cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studying Germline Genetic Events in Single Individuals

Human gene mapping requires analysis of well defined family pedigrees. Since the number of offspring is limited, accurately measuring small genetic distances remains difficult although gene orders can be reliably determined.
Detecting the "O-GlcNAc-ome"; detection, purification, and analysis of O-GlcNAc modified proteins

The modification of Ser and Thr residues of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins with a monosaccharide of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification of metazoans. Deletion of the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, is lethal in mammalian cells highlighting the importance of this post-translational modification in regulating cellular function. O-GlcNAc is believed to modulate protein function in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation. Notably, on some proteins O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate modify the same Ser/Thr residue, suggesting that a reciprocal relationship exists between these two post-translational modifications. In this chapter we describe the most robust techniques for the detection and purification of O-GlcNAc modified proteins, and discuss some more specialized techniques for site-mapping and detection of O-GlcNAc during mass spectrometry.
Inferring Mobility Relationship via Graph Embedding

Inferring social relationships from user location data has become increasingly important for real-world applications, such as recommendation, advertisement targeting, and transportation scheduling. Most existing mobility relationship measures are based on pairwise meeting frequency, that it, the more frequently two users meet (i.e., co-locate at the same time), the more likely that they are friends. However, such frequency-based methods suffer greatly from data sparsity challenge. Due to data collection limitation and bias in the real world (e.g., check-in data), the observed meeting events between two users might be very few. On the other hand, existing methods focus too much on the interactions between two users, but fail to incorporate the whole social network structure. For example, the relationship propagation is not well utilized in existing methods. In this paper, we propose to construct a user graph based on their spatial-temporal interactions and employ graph embedding technique to learn user representations from such a graph. The similarity measure of such representations can well describe mobility relationship and it is particularly useful to describe the similarity for user pairs with low or even zero meeting frequency. Furthermore, we introduce semantic information on meeting events by using point-of-interest (POI) categorical information. Additionally, when part of the social graph is available as friendship ground truth, we can easily encode such online social network information through a joint graph embedding. Experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Characterizing cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the mouse infraorbital nerve

In recent years, the trigeminal nerve (CN V) has become a popular target for neuromodulation therapies to treat of a variety of diseases due to its access to neuromodulatory centers. Despite promising preclinical and clinical data, the mechanism of action of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) remains in question. In this work, we describe the development and evaluation of a neural interface targeting the mouse trigeminal nerve with the goal of enabling future mechanistic research on TNS. We performed experiments designed to evaluate the ability of a peripheral nerve interface (i.e. cuff electrode) to stimulate the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. We found that both artificial and naturalistic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve elicited robust cortical responses in the somatosensory cortex that scaled with increases in stimulus amplitude. These results suggest that an infraorbital nerve interface is a suitable candidate for examining the neural mechanisms of TNS in the mouse.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Cervicothoracic Junction Fusion Constructs.

Objective We studied the effect of different cervicothoracic construct design variables on biomechanical stability in vitro. Methods Six fresh-frozen human cadaveric spines (C5–T4) were used. After intact analysis, each specimen was destabilized and reconstructed, with all groups having 4.0-mm pedicle screws placed at T1–T3. The 2 hook-rod constructs included interlaminar hooks at C6 and C7, with either 3.5-mm or 4.0-mm rods (C6–T3). The 2 screw-rod constructs tested included lateral mass screws at C6 and C7, with either 3.5-mm or 4.0-mm rods (C6–T3). The 2 screw-connector-rod constructs tested included lateral mass screws at C6 and C7, with either 3.5-mm or 4.0-mm rods; 1 rod spanned C6-C7 with a connector to a second rod of the same size spanning T1–T3. Global (C6–T3) and intervertebral (C6-C7, C7-T1, T1-T2, and T2-T3) ranges of motion were compared for each construct. Results In terms of global (C6–T3) stability, 3.5-mm versus 4.0-mm rod constructs were not significantly different, regardless of whether the construct was hook-rod, screw-rod, or screw-connector-rod. The hook-rod constructs provided less stability compared with the screw-rod and screw-connector-rod constructs in lateral bending (P Conclusions We found that the rod diameter of a construct does not appear to significantly influence the biomechanical stability of subaxial constructs. The screw-rod construct resulted in certain biomechanical advantages compared with the screw-connector-rod construct, and both were significantly superior to the hook-rod construct.
The iCook 4-H Study: An Intervention and Dissemination Test of a Youth/Adult Out-of-School Program

Abstract Objective To describe outcomes from intervention and dissemination of iCook 4-H. Design Five-state, community-based participatory research and a randomized, controlled trial followed by a 5-state, nonrandomized dissemination test of the iCook 4-H curriculum with control and treatment groups. Setting Community and university sites. Participants Youths aged 9–10 years and their adult food preparer; 228 dyads in the intervention and 74 dyads in dissemination. Intervention(s) Theoretical frameworks were Social Cognitive Theory and the experiential 4-H learning model. Six 2-hour, biweekly sessions on cooking, eating, and playing together followed by monthly newsletters and boosters until 24 months, expanded to 8 sessions for dissemination. Main Outcome Measure(s) Youth body mass index (BMI) z-scores, measured height and weight, and youth/adult program outcome evaluations surveys. Analysis Linear mixed models, group, time, and group × time interaction for BMI z-score and program outcomes changes. Significance levels = P ≤ .05; interaction term significance = P ≤ .10. Results In intervention, treatment BMI z-scores increased compared with controls based on significant interaction (P = .04). For odds of being overweight or obese at 24 months, there was no significant interaction (P = .18). In dissemination, based on significant interaction, treatment youths increased cooking skills (P = .03) and treatment adults increased cooking together (P = .08) and eating together (P = .08) compared with controls. Conclusions and Implications iCook 4-H program outcomes were positive for mealtime activities of cooking and eating together. The program can be successfully implemented by community educators. The increase in BMI z-scores needs further evaluation for youths in cooking programs.
Sr3GdRhO6 ‐ The First RhIII Compound with the K4CdCl6 Structure‐type: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties

The compound Sr3GdRhO6 has been synthesized and structurally characterized by Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data. (space group R3c; Z = 6; a = 9.7840(5) A; c = 11.4196(7) A) This compound is isostructural with K4CdCl6. The structure consists of infinite one-dimensional chains of alternating face-shared RhO6 octahedra and GdO6 trigonal prisms. The strontium cations are located in a distorted square antiprismatic environment. Magnetic susceptibility data show that Sr3GdRhO6 obeys the Curie law with ηeff = 7.80 B.M., consistent with an oxidation state of +3 for both rhodium and gadolinium. Sr3GdRhO6 - die erste RhIII-Verbindung vom K4CdCl6-Strukturtyp: Synthese, Kristallstruktur und magnetische Eigenschaften Sr3GdRhO6 wurde dargestellt und mittels Rietveld Verfeinerung von Rontgen-Pulverdaten (Raumgruppe R3c; Z = 6; a = 9,7840(5) A; c = 11,4196(7) A) charakterisiert. Diese Verbindung ist isostrukturell mit K4CdCl6 und die Struktur wird von unendlichen eindimensionalen Ketten von alternierend flachenverknupften RhO6-Oktaedern und trigonalen Prismen von GdO6 aufgebaut. Die Strontium-Kationen sind in verzerrt-quadratisch-antiprismatischer Umgebung. Die Daten der magnetischen Suszeptibilitat zeigen, das Sr3GdRhO6 dem Curie'schen Gesetz gehorcht mit μ = 7,80 B.M. in Ubereinstimmung mit der Oxidationsstufe +3 fur Rhodium bzw. Gadolinium.
Noise-induced Cochlear Synaptopathy with and Without Sensory Cell Loss.

Abstract Prior work has provided extensive documentation of threshold sensitivity and sensory hair cell losses after noise exposure. It is now clear, however, that cochlear synaptic loss precedes such losses, at least at low-moderate noise doses, silencing affected neurons. To address questions of whether, and how, cochlear synaptopathy and underlying mechanisms change as noise dose is varied, we assessed cochlear physiologic and histologic consequences of a range of exposures varied in duration from 15 min to 8 h and in level from 85 to 112 dB SPL. Exposures delivered to adult CBA/CaJ mice produced acute elevations in hair cell- and neural-based response thresholds ranging from trivial (∼5 dB) to large (∼50 dB), followed by varying degrees of recovery. Males appeared more noise vulnerable for some conditions of exposure. There was little to no inner hair cell (IHC) loss, but outer hair cell (OHC) loss could be substantial at highest frequencies for highest noise doses. Synapse loss was an early manifestation of noise injury and did not scale directly with either temporary or permanent threshold shift. With increasing noise dose, synapse loss grew to ∼50%, then declined for exposures yielding permanent hair cell injury/loss. All synaptopathic, but no non-synaptopathic exposures produced persistent neural response amplitude declines; those additionally yielding permanent OHC injury/loss also produced persistent reductions in OHC-based responses and exaggerated neural amplitude declines. Findings show that widespread cochlear synaptopathy can be present with and without noise-induced sensory cell loss and that differing patterns of cellular injury influence synaptopathic outcomes.
Phase Ib trial to evaluate safety and anti-tumor activity of the AKT inhibitor, ipatasertib, in combination with endocrine therapy and a CDK4/6 inhibitor for patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+)/HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) (TAKTIC).

1066Background: The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i), with an anti-estrogen, are the standard of care for HR+/HER2- MBC. Insights from patient biopsies and preclinical analysis sugg...
Abstract PR03: Single-cell proteomic analysis of the tumoral heterogeneity in response to PARP inhibitor

Although poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown efficacy in the treatment and maintenance of ovarian cancer patients, development of PARP inhibitor resistance is frequent. Our group and others have demonstrated that the cancer cells’ adaptive responses to PARP inhibitor can be detected at the protein level and targeting these adaptive responses increases the depth and duration of treatment and might prevent the development of drug resistance. However, it is still unclear if these adaptive responses are conserved across cancer cells from the same tumor and across cells from different lesions. Having a better understanding of the heterogeneity of adaptive responses might help develop better approaches of PARP-based combination therapies. The objective of this study was to develop a single-cell proteomic approach to investigate the heterogeneity of adaptive responses in ovarian cancer tumors. We developed a cyclic-immunofluorescence antibody panel and measured the expression of more than 40 proteins at the single-cell level in several ovarian cancer tumors that have been treated with PARP inhibitors. We also performed reverse-phased protein array (RPPA) analysis on protein extracted from the tumors and measured the activity of several pathways know to be altered in response to PARP inhibitors. Overall, our results demonstrated that adaptive responses can be detected at the single-cell level through cyclic immunofluorescence. Furthermore, although RPPA assays capture the main pathway alterations in response to PARP inhibitors, cyclic immunofluorescence adds complementary information by allowing a spatial-oriented analysis of the different cell populations as well as their frequency. Overall, this approach might lead to a better understanding of how cancer cells try to survive therapeutic stress and improve the decision-making process in the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A19. Citation Format: Nicholas D. Kendsersky, Hongli Ma, Yong Fang, Lydia G. Campbell, Jenny Eng, Sanghoon Lee, Koei Chin, Shannon N. Westin, Gordon B. Mills, Marilyne Labrie. Single-cell proteomic analysis of the tumoral heterogeneity in response to PARP inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.
The Physical Properties of Red Supergiants

Abstract Red supergiants (RSGs) are an evolved He-burning phase in the lifetimes of moderately high mass ( 10 – 25 M ⊙ ) stars. The physical properties of these stars mark them as an important and extreme stage of massive stellar evolution, but determining these properties has been a struggle for many years. The cool extended atmospheres of RSGs place them in an extreme position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and present a significant challenge to the conventional assumptions of stellar atmosphere models. The dusty circumstellar environments of these stars can potentially complicate the determination of their physical properties, and unusual RSGs in the Milky Way and neighboring galaxies present a suite of enigmatic properties and behaviors that strain, and sometimes even defy, the predictions of stellar evolutionary theory. However, in recent years our understanding of RSGs, including the models and methods applied to our observations and interpretations of these stars, has changed and grown dramatically. This review looks back at some of the latest work that has progressed our understanding of RSGs, and considers the many new questions posed by our ever-evolving picture of these cool massive stars.
A Rare Case of Factor XIII Deficiency in the Setting of Cancer Immunotherapy

Factor XIII deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder, which may be congenital or acquired, and is most commonly diagnosed in early childhood. It has a prevalence that is as low as one in 5,000,000. Acquired factor XIII deficiency is considered to be a more rare form, with less than 100 cases reported in the literature. This disorder can be clinically characterized by recurrent and severe unexplained bleeding. This case describes a patient with no prior bleeding disorders, who suffered from recurrent bleeding episodes while being treated with cancer immunotherapy, specifically pembrolizumab, and was subsequently diagnosed with factor XIII deficiency. She required cryoprecipitate infusion due to the persistent bleeding and subsequently developed saddle pulmonary embolism. The patient was not a candidate for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) due to her recurrent bleeding and required mechanical thrombectomy. Given the timeline of symptoms, the patient likely developed acquired factor XIII deficiency due to her cancer immunotherapy.
Impact of the nucleation of conducting clusters on the retention of memristors: A self-consistent phase-field computational study

In recent years, resistive RAM often referred to as a memristor is actively pursued as a replacement for non-volatile-flash memory due to its superior characteristics such as high density, scalability, low power operation, high endurance, and fast operating speed. However, one of the challenges that need to be overcome is the loss of retention for both ON- and OFF-states—the retention loss. While various models are proposed to explain the retention loss in memristors consisting of a switching layer, in this paper, we propose that the nucleation of conducting clusters in the switching layer acts as a potential root cause for the retention loss. The nucleation results from a localized electric-field produced intermittently during cyclic switching operations. We use the phase-field method to illustrate how the nucleation of conducting clusters gives rise to the retention loss. Our results suggest that the degree at which the retention loss arises is linked to the number of cyclic switching operations since the probability at which nucleation centers form increases with the number of cycle switching operations, which is consistent with a range of experimental findings previously reported.
Lawyers and innovation

Scholars have shown that well-designed legal institutions foster economic development and innovation. Intellectual property (IP) laws, financial markets, robust property and contract laws, and a fair and accessible judiciary encourage strong economies based on creativity, invention and entrepreneurship. But few scholars have analyzed lawyers’ duties and opportunities to promote and facilitate innovation particularly among individuals who generally lack access to sophisticated legal services and complex legal institutions. This article explores how lawyers can help the poor and marginalized individuals of countries like the United States – with its strong IP regime and enforcement system – to reach their personal expressive and inventive potential through access to intellectual property education, property acquisition, rights enforcement, and contractual negotiation. Legal assistance for inventors and creators is a crucial way for attorneys to use their unique professional skills to foster and nurture an innovative society.
A magnetically switched trigger source for fxr

This paper describes the design and performance of a three-stage magnetic pulse compressor used to trigger the Flash X-Ray Accelerator at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Each of two compressors generates a pulse onto a bundle of thirteen parallel cables. The cables carry the pulse to a network of spark gaps that initiates the accelerator charge and discharge sequence. The performance data illustrate the compression of a 7.7-/spl mu/s, dual-resonant waveform into a 232-ns (FWHM) unipolar pulse with an 80-ns risetime and a maximum dV/dt of 1.98 kV/ns. Additional data are also presented to show network jitter, efficiency, and sensitivity to small changes in charge voltage and reset current.
The innermost chorionic layer of Drosophila: II. Three-dimensional structure determination of the 90 ° crystal form by electron microscopy

Abstract The innermost chorionic layer (ICL) within egg shells of Drosophila is composed of a family of related, thin three-dimensional crystals that form a continuous sheath encapsulating the egg shell lumen. Junctions formed by interdigitating lattices play a central role in the construction of this macroscopic assembly. The three-dimensional structure of a two-dimensional crystal isolated from the ICL, with a primitive lattice angle Δ of 90 °, has been determined from a complete tilt series of a negatively contrasted specimen at a resolution of 25 A. Inspection of the three-dimensional transform after data merging revealed that the space group is c222 and this symmetry was employed to generate a three-dimensional structure. The basic structural unit of the ICL is an octamer, described formally as a tetramer of dimers with point group symmetry 222. There are two classes of dimer in the octamer designated α and β. The chorin octamer is composed of two classes of bent dimers, which make intramolecular contacts at the top and bottom of the molecule. The α-dimers are curved outwards away from the crystallographic 2-fold axis, while the β-dimers are curved towards the molecular center. In addition, lattice contacts are formed primarily by β-chorin dimers at both the top and bottom surfaces of the unit cell. The molecular weight of a chorin octamer determined from the analysis is about 6 × 105. The conformation of the chorin octamer determined here suggests that permutations of a basic molecular mechanism may be adequate to explain both the observed lattice polymorphisms of the ICL and the formation of interplate junctions necessary for the assembly of the macroscopic sheath.
Gamma heating in thin heavy-element absorbers

Ratio of gamma heating per gram of tungsten to gamma heating per gram of water for thin tungsten detector in water shield
HRTF magnitude modeling using a non-regularized least-squares fit of spherical harmonics coefficients on incomplete data

Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) represent the acoustic transfer function from a sound source at a given location to the ear drums of a human. They are typically measured from discrete source positions at a constant distance. Spherical harmonics decompositions have been shown to provide a flexible representation of HRTFs. Practical constraints often prevent the retrieval of measurement data from certain directions, a circumstance that complicates the decomposition of the measured data into spherical harmonics. A least-squares fit of coefficients is a potential approach to determining the coefficients of incomplete data. However, a straightforward non-regularized fit tends to give unrealistic estimates for the region were no measurement data is available. Recently, a regularized least-squares fit was proposed, which yields well-behaved results for the unknown region at the expense of reducing the accuracy of the data representation in the known region. In this paper, we propose using a lower-order non-regularized least-squares fit to achieve a well-behaved estimation of the unknown data. This data then allows for a high-order non-regularized least-squares fit over the entire sphere. We compare the properties of all three approaches applied to modeling the magnitudes of the HRTFs measured from a manikin. The proposed approach reduces the normalized mean-square error by approximately 7 dB in the known region and 11 dB in the unknown region compared to the regularized fit.
Partial implementations of abstract data types: a dissenting view on errors.

We dissent from the view that all of the behavior of abstract data types, including errors, should be specified. Since most errors are based upon implementation considerations, the specifier of a data type must either anticipate all future errors which may arise in some implementation — which is impossible — or must respecify the data type each time a new implementation is written with new errors — which somewhat defeats the purpose of specification. Our solution is to do as much as possible with the idealized version of the data type, in which errors are eschewed.
American Literary Naturalism: Critical Perspectives

This essay provides an overview and reinterpretation of American literary naturalism as practiced by classic naturalists Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London, by later naturalists such as Phillips and Steinbeck, and by those whose contributions to naturalism deserve more recognition, among them women writers and writers of color such as Paul Laurence Dunbar and Ann Petry. The first section defines classic naturalism through four of its key features, each as exemplified by the fiction of one of the major turn-of-the-century naturalists: urban poverty, violence, and parody in Crane; theories of heredity and capitalism in Norris; Social Darwinism and determinism in Dreiser; and racial atavism and primitivism in London. The second section reviews the problems of definition that have formed the critical discourse over naturalism since its inception, including distinguishing naturalism from other literary forms and surveying the late 19th-century controversy over realism and the romance. The third section discusses critical trends in scholarship on naturalism, with particular attention to criticism published from 1980 to the present. To investigate the complex ideological and cultural work of naturalism during its classic phase and into the 20th century, the fourth section theorizes four thematic groupings: space and place, corporeality, mechanisms and technology, and lines and boundaries. When deployed as a series of interpretive lenses, these groupings not only expand the possibilities for reading classic naturalist authors but also provide a means of inclusion for those whose naturalistic writings have been little discussed. Naturalism thus emerges as less as an artifact of literary history to be recovered than as a vital means of interpreting texts across several decades.
Globalization and the Myths of Free Trade: History, Theory and Empirical Evidence

1. Introduction Anwar Shaikh Part I: Globalization and Free Trade 2. Kicking Away the Ladder: The Real History of Free Trade Ha-Joon Chang 3. Globalization and the Theory of Free Trade Anwar Shaikh 4. Globalization and Free Trade: Theory, History and Reality Deepak Nayyar Part II: Globalization and Economic Development 5. External Liberalization in Asia, Post Socialist Europe and Brazil Lance Taylor 6. Exports and Foreign Investment in Latin America John Weeks 7. Exchange Rates, Labour Markets and Manufacturing Exports from a Global Perspective Massoud Karshenas Part III: Globalization, Gender and Inequality 8. The Effects of Globalization on Gender Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean Stephanie Seguino 9. The Measurement and Nature of Absolute Poverty in Developing Countries Massoud Karshenas Part IV: Globalization, Capital Mobility and Competition 10. Capital Account Liberalization: Free Long Term Capital Flows, Financial Crises and Economic Development Ajit Singh 11. International Competition and Profitability in OECD Countries Andrew Glyn
Distribution of Neutrino Fluxes from Pulsar Shells

Young pulsars apparently have a distribution of initial power outputs N(> P0 −γ), with ½ P0) ∝ P0 −½, but unobservable if N(> P0) ∝ P0 −1.
On the Location of Critical Points of Polynomials

Given a polynomial p of degree n > 2 and with at least two distinct roots let Z(p) = {z: p(z) = 0}. For a fixed root a ∈ Z(p) we define the quantities ω(p,α):= min{|α - v|: v ∈ Z(p) \ {a}} and τ(p, α):= min{|α - v|: v ∈Z(p') \ {α}}. We also define w(p) and τ(p) to be the corresponding minima of ω(p,α) and τ(p,α) as a runs over Z(p). Our main results show that the ratios τ(p. α)/ω(p,α) and τ(p)/ω(p) are bounded above and below by constants that only depend on the degree of p. In particular, we prove that (1/n)ω(p) ≤ τ(p) ≤ (1/2sin(π/n))ω(p), for any polynomial of degree n.
The influence of concept mapping on critical thinking in baccalaureate nursing students.

Abstract This article describes a quasi-experimental study that used a pretest-posttest design with a control group to evaluate the effectiveness of concept mapping in developing critical thinking skills in baccalaureate nursing students. A convenience sample (n = 76) was randomly assigned to experimental (n = 44) and control (n = 32) groups. The experimental group was taught to use concept mapping of patient information to prepare for clinical experiences. The control group was taught to use traditional nursing care plans. Critical thinking skills were measured with the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, which yielded six scores: an overall score and five subscales (analysis, evaluation, inference, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning). A significant difference ( p p
Synthesis of New Phosphine Imine Ligands and Their Effects on the Thermal Stability of Late-Transition-Metal Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

A series of α-phosphine imine hybrid ligands was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of di-tert-butylchlorophosphine or diphenylchlorophosphine on imine anions. These ligands exis...
Interactions between responses mediated by activation of adenosine A2 receptors and alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rabbit isolated aorta.

1. This paper describes aspects of the functional antagonism between the responses mediated by activated alpha 1-adrenoceptors and adenosine A2 receptors in the adventitia- and endothelium-denuded aorta of the rabbit. 2. Adenosine A2 receptor agonists relaxed aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine. The relaxation response was agonist concentration-dependent and saturable. The respective contractile and relaxation responses were stable, reproducible, and reversible. 3. Increasing the phenylephrine concentration caused a progressive attenuation of the action of adenosine A2 receptor agonists, consisting of a decreased maximal response and a dextral shift of the adenosine agonist concentration-response curve. This functional antagonism could be completely reversed upon removal of adenosine by either the addition of adenosine deaminase or by wash-out of the adenosine agonist from the tissue. The relaxation response to the adenosine A2 receptor partial agonists, N6-cyclohexyladenosine and R-(-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine, was abolished at higher phenylephrine concentrations (e.g. 30 EC50). 4. A 1000 fold increase in the adenosine concentration was required to shift the value of the EC50 of phenylephrine six fold, while a similar increase in the value of the EC50 of adenosine could be elicited by only a 32 fold increase in the phenylephrine concentration. A 30 fold increase in the phenylephrine concentration shifted the value of the EC50 of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine four fold. 5. Analysis of the functional antagonism between the responses mediated by these receptors using the Black & Leff (1983) operational model of agonism allowed for the estimation of the agonist dissociation constant, KA, and the apparent efficacy, tau, for both phenylephrine and adenosine A2 receptor agonists. Increasing the concentration of phenylephrine reduced the value of tau for adenosine agonists in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner. Similarly, increasing the concentration of adenosine reduced the value of tau for phenylephrine in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner. The phenylephrine KA value obtained by the method of functional antagonism (1.9 microM) was similar to that obtained by the receptor inactivation method (2.1 microM). 6. Partial occlusion of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor by the alkylating agent, dibenamine, demonstrated that the magnitude of the adenosine A2 receptor-mediated relaxation was inversely proportional to the number of functional alpha 1-adrenoceptors. 7. It is concluded that the magnitude of functional antagonism is proportional to the stimulus elicited through either receptor. We propose that this tissue preparation and pair of receptors is a good model to study quantitative aspects of functional antagonism between activated receptors.
Nondestructive mechanical imaging of SnO 2 nanobelts

The relative surface contact stiffness of SnO 2 nanobelts has been investigated via nondestructive ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM). The nanobelt crystal structure, as determined via transmission electron microscopy, was indexed to the tetragonal rutile structure (with lattice constants identical to those of bulk SnO 2 ) as reported previously. The atomic Sn:O composition of the nanobelts studied was at or near 1:2. Topographic imaging studies revealed the nanobelt surface to be atomically flat with the exception of surface nano-dots, assumed to be local SnO 2 crystallites. Preliminary local (10nm x 10nm) reduced modulus measurements were carried out via differential UFM on both the flat and nanodot regions of the nanobelt. Using the underlying Si substrate as a calibration standard the SnO 2 modulus was estimated at 157±12 GPa, significantly lower than corresponding bulk values for any of the observed crystal orientations. We speculate this discrepancy is due in part to a combination of the aspherical probe tip and unknown adhesive properties of nanobelt, although an intrinsic reduction of the SnO 2 nanobelt modulus cannot be ruled out.
Cloud-to-ground strikes to the NASA F-106 airplane

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strike data on the NASA F-106B research aircraft obtained during the 1984-86 storm seasons in the vicinity of Wallops Island, Virginia, are analyzed. The results suggest that CG strikes may represent a significant portion of the total number of lightning strikes encountered by the aircraft at altitudes below 6 km. It is unlikely that an aircraft encounters the first return stroke of the CG flash. The current values of the CG strikes are not different from currents in other types of strikes.
Natural history of isolated atrial flutter in infancy.

To clarify the natural history of isolated (i.e., without associated congenital cardiac anomalies) atrial flutter in infancy, we reviewed the clinical course in nine patients who were seen with this arrhythmia in the first year of life (range 1 day to 4 months). Atrial flutter was identified by the typical sawtooth pattern in leads II, III, and aVF of the surface electrocardiogram or the pattern of atrial flutter on an atrial electrogram recorded through the esophagus. The mean cycle length of the atrial flutter was 151 msec (atrial rate 397 beats/min). Six of the nine patients had other perinatal problems, such as immune and nonimmune hydrops fetalis (two patients), pneumonia (one patient), anemia (five patients), or low birth weight (one patient). In all patients the rhythm reverted to normal, either spontaneously (two patients), with overdrive pacing (four patients), or after oral digoxin therapy (three patients). No consistent temporal relationship between digoxin administration and conversion was observed; conversion was instantaneous in the four patients who received atrial overdrive pacing. Four patients were discharged receiving digoxin therapy (6 months to 1 year). One patient had supraventricular tachycardia after discharge that was controlled with digoxin. No recurrence of atrial flutter was observed among the nine patients during a mean follow-up of 6.8 years (range 0.2 to 20 years). We conclude that isolated atrial flutter in infancy is rare, has a good prognosis, may be related to transient perinatal events, and often spontaneously converts to normal sinus rhythm; however, when it does not, it will respond to transesophageal pacing. Acute and chronic digoxin therapy is probably unnecessary.
Dislocation substructure in strain cycled copper as influenced by temperature

Abstract Polycrystalline copper was cyclically deformed at various strain ranges and temperatures. The resulting dislocation substructure was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy, and a quantitative relationship between saturation flow stress and mean substructure size was found. A comparison of these results was made with other dislocation substructure and density measurements for copper and aluminum.
Absence of Males in Maltreatment Research: A Survey of Recent Literature.

This paper provides a review of research in the area of physical maltreatment with respect to the degree to which males are represented in research samples. The systematic, comprehensive review includes 126 articles published between the years 1989 and 1994 in nine primary journals. Results show that adult males are dramatically underrepresented in this research. Specifically, males were included in fewer than one-half (47.7%) of the 77 articles reviewed and the total number and percentage of males in research samples was significantly less than the number and percentage of females. Only three studies included males exclusively, yet 40 studies involved solely female participants. Of the studies that did include men, only 37.5% provided an evaluation of gender differences. Research involving abused children showed a much greater representation of male subjects than research with adult participants. Only four of 49 studies of abused children were based exclusively on girls; a full 62.8% included an equal representation of boys and girls.
EFFECTS OF AIRWAY BRANCHING PATTERNS ON PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN THE LUNGS

Abstract Humans have relatively symmetrical bifurcations of their tracheobronchial airways, while all commonly used experimental animals have lung airways which branch in a highly asymmetric manner. Differences in airway sizes and branching result in major differences in particle deposition patterns and efficiencies within bronchial airways. Comparative studies have been performed in this laboratory on aerosol recovery during breath holding in humans in vivo, and in excised lungs of humans and donkeys in relation to their airway morphometry. Other studies compared particle deposition in humans in vivo and in excised human and dog lungs for particles of the same intrinsic mobility when suspended in air, mixtures of O2 and He, and O2 and SF6. Additional comparisons are based on in vivo measurements of tracheobronchial deposition in donkeys and humans. Both aerosol probe and morphometric measurements show that peripheral airspace sizes are substantially smaller in donkeys than humans. While donkeys have larger central airways, they have greater tracheobronchial deposition related to their greater deposition in small conductive airways. Particle deposition in humans in vivo and in excised human lungs is affected by carrier gas composition. However, deposition in excised dog lungs is not affected, apparently owing to the interspecies differences in airway branching patterns.
Lifetime and twelve-month prevalence rates of major depressive episodes and dysthymia among Chinese Americans in Los Angeles.

Objective: The authors’ goal was to estimate the lifetime and 12-month rates of major depressive episodes and dysthymia for Chinese Americans who reside in Los Angeles. This effort, the Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiological Study, is the first large-scale community psychiatric epidemiological study on an Asian American ethnic group that used DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive episodes and dysthymia. Method: A multi-stage sampling design was used to select respondents for participation in the survey. The sample included 1,747 adults, 18‐65 years of age, who resided in Los Angeles County and who spoke English, Mandarin, or Cantonese. Results: Approximately 6.9% of the respondents had experienced an episode of major depression and 5.2% had had dysthymia in their lifetime. The 12-month rates of depressive episode and dysthymia were 3.4% and 0.9%, respectively. The most consistent correlate of lifetime and 12-month depressive episode and dysthymia was social stress, measured by past traumatic events and recent negative life events. Conclusions: The Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiological Study provides a rare opportunity to investigate the heterogeneity within a single Asian American ethnic group, Chinese Americans, and to identify the subgroups among Chinese Americans who may be most at risk for mental health problems. (Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1407‐1414)
Adaptive wireless mesh networks

Large-scale wireless mesh networks, like the ones used as cellular back-haul, operate under circumstances, where individual links are affected by weather conditions. Reliability requirements in wireless mesh networks necessitate the ability to reconfigure the network in the face of changing environmental conditions. In this paper, we present a predictive routing protocol for wireless mesh networks, which operate at millimeter-wave bands with directional links, that uses in-network parameter prediction to make the network adaptive, as opposed to using meteorological weather information from external sources, such as weather radars. We validate our approach through simulations based on real-world weather events, observed through a network of weather radars, and comparisons with approaches that do not make use of predictions but may use the link quality as a parameter in routing decision making. Our results show that our link quality-based predictive approach can achieve throughput performance that is almost 8% better than a link quality-based routing algorithm that does not use prediction for the real weather scenario we use for our simulations.
Isolation and properties of bacteria capable of high rates of β-galactosidase synthesis

Abstract A procedure is described for the isolation of bacteria able to make unusually large quantities of β-galactosidase. A number of such hyper strains, as they are called, have been isolated and some have been found to make protein containing as much as 25% β-galactosidase. This enzyme in these strains appears to be identical with that in normal strains with respect to Michaelis constant, heat sensitivity, sedimentation constant, and ratio of antigenic sites to enzymic sites. The ability to make β-galactosidase at hyper rates is genetically determined in the lac region of the bacterial chromosome, and this ability can be transferred by genetic recombination.
VEGFA Genomic Amplification Tailors Treatment of HCCs with Sorafenib

In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Horwitz and colleagues identified a subtype of hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) bearing VEGFA genomic amplification that is particularly sensitive to VEGFA inhibition and is also more sensitive to sorafenib treatment. Taken conjointly, these data suggest that VEGFA genomic amplification can be used as a biomarker for personalized treatment of HCC with sorafenib.
Neuroprotection by genipin against reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species-mediated injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures

Genipin, the multipotent ingredient in Gardenia jasmenoides fruit extract (GFE), may be an effective candidate for treatment following stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary injury includes damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can alter the biological function of key cellular structures and eventually lead to cell death. In this work, we studied the neuroprotective potential of genipin against damage stemming from ROS and RNS production in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), as well as its potential as a direct free radical scavenger. A 50 mM dose of genipin provided significant protection against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), a damaging organic peroxide. This dosage of genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h compared to vehicle control (0.1% DMSO) when administered 0, 1, 6, and 24 h after addition of tBHP. Similarly, genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 hw hen administered 0, 1, 2, and 6ha fter addition of rotenone, which generates reactive oxygen species via a more physiologically relevant mechanism. Furthermore, genipin significantly reduced both cell death and nitrite levels at 24 h caused by S-nitroso-N- acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a direct nitric oxide (NO) donor, and successfully quenched 1,1- Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), a stable free radical, suggesting that genipin may act as a direct free radical scavenger. Our encouraging findings suggest that genipin should be tested in animal models of CNS injury with a significant component of ROS- and RNS-mediated damage, such as TBI and stroke, to assess its in vivo efficacy.
Substance P-containing projections in the dorsal columns of rats and cats

Abstract Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods were used to study the distribution and the morphology of substance P-positive fibers and axon terminals in the dorsal column nuclei of rats and cats, and to determine whether they are part of an ascending input to these nuclei. In rats, substance P-positive fibers and axon terminals are present throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal column nuclei. In cats, immunostained fibers and terminals are mostly confined to the ventral region of the caudal and middle portions of these nuclei but they are more homogeneously distributed at rostral levels. In both species, substance P-positive neurons are not present in the same nuclear complex. At the electron microscope level, substance P-positive terminals are small- to medium-sized and dome-shaped; they form asymmetric contacts on dendrites and contain many round, agranular vescicles and sparse dense core vescicles. In double-labeling experiments, visualization of substance P-immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn of the spinal cord was combined with the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase. These experiments show that substance P-positive axon terminals may originate from both small dorsal root ganglion neurons and from spinodorsal column nuclei neurons in lamina IV. Although quantitative evaluation of the contribution of these two pathways to the substance P innervation of the dorsal column nuclei has not been performed and other sources cannot be discarded on the basis of the present evidence, it is proposed that non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei account for most of the substance P-positive fibers and terminals in the dorsal column nuclei. The experiments support previous findings suggesting that nociceptive input may access the dorsal column nuclei and that this may be mediated, though to a very limited extent, directly by way of small dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Intemperance, fratricide, and the elusiveness of grendel 1

(1992). Intemperance, fratricide, and the elusiveness of grendel. English Studies: Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 205-210.
SLOPE-CHANNEL LINKAGE AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY ON NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL PLAIN CROPLAND

This paper presents the results of field measurements conducted in a small (19Ð4 ha) agricultural basin on the North Carolina coastal plain. The overall objective of the study is to determine the magnitude of soil erosion and sediment delivery as a result of storm runoff. The results suggest that erosion in the region is more rapid and extensive than previously thought. Fields at the site are experiencing accelerated soil loss, with rates often comparable to those of the southeastern Piedmont, a region long recognized as having rapid and problematic soil loss. This casts doubt on some assessments of the coastal plain as being a stable, non-eroding landscape. However, much of the soil mobilized is redistributed and stored within the watershed with only a small portion of the soil eroded from slopes leaving the basin on an event time frame. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-religious lesbians and gays facing AIDS: A fully psychological approach to spirituality

Treatments of spirituality among HIV-positive lesbians and gays overlook the people who do not believe in God. Conceptualizing the human core of spirituality, this paper discerns a spiritual potential within the homosexual experience and illustrates the matter in the case of non-religious gay and lesbian persons with AIDS (PWAs). Under this analysis, many commonplace facets of individual and social life reveal important spiritual implications. These considerations are relevant to both religious and non-religious professionals attempting to address spiritual needs among all populations in a pluralistic society.
Recommended design parameters for thermal conductivity probes for nonfrozen food materials

Abstract This paper analyzes the various design parameters of the thermal conductivity (k) probe and makes design recommendations for applications for nonfrozen food materials. The k probe is a simplified application of the line-heat source theory, but this simplification contributes to the instrument error which can be minimized by paying particular attention to the size of the k probes and materials of construction. As the diameter of the k probe decreases, its accuracy increases; however, small k probes are difficult to make. Therefore, it is recommended that users design their k probes using the highest acceptable error for their intended applications.