cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Fluorescence Polarization and Time Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay Formats for SAR Studies: Src Kinase as a Model System

High-throughput screening (HTS), a major component of lead identification, often utilizes fluorescence-based assay technologies. For example, HTS kinase assays are formatted using a variety of fluorescence-based assay technologies including, but not limited to, dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA), time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), and fluorescence polarization (FP). These assays offer tremendous advantages such as a nonradioactive format, ease of automation, and excellent reproducibility. Fluorescence-based assays frequently used for lead identification can also be useful for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies during lead optimization. An important issue when assessing an assay to be used for SAR is the ability of the assay to discriminate high-affinity small molecule inhibitors (pM-nM) from low-affinity inhibitors (microM-mM). The purpose of this study was to utilize HTS-friendly assay formats for SAR by developing TR-FRET, FP, and DELFIAassays measuring Src kinase activity and to define the theoretical lower limit of small molecule inhibitor detection achievable with these assay formats. The authors show that 2 homogeneous assay formats, TR-FRET and FP, allowed for the development of Src kinase assays with a lower limit of detection of K(i) = 0.01 nM. This study indicates that assay technologies typically used for HTS can be used during lead optimization by providing quantitative measurements of compound activity critical to driving SAR studies.
Secure the Shadow: Death and Photography in America

Secure the Shadow: Death and Photography in America. Jay Ruby. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. 220 pp.
Inhibition of Brain GTP Cyclohydrolase I and Tetrahydrobiopterin Attenuates Cerebral Infarction via Reducing Inducible NO Synthase and Peroxynitrite in Ischemic Stroke

Background— Inducible NO synthase (NOS)–derived peroxynitrite (ONOO−) during ischemia/reperfusion contributes to ischemic brain injury. However, inducible NOS (iNOS) regulation in ischemic stroke remains unknown. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for NOS activity. The present study tested the hypothesis that inhibition of endogenous BH4 rate-limiting enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I), and thus BH4 synthesis, reduces cerebral infarction via inhibiting iNOS and ONOO− in transient focal ischemia. Methods— Focal ischemia (2 hours) was created in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 to 300 g) by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were treated 12 hours before MCAO with vehicle or diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP; 0.5 g/kg IP), a selective GTPCH I inhibitor. Brains were harvested 24 hours after reperfusion for assays of infarct volume, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, GTPCH I activity, BH4 levels, GTPCH I and NOS mRNA, protein expression, and superoxide anion (O2·−) and ONO...
CLONAL DISPERSION AND EVIDENCE FOR ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN FERRET CORTEX

Cell lineage analysis with retroviral libraries suggests that clonal progeny disperse widely in rodent cortex. To determine whether widespread dispersion is a general mammalian plan and to investigate phylogenetic differences in cortical development, we analyzed cell lineage in the ferret, a carnivore and near relative of the cat. The ferret possesses a highly developed, folded cerebral cortex, characteristic of higher mammalian species. Progenitor cells of the ferret cerebral cortex were tagged with an amphotropic retroviral library encoding alkaline phosphatase, and sibling relationships were determined using the polymerase chain reaction. Neuronal clones were single neurons (52%) or large clones (48%; average, 7 neurons) containing neurons and glia in widespread cortical locations. Neuronal clones in the ferret labeled at middle to late neurogenesis (embryonic day 33-35) contained large numbers of neurons and showed little tendency to cluster. The large proportion of single neuron clones, contrasted with the large size of multicell clones, suggests that some progenitors divide asymmetrically, producing a postmitotic neuron and regenerating a multipotential cell.
Estimating Endangered Species Interaction Risk With the Kalman Filter

To address the tradeoff between biodiversity conservation in marine ecosystems and fishing opportunity, it is important to quantify the risk of endangered species interactions in commercial fisheries. We propose a Kalman filter suitable for rare events to estimate the endangered leatherback turtle take risk in the California drift gillnet fishery in the years 1990–2010, conditional on spatiotemporal factors that affect take rates. Results suggest interaction risk has remained stable, but with substantial variation over the spatiotemporal distribution of effort. Our methods might also apply to recreation demand analysis with rare event risk, or to applications involving irregularly spaced observations, like trade‐level stock market data.
Protein kinase CK2: Signaling and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland

Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer death in women, and the genetic abnormalities leading to the common sporadic forms of the disease are still under active investigation. CK2 has been reported to be upregulated in human breast cancer, which these studies confirm; CK2 is also upregulated in rat carcinogen-induced breast tumors. Transgenic mice overexpressing CK2α in the mammary gland develop mammary hyperplasia, dysplasia, and eventually adenocarcinomas, demonstrating that dysregulated expression of CK2 can contribute to transformation of the mammary epithelium. These mammary tumors have evidence of activation of the Wnt and NFκB pathways and upregulation of c-Myc. CK2 is capable of phosphorylating the key signaling molecule in the Wnt pathway, the transcriptional cofactor β-catenin, and regulating its turnover. CK2 is known to phosphorylate IκB and thereby regulate basal NFκB levels; in the mammary cell lines and tumors, CK2 activity correlates with NFκB levels and inhibition of CK2 downregulates NFκB. Thus, CK2 may promote breast cancer through dysregulation of key pathways of transcriptional control in the mammary epithelium, and inhibition of CK2 has a potential role in the treatment of breast and other cancers.
A unified model for demand prediction in the context of provisining and replenishment

An improved demand prediction model is presented which incorporates features of two earlier models. The unified model pools usage data classified by repair part class and by component class. The performance of the model is evaluated in a provisioning and replenishment context and compared with that for the current procedure which employs technicians' usage estimates.
Effect of kinetics of complexation by humic acid on toxicity of copper to Ceriodaphnia dubia

The rate of reaction of trace metal ions is an important consideration when studying the chemistry of trace metals in natural waters. The application of speciation models to natural water systems requires knowledge of kinetics if reactions are slow. Most bioassay and toxicity tests conducted in static and flow-through systems have not taken reaction kinetics into account. Therefore, results from these studies may overestimate the toxicity in the receiving waters. In the present study, the kinetics of the interaction of Cu(II) with humic acid (HA) and its influence on the toxicity of copper to Ceriodaphnia dubia were investigated by both chemical kinetic studies using a copper ion selective electrode and bioassay tests using a continuous flow-through bioassay system. A two-ligand site with first-order rate constants model gave a very good description of experimental kinetic data of the change of free Cu2+ concentration. Average k1 was 1.85/h and average k2 was 0.094/h. Bioassay tests indicated that different reaction times of copper with HA solution produced different toxic effects to organisms. We determined the hydrodynamic characteristics of the bioassay chambers to better describe the exposure of the organisms to free Cu2+. The bioassays supported the free ion activity model that the bioavailability and therefore toxicity of copper was directly correlated to the free Cu2+ concentration rather than to the total copper concentration. It was further shown that conventional chemical kinetics can be used to predict the toxicity of copper in these bioassays. This study supports the importance of considering reaction kinetics when studying the chemistry of trace metals in natural waters.
Physical insights on electron mobility in contemporary FinFETs

Calibration of a physics/process-based model for double-gate (DG) MOSFETs to contemporary nanoscale undoped n-channel DG FinFETs reveals that 1) significant densities of source/drain donor dopants readily diffuse to the ultrathin (fin) body/channel, even with relatively long fin extensions, degrading electron mobility at low/moderate levels of inversion-carrier density (N/sub inv/), 2) surface-roughness scattering of electrons is less severe at the {110} silicon-fin surfaces than anticipated, and 3) strong-inversion electron mobility is quite high (e.g., /spl cong/290 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s at N/sub inv/=10/sup 13/ cm/sup -2/), being about three times higher than that in contemporary bulk-Si MOSFETs.
Ethnic differences in the stigma of obesity: Identification and engagement with a thin ideal

In the current research, components of disidentification theory [Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype vulnerability and the intellectual test performance of African–Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811] are extended to the domain of body weight and provide an explanation as to why Black women typically do not – but under certain circumstances do – stigmatize obesity. Across three studies, results show that Black women are generally less likely to stigmatize obesity than are White women [see also Hebl, M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1997). The stigma of obesity: The differences are black and white. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 417–426]. Taken as a whole, the current research also provides preliminary evidence consistent with disidentification theory to demonstrate that there are situations in which Black women will re-engage with valuing thinness, particularly when reengagement is tied to conceptions about the self.
Anakinra for the treatment of acute severe gout in critically ill patients.

Abstract Objectives To report on the efficacy and safety of anakinra for treatment of acute gouty arthritis in medically complex, critically ill patients. Methods Retrospective chart review of 13 critically ill hospitalized patients treated with anakinra for 20 episodes of acute gouty arthritis between 2009 and 2014 at a single health plan and institution (HealthPartners Medical Group and Regions Hospital) in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Data was obtained on baseline characteristics, medical comorbidities, reason for hospitalization, prior gout treatment, reason for choosing anakinra over standard therapy, anakinra dosing, response to treatment, and adverse outcomes. Results A total of 10 patients were in the Intensive Care Unit, 1 was in the Burn Unit for extensive 3rd degree burns, 1 was critically ill with a new diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and 1 was critically ill in isolation with active disseminated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Of these patients, 85% had active infections and 92% had renal insufficiency. All patients had a significant response to anakinra treatment: 50% (10/20 episodes) within 24 h, an additional 40% (8/20 episodes) by 48 h, and the remaining 10% (2/20 episodes) by 72 h. Anakinra was well tolerated with only 1 case of leukopenia and 1 possible infectious complication. Conclusions Anakinra is a safe and efficacious treatment for acute gouty arthritis in medically complex, critically ill patients when standard treatment modalities cannot be used.
Efficacy of the Edge-to-Edge Repair in the Setting of a Dilated Ventricle: An In Vitro Study

Background The edge-to-edge repair to correct mitral regurgitation (MR) has shown substandard results in cases of ischemic MR or dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods Ten porcine mitral valves were investigated in a left heart simulator (120 mm Hg, 5 L/min). Pathologic conditions of a dilated ventricle were simulated by using an annular model capable of three levels of dilation (normal, 56%, and 120%) and by displacing papillary muscles (PMs) 10 mm in the apical, lateral, and posterior directions. The edge-to-edge repair was performed; a central stitch was investigated for symmetric and asymmetric PM displacements, and a paracommissural stitch was investigated for asymmetric PM displacements. Left ventricular pressure and mitral flow rate were monitored, and regurgitation fraction was calculated from the mitral flow curve. Results Under symmetric PM displacement, the repair reduced MR by 5.1% at dilation level one and by 9.1% at dilation level two. The repair decreased MR by 10.9% (dilation level two) after asymmetric displacement of the anterior-lateral PM, and by 5.4% (dilation level one) and 7.9% (dilation level two) after asymmetric displacement of the posterior-medial PM. The edge-to-edge repair reduced (p Conclusions The edge-to-edge repair is not an effective procedure in correcting MR associated with PM displacement, although it is able to partially reduce MR caused by annular dilation.
Novel missense mutations of the Deleted-in-AZoospermia-Like (DAZL) gene in infertile women and men

The Deleted-in-AZoospermia-Like (DAZL) gene has homologs required for germ cell development in many organisms. Recently, we showed that there are several common polymorphisms within the DAZL gene that are associated with age at ovarian failure/menopause and sperm count. Here we sought to identify rare mutations in DAZL and examine their phenotypes in men and women. We sequenced the DAZL gene in 519 individuals; sequences spanned the entire coding region of the gene. We report the identification of four putative missense mutations in DAZL. Three individuals that were heterozygous for a DAZL mutation reported having children, while two individuals that were homozygous reported no children. These mutations were found only in infertile men and women. Given the strong data associating DAZL polymorphisms and deletions with fertility in humans and model organisms, we suggest that these mutations may be associated with age at menopause and/or sperm count and warrant further biochemical and genetic investigation.
Developing a measure of muscular power during a functional task for older adults

Muscular power is an important aspect of many activities of daily living and declines at a faster rate than other fitness parameters (i.e. muscular strength and endurance). Assessing muscular power among older adults is problematic as many of the popular tests are contraindicated among older adults and field tests to assess muscular power among older adults have not been validated among older adults. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to determine the validity and reliability of a field test to measure of muscular power during a functional movement among community-dwelling older adults (≥ 65 years). Twenty community-dwelling older adults (71.6 ± 5.6) volunteered to have their muscular power assessed during repeated sit-to-stand (STS) tasks. Each participant performed 10 STS with 60 s rest between trials. Muscular power was assessed during this functional movement with the Tendo as well as change in center of mass (COM) over time using cinematography. Relative power measured by Tendo was 5.34 ± 1.67 W/kg and values for COM were 5.39 ± 1.73 W/kg (p = .86). Cronbach’s alpha for Tendo muscular power for repeated trials was .98. Tendo is a simple field method of determining muscular power among older adults and validation is essential. Results from this investigation support Tendo as a valid and reliable method for determining muscular power during a STS task among older adults. Clinicians may use this tool to evaluate and assess progress in older adults’ power and physical functioning.
A photosynthetic strategy for coping in a high-light, low-nutrient environment

Phytoplankton in high-light, low-nutrient ocean environments are challenged with maintaining high photosynthetic efficiency and simultaneously preventing photodamage that results from low levels of electron acceptors downstream of photosystem II (PSII). Here, we identify a process in open ocean picophytoplankton that preserves PSII activity by diverting electrons from the photosystem I (PSI) complex–mediated carbon assimilation to oxygen via a propyl gallate–sensitive oxidase associated with the photosynthetic electron transport chain. This process stabilizes diel photochemical efficiency of PSII, despite midday photoinhibition, by maintaining oxidized PSII reaction centers. Although measurements of the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, Fv : Fm show midday photoinhibition, midday CO2 fixation is not depressed. Moreover, CO2 fixation saturates at low irradiances even though PSII electron flow is not saturated at irradiances of 1,985 mmol photons m22 s21. This disparity between PSII fluorescence and CO2 fixation is consistent with the activity of an oxidase that serves as a terminal electron acceptor, maintaining oxidized PSII reaction centers even when CO2 fixation has saturated and the total number of functional reaction centers decreases because of photoinhibition (reflected in lower midday Fv : Fm values). This phenomenon is less apparent in coastal phytoplankton populations, suggesting that it is a strategy particularly distinctive of phytoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean. Spatial variability in features of photosynthetic electron flow could explain biogeographical differences in productivity throughout the ocean and should be represented in models that use empirical photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements from a limited number of ocean sites to estimate the productivity of the entire ocean.
Central interaction between carotid baroreceptors and skeletal muscle receptors inhibits sympathoexcitation.

To determine the potential of an inhibitory interaction between the carotid sinus baroreflex (CSB) and the exercise pressor reflex (EPR), both pathways were activated to produce sympathoexcitation....
Observations on the Role of Cracks in the Non-Linear Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Polycrystalline Ceramics

A review is presented of the authors’ research on the role of cracks in the non-linear deformation and fracture behavior of polycrystalline structural ceramics. The presence of cracks can have two principal effects on the creep behavior, namely “crack-enhanced creep,” which increases the rate of creep and “elastic creep by crack growth,” due to the accompanying decrease in Young’s modulus. These two mechanisms serve to explain observations on the anomalous creep behavior reported in the literature such as nonlinear creep at low stress levels, increasing creep rate with increasing grain size, anomalously high activation energies and diffusion coefficients and large differences in the creep rates in tension and compression.
Semiempirical description of the C6H5N reactive intermediate in phenyl azide photolysis

The C6H5N intermediate generated by photolysis of phenyl azide in solution is studied by semiempirical computations separately parametrized for thermochemistry and spectra. We find that the intermediate which absorbs only weakly in the region 320–370 nm and which is trapped by amines is the bicyclic azirine singlet, as proposed by DeGraff, Gillespie and Sundberg. Other species such as azepinylidine, the distorted azallyl azacycloheptatetraene and pyridyl carbene seem less likely candidates, either because they would be expected to have a rich spectrum in the visible or because they are unstable relative to the azirine. The adduct formed during trapping by amines rearranges by a suprafacial [1, 3] sigmatropic shift, in contradiction to Woodward-Hoffman predictions. Details of the path are easily rationalized as due to specific orbital interactions.
Correlated Petrographic Analysis

This research reports applications of infrared and Raman spectroscopy to correlate microstructure, elemental composition and molecular structure of petrographic sections of rocks. Together, the combination of morphology, optical properties, elemental composition and molecular bonding provide a more complete analysis of a material, and increases our understanding of the processes of its formation and history. Henry Clifton Sorby took up the study of rocks and minerals using a polarized light microscope, and published an important memoir “On the Microscopical Structure of Crystals” in 1858 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.). He pioneered petrography, the study of thin sections of rocks. Sorby also construction and use a micro-spectroscope to analyze the color of materials. Unknowingly, Sorby was the first scientist to practice correlated microscopy; combining microscopy and spectroscopy. Today, we are privileged to use photon and electron microscopes linked to a variety of spectrometers. Each spectrometer provides its unique information on the composition and structure of matter. The scanning electron microscope and microprobe, introduced over fifty years ago, correlate elemental composition with the microstructure of materials. This „element mapping‟ is now a routine technology; and is role in materials science is of prime importance. However, these technologies have limited ability when organic and molecular materials are analyzed. Infrared and Raman microprobes provide spectral data which provide details about the molecular structure on the microscopic scale. The unique advantages of molecular micro-spectroscopy are the ability to analyze hydrates, hydrogen-bonded water, and different states of covalent bonding in carbon, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, silicates and numerous organic and inorganic materials. Polymorphic phases with identical elemental compositions have unique molecular spectra.
AB0386 The Role That ACR Ped-30, 50, 70 Played in Evaluating the Clinical Efficacy of TNF Antagonists in the Treatment of So-Jia

Objectives Using the ACR Ped-30, 50, 70 to assess the clinical efficacy of tumor necrosis factor antagonist in refractory systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (So-JIA). Methods Evaluate the 30 refractory SO-JIA patients that achieved TNF antagonists using ACR Ped-30, 50, 70. The evaluation will carry out after treatment of 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Several indicators will be evulate, insist: (1) the dosage of the hormone; (2) the body temperature; (3) count of active inflammatory joint; (4) blood sedimentation (ESR) or c-reactive protein (CRP); (5) the doctors 9s overall evaluation. If there are at least 3 items that with an improvement between 30% and 49%, it will be regarded that the cases9 30% clinical symptoms alleviate. If there are at least 3 items that with an improvement between 50% and 69%, the cases9 50% clinical symptoms alleviate. If there are at least 3 items that with an improvement above 70%, the cases9 70% clinical symptoms alleviate. It will be treated as poor efficacy or invalid if there are more than 3 items that with an improvement less than 29%. The occurrence of adverse reactions are monitored and recorded at the same time. Results After 1 month9s treatment, only 40% (12/30) of children achieved more than 30% of the clinical symptoms alleviated. Among them, 13.3% (4/30) achieved more than 50% of the clinical symptoms alleviated, 10% (3/30) reached more than 70% of the clinical symptoms eased. 2 cases merged with muscular stiffness, so the biological agent9s treatment was stopped. After 3 month9s treatment, 63% (17/27) cases achieved more than 30% of the clinical symptoms alleviated. Among them, 44.4% (12/27) achieved more than 50% of the clinical symptoms alleviated, 22.2% (6/27) reached more than 70% of the clinical symptoms eased 5 cases discontinued because of recurrent infections or the ineffective treatment; 16 cases continued treatment to 6 months Among them, 55.6% (15/27) cases achieved more than 30% clinical symptoms alleviated, 40.7% (11/27) achieved more than 50% clinical symptoms alleviated, 29.6% (8/27) reached more than 70% of the clinical symptoms eased. After 6 month, 3 cases that had more than 70% symptom in remission were recurrent because of repeated infection. 4 cases maintain biological preparation treatment up to two years, 3 of them were in stable condition, and 1 switch to other biological agents because that his bone destruction continued. Conclusions The ACR Ped-30, 50, 70 can evaluate the clinical efficacy of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in the treatment of refractory systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.5476
2D metal–organic frameworks: Syntheses, structures, and electrochemical properties

Abstract Two new 2D metal–organic framework materials, [Cu(Br2BDC)2](HTEA)2 (1) and [Co2(Br2BDC)(HCOO)2(DMF)2] (2) (Br2BDC = 2,5-dibromoterephthalate, DMF = dimethylformamide, TEA = triethylamine), have been synthesized through solvothermal reactions. Compound 1 consists of anionic layered networks balanced with HTEA+ cations located between the layers. The layered network of 1 is a uninodal 4-connected net in which copper ions act as the uninodals and the Br2BDC ligand as the linkers. The structure of 2 is a neutral 2D coordination network containing hexagonal rings of clusters formed by six CoO6 octahedra. The topology of the 2D network in 2 is a uninodal 6-connected net with the clusters as the nodals. In both compounds, the stacking of the layers forms one-dimensional channels. The electrochemical performance of compounds 1 and 2 was also studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
On a Hyperanalytic Geometry for Complex Functions

SummaryThis paper deals with certain aspects of complex geometry. Our field of study, which we have called hyperanalytic geometry, is concerned with two problems: the geometrical representation of complex functions of a single complex variable, and the geometric properties of these representations.In Section 1, a graphical basis is constructed for a complex hyperanalytic geometry of four dimensions. This analytic geometry is used in Section 2 to obtain graphs of some elementary complex functions. The complex line and the complex circle are examined in detail. In Section 3, the hyperanalytic model is applied to resolve some present paradoxes in complex geometry.
Why Joseph Campbell's psychologizing of myth precludes the holocaust as touchstone of reality

La psychologisation du mythe selon Campbell va dans le sens de Jung et non de Freud. Selon Campbell, la finalite du mythe est de dissiper l'ignorance de la vie en realisant une reconciliation entre la conscience individuelle et la volonte universelle. L'A. s'interesse a la relation entre la theorie de Campbell et la Shoah. Campbell reduit la Shoah a une affaire interne et psychologique. Cette reduction apparait largement liee a son approche pyschologique du mythe. Campbell est un opposant farouche du judaisme et de son catholicisme natal. Les racines de son antisemitisme se trouvent dans le rejet des dix commandements
The Application of Electronic Commerce in CNPC

This paper discusses the principle. strategic choice and the system structure of e-commerce. This discussion is based on analyzing the environment of e-commerce development in petroleum enterprises of our country. I think the main problems which petroleum enterprises face are the sense of the leader; security and payment of e-commerce; material flow and transportation; the credit of enterprises; operation management and so on. The most fundamental problem in developing petroleum enterprise e-commerce is the sense of the leaders. This paper comes up with many measures of constructing and developing e-commerce after the reform of petroleum enterprises. I hope it can be some useful reference in the growth of e-commerce of the enterprises of CNPC.
PD3: policy-based distributed data dissemination

Modern distributed systems (such as composite web services, cloud solutions) comprise of a number of hosts, which collaborate, interact and share data. One of the main requirements of these systems is policy-based distributed data dissemination (PD3). In the PD3 problem, the data owner wants to share data with a set of hosts. Each host is only authorized to access a subset of data. Data owner can directly interact only with a subset of hosts and relies on these hosts to disseminate data to other hosts. In order to ensure correct delivery of appropriate data to each host, it is necessary that each host shares entire data even though the hosts are only authorized for certain subset of data. We provide a formal description of the problem and propose a data-centric approach to address PD3. The approach enables policy-based secure data dissemination and protects data throughout their lifecycle. It is independent of trusted third parties, does not require source availability and has the ability to operate in unknown environments. The approach is demonstrated through its application to composite web services.
CelGuider: a low-cost accessible geographical tagging system

The growing field of technology and development has brought to the world's attention innovation in interfaces with regard to issues of social and economic inclusion, and yet there has been almost no work on accessibility in the developing world. This oversight arguably reflects the state of innovation in this space - despite research and development of several access tools to allow for greater physical navigation and social inclusion for persons with vision impairments, the prohibitive cost of such technology has restricted their use primarily to the developed world. With the range of communications and navigation options available through smart-phones, there is an opportunity to drastically reduce the cost of such access, in part off-the-shelf phones may offset much of what is offered by specialized devices. CelGuider explores navigation on foot and road vehicle transportation using location-tagging on a Google Android phone. This paper discusses the key design challenges for Low Vision and Blind users in the following areas: creating, updating, and storing tags at the phone, communicating audio information to the users, integrating GPS, power considerations, and the variability of tagging mechanics based on street architecture scenarios and proposes an interface for Low Vision and Blind users. Finally, we discuss the importance of much user testing for the contextual information necessary to understand individual and social practices around navigation, as well as cost factors for smart phones in the developing world.
On the existence and multiplicity of rotating detonations

Abstract The operating behavior of a rotating detonation combustor is experimentally explored for stoichiometric H 2 –O 2 –N 2 mixtures for four combustor geometries to determine the role of cell width ( λ ) and combustor channel width ( w ch ) on the existence of detonation and number of waves. The ratio of nitrogen dilution ratio ( β = N 2 :O 2 ) of the oxidizer is varied from β = 3.76 (air) to β = 2, yielding a reduction in the cell width by a factor of two. The regime of successful detonation is bounded by a minimum normalized channel width of w ch / λ > 0.5, which agrees with the limit for classical detonation propagation in a rectangular channel. The number of detonation waves within the combustor ranges from n = 1–3, and increases in a predictable fashion when the normalized perimeter of a detonation front exceeds p / λ > 7.4. From the present work, it appears feasible to predict the existence and multiplicity of rotating detonations from the combustor geometry and mixture cell width.
Hoards, Grave Goods, Jewellery. Objects in Hoards and in Burial Contexts during the Mongol Invasion of Central-Eastern Europe

This book examines burials and hoards in a new way, with the aim of establishing a solid chronology of 12th- and 13th-century jewellery and dress accessories in Central-Eastern Europe. There are th...
Response to: Comment on "Symptomatic Trifascicular Block in Steinert's Disease: Is It Too Soon for a Pacemaker?"

In acknowledgment to the “Comment on ‘Symptomatic Trifascicular Block in Steinert's Disease: Is It Too Soon for a Pacemaker?'” [1], below are the responses to the queries for clarification.
The relationships between total acidity, titratable acidity and pH in grape tissue

The relationships between the total acidity, titratable acidity and pH in grape cluster tissue have been proposed and confirmed. Published data for seven cultivars, eight vineyard locations and eight seasons have been used to demonstrate the general nature of these relationships. A mechanism for the uptake of monovalent metal cations is proposed and its effect on the acidity measures in grapes is shown. Les rapports entre l'acidite total, l'acidite titrable et le pH dans le tissu de raisin Les rapports fondamentaux permettant une prediction de l'acidite titrable et du pH du tissu et du jus de raisin ont ete etudies. L'influence de quelques substances minerales, en particulier du potassium, sur l'acidite titrable et sur le pH est exposee. Un mecanisme possible de transport dans les baies est discute. Les relations existantes sont verifiees a l'aide des analyses deja publiees realisees sur baies des cepa­ges Merlot et Cabernet Sauvignon. Des analyses de la pulpe, des pellicules et des rafles des cepages Semillon, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot et Cabernet Sauvignon confirment les rapports discutes. Les valeurs de l'acidite titrable et du pH trouvees pour les jus des ce­pages Riesling, Crouchen et Syrah sont comparees avec les chiffres deja publies pour demontrer Je caractere universel des relations existantes.
Implementation of a longitudinal early immersion student pharmacist health system internship program

Abstract Purpose The initiation, implementation, and benefits of a longitudinal early immersion student pharmacist health system internship are described. Educational activity A two-year longitudinal internship experience was implemented to provide exposure into distributional operations, direct patient care activities, and health-system pharmacy administration. The intent of the program was to create an opportunity for student pharmacists to enhance the quality of their education with practical experience by immersing them early in their careers within the healthcare system. Early in their academic training the student interns were exposed to a broad range of services and programs while contributing longitudinally to the service line through quality improvement projects and distributional operations. The first year primarily focuses on distributional operations with direct patient care shadowing, while the second year targets intern involvement in hematology/oncology direct patient care activities. In this role, they are able to serve as pharmacist extenders. Summary Our comprehensive, longitudinal two-year health-system pharmacy internship program offers student pharmacists a unique early immersion experience that builds upon itself throughout their didactic training but is outside of the academic requirements. Students are exposed to distributional operations, direct patient care activities, and health system pharmacy administration prior to APPE rotations.
Low-temperature tolerance of juvenile tarpon Megalops atlanticus

The tarpon Megalops atlanticus is a tropical to subtropical species whose pole-ward distribution is thought to be limited by low water temperatures. In the western north Atlantic Ocean juvenile tarpon occur in estuaries of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) north of Florida near the northern limit of its distribution, but it is currently unknown whether these individuals can survive winter, grow to maturity, and contribute to the adult population. As a first step to determine whether juvenile tarpon can survive winter conditions in the SAB, we conducted laboratory experiments to estimate minimum lethal temperatures of tarpon exposed to 1) ambient fluctuating winter water conditions and 2) a constant rate of temperature decline. Juvenile tarpon exposed to ambient winter water conditions had a mean ± standard deviation (SD) minimum lethal temperature of 13.7 ± 3.4 °C. When exposed to a constant rate of temperature decline (2 °C day−1), mean ± SD minimum lethal temperature (9.2 ± 0.8 °C) was lower than when tarpon were exposed to ambient fluctuating conditions. A combination of our results with all published data on the cold tolerance of juvenile tarpon resulted in an overall mean ± SD minimum lethal temperature of 12.0 ± 2.8 °C. Based on available long-term temperature records from SAB estuaries, overwinter survival of juvenile tarpon is unlikely in most aquatic habitats (e.g., tidal creeks, flats, open water). Similar to other estuarine transient fishes, juvenile tarpon likely exploit seasonably favorable nursery habitats and then migrate to other locations to overwinter.
Recoverin and rhodopsin kinase.

The majority of proteins involved in vertebrate phototransduction are expressed specifically in photoreceptors. Recoverin and rhodopsin kinase are expressed primarily in retinal photoreceptors and they interact with each other in a Ca2+-depen dent manner. This Ca2+-dependent interaction has been studied extensively in vitro. Experiments utilizing animal models and electrophysiological approaches have started to provide important insight regarding its in vivo function. Recoverin can be viewed as a negative regulator of rhodopsin kinase in vertebrate phototransduction. This interaction imparts a negative feedback loop at the receptor level and may play an important role in light adaptation and in recovery.
Estimation of soil moisture and surface roughness parameters using L-band SAR measurements

This paper reports preliminary results of a study using L-band SAR imagery to estimate soil moisture and surface roughness for bare fields in a mountain watershed. The small perturbation model requires that the surface roughness profile deviates only slightly from that of a smooth surface. This condition is seldom met by most natural surfaces. Thus, the classic treatment of the scattering model has only limited usage. In this study, we show a simplified model derived from the integral equation model for estimation of soil moisture and surface roughness. We then test this model using JPL L-band AIRSAR data.
AceTree: a major update and case study in the long term maintenance of open-source scientific software.

AceTree, a software application first released in 2006, facilitates exploration, curation and editing of tracked C. elegans nuclei in 4-dimensional (4D) fluorescence microscopy datasets. Since its initial release, AceTree has been continuously used to interact with, edit and interpret C. elegans lineage data. In its 11 year lifetime, AceTree has been periodically updated to meet the technical and research demands of its community of users. This paper presents the newest iteration of AceTree which contains extensive updates, demonstrates the new applicability of AceTree in other developmental contexts, and presents its evolutionary software development paradigm as a viable model for maintaining scientific software. Large scale updates have been made to the user interface for an improved user experience. Tools have been grouped according to functionality and obsolete methods have been removed. Internal requirements have been changed that enable greater flexibility of use both in C. elegans contexts and in other model organisms. Additionally, the original 3-dimensional (3D) viewing window has been completely reimplemented. The new window provides a new suite of tools for data exploration. By responding to technical advancements and research demands, AceTree has remained a useful tool for scientific research for over a decade. The updates made to the codebase have extended AceTree’s applicability beyond its initial use in C. elegans and enabled its usage with other model organisms. The evolution of AceTree demonstrates a viable model for maintaining scientific software over long periods of time.
A Mental Health Storytelling Intervention Using Transmedia to Engage Latinas: Grounded Theory Analysis of Participants' Perceptions of the Story's Main Character.

Background: Transmedia storytelling was used to attract English-speaking Latina women with elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety to engage in an intervention that included videos and a webpage with links to symptom management resources. However, a main character for the storyline who was considered dynamic, compelling, and relatable by the target group was needed. Objective: We conducted interviews with 28 English-speaking Latinas (target group) with elevated symptoms of depression or anxiety who participated in an Internet-accessible transmedia storytelling intervention. The objective of this study was to examine participants’ perceptions of the lead character of the story. Development of this character was informed by deidentified data from previous studies with members of the target group. Critique of the character from a panel of therapists informed editing, as did input from women of the target group. Methods: All interviews were conducted via telephone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Data analysis was guided by grounded theory methodology. Results: Participants embraced the main character, Catalina, related to her as a person with an emotional life and a temporal reality, reported that they learned from her and wanted more episodes that featured her and her life. Grounded theory analysis led to the development of one category (She “just felt so real”: relating to Catalina as a real person with a past, present, and future) with 4 properties. Properties included (1) relating emotionally to Catalina’s vulnerability, (2) recognizing shared experiences, (3) needing to support others while simultaneously lacking self-support, and (4) using Catalina as a springboard for imagining alternative futures. Participants found Catalina’s efforts to pursue mental health treatment to be meaningful and led them to compare themselves to her and consider how they might pursue treatment themselves. Conclusions: When creating a story-based mental health intervention to be delivered through an app, regardless of type, careful development of the main character is valuable. Theoretical guidance, previous deidentified data from the target group, critique from key stakeholders and members of the target group, and preliminary testing are likely to enhance the main character’s relatability and appropriateness, which can increase sustained engagement. [J Med Internet Res 2018;20(5):e10028]
THEORY OF SUPERCONDUCTING SEMICONDUCTORS

Superconducting semiconductors are different in many ways from metals, alloys and compounds in which superconductivity is usually found. One of the outstanding differences is the way in which they are constructed. One usually begins with a semiconductor, that is, a material having a concentration of electrons in the conduction band proportional to \( {\text{e}}^{ - {\text{E}}_{\text{G}} /{\text{kT}}} \) where EG, the semiconducting gap, is typically of the order of tenths of electron volts (thousands of Kelvin). Since the semiconducting energy gap is much larger than the superconducting energy gap, pure semiconductors are not superconducting. In order for superconductivity to occur, we must have unpaired electrons in the normal state, that is, a partly filled energy band. Doping is used to achieve this condition. Doping occurs when an element in the semiconductor is replaced by a small percentage of an element in another column of the periodic table, or when a partially ionic semiconductor is prepared with a deficiency of one of the elements in the compound. If the concentration of impurities, which are called donors or acceptors depending on whether they donate or accept electrons, is low, these extra electrons or holes will remain bound to the impurities. Fig. 1 shows an idealized semiconductor band structure with one donor and one acceptor level.
Maternal Serotonin Levels Are Associated With Cognitive Ability and Core Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [HT]) system has long been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Whole-blood 5-HT level (WB5-HT) is a stable, heritable biomarker that is elevated in more than 25% of children with ASD. Recent findings indicate that the maternal 5-HT system may influence embryonic neurodevelopment, but maternal WB5-HT has not been examined in relation to ASD phenotypes. Method WB5-HT levels were obtained from 181 individuals (3–27 years of age) diagnosed with ASD, 99 of their fathers, and 119 of their mothers. Standardized assessments were used to evaluate cognitive, behavioral, and language phenotypes. Results Exploratory regression analyses found relationships between maternal WB5-HT and nonverbal IQ (NVIQ), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) Nonverbal Communication Algorithm scores, and overall adaptive function on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales−II. Latent class analysis identified a three-class structure in the assessment data, describing children with low, intermediate, and high severity across measures of behavior, cognition, and adaptive function. Mean maternal WB5-HT differed across classes, with the lowest maternal WB5-HT levels seen in the highest-severity group (Welch F2,46.048 = 17.394, p Conclusion Maternal WB5-HT is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring with ASD. Prospective, longitudinal studies will be needed to better understand the relationship between the function of the maternal serotonin system during pregnancy and brain development. Further studies in animal models may be able to reveal the mechanisms underlying these findings.
Grappling with growth: Perceptions of development and preservation in faster- and slower-growing amenity communities*

Amenity-rich rural communities attract tourists, retirees, second-home owners, and others whose values are often assumed to conflict with those of longtime residents. While prior research h...
Allograft reconstruction of the humerus: Complications and revision surgery.

Background and objectives Allograft reconstruction of the humerus after resection is preferred by many because of bone stock restoration and biologic attachment of ligaments and muscles to the allograft, theoretically obtaining superior stability and functionality. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of complications and the incidence and etiology for revision surgery in humeral allograft reconstructions. Methods We included patients 18 years and older who underwent wide resection and allograft reconstruction of the humerus for primary and metastatic lesions at our institution between 1990 and 2013. Our primary outcome measures were complications and revision surgery. We used competing risk regression to assess allograft survival. Results Of the 84 patients we included, 47 patients (51%) underwent allograft reconstructions of the proximal humerus, 30 (36%) intercalary, and seven (8%) of the distal humerus. Fifty-one patients (61%) had at least one complication after surgery. Eighteen patients (21%) underwent revision surgery. The 5-year allograft survival was 71%. Conclusion Although allograft reconstructions of the humerus are a valuable option in the orthopedic oncologist's armamentarium, surgeons should mind the accompanying complication rates. Allograft fractures seem to be the main issue for proximal and distal allografts, often leading to revision surgery. Intercalary allografts are mostly troubled by nonunions.