cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical coding and electrophysiology of enteric neurons expressing neurofilament 145 in guinea pig gastrointestinal tract

Electrophysiologic recording and indirect immunofluorescence were combined to study localization of the medium-sized neurofilament 145 (NF145) component of the cytoskeleton in morphologically identified neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the guinea pig enteric nervous system. Neuronal localization of chemical markers, including calbindin DK28, calretinin, nitric oxide synthase, choline-acetyltransferase, neuropeptide Y, serotonin, neurokinin 1 receptor protein, and somatostatin, was integrated with electrophysiologic and morphologic results for a more complete assessment. NF145 immunoreactivity (-IR) was present in ganglion cells with Dogiel type I morphology in the myenteric plexus of the stomach and small and large intestine. NF145-IR was not found in myenteric ganglion cells with Dogiel type II morphology. NF145-IR was not present in any of the ganglion cells in the submucosal plexus. NF145 was expressed in nerve fibers in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses. The majority of these fibers were identified as sympathetic postganglionic axons based on their disappearance in organotypic culture and on their expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. The myenteric ganglion cells with NF145-IR had electrophysiologic properties of S-type enteric neurons. NF145-IR was found in neurons with vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin, nitric oxide synthase, somatostatin, and neurokinin 1 receptor but not with neuropeptide Y or calbindin. The results in general suggest that NF145 is localized to distinct subsets of myenteric motor neurons and interneurons. Absence of NF145 from ganglion cells in the submucosal plexus is an example of differences between myenteric and submucosal components of the enteric nervous system.
Host Control of Symbiont Natural Product Chemistry in Cryptic Populations of the Tunicate Lissoclinum patella

Natural products (secondary metabolites) found in marine invertebrates are often thought to be produced by resident symbiotic bacteria, and these products appear to play a major role in the symbiotic interaction of bacteria and their hosts. In these animals, there is extensive variation, both in chemistry and in the symbiotic bacteria that produce them. Here, we sought to answer the question of what factors underlie chemical variation in the ocean. As a model, we investigated the colonial tunicate Lissoclinum patella because of its rich and varied chemistry and its broad geographic range. We sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COXI) genes, and found that animals classified as L. patella fall into three phylogenetic groups that may encompass several cryptic species. The presence of individual natural products followed the phylogenetic relationship of the host animals, even though the compounds are produced by symbiotic bacteria that do not follow host phylogeny. In sum, we show that cryptic populations of animals underlie the observed chemical diversity, suggesting that the host controls selection for particular secondary metabolite pathways. These results imply novel approaches to obtain chemical diversity from the oceans, and also demonstrate that the diversity of marine natural products may be greatly impacted by cryptic local extinctions.
Competency contrast, kinematics, and the development of foliations and lineations in the crust

Similar foliation patterns are observed in faults in poorly lithified sediments, fault gouge and cataclasite, and greenschist to granulite facies shear zones. We suggest that this similarity in form reflects similar controls on development. We propose that these patterns are a fundamental consequence of deformation of heterogeneous media, in which material heterogeneity is manifest as competency contrast. Strain incompatibilities along competence domain boundaries can produce mechanical instabilities, resulting in the nucleation of shear bands and/or C-surfaces. Mechanical segregation of incompetent material into these foliations produces compositional bands. Competency contrast promotes strain partitioning between compositional bands, accommodated in part by domain-boundary sliding. In three-dimensional general shear, incompetent domains and domain boundaries will preferentially accommodate the non-coaxial component of flow, and strain rates will be higher than in competent domains. Consequently, lineations in incompetent domains are different from, and may be orthogonal to, those in competent domains. Lineations that record tectonic transport will form preferentially in incompetent domains; lineations in more competent domains may (if not steady-state) approximate the long axis of the finite strain ellipsoid of the competent domains. The number and orientations of foliations and lineations, and microstructures that record strain rate, thus document both the flow field and the magnitude of competency contrast.
Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid.

Abstract Conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E 2 by acetone powders of sheep seminal vesicles was irreversibly inhibited by low concentrations of eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid. This compound also inhibited the hydroxylation of linoleic and linolenic acids by the tissue preparation, thereby preventing the elimination of the inhibitory effects of these polyethylenic acids. The tetraacetylenic acid can therefore limit prostaglandin biosynthesis both by its direct effect on prostaglandin synthetase and by preventing the inactivation of endogenous inhibitors.
Effect of bovine fraction VI on thyroid function in the rat.

SummarySerum fraction VI from a bovine source showed on paper electrophoretic separation the presence of a glycoprotein band capable of binding I131 labeled thyroxine to the exclusion of other proteins present. On being given intravenously in the tail of rats, bovine fraction VI gave a marked depression in conversion ratio of inorganic to protein-bound iodine. This effect was shown to be due neither to a foreign protein reaction nor to a decreased body retention of iodine. The uptake of iodide ion by the thyroid gland did not appear to be the cause of this depressed conversion ratio.
Structure elucidation and chemistry of catharanthus alkaloids III: Structure of leurosine, an active anticancer alkaloid

Evidence for the structure of the antitumor alkaloid leurosine is presented, together with the explanations for the mass spectral fragmentation patterns observed. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data support the proposal that leurosine contains an epoxide moiety, and is closely related to the other Catharanthus antitumor alkaloids vincaleukoblastine and leurosidine.
Inverse electron demand diels-alder reaction of 3-carbomethoxy-2-pyrones with 1,1-dimethoxyethylene: a simple and mild method of aryl annulation

Abstract A simple process for aryl annulation based on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of 5,6-substituted-3-carbomethoxy-2-pyrones with 1,1-dimethoxyethylene is described.
Interpretation biases in victims and non-victims of interpersonal trauma and their relation to symptom development

Previous studies examining information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on attention and memory biases, with few studies examining interpretive biases. The majority of these studies have employed lexically based methodologies, rather than examining the processing of visual information. In the present study, victims (N=40) and non-victims (N=41) of interpersonal trauma viewed a series of short positive, neutral, and threatening filmstrips of social situations with ambiguous endings. Participants were then asked about their perceptions and interpretations of the situations. Victims perceived threatening situations as more predictable and more quickly increasing in risk than non-victims. Trauma status interacted with the perceived predictability of positive situations and the perceived speed with which neutral situations reached their conclusion to predict anxious symptoms. In addition, trauma status interacted with the perceived increase in risk of positive situations to predict PTSD symptoms. The implications of these findings for theories of PTSD are discussed.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Inoculation of PSTVd cDNAs onto Tomato Reveals the Biological Effect of Apparently Lethal Mutations

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) mutants which contain alterations in the terminal loops of the rod-like native structure have previously been reported from our laboratory. PSTVd-P contains mutations at positions 2, 4, and 6 in the left terminal loop; PSTVd-R+, a sequence permutation of PSTVd-R, contains the same mutations at positions 177 and 178 in the right terminal loop as PSTVd-R and contains in addition a 1-nucleotide G insertion at position 176. PSTVd-P, PSTVd-R, and PSTV-R+ were noninfectious when either cDNA or SP6-generated RNA transcripts were used as inoculum onto tomato cotyledons. In the current study, mutant and wild-type PSTVd constructs were mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and used for stem inoculation of tomato plants. Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of the mutant and wild-type constructs has confirmed the inability of the PSTVd-P mutant to establish an infection. The PSTV-R+ mutant and/or sequence variants derived in vivo can establish an infection, although PSTVd-R+ progeny and replicative intermediates appear to be primarily restricted to the gall and root tissues of the plant and only occasionally are progeny detectable in the newly developing leaves. The reduced level of viroid accumulation from the PSTVd-R+ mutant appears to be consistent with the mutant viroid replicating/accumulating only in a limited number of cells or cell types. The mutations in the right terminal loop may alter interactions with specific host components and thereby disrupt the normal pattern of intercellular transport of the viroid or limit its replication to a cell type but not abolish replication per se.
X-ray fluorescence from a model liquid/liquid solvent extraction system

X-ray fluorescence near total reflection (XFNTR) is measured from the liquid/liquid interface between dodecane and an ErCl3 aqueous solution by monitoring L shell Er emission lines. A custom sample cell is used to minimize absorption of the fluorescence x-rays that pass through dodecane on their way to the detector. The Er3+ concentration near the interface is related to the fluorescence intensity by a scale factor that is extracted by fitting the incident-angle dependent Er Lα emission line intensities for different ErCl3 bulk concentrations. As an application, we present the use of XFNTR to monitor the growth of interfacial crud in a model solvent extraction system consisting of an interface between a dodecane solution of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (HDEHP) and an ErCl3 aqueous solution.
A combined viscoelastic–viscoplastic behavior of particle reinforced composites

Abstract This study formulates a micromechanical model for predicting effective viscoelastic–viscoplastic responses of composites. The studied composites consist of solid spherical particle reinforcements dispersed in a homogeneous matrix. The particle constituent is assumed linear elastic, while the matrix exhibits combined viscoelastic–viscoplastic responses. The Schapery integral model is used for the 3D isotropic non-linear viscoelastic responses. Two viscoplastic models are considered: the Perzyna model, having a rate-independent yield surface and an overstress function, and the Valanis endochronic model based on an irreversible thermodynamics without a yield surface. The Valanis model is suitable for materials when viscoplastic responses occur at early loadings (small stress levels). A unit-cell model with four particle and polymer sub-cells is generated to obtain homogenized responses of the particle-reinforced composites. Available micromechanical models and experimental data in the literature are used to verify the proposed micromechanical model in predicting effective time-dependent and inelastic responses of composites. Field variables in the homogenized composites are compared to the ones in heterogeneous composites. The heterogeneous composites, having detailed particle geometries, are modeled using finite element (FE) method.
Watching the fly brain in action.

New technical feats make it possible to monitor the activity of identified neurons in awake behaving Drosophila melanogaster.
THE TITANIUM(III)- AND SAMARIUM(II)-PROMOTED REARRANGEMENT OF A VINYLCYCLOBUTENE 1,2-DIESTER TO 1,2-, 1,3-, AND 1,4-PHTHALATES

We have discovered a novel rearrangement of a vinylcyclobutene 1,2-diester into a mixture of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-phthalates. On the basis of deuterium labeling studies, a mechanism for this rearrangement is proposed.
Prehypertension and endothelial progenitor cell function.

Prehypertension is associated with significant damage to the coronary vasculature and increased rates of adverse cardiovascular events. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are critical to vascular repair and the formation of new blood vessels. We tested the hypothesis that prehypertension is associated with EPC dysfunction. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 83 middle-aged and older adults (51 M/32 F): 40 normotensive (age 53±2 yr; BP 111/74±1/1 mmHg) and 43 prehypertensive (54±2; 128/77±1/1 mmHg). EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood and EPC colony-forming capacity (colony-forming unit assay), migratory activity (Boyden chamber) and apoptotic susceptibility (active caspase-3 concentrations) were determined. There were no significant differences in either the number of EPC CFUs (10±2 vs. 9±1), EPC migration (1165±82 vs. 1120±84 fluorescent units), or active intracellular caspase-3 concentrations (2.7±0.3 vs. 2.3±0.2 ng/mL) between the normotensive and prehypertensive groups. When groups were stratified into low prehypertension (n=27; systolic BP: 120–129 mmHg) and high prehypertension (n=16; 130–139 mmHg), it was found that EPCs from the high prehypertensive group produced fewer (~65%, P<0.05) CFUs compared with the low prehypertensive (4±1 vs. 12±2) and normotensive adults. In conclusion, EPC colonyforming capacity is impaired only in prehypertensive adults with systolic BP greater than 130 mmHg. Prehypertension is not associated with migratory dysfunction or enhanced apoptosis of EPCs.
Acute termination of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in children by transesophageal atrial pacing

S upraventricular tachyarrhythmia, in contrast to arrhythmias in adults, is the most common abnormal tachycardia in infants and chi1dren.l When the tachyarrhythmia is reentrant, conversion by physiologic, pharmacologic or electrical interruption of conduction within a limb of the circuit is highly probable. Manipulation of physiologic vagal tone, the obviously preferred mode, is not successful or feasible in a number of patients. Pharmacologic manipulation has been the most commonly used; however, digoxin and propranolol may require several hours for conversion. Intravenous administration of verapamil offers prompt termination2v3; however, in newborns it may be unsuccessful and carries the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, apnea and negative inotropy, especially in patients with coexisting congestive heart failure.4 Electrical conversion by transvenous atria1 pacing or by direct current cardioversion requires invasive entry for 1 technique and frequently general anesthesia for the other. Recent reports from our institution5-7 as well as from otherssvg have demonstrated the usefulness, simplicity and safety of transesophageal atria1 burst pacing for conversion of reentrant tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. The technique, however, has not been included among the recent recommendations of several authorities.10-12 Our purpose, therefore, is to report our experience with transesophageal pacing in infants and children so that the technique may be more widely known. 43 14f4 8-20 43 5f2 3-10
Iron acquisition in the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora is controlled by the desferrioxamine family of siderophores

Many bacteria produce siderophores for sequestration of growth-essential iron. Analysis of the Salinispora genomes suggests that these marine actinomycetes support multiple hydroxamate- and phenolate-type siderophore pathways. We isolated and characterized desferrioxamines (DFOs) B and E from all three recognized Salinispora species and linked their biosyntheses in S. tropica CNB-440 and S. arenicola CNS-205 to the des locus through PCR-directed mutagenesis. Gene inactivation of the predicted iron-chelator biosynthetic loci sid2-4 did not abolish siderophore chemistry. Additionally, these pathways could not restore the native growth characteristics of the des mutants in iron-limited media, although differential iron-dependent regulation was observed for the yersiniabactin-like sid2 pathway. Consequently, this study indicates that DFOs are the primary siderophores in laboratory cultures of Salinispora.
NEW PALMS FROM VENEZUELA

Asterogyne yaracuyense andPrestoea humilis are described and illustrated, and their relationships discussed.
Mood alters amygdala activation to sad distractors during an attentional task.

Background A behavioral hallmark of mood disorders is biased perception and memory for sad events. The amygdala is poised to mediate internal mood and external event processing because of its connections with both the internal milieu and the sensory world. There is little evidence showing that the amygdala's response to sad sensory stimuli is functionally modulated by mood state, however. Methods We investigated the impact of mood on amygdala activation evoked by sad and neutral pictures presented as distractors during an attentional oddball task. Healthy adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during task runs that were preceded by sad or happy movie clips. Happy and sad mood induction was conducted within-subjects on consecutive days in counterbalanced order. Results Amygdala activation to sad distractors was enhanced after viewing sad movies relative to happy ones and was correlated with reaction time costs to detect attentional targets. The activation was higher in female subjects in the right hemisphere. The anterior cingulate, ventromedial and orbital prefrontal cortex, insula, and other posterior regions also showed enhanced responses to sad distractors during sad mood. Conclusions These findings reveal brain mechanisms that integrate emotional input and current mood state, with implications for understanding cognitive distractibility in depression.
Protection by GSH against lipid peroxidation induced by ascorbate and iron in rat liver microsomes.

Abstract GSH is considered to be a potent inhibitor of 1ipid peroxidation, but the mechanisms by which it carries out this function are not clear. GSH-dependent factors which inhibit 1ipid peroxidation in the NADPH and in the ascorbate-iron microsomal 1ipid peroxidation systems have been demonstrated in rat liver 105,000 g supernatant (1,2). This communication describes a GSH-dependent factor in the microsomal fraction of rat liver which inhibits ascorbate and iron-induced microsomal 1ipid peroxidation.
User-Guided Dynamic Data Race Detection

Multi-threaded programming is part of mainstream software development. It adds several issues not present on serial applications. Among the issues an important one is data races, i.e. the unsynchronized access of data by multiple threads. They are particularly hard to debug since they typically occur sporadically and often invisibly corrupt the internal state. Generally, the tool used to identify those kinds of issues is a data race analyzer. Due to the subtlety of data race bugs, the user at this point would already have tried to understand the problem using an application debugger. Debuggers offer a variety of features to analyze and modify the execution state of programs. Such features are typically not offered by data race analyzers. Integrating a data race analyzer into a debugger would improve the user workflow. This is usually prohibited by the huge performance overhead of a whole-program data race analysis. We propose in this work a method to reduce the overhead by allowing the user to define the scope of the analysis. A sufficiently narrow scope reduces the performance overhead to less than 5 $$\times $$ × , thus allowing its integration into a debugger. Defining the analysis scope fits naturally into the debugger workflow of focusing on one problem at a time. The work here presented has been implemented in a commercial debugger product.
Substernal Chest Pain with an Abnormal Electrocardiogram in an Adolescent Male Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department

We report a case of an adolescent male who developed acute-onset, substernal chest pain and was noted to have electrocardiographic changes concerning for inferior and lateral myocardial ischemia. Although adult emergency departments (EDs) manage cardiac chest pain on a daily basis, pediatric EDs have very little experience with chest pain suggestive of myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, MI is being recognized more frequently in the pediatric age group. Historically, evaluation for MI was initiated in the ED but was completed as an inpatient. Recent laboratory and technologic advances have made ruling out MI an ED skill in low-risk patients. It is helpful for pediatric emergency medicine physicians to be aware of current evaluation techniques and their application to at-risk patients.
Variance structure in the human cardiovascular system-periodicity, chaos, or old-fashioned noise?

We discuss various traditional and new methods of modeling time series data to reveal dynamic characteristics. We consider cases in which measurements represent signals from a deterministic generator contaminated by additive or multiplicative noise. The properties of chaotic dynamics (nonlinear deterministic mechanisms) are also discussed. Fluctuations in cardiovascular data, as demonstrated in 24-hour ambulatory monitoring records of blood pressures, heart rate and core temperature, are then examined from these various perspectives, including spectral analysis. The pointwise correlation dimension calculated on R - R intervals on the 24-hour electrocardiogram (Holter record) is shown to reveal variations in physiological state that cannot be seen as clearly by spectral analysis. We conclude that both (near-) periodic models (simple systems) and chaotic models (complex systems) are useful, in that different groups of subjects can be compared by either analysis. Neither model by itself, using standard algorithms, has the capability of identifying the mechanism actually generating the time history. Thus, we answer the question posed in the title of this paper as follows: it is difficult to decide on the basis of models of data only because of the ubiquity of quasi-periodic motions based on noise modulation. For that reason, the model-free ''regularity statistic'' of Pincus may be a preferred descriptor of noisy data. (A preliminary version of this paper has appeared [1].)
Crack extension in piezoelectric materials

Closed form solutions for all three modes of fracture for an infinite piezoelectric medium containing a center crack and is subjected to a combined mechanical and electrical loading were obtained using the Stroh formalism. The strain energy release rate was derived and implication to fracture behavior was discussed. Mode I fracture experiments were conducted using compact tension specimens of PZT-4 piezoelectric ceramic. The results indicate that the use of the strain energy release rate as fracture criterion can accurately account for effects of the electric field on the apparent fracture toughness of the material.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dependence of hydrogen evolution from a-Si:H on boron doping and substrate potential

Abstract The dependence of the hydrogen effusion rate f h on temperature T reflects the two-phase compositional inhomogenous observed by proton NMR spectroscopy in plasma-deposited hydrogenated amorphous Si. We studied h(T) of 1 μm thich a-Si: H films prepared in an rf diode plasma reactor at 260°C from a SiH 4 / Ar = 0.1 mixture doped with 10 −7 2 H 6 /SiH 4 −4 . We find that h(T) depends on the self-bias potential V s of the substrate with respect to the plasma. For V s V , h(T) peaks at two temperature decreases from 570 to 350°C and the higher one from 620 to 450°C with increasing boron concentration. Near B 2 H 6 / SiH 4 =5×10 −5 one finds changes in film morphology because of boron-induced weakening of hydrogen-bonding configurations. We associate the low and the high temperature hydrogen evolution peaks with the hydrogen concentrated and hydrogen dilute phases of the material. We conclude that boron doping and ion bombardment during growth strongly affect the film structure and the hydrogen bonding and hence fundamental properties of the amorphous film. Since V s is more negative for cathode films than for anode films, their properties are different.
Calculation of equipotentials and flux lines in axially symmetrical permanent magnet assemblies by computer

Two equivalent theoretical models of permanent magnets are used to develop algorithms for numerically computing the magnetic scalar potential and the magnetic vector potential in the vicinity of an axially symmetric array of pole pieces and permanent magnets. A computer program based on these algorithms calculates equipotential surfaces and flux lines in and around the magnets and pole pieces. In deriving the algorithm for numerically calculating the vector potential a relationship between the magnetic scalar potential and the vector potential was found which enables the program to calculate the vector potential from the scalar potential distribution and thus generate equipotentials and flux lines with only one iterative calculation. An algorithm which calculates the scalar potential of a "floating" pole piece, that is, one on which the scalar potential has not been specified, is developed. The vector potential around the pole piece is determined from the scalar potential calculation, and this information is used to calculate the vector potential and the flux lines within the pole piece. The computer program calculates the coordinates of all points at which the equipotential lines and flux lines cross the Liebmann net. This information is fed to a cathode ray tube plotter which generates a field plot. To deal with systems in which macroscopic currents are present as well as permanent magnets, the iterative Liebmann net calculation of the vector potential is developed, and a method of applying Neumann boundary conditions to the vector potential at high-permeability surfaces is described.
Metallic ions and habituation in the protozoan Spirostomum

Abstract 1. 1. The chlorides of Na, K and Ca have no effect upon protozoan habituation over a 19-min time range. 2. 2. MgCl2 interferes with habituation during this time range. 3. 3. MnCl2 has the same effect on habituation as MgCl2. 4. 4. MgCl2 in the presence of CaCl2 has no effect.
Dynamic Optimization of District Energy Generation

The University of Iowa Power Plant operates utility generation and distribution for campus facilities, including electricity, steam, and chilled water. It is desirable to evaluate the optimal load combination of boilers, engines and chillers to meet the demand at minimal cost, particularly for future demand scenarios. An algorithm is under development which will take into account the performance of individual units as part of the mix which ultimately supplies the campus and determine the degree that each should be operating to most efficiently meet demand. The algorithm will be part of an integrated simulation tool which is specifically designed to apply traditional optimization techniques for a given (both current and possible) circumstance. The second component is to couple the algorithm with accurate estimates and historical data through which expected demand could be predicted. The process will be able to account for theoretical circumstances which will be highly beneficial for strategic planning. It is also necessary to determine the unique operating characteristics of the system components. The algorithm will rely upon performance curves of individual system components (boiler, chiller, etc) and those must be developed and refined when possible using the most accurate information from experimental testing and commissioning or manufacturer supplied data. The heuristics that will be examined include combinatorial approach, a gradient-based incremental method, and simulated annealing.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The fallacy of the calcium-phosphorus product.

Scattered through the practice of medicine are dogmas with little or no scientific basis. One of these is the product of the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, the so-called calcium-phosphorus product or Ca × P. The assumption that ectopic calcification will occur when the product of the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations exceeds a particular threshold has become standard practice in nephrology even though there is little scientific basis. Experimental support is lacking, the chemistry underlying the use of the product is oversimplified and the concept that ectopic calcification is simply the result of supersaturation is biologically flawed. The evidence that the Ca × P is an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity is also questionable. Although ectopic calcification can occur in many sites, this review will focus on vascular calcification, as it is the most common site and the site most likely to affect patient outcomes.
Release of ATP from Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles during Freeze-Thaw Cycling

Cholinergic synaptic vesicles were isolated from Torpedo californica and subjected to repeated freeze/thraw (F/T) cycles. Both vesicular (trapped) and released (free) ATP were measured after each cycle. It was found that a constant percentage of vesicular content was released during each F/T cycle. In solutions low in Ca2+ and Mg2+ and high in sucrose, 25% of the ATP is released by each F/T cycle. When synaptic vesicles are resuspended in Tornedo Ringer's (which contains less sucrose, higher Ca2+ and urea), 35-40% of the trapped ATP is released during each F/T cycle. These data contradict the hypothesis that F/T does not disrupt synaptic vesicle membranes (although F/T does disrupt cell membranes and synaptosomes). This nonrupture hypothesis was assumed by C. Solsona, C. Salto, and A. Ymbern (1991, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1095, 57-62) to calculate cytosolic ATP as 40% of total ATP. Our results indicate that cytosolic ATP is 10-15%. These results may also explain some of the discrepancies in reported values for cytosolic acetylcholine (ACh). Values of 35-50% were obtained by previous workers using the nonrupture hypothesis, and values of 8-22% in experiments that did not depend on the nonrupture hypothesis. Our results refute the nonrupture hypothesis and thus support a lower value for cytosolic ACh.
Glutamate release in midbrain periaqueductal gray by activation of skeletal muscle receptors and arterial baroreceptors

We have previously reported that both skeletal muscle receptor and arterial baroreceptor afferent inputs activate neurons in the dorsolateral (DL) and lateral regions of the midbrain periaqueductal...
De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content

Live foliar moisture content (LFMC) significantly influences wildland fire behaviour. However, characterising variations in LFMC is difficult because both foliar mass and dry mass can change throughout the season. Here we quantify the seasonal changes in both plant water status and dry matter partitioning. We collected new and old foliar samples from Pinus contorta for two growing seasons and quantified their LFMC, relative water content (RWC) and dry matter chemistry. LFMC quantifies the amount of water per unit fuel dry weight whereas RWC quantifies the amount of water in the fuel relative to how much water the fuel can hold at saturation. RWC is generally a better indicator of water stress than is LFMC. We separated water mass from dry mass for each sample and we attempted to best explain the seasonal variations in each using our measured physiochemical variables. We found that RWC explained 59% of variation in foliar water mass. Additionally, foliar starch, sugar and crude fat content explained 87% of the variation in seasonal dry mass changes. These two models combined explained 85% of the seasonal variations in LFMC. These results demonstrate that changes to dry matter exert a stronger control on seasonal LFMC dynamics than actual changes in water content, and they challenge the assumption that LFMC variations are strongly related to water stress. This methodology could be applied across a range of plant functional types to better understand the factors that drive seasonal changes in LFMC and live fuel flammability.
A Container-Based Approach to OS Specialization for Exascale Computing

Future exascale systems will impose several conflicting challenges on the operating system (OS) running on the compute nodes of such machines. On the one hand, the targeted extreme scale requires the kind of high resource usage efficiency that is best provided by lightweight OSes. At the same time, substantial changes in hardware are expected for exascale systems. Compute nodes are expected to host a mix of general-purpose and special-purpose processors or accelerators tailored for serial, parallel, compute-intensive, or I/O-intensive workloads. Similarly, the deeper and more complex memory hierarchy will expose multiple coherence domains and NUMA nodes in addition to incorporating nonvolatile RAM. That expected workload and hardware heterogeneity and complexity is not compatible with the simplicity that characterizes high performance lightweight kernels. In this work, we describe the Argo Exascale node OS, which is our approach to providing in a single kernel the required OS environments for the two aforementioned conflicting goals. We resort to multiple OS specializations on top of a single Linux kernel coupled with multiple containers.
Mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments: a proposed first-order textural and compositional classification

Sediments that are composed of mixtures of siliciclastic and carbonate material occur in both the modern and the ancient. To date, there is no commonly-used classification of this type of sediment. A descriptive, first-order classification system is proposed here that is applicable to most mixed sediments and their lithified equivalents. The sediments are composed of four components: (1) siliciclastic sand (sand-sized quartz, feldspar, etc.), (2) mud (mixtures of silt and clay), (3) allochems (carbonate grains such as peloids, ooids, bioclasts and intraclasts > 20 μm in size), and carbonate mud or micrite (< 20 μm in size). These components define a tetrahedra whose subdivision produces eight general classes of mixed sediment. The name of a class reflects both the dominant grain type and the most abundant antithetic component. For example, a rock that contains greater than 50% siliciclastic material, of which most is sand-sized, and subordinate allochems is termed an allochemic sandstone. Other rock names include micritic sandstone, allochemic and micritic mudstone, sandy or muddy allochem limestone and sandy or muddy micrite. Prefixes and adjectives can be added to these terms to include dolomitic sediments, conglomeratic textures, and biogenic constituents.
Role of vortex fluctuations in determining superconducting parameters from magnetization data for layered superconductors.

The fluctuations of vortices in Josephson-coupled layered superconductors are shown to have a profound effect on values of the temperature-dependent penetration depth, Ginzburg-Landau parameter, and upper critical field extracted from reversible magnetization data below the critical temperature.
The potential loss of dissolved mercury and selenium in marine experimentation

Abstract Radioisotope tracers were used to determine the concentrations of mercury and selenium dissolved in seawater during experimental procedures. Hg is shown to be subject to continuous volatilization and surface adsorption. Dissolved nannogram quantities of selenium exhibit a similar pattern after 40 h. Microgram concentrations of Se are stable throughout the 90 h measurement.
EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF SKUNK RABIES IN NORTH AMERICA

Public health surveillance data from the United States and Canada (1961 to 1982) were analyzed to determine if consistent temporal and spatial patterns in skunk rabies could be identified. Enzootic/epizootic rabies was recognized in 18 states (enzootic states) based on the criteria of ≥20 yr of reported skunk rabies and at least 1 yr with a minimum of 50 reported rabid skunks. In other wildlife species, epizootics have been demonstrated to expand along a wave-like front. We hypothesized: if skunk rabies behaved in a similar fashion, states reporting rabid skunks would change over time. No such change was noted. During epizootics the number of counties reporting increased but not the number of states. Within Illinois certain counties were demonstrated to have persistent rabies histories and likely served as enzootic foci. Enzootic states combined prevalence indicated a 6 to 8 yr cycle for epizootics. Data on monthly percent rabies positive (number rabid/total number tested) were available from six states a...
Investigation of soil influences in AVHRR red and near-infrared vegetation index imagery

The effects of soil optical properties on vegetation index imagery are analyzed with ground-based spectral measurements and both simulated and actual AVHRR data from the NOAA satellites. Soil effects on vegetation indices were divided into primary variations associated with the brightness of bare soils, secondary variations attributed to 'color' differences among bare soils, and soil-vegetation spectral mixing. Primary variations were attributed to shifts in the soil line owing to atmosphere or soil composition. Secondary soil variance was responsible for the Saharan desert 'artefact' areas of increased vegetation index response in AVHRR imagery.
Influence of β-blockers on vecuronium/sufentanil or pancuronium/sufentanil combinations for rapid induction and intubation of cardiac surgical patients

Abstract Use of pancuronium or vecuronium with the priming principle was evaluated in regards to hemodynamic changes and adequacy of relaxation for a rapid induction-endotracheal intubation sequence with sufentanil in 24 ASA Class III-IV patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Twelve patients taking β-blockers (groups B-P and B-V) were compared with 12 patients not receiving β-blockers (groups NB-P and NB-V). Patients randomly received vecuronium or pancuronium (15 μig/kg), followed in 4 minutes by sufentanil 5 μg/kg and another 85 μg/kg of the appropriate relaxant through a central vein. Intubation was possible in all patients at 90 seconds with good-to-excellent conditions. Heart rate (HR) remained statistically elevated after induction (90 ± 10 beats/min) and intubation (105 ± 10 beats/min) only in group NB-P (baseline 74 ± 12 beats/min). The NB-P group also had an elevated blood pressure after the priming dose. No significant hemodynamic changes were found in the other groups in mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, systemic vascular resistance (SVRI), or cardiac index (CI). When used with vecuronium, sufentanil in a dose of 5 μg/kg provided adequate anesthesia to avoid the hypertensive, tachycardic response that frequently occurs following a rapid intravenous (IV) induction, without unduly depressing cardiac output or arterial pressure. Two patients had evidence of respiratory difficulty after the priming dose, associated with transient tachycardia and hypertension which resolved after induction. Using the priming principle, either pancuronium or vecuronium rapidly provided relaxation in patients with cardiac disease. Chronic β-blocker therapy was able to attenuate the tachycardia from pancuronium and was not associated with bradycardia when used with vecuronium. In patients with cardiac disease not on β-blockers, pancuronium was associated with tachycardia. Therefore, vecuronium appears to be more suitable for these patients.
Growth of cadmium whiskers in various atmospheres

Abstract The growth of cadmium whiskers from the vapor is described. Growth rates were measured at a supersaturation of approximately 0.1 in atmospheres of argon and of an oxygen-argon mixture. The growth rates are dependent on the radius of the whisker, the chemical nature of the atmosphere and the pressure. The argon, growth rates in excess of the classical linear law for tip impingement support the model of surface diffusion inhibited by the presence of the inert gas. This inhibited surface diffusion is the rate-controlling process. The addition of the active element oxygen increases the number of whiskers and dendritic growth while decreasing the growth rates of whiskers. This decrease is proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen, but the effect seems to be less than that suggested in the previous literature. At the lower supersaturations, growth habits other than whiskers become dominant with small platelets comprising the primary habit at the lowest supersaturation. The effect of a different inert gas was investigated by the substitution of helium for argon.
Science in the cloud (keynote)

Recent trends in science have made computational capabilities an essential part of scientific discovery. This is often referred to as enhanced scientific discovery, or eScience. eScience has been an integral part of high energy physics for several decades due to the complexity and volume of data produced by experiments. In the 1990s, eScience become central to biology with the sequencing of the human genome. More recently, eScience has become integral to neuroscience to understand neural circuits and human behavior. It is my view that the demands of 21st century science will mean that eScience is largely done in the Cloud. There are several reasons for this. Foremost, many of the computing requirements of scientists are bursty, requiring massive capabilities for short periods of time. This requirement is well suited to the Cloud. Second, 21st century science will frequently require the publication of large datasets such as the Allen Institute's Brain Atlas and the world wide network of genomics data. Hosting these datasets in public clouds will be much easier than requiring individual scientists (or even universities) to build their own data hosting systems. Third, progress in science increasingly requires collaborations among many distributed groups. Thecloud can greatly facilitate these collaborations. This talk discusses the requirements for science in the Cloud, and efforts underway to address these requirements. I will provide considerable detail about Google's Exacycle project that is donating one billion core hours to scientific discovery in molecular modeling, drug analysis, and astronomy.
Computer workstations: Explorations in human and machine cognition

Professional and scientific work will increasingly be conducted at computer workstations. An expert-system adaptive interface is one method for supporting learning and raising productivity of workstation activities. A prototype application for an adaptive interface is described in terms of machine intelligence, needs, design philosophy, and cognitive research. The intelligent interface prototype includes the operator’s psychometric profile, prior performance history, and a current keystroke performance stack within a conventional expert system. Productions in the form of conditionals between the operator’s keystrokes and three types of commands to the underlying software are described and illustrated. Commands entered, syntax errors, excessive repetition of keystrokes, and skill level are used to detect the user’s intentions and accordingly modify the display and command structure of the underlying software. Determining human intentions to produce machine adaptation to individual users is not a trivial task. Efforts to develop a powerful and general adaptive interface pose significant problems, and success cannot be assured without intensive cognitive research.
Laser-assisted microvascular anastomosis using CO2 and KTP/532 lasers

The milliwatt carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been shown to be an effective device for performing laser-assisted microvascular anastomosis (LAMA) with consistently high patency rates, minimal tissue disruption, and rapid surgical time as well as the potential for reduced inflammation due to fewer foreign bodies (sutures) in the wound. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of using the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser to perform LAMA and to compare it to CO2 LAMA in both arteries and veins. Patency rates, inflammatory response, and course of healing were evaluated through histological analysis. Twenty-eight rats were divided into two groups, which underwent either CO2 or KTP LAMA and then were sacrificed at 3 days, and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Patency rates for arteries and veins were comparable for both wavelengths (CO2: 100% for arteries, 93% for veins; KTP: 93% for arteries, 93% for veins). Histological grading of inflammation and fibrosis showed no significant difference between the two groups. This study demonstrated the efficacy of using the KTP/532 laser in performing LAMA. We found the KTP and CO2 LAMA to have comparable patterns of tissue damage and course of healing. Although this experiment did not investigate the mechanism(s) of tissue welding, our results suggest that successful LAMA may be independent of wavelength.
Gastrointestinal hormones and cell proliferation

There is no question that gut peptides are trophic for normal gut mucosa. Gut peptides can function in an endocrine, paracrine or autocrine fashion. We examined th effects of gut peptides on the growth of animal and human cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas in vivo and in vitro. We also examined the role of growth factors and bioamines in the regulation of growth of human endocrine tumors. Our studies have shown that gut peptides (gastrin, VIP, neurotensin, and bombesin) regulate growth of some cancers of the GI tract and pancreas. We have found that peptide action is mediated through specific receptors and that cell-specific differences in receptor expression occur. We have also begun to examine the intracellular signal-transduction pathways involved in endocrine and autocrine actions of these peptides on growth of GI cancers. We have found that cell type-specific differences exist among the various signal transduction pathways (cyclic AMP, phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis (PI), intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation) and that different receptors for the same hormone may be linked to different signal transduction pathways depending upon cell type. We have also found that autocrine growth regulation of human pan creatic carcinoid occurs through specific receptor-mediated( signal-transduction pathways. We will discuss the mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses of manipulation o: gut hormone levels or hormone antagonists to inhibit the growth of GI tract cancers.