cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P2-03-05: S100A7 enhances triple negative breast cancer growth and metastasis by cross-talk with resistin

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents ˜20% of all breast cancer cases and is highly refractory to existing therapies. Although, a number of putative functions have been proposed for S100A7, but its crosstalk with resistin in TNBC pathogenesis remains to be defined. S100A7/RAGE signaling has been shown to play an important role in inflammation-mediated breast cancer pathogenesis. S100A7/psoriasin, a member of the epidermal differentiation complex, is widely overexpressed in invasive estrogen receptor (ER)α-negative breast cancers. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the cross-talk between S100A7 and resistin in TNBC cells. In this study, we observed that the treatment or overexpression of S100A7 increased the expression of resistin, cPLA2 and FASN expressions in TNBC cells. The overexpression/downregulation of S100A7 with exogenous resistin in TNBC cells also showed the marked changes in their migrating, sphere forming and colony forming abilities. The treatment of resistin also increases the effect of S100A7-mediated expansion of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) by increasing the ALDH activity and CD44+CD24- subpopulations. The in-vivo effects of resistin on breast tumor growth and metastasis were also analyzed by using MDA-MB-231 vector and S100A7 overexpressed MDA-MB-468 vector and S100A7 knock-down cells by using Xenograft NOD/SCID Il2rg null (NSG) mice model. Here, we have found that the treatment of resistin increased the tumor growth and metastases mediated by S100A7 by modulating the different myeloid cells populations. We have also shown that the S100A7 overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells were much more sensitive to FASN and cPLA2 inhibitors as compared to vector control cells. The in-silico analyses also showed the clinical significance of S100A7 and resistin in TNBC pathogenesis. Collectively, these findings suggest the novel cross-talk in between S100A7 and resistin in TNBC pathogenesis and how resistin, cPLA2 and FASN could be used as potential therapeutic targets to inhibit the S100A7-mediated TNBC progression and metastasis. Citation Format: Mishra S, Ahiwar DK, Shukla RK, Chatterjee N, Ganju R. S100A7 enhances triple negative breast cancer growth and metastasis by cross-talk with resistin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-03-05.
Multivariate analysis of hypertension in general US adults based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999 to 2016

Purpose: Since the publication of the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline, few studies have analyzed the epidemiology and management of hypertension across many heterogeneous subgroups in the US.Ma...
Reaction blockading in a reaction between an excited atom and a charged molecule at low collision energy.

Recent advances have enabled studies of atom–ion chemistry at unprecedentedly low temperatures, allowing precision observation of chemical reactions and novel chemical dynamics. So far, these studies have primarily involved reactions between atoms and atomic ions or non-polar molecular ions, often in their electronic ground state. Here, we extend this work by studying an excited atom–polar-molecular-ion chemical reaction (Ca* + BaCl+) at low temperature in a hybrid atom–ion trapping system. The reaction rate and product branching fractions are measured and compared to model calculations as a function of both atomic quantum state and collision energy. At the lowest collision energy we find that the chemical dynamics differ dramatically from capture theory predictions and are primarily dictated by the radiative lifetime of the atomic quantum state instead of the underlying excited-state interaction potential. This reaction blockading effect, which greatly suppresses the reactivity of short-lived excited states, provides a means for directly probing the reaction range and also naturally suppresses unwanted chemical reactions in hybrid trapping experiments. The reaction between an excited atom and a charged molecule has now been studied at low temperature and a reaction blockading effect has been observed that differs significantly from what is expected from standard chemical capture theory.
Cooking and Community: An Exploration of Oneota Group Variability through Foodways

For many years, archaeological research regarding the Oneota tradition has focused on broad similarities and trends among groups spread over a wide geographical area. While this research is importa...
Specificity of Individual Differences in Arm Movement Fatigue within Two Levels of Work Load

Abstract Fifty subjects were given fatiguing tests at two work loads on a horizontal arm-crank friction ergometer.2 The initial speed was 120 rpm; the test continued for 10 min. Both fatigue curves were S-shaped—the rate of work dropped off slowly at first, then went through a rapid drop-off phase followed by a slow drop-off phase that approached an asymptotic steady state. The mathematical form was a two-component exponential equation which fitted the observed data very closely. Using a 2-k. work load, there was 22 percent decrement at the end of the test. Using a 3.45-k. work load (1 week later), the decrement was 48 percent. Test-retest reliability of individual differences in drop-off was moderately high (r = .86 and .85 for the two work loads). However, the correlation between drop-offs for the two work loads was only r = .61 and even after correction for attenuation was only .71. Thus only 50 percent of the individual difference variance in fatigability was common to the two work loads, while 50 per...
Overcoming translational barriers in modeling macular degenerations.

Advances in tissue mimetics are paving the way for interrogating both the pathobiology of human disease and innovative therapeutic paradigms. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Manian et al. (2021) develop a novel iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choriocapillaris (CC) complex that recapitulates key features of macular degenerations.
Numerical Investigation of Nonlinear Boundary-Layer Transition for Cones at Mach 6

Direct numerical simulations were carried out for a straight and a flared cone at Mach 6 and zero angle of attack to investigate the effects of geometry on the linear and nonlinear stages of the la...
Leveraging behavioral economics to promote treatment adherence: A primer for the practicing dermatologist

The problem of suboptimal treatment adherence among patients with dermatologic or other diseases has not been adequately addressed in health care. Despite a wide range of efficacious therapies, nonadherence remains a primary driver of suboptimal clinical outcomes. Novel solutions to address this unmet need can be found in behavioral economics. By leveraging our understanding of human decision-making, we may better promote treatment adherence, thereby improving quality of life and decreasing economic burdens. Behavioral economics has been studied extensively in relation to topics such as health policy and health behaviors; however, there is a dearth of research applying this approach to chronic diseases and only a handful within dermatology. We conducted a scoping review in PubMed to identify articles that discuss behavioral economics and its application to treatment adherence in dermatologic patients, with a particular focus on psoriasis, followed by a summary of key ethical considerations. We found that such principles can be employed in cost-effective, scalable interventions that improve patient adherence to a range of medical therapies and lifestyle modifications.
Proactive and reactive aggression and substance use among detained youth

Background: Proactive and reactive functions of aggression have been found to be differentially associated with substance use; however, the pattern of associations differs across substance and outc...
An Application of the Patient Rule-Induction Method to Detect Clinically Meaningful Subgroups from Failed Phase III Clinical Trials.

Background Phase III superiority clinical trials have negative results (new treatment is not statistically better than standard of care) due to a number of factors, including patient and disease heterogeneity. However, even a treatment regime that fails to show population-level clinical improvement will have a subgroup of patients that attain a measurable clinical benefit. Objective The goal of this paper is to modify the Patient Rule-Induction Method to identify statistically significant subgroups, defined by clinical and/or demographic factors, of the clinical trial population where the experimental treatment performs better than the standard of care and better than observed in the entire clinical trial sample. Results We illustrate this method using part A of the SUCCESS clinical trial, which showed no overall difference between treatment arms: HR (95% CI) = 0.97 (0.78, 1.20). Using PRIM, we identified one subgroup defined by the mutational profile in BRCA1 which resulted in a significant benefit for adding Gemcitabine to the standard treatment: HR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.40, 0.87). Conclusion This result demonstrates that useful information can be extracted from existing databases that could provide insight into why a phase III trial failed and assist in the design of future clinical trials involving the experimental treatment.
Density of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in relation to energy development in the Green River Basin, Wyoming

Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas have increased in recent years and are expected to expand in the future. Reduction in water quality from energy extraction may negatively affect water supply for agriculture and urban use within catchments as well as down river. We used non-invasive genetic techniques and capture-recapture modeling to estimate the abundance and density of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis), a sentinel species of aquatic ecosystems, in Southwestern Wyoming. While densities in two of three river reaches were similar to those reported in other freshwater systems in the western US (1.45-2.39 km per otter), otters appeared to avoid areas near energy development. We found no strong difference in habitat variables, such as overstory cover, at the site or reach level. Also, fish abundance was similar among the three river reaches. Otter activity in our study area could have been affected by elevated levels of disturbance surrounding the industrial gas fields, and by potential surface water contamination as indicated by patterns in water conductivity. Continued monitoring of surface water quality in Southwestern Wyoming with the aid of continuously recording devices and sentinel species is warranted.
國際人權實證研究方法概述 (An Overview of Empirical Research Methods in International Human Rights)

Chinese Abstract: 本文介紹美國學界近十幾年來在國際人權領域中運用實證方法之趨勢。以一些重要著作為例，探討人權實證研究方法之進展，並指出人權研究者在使用實證研究方法上應特別注意之處，包括研究倫理和人權資料相關問題。我國於2009 年批准兩大人權公約後，越來越多學者與實務人士投入國際人權與在地實踐之研究，本文討論美國人權學界實證研究趨勢、實證方法之發展與挑戰，對我國研究者應有參考價值。 English Abstract: This research note introduces trends in U.S. academe regarding empirical research in international human rights over the past ten-plus years. It uses some important publications in this field as examples to discuss the relevant development of empirical research methods. The note also highlights a number of issues to which human rights researchers should give special attention when conducting empirical research, including issues relating to research ethics and data access. In 2009, the Republic of China (Taiwan) ratified the two principal human rights covenants, which has increasingly stimulated local scholars and practitioners to study international human rights and their local implementation. The trends in American empirical research and the progress and challenges of empirical methods discussed in this note should be useful references for researchers in Taiwan.
Building Knowledge Capabilities in Education

The capability to manage knowledge is built, practiced and improved by many organizations. The study of Knowledge Management Capability (KMC) in single organizations is needed to further the understanding of how improvements can be made with effective Knowledge Management. Specifically, educational organizations can benefit from KMC improvement due to the strategic value of knowledge identified across various institutes of learning. This research exploits a prior KMC investigation in a manufacturing organization to investigate potential benefits in an educational setting. Educational settings, viewed as organic organizations, can realize benefits through KMC improvement that include: identified improvements to the management of knowledge in an organic (educational) vs. mechanistic (manufacturing) organization, understanding of how different knowledge types are viewed in the different settings, and greater understanding of how KMC is formed in organic organizations. We hypothesize that KMC factors and areas exist in educational organizations, and that organizational culture affects the knowledge management process. We expect the research to provide industry specific insight into the unique structure and process requirements for effective knowledge management in education.
Becoming-Animal in the Flesh: Expanding the Ethical Reach of Deleuze and Guattari’s Tenth Plateau

Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s notion of becoming-animal offers a mode of interaction that goes beyond the symbolic language and conceptual thought that are often used in the western philosophical tradition to circumscribe the limits and define the nature of an ethical engagement. They fail, however, to provide a robust account of how becoming may yield an ethical exchange between the human being and the animal other. In order for this process to generate such an outcome, it must be accompanied by commitment to and care for the animal. Primatologist Barbara Smuts brings this becoming to the flesh in ways that enable a committed, caring and collaborative ethical interaction between species.
Biosynthesis of membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Effects of various antibiotics

The biosynthesis of membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined using various antibiotics (puromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and rifampin). Among six major membrane proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the biosynthesis of two membrane proteins (proteins I and II) was found to be unusually resistant to these antibiotics. The biosynthesis of protein I (apparent molecular weight of 6,500) was completely resistant to puromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline at conditions which severely inhibited the biosynthesis of all the other membrane proteins except for protein II. Under the same conditions, the biosynthesis of protein II (apparent molecular weight of 9,000) was also resistant to puromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, but was sensitive to chloramphenicol. The effect of rifampin on the biosynthesis of proteins I and II indicated that their messenger RNAs are extremely stable; their functional half-lives are 16 and 8 min for proteins I and II, respectively, in contrast with 2.0 and 3.5 min for the average half-lives of the cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, respectively. Protein II was identified as the lipoprotein of the outer membrane from its amino acid composition and mobility in gel electrophoresis. Protein I is a cytoplasmic membrane protein lacking histidine. From the content of arginine residues, the number of protein I molecules per cell was estimated to be as many as, and most likely more than, that of the lipoprotein (protein II). Therefore, protein I is the most abundant protein in P. aeruginosa.
Volumetric and microscopic pattern of bone marrow in normal infants and children. III. Histologic pattern.

With the use of the described bone marrow aspiration and concentration (volumetric) technic, the percentage distribution of the major categories of cells appears to follow the general pattern reported from studies of bone marrow in infants and children by the direct smear technics. The percentage distribution of nucleated cells from sternal and iliac aspirations in the age range studied showed no apparent differences between the two sites nor influence of age on the data. In normal individuals as young as 1½ years of age and with advancing age thereafter, an increasing number of tibial aspirations show a very low percentage of normoblasts (0-5) and a majority of lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils.
A Labor Theoretic Analysis of Criminal Choice

In this paper we show that plausible preference restrictions are not sufficient for unambiguous household supply results in the criminal choke problem. Therefore policy prescriptions in this area do not follow from theory, but rather require empirical determination of relative magnitudes.
A synthetic analysis of seasonal influences in the effects of land use on the urban thermal regime

Summary A simple digital surface climate simulator is employed as the vehicle for the exploration of some relationships between land-use and the urban climate. Specifically the simulator indicates that the physical roots of the urban "heat island effect" are significantly seasonally variable.
Working Farm Participation and Acreage Enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program

Among Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) participants, there is a distinction between farm households using the program to ease out of farming and those using the program to augment production receipts. We find evidence that factors other than crop or livestock revenue and environmental factors are associated with program participation and acreage enrollment among farmers who continue agricultural production. Program payments and farm size are positively associated with the amount of land enrolled in the CRP, and characteristics of participants in land retirement and working-lands CRP components are similar.
Erosional Impacts of Modified Inlets, Beach Encroachment, and Beach Nourishment on the East Coast of Florida

ABSTRACT Houston, J.R. and Dean, R.G., 2016. Erosional impacts of modified inlets, beach encroachment, and beach nourishment on the east coast of Florida. Most of the 21 inlets along the 588 km of sandy shoreline on the Florida east coast have been modified, primarily to improve navigation efficiency and safety. These modifications have usually caused significant downdrift shoreline erosion. Shoreline change data for the Florida east coast during the period from about 1869 to 1971, which was before widespread beach nourishment, are analyzed. Modified inlets during this period impacted about 25% of the shoreline and conservatively caused about 70% of the shoreline area recession and about 75–85% if counties are excluded that did not have modified inlets that caused net downdrift recession. During this same period of about 100 years, the remaining 75% of the shoreline advanced on average 46 m seaward. However, before Florida began regulating coastal construction, development often encroached on accreting sh...
Flavonol Intake and Cognitive Decline in Middle-Aged Adults

Cognitive decline occurs with age and may be slowed by dietary measures, including increased intake of dietary phytochemicals. However, evidence from large and long-term studies of flavonol intake is limited. Dietary intakes of flavonols were assessed from a large biracial study of 10,041 subjects, aged 45-64, by analysis of a food frequency questionnaire administered at visit 1 of triennial visits. Cognitive function was assessed at visits 2 and 4 with the following three cognitive performance tests: the delayed word recall test, the revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale digit symbol subtest, and the word fluency test of the Multilingual Aphasia Examination. The change in each score over 6 years was calculated, and a combined standardized change score was calculated. Generalized linear models controlled for age, ethnicity, gender, education level, energy intake, current smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diabetes, and vitamin C intake. Total flavonols across quintiles of intake were positively associated with preserved combined cognitive function (P<.001). This pattern with preserved combined cognitive function was consistent for the three major individual flavonols in the diet, myricetin, kaempferol, and quercetin (each P<.001). The positive association with total flavonols was strongest for the digit symbol subtest (P<.001). In this cohort, flavonol intake was correlated with protected cognitive function over time.
Myocardial Mechanisms Causing Heart Failure Early After Cardiac Transplantation

Early after heart transplantation, some patients have heart failure (HF) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), in the absence of rejection. The purpose of this study was to define the mechanisms causing HF early after transplantation and to determine whether these mechanisms involve changes that occur in active or passive myocardial properties. Eleven consecutive patients 1 week after heart transplantation underwent right heart catheterization and echocardiography with an endomyocardial biopsy. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained at spontaneous heart rate, and then were repeated at three atrially paced rates increased in 20-bpm increments above spontaneous heart rate. At baseline, 5 patients (group 1) had clinical HF and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) ≥16 mmHg, and 6 patients (group 2) had no clinical evidence of HF and a PCWP <16 mmHg. LVEF was normal in all 11 patients. The relationships between cardiac index versus heart rate (HR) and PCWP versus HR were normal in all 11 patients. These normal function-versus-frequency relationships suggested that there were no significant abnormalities in the active myocardial processes of contraction or relaxation. In group 1 patients, the PCWP was significantly increased but the left ventricular end diastolic dimension was normal, suggestive of diastolic stiffness. Early after transplantation, there was a significant increase in LV wall thickness in group 1 patients as compared with preexplantation values despite myocardial biopsies in all 11 patients, showing no evidence of rejection, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, or interstitial fibrosis thus suggestive of myocardial edema.
The Role Of Interaction And General Adjustment In Expatriate Attitudes: Evidence From A Field Study Of Global Executives On Assignment In South Korea, Japan And The Netherlands

Using an international field study of 196 US executive expatriates from multiple industries on assignment in South Korea, Japan and the Netherlands, this study aimed to explore the relationship between three facets of cross‐cultural adjustment (work, interaction, and general) and expatriate attitudes (job satisfaction and non‐work satisfaction), and to examine the role of cross‐cultural adjustment in mediating the relationship between family adjustment and expatriate attitudes. The results demonstrate the influence of each facet of adjustment on expatriate attitudes, and provide evidence that the relationship between family adjustment and non‐work satisfaction is mediated by general adjustment. Future research directions and implications for practice are offered.
Carbon dioxide elimination during high-frequency jet ventilation

The effects of frequency, tidal volume, and inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on CO 2 elimination were studied in rabbits during high-frequency jet ventilation by measuring CO 2 concentration of expired gas using a mass spectrometer. Increasing tidal volume augmented CO 2 elimination (P 2 elimination decreased despite the increase in minute ventilation. For constant minute ventilation, CO 2 elimination decreased with increasing frequencies. Occurrence of inadvertent PEEP was related to increases in both frequency and tidal volume. If PEEP was controlled, no decrease in CO 2 elimination was observed at the larger tidal volume. When PEEP was controlled, changes in tidal volume explained 67.1% to 95.4% of the variance in CO 2 elimination not attributable to frequency. Frequency explained very little additional variance (0.1% to 13.8%). CO 2 elimination comparable to estimated CO 2 production occurred when tidal volumes equal to or smaller than the equipment dead space were used. We conclude that although tidal volume has a greater effect than frequency on CO 2 elimination, mechanisms of gas exchange other than bulk gas transport occur during high-frequency jet ventilation.
Correction: Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax.

There were several errors in the author byline. Drs. Lingxia Jiang and Pawel Gajer were mistakenly omitted from the author byline. Lingxia Jiang should be listed as the tenth author and is affiliated with the Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. Her contributions were as follows: Optimized the Affymetrix tiling chip protocol and processed all the Affymetrix tiling GeneChips (>125). Contributed to the analysis of the GeneChip data. Pawel Gajer should be listed as the 11th author and is affilated with the Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. His contributions were as follows: Developed the algorithm to extract SNP data from the microbial Affymetrix whole genome tiling GeneChip. Processed the GeneChip and extracted SNP data. The eighth author's name appears incorrectly. It should be: Carla B. Trim. The sixth author, Jacques Ravel, should appear as the fourteenth author.
The serial position effect in short-term memory under E- and S-paced conditions

In a STM task Ss were presented visually nine CVCs in a row. A probe followed, requiring S to remember the position of one of the CVCs. SPE were found for both E- and S-paced conditions, with S-pacing facilitating primacy performance only. Latencies showed an SPE for 7 of 15 Ss. Long latencies resulted in more accurate performance in primacy, suggesting that Ss use rehearsal strategies.
Questioning as an instructional method: Does it affect learning from lectures?

What can be done to improve student engagement and learning in college lectures? One approach is to ask questions that students answer during the lecture. In two lab experiments, students received a 25-slide PowerPoint lecture in educational psychology that included four inserted multiple-choice questions (questioning group) or four corresponding statements (control group). Students in the questioning group used a personal response system (PRS), in which they responded to questions using a hand-held remote control, saw a graph displaying the percentage of students voting for each answer, and heard the teacher provide an explanation for the correct answer. Students in the control group received the corresponding slide as a statement and heard the teacher provide an explanation. The questioning group outperformed the control group on a retention test in Experiment 1 (d = 1.23) and on a transfer test in Experiment 2 (d = 0.74), but not on other tests. The results are consistent with a generative theory of learning, and encourage the appropriate use of questioning as an instructional method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Star Formation in W49A: Gravitational Collapse of the Molecular Cloud Core Toward a Ring of Massive Stars

High-resolution molecular line and continuum radio images from the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the Very Large Array suggest that the core of the W49A star-forming region is undergoing gravitational collapse. The radio continuum shows a 2-parsec ring of at least ten distinct ultracompact H-II regions, each associated with at least one O star. The ring is a region of large-scale, organized massive star formation. Recombination line velocities and HCO^+ excitation requirements indicate that the ring is rotating around 50,000 solar masses of material. Because the HCO+ (1-0) line shows red-shifted absorption but blue-shifted emission, the molecular cloud core is believed to be collapsing toward the center of the ring. The HCO^+ radial velocities, as well as H-I, H_2CO, and magnetic-field measurements, fit a simple model of inside-out gravitational collapse of a once magnetically supported cloud.
Induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus using a DNA vaccine expressing hemagglutinin-C3d fusion proteins

Cross-protection between different subtypes of influenza A virus has been attributed to heterosubtypic immunity (HSI). Although, HSI can occur in the absence of anti-HA or anti-NA antibodies, HSI seems to be mediated, in part, by cross-reactive antibodies. In this study, we examined the effects of a DNA vaccine expressing an influenza HA fused to three copies of murine C3d of complement (HA-mC3d(3)). HA-mC3d(3) elicited heterosubtypic immunity more efficiently than non-fused forms of HA and protected mice from lethal challenge of influenza with different subtypes. Plasmid encoding for various forms of HA were constructed from two influenza strains, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) or A/Aichi/2/68-x31 (H3N2). Vaccinated mice were analyzed for enhancement of anti-HA titers, affinity maturation of antibody, hemagglutinin-inhibition activity, and altered cytokine profiles. The HA-mC3d(3)-DNA vaccinated mice were protected from heterologous influenza challenge, even though sera from these mice had no viral-neutralizing activity against heterologous virus.
Anatomy of the Ventral Eversible Gland of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Larvae

The ventral eversible gland (VEG) of the fifth instar fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is described and illustrated. The orifice of the VEG is a transverse slit anterior to the prothoracic legs. An increase in hemocoelic pressure everts the VEG, and the action of six pairs of retractor muscles inverts it. The VEG consists of two functionally different regions-a noneversible glandular sac lined with secretory cells, and an eversible cuticular tube which, when everted, forms a visible, external papilla. Eversion is pleurecbolic, occurring by movement of the sides of the cuticular tube rather than the apex, in response to hemocoelic pressure. A secondary glandular region occurs on the ventral surface of the everted cuticular tube. Neither the function of the VEG nor the chemical composition of its secretion is known.
The socialization effects of cultural role models in ontogenetic development and upward mobility.

This paper presents a summary based on thirty case studies, in an attempt to illustrate the effects of cultural role models on development during childhood and adolescent years and on subsequent social mobility. Two research questions are explored: First, in a sample of thirty males, controlling for variables of race, age, ethnic and religious background, socio-economic background of origin including occupational and educational level of father, and early childhood disruptions in family of origin such as alcoholism of parent, death of parent, experience of poverty, why did fifteen boys coming out of a blue collar background grow up to become university professors while another fifteen boys of comparable origin grew up to become blue collar workers. In what ways, if any, are socialization effects of cultural role models implicated in the differential social class outcomes of these thirty boys who started at a comparable point in life. Second, what psychological processes are involved in the determination of who is socialized by what idea systems. Why is one person susceptible to being socialized by one set of ideas while another person is not. Findings include differential histories between the two groups of males on the dimension of socialization by cultural models. (These findings are counter to the Marxian hypothesis that economic factors are causal in psychological and cultural structuralization.) Further, it is found that an ongoing dominating concern, either conscious or unconscious, is the underlying selection principle in the psychology of knowledge and that books, as one form of cultural model, can serve as aprojective indicator of the chief phenomenological concern of an individual.
Superconductivity of small particles

The Eliashberg gap equations are used to investigate the contribution of surface-phonon softening to the size dependence of the superconducting transition temperature (T/sub c/) of small metallic particles. Because of our limited quantitative knowledge of phonon spectra and electron-phonon coupling in the surface region, the effect cannot be calculated with certainty. Previous calculations which agree with experiment depend on a fortuitous choice of input parameters which cannot be justified at present. For this reason the absence of any observable size effect for T/sub c/ in Pb is especially important. This null effect is obtained in Pb if the electron-phonon coupling strength is the same in the surface region as in the bulk. This assumption can be tested experimentally because it means that the energy gap of Pb should not be independent of particle size but rather should increase significantly with decreasing radius. Hence, measurement of the size dependence of the energy gap for well-characterized small particles of Pb could provide information regarding the importance of the phonon-softening mechanism, at least for Pb.
Electrophysiological and immunocytochemical characterization of DRG neurons on an organosilane surface in serum-free medium

We are attempting to recreate a stretch reflex circuit on a patterned Bio-MEMS (bio-microelectromechanical systems) chip with deflecting micro-cantilevers. The first steps to recreate this system is to be able to grow individual components of the circuit (sensory neuron, motoneuron, skeletal muscle, and muscle spindle) on a patternable, synthetic substrate coating the MEMS device. Sensory neurons represent the afferent portion of the stretch reflex arc and also play a significant role in transmitting the signal from the muscle spindle to the spinal cord motoneurons. We have utilized a synthetic silane substrate N-1[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl) diethylenetriamine (DETA) on which to grow and pattern the cells. DETA forms a self-assembled monolayer on a variety of silicon substrates, including glass, and can be patterned using photolithography. In this paper, we have evaluated the growth of sensory neurons on this synthetic silane substrate. We have investigated the immunocytochemical and electrophysiological properties of the sensory neurons on DETA and compared the resultant properties with a biological control substrate (ornithine/laminin). Immunocytochemical studies revealed the survival and growth of all three subtypes of sensory neurons: trkA, trkB, and trkC on both surfaces. Furthermore, whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to study the electrophysiological properties of the sensory neurons on the two surfaces. There were no significant differences in the electrical properties of the neurons grown on either surface. This is the first study analyzing the immunocytochemical and electrophysiological properties of sensory neurons grown long-term in a completely defined environment and on a nonbiological substrate.
Fast data assimilation using a nonlinear Kalman filter and a model surrogate: An application to the Columbia River estuary

Abstract A fast and adjoint-free nonlinear data assimilation (DA) system was developed to simulate 3D baroclinic circulation in estuaries, leveraging two recently developed technologies: (1) a nonlinear model surrogate that executes forward simulation three orders of magnitude faster than a forward numerical circulation code and (2) a nonlinear extension to the reduced-dimension Kalman filter that estimates the state of the model surrogate. The noise sources in the Kalman filter were calibrated using empirical cross-validation and accounted for errors in model and model forcing. The DA system was applied to assimilate in situ measurements of water levels, salinities, and temperatures in simulations of the Columbia River estuary. To validate the DA results, we used a combination of cross-validation studies, process-oriented studies, and tests of statistical and dynamical consistency. The validation studies showed that DA improved the representation of several important processes in the estuary, including nonlinear tidal propagation, salinity intrusion, estuarine residual circulation, heat balance, and response of the estuary to coastal winds.
Historic 2005 toxic bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine: 2. Coupled biophysical numerical modeling

A coupled physical/biological modeling system was used to hindcast the 2005 Alexandrium fundyense bloom in the Gulf of Maine and investigate the relative importance of factors governing the bloom's initiation and development. The coupled system consists of a state-of-the-art, free-surface primitive equation Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) tailored for the Gulf of Maine (GOM) using a multi-nested configuration, and a population dynamics model for A. fundyense. The system was forced by realistic momentum and buoyancy fluxes, tides, river runoff, observed A. fundyense benthic cyst abundance, and climatological nutrient fields. Extensive comparisons were made between simulated (both physical and biological) fields and in-situ observations, revealing that the hindcast model is capable of reproducing the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the 2005 bloom. Sensitivity experiments were then performed to distinguish the roles of three major factors hypothesized to contribute to the bloom: 1) the high abundance of cysts in western GOM sediments; 2) strong northeaster storms with prevailing downwelling-favorable winds; and 3) a large amount of fresh water input due to abundant rainfall and heavy snowmelt. Results suggested that the high abundance of cysts in western GOM was the primary factor of the 2005 bloom. Wind forcing was an important regulator, as episodic bursts of northeast winds caused onshore advection of offshore populations. These downwelling favorable winds accelerated the alongshore flow, resulting in transport of high cell concentrations into Massachusetts Bay. A large regional bloom would still have happened, however, even with normal or typical winds for that period. Anomalously high river runoff in 2005 resulted in stronger buoyant plumes/currents, which facilitated the transport of cell population to the western GOM. While affecting nearshore cell abundance in Massachusetts Bay, the buoyant plumes were confined near to the coast, and had limited impact on the gulf-wide bloom distribution.
Electrokinetic Studies of Bacteria III: Effect of Polyvalent Metal Ions on Electrophoretic Mobility and Growth of Streptococcus faecalis

The effect of the polyvalent cations calcium, lead, copper, chromium, iron III, and thorium on Streptococcus faecalis was investigated by microelectrophoresis and by growth inhibition measurements. Thorium and the (hydrolyzed) ferric ion inverted the charge of the bacteria from negative to positive. The other cations merely reduced the absolute value of the negative ζ-potential at the concentrations investigated, which were limited because all measurements were performed at an ionic strength of 0.01 M. The order of effectiveness in changing the ζ-potential was thorium ≅ ferric ≫ chromium ≫ copper > lead > calcium, in accordance with the Schulze–Hardy rule. The effect of the salts on the growth of the bacteria was studied by the pour plate, growth curve, and turbidity methods. The order of effectiveness in inhibiting the bacterial growth was thorium > ferric > copper. The other cations produced no detectable growth inhibition at concentrations up to about 0.003 M. With the exception of chromium, there is a rank-order correlation between the ability of the polyvalent metal salts to reduce the ζ-potential of the bacteria and to inhibit their growth.
Oscillatory behavior in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt(100): rotation and temperature effects

Abstract We investigated the oscillatory behavior in the kinetics of formic acid electrooxidation on Pt(100) in 1 mM HClO4 solution. We studied the effect of different experimental parameters on the oscillatory behavior, viz. defined HCOOH mass-transport to the electrode surface by using the rotating disk electrode technique, the temperature of the supporting electrolyte, and the nature of anions. We suggest that the interdependence of the reaction steps during HCOOH oxidation, the adsorption of anions and the competition for adsorption sites among the reaction partners and intermediates lead to complex non-linear kinetics. It was evident that once the individual reactions in the dual path mechanism reach steady state the oscillations vanish. These conditions can be reached either by enhanced formic acid reaction rates induced by electrode rotation or by increased temperature. Under specific conditions of anion and formic acid concentration, relaxational oscillations can be transformed into mixed-mode oscillations.
A new proof of a result about Hankel operators

This paper describes a new proof of the following fact. If the product H1H2 of two Hankel operators is of finite rank, then either H1 or H2 is of finite rank.
Effects of endurance exercise on bone histomorphometric parameters in intact and ovariectomized rats

Physical activity is important for maintenance of bone mass. The effects of exercise on bone histomorphometry were studied in 9-month-old intact (INT) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats were either kept sedentary (SED) or were exercised (EX) on a treadmill at 21 m/min for 1 h/day 5 days/week for 3 months. Bone resorption as well as formation parameters were significantly higher in OVX-SED than in INT-SED rats, indicating increased bone turnover in OVX rats. In OVX rats, lower osteoclast perimeter and number, lower labeled perimeter but higher mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR) were associated with higher trabecular bone in OVX-EX compared with OVX-SED rats. In intact rats, trabecular bone mass and osteoclast number and perimeter were not affected by exercise. Labeled perimeter was slightly lower while MAR was higher and BFR was insignificantly higher in INT-EX than in INT-SED rats. Thus, exercise resulted in fewer resorption-formation sites, as indicated by lower labeled perimeter, but higher activity of individual osteoblasts, as indicated by higher MAR, both in estrogen-depleted and estrogen-replete states.
CT demonstration of pneumatosis intestinalis from bowel infarction.

A case is presented that illustrates the value of CT in detecting pneumatosis intestinalis prior to plain film findings.
Tesseropora Pilsbry (Cirripedia, Thoracica) From the Pliocene of the Gulf of California

[Deux balanes a quatre plaques, avec une seule rangee de tubes dans la muraille et une base calcaire poreuse, provenant de roches du Pliocene moyen ou superieur sur l'ile Angel de la Guarda (Golfe de Californie) sont decrites comme nouvelle espece, Tetraclita unisemita, et provisoirement rapportees au sous-genre Tesseropora Pilsbry. Ce sous-genre est par ailleurs connu de l'Oligocene d'Italie et compte des formes actuelles du Pacifique occidental et des cotes meridionales et occidentales d'Afrique., Deux balanes a quatre plaques, avec une seule rangee de tubes dans la muraille et une base calcaire poreuse, provenant de roches du Pliocene moyen ou superieur sur l'ile Angel de la Guarda (Golfe de Californie) sont decrites comme nouvelle espece, Tetraclita unisemita, et provisoirement rapportees au sous-genre Tesseropora Pilsbry. Ce sous-genre est par ailleurs connu de l'Oligocene d'Italie et compte des formes actuelles du Pacifique occidental et des cotes meridionales et occidentales d'Afrique.]
Computational functions in biochemical reaction networks

In prior work we demonstrated the implementation of logic gates, sequential computers (universal Turing machines), and parallel computers by means of the kinetics of chemical reaction mechanisms. In the present article we develop this subject further by first investigating the computational properties of several enzymatic (single and multiple) reaction mechanisms: we show their steady states are analogous to either Boolean or fuzzy logic gates. Nearly perfect digital function is obtained only in the regime in which the enzymes are saturated with their substrates. With these enzymatic gates, we construct combinational chemical networks that execute a given truth-table. The dynamic range of a network's output is strongly affected by "input/output matching" conditions among the internal gate elements. We find a simple mechanism, similar to the interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate between its two bisphosphate forms (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate), that functions analogously to an AND gate. When the simple model is supplanted with one in which the enzyme rate laws are derived from experimental data, the steady state of the mechanism functions as an asymmetric fuzzy aggregation operator with properties akin to a fuzzy AND gate. The qualitative behavior of the mechanism does not change when situated within a large model of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle. The mechanism, in this case, switches the pathway's mode from glycolysis to gluconeogenesis in response to chemical signals of low blood glucose (cAMP) and abundant fuel for the TCA cycle (acetyl coenzyme A).
On the ergodic throughput capacity of hybrid wireless networks over fast fading channels

In this paper, we investigate the theoretical per-node transmission limit of hybrid wireless networks over fast fading channels. We first formulate a hybrid wireless network model, in which a wired network of base stations is deployed to support long-range communications between wireless nodes. Two types of transmission mode in hybrid wireless network, the so called intra-cell transmission mode and the infrastructure transmission mode are considered. In this study, we define a feasible ergodic throughput capacity as the criterion for throughput performance analysis. To effectively overcome the fast fading impairments, we introduce an optimal multiple access technique allowing opportunistic sources to transmit concurrently with the scheduled source. A successive interference cancelation (SIC) strategy is then applied at the receiver to limit the intra-cell interference and achieve the maximum throughput. In addition, the frequency reuse scheme is employed to minimize the intercell interference. Finally, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the ergodic throughput capacity and further explore the scaling laws for the ergodic throughput capacity at low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and high SINR scenarios, respectively. The theoretical bounds obtained are instrumental to the future energy-limited network modeling and design.