cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staged Treatment of Chronic Locked Fracture-Dislocation of the Calcaneus: A Case Report

Case A 49-year-old woman presented 5 months after a missed locked fracture-dislocation of the calcaneus. This was treated with a Taylor spatial frame for deformity correction before definitive open reduction internal fixation with subtalar fusion. She is now 4 and a half years postoperative with an active lifestyle and no pain. Conclusions Staged treatment using a Taylor spatial frame is a useful tool to address chronic locked chronic fracture-dislocations of the calcaneus.
Pathology of the Respiratory System

In this chapter, we will provide an overview of (1) the structure and function of the respiratory system, highlighting similarities and differences between humans and laboratory animals; (2) toxicant-induced pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract, with site-specific examples and discussion of key mechanisms underlying toxicologic pathology of the lung; and (3) common and ancillary methods of analysis in respiratory toxicologic pathology. Our aim is to provide the non-pathologist with the fundamentals of respiratory pathology caused by toxic chemical agents.
Phonon density of states for α-plutonium from density-functional theory.

The ground-state α phase of plutonium has an extraordinary 16-atom per cell, monoclinic crystal structure defined by 20 parameters, including the cell dimensions, not dictated by the symmetry. The electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties of this complicated material have been predicted in the past but here we compute its phonon spectra. Employing a density-functional-theory (DFT) model, that is fully relativistic and accounts for orbital–orbital coupling (orbital polarization, OP), we determine the phonon density of states of α-plutonium and find good agreement with inelastic x-ray scattering. The calculated specific heat also compares very favorably with experiment. An analysis of the partial atom-projected phonon spectra suggests that atom type 8, that is located in a more open space of the structure, dominates the intensity at very high phonon frequencies. This feature of the model is essential for a good agreement with the experimental spectra. The satisfactory comparison between theory and experiment for the phonons and specific heat suggests that the DFT (+OP) approach is appropriate and accurate for α-plutonium.
Recent Results on Light Flavor from STAR

These proceedings present an overview of the recent results on light flavor by the STAR experiment at RHIC.
Helping the Helpers: A Photovoice Study Examining Burnout and Self-Care among HIV Providers and Managers

Photovoice was used among 4 HIV providers and 4 managers at a NYC community-based HIV organization to engage in critical dialogs about the way they experience burnout and self-care measures taken. ...
Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells Improve Coronary and Cardiac Physiology in the Aged Female Heart

Over 50% of adult women presenting with symptoms of ischemic heart disease have “clear” coronary artery angiograms. Additional testing indicates coronary microvascular dysfunction, contributing to ...
DicomAnnotator: a Configurable Open-Source Software Program for Efficient DICOM Image Annotation

Modern, supervised machine learning approaches to medical image classification, image segmentation, and object detection usually require many annotated images. As manual annotation is usually labor-intensive and time-consuming, a well-designed software program can aid and expedite the annotation process. Ideally, this program should be configurable for various annotation tasks, enable efficient placement of several types of annotations on an image or a region of an image, attribute annotations to individual annotators, and be able to display Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)-formatted images. No current open-source software program fulfills these requirements. To fill this gap, we developed DicomAnnotator, a configurable open-source software program for DICOM image annotation. This program fulfills the above requirements and provides user-friendly features to aid the annotation process. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of DicomAnnotator. Using spine image annotation as a test case, our evaluation showed that annotators with various backgrounds can use DicomAnnotator to annotate DICOM images efficiently. DicomAnnotator is freely available at https://github.com/UW-CLEAR-Center/DICOM-Annotator under the GPLv3 license.
Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Mood and Substance Use Disorders

The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its primary cognate ligands, the dynorphin peptides, are involved in diverse physiological processes. Disruptions to the KOR/dynorphin system have been found to likely play a role in multiple neuropsychological disorders, and hence KOR has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Targeting KOR is complicated by close homology to the mu and delta opioid receptors (MOR and DOR), and many KOR ligands have at least moderate affinity to MOR and/or DOR. Animal models utilizing primarily very long-lasting selective KOR antagonists (>3 weeks following a single dose) have demonstrated that KOR antagonism attenuates certain anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and blocks stress- and cue-induced reinstatement to drug seeking. Recently, relatively selective KOR antagonists with medication-like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and durations of action have been developed. One of these, JNJ-67953964 (also referred to as CERC-501, LY2456302, OpraKappa or Aticaprant) has been studied in humans, and shown to be safe, relatively KOR selective, and able to substantially attenuate binding of a KOR PET tracer to CNS localized KOR for greater than 24 h. While animal studies have indicated that compounds of this structural class are capable of normalizing withdrawal signs in animal models of cocaine and alcohol dependence and reducing cocaine and alcohol intake/seeking, additional studies are needed to determine the value of these second generation KOR antagonists in treating mood disorders and substance use disorders in humans.
Subjective Motoric Complaints and New Onset Slow Gait.

Background While reports of mobility problems are common with aging, their relationship to new onset of slow gait is unknown. Our objective was to examine the validity of subjective motoric complaints for predicting the incidence of slow gait. Methods Ambulatory community-residing participants (mean age 76.6, 55% women) with gait speeds in the normal range enrolled in an aging cohort. Five subjective motoric complaints were assessed. Incident slow gait (walking speed 1 standard deviation below age and sex means) was the primary outcome. Results Of the 548 participants at baseline, 90 had prevalent slow gait and 253 participants (73.7%) reported one or more subjective motoric complaints. Subjective motoric complaints were more common in women than men (1.78 vs. 1.23). Over a median follow-up of 3.34 years, 68 participants developed new onset slow gait. All five questions predicted incident slow gait (adjusted hazard ratios varying from 2.26 to 4.44). More subjective motoric complaints were associated with increased risk of developing incident slow gait (hazard ratio per complaint 1.81). Predictive validity of subjective motoric complaints for incident slow gait was unchanged when using alternate outcome definitions, accounting for diagnostic misclassification, recall bias or adjusting for multiple confounders. Conclusions Subjective motoric complaints are a harbinger of mobility disability, and can help improve clinical risk assessments and identify high risk individuals for interventions to prevent onset of slow gait.
Survey of Physical Therapists' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors Regarding Diagnostic Imaging.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe physical therapists' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors regarding the use of diagnostic imaging. Methods Physical therapists in the United States were recruited from July 2018 through May 2019 to complete a web-based, cross-sectional survey. Participants were asked about demographics, their perceived knowledge base and skills for recommending or ordering different imaging modalities, and their behaviors regarding diagnostic imaging. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the participants' demographics and responses to all questions. Chi-square tests were performed to compare responses by characteristics of survey participants and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare levels of agreement. Results The mean age was 43 years, and of the 739 respondents, 58% (n = 417) were female. Ninety-two percent of respondents (n = 595) reported having recommended diagnostic imaging to another provider at least once. Only 11.6% (n = 75) reported having ever directly ordered diagnostic imaging. Participants' attitudes about their knowledge base and skills for recommending or ordering plain radiographs were stronger compared with any other imaging modalities followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over other imaging techniques. Participants' attitudes on recommending plain radiographs or MRI differed by professional education level, board-certification status, fellowship completion, and years since graduation. Conclusion It is common for physical therapists to recommend imaging, but few have directly ordered imaging. Most survey participants believed that they have an adequate knowledge base and skills for recommending and ordering plain radiographs and MRI. Impact These results can serve as a benchmark for future comparison as policies and educations evolve. Understanding physical therapists' attitudes, knowledge, and use of diagnostic imaging is important to inform research, policy, and education.
Improved pharmacokinetics and bone tissue accumulation of Angiotensin-(1-7) peptide through bisphosphonate conjugation.

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has a central role in renal and cardiovascular homeostasis. Angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang1–7), one of the RAS active peptides, exerts beneficial effects through different mechanisms. These biological actions suggest that Ang1–7 is an effective therapeutic agent for treating various diseases associated with activated RAS. However, its short half-life and poor pharmacokinetics restrict its therapeutic utility. Our laboratory has successfully synthesized and characterized an Ang1–7 conjugate (Ang Conj.) with a prolonged half-life and improved pharmacokinetics profile. The Ang Conj. has been prepared by PEGylation of Ang1–7 and conjugation with a bisphosphonate using solid-phase peptide synthesis and characterized by HPLC and mass spectrometer. The compound’s stability has been tested in different storage conditions. The bone binding capacity was evaluated using a hydroxyapatite assay. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies were performed using iodinated peptides in rats. Ang Conj. was synthesized with > 90% purity. Bone mineral affinity testing showed Ang Conj. exhibited significantly higher bone mineral affinity than Ang1–7. The Ang Conj. remained stable for more than a month using all tested storage conditions. The Ang Conj. demonstrated higher affinity to bone, a longer half-life, and better bioavailability when compared with the native peptide. These results support that conjugation of Ang1–7 with bisphosphonate enables it to utilize bone as a reservoir for the sustained delivery of Ang1–7 to maintain therapeutic plasma levels. High chemical stability and about five to tenfold prolongation of Ang Conj. plasma half-life after administrations into rats proves the effectiveness of our approach.
Telecommunications health and safety: Recent research and developments focusing on microwave sensing and monitoring in Biology and medicine

On one of the coldest days of the season, seating in front of my laptop, I raised my head to look outside through a set of Frank Lloyd Wright prairie-style windows. A large flock of Canadian geese were resting, calmly and orderly, on ice over a frozen pound. Why didn't they fly away to some place with a more temperate climate, especially for this time of year? My thoughts drifted to San Francisco, California, in late spring or maybe early summer.
Measuring the Impact of the National Train-the-Trainer Interprofessional Team Development Program (T3-ITDP) on the Implementation of Interprofessional Education and Interprofessional Collaborative Practice.

Abstract Background In order to prepare current and future educators and clinicians to lead interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP), faculty and staff need training in collaborative approaches to developing, implementing, assessing, and sustaining high quality IPE across the interprofessional learning continuum. The Train-the-Trainer Interprofessional Team Development Program (T3-ITDP) is a 3.5-day program designed to develop expert IPE teams through interactive workshops, coaching, and the development and implementation of an IPE or IPCP (IPECP) project for their home institutions. Purpose The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of the T3-ITDP on the development and implementation of IPECP projects by participating teams. Methods The T3-ITDP impact survey was created and administered to collect data on the scope and impact of participant teams' projects, including learner and project outcomes, training methods, dissemination plans, assessment strategies, and teams' intentions to continue working together beyond the initial project. With human subject's approval, we invited 55 T3-ITDP participant teams to complete the impact survey. These teams were at least one year post-completion of the in-person portion of the program and thus had time to initiate their IPECP projects. Results Forty-one (74.5%) teams responded to the survey. Of those teams, 31 (76%) used T3-ITDP content and/or approaches to develop their IPECP projects that targeted learners across the interprofessional learning continuum. Sustainability of IPECP projects was supported through several mechanisms, including institutional support or incorporating IPECP activities into existing courses. Almost half of the teams worked together on new projects, and 74% of teams planned to repeat a newly developed activity. Discussion & conclusions Results of the T3-ITDP impact survey demonstrated that team-based, project-focused professional development catalyzed the development, implementation, and sustainment of new IPECP projects at academic and community institutions throughout the U.S.
Current status of neuroimaging of pediatric neurological disorders

Abstract This chapter reviews the current approaches for neuroimaging, in the context of the major intracranial neurological disorders of childhood. While a comprehensive overview of the neuroimaging of pediatric neurological disorders requires a more detailed discussion than can be provided in a single chapter, we outline several common diseases for which neuroimaging plays a critical role. These select disorders were selected to serve as examples for which new and advanced neuroimaging techniques already contribute or have potential to impact diagnosis and management. They include neuroimaging in brain tumors, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, migraine disorder, demyelinating disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, infection, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Other important disorders such as perinatal injury and neuropsychiatric illnesses have been previously discussed in prior chapters.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent venous and arterial thrombotic events: a case report and review of the literature.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17, creating an alternation in the retinoic acid receptor-a...
An Empirical User Study of an Active Reuse Repository System

This paper reports an empirical user study of an active reuse repository system. Instead of waiting passively for software developers to initiate the component location process with a well-defined reuse query, active reuse repository systems infer reuse queries from syntactic and semantic cues present in partially constructed programs in development environments, and proactively deliver components that match the inferred reuse queries. The reported empirical user study of an implemented active reuse repository system called CodeBroker shows that active repository systems promote reuse by motivating and enabling software developers to reuse components whose existence is not anticipated, and reducing the cost of reuse through the automation of the component location process.
Mesospheric ionization and O2 1Delta(g) depletion

Observations of O2 1Delta(g) emission during solar proton events reveal large depletions below 80 and near 90 km. The lower-altitude depletions are believed to be due to odd hydrogen production and associated depletion of ozone, but the mechanism producing the depletion near 90 km has not yet been established. In this paper, it is proposed that an exothermic charge exchange reaction between O2(+) and O2 1Delta(g) is likely to be responsible for these high-altitude depletions. In particular, it is shown that the vertical structure of the observed change in airglow emission is consistent with this mechanism.
Hydrogen Sulfide Is An Endogenous Cytoprotective Gaseous Mediator in Cerebral Circulation

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator with vasodilator and antioxidant properties produced by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). In the brain, CSE and CBS are pr...
AC-*: a configurable, generic and adaptive arc consistency algorithm

In this paper, we present AC-*, a new configurable, generic and adaptive algorithm for establishing arc consistency for binary constraints. AC-* is configurable, that is by combining some parameters AC-* corresponds to any existing AC algorithm: AC-3, AC-4, AC-6, AC-7, AC-2000, AC-2001, AC-8, AC-3d, AC-3.2 and AC-3.3. AC-* is generic, like AC-5, because it may take into account the structure of the constraints. AC-* is adaptive because the underlining algorithm can be changed during the computation in order to use the most efficient one. This new algorithm leads to a new nomenclature of the AC algorithms which is based on the different features used by the algorithm like the values that are reconsidered when a domain is modified, or the fact that bi-directionality is taken into account, or the way a new support is sought. This new nomenclature shows that several new possible combinations are now possible. That is, we can easily combine some ideas of AC-3 with some ideas of AC-7 and some ideas of AC-2001 with some ideas of AC-6. Some experimental results highlight the advantages of our approach.
Shower Meteoroids: Constraints From Interplanetary Dust Particles And Leonid Meteors

The cometary Leonid meteoroids represent a size range in between largest carbon-richIDPs and the smallest CI meteorites. Their dustball structure and chemistry offer anopportunity to constrain hierarchical dust accretion inferred from petrologic studies ofaggregate and cluster IDPs. The Leonid shower meteoroids of known ``comet ejection''ages provide an opportunity to study space weathering of cometary dust over periodsof up to several hundred years. The meteors and aggregate and cluster IDPs displaycontinuous thermal modification of organics and volatile element (Na, K-bearing phases), that occur as discrete minerals and amorphous solids each different response during kinetically controlled ablation. Leonid meteoroids are not excessively Na-rich. The occurrences of Leonid meteors can now be accurate predicted and combined withknowledge better models for the settling rates, collections of surviving dust becomea comet nucleus-sampling mission.
Geometrical and electrical characteristics of the initial stage in Florida triggered lightning

[1] We characterize the geometrical and electrical characteristics of the initial stages of nine Florida triggered lightning discharges using a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and measured channel-base currents. We determine initial channel and subsequent branch lengths, average initial channel and branch propagation speeds, and channel-base current at the time of each branch initiation. The channel-base current is found to not change significantly when branching occurs, an unexpected result. The initial stage of Florida triggered lightning typically transitions from vertical to horizontal propagation at altitudes of 3–6 km, near the typical freezing level of 4 km and several kilometers below the expected center of the negative cloud-charge region at 7–8 km. The data presented potentially provide information on thunderstorm electrical and hydrometeor structure and discharge propagation physics. LMA source locations were obtained from VHF sources of positive impulsive currents as small as 10 A, in contrast to expectations found in the literature.
Cabozantinib (XL184) Inhibits Growth and Invasion of Preclinical TNBC Models

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that is associated with poor clinical outcome. There is a vital need for effective targeted therapeutics for TNBC patients, yet treatment strategies are challenged by the significant intertumoral heterogeneity within the TNBC subtype and its surrounding microenvironment. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are highly expressed in several TNBC subtypes and are promising therapeutic targets. In this study, we targeted the MET receptor which is highly expressed across several TNBC subtypes. Experimental Design: Using the small molecule inhibitor cabozantinib (XL184), we examined the efficacy of MET inhibition in preclinical models that recapitulate human TNBC and its microenvironment. To analyze the dynamic interactions between TNBC cells and fibroblasts over time, we utilized a 3D model referred to as MAME (Mammary Architecture and Microenvironment Engineering) with quantitative image analysis. To investigate cabozantinib inhibition in vivo, we used a novel xenograft model that expresses human HGF and supports paracrine MET signaling. Results: XL184 treatment of MAME cultures of MDA-MB-231 and HCC70 cells (+/- HGF-expressing fibroblasts) was cytotoxic and significantly reduced multicellular invasive outgrowths even in cultures with HGF-expressing fibroblasts. Treatment with XL184 had no significant effects on METneg breast cancer cell growth. In vivo assays demonstrated that cabozantinib treatment significantly inhibited TNBC growth and metastasis. Conclusions: Using preclinical TNBC models that recapitulate the breast tumor microenvironment, we demonstrate that cabozantinib inhibition is an effective therapeutic strategy in several TNBC subtypes.
A model complex of a possible intermediate in the mechanism of action of peptide deformylase: first example of an (N2S)zinc(II)-formate complex.

The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of a new (N2S)zinc–alkyl complex and (N2S)zinc–formate complex is described; the bonding mode of the formate complex has implications for the mechanism of action of the enzyme peptide deformylase.
A pre-history of handheld projector-based interaction

I present a pre-history of contemporary handheld projector-based interaction to inform the design of future interactive systems. I begin by documenting the two main types of pre-cinema handheld projection from Europe and Japan, the handheld magic lantern and the utsushi-e performance. I then present a summary of projection techniques used by performers when interacting with these devices. I situate these techniques within contemporary research and illustrate how they are being used and built upon with contemporary technology. Finally, I discuss how knowledge of pre-cinema handheld projection devices, techniques, and performance can inform the design of future handheld projector systems.
Structural and Genetic Analyses of O Polysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Serotype f

The oral bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is implicated as a causative agent of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). A. actinomycetemcomitans is classified into five serotypes (a to e) corresponding to five structurally and antigenically distinct O polysaccharide (O-PS) components of their respective lipopolysaccharide molecules. Serotype b has been reported to be the dominant serotype isolated from LJP patients. We determined the lipopolysaccharide O-PS structure from A. actinomycetemcomitans CU1000, a strain isolated from a 13-year-old African-American female with LJP which had previously been classified as serotype b. The O-PS of strain CU1000 consisted of a trisaccharide repeating unit composed of l-rhamnose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose (molar ratio, 2:1) with the structure →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1–3)-2-O-(β-d-GalpNAc)-α-l-Rhap-(1→. O-PS from strain CU1000 was structurally and antigenically distinct from the O-PS molecules of the five known A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. Strain CU1000 was mutagenized with transposon IS903φkan, and three mutants that were deficient in O-PS synthesis were isolated. All three transposon insertions mapped to a single 1-kb region on the chromosome. The DNA sequence of a 13.1-kb region surrounding these transposon insertions contained a cluster of 14 open reading frames that was homologous to gene clusters responsible for the synthesis of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b, c, and e O-PS antigens. The CU1000 gene cluster contained two genes that were not present in serotype-specific O-PS antigen clusters of the other five known A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. These data indicate that strain CU1000 should be assigned to a new A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype, designated serotype f. A PCR assay using serotype-specific PCR primers showed that 3 out of 20 LJP patients surveyed (15%) harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans strains carrying the serotype f gene cluster. The finding of an A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype showing serological cross-reactivity with anti-serotype b-specific antiserum suggests that a reevaluation of strains previously classified as serotype b may be warranted.
Paper Electrophoresis of Casein. I. The Use of Buffers Containing Urea

Summary A study has been made of the paper electrophoresis of casein and casein fractions in Veronal buffers containing urea levels from 0 to 7.0 M . A method using the Sharples supercentrifuge was developed that permits the isolation of whole κ -casein from α-casein without the need for an ultracentrifuge. It was found that whole κ -casein migrates in the α, or fastest-moving peak, when the urea level is 0–2.5 M , but migrates in the β , or second-fastest peak, when the urea level is about 6.0–7.0 M . Veronal buffers containing urea levels of about 2.5 M or greater (pH ∼ 8.9, Γ/2 0.050) permit the resolution of casein into at least six components; four of these components migrate slower than β -casein. κ -Casein could not be completely resolved from the other components of whole casein, although at 4.8 M urea the κ -casein formed a peak between α s - and β -casein. Whole κ -casein became increasingly heterogeneous as the urea level of the buffer was increased. Whole casein contained approximately 39% α s -casein, 11% κ -casein, 43% β -casein, and 7% minor components. The use of urea in electrophoresis buffers for casein appears promising as a high order of resolution is attained. The effect of urea level on the migration of κ -casein appears important in quantitative studies on the relative abundance of casein fractions.
Distributed approximation algorithms for maximum link scheduling and local broadcasting in the physical interference model

In this paper, we develop the first rigorous distributed algorithm for link scheduling in the SINR model under any length-monotone sub-linear power assignments. Our algorithms give constant factor approximation guarantees, matching the bounds of the sequential algorithms for these problems, with provable bounds on the running time in terms of the graph topology. We also study a related and fundamental problem of local broadcasting for uniform power levels, and obtain similar bounds. These problems are much more challenging in the SINR model than in the more standard graph based interference models, because of the non-locality of the SINR model. Our algorithms are randomized and crucially rely on physical carrier sensing for the distributed communication steps. We find that the specific wireless device capability of duplex/halfduplex communication significantly impacts the performance. Our main technique involves the distributed computation of affectance and a construct called a ruling, which are likely to be useful in other scheduling problems in the SINR model. We also study the empirical performance of our algorithms, and find that the performance depends on the topology, and the approximation ratio is very close to the best sequential algorithm.
Voluntary control of penile tumescence: Effects of an incentive and a signal detection task

Penile plethysmography is considered a promising procedure for the assessment of sexual arousal and orientation. However, the discovery that some individuals are capable of invalidating the results of the test has raised concerns about its limitations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a signal detection task in eliminating faking. Additionally, the effect of an incentive on the ability to fake on penile plethysmography was evaluated. A total of 32 heterosexual subjects participated in the study and 11 homosexual subjects were involved in the replication phase. Overall, subjects evidenced a significant ability to suppress erections to preferred sexual stimuli. The incentive did not affect performance. The signal detection procedure appeared to interfere with erection under standard instructions but did not significantly reduce faking ability. As predicted, there was a tendency for recognition scores to be lower under faking conditions. Intensive cognitive processing may fac...
Adolescent social networks: School, demographic, and longitudinal considerations

Peer relationships are considered to be a dominant feature of adolescence, but systematically formed social networks rarely have been studied. A social network analysis was used to describe adolescent friendship patterns and to compare them across schools and time. Ninth graders (n = 1030) atfive high schools identified their friends at Wave 1 and again one year later. The resulting sets offriendship links were subjected to social network analysis. The patterns of linkages identified adolescents as clique members, liaisons, and isolates. Clique membership was the modal social position pattern, but liaisons and isolates also were well represented. The proportions of adolescents representing each socialposition varied across schools. In all samples, cliques were homogeneous in gender, race, and mother's educational level, and cliques were largely stable over a one-year time period. The possibility that social network characteristics could explain a variety of adolescent differences is discussed
Primary normal-stress difference for two liquid crystalline copolyesters

The primary normal-stress difference,N 1, was determined in both steady and transient shear flow experiments for thermotropic copolyesters of 60 and 80 mole% p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).N 1 was observed to be negative for the 80 mole% system at low shear rates and temperatures below 332 °C (a tensile stress, e.g. σ11 is taken here to be positive). At higher shear rates and for temperatures above 332 °C,N 1 was found to be positive. Values ofN 1 for the 60 mole% pHBA/PET system were always positive over the same range of shear rates. Although it is not certain as to the origin of the negative values, a probable cause is small density changes upon the inception of flow as well as the existence of a solid phase or some texture development in the melt. However, it is shown that it is thermodynamically admissible for liquid crystalline fluids to exhibit negative values ofN 1.
Characterization and modeling of microcracking and elastic moduli changes in Nicalon/CAS composites

Abstract The damage progression in silicon carbide fiber (Nicalon) reinforced calcium alumino-silicate (CAS) glass-ceramic composites subjected to monotonic uniaxial tensile loading has been studied. A unidirectional composite and three cross-ply laminates were investigated. Microcrack densities were recorded at regular intervals of applied stress. Young's modulus and the major Poisson's ratio were also measured at the corresponding stress levels. Both longitudinal and transverse stress/strain relations show significant nonlinearity with the onset and development of damage. Matrix microcracking in a direction perpendicular to the applied load reaches a critial level, and the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio start decreasing. On further loading, cracking increases and reaches a saturation level. A shear lag model was used to predict the variation of Young's modulus with applied stress based upon the experimentally measured crack densities. Model predictions suggest that at the saturation of matrix cracking, load transfer from the fibre to the matrix occurs only through frictional stresses. In the cross-ply laminates the two major modes of damage are transverse cracking in the 90° plies and matrix cracking in the 0° plies. The initiation strain and saturation density of transverse cracks increase as the 90° layer thickness decreases. The initiation strain and the saturation density of matrix cracks in the 0° plies of the cross-ply laminates are comparable to those of matrix cracks in the unidirectional composite. A shear lag model was adapted to calculate the reduced Young's modulus of the cracked 90° plies. The shear lag model for the unidirectional composite was used to calculate the reduced Young's modulus of the 0° plies. The reduced moduli of both 0° and 90° plies were input to the rule of mixtures for predicting the Young's moduli of the cross-ply laminates. Here again, model predictions suggest thay at the saturation of matrix cracking, load transfer from the fiber to the matrix occurs only through frictional stresses.
The effect of strychnine on the leech Retzius cell.

Abstract Strychnine sulphate (0·1–1 mmol) caused reversible hyperpolarization, fall in input resistance and cessation of spontaneous firing in the Retzius cells of leech segmental ganglia. Substitution of propionate for most of the chloride in the bathing medium abolished the hyperpolarization and input resistance change and greatly attenuated the effect on firing rate. A selective increase in membrane chloride permeability therefore appears to be a major effect of the drug on this neuron.
The Rainy Pentads of Central America

Abstract A rainy pentad is defined as having 25 mm or more rain in five days. The beginning and end of the rainfall of this amount is shown on maps of Central America.
Temperature dependence of the elastic constants of copper, gold and silver

Abstract From an inverse power type interatomic potential energy function and the Boltzmann distribution function for interatomic distances, the second-order elastic constants of copper, gold and silver are calculated as a function of temperature without involving any undetermined parameters. The results are found to be in fair to good agreement with the experimental observations in the temperature range of-196 to 25°C.
Gap Junction Channels Coordinate the Propagation of Intercellular Ca2+ Signals Generated by P2Y Receptor Activation

Astrocytes express gap junction proteins and multiple types of P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that contribute to the propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves (ICW). To gain access to the role played by gap junctional communication in ICW propagation generated by P2YR activation, we selectively expressed P2Y(1,2,4)R subtypes and Cx43 in the human 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line, which lacks endogenous P2 receptors. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed that 1321N1 cells are poorly dye-coupled and do not propagate ICW. Forced expression of Cx43 in 1321N1 cells (which did not show functional hemichannels) increased dye coupling and allowed short-range ICW transmission that was mainly mediated by intercellular diffusion of Ca(2+) generated in the stimulated cells. Astrocytoma clones expressing each of the P2YR subtypes were also able to propagate ICWs that were likely dependent on IP(3) generation. These waves exhibited properties particular to each P2YR subtype. Co-expression of eGFP-hCx43 and P2Y(1)R modified the properties of P2Y(1)R-generated ICW to those characteristics of P2Y(2)R. Increased coupling in P2Y(4)R clones induced by expression of eGFP-hCx43 abolished the ICWs observed in uncoupled P2Y(4)R clones. No changes in the behavior of ICWs generated in P2Y(2)R clones were observed after forced expression of Cx43. These data indicate that in 1321N1 cells gap junctional communication provides intercellular integration of Ca(2+) signals generated by P2YR activation, thus coordinating the propagation of intercellular calcium waves.
Hypergraph matching complexes and Quillen complexes of symmetric groups

We investigate Quillen complexes of symmetric groups using hypergraph matching complexes and p-cycle complexes. We determine the homotopy type of the Quillen complex of S3p at the prime p. We show that there is torsion in the homology of the Quillen complex of S13 the prime 3, thereby providing the first example of a Quillen complex of a finite group whose homology is not free.
Reinventing Strategic Planning

If there is any consensus on the nature of the management challenge today, it is that business environments are more dynamic, competitive, and unpredictable than ever before and that businesses have to be more flexible, organic, and innovative in how they structure themselves. Different environmental characteristics and different organizational forms require new and different ways of defining business strategy.
933-99 Chronic Hydralazine or Enalapril Normalize Myosin Isoforms in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, but Only Enalapril Normalizes Left Ventricular Mass

Increased V3 myosin isoform is seen in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (H), but reversion to V1 with chronic afterload reduction and LVH regression is not well defined. We randomized SHR at 3–4 months to oral hydralazine (25 mg/kg), enalapril (40 mg/kg), or placebo. Age matched Wistar Kyoto rats were controls. Group average systolic blood pressure (mmHg) at baseline was 207 (Plac), 223 (Hydrl), 225 (Enal), and 156 (Cntrl). Rats were studied after 3 months of treatment. Echocardiographic LVmass (LVM) was from the cubic function: LVM (mg) = 1.04[(EDD + PWT + IVS) 3 – EDD 3 ], corrected for body weight (LVMI), since echocardiography permits better identification of differing patterns of hypertrophy. Terminal hemodynamics were volumetric aortic flow (mean: MAF, ml/min) and Millar aortic pressure (mean: MAP). Systemic arterial resistance (SAR) and LV contractility (+dp/dt) was derived from digitized waveforms. Following termination, LV was harvested and frozen at –800° C, and myosin isoforms were determined by gel electrophoresis, with expression of V1, V2, V3 isoforms as % total. Analysis of variance was performed and group mean values are given below: Group N MAP MAF SAR +DP/DT LVMI V1 V2 V3 Placebo 17 151 * 105 * 1.57 * 16246 * 2.98 ns 32 * 23 45 * Hydralazine 18 104 164 0.67 8562 2.80 68 15 17 Enalapril 13 94 144 0.68 8633 2.19 # 80 11 9 Control 11 85 179 0.49 13022 2.55 60 15 25 * p l 05, placebo vs Hydrl, and vs Enal # p l 0.05 placebo vs Enal Thus, myosin isoform expression reverted to an adult pattern, in response to long term afterload reduction. Changes in myosin transcriptional patterns however, require additional assessment. Eccentric hypertrophy accounted for persistent LVMI following hydralazine, whereas greater LVMI reduction occurred with ACE inhibition. This suggests that factors other than afterload reduction contribute to LVMI regression with ACE inhibition.
Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function among Older Adults

This study examined the association of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee intake with cognitive function in a community-based sample of older adults in 1988-1992. Participants were 890 women with a mean age of 72.6 years and 638 men with a mean age of 73.3 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study. Cognitive function was assessed by 12 standardized tests, and lifetime consumption and current coffee consumption were obtained by questionnaire. After adjustment for confounders, higher lifetime coffee consumption in women was associated with better (p < or = 0.05) performance on six of 12 tests, with a trend (p < or = 0.10) on two other cognitive function tests; current caffeinated coffee intake was associated with better performance on two tests (p < 0.05), with a trend (p < 0.10) on one other test. Among women aged 80 or more years, lifetime coffee intake was nonsignificantly associated with better performance on 11 of the 12 tests. No relation was found between coffee intake and cognitive function among men or between decaffeinated coffee intake and cognitive function in either sex. Lifetime and current exposure to caffeine may be associated with better cognitive performance among women, especially among those aged 80 or more years.
Judging you by the company you keep: dating on social networking sites

This study examines dating strategies in Social Networking Sites (SNS) and the features that help participants achieve their dating goals. Qualitative data suggests the SNS feature, the friends list, plays a prominent role in finding potential dates, verifying credibility, and validating ongoing relationship commitment levels. Observations of how study participants use the friends list may provide design implications for social networking sites interested in facilitating romantic connection among their users. More broadly, this research shows how subtle user-interface design choices in social computing software can have a profound effect on non-trivial activities like finding a life partner.
Presynaptic control of quantal size: kinetic mechanisms and implications for synaptic transmission and plasticity

Although the strength of quantal synaptic transmission is jointly controlled by pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms, the presynaptic mechanisms remain substantially less well characterized. Recent studies reveal that a single package of neurotransmitter is generally insufficient to activate all available postsynaptic receptors, whereas the sum of transmitter from multiple vesicles can result in receptor saturation. Thus, depending upon the number of vesicles released, a given synaptic pathway might be either 'reliable' or 'unreliable'. A lack of receptor saturation in turn makes it possible to modify quantal size by altering the flux of transmitter through the synaptic cleft. Studies are now illuminating several new mechanisms behind the regulation of this transmitter flux--characteristics that control how transmitter is loaded into vesicles, how it is released and the manner by which it interacts with postsynaptic receptors.
Apolipoprotein L1: from obscurity to consistency to controversy

Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is associated with increased incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease, and with faster progression of CKD, in African Americans. APOL1 is expressed in intra- and extrarenal vascular tissue, making it a candidate to explain the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in CKD. This Commentary discusses the disparate results from three studies showing that APOL1 renal risk genotypes are either harmful, neutral, or protective in the context of cardiovascular disease.
IRE1β Inhibits Chylomicron Production by Selectively Degrading MTP mRNA

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is needed to assemble chylomicrons in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of enterocytes. We explored the role of an ER stress protein, inositol-requiring enzyme 1β (IRE1β), in regulating this process. High-cholesterol and high-fat diets decreased intestinal IRE1β mRNA in wild-type mice. Ire1b−/− mice fed high-cholesterol and high-fat diets developed more pronounced hyperlipidemia because these mice secreted more chylomicrons and expressed more intestinal MTP, though not hepatic MTP, than wild-type mice did. Chylomicron secretion and MTP expression also were increased in primary enterocytes isolated from cholesterol-fed Ire1b−/− mice. There was no correlation between ER stress and MTP expression. Instead, cell culture studies revealed that IRE1β, but not its ubiquitous homolog IRE1α, decreased MTP mRNA through increased posttranscriptional degradation. Conversely, knockdown of IRE1β enhanced MTP expression. These studies show that IRE1β plays a role in regulating MTP and in chylomicron production.
Tumor immunotherapy: the tumor cell as an antigen-presenting cell.

Abstract Increased knowledge in basic immunology has led to a variety of innovative and imaginative approaches for tumor-specific immunotherapy. One of these approaches is based on the premise that tumor cells do not normally stimulate an effective tumor-specific immune response, because they do not efficiently present tumor antigens to the relevant lymphocytes. To overcome inadequate antigen presentation, it has been hypothesized that tumor cells can be genetically engineered to present tumor peptides directly to T lymphocytes. in
An internet-based software tool for submitting crime information to forensic laboratories

This paper describes an internet-based software tool developed for the West Virginia State Police Forensics Laboratory. The software enables law enforcement agents to submit crime information to the Forensic Laboratory via a secure Internet connection. Online electronic forms were created to mirror the existing paper based forms, making the transition easier. The process of submitting case information was standardized and streamlined, there by minimizing information inconsistency. The crime information once gathered is automatically stored in a database, and can be viewed and queried by any authorized law enforcement officers. The software tool will be deployed in all counties of WV.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure and short-term memory

Fifty-six undergraduates participated in a probe experiment investigating the effects of list structure and rate of presentation on recall. Very strong serial-position effects were found, with structured lists exhibiting higher recall and a von Restorff effect. Rate of presentation did not result in significant differences.
Dynamically tuned gyroscopes in stabilized electro-optical sights

The dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) has been marketed primarily as a low-cost, small-package, two-axis rate sensors for tactical missiles and is used widely in this application. The DTG is also suitable for application to stabilized electro-optical sights, though little appears in the literature on this subject. At first glance, this gyro appears to be controllable with the same capture-loop technology used for the once-ubiquitous single-axis rate- integrating gyro. Subtle but very important distinctions exist however, and inattention to these differences can result in poor or disastrous gyro performance. These and other issues pertaining to use of the DTG in sight stabilization systems are discussed. Topics covered include theory of operation, interface electronics, capture-loop design, and a discussion of error sources typically found in electro-optical systems.