cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aquopentacyanoferrate(II): An effective probing electron donor in the conversion of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin and peroxide

Abstract HbA O 2 reacts readily with Fe II (CN) 5 H 2 O 3− to form aquometHb and peroxide via a second order process: rate=k[HbO 2 ][Fe II (CN) 5 H 2 O 3− ]. A slight enchancement in the rate of metHb formation due to the H 2 O 2 produced can be prevented by addition of catalase. The reaction is free from complications exhibited by other reductants. The hexacyanide, ferrocyanide, reacts with HbA O 2 but at only ca. 0.02% the rate and with formation of cyanometHb. Reductants such as phenols and sulfa drugs may produce radicals that can enter into side reactions. Fe II (CN) 5 H 2 O 3− shows promise as an effective probing reagent for the characterization of H 2 O 2 production from oxygenated heme and other proteins.
Pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in hamsters maintained in shortened light cycles.

Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) was compared among Syrian hamsters maintained in light: dark (LD) cycles of 14:10 or 2:22 or in an interrupted (LD 1/4:5 3/4 × 4) photoperiodic cycle. In hamsters maintained in a LD 14:10 photoperiod, the zenith of pineal NAT activity occurs at 04:00 h, approximately 8 hours after the onset of the dark phase. When the onset of the dark phase was advanced by 8 hours (in hamsters maintained in LD 2:22 cycles), the pineal NAT activity was advanced by an equivalent length of time. Hamster pineal NAT activity was sup-pressed throughout a 24-hour period when the animals were maintained in darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals (LD 1/4:5 3/4 × 4). The results suggest that melatonin syn-thesis is determined according to when light occurs during the photoperiodic cycle rather than by the total amount of darkness or the dark: light ratio to which animals are exposed in a 24-hour period.
Spatial Ecology of the Endangered Milne-Edwards’ Sifaka ( Propithecus edwardsi ): Do Logging and Season Affect Home Range and Daily Ranging Patterns?

Primates often live in human-altered habitats; Malagasy lemurs are no exception. It is important to understand if habitat alteration affects primates’ space use patterns across multiple spatial and temporal scales, as this drives population density. We quantified the daily, seasonal, and annual space-use of seven groups of Milne-Edwards’ sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi) living in unlogged and logged rain forest in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar between December 2002 and November 2003. Concurrent data showed that sifakas consumed higher quality foods in the unlogged than in logged forests; thus we explored how space use patterns were related to energy use strategies. Sifaka groups in the logged rain forest traveled 7–13% less per day than groups in the unlogged rain forest, despite their larger home ranges (median: 46.12 and 23.52 ha, in the logged and unlogged forests, respectively). Sifakas may thus use an energy-minimizing strategy at the scale of the individual day but an energy-maximizing strategy at the annual home range scale. Sifakas exhibited fidelity to the home range across seasons, but their core area of use shifted considerably with season. We found no difference in population density between sites. However, given the interannual variability in sifaka foods, a multiyear study is needed to assess if energy strategies observed in this study are consistent across longer time periods. Our findings suggest that lemurs may persist in logged habitats by altering spatial use patterns; future work should attempt to quantify the threshold level of forest regeneration from logging that will allow lemurs to persist at similar densities as in unlogged forest.
Absence of uricolytic activity in human parotid glands

In homogenisierter menschlicher Speicheldruse liess sich entgegen den Angaben vonStern undIglesias4 keine Urikase nachweisen.
Identification of a Molecular Recognition Role for the Activation Loop Phosphotyrosine of the Src Tyrosine Kinase

A human cDNA phage display library screen, using a phosphopeptide designed to mimic the activation loop phosphotyrosine of the Src tyrosine kinase, has identified the N-terminal SH2 domain of the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) as an interacting recognition domain. Activation loop phosphorylation is known to play a conformational role in kinase activation, but is largely not thought to play a role in protein/protein recognition. Affinity chromatography and biochemical evaluation in mouse fibroblast cells has confirmed the dependence of this interaction on both the Src activation loop phosphotyrosine and the N-terminal SH2 domain of PI3K.
Using stakeholders' values to apply ecosystem management in an Upper Midwest landscape

How people impact the environment is driven by how they value it; therefore, it is important to understand what these values are and who holds them. This study's ob- jectives were to understand how community members in a rural area of the Upper Midwest value the landscape in which they live and to identify the kinds of management practices they support. The Red River Basin, in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota, served as the study area. University of Minnesota researchers used a two-phase approach to gather data. First, information attained from fo- cus group meetings was used to help develop a question- naire. Second, this questionnaire was sent to Red River Ba- sin residents who were identified as stakeholders in the landscape. Data analysis examined the entire sample as a whole and divided the sample into rural and urban groups. Results show stakeholders value the landscape for a variety of noneconomic and economic reasons. They see the land- scape as something that not only can help them attain an income, but also as something that affects their overall qual- ity of life. Their preferences for management centered around education and cooperative planning efforts. Implica- tions for management include: identify and manage for ben- efit opportunities dependent upon healthy ecosystems, acknowledge key ecosystem components in planning and management, increase education and cooperative planning with local residents, and stress mutual goals between land managers and constituents as well as between different in- terest groups.
The (3He, p) and (d, α) reactions to states in 58Co

Abstract The 56 Fe( 3 He, p) 58 Co and 60 Ni(d, α) 58 Co reactions have been investigated at 12.0 and 7.0 MeV bombarding energies, respectively, using the MIT multiple-gap spectrograph. For the ( 3 He, p) reaction, levels below 6.0 MeV of excitation were observed and analysed using the DWBA to obtain L -values. In the (d, α) reaction, levels up to 3.4 MeV of excitation were observed. A level scheme for 58 Co is proposed. The 58 Fe(0.0) analogue was observed, and candidates for the antianalogue level are identified.
High-speed high-precision CMOS analog rank order filter with O(n) complexity

A continuous-time implementation of a voltage-mode analog rank order filter is presented. The proposed circuit features high speed, high precision, and simple circuit implementation. The overall architecture exhibits linear increase of complexity with the number of inputs (O(n)), at the rate of seven transistors per input. Rank is easily programmable with the tail current for all rank order values from the Max to the Min case, and the programmed function is accurate for a wide range of tail currents. Moreover, unlike previously reported rank order structures the precision of the proposed circuit does not rely on perfect matching of all input transistors. Simulations as well as experimental results are presented that verify the functionality and performance of the proposed circuit.
A Multi Technique Study of the Tribological Behavior and the Tribofilms Generated From Fluorinated Thiophosphate Compounds in Comparison to Normal ZDDP

Tribofilms generated in wear tests using lubricants containing a new fluorinated compound and Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates (ZDDP) were studied. This compound has demonstrated superior wear performance compared to ZDDP under tribological conditions even at lower phosphorus levels which partly addresses the current environmental concerns and regulations calling for further reductions in the phosphorus content of commercial engine oils. Chemical properties and the molecular structure of the Fluorinated Thiophosphate Compound were examined and presented in a companion study by Parekh and Aswath [1] using techniques such as NMR and DSC while this study examines the tribological behavior of this compound. Ball on cylinder tribological tests were conducted with lubricants containing this new fluorinated thiophosphate compound and compared to lubricants containing ZDDP. The anti wear performance of the two chemistries as well as tribofilms were then analyzed by a variety of techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the film as well as measuring the thickness of the film by using focused ion beam (FIB). The tribofilms were also chemically analyzed using auger electron spectroscopy (AES). A nano indenter was used to study the mechanical properties of the tribofilms by obtaining modulus as a function of the thickness of the tribofilm. In addition the mechanical strength of the tribofilm was evaluated by conducting tribowear and nano scratch tests. These different techniques have helped establish the mechanism of why the Fluorinated Thiophosphate Compounds are better antiwear compounds in comparison to ZDDP.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sclerochoroidal calcifications: wide-field imaging.

Purpose: To report the clinical and angiographic appearance of sclerochoroidal calcifications utilizing Optos wide-field fundus imaging. Methods: Case Report Results: An 80 year-old white female presented with blurred vision in her right eye. On examination she was found to have arc-shaped lesions that were superior to the macula in each eye. Diagnostic studies included ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and wide-field fundus imaging with fluorescein angiography. These studies confirmed the diagnosis of sclerochoroidal calcifications. Metabolic studies were performed, as these may be a manifestation of abnormal calcium metabolism. Conclusion: Sclerochoroidal calcifications are an unusual fundus lesion, and we have found Optos wide-field fundus imaging to be an important asset in the diagnosis of this rare entitiy.
Murine tumor suppressor models.

Tumor suppressor genes have been shown to be necessary for proper maintenance of cell growth control. Inactivation of these genes in the germline of humans is linked to inherited cancer predisposition. Moreover, sporadically arising human tumors often have somatic mutations in tumor suppressor genes. During the past few years, advances in molecular and cellular biology have led to the creation of animal models that have germline mutations of various tumor suppressor genes. Such mice potentially represent important animal models for familial cancer predisposition syndromes, and the study of the tumorigenesis process has been greatly assisted by their development. Such models have also demonstrated the importance of tumor suppressor function in embryonic development. In this review, we describe mice with inactivated germline tumor suppressor genes that are genetically analogous to 10 different inherited cancer syndromes in humans. We describe the variable usefulness of the mutant mice as models for human disease.
Unusual variants of subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharge of adults (SREDA)

Since 1981, when we first described a group of patients with subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharge of adults (SREDA), we have seen 108 patients with SREDA. Nineteen of these patients had unusual or atypical features of SREDA. The typical pattern consists of a non-evolving theta rhythm occurring in a widespread manner but maximal over the parietal and posterior temporal regions and lasting for a few seconds to a minute without clinical manifestations or symptoms. The unusual variants consist of predominantly delta frequencies, notched waveforms, a frontal or more focal distribution, a more prolonged duration, and presence during sleep. There was no significant difference in the patient group that had the atypical pattern compared with those with the typical pattern. Although the mechanism of the SREDA is unclear, it appears to represent a benign EEG phenomenon that has little diagnostic significance and should be distinguished from seizure discharges.
Outside directors' industry-specific experience and firms' liability of newness

This study makes a contribution to the growing literature on the board's resource provision role by examining a specific type of resource provision (i.e., industry experience supplementing) and demonstrating the criticality of the liabilities of newness to this particular role. In this study, we find that among younger entrepreneurial firms, a dearth of top management industry experience is offset by the presence of outside directors with significant managerial industry experience, providing evidence of experience supplementing by outside directors. Our study highlights that the notion of experience supplementing at the upper echelons prevails in young firms as they try to alleviate the burdens of the liability of newness. Experience supplementing underscores board-management collaboration during early years of firm development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single-Molecule Study of the Communication between the Two Primary Sites of Cytoplasmic Dynein

Cytoplasmic dynein is the primary minus-end directed microtubule (MT) motor in eukaryotic cells. The motor domain of dynein consists of six AAA+ subunits, forming a ring. Previous studies showed that AAA1 is the main site of ATP hydrolysis, responsible for force generation and MT detachment. The AAA3 site is also required for robust motility, but its role in dynein's mechanochemical cycle is unknown. In this study, we use single-molecule fluorescence to elucidate the role of AAA3 and its interactions with AAA1 during stepping. We find that AAA3 regulates MT detachment. AAA3 mutants of dynein are gated by MT release and AAA1 requires timely detachment to proceed through its own hydrolysis cycle. High-resolution fluorescence tracking indicated that substrate release from AAA1 is rapid compared to catalysis, consistent with the open conformation of AAA1 observed in crystal structures. Consistent with loose substrate binding at AAA1, the catalytic activity of AAA3 can be specifically inhibited by a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog at low concentrations. Analysis of analog-induced pause density indicates that two analogs are required to initiate pausing, and that the analogs bind in an uncoordinated manner. By analyzing the pausing behavior at different velocities and at different inhibitor concentrations, we gain insight into the nature of communication between AAA1, AAA3, and the MT-binding domain. On the basis of our results, we propose a model for the role of AAA3 in dynein's stepping mechanism.
Progress and status of guided-wave optical interconnection technology

Optical interconnects at the cabinet-to-cabinet, board-to-board, and multichip module-to- multichip module levels will enable future avionics systems requirements to be met by eliminating undesirable compromises associated with electrical interconnects. Fiber optics is the well established medium of choice for cabinet-to-cabinet applications, while planar polymeric interconnects are required at the backplane level. Significant advances have been made in demonstrating practical polymer interconnects compatible with existing board fabrication principles, however both waveguide loss and interfaces to optoelectronic components require further improvement before the technology is broadly applicable.
Adenosine Promotes Wound Healing and Mediates Angiogenesis in Response to Tissue Injury Via Occupancy of A2A Receptors

Recent evidence indicates that topical application of adenosine A2A receptor agonists, unlike growth factors, increases the rate at which wounds close in normal animals and promotes wound healing in diabetic animals as well as growth factors, yet neither the specific adenosine receptor involved nor the mechanism(s) by which adenosine receptor occupancy promotes wound healing have been fully established. To determine which adenosine receptor is involved and whether adenosine receptor-mediated stimulation of angiogenesis plays a role in promotion of wound closure we compared the effect of topical application of the adenosine receptor agonist CGS-21680 (2-p-[2-carboxyethyl]phenethyl-amino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine) on wound closure and angiogenesis in adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. There was no change in the rate of wound closure in the A2A receptor knockout mice compared to their wild-type littermates although granulation tissue formation was nonhomogeneous and there seemed to be greater inflammation at the base of the wound. Topical application of CGS-21680 increased the rate of wound closure and increased the number of microvessels in the wounds of wild-type mice but did not affect the rate of wound closure in A2A receptor knockout mice. Similarly, in a model of internal trauma and repair (murine air pouch model), endogenously produced adenosine released into areas of internal tissue injury stimulates angiogenesis because there was a marked reduction in blood vessels in the walls of healing air pouches of A2A receptor knockout mice compared to their wild-type controls. Inflammatory vascular leakage and leukocyte accumulation in the inflamed air pouch were similarly reduced in the A2A receptor knockout mice reflecting the reduced vascularity. Thus, targeting the adenosine A2A receptor is a novel approach to promoting wound healing and angiogenesis in normal individuals and those suffering from chronic wounds.
Covert oral behavior during conversational and visual dreams

Previous findings of heightened covert oral behavior during linguistic activities suggested that increases in covert oral behavior might also occur during conversational dreams. It was found that covert oral behavior (lip and chin electromyograms) was significantly higher during rapid eye movement (REM) periods in which there were conversational dreams than during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) periods. On the other hand, REM periods for the visual dreams showed only minor and nonsignificant changes in covert oral behavior, relative to the NREM periods. Little change occurred for neck responses, suggesting that behavioral changes were localized in the speech region. These findings are thus consistent with those obtained from waking Ss—covert oral behavior may serve a linguistic function during dreams too.
Past and future changes in climate and hydrological indicators in the US Northeast

To assess the influence of global climate change at the regional scale, we examine past and future changes in key climate, hydrological, and biophysical indicators across the US Northeast (NE). We first consider the extent to which simulations of twentieth century climate from nine atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are able to reproduce observed changes in these indicators. We then evaluate projected future trends in primary climate characteristics and indicators of change, including seasonal temperatures, rainfall and drought, snow cover, soil moisture, streamflow, and changes in biometeorological indicators that depend on threshold or accumulated temperatures such as growing season, frost days, and Spring Indices (SI). Changes in indicators for which temperature-related signals have already been observed (seasonal warming patterns, advances in high-spring streamflow, decreases in snow depth, extended growing seasons, earlier bloom dates) are generally reproduced by past model simulations and are projected to continue in the future. Other indicators for which trends have not yet been observed also show projected future changes consistent with a warmer climate (shrinking snow cover, more frequent droughts, and extended low-flow periods in summer). The magnitude of temperature-driven trends in the future are generally projected to be higher under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) mid-high (A2) and higher (A1FI) emissions scenarios than under the lower (B1) scenario. These results provide confidence regarding the direction of many regional climate trends, and highlight the fundamental role of future emissions in determining the potential magnitude of changes we can expect over the coming century.
Neurophysiological attributes of the hypnotic state and the utility of hypnosis in pediatric medicine and burn care.

Abstract Three articles of special interest to the hypnosis community recently appeared in the general scientific and medical literatures. The first paper is a thoughtful review of the clinical applications of hypnosis in pediatric settings. The second article reports the findings of a randomized, controlled trial of hypnosis for burn-wound care, carried out at the University of Washington Medical School. The third article describes an innovative EEG laboratory case study tracking the cortex functional connectivity of a highly hypnotizable subject across various baseline and experimental conditions. These three articles are sturdy examples of how hypnosis illuminates (and is illuminated by) medical and psychological science.
An Observational Examination of Long-Lived Supercells. Part II: Environmental Conditions and Forecasting

Abstract The local and larger-scale environments of 184 long-lived supercell events (containing one or more supercells with lifetimes ≥4 h; see Part I of this paper) are investigated and subsequently compared with those from 137 moderate-lived events (average supercell lifetime 2–4 h) and 119 short-lived events (average supercell lifetime ≤2 h) to better anticipate supercell longevity in the operational setting. Consistent with many previous studies, long-lived supercells occur in environments with much stronger 0–8-km bulk wind shear than what is observed for short-lived supercells; this strong shear leads to significant storm-relative winds in the mid- to upper levels for the longest-lived supercells. Additionally, the bulk Richardson number falls into a relatively narrow range for the longest-lived supercells—ranging mostly from 5 to 45. The mesoscale to synoptic-scale environment can also predispose a supercell to be long or short lived, somewhat independent of the local environment. For example, long...
Rates of Complications After Newborn Circumcision in a Well-Baby Nursery, Special Care Nursery, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit:

Objective/Method. To determine rates of complications after newborn circumcision by performing a retrospective chart review of patients circumcised at a well-baby nursery, neonatal intensive care units (NICU), and special care nursery (SCN) from 2007 to 2012. Result. A total of 5129 babies (73%) were circumcised at the well-baby nursery and 1909 babies (27%) at the NICU and SCN. Forty-seven patients (0.67%, 95% CI 0.49% to 0.89%) had circumcision-related complications: 5 (0.07%) patients with acute and 42 (0.6%) with late complications. Babies in the NICU/SCN had increased odds of complication (OR 4.00, 95% CI 2.23 to 7.19) compared with those in well-baby nursery. There were increased odds of complications in babies with Caucasian ethnicity (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.48 to 4.89) compared with African American babies and in babies with private insurance (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.1 to 7.5) compared with nonprivate insurance. Conclusions. The rates of complications after newborn circumcisions were low. Babies in the NICU/S...
A Facile Method for the Conversion of Primary Alkyl Chlorides to the Corresponding Bromides

Abstract Treatment of several representative primary alkyl chlorides with one equivalent of sodium bromide in 2:1 (v/v) N,N-dimethylformamide : dibromomethane at 100[ddot]C for several hours resulted in their quantitative conversion to the corresponding bromides.
College Grants on a Postcard: A Proposal for Simple and Predictable Federal Student Aid

The federal system of student financial aid is broken. Information about aid eligibility is hidden behind a thicket of complicated paperwork, and is also highly uncertain. Concrete information arrives just a few months before or even months after students enroll in college - far too late to affect enrollment decisions. Economic theory and evidence suggest that the costs of complexity and uncertainty are high: many high school students won't even start on the path to college if they aren't certain they can afford it. Capable students teetering on the margin of college entry are thus discouraged from going to college by its price, even though aid is available to them. This is a waste of human potential. This waste is unnecessary. Dozens of questions on the federal aid application contribute virtually nothing to the determination of grant aid, so the aid formula could be radically simplified while still preserving its distributive properties. But simplification must achieve more than a shortened application form: families need certain information about aid eligibility, and they need it early. Small tweaks and Band-Aid solutions are likely only to add to the complex, confusing, and uncertain situation faced by students and their families. We propose a drastic simplification of the current system of educational grants and tax incentives. Our proposal combines Pell Grants and the Hope and Lifetime Learning tax credits for undergraduates into a single, streamlined grant administered through the Department of Education, using information already collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Eligibility can be explained on a postcard, allowing students and families to anticipate their grants many years before the college decision. This set of reforms will improve the effectiveness of the billions already committed to higher education, allowing aid to serve its intended goal: opening college doors to those with the ability but not the means to pursue higher education.
Justice in Settlements

INTRODUCTIONIn any society relatively few disputes are brought to judges for resolution. Most are handled informally or forgotten. Fewer still are cases that go to trial. Most are settled. Compromises are reached even in cases where issues are hotly contested and where millions or billions of dollars in damages are claimed. Recently, for example, one of the most controversial lawsuits of our time, the Agent Orange case, was settled. In that case, veterans of the Vietnam War, their spouses, and their children alleged that a defoliant — Agent Orange – used in Southeast Asia contained dioxin and was responsible for deaths, debilities, miscarriages, and birth defects suffered by members of the plaintiff class. Class members argued that the manufacturers of the defoliant, seven major chemical companies, knew that it was tainted and should be made to compensate them for their injuries, claiming billions of dollars in damages. The case received national exposure and became a rallying point for veterans, a means they hoped to use to publicize their plight and to spur Congress to come to their aid. On the eve of trial, the case was settled. The defendants, who denied liability throughout the pretrial period, agreed to pay the veterans $180 million. In turn, the plaintiff class agreed to drop the suit. Thus ended a controversy which not only presented novel legal issues and tested the ability of the federal courts to handle complex lawsuits, but concerned the well-being of a large number of veterans, their spouses, and their handicapped children as well.
High levels of nuclear heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer

Abstract Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular response to heat and a wide variety of other stressors. We previously reported that HSF1 promotes the survival and proliferation of malignant cells. At this time, however, the clinical and prognostic significance of HSF1 in cancer is unknown. To address this issue breast cancer samples from 1,841 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study were scored for levels of nuclear HSF1. Associations of HSF1 status with clinical parameters and survival outcomes were investigated by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. The associations were further delineated by Kaplan–Meier analysis using publicly available mRNA expression data. Our results show that nuclear HSF1 levels were elevated in ∼80% of in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. In invasive carcinomas, HSF1 expression was associated with high histologic grade, larger tumor size, and nodal involvement at diagnosis (P < 0.0001). By using multivariate analysis to account for the effects of covariates, high HSF1 levels were found to be independently associated with increased mortality (hazards ratio: 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.21–2.17; P < 0.0013). This association was seen in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive population (hazards ratio: 2.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.45–3.03; P < 0.0001). In public expression profiling data, high HSF1 mRNA levels were also associated with an increase in ER-positive breast cancer-specific mortality. We conclude that increased HSF1 is associated with reduced breast cancer survival. The findings indicate that HSF1 should be evaluated prospectively as an independent prognostic indicator in ER-positive breast cancer. HSF1 may ultimately be a useful therapeutic target in cancer.
Effects of cholecystokinin on sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue

Abstract The effects of injecting cholecystokinin (CCK) into the third ventricle or into selected hypothalamic sites on electrical firing rate of sympathetic nerves to interscapular brown fat (IBAT) has been investigated in anesthetized rats. The hypothesis for these experiments was that there was a reciprocal relationship between sympathetic activity and food intake. Since CCK reduces food intake we predicted that CCK would stimulate sympathetic activity to IBAT. Following the injection of CCK into the third ventricle there was an increase in firing rate of sympathetic nerves to IBAT. When the peptide was injected into either the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) or lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), there was likewise an increase in sympathetic firing rate. The injection of CCK into the paraventricular nucleus produced a small decrease in sympathetic firing rate. In contrast, no effect was seen following injection of CCK into the preoptic area or dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Thus, the VMH or LHA appear to be the principal hypothalamic areas mediating the stimulation of sympathetic activity to IBAT which is observed following the third ventricular injection of CCK. These studies support the hypothesis of a reciprocal relationship between the effects of CCK on the thermogenic component of the sympathetic nervous system and food intake and identity the VMH and LHA as the primary sites for this effect.
Effect of lidoflazine on cerebral blood flow following twelve minutes total cerebral ischemia.

Lidoflazine, a calcium channel blocker, was administered to dogs following twelve minutes of cerebral ischemia, induced by aortic cross-clamping. The effects of lidoflazine (1 mg/kg i.v.) on cerebral blood flow following ischemia was studied in 15 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs. Cerebral blood flow was measured with the radiolabelled microsphere technique before and 10, 30, 60, 90 and 150 minutes following ischemia. Cerebral blood flow increased in all brain regions following ischemia, but by 60 minutes had decreased to control values. Lidoflazine had no effect on this reperfusion phenomenon, or on the distribution of blood flow within the brain. Regional cerebral blood flow was also not altered by lidoflazine therapy. Our data demonstrate that this dose of lidoflazine has no effect on regional or total cerebral blood flow following 12 minutes of cerebral ischemia in dogs. These data do not support perfusion preservation as a mechanism of amelioration of neurologic injury after ischemia by this calcium channel blocker.
Estimating joint contact areas and ligament lengths from bone kinematics and surfaces

We present a novel method for modeling contact areas and ligament lengths in articulations. Our approach uses volume images generated by computed tomography and allows the in vivo and noninvasive study of articulations. In our method, bones are modeled both implicitly (scalar distance fields) and parametrically (manifold surfaces). Using this double representation, we compute interbone distances and estimate joint contact areas. Using the same types of representation, we model ligament paths; in our model, the ligaments are approximated by the shortest paths in a three-dimensional space with bone obstacles. We demonstrate the method by applying our contact area and ligament model to the distal radioulnar joints of a volunteer diagnosed with malunited distal radius fracture in one forearm. Our approach highlights focal changes in the articulation at the distal radioulnar joint (location and area of bone contact) and potential soft-tissue constraints (increased "length" of the distal ligaments and ligament-bone impingement in the injured forearm). Results suggest that the method could be useful in the study of normal and injured anatomy and kinematics of complex joints.
Managing appliance launches in infrastructure clouds

Infrastructure cloud computing introduces a significant paradigm shift that has the potential to revolutionize how scientific computing is done. However, while it is actively adopted by a number of scientific communities, it is still lacking a well-developed and mature ecosystem that will allow the scientific community to better leverage the capabilities it offers. This paper introduces a specific addition to the infrastructure cloud ecosystem: the cloudinit.d program, a tool for launching, configuring, monitoring, and repairing a set of interdependent virtual machines in an infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) cloud or over a set of IaaS clouds. The cloudinit.d program was developed in the context of the Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) project to help it launch and maintain complex virtual platforms provisioned on demand on top of infrastructure clouds. Like the UNIX init.d program, cloudinit.d can launch specified groups of services and the VMs in which they run, at different run levels representing dependencies of the launched VMs. Once launched, cloudinit.d monitors the health of each running service to ensure that the overall application is operating properly. If a problem is detected in a service, cloudinit.d will restart only that service and any other service that failed that depended on it.
Conceptualizing Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management: A Mental Models Approach

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is widely touted as the preferred approach to coastal and environmental management, yet there are relatively few examples of this approach in practice. One possible reason is that this approach places extreme mental demands on practitioners. Mental models are individuals’ internal conceptualizations of external problems or phenomena, and are important because they inform communication and decision making. Thus, an analysis of mental models can provide insights into the cognitive demands that EBM places on participants and can suggest methods for improving EBM implementation. We applied mental models analysis to EBM by studying coastal management practitioners who were involved in cases of coastal EBM planning in the states of Rhode Island and New York. Here we present the results of this research to provide insight into the characteristics of practitioners’ mental models of coastal ecosystems and discuss the application of our novel mental models methodology in future rese...
Oxide Networks, Graph Theory, and the Passivity of Cr-Mo, Cr-Zr, and Mo-Ti Binary Alloys

The passivity of a binary alloy is considered in terms of a network of -M-O-M- bridges in the oxide film, where M is the component of the binary alloy which produces passivity. The structure of the oxide is represented by a mathematical graph, and graph theory is used to calculate the connectivity of the oxide given by the product of the number of edges in the graph and the Randic index. A stochastic calculation is employed to insert ions of the second metal into the oxide film so as to disrupt the connectivity of the -M-O-M- network. This disruption occurs at a critical ionic concentration of the oxide film. These critical cationic fractions in the oxide film are calculated to be 0.16 Mo +4 /0.84 Cr +3 for Cr-Mo alloys, 0.16 Zr +4 /0.84 Cr +3 for Cr-Zr alloys, and 0.21 Ti +4 /0.79 Mo +4 for Mo-Ti alloys. These ionic concentrations are then related to the concentration of the alloying element in the metal alloy by means of experimental surface analysis data. The results of this approach give Cr-21 atom % Mo, Cr-16 atom % Zr, and Mo-58 atom % Ti as the alloy compositions where each of these binary alloys attain passivity. Each of these results is in good agreement with experimental observations.
The ribosome returned

Since the mid-1990s, insights obtained from electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography have transformed our understanding of how the most important ribozyme in the cell, the ribosome, catalyzes protein synthesis. This review provides a brief account of how this structural revolution came to pass, and the impact it has had on our understanding of how the ribosome decodes messenger RNAs.
The Adaptation of Modern Instruments and Increased Operating Speeds to Restorative Procedures

Two procedures were developed for re­ vealing the microstructure of dental amalgam. The first, electrolytic, and the second, by immersion in a 30 per cent solution of nitric acid. Both procedures gave essentially the same results. Varia­ tions in the mercury content of the amalgam affected the appearance of the structure appreciably, whereas variation of the trituration time did not. The hard­ ness of the alloy particle remnants in hardened amalgam was found to be rela­ tively higher than the matrix material.
Generalization of Barenblatt's cohesive fracture theory for fractal cracks

In this paper, we generalize Barenblatt's cohesive fracture theory for fractal cracks. We discuss the difficulties of generalizing the concept of traction on a fractal surface. Borodich's modification of Griffith's theory for fractal cracks is reviewed. Irwin's driving force is generalized for fractal cracks and a fractal driving force (G_f) is defined. It is shown that to generalize Barenblatt's theory for fractal cracks it is necessary to introduce a new quantity, D-fractal cohesive pseudo-stress. This new quantity is cohesive force per unit of a fractal measure. Fractal modulus of cohesion is seen to be a function of both the material and the fractal dimension of the crack. Equivalence of fractal Barenblatt's and Griffith's theories is discussed. It is seen that the order of stress singularity at the tip of a fractal crack cannot be obtained using modified Barenblatt's theory because this theory is a local theory and assumes the order of stress singularity a priori.
RF Signatures of Hypervelocity Impacts on Spacecraft

We investigate the radio frequency (RF) signature resulting from a hypervelocity impact on a spacecraft. While hypervelocity impactors, consisting of meteoroids, dust and orbital debris, are known to cause mechanical damage to satellites, very little is understood about the electrical effects associated with an impact. We present a theory to describe the behavior of the plasma produced from a hypervelocity impact, which results from ionization of both the particle as well as a small part of the spacecraft. The plasma, which does not penetrate the spacecraft chassis, produces a strong electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at a broad frequency spectrum, which can produce electrical anomalies or even catastrophic damage depending on the amount of electrical shielding. We compare our theory to data taken by the Cassini spacecraft in order to understand the resulting RF signature. Our analyses show that RF emission should be a routine outcome from impacts by particles but may only cause anomalies or failures when the impactor exceeds a velocity of 12 km/s.
An Electron Microscope Study on Regeneration of Trichocysts in Paramecium caudatum

SYNOPSIS. A study of regeneration of trichocysts in Paramecium caudatum was made in the electron microscope. Organisms, from which trichocysts were removed en masse with electric current, were allowed opportunity to regenerate their lost organelles before they were prepared for microscopical examination of developing stages. Thin sections of organisms from various regeneration periods demonstrate clearly the endoplasmic origin and development of trichocysts. The first stage seen is a membrane-limited, endoplasmic vesicle enclosing an homogeneous mass, the primordium, within which appears a minute, point condensation of greater electron density. This is subsequently elaborated as a closely packed system of linearly oriented fibrous elements (30–50 A)—the first definitive sign of the presumptive trichocyst. By progressive utilization of the intra-vesicular primordial matter in association with apparently continuous provision of the building material by extra-vesicular biosynthetic activity, the form and structure of the juvenile trichocysts recognizable as a system of closely packed, multi-layered, fibrous sheets become increasingly evident. The basic structural patterns extend also into the now developing tip. Further growth and differentiation involving the transition of its gross shape from oval to oblong effect a second notable morphological transformation: the formation of a dense U-shaped cortex enclosing a lightly stained center. Full maturation of the trichocyst includes the formation of the cap, disappearance of the limiting membrane, reduction and ultimate loss of the dense cortex with simultaneous assumption of light electron stain homogeneity of the body, and elaboration of the characteristic periodic striation of the tip. These neo-formative events, which also occur—although with reduced frequency—in normal vegetative forms, in conjugating pairs, and in dividing organisms, are concluded prior to the final positioning of the organelle in the bipolar ciliary meridian. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of current hypotheses concerning the role of the nucleus and ciliary basal bodies in the genesis of cortical organelles.
Three Thousand Years of Environmental History in a Cairngorms Lochan Revealed by Analysis of Non-biting Midges (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae)

(1996). Three Thousand Years of Environmental History in a Cairngorms Lochan Revealed by Analysis of Non-biting Midges (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) Botanical Journal of Scotland: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 89-98.
5-Methylcytosine hydroxylation-mediated LINE-1 hypomethylation: a novel mechanism of proto-oncogenes activation in colorectal cancer?

The human genome comprises the most predominant long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) sequences, which are non-long-terminal repeat retrotransposons. The majority of LINE-1 repeats are inactivated through truncation, inversion and mutation.1 Importantly, DNA methylation attenuates the transcriptional activation, amplification and recombination of LINE-1 sequences, thereby maintaining genome stability.2 Indeed, global DNA hypomethylation has been associated with increased genomic instability and tumourigenesis, suggesting a more important role for hypomethylation in human cancers than the hypermethylation-induced downregulation of some tumour suppressor genes.3–5 LINE-1 hypomethylation has been shown to associate with the clinicogenetic features of multiple myeloma6 and chronic myeloid leukaemia,7 poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer,8 and with more aggressive progression of colorectal cancer (CRC).9 The full-length LINE-1 sequence (6 Kb) includes a sense promoter regulating transcription of two open reading frames and an antisense promoter (ASP) in the 5′-untranslated region, which contains a CpG island—usually hypermethylated in normal cells—regulating transcription of adjacent genes in the opposite direction.10–12 The ASP has been reported to function as an alternative transcription start site for several proto-oncogenes, …
Treatment of Nonunions After Malleolar Fractures

Ankle fracture nonunion is a rare occurrence following closed or operative intervention. When it does occur, patients can experience debilitating symptoms that limit daily function. Malleolar nonunion can be caused by patient factors, such as smoking, malnutrition, or vascular insufficiency. Surgeon factors, such as insufficient or inappropriate operative fixation, also play a role. Several adjuncts, such as bone grafting, bone morphogenic protein, and bone stimulation, are useful in treating nonunions. Through a multimodal approach, malleolar nonunions are reliably treated with operative fixation leading to good patient outcomes with minimal complications.
Integrin antagonists as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of Crohn’s disease

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Anti-integrin therapy for the treatment of patients with Crohn’s disease is rapidly evolving. Two agents, natalizumab and vedolizumab, are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, with vedolizumab the primary anti-integrin used due to a more favorable safety profile. Several other anti-integrins are in various stages of development.Areas Covered: This review discusses the current state of anti-integrin therapy as well as suggestions for positioning of these agents in clinical practice. Emerging anti-integrin therapies, their underlying mechanisms of action, and available safety and clinical data are also reviewed.Expert Opinion: Anti-integrins are effective for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, even in patients refractory to other therapies. Their use should be considered in patients with Crohn’s disease who do not respond to, develop non-response to, or have contraindications to anti-TNF therapy. Anti-integrin therapies can be ...
Enhancing Cognition with Theta Burst Stimulation

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols are believed to produce more reliable, longer-lasting effects on cortical dynamics and on behavior than other standard forms of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Most TBS experiments use stimulation to a targeted region to impair cognitive function, allowing for causal inferences between anatomical locations and cognitive processes to be drawn. However, this review covers a small but rapidly growing literature suggesting TBS can also benefit cognitive performance. These pro-cognitive effects have been observed in both healthy individuals and in clinical populations. While these data are promising, the available evidence also suggests the effects of TBS may be dose, state, and site specific. Overall, this line of research is of high interest for understanding how the brain mediates cognitive functions, investigating the potential plasticity of these neural mechanisms, and for developing treatments for the cognitive impairments found in many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.