cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the space limitation inside a complete denture for implant attachments

Accurate determination of the space defined by the physiological contouring of a complete denture (before and after implant surgery) is required during the treatment-planning phase for an implant overdenture. This determination assists in formulating the proper surgical treatment plan and in selecting the appropriate independent implant overdenture attachment. This article presents a technique that provides clear, visual space limitation analysis of the removable prosthesis. The described method allows the clinician to determine the available space before the implant or attachment is placed.
Chemoprevention of BBN-Induced Bladder Carcinogenesis by the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Tamoxifen

Bladder cancer is the fifth most frequent tumor in men and ninth in women in the United States. Due to a high likelihood of recurrence, effective chemoprevention is a significant unmet need. Estrogen receptors (ERs), primarily ERβ, are expressed in normal urothelium and urothelial carcinoma, and blocking ER function with selective ER modulators such as tamoxifen inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Herein, the chemoprotective potential of tamoxifen was evaluated in female mice exposed to the bladder-specific carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN). Carcinogen treatment resulted in a 76% tumor incidence and increased mean bladder weights in comparison to controls. In contrast, mice receiving tamoxifen concurrent (8–20 weeks) or concurrent and subsequent (8–32 weeks) to BBN administration had no change in bladder weight and only 10% to 14% incidence of tumors. Non-muscle-invasive disease was present in animals treated with tamoxifen before (5–8 weeks) or after (20–32 weeks) BBN exposure, while incidence of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma was reduced. ERβ was present in all mice and thus is a potential mediator of the tamoxifen chemoprotective effect. Surprisingly, ERα expression, which was detected in 74% of the mice exposed to BBN alone but not in any controlmice, was correlated with tumor incidence, indicating a possible role for this receptor in carcinogen-induced urothelial tumorigenesis. Thus, these data argue that both ERα and ERβ play a role in modulating carcinogen-induced bladder tumorigenesis. Administration of tamoxifen should be tested as a chemopreventive strategy for patients at high risk for bladder cancer recurrence.
Training for Cross‐Cultural Teaching

son at the Alaska Department of Education certainly did not consider the fault of anthropology to be simplicity. Simplicity in reaching facile conclusions was what was desired, not a mass of data and correlations leading to complications. The higher individuals climb in management and administration, the more they demand facile and glib simplicity and one-page data sheets. And this does reach down through organizations and contaminate the working crew. But the earlier point she made was important. People are so eager for "simple moral judgments" that they will select out of what we offer them and, if we are not careful, will simplify to a point which may horrify us. Often this will reflect their own guilty consciences. Even the worst racists know what they are doing. That's why they insist that they are not racists.
HIGH ASPECT RATIO ION EXCHANGE RESIN BED - HYDRAULIC RESULTS FOR SPERICAL RESIN BEADS

Abstract A principal role of the DOE Savannah River Site is to safely dispose of a large volume of liquid nuclear waste held in many storage tanks. An in-tank ion exchange unit is being considered for cesium removal to accelerate waste processing. This unit is planned to have a relatively high bed height to diameter ratio (10:1). Complicating the design is the need to cool the ion exchange media; therefore, the ion exchange column will have a central cooling core making the flow path annular. To separate cesium from waste the media being considered is made of resorcinol formaldehyde resin deposited on spherical plastic beads and is a substitute for a previously tested resin made of crystalline silicotitanate. This spherical media not only has an advantage of being mechanically robust, but, unlike its predecessor, it is also reusable, that is, loaded cesium can be removed through elution and regeneration. Resin regeneration leads to more efficient operation and less spent resin waste, but its hydraulic per...
Pancreatic islet-acinar cell interaction: amylase messenger RNA levels ar determined by insulin

Pancreatic amylase messenger RNA progressively decreases in rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Insulin reverses this effect, inducing a selective decrease in amylase messenger RNA in the pancreas. Parotid amylase messenger RNA is not significantly affected by either diabetes or insulin.
Si 29 spin relaxation in Si:P and Si:(P,B) near the metal-insulator transition

The spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ of $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ nuclei in Si:P near the metal-insulator transition is known to have a marked magnetic field dependence. Various models have previously been proposed to account for this behavior. We present new measurements on a dilute sample with electron concentration well below the metallic range and on compensated material, Si:(P,B). We show that these data, as well as previous measurements, favor a local-moment model for the electron-spin relaxation agents rather than a Fermi-liquid model, even for samples just on the metallic side of the transition. The model, which includes effects of nuclear-spin diffusion, electron spin-spin interactions via the exchange coupling J, and frozen spin pairs, can account for the main features of the available data and connects observed temperature dependencies of ${T}_{1}$ and the spin susceptibility.
Melatonin receptors are for the birds: Molecular analysis of two receptor subtypes differentially expressed in chick brain

Two receptors (CKA and CKB) of the G protein-coupled melatonin receptor family were cloned from chick brain. CKA encodes a protein that is 80% identical at the amino acid level to the human Mel1a melatonin receptor and is thus designated the chick Mel1a melatonin receptor. CKB encodes a protein that is 80% identical to the Xenopus melatonin receptor and defines a new receptor subtype, the Mel1c melatonin receptor, which is distinct from the Mel1a and Mel1b melatonin receptor subtypes. A melatonin receptor family consisting of three subtypes is supported by PCR cloning of distinct melatonin receptor fragments from Xenopus and zebrafish. Expression of CKA and CKB results in similar ligand binding and functional characteristics. The widespread distribution of CKA and CKB mRNA in brain provides a molecular substrate for the profound actions of melatonin in birds.
Drought events at different timescales in southern Italy (Calabria)

This study reports an analysis of the spatial drought patterns for a region of southern Italy (Calabria) based on a homogenous monthly precipitation data set of 129 rain gauges for the period 1916–2006. Drought was expressed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and drought events were analyzed using both the short-time (3 and 6 months) and the long-time (12 and 24 months) SPI. In particular, in order to characterize the SPI spatial pattern, index data of the three most severe drought events were interpolated and mapped using a geostatistical approach. Results show that these heavy drought episodes have widely affected the Calabria region and the drought that occurred in 2002 was the worst in terms of spatial extent both at short- and long-time scales.
Central Rho Kinase Inhibition Restores Baroreflex Sensitivity and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Protein Imbalance in Conscious Rabbits With Chronic Heart Failure

The small GTPase RhoA and its associated kinase ROCKII are involved in vascular smooth muscle cell contraction and endothelial NO synthase mRNA destabilization. Overactivation of the RhoA/ROCKII pathway is implicated in several pathologies, including chronic heart failure (CHF), and may contribute to the enhanced sympathetic outflow seen in CHF as a result of decreased NO availability. Thus, we hypothesized that central ROCKII blockade would improve the sympathovagal imbalance in a pacing rabbit model of CHF in an NO-dependent manner. CHF was induced by rapid ventricular pacing and characterized by an ejection fraction of ≤45%. Animals were implanted with an intracerbroventricular cannula and osmotic minipump (rate, 1 μL/h) containing sterile saline, 1.5 µg/kg per day fasudil (Fas, a ROCKII inhibitor) for 4 days or Fas+100 µg/kg per day Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, a NO synthase inhibitor. Arterial baroreflex control was assessed by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Fas infusion significantly lowered resting heart rate by decreasing sympathetic and increasing vagal tone. Furthermore, Fas improved baroreflex gain in CHF in an NO-dependent manner. In CHF Fas animals, the decrease in heart rate in response to intravenous metoprolol was similar to Sham and was reversed by Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride. Fas decreased angiotensin II type 1 receptor and phospho-ERM protein expression and increased endothelial NO synthase expression in the brain stem of CHF animals. These data strongly suggest that central ROCKII activation contributes to cardiac sympathoexcitation in the setting of CHF and that central Fas restores vagal and sympathetic tone in an NO-dependent manner. ROCKII may be a new central therapeutic target in the setting of CHF.
Hydrodynamical Limits and Geometric Measure Theory: Mean Curvature Limits from a Threshold Voter Model

Abstract We consider hydrodynamical limits for a simple threshold voter model for a microscopically evolving random interface. This model, which is a zero-temperature Ising model, was studied by Spohn in a 1+1 setting. The model leads to motion by a certain anisotropic mean curvature. Here we develop this model through some notions of geometric measure theory, dispensing with the 1+1 restriction.
Increased electrical output when a bacterial ABTS oxidizer is used in a microbial fuel cell.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a technology that provides electrical energy from the microbial oxidation of organic compounds. Most MFCs use oxygen as the oxidant in the cathode chamber. This study examined the formation in culture of an unidentified bacterial oxidant and investigated the performance of this oxidant in a two-chambered MFC with a proton exchange membrane and an uncoated carbon cathode. DNA, FAME profile and characterization studies identified the microorganism that produced the oxidant as Burkholderia cenocepacia. The oxidant was produced by log phase cells, oxidized the dye 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), had a mass below 1 kD, was heat stable (121°C) and was soluble in ethanol. In a MFC with a 1000 Ω load and ABTS as a mediator, the oxidizer increased cell voltage 11 times higher than atmospheric oxygen and 2.9 times higher than that observed with ferricyanide in the cathode chamber. No increase in cell voltage was observed when no mediator was present. Organisms that produce and release oxidizers into the media may prove useful as bio-cathodes by improving the electrical output of MFCs.
Is there pathology associated with asymptomatic third molars

Purpose The purpose of this article was to estimate the proportion of patients with asymptomatic third molars (M3s) and evidence of disease at baseline and to measure the health risks of retained M3s in the long term. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar. Search terms included third molars and periodontitis, pericoronitis, caries, odontogenic cysts or tumors, and infections. To be included in this review, studies were limited to prospective studies with samples of at least 50 subjects and a follow-up longer than 1 year. Results Periodontal pathology was associated with asymptomatic M3s. At baseline, 25% of 329 asymptomatic subjects enrolled in studies had at least 1 probing depth (PD) of at least 5 mm in the M3 region, distal of the second molars, or around the M3s, with at least 1-mm attachment lost in each patient. PDs deeper than 5 mm were associated with an attachment loss of at least 2 mm in 80 of 82 subjects. The clinical findings of increased periodontal PDs and periodontal attachment loss coupled with the colonization of periodontal pathogens supported the concept that clinical and microbial changes associated with the initiation of periodontitis may present first in the M3 region in young adults. For subjects with a baseline PD of at least 4 mm in the M3 region or baseline “orange and red” complex periodontal bacteria of at least 105, the odds were significantly increased for the progression of periodontal disease in the M3 region. The visible presence of M3s in young adults was significantly associated with periodontal inflammatory disease in non-M3s. Conclusion The data suggest that the absence of symptoms associated with retained M3s does not equal the absence of disease or pathology. The clinical implications of these findings suggest that patients who elect to retain their M3s should have regular periodic clinical and radiographic examinations to detect disease before it becomes symptomatic.
A measure of response to perturbation used to assess structural change in some polluted and unpolluted stream fish communities.

A new method for measuring structural change in sets of species which have been subjected to natural or experimental perturbation is developed and is shown to be superior to static diversity and evenness measures for this purpose. Three parameters, HΔ′, JΔ′, and XΔ;} are shown to provide necessary and sufficient information on the severity of a perturbation as well as the uniformity of its effect on all species in the set. When positive and negative changes in species abundance are considered separately, the method is sensitive to compensatory changes which are not detected by static measures.
Laser stenciling: a low-cost high-resolution CO2 laser micromachining method

A novel laser micromachining method is presented that utilizes a microfabricated silicon stencil and a CO2 laser for low-cost high-resolution machining of polymer substrates. With this laser stenciling method, arrays of microchannels and microholes were patterned in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and Kapton® films. Minimum recorded feature sizes patterned in these films were 8.4 and 12.6 µm, respectively, using a stencil opening of 25 µm. Different stencil sidewall configurations were investigated to determine the effect of such topographies on the resulting polymer patterns. An example multi-layer microfluidic device, comprised of PDMS layers with stenciled features, is presented to demonstrate the direct, single-step polymer microfluidic channel fabrication capability of this technique. The method presented here is suitable for low-cost and medium-volume rapid polymer microdevice production while overcoming the low-resolution limit of CO2 laser micromachining.
On the boundary conditions at a mush–melt interface

Abstract This paper focuses on the boundary conditions which are applied at the boundary between a melt (i.e., a molten binary alloy) and adjacent mush (region of mixed liquid and solid which forms by partial solidification of the melt). It is generally believed that continuity of variables and fluxes leaves the problem underdetermined and an auxiliary condition must arbitrarily be specified at this interface. The two alternatives which have been proposed are marginal phase equilibrium and zero solid fraction. It is shown that the underdeterminacy may be resolved by application of an inequality assuring that the melt is not supercooled, together with the condition that the mass fraction of solid have physically realistic values. The lack of supercooling is a natural corollary of the assumption of thermodynamic phase equilibrium in the mush. For a very wide range of parameter values, this corollary leads directly to the “extra” boundary conditions that have been previously proposed: marginal phase equilibrium and zero solid fraction; no auxiliary condition need be applied. Phase disequilibrium does not alter the conclusion that the solid fraction at the boundary must be zero.
Impact of labor induction, gestational age, and maternal age on cesarean delivery rates.

Abstract Objective To quantify the impact of labor induction and maternal age on cesarean delivery rates in nulliparous and multiparous women between 36 and 42 weeks’ gestation. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study on 14,409 women delivering at two teaching hospitals in metropolitan Boston during 1998 and 1999. Women who had contraindications to labor, including a prior cesarean delivery, were excluded. The risks for cesarean delivery by induction status, gestational age by completed week between 36 and 42 weeks, maternal age Results In nulliparas, labor induction was associated with an increase in cesarean delivery from 13.7% to 24.7% (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48, 1.95]). In multiparas, induction was associated with an increase from 2.4% to 4.5% (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.10, 2.00). Other variables that placed a nulliparous woman at increased risk for cesarean delivery included maternal age of at least 35 years and gestational ages over 40 weeks. For multiparas, only maternal age 40 years or older and gestational age of 41 weeks were associated with an increase in cesarean deliveries. Conclusion Induction of labor, older maternal age, and gestational age over 40 weeks each independently increase the risk for cesarean delivery in both nulliparous and multiparous women. Although the relative risk from induction is similar in nulliparas and multiparas, the absolute magnitude of the increase is much greater in nulliparas (11% versus 2.1%).
Superconducting thin-film gyroscope readout for Gravity Probe-B

We describe the high-resolution gyroscope (gyro) readout system for the Stanford Gravity Probe-B experiment, whose purpose is to measure two general relativistic precessions of gyroscopes in Earth orbit. In order to achieve the required resolution in angle (0.001 arc · s), the readout system combines high-precision mechanical fabrication and measurement techniques with superconducting thin-film technology, ultra-low magnetic fields, and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) detectors. We discuss system design, performance limits achievable with current technology, and the results of fabrication and laboratory testing to date.
Inhibition of T‐type Calcium Current in the Reticular Thalamic Nucleus by a Novel Neuroactive Steroid

Neurons of the nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (nRT) serve as an important inhibitory gate that controls trafficking of thalamocortical sensory signals and states of sleep, arousal, and epilepsy. T-type calcium channels in nRT play a crucial role in the subthreshold excitability of these neurons, but their modulation by neuroactive steroids has not been previously studied. Here we explored the effect of (3beta,5beta,17beta)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile (3beta-OH), a novel neuroactive steroid on T-type currents recorded from nRT neurons in intact brain slices of young rats. We found in voltage-clamp experiments that 3beta-OH potently and reversibly decreased T-type Ca(2+) current amplitude and stabilized inactive states of the channels. In current-clamp experiments, 3beta-OH significantly decreased the frequency of action potential firing from negative membrane potentials and minimally changed passive membrane properties. Our results indicate that 5beta-reduced neuroactive steroids, through the mechanisms of inhibition of T-type Ca(2+) currents and diminished spike firing in nRT neurons, may be important agents in control of sensory information processing in physiological conditions and possibly pathological brain states associated with increased cellular excitability such as epilepsy and/or tissue ischemia/hypoxia.
Monte Carlo study of magnetic properties of a Cu1 − cNic(pc) I spin chain

Abstract The magnetic properties of transition-metal based quasi-one-dimensional molecular metals show unusual concentration and temperature dependence. The ion magnetization in the chain formed by the metal spine of Cu 1-c NI c (pc)I phthalocyanine iodide was modeled by Monte Carlo methods, using dipolar, direct, and indirect exchange interaction potentials of variable range. The effects of dilution of Cu spin moments by diamagnetic Ni ions and impurity scattering effects on the electron gas polarization are determined. The results are compared with magnetic susceptibility measurements for this molecular metal.
Optical Cross Section of Resonance Lines Emitted by Flames under Conditions of Partial Thermal Ionization

A method for determining optical cross sections, based on finding the point of intersection of the low- and high-density asymptotes of an intensity-density curve, is extended to elements of low ionization potentials. These elements suffer partial thermal ionization in the flame gases at the relatively high temperatures of 2500° and 2760°K which are used as spectroscopic light sources. Since the degree of ionization of the carrier atoms depends on their partial pressure, the intensity-density curves may be distorted. This difficulty is overcome by increasing the concentration of electrons in the flame gases and thereby shifting the ionization equilibrium to the side of neutral atoms. For the alkaline earth elements the existence of equilibrium ionization is tested for by direct, independent measurements of the partial pressures Avhich enter into the Saha equilibrium quotient. Optical cross sections are measured for the resonance lines of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The values for the alkalis exhibit a moderate increase with atomic weight which is in accordance with the Weisskopf-Lindholm theory of impact broadening.
New drugs in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera

Among the chronic myeloproliferative disorders, polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia are unique because of their association with thrombohemorrhagic manifestations and their relatively indolent clinical course. Patients with essential thrombocythemia may not have a significant shortening of life-expectancy and most may not require specific therapy. However, patients with polycythemia vera have a significant risk of transformation of polycythemia vera into acute leukemia or postpolycythemic myelofibrosis (or both). 'High-risk-for-thrombosis' patients with either polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia require specific therapy with a platelet-lowering agent to prevent thrombotic complications. Currently, the standard agent used for this is hydroxyurea. However, its tetratogenic and leukemogenic potential has been of concern. As a result, new platelet-lowering agents are being evaluated in the treatment of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Anagrelide and interferon alfa are two such agents and have been shown to be effective in reducing platelet counts in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. The putative mechanism of action of these drugs, their specific activity in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, side-effect profile, and current indications are discussed herein.
Variable-range hopping conduction in epitaxial CrN(001)

Epitaxial CrN(001) layers, grown by dc magnetron sputtering on MgO(001) substrates at growth temperatures ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 550--850 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, exhibit electronic transport that is dominated by variable-range hopping (VRH) at temperatures 120 K. A transition from Efros-Shklovskii to Mott VRH at 30 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10 K is well described by a universal scaling relation. The localization length decreases from 1.3 nm at ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 550 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 0.9 nm for ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 600--750 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, but increases again to 1.9 nm for ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 800--850 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, which is attributed to changes in the density of localized states associated with N vacancies that form due to kinetic barriers for incorporation and enhanced desorption at low and high ${T}_{s}$, respectively. The low-temperature transport data provide lower limits for the CrN effective electron mass of $4.9{m}_{e}$, the donor ionization energy of 24 meV, and the critical vacancy concentration for the metal-insulator transition of 8.4 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{19}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The room temperature conductivity is dominated by Hubbard band states near the mobility edge and decreases monotonically from 137 \ensuremath{\Omega}${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 550 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 14 \ensuremath{\Omega}${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 850 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C due to a decreasing structural disorder, consistent with the measured x-ray coherence length that increases from 7 to 36 nm for ${T}_{s}$ $=$ 550 to 850 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, respectively, and a carrier density that decreases from 4 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{20}$ to 0.9 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{20}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, as estimated from optical reflection and Hall effect measurements. The absence of an expected discontinuity in the conductivity at \ensuremath{\sim}280 K suggests that epitaxial constraints suppress the phase transition to a low-temperature orthorhombic antiferromagnetic phase, such that CrN remains a cubic paramagnetic insulator over the entire measured temperature range of 10--295 K. These results contradict previous experimental studies that report metallic low-temperature conduction for CrN, but support recent computational results suggesting a band gap due to strong electron correlation and a stress-induced phase transition.
Depressive symptoms in women working in a poultry-processing plant: A longitudinal analysis†

Background Work in poultry-processing plants is physically demanding, and a number of studies have documented the effects of such work on the physical health of workers. Few studies, however, have examined the potential effects on mental health. Methods Longitudinal data were collected on 223 women who worked in two poultry-processing plants in northeastern North Carolina. Effects on depressive symptoms of demographic variables, work tenure at baseline, musculoskeletal pain, psychosocial job characteristics, coping style, and health-related quality of life were examined using mixed models. Results Psychosocial job characteristics were not associated with depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) in this cohort of workers. CES-D scores decreased with increasing work tenure at the plant, which suggests a healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE). Conclusions These exploratory analyses draw attention to the need to more carefully explore the possibility that the HWSE may extend to mental health outcomes as well as physical ones. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:791–799, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Novel anticoagulants: bleeding risk and management strategies.

Purpose of reviewTo quantify the novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-related gastrointestinal bleeding, summarize the management strategies and highlight the knowledge gaps.Recent findingsDabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban differ from warfarin with their fixed oral dose and no requirement for routine
Lateral Stepping for Postural Correction in Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract King LA, Horak FB. Lateral stepping for postural correction in Parkinson's disease. Objective To characterize the lateral stepping strategies for postural correction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and the effect of their anti-parkinson medication. Design Observational study. Setting Outpatient neuroscience laboratory. Participants Thirteen participants with idiopathic PD in their on (PD on) and off (PD off) levodopa state and 14 healthy elderly controls. Interventions Movable platform with lateral translations of 12cm at 14.6cm/s ramp velocity. Main Outcome Measures The incidence and characteristics of 3 postural strategies were observed: lateral side-step, crossover step, or no step. Corrective stepping was characterized by latency to step after perturbation onset, step velocity, and step length and presence of an anticipatory postural adjustment (APA). Additionally, percentages of trials resulting in falls were identified for each group. Results Whereas elderly control participants never fell, PD participants fell in 24% and 35% of trials in the on and off medication states, respectively. Both PD and control participants most often used a lateral side-step strategy; 70% (control), 67% (PD off), and 73% (PD on) of all trials, respectively. PD participants fell most often when using a crossover strategy (75% of all crossover trials) or no-step strategy (100% of all no-step trials). In the off medication state, PD participants' lateral stepping strategies were initiated later than controls (370±37ms vs 280±10ms, P P P P >.05). Conclusions PD participants showed significantly more postural instability and falls than age-matched controls when stepping was required for postural correction in response to lateral disequilibrium. Although PD participants usually used a similar lateral stepping strategy as controls in response to lateral translations, lack of an anticipatory lateral weight shift, and bradykinetic characteristics of the stepping responses help explain the greater rate of falls in participants with PD. Differences were not found between the levodopa on and off states. The results suggest that rehabilitation aimed at improving lateral stability in PD should include facilitating APAs before a lateral side-stepping strategy with faster and larger steps to recover equilibrium.
Runway performance of amygdalectomized rats: Magnitude of reinforcement and delay of food reward

In an alleyway, running speeds for amygdalectomized rats given large (12 pellets) or small (2 pellets) magnitude of reinforcement were initially faster for the large-magnitude group, but the small-magnitude group caught up (termed the collapse effect) in 20 trials. This is in contrast to intact animals, which typically exhibit the collapse effect anywhere between 50 and 100 trials. As such, control animals administered 20 trials showed the familiar form of responding—the speeds of the large-magnitude animals were reliably faster than those of the small-magnitude animals. With periodic increases in delay of food reward, from 0 to 45 sec in 15-sec increments, lesioned animals ran reliably faster than control animals, more so for the 30- and 45-sec delays. These results were viewed as supporting Richardson’s (1973) theory.
Neuroenteric cyst of the anterior cranial fossa: case report and review of the literature

A case of intradural neuroenteric cyst located in the anterior cranial fossa is presented. The cyst caused anosmia and progressive personality changes in an elderly woman. The patient underwent bifrontal craniotomy with evacuation of cyst contents and removal of the cyst wall. Incidence, classification, histopathology, and histogenesis of neuroenteric cysts are discussed with review of the literature.
The Changing Face of Creativity

What we understand as creativity has changed in the last 30 years. In this paper we document some of the key changes, and outline some of the drivers of that change. We address the implications of ...
Finding Lie groups that reduce the order of discrete dynamical systems

Discrete dynamical systems of the form are considered, where is an n-component vector. Equations X = f(x) define a mapping f from an n-dimensional projective space into itself. Each component of f is a rational function, i.e. a ratio of polynomials in n dynamical variables. Maeda showed that when f commutes with each transformation of a Lie group, a reduction in the order of the dynamical system results. Given a discrete dynamical system, the difficulty is to find its continuous symmetries. We present a way of using f-invariant sets to find these symmetries. The approach taken is to arrange groups in order of increasing complication and to characterize the set of dynamical systems admitting each group. Criteria are given for recognizing and reducing the order of systems admitting subgroups of the projective general linear group in n variables, PGL(n), or certain Lie subgroups of the Cremona group of birational transformations in n variables, . Quispel et al demonstrated the use of canonical group variables for achieving this reduction. We develop canonical coordinates for several groups with elementary Lie algebras and demonstrate reduction of order in each case. Results are used to reduce the order of several examples of recursion formulae taken from the literature on renormalizable lattice models.
Crossed Wernicke’s aphasia: A case report

Crossed aphasia is a phenomenon in which an individual sustains a lesion in the right hemisphere (typically non-language dominant), but who exhibits an aphasic syndrome. The authors present a case study of an individual with crossed aphasia (CA) in an attempt to provide anecdotal information for four questions posed by : (a). Is CA a reversal of the normal cerebral hemisphere pattern of language function? (b). Does the presence of aphasia following a right cerebral hemisphere lesion indicate that typical right hemisphere functions (e.g., visual perception) are intact? (c). How may the aphasia's presentation differ from typical left hemisphere aphasias? And (d). is the pattern of improvement following CA similar to that of typical left hemisphere aphasias? We longitudinally examined the communicative-cognitive performance of an adult man with crossed aphasia of the Wernicke's type following a cerebrovascular accident. A 21-week follow-up evaluation indicated improvements in his language functioning from our initial evaluation, but he continued to exhibit a classic, moderately severe Wernicke's aphasia.
Experimental chemical sympathectomy. Regional and systemic effects of intraarterial injection of 6-OH dopamine.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of injection of 6-OH dopamine into the femoral artery of the dog were studied following a recent report that lasting localized sympathectomy is achieved by intraarterial injection of this substance. Marked systemic effects were observed. Temporary but severe hypertension occurred, often accompanied by cardiac arrhythmias, even when the drug was injected slowly. Arterial flow and oxygen consumption increased greatly in both the injected and uninjected hind limbs. Two hours after injection the response to temporary common carotid artery occlusion was greatly attentuated indicating a generalized reduction in sympathetic tone. These studies show that the sympatholytic effect of intraarterial injection of 6-OH dopamine is not localized and that the drug is unlikely to be of clinical value.
Social networks in the virtual science laboratory

Communicating scientists' behavior, as well as their ideas, computer-supported cooperative work technology fosters virtual social networks of far-flung collaborators pursuing mutual interests and experiments.
Intraganglionic signaling as a novel nasal-meningeal pathway for TRPA1-dependent trigeminovascular activation by inhaled environmental irritants

Headache is the most common symptom associated with air pollution, but little is understood about the underlying mechanism. Nasal administration of environmental irritants activates the trigeminovascular system by a TRPA1-dependent process. This report addresses questions about the anatomical pathway involved and the function of TRP channels in this pathway. TRPV1 and TRPA1 are frequently co-localized and interact to modulate function in sensory neurons. We demonstrate here that resiniferatoxin ablation of TRPV1 expressing neurons significantly reduces meningeal blood flow responses to nasal administration of both TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists. Accordingly resiniferatoxin also significantly reduces TRPV1 and CGRP immunostaining and TRPV1 and TRPA1 message levels in trigeminal ganglia. Sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia innervate the nasal epithelium and the meninges, but the mechanism and anatomical route by which nasal administration evokes meningeal vasodilatation is unclear. Double retrograde labeling from the nose and meninges reveals no co-localization of fluorescent label, however nasal and meningeal labeled cells are located in close proximity to each other within the trigeminal ganglion. Our data demonstrate that TRPV1 expressing neurons are important for TRPA1 responses in the nasal-meningeal pathway. Our data also suggest that the nasal-meningeal pathway is not primarily by axon reflex, but may instead result from intraganglionic transmission.
Spinup Wear in Aircraft Tires

Abstract This paper develops a cost‐effective analytical‐numerical simulation procedure which models the tire wear problem resulting from the spinup process associated with high‐speed aircraft land...
Characterization of the microsomal and partially purified retinal reductase of rat small intestine

Abstract A retinal reductase activity found in rat small intestinal mucosa was characterized as a partially purified preparation and as present in a preparation of microsomes. Stereochemical studies revealed that hydrogen was added to the re face of the aldehyde group during reduction of retinal by the microsomal activity, matching the stereochemistry of reduction by isolated intestinal segments. Retinal reduction by this enzyme was determined to be a sequential reaction, most likely with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) binding first. The enzyme was specific for retinal and did not oxidize retinol to a measurable extent in the presence of cellular retinol-binding protein, type II (CRBP II). The presence of greater than stoichiometric amounts of CRBP II did not substantially alter the rate of retinal reduction, however. The Michaelis constants for both the bound and unbound forms of the substrate indicated that in the presence of binding protein the enzyme used bound retinal as the source of substrate, rather than the small amount of free retinal in equilibrium with the binding protein, indicating direct interaction between the enzyme and CRBP II-retinal. Competition experiments indicated increased recognition of the binding protein by the enzyme when the protein was in the “holo” form, with a preference for CRBP II over cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), a very similar binding protein found in other cell types. The properties determined strongly suggest this is the enzyme involved in the processing of β-carotene-derived retinal after uptake by the absorptive cell.
Human fetuses have nonlinear cardiac dynamics

Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a statistic that quantifies regularity in time series data, and this parameter has several features that make it attractive for analyzing physiological systems. In thi...
Informing Generality and Explaining Uniqueness: The Place of Case Studies in Comparative Research1

Consistent with the thrust of American sociology, cross-national and other types of comparative research are interested in establishing broad and general findings that are theoretically relevant. Given this predisposition, such research tends to deemphasize single-nation (case) studies because they seemingly lack generalizability and theoretical significance. By contrast, we argue that the case study constitutes an important type of comparative research and, in fact, may be the preferred strategy in certain instances. More specifically, these studies are useful when (1) researchers do not have sufficient knowledge of a case to place it in theoretical perspective-the case does not fit any extant theory; (2) a case partially supports (or deviates from) existing theories; and (3) a case represents a special (perhaps unique) set of circumstances or phenomena that warrant intensive study. Moreover, we argue that case studies generally are not atheoretical; to the contrary, they help inform general theory and explain conditions that deviate from conventional theoretical explanations. Because many theories have been formulated in advanced Western societies, they reflect an (often unintended) ethnocentric bias against underdeveloped and other less studied regions of the world. Thus, case-study research is indispensable when investigating Third World anomalies with appropriate sensitivity and accuracy.
Using path length measure for gene clustering based on similarity of annotation terms

The application of semantic similarity measures on gene data using Gene Ontology (GO) and gene annotation information is becoming more widely used and acceptable in the recent years in bioinformatics. The purpose of this application can range from gene similarity to gene clustering. In this paper, we investigate a simple measure for gene similarity that relies on the path length between the GO annotation terms of genes to determine the similarity between them. The similarity values computed by the proposed measure for a set of genes will then be used for clustering the genes. In the evaluation, we compared the proposed measure with two widely used information-theoretic similarity measures, Resnik and Lin, using three datasets of genes. The experimental results and analysis of clusters validated the effectiveness of the proposed path length measure.
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in Children With Intermediate and Premutation Range Fragile X Cytosine-Guanine-Guanine Expansions:

To determine the range of neurodevelopmental diagnoses associated with intermediate (45-54 repeats) and premutation (55-200 repeats) range cytosine-guanine-guanine fragile X expansions, the medical records of children with intermediate or premutation range expansions were retrospectively reviewed, and all neurodevelopmental diagnoses were abstracted. Twenty-nine children (9 female, 20 male; age, 13 months to 17 years) with intermediate (n = 25) or premutation (n = 4) range expansions were identified with neurodevelopmental diagnoses, including global developmental delay/intellectual disability (n = 15), language and learning disorders (n = 9), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 5), epilepsy (n = 5), and motor disorders (n = 12), including 2 boys younger than 4 years of age with tremor and ataxia. Thus, children with intermediate or premutation range fragile X cytosine-guanine-guanine expansions may be more susceptible than children without such expansions to other processes, both genetic and environmental, that contribute to neurodevelopmental disability.
Hydrologic Variability Influences Local Probability of Pallid Sturgeon Occurrence in a Missouri River Tributary

A river's flow regime creates and maintains spatial variability in habitat and dictates the distribution and abundance of riverine fishes. Changes to patterns of natural hydrologic variation and disturbance create novel flow conditions and may influence distribution of native fishes. We examined local and regional-scale factors that influenced the presence of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the Platte River, a large tributary to the Missouri River in Nebraska, USA. Daily river discharge, diel flow variability, season and location in the study area were the most supported variables in logistic regression models explaining pallid sturgeon distribution. The probability of pallid sturgeon occurrence was greatest during periods of high discharge (>90th percentile flows) in the spring and fall. Pallid sturgeon occurrence was always lower when variability in diel flow patterns was high (i.e. hydropeaking). Our results indicate that pallid sturgeon use of the lower Platte River was strongly tied to the flow regime. Therefore, the lower Platte River may provide an opportunity to preserve and restore sturgeon and possibly other large-river fishes through appropriate water management strategies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overtime incentives in the National Hockey League (NHL): more evidence.

The National Hockey League (NHL) in 1999-2000 changed its rules for games that are tied at the end of regulation time. The old rules called for the team to be awarded two points for a win, one for a tie, and zero for a loss. The league felt that play was too conservative during overtime because teams feared losing the one point already earned. The new rules called for a team to retain its one point earned for tying in regulation even if it ultimately lost during the overtime. This change strengthens the importance of a subtle difference in incentives depending on whether one's opponent is from the same conference. Because playoff positions are determined only by intraconference rankings, losing in overtime to an out-of-conference opponent has no negative consequences. Alternatively, losing to an in-conference opponent could affect the ultimate playoff position of the team. The authors use multiple regression analysis of individual games during the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 seasons to examine this subtle dif...
The Extinction Properties Of Forest Components

The effect of each forest component on the extinction of electromagnetic waves is investigated by modeling the branches with finite cylinders, deciduous leaves with elliptic disks, and coniferous leaves with needles. The inner field is estimated by the field inside an infinitely long cylinder of similar properties for the branches, and by the Shifrin approximation for the leaves. For each forest component analytic expressions were derived for the extinction cross section via the forward scattering theorem and for ohmic and scattered losses. For branches, the variation of the extinction cross section obtained via the forward scattering theorem is illustrated numerically as a function of the branch radius and the imaginery part of its dielectric constant. It is compared with the measurements from a single branch. For the leaves, the forward scattering theorem gives value for the extinction cross section equal to the ohmic cross section.
Two Compartments for Insulin-Stimulated Exocytosis in 3t3-L1 Adipocytes Defined by Endogenous Acrp30 and Glut4

Insulin stimulates adipose cells both to secrete proteins and to translocate the GLUT4 glucose transporter from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane. We demonstrate that whereas insulin stimulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes has no effect on secretion of the α3 chain of type VI collagen, secretion of the protein hormone adipocyte complement related protein of 30 kD (ACRP30) is markedly enhanced. Like GLUT4, regulated exocytosis of ACRP30 appears to require phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity, since insulin-stimulated ACRP30 secretion is blocked by pharmacologic inhibitors of this enzyme. Thus, 3T3-L1 adipocytes possess a regulated secretory compartment containing ACRP30. Whether GLUT4 recycles to such a compartment has been controversial. We present deconvolution immunofluorescence microscopy data demonstrating that the subcellular distributions of ACRP30 and GLUT4 are distinct and nonoverlapping; in contrast, those of GLUT4 and the transferrin receptor overlap. Together with supporting evidence that GLUT4 does not recycle to a secretory compartment via the trans-Golgi network, we conclude that there are at least two compartments that undergo insulin-stimulated exocytosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: one for ACRP30 secretion and one for GLUT4 translocation.