cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in Management of Rheumatic Disease: 1965 to 1985

• Advances in management of the rheumatic diseases over the past 20 years have been substantial. Over this period, survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus improved dramatically. Previously fatal renal crisis in scleroderma became treatable. Survival in Wegener's granulomatosis improved from 7% after 2 years to over 90%. Gout became an easily and effectively managed disease. Polymyalgia rheumatica became readily recognized and dramatically treatable. Less quantifiably, the shift toward more aggressive use of an increasing repertoire of "disease-modifying" agents in rheumatoid arthritis gave hope of having altered the natural history of the disease. Replacement of destroyed joints dramatically reduced pain and improved function in appropriately selected individuals. An increasingly broad mission of the National Institutes of Health has provided support for systematic evaluation of clinical management, including the Multi-Purpose Arthritis Centers, the American Rheumatism Association Medical Information System, and the Cooperating Clinics, effectively complementing research in fundamental mechanisms of disease. The role of the concerned clinician and the clinical epidemiologist in identification of new syndromes and new diseases and in innovating approaches to their management has been extremely important; this role appears far from over. (Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1002-1011)
Characterization of impurities deposited on the PDX graphite rail limiter

Abstract The surface contamination of a graphite rail limiter recently removed from the PDX tokamak has been characterized using ion-beam, electron-beam and X-ray analyses. The major impurities detected were Ti and Fe, with the Ti present in the form of a carbide. The distribution of these elements indicate that the erosion and deposition processes balance at a distance one cm from the apex of this limiter (the point of contact with the plasma) for Ti and at about two cm for Fe. The importance of TiC formation on the conditioning process is discussed.
Corporate restructuring: Reconfiguring the firm

Corporate restructuring is an area of great interest to researchers in corporate strategy, finance and organizational studies. In this chapter, we briefly review prior research on corporate restructuring, and then introduce the articles in the special issue. In the papers in the issue there are indications that restructuring can be performance-enhancing for the firm, but it can also have significant unintended consequences. The papers in this issue apply a broad range of research methods and theoretical perspectives to corporate restructuring, its initiating forces, and its consequences.
Abstract 1880: Polymeric implants enhance bioavailability of curcumin by providing a continous (“24/7”) delivery system

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Curcumin, a potent natural chemopreventive agent, has shown significant anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic properties and is found to be effective against many ailments of inflammatory origin. However, it has elicited only limited success in various pre-clinical and clinical studies presumably due to its poor oral bioavailability. To increase the bioavailability of curcumin, we have developed novel polymeric implants using polycaprolactone (Mol. Wt. 65,000) (P-65) to achieve continuous (“24/7”) controlled delivery of curcumin directly into the systemic circulation. In this study, we investigated rate of curcumin release from the polymeric implants and tissue levels of curcumin in vivo by subcutaneously grafting 2-cm implants containing 20% (w/w) curcumin in female rats. Animals were euthanized at different intervals, and blood, different tissues and implants were collected. Measurement of the residual curcumin in the implants showed a burst release of 4.66 (11.7%) and 7.34 mg (18.4%) after 7 and 14 days, respectively, followed by a more controlled release. After 70 weeks nearly 76% curcumin was released. In another study, implants containing 10% curcumin showed similar rate of release from the implants. The in vivo release patterns mimicked the rate of release observed in vitro under ‘sink’ conditions. A solvent extraction and HPLC methodology was developed to measure tissue levels of curcumin. After 4 days, curcumin was detected at a level of 60 ± 20 ng/g liver and declined to almost constant levels of 12-14 ng/g tissue after 22 days. Analysis of CYP1A1 and GSTM levels as the biomarkers of curcumin efficacy showed a 13- and 16-fold induction in CYP1A1 levels after 4 and 7 days, respectively. GSTM levels were also found to be increased by 3- and 4-fold after 4 and 7 days, respectively. These studies showed that polymeric implants can deliver controlled amounts of curcumin systemically over an extended period of time increasing its bioavailability and elicit modulation of phase I and phase II enzymes (Supported from the USPHS grant CA-118114 and Agnes Brown Duggan Endowment.). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1880.
The thermodynamics of hydrogen absorption/desorption by Pd–Co alloys

Abstract The thermodynamics of Pd–Co–H(D) systems have been investigated using H 2 (D 2 ) pressure–composition isotherms and reaction calorimetry. The enthalpies for hydrogen solution and hydride formation decrease in magnitude with increase of X Co and, because of this, the hydrogen pressures at a given value of H / M increase with X Co . This behavior is consistent with the decrease of the unit cell size with increase of X Co for these random solid solution fcc Pd–Co alloys. Repeated hydride formation and decomposition at ambient temperature without intermediate annealing treatments, causes the plateau pressures to converge thereby decreasing the extent of hysteresis.
Development and pilot-testing of a psoriasis screening tool.

Summary Background There is a need to validate psoriasis self-reports in epidemiological studies, where individuals may not be seeing dermatologists or other health care providers. Objectives To develop and pilot test the Psoriasis Screening Tool (PST) in an ambulatory setting. Patients and methods The PST was designed with eight closed-ended questions requiring a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response. Typical images of skin, nail and scalp changes in psoriasis were included with respective questions. We administered the PST to 222 consecutive individuals being seen at a dermatology clinic. All English-speaking subjects completed the PST without assistance. A board-certified dermatologist established the diagnosis of psoriasis or excluded psoriasis in all participants. Results A total of 222 completed PST questionnaires were included for analysis. There were 111 individuals in the psoriasis group and 111 individuals in the nonpsoriasis group. A combination of three questions resulted in a sensitivity of 96·4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 93·2–98·0] and specificity of 97·3% (95% CI 94·1–98·9) for psoriasis. Adding a pictorial question increased the sensitivity of the screening tool to 98·2% (95% CI 95·0–99·5). Of the 111 individuals with psoriasis, 69% answered yes to having plaque-type psoriasis, 50% answered yes to having nail involvement, 66% answered yes to having scalp involvement, and 59% answered yes to having inverse-type psoriasis. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that the PST can distinguish individuals with psoriasis from individuals without psoriasis in an English-speaking population being seen at an outpatient dermatology clinic. Furthermore, the PST may be used to identify psoriasis phenotypes. Although the PST may be limited by spectrum bias in this pilot study, we believe it remains a reliable tool to collect information on psoriasis in remote populations.
Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation: update on technique and outcomes in 269 patients.

BACKGROUND:Transarticular screw (TAS) fixation is our preferred method for stable internal fixation of the atlantoaxial joint because of its excellent outcomes, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: In this article, we update our series of patients who have undergone TAS fixation, with attention to surgical technique, planning, complication avoidance, and anatomic suitability. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 269 patients (150 women, 119 men; average age, 52.9 years; age range, 17-90 years) who underwent placement of at least 1 TAS. In total, 491 TASs were placed for stabilization necessitated by various pathologic conditions. The mean follow-up period was 15.7 months (range, 0-106 months). RESULTS: Fusion was achieved in 99% of 198 patients monitored until fusion or nonunion requiring revision, or for 2 years. Forty-five patients had a complication, for a rate of 16.7%. Five early patients had vertebral artery injuries, 1 of which was bilateral and fatal. No recent patients had vertebral artery injuries. Other complications did not result in neurologic morbidity. Review of all atlantoaxial fusions by the senior author (R.I.A.) revealed that the TAS fixation technique could be successfully applied in 86.7% of sides considered. The main reasons for inapplicability were anatomic (recognized on preoperative planning) in 77% and abandonment secondary to concern about possible vertebral artery injury on the first side attempted in 13.8%. CONCLUSION: The placement ofTASs is safe and effective for stabilizing the atlantoaxial articulation. Refinements in technique, such as 3-dimensional stereotactic workstation for trajectory planning, have reduced the rate of serious complications. Clinical outcomes are excellent, with nearly 100% of patients achieving stable bony union.
Evaluation of a recombinant vaccinia virus containing pseudorabies (PR) virus glycoprotein genes gp50, gII, and gIII as a PR vaccine for pigs

Pigs vaccinated twice intramuscularly with a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (NYVAC) containing gene inserts for pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoproteins gp50, gII, and gIII produced neutralizing antibodies for PRV and were less clinically affected than were nonvaccinated pigs following oronasal exposure to virulent PRV. Also, following oronasal exposure to virulent PRV the duration of virulent virus shedding by pigs that had been vaccinated intramuscularly with the recombinant virus was statistically less (p < 0.05) than that of nonvaccinated pigs and like that of pigs vaccinated twice intramuscularly with inactivated PR vaccine. Intramuscular vaccination with the recombinant virus was compatible with the most commonly used differential diagnostic tests, namely those based on PRV glycoproteins gX and gI. Serum antibodies for these glycoproteins were absent from the sera of all pigs before and after vaccination with recombinant virus; whereas, they were present in the sera of all of the same pigs after they were exposed to virulent PRV. In contrast to the effectiveness of the recombinant virus administered intramuscularly, neither serum antibody nor clinical protection against PRV was detected when aliquots of the same recombinant virus preparation were administered either orally or intranasally. The latter finding suggests that recombinant virus replicates poorly, if at all, at these sites. If so, the dissemination of recombinant virus from vaccinated pigs to nonvaccinated pigs or other animals in contact seems unlikely.
Scanning probe lithography of polymers: tailoring morphology and functionality at the nanometer scale.

This article reviews the patterning of the polymer via scanning probe lithography (SPL). Several different lithographies are characterized by the source of the patterned material, whether a mechanical, electrical, or thermal field is used, and whether the lithography modifies morphology, functionality, or both. The merits of the different strategies are discussed with respect to the fabrication goals. SCANNING 30: 000–000, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Solvent-Free Process for Preparing Conductive Elastomers by an In Situ Polymerization of Pyrrole

A solvent-free method for preparing electrically conductive polyurethane foams and elastomeric films is described. The method consists of impregnation of the oxidant into the foam through the sublimation of iodine, followed by in situ polymerization of pyrrole using pyrrole vapors to obtain a polypyrrole/polyurethane foam composite. Iodine serves as both the oxidant in the oxidative polymerization of pyrrole and the dopant for the resulting polypyrrole by forming a charge-transfer complex with the polymer. The conductivities of the composite foams ranged from 10-1 to 10-7 S/cm depending on the concentration of the oxidant incorporated in the iodine sorption step.
Newer technologies for resource recovery from coal combustion solid wastes

Abstract One of the most important technical issues of the 1980s is the effective and economical disposal or utilization of solid wastes. In the case of coal wastes, the electric utility, the end user, the regulatory community, and the public share responsibility for taking action. Ash and flue-gas desulfurization sludge produced annually in the United States alone total over 90 million tons, only a small fraction of which is utilized. World-wide research on utilization has advanced to the stage where problems are defined and some processes are ready for development. The future calls for a longer-term, more comprehensive approach and work on new waste forms that are resulting from new technologies for controlling sulfur oxides (SO x ) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions.
ACKNOWLEDGING FIFTY YEARS OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Neutron activation analysis has been an important analytical technique for chemical characterization studies of archaeological materials since 1957, and remains one of the best analytical approaches for bulk chemical characterization of archaeological ceramics and other materials. This paper introduces a series of reports that document the history of NAA applied to archaeological materials.
Amplification of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by two alluvial valleys

Abstract Plane strain model for the amplification of harmonic waves by two alluvial valleys of arbitrary shape embedded in a half-space is investigated by using a boundary integral method. Perfect bonding between the valleys and the half-space is assumed. The displacement field is evaluated throughout the elastic medium for linearly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic materials so that the continuity conditions between the valleys and the half-space are satisfied in a mean-square-sense. Numerical results are presented for two semi-elliptical valleys for the incident plane P, SV, and Rayleigh waves for different angles of incidence (for P and SV-waves), frequency of incoming waves, and material properties of the valleys. The results indicate the following: (1) different incident waves caused different surface displacement amplification; (2) the presence of additional valleys may change the surface motion field significantly; (3) a strong ground motion amplitude appears to be very sensitive to the frequency of incoming waves and depends on material properties of the valleys and the half-space.
A temporally and spatially resolved ammonia emission inventory for dairy cows in the United States

Abstract Previous inventories of ammonia emissions for the United States have not characterized the seasonal and geographic variations that are necessary for accurately predicting ambient concentrations of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate aerosol. This research calculates the seasonal and geographic variation in ammonia emissions from dairy cows in the United States. Monthly, county-level emission factors are calculated with a process-based model of dairy farm emissions, the national distribution of farming practices, seasonal climate conditions, and animal populations. Annual, county-level emission factors are estimated to range between 13.1 and 55.5, with a national average of 23.9 kg NH3 cow−1 yr−1. The seasonal variation of the emission factor is estimated to be as high as a factor of seven in some counties. Emissions are predicted to be the highest in the spring and fall, because of high manure application rates during the spring planting and after the fall harvest. Summer emissions are higher than winter, resulting from the temperature dependence of housing and storage emissions. In the summer and winter, the majority of emissions are from animal housing. In the spring and fall, the majority of emissions are from field applied manure. The 5% and 95% confidence interval about the national annual average emission factor is between 18 and 36 kg NH3 cow−1 yr−1. Uncertainties in farming practices contribute most to the total uncertainty, yet uncertainty in the timing of manure application, the quantity of manure and nitrogen excreted by cows, and the physical processes of volatilization affecting applied manure are also significant.
Limitations of random multipliers in describing turbulent energy dissipation.

The intermittency of turbulent energy dissipation is often analyzed in terms of a product of random multipliers, each multiplier being the total dissipation in a subinterval r divided by the total dissipation in an interval \ensuremath{\lambda}r. Recent experimental data of Pedrizzetti, Novikov, and Praskovsky [Phys. Rev. E 53, 475 (1996)] give extensive information on the statistics of these multipliers. In this paper we further analyze these statistics, with emphasis on the universal scaling exponents. We emphasize that the scaling exponents are sensitive to the location of the subinterval within the interval and that they reflect dependence of successive multipliers. We show that these two sensitivities are related and strongly limit the direct applicability of multiplier statistics to the statistics of the turbulent energy dissipation. We extend Novikov's [Phys. Rev. E 51, R3303 (1994)] ``gap theorem'' on the high moments of the multiplier to the case when the multipliers are statistically dependent and discuss its relevance to the high moments of the turbulent energy dissipation. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Southern Historical Association

The Southern Historical Association's 1998 conference was held November 12–14 in Birmingham, Alabama. Consistent with long-established patterns, the conference featured panels chiefly focused on colonial-era issues: slavery, the Civil War, regional cultural and social history, and southern politics. Still, one session and several individual papers presented research in southern labor history. Reflecting the conference's location at the hub of Alabama's industrial heartland, the panel addressed coal miners' contests with organized operators, first in unionizing drives surrounding World War One and later during the long 1977–1978 United Mine Workers' strike.
Bureaucracy, Contradiction, and Ideology in Two Societies.

By tracing the inter-relationships among the concepts "modern industrialism," "bureaucracy, " and "ideology, " a general ideology of modern administration emerges. This ideology is anchored in a concept of technical rationality which treats solely means arranged in such a way as to attain most efficiently and effectively ends which are understood as " given." This ideology ascribes the attribute of rationality to organizations, not to men. Here a contradiction arises in thought (for what is efficient and effective for the organization may be the reverse for its members) and in the administrative practice guided by this thought (what are referred to as the "internal" and "external" contradictions). By reviewing American and Soviet administrative literature, a pattern of parallel responses to the contradiction in administrative practice is reconstructed. These "special" ideologies of administration resolve symbolically the contradictions noted in practice and explain to administrators how and why they shoul...
Chromatin Structure: Deduced from a Minichromosome

Cells lytically infected with simian virus 40 contain viral DNA in the form of very small chromlosomnes (minichromosomes) segmented into 100-A lengths, each segment containing about 200 base pairs of DNA. This form resembles that of eukaryotic chromnosom1es anid is consistent with the model of chromatin structure proposed recently.
Carcinogenesis in heterotopically-transplanted urinary bladder by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea: a model for initiation and promotion

The present investigation was conducted to establish a working model to evaluate the role of potential modifiers (promoters and inhibitors) of urinary bladder carcinogenesis. A single dose (0.25 mg) of the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) when instilled directly into heterotopically transplanted urinary bladder (HTB) induced a 9% (2 of 22) incidence of urinary bladder tumors by 30 weeks in the urine free HTB environment, whereas repeated instillation of urine into the HTB after MNU treatment resulted in a 61% (14 of 23) incidence of these tumors. Three doses of MNU (0.25 mg/dose once a week for 3 weeks) induced 33% (6 of 18) and 89% (16 of 18) incidence of tumors, respectively, in the absence and presence of urine in the HTB. These data confirm our previous observation that normal urine enhances urinary bladder carcinogenesis, and are consistent with the notion that normal urine exerts a tumor promoting effect.
Administration of antenatal glucocorticoids upregulates peptide growth factor gene expression in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats

Abstract Background/Purpose: There is increasing evidence to suggest that various growth factors play a crucial role in fetal lung growth and morphogenesis. An array of peptide growth factors regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and various other cell functions in the developing lung. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoids administration on gene expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in rats. Methods: A CDH model was induced in pregnant rats after administration of nitrofen. Dexamethasone (Dex; 0.25 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on day 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation (term, day 22). Cesarean section was performed on day 21 of gestation. mRNA was extracted from left lung and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to evaluate mRNA expression of each growth factors. Relative levels of mRNA were expressed as a ratio of the band density divided by that of β-actin, a housekeeping gene known to be expressed at a constant level. Results: Relative mRNA levels of bFGF and TGF-β1 were decreased significantly in CDH lung compared with controls. Antenatal Dex treatment up-regulated gene expression of bFGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1 in the hypoplastic CDH lung. Conclusions: The authors' findings suggest that decreased gene expression of bFGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1 in the CDH lung may suppress lung growth and development. Increased gene expression of bFGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1 in Dex-treated lung suggests that antenatal glucocorticoid administration may accelerate fetal lung growth by up-regulating these growth factors. J Pediatr Surg 35:109-112. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylates and regulates the Drosophila eag potassium channel.

Modulation of neuronal excitability is believed to be an important mechanism of plasticity in the nervous system. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been postulated to regulate the ether a go-go (eag) potassium channel in Drosophila. Inhibition of CaMKII and mutation of the eag gene both cause hyperexcitability at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and memory formation defects in the adult. In this study, we identify a single site, threonine 787, as the major CaMKII phosphorylation site in Eag. This site can be phosphorylated by CaMKII both in a heterologous cell system and in vivo at the larval NMJ. Expression of Eag in Xenopus oocytes was used to assess the function of phosphorylation. Injection of either a specific CaMKII inhibitor peptide or lavendustin C, another CaMKII inhibitor, reduced Eag current amplitude acutely. Mutation of threonine 787 to alanine also reduced amplitude. Moreover, both CaMKII inhibition and the alanine mutation accelerated inactivation. The reduction in current amplitudes and the accelerated inactivation of dephosphorylated Eag channels would result in decreased outward potassium currents and hyperexcitability at presynaptic terminals and, thus, are consistent with the NMJ phenotype observed when CaMKII is inhibited. These results show that Eag is a substrate of CaMKII and suggest that direct modulation of potassium channels may be an important function of this kinase.
Afferent limb ulcers predict Crohn's disease in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Abstract Background & Aims: Some patients who undergo ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery for ulcerative colitis (UC) or indeterminate colitis are subsequently diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD). Making the diagnosis of CD in patients with IPAA can be difficult, but it is important for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. The aim of this study was to identify diagnostic features of CD in patients with IPAA. Methods: We evaluated 87 patients who had undergone IPAA for inflammatory bowel disease. Patients were classified as having UC (n = 28), CD (n = 27), or indeterminate colitis (n = 32) based on review of the original colectomy pathology and the postoperative clinical course. Each patient underwent a pouch endoscopy with biopsies of the pouch and afferent limb. Both the endoscopist and pathologist were blinded to the patient's diagnosis. Results: Afferent limb ulcers (ALUs) were seen on endoscopy in 12 of 27 patients with CD (45%) and 4 of 28 patients with UC (14%) ( P = 0.019). After excluding patients who had taken nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) within the past month, ALUs were found in 7 of 18 patients with CD (39%) and 0 of 17 patients with UC ( P = 0.010). Controlling for NSAID use and smoking, the odds ratio for ALUs indicating CD was 4.67 ( P = 0.03). In the UC population, ALUs were seen in 4 of 11 patients (36%) who had taken NSAIDs in the past month and 0 of 17 patients who had not taken NSAIDs ( P = 0.016). Conclusions: ALUs seen on endoscopy are suggestive of CD in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are not taking NSAIDs.
Computer-Aided Design for Additive Manufacturing of Cellular Structures

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, informally called “rapid prototyping,” enable the fabrication of parts and devices that are geometrically complex, have graded material compositions, and can be customized. In this paper, we focus on cellular materials and structures, which can lead to designs that are very geometrically complex. In order to take advantage of AM capabilities, new design and CAD methods must be developed. Two advances are reported in this paper. First, a new Design for Additive Manufacturing (DFAM) method is proposed that supports part and specification modeling, process planning, and manufacturing simulations. The method is based on the process-structure-property-behavior model that is common in the materials design literature. Second, Manufacturable ELements (MELs) are proposed as an intermediate representation for supporting the manufacturing related aspects of the method. These MELs represent process planning information for discrete geometric regions of a part and also...
A New High-Speed Balanced-Current Relay

NEED for a high-speed, balanced-relay current which will not function when the first half-cycle current is deficient in one of the two parallel circuits being protected, has been shown by the recent paper “The Effect of Current-Transformer Residual Magnetism on Balanced Current or Differential Relays.”1 This is the result of high residual magnetism of the current transformer caused principally by the d-c component of an offset wave on previous short circuits.
Simultaneous control of multiple measures of nonuniformity using site models and monitor wafer control

Present day semiconductor manufacturing processes are subject to tight specifications. High yields with tight process specifications require drive to target process control. As the size of the wafer in the semiconductor industry increases, nonuniformity across the wafer becomes a crucial yield limiting issue. Modeling nonuniformity in terms of the equipment settings permits calculation of recipes required to achieve the desired nonuniformity. However, models for single measures of nonuniformity, such as standard deviation, or range, do not capture all aspects of the nonuniformity and often do not model well in terms of the equipment settings. This paper describes the use of spatial models to simultaneously quantify multiple measures of nonuniformity, and a controller to keep the nonuniformities within specifications, Use of spatial models in conjunction with a monitor wafer controller (MWC) enables the simultaneous control of multiple nonuniformity measures. The paper presents the results of applying the MWC with spatial models to a plasma enhanced TEOS (PETEOS) deposition process on an Applied Materials Precision 5000 (AMT5000). The controller has been keeping the PETEOS process within specifications for over two years.
Technology and Productivity A Contingency Analysis of Computers in Local Government

In the searchfor innovations which might generate productivity gains in local govern ment, substantial attention has focused on the utilization of computers and automated information systems. The e...
Substance and Show: Understanding Responses to Teacher Education Programme Accreditation Processes.

Abstract This case study investigates how several universities in the state of Connecticut (United States) responded to teacher education accreditation policy between 2002 and 2006. Using a cognitive perspective on policy implementation and a purposeful sample, we describe three common responses: articulation of a programme-wide conceptual framework, greater focus on teacher candidate assessment, and the creation of data collection systems. In addition to these substantive responses, there were also more symbolic responses that allowed for compliance without significant change. Variation in responses was partially explained by the resources available to programmes, programme size and structure, and participants’ beliefs about professional practice.
Impact of total quality management training and work context on attitudes toward supervisor

This case study, set in Central America, showed that total quality management training improved attitudes toward supervisors. It further demonstrated that working together within a production unit with a focus on data based problem solving lead to better attitudes held by subordinates of supervisors than if the relationship were purely hierarchical. Middle managers who related to their superiors in a primarily hierarchical manner had less favorable views of their superiors.
PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN PRETERM INFANTS FED FORTIFIED MOTHER'S MILK

Eleven infants [BW=1230(97)g; GA=29 (0.7)wk; mean (SD)] were fed their mother's milk fortified with skim and cream components derived from heated, lyophilized donor milk for approximately 8 weeks. At 6 wk of age, in conjunction with metabolic balance studies, plasma amino acids levels were measured at 0, 1, and 2 hr after a nasogastric bolus feeding. Mean nitrogen and energy intakes were 480(45) mg/kg/d and 134(6) kcal/kg/d, respectively. Postprandial levels of THR, GLU, ALA, VAL, ILE, LEU, TYR, PHE, LYS, ARG, and MET rose significantly above baseline (P < 0.05). Of these, the greatest increments at 1 hr above baseline were observed for ILE, VAL, LEU, and MET. No amino acids dropped below baseline. The smallest increments were observed for GLY, GLU, TRY, and HPR. When corrected for present estimates of requirements for "essential" amino acids, the apparent order of limiting amino acids was LEU, ILE, PHE + TYR, LYS, THR, VAL, MET + CYS, TRY, and HIS. BUN levels and acid-base status were normal. Albumin and total protein levels were 3.1 (0.6) and 4.4 (0.6), respectively. Weight gain and N retention matched fetal growth and body composition data. These data support the conclusion that to double N concentrations in maternal milk does not overwhelm the abilities of preterm infants to catabolize amino acids. The small increments in amino acids traditionally labeled as "non-essential" suggest that the level of intake or the capacity for their synthesis may be limited.
How repeatable are Stevens’s power law exponents for individual subjects?

Magnitude estimations of apparent length and apparent area were obtained for the same group of Ss over successive experimental sessions. Session-to-session correlations between individual exponents on a given continuum were positive and reliable for successive 24-h intersession intervals, but were not significant for a 1-year interval. In a second experiment on judgments of apparent area, when each stimulus was judged only once per session, the session-to-session correlation was reliable only when the intersession interval was zero. Six other intervals, ranging from 1 to 77 days, yielded nonsignificant correlations. When the constraints exerted by repeated judging are removed, the location of S’s exponent in a distribution of exponents is stable only for brief intervals. Thus the differences among exponents cannot reflect any persisting attributes of Ss’ sensory or judgmental processes.
On certain convex matrix sets

Abstract We study some nonnegative matrix sets and investigate the relations between their extreme points. The results obtained answer a question posed by Marshall and Olkin and extend a result of Fulkerson concerning permutation matrices.
Trends in exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores among U.S. middle and high school students, 2000–2012

article i nfo Background. Most tobacco use begins during youth. Thus, this study assessed the prevalence, trends, and correlates of pro-tobacco advertising among United States students in grades 6-12 during 2000-2012. Methods. Data from the 2000-2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed to assess self-reported exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements through three media: over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores. Trends during 2000-2012 were assessed in a binary logistic regression model (P b 0.05). Results. Among all middle and high school students, the overall prevalence of exposure to Internet pro- tobacco advertisements increased from 22.3% to 43.0% during 2000-2012 (P b 0.001 for linear trend). During the same period, declines were observed in the overall prevalence of exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements in newspapers/magazines (65.0% to 36.9%) and at retail stores (87.8% to 76.2%) (P b 0.001 for all linear trends). Conclusion. Exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements over the Internet increased significantly during 2000-2012 among United States middle and high school students, while a decline in exposure to advertisements in newspapers or magazines, and at retail stores occurred during the sameperiod. However, over two-thirds of stu- dents still reported retail store exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements in 2012. Enhanced and sustained efforts would be beneficial to reduce even more exposure to all forms of pro-tobacco advertisements among youths.
When to diagnose and how to treat prostate cancer in the ‘not too fit’ elderly

The appropriate management of elderly patients diagnosed with prostate cancer remains controversial. In order to provide guidelines as to when aggressive local treatment may be indicated, we provide estimates of the long-term probability of death from prostate cancer and other competing causes in patients of 70 years of age or older, who underwent radical surgery in the form of radical perineal prostatectomy for clinically non-metastatic disease. In this study, a total of 484 patients with an age of 70 or above who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy between 1970 and 2000 comprised a retrospective cohort of patients with clinically organ confined prostate cancer. Of these patients, 461 patients (95.3%) had a minimum follow-up of half a year and were included in the analysis. The median age was 73 years (range 70-81 years) and the median follow-up was 5.4 years. Overall 115 men died during the follow-up period with 49.6% of deaths attributable to prostate cancer. The median time to cancer-associated death was 17.5 years and the median time to death of any cause 11.6 years. When the likelihood of death from prostate cancer as a function of Gleason score was estimated, the 10-year cancer-associated death rates of patients with Gleason scores of 2-6, 7 and 8-10, were 15.2, 25.2 and 40.2%, respectively. In the subset of patient with margin positive disease the estimated likelihood of a cancer-associated death was 45.3% after 10 years. While the median time to cancer-associated death for margin positive patients with a Gleason score of 2-6 was not reached, patients with a Gleason score of 7 and 8-10 experienced median cancer-associated survival times of 9.6 and 7.6 years, respectively. In conclusion, Gleason score is a strong predictor of the likelihood of prostate cancer related death in elderly patients. Patients with a given Gleason score and a projected life expectancy of at least 10 years may be at similar risk of dying of prostate cancer as younger patients.
The Family as Project

Based on data gathered in settings where the family side of personal troubles is a regular concern, it is argued that the family enters into social relations as a collective representation. Adapting Durkheim's usage to everyday life, the family is analyzed as a ‘public’ project of those whose domestic affairs are challenged for consideration of family order. Three features of the family project are considered: (1) the awareness of the social form, (2) family conduct in the large, (3) family usage. As an object of experience, the family presents itself in a category separate and distinct from its members, while at the same time being a practical, discursive construct built out of, as well as reflecting concrete domestic affairs.
Roosevelt's fourth inaugural address: A study of its composition

The author clarifies the confusion about the authorship of FDR's Fourth Inaugural, and studies the speech drafts to determine which thoughts were FDR's and which were contributed by speech writers.
We've come a long way! Maybe! Re‐imagining gender and accounting

Purpose – Transforming gender research in accounting is possible, desirable, and promising: the past few decades have included prescient work and expansive theories. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the legacy of the 1992 special issue “Fe[men]ists' account” and urge new linkages and contexts for a continuation of visionary inquiries.Design/methodology/approach – By reviewing pioneering feminist research in various disciplines, the author opens the margins and boundaries of gender‐in‐accounting research. Innovative multidisciplinary works from different regions of the globe reveal methods for challenging entrenched premises and recasting new meanings.Findings – Reflecting on our embedded ideas, expanding boundaries, and imagining new areas of inquiry are not only plausible, they are essential, for contesting repression and discrimination and advancing social justice.Research limitations/implications – Tying the current rhetoric of global neo‐liberalism to contemporary feminist struggles, the pap...
Biosynthesis of labdenediol and sclareol in cell-free extracts from trichomes of Nicotiana glutinosa

Biosynthesis of the diterpenes labdenediol and sclareol from all trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was observed in cell-free extracts prepared from leaf midvein epidermal peels of Nicotiana glutinosa 24A. The bioactivities were shown to be exclusively localized in trichomes, to be conferred by a soluble enzyme(s), and to resemble other plant terpene cyclase activities in basic characteristics. Chromatographic methods for protein purification including gel filtration, anion exchange, hydroxyapatite chromatography, and free-flow isoelectric focusing. Thermal inactivation and end-product inhibition experiments did not afford separation of the biosynthetic activities. Results indicate that these labdane diterpenes are direct products of cyclization reactions catalysed by a soluble cyclase(s). To the best of our knowledge, this report represents the first case for direct biosynthesis of diterpene di-alcohols by cyclization of the acyclic precursor. A unified scheme for formation of labdane mono- and di-alcohols in Nicotiana species is presented.
Modeling near-infrared reflectance spectra of clay and sulfate mixtures and implications for Mars

High-resolution mapping by visible and near-infrared orbital spectrometers has revealed a diversity of hydrated mineral deposits on the surface of Mars. Quantitative analysis of mineral abundances within these deposits has the potential to distinguish depositional and diagenetic processes. Such analysis can also provide important constraints on the nature of putative global and local-scale mineralogical transitions on Mars. However, the ability of models to extract quantitative mineral abundances from spectra of mixtures relevant to sedimentary rocks remains largely untested. This is particularly true for clay and sulfate minerals, which often occur as fine-grained components of terrestrial sedimentary rocks and are known to occur in a number of sedimentary deposits on Mars. This study examines the spectral properties of a suite of mixtures containing the Mg-sulfate epsomite mixed with varying proportions of smectitic clay (saponite, nontronite, and montmorrilonite). The goal of this work is to test the ability of checkerboard (linear) and intimate (non-linear) mixing models to obtain accurate estimates of mineral abundances under ideal and controlled laboratory conditions. The results of this work suggest that: (1) spectra of clay–sulfate mixtures can be reproduced by checkerboard and intimate mixing models to within 2% absolute reflectance or single scattering albedo, (2) clay and epsomite abundance can be modeled to within 5 wt.% when particle diameter is optimized, and (3) the lower threshold for modeling clay in spectra of clay–epsomite mixtures is approximately 10 wt.%, below which the models often fail to recognize the presence of clay.
T-Lymphocytes Expressing CC Chemokine Receptor-5 Are Increased in Frail Older Adults

Frailty is an important geriatric syndrome characterized by poorer physiological reserve and greater vulnerability to severe adverse outcomes, including disability, dependency, and early mortality.1–3 Significant evidence suggests that chronic inflammation, marked by high interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels and increased white blood cell, counts as a key pathophysiological factor in the syndrome of frailty.2,4–7 This chronic inflammation can contribute to frailty directly or through other intermediary processes, including hematopoietic and endocrine processes,4–7 but potential underlying immune mechanisms that contribute to frailty and its associated chronic inflammation in older adults have not been elucidated. CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) interacts with the chemokines CCL3, 4, 5, and 8 and plays an important role in regulating leukocyte recruitment, trafficking, and immune activation.8,9 It has been shown that CCR5+ T-lymphocytes have a type-1 proinflammatory phenotype10–12 and that CCR5+ T-lymphocytes can contribute significantly to several inflammatory conditions.9–13 In addition, CCR5 is a well-known co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1); active development of anti-CCR5-based therapies for HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has shown promising results.14–16 Based on the proinflammatory properties of CCR5+ T-cells and their role in immune activation, it was hypothesized that older individuals with frailty would have higher CCR5+ T-cell counts than nonfrail older persons. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis and to evaluate CCR5+ T-cells and their relationships with frailty in older adults. Addressing this hypothesis will improve understanding of potential underlying immune mechanisms that contribute to frailty and its associated chronic inflammation in older adults. It will also provide a basis for further phenotypic and functional characterization of CCR5+ T-cells and investigation into their role in the pathogenesis of frailty, with significant therapeutic implications.
Dynamic Fracture of Shells Subjected to Impulsive Loads

lation or in the vicinity of the crack tip 14. In related work, Armero and Ehrlich 15 used embedded discontinuity elements to model hinge lines in plates. The development of a fracture criterion that is computationally efficient and is easily applied in terms of available data poses a significant difficulty. Fracture criteria for quasibrittle materials, such as aluminum, are usually expressed in terms of the critical maximum principal tensile strain. However, in low order finite element models solved by explicit time integration, the maximum principal tensile strain tends to be quite noisy, so that crack paths computed by direct application of such a criterion tend to be erratic and do not conform to experimentally observed crack paths. Here, we propose a nonlocal form of a strain-based fracture criterion. The nonlocal form is obtained by a kernel-weighted average over a sector in front of the crack tip. In addition, we describe a combination of this kernel-weighted average with an angular component that can be used to indicate crack branching. The methodology is applied to the fracture of shell experiments performed by Chao and Shepherd 16. Although these experiments are very interesting, they do not provide enough experimental data for a validation of the methodology. Nevertheless, we show that the method is able to reproduce the change in failure mode that occurs for longer notches as compared with shorter notches and that the overall final configuration agrees reasonably well with that observed in the experiments.
Behavior of a Large Cylinder in Free-Fall Through Water

This paper presents results of experimental deployment of a large instrumented cylinder of variable nose geometry and center of mass offset (CMO) in free-fall in realistic environment. Data on four tests series in the Gulf of Mexico are presented and analyzed statistically. The stochastic nature of the problem of the cylinder free-falling through water is outlined and described as an input to the subsequent impact burial prediction package. Significance of the CMO on the behavior of the cylinder is underlined. Influence of the release conditions on trajectory is discussed and found to affect the behavior of the cylinders only in the first 3.5 m of free-fall in water. Beyond this depth, quasi-stable (in the mean sense) conditions are achieved. Effects of three different nose shapes-blunt, hemispherical, and chamfered-on cylinder behavior are analyzed and found to have a pronounced influence on the fall trajectory. The blunt nose shape appears to be hydrodynamically most stable in free-fall. Apparent periodicity in motions of all cylinders were noted and were found to be the function of the CMO and nose shape primarily. Implications of these and other findings on modeling and impact burial predictions are discussed.