cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Short-Term Training Programs: A Practical Approach.

Short-term training programs are frequently used to implement faculty development activities in post-secondary education. However, rarely are these programs systematically evaluated to assess their impact on program participants. This article describes an evaluation framework that was designed, developed, and implemented as an evaluation study of an existing faculty development program for family physicians. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the faculty development program and a metaevaluation of the evaluation study identified the strength and weaknesses of the evaluation framework. The original framework was modified according to the metaevaluation results and presented for possible adoption by other instructional developers and evaluation.
Lessons that newborn screening in the USA can teach us about biobanking and large-scale genetic studies

The intent in establishing newborn screening programs was not to create and sustain a large-scale genetic biobanks. Instead, newborn screening programs were designed as a public health program. As such, they have successfully screened millions of asymptomatic newborns for disease that, undiagnosed and untreated, would cause disability or death. However, historical decisions on retention of residual samples and technological innovation have forced these programs and their proponents to confront the prospect of biobanking and the conduct of large-scale genetic studies. We suggest that the challenges facing newborn screening can provide important lessons for other biobanking and large-scale genetic testing endeavors.
Learning Difficulties: The Millennium and Other Bugs

I live and work in the beautiful city of Portland, Oregon. I realize that some of you may not know exactly where Oregon is. When I lived for a year in England, most of the people I met thought Oregon was somewhere in the middle of the U.S. like the other “O” states – Oklahoma and Ohio. However, when I told my English friends that Oregon was the state immediately north of California, they knew exactly where it was. Everyone, it seems, knows where California is: Hollywood, surfers, Disneyland, etc.
Applying technology to restructuring and learning

How can classroom teachers be assisted in developing constructivist learning environments supported by technology in schools with large populations of traditionally underserved students? What role does available technology and professional development and support play in allowing or promoting changes in teaching methods? Results of the Southwest Educational Development Lab project, Applying Technology to Restructuring and Learning (ATRL), indicate that teachers changed their classrooms practices and professional development coupled with access to technology was instrumental in that change. Teacher knowledge of how computer technology can be used to enhance learning and how to plan effective learning activities were shown to be more important than strong personal computer skills.
A geochemical model of the Platanares geothermal system, Honduras

Abstract Results of exploration drilling combined with results of geologic, geophysical, and hydrogeochemical investigations have been used to construct a geochemical model of the Platanares geothermal system, Honduras. Three coreholes were drilled, two of which produced fluids from fractured Miocene andesite and altered Cretaceous to Eocene conglomerate at 450 to 680 m depth. Large volume artesian flows of 160–165°C, predominantly bicarbonate water are chemically similar to, but slightly less saline than widespread boiling hot-spring waters. The chemistry of the produced fluid is dominated by equilibrium reactions in sedimentary rocks at greater depths and higher temperatures than those measured in the wells. Chemical, isotope, and gas geothermometers indicate a deep fluid temperature of 200–245°C and reflect a relatively short residence time in the fractures feeding the wells. Chloride-enthalpy relations as well as isotopic and chemical compositions of well discharges, thermal springs, and local cold waters support a conceptual model of ascending high-temperature (minimum 225°C) parent fluid that has cooled conductively to form the 160–165°C shallow (to 680 m) fluid encountered by the wells. The hot-spring waters are formed by boiling and steam loss from more or less conductively cooled parent fluid. The more dilute boiling spring waters (Cl = ∼32 mg/kg) have cooled from > 225°C to about 160°C by conduction and from 160°C to 98°C by boiling. The most concentrated boiling spring waters (Cl = 37 mg/kg) have cooled from > 225°C to about 200°C by conduction and from 200°C to 98°C by boiling. Intermediate concentrations reflect mixed cooling paths.
Dark current and DQE improvements of mercuric iodide medical imagers

A new TFT array has been developed specifically for mercuric iodide (HgI 2 ) deposition. This new TFT array combined with a modified HgI 2 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) process provides less than 10 pA/mm 2 dark current at room temperature (22 °C) measured at 1 V/mm electrical field. This photoconductor (direct) imager was run at 10 fr/s framerate and gave a measured sensitivity of 19 μC/(R*cm 2 ) using a RQA5 radiation quality x-ray beam (70kVp x-ray with 21 mm Al filtering). This sensitivity value is higher than the sensitivity reported by our group for any previous HgI 2 imagers. MTF, NPS and DQE values were also evaluated on this 13 cm x 13 cm size imager with 127 μm pixel pitch. The MTF value is higher than 40% at the Nyquist frequency (3.9 lp/mm). This is much better than the MTF of a 600 μm CsI scintillator/photodiode (indirect) imager, which is only 16% (Varian internal data) and it is similar to the MTF value of the a-Se (another photoconductor) imagers. The first frame image lag is less than 8% when the imager was run at a 10 fr/s framerate. The low dark current and some noise reduction in the detector electronics, made it possible for the DQE to be measured down to low fluoroscopic dose levels (< 4 μR/fr). The DQE(0) value is over 50% at a dose of 35 μR/fr and still about 40% at 3.76 μR/fr. The 270 μm thick PVD HgI2 layer only absorbs less than 75% of the ~51 keV mean energy X-ray photons (70 kVp RQA5 filtered beam). This means that if the thickness of the HgI 2 layer is increased to 500 μm (increasing the absorption up to over 90%) the DQE(0) should then increase to about 60- 65% (assuming everything else remains unchanged). This value is close to the 65 - 70 % DQE(0), measured for the indirect (CsI) imagers at higher doses. Such a high DQE value makes this material competitive both for fluoroscopic and for radiographic applications.
Fraud Is Bad, Studying Fraud Is Hard

Recently reported in Science: a German hematologist with a bibliography of 347 papers has been shown to have included fraudulent data in 52 of these papers, with another 42 raising strong suspicions of fraud [1]. It appears this gentleman will be joining the list of notorious researchers who, motivated presumably by unrestrained ambition, falsified and manipulated data in numerous publications before being discovered and exposed. Names such as William Summerlin, John Darsee, Robert Slutsky and Roger Poisson will forever remind us that those who enter the realm of scientific research are not always inspired solely by the desire to seek truth [2, 3]. Each new instance of research fraud that makes its way into the public consciousness eats away at public confidence in the scientific enterprise. This is particularly true for fraud in clinical investigations because the results of clinical research have a more direct impact on the treatment of patients. For example, much more media attention was devoted to Roger Poisson, who falsified data on women with breast cancer to make them appear eligible for clinical trials, than to any prior uncovering of fraud. As a consequence, this case had a more explosive impact than others, garnering the attention of the U.S. Congress and ultimately affecting the careers of senior scientists and leading to changes in the management of sponsored research [3]. It is surely in the best interest of science that fraudulent results be detected before they can be disseminated. One might hope that the peer review process would identify such distortions, but major fraud seems unlikely to be readily detected by the typically limited attention given by peer review. Horton, commenting on another recent case of data falsification in a breast cancer trial performed in South Africa [4], suggests that increasing the burden on the review process to improve the chance of detecting fraud is not warranted [5]. Those in the best position to ferret out data falsification or other manipulation prior to publication of results are probably the scientific collaborators of the individual attempting to perpetrate fraud. These individuals have in-depth knowledge of the investigation in progress and an extended time period during which they may become aware of the acts of fraud. Data from a review of cases of alleged misconduct in academic institutions during 1980 to 1987 support this speculation; half of the 26 cases analyzed were initially detected by coworkers, while only 3 cases were identified by editorial peer review [6]. The paper by Ranstam et al. in this issue of Controlled Clinical Trials suggests the frightening scenario that fraud in clinical research may be much more prevalent than
Revisiting Decolonization in Guinea

Elizabeth Schmidt has written two excellent books that detail the politi cal efflorescence, watershed moments, and ultimate success of the inde pendence movement in Guinea, then a French colony, in 1958. The two books are major contributions to the history of decolonization in Africa. Based on a synthesis of archival and oral sources, they examine the ways that various sectors of the colonized Guinean society came together, mobi lized resources, and articulated powerful anticolonial ideologies to attain independence. Both books share intersecting themes that address the forces of polar ization of the independence movement at home and in France: how local perceptions of colonialism and French politics during the period of global decolonization in the post-Second World War period charted the Guin ean trajectory of independence. Indeed, the two books are complemen tary: taken together, they not only enunciate the history of the struggle for independence in Guinea, but also document the larger history of decolo nization in French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa. The subject matter of both books also provides a comparative lens on decolonization in Africa as a whole. Cold War and Decolonization in Guinea chronicles the ways that the Guinean Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA) seized dif fering and even antipodal populist forces of the cold war and turned itself into an agency of independence on the left. Mobilizing the Masses focuses on how institutions of gender, ethnicity, and class shaped the pathways of the Guinean independence movement. Unlike a considerable number of works on decolonization in Africa, especially those published in the immediate aftermath of these epochal events, Schmidt moves away from the staple historiography privileging the role of the educated elite and restores the voices of the masses?including those of women?to the history of decolo nization. Both books are refreshing in the sense that Schmidt provides his toriographical insights, not so much about what non-Guinean historians have written about Guinean independence, but more significantly about
Factors Associated With Permanent Transition From Independent Living to Nursing Home in a Continuing Care Retirement Community

Objective Identify risk factors for and time to permanent transition from independent living units to nursing home among residents in a continuing care retirement community (CCRC). Methods Prospective cohort study (n = 298) among residents at least 75 years of age living independently at baseline. Proportional hazard regression identified risk factors associated with permanent transition from sociodemographic and health status data. Results During the 3-year follow-up, 11% of the subjects were permanently transferred. Predictive factors were depression (relative risk [RR] 3.9; 95% CI 1.5–9.8), incontinence (RR 3.8; 95% CI 1.3–11.4), impaired cognition (RR 3.6; 95% CI 1.1–11.3), and dependence on activities of daily living disability (RR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3–1.8). Compared with those with no risk factors, presence of all 4 increased the relative risk to 74-fold and shortened the time to permanent transition by 32 months. Conclusion Prevention and treatment for depression, incontinence, and programs to improve or maintain cognitive function and ability to perform activities of daily living among CCRC residents may prolong their independent living life.
Emotions, the Social Bond, and Human Reality: Part/Whole Analysis

Introduction Part I. Theory and Method: 1. Part/whole morphology: single case and comparative methods 2. The limits of literary analyses of texts Part II. Generating Theory: The Social Bond: 3. Punishment, child development, and the crime 4. Boy's talk, girl's talk: a theory of social integration 5. Origins of the First World War: integrating small parts and great wholes Part III. Generating Theory: Emotions and Conflict: 6. Gender wars: love and conflict in Much Ado About Nothing 7. Microanalysis of discourse: the case of Martha Johnson and her therapist 8. Conflict in family systems 9. Conclusion: integrating the human sciences.
Endogenous doctrine, or, why is monetary policy in America so much better than in Europe?

This paper briefly examines the evolution of economic doctrine used to justify monetary policies at the Federal Reserve since World War II. The main finding is that while individual doctrines rarely withstand close scrutiny, they do change with some regularity and in evident response to circumstance. The ability to shift the public face (and perhaps the private basis) of monetary decision making gives the Federal Reserve, for all its faults, an advantage over the European Central Bank, which is constitutionally committed to its "line"--and therefore unable to accommodate itself to new evidence, new theory, or new states of the world.
Simple Method for Determination of 14CO2 from Expired Air

Two simple procedures for preparation of homogeneous 14CO2 samples for liquid scintillation counting are described. In one procedure (A), the carbon dioxide absorbing agent and the carbonate solution are placed in one tube. Carbon dioxide is released from the carbonate solution by sulfuric acid and absorbed by phenethyl-amine directly. Added NaH14CO3 (16–8000 dpm/ml.) is recovered nearly quantitatively in the amine phase. Similar results are obtained with another procedure (B), with which 14CO2 is released from the carbonate solution and flushed with nitrogen into a counting vial containing absolute methanol and phenethylamine.
Purification of a heat-stable beta-crystallin polypeptide of the bovine lens.

A major polypeptide component of bovine lens beta-crystallins has been found to be heat stable. This property is utilized for purification of this polypeptide on a preparative scale. A homogenate of lens crystallins buffered at pH of 7.3 with 0.05 M Tris containing 1mM DTT and 1mM EDTA is heated to 97–99°C for 3–5 min. Denatured proteins are removed and the clear supernatant is lyophilized. The lyophilized material mostly consists of the major polypeptide component common to the beta-crystallins with minor quantities of some low molecular weight polypeptides. These contaminants can be removed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.Amino acid analysis, electrophoretic mobility and chromatographic behavior of the purified polypeptide indicate that it is similar to the βBp polypeptide. Antibodies raised against this polypeptide react with all beta-crystallins but not with the alpha-or gamma crystallins.
The relationship between vocabulary and writing quality in three genres

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of vocabulary in writing across three genres. Fifth graders (N = 105) wrote three compositions: story, persuasive, and informative. Each composition revolved around the topic of outer space to control for background knowledge. Written compositions were scored for holistic writing quality and several different vocabulary constructs: diversity, maturity, elaboration, academic words, content words, and register. The results indicated that students vary their vocabulary usage by genre. Story text had higher diversity than informative text as well as higher maturity as compared to persuasive text. Persuasive text contained higher diversity than informative text, and higher register than both of the other genres. Informative text included more content words and elaboration than the other text types as well as more maturity than persuasive text. Additionally, multiple regression and commonality analysis indicated that the vocabulary constructs related to writing quality differed by genre. For story text, vocabulary diversity was a unique predictor, while for persuasive text, content words and register were unique predictors. Finally, for informative text content words was the strongest unique predictor explaining almost all of the total variance in the five factor model, although maturity was also a unique predictor.
The effect of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis on hamster buccal pouch

DNCB is an antigen that stimulates the cell-mediated response in a sensitized host. The purpose of this study was to define the effect DNCB would have on a standard model system for oral carcinogenesis, theorizing that tumorgenesis would be delayed or inhibited. Fifty-six Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups. In group A (DNCB/DMBA), the right buccal pouch of twenty animals was treated with 2% DNCB in orabase, twice a week, and 0.5% DMBA, three times a week, for 10 weeks. In group B, twenty animals received DMBA only. In group C, six animals received DMBA in Orabase. In group D, ten animals received DNCB in Orabase only. The animals were killed at 6, 12, 16, and 20 weeks. The results indicate that there were no differences in the latent period or in the histologic characteristics of the epidermoid carcinomas that developed. However, there was sensitization of the buccal pouch in pouches painted with DNCB, in that gross and histologic evidence of a delayed sensitivity reaction was demonstrated.
Stability and linear independence associated with scaling vectors

In this paper, we discuss stability and linear independence of the integer translates of a scaling vector $\Phi =(\phi_1,\ldots,\phi_r)^T$, which satisfies a matrix refinement equation $$\Phi(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n P_k\Phi(2x-k), $$ where $(P_k)$ is a finite matrix sequence. We call $P(z)=\frac{1}{2}\sum P_kz^k $ the symbol of $\Phi$. Stable scaling vectors often serve as generators of multiresolution analyses (MRAs) and therefore play an important role in the study of multiwavelets. Most useful MRA generators are also linearly independent.The purpose of this paper is to characterize stability and linear independence of the integer translates of a scaling vector via its symbol. A polynomial matrix P(z) is said to be two-scale similar to a polynomial matrix Q(z) if there is a polynomial matrix T(z) such that P(z)=T(z2 )Q(z)T-1 (z). This kind of factorization of P(z) is called two-scale factorization. We give a necessary and sufficient condition, in terms of two-scale factorization of the symbol, for stability and...
The national defense tariff argument reconsidered

Abstract What is a country's optimal trade policy when embargoes and other trade interruptions are threatening? In addressing this issue, the paper emphasizes the nature of adjustment impediments when an effective embargo forces the economy to alter its production pattern abruptly. A production subsidy on the imported good represents the optimal policy choice, a tariff being a second-best instrument. The tariff's superiority to free trade implies, in turn, that the conventional classification of the national defense tariff as a noneconomic argument is inappropriate since economic efficiency criteria alone can justify the tariff.
Untangling the complex: molecular patterns in Trachylepis variegata and T. punctulata (Reptilia: Scincidae)

The Mabuya [=Trachylepis] lacertiformis complex is comprised of four species with a high degree of morphological overlap and a convoluted taxonomic history. Of these four species, T. punctulata and T. variegata possess the broadest ranges, together covering much of southern Africa. These two forms were elevated to species status based on slight differences in morphology, ecological differentiation and seemingly allopatric distributions. The molecular relationships of these two species, referred to as the T. variegata complex, have not been investigated. Here, we use both mitochondrial (ND2) and nuclear (RAG-1) data to test whether T. variegata and T. punctulata form reciprocally monophyletic assemblages, supporting species recognition. While we do not find direct evidence that these two species have a sister taxon relationship, our results are likely driven by an undescribed lineage within T. punctulata or by a sampling artefact. Based on all available evidence, we conservatively support recognition of T. variegata and T. punctulata as distinct species, but recommend further investigation of relationships within T. punctulata to resolve whether additional lineages are present in this group.
Oligomerization of opioid receptors with β2-adrenergic receptors: A role in trafficking and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have recently joined the list of cell surface receptors that dimerize. Dimerization has been shown to alter the ligand-binding, signaling, and trafficking properties of these receptors. Recent studies have shown that GPCRs heterodimerize with closely related members, resulting in the modulation of their function. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether members of GPCR superfamilies that couple to different families of G-proteins can associate and form oligomers. We chose the β2 adrenergic receptor that couples to stimulatory G-proteins and δ & κ opioid receptors that couple to inhibitory G-proteins. β2 and δ receptors undergo robust agonist-mediated endocytosis, whereas κ receptors do not. We find that when coexpressed, β2 receptors can form heteromeric complexes with both δ and κ receptors. This heterooligomerization does not significantly alter the ligand binding or coupling properties of the receptors. However, it affects the trafficking properties of the receptors. For example, we find that δ receptors, when coexpressed with β2 receptors, undergo isoproterenol-mediated endocytosis. Conversely, β2 receptors in these cells undergo etorphine-mediated endocytosis. However, β2 receptors, when coexpressed with κ receptors, undergo neither opioid- nor isoproterenol-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, these cells exhibit a substantial decrease in the isoproterenol-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence of heteromerization of GPCRs that couple to different types of G-proteins, which results in the modulation of receptor trafficking and signal transduction.
Constructivism and the projective assessment of meaning in Rorschach administration.

Constructivist perspectives on the Rorschach are outlined. I discuss ways in which constructivism complements and adds to existing Rorschach methodologies. It is suggested that the constructivist emphasis on personally and socially constructed meanings is very consistent with many of the ways the Rorschach has been used and resonates with recent emphases on the Rorschach as a representational task. Furthermore, constructivist perspectives on Rorschach also provide an opportunity to supplement Exner's (1993, 1995) efforts to standardize and norm the Rorschach in a way that maintains the instrument's historic and admirable attention to relational elements of assessment and psychotherapy. I present a variety of meaning-based techniques for conducting Rorschach assessment, incorporating both the constructivist and social constructionist perspective.
The content and comprehensiveness of hepatitis C education in methadone maintenance and drug-free treatment units.

Although drug users are at elevated risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, many are uniformed or misinformed about the virus. Drug treatment programs are uniquely situated to provide comprehensive risk-modifying educational programs for decreasing HCV transmission, a strategy advocated in the most recent National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on the Management of Hepatitis C. Given the large proportion of patients that inject drugs in methadone maintenance treatment programs and the high prevalence of HCV among drug injectors, we compared a nationwide sample (N=246) of methadone maintenance treatment programs and drug-free programs regarding the content and comprehensiveness of HCV education. All of these programs provide HCV education to at least some of their patients. Results indicated that, compared to drug-free programs, methadone maintenance treatment programs cover a significantly greater number of HCV-related topics, and that a significantly greater proportion of the methadone programs cover specific topics (e.g., how to avoid transmitting HCV, the importance of testing for HCV, treatment options if HCV positive). Of special concern is that fewer than three quarters of the drug-free programs address what to do if co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV and how to maintain health if HCV positive, and only about half of the drug-free and methadone maintenance treatment programs educate HCV-positive patients about the importance of obtaining vaccinations for hepatitis A and B. Drug treatment programs need to educate patients about the proactive steps these individuals can take to deal with HCV, provide critically needed HCV services, and encourage patients to make full use of these services.
Background noise from a natural chorus alters female discrimination of male calls in a neotropical frog.

Abstract Many animals communicate in environments with high levels of background noise. Although it is a fundamental prediction of signal detection theory that noise should reduce both detection and discrimination of signals, little is known about these effects in animal communication. Female treefrogs, Hyla ebraccata, in Costa Rica choose mates in large noisy multispecies choruses. We tested gravid females for preferences between computer-synthesized calls with carrier frequencies of 3240 and 2960 Hz (values near the mode and the fifth percentile of the population, respectively) in four levels of background noise from a natural chorus. In the absence of noise (signal/noise ratio >25 dB), females preferred the lower frequency. With moderate signal/noise ratios (6 and 9 dB), they did not discriminate between these frequencies. With low signal/noise ratios (3 dB), females preferred the frequency near the mode for the population. Similar experiments had previously demonstrated that females can detect the presence of a male's calls with signal/noise ratios of 3 dB or greater. Thus moderate levels of natural background sound reduced a female's ability to discriminate between males' calls even when she could detect them. In high levels of background sound, females abandoned discrimination for low-frequency calls and reverted to the task of detecting signals with modal properties for the population. These results justify recent theoretical analyses of the importance of receivers' errors in the evolution of communication.
Depolarization of dehydroergosterol in phospholipid bilayers

The behavior in phospholipid bilayers of low concentrations of dehydroergosterol, a fluorescent cholesterol mimic, has been examined by fluorometry and calorimetry. In contrast to many fluorescent membrane probes, dehydroergosterol shows a decrease in fluorescence anisotropy when the matrix phospholipid goes from the liquid-crystalline to the gel state. This was observed in three systems in which the matrix lipid was either dipalmitoyl- or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine or dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine. The decrease in anisotropy is the result of a large increase in the fluorescence life time of dehydroergosterol in these bilayer systems which is probably the result of thermal quenching of dehydroergosterol by neighboring molecules. The rotation of dehydroergosterol in these bilayers can be described in terms of the thermal coefficient of frictional resistance offered by the environment (Weber et al. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 6785-6788). The thermal coefficients are observed to change abruptly at the onset and completion temperatures of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperatures of the three matrix phospholipids. These changes are, however, much smaller than are the corresponding changes in the thermal coefficient observed for the fluorescent probe diphenylhexatriene in dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. The difference in behavior of the two fluorescent probes may be the result of lateral phase separation of dehydroergosterol similar to that reported for cholesterol in similar systems.
A 48 kilodalton enterotoxin-related protein from Clostridium perfringens vegetative and sporulating cells

Sporulating and vegetative cell extracts of enterotoxin-positive and enterotoxin-negative strains of Clostridium perfringens were examined by Western blotting using enterotoxin antiserum. A 48-kDa enterotoxin-related protein was found in vegetative and sporulating cell extracts of both toxin types. The results question previous reports about the ability of vegetative cells and presumptive enterotoxin-negative strains of this organism to produce enterotoxin, a protein with a molecular weight of 34 kDa.
Cowboys and Indians

This experimental, layered, mixed-genre narrative folds my biographical experiences into a critical reading of a cultural performance involving cowboys and Indians in a small Montana town in summer 2000. Informed by critical race theory and poststructuralism, this narrative attempts to deconstruct racial stereotypes associated with Native Americans and their presence in America's movies and popular culture.
Introduction: Yugoslavia Dismantled and International Law

Yugoslavia existed as a country for several decades. Competing explanatory narratives as to why and how this state ceased to exist—labeled “the self-destruction of Yugoslavia” and “the Hegemon did it”—are contrasted, and connected to two related viewpoints on the question “What role did international law play in the process of dismantling Yugoslavia?”: “reformist optimism” and “traditionalist realism”. It is argued that the former position leads not only to the marginalization of state sovereignty, but also impunitism, genocidalism, humanrightism, and most alarmingly to the decriminalization of aggression. A brief review of essay contributions to this special issue on “Yugoslavia Dismantled and International Law” offers a further argument in favor of traditionalist realism as the preferred postion to take regarding the current state of international relations and international law. In this regard, the case of Yugoslavia is extremely instructive.
Transient Response Analysis of a High Speed Rotor Using Constraint Real Mode Synthesis

In order to accurately calculate high-speed nonlinear transient phenomena of a large order rotor system such as rotor collision and rubbing with stator repeatedly due to blade loss, a very small incremental time step is required in numerical integration. But a small time step is known to become a cause of divergence or flutter type numerical instability when a direct integration such as Newmark-β method is applied in terms of physical coordinates. Normal mode method, which uses eigen modes instead of physical freedoms, is effective on this numerical stability, but the modes in the calculation are usually complex-modes and also need recalculation in accordance with varying rotational speed. Therefore, this method is inconvenient for an analysis of a rotor, especially speed varying system. This paper presents a new method using constraint real mode synthesis in which rotor modes are derived by neglecting gyroscopic moment as at 0 rpm and by fixing bearing connection interface freedoms to zero. This method is proved to be highly stable and also to have good accuracy and efficiency in the calculation.
Variations Between Latino Groups in us Post-Secondary Educational Attainment*

Hispanics/Latinos are the fastest growing minority group in the US, and represent a diverse variety of ethnic groups with unique heritages. Yet educational and social research often analyzes this group in aggregate. This research, employing 1980 high school senior longitudinal data from the High School and Beyond project, demonstrates substantial differences in post-secondary educational attainment between some Hispanic/Latino groups. Net of a number of individual, socio-economic, family and high school background variables, logit analysis shows that Mexican Americans are significantly below others in post-secondary educational attainment after high school. The results are discussed in regard to future research adopting analysis of individual Hispanic/Latino groups rather than employing the aggregate measure which can substantially misrepresent the relationship between component Latino/a groups and educational attainment.
Low energy alkali ion scattering investigation of Au nanoclusters grown on silicon oxide surfaces

The atomic and electronic structures of Au nanostructures grown by deposition onto various silicon oxide surfaces were probed with low energy alkali ion scattering. Charge state-resolved time-of-flight spectra of scattered 2 keV 39K+ ions were collected from Au deposited onto an untreated Si wafer with a native oxide, a thermally grown oxide surface, and atomically-clean Si(111). It is shown that nanoclusters form on both oxides, but not on the clean Si. A quantitative analysis of the ion scattering spectra indicates that the nanoclusters are initially flat, two-dimensional structures that start to develop a second layer at about 0.5 A of deposited Au and then form three-dimensional islands. The neutral fraction of scattered 2 keV 39K+ ions decreases with deposition indicating changes in the quantum state occupancy with cluster size. The shapes of the clusters differ on the native and thermal oxides, leading to shape-dependent neutralization.
Age-related impairments in TCR/CD3 activation of ZAP-70 are associated with reduced tyrosine phosphorylations of ζ-chains and p59fyn/p56lck in human T cells

Abstract The expression and catalytic activity of the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) ZAP-70 are needed for normal intracellular signaling through the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. However, the possible effect of aging on the catalytic activity of ZAP-70 in human peripheral blood T cells stimulated via the TCR/CD3 complex is unknown. The current studies show that T cells from a substantial proportion of elderly humans (12) exhibit significant reductions in the catalytic activity, but not expression of ZAP-70 when stimulated by ligation of the TCR/CD3 with cross-linked anti-CD3e monoclonal antibody OKT3. In addition, the reduced catalytic activity of ZAP-70 in T cells from elderly subjects was not restored to the normal levels in response to ligation of CD4 receptors, suggesting defects in PTKs linked to both CD3 and CD4 receptors. Other experiments demonstrated that the age-related impairments of ZAP-70 activation in anti-CD3-stimulated T cells were accompanied by decreased tyrosine phosphorylations of ζ-chains and autophosphorylations of the PTKs p56 lck /p59 fyn . Moreover, the age-related defects in these early TCR/CD3-mediated phosphorylation events were readily detectable in both CD45RO + memory and CD45RA + naive T cells. Thus, these results suggest that defects in early TCR/CD3-mediated phosphorylation events among CD45RO + memory and CD45RA + naive T cells from certain elderly humans may contribute to impaired induction of ZAP-70 catalytic activity.
Secondary lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring: natural history and association with prior extranodal disease.

Seven of 16 patients with secondary lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring (15 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and one with Hodgkin's disease) had their primary diagnoses made at another extranodal site, usually the gastrointestinal tract. The median interval until development of Waldeyer's ring disease was 37 months. Presenting features were similar to those in previous reports of primary lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring except for the striking degree of cranial nerve dysfunction (83 per cent) in patients with secondary nasopharyngeal disease. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were predominantly diffuse (80 per cent) with large cell morphology (53 per cent). Of nine patients who ebtained complete remission after Waldeyer's ring involvement, six relapsed (median, 15 months), whereas three remain in complete remission at eight, 32, and 288 months. Twelve patients died (median length of survival, 20 months), eight of whom had disseminated disease, including one patient who also developed massive thyroid lymphoma. Three patients survived at least six years after involvement of Waldeyer's ring. This study confirms the frequent association of secondary lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring with prior extranodal disease, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract. The long latent period and the prolonged survival seen in several patients suggest that occasionally secondary lymphomas of Waldeyer's ring may represent metachronous primary tumors.
Local Temperature Rises Influence In Vivo Electroporation Pore Development: A Numerical Stratum Corneum Lipid Phase Transition Model

Electroporation is an approach used to enhance transdermal transport of large molecules in which the skin is exposed to a series of electric pulses. Electroporation temporarily destabilizes the structure of the outer skin layer, the stratum corneum, by creating microscopic pores through which agents, ordinarily unable to pass into the skin, are able to pass through this outer barrier. Long duration electroporation pulses can cause localized temperature rises, which result in thermotropic phase transitions within the lipid bilayer matrix of the stratum corneum. This paper focuses on electroporation pore development resulting from localized Joule heating. This study presents a theoretical model of electroporation, which incorporates stratum corneum lipid melting with electrical and thermal energy equations. A transient finite volume model is developed representing electroporation of in vivo human skin, in which stratum corneum lipid phase transitions are modeled as a series of melting processes. The results confirm that applied voltage to the skin results in high current densities within the less resistive regions of the stratum corneum. The model captures highly localized Joule heating within the stratum corneum and subsequent temperature rises, which propagate radially outward. Electroporation pore development resulting from the decrease in resistance associated with lipid melting is captured by the lipid phase transition model. As the effective pore radius grows, current density and subsequent Joule heating values decrease.
The role of implicit learning in the acquisition of generative knowledge

This paper reports two experiments using a modified artificial grammar paradigm to study the acquisition of generative knowledge. It employs a starship game and a computerized form of motherese to study acquisition of generative knowledge of a grammar. It was found that initial exposure to a small set of representative cases and an opportunity to organize the cases enhanced ability to generate grammatical strings. Neither seeing a large number of cases nor building a conceptual model of the grammar enhanced acquisition of generative knowledge. However, building a conceptual model did increase learners' confidence in their ability to generate strings. The quality of strings generated by learners remained fairly constant across attempts, suggesting that their performance reflects true generative knowledge rather than memories of exemplars.
Incorporation of the 2-ring carbon of histidine into folylpolyglutamate coenzymes

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to study the distribution of the single carbon atoms in folate coenzymes that had been derived from [2-ring- 14 C] histidine. A rat that had been fed a low methionine diet for five weeks was injected intravenously with 100 μCi of [2-ring- 14 C] histidine. After 2.5 minutes, the liver was removed, extracted, and the extract analyzed by DEAE column chromatography. Fractions were counted and assayed using Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis . Radioactivity from ring carbon histidine was found only in methyl-H 4 folates and none in formyl-H 4 folates. This represents the first report showing the direct incorporation of carbons into folate coenzymes in vivo. Approximately 1/250th of the methyl carbon of each 5-methyl-H 4 PteGlu 5 and 6 was radioactive. The identification of 14 C labeled methyl group was established by conversion of the methyl group to labeled formaldehyde by methylene-H 4 folate reductase. The radioactive labeling of the methyl group in proportion to the microbiological activity was the same for the penta- and hexaglutamates. This shows that these two polyglutamates participated equally in the metabolism of the carbon derived from histidine.
CMB Lensing Constraints on Neutrinos and Dark Energy

Signatures of lensing of the cosmic microwave background radiation by gravitational potentials along the line of sight carry with them information on the matter distribution, neutrino masses, and dark energy properties. We examine the constraints that Planck, PolarBear, and CMBpol future data, including from the B-mode polarization or the lensing potential, will be able to place on these quantities. We simultaneously fit for neutrino mass and dark energy equation of state including time variation and early dark energy density, and compare the use of polarization power spectra with an optimal quadratic estimator of the lensing. Results are given as a function of systematics level from residual foreground contamination. A realistic CMBpol experiment can effectively constrain the sum of neutrino masses to within 0.05 eV and the fraction of early dark energy to 0.002. We also present a surprisingly simple prescription for calculating dark energy equation of state constraints in combination with supernova distances from JDEM.
Reactions to assertive versus unassertive behavior: Differential effects for males and females and implications for assertiveness training

Although a great deal of clinical research attention has been directed toward assertiveness training, few studies have examined the social impact or interpersonal evaluation of assertive versus unassertive behavior, including the differential evaluation of assertiveness exhibited by males and females. In the present study, subjects observed a videotape showing a male or female stimulus model behaving either assertively or unassertively during four interactions similar to those used in assertiveness training research. Subjects then completed an interpersonal attraction inventory to evaluate the model they observed. Results indicated that while assertive models were viewed as skilled and able, they were given lower ratings on measures of likeability than unassertive models. Further, interaction effects indicated that assertive behavior exhibited by females resulted in more negative evaluations than the identical behavior in males.
Tight-Binding Parametrization of First-Principles Electronic Dispersion in Orientationally Disordered A3c60

We derive numerical tight-binding hopping parameters to describe conduction-band dispersion in arbitrary orientational phases of [ital A][sub 3]C[sub 60]. The parameters are obtained by direct Fourier inversion of the spectra from self-consistent electronic-structure calculations for K[sub 3]C[sub 60] using the local-density approximation, including the effects of orientational dependence. Using these parameters, we reconsider several earlier investigations of the orientational ordering in [ital A][sub 3]C[sub 60]; some of the earlier results are substantiated, while others are slightly modified.
Bamboo is a suitable template for polymerizations

In situ hydrosilation reactions and ring-opening metathesis polymerizations were demonstrated to occur in bulk samples of bamboo. Bamboo was infused with silicone precursors or cyclodiene monomers with the assistance of supercritical CO2 and subsequently crosslinked or polymerized, respectively. Bending stiffness, energy release rate, and specific fire resistance properties of the bamboo-polymer composites were measured and compared with unmodified bamboo. Bamboo-silicone composites showed an increase in fire resistance and a slight increase in mechanical properties. The bamboo-poly(alkenamer) composites showed significant increases in mechanical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Summer generation of the Southern Gulf of California eddy train

[1] Ocean color and sea surface temperature satellite-observations show the existence of a series of anticyclonic eddies along the axis of the southern Gulf of California (SGOC). To investigate the summer generation of these eddies, a regional version of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) has been configured for the GOC and has been nested inside the global model. A suite of experiments, using the nested GOC model, was developed and used to isolate the effects of the local wind and the effects of the oceanic remote forcing on the generation of the SGOC eddies. The results indicate that the local wind is not essential for the generation of these eddies rather it is the oceanic remote forcing. In the SGOC the monthly variability of the currents and sea surface height is mainly due to the deterministic near-coastal poleward eastern boundary currents (PEBC). The interaction of the PEBC with the topographic irregularities (the capes at Topolobampo and Cabo Lobos and the ridges extending offshore from the entrance of the San Lorenzo and Sinaloa Rivers) generates the SGOC eddies. The northward upper-ocean transport induced by the PEBC includes two maximums, one in May-June and the other in December. During the summers of 1999 and 2004 the PEBC were intensified by the arrival of equatorially-originated downwelling coastally-trapped-waves (CTWs), which contributed to the generation of the SGOC eddies. The summer 2004 CTW increased the northward upper-ocean transport by ∼2 Sv. This particular CTW was measured by several tide gauges located along the coast.
More is not always better

The t(15;17) is present in more than 95% of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This translocation generates 2 fusion proteins: promyelocytic leukemia–retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARα) and RARα-PML. To understand the development of APL and to search for more effective
Effect of inertia on the Marangoni instability of two-layer channel flow, Part I: numerical simulations

A numerical method is developed for simulating the flow of two superposed liquid layers in a two-dimensional channel confined between two parallel plane walls, in the presence of an insoluble surfactant. The algorithm combines Peskin’s immersed-interface method with the diffuse-interface approximation, wherein the step discontinuity in the fluid properties is replaced by a transition zone defined in terms of a mollifying function. A finite-difference method is implemented for integrating the generalized Navier–Stokes equation incorporating the jump in the interfacial traction, and a finite-volume method is implemented for solving the surfactant transport equation over the evolving interface. The accuracy of the overall scheme is confirmed by successfully comparing the numerical results with the predictions of linear stability analysis and numerical simulations based on a boundary-element method for Stokes flow. Results for selected case studies suggest that inertial effects have a mild effect on the growth rate of the surfactant-induced Marangoni instability.