cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Stall Alleviation Using a Deformable Leading Edge Concept— A Numerical Study

Dynamic stall calculations were carried out for an airfoil with a dynamically deformed leading-edge (DDLE) shape at a freestream Mach number of 0.3. The surface deformations were done about a baseline NACA 0012 airfoil, effectively increasing the airfoil leading-edge radius and thickness at high angles of attack. It was found that the DDLE airfoil had a slightly dynamic stall behavior compared to the baseline NACA 0012 airfoil. In particular, the lift, drag, and pitching-moment hysteresis loops were milder for the DDLE airfoil compared to the baseline airfoil. It was also found that a static shape that corresponds to the thickest deformed shape performed just as well as the DDLE shape, indicating that the shape itself, and not its time rate of change, was the reason for the improved performance. At higher Mach numbers around 0.4, the DDLE shape exhibited a strong dynamic stall triggered by a shock-induced separation, offsetting any benee t from the change in the shape of the airfoil. Additional work is needed on the development of DDLE shapes that will perform well at higher speeds.
High-Temperature Fatigue Properties of Single Crystal Superalloys in Air and Hydrogen

Hot section components in high-performance aircraft and rocket engines are increasingly being made of single crystal nickel superalloys such as PWA1480, PWA1484, CMSX-4, and Rene N-4 as these materials provide superior creep, stress rupture, melt resistance, and thermomechanical fatigue capabilities over their polycrystalline counterparts. Fatigue failures in PWA1480 single crystal nickel-base superalloy turbine blades used in the space shuttle main engine fuel turbopump are discussed. During testing many turbine blades experienced stage II noncrystallographic fatigue cracks with multiple origins at the core leading edge radius and extending down the airfoil span along the core surface. The longer cracks transitioned from stage II fatigue to crystallographic stage I fatigue propagation, on octahedral planes. An investigation of crack depths on the population of blades as a function of secondary crystallographic orientation (β) revealed that for β=45 +/-15 deg tip cracks arrested after some growth or did not initiate at all. Finite element analysis of stress response at the blade tip, as a function of primary and secondary crystal orientation, revealed that there are preferential β orientations for which crack growth is minimized at the blade tip. To assess blade fatigue life and durability extensive testing of uniaxial single crystal specimens with different orientations has been tested over a wide temperature range in air and hydrogen. A detailed analysis of the experimentally determined low cycle fatigue properties for PWA1480 and SC 7-14-6 single crystal materials as a function of specimen crystallographic orientation is presented at high temperature (75°F-1800°F) in high-pressure hydrogen and air Fatigue failure parameters are investigated for low cycle fatigue data of single crystal material based on the shear stress amplitudes on the 24 octahedral and 6 cube slip systems for FCC single crystals. The max shear stress amplitude [Δ τ max ] on the slip planes reduces the scatter in the low cycle fatigue data and is found to be a good fatigue damage parameter, especially at elevated temperatures. The parameter A τ max did not characterize the room temperature low cycle fatigue data in high-pressure hydrogen well because of the noncrystallographic eutectic failure mechanism activated by hydrogen at room temperature. Fatigue life equations are developed for various temperature ranges and environmental conditions based on power-law curve fits of the failure parameter with low cycle fatigue test data. These curve fits can be used for assessing blade fatigue life.
Generalized Euler constants

We study the distribution of a family{ (P)}of generalized Euler constants arising from integers sieved byfinite sets of primes P. For P = Pr, the set of the firstr primes, (Pr) ! exp( ) asr ! 1. Calculations suggest that (Pr) is monotonic in r, but we prove it is not. Also, we show a connection between the distribution of (Pr) exp( ) and the Riemann hypothesis.
Fracture Analysis of Various Cracked Configurations in Sheet and Plate Materials

A two-parameter fracture criterion has been derived which relates the linear-elastic stress-intensity factor at failure, the elastic nominal failure stress, and two material parameters. The fracture criterion was applied to center-crack tension, compact, and notch-bend fracture specimens made of steel, titanium, or aluminum alloy materials tested at room temperature. The fracture data included a wide range of crack lengths, specimen widths, and thicknesses. The materials analyzed had a wide range of tensile properties. Failure stresses calculated using the criterion agreed well (plus or minus 10 percent) with experimental failure stresses. The criterion was also found to correlate fracture data from different specimen types (such as center-crack tension and compact specimens), within plus or minus 10 percent for the same material, thickness, and test temperature.
Distributed asynchronous deterministic and stochastic gradient optimization algorithms

We present a model for asynchronous distributed computation and then proceed to analyze the convergence of natural asynchronous distributed versions of a large class of deterministic and stochastic gradient-like algorithms. We show that such algorithms retain the desirable convergence properties of their centralized counterparts, provided that the time between consecutive interprocessor communications and the communication delays are not too large.
A Planning Strategy for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis

In contrast to target-oriented synthesis (TOS) and medicinal or combinatorial chemistry, which aim to access precise or dense regions of chemistry space, diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) populates chemical space broadly with small-molecules having diverse structures. The goals of DOS include the development of pathways leading to the efficient (three- to five-step) synthesis of collections of small molecules having skeletal and stereochemical diversity with defined coordinates in chemical space. Ideally, these pathways also yield compounds having the potential to attach appendages site- and stereoselectively to a variety of attachment sites during a post-screening, maturation stage. The diverse skeletons and stereochemistries ensure that the appendages can be positioned in multiple orientations about the surface of the molecules. TOS as well as medicinal and combinatorial chemistries have been advanced by the development of retrosynthetic analysis. Although the distinct goals of DOS do not permit the application of retrosynthetic concepts and thinking, these foundations are being built on, by using parallel logic, to develop a complementary procedure known as forward-synthetic analysis. This analysis facilitates synthetic planning, communication, and teaching in this evolving discipline.
The Sun in time: age, rotation, and magnetic activity of the Sun and solar-type stars and effects on hosted planets

Multi-wavelength studies of solar analogs (G0–5 V stars) with ages from ∼50 Myr to 9 Gyr have been carried out as part of the “Sun in Time” program for nearly 20 yrs. From these studies it is inferred that the young (ZAMS) Sun was rotating more than 10× faster than today. As a consequence, young solar-type stars and the early Sun have vigorous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) dynamos and correspondingly strong coronal X-ray and transition region / chromospheric FUV–UV emissions (up to several hundred times stronger than the present Sun). Also, rotational modulated, low amplitude light variations of young solar analogs indicate the presence of large starspot regions covering ∼5–30% of their surfaces. To ensure continuity and homogeneity for this program, we use a restricted sample of G0–5 V stars with masses, radii, Teff , and internal structure (i.e. outer convective zones) closely matching those of the Sun. From these analogs we have determined reliable rotation-age-activity relations and X-ray–UV (XUV) spectral irradiances for the Sun (or any solar-type star) over time. These XUV irradiance measures serve as input data for investigating the photo-ionization and photo-chemical effects of the young, active Sun on the paleo-planetary atmospheres and environments of solar system planets. These measures are also important to study the effects of these high energy emissions on the numerous exoplanets hosted by solar-type stars of different ages. Recently we have extended the study to include lower mass, main-sequence (dwarf) dK and dM stars to determine relationships among their rotation spin-down rates and coronal and chromospheric emissions as a function of mass and age. From rotation-age-activity relations we can determine reliable ages for main-sequence G, K, M field stars and, subsequently, their hosted planets. Also inferred are the present and the past XUV irradiance and plasma flux exposures that these planets have endured and the suitability of the hosted planets to develop and sustain life.
Introduction to Superstring Theory

These four lectures, addressed to an audience of graduate students in experimental high energy physics, survey some of the basic concepts in string theory. The purpose is to convey a general sense of what string theory is and what it has achieved. Since the characteristic scale of string theory is expected to be close to the Planck scale, the structure of strings probably cannot be probed directly in accelerator experiments. The most accessible experimental implication of superstring theory is supersymmetry at or below the TeV scale.
Rapid synthesis of fused oxabicycles through the molecular rearrangement of spirocyclic ethers

A molecular rearrangement of 5,5-spirocyclic cyclopentenones to 5,6-fused cyclopentenones catalyzed by Amberlyst®15 is described. This work emphasizes the utility of renewable resources, such as furfural, that can be transformed into a variety of valuable products. It also highlights the viability of 5,5-spirocycles as intermediates en route to 5,6-fused cyclopentenones. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
A COMPARISON OF RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INDIANA GRAIN PRODUCERS

Crop insurance and pre-harvest pricing strategies were analyzed for all years and “years following a normal crop year” from 1986 to 2001 in three counties. Although pre-harvest marketing strategies had the highest certainty equivalents, net farm revenues were lower and crop insurances were more common strategies following normal crop years.
A new and versatile route for the synthesis of highly substituted benzenoids

Abstract A new route for the synthesis of highly substituted benzenoids has been developed. Key steps include the conversion of unsaturated lactone 7 to carboxy substituted cyclohexenone 8 followed aromatization to give phenol 9. The phenolic functionality provides a handle for further modification to give substituted benzenoids of type 2.
Mobius functions of lattices

Abstract We introduce the concept of a bounded below set in a lattice. This can be used to give a generalization of Rota's broken circuit theorem to any finite lattice. We then show how this result can be used to compute and combinatorially explain the Mobius function in various examples including non-crossing set partitions, shuffle posets, and integer partitions in dominance order. Next we present a generalization of Stanley's theorem that the characteristic polynomial of a semimodular supersolvable lattice factors over the integers. We also give some applications of this second main theorem, including the Tamari lattices.
On elements of order p s in the plane Cremona group over a field of characteristic p

We show that the plane Cremona group over a field of characteristic p > 0 does not contain elements of order of power of p larger than 2. We also describe conjugacy classes of elements of order p2.
Anonymous card shuffling and its applications to parallel mixnets

We study the question of how to shuffle n cards when faced with an opponent who knows the initial position of all the cards and can track every card when permuted, except when one takes K<n cards at a time and shuffles them in a private buffer "behind your back," which we call buffer shuffling. The problem arises naturally in the context of parallel mixnet servers as well as other security applications. Our analysis is based on related analyses of load-balancing processes. We include extensions to variations that involve corrupted servers and adversarially injected messages, which correspond to an opponent who can peek at some shuffles in the buffer and who can mark some number of the cards. In addition, our analysis makes novel use of a sum-of-squares metric for anonymity, which leads to improved performance bounds for parallel mixnets and can also be used to bound well-known existing anonymity measures.
Singular chain intersection homology for traditional and super-perversities

We introduce a singular chain intersection homology theory which generalizes that of King and which agrees with the Deligne sheaf intersection homology of Goresky and MacPherson on any topological stratified pseudomanifold, compact or not, with constant or local coecients, and with traditional perversities or superperversities (those satisfying ¯ p(2) > 0). For the case ¯ p(2) = 1, these latter perversitie were introduced by Cappell and Shaneson and play a key role in their superduality theorem for embeddings. We further describe the sheafification of this singular chain complex and its adaptability to broader classes of stratified spaces. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 55N33; Secondary: 32S60, 57N80
The Elusive Productivity Effect of Trade Liberalization in the Manufacturing Industries of Emerging Economies

Using a model that admits variable returns and imperfect competition, we investigate the impact on total factor productivity of trade liberalization in six emerging economies. Regressions based on panel data for twenty-eight three-digit manufacturing industries show that productivity growth is insensitive to tariff reduction. These results are at variance with country-specific studies that, using firm-level data, generally find a positive association between liberalization and productivity growth. While aggregation effects may matter, our results can also be explained as follows: significant productivity gains by latecomers via technological assimilation do take time and require appropriate sequencing of reforms of trade and industrial policies.
Propaedeutics of strategic theories of economic integration

Abstract We briefly discuss strategic considerations regarding economic integration of two countries. We primarily explore strategic aspects of economic integration when three countries are involved. The concluding section contains a short comment on the case of more than three countries.
Why Neighbor-Joining Works

We show that the neighbor-joining algorithm is a robust quartet method for constructing trees from distances. This leads to a new performance guarantee that contains Atteson’s optimal radius bound as a special case and explains many cases where neighbor-joining is successful even when Atteson’s criterion is not satisfied. We also provide a proof for Atteson’s conjecture on the optimal edge radius of the neighbor-joining algorithm. The strong performance guarantees we provide also hold for the quadratic time fast neighbor-joining algorithm, thus providing a theoretical basis for inferring very large phylogenies with neighbor-joining.
Interferometric tomography of continuous fields with incomplete projections

Interferometric tomography in the presence of an opaque object has been investigated. In principle the developed iterative algorithm does not need to augment the missing information. It is based on the successive reconstruction of the difference field, the difference between the object field to be reconstructed and its estimate, in the defined region only. The application of the algorithm results in stable convergence.
Postnikov extensions of ring spectra

!P2R! P1R! P0R! in the homotopy category of ring spectra. The levels come equipped with compatible maps R! PnR, and the n‐th level is characterized by having i.PnR/D 0 for i > n, together with the fact that i.R/! i.PnR/ is an isomorphism for i n. In this paper we produce k ‐invariants for the levels of this tower and explain their role in the following problem: if one only knows Pn 1R together with n.R/ as a 0.R/‐bimodule, what are the possibilities for PnR? Corollary 1.4 shows in what sense the possibilities are classified by k ‐invariants.
Many-body effects on the capacitance of multilayers made from strongly correlated materials

Recent work by Kopp and Mannhart [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 064504 (2009)] on novel electronic systems formed at oxide interfaces has shown interesting effects on the capacitances of these devices. We employ inhomogeneous dynamical mean-field theory to calculate the capacitance of multilayered nanostructures. These multilayered nanostructures are composed of semi-infinite metallic leads coupled via a strongly correlated dielectric barrier region. The barrier region can be adjusted from a metallic regime to a Mott insulator through adjusting the interaction strength. We examine the effects of varying the barrier width, temperature, potential difference, screening length, and chemical potential. We find that the interaction strength has a relatively strong effect on the capacitance, while the potential and temperature show weaker dependence.
Convergence law for random graphs with specified degree sequence

The degree sequence of an n-vertex graph is d0,…,dn−1, where each di is the number of vertices of degree i in the graph. A random graph with degree sequence d0,…,dn−1 is a randomly selected member of the set of graphs on l1,…,nr with that degree sequence, all choices being equally likely. Let λ0,λ1,… be a sequence of nonnegative reals summing to 1. A class of finite graphs has degree sequences approximated by λ0,λ1,… if, for every i and n, the members of the class of size n have λin p o(n) vertices of degree i. Our main result is a convergence law for random graphs with degree sequences approximated by some sequence λ0,λ1,…. With certain conditions on the sequence λ0,λ1,…, the probability of any first-order sentence on random graphs of size n converges to a limit as n grows.
X-ray flares and the duration of engine activity in gamma-ray bursts

The detection of bright X-ray flares superimposed on the regular afterglow decay in Swift gamma-ray bursts has triggered theoretical speculations on their origin. We study the temporal properties of flares due to internal dissipation and external shock mechanisms. We first show that at least a sizable fraction of the flares cannot be related to external shock mechanisms, as external shock flares evolve on much longer time-scales than observed. We then study flares from internal dissipation, showing that the temporal properties allow us to distinguish the emission of slow early shells from that of late faster shells. We show that, due to the rapid evolution of the detected flares, it is most likely that the flares are produced by relatively fast shells ejected by the central engine shortly before they are observed. This implies that the central engine must be active for, in some cases, as long as one day. We finally discuss the constraints and implications that this observation has on the properties and physics of the inner engine, and we elaborate on possible future observational tests on the flare sample to further understand their origin and physics.
On the complexity of solving Markov decision problems

Markov decision problems (MDPs) provide the foundations for a number of problems of interest to AI researchers studying automated planning and reinforcement learning. In this paper, we summarize results regarding the complexity of solving MDPs and the running time of MDP solution algorithms. We argue that, although MDPs can be solved efficiently in theory, more study is needed to reveal practical algorithms for solving large problems quickly. To encourage future research, we sketch some alternative methods of analysis that rely on the structure of MDPs.
Context-based word acquisition for situated dialogue in a virtual world

To tackle the vocabulary problem in conversational systems, previous work has applied unsupervised learning approaches on co-occurring speech and eye gaze during interaction to automatically acquire new words. Although these approaches have shown promise, several issues related to human language behavior and human-machine conversation have not been addressed. First, psycholinguistic studies have shown certain temporal regularities between human eye movement and language production. While these regularities can potentially guide the acquisition process, they have not been incorporated in the previous unsupervised approaches. Second, conversational systems generally have an existing knowledge base about the domain and vocabulary. While the existing knowledge can potentially help bootstrap and constrain the acquired new words, it has not been incorporated in the previous models. Third, eye gaze could serve different functions in human-machine conversation. Some gaze streams may not be closely coupled with speech stream, and thus are potentially detrimental to word acquisition. Automated recognition of closely-coupled speech-gaze streams based on conversation context is important. To address these issues, we developed new approaches that incorporate user language behavior, domain knowledge, and conversation context in word acquisition. We evaluated these approaches in the context of situated dialogue in a virtual world. Our experimental results have shown that incorporating the above three types of contextual information significantly improves word acquisition performance.
THE SLOPES DETERMINED BY n POINTS IN THE PLANE

Let m12, m13, ..., mn 1,n be the slopes of the nlines con- necting n points in general position in the plane. The ideal In of all algebraic relations among the mij defines a configuration space called the slope variety of the complete graph. We prove that In is reduced and Cohen-Macaulay, give an explicit Grobner basis for it, and compute its Hilbert series combinatorially. We proceed chiefly by studying the associated Stanley-Reisner simplicial com- plex, which has an intricate recursive structure. In addition, we are able to answer many questions about the geometry of the slope variety by translating them into purely combinatorial problems concerning enumeration of trees.
Experiential learning: Introducing faculty and staff to a university leadership development program

This description explores a form of experiential learning using specific outdoor learning activities in a higher education setting to introduce participants to each other and to build a team in a leadership program. Participants in the Leadership Enhancement and Development Program(LEAD) created at the University of West Florida (UWF) include both faculty and staff members.
Compact bandwidth tunable microring resonators

We demonstrate microring resonators on silicon-on-insulator with bandwidth tunable from 0.1 nm to 0.7 nm, an extinction ratio of 23 dB and a footprint of less than 0.001 mm2 using interferometric couplers and thermal tuning.
Computational Methods for Mirror Reactors

Computational methods employed in analyzing plasma aspects of tandem mirror reactors are described. Representative applications to recent reactor designs are given.
Pnictogen–thiacrown complexes with Pt(II) and Pd(II)

Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of the trithiacrown [9]aneS3 containing a range of Group 15 donors are reviewed. These complexes have the general formula [M([9]aneS3)(L2)]n+ where L represents at least one Group 15 donor. Complexes involving pnictogens, with the exception of bismuth, are observed. The complexes generally have an elongated square pyramidal geometry with a long distance interaction to the third sulphur of the [9]aneS3 which forms the apex of the square pyramid. This axial metal–sulphur distance is quite sensitive to the donor properties of L. Poorer donors such as Sb and As ligands show short axial distances whereas the better N donor ligands show longer distances. Pt(II) complexes of the formula [Pt([9]aneS3)(EPh3)2]2+ (E = P, As, Sb) show a considerable distortion towards a trigonal bipyramidal geometry due to intramolecular π–π interactions. Over seventy of these types of complexes have been crystallographically characterized and are discussed in this article. Other unique features of the complexes, including NMR spectroscopy, redox chemistry, and electronic spectroscopy, are also discussed.
The Accidental Detection Index as a Fault Ordering Heuristic for Full-Scan Circuits

We investigate a new fault ordering heuristic for test generation in full-scan circuits. The heuristic is referred to as the accidental detection index. It associates a value ADI (f) with every circuit fault f. The heuristic estimates the number of faults that will be detected by a test generated for f. Fault ordering is done such that a fault with a higher accidental detection index appears earlier in the ordered fault set and targeted earlier during test generation. This order is effective for generating compact test sets, and for obtaining a test set with a steep fault coverage curve. Such a test set has several applications. We present experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the heuristic.
Modeling Multivalent Ligand-Receptor Interactions with Steric Constraints on Configurations of Cell-Surface Receptor Aggregates

We use flow cytometry to characterize equilibrium binding of a fluorophore-labeled trivalent model antigen to bivalent IgE-FceRI complexes on RBL cells. We find that flow cytometric measurements are consistent with an equilibrium model for ligand-receptor binding in which binding sites are assumed to be equivalent and ligand-induced receptor aggregates are assumed to be acyclic. However, this model predicts extensive receptor aggregation at antigen concentrations that yield strong cellular secretory responses, which is inconsistent with the expectation that large receptor aggregates should inhibit such responses. To investigate possible explanations for this discrepancy, we evaluate four rule-based models for interaction of a trivalent ligand with a bivalent cell-surface receptor that relax simplifying assumptions of the equilibrium model. These models are simulated using a rule-based kinetic Monte Carlo approach to investigate the kinetics of ligand-induced receptor aggregation and to study how the kinetics and equilibria of ligand-receptor interaction are affected by steric constraints on receptor aggregate configurations and by the formation of cyclic receptor aggregates. The results suggest that formation of linear chains of cyclic receptor dimers may be important for generating secretory signals. Steric effects that limit receptor aggregation and transient formation of small receptor aggregates may also be important.
The First Stars

▪ Abstract We review recent theoretical results on the formation of the first stars in the universe, and emphasize related open questions. In particular, we discuss the initial conditions for Popul...
Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Nigeria

Agricultural policy makers need detailed information on the effectiveness of past policies, in order to increase the efficiency of government interventions to foster agricultural development and poverty reduction. The indicators of policy distortions reported in this study aim to contribute to a better understanding of the direction and magnitude to which policy instruments have affected incentives that agricultural producers and food consumers in Nigeria have faced over the past 50 years. In particular, the distortion indicators attempt to measure the divergence between the price actually paid to the agricultural producer and the price that the farmer would have received in a distortion-free policy environment. The findings indicate that Nigeria’s policies towards agricultural producers have shifted significantly over time, with agricultural producer support first declining after the country’s independence, then increasing again between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s, and afterwards moving towards an incentive-neutral stance. The sectoral averages hide large support differences across commodities though. Export commodities have consistently been explicitly or implicitly taxed, while import-competing commodities have benefitted from producer support through tariff and non-tariff barriers and, to a lesser extent, budgetary payments. In this context, recent policy reforms towards greater regional and global trade integration promise to remove the remaining anti-trade bias and provide producers with a more market-friendly policy environment.
Supramolecular Analytical Chemistry

A large fraction of the field of supramolecular chemistry has focused in previous decades upon the study and use of synthetic receptors as a means of mimicking natural receptors. Recently, the demand for synthetic receptors is rapidly increasing within the analytical sciences. These classes of receptors are finding uses in simple indicator chemistry, cellular imaging, and enantiomeric excess analysis, while also being involved in various truly practical assays of bodily fluids. Moreover, one of the most promising areas for the use of synthetic receptors is in the arena of differential sensing. Although many synthetic receptors have been shown to yield exquisite selectivities, in general, this class of receptor suffers from cross-reactivities. Yet, cross-reactivity is an attribute that is crucial to the success of differential sensing schemes. Therefore, both selective and nonselective synthetic receptors are finding uses in analytical applications. Hence, a field of chemistry that herein is entitled "Supramolecular Analytical Chemistry" is emerging, and is predicted to undergo increasingly rapid growth in the near future.
Anion-binding behavior of hybrid calixpyrroles.

Hybrid calixpyrrole systems are calixpyrrole-like macrocycles that are based on more than one type of small molecule building block. Structurally, these “mixed-breed” macrocycles differ from calixpyrroles in that some pyrrolic units in the latter are replaced by other hetereocyclic units such as furan, thiophene, bipyrrole, and bithiophene. Although several such systems have been reported in recent years, only a few have been studied as possible anion receptors. In this paper, the results of detailed anion binding studies involving several prototypic systems are reported. Taken in concert, these results highlight the fact that some hybrid systems, including compounds 2−5, display anion affinities that are considerably weaker than those of the parent system 1. On the other hand, they also show that compounds 6−8 are good receptors for “Y-shaped” anions, such as carboxylates, and that they bind these species with high affinity. These findings are strongly supported by solid-state structural studies, which r...
Base-Promoted Reactions of Bridged Ketones and 1,3- and 1,4-Haloalkyl Azides: Competitive Alkylation vs Azidation Reactions of Ketone Enolates

The reactions of 1,3- and 1,4-haloalkyl azides with enolates of 2-norbornanone (and a ring-expanded analog) afford polycyclic 1,2,3-triazolines in good yields. The reaction occurs by the initial azidation of the ketone enolate, followed in order by triazoline formation and O-alkylation. An interesting element of this process is the preferential reaction of the alkyl azide with an enolate anion as opposed to the more familiar reaction of the alkyl halide (including Cl and I derivatives). Reactions of acyclic or monocyclic enolates generally lead to 1,2,3-triazoles but none of the alternative C-alkylation product.
Thinking for oneself: Realism and defiance in Arendt

Very few are clear as to what the standpoint of desirability, every ‘thus it should be – but is not’ or even ‘thus it should have been’, contains within itself: a condemnation of the total course o...
Rapid and efficient solid-supported reagent synthesis of fluorine derivatives of phosphorus(V) compounds

Direct conversion of phosphorus(V) chlorides to the corresponding phosphorus(V) fluorides was achieved utilizing a solid-supported reagent. The phosphorus(V) fluorides were straightforwardly synthesized and efficiently isolated in very good yields.
The Baylis-Hillman condensation of α, β-conjugate cycloketones with aldehydes using diethylaluminum iodide alone as the promoter

The Baylis-Hillman condensation of three types of α,β-conjugate cycloketones with aldehydes was successfully performed by using diethylaluminum iodide as the Lewis acid promoter alone without the direct use of a Lewis base. The reaction proceeded to completion at 0 °C in CH2Cl2 within 24 h to give modest to good yields (53–72%).
An amplitude Modulation detector for fault diagnosis in rolling element bearings

The purpose of this research is to identify single-point defects in rolling element bearings. These defects produce characteristic fault frequencies that appear in the machine vibration and tend to modulate the machine's frequencies of mechanical resonance. An amplitude modulation (AM) detector is developed to identify these interactions and detect the bearing fault while it is still in an incipient stage of development (i.e., to detect the instances of AM when the magnitude of the characteristic fault frequency itself is not significant). Use of this detector only requires machine vibration from one sensor and knowledge of the bearing characteristic fault frequencies. Computer simulations as well as machine vibration data from bearings containing outer race faults are used to confirm the proficiency of this proposed technique.
Synthesis of α-fluorinated phosphonoacetate derivatives using electrophilic fluorine reagents : Perchloryl fluoride versus 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor®)

Abstract Triethyl fluorophosphonoacetate and triethyl difluorophosphonoacetate are directly synthesized from triethyl phosphonoacetate by treatment with NaH and 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor®). Contrary to a recent report [C.J. Hamilton, S.M. Roberts, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 (1999) 1051–1056], the reaction proceeded in THF without the need for DMF as a co-solvent. This method is more selective and provides greater convenience and safety than fluorination of the same substrate by treatment with t-BuOK and perchloryl fluoride (FClO3) in toluene while offering advantages over a number of previously described methods employing alternative electrophilic fluorinating reagents or other approaches. Either the monofluoro or the difluoro product can be obtained predominantly by adjusting the molar ratio of base and Selectfluor®. Triethyl 2-fluoro-2-phosphonopropionate (ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphinyl)-2-fluoropropanoate) is also more conveniently made from triethyl 2-phosphonopropanoate using NaH/Selectfluor® in THF than with FClO3/t-BuOK in toluene. Detailed procedures are given for obtaining the corresponding triacids in quantitative yield from the fluorinated triesters by P,P-silyldealkylation with bromotrimethylsilane followed by one-pot double hydrolysis with H2O, and isolation as stable dicyclohexylammonium (DCHA) or pyridinium (Py) salts. Substitution of EtOH for H2O in the latter procedure provides the CO-ester phosphonic diacids, isolated as DCHA salts, in one step. 1H, 13C, 31P and 19F NMR data are given for the compounds prepared.
Penalty Clauses and Liquidated Damages

This unique and timely book offers an up-to-date, clear and comprehensive review of the economic literature on contract law.
Addressing Bias in Small RNA Library Preparation for Sequencing: A New Protocol Recovers MicroRNAs that Evade Capture by Current Methods

Recent advances in sequencing technology have helped unveil the unexpected complexity and diversity of small RNAs. A critical step in small RNA library preparation for sequencing is the ligation of adapter sequences to both the 5' and 3' ends of small RNAs. Studies have shown that adapter ligation introduces a significant but widely unappreciated bias in the results of high-throughput small RNA sequencing. We show that due to this bias the two widely used Illumina library preparation protocols produce strikingly different microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in the same batch of cells. There are 102 highly expressed miRNAs that are >5-fold differentially detected and some miRNAs, such as miR-24-3p, are over 30-fold differentially detected. While some level of bias in library preparation is not surprising, the apparent massive differential bias between these two widely used adapter sets is not well appreciated. In an attempt to mitigate this bias, the new Bioo Scientific NEXTflex V2 protocol utilizes a pool of adapters with random nucleotides at the ligation boundary. We show that this protocol is able to detect robustly several miRNAs that evade capture by the Illumina-based methods. While these analyses do not indicate a definitive gold standard for small RNA library preparation, the results of the NEXTflex protocol do correlate best with RT-qPCR. As increasingly more laboratories seek to study small RNAs, researchers should be aware of the extent to which the results may differ with different protocols, and should make an informed decision about the protocol that best fits their study.
Electrochemical charge storage in hierarchical carbon manifolds

Abstract The use of hierarchical assemblies constituted from macroporous structures (e.g., reticulated vitreous carbon, RVC) where the internal pore area is covered with closely spaced nanostructures (e.g., carbon nanotubes, CNT) is proposed for substantially enhancing the energy density of electrochemical capacitors, while maintaining large charge/discharge rates. While the macroscale pores enable storage of substantial electrolyte volumes that would contribute through redox reactions to the energy density, the closely spaced nanostructures provide a large geometric area and capacitance in addition to enabling rate independent Faradaic charge storage via thin layer electrochemistry (TLE). A fifty fold increase in the double layer capacitance, in addition to increased Faradaic charge density – with potential for orders of magnitude improvement, was observed for the RVC-CNT electrodes, in comparison to the bare RVC foam electrode. It was seen that the hierarchical assembly enables the contribution from ∼94% of the net volume of the wetted RVC-CNT electrode for active Faradaic charge storage.
Finding dense subgraphs in G ( n ,1/2)

Finding the largest clique in random graphs is a well known hard problem. It is known that a random graph G(n, 1/2) almost surely has a clique of size about 2logn. A simple greedy algorithm finds a clique of size logn, and it is a long-standing open problem to find a clique of size (1+e)logn in randomized polynomial time. In this paper, we study the generalization of finding the largest subgraph of any given edge density. We show that a simple modification of the greedy algorithm finds a subset of 2logn vertices with induced edge density at least 0.951. We also show that almost surely there is no subset of 2.784logn vertices whose induced edge density is at least 0.951.
Health, Disability and the Capability Approach: An Introduction

This special issue of the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities focuses on two areas of substantial and growing importance to the human development and capability approach: disability and h...
ADVANCED TEST REACTOR TESTING EXPERIENCE - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), is one of the world’s premier test reactors for providing the capability for studying the effects of intense neutron and gamma radiation on reactor materials and fuels. The physical configuration of the ATR, a 4-leaf clover shape, allows the reactor to be operated at different power levels in the corner “lobes” to allow for different testing conditions for multiple simultaneous experiments. The combination of high flux (maximum thermal neutron fluxes of 1E15 neutrons per square centimeter per second and maximum fast [E>1.0 MeV] neutron fluxes of 5E14 neutrons per square centimeter per second) and large test volumes (up to 48" long and 5.0" diameter) provide unique testing opportunities. The current experiments in the ATR are for a variety of test sponsors -- US government, foreign governments, private researchers, and commercial companies needing neutron irradiation services. There are three basic types of test configurations in the ATR. The simplest configuration is the sealed static capsule, wherein the target material is placed in a capsule, or plate form, and the capsule is in direct contact with the primary coolant. The next level of complexity of an experiment is an instrumented leadmore » experiment, which allows for active monitoring and control of experiment conditions during the irradiation. The highest level of complexity of experiment is the pressurized water loop experiment, in which the test sample can be subjected to the exact environment of a pressurized water reactor. For future research, some ATR modifications and enhancements are currently planned. This paper provides more details on some of the ATR capabilities, key design features, experiments, and future plans.« less
CENTRIFUGAL DESTABILIZATION AND RESTABILIZATION OF PLANE SHEAR FLOWS

The flow of an incompressible viscous fluid between parallel plates becomes unstable when the plates are tumbled. As the tumbling rate increases, the flow restabilizes. This phenomenon is elucidated by path-following techniques. The solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is approximated by spectral techniques. The linear stability of these solutions is studied.
Eta-mesic nuclei: past, present, future

Eta-mesic nucleus or the quasibound nuclear state of an eta (η) meson in a nucleus is caused by strong interaction force alone. This new type of nuclear species, which extends the landscape of nuclear physics, has been extensively studied since its prediction in 1986. In this paper, we review and analyze in great detail the models of the fundamental η–nucleon interaction leading to the formation of an η–mesic nucleus, the methods used in calculating the properties of a bound η, and the approaches employed in the interpretation of the pertinent experimental data. In view of the successful observation of the η–mesic nucleus 25Mgη and other promising experimental results, future direction in searching for more η–mesic nuclei is suggested.
Impacts of Unionization on Quality and Productivity: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from Nursing Homes

Using a regression discontinuity design, the authors of this article examine the effects of nursing home unionization on several labor, establishment, and consumer outcomes. They find negative effe...
"To Improve Is to Change": Improving U.S. Healthcare.

Sir Winston Churchill is quoted often to have said, “To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often.” Given this pithy observation, can we conclude that healthcare is certainly going to improve because it is certainly changing? Medicine is experiencing rapid and often times confusing changes. Many physicians are not prepared to deal with sweeping policy changes in healthcare, such as healthcare delivery innovations, quality improvement with cost reductions, primary care and now population health, to name a few challenges. The idea for a health policy symposium in the Journal resulted from our perception that there is considerable confusion, dissatisfaction and even turmoil as physicians and health leaders react to the evolving health policy changes generated by business and political leaders. Physicians do not always welcome such change; do not often embrace health policy issues; and consider the intersection of policy and politics as something toxic to avoid, rather than something to engage, influence and guide! Several issues such as primary care, physician workforce, health disparities and physician reimbursement are recurring policy and practice concerns that we never seem to resolve fully. Still other issues have achieved heightened visibility and importance recently, such as the new focus on population health, the increasing challenges posed by the value equation (quality and cost) and the promise of improved information technology. Beyond the clinical enterprise, ongoing concerns about the slow pace of innovation in medical education and the lagging federal investment in biomedical and health-related research are again pressing policy issues. Appropriately, one might ask why we do not resolve these policy issues, or at least adopt systems approaches that address such critical issues in a constructive, proactive manner, rather than dealing with them in a recurring reactive or crisis mode. Could the answer be right in front of us? As a country, we have not implemented effective systems in healthcare, and one consequence of our disordered approach is recurring, unresolved policy challenges. For this symposium, we asked expert authors to review several health policy issues succinctly, to report on the current state of the policy issue, and to translate the policy implications or decisions into outputs or outcomes that physicians and healthcare executives find useful. Although healthcare “reform” is especially topical now, it has been on the national agenda for
Symposium on the Fortieth Anniversary of Mapp v. Ohio - Forward

Foreword to the Symposium on the Fortieth Anniversary of Mapp v. Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001
Test Consistency with Varying Sampling Frequency

This paper considers the consistency property of some test statistics based on a time series of data. While the usual consistency criterion is based on keeping the sampling interval fixed, we let the sampling interval take any equispaced path as the sample size increases to infinity. We consider tests of the null hypotheses of the random walk and randomness against positive autocorrelation (stationary or explosive). We show that tests of the unit root hypothesis based on the first-order correlation coefficient of the original data are consistent as long as the span of the data is increasing. Tests of the same hypothesis based on the first-order correlation coefficient of the first-differenced data are consistent against stationary alternatives only if the span is increasing at a rate greater than T ½ , where T is the sample size. On the other hand, tests of the randomness hypothesis based on the first-order correlation coefficient applied to the original data are consistent as long as the span is not increasing too fast. We provide Monte Carlo evidence on the power, in finite samples, of the tests Studied allowing various combinations of span and sampling frequencies. It is found that the consistency properties summarize well the behavior of the power in finite samples. The power of tests for a unit root is more influenced by the span than the number of observations while tests of randomness are more powerful when a small sampling frequency is available.
"Go-Slow-Whoa!": Will Nutritional Information Influence Adolescent Food Choices and Lead to a Healthier Generation?

The prevalence of obesity in adolescents and children, in the United States, was 16.9% from 2009 to 2010 (Ogden, et al. 2012), and nearly a third of children between the ages of 6 and 19 are considered obese. It is due to these alarming figures, children are a major focus of public health efforts. Providing nutritional information on the healthfulness of entrees served in the school lunchroom could positively impact a student’s daily dietary choices. Pre-ordering entree systems have previously shown to have a positive (more healthful) impact on entree selection (Hanks, Just, and Wansink 2013). The current study builds on the previous literature by including Go-Slow-Whoa nutritional information along with the entree choice set to determine if the inclusion of nutritional labels can lead to more healthful pre-ordered entree choices. Results find that older students are more likely to alter their choice to a healthier entree when nutritional labels are present versus their younger cohort.