cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of AMPA receptor subunits in the hippocampal formation of temporal lobe epilepsy patients.

Abstract The immunocytochemical distribution of the AMPA-selective receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3 were mapped in the human hippocampal formation obtained from surgery for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity was detected in all principal cell types of the hippocampal formation, including hilar neurons, granule cells of the dentate gyrus, and pyramidal cells of the cornu ammonis fields and subiculum. GluR2/3 immunostaining typically filled the cell bodies and processes of neurons. A comparison of GluR2/3 immunoreactivity in a sclerotic specimen versus a non-sclerotic specimen demonstrated a profound loss of staining, specifically in the areas where neuronal dropout was occurring, including CA1, CA3 and the hilus. An analysis of GluR1 immunoreactivity in non-sclerotic specimens revealed that it was predominantly localized to cellular processes throughout the cornu ammonis fields, with a sparse staining of the dentate gyrus outer molecular layer and little to no staining of the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer. Similar to the GluR2/3-immunostained patterns, GluR1 immunoreactivity was lost in the cornu ammonis fields of sclerotic hippocampal specimens, corresponding to patterns of neuronal dropout. Our most compelling finding was a unique extensive pattern of GluR1 and GluR2/3 immunoreactivity throughout the molecular layers of the dentate gyrus of severely compromised hippocampi. The altered staining of GluR1 and GluR2/3 complements some of the patterns of axonal sprouting already described for the dentate gyrus, with a conjecture that their anatomy and distribution pattern underlies to some degree the reorganization of the sclerotic hippocampus. A combination of enhanced glutamatergic transmission and changes in neuropeptides that modulate hippocampal circuitry could greatly affect the degree of excitability in the hippocampal formation. The alterations of GluRl and GluR2/3 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus add another component to the concept of reorganization in the epileptic sclerotic hippocampus.
First observation of the coil–globule transition in a single polymer chain

The conformations of single polymer chains in solution have been studied extensively since the 1940s. At high temperatures and in good solvents, a polymer has an extended coil configuration, while at low temperatures and in poor solvents a polymer is in a collapsed globule state. The transition between the extended and collapsed state as the temperature or solvent composition is varied was thought to be smooth and continuous, and experiments supported this idea1. However, in the 1960s it was suggested2–4 that the transition between the two configurations, the coil–globule transition, was discrete. We now report the first observations of the single polymer coil–globule transition. The observations were made on polyacrylamide molecules dissolved in acetone–water mixtures.
Dna photoreactivating enzyme from human tissues

Abstract Photoreactivating enzyme activity has been quantitated in human fetal skin, kidney, lung, liver, brain and intestine, and in neonatal human foreskin. In all the tissues examined there were at least two activities: one nominally greater than 10 000 Da, and one nominally less than 10 000 Da. Both can photolyze pyrimidine dimers in DNA using only light of wavelengths greater than 320 nm, thus excluding tryptophan-mediated dimer splitting as an important mechanism for these activities. The activities are inactivated by digestion with trypsin or pronase, and decreased partially or totally by heating to 65 °C. The activities from all six tissues, as well as that from neonatal foreskin, act catalytically in dimer photolysis. The properties of macromolecular size, heat lability, protease sensitivity and catalytic pyrimidine dimer photolysis by a non-tryptophan-mediated mechanism correspond to those of a true photoreactivating enzyme.
High-Fat Diet-Induced Retinal Dysfunction.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of obesity-induced prediabetes/early diabetes on the retina to provide new evidence on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes-associated diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model (male C57BL/6J) was used in this study. At the end of the 12-week HFD feeding regimen, mice were evaluated for glucose and insulin tolerance, and retinal light responses were recorded by electroretinogram (ERG). Western immunoblot and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine changes in elements regulating calcium homeostasis between HFD and control retinas, as well as unstained human retinal sections from DR patients and age-appropriate controls. Results Compared to the control, the scotopic and photopic ERGs from HFD mice were decreased. There were significant decreases in molecules related to cell signaling, calcium homeostasis, and glucose metabolism from HFD retinas, including phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT), glucose transporter 4, L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (L-VGCC), and plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA). Similar changes for pAKT, PMCA, and L-VGCC were also observed in human retinal sections from DR patients. Conclusions Obesity-induced hyperglycemic and prediabetic/early diabetic conditions caused detrimental impacts on retinal light sensitivities and health. The decrease of the ERG components in early diabetes reflects the decreased neuronal activity of retinal light responses, which may be caused by a decrease in neuronal calcium signaling. Since PI3K-AKT is important in regulating calcium homeostasis and neural survival, maintaining proper PI3K-AKT signaling in early diabetes or at the prediabetic stage might be a new strategy for DR prevention.
Flexible and lithography-compatible copper foil substrates for ferroelectric thin films

Abstract A process has been developed for preparing a low surface roughness copper foil by evaporation and subsequent peel-off of copper metal layers on glass slides. These 15 micron thick substrates exhibited roughness values between 1 and 2 nm root-mean-square (RMS) and 9 nm RMS over 25 μm2 and 100 μm2 analysis areas, respectively. The deposition and crystallization of barium strontium titanate layers were demonstrated on these smoother variant foils. The fully processed dielectric layers exhibited field tunability greater than 5:1, and could withstand fields in excess of 750 kV/cm. High field loss tangents below 0.007 were observed, making these materials excellent candidates for microwave devices. Finally, a process of lamination and contact lithography was used to demonstrate patterning of micron-scale features suitable for microwave circuit element designs.
1147 PLASMA SOMATOMEDIN IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS ADOLESCENTS IS NORMAL

Growth retardation and malnutrition are common manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF). Since chronic malnutrition is generally characterized by reduced somatomedin (SM) activity despite normal levels of growth hormone (GH), defects in the hypothalamic-pituitary-SM axis have been proposed as etiologic in the growth retardation of CF. Accordingly, we have measured GH, insulin, and SM levels in 15 adolescents with CF and compared them with 9 age matched controls of normal height and weight. All CF subjects were below the 30th percentile in height with 9/15 below the 5th percentile in height and 12/15 below the 5th percentile in weight. Weight to height percentile ratio was 50% or below in 11/15. Fasting 8 AM GH values were similar in both groups: 5.33±1.16 ng/ml (mean±SEM) in CF and 5.76±1.33 ng/ml in controls. Fasting insulin levels were moderately reduced in CF patients: 8.07±0.80μU/ml versus 12.94±1.89μU/ml (p<0.01) although there was no evidence of clinical diabetes. The total plasma SM content, measured by placental radioreceptor assay following G-50 chromatography in formic acid was normal or elevated in all CF patients. SM levels ranged from 0.93-3.54 U/ml, with a mean value of 1.92±0.23 U/ml; control values ranged from 0.89-2.49, with a mean of 1.67±0.20 U/ml. This demonstration of normal plasma SM in subjects with CF contrasts with previous reports of decreased bioassayable SM. We suggest that the H-P-SM axis in CF is intact despite a clinical malnutrition, and that growth retardation may reflect a defect in cellular responsiveness to SM peptides.
Bringing VR and Spatial 3D Interaction to the Masses through Video Games

Virtual reality (VR) and 3D user interface (3D UI) research has been going on for more than 20 years, with limited success in being a part of people's everyday lives.VR and 3D UIs have been useful in areas such as simulation and training, scientific visualization, medicine, and psychological rehabilitation.Our glance at video game history shows three trends that lead us to why 3D Uls and VR are starting to become so popular. First, once game consoles had better graphics and sound, had more interesting stories, and let users play much longer, arcade games had to give players something that they couldn't get on consoles: innovative interfaces that provided more natural means of expression. Second, more complicated video games and video game controllers gave users more expressive power but alienated casual gamers.Third, the technology to make 3D spatial interaction mainstream and not just a gimmick has arrived. Console games had previously incorporated advanced game interfaces (in the late '80s and early '90s) with devices such as the Nintento U-Force, Mattel PowerGlove, and Sega 3D glasses. Popularity of the Wii and games such as Guitar Hero, 3D Uls have finally hit mainstream society, and gamers appear to be thirsty for more. These issues present a great opportunity for 3D UI and VR researchers to determine how to best leverage existing research into games and to develop new interaction methodologies and strategies geared toward console and PC games and their constraints.
Structure formation in a nonlocally modified gravity model

We study a nonlocally modified gravity model proposed by Deser and Woodard [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 111301 (2007)] which gives an explanation for current cosmic acceleration. By deriving and solving the equations governing the evolution of the structure in the Universe, we show that this model predicts a pattern of growth that differs from standard general relativity ($+\mathrm{\text{dark energy}}$) at the 10%--30% level. These differences will be easily probed by the next generation of galaxy surveys, so the model should be tested shortly.
Chickpea leaves as a vegetable green for humans: evaluation of mineral composition

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is generally consumed as a seed food, being a good source of protein and other essential human nutrients. However, young chickpea leaves are also eaten as a cooked vegetable green in certain parts of the world and could be a useful source of dietary nutrients, especially in malnourished populations. Because little information is available on the mineral content of this food, we characterised leaf mineral concentrations in 19 diverse accessions of chickpea. Both desi and kabuli chickpea types were studied. All plants were greenhouse-grown and were fertilised daily with a complete mineral solution. Young, fully expanded leaves (fourth through seventh nodes from the apex) were harvested at both early and late vegetative stages. The leaves were dried, ashed and analysed for mineral concentrations. Macronutrient mineral (Ca, Mg, K, P) concentrations varied from 1.3-fold to 1.8-fold and micronutrient mineral (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, Ni) concentrations varied from 1.5-fold to 2.4-fold across all accessions. No major differences were observed in leaf mineral concentrations between the kabuli and desi types; mineral concentrations were generally lower in leaves collected at the later harvest date. Microscopic analyses demonstrated that all accessions contained crystal inclusions, suggestive of calcium oxalate crystals. Overall, chickpea leaves were found to be a good source of several minerals required by humans, and the levels of most of these minerals significantly exceeded those previously reported for spinach and cabbage.
Deterministic emitter-cavity coupling using a single-site controlled quantum dot

Site-selective epitaxy is used to deterministically control the nucleation site of a single quantum dot. A photonic crystal cavity is fabricated at the dot site for a true single quantum dot-cavity system which, by design, contains no background emitters. Cavity tuning at fixed temperature is used to measure the dot-cavity coupling over a large $(g15\text{ }\text{meV})$ detuning range using nonresonant excitation. The low-excitation spectra are modeled using a master equation model based on incoherent excitation. We find that pure phonon dephasing alone does not account for the observed nonresonant cavity emission and an additional cavity feeding mechanism, consistent with phonon-assisted dot-cavity coupling, must be included to reproduce the experimental spectra.
A Universal Chemical Enrichment Method for Mapping the Yeast N-glycoproteome by Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Glycosylation is one of the most common and important protein modifications in biological systems. Many glycoproteins naturally occur at low abundances, which makes comprehensive analysis extremely difficult. Additionally, glycans are highly heterogeneous, which further complicates analysis in complex samples. Lectin enrichment has been commonly used, but each lectin is inherently specific to one or several carbohydrates, and thus no single or collection of lectin(s) can bind to all glycans. Here we have employed a boronic acid-based chemical method to universally enrich glycopeptides. The reaction between boronic acids and sugars has been extensively investigated, and it is well known that the interaction between boronic acid and diols is one of the strongest reversible covalent bond interactions in an aqueous environment. This strong covalent interaction provides a great opportunity to catch glycopeptides and glycoproteins by boronic acid, whereas the reversible property allows their release without side effects. More importantly, the boronic acid-diol recognition is universal, which provides great capability and potential for comprehensively mapping glycosylation sites in complex biological samples. By combining boronic acid enrichment with PNGase F treatment in heavy-oxygen water and MS, we have identified 816 N-glycosylation sites in 332 yeast proteins, among which 675 sites were well-localized with greater than 99% confidence. The results demonstrated that the boronic acid-based chemical method can effectively enrich glycopeptides for comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation. A general trend seen within the large data set was that there were fewer glycosylation sites toward the C termini of proteins. Of the 332 glycoproteins identified in yeast, 194 were membrane proteins. Many proteins get glycosylated in the high-mannose N-glycan biosynthetic and GPI anchor biosynthetic pathways. Compared with lectin enrichment, the current method is more cost-efficient, generic, and effective. This method can be extensively applied to different complex samples for the comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation.
Materials by numbers

Abstract Computer-based molecular dynamics simulations open avenues in investigations of materials phenomena with refined spatial and temporal resolution. In this article we describe and illustrate studies of surface and interfacial processes pertaining to atomistic mechanisms and modes of growth of amorphous silicon and metal-on-metal films via molecular beam epitaxy and vapor deposition, dynamics of cluster collisions with solid surfaces leading to the formation of shock waves, stability of nano-structures deposited on surfaces, atomic-scale intermetallic adhesive interaction and the energetics, structure and growth of solid and liquid junctions.
Process planning for manual PWB assembly

Abstract This paper discusses a Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) system which was developed for use in a microelectronics Printed Wiring Board (PWB) assembly facility which specializes in contract manufacturing. This CAPP system focuses on the manual PWB assembly process. It is implemented on a central processor within a star topology Local Area Network (LAN) system. The CAPP system is described, and its inputs and outputs are delineated.
Engineered pellets from dry torrefied and HTC biochar blends

Abstract Dry torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are two thermal pretreatment processes for making homogenized, carbon rich, hydrophobic, and energy dense solid fuel from lignocellulosic biomass. Pellets made from torrefied biochar have poor durability compared to pellets of raw biomass. Durability, mass density, and energy density of torrefied biochar pellets decrease with increasing dry torrefaction temperature. Durable pellets of torrefied biochar may be engineered for high durability using HTC biochar as a binder. In this study, biomass dry torrefied for 1 h at 250, 275, 300, and 350 °C was pelletized with various proportions of biomass HTC treated at 260 °C for 5 min. During the pelletization of biochar blends, HTC biochar fills the void spaces and makes solid bridges between torrefied biochar particles, thus increasing the durability of the blended pellets. The engineered pellets' durability is increased with increasing HTC biochar fraction. For instance, engineered pellets of 90% Dry 300 and 10% HTC 260 are 82.5% durable, which is 33% more durable than 100% Dry 300 biochar pellets, and also have 7% higher energy density than 100% Dry 300 biochar pellets.
The relevancy of holland's theory to a nonprofessional occupation

The authors examined job satisfaction and workers' perceptions of a nonprofessional occupation using the Position Classification Inventory (PCI; G. D. Gottfredson & J. L. Holland, 1991). Results revealed high job satisfaction scores and suggest that the PCI shows promise as a method of classifying working-class occupations according to J. L. Holland's (1985, 1997) theory.
Proprioception provides a major input to the horizontal oculomotor system of crayfish.

Abstract Compensatory eye movements in the horizontal (yaw) plane in crayfish are driven by the visual system and by proprioceptors in the legs. We used sinusoidal oscillation of a striped drum around the animal or a turntable beneath its legs to elicit eye movements. The striped drum produced the stronger response at low velocities; the turntable produced the stronger response at high velocities. When both vision and proprioception were stimulated together, the responses summed. The range of velocities of our experimental stimuli (2–35 deg/sec) matched the range of turning velocities generated spontaneously by freely-moving crayfish. Thus, during natural locomotion, proprioception could play a major role in stabilizing the eyes in the horizontal plane.
Ziprasidone for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Review of the Clinical Trials

Ziprasidone is a newer "atypical" or "second-generation" antipsychotic. Oral ziprasidone (ziprasidone hydrochloride) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder (with or without psychotic features). Ziprasidone intramuscular (ziprasidone mesylate) is FDA-approved for acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia. Oral ziprasidone appears efficacious, and has been shown to have some limited clinical advantages over chlorpromazine and haloperidol in ameliorating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In Phase 2 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) for schizophrenia, ziprasidone did not match the clinical performance of olanzapine and risperidone, appearing closer in overall effectiveness to quetiapine. The rate of dose titration and the dose achieved may have an important bearing on ziprasidone's efficacy profile. In studies of usage for acute agitation in individuals with schizophrenia, intramuscular ziprasidone has been shown to be efficacious and relatively well tolerated. Regarding tolerability, ziprasidone, has important advantages in that it is not associated with clinically significant weight gain or adverse changes in cholesterol, triglycerides, or glycemic control, and patients may experience moderate improvement in these measures when switching to ziprasidone from a different antipsychotic agent. It also lacks significant persistent effects on prolactin levels, is not anticholinergic, and only infrequently causes extrapyramidal side effects or postural hypotension, although it can be associated with somnolence. This tolerability profile may be quite valuable in the treatment of some patients. Ziprasidone may prolong the electrocardiogram (ECG) QTc interval (QT interval corrected for heart rate by a standard algorithm), but after 5 years' clinical availability ziprasidone (by itself) does not appear to pose a substantial clinical problem in this regard. Therefore, ziprasidone may be considered a first-line drug option in the treatment of schizophrenia or manic episodes, but, in view of the differences among antipsychotic medications, drug selection should be guided by the patient's individual characteristics and situation.
Roundness and Metric Type

Abstract We prove that if X is a Banach space containing l n p uniformly in n , and if Y is a metric space with metric type q > p , then the inverse of any uniform homeomorphism T from X onto Y cannot satisfy a Lipschitz condition for large distances of order α q / p . It follows that if Y is a midpoint-convex subset of a Banach space Z with type q larger than the type supremum of a Banach space X , then X and Y cannot be uniformly homeomorphic. In particular, we prove the non-existence of uniform homeomorphisms between certain non-commutative L p -spaces and midpoint-convex subsets of another such space. We also prove that if a Banach space X has cotype infimum q larger than two, then it has maximal generalized roundness zero and maximal roundness at most q ′. As a consequence, infinite-dimensional C *-algebras are seen to have maximal generalized roundness zero and maximal roundness one.
The Role of Perceived Organizational Support: Testing a Theoretical Model using Justice Perceptions

This paper answers a call to increase theoretical precision and contributions through refining our current understandings of the relationship between key organizational constructs. Through applying...
Effect of Carbon on the Adhesion of Aluminum Films to Sapphire Substrates

The adhesion of aluminum (Al) films onto sapphire substrates in the presence of controlled contaminants is being investigated. In this study, adhesion strength is evaluated by continuous nanoindentation tests to induce delamination of the Al film from the sapphire substrate. Typically it is difficult to increase the elastic strain energy stored in the film to levels sufficient to promote indentation delaminated blistering in thin ductile films on hard substrates. One method that appears promising is the use of highly stressed overlayers deposited over the Al. An overlayer of sputtered tantalum (Ta) was deposited on 500 rn thick Al films with and without 10 nm of sputtered carbon on the sapphire surface. With Ta overlayers, continuous nanoindentation techniques induced larger diameter delamination blisters in the specimens with carbon, than in the specimens without carbon, indicating a lower resistance to fracture or interfacial strength.
Lactose intake, galactose metabolism and senile cataract.

Abstract The relationship between lactose intake, galactose metabolism and cataracts was examined in 106 subjects age 40 to 70 years. Seventy-three of these subjects had a cataract in at least one lens. Usual lactose intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Galactokinase (GK) and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GPUT) activities were assessed. Subjects were classified as high (above the median) or low (below the median) for lactose intake, and GK and GPUT activities. The median values were 13.1 g/day for lactose intake, 23.6 U/g Hb for GK and 22.2 U/g Hb for GPUT. The data indicate that the risk of cataracts in subjects with low GK activity and high lactose intake was 4.1 times the risk in subjects with low GK and low lactose intake. There was little evidence of an association between lactose intake and cataract risk in subjects with high GK activity. GPUT activity did not appear to modify the relationship between lactose intake and cataract.
Using differential gene expression to study Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis

The release of the Entamoeba histolytica genome has facilitated the development of techniques to survey rapidly and to relate gene expression with biology. The association and potential contribution of differential gene expression to the life cycle and the virulence of this protozoan parasite of humans are reviewed here.
Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer

Sir—Meta-analyses should be seen as hypothesis-generating and not only as providing the last word in a particular argument. In the systematic review and meta-analysis of postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (PORT) (July 25, p 257) 1 the greatest determinant of radiotherapy was evident in those with the least risk of relapse. The hypothesis is that there are two effects in play here: one is a detrimental effect that affects all patients and the other a protective effect from which only patients with a higher risk of relapse stand to gain. Only in stage II (N2) disease do the two seem to balance out without the appearance of either benefit or determinant from the addition of radiotherapy. In his accompanying commentary, 2
Influence of nonstoichiometry on the magnetic properties of Pr2NiO4 and Nd2NiO4

Magnetic susceptibility measurements are reported on single-crystal specimens of Pr2NiO4+δ and Nd2NiO4+δ as a function of oxygen nonstoichiometry, δ. Although only minor deviations from the Curie-Weiss law are observed for severely nonstoichiometric samples, both Pr2NiO4+δ and Nd2NiO4+δ exhibit evidence of long-range magnetic order as δ becomes small. Nd2NiO4+δ decomposes to form Nd2O3 and NiO under sufficiently reducing conditions.
Illumination of crystal surfaces in the electron microscope under rheed and rem geometry

Abstract The illumination of crystal surfaces in the transmission electron microscope under reflection geometry has been investigated. Distributions of both the incident glancing angle and beam azimuth on a perfect crystal surface have been obtained, and their influence on REM imaging of surfaces is discussed with reference to experimental REM images of GaAs and Pt single crystals.
BIMA array observations of comet Hyakutake: upper limit to the 2.7 mm continuum emission

Abstract Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2) was observed with the BIMA array at a wavelength of 2.7 mm. An upper limit of 6.3 mJy per beam is reported, which, if all due to thermal emission from the nucleus of the comet itself, translates into an upper limit of 2.5 km for the comet's radius. The results are compared with detections at sub-mm wavelengths (Jewitt and Matthews, Astron. J. 113, 1145–1151, 1997), and the likelihood of detecting comet Hale-Bopp at mm-cm wavelengths is commented on.
A general method for determination of nucleotide sequences in nucleic acids

A method is proposed for the determiantion of nucleotide sequences in nucleic acids. Briefly, the procedure involves the formation of derivatives specific for either the 3′ or 5′ end of nucleic acid. This is followed by a partial enzymatic hydrolysis to yield specific fragments. The functions of the chemically modifying derivative are (a) to serve as a reference point which positions each base according to its distance from the modified end, (b) to provide a convenient means of separating oligomers with derivatives from those without derivatives, (c) to permit the use of additional parameters of fractionation of oligomers with derivative ends. The features of this method include: construction of long sequences from shorter fragments, unequivocal positioning of fragments, independence from quantitative procedures, economical use of nucleic acid polymer, determination of sequences from both ends simultaneously, application to DNA and RNA. Data are presented on the action of pancreatic ribonuclease on bis-2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazone derivatives of yeast ribonucleic acid and polyuridylic acid.
The shock-cell structures and screech tone frequencies of rectangular and non-axisymmetric supersonic jets

The screech tone frequencies and shock cell structures of non-axisymmetric supersonic jets from convergent-divergent nozzles operating at off-design conditions are investigated. For the purpose of providing a simple yet fairly accurate first order estimate of the gross features of these shock structures and screech tone frequencies, a linear shock cell model is developed. In the model the mixing layer of the jet is approximated by a vortex sheet. It is shown that the model problem for a jet with arbitrary cross-sectional geometry can be solved by eigenfunction expansion. In this paper the associated eigenvalue problems for rectangular and elliptical jets are solved and explicit shock cell structure solutions for these jets are found. To test the validity of the model the theoretical shock cell spacings are compared with the experimental measurements of Powell [1] and Hammitt [2]. Good agreements are obtained over a wide range of Mach number. The shock cell spacing formula is then used to compute the screech tone frequencies of rectangular jets by incorporating it into the weakest link theory of Tam, Seiner and Yu [3]. The calculated tone frequencies are found to agree favorably with the measurements of Powell [4] and Krothapalli et al. [5] over the Mach number range of 1·15 to 1·80. The present theory is simple but admittedly crude. If a more accurate description of the shock cell structures of non-axisymmetric supersonic jets is desired a multiple-scales model following the recent work of Tam, Jackson and Seiner [24] may be constructed. In this case the present vortex sheet model solution could be used as the starting solution (at the nozzle exit) of such a multiple-scales expansion. At the nozzle exit region the mixing layers of the jet is usually fairly thin.
Processes of Change--A Longitudinal Ethno-Archaeological Study of a Ghanaian Village: Hani 1970–98

Most ethno-archaeological research involves the study of single communities over short time periods. As archaeology endeavors to appreciate the processes of change over extended periods of time it is important to obtain insights into the dynamics of past communities by studying comparable communities over periods long enough to delineate significant changes in site formation, uses of material culture and reactions to environmental, economic, and political stimuli. The study of the Ghanaian village of Hani, the successor community to the medieval town of Begho (ca. AD 1100–1800), is unique in that it provides a continuous study of a community over 28 years, during which time the village has been mapped on seven occasions, agricultural practices and collecting activities studied at different seasons, the changing material culture of the village recorded and the attitudes and reactions to environmental, economic, and political changes monitored through a continuous series of questionnaires. Conclusions are drawn as to the effect of these changes and archaeological implications evaluated.
The physiology of ozone induced cell death.

Ozone (O3) is a toxic air pollutant that is, somewhat paradoxically, both beneficial and harmful to life on earth. While stratospheric O3 shields biologically harm ful UY radiation from reaching the earth's surface, tropospheric 03 is toxic to biological organisms. The discovery of the phytotoxicity of O3 during the mid 1950s (Richards et al. 1958) prompted widespread studies on the effects of O3 on plant growth and development. The effect of 03 on biological organisms is attributed to its ability to spontaneously dismutate or react with cellular constituents to generate excess active oxygen species (AOS; Rao et al. 2000a). Several excellent reviews that discuss the source and the chemical reactions of 03 for mation, and the physiological effects of 03 on flora are available, and will not be discussed here (Darrall 1989; Heath and Taylor 1997; Pell et al. 1997). Instead, recent advances on the complex signal transduction pathways of 03-induced cell death will be reviewed.
¿Justicia recta o Justicia subvertida? Dos mujeres musulmanas demandan a un oficial local mudéjar en el siglo XIV aragonés

In 1300 two Muslim women sued a local aljama official in Daroca, claiming he had unlawfully evicted them from their houses, and physically mistreated them, all without due legal process. In the trial, after witnesses corroborated the womens’ claims, the defendant accused them of being unreliable. These objections were not admitted by the magistrate, who found in the women’s favor, and punished the official. A close reading of the process reveals that, far from being a straightforward case of abuse of power, the defendant may well have been in the right. If so, the framing of Ali Dexadet, the lieutenant alamin of Daroca, exemplifies the debilities of Islamic justice in mudejar Aragon, and reveals the depth of the factionalism which often characterized minority communities.
The value of theories for counseling practitioners

The emergence of counseling as a recognized helping profession has led to the introduction of higher standards for counselor education. Emphasis has been placed on a balance between theoretical erudition and practical training. Some counseling practitioners, however, minimize the value of theoretical knowledge and doubt its importance for professional effectiveness. This article challenges such views and points out that counselors cannot remain true professionals unless they undergird their work by adequate theoretical insights. Theories help counselors understand the dynamics of human behavior and choose therapeutic approaches appropriate to specific clients and situations. Psychological theories come alive in the counselor's mind if they are seen as extensions of life experiences of various theorists. To document this reality, the article presents several examples of well-known psycholoical theorists. Counseling practitioners are then encouraged to form, on the basis of existing theories, an operational framework consistent with their own experiences and values.
Crushing Characteristics of Composite Tubes with "Near-Elliptical" Cross Sections:

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine whether the energy-absorption capability of near-elliptical cross-section composite tubular specimens is a function of included angle. Each half of the near-elliptical cross-section tube is a segment of a circle. The included angle is the angle created by radial lines extending from the center of the circular segment to the ends of the circular segment. Graphite- and Kevlar-reinforced epoxy material was used to fabricate specimens. Tube internal diameters were 2.54, 3.81, and 7.62 cm, and included angles were 180, 160, 135, and 90 degrees. Based upon the test results from these tubes, energy-absorption capability increased between 10 and 30 percent as included angle decreased between 180 and 90 degrees for the materials evaluated. Energy-absorption capability was a decreasing nonlinear function of the ratio of tube internal diameter to wall thickness.
Strong Isospin Breaking and Nonleptonic K Decays

Assuming (a) an exactly $|\ensuremath{\Delta}I|=\frac{1}{2}$ weak Lagrangian and (b) the existence of an isospin-breaking term, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}{u}_{3}$, in the strong Hamiltonian, the ratios of reduced decay rates for $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays, observed experimentally to vary from the $|\ensuremath{\Delta}I|=\frac{1}{2}$ predictions by \ensuremath{\sim}10%, are well explained if ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}\ensuremath{\sim}0.05$. Rare $K$-decay modes involving two photons are estimated.
Histogram spectra for multivariate time-varying volume LOD selection

Level of detail techniques are widely applied to minimize sampling error subject to working set size constraints. Typical large data sets being produced today have many variables sampled across time-varying volumes. Visualization of these multivariate volumes is commonly phrased in terms of conditional expressions such as “show variable A where variable B is between B 1 and B 2 .” The bounds, B 1 and B 2 , tend to be specified during the interactive portion of the workflow. Thus, to maximize quality over the salient interval, level of detail selection should also be interactive. We introduce the concept of histogram spectra to quickly and compactly quantify the statistical sensitivity of volumes to sampling. Salient interval volumes of one or more variables are used to select which parts of the histogram spectra are important. The level of detail selection problem, over a time-varying, multivariate, multiresolution volume, is then posed as an integer programming problem using the histogram spectra. We propose an efficient solution enabling interactive LOD selection on large, out-of-core volumes and show its efficacy on two real data sets from different problem domains.
The N-terminal helix of Bcl-xL targets mitochondria

Anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members regulate the mitochondrial phase of apoptotic cell death. The mitochondrial targeting mechanisms of Bcl-2 family proteins are tightly regulated. Known outer mitochondrial membrane targeting sequences include the C-terminal tail and central helical hairpin. Bcl-xL also localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, but these targeting sequences are unknown. Here we investigate the possibility that the N-terminus of Bcl-xL also contains mitochondrial targeting information. Amino acid residues 1-28 of Bcl-xL fused to EGFP are sufficient to target mitochondria. Although positive charges and helical propensity are required for targeting, similar to import sequences the N-terminus is not sufficient for efficient mitochondrial import.
A Variable Fidelity Model Management Framework for Designing Multiphase Materials

Research applications involving design tool development for multi phase material design are at an early stage of development. The computational requirements of advanced numerical tools for simulating material behavior such as the finite element method (FEM) and the molecular dynamics (MD) method can prohibit direct integration of these tools in a design optimization procedure where multiple iterations are required. One, therefore, requires a design approach that can incorporate multiple simulations (multiphysics) of varying fidelity such as FEM and MD in an iterative model management framework that can significantly reduce design cycle times. In this research a material design tool based on a variable fidelity model management framework is presented. In the variable fidelity material design tool, complex "high-fidelity " FEM analyses are performed only to guide the analytic "low-fidelity" model toward the optimal material design. The tool is applied to obtain the optimal distribution of a second phase, consisting of silicon carbide (SiC) fibers, in a silicon-nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) matrix to obtain continuous fiber SiC-Si 3 N 4 ceramic composites with optimal fracture toughness. Using the variable fidelity material design tool in application to two test problems, a reduction in design cycle times of between 40% and 80% is achieved as compared to using a conventional design optimization approach that exclusively calls the high-fidelity FEM. The optimal design obtained using the variable fidelity approach is the same as that obtained using the conventional procedure. The variable fidelity material design tool is extensible to multiscale multiphase material design by using MD based material performance analyses as the high-fidelity analyses in order to guide low-fidelity continuum level numerical tools such as the FEM or finite-difference method with significant savings in the computational time.
First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus

THE living pandas are restricted to the mountains of south-eastern Asia where both the giant panda (Aeluropoda) and the lesser panda (Ailurus) occur. They overlap in geographical range only in Szechuan, China, and there they are separated altitudinally, with the lesser panda favouring higher elevations1. Pleistocene records extend the range of the giant panda into Burma and eastern China, but the lesser panda has apparently not had a significantly wider range during the Quaternary2. Considerable controversy surrounds the phylogenetic relationships of both genera as they represent some of the most derived of terrestrial Carnivora. Recent marshalling of anatomical evidence on the giant panda has demonstrated its fundamental affinity with other members of the Ursidae3. The position of the lesser panda is equivocal although it is usually assigned to the Procyonidae. Procyonids are widely thought to be restricted to the New World, but recent work on various Oligocene and early Miocene forms in Europe4 and North America5 indicate that the procyonids had a Holarctic distribution at that time. Regardless of its broader phylogenetic affinity, the presence of medial and late Miocene relatives of the lesser panda in Pakistan and western Europe (Sivanasua Pilgrim, 1931=Schlossericyon Crusafont, 1959)6 and their absence in the New World makes an Old World origin for this group highly likely. Thus the discovery of a single tooth in North America almost identical to European specimens of the extinct lesser panda Parailurus is unexpected, and must be explained by immigration from Asia.
MEKK3 Expression Correlates With Nuclear Factor κ B Activity and With Expression of Antiapoptotic Genes in Serous Ovarian Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Constitutively activated nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) contributes to the development of cancer by regulating the expression of genes involved in cell survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The authors have demonstrated that MEKK3 plays a critical role in cytokine-mediated NFκB activation, and that stable expression of MEKK3 in cultured cells leads to increased NFκB activity. METHODS: MEKK3 expression in ovarian cancer cells or tumors was assessed by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. NFκB activities were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter assays. Western blot analysis for the survival factors were also performed and correlated with MEKK3 and NFκB activities. Cell survival assays were used to determine the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic agents. RESULTS: The authors found that 63% of the ovarian cancers had higher MEKK3 expression than the normal ovarian epithelial cells. Ovarian cancers with high MEKK3 showed correspondingly high IκB kinase and NFκB activity. Moreover, MEKK3 coimmunoprecipitated with Akt and cooperated with Akt to synergistically activate NFκB. Consistent with increased MEKK3 and NFκB activity in ovarian cancers, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis levels were increased, which correlated with increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Knockdown of MEKK3 with small interfering RNA significantly increased cancer cell sensitivity to paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS: MEKK3 may be aberrantly expressed in ovarian cancers and plays an important role in tumors with constitutively activated NFκB. Cancer 2009; 115:3897–3908. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Stick Copying of Designs by Preschool and Young School-Age Children

An experimental Stick Design Test (SDT) was administered to 339 children ages 3–1 to 7–10 yr. Results indicated that copying ability was primarily a function of developmental age and secondarily a function of socioeconomic class background. Significant Pearson product-moment correlations between Stick Design Test copying performance and Bender-Gestalt Visual Motor Test (.60), Stanford-Binet IQ (–.31), Metropolitan Readiness Test (–.65) and teacher behavioral ratings were found on a sample of 96 kindergarten children. Test-retest (r = .94) and scorer reliabilities (rs = .96, .93, .96) were obtained for the experimental SDT.
Neuroprotective Role of Estrogen upon Methamphetamine and Related Neurotoxins within the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System

In this report we describe some of the data on the capacity for estrogen to function as a neuroprotectant of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) system. The data show that estrogen (E) can alter two different response characteristics to NSDA neurotoxins. The first being that striatal DA concentrations of ovariectomized rodents treated with E are consistently greater than non-E-treated animals in response to neurotoxins which produce degeneration of the NSDA system. The second being that E significantly reduces the amount of DA output upon initial exposure to the NSDA neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium ion (MPP+). At present, it is not known whether these two response characteristics are related. An intriguing possibility is that the E-dependent changes in initial DA output are related to the resultant neurotoxicity (attenuations in DA concentration reductions). So far our incipient findings do not seem to support this eventuality. However, additional testing on this topic is required. The present data suggest that one of the mechanisms by which E can exert these effects is through inhibition of DAT activity. This conclusion results from data which show that E produces: 1) an inhibition of [3H]DA uptake, 2) a reduction in DA clearance rates, and 3) an effect upon DA recovery that is similar to that observed to the putative DA uptake blocker, nomifensine. The capacity and significance for steroid hormones to modulate neurotransmitter transporters has been recently reviewed.
Three-dimensional evaluation of vitreomacular traction and epiretinal membrane using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To delineate the 3-dimensional (3-D) relationship in vitreomacular traction (VMT) and idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). Design Observational case series. Methods Forty-eight evaluable eyes of 35 patients with VMT or idiopathic ERM were investigated with spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT). VMT was defined as focal if the diameter of the vitreous attachment was 1500 μm or less and broad if it was more than 1500 μm. The 3-D OCT representation of vitreomacular interface abnormalities was evaluated. Results Focal VMT was seen in five eyes. Broad VMT was seen in seven eyes. Of these 12 eyes, concurrent ERMs under the detached vitreous were seen in 10 eyes and zones of hyperreflectivity affecting the adjacent detached posterior hyaloid face were seen in 11 eyes. Eyes with focal VMT showed a foveal cavitation, whereas eyes with broad VMT had more widespread cystoid macular edema. Idiopathic ERM was seen in 36 eyes; 30 had complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), five had partial PVD associated with attached posterior hyaloid at some peripheral portion of the ERM, and one had no PVD. Conclusions The SD OCT with 3-D image reconstruction provided unprecedented visualization of VMT and idiopathic ERM. The vitreous attachment to the macula can be subclassified into two subgroups, each having specific induced alterations in retinal anatomy. Most of the eyes with VMT had concurrent ERM, whereas several eyes with idiopathic ERM had attachment of the vitreous to some portion of the ERM, which suggests there is significant overlap between VMT and idiopathic ERM.
A new PM-assisted synchronous reluctance motor with 3-D trench air gap

This paper proposes a new 3-D motor with a trench-shaped air gap. The proposed motor has high torque without rare earth magnets compared to conventional 2-D single air gap motors due to its multiple air gap and ferrite permanent magnet (PM) assisted segment rotor poles. First, the practical design is described of the winding and side stator core composition, which increase air gap area. Second, the reduction method of eddy current loss in the side stator core is described. Lastly, it is confirmed by FEA and some experimental data that the motor efficiency is improved without reducing torque output.