cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ORHis, a Natural Variant of OR, Specifically Interacts with Plastid Division Factor ARC3 to Regulate Chromoplast Number and Carotenoid Accumulation.

Abstract Chromoplasts are colored plastids that synthesize and store massive amounts of carotenoids. Chromoplast number and size define the sink strength for carotenoid accumulation in plants. However, nothing is known about the mechanisms controlling chromoplast number. Previously, a natural allele of Orange (OR), ORHis, was found to promote carotenoid accumulation by activating chromoplast differentiation and increasing carotenoid biosynthesis, but cells in orange tissues in melon fruit and cauliflower OR mutant have only one or two enlarged chromoplasts. In this study, we investigated an ORHis variant of Arabidopsis OR, genetically mimicking the melon ORHis allele, and found that it also constrains chromoplast number in Arabidopsis calli. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that ORHis specifically interacts with the Membrane Occupation and Recognition Nexus domain of ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS 3 (ARC3), a crucial regulator of chloroplast division. We further showed that ORHis interferes with the interaction between ARC3 and PARALOG OF ARC6 (PARC6), another key regulator of chloroplast division, suggesting a role of ORHis in competing with PARC6 for binding to ARC3 to restrict chromoplast number. Overexpression or knockout of ARC3 in Arabidopsis ORHis plants significantly alters total carotenoid levels. Moreover, overexpression of the plastid division factor PLASTID DIVISION 1 greatly enhances carotenoid accumulation. These division factors likely alter carotenoid levels via their influence on chromoplast number and/or size. Taken together, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the machinery controlling chromoplast number and highlight a potential new strategy for enhancing carotenoid accumulation and nutritional value in food crops.
Campus community gardens and student health: A case study of a campus garden and student well-being.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between working at a campus community garden and student volunteers' wellbeing. Participants: 76 undergraduate students at a large urban university in the San Francisco Bay area. Methods: A Web-based survey was conducted. Using an email mailing list of current and former garden volunteers, the study questionnaire was sent to survey participants multiple times to promote higher response rate. Results: Bootstrap regression revealed that both connectedness to nature and general health were significant predictors of a general well-being variable. Conclusions: University leaders might consider that campus natural spaces contribute to student success and may be among the few opportunities that urban college students have to engage with nature.
OPTIMAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY: SMALL GAINS?

Agricultural subsidies distort the allocation of workers across sectors, and may keep too many workers in agriculture. We use a general equilibrium model with endogenous sector selection calibrated to the U.S. economy to assess the efficiency loss and redistribution effect of the current transfer system. Eliminating current subsidies has two main effects: (1) small efficiency gains (around 4% of agricultural output) and (2) a corresponding rise in the price of agricultural goods. We find high‐productivity farmers to be the main beneficiaries of the existing policies, although some of the transfers generate a redistribution effect toward low‐productivity agents, which extends beyond the agricultural sector. (JEL H21, H25, H30, J24, J31, J43)
Introduction: What Persists, What Changes

We have learned a lot about the effects of climate change by studying the Western Mountains. Some of us see them as a grand “natural experiment”. Our “lab” is one of the most diverse on Earth, in that from west to east and north to south across the Western Mountains, there is more ecological variation than almost anywhere else on the planet. The setting for this natural experiment that we are observing has two elements, one of which persists throughout, the mountains themselves, and one that changes constantly, the climate. The chapters that follow address topics sequentially that are the core of mountain ecology: water, forests, disturbances like fire and insect outbreaks, wildlife, human influences, and the interactions of all of these. We will see much scientific language in the chapters that follow. To make it more accessible I define thoroughly the most important words and phrases.
Effects of cyclic compression on intervertebral disc metabolism using a whole-organ rat tail model.

Many factors contribute to the development and progression of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. This study was designed to assess the effects of compressive load magnitude on IVD metabolism. It was hypothesized that as load magnitude increased, there would be a significant increase in release of proinflammatory and degradative biomarkers, and a significant decrease in tissue proteoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents compared with unloaded controls. IVD whole organ functional spinal units (FSU) consisting of cranial and caudal body halves, cartilage endplates, and IVD (n = 36) were harvested from the tails of six Sprague Dawley rats, and FSUs were cultured at 0.0 MPa, 0.5 MPa, or 1.0 MPa at 0.5 Hz for 3 days. After culture, media were collected for biomarker analysis and FSUs were analyzed for extracellular matrix composition. Significant differences were determined using a one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc analyses. Media concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and MMP-8 were significantly higher in the 0.5 MPa compared with the 0.0 MPa group. Media concentrations of PGE2 and TIMP-1 were significantly higher in the 1.0 MPa group compared with the 0.0 MPa group, and media PGE2 was significantly higher in the 1.0 MPa group compared with the 0.5 MPa group. Media GAG content was significantly higher in the 1.0 MPa group compared with the 0.0 MPa group, and percent GAG in the tissue was significantly lower in 0.5 MPa and 1.0 MPa groups compared with the 0.0 MPa group. Clinical Significance: These data suggest that there are magnitude-dependent inflammatory and degradative IVD responses to cyclic loading, which may contribute to IVD degeneration.
Resilience of college students with rural left-behind experience in China: a qualitative study

Although parent–child separation and environmental pressure cast numerous challenges to left-behind children, some of them still achieved positive development. This study employed a life-course per...
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Therapy for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) therapy was approved in 2014 for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in patients who are intolerant to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which is reported in up to 40-60% of patients. This therapy works via direct neurostimulation of the hypoglossal nerve in synchrony with respiration, to open the airway via tongue stiffening and protrusion. Studies have demonstrated significant reductions in both respiratory parameters such as disordered breathing indices, as well as subjective sleep complaints, such as daytime sleepiness, with the use of this therapy. This has increased the repertoire of treatment options for sleep providers to recommend to those patients that are intolerant to CPAP therapy.
Evaluation of Size, Laterality, and Location of Unilateral Vocal Fold Lesions on Voice Quality.

Summary Introduction The presence of a vocal fold mass implies high mechanical stress at the vocal fold base during vibration and an impaired glottic closure. However, evidence about its potential effects on diagnostic tools used in voice evaluation is lacking. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the location, laterality, and size of a unilateral unique vocal fold lesion on patient self-assessment questionnaires, acoustic-aerodynamic voice measures, and perceptual voice evaluation (GRBAS scale). Methods A retrospective chart review involving patients with a diagnosis of a unique unilateral vocal fold lesion and a complete voice evaluation was performed. A total of 58 patients were enrolled and demographics, characteristics of the vocal fold lesion (size, laterality, and location), self-assessment questionnaires, acoustic-aerodynamic measures, and perceptual evaluation (GRBAS scale) were analyzed. Pearson correlation and ANOVA analysis were completed to evaluate the correlation between the clinical characteristics of the vocal fold mass and self-assessment questionnaires, and to compare the level of significance for the differences between the continuous variables between groups of patients once stratified according to the location or laterality of the vocal fold mass. Results Glottal Function Index was found to correlate with the location of the vocal fold mass (P 0.05). Patients with a lesion located in the anterior-middle 2/3 of the vocal fold were found to have a higher mean Glottal Function Index and (G) component of the GRBAS scale (P 0.05). Conclusion The size and location of unilateral vocal fold lesions were found to have no effect on the majority of measures analyzed in this study. This is the first study we know of to assess the effect that laterality of the vocal fold lesion may have on the self-assessment questionnaires, audio-perceptual, and acoustic-aerodynamic measures included in this study. Our study found no significant differences in regard to laterality. This may indicate that other factors (eg, stiffness of lesion, amount of extraneous muscle tension, etc) could have more of an impact on audio-perceptual, self-assessment questionnaires, and acoustic-aerodynamic measures. Further research with larger cohort sizes and possibly prospective analysis is needed.
Continuous safety screens for randomized controlled clinical trials with blinded treatment information

Article history: Received 9 December 2010 Revised 1 May 2011 Accepted 21 May 2011 Available online 1 June 2011 Standard methods for testing safety data are needed to ensure the safe conduct of clinical trials. In particular, objective rules for reliably identifying unsafe treatments need to be put into place to help protect patients from unnecessary harm. DMCs are uniquely qualified to evaluate accumulating unblinded data andmake recommendations about the continuing safe conduct of a trial. However, it is the trial leadership who must make the tough ethical decision about stopping a trial, and they could benefit from objective statistical rules that help them judge the strength of evidence contained in the blinded data. We design objective early stopping rules for harm that act as continuous safety screens for randomized controlled clinical trials using the accumulating data with blinded treatment information, which could be used by anyone, including trial investigators and trial leadership. A Bayesian framework, with emphasis on the likelihood function, is used to allow for continuous monitoring without adjusting for multiple comparisons. Close collaboration between the statistician and the clinical investigators will be needed in order to design safety screens with good operating characteristics. Though the math underlying this procedure may be computationally intensive, implementation of the statistical rules will be easy and the continuous screening provided will give suitabley early warning when real problems were to emerge. Trial investigators and trial leadership need these safety screens to help them to effectively monitor the ongoing safe conduct of clinical trials with blinded data. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Curriculum and Imagination: Process Theory, Pedagogy and Action Research

Part 1: Curriculum: The Theoretic Domain 1. Curriculum and its Ideological Conception 2. Curriculum, Quality and Freedom 3. Curriculum Design and Theorizing 4: Some Limitations of the Objectives Model in Curriculum 5. A Process Inquiry Model for Curriculum Part 2: Democratic Pedagogy: The Practical 6. The Teacher as Researcher: Action Research as the Basis for Professional Development 7: Action Research and Philosophy: Origins, Nature and Conduct of Inquiry 8. The Action Research Seminar and Democratic Pedagogy 9. Controversial Issues, Evidence and Pedagogy 10. Ethics, Inquiry and Practical Reason: Towards an Improved Pedagogy Part 3: Teacher Values and Teacher Education 11. Teachers' Human Values and Ideologies Part 4: Curriculum and Evaluation: The Critical Domain 12. The Countenance of Evaluation and the Special Place of Action Research
Implications of physico–chemical interactions in asphalt mastics on asphalt microstructure

Abstract Asphalt binder and filler blend to form asphalt mastic, which constitutes the effective adhesive film in asphalt concrete. Pavement performance can be improved through better engineering of the mastic, which requires a fundamental understanding of the interaction between asphalt and filler. Physico–chemical interactions result in adsorption of polar fractions of the asphalt onto filler surfaces, leading to the formation of an interphase layer on the surface of particles and modifying the asphalt binder matrix. This study seeks to investigate the effects of physico–chemical interaction on binder matrix microstructure using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and qualitatively relate microstructural findings to macroscopic rheology.
Effect of Alkylation of Sperm Whale Myoglobin on Response to Extremes of Temperature and pH

Abstract Carboxymethyl and carboxamidomethyl derivatives of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin were prepared by reaction near pH 6.7 with bromoacetate and iodoacetamide, respectively. As had been established earlier, unless the reaction was carried to an extreme stage in the modification of histidine residues, the derivatives obtained were stable at neutral pH. The derivatives were generally less stable than the unreacted protein at high pH values, as judged by measurements of absorption and optical rotatory spectra. Of the two types of derivatives, the less highly negatively charged carboxamidomethyl myoglobin proved the more stable at pH 11.5 and above. In acid solution at pH 3.2 or pH 2.2, the derivatives, like the unreacted protein, showed a characteristically fully altered absorption spectrum. Optical rotatory measurements showed, however, that the apparent helix content decreased between pH 3.2 and pH 2.2. The decrease was least marked with the less strongly positively charged carboxymethyl myoglobin preparations. Both types of derivative behaved much like the unreacted protein in experiments in which the optical rotation at 233 mµ was studied as a function of temperature up to 80° or 85°. At these highest temperatures, the apparent order of stability was unreacted myoglobin g carboxamidomethyl derivative g carboxymethyl derivative, and aggregation with precipitation developed in a few minutes. The unreacted protein showed little or no tendency to redissolve on recooling to 23°. However, both derivatives were recovered to the extent of about 60% as apparently native protein. It was concluded that although electrostatic factors probably played a discernible role in determining the relative stabilities of the proteins at extremes of pH, such factors were not prominent in affecting the conformational transitions at high temperatures. Either modified derivative proved much better able to recover the native conformation on cooling than the unreacted protein. It is suggested that the advantage in having the external histidine residues modified may lie in the coding introduced to specify that such residues shall remain at all times in a hydrophilic environment, and not become trapped in erroneous, internal conformational variants.
Reconstruction of internal ring with attached flaps of aponeurotic fascia in indirect inguinal hernia

Abstract 1. 1. The basic importance of the imperfect internal ring in the production of indirect inguinal hernia is stressed. 2. 2. A brief history of methods of dealing with indirect inguinal hernia, leading to the present day conception of treatment of hernia by injection, is given. 3. 3. A method of reconstructing the internal ring with attached flaps of fascia from the aponeurosis of the external oblique is shown to be mechanically practical.
Tanning beds: A call to action for further educational and legislative efforts

Backgorund and objectives Melanoma is steadily increasing over the past decade. Recent studies confirmed a link between tanning bed use and melanoma. We sought to determine the prevalence and frequency of tanning bed among young patients with melanoma. Methods We retrospectively analyzed tanning bed use among young melanoma patients compared to controls selected from the hospital medical records. A telephone survey investigated family history of melanoma or skin cancer, hair color, eye color, skin type, tanning bed use, and patient awareness of dangers of tanning bed use. Results A total of 601 melanoma cases were identified; 265 (44%) completed the telephone survey as did 195 (31%) controls. Of these 460 subjects, 260 were female. Females were 3.0 times more likely to have used a tanning bed. Melanoma patients had natural light color hair, blue–green eyes, and 2.0 times more likely to use a tanning bed than controls. Among the tanning bed users, 90% were aware of danger of tanning bed. Conclusions Our study found that tanning beds were more likely to be used by young women, the majority of whom are aware of the associated risks. Eliminating the use of tanning beds should be considered to decrease the incidence of melanoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:183–187. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organizational Contexts for Environmental Construction and Objectification Activity

This paper argues that organizations are the source of an adaptation–construction cycle. In that cycle, the consequences of organizational adaptations to current environmental states are constructed by the organization's managers into new environmental states. Therefore organizational action in response to environmental conditions has both an adaptive component and an unintended environmental enactment component. The paper identifies attributes of adapting organizations that increase the level of managerial activity devoted to environmental construction and objectification. The theoretical logic of delineating these organizational attributes moves the paper beyond present versions of enactment theory, ‘social construction of reality’ theory, and structuration theory to focus on predictors of variation in concrete activity resulting in environmental construction and objectification. Based on the discussion of the organizational predictors, propositions to be tested in future empirical research are offered. Also, the propositions are used to suggest extensions to enactment theory, social construction of reality theory, structuration theory, and contemporary versions of neo-institutional theory. These extensions are detailed in the discussion section.
Predictive value of hyperthermia and intracranial hypertension on neurological outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

AbstractBackground: Intracranial hypertension (ICH) and hyperthermia are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated with worse neurological outcomes. This study sets out to determine the combined power of temperature and intracranial pressure (ICP) for predicting neurologic outcomes and prolonged length of stay (LOS) following severe TBI.Methods: High resolution (every 6 seconds) temperature and ICP data were collected in adults with severe TBI from 2008–2010. Temperatures were plotted against concurrent ICP and divided based on breakpoints (Temperature: 38.5 °C, ICP: 30 mmHg). The percentage of time spent in each section, as well as several pooled unfavourable conditions (hyperthermia ± ICH), were then evaluated for predictive value for ICU-LOS > 7 days and short-term ( 6 months) dichotomized neurologic outcomes.Results: Fifty patients were included for analysis with severe TBI. Evaluation of the area under the operating receiver cur...
Nystagmus in an Emaciated Infant

A 7-month-old boy was referred for monocular nystagmus and failure to thrive. He was born at full term weighing 3.63 kg after a normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery. He grew appropriately until 3 months of age, after which his weight dropped from the 50th percentile to the fifth percentile in 2 months despite maintenance of a fairly adequate caloric intake. The patient had multiple episodes of emesis. Results of his gastrointestinal evaluation were normal. At 6 months of age, he developed a constant rapid nystagmus of the right eye. On presentation, he was a happy, engaged, alert child with an emaciated appearance (Figure, A). His head was of normal size, although it appeared large relative to his small body size. During the examination, the patient was socially interactive and visually attentive. He had normal, optokinetic responses and brisk pupillary responses with no relative afferent pupillary defect. He had a rapid pendular horizontal nystagmus, with no associated strabismus, head nodding, or torticollis (Video). The patient looked readily toward objects held in the peripheral visual field of either eye. The retinal examination showed normal-sized optic discs without swelling or pallor. The patient had no history or findings suggestive of neurofibromatosis type 1. Video at jamaophthalmology.com
Development of web-based science portal for large-scale computing collaboration in earthquake engineering

Cyberinfrstructure has provided the wide-ranging infrastructure needed to profit from the rapid progress in information technology, which has increased the demand for support from science and engineering applications. The science portals have played an important role in developing computing environments of such cyberinfrastructure. And discipline-specific problem solving environments can be used productively, suitable for the study and development of scientific and technical applications. In this paper, we present a simple, web-based computational portal framework for integrating numerical response from thousands of large-scale earthquake engineering computational simulations. This system facilitates access and use of the high performance computing HPC resource by the researchers and provides an administratively and technologically streamlined environment for uploading input model files, creating the job script, editing the input model file, specifying HPC job parameters, querying running job status, and storing output data. Our web-based science portal can be used to promote an efficient and effective simulation environment to help scientists as well as educators in their daily activities and speed up the scientific discovery process. The underlying numerical simulation platform is an open-source object-oriented framework for finite element analysis, Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, funded by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, and used by the proposed science portal to perform simulation applications in earthquake engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The case for anisotropic mass loss from T Tauri stars

Observational evidence and theoretical arguments are assembled in favor of directed, rather than isotropic, mass flows from T Tauri stars. These arguments include the structure of T Tauri nebulosities, radio continuum maps of the stars, the motions of Herbig-Haro objects away from their exciting T Tauri stars, bipolar CO flows, and particularly the spatial coincidence of an optical jet and radio emission associated with an embedded, probably T Tauri star in the dark cloud L1551.
T dependence of pseudoscalar and scalar correlations

Inhomogeneous pseudoscalar and scalar Bethe-Salpeter equations solved using a renormalization-group-improved rainbow-ladder truncation exhibit bound state poles below and above T{sub c}, the critical temperature for chiral symmetry restoration. Above T{sub c} the bound state amplitudes are identical, as are the positions and residues of the pseudoscalar and scalar poles in the vertices. In the chiral limit the {pi}{sup 0}{yields}{gamma}{gamma} coupling vanishes at T{sub c}, as do f{sub {pi}}, m{sub {sigma}}, and g{sub {sigma}{pi}{pi}}. For light current-quark masses the 2{pi} decay channel of the isoscalar-scalar bound state remains open until very near T{sub c}, and the widths of the dominant pion decay modes remain significant in the vicinity of the crossover.
Tobacco use and other risk behaviors: cross-sectional and predictive relationships for adolescent orthodontic patients.

Background The purpose of these analyses was to examine the prevalence of selected substance abuse, general and dental health risk, and scholastic risk behaviors and their cross-sectional and predictive relationships with tobacco use among 15, 179 adolescent orthodontic patients in Southern California. Methods Subjects were recruited through 154 orthodontists' offices and interviewed by telephone at baseline and two-year posttest. Results Results show a pattern of increasing prevalence of risk behaviors with age. In most cases, gender differences were small. There were statistically significant positive relationships between each risk behavior and tobacco use status for both boys and girls. Prevalence rates of risk behaviors other than tobacco use were highest for current smokers, intermediate for experimenters, and lowest for respondents reporting that they had never used tobacco. Baseline tobacco use predicted each posttest risk behavior in logistic regression analyses. Principle components analysis (with varimax rotation) of posttest risk practices other than tobacco use yielded three theoretically meaningful factors, all which were predicted by baseline tobacco use in multiple regressions. Conclusions These findings show that tobacco use among adolescents can predict subsequent risk practices other than tobacco use as long as two years, and that unhealthy behaviors among teens are interrelated. Orthodontists, who have a high frequency of adolescent patient contact, may be in a unique position to deliver health promotion interventions to their patients; possibly targeting multiple risk behaviors.
Association Between Chronic Caregiving Stress and Impaired Endothelial Function in the Elderly

Objectives: We examined the relationship between chronic caregiving stress and endothelial function.Background: Evidence suggests that caregiving stress is associated with pathophysiologic processe...
WE-D-L100F-01: Highly Accelerated MRI Using Undersampled Acquisition and HYPR Processing

During the past several years there has been a growing body of research developments that might be considered the beginning of a “Post Nyquist Era” in medical imaging. Investigators at Stanford and Cal Tech have shown that the iterative non‐Fourier reconstruction “Compressed Sensing” method can be used to reconstruct single images with far less than the required number of Nyquist samples [1,2] for image data sets that satisfy certain sparsity requirements. The recent developments in parallel imaging also permit the reconstruction of relatively artifact free images by synthesizing missing k‐space information using sensitivity profiles from multiple coils[3,4]. Our group has been investigating the use of VIPR, a vastly undersampled radial imaging technique [5,6] that almost immediately provides full spatial resolution after a small number of excitations at the expense of streak artifacts. In 3D these artifacts are quite incoherent and provide little degradation of image quality. Data undersampling factors of several hundred relative to the Nyquist criterion have been achieved. Recently VIPR has been combined with a new reconstruction method called HYPR (HighlY constrained PRojection reconstruction) [7] that exploits the spatio‐‘temporal’ redundancy in medical image sequences involving any serial change in an imaging variable such as time, echo time, diffusion tensor encoding direction, etc. Using HYPR in combination with VIPR, angular undersampling factors on the order of 1000 in phase contrast angiography have been achieved with good image quality. A fundamental characteristic of HYPR is its ability to provide higher SNR than competing acceleration technique. The HYPR technique has been applied to X‐ray CT angiography where clinically acceptable time‐resolved angiographic image series have been reconstructed using 1/46th of the conventional x‐ray dose. Educational Objectives 1. To understand the advantages of 3D radial undersampling for increasing spatial and temporal resolution. 2. To understand how HYPR provides further acceleration with substantial preservation of SNR. 3. To understand how HYPR may be applied in a wide variety of medical imaging applications.
Maize canopies under two soil water regimes

The feasibility of determining at 5-min intervals the fluxes of water vapor and CO2 using a Bowen ratio/energy balance/CO2 gradient (BREB+) apparatus was studied. Details of the BREB+ apparatus are given. The results obtained over maize canopies at the short 5-min signal averaging time are examined in several aspects. One aspect is the fact that on days when net radiation (Rn) changed rapidly because of cloud movement, latent heat flux (λE) fluctuated nearly in unison at 5-min intervals with the fluctuations in independently measured Rn, Bowen ratio, and canopy temperature. The direction of the fluctuations is consistent with the principles of energy balance and gradient transport. Hence, the results support the use of the short signal averaging time. Another aspect is the coincidental fluctuations in the measured differential in water vapor (Δq) and in carbon dioxide (ΔCO2) at two heights above the canopy on clear days when the trend in radiation was steady, which appeared to be the result of measurement noise at first glance. It turned out that Δq and ΔCO2 fluctuated largely in unison, indicating the likelihood of real accumulation of water vapor and depletion of CO2 near the top of the canopy at times of low turbulence, and the opposite effects of reduced accumulation and depletion at times of high turbulence. The calculated values of eddy transfer coefficient for water vapor, Kw, is consistent with this interpretation. In spite of the fluctuations in Δq, the time trend in λE was steady on clear days. In contrast, the time trend in the 5-min canopy CO2 flux (Acf) often exhibited substantial short term peaks and dips. Parts of these fluctuations in Acf may be attributed to the measurement noise in ΔCO2 and the inherent larger errors in calculating Acf. The error contributed by the changes in CO2 and water vapor stored within the canopy air volume from one measurement interval to the next were evaluated. The limited results show that the errors due to storage were largely minor and were similar in relative size for λE and for Acf. The 5-min mean data were compared with the 30-min mean data to evaluate whether the shorter averaging time is sufficient to make horizontal divergence of energy components insignificant. The comparison indicates negligible mean horizontal movements in λE and sensible heat H and demonstrates the fulfillment of the assumption of one-dimensional transport underlying the BREB+ technique. On days of variable clouds, it is shown that the 30-min mean values distorted or obliterated the expected responses of the canopy to sudden changes in radiation. Some limitations and other inaccuracies of the BREB+ technique are discussed. Overall, the results are strongly supportive of the validity of the BREB+ technique in general, and the use of the novel averaging time of 5 min for λE and H over field crops in particular. The necessary averaging time for Acf is less certain and further study is desirable.
Power versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries economic thought and practice were predominantly carried on within the framework of that body of ideas which was later to be called “mercantilism.” Although there has been almost no systematic investigation of the relationship in mercantilist thought between economic and political objectives or ends in the field of foreign policy, certain stereotypes have become so prevalent that few scholars have seriously questioned or examined their validity. One of these stereotypes is that mercantilism was a “system of power,” that is, that “power” was for mercantilists the sole or overwhelmingly preponderant end of foreign policy, and that wealth, or “plenty,” was valued solely or mainly as a necessary means to attaining or retaining or exercising power. It is the purpose of this paper to examine in the light of the available evidence the validity of this interpretation of mercantilist thought and practice. Tracing the history of ideas, however, always runs to many words, and limitations of space force me to confine myself, even with respect to bibliographical references, to samples of the various types of relevant evidence. That the samples are fair ones I can only attest by my readiness in most cases to expand them indefinitely.
Toeplitz algebras on the disk

Abstract Let B be a Douglas algebra and let B be the algebra on the disk generated by the harmonic extensions of the functions in B. In this paper we show that B is generated by H ∞ ( D ) and the complex conjugates of the harmonic extensions of the interpolating Blaschke products invertible in B. Every element S in the Toeplitz algebra T B generated by Toeplitz operators (on the Bergman space) with symbols in B has a canonical decomposition S = T S ˜ + R for some R in the commutator ideal C T B ; and S is in C T B iff the Berezin transform S ˜ vanishes identically on the union of the maximal ideal space of the Douglas algebra B and the set M 1 of trivial Gleason parts.
Effect of dexamethasone or fetal lung 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase: Possible mechanism for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus by maternal dexamethasone therapy

Prenatal maternal glucocorticoid treatment has been reported to reduce the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in prematurely born infants. Patency of the ductus arteriosus is thought to be maintained primarily by the vasodilatory effect of PGE2 both in utero and in prematurely born infants, and lung is a major source of PGE2 in fetuses and neonates. 15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) catalyzes the initial reaction in converting biologically active PGE2 to its inactive analogue, 15-keto-PGE2. In the present study, effect of prenatal dexamethasone treatment on the activity of fetal rat lung 15-PGDH was studied at 20, 21 and 22 days of gestation. Activity of fetal lung 15-PGDH more than doubled from 20 to 22 days of gestation. Dexamethasone treatment at 0.4 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg significantly increased the activity of 15-PGDH in both 20- and 21-day fetuses but had no effect on 22-day fetuses. We speculate that the clinical observation that prenatal glucocorticoid treatment reduces the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants may in part be due to the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoid on the activity of 15-PGDH in fetal and neonatal lung and possibly other organs.
On smoothness properties of spatial processes

For inferential analysis of spatial data, probability modelling in the form of a spatial stochastic process is often adopted. In the univariate case, a realization of the process is a surface over the region of interest. The specification of the process has implications for the smoothness of process realizations and the existence of directional derivatives. In the context of stationary processes, the work of Kent (Ann. Probab. 17 (1989) 1432) pursues the notion of a.s. continuity while the work of Stein (Interpolation of Spatial Data; Some Theory for Kriging, Springer, New York, 1999) follows the path of mean square continuity (and, more generally, mean square differentiability). Our contribution is to clarify and extend these ideas in various ways. Our presentation is self-contained and not at a deep mathematical level. It will be of primary value to the spatial modeller seeking greater insight into these smoothness issues.
Synthesis and characterization of [Fe2OX6]2tau; (X = Cl, Br, I) complexes. Crystal and molecular structure of (BzPh3P)2 [Fe2OCl6]

Abstract Improved and simple methods for the preparation of [Fe2OX6]2tau; (X = Cl Br I) complexes are described. The complexes were obtained in high and purified yields as the BzPh3P+ or R4N+ salts. An X-ray crystallographic study of (BzPh3P)2 [Fe2OCl6] revealed a structure for the complex anion in which the two iron atoms are linked by gdot; -oxo bridge and the terminal coordination sites are occupied by the chloride ligands. Mcolon; ssbauer and infrared spectra for the complexes are reported.
Requiring Strong Credentials: What's Taking So Long?

Individuals can already purchase digital certificates through the General Services Administration's (GSA's) Access Certificates for Electronic Services (ACES) program or through VeriSign, Thawte, and the like. Federal employees, contractors, and Web servers could have their digital certificates issued through the Federal PKI Common Policy program. In other words, the complete solution is in place if only someone would use it. This reluctance is particularly puzzling, given that these stronger authentication and authorization infrastructures are foundational for the secure data access and transactions that must conform to federal privacy laws and industry's best practices. Without strong credentials, support for the next generation of secure automation simply can't occur. And even more important, smartcard credentials that include digital certificates are already mandatory for federal employees and contractors.
Card displacement response as affected by brainstem lesions in the rat

Rats previously trained to push aside a stimulus card in order to gain access to an area of safety showed a marked impairment of the habit following lesions to either the corpus striatum, anterior thalamus, ventromedial thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, subthalamus, prerubral area, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, cerebral peduncle, or pontine reticular formation. Lesions to other brainstem areas had no deleterious effects on the card displacement habit.
Within sight of each other: Confused European Borderlands in the Caribbean

Complex, unpredictable challenges in foreign affairs are evolving unnoticed in that part of the European Union located in the Western Hemisphere. Some of the two dozen or so islands of the Lesser Antilles are integral parts of the Republic of France or of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Two are in effect crown colonies of Great Britain. All the rest, stretching from the Virgins to Trinidad are former colonies which are still closely tied economically and culturally to Europe. Physically the northernmost islands are farther from Brussels than Addis Ababa, but closer to Washington than Mexico City. Their current situation is unique not only because the boundaries under the waters separating many of the islands are borderlands of a rapidly changing Europe, far away from the latter. It is extraordinary also because there are almost no institutional structures or mechanisms for common local action on a rising number of common problems. Finally, while reflecting Europe's dramatic geopolitical transformation, the islands still form the 500-mile long Eastern boundary for a zone of historical U.S. vital interest. It is unwise to overlook them.
The Macrosialin Promoter Directs High Levels of Transcriptional Activity in Macrophages Dependent on Combinatorial Interactions between PU.1 and c-Jun

Macrosialin is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in macrophages. In the present studies, macrosialin mRNA levels are shown to be markedly up-regulated during macrophage differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for regulation of macrosialin expression, we have isolated the macrosialin gene and performed an initial analysis of its transcriptional regulatory elements. The macrosialin promoter and 7.0 kilobase pairs of 5′-flanking information direct high levels of reporter gene activity in monocyte/macrophage-like cells, but little or no expression in nonmyeloid cells. This pattern of expression is dependent on regulatory elements located between −7.0 and −2.5 kilobase pairs from the transcriptional start site that exhibit strong enhancer activity in macrophages and repressor activity in nonmyeloid cells. Analysis of the proximal macrosialin promoter indicates that combinatorial interactions between at least four classes of transcriptional activators, including PU.1/Spi-1 and members of the AP-1 family are required for basal promoter function. PU.1/Spi-1 and c-Jun act synergistically to activate the macrosialin promoter in a nonmyeloid cell line, suggesting that combinatorial interactions between these proteins are involved in regulating macrosialin expression during macrophage differentiation.
Virus diseases of shade and ornamental trees.

(1982). VIRUS DISEASES OF SHADE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES. Arboricultural Journal: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 195-203.
Electronic specific heat of Mn-Cu alloys

Abstract The specific heats of face-centred-cubic manganese-copper alloys at liquid helium temperatures have been measured for copper concentrations between 31 2 and 90 wt. per cent. Analysis of the results shows that the major specific heat component is electronic, and that this exhibits a broad maximum of about 12 × 10−3 J mol deg2 between 10 and 30 wt. per cent Cu. At lower Cu concentration the electronic component dips sharply and it is estimated that for pure Mn (γ-phase) the electronic component should be of the same magnitude or lower than in the other transition elements, in contrast to the anomalously large values found in the α- and β-phases of Mn. Implications of the specific heat data on the electronic density of states curve and on the magnetic properties of MnCu alloys are discussed. The lattice component of the heat capacity appears to vary only moderately with concentration.
Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis Structural analysis of the lipid A from M. catarrhalis serotype A lipopolysaccharide

tose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-~-glucose and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in the molar ratio of 5 : 2:l : 2. In addition, the lipid A region contained phosphate, D-glucosamine, ethanolamine, 3hydroxydodecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and decanoic acid. The lipid A was examined in detail by high-field NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. It was found to consist of a /3-1,6-0glucosamine disaccharide backbone esterified at C4’ by a phosphomonoester and glycosidically at C1 by diphosphoethanolamine or phosphomonoester. The amide group of the reducing and nonreducing glucosamine residues were acylated by 3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoic acid and 3-decanoyloxydodecanoic acid, respectively. The hydroxyl group at C3 and C3’ were acylated by 3-decanoyloxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid respectively, while the hydroxyl groups at C4 and C6’ were unsubstituted. Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis [l] is a Gram-negative bacterial human pathogen which has recently become increasingly important as a cause of respiratory tract and middle ear infections [2]. This pathogen has been reported to account for 6-17% of the isolates from the middle ear fluid of children with acute or chronic otitis media [3, 41 and it has become an important cause of bronchopulmonary infections in patients with chronic lung diseases. Lipopolysaccharide is implicated as an important virulence factor of M. catarrhalis [5]. Lipopolysaccharides play an important role in the interac
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes via Cleavable Disulfide Bonds for Efficient Intracellular Delivery of siRNA and Potent Gene Silencing

We present a novel functionalization scheme for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to afford nanotube−biomolecule conjugates with the incorporation of cleavable bonds to enable controlled molecular releasing from nanotube surfaces, thus creating “smart” nanomaterials with high potential for chemical and biological applications. With this versatile functionalization, we demonstrate transporting, enzymatic cleaving and releasing of DNA from SWNT transporters, and subsequent nuclear translocation of DNA oligonucleotides in mammalian cells. We further show highly efficient delivery of siRNA by SWNTs and achieving more potent RNAi functionality than a widely used conventional transfection agent. Thus, the novel functionalization of SWNTs with cleavable bonds is highly promising for a wide range of applications including gene and protein therapy.
Keratoacanthoma is frequently a dangerous diagnosis

Summary One hundred and two cases of keratoacanthoma were reviewed. Fourteen cases were selected for brief reports to demonstrate the danger in the diagnosis of keratoacanthoma. The danger lies in the treatment of keratoacanthoma as benign when it is probably premalignant and closely associated with squamous cell carcinoma. This has influenced us to recommend wide excision as the primary treatment of all cases of keratoacanthoma.
Family Clusters: Generational Nucleation in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Chile

This paper is derived from the authors' detailed studies of two groups of nineteenth-century families—eighteen families in Argentina and twenty-four in Chile. The studies revealed such remarkable similarities in the evolution of the two groups that it is possible to propose a broad generalization in respect to the social organization and national formation of both countries: there was, in each country, a three-generation sequence during which a number of families came together to form clusters that became the controlling entities of a region. Their base for political and economic control was either the existing capital city or a city that had been designated as the capital by these families.
Specialty metal powders for the 1990s

Specialty metal powders produced by rapid solidification, mechanical alloying, thermochemical processing, spray deposition, etc are broadening the horizons of powder metallurgy and allowing the production of new types of materials previously considered unattainable. The following article reviews development trends for these specialty PM materials and their market growth in the 1990s.
An improved purification and further characterization of the messenger ribonucleic acid for the fatty acid synthetase from rat liver.

Abstract High purity fatty acid synthetase mRNA has been prepared from rat liver. The translational purity of the mRNA preparation was at least 27% as judged by the percentage of the radioactivity incorporated into acid-insoluble material that was precipitated by anti-fatty acid synthetase antibody. The specific activity of the mRNA was 220-times greater than that reported previously from this laboratory [1]. The large increase in the specific activity was achieved by the repeated use of high resolution linear-log sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the removal of 28 S rRNA by Sepharose 4B chromatography, as well as by the optimization of the K + concentration (160 mM) in the reticulocyte lysate translation system. The mRNA preparation showed a single major band on agarose gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, and the translational activity of the fatty acid synthetase mRNA on the gel was found to coincide with this band. The molecular weight of the fatty acid synthetase mRNA is 2.5·10 6 Da. The mRNA directed the synthesis of fatty acid synthetase with a molecular weight indistinguishable from that of the authentic enzyme subunit ( M r = 240 000). The copurification of the translation product and authentic enzyme revealed that the fatty acid synthetase polypeptides synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate system are assembled in vitro into dimers, the native form of the enzyme.