cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Calculation of Surface Orbital Energies for Specific Types of Active Sites on Dispersed Metal Catalysts

An angular overlap calculation has been used to determine the s, p, and d orbital energy levels of the different types of surface sites present on dispersed metal catalysts. These data can permit a Frontier Molecular Orbital treatment of specific site activities as long as the surface orbital availability for overlap with adsorbed substrates is considered along with its energy value and symmetry.
Functional expressions of the aging brain

In the conventional view, aging of the brain is associated with atrophy vascular abnormalities and loss of volume in hippocampus and amygdala. Cognitively, aging is associated with slowing of processing and memory loss. However, many studies of aging do not examine the cases to exclude demented people. The nutrition and memory in the homebound elderly study (NAME) excluded cases clinically diagnosed as having dementia. Cortical atrophy based on MRI ratings was significantly correlated with vascular disease, white matter hyperintensities, processing speed, and memory but not hippocampus and amygdala volume. Renal function and homocysteine were also associated with cortical atrophy but not with the cognitive variables. In conclusion, brain atrophy of aging in the absence of dementia is related to vascular disease but not hippocampal atrophy. Studies of nutritional interventions should consider using MRI atrophy rather than cognition as outcome.
Glutamate locally activates dendritic outputs of thalamic interneurons

The relay of information through thalamus to cortex is dynamically gated, as illustrated by the retinogeniculocortical pathway. Important to this is the inhibitory interneuron in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). For the typical neuron, synaptic information arrives through postsynaptic dendrites and is transmitted by axon terminals. However, the typical thalamic interneuron, in addition to conventional axonal outputs, has distal dendrites that serve both pre- and postsynaptic roles. These dendritic terminals participate in curious and enigmatic triadic arrangements, in which each contacts a relay cell dendrite and is contacted by a glutamatergic retinal terminal that innervates the same relay cell dendrite. Here we show that agonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activate dendritic terminals of interneurons in the absence of action potentials, thereby inhibiting the postsynaptic relay neuron. Somatic recordings from LGN interneurons reveal that there is no response to mGluR agonists, suggesting that their dendritic terminals are electrically isolated from their somata and axons, consistent with anatomical modelling of these cells. Our results offer insight into the functioning of triadic circuitry and indicate that thalamic interneurons can perform independent computations expressed through axonal as opposed to dendritic outputs.
Dyadic, triadic, and group models of peer supervision/consultation: What are their components, and is there evidence of their effectiveness?

Models that meet the Psychology Board of Australia's definition of peer consultation include dyadic, triadic, and group formats. Components of these models (e.g., goals, theoretical basis, role of leader, members' roles, structure, and steps in procedure, stages in group development) are presented, and evidence of their effectiveness is reviewed. Psychologists are encouraged to identify the model components and goals that match their own learning goals for continuing professional development.
Simultaneous analyses of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine in a rat model of antidepressant action.

Abstract Rationale. The forced swimming test (FST) is a rodent behavioral assay widely used to predict clinical efficacy of putative antidepressants. Few studies have examined the effects of the FST on neurotransmitter levels and how antidepressant drug treatment may alter neurotransmitter levels and behavior simultaneously during the performance of a stressful task. Objectives. The present study examined the role of norepinephrine in mediating active behaviors in the FST after treatment with reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Methods. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze microdialysis samples collected from awake, freely moving rats before, during and after exposure to the FST. Reboxetine (10 mg/kg) was given three times over a 24-h period prior to the test swim. Behavioral responses, including immobility, swimming and climbing, were counted during the 5-min test on day 1 and day 2. Results. The first exposure to swim stress elicited a 65% increase in extracellular norepinephrine (NE). A second exposure on day 2 elicited a 52% increase of NE and a behavioral profile characterized by increased immobility and a reduction of active behaviors. A subchronic course (three injections over 24 h) of treatment with reboxetine between the two swim exposures resulted in antidepressant-like activity, i.e., decreased immobility and increased climbing behavior on day 2. A significantly greater increase in extracellular NE (112%) was observed in the group of animals that received reboxetine injections. Conclusions. Treatment with reboxetine in a schedule commonly used in the FST resulted in a potentiated noradrenergic response to the swim challenge concomitant with behavioral alterations consistent with antidepressant-like activity.
Minding Your Matters: Predicting Satisfaction, Commitment, and Conflict Strategies From Trait Mindfulness

This exploratory study sought to uncover whether trait mindfulness, an individual’s aptitude for focusing on the present moment while refraining from passing negative judgments or processing external cues in a habitual manner, is predictive of more constructive and less destructive approaches to relational conflict. In addition, we looked at its predictive role in relational satisfaction and commitment. Ninety-one participants completed self-report measures on trait mindfulness, relational satisfaction, commitment, and conflict strategies. Results revealed that aspects of mindfulness predict the type of conflict strategy in which people reportedly engage. Mindfulness subscales were also related positively to satisfaction and commitment. In concluding, we discuss limitations and potential avenues for future inquiry in this area.
Sustainability in printed circuit board manufacturing decreasing waste using additive technology

A recent method for printed circuit board technology is studied, which greatly reduces the amount of metallic and chemical waste by using an additive technology, as opposed to traditional processes based on subtractive technology which require the use of large amounts of acids and toxic solvents. We examined the eSurfaceTM process for electroless plating, by fabricating samples from various materials and studying the quality of the deposited patterns. The results show a significant decrease in the use of chemicals, a reduction in the amount of procedures necessary for printed circuit board manufacturing, and an elimination of solvents and etching materials typically used in PCB manufacturing.
Streamflow simulation for continental-scale river basins

A grid network version of the two-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-2L) macroscale hydrologic model is described. VIC-2L is a hydrologically based soil- vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme designed to represent the land surface in numerical weather prediction and climate models. The grid network scheme allows streamflow to be predicted for large continental rivers. Off-line (observed and estimated surface meteorological and radiative forcings) applications of the model to the Columbia River (1° latitude-longitude spatial resolution) and Delaware River (0.5° resolution) are described. The model performed quite well in both applications, reproducing the seasonal hydrograph and annual flow volumes to within a few percent. Difficulties in reproducing observed streamflow in the arid portion of the Snake River basin are attributed to groundwater-surface water interactions, which are not modeled by VIC-2L.
Small Signal Dynamics of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generation in a Chain-Microgrid

Distributed generation, or DG, involves utilization of small generators that are distributed in a power network, to supply the electric power demands of utility customers. This paper presents the analysis of droop based generation control schemes for DG inverters comprising of active power-frequency and reactive power-voltage controllers. This enables decentralized operation with load sharing in a microgrid containing several interconnected DGs. Small-signal models are developed for microgrids consisting of several DGs connected in a chain topology. Mathematical propositions for stability are developed and guidelines are provided for design of controllers to meet the IEEE P1547 performance specifications.
A new perspective on rule support for object-oriented databases

This paper proposes a new approach for supporting reactive capability in an object-oriented database. We introduce an event interface, which extends the conventional object semantics to include the role of an event generator. This interface provides a basis for the specification of events spanning sets of objects, possibly from different classes, and detection of primitive and complex events. This approach clearly separated event detection from rules. New rules can be added and use existing objects, enabling objects to react to their own changes as well as to the changes of other objects.We use a runtime subscription mechanism, between rules and objects to selectively monitor particular objects dynamically. This elegantly supports class level as well as instance level rules. Both events and rules are treated as first class objects.
Dynamics of liquid-droplet spreading: A Monte Carlo study.

We study the spreading of a liquid droplet in two dimensions by means of Monte Carlo simula tions of a nonvolatile Ising-lattice gas model with particle number conservation. Special attention is denoted to the dynamics of the spreading with different substrate-droplet long-range attractive- potential strengths. We study the spreading under both wetting and nonwetting conditions. For wetting conditions there is a precursor film of microscopic thickness and a crossover from a regime where the rate of spreading depends (logarithmically) on the strength of the long-range potential to one where it does not
Estradiol positive feedback on the rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro.

Abstract LH surges can be elicited by estradiol (E 2 ). The mechanism could be either by induction of a surge of hypothalamic LH-RH or by directly increasing the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic LH-RH without an LH-RH surge. In order to study the positive feedback of E 2 on the anterior pituitary gland, without any possible influence of an LH-RH surge, we utilized long-term in vitro superfusion of the anterior pituitary gland. The E 2 concentration was 100 pg/ml and 10 -8 M LH-RH was pulsed every 30 min for 3 min. LH and FSH surge was detected about 21 h after the beginning of the E 2 infusion in all three repeated experiments. No surge was detected in any other channels, i.e. control, E 2 superfusion alone or LH-RH stimulation alone. This study demonstrates that in the rat the induction of the preovulatory LH peak can be accomplished by a direct effect of E 2 upon the anterior pituitary gland, provided it is being stimulated by constant pulses of LH-RH.
Effect of cinacalcet on urine calcium excretion and supersaturation in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is the most common metabolic abnormality in patients with nephrolithiasis. Through successive inbreeding, we have developed a strain of rats whose urine calcium (UCa) excretion is ∼8–10-fold greater than that of control rats and who spontaneously form kidney stones. We have termed these rats genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rats. The physiology of the hypercalciuria in the GHS rats closely parallels that of man. We have recently shown that the GHS rat kidneys have an increased number of receptors for calcium (CaR) compared to Sprague–Dawley rats, the strain of rats originally bred to develop the GHS rats. Calcimimetics, such as cinacalcet (Cin), increase the sensitivity of the CaR to Ca. The effects of Cin on UCa are complex and difficult to predict. We tested the hypothesis that Cin would alter urinary (U) Ca and supersaturation with respect to calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO 4 ) and calcium oxalate (CaOx). GHS or control rats were fed a normal Ca diet (0.6% Ca) for 28 days with Cin (30 mg/kg/24 h) added to the diet of half of each group for the last 14 days. The protocol was then repeated while the rats were fed a low Ca (0.02% Ca) diet. We found that Cin led to a marked reduction in circulating parathyroid hormone and a modest reduction in serum Ca. Cin did not alter UCa when the GHS rats were fed the normal Ca diet but lowered UCa when they were fed the low Ca diet. However, Cin did not alter U supersaturation with respect to either CaOx or CaHPO 4 on either diet. If these findings in GHS rats can be confirmed in man, it suggests that Cin would not be an effective agent in the treatment of human idiopathic hypercalciuria and resultant stone formation.
Addressing Ethnocultural Factors in Treatment for Child Physical Abuse

This article used an ecological model to identify relevant ethnocultural factors (ECFs) and to suggest intervention strategies targeting these factors within combined parent–child cognitive behavioral therapy, an evidence-based treatment (EBT) for families at risk for child physical abuse (CPA). Three case vignettes were presented of families of diverse ethnocultural backgrounds, including a multi-racial African American and European American family, an African American family, and an Arab American family, referred to a specialty clinic after an allegation of inappropriate physical discipline or substantiated physical abuse. The vignettes illustrate strategies to address ECFs, including race and ethnicity, immigration, acculturation, religious beliefs, and sociocultural context, related to parental beliefs and practices about child discipline. Intervention strategies presented provide practical guidance for clinicians working with diverse families. The ECFs identified in this paper can also guide future research in selecting relevant variables for empirical studies on the association between ECFs and the primary domains of intervention in EBT for families at risk for CPA.
Acute Bacterial Sialadenitis: A Study of 29 Cases and Review

Acute bacterial parotitis (ABP) used to be described as a nosocomial postoperative infection associated with a high mortality. A review of the literature on acute bacterial sialadenitis (ABS) revealed Staphylococcus aureus as the most common pathogen. Between 1970 and 1988, 17 patients with ABP and 12 with acute bacterial submandibular sialadenitis (ABSS) were admitted to a university hospital. Cultures of purulent discharge from the salivary ducts of these patients revealed S. aureus in 53% and viridans streptococci in 31%. During the study period, only six nosocomial cases of ABP occurred out of 289,234 admissions. S. aureus was the organism isolated most frequently in the nosocomial cases. There were no deaths, and all patients recovered following antibiotic treatment without surgical drainage. Advances in antimicrobial therapy and fluid management of hospitalized patients have made nosocomial ABS a rare disease with a favorable prognosis. S. aureus remains the most common pathogen causing ABS even in nosocomially infected patients who are not critically ill.
Narcissism and stock market investing: Correlates and consequences of cocksure investing

Two studies tested whether narcissists are prone to making risky stock market investments. In Study 1, narcissistic participants reported being more inclined to invest in stocks that exhibited high volatility (i.e., large price fluctuations). In study 2, participants created hypothetical investment portfolios using a selection of real stocks whose values were tracked for a five-week period. Narcissists selected more highly volatile stocks for their portfolios and this tendency was explained by narcissists’ heightened approach motivation. Narcissists also lost significantly more money during the tracking period—the stock market as a whole declined by approximately 30% during the tracking period—and this was fully explained by the heightened volatility of their investments. Cumulatively, these results suggest that narcissistic personality is linked to risky stock market investing, which is especially maladaptive during periods of economic decline.
Selenium in surface and irrigation water in the Kendrick irrigation district, Wyoming.

High selenium (Se) concentrations have been found in surface waters in the Kendrick Reclamation Project, Wyoming. Precipitation and irrigation water moving over seleniferous soils are contributing causes, and drought may exacerbate this. This study surveyed Se concentrations and discharges in local surface streams, irrigation drains, and the delivery canal. Sites were sampled monthly and analyzed for Se and total suspended solids (TSS). A completely randomized design with two factors (soil parent material and location, inside or outside irrigation district) was used. Mean Se concentrations were 64 μg L − 1 inside the irrigation district on shale soils, 17 μg L − 1 inside the district off shale soils, 5 μg L − 1 outside the district on shale soils, and 3 μg L − 1 outside the district off shale soils. Correlations between discharge and Se concentrations were generally negative, while correlations between discharge and Se load were generally positive. There was little correlation between load and concentration, and little correlation between TSS and Se. A comparison of Se concentrations in streams and drains showed Se concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in streams during the irrigation season, but not in the off-season (p = 0.515). We conclude that higher discharges decrease Se concentration, but increase load. Conversion from flood to sprinkle irrigation may increase Se concentrations by reducing discharge, but decrease Se loads going into the N. Platte River, and will likely alter the timing and magnitude of flows. Both load and concentration should be considered when implementing Se regulations and standards.
High affinity binding sites for epidermal growth factor (EGF) in renal membranes.

Abstract The kidney produces large quantities of EGF but the role of the kidney in binding and degradation of EGF is unknown. We studied 125I-EGF binding and degradation by highly purified cortical luminal and cortical basolateral membranes of rabbit renal cortex, and by medullary plasma membranes. Specific binding for 125I-EGF was found for the first time in cortical basolateral and medullary plasma membranes (60–80% of total binding) but not in cortical luminal membranes. There was little degradation (less than 4%) of EGF by any of the membranes. Scatchard analysis of 125I-EGF binding by cortical basolateral membranes revealed two distinct classes of binding sites: high and low affinity. The existence of high specific binding sites in cortical basolateral and in medullary plasma membranes suggests a physiologic role of EGF in the kidney.
Computer classification system usage in citeseer

The ACM society for computing and professionals provides a digital library whose Computer Classification System (CCS) is based on a taxonomy that has been continuously updated over the years. The CiteSeer digital library contains a large collection of computer science research papers, many of which are tagged with categories from the CCS taxonomy. By analyzing CiteSeer's tagged documents and by considering different time frames, we extracted statistics that shows how the CCS taxonomy covers the publications in computer and information science research sub-fields. We also studied size and growth of categories over the last four available years. We believe that the identification of such trends within taxonomies would greatly help to improve the structure of classification systems and would help the construction of more efficient browsing and searching systems.
BAX Inhibitor-1 Modulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-mediated Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis

The components and pathways that regulate programmed cell death (PCD) in plants remain poorly understood. Here we describe the impact of drug-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on Arabidopsis seedlings and present evidence for the role of Arabidopsis BAX inhibitor-1 (AtBI1) as a modulator of ER stress-mediated PCD. We found that treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with tunicamycin (TM), an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation and an inducer of ER stress by triggering accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, results in strong inhibition of root growth and loss of survival accompanied by typical hallmarks of PCD such as accumulation of H2O2, chromatin condensation, and oligonucleosomal fragmentation of nuclear DNA. These phenotypes are alleviated by co-treatment with either of two different chemical chaperones, sodium 4-phenylbutyrate and tauroursodeoxycholic acid, both with chaperone properties that can reduce the load of misfolded protein in the ER. Expression of AtBI1 mRNA and its promoter activity are increased dramatically prior to initiation of TM-induced PCD. Compared with wild-type plants, two AtBI1 mutants (atbi1-1 and atbi1-2) exhibit hypersensitivity to TM with accelerated PCD progression. Conversely, overexpressing AtBI1 markedly reduces the sensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings to TM. However, alterations in AtBI1 gene expression levels do not cause a significant effect on the expression patterns of typical ER stress-inducible genes (AtBip2, AtPDI, AtCRT1, and AtCNX1). We propose that AtBI1 plays a pivotal role as a highly conserved survival factor during ER stress that acts in parallel to the unfolded protein response pathway.
Affiliated-Individuation as a Mediator of Stress and Burden in Caregivers of Adults with Dementia

The purpose of this study was to test a midrange model based on Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory. The self-care resource of affiliated-individuation was tested to determine its mediational qualities between the stress and burden of caregiving and caregiver life satisfaction. The sample of 107 family caregivers of adults with dementia completed measures of stress, burden, affiliation, individuation, and life satisfaction. All variables were correlated in the expected direction. Affiliated-individuation decreased the effects of stress and burden on caregiver life satisfaction, lending support for the theory-based model.
In vivo hip pressures during cane and load-carrying gait.

Objective. To test the hypotheses that carrying a load reduces hip contact pressure ipsilateral to the load and that using a cane when carrying a load further reduces hip contact pressure. Methods. A Moore-type endoprosthesis with 13 femoral-head pressure transducers was implanted in a human subject following a Garden III fracture. Hip contact pressures were measured during unaided, cane-aided, and load-carrying gait over two years. Results. Relative to unloaded gait, contact pressures increased significantly when ipsilateral to the carried load. Using a contralateral cane when carrying the load reduced ipsilateral posterior-superior contact pressure; however, the hip contralateral to the load experienced significantly higher than normal pressures. Conclusions. Ipsilaterally carried loads may not always provide stress protection of the arthritic hip. Using a cane opposite to the load may aid in restoring normal pressures to the ipsilateral hip, but may expose the contralateral hip to a significant stress burden.
The status of bioenergy development in developing countries

Following a period of increasing oil prices, bioenergy received a wake of renewed attention by policymakers as an alternative renewable energy strategy due to the potential for improving country level energy security, for increasing overall access to energy, stimulating rural development and for curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, concerns about the viability of this strategy and potential conflicts with food demand soon dampened the enthusiasm and raised a number of questions concerning environmental and social sustainability and, more specifically, food security. In reality though, with the exception of the US, Brazil and some European countries, production of modern bioenergy and more specifically liquid biofuels around the world is still limited, especially in the case of Africa where the sector is still in its infancy. The paper gives a detailed overview of production in the African, Asian and Latin American regions illustrating how the three regions of the developing world are working toward bioenergy development, the strategies and policies, and the main hurdles being encountered.
Group climate in a stress discussion group for medical interns

In order to better characterize group process, the short form of the Group Climate Questionnaire (GCQS) was used to study a stress discussion group for medical interns. This group was found to be significantly different from a normative psychotherapy group sample along three major dimensions: Engaged, Avoiding and Conflict. The group members were cohesive, involved and open, yet respectful of each other's privacy. These results are discussed with respect to the group's goals and leadership.
Critical current of grain boundaries in Y Ba 2 Cu 3 O x bicrystal films as a function of oxygen concentration

The effect of oxygen doping on the critical current density JC across [001] tilt grain boundaries in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} thin films, epitaxially grown on bicrystal substrates, is investigated. Grain boundary misorientations were varied between 0 and 24 degrees. It is observed that for 24 degree grain boundaries, the critical current enhancement due to oxygen overdoping can be as large as a factor of 10 when compared to JC at optimal doping (where TC is maximum). This oxygen-induced enhancement of the grain boundary JC is similar to that observed with optimized Ca doping. For 15 degree and 10 degree grain boundaries, the relative enhancement due to oxygen doping is smaller than that of the 24 degree grain boundary. It is observed that the grain boundaries often degrade after repeated oxygen treatments, most likely because of chemical contamination. Much larger enhancements in the grain boundary critical current densities might be achievable with heavy oxygen doping if this competing degradation could be avoided. The critical current is determined using a contact-free magnetic method which measures the maximum current that can be induced by an external field in a ring sample. For a 24 degree grain boundary, we demonstrate that the criticalmore » current determined by the magnetization method is in excellent agreement with JC obtained from transport measurements.« less
Correlating hydrogenation activity with binding energies of hydrogen and cyclohexene on M/Pt(111) (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) bimetallic surfaces

Abstract This study used a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) to determine trends in the hydrogenation activity of cyclohexene on several bimetallic surfaces prepared by modifying Pt(111) with 3d transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu). The hydrogen binding energy (HBE) on the subsurface Pt-3d-Pt(111) “sandwich” structures was significantly lower than that on the corresponding 3d-Pt-Pt(111) surface structures and monometallic parent metal surfaces. The binding of cyclohexene on these surfaces followed the same trend as that of HBE. The weaker binding energies of atomic hydrogen and cyclohexene on Pt-3d-Pt(111) led to a novel low-temperature hydrogenation pathway that did not occur on either 3d-Pt-Pt(111) or the corresponding parent metal surfaces. Pt-Ni-Pt(111) had the highest hydrogenation activity among the surfaces studied, with 0.030 molecules of cyclohexene converted to cyclohexane per surface metal atom. This activity was maximized on the Pt-Ni-Pt(111) surface, which had an intermediate cyclohexene binding energy, leading to a volcano-type relationship between hydrogenation activity and cyclohexene binding energy.
Correction for Exponential Dependence of Viscosity on Temperature for Natural Convection by an Integral Method

It is common to correct for the effect of exponential dependence on inverse absolute temperature of the viscosity on the Nusselt number for laminar natural convection by multiplying the correlation for constant properties by a factor (μ / μ w ) n to obtain Nu=C Ra 1/4 (μ / μ w ) n . That there is a sound basis for the functional form of this corrective term is newly shown by employing an integral method to obtain closed-form solutions to the laminar boundary-layer equations for the case of a vertical plate of specified temperature immersed in such a liquid
Efficient massively parallel eigenvalue computation

In numerical simulations of disordered electronic sys tems, one of the most common approaches is to diag onalize random Hamiltonian matrices and to study the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a single electron in the presence of a random potential. We describe an effort to implement a matrix diagonalization routine for real symmetric dense matrices on massively parallel SIMD computers, the Maspar MP-1 and MP-2 systems. Results of numerical tests and timings are also presented.
Wood chips size distribution in relation to blade wear and screen use

The study investigated the effect of wearing chipper knives on machine productivity, fuel consumption and particles size distribution. The test included two different tree species (poplar and pine), two tree parts (branches and logs) and two screen types (large and medium). Chip quality was defined by CEN international technical standards. Knife wear causes a significant reduction of chipping productivity and a remarkable increase of fuel consumption. The replacement of the standard wide mesh screen with a narrower screen has a similar effect, further decreasing productivity and increasing fuel consumption. For the same screen type and knife wear level, productivity and fuel consumption are the same for poplar and pine. Knife, tree species and tree part also have a significant impact on chip size distribution. Chips produced from logs always contain a smaller proportion of oversize particles and a higher proportion of accepts. For the same large mesh screen, poplar chips tend to be larger than pine chips and to contain a higher proportion of oversize particles. On the contrary, pine chips tend to be smaller and to contain a higher proportion of fines. The use of a narrower mesh screen on pine material does not seem to offer any significant reduction of oversize particles, whose presence is already very limited. Therefore, a standard large mesh screen should be used when chipping pine material.
Selective Oxidation Using Flame Aerosol Synthesized Iron and Vanadium-Doped Nano-TiO2

Selective photocatalytic oxidation of 1-phenyl ethanol to acetophenone using titanium dioxide (TiO 2) raw and doped with Fe or V, prepared by flame aerosol deposition method, was investigated. The effects of metal doping on crystal phase and morphology of the synthesized nanostructured TiO 2 were analyzed using XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and BET nitrogen adsorbed surface area measurement. The increase in the concentration of V and Fe reduced the crystalline structure and the anatase-to-rutile ratios of the synthesized TiO 2. Synthesized TiO 2 became fine amorphous powder as the Fe and V concentrations were increased to 3 and 5%, respectively. Doping V and Fe to TiO 2 synthesized by the flame aerosol increased photocatalytic activity by 6 folds and 2.5 folds, respectively, compared to that of pure TiO 2. It was found that an optimal doping concentration for Fe and V were 0.5% and 3%, respectively. The type and concentration of the metal dopants and the method used to add the dopant to the TiO 2 are critical parameters for enhancing the activity of the resulting photocatalyst. The effects of solvents on the photocatalytic reaction were also investigated by using both water and acetonitrile as the reaction medium.
Superconductivity in ternary iron pnictides: AFe2As2 (A = alkali metal) and LiFeAs

Abstract Superconductivity is observed in AFe2As2 (A = Cs, Rb, K) at temperatures below 4 K. The metastable compound NaFe2As2 displays superconductivity with a high T c = 25 K . These compounds are considered to be strongly hole-overdoped. The stoichiometric LiFeAs is superconducting below 18 K. The origin of superconductivity in LiFeAs is critically investigated and we show that Li deficiency cannot explain the experimental results. We propose that superconducting LiFeAs is stoichiometric and it is equivalent to the high-pressure state of other undoped iron pnictides.
Interdiffusivities and mass transfer coefficients of NaF gas

To clarify the vaporization phenomena of sodium fluoride (NaF), the interdiffusivities of NaF in N2, Ar, and He were measured by thermogravimetric analysis from 1300 to 1770 K. At 1540 K, the interdiffusivity of NaF in N2 (2.46 cm2/s) was slightly larger than that in Ar (2.40 cm2/s), while the interdiffusivity of NaF in He (6.00 cm2/s) was significantly larger than those in the N2 and Ar systems. The Chapman-Enskog equation was used to calculate the interdiffusivities of NaF in N2, Ar, and He. Calculated results were in good agreement with observations for nitrogen and argon; however, calculated results for the NaF-He system were significantly higher than those observed. Overall experimental mass transfer coefficients were described by a Ranz-Marshall type correlation based upon the Nusselt number (Nu), the Reynolds number (Re), and the Schmidt number (Sc): Nu=7.0+0.28 (Re)4(Sc)2 in which the viscosities in the NaF-N2, Ar, or He system were calculated from the Lennard-Jones parameters developed in this study.
Calculation of ejection force of hollow, thin walled, and injection moulded cones

Abstract As far as products of open or closed hollow cones or cylinders are concerned, the moulded parts grip the mould cores after mould opening because of differential thermal contraction. To strip the parts from the mould core, most injection and compression moulds have systems to eject the moulded parts automatically. The ejection force is defined as the force needed to strip the moulded parts from the mould cores. An injection mould with changeable cavities and cores has been designed. Using different configurations of the mould cavities and cores, open (or closed), hollow, thin walled cones in various thicknesses, diameters, lengths, and cone angles were injected. The ejection force was measured using a tensile machine and a specially designed tool. The dependence of the ejection force on the size, wall thickness, cone angle, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio of the moulded parts, and the friction coefficient between steel and plastics are considered and a new method for calculating the ejection forc...
Ester to Amide Switch Peptides Provide a Simple Method for Preparing Monomeric Islet Amyloid Polypeptide under Physiologically Relevant Conditions and Facilitate Investigations of Amyloid Formation

A major issue in studies of amyloid formation is the difficulty of preparing the polypeptide of interest in an initially monomeric state under physiologically relevant conditions. This is particularly problematic for polypeptides which are natively unfolded in their unaggregated state, and perhaps the most challenging such system is islet amyloid polypeptide (Amylin), the causative agent of amyloid formation in type-2 diabetes. Preparation of islet amyloid polypeptide with the Ser-19 Ser-20 amide bond replaced by an ester circumvents these problems. The modified peptide is unstructured and monomeric at slightly acidic pH's as judged by analytical ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, dynamic light scattering, and CD. A rapid pH jump leads to deprotonation of the Ser-20 amide group, and a subsequent rapid O to N acyl shift regenerates normal human islet amyloid polypeptide. The half time, t(1/2), for the conversion to normal islet amyloid polypeptide is 70 s at pH 7.4. The amyloid fibrils which are formed by the regenerated islet amyloid polypeptide are indistinguishable from those formed by the wild type polypeptide. The approach allows studies of amyloid formation by islet amyloid polypeptide to be carried out from a well-defined, physiologically relevant starting state in the absence of denaturants or organic cosolvents.
Confidence interval scatterplots for evaluating confidence interval performance

Confidence intervals are widely used to determine an interval, estimated from data, that contains a population parameter with a prescribed probability. Kang and Schmeiser (1986) introduce a scatterplot that is useful in comparing the effectiveness of different confidence interval procedures based on performance measures such as the coverage, the expected interval width and the variance of the interval width. This paper examines the usefulness of this confidence interval scatterplot (CSI) for evaluating approximate confidence intervals, as illustrated by the comparison of simultation output analysis techniques for correlated observations.
Sequencing, identification and mapping of primed L1 elements (SIMPLE) reveals significant variation in full length L1 elements between individuals

There are over a half a million copies of L1 retroelements in the human genome which are responsible for as much as 0.5% of new human genetic diseases. Most new L1 inserts arise from young source elements that are polymorphic in the human genome. Highly active polymorphic “hot” L1 source elements have been shown to be capable of extremely high levels of mobilization and result in numerous instances of disease. Additionally, hot polymorphic L1s have been described to be highly active within numerous cancer genomes. These hot L1s result in mutagenesis by insertion of new L1 copies elsewhere in the genome, but also have been shown to generate additional full length L1 insertions which are also hot and able to further retrotranspose. Through this mechanism, hot L1s may amplify within a tumor and result in a continued cycle of mutagenesis. We have developed a method to detect full-length, polymorphic L1 elements using a targeted next generation sequencing approach, Sequencing Identification and Mapping of Primed L1 Elements (SIMPLE). SIMPLE has 94% sensitivity and detects nearly all full-length L1 elements in a genome. SIMPLE will allow researchers to identify hot mutagenic full-length L1s as potential drivers of genome instability. Using SIMPLE we find that the typical individual has approximately 100 non-reference, polymorphic L1 elements in their genome. These elements are at relatively low population frequencies relative to previously identified polymorphic L1 elements and demonstrate the tremendous diversity in potentially active L1 elements in the human population.
Evaluating a Seminar on Stress Management.

A psychology seminar on stress management is described and evaluated. Though instruments changed in six classes over a 6- year period, students reported significantly less general anxiety, general anger, situational stress reactivity, and stress-related physiological reactivity after the class than before. Follow-ups conducted with two classes showed maintenance of these effects. These results suggest that the classroom can be a practical medium for increasing academic knowledge about and personal skills for stress reduction.
Cultural notions of fertility in South Asia and their impact on Sri Lankan family planning practices

In this paper we address a topic crucial to the field of family planning, yet rarely identified as a subject for research: cultural perceptions of fertility. Data from two ethnographic contexts will be presented: South Kanara District, Karnataka State, India and Low Country, Southwest Sri Lanka. A case study which sparked our curiosity in the cultural perception of fertility will initially be introduced, followed by a general discussion of the anthropological literature on fertility and conception in India. In most of this literature, conception is discussed in relation to systems of descent. Moving beyond textual sources, we will present field data on folk notions of fertility collected in both South India and Sri Lanka during the course of medical anthropological research. In the Sri Lankan context, attention will additionally be paid to how health ideology affects family planning behavior; more specifically, for whom a “safe period” constitutes a popular traditional mode of fertility control.2 Turning to family planning programs in Sri Lanka, we will suggest that the provision of fertility cycle education for the 25–35 year old age cohort could result in a more effective usage of safe period with condoms as a popular means of birth control. While most members of this group have expressed a marked desire for birth postponement and spacing, they presently underutilize modern family planning methods (Contraceptive Prevalence Survey 1983).
PROSTITUTION, IV DRUG USE, AND SEXFOR-CRACK EXCHANGES AMONG SERIOUS DELINQUENTS: RISKS FOR HIV INFECTION*

There is mounting evidence that HIV infection among adolescents is increasing, particularly among minorities and inner-city youths involved in certain high-risk activities, such as multiple sex partners and intravenous drug use. Interviews conducted “on the street” with 611 seriously delinquent male and female adolescents (ages 12–17) included questions about their involvement in prostitution, intravenous drug use, and sex-for-crack exchanges. Findings included high percentages of youths engaged in these HIV-risk activities and a consistent association between all of them and greater illicit drug use. This would suggest that these risk behaviors may be surprisingly prevalent among some inner-city adolescent groups. Special AIDS prevention/intervention targeting these groups is warranted and urgently needed. Drug treatment should be a central focus of such programs.
Flue-Gas Carbon Capture on Carbonaceous Sorbents: Toward a Low-Cost Multifunctional Carbon Filter for "Green" Energy Producers †

A low-pressure Carbon Filter Process (patent pending) is proposed to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from flue gas. This filter is filled with a low-cost carbonaceous sorbent, such as activated carbon or charcoal, which has a high affinity (and, hence, high capacity) to CO2 but not to nitrogen (N2). This, in turn, leads to a high CO2/N2 selectivity, especially at low pressures. The Carbon Filter Process proposed in this work can recover at least 90% of flue-gas CO2 of 90%+ purity at a fraction of the cost normally associated with the conventional amine absorption process. The Carbon Filter Process requires neither expensive materials nor flue-gas compression or refrigeration, and it is easy to heat integrate with an existing or grassroots power plant without affecting the cost of the produced electricity too much. An abundant supply of low-cost CO2 from electricity producers is good news for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced coal-bed methane recovery (ECBMR) operators, because it will lead to higher o...
Optical diffractometer for facilitation of x-ray diffraction studies of macromolecular structures.

An instrument employing optical analogies to the diffraction of x-rays by macromolecular substances is described. Simple and readily obtainable components, materials and procedures are involved. Photographic methods are used to reduce the size of models for trial structures in forming masks whose optical diffraction is then compared with the x-ray diffraction of real structures. Conversely, the diffractometer can be employed to synthesize images of structures from masks simulating observed x-ray diffraction.Applications are described dealing with the investigation of helical chain molecules (polypeptide α helices, collagen and deoxyribonucleate molecules); with the study of larger sized structures exhibiting small-angle x-ray diffraction (e.g., collagen fibrils); and with image synthesis for centrosymmetric configurations (phthalocyanine).
Advective and transient effects in combined AFM/SECM operation

Abstract The role of transient effects and advective transport of species has been investigated for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the context of a frame electrode integrated with an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe. Numerical simulations indicate that for mass diffusion Peclet numbers corresponding to typical diffusivities, length scales and velocity scales (Pe ⩽ 0.1), the use of a steady-state diffusion model for species transport to SECM electrodes is appropriate. Some experiments could fall outside this regime, and it is therefore necessary to carefully determine appropriate length and velocity scales on a case-by-case basis. We also present original additions to frame electrode theory and the use of the boundary element method in numerical simulation of SECM.
Gastroduodenal mucosal defense

The gastroduodenal mucosa withstands injury from acid, drugs, foodstuffs, and other factors. Defense mechanisms include pre-epithelial and epithelial barriers, submucosal acid sensors, prostaglandin generation, endogenous protective gases, and other chemical mediators. Recent studies have focused on proteinase-activated receptors and their linkage to prostaglandin formation, as well as on antioxidants targeted to reduce harmful reactive oxygen species. Investigation continues into the protective roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide, hydrogen sulfide, annexin-1, survivin, and methylnicotinamide. This article also summarizes some new findings on the genetics of ulcer formation and the effects of age and gender on mucosal defense and touches on current developments in drugs, including considerations for future therapeutic agents.
The h, k-equal Partition Lattice is EL-shellable when h \geq k

It has been shown that the h, k-equal partition lattice \(\tilde \Pi_n^{h, k}\) is EL-shellable when h < k. We produce an EL-shelling for \(\tilde \Pi_n^{h, k}\) when n ≥ h ≥ k ≥ 2 and observe that, in this shelling, there are no weakly decreasing chains. This shows that \(\tilde \Pi_n^{h, k}\) is contractible for such values of h and k, which can also be seen by the fact that \(\tilde \Pi_n^{h, k}\) is noncomplemented.