cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Penetrating the "Knowledge Filter" in Regional Economies

New knowledge in the form of products, processes and organizations leads to opportunities that can be exploited commercially. However, converting new ideas into economic growth requires turning new knowledge into economic knowledge that constitutes a commercial opportunity. A model introduces a ``knowledge filter'' between new knowledge and economic knowledge and identifies both new ventures and incumbent firms as the mechanism that reduces the knowledge filter and increases regional growth. This paper tests the hypotheses that new venture creation is a better mechanism than the absorptive capacity of incumbent firms for converting new knowledge into economic knowledge. Our results support the contention that new venture creation is a superior method of penetrating the regional ``knowledge filter'' than incumbent firms.
Citation of research in journals of interest to applied geographers

Citation statistics from 1997 to 2004 for 393 journals of interest to applied geographers were examined. Manuscripts in serials with economic, environmental, inter-disciplinary, global, and contemporary foci are cited most frequently—an advantageous trend for applied geographers. Physical geography articles tend to be cited more frequently than those in human geography, but undercounts of citations of books and other monographs may unfairly portray human geography citations. Geography’s flagship journals perform in proportion to the size of the discipline, compared with flagship journals in sister disciplines. The top GIScience journals show somewhat more ‘‘immediate impact’’ features than other geographical journals. r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A study of yeast surface antigens by agglutination inhibition

Agglutination inhibition has been compared to quantitative precipitation in an immunochemical study of yeast polysaccharides. Mannans extracted from Candida albicans Groups A and B, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, and Saccharomyces cerecisiae were used as agglutinin inhibiting or precipitating antigens. As a rule agglutinin inhibition was more sensitive than quantitative precipitation but not with every antiserum-polysaccharide combination. Agglutinin-inhibition offers a method whereby the polysaccharide antigen may be studied in situ but not all of the limitations or applications of the procedure have been elucidated.
A Framework for Web Usage Mining on Anonymous Logfile Data

In this paper we point out how important generalized views of consumer behaviour can be in real life applications. These views can be extracted by performing web usage miningon log file data from anonymous visitors. After discussing the raw data we describe how additional variables can be generated from common log files. By a combination of different data mining techniques like sequence analysis algorithms, cluster analysis, and neural networks it is possible to find out structural problems in web design, typical navigation paths of visitors who will register, or web pages visited together. We show how this information can be used to improve the important customer touch point web for anonymous visitors. We clarify this methodology by showing an example from a real life application.
The Pre-Career Consequences of Public Service Motivation: Exploring Service Orientation Among College Freshman

Before an individual makes a job choice — or even a college major — public service motivation (PSM) surfaces among college freshman as an influential motivator for public oriented behaviors. In this paper we explore how PSM is related to the service orientation of college freshman. More specifically, we ask whether PSM is related to two dimensions of a student’s service orientation: 1) curricular service orientation (service learning) and 2) extracurricular service orientation (volunteering frequency). While PSM’s relationship with prosocial behavior has been established among adults, we have yet to examine how it affects the behavior of individuals who are pre-career or pre-service. An additional innovation of this study is that we use four different operationalizations of PSM. Using survey data from undergraduate students in a required political science seminar we estimate models of PSM’s relationship with the two dimensions of an individual’s service orientation. Our results indicate that PSM has a positive relationship with both curricular service learning and extracurricular service learning in the sample. We discuss the implications of these findings for public service education and training.
Support for nursing science

Abstract Background The mission of the Department of Health and Human Services is to enhance the health and well-being of the American people. It does this by providing oversight for more than 1,000 grant programs across 26 federal agencies at an annual cost of approximately $500 billion. The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is one institute originated to support health care research from a nursing perspective. However, funding of nursing research from federal agencies has remained relatively flat for more than a decade, despite increases in total NIH funding. Purpose The purpose of this report is to describe the types of funding support provided by federal government agencies (including the NIH) to schools of nursing. Method The NIH's Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool, Expenditures and Results system from 1988 to 2014 was accessed to collect information on the grant recipient institutions as well as the source, number, type, and dollar amounts of grants. Discussion The funding level and its implications for the future of nursing science are considered.
Activation of cardiac afferents by arachidonic acid: relative contributions of metabolic pathways

Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized via cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P-450 (CP450) pathways to a variety of bioactive products. The sensitivity of cardiac afferent endings to AA and its metabolites, especially those derived from LOX and CP450 pathways, is currently unclear. We examined AA-induced activation of cardiac vagal chemosensitive afferents in non- and postischemic hearts in rats and evaluated the relative contributions of the three metabolic pathways to the effects. Epicardial application of AA activated the cardiac afferents dose dependently in both nonischemic and postischemic hearts, with afferent responses greater in the latter condition. In nonischemic hearts, the afferent response to AA was abolished only after simultaneous administration of indomethacin and 17-octadecynoic acid (COX and CP450 inhibitors, respectively). Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a LOX inhibitor) had no effect on the afferent response to AA. In postischemic hearts, abolition of the afferent response to AA required simultaneous blockade of all three pathways. None of the AA metabolic inhibitors affected resting activity of cardiac afferents in nonischemic hearts, but each suppressed afferent activity during ischemia-reperfusion. Most COX metabolites, CP450 metabolites, and 5-LOX metabolites tested were capable of activating cardiac afferents. The 12-LOX metabolites and 15-LOX metabolites had no effect on afferent activity. These data indicate that in the nonischemic heart, basal AA metabolism does not contribute to resting afferent activity, but AA is capable of activating cardiac afferents via COX and CP450 but not LOX pathways. During ischemia-reperfusion, all three metabolic pathways contribute to activation of cardiac vagal afferents with an enhanced responsiveness to AA. Our results suggest that induction of the 5-LOX pathway contributes to the enhanced sensitivity of cardiac vagal afferents to AA in the ischemic condition.
Classroom Incivilities: Students Perceptions About Professors Behaviors

A learning environment is a social one, and as a social environment it impacts what learners retain, how they form ideas, and what connections are made and lost when acquiring new skills and knowledge (Goleman, 2006). Today’s college students’ expectations for and perceptions of professors in the classroom are likely to influence their learning environments. This paper reports on the development of a 56-item instrument, the Student Perceptions of Professor Behavior (SPPB), and findings about student perceptions concerning offensiveness of professor behaviors. Preliminary results suggest students’ perceptions fall into two domains: a professor’s competence and interest, and respect for the individualism of students. Perceptions about egregiousness and number of offensive behaviors lessened over a course semester. Learning about today’s students’ perceptions and expectations may improve practices, learning environments and ultimately learning outcomes.
Large eddy simulation of premixed turbulent flow in a rearward-facing-step combustor

The quest to improve our understanding of combustion is continual, and one aspect of it is the search for computational models. Such models are less detailed than the actual physics of the system, but should aim to captuie the essence of rhese processes. In turn the models may provide a greater understanding of the processes involved and provide us with the ability to predict the behaviour of specific combustion systems. In the present work we investigate the use of two different Large Eddy Simulation (LES) combustion models: (i) a flame-wrinkling LES combustion model in which transport equations for a reaction coordinate, a modelled flame-wrinkling density and the laminar flame speed are solved for, and (ii) a Monotonically Integrated LES (MILES) approach, in conjunction with global chemistry modeling. Comparison and validation studies are performed in a combustion tunnel with rectangular cross-section and a step expansion involving a premixed propane-air flame with equivalence ratio @=0.57 emulating conditions in laboratory studies from which reference data is available. Research progress is reported based on the analysis of data generated in both, non-reactive and reactive simulations. Introduction Turbulent combustion is a highly complex process which affects everyday life. The quest to understand the physical processes better is continual, and one asnn,T+ nf ;t :c rho, onnrnl. fr... ,,m.....r~t:c...,l -.-.A,ln 6,. y’vvc “L xc 10 UI” c3ULuUII L”I k.“I‘I~uLaII”“aI ,,,“U~,J C” describe the processes involved. A simulation model for turbulent combustion must provide treatment for turbulence, chemical reactions, volume expansion, heat release and their interactions, since combustion alters the properties of the fluid and drives the flow, and the flow affects the mixing of species and thus influences the reaction rates, [l]. Although it is a valuable research tool from which much can be learnt, Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is not possible in general, except for building-block flows [2-31 with global or reduced reaction mechanisms. For reacting flow problems of practical interest it is generally necCopyright
Numerical analysis of influence of uncoupled explosive-charge structure on stress field in hard rocks

Petroleum exploration with blasting seismic waves is an important method at present. But blasting seismic effects are influenced by blasting conditions and media around. Propagation rules of blasting stress waves and attenuating characteristics of blasting seismic waves in carbonatite rock are analyzed by numerical simulation with ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The space between cylindrical charge and rock is filled with water or other media and the dimension of interspace changes. Five kinds of interspace and three types of media are considered. Attenuating characteristics of stress and velocity of rock under uncoupled explosive-charge detonation are obtained. The relationship between stress or velocity and uncoupling coefficient or media is put forward. Uncoupling effects on strength of blasting seismic waves are analyzed. It is shown that uncoupling or bad coupling of explosive and rock can weaken the strength of stress waves. Water or slurry can improve coupling relationship of explosive and rock and make more blasting energy propagation downward. The conclusions will be a good reference to select a proper method to seismic exploration in China's southwest region.
Quality control in the lab for determination of lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in whole blood

Objective:To ensure the results of experiments under control,the quality control system in the lab for determination of lead by direct dilution-Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in whole blood had been established.Methods: Based on the determination of lead by direct dilution-Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in whole blood,blank absorbency and the standard solution average of blood lead were measured respectively and used to draw the quality control chart,which together with controlling the accuracy and precision and linearity range of the method for the quality control.Results: There was significant linear relation between absorbance and lead level which was 0 μg/L～40 μg/L(γ=0.9998).The range of the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 3.3%～10%,and the range of recovery rate was 90%～103%.The control limits(X±3S) of blank absorbency and the standard solution average of the control charts were 0.0003 μg/L～0.0129 μg/L and 15.38 μg/L～24.62 μg/L respectively.Conclusion: Establishment of the quality control system in the lab ensured the results of direct dilution-Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in whole blood to be stable and reliable.
Inhibition of IKKβ Reduces Ethanol Consumption in C57BL/6J Mice.

Proinflammatory pathways in neuronal and non-neuronal cells are implicated in the acute and chronic effects of alcohol exposure in animal models and humans. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of DNA transcription factors plays important roles in inflammatory diseases. The kinase IKKβ mediates the phosphorylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of cytosolic protein inhibitors of NF-κB, leading to activation of NF-κB. The role of IKKβ as a potential regulator of excessive alcohol drinking had not previously been investigated. Based on previous findings that the overactivation of innate immune/inflammatory signaling promotes ethanol consumption, we hypothesized that inhibiting IKKβ would limit/decrease drinking by preventing the activation of NF-κB. We studied the systemic effects of two pharmacological inhibitors of IKKβ, TPCA-1 and sulfasalazine, on ethanol intake using continuous- and limited-access, two-bottle choice drinking tests in C57BL/6J mice. In both tests, TPCA-1 and sulfasalazine reduced ethanol intake and preference without changing total fluid intake or sweet taste preference. A virus expressing Cre recombinase was injected into the nucleus accumbens and central amygdala to selectively knock down IKKβ in mice genetically engineered with a conditional Ikkb deletion (IkkbF/F ). Although IKKβ was inhibited to some extent in astrocytes and microglia, neurons were a primary cellular target. Deletion of IKKβ in either brain region reduced ethanol intake and preference in the continuous access two-bottle choice test without altering the preference for sucrose. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of IKKβ decreased voluntary ethanol consumption, providing initial support for IKKβ as a potential therapeutic target for alcohol abuse.
Recent Trends in Management and Inhospital Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Renal Transplant Recipients.

Renal transplant recipients (RTR) are at high risk of cardiovascular events including acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We evaluated recent trends in AMI admissions in 9,243 RTR with functioning grafts using data from the 2003 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Findings were compared with those of patients with end-stage renal disease without transplantation (ESRD-NRT, n = 160,932) and those without advanced kidney disease (non-ESRD/RT, n = 5,640,851) admitted with AMI. RTR comprised 0.2% of AMI admissions with increasing numbers during the study period (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.05; p trend
Abstract 345: R403Q Mutation Increases the Rate of Force Redevelopment in 2 Month Mice

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary disease of the sarcomere. The R403Q mutation resides at the actin-interaction site on myosin and leads to progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which progresses towards heart failure. Along with deteriorating cardiac function, these hearts experience an overall change in metabolic landscape, suggesting altered energetic function in hearts that express the R403Q mutation. We tested the hypothesis that the R403Q mutation intrinsically increases the energetic cost of contraction. To do this, we determined myofilament function in demembranated cardiac trabeculae from male wild-type (WT) and R403Q mice at 2 months of age, prior to overt signs of cardiac pathology. Firstly, steady-state Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation was not significantly different between male R403Q (n=4) and WT counterparts (n=2) consistent with previous findings. Secondly, the rate of force redevelopment (ktr) in skinned cardiac tissue was measured following unloaded isotonic shortening and a rapid re-stretch to 15% of the original muscle length at a sarcomere length of 2.0μm. R403Q mice display an increased rate of force redevelopment (49.89 s-1 ± 8.13, n = 4) compared to WT counterparts (24.52 ± 4.29, n = 6) at maximal activation indicating an increase in the apparent rates of crossbridges entering and leaving force-generating states (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the R403Q mutation does not impact steady-state Ca2+ sensitivity of force but increases total crossbridge cycling rate suggesting a higher energy cost of force generation. Future studies are aimed at determining the energetic cost of contraction in R403Q hearts and how this increased energetic cost leads to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Tourism Microentrepreneurship Knowledge Cogeneration

Rural subaltern people are generally relegated to the role of passive tourees, allowed to informally glean bits of income not worthwhile to the formal tourism industry. However, under some circumstances, microentrepreneurs find ways to take advantage of opportunities afforded by tourism to improve their livelihoods and gain human agency. The People-First Tourism Lab employs a participatory action research methodology to investigate tourism microentrepreneurship and its effect on participating individuals and communities. In this chapter, the authors provide a background of the project implemented in the State of North Carolina, USA, explain the research methodology, and outline current and forthcoming efforts.
MGUS, lymphoplasmacytic malignancies, and Gaucher disease: the significance of the clinical association

TO THE EDITOR: Despite the astounding twenty-first century growth in informatics science and technology, individuals with rare disorders often continue to suffer morbidity and anxiety as a result of inaccurate diagnosis or delayed treatment.[1][1] Although 86% of patients with Gaucher disease (GD)
O-GlcNAc Homeostasis Controls Cell Fate Decisions During Hematopoiesis

The addition of O-GlcNAc (a single β-D-N-acetylglucosamine sugar at serine and threonine residues) by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and removal by O-GlcNAcase (OGA) maintains homeostatic levels of O-GlcNAc. We investigated the role of O- GlcNAc homeostasis in hematopoiesis utilizing G1E-ER4 cells carrying a GATA-1 transcription factor fused to the estrogen receptor (GATA-1ER) that undergo erythropoiesis following the addition of β-estradiol (E2) and myeloid leukemia cells that differentiate into neutrophils in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid. During G1E-ER4 differentiation, a decrease in overall O-GlcNAc levels and an increase in GATA-1 interactions with OGT and OGA were observed. Transcriptome analysis on G1E-ER4 cells differentiated in the presence of Thiamet-G (TMG), an OGA inhibitor, identified expression changes in 433 GATA-1 target genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the occupancy of GATA-1, OGT, and OGA at Laptm5 gene GATA site was decreased with TMG. Myeloid leukemia cells showed a decline in O-GlcNAc levels during differentiation and TMG reduced the expression of genes involved in differentiation. Sustained treatment with TMG in G1E-ER4 cells prior to differentiation caused a reduction of hemoglobin positive cells during differentiation. Our results show that alterations in O-GlcNAc homeostasis disrupt transcriptional programs causing differentiation errors suggesting a vital role of O-GlcNAcylation in control of cell fate.
Identity Theft in Healthcare

To understand identity theft in healthcare you have to follow the money. And there is a lot of money in healthcare! Growing faster than the overall economy or the rate of inflation, U.S. health care costs are projected to nearly double in the next decade to $4.6 trillion, representing one-fifth of the entire economy by 2020.
The Application of Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry to Problems of Current Interest Raised by Experimentalists

Rigorous methods of quantum chemistry can now be used to address problems raised by experimentalists working in a variety of areas from free radical spectroscopy to surface chemistry. The focus of this paper will be on the kinds of results that can be obtained rather than on details of the computations. This will be achieved by presenting the results of a few representative studies performed recently at the San Jose Laboratory. We shall consider first examples that belong to the area traditionally associated with quantum chemistry, the spectroscopy of small molecules. The van der Waals interactions in the dimers He2, Be2, and Mg2 will be discussed. It will be shown that with a suitable model the weak bonding in these systems can be treated with rather high accuracy. The behavior of the dipole moment curves (surfaces) for HCN and CO will be discussed. These curves are difficult to determine with infrared spectroscopy particularly for the portions relevant for highly excited vibrational levels. For CO, the calculations have helped to determine its density in the solar atmosphere. Although these first two examples deal with traditional areas of quantum chemistry; they are particularly important as cases in which definitive results are very likely to be obtained more easily from theoretical than from experimental data. The study of the electronic excitations in the peroxyl radicals, HO2 and CH3O2, considered next show the kind of interplay now possible between theory and experiment. For HO2, the theory was able to confirm the assignments made for the near infrared absorption spectrum. For CH3O2, careful theory, albeit at a simple level of approximation, made possible the interpretation of the anomolous behavior of satellite bands of the main vibronic transitions. The kinds of properties discussed in these examples can also be obtained for larger systems; the Wolff rearrangement discussed in another paper is an excellent case of this. The final example will discuss an application to what is, in principle, an even larger system, the interaction of an atom with a solid surface. The interactions of H, F, and C1 with the (111) surface of Si, modeled by molecular clusters of up to ten Si atoms, will be discussed and shown to lead to an explanation for the greater reactivity of F than Cl with a Si surface.
The Significance of Pesticide Contaminants

Pesticide manufacture normally yields a crude synthetic product which can be purified or refined to a specified content of the active ingredient. The major concern of the analyst is to define the amount of active ingredient present in formulations or batches of technical material from the plant. Contaminants have rarely given cause for concern, since biological testing with technical material might be expected to reveal the presence of impurities with significantly different properties from the active compound. For example, the selectivity of the herbicide amiben (3-amino-2, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid), is reduced by the presence of 2,5-dichloro-6-nitrobenzoic acid or 6-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid and crops are damaged by these compounds. Because these two compounds possess undesirable biological activity, they must be removed by rigorous control of the manfacturing process (H. Segal, 1967).
A new class of flexible energetic salts, part 2: The crystal structures of the cubane-1,4-diammonium dinitramide and cubane-1,2,4,7-tetraammonium dinitramide salts

The crystal structures of cubane-1,4-diammonium dinitramide, 1, and cubane-1,2,4,7-tetraammonium dinitramide, 2, have been determined. 1 crystallizes in the space group P21/c with cell dimensions a = 6.018(2), b = 11.642(3), c = 9.754(3) A, β = 107.24(2), while 2 crystallizes in the space group P21/c with cell dimensions a = 9.401(4), b = 9.603(3), c = 12.603(4) A, β 111.08(3). In these structures the ammonium substituents are symmetrically attached with respect to the cubane skeleton and have neither low lying empty orbitals nor available lone pairs of electrons thus they have a minimal effect on the metrical parameters of the cubane skeleton. All C–C bond lengths are close to the overall average C–C bond length for all reported cubanes of 1.559 A. The conformations adopted by the dinitramide ions in both structures are quite different, with the bend, twist, and torsion angles for the dinitramide ion in 1 being significantly larger than those found for the dinitramide ions in 2, due to the different types of hydrogen bonding found in the two structures. In 2, the conformation adopted by the adjacent ammonium ions allows two of the three protons from each ammonium cation to form hydrogen bonds in such a manner that they span either the syn or the anti oxygen atoms of a single dinitramide anion. The dinitramide anion is thus constrained by these interactions and is less free to twist and bend. These results provide further confirmation that the metrical parameters of both the cubane and dinitramide moieties are flexible and reflect their local environment.
Building a neuroinfectious disease consensus curriculum.

Objective To delineate a comprehensive curriculum for fellowship training in neuroinfectious diseases, we conducted a modified Delphi approach to reach consensus among 11 experts in the field. Methods The authors invited a diverse range of experts from the American Academy of Neurology Neuro-Infectious Diseases (AAN Neuro-ID) Section to participate in a consensus process using a modified Delphi technique. Results A comprehensive list of topics was generated with 101 initial items. Through 3 rounds of voting and discussion, a curriculum with 83 items reached consensus. Conclusions The modified Delphi technique provides an efficient and rigorous means to reach consensus on topics requiring expert opinion. The AAN Neuro-ID section provided the pool of diverse experts, the infrastructure, and the community through which to accomplish the consensus project successfully. This process could be applied to other subspecialties and sections at the AAN.
Examining the sentence superiority effect for sentences presented and reported in forwards or backwards order.

Memory for speech benefits from linguistic structure. Recall is better for sentences than for random strings of words (the “sentence superiority effect”; SSE), and evidence suggests that ongoing speech may be organized advantageously as clauses in memory (recall by word position shows within-clause U shape). In this study, we examined the SSE and clause-based organization for closed-set speech materials with low semantic predictability and without typical prosody. An overall SSE was observed and accuracy by word position was enhanced at the clause boundaries for these materials. Next, we tested the effects of mental manipulation on the SSE and clause-based organization. Listeners heard word strings that were syntactic, were arranged syntactically then presented backwards, or were random draws. Participants responded to materials as presented or in reversed order, requiring mental manipulation. Clause-level organization was apparent only for materials presented in syntactic order regardless of response order. After accounting for benefits due to reductions in uncertainty for these close-set materials, an SSE was present for syntactic materials regardless of response order, and for the syntactic backwards condition with reverse-order response (yielding a syntactically correct sentence in the response). Thus, the SSE was both resistant to and could be obtained following mental manipulation.
Eukaryotic-like ribosomal RNA in Asgard archaea

The ribosome9s common core connects all life back to a common ancestor and serves as a window to relationships among organisms. In eukaryotes, the common core is decorated by expansion segments (ES9s) that vastly increase ribosomal RNA (rRNA) size. Supersized ES9s have not been observed previously in Archaea, and the origin of eukaryotic ES9s remains enigmatic. We discovered that the large subunit (LSU) rRNA of two Asgard phyla, Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota, considered to be the closest modern archaeal cell lineages to Eukarya, bridge the gap in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic LSU rRNA. The elongated LSU rRNAs in Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota stem from the presence of two eukaryotic-sized ES9s, ES9 and ES39. We applied chemical footprinting experiments to study the structure of Lokiarchaeota ES39. Furthermore, we used covariation and sequence analysis to study the evolution of Asgard ES399s and ES99s. By defining the common eukaryotic ES39 signature old, we found that Asgard ES399s have more and longer helices than eukaryotic ES399s. While Asgard ES399s have sequences and structures distinct from eukaryotic ES399s, we found overall conservation of a three-way junction across the Asgard species that matches eukaryotic ES39 topology. The similarities between Asgard and eukaryotic ES39 rRNA sizes and structural topologies are consistent with the accretion model of ribosomal evolution. The common ancestor of eukaryotes and Asgard archaea likely had already had a three-way junction topology in the ES39 region, complexity previously only known in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic-like expansions within Asgard rRNA are consistent with the two-domain tree of life.
Orthopaedic trauma during COVID-19: Is patient care compromised during a pandemic?

Abstract Background The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) placed unprecedented pressure on the healthcare system. Many institutions implemented a government-mandated restructured set of safety and administrative protocols to treat urgent orthopaedic trauma patients. The objective of this study was to compare two cohorts of patients, a COVID group and non-COVID control group, and to evaluate the effectiveness of safety measures outlined in the Rutgers Orthopaedic Trauma Patient Safety Protocol (ROTPSP). Secondary outcomes were to elucidate risk factors for complications associated with fractures and COVID-19. Methods Patients treated for orthopaedic traumatic injuries were retrospectively identified between March and May 2020, and compared to a series of patients from the same time period in 2018. Main outcome measures included surgical site infections (SSI), length of stay (LOS), post-operative LOS (poLOS), presentation to OR time (PORT), and length of surgery. Results After review, 349 patients (201 non-COVID, 148 COVID) undergoing 426 surgeries were included. Average LOS (11.91 days vs. 9.27 days, p = 0.04), poLOS (9.68 days vs. 7.39 days, p = 0.03), and PORT (30.56 vs. 25.59 h, p Conclusion The restructuring of care protocols caused by COVID-19 did not negatively impact perioperative complication rates, PORT or LOS. Cepheid COVID test type administered upon admission plays an integral role in a patient's hospital course by reducing both length of stay and hospital costs. This information demonstrates we can continue to treat orthopaedic trauma patients safely during the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing strict safety protocols.
On Breathlessness, Afro-Asian Relationalities, and Black Liberation

As a way of entering into this conversation on what I find to be most significant or transformative about 2020, I want to think through and with the protest song “I Can’t Breathe” by Afro-Filipina ...
Partners with a killer: Metabolic signaling promotes inflammatory cell death

In this issue of Cell, Evavold et al. (2021) report that mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), a metabolic signaling complex, controls reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria, which in turn promotes inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD). This provides a new mechanistic connection between metabolic signaling and inflammatory cell death.
Sperm Motility: Mechanisms and Control

I was asked by the Organizing Committee to present a general review of the area of mechanisms and control of sperm flagellar motility in order to provide an introduction to the more detailed papers which follow. Since this is a large area and I could not possibly cover it comprehensively in the time available, I shall devote most of my attention to aspects that are developing particularly rapidly at the present time and will mention other aspects only briefly. For more general accounts reference may be made to the recent reviews of Blum and Hines (1) and Gibbons (2).
A Simple Artifact-Rejection Preamplifier for Clinical Neurophysiology

ABSTRACT.Artifacts from electrical or magnetic stimulation can easily overload the amplifiers used in clinical neurophysiology. Most circuits designed to reject stimulus artifact are cumbersome or usable only in special circumstances. I describe an artifact-rejection preamplifier, made from inexpensive parts and based on slew rate limiting, that can interface easily with commercial recording systems. The preamplifier allows successful recording of small and difficult signals such as magnetic sensory potentials and transcallosal cortical responses.
Plasma conditions at Europa’s orbit

Abstract With attention turned to Europa as a target for exploration, we focus on the space environment in which Europa is embedded. We review remote and in situ observations of plasma properties at Europa’s orbit, between Io’s dense, UV-emitting plasma torus and Jupiter’s dynamic plasma sheet. Where observations are limited (e.g. in plasma composition), we supplement our analysis with models of the neutral and plasma populations from Io to Europa. We evaluate variations and uncertainties in plasma properties with radial distance, latitude, longitude and time.
The radioisotope renogram: an external test for individual kidney function and upper urinary tract patency.

Abstract The radioactive Diodrast Renogram test described in this report is an application of external gamma-ray scintillation counting techniques to estimate the vascularity, tubular cell function, and patency of the upper urinary passages in each kidney area separately. The principles, methods, and equipment are basically the same as those used in the radioactive Rose-Bengal liver uptake-excretion test. Experiments in rabbits have revealed that tracer doses of either Diodrast or Urokon, labeled with I 131 , can be employed as test substances. Tracings of renal uptake and excretion in certain specific renal abnormalities have characteristic patterns which reveal the extent and nature of the existing functional impairment. Animal studies also demonstrate that blood clearance rates of I 131 -labeled Diodrast may be detected externally, thus providing a rapid estimate of bilateral renal function. The combined procedure of determining renal uptake and excretion of Diodrast in each kidney plus simultaneous external measurement of blood clearance provides a new tool for further investigations in renal physiology on a dynamic basis. Following successful preliminary trials in rabbits, the methods were adapted for clinical use into a safe, rapid (15 to 30 minutes) procedure which may be performed in the office, clinic, or hospital with little or no discomfort to the patient. The test provides qualitatively reproducible data on the vascularity, tubular cell secretory function, and patency of the upper urinary passages in each kidney area individually which otherwise must be determined by intravenous pyelography and a battery of kidney function tests or, in many instances, by cystoscopy, bilateral ureteral catheterization, and retrograde pyelography. In addition to yielding information of diagnostic value, the test may be repeated at intervals to follow the patient's clinical progress pre- and postoperatively and as influenced by therapeutic measures.
Converted laparoscopic colectomy: what are the consequences?

The safety and benefits of laparoscopic colon resection are well documented. However, few reports have addressed the safety and comparative outcome of laparoscopic colon operations that necessitated conversion. All consecutive laparoscopic colon resections performed by a single surgeon from July 1996 to October 2003 were assessed. Data obtained from a prospective computerized database included demographics, diagnosis, reason and time to conversion, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Additionally, all laparoscopic-converted colectomies were then matched with open colectomies by diagnosis and severity of disease and analyzed with respect to morbidity, mortality, and clinical outcome. A total of 143 laparoscopic colon resections were analyzed, 78 of which were left colon resections and 65 were right colon resections. The overall conversion rate was 19.6% (28 patients). The disease entities of the 28 converted patients were diverticulitis (16), polyps (four), Crohn’s disease (three), metastatic cancer (three), and others (two). Conversion was higher in the left-sided (24 patients, 30.8%) versus right-sided (four patients, 6.1%) procedures. There were no differences regarding age, gender, and comorbidities among the laparoscopic, open, and converted groups; the median follow-up was 39 months. The median length of stay was 6, 8, and 12 days for the laparoscopic, open, and converted groups, respectively. Right-sided conversions were due to the size of the inflammatory mass in three patients and intraoperative bleeding in one patient. Left-sided conversions were due to the inflammatory process extending beyond the sigmoid colon in 12 patients, adhesions in five, obesity in four, pericolonic abscess in two, and fixed mass in one patient. Postoperative morbidity was significantly higher for laparoscopic procedures that were converted to open procedures more than 30 min into the operation. Preoperative predictors of conversion were extent of inflammatory process beyond the sigmoid colon and obesity, whereas intraoperative predictors were adhesions and bleeding. Laparoscopic-converted colon resection is associated with significantly greater morbidity, particularly wound complications and greater length of hospital stay, compared to open or laparoscopic colectomies. Prompt conversion (<30 min) may reduce the overall morbidity associated with converted procedures. Furthermore, thoughtful patient selection may decrease the conversion rate and thereby prevent the inherent morbidity associated with converted procedures.
In-system partial run-time reconfiguration for fault recovery applications on spacecrafts

This paper presents a methodology for partially reconfiguring a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device using only limited onboard resources. This paper also seeks to provide a roadmap to developing necessary tools and technologies to help design self-sufficient partial run-time reconfigurable systems for spacecraft avionic systems. To provide a vision for the technology, this paper recommends a few possible applications in spacecraft avionic systems, in fault tolerance and space-saving hardware. In addition, some previous work done on the research for reconfigurable, modular avionics are also presented at the end as an example of applications.
Urban Lesbian and Gay American Indian Identity

Abstract Research on American Indian identity has been, for the most part, poorly conceptualized and its findings contradictory. Indian identity has been shown to relate to positive mental health and cultural continuity and survival. However, the identity of gay and lesbian American Indians has not yet been addressed. Toward the formulation of a preliminary model of urban lesbian and gay American Indian (GAI) identity development, the author delineates acculturation levels, cultural values, and conflicts in allegiances that GAIs face in negotiating a positive identity. Implications for clinical practice, research, and mental health service delivery are outlined.
Incising the Septum over the Nasal, Central, and Lateral Fat Pads in Lower Blepharoplasty

To excise the fat pads in lower blepharoplasty, these pads should be free from any encumbering structures. The overlying orbital septum specifically must be divided for each fat pad before the fat can freely prolapse. The lateral fat pad may be more difficult to mobilize because the overlying septum may be adherent to the inferior lateral orbital rim.
Scholarly journals as web services: automated scholarship, memes and cyberactive articles

Today's scholarly articles are passive entities. Using tags, object-oriented programming techniques, and Web services programming it may be possible to make future articles active participants in scholarship. A possible transition to "cyberactive articles" will involve a substantial change in how we perceive the work of scholarship and the role of academic journals. This articles suggests that future scholarship may become "literary engineering" supported by appropriate software tools.
Interaction of Colicins with Bacterial Cells I. Studies with Radioactive Colicins

Maeda, Akio (Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison), and Masayasu Nomura. Interaction of colicins with bacterial cells. I. Studies with radioactive colicins. J. Bacteriol. 91:685–694. 1966.—By use of a preparation of radioactive colicin E2, the following conclusions, which had been obtained previously from indirect experiments, were tested directly: (i) colicin stays at the receptor site on the cell and acts from there; (ii) colicins E2 and E3 share the same receptor, although their mode of action is entirely different; (iii) colicinogenic cells adsorb homologous colicin, although they are resistant to that colicin. Our experimental results confirmed the above conclusions. When sensitive cells of Escherichia coli K-12 pretreated with radioactive E2 were disrupted with a French pressure cell, and fractionated by differential centrifugation, it was found that most of the radioactivity stayed with the cell envelope fraction. Trypsin removed a major part of radioactivity from cells pretreated with radioactive E2, as was expected from the previous experiments on trypsin reversal of colicin action. Furthermore, it was shown that the trypsin treatment causes a recovery of the capacity of E2-pretreated cells to adsorb further colicin E2. When cells were first treated with various amounts of nonradioactive E3, and then treated with radioactive E2, the amount of radioactive E2 adsorbed was found to be inversely related to the amount of nonradioactive E3 adsorbed first. It was also shown that E2-colicinogenic cells adsorb radioactive E2, and yet are resistant to this colicin.
Risk factors for mortality despite early protocolized resuscitation for severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department.

Abstract Purpose The purpose was to identify risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality among emergency department (ED) patients with severe sepsis and septic shock managed with early protocolized resuscitation. Methods This was a retrospective, observational cohort study in an academic, tertiary care ED. We enrolled 411 adult patients with severe sepsis and lactate ≥ 4.0 mmol/L (n = 203) or septic shock (n = 208) who received protocolized resuscitation from 2005 to 2009. Emergency department variables, microbial cultures, and in-hospital outcomes were obtained from the medical record. Multivariable regression was used to identify factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Results Mean age was 59.5 ± 16.3 years; 57% were male. Mean lactate was 4.8 mmol/L (3.5-6.7), 54% had positive cultures, and 27% received vasopressors in the ED. One hundred and five (26%) patients died in-hospital. Age, active cancer, do-not-resuscitate status on ED arrival, lack of fever, hypoglycemia, and intubation were independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Lactate clearance and diabetes were associated with a decreased risk of in-hospital death. Conclusions We identified a number of factors that were associated with in-hospital mortality among ED patients with severe sepsis or septic shock despite treatment with early protocolized resuscitation. These findings provide insights into aspects of early sepsis care that can be targets for future intervention.
Adolescent MDMA exposure diminishes the physiological and neurotoxic consequences of an MDMA binge in female rats.

Intermittent MDMA pretreatment blocked the reductions in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding induced by an MDMA binge in a prior study in adolescent male rats. The objective of this investigation was to determine if the physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical responses to MDMA are sexually dimorphic. Female Sprague–Dawley rats received MDMA (10 mg/kg × 2) or Saline on every fifth day from postnatal day (PD) 35–60 and an MDMA binge (5 mg/kg × 4) on PD 67. The MDMA binge induced a pronounced temperature dysregulation in MDMA-naive, but not MDMA-pretreated, groups. Similarly, MDMA-pretreated animals were resistant to the binge-induced SERT reductions, especially in the hippocampus. Motor activity at PD 68 was not reduced by the binge, unlike the responses found in males. These results show that female rats differ from males in their responses to an MDMA binge but are similar with respect to preconditioning from prior MDMA exposure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 924–934, 2014.
Relationships between Vegetative Growth Rate and Flower Production in Flax

The physiological factors that regulate flower production are not well understood for flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and other field crops, in spite of the fact that flowers are directly related to seed yield through the fruits that form from them. The objective of this research was to relate total flower production (FTOTAL), length of the flowering period (FPERIOD), and flower production rate (FRATE) of flax to (i) growth rates in several environments, and (ii) plant characteristics measured before and during the flowering period. Growth, flower production, seed yield, and the components of yield of 18 genotypes representing three plant types were measured in five plantings (18 May 1984; 1 may 1989; and 2, 10, and 29 may 1990) at Brookings, SD
Insulin Loaded PLGA Microspheres: Effect of Zinc Salts on Encapsulation, Release, and Stability

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three zinc salts (i.e., zinc oxide, zinc carbonate, and zinc acetate) on insulin encapsulation efficiency (EE), stability, and in vitro release kinetics from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. Microspheres were prepared by water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion solvent evaporation technique and characterized. Integrity of the encapsulated insulin and stability of the released insulin was assessed using a wide range of comprehensive analytical techniques. The EE of the formulation prepared without the addition of a zinc salt was 69%, the secondary structure of the encapsulated insulin in this formulation was found to be altered. Further, desamido insulin and aggregates were observed during in vitro release. When insulin was encapsulated with a zinc salt, EE increased significantly, secondary structure was unaltered, and no degradation or aggregation products were found. Initial burst release and release kinetics were markedly changed with the addition of zinc salts. More than 87% of the encapsulated insulin was released over a 2-week period with the addition of a zinc salt. In conclusion, zinc salts can be useful to increase the EE and stability of insulin in PLGA microspheres prepared by w/o/w technique.