cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of aerosol radiative effects on 2000–2010 surface temperatures

Aerosol radiative forcing from direct and indirect effects of aerosols is examined over the recent past (last 10–15 years) using updated sulfate aerosol emissions in two Earth System Models with very different surface temperature responses to aerosol forcing. The hypothesis is that aerosol forcing and in particular, the impact of indirect effects of aerosols on clouds (Aerosol–Cloud Interactions, or ACI), explains the recent ‘hiatus’ in global mean surface temperature increases. Sulfate aerosol emissions increase globally from 2000 to 2005, and then decrease slightly to 2010. Thus the change in anthropogenic sulfate induced net global radiative forcing is small over the period. Regionally, there are statistically significant forcings that are similar in both models, and consistent with changes in simulated emissions and aerosol optical depth. Coupled model simulations are performed to look at impacts of the forcing on recent surface temperatures. Temperature response patterns in the models are similar, and reflect the regional radiative forcing. Pattern correlations indicate significant correlations between observed decadal surface temperature changes and simulated surface temperature changes from recent sulfate aerosol forcing in an equilibrium framework. Sulfate ACI might be a contributor to the spatial patterns of recent temperature forcing, but not to the global mean ‘hiatus’ itself.
Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a frequent cause of hospitalization and death among the elderly. Objective: This article reviews information on CAP among the elderly, including age-related changes, predisposing risk factors, causes, treatment strategies, and prevention. Methods: Searches of MEDLINE (January 1990-November 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1990-November 2009), and Google Scholar were conducted using the terms community-acquired pneumonia, pneumonia, treatment guidelines, and elderly. Additional publications were found by searching the reference lists of the identified articles. Studies that reported diagnostic criteria as well as the treatment outcomes achieved in adult patients with CAP were selected for this review. Results: Three practice guidelines, 5 reviews, and 43 studies on CAP in the elderly were identified in the literature search. Based on those publications, risk factors that predispose the elderly to pneumonia include comorbid conditions, poor functional and nutritional status, consumption of alcohol, and smoking. The clinical presentation of pneumonia in the elderly (≥65 years of age) may be subtle, lacking the typical acute symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnea, and purulent sputum) observed in younger adults. Pneumonia should be suspected in all elderly patients who have fever, altered mental status, or a sudden decline in functional status, with or without lower respiratory tract symptoms such as cough, purulent sputum, and dyspnea. Treatment of CAP in the elderly should be guided by the latest recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS), along with consideration of local rates and patterns of antimicrobial resistance, as well as individual patient risk factors for acquiring less common or more resistant pathogens. Recommended empiric antimicrobial regimens generally consist of either a β-lactam plus a macrolide or a respiratory fluoroquinolone alone. Adherence to the IDSA/ATS guidelines has been found to improve in-hospital mortality (adherence vs nonadherence, 8%; 95% CI, 7%–10% vs 17%; 95% CI, 14%–20%; P< 0.01), length of hospital stay (8 days; interquartile range [IQR], 5–15 vs 10 days; IQR, 6–24 days, respectively; P < 0.01), and time to clinical stability in elderly patients with CAP (percentage of stable patients by day 7, 71%; 95% CI, 68%–74% vs 57%; 95% CI, 53%–61%, respectively; P < 0.01). All elderly patients should be vaccinated against pneumococcal disease and influenza based on recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lifestyle modifications and nutritional support are also important elements in the prevention of pneumonia in the elderly. Conclusion: Adherence to established guidelines, along with customization of antimicrobial therapy based on local rates and patterns of resistance and patient-specific risk factors, likely will improve the treatment outcome of elderly patients with CAP.
Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract More than 111 patients with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH) were treated in a 512-year period; eight (7.2%) were first recognized more than 30 days postinjury. All were men, and their average age was 33.4 years. Seven injuries were on the left side; one was on the right side. The mechanism of injury was equally divided between penetrating and blunt trauma. Chest roentgenographic abnormalities were seen in all patients. Visceral reduction and diaphragmatic repair, despite strangulation in four patients, was accomplished without mortality and with minimal morbidity. Delayed presentation of TDH is reviewed, emphasizing diagnostic features encountered in the emergency department (ED).
Prognosis of the neurological complications of acute hypernatraemia.

Abstract 18 (36%) of a series of 50 cases of acute hypernatraemia had a neurological syndrome which included convulsions, muscular hypertonicity, and depression of consciousness. This syndrome was commoner with higher levels of either serum-sodium or blood-urea, but the data suggest that serum osmolality may be the most significant factor. The initial mortalityrate was 20%. Of the 40 survivors, 32 could be examined: 12 (37%) of these had abnormalities on neurological examination, intelligence testing, or electroencephalography; in several, however, the abnormalities were probably unrelated to the earlier hypernatraemia, and only 3 out of 32 (9%) had both related and symptomatically important lesions. This suggests that, in some instances, convulsions were caused by transient cerebral oedema rather than by infarction or haemorrhage, and may therefore be preventable by improvement of the regimen of rehydration.
Rapid systemic up-regulation of genes after heat-wounding and electrical stimulation.

When one leaf of a tomato plant is electrically-stimulated or heat-wounded, proteinase inhibitor genes are rapidly up-regulated in distant leaves. The identity of the systemic wound signal(s) is not yet known, but major candidates include hormones transmitted via the phloem or the xylem, the electrically-stimulated self-propagating electrical signal in the phloem (the action potential, AP), or the heat-wound-induced surge in hydraulic pressure in the xylem evoking a local change in membrane potential in adjacent living cells (the variation potential, VP). In order to discriminate between these signals we have adopted two approaches. The first approach involves applying stimuli that evoke known signals and determining whether these signals have similar effects on the "model" transcripts for proteinase inhibitors (pin) and calmodulin (cal). Here we show that a heat wound almost invariably evokes a VP, while an electrical stimulation occasionally evokes an AP, and both of these signals induce accumulation of transcripts encoding proteinase inhibitors. The second approach involves identifying the array of genes turned on by heat-wounding. To this end, we have constructed a subtractive library for heat-wounded tissue, isolated over 800 putatively up-regulated clones, and shown that all but two of the fifty that we have analyzed by Northern hybridization are, indeed, up-regulated. Here we show the early kinetics of up-regulation of three of these transcripts in the terminal (4th) leaf in response to heat-wounding the 3rd leaf, about 5 cm away. Even though these transcripts show somewhat different time courses of induction, with one peaking at 30 min, another at 15 min, and another at 5 min after flaming of a distant leaf, they all exhibit a similar pattern, i.e., a transient period of transcript accumulation preceding a period of transcript decrease, followed by a second period of transcript accumulation.
Catalytic conditioning of synthesis gas produced by biomass gasification

Abstract The catalytic steam reforming of aromatic hydrocarbons in a background of synthesis gas was investigated for two catalysts. A proprietary non-nickel based catalyst, designated DN-34, and a commercial nickel steam reforming catalyst ICI 46-1 were tested. Statistically designed experiments were used to examine the effects of temperature, space velocity and percent of steam in the feed on catalyst performance. All experiments were performed in a plug-flow micro-reactor interfaced with a molecular beam mass spectrometer. The catalyst DN-34 was also tested in slip-stream fluidized bed reactors attached to a 9 tonne day−1 indirectly heated biomass gasifier at Battelle Columbus Laboratory. DN-34 was found to be effective for destroying a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons found in biomass gasifier tar in both the micro-reactor and gasifier-scale experiments. DN-34 also exhibited significant water-gas shift activity but was unsatisfactory for methane destruction. ICI 46-1 exhibited excellent methane steam reforming activity. A process is suggested that uses DN-34 to steam reform tar and perform the water-gas shift, followed by a second reactor with ICI 46-1 to reform methane. Differences and similarities with other dual-bed processes described in the literature are discussed.
Opportunities and Obstacles in Obtaining Air Connectivity for Residents of Federally Designated Essential Air Service Communities

The Essential Air Service (EAS) program was established in 1978 to guarantee air connectivity for residents of small communities to the national air transportation system. Currently, more than half of EAS communities are within 70 highway miles of another airport, leading to passenger leakage at EAS airports and rising program costs. Five case studies of EAS communities examine the reasons for local support of air service that is rarely used. The case studies present three main findings: (a) the EAS program is a gateway to the federal airport infrastructure funds of the Airport Improvement Program; (b) there is an information gap between the U.S. Department of Transportation and the EAS communities regarding the existing risky alternate programs; and (c) local politics and airport administrators' concern about their professional future sustains support for local air service. EAS communities in a multiairport region, therefore, are most susceptible to passenger leakage and continue to struggle in the progr...
Late nineteenth to early twenty-first century behavior of Alaskan glaciers as indicators of changing regional climate

Abstract Alaska's climate is changing and one of the most significant indications of this change has been the late 19th to early 21st century behavior of Alaskan glaciers. Weather station temperature data document that air temperatures throughout Alaska have been increasing for many decades. Since the mid-20th century, the average change is an increase of ∼ 2.0 °C. In order to determine the magnitude and pattern of response of glaciers to this regional climate change, a comprehensive analysis was made of the recent behavior of hundreds of glaciers located in the eleven Alaskan mountain ranges and three island areas that currently support glaciers. Data analyzed included maps, historical observations, thousands of ground-and-aerial photographs and satellite images, and vegetation proxy data. Results were synthesized to determine changes in length and area of individual glaciers. Alaskan ground photography dates from 1883, aerial photography dates from 1926, and satellite photography and imagery dates from the early 1960s. Unfortunately, very few Alaskan glaciers have any mass balance observations. In most areas analyzed, every glacier that descends below an elevation of ∼ 1500 m is currently thinning and/or retreating. Many glaciers have an uninterrupted history of continuous post-Little-Ice-Age retreat that spans more than 250 years. Others are characterized by multiple late 19th to early 21st century fluctuations. Today, retreating and/or thinning glaciers represent more than 98% of the glaciers examined. However, in the Coast Mountains, St. Elias Mountains, Chugach Mountains, and the Aleutian Range more than a dozen glaciers are currently advancing and thickening. Many currently advancing glaciers are or were formerly tidewater glaciers. Some of these glaciers have been expanding for more than two centuries. This presentation documents the post-Little-Ice-Age behavior and variability of the response of many Alaskan glaciers to changing regional climate.
Red blood cell replacement during the transition from embryonic (tadpole) hemoglobin to adult (frog) hemoglobin in Rana catesbeiana

Abstract 1. 1. Red blood cells of metamorphosing tadpoles (stage XX) and froglets (stage XXIV, with adult hemoglobin) were labeled with 14C-thymidine. 2. 2. Large fluctuations in the radioactivity of the circulating tadpole red cells occurred during the hemoglobin transition indicating rapid red cell replacement. 3. 3. The amount of hemoglobin per ml of red cells decreased during this period. 4. 4. Thymidine incorporation was lower for red cells of froglets than for metamorphosing tadpoles.
Static and Dynamic Adsorption of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants

The adsorption of commercial polyoxyethylene nonylphenols and alkylbenzene sulfonates has been studied by measuring the surfactant breakthrough from Berea cores. A rate model, which reduces to a Langmuir-type isotherm at equilibrium, represented these dynamic results and successfully predicted the equilibrium isotherms determined by static experiments. The ratio of both adsorption and desorption was determined and observed to increase with the number of ethylene oxide groups. Adsorption of the nonionic surfactant appeared to be by hydrogen bonding and the amount adsorbed per unit of area was the same on a number of metal oxide substrates. Negligible adsorption was observed per sulfonates with an alkyl chain length of 9 or less.
Re-wilding North America

A plan to restore animals that disappeared 13,000 years ago from Pleistocene North America offers an alternative conservation strategy for the twenty-first century, argue Josh Donlan and colleagues. Cheetahs, lions, elephants, camels and wild horses could be roaming North America again one day. That's the aim of a campaign to turn back the clock by ‘re-wilding’ the continent. Think Pleistocene Park.
Differential secretion of catecholamines and tetrahydroisoquinolines from the bovine adrenal medulla.

Abstract Acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, condenses with endogenous amines to form tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives which have been implicated in the behavioral and autonomic effects of alcohol. Because of difficulties encountered in the in vitro synthesis of the tetrahydroisoquinolines derived from the condensation of acetaldehyde with epinephrine or norepinephrine, their “in tissue” biosynthesis in the isolated perfused bovine adrenal medulla was undertaken, and their mechanism of release investigated. When calcium was present in the perfusion medium, acetaldehyde evoked release of catecholamines as well as synthesis and release of their tetrahydroisoquinoline condensation products. In the absence of calcium in the perfusion medium, acetaldehyde induced the syntheis of tetrahydroisoquinolines but evoked the release of catecholamines only. The results indicate that the release of catecholamines and their tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives can be uncoupled, and their differential secretion from the adrenal medulla achieved by altering the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid.
TRANSIENTS IN GLYCOLYTIC METABOLISM FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN ELECTROPHORUS.

Abstract The cyclic increases and decreases of fluorescence emission of slices of the main organ of Electrophorus electricus which have been interpreted as DPN + reduction at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) site are here correlated with assays of essential intermediates of glycolysis. Large increases of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and 2-phospholgyceric acid are found to occur at the time of the maximum increases of fluorescence and to have subsided as the flourescence increase subsides. Measurements of increased DPN concentration and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate concentration identify the fluorescence increase with DPN + reduction at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activation of glycolysis appears to be due to a concentrated effect of increased ADP and creased ATP concentration upon phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), 1,3-diphosphojlycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The possibility of other activators of phosphofructokinase is also to be considered.
Renormalization-group study of a concentrated fluctuating-valence model

The ground state and gap properties of a spinless model of $f$ and $d$ electrons with hybridization $V$ and $f\ensuremath{-}d$ interaction ${U}_{\mathrm{fd}}$ are studied in one dimension using a real-space renormalizationgroup (RG) method. To understand the dependence of the RG results on the cell size chosen, we first study the problem for ${U}_{\mathrm{fd}}=0$ and arbitrary cell size $N$. It is found that even-site cells give qualitatively incorrect results for the gap, while odd-site cells (as small as $N=3$) reproduce very accurately the exact results for the gap and give a reasonable upper bound for the groundstate energy. On the basis of this result the phase diagram is studied as a function of arbitrary $V$ and ${U}_{\mathrm{fd}}$ using three site cells. We consider the half-filled band situation for which the ground state is found to be insulating for all values of ${U}_{\mathrm{fd}}(\ensuremath{\ne}0)$. The $f$-electron occupation number as a function of ${E}_{f}$ changes continuously, confirming recent mean-field results. This result indicates that the interacting $f\ensuremath{-}d$ system does not scale to a single impurity model as argued in previous studies. Using a Jordan-Wigner transformation from spin to fermion operators, the Kondo necklace model is mapped onto a fluctuating valence model and the transition from ferromagnetic to Kondo-state behavior is numerically studied using $N=3$.
Functional analysis of sexual dimorphism in an electric fish, Hypopomus pinnicaudatus, order Gymnotiformes.

Hypopomus pinnicaudatus, an electric fish, has a marked sexual dimorphism in its tail filament. Sexually mature males have long, 'feathered' tails as compared with females. The sexu
Regulation of TopBP1 oligomerization by Akt/PKB for cell survival

Regulation of E2F1-mediated apoptosis is essential for proper cellular growth. This control requires TopBP1, a BRCT (BRCA1 carboxyl-terminal) domain-containing protein, which interacts with E2F1 but not other E2Fs and represses its proapoptotic activity. We now show that the regulation of E2F1 by TopBP1 involves the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt signaling pathway, and is independent of pocket proteins. Akt phosphorylates TopBP1 in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation by Akt induces oligomerization of TopBP1 through its seventh and eighth BRCT domains. The Akt-dependent oligomerization is crucial for TopBP1 to interact with and repress E2F1. Akt phosphorylation is also required for interaction between TopBP1 and Miz1 or HPV16 E2, and repression of Miz1 transcriptional activity, suggesting a general role for TopBP1 oligomerization in the control of transcription factors. Together, this study defines a novel pathway involving PI3K–Akt–TopBP1 for specific control of E2F1 apoptosis, in parallel with cyclin–Cdk–Rb for general control of E2F activities.
Mating system and mating success of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta

Field studies of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta revealed a primarily monogamous mating system. However polygyny, polyandry and polygynandry were superimposed upon the primary system, with 9% of the marked males and 11% of the marked females in a field population mating more than once. In the laboratory males commonly mated multiply with fertile offspring resulting, while females were less likely than males to mate multiply. Monogamy under field conditions was enforced by two factors: (1) high travel costs to males, and (2) a significant decline in female receptivity after the first mating. Heavy males were more likely to be accepted by females both in the field, and in female choice experiments conducted in the laboratory. Finally, male weight determined the outcome of male-male agonistic interactions over females. One possible explanation for female choice in this system which lacks male parental investment is that females may be using male size as an indicator of future success of their offspring.
TRANSOSSEOUS VERTEBRAL VENOGRAPHY: A DIAGNOSTIC AID IN LUMBOSACRAL DISEASE

Transosseous vertebral venography as a technic for investigating disease of the lumbosacral region is described. The technic preferred by the author is an intraosseous injection of contrast medium into the body of L7. Using a caudal needle, 10 ml of contrast medium was injected manually and a radiograph was made as the last milliliter was introduced. Contrast medium filled the lumbar venous sinuses and, by reflux, filled the sacral sinuses caudally to the S2–3 intervertebral foramen. Lumbosacral disease caused an obstruction to contrast medium flow and narrowed or deviated the vertebral venous sinus. Complications of transosseous vertebral venography were extravasation of contrast medium into the epidural space and surrounding soft tissue, and trauma to the sixth lumbar nerve in one dog. The procedure was contraindicated in the presence of local infection and when anesthesia was an undue risk.
Identification and characterization of macaque CD89 (immunoglobulin A Fc receptor)

SUMMARY The interaction of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) molecule with its specific cellular receptor is necessary to trigger a variety of effector functions able to clear IgA-opsonized antigens. The human IgA-specific Fc receptor, FcaRI or CD89, is expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage. Recently, CD89 homologues have been identified in rats and cattle. Because non-human primates represent well established models for a variety of human diseases and for the testing of immunotherapeutic strategies, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs corresponding to the CD89 gene from rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques. Macaque sequences of full-length CD89 consist of five exons of length identical to the corresponding human CD89 exons. The rhesus and cynomolgus macaque derived amino acid sequences are highly homologous to each other (99AE3% % identity) and exhibit 86AE5% % and 86AE1% % identity to the human counterpart, respectively. Transfection of HeLa cells with plasmids containing the cloned macaque cDNAs resulted in the expression of surface molecules recognized by an antihuman CD89 antibody. Five splice variants were identified in rhesus macaques. Three of the five variants are similar to described human CD89 splice variants, whereas two variants have not been described in humans. Three splice variants were identified in cynomolgus macaques. Of the three variants, one is present also in humans and rhesus macaques, whereas the other two are shared with rhesus macaques but not humans. Similarly to the human CD89, macaque CD89 is expressed on myeloid cells from peripheral blood. The characterization of macaque CD89 represents an essential step in establishing a non-human primate model for the testing of immunotherapeutic approaches based on the manipulation of the IgA ⁄CD89 interaction.
Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are induced through pharmacologically distinct NMDA receptors.

Abstract N -Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation initiates both homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The mechanism by which two opposing forms of synaptic plasticity can be initiated through the activation of a single receptor is not known. We examined the effects of two competitive antagonists on the induction of LTP and LTD, d -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid ( D -AP5), a broad spectrum inhibitor of the NMDA receptor, and 3-((RS)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), an antagonist that binds with high affinity to conventional NMDA receptors subtypes, but not to atypical subtypes that are relatively independent of voltage-dependent Mg 2+ -blockade. As has previously been reported, LTP, LTD, and depotentiation were all blocked by applications of D-AP5. In contrast, only LTP, but not LTD or depotentiation, was blocked by CPP. These observations suggest that decreases and increases of synaptic strength are mediated by the activation of distinct NMDA receptor subpopulations.
A preliminary study on the effects of bovine prolactin on embryos of Eleutherodactylus ricordii

Embryos of the anuran Eleutherodactylus ricordii treated with prolactin not later than early digit stages of the limbs show a delay in the loss of the tail, of the pronephros, and of the Rohon-Beard cells of the spinal cord at the end of the embryonic period. These effects may be due to antagonism between prolactin and the thyroid. In treated embryos fixed before the final involution of the tail, the number of ventral horn cells in the cord is greater than in control embryos of the same stage. Here prolactin must act as a growth-promoting hormone, for the changes in number of these neurons during development is not under thyroid influence. Differences in the endocrine control of development between larval Anura and the embryonic Eleutherodactylus are discussed in the light of these findings.
6H‐indeno[1,2‐b]pyrido[3,2‐e]pyrazines. A new heterocyclic ring system

Condensation of 1,2-indanedione and 1,2,3-indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) with 2,3-diamino-pyridines gave a number of compounds belonging to the hitherto unknown 6H-indeno[1,2-b]-pyrido[3,2-e]pyrazine ring system. The unsymmetrical nature of the reactants can theoretically result in isomeric ring closure products. Assignment of the 6H- ring system was based upon the identity of 6H-indeno[1,2-b]pyrido[3,2-e]pyrazin-6-one obtained from 2,3-diaminopyridine and ninhydrin with material prepared by unequivocal synthesis. The direction of cyclization of ninhydrin and 1,2-indanedione with the diamines was shown to be the same by reduction of the indenopyridopyrazinones to the corresponding indenopyridopyrazines. Some physical, chemical, and tumor growth-inhibitory properties of the products are reported.
Derivation and validation of initial-value methods for boundary-value problems for difference equations

In this paper, we develop the theory of invariant imbedding for general classes of two-point boundary-value problems for difference equations. In addition to deriving invariant imbedding equations, we show that the functions satisfying these equations in fact solve the original boundary-value problems.
Nonequilibrium Radio Frequency Discharge Plasma Effect on Conical Shock Wave: M = 2.5 Flow

An experimental study of shock modie cation in an M =2:5 supersonic e ow of nonequilibrium plasma over a cone is discussed. The experiments are conducted in a nonequilibrium plasma supersonic wind tunnel. Recent experiments at the Ohio State University using a supersonic plasma e ow over a quasi-two-dimensional wedge showed that an oblique shock can be considerably weakened by a transverse rf discharge plasma. The previously observed shock weakening, however, has been found consistent with a temperature rise in the boundary layers heated by the discharge. In thepresent study, theboundary-layereffects on theshock waveare reduced by placing an entire cone model into a supersonic inviscid core e ow. The electron density in the supersonic plasma e ow in the test section is measured using microwave attenuation. The ionization fraction in the discharge is in the same range as in the previous plasma shock experiments, up to ne/N =(1.2‐3.0)£10 i7 . The results do not show any detectable shock weakening by the plasma. This strongly suggests that the previously observed shock weakening and dispersion in nonequilibrium plasmas are entirely due to thermal effects.
The Revised MRS Gender Complementarity at College

Using an ethnographic and longitudinal interview study of college women and in-depth interviews with their parents, I argue that mid-tier flagship universities still push women toward gender complementarity—a gender-traditional model of economic security pairing a career oriented man with a financially dependent woman. Combining multilevel and intersectional theories, I show that the infrastructure and campus peer culture at Midwest University supports this gendered logic of class reproduction, which reflects an affluent, white, and heterosexual femininity. I argue that this logic may only work for a minority of students, and plays a role in reinforcing class inequities among women.
Work in Progress - promoting Innovative Design

Based on rapid technological and educational advances in other nations, recent reports on the status of engineering and scientific research in the U.S. have expressed concern for our nation's future position in the global economy. These reports have suggested combating the issue by increasing opportunities for college students to practice the use of innovation in learning. In an effort to understand how educators might create the most effective opportunities for introducing students to innovation, this study investigates students' use of innovation in their development of design solutions. Guided by the adaptive expertise framework, we explore students' perceptions of the problem-solving environment and the influence those perceptions have on their use of innovation in design.
Gender and Schizophrenia: An Introduction and Synthesis of Findings

The last 10 years of schizophrenia research have indicated a renewed interest in understanding gender differences in schizophrenia. The purpose of this special edition of the Schizophrenia Bulletin is to bring together recent research on gender and schizophrenia across a variety of substantive domains of interest in the study of schizophrenia
Using network flows in hierarchical QoS routing

Quality of Service (QoS) routing is the process of routing a connection through a network based on its resource requirements. In QoS routing a lot of overhead is generated either due to the state maintenance or during the call establishment. These overheads increase with the network size. Hence to deploy QoS routing in very big networks, special techniques for reducing these overheads have to be developed. State aggregation is an important technique for reducing the state maintenance overhead. In state aggregation, each domain constructs an aggregated topology of itself, and sends it to other domains. Other domains make routing decisions based on this aggregated information. However, as the network resources change dynamically, the information sent by a domain quickly becomes out-of-date. This stale information leads to bad routing decisions and hence the routing performance goes down. If a domain can update the aggregated information sent by other domains, better routing decisions can be made and hence the routing performance can improve. In this paper, based on "network flows", we propose a new scheme for aggregating bandwidth. Our scheme enables a domain to update the aggregate sent by another domain and thus keep track of resources available in other domains. We also give a distributed approach for inter-domain routing based on our proposed aggregation scheme. Simulation results show that our method gives a better bandwidth admission ratio when compared to existing aggregation techniques.
Evaluation of Moments from the NMR Solid Echoes in Dipolar Solids

Two-pulse-solid echo, formed by the pulse sequence Py(90°)-τ-Px(90°)-t′, can be used as an alternative to the free-induction-decay to evaluate the lower order moments of the magnetic resonance lineshape in “molecular” solids, provided τ is small. The applicability of this method in determining the lower moments depends not only on the value of τ and hence the so-called “error terms” but also on the distributional arrangement of the spins. These aspects of the solid echo method are quantified in this paper from the analytical treatment of a rectangular array of two equivalent pairs of spins-1/2. Predictions of the rather simple model, when compared with the appropriate experimental data, are found to be in excellent agreement. Zwei-Impuls-Festkorperecho, gebildet durch die Impulsfolge Py(90°)-τ-Px(90°)-t′, konnen als Alternative zum Abklingen der freien Induktion benutzt werden, um die Momente niedriger Ordnung der Linienform der magnetischen Resonanz in „Molekul” -Festkorpern, vorausgesetzt τ ist klein, zu berechnen. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Methode bei der Bestimmung der niederen Momente hangt nicht nur vom Wert von τ und damit von den sogenannten „Fehlertermen” ab, sondern auch von der Verteilungsanordnung der Spins. Diese Aspekte der Festkorper-Echomethode werden quantifiziert aus der analytischen Behandlung einer Rechteckanordnung von zwei aquivalenten Paaren mit Spin 1/2. Vorhersagen des ziemlich einfachen Modells befinden sich in ausgezeichneter Ubereinstimmung mit entsprechenden experimentellen Werten.
Positive SNM Gamma Detection Achieved Through Synthetic Enhancement of Sodium Iodide Detector Spectra

We have developed a new algorithm, ASEDRA, to post-process scintillator detector spectra to render photopeaks with high accuracy. ASEDRA, or ldquoAdvanced Synthetically Enhanced Detector Resolution Algorithm,rdquo is currently applied to NaI(Tl) detectors, which are robust, but suffer from poor energy resolution. ASEDRA rapidly post-processes a NaI(Tl) detector spectrum over a few seconds on a standard laptop without prior knowledge of sources or spectrum features. ASEDRA incorporates a novel denoising algorithm based on an adaptive Chi-square methodology called ACHIP, or ldquoAdaptive Chi-quare Processed denoising.rdquo Application of ACHIP is necessary to remove stochastic noise, yet preserve fine detail, and can be used as an independent tool for general noise reduction. Following noise removal, ASEDRA sequentially employs an adaptive detector response algorithm using detector Monte Carlo data to remove the spectrum attributed to specific gammas. Tests conducted using a 2rdquo times 2rdquo NaI(Tl) detector, along with a HPGe detector demonstrate the accuracy of ASEDRA for both photopeak identification and relative yield. In this paper, we present successful results for both WGPu and natural uranium Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) sources, comparing key photopeak energies and intensities to known values. Moreover, the denoising and synthetic resolution enhancement algorithms can be adapted to any detector. ACHIP and ASEDRA are covered under a Provisional Patent, Registration Number #60/971,770, 9/12/2007.
Glucose glass films: A matrix for mass spectrometry that mimics aqueous solution behavior

This study demonstrates that an amorphous film of glucose has many of the features of water as a medium for solvating ions and, at low concentrations, maintaining ion pair separation. Aqueous solutions of glucose containing dissolved salts are evaporated to form a homogeneous glucose glass where the distribution of the solute in solution is preserved in the evaporated glass film. Cluster ions form in aqueous solutions at high solute concentration, and glucose films made from these solutions form gas-phase cluster when the film is excited by a high energy density pulse. These cluster ions do not form in dilute solutions and are not present in the mass spectrum of ions desorbed from films prepared from these solutions. Non-polar ions concentrate at the surface of aqueous solutions owing to the hydrophobic interaction and glucose glass films prepared from these solutions show, by mass spectrometry, that these features are retained in the glucose film. The salts studied include KCl, NaBr, LiCF3SO3, (tert-butyl)4NI and (C2H5)4NBF4. The concentration of the salt is the important variable in the study and ranges from a mole fraction of 0.1–10−4. For non-polar ions, the abundance of the molecular ion is not significantly changed over a wide range of dilutions.
Exponential smoothing: The state of the art

This paper is a critical review of exponential smoothing since the original work by Brown and Holt in the 1950s. Exponential smoothing is based on a pragmatic approach to forecasting which is shared in this review. The aim is to develop state-of-the-art guidelines for application of the exponential smoothing methodology. The first part of the paper discusses the class of relatively simple models which rely on the Holt-Winters procedure for seasonal adjustment of the data. Next, we review general exponential smoothing (GES), which uses Fourier functions of time to model seasonality. The research is reviewed according to the following questions. What are the useful properties of these models? What parameters should be used? How should the models be initialized? After the review of model-building, we turn to problems in the maintenance of forecasting systems based on exponential smoothing. Topics in the maintenance area include the use of quality control models to detect bias in the forecast errors, adaptive parameters to improve the response to structural changes in the time series, and two-stage forecasting, whereby we use a model of the errors or some other model of the data to improve our initial forecasts. Some of the major conclusions: the parameter ranges and starting values typically used in practice are arbitrary and may detract from accuracy. The empirical evidence favours Holt's model for trends over that of Brown. A linear trend should be damped at long horizons. The empirical evidence favours the Holt-Winters approach to seasonal data over GES. It is difficult to justify GES in standard form–the equivalent ARIMA model is simpler and more efficient. The cumulative sum of the errors appears to be the most practical forecast monitoring device. There is no evidence that adaptive parameters improve forecast accuracy. In fact, the reverse may be true.
The Various Relations between Law and Morality in Contemporary Legal Philosophy

This paper is intended to be a summary of the author's views on the relationship between law and morality worked out over the past three decades in jurisprudence. The paper preliminarily clarifies the matter by isolating some lines of cleavage separating different questions askable about this relationship. With this done, the author argues for two theses. One, that judges are obligated to use morality in their decisions in particular cases; and two, that the morality judges are obligated to use in their judicial reasonings, is best seen as the natural lawyer sees it, namely, as being part of the law that obligates judges in their role as judges. The author not only believes these theses to be true; he also thinks that these theses are practically important, in that their acceptance by judges (and by the legal culture that reinforces judges) makes for better judging.
Pancytopenia in Lyme disease

We present a 49-year-old man with subacute onset of fever, weakness, shortness of breath, unilateral lower extremity oedema and pancytopenia who was found to have positive serology for Lyme disease. The patient presented with an intravascular haemolytic pattern on laboratory findings where an extensive infectious disease and haematological workup ruled out ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, HIV, hepatitis B and other parasitic infections. This left a very atypical presentation of Lyme disease.
Terrorists Versus the Government: Strategic Interaction, Support, and Sponsorship

This article focuses on the strategic interaction between a terrorist group and a government as both vie for grassroots support. When terrorists and the government act contemporaneously, the equilibrium outcome depends on the effectiveness of the government’s countermeasures and the ability of the government to curb popular support of the terrorists through public spending. In two alternative scenarios, the authors establish that leadership may improve both adversaries’ well-being while reducing terrorism. The leader changes in the two cases, with the weaker player going first to the advantage of both players. State sponsorship and franchising of terrorists augment violence as both adversaries expend more effort. Sponsors can offset some strategic limits to violence that competition for supporters offers.
Empirical Tests of Intransitivity Predicted by Models of Risky Choice

Recently proposed models of risky choice imply systematic violations of transitivity of preference. Five studies explored whether people show patterns of intransitivity predicted by four descriptive models. To distinguish ?true? violations from those produced by ?error,? a model was fit in which each choice can have a different error rate and each person can have a different pattern of true preferences that need not be transitive. Error rate for a choice is estimated from preference reversals between repeated presentations of the same choice. Results of five studies showed that very few people repeated intransitive patterns. We can retain the hypothesis that transitivity best describes the data of the vast majority of participants.
Diffusive dynamic load balancing by terrain parcel swaps for event-driven simulation of communicating vehicles

A diffusive dynamic load balancing algorithm is presented for a wargaming simulation which is parallelized by partitioning the battlefield terrain among the nodes. Each node simulates vehicles on its local terrain partition. Vehicles communicate with sets of nearby vehicles within a given radius r, a region called the communication circle. A message is sent (i.e. consumes network bandwidth) unless the communication circle is local-that is, entirely within the originating node's terrain partition. The algorithm continuously accomplishes two (somewhat contradictory) goals: (I) dynamic load balancing through repartitioning the terrain via swaps of small discrete terrain parcels and vehicles therein, and (2) maximizing the proportion of communication circles that are local and thus require no network bandwidth. Item (2) in essence means regularizing the shapes of each node's terrain partition, so that lopsided dimensions, marked concavities, long thin peninsulas, etc., are avoided. >
Dual-Band Miniaturized Patch Antennas for Microwave Breast Imaging

We present a miniaturized, dual-band patch antenna array element that is designed for use in a three-dimensional (3-D) microwave tomography system for breast imaging. Dual-band operation is achieved by manipulating the fundamental resonant mode of the patch antenna and one of its higher order modes. Miniaturization and tuning of the resonant frequencies are achieved by loading the antenna with nonradiating slots at strategic locations along the patch. This results in a compact, dual-band antenna with symmetric radiation patterns and similar radiation characteristics at both bands of operation. The performance of the antenna in a biocompatible immersion medium is verified experimentally.
An in situ study of the habits of users that affect office chair design and testing.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform an in situ assessment of office seating habits that influence chair testing and design.Background: Many chair testing parameters were derived dec...
Dyadic Hostility and the Ties That Bind: State-to-State versus State-to-System Security and Economic Relationships

An important question in the conflict processes literature concerns what types of international relationships are more likely to lead to peaceful interactions. Both security and economic ties have been posited as powerful determinants of conflict, yet their effects are often examined independently from one another. Furthermore, a debate exists as to whether it is states' ties to the international order or to each other that are most important in determining conflict. A resolution of the competing perspectives would expect that two states that have a tight network of security and economic relationships, both to each other and to the international order, should be extremely unlikely to engage in hostile action against each other. Surprisingly, a series of multinomial logits using non-directed dyads from 1951 to 1985 suggests that dyads with tight economic and security ties at both the state-to-state and statetosystem levels are only slightly less likely to engage in dyadic disputes than those without such simultaneous ties. However, this study finds that both (1) tight security and economic ties to the international order and (2) tight intra-dyadic security and economic ties have important, independent effects in limiting dyadic hostility. This suggests that the states within a dyad have two separate paths to more peaceful interactions - the first lies in tightening ties between states, the second in strengthening dyadic security and economic ties to the international order.
AERODYNAMICS OF RACE CARS

Race car performance depends on elements such as the engine, tires, suspension, road, aerodynamics, and of course the driver. In recent years, however, vehicle aerodynamics gained increased attention, mainly due to the utilization of the negative lift (downforce) principle, yielding several important performance improvements. This review briefly explains the significance of the aerodynamic downforce and how it improves race car performance. After this short introduction various methods to generate downforce such as inverted wings, diffusers, and vortex generators are discussed. Due to the complex geometry of these vehicles, the aerodynamic interaction between the various body components is significant, resulting in vortex flows and lifting surface shapes unlike traditional airplane wings. Typical design tools such as wind tunnel testing, computational fluid dynamics, and track testing, and their relevance to race car development, are discussed as well. In spite of the tremendous progress of these design tools (due to better instrumentation, communication, and computational power), the fluid dynamic phenomenon is still highly nonlinear, and predicting the effect of a particular modification is not always trouble free. Several examples covering a wide range of vehicle shapes (e.g., from stock cars to open-wheel race cars) are presented to demonstrate this nonlinear nature of the flow field.
Pathogenesis of Marek's Disease: Early Appearance of Marek's Disease Tumor-Associated Surface Antigen in Infected Chickens

Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) appeared in different lymphoid tissues of P-line chickens soon after they were infected with BC-1 strain of Marek's disease virus. MATSA-bearing cells first appeared in spleens by 5 days post infection (PI) and were observed through a 21-day experimental period at mean levels varying from 3.8 to 21.9% of the total cells examined. Lower percentages of MATSA-bearing cells were observed in the thymus, in the bursa of Fabricius, among peripheral blood lymphocytes, and among bone marrow cells beginning 7 days PI. The antigen was not detected on normal lymphocytes from chickens or chicken embryos, nor was it detected on cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts infected or transformed by avian RNA tumor viruses.