cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building on theoretical principles gleaned from Reading Recovery to inform classroom practice

The authors, both of whom are outside the network of scholars and practitioners typically associated with Reading Recovery, describe the instructional and teacher professional development components of the program and review related research. They then explore the theory and instructional assumptions on which RR is based, positing that both have implications for effective classroom instruction. In fact, they argue that the theory and assumptions of RR can be considered as core to good literacy instruction for all children.
Reliability of measuring iliac crest level in the standing and sitting position using a new measurement device.

Abstract Background To date, the reliability studies of iliac crest (IC) level used nominal scales and presented conflicting results. To perform the IC level measurement, we propose the use of a measurement device that is composed of an inclinometer mounted on a crest level tester that measures IC level in degrees. Objectives To determine the interrater reliability of measuring iliac crest level in the standing and sitting position using an experimental device and to assess the precision of the measurements taken with the experimental device. Method Forty individuals (mean age 40 ± 12 years) referred to physical therapy for treatment of low back pain (LBP) participated in the study (16 male participants). Six examiners performed the measurements. Three of the 6 examiners performed the measurements on each individual. Each examiner independently performed the measurement of IC level in standing and in sitting using the measurement device. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients, [formula (1,1)] for measurement of IC level in standing and sitting, were 0.80 (95% CI=0.7-0.9) and 0.73 (95% CI=0.6-0.8), respectively. Standard errors of measurement for IC level in standing and sitting were 0.91 and 0.86 degrees, respectively. Conclusion The use of a measurement device resulted in good reliability of IC level measurement in degrees in standing and moderate reliability of IC level in sitting position. This finding is relevant to plan future studies that will investigate if changes in IC level may be associated with outcomes of pain and function in patients with low back or pelvic dysfunctions.
Development of microsatellite loci for the endangered species Pityopsis ruthii (Asteraceae).

 Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed for the endangered species Pityopsis ruthii and will permit genetic and conservation studies of the species.  Methods and Results: A microsatellite-enriched library was used to develop 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for P. ruthii . The loci amplifi ed perfect and imperfect repeats with three to seven alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.05 to 0.80 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.75.  Conclusions: These microsatellite loci provide a suffi cient set of markers for further investigation of population genetics of P. ruthii .
The pleasures of uncertainty: Prolonging positive moods in ways people do not anticipate

The authors hypothesized that uncertainty following a positive event prolongs the pleasure it causes and that people are generally unaware of this effect of uncertainty. In 3 experimental settings, people experienced a positive event (e.g., received an unexpected gift of a dollar coin attached to an index card) under conditions of certainty or uncertainty (e.g., it was easy or difficult to make sense of the text on the card). As predicted, people's positive moods lasted longer in the uncertain conditions. The results were consistent with a pleasure paradox, whereby the cognitive processes used to make sense of positive events reduce the pleasure people obtain from them. Forecasters seemed unaware of this paradox; they overwhelmingly preferred to be in the certain conditions and tended to predict that they would be in better moods in these conditions.
Adverse reactions to infliximab and the outcome of desensitization

Abstract Background Infliximab is a highly effective monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor, which is a major inflammatory mediator in certain gastrointestinal, rheumatic, and skin diseases. In some patients, infliximab infusion causes systemic adverse reactions that often lead to discontinuation of therapy even in responsive patients. Objective To investigate the frequency and characteristics of adverse reactions to infliximab at the authors' institution and the outcome of their management, including desensitization. Methods This was a single-center retrospective study of patients who were treated with infliximab, primarily for inflammatory bowel disease, from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2014. Data included age, sex, underlying disease, infliximab therapy duration before the first reaction, manifestation of reaction, onset, and management. Results There were 336 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were treated with infliximab during the study period. Thirty patients (8.9%) developed a systemic adverse reaction to infliximab, which was discontinued in 15 patients (50%) and was continued in 3 patients after premedication and/or decreased infusion rate. Twelve patients (40%) underwent infliximab desensitization with gradually increasing doses starting at a dilution of 0.1 mg/mL to reach the full treatment dose over approximately 4 to 6 hours. It was successful in all 12 patients, who continued to receive up to 26 infliximab infusions, mostly without premedication. Conclusion Infliximab can trigger systemic reactions that hinder its administration. The present desensitization protocol appears to be safe and effective and it can be considered in patients whose inflammatory bowel disease responds well to infliximab but who develop systemic adverse reactions.
Intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipids are determinants of insulin resistance in prepubertal children

Aims/hypothesis We hypothesised that ectopic fat deposition is present in liver and skeletal muscle before puberty and that both are potentially important factors in the early pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
The Impact of Divorce on Teenagers

Divorce is common in the contemporary way of life and deserves objective study. It may have redeeming features, but from the point of view of children, divorce is a stressful experience because of the disruption of the home and its financial, emotional, and social costs. The adverse impact, however, can be minimized by realistic and sensitive attention to its effects on children. Although divorce alters the living arrangements of affected families, it does not end family relationships. For this reason, marriage and divorce counseling should deal with the perspectives of both adults and children. Most teenagers and their parents adjust to divorce and later regard it as having been a constructive action; but one-third do not. In those instances the turbulence of the post-divorce phase plays a crucial role in influencing pathological reactions in affected teenagers. The physician is in a strategic position to act as diagnostician, a clarifier of values, an educator in the facts of family life and divorce, a counselor in working through feelings about and attitudes toward divorce, and a source of support for teenagers.
Healing Mind and Body: Using Therapeutic Yoga in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

This article offers insight into the causes and nature of schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness, and describes practical ways Yoga can be integrated as an aspect of treatment. Yoga offers a safe, effective intervention to address both the physiological and psychological stress prevalent in this population. With a practice grounded in the movement of the breath, Yoga can create a sense of community, self-awareness, and self-care that traditional psychiatric practice is frequently unable to foster. This article a lso discusses some of the concerns specific to teaching this population, and to teaching in a psychiatric hospital. Clinical cases are shared to illustrate the benefits individuals with schizophrenia may receive from a practice of Yoga.
Entangling the Fashion Subject Through the African Diaspora: From Not to (K)not in Fashion Theory

AbstractAfrican diasporic theory offers a way to break out of oppositional thinking and evolutionary notions of progress. African American epistemologies—in conversation with other African diasporic thought—can be characterized as moving beyond either/or frameworks to “both/and” ways of knowing. Identity nots become identity (k)nots when entanglement replaces opposition and evolution as an organizing logic to account for diverse subject positions. Drawing on African diasporic theory, we propose a new (k)notty model to describe the entanglements within fashion subjectivity. The productive nodes of our examination include the wardrobe of Michelle Obama, the “sagging” (low-slung pants) phenomenon, National Basketball Association dress codes, and the business strategy of Sean John. The knot metaphor highlights how stories and explanations can only be viewed as tentative and partial, as power relations both reveal and conceal multiple truths and meanings.
Innovation, Institutions, and Entrepreneurship

The literature has emphasized the role of market institutions in fostering entrepreneurship with a purpose of examining entrepreneurship and growth. However, the real driving force is innovation, not entrepreneurship, and many studies treat entrepreneurship as only a proxy for innovation. We use the Global Innovation Index to directly measure the effect of market institutions on innovation and find a very strong positive correlation. We also find that the effect of market institutions on innovation becomes stronger in developed economies and democracies but is unrelated to education. Lastly, the legal system, sound money, and free trade contribute the most to innovation.
A Systematic Study of the Formation of Nano-Tips on Silicon Thin Films by Excimer Laser Irradiation

Recently, we reported conditions for controllable, direct laser fabrication of sharp conical tips with heights of about one micrometer and apical radii of curvature of several tens of nanometers. An individual cone is formed when a single-crystal silicon film on an insulator substrate is irradiated in air environment with a single pulse from a KrF excimer laser, homogenized and shaped to a circular spot several microns in diameter. In this work, we present a study of the formation of such tips as a function of the laser fluence, the film thickness, and the diameter of the irradiated spot. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the topography of the structures. A simple mechanism of formation based on movement of melted material is proposed. We have also studied structures (nano-ridges) that resulted from irradiation with narrow lines (width of several microns) instead of circular spots.
Invasive Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis in a Lung Transplant Recipient Receiving Belatacept as Salvage Maintenance Immunosuppression: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction The association between belatacept, a CD28 costimulation blocker, and invasive mycoses is unclear. Case Report We describe a patient who initiated belatacept 3 years after lung transplantation and developed invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis, a disease encountered almost exclusively within the first 6 months after transplantation. Conclusions Belatacept may have played a causative role. Until more data are available, belatacept should be used cautiously after lung transplantation.
Three-dimensional printing models in surgery.

A 71-YEAR-OLD WOMAN presented with left shoulder and back pain. She was found to have a T4N0 (stage IIIa) left superior sulcus lung adenocarcinoma (the Fig 1) and underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation. After completion of treatment, staging computed tomography scan showed significant response of the tumor, which at that time seemed to destroy large portions of the left first and second ribs with abutment onto the subclavian vessels, aorta, the left upper lobe pulmonary artery and the left superior pulmonary vein. Superior sulcus tumors can be approached from 2 different directions: an anterior approach using hemi-clamshell thoracotomy with or without neck incision or via a posterior approach using a posterolateral thoracotomy. The abutment of the tumor to major vascular structures might make an anterior approach preferable (it allows better vascular access and control compared with a posterior approach), but would make the posterior paraspinal dissection difficult. In contrast, the invasion and destruction of the first 3 ribs would be easily approached through a posterolateral
The GPL Meets the UCC: Does Free Software Come with a Warranty of No Infringement of Patents and Copyrights?

The GNU General Public License, known as the GPL, is the cornerstone of free software. The GPL has served as the organizing document for free software, providing a structure that has helped transformed the development of software and electronic devices. Software licensed under the GPL may be freely copied and adapted. The source code for the software is made available, to enable anyone to study and change it. The GPL does have "copyleft" restrictions, intended to keep the software free for others. If someone adapts and redistributes GPL’d software, they must likewise allow access to their source code. The GPL states that the code is provided "'AS IS' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND." The clause may not be quite accurate. The licensor makes no warranty of quality that the software will work. But, due to idiosyncrasies of the Uniform Commercial Code, someone who sells software under the GPL may – unknowingly – make a warranty of noninfringement, promising that use of the software does not infringe any patents, copyrights or other third party rights. Someone who sells software under the GPL might be liable for damages, if the buyer were sued by a third party claiming patent or copyright infringement. This paper works through the relevant legal code, assesses the risk to developers, sellers of devices with embedded software and other licensors, and suggests practical ways to reduce the risk.
Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a metaanalysis

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization is considered the mainstay of therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of such treatment on survival by performing a metaanalysis of all available randomized clinical trials comparing this form of therapy to supportive care. A MEDLARS search was conducted covering the years 1970 to 2002. Data analysis was performed according to methods described by Peto. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of patients surviving 3 and 6 months after treatment. All analyses were performed on an intent-to-treat basis. A literature search yielded 1,100 citations, from which four met protocol-specified inclusion criteria. All studies contained an experimental and control arm totalling 268 patients. The odds ratio for 3- and 6-month survival were 1.31 (95% CI: 0.66-2.58) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.49-1.68), which was not statistically significant. These data fail to show a survival advantage associated with therapeutic embolization versus supportive care alone in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Existing survival data from randomized controlled trials are of poor quality, and the paucity of patients in these trials eliminates the possibility of drawing meaningful conclusions regarding the effect of chemoembolization on patient survival from these studies.
Building a Foundation for Resiliency from the Inside Out

Without question, advances in biophysiological and neurological science have contributed to our understanding of how family interactions may impact physical, emotional, and social well-being. Research across these disciplines has helped to identify sources of risk and protection for children and adults, and has provided an explanatory base for how ecological contexts within families and communities can impact healthy outcomes. This special issue, Biosocial Models of Family Science, brings these advances in neuroscience, biophysiology, and epigenetic research into the framework of their implications for family science, with a focus across areas of family science research, practice, and policy. Taking a life-span developmental approach, this issue presents articles across several key topics in family science. Articles are grouped together in sections with the first article describing an important advance in biophysiological or neurological science and the following article(s) exploring implications of that research as translated to family research, practice, and policy. This format provides readers with clear connections between these areas of research and guidance for how these advances can become tools to advance family researchers' and practitioners' support of family well-being and further understanding of the interactive nature of family systems and biophysiological health.Special Issue ContentEarly AdversitiesIn the introductory article of this special issue, Ha and Granger draw connections between the biophysiology of the stress response system and its impact on children, as well as on family interactions. Building from this foundation, Perry and Conners-Burrow outline steps to support the mental health and long-term outcomes of children facing adversity in early childhood. Skuladottir then describes an applied parent education program focused on supporting parents in early infant care.Child Care ExperiencesThe relation between stress related to poverty and its impact on children's experience of early childcare settings is examined in an article by Berry and Family Life Project investigators. Taking a closer look at the relation between ecological variables, such as socioeconomic level and immigration status, Crosnoe and Ansari review research outlining how early socioeconomic and demographic disparities impact children's transition to school and long-term educational trajectories.Childhood ObesityIn this area of growing concern for children and adults alike, Pervanidou and Chrousos examine biophysiological experiences associated with children's risk of obesity. The accompanying article by Fiese and Bost explores family ecologies as they relate to children's risk of obesity and sources of protective factors within these contexts. …
Relationships of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, and its associated fleas (Siphonaptera) in southwestern Wisconsin.

Nine species of adult fleas were collected from cotton nests formed by Peromyscus leucopus in nestboxes in south-western Wisconsin. Epitedia wenmanni (Roths.) and Orchopeas leucopus (Baker) were the predominant species found, with the latter panseasonal in occurrence and the former rare in nests and on mice during the summer. Monopsyllus wagneri (Jordan) was rare in nests and on mice in winter but present in spring and summer. Peromyscopsylla scotti Fox was collected only fall, while Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker occurred sporadically throughout the year. Four of the species collected are primarily parasites of other mammals. Numbers of the 2 predominant species increased significantly with increased mouse nesting activity. Flea sex ratios favored females or were approximately equal. No differences were detected between flea infestations in nests of female and male mice or in infestations in nests exposed to multiple use by lactating and pregnant females and/or juveniles when compared with nests exposed to multiple use by adults.
Serum antibody and protein studies following adrenalectomy in rabbits.

SummaryIncreased circulating levels of antibody following a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin were demonstrated in adrenalectomized rabbits, as compared with normal intact controls. Additionally, there was a delay in appearance of maximum titers of antibody in the test group of animals. In animals previously immunized with bovine serum albumin, adrenalectomy produced increased gamma globulin concentrations but failed to recall specific anti-BSA antibody into circulation.
Influence of Diet on Resistance to Diphtherial Toxin

Summary1. Rats fed on a diet rich in protein (casein) for 17 to 21 days showed a markedly higher resistance to diphtherial toxin than rats fed diets high in carbohydrate or fat. This could be demonstrated not only when the dose of toxin was based on the weight of the animals, but also when the dose was based on age. 2. Acute inanition caused an increased resistance to diphtherial toxin when the dose was based on the weight of the animal.
Construction and Practice on Teaching System of Instrumental Analysis Experiment

The instrumental analysis experiment is a compulsory course for students of applied chemistry,pharmacy,and food science. Based on the practice and exploration in instrument analysis experimental teaching,this paper introduced the formation of the "trinity"training mode with the basic experimental teaching as the core,the open experiments as expanding,and the production practice as the extension. Two platforms were constructed which included the teaching network and the cooperative practice-teaching. The new instrumental analysis experimental teaching system had been built with the characteristic of union management,module tuition,and extension practice. Teaching practice has proved that this experimental teaching model is more helpful not only in cultivating students' comprehensive practice ability,innovation consciousness,and team cooperation spirit,but also in inspiring students' interest in learning and arousing their enthusiasm for scientific research. It also lays a good foundation for students' follow-up graduation theses and future research.
[Study on the genotypic characteristics of Japanese encephalitis virus and serology in the healthy population of Zhejiang province, 2012-2013].

Objective To understand the genotypic characteristics and the neutralizing antibody levels of Japanese encephalitis virus（JEV）and Japanese encephalitis（JE）in both vector mosquitoes and in healthy people of Zhejiang province. Methods Virus was isolated from mosquitos sampled from the Monitoring Stations located in Xianju county during 2012 to 2013. Phylogenetic and homological studies were carried out on the E gene. A total of 1 263 blood specimens from 642 healthy people were collected before and after the seasons of JE epidemics. JEV neutralizing antibody was detected by the micro-neutralization test. Results Twenty-five JEV strains were isolated from a total of 11 650 mosquitoes. The identity of nucleotide appeared as 87.8%-99.7% both from 2012 to 2013 and from 1982 to 2010 while as 87.7%-88.0%with vaccine strain SA14-14-2,in Zhejiang. The phylogeny tree of E gene indicated that the newly isolated virus belonged to genotypeⅠ but no mutation of amino acid sequence coding conformational epitope was identified in the envelop protein. Both positive rates and the geometric mean titer（GMT）of neutralizing antibody in healthy people were 31.5%-42.0%and 1∶2.56-1∶3.53 in Xianju county,during 2012 and 2013,respectively. Both of the two positive rates（χ2≤1.76,P〉0.05）and the two GMTs（u≤0.64,P〉0.5）for antibodies pre or post the epidemic season did not show significant differences. Conclusion JEV isolated in Xianju during 2012 and 2013 belonged to genotypeⅠ. The positive rates of JEV neutralizing antibody from healthy people in Xianju were less than 42.0%,which showed no significant differendes pre or post JE epidemic season. Key words: Japanese encephalitis virus; Genotype; Neutralizing antibody; Healthy people
A New Solver for the Minimum Weighted Vertex Cover Problem

Given a vertex-weighted graph \(G = \langle V, E \rangle \), the minimum weighted vertex cover (MWVC) problem is to choose a subset of vertices with minimum total weight such that every edge in the graph has at least one of its endpoints chosen. While there are good solvers for the unweighted version of this NP-hard problem, the weighted version—i.e., the MWVC problem—remains understudied despite its common occurrence in many areas of AI—like combinatorial auctions, weighted constraint satisfaction, and probabilistic reasoning. In this paper, we present a new solver for the MWVC problem based on a novel reformulation to a series of SAT instances using a primal-dual approximation algorithm as a starting point. We show that our SAT-based MWVC solver (SBMS) significantly outperforms other methods.
The Great Dichotomy

Nothing in the history of literary studies is stranger than the great dichotomy that has grown up in the last 25 years: that between writers who for the most part have sought either to show that all meaning is indeterminate or to somehow disconnect linguistic meaning from extra-linguistic reality, and those who have labored to show how intended meanings are communicated with sufficient clarity and that such meanings are connected to a reality consisting of much more than language systems. The currents making up what is generally called poststructuralism have been the dominant ones, but during the same years that the greater part of the best-known theorists and a host of epigones have played variations on the principles of indeterminacy and infinite deferral of meaning, a significant number of theorists have devoted themselves to a variety of researches into what makes possible that communication the denial of which the poststructuralists seek constantly to communicate.
Discriminatory Discipline: Trends and Issues

Discriminatory discipline has been widely documented for decades, yet little progress has been made to narrow the gap. Due to the long-standing history of discriminatory discipline, current nationw...
Photoactivation and relaxation studies on the cyanobacterial orange carotenoid protein in the presence of copper ion

Photosynthesis starts with absorption of light energy by light-harvesting antenna complexes with subsequent production of energy-rich organic compounds. However, all photosynthetic organisms face the challenge of excess photochemical conversion capacity. In cyanobacteria, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) performed by the orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is one of the most important mechanisms to regulate the light energy captured by light-harvesting antennas. This regulation permits the cell to meet its cellular energy requirements and at the same time protects the photosynthetic apparatus under fluctuating light conditions. Several reports have revealed that thermal dissipation increases under excess copper in plants. To explore the effects and mechanisms of copper on cyanobacteria NPQ, photoactivation and relaxation of OCP in the presence of copper were examined in this communication. When OCPo (OCP at orange state) is converted into OCPr(OCP at red state), copper ion has no effect on the photoactivation kinetics. Relaxation of OCPr to OCPo, however, is largely delayed—almost completely blocked, in the presence of copper. Even the addition of the fluorescence recovery protein (FRP) cannot activate the relaxation process. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis result indicates the heterogeneous population of Cu2+-locked OCPr. The Cu2+-OCP binding constant was estimated using a hyperbolic binding curve. Functional roles of copper-binding OCP in vivo are discussed.
Comparison of Surgical Outcomes Between a Triplane Proximal Femoral Osteotomy and the Modified Dunn Procedure for Stable, Moderate to Severe Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated the intra-articular cartilage and labral damage that can occur from the proximal femoral cam-like deformity of a moderate to severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). The approach to treating this deformity in a symptomatic Loder stable hip is controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare radiographic outcomes, complication rates, and revision rates between Imhauser type triplane proximal femoral osteotomy (TPFO) and the modified Dunn procedure (MDP). METHODS Twenty-six subjects with minimum 1-year follow-up were included (12 treated with a TPFO, and 14 treated with the MDP). A chart review was performed to capture data related to complications, revision procedures, surgical time, and body mass index. Radiographs were measured preoperatively and at final follow-up to evaluate epiphyseal-slip angle, neck-shaft angle, articular surface to trochanter distance, and medial proximal femoral angle. RESULTS Surgical time was shorter for the TPFO group (150.0±57.4 min) compared with the MDP group (203.8±30 min) (P=0.005). All preoperative and postoperative radiographic measures were similar between the 2 groups except postoperative neck-shaft angle, which was significantly less in the TPFO group (129.7±8.6 vs. 140.9±9.4 degrees) (P=0.005). There were no cases of femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) in the TPFO group. The modified Dunn group had a 29% AVN rate (P=0.1). The overall complication rate was similar between the TPFO (33%) and modified Dunn (36%) groups (P=1.0) and the reoperation rate was slightly greater in the TPFO group (33%) as compared with the modified Dunn group (21%) (P=0.67). CONCLUSIONS The complex 3-dimensional proximal femoral deformity of a moderate to severe SCFE can be difficult to treat with relatively high complication/reoperation rates observed in both TPFO and MDP groups. All 4 instances of AVN in this study of stable slips, however, were in the MDP group. As this can be a devastating complication leading to early total hip arthroplasty, we advise against the MDP in stable SCFE patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-retrospective comparative study.
Abstract C21: Inclusion of endogenous hormone levels in risk prediction models of postmenopausal breast cancer

Endogenous hormones have been associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk and may improve our ability to identify women at high risk of breast cancer. In addition, having high levels of multiple sex hormones or prolactin appears to further increase risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. This suggests that including multiple hormones may improve risk prediction models more than adding one or two hormones individually. Therefore, we evaluated whether the inclusion of multiple hormones (estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, DHEAS, prolactin, SHBG) improved risk prediction models of postmenopausal invasive breast cancer among 473 cases and 770 controls not using postmenopausal hormones at blood draw. We utilized two previously published breast cancer risk prediction models, the Gail model and the Rosner model. We evaluated the improvement of the AUC for 5-year risk of invasive breast cancer, and secondarily of estrogen receptor (ER) positive disease, using the Gail and Rosner risk scores for each hormone individually. Then we used step-wise regression to identify the subset of hormones that were associated most significantly with risk and assessed improvement in AUC. We used 70% of the data as a training set (n=314 cases/533 control) and 30% as an independent validation set (n=123 cases/240 control). In preliminary analyses, each hormone was associated with risk of invasive breast cancer (OR, doubling in levels=0.82 [SHBG] to 1.45 [testosterone]) in the training set. For invasive cancer, individual hormones improved the AUC by 2.0-7.6 units when included with the Gail score and 0.2-3.9 units for the Rosner score. Estrone sulfate, testosterone, and prolactin were selected by step-wise regression and together increased the AUC by 8.6 points (p Citation Format: Shelley S. Tworoger, Xuehong Zhang, A. Heather Eliassen, Jing Qian, Walter C. Willett, Graham A. Colditz, Bernard A. Rosner, Peter Kraft, Susan E. Hankinson. Inclusion of endogenous hormone levels in risk prediction models of postmenopausal breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr C21.
Red Bull (a)

This case describes the history of the Red Bull brand and how the company stimulated and harnessed word-of-mouth to build a new product category (functional energy drinks) and brand franchise. The case concludes by asking the reader to consider how Red Bull should react to competitive challenges in the United States. The case was written to foster discussion of nontraditional brand-building strategies and the growing globalization of brands and products targeted toward younger consumers. Excerpt UVA-M-0663 Rev. Apr. 14, 2016 Red Bull (A) Red Bull We don't bring the product to the people. We bring people to the product. —Dietrich Mateschitz, Founder, Red Bull GmbH . . .
Lemur catta: Ecology and Behavior

From April 1972 to May 1973, we studied Lemur catta in a gallery forest reserve in Berenty, Madagascar. We directed our observations toward two aspects of lemur behavior. One study dealt with feeding behavior and population dynamics. For this study we gathered data on feeding activities, made several censuses of the reserve, and analyzed the vegetation. Our information indicates that, although the size of the population did not change during the course of our study, the density of animals was different in various parts of the reserve. These differences seem to be correlated with differences in the distribution of resources.
The Singularity and Machine Ethics

Many researchers have argued that a self-improving artificial intelligence (AI) could become so vastly more powerful than humans that we would not be able to stop it from achieving its goals. If so, and if the AI’s goals differ from ours, then this could be disastrous for humans. One proposed solution is to program the AI’s goal system to want what we want before the AI self-improves beyond our capacity to control it. Unfortunately, it is difficult to specify what we want. After clarifying what we mean by “intelligence”, we offer a series of “intuition pumps” from the field of moral philosophy for our conclusion that human values are complex and difficult to specify. We then survey the evidence from the psychology of motivation, moral psychology, and neuroeconomics that supports our position. We conclude by recommending ideal preference theories of value as a promising approach for developing a machine ethics suitable for navigating an intelligence explosion or “technological singularity”.
Factors associated with follow-up physician visits among women with early stage breast cancer.

6531Background: In patients with early stage breast cancer (BC), follow-up guidelines vary widely among national organizations. ASCO recommends clinical examination every 3-6 months for 3 years, ev...
Nash and Bayes–Nash equilibria in strategic-form games with intransitivities

We study games with intransitive preferences that admit skew-symmetric representations. We introduce the notion of surrogate better-reply security for discontinuous skew-symmetric games and elucidate the relationship between surrogate better-reply security and other security concepts in the literature. We then prove existence of behavioral strategy equilibrium for discontinuous skew-symmetric games of incomplete information (and, in particular, existence of mixed-strategy equilibrium for discontinuous skew-symmetric games of complete information), generalizing extant results.
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes and Their Parameterization in Climate Models

ABSTRACT The thermal and dynamic interaction between the atmosphere and underlying surface occurs through the boundary layer. While these interactions have generally been ignored for short-range prediction of large-scale atmospheric circulations, they are quite important for long-range forecasting and in studies related to general circulation and climate dynamics. In this case a consideration must be given not only to the supply of energy but also to the dissipation of kinetic energy, as well as to the vertical transport of heat and moisture within the boundary layer. Since the intensity of small-scale processes is affected by large-scale processes, incorporation of the boundary-layer dynamics constitutes an essential part in studying the physical principles of long-range forecasting of large-scale processes and climatic changes. Numerical climate models which have been adopted as important tools for understanding the physical basis of climatic changes vary greatly in many respects. This is especially true with respect to the degree of detail in their treatment of the physical processes which cannot be resolved by the grid spacing of the model. These unresolved processes (which include boundary layer processes) are incorporated in climate models through parameterization which involves empirically related parameters determined on the basis of observations or theoretical considerations. The boundary-layer parameterization in climate models is usually dependent on the vertical resolution of the model and is related to the determination of four factors in terms of the variables predicted by the model. These are: • surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture, • vertical profiles of the turbulent fluxes within the boundary layer, • height of the boundary layer, and • vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer. There are several approaches to the boundary-layer parameterization aimed at incorporating the boundary-layer processes in climate models. Some of these techniques are based on the so-called K-theory while others are based on the similarity theory. Considering the varying degrees of vertical resolution of different climate models, the determination of the surface fluxes is perhaps the most important aspect of the boundary-layer parameterization in a general circulation model. At present there is not sufficient evidence to determine which particular boundary-layer parameterization scheme is the most satisfactory. It is recommended that a systematic sensitivity test of various schemes be carried out to determine the best approach.
What is Nonreligion? On the Virtues of a Meaning Systems Framework for Studying Nonreligious and Religious Worldviews in the Context of Everyday Life

Discussions of nonreligion or secularity face a central challenge that has long plagued scholars of religion – that of specifying an object of study. Although several suggestions have been made, I think we can most effectively capture the range of things we want to study by (1) adopting worldviews, defined in terms of “big questions,” as an overarching rubric that encompasses both religious and nonreligious outlooks and (2) nuancing our understanding of worldviews in light of the meaning systems (MS) framework, already in use in psychology. Doing so relieves scholars of the obligation of defining religion and nonreligion and allows us to focus on how individuals and groups characterize themselves. It provides a neutral starting point for analyzing worldviews that is not biased toward religion, and, in so far as a case can be made that all humans must address these questions at least implicitly, it offers a basis for comparison across cultures. The so-called “existentially indifferent” provide a challenge in this regard and allow us to consider the value of an evolutionary perspective on meaning making.
Complexity matching and coordination in individual and dyadic performance

Abstract Complexity matching is a measure of coordination based on information exchange between complex networks. To date, studies have focused mainly on interpersonal coordination, but complexity matching may generalize to interacting networks within individuals. The present study examined complexity matching in a double, coordinated Fitts' perceptual-motor task with comparable individual and dyadic conditions. Participants alternated touching targets with their left and right hands in the individual condition, or analogously with the left hand of one partner and the right hand of another in the dyadic condition. In Experiment 1, response coupling was manipulated by making targets drift either randomly or contingently based on prior responses. Here, drift refers to the variability in the target movements between response locations. Long-range correlations in time series of inter-response intervals exhibited complexity matching between the left and right hands of dyads and individuals. Response coupling was necessary for complexity matching in dyads but not individuals. When response coupling was absent in the dyadic condition, the degree of complexity matching was significantly reduced. Experiment 2 showed that the effect of coupling was due to interactions between left and right responses. Results also showed a weak, negative relationship between complexity matching and performance as measured by total response time. In conclusion, principles and measures of complexity matching apply similarly within and between individuals, and perceptual-motor performance can be facilitated by loose response coupling.
Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy of Condensation Metal-Containing Polymers

Numerous advances have been made recently in mass spectrometry. Many of these advances are related to instrumentation. Other advances are simply related to varying the conditions under which the mass spectra are obtained. Electron impact mass spectroscopy, EI-MS, is the most widely utilized mass spectrometry employed in the study of polymers and it is the emphasis of this presentation.
Towards urban water sustainability: Analyzing management transitions in Miami, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles

Abstract As climate change challenges the sustainability of existing water supplies, many cities must transition toward more sustainable water management practices to meet demand. However, scholarly knowledge of the factors that drive such transitions is lacking, in part due to the dearth of comparative analyses in the existing transitions literature. This study seeks to identify common factors associated with transitions toward sustainability in urban water systems by comparing transitions in three cases: Miami, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. For each case, we develop a data-driven narrative that integrates case-specific contextual data with standardized, longitudinal metrics of exposures theorized to drive transition. We then compare transitions across cases, focusing on periods of accelerated change (PoACs), to decouple generic factors associated with transition from those unique to individual case contexts. From this, we develop four propositions about transitions toward sustainable urban water management. We find that concurrent exposure to water stress and heightened public attention increases the probability of a PoAC (1), while other factors commonly expected to drive transition (e.g. financial stress) are unrelated (2). Moreover, the timing of exposure alignment (3) and the relationship between exposures and transition (4) may vary according to elements of the system’s unique context, including the institutional and infrastructure design and hydro-climatic setting. These propositions, as well as the methodology used to derive them, provide a new model for future research on how cities respond to climate-driven water challenges.
Price rigidities and the relative PPP

Abstract We measure the proportion of real exchange rate movements accounted for by cross-country movements in relative reset prices (prices that changed since the previous period) using CPI microdata for five countries. Relative reset prices account for almost all of the real exchange rate movements. This is a challenge for most workhorse sticky price models used to generate volatile and persistent real exchange rates, in which relative reset prices are sluggish. Models where movements in relative wages are persistent and track the nominal exchange rate do replicate both the empirical properties of the real exchange rate and of relative reset prices.
Rash and Diarrhea

The presence of autoimmune disease and recurrent infections in a male infant/child should prompt workup for immune dysregulation disorders including immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX)
Tourette’s Disorder

Tourette’s disorder (TD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood. It is usually comorbid with other pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders, specifically attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Treatment of TD should consist of pharmacotherapy as well as behavioral therapy, supportive psychotherapy, and educational interventions as needed. While there have been new advances in research on TD, research should continue to focus on the phenomenology, developmental psychopathology, and treatment of the disorder. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the classification and clinical phenomenology, psychiatric comborbidity, etiology, as well as the treatment of TD.
Hashtag who's missing? Lessons for genomic databases.

Abstract Genomic databases support research intended to advance understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Utility is linked to diversity, and initiatives are seeking to enroll traditionally underrepresented groups such as people with disabilities. Commentators have called for adoption of a participant-centric approach to build trust and address barriers to inclusion. Complexities emerge, however, when minors are enrolled and whose perspective on their condition may with time diverge from their parents’ perspective. Public response to MSSNG, a genomic database focused on autism, and public discourse regarding neurodiversity reveal division regarding autism as a difference or identity versus a disease. We explore what it means for genomic databases enrolling individuals, particularly minors, with disabilities to be participant-centric when affected individuals disagree about the nature of their condition and research priorities, offering recommendations for participant engagement and measures when enrolling minors with conditions that are the subject of difference-disease debates.
Quantifying Long-Term Seasonal and Regional Impacts of North American Fire Activity on Continental Boundary Layer Aerosols and Cloud Condensation Nuclei

An intimate knowledge of aerosol transport is essential in reducing the uncertainty of the impacts of aerosols on cloud development. Datasets from the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement platform in the Southern Great Plains region (ARM‐SGP) and the NASA Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA‐2) showed seasonal increases in aerosol loading and total carbon concentration during the spring and summer months (2008‐2016) which was attributed to fire activity and smoke transport within North America. The monthly mean MERRA‐2 surface carbonaceous aerosol mass concentration and ARM‐SGP total carbon products were strongly correlated (R=0.82, p<0.01) along with a moderate correlation with the ARM‐SGP cloud condensation nuclei (N_(CCN)) product (0.5, p~0.1). The monthly mean ARM‐SGP total carbon and N_(CCN) products were strongly correlated (0.7, p~0.01). An additional product denoting fire number and coverage taken from the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) showed a moderate correlation with the MERRA‐2 carbonaceous product (0.45, p<0.01) during the 1981‐2016 warm season months (March‐September). With respect to meteorological conditions, the correlation between the NIFC fire product and MERRA‐2 850 hPa isobaric height anomalies was lower (0.26, p~0.13) due to the variability in the frequency, intensity, and number of fires in North America. An observed increase in the isobaric height anomaly during the past decade may lead to frequent synoptic ridging and drier conditions with more fires, thereby potentially impacting cloud/precipitation processes and decreasing air quality.