cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Routing and data compression in sensor networks: stochastic models for sensor data that guarantee scalability

This paper discusses the compression of correlated data samples in multihop sensor network by means of distributed source coding techniques under plausible stochastic models. This paper shows that there are cases where high density sensor networks are not only possible but increased density can potentially be used to increase the precision of the measurements or decrease the transmission error. The routing algorithms and reencoding of the sensor data is proposed in this paper to provide a perfect feasible sensor networks.
Closure of palatal fistulae

The occurrence of palatal fistulae in children with a cleft palate deformity after primary palatoplasty remains a relatively common complication. Symptomatic fistulae may cause problems with nasal air escape, nasal regurgitation, decreased speech intelligibility, articulation errors, and halitosis. A thorough understanding of the multiple reconstructive options, ranging from local flaps to free tissue transfer, is important in obtaining good patient outcomes. In this article, we describe some of the most commonly used methods for palatal closure.
CBT FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS: INVESTIGATING THE FEASIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY INTERVENTION USING A SINGLE CASE DESIGN

This paper presents a single case study investigating the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with an adolescent experiencing a psychotic episode. The participant was a 15-year-old girl with first episode psychosis, who was an inpatient in an adolescent psychiatric unit. Progress was evaluated using an AB time series design, lasting 16 weeks in total. After a baseline assessment (A) the participant received a 16-week CBT intervention for psychosis (B). The effectiveness of the intervention was investigated with relation to psychotic symptoms, self-esteem, recovery style, person evaluations, anxiety and depression. The results indicated that there were some improvements in symptoms of anxiety, depression and psychosis but were inconclusive for the other measures. It is argued that the maintenance of negative person evaluations had a detrimental effect on the participant's ability to increase self-esteem, change recovery style and further reduce psychotic symptoms, anxiety and depression. The impact of environmental factors on the progression of the participant's illness is considered and the findings are discussed in relation to previous literature.
Strategies for Tricuspid Re-Repair in Ebstein Malformation Using the Cone Technique

Background Successful tricuspid repair for Ebstein malformation (EM) is challenging. Cone repair has recently emerged as the most anatomic repair technique. There are no data on tricuspid re-repair in EM. We reviewed our experience with tricuspid valve (TV) re-repair using a cone technique. Methods Between June 2007 and October 2012, 134 patients underwent cone repair. Prior TV repair was performed in 20 patients (10 female, 50%). Median age was 15 years (range, 4 to 68 years). Four patients (20%) had prior bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (BDCPA). Preoperative heart failure was present in 8 patients (40%). Recurrent tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was due to incomplete leaflet coaptation with tethered anterior leaflet in all patients; and 10 patients (50%) had diminutive septal leaflet. Prior repair techniques consisted of annuloplasty maneuvers in all patients with no or incomplete surgical delamination in all patients. Results The TV re-repair using cone technique was possible in all patients. Plication of atrialized right ventricle was done in 6 patients (30%). Modifications included annuloplasty band in 16 patients (80%) and TV leaflet augmentation in 8 (40%). The BDCPA was performed in 3 patients (15%) and modified Cox-maze procedure was done in 10 (50%). There were no mortalities or reoperations. Mean follow-up was 7.7 ± 10.7 months; during follow-up, 18 patients had no or mild TR and 2 had moderate TR. Conclusions TV re-repair in EM using the cone technique is feasible, particularly when there has been no surgical leaflet delamination at initial operation. Leaflet augmentation facilitates and annuloplasty band stabilizes a competent TV re-repair. Longer follow-up is required to assess durability.
Multiregional Dynamic Vaccine Allocation During an Influenza Epidemic

We consider a sequential decision problem in national health policy: the weekly deployments of limited influenza vaccine doses, as they become available, to the various geographical regions of the United States during a pandemic event. As with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu, we assume that the progression of flu infection varies from region to region, with some regions starting their flu waves weeks before others. We also assume that vaccine doses only become available after flu waves have already started in some regions. Whereas the traditional deployment of vaccines is in direct proportion to resident population, without regard to flu status in any region, we show that a new policy that dynamically considers the status of the various regional flu waves can dramatically reduce the incidence of flu infection over the entire country. The method uses mathematical models of flu spread and requires capturing real-time data on flu incidence.
Precision measurement and mapping of die-attach thermal resistance

The thermal resistance of the attachment between a die and its carrier contributes strongly to the total temperature rise in an electronic system. The die attach resistance often differs substantially from the value predicted using the bulk thermal conductivity of the attachment material because of partial voiding and delamination. These defects can be introduced during the attachment process or during subsequent exposure to humidity or temperature fluctuations. This manuscript develops a technique for precisely measuring the spatially-averaged die-attach thermal resistance and for mapping spatial variations of the resistance in the plane of the die. The spatially-averaged resistance measurements use transient electrical heating and thermometry at frequencies up to 1 kHz to achieve a value of the uncertainty near 10/sup -6/ m/sup 2/K/W, which is a substantial improvement over existing steady-state methods. Spatial variations are captured using scanning laser-reflectance thermometry and a deconvolution method detailed here. The data in this manuscript show the impact of the adhesive material, the adhesive thickness, and the attachment pressure on the thermal resistance, as well as the spatial variation of the resistance resulting from incomplete contact.
Rubisco gene expression in C4 plants

In leaves of most C(4) plants, ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) accumulates only in bundle sheath (bs) cells that surround the vascular centres, and not in mesophyll (mp) cells. It has been shown previously that in the C(4) dicots amaranth and Flaveria bidentis, post-transcriptional control of mRNA translation and stability mediate the C(4) expression patterns of genes encoding the large and small Rubisco subunits (chloroplast rbcL and nuclear RbcS, respectively). Translational control appears to regulate bs cell-specific Rubisco gene expression during early dicot leaf development, while control of mRNA stability appears to mediate bs-specific accumulation of RbcS and rbcL transcripts in mature leaves. Post-transcriptional control is also involved in the regulation of Rubisco gene expression by light, and in response to photosynthetic activity. Transgenic and transient expression studies in F. bidentis provide direct evidence for post-transcriptional control of bs cell-specific RbcS expression, which is mediated by the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of the mRNA. Comparisons of Rubisco gene expression in these dicots and in the monocot maize indicates possible commonalities in the regulation of RbcS and rbcL genes in these divergent C(4) species. Now that the role of post-transcriptional regulation in C(4) gene expression has been established, it is likely that future studies of mRNA-protein interactions will address long-standing questions about the establishment and maintenance of cell type-specificity in these plants. Some of these regulatory mechanisms may have ancestral origins in C(3) species, through modification of pre-existing factors, or by the acquisition of novel C(4) processes.
Autonomic Syncope in Pediatrics: A Practice-Oriented Approach to Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

This paper presents a practice-oriented approach to the problem of syncope in pediatrics. Autonomic syncope is the major etiologic category in pediatrics and consists of 2 types: reflex and dysautonomic. The latter type is rare in pediatrics. Reflex syncope has 4 subtypes: neurocardiogenic, central, situational, and cerebral. Neurocardiogenic syncope, the most common subtype, is easily diagnosed by taking a careful, detailed history; identifying diagnostic red flags; performing a complete physical examination; and ordering a minimum of laboratory tests. Patient and parent education is essential, and usually, without medication, outcomes are good.
Envisioning a Green Energy Future in Canada and the United States: Constructing a Sustainable Future in the Context of New Regionalisms?

A variety of actors in Canada and the United States are actively constructing a vision of a greener society that includes an environmentally sustainable energy future. Canadian provinces and states in the United States share environmental management, corporations collaborate to drive green development and implement local energy projects, and activists on both sides of the border share environmental protest strategies and mobilization frames. A transition to regionalism of greener energy resources along the Vermont–Canadian border is indicative of a larger “new regionalism” of sustainable identity, despite very concrete and pressing external pressures and energy challenges concerning global climate change, resource depletion, and energy sustainability challenges within the larger nations of both Canada and the United States. In this article, we aim to characterize this green visioning of a sustainable energy future, by focusing especially on the Vermont–Canadian border region, and additionally point to the...
Evaluation of post-chill applications of antimicrobials against Campylobacter jejuni on poultry carcasses

Summary Current regulatory guidelines to control poultry-borne pathogens, more specifically Campylobacter jejuni, necessitate the need for novel applications of antimicrobials during poultry processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of peracetic acid (PAA; 100 and 200 ppm) and sodium hypochlorite (SH; 25 and 50 ppm) as antimicrobial interventions to reduce C. jejuni on fresh poultry using 2 separate application methods (spray and immersion). Broiler carcasses were inoculated with 10 mL of C. jejuni (ca. 7 log10 CFU/mL) and allowed 30 min for bacterial attachment, followed by either a 60-s immersion or 62-s (460 mL) spray treatment with PAA and SH. Following treatment, the carcasses were rinsed and the rinsate was plated (0.25 mL) onto Campylobacter Cefex agar and incubated microaerobically at 42°C for 48 h. Immersion application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced C. jejuni as compared to the spray application. Results also suggested that PAA as an immersion application showed the lowest survival populations (P ≤ 0.05) of C. jejuni irrespective of the application method.
A Study of the Impact of Location Specific and Moderating Factors on the Choice of Entry Mode in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia

Literature on entry mode choice has tended to follow the narrow confines of a single theoretical framework for bringing together the industrial organization, transacion cost, evolutionary, and strategic management streams of literature on entry mode choice. The paper the illustrates an application of the framework to the choice of entry mode into Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Effect of inhaled nitric oxide for pulmonary artery pressure in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Objective To investigate the effect of inhaled nitric oxide(NO) for pulmonary artery pressure in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods 20 children diagnosed with ARDS were treated with drug therapy,mechanical ventilation and exogenous NO inhalation.The initial treatment concentration of NO was 10×10-6.The pulmonary artery pressure(PAP) was recorded by Doppler echocardiography before NO inhalation,0.5 hour after inhalation,1 hour,12 hours,24 hours after inhalation,respectively.At some time the clinical effect was not obvious,we reduced the concentration of NO to 50% every two hours.PAP was recorded at each time point.Results The mean of PAP before NO inhalation was 59.20 mmHg,while means of PAP was lowered obviously at 0.5 hour,1 hour,12 hours,24 hours,48 hours after inhaled NO than before(P0.01).They were 53.40 mmHg,48.10 mmHg,42.80 mmHg,36.60 mmHg,35.30 mmHg respectively.The mean of PAP decreased progressively within 48 hours.But there were no significant differce between 24 hours and 48 hours after inhalation(P0.05).At 50 hours when the concentration of NO had reduced to 50%,the mean of PAP was 37.70 mmHg,there was no significant difference between 50 hours and 48 hours after NO inhalation(P0.05).At 52 hours,the concentration reduced to 50% again,no difference was shown between 52 hours and 50 hours(P0.05).When the inhalation stopped at the 54th hour,the mean(37.70 mmHg) bounced but was still lower obviously than that before NO inhalation.Conclusion NO was effective for pulmonary hypertension caused by ARDS.Inhaling NO of 10×10-6 could make the PAP lower effectively within 24 hours,but it was useless to continue inhaling.
Cryptosporidiosis: Still a Problem

A 22-year-old man with a history of AIDS, gastritis, and perianal warts presented to his primary care physician with a complaint of worsening dyspepsia and diarrhea.
INHOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents inhomogeneous functional and operational differential equation. It discusses the linear functional differential equation and the corresponding inhomogeneous equation. z is a solution of inhomogeneous equation if z is a solution of equation (4), z′t = A(t)zt + f(t), and to demonstrate that solutions of inhomogeneous equation have the variation of parameters. The results are then applied to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the two point boundary value problem. Assuming a set of existence-uniqueness condition is given for the corresponding inhomogeneous equation with initial condition zb ∈ D at t = 0.
Defect tracking for nanoimprint lithography using optical surface scanner and scanning electron microscope

Fast optical surface scanners are used in combination with high-resolution scanning electron microscopes to facilitate the identification and tracking of nanoimprint defects. We have confirmed that hard particles cause permanent template damages during imprint, resulting in repeating imprint defects. Since contaminants encountered during imprint are dominated by hard metal oxide particles capable of causing such damage, stringent pre-imprint substrate screening is a critical requirement in a manufacturing environment.
Finite and infinite horizon optimal triggering of networked control systems

Optimal triggering of networked control systems is investigated in this study and the framework of approximate dynamic programming is selected for solving the problem. Different cases including Zero-Order-Hold, Generalized Zero-Order-Hold, and lossy networks are investigated in designing optimal triggering/scheduling laws. After analyzing convergence, optimality, and stability, the performance of the method is demonstrated through different numerical examples.
Teacher Evaluation, Pay for Performance, and Learning Around Instruction: Between Dissonant Incentives and Resonant Procedures:

Purpose: The study examines why the logic of a performance management system, supported by the federal Teacher Incentive Fund, might be faulty. It does this by exploring the nuances of the interplay between teaching evaluations as formative and summative, the use of procedures, tools, and artifacts obligated by the local Teacher Incentive Fund system, and bonus payments as extrinsic motivators. Research Methods: The study is a qualitative longitudinal study in three public charter schools that were selected as a presumably conducive environment for incentive-driven performance management. Eight rounds of semistructured interviews, 130 interviews, and 65 hours of meeting observations are the data for this study. Findings: In the three charter schools, the adoption period was characterized by consonance, the belief that the performance management system served valued purposes. In midlife, dissonance set in. Performance contingencies attached to both bonus and external evaluations were perceived as disconfir...
Impedance-Dependent Wideband Digital Predistortion of Solid-State Radar Amplifiers

Spectral regrowth and waveform distortion caused by wideband signals input into active phased array antenna systems is the problem this paper addresses. The paper's unique contribution is the development of the impedance-dependent memory polynomial model, capable of solving nonlinear predistortion model parameters for a solid-state high power amplifier with varying load impedance resulting from active electronic beamsteering. Wideband load impedance mismatched tests demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique on a 2.7 GHz, 8 W amplifier.
The Effects of Sequences of Reward Magnitude, Delay, and Delay-Box Confinement Upon Runway Performance

The effects of increasing vs. decreasing amount and delay of reward in runway training and delay-box confinement in extinction were investigated using 54 rats. The Ss with increasing amount and decreasing delay ran faster in both acquisition and extinction. Amount and delay produced patterned running in both acquisition and extinction; delay-box confinement led to patterned running in extinction. The results were related to those from previous investigations and interpreted in terms of Capaldi’s aftereffects theory.
The dosimetric effects of limited elective nodal irradiation in volumetric modulated arc therapy treatment planning for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Contemporary radiotherapy guidelines for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (LA-NSCLC) recommend omitting elective nodal irradiation, despite the fact that evidence supporting this came primarily from older reports assessing comprehensive nodal coverage using 3D conformal techniques. Herein, we evaluated the dosimetric implications of the addition of limited elective nodal irradiation (LENI) to standard involved field irradiation (IFI) using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning. Target volumes and organs-at-risk (OARs) were delineated on CT simulation images of 20 patients with LA-NSCLC. Two VMAT plans (IFI and LENI) were generated for each patient. Involved sites were treated to 60 Gy in 30 fractions for both IFI and LENI plans. Adjacent uninvolved nodal regions, considered high risk based on the primary tumor site and extent of nodal involvement, were treated to 51 Gy in 30 fractions in LENI plans using a simultaneous integrated boost approach. All planning objectives for PTVs and OARs were achieved for both IFI and LENI plans. LENI resulted in significantly higher esophagus D mean (15.3 vs. 22.5 Gy, p < 0.01), spinal cord D max (34.9 vs. 42.4 Gy, p = 0.02) and lung D mean (13.5 vs. 15.9 Gy, p = 0.02), V 20 (23.0 vs. 27.9%, p = 0.03), and V 5 (52.6 vs. 59.4%, p = 0.02). No differences were observed in heart parameters. On average, only 32.2% of the high-risk nodal volume received an incidental dose of 51 Gy when untargeted in IFI plans. The addition of LENI to VMAT plans for LA-NSCLC is feasible, with only modestly increased doses to OARs and marginal expected increase in associated toxicity.
A mixed-signal approach to memristive neuromorphic system design

In this paper we present a memristive neuromorphic system for higher power and area efficiency. The system is based on a mixed signal approach considering the digital nature of the peripheral and control logics and the integration being analog. So, the system is connected digitally outside but the core is purely analog. This mixed signal approach provides the advantage of implementing neural networks with spiking events in a synchronous way. Moreover, the use of nano-sclae memristive device saves the area and power of the system and some considerations about the the device have also been proposed in the paper to make the system more energy efficient.
Simulations of the Folding of Proteins: A Historical Perspective

Highlights of the evolutionary development of the physical approach to biology during the last 80 years are traced in this chapter. The historical sequence of events that led to the introduction of modern simulation methods to treat biological processes is described in detail.
'A Day Late and a Dollar Short': President Obama's Clemency Initiative 2014

Over his last two years in office, President Barack Obama used his Article II Pardon Clause power to commute the sentences imposed on more than 1,700 drug offenders. In a 2017 law review article, he congratulated himself for reinvigorating the federal clemency process. His clemency initiative, however, was hardly the unqualified success that he claims. Obama waited far too long before undertaking his effort. He should have started it in 2010, rather than in 2014. That would have allowed the thousands of clemency decisions he made to be handled at a more reasonable pace and probably more accurately. He also should have issued a general conditional commutation order rather than undertake a case-by-case re-examination of the sentence each clemency applicant received. That would have allowed district court judges, who are far better than any president could be at making sentencing decisions, to resentence each offender. Finally, he should have reformed the clear structural defect in the federal clemency process. The Department of Justice controls the clemency application process even though, as the agency that prosecuted every clemency applicant, the department suffers from an actual or apparent conflict of interest. In sum, Obama could have done far more by doing far less or by doing something far different than by acting as the Resentencer-in-Chief.
Analysis of the Potential Market for Out-of-Print eBooks

The growth of the electronic book market has allowed publishers to make many previously out-of-print titles available, cost-effectively, in an electronic format. However, as of January 2012, there were still nearly 2,700,000 out-of-print titles that are unavailable as eBooks. The goal of this paper is to generate estimates of how much producer and consumer surplus could be created by making these out-of-print titles available in eBook markets. To do this, we first collect a unique dataset, comprising a random sample of all out-of-print titles that are and that are not available in eBook markets. We then use Bayesian Propensity Score Matching techniques to match books in these two samples based on their observable characteristics. Using these matched titles, we estimate that making the remaining 2.7 million out-of-print books available as eBooks could create $740 million in revenue and $860 million in consumer surplus in the first year after their debut. We also estimate that $460 million of this revenue would accrue directly to publishers and authors as profit.
High SPARC expression in treated sarcomas may correlate with decreased overall survival.

e22529Background: The identification of prognostic and predictive indicators is an important area of research in oncology. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been assessed as ...
Constraining political extremism and legal revolution

Recently, extremist ‘populist’ parties have succeeded in obtaining large enough democratic electoral mandates both to legally make substantive changes to the law and constitution and to legally eli...
Recent advances in optical signal processing

Bulk acoustooptic devices operating in the Bragg and Raman-Nath modes represent commercially available real-time transducers capable of spatially modulating coherent light proportional to an input electrical signal Although these devices are 1-D, new architectures and algorithms enable them to realize many 2-D signal-processing functions such as spectrum analysis, correlation, and range-Doppler processing. We briefly review the basic architectures and algorithms for these systems, and we then describe new advanced signal-processing concepts utilizing these devices with particular attention to matrix-vector, iterative, and systolic array signal processors.
Percutaneous Intervention for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease with Heel Ulcer

An intractable heel ulcer showed marked improvement with antibiotics, wound care, and infrainguinal angioplasty and stenting. Due to recurrence of the occlusion, secondary intervention became necessary. Role of endovascular therapy and open arterial bypass is discussed.
Genome Sequence of a CHeRI Orbivirus 3 Strain Isolated from a Dead White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA.

ABSTRACT We report the genome sequence of an orbivirus isolated from a dead farmed white-tailed deer in Florida. The deer was coinfected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 2. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses supported the virus as the fourth strain of the CHeRI orbivirus 3 species.
Process Control of Drug Product Continuous Manufacturing Operations—a Study in Operational Simplification and Continuous Improvement

The purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate that implementation of gravimetric measurements provides the same assurance of product quality and process control as spectroscopic measurements (1) for control of drug content in a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet and (2) for identification of non-conforming material. A wet granulation continuous tableting line was used to make the FDC drug product batches. Comparative data was generated for ten batches using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for core tablets, and gravimetric in-process control measurements (IPCs) applied to the ratio control of intra- and extra-granular blend (IG and EG). HPLC reference data were collected to further demonstrate uniformity at each stage of the production process, including IG, final blend, and core tablets. All possible sources of variation not directly detectable by the gravimetric measurements were considered and quantified. The two IPC measurement techniques showed excellent agreement where both were within 2% of the target drug concentrations and within 2% of each other for the ten comparative batches. The NIR was more sensitive to material and process variations than the gravimetric IPCs; thus, it was more variable within and across batches. Gravimetric IPCs were demonstrated as an effective replacement for spectroscopic measurements for continuous tableting operations, capable of ensuring on target manufacturing and detection of non-conforming material. As pharmaceutical companies continue to push toward operational simplicity and sustainable manufacturing processes, soft-sensor and gravimetric controls as alternatives to their spectroscopic counterparts will be applied more broadly for process monitoring and control.
Place-Based Entrepreneurs

From the earlier chapters we have established that Australia’s national environment is generally supportive of entrepreneurial activity, and that the bioregions which we focus on, Tamworth and Armidale, while geographically proximate, have diverse physical and human capital, which inflect their local economies.
“Over-zealous Parents, Over-programmed Families”: Asian Americans, Academic Achievement, and White Supremacy:

Discussions of white supremacy focus on patterns of whites’ stature over people of color across institutions. When a minority group achieves more than whites, it is not studied through the lens of ...
The Invisible Ban: Negligent Disparate Impact

The murder of George Floyd ignited a resurgence of civil rights activism. Spearheaded by Black Lives Matter, this movement has sparked a new dialogue to address racial inequities. In this current atmosphere of heightened awareness, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides a unique opportunity to advance the cause of civil rights by expanding job opportunities for African Americans. As currently interpreted, Title VII provides two primary anti-discrimination theories: disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate-treatment law prohibits intentional employment discrimination against a member of a protected class. Disparate-impact law imposes strict liability on employers that use facially neutral employment practices that have a disproportionately adverse effect on a protected class. This Article suggests following the structure of tort law as a template for the law of employment discrimination. A comparison of Title VII to tort law reveals that an analogy to negligent torts is absent from Title VII. The means of rectifying this deficiency is clear. The very language of Title VII suggests the duty, causation, and injury elements of a claim of negligent disparate impact. Following the tort analogy, negligent disparate-impact claims would provide a more expansive array of remedies than those that are available under the current theory of disparate impact. Specifically, compensatory damages and a broad spectrum of equitable remedies would be available to victims of negligent disparate impact. In keeping with the negligence model, this Article then suggests how to adapt the business-necessity defense and the less discriminatory alternative doctrine to negligent disparate-impact theory. This Article concludes by pointing out the benefits of recognizing this claim. First, victims would be entitled to remedies that fit the level of wrongdoing, and enhanced remedies would incentivize victims to seek redress. The risk of such liability would spur employers to cleanse their workplaces of practices that might result in discriminatory outcomes. Negligent disparate-impact theory would therefore deter employment discrimination. Equally important, recognition of a claim for negligent disparate impact would reaffirm federal law’s dedication to achieving equal opportunity in the workplace.
Advances in integrative African genomics

There has been a rapid increase in human genome sequencing in the past two decades, resulting in the identification of millions of previously unknown genetic variants. However, African populations are under-represented in sequencing efforts. Additional sequencing from diverse African populations and the construction of African-specific reference genomes is needed to better characterize the full spectrum of variation in humans. However, sequencing alone is insufficient to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying variable phenotypes and disease risks. Determining functional consequences of genetic variation using multi-omics approaches is a fundamental post-genomic challenge. We discuss approaches to close the knowledge gaps about African genomic diversity and review advances in African integrative genomic studies and their implications for precision medicine.
Comparative Politics in Borderlands: Actors, Identities, and Strategies

Comparativists are increasingly researching national border regions. Yet the distinct way in which proximity to borders independently shapes politics is rarely theorized explicitly. Drawing on the ...
Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Potential of Agricultural Materials

A project has been under development at Arizona State University (ASU) since 1975 with the goal of producing quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels from cellulosic and waste polymer materials. An indirect liquefaction approach is used, i. e. gasification to synthesis gas followed by liquefaction of the synthesis gas. The primary virtue of an indirect liquefaction approach for cellulosic type feedstocks is that the oxygen contained in the materials is easily separated. Thus the hydrocarbon liquid is free of oxygenated compounds and can therefore be tailored to match transportation fuel products currently derived from petroleum (e. g. diesel, jet fuels, high octane gasoline).
Archaeology as human ecology: Geo-archaeology I: basic principles

Objectives Geo-archaeology implies archaeological research using the methods and concepts of the earth sciences. The term is not synonymous with archaeological geology, and it is not necessarily linked to geology: 1. A fundamental distinction must be drawn between technique and goal. Earth-science methodologies contribute critical empirical information and conceptual approaches to an understanding of prehistorical context. Such contributions complement those provided by archaeobotany, zoo-archaeology, archaeometry, and spatial archaeology. 2. The distinction between geology and earth science is equally fundamental, because the geosciences comprise geography and pedology, as well as geology. Each provides component data essential to the study of environmental systems. The full array of these components includes a formidable list of subfields and composite approaches. Geophysics, geochemistry, stratigraphy, sedimentology, geomorphology, soils, hydrology, climatology, and spatial analysis are all relevant to geo-archaeology in varying degrees. Inevitably, no one individual can master more than a few of the more useful techniques. But a competent geo-archaeologist should be able to evaluate diverse sources of empirical data, as generated within the archaeological project and as available from external sources, in order to apply the information to construct an integrated model of a geo-environmental system. Ideally, this model eventually will be linked with information on biota, demography, and material culture to generate a higher-order model of prehistorical settlement and subsistence patterning. As a formal label, geo-archaeology is a relatively recent designation for an enterprise that has a long and distinguished tradition. Many early excavations were undertaken by earth scientists.
Plasmid formation: a new mode of lysogeny by phase lambda.

λ phage with amber mutations in the N gene can persist indefinitely as an independent replicating unit, a plasmid, in the cytoplasm of host E. coli cells. This newly discovered mode of λ phage lysogeny may shed light on the evolution of plasmids and temperate phage.
Pair production and annihilation in strong magnetic fields

Electromagnetic phenomena occurring in the presence of strong magnetic fields are currently of great interest in high-energy astrophysics. In particular, the process of pair production by single photons in the presence of fields of order 10 to the 12th power Gauss is of importance in cascade models of pulsar gamma ray emission, and may also become significant in theories of other radiation phenomena whose sources may be neutron stars (e.g., gamma ray bursts). In addition to pair production, the inverse process of pair annihilation is greatly affected by the presence of superstrong magnetic fields. The most significant departures from annihilation processes in free space are a reduction in the total rate for annihilation into two photons, a broadening of the familiar 511-keV line for annihilation at rest, and the possibility for annihilation into a single photon (which dominates the two-photon annihilation for B ( 10 the 13th power Gauss). The physics of these pair conversion processes, which is reviewed briefly, can become quite complex in the teragauss regime, and can involve calculations which are technically difficult to incorporate into models of emission mechanisms in neutron star magnetospheres. However, theoretical work, especially the case of pair annihilation, also suggests potential techniques for more direct measurements of field strengths near the stellar surface.
Differences in Correlates of Energy Balance in Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Adults

OBJECTIVE. This study compared normal weight, overweight and obese adults on energy expenditure (EE), energy intake (EI) and diet quality. METHODS. The analysis included data from 430 adults (27±4 ...
Prostate Cancer-Associated Membrane Type 1-Matrix Metalloproteinase : A Pivotal Role in Bone Response and Intraosseous Tumor Growth

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a major mediator of collagen I degradation. In human samples, we show that prostate cancer cells in skeletal metastases consistently express abundant MT1-MMP protein. Because prostate cancer bone metastasis requires remodeling of the collagen-rich bone matrix, we investigated the role of cancer cell-derived MT1-MMP in an experimental model of tumor-bone interaction. MT1-MMP-deficient LNCaP human prostate cancer cells were stably transfected with human wild-type MT1-MMP (MT1wt). Furthermore, endogenous MT1-MMP was down-regulated by small interfering RNA in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Intratibial tumor injection in severe combined immunodeficient mice was used to simulate intraosseous growth of metastatic tumors. LNCaP-MT1wt cells produced larger osseous tumors than Neo control cells and induced osteolysis, whereas DU145 MT1-MMP-silenced transfectants induced osteogenic changes. In vitro assays showed that MT1wt overexpression enhanced collagen I degradation, whereas MT1-MMP-silencing did the opposite, suggesting that tumor-derived MT1-MMP may contribute directly to bone remodeling. LNCaP-MT1wt-derived conditioned medium stimulated in vitro multinucleated osteoclast formation. This effect was inhibited by osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, and by 4-[4-(methanesulfonamido) phenoxy] phenylsulfonyl methylthiirane, an MT1-MMP inhibitor. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that prostate cancer-associated MT1-MMP plays a direct and/or indirect role in bone matrix degradation, thus favoring intraosseous tumor expansion.
Extending the Ocean STEM Workforce pipeline: MATE ROV competitions expand their reach to middle schools

In September of 2009, the Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) was awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST) program. The grant project, MATE ROV Competitions: Providing Pathways to the Ocean STEM Workforce, will expand the reach of the MATE Center's highly successful remotely operated vehicle (ROV) competition network to support the participation of middle schools, with a focus on students from traditionally underrepresented groups. It will provide career information and guidance tools that allow students to see clear pathways from middle school through high school to college and into the workplace. It will improve and expand the MATE Center's online presence to create a learning community that provides access to resources and encourages communication among students, teachers, and working professionals. Finally, the project will evaluate the impact of these activities and contribute its findings to the knowledge base about science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education.
Make, buy, organize: The interplay between research, external knowledge, and firm structure†

We bridge current streams of innovation research to explore the interplay between R&D, external knowledge, and organizational structure�three elements of a firm's innovation strategy, which we argue should logically be studied together. Using within-firm patent assignment patterns, we develop a novel measure of structure for a large sample of American firms. We find that centralized firms invest more in research, and patent more per R&D dollar, than decentralized firms. Both types access technology via mergers and acquisitions, but their acquisitions differ in terms of frequency, size, and integration. Consistent with our framework, their sources of value creation differ: while centralized firms derive more value from internal R&D, decentralized firms rely more on external knowledge. We discuss how these findings should stimulate more integrative work on theories of innovation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polydiacetylene PTS: A Molecular Quantum Wire with Exceptional Optical Properties

The conjugated polymer 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol-bis-(para-toluenesuIfonate) or PTS is a classical example of a one-dimensional quantum wire. The π-electrons can move more or less freely in one dimension. There are large repercussions to this effect in the photonics field, including photoconductivity, and the linear and nonlinear optical response. Growing techniques of crystals with high optical quality as well as measurements on a variety of nonlinear optical effects of PTS are reported in this chapter. These include measurements on the large magnitude of the exciton absorption line, the well-defined vibrational side bands at room temperature, massive two and four photon absorption coefficients, very large Raman gain coefficients, minimal excited state absorption and a large nonlinear refractive index.
Therapeutic Role of Dopamine in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome

Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFSs) resulting in hospitalization remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States (1). Despite optimal medical therapy, many patients have refractory heart failure and remain symptomatic. Dopamine is widely used in the therapy of AHFS. However, the use of dopamine in the therapy of such patients is highly variable and remains controversial. This chapter summarizes the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of dopamine as well as its clinical rationale in the therapy of AHFS.
On the geometry of cake division

Abstract We study partitions of a “cake” C among n players. Each player uses a countably additive non-atomic probability measure to evaluate the sizes of pieces of cake. If the players' measures are m 1 , m 2 ,…, m n , then the “Individual Pieces Set,” which we studied before (2000, J. Math. Econom. 33 , 401–424), is the set {( m 1 ( P 1 ), m 2 ( P 2 ),…, m n ( P n )): 〈 P 1 , P 2 ,…, P n 〉 is a partition of C }. We continue our study of this set here. Our motivating question is: What are the possible shapes of such sets? We give an exact characterization for n = 2, establish some partial results for n = 3, and close with open questions.
The Conformation of DNA Packaged in Bacteriophage G

When packaged in a bacteriophage capsid, double-stranded DNA occupies a cavity whose volume is roughly twice the volume of the DNA double helix. The data thus far have not revealed whether the compactness of packaged bacteriophage DNA is achieved by folding of the DNA, unidirectional winding of the DNA, or a combination of both folding and winding. To assist in discriminating among these possibilities, the present study uses electron microscopy, together with ultraviolet light-induced DNA-DNA cross-linking, to obtain the following information about the conformation of DNA packaged in the comparatively large bacteriophage, G: 1) At the periphery of some negatively stained particles of bacteriophage G, electron microscopy reveals strands of DNA that are both parallel to each other and parallel to the polyhedral bacteriophage G capsid. However, these strands are not visible toward the center of the zone of packaged DNA. 2) Within some positively stained particles, electron microscopy reveals DNA-associated stain in relatively high concentration at comers of the polyhedral bacteriophage G capsid. 3) When cross-linked DNA is expelled from its capsid during preparation for electron microscopy, some DNA molecules consist primarily of a compacted central region, surrounded by DNA strands that appear to be unraveling at multiple positions uniformly distributed around the compacted DNA region. The above results are explained by a previously presented model in which DNA is compacted by folding to form 12 icosahedrally arranged pear-shaped rings.
Work in progress — Partnering with Coast Guard engineers to bring the field into the classroom using material science case studies

The introductory material science course at the United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) is being transformed from a basic survey course to a more in depth course that includes the use of case studies relevant to the students' future careers as Coast Guard engineers. The goals of the pedagogical approach are to spark greater interest by exposing students to contemporary materials issues and to demonstrate the relevance of material science to their future careers as Coast Guard engineers. There is a unique opportunity to engage officers who return from the field for various tours at the USCGA. As practitioners come into the classroom to discuss material science cases from the field, leadership and ethics issues are also explored. The authors present progress to date on incorporating case studies with active participation from Coast Guard engineers. Future plans to assess and refine this pedagogical technique are also discussed.
Time-Domain Correlation-Based Multipath Modeling of Wideband Space-Polarization MIMO Channels

In this paper we propose a time-domain correlation-based model for wideband space-polarization MIMO channels that incorporates most important behaviors of such architectures utilizing linearly-polarized arrays. Our model incorporates power imbalance and asymmetric path K-factors and also takes into account the existence of multiple line-of-sight rays. We show that due to multiple Rician path models in the wideband system, the narrowband subband channels do not always follow the Rice distribution. This discussion is clarified with a simple two path sample channel. Therefore, it is shown that the time-domain correlation based model is more accurate than the frequency-domain counterparts which model narrowband subband channels. Furthermore, the rank of line-of-sight space-polarization MIMO channels is shown to as good or higher than the rank of co-polarized MIMO channels.
The Traders’ Cross: Identifying Traders’ Surpluses in the Traditional Edgeworth Exchange Diagram

The Edgeworth exchange diagram is a traditional tool of undergraduate microeconomic theory that depicts the mutually beneficial gains from voluntary trade. The authors take the analysis one step further. They identify the buyer's and seller's surpluses that accrue to both trading parties in the Edgeworth diagram. This is a straightforward exercise that has not, however, been developed in microeconomics textbooks, an exercise that can further hone students’ understanding of the concept of buyer's and seller's surpluses and the notion of gains from voluntary exchange.
Dynamical properties of supracritical methane via correlation function analysis

Abstract We have recently examined the reorientational time correlation functions (CFs) arising from the previously discussed ν 1 mode of methane. We found that the depolarization ratio behavior is tracked by the anisotropic Raman signal, including the discontinuity previously reported. We also are aware that these CFs may be distinct and therefore the signal shape will be a Gaussian or a Voigt function irrespective of density. If true, then the signals cannot be interpreted in terms of self-correlation functions. We have sought to confirm this by analyzing the resolved spectral components' influence on the line shape at “low” pressure.
Intertwined recursion, tree transformations and linear systems

Motivated by the way in which the recursive definition of the response of a generalized sequential machine is intertwined with that of the reachability map, we introduce an intertwined recursion principle valid for any endofunctor that admits free dynamics. This allows us to extend the Arbib-Manes definition of a machine in a category to that of a process transformation which transforms input processes to output processes. This formalization includes primitive recursion, generalized sequential machines, bottom-up tree transformations, and a generalized notion of linear systems which treats the initial state and input on a symmetric footing in its reachability theory. We also analyze the behavior of loop-free networks of process transformations.