cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Line defects in graphene: How doping affects the electronic and mechanical properties

Graphene and carbon nanotubes have extraordinary mechanical and electronic properties. Intrinsic line defects such as local nonhexagonal reconstructions or grain boundaries, however, significantly reduce the tensile strength, but feature exciting electronic properties. Here, we address the properties of line defects in graphene from first principles on the level of full-potential density-functional theory, and assess doping as one strategy to strengthen such materials. We carefully disentangle the global and local effect of doping by comparing results from the virtual crystal approximation with those from local substitution of chemical species, in order to gain a detailed understanding of the breaking and stabilization mechanisms. We find that doping primarily affects the occupation of the frontier orbitals. Occupation through $n$-type doping or local substitution with nitrogen increases the ultimate tensile strength significantly. In particular, it can stabilize the defects beyond the ultimate tensile strength of the pristine material. We therefore propose this as a key strategy to strengthen graphenic materials. Furthermore, we find that doping and/or applying external stress lead to tunable and technologically interesting metal/semiconductor transitions.
Validations of a Local Correlation-Based Transition Model Using an Unstructured Grid CFD Solver

The local correlation-based transition model was implemented in the unstructured CFD solver U 2 NCLE, coupled with the one-equation Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model. A zero-pressure gradient flat plate boundary layer flow was used to calibrate the transition model, and several 2D airfoil cases were validated and compared with the experimental data. The skin friction profiles predicted by the transition model indicated that the transition phenomenon was captured reasonably well, including the onset location and the length of transition for a variation of Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. Results of a realistic helicopter rotor showed that the transition model significantly improved the prediction accuracy for lift and drag coefficients when a laminar-turbulent transition is the dominating factor in the flow field.
The Measurement of Industry Advertising Effects

The statement, "advertising influences primary demand," is one that forms the basis for many marketing plans and forecasts. In addition to its practical relevance, this assertion about the effect of advertising on total industry (or primary) demand is an important element in any explanation of advertising-sales behavior. Although some studies have reported a positive influence of primary advertising (advertising by trade associations) on primary demand, no conclusive empirical evidence has been brought to bear on the major premise. The question of whether or not selective advertising (advertising by individual companies) influences primary demand and how remains one for future research. Recent work on the measurement of sales response to marketing decision variables, particularly advertising, is beginning to catch the attention of marketing managers because many researchers and practitioners share the same basic goal: to predict and control the consequences of a firm's actions on its sales and profit. Thus, the approach of this article is to discuss first a theory concerning practical concepts such as the impact of advertising on a company's sales, on its competitor's sales, and on total industry sales, then to discuss more formally the measurement of such concepts. The practical relevance of such work lies in application of the model to real market situations. The application no doubt would be by staff marketing or operations researchers, perhaps not until the scientific process of scrutiny and refinement is complete. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal is to explain market behavior, and thus to provide managers with answers to basic questions about the effectiveness of advertising. This article offers an analytical framework for assessing the nature of different industry advertising effects. Necessary and sufficient conditions for distin-
Assessing the Outcomes of Nursing-Home Patients

This paper describes the development of multidimensional measures of nursing-home patients' functioning. The technique was designed to gather information directly from the patients, using demonstrated ability in place of self-report wherever possible. Six domains are tapped: physiologic, activities of daily living, affective, cognitive, social, and satisfaction. Test-retest reliability ranges from .59 for social interaction to .85 for affect. Validity was tested by replication on successive waves of data as well as discriminant and content validity.
A Method for Analgsing the Effectiveness of Command and Control Structure Analyse Based on Complex System

The article introduced a new method of command and control structure analysis.In the first,the article defined the concept of command and control structure,then the article analyzed the command and control system on the point of view of network and established the command and control structure model,at last the article simulated three kinds of command and control structure based on Multi Agent System method,and analyzed the result data.
Immunology of Tuberculosis

The immune response to tuberculosis is a complex event consisting of various elements of innate immunity which, if not effective, are then followed by the generation of acquired specific cell-mediated immunity. The latter consists of the interaction of antigen-specific T cells with infected macrophages and is driven by the interleukin-12/gamma interferon cytokine axis (IL-12/IFNγ), a process that is the paradigm of ‘Th1 immunity’ to intracellular bacterial parasites. In parallel, the host recruits large numbers of macrophages and other cells into a containment structure – the granuloma – the formation of which is controlled by a large array of chemokines and their receptors. As these processes contain the infection, the effector T cell response contracts and is replaced by memory T cells, most of which express an effector memory T cell phenotype. Other T cell subsets are also involved, including IL-17–secreting CD4 + T cells (Th17), and Foxp3 + CD4 + regulatory T cells. The interrelationship between these three primary CD4 + responses in the pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, and further complicated by the observation that regulatory T cells are potently induced by high virulence strains of the bacterium and appear to interfere with vaccination processes. Overall, while the major components of acquired immunity to tuberculosis have been delineated, there is still much to learn.
Patterns of Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in T5-infected Escherichia coli: IV. EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID REPLICATION

The role of DNA replication in the synthesis of RNA and proteins during the "late" period of the infective cycle of T5-infected Escherichia coli F has been examined. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was achieved by addition of chloramphenicol to T5-infected cultures or by use of a mutant of T5 (T5 am I), which is unable to cause the synthesis of an active DNA polymerase upon infection of the nonpermissive host, E. coli F. The synthesis of late or Class III RNA and lysozyme, a presumed late protein, was measured. In the absence of DNA synthesis a small amount of late or Class III RNA species is formed by 9 to 12 min after infection, but much greater quantities are produced under conditions allowing concurrent DNA replication. The synthesis of T5 lysozyme occurs normally in both the permissive and nonpermissive hosts.
NOD Mice Having a Lyn Tyrosine Kinase Mutation Exhibit Abnormal Neutrophil Chemotaxis.

Neutrophils from NOD (Non-Obese Diabetic) mice exhibited reduced migration speed, decreased frequency of directional changes, and loss of directionality during chemotaxis (compared to wild-type [WT] C57BL/6 mice). Additionally, F-actin of chemotaxing NOD neutrophils failed to orient toward the chemoattractant gradient and NOD neutrophil adhesion was impaired. A point mutation near the autophosphorylation site of Lyn in NOD mice was identified. Point mutations of G to A (G1412 in LynA and G1199 in LynB) cause a change of amino acid E393 (glutamic acid) to K (lysine) in LynA (E393 →K) (E372 of LynB), affecting fMLP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. These data indicate that the Lyn mutation in NOD neutrophils is likely responsible for dysregulation of neutrophil adhesion and directed migration, implying the role of Lyn in modulating diabetic patient's susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1689-1695, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum cascade lasers: Quantum design, high performance technology for mid- and far-infrared photonics and commercialization

The physics of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) will be reviewed.1 The unipolar nature of these devices combined with the capabilities of electronic and photonic bandstructure engineering leads to unprecedented design flexibility and functionality compared to other lasers. Topics to be discusses also include: high-power room temperature cw QCLs grown by MOCVD2, nonlinear optical QCLs based on the integration within the active region of a nonlinear optical element with giant nonlinear susceptibility such as recently developed Terahertz coherent source based on difference frequency generation3, single mode spiral lasers based on chaotic resonators, mid-ir plasmonic laser antennas following our previous work in the near ir4, ultrabroadband QCL sources for lab-on-a-chip and optofluidic QCLs5. The talk will conclude with applications to chemical sensing and trace gas analysis along with the ongoing commercialization of this technology.
Using an Arbitration Simulation to Teach Critical Skills

The purpose of this article is to describe an arbitration exercise that provides students with an opportunity to learn about the labor arbitration process, reinforces arbitration principles, and improves a student's critical thinking skills, writing skills, teamwork, and note taking skills in an "active learning" environment.
Two-state Systems and SU(2)

The simplest truly non-trivial quantum systems have state spaces that are inherently two complex dimensional. This provides a great deal more structure than that seen in chapter 2, which could be analyzed by breaking up the space of states into one-dimensional subspaces of given charge.
Role of Late-Life Depression in the Association of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease With All-Cause Mortality: Cardiovascular Health Study.

Objectives: To evaluate whether late-life depression mediates the association of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) with all-cause mortality. Method: Using data from 3,473 Cardiovascular Heal...
Gadolinium deposition in the paediatric brain: T1-weighted hyperintensity within the dentate nucleus following repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent administration.

AIM:To determine whether repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent administration (GBCA) in children is associated with the development of increased T1-weighted signal intensity within the cerebellar dentate nucleus. MATERIALS AND METHODS:With institutional review board approval for this The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant retrospective study, a cohort of 41 patients under the age of 18 years who underwent at least four contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MR) examinations of the brain from 2005 to 2015 were identified. For each examination, both dentate nuclei were manually contoured, and the mean dentate nucleus-to-pons signal intensity (DN-P SI) ratio was calculated. The DN-P SI ratios from the last to first MRI examination were compared, and the correlation between DN-P SI ratio and cumulative gadolinium dose was calculated using a linear mixed effect model to control for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS:For the 41 patients in the cohort, there was a significant increase in the mean DN-P SI ratio from the first MRI to the last MRI examination (1.05 versus 1.11, p=0.004). After controlling for patient diagnosis, history of chemotherapy or radiation, sex, and age, there was a significant positive association between DN-P SI ratio and cumulative gadolinium dose (coefficient=0.401, p=0.032). CONCLUSION:Repeated GBCA administration in children is associated with increased T1-weighted signal intensity within the dentate nucleus.
Fostering healthy identity development in adolescence

Identity formation is an important developmental process during adolescence, with several applied and public health implications. To prevent identity development from going astray, educational efforts, prevention programmes and policy initiatives are needed that help young people develop a healthy sense of identity.
Sums of Independent Random Variables

The classical large-sample theory is about the sum of independent random variables. Even though large-sample techniques have expanded well beyond the classical theory, the foundation set up by the latter remains the best way to understand and further explore elements of large-sample theory. Furthermore, the classical results are often used as examples to illustrate more sophisticated theory, as we have done repeatedly so far in this book, and the “gold standard“ for any extensions beyond the classical situation. Here, by gold standard it means that a well-developed, nonclassical large-sample theory should include the classical one as a special case.
Pore diameter dependence of catalytic activity: p-nitrobenzaldehyde conversion to an aldol product in amine-functionalized mesoporous silica

The reaction yield for conversion of p-nitrobenzaldehyde (PNB) to an aldol product in amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) exhibits a 20-fold enhancement for a modest increase in pore diameter, d. This enhanced catalytic activity is shown to reflect a strong increase in the "passing propensity," P, of reactant and product species inside the pores. We find that P ≈ 0, corresponding to single-file diffusion, applies for the smallest d which still significantly exceeds the linear dimensions of PNB and the aldol product. However, in this regime of narrow pores, these elongated species must align with each other and with the pore axis in order to pass. Thus, P reflects both translational and rotational diffusion. Langevin simulation accounting for these features is used to determine P versus d. The results are also augmented by analytic theory for small and large d where simulation is inefficient. The connection with the catalytic activity and yield is achieved by the incorporation of results for P into a multi-scale modeling framework. Specifically, we apply a spatially coarse-grained (CG) stochastic model for the overall catalytic reaction-diffusion process in MSN. Pores are treated as linear arrays of cells from the ends of which species adsorb and desorb, and between which species hop and exchange, with the exchange rate reflecting P. CG model predictions including yield are assessed by Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation.
Minimal cost complexity pruning of meta-classifiers

Integrating multiple learned classication models (classiers) computed over large and (physically) distributed data sets has been demonstrated as an eective approach to scaling inductive learning techniques, while also boosting the accuracy of individual classiers. These gains, however, come at the expense of an increased demand for run-time system resources. The nal ensemble meta-classier may consist of a large collection of base classiers that require increased memory resources while also slowing down classication throughput. To classify unlabeled instances, predictions need to be generated from all base-classiers before the meta-classier can produce its nal classication. The throughput (prediction rate) of a metaclassier is of signicant importance in real-time systems, such as in e-commerce or intrusion detection. This extended abstract describes a pruning algorithm that is independent of the combining scheme and is used for discarding redundant classiers without degrading the overall predictive performance of the pruned metaclassier. To determine the most eective base classiers, the algorithm takes advantage of the minimal costcomplexity pruning method of the CART learning algorithm (Breiman et al. 1984) which guarantees to nd the best (with respect to misclassication cost) pruned tree of a specic size (number of terminal nodes) of an initial unpruned decision tree. An alternative pruning method using Rissanen’s minimum description length is described in (Quinlan & Rivest 1989).
Management of Mycobacterium Other than Tuberculosis in Solid Organ Transplantation.

Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis are important pathogens to consider in solid organ transplant recipients. Delay in recognition and treatment may incur significant morbidity and mortality. Management of mycobacteria other than tuberculosis requires a knowledge of treatment specific for each species and drug–drug interactions between antimicrobial and immunosuppressive drugs. Therapy in solid organ transplant can be prolonged and may require a reduction in immunosuppression to improve outcomes.
INTERNET ACCESS AND USAGE: IMPACT ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES

The study investigated the impact of Internet access and usage on students’ academic performance in Social Studies. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population consisted of 55,303 male and female JSS II students from which 576 students were selected. The instrument for the study was the questionnaire and students’ academic records. The data collected were analysed using correlational statistics. The result of the study revealed that there is significant relationship between internet usage for academic work and students’ academic performance; there is significant relationship between internet access and usage and students’ assignment submission; there was significant relationship between time spent on the internet and students’ academic performance. It was recommended that students should use the internet to enhance their academic performance of which they should restrict themselves from non-academic purposes; teachers should evolve regulations to guide the extent of Internet usage to avert over dependency among students. Article visualizations:
The Acute Influence of Acid Suppression with Esomeprazole on Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Brain Gene Expression Profiles in a Murine Model of Restraint Stress.

Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are linked through neuro-endocrine and humoral pathways. Critically ill patients suffer severe physical and emotional stress and frequently receive acid suppressants; however, stress and acid suppression may alter GIT microbiota. This study evaluated the effects of acid suppression on the GIT microbiota and genome-wide expression of brain-specific genes in a murine model of restraint stress. Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to three days of restraint stress by hypothermic immobilization or control environment for three hours daily and either esomeprazole 2 mg/kg or saline by intraperitoneal injection daily. Bacterial communities associated with the stomach, ileum, cecum, and mid-colon were determined by broad-range 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while RNA-sequencing assessed mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Both stress (p
How lucky was the genetic investigation in the Golden State Killer case

Abstract Long-range forensic familial searching is a new method in forensic genetics. In long-range search, a sample of interest is genotyped at single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and the genotype is compared with a large database in order to find relatives. Here, we perform some simple calculations that explore the basic phenomena that govern long-range searching. Two opposing phenomena—one genealogical and one genetic—govern the success of the search in a database of a given size. As one considers more distant genealogical relationships, any target sample is likely to have more relatives—on average, one has more second cousins than first cousins, and so on. But more distant relatives are also harder to detect genetically. Starting with third cousins, there is an appreciable chance that a given genealogical relationship will not be detectable genetically. Given the balance of these genealogical and genetic phenomena and the size of databases currently queryable by law enforcement, it is likely that most people with substantial recent ancestry in the United States are accessible via long-range search. Note This material was originally posted on the Coop lab site on May 7th, 2018, soon after the reporting of the arrest of Joseph DeAngelo in the Golden State Killer case, one of the first high-profile uses of long-range familial search. Subsequently, Erlich et al. (2018) published a detailed analysis in a large empirical dataset along with a theoretical analysis of a model similar to the one we use here, obtaining results broadly consistent with the ones presented here. Because Erlich and colleagues kindly cited this work when describing their model, we thought it would be appropriate to post this material in a venue where it is more easily cited.
Cato Supreme Court Review 2007-2008: Introduction

This is the seventh volume of the Cato Supreme Court Review, the nation’s first in-depth critique of the most recently completed Supreme Court term. We release this journal every year on September 17, Constitution Day, about two and a half months after the previous term concludes and two weeks before the next one begins. We are proud of the speed with which we publish this tome — authors of articles about the last-decided cases have little more than a month to provide us full drafts — and of its accessibility, at least insofar as the Court’s opinions allow for that. This is not a typical law review, after all, whose 100-page articles use more space for footnotes than article text. (I say this somewhat shamelessly, as the author of both the longest article in this volume and the one with by far the most footnotes.) Instead, this is a book about law intended for everyone from lawyers and judges to educated laymen and interested citizens. And we are happy to confess our biases: We approach our subject matter from a classical Madisonian perspective, with a focus on individual liberty, property rights, and federalism, and a vision of a government of delegated, enumerated, and thus limited powers. We also try to maintain a strict separation of politics (or policy) and law; just because something is legal does not mean it’s good policy, and vice versa. Similarly, certain decisions must necessarily be left to the political process: We aim to be governed by laws, not lawyers. Just as a good lawyer will present all plausibly legal options to his client, a good public official will recognize that the ultimate buck stops with him.
Binary reduction of dependency graphs

Delta debugging is a technique for reducing a failure-inducing input to a small input that reveals the cause of the failure. This has been successful for a wide variety of inputs including C programs, XML data, and thread schedules. However, for input that has many internal dependencies, delta debugging scales poorly. Such input includes C#, Java, and Java bytecode and they have presented a major challenge for input reduction until now. In this paper, we show that the core challenge is a reduction problem for dependency graphs, and we present a general strategy for reducing such graphs. We combine this with a novel algorithm for reduction called Binary Reduction in a tool called J-Reduce for Java bytecode. Our experiments show that our tool is 12x faster and achieves more reduction than delta debugging on average. This enabled us to create and submit short bug reports for three Java bytecode decompilers.
Constitutive Active Mutant TIE2 Induces Enlarged Vascular Lumen Formation with Loss of Apico-basal Polarity and Pericyte Recruitment

Abnormalities in controlling key aspects of angiogenesis including vascular cell migration, lumen formation and vessel maturation are hallmarks of vascular anomalies including venous malformation (VM). Gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2 can cause VM and induce a ligand-independent hyperactivation of TIE2. Despite these important findings, the TIE2-dependent mechanisms triggering enlarged vascular lesions are not well understood. Herein we studied TIE2 p.L914F, the most frequent mutation identified in VM patients. We report that endothelial cells harboring a TIE2-L914F mutation display abnormal cell migration due to a loss of front-rear polarity as demonstrated by a non-polarized Golgi apparatus. Utilizing a three-dimensional fibrin-matrix based model we show that TIE2-L914F mutant cells form enlarged lumens mimicking vascular lesions present in VM patients, independently of exogenous growth factors. Moreover, these abnormal vascular channels demonstrate a dysregulated expression pattern of apico-basal polarity markers Podocalyxin and Collagen IV. Furthermore, in this system we recapitulated another pathological feature of VM, the paucity of pericytes around ectatic veins. The presented data emphasize the value of this in vitro model as a powerful tool for the discovery of cellular and molecular signals contributing to abnormal vascular development and subsequent identification of novel therapeutic approaches.
Campath-1H-Containing Reduced Intensity Regimen Followed by Unrelated Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Advanced Hematologic Malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of mortality after unrelated transplants. Reduced intensity conditioning regimens (RIC) followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) with in vivo T-cell depletion using Campath-1H have been shown to decrease the incidence of GVHD. We report our experience with such an approach in 19 patients (pts) with advanced hematologic malignacies who undergone unrelated SCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between October 2001 and June 2003, 19 pts with a median age of 56 years (range 18–70) not eligible for ablative SCT received Campath-1H 20 mg/m 2 , fludarabine 25 mg/m 2 × 5 days and either cyclophosphamide 1 g/m 2 × 2 days (n=16pts), melphalan 140mg/m 2 (1 pt) or busulfan 0.8 mg/m 2 × 8 doses (n=2pts) followed by G-CSF stimulated peripheral blood (n=13) or unmanipulated bone marrow (n=6). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin at least until T+60 and mycophenolate mofetil through T+30. DLI was allowed for residual disease/progressive disease or mixed chimerism after T+ 60, in the absence of acute GVHD. Seven pts had a previous autologous transplant. Ten pts had myeloid diseases (AML=6, CML Ph negative=1, CML accelerated phase =1, therapy related MDS=1, myelofibrosis=1); 9 pts lymphoid (HD=3, NHD=5, PLL=1); Only 5 pts were in CR at transplant. Six pts received bone marrow witha median CD34+ cells infused of 3.7 × 10 6 /Kg, and 13 pts received peripheral blood with a median of 4.5 × 10 6 /Kg CD34+ cells infused. RESULTS:19 pts achieved ANC>0.5 × 10 6 /L within a median of 12 days (range 8–16); 2 pts rejected the graft and 1 had autologous reconstitutuion; 10/19 pts achieved sustained platelet engraftment at a median of 16 days (range7–27). 2/17 pts with sustained engraftment developed acute GVHD (grade IV T+30 and grade III T+53); 7/14 at risk pts had CMV reactivation; TRM at T+100 was 16% (disease progression in 2 and GVHD in 1). Nine pts received DLI (5 for mixed chimerism and 4 pts for persistent/progressive disease). After DLI, 5 pts had GVHD limited to skin. None of the pts receiving DLI for persistent/progressive disease responded. Response to transplant was as follows: CR in 3/6 AML pts, CR in 1/1 pt with myelofibrosis, CR in 3/3 HD pts, CR in 3/5 NHL pts. Five pts (26%) remain alive in CR at T+ 36, 42, 50, 56 and 66 months. Causes of death include disease progression/relapse in 7 pts, CMV disease in 1 pt, sepsis in 2 pts, GVHD in 3 pts (2 underwent a second transplant), other malignancy in 1 pt. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that unrelated SCT with in vivo T -cell depletion using Campath-1H is well tolerated. This approach is associated with low TRM even in pts with advanced disease, and some can achieve long-term disease control. Disease progression/relapse remains a major impediment to this approach.
Herpesviral lytic gene functions render the viral genome susceptible to novel editing by CRISPR/Cas9

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes lifelong latent infection and can cause serious human disease, but current antiviral therapies target lytic but not latent infection. We screened for sgRNAs that cleave HSV-1 DNA sequences efficiently in vitro and used these sgRNAs to observe the first editing of quiescent HSV-1 DNA. The sgRNAs targeted lytic replicating viral DNA genomes more efficiently than quiescent genomes, consistent with the open structure of lytic chromatin. Editing of latent genomes caused short indels while editing of replicating genomes produced indels, linear molecules, and large genomic sequence loss around the gRNA target site. The HSV ICP0 protein and viral DNA replication increased the loss of DNA sequences around the gRNA target site. We conclude that HSV, by promoting open chromatin needed for viral gene expression and by inhibiting the DNA damage response, makes the genome vulnerable to a novel form of editing by CRISPR-Cas9 during lytic replication.
Five degradates of imidacloprid in source water, treated water, and tap water in Wuhan, central China.

Abstract Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most applied neonicotinoid insecticides worldwide. The occurrence of its degradates such as desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI), imidacloprid-urea (IMI-urea), and desnitro-imidacloprid-olefin (DN-IMI-olefin) in environment water and their fate during drinking water treatment were seldom documented. In this study, IMI and its degradates were determined in source water (the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Hanshui River), treated water, and tap water (n = 20, 20, and 169, respectively) in different seasons of 2019 in Wuhan, central China. Their occurrence, removal efficiency, and seasonal variations were evaluated. Advanced water treatment with ozone combined with activated carbon might remove target analytes efficiently but conventional water treatment cannot. IMI and its degradates were 100% detectable in the conventionally treated water samples in July. IMI and DN-IMI decreased while IMI-urea, DN-IMI-olefin, imidacloprid-olefin (IMI-olefin), and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI) increased during conventional drinking water treatment. IMI and its degradates were found in the tap water samples treated conventionally (range: 1.17–32.0 ng/L for IMI; 0.57–7.00 ng/L for DN-IMI; 0.58–4.50 ng/L for IMI-urea; 0.04–0.65 ng/L for DN-IMI-olefin;
Sex-specific correlates of metabolic syndrome risk in college-aged young adults.

To identify the sex-specific prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors and their physiological, psychosocial, and behavioral correlates in a college-aged population. Participants and met...
Why are active galactic nuclei and host galaxies misaligned

It is well established observationally that the characteristic angular momentum axis on small scales around active galactic nuclei (AGN), traced by radio jets and the putative torus, is not well correlated with the large-scale angular momentum axis of the host galaxy. In this paper, we show that such misalignments arise naturally in high-resolution simulations in which we follow angular momentum transport and inflows from galaxy to sub-pc scales near AGN, triggered either during galaxy mergers or by instabilities in isolated discs. Sudden misalignments can sometimes be caused by single massive clumps falling into the centre slightly off-axis, but more generally, they arise even when the gas inflows are smooth and trace only global gravitational instabilities. When several nested, self-gravitating modes are present, the inner ones can precess and tumble in the potential of the outer modes. Resonant angular momentum exchange can flip or re-align the spin of an inner mode on a short time-scale, even without the presence of massive clumps. We therefore do not expect that AGN and their host galaxies will be preferentially aligned, nor should the relative alignment be an indicator of the AGN fuelling mechanism. We discuss implications of this conclusion for AGN feedback and black hole (BH) spin evolution. The misalignments may mean that even BHs accreting from smooth large-scale discs will not be spun up to maximal rotation and so have more modest radiative efficiencies and inefficient jet formation. Even more random orientations/lower spins are possible if there is further unresolved clumpiness in the gas, and more ordered accretion may occur if the inflow is slower and not self-gravitating.
Finding a new balance between a genetics-first or phenotype-first approach to the study of disease.

Successes in neuroscience using a genetics-first approach to characterizing disorders such as autism have eclipsed the scientific and clinical value of a comprehensive phenotype-first—clinical or molecular—approach. Recent high-throughput phenotyping techniques using machine learning, electronic medical records, and even administrative databases show the value of a synthesis between the two approaches.
Gonadal Steroids, Learning, and Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the primary gonadal steroids that influence cognitive performance. These actions have two consequences, the modulation of learning and memory performance, and the promotion of neuronal survival. Gonadal steroids can affect performance on appetitive and aversive tasks; spatial and nonspatial tasks; conditioning; and acquisition, consolidation, and retention. However, the effects of steroids on learning and memory are often moderate in magnitude, and can improve, impair, or not affect performance on various measures of learning and memory. Steroid hormones are the key elements of communication in the body. These remarkable molecules play important roles during the life span, guiding development in young organisms and regulating physiological processes in adults. The biological basis of learning and memory is one of oldest obsessions of psychology. The effects of steroids on learning and memory performance are not simply a matter of improving one's ability to acquire and remember information. The relationships between brain biology and cognitive performance are complex.
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Gradient Cyclic Behavior of Refractory Silicate Coatings on Sic/Sic Ceramic Matrix Composites

Plasma-sprayed mullite and BSAS coatings have been developed to protect SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites from high temperature environmental attack. In this study, thermal conductivity and thermal barrier functions of these coating systems are evaluated using a laser high-heat-flux test rig. The effects of water vapor on coating thermal conductivity and durability are studied by using alternating furnace and laser thermal gradient cyclic tests. The influence of laser high thermal-gradient cycling on coating failure modes is also investigated.
Optimal and suboptimal control of switching systems

An optimal control problem for a switching system is solved; no assumptions about the number of switches nor about the mode sequence are made. They are determined by the solution of the problem. The switching system is embedded into a larger family of systems and the optimization problem is formulated for the latter. It is shown that the set of trajectories of the switching system is dense in the set of trajectories of the embedded system. Sufficient and necessary conditions for optimally are formulated for the second optimization problem. If they exist, bang-bang type solutions of the embedded optimal control problem are solutions of the original problem. Otherwise, suboptimal solutions are obtained via the Chattering Lemma.
Shakespeare and Popular Politics

This article defines popular politics as the tactics – ranging from grumbling to rioting – used by common people to articulate and redress economic and social injustice. Early modern popular politics were not, however, exclusively radical and were rarely antimonarchical. A study of popular politics thus pressures the conservative versus progressive binary through which most critics discuss Shakespeare’s politics. Furthermore, this article contests the widely held assumption that Shakespeare was hostile in his representations of ‘the people’ and toward his audience. An understanding of popular politics equips one to read Shakespeare’s crowds not as irrational lovers of violence but rather as stewards of the commonwealth or conscious agents of their own material interests. This article poses the theater itself as a space of popular politics, insofar as it was a space where popular politics were depicted onstage and where common people were invited to think through political issues.
Beyond Virtual Equality: Liberatory Consciousness as a Path to Achieve Trans* Inclusion in Higher Education

Trans* men have not, as yet, received specific research attention in higher education. Based on intensive interviews with 25 trans* men enrolled in colleges or universities in New England, I explore their experiences in higher education. I analyze participants’ descriptions of supports and challenges in their collegiate environments, as well as advice they offer to other trans* men in college. I offer liberatory consciousness as a model that higher education staff and faculty can use to attend to the needs for trans* men's inclusion in higher education.
The number of elliptic curves over ℚ with conductorNwith conductorN

We prove that the number of elliptic curves E/ℚ with conductorN isO(N 1/2+e). More generally, we prove that the number of elliptic curves E/ℚ with good reduction outsideS isO(M 1/2+e), whereM is the product of the primes inS. Assuming various standard conjectures, we show that this bound can be improved toO(M c/loglogM ).
Fermi pseudopotential in arbitrary dimensions.

The theory of zero-range potentials is investigated in an arbitrary number of dimensions. Except for the trivial one-dimensional case the zero-range potentials are described by nonlocal operators called Fermi pseudopotentials. It is shown that in odd dimensions the Fermi pseudopotentials involve a very simple regularization operator. In even dimensions with the help of dimensional regularization, explicit formulas for the Fermi pseudopotentials are derived. The Green's functions, the propagators, and the exact solutions of the Lippmann-Schwinger equations are derived in explicit forms. In odd dimensions d=1 and 3 the Fermi pseudopotentials can be applied to describe multiphoton processes of atoms and molecules with very short-range interactions. In even dimension d=2 the Fermi pseudopotential can be applied to describe tunneling from laser-driven quantum wells. Physical applications involving higher d are also possible.
Novel crack sensor for TSV-based 3D integrated circuits: design and deployment perspectives

The CTE mismatch-induced stress in 3D ICs may initiate cracks from the interface between a TSV and its dielectric liner, and propagates them on the silicon substrate surface. If a crack grows beyond the keep-out-zone (KOZ) of a TSV, it will jeopardize the reliability of the devices along its propagation path. While such threat can be eliminated by a sufficiently large KOZ, significant area overhead will be incurred. Given the low probability of crack occurrence, we argue that a much more economical approach is to keep KOZ small and filter out bad chips with cracks growing beyond the KOZ during testing. However, traditional microscope or X-ray diffraction based crack detection techniques are cost-prohibitive for massive productions. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel crack sensor design with very little design or testing overhead. It is simply formed by doping the area surrounding a suspicious TSV. By measuring its DC resistances during testing, cracks that grow beyond the doped area can be easily detected. In addition, through empirical studies on crack dynamics in various TSV configurations, we provide deployment guidelines to minimize the number of sensors needed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to propose a macro-scale crack detection technique.
Analysis of Motive and Participation Differences between Saltwater Sport and Tournament Fishermen

Abstract Numerous descriptive studies of fishermen have been conducted. Motives, attitudes, and behavior of fishermen have been examined. These studies have confirmed the nonexistence of the average fisherman. They disclosed, instead, considerable diversity between and among fishermen and their activities. Few studies, however, have focused on this diversity, despite an emerging literature indicating fisherman diversity to be an important concern for fishery managers in allocating resources among competing interests. We empirically tested for and examined differences in motivation between Texas saltwater sport anglers and saltwater tournament fishermen, particularly those differences in measures of catch-related and noncatch motivation. Tournament fishermen rated the importance of catch-related motives significantly higher than did sport fishermen. Both groups rated equally high the importance attached to noncatch motives as reasons for fishing. Tournament fishermen considered themselves more skilled, bel...
Workshop - creating learning opportunities: Building active learning problems to create conceptual conflict for enduring understanding

The term "counter-intuitive" (CI) refers to a problem that appears to have an obvious, simple answer yet displays a behavior opposite to "common sense." By using these puzzles we have been able to demonstrate an ability to create "learning moments" for students. This translated to improved student learning. Essentially these real world application puzzles give students something real to think about and challenge their way of thinking so they more deeply engage in the learning activity. The two major challenges in using these puzzles are: (1) developing robust puzzles that reveal misconceptions and (2) finding colleagues to critically assess the work. During the workshop, you will: (a) experience a CI problem session in an active learning environment so you can personally assess the experience; (b) discuss how you felt about the problems which will help you understand how students feel in a classroom; (c) learn what characterizes a good CI problem; and (d) use a design heuristic in small groups to identify good CI problems for your specialty area. You will take from the workshop the following abilities: (a) to create CI problems, (b) to implement CI problems in your classroom, (c) to plan and reflect on your classroom pedagogy, (d) to assess CI activities, and (e) to join a Virtual College and have several like-minded faculty to discuss issues involved in classroom instruction.
Automatic and hand toothbrushing abrasion studies

In vitro studies on abrasion caused by hand and automatic toothbrushing mo­ tions and by nylon bristles, natural bristles and rubber-tip stimulators were performed. ‘Comparisons were made on a weight-loss and a relative volume-loss basis. In comparison with the shortstroke, reciprocating-action automatic toothbrush, under simulated conditions, arcuate-motion automatic toothbrushing produced 160 per cent more abrasion; hand scrub brush motion produced 80 per cent more abrasion, and occlusalward hand toothbrushing produced 50 per cent less abrasion. On ivory and acrylic resin, natural bristles caused about twice as much abrasion as nylon bristles. Bristle buckling and matting were found to be important factors in the abrasion charac­ teristics of toothbrushes.
Plastic analysis of filled, reinforced, circular cylindrical shells

Abstract Circular cylindrical shells made of anisotropic plastic material and filled with an incompressible fluid are subjected to a ring of load which is centrally located. The anisotropic material is a model of a composite material consisting of a ductile matrix reinforced either circumferentially or longitudinally with ductile fibers. Limit loads for all sizes of shell are obtained and their dependence on the degree of reinforcement is determined. The presence of the fluid considerably increases the limit loads over those for unfilled shells. The limitation due to finite transverse shearing stress is considered and is shown to have a significant effect on the strength of such structures.
The Assertive Interaction Coding System

Conceptual and theoretical issues concerning the assessment of assertive behavior are discussed. A summary of a variety of instruments utilized in experimental and clinical settings is offered that reflects these issues. This review is followed by the presentation of a new assessment device developed by the authors—the Assertive Interaction Coding System. Research evidence as to its reliability and validity in experimental and clinical settings is presented. Implications for its use in clinical and research protocols are addressed.
Ecophysiology of Yucca brevifolia , an arborescent monocot of the Mojave sesert

Photosynthetic characteristics and transpiration of Yucca brevifolia, an evergreen tree endemic to the Mojave Desert of California and Nevada, were examined in the field and the laboratory. Yucca brevifolia was confirmed to be a C3 plant, with no CAM tendencies observed for its semi-succulent leaves. The species exhibited a maximum net CO2 uptake of 12 μmol m-2 s-1 at 22°C when grown at day/night air temperatures of 31°C/17°C (data expressed on a total area basis for these opaque leaves). The optimum temperature for CO2 uptake shifted 4.5°C per 10°C change in daytime growth temperature, so that observed leaf temperatures in the field were near optimum temperatures throughout the midday period in all but the hottest months of the year. Leaves also acclimated to low and high temperature extremes, tolerances ranging to-11°C and to 59°C, respectively, suggesting that low temperatures limit the distribution of Y. brevifolia but high temperatures do not. Light saturation of photosynthesis occurred at a relatively low PAR of about 500 μmol m-2 s-1, similar to the actual PAR within a rosette. Diurnal patterns of leaf conductance shifted from a broad midday peak in wet seasons to a reduced, narrow, early morning peak in the dry season, indicating effective stomatal control of water use. The approximately 5-month-long winter-spring growth season accounted for 80% of the yearly CO2 uptake, with a predicted annual uptake of about 22 mol m-2 y-1 and a transpiration ratio of 700.
An EM-like algorithm for the semiparametric accelerated failure time gamma frailty model

The frailty model is one of the most popular models used to analyze clustered failure time data, and the frailty term in the model is used to assess associations in each cluster. The frailty model based on the semiparametric accelerated failure time model attracts less attention than the one based on the proportional hazards model due to its computational difficulties. In this paper, we develop a new estimation method for the semiparametric accelerated failure time gamma frailty model based on the EM-like algorithm and the rank-like estimation method. The proposed method is compared with the existing EM algorithm, which incorporates the M-estimator in the M-step. From simulation studies, we show that the rank-like estimation method in the M-like step simplifies the estimation procedure and reduces the computational time by the linear programming approach. With respect to the accuracy of estimates and length of computational time, the proposed method outperforms the existing estimation methods. For illustration, we apply the proposed method to the data set of sublingual nitroglycerin and oral isosorbide dinitrate on angina pectoris of coronary heart disease patients.