cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-collimated electromagnetic jets from magnetized accretion disks - The even-symmetry case

This paper extends the previous treatment (Lovelace et al., 1987) of the origin of self-collimated EM jets to the case of even field symmetry, where the magnetic flux function Psi(r, z) is an even function of z. A viscous resistive accretion disk is assumed to surround a black hole with a force-free plasma outside of the disk. Inside the disk, the induction equation is solved for Psi(r, z) and the toroidal magnetic field. Outside the disk, previous results are used to study the formation of self-collimated EM jets. In contrast with the odd-symmetry case, for even symmetry the toroidal magnetic field acts to vertically compress the disk; a comparatively large toroidal magnetic field can exist inside the disk; and an appreciable fraction (possibly all) of the available accretion power can go into the jets.
Scheduling with Uncertain Resources: Collaboration with the User

We describe a scheduling system that supports collaboration between the user and automated optimizer. It enables the user to monitor the optimizer decisions, make any of the decisions manually, and leave the other decisions to the system. Furthermore, it identifies the tasks that require the user's participation, and asks for assistance with these tasks.
General Versus Elderly Interstate Migration and Population Redistribution in the United States

This article describes recent patterns of interstate migration in the United States for the general population and contrasts them with those of the elderly population. An analysis of age-specific m...
Using specific antisera to neutralize ACTH in sturgeon: a method for manipulating the interrenal response during stress.

Interrenal function and the magnitude of the stress response were assessed in green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) passively immunized with antisera directed against adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The nucleotide sequence encoding ACTH was determined using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We identiWed two isoforms of ACTH that diVer at a single site (position 26) in the 39 AA peptide. Both forms of green sturgeon ACTH (gsACTH1–39) display 100% homology with both sequences of white sturgeon ACTH (wsACTH1–39). The N-terminal portion of gsACTH also shares absolute identity with the comparable portion of human ACTH (hACTH). However, we identiWed considerable sequence divergence in the C-terminal domain between gsACTH and hACTH. Species-speciWc anti-ACTH sera were generated by vaccinating sheep against the C-terminal portion of gsACTH (gsACTH26–39). The peptide was covalently linked to a carrier protein (keyhole-limpet-hemocyanin [KLH]) to further enhance its immunogenicity. The antigsACTH sera recognized gsACTH1–39 and the immunogenic peptide (gsACTH26–39), but did not interact with hACTH1–39. To assess the impact of the antisera, Wsh were passively immunized with anti-gsACTH26–39 sera or anti-KLH sera and challenged with a hACTH1–39 injection on day 1 followed by a 1-min air emersion stressor on day 2. The magnitude and duration of the secretory response induced by hACTH did not diVer (P > .05) between groups. Conversely, the magnitude of cortisol secretion induced by air emersion was signiWcantly attenuated (P <. 05) in Wsh passively immunized against gsACTH26–39. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the targeted antisera used in this study can discriminate between mammalian and green sturgeon ACTH and moderate the in vivo response to a stressor.
CONSTRAINT PROPAGATION IN KIMMO SYSTEMS

Taken abstractly, the two-level (Kimmo) morphological framework allows computationally difficult problems to arise. For example, N + 1 small automata are sufficient to encode the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) for formulas in N variables. However, the suspicion arises that natural-language problems may have a special structure --- not shard with SAT --- that is not directly captured in the two-level model. In particular, the natural problems may generally have a modular and local nature that distinguishes them from more "global" SAT problems. By exploiting this structure, it may be possible to solve the natural problems by methods that do not involve combinatorial search.We have explored this possibility in a preliminary way by applying constraint propagation methods to Kimmo generation and recognition. Constraint propagation can succeed when the solution falls into place step-by-step through a chain of limited and local inferences, but it is insufficiently powerful to solve unnaturally hard SAT problems. Limited tests indicate that the constraint-propagation algorithm for Kimmo generation works for English, Turkish, and Warlpiri. When applied to a Kimmo system that encodes SAT problems, the algorithm succeeds on "easy" SAT problems but fails (as desired) on "hard" problems.
Effect of In Ovo Administration of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on Composition and Mechanical Properties of Chicken Bone

The influence of in ovo administration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on long bone growth (tibiae and femora) of 42-d-old broiler chickens was investigated. Eggs were divided into three groups: uninjected control, vehicle-injected control, and recombinant human (rh) IGF-I. Eggs were injected once with 100 microL vehicle (10 mM acetic acid and 0.1% BSA) per embryo or vehicle containing 100 ng rh IGF-I/100 microL per embryo (n = 555 eggs total) on Days 1, 2, 3, or 4 of embryonic development. Males had greater bone length and moment of inertia than did females for the tibia and the femur (P < or = 0.01 for all). Although fracture load was significantly affected by gender (P < or = 0.02 and P < or = 0.006 for the femur and tibia, respectively), there was no treatment effect on these variables. However, when the fracture load was normalized with body weight of the animal, treatment and gender effects were found for femora (P < or = 0.04). Hydroxyproline concentrations of bones from male broilers were increased by the treatment (P < or = 0.02), whereas it had no effect on female broilers. There was no treatment effect on ash content, stiffness, yield load, yield deflection, and ultimate deflection and elastic, plastic, and total work for the femur or the tibia. We suggest that the effect of in ovo administration of IGF-I on bone mechanical properties was site-specific, and treated femora tended to have a lower fracture load relative to increased body weight.
Rapid Mechanisms for Generating Genome Diversity: Whole Ploidy Shifts, Aneuploidy, and Loss of Heterozygosity

Human fungal pathogens can exist in a variety of ploidy states, including euploid and aneuploid forms. Ploidy change has a major impact on phenotypic properties, including the regulation of interactions with the human host. In addition, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant isolates is often associated with the formation of specific supernumerary chromosomes. Pathogens such as Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans appear particularly well adapted for propagation in multiple ploidy states with novel pathways driving ploidy variation. In both species, heterozygous cells also readily undergo loss of heterozygosity (LOH), leading to additional phenotypic changes such as altered drug resistance. Here, we examine the sexual and parasexual cycles that drive ploidy variation in human fungal pathogens and discuss ploidyand LOH events with respect to their far-reaching roles in fungal adaptation and pathogenesis.
Mapping meiotic breaks: Spo11 oligonucleotides precisely mark the spots

Initiation sites for meiotic recombination have now been precisely mapped across the budding yeast genome using a widely applicable deep-sequencing approach.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Commitment Dynamics in Cohabiting Relationships

This longitudinal study followed 120 cohabiting, opposite-sex couples over 8 months to test hypotheses derived from commitment theory about how two types of commitment (dedication and constraint) operate during cohabitation. In nearly half the couples, there were large differences between partners in terms of dedication. These differences were associated with lower relationship adjustment, even controlling for overall level of dedication. Furthermore, among couples who believed in the institution of marriage, cohabiting women were, on average, more dedicated than their partners. Additionally, there was evidence that constraints (e.g., signing a lease, having a joint bank account) make it less likely that couples think they will break up, regardless of relationship dedication. This finding was strongest for women and for those with higher income levels.
Exploring Rural Contexts with Digital Storytelling.

This article describes rural middle school students’ exploration of their identity and their rural contexts through the vehicle of digital storytelling. Participants included 40 7th and 40 9th grade students at two rural schools in the Southeast United States. Students worked in shared writing groups to create digital stories expressing their views on teen life in a small, rural town. The resultant stories were analyzed using comparative grounded theory yielding some themes which may be posited as unique to a rural population while other themes were typical of the developmental age regardless of geographical context. Study findings indicate that the rural nature of the participants’ communities had a significant impact on their identity formation and understanding of community. This study supports students’ use of technology to promote exploration of identity within geographic and sociological settings.
Potential for D-3He Experiments in Next-Generation Tokamaks

In this paper the potential for D-{sup 3}He experiments in the proposed Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) and International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) tokamak test devices is examined. In CIT, an energy multiplication Q of {approximately}0.3 can be obtained with an injection power of {approximately}100 MW. Without modifications to ITER, except for the change of fuel, it is found that Q of the order of 0.3 to 0.5 can be obtained. Breakeven with D-{sup 3}He requires modification to the device to increase the elongation to 2.4, reduce the major radius to 5.6 m, and increase the magnetic field at the plasma from 4.9 to 5.6 T. Operation with a small amount of tritium seeding can reduce the auxiliary power required to achieve breakeven and leads to Q = 2 in an unmodified device.
Adipocyte Insensitivity to Insulin in Growth Hormone-Transgenic Mice

Growth hormone (GH) has an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis, and its effect is associated with insulin action in obesity. In this study, the relationship between GH effect on insulin sensitivity and adipocyte differentiation in vivo was investigated. Transgenic (TG) female mice expressing porcine GH had reduced body weights and weights of retroperitoneal and parametrial fat depots. Insulin treatment increased PPARgamma and GLUT4 expression in adipose tissue of WT mice but had no effect in TG mice. Content of transcription factors, PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha and beta, was higher in adipose tissue of WT mice, and for C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma, the difference occurred primarily in 24-, compared to 12-week-old, mice. Expression of preadipocyte factor-1 was higher in adipose tissue of TG mice, and expression of TNF-alpha and leptin was reduced in adipose tissue of 24-week-old TG mice. Our results suggest that increased expression of GH reduces adipogenesis by inducing adipocyte resistance to the adipogenic effect of insulin.
Can scientific impact be judged prospectively? A bibliometric test of Simonton's model of creative productivity

Simonton"s (1997) model of creative productivity, based on a blind variation-selection process, predicts scientific impact can only be evaluated retrospectively, after recognition has been achieved. We test this hypothesis using bibliometric data from the Human Factors journal, which gives an award for the best paper published each year. If Simonton"s model is correct, award winning papers would not be cited much more frequently than non-award winning papers, showing that scientific success cannot be judged prospectively. The results generally confirm Simonton"s model. Receipt of the award increases the citation rate of articles, but accounts for only 0.8% to 1.2% of the variance in the citation rate. Consistent with Simonton"s model, the influence of the award on citation rate may reflect a selection process of an elite group of reviewers who are representative of the larger peer group that eventually determines the citation rate of the article. Consistent with Simonton"s model, author productivity accounts for far more variance in the authors" total citation rate (58.9%) and in the citation rate of the authors" most cited article (12.6%) than does award receipt.
Temporally Structured Replay of Awake Hippocampal Ensemble Activity during Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Human dreaming occurs during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. To investigate the structure of neural activity during REM sleep, we simultaneously recorded the activity of multiple neurons in the rat hippocampus during both sleep and awake behavior. We show that temporally sequenced ensemble firing rate patterns reflecting tens of seconds to minutes of behavioral experience are reproduced during REM episodes at an equivalent timescale. Furthermore, within such REM episodes behavior-dependent modulation of the subcortically driven theta rhythm is also reproduced. These results demonstrate that long temporal sequences of patterned multineuronal activity suggestive of episodic memory traces are reactivated during REM sleep. Such reactivation may be important for memory processing and provides a basis for the electrophysiological examination of the content of dream states.
Preparing More Effective Liquid State Machines Using Hebbian Learning

In liquid state machines, separation is a critical attribute of the liquid - which is traditionally not trained. The effects of using Hebbian learning in the liquid to improve separation are investigated in this paper. When presented with random input, Hebbian learning does not dramatically change separation. However, Hebbian learning does improve separation when presented with real-world speech data.
A new method for generating a low-distortion n-tone signal

A new method for generating a low-distortion n-tone signal is presented. The new method uses a RAM based DDS generator, a frequency converter and a distortion monitor. The signal distortions are cancelled by using digital feedback, or re-writing RAM data recursively. Two feedback algorithms are presented for different configurations. >
Pediatrics in the community: taking a collective breath to help children who have asthma.

1. Kate Leonard, MD 2. Maria Mosquera, MD 1. Pediatric Residents Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford University Palo Alto, Calif 1. C. Andrew Aligne, MD 1. Co-Director of the Pediatric Links to the Community Program University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY Childhood asthma is a global epidemic that, in the United States, disproportionately affects the urban poor. (1) Residents Kate Leonard and Maria Mosquera, from Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University, joined forces with their resident colleagues to help create a program to decrease asthma morbidity in East Palo Alto, California, a disadvantaged neighborhood where asthma hospitalization rates are three times higher than in the rest of their county. Their primary partner was the school district, which identified asthma as its top health concern. The residents from two consecutive cohorts agreed to work on this issue under the guidance of general pediatrician Lisa Chamberlain. From a literature review of successful community interventions to reduce …
Incremental LTAG Parsing

We present a very efficient statistical incremental parser for LTAG-spinal, a variant of LTAG. The parser supports the full adjoining operation, dynamic predicate coordination, and non-projective dependencies, with a formalism of provably stronger generative capacity as compared to CFG. Using gold standard POS tags as input, on section 23 of the PTB, the parser achieves an f-score of 89.3% for syntactic dependency defined on LTAG derivation trees, which are deeper than the dependencies extracted from PTB alone with head rules (for example, in Magerman's style).
Single-site laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: preclinical use of a novel multi-access port device.

Introduction: Single-site laparoscopy (SSL) has emerged as an alternative technique for sleeve gastrectomy. The author describes the preclinical technique of SSL sleeve gastrectomy through a novel multichannel port device in the porcine model. Methods: Anesthetized swine underwent 3-cm longitudinal supra-umbilical incision. A multichannel port device was inserted. A gastric sleeve was created by multiple applications of a 60-mm stapler. The access device’s channel housing was removed and the sleeve specimen exteriorized. Results: The mean operative time was 60 ± 10 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 30 ± 5 cc. The multichannel port device allowed induction and maintenance of pneumoperitoneum throughout the procedure (range 12-15 mm Hg) with efficient rotation and substantial abdominal wall torque and minimal instrument clashing. Conclusion: SSL sleeve gastrectomy in the porcine model was facilitated by the use of a novel multichannel port device. Clinical studies are warranted.
Population dynamics of giant barrel sponges on Florida coral reefs

Abstract The structure of coral reef benthic communities has changed significantly in recent decades and will likely continue to change with the increasing frequency and scale of disturbances. Reef-building corals and macroalgae have been regularly included in assessments of coral reef communities, however very little is known about the long-term dynamics of sponge populations. The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is a dominant component of Caribbean coral reef communities, and it was previously reported that populations significantly increased in the Florida Keys over 2000–2006. Using surveys of sponges from the same permanent plots on reefs off Key Largo, Florida, USA, this study extended the investigation of the population dynamics of X. muta for 2000–2012 at three depths (15, 20, 30 m). Over 12 years, the density of X. muta significantly increased by a mean of 122% (range = 53–336%) on Conch Reef and by a mean of 44% on Pickles Reef. Both the cover and volume of X. muta concomitantly increased at all sites and increases in both metrics were greater over 2006–2012 relative to 2000–2006 due to decreased mortality of the largest sponges in the population over time. Population growth accelerated at all sites on Conch Reef due to a significant increase in recruitment and sponge survival, and was greater at deeper relative to shallow depths; on Pickles Reef, recruitment decreased, but survival increased and population growth remained constant over time. Despite mortality due to putative pathogenesis, and in contrast to the persistent decline of reef-building corals, these results suggest that conditions on Florida coral reefs have been increasingly favorable for the growth of barrel sponge populations. Given the long lifespan of X. muta, it remains to be seen whether these results represent a persistent change with broad geographic relevance, or stochastic variation in local demographics.
Economics in Context: On Institutions, Civic Ethics, and Liberal Civil Society

Academic departmentalization has limited the dimensionality and thus the richness of analysis in the social sciences. The author examines the case of a modem economics as an example. He reviews the ideas of Williamson (2000), who cites the limits of scope in the New Institutional Economics; Buchanan, who lays bare the ethical foundations of political economy in his constitutional eco­nomics; and Adam Smith, whose moral philosophy reflects a fully dimensional analysis. The author cites examples of how modem economic analysis can be enhanced by a reintegration with the other social sciences.
Insight into the Potential Factors That Promote Tobacco Use in Vulnerable Populations

It is presently unclear why certain populations are more vulnerable to tobacco use and less responsive to smoking cessation interventions. This review considers the contribution of nicotine reward and withdrawal in populations that appear to be more susceptible to tobacco use. Our focus is on populations that have been modeled in rodents including, adolescents, females, and persons with metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. A common feature across these rodent models is heightened nicotine reward, suggesting that vulnerable populations may experience strong rewarding effects of nicotine that promote tobacco use. One distinguishing factor among these rodent models of at-risk populations is with regard to the magnitude of nicotine withdrawal, which is lower during adolescence. These groups also differ with regard to expression of the physical signs versus affective states produced by withdrawal, suggesting that these distinct facets of withdrawal differentially contribute to tobacco use in vulnerable populations. Thus, we may need to apply different diagnostic criteria and/or specialized treatments that target the unique factors that promote tobacco use in different vulnerable populations.
Combining Stimulants and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: A Reexamination of the Literature and a Report of a New Treatment Combination

This report reviews the medical literature on combining stimulants with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A case is also presented documenting successful treatment of major depressive disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using the previously undocumented combination of transdermal selegiline and lisdexamfetamine. This combination should be used cautiously and with ongoing monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure.
Primary multifocal gliosarcoma of the spinal cord

Gliosarcoma (GS) is a rare and exceedingly malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system. It displays clinical features similar to glioblastoma, yet is histologically unique as it harbors both gliomatous and sarcomatous cellular components. Involvement of the neuroaxis is predominantly limited to the cerebral parenchyma and meninges. Primary GS of the spinal cord is rarely encountered. We report a case of a 54 year old male who presented with 2 months of progressive, bilateral lower extremity sensory deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging of the neuro-axis revealed multiple intradural lesions involving the cervical and thoracic spinal cord without evidence of intracranial involvement. Surgical resection of a dural based, extramedullary cervical lesion and two exophytic, intramedullary thoracic lesions revealed gliosarcoma, WHO grade IV. The patient died approximately 11 months after presentation. This report confirms that GS is not limited to supratentorial involvement and can primarily affect the spinal cord.
Conducting Polymers with Chemically Sensitive Traps And Barriers: New Molecule-Based Sensors

We present a general approach for the formation of conducting polymer based sensory materials which employ well-known Molecular recognition elements. These Methods are based upon impeding carrier transport through a conductive polymer's backbone with a barrier or by localizing a carrier with a trap. We have designed polythiophene derivatives which exhibit large changes in bandgap in the presence of specific ions. These Materials are based upon novel crown ether containing bithiophene monomers and we will discuss the details of the synthesis of the monomers and polymers. Sensory polymers which are selective for K + and Na + will be described. In such Materials, specific ions induce a twisting of the polymer's backbone.
Swimming Behavior of Rice Rats (Oryzomys palustris) and Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus)

The swimming ability of cotton rats and rice rats from several localities in Florida and Mississippi was compared. Rice rats freely swam a 2-m barrier separating two small “islands,” making better than 20 times the number of crossings made by cotton rats. Some cotton rats (26%) never swam the barrier during the 2-day test period, but all rice rats did. In general, cotton rats from Florida, especially ones from a barrier island, swam more frequently than did cotton rats from Mississippi. Rice rats from all localities were approximately equal in their tendency to swim. All crossings by rice rats and most by cotton rats were made during darkness. The fur of rice rats was more water repellent than that of cotton rats. Air trapped between hairs increased the buoyancy of the rice rats and reduced heat loss in water. Even with twice the body weight, cotton rats exhibited a significantly greater decrease in core body temperature when placed in 15°C water for 40 min than did rice rats. While swimming, both species used mainly the hind feet for propulsion and held the front feet close to the body. Rice rats swam faster than cotton rats, frequently swimming underwater for more than 10 m. Cotton rats never swam underwater, although they would momentarily submerge when they jumped from a platform. Semiaquatic adaptations appear to be important components of niche segregation in these sympatric rodents.
Application Value of MSCT Three-dimensional Post-processing on Pre-operation of Scoliosis Orthomorphia

Objective To evaluate the value of MSCT three-dimensional reconstruction postprocessing technique for operation of Scoliosis Orthomorphia. Methods 18 cases of scoliosis were performed with MSCT to be reconstructed by MPR, VRT. The three-dimensional reconstruction images displayed traverse, coronal and sagittal plane and measures data. Results By measuring data of 18 cases by means of the methods above, all parameters were accurate. Conclusion The three-dimensional reconstruction of MSCT makes up the disadvantages of X-ray. Any retrospective reconstruction can be done to the collected data. So patients can avoid being projected repeatedly and radiation can be reduced. Various parameters of the vertebrae concerning spine, spinal canal and the pedicle plane can be offered, providing reliable reference for pre-operations.
Cognitive Processes in Leadership: Interpreting and Handling Events in an Organizational Context

Research concerning the antecedents of leadership is reviewed using a cognitive-contextual model that focuses on factors affecting conscious, script-driven, and programmed behavioral choice. Causal relationships are suggested among several categories of contextual variables that affect behavioral choice and enacted leadership through their effects on cognitive processes. The model recognizes that leadership involves intervening in a social situation by affecting the meaning that other parties give to specific events, and as a way of fulfilling organizational functions. The review identifies gaps in current knowledge about cognitive and social processes that intervene among events that occur, problems that require management, and the leading activities of organization members. Implications for senior management strategies to influence leadership at all levels of an organization are discussed from cognitive, role, and symbolic interaction perspectives.
Local Tea Party Groups and the Vibrancy of the Movement

The Tea Party Movement (TPM) is often discussed in terms of Americans for Prosperity, the Republican Party, and other well-funded, national groups. Yet, grounded ethnographic research reveals vibrant, independent, local organizations, which, while they do draw on nationally disseminated cultural images and discourses, are far from simple agents of the larger organizations and media. Relying on eighteen months of fieldwork among eight local Tea Party groups in central North Carolina, I argue that these small, locally situated groups are crucial components in the TPM and its effects. Using theoretical concepts from social movement studies and social practice theory, I analyze the ways personal and Internet-based social networks, media, and elite organizations are cocreating new political subjects, and demonstrate the importance of local, face-to-face political organizations in cultivating and animating these subjects. I suggest that localized political groups are important for long-lasting political transformations. [social movements, right wing movements, identity and agency, United States, American South]
Differential capacity of neuroblastoma cell lines to produce neurospheres in vitro

3781 Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial malignant solid tumor of childhood. Although spontaneous regression can occur in patients less than 1 year old, 70% of patients over the age of 1 year have a poor outcome. Recent studies suggest that tumors of the nervous system can arise from cancer stem cells, that resemble neural stem cells in terms of signalling, phenotype and self-renewal capacity. The present study aims at testing the isolation of neurospheres from NB cell lines in order to further characterize them at the cellular and molecular levels. We analyzed the expression of CD133 by flow cytometry in 12 neuroblastoma cell lines (SK-N-DZ, SK-N-SH, SK-N-Be(2), SK-N-FI, BE(2)C, MC-IXC, IMR-32, Kelly, SIMA, SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and MHH-NB-11). We detected percentages of CD133(+) cells from 0.5 to 49%. To isolate neurospheres we decided to perform our study with SK-N-DZ (28% CD133(+) cells), SIMA (33%) and SH-SY5Y (2%). Both, SK-N-DZ and SIMA cell lines, consist of two principal neoplastic cell types: neuroblastic or N-type (undifferentiated cells); and stromal or S-type (differentiated cells). The SH-SY5Y cell line, on the contrary, consists only of S-type cells. The three cell lines were cultured in DMEM supplemented with EGF (epithelial growth factor) and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor). Neurospheres appeared in SK-N-DZ and SIMA cell lines after 24 h in culture, while SH-SY5Y did not show any morphological change alter 15 days in culture. The neurospheres contain a similar percentage of CD133(+) cells to the original cell lines. These data suggest that NB cell lines contain cell populations with different degrees of differentation, but only CD133(+) cells seem to be able to produce neurospheres “in vitro”.
Legal Issues: A Win for Google Books… Maybe

Way back in 2004 Google announced a new project that would expand its web search capability by adding a wealth of new content through the scanning of books from some of the great academic libraries of the world. The social goal of the project was to bring to worldwide access a massive collection of historical, literary, and scholarly knowledge that had previously been limited a few researchers in a few libraries. Google’s economic goal, however, was to expand the value of it search engine business and, perhaps, create its own content database that could become a marketable asset. Originally the Google Print Library Project, it is now known as Google Books. Scanning books necessarily involves copying books. To no one’s surprise, the owners of copyrights of the books in the Google Books project objected and in 2005 lawsuits were filed by several publishers as well as a class action suit the Authors Guild, an association representing individual authors. The history of the suit has been well documented in Information Today and other sources, including the proposed settlements in 2009 and 2011. In 2011 a court rejected the proposed settlements, suggesting that they violated both copyright and antitrust laws, and the lawsuit continued. But the end may be in sight. On July 1, 2013 a federal appeals court handed Google a major–but not necessarily conclusive–victory in rejecting the Authors Guild’s claim of class action status.
Understanding the Cognitive Development of Medical Students and Residents.

Dear EditorMedical educators are continually in pursuit of ways to develop critical thinking, problem solving, clinical reasoning and other cognitive skills that will serve learners well as future ...
Aerobic uterine isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility in mares with post-partum metritis.

SummaryBackground The potential for life-threatening complications of metritis requires prompt initiation of antimicrobial treatment, often before microbiological test results are reported. However, published studies to guide first-line antibiotic selection are scarce. Objectives To report the most frequent bacterial species, antimicrobial susceptibility and prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cases of equine metritis. Study design Retrospective analysis of uterine bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) results from mares with metritis. Methods Data from uterine culture and AST from 45 mares and 88 bacterial isolates were analysed. The frequency of single and mixed infections, bacterial species and susceptibility to antimicrobials was reported. Results Mixed growth (62.2% mares) was more frequent than pure growth. The most commonly isolated bacterial species was Escherichia coli (30.7%) and mares with mixed growth most commonly grew a combination of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria (65.5%). Gentamicin with penicillin was an appropriate choice for 65.1% of the mares. Trimethoprim/sulfonamide was effective in only 48.8% of the mares. Effective antimicrobial therapy was provided by the combination of penicillin with amikacin (90.7%) or with enrofloxacin (81.4%). Some organisms were also sensitive to tetracyclines, cephalosporins and chloramphenicol. MDR was more frequent in Gram negative (85.4%) than Gram positive bacteria (23.5%). Main limitations Low number of bacteria, limited number of veterinary specific interpretive criteria for equine metritis. Conclusions Mixed infections were common in equine metritis. Gram negative bacteria and Enterococci were often associated with resistance to the most frequently used antimicrobials. Potentiated sulfonamides are not an appropriate first choice for mares with metritis. While the combination of penicillin and gentamicin may be an appropriate first-line treatment for some mares, use of amikacin or enrofloxacin instead of gentamicin may be preferential. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Vitamin D attenuates cerebral artery remodeling through VDR/AMPK/eNOS dimer phosphorylation pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

The role of vitamin D3 (VitD3) in the upregulation of osteopontin (OPN) and eNOS in the endothelium of cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is investigated. The endovascular perfor...
MicroRNA-145 regulates disabled-2 and Wnt3a expression in cardiomyocytes under hyperglycaemia.

Aims MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) could protect cardiomyocyte apoptosis against oxidative stress and repair infarcted myocardium. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a pro-inflammatory cytokine could modulate myocardial remodelling. However, the role of hyperglycaemia on miR-145 expression in cardiomyocyte or diabetes is not known. The effect of Ang II on miR-145 expression under hyperglycaemia in cardiomyocytes remains unknown. We sought to investigate the effect of hyperglycaemia and Ang II on miR-145 expression in cardiomyocytes. Methods Rat cardiomyocytes were cultured under high glucose concentration (25 mmol/L), and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were established. TaqMan® MicroRNA real-time quantitative assay was used to quantitate miR-145. Results Sustained high glucose concentration (hyperglycaemia) significantly decreased miR-145 expression in cardiomyocytes. Hyperglycaemia significantly increased Ang II mRNA expression and secretion from rat cardiomyocytes. Ang II suppressed miR-145 expression in cardiomyocytes. Hyperglycaemia increased Dab2 and decreased Wnt3a/s-catenin expression in cardiomyocytes. Repression of miR-145 expression by Ang II resulted in increased Dab2 and decreased Wnt3a and s-catenin expression under hyperglycaemia. In contrast, overexpression of miR-145 significantly decreased Dab2 mRNA and protein expression, whereas the mRNA and protein levels for Wnt3a and s-catenin were significantly reduced in left ventricular myocardium from 5 days to 28 days in diabetic rats. The protein expression patterns of Dab2 and Wnt3a/s-catenin in left ventricular myocardium of diabetic rats could be reversed upon treatment with valsartan. Conclusions Ang II downregulates miR-145 to regulate Dab2 and Wnt3a/s-catenin expression in cardiomyocytes under high glucose concentration. Ang II plays a critical role in the regulation of miR-145 in cardiomyocytes under hyperglycaemic conditions.
Multidisciplinary Approach to treat Liver Transplant Recipients with Hepatitis C using Sofosbuvir based Therapy

Introduction The safety and efficacy of the direct acting antivirals in liver transplant recipients is unknown Materials and Methods Retrospective cohort study on liver transplant recipients ge years old who received Sofosbuvir SOF based antiviral therapy AVT at our hospital from January through May Multidisciplinary MDT approach involving hepatologists transplant pharmacists and a patient access coordinator was adapted SVR at and weeks safety and compliance of SOF based AVT were reported We also reported on improvement in APRI and CPT score at SVR Results patients were treated with Ledipasvir LDV SOF with SOF RBV and with SOF Simeprevir SIM Most patients were HCV genotype n and treatment experienced n Median time between liver transplant LT and AVT was years with majority treated ge months after LT Median pre treatment HCV viremia was with a high viral load ge copies ml in patients SVR and were achieved in despite a low rapid virological response Statistically significant improvement was observed in pre treatment and post SVR median albumin levels APRI and CPT scores Fatigue was the most commonly reported adverse effect Compliance rate was Conclusion With a MDT approach using SOF based AVT a very high SVR was achieved in liver transplant recipients with recurrent HCV infection A MDT approach positively impacts medication acquisition enhances patient education and compliance in post LT HCV management
Child Maltreatment, Problem Behaviors, and Neighborhood Attainment

Using data from a prospective cohort design study of a group of children with documented histories of abuse and neglect (n = 908) and matched controls (n = 667), this paper examines whether problem behaviors (e.g., prostitution, crime, school problems, and homelessness) in young adulthood explain the link between maltreatment in childhood and living in high-risk neighborhoods in middle adulthood. Problem behaviors were assessed at mean age of 29 and neighborhood characteristics were assessed at mean age of 40. Child maltreatment predicted living in less desirable neighborhoods in middle adulthood. Problem behaviors in young adulthood partially mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and residence in less desirable neighborhoods in middle adulthood. The direct paths from child maltreatment to neighborhoods were not significant for Black children. For White children, there was a direct relationship between child maltreatment and living in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood. Problem behaviors were a stronger mediator between child maltreatment and living in more disordered and less socially cohesive neighborhoods for Black children, while the problem behaviors were a stronger mediator for living in more economically disadvantaged and less socially cohesive neighborhoods for White children. Further research is needed to understand these racial differences. Interventions should focus on preventing problem behaviors to minimize the risk of residency in high-risk neighborhoods.
Possibility and practicability

In this chapter, we continue the discussions in Chap. 1. Step by step, we built the mathematical background of the requirement axioms to measure the performance of homogenous firms. We similarly start with a question from the gemstone company and gradually illustrate the new concepts. The provided concepts are not new, and have been mentioned in the literature of operations research; however, in order to avoid any confusion and pretend judgment based on the literature, only the concepts are re-introduced and the pros and cons of each concept are demonstrated. We also provide a philosophical argument to clarify some of the concepts. At the end of this chapter, readers will have an understanding of the overall concepts used to measure the performance of firms and will be ready to develop the mathematical background for complex situations.
Micro-chemical studies on normal cerumen. II. The percentage of lipid and protein in casual and fresh cerumen.

A knowledge of the composition of the surface film of the skin of the external auditory canal is of fundamental importance if we are to understand its possible protective function. Since the composition of casualf cerumen that has remained in the ear for a period of weeks or months may not be the same as that of fresh cerumen, the study herein reported was undertaken to measure any difference between the two.
A Phase II Clinical Trial of Molecular Profiled Neoadjuvant Therapy for Localized Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Objectives One facet of precision medicine is the use of tumor molecular profiling to guide chemotherapeutic selection. We conducted the first prospective clinical trial of molecular profiling to guide neoadjuvant therapy in patients with operable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We hypothesized that more effective systemic therapy would prevent disease progression during neoadjuvant therapy and, therefore, allow more patients to undergo surgery. Methods In patients with resectable and borderline resectable (BLR) PDAC, molecular profiling consisted of immunocytochemical staining of pretreatment endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration tumor biopsies using 6 biomarkers. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy was selected based on the molecular profiling results. The primary endpoint was the completion of all intended neoadjuvant therapy and surgery. Results The trial enrolled 130 patients; 61 (47%) resectable and 69 (53%) BLR. Molecular profiling was reported within a median of 5 business days (IQR: 3). Of the 130 patient samples, 95 (73%) had adequate cellularity for molecular profiling and 92 (71%) patients received molecular profile-directed therapy. Of the 92 patients who had predictive profiling, 74 (80%) received fluoropyrimidine-based therapy and 18 (20%) received gemcitabine-based therapies. Of the 130 patients, 107 (82%) completed all intended neoadjuvant therapy and surgery; 56 (92%) of the 61 with resectable PDAC and 51 (74%) of 69 with BLR PDAC. Conclusions We report the first prospective clinical trial that utilized molecular profiling to select neoadjuvant therapy in patients with operable PDAC. Such high resectability rates have not been observed in prior neoadjuvant trials, suggesting that molecular profiling may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in these patients.
Relations Between Reading and Speech Manifest Universal Phonological Principle

All writing systems represent speech, providing a means for recording each word of a message. This is achieved by symbolizing the phonological forms of spoken words as well as information conveying...
Private Ordering as the Foundation for Frontier Law

Private ordering’s relationship to public law can be characterized as one of a complement, substitute, competitor, or foundation. This study of a transition from private to public ordering examines judicial techniques of the Supreme Court of Colorado that reduced transition costs. Initially, judicial faithfulness to local decisionmaking invoked custom, but this diminished over time. Simultaneously, the Court was puzzlingly deferential to unreliable land office decisions. The cases here suggest that recognition of custom and rewarding formal claimants each played a role in minimizing legal transition costs, with mineral rights custom proving to be the foundation for the nascent legal system.
Making meaning of children's social interactions: The value tensions among school, classroom, and peer culture

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine prosocial and respect value tensions among three school stakeholders (the school mission, teachers, and students) to understand how values are created, maintained, and shared within the larger school socialization process. Utilizing dynamic narrating across three data sources, the school mission statement, teacher interviews, and children's written narratives, we focus on (1) what respect and disrespect values did each group of stakeholders (i.e., the school mission, the teachers, and the students) endorse and (2) what respect value congruencies, incongruences, and tensions exist across and within stakeholders? The findings of this study substantiate that within an elementary school within the United States value socialization among teacher and student stakeholders is not solely hierarchical, but reciprocal. The present study found that although the school, teachers, and students, held some congruent values about social interactions including respect, tensions exist in how respect should be enacted. These tensions may reflect developmental differences in social, cognitive, and metacognitive awareness in students across a wide variety of developmental ages within a given school. Overall, the findings shed light on the congruencies and tensions of prosocial value socialization in an elementary school.
76 Year Old Female with Enlarging Painless Nodule on the Arm

A 76 year old female presented with an enlarging, painless nodule on her arm. The lesion was slowly enlarging with discharge of putrid pus. She works on her garden in her spare time.
Cavity probe for real-time detection of atom dynamics in an optical lattice

We propose and demonstrate real-time subwavelength cavity QED measurements of the spatial distribution of atoms in an optical lattice. Atoms initially confined in one ``trap'' standing wave of an optical cavity mode are probed with a second ``probe'' standing wave. With frequencies offset by one free spectral range, the nodes of the trap fall on the antinodes of the probe in the $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{4}$ lattice sites around the center of the cavity. This lattice site independent atom-cavity coupling enables high sensitivity detection of atom dynamics even with atoms spread over many lattice sites. To demonstrate, we measure the temperature of $20--70\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ atom ensembles in $l10\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ by monitoring their expansion by $\ensuremath{\approx}100$ nm after sudden release from the trap lattice. Atom-cavity coupling imprints the atom dynamics on the probe transmission. The technique will enable improved nondestructive detection of Bloch oscillations and other atom dynamics in optical lattices.
Tamil drama in colonial Madras: the Parsi theatre connection

Tamil musical theatre (isai natakam) became a thriving form of public entertainment in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this formative period, Parsi theatre companies from Bombay freq...
Bulk spectrum and K-theory for infinite-area topological quasicrystals

The bulk spectrum of a possible Chern insulator on a quasicrystalline lattice is examined. The effect of being a 2D insulator seems to override any fractal properties in the spectrum. We compute that the spectrum is either two continuous bands, or that any gaps other than the main gap are small. After making estimates on the spectrum, we deduce a finite system size, above which the K-theory must coincide with the K-theory of the infinite system. Knowledge of the spectrum and K-theory of the infinite-area system will control the spectrum and K-theory of sufficiently large finite systems. The relation between finite volume K-theory and infinite volume Chern numbers is only proven to begin, for the model under investigation here, for systems on Hilbert space of dimension around 17 × 106. The real-space method based on the Clifford spectrum allows for computing Chern numbers for systems on Hilbert space of dimension around 2.7 × 106. New techniques in numerical K-theory are used to equate the K-theory of systems of different sizes.