cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Large Space Telescope Instrumentation

Aspects of the Large Space Telescope project (LST) as it is developing at the Goddard Space Flight Center are presented and a brief discussion is given of the types of observing program that might be handled. The special characteristics of an LST are large light-gathering power, good spectral efficiency from 900 A to 5 microns, near diffraction limited performance, launch by the space shuttle into a low orbit like that of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, and a lifetime of at least 10 years. A basic set of instruments to be used with the telescope might include on-axis cameras with broad-band filter response, an imaging spectrograph, a low-resolution spectrograph, a high-resolution spectrograph, spectrum scanners, narrow-band photometers, interferometers for use in the near infrared, polarimeters for use in the ultraviolet, and provision for measuring the time variations of the light from astronomical objects on a scale of milli-seconds as well as on a scale of minutes, hours, days, and weeks.
Microprocessor-Controlled Communications in an Advanced Instrument Landing System

The application of 4-bit microprocessors to the communication of the control and status signals found in an advanced aircraft instrument landing system is presented. The advantages as well as some of the peculiarities of such an approach are described. Among the benefits, one must include the possibility of a very convenient and understandable human interface.
Part V—Outdoor Pursuits as an Extracurricular Alternative for Addressing Office of Civil Rights Guidance

Part V of the feature profiles an alternative program for outdoor adventures or sport clubs to help schools consider other means of addressing the Office of Civil Rights guidance in the Dear Colleague Letter.
Comparison of functional network connectivity for passive-listening and active-response narrative comprehension in adolescents.

Abstract Comprehension of narrative stories plays an important role in the development of language skills. In this study, we compared brain activity elicited by a passive-listening version and an active-response (AR) version of a narrative comprehension task by using independent component (IC) analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 21 adolescents (ages 14–18 years). Furthermore, we explored differences in functional network connectivity engaged by two versions of the task and investigated the relationship between the online response time and the strength of connectivity between each pair of ICs. Despite similar brain region involvements in auditory, temporoparietal, and frontoparietal language networks for both versions, the AR version engages some additional network elements including the left dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and sensorimotor networks. These additional involvements are likely associated with working memory and maintenance of attention, which can be attrib...
Resource-Based Crisis Management: The Important Role of the CEO's Reputation

This study provides empirical support for the positive power of a CEO's reputation as a strategic resource during and after a corporate crisis. Specifically, it demonstrates that a CEO's favorable reputation relieves many stakeholders' negative perceptions in a postcrisis situation. In addition, this study tests whether a particular type of CEO reputation will be more effective than another in dealing with different types of threats that a crisis poses to corporate reputation. This study introduces a resource-based approach to crisis that provides a wide, comprehensive set of strategies based on a variety of an organization's competitive resources.
Letter to the Editor---On “Heuristic Problem Solving,” by Simon and Newell

For those who are interested in becoming prophets with honor in their own time and in their own country, there is a fundamental principle which we may call the Principle of Optimism. Never make negative predictions.
An approach to characterize within-grid concentration variability in air quality models

Abstract A new methodology to obtain subgrid air quality concentration variability (SGV) as distribution functions is described. Grid-based air quality models provide deterministic single value outcomes and thus do not represent concentration spatial details which can vary widely especially within urban and highly industrialized areas. While such spatial details can be obtained by running grid-based regional-scale air quality models at finer resolution or by employing local-scale models, such implementation may be impractical for performing a variety of applications, e.g., health exposure assessments. Strategically we propose a paradigm that can provide operational AQ models with supplemental estimates of SGV distributions as analytic functions provided on hourly and grid-by-grid bases. We illustrate and discuss this prototype implementation for a case study of benzene for several 12-km grid cells in the Wilmington, Delaware area. For this effort the contribution to SGV is limited to that from fine grid emissions distributions.
Effect of γ-crotonolactone in experimental models of generalized absence seizures

Abstract The effect of the unsaturated lactone, γ-crotonolactone (GCL), against spike wave discharges (SWD) in two pharmacological models of generalized absence seizures in rat was investigated. The models used were the γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) model and the low dose pentylenetetrazole model. GCL pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in duration of SWD in both models. In addition, this compound reduced the ability of the agonist, muscimol, to enhance SWD duration in the GHB model and was effective in developing animals as well as in adult animals with GHB-induced SWD. These data suggest that GCL may be useful tool in the study of basic mechanisms of SWD generation in experimental absence seizures.
Segregation and interface shape control during EDG growth of CZT crystals

Computational models are applied to analyze the segregation of zinc and the shape of the solid-liquid interface during the growth of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) via an electrodynamic gradient freeze (EDG) process. Validation of the computational model is presented via a comparison between predicted and experimentally measured zinc distributions. Analysis of a large-scale CZT EDG growth system, previously analyzed by Gasperino et al. (JCG 311, 2327-2335, 2009), shows anomalous zinc segregation that features anomalous, non-monotonic axial concentrations and several local minima and maxima radially across the boule. A mechanistic explanation is put forth for this effect based on the evolution of multi-cellular melt flow structures, a particularly common feature of CZT growth. Optimized EDG furnace profiles are presented that promote the growth of CZT crystals with a uniformly convex interface shape. Such interface shapes are expected to improve the single-crystalline yield of this material.
Gene flow, growth, and competitiveness of imazethapyr-resistant common sunflower

Abstract This study was conducted to ascertain movement potential of imazethapyr resistance and to measure the relative growth and productivity of imazethapyr-resistant (IR) and imazethapyr-susceptible (IS) biotypes of common sunflower under noncompetitive and competitive conditions. Susceptible biotypes of common sunflower were planted in the field in concentric circles at distances of 5.5, 8.0, 15.0, and 30.0 m around a center of densely planted IR biotypes in four locations in northeast Kansas in 1998 and 1999. Pollen movement was analyzed by sampling the IS progeny for the presence of imazethapyr resistance. The distance in which resistance is first detected from the IR pollen source, first unnatural resistant distance (FURD), ranged from 12.1 to 15.5 m. Wind direction was highly correlated with FURD; the north sections had larger FURD. Greenhouse studies were conducted to study growth of IR and IS biotypes under noncompetitive and competitive conditions. Under noncompetitive conditions, leaf area and...
Home Alone: The Role of Cognition in Return to Independent Living

Abstract Objective: To identify unique predictors of the ability to return to living alone in geriatric patients undergoing medical rehabilitation. Design: Of 900 consecutive geriatric patients entering medical rehabilitation, 372 were identified as living alone before admission. Data were collected on functional status, cognition, demographics, and discharge disposition. Setting: A freestanding medical rehabilitation facility. All patients were admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation unit. Patients: Patients aged 60 to 99, identified as having lived alone before admission, were included. As standard procedure, patients underwent functional and cognitive assessment, and medical records were reviewed. Main Outcome Measure: Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate predictors of discharge disposition, including demographic variables, medical burden, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). Results: Both the FIM and DRS provided significant and unique variance in prediction of discharge disposition. Patients discharged home alone performed similarly to those discharged with supervision on FIM motor items but higher on FIM social cognition items, emphasizing the strong role of cognition in discharge disposition. Patients discharged home alone scored above suggested cutoff scores on the DRS, indicating generally intact cognitive functioning, whereas those discharged with supervision scored below suggested cutoffs. Conclusion: Results emphasize the importance of cognition in the ability to return to completely independent living after medical rehabilitation in geriatric patients.
Spillovers of state policy innovations: New York's hazardous waste regulatory initiatives

States are often seen as policy laboratories where innovations are tried that may later be adopted by other states or the federal government. Engendering such experiments may, however, promote spillovers on other states. We analyze several of New York State's policy initiatives from the 1980s that were intended to influence the selection of waste management technologies by hazardous waste generators. Time series analysis of hazardous waste manifest data reveals that constraints on land disposal of certain wastes and a tax on hazardous waste generation and disposal were associated with shifts to lower-risk technologies for waste management. The policies also constrained imports to in-state land disposal facilities and may have led to increased exports for incineration and recycling, thus shifting some of the risks of hazardous waste to other jurisdictions with less stringent regulations or lower taxes on waste generation and management.
A sparse plus low-rank exponential language model for limited resource scenarios

This paper describes a new exponential language model that decomposes the model parameters into one or more low-rank matrices that learn regularities in the training data and one or more sparse matrices that learn exceptions (e.g., keywords). The low-rank matrices induce continuous-space representations of words and histories. The sparse matrices learn multiword lexical items and topic/domain idiosyncrasies. This model generalizes the standard l1-regularized exponential language model, and has an efficient accelerated first-order training algorithm. Language modeling experiments show that the approach is useful in scenarios with limited training data, including low resource languages and domain adaptation.
Epidemiology and economics of clinical listeriosis in a sheep flock

Abstract A 1990 outbreak of listeriosis in silage fed sheep occurred in southern Illinois, USA with three observed clinical syndromes of Listeria monocytogenes mortality (LM). Overall, 3.1 % of the ewes (29/936) and 1.3% of the lambs died (17/1262). Since exposure to silage occurred in all ewes, risk factors for mortality and the financial impact of the disease could be evaluated. Yearling ewes were at increased risk of LM relative to older ewes (OR = 4.1). Rambouillet ewes which did not receive bacterin were at increased risk of LM relative to other ewes (OR = 4.6). Use of bacterin did not decrease the risk of LM in Rambouillets (OR = 0.8) but did among ewes of other breeds (OR = 0.1). There were no differences in lamb's risk for LM between genders, breed types of lambs, or breeds of dams. Lambs born in smaller barns were at increased risk for confirmed LM (OR = 5.0). This was the only significant risk factor for LM cases confirmed by necropsy, but bacterin use in the dam approached statistical significance, and increased a lamb's risk for LM (OR = 4.1, P = 0.06). With a broader lamb case definition, dam's poor udder scores and a shed lambing location increased the risk of LM in lambs (OR = 1.7 and OR = 2.1, respectively). The overall cost of an outbreak in a 1000-ewe flock (without Rambouillets) would be $3145 with no bacterin protection. Most of the losses would occur in the ewes ($2803) with relatively minor lamb losses ($342). If a bacterin with 50% efficacy was used, the overall costs would drop to $1831 ($450 due to ewe losses and $1380 in the lambs). If it was a Rambouillet flock (with no bacterin use) the costs incurred in an outbreak would drastically rise to $10895, largely due to the 12% mortality in the ewes.
The Pinyon Rhizosphere, Plant Stress, and Herbivory Affect the Abundance of Microbial Decomposers in Soils

In terrestrial ecosystems, changes in environmental conditions that affect plant performance cause a cascade of effects through many trophic levels. In a 2-year field study, seasonal abundance measurements were conducted for fast-growing bacterial heterotrophs, humate-degrading actinomycetes, fungal heterotrophs, and fluorescent pseudomonads that represent the decomposers in soil. Links between plant health and soil microbiota abundance in pinyon rhizospheres were documented across two soil types: a dry, nutrient-poor volcanic cinder field and a sandy-loam soil. On the stressful cinder fields, we identified relationships between soil decomposer abundance, pinyon age, and stress due to insect herbivory. Across seasonal variation, consistent differences in microbial decomposer abundance were identified between the cinders and sandy-loam soil. Abundance of bacterial heterotrophs and humate-degrading actinomycetes was affected by both soil nutritional status and the pinyon rhizosphere. In contrast, abundance of the fungal heterotrophs and fluorescent pseudomonads was affected primarily by the pinyon rhizosphere. On the cinder field, the three bacterial groups were more abundant on 150-year-old trees than on 60-year-old trees, whereas fungal heterotrophs were unaffected by tree age. Fungal heterotrophs and actinomycetes were more abundant on insect-resistant trees than on susceptible trees, but the opposite was true for the fluorescent pseudomonads. Although all four groups were present in all the environments, the four microbial groups were affected differently by the pinyon rhizosphere, by tree age, and by tree stress caused by the cinder soil and insect herbivory.
Contact resistance to undoped and phosphorus-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon films

An extensive systematic study of contact properties to as‐deposited undoped and phosphorus‐doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) in metal/a‐Si:H diode configuration has shown that the magnitude of the contact resistance can be adjusted to some degree by the proper choice of metal work function. It is also obvious from our experimental data that the film doping (or bulk resistivity) is the most important factor in controlling the value of contact resistance for a given metallization. The lowest contact resistance values for both undoped and doped films have been achieved for Eu, Y, Sc, and Mg. Reasonable values for heavily doped films have also been obtained for Ti, Ta, Mo, and Al contacts. We have also shown, for the first time, that a further decrease of contact resistance can be achieved by increasing the doping efficiency of the phosphorus‐doped layer.
A quadrupolar expansion for r 12−1

An expansion is given for the inverse interelectronic distance in terms of the coordinates of the two electrons. The terms in the expansion contain the coordinates of the first electron with respect to two centers A, B and those of the second electron with respect to two centers C, D.
The root apical meristem of Equisetum diffusum: structure and development

The root apical meristem of Equisetum diffusum Don has a prominent four-sided pyramidal apical cell with its base (distal face) in contact with the root cap. Derivatives (merophytes) that contribute to the main body of the root are produced from the three proximal faces of the apical cell. The first division of a proximal merophyte is periclinal to the root surface separating a small inner cell from a larger outer cell. The inner cell is the precursor of the vascular cylinder. The larger outer cell is the precursor of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and pericycle. Radial sectors, established early in the development of the cortex, alternate with sectors in the vascular cylinder. These developmental steps show quite clearly that early root development in Equisetum is markedly different from that of most ferns.
Editorial: Complications of Neck Dissection for Thyroid Cancer

There is a high incidence of nodal metastasis in well-differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinomas. With a diagnosis of papillary carcinoma, 40% to 60% will develop nodal metastasis.1 Elective nodal dissection is generally not indicated, however careful evaluation of the central compartment is essential in all patients undergoing thyroid surgery for suspected thyroid cancer.2 If the lymph nodes are clinically apparent at the time of thyroidectomy, central compartment clearance is usually considered. Neck dissection, though a reliably safe procedure, carries certain potential complications which are important to recognize. Roh et al.3 from Korea have mainly discussed the issue related to chyle leak after neck dissection for thyroid cancer. The purpose of this editorial is to discuss various types of neck dissections for thyroid cancer and routine complications, along with the techniques to avoid these complications.
Rapid Detection and Identification of Enteric Bacteria from Blood Cultures

The BACTEC radiometric system and Inolex Enteric I card were used in conjunction for the rapid detection and presumptive identification of enteric gram-negative rods in blood cultures. Excellent correlation was obtained between the Inolex card and routine identification techniques when organisms from both artificially inoculated and clinical blood cultures were studied. In many instances, the culture report was available less than 24 hr after receipt of the specimen.
887 CALCITONIN (CT) INHIBITS AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) ENHANCES THE MOBILIZATION OF LEAD-203 (303Pb) IN THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMIZED (TPTX) RATS

Previous results in TPTX rats infused with PTH have shown marked redistribution of 203Pb in hard and soft tissues with a transiently small increase in urinary Pb excretion. Since CaNa EDTA (EDTA) produced rapid depletion of bone 203Pb coincident with a large increase in urinary Pb excretion, this study was undertaken to define further the interactions of EDTA, PTH, and CT on the tissue distribution of 203Pb. Once 25μCi 203Pb were given IV, TPTX rats were placed in metabolism cages; and 4 days later, EDTA, EDTA+PTH, or EDTA+CT were infused by a catheterized tail vein for 6H. Animals were sacrificed at 6 and 48H; and the results were expressed as the cpm Treated (T)/EDTA (E) Ratios, where *= p< .01, different from E: These data indicate that CT inhibits EDTA's actions by blocking removal of 203Pb from bone. PTH, however, markedly enhances the effects of EDTA by increasing depletion of 203Pb from bone primarily, with subsequent redistribution of 203Pb to soft tissues. These dramatic effects of PTH may be of considerable clinical importance in modifying, to an extent, the toxic activities of Pb.
The role of the basal ganglia in learning and memory: Insight from Parkinson's disease

It has long been known that memory is not a single process. Rather, there are different kinds of memory that are supported by distinct neural systems. This idea stemmed from early findings of dissociable patterns of memory impairments in patients with selective damage to different brain regions. These studies highlighted the role of the basal ganglia in non-declarative memory, such as procedural or habit learning, contrasting it with the known role of the medial temporal lobes in declarative memory. In recent years, major advances across multiple areas of neuroscience have revealed an important role for the basal ganglia in motivation and decision making. These findings have led to new discoveries about the role of the basal ganglia in learning and highlighted the essential role of dopamine in specific forms of learning. Here we review these recent advances with an emphasis on novel discoveries from studies of learning in patients with Parkinson's disease. We discuss how these findings promote the development of current theories away from accounts that emphasize the verbalizability of the contents of memory and towards a focus on the specific computations carried out by distinct brain regions. Finally, we discuss new challenges that arise in the face of accumulating evidence for dynamic and interconnected memory systems that jointly contribute to learning.
Revisiting request-based gossiping: The effects of queue updates on convergence time

Gossiping is a well-known approach to the distributed averaging problem whose purpose is to enable the members of a group of autonomous agents to iteratively determine the average of their initial scalar-valued gossip variables by allowing each agent to interchange information with at most one neighbor at each iterative step. In prior work we presented a deterministic request-based gossiping protocol which is guaranteed to avoid deadlocks and requires fewer transmissions per iteration than broadcast-based distributed averaging protocols by exploiting the ideas of local ordering and neighbor queues [1]. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of queue updates on the convergence and convergence time of request-based gossiping. Three gossiping protocols with different types of queue updates are presented. We show by example that the first protocol can deadlock. The second protocol is guaranteed to converge exponentially fast and requires the simplest queue updates, which provides an in-depth understanding of how local ordering and queue updates avoid deadlocks. It is shown that a third protocol which uses a slightly more complicated queue update rule can lead to significantly faster convergence.
Yes, minority and underserved populations will participate in biospecimen collection.

Declines in cancer mortality rates have been greater for college graduates than high school graduates and no decline has occurred among those with less than a high school education ([1][1]). If every person in the United States had the same cancer mortality rate as those with a college education,
Structural and low-temperature magnetic studies on compounds Sm2Fe17 with aluminium substitution for iron☆

Abstract Aluminium substitution for iron in Sm2Fe17 results in stabilization of the Th2Zn17 structure. Compounds are homogeneous from x = 0.20 to x = 0.50 in Sm0.105Fe0.895−xAlx when annealed at 800 °C. In this structure, Fe and Al are statistically distributed on 6(c), 9(d), 18(f) and 18(h) sites. Materials with x = 0–0.15 are composed of the Th2Zn17 type and Fe. The magnetic hardness at cryogenic temperatures increases rapidly around a composition with x = 0.30. A value of coercive force, Hc = 15 kOe, is obtained both on bulk and powder material with x = 0.50 at 4.2 K. This low-temperature magnetic hardness appears to be connected with the presence of highly energetic domain walls. The mechanism of demagnetization involves domain nucleation, in contrast with Sm0.167Co0.833−xAlx where demagnetization is predominantly governed by domain wall pinning.
The role of Aire in clonal selection

In his clonal selection theory, Frank Macfarlane Burnet predicted that autoreactive lymphocytes are deleted to prevent autoimmunity. This and other principles of lymphocyte behavior outlined by Burnet guided many studies that lead to our current understanding of thymic selection. Thus, when the genetic mutation responsible for autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 was mapped to the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, and Aire was found to be highly expressed in thymic epithelium, studying the role of Aire in negative selection made sense in the context of modern models of thymic selection. We now know Aire is a transcription factor required for the expression of many tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) in the thymus. In the absence of functional Aire, human patients and mice develop multi-organ autoimmune disease because of a defect in thymic negative selection. In addition to its role in the thymus, recent work in our lab suggests that extrathymic Aire-expressing cells have an important role in the clonal deletion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on thymic and peripheral Aire-expressing cells, as well as other TSA-expressing stromal cell populations in peripheral lymphoid organs. We also discuss theoretical differences in thymic and peripheral Aire function that warrant further studies.
Dynamic Adjustment in the U.S. Higher Education Industry, 1955–1997

We analyze how the number of higher education institutions responds to demand growth by applying a dynamic model to U.S. data over the period 1955–1997. We derive our dynamic, partial adjustment model from first principles under various assumptions about firm behavior, ranging from profit-maximization by Cournot firms to output-maximization by non-profit firms. Empirical estimates from this dynamic model suggest that the higher education industry does indeed respond to demand growth, but only moderately in the short run and little more in the long run. Certain segments within the overall industry exhibit much stronger responsiveness in the short and long run, in particular, public and 2-year schools.
Fetal iron deficiency alters the proteome of adult rat hippocampal synaptosomes

Fetal and neonatal iron deficiency results in cognitive impairments in adulthood despite prompt postnatal iron replenishment. To systematically determine whether abnormal expression and localization of proteins that regulate adult synaptic efficacy are involved, we used a quantitative proteomic approach (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation, iTRAQ) and pathway analysis to identify dysregulated proteins in hippocampal synapses of fetal iron deficiency model. Rat pups were made iron deficient (ID) from gestational day 2 through postnatal day (P) 7 by providing pregnant and nursing dams an ID diet (4 ppm Fe) after which they were rescued with an iron-sufficient diet (200 ppm Fe). This paradigm resulted in a 40% loss of brain iron at P15 with complete recovery by P56. Synaptosomes were prepared from hippocampi of the formerly iron-deficient (FID) and always iron-sufficient controls rats at P65 using a sucrose gradient method. Six replicates per group that underwent iTRAQ labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis for protein identification and comparison elucidated 331 differentially expressed proteins. Western analysis was used to confirm findings for selected proteins in the glutamate receptor signaling pathway, which regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity, a cellular process critical for learning and memory. Bioinformatics were performed using knowledge-based Interactive Pathway Analysis. FID synaptosomes show altered expression of synaptic proteins-mediated cellular signalings, supporting persistent impacts of fetal iron deficiency on synaptic efficacy, which likely cause the cognitive dysfunction and neurobehavioral abnormalities. Importantly, the findings uncover previously unsuspected pathways, including neuronal nitric oxide synthase signaling, identifying additional mechanisms that may contribute to the long-term biobehavioral deficits.
Neurons from chick embryo cerebrum: Ultrastructural and biochemical development in vitro

Abstract Primary cultures of neurons prepared from dissociated telencephalon of 8-day-old chick embryos exhibited characteristic differentiated morphology with an interconnecting neurofibrillary network that became increasingly ramified during the 15-day period of culture. All the cells in the culture can be stained positively using the Sevier-Munger silver impregnation technique. The cells and fibers also contain tetanus toxin binding sites and are heavily stained by antitubulin, as visualized by indirect immunofluorescence. Cell processes containing abundant microtubules organized in parallel arrays were observed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy of processes also revealed vesicle-containing boutons with synaptic attachments to other cells. These cultures are free of glial contamination since significant levels of glial markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein or glutamine synthetase activity, were not detected. In addition, cells with the microtubular pattern characteristic of glia or fibroblasts were not observed in typical microscopic fields. Neuronal glutamic acid decarboxylase activity was comparable to that of adult brain while tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase activities were not detectable. Crude membrane preparations from the cultured neurons contain receptors for γ-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine at levels which are 30% and 14% those of adult brain. The chick cerebral cultures thus appear enriched in GABAergic neurons. It can be concluded that development of neuron-specific structural and biochemical markers can occur in the absence of glial cells. The culture system therefore provides a useful model for studies of central neurons in vitro.
Deceleration of surface structural relaxation in chlorine-containing silica glass due to chlorine volatilization

Abstract Both surface and bulk fictive temperatures of chlorine-containing silica glass were measured using the IR method, after thermal, mechanical and chemical treatments. A metastable equilibrium state at 1200 °C was first established for the glass by heat-treatment and a uniform fictive temperature was observed except for the sample surface created by polishing after the heat-treatment. The densified layer of the polished surface shifted the IR peak wavenumber, making the fictive temperature appear higher than the bulk. During the second heat-treatment at 950 °C, the sample with the as-heat-treated surface and uniform fictive temperature of 1200 °C developed non-uniform fictive temperature distribution with the bulk fictive temperature becoming lower than the surface fictive temperature. Usually, surface structural relaxation is faster than bulk structural relaxation and the surface fictive temperature becomes lower than the bulk fictive temperature when heat-treated at a lower temperature than the initial fictive temperature. The observed anomalous feature was attributed to chlorine volatilization from the glass surface layer creating a high viscosity surface layer. This conclusion was supported by the diffusion data of chlorine in the glass available in the literature.
Efficiency and Fairness Trade-Offs in SC-FDMA Schedulers

In this paper, we address the uplink resource scheduling problem in single carrier frequency-domain multiple access systems. In particular, we focus on the efficiency and fairness trade-offs in scheduling and resource allocation for wireless cellular networks. We present an efficient implementation method that translates these scheduling problems into set partitioning problems that are well-studied in the literature. Then, we discuss a family of utility functions that enable us to investigate the performance of different frequency domain schedulers such as the sum-rate maximization, proportional fair, and max-min fair schedulers. We use the price of fairness as a metric to analytically quantify these trade-offs. Based on the intuition that fairness of resource allocation in cellular radio networks corresponds to the prioritization of cell-edge user rates, we demonstrate that the proportional fair scheduler significantly improves fairness among users, and increases the rates offered to the cell-edge and median users when compared to the sum-rate maximization scheduler. This comes at the cost of reducing the cell-center user rates and the aggregate user rate. We present the steps on how to take into account the practical implementation constraints, in particular, those related with the discrete Fourier transform implementation, in the problem formulation. Simulation results that illustrate these trade-offs are also presented. We conclude that this type of analysis can provide guidelines for the network operators to control the efficiency and fairness trade-off as the data traffic grows.
A prospective study of disordered eating among sorority and nonsorority women

Objective The current study examined disordered eating prospectively among sorority and nonsorority women. Method University women were surveyed during their first, second, and third undergraduate years. Disordered eating, depression, self-esteem, body mass index (BMI), and ideal weight were measured. Results Disordered eating did not differ between the groups before women joined sororities. By Time 3, sorority women reported higher Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) Drive for Thinness subscale scores than nonsorority women, but the EDI Bulimia and Body Dissatisfaction subscales did not differ. BMI, ideal weights, depression, and self-esteem did not differ. Conclusions Women who join sororities are similar to those who do not in their baseline levels of disordered eating, but they maintain more rigorous attitudes and behaviors regarding dieting over the course of their higher education. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 354–358, 2004.
Sorbent extraction in flow injection analysis and its application to enhancement of atomic spectrometry

Abstract The extraction of metals as their chelates from aqueous samples can be simplified, miniaturized and automated by flow injection/sorbent extraction techniques. The chelate is formed in the flow stream, sorbed on C-18 bonded silica and then eluted for transfer to the atomic absorption spectrometer. The proposed method is shown to be useful for the preconcentration of copper and lead by means of their chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate or 8-quinolinol; complexation with 1-(2- pyridylazo)-2-naphthol or 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol is also possible. This approach enables organic reagents to be used directly, without immobilization, in “open” flow-injection systems for preconcentration or separation of analytes.
Computation in multicriteria matroid optimization

Motivated by recent work on algorithmic theory for nonlinear and multicriteria matroid optimization, we have developed algorithms and heuristics aimed at practical solution of large instances of some of these difficult problems. Our methods primarily use the local adjacency structure inherent in matroid polytopes to pivot to feasible solutions, which may or may not be optimal. We also present a modified breadth-first-search heuristic that uses adjacency to enumerate a subset of feasible solutions. We present other heuristics and provide computational evidence supporting our techniques. We implemented all of our algorithms in the software package MOCHA.
Responses of forage grasses to aluminum in solution culture

Abstract Growth, nutrient uptake and nutrient uptake efficiency differences in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were evaluated at 0, 100, 200, and 300 μM Al. In each of the species, cultivar differences were also compared. In the absence of Al stress, cultivars of orchardgrass outperformed other grasses. The presence of Al reduced shoot and root growth; however, the magnitude of the growth reduction depended upon the species and cultivars. The growth of shoots and roots showed a significant difference with respect to species, cultivars, treatment Al and their Interactions. Aluminum reduced the uptake of many essential nutrients. At 100 μM Al Potomac orchardgrass had the highest and climax timothy had the lowest mineral content. The efficiency ratio (ER) assisted in classifying grass entries into efficient and inefficient utilizers of the absorbed nutrients. The ER is defined as milligrams of dry shoot weight produced per milli...
BMP Signaling Regulates Extracellular Matrix Composition and Permeability in C.elegans

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway signaling plays a critical role in extracellular growth and homeostasis, including basement membrane remodeling and long bone growth. In the small free-living nematode C. elegans, BMP signaling regulates body size development and drug response through an unknown physiological mechanism. Our lab and others have shown animals lacking BMP signaling (bmp(-)) are short and display increased sensitivity to anesthetics, while animals overproducing BMP ((bmp(++)) are long and display resistance to anesthetics [1]. Signaling factors or organization of the cuticle, an extracellular matrix that surrounds and protects the animal from its environment, can influence body shape [2]. Further, large-scale gene expression studies have shown that some cuticular collagen are highly regulated by BMP signaling [3-5]. Based on these data, we tested the hypothesis that BMP affects body length and drug response through organization of the nematode cuticle.
A Vector Autopilot System

Current technology has evolved low cost, highly reliable solid state vector magnetometers with excellent angular resolution. This paper discusses the role of a three-axis magnetometer as a new instrument for aircraft attitude determination. Using flight data acquired by an instrumented aircraft, attitude is calculated using the Earth's magnetic field vector and compared to measured attitudes. The magnetic field alone is not adequate to resolve all attitude variations and the need for a second reference angle or vector is discussed. A system combining the functions of heading determination and attitude measurement is presented to show that both functions can be implemented with essentially the same component count required to measure heading alone. lt is concluded that with the correlation achieved in calculated and measured attitude there is a potential application of vector magnetometry in attitude measurement systems.
The Myxomycetes - Some Problems and Unanswered Questions

(1976). The Myxomycetes - Some Problems and Unanswered Questions. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 225-248.
A survey on quality‐of‐service support for mobile ad hoc networks

The general field of mobile ad hoc networking is still in its infancy. Particularly, the challenge of providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) support for ad hoc networks is an open problem and remains relatively uncharted territory. Providing a complete QoS solution for the ad hoc networking environment requires the interaction and cooperation of several components. These components include: (1) a QoS routing protocol, (2) a resource reservation scheme and (3) a QoS capable medium access control (MAC) layer. In this paper, we present a survey of the current research that has addressed each of these components in the context of ad hoc networks. This work is intended to provide a broad and comprehensive view of the various components and protocols required to provide QoS support in computer networks, focusing primarily on ad hoc networks. First, we introduce the unique characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks, which distinguishing this new network architecture from traditional infrastructured wired and wireless networks (i.e. cellular-based networks). We also discuss the impact of these characteristics on QoS provisioning. Next, we describe the first QoS model proposed for mobile ad hoc networks and its relationship to QoS models proposed for the Internet. We then present a review of the proposed algorithms for each QoS component (e.g. QoS routing, resource reservation and the MAC layer). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Validation of a MR-compatible Pneumatic Manipulandum

The combination of functional MR imaging and novel robotic tools may provide unique opportunities to probe the neural systems underlying motor control and learning. Here, we describe the design and validation of a MR-compatible, 1 degree-of-freedom pneumatic manipulandum along with experiments demonstrating its safety and efficacy. We first validated the robot's ability to apply computer-controlled loads about the wrist, demonstrating that it possesses sufficient bandwidth to simulate torsional spring-like loads during point-to-point flexion movements. Next, we verified the MR-compatibility of the device by imaging a head phantom during robot operation. We observed no systematic differences in two measures of MRI signal quality (signal/noise and field homogeneity) when the robot was introduced into the scanner environment. Likewise, measurements of joint angle and actuator pressure were not adversely affected by scanning. Finally, we verified device efficacy by scanning 20 healthy human subjects performing rapid wrist flexions against a wide range of spring-like loads. We observed a linear relationship between joint torque at peak movement extent and perturbation magnitude, thus demonstrating the robot's ability to simulate spring-like loads in situ. fMRI revealed task-related activation in regions known to contribute to the control of movement including the left primary sensorimotor cortex and right cerebellum.
Frequency-domain criteria of robust stability for slowly time-varying systems

The problem of stability of feedback systems with structured slowly time-varying uncertain gains is considered. For the case when the pair "uncertain gain/derivative" belongs to a given convex set, a sufficient frequency-domain condition of stability is obtained. This condition is an MIMO generalization of the SISO results derived in the 60s in the context of the positivity theory. >
Accessibility, stabilizability, and feedback control of continuous orbital transfer.

: This paper investigates the problem of low-thrust orbital transfer using orbital element feedback from a control-theoretic standpoint, concepts of controllability, feedback stabilizability, and their interaction. The Gauss variational equations (GVEs) are used to model the state-space dynamics. First, the notion of accessibility, a weaker form of controllability, is presented. It is then shown that the GVEs are globally accessible. Based on the accessibility result, a nonlinear feedback controller is derived that asymptotically steers a vehicle from an initial elliptic Keplerian orbit to any given elliptic Keplerian orbit. The performance of the new controller is illustrated by simulating an orbital transfer between two geosynchronous Earth orbits. It is shown that the low-thrust controller requires less fuel than an impulsive maneuver for the same transfer time. Closed-form, analytic expressions for the new orbital transfer controller are given. Finally, it is proved, based on a topological nonlinear stabilizability test, that there does not exist a continuous closed-loop controller that can transfer a spacecraft to a parabolic escape trajectory.
Structure and function of initiator methionine tRNA from the mitochondria of neurospora crassa

Abstract Initiator methionine tRNA from the mitochondria of Neurospora crassa has been purified and sequenced. This mitochondrial tRNA can be aminoacylated and formylated by E. coli enzymes, and is capable of initiating protein synthesis in E. coli extracts. The nucleotide composition of the mitochondrial initiator tRNA (the first mitochondrial tRNA subjected to sequence analysis) is very rich in A + U, like that reported for total mitochondrial tRNA. In two of the unique features which differentiate procaryotic from eucaryotic cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs, the mitochondrial tRNA appears to resemble the eucaryotic initiator tRNAs. Thus unlike procaryotic initiator tRNAs in which the 5′ terminal nucleotide cannot form a Watson-Crick base pair to the fifth nucleotide from the 3′ end, the mitochondrial tRNA can form such a base pair; and like the eucaryotic cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs, the mitochondrial initiator tRNA lacks the sequence -TΨCG(or A) in loop IV. The corresponding sequence in the mitochondrial tRNA, however, is -UGCA- and not -AU(or Ψ)CG-as found in all eucaryotic cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs. In spite of some similarity of the mitochondrial initiator tRNA to both eucaryotic and procaryotic initiator tRNAs, the mitochondrial initiator tRNA is basically different from both these tRNAs. Between these two classes of initiator tRNAs, however, it is more homologous in sequence to procaryotic (56–60%) than to eucaryotic cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs (45–51%).
TO VEIL OR NOT TO VEIL? A Case Study of Identity Negotiation among Muslim Women in Austin, Texas

The increasingly pervasive practice of veiling among Muslim women has stimulated a great deal of scholarly investigation and debate. This study brings empirical evidence to bear on current debates about the meaning of the veil in Islam. This article first examines the conflicting meanings of the veil among Muslim religious elites and Islamic feminists. Although the dominant gender discourse among Muslim elites strongly favors this cultural practice, an antiveiling discourse promulgated by Islamic feminists has gained ground within recent years. This study then examines how these discursive disputes affect gender identity negotiation among veiled and unveiled Muslim women living in Austin, Texas. Interviews with these women highlight how their gender identities reproduce and reformulate existing Muslim gender discourses. Special attention is paid to the subjective disparities and points of congruence between both groups of respondents. This study concludes by suggesting avenues for future research on the i...
Education for Freedom

Abstract This article suggests that the current difficulty in conceiving an intelligible defense of liberal education derives from its no longer intelligible roots in classical philosophy or cosmology. The article suggests a look back to those other Western roots, found preeminently in the Hebrew Scriptures, which present a cosmology strikingly not at logical odds with the discoveries of modern science, much more fully in harmony with the modern reverence for freedom, and supporting a sharp critique of the contemporary confusion concerning the prime locus of education, i.e. the family.
Does increasing hydrostatic pressure ("bag squeeze") during flexible cystoscopy improve patient comfort: a randomized, controlled study.

Objectives To determine whether increased hydrostatic pressure by simple manual compression (“bag squeeze”) of the irrigation solution bag (500 mL of 0.9% saline) during passage of the flexible cystoscope will reduce patient discomfort. Methods A total of 151 male patients undergoing diagnostic and review flexible cystoscopies were randomized to “squeeze” (n = 72) or “no squeeze” (n = 79) as the cystoscope was passed from below the external sphincter until after the bladder neck was negotiated. All patients had received 10 mL of 2% lidocaine gel beforehand. A 10-point visual analog pain scale assessing cystoscopy insertion was completed by the patients after the procedure. Results The mean pain score was 1.38 (95% confidence interval 0.99-1.77) in the squeeze group and 3.00 (95% confidence interval 2.55-3.46) in the no-squeeze group ( P U test). Patient age, procedure indication (diagnostic and review), and grade of clinician performing the cystoscopy had no effect on the findings. Conclusions The results of our study have shown that the squeeze technique during insertion of a flexible cystoscope significantly decreases the discomfort of the procedure. It is strongly recommended in all male patients.