cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gossiping along the Path: A Direction-Biased Routing Scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Like any communication networks, Wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs) require routing to support many applications such as data aggregation and over-the- air firmware update. Traditional route discovery in WANETs floods request all over the network causing broadcast storm that will heavily consume the precious power resources on nodes. To respond, gossip routing is proposed to reduce the number of messages. In recent years, several algorithms have been developed to improve its efficiency using location information. However, they only make use of distance but not directional information which is much cheaper to acquire in WANETs. In this paper, we develop an approach to improve location- aided routing by making use of directional information, with and without distance information. Empirical results show that our approach outperforms existing gossip routing algorithms, including location-aided ones, on random and deployed WSNs. When only general direction information of nodes is given, performances of our algorithms only drop slightly. Hoping this approach can also benefit other types of routing tasks, we also migrate the spirit of this algorithm onto opportunistic routing and show improved performance than existing location-aided opportunistic routing.
Consulting Legal Experts in the Real and Virtual World: Pimps’ and Johns’ Cultural Schemas about Strategies to Avoid Arrest and Conviction

ABSTRACTThis study addressed the cultural schemas about legal issues associated with on line solicited prostitution from those embedded in the subculture. Qualitative analysis of conversations in a specialized legal website forum, coupled with interview data from 43 pimps, revealed that participants held similar realistic cultural schemas of law enforcement’s priorities and operations, and risk reduction strategies. Evasive strategies emphasized the importance of covert communication in interactions and the use of trustworthy connections (virtual verification websites and non-traceable technology) when engaging in on-line solicited prostitution. Findings have direct implication for strategies aimed at ending demand by targeting johns and pimps.
Analysis and Experimental Study of the Package Stresses in a QFN Plastic-Encapsulated Package

Plastic-encapsulated packages are known to suffer package stress issues which often cause undesired shifts in the IC electrical parameters. Two types of package stress are analyzed and their contributions to the overall package stress in a Quad-Flat No-leads (QFN) Package are experimentally studied in this paper. The volumetric package stress generated by the mold compound is analyzed using the material properties of the bulk modulus and the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion (vCTE). The in-plane package stress generated by the die and the die-attach material is analyzed using the structural analysis method with the introduction of an improved Suhir solution to evaluate the in-plane normal stress at the active area of the IC die. These theoretical analysis results are further experimentally studied with the functional measurements on a precision CMOS bandgap voltage reference in a QFN package. Using the combination of two different die-attach methods and two different die-coating conditions, the parametric variations in the bandgap voltage can be correlated with the different types of package stress. The actual test data presented in this paper are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis results.
Research interview: rethinking Amazonia and its discourses. An interview with Ana Pizarro

This text forms part of my research on Latin American literature and culture in general, on the Amazon region in particular, and constitutes a tribute to an important Chilean Latin American Studies scholar, Ana Pizarro, who specializes in Amazon Studies. Awakening interest in the Amazon region in recent years has been a decisive factor in determining the direction of current Latin American studies. Ana Pizarro’s extensive study Amazonia: El rio tiene voces. Imaginario y Modernizacion is evidence of this new orientation, as she analyzes different discourses constituting Amazonian identity. Published by the Fondo de Cultura Economica, in Chile in 2009, her book was awarded the Premio de Ensayo Ezequiel Martinez Estrada 2011 by the Casa de las Americas, Havana, Cuba. This article is divided into two parts: a brief introduction to contextualize the book, followed by an interview-conversation with the author, in which fundamental aspects of Amazon research are discussed in an international context.
Trends in the frequency and quality of parathyroid surgery: analysis of 17,082 cases over 10 years.

OBJECTIVE To examine trends in the frequency and quality of surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in California during the period of 1999 to 2008. BACKGROUND The quality of surgery for PHPT can be measured by the complication rate and the success rate of surgery. A fraction of patients with failed initial surgery undergo reoperation. METHODS Data on patients undergoing parathyroidectomy (PTx) were obtained from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Renal transplant recipients and dialysis patients were excluded. Hospitals were categorized by case volume: Very low: 1 to 4 operations annually; Low: 5 to 9; Medium, 10 to 19; High: 20 to 49; Very high: 50 or more. Complication rates and the percentage of cases requiring reoperation were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 17,082 cases were studied. Annual case volume grew from 990 to 2746 (177% increase) over the study period, corresponding to a 147% increase in the per capita PTx rate. The proportion of cases performed by very high-volume hospitals increased from 6.4% to 20.5% (P < 0.001). The overall complication rate declined from 8.7% to 3.8% (P < 0.001). Complication rates were inversely related to hospital volume (very high volume, 3.9% vs very low volume, 5.2%, P < 0.05). Reoperation was performed in 363 patients (2.1%). The reoperation rate increased from 0.91% to 2.73% during the study period (P < 0.01). The reoperation rate was inversely and nonlinearly related to hospital volume, as described by the equation % reoperation = 100/(total hospital case volume). CONCLUSIONS Surgery for PHPT has grown safer and more common over time. High-volume centers have lower rates of complication and reoperation.
Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Hemagglutinin Gene of H1N1 Influenza Virus Circulated in Sichuan Province

objective To understand the antigenicity and genovariation status about hemagglutinin(HA) gene of H1N1 influenza virus circulated in Sichuan province.Methods The single-way hemagglutination inhibition(HI) tests were used to test the antigenic characteristics,and the HA gene was sequenced based on the antigenic results.Results A total of 11 influenza strains were identified as A(H1N1) subtype in Sichuan during 2009-2011,and no virus isolated had 4-folds greater HI titer compared with A/Sichuan/SWL1/2009(H1N1).Their HA gene amino acid were highly homology compared with the vaccine strain A/California/7/2009(H1N1).Conclusion The genetic characteristics and antigenicity of H1N1 influenza virus circulated in Sichuan showed no significant mutation.
Differentiation and Characterization of Human MSCs

One of the hallmark characteristics of human MSCs (hMSCs) is their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes in culture. The default fate for hMSCs appears to be bone: if late-passage cultures are left in basic culture medium, the hMSCs will become confluent and produce mineral, an indication of bone formation. However, when grown under certain culture conditions or in media containing specific components, the cells can be driven to become a number of other specific cell types including neural cells, myocytes, and cardiomyocytes. The protocols given here are the basic differentiation procedures for inducing osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis in cultures of hMSCs. Although there is still no clear consensus on the antigen expression pattern that will define hMSCs, a protocol is also presented for the flow cytometric analysis using a series of antibody panels. The analysis of these surface epitope patterns can aide in the isolation and characterization of hMSCs.
Analysis of the Coupling of G 12/13 to G Protein-Coupled Receptors Using a Luciferase Reporter Assay

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce signals from cell surface to intracellular effectors through various G proteins. In this chapter, a luciferase reporter gene assay system is described for the study of the coupling of GPCRs to G alpha 12/13. This assay system, in which ligand-stimulated production of the reporter luciferase under the control of a modified serum-responsive element (SRE) in a cell line derived from mice lacking G alpha q/11 that are transfected with a GPCR of interest, allows for easy, fast, and valid determination of the coupling of the GPCR to G alpha 12/13.
Advancing cardiovascular tissue engineering

Cardiovascular tissue engineering offers the promise of biologically based repair of injured and damaged blood vessels, valves, and cardiac tissue. Major advances in cardiovascular tissue engineering over the past few years involve improved methods to promote the establishment and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), scaffolds from decellularized tissue that may produce more highly differentiated tissues and advance clinical translation, improved methods to promote vascularization, and novel in vitro microphysiological systems to model normal and diseased tissue function. iPSC technology holds great promise, but robust methods are needed to further promote differentiation. Differentiation can be further enhanced with chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli.
Biologics in spine arthrodesis.

Spine fusion is a tool used in the treatment of spine trauma, tumors, and degenerative disorders. Poor outcomes related to failure of fusion, however, have directed the interests of practitioners and scientists to spinal biologics that may impact fusion at the cellular level. These biologics are use
Field Evaluation of Nitrogen Treatment by Conventional and Single-Pass Sand Filter Onsite Wastewater Systems in the North Carolina Piedmont

Excess nitrogen loading has contributed to the impairment of major watersheds across North Carolina. Onsite wastewater systems (OWS) are a potential source of nitrogen to water resources, but more research is needed to determine their actual contributions, especially in the Piedmont region of the state. The objective of this study was to determine the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) treatment efficiency of four OWS in clayey soils of the North Carolina Piedmont. Two OWS were conventional style, and two were single-pass sand filters. The four volunteered sites with OWS were instrumented with piezometers (27 total) for groundwater collection and analyses. Piezometers were installed within 1.5 m of each OWS and downgradient from the conventional OWS. Septic tank effluent, groundwater from the piezometers, sand filter effluent, and adjacent surface waters were sampled bimonthly (five times) during 2015. Samples were analyzed for TDN, NO3 −-N, NH4 +-N, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and physical and chemical parameters on each sampling event. Groundwater samples collected 35 m downgradient from the two conventional OWSs had TDN concentrations and masses, on average, of 98 and 70 %, respectively, lower than septic tank effluent. Isotopic analysis of the natural abundance of δ15N and δ18O in NO3 − in groundwater collected at the conventional OWS sites suggests that denitrification was a mass removal mechanism. The sand filter OWS reduced TDN concentrations by an average of 80 % and mass loading by 50 % prior to discharge to surface waters. Nitrogen management regulations in nutrient-sensitive watersheds should consider the contributions from OWS, especially direct discharge systems like sand filters. Improvements in the TDN treatment efficiency of direct discharge OWS would result in immediate surface water quality improvements.
Transitions from mono- to co- to tri-culture uniquely affect gene expression in breast cancer, stromal, and immune compartments

Heterotypic interactions in cancer microenvironments play important roles in disease initiation, progression, and spread. Co-culture is the predominant approach used in dissecting paracrine interactions between tumor and stromal cells, but functional results from simple co-cultures frequently fail to correlate to in vivo conditions. Though complex heterotypic in vitro models have improved functional relevance, there is little systematic knowledge of how multi-culture parameters influence this recapitulation. We therefore have employed a more iterative approach to investigate the influence of increasing model complexity; increased heterotypic complexity specifically. Here we describe how the compartmentalized and microscale elements of our multi-culture device allowed us to obtain gene expression data from one cell type at a time in a heterotypic culture where cells communicated through paracrine interactions. With our device we generated a large dataset comprised of cell type specific gene-expression patterns for cultures of increasing complexity (three cell types in mono-, co-, or tri-culture) not readily accessible in other systems. Principal component analysis indicated that gene expression was changed in co-culture but was often more strongly altered in tri-culture as compared to mono-culture. Our analysis revealed that cell type identity and the complexity around it (mono-, co-, or tri-culture) influence gene regulation. We also observed evidence of complementary regulation between cell types in the same heterotypic culture. Here we demonstrate the utility of our platform in providing insight into how tumor and stromal cells respond to microenvironments of varying complexities highlighting the expanding importance of heterotypic cultures that go beyond conventional co-culture.
IKKβ promotes metabolic adaptation to glutamine deprivation via phosphorylation and inhibition of PFKFB3

Glutamine is an essential nutrient for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Enhanced utilization of glutamine often depletes its local supply, yet how cancer cells adapt to low glutamine conditions is largely unknown. Here, we report that IκB kinase β (IKKβ) is activated upon glutamine deprivation and is required for cell survival independently of NF-κB transcription. We demonstrate that IKKβ directly interacts with and phosphorylates 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase isoform 3 (PFKFB3), a major driver of aerobic glycolysis, at Ser269 upon glutamine deprivation to inhibit its activity, thereby down-regulating aerobic glycolysis when glutamine levels are low. Thus, due to lack of inhibition of PFKFB3, IKKβ-deficient cells exhibit elevated aerobic glycolysis and lactate production, leading to less glucose carbons contributing to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and the pentose phosphate pathway, which results in increased glutamine dependence for both TCA cycle intermediates and reactive oxygen species suppression. Therefore, coinhibition of IKKβ and glutamine metabolism results in dramatic synergistic killing of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In all, our results uncover a previously unidentified role of IKKβ in regulating glycolysis, sensing low-glutamine-induced metabolic stress, and promoting cellular adaptation to nutrient availability.
Relay Selection and Operation Control for Optimal Delay Anonymity Tradeoff in Anonymous Networks

Anonymous systems aim to protect users from revealing to an external unauthorized entity their identities and their network activities. Despite using layered encryption to protect the metadata in the packets, these systems are still vulnerable to timing analysis, wherein an eavesdropper can use traffic correlation to match a source stream with the corresponding destination. In this paper, an analytical framework is presented to integrate and control the link-padding mechanisms in the functioning of anonymous relays in these systems such that a desired degree of anonymity is achieved from timing analysis without adding significant latency. In particular, the optimal choices of relays and the degree of link padding are investigated to characterize the best tradeoff between anonymity from timing analysis, as measured by Shannon entropy of source destination pairs, and the average latency. The optimization required for the best tradeoff is shown to require exponential complexity, and a suboptimal algorithm is presented that is shown mathematically and numerically to perform close to the optimal, but only requires linear complexity. In addition, an incremental optimization is presented for a new user to be added optimally to an existing system without altering the prevalent routing scheme.
AN INTERVENTION-BASED CLINICAL REASONING FRAMEWORK TO GUIDE THE MANAGEMENT OF THORACIC PAIN IN A DANCER: A CASE REPORT.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE As a result of the anatomical proximity of the thoracic spine to the cervical, lumbar, and shoulder regions, dysfunction in the thoracic spine can influence pain, mobility, and stability across these areas. Currently, a paucity of evidence exists addressing treatment of individuals with primary thoracic pain, especially in young, athletic patients. Furthermore, current research discussing clinical reasoning frameworks focus on the differential diagnostic process. The purpose of this case report was to present a framework that describes the clinical reasoning process for the implementation and sequencing of procedural interventions for the management of a dancer with thoracic pain. CASE DESCRIPTION A 21-year-old female dancer presented to physical therapy with a medical diagnosis of thoracic pain. The patient reported exacerbation of left thoracic pain with prolonged sitting, twisting/arching her back during dance, and lifting >15 lbs overhead. Examination revealed hypomobility with positive pain provocation during mobility testing of T1-T3 and the sternocostal junction of ribs 2-4, with associated muscle guarding palpated in the left iliocostalis thoracis and levator scapulae. OUTCOMES Following 10 visits, the patient had no pain, no functional deficits, and a Global Rating of Change (GROC) of + 6. She returned to full competition, and a 3-month follow-up revealed continued success with dancing and a GROC of +7. DISCUSSION This case report described the successful management of a dancer with primary thoracic pain using a clinical reasoning framework for the sequencing of procedural interventions, while incorporating Olson's impairment-based classification system. A combination of manual therapy techniques and neuromuscular control exercises were incorporated to address mobility, stability, mobility on stability, and skill level impairments, which allowed the patient to return to dance activities safely. Future studies should consider the development of further treatment-based clinical reasoning frameworks that illustrate the importance of the sequencing within a session and across the episode of care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
Lameness and Welfare of Cattle: Extension Program Activities and Accomplishments

Lameness of Cattle Lameness of dairy and beef cattle continues to be an extension program priority. Over the previous 12 month period, we conducted 10 training programs (under the heading of the ISU Master Hoof Care Program) on foot care and claw trimming to trimmers and dairy farm managers throughout the United States. Most of these programs are conducted in Spanish to address the needs of the dairy industry’s multi-cultural workforce. Similar programs were provided to veterinary students at Iowa State University, the University of Minnesota and the University of Florida. These programs consist of approximately a half day of classroom and 1 to 2 days of claw trimming on cadavers and live animals. Beyond these, multiple on-farm visits were conducted to review lameness problems and/or foot care programs in Iowa and elsewhere in the US. Lameness of cattle has also been the subject of presentations delivered at Iowa Dairy Days and multiple other conferences in Iowa and beyond.
The Ultrastructure of an Abnormal Cell in Sézary’s Syndrome

Sezary described a characteristic cell found in a syndrome which bears his name. This syndrome is manifested by erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, and abnormal circulating cells. The electron microscope was used to study skin, lymph nodes, and blood from three Sezary patients and all demonstrated characteristic cells. The nucleus of this Sezary cell was strikingly irregular, indented, lobulated, and serpentine, often narrowed to a single row of nuclear particles. The cytoplasm exhibited no abnormalities. No abnormal cells similar to those described have been found in any control tissues studied.
Genomic imprinting does not reduce the dosage of UBE3A in neurons.

The ubiquitin protein E3A ligase gene (UBE3A) gene is imprinted with maternal-specific expression in neurons and biallelically expressed in all other cell types. Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations affecting the dosage of UBE3A are associated with several neurodevelopmental syndromes and psychological conditions, suggesting that UBE3A is dosage-sensitive in the brain. The observation that loss of imprinting increases the dosage of UBE3A in brain further suggests that inactivation of the paternal UBE3A allele evolved as a dosage-regulating mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we examined UBE3A transcript and protein levels among cells, tissues, and species with different imprinting states of UBE3A. Overall, we found no correlation between the imprinting status and dosage of UBE3A. Importantly, we found that maternal Ube3a protein levels increase in step with decreasing paternal Ube3a protein levels during neurogenesis in mouse, fully compensating for loss of expression of the paternal Ube3a allele in neurons. Based on our findings, we propose that imprinting of UBE3A does not function to reduce the dosage of UBE3A in neurons but rather to regulate some other, as yet unknown, aspect of gene expression or protein function.
The Galactic Distribution of Fragments Formed from Tidally Disrupted Stars

Approximately once every $10^4$ years, a star passes close enough to the supermassive black hole Sgr A* at the center of the Milky Way to be pulled apart by the black hole's tidal forces. The star is then "spaghettified" into a long stream of matter, with approximately one half being bound to Sgr A* and the other half unbound. Within this stream, the local self-gravity dominates the tidal field of Sgr A*, which at minimum restricts the stream to a small finite width. As the stream cools from adiabatic expansion and begins to recombine, the residual self-gravity allows for planetary-mass fragments to form along the length of the stream; these fragments are then shot out into the galaxy at range of velocities, with the fastest moving at ~10% c. We determine the phase space distributions of these fragments for a realistic ensemble of stellar disruptions, along with the local density of fragments in the solar neighborhood. We find that ~$10^7$ fragments produced by Sgr A* accumulate within the Milky Way over its lifetime, that there are ~$10^7$ fragments that lie within 1 Mpc of the Milky Way originating from other galaxies, and that the nearest fragment to our Sun is on average 500 pc distant.
Estimation of Genetic Trend in selected Population with and Without the use of Control Population

Data from a selection experiment conducted with sheep at Massey University, New Zealand, were analyzed to obtain an evaluation of selection response. Selection was for heavy 14-mo greasy fleece weight. Approximately seven generations of selection were represented in the data. Three estimates of genetic superiority of the selected line to the control line were obtained. All three estimates were obtained from a mixed model evaluation using the individual animal model for predicting breeding values from own and relatives' records. The estimators were 1) deviation of selected line predicted yearly phenotypes from control line predicted yearly phenotypes, 2) deviation of the predicted yearly phenotype for the selected line from the year estimate in the control line and 3) the mean yearly breeding value from the analysis of the selected line only. The realized heritability using the first approach was .20. However, the control line was found to have a slight positive drift; hence, this estimate was biased downward. Using Approach 2, accounting for drift, the realized heritability was .23. The same realized heritability, .23, was obtained from an analysis of the selected line ignoring the control (Approach 3), when a prior heritability of .30 was assumed for the mixed model evaluation. The estimate of genetic trend from predicted breeding values in the latter approach is, however, quite dependent on the assumed heritability.
On the use of Sentinel-1 cross-polarization imagery for wind speed retrieval

The use of co-polarization (HH or VV) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) normalized radar cross section (NRCS) measurements to estimate winds speed has matured to an operational product. However, these wind speed retrievals have only been well validated for wind speeds less than 20 m/s and require some a priori estimated of the wind direction. At higher wind speeds, the radar cross section for co-polarization imagery becomes less sensitive to increases in wind speed. The use of cross-polarization (HV or VH) NRCS measurements is difficult because of the low NRCS values for wind speeds less than 5–10 m/s. However, as wind speeds become higher, the radar cross section becomes significantly larger than the system noise. Cross-polarization data from Radarsat-2 SAR imagery has shown promise for estimating wind speeds above 10 m/s and the retrievals can be independent of knowledge of the wind direction. In this paper, we apply a published cross-polarization wind speed algorithm to Sentinel-1 imagery. We find improved wind speed retrievals over co-polarization retrievals in very high winds especially in hurricanes. However, the noise floor in the imagery is a significant problem, especially for low wind conditions. In addition, the specification of the noise floor at beam boundaries in multi-beam imagery causes wind speed image discontinuities.
Effects of the Good Behavior Game on student and teacher behavior in an alternative school

The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a classroom behavior management procedure that has been shown to be effective in reducing disruptive behavior across many settings and populations (Flower, McKenna, Bunuan, Muething, & Vega, 2014). We investigated the effects of the GBG on student and teacher behavior in two classrooms containing fourth- to eighth-grade students in an alternative school for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Results indicated the GBG reduced disruption and increased the teacher's use of praise relative to reprimands. Social validity measures, collected from both teachers and students, indicated strong approval of the GBG.
The Dynamical Theory

This chapter may be considered a heuristic introduction and examination of the basic notions of the dynamical theory. For readers wishing to explore the equations of motion more directly at this point, it might be more appropriate to proceed to Chapter 5 and to use this chapter as a reference for certain features of the dynamical theory.
From Controlled Drinking to Harm Reduction, Two Decades of Pettifogging: A Reply to Marlatt et al.

“We can practice science only if we value the truth. This is the cardinal point that has never been seen clearly enough, either by critics or by scientists themselves…” (Bronowski, 1977, p. 212).
Looking Forward to the Past: Archaeology Through Rose-Coloured Glasses

There are multiple groups who find archaeology and its findings of particular use; these include those who pursue it for sheer love and excitement of the past, those who conduct it professionally such as in an academic setting, those who do it as part of larger undertakings such as compliance archaeology or cultural resource management (CRM) and then those whose ancestors (real or perceived) created the materials under archaeological investigation. This chapter addresses relationships between archaeology as it is currently organized in the USA and Native Americans and how relevance of this archaeological enterprise to Native Americans could be improved. It notes that while this enterprise includes mechanisms for Tribal involvement, such as Tribal Historic Preservation Offices with parallel powers and responsibilities to State Historic Preservation Offices, these mechanisms remain based in Western scientific and legal frameworks and so continue to discount Native perspectives and approaches to the past. Even political definitions, such as controversies that developed with the Kennewick Man case and proposals to replace the term “Paleoindian” with “Paleoamerican,” include culturally specific assumptions about population roles in both the past and present. If archaeology is to be more truly useful to indigenous peoples, it must reorient itself from being a finder of single truths and move toward a collector of approaches to better understand the array of cultural meanings of the past and past events.
Optimal frequency of tooth brushing in mechanically ventilated adults: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

The optimal frequency of tooth brushing in the critically ill has not been experimentally determined. For mechanically ventilated patients, optimal frequency of tooth brushing is an important unresolved issue as there is little evidence to judge the benefits or associated risks of tooth brushing. Given this knowledge gap, the project's overall goal is to determine the optimal frequency of tooth brushing (once, twice, or three times daily) for mechanically ventilated adults. A prospective, randomized, experimental design is used. Specifically, 345 subjects, with 207 expected to complete the study, are randomly assigned within 36 hr of intubation to one of three groups (once, twice, or three times tooth brushing daily). Tooth brushing with a soft compact-head toothbrush takes approximately 2 min. Dental plaque assessment, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) determination for IL-1β, and data regarding healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) and clinical status are collected at baseline and daily in-hospital. The clinical impact of daily frequency of tooth brushing in relation to extent of dental plaque and inflammation reflected by GCF analysis will be compared by the three treatment arms. In addition, evaluation of safety for HAIs will be compared based on calculation of the number needed to harm. The trial will empirically determine the optimal frequency of tooth brushing in mechanically ventilated adults, balancing benefits and risks. This contribution is significant because it will have immediate impact on bedside nursing practice, and is a final component necessary for specific evidence-based guidelines for the common nursing intervention of oral care in mechanically ventilated adults.
Demonstration of circumferential heterogeneity in displacement and strain in the abdominal aortic wall by spiral cine DENSE MRI.

Background Knowledge of tissue properties of the abdominal aorta can improve understanding of vascular disease and guide interventional approaches. Existing MRI methods to quantify aortic wall displacement and strain are unable to discern circumferential heterogeneity. Purpose To assess regional variation in abdominal aortic wall displacement and strain as a function of circumferential position using spiral cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE). Study type Prospective. Population Cardiovascular disease-free men (n = 8) and women (n = 9) ages 30-42. Sequences Prospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated and navigator echo-gated spiral, cine 2D DENSE and retrospective ECG-gated phase contrast MR (PCMR) sequences at 3T. Assessment In-plane displacement values of the aortic wall acquired with DENSE were used to determine radial and circumferential aortic wall motion. A quadrilateral-based 2D strain calculation method was implemented to determine strain from the displacement field. Peak displacement and its radial and circumferential contributions as well as peak circumferential strain were compared among eight circumferential wall segments. Distensibility was calculated using PCMR and compared with homogenized circumferential strain. Statistical tests To account for repeated measurements in volunteers, linear mixed models for mean sector values were created for displacement magnitude, circumferential displacement, radial displacement, and circumferential strain. Comparisons were made between sectors. Calculated distensibility and homogenized circumferential strain were compared using Bland-Altman analysis. Statistical significance was defined as P Results Displacement was highest in the anterior wall (1.5 ± 0.7 mm) and was primarily in the radial as compared with circumferential direction (1.04 ± 0.05 mm vs. 0.81 ± 0.42 mm). Circumferential strain was highest in the lateral walls (left 0.16 ± 0.05 and right 0.21 ± 0.12) with homogenized circumferential strain of 0.14 ± 0.05. Data conclusion DENSE imaging in the abdominal aortic wall demonstrated that the anterior aortic wall exhibits the greatest displacement, while the lateral wall experiences the largest circumferential strain. Level of evidence 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:731-743.
Obesity among black women in food deserts: An “omnibus” test of differential risk

The "omnibus" hypothesis, as forwarded by Ford and Dzewaltowski (2008), asserts that poor-quality food environments differentially affect low- and high-socioeconomic status (SES) populations. Accordingly, we examine, in a large sample of non-Hispanic (NH) black women, whether low access to healthy food corresponds with increased risk of obesity among residents of low- and high-poverty neighborhoods. In addition, we analyze whether any discovered association between low-food access and obesity appears stronger in neighborhoods with a high proportion of black residents. We retrieved body mass index (BMI) data for 97,366 NH black women residing in 6258 neighborhoods from the California Department of Public Health birth files for years 2007-2010. We linked BMI data with census tract-level data on neighborhood food access from the 2010 Food Access Research Atlas and neighborhood poverty and black composition from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. We applied generalized estimating equation methods that permit analysis of clustered data within neighborhoods. Methods also controlled for individual-level characteristics which might confound the relation between food access and obesity, including health insurance status, age, education, and parity. Results indicate that low-food access does not impact risk of obesity among NH black women residing in low-poverty neighborhoods. However, low-food access varies positively with risk of obesity in high-poverty neighborhoods. Moreover, the association between low-food access and obesity appears stronger in high-poverty, high-black composition neighborhoods, relative to high-poverty, low-black composition neighborhoods. Our findings support the omnibus hypothesis and indicate a potential interaction between factors in the local food and social environments on an individual's risk of obesity.
Variations of Functional Communication Training and Their Effects on Resurgence

The purpose of this study was to evaluate what effect teaching multiple functional communicative responses (FCRs) as outlined in serial functional communication training (FCT) had on resurgence of problem behavior and FCRs during extinction challenges. Researchers then evaluated what effect implementing a lag schedule of reinforcement following serial FCT had on resurgence of problem behavior and FCRs during extinction challenges compared with serial FCT. Recent findings evaluated the effect of a serial FCT procedure on resurgence of problem behavior, and the persistence of FCRs in an applied setting to determine if serial FCT would decrease the total number of responses of problem behavior during the resurgence (extinction) test while simultaneously increasing the total number FCRs as compared with the traditional (single) FCT condition for two children. They observed more manding (use of FCRs) and a smaller percentage of total responding occupied by problem behavior during serial FCT relative to traditional FCT. However, they also observed that problem behavior occupied the largest percentage of total relapse, demonstrating a primacy effect. The results of the present study indicate that teaching multiple FCRs in a serial FCT context is not sufficient to ensure the persistence of FCRs and significant delays or elimination of the resurgence of problem behavior during extinction challenges. Implementing a lag-2 schedule of reinforcement produced some desired effects, such as a higher total frequency of FCRs; however, resurgence of problem behavior was observed at higher rates and short latencies.
Formation of Dihydropyridone- and Pyridone-Based Peptide Analogs through Aza-Annulation of β-Enamino Ester and Amide Substrates with α-Amido Acrylate Derivatives

The aza-annulation of β-enamino ester and amide substrates with the mixed anhydride of 2-acetamidoacrylic acid was used for the efficient construction of highly substituted α-acetamido δ-lactam products. With the α-acetamido substituent, lactam functionality, and γ-carboxylate group, these δ-lactam products represent an interesting class of conformationally restricted dipeptide analogs. The framework of this lactam hub is structurally related to that of an α-amino acid coupled with a β-amino acid. When α-amino esters derived from naturally occurring amino acids were used in the enamine formation step, subsequent aza-annulation led to branched peptide surrogates with two C-termini that extended from a common N-terminus. Oxidation of the aza-annulation products resulted in the generation of a planar system with peptide functionality radiating from the 1, 3, and 5 positions of the pyridone hub. Alternatively, pyridone products could be formed directly from the enamino amides by reaction with 2-phenyl-4-(etho...
Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, Mitoxantrone Plus Rituximab (FCM-R) as Frontline Therapy for CLL: Results of a Phase 2 Study.

Combinations of monoclonal antibodies (moabs) with chemotherapy have produced higher rates of complete remission (CR) and better quality of responses (minimal residual disease [MRD]-negative) than have been achieved with chemotherapy or moabs alone. We have previously shown an overall response (OR) rate of 95% with a CR rate of 73% when combining fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) as first-line treatment for symptomatic patients with CLL (Keating et al. J Clin Oncol23:4079; 2005). Recent reports of FC plus mitoxantrone (FCM) have demonstrated response rates of 60% and up to 88% in pts with relapsed and untreated CLL, respectively. Here we report preliminary results of a pilot study exploring FCM plus rituximab and pegfilgrastim as frontline therapy for pts with untreated and symptomatic CLL and b2M 2 i.v. d2–4, C 250 mg/m 2 i.v. d2–4, M 6 mg/m 2 i.v. d2, and R 375 mg/m 2 i.v. d1. Pegfilgrastim was 6 mg s.c. d4. For courses 2–6, FCM started day 1 together with R 500 mg/m 2 , and pegfilgrastim on d3. Courses were repeated q4–6 wks. The primary objectives included efficacy [clinical response by NCI-WG criteria and based on 2-color flow (CD5/CD19) response rate at 3 and 6 mos] and toxicity (especially myelosuppression). Thirty-one pts were enrolled of whom 29 pts are evaluable for response at 3 mos, and 21 pts at 6 mos (1 pt was taken off for insurance reasons after one course, and 1 did not receive any therapy). The median age was 57 yrs (range 38–69). Fourteen pts (48%) were male. Four pts (14%) had Rai stage ≥ 3. Median b2M was 2.6 mg/dL (1.4–4) and the median WBC 59.9 x 10 9 /L (5.6–355). Two pts had 11q23 and 17p− abnormalities by cytogenetics/FISH. Unmutated IgV H occurred in 12/17 (71%) pts; ZAP-70 immunohistochemistry was positive in 11/19 (58%) pts. Twenty-eight pts (97%) responded at 3 mos (41% CR, 17% nPR, 39% PR); 10 pts (34%) had /= 3 neutropenia occurred in 77% of the pts, thrombocytopenia in 7%, and anemia in 13%. Infectious episodes were seen in 13 pts (45%). Of 21 pts who completed therapy, 3 have received less than 6 courses because of ongoing cytopenias. In conclusion, FCM-R is an active induction regimen for symptomatic patients with CLL. However, clinical response rates and frequency of pts with flow cytometry response
Deep-learning-based surrogate model for reservoir simulation with time-varying well controls

Abstract A new deep-learning-based reduced-order modeling (ROM) framework is proposed for application in subsurface flow simulation. The reduced-order model is based on an existing embed-to-control (E2C) framework and includes an auto-encoder, which projects the system to a low-dimensional subspace, and a linear transition model, which approximates the evolution of the system states in low dimension. In addition to the loss function for data mismatch considered in the original E2C framework, we introduce a physics-based loss function that penalizes predictions that are inconsistent with the governing flow equations. The loss function is also modified to emphasize accuracy in key well quantities of interest (e.g., fluid production rates). The E2C ROM is shown to be analogous to an existing ROM, POD-TPWL, which has been extensively developed for subsurface flow simulation. The new ROM is applied to oil-water flow in a heterogeneous reservoir, with flow driven by nine wells operating under time-varying control specifications. A total of 300 high-fidelity training simulations are performed in the offline stage, and the network training requires 10-12 minutes on a Tesla V100 GPU node. Online (runtime) computations achieve speedups of over a factor of 1000 relative to full-order simulations. Extensive test case results, with well controls varied over large ranges, are presented. Accurate ROM predictions are achieved for global saturation and pressure fields at particular times, and for injection and production well responses as a function of time. Error is shown to increase when 100 or 200 (rather than 300) training runs are used to construct the E2C ROM. Overall the E2C ROM is shown to provide reliable predictions with levels of perturbations in the well controls that are much larger than those used with existing POD-TPWL treatments. The current model is however limited to 2D systems, and the required number of training simulations is much larger than that for POD-based ROMs.
Asymmetry in media effects on perceptions of police: an analysis using a within-subjects design experiment

The current study examines the influence of positive, negative, and mixed portrayals of the police in the media on perceptions of police. Participants were randomly assigned to watch an edited vide...
Compressed Principal Component Regression (C–PCR) Algorithm and FPGA Validation

To address the hardware and/or software implementation issues of principal component regression (PCR), we propose a novel algorithm called compressed PCR (C–PCR). C–PCR projects the input data to a lower dimensional space first, and then applies the compressed data to a significantly smaller PCR engine. We show that C–PCR can lower the computational complexity of PCR with a factor of compression ratio (CR) squared, i.e., CR2. Moreover, the output signal of C–PCR follows that of PCR with a small error, which increases with CR, when the projections are random. Using datasets of prerecorded brain neurochemicals, we experimentally show that C–PCR can achieve CRs as high as ~ 10. As far as hardware implementation is concerned, the experimental results show that reduction rates of 32% to 45% in different FPGA resources can be achieved using C–PCR.
1294-P: Clinically Significant Hypoglycemia Is Rare in Youth with T1D during Partial Clinical Remission

Lower CGM glucose is typical after the diagnosis of T1D and the initiation of insulin treatment. Although ADA guidelines now state that glycemic targets can be lower during partial clinical remission (PCR), little guidance is offered on the optimal targets. We describe CGM glucose Disclosure A. Addala: None. A. Gu: None. D. Zaharieva: Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Ascensia Diabetes Care, Insulet Corporation, Medtronic. P. Prahalad: None. B.A. Buckingham: Advisory Panel; Self; ConvaTec Inc., Medtronic. Research Support; Self; Beta Bionics, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Medtronic, Tandem Diabetes Care. D. Scheinker: None. D.M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Bigfoot Biomedical, Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care.
The role of supply chain analytics capability and adaptation in unlocking value from supply chain relationships

The performance and survival of many supplier firms depend on key buyer–supplier relationships (BSRs). A difficult task in managing such relationships is creating value when there is a lack of just...
Structural or Cultural Pathways to Innovative Change? Faculty and Shared Governance in the Liberal Arts College.

BackgroundPopular commentary portrays private liberal arts colleges (LACs) as ensnared within a “death spiral” due to unprecedented enrollment and financial challenges. But, in contrast to ominous ...
Suspect Notions and the Concept Police

The essay is concerned with questions about the legitimacy of the concepts we may want to use. My main focus is Guy Kahane’s criticism of Michael Sandel’s ideas about enhancement (in The Case Against Perfection, and some earlier work). I try to bring out what is at stake in the disagreement between Kahane and Sandel, and I sketch some of the connections with Jane Heal’s criticism of the idea that truth is of value.