cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE GROUND OF LOCKE'S LAW OF NATURE

This essay will show that Locke’s teaching on the law of nature is not based on divine revelation, or a juridical doctrine of individual rights, or self-ownership, or self-preservation, or reasoning from premises that are not rooted in the empirical world. I will argue, on the contrary, that the real ground is found in his understanding of the conditions of human happiness. This conclusion is far from evident on the surface of Locke’s writings. Locke draws his reader into an amazingly complex line of reasoning, scattered up and down in several of his books, leading finally to the real basis of his teaching on the law of nature. Locke engages the reader in a dialogue, in which initially plausible arguments are put forward, then implicitly questioned, leading to new arguments, which again are questioned, and so on. Locke says that “long and sometimes intricate deductions of reason” are necessary to discover the law of nature. Locke writes treatises, not Platonic dialogues. Nevertheless, a dialogical thread will take us from one of Locke’s books to another, until we put together all the relevant passages to show the complete picture of his argument.
Phototautomerization on the Singlet and Triplet Surface in o-Hydroxyacetophenone Derivatives in Polar Solvents

Nanosecond laser flash photolysis of o-hydroxyacetophenone (1a) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (1b) in ethanol and acetonitrile results in absorption due to triplet biradicals 2a (λmax 430 nm, τ ≈ 3 μs) and 2b (λmax 400 nm, τ ≈ 1 μs), respectively. Triplet biradical 2a intersystem crosses to form Z-3a (λmax 400 nm, τ ≈ 10 μs), whereas 2b forms both Z-3b and E-3b (λmax 350 nm, τ ≈ 5 and 72 μs). Quenching studies demonstrate that 3a,b are formed on both the singlet and triplet excited surface of 1a and 1b. In ethanol at 77 K, o-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives 1a and 1b show phosphorescence, as is typical for triplet ketones with (n,π*) configuration. The mechanism for the photoreactivity of 1a,b is supported by density functional calculations.
Monitoring of Food-borne Pathogens in Yongzhou City in 2011

Objective To investigate the status of food-borne pathogens contamination in market-sold foods in Yongzhou,Hunan Province.Methods The food-borne pathogens,including Salmonella spp.,Listeria monocytogenes,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus,Shigella spp.,Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Enterobacter sakazakii were detected according to the Handbook of National Surveillance Network on Food-borne Diseases in 2011.Results Totally 20 strains of pathogens were identified in the 198 samples collected from cooked meat products,egg products,quick frozen cooked rice products,ready-to-use non-fermented soybean products,cakes or biscuit,cold and dressed vegetable,fresh fruits or vegetables juice,rice noodles(fast foods,rice noodles and cold noodles) and infant foods,with a total detection rate of 10.10%.Among 9 kinds of foods samples detected,the pathogen detection rate of quick frozen cooked rice products was the highest(27.27%).The pathogen detection rates in cooked meat products,rice noodles,cakes,cold and dressed vegetable,fresh fruits or vegetables juice and infant foods were 18.18%,18.18%,9.09%,9.09%,4.55% and 4.55%,respectively.Conclusions The market-sold foods in Yongzhou City,especially the quick frozen cooked rice products,cooked meat products and rice noodles,are contaminated to by pathogens some extend.The food supervision and law enforcement departments should pay more attention to monitoring these food products so as to decrease and prevent the food-borne diseases effectively.
Correlation between regional enterocolitis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Two case reports and review of the literature.

Dermatological manifestations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease are numerous. We report herein 2 cases that demonstrated the uncommon association of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with regional enterocolitis. The clinical and histopathological features of this skin disease are important. Particular emphasis is placed on its relative benignity, in contrast to the serious prognosis associated with systemic polyarteritis nodosa.
Cooperative Self-Assembly of a Quaternary Complex Formed by Two Cucurbit[7]uril Hosts, Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), and a "Designer" Guest.

The self-assembly in aqueous solution of the well-known cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (BB4+), and two cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) hosts around a simple hydroquinol-based, diamine guest (GH22+) was investigated by 1H NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopies, electrospray mass spectrometry and DFT computations. The formation of a quaternary supramolecular assembly [GH22+⋅BB4+⋅ (CB7)2] was shown to be a very efficient process, which takes place not only because of the attractive forces between each of the hosts and the guest, but also because of the lateral interactions between the hosts in the final assembly. This complementary set of attractive interactions results in clear cooperative binding effects that help overcome the entropic barriers for multiple component assembly.
Perceived compliance and barriers to care in sublingual immunotherapy.

Background For allergy immunotherapy to be effective, patient compliance is critical. However, aqueous sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) may be considered demanding for patients, requiring strict daily dosing and refilling of medication at regular intervals. In this study we sought to determine how patients perceive their own compliance with SLIT and identify barriers that may hinder compliance. Methods Using a retrospective review, 46 patients currently undergoing aqueous SLIT were identified to have less-than-excellent compliance based on frequency of clinic visits for SLIT refills. Twenty-eight of these patients completed a phone survey regarding symptom improvement, compliance, and barriers to care. In addition, 56 patients who withdrew from therapy before completion were polled about barriers to adherence. Results Of the 28 patients participating in the initial phone survey, 24 (86%) reported subjective improvement in symptoms on SLIT, despite less-than-excellent compliance. Nineteen (68%) of these patients perceived their own compliance to be excellent. Eighteen patients (65%) reported the inconvenience of scheduling and attending clinic appointments to be the main reason for noncompliance. The most common reasons for withdrawal from therapy were cost (27%), lack of effectiveness (25%), and difficulty with compliance (14%). Conclusion The majority of aqueous SLIT patients perceived their compliance to be excellent, although, based on a previous study, these patients did not reach excellent compliance benchmarks. Inconvenience of clinic visits and cost of therapy were found to be the most common barriers to care. Despite what providers perceived as less-than-excellent compliance, 82% of patients reported symptom improvement with SLIT.
Deriving information from low spatial resolution floor-based personnel detection system

We developed a low cost floor-based personnel detection system, we call a smart carpet, which consists of a sensor pad placed under a carpet, the electronics reads walking activity to provide an automated health monitoring and alert system. We extended the functionalities of the smart carpet to improve its ability to detect falls, alert health care personnel, estimate gait parameters, and count number of people walking on the carpet. Results showed that our system detects falls, using computational intelligence techniques, with 96.2% accuracy and 81% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity. We extracted and estimated gait parameters, and compared it to the GAITRite system (the gold standard), so that the system reliably estimates the walking speed, stride length and stored time with percentage errors of 1.43%, -4.32%, and -5.73% respectively. Recent results show that the system can count number of people with high accuracy. We developed a database system and web applications for immediate alerts on adverse events, and retain these data in the cloud for years, if necessary, to provide further data analysis.
Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor Preconditioning Protection Requires Docosanoid Signaling

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are necessary for functional cell integrity. Preconditioning (PC), as we define it, is an acquired protection or resilience by a cell, tissue, or organ to a lethal stimulus enabled by a previous sublethal stressor or stimulus. In this study, we provide evidence that the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and its derivatives, the docosanoids 17-hydroxy docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) and neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), facilitate cell survival in both in vitro and in vivo models of retinal PC. We also demonstrate that PC requires the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), which synthesizes 17-HDHA and NPD1, and that this is specific to docosanoid signaling despite the concomitant release of the omega-6 arachidonic acid and eicosanoid synthesis. These findings advocate that DHA and docosanoids are protective enablers of PC in photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Generalized Homology Theory

We begin by presenting the famous Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms for homology. We then proceed by drawing (many) useful consequences from these axioms. At the end of this chapter we introduce cohomology.
Reproducible and replicable comparisons using SummarizedBenchmark.

Summary Benchmark studies are widely used to compare and evaluate tools developed for answering various biological questions. Despite the popularity of these comparisons, the implementation is often ad hoc, with little consistency across studies. To address this problem, we developed SummarizedBenchmark, an R package and framework for organizing and structuring benchmark comparisons. SummarizedBenchmark defines a general grammar for benchmarking and allows for easier setup and execution of benchmark comparisons, while improving the reproducibility and replicability of such comparisons. We demonstrate the wide applicability of our framework using four examples from different applications. Availability and implementation SummarizedBenchmark is an R package available through Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/packages/SummarizedBenchmark). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating and sometimes deadly consequence of exposure to severe psychological trauma. Although effective treatments exist for some individuals, they are limited. New approaches to intervention, treatment and prevention are therefore much needed. In the past few years, the field has rapidly developed a greater understanding of the dysfunctional brain circuits underlying PTSD, a shift in understanding that has been made possible by technological revolutions that have allowed the observation and perturbation of the macrocircuits and microcircuits thought to underlie PTSD-related symptoms. These advances have allowed us to gain a more translational knowledge of PTSD, have provided further insights into the mechanisms of risk and resilience and offer promising avenues for therapeutic discovery.
Guiding Undergraduates Through the Process of First Authorship.

Dozens of excellent papers have recently been written that describe best practices for publishing journal articles with undergraduates (see “Engaging Undergraduates in Publishable Research: Best Practices,” Frontiers in Psychology); for the most part, these involve students as co-authors in general rather than as lead authors. In this paper, I specifically focus on how to guide undergraduates through the process of first authorship. After describing potential barriers, I discuss issues of authorship contribution before outlining several successful strategies I've developed during my 24 years of collaborating with undergraduates. Although mentoring students to be first authors can be challenging, the rewards can also be immense—for both the students and the faculty mentors who are up to the challenge.
Computer-specific spectacle lens design preference of presbyopic operators.

Twenty-nine presbyopic subjects who spent at least 20 hours a week at a video display terminal compared a progressive addition lens designed for this function, with another commonly prescribed task-specific lens. Each of the paired lens types was worn for 4 weeks and then compared directly for 1 week. A statistically significant (P < .05) portion of the subjects (76%) preferred the task-specific lenses overall. It also was preferred more frequently for each feature compared, although the difference was statistically significant (P < .05) only for utility of distance vision. Both of the task-specific designs contributed to symptomatic relief. The presence of a distance-clear zone and the absence of lens discontinuities most likely account for user preference for the task-specific lenses. That preference suggests improved performance for presbyopic computer users wearing task-specific progressive addition lenses.
The way we are: how states of mind influence our identities, personality and potential for change

Frank Putnam starts off by sharing that this book represents a distillation of his life’s work, since he has been thinking about mental states and how they affect people throughout his whole career...
Christian Views of Work

From the outside, the Christian faith may appear to be counterintuitive if one considers the decisions, reactions, and interpretations of common events. For example, while death for Christians is certainly regarded as an end of this present life, Christians also welcome death as a means to enter into a new life, meet loved ones who have previously died, and to be present with the Lord Jesus (Gert, 1988). In addition, the complexities and nuances of the Christians’ interpretation of the world around them, such as in marriage, vocational choice, parenting, and the origins of life, can be challenging for those outside the faith to comprehend.
Priming with MF59 adjuvanted versus nonadjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines in children - A systematic review and a meta-analysis

Abstract Background Identifying optimal priming strategies for children Methods We systematically reviewed randomized trials to assess hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody response to MF59-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV) versus nonadjuvanted IIV among children. We estimated pooled ratios of post-vaccination HAI geometric mean titer (GMT) for aIIV versus IIV and confidence intervals (CIs) using the pooled variances derived from reported CIs. Results Mean age was 28 months (range, 6–72 months). Children received vaccines with either 7.5 μg (6–35 months) or 15 μg (≥36 months) hemagglutinin of each strain depending on age. Seven of eight trials administered trivalent vaccines and one used quadrivalent vaccine. Pooled post-vaccination GMT ratios against the three influenza vaccine strains were 2.5–3.5 fold higher after 2-dose-aIIV versus 2-dose-IIV among children 6–72 months, and point estimates were higher among children 6–35 months compared with older children. When comparing 1-dose-aIIV to 2-dose-IIV doses, pooled GMT ratios were not significantly different against A/H1N1 (1.0; 95% CI: 0.5–1.8; p = 0.90) and A/H3N2 viruses (1.0; 95% CI: 0.7–1.5; p = 0.81) and were significantly lower against B viruses (0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.8; p Conclusions Two doses of adjuvanted IIV consistently induced better humoral immune responses against Type A and B influenza viruses compared with nonadjuvanted IIVs in young children, particularly among those 6–35 months. One adjuvanted IIV dose had a similar response to two nonadjuvanted IIV doses against Type A influenza viruses. Longer-term benefits from imprinting and cell-mediated immunity, including trials of clinical efficacy, are gaps that warrant investigation.
Insecta Class: Caterpillars, Butterflies, Moths

Lepidoptera, the second largest class of Insecta with over 180,000 species, is comprised of moths and butterflies, and their respective caterpillars. Lepidopteran reactions are the result of contact with moths, butterflies and caterpillars. Although largely harmless, they manifest as a range of dermatologic conditions and systemic symptoms. This chapter presents some of the common causative organisms in the United States and worldwide. Caterpillars (the larval form) are mostly implicated, although contact with some moths and butterflies may also cause dermatologic sequelae. Typically, treatment is avoidance, removal of hairs/setae and topical/oral corticosteroids and/or antihistamines. Overall, although many reactions are non-specific, the framework provided herein aids in compartmentalizing species and associated symptom complexes.
Functional MRI Findings in Schizophrenia

Rather than a detailed point-by-point, article-by-article review of the existing functional MRI literature as it pertains to schizophrenia, this chapter offers a more critical perspective on assumptions made by investigators, the theoretical context in which their observations are grounded, whether the resulting conclusions stand up to criticism and the main questions that remain to be addressed by the field. These latter constitute a series of difficult but essential issues that are usually not well-articulated either in individual functional MRI reports or in reviews of the subject. For example, when functional abnormalities are documented in patients with schizophrenia, how reproducible are they from study to study? Is there any connection between brain differences that are reported in resting state studies and those that emerge from task-related paradigms? To what extent are the differences from healthy controls specific to schizophrenia patients as opposed to their unaffected relatives, or to patients with other disorders such as psychotic bipolar, schizo-affective or autism spectrum? Are they uniform in all schizophrenia patients? Are they related to symptoms? Do they occur in drug-naive patients or are they artifacts of medication treatment? Are the abnormalities circuit-specific, or are reported findings local manifestations of a more general brain-wide process; and if so what is that process? Can it be explained physiologically, and if so at what level—the neuron, neurotransmitters, synaptic efficiency? And what are the ultimate predisposing causes such as genetically-determined neurodevelopmental anomalies? This chapter tries to cover some of these broader aspects to enable the reader to re-examine the existing literature with a more critical attitude and hopefully to think more about at what levels of inquiry the field might focus most appropriately.
Pump depletion and hot-electron generation in long-density-scale-length plasma with shock-ignition high-intensity laser

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations for laser plasma interaction with laser intensity of 10^{16}W/cm^{2}, plasma density range of 0.01-0.28n_{c}, and scale length of 230-330μm showed significant pump depletion of the laser energy due to stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the low-density region (n_{e}=0.01-0.2n_{c}). The simulations identified hot electrons generated by SRS in the low-density region with moderate energy and by two-plasmon-decay near n_{e}=0.25n_{c} with higher energy. The overall hot electron temperature (46 keV) and conversion efficiency (3%) were consistent with the experiment's measurements. The simulations also showed artificially reducing SBS would lead to stronger SRS and a softer hot-electron spectrum.
Is trust in government really declining? Evidence using the sequential probability ratio test

Evidence for declining trust in government is often presented as the difference between the present day and an idealized period of high trust in government. The fact is, though, trust in government, in many OECD countries, was relatively low historically and remains so now. This questions whether one can definitively state that trust is declining. If trust in government is not declining but instead fluctuating, then the effects of declining trust on political and policy outcomes may be overstated. Additionally, if trust is relatively stable, then it suggests that marginal shifts in trust may be affected by specific policy actions rather than large shifts in citizens’ attitudes. Using a simple yet powerful tool, the Sequential Probability Ratio Test, this analysis tests whether trust is in general decline. This test works in a manner that is different from traditional hypothesis testing. Rather than using fixed samples, one chooses a single measure—such as trust at an idealized time or average trust within a given period, and then tests whether individual observations are different than that observation. The findings provide evidence that in all but a few cases, one cannot find statistically significant evidence for declining trust in government in OECD countries. Therefore, statements of general decline in trust may be overstated and relying on declining trust as an explanatory variable may require consideration of the events that preceded those declines.
Community Perceptions of Harm Reduction and Its Implications for Syringe Exchange Policy

In the United States, the rising prevalence of opioid addiction has led to an increase in opioid-related overdose deaths and transmission of infectious disease. This resulted in the declaration of ...
Illuminating RNA Biology: Tools for Imaging RNA in Live Mammalian Cells.

The central dogma teaches us that DNA makes RNA, which in turn makes proteins, the main building blocks of the cell. But this over simplified linear transmission of information overlooks the vast majority of the genome produces RNAs that do not encode proteins and the myriad ways that RNA regulates cellular functions. Historically, one of the challenges in illuminating RNA biology has been the lack of tools for visualizing RNA in live cells. But clever approaches for exploiting RNA binding proteins, in vitro RNA evolution, and chemical biology have resulted in significant advances in RNA visualization tools in recent years. This review provides an overview of current tools for tagging RNA with fluorescent probes and tracking their dynamics, localization andfunction in live mammalian cells.
Holographic low concentration optical system increasing light collection efficiency of regular solar panels

Conventional photovoltaic (PV) modules (exclude interdigitated back contact modules) with silicon or gallium arsenide PV cells often have significant inactive module surface area. This results from wafer cutting techniques and metal contacts that reduce the module’s collection area and the resultant power conversion efficiency. A holographic light collector (HLC) combining a low-cost holographic optical element and a diffuser into conventional PV modules is proposed and evaluated to collect the solar illumination over the inactive module area. The angular tolerance and extra annual energy yield (EY) of the HLC are analyzed. It is found that improvements in EY of 4.5%, 4.1%, and 3.8% can be obtained when PV panels are deployed with two-axis tracking systems, single-axis tracking systems, and without tracking systems, respectively.
Can We Really Defund the Police? A Nine-Agency Study of Police Response to Calls for Service:

The protests following the killing of George Floyd in the summer of 2020 led to contentious discussions and debates in many cities about policing, with some calling to “defund the police.” However,...
The response of sorghum cultivars to mixtures of compatible and incompatible isolates and different conidia concentrations of Colletotrichum sublineola

Abstract The anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola and its sorghum host provide an excellent system to examine concepts associated with gene-for-gene resistance. In this study, an excised-leaf spot inoculation assay method was used to evaluate host-pathogen interactions across several sorghum cultivars that serve as host differentials for defining races of the pathogen. Host cultivars tested included sorghum cultivars BTx398, RTx2536, Theis and johnsongrass cultivar SH1152. The cultivars were inoculated at varying conidia concentrations both singly and in pairs with conidia from strains of C. sublineola that differ in ability to incite the disease anthracnose. The hypothesis tested was that host defense triggered by effectors produced by an avirulent strain will limit infection when simultaneously inoculated with a strain that otherwise would lead to disease. Observations revealed significant changes in disease ratings based on conidial concentrations of the C. sublineola isolates used. However, disease rating scores for combined inocula in the excised-leaf spot inoculation assays led to scores either between the scores generated by single isolates or near the score of the more virulent isolate.
Bayesian machine learning analysis of single-molecule fluorescence colocalization images

Multi-wavelength single-molecule fluorescence colocalization (CoSMoS) methods allow elucidation of complex biochemical reaction mechanisms. However, analysis of CoSMoS data is intrinsically challenging because of low image signal-to-noise ratios, non-specific surface binding of the fluorescent molecules, and analysis methods that require subjective inputs to achieve accurate results. Here, we use Bayesian probabilistic programming to implement Tapqir, an unsupervised machine learning method based on a holistic, physics-based causal model of CoSMoS data. This method accounts for uncertainties in image analysis due to photon and camera noise, optical non-uniformities, non-specific binding, and spot detection. Rather than merely producing a binary "spot/no spot" classification of unspecified reliability, Tapqir objectively assigns spot classification probabilities that allow accurate downstream analysis of molecular dynamics, thermodynamics, and kinetics. We both quantitatively validate Tapqir performance against simulated CoSMoS image data with known properties and also demonstrate that it implements fully objective, automated analysis of experiment-derived data sets with a wide range of signal, noise, and non-specific binding characteristics.
Technology Assessment of Insulation Material for Home Construction

Depleting energy sources is alarming many governments, organizations, and companies to set ambitious goals to reduce their energy use over the next few years. Buildings consume significant portion of energy. One of the most practical strategies to reduce buildings’ demand for energy is by avoiding heat losses and implementing energy saving measures. Today’s high performance insulation and thermal design can dramatically reduce heat losses. Many technical solutions are already available and applied across all regions, both in new build and renovation. The choice of the most appropriate insulation product has to be decided on a case-by-case basis as it largely depends on the building type and design and climate zone. This paper conducts technology assessment for different type of insulation technology that fits different construction application. Traditional and modern insulation technology has been discussed across this research. R&D recommendations are presented in the conclusion section of this report for improving manufacturing process of new high performance insulation materials to be able to compete in the insulation market.
A History of Diuretics

Publisher Summary The reason diuretics were developed is to mobilize excess body fluids. This chapter provides a detailed history of diuretics and centers on measures to treat the condition of dropsy, which is in particular dealt by medicine. It is the recorded measures for treating dropsy that provide the beginnings of the history of diuretics that were not always strictly diuretic in nature. The use of drugs to induce an actual diuresis is also ancient, dating back to observations made from the effect of foods prepared for the sick and preserved in folklore throughout the ages. The purgative, and to a lesser extent, emetic property of herbs or their extracts was the basis for their successful use in the treatment of dropsy. By the time World War II started, only four drugs were accepted as effective agents to increase urine flow: caffeine, a mild diuretic at best; digitalis, a powerful agent but effective only in heart failure; mercury, which despite its improvement as an organomercurial remained potentially a toxic one; acidifying agents, whose utility was questioned by most.
Proteome data set of human gingival crevicular fluid from healthy periodontium sites by multidimensional protein separation and mass spectrometry

Background and Objective Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has been of major interest for many decades as valuable body fluid that may serve as a source of biomarkers for both periodontal and systemic diseases. Because of its very small sample size, sub-μl level, identification of its protein composition by classical biochemical methods has been limited. The advent of highly sensitive mass spectrometric technology has permitted large-scale identification of protein components of many biological samples. This technology has been employed to identify protein composition of GCF from inflamed and periodontal sites. In this report we present a proteome dataset of GCF from healthy periodontium sites.
Conformation of Cytochromes V. CYTOCHROME c OXIDASE

Abstract The conformation of cytochrome c oxidase at pH 7.4 has been examined by circular dichroism measurements in the Soret and the intrinsic absorption regions. The studies include the conformational characterization of native oxidized and reduced oxidase, and the corresponding complexes with cyanide and carbon monoxide, as well as investigation of the conformational effects associated with increasing concentrations of detergent, aging of the preparation, and the ionic nature of the detergent. It is concluded that the conformation of the prosthetic group is dependent upon the nature of the detergent used, the age of the preparation, and the valence state of heme a. The ionic detergent, deoxycholate, and aging alter the conformation of heme a, especially in the reduced state of iron, whereas oxidized oxidase seems to be more or less insensitive to both. In the ferric state of iron the purified preparation exhibits a complex Soret spectrum which is replaced by a single symmetrical peak upon reduction with dithionite. A conformational change from a rather asymmetric heme a environment to relatively symmetrical surroundings seems to accompany the valence change of iron. It is further concluded that there exists no heme-heme interaction in any of the valence states of the enzyme. In the intrinsic absorption region, the native enzyme and its complexes exhibit extrema at 222 and 210 nm, typical of proteins and polypeptides containing α helical structures. The positive extremum, 197 nm, and the cross-over point, 204 nm, however, are indicative of the presence of other structures. The possibility of β structure is considered.
A Dumbbell Shaped Fullerene Dimer with An Inorganic Linker. Addition of C60 and Tetracyanoethylene to Ir2(CO)2Cl2(Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2)2 (n=5 or 7)

The centrosymmetric dimers, (η2-C60)2Ir2(CO)2Cl2(μ-Ph2P(CH2)7PPh2)2 and (η2-TCNE)2Ir2(CO)2Cl2(μ-Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2)2, have been prepared by the reactions of C60 with Ir2(CO)2Cl2(μ-Ph2P(CH2)7PPh2)2 and of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) with Ir2(CO)2Cl2(μ-Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2)2, respectively. The structures of both adducts have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Handler Reactions to Potential Compulsory Country-of-Origin Labeling of Fresh or Frozen Beef

Interest in mandatory county-of-origin labeling of fresh meats exists at both the state and national levels. A sample of beef handling firms in Louisiana (processors, retailers and restaurants) was surveyed by telephone to identify the characteristics of these firms that would help explain their decision to support or reject the law. A factor supporting the label use was a belief that the label is valuable to buyers. Negative factors were that the firm is a restaurant, is part of a chain or franchise, or has experience handling imported beef, and the belief that labeling merely reflects more government interference in free trade.
Regulation of Gastrin and Somatostatin Secretion, by Intramural Neurons: Effect of Nicotinic Receptor Stimulation With Dimethyl-Phenylpiperazinium

The nicotinic receptor agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium was used to examine the intramural neural regulation and the functional linkage of gastrin and somatostatin in the isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (10−5 to 10−4M) caused a biphasic, dosedependent increase in gastrin secretion. The gastrin response was abolished by hexamethonium but only partly inhibited (35% at the higher dose of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium) by atropine. The same dose of atropine inhibited the maximal gastrin response to the muscarinic agonist, methacholine, by 80%. From this it was concluded that 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium activates intramural cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons to cause gastrin secretion. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium also caused a biphasic, dose-dependent increase in somatostatin secretion. The somatostatin response was completely inhibited by atropine and hexamethonium. Since muscarinic cholinergic agonists cause inhibition of somatostatin secretion, the observed net increase in somatostatin suggests that 1,1 dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium activated predominantly a noncholinergic stimulatory neuron. It is hypothesized that this neuron is identical to the gastrin-stimulating noncholinergic neuron and that it releases bombesin, a stimulant of gastrin and somatostatin secretion known to be present in gastric mucosal nerve terminals. The results of this study are consistent with a previously proposed model according to which gastrin secretion is regulated by the activity of two interdependent intramural neurons: a cholinergic neuron that causes gastrin secretion via inhibition of somatostatin and a noncholinergic neuron that releases a synergistic, direct stimulant of gastrin secretion, most likely bombesin.
Renormalization group approach for highly anisotropic two-dimensional fermion systems: Application to coupled Hubbard chains

I apply a two-step density-matrix renormalization group method to the anisotropic two-dimensional Hubbard model. As a prelude to this study, I compare the numerical results to the exact one for the tight-binding model. I find a ground-state energy which agrees with the exact value up to four digits for systems as large as $24 \times 25$. I then apply the method to the interacting case. I find that for strong Hubbard interaction, the ground-state is dominated by magnetic correlations. These correlations are robust even in the presence of strong frustration. Interchain pair tunneling is negligible in the singlet and triplet channels and it is not enhanced by frustration. For weak Hubbard couplings, interchain non-local singlet pair tunneling is enhanced and magnetic correlations are strongly reduced. This suggests a possible superconductive ground state.
Differential Patterns Of White Matter Degradation In Relation To Cognitive And Motor Deficits In Parkinson’s Disease (P2.004)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides differential patterns of white matter degradation for cognitive and motor deficits in patients with non-demented de-novo Parkinson’s disease (PD). BACKGROUND: Patients with PD often suffer also from cognitive deficits. However, the identification of a biological marker which can track cognitive and motor deficits differentially remains elusive. DESIGN/METHODS: DTI data from 149 patients (mean age: 61 ± 9.2 years) with de novo PD from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) were analyzed. Motor impairment was measured using part III of the Movement Disorder Society-modified Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS-III). Cognitive impairment was measured using MDS assessments of memory, executive, visuospatial and attention domains. All patients had DTI scans using 3 Tesla MRI. A diffeometric anatomical registration algorithm through exponential Lie algebra (DARTEL) was used to align the individual DTI data to a brain atlas of white matter tracks, providing 74 white matter parcellations. Multiple regression was used to assess the association between white matter integrity and clinical measures. RESULTS: Decreased executive function was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the cingulum (p=0.03) and the fornix (p=0.01); Decreased visuospatial function was associated with reduced FA primarily in the frontooccipital connections (p=0.01); No significant associations were found for FA and memory or attention functions. In contrast to cognition, increased motor deficits were associated with decreased FA in lower brain stem regions (p Disclosure: Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schuff has nothing to disclose.
Mathematical underpinning of adaptive capability of recurrent neural network with fixed weights

A recurrent neural network with fixed weights is known to be able to adapt an uncertain environmental process. Such a network is called an accommodative neural network to differentiate it from an adaptive neural network, which needs to be adjusted online for adaptation. This paper provides mathematical underpinning of the adaptive capability of accommodative networks, showing that they are capable of adapting to observable environmental processes as well as constant but not necessarily observable environmental processes.
The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development.
Origins of the American Business Corporation

The concentration of business enterprise in corporate structures at the end of the last century called the attention of scholars to the history of the business corporation, the chartered joint-stock company. Even those who agreed that “the honour of originally inventing these political constitutions entirely belongs to the Romans” realized that their modern economic functions were relatively recent and demanded explanation. In this country, Williston's brilliant essay, the studies of Simeon Baldwin, and a number of other investigations probed into the origin and nature of the institution at about the period when it became a pressing social issue.
Unexpected Ni(II) and Cu(II) polynuclear assemblies--a balance between ligand and metal ion coordination preferences.

Polytopic ligand design involves matching the coordination pocket composition with the metal ion coordination ‘algorithm’, but despite targeting [4 × 4] grids as the final outcome, metal ion preferences and ligand control can lead to widely varying complexes in the self-assembly process with Ni(II) and Cu(II).
VUV/photofragmentation laser-induced fluorescence sensor for the measurement of atmospheric ammonia

Vacuum-ultraviolet/photofragmentation-laser-induced fluorescence (VUV/PF-LIF) has been demonstrated to be a highly specific and sensitive method for the quantitative measurement of atmospheric ammonia (NH3). The fluorescence detected in this approach results from the two photon (193 nm) photofragmentation of NH3 followed by the LIF excitation of the NH(b1(summation)+) yields NH(c1II) (at 452 nm) and the monitoring of fluorescence from the NH(c1II) yields NH(a1(Delta) ) transition at 325 nm. Limits of detection for the instrument presented here are = 5 degree(s)C over the period from December 1987 to the end of April 1988. Ammonia levels measured at Green Mountain Mesa, Boulder CO, ranged from 10 pptv to 10 ppbv for measurements made during March 1989. Ammonia levels were seen to vary from about 300 pptv to greater than 5 ppbv over time scales of < 10 minutes in this latter data set. These results and future instrument improvements are discussed.
Age calibration of carbonate rind thickness in late Pleistocene soils for surficial deposit age estimation, Southwest USA

Abstract Carbonate rinds have been used for cross-correlation of landforms as well as a quantitative indicator of soil age. Using the measured rind thickness of clasts found within a deposit, whose age has been independently determined, allows the construction of a calibrated surface-age proxy. Measurements were taken at sites within the Mojave Desert, the northwestern Sonoran Desert, the southern Great Basin, and the western Colorado Plateau. These sites are all within about 300 km of the intersection of the borders of the states of California, Arizona, and Nevada. In the study area, elevation varied from 200 to 1200 m, MAP was from 95 to 195 mm, and MAT was from 18.4° to 23.3°C. The calibrated proxy, while not accounting for the effects of parent material or climate on rind development, does show a strong correlation ( R 2 = 0.74, P
A technique for maximizing biceps recovery in brachial plexus reconstruction

In 21 cadaver dissections the intramuscular anatomy of the musculocutaneous nerve and the relative relationship of the motor and sensory components of this nerve were evaluated. Nearly one half of the fibers entering the musculocutaneous nerve terminate in cutaneous receptors. We report five cases in which biceps reinnervation was performed by a surgical technique that minimizes the period of denervation by using motor nerves (medial pectoral nerves) very close to the biceps muscle. This technique also redirects the cutaneous portion (lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve) of the musculocutaneous nerve into the biceps muscle to ensure that the motor fibers are not directed toward cutaneous receptors.
Medical Management and Complications in the Lung Transplant Recipient

Lung transplantation has evolved as a viable therapy for patients with end-stage lung disease. Improvements in surgical techniques, avoidance of rejection by effective strategies of immunosuppression, and other aspects of medical management allow successful lung transplantation, with 1-year survivorship of 70 to 93%. In this review, we address the medical management of patients who have undergone lung transplantation. The immunosuppressive protocol used at Mayo Clinic Rochester is presented, along with a discussion of the mechanisms of action and potential complications associated with the various drugs used. The recognition and treatment of early graft dysfunction, infection, rejection, stenosis of the airway anastomosis, and posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder are also reviewed. Careful surveillance of patients after lung transplantation helps maintain graft function and facilitates identification, treatment, and potential avoidance of complications.
A vitamin as neuromodulator: Ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission

Ascorbate is an antioxidant vitamin that the brain accumulates from the blood supply and maintains at a relatively high concentration under widely varying conditions. Although neurons are known to use this vitamin in many different chemical and enzymatic reactions, only recently has sufficient evidence emerged to suggest a role for ascorbate in interneuronal communication. Ascorbate is released from glutamatergic neurons as part of the glutamate reuptake process, in which the high-affinity glutamate transporter exchanges ascorbate for glutamate. This heteroexchange process, which also may occur in glial cells, ensures a relatively high level of extracellular ascorbate in many forebrain regions. Ascorbate release is regulated, at least in part, by dopaminergic mechanisms, which appear to involve both the D1 and D2 family of dopamine receptors. Thus, amphetamine, GBR-12909, apomorphine, and the combined administration of D1 and D2 agonists all facilitate ascorbate release from glutamatergic terminals in the neostriatum, and this effect is blocked by dopamine receptor antagonists. Even though the neostriatum itself contains a high concentration of dopamine receptors, the critical site for dopamine-mediated ascorbate release in the neostriatum is the substantia nigra. Intranigral dopamine regulates the activity of nigrothalamic efferents, which in turn regulate thalamocortical fibers and eventually the glutamatergic corticoneostriatal pathway. In addition, neostriatonigral fibers project to nigrothalamic efferents, completing a complex multisynaptic loop that plays a major role in neostriatal ascorbate release. Although extracellular ascorbate appears to modulate the synaptic action of dopamine, the mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. Evidence from receptor binding studies suggests that ascorbate alters dopamine receptors either as an allosteric inhibitor or as an inducer of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The applicability of these studies to dopamine receptor function, however, remains to be established in view of reports that ascorbate can protect against lipid peroxidation in vivo. Nevertheless, ample behavioral evidence supports an antidopaminergic action of ascorbate. Systemic, intraventricular, or intraneostriatal ascorbate administration, for example, attenuates the behavioral effects of amphetamine and potentiates the behavioral response to haloperidol. Some of these behavioral effects, however, may be dose-dependent in that treatment with relatively low doses of ascorbate has been reported to enhance dopamine-mediated behaviors. Ascorbate also appears to modulate glutamatergic transmission in the neostriatum. In fact, by facilitating glutamate release, ascorbate may indirectly oppose the action of dopamine, though the nature of the neostriatal dopaminergic-glutamatergic interaction is far from settled. Ascorbate also may alter the redox state of the NMDA glutamate receptor thus block NMDA-gated channel function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Atomic transition rates for neutral holmium (Ho i)

Transition rates for 321 lines between 345 and 1080 nm from 73 levels of Ho i are presented. They have been measured by combining branching fractions obtained by Fourier transform spectrometry with lifetimes of Den Hartog [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B6, 2278 (1999)]. The uncertainty of the transition rates is 5%–10%.