cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stem Cell-Derived Viral Antigen-Specific T Cells Suppress HBV Replication through Production of IFN-γ and TNF-⍺

Summary The viral antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), i.e., PSC-CTLs, have the ability to suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. After adoptive transfer, PSC-CTLs can infiltrate into the liver to suppress HBV replication. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the viral Ag-specific PSC-CTLs provoke the antiviral response remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we generated the functional HBV surface Ag-specific CTLs from the induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-CTLs, and investigated the underlying mechanisms of the CTL-mediated antiviral replication in a murine model. We show that adoptive transfer of HBV surface Ag-specific iPSC-CTLs greatly suppressed HBV replication and prevented HBV surface Ag expression. We further demonstrate that the adoptive transfer significantly increased T cell accumulation and production of antiviral cytokines. These results indicate that stem cell-derived viral Ag-specific CTLs can robustly accumulate in the liver and suppress HBV replication through producing antiviral cytokines.
Social Thought & Commentary : Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-being

The protection of cultural heritage sites is normally evaluated in terms of universal and scholarly significance criteria, although increasingly the contributions of sites and monuments to the economic and social well-being of communities have been recognized. Human rights discourse, despite its many problems and limitations, offers a possible mechanism for evaluating heritage in terms of social justice and well-being. A cultural heritage right based on descent is particularly problematic and cannot be supported by archaeological, historical, and anthropological theories. A cultural heritage right based on whether people are in practice able to participate in sites and objects in such a way as to fulfill their capabilities is an alternative, as long as it also includes responsibilities to other communities with conflicting interests. However, few archaeologists and heritage managers have the training and expertise to work out short- and long-term economic and social benefits of artifacts, sites, and monuments, and they have limited experience in facilitating human capabilities 520through heritage beyond scholarship, aesthetics, and identity politics.
Memory-Efficient Membership Encoding in Switches

Network applications often define policies to manage network traffic based on its attributes (e.g., a service chain, valid next-hops, permission flags). These policies match against packets' attributes in switches before being applied. However, the prior works of identifying attributes all incur a high memory cost in the data plane. This paper presents MEME, a scheme that clusters the attributes in packets to reduce the memory usage. MEME also leverages match-action tables and reconfigurable parsers on modern hardware switches to achieve 87.7% lower memory usage, and applies a graph algorithm to achieve 1-2 orders of magnitude faster compilation time than the prior state of the art [12]. These performance gains pave the way for deployment of a real system desired by the world's largest Internet Exchange Points.
Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire: State, Church, and Society, 1604–1830

It would have been nice to be able to claim that this remarkable study was the “best of the bunch.” Unfortunately, I cannot do that. On this vine there is no bunch, only two grapes, and the other o...
Protocol for iGrow (Infant Growth and Development Study): biopsychosocial predictors of childhood obesity risk at 2 years

Childhood obesity remains a significant public health problem. To date, most research on the causes and correlates of obesity has focused on a small number of direct predictors of obesity rather than testing complex models that address the multifactorial nature of the origins of obesity in early development. We describe the rationale and methods of iGrow (Infant Growth and Development Study) which will test multiple pathways by which (a) prenatal maternal psychobiological risk predicts infant weight gain over the first 6 months of life, and (b) this early weight gain confers risk for obesity at age 2. Infant hormonal and psychobiological risk are proposed mediators from prenatal risk to early weight gain, though these are moderated by early maternal sensitivity and obesogenic feeding practices. In addition, higher maternal sensitivity and lower obesogenic feeding practices are proposed predictors of adaptive child self-regulation in the second year of life, and all three are proposed to buffer/reduce the association between high early infant weight gain and obesity risk at age 2. iGrow is a prospective, longitudinal community-based study of 300 diverse mothers and infants to be followed across 5 data waves from pregnancy until children are age 2. Key measures include (a) maternal reports of demographics, stress, well-being, feeding practices and child characteristics and health; (b) direct observation of maternal and infant behavior during feeding, play, and distress-eliciting tasks during which infant heart rate is recorded to derive measures of vagal withdrawal; (c) anthropometric measures of mothers and infants; and (d) assays of maternal prenatal blood and infant saliva and urine. A host of demographic and other potential confounds will be considered as potential covariates in structural equation models that include tests of mediation and moderation. Efforts to mitigate the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on study success are detailed. This study has the potential to inform (1) basic science about early life processes casually related to childhood obesity and (2) development of targeted intervention and prevention approaches that consider mother, infant, and family risks and resources.
Real-time Subsurface Control Variates: Temporally Stable Adaptive Sampling

Real-time adaptive sampling is a new technique recently proposed for efficient importance sampling in realtime Monte Carlo sampling in subsurface scattering. It adaptively places samples based on variance tracking to help escape the uncanny valley of subsurface rendering. However, the occasional performance drop due to temporal lighting dynamics (e.g., guns or lights turning on and off) could hinder adoption in games or other applications where smooth high frame rate is preferred. In this paper we propose a novel usage of Control Variates (CV) in the sample domain instead of shading domain to maintain a consistent low pass time. Our algorithm seamlessly reduces to diffuse with zero scattering samples for sub-pixel scattering. We propose a novel joint-optimization algorithm for sample count and CV coefficient estimation. The main enabler is our novel time-variant covariance updating method that helps remove the effect of recent temporal dynamics from variance tracking. Since bandwidth is critical in real-time rendering, a solution without adding any extra textures is also provided.
Psychology of Headaches

Headaches are complex physiological and psychological phenomena. A headache can serve as a manifestation of psychological distress and can also in and of itself cause psychological distress. Although there has yet to be solid evidence demonstrating the causal linkage between a specific headache disorder with a psychiatric disorder, it is undeniable that headaches are closely linked to psychiatric disorders and various psychological states. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the psychology of pain and its implications for headache disorders. It also explores the common psychiatric comorbidities for headache disorders, including stress and trauma, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, alcohol use, somatoform disorders, and schizophrenia. Of these comorbidities, this chapter focuses primarily on the mood and anxiety disorders in terms of screening and management of psychiatric comorbidities in headache patients – both pharmacological and behavioral.
Penetrating Skull Base Injury and Postoperative Infection

A 65-year-old male with past medical history of atrial fibrillation on Warfarin sustained a fall resulting in impalement of a wood stick through the oral cavity and into the anterior cranial fossa. The object entered the gingivolabial sulcus and passed through maxillary and ethmoids sinuses penetrating the anterior skull base, extending intracranially to corpus callosum (Figs. 15.1 and 15.2). The patient was neurologically intact upon presentation, with normal vision, and did not have a frank CSF leak. Urgent CT angiogram was obtained and showed displacement of anterior cerebral arteries without visible vessel injury (Fig. 15.3). After discussion with Neurosurgery, his anticoagulation was reversed, and he was emergently taken to the operating room for controlled removal of foreign body and skull base repair under endoscopic guidance, and possible craniotomy.
Ocular vasculitis

Systemic vasculitis can affect practically any structure in or around the eye. Although the ocular presentations of vasculitic disease are highly variable and may be quite subtle, it is important for physicians to understand some of the basic concepts, critical findings, and potential significance of ocular signs and symptoms. In addition to preserving sight, awareness of specific ocular syndromes may afford a critical clue to undiagnosed or newly active systemic vasculitis. A brief discussion of the most common ocular syndromes seen in systemic vascular disease is presented, with special attention given to the signs that may be appreciated by non-ophthalmologists. Recent concepts of ocular immunologic therapy are also reviewed, especially as they relate to the use of systemic immunomodulating drugs, because care of these patients often requires close cooperation between ophthalmologists, primary care physicians, and rheumatologists.
Marijuana use, fetal growth, and uterine artery Dopplers.

Marijuana (MJ) use is associated with adverse effects on fetal growth. We aimed to investigate the timing of suboptimal fetal growth onset in MJ-exposed pregnancies. In addition, we aimed to explor...
Role of Electronic Structure in Li Ordering and Chemical Strain in the Fast Charging WadsleyâRoth Phase PNb 9 O 25

Author(s): Saber, Muna; Preefer, Molleigh B; Kolli, Sanjeev K; Zhang, William; Laurita, Geneva; Dunn, Bruce; Seshadri, Ram; Van der Ven, Anton
Maximally informative point spread functions for 3D super-resolution imaging

We generate optimal point spread functions (PSFs) for 3D super-resolution imaging, and demonstrate their application in biological conditions. These PSFs exhibit significantly improved localization precision and depth of field over the current state of the art.
Isoniazid Uptake in Relation to Growth Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(14)C-isoniazid (INH) was used to study the relationship between drug uptake or binding by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and growth inhibition of the organism, which is dependent upon the concentration of drug and the duration of exposure. When strain H37R(a), grown in modified Sauton's liquid medium, was treated with 0.1 mug of INH per ml for 2 to 6 hr, followed by 10 mug of nicotinic hydrazide (NH) per ml to block further INH uptake, growth was retarded but not completely inhibited upon continued incubation. NH itself did not retard growth. However, cells treated in a similar manner with INH alone grew normally when diluted 1:100 in fresh, drug-free media. Uptake data showed that bacilli exposed to 0.1 mug of INH per ml accumulated 5.5, 9.7, and 12 mmug/mg of dry cells at 2, 4, and 6 hr, respectively. Other experiments suggested that once isoniazid is bound, it is not rapidly lost when NH is added or when the cells are diluted in fresh media. In the presence of 1.0 mug of INH per ml, tubercle bacilli took up 10 to 37 mmug/mg of dry cells in 20 to 90 min. These cells were not markedly inhibited when diluted 1:40 in fresh NH-containing media and incubated for 6 days. Growth inhibition of tubercle bacilli by INH depends on the uptake of sufficient drug, but the evidence obtained in this study suggests that the absolute concentration of bound INH is not as important in the action of the drug as is the maintenance of a critical cellular concentration for a requisite period of time.
Avoid the Pedestrian’s Paradox

Mark Steedman (1989) has suggested that each of the following assumptions about human language understanding is appealing, but that they lead to a paradox when taken together: 1. Incremental comprehension: Human natural language understanding is serial and incremental: the words of a sentence are interpreted rapidly as they are heard or read. 2. Right-branching syntactic structures: English, like other SVO and SOV languages, has predominantly right-branching syntactic structures. 3. Strong competence hypothesis: The principles of the competence grammar are directly used by the human language processor in constructing a syntactic structure and interpreting it.
A Proposal for a High Sensitivity Search for T-Violation in Slow Neutron Resonances

An experiment is proposed using eV neutrons from the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR) to perform a search for direct evidence of violation of time-reversal invariance. Over twenty years ago CP-violation was discovered in the decay of the neutral kaon[1] and subsequently verified in a number of experiments. The resulting CPT symmetry implication that time reversal invariance violation exists (referred to hereafter as T-violation) has never been directly observed. Our lack of knowledge of the level of T-violation is a major barrier to further improvements in the standard model for weak interactions.
Corticospinal tract anatomy and functional connectivity of primary motor cortex in autism

Objective Growing evidence indicates that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) stems from abnormal structural and functional connectivity of neural networks. Although diagnostic symptoms are sociocommunicative, motor-related functions (beyond repetitive mannerisms) are also impaired. However, evidence on connectivity at the level of basic motor execution is limited, which we address here. Method We compared right-handed children and adolescents (aged 7–18 years) with ASD (n = 44) to matched typically developing participants (TD, n = 36) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion-weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography measured microstructure of the corticospinal tract (CST). Intrinsic functional connectivity MRI examined whole-brain voxelwise correlations, both with identical precentral gyrus (PCG) seeds. Results In the group with ASD, radial and mean diffusivity were increased bilaterally in the CST, particularly in superior segments, and a leftward asymmetry of CST volume detected in the TD group was reversed. Functionally, overconnectivity was found for both left and right PCG with prefrontal, parietal, medial occipital, and cingulate cortices. The group with ASD also showed significantly reduced asymmetry of functional connectivity for both left and right PCG seeds. Finally, in the group with ASD, significant correlations were found for functional overconnectivity of the right PCG seed with anisotropy and mean diffusivity in the right CST. Conclusion The findings, implicating both functional and anatomical connectivity of the primary motor cortex, suggest that network anomalies in ASD go well beyond sociocommunicative domains, affecting basic motor execution. They also suggest that even in right-handed adolescents with ASD, typical left hemisphere dominance is reduced, both anatomically and functionally, with an unusual degree of right hemisphere motor participation.
Latino Attitudes Toward Violence: The Effect of Americanization

The current study focuses on pro-violent attitudes among Latino males in the context of the assimilation experience. Through the use of an Internet-based survey, I measured sociodemographic charact...
DISTRIBUTION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED AMYLASE IN MICROSOMAL SUBFRACTIONS OF GUINEA PIG PANCREAS

Amylase distribution was studied in guinea pig pancreas microsomes fractionated by centrifuging, for 2 hr at 57,000 g in a linear 10 to 30% sucrose gradient, a resuspended high speed pellet obtained after treating microsomes with 0.04% deoxycholate (DOC).1 Amylase appeared in the following positions in the gradient: ( a ) a light region which contained ∼35% of total enzymic activity and which coincided with a monomeric ribosome peak; ( b ) a heavy region which contained ∼10% of enzymic activity in a sharp peak but which had very little accompanying OD260 absorption; ( c ) a pellet at the bottom of the centrifuge tube which contained ∼20% of the enzymic activity. After 5 to 20 min' in vivo labeling with leucine-1-C14, radioactive amylase was solubilized from these three fractions by a combined DOC-spermine treatment and purified by precipitation with glycogen, according to Loyter and Schramm. In all cases, the amylase found in the pellet had five to ten times the specific activity (CPM/enzymic activity) of the amylase found in the light or heavy regions of the gradient. The specific radioactivity (CPM/mg protein) of the proteins or peptides not extracted by DOC-spermine was similar for all three fractions. Hypotonic treatment of the fractions solubilized ∼80% of the total amylase in the fraction from the heavy region of the gradient, but only ∼20% of the amylase in the monomer or pellet fraction. Electron microscope observation indicates that the monomer region of the gradient contained only ribosomes, that the heavy region of the gradient contained small vesicles with relatively few attached ribosomes, and that the pellet was composed mostly of intact or ruptured microsomes with ribosomes still attached to their membranes. It is concluded from the above, and from other evidence, that most of the amylase activity in the monomer region is due to old, adsorbed enzyme; in the heavy region mostly to enzyme already inside microsomal vesicles; and in the pellet to a mixture of newly synthesized and old amylase still attached to ribosomes. Furthermore, the ribosomes with nascent, finished protein still bound to them are more firmly attached to the membranes than are ribosomes devoid of nascent protein.
Reconstructing Contemporary Democracy

Democratic practice varies historically, and transformations of the societal context require accompanying reconstructions of democracy if “rule by the people” is to remain meaningful. Contemporary society is witnessing particularly profound changes in underlying structures of space, governance, and identity. Fundamental reconsideration of democracy is therefore also needed. This article first develops a generic understanding of democracy; next elaborates on currently unfolding transformations of geography, regime, and community; and then develops a five-faceted reconstruction of democracy to meet these changed circumstances. This prescription entails: (1) reconceptualizing democracy, shifting away from obsolete assumptions of territorialist space, statist regulation, and nationalist identity; (2) refashioning civic education to empower all citizens to act in this new situation; (3) building effective institutional mechanisms of public accountability in respect of an emergent polycentric mode of governance; (4) effecting progressive structural redistributions of resources and power in order that all stakeholders in contemporary public policy issues have more equal opportunities of political participation; and (5) nurturing positive practices of intercultural recognition, communication, and negotiation.
The regulation of acetylated microtubules during outgrowth from cultured neurons of the snail, Helisoma

Abstract Axonal stumps of cultured Helisoma trivolvis neurons express abundant acetylated microtubules, as a subset of total microtubules. Label completely disappears from the axonal remnants within ∼ 1 day, and reappears in newly extended neurites over the course of the next 3–4 days, first in the proximal neurite as short, isolated segments. Acetylated microtubules occur in the neuritic shaft, but never in growth cones or membranous veils. Thus, acetylated microtubules are very labile to the signals generated by axotomy, and their proximodistal re-expression occurs at well separated sites within the neurite as it matures.
Opto-fluidic detection system enabling sophisticated point-of-care diagnostics

Most biomedical tests are performed at large clinical laboratories because compact, robust, and inexpensive instruments for point-of-care (POC) testing are simply not available. Yet there is a need for POC testing. Optofluidic systems for fluorescence detection of bio-particles offer high performance, but they cannot meet POC specifications. We have demonstrated, prototyped, and benchmarked against commercial systems a new optical detection approach that delivers high signal-to-noise discrimination — without complex optics or bulky excitation sources. It therefore enables a truly compact, low-cost, high-performance microfluidic-based instrument that can be used for CD4 diagnostics on whole blood and for other complex biological fluids.
A New Look at Demand Analysis for Beef

MOST agricultural demand analyses include, as separate variables, factors that cause the demand curve of the commodity to shift [6]. This type of measurement, together with an assumed predetermined supply and thus an almost vertical supply curve, yields the economist somewhat of an average demand curve, but its usefulness in forecasting is significant. It was pointed out by Working that the true demand and supply curves need not be constructed if the analyst only wants a method that will help him forecast prices [10, pp. 212-235]. Even though many economists emphasize the structural reliability of their models, the unwritten but real ultimate goal is generally to forecast or predict the future. This paper is offered, therefore, to stimulate some new concepts dealing with price prediction or price analysis.
Isolation of rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum with improved Ca2+ uptake and ryanodine binding

Abstract The instability of the oxalate-supported Ca2+ uptake activity of rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (CSR) in ventricular homogenates most likely accounts for the low specific activity of the rate of oxalate-supported Ca2+ uptake in previously reported fractions of isolated rat CSR. We have found that CSR vesicles with improved Ca2+ transport capabilities can be isolated if 1 m KCl is used to stabilize the CSR activity and to allow the extraction of the CSR from the cellular debris. The average rate of Ca2+ uptake by the isolated rat CSR in the presence of 10 m m oxalate at 37°C was 0.45 μmol/min-mg in the absence of CSR Ca2+ channel blockers and 0.87 μmol/min-mg in the presence of 10 μ m ruthenium red. The Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity under the conditions of oxlate-supported uptake was 1.25 μmol/min-mg and 0.84 μmol/min-mg in the absence and presence of 10 μ m ruthenium red, respectively. The rat CSR vesicles bound 3H-ryanodine with a Kd of 1.45 n m and a Bmax of 3.7 pmol/mg. The level of phosphorylated intermediate was 0.30 nmol/mg. The values of Bmax, EP and Ca2+-ATPase activity are from one-third to one-half of those previously reported for isolated canine CSR vesicles. These results suggest that the isolated rat CSR may be quite similar to dog CSR.
Infants' Expectations in Play: The Joy of Peek-a-boo

Abstract The role of expectations in infants' enjoyment of play was studied by observing their smiling, laughter, and eyebrow raises during a peek-a-boo game that contained occasional trick trials. In Experiments 1 and 2, 6, 7-, and 8-month-olds (n = 29) participated in a peek-a-boo game in which, on occasional “person-switch” trials, one adult hid and a second adult “reappeared” in his or her place. Infants in all age groups smiled less following person-switch reappearances than following normal ones, with the difference increasing with age. In Experiment 3, 7-month-old infants (n = 10) played a peek-a-boo game in which the adult occasionally reappeared in a different location. Smiling decreased for “location switches” just as it had for person switches. Infants in all age groups were more likely to exhibit eyebrow raises following trick reappearances than following normal ones. These findings suggest that infants as young as 6 months have expectations about the identity and location of a returning perso...
Ein axiomatischer zugang zu abhängigkeitsmaßen für zufallsvektoren und die spurkorrelation

Six conditions are given for a ”global“ correlation coefficient. The trace correlation is the only function which is satisfying this conditions.
An investigation of oxidative animation of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone with pyrrolidine

Oxidative amination of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone with pyrrolidine yielded 2-methyl-6-pyrrolidino-1,4-benzoquinone as the major product along with 2-methyl-5-pyrrolidino-1,4-benzoquinone formed as the minor product. No detectable amount of 2-methyl-3,6-bis-(pyrrolidino)-1,4-benzoquinone was observed.
Ablating dwarf model for eclipsing millisecond pulsar 1957 + 20

Fruchter et al.1 have recently announced the discovery of a 1.6-millisecond pulsar, 1957 + 20, in a 9.2-hour eclipsing binary system and have proposed that the eclipses are due to a pulsar-excited wind derived from its ∼0.024 M⊙ companion. Here we argue that the companion is a stripped, degenerate hydrogen core being ablated by the pulsar, a process that will be complete in ≲108 yr, leaving an isolated millisecond pulsar like 1937 + 21. This interpretation can be tested both by using the pulsar pulses to perform radio soundings of the interface between the two winds, and by future optical, X-ray and γ-ray observations. Our evolutionary model for this object predicts that there should be no hydrogen-rich, low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) with orbital periods ≲5 hours.
Impact of left atrial volume in prediction of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Abstract Left atrial volume index (LAVI) as a predictor of mortality has not been well investigated in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of LAVI in predicting mortality in CRT patients. Methods We studied 100 consecutive patients who received CRT (male 73, age 69.9±9.6years). The follow-up duration of all echocardiographic measurements was 14.4±10.5months after CRT. LAVI was measured from apical views on two-dimensional echocardiography by bi-plane rule. A decrease of left ventricular end systolic volume ≥15% after CRT was defined as a positive response to CRT. Results The mean LAVI at baseline was 59.9±22.7ml/m 2 . LAVI in patients who died (78.2±27.5ml/m 2 ) was significantly greater than those who survived (55.9±19.5ml/m 2 , p 59.4ml/m 2 . LAVI>59.4ml/m 2 was related to mortality by Cox proportional univariate regression [hazard ratio (HR)=5.15, 95% CI=1.48–17.93, p=0.01]. After adjustment for the variables with significant difference by univariate regression, LAVI>59.4ml/m 2 was continuously related to mortality by multivariate regression (HR=4.56, 95% CI, 1.30–15.97, p=0.02). LAVI>59.4ml/m 2 was associated with a near 5-fold increase in mortality during follow-up of 17±10.6months. Conclusion Patients who have LAVI>59.4ml/m 2 continue to have increased mortality despite CRT.
Engineering Problems of Laser-Driven Fusion Reactors

The University of Wisconsin fusion reactor study group has completed a study of laser fusion reactor problems incorporated into a self-consistent reactor design, SOLASE. The purpose of the SOLASE study is to identify and quantitatively analyze the major technological features posed by laser fusion reactors, to assess the relative advantages and prospective problems, and to guide further research. The engineering problems examined in the SOLASE study include first wall design and protection, radiation damage and materials constraints, compatibility of first wall and pellet materials, placement and protection of the last optical elements, pellet injection requirements, tritium breeding and blanket design concepts, vacuum pumping requirements, heat remova l and power cycle considerations, recirculating power requirements, and shielding and primary containment considerations. Other conceptual reactor designs have also been examined and critically compared.
Fourteenth Enzyme Mechanisms Conference

Abstract The Fourteenth Biennial Conference on Enzyme Mechanisms, organized by C. Dale Poulter (chair), John W. Kozarich, David E. Cane, Rowena G. Matthews, and Christian P. Whitman, was held on January 5-8, 1995 at Scottsdale, Arizona. A total of 21 formal talks covering a broad array of topics in the general areas of enzyme mechanisms and bioorganic chemistry were given. In addition, two poster sessions were held with a total of 100 posters being presented. In the following, a brief synopsis of each of the major talks, as well as a few select references to recent work in the area of the talk, is given. Also, the titles and authors of the posters are listed. It is hoped that this brief summary of the meeting not only will indicate the types of studies currently of interest to mechanism-oriented bioorganic chemists, but also will serve as a starting point for those who wish to delve more deeply into the topics that were discussed.
Phase determination via Sayre-type equations with anomalous-scattering data

The necessary background for the analysis of complex-valued electron-density maps is established. Various systems of structure-factor equations of convolutional type akin to Sayre's squaring method equations are tested for agreement on the real and imaginary parts of the electron density as well as approximations thereof. A system of convolutional structure-factor equations holding in a complex-valued electron density generated by two atom types is developed. The scope of application of these equations is determined and it is shown that the equations provide a method of extrapolating high-resolution phases from a low-resolution base phase set without introducing further model bias. Additional applications to phase refinement are explored.
Plastic Language for Plastic Science: The Rhetoric of Comrade Lysenko:

Rhetoric of science reveals the role of rhetoric in the complex social enterprise that is standard science. Rhetoric plays a role in non-standard science too. The recent elucidation of the human ge...
A computer simulation of a multiple track rail network

A computer simulation of a multiple track rail segment is discussed. The goal is to provide a capability for optimal scheduling and routing with respect to predetermined objective functions and auxiliary parameters of the problem. The model is an extension of work which the authors have already completed for single track systems. The simulation is based on a decomposition of the line segment chosen into fundamental units representing node to node subsegments with each node being an interlocking of the real system. A local minmax decision subroutine is activated every time a train reaches a node; all feasible options are then examined with respect to the current configuration of the system. Execution time for four trains on a 250 mile segment using a Compaq personal computer and only a translator is approximately 8 minutes implying that real time on-line capability is possible.
Capital Market Integration

Abstract This special issue is dedicated to a topic of great interest in international financial economics — Capital Market Integration. The topic remains live and vigorously examined, as evidenced by the nine papers presented here. These papers divide into three themes: integration and markets, integration and policy, and integration and crisis. Collectively, the papers highlight the importance of market- and policy-induced phenomena for understanding the nature and consequences of capital market integration.
Reflections on Planning Practice In An Age of Reaction

At a time when community planning has set aside utopian ideas of the good society, critical theory provides a starting point for the analysis of the advanced industrial society In place of a unitary vision of the good society it offers a mechanism for finding it The article suggests a program for planning practice which is based on an examination of the relationship between planning theory and planning practice The tasks of planners in this time of adver sity should be to rediscover and enrich content, to locate this content in a true political context, to mount a new level of self-criticism, to develop instruments of tactical reason, and to emphasize the planner's role of educator.
Purification of supercoiled DNA of plasmid col E1 by RPC-5 chromatography.

Abstract Col E1 DNA can be purified to a high degree by RPC-5 chromatography of a partially purified cell lysate with a very shallow linear NaCl gradient at pH 7.8. Electron micrographs demonstrated that the purest fractions were composed of 93% supercoiled (form I) DNA and 7% open circular (form II) DNA. The actual chromatography can be accomplished in 13–14 h and is designed for the production of several milligrams of plasmid DNA.
Ascorbic Acid Enhances Iron-induced Ferritin Translation in Human Leukemia and Hepatoma Cells

Ascorbate is an important cofactor in many cellular metabolic reactions and is intimately linked to iron homeostasis. Continuously cultured cells are ascorbate deficient due to the lability of the vitamin in solution and to the fact that daily supplementation of media with ascorbate is unusual. We found that ascorbate repletion alone did not alter ferritin synthesis. However, ascorbate-replete human hepatoma cells, Hep3B and HepG2, as well as K562 human leukemia cells achieved a substantially higher cellular ferritin content in response to a challenge with iron than did their ascorbate-deficient counterparts grown under standard culture conditions. Most of the elevation in ferritin content was due to an increase in de novo ferritin synthesis of greater than 50-fold, as shown by in vivo labeling with [35S]methionine and immunoprecipitation. RNA-blot analysis showed only minor changes in steady state levels of ferritin mRNA, suggesting that ascorbate enhances iron-induced ferritin synthesis primarily by post-transcriptional events. Transient gene expression experiments using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene constructs showed that the ascorbate effect on ferritin translation is not mediated through the stem-loop near the translational start site that transduces ferritin synthesis in response to cytokines. The data suggest that ascorbate possibly modifies the action of the iron-responsive element on ferritin translation, although more precise structure-function studies are needed to clarify this issue. These data demonstrate a novel role of ascorbate as a signaling molecule in post-transcriptional gene regulation. The mechanism by which ascorbate modulates cellular iron metabolism is complex and requires additional detailed investigation.
Dependence of holomorphicity of the gauge coupling constant on the mass matrix in supersymmetric theories.

We investigate the dependence of the holomorphicity of the gauge coupling constant function on the mass matrix at one- and two-loop levels in supersymmetric theories. Gauge invariance puts constraints on the mass matrix. These constraints at the one-loop level lead us to three cases of mass matrix that require different ways of regulating the infrared contributions: massive, pseudomassive, and intrinsically massless. The first two give rise to a holomorphic gauge coupling constant function whereas the last one does not. Two-loop contributions to super QED and super Yang-Mills theory are calculated using the super background field method and their dependence on the mass matrix is found to fall under the same three cases as at the one-loop level. Remarks concerning the general nature of this result to all orders in perturbation theory are included. Making use of our two-loop results we also verify the holomorphicity of the Wilson coupling based on general arguments of Shifman and Vainshtein.
Union-Free America: Workers and Antiunion Culture

Union-Free America: Workers and Antiunion Culture confronts one of the most vexing questions with which labor activists and labor academics struggle: why is there so much opposition to organized labor in the United States? Scholars often point to powerful obstacles from employers or governmental policies, but Lawrence Richards offers a more complete picture of the causes for union decline in the postwar period by examining the attitudes of the workers themselves. Large numbers of American workers in the 1970s and 1980s told pollsters that they would vote against a union if an election were held at their place of employment, and Richards provides a provocative explanation for this hostility: a pervasive strain of antiunionism in American culture that has made many workers distrustful of organized labor. Weighing the arguments of previous historians and sociologists, Richards posits that this underlying antiunion culture in America has been remarkably consistent over the course of half a century. Assessing organizing efforts among blue-collar, white-collar, and pink-collar workers, Richards examines the tactics and countertactics of company and union representatives who sought to either exploit or neutralize workers' popular negative stereotypes of organized labor's insidious control over workers' autonomy. The book considers a number of case studies of organizing drives throughout recent history, from the failed attempt by District 65 to organize clerical workers at New York University in 1970, to a similarly fruitless drive by the Textile Workers Union in 1980 at a textile factory in Charlottesville, Virginia. In both of these particular cases and in many more, antiunion culture has operated to hinder unions' efforts to organize the unorganized. By examining the manifestations and motivations of antiunion culture in the United States, Richards helps explain why so many American workers seem to vote against their own self-interest and declare themselves \u0022Union Free and Proud.\u0022
Testing Peltzman's Theory of Driver Intensity

The 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act empowers the federal government to set motor vehicle safety performance standards. By passing the Act, Congress intended to lower the motor vehicle crash and death rates. Sam Peltzman has since challenged the assumption that safer cars lead to fewer crash-related deaths. His theory is that safer cars instill a feeling of protection in motorists that encourages them to drive more recklessly than in unsafe cars. Peltzman has devised a regression equation that predicts what the motor vehicle death rate would be without auto safety regulation. According to it, the total motor vehicle death rate without regulation is not much different from what we have experienced with regulation. Thus Peltzman concludes the auto safety regulation was ineffective. But Peltzman's equation should not be looked upon as absolute. Other predictive equations of statistical quality equal to Peltzman's model contradict its findings. A series of regressions constructed solely on the basis of maximizing statistical quality with no underlying theory consistently predicts a higher motor vehicle death rate without auto safety regulation than with it. Thus Peltzman's theory lacks the statistical foundation he claims for it.
Civil Society in Africa or African Civil Society

One of the most vociferous and voluminous debates in African politics over the past decade has been over the concept of civil society. Both optimists and pessimists in this debate tend to define (often implicitly) civil society too narrowly and ask of it too much. By insisting on a definition of civil society that is an idealized and rather narrow vision of civil society in the West, neither optimists nor pessimists have portrayed African civil society accurately. To provide a more realistic analysis, we must focus on the broad array of collective activity and norms, whether "democratic" or not, that constitute actual existing African civil society. This approach leads to an analysis of patron-client networks, ethnic associations, and some "traditional" authorities as part of civil society, demonstrating that African civil society is more rooted in and representative of African society as a whole than the pessimists have admitted, but also less internally democratic and less likely to support liberal democracy than the optimists assert.
Suppression of pyrethroid-dependent neurotransmitter release from synaptosomes of knockdown-resistant house flies under pulsed-depolarization conditions during continuous perfusion

Abstract The uptake and release of 3 H-labeled neurotransmitters were used as functional assays to assess the actions of selected neurotoxins on the synaptosomal membranes prepared from susceptible and knockdown-resistant house flies. The uptake of both [ 3 H]choline and [ 3 H]norepinephrine was found to be temperature sensitive. Only [ 3 H]choline uptake was selectively inhibited by hemicholinium-3, whereas [ 3 H]norepinephrine was inhibited by fluoxetine. Comparatively, the uptake of neurotransmitters into synaptosomes prepared from susceptible flies was more sensitive to inhibition at lower temperatures than that elicited by synaptosomes prepared from knockdown-resistant flies. A reproducible release of [ 3 H]neurotransmitter was evoked by pulsed-depolarization in the presence of elevated K + or 100 μ M veratridine. Pretreatment with deltamethrin resulted in a substantial enhancement of [ 3 H]neurotransmitter release during pulsed-depolarization of synaptosomes prepared from susceptible flies. This enhanced neurotransmitter release was greatly reduced or absent when synaptosomes of knockdown-resistant flies were examined. Synaptosomes of knockdown-resistant flies were particularly recalcitrant to deltamethrin-enhanced release when pulse-depolarized by veratridine. No enhanced neurotransmitter release due to deltamethrin pretreatment was apparent from either synaptosomal preparation under nondepolarizing conditions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that knockdown resistance is most likely due to a decreased affinity of the voltage-gated sodium channel for pyrethroids.
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Partiality, Preferences and Perspective

A rather promising value theory for environmental philosophers combines the well-known fitting attitude (FA) account of value with the rather less well-known account of value as richness. If the value of an entity is proportional to its degree of richness (which has been cashed out in terms of unified complexity and organic unity), then since natural entities, such as species or ecosystems, exhibit varying degrees of richness quite independently of what we happen to feel about them, they also possess differing degrees of mind-independent and subject-independent value. In particular, their value is not dependent on the desires or preferences of humans. The fitting attitudes account of value, at least as it is standardly developed, demands isomorphic evaluative responses on the part of all valuers. In particular, it entails that all valuers should have isomorphic preferences. But this seems absurd. I consider three different strategies with which the fitting attitude theorist can deflect this challenge. The first makes use of an account of non-standard value relations in terms of permissible preference orderings. The second appeals to value appearances and the associated notions of value distance and value perspective. The third involves an account of the ultimate bearers of value as properties, rather than as propositions or states of affairs. These strategies are not all mutually incompatible. While it isn’t possible to combine the first and second strategies, it is possible to combine the first and third strategies, and also to combine the second and the third.
Invited: A protein domain-centric approach to translational bioinformatics

Identifying the functional context for key molecular disruptions in complex diseases is a major goal of modern medicine that will lead to improved preventive clinical approaches, earlier diagnosis and more effective personalized disease therapies. Most available resources for visualization and analysis of disease mutations centered on gene analysis and do not leverage information about similarity on the functional context of the mutation. In addition, gene-centric approaches are confounded because genes may share some functional subunits, or protein domains, but not others. We have built a resource for domain mapping of disease mutations, DMDM, a protein domain database in which each disease mutation can be displayed by its protein domain location. DMDM provides a unique domain-level view where human coding mutations are mapped to protein domains by highlighting molecular relationships among mutations from different diseases that might not have been discovered with traditional gene-centric visualization tools. We have also developed a statistical method, the domain significance scores (DSScores), to assess the significance of disease mutation clusters on protein domains. When we applied the DS-Scores to human data and identified domain hotspots in oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and genes associated with Mendelian diseases.
UBMBPT—unrestricted Hartree—Fock many-body perturbation theory program in C

Abstract The open-shell single-reference many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) method for electron correlation calculation has been implemented up to the third order. The inclusion of bubble as well as non-bubble diagrams allows the unrestricted Hartree—Fock (UHF) reference with the UHF as well as the restricted Hartree—Fock (RHF) optimized orbitals. The program has been implemented in C language for its efficiency and flexibility. Given the input requirements and physical resource limitations, dynamic memory allocation capability of C allows optimal use of physical memory automatically. Input data are taken from the standard input stream in text/ASCII form for generality; allowing interoperation with programs in other languages and piping for minimizing disk space requirements. If the correct input is provided by the appropriate SCF program and prefilter, user involvement in the calculation is minimal. Various command line options are provided to monitor the program progress through timings, memory allocation and deallocation as well as file and disk size tracing. The appropriate environment variables under UNIX operating system allow flexible reassignment of temporary files to different directories and/or disks without program recompilation.
Blood flow restriction pressure recommendations: a tale of two cuffs.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) alone or in combination with exercise has been shown to result in favorable effects on skeletal muscle function and morphology (Loenneke et al., 2012a). BFR is a stimulus commonly applied with specialized pressure cuffs placed at the top of a limb which are inflated to a set pressure throughout exercise. The pressure applied should be high enough to occlude venous return from the muscle but low enough to maintain arterial inflow into the muscle. Throughout the literature several different methods are applied with respect to setting the BFR pressure, however, many of these appear methodologically flawed. The purpose of the current manuscript is to discuss the importance of setting BFR cuff pressure based on appropriate factors. This manuscript will focus on applying pressures to the lower limbs because the majority of the data has been collected on the lower body.
Trypsin and Papain Covalently Coupled to Porous Glass: Preparation and Characterization

Trypsin and papain have been covalently linked to porous glass particles. The resulting insolubilized enzymes show increased thermal stability and can be employed for extended periods of time without loss of activity.