cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p-Approximation axisymmetric shell elements for heat conduction in laminated composites

Abstract An axisymmetric shell finite element formulation for heat conduction in laminated composites is presented, where the temperature approximation in the direction of the shell thickness can be of an arbitrary polynomial order p . This is accomplished by introducing additional nodal variables in the element temperature approximation corresponding to the Lagrange interpolating polynomials in the shell thickness direction. The resulting temperature approximation consists of nodal approximation functions and nodal temperatures as well as derivatives of the nodal temperatures in the shell thickness direction. This temperature approximation has an important hierarchical property, i.e. the approximation functions and the nodal variables corresponding to an approximation order p are a subset of those corresponding to order p + 1. The element formulation ensures C 0 continuity or smoothness of temperature across inter-element boundaries. Weak formulation of the Fourier heat conduction equation for globally orthotropic material is constructed. The element properties are derived using the weak formulation (or the associated quadratic functional) and the hierarchical element approximation. This formulation is extended for generally orthotropic material behavior where the material directions are not necessarily parallel to the global axes. Further extension of the formulation for laminated composites is accomplished by incorporating the material properties of each layer through numerical integration of the element matrix for each layer. The element matrices and the equivalent heat vectors (due to convection, distributed heat flux and internal heat generation) are all hierarchical. The formulation permits any desired order temperature distribution in the shell thickness direction without remodeling. There is no restriction on the number of layers and the lay-up pattern of the layers. Each layer can be generally orthotropic. The material directions and the layer thicknesses may vary from point to point within each layer. The geometry of the laminated shell is described by the element nodes at the middle surface of the element and the lamina thicknesses. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and overall superiority of the present formulation. The results are also compared with the corresponding h -approximation models using axisymmetric solid elements.
Intramural esophageal pseudodiverticulosis.

The authors describe their experience with five cases of intramural esophageal pseudodiverticulosis. All cases presented with dysphagia and were shown to have another underlying abnormality either in the esophagus or stomach. The symptoms subsided with appropriate therapy, but the pseudodiverticula persisted.
On competitive failure modes and the usefulness of a "survival curve point of view".

A number of medical phenomena may be discussed in terms of the probability of something ‘‘surviving’’ as a function of time, dose, distance, etc. Employing elementary results of engineering reliability theory, we examine the different shapes of survival curves which can arise when several modes of failure compete for the members of a homogeneous or heterogeneous population. A variety of examples of medical interest illustrate the approach.
Experiencing Error: How Journalists Describe What It's Like When the Press Fails

Corrections are a way for newspapers to amend the record when errors occur. However, while the process of correcting a mistake is influenced by industry norms, the experience of error is personal to each journalist who makes a mistake that gets printed. This research, which draws upon ethnographic techniques, explores how journalists in one newsroom experience error and their recommendations for how errors and their corrections should be handled.
State variable representation of a class of linear shift-variant systems

Certain types of linear shift-variant systems are rendered shift-invariant by appropriate coordinate transformations (changes of variable). Examples occur in aerial photography, restoration of images degraded by coma, and reconstruction of two-dimensional functions from line integrals. The matrices in the continuous state variable representations of such systems may be written as constant matrices multiplied by scalar functions of the independent variables; while the discretized models do not appear to share this feature, one system discussed in this paper does have a simple discrete-time structure. Given a shift-variant impulse response and the corresponding coordinate transformations, it is shown how to construct a state variable representation. Experimental results from an application to image processing are presented.
An RPC-based methodology for client/server application development in C++

The remote procedure call (RPC) is a commonly used mechanism for client/server applications. RPC implements a tightly synchronized client/server interaction that is analogous to the well-understood procedure call in regular non-distributed applications. The underlying principle common to all RPC-based tools and standards is that both the client and the server share a common IDL (Interface Definition Language) file. Automatic tools process the IDL file and generate source files that, when compiled with the application, ensure client/server run-time compliancy. We introduce an RPC methodology for C++ client/server applications that follows a different pattern-the sharing of C++ base classes-in place of an IDL file. This releases the developer from the dependence on, and need to learn complex RPC tools and standards. C++ programmers should find this approach sufficient for most of their distributed-application development needs.
On-demand routing in disrupted environments

While current on-demand routing protocols are optimized to take into account unique features of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) such as frequent topology changes and limited battery life, they often do not consider the possibility of intermittent connectivity that may lead to temporary partitions. In this work, we introduce the Space-Content-adaptive-Time Routing (SCaTR) framework, which enables data delivery in the face of both temporary and long-lived MANET partitions. SCaTR takes advantage of past connectivity information to effectively route traffic towards destinations when no direct route from the source exists. We show through simulations that, when compared to traditional on-demand protocols, as well as Epidemic routing, SCaTR increases delivery ratio with lower signaling overhead in a variety of network scenarios with intermittent connectivity. We also show that SCaTR performs as well as on-demand routing in scenarios that are well-connected, and/or have no mobility predictability (e.g., scenarios with random mobility).
Phase transformations and volume changes in spinel LixMn2O4

Abstract First-principles methods have been used to calculate the phase diagram and volume expansion of spinel Li x Mn 2 O 4 as a function of lithium content. The calculations confirm the experimentally observed two phase region between x =1 and 2 and the ordered phase at x =1/2. In addition, the expected large step in voltage at x =1 is obtained. It is shown that these phenomena are qualitatively determined by the interactions of Li with each other and the Mn 2 O 4 host and only quantitatively influenced by the more subtle electronic effects such as Jahn–Teller distortions, charge ordering and magnetic excitations. The two-phase region between x =1 and 2 is found to be driven by strong repulsive interactions between lithium ions occupying adjacent tetrahedral 8a and octahedral 16c sites. The origin of the large volume change upon transforming from LiMn 2 O 4 to Li 2 Mn 2 O 4 is also investigated from first principles. The possible sources of the volume change are identified to be the intercalated lithium, the Jahn–Teller distortion, and the introduction of anti-bonding e g electrons into the Mn d-orbitals. The latter effect is found to be dominant. Some speculation is offered on how the large volume change upon lithiation of manganese dioxide can be prevented.
"WE ARE ALL IN THE SAME BOAT NOW" PROVERBIAL RHETORIC IN THE CHURCHILL-ROOSEVELT CORRESPONDENCE

Winston S. Churchill (1874-1965) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (1 882-1945) were masters of the English language and effective orators, rallying their people through word and deed to fight as allies against the dictatorial powers during the Second World War. Their public speeches and interviews are replete with proverbs, proverbial expressions, and other phraseologisms. This is also true for their private and secretive letters, messages, memoranda, and telegrams, as can be seen from the materials that Warren F. Kimball edited in the three volumes of Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984). The proverbial language, especially metaphorical texts referring to the body, animals, and the military, gives their important communications a lively and humane flavor that illustrates their deep friendship, trust, and support of each other. Frequently used as metaphorical arguments, these proverbial interjections into an otherwise factual epistolary exchange from 1933 to 1945 bear witness to the determination of these two world leaders to win the struggle for a free world.
The UV (Ribotoxic) Stress Response of Human Keratinocytes Involves the Unexpected Uncoupling of the Ras-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Cascade from the Activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

In mammals, UVB radiation is of biological relevance primarily for the cells of the epidermis. We report here the existence of a UVB response that is specific for proliferating human epidermal keratinocytes. Unlike other cell types that also display a UVB response, keratinocytes respond to UVB irradiation with a transient but potent downregulation of the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. The downregulation of ERK precedes a profound decrease in the steady-state levels of cyclin D1, a mediator of the proliferative action of ERK. Keratinocytes exhibit high constitutive activity of the Ras-ERK signaling cascade even in culture medium lacking supplemental growth factors. The increased activity of Ras and phosphorylation of ERK in these cells are maintained by the autocrine production of secreted molecules that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Irradiation of keratinocytes increases the phosphorylation of EGFR on tyrosine residues Y845, Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1086, Y1148, and Y1173 above the basal levels and leads to the increased recruitment of the adaptor proteins Grb2 and ShcA and of a p55 form of the regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase to the UVB-activated EGFR. Paradoxically, however, UVB causes, at the same time, the inactivation of Ras and a subsequent dephosphorylation of ERK. By contrast, the signaling pathway leading from the activated EGFR to the phosphorylation of PKB/Akt1 is potentiated by UVB. The UVB response of keratinocytes appeared to be a manifestation of the more general ribotoxic stress response inasmuch as the transduction of the UVB-generated inhibitory signal to Ras and ERK required the presence of active ribosomes at the time of irradiation.
Ossicular chain reconstruction with a titanium prosthesis.

OBJECTIVE Ossicular chain damage from chronic ear disease is a significant problem in the Australian population. The ideal ossicular chain reconstruction prosthesis has yet to be defined. This paper examines, for the first time, the use of a titanium prosthesis for ossicular chain reconstruction in Australian patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SUBJECTS AND METHODS All patients undergoing ossicular chain reconstruction with a titanium prosthesis between 1 February 2002 and 31 March 2007. RESULTS Results showed a low complication rate, with only one extrusion out of 55 cases (1.8 per cent). Successful rehabilitation of conductive hearing loss (i.e. to < or =20 dB air-bone gap) was obtained in 85 per cent of the partial ossicular chain reconstruction group and 77 per cent of the total ossicular chain reconstruction group. Pure tone thresholds improved by an average 18 dB in the partial reconstruction group and 25 dB in the total reconstruction group. CONCLUSION Titanium is an ideal material for ossicular chain reconstruction due to its ease of insertion, low rate of extrusion and good functional results.
Simplifying head and neck microvascular reconstruction.

Background. Free-tissue transfer has become the preferred method of head and neck reconstruction but is a technique that is considered to use excessive hospital resources. Methods. This study is a retrospective review of 125 consecutive free flaps in 117 patients over a 16-month period at a tertiary care university hospital. Results. Defects of the oral cavity/oropharynx (60%), midface (9%), hypopharynx (15%), or cervical and facial skin (16%) were reconstructed from three donor sites: forearm (70%), rectus (11%), and fibula (19%). Microvascular anastomoses were performed with a continuous suture technique or an anastomotic coupling device for end-to-end venous anastomoses. A single vein was anastomosed in 97% of tissue transfers. There were five flaps (4%) requiring exploration for vascular compromise, and the overall success rate was 97.6%. The major complication rate was 13%. Mean hospital stay was 7 days for all patients and 5 days for those with cutaneous defects. Combined ablative and reconstructive operative times were 6 hours 42 minutes, 7 hours 40 minutes, and 8 hours 32 minutes for forearm, rectus, and fibular free grafts, respectively. A subset of this patient series with oral cavity and oropharynx defects (76 patients; 58%) available for follow-up (74 patients) was assessed for deglutition. Forty-three patients (58%) had a regular diet, 22 patients (30%) had a limited diet or required supplemental tube feedings, and nine patients (12%) were dependent on tube feedings with a severely limited diet. Conclusions. This series suggests that most head and neck defects can be reconstructed by use of a simplified microvascular technique and a limited number of donor sites. Analysis of operative times and length of stay suggest improved efficiency with this approach to microvascular reconstruction. Complications and functional results are comparable to previously published results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 930–936, 2004
Bayesian inference in a correlated random coefficients model: Modeling causal effect heterogeneity with an application to heterogeneous returns to schooling

Abstract We consider the problem of causal effect heterogeneity from a Bayesian point of view. This is accomplished by introducing a three-equation system, similar in spirit to the work of Heckman and Vytlacil (1998) , describing the joint determination of a scalar outcome, an endogenous “treatment” variable, and an individual-specific causal return to that treatment. We describe a Bayesian posterior simulator for fitting this model which recovers far more than the average causal effect in the population, the object which has been the focus of most previous work. Parameter identification and generalized methods for flexibly modeling the outcome and return heterogeneity distributions are also discussed. Combining data sets from High School and Beyond (HSB) and the 1980 Census, we illustrate our methods in practice and investigate heterogeneity in returns to education. Our analysis decomposes the impact of key HSB covariates on log wages into three parts: a “direct” effect and two separate indirect effects through educational attainment and returns to education. Our results strongly suggest that the quantity of schooling attained is determined, at least in part, by the individual’s own return to education. Specifically, a one percentage point increase in the return to schooling parameter is associated with the receipt of (approximately) 0.14 more years of schooling. Furthermore, when we control for variation in returns to education across individuals, we find no difference in predicted schooling levels for men and women. However, women are predicted to attain approximately 1/4 of a year more schooling than men on average as a result of higher rates of return to investments in education.
Measuring acetic and formic acid by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry: sensitivity, humidity dependence, and quantifying interferences

Abstract. We present a detailed investigation of the factors governing the quantification of formic acid (FA), acetic acid (AA), and their relevant mass analogues by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), assess the underlying fragmentation pathways and humidity dependencies, and present a new method for separating FA and AA from their main isobaric interferences. PTR-MS sensitivities towards glycolaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and peroxyacetic acid at m/z 61 are comparable to that for AA; when present, these species will interfere with ambient AA measurements by PTR-MS. Likewise, when it is present, dimethyl ether can interfere with FA measurements. For a reduced electric field (E/N) of 125 Townsend (Td), the PTR-MS sensitivity towards ethanol at m/z 47 is 5–20 times lower than for FA; ethanol will then only be an important interference when present in much higher abundance than FA. Sensitivity towards 2-propanol is
Tumor Morphology and Immunohistochemical Expression of Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, p53, and Ki67 in Urogenital Carcinomas of California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)

Metastatic carcinoma of urogenital origin is a common cause of mortality in free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). The etiology of this cancer is likely multifactorial, with viral infection, genetic factors, and exposure to environmental organochlorine contaminants possible contributing factors. In this study, expression of estrogen receptor α (ER α), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, and Ki67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 12 sea lions with metastatic carcinoma, genital epithelial dysplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia; 4 with genital epithelial dysplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia without metastases; and 6 control animals. Dysplastic and neoplastic lesions were identified in multiple areas of the cervix, vagina, penis, prepuce, and urethra in affected animals, suggesting multicentric development. Lesions were graded according to degree of epithelial dysplasia and infiltration and lesions of different grades were evaluated separately. Estrogen receptor expression was l...
Evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation as a treatment paradigm.

Purpose: The construct of ‘cognitive rehabilitation’ has not been defined in a consensual manner and the variations in usage have produced misunderstanding and controversy. At one extreme, it refers to a paradigm of complex, sophisticated, integrated interventions and at the other to a poorly conceptualized and largely ineffectual service modality. A number of articles criticizing cognitive rehabilitation make little effort to differentiate between these usages, thus subjecting very different clinical procedures to the same complaints.Methods: This article abstracts five major criticisms from this literature to examine the best-developed, ‘holistic’ versions.Conclusion: A treatment selection standard is proposed, specifying the conditions under which a holistic model or the ‘contextualized’ training alternative is likely to be more viable.
Embedded Advertising to Children: An Advertising Tactic that Requires a New Regulatory Approach

This paper reviews marketing literature regarding advertising to children. The paper analyzes concerns that researchers previously have found about advertising to children and considers whether embedded advertising alters those concerns. The paper explains the current legal framework applicable to the practice of embedded advertising, including any first amendment protections. Based on the current state of the law and the practice, the paper recommends next steps for regulators, educators, parents and industry.
The Discovery of Hispanic Child Labor in Agriculture in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas: A Life Geography Approach

A life geography approach is used to analyze the production of social science knowledge regarding Mexican-origin child agricultural workers in south Texas during the early 1940s. The protagonist in this article, Amber Arthun Warburton, worked for the U.S. Children's Bureau during the early 1940s and authored one of many reports analyzing conditions of children in U.S. agriculture. She was the first social scientist to report on labor relations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, with particular attention to working and educational conditions of Mexican-origin children. Two aspects of Warburton's unpublished work—her analysis of child labor in terms of Marx's reserve army of labor and her description of living conditions through fieldwork—are examined here. The experience of Amber Warburton suggests how educated women, facing discrimination in academia, navigated personal and bureaucratic challenges while generating social knowledge, offering comparison to experiences of female geographers working out...
Error-correction techniques and sequences in instructional settings: Toward a comparative framework

This study of detailed interactive processes of error-correction se? quences, while concentrated on oral reading lessons in primary schools, is intended as a contribution to the development of a comparative framework applicable to correction processes in various settings. The major strategy is to explore the implications and problems of employ? ing the analytical model of conversational "repair" as developed by Schegloff, Sacks & Jefferson, 1977 (hereinafter SJS), to instructional settings. While this paper focuses on materials from reading lessons, passing comparisons will be drawn from my work on orchestra rehearsals. A principal concern will be the ways in which the conversational "repair machinery" is modified in instructional activities in terms of their specific tasks and problems. Rehearsals of concert music represent attempts to shape up performances of given musical texts for specific anticipated concert occasions, according to the particular conductor's interpretation of the music. Reading lessons in primary schools appear to be oriented to the cultivation of generalized skills at performing and, perhaps, understanding texts of another type. In any case, both these settings are characterized by turns at "regu? lar" conversation alternated with turns at "activities" or performances of texts which are not only in oriented-to contrast with such conversa? tion (or "talk") but are subject to formulation by that talk. Thus, they involve, in contradistinction to conversations, alternative "speech exchange systems" which require, for our purposes, detailed description and analysis. Clearly, they are turn-taking systems with asymmetrical "speakers' rights", such as have been preliminarily sketched by McHoul ( 1978) in the context of the formal talk of classrooms, where the status
A Mathematic Model Related Organic Solvent Exposure with Poison Effect

[Objective]To discuss what kind of mathematic model is related to organic solvent exposure concentration with toxic damage on human body in occupational environment. [Methods]According to the famous Albert Einstein' equation E= mc2,the derivation of a mathematic model for quantitative health damage caused by on-site concentration of an organic solvent was performed. [Results]The mathematic model for effects of health damage was K'=(CTWA/OEL)n.n was the value of organic solvent toxicity characteristics and named as the toxicity index of organic solvent.The cumulative effect of an organic solvent was HE=(CTWA/OEL)n×duration(a). [Conclusion]When the organic solvent concentration is higher than the Occupational exposure limit(OEL),the toxic damage on health is severe.The increasing OEL exceeding times can make more serious harm to the worker and the effect factor is in exponential function form.
A Synthetic Evaluation Module of Public Bidding in Underground Railway Projects Based onArtificial Neural Networks (ANN)

Guangzhou underground railway project is one of the most signifi-cantly important infrastructure projects in the nation. For such kind of substan-tial and complex project, it is necessary to have a proven and reliable publicbidding evaluation system. According to the evaluation data of practical bid-ding engineering in Guangzhou Underground Railway, this paper suggests toemploy Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to set up the comprehensive evalua-tion model for the bidding of underground railway projects. The Back Propaga-tion (BP) neuron networks, which have strong self-learning and self-adaptiveability, can be used to approach the complex nonlinear dynamic functions withhigh precision. After network training, the module based on BP networks cansuccessfully quantify the subjective and qualitative technical evaluation indi-ces with satisfying evaluation results. The module can be more precise byaccumulating more samples so it can be adopted by the bidding project ofunderground railway and similar construction projects.
Urea induces Egr-1 and c-fos expression in renal epithelial cells

The membrane-permeant solute urea, in concentrations present in the mammalian renal medulla, increased expression at the mRNA level of two immediate-early gene (IEG) transcription factors, Egr-1 and c-fos, in a time- and dose-dependent fashion in confluent growth-suppressed Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. This upregulation occurred in the absence of both cytotoxicity and an inhibition of protein synthesis, two potential nonspecific inducers of IEG expression. These findings were of interest because we have previously shown that hyperosmotic stress induced by the functionally membrane-impermeant solute NaCl increased expression of these IEG, whereas hyperosmotic stress induced by the membrane-permeant solute glycerol failed to do so. The urea-induced increase in Egr-1 mRNA expression was not secondary to enhanced message stability as determined by actinomycin D experiments and is therefore likely a consequence of urea-induced transcriptional activation. Augmented Egr-1 expression in response to urea treatment was also observed in another renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1, but not in other cell types examined. Therefore cells of renal epithelial origin may be uniquely capable of responding to hyperosmotic urea with increased expression of IEG transcription factors, and this increase is likely transcriptionally mediated.
Multiple sensor sequential tracking of neural activity: Algorithm and FPGA implementation

We investigate the use of the particle filtering sequential Bayesian estimation technique and its hardware implementation for tracking neural activity. We propose using the multiple particle filter (MPF) approach in order to reduce the computational intensity incurred due to the large number of sensors required to observe the noninvasive magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements needed to estimate the brain current dipole source locations and moments when tracking neural activity. The improved tracking performance of the MPF is demonstrated using numerical simulations on synthetic and real data. We also investigate the parallel implementation of the MPF algorithm on a Xilinx Virtex-5 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. Our results of significant reduction in timing requirements demonstrate that the implementation is suitable for real-time tracking.
High-Conflict Divorce: A form of Child Neglect

In high-conflict divorce cases, the emotional toll on the family unit is unquestionably destructive. While the physical and mental health of the children should be the primary focus, the emotional turmoil of a high-conflict divorce often moves the focus away from the children as parents struggle emotionally and financially. Although the best interests of the children are always in the judicial purview, the repeated, lengthy, and hostile litigation process often associated with high-conflict dissolution has lasting effects on the physical and mental health of children, similar to those associated with physical abuse and neglect. Child Protective Services (CPS) must step in and protect the emotional well-being of children during high-conflict divorce cases.
Wide color gamut LCDs with narrow green emitting films

We demonstrate a series of ultrastable, highly luminescent CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) green emitting organic-inorganic perovskites (OIP) - polymer composite films achieved by a simple yet general strategy, to be used together with red emitters as down-converters for blue LEDs in display technology. These composite films exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 48%, high color purity with FWHM (full width at half maximum) as narrow as 18 nm. When combined with blue LED and CdSe-based quantum dots-polymer films or red phosphors as LCD backlight, we can achieve a relatively wide color gamut in Rec. 2020 color space.
Coupling between the Dynamics of Water and Surfactants in Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

Bilayers composed of lipid or surfactant molecules are central to biological membranes and lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phases. Common to these systems are phases that exhibit either ordered or disordered packing of the hydrophobic tails. In this work, we study the impact of surfactant ordering, i.e., disordered Lα and ordered Lβ LLC phases, on the dynamics of water and sodium ions in the lamellar phases of dicarboxylate gemini surfactants. We study the different phases at identical hydration levels by changing the length of the hydrophobic tails; surfactants with shorter tails form Lα phases and those with longer tails form Lβ phases. We find that the Lα phases exhibit lower density and greater compressibility than the Lβ phases, with a hydration-dependent headgroup surface area. These structural differences significantly affect the relative dynamic properties of the phases, primarily the mobility of the surfactant molecules tangential to the bilayer surface, as well as the rates of water ...
Life's Simple 7 and Incident Heart Failure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BackgroundThe American Heart Association introduced the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics to assess and promote cardiovascular health. We sought to examine the association between the LS7 metrics and i...
Palliative Care for Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia: Advance Care Planning Across Transition Points

Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) is the most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease. It begins with minute memory impairment and ultimately leads to the loss of all mental and physical function. A person with AD lives an average of eight years from diagnosis and could live as many as 20 years (Odle, 2003 ). By the year 2000, there were about 4.5 million in the U.S. population with A.D, with one in 10 persons over the age of 65, and nearly half of those over 85 having AD By 2050, the number is projected to increase to 13.2 million (Hebert et al., 2003). Since there is no cure for AD, “persons with AD need interventions that are directed to relief of suffering, pain control, and comfort, often associated with ‘palliative’ rather than . . . curative measures.’ This chapter is intended to assist health care administrators, health care planners, and public policy professionals to make policy decisions that may improve quality of life for those afflicted with AD and that may minimize the burden of care on family and loved ones. The authors trace the illness through transition points and discuss advance care planning and palliative carefocusing on issues specific to patients with AD. The natural history or progression of disease depends on the dementia type. The distinguishing characteristics of AD are the presence of two abnormalities in the brain; amyloid plaques and neurofibriallry tangles. Amyloid plaques, in the tissue between nerve cells. Are composed of the protein beta-amyloid with degenerating parts of neurons and other cells. Researchers do not know if amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles are harmful, or consequences of the disease process that damages neurons and leads to symptoms of AD. A study by Marshall et al. (2006) revealed a correlation between decline in activities of daily living or ADL scores and higher plaque and neurofibrillary tangle counts suggesting a “greater overall pathologic burden”.
Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) landing in windy conditions with MAP-Elites

With the recent increase in the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) comes a surge of inexperienced aviators who may not have the requisite skills to react appropriately if weather conditions quickly change while their aircraft are in flight. This creates a dangerous situation, in which the pilot cannot safely land the vehicle. In this work we examine the use of the MAP-Elites algorithm to search for sets of weights for use in an artificial neural network. This neural network directly controls the thrust and pitching torque of a simulated 3-degree of freedom (2 linear, 1 rotational) fixed-wing UAV, with the goal of obtaining a smooth landing profile. We then examine the use of the same algorithm in high-wind conditions, with gusts up to 30 knots. Our results show that MAP-Elites is an effective method for searching for control policies, and by evolving two separate controllers and switching which controller is active when the UAV is near-ground level, we can produce a wider variety of phenotypic behaviors. The best controllers achieved landing at a vertical speed of <1 m s−1 and at an angle of approach of <1° degree.
Thalamus and Oculomotor Control

What would the concept of an oculomotor thalamus imply in terms of functional operations? In the central thalamus, groups of neurons show typical patterns of firing in relation to the occurrence of ocular saccadic and pursuit movements. These neuronal populations are connected with practically all known oculomotor structures in brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Disabling particular sectors of the central thalamus produces spatial and temporal deficits; these are briefly described in this article. The place of the central thalamus in the brain circuitry dealing with the generation of eye movements is also examined, on the basis of anatomical and physiological data. The central thalamus seems to be in a strategic position to orchestrate the oculomotor behavior, although it would not itself play any instrument in the concert.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous lithium chloride and assessment of agreement between two methods of lithium concentration measurement in the horse

BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetics of lithium chloride (LiCl) administered as a bolus, once i.v. have not been determined in horses. There is no point-of-care test to measure lithium (Li+ ) concentrations in horses in order to monitor therapeutic levels and avoid toxicity. OBJECTIVES To determine the pharmacokinetics of LiCl in healthy adult horses and to compare agreement between two methods of plasma Li+ concentration measurement: spectrophotometric enzymatic assay (SEA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). STUDY DESIGN Nonrandomised, single exposure with repeated measures over time. METHODS Lithium chloride was administered (0.15 mmol/kg bwt) as an i.v. bolus to eight healthy adult horses. Blood samples were collected pre-administration and at multiple times until 48 h post-administration. Samples were analysed by two methods (SEA and ICP-MS) to determine plasma Li+ concentrations. Pharmacokinetics were determined based on the reference ICP-MS data. RESULTS Adverse side effects were not observed. The SEA showed linearity, R2 = 0.9752; intraday coefficient of variation, 2.5%; and recovery, 96.3%. Both noncompartmental and compartmental analyses (traditional two-stage and nonlinear mixed-effects [NLME] modelling) were performed. Geometric mean values of noncompartmental parameters were plasma Li+ concentration at time zero, 2.19 mmol/L; terminal elimination half-life, 25.68 h; area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the limit of quantification, 550 mmol/L min; clearance, 0.273 mL/min/kg; mean residence time, 31.22 h; and volume of distribution at steady state, 511 mL/kg. Results of the traditional two-stage analysis showed good agreement with the NLME modelling approach. Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated poor agreement between the SEA and ICP-MS methods (95% limits of agreement = 0.14 ± 0.13 mmol/L). MAIN LIMITATIONS Clinical effects of LiCl have not been investigated. CONCLUSIONS The LiCl i.v. bolus displayed pharmacokinetics similar to those reported in other species. The SEA displayed acceptable precision but did not agree well with the reference method (ICP-MS). The Summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting Information.
PERMA and the building blocks of well-being

Seligman (2011) hypothesized that PERMA (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) are the elements of well-being. Goodman, Disabato, Kashdan & Kaufmann (2017) repor...
Microstructural comparison of friction-stir-welded aluminum alloy 7449 starting from different tempers

Since friction stir welding (FSW) does not create defects that are normally associated with fusion welds, it has become the preferred method for joining aluminum 7XXX series alloys. This work analyzes and compares friction stir welds of two different tempers in aluminum alloy 7449. A thorough analysis was done to characterize the two as-received alloys. Weld parameters were kept identical for the two different starting tempers. Thermocouples were used in the heat-affected zone at three different depths to obtain experimental thermal profiles. Hardness traverses and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the strength of the welds and to analyze precipitate evolution. Simulated thermal profiles were generated via finite element analysis for the weld centerline. Our analysis confirms that preexisting precipitates in the as-received material have an effect on the final microstructure of the welds. A highly overaged aluminum 7449 alloy responds better to FSW as compared to a slightly overaged aluminum 7449 alloy.
Faktizität und Geschichtlichkeit als Konstituentien der Lebenswelt in Husserls Spätphilosophie

In this paper I shall present two elements of Husserl’s theory of the life-world, facticity and historicity, which are of exemplary importance for his late phenomenology as a whole. I compare these two notions to two axes upon which Husserl’s phenomenology of the life-world becomes inscribed. Reconsidering and reconstructing Husserl’s late thought under this viewpoint sheds new light on a notoriously enigmatic problem, i.e., the concept of the transcendental and its relation to the „mundane“ – to the world as constituted by transcendental consciousness. Drawing on unpublished manuscript material I claim, specifically, that the transcendental subject, in its „self-enworlding“ activity, as it were, „covers its tracks“ so as to obscure the transcendental origin of the worldly ego. This self-obscuring is itself an eidetic law of transcendental consciousness. The ambiguity in the transcendental/mundane ego is thrown into relief through Husserl’s analyses concerning the corporeal functioning of the lived-body. These considerations help further clarify Husserl’s claim that the transcendental and the factical are „moments of one structure“, while also incorporating the problem of historicity.
Metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides in animals and plants

Increasing emphasis is being placed on the research into and development of alternative methods of pest control; however, it is apparent that the use of pesticide chemicals as the major means of protecting plants and animals from many arthropodous pests will continue in the foreseeable future. The probable trend in chemical control will be toward more effective uses of the nonpersistent pesticides that are currently available and the development of new chemicals that have different modes of action and are somewhat selective for a particular pest species. Research with new pesticides and the necessary reevaluation of certain pesticides currently in use will require extensive studies of their complete fates and effects in the environment and in the living organisms that they contact.
ARSENAL: Architecture for Secure Non-Volatile Memories

Whereas data persistence in non-volatile memories (NVMs) enables instant data recovery (IDR) in the face of power/system failures, it also exposes NVMs to data confidentiality and integrity attacks. Counter mode encryption and Merkle Tree authentication are established measures to thwart data confidentiality and integrity attacks, respectively, in NVMs. However, these security mechanisms require high overhead atomic security meta-data updates on every write-back in order to support IDR in NVMs. This increases memory traffic and negatively impacts system performance and memory lifetime. Architecture for Secure Non-Volatile Memories (ARSENAL) is an IDR-preserving, low cost, high performance security solution that protects NVM systems against data confidentiality and integrity attacks. ARSENAL synergistically integrates (i) Smart Writes for Faster Transactions (SWIFT) , a novel technique to reduce the performance overhead of atomic security meta-data updates on every write-back, with (ii) Terminal BMT Updates (TBU) , a novel BMT-consistency-preserving technique, to facilitate IDR in the face of power/system failures. Our evaluations show that on average, ARSENAL improves system performance (measured in IPC) by 2.26 $\times$ (4 $\times$ ), reduces memory traffic overhead by 1.47 $\times$ (1.88 $\times$ ), and improves memory lifetime by 2 $\times$ (3.5 $\times$ ) in comparison to conventional IDR-preserving 64-bit (128-bit) encryption+authentication.
Cytokines, growth factors and proteases in medium and large vessel vasculitis

Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis are autoimmune vasculitides that cause aneurysm formation and tissue infarction. Extravascular inflammation consists of an intense acute phase response. Deeper understanding of pathogenic events in the vessel wall has highlighted the loss of tissue protective mechanisms, the intrusion of immune cells into "forbidden territory", and the autonomy of self-renewing vasculitic infiltrates. Adventitial vasa vasora critically control vessel wall access and drive differentiation of tissue-invasive T cells. Selected T cells establish tissue residency and build autonomous, self-sufficient inflammatory lesions. Pathogenic effector T cells intrude and survive due to failed immune checkpoint inhibition. Vasculitis-sustaining T cells and macrophages provide a broad portfolio of effector functions, involving heterogeneous populations of pro-inflammatory T cells and diverse macrophage subsets that ultimately induce wall capillarization and intimal hyperplasia. Redirecting diagnostic and therapeutic strategies from control of extravascular inflammatory markers to suppression of vascular inflammation will improve disease management.
The Readable Delaware General Corporation Law 2016-2017

VisiLaw is a system for marking statutes to make them easier to read. This paper contains a short introduction to VisiLaw and a complete, VisiLaw-marked copy of the Delaware General Corporation Law, including all laws through and including Delaware House Bill No. 371, signed by the Governor on June 16, 2016. The markings visually separate sentences, and clauses within sentences, making it easy to see where each begins and ends. The ability to see sentence structure at a glance makes it possible to read clauses one at a time, without losing orientation in the overall structure. Within each constituent clause, underlining identifies a skeletal sentence – subject, verb, direct object and a few other words. The underlining enables the reader to quickly get the gist, and understand the structure, of the constituent clauses. The Readable Delaware General Corporation Law is published in hard copy and is available on Amazon.
Inside the front door: Tailoring a leisure reading collection to attract an academic population

AbstractWhile some academics still maintain that an academic library is no place for leisure reading, many are in favor of maintaining at least a small distinct collection of such books. Strategica...
The EphrinB2/EphB4 Axis Is Dysregulated in Osteoprogenitors from Myeloma Patients and Its Activation by EphrinB2-Fc or EhpB4-Fc Affects Myeloma Bone Disease and Tumor Growth in Vivo

Induction of osteolytic bone lesions in myeloma (MM) is caused by an uncoupling of osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Recent studies indicate that in addition to role in cell adhesion, repulsion and neovascularization, bidirectional signaling between the cell surface molecules EphrinB2 and EphB4 also mediates the coupling between osteoblasts and osteoblasts. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts express the ligand EphrinB2 land its receptor, EphB4, osteoclasts and their precursors mainly express EphrinB2. Forward signaling in MSCs promotes osteogenic differentiation and reverse signaling in osteoclast precursors inhibits their differentiation. The aims of the study were to investigate whether the EphrinB2/Eph4 axis is dysregulated in MM osteoprogenitors and whether activation of this axis in myelomatous bone by EphrinB2-Fc or EphB4-Fc affects MM bone disease, angiogenesis and tumor growth. MSCs were generated from bone marrow of healthy donors (n=5) and patients with MM (n=13). Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. MSCs from MM patients had reduced expression of EphrinB2 ( EFNB2 ) by 61±6% (p EphB4 by 60±10% (p EFNB2 and downregulation of EPHB4 . MM cell lines and primary MM plasma cells expressed low to undetectable levels of this family of genes. We exploited our SCID-hu system for primary MM to study the consequences of activation of forward signaling by EphrinB2-Fc or reverse signaling by EphB4-Fc on MM-induced bone disease and MM growth. Twelve SCID-hu mice were engrafted with MM cells from a patient with active MM. Upon detection of MM growth (by human Ig ELISA) and bone disease (radiographically), hosts were locally treated with Fc (control), EphrinB2-Fc or EPHB4 (4 mice/group) for 4 weeks using Alzet pump that continually released 0.11 μg/hour of each compound. While in Fc-treated hosts BMD of the implanted bone was reduced by 8±3% from pretreatment levels, it was increased by EphrinB2-Fc and EPhB4-Fc by 15±8% (p 3 folds (p
The Use and Understanding of Domestic Animals in Early Medieval Northern China

Given the predominance of grain agriculture, scholars have paid scant attention to stockbreeding in pre-modern China. Early Medieval China (220–589) furnishes two useful sources that shed light on ...
Fear and Overnight Capital Flight, or How Severe is the Current Crisis?

The hypothetical, overnight value of selling off US equities in exchange for equities elsewhere, or “capital flight,” is estimated using daily data from 1973. At the median, a one cent increase in the value of capital flight is associated with a one percent rise in the VIX. It is then used to assess the severity of the current crisis. The cumulative value of capital flight during the current crisis is only slightly less than during the 2000-2002 Tech Bubble crash, which lasted twice as long. The peak value is lower than during the October 87 crash.