cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent wearable heart rate sensor implementation for in-vehicle infotainment and assistance

Abstract Based on today’s estimation most of the older drivers are likely to get into an accident or collision based on their varying health conditions while driving. Nowadays, middle-age and younger drivers are also facing similar issues. Studies show that drivers who had crashes that have been precipitated by medical emergencies are not related to vehicle design or roadway integrity as indicated by the type of crashes and manner of collisions. Six in ten Americans live with at least one chronic disease like heart disease, stroke and diabetes. In this paper we compare and measure heart rate and heart variability data for arising heart disease and stroke or any emergency condition using electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors. While driving most of these conditions arise for drivers who are precipitated by chronic conditions, especially the stroke like ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage stroke. Automakers are trying with methods that involve measuring data via seats sensors and steering wheel sensors, but for measuring sensor data also requires right placement of sensor in the body. In this paper we are implementing a high-resolution proximity sensor with programmable LED current at the ear and electrical change sensor along with electrodes at the chest to measure heart rate and heart rate variability data while driving and compare those results to integrate the data to display in vehicle infotainment to bring in assistance, this data is also stored in the cloud for doctors to monitor the varying conditions while driving.
Communication Studies: Effective Communication Leads to Effective Leadership

This chapter explores how communication studies focuses on human communication among people in groups, teams, and organizations. While persuasive communication has long been at the heart of leadership development, the discipline's contributions to effective leadership also range from advancing our understanding of organizational communicative systems to the development of skills for deliberative democracy and civic engagement.
Automated detection and classification of shoulder arthroplasty models using deep learning.

To develop and evaluate the performance of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) to detect and identify specific total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) models. We included 482 radiography studies obtained from publicly available image repositories with native shoulders, reverse TSA (RTSA) implants, and five different TSA models. We trained separate ResNet DCNN–based binary classifiers to (1) detect the presence of shoulder arthroplasty implants, (2) differentiate between TSA and RTSA, and (3) differentiate between the five TSA models, using five individual classifiers for each model, respectively. Datasets were divided into training, validation, and test datasets. Training and validation datasets were 20-fold augmented. Test performances were assessed with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC) analyses. Class activation mapping was used to identify distinguishing imaging features used for DCNN classification decisions. The DCNN for the detection of the presence of shoulder arthroplasty implants achieved an AUC-ROC of 1.0, whereas the AUC-ROC for differentiation between TSA and RTSA was 0.97. Class activation map analysis demonstrated the emphasis on the characteristic arthroplasty components in decision-making. DCNNs trained to distinguish between the five TSA models achieved AUC-ROCs ranging from 0.86 for Stryker Solar to 1.0 for Zimmer Bigliani-Flatow with class activation map analysis demonstrating an emphasis on unique implant design features. DCNNs can accurately identify the presence of and distinguish between TSA & RTSA, and classify five specific TSA models with high accuracy. The proof of concept of these DCNNs may set the foundation for an automated arthroplasty atlas for rapid and comprehensive model identification.
Exploring the ascribed and avowed identities of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients in early adulthood.

Objectives: Using symbolic interactionism theory, we explore the different identity labels that Latinx and Asian DACA recipients (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) have reported are imposed on them (i.e., ascribed) and the different meanings behind such identity labels. We also examine the identity labels that DACA recipients adopt for themselves (i.e., avowed). Method: Forty semistructured interviews were conducted with DACA recipients who attend a 2- or 4-year college in California. Results: Our findings reveal that DACA recipients have different meanings for ascribed identity labels. Some of these meanings have positive connotations and denotations, which may help to construct a positive self-view. Nonetheless, most of the emergent themes in our study show that DACA recipients perceive that ascribed identity labels have negative connotations and denotations. To create more positive representations of undocumented immigrants, DACA recipients use certain labels to describe themselves. Conclusion: Consideration of the ascribed and avowed identities of DACA recipients is important because such identities might reflect and influence others' views of undocumented immigrants and affect undocumented immigrants' self-view. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Switching Diseased Cells from Cytosolic Aerobic Glycolysis to Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation: A Metabolic Rhythm Regulated by Melatonin?

This commentary reviews the concept of the circadian melatonin rhythm playing an essential role in reducing the development of diseases such as solid tumors which adopt cytosolic aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) to support their enhanced metabolism. Experimental data show that solid mammary tumors depend on aerobic glycolysis during the day but likely revert to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation at night for ATP production. This conversion of diseased cells during the day to a healthier phenotype at night occurs under control of the circulating melatonin rhythm. When the nocturnal melatonin rise is inhibited by light exposure at night, cancer cells function in the diseased state 24/7. The ability of melatonin to switch cancer cells as well as other diseased cells, for example, Alzheimer disease, fibrosis, hyperactivation of macrophages, etc, from aerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may be a basic protective mechanism to reduce pathologies.
Axial magnetic flux amplification in Hall-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of externally magnetized z-pinches

It is shown that externally magnetized gas-puff z-pinches under compression can exhibit robust axial flux amplification under suitable axial boundary conditions. This effect relies upon the Hall term in the generalized Ohm's law to generate azimuthal currents in the presence of a driving axial electric field. Under dynamic compression, the total current tends to flow in a mostly force-free boundary layer, separating the predominately azimuthal field outside the layer and the predominately axial field inside the layer. The effect only appears to occur if the axial boundaries allow for outflow or absorption of electromagnetic energy. The effect is mitigated by imposing either periodic or conducting axial boundary conditions. A semi-analytic equilibrium analysis agrees with steady-state solutions of the time-dependent electron-magnetohydrodynamic equations and provides an estimate of the scaling of the boundary layer as well as suggesting a scenario for the formation of the boundary layer. When operative, the effect can significantly impede plasma compression due to the increase in axial flux that diffuses into the pre-compressed plasma or through the presence of conductors that inhibit movement of the generated axial flux. Several facilities have noted unusual implosion behavior in z-pinch experiments with applied axial fields that does not appear to be explainable within the standard magnetohydrodynamic model. It is suggested that these experiments can be explained by the axial flux amplification and concentration effect.
Trends in the use of hepatitis C viremic donor hearts.

Abstract Objective To examine trends in utilization of hearts from hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremic donors for transplantation, a strategy to expand organ availability. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry was queried for adult patients undergoing heart transplantation between 2015 and 2019. We excluded multiorgan transplants, incomplete data, and loss to follow-up. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) defined HCV status. Results Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 11,393 adults underwent heart transplantation: 326 from HCV NAT+ donors and 11,067 from NAT− donors. The use of NAT+ hearts increased from 1 in 2015 to 137 in 2018 against a static number of NAT− organs. The use of NAT+ hearts varied significantly across regions and individual centers. More than 75% of NAT+ hearts were transplanted in the Northeast region, leading to further travel (mean, 299 miles vs 173 miles for NAT− transplantations; P 20% of all transplantations from viremic donors. Survival in the 2 groups did not differ by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P = .240), and multivariable regression showed no differences in acute rejection (P = .455) or 30-day mortality (P = .490). Of the 326 recipients of NAT+ hearts, 38 seroconverted and 14 became viremic within 1 year. Survival was 100% in the viremic patients and 97.4% in seroconverted patients at 1 year. Conclusions Heart transplantation from HCV viremic donors continues to increase but varies significantly across UNOS regions and individual centers. Short-term outcomes are comparable, but effects of seroconversion and long-term outcomes remain unclear.
Management of the Sickle Cell Spectrum in Basketball Players

Sickle cell spectrum includes sickle cell trait (SCT) and sickle cell disease (SCD) and manifestations range from relatively benign to life threatening. SCT is common affecting almost 3,000,000 Americans and SCD affects approximately 100,000. There are important considerations for sports, exercise, and conditioning in individuals on the sickle cell spectrum. This chapter explores the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SCT and SCD and reviews the effects of exercise and sport in these conditions. In addition, basketball-specific issues are examined.
Finite element validation of 3D American football faceguard structural stiffness models

Despite continued efforts to improve American football headgear technology, minimal structural changes have been made to faceguard design in the past 20 years. Although each new helmet system has i...
Africa’s Gene Revolution: Genetically Modified Crops and the Future of African Agriculture: Matthew A. Schnurr. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2019. xx and 326 pp., maps, diagrams, notes, bibliograpy, index. $34.95 CAD paper (ISBN 978-0-7735-5904-2).

Frequently framed as the final frontier for global agricultural development, the African continent has been a major focus of donors, public actors, and private firms in recent years. Central to the...
Security has Gone to Pot: An Analysis of Marijuana Cultivation Security Laws and Regulations in the United States

Using the principle of defense in depth and Routine Activities Theory, and a qualitative methodology that led to the construction of themes and subthemes, it was found that the most common security...
NMR used to study the side-reactions between peroxides and antioxidants during the reactive extrusion process of the impact polypropylene

Abstract Side reaction pathways are observed to occur between antioxidants and peroxide during the processing of multiple resin grades mediated by controlled peroxide-induced degradation of impact polypropylene. In the present work, the reaction mechanism and main by-products between antioxidants and peroxides were investigated. The results demonstrate that peroxides greatly accelerate the decomposition reactions, and the free radicals formed from peroxide decomposition react with, for example, the antioxidant AO1010 to produce dehydrogenation of phenyl propionic unit(s) at the α position (cinnamic acid ester moiety), which generates a conjugated system leading to the increased color of the product. It is the first time to confirm the cinnamic acid moiety’s existence and report its NMR data. Further, this work confirms the dehydrogenation mechanism by comparison with different sterically hindered phenolic antioxidants. It also systematically summarizes the oxidation and degradation mechanism of AO168 and AO1010 under air and peroxide environments, respectively. Based on present study, clear guidelines are obtained to improve the quality of polymeric products, especially the appearance and stability, during product development.
P-209 Strength in numbers – An ICS-wide CEO Alliance

Hospice chief executive officers serving the Lancashire & South Cumbria (L&SC) ICS area began to meet weekly at noon each Thursday, initially, as a response to the pandemic. Throughout the year, as trust and partnership working grew, a number of successes and initiatives emerged. The main one being an excellent relationship within our newly developing ICS. During the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic a marked increase in demand for community end-of-life care was experienced within L&SC. After a presentation to the ICS by the 8 adult hospices, a discussion took place regarding the critical partnership role the hospice sector had played in enabling the system to respond to the changing preferences of the population during that period. ICS Board members noted the potential opportunity this presented to increase joint working between the hospice sector and Out of Hospital services during the Winter period to support system resilience. After further discussion with the ICS, the opportunity was identified to undertake a rapid pilot scheme to demonstrate how a small amount of additional funding (£200k) provided at system level could increase the retention of vulnerable end-of-life patients in the community during the Winter period as part of the system COVID-19 management approach. Models of care were not specifically prescribed, hospices’ ICP commissioning arrangements meant that there were different starting points and local requirements, but it was agreed that measures of success might be: Number of patients supported and the number of interventions offered. Patients managed in preferred place of care. Number of hospital admissions and primary care interventions avoided. Hospices also agreed to provide compelling patient stories to ‘bring to life’ the power of the work they could do as ‘community anchor’ organisations to support the wider system and to reduce health inequalities. Pilots were diverse and successful, many have now become part of core services.
Comparison of intraocular pressure peak and fluctuations among Filipino patients with non-glaucomatous eyes and glaucoma suspects using water drinking test and diurnal intraocular pressure.

AIM To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) peaks and fluctuations using water drinking tests (WDTs) and mean diurnal IOP among Filipino patients with normal eyes and glaucoma suspects. METHODS This prospective study included normal and glaucoma suspect patients. Each patient underwent both WDT and mean diurnal examination on separate visits. For mean diurnal examination, IOP was recorded every 2h for 8h while in WDT, IOP was recorded prior to WDT, and post-WDT at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60min. IOP peak was recorded as the highest IOP for both methods, and IOP fluctuation was recorded as highest IOP minus lowest IOP. RESULTS With the comparison of diagnostic tests, both normal eyes and glaucoma suspect groups, the peak IOP was caught at 15min. Comparative analysis of both groups also showed that the peak IOP measurements were statistically higher for the WDT compared to mean diurnal IOP (P=0.039, P=0.048 under normal group and P=0.032 and P=0.031 under glaucoma suspect group). Similarly, the WDT had a statistically higher mean IOP fluctuation score than the mean diurnal IOP method in both groups (P=0.003, P=0.011 under normal group; P=0.002 and P=0.005 under glaucoma suspect group). CONCLUSION This study shows that WDT is a comparable diagnostic exam in predicting IOP fluctuations than mean diurnal measurement. WDT is a promising diagnostic procedure for risk assessment in glaucoma.
Obesogens: How They Are Identified and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Their Action

Adult and childhood obesity have reached pandemic level proportions. The idea that caloric excess and insufficient levels of physical activity leads to obesity is a commonly accepted explanation for unwanted weight gain. This paradigm offers an insufficient explanation for the worldwide pandemic of obesity. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that resemble natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function by interfering with the function of endogenous hormones. EDCs are widespread in our environment and contaminate food, water and personal care products, which together cause the bulk of human exposures. A subset of EDCs called obesogens have been found to cause metabolic disruptions such as increased fat storage, in vivo. Obesogens act through multiple avenues and have been found to affect adipose cell commitment, differentiation, hepatic function and the gut microbiome, among other effects. The rising prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities demands increased attention to identifying obesogens and enabling preventive strategies to ensure the public health and that of future generations. This review addresses current findings on known obesogens and their effects on the metabolic system, the mechanisms through which they act upon, and the screening efforts that have identified them.
Treatment of open-skin wounds with electric stimulation

A randomized double blind multi-center study of electric stimulation compared with sham units enrolled 59 patients (67 wounds) with open wounds of pressure, vascular and surgical etiology at nine sites. The 14-week study consisted of a four-week phase, randomized, parallel-group, double blind, sham stimulation controlled group comparing effectiveness and tolerance of electric and sham stimulation of open wounds. Patients with wounds not completely closed at the end of the four weeks were allowed to cross over to actual treatment. After four weeks of treatment, the electric stimulation group showed a 56% decrease in size with only a 33% decrease in size with sham treatment. Available data suggest that pulsed electric stimulation should be considered by health care practitioners as an adjunct for treating open wounds.
Chapter 5 International factor movements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses international factor movements in today's world such as labor, capital movements, and direct investment and examines the appropriate conception of capital movements. Physical capital is transferred abroad through a trade surplus and corresponds to the accumulation of ownership claims against capital located in a foreign country. Hence, the appropriate concept of international capital movements simply involves a change in the location but not the ownership of physical capital. In growth models, the trade surplus corresponding to the transfer of capital must be taken into account. In static models, there is a one-time stock adjustment in which a portion of a fixed stock of physical capital simply moves abroad. The chapter discusses income distribution and factor movements in a general setting of r factors and n goods. International factor movements alter the relative domestic supplies of productive factors and, hence, should change the internal distribution of income. The MacDougall–Kemp model is useful for making illustrative calculations of the impact of immigration on income distribution. The model is limited by the fact that it uses only two productive factors though it is easy to extend the model to more than two factors at the cost of losing its sharp predictive powers.
Tension-Induced Growth of Focal Adhesions at Cell–Substrate Interface

This paper presents a stochastic-elasticity model on the tension-induced growth of focal adhesions (FAs) at cell–substrate interface. The model is based on a Monte Carlo scheme incorporating applied tension, cell/substrate elasticity, receptor–ligand binding/unbinding and receptor diffusion in the same framework that fully couples elasticity and probabilistic rate processes in the system. We investigate the clustering of receptor molecules and growth of FAs under different levels of applied tension. While overly simplified in a number of aspects, our model seems to give predictions that are consistent with relevant experimental observations on the mechanosensitivity of FAs.
Plotting the pyramids

There is no evidence in ancient texts that Egyptians used astronomical knowledge in building the pyramids. But analysis of the night sky in 2500 bc could help explain how the pyramid builders knew the direction of true north.
Ontologies for nextgen avionics systems

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) system incorporates many updates to aerospace technology including coordination of air traffic management (ATM), flight deck control, and avionics architectures. One such consideration is the need for ontologies. An ontology is a formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that exist (and persist) for a particular domain. In aviation, an ontology is needed to organize the variables to afford computations, instructions, and the relationships between parameters. For example Triples are used as Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) in the case of {subject, predicate (verb), object}. The subject and object entities can be connected with the relationship predicate. Together, they are an event such as an ontology coordinating Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) flight weather information. In this paper, we explore the concepts of ontologies for applications to aerospace avionics as motivated by the NextGen and Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) standards.
Rodrigo's Riposte: the Mismatch Theory of Law School Admissions

The chronicle proceeds as a dialogue between the fictional alter ego, Rodrigo Crenshaw, and an older professor. After meeting in Rodrigo's city, the two friends, joined later by "Giannina," go out to dinner. Rodrigo, who is on his law school's admissions committee, has been thinking about affirmative action. Prompted by his conservative colleague "Laz," Rodrigo has formulated a several-pronged attack on Sander's premise that "stairstep" admissions (and, later, law firm hiring) just hurts the cause of black lawyers. The professor presses Rodrigo to defend his views, and the arrival of Giannina requires him to articulate them even more. You will enjoy the lively give-and-take among these three intellectuals of color.
UNILESIONAL MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES: CLINICAL, MICROSCOPIC AND IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC FEATURES

Summary Seven cases are reviewed in which the histologic and immunohistologic features were those of mycosis fungoides, although the patients presented with solitary lesions which did not recur after local therapy (excision in six, radiotherapy in one), with follow-up of 10 months to 18 years. Immunophenotypic staining of paraffin-embedded tissue revealed a predominant T-lymphocyte proliferation in all cases, with a t-helper proliferation confirmed by immunostaining of frozen tissue in three cases. None of the four cases studied for BER-H2(Ki-1) were positive, in contrast to the “activated” types of spontaneously regressing lymphoid lesions, lymphomatoid papulosis and “Ki-1” lymphoma. Electron microscopy in one case demonstrated the highly convoluted nuclei of the T cells within the infiltrate. These seven cases represent examples of unilesional mycosis fungoides in which the disease has not recurred after therapy, despite features indistinguishable from those of typical generalised mycosis fungoides-type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Dynamic imaging of diffusion by ESR

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of the accuracy and reliability of dynamic imaging of diffusion by ESR is presented. The importance of analyzing the data in Fourier space is emphasized, and a new method which enables the determination of the important Fourier modes while also providing a test of the reliability of the measurement of the diffusion coefficient, D x , is presented. It is shown that values of D x ∼ 10 −9 cm −2 s −1 can be measured in about one hour to 10–20% accuracy, whereas for D x ∼ 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 the error should be below 1%. These statements are applicable for experiments in which there is unrestricted diffusion, and an initial Gaussian concentration profile. Systematic error resulting from non-Gaussian concentration profiles is shown to be relatively unimportant. However, the finite sweep time through a spectrum is found to yield a systematic error analogous to a Doppler shift, which tends to cancel only for the case of unrestricted diffusion. The experimental geometry in which there is diffusion from a reflective boundary requires special adjustments to align the gradient-on and -off spectra. A convenient and reliable method to accomplish this is presented. Nevertheless, there are inherently greater sources of error for this geometry, and this is confirmed by the experimental results. Utilizing the reflective boundary geometry, the longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients for PD-TEMPONE ( 15 N labeled) in the nematic phase of MBBA at 20°C are 3.7 × 10 −7 and 2.5 × 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 , respectively. Their ratio of 1.5 is consistent with results for other probe molecules in MBBA.
Invited: Using novel small RNAs to understand genome structure and function

Centromeres are the site of kinetochore assembly and spindle attachment on a chromosome during meiosis and mitosis. Thus, the proper functioning of centromeres is a prerequisite for faithful segregation of chromosomes, the failure of which is fundamental in a broad spectrum of human diseases. The functional characterization of centromeres on abnormal chromosomes (e.g. mini- and marker chromosomes, B chromosomes and neocentromeres) in a variety of eukaryotes has been highly informative about the epigenetic features of eukaryotic centromeres. However, at the genomic level these special cases seem to differ from the normal, complex centromeres that define eukaryotic species. With the exception of these special cases and the point centromeres of the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, the centromeres of most multicellular eukarya consist of highly repetitive DNA composed of large arrays of simple satellites and transposable elements, untenable to traditional sequencing technologies and assembly algorithms. As a consequence, complex eukaryotic centromeres have, to date, been virtually intractable to fine scale mapping and sequencing. What has been shown is a lack of conservation of centromeric sequences, even among closely related species, suggesting that the genomic component of eukaryotic centromeres is relatively rapidly evolving and under epigenetic control. Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that a small RNA component is a crucial part of this epigenetic cascade. Previous work in plants and marsupials has identified centromere specific RNA sequences that are processed into small RNAs. These RNAs are larger than previously described small RNA classes, distinct from the miRNA/siRNA and piRNA size ranges. Given the paucity of genomic information for centromeres from any animal species, we have developed a toolkit that includes bioinformatic and functional assays to define the role these small RNAs play in centromere structure and function. Using massively parallel sequencing and both genome and repeat-specific analyses, we have evaluated small RNAs from six different primates to further define the function and conservation of this larger size fraction of small RNAs. Among the progenitor sequences, we have identified novel genomic repeats and centromeric elements within the human genome. Expression profiling indicates these small RNAs exhibit variable expression profiles among stem cells and differentiated cells, providing clues to their cellular function and role in the epigenetic control of gene transcription.
Diode laser spectra of the ν2 band of H212CO and H213CO

Abstract The Q -branches of the ν 2 (CO stretch) band of H 2 12 CO and H 2 13 CO have been studied in high resolution using an infrared diode laser. Accurate upper state constants, including A , B , C , Δ J , Δ JK , Δ K , and H K , were determined from an analysis of the data for 97 lines of H 2 12 CO and 79 lines and H 2 13 CO and compared with previous reported values. Band centers were also determined and reported as 1746.009 ± 0.002 cm −1 for H 2 12 CO and 1707.981 ± 0.002 cm −1 for H 2 13 CO.
Standard model Higgs boson-inflaton and dark matter

The standard model Higgs boson can serve as the inflaton field of slow roll inflationary models provided it exhibits a large nonminimal coupling with the gravitational scalar curvature. The Higgs boson self interactions and its couplings with a standard model singlet scalar serving as the source of dark matter are then subject to cosmological constraints. These bounds, which can be more stringent than those arising from vacuum stability and perturbative triviality alone, still allow values for the Higgs boson mass which should be accessible at the LHC. As the Higgs boson coupling to the dark matter strengthens, lower values of the Higgs boson mass consistent with the cosmological data are allowed.
Penetrability of molecular layers

Abstract The deviation of the deposition ratio from unity in Blodgett and Langmuir's building-up process is discussed. The loosening up of the crystalline array in films, compared to the substance in bulk, is considered in the light of certain melting point phenomena. There is a difference in principle between the permeability of membranes and the penetrability of molecular layers. Several examples for the latter phenomenon are given. A hypothesis is proposed for the phenomena of penetration and skeletonization. Substances in molecular layers exist in an exceedingly dynamic state.
A Conformational Change in the Eukaryotic Translation Preinitiation Complex and Release of eIF1 Signal Recognition of the Start Codon

Abstract During eukaryotic translation initiation, ribosomal 43S complexes scan mRNAs for the correct AUG codon at which to begin translation. Start codon recognition triggers GTP hydrolysis, committing the complex to engagement at that point on the mRNA. While fidelity at this step is essential, the nature of the codon recognition event and the mechanism by which it activates GTP hydrolysis are poorly understood. Here we report the changes that occur within the 43S·mRNA complex in response to AUG codon recognition. eIF1 and eIF1A are key players in assembly of 43S·mRNA complexes capable of locating initiation codons. We observed FRET between these two factors when bound to the 40S subunit. Using steady-state FRET, anisotropy, and kinetic analyses, we demonstrate that start codon recognition results in a conformational change and release of eIF1 from the ribosome. These rearrangements probably play a role in triggering GTP hydrolysis and committing the complex to downstream events.
Strengthening the Local in National Reform: A Cultural Approach to Political Change

New Indonesian decentralisation policies have generated strong localisation movements which recall regional history. During the Soeharto years history was invoked as part of an homogenising nationalism. With recent changes in the city of Makassar that process is being reversed to strengthen local participation in redefined national structures.
Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Background: Testing of urine samples is noninvasive and could overcome several barriers to screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infections, but most test samples are obtained directly from the cervix or urethra. Purpose: To systematically review studies that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens and to compare test characteristics according to type of assay, site of sample collection, presence of symptoms, disease prevalence, and characteristics of the reference standard. Data Sources: Relevant studies in all languages were identified by searching the MEDLINE database (January 1991 to December 2004) and by hand-searching the references of identified articles and relevant journals. Study Selection: Studies were selected that evaluated 1 of 3 commercially available nucleic acid amplification tests, included data from tests of both a urine sample and a traditional sample (obtained from the cervix or urethra), and used an appropriate reference standard. Data Extraction: From 29 eligible studies, 2 investigators independently abstracted data on sample characteristics, reference standard, sensitivity, and specificity. Data Synthesis: Articles were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Summary estimates for men and women were calculated separately for chlamydial and gonococcal infections and were stratified by assay and presence of symptoms. The pooled study specificities of each of the 3 assays exceeded 97% when urine samples were tested, for both chlamydial infection and gonorrhea and in both men and women. The pooled study sensitivities for the polymerase chain reaction, transcription-mediated amplification, and strand displacement amplification assays, respectively, were 83.3%, 92.5%, and 79.9% for chlamydial infections in women; 84.0%, 87.7%, and 93.1% for chlamydial infections in men; and 55.6%, 91.3%, and 84.9% for gonococcal infections in women. The pooled specificity of polymerase chain reaction to gonococcal infections in men was 90.4%. In subgroup analyses, the sensitivity did not vary according to the prevalence of infection or the presence of symptoms but did vary according to the reference standard used. Limitations: Few published studies present data on the transcription-mediated amplification or strand displacement amplification assays, and few studies report data from asymptomatic patients or low-prevalence groups. Conclusions: Results of nucleic acid amplification tests for C. trachomatis on urine samples are nearly identical to those obtained on samples collected directly from the cervix or urethra. Although all 3 assays can also be used to test for N. gonorrhoeae, the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction assay in women is too low to recommend its routine use to test for gonorrhea in urine specimens.
Integrating cache coherence protocols for heterogeneous multiprocessor system. Part 2

In this second part of this two-part article, we present two examples of integrating heterogeneous processors and show the limitation of integrating processors without native support for cache coherence. Finally, we discuss the Verilog simulation results of applying our techniques to actual heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms. Experiments with actual heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms on a shared-bus measure the effectiveness of two cache coherence techniques. This integration approach, snoop-hit buffer, and the accompanying region-based cache coherence approach yield significant speedups compared to a pure software solution.
Bibliography of computer applications in the Earth Sciences, 1948–1970

Abstract A bibliography of computer applications in the earth sciences from 1948 to 1970 is presented along with an index by method, geologic subject, geographic area, geologic age, programming language, and language.
The purification of ion channels from excitable cells.

It should be emphasized that the problem of isolating a gene for which the gene product has been defined solely by genetic criteria is not trivial, but this approach is potentially very powerful. Not only does it provide a means for determining the sequence and structure of ion channels for which there are no biochemical probes, but it also provides a system in which specific mutations in the channel gene can be correlated with changes in channel function. Although this approach is limited to organisms that are readily manipulated by genetic methods, the results of these studies should be widely applicable. The biophysical properties of ion channels are generally similar from one species to another, suggesting that the structures of the channels have been highly conserved. The combination of biochemical, biophysical and genetic techniques will undoubtedly be exploited more fully in future studies of ion channel structure and function.
Surface-embedded Green-function method for general surfaces: Application to Al(111).

The surface-embedded Green-function method has been successfully used to perform self-consistent calculations of the electronic structure of various metal surfaces. Although the method is quite general, the original implementation treats only surfaces having two-dimensional inversion symmetry. We have now modified the technique to remove this restriction. As a test, the electronic structure of Al(111) has been calculated. The calculated work function of 4.22 eV and the energy and dispersion of the calculated surface state/surface resonance bands along high-symmetry directions in the surface Brillouin zone are all in excellent agreement with experiment. Results are compared with other theoretical work.
Choking and shock phenomena in a single component two-phase flow including vibrational effects

Choking and shock in flashing single component two phase flow in tube, including vibrational effects, predicting minimum stagnation pressure loss
Uncertainties in mesopause temperature trend over Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W), using the bootstrap Monte Carlo method

[1] Two methods, based on different assumptions, have been investigated for computing the uncertainty in the trend of 960 mesopause region temperature profiles taken over 20 years. In addition to the trend, the fitting model includes annual and semiannual variations, a solar effect, and an episodic term that can be associated with the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption. In our standard procedure we assume that the unknown uncertainties of each measurement, and thus the weights of the observations, are constant with time and are determined by assuming that we have a good model. In addition we investigate including second derivatives along with first derivatives of the Hessian matrix. In the Monte Carlo bootstrap method one resamples the data with replacement to obtain new data sets which are fit to the model and yield a distribution of fitting parameters. The standard deviation of the distribution for a parameter is taken to be the uncertainty in the parameter. A possible assumption to justify this method is that the data are “independent and identically distributed.” Although we have not been able to justify the assumptions of either method, the two methods support each other since they give essentially the same results.
Simple design procedure for new flexible pavement structures based on mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide

This study developed a set of design tables to be used by the New York State Department of Transportation (DOT) to design new flexible pavement structures. To use the tables, the designer selects t...
Ethanol-induced hyperglycemia mediated by the central nervous system.

Abstract A marked difference in ethanol-induced hyperglycemia was found in two lines of mice SS/Ibg and SS/Ibg) with differential central nervous system sensitivity to ethanol. The LS/Ibg line had a greater sensitivity to the ethanol-induced hyperglycemia, but this difference was not found after administration of hypnotic doses of pentobarbital or halothane. The two lines did not differ in their response to glucose tolerance tests. Fasting, adrenalectomy, and pretreatment with α- and β-adrenergic antagonists (dibenamine and propranolol) eliminated the ethanol-induced hyperglycemic response. Results from intracerebroventricular injections of ethanol indicated that the ethanol-induced hyperglycemia was mediated by the central nervous system.
Postsurgical intraocular pressure elevation

Abstract Eighty-six eyes undergoing intraocular surgery were evaluated for the incidence of acute postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise and the relationship between initial and delayed postoperative pressure elevations. Our results show that 22.5% of penetrating keratoplasty (triple procedures and aphakic transplants) and 32% of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) patients developed an initial postoperative pressure greater than 23 mm Hg. Ninety percent of penetrating keratoplasty patients and 46% of ECCE patients who had an initial pressure elevation developed a delayed pressure elevation. Fortythree percent of penetrating keratoplasty and 32% of ECCE patients with a normal initial postoperative IOP developed a delayed pressure increase. Extracapsular cataract surgery patients developed late pressure rise with approximately the same frequency as normal eyes on prolonged topical steroid therapy, regardless of the initial postoperative pressure.
A management support model for community colleges

This paper introduces a mathematical model for the time-dependent behavior of an organization such as a community college. Such an institution is enrollment-driven, thus lending itself to a feedback approach characteristic of the system dynamics studies of the M.I.T. group. Instead of using the Dynamo compiler of the Forrester group, new computer programs written in BASIC were developed. With this model, Burlington County College was used as a case study, yielding conclusions which were used in planning. The paper also discusses further work on generalizing the method for application to entire community college systems, as well as to similar institutions.
Developing the Construct of Social Support in Parkinson's Disease

Although social support has been recognized as an integral component of health and quality of life, the concept has not been adequately defined in the literature on Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of social support in Parkinson's disease by examining social support as perceived by both the individuals with Parkinson's and their caregivers. Participants and caregivers completed the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ-39), and these data were used to analyze the degree of convergence between client and caregiver report and examine the role of social support as related to other quality of life domains. The results indicate that caregivers perceived the clients' quality of life to be more problematic than the clients perceived their own quality of life. Clients and their caregivers demonstrated a greater degree of convergence on overt domains, such as mobility and cognition, and showed little convergence on subjective quality of life domains, includ...
Experimentally constrained molecular relaxation: The case of glassy Ge Se 2

An ideal atomistic model of a disordered material should contradict no experiments, and should also be consistent with accurate force fields (either ab initio or empirical). We make significant progress toward jointly satisfying both of these criteria using a hybrid reverse Monte Carlo approach in conjunction with approximate first-principles molecular dynamics. We illustrate the method by studying the complex binary glassy material $g\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$. By constraining the model to agree with partial structure factors and ab initio simulation, we obtain a 647-atom model in close agreement with experiment, including the first sharp diffraction peak in the static structure factor. We compute the electronic state densities and compare to photoelectron spectroscopies. The approach is general and flexible.
Cryptographic techniques for privacy-preserving data mining

Research in secure distributed computation, which was done as part of a larger body of research in the theory of cryptography, has achieved remarkable results. It was shown that non-trusting parties can jointly compute functions of their different inputs while ensuring that no party learns anything but the defined output of the function. These results were shown using generic constructions that can be applied to any function that has an efficient representation as a circuit. We describe these results, discuss their efficiency, and demonstrate their relevance to privacy preserving computation of data mining algorithms. We also show examples of secure computation of data mining algorithms that use these generic constructions.
Bevatron Guide Field Control

The Bevatron guide field power supply has been under computer control for one year. This facility allows operational parameters to be programmed at operator request in order to provide the desired field profiles commensurate with the current experimental program. With a requirement of one part in fifteen thousand accuracy for resonant extraction, the digital system has been enlarged until a realtime closed-loop control function meet this specification. A one gauss window for entry into flat-zones is now maintained, while a relative flatness tolerance of ±1/ 2 gauss is held during the typical 2-sec. flatzone. This paper includes the structure of a new data-acquisition system with emphasis upon the use of a fast magnetic-core memory to gather blocks of data, as well as to hold the necessary digital threshold values to be arithmetically compared with the results of the data gathering facility. Also covered, is the implementation of the system in the detection and ultimate reduction of incipient fault conditions within the guide field power supply.
Adhesive Evaluation for New Forms of LARCTM-TPI

Abstract LARCTM-TPI is a linear aromatic polyimide that was developed at NASA Langley Research Center in the 1970's and subsequently licensed to Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., (MTC) in Japan. This company has made it easier to process for use in application as a structural adhesive or as a composite matrix resin. The present forms that exist are (1) high melt viscosity or Low Flow Grade (LFG); (2) medium melt viscosity or Medium Flow Grade (MFG); and (3) low melt viscosity or High Flow Grade (HFG). As expected, the low melt viscosity material is the easiest to process but has poor toughness; the high melt viscosity material is very tough but is more difficult to process. Because of these two extreme situations we have worked closely with MTC to develop an optimized system. This work has resulted in the medium melt viscosity material as well as two other modified or blended medium-flow variations. These novel forms of LARCTM-TPI have resulted in adhesives that can be melt processed at pressures as low as 0...
Automated flexural testing: coupling of a robot-assisted system to a minicomputer

Abstract A multi-functional task force composed of researchers with chemical, materials testing, and math/computer expertises successfully combined a robot-assisted mechanical tester with a laboratory information management system (LIMS) to perform flexural testing of plastics. The successful interfacing with an existing LIMS permitted us to take advantage of a new technology — laboratory robotics. The structuring of this ‘operator emulator’ system, along with appropriate background information, is described.