cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bradley–Terry artificial neural network model for individual ratings in group competitions

A common statistical model for paired comparisons is the Bradley–Terry model. This research re-parameterizes the Bradley–Terry model as a single-layer artificial neural network (ANN) and shows how it can be fitted using the delta rule. The ANN model is appealing because it makes using and extending the Bradley–Terry model accessible to a broader community. It also leads to natural incremental and iterative updating methods. Several extensions are presented that allow the ANN model to learn to predict the outcome of complex, uneven two-team group competitions by rating individuals—no other published model currently does this. An incremental-learning Bradley–Terry ANN yields a probability estimate within less than 5% of the actual value training over 3,379 multi-player online matches of a popular team- and objective-based first-person shooter.
Do Students Want to Study Foreign Languages

O PPOSITION to the study of foreign languages in our public schools has increased in intensity during recent months. This opposition has come to a large extent from public school administrators. The Office of Admissions of the University of California has been deluged with letters from high school principals, protesting against the two-year foreign language admission requirement to the state university. The state colleges of California have very nearly eliminated foreign languages as a requirement for the A.B. degree in those institutions. San Diego State College stands out as a notable exception among the California state colleges, with a 15-unit requirement in foreign languages, the same as that at the University of California. Even in San Diego, pressure upon the language requirement has resulted in a more liberal evaluation of high school work toward satisfaction of that requirement than the university allows. A legitimate question to ask of the opponents of foreign languages in view of their vigorously prosecuted opposition to foreign language study is whose interests are they serving? Our school officials are put into office and paid from public funds to serve, supposedly, the interests of the general public and of the student bodies of the schools they administer. The attitude of the general public toward foreign language study is unmistakably favorable. The general public of the United States wants more and more instruction in foreign languages in our public schools. Public utterances of such prominent persons as Cordell Hull, Sumner Wells, Henry Wallace, Nelson Rockefeller and others indicate the favorable attitude of high public officials toward foreign language study. The favorable attitude of the general public is evident from the increased enrollments in night school adult classes in foreign languages, the popularity of foreign language study groups in women's clubs throughout the country, the tremendous popularity of lessons in Spanish printed in the Los Angeles Examiner during the summer of 19411 and numerous other such manifestations of public interest in foreign language study. A question that has remained unanswered is what is the
A framework for configuring sales support structure

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine when it is appropriate to provide dedicated support for a sales activity, and in cases where support is desirable, to explore the choice between core team support and external support.Design/methodology/approach – Sales transactions typically require a diverse range of sales activities, including customer contact, scheduling appointments, internal meetings, processing orders, and preparing financing applications. This research develops a framework for understanding how to structure sales support for specific sales activities.Findings – Each sales activity has four dimensions, i.e. workload, customization, complexity, and prequalification risk. Support structure (self‐support, core team support, and external support) moderates the influence of the four sales activity dimensions on sales activity performance and salesperson role stress. These, in turn, impact overall sales performance.Research limitations/implications – This research presents a broad conceptual ...
Evanescent wave contribution to the diffracted amplitude for spherical geometry

Calculation of the diffracted amplitude for the diffracting aperture on a sphere is briefly reviewed. Explicit formulas are given to compute the diffracted amplitude. In these formulas the real wave and evanescent wave contributions are discussed.
The Ubiquitin-Interacting Motif–Containing Protein RAP80 Interacts with BRCA1 and Functions in DNA Damage Repair Response

In this study, we examine the potential role of receptor-associated protein 80 (RAP80), a nuclear protein containing two ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIM), in DNA damage response and double-strand break (DSB) repair. We show that following ionizing radiation and treatment with DNA-damaging agents, RAP80 translocates to discrete nuclear foci that colocalize with those of gamma-H2AX. The UIMs and the region of amino acids 204 to 304 are critical for the relocalization of RAP80 to ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF). These observations suggest that RAP80 becomes part of a DNA repair complex at the sites of IRIF. We also show that RAP80 forms a complex with the tumor repressor BRCA1 and that this interaction is mediated through the BRCA1 COOH-terminal repeats of BRCA1. The UIMs are not required for the interaction of RAP80 with BRCA1. Knockdown of RAP80 in HEK293 cells significantly reduced DSB-induced homology-directed recombination (HDR). Moreover, inhibition of RAP80 expression by small interfering RNA increased radiosensitivity, whereas increased radioresistance was observed in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells with overexpression of RAP80. Taken together, our data suggest that RAP80 plays an important role in DNA damage response signaling and HDR-mediated DSB repair. We further show that RAP80 can function as a substrate of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein kinase in vitro, which phosphorylates RAP80 at Ser(205) and Ser(402). We show that this phosphorylation is not required for the migration of RAP80 to IRIF.
Deep Sternal Wound Infection after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Markedly Increases Hospital Length of Stay: Estimates from Community Hospitals

Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite improved use of peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site infections following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) continue to occur, with high case-fatality rates and costs. Few data are currently available on the impact of deep sternal wound infections (DSWI) on length of hospital stay, and no such data exist for community hospitals (as opposed to teaching hospitals). We assessed the impact of DSWI on length of stay, in-hospital survival, and disposition using a large administrative database. METHODS: We evaluated outcomes in a cohort of individuals with DSWI identified using the Quality Resources and Resource Management System (QRS), a large database that was constructed by Tenet HealthSystem to evaluate quality of care among consecutive individuals undergoing CABG at 38 participating hospitals in Southern California, Southern Florida, and New Orleans. Entry of data values into QRS is performed by case managers as a routine duty and occurs concurrently with patient care. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were evaluated through creation of logistic regression models; rates of discharge were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Factors associated with length of stay were evaluated using a series of Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: A total of 16,383 individuals underwent CABG between January 1999 and February 2003; 125 procedures (0.76%) were complicated by DSWI. DSWI was associated with a marked increase in in-hospital mortality (RR 4.37, 95% CI 2.94–6.50), and in length of hospital stay (median LOS 37.5 days versus 6.5 days, p CONCLUSIONS: The impact of deep sternal wound infections on patient mortality and resource consumption is substantial in the community hospital setting. Given the high impact on healthcare resources, even modestly effective interventions that reduce DSWI could be cost-effective or cost-saving in community hospitals.
Cytokinin activity of compounds obtained from soluble RNA

Abstract N2-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenosine (IPA) I occurs in the s-RNA of yeast, mammalian, and plant tissue. Its hydroxylated derivative N6-( cis -4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl) adenosine, IV, occurs in the s-RNA of plant tissue. The corresponding trans isomer, known as ribosyl zeatin, V, also occurs in plant tissue in an unbound form. Compound IV exhibits cytokinin activity in the tobacco pith tissue culture assay and the chlorophyll retention test, but is considerably less active than zeatin in both tests. Acid hydrolysis of samples of s-RNA containing IPA yields two degradation products of IPA, N6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl) adenine, II, which is a potent cytokinin and 3-H-7, 7-dimethyl-7,8,9-trihydropyrimido-[2,1-i] purine, III, which is not biologically active.
Effect of the catecholamine-depleting agent 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624) on drug metabolism in the rat.

Abstract Male rats injected with 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624) (25 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 3 days prior to induction of anesthesia with pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.) slept significantly (P N -demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and p -nitroanisole O -demethylase enzymes in vitro ; this effect could not be demonstrated at lower doses. Single doses of U-14,624 (100–200 mg/kg, i.p.) also suppressed the activities of the three oxidative enzymes. The suppression was positively correlated with reduced levels of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. Levels of cytochrome b 5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were not affected consistently by acute dosage with U-14,624. The inhibitory effects of single doses (100–400 mg/kg, i.p.) on all enzymatic systems were reversible, and recovery was complete within 48 hr. Whereas all three oxidative drug-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited in a mixed manner by in vitro exposure to U-14,624 (10 −5 –10 −2 M), neotetrazolium diaphorase was not inhibited by U-14,624 at concentrations as high as 5 mM. Inhibition of oxidative drug metabolism by U-14,624 is mechanistically related to depletion of cytochrome P-450, but inhibition of these enzymes in vitro indicates that a second inhibitory mechanism may also be operative.
Effect of Supplementing Corn or Hay to Beef Cattle Consuming Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on Performance and Nutrient Utilization

Abstract Rude, B.J., Hanson, K.C. and Tucker, W.B. 2002. Effect of supplementing corn or hay to beef cattle consuming annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on performance and nutrient utilization. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 21: 35–48. To evaluate the performance and nutrient utilization of cattle consuming annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), two trials were conducted. Trial 1: 36 heifers (278±6.7 kg) grazed ryegrass for 140 days during year one and 56 days during year two. Six paddocks and three treatments (1) no supplement; (2) cracked corn supplemented three times per week to provide an average of 1.1 kg/heifer day and (3) ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay were utilized (2 paddocks per treatment). No differences (P>0.05) were detected for nutrient composition of ryegrass or for dry matter intake between the paddocks. Weight gains were similar (P>0.05) across treatments for the first 3 periods (year one). Total gains were slower (P<0.05) for heifers not supplemented and those receiving corn compared to th...
IF NOT NOW, WHEN?*

Although “Action for Mental Health” includes some excellent proposals, the report has serious conceptual shortcomings that arise from a restricted vision of what should and can be done. These failings point up the need for mental health scientists to ask themselves whether mental illness is preventible in any meaningful sense; granting—as the author contends—that it is, why they have been such inert and ineffective advocates of preventive psychiatry; and what they must do to reorient their efforts in order to discharge their full responsibility for the promotion of social as well as professional action for mental health.
Specific recognition of HIV TAR RNA by the dsRNA binding domains (dsRBD1-dsRBD2) of PKR.

PKR (double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase) is an important component of host defense to virus infection. Binding of dsRNA to two dsRBDs (double-stranded RNA binding domains) of PKR modulates its own kinase activation. How structural features of natural target RNAs, such as bulges and loops, have an effect on the binding to two dsRBDs of PKR still remains unclear. By using ITC and NMR, we show here that both the bulge and loop of TAR RNA are necessary for the high affinity binding to dsRBD1–dsRBD2 of PKR with 1:1 stoichiometry. The binding site for the dsRBD1–dsRBD2 spans from upper bulge to lower stem of the TAR RNA, based on chemical shift mapping. The backbone resonances in the 40 kDa TAR·dsRBD1–dsRBD2 were assigned. NMR chemical shift perturbation data suggest that the β1–β2 loop of the dsRBD1 interacts with the TAR RNA, whereas that of the dsRBD2 is less involved in the TAR RNA recognition. In addition, the residues of the interdomain linker between the dsRBD1 and the dsRBD2 also show large chemical perturbations indicating that the linker is involved in the recognition of TAR RNA. The results presented here provide the biophysical and spectroscopic basis for high-resolution structural studies, and show how local RNA structural features modulate recognition by dsRBDs.
Physiological Changes to Transient Exposure to Heat Stress Observed in Laying Hens

Hy-Line W-36, W-98, and Brown hens lay approximately the same number of eggs/hen housed to 80 wk; however, little is known about differences in performance during heat stress (HS). Two experiments were performed. The first experiment evaluated intestinal calcium uptake (CaT), heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) liver expression, and endocrine status in the 3 strains under heat stress in response to 1 h of transient exposure to high temperature before onset of 18 h of HS. The second experiment evaluated the differences between W-36 and W-98 in acid-base status observed at 2 different ambient temperatures. The HSP70 and CaT data were analyzed as a completely randomized design (CRD) using a 3 x 2 factorial with strain as a 1 factor and preexposed and control treatments as the other. Estrogen and progesterone data were analyzed as a CRD using repeated measures in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial with strain as a the first factor, preexposure and control treatments as the second factor, and phase of blood collection as the third factor. The data of the second experiment were analyzed as a CRD using repeated measures in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial with strain, temperature, and phase of blood collection as the factors. The method applied in both experiments was based on the mixed model (SAS). The results show a strain effect, with the higher CaT in the W-36. The results indicated that transient exposure to HS did not induce changes in HSP70 liver expression. In the second experiment, the blood gas values did not differ between strains, except for the partial pressure of CO(2), in which the values at 22 degrees C are higher for the W-36. At 38 degrees C, there was an increase in blood pH and a reduction in HCO(3)(-) in both strains. The results indicate that endocrine, acid-base status, and Ca homeostasis represent important factors to be considered in assessing genetic differences for thermotolerance.
Estimating the Region of Attraction for Uncertain Polynomial Systems Using Polynomial Chaos Functions and Sum of Squares Method

We present a general formulation for estimation of the region of attraction (ROA) for nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainties using a combination of the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) theorem and the sum of squares (SOS) method. The uncertain parameters in the nonlinear system are treated as random variables with a probability distribution. First, the decomposition of the uncertain nonlinear system under consideration is performed using polynomial chaos functions. This yields to a deterministic subsystem whose state variables correspond to the deterministic coefficient components of the random basis polynomials in PCE. This decomposed deterministic subsystem contains no uncertainty. Then, the ROA of the deterministic subsystem is derived using sum of squares method. Finally, the ROA of the original uncertain nonlinear system is derived by transforming the ROA spanned in the decomposed deterministic subsystem back to the original spatial-temporal space using PCE. This proposed framework on estimation of the robust ROA (RROA) is based on a combination of PCE and SOS and is specially useful, with appealing computation efficiency, for uncertain nonlinear systems when the uncertainties are non-affine or when they are associated with a specific probability distribution.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Packed capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using a moving belt interface

Packed capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using a moving belt interface is a practical, versatile technique for the identification of unknowns. The low flow rates (1–2 μl min−1) improve the operation of the moving belt and allow direct deposition of eluates from reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns containing large proportions of water. Column performance and durability is equivalent to that obtained with conventional or microbore liquid chromatographic columns. Techniques have been developed for analyzing dilute solutions with no loss in column performance and for the detection of radiolabeled metabolites. Applications to analyses of polar, thermally labile compounds and environmental samples are presented.
Use of loss‐on‐ignition to assess soil organic carbon in forest soils

Abstract Forest floor and mineral soils were collected from 169 conifer and hardwood forested plots across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Regression equations were developed between LOI and organic C for 20% of the samples (n=337), and LOI was then used to predict organic C on all of the samples. Results indicated that LOI is a good estimator of organic C in these soils, but that separate equations were needed for different soil strata. Percent organic C in forest floors was greater in conifer stands compared to hardwood (means of 35.1 and 30.1%, respectively)
Childbearing beliefs among Cambodian refugee women.

The reproductive beliefs and practices of 12 Cambodian women who had begun childbearing in Southeast Asia and were currently residents of Canadas Cambodian community of refugees were assessed through in-depth ethnographic interviews. The researcher a public health nurse in a clinic that served a predominantly refugee population conducted the interviews through female bilingual translators and obtained endorsement from the Cambodian Association. Respondents averaged 35 years of age were married and had been in Canada for 8 months-4 years following an average stay in a refugee camp of 6 years. They had experienced an average of 4 pregnancies. None of the women were knowledgeable about the timing of ovulation and only 1 was aware of the conception process. Predominant was a belief that women needed to be "cool" to become pregnant and that this state could be achieved through herbal medicines. Herbal remedies were also used to induce the menstrual period. Informants could not describe the process of fetal development but recognized the importance of the maternal diet. "Cold" foods such as coconut were believed to enhance the chance of a health infant while "hot" foods such as red peppers were avoided. A short easy labor was sought through coconut milk and flower-based medicines as well as practices such as working hard and fast not walking on tiptoe and finishing eating before others. The women attended prenatal care appointments in Canada to please authorities but showed little understanding of their purpose. 8 women had received a tubal ligation after their arrival in Canada and appeared to have been given little information about this procedure and alternatives to it. Overall these findings indicate that Cambodian refugees in Canada maintain their cultural beliefs about childbearing yet the Western system of medicine is failing to address these attitudes.
Quantum Interference and Ballistic Transmission in Nanotube Electron Waveguides

The electron transport properties of well-contacted individual single-walled carbon nanotubes are investigated in the ballistic regime. Phase coherent transport and electron interference manifest as conductance fluctuations as a function of Fermi energy. Resonance with standing waves in finite-length tubes and localized states due to imperfections are observed for various Fermi energies. Two units of quantum conductance ${2G}_{0}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4e}^{2}/h$ are measured for the first time, corresponding to the maximum conductance limit for ballistic transport in two channels of a nanotube.
Forschungsrichtungen bei Batterien und Brennstoffzellen im Hinblick auf die zukünftige Energieversorgung

Elektrochemische Stromquellen konnen wegen ihres hohen Wirkungsgrades und ihrer Umweltfreundlichkeit bei der Energieversorgung in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Fur die Grosspeicherung von Elektrizitat z. B. sind Sekundarbatterien und Brennstoffzellen prinzipiell gut geeignet. Um die Spitzenlast wahrend des Tages in der BRD zu decken, braucht man eine Speicherkapazitat von etwa 100 Mio. kWh. Sowohl der Preis als auch die Energiedichte lassen bei Batterien und Brennstoffzellen noch zu wunschen ubrig. Deshalb werden neue Sekundarbatteriesysteme und neue Elektrokatalysatoren fur Brennstoffzellen entwickelt. Alle neuen Systeme werden kurz diskutiert. Ferner wird der Fortschritt der Brennstoffzellentechnik besprochen. In den USA ist das erste 26-MW-Brennstoffzellen-Kraftwerk in der Entwicklung. Besondere Bedeutung werden die Brennstoffzellen erlangen, wenn die Wasserstoff-Energiewirtschaft in grosem Umfang Wirklichkeit wird.
Structural Variation in the Human Genome

The human genome has many large expansions and contractions. These affect gene dosage and may affect susceptibility to disease.
Quantum stochastic calculus approach to modeling double-pass atom-field coupling

We examine a proposal by Sherson and M\o{}lmer to generate polarization-squeezed light in terms of quantum stochastic calculus (QSC). We investigate the statistics of the output field and confirm their results using the QSC formalism. In addition, we study the atomic dynamics of the system and find that this setup can produce up to 3 dB of atomic spin squeezing.
Automated Theorem-Proving for Theories with Simplifiers Commutativity, and Associativity

To prove really difficult theorems, resolution principle programs need to make better inferences and to make them faster. An approach is presented for taking advantage of the structure of some special theories. These are theories with simplifiers, commutativity, and associativity, which are valuable concepts to build in, since they so frequently occur in important theories, for example, number theory (plus and times) and set theory (union and intersection). The object of the approach is to build in such concepts in a (refutation) complete, valid, efficient (in time) manner by means of a “natural” notation and/or new inference rules. Some of the many simplifiers that can be built in are axioms for (left and right) identities, inverses, and multiplication by zero.As for results, commutativity is built in by a straightforward modification to the unification (matching) algorithm. The results for simplifiers and associativity are more complicated. These theoretical results can be combined with one another and/or extended to either C-linear refutation completeness or theories with partial ordering, total ordering, or sets. How these results can serve as the basis of practical computer programs is discussed.
Imidazoline Receptor Antisera-Selected cDNA Clone and mRNA Distributiona

A novel cDNA, designated Imidazoline Receptor Antisera-Selected cDNA-1 (iras-1), encodes a 167-kD protein. Two of its predicted peptides (42-43 kD) are immunologically consistent with a previously reported 1(1)-imidazoline binding protein. In the present study, two forms of iras mRNA (6.0 and 9.5 kb) were quantified across fresh rat tissues. Highest levels were found in brain (almost exclusively 6.0 kb in size), followed by liver and lung (9.5 > or = 6.0 kb iras mRNA), kidney (6.0 > 9.5 kb), heart (6.0 kb), spleen (6.0 > or = 9.5 kb), testes (6.0 > 9.5 kb), and skeletal muscle (6.0 > 9.5 kb). A correlation exists (p = 0.71, p = 0.05) between total (6.0 + 9.5 kb) iras mRNA and I1 BMAX values across rat tissues, corrected for housekeeping gene expression. Thus, total iras mRNA appears to be roughly proportional to the density of I1-imidazoline binding sites.
Balanced dynamics of deep and shallow Hadley circulations in the tropics

Articulo cientifico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofisicas, 2014
The coat protein subunits of potato virus X and white clover mosaic virus, a comparison of methods for determining their molecular weights and some in situ degradation products of potato virus X protein.

The molecular weight of potato virus X (PVX) coat protein subunit was determined to be 27,600 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; 27,000 by gel chromatography in 0.1% SDS; 26,500 by gel chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 26,800 by chemical analyses. Partial proteolysis, occurring after storage of some virus preparations at 4 o for more than 2 weeks, and presumably due to the action of a contaminating plant protease(s), is possibly responsible for the discrepancy between the earlier reported value of 22,300 and the presently determined values for the molecular weight of the PVX-protein of about 27,000. In addition to the in situ , partial degradation of PVX coat protein caused occasionally by a plant protease(s), it was found, in extension of an earlier report, that trypsin causes the cleavage in situ from PVX-protein of a specific peptide containing 24 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of white clover mosaic virus (WCMV) coat protein subunit was also determined by both SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and the values obtained were identical—23,500.
INFECTIONS IN DIABETES

It is estimated that approximately 7% of the adult population in the United States, or 8 million adults, are affected by diabetes mellitus. Despite the progress in pharmaceutics with many new oral medications available to control diabetes, many diabetics continue to experience serious morbidities related to their disease. Infectious morbidities are common, with diabetics being susceptible to infection for a variety of reasons. Certain types of infections tend to be more common in diabetics than in others, and other infections may be more severe in diabetics than in nondiabetics. In this article, the immune defects leading to increased susceptibility to infections will be reviewed, followed by brief reviews of infections that are common in diabetics (Table 1).
Fatigue crack growth in notched and plain shafts subjected to torsion and axial loading

Abstract Fatigue life estimates for notched and plain shafts with surface cracks were made by simulating the growth of the fatigue crack with a series of three-dimensional finite element analyses. Axial and torsional loadings were considered. Comparison between experimentally observed lives and predicted lives showed good agreement in all cases with the exception of small cracks growing under torsional loads. It is suggested that for this case the increased crack tip plastic zone size in conjunction with the small crack size causes the assumption of linear elastic fracture mechanics to be invalidated. Furthermore, the biaxial state of stress appears to affect crack growth.
Remembering and Forgetting Childhood Sexual Abuse

Out of a large number of university students who responded to a questionnaire about childhood sexual abuse (CSA), approximately a quarter reported that they had an experience in childhood that qualified. The majority of students who reported a CSA experience refused, elsewhere in the questionnaire, to classify themselves as 'sexually abused'. Moreover, those who claimed lack of understanding of the event at the time it occurred also reported that they thought about the event less often in the intervening years and that they conceivably would have not remembered the event even if asked directly about it. Lack of understanding at the time of encoding leads to less reported memory. These observations are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for how genuine sexual abuse experiences might be temporarily forgotten--even for extended periods--and subsequently remembered.
Rapid diagnosis of periodontal infections: findings in AIDS patients.

A small number of bacterial pathogens in the human oral cavity cause the different forms of periodontal disease. Of the approximately two hundred different oral bacterial species, about a dozen have been associated with these diseases including localized juvenile periodontitis, rapidly progressing periodontitis, and adult periodontitis. These species include Actinohacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia Several rapid methods have been developed to detect these species in clinical samples. These include immunologic methods such as immunofluorescence, nucleic acid assays such as DNA-DNA hybridization in dot blots, and enzyme assays. Immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to determine the prevalence and relative proportions of these pathogens in dental plaque samples from 194 subjects including HIV-infected and uninfected male homosexuals and intravenous drug users.
THE LOCAL VOLUME-AVERAGED EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR A SUSPENSION OF NON-NEUTRALLY BUOYANT SPHERES

The local volume averages of the equations of motion as well as the appropriate boundary conditions are developed for a flowing suspension of non-neutrally buoyant, uniform spheres in an incompressible Newtonian fluid under conditions such that inertial effects can be neglected. These equations do not represent an asymptotic theory with respect to the volume fraction of solids. Higher order terms have been retained everywhere, except where it has been necessary to estimate the velocity distribution within the immediate neighborhood of each sphere by neglecting the effects of the other spheres present. The resulting local volume-averaged equations of motion and boundary conditions involve no free or undetermined parameters. For the special case of a very dilute suspension of neutrally buoyant spheres, the total local volume average of Cauchy's first law reduces to the form of the Navier-Stokes equation with the effective viscosity computed by Einstein (1906, 1956). In two succeeding papers, we demonstrate ...
The antinociceptive effect of intranigral injection of morphine in ketamine- and halothane-anesthetized rats

Abstract Previous studies have shown that morphine, injected into the substantia nigra of rats, had an antinociceptive effect on the tail-flick test. However, due to a transient behavioral stimulant effect of morphine, given intranigrally, valid tail-flick latencies cannot be obtained prior to 30 min after the injection into the nigra. In order to examine the effect of morphine (5–20 μg), injected into the nigra, on the nociceptive tail-flick reflex at earlier times, animals were anesthetized with either halothane or ketamine (100 or 150 mg/kg, i.m.). Halothane blocked the analgesic effect of intranigrally administered morphine. However, a dose-related antinociceptive effect of morphine was observed in ketamine-anesthetized rats. This effect was demonstrable at 5 min after the injection into the nigra animals that received the small dose of ketamine. This finding provides further evidence that the substantia nigra plays an important role in opiate-induced antinociception.
Diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59022 attenuates conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammation in human adipocytes

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGK) convert diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid, which has been reported to stimulate calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on our published data showing that trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12 CLA)-mediated intracellular calcium accumulation is linked to inflammation and insulin resistance, we hypothesized that inhibiting DGKs with R59022 would prevent t10,c12 CLA-mediated inflammatory signaling and insulin resistance in human adipocytes. Consistent with our hypothesis, R59022 attenuated t10,c12 CLA-mediated i) increased gene expression and protein secretion of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); ii) increased activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), cJun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and cJun; iii) increased intracellular calcium levels; iv) suppressed mRNA or protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ, adiponectin, and insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4; and v) decreased fatty acid and glucose uptake and triglyceride content. DGKη was targeted for investigation based on our findings that i) DGKη was highly expressed in primary human adipocytes and time-dependently induced by t10,c12 CLA and that ii) t10,c12 CLA-induced DGKη expression was dose-dependently decreased with R59022. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting DGKη decreased t10,c12 CLA-induced DGKη, IL-8, and MCP-1 gene expression, as well as activation of JNK and cJun. Taken together, these data suggest that DGKs mediate, in part, t10,c12 CLA-induced inflammatory signaling in primary human adipocytes.
Fecal Shedding of Salmonella in Horses Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Fecal samples were collected from 724 horses admitted to, and 232 horses hospitalized at, a veterinary teaching hospital between October 2000 and June 2001, and cultured for Salmonella. Salmonella was isolated on 24 occasions from 12 horses. S. Newport was the most commonly isolated serotype. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of Salmonella shedding on admission was 0.5% (0.1, 2.0). The estimated incidence rate of Salmonella shedding during hospitalization was 4.3% (95% CI, 2.2-8.1). The highest incidence of Salmonella shedding during hospitalization occurred during June 2001, but no significant (P > .5) temporal clusters of horses shedding Salmonella were detected. Horses shed Salmonella in their feces at a low rate. Horses shedding Salmonella occurred only sporadically and no obvious serotype pattern was observed. The occurrence of fecal shedding probably reflected the prevalence of inapparent Salmonella infection in the hospital source population, providing a baseline against which future potential outbreaks can be identified.
Designing a national soil carbon monitoring network to support climate change policy: a case example for US agricultural lands

Soils contain the largest terrestrial pool of carbon, and have large annual transfers of carbon with biomass pools and the atmosphere. Agricultural land use and management, and changes in climate have significant impacts on soil carbon, and if managed with conservation practices agricultural soils could be enhanced while sequestering carbon and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. To better inform national climate change policy decisions for agricultural lands, robust and accurate estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes are needed at regional to national scales. The design of a national soil monitoring network for carbon on agricultural lands is discussed including determination of sample size, allocation, and site-scale plot design. A quantitative case study is presented using modeled estimates of SOC stock change variability and a set of soil sample measurements to evaluate a potential network design for U.S. agricultural lands. Stratification by climate, soil, and land use with sites alloc...
A Test of Missing Completely at Random for Multivariate Data with Missing Values

Abstract A common concern when faced with multivariate data with missing values is whether the missing data are missing completely at random (MCAR); that is, whether missingness depends on the variables in the data set. One way of assessing this is to compare the means of recorded values of each variable between groups defined by whether other variables in the data set are missing or not. Although informative, this procedure yields potentially many correlated statistics for testing MCAR, resulting in multiple-comparison problems. This article proposes a single global test statistic for MCAR that uses all of the available data. The asymptotic null distribution is given, and the small-sample null distribution is derived for multivariate normal data with a monotone pattern of missing data. The test reduces to a standard t test when the data are bivariate with missing data confined to a single variable. A limited simulation study of empirical sizes for the test applied to normal and nonnormal data suggests th...
Impaired Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity (MNCV), Endoneurial Blood Flow (EBF), AND Acetylcholine-Induced Vasodilation In Arterioles That Overlie The Sciatic Nerve In Diabetic Rats Is Prevented By Antioxidant Therapy

Diabetes mellitus produces marked abnormalities in motor nerve conduction, but the mechanism is not clear. In the present study we hypothesized that in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat impaired vasodilator function in arterioles that provide circulation to the sciatic nerve is associated with reduced EBF and that these defects precede slowing of MNCV, and thereby may contribute to nerve dysfunction. Three days after the induction of diabetes, EBF was reduced in the diabetic rat. After 1 week of diabetes, acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was found to be impaired and was accompanied by an increase in the superoxide level in these arterioles. These changes preceded the slowing of MNCV. Treating diabetic rats weekly with hydroxyethyl starch-conjugated deferoxamine (Biomedical Frontiers, MPLS, MN), an iron chelator and inhibitor of hydroxyl radical formation, partially prevented the formation of superoxide in these arterioles and reduced the diabetes-induced deficits in MNCV, EBF and acetylcholine-induced vasodilation. We conclude that the development of diabetic neuropathy in this rat model is due in part to the production of oxygen free radicals and impairment of vascular function.
Wowing the millennials: creating brand equity in the wine industry

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to examine the attitudes of millennial wine consumers and determine if positive affect in tasting room situations leads to higher levels of brand equity for the winery.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was developed to evaluate winery tasting room experiences based on standardized brand measurement scales. In total 80 millennials visited tasting rooms and then completed the survey to evaluate their experience.Findings – The results of this research empirically support the anecdotal evidence that, through positive emotions associated with the tasting room experiences, wineries can cultivate relationships with millennial customers that may lead to long‐term, profitable relationships through continued patronage and brand loyalty.Originality/value – Practical application of this study suggests that carefully orchestrating a tasting room experience to create a positive experience for the millennial customer appears to be a critical component of post‐purchase attitudes...
Separation of guinea pig IgG subclasses by affinity chromatography on protein A-Sepharose

Guinea pig serum was chromatographed on a column of protein A-Sepharose equilibrated in citrate-phosphate buffer at pH 7.3. The bulk of serum proteins eluted in the starting buffer. Two peaks of protein A-bound serum proteins were eluted by a decreasing pH gradient, a smaller peak centered at pH 4.7 and a larger peak centered at pH 4.3. IgG contained in the peak eluted at pH 4.7 had fast gamma immunoelectrophoretic mobility and IgG in the peak eluted at pH 4.3 had slow gamma mobility. Antiserum to guinea pig IgG, when absorbed with the pH 4.7 peak, reacted only with the pH 4.3 peak. Antiserum to guinea pig IgG1, when absorbed with the pH 4.3 peak, reacted only with the pH 4.7 peak. The IgG in the pH 4.7 peak had the immunoelectrophoretic and antigenic characteristics of IgG1 and the IgG in the pH 4.3 peak had the characteristics of IgG2. The two subclasses were efficiently separated by pH-dependent affinity chromatography on protein A-Sepharose. The IgG1 in the pH 4.7 peak was contaminated with 10.8% IgG2, and the IgG2 in the pH 4.3 peak was contaminated with 2.7% IgG1.
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in patients with infantile spasms.

We measured CSF levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by high-performance liquid chromatography in seven children with infantile spasms and in a group of age-and sex-matched controls. The mean concentration of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was 40% ( p
Alienation & displacement: William wordsworth and the naval mutinies of 1797

(1993). Alienation & displacement: William wordsworth and the naval mutinies of 1797. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 204-213.
Structure of La5Cu5O13.35 by High-Resolution Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction

The structure of La{sub 5}Cu{sub 5}O{sub 13.35} was refined from high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The unit cell is monoclinic, space group P2/m-C{sup 1}2h (No. 10), with a = 8.62884(5) {angstrom}, b = 3.83076(2) {angstrom}, c = 8.65148(5) {angstrom}, {beta} = 90.2166(4){degrees}, V = 285.973(4) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 1, D{sub x} = 7.085 g/cm{sup 3} at T = 300 K. 265 independent reflections were included in the refinement and a reasonably good fit was obtained with final R values R{sub 1} = 9.28%, R{sub p} = 14.51%, R{sub wp} = 19.60%, and goodness-of-fit S{sub wp} = 1.573. The structure is of the oxygen-defect Perovskite type and is composed of one distorted CuO{sub 6} octahedron and four distorted CuO{sub 5} square pyramids per crystallographic unit cell. The polyhedra of La{sub 5}Cu{sub 5}O{sub 13+{delta}} display a three-dimensional connectivity with a unique oxygen ordering which creates one-dimensional channels of vacancies along the b-axis.
Effect of Intravenous Insulin Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients

ABSTRACT Background Hyperglycemia commonly occurs in critically ill patients, even in the absence of diabetes mellitus, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in such patients. Methods Medline search using the terms intravenous insulin, intensive care, myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery and stroke. Results and Conclusions Intravenous insulin therapy with or without adjunctive subcutaneous insulin therapy has been shown to improve morbidity and reduce mortality rates in surgical intensive care populations compared with subcutaneous insulin alone or oral hypoglycemic therapy. The evidence for such is less compelling in medical intensive care populations. Intravenous insulin therapy alone or in combination with glucose and potassium infusion appears to improve clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery patients, but there is conflicting evidence concerning its effect on morbidity and mortality rates after myocardial infarction. Insufficient evidence exists to determine the effect of intravenous insulin therapy on outcomes in other populations including stroke patients, those undergoing major noncardiac surgery, and burn patients. Intravenous insulin nomograms and nurse-driven protocols may improve blood glucose control, resulting in improved clinical outcomes.
Statistical interpretation of the Bekenstein entropy for systems with a stretched horizon.

For the two-charge extremal holes in string theory we show that the Bekenstein entropy obtained from the area of the stretched horizon has a statistical interpretation as a ``coarse graining entropy'': different microstates give geometries that differ near $r\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$, and the stretched horizon cuts off the metric at $r\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}b$ where these geometries start to differ.
Infrared and Mössbauer studies of some diamine complexes with trimethyltin halides and dimethyltin dihalides

Abstract To obtain more structural information on complexes formed between alkyltin halides and bidentate ligands, the solid-state IR and Mossbauer spectra of the 1,2-ethanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine complexes of trimethyltin halides and dimethyltin dihalides were examined. The structures of the trimethyltin halide complexes were found to be trigonal bipyramidal with coplnar methyl groups. The dimethyltin dihalide complexes were octahedral with the methyl groups in the cis -positions and the halides trans to each other. However, there were no differences in the structures of the chloro and bromo complexes of either type.
Inverse Design of High Absorption Thin‐Film Photovoltaic Materials

Dr. L. Yu, Prof. A. ZungerUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309, USA E-mail: yuliping@gmail.com Dr. R. S. Kokenyesi, Prof. D. A. KeszlerDepartment of Chemistry Oregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003 USA Dr. L. YuNational Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
Aerophagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients using continuous positive airway pressure: a preliminary observation.

Study Objectives:Aerophagia is a complication of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for sleep disordered breathing (SDB), whereupon air is forced into the stomach and bowel. Associa...
Optimization of a Diced Tomato Calcification Process

The effect of calcium concentration (0.051.45% CaQ), temperature of dipping solution (35-6.X), and contact time (0.5-3.5 min) on calcium uptake, firmness and pH of diced tomatoes was evaluated during a calcification process using response surface methods. Temperature had no significant effect on the process. Application of graphical optimization techniques revealed that processing in a solution of relatively low calcium concentration (-0.43% CaCI,) at ambient temperature (- 35°C) for about 3.5 min would yield a product with Ca+ + content below the legal limit (~800 kg/p), improved firmness (shear force value > 20 N/g), and with pH low enough (c3.9.5) to eliminate any requirement for acidification treatment.