cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of the Everglades ridge and slough landscape to climate variability and 20th-century water management

The ridge and slough landscape of the Florida Everglades consists of a mosaic of linear sawgrass ridges separated by deeper-water sloughs with tree islands interspersed throughout the landscape. We used pollen assemblages from transects of sediment cores spanning sawgrass ridges, sloughs, and ridge-slough transition zones to determine the timing of ridge and slough formation and to evaluate the response of components of the ridge and slough landscape to climate variability and 20th-century water management. These pollen data indicate that sawgrass ridges and sloughs have been vegetationally distinct from one another since initiation of the Everglades wetland in mid-Holocene time. Although the position and community composition of sloughs have remained relatively stable throughout their history, modern sawgrass ridges formed on sites that originally were occupied by marshes. Ridge formation and maturation were initiated during intervals of drier climate (the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age) when the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone shifted southward. During these drier intervals, marsh taxa were more common in sloughs, but they quickly receded when precipitation increased. Comparison with regional climate records suggests that slough vegetation is strongly influenced by North Atlantic Oscillation variability, even under 20th-century water management practices.
An evaluation of cytochrome c preparations in oxidation and phosphorylation

Abstract By maintaining rat liver mitochondria in 0.44 M sucrose for varying time intervals, it was found that the phosphorylative ability of these particles was well preserved when succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate served as substrate but not when ascorbate was employed. The ability of mitochondria to phosphorylate upon ascorbate oxidation appears to be quite labile. Within an hour after the preparation of mitochondria, ascorbate oxidation was accompanied by little phosphorylation. The oxidation of ascorbate by mitochondria is mediated by added cytochrome c, and P O ratio is maximal at low cytochrome c concentrations. Different preparations of cytochrome c were assayed for their ability to couple oxidation and phosphorylation with ascorbate as substrate. The different preparations of cytochrome c showed differences in their ability to couple oxidation and phosphorylation.
A Hybrid Life Cycle Inventory of Nano-Scale Semiconductor Manufacturing

The manufacturing of modern semiconductor devices involves a complex set of nanoscale fabrication processes that are energy and resource intensive, and generate significant waste. It is important to understand and reduce the environmental impacts of semiconductor manufacturing because these devices are ubiquitous components in electronics. Furthermore, the fabrication processes used in the semiconductor industry are finding increasing application in other products, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), flat panel displays, and photovoltaics. In this work we develop a library of typical gate-to-gate materials and energy requirements, as well as emissions associated with a complete set of fabrication process models used in manufacturing a modern microprocessor. In addition, we evaluate upstream energy requirements associated with chemicals and materials using both existing process life cycle assessment (LCA) databases and an economic input-output (EIO) model. The result is a comprehensive data set and methodology that may be used to estimate and improve the environmental performance of a broad range of electronics and other emerging applications that involve nano and micro fabrication.
Children's Narratives about Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas and Objective Measures of Their Conscience: Mutual Relations and Socialization Antecedents.

We explored children's conscience using narrative measures that utilized responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas and objective measures (observed moral conduct and mothers' reports). Children and mothers were studied at Time 1 (N = 103, 26-41 months) and at Time 2 (N = 99, 43-56 months). The first goal was to examine correspondence between both sets of measures. There were meaningful links between the narratives, administered at Time 2, and children's observed and mother-reported conscience at Times 1 and 2. Children who produced many antisocial narrative themes were less internalized, whereas children who produced many themes of commitment to and concern about good behavior were more internalized on the objective measures. The second goal was to test the prediction that maternal power assertion is detrimental to conscience. Children who experienced more power-assertive maternal discipline produced fewer themes of commitment to and concern about good behavior in their narratives and were more poorly internalized on observed and mother-reported measures at Time 1 and Time 2. Girls were more internalized on the narrative and objective conscience measures.
Nitrogen Plasma Ion Implantation into Carbon Films Deposited by the Anodic Vacuum ARc

Amorphous carbon films (a-C) deposited by the anodic vacuum arc on Si substrates were implanted with nitrogen using the Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) technique to form carbon nitride films (CNX). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the a-C films show a surface morphology with maximum grain size in the order of a few nanometers and the exclusion of macroparticles. INcreasing the nitrogen content of the CNX films increased the intensity of the X-ray Photoelecton Spectroscopy (XPS) C Is peak at 286.6 eV and formed a new peak at 285.6 eV which both can be associated with the carbon-nitrogen bond formation. Nanoindentaiton measurements showed that the hardness of the a-C films increased after implanting nitrogen into them. these CNX films exhibited a hardness of 19 GP A.
Childhood sexual abuse, attachment, and trauma symptoms in college females: the moderating role of attachment.

Abstract Objective The present study tests a model linking attachment, childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and adult psychological functioning. It expands on previous work by assessing the degree to which attachment security moderates the relationship between a history of child sexual abuse and trauma-related symptoms in college females. Method Self-reports of attachment, childhood sexual abuse, and adult psychological functioning were obtained from 324 female undergraduate students attending a Southeastern U.S. university. Separate analyses were conducted examining the potential moderating role for close-adult, parent-child, and peer attachment styles. Results In this sample, 37.7% of participants reported sexually abusive experiences prior to age 16. History of child sexual abuse was consistently associated with higher levels of trauma-related symptoms and lower levels of attachment security in close-adult, parent-child, and peer relations. Additionally, attachment security was consistently associated with trauma-related symptoms. Close-adult, parent-child, and peer attachment differentially moderated trauma-related symptoms. Specifically, in peer relationships, the strength of the relationships between attachment measures and trauma symptoms were greater for CSA survivors than for non-abused participants. The opposite pattern of results was found for attachment in parental and close-adult relationships. Conclusion Results suggest that attachment security in peer and parent relationships protects against the negative effects of CSA, while only weak, marginally significant protective effects were observed for close-adult relationships. Only modest support was found for the conceptualization of attachment as a moderator of the relationship between CSA and trauma-related symptoms. However, the results suggest that attachment security at least partially protects against negative CSA outcomes.
What is an 'Endogenous State Space'?

In the literature on choice under unforeseen contingencies, the decision maker behaves as if she aggregates possible instances of future rankings indexed by a set S. The set S is interpreted as a subjective state space even though subsequent rankings need not conform to any one of the aggregated utilities. This paper proposes a definition for a subjective state space under unforeseen contingencies that is topologically unique, derives its existence from preference primitives as opposed to the representation of preferences, and does not commit to an interpretation in which states correspond to future realized rankings. The definition topologically concurs with and extends the identification of the ‘essentially unique’ subjective state space due to Dekel, Lipman and Rustichini [4].
Mothers' beliefs about listening: Implications for children's comprehension and conceptions of listening☆

Abstract Forty-four mothers offered their beliefs about listening and methods for encouraging listening in their 3- to 5-year-old children. Children's comprehension performance and conceptions of listening were also obtained. Mother perceived themselves as the primary agent responsible for children's development of basic listening competencies, such as figuring out the main point of what someone said to them, not interrupting others, and asking a question of the speaker when confused. Children who had strong comprehension skills had mothers who believed that listening is a complex set of activities, emphasized their own responsibility in ensuring that their children develop basic listening competencies, stressed comprehension processes and question asking in their conceptions of listening and in their techniques for enhancing children's listening, and began reading to their children at an early age.
Exploring the Context of Change: Understanding the Kinetics of a Studio Physics Implementation Effort.

The SCALE-UP studio physics class involves the physical redesign of a classroom to encourage more collaborative interactions and student-centered teaching, an approach shown to increase student learning on several different measures. However, research into the contextual issues involved in implementing a studio course using the SCALE-UP model remains limited. The research presented here explores the impact of situational factors on the implementation and maintenance of a research-based instructional innovation in a large research university. The specific focus of this investigation was the development and implementation of a studio version of an introductory physics course sequence at a large research university in the southeast United States using the SCALE-UP model. Interview, observation, and artifact data (including documents and Email conversations), collected over a period of two years, were analyzed. Using the Teacher Centered Systemic Reform framework, the data were analyzed to develop themes describing forces that both encouraged and restricted the growth of this studio course. Influential forces operated at the classroom, department, university, and broad cultural levels. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the specific nature of innovations implemented and their alignment with desired learning goals and outcomes. The importance of faculty collegiality emerges as a critical departmental force, as does administrative intervention at the department and university level. Broader, societal conversations related to improving undergraduate science education also provided important contextual framing for the change effort studied. The findings highlight important factors to contemplate when undertaking similar change efforts and recommendations from this study are offered for consideration.
Transcolonic peritoneoscopy by using submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap for the detection of peritoneal bead targeting in the porcine survival model: a feasibility and effectiveness study

Background Staging peritoneoscopy is typically done by laparoscopy in the operating room. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery peritoneoscopy is an appealing alternative to the current approach. Transcolonic submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap (SEMF) may provide natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery peritoneoscopy. Objective The aim was to verify the feasibility and safety of transcolonic peritoneoscopy with SEMF (TCPS) in a porcine survival model. Design Survival study. Setting Animal research unit. Intervention Seven target beads were placed in the peritoneal cavity by laparoscopy in each of 6 animals, and TCPS was performed to identify and touch beads to simulate biopsy. Animals were euthanized after 1 week, at which time, laparotomy was performed and the SEMF site was resected for histological analysis. Main Outcome Measurements The number of beads identified and touched during peritoneoscopy, rate of successful completion of TCPS, procedure time, mortality equivalent 1 week after TCPS, adverse event rate, histological assessment of SEMF site. Results All 7 beads in all 6 pigs were identified and touched during TCPS. The success rate of TCP was 100%. No major adverse events occurred during the procedure. The median procedure times for the creation of a submucosal tunnel, peritoneoscopy, closure of mucosal incision, and entire procedure were 19.5, 17, 9.5, and 45 minutes, respectively. All pigs survived until euthanasia, and there was no evidence of peritonitis or severe infection. Limitations Animal study, single endoscopist, small sample size. Conclusion Results of this study indicate that TCPS is feasible and safe in a porcine survival model.
Perilla ketone toxicity: A chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease

Perilla ketone was assessed for its usefulness as a model of equine restrictive pulmonary disease. Three ponies were given 18 mg/kg bodyweight synthetic perilla ketone in dimethyl-sulphoxide. Within 24 h of administration, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and minute volume were increased. By 48 h there was a significant decrease in tidal volume, and blood pH and base excess were also decreased but not outside normal limits. At necropsy there was congestion and oedema of the lungs. Histologically there was diffuse alveolar injury but no evidence of significant obstruction in bronchial or bronchiolar lumina. It is assumed that perilla ketone toxicity in ponies produces a restrictive disease without a significant obstructive component.
Enthalpies of Dilution of NaOH, KOH, and HCl and Thermodynamic Quantities for the Formation of These Species from Their Constituent Ions in Aqueous Solution from 300 to 370 °C

Enthalpies of dilution measured using isothermal flow calorimetry are reported for aqueous solutions of NaOH, KOH, and HCl at 370 °C and 24.6 MPa. Previously collected data at 300, 325, and 350 °C ...
Point vortex dynamics in the post-Aref era

Three vortices move in a plane You can solve that with limited pain But add in a speck And all goes to heck Its motion is really insane! (H Aref) Hassan Aref's many contributions to the field of vorticity dynamics were highlighted in a dedicated lecture at the IUTAM Symposium on Vortex Dynamics: Formation, Structure and Function, Fukuoka Japan, 10−14 March 2013. Here we present a background discussion of the pleasures and challenges associated with working with discrete vorticity representations of fluid flows, one of the areas to which Professor Aref devoted his scientific career. This will lead to a discussion of several interesting problems that remain to be analyzed for the N-point vortex equations, including (i) dynamics and equilibria on curved surfaces; (ii) energy minimizing configurations (large N, general ); (iii) equilibria with defects; and (iv) formation of equilibria (in the presence of noise and other background flow). We finish with some final thoughts on the impact of Professor Aref's style and contributions to the field of low-dimensional discrete vortex modeling of fluid flows.
Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. A clinical study of thirty-three patients and matched normal controls.

Primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) is a common and characteristic rheumatologic condition manifested by diffuse musculoskeletal aches, pains, and stiffness frequently modulated by various factors, e.g., weather, physical activity, sleep quality, and anxiety/stress, and accompanied by discrete tender points at typical soft tissue sites. Although well-recognized in adults, this entity has not been reported separately in juveniles. This study documents PFS in 33 juveniles who presented at age 17 or younger and compares their findings with those in age- and sex-matched normal control subjects. As in adult PFS patients, associated non-musculoskeletal symptoms were common, including fatigue, poor sleep, anxiety/stress, headaches, and paresthesias. Physical examination revealed multiple tender points at characteristic soft tissue sites and no objective evidence of arthritis. Routine laboratory test results were normal or negative. Juvenile PFS is often misdiagnosed. Recognition of this common rheumatologic condition in juveniles is important in order to avoid unwarranted investigations and improper management.
Self‐esteem, perception of relationships, and emotional distress: A cross‐cultural study

This study examined the relative importance of self-esteem, family cohesion, and support from friends in predicting depressed mood and anxiety in Japanese and American college students. Contrary to expectations, self-esteem was the strongest predictor of emotional distress in both groups of students. Nevertheless, consistent with predictions derived from Markus and Kitayama's theory of self-construals, family cohesion accounted for a significantly larger percentage of the variance in predicting emotional distress in Japan than in the United States. In both countries, the relations between support from friends and the measures of emotional distress were entirely mediated by self-esteem. However, among Japanese students, family cohesion accounted for additional significant variance in predicting the measures of emotional distress, even after controlling for self-esteem.
Reviews of experimental results from the polarized-beam program at the Argonne ZGS☆

Some experimental results from the polarized-beam program at the Argonne ZGS are reviewed. The main emphasis is placed on the elastic-scattering and total cross-section measurements.
Accelerating Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis for Large Brain Imaging Genetics Data

Recent advances in acquiring high throughput neuroimaging and genomics data provide exciting new opportunities to study the influence of genetic variation on brain structure and function. Research in this emergent field, known as imaging genetics, aims to identify the association between genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and neuroimaging quantitative traits (QTs). Sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) is a bi-multivariate analysis method that has the potential to reveal complex multi-SNP-multi-QT associations. However, the scale and complexity of the imaging genetic data have presented critical computational bottlenecks requiring new concepts and enabling tools. In this paper, we present our initial efforts on developing a set of massively parallel strategies to accelerate a widely used SCCA implementation provided by the Penalized Multivariate Analysis (PMA) software package. In particular, we exploit parallel packages of R, optimized mathematical libraries, and the automatic offload model for Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture to accelerate SCCA. We create several simulated imaging genetics data sets of different sizes and use these synthetic data to perform comparative study. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that a 2-fold speedup can be achieved by the proposed acceleration. The preliminary results show that by combining data parallel strategy and the offload model for MIC we can significantly reduce the knowledge discovery timelines involving applying SCCA on large brain imaging genetics data.
Modeling of an inductively coupled plasma at reduced pressures

Plasma sintering experiments in this laboratory at reduced pressures revealed efficient heating of the ceramic sample due to recombination of dissociated and/or ionized species on the surface. For establishing a model for this plasma sintering process, it is necessary to first consider the plasma itself. Therefore, a suitable model for an RF inductively coupled plasma has been developed considering reduced pressures. As the pressure decreases, the electron density also decreases at a fixed electron temperature, causing substantial deviations from chemical equilibrium. Due to the poor collisional coupling between electrons and heavy particles at reduced pressures, large deviations from kinetic equilibrium have also to be expected. The model is based on a rotationally symmetric plasma contained in a quartz tube. The power level ranges from 1.5 to 3 kW and the operating pressure is varied from 1 to 0.01 atm. Both deviations from chemical and kinetic equilibrium are included in this model. Thermodynamic and transport properties for two-temperature plasmas are used for this modeling work. The results indicate that for pressures below 0.1 atm, there is a strong ambipolar flux of charge carriers to the confining walls, leading to significant variations of the temperature across the tube. The electron temperature increases rapidly as the pressure decreases, whereas the heavy-particle temperature decreases.
Changes in NMDA receptor expression in auditory cortex after learning

Extensive practice on auditory learning tasks dramatically alters the functional organization and response properties of neurons in the auditory cortex. The cellular mechanisms responsible for this auditory learning-induced cortical plasticity are unclear; however, changes in synaptic function involving NMDA receptors have been strongly implicated. To test this hypothesis, we measured the change in gene expression of NMDA receptors and associated proteins in the auditory cortex of adult rats trained to perform an auditory identification task. NMDA receptor 2A and 2B gene expression in auditory cortex decreased significantly as auditory discrimination improved whereas expression of Arc, an immediate early gene involved in memory stabilization, increased. These results suggest that changes in NMDA receptors 2A and 2B and Arc enhance synaptic plasticity, thereby facilitating experience-dependent cortical remodeling and auditory learning.
Maintenance rehearsal and long-term recency

Maintenance (Type 1) rehearsal has been assumed to produce no increase in item recalla-bility. Studies supporting this assumption have, however, tested limited ranges of the rehearsal time variable. The present study varied the time spent in Type 1 rehearsal over an extended range, and, with this added design sensitivity, recall was observed to be positively related to rehearsal duration. In addition, a pronounced long-term recency effect was observed. Both findings were interpreted as reflecting the role of contextual cues. An expanded description of the memorial product of Type 1 processing allows a preservation of the Type l/Type 2 processing distinction and a reconciliation of the present and previous maintenance rehearsal data.
Efficient Shape Control of Distributed Reflectors with Discrete Piezoelectric Actuators

In the current article, a novel approach to the shape control problem with a limited number of discrete actuators is presented. In optimizing the actuator locations, first the reference input was expanded with a representative set of eigenfunctions. From the expansion coefficients, the dominant modes in the reference input were identified. Next the distributed parameter system was rewritten in modal coordinates and the irrelevant modes were truncated. Finally, the actuator locations were selected such that the singular values of the controllability matrix of the truncated system were maximized. The steady state actuation forces were optimized such that a cost function based on the absolute value of the steady state error is minimized. To improve the transient response, a hybrid of dynamic modal control algorithm and the optimization method is developed. Four discrete linear actuators for the one-dimensionally curved reflector and eight actuators for the two-dimensionally curved reflector are utilized. The structures are controlled and assessments for experimental implementation are made.
Backbone Dynamics of the Nafion Ionomer Studied by 19F‐13C Solid‐State NMR

The chain dynamics of a perfluorinated ionomer, Nafion®, have been studied by 19 F and 19 F- 13 C solid-state NMR at 295 K. The backbone of Nafion is essentially poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), which was investigated for reference. Fast uniaxial rotations of the helical backbone were confirmed in PTFE and detected similarly in Nafion, though with a distribution of amplitudes. The rotations produce motionally averaged 19 F- 13 C dipolar couplings and chemical shift anisotropies (CSAs) that are linearly correlated. Additional narrowing of the CSAs indicated that the backbone axis in hydrated Nafion moves with an amplitude >15°. Motional amplitudes of various backbone and side-branch sites were inferred from motionally averaged 19 F CSA parameters measured with CSA recoupling. They increase with the distance from the branch point, e.g., to >25° in the center of the side branch. Implications for the chain and supramolecular structure of Nafion are discussed.
Cooperative target tracking in balanced circular formation: Multiple UAVs tracking a ground vehicle

This paper extends our previous results on vision-based target tracking of a ground vehicle by one UAV to cooperative tracking using multiple UAVs. An early-designed guidance law that orbits one UAV around the moving target is augmented with an additional term for coordination. This extra term, which can be computed based on the relative bearing angle between two UAVs, puts all UAVs into a balanced circular formation, where all agents spread evenly on a circle. Three communication topologies are considered, i.e., an all-to-all communication, a ring topology, and a cyclic pursuit topology. The effectiveness of the proposed cooperative target tracking control laws is demonstrated by numerical simulation examples.
Risk chains over the life course among homeless urban adolescent mothers: Altering their trajectories through formal support

This qualitative study uses life course theory along with risk and resilience as a foundation from which to examine the life histories of 14 adolescent mothers recruited from an urban homeless shelter. Semi-structured individual interviews focused on exploring experiences with violence and adversity, adaptations and coping in response, and sources of support; we analyzed the data using a grounded theory approach involving open, axial, and selective coding. The key storyline that emerged is risk chains over the life course, including lack of family support and a turning point at early adolescence. Participants' adaptations to violence influenced their identity development, and formal support from the shelter staff facilitated critical protective processes as the young women transitioned to adulthood.
Recursive region splitting at hierarchical scope views

Abstract There are several limitations of the recursive region splitting algorithm for image segmentation. The recursive region splitting at hierarchical scope view is a new algorithm to ease some of the difficulties. A quad tree structure is used to store the split results of the scope views at different levels. The segmentation will proceed to small scope views only if the result at that level is not satisfactory according to a certain criterion. Experimental results of applying this new algorithm to aerial photographs shows improved sensitivity to detect smaller objects. A boundary check procedure is implemented in this algorithm to remove boundary discontinuity along the scope view border. The segmentation results and processing time of four sets of aerial photographs are also discussed here.
Team OSAM-UAV’s Design for the 2008 AUVSI Student UAS Competition

This paper, was originally prepared for and presented at the 2008 AUVSI Student UAS Competition, it provides the OSAM-UAV (Open-Source Autonomous Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) team’s design of an unmanned aircraft system for remote target recognition missions. Our OSAM-UAVs are designed to be small in size with strong airframes, and low-cost using open-source in both autopilot hardware and flight control software. A robust EPP-based delta wing airframe is used to prevent damage to the airframe during landing or even crashes. Autonomous navigation is achieved using an open-source Paparazzi autopilot, which gives special attention to safety during operation. Our system has been further enhanced by using the Xbow MNAV Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in place of the Paparazzi’s standard infrared (IR) sensors, for better georeferencing. An array of light-weight video cameras have been embedded in the airframe, which stream video to the ground control station through wireless transmitters in real-time. The ground control system includes a computer vision system, which processes and geo-references images in real-time for target recognition. Experimental results show the successful autonomous waypoint navigation and real-time image processing.© 2009 ASME
Identification of the Liaison Persons of an Organization Using the Structure Matrix

Linear graphs have been utilized by several authors to provide a geometric depiction of the structure of a group. Graphs will be defined in the next section where it will also be shown that they are in a one-to-one correspondence with certain square matrices whose only elements are 0 and 1. These corresponding matrices have been used as a mathematical model by others. Both viewpoints are combined here to provide a systematic procedure for identifying the liaison persons in an organization.
Appropriating Vs. Budgeting: A Comparison of Municipal Fiscal Processes

Conceptual and operational differences between the municipal fiscal processes of appropriating and budgeting are examined. Examination is within the framework of Illinois practice, in which some cities prepare an operating budget while others prepare only an appropriation ordinance. The author finds that there are indeed conceptual and operational differences; budgeting is conceptually a more formal and multi-dimensional process than appropriating, and such differences are reflected in the practices of Illinois cities. However, the operational differences are generally of small magnitude. The author recommends that initiation of a budget system be accompanied by programs for infusing fiscal decision making with new concepts and skills.
Experimental evidence for evolved tolerance to avian malaria in a wild population of low elevation Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus virens).

Introduced vector-borne diseases, particularly avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and avian pox virus (Avipoxvirus spp.), continue to play significant roles in the decline and extinction of native forest birds in the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian honeycreepers are particularly susceptible to avian malaria and have survived into this century largely because of persistence of high elevation refugia on Kaua‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i Islands, where transmission is limited by cool temperatures. The long term stability of these refugia is increasingly threatened by warming trends associated with global climate change. Since cost effective and practical methods of vector control in many of these remote, rugged areas are lacking, adaptation through processes of natural selection may be the best long-term hope for recovery of many of these species. We document emergence of tolerance rather than resistance to avian malaria in a recent, rapidly expanding low elevation population of Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) on the island of Hawai‘i. Experimentally infected low elevation birds had lower mortality, lower reticulocyte counts during recovery from acute infection, lower weight loss, and no declines in food consumption relative to experimentally infected high elevation Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi in spite of similar intensities of infection. Emergence of this population provides an exceptional opportunity for determining physiological mechanisms and genetic markers associated with malaria tolerance that can be used to evaluate whether other, more threatened species have the capacity to adapt to this disease.
Rapid Prototype Fabrication of Custom Chip Scale Packages

Many new electronic systems require very high-density packaging to meet system volume and weight constraints. The Chip Scale Package (CSP) is often used to meet this need. However, the limited commercial availability of die in CSP form frequently drives system designers to pursue custom CSP fabrication. Long lead times and manufacturers' reluctance to run small batches typically limit the use of custom CSPs to high volume applications. This paper presents an approach for the rapid prototype of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) CSPs. Integral to the approach is the concept of using a small family of generic substrate designs to build a large variety of CSPs. The generic substrates may be fabricated and kept on hand until a CSP application need arises. When it does, a 12-to-16-week industry-typical lead time does not apply; the CSP may be fabricated rapidly, on site. Fabrication consists of simply singulating the substrate, populating the solder ball pads, mounting and wire bonding the die, encapsulating the substrate surface, and laser marking the assembly. The lead time may be slashed from several months to just a few days. The family of substrate designs will be described. The substrates, with gold-based interconnects, have standard JEDEC Ball Grid Array (BGA) footprints of either 0.8 mm or 1.0 mm pitch. Substrates have a top surface metallization scheme of either a large central die bond pad surrounded by a number of peripheral bond sites for wire bonds, or a blanket metallization layer that may be patterned, via photolithography, to accommodate a specific application at the time of need. The die pad design is used for CSPs with a single die, while the blanket metallization design is patterned for hybrid or multi-die applications. The design approach, custom photopatterning and gold etch, and assembly processes are presented.
Stealing from an ongoing flow

In this poster, we present a protocol to enable secondary users to harness residual capacity in a frequency band with primary users. The key contribution of the proposed protocol is that it does not require any knowledge of primary network traffic or topology.
The fleeting benefits of appointments commissions for judicial gender equity

Parity in gender representation on the bench is crucial if the judiciary is to reflect the population it serves. This article determines whether judicial appointments commissions, recently adopted in the UK, can increase judicial diversity on Commonwealth courts. Applying the synthetic control method to cross-national comparative data, the author finds that while the appointment of women judges increased in the first year after appointment commissions were established in the UK, any increase in the gender equity of appointments vanished soon thereafter. Not only does this result has important practical and theoretical implications for ongoing efforts to increase judicial diversity in Commonwealth countries, but it also highlights the utility of the synthetic control method for cross-national comparative political analysis.
FREQUENCY OF NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Neonatal intensive care unit survival rates have improved significantly over the past decade. This improvement primarily reflects declining mortality rates among preterm infants. Neurologic morbidity increases with prematurity and is the major predictor of long-term disability. Accordingly, concern has been expressed that the burden of neurologic dysfunction among contemporary neonatal intensive care unit survivors may be increasing. To define the trends of neurologic disorders in the contemporary neonatal intensive care unit, all 4164 admissions between 1986 and 1995 to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit were examined. Neonatal intensive care unit admissions (413 ± 49 per year), proportion of births at less than 37 weeks (70 ± 3% per year), and referral patterns were stable between 1986 and 1995. Over the study period, 773 (18%) of 4164 neonatal intensive care unit infants had a total of 1062 neurologic disorders. The neonatal intensive care unit mortality rate declined from 12% in 1986 to 4.2% in 1...
Integrin α1β1 and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Play Distinct Roles in Alport Glomerular Pathogenesis and Serve as Dual Targets for Metabolic Therapy

Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder resulting from mutations in type IV collagen genes. The defect results in pathological changes in kidney glomerular and inner-ear basement membranes. In the kidney, progressive glomerulonephritis culminates in tubulointerstitial fibrosis and death. Using gene knockout-mouse models, we demonstrate that two different pathways, one mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and the other by integrin α1β1, affect Alport glomerular pathogenesis in distinct ways. In Alport mice that are also null for integrin α1 expression, expansion of the mesangial matrix and podocyte foot process effacement are attenuated. The novel observation of nonnative laminin isoforms (laminin-2 and/or laminin-4) accumulating in the glomerular basement membrane of Alport mice is markedly reduced in the double knockouts. The second pathway, mediated by TGF-β1, was blocked using a soluble fusion protein comprising the extracellular domain of the TGF-β1 type II receptor. This inhibitor prevents focal thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, but does not prevent effacement of the podocyte foot processes. If both integrin α1β1 and TGF-β1 pathways are functionally inhibited, glomerular foot process and glomerular basement membrane morphology are primarily restored and renal function is markedly improved. These data suggest that integrin α1β1 and TGF-β1 may provide useful targets for a dual therapy aimed at slowing disease progression in Alport glomerulonephritis.
Pediatric Septic Bursitis: Case Report of Retrocalcaneal Infection and Review of the Literature

Septic bursitis in children is rarely discussed in the medical literature. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations and management of 10 cases of septic bursitis involving patients aged <16 years. In every case in this series, acute trauma was the predisposing condition. Group A streptococci were frequently isolated from the infected bursa. Septic bursitis, an underappreciated infection in children, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of common childhood conditions.
Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II messenger RNA expression in muscle, heart, and liver of streptozotocin-diabetic swine.

We have investigated the effects of streptozotocin- diabetes and fasting in juvenile swine by monitoring IGF-I and -II gene expression in muscle, heart, and liver tissues. In diabetic pigs, IGF-I messenger RNAs (mRNA) were decreased by 50% in muscle and liver tissues, and by 70% in heart. The imposition of fasting on diabetic animals tended to further decrease IGF-I mRNA levels, and fasting alone also decreased IGF-I mRNA abundance in the three tissues (P < 0.05). Insulin therapy restored IGF-I mRNA levels to normal in muscle and livers but was less effective in hearts of diabetic pigs. Relative IGF-I mRNA expression in heart and muscle tissues was 2-fold and 4-fold higher, respectively, than in liver tissues under normal conditions in these animals. Serum IGF-I concentrations and tissue extractable immunoreactive IGF-I levels were also measured. Serum IGF-I was markedly decreased in the diabetic state, dropping to 70% below control levels (P < 0.01). Extractable IGF-I in liver declined by 50% with diabet...
Large-eddy simulation of wing tip vortex in the near field

Large-eddy simulation with filtered-structure-function subgrid model and implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES without explicit subgrid model) using high-order accuracy and high resolution compact scheme have been performed on the tip vortex shedding from a rectangular half-wing with a NACA 0012 airfoil section and a rounded wing tip. The formation of the tip vortex and its initial development in the boundary layer and the near field wake are investigated and analysed in detail. The physics, why the tip vortex, which is originally turbulent in the boundary layer, is re-laminarised and becomes stable and laminar rapidly after shedding in the near field, is revealed by this simulation. The computation also shows the widely used second-order subgrid model is not consistent to six-order compact scheme and would degenerate the six-order LES results to second-order. Therefore, high-order schemes, grid refinement and six-order subgrid models are critical to LES approaches.
An event‐structure approach to social power and to the problem of power comparability

One of the more unwieldy concepts with which social scientists struggle is that of power. How can one compare the power of a policeman to direct traffic with the power of a professor to get his students to do a homework assignment, or with the power of a father to get his son to wash behind his ears? The persons are so different, the behaviors so diverse, that they seem to preclude comparison. Is there a “common denominator” for these dissimilar situations? Here one approach to this problem is presented, using the common denominator of motivation.
Adenovirus structure by X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy

In the 40 years since the discovery of adenovirus, a wide range of biophysical and biochemical techniques have been applied to understanding the structure of the virion (Ginsberg 1979; Philipson 1983). Its size and complexity have presented a particular challenge, and this chapter describes a novel combination of two imaging techniques. Interpretation of the resultant images has relied on the wealth of earlier data. The aim has been to use X-ray crystallography to determine atomic structures of individual protein components and electron microscopy (EM) to determine the low-resolution structure of the intact complex. By accurately positioning the atomic structures within the reconstructed EM density and performing difference imaging, high-resolution structural information on the 150 x 106-Da complex has been obtained. In comparison with other mammalian viruses for which structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography alone, the adenovirus particle is much larger, roughly 18 times the mass of the picornaviruses (Rossmann et al. 1985; Hogle et al. 1985) and six times the mass of the polyoma virus SV40 (Liddington et al. 1991). Thus far, the atomic structure of only one complete adenovirus capsid component, hexon, has been determined (Roberts et al. 1986; Athappilly et al. 1994). An early low-resolution structure of hexon (Burnett et al. 1985) was used to develop a model for hexon packing in the adenovirus capsid (Burnett 1985).
Leanness and heightened nonresting energy expenditure: role of skeletal muscle activity thermogenesis

A high-calorie diet accompanied by low levels of physical activity (PA) accounts for the widespread prevalence of obesity today, and yet some people remain lean even in this obesogenic environment. Here, we investigate the cause for this exception. A key trait that predicts high PA in both humans and laboratory rodents is intrinsic aerobic capacity. Rats artificially selected as high-capacity runners (HCR) are lean and consistently more physically active than their low-capacity runner (LCR) counterparts; this applies to both males and females. Here, we demonstrate that HCR show heightened total energy expenditure (TEE) and hypothesize that this is due to higher nonresting energy expenditure (NREE; includes activity EE). After matching for body weight and lean mass, female HCR consistently had heightened nonresting EE, but not resting EE, compared with female LCR. Because of the dominant role of skeletal muscle in nonresting EE, we examined muscle energy use. We found that lean female HCR had higher muscle heat dissipation during activity, explaining their low economy of activity and high activity EE. This may be due to the amplified skeletal muscle expression levels of proteins involved in EE and reduced expression levels of proteins involved in energy conservation in HCR relative to LCR. This is also associated with an increased sympathetic drive to skeletal muscle in HCR compared with LCR. We find little support for the hypothesis that resting metabolic rate is correlated with maximal aerobic capacity if body size and composition are fully considered; rather, the critical factor appears to be activity thermogenesis.
A Metabolic Sensor Governing Cell Size in Bacteria

Nutrient availability is one of the strongest determinants of cell size. When grown in rich media, single-celled organisms such as yeast and bacteria can be up to twice the size of their slow-growing counterparts. The ability to modulate size in a nutrient-dependent manner requires cells to: (1) detect when they have reached the appropriate mass for a given growth rate and (2) transmit this information to the division apparatus. We report the identification of a metabolic sensor that couples nutritional availability to division in Bacillus subtilis. A key component of this sensor is an effector, UgtP, which localizes to the division site in a nutrient-dependent manner and inhibits assembly of the tubulin-like cell division protein FtsZ. This sensor serves to maintain a constant ratio of FtsZ rings to cell length regardless of growth rate and ensures that cells reach the appropriate mass and complete chromosome segregation prior to cytokinesis.
A comparative analysis of torque production in Halbach and conventional surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motors

The general question of when and why one should use a Halbach rotor in the design of surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motors is addressed. The torque production capabilities of Halbach and conventional magnet arrays under the constraints of fixed magnet volume, and fixed power dissipation in slotless armature windings, are compared and the results presented in a graphical manner along with intuitive models that qualitatively explain these results. The authors conclude that, for permanent-magnet synchronous motors where the application precludes the use of a magnetic back-iron, the Halbach array always produces higher torque than the conventional array, for the same volume of magnets. The use of a magnetic back-iron in both designs increases the achievable torque. However for magnetically-backed rotors, the conventional array, with an optimized pole-arc to pole-pitch ratio, produces higher torque than the Halbach array up to a certain thickness of magnets. Above this thickness, the Halbach array produces a higher torque.
Singly resonant optical parametric oscillator synchronously pumped by frequency-doubled additive-pulse mode-locked Nd:YLF laser pulses

We present the design and characteristics of a KTiOPO4 singly resonant optical parametric oscillator synchronously pumped by the second harmonic of an additive-pulse mode-locked Nd:YLF laser. The pump pulses at the 527-nm wavelength have a pulse width of 4.5 ps, a repetition rate of 76 MHz, and an average power of as much as 4 W. Above the threshold of 900-mW average pump power, continuous tuning is demonstrated from 851 to 938 nm in the signal branch and from 1200 to 1381 nm in the idler branch. At three times the threshold, 3.2-ps signal pulses with an average power of 83 mW and 2.4-ps idler pulses with an average power of 280 mW are obtained. High-order transverse-mode characteristics and multiple-wavelength oscillation are also discussed.