cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Climate Responses to the Scattering and Absorbing Features of Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcings

AbstractAnthropogenic aerosols comprise optically scattering and absorbing particles, with the principal concentrations being in the Northern Hemisphere, yielding negative and positive global mean radiative forcings, respectively. Aerosols also influence cloud albedo, yielding additional negative radiative forcings. Climate responses to a comprehensive set of isolated aerosol forcing simulations are investigated in a coupled atmosphere–ocean framework, forced by preindustrial to present-day aerosol-induced radiative perturbations. Atmospheric and oceanic climate responses (including precipitation, atmospheric circulation, atmospheric and oceanic heat transport, sea surface temperature, and salinity) to negative and positive particulate forcings are consistently anticorrelated. The striking effects include distinct patterns of changes north and south of the equator that are governed by the sign of the aerosol forcing and its initiation of an interhemispheric forcing asymmetry. The presence of opposing sign...
PCR‐based identification of Erysiphe pulchra and Phyllactinia guttata from Cornus florida using ITS‐specific primers

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA and the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene for the powdery mildew fungi Erysiphe (sect. Microsphaera) pulchra and Phyllactinia guttata were amplified using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols and the universal primer pairs, ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products for ITS were analysed by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel and sequenced. The size of the amplified ITS products (approximately 650 bp) were not sufficiently different to allow reliable differentiation of E. pulchra and P. guttata; however, their sequences were distinct. Specific primers for E. pulchra and P. guttata were developed and evaluated for use as diagnostic tools. The diagnostic band size from E. pulchra-specific primer pair was 568 bp while the P. guttata band was 597 bp; the two primer pairs were highly specific to E. pulchra and P. guttata. Comparison of ITS sequences with information in the GenBank showed a very close similarity between sequences of E. pulchra isolates from Cornus florida in the USA and isolates collected on Cornus kousa in Japan. BLAST analysis of the sequence of the 650-bp band from P. guttata revealed a close alignment with sequences of P. moricola (92%), P. kakicola (94%), and P. fraxini (92%). The sequence of P. guttata in C. florida also had a 98% identity with P. guttata in Calycanthus occidentalis and 94% identity with P. guttata in Corylus cornuta.
A scaled 1.8 V, 0.18 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS technology: device design and reliability considerations

Device design improvements for scaling to a high performance 1.8 V, 0.18 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS technology are presented. nMOS with nominal I/sub drive/(I/sub drive//sup nom/)=55 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m drive (with t/sub ox//sup acc/=43 /spl Aring/, t/sub ox//sup inv/=49 /spl Aring/ from C-V at V/sub gb/=-4, +2.5V), R/sub sd/<280 /spl Omega/-/spl mu/m, L/sub g//sup min/ (minimum gate length at I/sub off/=1 nA//spl mu/m)=0.16 /spl mu/m, and hot carrier lifetime /spl Gt/10 years is achieved. Increased As HDD dose, pocket implant, and RTA HDD anneal are required for simultaneous high I/sub drive//sup nom/, high carrier velocity vs. DIBL, and L/sub g//sup min/=0.16 /spl mu/m. pMOS with L/sub g//sup min/=0.16 /spl mu/m and with I/sub drive//sup nom/=220 /spl mu//spl alpha///spl mu/m is achieved. BF/sub 2/ HDD plus RTA HDD anneal prior to sidewall deposition to eliminate interstitial enhanced B tail diffusion are utilized to form more abrupt pMOS HDD junctions. Super-steep retrograde (SSR) As channel profile reduces SCE and increases v/sub eff/ (and I/sub drive/) vs. DIBL, but decreases v/sub eff/ (and I/sub drive/) vs. I/sub off/, compared to a non-SSR profile. pMOS (I/sub drive//sup nom/)=220 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m (with non-SSR profile) and nMOS I/sub drive//sup nom/)=550 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m result in a 30% improvement in speed for the 1.8 V, 0.18 /spl mu/m technology compared to a prior 2.5 V, 0.25 /spl mu/m technology.
The Root System

A Euclidean space is a real vector space \(\mathcal{V}\) endowed with an inner product, that is, a positive definite symmetric bilinear form. We denote this inner product by \(\left \langle \;,\;\right \rangle\). If \(0\neq \alpha \in \mathcal{V}\), consider the transformation \(s_{\alpha }: \mathcal{V}\longrightarrow \mathcal{V}\) given by $$\displaystyle{ s_{\alpha }(x) = x -\frac{2\left \langle x,\alpha \right \rangle } {\left \langle \alpha,\alpha \right \rangle } \alpha. }$$ (18.1) This is the reflection attached to α. Geometrically, it is the reflection in the plane perpendicular to α. We have \(s_{\alpha }(\alpha ) = -\alpha\), while any element of that plane (with \(\left \langle x,\alpha \right \rangle = 0\)) is unchanged by s α.
Compression and rendering of concentric mosaics with reference block codec (RBC)

Concentric mosaics have the ability to quickly capture a complete 3D view of a realistic environment and to enable a user to wander freely in the environment. However, the data amount of the concentric mosaics is huge. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to compress the concentric mosaic image array through motion compensation and residue coding, which we called reference block codec. A two-level index table is embedded in the compressed bitstream for random access. During the rendering, the entire compressed concentric mosaic scene is not fully expanded at any time. Instead, only the contents necessary to render the current view are decoded in real time. We denote such rendering scheme as just-in-time rendering. Four decoder caches are implemented to speed up the rendering.
Uniform plasma model of shot noise in gyroklystrons

Theoretical estimates of electron cyclotron shot noise in gyroklystrons have recently been confirmed at low currents. However at high beam current, the noise temperature is always reduced. We examine the effect of transverse collective effects on the shot noise. There are two collective effects; shielding, which reduces the noise; and instability, which increases it. It is shown that the effect of transverse shielding is negligible unless the gyrotron beam is extremely cold. Regarding instability, if the bare shot noise amplitude is denoted /spl Xi/, then the shot noise, including the effect of instability, can be expressed as /spl Xi/(1+A exp /spl Gamma/), where /spl Gamma/ is the integrated growth. The effect of instability is then measured by two parameters, /spl Gamma/ and A. For a cold gyrotron beam, A is about 0.3, meaning about 10 dB of power growth is needed for the instability to manifest itself. Thermal effects both reduce A and /spl Gamma/. For realistic gyrotron beams, about 20-25 dB of power e folds would be necessary for instability to manifest itself. To summarize, the theory developed explains the absence of instability in the measurements, but indicates that phenomena other than transverse shielding are responsible for the noise reduction.
Experiences with Honeypot Systems: Development, Deployment, and Analysis

This paper presents a summary of university research performed on honeypot techniques and summarizes the results Honeypots are computing resources that serve no other purpose on a network than to be a target for attackers, and log data about the attacks. Low-interaction and high-interaction honeypots were implemented and deployed on a university network, and data was logged and analyzed about attacks that occurred during the honeypots deployment. Current efforts in the "black hat" attacker community focusing on detecting and subverting honeypots are discussed, and recommendations are made to improve the usage of honeypots as an attack profiling tool by improving the control measures that make a honeypot easy to detect.
Atmospheric glow discharge plasmas using a microhollow cathode device

Glow discharges are known to have relatively high electron densities even while maintaining stability. Applications of these discharges are numerous and include plasma reflectors and absorbers of electromagnetic radiation, surface treatment, thin film deposition and gas lasers.
Back from the Brink: Unemployed Women in Maine Get a Second Chance

In 2008, Maine increased access to postsecondary education and training for unemployed individuals by creating the Competitive Skills Scholarship Program (CSSP) with the twin goals of increasing the pool of skilled individuals for employers and increasing readiness for well-paying jobs for participants. This article reports on a 2009 survey of female CSSP participants, 60 percent of whom had incomes below the poverty line. Thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed three themes: increased confidence, role models for children, and empowered to leave abusive relationships. Women completing the program reported increased earnings and stable family situations. Implications of this innovative program are discussed.
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome and aganglionosis in trisomy 18.

Ultrasonography at 23 weeks of gestation documented the presence of megacystis with horseshoe kidney, microcolon, intestinal malrotation, and decreased amniotic fluid volume. After pregnancy termination, an autopsy was performed. The external phenotype was diagnostic of the trisomy 18 syndrome confirmed by chromosome examination. The fetus also had a massively distended bladder with parchment-thin wall, microcolon, intestinal malrotation but no urethral obstruction or hydronephrosis. No ganglion cells were present in the colon or bladder. This has not been mentioned in other reported cases and, therefore, suggests pathogenic heterogeneity. The megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition of unknown pathogenesis whose genes map to 15q24. Thus, its previously undescribed presence in trisomy 18 further suggests etiologic heterogeneity.
Behavior and Cognition of Economic Actors in Evolutionary Economics

An evolutionary perspective on the nature of economic activity requires a theory of human behavior and cognition that highlights human creativity and innovativeness, while at the same time recognizing that in many arenas of economic life change is slow and more routine aspects of behavior obtain. It is proposed that Herbert Simon’s conception of human behavior as largely “bounded rational” is capable of suiting both aspects. However, to be able to encompass the enormous advances humans have achieved over the years in their ability to meet a variety of wants, a theory of behavior and cognition suitable for evolutionary economics needs to recognize the evolving cultural context of economic behavior and cognition.
Status of the Snuffbox Mussel Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque) in Illinois: a Functionally Extirpated Species

Within Illinois, the state-endangered snuffbox mussel Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque) is currently found only in a small stretch of the Embarras River in Douglas and Coles counties and is considered one of the rarest freshwater mussels in the state. To assess the current population status of E. triquetra in Illinois, I estimated density, length frequency, and sex ratio of the Embarras River population. I also examined the status of the snuffbox mussel’s host fish, the logperch Percina caprodes (Rafinesque), to determine if the fish was present in this area. Seven sites in the Embarras River were sampled for freshwater mussels and fishes during the summers of 2007 and 2008 using common sampling protocols. Only five adult (>55 mm) E. triquetra males were collected from two sites, suggesting this species is functionally extirpated in Illinois. Although P. caprodes was collected at five sites including the two that housed E. triquetra, it occurred at low densities. It seems unlikely that E. triquetra can recover naturally in Illinois, and carefully planned translocation or augmentation methods might be required to restore the species.
Imaging predictors of procedural and clinical outcome in endovascular acute stroke therapy

Acute stroke affects 795,000 people per year in the United States, and eighty-seven percent of these represent ischemic stroke. New level I evidence has created a need for consistent, effective and rapid triage of stroke patients to properly select those who will most benefit from endovascular stroke therapy. This review highlights anatomical factors and imaging signs that are prognostic with respect to stroke outcome and which could aid in the selection of patients that could most benefit from interventional stroke therapies, as well as exclude patients from therapy who are at a high risk of complication.
Closing Values of Martingales with Finite Lifetimes

Throughout this paper, ζ denotes a fixed stopping time that will be considered to be the time of occurrence of some physical event which signals the end of the lifetime of a process. We imagine that processes with lifetime ζ are observable only strictly prior to ζ, so that all meaningful constructions associated with such processes should be based only on their values strictly prior to ζ. Of particular interest is the case in which ζ is the lifetime of a right process X. In this situation, X is supposed to be sent to a dead state after its lifetime, and no further information is generated by it after that time.
Alcohol in HIV and Possible Interactions with Antiretroviral Medications

Chronic alcohol abuse is a contributing factor to HIV-1 transmission [1–3], disease progression [4, 5], and late presentation for diagnosis and early treatment [6]. The longitudinal effects of alcohol consumption in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART), however, have not been sufficiently investigated beyond the well-documented behavioral consequences of alcoholism on ART adherence [7–9]. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) have demonstrated their effectiveness as a family of antiretroviral drugs against HIV-1 for more than 15 years. NRTI in combination with non-NRTIs and protease inhibitors (PIs) are still the cornerstone of HIV treatment, despite their well-described side effects, including liver toxicity. Although the newest NRTIs are less liver-toxic with fewer side effects, the long-term multifactorial and synergistic interactions between alcohol consumption and HIV treatment have not been well documented [10, 11]. This chapter will explore the interaction between alcohol consumption and ART and the mechanistic roles of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA damage in explaining this interaction in people living with HIV.
Determinants of Women's Substantive Representation in Post-War Sierra Leone: Who Fights for Whom?

In 2007, 17 women parliamentarians were elected in Sierra Leone, out of a total of 112 seats (excluding those reserved for paramount chiefs). Much of the literature on women’s political representation argues that a critical threshold of at least 30 percent must be attained before women’s descriptive representation yields substantive benefits. In Sierra Leone, although the numbers remain low, one still finds that some women parliamentarians do conceptualize their role in terms of advocating for the rights and advancements of women in general, while others are more likely to couch their responsibilities as falling within the purview of the party or around other themes. Based on qualitative interviews conducted with a majority of the female parliamentarians in 2010, this paper examines the factors that contribute to how women perceive their role in parliament, the battles they choose to fight as well as their success in promoting policies and programs that advance women’s rights and development. In so doing, the paper contributes to understanding the circumstances and characteristics that contribute to the ability of women politicians to forge a more activist agenda once in office.
Infant bone age estimation based on fibular shaft length: model development and clinical validation

Bone age in infants (<1 year old) is generally estimated using hand/wrist or knee radiographs, or by counting ossification centers. The accuracy and reproducibility of these techniques are largely unknown. To develop and validate an infant bone age estimation technique using fibular shaft length and compare it to conventional methods. We retrospectively reviewed negative skeletal surveys of 247 term-born low-risk-of-abuse infants (no persistent child protection team concerns) from July 2005 to February 2013, and randomized them into two datasets: (1) model development (n = 123) and (2) model testing (n = 124). Three pediatric radiologists measured all fibular shaft lengths. An ordinary linear regression model was fitted to dataset 1, and the model was evaluated using dataset 2. Readers also estimated infant bone ages in dataset 2 using (1) the hemiskeleton method of Sontag, (2) the hemiskeleton method of Elgenmark, (3) the hand/wrist atlas of Greulich and Pyle, and (4) the knee atlas of Pyle and Hoerr. For validation, we selected lower-extremity radiographs of 114 normal infants with no suspicion of abuse. Readers measured the fibulas and also estimated bone ages using the knee atlas. Bone age estimates from the proposed method were compared to the other methods. The proposed method outperformed all other methods in accuracy and reproducibility. Its accuracy was similar for the testing and validating datasets, with root-mean-square error of 36 days and 37 days; mean absolute error of 28 days and 31 days; and error variability of 22 days and 20 days, respectively. This study provides strong support for an infant bone age estimation technique based on fibular shaft length as a more accurate alternative to conventional methods.
Introduction to advanced nanocomposites in civil, structural, and construction engineering

Technological and material advancements were associated with every period of human history. A key turning point of modern history is the development of concrete and cementitious composites, which permitted the construction of large-scale civil infrastructure systems that serve as the foundation of society today. More recently, the need for achieving higher performance led to various innovations in advanced materials for civil, structural, and construction engineering. This book surveys some of the major work related to using nanotechnology for improving the performance of cement composites, pavement, and structural coatings. In particular, the trend is to transform conventional materials into ones that are multifunctional, where they not only preserve their load-carrying capabilities but also incorporate other desirable features, such as self-sensing, energy dissipation, self-heating, and/or self-healing, among many others.
Spectrum of Benign Occipital Epilepsies of Childhood

The clinical, electroencephalographic and genetic characteristics of Panayiotopoulos and Gastaut syndromes were explored, using twin and multiplex family studies, by researchers at The University of Melbourne, Australia, and Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Optimization of Radiopharmacy by Redesign

The increased emphasis on radiopharmaceutical quality and the increase in the volume of patient examinations has necessitated the redesign of the physical and operational structure of our radiopharmacy. Changes in the physical structure included (A) the addition of a lead-lined wall, (B) construction of a lead-lined storage cabinet, (C) design and construction of a portable cabinet for the dose calibrator, records, and inventory sheets, and (D) a laminar flow hood. Operational changes included (A) the development of a rapid quality control chromatography system, (B) establishment of a permanent quality control record book, and (C) addition of a color-coded labeling system. Redesign has improved the quality of radiopharmaceutical dispensing, cell labeling, and quality control. Structural design was accomplished utilizing the existing floor space and at a relatively reasonable cost.
Agent-Based Distributed Volt/Var Control With Distributed Power Flow Solver in Smart Grid

In this paper, a new and completely distributed algorithm for integrated volt/var control is presented. The algorithm is based on a multiagent system, which provides distributed intelligence to smart grid. The voltage regulator and shunt capacitor controlled by intelligent agents collaborate to determine the optimal setting for the entire system. The optimization objectives include maintaining the system voltage profile within a specified range, minimizing system loss, and reducing the switching of shunt capacitors. To achieve these objectives, an updated agent-based distributed power flow solver is used. The proposed algorithm is validated through the modified IEEE 34 node test feeder.
Abstract MP08: Evaluating the Influence of Bloomberg Era Policy on New York City Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Rates

Background: Since 2002, under the Bloomberg administration, New York City (NYC) has aggressively pursued and implemented a broad set of public health policies to reduce chronic disease. Limited research exists evaluating secular trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality against the backdrop of these policy initiatives. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that CVD mortality trends declined more rapidly during the years 2002-2011 compared with the previous decade. Methods: Using individual death certificates of NYC residents during 1990-2011, all-cause mortality rates were calculated in addition to the following cause-specific mortality rates: any CVD, atherosclerotic CVD (ACVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, ischemic stroke. Mortality rates were age and sex standardized to the NYC year 2000 population. Joinpoint regression identified years in which mortality trends changed after excluding 116,285 deaths (10% of all deaths) occurring in 9 NYC hospitals (due to their participation in a cause of death reporting quality improvement training in 2009, sponsored by NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene (DOHMH)). Results: 1,149,217 deaths occurred to NYC residents from 1990-2011, 566,181 among women and 583,036 among men. The annual percent change (APC) in all-cause mortality rates for women and men were -2.6% and -7.1% between 1994 and 1998, while rates were approximately -2.5% for both sexes from 1998-2011. CVD accounted 49.5% and 37.5% of deaths among women and men, respectively in 1990; in 2011 these proportions were 40.4% and 35.3%. Age standardized CVD mortality rates (per 100,000) for women and men were 391.0 and 357.8 in 1990 vs. 197.2 and 166.2 in 2011. Overall CVD mortality rates increased in women and men by 1.7% and 0.05% from 1990-1993 and began to decline in 1993 with APCs of -3.8% and -4.0% during 1993-2011. In contrast, the decline in atherosclerotic CVD mortality accelerated during 2002-2011 (APC=-4.7%) vs. 1990-2002 (APC=-2.4%) among men. Among women, atherosclerotic CVD rates began to decline more rapidly in 1993 (APC=-3.2%) and again in 2006 (APC=-6.6%) vs. 1990-1993 (APC=1.9%). Similar trends were evident for CAD mortality. Ischemic stroke mortality rates declined steadily from 1990-2011 in both sexes and there was no evidence of change in these trends. Results were generally consistent when all hospitals were included with the exception of rates for overall CVD mortality, which began to show more rapid decline in 2009 - immediately following DOHMH cause-of-death training efforts. Conclusion: Overall, CVD mortality rates in NYC did not accelerate during the 2002-2011 period after accounting for changes in cause of death reporting. However, atherosclerotic CVD rates did appear to change in slope (shift to declining more rapidly) during this period, with possible differences in timing between men and women.
A comparison of nematode-capturing efficiencies of fiveDactylella species at four temperatures

The data and observations presented indicate that the factors controlling the nematode-capturing efficiency of predaceous fungi are complex. There seems to be little correlation between the ability to capture nematodes and the optimum growth rate of the capturing fungus, but there may be some relation between the motility of a nematode and the ease with which it may be captured. Since soil contains many fungi and nematodes competing for nutrients in fairly restricted spheres such as soil particles, bits of organic matter, or the rhizospheres of growing plants, the influence of a nematode-supporting fungus such asPenicillium digitatum on a predaceous fungus may be greater than the direct effect of some nematode upon the predaceous fungus or vice versa.
Analysis of detection results of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in markets in Yuhang of Hangzhou from 2007 to 2011

Objective To understand the situation and trend of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in markets within the Yuhang district.Methods A total of 480 random samples were detected in accordance with national standard examination method and evaluated with national standards.Results In 480 products,the detection rate and the over-limited rate were 4.17% and 3.54%,three kinds of organophosphorus were detected but carbamate pesticide not.In five years,the over-limited rate was between 0% ～ 18.33%,the detection range was between 0.017 mg / kg ～ 160 mg / kg.Organophosphorus pesticides detection rate of greens was highest.Conclusion There is pesticide residues pollution in fruits and vegetables in markets in Yuhang city,but,pesticide residue detection rate and over-limited rate decrease obviously and tend to be stable from 2008.
Surgical aspects of airway management in infants and children.

Advances in respiratory support for sick infants have saved thousands of lives and at the same time produced a new spectrum of airway problems which must be dealt with effectively. The surgeon who takes on such problems should be specially trained and dedicated to the unique requirements of infants and children.
An anisotropic nanosphere in a uniform field

Fields internal and external to an anisotropic nanosphere illuminated by a plane electromagnetic wave are expressed using a quasi-static approach. The field expressions obtained are particularly relevant for circuit modeling of nanoparticles. Closed form expressions for angles of refraction are given. The results are illustrated with two numerical examples. Assuming the nanosphere to be gyrotropic biased by a static magnetic field, variation in refraction with the orientation of magnetic field is shown.
A tunable microstrip photonic crystal bandgap device with plasma elements

A tunable microstrip bandgap device with plasma elements is designed and experimentally characterized. A straight microstrip waveguide with patterned holes in the copper ground plane form a photonic bandgap structure, with an operating frequency of 2 GHz–10 GHz. ANSYS HFSS simulations were performed to characterize the transmission characteristics of the device. A switchable plasma element is integrated into one of the holes in the ground plane using a pulsed laser generated plasma. Atmospheric and argon gas conditions were used for the generation of the laser plasma. The plasma element in the ground plane bandgap structure allows the transmission in the bandgap frequencies to be tuned as a function of plasma density.
How is linguistic memory accessed? A psychophysiological approach

The role of "subvocalization" during language comprehension, especially reading, is examined. Four arguments against it having a role in accessing memory are erroneous because 1) its latency is much shorter than is conventionally stated; 2) rate of visual information processing is erroneously estimated by failing to distinguish between reading and scanning; 3) covert speech does not disappear in the competent language performer; and 4) the argument that subvocalization is an epiphenomenon is irrelevant. Rather, data support the generalization that covert speech is present during all cognitive functioning and that its specific topography is discriminatively related to the class of phoneme being processed. It is thus inferred that during cognition the speech musculature generates a phonetic code that may function to access linguistic memory. However, since there are also numerous other psychophysiologic events associated with covert speech, a multichannel processing system is hypothesized wherein speech, visual, and kinesthetic modalities interact with the brain. Illustrations are given of how this accessing model is compatible with existing holographic and feature analyzer models of memory. Data are presented that illustrate how phonetically encoded neuromuscular events can be directly measured through psychophysiologic methods. It is hypothesized that cognitive processes are generated when cybernetic neuromuscular circuits selectively interact. Consequently, all components of these neuromuscular circuits serve a function during cognition so that a role for "subvocalization" (a muscular component) cannot be ruled out in an apriori manner.
Swampwalls: dark matter and the lumpen army of art

Dominant notions of contemporary art are being overturned not by some radical avant-garde theory or movement, but instead by an “uprising” from within the confines of the “art factory,” as well as by newly embodied instances of informal everyday creativity that high culture has long overlooked. Theorists Negt and Kluge might have described this insurrection as the partial unblocking of a counter-public or proletarian sphere: a realm of fragmented identities and working class fantasy generated in response to the alienating conditions of capitalism. A more specific cultural interpretation suggests this mutiny from within and assault from below is the irrepressible brightening of “creative dark matter:” that marginalized and systematically underdeveloped aggregate of creative productivity, which nonetheless reproduces the material and symbolic economy of high culture. The results are explosive, or at least potentially so as this long, pent-up shadow archive spills out into the once forbidden dwelling place o...
SHMEM-MT: A Benchmark Suite for Assessing Multi-threaded SHMEM Performance

OpenSHMEM is a popular one-sided communication library for high-performance computing systems developed around 2010 at the University of Houston [2]. It is becoming an increasingly popular programming model for next-generation HPC applications and systems because of its simple, intuitive interface and the proliferation of one-sided communication devices such as Infiniband [1]. Despite its increasing popularity, there are few benchmarks or mini-applications for evaluating and optimizing OpenSHMEM system software and hardware performance. This is particularly true for emerging multi-core and many-core systems on which OpenSHMEM is particularly important.
The Papal Apocrisiarii in Constantinople during the Pontificate of Gregory i, 590–604

From the fifth through to the eighth century an ecclesiastical official, the apocrisiarius, streamlined the effective governance of both Church and Empire by serving as the pope's permanent representative at the imperial Byzantine court. The letters of a former apocrisiarius, Pope Gregory i, serve as the best sources for uncovering the duties of this office and its benefits to the Church and the Empire. Investigating this office under Gregory emphasises the independent ambassadorial mandate given to these men and highlights the vital role of personal relationships in the conduct of imperial business.
Zinc-blende to rocksalt transition in SiC in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell

We explore the stability of the ambient pressure zinc-blende polymorph (B3) structure of silicon carbide (SiC) at high pressures and temperatures where it transforms to the rocksalt (B1) structure. We find that the transition occurs \ensuremath{\sim}40 GPa lower than previously measured when heated to moderately high temperatures. A lower transition pressure is consistent with the transition pressures predicted in numerous ab initio computations. We find a large volume decrease across the transition of \ensuremath{\sim}17%, with the volume drop increasing at higher formation pressures, suggesting this transition is volume driven yielding a nearly pressure-independent Clapeyron slope. Such a dramatic density increase occurring at pressure is important to consider in applications where SiC is exposed to extreme conditions, such as in industrial applications or planetary interiors.
Pressure Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus in Strawberry Puree and Sliced Green Onions

Hepatitis A can be acquired by ingesting contaminated produce. To investigate the potential of high-pressure processing as an intervention strategy for virus in produce, strawberry puree and sliced green onions were inoculated with > 10(6) PFU of hepatitis A virus and treated with pressures ranging from 225 to 375 megapascals (MPa) in 25-MPa increments at ambient temperature. Subsequent virus extraction and plaque assay determined that hepatitis A virus was inactivated in strawberry puree and sliced green onions after 5-min exposures to pressures of 375 MPa with log PFU reductions of 4.32 and 4.75, respectively. Hepatitis A virus was equally sensitive in puree and onions at pressures > or = 350 MPa. For treatments of < 325 MPa, the virus was more sensitive to pressure in strawberry puree than in sliced onions with log reductions of 1.2, 2.06, and 3.13 observed for strawberries and 0.28, 0.72, and 1.42 observed for onions after 5-min treatments at 250, 275, and 300 MPa, respectively. Although high-pressure processing may cause some organoleptic alterations to strawberries and onions, results show high-pressure processing will inactivate hepatitis A virus in these foods.
Performance optimization of CO2 heat pump water heater

Abstract A preliminary analysis was conducted to analyze the performance of a heat pump water heater (HPWH) that uses CO 2 as the refrigerant. A model to predict the performance was developed and calibrated based on the experimental data for an existing HPWH using a CO 2 refrigerant. The calibrated model was then used to run a parametric analysis in which factors such as water supply temperature, water circulation rate, tank stratification, and condenser configuration were considered. The performance of a commercial CO 2 system was compared with that of a similar system using R-134a as the refrigerant. It was found that CO 2 HPWH performance was comparable to that of an R-134a HPWH, more so for a separated gas cooler configuration. For comparable performance, the compressor size and the tube-in-tube heat exchanger (condenser/gas cooler) size were compared for CO 2 - and R-134a-based systems. The impact of the water circulation rate on the water temperature stratification in the tank, an essential requirement for higher performance for CO 2 HPWH systems was also investigated.
Overview: A Framework for the Discussion of Sleep in Multiple Sclerosis.

This review will focus on the causes, consequences, workup, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome in patients with MS. An approach to the discussion of sleep problems and associated symptoms with MS patients, to facilitate timely and accurate diagnosis, is emphasized. Recent research suggests that sleep-disordered breathing, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome disproportionately affect patients with MS and contribute to substantial morbidity in this population. Sleep-disordered breathing, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome are common but frequently under-recognized conditions in patients with MS. Additional efforts are needed to incorporate discussions about sleep into the clinical evaluation of MS patients. Neuroanatomical features, concomitant comorbidities, and medications associated with MS may partially explain the high prevalence of these disorders in MS. Prompt identification and treatment of sleep disorders may reduce fatigue, and a thorough discussion with the MS patient about their sleep will facilitate fatigue management. Research that further characterizes recently identified relationships between sleep disturbances and other chronic symptoms in MS such as pain, depression, and cognitive dysfunction could identify new pathways to improve some of the most debilitating symptoms of MS.
Impact evolution of asteroid shapes: 1. random mass redistribution

We explore whether the cumulative effect of small-scale meteoroid bombardment can drive asteroids into nonaxisymmetric shapes comparable to those of known objects (elongated prolate forms, twin-lobed binaries, etc). We simulate impact cratering as an excavation followed by the launch, orbit, and reimpact of ejecta. Orbits are determined by the gravity and rotation of the evolving asteroid, whose shape and spin change as cratering occurs repeatedly. For simplicity we consider an end-member evolution where impactors are all much smaller than the asteroid and where all ejecta remain bound. Given those assumptions, we find that cumulative small impacts on rotating asteroids lead to oblate shapes, irrespective of the chosen value for angle of repose or for initial angular momentum. The more rapidly a body is spinning, the more flattened the outcome, but oblateness prevails. Most actual asteroids, by contrast, appear spherical to prolate. We also evaluate the timescale for reshaping by small impacts and compare it to the timescale for catastrophic disruption. For all but the steepest size distributions of impactors, reshaping from small impacts takes more than an order of magnitude longer than catastrophic disruption. We conclude that small-scale cratering is probably not dominant in shaping asteroids, unless our assumptions are naive. We believe we have ruled out the end-member scenario; future modeling shall include angular momentum evolution from impacts, mass loss in the strength regime, and craters with diameters up to the disruption threshold. The ultimate goal is to find out how asteroids get their shapes and spins and whether tidal encounters in fact play a dominant role.
Proteomic Analysis of Combined Gemcitabine and Birinapant in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pancreatic cancer is characterized by mutated signaling pathways and a high incidence of drug resistance. Comprehensive, large-scale proteomic analysis can provide a system-wide view of signaling networks, assist in understanding drug mechanisms of action and interactions, and serve as a useful tool for pancreatic cancer research. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was applied to characterize the combination of gemcitabine and birinapant in pancreatic cancer cells, which was shown previously to be synergistic. A total of 4069 drug-responsive proteins were identified and quantified in a time-series proteome analysis. This rich dataset provides broad views and accurate quantification of signaling pathways. Pathways relating to DNA damage response regulations, DNA repair, anti-apoptosis, pro-migration/invasion were implicated as underlying mechanisms for gemcitabine resistance and for the beneficial effects of the drug combination. Promising drug targets were identified for future investigation. This study also provides a database for systems mathematical modeling to relate drug effects and interactions in various signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer cells.
Identifying Evolutionary Patterns of SMBHs Using Characteristic Variables of the Quasar AGNs of eBOSS

WeÂ intendÂ toÂ investigateÂ theÂ redshiftÂ distributionÂ andÂ environmentalÂ conditionsÂ ofÂ quasarÂ AGNs.Â WeÂ employÂ specific redshiftÂ binsÂ withinÂ eBOSSÂ toÂ drawÂ conclusionsÂ onÂ theÂ evolutionaryÂ pathÂ ofÂ supermassiveÂ blackÂ holesÂ (SMBHs)Â and howÂ itÂ isÂ dependentÂ onÂ environment;Â inÂ additionÂ weÂ seekÂ toÂ determineÂ theÂ extentÂ toÂ whichÂ AGNÂ feedbackÂ is responsibleÂ forÂ heatingÂ withinÂ theÂ intergalactic mediumÂ ofÂ galaxyÂ groups.
Speeding up Mutation Testing via Regression Test Selection: An Extensive Study

Mutation testing is one of the most powerful methodologies to evaluate the quality of test suites, and has also been demonstrated to be effective for various other testing and debugging problems, e.g., test generation, fault localization, and program repair. However, despite various mutation testing optimization techniques, mutation testing is still notoriously time-consuming. Regression Testing Selection (RTS) has been widely used to speed up regression testing. Given a new program revision, RTS techniques only select and rerun the tests that may be affected by code changes, since the other tests should have the same results as the prior revision. To date, various practical RTS tools have been developed and used in practice. Intuitively, such RTS tools may be directly used to speed up mutation testing of evolving software systems, since we can simply recollect the mutation testing results of the affected tests while directly obtaining the mutation testing results for the other tests from the prior revision. However, to our knowledge, there is no such study. Therefore, in this paper, we perform the first extensive study (using 1513 revisions of 20 real-world GitHub Java projects, totalling 83.26 Million LoC) on the effectiveness and efficiency of various RTS techniques in speeding up mutation testing. Our study results demonstrate that both file-level static and dynamic RTS can achieve precise and efficient mutation testing, providing practical guidelines for developers.
PRE-OPERATIONAL TESTING OF TFTR SYSTEMS

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is composed of 21 major systems, all of which must function in order to meet project objectives. To assure adequate, timely and reliable function of these systems, a sequence of tests is planned for various levels of assembly. The test sequence is keyed to initial operational phases based on startup at the end of 1982. Additional tests are planned for later operational phases leading to full power performance with deuterium and tritium. Four categories of tests are included; Vendor, Construction, System and Integrated System Tests. Testing is performed by vendors to Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) specifications for purchased equipment, by on-site subcontractors for constructed items, and by PPPL personnel for installed subsystems, systems and integrated systems. The overall test sequence is intended to expose design and fabrication problems as early as possible for corrective action to minimize impact on the schedule. Safety of personnel and equipment is a primary consideration in test planning. Personnel safety interlocks and hard-wired equipment protection interlocks are checked before operational tests are performed. Operational tests begin at low power levels and progress in steps to design levels while critical parameters are monitored. Because all aspects of TFTR operation are controlled by the Central Instrumentation, Control and Data Acquisition (CICADA) System, it is important that its computer hardware and software be available to support integrated system tests. The test plan is designed to provide that support. This paper defines the testing categories and the objectives of the test plan and presents the sequence of tests required to meet the goals of initial TFTR operation.
Performance of the revised Bethesda guidelines for identification of colorectal carcinomas with a high level of microsatellite instability.

Abstract Context.—Criteria for microsatellite instability (MSI) testing to rule out hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer were recently revised and include parameters such as age and specific histologic features that can be identified by the pathologist, triggering reflex MSI testing. Objective.—To review the performance of the revised Bethesda guidelines to identify MSI-positive colorectal cancers. Design.—Seventy-five patients with colorectal cancer were included; 68 patients younger than 50 years and 7 patients between 50 and 60 years were selected based on histopathologic criteria. Microsatellite instability testing with the National Cancer Institute–recommended panel and immunohistochemistry for hMLH1 and hMSH2 were performed. Tumors were classified into microsatellite instability high (MSI-H), low (MSI-L), or stable (MSS) categories. Results.—Overall, 17 (23%) of 75 colorectal cancer cases were classified as MSI-H, including 13 patients younger than 50 years and 4 patients between 50 and 60 year...
Microstructural Evolution of Nafion During Uniaxial Deformation Monitored by X-ray Scattering

Fuel cells enable direct chemical to electrical conversion of fuel to electricity, providing an efficient and clean process. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), in which protons from hydrogen or methane cross a membrane to react with oxygen producing electricity, are the preferred transportable fuel cell. Nafion is the membrane of choice for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) because its unique microstructure allows rapid transport of protons in a hydrated environment while maintaining mechanical integrity. The teflon-like backbone is hydrophobic while the sulfonated side chains are hydrophilic. In the presence of water molecules this causes the side chains to aggregate into clusters which contain most of the water while the backbone remains relatively dry. Extensive studies have been conducted in order to deduce the size and shape of the microstructural features in order to gain insight into its superior electrochemical and mechanical characteristics, and how they can be further improved (e.g. [1-7]). The shape of these regions (sphere, cylinders, ribbons etc) and their evolution with deformation is still a matter of debate. Here the microstructural evolution is monitored during uniaxial tensile testing via small and wide angle x-ray scattering. Two dimensional scattering profiles are recorded along with stress and strain as a function of time for monotonic, cyclic, and stress relaxation loading histories. These profiles are then reduced to amplitude, location, and orientation for each of the major structural peaks. The scattering data are interpreted in conjunction with existing literature in order to understand the rate and deformation dependent microstructural evolution and its relation to the rate dependent elastic-plastic stress-strain behavior exhibited by Nafion.
Genetic Syndromes with Evidence of Immune Deficiency

In syndromic immune deficiencies, organ system involvement in addition to the immune system are prominent. Patients may present either with evidence of immune deficiencies or with extra-immune features. Across the different conditions numerous organ systems may be affected, including the skeletal, neurologic, dermatologic, or gastrointestinal systems. Many of these conditions are due to a defect in a single gene, although they may also be caused by developmental abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations, or teratogens. The presence of immune defects in a patient with extra-immune organ system involvement should prompt consideration of whether an underlying genetic syndrome is present. Proper and timely diagnosis of a syndromic immune deficiency is important for assessment of other organ systems, and correct prognosis.