cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contribution of A.V. Kuznetsov to the theory of modal systems and structures

We will outline the contributions of A.V. Kuznetsov to modal logic. In his research he focused mainly on semantic, i.e. algebraic, issues and lattices of extensions of particular modal logics, though his proof of the Full Conservativeness Theorem for the proof-intuitionistic logic KM (Theorem 17 below) is a gem of proof-theoretic art.
Alleles In Space (AIS): Computer Software for the Joint Analysis of Interindividual Spatial and Genetic Information

Genetic analyses of natural populations have historically relied on statistical procedures based on the concept that distinct ‘‘populations’’ of a species exist across a landscape. Invariably, commonly used analyses reduce to approaches that treat collections of individuals (‘‘populations’’) as independent/causative variables and allele frequencies as dependent/ response variables. Examples of these procedures include Wright’s FST and its variants (Excoffier et al. 1992; Nei 1973; Slatkin 1995; Weir and Cockerham 1984), contingency table procedures (Raymond and Rousset 1995; Roff and Bentzen 1989), and measures of genetic distances among populations (e.g., Nei 1972, 1978; Reynolds et al. 1983). These analyses qualitatively or explicitly test null hypotheses of homogeneity of allele frequencies between or among populations. Although almost universally applied, the analyses mentioned above are not necessarily appropriate in many situations. For example, highly mobile organisms such as large mammals or birds can occupy continuous habitats over large spatial scales. Plants may also occupy large continuous habitats, as can species inhabiting marine or aquatic systems. In these cases, objectively designating groups of individuals at population levels for use in genetic analyses may prove difficult, if not impossible. Clearly, an important consideration in these situations is the spatial extent of the ‘‘populations’’ that are chosen for analyses. If groups of organisms are defined over larger than appropriate spatial scales, resulting measures of genetic differentiation may actually provide ambiguous or misleading results (Miller et al. 2002). To address many of these issues, I have developed a new software package entitled ‘‘Alleles In Space’’ (AIS). This program, rather than implementing methodology that relies on arbitrary groupings of individuals, instead has the ability to perform joint analyses of interindividual spatial and genetic information that can be applied at virtually any spatial scale. These approaches specifically lend themselves to analyses of genetic data when one or a few individuals are sampled from large numbers of collection sites. Moreover, the program is designed to handle a wide variety of genetic data types, including codominant marker systems, dominant marker systems, and DNA sequences. Thus AIS will likely be useful for elucidation of patterns in diverse study types ranging from local analyses of genetic structure, phylogeographical studies, and studies encompassing aspects of the emerging field of landscape genetics (Manel et al. 2003).
A secure and distributed control network for the communications in smart grid

The security of the control network has become a major concern since the wide deployment of smart grid systems. The functions of Intelligent Energy Management (IEM) highly depend on the communication techniques. The IEM is the service agent of smart grid communication network in a limited management zone for distributed and autonomous power system control and operations. In such a smart grid, the power flows are unpredictable. Therefore, the management nodes, i.e., IEM agents, form a communication network that has no fixed infrastructure. For this reason, the IEM network can be considered as an ad-hoc network. In this paper, the newly proposed TQOS (Trustworthiness-based Quality of Service) routing protocol is adopted to ensure that every power system communication session can be established through a secure route [1]. We calculate the performance cost of using certain encryption algorithm for building a secure route. By using Opnet simulator, we find the overall smart grid communication performance under different network conditions, by changing the network scales, packet generation size and rate, and the node processing capability. Our simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed secure and distributed network architecture can be applied to smart grid communications in practice.
Reachability of particle size distribution in semibatch emulsion polymerization

Reachability analysis is critical in the determination of achievable end-point products for complex process systems. In emulsion polymerization, an economically important method of producing various products, particle size distribution (PSD) is an important property of the latex produced. However, the population balance modeling framework does not yield direct solutions to reachability analysis for the resulting nonlinear distributed systems. In this article, a programming-based approach is introduced for the reachability analysis of the final PSD for general particulate systems described by population balance models. In the application to a semibatch styrene homopolymerization system, the reachable region is defined for both the nominal and perturbed cases, with final PSDs characterized as multi-Gaussian distributions. Sensitivity studies reveal the limiting factors in determining the achievable final products, and quantitative criteria are developed. The evolution of the reachable region in the case of midcourse correction reveals the difficulties encountered during in-batch control, and shows the best control performance achievable given the limited on-line measurements. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3049–3059, 2004
Matelea gilbertoana (Apocynaceae), a New Species from Venezuela

Abstract A new species from Venezuela, Matelea gilbertoana (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae), is described and illustrated. The species has affinities to the ocellate complex in Matelea s. 1., but is easily distinguished by its involute corolla lobes. A key to identify the continental species of the ocellate complex is provided.
Visualizing local vector field topology

Author(s): Scheuermann, Gerik; Hamann, Bernd; Joy, Ken; Kollmann, Wolfgang | Abstract: The topology of vector fields offers a well known way to show a condensed view of the stream line behavior of a vector field. The global structure of a field can be shown without time-consuming user interaction. With regard to large data visualization, one encounters a major drawback: the necessity to analyze a whole data set, even when interested in only a small region. We show that one can localize the topology concept by including the boundary in the topology analysis. The idea is demonstrated for a turbulent swirling jet simulation example. Our concept works for all planar, piecewise analytic vector fields on bounded domains.
Pilomatrixoma: a diagnostic pitfall in fine-needle aspiration biopsies. A review from a small county hospital

Abstract A 10-year-old Hispanic girl presented with a 3-cm mass over her right parotid region. A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed and the preliminary and final diagnoses were “suspicious for carcinoma, possible mucoepidermoid carcinoma.” A subsequent computed tomography demonstrated an extra-parotid lesion attached to the skin. The FNA smears were reviewed and the diagnosis of a pilomatrixoma (PMT) was reached. The lesion was excised and the diagnosis of benign PMT confirmed. Pilomatrixomas are uncommon skin adnexal tumors most commonly found in the head and neck area of young adults and children. In 10 years there were 16 PMTs among 60,280 surgical pathology specimens in the pathology files of our 300-bed general county hospital. Pilomatrixoma is recognized as a diagnostic pitfall not only clinically but also on FNA cytology. On the physical examination, the bluish skin discoloration over the lesion so typical of PMT was overlooked. On FNA, the basaloid cells of PMT were mistaken for intermediate cells of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The presence of anucleated squames was not properly recognized. These are usually absent in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and represent a hallmark of PMT. This case illustrates well the risk of misdiagnosing a pre-auricular PMT as a malignant tumor of the parotid gland.
Hyperpolarization-activated currents in isolated superior colliculus-projecting neurons from rat visual cortex.

1. In vivo injections of rhodamine beads into the superior colliculus of 4-9 postnatal day rat pups label a population of layer 5 cells in the primary visual cortex that can be identified in tissue sections or dissociated cell cultures. 2. Under voltage clamp, hyperpolarizations of isolated superior colliculus-projecting (SCP) neurons from rest elicit an instantaneous inward current (Iinst) with nearly linear current-voltage properties that is not blocked by extracellular application of 3 mM CsCl. 3. Voltage clamp steps to potentials more negative than -60 mV evoke a slowly activating, non-inactivating inward current that is not blocked by 1 microM TTX, 1 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), 5 mM Co2+, or 25 mM TEA, but is potently blocked by extracellular application of 3 mM CsCl. This current is similar to Ih described in other systems. 4. Ih, the time-dependent inward current in SCP neurons, begins to activate near the resting membrane potential and reaches full activation at -110 mV. The voltage dependence of activation is well fitted by a Boltzmann distribution with the membrane potential at half-maximal activation (V1/2) = -81.0 mV and s (steepness of the curve parameter) = 7.2 mV. Thus, Ih may contribute to setting the resting membrane potential and resting input resistance of SCP neurons. 5. The inward rectification of the whole-cell current vs. voltage relation is accounted for by the voltage dependence of Ih activation. Current through the activated h-conductance shows slight outward rectification that is accounted for by constant field considerations. 6. The h-conductance is substantially permeable only to sodium and potassium and, under normal physiological conditions, is expected to reverse at approximately -22 mV at 20 degrees C. For [K+]o or = [Na+]o > or = 70 mM, Ih obeys independence with a PNa/PK (ratio of Na+ to K+ permeability) of 0.40. 7. Extracellular potassium increases gh. If this effect is modelled as the result of potassium binding to an extracellular conductance-permitting site, potassium has an apparent dissociation constant (Kapp) of 25.7 mM and the ability to maximally increase gh in the order of 10-fold over basal levels. 8. Ih underlies the depolarizing 'sag' and 'overshoot' observed in SCP neurons following the onset and offset, respectively, of hyperpolarizing current injections. In addition, Ih appears to control the duration and the frequency of repetitive firing following the cessation of sustained hyperpolarizing current injections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Validation of an arterial constitutive model accounting for collagen content and crosslinking

Abstract During the progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH), proximal pulmonary arteries (PAs) increase in both thickness and stiffness. Collagen, a component of the extracellular matrix, is mainly responsible for these changes via increased collagen fiber amount (or content) and crosslinking. We sought to differentiate the effects of collagen content and cross-linking on mouse PA mechanical changes using a constitutive model with parameters derived from experiments in which collagen content and cross-linking were decoupled during hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). We employed an eight-chain orthotropic element model to characterize collagen’s mechanical behavior and an isotropic neo-Hookean form to represent elastin. Our results showed a strong correlation between the material parameter related to collagen content and measured collagen content (R2 = 0.82, P Statement of significance The literature has proposed several constitutive models to describe the mechanical effects of arterial collagen but none separates collagen content from crosslinking. Given that both are critical to arterial mechanics, the novel model described here does so. Furthermore, our novel model is well tested by experimental data; model parameters were reasonably correlated with measured collagen content and crosslinking and the model-predicted collagen transition stretch was consistent with that obtained experimentally. Given that arterial collagen structural changes and collagen engagement are critical to arterial stiffening in several disease states, this model, by linking mechanical and biological properties, may allow us to predict important biological changes during disease progression from measured mechanical behavior.
Effective Rheological Properties in Semi-dilute Bacterial Suspensions

Interactions between swimming bacteria have led to remarkable experimentally observable macroscopic properties such as the reduction in the effective viscosity, enhanced mixing, and diffusion. In this work, we study an individual-based model for a suspension of interacting point dipoles representing bacteria in order to gain greater insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for the drastic reduction in the effective viscosity. In particular, asymptotic analysis is carried out on the corresponding kinetic equation governing the distribution of bacteria orientations. This allows one to derive an explicit asymptotic formula for the effective viscosity of the bacterial suspension in the limit of bacterium non-sphericity. The results show good qualitative agreement with numerical simulations and previous experimental observations. Finally, we justify our approach by proving existence, uniqueness, and regularity properties for this kinetic PDE model.
Effect of Polymer Side Chains on Charge Generation and Disorder in PBDTTPD Solar Cells

The effect of polymer side chains on device performance was investigated for PBDT(EtHex)-TPD(Oct):PC70BM and PBDT(EtHex)-TPD(EtHex):PC70BM BHJ solar cells. Going from a linear side chain on the polymer’s acceptor moiety to a branched side chain was determined to have a negative impact on the overall device efficiency, because of significantly reduced short-circuit current (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) values. Sub-bandgap external quantum efficiency (EQE) and transient photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed more-efficient carrier generation for the polymer with linear side chains, because of a higher degree of charge-transfer (CT) state delocalization, leading to more-efficient exciton dissociation. Furthermore, the increase in π–π stacking distance and disorder for the bulkier ethylhexyl side chain were shown to result in a lower hole mobility, a higher bimolecular recombination, and a higher energetic disorder. The use of linear side chains on the polymer’s acceptor moiety was shown to promote photogene...
Beginning the Workday Already Depleted? Consequences of Late-Night Smartphone Use and Sleep Quantity

Drawing on arguments from ego depletion theory, we examined the effects of smartphone use-induced depletion on daily work engagement and OCB. We utilized experience-sampling methodology in a sample...
Fat Inclusions in Blood Cells of the Southern Armyworm, Prodenia Eridania (Cram.)

Many of the blood cells, or hemocytes, of the southern armyworm normally contain glycogen inclusions (4). Whether they also normally contain inclusion of fat has not been reported. An investigation was begun on the existence of fat inclusions in southern armyworm hemocytes and of factors that might influence their occurrence, but it was necessary to discontinue this work before it was completed. The results that were obtained are reported here.
Gender and Professionalization in the Origins of the U.S. Welfare State: The Careers of Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, 1890–1935

In response to New Deal legislation, veteran reformer Molly Dewson exclaimed: “I cannot believe I have lived to see this day. It's the culmination of what us girls and some of you boys have been working for for so long it's just dazzling.” Historians have subsequently confirmed Dewson's judgment that female New Dealers had been hawking their agenda for a long time before Franklin Roosevelt's administration finally bought it. Indeed, Clarke A. Chambers, Susan Ware, and J. Stanley Lemons have carefully documented the activities of a large contingent of women who inaugurated their battle for public welfare programs during the Progressive Era (1890–1920), continued their fight through the 1920s—a decade that one activist called the “tepid, torpid years”—and stood ready with their programs when the Great Depression renewed the possibility of federal welfare legislation in the 1930s. Now we need an explanation for the continuity of this female commitment to public welfare programs: Why was it that middle-class women played such a prominent part in sustaining the Progressive Era's social welfare agenda into the 1930s.
Theoretical perspective of photocatalytic properties of single-layer SnS 2

We present a first-principles study of the photocatalytic properties of single-layer SnS${}_{2}$. First, we calculate the formation energy and the phonon spectrum, verifying static and dynamical stability, respectively. In addition, our calculated energy of solvation suggests that single-layer SnS${}_{2}$ is stable in aqueous solution. Next, by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we obtain an optical band gap of 2.75 eV, consistent with the measured optical band gap. The resulting exciton binding energy of 0.41 eV is consistent with the Mott-Wannier model. Finally, by aligning the band edges with the redox potentials of water, we find that a bias potential of at least 0.9 V is required to drive the hydrogen evolution and that compressive strains can reduce this bias potential.
In situ optical measurement of the rapid Li intercalation and deintercalation dynamics in colloidal 2D layered TiS2 nanodiscs

We report the in situ optical measurements of the rapid Li intercalation and deintercalation dynamics in 2-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) with a nanoscale lateral dimension using thin films fabricated with size-controlled colloidal TiS2 nanodiscs. The films exhibiting high optical homogeneity, where the interband absorption changes near-linearly to the amount of intercalated Li, enabled facile optical probing of the intercalation dynamics overcoming the shortcomings of amperometry susceptible to complications from non-Faradaic processes. The time scale of Li intercalation and deintercalation was on the order of seconds in the nanodiscs of ∼100 nm lateral dimension, indicating sufficiently rapid dynamic control of the intercalation-induced material properties with a reduced lateral dimension. The change in the rate and reversibility of the dynamics during the multiple intercalation/deintercalation cycles was also measured, providing a unique window to observe the effect of potential structural changes on the intercalation and deintercalation dynamics in 2D layered TMD structures with a nanoscale lateral dimension.
Influence of Large Scale Wind Farms on Power System Small Signal Stability and Damping Characteristic

A small signal stability dynamic model of induction wind generating set is established, a small signal dynamic stability analysis method for power system connected with large-scale wind farms is researched and the engineering application of this method is implemented. The calculation and analysis results of actual power grid, which is connected with large-scale wind farms and the capacity of wind farms is in high proportion to the power system, show that the operating conditions of wind farms make influence on both low frequency oscillation modes and oscillation features to some extent. The output variation of wind generation sets leads to operating mode variation of conventional generating sets in power system, and brings about the appearance and disappearance of some local oscillation modes. The oscillation modes among high capacity generator groups within the power system itself as well as the oscillation modes among high capacity generator groups belonging to different power grids are not changed, but the oscillation features are changed; the oscillation modes appear, which are strongly related to wind farms and possess good damping characteristics.
Pravastatin reduced major coronary heart disease (CHD) events in patients with abnormal fasting glucose and a history of CHD.

Source Citation Keech A, Colquhoun D, Best J, et al. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events with long-term pravastatin in patients with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose: results from the...
Femtosecond Dynamics from c.w. Spectroscopy

The conventional c.w. spectroscopies contain much explicit dynamical information. We discuss electronic absorption and Raman scattering. C.w. spectroscopy is considered as a limit of multiple femtosecond pulses. Once it is understood that a c.w. laser is performing a Fourier transform on femtosecond pulsed dynamics, much insight can be gained into intramolecular dynamics and the complementary pulsed experiments.
Clinical signs and pathology

Bluetongue (BT) occurs principally in sheep and some species of wild ruminants, and bluetongue virus (BTV) infection of cattle, goats and most wild ruminant species is typically asymptomatic or subclinical. The clinical signs of BTV infection are also highly variable even in susceptible species such as sheep, reflecting inherent differences in the susceptibility of different sheep breeds, as well as of individual animals, and external stressors such as solar irradiation that can exacerbate the clinical signs of BT. The signs of BT in sheep are the result of virus-mediated vascular injury that produces oedema, hyperaemia and vascular congestion, haemorrhage and tissue infarction. Thus, sheep with acute BT have any combination of fever, anorexia and malaise, respiratory distress, excessive salivation, serous to bloody nasal and ocular discharge that becomes increasingly mucopurulent so that crusty exudates accumulate around the nostrils, petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, oral erosions and ulcers. A variety of animal groups other than ruminants have been implicated in the life cycle of a BTV infection. Serological evidence indicates that large African carnivores are infected with BTV, whereas smaller predators that co-habit with them are not, suggesting that large carnivores are infected through feeding on BTV-infected ruminants.
Genetic aspects of the immune response.

The immune response probably evolved primarily for the advantages it confers on the organism in recovery from infectious disease, and specific protection against reinfection by the same pathogen. The response is characterized by recognition of substances foreign to the organism, elaboration of antibodies with combining sites complementary to parts of the foreign substances that induced antibody formation, and a specific “memory”, such that later exposure to the same or a sufficiently similar foreign substance provokes a more rapid and intense antibody response than did the first exposure. Because the immune response system has evolved by selection, we can assume that its elaboration has depended on genetic variations occurring in the past. In its present form the system is highly complex, involving numerous processes of programmed cellular function, differentiation and interaction. Thus the phylogeny, the ontogeny, and the physiology of the immune response all indicate a high order of genetic dependency.
Job Analysis and Cognitive Task Analysis in National Security Environments

The critical cyber-infrastructure of the United States is under a constant barrage of attacks. Adversaries foreign and domestic attack the nation's systems in order to test their design and limits; to steal information spy; to damage the system; and embed malware which can be deployed at a later time. The ability of the United States' military and federal civilian departments to detect, delay, and respond to these attacks is essential to our national security. Identifying the best personnel to place in these critical occupations requires understanding the knowledge, skills, abilities and other factors KSAOs necessary to successfully complete important job tasks. It is also beneficial to understand the cognitive aspects of the job and when cognitive load is too high; when cognitive fatigue is setting in; and how these affect job performance. These factors are identified and measured by Industrial-Organizational I-O psychologists using the methods of job analysis and cognitive task analysis.
Emotional Intelligence, Relationship Satisfaction, and the Moderating Effect of ADHD Symptomatology

The present cross-sectional study examined the extent to which ADHD symptomatology moderated the association between emotional intelligence (EI) and relationship satisfaction. A sample of 139 undergraduate students completed self-report measures of ADHD symptomatology, romantic relationship satisfaction, and EI. Hierarchical regression analysis found a significant interaction between emotional intelligence and ADHD symptomatology in their associations with relationship satisfaction while controlling for comorbid depressive symptoms. Simple slopes analyses revealed that EI was positively associated with relationship satisfaction among individuals with higher ADHD symptomatology, but not significantly associated among individuals with lower ADHD symptomatology. These results suggest that EI might play a particularly important role in the relationship quality of individuals with ADHD symptomatology and suggest an important topic for future research.
GASTROINTESTINAL DECONTAMINATION AFTER POISONING: Where Is the Science?

In recent years, there has occurred a dramatic change in the approach of many clinical toxicologists and physicians toward the use of gastrointestinal decontamination methods in the treatment of patients poisoned by ingestion of toxic materials. Statements espousing or denouncing induced emesis, gastric lavage, single or repeated doses of activated charcoal, cathartics, and whole bowel irrigation are frequently published and are often interpreted as being supported by strong, rigorous, scientific research. Many toxicologists have assumed personal positions either strongly in support of or against the use of these procedures, and when this topic is debated, it is not unusual for there to be as many different opinions as there are toxicologists involved in the discussion. This article reviews the studies performed to date comparing these procedures.
The attractions of spin-polarized SEM

Imagine that you want to build a new material, atom by atom, until a complete atomic layer or two is formed. This may not be easy to do, but if you succeed, such an artificial material could possess a wealth of unusual and surprising properties. Novel physical phenomena would occur, characteristic of the reduction from three to two dimensions; peculiar effects would also be observed if the atoms could be arranged differently to their three-dimensional counterparts.
Bioethical Matriarchy: Race, Gender, and the Gift in Genomic Research

Abstract: The 2013 sequencing of the epigenome and genome from Henrietta Lacks’s HeLa cell line illuminates the bioethical intersections of genomics, race, and gender. Subsequent announcements by Francis Collins and reports in the scientific media referring to Henrietta Lacks as a matriarch , expose the missing political and resource allocations alluded to by the quasi-viral matriarchal designation, an assemblage I term Bioethical Matriarchy . Drawing from field, media, biomedical archival research, I am concerned with the ways African-descent and matriarchal status reproduce the social order, reflecting racialized and gendered histories of kinship, desire, and status inequality. I address these concerns through an anthropological engagement with African American/Diaspora studies and Feminist technoscientific scholarship in both the social sciences and humanities. I build on Richard Hyland (2014), by arguing that unequal and gendered forms of exchange (re)produce wealth and obligations to give, but not necessarily to reciprocate. I discuss why the bioethical, intellectual property, and legal implications of these asymmetrical relationships necessarily take our discussion beyond issues of consent and inclusion to engaging larger questions of reparative and restorative justice.
Mediating Asia| Enlightenment and the Revolutionary Press in Colonial Indonesia

In the historiography of Indonesian nationalism and the press, much has been made of the vernacular press and its role in the emergence of national consciousness. However, this work has not typically distinguished between the vernacular press and the self-identified “revolutionary press,” which emerged during the early communist movement of 1920–1926. This article recovers the tradition of the revolutionary press and situates it in the history of Indonesian national struggles by examining the production and development of the revolutionary newspaper Sinar Hindia . An investigation of the paper’s content, production, and distribution practices reveals how Sinar Hindia not only embodied the anticolonial national struggle but also became a voice for a project of enlightenment in the colony. By uncovering this “revolutionary” paper’s own discourses of enlightenment and revolutionary struggle, this study sheds light on the role of the press in the production of enlightenment ideas and practices in colonial Indonesia.
When the lighthouse goes dark: Uncovering role model change dynamics within the workplace

Although the concept of role model within workplace has been circulating around management research for a long time, we still don’t know much about individual identification with the role model. Mo...
Association between Nonmedical Marijuana and Pain Reliever Uses among Individuals Aged 50.

Marijuana and pain reliever use for medical and nonmedical purposes has been increasing among older adults. Using the 2012-2013 U.S. National Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), this study examined: (1) the association between past-year nonmedical marijuana and pain reliever use among adults aged 50+ years (N = 14,715); and (2) sociodemographic, health, and pain-related correlates of nonmedical marijuana and/or pain reliever use. The findings show that 3.87% and 3.12%, respectively, used marijuana and pain relievers nonmedically and 14.40% of marijuana users, compared to 2.67% of nonusers, used pain relievers nonmedically. Controlling for sociodemographics, health status, pain interference, and mental and other substance use disorders, marijuana use anduse disorder were significantly associated with nonmedical pain reliever use and opioid use disorder, respectively. Compared to marijuana users (with or without nonmedical use of pain relievers), nonmedical pain reliever users (without marijuana) are older, married, and women. Users of both substances nonmedically are a small group (0.56% of the 50+ age group), but they are at greatest risk of lifetime opioid, alcohol, and nicotine use disorders. Pain interference is a significant correlate of nonmedical pain reliever use. Healthcare providers should assess for the nonmedical use of these medicines/drugs and help older adults receive effective pain treatment.
76 End of life care medication prescriptions: improving accuracy for a timely discharge

Introduction Prescribing medications for patients ‘to take out’ (TTO) on discharge is a routine task for junior doctors. Prescribing end of life care medications as a TTO, such that a rapid discharge can be arranged for a patient wishing to die at home, is not so common. Inspiration and aim Born out of a highly emotive incident in which a patient did not receive his medications, a project to test, and subsequently improve, the accuracy of TTO prescriptions of these medications was initiated. Method A cohort of foundation year one doctors undertook an end of life care prescribing quiz (Quiz 1), asking them to give an example prescription for both controlled and non-controlled drugs, and to state any additional documentation required to validate the prescription in the community. A guideline was then created in collaboration with the palliative care team, junior doctors and pharmacists to improve the accuracy of TTO end of life care medications. The new guideline was delivered alongside a palliative care teaching session, with cross-reference to the Trust’s palliative care guidelines. The same cohort of doctors then re-took the prescribing quiz (Quiz 2). Results The results of Quiz 1 highlighted worrying prescription inaccuracies: only 5% (1/20) of doctors correctly prescribed the medications and only 10% (2/20) identified the need for a community prescription chart. After guidance and training there was a considerable improvement in prescription accuracy (Quiz 2), with 75% (15/20) of doctors correctly prescribing the medications, and 88% (17/20) identifying the additional chart needed for administration. Future Going forward, the guideline is to be distributed to all junior doctors within the trust, through inclusion on the intranet and the introductory handbook, such that future situations of delayed dispensing of end of life care medications can be avoided.
Does benchmark-beating detect earnings management? Evidence from accounting irregularities

Abstract We examine whether meeting or slightly beating an earnings benchmark (benchmark-beating) is (1) associated with accounting irregularities, an extreme and certain case of earnings management, (2) useful for detecting accounting irregularities both incremental and relative to discretionary accruals and to F-scores (Dechow, Ge, Larson, & Sloan, 2011), and (3) more useful for detecting opportunistic accounting irregularities, a more harmful form of earnings manipulation identified in Badertscher, Collins, and Lys (2012), than accounting irregularities in general. We identify an accounting irregularity sample where earnings are restated due to intentional misreporting and construct a control sample where earnings are not restated. We find that benchmark-beating is significantly positively associated with the probability of accounting irregularities after controlling for other determinants of accounting irregularities. In addition, benchmark-beating is useful for detecting accounting irregularities incremental to discretionary accruals and F-scores; benchmark-beating ties with and sometimes outperforms discretionary accruals for detecting accounting irregularities in a one-on-one horse race but is dominated by F-scores. Finally, benchmark-beating is more useful for detecting opportunistic accounting irregularities than accounting irregularities in general. Overall, we contribute to the literature by validating benchmark-beating as a proxy for earnings management.
Abstract 12752: Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Aortic Valve Replacement in Mixed Aortic Valve Disease: Are We Operating Too Late?

Introduction: The fate of the left ventricle (LV) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in mixed aortic valve disease (MAVD) is unknown. Hypothesis/objectives: To determine prevalence and predictors of early and late left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) defined as EF Methods: Patients with moderate-severe MAVD, ejection fraction ≥50%, no documented coronary artery disease, and a minimum of 2-year follow-up after AVR were identified. Moderate-severe MAVD was defined as a combination of ≥moderate aortic stenosis and ≥moderate aortic regurgitation. EF was assessed at 1 and 5 years post-AVR. Results: Patients with MAVD (n=179); age 63±8 years, males 134 (75%); underwent AVR at Mayo Clinic from 1994-2010. Early LVD occurred in 38(21%). Predictors of early LVD were LV mass index/LV end-diastolic dimension (LVMI/LVEDD) >3.1 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83, confidence interval [CI] 1.59-1.98); relative wall thickness (RWT) >0.46 (HR 2.16, CI 1.21-4.99); and older age per decade (HR 1.62, CI 1.23-3.02). Assessment of LV function was performed in 124 patients at 5 years post-AVR, and late LVD was present in 29 (23%). Predictors of late LVD were LVMI/LVEDD >3.1 (HR 1.77, CI 1.24-2.01) and RWT >0.46 (HR 1.65, CI 1.29-2.24). All-cause mortality occurred in 21 (12%), and was more common in patients with higher preoperative LV mass, P Conclusions: LVD can occur after AVR even in the setting of normal preoperative LV function and absence of coronary artery disease. Preoperative LV mass was predictive of LVD, and should be taken into consideration when determining the timing of AVR. LEGENDS Comparison of the occurrence of LVD and all-cause mortality by preoperative left ventricular mass.% of patients with early LVD (blue), late LVD (red) and death (green) between the patients with LVMI/LVEDD ratio ≤3.1 vs >3.1 (A), and ≤0.46 vs >0.46 (B)
Lyapunov stable penalty methods for imposing holonomic constraints in multibody system dynamics

This paper presents stability and convergence results on a novel approach for imposing holonomic constraints for a class of multibody system dynamics. As opposed to some recent techniques that employ a penalty functional to approximate the Lagrange multipliers, the method herein defines a penalized dynamical system using penalty-augmented kinetic and potential energies, as well as a penalty dependent constraint violation dissipation function. In as much as the governing equations are not typically cocreive, the usual convergence criteria for linear variational boundary value problems are not directly applicable. Still numerical simulations by various researchers suggest that the method is convergent and stable. Despite the fact that the governing equations are nonlinear, the theoretical convergence of the formulation is guaranteed if the multibody system is natural and conservative. Likewise, stability and asymptotic stability results for the penalty formulation are derived from well-known stability results available from classical mechanics. Unfortunately, the convergence theorem is not directly applicable to dissipative multibody systems, such as those encountered in control applications. However, it is shown that the approximate solutions of a typical dissipative system converge to a nearby collection of trajectories that can be characterized precisely using a Lyapunov/Invariance Principle analysis. In short, the approach has many advantages as an alternative to other computational techniques: (1) Explicit constraint violation bounds can be derived for a large class of nonlinear multibody dynamics problems (2) Sufficient conditions for the Lyapunov stability, and asymptotic stability, of the penalty formulation are derived for a large class of multibody systems (3) The method can be shown to be relatively insensitive to singular configurations by selecting the penalty parameters to dissipate ‘constraint violation energy’ (4) The Invariance Principle can be employed in the method, in certain cases, to derive the asymptotic behavior of the constraint violation for dissipative multibody systems by identifying ‘constraint violation limit cycles’
Topics of Clinical Interest

Many studies of protein metabolism in humans have included patients with various conditions of clinical importance. A common feature of most of the conditions discussed in this chapter is a loss of body proteins, especially from skeletal muscle. The effect of these conditions on protein metabolism (or the role of altered protein metabolism in the pathophysiology of a disease) often is difficult to determine, because there are multiple factors influenced by the disease that may alter protein metabolism (e.g., nutrition, physical activity, cytokine levels, medications). Moreover, severity of diseases, trauma, metabolic abnormalities, or other conditions can be quite variable, and early effects may be quite different from later effects. It is important to keep these problems in mind when trying to understand the relation between clinical problems and protein metabolism.
A Dual-Band Dual-Output Power Amplifier for Carrier Aggregation

This paper demonstrates a high-efficiency dual-band RF power amplifier (PA) for sub-6 GHz 5G carrier aggregation. The dual-band PA is tested with modulated signals generated by a new algorithm designed to provide realistic waveforms for carrier aggregation scenarios, allowing flexible complex (IQ) modulated sequences with arbitrary peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), bandwidth, and band distribution. A single-stage PA is designed with a packaged 6-W transistor and a diplexer-like output matching network that separates the two bands into two outputs. It achieves an output power of 36.7 and 37.1 dBm and a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 40.4% and 39.9% at 3.5 and 5.5 GHz, respectively. Under concurrent, dual-band drive with 10-MHz, 6-dB PAPR signals and with digital predistortion applied to varying frequency notch bandwidths, an average PAE of 25.6%, a normalized mean square error of 2.4%/1.0%, and an adjacent channel power ratio of −46.8/−48 dBc in the two bands (3.5/5.5 GHz) is measured.
Struvite Stone Formation by Ureolytic Biofilms

This chapter describes the role ureolytic biofilms (communities of microbes attached to surfaces) play in struvite stone formation in the urinary tract. The formation of struvite stones (MgNH4PO4·6H2O), commonly known as infection stones, is associated with urinary tract infections, particularly, with ureolytic microorganisms. Establishment of ureolytic biofilms in the urinary tract can result in increased microbial resistance to medical treatment and development of the necessary urine conditions to promote struvite (or other mineral) precipitation possibly leading to stone formation. Ureolytic microorganisms produce urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea (CO(NH2)2) generating ammonium (NH4+) and alkalizing urine, which changes urine chemistry to potentially promote struvite and other mineral precipitation. This chapter describes the series of steps involved in biofilm development and struvite precipitation leading to stone formation. Furthermore, this chapter presents an overview of controlled laboratory experiments and computer simulations currently used in different disciplines to study microbe-fluid-mineral interactions. We conclude that an interdisciplinary approach including the disciplines of engineering, mathematics, chemistry, microbiology and medicine will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the process of stone formation in the urinary tract and will ultimately allow for the development of improved management and prevention strategies for infection stones.
Relationship of Pink Pigmentation in Rose Petals and Botrytis cinerea

Pink pigmentation on rose (Rosa × hybrida) petals in the form of round spots or irregular-shaped discoloration has been associated with Botrytis cinerea infection, but scientific evidence has been ...
Associations and Hecklers

The Supreme Court’s Freedom of Association jurisprudence is characterized by a tension between associational freedom and equal access. While associational freedom justifies a right of associations to exclude unwanted people (such as the Boy Scouts’ right to exclude gay scoutmasters), equal access demands greater inclusion in associations (for example, by requiring that the Jaycees admit women). In this article, I defend a novel approach to maximizing the twin ideals of associational freedom and equal access: what I call ‘heckling analysis.’ The concept of “heckling” has been applied in other areas of First Amendment law, but never specifically in the Freedom of Association context. Courts should consider whether a person seeking admission into an association threatens to disrupt the association—in other words, whether the person seeking admission is a heckler. By focusing on the actual threat of disruption, courts will be able to best protect the association’s right to exclude when disruption is threatened and promote inclusion when there is no actual threat of disruption. The heckling analysis proposed in this article better promotes both values — associational freedom and equal access — than the Court’s current approach to such issues.
Sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 has a role in kidney disease associated with diabetes and Alport syndrome.

Defective cholesterol metabolism primarily linked to reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression is closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome. However, whether the accumulation of free or esterified cholesterol contributes to progression in kidney disease remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 (SOAT1), the enzyme at the endoplasmic reticulum that converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters, which are then stored in lipid droplets, effectively reduced cholesterol ester and lipid droplet formation in human podocytes. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of SOAT1 in podocytes reduced lipotoxicity-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome in association with increased ABCA1 expression and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. In vivo, Soat1 deficient mice did not develop albuminuria or mesangial expansion at 10-12 months of age. However, Soat1 deficiency/inhibition in experimental models of diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome reduced cholesterol ester content in kidney cortices and protected from disease progression. Thus, targeting SOAT1-mediated cholesterol metabolism may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat kidney disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome, like that suggested for Alzheimer's disease and cancer treatments.
The relationship between stressors of temporary work and counterproductive work behaviour

Recent research on temporary work has suggested that temporary work experiences vary greatly in quality. In light of concerns about diminished quality of some temporary work experiences, we suggest that temporary workers may experience a variety of stressful work situations that could precipitate detrimental outcomes not only for these workers, but also for their co-workers and organizations. Using a multi-wave survey of temporary workers, this study examines the relationship between economic, interpersonal, and organizational stressors and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). Specifically, we hypothesize that economic stressors (operationalized as economic hardship and job insecurity), interpersonal conflict and organizational constraints will predict the extent to which temporary workers perform CWB via emotional exhaustion and moral disengagement pathways. Three waves of data show that temporary workers experiencing higher levels of economic hardship, interpersonal conflict and organizational constraints reported greater emotional exhaustion, which was linked to increased frequency of CWBs. Additionally, higher levels of job insecurity and interpersonal conflict were related to higher levels of moral disengagement, which related to increased frequency of CWBs. These findings highlight relationships of different stressors with emotional and cognitive reactions that may trigger CWB in temporary workers.
The Defender of Ladysmith (1899–1900)

Chapter 9, “The Defender of Ladysmith (1899–1900),” continues the examination of White’s command of the Natal Field Force during the South African War. It looks at daily life during the siege of Ladysmith, the Boer attempt to force their way into the town in early January 1900 which led to the battles of Wagon Hill and Caesar’s Camp, and the relief of the garrison in March 1900. It also discusses White’s return to Great Britain.