cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of Aston Villa Football Club

With his purchase of Aston Villa Football Club (AVFC) in 2006, Randy Lerner joined the growing ranks of foreign—and specifically American—owners in Barclays Premier League. During a year-long investigation spanning the 2008–2009 season, we conducted extensive participant observation among fans, interviews with a variety of sources (including club officials, journalists, and fans), and fan Web-site monitoring to understand the broader implications of Lerner's takeover. A consistently recurring theme during initial data analysis was the role of public relations in creating positive perceptions of Lerner as an owner. This ran contrary to the experiences of his American counterparts at other clubs. The British press, as well as academic researchers of sport globalization, has warned against the loss of localized rituals and institutions in the wake of the “foreign invasion” (Osborne & Coombs, 2009). Critics fear that foreign ownership of culturally rooted institutions such as English football clubs will creat...
The Time-Mean Flow and Variability in a Nonlinear Model of the Atmosphere with Tropical Diabatic Forcing.

Abstract The response to steady tropical diabatic forcing in a nonlinear model of the atmosphere is analyzed. For sufficiently small diabatic heating, upper tropospheric anticyclones develop along the equator to the west of the heating, as predicted by linear theory. For sufficiently large diabatic heating, the anticyclones shift eastward to the same longitude as the heating (nonlinear response). The structure of the nonlinear response agrees more favorably with the observations than does the linear response. Inclusion of strong tropospheric dissipation causes the weaker diabatic forcing to produce the structural characteristics of the nonlinear response. Analysis of the time-mean vorticity budget reveals that the relative magnitude of the steady nonlinear flux divergence is substantially larger for the strong forcing as compared to the weak forcing. This appears to be the mechanism responsible for the marked difference between the two responses. Significant differences in the extratropical response exist...
The American Methodenstreit

So true is it that, in science as elsewhere, we fight for and against not men and things as they are, but for and against the caricatures we make of them. (Schumpeter, 1954, p. 90)
Computer generation of thermodynamic property charts for mixtures

Abstract In the paper, a method for generation of thermodynamic property charts of mixtures will be presented. The main steps of the procedure are as follows: 1. 1. Calculation of vapour fractions and thermodynamic state variables (enthalpy, entropy and molar volume) at selected points of the specified pressure and temperature range, using some equation of state. 2. 2. Fitting of the calculated state variables with appropriate temperature functions for interpolation. 3. 3. Automatic construction of desired type of chart ( P-T , P-H , P-V etc.) making use of the temperature functions. An efficient algorithm for the calculation of vapour—liquid equilibria, a heuristic method for choice of the pressure and temperature points and a spline-like fitting method are discussed in this paper.
Performance estimation of M / D K /1 queue under fair sojourn protocol in heavy traffic

We study the performance of a M/DK/1 queue under Fair Sojourn Protocol (FSP). We use a Markov process with mixed real-and measure-valued states to characterize the queuing process of system and its related processor sharing queue. The infinitesimal generator of the Markov process is derived. Classifying customers according to their service time, using techniques in multiclass queuing system, and borrowing recently developed heavy traffic results for processor-sharing queues, we are able to derive approximations for average waiting time for the jobs.
Comment: A biological guide for electromagnetic safety: the stress response

Questions of safety of electromagnetic (EM) fields should be based on relevant biological properties, i.e., specific cellular reactions to potentially harmful stimuli. The stress response is a well documented protective reaction of plant and animal cells to a variety of environmental threats, and it is stimulated by both extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF) EM fields. It involves activation of DNA to initiate synthesis of stress proteins. Thermal and non-thermal stimuli affect different segments of DNA and utilize different biochemical pathways. However, both ELF and RF stimulate the same non-thermal pathway. Since the same biochemical reactions are stimulated in different frequency ranges with very different specific absorption rates (SARs), SAR level is not a valid basis for safety standards. Studies of EM field interactions with DNA and with model systems provide insight into a plausible mechanism that can be effective in ELF and RF ranges.
Efficient partial streaming of compressed video

Given a high resolution compressed video stream this paper looks at the problem of extracting video from a small window at an arbitrary, but static location, in compressed form, without having to either decode the high resolution video stream or encode the window stream. Since state of the art video compression algorithms use motion compensation in one form or the other, the compressed video stream cannot be parsed to obtain the window stream without decoding the high resolution stream to some extent and subsequent re-encoding. On the other hand storing all possible windows as separate streams on the server is clearly infeasible, at least as of today, as it would lead to an explosion of the storage space requirement. It is shown that with a comparatively small increment in the server's storage requirement, it is possible to obtain compressed window streams out of the high resolution stream with minimal parsing, no decoding or re-encoding and little quality loss. Furthermore, methods to trade off the space required on the server with the compression efficiency of the window stream are shown. Experimental results obtained from applying the proposed method on MPEG-2 compressed video sequences are also provided.
Can humanitarian open-source software development draw new students to CS?

In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a web-based tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.
On Bridging the Gap Between Social-Personality Psychology and Neuropsychology

Although cognitive psychology has learned much from the study of patients with neuropsychological impairments, social and personality psychologists have been slow to do the same. In this article we argue that the domain of clinical neuropsychology holds considerable untapped potential for formulating and testing models within social and personality; psychology and describe some of the ways in which questions of interest to social and personality psychologists can be addressed with neuropsychological data. Examples are drawn from a variety of neuropsychological syndromes, including amnesia, autism, anosognosia, commissurotomy, frontal lobe damage, and prosopagnosia. We conclude that consideration of the personal and social lives of patients with neuropsychological impairments ultimately will lead to a richer understanding of the person, one that bridges the gap between social and cognitive levels of analysis.
Age and features of movement influence motor overflow.

Author(s): Bodwell, Julie A; Mahurin, Roderick K; Waddle, Sally; Price, Robert; Cramer, Steven C | Abstract: OBJECTIVES:To measure the magnitude and prevalence of motor overflow to the arm at rest during attempted unilateral arm movements. DESIGN:Cross-sectional assessment. SETTING:Motor physiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS:Healthy young (n=20) and elderly (n=20) adult subjects. MEASUREMENTS:Surface electromyography (EMG) was obtained from bilateral forearm muscles during performance of 12 different unilateral finger-tapping tasks. RESULTS:For all subjects, faster movement rate (F=2.56-3.30, Pl.05), cognitive distraction (F=4.09, Pl.05), and fatigue (F=15.15, Pl.001) were each associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of EMG in the arm intended to be at rest. In elderly subjects, tapping at maximum rate and fatigue were each associated with a further increase in motor overflow across the midline. In addition, better left hand dexterity correlated with greater motor overflow to the right hand during rapid left hand tapping (r=0.63, Pl.005). Prevalence of motor overflow was also higher in older subjects for some tasks, for example during 1 Hz tapping by the right index finger (motor overflow present in 45%, vs 15% young subjects, Pl.05). CONCLUSION:Several behavioral variables increase motor overflow across the midline in young and elderly adults. Motor overflow was even greater in elderly subjects with the most demanding tasks and was greater in those with better motor status, suggesting that this form of motor system change is a compensatory event of normal aging rather than age-related dysfunction. The results support the hypotheses that healthy aging is associated with an increase in the degree to which brain function is bilaterally organized.
Using concept maps and concept questions to enhance conceptual understanding

Conceptual understanding is the ability to apply knowledge across a variety of instances or circumstances. Several strategies can be used to teach and assess concepts, e.g., inquiry, exposition, analogies, mnemonics, imagery, concept maps, and concept questions. This paper focuses on the last two -concept maps and concept questions. Concept maps are two-dimensional, hierarchical diagrams that show the structure of knowledge within a discipline. Concept questions are questions posed to students to encourage higher order thinking and help them understand the basic principles of a discipline. This paper describes current progress at MIT in the development and use of concept maps and concept questions in aerospace engineering.
A neonate with worms.

Diagnosis: Dipylidium caninum infection. The sample tapeworm was M cm in length and was longer than it was wide (figure 1). On examination in the microbiology laboratory, it was determined that the segment was most consistent with D. caninum. Both the patient and his brother were treated with single doses of oral praziquantel (10 mg/kg). Shortly after receiving treatment, the patient passed what was described as a "ball of worms" by his father. These worms were collected by the father and submitted to the microbiology laboratory (figures 2 and 3). On examination, there were 3-4 tapeworms that were identified as D. caninum. The patient is currently doing well and has no evidence of residual infection. D. caninum is an intestinal tapeworm, typically found in dogs and cats, that occasionally infects humans. Dipylidium species are also known as the dog tapeworm, cat tapeworm, cucumber tapeworm, or double-pore tapeworm. Humans become accidental hosts on ingesting an infected flea. This zoonotic disease should be suspected on observation of motile proglottids the size of rice grains in a stool specimen. Onethird of recognized infections occur in children <6 months of age, but such infections may still be underrecognized in children [1, 2]. D. caninum infection is often suspected on the basis of the description of proglottids in the child's stool. The usual description is that they resemble grains of rice or cucumber seeds in size and shape [3, 4]. Because of their ability to migrate from the anus independent of defecation, proglottids are often noticed actively moving in the child's stool. Patients are classically asymptomatic, although diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anal pruritis have been described in association with this infection [5]. This case demonstrates the benign presentation of D. caninum infection in an infant. Figure 2. A close-up of a Dipylidium caninum proglottid demonstrating the bilateral uterine pores (arrows) (original magnification, x4).
Image-based cell sorting using optofluidics

We present an architecture ideally suited for imaging and sorting large populations of single cells. Our approach combines wide-field, passive, hydrodynamic trapping of cells with active retrieval of specific single cells using radiation pressure and microfluidics. The architecture scales easily and offers single-cell resolution both with respect to imaging and manipulation, enabling sorts predicated on microscopy.
The study of flat-band voltage shift using arsenic ion-implantation with High-k/Metal Inserted Poly Si gate stacks

The origin of flat band voltage shift phenomena using arsenic ion-implant in High-k/Metal Inserted Poly Si (HK/MIPS) gate stacks was investigated. Arsenic ion-implantations were carried out on HfSiO and HfSiON dielectric layers. Precise arsenic profile was obtained through front and backside SIMS analysis. From the electrical and physical analysis, we verified that the flat band voltage was shifted due to an arsenic dipole formation at high-k/metal interface. The negative shift of 480mV was obtained with the optimized arsenic ion implant condition.
The Physico-Chemical Effect of Coacervation Conditions on the Diffusional Properties and Surface Morphology of Biodegradable Microcapsules

AbstractMicrocapsules containing kaolin and hydrocortisone 21- acetate (HCAC) were produced through controlled coacervation of a biodegradable block copolymer of d-tartaric acid and 1, 10-octanediol, under Plait and non-Plait compositions. Diffusional studies indicated that the permeability of Plait microcapsules was at least 40% greater than non-Plait microcapsules at the same polymer to core ratio. Scanning electron photomicrographs of the various microcapsules suggested surface morphologic differences among microcapsules produced under Plait and non-Plait solvent conditions.
Duramycin Increases Intracellular Calcium in Airway Epithelium

Duramycin increases short-circuit current ( Isc) and net Cl− secretion in tracheal epithelium. We measured the intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]) response to duramycin using Indo-1 and bovine and canine tracheal cell suspensions, and the effect of an intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA, and the protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, on the Isc and [Ca2+]i response to duramycin. [Ca2+]i increased in a dose-dependent manner from basal levels of 34 ± 5 to 949 ± 136 nM at 5 ± l0-6M duramycin. Both BAPTA (50 μM) and staurosporine (5–50 nM) pretreatment blunted the increase in Isc and net Cl− secretion produced by duramycin. BAPTA also blunted the rise in [Ca2+]i produced by duramycin (5 ± l0-6 M) in the presence of extracellular calcium (499 ± 122 nM). In the absence of extracellular calcium, the duramycin-induced (5 ± l0–6 M) rise in [Ca2+]iwas blunted from 949 ± 136 nM (stimulation in the presence of Ca2+) to 621 ± 122 nM, and was further decreased in the presence of BAPTA to 197 ± 42 nM. In contrast,...
TLR3 activation inhibits human mast cell attachment to fibronectin and vitronectin.

Abstract Mast cells are involved in both the genesis of allergic inflammation and in host defense; and reside in tissues where their location and responsiveness is regulated in part by adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins (ECM). We have reported that human mast cells (huMC) express TLR1-7, and 9 and respond to toll-like receptors (TLR) ligands by releasing cytokines and leukotriene C4. To determine if TLR ligation could similarly affect mast cells via an influence on adhesion, we employed huMC; and as substrates, fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN). huMC were thus treated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and adhesion to ECM was quantified. FcɛRI dependent mast cell degranulation was assessed. Adhesion molecule expression and activation was measured by flow cytometry. Activation of huMC through TLR3 with increasing amounts of polyI:C inhibited mast cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. This decrease in adhesion was accompanied by a similar decrease in IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation. Activation of TLR3 on huMC resulted in a change in the conformation of CD29, the receptor for FN, to an inactive form. Thus, TLR3 activation decreases mast cell attachment to VN and FN through an active process and one, which would abrogate mast cell attachment dependent potentiation of IgE-mediated responses.
The multilayer perceptron as an approximation to a Bayes optimal discriminant function

The multilayer perceptron, when trained as a classifier using backpropagation, is shown to approximate the Bayes optimal discriminant function. The result is demonstrated for both the two-class problem and multiple classes. It is shown that the outputs of the multilayer perceptron approximate the a posteriori probability functions of the classes being trained. The proof applies to any number of layers and any type of unit activation function, linear or nonlinear. >
Cannabinoid receptors in microglia of the central nervous system: immune functional relevance

Microglia, resident macrophages of the brain, function as immune effector and accessory cells. Paradoxically, they not only play a role in host defense and tissue repair but also have been implicated in a variety of neuropathological processes. Microglia, in addition to exhibiting phenotypic markers for macrophages, express CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Recent studies suggest the existence of a third, yet-to-be cloned, non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid receptor. These receptors appear to be functionally relevant within defined windows of microglial activation state and have been implicated as linked to cannabinoid modulation of chemokine and cytokine expression. The recognition that microglia express cannabinoid receptors and that their activation results in modulation of select cellular activities suggests that they may be amenable to therapeutic manipulation for ablating untoward inflammatory responses in the central nervous system.
Complexes Involving Inorganic Aromatic Rings

Abstract Inorganic aromatic rings can form complexes with transition metal atoms through sigma bonds, pi bonds, or both. Known and hypothetical examples of such complexes are reviewed and a qualitative molecular orbital model is used to describe and compare chemical bonding between transition metal atoms and the inorganic rings. Analogous organic complexes serve as reference structures.
The 3′ processing factor CstF functions in the DNA repair response

Following DNA damage, mRNA levels decrease, reflecting a coordinated interaction of the DNA repair, transcription and RNA processing machineries. In this study, we provide evidence that transcription and polyadenylation of mRNA precursors are both affected in vivo by UV treatment. We next show that the polyadenylation factor CstF, plays a direct role in the DNA damage response. Cells with reduced levels of CstF display decreased viability following UV treatment, reduced ability to ubiquitinate RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), and defects in repair of DNA damage. Furthermore, we show that CstF, RNAP II and BARD1 are all found at sites of repaired DNA. Our results indicate that CstF plays an active role in the response to DNA damage, providing a link between transcription-coupled RNA processing and DNA repair.
Sasaki metrics for analysis of longitudinal data on manifolds

Longitudinal data arises in many applications in which the goal is to understand changes in individual entities over time. In this paper, we present a method for analyzing longitudinal data that take values in a Riemannian manifold. A driving application is to characterize anatomical shape changes and to distinguish between trends in anatomy that are healthy versus those that are due to disease. We present a generative hierarchical model in which each individual is modeled by a geodesic trend, which in turn is considered as a perturbation of the mean geodesic trend for the population. Each geodesic in the model can be uniquely parameterized by a starting point and velocity, i.e., a point in the tangent bundle. Comparison between these parameters is achieved through the Sasaki metric, which provides a natural distance metric on the tangent bundle. We develop a statistical hypothesis test for differences between two groups of longitudinal data by generalizing the Hotelling T2 statistic to manifolds. We demonstrate the ability of these methods to distinguish differences in shape changes in a comparison of longitudinal corpus callosum data in subjects with dementia versus healthily aging controls.
Aggregate Formation from Short Fragments of Plant DNA

Large aggregates have been observed after partial reassociation of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) DNA preparations sheared to mean single strand fragment lengths as short as 350 nucleotides. At high DNA concentrations and conditions of salt and temperature which require only moderate precision of base pairing, aggregates pelletable by brief centrifugation account for 30 to 40% of the total DNA from peas, while calf thymus DNA reassociated under similar conditions forms less than 10% pelletable structures. In contrast to networks formed during the reassociation of long DNA fragments containing interspersed repetitive sequences, these aggregates contain a high percentage of double-stranded DNA and are enriched in repetitive sequences. Aggregates detectable by centrifugation do not begin to appear until after extensive repetitive sequence reassociation has already occurred. The results are consistent with a model involving secondary reassociation between single-stranded regions (“hanging tails”) remaining after initial duplex formation. This process would lead to formation of large multimers of the original fragments, analogous to the large hyperpolymers which have been observed in extensively reassociated prokaryotic DNA. Randomly sheared fragments containing short (about 300 base pairs) repetitive sequences interspersed with single copy DNA would not be expected to hyperpolymerize significantly under these conditions. I suggest, as a working hypothesis, that much of the repetitive sequence DNA in peas is contained in regions considerably longer than 300 base pairs.
Magnitude and consequences of volatile release from the Siberian Traps

article i nfo The eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts has been invoked as a trigger for the catastrophic end- Permian mass extinction. Quantitative constraints on volatile degassing are critical to understanding the en- vironmental consequences of volcanism. We measured sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine in melt inclusions from the Siberian Traps and found that concentrations of these volatiles in some magmas were anomalously high compared to other continental flood basalts. For the ten samples for which we present data, volatile concen- trations in individual melt inclusions range from less than the detection limit to 0.51 wt.% S, 0.94 wt.% Cl, and 1.95 wt.% F. Degassing from the Siberian Traps released approximately ~6300-7800 Gt S, ~3400-8700 Gt Cl, and ~7100-13,600 Gt F. These large volatile loads, if injected into the stratosphere, may have contributed to a drastic deterioration in global environmental conditions during the end-Permian.
Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm size using CT volumetry, spherical and ellipsoid formulas: Validation study

Context The accuracy for determining pancreatic cyst volume with commonly used spherical and ellipsoid methods is unknown. The role of CT volumetry in volumetric assessment of pancreatic cysts needs to be explored. Objectives To compare volumes of the pancreatic cysts by CT volumetry, spherical and ellipsoid methods and determine their accuracy by correlating with actual volume as determined by EUS-guided aspiration. Setting This is a retrospective analysis performed at a tertiary care center. Patients Seventy-eight pathologically proven pancreatic cysts evaluated with CT and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) were included. Design The volume of fourteen cysts that had been fully aspirated by EUS was compared to CT volumetry and the routinely used methods (ellipsoid and spherical volume). Two independent observers measured all cysts using commercially available software to evaluate inter-observer reproducibility for CT volumetry. Main outcome measures The volume of pancreatic cysts as determined by various methods was compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Bland-Altman plot and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to determine mean difference and correlation between observers and methods. The error was calculated as the percentage of the difference between the CT estimated volumes and the aspirated volume divided by the aspirated one. Results CT volumetry was comparable to aspirated volume (P=0.396) with very high intraclass correlation (r=0.891, P<0.001) and small mean difference (0.22 mL) and error (8.1%). Mean difference with aspirated volume and error were larger for ellipsoid (0.89 mL, 30.4%; P=0.024) and spherical (1.73 mL, 55.5%; P=0.004) volumes than CT volumetry. There was excellent inter-observer correlation in volumetry of the entire cohort (r=0.997, P<0.001). Conclusions CT volumetry is accurate and reproducible. Ellipsoid and spherical volume overestimate the true volume of pancreatic cysts. Image: 3-D CT image of a pancreatic tail mucinous cystic neoplasm
Scalable OFDM design for underwater acoustic communications

Multicarrier modulation in the form of OFDM has been actively pursued for underwater acoustic communication recently. In this paper, we present a desirable property of OFDM that one signal design can be easily scaled to fit into different transmission bandwidths with negligible changes on the receiver. We have tested the proposed design with data collected from experiments at AUV Fest, Panama City, FL, June 2007, and at the Buzzards Bay, MA, Aug. 2007. With QPSK modulation, we have used different bandwidths from 3 kHz to 50 kHz, leading to data rates from 1.5 kbps to 25 kbps after rate 1/2 coding. With 16-QAM modulation, we have used different bandwidths from 12 kHz to 50 kHz, leading to data rates from 12 kbps to 50 kbps. Excellent BER performance has been achieved, which confirms the flexibility of OFDM under different system setups.
Elevated ambient glucose induces acute inflammatory events in the microvasculature: effects of insulin.

We employed intravital microscopy of the rat mesenteric microvasculature to study the effects of local hyperglycemia on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Intraperitoneal injection of 6, 12.5...
Evaluation of Bioindicators of Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Coastal Ecosystems

The issue of chemical contamination of the coastal environment is gaining increasing importance in the balance between the need to use chemicals and the desire to conserve and protect the ecosystem. In grappling with the complexity of contaminant interactions in the aquatic environment (Fig. 28.1), it becomes evident, although not universally accepted, that to properly assess the impact of chemical pollution on the health of ecosystems, a better understanding of processes that are vital to the normal functioning of various components (e.g. individuals, populations, or communities) of the system must be developed. Accordingly, we have focused our investigations on contaminant interactions at subcellular, cellular, and tissue levels of marine organisms to identify indices that assess alterations in critical physiological and biological processes (Fig. 28.2), with the aim that some of these measurements may serve as early warning signals of individual, population, or community effects. The logic underlying such an approach is that for the pollutantinduced perturbations to be evident in the ecosystem, the first level of interaction has to be at the individual level. Moreover, cause and effect relationships between chemical contamination and observed changes at the population or community level are more difficult to establish than they are at the individual level.
Outer membrane protein biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria contain a double membrane which serves for both protection and for providing nutrients for viability. The outermost of these membranes is called the outer membrane (OM), and it contains a host of fully integrated membrane proteins which serve essential functions for the cell, including nutrient uptake, cell adhesion, cell signalling and waste export. For pathogenic strains, many of these outer membrane proteins (OMPs) also serve as virulence factors for nutrient scavenging and evasion of host defence mechanisms. OMPs are unique membrane proteins in that they have a β-barrel fold and can range in size from 8 to 26 strands, yet can still serve many different functions for the cell. Despite their essential roles in cell survival and virulence, the exact mechanism for the biogenesis of these OMPs into the OM has remained largely unknown. However, the past decade has witnessed significant progress towards unravelling the pathways and mechanisms necessary for moulding a nascent polypeptide into a functional OMP within the OM. Here, we will review some of these recent discoveries that have advanced our understanding of the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram-negative bacteria, starting with synthesis in the cytoplasm to folding and insertion into the OM.
Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma: diagnostic and management considerations in a 15-year-old with a large submental mass

A 15-year old boy presented with a 2-year history of a painless slowly enlarging submental neck mass. Head and neck imaging showed a multicystic mass with a central solid component that was closely applied to the hyoid bone. Core needle biopsy under general anaesthesia revealed a papillary thyroid neoplasm. The mass was resected and frozen section histology confirmed papillary carcinoma. Intraoperatively, enlarged cervical lymph nodes were palpable. Bilateral neck dissections and total thyroidectomy with parathyroid reimplantation were performed. On histological examination, the thyroid gland was not involved. The patient recovered uneventfully from the surgery and is planned for radioactive iodine therapy and thyroxine suppression, with subsequent follow-up with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin for surveillance. We review the literature and discuss challenges in the diagnosis and surgical management of this rare entity in the paediatric age group.
Anti-Bredt molecules

An “anti-Bredt” bicyclic urea, 1,3-diazabicyclo-[3.3.1] nonan-2-one, was synthesized. At 125° this urea polymerized thermally and at 98° it rapidly polymerized under the influence of phosphoric acid. Two isomeric ureas, lacking the anti-Bredt feature, did not polymerize under similar conditions.
Abstract 4275: BMI-1 promotes drug resistance and cellular invasion in head and neck cancer stem cells

Recently, the growth and metastasis of tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), have been attributed to a subpopulation within tumors known as cancer stem cells (CSC). Studies have shown that HNSCC cells that are CD44+ are putative CSC and have the capability to self-renew, differentiate and preferentially express BMI-1. The polycomb group protein BMI-1 is a transcriptional repressor that silences the genes responsible for the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor genes p16 and p19. The gene is essential for maintaining the self-renewal capability of both normal and CSC. Very recent studies have shown that BMI-1 may also be implicated in other critical roles in cancer cell behavior including its role in the invasiveness of cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that in HNSCC CSC, BMI-1 is critical for cellular invasion. Knockdown of BMI-1 in CD44+ cells results in significant inhibition of invasion while overexpression of BMI-1 in CD44- cells promotes invasion. Furthermore, we show that this enhaced invasion conferred by BMI-1 is through induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes and the down-regulation of E-cadherin. In addition, we present evidence that the proteinases MMP2 and MMP9 are induced upon overexpression of BMI-1. CSC are also characterized by being chemoresistant, in part through their enhanced ability to extrude drugs because of their high expression of drug transporters. In this study, we demonstrate another mechanism for the resistance of CSC to DNA-damaging agents. We present evidence that another function of BMI-1 in CSC is its ability to regulate apoptosis. Knockdown of BMI1-1 in CSC using siRNA resulted in increased levels of cisplatin-induced apoptosis compared to cells transfected with scrambled siRNA. Our findings lend support to previous studies that have implicated BMI-1 in the regulation of pro-survival genes as well as the DNA damage response pathway. Our findings have revealed that BMI-1 is not only essential for self-renewal and tumorigenesis, but also that it has critical functions in cancer stem cell drug resistance and invasion, and most likely, metastasis. Since BMI-1 controls many of the properties of CSC and is preferentially expressed in HNSCC CSC, this oncogene may serve not only as a tumor marker, but also as an ideal therapeutic target. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4275.
Effective Properties of Buckypaper Nanocomposies: Effects of Nanotubes' Anisotropy and Alignment

In the present work we evaluate classical bounds and their applicability to the prediction of the effective properties of carbon nanotube buckypaper composites as well as the validity of the Mori-Tanaka approach for the case when anisotropy and orientational distribution of nanotubes are taken into account. Nomenclature r A = average strain concentration tensor of r th phase { } A = average of the tensor A over all possible orientations determined by the ODF ij a = functions of Euler angles r C = volume fraction of r th phase ijkl C = stiffness tensor 11 E = Young’s modulus in the direction perpendicular to the isotropy plane 22 E = Young’s modulus for the isotropy plane (, , ) r F φ θψ = orientation distribution function (ODF) of r th phase G = shear modulus 23
Some Effects of Reduced Atmospheric Pressure Upon Honey Bee Respiration

The respiration of the honey bee is very markedly affected by changes in atmospheric pressure. Over a fairly wide range, however they can internally compensate for these changes.
Time course of changes in sensory cells of trigeminal ganglion of the rabbit following irradiation.

ConclusionsExposure of trigeminal ganglion cells to roentgen rays has been found to produce injury which may be sparable into 3 phases:1. Rapid phase of acute chromatolysis immediately following irradiation.2. Recovery period.3. Phase of the widely variable, slowly progressing spectrum spectrum of chronic chromatolysis
Functions Containing at Least One Metalloid (Si, Ge, or B) and No Halogen, Chalcogen, or Group 15 Element; Also Functions Containing Two Metals

This review details recent developments in the synthesis of alkene derivatives containing two geminally substituted metalloids (Si, Ge, or B) and/or metals, but no halogen, chalcogen, or group 15 element, covering the period 1995–2003. The review aims to give coverage of all the functionality encompassed by the above term, including both well-known species, such as 1,1-disilylalkenes and 1-boryl-1-silylalkenes, and much less common species such as 1-alumino-1-germylalkenes and 1-zircona-1-borylalkenes. The chapter is divided into logical sections based on the functionality being synthesized. Approaches to these species reviewed previously (before 1995) are briefly mentioned at the start of each section. This review is focused purely on the synthesis of the title compounds and little reference is made to subsequent reactions they undergo. Similarly, the preparation of stable precursors is not detailed.
Abstract P358: Do Cardiac Interventions Affect Noncardiac Mortality?

Clinical trials of cardiovascular drugs and devices primarily assess benefit and risk in terms of cardiovascular mortality and other major adverse cardiovascular events. There is little data on how noncardiac mortality is impacted in clinical trials. In this study, we sought to determine how noncardiac mortality was affected in clinical trials that were published in the past 12 years in major general medicine journals. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio and its confidence intervals for cardiac, noncardiac and total mortality in all arms of 93 large clinical trials. Relative change and power to detect significant changes in all three components was calculated. Twenty two studies had a decrease in cardiovascular mortality of at least 20%, while only 4 studies had an increase in cardiovascular mortality more than 20%. Only 7 studies had a statistically significant decrease in cardiovascular mortality. Noncardiac mortality was at least 5% higher in the treatment arm in 31 (33%) of all studies. In 4 of these studies, noncardiac mortality was at least 20% higher in the treatment arm. Noncardiac mortality was at least 5% lower in the treatment arm in 24 studies, with 3 of then having at least a 20% lower mortality rate. In only 1 study was there a significant difference in noncardiac mortality. Only 3 studies were adequately powered to detect a 20% difference in noncardiac mortality. None were powered to detect a 10% difference in noncardiac mortality. Overall, there was no difference in noncardiac mortality in these studies. There is wide variation in differences in noncardiac mortality determined in clinical trials, with most studies showing at least a 5% difference in noncardiac mortality rates and over 1/3 of the studies demonstrating at least a 10% difference in noncardiac mortality. In primary prevention and hypertension studies, one would only need a 6-10% increase in noncardiac mortality to negate a 20% decrease in cardiac mortality. No studies were adequately powered to evaluate for this effect. With the strong push to evidence based medicine, studies need to be adequately powered to demonstrate a lack of harm as well as benefit. The increased use of multiple endpoints will exacerbate the problem of assessment of risk in cardiovascular clinical trials.
Selecting, Teaching and Assessing Physical Education Dance Experiences

Dance is a form of physical activity that can be enjoyed for a lifetime. Students at the elementary level benefit greatly from successful experiences in dance that lead to competency in various dance forms as well as an appreciation of personal expression through dance. Teaching dance, however, may not be comfortable or easy for beginning teachers, and perhaps even for experienced teachers. The purpose of this article is to provide physical education teachers with criteria for selecting developmentally appropriate, structured dances for elementary children as well as to provide tools for teaching and assessing these dance experiences. Specific dances appropriate for elementary-age children are provided along with a progression of dance steps from simple to complex that correspond with elementary grade levels.
Flexible Inorganic Ferroelectric Thin Films for Nonvolatile Memory Devices

Next-generation wearable electronics call for flexible nonvolatile devices for ubiquitous data storage. Thus far, only organic ferroelectric materials have shown intrinsic flexibility and processability on plastic substrates. Here, it is shown that by controlling the heating rate, ferroelectric hafnia films can be grown on plastic substrates. The resulting highly flexible capacitor with a film thickness of 30 nm yields a remnant polarization of 10 µC cm−2. Bending tests show that the film ferroelectricity can be retained under a bending radius below 8 mm with up to 1000 bending cycles. The excellent flexibility is due to the extremely thin hafnia film thickness. Using the ferroelectric film as a gate insulator, a low voltage nonvolatile vertical organic transistor is demonstrated on a plastic substrate with an extrapolated date retention time of up to 10 years.
Hypofractionated short‐course radiotherapy in elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme: an analysis of the National Cancer Database

For elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), randomized trials have shown similar survival with hypofractionated short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) compared to conventionally fractionated long-course radiotherapy (LCRT). We evaluated the adoption of SCRT along with associated factors and survival in a national patient registry. Using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), we identified patients aged ≥70 years with GBM, diagnosed between 1998 and 2011, who received SCRT (34–42 Gy in 2.5–3.4 Gy fractions), or LCRT (58–63 Gy in 1.8–2.0 Gy fractions). Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox regression modeling. 4598 patients were identified, 304 (6.6%) in the SCRT group and 4294 (93.4%) in the LCRT group. Median follow-up was 8.4 months. Median age was 78 versus 75 years, respectively (P < 0.0001). Patients who received SCRT had higher Charlson–Deyo comorbidity scores versus LCRT (score of ≥2: 16.9% vs. 10.8%, respectively; P = 0.006), and were more likely to be female (53.0% vs. 44.6%, P = 0.005). Patients who received SCRT were less likely to undergo chemotherapy (42.8% vs. 79.3%, P < 0.0001), more likely to undergo biopsy only (34.5% vs. 19.5%, P < 0.0001), and more likely to receive treatment at academic/research programs (49.2% vs. 37.2%, P = 0.0001). Median survival was 4.9 months versus 8.9 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). The survival detriment with SCRT persisted on multivariable analysis [HR 1.51 (95% CI: 1.33–1.73, P < 0.0001)], adjusting for age, gender, race, comorbidities, diagnosis year, facility type, surgery, and chemotherapy. In conclusion, hypofractionated SCRT was associated with worse survival compared to conventionally fractionated LCRT for elderly patients with GBM. Patients who received SCRT were older with worse comorbidities, and were less likely to undergo chemotherapy or resection.
Urbanization and new social contexts for consumption of food and drink in northern China

Abstract This essay proposes that the development of urbanism in northern China provided new opportunities for feasting activities that were important for the creation and maintenance of social relations. Relatively labor intensive, elaborate vessels for the preparation and consumption of food and drink were essential components of feasts. A survey of such vessels in published reports reveals some widely shared concepts about valued vessels, as well as some differences between regions. Feasting activities at Longshan period urban settlements involved diversification of ceramic production, a pattern that changed during the Early Bronze Age after crafts people succeeded in making bronze vessels.
Characterizing Normal Bowel Frequency and Consistency in a Representative Sample of Adults in the United States (NHANES)

Characterizing Normal Bowel Frequency and Consistency in a Representative Sample of Adults in the United States (NHANES)
Recent Exposure to Hypoglycemia Increases Glucose Variability Following a Hyper/Hypoglycemic Metabolic Challenge in T1D.

Aims:In type 1 diabetes (T1D), repeated hypoglycemic episodes may reduce hormonal defenses and increase the risk for severe hypoglycemia. In this work, we investigate the effect of a structured hyper/hypoglycemic metabolic challenge on the postintervention glucose variability in T1D subjects studied at home.Methods:Thirty T1D subjects using insulin pump were monitored with blood glucose meters (SMBG) during a 1-month observation period. After 2 weeks of monitoring, participants were admitted at the University of Virginia Clinical Research Unit to undergo an 8-hour metabolic challenge. The intervention was designed to create hyperglycemia shortly followed by hypoglycemia, mimicking a real-life scenario of underbolused meal followed by overcorrection. After the intervention, subjects were monitored for 2 more weeks. Glycemic variability was assessed before and after the challenge using the low blood glucose index (LBGI). Glucagon counterregulation (GCR) response to induced hypoglycemia was also measured. LB...
Follicular lymphoma: 2018 update on diagnosis and management

Disease overview Follicular lymphoma is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, splenomegaly and less commonly other extranodal sites of involvement. In general, cytopenias can occur but constitutional symptoms of fever, nightsweats, and weight loss are uncommon. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on histology of preferably a biopsy of a lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl-2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl-2 genes. Risk stratification The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index prognostic model for FL uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas > 4. The presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high-risk disease. With the use of more modern therapies, outcomes have improved. Risk-adapted therapy Observation continues to be adequate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias, with no survival advantage for early treatment with either chemotherapy or rituximab alone. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival. Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab both following chemotherapy-rituximab and single agent rituximab. Experimental therapies as well as stem cell transplantation (SCT) are considered for recurrent disease.
Laryngeal Injury and Upper Airway Symptoms After Oral Endotracheal Intubation With Mechanical Ventilation During Critical Care: A Systematic Review.

Objectives:To systematically review the symptoms and types of laryngeal injuries resulting from endotracheal intubation in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU.Data Sources:PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library from database inception to September 2017.Study Selection:Studies of adult
Human Connectedness to Nature: Comparison of Natural vs. Virtual Experiences

There is a growing number of studies completed in which virtual environments have been and are being evaluated for their effectiveness with regard to a more positive learning experience and improved learning outcomes. Though the impact of virtual learning environments has been researched most thoroughly in the fields of medicine and military and police operations, an increasing number of studies focus on the virtual learning environment as a whole. This study will attempt to determine student experience a more significant potential positive impact on stress and well-being in nature or a simulated natural environment experienced via virtual reality. This study is a connectedness to nature study where students report how connected to life they feel after being immersed in the setting for a period.