cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effects of caspase inhibitors and MK‐801 in brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice

1. Excitotoxic and apoptotic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischaemia. Both MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, or peptide inhibitors of the caspase family (z-VAD.FMK and z-DEVD.FMK), protect mouse brain from ischaemic cell damage. In this study, we examined whether these drugs which act via distinct mechanisms, afford even greater neuroprotection when given in combination following 2 h MCA occlusion (filament model) and 18 h reperfusion. 2. Given alone as pretreatment, MK-801 (1, 3 and 5 mg kg(-1), but not 0.3 mg kg(-1), i.p.) decreased infarct size by 34-75%. When injected 1 h after occlusion and before reperfusion, 3 mg kg(-1) reduced injury but not when administered I h after reperfusion. 3. Pretreatment with a subthreshold dose of MK-801 (0.3 mg kg(-1)) plus a subthreshold dose of z-VAD.FMK (27 ng) or z-DEVD (80 ng) significantly decreased infarct size by 29 and 30%, respectively, and enhanced neurological function. 4. Administering a subthreshold dose of z-VAD.FMK (27 ng) or z-DEVD.FMK (80 ng) as pretreatment extended the time window for MK-801 (3 mg kg(-1)) by 2 h from 1 h before reperfusion to at least 1 h after reperfusion. 5. Pretreating with a subthreshold dose of MK-801 (0.3 mg kg(-1)) extended the time window for z-DEVD.FMK (480 ng) from 1 h after reperfusion to at least 3 h after reperfusion. 6. We conclude that caspase inhibitors which putatively block apoptotic cell death and inhibit cytokine production and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 act synergistically and prolong their respective therapeutic windows in cerebral ischaemia.
Nanoscale Size Effects on Uranium(VI) Adsorption to Hematite

U(VI) adsorption on aerosol-synthesized hematite particles ranging in size from 12 to 125 nm was studied to explore nanoscale size effects on uranium adsorption. Adsorption on 70 nm aqueous-synthesized particles was also investigated to examine the effect of the synthesis method on reactivity. Equilibrium adsorption was measured over pH 3−11 at two U(VI) loadings. Surface complexation modeling, combined with adjustment of adsorption equilibrium constants to be independent of site density and surface area, provided a quantitative reaction-based framework for evaluating adsorption affinity and capacity. Among the aerosol-synthesized particles, the adsorption affinity decreased as the particle size increased from 12 to 125 nm with similar intermediate affinities for 30 and 50 nm particles. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements suggest that the differences in adsorption affinity and capacity are not the result of substantially different coordination environments of adsorbed U(VI).
Rheumatoid synovial cyst of the hip. A case report.

Synovial cysts are not uncommon in rheumatoid arthritis. These periarticular herniations of the synovialis are not difficult to diagnose in peripheral joints but have rarely been identified in the hips. A patient who presented with femoroinguinal swelling is presented. This swelling proved to be a synovial cyst originating from the hip joint. The diagnosis of synovial cyst should be considered whenever femoroinguinal swelling occurs in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
Influence of lake morphology and clarity on water surface temperature as measured by EOS ASTER

Relationships between lake morphometric parameters and nighttime lake surface temperatures were investigated in North American temperate lakes using the ASTER kinetic temperature (AST08) product. Nighttime ASTER kinetic temperature measurements were found to be a good analogue for nighttime surface temperatures. Linear regression between ASTER and buoy-measured temperatures in a test lake were better during the evening (R 2 =0.98) than the day (R 2 =0.90), presumably due to the greater influence of radiation and latent heat fluxes during daylight hours. Nighttime lake surface temperatures measured in three ASTER scenes were significantly correlated to logarithm of lake area, maximum lake depth, Secchi depth (a measure of lake clarity) and lake order (a measure of lake connection with surface drainage), during October and November. Nighttime lake surface temperatures were significantly correlated only with lake area in July. We hypothesize that morphology was more strongly related to surface temperature in the fall months due to lake turnover during that season. This study suggests that satellite derived thermal data may be useful for calculation of lake heat budgets and evaporation rates, provided surface temperatures are measured in well-mixed lakes.
Rape as entertainment.

Theatrical movies and television features distort aggravated rape and neglect simple rape, thereby compromising the integrity of real sexual assaults. A collection of 26 movies indicated three categories of rape as entertainment: the classics which subordinate rape to a significant drama, docudramas/melodramas which mingle fact with fiction and require substantiation, and exploitation films which use rape gratuitously. Movie rape remains difficult to judge given a film's subjectivity and its potential to dramatize sexual myths about rape deceptively.
Evaluating teaching effectiveness: where we are and where we should be

Although many studies have examined techniques used to evaluate faculty performance, the literature has generally provided mixed results regarding the proper ways to measure teaching effectiveness. This paper provides the results of a survey of 1300 administrators and faculty of AACSB International accredited institutions. Respondents were asked what they believe is currently being used, and what should be used, to evaluate overall faculty performance and teaching effectiveness. Differences in responses are evaluated across school types, respondent positions, and respondent years of experience. The findings of this study provide a ‘benchmark’ of measures administrators can use to evaluate faculty performance.
Preparation and properties of the systems Fe2−xCrxWO6, Fe2−xRhxWO6, and Cr2−xRhxWO6

Abstract Solid solutions of the end members Fe2WO6, Cr2WO6, and Rh2WO6 have been prepared and their crystallographic and magnetic properties studied. All solid solutions crystallize with the trirutile structure, and their magnetic behavior is characterized by the existence of antiferromagnetic interactions and effective molar Curie constants corresponding to those expected from contributions of the spinonly moments of high-spin Fe3+, Cr3+, and diamagnetic low-spin Rh3+ ions. Fe2WO6 crystallizes with the tri-α-PbO2 structure and is antiferromagnetic and conducting. The random rutile Rh2WO6 is conducting, and the difference between its magnetic and electric properties and those of the inverse trirutile Cr2WO6 are discussed in terms of possible interactions between Cr3+(3d) or Rh3+(4d) orbitals and W6+(5d) orbitals.
Nature of etched slip planes in alpha brass

Etude par metallographie et microscopie electronique en transmission des bandes de glissement internes dans l'alliage Cu-30 Zn soumis a des deformations par compression
T-cell activation in the curious world of the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte

In conventional terms, when T cells encounter appropriate stimuli, they are induced to undergo molecular and physical changes that confer upon them a state of activation. Once initiated, activation generally results in a state of full T-cell responsiveness in an all-or-none manner. Uniquely, however, the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) bear features that are decidedly different from those of T cells located throughout other immunological compartments in that they exhibit some but not all properties of activated T cells, yet they can be induced to move further into activation provided appropriate costimulatory signals have been received. IEL costimulatory molecules—some of which are constitutively expressed, whereas others are upregulated following T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation—appear to hold the key to determining the nature and magnitude of the activational process. A system of activation such as this in the intestine would be expected to have great immunological protective value for the host because it would provide an untrammeled process of T-cell activation at a barrier site where the level of antigen exposure is consistently high. Clearly, however, mechanisms must be in place to insure that the IEL activation process is not inadvertently breached. These and other issues central to the operational workings of the intestinal immune system are elaborated in this article, and a model is presented in which IEL activation can be viewed as a layered, three-stage activational process.
Dynamic response of cable-stayed bridges to moving vehicles using the structural impedance method

The importance of dynamic interactions between cable-stayed bridges and heavy moving vehicles, such as trucks and locomotives, has been recognised by bridge engineers for a long time. A structural impedance algorithm is developed for analysing the dynamic response of cable-stayed bridges subjected to traversing vehicles. The bridge deck is modelled as an elastic plate, and the cables are idealised as springs for simplicity. The vehicles are modelled as a series of masses with suspension systems moving with different speeds and accelerations. A comprehensive computer program, CABLESIM, is developed for the static and dynamic analyses of a cable-stayed bridge. The accuracy of the numerical procedure and its computer implementation is verified with the available analytical and experimental results. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of vehicle velocity, girder depth, different types of cable arrangements, and traffic load on the dynamic response of the deck. The numerical results are expected to be important in assessing the dynamics of cable-stayed bridge components and in determining the safety and allowable traffic conditions.
Effect of Cysteine on Lowering Protein Aggregation and Subsequent Hardening of Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) Protein Bars in WPI/Buffer Model Systems

Whey protein isolate (WPI) bar hardening without and with cysteine (Cys) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was investigated in model systems (WPI/buffer = 6:4, by weight, pH 6.8, a(w) approximately 0.97) in an accelerated shelf-life test (ASLT) at 45 degrees C over a period of up to 35 days. The formation of insoluble aggregates as determined by solubility and the structural rearrangement of WPI protein aggregates as observed by SEM were responsible for the WPI bars' hardening. As corroborated by electrophoresis analysis, both beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) and alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) were involved in the formation of aggregates via the thiol-disulfide interchange reaction and/or noncovalent interactions. The former force dominated the bar hardening at an earlier stage, whereas the latter force played a role for the long-term hardening. In comparison with the control bar without Cys, the thiol-disulfide interchange reaction was significantly reduced by Cys (WPI/Cys = 0.05), increased by Cys (WPI/Cys = 0.25), and inhibited by NEM (WPI/NEM = 2). Therefore, bar hardening was significantly delayed by Cys (WPI/Cys = 0.05) and NEM but accelerated by Cys (WPI/Cys = 0.25).
Litigating the “Public Interest” in the Gilded Age: Common Law Business Regulation by Nineteenth-Century State Attorneys General

Heeding recent calls to explore the contributions of creative political actors other than federal judges to the process of American legal development, this article examines the role of state attorneys general (SAGs) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Consistent with recent revisionist accounts concerning the extent of government power during this era of supposed “laissez-faire,” I find that SAGs creatively employed common law legal theories to address the emerging industrial and corporate order. Through a review of state court cases and newspaper accounts, I discuss how SAGs pursued the “public interest” by seeking injunctions against businesses and even corporate dissolution through public nuisance and quo warranto theories. These efforts to regulate business during the Gilded Age, at a time when standard administrative solutions were absent, directly and indirectly shaped subsequent statutory developments.
Personnel Deregulation and the High Performance Workforce State Government Outcomes from the Winter Commission

Efforts to work better and more effectively are important themes ofthe 1993 National Commission on State and Local Service's report, Hard Truths/Tough Choices An Agenda for State And Local Reform A key recommendation urges the removal of barriers to high performance government and high performance workforces through deregulation and investment in employee training and development. This study seeks to determine the extent to which six state public personnel agencies in the New England region have invested in high quality training and development for their employees Utilizing surveys and in-depth interviews, the research assesses the extent to which four criteria m the Winter Commission Report are being met (1) rebuilding government's human capital, (2) enhancing labor/management communication, (3) creating financial incentives for learning, and (4) creating a new skills package for state government employees Thestudyconcludesby providing an assessment of these six states' efforts and the implications of th...
Diversion Venography—A Modified Technique in Klippel–Trenaunay Syndrome: Initial Experience

Purpose To evaluate an initial experience with diversion venography, a modified venographic technique, to assess the deep venous system in patients with Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS). Materials and Methods Eight patients with KTS underwent diversion venography of the affected lower extremities. The technique of diversion venography included the use of multiple methods to divert blood flow into the deep venous system, such as application of multiple tourniquets, cannulation of the tibial and popliteal veins, multiple imaging projections, and temporary endoluminal occlusion of the lateral venous system. All studies were done under general anesthesia before surgical or interventional procedures. Results The technique of diversion venography was successful in opacifying the deep venous system in all eight patients studied. No complications were encountered. Conclusions Diversion venography successfully visualizes the deep venous system in patients with KTS. This can potentially expand the treatment options for these patients.
Hypernatremia induces hyperlipemia and a fatty liver

Hypernatremic states, often the result of hypothalamic osmoreceptor dysfunction in humans, are sometimes accompanied by hyperlipemia. To investigate whether hypernatremia could cause hyperlipemia we induced hypernatremia in three groups of rats with their respective controls: Group A rats received hypertonic saline alone intragastrically; group B animals were pair-fed and tap water was substituted for hypertonic saline in the treated group; in group C the rats were again fed intragastrically with a liquid diet mixed with hypertonic saline. Rats receiving excess salt had mean serum Na+ concentrations exceeding 159 mmoles/l. While the serum triglyceride values were significantly higher in all hypernatremic rats, hepatic triglyceride content was greater only in group C rats (p < .01). Serum free fatty acids and ketone bodies were also higher in group C rats (p < .01) as compared to controls. These data suggest that hypernatremia by itself leads to hyperlipemia and a fatty liver.
Organisms living on manganese nodules and crusts: distribution and abundance at three North Pacific sites

Abstract A diverse and abundant assemblage of deep-sea organisms lives on the surface of manganese nodules and crusts. The organisms on nodules collected at two sites (equational North Pacific and central North Pacific) and on crusts collected at one site (seamount chains near the Hawaiian Islands) were identified and quantified. Eukaryotic organisms attached to a nodule can cover up to 20% of the upper surface (average coverage is about 10%). The number of hard-substrate organisms (larger than 63 μm) per area of sea floor was about 10 times the faunal density of the nearby soft-substrate macrofauna (larger than 300 μm) but only about a tenth of the faunal density of sediment-dwelling meiofauna (sizes between 44 and 300 μm). Foraminifers, many undescribed even at the family level, are the predominant taxonomic group, both in number of individuals and in percentage cover. Suspension feeding metazoans and rhizopod protozoans suspected of suspension feeding were common in the hard-substrate fauna at all sites, in contrast to sediment-dwelling infauna and epifauna, which are predominantly deposit feeders.
Spin-longitudinal to spin-transverse ratio in quasielastic scattering

Abstract We calculate cross sections and spin observables for quasielastic ( p n ) scattering in a relativistic plane-wave impulse approximation. Special emphasis is placed on the spin-longitudinal to spin-transverse ratio. The nuclear isovector response is calculated in nuclear matter using a relativistic random-phase approximation to the Walecka model. Inherent to the Walecka model is a dynamical reduction of the nucleon mass in the medium. The reduction of the nucleon mass is responsible for a mild softening of the longitudinal response and for no hardening of the transverse. Consequently, no large enhancement is observed in the ratio in agreement with experiment. Additional calculations are reported for incident energies in the range Tlab≅200–800 MeV.
The Medium and the Message: The Adaptive Use of Communication Media in Dyadic Influence

We articulate a dynamic theory of media adaptation in dyadic influence. We identify key underlying attributes of media and discuss how individuals enact and regulate these features to use media adaptively within influence situations. Our model and propositions account for (1) the ways that attributes of communication media affect how influence-seeking behavior is generated and perceived and (2) the strategic adaptations of media that parties to organization-based influence attempts make.
Raman spectroscopy of semiconductor lasers

Summary form only given. This paper reports micro-Raman scattering investigations on GaInP/AlGaInP, GaAs/AlGaAs, and strained InGaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well (SQW) graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure ridge lasers. It demonstrates the potential and usefulness of Raman spectroscopy for optimizing the performance and reliability of laser diodes by measuring (i) local mirror temperatures, (ii) mechanical stress fields, (iii) mirror lattice disorder, and (iv) mirror coating stability under laser operation. Raman spectra have been measured in the backscattering geometry on the (110) facets of the 5-/spl mu/m-wide lasers by using the 457.9 nm Ar+ laser line with low powers of /spl sime/1 mW focused on a 1-/spl mu/m spot size. In this geometry only the transversal-optical (TO) phonon modes are allowed.
Complexity results in revising UNITY programs

We concentrate on automatic revision of untimed and real-time programs with respect to UNITY properties. The main focus of this article is to identify instances where addition of UNITY properties can be achieved efficiently (in polynomial time) and where the problem of adding UNITY properties is difficult (NP-complete). Regarding efficient revision, we present a sound and complete algorithm that adds a single leads-to property (respectively, bounded-time leads-to property) and a conjunction of unless, stable, and invariant properties (respectively, bounded-time unless and stable) to an existing untimed (respectively, real-time) UNITY program in polynomial-time in the state space (respectively, region graph) of the given program. Regarding hardness results, we show that (1) while one leads-to (respectively, ensures) property can be added in polynomial-time, the problem of adding two such properties (or any combination of leads-to and ensures) is NP-complete, (2) if maximum non-determinism is desired then the problem of adding even a single leads-to property is NP-complete, and (3) the problem of providing maximum non-determinism while adding a single bounded-time leads-to property to a real-time program is NP-complete (in the size of the program's region graph) even if the original program satisfies the corresponding unbounded leads-to property.
Enhanced video indirect ophthalmoscopy (VIO) via robust mosaicing

Indirect ophthalmoscopy (IO) is the standard of care for evaluation of the neonatal retina. When recorded on video from a head-mounted camera, IO images have low quality and narrow Field of View (FOV). We present an image fusion methodology for converting a video IO recording into a single, high quality, wide-FOV mosaic that seamlessly blends the best frames in the video. To this end, we have developed fast and robust algorithms for automatic evaluation of video quality, artifact detection and removal, vessel mapping, registration, and multi-frame image fusion. Our experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Radiative Lifetimes of BBr and of Ultraviolet Emissions in Electron‐Beam Excited BBr3 Gas

Radiative lifetimes of BBr and UV emissions in electron beam excited boron trifluoride gas from phase shift measurements, discussing molecular electronic transition moments
RELIGION AND AN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

. This paper outlines an evolutionary theory of knowledge involving not only conceptual but also behavioral and experiential knowledge. It suggests human knowledge is continuous at the behavioral and experiential level with that of nonhuman animals. By contrasting an evolutionary understanding of ultimate reality (God) with the more traditional, personalistic understanding, the paper shows how an evolutionary epistemology applies to religion in terms of both general and special revelation. Finally, the paper explores how one might respond to the problem of religious knowledge in a pluralistic age and how a nonpersonal, evolutionary understanding of God might be religiously adequate.
Moderated multiple regression, spurious interaction effects, and IRT

Two Monte Carlo studies were conducted to explore the Type I error rates in moderated multiple regression (MMR) of observed scores and estimated latent trait scores from a two-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) model. The results of both studies showed that MMR Type I error rates were substantially higher than the nominal alpha levels when scale scores were composed of summed binary item responses (e.g., true/false, yes/no, disagree/agree items). Performing the regression analyses on estimated trait scores (Θ) from a two-parameter logistic model improved the error detection rates considerably. That is, the Type I error rates for spurious interaction effects were similar to the nominal alpha levels under most conditions. These findings suggest that IRT provides a viable means of controlling an important source of spurious interactions in data sets that are well characterized by IRT models.
Polymer Brushes: From Self-Consistent Field Theory to Classical Theory

We consider planar brushes formed by end-grafted polymers with moderate to strong excluded-volume interactions. We first rederive the mean-field theory and solve the resulting self-consistent equations numerically. In the continuum limit, the results depend sensitively on a single parameter, β, whose square is the ratio of the scaling prediction for the brush height to the unperturbed polymer radius of gyration, and which measures therefore the degree to which the polymers are stretched. For large values of β, the density profile is close to parabolic, as predicted by the infinite-stretching theory of Zhulina et al. and of Milner et al. As β decreases, the profile deviates strongly from a parabolic one. By calculating the most probable paths and comparing their contribution to various properties with those obtained from the full self-consistent theory, we determine the effect of the fluctuations about such paths. At large values of β, these effects are very small everywhere. As β decreases, fluctuation ef...
Isoelectric focusing without ampholyte.

Summary We have studied the electrophoretic mobility of proteins in polyacrylamide gels when ampholyte and buffer were excluded from the system. We found, using a weak acid and base as anolyte and catholyte respectively, that a pH gradient was generated in the gel, and that proteins focused as sharp bands.
HIV Status and Coming Out among African American Gay and Bisexual Men

It is possible that disclosing one's HIV status can further a person's coming-out process as a gay or bisexual man and can have other mental health benefits. Using samples of gay identified and bisexually identified African American men, this study examined the relationship between HIV status and several variables: use of mental health services, levels of internalized homonegativity, levels of stigma associated with same-sex activity and disclosure about same sex activity to community and family. Compared to individuals without HIV, the African American HIV+ men who had sex with men in this study reported using more mental health services, having lower levels of internalized homonegativity and experiencing lower levels of stigma associated with same sex activity. Duration of HIV+ status was positively associated with disclosure about same-sex activity. This pattern of results was more pronounced for gay identified African American men than those who identified as bisexual. These findings highlight how dis...
Integrating Inquiry-Based Teaching with Faculty Research

The need for inquiry-based instruction in undergraduate education is well recognized ( 1 , 2 ), but it has not been adopted widely in place of traditional “cookbook” instruction, where students follow lab manuals to reach known answers ( 3 ). One problem hindering the change may be insufficient time and resources for faculty to undertake new ways of teaching when they are under pressure to maintain productive research ( 3 – 5 ). Recently, my colleagues and I argued that one solution might be to build inquiry-based courses on faculty research programs, essentially combining teaching and research as synergistic activities ( 5 ). Here, I describe how I became involved in such an effort, in the hope that sharing my experience might help accelerate the spread of inquiry-based instruction.
Broadband Infrared Absorption Sensor for High-Pressure Combustor Control

A sensor approach for monitoring temperature uniformity, and also integrated water mole fraction, in the exit planeof a high-pressuregas turbine combustor is presented. The sensor, intended foruse in anactive control system, is based on infrared line-of-sight absorption measurements of water with a relatively broadband light source. Performance of the sensor was simulated using a computer model based on the HITRAN/HITEMP database for the infrared absorption of water. Speci c regions of interest near 2.5 μm were identi ed, based on their relative sensitivity to temperature. One region is relatively insensitive to temperature and permitsmonitoringof integrated water mole fraction across the exhaust. Two wavelengths, onewith positive slope sensitivity and the other negative, are used to monitor the uniformity of the exhaust temperature pro le. The linearity and sensitivity of the approach to uncertainties in the spectral shape and width, as well as the wavelength of the  ltered light source, are also presented.
Interrelationships between malate-aspartate shuttle and citric acid cycle in rat heart mitochondria.

Abstract The control of substrate utilization was investigated using rat heart mitochondria incubated under conditions of state 4, state 3, oligomycin-inhibited and uncoupled respiration. A comparison of the changes in metabolite levels after addition of pyruvate or acetylcarnitine showed that cycle flux was controlled primarily at citrate synthase, which appeared to be regulated by the intramitochondrial oxalacetate concentration. A secondary control site located between α-ketoglutarate and succinate was revealed by addition of oligomycin which caused an increased flux through α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and thereby a decreased efflux of α-ketoglutarate from the mitchondria. The increased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity was caused by the fall of the ATP/ADP ratio, which by increasing the availability of GDP for substrate level phosphorylation produced diminished product inhibition by succinyl CoA. Because transport of NADH into mitochondria by the malate-aspartate shuttle requires a stoichiometric influx of malate and glutamate and efflux of aspartate and α-ketoglutarate from the mitochondria, alterations in the rate of efflux of α-ketoglutarate can significantly alter flux through the shuttle and the rate of utilization of cytosolic NADH. Studies with mitochondria oxidizing glutamate and malate in the presence and absence of acetylcarnitine or octanoate showed that α-ketoglutarate efflux could be strongly effected by the intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. Rates of α-ketoglutarate efflux were also increased by extramitochondrial malate (half maximal stimulation at 0.6 mM). Glutamate transamination was inhibited by uncoupling agents and subsequent studies, measuring intramitochondrial aspartate levels, showed that this was due to an inhibition of aspartate efflux from the mitochondria in the uncoupled state. Conclusions drawn regarding regulation of the transport of reducing equivalents were verified using mitochondria supplemented with the extramitochondrial components of the malate aspartate shuttle.
Production of the predaceous midge tribes Sphaeromiini and Palpomyiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Lake Norman, North Carolina

Production and P/B ratios of predaceous midges of the tribes Sphaeromiini and Palpomyiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from sublittoral and littoral depths in Lake Norman, North Carolina, were estimated by the size-frequency method. Production estimates in g dry wt/m2/yr at eight sampling locations ranged from 0.002 to 0.022. The littoral zone as a whole was more productive (0.015 g/m2/yr) than the sublittoral zone (0.006 g/m2/yr). The P/B ratios ranged from 2.37 to 3.78 among all stations and depths.
How to be Conservative: a Partial Defence of Epistemic Conservatism

Conservatism about perceptual justification tells us that we cannot have perceptual justification to believe p unless we also have justification to believe that perceptual experiences are reliable. There are many ways to maintain this thesis, ways that have not been sufficiently appreciated. Most of these ways lead to at least one of two problems: the first is an over-intellectualization problem, whereas the second concerns the satisfaction of the epistemic basing requirement on justified belief. I argue that there is at least one Conservative view that survives both difficulties, a view which has the further ability to undercut a crucial consideration that has supported Dogmatist views about perceptual justification. The final section explores a tension between Conservatism and the prospect of having a completely general account of propositional justification. Ironically, the problem is that Conservatives seem committed to making the acquisition of propositional justification too easy. My partial defence...
Measuring the environmental dimensions of human migration: The demographer's toolkit

In recent years, the empirical literature linking environmental factors and human migration has grown rapidly and gained increasing visibility among scholars and the policy community. Still, this body of research uses a wide range of methodological approaches for assessing environment–migration relationships. Without comparable data and measures across a range of contexts, it is impossible to make generalizations that would facilitate the development of future migration scenarios. Demographic researchers have a large methodological toolkit for measuring migration as well as modeling its drivers. This toolkit includes population censuses, household surveys, survival analysis and multi-level modeling. This paper's purpose is to introduce climate change researchers to demographic data and methods and to review exemplary studies of the environmental dimensions of human migration. Our intention is to foster interdisciplinary understanding and scholarship, and to promote high quality research on environment and migration that will lead toward broader knowledge of this association.
Optimal Movable Wing Tip Strake

Nomenclature AR = aspect ratio, b=S b = span, mm CD = configuration drag coefficient CL = configuration lift coefficient c = chord, mm ds = angle of strake setting relative to wing chord plane (positive, strake leading edge up), q = freestream dynamic pressure, 1 2 1V 2 1, kPa Re = Reynolds number based on wing model chord, 1V1c= 1 S = reference area, m V1 = freestream velocity, m=s x, y, z = aerodynamic axes = angle of attack, deg = absolute viscosity, N s=m = air density, kg=m
Inhibited and Uninhibited Infants ``Grown Up'': Adult Amygdalar Response to Novelty

Infants with an inhibited temperament tend to develop into children who avoid people, objects, and situations that are novel or unfamiliar, whereas uninhibited children spontaneously approach novel persons, objects, and situations. Behavioral and physiological features of these two temperamental categories are moderately stable from infancy into early adolescence and have been hypothesized to be due, in part, to variation in amygdalar responses to novelty. We found that adults who had been categorized in the second year of life as inhibited, compared with those previously categorized as uninhibited, showed greater functional MRI signal response within the amygdala to novel versus familiar faces.
Ischemia induces P-selectin-mediated selective progenitor cell engraftment in the isolated-perfused heart

Clinical trials infusing Bone Marrow Cells (BMCs) into injured hearts have produced measureable improvements in cardiac performance, but were insufficient to improve patient outcomes. Low engraftment rates are cited as probable contributor to limited improvements. To understand the mechanisms that control myocardial engraftment of BMCs following ischemia-reperfusion injury, in isolated-perfused mouse hearts, stop-flow ischemia was followed by variable-duration reperfusion (0-60 min) before addition of labeled syngenic BMCs to the perfusate. After a buffer-only wash, the heart was disaggregated. Retained BMCs (digest) and infused BMCs (aliquot) were compared by flow cytometry for c-kit and CD45 expression to determine the proportion of cell subtypes engrafted versus delivered (selectivity ratio). In these studies, a time-dependent selective retention of c-kit(+) cells was apparent starting at 30 min of reperfusion, at which time c-kit(+)/CD45(+) BMCs showed a selectivity ratio of 18 ± 2 (versus 2 ± 1 in sham-ischemic controls). To study the underlying mechanism for this selective retention, neutralizing antibodies for P-selectin or L-selectin were infused into the heart preparation and incubated with BMCs prior to BMC infusion. Blocking P-selectin in ischemic hearts ablated selectivity for c-kit(+)/CD45(+) BMCs at 30 min reperfusion (selectivity ratio of 3 ± 1) while selectivity persisted in the presence of L-selectin neutralization (selectivity ratio of 17 ± 2). To corroborate this finding, a parallel plate flow chamber was used to study capture and rolling dynamics of purified c-kit(+) versus c-kit- BMCs on various selectin molecules. C-kit(+) BMCs interacted weakly with L-selectin substrates (0.03 ± 0.01% adhered) but adhered strongly to P-selectin (0.28±0.04% adhered). C-kit- BMCs showed intermediate binding regardless of substrate (0.18 ± 0.04% adhered on L-selectin versus 0.17 ± 0.04% adhered on P-selectin). Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion stress induces selective engraftment of c-kit(+) bone marrow progenitor cells via P-selectin activation.
Coming to Voice: Preparing Bilingual-Bicultural Teachers for Social Justice

This study examined the development of bicultural voice in Latina/o preservice teachers. Researchers used survey, interview, and observational data to probe students' knowledge, beliefs, and orientations related to teaching culturally and linguistically diverse students. The researchers found that the bilingual cohort courses afforded students with opportunities to juxtapose personal narratives with broader social contexts, thereby allowing students to examine and critique the ideology and curricula of schools. The authors assert that cultivating social justice orientations in bilingual-bicultural preservice teachers is crucial to the empowerment of bilingual-bicultural teachers and their students.
Modeling cAMP-cGMP Crosstalk in the Cardiac Myocyte

While the role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating cardiac function through vascular smooth muscle relaxation has been characterized over the past 15 years, NO's effects in the cardiac myocyte have yet to be resolved. The addition of NO to these cells has been reported to cause a biphasic response; NO either increases or decreases cardiac contractility depending on its concentration. Proposed mechanisms for this response include a number of factors, ranging from direct nitrosylation of the ryanodine receptor by NO to modulation of the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway by NO-induced cGMP. This latter interaction is supported by experimental data showing a concomitant biphasic response of the L-type calcium current.In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the biphasic response of the L-type calcium current to NO, we have developed a model combining descriptions of cAMP production via the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway and cGMP production via a NO signaling pathway. The cAMP-cGMP crosstalk model couples the production of cGMP by guanylyl cyclase to the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway via cGMP-activated and cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs.) Integrative regulation of cAMP concentration will ultimately regulate the L-type calcium current, via altered activation of protein kinase A.We hypothesized that the opposing behavior of these two cGMP-regulated cAMP PDEs leads to the biphasic effects on L-type calcium current seen experimentally.To test this hypothesis, a model was formulated from existing models describing cGMP synthesis and beta-adrenergic control of L-type calcium current. These two pathway models were coupled using enzyme kinetic data describing the PDEs. Simulations from the model combining these two pathways show that the interplay between these two cGMP-regulated cAMP PDEs gives rise to the biphasic response of the L-type calcium current. Supported by R33HL87345.
The relationship between evolvability and bloat

Bloat is a common problem with Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) that use variable length representation. By creating unnecessarily large individuals it results in longer EA runtimes and solutions that are difficult to interpret. The causes of bloat are still uncertain, but one theory suggests that it occurs when the phenotype (e.g. behaviors) of the parents are not successfully inherited by their offspring. Noting the similarity to evolvability theory, which measures heritability of fitness, we hypothesize that reproductive operators with high evolvability will be less likely to cause bloat. We set out to design a new crossover operator for Pittsburgh approach classifier systems that has high phenotypic heritability. We saw an opportunity using the nearest neighbor representation to perform crossover cuts in phenotype space rather than on the genomes. We demonstrate that our operator tends to be less susceptible to bloat and has higher evolvability than a standard Pittsburgh approach crossover operator. Our hope is that this will lead to a general approach to reducing bloat for any representation.
Methanol Decomposition over Palladium Particles Supported on Silica: Role of Particle Size and Co-Feeding Carbon Dioxide on the Catalytic Properties

Monodisperse palladium particles of six distinct and controlled sizes between 4–16 nm were synthesized in a one-pot polyol process by varying the molar ratios of the two palladium precursors used, which contained palladium in different oxidation states. This difference permitted size control by regulation of the nucleation rate because low oxidation state metals ions nucleate quickly relative to high oxidation state ions. After immobilization of the Pd particles on silica by mild sonication, the catalysts were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and applied toward catalytic methanol decomposition. This reaction was determined as structure sensitive with the intrinsic activity (turnover frequency) increasing with increasing particle size. Moreover, observed catalytic deactivation was linked to product (carbon monoxide) poisoning. Co-feeding carbon dioxide caused the activity and the amount of deactivation to decrease substantially. A reaction mechanism based on the formation of the π-bond betwee...
Sr-isotope, K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, and rare-earth geochemistry of basalts from the FAMOUS area

Ten basalt samples recovered from the FAMOUS area were selected so as to obtain representatives of a wide geographical and compositional range. The samples were analyzed for 87Sr/86Sr, K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, and rare-earths. Sr-isotope ratios fall in the narrow range of 0.70288 to 0.70307, which implies that these samples were derived from an isotopically homogeneous source. The FAMOUS area lies in a geochemical transition zone between the Azores Plateau and “normal” ridge areas south of lat 33°N. The LIL (large-ion-lithophile) and Sr-isotope geochemistry of FAMOUS basalts is thus influenced by the Azores mantle plume; this results in higher Sr-isotope and LIL concentrations in these basalts than is typical of Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts. Trace-element distributions in FAMOUS area basalts cannot be entirely accounted for by fractional crystallization models that are based on major-element chemistry. The LIL distribution in FAMOUS basalts could be due to variable extents of partial melting. Zonation within the magma chamber may result from incomplete mixing of successive batches of magma entering the chamber and could be further enhanced by fractional crystallization. The variation in partial melting would require significant increases in mantle temperature over a relatively short period of time. According to this model, the Mount Pluto magma represents the highest degree of partial melting and may mark the initiation of a new cycle of eruptive activity in the median valley.
Allocation of multiport memory with ports of different type in register transfer level synthesis

At present, there is no efficient synthesis approach for multiport memory synthesis in data path design and only single port memory is considered for register allocation in most synthesis systems. An efficient method, partitioned dependence matrix (PDM), is presented to explore the design space for multiport memory synthesis in which the maximum number of read ports can be same as or different from the maximum number of write ports according to the design constraints. The design generator based on the PDM method was developed and implemented to facilitate the register transfer (RT) level synthesis. The input to the design generator is a behavioral description at the RT level which is viewed as a code sequence. PDM provides the memory mechanism as the output. >
Integrated voice and video network using variable rate CDMA

The capacity of a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) network that accommodates two inherently different traffic streams is investigated. It is assumed that the services provided to the users in this network are either voice, with a predefined quality of service (QOS), or video with a QOS that is greater than that of its voice counterpart. In the proposed CDMA network, the video users are admitted for a predefined maximum channel access time of T/sub video/ sec, whereas voice channels are assigned with potentially unlimited access time. The probability of rejection of video & voice channel requests is then obtained for an Erlang B admission scenario for video and voice users.
The Effects of an Anti-grade-Inflation Policy at Wellesley College

Abstract Average grades in colleges and universities have risen markedly since the 1960s. Critics express concern that grade inflation erodes incentives for students to learn; gives students, emplo...
Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics Calculations provide new evidence for a free‐radical shock initiation model

The contrast between a hydrodynamic model for shock initiation of explosives and a newer microscopic free-radical model is presented. The primary considerations of the free-radical model are that shock energy is very coherent and that it is strong enough to cause mechanical fracture of covalent bonds. The shock front on a microscopic scale is very narrow (∼5 A to 15 A) and thermal equilibrium does not exist in the front. The free atoms and radicals formed by the shear and acceleration forces in the shock front initiate the chemical reaction that leads to hot spots and the eventual decomposition of the explosive materials. Energy-release rates and vibrational velocities of the covalently bound atoms are factors in establishing detonation velocities. A number of explosives phenomena are discussed as the new model provides explanations for them. New information from molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical calculations on shock waves in condensed systems and recent experimental data are shown to support the free-radical model.
Yield analysis of fault-tolerant multichip module systems for massively parallel computing

This paper presents analytical models for evaluating the overall yield of systems manufactured using fault-tolerant multichip modules (MCMs) for massively parallel computing. In the proposed approaches, we employ a novel Markov model to compute the yield. Unlike a previous method which utilizes a binomial distribution, our scheme can employ intermediate tests. Several strategies for appropriately testing fault-tolerant MCMs have been proposed, but little analytical evaluation has been performed. In this paper, it is shown that an efficient test strategy with a modest level of redundancy may exist to achieve virtually 100% first-pass MCM yield for a particular system. We note that a yield-analysis model employing the LRT (Least Recently Tested) test strategy proposed in this paper may provide a very good figure of merit due to its cost, delivery, number of tests and reliability benefits for today's technology. Extensive parametric results for the analysis are provided to show that our approach can be applied to calculate the overall yield for fault-tolerant MCMs more accurately and efficiently, thereby improving upon the reliability of the entire system.
Causal effects of violent sports video games on aggression: Is it competitiveness or violent content?

Three experiments examined the impact of excessive violence in sport video games on aggression-related variables. Participants played either a nonviolent simulation-based sports video game (baseball or football) or a matched excessively violent sports video game. Participants then completed measures assessing aggressive cognitions (Experiment 1), aggressive affect and attitudes towards violence in sports (Experiment 2), or aggressive behavior (Experiment 3). Playing an excessively violent sports video game increased aggressive affect, aggressive cognition, aggressive behavior, and attitudes towards violence in sports. Because all games were competitive, these findings indicate that violent content uniquely leads to increases in several aggression-related variables, as predicted by the General Aggression Model and related social–cognitive models.