cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a geometric uncertainty model describing the accuracy of position-sensitive, coincidence neutron detection

A diameter of uncertainty (Du) was derived from a geometric uncertainty model describing the error that would be introduced into position-sensitive, coincidence neutron detection measurements by charged-particle transport phenomena and experimental setup. The transport of α and Li ions, produced by the 10B(n,α) 7Li reaction, through free-standing boro-phosphosilicate glass (BPSG) films was modeled using the Monte Carlo code SRIM, and the results of these simulations were used as input to determine Du for position-sensitive, coincidence techniques. The results of these calculations showed that Du is dependent on encoder separation, the angle of charged particle emission, and film thickness. For certain emission scenarios, the magnitude of Du is larger than the physical size of the neutron converting media that were being modeled. Spheres of uncertainty were developed that describe the difference in flight path times among the bounding-case emission scenarios that were considered in this work. It was shown the overlapping spheres represent emission angles and particle flight path lengths that would be difficult to resolve in terms of particle time-of-flight measurements. However, based on the timing resolution of current nuclear instrumentation, emission events that yield large Du can be discriminated by logical arguments during spectral deconvolution.
Hot photoluminescence in beryllium-doped gallium arsenide

Abstract Hot photoluminescence in GaAs:Be is reported for the first time. The emission from a sample with p = 6.5 × 1016 cm-3 at 10 K consists of a shoulder at 1.803 eV followed by a series of broad peaks at 1.781, 1.742, 1.704, 1.666, and 1.628 eV. Analysis of the results supports a decay model involving hot electron-acceptor recombination and implies an L - Λ splitting of 320 ± 4 meV in the conduction band at 0 K.
Development of the glycogen body of the Japanese quail, Coturnix Japonica. I. Light microscopy of early development

The glycogen body is a functionally enigmatic structure located in lumbosacral region of the spinal cord in birds. This tissue is unique to birds, and, although it is believed to be present in all species, studies on the glycogen body to date have been confined largely to the domestic chicken. The present study is the first to describe the glycogen body of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) during incubation and at hatching. Light microscopy and histochemistry were used to identify the glycogen body in the spinal cord of the developing quail beginning at 7 days of incubation and to ascertain the presence of nerve fibers in that tissue at hatching.
Affinity purification and characterization of human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase complexed with BCNU-treated, synthetic oligonucleotide.

Abstract Tumor cells resistant to chloroethylnitrosourea (CENU) therapy contain high levels of O6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase (GATase), a DNA repair enzyme that aborts DNA interstrand cross-linking by removing CENU-induced O6-alkylguanine adducts. Because the transferase binds covalently to CENU-treated oligonucleotides, we reacted partially purified GATase from cultured human lymphoblasts with a BCNU-treated, 35S-5'-end-labeled, synthetic oligonucleotide designed to have a polyadenylated 3' terminus. Immunoprobing Western blots of this reaction mixture with GATase-specific monoclonal antibody indicated that 25-30% of the transferase became complexed. We purified this complex by affinity chromatography with oligo(dT) cellulose, recovering homogenous material that appeared as a discrete 35-kDa Coomassie blue or silver-stained band after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography and Western immunoblotting confirmed that this band contained both the radiolabeled oligonucleotide and the GATase protein.
Introduction to the viewpoint set on: Mechanical alloying

Mechanical Alloying (MA) is a high-energy ball milling technique used to prepare alloy powders with unique microstructures. MA starts with a mixture of powders (elemental or prealloyed) which are blended together in a ball mill. What differentiates MA from conventional blending in rotary mills is the kinetic energy of the colliding balls inside the mill. In conventional rotary mills the milling energy is small and the powder particles trapped between colliding balls may fracture, but the maximum pressure during the collisions is insufficient to produce a large amount of plastic deformation in the powder particles. In contrast, during MA the powder particles are not only fractured but are also heavily plastically deformed and cold welded. Due in part to its simplicity, MA has become a general tool used by material scientists to prepare a variety of alloy powders with metastable phases and/or microstructures. It is difficult, however, to predict the product of MA for a given starting powder. In general, the product depends on the milling parameters such as processing time and temperature, milling energy, and type of milling control agent used (added to prevent excessive agglomeration of the power during milling). Significant effort has been devoted to modeling themore » MA process to be able to predict the alloy product for any given set of milling parameters.« less
Alpha-Alpha Scattering at 7.56 Mev

Alpha particles scattered from a helium gas target at an incident energy of 7.56 Mev have been observed in nuclear emulsions. The differential cross sections measured can be fitted with phase shifts of ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}=70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}=100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$.
Fiscal dependence on trade taxes and the level of economic development:: a comment

(1993). Fiscal dependence on trade taxes and the level of economic development:: a comment. Applied Economics: Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 1393-1397.
Monoclonal antibody against mouse sperm blocks a specific event in the fertilization process

Hybridoma cell lines were produced by PEG (polyethylene glycol)-induced fusion of myeloma cells (NS-1/X63 Ag 8) with dispersed spleen cells from a Balb/c male mouse immunized syngeneically with homogenized Balb/c testis. Indirect immunefluorescence on mature (cauda epididymal) mouse sperm was employed as the primary screening assay. This procedure allowed the immediate identification of hybridomas which produce monoclonal antibodies of interest with respect to the fertilization process. One hybridoma cell line, M29, secretes an antibody of the IgM class that localizes to the equatorial segment of the mouse sperm head. This antibody is not species specific, but is restricted to the homologous functional area, the equatorial segment, in all other sperm examined (hamster, rabbit, human). When tested for a possible effect on the fertilization process, ascites fluid containing M29 antibody was very effective in blocking the fertilization of mouse gametes in vitro. The same inhibiting activity was observed regardless of whether the M29-treated sperm first encountered the cumulus cell layer, the zona pellucida, or the egg plasma membrane. A large number of M29-treated sperm were capable of penetrating zonae pellucidae when this layer was present. It appears, therefore, that M29 monoclonal antibody prevents fertilization specifically at the level of interaction between the sperm and egg plasma membranes; the other prefertilization events (hyperactivated motility, zona binding, acrosome reaction, zona penetration) seem little affected. Using the M29 antibody and related probes that are specific for particular biological events, it should be possible to map, in molecular terms, the functional domains of the sperm cell's membrane.
Mandatory ethics consultation policy.

OBJECTIVE To describe ethics consultations at a single institution that has a mandatory ethics consultation policy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all adult patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit at Columbia University Medical Center and had an ethics consultation between August 1, 2006, and July 31, 2007. All mandatory and nonmandatory ethics consultations were reviewed. Patient diagnosis, prognosis, presence of do-not-resuscitate order, presence of written advance directives, reason for the ethics consultation, and survival data were collected. The number of ethics consultations hospital-wide from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, was collected. RESULTS The total number of mandatory and nonmandatory ethics consultations requested was 168. Of these consultations, 108 (64%) were considered mandatory, and 60 (36%) were considered nonmandatory. Between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2007, the total number of ethics consultations increased 84%. CONCLUSION The increase in the total number of ethics consultations is interpreted as a positive outcome of the mandatory policy. The mandatory ethics consultation policy has possibly increased exposure to ethics consultant-physician interactions, increased learning for physicians, and raised awareness among physicians and nurses of potential ethics assistance.
Which facets of mindfulness are related to problematic eating among patients seeking bariatric surgery

There has been growing research indicating the potential positive benefits of mindfulness-based interventions for obesity, but few studies have examined the relationship of mindfulness processes to obesity-related behaviors, particularly among clinical populations such as bariatric surgery candidates. The current study examined the relationship of specific mindfulness facets to a variety of problematic eating behaviors assessed through diagnostic interviews in a clinical sample of 820 patients seeking bariatric surgery. Results indicated that greater mindfulness on specific facets, particularly acting with awareness, was related to less binge and emotional eating. Greater mindfulness was also related, though less consistently, to less habitual overeating and grazing. The observing facet was generally unrelated to problematic eating, but in a few cases being more observant related to having greater eating problems. The results of the study and future directions are discussed in relation to research on problematic eating in obesity and mindfulness-based interventions.
Role of the human ERCC-1 gene in gene-specific repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage

The human excision repair gene ERCC-1 gene restores normal resistance to UV and mitomycin C in excision repair deficient chinese hamster ovary cells of complementation group 1. To investigate the involvement of the ERCC-1 gene in gene-specific repair of bulky lesions, we have studied the removal of damage induced by the antitumor agent cisplatin in CHO mutant 43-3B cells of group 1, with or without transfection with the ERCC-1 gene. Firstly, we determined the contribution of the ERCC-1 gene to the repair of interstrand crosslinks (ICL) induced by cisplatin and found efficient removal of ICLs from the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene in the ERCC-1 transfected 43-3B cells. We then assessed the contribution of ERCC-1 to the repair of intrastrand adducts (IA) induced by cisplatin. Compared to the wild-type parental cell line, the ERCC-1 transfected 43-3B cells repaired the IAs in the DHFR gene inefficiently. Thus, our data suggest that the ERCC-1 gene is more involved in the repair of interstrand crosslinks than in the removal of intrastrand adducts.
Scale modeling of fires with emphasis on room flashover phenomenon

The difficulties associated in predicting fire behavior by numerical techniques necessitates the use of experimentally determined values. Lower cost and convenience in conducting small-scale tests encourage the use of such models in predicting actual fire behavior. Such prediction is possible only when the outcome of a prototype and its model are related by appropriate scaling laws. The aim of this work is to focus on experimental and theoretical studies conducted in order to develop and test these scaling laws. Although major emphasis is given to studies aimed at enclosure flashover phenomenon, studies on scale modeling of open fires are also discussed to enhance understanding of fire modeling techniques. Despite the fact that considerable amount of work has been done in developing these scaling laws, success has been achieved only for certain fuels, fuel locations, interior finish materials and room geometry. More research is needed in order to extend the range of applicability of scaling laws to predict fire behavior in an enclosure.
Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides PHYSICAL STUDIES

Abstract Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, previously isolated in crystalline form (Olive, C., and Levy, H. R., Biochemistry, 6, 730 (1967)), is shown to be essentially homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and sedimentation velocity analysis. The weight average molecular weight is 103,700, determined by both high speed and low speed sedimentation equilibrium techniques at pH 4.6, which is the approximate isoelectric point. The partial specific volume was determined to be 0.717 at this pH. The enzyme possesses an absorption spectrum showing a maximum at 280.5 nm with E280.50.1% = 1.15 and considerable fine structure in the region of 250 to 270 nm.
Studies of the microsomal acylation of l-glycerol-3-phosphate I. The specificity of the rat brain enzyme

Abstract The specificity of acyl-CoA: l -glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from rat brain microsomes for the fatty acid of the acyl-CoA was determined. Acyl-CoA's containing saturated fatty acids from 15 to 18 carbons were good substrates, while ones containing 14 and 19 carbon chains were used efficiently but at a lower rate. The Michaelis constant for l -glycerol-3-phpsphate was 0.4 mM and was not dependent on the acyl-CoA concentration : however, the kinetics of the acyl-CoA's was complicated by the micellar nature of these substrates. The product appeared to be phosphatidic acid. Acyl-CoA's could be replaced by MgATP, CoA and a fatty acid although the addition of a fatty acid was not strictly necessary since considerable endogenous fatty acids are present in microsomes. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that the observed fatty acid composition and the preferential distribution of fatty acids in neutral fats and in phospholipids do not result from the substrate specificity of this enzyme.
Direct observation of the atomic structure of W {100} surfaces

Abstract Fully resolved atomic images of the W {100} plane are obtained with the field ion microscope at 21°K. The image structure is consistent with the (1 × 1) structure. If shifts of atoms in the 〈110〉 directions parallel to the plane have occurred as derived from LEED investigations in the temperature range of 100–370°K, then the shifts at 21°K are too small to be observed in the FIM.
Determination of partition coefficients between dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and water using differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract For over 40 years, partition coefficients have been recognized by the pharmaceutical industry as a useful measure of lipophilicity. While partitioning between bulk solvents such as water and octanol has traditionally been measured, interest in recent years has extended to systems more closely resembling biological membranes. Partitioning into purified biological membranes and also phosphilipid layers (liposomes) has been reported. These measurements are usually accomplished with radiolabeled solutes and require extensive correction calculations. Direct measurement of solute partitioning into bilayers can be accomplished by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Choosing to report the effect as a calculated partition coefficient normalizes results for concentration dependence and makes the data more accessible to pharmacists. Partition coefficients for seven cardiac drugs as determined by DSC are reported.
Pancreatic acinar cells: Molecular insight from studies of signal-transduction using transgenic animals

Pancreatic acinar cells are classical exocrine gland cells. The apical regions of clusters of coupled acinar cells collectively form a lumen which constitutes the blind end of a tube created by ductal cells - a structure reminiscent of a "bunch of grapes". When activated by neural or hormonal secretagogues, pancreatic acinar cells are stimulated to secrete a variety of proteins. These proteins are predominately inactive digestive enzyme precursors called "zymogens". Acinar cell secretion is absolutely dependent on secretagogue-induced increases in intracellular free Ca(2+). The increase in [Ca(2+)](i) has precise temporal and spatial characteristics as a result of the exquisite regulation of the proteins responsible for Ca(2+) release, Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) clearance in the acinar cell. This brief review discusses recent studies in which transgenic animal models have been utilized to define in molecular detail the components of the Ca(2+) signaling machinery which contribute to these characteristics.
Soybean Yield Component Responses to a Light Interception Gradient during the Reproductive Period

The yield-enhancing effect of increased light interception (LI) in narrow row/late-planted soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] culture could be better understood if LI effects on the reproductive period [first flower (R1) through physiological maturity (R7)] were clarified. The primary objective was to determine yield and yield component responses to a LI gradient during R1 to R7. Field studies were conducted during 1989 and 1990 at a late planting with Centennial determinate soybean using 50-cm row spacing (.)
Separating the effects of habitat area, fragmentation and matrix resistance on genetic differentiation in complex landscapes

Little is known about how variation in landscape mosaics affects genetic differentiation. The goal of this paper is to quantify the relative importance of habitat area and configuration, as well as the contrast in resistance between habitat and non-habitat, on genetic differentiation. We hypothesized that habitat configuration would be more influential than habitat area in influencing genetic differentiation. Population size is positively related to habitat area, and therefore habitat area should affect genetic drift, but not gene flow. In contrast, differential rates and patterns of gene flow across a landscape should be related to habitat configuration. Using spatially explicit, individual-based simulation modeling, we found that habitat configuration had stronger relationships with genetic differentiation than did habitat area, but there was a high degree of confounding between the effects of habitat area and configuration. We evaluated the predictive ability of six widely used landscape metrics and found that patch cohesion and correlation length of habitat are among the strongest individual predictors of genetic differentiation. Correlation length, patch density and clumpy are the most parsimonious set of variables to predict the magnitude of genetic differentiation in complex landscapes.
Effect of rotenone on the alcohol dehydrogenase of yeast mitochondria.

CHANCE1 applied the crossover theorem to a study of intact yeast cells, and reported an apparent crossover point (or phosphorylation site) between pyridine nucleotide and flavoprotein (site I), between cytochromes b and c (site II) and between eytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase (site III). These observations led to the expectation that intact isolated yeast mitochondria would exhibit no anomalies with respect to their phosphorylation capacity. More recently Mattoon and Sherman2 used loosely coupled yeast mitochondria and obtained indirect results supporting the observations of Chance.
A unique mechanism for RNA catalysis: the role of metal cofactors in hairpin ribozyme cleavage

Abstract Background: Ribozymes are biological catalysts that promote the hydrolysis and transesterification of phosphate diesters of RNA. They typically require divalent magnesium ions for activation, although it has proven difficult to differentiate structural from catalytic roles for the magnesium ions and to identify the molecular mechanism of catalysis. Direct inner-sphere coordination is usually invoked in the catalytic step, although there is no evidence to support the generality of such a pathway for all ribozymes. Results: We studied the catalytic pathway for the hairpin class of ribozyme. The substitutionally inert transition metal complex cobalt hexaammine [Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ ) was shown to be as active as Mg 2+ (aq) in promoting hairpin ribozyme activity, demonstrating that inner-sphere pathways are not used by this class of ribozyme. These results were confirmed by studies with R P - and S P -phosphorothioate substrate analogs which show a similar reactivity to that of the native substrate towards the magnesium-activated ribozyme. Monovalent cations enhance the activity of Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ -promoted reactions, but inhibit Mg 2+ -activated catalysis, demonstrating a requirement for hydrated cations at several key sites in the ribozyme. Conclusions: These results provide clear support for a model of RNA catalysis that does not involve direct coordination of magnesium to the phosphate ester, nor activation of a bound water molecule. A mechanism in which catalysis is carried out by functional groups on the RNA ribozyme itself is possible; such functional groups are likely to have pK a values that are appropriate for carrying out this catalysis. The metal cofactor would then serve to define the architecture of the catalytic pocket and contribute to the stabilization of transient species, as has been described earlier. Hydrolytic pathways in nucleic acid reactions are apparently more diverse than was previously thought, and the hairpin ribozyme falls into a mechanistically distinct class from the Tetrahymena and the hammerhead ribozymes.
Activation of complement by different immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract The ∼ 750,000 mol. wt tetrameric Ab population from catfish immunized with sheep erythrocytes (E) was purified and shown to sensitize E to the hemolytic activity of catfish serum complement. Catfish complement was heat-labile at 45°C and was hemolytically inactivated by both EGTA and EDTA. Hemolytic activity of EDTA treated serum was restored by the addition of both Ca+ and Mg2+ ions. In comparative assays, the CH50 titers of catfish sera were similar to the CH50 titers of human sera. Catfish complement was hemolytically active at incubation temps ranging from 3 to 40°C, which suggests that complement should be functional throughout the catfish's normal environmental temps. Human complement exhibited considerable cross-reactivity when assayed on catfish Ab sensitized E at 25°C; however, at 3°C, no hemolytic activity was observed. These findings suggest that there may be structural differences between the complement component(s) of these two systems. Mouse mAbs to the recently described H chain isotypes of catfish Ig were used to fractionate catfish anti-sheep E antisera. Each of the purified isotypes contained Ab which sensitized E to the hemolytic activity of catfish complement. Dose-response analysis of the average number of hemolytic sites per cell, as a function of relative Ab concn, predicts that the catfish tetramer conforms to the one-hit theory of immune hemolysis. Purified catfish anti-fluorescein Ab of each isotype was also reacted with fluorescein-labeled sheep E and the level of complement-mediated hemolysis determined. Dose-response analysis indicated that similar numbers of Ab molecules bound to haptenated E resulted in similar levels of complement-mediated lysis. Lastly, the effect of cell surface hapten density of target cells was examined. These studies, similar to those reported with human IgM, showed that the binding of the catfish tetramer to a cell surface hapten may not be sufficient to activate lytic complement.
Effectiveness of therapies currently employed for persistent low back and leg pain

I n the Focus article, Drs. Loeser and Sullivan marshal several lines of argument to suggest that disability in the chronic low back pain syndrome is iatrogenic. The concept is intriguing, but not new. Shorter, in his excellent review of psychosomatic illness in the era of modern medicine, developed the thesis that somatization by patients follows a variety of societal and medical fashlons." There is much merit in what Loeser and Sullivan present. However, it is my view that the problem is much more broadly based than the contribution of physicians alone. The medical profession, society in general, and all of our legal and administrative institutions have failed to understand the concept of somatization. I believe this is the key to the problem. The real issue is the diagnosis of psychogenic physical symptoms and their appropriate treatment. Separating organic from psychogenic disease and appropriately determining the causes of both is key to improving the current confused situation." The documented history of psychosomatic symptoms begins early in the 18th century. About this time pseudoseizures, generally called hysteric fits, were recognized. Later in the century much unexplained malaise and pain was ascribed to gout. The erroneous physiology of the uterine theorists and the concept that psychiatric symptoms began in the sympathetic ganglia of the abdomen were used to explain most psychosomatic complaints. Toward the end of the century, William Cullen defined neuroses and firmly settled the nervous system as the source of these complaints, but many of these early physicians continued to invoke spurious causes, such as irritation or inflammation of nerves, to explain symptoms. This fallacious pathophysiology cul-
Short meridional scale anomalies in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere

Consequences of the discovery of short-meridional scale anomalies (SMSAs) in the lower stratospheric temperature field in the analyses of Microwave Sounding Unit channel 4 data are examined. The time scales of these features, their presence in the u-wind, v-wind, and geopotential, and the heat and momentum fluxes resulting from the SMSAs are investigated. The SMSAs are not regularly propagating features. Latitudinal movement occurs in both northern and southern directions. Both eastward movement and stationarity are observed in the zonal direction. In episodes, SMSAs require a few days to grow, persist from a few days to two weeks, and then decay over a few days. Heat fluxes are small. It is suggested that the SMSAs are possibly caused by secondary effects of baroclinic disturbances.
Object decision priming in Alzheimer's disease

Priming for line drawings of real and nonreal objects was examined in an object decision task for 16 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 16 normal elderly control (NC) participants. In two study phases, participants decided if objects were real or nonreal. In an implicit test phase, real/nonreal decisions were made for studied and unstudied objects, and priming was measured as the difference in decision speed or accuracy between studied and unstudied objects. In an explicit test phase, yes/no recognition was measured for real and nonreal objects. AD patients had impaired explicit memory for real and nonreal objects and intact repetition priming for real objects. By the latency measure, both AD and NC groups showed priming for nonreal objects but in opposite ways. Classification decisions about studied relative to nonstudied nonreal objects were slower for the AD patients, whereas such decisions were faster for the NC participants. Classification decisions of both groups were less accurate for repeated nonreal objects. These results support the claim that AD patients with mild cognitive impairment show normal perceptual priming. The AD inhibition for studied nonreal objects is discussed in terms of the decision conflict that occurs when recollection of source is not available to counter the influence of familiarity.
Mentalist evidentialism vindicated (and a super-blooper epistemic design problem for proper function justification)

Michael Bergmann seeks to motivate his externalist, proper function theory of epistemic justification by providing three objections to the mentalism and mentalist evidentialism characteristic of nonexternalists such as Richard Feldman and Earl Conee. Bergmann argues that (i) mentalism is committed to the false thesis that justification depends on mental states; (ii) mentalism is committed to the false thesis that the epistemic fittingness of an epistemic input to a belief-forming process must be due to an essential feature of that input, and, relatedly, that mentalist evidentialism is committed to the false thesis that the epistemic fittingness of doxastic response B to evidence E is an essential property of B–E; and (iii) mentalist evidentialism is “unmotivated”. I object to each argument. The argument for (i) begs the question. The argument for (ii) suffers from the fact that mentalist evidentialists are not committed to the consequences claimed for them; nevertheless, I show that there is, in the neighborhood, a substantive dispute concerning the nature of doxastic epistemic fittingness. That dispute involves what I call “Necessary Fittingness”, the view that, necessarily, exactly one (at most) doxastic attitude (belief, or disbelief, or suspension of judgment) toward a proposition is epistemically fitting with respect to a person’s total evidence at any time. Reflection on my super-blooper epistemic design counterexamples to Bergmann’s proper function theory reveals both the plausibility of Necessary Fittingness and a good reason to deny (iii). Mentalist evidentialism is thus vindicated against the objections.
Longitudinal imaging and deterioration in word comprehension in primary progressive aphasia: Potential clinical significance

Background: Three variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA), distinguished by language performance and supportive patterns of atrophy on imaging, have different clinical courses and the prognoses for specific functions. For example, semantic variant PPA alone is distinguished by impaired word comprehension. However, sometimes individuals with high education show normal performance on word-comprehension tests early on, making classification difficult. Furthermore, as the condition progresses, individuals with other variants develop word-comprehension deficits and other behavioural symptoms, making distinctions between variants less clear. Longitudinal brain imaging allows identification of specific areas of atrophy in individual patients, which identifies the location of disease in each patient.Aims: We hypothesised that the areas of atrophy in individual PPA participants would be closely correlated with the decline in word comprehension over time. We propose that areas where tissue volume is correlate...
Partial substitution of soybean meal with animal protein sources in diets for channel catfish

Nine-week laboratory feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate partial substitution of animal protein sources into a 32% protein soybean-meal-corn basal diet for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings. In the first experiment, substitution of 5, 10, 20, and 40% menhaden fish meal into the basal diet resulted in increases in weight, protein, and fat gains as fish mean was increased to 20% (P < 0.05), and an increase in fat gain as fish meal was increased to 40% (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, the basal diet was supplemented with 5 and 10% fish meal or isonitrogenous amounts of protein from meat and bone meal (5.6 and 11.3%), blood meal (3.4 and 6.8%), and a 60:40 combination of meat and bone and blood meals (5 and 10%). Weight, protein, and fat gains were improved (P < 0.10) when the lower level of each animal protein, except blood meal, was substituted into the basal diet. Increasing the dietary level of each animal protein, except blood meal, improved gains over those from diets containing the lower level of the animal protein (P < 0.10). Fish meal improved gains more than isonitrogenous levels of the other animal proteins at both dietary levels (P < 0.10). Estimated amino-acid contents of the diets indicate that the increase in growth produced by including fish meal may be explained on the basis of increasing dietary levels of the most limiting amino acids; however, the increase in growth effected by including the other animal protein sources in the diet cannot be explained on that basis. Food consumption during the first 3 days of experiment indicated that inclusion of fish meal, meat and bone meal, or the meat and bone-meal-blood-meal combination improved diet palatability.
Prevention of microvascular thrombosis by topical application of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor.

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor is a naturally occurring protein inhibitor of factor X and the tissue factor-factor VII complex of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The potential of tissue factor pathway inhibitor as a topical antithrombotic agent was evaluated in a rabbit model of thrombosis that combined intimal injury, anastomosis, and a twisted pedicle. In 207 rabbit ears, a near-complete amputation was performed, preserving the central ear artery and vein. The central ear artery was transected, the intima was removed mechanically over a 1-cm length, the artery was anastomosed, and the ear was twisted 360 degrees, wrapping the intact vein around the artery. Before recirculation, the lumen was irrigated on a blinded, randomized basis with either hirudin (100 or 500 units/ml), heparin (50 or 100 units/ml), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (10, 40, 125, or 250 μg/ml), heparin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor together, or vehicle (control). Upon arterial reflow, the ears were observed for 7 days. Patency rates after 7 days were as follows : hirudin, 30 and 55 percent ; heparin, 43 and 50 percent ; tissue factor pathway inhibitor, 75 and 90 percent ; heparin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, 75 percent ; and, vehicle, 6 percent. The higher concentrations of tissue factor pathway inhibitor led to significantly higher patency rates than heparin, hirudin, or control solutions. Electron microscopic evaluation of specimens irrigated with gold-labeled tissue factor pathway inhibitor revealed the inhibitor bound to the injured intimal surface for at least 3 days postoperatively. Coagulation studies showed no change in the clotting profile upon intravascular infusion with tissue factor pathway inhibitor even at the highest dose used topically. We conclude that tissue factor pathway inhibitor is a more effective topical antithrombotic agent than either heparin or hirudin.
Bithiophene Imide and Benzodithiophene Copolymers for Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

Bithiophene imide (BTI) and benzodithiophene (BDT) copolymers are synthesized for application in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The electron deficiency of the BTI units leads to polymers with a low-lying HOMOs (∼-5.6 eV). Inverted solar cells are fabricated to investigate the OPV performance of the BTI-based polymers and achieve power conversion efficiencies up to 5.5%, with substantial V(oc)s above 0.9 V which are among the highest V(oc)s reported to date for polymer/PCBM solar cells. The results indicate that the BTI is a promising building block for constructing polymer donors for OPV applications.
EVAPORATION FROM EMULSIONS

ABSTRACT The evaporation from thin layers of water/hydrocarbon emulsions was followed gravimetrically and the state of the emulsion was observed optically during the process. For a system with a hydrocarbon of high vapor pressure (cyclohexane) the evaporation rate was changed suddenly at the depletion of oil for the W/O emulsion while the O/W emulsions gave a gradual reduction. The system water/hexadecane gave the opposite behavior, water evaporated faster leaving hexadecane. In the water/decane system evaporation was similar and the rate dependence show no special feature, except, the emulsion with O/W ratio equal to 70/30. It was initially a double emulsion of the O/W/O type. Because the decane being the continuous phase evaporated slightly faster from a thin layer, coalescence was observed of the water droplets with the smaller oil droplets inside the water droplets remaining intact.
A model for the maxima observed in galvanostatic transients during the deposition of copper

Summary Galvanostatic transients in Cu deposition were found to exhibit maxima. The phenomenology observed by us and also by Jenkins, is summarized. Assuming a simple model of adsorbed impurities at the steps where incorporation of adions should occur, a calculation of theoretical transient exhibiting a maximum was performed. The excess overpotential arises as a result of the increased adion concentration needed to overcome the curvature of the growth steps as they “squeeze” through the adsorbed impurities (assumed to be immobile). Once the impurities are left behind, the steps advance at a rate large enough to prevent further accumulation of impurities; thus, the overpotential decreases. The theoretically predicted dependence of tmax on i agrees with the observed behaviour; similarly, the dependence of ηmax on i can be quantitatively reproduced. The effects of distance between steps and maxima in anodic transients are explained semi-quantitatively.
The phase diagram of rdx (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine) under hydrostatic pressure

Abstract Raman spectroscopy has been used to determine the phase diagram and phase behavior of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazhe) up to 16 GPa at temperatures ranging from 150 K to over 450 K. Two new stable solid polymorphs have been identified: a high pressure/low temperature form that converts reversibly to α-RDX (the form stable at ambient conditions) at 3.8 GPa, independent of temperature from 150 to 375 K. We also find a high pressure/high temperature form of RDX that is highly metastable, shows a very large hysteresis, and is probably the polymorph known as β-RDX.
Condensation nuclei concentrations at two pacific northwest coastal sites

Abstract Continuous measurements of condensation nuclei concentration were made with a General Electric CN counter at Cape Blanco, Oregon and Point Grenville, Washington, during the summer of 1976. Solar radiation, and wind direction and speed were also recorded continuously at the two sites. A portable Gardner counter was used to determine nuclei concentrations at nearby areas. Significantly higher concentrations of CN were observed at Cape Blanco than at Point Grenville. At each site, the concentrations were correlated with specific synoptic weather conditions, as well as with local influences. Diurnal cycles for CN were apparent at both sites, and are explained by synoptic weather conditions, smaller scale, local effects and perhaps natural photochemical processes. The data indicate significant influence by continental and anthropogenic source areas on the CN concentration in air of apparent marine trajectory along the Pacific coast, south of central Oregon. Precipitation was not a factor during these summertime measurements.
Multiple Bony Amyloidomas as an Initial Presentation of Myeloma

Amyloidosis complicating multiple myeloma is an uncommon but well-recognized phenomenon. Multiple bone amyloidomas are rare as the initial presenting feature of myeloma. Solitary bone amyloidomas share common features with those of patients who have solitary plasmacytomas and progression to disseminated myeloma is common. We report a case of an elderly man who presented with extensive amyloid deposition in multiple plasmacytoma sites as well as evidence of amyloid in a fat pad aspirate but with none of the usual organ damage associated with systemic amyloidosis. This presentation is similar to a subset of patients said to have macrofocal myeloma. These patients are typically aged < 40 years, have no bone marrow involvement, and have a good prognosis. This report may represent the first description of macrofocal myeloma associated with amyloid deposition in an older individual.
Fuzzy filtering for mixed noise removal during image processing

Presents a new nonlinear fuzzy filter for image processing in a mixed noise environment, where both additive Gaussian noise and nonadditive impulsive noise may be present. Averaging filters can effectively remove the Gaussian noise and order statistics filters or median filters can effectively remove the impulsive noise. However, it is difficult to combine these filters to remove mixed noise in an image processing environment without blurring the image details or edges. Trying to distinguish between noise and edge information in the image is an inherently ambiguous problem and naturally leads to the development of a fuzzy filter. We use local statistics to train the membership function of a fuzzy filter for image processing to remove both Gaussian noise and impulsive noise while preserving edges. We show that such a fuzzy filter gives superior results when compared to averaging filters, median filters, and other fuzzy filters. We also demonstrate the robustness of this filtering technique. >
Extracellular dopamine and neurotensin in rat prefrontal cortex in vivo: effects of median forebrain bundle stimulation frequency, stimulation pattern, and dopamine autoreceptors

In vivo microdialysis coupled with HPLC and radioimmuno-assay techniques were used to analyze dopamine (DA) and neurotensin (NT) in prefrontal cortical extracellular fluid following electrical stimulation of mesocortical axons. The release (overflow into the extracellular fluid) of both DA and NT increased with increasing number of impulses and with frequency. At the lowest frequency tested (2.5 Hz), DA release was significantly increased, while there was no significant increase in the release of NT. As the frequency of stimulation was increased from 2.5 to 20 Hz, the ratio of extracellular DA:NT decreased exponentially. Stimulation in a burst pattern produced greater release of both DA and NT than tonic stimulation when the number of impulses per second and the total number of impulses were held constant. Furthermore, blockade of DA autoreceptors with sulpiride stereoselectively increased the release of DA while decreasing the release of NT. These data suggest that the release of coexistent molecules (DA and NT) from mesocortical neurons can be influenced by physiological and pharmacological factors such that under certain conditions simultaneous or differential release may occur.
Underestimation of specific immunoglobulin E by microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

We developed an ELISA by use of monoclonal anti-IgE to measure allergen-specific IgE. We measured perennial ryegrass (PRG) specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) with conventional single incubations and with the recently reported transfer method to decrease interference in the assay. Paired sera in 10 patients before and during immunotherapy with PRG extract were analyzed for PRG sIgE with single serum incubations and with the sum of five serial serum incubations. A standardized reference serum and patient sera were incubated 12 hours and then transferred to a second well, incubated 12 hours more, and transferred again. The process was repeated until five pairs of wells had been incubated with each serum dilution. Color was developed, and optical density was measured. PRG sIgE was calculated by interpolation from the reference curve. Evidence of interference was inferred when less PRG sIgE was detected by single incubation than by transfer. Inhibition of 71.3% occurred in the sera drawn during immunotherapy. Inhibition of 32.9% was found before immunotherapy. Also, a late peaking of the well-to-well curve of optical density was observed in nine of 10 sera drawn during immunotherapy (the exception had not reached full strength), whereas all of the sera drawn before immunotherapy had normal curves. This suggests that sIgE determinations performed in microtiter plate format with single incubations will usually underestimate the sIgE level. This drawback needs to be kept in mind by the clinician interpreting the results of these assays.
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and the E2 transactivator protein are closely associated with mitotic chromatin.

The bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 transactivator protein is required for viral transcriptional regulation and DNA replication and may be important for long-term episomal maintenance of viral genomes within replicating cells (M. Piirsoo, E. Ustav, T. Mandel, A. Stenlund, and M. Ustav, EMBO J. 15:1–11, 1996). We have evidence that, in contrast to most other transcriptional transactivators, the E2 transactivator protein is associated with mitotic chromosomes in dividing cells. The shorter E2-TR and E8/E2 repressor proteins do not bind to mitotic chromatin, and the N-terminal transactivation domain of the E2 protein is necessary for the association. However, the DNA binding function of E2 is not required. We have found that bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes are also associated with mitotic chromosomes, and we propose a model in which E2-bound viral genomes are transiently associated with cellular chromosomes during mitosis to ensure that viral genomes are segregated to daughter cells in approximately equal numbers.
Complexity and Extended Phenomenological-Cognitive Systems

The complex systems approach to cognitive science invites a new understanding of extended cognitive systems. According to this understanding, extended cognitive systems are heterogenous, composed of brain, body, and niche, non-linearly coupled to one another. This view of cognitive systems, as non-linearly coupled brain–body–niche systems, promises conceptual and methodological advances. In this article we focus on two of these. First, the fundamental interdependence among brain, body, and niche makes it possible to explain extended cognition without invoking representations or computation. Second, cognition and conscious experience can be understood as a single phenomenon, eliminating fruitless philosophical discussion of qualia and the so-called hard problem of consciousness. What we call ‘‘extended phenomenological-cognitive systems’’ are relational and dynamical entities, with interactions among heterogeneous parts at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
A comparative study of interval and continuous incremental training in Thoroughbreds

Few equine studies exist comparing the effects of different forms of training. This study tested the following hypothesis: interval training (IT) results in similar or better fitness parameters in Thoroughbreds when compared to continuous incremental training (CT) of the same workload with fewer galloping strides. Two groups of five horses underwent 6 weeks of IT or CT. Fitness levels were established before and following training. Both groups showed significant increases in VO2max (P < 0.05), lactate threshold (P < 0.05), work rate corresponding to 100% VO2max (P < 0.05) and work to fatigue during an incremental and sprint exercise test (P < 0.05). The interval-trained group had a significant increase in peak lactate values (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.05). The increase in VO2max of the interval group was greater than the increase in VO2max of the continuous incremental group (P = 0.10), increasing 27.38 ± 8.44 and 14.64 ± 2.66%, respectively. The interval group took significantly fewer galloping strides than the continuous incremental group for all weeks of training (P < 0.05). It is considered that supramaximal IT improves equine fitness as well as CT of the same workload with fewer galloping strides.
Teaching Value in Diversity: On the Folly of Espousing Inclusion, While Practicing Exclusion

Our experience of common approaches to teaching diversity suggests that while we espouse to teach inclusion in order to yield the potential workgroup and organizational value associated with divers...