cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic subscapularis tendon repair: Technique and preliminary results

Abstract Purpose: Our objective was to evaluate the preliminary results of 25 consecutive arthroscopic subscapularis tendon repairs. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: All 25 shoulders had longer than 3 months follow-up, with an average of 10.7 months (range, 3 to 48 months). The average age was 60.7 years (range, 41 to 78 years). The average time from onset of symptoms to surgery was 18.9 months (range, 1 to 72 months). The shoulders were evaluated using a modified UCLA score, Napoleon test, lift-off test, radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Indications for surgery included clinical and/or MRI evidence of a rotator cuff tear. An arthroscopic suture anchor technique devised by the senior author (S.S.B.) was used for repair. Results: UCLA scores increased from a preoperative average of 10.7 to a postoperative average of 30.5 ( P P =.0016). Eight of 9 patients with a positive Napoleon test had complete tears of the subscapularis. All 7 patients with a negative Napoleon test had a tear of the upper half only. The lift-off test could not be performed reliably due to pain or restricted motion in 19 of the 25 patients. Eight patients had isolated tears of the subscapularis. The remaining 17 patients had associated rotator cuff tears with an average total tear size of 5 × 8 cm. Ten patients had proximal migration of the humerus preoperatively. Eight of these 10 patients had durable reversal of proximal humeral migration following surgery. These 8 patients improved their overhead function from a preoperative "shoulder shrug" with attempted elevation of the arm to functional overhead use of the arm postoperatively. Conclusions: (1) The senior author has been able to consistently perform arthroscopic repair of torn subscapularis tendons, with good and excellent results, in 92% of patients. (2) The Napoleon test is useful in predicting not only the presence of a subscapularis tear, but also its general size. (3) Combined tears of the subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus tendons are frequently associated with proximal humeral migration and loss of overhead function. Arthroscopic repair of these massive tears can produce durable reversal of proximal humeral migration and restoration of overhead function. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 5 (May-June), 2002: pp 454–463
Classification of process trends based on fuzzified symbolic representation and hidden Markov models

Abstract This paper presents a strategy to represent and classify process data for detection of abnormal operating conditions. In representing the data, a wavelet-based smoothing algorithm is used to filter the high frequency noise. A shape analysis technique called triangular episodes then converts the smoothed data into a semi-qualitative form. Two membership functions are implemented to transform the quantitative information in the triangular episodes to a purely symbolic representation. The symbolic data is classified with a set of sequence matching hidden Markov models (HMMs), and the classification is improved by utilizing a time correlated HMM after the sequence matching HMM. The method is tested on simulations with a non-isothermal CSTR and compared with methods that use a back-propagation neural network with and without an ARX model.
On the Design of CAMAC Branch Drivers

An interface for the CAMAC branch highway to a computer is called a branch driver. The design of a branch driver with various capabilities is studied and the modular aspects of the design are explored. The design is divided into three sections, namely, computer, branch high-way and internal. This approach has been implemented on the PDP8 and the PDP15 and also, in the near future, on the PDP11 computer.
TIMELINES Reflections on the future of iSchools from inspired junior faculty

Editor's Note: New fields, such as computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, human-computer interaction, and now information, have multidisciplinary origins. To overcome communication difficulties as they worked to define the field and set priorities, pioneers developed a pidgin language. Soon came a generation of scholars, who staked their careers on the new field, creolizing the language and shaping a coherent framework relatively free of the legacy disciplines. In this article three research faculty members from the Information School of the University of Washington, discuss the tensions and opportunities in this 21st-century discipline that could become the most influential of all. ---Jonathan Grudin
The Uranian satellites: Water ice on Ariel and Umbriel

New near-infrared reflectance spectra are presented for Ariel and Umbriel. Water ice on the surface of Ariel and Umbriel is verified from spectral signatures in the 2-micron region. However, the weaker bands in Umbriel's spectrum indicate that its surface is significantly different from Ariel either in degree of contamination with dark material or in microstate. Umbriel may have a lower albedo than Ariel, Titania, and Oberon and, therefore, may have a diameter comparable to that of Titania.
Studies on an inhibitor of erythropoiesis. I. Effects of sera from normal and polycythemic rabbits on heme synthesis in rabbit bone marrow cultures.

SummaryThe effects of sera from normal and polycythemic rabbits on the rate of heme synthesis in erythroid cells were studied in vitro in rabbit bone marrow cultures. Sera from normal or hypertransfused rabbits significantly inhibited 59Fe incorporation into heme in normal rabbit bone marrow cultures when incubated alone or with erythropoietin (ESF) when compared with the response in controls with newborn calf serum alone or with ESF. A significantly greater inhibitory effect was seen with sera from polycythemic than from normal animals. This inhibitory activity increased exponentially with increasing concentrations of the test sera in the cultures, and was also directly proportional to the increase seen in the hematocrit of the polycythemic rabbits. These results suggest that the inhibitor in both normal and polycythemic sera is tissue-specific and may control the rate of heme synthesis and erythroid cell proliferation. This inhibitor is a low-molecular-weight substance.
The expression of keratin genes in epidermis and cultured epidermal cells

Cultured human epidermal cells and human stratum corneum (callus) contain a number of keratins of different molecular size, but the size distribution is not the same in the two cases. To characterize these keratins in more detail, we compared them by amino acid analysis, immunological reactivity and one-dimensional peptide mapping (Cleveland et al., 1977). No differences in amino acid compositon could be detected among keratins of stratum corneum differing in molecular size by as much as 50%, suggesting that some repeating structure may be present in these molecules. Examination of polypeptide fragments produced by partial enzymatic hydrolysis showed strong similarities among all the keratins of stratum corneum and of cultured epidermal cells, even extending to the keratins of rodents; but the keratins of similar size, whether of stratum corneum or cultured cells, were more closely related than keratins of different size. This conclusion was supported by studies of the immunological reactivity of the keratins. How the epidermal cell generates a family of keratins is a problem of considerable interest. The differences in size and structure between the keratins of stratum corneum and cultured epidermal cells suggest that the epidermal cell can modify the expression its keratin genes.
The Medellin Cartel: Why we can't win the drug war

This article details the reasons why the supply reduction strategies aimed at winning the drug war adopted by the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations cannot work. Included in this article is a detailed examination of the organizational structure of the Medellin cartel. The cartel's operations extend well beyond the production and transportation of cocaine: The political, social, and cultural activities the cartel undertakes extend its influence well beyond those involved directly in the drug trade. In addition, the financial benefits of narcotics trafficking provide benefits to vast segments of Colombian society. The Call cartel has learned from the mistakes of the Medellin cartel and is even more effective at putting drugs on American streets. The total failure of supply reduction programs is evidence of the strength of the cartels.
Configurational mechanics of necking phenomena in engineering thermoplastics

Abstract Necking is a significant part of the yielding process in many thermoplastics. It starts as strain localization associated with microshear banding and/or cavitations and appears as a domain of oriented (drawn) material, i.e., a “neck”, separated from the domain of original (isotropic) material by a narrow transition zone, which appears as a distinct boundary of the neck region. On further increase of displacement, the neck propagates through the test specimen under constant draw stress. Strain localization such as crazing and shear bending is associated with necking on micro- and sub-microscales. As a result material toughness, i.e., resistance to cracking, as well as durability, i.e., service lifetime under various service conditions, are related to the material ability to necking and specific characteristics of necking process. Necking is manifested in significant changes in a characteristic length scale, e.g., the distance between equally spaced marks in the reference state may increases by factor of 2 in amorphous polymers and up to a factor of 10 in some semicrystalline thermoplastics. There is also a characteristic relaxation time change during the necking. Thus from continuum mechanics viewpoint, the changes of intrinsic material space-time metric are the most fundamental manifestation of necking. Therefore we model necking phenomena as space-time scales transformation and introduce a four-dimensional (4D) Riemannian metric tensor of a material space-time imbedded into 4D Newtonian (laboratory) space-time with a Euclidean metric. Kinetic equation of necking, i.e., evolution equation for material metric tensor is derived using extremal action principle. An example of traveling wave solution for neck propagation in a tensile bar is presented. Analysis of the solution and comparison with experimental observations are discussed.
Isotopic Evidence of Holocene Climatic Change in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado

The δD of cellulose from 14C-dated wood, collected in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, decreased by about 45‰ from 9600 to 3100 yr B.P. and an additional 25‰ to the present. The wood samples are from trees that grew above present-day tree line and reflect a time of warmer average summer temperatures. These changes in δD are interpreted to indicate a major change during the Holocene in the sources of moisture, in the seasonality of precipitation, or in both.
Concentration effects on distribution of macromolecules in small pores

Abstract The interactions between two particles and between one particle and a rigid boundary are examined to study the effect of particle concentration on partitioning, stress and flow in microporous media. Because the particle—particle and particle—wall interactions occur over comparable length scales, their effects are not additive and lead to non-uniform particle concentration stress (“surface pressure”) in the vicinity of the boundary. A particle concentration gradient parallel to the boundary creates a gradient in surface pressure which drives a viscous flow of the solvent toward regions of higher concentration. Such flows are termed “osmosis”, and the effect of particle interactions is to reduce the osmotic velocity.
The U.S. EPA Geographic Information System for mapping environmental releases of Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) chemicals.

This study characterizes the environmental releases of toxic chemicals of the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) in the southeastern United States by using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Geographic Information System (GIS) to map them. These maps show that the largest quantities of TRI releases in the Southeast are usually near densely populated areas. This GIS mapping approach takes the first steps in defining those areas in the region which may be potential exposure zones and which could be strategic targets for future risk screening efforts in this geographic area.
Democratic classroom communities

I explore democractic communities using the classroom community as a metaphor. I suggest that democracies do justice to individuals as well as groups, because of the democratic focus on the interconnected, interdependent, interactive relationship that exists between selves and communities. However, the concept of ‘community’ has problems and contradictions as well. Through the examples of Summerhill and Montessori schools it is easier to see a necessary quality of democratic communities that needs highlighting. That quality is caring. Making the connection between democracy and caring is what this article uniquely offers to the lively discussion on communities and selves.
Presentation mode differences in the auditory discrimination of retarded children

The effects of presentation mode (simultaneous or successive and stimulus-response spatial contiguity or noncontiguity) upon the auditory discrimination of retarded children are reported. S-R spatial contiguity appears to produce better performance, but simultaneous-successive differences are not found. The interactions among presentation modes found in previous visual discrimination studies are not present in the auditory situation.
Planning end effector trajectories for a serially linked, floating-base robot with changing support polygon

Abstract—We present a framework for the planning of end effector trajectories for serially linked robots with a non-fixed, also known as floating, support base. The FBSR (Floating Base, Serial Reach) planning algorithm extends the capabilities of serially linked, floating-base robots by planning to maintain stability while transferring modules from a weight-bearing role to the active, manipulator-like portion of the robot as needed to extend the robot’s reach. During planning, we employ several methods such as random restarts and dynamic weighting of the optimization cost function sub-goals to reliably provide stable solution trajectories. We experimentally validate this algorithm on a 16 degree of freedom snake robot, and demonstrate the successful execution of generated plans.
A Science of Healthy Relationships Is Not a Healthy Relationship Science

There is no gift of nature, or effect of art, however beneficial to mankind, which, either by casual deviations, or foolish perversions, is not sometimes mischievous. Whatever may be the cause of happiness, may be made, likewise, the cause of misery. The medicine, which, rightly applied, has power to cure, has, when rashness or ignorance prescribes it, the same power to destroy. —Samuel Johnson, "A Project for the Employment of Authors," 1756.
Portia's Decision: Women's Motives for Studying Law and their Later Career Satisfaction as Attorneys*

The relationship between women's motives for studying law and their later satisfaction in legal work was examined longitudinally. Highly satisfied women attorneys were, as students, realistic in expecting practical benefits from a legal career; they were confident that fulfillment could be found through work in law; and they found theoretical aspects of legal study appealing. Relatively dissatisfied women attorneys, as students, tended to seek attention and stimulation through a legal career and to indicate that they would measure their career success in terms of concrete results. Additional personality correlates of career satisfaction/dissatisfaction are discussed.
Theodore Roosevelt and the rhetoric of citizenship: On tour in new England, 1902

This study examines the speeches and events of Theodore Roosevelt's New England tour of 1902. Specifically, it looks at how Roosevelt developed a representative anecdote of the “good citizen” as a basis for his political philosophy and his advocacy of policy initiatives. This representative anecdote allowed Roosevelt's audiences to participate in the rhetorical situation as an enactment of the “good citizen” and thus provided a strong presence for Roosevelt's argument. Implications for understanding both Roosevelt's rhetoric as well as the concept of the rhetorical presidency are discussed.
Comparative odontometry of the permanent post-canine dentition of American Whites and Negroes

The permanent post-canine teeth of American Whites and American Negroes of the New York City area were studied odontometrically. The mesio-distal and bucco-lingual dimensions of the crowns were measured, as was the total tooth height and crown height. The individual root lengths of these teeth were also measured, in several ways, as was root width. The mean total root volumes of these teeth was measured by a unique mercury displacement method. In another aspect of this study the mean angular divergence of the roots from a mid-coronal vertical plane was determined, while the robustness of these roots was described as a ratio between root width and length. Finally, an extensive comparison was made between our data and those in the literature on a number of African Negro populations. American Negro tooth crown and root dimensions and volumes were significantly different from those of American Whites only sporadically, although the Negro teeth usually tended to be larger. Our comparative data gave some indication that the size of both the maxillary and mandibular American negro teeth, as well as the shape of the mandibular (but not the maxillary) American Negro teeth are roughly intermediate between those of American Whites and South African Negroes. This suggestion that a “hybrid” population may possess intermediate values of crown index and of crown module is supported by our analysis of Hottentot-South African Negro hybrids with their presumptive parental stocks.
Is biofeedback effective for chronic tinnitus? An intensive study with seven subjects.

Abstract Purpose: This study was developed to test the hypothesis that intensive biofeedback and relaxation training may favorably affect chronic tinnitus. Patients and Methods: Seven subjects with chronic tinnitus of moderate to severe intensity engaged in an intensive 5-month program of weekly, individual 90 minute sessions. All individuals attained a high standard of proficiency following training by a biofeedback specialist. A biofeedback unit was provided each subject for daily practice. Audiometric matching of tinnitus pitch and loudness and subjective comparisons of tinnitus loudness were conducted before and after every session. Result: Audiometric evaluation showed no changes in tinnitus loudness. Nevertheless, all subjects gained satisfaction from the training. Three reported substantial psychological benefits in coping with tinnitus, two described moderate improvement, and two experienced modest gains. Conclusions: These results highlight the role of psychological factors in tinnitus management and indicate that biofeedback-relaxation training may be useful therapy for coping with stresses of tinnitus.
Vergence-mediated modulation of the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex is unaffected by canal plugging.

The angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR) normally has an increased response during vergence on a near target. Some lines of evidence suggest that different vestibular afferent classes may contribute differentially to the vergence effect. For example, lesions that selectively affect those afferents sensitive to acceleration, i.e. irregular afferents, (galvanic ablation, intratympanic gentamicin) have been found to markedly reduce the vergence-mediated modulation of the AVOR. We hypothesized that a nonspecific and incomplete reduction in the AVOR response caused by canal plugging should have minimal effect on vergence-mediated modulation of the AVOR. The AVOR response to passive head impulses in canal planes (horizontal canals, left anterior-right posterior canals, right anterior-left posterior canals) while viewing a far (124 cm) or near (15 cm) target was measured in seven human subjects before and after anterior canal (AC) plugging to treat vertigo caused by dehiscence of the AC (i.e. superior canal dehiscence). The impulses were low amplitude (∼20°), high velocity (∼150°/s), high-acceleration (∼3,000°/s2) head rotations administered manually by the investigator. Binocular eye and head velocity were recorded using the scleral search coil technique. The AVOR gain was defined as inverted eye velocity divided by head velocity. Before plugging, AVOR gain for the dehiscent AC went from 0.87 ± 0.10 for far targets to 1.04 ± 0.13 for near targets (+19.1 ± 7.3%). After plugging, the AC AVOR gain went from 0.50 ± 0.10 for far targets to 0.59 ± 0.11 for near targets (+19.7 ± 6.1%). There was no difference in the vergence-mediated gain increase between pre- and post-plugged conditions (multi-way analysis of variance: P = 0.66). AC plugging also did not change the latency of the AVOR for either AC. We hypothesize that canal plugging, unlike gentamicin or galvanic ablation, has no effect on vergence-mediated modulation of the AVOR because plugging does not preferentially affect irregular afferents.
Extraction of phonon density of states from optical spectra

A new method for inversion of optical luminescence spectra to obtain electron-phonon spectral densities is described. The method has been devised to invert error- and noise-contaminated experimental spectra. Although direct inversion is an ill-posed problem, our method succeeds by exponential attenuation of the spectral region distant from the zero-phonon line, especially the spectral tails. The method is illustrated by application to model data, and it is successfully applied to pulsed-laser data for ZnTe:O taken at 10 K. The resultant phonon density of states reveals dominant coupling to TA- and LO-phonon modes.
The velocity and eddy viscosity distribution in the wall region of turbulent pipe flow

Abstract Instantaneous axial and circumferential components of both velocity and turbulent intensity were measured in the wall region (to y+ = 0·2) for water flowing in a 2 in. glass pipe of Reynolds numbers of 8000 to 50,000. A flow-visualization technique was employed, involving dark-background multiple exposure microphotography of minute tracer particles. Differentiation of the measured velocity profiles yields values of the eddy viscosity which are several times greater than those commonly assumed to apply at y+
Vibrational Spectra of Tetrahedral Cyclopentadienyl Halogeno Complexes of Ti(iv) and Zr(iv)

The ir and Raman spectra of CpTiCl3 and Cp2MX2 (Cp = C5H5, M = Ti, Zr and Hf, and X = a halogen) type compounds have been measured. Approximate normal coordinate analyses have been carried out to assign the skeletal modes in the low frequency region.
Clumped distribution of oak leaf miners between and within plants

Abstract Leaf miners typically show non-random distributions both between and within plants. We tested the hypothesis that leaf miners on two oak species were clumped on individual host trees and individual branches and addressed whether clumping was influenced by aspects of plant quality and how clumping and/or interactions with other oak herbivores affected leaf-miner survivorship. Null models were used to test whether oak herbivores and different herbivore guilds co-occur at the plant scale. Twenty individual Quercus geminata plants and 20 Quercus laevis plants were followed over the season for the appearance of leaf miners and other herbivores, and foliar nitrogen, tannin concentration, leaf toughness and leaf water content were evaluated monthly for each individual tree. The survivorship of the most common leaf miners was evaluated by following the fate of marked mines in several combinations that involved intra- and inter-specific associations. We observed that all leaf miners studied were clumped at the plant and branch scale, and the abundance of most leaf-miner species was influenced by plant quality traits. Mines that occurred singly on leaves exhibited significantly higher survivorship than double and triple mines and leaves that contained a mine or a leaf gall and a mine and damage by chewers exhibited lowest survivorship. Although leaf miners were clumped at individual host trees, null model analyses indicated that oak herbivores do not co-occur significantly less than expected by chance and there was no evidence for biological mechanisms such as inter-specific competition determining community structure at the plant scale. Thus, despite co-occurrence resulting in reduced survivorship at the leaf scale, such competition was not strong enough to structure separation of these oak herbivore communities.
Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions in Dryland Soil Aggregates Affected by Long-term Tillage and Cropping Sequence

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:1488-1495doi:10.2136/sssaj2008-0405Received 9 Dec. 2008.*Corresponding author (upendra.sainju@ars.usda.gov).© Soil Science Society of America677 S. Segoe Rd. Madison WI 53711 USAAll rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MODELING AND PROTOTYPING OF DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The major issues in designing Distributed Information Systems (DIS) include localization of control and data, inherent concurrency, intensive interactions among computation agents, history sensitivity, dynamic configuration and continuous system change and evolution. We propose a framework, called the G-Net model, for the specification, modeling and prototyping of DIS. The G-Net model not only provides a flexible notation to represent the executable specification of DIS through G-Net instantiation, but also offers a novel style of decentralized concurrent computation, allowing flexible inter-agent communication and interaction. A prototype of the G-Net framework has been implemented on workstations connected by a local network.
Comprehensive, sustained behavioral and pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A case study

Treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) must be long-term, be intensive, address functional impairment across important domains and settings, and be sensitive to individual differences. This case illustrates comprehensive, combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment for a child diagnosed with ADHD and conduct disorder over a period of 3 years. Specific treatment components included an intensive summer treatment program (STP), behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom interventions, individually titrated stimulant medication, and a cognitive-behavioral depression-prevention program for the child's mother. Although substantial improvements were found in the degree of functional impairment, this child remained impaired in many domains. This suggests that treatment for ADHD, particularly in severe cases such as this, must be intensive and ongoing.
Vibration Damping Enhancement in Hybrid Carbon Fiber Composites With Zinc Oxide Nanowire Interphase

Traditional composite materials invented to be used in structures with the purpose of high load-bearing with excellent in-plane properties. Continuous fiber reinforced composites are one of the mostly used categories of advanced composites. This class of composites has gained a lot of attention due to their light-weight and decent mechanical properties. However, additional material design is required to tune both mechanical and structural properties of these composites. Since the load transfer between reinforcement phase and polymer matrix happens at the interfacial region, a better interphase might result in a composite with higher vibration damping. In this study, a gradient interphase between carbon fiber and polymer matrix has been created by using ZnO nanowires to engineer the damping loss factor of the carbon fiber composites. For the growth of ZnO nanowires on the carbon fabric, low temperature hydrothermal reaction has been used. Then the carbon fabrics with ZnO nanowires were infiltrated with a low viscosity epoxy using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technique. The stiffness and structural damping of the composite were examined using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results show that the damping properties of hybrid composites using ZnO nanowires are enhanced compare to the bare carbon fabric composites. Since the growth of ZnO nanowires is a tunable process, the length, diameter and aspect ratio of the nanowires and consequently the architecture of the interphase can be tailored for the desired vibration damping in the system. Thus, the hybrid composites with ZnO nanowire interphase can be used to enhance the energy dissipation in a structural system.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Inclusive reactions, finite-energy sum rules and Reggeon-particle scattering

Abstract Finite-energy sum rules are applied to inclusive reactions in the context of current data for p + p → + anything and p π → p + anything. It is found that the finite-energy sum rules are indeed satisfied. Further results are interpreted in terms of Reggeon-particle scattering amplitudes. In particular, the questions of the validity of duality, the presence of fixed poles, and the possibilities of extracting sprcific triple-Regge couplings are discussed. Representative numerical values for these couplings are also given.
Overall and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion at the respiratory compensation threshold: effects of gender and mode.

Research on gender differences in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) has been equivocal with few studies comparing exercise modes and differentiated RPE. The current study examined gender differences in overall and differentiated RPE at the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) during cycling and treadmill exercise. Each minute during a maximal treadmill and maximal cycling test, men (n=18) and women (n=16) estimated RPE corresponding to overall (RPE-O), legs (RPE-L), and breathing/chest (RPE-C) exertion. A 2 (gender) × 2 (mode) × 3 (RPE-O, RPE-L, RPE-C) repeated measures MANOVA revealed no significant mode × gender or RPE × gender interactions. The exercise mode × RPE interaction approached significance (P=0.055) when cycling [mean (SD) 14.8 (2.9)] and treadmill exercise [12.8 (2.9)] were compared. No main effects for gender [men: 13.7 (2.6), women: 13.4 (2.6)] were detected. Main effects for mode showed RPE to be significantly greater during cycling [14.4 (2.8)] versus treadmill exercise [12.7 (2.9)]. Main effects for differentiated RPE showed RPE-L [13.8 (2.6)] to be significantly greater than RPE-O [13.5 (2.6)] and RPE-C [13.3 (2.6)]. Results suggest that overall and differentiated RPE at the RCT are not significantly different between genders during cycling or treadmill exercise. While RPE-L was statistically greater than RPE-O and RPE-C, the magnitude of the differences makes this result of little practical significance. The marginal interaction suggests greater RPE-L values might be expected at the RCT during cycling versus treadmill exercise. However, results suggest that minimal RPE differences exist between men and women during cycling and treadmill exercise.
Heat-transfer calculations at the tape-head interface of a computer tape drive

Frictional heat generation can develop localized high temperatures at the tape-head interface of a computer tape drive and can seriously affect the performance of the drive. Using standard heat transfer theory, we calculated the magnitude of this “hot spotting” to be of the order of 21°C for an IBM 2400 series tape drive. In general, it is almost impossible to accurately measure hot spotting on a tape drive. A series of calculations was performed to investigate why this is so.
Helium abundance variations in the solar wind

Helium abundance variations in the solar wind have been studied using data obtained with Los Alamos plasma instrumentation on IMP 6, 7, and 8 from 1971 through 1978. For the first time, average flow characteristics have been determined as a function of helium abundance, A(He). Low and average values of A(He) are each preferentially identified with a different characteristic plasma ‘state’ these correspond to what have previously been recognized as the signatures of interplanetary magnetic field polarity reversals and high speed streams, respectively. Helium enhancements at 1 AU also can be identified with a characteristic plasma state, which includes high magnetic field intensity and low proton temperature. This is further evidence that such enhancements are a signal of coronal transient mass ejections. Long-term averages of A(He) at least partially reflect the relative frequency with which coronal streamers, holes, and transients extend their influence into the ecliptic plane at 1 AU. As a result, there is a real and pronounced solar cycle variation of solar wind H(He).
YOLK PROTEIN UPTAKE IN THE OOCYTE OF THE MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI. L.

Yolk proteins are thought to enter certain eggs by a process akin to micropinocytosis but the detailed mechanism has not been previously depicted. In this study the formation of protein yolk was investigated in the mosquito Aedes aegypti L. Ovaries were fixed in phosphate-buffered osmium tetroxide, for electron microscopy, before and at intervals after a meal of blood. The deposition of protein yolk in the oocyte was correlated with a 15-fold increase in 140 mµ pit-like depressions on the oocyte surface. These pits form by invagination of the oocyte cell membrane. They have a 20 mµ bristle coat on their convex cytoplasmic side. They also show a layer of protein on their concave extracellular side which we propose accumulates by selective adsorption from the extraoocyte space. The pits, by pinching off from the cell membrane become bristle-coated vesicles which carry the adsorbed protein into the oocyte. These vesicles lose the coat and then fuse to form small crystalline yolk droplets, which subsequently coalesce to form the large proteid yolk bodies of the mature oocyte. Preliminary radioautographs, and certain morphological features of the fat body, ovary, and midgut, suggest that the midgut is the principal site of yolk protein synthesis in the mosquito.
Amsel's Frustration Effect: A Pavlovian Replication With Control for Frequency and Distribution of Rewards

Amsel's frustration effect refers to a facilitation of behavior immediately after unexpected nonreward. The original experiments were plagued with problems of interpretation, mainly because the critical comparison involved conditions that were not equated in terms of reward frequency and amount. A replication of the original experiment (with a 50% partial reinforcement schedule used to induce response facilitation) is reported here with one important addition: A control group matched in terms of reward parameters, for which the reward was not signaled by a discrete cue. Matching is achieved through the use of a Pavlovian training procedure. The results show facilitation of rats' lever-contact performance after unexpected reward omissions. The control group showed no facilitation. These results provide support for the view that response facilitation is caused by increased arousal after unexpected nonreward.
The impact of social security reform on the labor market: The case of Colombia

This paper simulates the effects of three increasingly bolder reforms in the Colombian social protection system: the equalization of salaried and self-employed labor contributions; the removal of payroll taxes, parafiscales; and the complete delinking of social protection benefits from labor status. We collect nationally representative information concerning individual willingness to pay for several packages of social security benefits; identify and quantify – for the first time – three specific distortions caused by existing social security and social assistance systems; and simulate the gains that social protection reforms would bring about in terms of reduced labor distortions. We find that workers in Colombia, regardless of occupation, have a very similar willingness to pay for the full insurance package – below 20% of their labor earnings – and very similar valuation of social protection services – about 50% below par. Labor distortions are large, as expected from very high labor costs, but we quantify an implicit formality tax and informality subsidy ranging between 2 and 27 percent of different representative workers’ earnings. Critically, the long-discussed reforms in Colombia – including the elimination of parafiscales – will not reduce substantially the multiple distortions in its labor market.
Interactive effects of wildfire and permafrost on microbial communities and soil processes in an Alaskan black spruce forest

Boreal forests contain significant quantities of soil carbon that may be oxidized to CO2 given future increases in climate warming and wildfire behavior. At the ecosystem scale, decomposition and heterotrophic respiration are strongly controlled by temperature and moisture, but we questioned whether changes in microbial biomass, activity, or community structure induced by fire might also affect these processes. We particularly wanted to understand whether postfire reductions in microbial biomass could affect rates of decomposition. Additionally, we compared the short-term effects of wildfire to the long-term effects of climate warming and permafrost decline. We compared soil microbial communities between control and recently burned soils that were located in areas with and without permafrost near Delta Junction, AK. In addition to soil physical variables, we quantified changes in microbial biomass, fungal biomass, fungal community composition, and C cycling processes (phenol oxidase enzyme activity, lignin decomposition, and microbial respiration). Five years following fire, organic surface horizons had lower microbial biomass, fungal biomass, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations compared with control soils. Reductions in soil fungi were associated with reductions in phenol oxidase activity and lignin decomposition. Effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and activity in the mineral soil were minor. Microbial community composition was affected by wildfire, but the effect was greater in nonpermafrost soils. Although the presence of permafrost increased soil moisture contents, effects on microbial biomass and activity were limited to mineral soils that showed lower fungal biomass but higher activity compared with soils without permafrost. Fungal abundance and moisture were strong predictors of phenol oxidase enzyme activity in soil. Phenol oxidase enzyme activity, in turn, was linearly related to both 13 C lignin decomposition and microbial respiration in incubation studies. Taken together, these results indicate that reductions in fungal biomass in postfire soils and lower soil moisture in nonpermafrost soils reduced the potential of soil heterotrophs to decompose soil carbon. Although in the field increased rates of microbial respiration can be observed in postfire soils due to warmer soil conditions, reductions in fungal biomass and activity may limit rates of decomposition.
Decomposing the reaction time distribution: Pure insertion and selective influence revisited☆

Abstract This paper investigates the consequences of extending the assumptions of pure insertion and selective influence (popular in RT theorizing) to the level of the distribution. In the case of pure insertion and under the additional assumption that the additive random variable is exponentially distributed, a solution is obtained which not only allows estimation of the exponential-rate parameter but also provides a test of the assumptions. The result is shown to be applicable not only when processing is serial but also for certain parallel models. In addition, discrimination between self-terminating and exhaustive search strategies is provided, and in the case of either, both parameter estimation and tests of the model are possible. Extensions to nonexponential models are investigated and a general method of moments solution is outlined. In the case of selective influence a general nonparametric alternative to Sternberg's additive factor method is developed. The problem of empirical estimation and application is then considered. Simulations which place bounds on the type I and II error are reported. Finally the first theorem is provided an illustrative application with data from a memory scanning experiment. The results provide some support for the double assumption of pure insertion and that the additive random variable is distributed exponentially.
RISK OF POPULATION EXTINCTION FROM FIXATION OF NEW DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS.

The fixation of new deleterious mutations is analyzed for a randomly mating population of constant size with no environmental or demographic stochasticity. Mildly deleterious mutations are far more important in causing loss of fitness and eventual extinction than are lethal and semilethal mutations in populations with effective sizes, Ne , larger than a few individuals. If all mildly deleterious mutations have the same selection coefficient, s against heterozygotes and 2s against homozygotes, the mean time to extinction, t¯, is asymptotically proportional to e4Nes/Ne for 4Ne s > 1. Nearly neutral mutations pose the greatest risk of extinction for stable populations, because the magnitude of selection coefficient that minimizes t¯ is about ŝ = 0.4/Ne . The influence of variance in selection coefficients among mutations is analyzed assuming a gamma distribution of s, with mean s¯ and variance σs2. The mean time to extinction increases with variance in selection coefficients if s¯ is near ŝ, but can decrease greatly if s¯ is much larger than ŝ. For a given coefficient of variation of s, c=σs/s¯, the mean time to extinction is asymptotically proportional to Ne1+1/c2 for 4Nes¯>1. When s is exponentially distributed, (c = 1) t¯ is asymptotically proportional to Ne2. These results in conjunction with data on the rate and magnitude of mildly deleterious mutations in Drosophila melanogaster indicate that even moderately large populations, with effective sizes on the order of Ne = 103 , may incur a substantial risk of extinction from the fixation of new mutations.
Incidence of endometriosis by study population and diagnostic method: the ENDO study

Objective To estimate the incidence of endometriosis in an operative cohort of women seeking clinical care and in a matched population cohort to delineate more fully the scope and magnitude of endometriosis in the context of and beyond clinical care. Design Matched-exposure cohort design. Setting Surgical centers in the Salt Lake City, Utah, and San Francisco, California, areas. Patient(s) The operative cohort comprised 495 women undergoing laparoscopy/laparotomy between 2007 and 2009, and the population cohort comprised 131 women from the surgical centers' catchment areas. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Incidence of endometriosis by diagnostic method in the operative cohort and by pelvic magnetic resonance imaged (MRI) disease in the population cohort. Result(s) Endometriosis incidence in the operative cohort ranged by two orders of magnitude by diagnostic method: 0.7% for only histology, 7% for only MRI, and 41% for visualized disease. Endometriosis staging was skewed toward minimal (58%) and mild disease (15%). The incidence of MRI-diagnosed endometriosis was 11% in the population cohort. Conclusion(s) Endometriosis incidence is dependent on the diagnostic method and choice of sampling framework. Conservatively, 11% of women have undiagnosed endometriosis at the population level, with implications for the design and interpretation of etiologic research.
Imaging chorioretinal vascular disease

Since its first description more than 40 years ago, fluorescein angiography had a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of chorioretinal vascular disorders such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Although fluorescein angiography permits visualization of the retinal microcirculation in exquisite detail, visualization of the choroidal circulation is more limited. Moreover, fluorescein angiography provides only minimal information regarding the functional consequences of vascular disease and allows, at best, only semi-quantitative assessment of retinal thickness. In recent years, the development of other chorioretinal imaging modalities, such as indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), has addressed many of these issues. In particular, OCT has become an integral tool for vitreoretinal specialists as it allows high-resolution cross-sectional images of the neurosensory retina to be obtained in a non-invasive manner. The latest generation of commercial OCT technology—spectral domain OCT—offers high-speed scanning that allows complete coverage of the macular area, generation of three-dimensional retinal reconstructions, and precise image registration for inter-visit comparisons. The high speed of spectral domain OCT also facilitates B-scan averaging, which reduces speckle noise artefact and allows unparalleled visualization of the outer retina and choroid. In the near future, further advances in OCT technology (eg Doppler OCT) are likely to dramatically enhance the diagnosis and management of patients with chorioretinal vascular disease.
CD134/CD137 dual costimulation-elicited IFN-γ maximizes effector T-cell function but limits Treg expansion

T-cell tolerance to tumor antigens represents a major hurdle in generating tumor immunity. Combined administration of agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the costimulatory receptors CD134 plus CD137 can program T-cells responding to tolerogenic antigen to undergo expansion, and effector T-cell differentiation, and also elicits tumor immunity. Nevertheless, CD134 and CD137 agonists can also engage inhibitory immune components. To understand how immune stimulatory versus inhibitory components are regulated during CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation (DCo), the current study utilized a model where DCo programs T-cells encountering a highly tolerogenic self-antigen to undergo effector differentiation. IFN-γ was found to have a pivotal role in maximizing the function of effector T-cells, while simultaneously limiting the expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. In antigen-responding effector T-cells, IFN-γ operates via a direct cell-intrinsic mechanism to cooperate with IL-2 to program maximal expression of granzyme B. Simultaneously, IFN-γ limits expression of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and IL-2 signaling through a mechanism that does not involve T-bet-mediated repression of IL-2. IFN-γ also limited CD25 and Foxp3 expression on bystanding CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, and limited the potential of these Tregs to expand. These effects could not be explained by the ability of IFN-γ to limit IL-2 availability. Taken together, during DCo IFN-γ interacts with IL-2 through distinct mechanisms to program maximal expression of effector molecules in antigen-responding T-cells, while simultaneously limiting Treg expansion.