cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ structural characterization of a platinum electrocatalyst by dispersive x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Using in-situ dispersive EXAFS spectroscopy, we have monitored the numbers of PtO and PtPt bonds and the charge on the Pt in parallel with cyclic voltammetry on Pt clusters in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Due to the increased sensitivity of this method, we detect small structural changes not previously reported for these clusters and can correlate these changes with specific reactions, ie H desorption or O adsorption in the double-layer region.
Pediatric rehabilitation and the pediatrician.

Summary 1. The field of pediatric rehabilitation is new and stimulating, and is worthy of our best efforts. 2. The number of diseases best treated by the rehabilitation approach has increased. 3. The four basic principles of pediatric rehabilitation can be characterized by the following phrases: (a) let's try; (b) what's left? (c) function, not disease, determines treatment; (d) rehabilitation involves total care of the child; and (e) rehabilitation is a long-term undertaking. 4. The most important areas for rehabilitation are: (a) musculoskeletal disability; (b) communication disability; (c) visceral disability. 5. The rehabilitation teamworking through an evaluation conference is the most important part of the armamentarium in pediatric rehabilitation. 6. Teachability is the significant limiting factor in rehabilitation. The patient is, therefore, the most important member of the rehabilitation team. 7. The pediatrician on the team functions as pediatrician, coordinator, surrogate, and investigator.
"Prior Collaboration, Expertise, and status in new venture innovation"

Researchers have long sought to understand how new ventures obtain initial stocks of knowledge, recombine them into new inventions, and use them to pursue promising commercial applications. This re...
Assessment of low-density lipoprotein targets.

The clinical importance of lowering of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to decrease cardiovascular (CV) risk has been verified over many years starting with significant support in 1984 of the then previous lipid hypothesis. Significant support of this hypothesis began that year with publication of the Lipid Research Clinic study. Since then, multiple other studies including outcomes studies have established the value of LDL-C reduction in decreasing CV risk. In addition, multiple other factors such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, antioxidant properties, and plaque stabilization appear important for modifying CV risk and possible favorable alterations by medications such as statins must be considered. Nevertheless, reduction of LDL-C has well-established value and is being accepted by clinicians as a major guideline for CV disease prevention. However, there are still problems with adherence by many clinicians to CV risk modification. Therefore, aband...
Biochemical and molecular characterization of transgenic Lotus japonicus plants constitutively over-expressing a cytosolic glutamine synthetase gene.

Higher plants assimilate nitrogen in the form of ammonia through the concerted activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The GS enzyme is either located in the cytoplasm (GS1) or in the chloroplast (GS2). To understand how modulation of GS activity affects plant performance, Lotus japonicus L. plants were transformed with an alfalfa GS1 gene driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. The transformants showed increased GS activity and an increase in GS1 polypeptide level in all the organs tested. GS was analyzed by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography. The results showed the presence of multiple GS isoenzymes in the different organs and the presence of a novel isoform in the transgenic plants. The distribution of GS in the different organs was analyzed by immunohistochemical localization. GS was localized in the mesophyll cells of the leaves and in the vasculature of the stem and roots of the transformants. Our results consistently showed higher soluble protein concentration, higher chlorophyll content and a higher biomass accumulation in the transgenic plants. The total amino acid content in the leaves and stems of the transgenic plants was 22–24% more than in the tissues of the non-transformed plants. The relative abundance of individual amino acid was similar except for aspartate/asparagine and proline, which were higher in the transformants.
Effects of serotonin and L-5-hydroxytryptophan on plasma renin activity in rats ☆

The effects of dipsogenic doses of l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and serrotonin on plasma renin activity (PRA), blood pressure, and body temperature were determined in unanesthetized female rats. Both serotonin (2 mg/kg, s.c.) and 5-HTP (25 mg/kg, s.c.) induced six-fold increases in PRA measured 1 hr after drug administration. The central and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (30 mg/kg, s.c.), as well as the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (6.5 mg/kg, s.c.), prevented the increase in PRA associated with administration of 5-HTP. This suggests that 5-HTP must be converted to serotonin peripherally to increase PRA. At the doses used, serotonin decreased mean blood pressure and colonic temperature of unanesthetized rats while 5-HTP was without effect. The increase in PRA induced by 5-HTP does not appear, therefore, to be a response to either hypotension or a decrease in colonic temperature. Since 5-HTP must be converted to serotonin to initiate both a drinking response and an increase in PRA, the results suggest that the decrease in blood pressure and colonic temperature following administration of serotonin may not be important in induction of the drinking response and the increase in PRA. The mechanism by which activation of the renin-angiotensin system occurs following peripheral administration of either 5-HTP or serotonin remains for further study.
English public opinion and the American Civil War

At the end of the American Civil War, both North and South condemned Britain for allegedly sympathising with the other side. Yet after the conflict, a traditional interpretation of the subject arose which divided English sentiment between progressivism siding with the Union and conservatism supporting the Confederacy. Despite historians subsequently questioning whether English opinion can be so easily divided, challenging certain aspects and arguments of this version of events, the traditional interpretation has persevered and remains the dominant view of the subject. This work posits that English public and political opinion was not, in fact, split between two such opposing camps - rather, that most in England were suspicious of both sides in the conflict, and even those who did take sides did not consist largely of any one particular social or political group. Covering the period from 1861 to 1865, Campbell traces the development of English opinion on the American Civil War, looking particularly at reaction to issues of slavery, neutral rights, democracy, republicanism, American expansionism,trade and propaganda. In so doing he offers a new interpretation of English attitudes towards the American Civil War. DUNCAN ANDREW CAMPBELL lectures at the Department of American Studies, University of Maryland Baltimore County.
IMMUNONEUTRALIZATION OF β-ENDORPHIN BLOCKS PROLACTIN RELEASE DURING SUCKLING WITHOUT AFFECTING TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR DOPAMINERGIC NEURAL ACTIVITY

Abstract The effect of immunoneutralization of β-endorphin on the suckling-induced prolactin increase and on the activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons was determined in lactating female rats between days 8 – 12 post-partum. Two antisera were used in the immunoneutralization studies. Both were specific for β-endorphin, exhibiting little cross reactivity with met- or leu-enkephalin or dynorphin. Antisera to β-endorphin completely abolished the suckling-induced prolactin increase indicating that this endogenous opioid peptide is involved in this response. Suckling significantly inhibited DOPA accumulation in the median eminence and antiserum to β-endorphin did not prevent this inhibition. Additionally, β-endorphin antiserum significantly reduced TIDA neural activity even in pup-deprived dams. These results indicate that β-endorphin is involved in the prolactin secretory response to suckling but that inhibition of TIDA neuronal activity is not its mechanism of action. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.
Interface States And Fermi Level Pinning In CdSe Thin Film Solar Cells

Polycrystalline n-CdSe MIS solar cells have been produced and investigated by I-U measurements and admittance spectroscopy. A high density of interface states (≥ 10 13 cm -2 (eV) -1 ) has been estimated, pos-sibly due to disorder phenomena at the n-CdSe surface.
Preparing to teach logic: some heuristics for the non‐professional logician

Students may expect to find in mathematical logic the means to judge the purity of our usual mathematical methods. However, since the style of informal mathematics pervades most modern texts in mathematical logic, the information there may seemingly lack the quality necessary to fulfil such expectations.
Ray tracing simulations for a modified compound parabolic concentrator to be considered for the VERITAS project

Abstract In order to avoid dead area in the focal plane of VERITAS telescopes [1], a special design of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) with a hexagonal profile at the entrance aperture can be used. A ray-tracing analysis was done for a concentrator with this design.
Ultra-thin and ultra-high I/O density package-on-package (3D Thin PoP) for high bandwidth of smart systems

Package-on-package (PoP) technologies used in smart phones and tablets are reaching limits in logic-to-memory bandwidth and in thickness reduction. Advances in PoP including through-mold vias (TMVs) and low-CTE, high-modulus laminate substrates have not been able to overcome the I/O density and thickness limitations to date. To overcome these barriers, two major technologies have been pursued. The first approach is chip-first embedding in organic dielectrics and in fan-out wafer level packages. While this can achieve higher I/O's, they face many challenges that include large-die reliability, intermediate testability for higher yield, thermal dissipation, and new supply-chain model. The second approach to address the need is the so-called wide-I/O logic and memory stacking with through silicon vias (TSVs), which promises highest bandwidth in lowest profile, but is viewed as too complex and costly due to TSV integration in logic IC. Georgia Tech PRC proposes and demonstrates, for the first time, a third approach that is more manufacturable and cost-effective. This is referred to as 3D Thin PoP - a more advanced 3-dimensional POP, - designed to achieve ultra-thin stacked packages in 3D with higher chip-to package and package-to-package I/Os to achieve higher bandwidth. This paper reports a number of breakthrough advances in 3D Thin PoP, thus providing a path to extend PoP. These innovations fall into three areas that include: (a) Ultra-thin, 150μm thick organic substrate with multiple layers of build-up wiring with precision cavities ready for chip assembly, (b) die-to-package Cu-Cu interconnections at 30μm pitch bonded at 160°C, and (c) package-on-package stacking with 50μm interconnect pitch. Low signal losses are achieved by having shorter chip-to-chip I/O's and lower stand-off interconnections. These innovations enable higher bandwidth in 3D Thin PoP by virtue of 8× improvement in I/Os combined with 2-3× reduction in total thickness over current PoP.
Identities in Context: Politicized Racial Group Consciousness Among Asian American and Latino Youth

This article examines the role of context on the mobilization of politicized racial group consciousness among Asian American and Latino youth. We investigate group membership by analyzing face-to-face interview data with Latino and Asian American youth in New York and California on their responses to questions about the meaning of their race and ethnicity to politics. Next, we use survey data from a nationally representative sample of Asian American and Latino youth taken during the 2004 election. We also analyze the extent to which the contextual circumstances of systematic exposure to an experimental frame prompting racial and ethnic group pride influence racial group consciousness. The data help to illuminate the extent to which racial and ethnic identities of Asian American and Latino youth are manifest in their unique political contexts.
Understanding the effect of electron gun geometry on emission characteristics for the purpose of optimizing the VAPoR time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Simulations of field emission of electrons from a custom built electron gun are used to determine the effect that offsets in alignment of the cathode to the grid and the cathode to grid gap have on the trajectories of electrons transmitted through the grid. The simulations are a first step towards understanding how to optimize the electron gun and determine the magnitude of optical aberrations that limit focusing of the emitted electron beam. A finite element method is employed to simulate field emission from the cathode, an array of carbon nanotube pillars. This is done using a three dimensional model that attempts to account for field enhancement due to both the pillar geometry and individual carbon nanotubes. Qualitative comparisons of the configurations tested indicate larger transmissivity through the grid can be achieved by offsetting the pillar array but only at the expense of a skewed elevation angle distribution.
Role of insulin receptor and insulin signaling on αPS2CβPS integrins’ lateral diffusion

Integrins are ubiquitous transmembrane receptors with adhesion and signaling properties. The influence of insulin receptor and insulin signaling on αPS2CβPS integrins' lateral diffusion was studied using single particle tracking in S2 cells before and after reducing the insulin receptor expression or insulin stimulation. Insulin signaling was monitored by Western blotting for phospho-Akt expression. The expression of the insulin receptor was reduced using RNA interference (RNAi). After insulin receptor RNAi, four significant changes were measured in integrin diffusion properties: (1) there was a 24% increase in the mobile integrin population, (2) 14% of the increase was represented by integrins with Brownian diffusion, (3) for integrins that reside in confined zones of diffusion, there was a 45% increase in the diameter of the confined zone, and (4) there was a 29% increase in the duration integrins spend in confined zones of diffusion. In contrast to reduced expression of the insulin receptor, which alters integrin diffusion properties, insulin stimulation alone or insulin stimulation under conditions of reduced insulin receptor expression have minimal effects on altering the measured integrin diffusion properties. The differences in integrin diffusion measured after insulin receptor RNAi in the presence or absence of insulin stimulation may be the result of other insulin signaling pathways that are activated at reduced insulin receptor conditions. No change in the average integrin diffusion coefficient was measured for any conditions included in this study.
Functional characterization of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus late gene transcription and genome replication factors in the non-permissive insect cell line SF-21

We compared the abilities of late gene transcription and DNA replication machineries of the baculoviruses Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and Bombyx mori NPV (BmNPV) in SF-21 cells, an insect-derived cell line permissive for AcMNPV infection. It has been well established that 19 AcMNPV late expression factors (lefs) stimulate substantial levels of late gene promoter activity in SF-21 cells. Thus, we constructed a set of clones containing the BmNPV homologs of the AcMNPV lefs under control of the constitutive Drosophila heat shock 70 protein promoter and tested their ability to activate an AcMNPV late promoter-reporter gene cassette in SF-21 cells. We tested the potential of individual or predicted functional groups of BmNPV lefs to successfully replace the corresponding AcMNPV gene(s) in transient late gene expression assays. We found that most, but not all, BmNPV lefs were able to either fully or partially substitute for the corresponding AcMNPV homolog in the context of the remaining AcMNPV lefs with the exception of BmNPV p143, ie-2, and p35. BmNPV p143 was unable to support late gene expression or be imported into the nucleus of cells in the presence of the AcMNPV or the BmNPV LEF-3, a P143 nuclear shuttling factor. Our results suggest that host-specific factors may affect the function of homologous proteins.
THE PRODUCTION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS BACTEREMIA IN NON-SPECIFICALLY SENSITIZED ANIMALS

Rabbits sensitized to horse serum developed a bacteremia of 9 to 12 hours' duration when they were inoculated simultaneously with normal horse serum and a strain of Streptococcus hemolyticus, while the bacteria could only be isolated from the blood stream of non-sensitized animals within the first 3 hours after inoculation. On the other hand, when antisera are employed as the antigen for shocking the sensitized rabbits, there is a significant increase in the number of bacteria in the blood stream in contrast to the control animals, but there is no evidence of a prolongation of the bacteremia.
Pharmacogenomics of preterm birth prevention and treatment

UNLABELLED Pharmacogenomics and personalised medicine incorporate genetic factors, historical data, and environmental exposures to predict individual variation in response to medications. The study of pharmacology and pharmacogenomics is challenging in obstetrics, and our knowledge in this area lags behind other disciplines of medicine. Some preliminary data, however, suggest that some of the interindividual variation seen in response to medications given for the prevention (progesterone) and the treatment (nifedipine, terbutaline, and others) of preterm labour may be caused by pharmacogenomic effects. A comprehensive approach, integrating clinical data, environmental factors, including concomitant medications and genotype, to optimise the prevention and treatment strategies for preterm birth, is urgently needed. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Some of the variation to meds for prematurity prevention/treatment may arise from pharmacogenomic effects.
Frequency scanning antenna concept with random feed lengths

A block diagram of a radar architecture to support a frequency scanning antenna with random length feed lines was developed. The feasibility of the architecture to perform target localization in position and velocity was investigated by analyzing 1-d antenna patterns and costs functions based upon an L 2 -norm. A large trade space exists between adding complexity to the radar system versus simplifying the signal processing. For this paper, a single realization of the system was selected, then simulated. The results indicate that the concept is feasible, but requires high SNR and a small number of targets for unambiguous results. This concept can be extended from a single array to multiple subarrays for improved performance and to reduced requirements on the delay line lengths and the percent bandwidth of the system with the cost of additional data acquisition hardware and increased computational complexity.
Power System Observability: A Practical Algorithm Using Network Topology

A power system is observable if the measurements made on it allow determination of bus voltage magnitude and angle at every bus of the network. This paper outlines the theoretical basis for an algorithm for determining observability. Based on this theory, an algorithm for networks containing both bus injection and line flow measurements is presented.
Failure Analysis of Asymmetric Aging Under NBTI

With CMOS technology scaling, design for reliability has become an important step in the design cycle and increased the need for efficient and accurate aging simulation methods during the design stage. NBTI-induced delay shifts in logic paths are asymmetric in nature, as opposed to the averaging effect due to recovery assumed in traditional aging analysis. Timing violations due to aging, in particular, are very sensitive to the standby operation regime of a digital circuit. In this paper, by identifying the critical moments in circuit operation and considering the asymmetric aging effects, timing violations under NBTI effect are correctly predicted. The unique contributions of this work include the following: 1) Accurate modeling of aging-induced gate delay shift due to transistor threshold voltage (Vth) shift, using only the delay dependence on supply voltage from cell library, is presented; 2) an efficient simulation flow for asymmetric aging analysis is proposed and conducted at critical points in circuit operation; and 3) timing violations due to NBTI aging are investigated in sequential circuits and the proposed framework is tested in VLSI applications such as DDR memory and SRAM caches. This methodology is comprehensively demonstrated with ISCAS89 benchmark circuits using a 45-nm Nangate standard cell library characterized using predictive technology models. Our proposed failure assessment provides design insights and enables resilient techniques for mitigating digital circuit aging.
Relations Between Mother-Child Interactions and the Neural Correlates of Face Processing in 6-Month-Olds

Abstract Developmental studies of face processing have revealed age-related changes in how infants allocate neurophysiological resources to the face of a caregiver and an unfamiliar adult. We hypothesize that developmental changes in how infants interact with their caregiver are related to the changes in brain response. We studied 6-month-olds because this age is frequently noted in the behavioral and neurophysiological literature as a time of transition in which infants begin to discriminate more readily between caregivers and unfamiliar adults. We used infants' behavioral responses to an original behavioral paradigm to predict event-related potential (ERP) responses to pictures of the mother's face and a stranger's face in the same group of participants. Our results suggest that individual differences in infants' proximity-seeking behaviors during interactions with the mother correlate with their neurophysiological responses to the mother's face as opposed to an unfamiliar face for the Nc component of t...
Effect of Gravitational Focusing on Annual Modulation in Dark-Matter Direct-Detection Experiments

The scattering rate in dark-matter direct-detection experiments should modulate annually due to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The rate is typically thought to be extremized around June 1, when the relative velocity of Earth with respect to the dark-matter wind is maximal. We point out that gravitational focusing can alter this modulation phase. Unbound dark-matter particles are focused by the Sun's gravitational potential, affecting their phase-space density in the lab frame. Gravitational focusing can result in a significant overall shift in the annual-modulation phase, which is most relevant for dark matter with low scattering speeds. The induced phase shift for light $O(10)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ dark matter may also be significant, depending on the threshold energy of the experiment.
Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space

It is theorized that the process of coordination is a distributed search through a hierarchical space of agent behaviors. By specifying agent activities along multiple dimensions and at different levels of abstraction, the hierarchical behavior space provides a single, rich representation that agents can use to organize, plan, and schedule their collective actions. A computational instance of the evolving theory, which implements a particular choice of distributed protocol, local algorithm, metrics, and heuristics, as applied to resolving resource conflicts in an unstructured delivery domain, is described. In this domain, agents that initially do not know with whom they might interact exploit the hierarchical behavior representation to selectively exchange more details about themselves until they can resolve conflicting behaviors. It was experimentally demonstrated how the hierarchical protocol and multidimensional representation provide powerful and practical mechanisms for coordinating these agents, and important research issues to be addressed are highlighted. >
Prognostic significance of sinus histiocytosis in metastatic laryngeal cancer.

A histopathologic analysis of regional lymph node specimens in 48 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx was performed to determine which parameters, if any, correlated with 3-year patient survival. The presence of sinus histiocytosis in lymph nodes containing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was statistically related to survival (P < .007). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent significance of this variable compared to tumor stage, nodal status, and extracapsular spread from lymph nodes. Previous studies have linked improved survival with an active immunologic response in head and neck cancer patients. However, few studies have examined a homogeneous group of patients who all underwent the same type of treatment. This study's findings support the concept that an active immunologic response in lymph nodes has prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.
Elaborating Selected Statistical Concepts with Common Experience.

Most statistics teachers strive to make the course material meaningful. This article presents specific examples for elaborating the statistical concepts of variability, null hypothesis testing, and confidence interval with common experience.
Special issue on Algorithmic aspects of functional programming languages

Algorithms can be dramatically affected by the language in which they are implemented. An algorithm that is elegant and efficient in one language may be ugly and inefficient in another. If you have ever attempted to implement an assignment-intensive algorithm in a functional programming language, you are probably more familiar with this phenomenon than you ever wanted to be! But this sword does not cut in only one direction. Functional programming languages are wonderfully suited to expressing certain kinds of algorithms in a clean, modular way, and researchers over the last five to ten years have greatly expanded the range of algorithms for which this is true.
Regulation of cladoceran filtering rates in nature by body size, food concentration, and diel feeding patterns1

Relationships of body length (L) and filtering rate (fl of four Daphnia species and Holopedium gibber-urn were examined in situ during the day’ and night, During the day filtering rates were low and variable. At night filtering rates were higher and more consistent, with large animals filtering at disproportionately high rates. This resulted in regressions of log F vs. log L with intercepts, slopes, and correlation coefficients that were generally lower in the day than at night. Feeding rates u) of Daphnia were calculated with seston ~3 1 pm dry weight as a measure of fcod concentration (c). There were striking differences in the day and night response of feeding rates to food concentration. In the day Daphnia feeding rates increased slowly with increasing food level, reaching fmsX at a relatively high incipient limiting food concentration (ILC), whereas at night feeding rates rose rapidly with food concentration to a maximum about twice the day.&,,, at about half the day ILC. Multiple regression equations were developed to predict F from L and C. Exceptionally high filtering and feeding rates shortly after the upward migration of Daphnia may be due to a daily hunger cycle, although hunger alone does not account for the high filtering activity sustained throughout the night. Diel feeding patterns of large and small D. pulex were asynchronous, resulting in a reversal of the F:L relationship in the early morning when small animals filtered more rapidly than did large animals.
Lentivirus Nef Specifically Activates Pak2

Nef proteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been found to associate with an active cellular serine/threonine kinase designated Nef-associated kinase (Nak). The exact identity of Nak remains controversial, with two recent studies indicating that Nak may be either Pak1 or Pak2. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that such discrepancies arise from the use of different Nef alleles or different cell types by individual investigators. We first confirm that Pak2 but not Pak1 is cleaved by caspase 3 in vitro and then demonstrate that Nak is caspase 3 sensitive, regardless of Nef allele or cell type used. We tested nef alleles from three lentiviruses (HIV-1 SF2, HIV-1 NL4-3, and SIVmac239) and used multiple cell lines of myeloid, lymphoid, and nonhematopoietic origin to evaluate the identity of Nak. We demonstrate that ectopically expressed Pak2 can substitute for Nak, while ectopically expressed Pak1 cannot. We then show that Nef specifically mediates the robust activation of ectopically expressed Pak2, directly demonstrating that Nef regulates Pak2 activity and does not merely associate with activated Pak2. We report that most of the active Pak2 is found bound to Nef, although a fraction is not. In contrast, only a small amount of Nef is found associated with Pak2. We conclude that Nak is Pak2 and that Nef specifically mediates Pak2 activation in a low-abundance complex. These results will facilitate both the elucidation of the role of Nef in pathogenesis and the development of specific inhibitors of this highly conserved function of Nef.
Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Recombinants Expressing Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Glycoproteins gB and gD Protect Chickens against ILTV and NDV Challenges

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The disease is controlled mainly through biosecurity and vaccination with live attenuated strains of ILTV and vectored vaccines based on turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus (FPV). The current live attenuated vaccines (chicken embryo origin [CEO] and tissue culture origin [TCO]), although effective, can regain virulence, whereas HVT- and FPV-vectored ILTV vaccines are less efficacious than live attenuated vaccines. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILTV vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants, based on the LaSota vaccine strain, expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of ILTV using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses, rLS/ILTV-gB and rLS/ILTV-gD, were slightly attenuated in vivo yet retained growth dynamics, stability, and virus titers in vitro that were similar to those of the parental LaSota virus. Expression of ILTV gB and gD proteins in the recombinant virus-infected cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against virulent ILTV and velogenic NDV challenges. Immunization of commercial broilers with rLS/ILTV-gB provided a level of protection against clinical disease similar to that provided by the live attenuated commercial vaccines, with no decrease in body weight gains. The results of the study suggested that the rLS/ILTV-gB and -gD viruses are safe, stable, and effective bivalent vaccines that can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations. IMPORTANCE This paper describes the development and evaluation of novel bivalent vaccines against chicken infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND), two of the most economically important infectious diseases of poultry. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either not safe or less effective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILT vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses were safe, stable, and immunogenic and replicated efficiently in birds. Vaccination of chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred complete protection against ILTV and NDV challenge. These novel bivalent vaccines can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations at low cost, which will have a direct impact on poultry health, fitness, and performance.
Age-Appropriate Health Promotion Education: Roots Firmly Established in Baccalaureate Nursing Pediatric Rotation

The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice [American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2008, October 8). Retrieved September 11, 2009, from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Education/pdf/BaccEssentials08.pdf] addresses the importance of health promotion at the individual level across the lifespan to effect optimal population health. This qualitative study explores senior baccalaureate nursing students' perceptions (n = 85) of the teaching and learning experience related to health promotion during their pediatric clinical rotation. Four distinct learning factors of student, client, learning process, and subject matter emerged. Knowledge was enhanced, and students identified that the format of presentation influenced the quality of participant learning. Students' perception of the importance of patient and family teaching evolved over the course of the semester and highlights the importance of providing students with the tools necessary to be effective teachers and change agents to promote healthy behaviors across the lifespan. Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning can be applied to facilitate integrated course design for a pediatric baccalaureate nursing curriculum.
Carbon Flow of Heliobacteria Is Related More to Clostridia than to the Green Sulfur Bacteria

The recently discovered heliobacteria are the only Gram-positive photosynthetic bacteria that have been cultured. One of the unique features of heliobacteria is that they have properties of both the photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria (containing the type I reaction center) and Clostridia (forming heat-resistant endospores). Most of the previous studies of heliobacteria, which are strict anaerobes and have the simplest known photosynthetic apparatus, have focused on energy and electron transfer processes. It has been assumed that like green sulfur bacteria, the major carbon flow in heliobacteria is through the (incomplete) reductive (reverse) tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas the lack of CO2-enhanced growth has not been understood. Here, we report studies to fill the knowledge gap of heliobacterial carbon metabolism. We confirm that the CO2-anaplerotic pathway is active during phototrophic growth and that isoleucine is mainly synthesized from the citramalate pathway. Furthermore, to our surprise, our results suggest that the oxidative (forward) TCA cycle is operative and more active than the previously reported reductive (reverse) tricarboxylic acid cycle. Both isotopomer analysis and activity assays suggest that citrate is produced by a putative (Re)-citrate synthase and then enters the oxidative (forward) TCA cycle. Moreover, in contrast to (Si)-citrate synthase, (Re)-citrate synthase produces a different isomer of 2-fluorocitrate that is not expected to inhibit the activity of aconitase.
Quantitative High-Throughput Assays for Flagella-Based Motility in Chlamydomonas Using Plate-Well Image Analysis and Transmission Correlation Spectroscopy:

Cilia are motile and sensory organelles with important roles in human development, physiology, and disease. Genetic defects in cilia produce a host of disease symptoms, including polycystic kidney disease, hydrocephalus, retinal degeneration, chronic bronchiectasis, infertility, and polydactyly. Currently, there are no known drugs for pharmacological remediation of ciliary defects. Small-molecule modulators of ciliary assembly or function would provide potential lead compounds for drug discovery efforts and would immediately be invaluable tools for a chemical biology approach to studying cilia. Here the author describes 2 assays for ciliary motility that are quantitative, automatable, cost-effective, and simple to implement. Both assays exploit cell-based strategies using the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The first assay scores ciliadependent gravitaxis by analyzing the cell distribution in wells of U-bottom microplates, using a simple and robust image analysis algorithm. The second assay measures motility directly by estimating the time required for cells to swim across a small illuminated aperture using a method equivalent to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy adapted to transmitted-light microscopy. The 2 assays have different advantages in terms of speed and sensitivity to small reductions in motility and may be most efficiently used in combination. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening XXXX:xx-xx)
Interdependence of Acute Temperature Preference and Respiration in the Plains Minnow

Abstract Although the temperature preferences of fishes in air-saturated water have been studied intensively, very little is known of fishes' preferred temperatures in waters that are oxygen-deficient. Plains minnows Hybognathus placitus acclimated near 21 C selected 30 C in a horizontal temperature gradient when dissolved oxygen was maintained between 5 and 9 mg˙liter−1. But when dissolved oxygen was lower, the acutely preferred temperature declined-from near 30 C at 4.8 mg˙liter−1 to 17 C at 2 mg˙liter−1. Subsequent experiments on routine metabolism of plains minnows at various constant temperatures between 16.5 and 29 C gave results consistent with the following hypothesis: In oxygen-deficient water, the plains minnow prefers the highest temperature (less than 30 C) at which it can operate within the zone of respiratory independence. In nature, a reduction of acutely preferred temperature would reduce oxygen demand and might lead the fish into more highly oxygenated water. Received October 22, 1982 Acc...
Improvisational creativity: An analysis of jazz performance

Abstract: This article addresses the phenomenon of improvisational creativity, taking jazz performance as a prominent example within American culture. A series of interviews were conducted with professional jazz musicians. The interviews focused on creativity and jazz improvisation. Five salient characteristics of jazz improvisation, which distinguish it from compositional creativity, were identified in the interviews. Improvisation and composition are compared and discussed within the context of current creativity theory. Given that most creativity theory has focused on compositional forms of creativity, the analysis of improvisational performance could provide a new perspective on the creative process.
Response of tall cantilever wall buildings to strong pulse type seismic excitation

SUMMARY This paper investigates the seismic response of tall cantilever wall buildings subjected to pulse type ground motion, with special focus on the relation between the characteristics of ground motion and the higher-modes of response. Buildings 10, 20, and 40 stories high were designed such that inelastic deformation was concentrated at a single flexural plastic hinge at their base. Using nonlinear response history analysis, the buildings were subjected to near-fault seismic ground motions and simple closed-form pulses, which represented distinct pulses within the ground motions. Euler–Bernoulli beam models with lumped mass and lumped plasticity were used to model the buildings. The response of the buildings to the closed-form pulses fairly matched that of the near-fault records. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted for the buildings subjected to three types of closed-form pulses with a broad range of periods and amplitudes. The results of the parametric study demonstrate the importance of the ratio of the fundamental period of the structure to the period of the pulse to the excitation of higher modes. The study shows that if the modal response spectrum analysis approach is used — considering the first four modes with a uniform yield reduction factor for all modes, and with the square root of sum of squares modal combination rule — it significantly underestimates bending moment and shear force responses. A response spectrum analysis method that uses different yield reduction factors for the first and the higher modes is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wakeup scheduling for energy-efficient communication in opportunistic mobile networks

Opportunistic mobile networks consist of mobile devices which only communicate when they opportunistically contact each other. Periodic contact probing is required to facilitate opportunistic communication, but seriously reduces the limited battery life of mobile devices. Current research efforts on reducing energy consumption of contact probing are restricted to optimize the probing interval, but are insufficient for energy-efficient opportunistic communication. In this paper, we propose novel techniques to adaptively schedule wakeup periods of mobile nodes between their inter-contact times. A node stays asleep during inter-contact times when contact probing is unnecessary, and only wakes up when a contact with another node is likely to happen. Our approach probabilistically predicts node contacts in the future, and analytically balances between energy consumption for contact probing and performance of opportunistic communication. Extensive trace-driven simulations show that our approach significantly improves energy efficiency of opportunistic communication compared to existing schemes.
Association of Insurance Status with Stroke-Related Mortality and Long-term Survival after Stroke.

Background Lack of insurance is a barrier to optimal stroke risk factor control but data on its long-term impact on stroke outcomes are sparse. We assessed the association between health insurance and long-term mortality after stroke. Methods Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2004 with follow-up mortality assessment through 2006, we examined the independent effect of health insurance on (1) stroke mortality among all adult participants (n = 15,049) and (2) vascular and all-cause mortality rates among participants with self-reported stroke (n = 563). Results Among individuals without a previous stroke, uninsured individuals aged less than 65 years were more likely to die of stroke than those with insurance (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], .96-10.23); however, among those aged 65 years or older, those with private insurance, private plus Medicare, or Medicare plus Medicaid had similar risk of stroke mortality when compared to those with Medicare alone. Stroke survivors aged 65 years or older with private insurance were less likely to die from vascular causes (adjusted HR, .38; 95% CI, .23-.63) compared to those with Medicare alone. For stroke survivors aged less than 65 years, uninsured individuals had similar all-cause mortality rates compared to their counterparts with insurance. Conclusions Insurance status influences risk of dying from a stroke in the general population, as well as long-term mortality rates among stroke survivors in the United States, but these relationships vary by age.
An Empirical Investigation on Wrapper-Based Feature Selection for Predicting Software Quality

The basic measurements for software quality control and management are the various project and software metrics collected at various states of a software development life cycle. The software metrics may not all be relevant for predicting the fault proneness of software components, modules, or releases. Thus creating the need for the use of feature (software metric) selection. The goal of feature selection is to find a minimum subset of attributes that can characterize the underlying data with results as well as, or even better than the original data when all available features are considered. As an example of inter-disciplinary research (between data science and software engineering), this study is unique in presenting a large comparative study of wrapper-based feature (or attribute) selection techniques for building defect predictors. In this paper, we investigated thirty wrapper-based feature selection methods to remove irrelevant and redundant software metrics used for building defect predictors. In this study, these thirty wrappers vary based on the choice of search method (Best First or Greedy Stepwise), leaner (Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression), and performance metric (Overall Accuracy, Area Under ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curve, Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve, Best Geometric Mean, and Best Arithmetic Mean) used in the defect prediction model evaluation process. The models are trained using the three learners and evaluated using the five performance metrics. The case study is based on software metrics and defect data collected from a real world software project. The results demonstrate that Best Arithmetic Mean is the best performance metric used within the wrapper. Naive Bayes performed significantly better than Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine as a wrapper learner on slightly and less imbalanced datasets. We also recommend Greedy Stepwise as a search method for wrappers. Moreover, comparing to models built with full datasets, the performances of defect prediction models can be improved when metric subsets are selected through a wrapper subset selector.
Perineal Pseudoaneurysm from Traumatic Foley Removal Leads to Recurrent Life-Threatening Hematuria.

Abstract Hematuria resulting from urethral traumatic catheter insertion and removal is often encountered. Usually, hematuria resolves with conservative measures. We report a case of traumatic Foley...