cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification of an Edwardsiella ictaluri-specific diagnostic PCR

Aims: To verify the specificity of a PCR assay for the identification and diagnosis of Edwardsiella ictaluri. Methods and Results: An Edwardsiella ictaluri-specific PCR assay was developed utilizing two features of the ribosomal DNA gene clusters. The first feature is the presence of two ribosomal gene clusters located in tandem to one another (the inter-ribosomal spacer, IRS). This characteristic is present in the Edwardsiella genus but absent in the other sequenced members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The second feature is the presence of an intervening sequence (IVS) in the 23S rRNA gene of Edw. ictaluri. To verify the specificity of this assay, we tested genomic DNA from a variety of bacterial species. The IVS/IRS PCR assay results in an c. 2000-bp product from all Edw. ictaluri isolates tested, but not from any other species including Edwardsiella tarda. Conclusions: The IVS/IRS PCR assay is highly specific for Edw. ictaluri and useful as a tool for identifying this pathogen. Significance and Impact of the Study: This research verifies the specificity of PCR-based assay for Edw. Ictaluri, and we describe this assay as a highly versatile diagnostic tool for its identification.
Fluctuations in the Primordial Fireball

ONE of the overwhelming difficulties of realistic cosmological models is the inadequacy of Einstein's gravitational theory to explain the process of galaxy formation1–6. A means of evading this problem has been to postulate an initial spectrum of primordial fluctuations7. The interpretation of the recently discovered 3° K microwave background as being of cosmological origin8,9 implies that fluctuations may not condense out of the expanding universe until an epoch when matter and radiation have decoupled4, at a temperature TD of the order of 4,000° K. The question may then be posed: would fluctuations in the primordial fireball survive to an epoch when galaxy formation is possible ?
Attribution of freedom in a persuasive communication situation

An experiment was conducted to investigate variables which affect a communicator’s attribution of freedom to a communicatee. A communicator delivered a communication to a communicatee who reacted either favorably or unfavorably. Further, the communicator expected to have to deliver a subsequent communication either to the same communicatee or to a different communicatee. As predicted, greater freedom was attributed to the communicatee (1) when the reaction to the communication was favorable than when it was unfavorable, and (2) when a subsequent communication was to be directed toward the same communicatee than when it was to be directed toward a different communicatee. These findings were discussed in terms of a person’s need for compliance and the role of the attribution of freedom in serving this need. Evidence was also provided about the relationship between the attribution of freedom and liking.
Solvent accessible surface area approximations for rapid and accurate protein structure prediction

The burial of hydrophobic amino acids in the protein core is a driving force in protein folding. The extent to which an amino acid interacts with the solvent and the protein core is naturally proportional to the surface area exposed to these environments. However, an accurate calculation of the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), a geometric measure of this exposure, is numerically demanding as it is not pair-wise decomposable. Furthermore, it depends on a full-atom representation of the molecule. This manuscript introduces a series of four SASA approximations of increasing computational complexity and accuracy as well as knowledge-based environment free energy potentials based on these SASA approximations. Their ability to distinguish correctly from incorrectly folded protein models is assessed to balance speed and accuracy for protein structure prediction. We find the newly developed “Neighbor Vector” algorithm provides the most optimal balance of accurate yet rapid exposure measures.
Carryover and Backfire Effects in Marketing Research

The author examines how rating a brand on specific attributes early in a survey affects responses to a later overall brand evaluation. Specifically, she investigates the conditions under which resp...
Ceramic montmorillonite nanocomposites by electrochemical synthesis

Abstract Nanocomposite powders of montmorillonite and cerium oxide are synthesized using an electrochemical technique. X-ray diffraction of the nanocomposites shows a random orientation of the powders with particle sizes as small as 4–6 nm. The montmorillonite percentage in the nanocomposite is also shown to affect sintering rates and particle size growth as shown by X-ray diffraction. Fourier transmission infrared measurements confirm the presence of individual platelets of the montmorillonite within the nanocomposite matrix. Nanocomposites containing 1% of the montmorillonite in the matrix increase crystallization, while higher percentages of montmorillonite inhibit particle growth during sintering.
Integrating Core it Processes: A Case Study

Abstract Because of their growing importance, IT organizations are reexamining how they manage their core processes. Most often, these processes are disconnected, isolated, and barely controlled. the IT organization studied in this article used a holistic approach to evaluate, design, and implement a framework that integrates core IT processes. This integration helped the IT department to gain control of its key activities.
Cholest-3,5-dien-7-one formation in peroxidized human plasma as an indicator of lipoprotein cholesterol peroxidation potential

Abstract Lipoprotein peroxidation susceptibility is routinely evaluated using products of unsaturated fatty acids as markers (e.g., malonaldehyde). The significance and factors influencing peroxidation of cholesterol moiety of lipoproteins are relatively unknown due to lack of a reliable marker product which can be measured easily. Under the influence of Cu2+ ions, the major product of lipoprotein cholesterol peroxidation (isolated after saponification) was cholest-3-5-dien-7-one (CSD). Apart from gas-liquid chromatography, this compound lends itself for measurement by alternative methods. Due to lack of the 3β-hydroxyl group, CSD was separated from the rest of the oxysterols and cholesterol by passing through digitonin-coated silica-gel G and its concentration was determined by absorption at 283 nm. The recovery of CSD by this method exceeded by 87%. The formation of CSD was also sensitive to vitamin E and therefore could be used as an index of lipoprotein cholesterol susceptibility to peroxidation.
Nitric oxide metabolites and preterm pregnancy complications

Objective: Intraamniotic infection may play a significant role in preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. Synthesis of nitric oxide and its metabolites nitrite and nitrate purportedly are increased in infection. This project was designed to evaluate whether plasma or urine nitrate concentrations are increased in patients with either preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes in comparison with pregnant controls. Study Design: A total of 42 patients between 24 and 35 weeks' gestation (20 with preterm labor; 14 with premature rupture of membranes, and 8 with premature rupture of membranes and contractions) and 35 additional patients without preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes (controls) had blood and urine collected for nitrate determination. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite and quantitated with the Griess reagent. Results: The urine nitrate concentrations were significantly higher only in the preterm labor group compared with the control group (1.23 ± 0.22 vs 0.67 ± 0.05 μmol/mg creatinine, p p p > 0.2). Finally, the presence of positive cervical or urine cultures, a clinical examination consistent with chorioamnionitis, or a maternal temperature > 100.4°F was not associated with higher levels of nitrates in this small series of patients. Conclusion: Patients with preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes do have increased nitrate concentrations; however, this increased concentration is not predictive of impending delivery but may indicate that a subclinical infectious process is occurring.
Neuroimaging studies of serotonin gene polymorphisms: exploring the interplay of genes, brain, and behavior.

Because of the unique ability it provides to investigate information processing at the level of neural systems, functional neuroimaging is a powerful tool to explore the relationship between genes, brain, and behavior. Recently, functional neuroimaging has provided dramatic illustrations of how a promoter polymorphism in the human serotonin transporter gene, which has been weakly related to several dimensions of emotional behaviors (such as neuroticism and anxiety traits), is strongly related to the engagement of neural systems—namely, the amygdala and subgenual prefrontal cortex, subserving emotional information processing. This review will outline the experimental strategy by which these genetic effects on brain function have been explored and highlight the effectiveness of this strategy to delineate biological pathways and mechanisms contributing to the emergence of individual differences in brain function that potentially bias behavior and risk for psychiatric illness. Correspondence relating to this article may be sent to A. R. Hariri,
Digital mapping of riverine waterway hydrodynamic and geomorphic features

This paper proposes an innovative, non-intrusive method for mapping waterway characteristics in riverine areas. The technique uses photogrammetry to provide quantitative information about the dry area in the vicinity of the waterways (banks and floodplain) and image processing algorithms to characterize the flow. Riverside images of a riverine area are decomposed into quasi-planar areas and ortho-rectified and re-assembled to obtain a panoramic ortho-view of the area of interest. Morphological features of interest (such as river bank positions, flood plain edges, mud deposits, vegetation and erosion patterns) are then identified on the ortho-view and mapped digitally. Image sequences of the river flow are recorded, allowing a surface velocity analysis to be obtained through Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV). Finally, the mapped elements and the surface velocities are displayed together in a GIS-like visualization. Through the presentation of a case study of a flood event at a culvert site, this paper demonstrates the capability of the technique to monitor characteristics of waterways over time. The method is inexpen-sive (a conventional video or digital camera can be used), fast and requires minimum preparation. It can be applied in such important river-related research areas as morphodynamic and sediment transport studies. It also fosters an improved understand-ing of the coupling between the river and its banks, which is essential for river restoration and eco-habitat studies. The present methodology is readily available for implementation in routine bridge inspections, fitted with an easy-to-use graphical interface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Variability of Water and Bromide Transport Through Variably Saturated Soil Blocks

Water and solute transport pathways through soil are very complex. Soil properties affecting solute transport vary spatially and temporally within a soil profile and across landscape positions. The objective of this laboratory study was to evaluate water and bromide (Br) transport through 38- by 38- by 60-cm-deep undisturbed blocks of Cecil soil (Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) collected from three contrasting landscape positions (interfluve, linear slope, and foot slope) in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Two replicate soil blocks from each position were placed on a grid lysimeter-plate effluent collection system which facilitated collection of the effluent from 81 discrete cells under -2.5 kPa pressure. Each block was equilibrated for 5 d with a once daily application of 3.5 L of 0.005 M CaSO 4 solution by a water drop applicator at a rate of 14 mm h -1 . Four-hundred mL of KBr solution (4000 g Br m -2 ) was uniformly sprayed onto the soil surface. Thereafter, 3.5 L of 0.005 M CaSO 4 solution was applied daily for the duration of each experiment (19-33 d). Effluent volume and Br concentration in the effluent were measured daily for each of the 81 4 by 4-cm cells. Cumulative water outflow and Br distribution plots, spatial distribution of cumulative effluent percent, frequency plots, and Br breakthrough curves (BTCs) showed that differences in preferential flow of water and Br occurred for soil blocks from different landscape positions. Differences in preferential flow of water and Br were attributed to soil horizon thickness, soil texture and structure, macroporosity, and slope gradient. Preferential flow of water and Br under variably saturated conditions was found to be highly variable within a given soil profile and that differences in the distribution and magnitude of preferential flow occurred across topographic positions.
sp-9-(o-Methylphenyl)fluorene.

While the barriers of rotation of the sp and ap rotamers of 9-(o-methyl­phenyl)­fluorene, C20H16, are sufficiently similar to permit them to equilibrate, both being observed (NMR) in solution, crystallization provides the sp rotamer, (I), exclusively. Although in the sp conformation the intramolecular distance between adjacent C atoms of the phenyl and fluorene rings is small [3.382 (4) A, within 0.02 A of the sum of the van der Waals radii], in the ap conformation the distance between the adjacent o-CH3 group on the phenyl ring and C atom of the fluorene ring would be much closer, based on that exhibited in the crystalline ap progenitor 9-(o-methyl­phenyl)-9-fluorenol. The angle between the fluorene and 9-aryl planes of (I) is 75.82 (10)°.
Toward a history of social science publishing in the United States

Tracing social science publishing back to the eighteenth century, this article discusses the role of the federal government, commercial presses, nonprofit foundations, racial and ethnic publishing groups, professional societies and university presses. The contributions of individual social scientists and publishers are noted, as are recent trends in the field.
Nutrition: When guests turn hostile.

The impact of a diet, no matter how rich it is, depends crucially on the host's resident gut microbes. Treatment of severe malnutrition with antibiotics may affect the composition of this microbiota to favour better use of nutrients.
I-131 DOSE TO HUMAN THYROIDS IN NEW YORK CITY FROM NUCLEAR TESTS IN 1962.

Abstract—During the U.S. and U.S.S.R. nuclear weapons tests in 1962, the I131 content was measured in 456 human thyroids dissected at autopsies of New York residents with no known history of thyroid disease. Measurements were also made of thirty-one fetal thyroids, including five cases in which the maternal thyroids were also available for post-mortem study. In addition, in vivo measurements were made of the uptake of I131 in eleven normal adults who consumed known amounts of fresh milk contaminated with I131 from the weapons tests. Daily measurements of the milk distributed in New York City revealed that the average concentration of I131 was 38 pc/l. during the period from May 19, when this nuclide was first detected in the city, until January 5, 1963, when the study was discontinued. The maximum concentration was 370 pc/l. late in September. The most heavily exposed members of the population of New York City, based on measurements of dissected thyroids, received a thyroid dose of 40 mrad as a result of the 1962 nuclear tests. During a comparable period of time, in vivo measurements of adults who were consuming an average of 0.82 1. fresh milk/day disclosed the mean thyroid burden in the group to be 300 ± 130 pc compared to a mean of 88 ± 74 pc for the dissected thyroids during the same period. Although the latter thyroids were shown to contain less I131, on the average, than the in vivo cases selected from relatively heavy milk drinkers, the Medical Examiner's cases gave higher I131 values than hospital cases that came to autopsy. Using the measured values of I131 in milk as a basis of calculation, it is estimated that a child whose thyroid weighs 2 g and who consumes 1 l. milk/day received a dose of 140 mrad during the period covered by this study. The highest concentration of I131 in the thyroids of this series was 630 pc/g in a 20-mg thyroid from a 3-month fetus.
A new micromethod for the in vitro detection of antiplatelet antibodies: C-FDA thrombocytotoxicity

A new microtechnique, C-FDA, for the in vitro detection of antiplatelet antibodies, is described. This technique is faster and simpler than either 51Cr thrombocytotoxicity or immunofluorescence (IF). C-FDA is more sensitive than 51Cr for all (anti-HLA, --P1A1, ABO, drug-related, and ITP-related) antibodies tested. Although IF was more sensitive for many types of antibodies, C-FDA was as good or better a clinical test method for all drug-related and isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia patient sera tested. Preliminary data also suggest that this method detects possible new non-HLA, non-ABO, nonP1A1 platelet antigens.
The game changer

Aside from its inability to accurately triage patients with obstructive disease to the interventional laboratory [(1)][1], the noninvasive evaluation of coronary artery disease has been plagued from its inception by a poorly appreciated, fundamental paradox that renders its application to individual
NEW EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE LINKAGE TO EXTRACELLULAR SPACE OF OUTER SEGMENT SACCULES OF FROG CONES BUT NOT RODS

Previous electron microscopic examinations of outer segments of photoreceptors suggest that many flattened saccules of cones are continuous with the cell membrane and that their lumina connect with the extracellular compartment but that most saccules in rods appear to lack these connections. The saccules probably contain photolabile pigment, and certain potentials appear to result from dipole formation during pigment bleaching. The detection of dipoles from rod saccules may require that the lumina of rod saccules connect with extracellular space, and questions have been raised whether the interpretation of micrographs is correct or the isolation of rod saccules is the result of artifact. Accordingly, lanthanum and barium precipitates were produced near fixed and unfixed frog photoreceptors. Lanthanum precipitates appeared to infiltrate the saccules of fixed cones and the few surviving cones exposed prior to fixation, but no rod saccules were infiltrated except occasional, most basal saccules or saccules within narrow zones of probable damage. Barium precipitates did not infiltrate saccules of either variety of unfixed photoreceptor, but they did occasionally infiltrate around the saccules at points of damage in rod outer segments. The results thus support the view of the patency of saccules of frog cones and are consistent with, but do not prove, the isolation of saccules of frog rods.
A novel class of Helitron-related transposable elements in maize contain portions of multiple pseudogenes.

We recently described a maize mutant caused by an insertion of a Helitron type transposable element (Lal, S.K., Giroux, M.J., Brendel, V., Vallejos, E. and Hannah, L.C., 2003, Plant Cell, 15: 381–391). Here we describe another Helitron insertion in the barren stalk1 gene of maize. The termini of a 6525 bp insertion in the proximal promoter region of the mutant reference allele of maize barren stalk1 gene (ba1-ref) shares striking similarity to the Helitron insertion we reported in the Shrunken-2 gene. This insertion is embedded with pseudogenes that differ from the pseudogenes discovered in the mutant Shrunken-2 insertion. Using the common terminal ends of the mutant insertions as a query, we discovered other Helitron insertions in maize BAC clones. Based on the comparison of the insertion site and PCR amplified genomic sequences, these elements inserted between AT dinucleotides. These putative non-autonomous Helitroninsertions completely lacked sequences similar to RPA (replication protein A) and DNA Helicases reported in other species. A blastn analysis indicated that both the 5′ and 3′ termini of Helitrons are repeated in the maize genome. These data provide strong evidence that Helitron type transposable elements are active and may have played an essential role in the evolution and expansion of the maize genome.
Medications for stimulant abuse: Agonist-based strategies and preclinical evaluation of the mixed-action D₂ partial agonist aripiprazole (Abilify®).

The utility of full and partial agonists for the management of opioid addiction and smoking behavior has encouraged the development of dopamine partial agonist-based medications for treating monoaminergic stimulant abuse and addiction. Aripiprazole, a recently introduced atypical antipsychotic with D-sub-2 partial agonist actions, has been studied in mice, rats, and man, but its ability to attenuate abuse- and addiction-related effects of cocaine or methamphetamine remains controversial. The present studies in monkeys were conducted to further evaluate aripiprazole as a candidate medication. The effects of aripiprazole on overt behavior were first compared with those of other dopamine-related drugs. In contrast to D-sub-2 full agonists, aripiprazole did not induce self-scratching. Like D-sub-2 receptor blockers, however, aripiprazole occasioned dose-related increases in catalepsy-associated behavior that, at the highest doses, were characterized most prominently by periods of stillness and immobility. In methamphetamine-discrimination experiments, aripiprazole did not engender responding on the methamphetamine-associated lever; rather, aripiprazole antagonized the discriminative-stimulus effects of methamphetamine by shifting its dose-effect function rightward. In self-administration "choice" experiments, acute or chronic treatment with aripiprazole did not attenuate the reinforcing strength of intravenous cocaine relative to food delivery. However, like D-sub-2 full agonists, priming injections of aripiprazole prior to sessions of intravenous saline availability engendered comparable levels of responding on levers leading to food delivery and intravenous injections. The present findings indicate that agonist and antagonist effects of aripiprazole are evident under different experimental conditions and that, like D-sub-2 full agonists, aripiprazole may have limited value for treating monoaminergic stimulant abuse and addiction.
Observation of an ultrahigh-temperature ferromagnetic-like transition in iron-contaminated multiwalled carbon nanotube mats

We report magnetic measurements up to 1200 K on iron-contaminated multiwalled carbon nanotube mats with a Quantum Design vibrating sample magnetometer. Extensive magnetic data consistently show a ferrromagnetic transition at about 1000 K and a ferromagnetic-like transition at about 1275 K. The ferromagnetic transition at about 1000 K is associated with an Fe impurity phase and its saturation magnetization is in quantitative agreement with the Fe concentration measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. On the other hand, the saturation magnetization for the ferromagnetic-like phase at 1275 K is about 4 orders of magnitude larger than that expected from the measured concentration of Co or CoFe. We show that this ultrahigh-temperature ferromagnetic-like UHTFL transition is not consistent with ferromagnetism of any Fe-carbon phases, carbon-based phases, or magnetic impurities. Alternatively, the observed magnetic behavior of the UHTFL phase is phenomenologically explained in terms of the paramagnetic Meissner effect orbital ferromagnetism due to the existence of Josephson junctions in a granular superconductor.
Role of river-suspended material in the global carbon cycle: Comment and Reply COMMENT

[Gislason et al. (2006)][1] make a claim that would significantly change our understanding of the long-term carbon cycle. They argue that reaction of basalt glass in seawater (especially in what they call the “fluidized bed reactors” in the delta environment) constitutes a significant,
the business of illegal gambling: an examination of the gambling business of vietnamese cafés

Since the mid-1990s, a new type of a video poker machine appeared in Vietnamese cafes in southern California. These machines change from video game mode to gambling mode using a remote control, therefore making it difficult for law enforcement to detect gambling. This study was conducted to better understand the social structure and gambling procedures of one Vietnamese cafe in southern California that uses these gambling machines. Data were collected throughout a 12-week period of covert observations. The findings detailed and described the gambling process and indicated that the social structure plays an important role in maintaining the cafe community.
Loci of limit cycles.

A recent method of Delamotte [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3361 (1993)] for obtaining approximate analytic expressions for the loci of limit cycles in one variable is applied to coupled nonlinear first-order rate equations in several variables, the typical case for most models based on chemical kinetics. The first-order approximation works well near a bifurcation point, with higher-order terms being required the further the system is from the bifurcation point. The method complements linear stability analysis (which gives the limiting frequency of the limit cycle at the bifurcation point) by giving a simple method with which to construct an explicit formula that gives the evolution in space and time of a limit cycle near a bifurcation point.
Modulation of the Rat Alveolar Macrophage Respiratory Burst by Hydroperoxides Is Calcium Dependent

Abstract Sublethal concentrations of hydroperoxides (H 2 O 2 or tert-butylhydroperoxide) produce a dual effect upon the respiratory burst of rat alveolar macrophages in which low concentrations ( M ) enhance and higher concentrations (>50 μ M ) produce inhibition (J. K. Murphy, et al., Free Radical. Biol. Med. 18, 37–45, 1995). These effects correlate with transient versus sustained elevation of [Ca 2+ ] i caused by exposure to hydroperoxides prior to stimulation of the respiratory burst. In the present study changes in [Ca 2+ ] i caused by exposure to sublethal levels of hydroperoxide were buffered by incubating macrophages with the acetoxymethyl ester of BAPTA, an intracellular Ca 2+ chelator. The enhancement of the phorbol ester-stimulated respiratory burst by tBOOH was abolished by BAPTA, while the inhibition was attenuated. Thus, the modulation by tBOOH appears to be largely dependent upon the changes in [Ca 2+ ] i . Receptor mediated stimulation of the respiratory burst (ADP stimulation) involves release of Ca 2+ from the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 )-sensitive pool in the endoplasmic reticulum. Comparisons were made of the effects of thapsigargin (TG), an endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase inhibitor, with tBOOH on release of intracellular Ca 2+ and the respiratory burst. Treatment with TG did not affect changes in [Ca 2+ ] i caused by tBOOH or vice versa. Although TG decreased the ADP-stimulated respiratory burst, it had no effect upon tBOOH modulation. Thus, the effect of tBOOH upon the respiratory burst is dependent upon the release of Ca 2+ and the release of Ca 2+ occurs from a non-IP 3 -dependent pool. This aberrant mimicry of normal signal transduction underlies oxidative modulation of the respiratory burst.
The Electromagnetic Properties of Dirac Particles

A framework for describing those electromagnetic properties of Dirac (spin-\textonehalf{}) particles which determine their behavior when moving with low momentum through weak, slowly varying, external electromagnetic fields is developed by finding the most general interaction terms which may be added to the Dirac equation for the particle subject to appropriate conditions. The interaction terms found form an infinite series involving arbitrarily high derivatives of the electromagnetic potentials evaluated at the position of the particle. The series of coefficients of these terms then characterize the properties to be described and can be interpreted as a series of moments of the charge and current distribution associated with the Dirac particle. The first coefficient represents the charge of the particle, the second its anomalous magnetic moment. The third is a measure of the spatial extent of the particle's charge distribution, and the corresponding term describes a direct interaction of the particle and the charge distribution responsible for the external electromagnetic field. Higher terms in the series describe direct interactions of the particle with various derivatives of the external charge and current distribution. The correct physical interpretation of the terms is examined by transforming to the Foldy-Wouthuysen (nonrelativistic) representation of the Dirac equation. The consistency of the framework developed with field theoretical results is discussed. Limitations of the characterization derived here and the possibilities of broadening the assumptions on which it is based are examined. The results are applied in the succeeding paper to the interpretation of the electromagnetic properties of nucleons with particular reference to the electron-neutron interaction.
Developing strategies for HIV-1 eradication.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses HIV-1 replication, transforming the outlook for infected patients. However, reservoirs of replication-competent forms of the virus persist during HAART, and when treatment is stopped, high rates of HIV-1 replication return. Recent insights into HIV-1 latency, as well as a report that HIV-1 infection was eradicated in one individual, have renewed interest in finding a cure for HIV-1 infection. Strategies for HIV-1 eradication include gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, stimulating host immunity to control HIV-1 replication, and targeting latent HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells. Future efforts should aim to provide better understanding of how to reconstitute the CD4+ T cell compartment with genetically engineered cells, exert immune control over HIV-1 replication, and identify and eliminate all viral reservoirs.
Neural regulation of enzymes in muscle fibers of red and white muscle

Abstract The histochemically elicitable mosaic pattern seen in cross sections of muscle purportedly reflects physiological characteristics of constituent muscle fibers. In slowly-contracting soleus muscle most fibers have moderate succinic dehydrogenase (aerobic) and little phosphorylase (anaerobic) activity. Fast-contracting muscles, i.e., gastrocnemius, plantaris, have in addition masses of phosphorylase-rich fibers possessing varying degrees of succinic dehydrogenase activity. The physiological interconvertibility of fast and slow muscles by cross innervation is well established. Metabolic alterations were sought as a consequence of reinnervation of muscle fibers by alien neurons. Unilateral random reinnervation of calf muscles in rats was achieved by transection and reunion of the sciatic nerve in adults and weanlings, and presumably in neonatal animals by extensive crushing of the sciatic nerve. After 6 months the muscles were studied histochemically for succinic dehydrogenase and phosphorylase activity. In all muscles the usual mosaic pattern was gone. In gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles large areas often contained a single variety of muscle fiber characteristic of types observed in control muscles. The reinnervated soleus muscles of all animals, except those operated on as neonates, possessed many groups of fibers of histochemical types not observed in the normal soleus. These histochemical types do occur in fast muscles. Their presence in soleus muscles after sciatic regeneration is probably due to reinnervation by alien nerve processes. The groups of histochemically similar muscle fibers probably reflect collateral sprouting of first-arrived neurons with formation of motor units in restricted locales. The metabolic character of muscle fibers is apparently neuron regulated, and subject to alteration with change in innervation.
A quality control mechanism linking meiotic success to release of ascospores.

Eukaryotic organisms employ a variety of mechanisms during meiosis to assess and ensure the quality of their gametes. Defects or delays in successful meiotic recombination activate conserved mechanisms to delay the meiotic divisions, but many multicellular eukaryotes also induce cell death programs to eliminate gametes deemed to have failed during meiosis. It is generally thought that yeasts lack such mechanisms. Here, we show that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, defects in meiotic recombination lead to the activation of a checkpoint that is linked to ascus wall endolysis – the process by which spores are released in response to nutritional cues for subsequent germination. Defects in meiotic recombination are sensed as unrepaired DNA damage through the canonical ATM and ATR DNA damage response kinases, and this information is communicated to the machinery that stimulates ascus wall breakdown. Viability of spores that undergo endolysis spontaneously is significantly higher than that seen upon chemical endolysis, demonstrating that this checkpoint contributes to a selective mechanism for the germination of high quality progeny. These results provide the first evidence for the existence of a checkpoint linking germination to meiosis and suggest that analysis solely based on artificial, enzymatic endolysis bypasses an important quality control mechanism in this organism and potentially other ascomycota, which are models widely used to study meiosis.
Lithographic approach to pattern multiple nanoparticle thin films prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly for microsystems

Abstract We report a lithographic approach to pattern multiple types of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled nanoparticle thin films. Polystyrene particles (150 and 64 nm) are spatially separated in desired patterns with a feature size of 5–20 μm. The process is technically simple, consisting of only two consecutive lift-off steps, and can be applied to various types of nanoparticles. This method can be applied to various types of nanoparticles. Since it is based on the conventional lithographic technique, it provides a simple, reliable, and cheap method to pattern nanoparticles into two-dimensional patterns of microscale pitches for the fabrication of complex microsystems which is composed mainly of functional nanoparticles for the applications to sensing and actuation.
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA'S ON-SCENE COORDINATORS

ABSTRACT In recognition that oil spills and hazardous substance releases typically require response actions within the first 24 hours, the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) has developed draft Cultural Resources Protection Guidelines for Alaska to establish an emergency procedure for taking cultural resources into account during responses and to ensure that response actions comply with the National Historic Preservation Act. The draft guidelines were developed in consultation with the Alaska State Historic Preservation Officer and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The mechanism for formally establishing the guidelines’ emergency procedures is a programmatic agreement, which will be signed by appropriate federal and state agencies’ historic preservation officials.
A Self-Aligned Contact Architecture with W-Gate for NOR Flash Technology Scaling

A self-aligned contact ETOXtrade flash memory process with W-gate capable of MLC operation is presented for the first time. Several key process elements were successfully integrated to achieve functional test structures. Significant cell area reduction can be realized using the SAC architecture by aggressive cell height scaling and thus this approach provides a manufacturable path for continued future scaling of flash memories.
Direct synthesis and characterization of a nonwoven structure comprised of carbon nanofibers

A unique type of nonwoven carbon material has been developed which is flexible, resilient, and produced at modest temperature and near ambient pressure using catalytic deposition. This material is comprised entirely of nanoscale carbon fibers, which are extensively interlaced to create a coherent, bulk material. The structure and basic mechanical and electrical properties of this material were investigated through cyclic compression and in situ resistance measurement. The material was highly elastic and capable of being repeatedly compressed without disintegration. The mechanical response varied with density, and the density was controlled by the amount of catalyst used. The material exhibited a high electrical resistivity, which varied nonlinearly with compression.
Synthesis of Mass‐Exchange Networks with Multiple Target Mass‐Separating Agents

A systematic procedure is developed for the simultaneous synthesis of primary mass-exchange networks and their associated regeneration systems, The purpose of the mass-exchange network is to preferentially transfer certain pollutants from a set of rich streams to a set of lean streams. The regeneration system subsequently regenerates any recyclable lean stream. In this work, we account for the possibility of each mass-separating agent to split into a number of substreams with different target compositions. Accounting for this possibility of multiple target mass-separating agents introduces additional design degrees of freedom which can provide a significant economic benefit. A mixed integer nonlinear program is formulated and solved to minimize the operating cost of both networks simultaneously. The solution of this program provides the optimal flow rates and composition ranges of all lean and regenerative streams without any prior commitment to the network structure. Subsequently, a network is synthesized to minimize the fixed cost while realizing the minimum operating cost.
Inter-clinician and intra-clinician reliability of force application during joint mobilization: A systematic review

Abstract Joint mobilizations are commonly used by clinicians to decrease pain and restore joint arthrokinematics following musculoskeletal injury. The force applied during a joint mobilization treatment is subjective to the individual clinician but may have an effect on patient outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically appraise and synthesize the studies which examined the reliability of clinicians' force application during joint mobilization. A systematic search of PubMed and EBSCO Host databases from inception to March 1, 2013 was conducted to identify studies assessing the reliability of force application during joint mobilizations. Two reviewers utilized the Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies (QAREL) assessment tool to determine the quality of included studies. The relative reliability of the included studies was examined through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to synthesize study findings. All results were collated qualitatively with a level of evidence approach. A total of seven studies met the eligibility and were included. Five studies were included that assessed inter-clinician reliability, and six studies were included that assessed intra-clinician reliability. The overall level of evidence for inter-clinician reliability was strong for poor-to-moderate reliability (ICC = −0.04 to 0.70). The overall level of evidence for intra-clinician reliability was strong for good reliability (ICC = 0.75–0.99). This systematic review indicates there is variability in force application between clinicians but individual clinicians apply forces consistently. The results of this systematic review suggest innovative instructional methods are needed to improve consistency and validate the forces applied during of joint mobilization treatments. This is particularly evident for improving the consistency of force application across clinicians.
Magnetic resonance measurement of fluid dynamics and transport in tube flow of a near-critical fluid

An ability to predict fluid dynamics and transport in supercritical fluids is essential for optimization of applications such as carbon sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, “green” solvents, and supercritical coolant systems. While much has been done to model supercritical velocity distributions, experimental characterization is sparse, owing in part to a high sensitivity to perturbation by measurement probes. Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, however, detect signal noninvasively from the fluid molecules and thereby overcome this obstacle to measurement. MR velocity maps and propagators (i.e., probability density functions of displacement) were acquired of a flowing fluid in several regimes about the critical point, providing quantitative data on the transport and fluid dynamics in the system. Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) was pumped at 0.5 ml/min in a cylindrical tube through an MR system, and propagators as well as velocity maps were measured at temperatures and pressures below, near, and above the critical values. It was observed that flow of C2F6 with thermodynamic properties far above or below the critical point had the Poiseuille flow distribution of an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Flows with thermodynamic properties near the critical point exhibit complex flow distributions impacted by buoyancy and viscous forces. The approach to steady state was also observed and found to take the longest near the critical point, but once it was reached, the dynamics were stable and reproducible. These data provide insight into the interplay between the critical phase transition thermodynamics and the fluid dynamics, which control transport processes.
Comparative Studies in Traction Concepts

The interaction between tires and soft soils is a complex process that has not yet been fully understood. Attempts to create analytical models which realistically simulate these interactions have proven to be exceedingly time consuming for each tire model and have achieved only limited success. Thus, the exploration and evaluation of traction concepts by analytical means is impractical. This paper posits that significantly more reliable, rapid, and cost effective development is achieved through the prototyping and experimental evaluation of traction concepts. Here, three traction prototypes are developed and evaluated by undergraduate teams in the course of an academic semester. These concepts explore the performance of grousers, inverted geometry (dimples), and cellular materials respectively using a wheel endurance and soft-soil traction testing system at Clemson University. Each concept is tested at different acceleration rates from 0–10km/h and at different loads while measuring the slip between the tire and soil surfaces. The results of experimental evaluation indicate that cellular materials present a unique slip profile which is superior to that of the two other purely geometric concepts studied. The worst performance was seen on the inverse geometry concept which presented a behavior of steadily increasing slip with respect to wheel velocity regardless of acceleration. Grousers also presented this behavior but only at higher accelerations. This suggests that not only that prototyping is preferable, but that traditional soft-soil traction approaches may be in error.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Letting antibodies get to your head.

Autoantibodies to group A streptococcocal sugar moieties are now implicated in Sydenham chorea, a neuropsychiatric complication of rheumatic fever. These antibodies appear to disturb neuronal cell function by binding to glycolipids ( pages 914–920 ).
What is the next RF frontier

Over the past decade, three emerging wireless standards in UWB, WiMax, and 60GHz dominated the wireless research activities. However, it remains unclear if any of them will become commercial successes. The reasons for these remain varied — from too early in the market to technical viability vs. commercial success etc.
Identification of fredericamycin E from Streptomyces griseus: Insights into fredericamycin A biosynthesis highlighting carbaspirocycle formation.

Fredericamycin (FDM) A (1), a pentadecaketide featuring two sets of peri-hydroxy tricyclic aromatic moieties connected through a unique asymmetric carbaspiro center, exhibits potent cytotoxicity and represents a novel anticancer drug lead. We have localized previously the fdm gene cluster to a 33 kb DNA segment of Streptomyces griseus ATCC49344, the involvement of which in the biosynthesis of 1 was confirmed by gene inactivation, complementation, and heterologous expression experiments. We now report the isolation and characterization of FDM E (5), a heretofore undetected intermediate for 1 biosynthesis from S. griseus, shedding new insight into the mechanism of carbaspirocycle formation. The structure of 5 was elucidated through the combination of spectroscopic methods and isotope-labeling experiments. The core spiro[4.5]decane scaffold of 5 is characterized by a unique cyclohexa-1,2,4-triketone moiety. Transformation of the spiro[4.5]decane 5 into the spiro[4.4]nonane 1 can be rationalized by a biosynth...
Reduction of Anaphylactic Shock in Bursectomized Chickens

IN chickens, the production of circulating antibody to soluble or bacterial antigens depends on the presence of the bursa of Fabricius (BF) during embryonic and early post-natal life1. The BF appears to have little influence on tissue immunity2.
Compositional changes during storage of large round switchgrass bales

‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) was harvested in two different years and stored as large round bales, unprotected, outside, for 26 weeks. Fresh and stored switchgrass samples were analyzed for their structural and non-structural constituents. These summative analyses of the switchgrass showed differences in the composition of materials harvested at different times and indicated that the compositions changed during storage. On a dry weight, whole biomass basis, significant differences were observed in the extractives (+3%), ash (+1%), hemicelluloses (−1·4%), and cellulose (−4%) components of the switchgrass harvested in October 1991 relative to August 1992. The bales from the switchgrass harvested in October 1991 were exposed to high rainfall (65 cm) during storage and experienced much greater weathering than bales from the second harvest. The largest change in composition occurred in the ethanol-extractable component. The switchgrass showed a significant loss of extractives in both the weathered outer layer (11%) and the unweathered inner fraction (8%) of the bales prepared from the first harvest. Switchgrass harvested in August 1992 underwent much smaller compositional changes compared to the October 1991 harvest. The extractives in switchgrass and other grasses may contain substantial amounts of fermentable carbohydrates. If so, their loss during storage could have a significant impact on the conversion of switchgrass into ethanol. This is an example of the feedstock assessment research being conducted to determine the influence of harvest and storage conditions on the thermochemical and biochemical conversion of various biomass feedstocks into fuels and chemicals. The results of this research are expected to provide a guide to agricultural practices that optimize production of feedstocks for conversion into fuels.