cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of aluminum phosphates on graphite oxidation

Abstract Aluminum phosphates are of interest for use as inhibitors for the oxidation of carbonaceous materials. This investigation analyzes three aluminum phosphates of nominal compositions, Al 2 O 3 · P 2 O 5 , Al 2 O 3 · 3P 2 O 5 , and Al 2 O 3 · 9P 2 O 5 , in terms of thermal stability and efficacy to inhibit the thermal oxidation of graphite flake in pure oxygen. Temperature programmed oxidation reveals that the onset temperature for oxidation is increased by 75–100 °C as a result of the aluminum phosphate treatments. Isothermal oxidation rate measurements show that while the overall oxidation rate constants are lowered by the aluminum phosphate treatments, the apparent activation energy remains constant (54–59 kcal/mol), which indicates that the reduction in rate constant with temperature is due to a lowering of the pre-exponential term.
Almost principal minors of inverse M-matrices

Abstract It is well known that if an inverse M -matrix has a 0 entry, then it must be reducible and thus have many more 0 entries. This property is actually a special case of a deeper phenomenon that might be loosely described as relations among vanishing almost principal minors in an inverse M -matrix. This phenomenon encompasses both minors of nested dimension (a certain loose monotonicity) and minors of the same size in loosely related positions. This phenomenon is limited to almost principal minors and, where possible, converses and examples are given to show the limit of the extent of this phenomenon. It is also shown that if one almost principle minor is contained in another, then the magnitude of the former is larger than that of the latter.
Volumetric classification of pituitary macroadenomas predicts outcome and morbidity following endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery

Endoscopy in combination with extended approaches allow for resection of large pituitary adenomas via a transsphenoidal route. The objective of the current study was to determine a volumetric threshold for lesions with high perioperative morbidity and high rate of subtotal resection following endonasal endoscopic surgery. Thus, we analyzed a prospectively collected database of 71 patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches for macroadenomas (diameter >1 cm). Extend of resection (EOR) was calculated based on volumetric analysis of pre-and post-operative contrast-enhanced MRI. Average EOR was 97.8% and a gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 76.1% of all patients. GTR was accomplished in 92.0% versus 38.1% of adenomas either without or with CS invasion, respectively. Likewise, GTR was accomplished in 90.2% versus 40.0% of lesions less than or greater then 10 cm(3) respectively. However, even if only subtotal resection was achieved, 90.3% of tumor volume was removed. At 17 months follow-up, visual field defects improved in 80.8% of patients. Complications included permanent diabetes insipidus (5 patients), panhypopituitarism (4 patients), injury to the ophthalmic artery (1 patient) and CSF leak (1 patient). On multivariate logistic regression, two factors negatively predicted GTR: invasion of the CS and volume greater than 10 cm(3). A 10 cm(3) threshold was a stronger predictor of EOR and complication risk than diameter-based measurements. A volume greater than 10 cm(3) and CS invasion may help to identify pituitary lesions associated with a higher likelihood of subtotal resection and post-operative morbidity.
Pressure Measurements on the Rotating Blades of an Axial-Flow Compressor

A rotor-mounted radio telemetry instrument system for measuring surface pressures on the rotating blades of an axial-flow compressor was developed and tested. The paper describes the design of the instrument system and several tests to establish its accuracy. Measurements of average and fluctuating surface pressures were reported. Measured pressure levels were found to agree with theory and available experimental data.Copyright © 1973 by ASME
Effects of diabetes mellitus on lactation in the rat

Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the process of lactation. Although insulin administration restores lactation, the manner by which it does so is unknown. The goals of this study were to determine which phase of lactation, milk synthesis/supply (MS), and/or milk release (MR) was affected. Inasmuch as insulin, corticosterone, and prolactin, among other hormones, are involved in milk synthesis in vitro, this study investigated their probable roles in the suppression of lactation in diabetes in vivo. Diabetes was induced in rats on Day 3 postpartum with streptozotocin (50-60 mg/kg, ip). Milk synthesis/supply and milk release were indirectly monitored using body weight gain of pups during a timed-feeding period on postnatal Days 8/9 and 13/14. Plasma corticosterone, insulin, C-peptide, and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay in control, diabetic, and insulin-replaced diabetic animals. Insulin replacement was provided by means of an osmotic minipump implanted subcutaneously in the nape of the neck. In addition, several parameters of maternal behavior were monitored in order to determine whether diabetes affected maternal behavior and, therefore, whether such changes played a role in the alterations of lactation observed during diabetes. Diabetes significantly suppressed MS and MR. However, the decrease in MR, which was restored after partial insulin replacement, was a reflection of the reduced MS. There were no significant differences between the parameters of maternal behavior monitored in control and diabetic animals. Blood glucose in diabetic dams was significantly increased over that of controls. Although the levels of plasma glucose in the insulin-replaced groups were significantly lower than those of their uncontrolled diabetic counterparts, they also remained higher than that of controls. Corticosterone was not significantly altered after induction of diabetes. Insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly reduced in the uncontrolled diabetics; however, insulin levels were corrected in the insulin-replaced groups. Serum levels of prolactin decreased in all diabetic groups and insulin failed to restore these levels to those of control animals. In conclusion, it appears that diabetes decreases lactation through a suppressive effect on MS rather than on MR, with insulin replacement correcting for such deficiency. In addition, despite the lactogenic importance of glucocorticoids, prolactin and insulin demonstrated in vitro, lactation in vivo can be corrected without returning the levels of all three hormones to normal. The importance of another factor(s), such as normoglycemia, as essential to the observed defects, needs to be investigated.
Anaerobic expression of the gyrA gene demonstrated by β-galactosidase activity in gyrA::Mu-lac fusion derivatives of Escherichia coli

E. coli C600Δ lac was infected with a Mu- lac defective phage. Lysogens resistant to ampicillin (25 µg/ml) and nalidixic acid (20 µg/ml) were unable to grow anaerobically and insensitive to nalidixic acid (150 µg/ml), indicating formation of gyrA ::Mu- lac fusions. Mapping of the Mu- lac by P1 phage cotransduction with two different gyrA linked Tn 10 transposon loci suggests that the insertion is located in the gyrA gene. These fusion derivatives form small uncolored colonies on lactose MacConkey agar plates aerobically. When these plates are placed in an anaerobic jar for about 4 h, the colonies turn red indicating that the inserted lac gene is expressed only under anaerobic environment. Thus the gyrA promoter is activated under the anaerobic environment and loss of gyrA activity prevents anaerobic cell growth.
Age at Fontan procedure impacts exercise performance in adolescents: results from the Pediatric Heart Network Multicenter study.

Background Most single ventricle patients undergo Fontan procedure in a staged manner. However, optimal timing of Fontan completion after an intermediate staging surgery is controversial. Therefore, we investigated the long-term impact of age at Fontan completion on the exercise performance in adolescents. Methods We analyzed National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-Sectional Study dataset consisting of children and adolescents 6 to 18 years of age recruited in 2003 to 2004. Multivariate linear regression techniques were used to evaluate association of age at Fontan procedure with percent predicted VO 2 maximum, percent predicted maximum O 2 pulse, and heart rate reserve in patients who achieved ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT). Results Of the 405 patients who had undergone only one Fontan operation and ramp cycle ergometry, 72% had prior intermediate surgery. Mean age at Fontan completion and exercise testing was 3.4±2 and 12.4±3.2 years. Three hundred twelve patients reached VAT suggesting adequate cardiopulmonary effort. In patients who reached VAT, each year increase in age at Fontan completion was associated with a decline of 1.5 (95% CI −2.5 to −0.5) points in percent-predicted VO 2 maximum and a decline of 4.1 (95% CI −6.0 to −2.1) beat/min in heart rate reserve after adjusting for all pertinent variables. Conclusions Fontan completion at a younger age is associated with better exercise performance in adolescents.
The unification of the Lorentz and Coulomb gauges of electromagnetic theory

The Lorentz and Coulomb gauges of electromagnetic field theory are shown to be special cases of the same gauge, denoted in this paper as the velocity gauge since it specifies the divergence of the vector potential in terms of the velocity of propagation of the scalar potential. This velocity is the speed of light for the Lorentz gauge and infinite for the Coulomb gauge. With the velocity gauge, the selection of a gauge can be explained in physical terms-the specification of the velocity of propagation of the scalar potential-which engineering students might find more intuitive than a suspiciously arbitrary choice made for mathematical convenience.
Restoration of the normal coagulation process: advances in therapies to antagonize heparin.

A number of naturally occurring anticoagulants exist that preserve normal blood fluidity and limit blood clot formation to vascular injury sites, thus acting as regulators of hemostasis. The protein C/protein S pathway is one system that acts to modulate thrombin formation. The activation of protein C by thrombin is accelerated more than 1,000-fold at the endothelial surface by thrombomodulin localized on the endothelial cell. Activated protein C then binds to its co-factor, protein S, and the protein C/protein S complex exerts its antithrombotic function by inactivating the coagulation factors Va and VIIIa. Patients deficient in protein C and protein S may be particularly vulnerable to thrombotic events after cardiac surgery. In addition, several studies suggest that reductions in protein C and protein S concentrations, as well as thrombomodulin, occur during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The possibility of a low anticoagulant potential when heparinization is reversed may be an important factor in the subsequent morbidity associated with thrombotic complications. Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor that in vitro binds competitively with the serine protease-activated protein C. However, aprotinin in the clinical setting has not been reported to alter levels of protein C in patients undergoing CPB. Reversal of the heparinization needed for CPB is almost universally performed with protamine. However, protamine has many deleterious effects. Recombinant platelet factor 4 (rPF4) has been proposed as an alternative to protamine. We investigated the effective heparin neutralization dose of rPF4 vs. the standard agent protamine in human blood activated through exposure to the CPB circuit. Activated clotting time (ACT) measurements suggested a 2 :1 (w/w) reversal ratio for rPF4 and protamine. The first human open-label phase I trial of rPF4 reported no serious side effects and no important hemodynamic effects. Doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg were uniformly effective in reversing the anticoagulant effect of heparin and reducing the ACT to <200 s by 5 min after administration. Repeated monitoring of the ACT did not detect a rebound effect of heparin.
Technology needs of planetary missions of the 21st century

This paper presents the findings of a series of planetary mission studies supporting development and update of NASA's Space Science Enterprise Strategic Plan. The studies evaluate feasibility, science return, cost, and benefits of advanced technology for missions that are candidates for inclusion in the strategic plan. Emphasis (to date) has been on nine target missions identified in the plan for launch after 2004. Mission concepts have been defined for each target, and the enabling and enhancing technologies developments have been identified. It was found that the current trend toward miniaturization of avionics will benefit all missions. Several missions were found to be enabled or strongly enhanced by advances in low thrust propulsion, either solar electric or solar sail. Another critical area is in-situ technologies, including precision approach; landing; surface mobility; sample collection, analyses and packaging; and sample return to Earth.
Loss of solar wind plasma neutrality and affect on surface potentials near the lunar terminator and shadowed polar regions

[1] As the solar wind is absorbed on the lunar dayside, a clear and obvious plasma void is created in the anti-solar direction that extends many lunar radii behind the Moon. Plasma adjacent to this void will expand into the depleted region and this process is modeled here using a particle-in-cell code. It is found that thermal electrons will diffuse into the void ahead of the ions, creating a break in plasma quasi-neutrality. In essence, immediately trailing behind the lunar terminator/polar regions, there is a magnetic-field aligned E-field peaking near 400 mV/m associated with a standing double-layer, this layer consisting of fast thermal electrons (electron cloud) moving into the central void ahead of an ion-enhanced layer. We demonstrate that the surface locations that are incident with the electron cloud (just nightside of the terminator) will develop enhanced negative surface potentials due to the dominance of electron currents. Such regions of large negative potentials near the lunar poles are of interest, especially given NASA's recent announcement of a lunar outpost at the south polar Aitken Basin.
Disruption of Endocytosis with the Dynamin Mutant shibirets1 Suppresses Seizures in Drosophila

One challenge in modern medicine is to control epilepsies that do not respond to currently available medications. Since seizures consist of coordinated and high-frequency neural activity, our goal was to disrupt neurotransmission with a synaptic transmission mutant and evaluate its ability to suppress seizures. We found that the mutant shibire, encoding dynamin, suppresses seizure-like activity in multiple seizure-sensitive Drosophila genotypes, one of which resembles human intractable epilepsy in several aspects. Because of the requirement of dynamin in endocytosis, increased temperature in the shi(ts1) mutant causes impairment of synaptic vesicle recycling and is associated with suppression of the seizure-like activity. Additionally, we identified the giant fiber neuron as critical in the seizure circuit and sufficient to suppress seizures. Overall, our results implicate mutant dynamin as an effective seizure suppressor, suggesting that targeting or limiting the availability of synaptic vesicles could be an effective and general method of controlling epilepsy disorders.
THE REACTION TO PITUITRIN AND ADRENALIN OF THE MYOMETRIUM OF THE DOMESTIC SOW

IN 1927, KNAUS (1) announced his discovery of the remarkable change which takes place in the rabbits uterus at the advent of pregnancy, rendering the myometrium insensitive to doses of pituitrin sufficient to call forth large con-tractions in the nonpregnant state. By the time the Knaus effect was conclusively demonstrated as a function of the hormone of the corpus luteum, species other than the rabbit had been investigated. All of these species examined fell into two general types, so far as reactivity to pituitrin during pregnancy was concerned. In one group, exemplified by the rabbit, the hormone of the corpus luteum inhibited the uterine contractions normally evoked by small doses of pituitrin. The characteristic response of the second group was first found in the rat (2), and later in the guinea pig and mouse. In this group the uteri respond to pituitrin at all stages of the sexual cycle and during pregnancy.
Ca(2+)-mobilizing endothelin-A receptors inhibit voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx through G(i/o) signaling pathway in pituitary lactotrophs.

In excitable cells, receptor-induced Ca 2 release from intracellular stores is usually accompanied by sustained depolarization of cells and facilitated voltage-gated Ca 2 influx (VGCI). In quiescent pituitary lactotrophs, however, endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced rapid Ca 2 release without triggering Ca 2 influx. Furthermore, in spontaneously firing and depolarized lactotrophs, the Ca 2 -mobilizing action of ET-1 was followed by inhibition of spontaneous VGCI caused by prolonged cell hyperpolarization and abolition of action potential-driven Ca 2 influx. Agonistinduced depolarization of cells and enhancement of VGCI upon Ca 2 mobilization was established in both quiescent and firing lactotrophs treated overnight with pertussis toxin (PTX). Activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin and addition of cellpermeable 8-bromo-cAMP did not affect ET-1–induced sustained inhibition of VGCI, suggesting that the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway does not mediate the inhibitory action of ET-1 on VGCI. Consistent with the role of PTX-sensitive K channels in ET-1–induced hyperpolarization of control cells, but not PTX-treated cells, ET-1 decreased the cell input resistance and activate da5m M Cs-sensitive K current. In the presence of Cs, ET-1 stimulated VGCI in a manner comparable with that observed in PTX-treated cells, whereas E-4031, a specific blocker of ether-a-go-go–related gene-like K channels, was ineffective. Similar effects of PTX and Cs were also observed in GH3 immortalized cells transiently expressing ETA receptors. These results indicate that signaling of ETA receptors through the Gi/o pathway in lactotrophs and the subsequent activation of inward rectifier K channels provide an effective and adenylyl cyclase-independent mechanism for a prolonged uncoupling of Ca 2 mobilization and influx pathways.
The Future of Peritoneal Dialysis in the United States: Optimizing Its Use

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used to treat patients with stage V chronic kidney disease since 1976. However, despite this long history, as of 2008 <8% of prevalent ESRD patients in the United States are treated with PD, a modality mix that is significantly different from what is seen in other developed countries. Data are reviewed that suggest that the reasons for this seem to be caused by non-medical-related issues such as subtle differences in practice patterns and unintended financial considerations. Medical outcome date would seem to favor more utilization of PD. For instance, data from the USRDS suggested that the relative risk of death for PD versus center hemodialysis has been improving, tending to favor those on PD for longer and longer periods of time. Infectious complications have also been markedly reduced. It is anticipated that changes in government reimbursement, such as the bundling of dialysis-related services, will stimulate a renewed interest in home therapies. Currently most home dialysis units are small, and some have minimal clinical experience with PD. If trends in reimbursement do favor a renewed interest in PD, for patient outcomes on PD to continue to improve, there will likely need to be further educational activities focused on PD, and perhaps, consolidation of PD programs may needed.
Beyond artificial intelligence, toward engineered psychology

Artificial intelligence started with exploring concept of representation of real world in a database of an artificial system such as robot or expert system. The metaphor for artificial intelligence was a computer program. Many believed that Al-related computer programs should be written in specific programming language such as LISP or Prolog. That view changed with approach that representations and real world should have reality check mechanism that will interface the real world. The view shifted toward need of a body that will carry out sensors for a real time interaction. So-called embodied AI introduces that agents rather than programs should be metaphor for artificial intelligence. What is important is the agent-environment interaction, an intelligent behavior that will prove the representations. In this presentation we argue that it is time that we should pursue beyond the concept of AI. It is known in biology that limbic system includes both memory and emotions. So the concept such as motivations, emotions, and curiosity, among others should be included in agents. In short metaphors for AI should be personalities rather than agents. Not just behavioral environment, the genetic environment should be included in our theories of intelligent beings. In this keynote we will present a coherent theory of consequence driven systems toward the engineered psychology part of IT revolution.
Exploring feeding behaviour in deep-sea dragonfishes (Teleostei: Stomiidae): jaw biomechanics and functional significance of a loosejaw

Deep-sea dragonfishes (family Stomiidae) possess spectacular morphologies adapted to capturing large prey items in a seascape largely devoid of biomass, including large fang-like teeth set on extremely long jaws. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of dragonfish morphology is a lack of a floor to the oral cavity (i.e. there is no skin between the mandibular rami) in species of three dragonfish genera. The present study aimed to investigate the kinematic properties and performance of lower-jaw adduction in stomiid fishes and to infer what functional advantages or constraints the ‘loosejaw’ confers. A computation model based on dynamic equilibrium predicted very fast jaw adduction for all species at gapes ranging from 90‐120° in 66.6‐103 ms. Simulations demonstrated that forces resisting lower-jaw adduction in dragonfishes, and long-jawed fishes in general, are substantially greater than those in fishes with shorter jaws. These forces constrain inlever length, resulting in relatively high mechanical advantages to attain fast adduction velocities. By reducing the surface area of the lower-jaw system, loosejaws drastically reduce resistive forces. This has permitted loosejaw dragonfishes to evolve lower mechanical advantages that produce high displacement velocities with an extremely long jaw, a distinct asset in capturing large and scarce resources in the deep-sea. In addition, loosejaws require a substantially reduced adductor mass to close long jaws at high velocities. These results reveal that the loosejaw condition is an adaptation that expands the morphological boundaries imposed by the dynamic limitations of a long jaw. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 224‐240.
Effects of surface dopants on graphene folding by molecular simulations

Abstract Many of the functional properties of graphene heavily depend on its morphology. Here we systematically and computationally investigate the mechanistic and quantitative role of different surface functionalized dopants on the architectural variation of nanoscale graphene by chemical functionalization. An intriguing correlation between electron orbital occupancy of doped atoms and the resultant folding angle of graphene sheet is established. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that density of doped foreign atoms adds the dimensionality of design space for regulating the folding angles of graphene sheet, providing an invaluable way for quantitatively controlling the graphene folding and a guideline to design novel graphene-based unconventional nanodevices.
Human Skeletal Muscle Insulin Receptor Substrate-1: Characterization of the cDNA, Gene, and Chromosomal Localization

Insulin receptor substrate-1 is a major substrate of insulin receptor Tyr kinase. We have now cloned the IRS-1 cDNA from human skeletal muscle, one of the most important target tissues of insulin action, localized and cloned the human IRS-1 gene, and studied the expression of the protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Human IRS-1 cDNA encodes a 1242 amino acid sequence that is 88% identical with rat liver IRS-1. The 14 potential Tyr phosphorylation sites include 6 Tyr-Met-X-Met motifs and 3 Tyr-X-X-Met motifs that are completely conserved in human IRS-1. Human IRS-1 has >50 possible Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites and one potential ATP-binding site close to the NH 2 -terminal. The human IRS-1 gene contains the entire 5ʹ-untranslated region and protein coding region in a single exon and was localized on chromosome 2 q36–37 by in situ hybridization. By Northern blot analysis, IRS-1 mRNA is rare and consists of two species of 6.9 and 6 kilobase. By using quantitative polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of total RNA from human fetal tissues, IRS-1 mRNA could be identified in all tissues. When human IRS-1 cDNA was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the protein migrated between 170,000–180,000 M r in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was rapidly Tyr phosphorylated upon insulin stimulation. Thus, IRS-1 is widely expressed and highly conserved across species and tissues. Compared with rat protein, human IRS-1 contains more potential Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites and only one nucleotide binding site. The entire protein coding sequence is contained within a single exon.
Comparison of the Biosynthesis and Release of Luteinizing Hormone by Rat Pituitaries in Vitro in Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs*

In an attempt to determine whether gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates synthesis and release of LH via independent processes, the ability of several GnRH analogs to regulate LH release was compared with their ability to regulate LH synthesis. Pituitary glands from ovariectomized rats were incubated with [3H]glucosamine in the presence of increasing doses of either GnRH or GnRH agonists: (des-Gly-NH210)GnRH ethylamide, (D-Ala6, des-Gly-NH210)GnRH ethylamide, or (D-Lys6, η-polyglutamate)GnRH. After incubation, total immunoreactive LH (IR-LH) was measured by RIA and radiolabeled LH was measured by immunoprecipitation with specific anti-LHβ serum. The dose-response curves for synthesis (medium plus tissue) of [3H]glucosamine-labeled LH ([3H]LH) were similar to those for release. However, the dose required for half-maximal stimulation of release (KmR) of [3H]LH differed from the dos required for half-maximal stimulation of synthesis (KmS) of [3H]LH for GnRH and all agonists. The ratio of KmR to KmS...
Composition of guano produced by frugivorous, sanguivorous, and insectivorous bats

ABSTRACT Bat guano supports an assemblage of organisms that varies depending on the species of bat producing it. To determine whether these differences in community structure may be due to differences in guano composition, we analyzed guano from frugivorous (Pteropus rodricensis), sanguivorous (Desmodus rotundus), and insectivorous (Tadarida brasiliensis) bats. We found no differences among species in organic matter or lipid of guano. Desmodus guano contained more carbon (C) than Pteropus guano. The latter contained less nitrogen (N), and the former contained less phosphorous (P) than guano of the other two species. Pteropus guano had a higher C:N ratio, and Desmodus guano had higher N:P and C:P ratios than the other two species. These differences in guano composition suggest that guano from bats in different feeding guilds may affect ecosystem structure and dynamics differently.
Predicting the strength of solar cycle 24 using a flux-transport dynamo-based tool

[1] We construct a solar cycle strength prediction tool by modifying a calibrated flux-transport dynamo model, and make predictions of the amplitude of upcoming solar cycle 24. We predict that cycle 24 will have a 30–50% higher peak than cycle 23, in contrast to recent predictions by Svalgaard et al. and Schatten, who used a precursor method to forecast that cycle 24 will be considerably smaller than 23. The skill of our approach is supported by the flux transport dynamo model's ability to correctly 'forecast' the relative peaks of cycles 16–23 using sunspot area data from previous cycles.
Contingency Management in a Cellblock Token Economy: Reducing Rule Violations and Maximizing the Effects of Token Reinforcement

Two studies were performed with imprisoned adult felons (I) to expand the generality of the use of positive reinforcement procedures as alternatives to intensification of punishment for the reduction of undesirable behavior with this client population; and (2) to identify the functional relationship between the magnitude of token reinforcement and the performance of a desired activity. In Study 1, a reversal design with a follow-up component indicated that the positive reinforcement of rule following was effective in reducing the occurrence of rule violations and that the effect of the procedure appeared to be partially irreversible. Study 2 used an expanded reversal design to determine the progressive effects on performance of successive increases in the magnitude of token reinforcement and to compare these effects for clients with and without a long history of participation in a token economy. It was found that each successive increase in reinforcement magnitude produced proportionally smaller increases...
Energetic nitrate, perchlorate, azide and azolate salts of hexamethylenetetramine

Hexamethylenetetrammonium salts, composed of energetic anions 3,5-dinitropyrazolate, 4,5-dinitroimidazolate, 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, 5-nitrotetrazolate, perchlorate, nitrate and azide, were synthesized and characterized. The structure of N-methyl-hexamethylenetetrammonium 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate (6) was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The standard enthalpies of formation for the new salts were calculated by using the computationally feasible DFT(B3LYP) and MP2 methods in conjunction with an empirical approach based on the densities of the salts. The calculated values range from ΔHf° = –30.6 (7) to +468.8 kJ·mol–1 (10) where the experimental densities > 1.35 g cm–3. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
AVF Analysis Acceleration via Hierarchical Fault Pruning

The notion of Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) has been extensively used by designers to evaluate various aspects of design robustness. While AVF is a very accurate way of assessing element resiliency, its calculation requires rigorous and extremely time-consuming experiments. In response, designers have introduced various methodologies that allow AVF calculation within reasonable time, at the cost of some loss of accuracy. In this paper, we present a method for calculating the AVF of design elements-using Statistical Fault Injection (SFI)-with equal accuracy but several orders of magnitude faster than traditional SFI techniques. Our method partitions the design into various hierarchical levels and systematically performs incremental fault injections to generate the AVF numbers. The presented method has been applied on an Intel microprocessor, where experimental results corroborate its ability to achieve great speed-up while maintaining perfect accuracy in calculating AVF.
R70-29 Uniform Synthesis of Sequential Circuits

This paper is concerned with techniques for the synthesis of binary output synchronous sequential machines. In particular, the proposed techniques can be used to realize such a machine as an interconnection of a finite set of identical two-state component machines or modules. Furthermore, the module can be selected in advance since it depends only on the number of inputs and not on the structure of the machine to be realized.
The Persistence Of Sexual Discrimination In The Workplace

Measured by an increasing labor force participation rate for women, a falling dissimilarity index for occupational sex segregation, and a declining male/female earnings gap, there has been increasing integration of women into the workforce in the U.S. over the last fifty years. This increased diversity should lead to increased productivity, thus inducing profit-maximizing firms to encourage it. However, sexual segregation has persisted for so long that it must be beneficial for the capitalist system as a whole. By keeping women separate and subservient with lower wages than men, firms exploit sexual discrimination and are able to maintain higher profits.
Effect of Atmospheric Ammonia and the Stress of Infectious Bronchitis Vaccination on Leghorn Males

Abstract Ammonia at levels of 0, 25 or 50 parts per million (p.p.m.) was introduced into 12 controlled-environment chambers containing male Leghorn chicks. Ammonia was introduced continuously into the test chambers from the 4th to 8th week of the experiment. An infectious bronchitis vaccination was administered to all chickens at 5 weeks of age. Body weights and feed efficiencies were determined at 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. At 4, 5, 6 and 8 weeks of age lung and bursae of Fabricius weights, hematocrits and air sac scores were determined. Body weights and feed efficiencies were significantly reduced in the ammonia chambers. The bursae of Fabricius of the ammonia-stressed chickens were significantly larger than those of controls at 5 weeks of age and significantly smaller at 8 weeks of age. Chickens grown in ammoniated environments had significantly larger lungs at 8 weeks. Hematocrits were not significantly different among the treatments. Total air sac scores were significantly higher in the ammonia-stressed chickens at 8 weeks. Results indicated that chickens are affected by the stress of ammonia at levels of 25 or 50 p.p.m. and infectious bronchitis vaccination.
Reconfiguring the “Hits”: The New Portrait of Television Program Success in an Era of Big Data

ABSTRACTThis article explores the impact of evolving conceptions of the audience by analyzing television’s “hits” as portrayed by two market information regimes: traditional Nielsen ratings and social television analytics, a supplementary big data approach to audience measurement. In doing so, this work provides insight into the types of content that perform well under a social television analytics regime based on audience engagement relative to those that succeed under the traditional ratings regime based on audience exposure. As such, this article addresses the changes and challenges fostered by an era of big data and contributes both to the management scholarship on media industries, as well as to the audience behavior literature by expanding upon the relationship between television ratings, media management, and the implications for cultural production.
Abstract 3868: Long-term inhibition of cells at metaphase with intact mitotic spindles results in unscheduled chromatid separation and catastrophic arrest in mitosis

In the presence of unaligned chromosomes or other spindle abnormalities, the mitotic spindle checkpoint blocks both chromatid separation at anaphase and exit from mitosis. The spindle checkpoint is sustained by signaling from kinetochores that are not properly attached to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Normally, when chromosomes align at the spindle equator at metaphase, microtubule-kinetochore interactions act to extinguish checkpoint signaling. The cessation of the checkpoint signal activates the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The APC/C ubiquitylates the mitotic effectors, securin and cyclin B, which are then degraded by the proteasome. Securin and cyclin B degradation initiates chromatid separation at anaphase and triggers mitotic exit. We have found that long-term arrest of Hela cells with their chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate results in chromatid separation without mitotic exit. Recently, we and others have characterized C13orf3/Ska3, a newly discovered component of the Ska (Spindle and kinetochore-associated) protein complex. We found that in mitosis Ska3 protein accumulates at kinetochores reaching maximal levels at metaphase. Upon anaphase onset, kinetochore-associated Ska3 levels decline and are eventually lost at telophase. We demonstrated that cells depleted of Ska3 by RNAi achieve metaphase alignment but fail to silence the spindle checkpoint. During this mitotic arrest with chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate, kinetochores retain robust microtubule attachments. Kinetochores within these Ska3-depleted cells accumulate abnormally high levels of the mitotic spindle checkpoint protein, Bub1, presumably accounting for the inability to silence the checkpoint. Under extended metaphase arrest, the chromatids of individual chromosomes eventually separate, but cells remain arrested in mitosis. To test if other means of inducing metaphase arrest would also lead to chromatid separation, we treated cells in mitosis with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Again, after several hours at metaphase, chromatids separated. We speculate that for cells arrested at metaphase, continual pulling forces of the kinetochores on the mitotic spindle eventually overcomes the cohesin complex that holds chromatids together. This “cohesin slippage” results in abnormal chromatid separation for cells still in mid-mitosis. This response reflects a novel terminal phenotype for cells arrested in mitosis with an intact mitotic spindle. (Supported by the NIGMS and the McCasland Foundation.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3868.
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS IN EARLY INFANCY : A CASE REPORT

The diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis in an infant was delayed by 3 months. Failure to take an adequate patient history because of a language barrier between parents and caregivers and to observe the classic stigmata of tuberous sclerosis contributed to the delay. A brief review of the case and the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis is presented.
Neurogenic Detrusor Areflexia: Correlation of Perineal Electromyography and Bethanechol Chloride Supersensitivity Testing

AbstractWe investigated 63 patients with detrusor areflexia by cystometrography, perineal floor electromyography and bethanechol chloride supersensitivity testing. Of the patients 48 had unequivocal evidence of neuropathy, while 15 were neurologically normal and served as controls. The bethanechol chloride supersensitivity test was positive in 98 per cent of the patients and none of the controls, whereas neuropathic changes by electromyography were found in 67 per cent of the patients and 7 per cent of the controls. These findings suggest that the bethanechol chloride supersensitivity test is more sensitive and more specific than perineal floor electromyography in corroborating bladder neuropathy.
Addressing Childhood Cancer in Low-Resource Countries: Current Challenges, Strategies, and Recommendations

Children and adolescents represent a small, but critically important, number of patients with cancer worldwide (14.1 million newly diagnosed adults versus 160,000 children annually). The life years saved when a child is cured of cancer are about 71 compared to 15 years for an adult in most high-income countries (HICs). In HICs, about 80% of children survive cancer. Unfortunately, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the survival rates are generally 50% or less. In these resource-limited settings, only 15%-37% of children and adolescents have access to cancer treatment, and most are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, making cure impossible.
Assessment of the importance of moderate spatial resolution cloud climatology data in solar radiation modeling

AbstractImproving solar radiation models is critical for supporting the increase in solar energy usage and modeling ecosystem dynamics. However, coarse spatial resolutions of solar radiation models overlook the impacts resulting from spatial variability of clouds at meso- and micro-scales. To address this problem, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud climatology developed by the National Severe Storms Laboratory was used to relate cloudiness to surface solar radiation observations. We developed a linear regression model between the surface solar radiation and MODIS cloud climatology and used the model to estimate average radiation across Oklahoma. Furthermore, the study compared the average error and coefficient of determination to measured ground radiation. Error analysis of the regression model showed that the differences between observed radiation and estimated radiation were spatially autocorrelated for the Aqua MODIS satellite scan. This suggests cloudiness alone is not suffici...
“More research is needed”: The cases of “adherence” and “self-reported health”

I have tried throughout this book to make a coherent case, accounting for as much material as I could. One great value of the concept of the meaning response is that it allows us to look carefully and creatively at things which, to now, have seemed mysterious and puzzling, to make sense of them, and to see how they relate to one another. Another value is that it lets us connect together under one umbrella things which previously seemed to be unrelated, or simply off the charts. Among those are the research on “adherence” and on “self-rated health.” I am confident that these are important instances of the effects of meaning on human health; but the details of how this is the case are not at all clear. Adherence and survival One of the strangest instances of the meaning response involves the notion of “adherence,” also called “compliance.” In the late 1960s, a major study was carried out involving several drugs including one called clofibrate which lowers the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. The study was an attempt to learn if this treatment actually reduced the rate of mortality from heart attacks. The patients in the study were all men between the ages of 30 and 64 who showed evidence of having had a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) in the previous three months.
The Story of MIMIC

MIMIC is a Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care and consists of several comprehensive data streams in the intensive care environment, in high levels of richness and detail, supporting complex signal processing and clinical querying that could permit early detection of complex problems, provide useful guidance on therapeutic interventions, and ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes.
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An Introduction

This chapter serves as a precursor to the study of demonization in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It highlights the origins of the conflict, its substantive bones of contention, roads of resistance, attempted paths to peace and the ultimate downfall of the peace process. Presenting Israeli and Palestinian narratives around some of the most important turning points in the conflict, Normand provides a cursory historical overview that shows how the same events are perceived and interpreted differently by both sides. The chapter serves to contextualize the demonization narratives and to accentuate the deeply entrenched historical traumas and hate narratives that exist on both sides of the conflict.
Vitreous Materials for Dental Restoration and Reconstruction

Glasses are a highly versatile class of materials that have been utilized for numerous applications in restorative dentistry. Their use in dentistry ranges from reconstruction of the underlying bone tissue used to house or support metallic implants, to glass based adhesive materials for tooth restoration. The destruction of alveolar bone tissue, due to periodontitis or periapical infection, leads to resorption of the underlying bone tissue that needs to support constructs required for implant surgery. The Bioglass based system (SiO2–CaO–Na2O–P2O5) can provide the required ionic dissolution characteristics to promote mineral deposition in bone tissue which subsequently results in the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and a permanent interfacial bond. The success of this particular composition has resulted in a range of commercial materials that can be applied to procedures such as guided bone regeneration (GBR) and to improve resistance to dentin associated hypersensitivity. Glasses can also be applied in a composite form to aid in the restoration of de-mineralized tooth after carie formation, or to fix metal based constructs to the tooth enamel. The predominant types of glass based dental adhesive materials are glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs). These materials generally consist of a SiO2–Al2O3–CaO/CaF based glass, and when mixed with a polyalkenoic acid (PAA) and water, set to form a solid matrix. GPCs are commonly used as cavity fillers, liners and as luting agents as they form a strong bond to the mineral phase of tooth, have the ability to release fluoride in the oral environment and have appropriate handling and mechanical properties for their intended application.
Relations between Some Horizontal‐Component Ground‐Motion Intensity Measures Used in Practice

Various measures using the two horizontal components of recorded ground motions have been used in a number of studies that derive ground‐motion prediction equations and construct maps of shaking intensity. We update relations between a number of these measures, including those in Boore et al. (2006) and Boore (2010), using the large and carefully constructed global database of ground motions from crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions developed as part of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center–Next Generation Attenuation‐West2 project. The ratios from the expanded datasets generally agree to within a few percent of the previously published ratios. We also provide some ratios that were not considered before, some of which will be useful in applications such as constructing ShakeMaps. Finally, we compare two important ratios with those from a large central and eastern North American database and from many records from subduction earthquakes in Japan and Taiwan. In general, the ratios from these regions are within several percent of those from crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. [Electronic Supplement:][1] Figures of ground‐motion intensity measure (GMIM) ratios, and csv files with average ratios and the coefficients of fits to the ratios. [1]: http://www.bssaonline.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1785/0120160250/-/DC1
Sensitivity of California Thrashers (Toxostoma redivivum) to song syntax

AbstractMany birds have songs with variable structure and sequences. In earlier studies, we characterized some features from the song structures of California Thrashers (Toxostoma redivivum). In the Thrashers, there were a large number of phrase types, dozens to hundreds and the songs that were sequences of these many phrases were not random, but show some structure referred to as syntax. For example, a syntactic rule might be that phrase type A can be followed by phrase type B, but not type C. We, along with others, have assumed that syntax is an important feature of songs. This paper describes an experimental attempt to determine that syntax is important to California Thrashers by recording the reaction of territorial thrashers to playbacks of other thrasher songs, some of which obeyed the syntax rules we had discovered while others violated those rules. We also obtained video recordings of their behaviour near the playback speakers. We observed differences in the reactions to the birds that heard these...