies. It is shown that the new technique provides the same results as the nonlinear state estimator and does not require modification of the existing EMS software
Pediatric neurology participation in a fetal diagnostic service

Fetal neurologic consultations were provided to 166 maternal-fetal pairs over a 5-year period. Consultations were initiated during the second trimester in 46% (74/166) of pairs. Fifty-percent (83/166) of these consultations involved brain malformations, of which 55% (46/83) were also associated with other organ abnormalities. Brain malformations principally consisted of encephalocele, dorsal neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly, cerebellar dysgenesis, and ventriculomegaly. Non-central nervous system organ system anomalies were observed in another 50% (83/166), in decreasing order of occurrence-cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, in utero growth restriction, and hydrops fetalis. Outcome data on 128 children included survival at delivery for 86/128 or 67.2%, termination in 16/128 (12.5%), stillborn 6/128 (4.7%), and postnatal deaths in 20/128 (15.6%). Maternal medical histories were abnormal for 65% of women. Placental pathology was abnormal in 80% (72/102) of available specimens, consisting of both chronic and acute lesions. Postnatal diagnoses were obtained in 128 neonates; 64% (82/128) remained the same diagnosis, 28.1% (36/128) had a worse or improved diagnosis, and 10/128 (7.8%) were normal. Pediatric neurologists can provide useful fetal consultations early during gestation, and must consider multiple organ diagnoses and maternal-placental diseases. Postnatal diagnoses may be different from the fetal diagnoses which will influence continuity of care for the child at older ages.
On some aspects of fully-developed turbulent flow in rectangular channels

For fully-developed turbulent flow in straight channels of non-circular cross-section, there exists a transverse mean flow superimposed upon the axial mean flow. This transverse flow, commonly known as secondary flow, interacts with the axial mean flow and turbulence structure in a complex manner. In this paper several heretofore unexplored aspects of this type of secondary flow are discussed on the basis of results of an extensive experimental programme which was conducted for steady, incompressible, fully-developed turbulent air flow in both square and rectangular channels. Specifically, the following aspects are examined: (a) the Reynolds-number effect on secondary flow, (b) the directional characteristics of local wall shear stress, (c) the orientation of Reynolds-stress principal planes in a plane normal to the axial flow direction, and (d) the Reynolds equation along a secondary-flow streamline.Within the Reynolds-number range of the investigation, the results indicate that secondary-flow velocities, when non-dimensionalized with either the bulk velocity or the axial mean-flow velocity at the channel centreline, decrease for an increase in Reynolds number. Also, the greatest skewness of local wall shear-stress vectors is shown to occur in the near vicinity of corners where secondary flow is maximum. In addition, it is shown that in planes normal to the axial flow direction, traces of Reynolds stress principal planes are not tangent and normal to lines of constant axial mean-flow velocity. This behaviour is in contrast to that for less complicated turbulent flows, for example, two-dimensional channel flow or circular-pipe flow where such traces are always tangent and normal to lines of constant axial mean-flow velocity in accordance with symmetry considerations. Finally, through experimental evaluation of terms in a momentum balance along a typical secondary-flow streamline, it is shown that secondary flow is the result of small differences in magnitude of opposing forces exerted by the Reynolds stresses and static pressure gradients in planes normal to the axial flow direction.
The End of Sacred Authority and the Genesis of Amorality and Disorder in Igbo Mini States

This study examines the politico-religious structure of Igbo mini states and the diverse factors that led to the end of sacred authority and the moral codes of governance in the mini states since the pre-colonial period. The study provides some insights into the consequences of the desacralization of authority, and offers some suggestions that may be helpful in the preservation of ancient Igbo political institutions and the moral values associated with them.
The Molecular Function of the Yeast Polo-like Kinase Cdc5 in Cdc14 Release during Early Anaphase

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc14 is sequestered within the nucleolus before anaphase entry through its association with Net1/Cfi1, a nucleolar protein. Protein phosphatase PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Net1 and keeps it as a hypophosphorylated form before anaphase. Activation of the Cdc fourteen early anaphase release (FEAR) pathway after anaphase entry induces a brief Cdc14 release from the nucleolus. Some of the components in the FEAR pathway, including Esp1, Slk19, and Spo12, inactivate PP2ACdc55, allowing the phosphorylation of Net1 by mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) (Clb2-Cdk1). However, the function of another FEAR component, the Polo-like kinase Cdc5, remains elusive. Here, we show evidence indicating that Cdc5 promotes Cdc14 release primarily by stimulating the degradation of Swe1, the inhibitory kinase for mitotic Cdk. First, we found that deletion of SWE1 partially suppresses the FEAR defects in cdc5 mutants. In contrast, high levels of Swe1 impair FEAR activation. We also demonstrated that the accumulation of Swe1 in cdc5 mutants is responsible for the decreased Net1 phosphorylation. Therefore, we conclude that the down-regulation of Swe1 protein levels by Cdc5 promotes FEAR activation by relieving the inhibition on Clb2-Cdk1, the kinase for Net1 protein.
A Survey on Technologies for Implementing Sensor Networks for Power Delivery Systems

The task of monitoring asset status and optimizing asset utilization for the T&D industry, given millions of assets and hundreds of thousands of miles of power lines distributed geographically over millions of square miles, seems particularly challenging if not impossible. Given the traditionally high cost of sensing and communications, the grid has minimal 'smarts' with much of the intelligence located at major substations. Dramatic reductions in sensor, computing and communications costs, coupled with significant performance enhancements has raised the possibility of realizing widely and massively distributed sensor networks (SNs) to monitor utility asset status. Under NEETRAC funding, a survey was conducted to review existing sensor technologies and products, and to estimate the possibility of extending these to realize distributed SNs. Possible applications for such SNs were also explored, as was the issue of cost point at which such networks would become commercially viable. This paper provides an overview of the highlights from the detailed survey that was conducted, and identifies 'gaps' in currently available sensor technologies, both from a performance and cost point.
Making Culture the Core of the Language Class: Can It Be Done?

The article examines the role of culture in the foreign language curriculum. The author looks at the difficulties in integrating culture in foreign language study. The author attempts to define culture and calls it a highly complex, elusive, multilayered notion which defies simple categorization. The role the Internet has played in transforming the traditional ways of incorporating culture in foreign language study. The article also discusses the foreign language course "Cultura," developed by a team from the Foreign Languages and Literatures Section at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Human papillomavirus type 6a DNA in the lung carcinoma of a patient with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis is characterized by a partial duplication

Transcriptionally active human papillomavirus type 6a (HPV-6a) DNA was detected in a lung carcinoma of a patient with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis. The carcinoma contained episomal HPV-6a genomes that had a duplication of the upstream regulatory region, the late region and a portion of the early region. HPV-6a genomes found in benign laryngeal papillomas from the same patient did not contain this duplication. A role for the mutant molecules in the pathogenesis of the malignancy is suggested.
Fine structure of the bone marrow of the chicken and pigeon

The structure of bone marrow from chickens and pigeons was studied with light and electron microscopy. Erythropoiesis occurs in the lumen of the medullary sinuses. Immature erythroid cells appear to adhere to the sinus wall and may thus be prevented from entering the peripheral circulation. The wall of the medullary sinuses is formed by elongated lining cells, lacking a basement membrane, which are continous except at sites where blood cells are passing through them. When viewed with the electron microscope, developing heterophil myelocytes, which occur only in the extravascular spaces, possess two populations of granules; one type is globular in content, the other is fibrillar in content. The globular type predominates during all stages of development and appears to be the specific granule. Specific granules originate from material which is formed in the Golgi complex, pinches off, and accumulates in expanded vesicles. The origin of the material in the fibrillar granules was not determined. Like the globular granules of heterophil leucocytes, granules of eosinophil leucocytes arise from material which is formed in the Golgi complex.
Multifrequency electron spin resonance study of the dynamics of spin labeled T4 lysozyme.

An extensive set of electron spin resonance spectra was obtained over a wide range of frequencies (9, 95, 170, and 240 GHz) and temperatures (2 to 32 °C) to explore the dynamic modes of nitroxide-labeled T4 lysozyme in solution. A commonly used nitroxide side chain (R1), or a methylated analogue with hindered internal motion (R2), was substituted for the native side chain at solvent-exposed helical sites, 72 or 131. The spectra at all four frequencies were simultaneously fit with the slowly relaxing local structure (SRLS) model. Good fits were achieved at all the temperatures. Two principle dynamic modes are included in the SRLS model, the global tumbling of the protein and the internal motion consisting of backbone fluctuations and side chain isomerizations. Three distinct spectral components were required for R1 and two for R2 to account for the spectra at all temperatures. One is a highly ordered and slow motional component, which is observed in the spectra of both R1 and R2; it may correspond to conformers stabilized by interaction with the protein surface. The fraction of this component decreases with increasing temperature and is more populated in the R2 spectra, possibly arising from stronger interaction of the nitroxide ring with the protein surface due to the additional methyl group. The other two components of R1 and the second component of R2 are characterized by fast anisotropic diffusion and relatively low ordering, most likely corresponding to conformers having little or no interactions with nearby residues. Ficoll of different concentrations was added to increase the solution viscosity, thereby slowing down the global tumbling of the protein. A significant effect of Ficoll on the internal motion of an immobilized component was apparent in R2 but not in R1. The ability of such multifrequency studies to separate the effects of faster internal modes of motion from slower overall motions is clearly demonstrated, and its utility in future studies is considered.
A mídia e a crise da democracia: repensando a política estética

This essay reassesses Walter Benjamin's thesis of the aesthetisation of politics with reference to the development of the mass media and the crisis of democracy. His thesis of the aesthetisation of politics represents the focal point of his account of both the crisis of liberal democracy and the emergence of fascism. The examination of Benjamin's analysis of the interplay between fascist politics and the mass media leads to a wider critical consideration of the function of political spectacle in the media age. In so doing, I seek to draw out its relevance for our critical understanding of the linkage between new media and democracy, be it "new" or "old" democracy.
Cardiac arrhythmia therapy

Cardiac dysfunction is often manifested as arrhythmia, with disruption of the normal periodicity and regularity of electromechanical activity. The therapy for arrhythmia begins with proper diagnosis, since many pharmacological interventions are themselves arrhythmogenic. Intervention for acute arrhythmia involves correction of underlying systemic conditions by ensuring adequate oxygenation, ventilation, acid-base homeostasis, electrolyte balance, and fluid status. Classification of antiarrhythmic agents assists in a structured treatment approach that utilizes different agents based on the etiology of the arrhythmia and the drug's mechanism of action. A deliberate treatment strategy guided by the morphological criteria of the arrhythmia modified by the rate and duration of complexes, noting symptoms and hemodynamic stability, is desirable.
Age-Related Resistance to Phytophthora Fruit Rot in 'Dickenson Field' Processing Pumpkin and 'Golden Delicious' Winter Squash Fruit.

Abstract Phytophthora fruit rot, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is a major constraint to cucurbit production for the processing industry in Michigan. Age-related resistance to Phytophthora fruit rot has been identified in pepper and some cucurbit fruit. In this study, ‘Dickenson Field’ processing pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and ‘Golden Delicious’ winter squash (C. maxima) were evaluated for age-related resistance to Phytophthora fruit rot. Hand-pollinated fruit were harvested 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, or 56 days post pollination (dpp), and inoculated with P. capsici isolate 12889. Susceptibility to Phytophthora fruit rot decreased with fruit age in Dickenson Field processing pumpkin, whereas Golden Delicious winter squash remained susceptible to fruit rot even as fruit reached full physiological maturity. Less than 15% of Dickenson Field fruit 21 dpp or older became diseased. Conversely, about 80% of Golden Delicious fruit 21 dpp or older became diseased. Lesion diameter and pathogen growth density rati...
Comparison of TRMM Precipitation Radar and Airborne Radar Data

Abstract The first spaceborne weather radar is the precipitation radar (PR) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), which was launched in 1997. As part of the TRMM calibration and validation effort, an airborne rain-mapping radar (ARMAR) was used to make underflights of TRMM during the B portion of the Texas and Florida Underflights (TEFLUN-B) and the third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) in 1998 and the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) in 1999. The TRMM PR and ARMAR both operate at 14 GHz, and both instruments use a downward-looking, cross-track scanning geometry, which allows direct comparison of data. Nearly simultaneous PR and ARMAR data were acquired in seven separate cases. These data are compared to examine the effects of larger resolution volume and lower sensitivity in the PR data relative to ARMAR. The PR and ARMAR data show similar structures, although the PR data tend to have lower maximum reflectivities and path attenuations because of nonuniform beam-filling effects. Non...