cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effects that supplementary cementitious materials replacement levels have on cementitious paste properties

Abstract Modified R3 testing has been used to classify four different SCMs, namely, limestone, pumice, slag, and densified silica fume. Cementitious pastes were prepared by replacing ordinary portland cement with SCMs at different replacement levels – 20%, 40%, and 60% for limestone, pumice, and slag and 5%, 10%, and 15% for silica fume. The influences of SCM replacement level on heat flow, heat release, calcium hydroxide consumption, bound water contents, compressive strength, and bulk resistivity for a period of 56 days were quantified. The SCMs have widely varying effects on these properties as a function of replacement levels, however, in general, inert and reactive SCMs show little difference in properties at early ages and lower replacement levels (20%). The impacts of SCMs on cementitious paste properties are more apparent at higher replacement levels (40%–60%) and at later ages (28 and 56 days). These findings have important implications in practice and suggest that standard ASTM strength activity index testing could be improved by testing at higher replacement levels. In addition, bulk resistivity shows ability to differentiate inert and reactive materials and could be a potential candidate for standardization. The ratio of heat release to calcium hydroxide consumption obtained from the modified R3 test shows a strong correlation with the relative compressive strength of SCMs at different replacement levels and could be used to explore links between reactivity testing, SCM replacement, and paste property evolution.
Justice and Guidance for the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Numerous authors and institutions have drafted guidance in response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. These documents represent sincere efforts by individuals and groups to map out the relevant consid...
Combined Genome Sequencing and RNA Analysis Reveals and Characterizes a Deep Intronic Variant in IGHMBP2 in a Patient With Spinal Muscular Atrophy With Respiratory Distress Type 1.

Abstract Background Pathogenic variants in the IGHMBP2 gene cause recessive spinal motor neuropathies of variable phenotype, including a predominantly distal motor impairment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2S and the more severe condition of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 in which infantile respiratory failure predominates. Methods We describe the first reported case of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 caused by a novel deep intronic variant in IGHMBP2 (NM_002180c.712-610A>G). Results The variant was detected by whole genome sequencing. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and complimentary DNA sequencing were used to characterize the impact of the novel variant. Conclusions This report illustrates the utility in clinical practice of genome sequencing and RNA analysis, compared with exome sequencing alone.
Investigating Secondary Mathematics Preservice Teachers’ Instructional Vision: Learning to Teach Through Pedagogies of Practice

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in a cohort of secondary preservice teachers’ (PSTs) vision of the role of a teacher within the context of a mathematics methods course designed...
Anaerobic soil disinfestation, amendment-type, and irrigation regimen influence Salmonella survival and die-off in agricultural soils.

AIMS This study investigated Salmonella concentrations following combinations of horticultural practices including anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), soil amendment type and irrigation regimen. METHODS AND RESULTS Sandy-loam soil was inoculated with a five-serovar Salmonella cocktail (5.5 ± 0.2 log CFU per gram) and subjected to one of six treatments: (i) no soil amendment, ASD (ASD control), (ii) no soil amendment, no-ASD (non-ASD control) and (iii-vi) soil amended with pelletized poultry litter, rye, rapeseed or hairy vetch with ASD. The effect of irrigation regimen was determined by collecting samples 3 and 7 days after irrigation. Twenty-five-gram soil samples were collected pre-ASD, post-soil saturation (i.e. ASD-process), and at 14 time-points post-ASD, and Salmonella levels enumerated. Log-linear models examined the effect of amendment type and irrigation regimen on Salmonella die-off during and post-ASD. During ASD, Salmonella concentrations significantly decreased in all treatments (range: -0.2 to -2.7 log CFU per gram), albeit the smallest decrease (-0.2 log CFU per gram observed in the pelletized poultry litter) was of negligible magnitude. Salmonella die-off rates varied by amendment with an average post-ASD rate of -0.05 log CFU per gram day (CI = -0.05, -0.04). Salmonella concentrations remained highest over the 42 days post-ASD in pelletized poultry litter, followed by rapeseed, and hairy vetch treatments. Findings suggested ASD was not able to eliminate Salmonella in soil, and certain soil amendments facilitated enhanced Salmonella survival. Salmonella serovar distribution differed by treatment with pelletized poultry litter supporting S. Newport survival, compared with other serovars. Irrigation appeared to assist Salmonella survival with concentrations being 0.14 log CFU per gram (CI = 0.05, 0.23) greater 3 days, compared with 7 days post-irrigation. CONCLUSIONS ASD does not eliminate Salmonella in soil, and may in fact, depending on the soil amendment used, facilitate Salmonella survival. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Synergistic and antagonistic effects on food safety hazards of implementing horticultural practices should be considered.
The reward positivity shows increased amplitude and decreased latency with increasing age in early childhood.

The reward positivity (RewP) is a widely studied measure of neural response to rewards, yet little is known about normative developmental characteristics of the RewP during early childhood. The present study utilized a pooled community sample of 309 4- to 6-year-old children who participated in the Doors guessing game to examine the latency and amplitude of the RewP. Peak detection of the gain-loss difference waveform was conducted for electrodes Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz and the mean activity in a 100 ms window centered around this peak was analyzed. There was a significant decrease in RewP latency (RewP was earlier) and increase in RewP amplitude (RewP magnitude was larger) with advancing age in this cross-sectional analysis. Further, these were independent effects, as both RewP latency and RewP amplitude were uniquely associated with children's age. Moreover, our results indicate that the RewP latency in 4- to 6-year-olds falls outside the 250-350 ms window typically used to quantify the RewP (RewP latency in our sample = 381 ms; SD = 60.15). The internal consistency for latency (.64) and amplitude (.27) of the RewP were characterized by moderate to low reliability, consistent with previous work on the reliability of difference scores. Overall, results demonstrate RewP differences in both timing and amplitude across age in early childhood, and suggest that both amplitude and latency of the RewP might function as individual difference measures of reward processing. These findings are discussed in the context of methodological considerations and the development of reward processing across early childhood.
The Global Spread of Fertility Decline: Population, Fear, and Uncertainty

The world's population has grown by five billion people over the past century, an astounding 300 percent increase. Yet it is actually the decline in family size and population growth that is the issue attracting greatest concern in many countries. This eye-opening book looks at demographic trends in Europe, North America, and Asia-areas that now have low fertility rates-and argues that there is an essential yet often neglected political dimension to a full assessment of these trends. Political decisions that promote or discourage marriage and childbearing, facilitate or discourage contraception and abortion, and stimulate or restrain immigration all have played significant roles in recent trends.
Surface Modification of Poly(ether urethane) by Chemical Infusion and Graft Polymerization

The surface of a commercially available poly(ether urethane), TecoflexR, has been modified by either chemical infusion or graft polymerization techniques. The chemical infusion technique involves the physical entrapment of polymer additives in the near surface region of the sample, while graft polymerization provides chemical attachment of a polymer to the surface of the sample. The additives investigated for chemical infusion include poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) along with iodine and silver nitrate as antibacterial agents. Graft polymerization covalently bonds polymers to the surface of the poly(ether urethane). The polymerization is initiated by photolysis of Re2(CO)10 to generate radicals on the poly(ether urethane) surface. The monomers examined for graft polymerization include N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), along with sulfonate containing monomers such as sodium vinylsulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and its sodium salt (NaAMPS). The surface energies of these surface modified poly(ether urethane) samples were examined by contact angle measurements in water using the Wilhelmy balance technique. An increase in surface energy was observed following surface modification by both techniques, resulting in more hydrophilic surfaces than the untreated samples.
The first-best theory of taxation

This chapter discusses the first-best theory of taxation. Taxes can only enhance social welfare in a first-best environment. They are not at all the necessary evil that the public sometimes makes them out to be. On the contrary, first-best taxes promote the public interest in efficiency and equity as they support society's quest for a social welfare maximum at the bliss point. They have no other purpose in the mainstream first-best theory. At times the first-best public expenditure theory requires certain government expenditures without specifying exactly how to collect the revenues to finance these expenditures. Leading examples are Samuelsonian nonexclusive public goods and subsidies to cover the deficits of decreasing cost services when prices (taxes) are set equal to marginal costs. The only efficiency criterion in these instances is that the taxes be lump-sum to avoid generating distortions that would prevent the first-best pareto-optimal conditions from holding. Any pattern of lump-sum taxation preserves the efficient allocation of these goods.
Applying Research in the Cognitive Sciences to the Design and Delivery of Instruction in Virtual Reality Learning Environments

Current approaches to the design and delivery of instruction in virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs) draw heavily from traditional instructional strategies and design practices. This is problematic given that these strategies and practices were developed for learning contexts lacking the dynamic nature and capabilities of technology-rich, immersive learning environments. This directly affects the instructional efficacy of VRLEs by creating a dichotomy between the learning interface, which emphasizes knowledge as object, and the learning environment, which can emphasize knowledge as action. Drawing from theory and research in the cognitive sciences on embodied and enactive cognition, we present an instructional strategy that addresses this dichotomy by incorporating techniques and design practices that are better aligned with the learning dynamics provided by VRLEs.
Television teaching by professional performers

When comparing the high level of performance by the deviant academic-taught section with the lack of smooth delivery on the part of the class’ instructor, it is apparent that in this study the two do not appear to be related. “Verbal tics,” for example, did not appear to impede the achievement level of this section. Also, when considering the results among the five other sections studied, it is apparent that 1) experienced communicators performed about as well as experienced teachers; and 2) in this classroom experiment, experienced teachers performed as well as or better than experienced communicators.
Error resilient multiplexed coding with RVLC

A new class of error resilient source code - Multiplexed Code was recently introduced. It takes advantage of the fact that real multimedia signals, such as images, audios and videos, contain heterogeneous information that can be grouped at different priority levels. High priority information is assigned to fixed length codewords; the inherent redundancy is exploited to represent low priority information. In this paper, we introduce an enhanced version - MultiRVLC. It uses Multiplexed Codes with Reversible Variable Length Coding (RVLC) to achieve further error resilient improvement. For example, PSNR is increased by 3.4dB for still images at 5e-3 bit error rate.
Species range expansion by beneficial mutations

A species’ range can be limited when there is no genetic variation for a trait that allows for adaptation to more extreme environments. We study how range expansion occurs by the establishment of a new mutation that affects a quantitative trait in a spatially continuous population. The optimal phenotype for the trait varies linearly in space. The survival probabilities of new mutations affecting the trait are found by simulation. Shallow environmental gradients favour mutations that arise nearer to the range margin and that have smaller phenotypic effects than do steep gradients. Mutations that become established in shallow environmental gradients typically result in proportionally larger range expansions than those that establish in steep gradients. Mutations that become established in populations with high maximum growth rates tend to originate nearer to the range edge and to cause relatively smaller range expansion than mutations that establish in populations with low maximum growth rates. Under plausible parameter values, mutations that allow for range expansion tend to have large phenotypic effects (more than one phenotypic standard deviation) and cause substantial range expansions (15% or more). Sexual reproduction allows for larger range expansions and adaptation to more extreme environments than asexual reproduction.
The science of false memory

PREFACE PART I: BACKGROUND 1. Your Ancients 2. Varieties of False Memory: A Modern Taxonomy PART II: THE BASIC SCIENCE OF FALSE MEMORY 3. Theoretical Explanations of False Memory 4. Controlling False Memories with Opponent Processes 1: Laboratory Research with Adults 5. Controlling False Memories with Opponent Processes 2: Developmental Research with Children and Adolescents PART III: THE APPLIED SCIENCE OF FALSE MEMORY 6. False Memory in Criminal Investigation 1: Adult Interviewing and Eyewitness Identification 7. False Memory in Criminal Investigation 2: Child Interviewing and Testimony 8. False Memory in Psychotherapy PART IV: FUTURE DIRECTIONS 9. Some Growing Tips REFERENCES
Calcitonin-Secreting Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Larynx with Metastasis to Thyroid

Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the larynx are rare, with moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (MDNC) being the most frequent histologic type. We report a MDNC in a 57-year-old gentleman with an enlarging right-sided neck mass. Flexible fiberoptic exam revealed a right arytenoid lesion. Histology from excisional biopsy was concerning for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) versus NET of the larynx. Immunohistochemistry was diffusely positive for calcitonin and CEA and focally positive for TTF-1. Serum calcitonin was elevated. Thyroid ultrasound was unremarkable. The patient underwent laryngectomy, thyroidectomy, and neck dissection. Pathology showed neuroendocrine carcinoma of right arytenoid with positive cervical lymph nodes. A 4 mm deposit of NET was present in right thyroid with adjacent intravascular tumor consistent with thyroidal metastasis from a primary laryngeal NET (MDNC). MDNC and MTC can be microscopically indistinguishable. Both tumors can stain positively for calcitonin and CEA. TTF-1 staining has been useful to help distinguish these tumors as it is strongly and diffusely positive in MTC, but usually negative (or only focally positive) in MDNC. We report the fourth case of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx associated with elevated serum calcitonin level and the first such case associated with metastasis to the thyroid.
A Documentary History of Naples: Ancient Naples, Chapter Four - Neapolis and the Rise of Rome

This chapter traces the history of ancient Naples from the Samnite Wars to the sack of Sulla. Particular nodes of interest are the Second Samnite War, when Naples established a treaty with Rome; the Second Punic War, throughout which Naples, unusually for a city in this region, remained allied to the Romans; and the poorly documented campaign of Sulla in 82 BCE, when the city evidently was sacked for the first and only time in classical antiquity.
Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Hormonal and Chemotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Most men treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer will be cured of prostate cancer; however, some men will experience treatment failure. Androgen deprivation therapy is well established in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy, following prostatectomy and/or radiotherapy, has been studied in the high-risk prostate cancer setting to try to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the current data for neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy with androgen suppression, chemotherapy, and approaches with the newer hormonal agents.
Environmental influences on flour composition, dough rheology, and baking quality of spring wheat

ABSTRACT The highly variable environmental conditions across the Pacific Northwest (PNW) influence the milling and baking quality of wheat grain produced in this region. This study was conducted to compare the flour composition, dough rheology, and baking quality of soft and hard spring wheat grain produced in diverse environments. Thirteen soft and five hard spring wheat cultivars were grown at Lind, WA (semiarid) and Fairfield, WA (high precipitation) for three years. Grain was evaluated for flour composition, rheology, and experimental baked product quality. Flour composition, rheological properties, and baking qualities were primarily influenced by the environment. Protein contents, microSDS values, and water absorption levels were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher for all cultivars grown at Lind compared with those from Fairfield. Cookie diameters were larger (P < 0.0001) for soft flours from Fairfield, whereas loaf volumes were higher (P < 0.0001) for hard wheat flours from Lind. Results indicate th...
Net Returns from Selection under Various Component Testing Plans and Milk Pricing Schemes

Abstract Expected economic returns of nine component testing plans under three milk pricing schemes were studied. Net return of a testing plan was value of genetic gain, through index selection, minus additional testing and feed costs over 25 yr. Feed cost was dependent on fat and protein content of milk. Annual net returns (annuities) were $43 to $65 per cow of which 3 to 6% was contributed by component testing. This was 6 to 12% when prices for protein or solids-not-fat were equal to price of fat. Under the price scheme with milk volume and fat, fat testing and fat with protein testing were economically acceptable. Fat testing was advised. Under the price scheme with milk, fat, and solids-not-fat, fat testing resulted in highest net return. Also fat with protein or fat with solids-not-fat testing provided a positive return. Fat with solids-not-fat testing became the most profitable plan with solids-not-fat:fat price ratio above .7 or with cost of solids-not-fat testing reduced by 50%. Under the price scheme with milk, fat, and protein, fat testing had highest return. Protein testing became acceptable with protein to fat price ratio above one. Component testing was not advised for nonofficial Dairy Herd Improvement. Changing feed prices, discount rate, and selection intensity did not alter choice of testing plans.
A comparative study of gestural, keyboard, and mouse interfaces

Abstract This paper presents results from three experiments which compared gestural, keyboard, and mouse/keyboard interfaces to a spreadsheet program. This is the first quantitative comparison of these types of interfaces known to the author. The gestural interface employed gestures (hand-drawn marks such as carets or brackets) for commands, and handwriting as input techniques. In one configuration, the input/output hardware consisted of a transparent digitizing tablet mounted on top of an LCD which allowed the user to interact with the program by writing on the tablet with a stylus. The experiments found that participants were faster with the gestural interface than with the keyboard or mouse/keyboard interface. In addition, subjects tended to prefer the gestural interface over the keyboard interface. Inexperienced mouse users also tended to prefer the gestural interface over the mouse/keyboard interface, although experienced mouse users preferred the mouse. The main difficulties with the gestural interf...
Level by Level Inequivalence, Strong Compactness, and GCH

We construct three models containing exactly one supercompact cardinal in which level by level inequivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness holds. In the flrst two models, below the supercompact cardinal •, there is a non-supercompact strongly compact cardinal. In the last model, any suitably deflned ground model Easton function is realized.
Standard Wavelengths in Copper (Cu ii)

New grating measurements of copper spark lines, useful as ultraviolet standards, are given. They should be measured interferometrically because of their importance in the calculation of standards for the vacuum ultraviolet.
Three persistence lengths for a stiff polymer with an application to DNA B‐Z junctions

We discuss three persistence lengths for any locally stiff polymer: the familiar persistence length for bending fluctuations, a persistence length for twisting fluctuations [introduced first by J. Wilcoxon and J. M. Schurr (1983) Biopolymers22, 2273–2321], and a persistence length for contraction/extension fluctuations. They correspond to the three classical modes of elastically resilient responses to forces and torques on a thin elastic rod—bending, twisting, and contraction/extension. Although numerically distinct (the persistence length for twist is especially large), the order of magnitude of all three is 100 base pairs (bp) for DNA. With some confidence, therefore, we conclude that DNA exhibits elastic resilience on a scale of 100 bp. Perturbations at both ends of a 100-bp segment are thus expected to propagate as structural effects throughout the length of the segment, as has been observed experimentally when a 99-bp segment of B-DNA is flanked at both ends by sequences with B-Z transition capability [R. M. Wartell, J. Klysik, W. Hillen, and R. D. Wells (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA79, 2549–2553]. We predict that the observed effect will disappear if Z-susceptible flanking occurs at only one end of the elastically resilient segment. We suggest, moreover, that similar experiments can determine the maximum length of a DNA segment capable of elastic response.
Tumor necrosis factor primes neutrophils by shortening the lag period of the respiratory burst.

Pretreatment of neutrophils (PMNs) with low-dose tumor necrosis factor (TNF) enhances their capacity to produce oxidant radicals after stimulation with a variety of agents (‘priming’). We used a continuous cytochrome C assay to Investigate the superoxide production lay human PMNs primed with TNF and subsequently stimulated with phorbol my-ristate acetate (PMA). There was no difference in the maximum rate of superoxide production by primedand unprimed PMNs stimulated with either high (2 × 10 −6M) or low levels of PMA (2 × 10−8M). Following stimulation with high levels of PMA, primed PMNs demonstrated a significantly shorter lag period than unprimed cells (103.3 ± 14.4 vs. 142.1 ± 21.7 seconds) and larger amounts of superoxide generated in the intervals between 100 seconds (3.1 ± 0.5 vs. 1.7 ± 0.3 nmol/106 PMNs) and 300 seconds (14.9 ± 1.2 vs. 12.2 ± 1.1). Primed cells stimulated with low levels of PMA (2 × 10−8M) displayed a significantly shorter lag period (1225.8 ± 96.8 vs. 1573.8 ± 74.3 seconds) and a greater production of superoxide between 1300 seconds (5.4 ± 0.9 vs. 3.0 ± 0.4 nmol/106 PMNs) and 1900 seconds (25.7 ± 4.3 vs. 14.9 ± 2.4) than unprimed cells. These results indicate that priming of PMNs with TNF increases superoxide production during the early phase of the respiratory burst through a shortening of the post-stimulation lag period.
Vibrational Optical Activity of (3S,6S)-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), absorption, Raman, and Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra for the title compound, a cyclic dimer, were measured in non-aqueous solution. The vibrational normal modes are assigned based on the result from ab initio force field calculation. Harmonic frequencies and atomic polar tensors for simulation of IR absorption were calculated both on the (Hartree−Fock SCF) HF/6-31G** level and using density functional theory (DFT) methods with the Becke3/LYP hybrid functional. Magnetic transition dipole derivatives were calculated on the HF/6-31G level, and the ROA polarizability tensors were calculated on the HF/4-31G level. Excellent agreement between the DFT calculated and experimental frequencies was obtained without a need for scaling. Furthermore, using the DFT force field, the correct VCD sign and intensity patterns were reproduced as compared to the experimental mid-IR spectra. Reasonable near-IR VCD and mid-IR ROA sign patterns for the intense peaks were also calculate...
Arylsulfimide Polymers. VI. Polysaccharins of the AA-BB Type

Abstract m-Bisaccharin and related derivatives have been condensed with p-phenyl-enediamine or benzidine. The polymerizations were carried out in melts and in solutions in dimethylacetamide and in polyphosphoric acid. In contrast to the results obtained in the A-B system, hemipolymers isolated from melts incorporating m-bisaccharin underwent considerable ring closure. Postheated polymers of the AA-BB type exhibited thermal stabilities comparable to those found in the A-B series.
Descending projections of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus/medial parabrachial nuclei in monkey: Axonal transport studies and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry

Spinal projections originating in the dorsolateral pons in the ventral locus coeruleus and in the subcoeruleus and medial parabrachial nuclei were identified in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing technique. Anterograde autoradiographic tracing studies were then carried out to determine the brain stem and spinal cord terminations of the neurons. Finally, results obtained with the axonal transport tracing methods were compared with the pattern of staining for noradrenergic cells and terminals revealed immunocytochemically with an antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), the synthesizing enzyme for norepinephrine. The major findings of these studies are that two presumed noradrenergic cell groups of the dorsolateral pons, one corresponding to the nucleus locus coeruleus, the second to the subcoeruleus/medial parabrachial nuclei, give rise to descending projections. They differ significantly in their patterns of termination in the lower brain stem and spinal cord. Among the major terminations of the locus coeruleus pathway are projections to parasympathetic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the region of the nucleus ambiguus, and the sacral spinal cord. The terminations of the descending subcoeruleus/medial parabrachial pathway, in contrast, include projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic cord and heavier projections to somatic cranial nerve nuclei. Both pathways have additional widespread and bilateral terminations in various nuclei of the reticular formation, in the spinal dorsal horn (including the marginal zone), in the region around the central canal and in the ventral spinal gray matter. Since the origins and terminations of both these pathways correspond closely to the locations and patterns of terminations of noradrenaline-containing neurons, demonstrated here with DbetaH immunocytochemistry, norepinephrine (or epinephrine) is suggested to be the transmitter in both these descending systems.
Biatrial or Left Atrial Drainage of the Right Superior Vena Cava: Anatomic, Morphogenetic, and Surgical Considerations—Report of Three New Cases and Literature Review

Since the posterior wall of the right superior vena cava (RSVC) is contiguous with the anterior wall of the right upper pulmonary veins, a localized defect in this common wall may create a cavopulmonary venous confluence without eliminating the normal connection of the same right pulmonary veins with the left atrium (LA). Through this defect, blood of the unroofed right pulmonary veins will drain into the RSVC and right atrium (RA), and blood from the RSVC may shunt into the right pulmonary veins and LA. Hemodynamically, the RSVC will become biatrial. If the RSVC blood flows preferentially into the LA, its right atrial orifice will become stenotic or even atretic. If atretic, the normally positioned RSVC will drain entirely into the LA. In this report, we present the clinical and anatomical findings of two postmortem cases with biatrial drainage of the RSVC. We also document the clinical, echocardiographic, angiocardiographic, and surgical data of a living patient with left atrial drainage of the RSVC and tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. The relevant literature and surgical treatment are reviewed, and the morphogenesis of the biatrial and left atrial RSVC is considered.
Ca2+ channel selectivity at a single locus for high-affinity Ca2+ interactions

Abstract Ca 2+ channels display remarkable selectivity and permeability, traditionally attributed to multiple, discrete Ca 2+ binding sites lining the pore. Each of the four pore-forming segments of Ca 2+ channel α 1 subunits contains a glutamate residue that contributes to high-affinity Ca 2+ interactions. Replacement of all four P-region glutamates with glutamine or alanine abolished micromolar Ca 2+ block of monovalent current without revealing any additional independent high-affinity Ca 2+ binding site. Pairwise replacements of the four glutamates excluded the hypothesis that they form two independent high-affinity sites. Systematic alterations of side-chain length, charge, and polarity by glutamate replacement with aspartate, glutamine, or alanine weakened the Ca 2+ interaction, with considerable asymmetry from one repeat to another. The P-region glutamate in repeat I was unusual in its sensitivity to aspartate replacement but not glutamine substitution. While all four glutamates cooperate in supporting high-affinity interactions with single Ca 2+ ions, they also influence the interaction between multiple divalent cations.
Laboratory x-ray CCD camera electronics: a test bed for the Swift X-Ray Telescope

The Penn State University Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics has been active in the design of X-ray CCD cameras for astronomy for over two decades, including sounding rocket systems, the CUBIC instrument on the SAC-B satellite and the ACIS camera on the Chandra satellite. Currently the group is designing and building an X-ray telescope (XRT), which will comprise part of the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer satellite. The Swift satellite, selected in October 1999 as one of two winners of NASA Explorer contracts, will -- within one minute -- detect, locate, and observe gamma-ray bursts simultaneously in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma- ray wavelengths using three co-aligned telescopes. The XRT electronics is required to read out the telescope's CCD sensor in a number of different ways depending on the observing mode selected. Immediately after the satellite re-orients to observe a newly detected burst, the XRT will enter an imaging mode to determine the exact position of the burst. The location will then be transmitted to the ground, and the XRT will autonomously enter other modes as the X-ray intensity of the burst waxes and wanes. This paper will discuss the electronics for a laboratory X-ray CCD camera, which serves as a test bed for development of the Swift XRT camera. It will also touch upon the preliminary design of the flight camera, which is closely related. A major challenge is achieving performance and reliability goals within the cost constraints of an Explorer mission.
Examining the Development of a Teacher Learning Community: The Case of a Video Club.

Abstract Learning communities have become a widespread model for teacher development. However, simply bringing teachers together does not ensure community development. This study offers a framework for the development of a teacher learning community in a video club. Qualitative coding of video data resulted in characterizing the evolution of the video club group as they collaboratively explored issues of teaching and learning that arose in each other’s classrooms. The relationship between dimensions of the framework and how development on one feature interacts with development on another is discussed. The results inform the design of video-based learning environments for examining teaching practice.
Vacancy-Induced 2×2 Reconstruction of the Ga(111) Surface of GaAs

Les calculs soutiennent fortement le modele de lacunes de Tong determine a partir des donnees de diffraction d'electrons lents
Application of advanced sensors to the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) growth of MCT

Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) of (Hg,Cd)Te (MCT) is the technique of choice for the preparation of the materials used for high performance focal plane arrays. Its successful development requires the development of advanced sensors and process controls. We detail here progress on the application of four sensor technologies to the LPE process for growth of MCT layers from Te rich melts on CdZnTe substrates. These include: (1) electron beam microprobe/wavelength dispersive x-ray analysis (WDX) for the rapid measurement of film composition immediately after growth; (2) an RTD based precision temperature control system that controls the melt temperature to better than +/- 0.005 degree(s)C and the Hg reservoir temperature to better than +/- 0.020 degree(s)C; (3) UV/visible optical absorption spectroscopy for the determination of the Hg partial pressure over the melt; and (4) CCD imaging for the detection of the liquid temperature of the LPE growth solution. The impact of each of the sensors on process yield is discussed. The application of the CCD camera to Hg rich high pressure LPE growth is also briefly mentioned.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery

Abstract Antibiotic prophylaxis is generally administered either to prevent wound infection or to hinder the development of endocarditis. Although the use of antibiotics in certain circumstances to prevent wound infection can be straightforward, there are other circumstances in which the decision to use antibiotics is much less clear. Endocarditis prophylaxis has traditionally been based on the American Heart Association's guidelines, which do not cover dermatologic surgery. This article discusses the rationale and controversies surrounding the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of both wound infection and endocarditis, reviews the few studies that pertain to dermatology, and provides recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis on a case-by-case basis for those who perform dermatologic surgery.
Investigation of the Electronic Structure of 2Fe−2S Model Complexes and the Rieske Protein Using Ligand K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge (∼2470 eV) has been applied to a series of 2Fe−2S model complexes to obtain insight into their electronic structures. Since these 2Fe−2S complexes contain both terminal thiolates and bridging sulfides, contributions to covalency from both sets of ligands can be evaluated. Importantly, the pre-edge feature of sulfide can be resolved from that of thiolate due to differences in effective nuclear charge. In our previous studies, the covalency of the metal−thiolate bond in [Fe(SR)4]- was determined. In this study, sulfide covalency is quantified for the first time on the basis of an analysis of previous X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of [FeCl4]- which are then applied to the bis-μ2-sulfide compound KFeS2. With references for both sulfide and thiolate covalencies thus established for open d-shell systems, comparisons are made between thiolate and sulfide bonding. Sulfide−Fe covalency in the [Fe2S2(SR)4]2- complexes is higher than...
Effect of Ammonia as Potential Fuel Impurity on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance

Effects of NH 3 on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance are reported. Traces of NH 3 in the anode feedstream cause a decrease in cell current. The extent of the effect depends on NH 3 concentration and time of exposure of the anode to NH 3 . High trace levels and long time of exposure result in severe and irreversible disability. We discuss possible mechanisms by which NH 3 affects cell performance. A method for trapping ammonia from contaminated fuel streams using a H + form ion exchange resin is presented.
Frequency curve standards in the evaluation of dermatologic therapy.

In surveying dermatologie writing from its earliest days one is confronted constantly by great numbers of recipes, prescriptions, and formulae, internal and external. From the Egyptian papyri to modern times this is a distinct characteristic of treatises on skin diseases, more marked than in any other branch of medicine. In the works of Celsus, Paulus Aeginita, Galen, and the other ancients space devoted to therapy so far exceeds that given to the appearance of the patient that the modern reader comes away with a vivid picture of the ancient formulary and a very indistinct picture of the diseases to be treated. More contemporary writers have remedied this descriptive want, almost to a fault, but have used little more discretion in their therapeutics. It is not too much to say that ancient and modern imaginations combined have at length so covered the gamut of materials organic and inorganic which are able physically to be applied to the skin that few have been missed, and internal medications are not far behind.
Two roles of the context in Pavlovian fear conditioning

At both empirical and theoretical levels, multiple functional roles of contextual information upon memory performance have been proposed without a clear dissociation of these roles. Some theories have assumed that contexts are functionally similar to cues, whereas other views emphasize the retrieval facilitating properties of contextual information. In Experiment 1, we observed that one critical parameter, the spacing of trials, could determine whether the context would function as a cue or as a retrieval cue for memories trained in different phases. Experiments 2 and 3 doubly dissociated these functions by selectively disrupting one role but not the other, and vice versa. Overall, these observations identify one determinant of different functions of contextual information and pose a major challenge to theories of learning that assume exclusively one or the other function of the context. Moreover, these data emphasize the importance of parametric variations on behavioral control, which has critical implications for studies designed to understand the role of the hippocampus in processing of contextual attributes.
The Role of Polar Regions in Global Climate, and a New Parameterization of Global Heat Transport

The effects of the transport of heat between polar regions and other latitudes on climate sensitivity and stability are examined within the framework of simple energy balance models. New heat transport parameterizations adjust radiative equilibrium distributions of temperature with latitude on the basis of Hadley cells and baroclinically unstable eddies; including the effects of static stability changes with latitude eliminates the possible error in estimating the pole-equator temperature difference. It is found that climate sensitivity and stability for the new transport parameterizations can differ from other models, and is capable of simulating the sensitivity required by existing climate data.
Body weight as a determinant of saccharin consumption in the orchidectomized male hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

The saccharin intake of intact and orchidectomized male hamsters were compared at points at which (1) no weight differences existed between the groups, (2) the intact group had outgained the orchidectomized group, and (3) the orchidectomized group had outgained the intact group. Where no weight differences existed, no intake differences were observed. Where one group had gained more weight than the other, it drank less saccharin, regardless of its surgical condition. It was suggested that body weight might be a critical variable in the control of saccharin consumption in neutered male hamsters.
Amplitude of the first heart sound at rest and during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease

The response of S1 amplitude to exercise stress was investigated in patients with coronary heart disease. Phonocardiograms were recorded at rest and during a multistage bicycle ergometer exercise test in a group of 22 patients with angina pectoris and documented coronary disease, and in a normal control group comprised of 32 men. A symmetrical bandpass filter with 100-Hz center frequency and a 12 db per octave slope was used. Mean S1 amplitude increased approximately linearly with heart rate from rest to maximal exercise through several levels of submaximal effort in both control groups. An increase in heart rate of 40 beats above resting levels resulted in a mean increase in S1 amplitude of 281 per cent in the control group. There was a significantly smaller (p < 0.01) mean increase in the patient group, 195 per cent. In 5 patients the S1 amplitude during exercise at the load precipitating angina was lower than at the highest load that could be tolerated without pain. S1 amplitude is easily measured and may provide a clinically useful method for evaluation of left ventricular function and documentation of an abnormal left ventricular response to exercise stress.
The Generalized Oldham Coupling

A new mechanism, which we have called the generalized Oldham coupling, has been described. With a circular-arc construction for its projections and grooves, the coupling has been shown to be analyzable in terms of an equivalent drag linkage, which is generally much larger than the coupling. The kinematic analysis of the coupling, including sliding motions, has been given and general considerations regarding transmission-angle optimization and dynamic equivalence have been pointed out. The application of the coupling to phase changing is reviewed and a general form of construction involving rollers has been described and shown to yield a phase-changing capability of a very general nature.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Headache: Impact of Computerized Tomography and Cost-effectiveness

One hundred sixty-one highly selected patients with headache were studied to assess the impact of computerized tomography (CT) on diagnostic evaluation and to determine cost-effectiveness of neurodiagnostic evaluation of headache. Fewer nuclide brain scans were performed after availability of CT, but diagnostic charges stayed about the same. A careful history and physical and neurological examinations were adequate screens to detect intracranial mass lesions or systemic disease associated with headache. In patients with normal findings from neurological examination, no clinically important abnormalities were detected by CT, skull roentgenogram, angiography, or nuclide brain scan. The cost of finding a case of brain tumor was estimated to be at least $1,265 for patients with abnormalities on neurological examination and $11,901 for patients with normal findings on neurological examination. Neurodiagnostic evaluation of headache patients with normal findings from neurological examination is expensive and was clinically unrewarding in this series.
Imprints of disease at GNAS1.

GNAS1 encodes the α subunit of the Gs protein (Gsα), which couples hormonal stimulation of multiple cell surface receptors to the activation of adenylate cyclase. GNAS1 maps to the chromosome 20q13 region and is associated with several human endocrine disorders, including Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) (also termed pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism). AHO is characterized by short stature, subcutaneous calcification, and brachydactyly and is caused by mutations that inactivate Gsα (1–3). GNAS1 mutations also cause pseudohypoparathyroidism type IA (PHPIA), a disease that displays the features of AHO but, in addition, is characterized by resistance to the peripheral action of multiple hormones, including parathyroid hormone.
Repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide damaged bacteriophage T7 DNA determined by survival of phage made by in vitro packaging.

Summary DNA from bacteriophage T7 was treated with benzo[ a ]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) and the number of covalently bound adducts per T7 genome was determined. BPDE treated T7 DNA was then incubated in an in vitro DNA packaging system so as to form infective T7 phage. The observed reduced survival of these phage measured with Escherichia coli uvrA − indicator bacteria showed that the BPDE treated DNA was in fact utilized by the in vitro packaging system and that the resulting phage contained DNA damage caused by in vitro exposure to BPDE. T7 DNA damage by BPDE was also incubated in an in vitro DNA repair system that used partially purified uvrABC proteins from E. coli . Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis demonstrated that nicks were introduced into the damaged DNA and that these incisions were repaired to yield nearly intact DNA molecules of about the size of a T7 genome. Encapsulation of the repaired DNA with the packaging system yielded phage that showed higher survival than the unrepaired control when plated on uvrA − indicator bacteria.
Mind the quantum

The rich multicolor sensations, thoughts, and feelings that people experience are encapsulated in the vastly complex circuitry of the brain. Brains are nothing more, and nothing less, than atoms joined together to form molecules, bounded into specialized cells, neurons, which can communicate with each other in fascinating ways [1]. Like everything else in this world, neurons and brains must obey the laws of physics. Many luminaries have pondered on the mysterious ways in which matter can give rise to the bewildering world of consciousness [2].
Visible-spectrum imaging techniques: an overview

A multi-spectral imaging symposium was held during AICO1 consisting of invited and contributed papers. An overview of visible-spectrum imaging techniques was presented by the moderator (R. Berns), described in this paper.