cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between irradiance and photosynthesis for marine benthic green algae (Chlorophyta) of differing morphologies

Abstract Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships were determined in the field for five species of littoral and shallow sublittoral marine benthic green algae (Chlorophyta) of differing morphologies. Each species exhibited a linear increase in photosynthetic rate with increasing irradiance up to a maximum light-saturated value. Full sunlight (1405 to 1956 μE·m−2·s−1) inhibited photosynthesis of all species except the thick, optically dense, Codium fragile (Sur.) Har. Compensation irradiances ranged from 6.1 μE·m−2·s−1 for Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link to 11.4 μE·m−2·s−1 for Ulva lobata (Kutz) S. & G. and did not reveal a consistent relationship to seaweed morphology. Saturation irradiances were determined statistically (Ik) and visually from graphical plots. with the latter technique resulting in values three to eight times higher and different comparative rankings of species than the former. Ik saturation irradiances were highest for Chaetomorpha linum (Mull.) Kutz. (81.9 μE·m−2·s−1) and lowest for Codium fragile (49.6 μE·m−2·s−1) and did not reveal a relationship with seaweed morphology. Regression equations describing light-limited photosynthetic rates and the relative magnitudes of the maximal net photosynthetic responses both strongly suggested a relationship with seaweed morphology. Highest net photosynthetic rates were obtained for the thin, sheet-like algae Ulva lobata (9.2 mg C·g dry wt−1·h−1), U. rigida C. Ag. (6.5 mg C·g dry wt−1·h−1) and the tubular form, Enteromorpha intestinalis (7.3 mg C·g dry wt−1·h−1), while lowest rates occurred for Codium fragile (0.9 mg C·g dry wt−1·h−1). Similarly, steepest light-limited slopes were found for the algae of simpler morphology, while the most gradual slope was determined for Codium fragile, the alga with greatest thallus complexity.
INPUT COSTS OF PRODUCING UNIVERSITY DEGREES: A CASE STUDY

Abstract In this paper, we devise a cost allocation matrix and employ it to estimate the average input (net of capital) cost to the University of South Carolina of producing various degrees. The end product of our technique permits a statement of the comparative input costs of producing degrees from each of the several product (degree-granting) divisions within the university. These cost estimates should be useful to administrators concerned with establishing tuition rates. Although our data are for a particular university, factor inputs used by this university for transmitting knowledge are taken from regional, national and international markets. Curricula for similar degrees in different universities are similar in composition. Hence, our study should have general applicability.
Assessing the success of successful aging.

The articles contained in the supplement to this issue of Annals prompt three questions: What exactly do we mean by successful aging? How does this concept advance our ability to enhance the lives ...
The relationship of rheumatoid factor to age of onset in Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

In a prospective study of 110 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the incidence of rheumatoid factor was shown to be clearly related to age at onset. Only 3.8 per cent of children with onset before 4 years of age had positive tests by the latex fixation method, compared to 25.6 per cent with onset from 4 to 12 years of age and 77.8 per cent with onset between 12 and 16 years of age. These differences were confirmed by the SSC method, and the differences were statistically highly significant.
C−C and C−H Bond Activation at Ruthenium(II): The Stepwise Degradation of a Neopentyl Ligand to a Trimethylenemethane Ligand

Ruthenacyclobutane complexes (SiP3)(PMe3)Ru(CH2EMe2CH2) (SiP3 = MeSi(CH2PMe2)3; 1, E = C; 2, E = Si) were synthesized from (SiP3)(PMe3)RuCl2 (3) and 2 equiv of the Grignard reagents, Me3ECH2MgCl. Metallacycle 1 was found to reversibly interconvert with the allyl complex (SiP3)Ru(Me)(η3-CH2CMeCH2) (4) and PMe3 when heated above 75 °C. From the results of kinetic studies and thermolysis of labeled material, the interconversion is proposed to take place by reversible β-methyl elimination/insertion. Conversion of 1 to 4 is an endothermic process (ΔH° = 14.3 ± 1.1 kcal mol-1), but it is entropically favorable (ΔS° = 40.9 ± 2.8 cal K-1 mol-1) due to the loss of the PMe3 ligand. Activation parameters for the β-insertion were determined to be ΔH⧧ = 26.0 ± 1.2 kcal mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = −10.5 ± 0.9 cal K-1 mol-1. Allyl complex 4 has been isolated as a mixture of isomers (7:1 endo:exo). The mechanism of interconversion of 4endo and 4exo was determined by 1H{31P} NMR spectroscopy (EXSY) to be a process involving a stereoc...
Kinetic Mechanism of Kanamycin Nucleotidyltransferase from Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase (KNTase) catalyzes the transfer of the adenyl group from MgATP to either the 4′ or 4″-hydroxyl group of aminoglycoside antibiotics. The steady state kinetic parameters of the enzymatic reaction have been measured by initial velocity, product, and dead-end inhibition techniques. The kinetic mechanism is ordered where the antibiotic binds prior to MgATP and the modified antibiotic is the last product to be released. The effects of altering the relative solvent viscosity are consistent with the release of the products as the rate-limiting step. The pH profiles for Vmax and V/KATP show that a single ionizable group with a pK of ∼8.9 must be protonated for catalysis. The V/K profile for kanamycin as a function of pH is bell-shaped and indicates that one group must be protonated with a pK value of 8.5, while another group must be unprotonated with a pK value of 6.6. An analysis of the kinetic constants for 10 different aminoglycoside antibiotics and 5 nucleotide triphosphates indicates very little difference in the rate of catalysis or substrate binding among these substrates.
Inelastic response of the cypress viaduct to the Loma Prieta earthquake

Abstract The inelastic damage evaluation of a typical double-deck bent of the Cypress Viaduct which collapsed during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake is presented. A model of the bent consisting of spread plasticity-based beam-column elements to represent the piers and d deck, and shear panel elements to represent the pedestal region was developed. To accurately determine beam and column moment-curvature relationships, separate computer analyses using an element fibre model were conducted. In addition, a smeared-crack approach finite element analysis was employed to determine the lateral load-deformation relationship of the pedestal regions. The model of the Cypress Viaduct was subjected to the O Oakland Outer Harbor Wharf ground acceleration record in the plane of the bent. The analytical model was calibrated using static lateral load tests, ambient and forced vibration tests, and observed performance. The results of time-history analyses, which include a prediction of member damage, indicate that collapse was initiated by a shear failure of the pedestal regions.
Introducing undergraduates to the moment method

Four application problems are presented which have been found to facilitate introductory instruction on numerical methods for undergraduate electrical engineering students. The method of moments (MOM) is introduced at the level of first principles, preparing students for subsequent advanced topics in matrix methods and developments through linear vector space theory. The problems are such that the associated computer programming assignments are straightforward, minimizing distraction from the mathematical concepts. Numerical solutions may be obtained, or verified, with a pocket calculator in some cases. Computer programs to obtain more sophisticated graphics output and to expedite solution of equations with large matrices can be progressively added as supplementary student exercises. >
Model of estimated rates of colorectal cancer from polyp growth by year of surveillance

OBJECTIVE:Most studies show protective effects of non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) against polyps and colorectal cancers (CRCs) of up to 50%. Current models are unable to directly estimate changes in effects of chemoprevention on CRCs. The purpose is to develop a model to examine effects of changes in growth rates of polyps on surveillance intervals and risk of CRC . METHODS:The growth model simulates 500 people after polypectomy, estimating number and size of polyps annually over 10 years. Each polyp is assigned a random growth rate consistent with distributions of empirically observed growth assumed to follow a log linear model. Rates of CRC were calculated from largest polyps distributed to people. RESULTS:Simulated distributions of polyps and CRCs closely match empirical estimates which confirms the usefulness of the model. If polyp growth is 25% of normal, the number of cancers by year 10 after index colonoscopy decrease from 146 to only 57/100 000 for those in risk group 0 (no polyps at...
An SOA-based Framework for Instrument Management for Large-scale Observing Systems (USArray Case Study)

Large-scale observing systems are poised to become the dominant means of study for a variety of natural phenomena. These systems are comprised of hundreds to thousands of instruments that must be queried, managed, and shared in a scalable fashion. Services-oriented architectures (SOAs) are widely recognized as the preferred framework for building scalable and extensible cyber infrastructure. By applying SOA concepts, we created a framework for organizing observing system resources. Guided by this framework, we developed Web services, custom workflow applications, and an integrated user interface of monitors and controls for managing instruments in large-scale sensor network observing systems. In this paper we present our approach and discuss its application to the NSF EarthScope USArray large-scale seismic observing system
A Graph-Theoretic Characterization of Controllability for Multi-agent Systems

In this paper, we continue our pursuit of conditions that render a multi-agent networked system controllable. In particular, such conditions are sought for networks in which a collection of the agents take on leader roles while the remaining agents execute local, consensus-like control laws. Equitable partitions are introduced in order to improve on previous controllability results and the main contribution of this paper is a new necessary condition for controllability.
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Molecular Signatures Recapitulate Lung Developmental Pathways

Current paradigms hold that lung carcinomas arise from pleuripotent stem cells capable of differentiation into one or several histological types. These paradigms suggest lung tumor cell ontogeny is determined by consequences of gene expression that recapitulate events important in embryonic lung development. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we acquired gene profiles from 32 microdissected non-small-cell lung tumors. We determined the 100 top-ranked marker genes for adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, and carcinoid using nearest neighbor analysis. Results were validated by immunostaining for 11 selected proteins using a tissue microarray representing 80 tumors. Gene expression data of lung development were accessed from a publicly available dataset generated with the murine Mu11k genome microarray. Self-organized mapping identified two temporally distinct clusters of murine orthologues. Supervised clustering of lung development data showed large-cell carcinoma gene orthologues were in a cluster expressed in pseudoglandular and canalicular stages whereas adenocarcinoma homologues were predominantly in a cluster expressed later in the terminal sac and alveolar stages of murine lung development. Representative large-cell genes (E2F3, MYBL2, HDAC2, CDK4, PCNA) are expressed in the nucleus and are associated with cell cycle and proliferation. In contrast, adenocarcinoma genes are associated with lung-specific transcription pathways (SFTPB, TTF-1), cell adhesion, and signal transduction. In sum, non-small-cell lung tumors histology gene profiles suggest mechanisms relevant to ontogeny and clinical course. Adenocarcinoma genes are associated with differentiation and glandular formation whereas large-cell genes are associated with proliferation and differentiation arrest. The identification of developmentally regulated pathways active in tumorigenesis provides insights into lung carcinogenesis and suggests early steps may differ according to the eventual tumor morphology.
Research Through Design in HCI

In Research through Design (RtD), researchers generate new knowledge by understanding the current state and then suggesting an improved future state in the form of a design. It involves deep reflection in iteratively understanding the people, problem, and context around a situation that researchers feel they can improve.
Aberrant microRNA Expression Likely Controls RAS Oncogene Activation During Malignant Transformation of Human Prostate Epithelial and Stem Cells by Arsenic

Inorganic arsenic (iAs), a human carcinogen, potentially targets the prostate. iAs malignantly transforms the RWPE-1 human prostate epithelial line to CAsE-PE cells, and a derivative normal stem cell (SC) line, WPE-stem, to As-Cancer SC (As-CSC) line. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are noncoding but exert negative control on expression by degradation or translational repression of target mRNAs. Aberrant miRNA expression is important in carcinogenesis. A miRNA array of CAsE-PE and As-CSC revealed common altered expression in both for pathways concerning oncogenesis, miRNA biogenesis, cell signaling, proliferation, and tumor metastasis and invasion. The KRAS oncogene is overexpressed in CAsE-PE cells but not by mutation or promoter hypomethylation, and is intensely overexpressed in As-CSC cells. In both transformants, decreased miRNAs targeting KRAS and RAS superfamily members occurred. Reduced miR-134, miR-373, miR-155, miR-138, miR-205, miR-181d, miR-181c, and let-7 in CAsE-PE cells correlated with increased target RAS oncogenes, RAN, RAB27A, RAB22A mRNAs, and KRAS protein. Reduced miR-143, miR-34c-5p, and miR-205 in As-CSC correlated with increased target RAN mRNA, and KRAS, NRAS, and RRAS proteins. The RAS/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathways control cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation, and when dysregulated promote a cancer phenotype. iAs transformation increased expression of activated ERK kinase in both transformants and altered components of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway including decreased PTEN and increases in BCL2, BCL-XL, and VEGF in the absence of AKT activation. Thus, dysregulated miRNA expression may be linked to RAS activation in both transformants.
Can interventions improve health services from informal private providers in low and middle-income countries? A comprehensive review of the literature

BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in the role of private health providers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Informal private providers (IPPs) provide a significant portion of health care in many LMICs, but they have not received training in allopathic medicine. Interventions have been developed to take advantage of their potential to expand access to essential health services, although their success is not well measured. This paper addresses this information gap through a review of interventions designed to improve the quality, coverage, or costs of health services provided by IPPs in LMICs. METHODS A search for published literature in the last 15 years for any intervention dealing with IPPs in a LMIC, where at least one outcome was measured, was conducted through electronic databases PubMed and Global Health, as well as Google for grey literature from the Internet. RESULTS A total of 1272 articles were retrieved, of which 70 separate studies met inclusion criteria. The majority (70%) of outcomes measured proximate indicators such as provider knowledge (61% were positive) and behaviour (56% positive). Training IPPs was the most common intervention tested (77% of studies), but the more effective strategies did not involve training alone. Interventions that changed the institutional relationships and contributed to changing the incentives and accountability environment were most successful, and often required combinations of interventions. CONCLUSION Although there are documented interventions among IPPs, there are few good quality studies. Strategies that change the market conditions for IPPs-by changing incentives and accountability-appear more likely to succeed than those that depend on building individual capacities of IPPs. Understanding the effectiveness of these and other strategies will also require more rigorous research designs that assess contextual factors and document outcomes over longer periods.
The Role of Palliative Surgery in Gynecologic Cancer Cases

The decision to undergo major palliative surgery in end-stage gynecologic cancer is made when severe disease symptoms significantly hinder quality of life. Malignant bowel obstruction, unremitting pelvic pain, fistula formation, tumor necrosis, pelvic sepsis, and chronic hemorrhage are among the reasons patients undergo palliative surgeries. This review discusses and summarizes the literature on surgical management of malignant bowel obstruction and palliative pelvic exenteration in gynecologic oncology.
A Multi-Rater Study on Being Teased among Children/Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Their Typically Developing Siblings: Associations with ASD Symptoms.

The study examined teasing experiences among 74 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; M age = 115.7 months [9.6 years]; 83.8% male). Experiences were examined from parent, teacher, and ch...
Second-Generation Antipsychotics Cause a Rapid Switch to Fat Oxidation That Is Required for Survival in C57BL/6J Mice

Some second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) increase insulin resistance and fat oxidation, but counter intuitively they do not activate lipolysis. This seems unsustainable for meeting energy demands. Here, we measured dose-dependent effects of SGAs on rates of oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. The role of H1-histamine receptors and consequences of blocking fat oxidation were also examined. Olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine (2.5–10mg/kg) elicited rapid drops in dark-cycle RER (~0.7) within minutes, whereas aripiprazole exerted only modest changes. Higher doses of olanzapine decreased VO2, and this was associated with accumulation of glucose in plasma. Clozapine and risperidone also lowered VO2, in contrast to aripiprazole, whereas all decreased physical activity. Astemizole and terfenadine had no significant effects on RER, VO2, or physical activity. The VO2 and RER effects appear independent of sedation/physical activity or H1-receptors. CPT-1 inhibitors can enhance muscle glucose utilization and prevent fat oxidation. However, after etomoxir (2 × 30mg/kg), a low dose of olanzapine that did not significantly affect VO2 by itself caused precipitous drops in VO2 and body temperature, leading to death within hours or a moribund state requiring euthanasia. One 30mg/kg dose of either etomoxir or 2-tetradecylglycidate followed by olanzapine, risperidone, or clozapine, but not aripiprazole, dramatically lowered VO2 and body temperature. Thus, mice treated with some SGAs shift their fuel utilization to mostly fat but are unable to either switch back to glucose or meet their energy demands when either higher doses are used or when fat oxidation is blocked.
Design of an integrated sensor for noninvasive optical mammography based on frequency-domain NIR spectroscopy

Time-resolved techniques for optical spectroscopy are emerging as a promising diagnostic tool for mammography providing richer information content of optical images and improved tumor detectability. This paper presents the design of an integrated optical sensor for phase and amplitude detection of RF-modulated optical signals up to 110 MHz in the near-infrared (NIR) region (650-850 nm) for use in frequency-domain instruments that measure both amplitude and phase changes in photon migration between source and detector. The sensor consists of an NIR-sensitive photodetector monolithically integrated with front-end analog amplifier and signal processing circuitry for amplitude and phase detection in an unmodified CMOS process. The differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA) achieves a transimpedance-bandwidth product of 28 THzOmega and input-referred current noise of 1.92 pA/radicHz at 110 MHz. The amplitude detector exhibits 49.2 mV/muA resolution with 0.5% linearity and 26 dB dynamic range. The proposed phase detector can detect 360 degree phase difference with phase resolution of 5 mV/degree. The sensor is implemented in a 0.18 mum CMOS technology and consumes 22.5 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage. The integrated sensor presented is envisaged as a building block towards a low-power, low-cost optical sensor array system for concurrent measurement of multiple tissue sites, thus improving spatial resolution.
Passive IgA Monoclonal Antibody Is No More Effective Than IgG at Protecting Mice from Mucosal Challenge with Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a mucosally restricted pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease. Although parenteral administration of sufficient RSV-specific IgG can reduce severity of lower respiratory tract infection in high-risk infants, delivery of antibody by direct airway administration is an attractive alternative. Topical and parenteral administration of an IgA monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the RSV F glycoprotein was compared with an IgG MAb, specific for the same antigenic site, for ability to protect mice against RSV infection. Administration of RSV-specific IgG was more effective in reducing RSV titers in lung (4.6 log10 pfu/g) than IgA MAb (3.6 log10 pfu/g) when given intranasally immediately prior to infection (P=.005). RSV titers in the nose were reduced only by prophylactic administration of IgG parenterally. Therefore, topical administration of IgA is no more effective than topically administered IgG and is less effective than systemically administered IgG for protecting against RSV infection.
Gross anatomy of the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) gastro-intestinal tract.

Summary The gross anatomical structure of the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) gastrointestinal tract is poorly described and often veterinary anatomical terminology is not used. Although the basic abdominal visceral pattern corresponded to domestic carnivores, significant differences were noted. The stomach was an elongated sharply bent tube (u-shaped) with the pylorus and fundus juxtaposed. The elongated jejunum measured up to 15.6 times body length and had 37 jejunal arteries from the cranial mesenteric artery. The pancreas was asymmetrical with a small right lobe and a large left lobe. The unusually short greater omentum negated formation of deep and superficial leaves. The most remarkable difference was the separation of the liver parenchyma into three physically separate masses, held together by hepatic ducts, veins and arteries. The topography and position of the liver was dependent on the amount of blood in the hepatic sinus (distended hepatic veins and hepatic portion of vena cava). Thus, as the hepatic sinus filled, the lateral liver masses separate from the central mass by moving caudolaterally. This was facilitated by modified coronary and triangular ligaments which did not attach directly to the liver, but instead to the hepatic sinus. These anatomical adaptations are apparently advantageous to ringed seal's survival in a deep marine environment.
Assay and Storage Conditions Affect Yield of Salt Soluble Protein from Muscle

Pork and beef muscles were used to evaluate assay and storage condition effects on yields of salt soluble protein (SSP). Assay conditions included pH (5.5, 6.0 or 6.5), extraction volume (6, 9, 12 or 15 X sample weight), homogenization time (30, 60, 90 or 120 set) and centrifugal force (2500, 4000 or 5500 ×g). Storage conditions included postmortem aging (4°C for 0, 7 or 14 days) and freezing conditions (rapid freezing, slow freezing, and freezing-thawing-freezing). Highest yield of SSP was obtained using pH 6.0, extraction volume 15 X sample weight, centrifugation at 4000 ×g and homogenization time 90 to 120 set for both pork and beef. Freezing conditions did not affect measurement of SSP. Aging beef for 7 and 14 days postmortem reduced the yield of SSP; however, such differences were not observed for pork.
Genetic ancestry, population admixture, and the genetic epidemiology of complex disease

Race/ethnicity is a social construct incorporating biological, sociocultural, psychological, and behavioral components, and there is no genetic definition of race.1 In contrast, genetic ancestry is a genetics concept that describes the architecture of genome variation between populations.2 All genetic variation begins locally, as a new mutation in an individual, and thus, all new mutations are initially geographically localized. By virtue of this shared population history, there is a correlation between genetic variants found in one geographic region as compared with those found elsewhere. It follows that variation that is common across human populations separated by geography tends to be old, and many of these variants were likely present at the time of human expansion out of Africa ≈100 000 years ago.2 In contrast, more recent mutations have not had the time to spread between populations and tend to be of lower frequency, unless under unusual selection pressure and localized to geographic populations. When the recombination history has been short (<20 generations or so), these recent variants will tend to remain in linkage disequilibrium with other markers located on ancestral haplotype on which the new mutation occurs. Article see page 629 Population admixture initially occurred ≈200 years ago because of the African Diaspora.3,4 Since this event, an average of 7 to 10 generations has passed which means that there has been minimal recombination between chromosomes of African and European ancestry. Therefore, population admixture results in long-range linkage disequilibrium between genomic markers segregating along ancestral haplotypes/chromosomal segments. Ancestry informative markers (AIMs) are genetic loci with alleles demonstrating significant frequency differences between populations.5 At the present time, several panels of highly informative AIMs are available to assess admixture between continental populations.6–8 Using a set of genome spanning AIMs and available software packages, each with underlying assumptions regarding …
Short course II-B Bio-nanoelectronics. Enabling a new paradigm of information technology: acquiring info and executing on info

Information technology has been a great success, but also a narrow one -it has marched along the narrow path of processing and transmitting information. While there is still more room to continue the march along this same path, there appears to be much greater rooms in the space to the left -acquiring information, to the right -executing on information, and on the "inside" -acquiring and executing on information inside human body. This new paradigm of information technology can be well served by advances in bio-nano electronics. By way of presenting specific examples, this short course introduces a few basic concepts, methods and recent advances on three fronts of bio-nano electronics: (a) DNA directed self-assembly and growth of nanostructures (b) Real-time, scalable, reconfigurable, and direct read-out of bio-molecular signals (by nanoelectronic circuitry via programmable DNA wiring and addressing) (c) Intracellular probing, delivery, and exploration by nano-electrodes.
The nature of the distant solar wind

Abstract This review emphasizes the large scale, global aspects of the solar wind flow at large heliocentric distances and how that structure derives from coronal and interplanetary phenomena. Particular attention is paid to the solar cycle variation, and speculation on its three-dimensional manifestations in the outer heliosphere is offered. Solar cycle variations in the global solar wind structure may lead to systematic variations in the dynamical properties of the interplanetary medium which may have a significant effect upon galactic cosmic ray modulation and the three-dimensional shape of the heliospheric termination shock.
Quantitative assessment of the entire thoracic aorta from magnetic resonance images.

Magnetic resonance imaging has emerged over the last decade as the gold standard for imaging of the aorta.1 Concerns about radiation exposure from computed tomography exist, especially when serial scanning is required. Echocardiographic imaging is limited to the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta and standardised methods of measurement are limited to two dimensions. Patients with connective tissue disorders such as Marfan, Ehlers–Danlos, and thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome are at risk for the development of aortic aneurysms and require serial imaging of the entire thoracic aorta. This group of patients, in particular, may benefit from the comprehensive coverage of the aorta provided by magnetic resonance imaging. Due to time constraints, current manual methods of magnetic resonance image analysis result in processing of only a limited number of images contained in a complete three-dimensional or four-dimensional (three-dimensional plus time) image data set. The end result is static measurements at end diastole and/or end systole at various locations of the thoracic aorta. Often, reproducing consistent locations of measurements for year-to-year comparisons is difficult. In a recent study by Zhao et al,2 we described a method for automated segmentation of four-dimensional data sets that produced results capable of distinguishing shape characteristics between normal individuals and those with connective tissue disorders with 90% accuracy. From this initial study, it was clear that the cross-sectional area could be measured for any level of the thoracic aorta and plotted for the entire length of the vessel for accurate comparison with future scans. The goal of this study was to apply the graph theory-based segmentation method to four-dimensional magnetic resonance images of the thoracic aorta in normal controls to develop the first set of normative data for the dimensions of the entire thoracic aorta. The utility of the analysis and display technique was then applied to an initial group of patients with confirmed or suspected connective tissue disorders to show the utility of the method.
Evaluation of Some High-Temperature Platinum Resistance Thermometers.

Two sets of high-temperature platinum resistance thermometers of different design have been tested in the temperature range 0 to 1100 'C. One set was constructed at the National Institute of Metrology, in the People's Republic of China, and the other at the National Bureau of Standards. The results of the tests provide informadon on long- and short-time thermometer stability, and on other characteristics such as temperature coefficient, immersion, self-heating effect, electrical leakage, and durability. The results also show that the behavior of the two sets is similar enough to allow them to be considered as a single set of thermometers, and that the sets perform as well as, or better than, other sets of thermometers tested earlier. It is expected that this information will aid in the evaluation of the high-temperature platinum resistance thermometer as an interpolating instrument for a practical temperature scale up to the gold point.
The Idea of Status in Fiduciary Law

Much of fiduciary law is built upon status-based characterization of fiduciary relationships. Thus most fiduciary relationships – indeed, all relationships that we think of as being inherently fiduciary – are so designated as a type or kind of relationship to which fiduciary status attaches (e.g., director-corporation, trustee-beneficiary, agent-principal, and lawyer-client relationships). Notwithstanding the prevalence of status-based reasoning in fiduciary law, the idea of status in fiduciary law – and in the law more generally – is poorly understood. This chapter provides a novel account of fiduciary status. The chapter explains conceptual properties that fiduciary status enjoys in common with social, moral and (other) legal statuses. It also explains the distinctive semantic and functional significance of fiduciary status. The chapter provides a conditional justification for the reliance on status-based reasoning in fiduciary law, but it also emphasizes the limits of fiduciary status and indicates the conceptual and normative implications of recognition of these limits.
Identification of quantitative trait loci for body temperature, body weight, breast yield, and digestibility in an advanced intercross line of chickens under heat stress

Losses in poultry production due to heat stress have considerable negative economic consequences. Previous studies in poultry have elucidated a genetic influence on response to heat. Using a unique chicken genetic resource, we identified genomic regions associated with body temperature (BT), body weight (BW), breast yield, and digestibility measured during heat stress. Identifying genes associated with a favorable response during high ambient temperature can facilitate genetic selection of heat-resilient chickens. Generations F18 and F19 of a broiler (heat-susceptible) × Fayoumi (heat-resistant) advanced intercross line (AIL) were used to fine-map quantitative trait loci (QTL). Six hundred and thirty-one birds were exposed to daily heat cycles from 22 to 28 days of age, and phenotypes were measured before heat treatment, on the 1st day and after 1 week of heat treatment. BT was measured at these three phases and BW at pre-heat treatment and after 1 week of heat treatment. Breast muscle yield was calculated as the percentage of BW at day 28. Ileal feed digestibility was assayed from digesta collected from the ileum at day 28. Four hundred and sixty-eight AIL were genotyped using the 600 K Affymetrix chicken SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array. Trait heritabilities were estimated using an animal model. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these traits and changes in BT and BW was conducted using Bayesian analyses. Candidate genes were identified within 200-kb regions around SNPs with significant association signals. Heritabilities were low to moderate (0.03 to 0.35). We identified QTL for BT on Gallus gallus chromosome (GGA)14, 15, 26, and 27; BW on GGA1 to 8, 10, 14, and 21; dry matter digestibility on GGA19, 20 and 21; and QTL of very large effect for breast muscle yield on GGA1, 15, and 22 with a single 1-Mb window on GGA1 explaining more than 15 % of the genetic variation. This is the first study to estimate heritabilities and perform GWAS using this AIL for traits measured during heat stress. Significant QTL as well as low to moderate heritabilities were found for each trait, and these QTL may facilitate selection for improved animal performance in hot climatic conditions.
ANISOTROPIC UPPER CRITICAL FIELD OF SINGLE CRYSTAL RNI2B2C (R = Y, LU)

Measurements of the anisotropic upper critical field curves have been extended for YNi2B2C and LuNi2B2C (Tc = 15.6 K and 16.1 K, respectively). Measurements of R(T, H) were taken along the crystallographic directions of and . The resulting critical fields show an upward curvature near Tc and a linear behavior at low temperature, which continues to below 2 K with little, if any, sign of saturation.
Athletic Left Atrial Dilation: Size Matters?

The cardiovascular system’s ability to generate high cardiac output is essential for athletic performance, and its failure underlies many forms of disease. During exercise, the heart and vessels circulate energy-rich substrate to exercising muscle and simultaneously remove the metabolic byproducts
Electrophoretic Deposition of Nanoparticles as Electrocatalysts for Electrolysis in the Solar Sulfur Ammonia Hydrogen Production

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were deposited using electrophoretic deposition from two different bath chemistries, 90 vol.% water and 10 vol.% isopropanol with hexadecyltrimethlyammonium bromide (CTAB) and 100 % ethanol. The deposits were tested for electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of ammonium sulfite to ammonium sulfate as part of a solar sulfur ammonia thermochemical cycle to produce hydrogen.
Impact of a Dedicated Emergency Medicine Teaching Resident Rotation at a Large Urban Academic Center

Author(s): Ahn, James; Golden, Andrew; Bryant, Alyssa; Babcock, Christine | Abstract: Introduction: In the face of declining bedside teaching and increasing emergency department (ED) crowding, balancing education and patient care is a challenge. Dedicated shifts by teaching residents (TRs) in the ED represent an educational intervention to mitigate these difficulties. We aimed to measure the perceived learning and departmental impact created by having TR.Methods: TRs were present in the ED from 12pm-10pm daily, and their primary roles were to provide the following: assist in teaching procedures, give brief “chalk talks,” instruct junior trainees on interesting cases, and answer clinical questions in an evidence-based manner. This observational study included a survey of fourth-year medical students (MSs), residents and faculty at an academic ED. Surveys measured the perceived effect of the TR on teaching, patient flow, ease of procedures, and clinical care.Results: Survey response rates for medical students, residents, and faculty are 56%, 77%, and 75%, respectively. MSs perceived improved procedure performance with TR presence and the majority agreed that the TR was a valuable educational experience. Residents perceived increased patient flow, procedure performance, and MS learning with TR presence. The majority agreed that the TR improved patient care. Faculty agreed that the TR increased resident and MS learning, as well as improved patient care and procedure performance.Conclusion: The presence of a TR increased MS and resident learning, improved patient care and procedure performance as perceived by MSs, residents and faculty. A dedicated TR program can provide a valuable resource in achieving a balance of clinical education and high quality healthcare.
Cannabis and Bipolar Manic Episodes

Abstract Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal drug among patients with bipolar disorders. The age of onset of the first manic or depressive episode is younger when there is co-occurring cannabis abuse and some studies have shown a poorer medication adherence, a more severe course of illness, and a higher number of manic or depressive episodes with cannabis use. Mania phenomenology seems to be influenced by cannabis, found more frequently in dysphoric than in euphoric manic patients. Although there are still some controversies, data published to date suggest that there may be a causal relationship from cannabis use to onset mania and also to the occurrence of new manic episodes. Further investigations are still necessary to confirm this causal link.
Index to Illustrations of Fungi I–XXII

This series of twenty-two illustrated articles on the larger fungi was begun with the first volume of Mycologia in I909 and has been continued regularly each year since. During this time, 184 species have been described and figured, 27 of them from photographs and the remaining 157 from water-color paintings prepared by Mr. Edward C. Volkert. The specimens used have been mostly collected in the vicinity of New York City, but a few came from Massachusetts. Many important edible and poisonous fungi have been included in the treatment.
Nonevent stress contributes to mental health disparities based on sexual orientation: Evidence from a personal projects analysis.

This study examined the role of nonevent stress—in the form of frustrated personal project pursuits in the arenas of relationships and work—as a contributing factor to mental health disparities between heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations. A purposive sample of 431 LGB (55%) and heterosexually identified (45%) individuals living in the United States and Canada completed the Personal Project Inventory by describing and rating core personal projects they were pursuing. The intensity of perceived barriers to the achievement of relationship- and work-related personal projects served as indicators nonevent stress. Hierarchical linear regression models tested the hypothesis that nonevent stress contributes to the association between sexual orientation and two indicators of mental health: depressive symptoms and psychological well-being. LGB individuals had significantly more depressive symptoms and lower levels of psychological well-being than heterosexuals. Indicators of nonevent stress were significantly associated with mental health outcomes and their inclusion in models attenuated sexual orientation differences in mental health. The critical indirect pathway leading from sexual minority status to mental health occurred via barriers to relationship projects from interpersonal sources. This research suggests that nonevent stress because of structural and interpersonal stigma may contribute to mental health disparities between LGB and heterosexual individuals. The findings have important implications for policy reform around same-sex relationship recognition and workplace discrimination. Future research and clinical work will benefit by expanding existing foci on stress to include nonevent stressors to better understand and address mental health problems, particularly in LGB populations.
Traditional Knowledge of Rainwater Harvesting Compared to Five Modern Case Studies

The water-energy-food nexus is receiving increased attention worldwide due to climate change and rising population. According to a projection of the United Nations, the global population is expected to increase by a factor of 1.3 by 2050—from 7.2 billion to 9.6 billion—with corresponding demands for energy and food. Climate in the future is predicted to be warmer, with more frequent and intense rainfall as well as decreased rainfall reliability for agriculture in water-stressed regions. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been used to meet water demands for millennia. The historical context of RWH is still meaningful today and provides a more informed use of RWH as a climate change adaptation strategy. Our objective is to trace the development of RWH by comparing long-term use of hitis (water-spouts) in Nepal to five modern case studies from the U.S. in NY, FL, TX, IL, and CA. INTRODUCTION The water-energy-food nexus is receiving increased attention due to competing demands for limited resources (Giampietro et al. 2013). Interconnected human needs from water resources create pressure on ecosystems through groundwater depletion, damming of flowing waters, global warming, and contamination of water supplies that impact human health and well-being (USEPA 2014). Climate change is expected to increase the global vulnerability of society and ecosystems through more frequent and intense storms and droughts, water stress, reduced crop production, increased heat waves, and rising sea level (e.g., Karl et al. 2009; Immerzeel et al. 2010). Overwhelming evidence of climate change, including record-low arctic ice level, sea level rise, floods/droughts, and heat waves have already been reported (AAAS 2014). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5 Report also documented ongoing impacts on physical, biological, and human-managed systems (IPCC 2014). The White House's National Science and Technology Council and the U.S. Global Change Research Program report that while the American midwest will experience floods and droughts, the southwest will experience water scarcity, and Alaska will have melting permafrost over the next several decades (GCRP 2014; Walsh et al. 2014).
Pre- and Postseason Field Tests with Disparlure, the Sex Pheromone of the Gypsy Moth, to Prevent Mating

Out-of-season field tests on 16-ha plots were conducted in 1972 to develop means of using disparlure in controlling Porthetria dispar (L.) either by mass-trapping of males or with disparlure-containing formulations that divert male moths in their attempts to find mates. In tests begun early in April on Dauphin Island, AL, small tube traps (25/ha; each coated inside with adhesive containing 500 μ g disparlure) suppressed moth captures in disparlure-baited monitor traps 94% for 7 weeks. A 6/12-mesh-cork formulation (applied at a rate of 8.2 g disparlure/ha) suppressed captures 99% for 7 weeks. A molecular-sieve formulation (8.2 g lure/ha) began to fail ca. 1 month postapplication. A 2nd series of tests was conducted in the natural habitat of the moth on Cape Cod, MA, starting in late May using monitor traps baited with either disparlure or live virgin females. Although the 6/12 cork formulation (11.1 g lure/ha) failed when tested 33 days postapplication, a fine-cork formulation and a microcapsule formulation (11.1 and 1.8 g lure/ha, respectively) remained effective for 6 weeks despite heavy rains, probably because they included a sticker to anchor them to foliage. In postseason tests on Cape Cod, 1 molecular-sieve and 3 microcapsule formulations suppressed catches of released males 90% or more (vs. no treatment) when tested 6½ and 8 weeks posttreatment.
109 RISK FACTORS FOR POOR ORAL FEEDING PROGRESSION IN PREMATURE INFANTS.

Background Preterm infants may be at risk to develop oral feeding difficulties secondary to immature development and comorbidities associated with prematurity. We have shown that the use of cue-based oral feeding guidelines enabled preterm infants to attain full volume oral feeding at an earlier postmenstrual age (PMA) when compared to historical controls, without compromising growth. By using the guidelines, we could identify infants whose oral feeding progressed much slower than average. These infants and those who failed to attain full oral feeding at hospital discharge may have certain characteristics that cause them to have problems with oral feeding. Purpose To identify the risk factors that contributed to abnormal oral feeding progression. Design Preterm infants ( Results No differences in sex, income, race, maternal education, or age were found between groups. A significant difference among the 3 groups was noted for RDS requiring surfactant (36%, 46%, 80%) and oxygen need at discharge (14%, 21%, 70%), with the lowest percent in the fast feeder group and the highest percent in the failed feeding group. Those that failed oral feedings also had a significantly higher incidence of maternal chorioamnionitis, bloodstream infection, grade 3 or 4 IVH, PVL, apnea, vocal cord paralysis following PDA ligation, and concern for severe GERD when compared to the other two groups (p Conclusion There are multiple factors that may help predict which infants are at risk to fail oral feeding. Certain factors may be amenable to different management. We speculate that targeting interventions for infants with these factors will facilitate their oral feeding progression.
Contentions and Meditations of GE Crop Technology in China

China has got great achievements of research for GE crop technology.While two fierce debates have been launched in China in terms of supporting or opposing GE crop technology due to the different views of value.In terms of democratization of technology,there is a need of balance between the protection of freedom for scientific exploration,and the democratic supervision rights of masses.In terms of management,the effectiveness of national policies and government regulations must be brought into play so as to establish the platform and the mechanism of communication and dialogue between different viewpoints.In terms of education,there is a need to enhance science popularity among masses while dealing with the ethics challenge as the characteristic of new technology.In terms of national development strategy,the integrity of the ecological value of technology and social safety can be guaranteed by establishing a long-term development strategy of the GE crop technology.