cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)(hexamethylphosphoric triamide)

[23319-63-3] C11H23MoN4O6P (MW 434.29) InChI = 1S/C6H18N3OP.C5H5N.Mo.2O2.O/c1-7(2)11(10,8(3)4)9(5)6;1-2-4-6-5-3-1;;2*1-2;/h1-6H3;1-5H;;;;/q;;+4;2*-2; InChIKey = PPRBHGIGPWBROO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (hydroxylation of enolates1 and nitrile anions;2 preparation of carbonyl compounds by oxidative degradation of anions of sulfones;3 nitroalkanes;4 phosphonates;5 for N-hydroxylation of amides;6 for oxidative cleavage of CB bonds7) Alternate Name: MoOPH. Physical Data: mp 103–105 °C (dec). Solubility: insol ether; sparingly sol THF; sol dichloromethane. Form Supplied in: finely divided yellow crystals; not available commercially. Analysis of Reagent Purity: no convenient assay has been reported. Decomposition is indicated if the reagent smells of pyridine or becomes sticky.1b Preparative Methods: a detailed procedure is available:1b (1) MoO3 + 30% H2O2 (<40 °C); (2) add HMPA; vacuum dry MoO5ċHMPAċH2O to MoO5ċHMPA; (3) pyridine in THF gives MoOPH. Purification: attempted recrystallization causes decomposition of MoOPH. Purity depends on the quality of MoO5ċHMPAċH2O, which can be recrystallized from methanol. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: MoOPH should be stored in the freezer and protected from light.1b The reagent should be treated as an explosion hazard due to its peroxidic nature.1b,8 Properly stored MoOPH is a freely flowing, yellow crystalline powder, and can be handled in the air at room temperature using a safety shield and protective gloves.
Functional imaging of radiation liver injury in a liver metastasis patient: imaging and pathologic correlation

Background: Radiation therapy (RT) is increasingly being utilized as a treatment modality for the treatment of primary and metastatic liver malignancies. Accurate assessment of liver function and prediction of radiation induced liver disease (RILD) remains a challenge with conventional laboratory tests and imaging. Imaging-pathology correlation of hepatic injury after RT has been described with computer tomography (CT) imaging that depicts perfusion changes. However, these imaging changes may not directly characterize the functional capacity of the liver. Case presentation: This case report describes a patient that received preoperative chemoradiation and surgical resection for a liver metastasis from endometrial cancer. Sulfur colloid (SC) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) was obtained post-chemoradiation and prior to surgery. Imagingpathology correlation between radiation changes depicted on functional imaging using SC SPECT/CT and corresponding histopathology is described. Discussion: Quantitative SC SPECT/CT may allow non-invasive assessment of global and spatial liver function before treatment and enable personalized treatment approaches for liver-directed therapies.
Gender differences in collegiate risk factors for heavy episodic drinking.

Objective: The present research examines gender differences in the way risk factors for heavy episodic drinking operate among undergraduate students. Method: A web-based survey was administered to students attending a large, midwestern research university in the spring of 1999. The sample consisted of 2,041 undergraduate students with a mean age of 21.1 years; 51% were female; 72% were white, 12% Asian, 5% African American, 4% Hispanic and 7% of other races. Heavy episodic drinking was defined as having five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more for women in the last 2 weeks. Two multiple risk factor approaches, continuous and categorical, were used to examine gender differences, with the latter focusing on three drinking patterns (nonheavy episodic drinking, heavy episodic drinking, and frequent heavy episodic drinking). Results: The data indicated gender differences and similarities among risk factors for heavy episodic drinking within four major domains of risk factors (background, motivatio...
Determination of Shear Stress at a Solder Paste/Stencil Interface

To create a model for the release process of solder paste during stencil printing for surface mount applications it is necessary to determine the shear stress developed at the interface between the solder paste and stencil sidewall. An experiment has been developed to determine the value of the shear stress for solder paste samples. For the purpose of this experiment a Micro-mechanical tester has been adapted and programmed to provide both a shear thinning cycle and a pull-off cycle that simulate aperture fill and stencil lift-off. The shear stress developed at the solder/stencil-sidewall interface is estimated from the data obtained during the pull-off portion of the Micro-mechanical test procedure. The micro-mechanical tester is fitted with a set of parallel plates that can be adjusted for plate separation and surface roughness. The experiment consists of two parts: (1) the shear thinning cycle and (2) the horizontal pull-off. After application of the solder paste and adjustment of plate separation, a back and forth movement of the upper plate provides shear thinning of the paste. This step is necessary to simulate the shear thinning that occurs from the application of squeege pressure during aperture fill. The horizontal pull-off then simulates the lift-off step of the stencil printing procedure. During the horizontal pull-off data is taken which allows calculation of the force developed as the upper plate is pulled away from the lower. Results from this experiment show the values of shear stress that develop during pull-off with a variation of surface treatments and plate separations. This paper will present the experimental set-up, a description of the relationship between this experiment and the actual stencil lift-off process, and shear stress data that has been acquired for a variety of solder pastes and plate separations.
Behavioral correlates of theta-on and theta-off cells recorded from hippocampal formation of mature young and aged rats.

Most hippocampal formation single units in freely behaving rats fall into one of two categories (Ranck 1973). The most obvious behavioral correlate of complex-spike (CS) cells is spatially selective discharge (O'Keefe and Dostrovsky 1971), while theta cells show increased firing in phase with the EEG θ rhythm associated with Vanderwolf's Type I behaviors (e.g. walking, exploration). Recently, Colom and Bland (1987) described, in urethane anesthetized animals, a class of non-CS cell which was inactive in the presence of EEG θ and discharged continuously during LIA. They called these “theta-off” cells and used the term “theta-on” to refer to the classical “theta” cell. We describe the behavioral correlates of 14 theta-off cells encountered in CA1 (n = 1), hilus fascia dentata (FD; n = 4), subiculum (n = 6), and entorhinal cortex (n = 3). These cells were encountered very infrequently in the course of several experimental investigations of mature young and old rats involving 885 hippocampal neurons recorded from 33 rats during radial maze performance. Fourteen theta-on cells encountered within a few hundred microns of the sites where theta-off cells were recorded were included for comparison. Both theta-on and theta-off cells discharged single spikes and did not show CS bursting characteristic of pyramidal cells. Theta-off cells, however, exhibited significantly greater spike durations than theta-on cells. Mean rates for theta-on and theta-off cells were 8.7 Hz and 6.5 Hz, respectively. Maximum rates were 114 Hz and 104 Hz, respectively. Some cells of both types showed 6–8 Hz modulation while animals traversed the maze. Whereas firing rate for theta-on cells increased smoothly with running velocity, it decreased smoothly for theta-off cells. While no theta-on cells exhibited clear spatial selectivity, two hilar theta-off cells did. When EEG θ rhythm was temporarily abolished by local injection of tetracaine into the medial septum, two theta-off cells were observed to fire continuously at high rates irrespective of behavior, with a pronounced 18–20 Hz rhythmic modulation. Under these circumstances, theta-on cells decrease their rates. Within the 7 theta-off cells recorded in each of the two age groups, there were no statistically significant differences in firing characteristics. Possible anatomical candidates for theta-off cells are considered.
A Comparison of Touch Interface Techniques for a Graphical Windowing Software Environment

This paper reports a behavioral evaluation of touch interface techniques intended for use with highly interactive, graphical, windowing software environments, previous research (Mack and Lang, 1989), indicated that touch interface techniques can produce levels of task performance in such environments comparable to that obtained using conventional mouse pointing devices. In the Mack and Lang study, touch interactions emulated mouse techniques such that single and double taps (contact and lift-off), and tap, hold and drag corresponded to mouse clicks and double-clicks, and dragging with the mouse. While the results were encouraging, problems with the touch techniques remain. The purpose of this study was to compare two alternatives to direct mouse emulation for controlling the interpretation of touch interactions using a stylus or finger as input devices. This study also evaluated two touch-tailored interface techniques: gesture-based commands and pop-up (display) keyboard. Finger performance improved to le...
Health economic evaluation on immunization of live attenuated varicella vaccine in Zang Nationality boarding students

[Objective]To understand the economic benefit of immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine in Zang Nationality boarding students.[Methods]The incidence rate of varicella in a boarding school of Zang Nationality in Tianjin was investigated,so as to know the financial burden of patients.Meanwhile,the health economic status of immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine among Zang Nationality boarding students was analyzed.[Results]The average financial burden of a varicella case reached 1 932.36 YUAN.The best benefit cost ratio of varicella vaccination among new students every year was 1∶ 4.14,and each 446.07 YUAN input can reduce 1 varicella case.The benefit cost ratio of varicella vaccination in all students who need immunization every year was 1∶ 3.33,and each 554.75 YUAN input can reduce 1 varicella case.[Conclusion]The varicella vaccination in Zang Nationality boarding students has obvious economic advantages in varicella prevention.
Application of SMW Engineering Method in Nanjing Subway

The paper presents the application of SMW engineering method in Suojie road station foundation pit support in Nanjing No.2 subway,and presents the whole analysis to SMW engineering method according to its features,economical performations,etc.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Boost for Unfavorable Prostate Cancer: The Georgetown University Experience

Abstract: Purpose/Objective(s): Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is emerging as a minimally invasive alternative to brachytherapy to deliver highly conformal, dose-escalated radiation therapy to the prostate. SBRT alone may not adequately cover the tumor extensions outside the prostate commonly seen in unfavorable prostate cancer. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with high dose rate brachytherapy boost is a proven effective therapy for unfavorable prostate cancer. This study reports on early PSA and prostate cancer specific quality of life outcomes in a cohort of unfavorable patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and SBRT boost. Materials/Methods: Prostate cancer patients treated with SBRT (19.5 Gy in 3 fractions) followed by fiducial-guided IMRT (45-50.4 Gy) from March 2008 to September 2012 were included in this retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Biochemical failure was assessed using the Phoenix definition. Patients completed the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC)-26 at baseline, one month after the completion of radiation therapy (RT), every 3 months for the first year, then every six months for a minimum of two years. Results: One hundred and eight patients (4 low-, 45 intermediate- and 59 high-risk) with median age of 74 years completed treatment, with median follow-up of 4.4 years. Sixty four percent of the patients received ADT prior to the initiation of RT. The 3-year actuarial biochemical control rates were 100% and 89.8% for intermediate- and high-risk patients, respectively. At the initiation of RT, 9% and 5% of men felt their urinary and bowel function was a moderate to big problem, respectively. Mean EPIC urinary and bowel function and bother scores exhibited transient declines, with subsequent return to near baseline. At 2 years post-treatment, 13.7% and 5% of men felt their urinary and bowel function was a moderate to big problem, respectively. Conclusion: At 3 year follow-up, biochemical control was favorable. Acute urinary and bowel symptoms were comparable to conventionally fractionated IMRT and brachytherapy. Patients recovered to near their baseline urinary and bowel function by 2 years post-treatment. A combination of IMRT with SBRT boost is well-tolerated with minimal impact on prostate cancer specific quality of life.
Phototoxic target lipid model of single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

A phototoxic target lipid model (PTLM) is developed to predict phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured either as median lethal concentration (LC50) or median lethal time (LT50) for a 50% toxic response. The model is able to account for the differences in the physical/chemical properties of PAHs, test species sensitivities, and variations in light source characteristics, intensity, and length of exposure. The PTLM is based on the narcotic target lipid model (NTLM) of PAHs. Both models rely on the assumption that mortality occurs when the toxicant concentration in the target lipid of the organism reaches a threshold concentration. The PTLM is applied to observed LC50s and LT50s for 20 individual PAHs, 15 test species, including arthropods, fishes, amphibians, annelids, mollusks, and algae, exposed to simulated solar and various UV light sources, for exposure times varying from less than 1 h to 100 h, a total of 333 observations. The LC50 concentrations range from less than 0.1 µg/L to greater that 104 µg/L. The model has two fitting parameters that are constant and apply to all PAHs and organisms. The root mean square error of prediction for log(LC50) and log(LT50) are 0.473 and 0.382, respectively. The results indicate that the PTLM can predict the phototoxicity of single PAHs over a wide range of exposure conditions and to organisms with a wide range of sensitivities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Nevi and pregnancy

Changes in the moles of pregnant women are frequently attributed to pregnancy, but recent studies suggest that pregnancy does not induce significant physiologic changes in nevi. It is common for nevi on the breasts and abdomen to grow with normal skin expansion, but studies that have examined melanocytic nevi on the backs or lower extremities have found no significant changes in size during pregnancy. Several studies have also investigated the belief that moles darken during pregnancy and have found insufficient evidence to support this idea. Dermoscopically, transient changes have been identified, but none are suggestive of melanoma. Results vary in terms of histologic changes seen in samples taken from pregnant women, but all authors agree that any histopathologic features consistent with melanoma should be viewed as melanoma and not attributed to pregnancy. Biopsy specimens should be obtained promptly from any changing mole that would raise concern for malignancy in a nonpregnant patient. Such procedures can be performed safely during pregnancy.
Oscillatory descent for function minimization

Algorithms for minimizing a function based on continuous descent methods following the gradient relative to some riemannian metric suffer from the twin problems of converging to local, rather than global, minima and giving little indication about an approximate answer until the process has nearly converged. Simulated annealing addresses these problems through the introduction of stochastic terms, however the rate of convergence associated with the method can be unacceptably slow. In this paper we discuss a modification of simulated annealing which approaches a minimum through a damped oscillatory path. The characteristics of the path, including its tendency to be irregular, reflect the properties of the function being minimized. The oscillatory algorithm involves both a temperature and coupling parameters, giving it considerable flexibility.
Baptism or Gospel of Grace?: Romans 6 Revisited

Romans 6 has been a difficult chapter owing to a number of dialectical elements: being and doing, theology and ethics, indicative and imperative, divine and human agency, and ‘already’ and ‘not yet...
Sprache und Existenz

Die thematische Klammer dieser 3 Aufsatze bildet das Problem der Sprache, das unter der Fragestellung ihres subversiven Eigen-Sinns, ihres Zeichen-Sinns, einer nicht-reprasentierbaren Endlichkeit und ihres Resonanz-Sinns als (dichterischer) Klang-Raum variiert und in Bezug auf existenziale Bildung fokussiert wird. Das Denken, das sich mit Foucault, Baudrillard, Levinas und Derrida verbindet, bildet den Einsatzpunkt weiterfuhrender Uberlegungen zu Kunst und Literatur, zur Mensch-Welt-Differenz (als Disproportionalitat radikal gesteigert) und zu Bildung und Existenz – jeweils unter der Perspektive der Sprache bzw. des Diskurses. Egon Schutz ist damit eine eigenstandige und produktive Aufnahme poststrukturalistischer Motive in die phanomenologische Erziehungswissenschaft gelungen.
A false‐positive food chain error associated with a generic predator gut content ELISA

Conventional prey-specific gut content ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays are useful for identifying predators of insect pests in nature. However, these assays are prone to yielding certain types of food chain errors. For instance, it is possible that prey remains can pass through the food chain as the result of a secondary predator (hyperpredator) consuming a primary predator that had previously consumed the pest. If so, the pest-specific assay will falsely identify the secondary predator as the organism providing the biological control services to the ecosystem. Recently, a generic gut content ELISA was designed to detect protein-marked prey remains. That assay proved to be less costly, more versatile, and more reliable at detecting primary predation events than a prey-specific PCR assay. This study examines the chances of obtaining a ‘false positive’ food chain error with the generic ELISA. Data revealed that the ELISA was 100% accurate at detecting protein-marked Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) remains in the guts of two (true) primary predators, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Collops vittatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Melyridae). However, there was also a high frequency (70%) false positives associated with hyperpredators, Zelus renardii Kolenati (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), that consumed a primary predator that possessed protein-marked L. hesperus in its gut. These findings serve to alert researchers that the generic ELISA, like the PCR assay, is susceptible to food chain errors.
Low Incidence of Aeromonas sp. in Livestock Feces

Pig, beef, sheep and turkey fecal specimens were assayed for recovery of inoculated Aeromonas sp. by directly plating the samples on five different agar media. Of these, starch-ampicillin was optimal with respect to selectivity and ability to differentiate from other resident microflora. Generally, the numbers of inoculated Aeromonas sp. recovered on starch-ampicillin agar were similar to those recovered on brain heart infusion and blood ampicillin agar media, and were 101 to 103 greater than the recovery rate on either MacConkey-ampicillin or cefsulodinirgasan-novobiocin agars. The sensitivity for the direct recovery of Aeromonas sp. from inoculated beef feces with naturally contaminating microflora, using streaked starch-ampicillin agar medium, was between 102 and 103 cells per gram. Using starch-ampicillin agar, the incidence of Aeromonas detected from feces of beef, pig, sheep and turkey held at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center was one of 32, none of 22, none of 24 and three of 21, respectively. Based upon current taxonomic criteria, the isolate from the beef feces had characteristics consistent with both Aeromonas sobria and Aeromonas caviae , whereas three isolates from turkey feces were identified as A. caviae or Aeromonas hydrophila . The organism was isolated from five of five packages of ground beef from retail sources. The discrepancy in the consistent presence of the organism in retail meat suggests that many of the food isolates are probably not of fecal origin.
Casting Small Specimens of Refractory Metals

Description of a method of preparing small laboratory specimens of a refractory alloy by casting an arc-melted button directly into a chill mold.
Role of Whole Genome Sequencing in the Public Health Surveillance of Foodborne Pathogens

Whole genome sequencing shows promise to transform public health microbiology of foodborne pathogens. The technology could replace almost all traditional workflows in a typical public health laboratory with a single cost-efficient whole genome sequencing workflow that includes all organisms. This workflow would include identification and reference characterization, e.g., serotyping, virulence characterization and antimicrobial resistance determination, and high discriminatory subtyping for outbreak detection and investigation. A multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) based analytical approach is the optimal primary subtyping tool for public health because it may be performed by laboratory personnel with little understanding of bioinformatics, be tiered at different level of discrimination for different public health purposes, and all subtypes are stable and may therefore be named definitively. Stable nomenclature is critical for efficient communication between public health partners to follow trends and for outbreak investigations. Unlike MLST, single nucleotide polymorphism based approaches rarely lead to stable nomenclature and should therefore be reserved for situations where MLST does not provide unequivocal answers.
Hedge Fund Returns: Auditing and Accuracy

In this paper, we investigate why the same hedge fund may report different performance measures in different places. We find that auditing plays an important role in explaining this difference. Although majority hedge funds state they have auditors, a significant proportion of hedge funds are not effectively audited. Especially, dead funds are less effectively audited than live funds. We find that audited funds have a much lower return discrepancy than non-audited funds. There is a significantly positive correlation between the auditing variable and fund size. Large funds tend to be audited while small funds tend not to be. Funds listed on exchanges, fund of funds, funds with broad investors, funds open to the public, funds invested in a single industrial sector, and unleveled funds have less return discrepancy than the other funds. These findings suggest a need for hedge fund auditing.
Global Optimal Output Regulation of Partially Linear Systems via Robust Adaptive Dynamic Programming

Abstract A non-model-based robust adaptive dynamic programming (RADP) approach is developed to solve the global optimal output regulation problem (GOORP) of partially linear systems with nonlinear dynamic uncertainties. By converting the output regulation problem into a global robust optimal stabilization problem, a robust optimal controller is designed by means of the RADP for the transformed system. Nonlinear small-gain theory is applied to conclude the global asymptotic stability for the closed-loop system and thus solves the original GOORP. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Suicide by Extraordinarily Numerous Blade Wounds

A 42-year-old man with a history of suicidal ideation, was found dead in his garage, with over 54 stab wounds and with multiple cuts. The house was locked and the bay door of the attached garage was closed when his live-in girlfriend arrived home and found him. The scene was bloody and a knife was beside the body. Multiple stab wounds involved the neck and the left pectoral region of the chest, and a single stab wound involved the epigastrium. Incised wounds involved the neck and upper extremities. The head, back, genitalia, and lower extremities had no wounds. The blood smears and spatters in the garage, including a bloody footprint, all were attributable to the decedent. The combined consideration of the history, circumstances, and autopsy findings clearly pointed to self-infliction as the manner of death. Most reported cases of suicide by blade involve fewer than 15 stab wounds. This case report, with a brief review of the literature, underscores the concept that multiplicity of stab wounds does not pr...
Regulation of Rvb1/Rvb2 by a Domain within the INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complex Implicates the Yeast Rvbs as Protein Assembly Chaperones

Summary The hexameric AAA+ ATPases Rvb1 and Rvb2 (Rvbs) are essential for diverse processes ranging from metabolic signaling to chromatin remodeling, but their functions are unknown. While originally thought to act as helicases, recent proposals suggest that Rvbs act as protein assembly chaperones. However, experimental evidence for chaperone-like behavior is lacking. Here, we identify a potent protein activator of the Rvbs, a domain in the Ino80 ATPase subunit of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex, termed Ino80INS. Ino80INS stimulates Rvbs' ATPase activity by 16-fold while concomitantly promoting their dodecamerization. Using mass spectrometry, cryo-EM, and integrative modeling, we find that Ino80INS binds asymmetrically along the dodecamerization interface, resulting in a conformationally flexible dodecamer that collapses into hexamers upon ATP addition. Our results demonstrate the chaperone-like potential of Rvb1/Rvb2 and suggest a model where binding of multiple clients such as Ino80 stimulates ATP-driven cycling between hexamers and dodecamers, providing iterative opportunities for correct subunit assembly.
Correlation of ultrasound bladder vibrometry assessment of bladder compliance with urodynamic study results.

Purpose or objective The objective of this study is to assess correlation between bladder wall mechanical properties obtained by ultrasound bladder vibrometry (UBV) and urodynamic study (UDS) measurements in a group of patients undergoing clinical UDS procedure. Materials and methods Concurrent UBV and UDS were performed on 70 patients with neurogenic bladders (56 male and 14 female). Bladder wall mechanical properties measured by UBV at different filling volumes were correlated with recorded detrusor pressure (Pdet) values. Mean, median and standard deviation of correlation values were calculated and the significance of these observations was tested. Results Bladder wall mechanical properties obtained by UBV as group velocity squared and elasticity showed high correlations with Pdet measured at different volumes (median correlation 0.73, CI: 0.64–0.80 and 0.72, CI: 0.56–0.82 respectively). The correlation of group velocity squared and elasticity with Pdet were both significantly higher than 0.5. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that UBV can closely monitor changes in bladder wall mechanical properties at different volumes in a group of patients undergoing UDS. The high correlation between UBV parameters and detrusor pressure measurements suggests that UBV can be utilized as a reliable and cost-effective tool for assessment of the bladder wall mechanical changes in a noninvasive fashion.
Generating Mammalian Sirtuin Tools for Protein-Interaction Analysis

The sirtuins are a family of NAD(+)-dependent deacylases with important effects on aging, cancer, and metabolism. Sirtuins exert their biological effects by catalyzing deacetylation and/or deacylation reactions in which Acyl groups are removed from lysine residues of specific proteins. A current challenge is to identify specific sirtuin target proteins against the high background of acetylated proteins recently identified by proteomic surveys. New evidence indicates that bona fide sirtuin substrate proteins form stable physical associations with their sirtuin regulator. Therefore, identification of sirtuin interacting proteins could be a useful aid in focusing the search for substrates. Described here is a method for identifying sirtuin protein interactors. Employing basic techniques of molecular cloning and immunochemistry, the method describes the generation of mammalian sirtuin protein expression plasmids and their use to overexpress and immunoprecipitate sirtuins with their interacting partners. Also described is the use of the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery for interpreting the sirtuin protein-interaction data obtained.
Nuclear and mitochondrial RNA editing systems have opposite effects on protein diversity

RNA editing can yield protein products that differ from those directly encoded by genomic DNA. This process is pervasive in the mitochondria of many eukaryotes, where it predominantly results in the restoration of ancestral protein sequences. Nuclear mRNAs in metazoans also undergo editing (adenosine-to-inosine or 'A-to-I' substitutions), and most of these edits appear to be nonadaptive 'misfirings' of adenosine deaminases. However, recent analysis of cephalopod transcriptomes found that many editing sites are shared by anciently divergent lineages within this group, suggesting they play some adaptive role. Recent discoveries have also revealed that some fungi have an independently evolved A-to-I editing mechanism, resulting in extensive recoding of their nuclear mRNAs. Here, phylogenetic comparisons were used to determine whether RNA editing generally restores ancestral protein sequences or creates derived variants. Unlike in mitochondrial systems, RNA editing in metazoan and fungal nuclear transcripts overwhelmingly leads to novel sequences not found in inferred ancestral proteins. Even for the subset of RNA editing sites shared by deeply divergent cephalopod lineages, the primary effect of nuclear editing is an increase-not a decrease-in protein divergence. These findings suggest fundamental differences in the forces responsible for the evolution of RNA editing in nuclear versus mitochondrial systems.
Systems for Improving Online Discussion

More and more of the discussion that happens now takes place on the web, whether it be for work, communities of interest, political and civic discourse, or education. However, little has changed in the design of online discussion systems, such as email, forums, and chat, in the decades they have been available, even as discussions grow in size and scope. As a result, online communities continue to struggle with issues stemming from growing participation, a diversity of participants, and new application domains. To solve these problems, my research is on building novel online discussion systems that give members of a community direct control over their experiences and information within these systems. Specifically, I focus on: 1) tools to make sense of large discussions and extract usable knowledge from them, 2) tools to situate conversations in the context what is being discussed, as well as 3) tools to give users more fine-grained control over the delivery of content, so that messages only go to those who wish to receive it.
Communication: The Al + CO2 → AlO + CO reaction: Experiment vs. theory.

Based on their highly sophisticated crossed-beam experimental studies of the Al + CO2 → AlO + CO reaction, Honma and Hirata have directly challenged the results of earlier theoretical studies of this system. We report high level theoretical studies of this system. It is shown that, consistent with Honma-Hirata experimental conclusions, the previous theoretical prediction of a substantial barrier height for this reaction was incorrect. However, for the structures of the possible intermediates, in agreement with the 1992 theoretical study of Sakai, we find striking disagreement with the experimental conclusion that the O–C–O moiety is nearly linear. The energies of the three entrance channel intermediates lie 14.4, 15.2, and 16.4 kcal mol−1 below separated Al + CO2.
Massive MIMO Configurations for Multi-Cell Multi-User Relay Networks

The performance of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configurations for multi-cell multi-user amplify-and-forward relay networks is investigated. Two massive MIMO signal processing techniques (SPT-1 and SPT-2) are proposed, and their computational complexity and performance gains are compared with multi-pair massive MIMO relaying (SPT-3) by deriving the partial and full achievable asymptotic sum rates for perfect and imperfect channel state information. Thereby, the cumulative effects of channel estimation errors, co-channel interference (CCI), and pilot contamination are investigated. The best relay selection for the multi-branch relaying is investigated. An optimal user power control algorithm based on max–min fairness is formulated, and thereby, the power allocation co-efficients and optimal common achievable user rate are derived in closed-form. Our analysis reveals that the effects of pilot contamination for the multi-cell massive MIMO relaying become more severe than that for the single-hop counterpart due to the multiple sources of CCI and propagation of residual interference in dual-hop transmissions.
Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research.

Contemporary advances in addiction neuroscience have paralleled increasing interest in the ancient mental training practice of mindfulness meditation as a potential therapy for addiction. In the past decade, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been studied as a treatment for an array addictive behaviors, including drinking, smoking, opioid misuse, and use of illicit substances like cocaine and heroin. This article reviews current research evaluating MBIs as a treatment for addiction, with a focus on findings pertaining to clinical outcomes and biobehavioral mechanisms. Studies indicate that MBIs reduce substance misuse and craving by modulating cognitive, affective, and psychophysiological processes integral to self-regulation and reward processing. This integrative review provides the basis for manifold recommendations regarding the next wave of research needed to firmly establish the efficacy of MBIs and elucidate the mechanistic pathways by which these therapies ameliorate addiction. Issues pertaining to MBI treatment optimization and sequencing, dissemination and implementation, dose–response relationships, and research rigor and reproducibility are discussed.
Twilight of the Icons

In a way that strikingly anticipates the recent work of Jean Baudrillard, Nietzsche seems continually preoccupied with the questions of error, distortion, falsification, and how the conceptual system results in a world which is hardly represented, so much as fundamentally constructed, by virtue of our discourse about it.1 In short, Nietzsche attributes the hyperreality of our traditional world to the simulation ingredient in rationality itself — specifically, to the vehicle of rationality, the signifying medium of language. Nietzsche’s account is perhaps more historically comprehensive than Baudrillard’s four-staged evolution of the hyperreal, since Nietzsche discusses at length how the relation of reference, or conceptual representation, gets elaborated in the first place — such that the concept or the idea can be asserted, to stand for, the real.2 Nietzsche analyzes this derivation in the section entitled “Reason in Philosophy,” in his work of 1888, The Twilight of the Idols.3 Then, in the following section of the same work, he sketches out what he calls “The History of an Error,” namely, a genealogy of reversion — a devolution, as it were — of the very pretense of such a simulation as the real, the true. He subtitles the account, “How the ‘True World’ Finally Became a Fable.” This devolution closely anticipates Baudrillard’s own account, and for all purposes, it is from Nietzsche’s analysis that Baudrillard devised his own. Nietzsche goes on, however, to show the specific content of what such a hyperreal world entails, and in doing so, directs his critique against Christianity — a frequent target for Nietzsche. More importantly, the critique is directed against the foundational terms of Western thought itself, which terms, or ideals, or “idols” traditionally served to explain and lend meaning to the human condition, thence to address that condition, and ostensibly, would help enable us to improve it.4 Finally, in The Antichrist,5 Nietzsche proposes to explain what he sees as an entire set of motivations which subtend the terms and the initial construction of this hyperreal world.
Four Lectures on Multivariate Approximation

From the abstract viewpoint of Banach space theory, we need not draw any distinction between univariate (one-variable) approximation and multivariate (many-variable) approximation. In either case, the central problem of best approximation can be stated thus: a Banach space X and a subspace Y of X are prescribed, and for a particular x ∈ X we seek a best approximation of x in Y.
A particle filter approach to estimating target location using Brownian bridges

We study the problem of modelling the trajectory of a moving object of interest, or target, given limited locational and temporal information. Because of uncertainty in information, the location of...
Outcomes After Adjuvant Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for High-Risk Primary Appendiceal Neoplasms After Complete Resection

Appendiceal neoplasms are uncommon tumors. Optimal treatment for patients with perforation or high-grade pathology after initial resection is unknown. This study evaluated patients with increased risk for peritoneal dissemination after primary resection, but no evidence of peritoneal disease, who underwent adjuvant hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). This multi-institutional cohort study evaluated 56 patients with high-risk (HR) appendiceal neoplasms with a peritoneal carcinomatosis index of 0 who underwent HIPEC. The patients were divided into two groups: perforated low-grade appendiceal (LGA) carcinoma and HR neoplasms, which included perforated high-grade appendiceal carcinoma, positive margins after initial resection, minimal macroscopic peritoneal disease that was previously resected or completely responded to systemic chemotherapy prior to HIPEC, goblet cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell features. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Thirty-eight percent of patients had perforated LGA and 68% had HR features. Five-year OS probability was 82.1% for the entire cohort, and 100% and 70.1% for patients with perforated LGA and HR features, respectively (p = 0.024). Five-year RFS probability was 79.3% for the entire cohort, and 90.0% and 72.4% for patients with perforated LGA and HR features, respectively (p = 0.025). Eight patients recurred after HIPEC and their OS was significantly worse (p < 0.001). While adjuvant HIPEC is both safe and feasible, there appears to be little benefit over close surveillance when outcomes are compared with historical and prospective studies, especially for perforated LGA carcinoma.
Combining diversity and dispersion criteria for anticlustering: A bicriterion approach

Most partitioning methods used in psychological research seek to produce homogeneous groups (i.e., groups with low intra-group dissimilarity). However, there are also applications where the goal is to provide heterogeneous groups (i.e., groups with high intra-group dissimilarity). Examples of these anticlustering contexts include construction of stimulus sets, formation of student groups, assignment of employees to project work teams, and assembly of test forms from a bank of items. Unfortunately, most commercial software packages are not equipped to accommodate the objective criteria and constraints that commonly arise for anticlustering problems. Two important objective criteria for anticlustering based on information in a dissimilarity matrix are: a diversity measure based on within-cluster sums of dissimilarities; and a dispersion measure based on the within-cluster minimum dissimilarities. In many instances, it is possible to find a partition that provides a large improvement in one of these two criteria with little (or no) sacrifice in the other criterion. For this reason, it is of significant value to explore the trade-offs that arise between these two criteria. Accordingly, the key contribution of this paper is the formulation of a bicriterion optimization problem for anticlustering based on the diversity and dispersion criteria, along with heuristics to approximate the Pareto efficient set of partitions. A motivating example and computational study are provided within the framework of test assembly.
Self-reported exposure to, perceptions about, and attitudes about public marijuana smoking among US adults, 2018.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Eleven US states and the District of Columbia have legalized the non-medical use of marijuana. Public marijuana smoking is generally prohibited, although some states have considered exemptions. This study assessed attitudes about public marijuana smoking, perceptions of harm from marijuana second-hand smoke (SHS) and self-reported marijuana SHS exposure. DESIGN Internet panel survey fielded in June-July 2018. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS US adults aged ≥ 18 years (n = 4088). MEASUREMENTS Current (past-30 day) tobacco product use, current marijuana use, opinions about public indoor marijuana smoking, perceptions of harm from marijuana SHS and self-reported past-7 day exposure to marijuana SHS in public indoor or outdoor areas were assessed. Weighted prevalence estimates were computed and correlates were assessed using logistic and multinomial regression. FINDINGS Overall, 27.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 25.7, 29.1] of adults reported past-week marijuana SHS exposure in indoor and/or outdoor public areas; younger adults, blacks, Hispanics, those in the Northeast or West, and current marijuana and/or tobacco users were more commonly exposed (Ps < 0.0001). More than half of adults (52.4%; 95% CI = 50.7, 54.2) regarded marijuana SHS as harmful, and most (81.0%; 95% CI = 79.5, 82.4) opposed public marijuana smoking. Correlates of favoring public marijuana smoking included being male, younger (Ps < 0.01), black or Hispanic, past-month tobacco and/or marijuana users and perceiving no/low harm from marijuana SHS (Ps < 0.0001). CONCLUSION While one in four US adults report recent marijuana second-hand smoke exposure, a majority believe marijuana second-hand smoke is harmful and most oppose public marijuana smoking.
The association between hospital ownership and postoperative complications: Does it matter who owns the hospital?:

Postoperative complications place a major burden on the healthcare systems. The type of hospital’s ownership could be one factor associated with this adverse outcome. Using CMS’s publicly available...
An elementary approach for minimax estimation of Bernoulli proportion in the restricted parameter space

We present an elementary mathematical method to find the minimax estimator of the Bernoulli proportion $\theta$ under the squared error loss when $\theta$ belongs to the restricted parameter space of the form $\Omega = [0, \eta]$ for some pre-specified constant $0 \leq \eta \leq 1$. This problem is inspired from the problem of estimating the rate of positive COVID-19 tests. The presented results and applications would be useful materials for both instructors and students when teaching point estimation in statistical or machine learning courses.
Abstract 17039: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/ Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Decrease Short-Term Mortality in Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery

Introduction: Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) is strongly associated with 30-day mortality, and no guidelines exist to address management in this group. We hypothesized that Angio...
Recent advances in lineage tracing for the kidney

Lineage tracing was originally developed by developmental biologists to identify all progeny of a single cell during morphogenesis. More recently this approach has been applied to other fields, including organ homeostasis and recovery from injury. Modern lineage tracing techniques typically rely on reporter gene expression induced by cell-specific DNA recombination. There have been important scientific advances in the last ten years that have impacted lineage tracing approaches, including intersectional genetics, optical clearing techniques and the use of sequencing-based genomic lineage tracing. The latter combines CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic scarring with single cell RNA-sequencing which in theory could allow comprehensive reconstruction of a lineage tree for an entire organism. In this review, we summarize recent advances in lineage tracing technologies and outline potential applications for kidney research.
Biologic Reconstruction With a Motorized Intramedullary Bone Transport Nail After Tumor Resection.

SUMMARY Distraction osteogenesis is an option for reconstruction of intercalary defects. The use of bone transport after tumor surgery has been limited because of concerns of pin tract infections with external fixation and the theoretical risk of causing tumor growth. The effects of chemotherapy and radiation on the regenerate and healing of the docking site are also not well studied, but the current literature has mostly favorable outcomes with no evidence of causing tumor proliferation. The Precice bone transport nail offers a noninvasive method of distraction osteogenesis, which eliminates the need for prolonged external fixation and the risk of pin tract infections. This report discusses the technique for using the Precice bone transport nail after tumor resection. Bone transport may be considered for intercalary defects after en bloc resection of sarcoma, metastatic disease, and benign aggressive bone tumors. The use of distraction osteogenesis after tumor resection is a promising technique for the biologic reconstruction of intercalary defects.
Hidden Diversity in an Antarctic Algal Forest: Metabolomic Profiling Linked to Patterns of Genetic Diversification in the Antarctic Red Alga Plocamium sp.

The common Antarctic red alga Plocamium sp. is rich in halogenated monoterpenes with known anticancer and antimicrobial properties and extracts of Plocamium sp. have strong ecological activity in deterring feeding by sympatric herbivores. Plocamium sp. collected near Anvers Island, Antarctica showed a high degree of secondary metabolite diversity between separate individuals. GC/MS results revealed 15 different combinations of metabolites (chemogroups) across individuals, which were apparent at 50% or greater Bray–Curtis similarity and also clearly distinguishable by eye when comparing chromatographic profiles of the secondary metabolomes. Sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 gene revealed six distinct haplotypes, of which the most common two had been previously reported (now referred to as Haplotypes 1 and 2). With the exception of one individual, three of the chemogroups were only produced by individuals in Haplotype 1. All the other 12 chemogroups were produced by individuals in Haplotype 2, with five of these chemogroups also present in one of the four new, less common haplotypes that only differed from Haplotype 2 by one base pair. The functional relevance of this metabolomic and genetic diversity is unknown, but they could have important ecological and evolutionary ramifications, thus potentially providing a foundation for differential selection.