cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-Junction Microfluidic Cooling for Wide Bandgap Devices

GaN has emerged as the material of choice for advanced power amplifier devices for both industrial and defense applications but near-junction thermal barriers severely limit the inherent capability of high-quality GaN materials. Recent “embedded cooling” efforts, funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Microsystems Technology Office (DARPA-MTO), have focused on reduction of this near-junction thermal resistance, through the use of diamond substrates and efficient removal of the dissipated power with convective and evaporative microfluidics. An overview of the accomplishments of the DARPA Near-Junction Thermal Transport (NJTT) program and recent results from the on-going DARPA Intra-Chip Embedded Cooling (ICECool) program are provided. It is shown that growth or bonding of diamond to GaN epitaxy has enabled a 3-5× increase in power handling capability per transistor unit area, while use of microfluidic cooling has enabled heat fluxes of 30 kW/cm2 at the transistor level and 1 kW/cm2 at the die-level, for a 3-6× improvement in the total RF output power of GaN power amplifiers. These demonstrations provide near-term validation of the large improvement in output power gained through embedded cooling and confirm the potential for well above a 6× improvement in GaN power amplifier output power to the electrical, rather than thermal, limits of GaN.
Geostatistical Approach for Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Remediation of Contaminated Soils: Case Study

Variability in the spatial distribution of soil contaminants and limited (non-exhaustive) sampling create uncertainty in planned remediation activities at a site. Geostatistical simulation techniques can be applied to existing data to map the probability of exceeding a regulatory threshold (action level) across the site. This probability map can be used to devise a remediation plan based on an allowable probability of exceeding the regulatory action level that is acceptable to regulators and stakeholders. Compared with the traditional, deterministic approach to defining areas to be remediated, this probabilistic approach requires an acknowledgment of a nonzero probability of failure (failing to remove material actually exceeding the action level) that must be agreed upon by the regulators and stakeholders. Evaluation of costs for remediation alternatives and for potential regulatory failure can be combined with probability maps to provide site operators, regulators and stakeholders with cost-risk information from which key decisions can be effectively understood and negotiated. Approximately 300 samples were collected from a site in central New Mexico. These samples show concentrations of lead ranging from the 0.1 to 3,000 ppm. Initial negotiations with stakeholders and regulators resulted in two action levels being considered where each action level defined an acceptable human health risk for a residential or a industrial future land-use scenario. Probability-of-exceedence maps were created through geostatistical simulation at both action levels. Maps of areas to be remediated for several acceptable probabilities of exceedence, and the corresponding remediation costs as a function of proposed action level allowed the regulators and stakeholders to see clearly the economic consequences of their decisions. In the final decision, the regulators and stakeholders accepted a higher action level and a remediation map constructed with a five percent probability of exceedence. The cost difference between the selected action level, corresponding to an industrial future land-use scenario, and the alternative action level, corresponding to a residential future land-use scenario resulted in a projected savings in remediation costs of approximately $6.6 million.
Selection and historical height data: Evidence from the 1892 Boas sample of the Cherokee Nation

Abstract Economists have increasingly turned to height data to gain insight into a population's standard of living. Because height measures are used when other data are unavailable, testing their reliability can be difficult, and concerns over sample selection have led to several vigorous debates within the heights literature. In this paper, I use a unique contemporaneous census to gauge the extent of selection into a contested sample of American Indian heights. I have linked people from the 1892 Boas sample of the Cherokee Nation to the 1890 Cherokee Census. An initial analysis finds evidence of negative selection into the Boas sample. A detailed examination of those measured reveals a more complex story. Two distinct groups are present within the data. The first group consists of 64 members of the Cherokee elite. Their households owned more land, invested more in improvements to their land, and had higher literacy rates. The remainder of the Boas sample is poor relative to both the elite and the rest of the Cherokee Nation. Part, but not all, of this difference is due to their residential location. Forty percent of the Boas sample lived in poorest district of Cherokee Nation. These differences in wealth between the two groups were mirrored by a fairly dramatic difference in average heights. The average height of all men in elite group was 173.9 cm while the non-elite were several centimeters shorter at just 171.2 cm.
Determination of NO_3~- and NO_2~- in fruit and beverage samples by ion chromatography

In this paper,the contents of NO3- and NO2- in fruit and beverage samples were determined by ion chromatography simultaneously.The separation of two anions was achieved on a high capacity A-SSUP-5 column with Na2CO3 as mobile phase.And the detection was performed by a suppressed conductivity detector.Under certain experimental conditions,there exists linear correlation between peak areas and contents of NO3- and NO2-(γ2 0.9991),with a detection limit of 0.07 and 0.05 mg / L,respectively.Relative standard deviation(RSD) is 0.11% for NO3- and 0.66% for NO2-.Linear range of the calibration curve was ranged in 0.5 ～ 180 mg / L for NO3- and in 0.5 ～ 150 mg / L for NO2-.The recovery results for fruit and beverage samples were between 89.5% ～ 104.8%.The proposed method was applied to the determination of NO3- and NO2- in fruit and beverage samples for the advantage of convenience,high speed and accuracy.
Considerations and determination on the evaluation criterion for clinical efficacy of antibacterial agents in China

Now,the newly revised guidelines for clinical research of antibacterial agents will be published in China.In order to help researc- her understand the clinical efficacy evaluation criterion in the guidelines better,we analyzed the existing issues in clinical efficacy evaluation of domestic antibacterial agents and introduced the consideration of the de- termination on clinical efficacy evaluation criterion in the newly revised guidelines in this article.
Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to variable arterial partial pressure of oxygen in halothane-anesthetized horses during spontaneous and controlled ventilation.

Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to variable PaO2 were measured in 6 horses anesthetized only with halothane during spontaneous (SV) and controlled (CV) ventilation. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane in oxygen was determined in each spontaneously breathing horse prior to establishing PaO2 study conditions--mean +/- SEM, 0.95 +/- 0.03 vol%. The PaO2 conditions of > 250, 120, 80, and 50 mm of Hg were studied in each horse anesthetized at 1.2 MAC of halothane and positioned in left lateral recumbency. In response to a decrease in PaO2, total peripheral resistance and systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure decreased (P 250 mm of Hg. During SV, minute expired volume increased (P < 0.05) because respiratory frequency tended to increase as PaO2 decreased. Decrease in PaCO2 (P < 0.05) also accompanied these respiratory changes. Although oxygen utilization was nearly constant over all treatment periods, oxygen delivery decreased (P < 0.05) with decrease in PaO2, and was less (P < 0.05) during CV, compared with SV, for comparable PaO2 values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Demonstration of [3H]cyclazocine binding to multiple opiate receptor sites.

Interaction of the psychotomimetic opiate cyclazocine with multiple receptor sites has been demonstrated biochemically. Cyclazocine has been postulated to interact with µ, κ, and σ opiate receptors (Martin et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.197:517-532 (1976).) In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuropharmacological actions of this and closely related opiates we have studied the binding of [3H]cyclazocine to rat brain homogenates. Specific binding, defined as total binding minus binding in the presence of 10 µM nonradioactive cyclazocine, constitutes approximately 92% of total binding at 1.0 nM 3H-labeled ligand and 67% of total binding at 100 nM 3H-labeled ligand. Scatchard analyses utilizing various competing drugs reveal the apparent interaction of this drug with three distinct binding sites characterized by affinities of 0.2 nM, 11 nM, and 70 nM (50 nM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 at 4°). In contrast, many radiolabeled classical opiates and opioid peptides have been reported to exhibit biphasic binding but do not exhibit binding to a site of such low affinity. The high- and low-affinity [3H]cyclazocine sites exhibit differential sensitivities to sodium and also to the selective sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide. In addition, all three sites exhibit greater than 50% loss of specific binding following incubation with trypsin (5 µg/ml) for 15 min at room temperature, and greater than 80% loss of specific binding following incubation at 60° for 15 min in the absence of added reagents. Together, these findings indicate that all three sites have a protein-like component. Competition analyses involving rank order determinations for a series of opiates and other drugs indicate that the cyclazocine binding sites represent, in order of decreasing affinity, the classical opiate receptor (the putative "µ" receptor), a second as yet uncharacterized opiate binding site, and the specific [3H]phencylidine binding site. Specific [3H]phencyclidine binding can be displaced by cyclazocine (IC50 = 350 nM) and by related benzomorphans, but not by classical opiates such as morphine or naloxone. We thus propose a common binding site in rat nervous tissue for phencyclidine and some of the benzomorphan opiates.
Coordination of electromechanical and metabolic properties of cat soleus motor units

Motor units were studied in the soleus muscle of normal adult cats and adult cats that had undergone complete spinal cord transection approximately 4 mo earlier. Intracellular recording and stimula...
Effects of the Female Reproductive System on Bipolar Disorder

The presentations and clinical courses of patients with bipolar disorder differ greatly by gender. In addition, medical therapy must be tailored differently for men and women because of emerging safety concerns unique to the female reproductive system. In November 2005, these topics were explored by a panel of experts in psychiatry, neurology, and reproductive health at a closed roundtable meeting in Dallas, Texas. This clinical information monograph summarizes the highlights of that meeting. Compared to men with bipolar disorder, women have more pervasive depressive symptoms and experience more major depressive episodes. They are also at higher risk for obesity and certain other medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Mood changes across the menstrual cycle are common, although the severity, timing, and type of changes are variable. Bipolar disorder is frequently associated with menstrual abnormalities and ovarian dysfunction, including polycystic ovarian syndrome. Although some cases of menstrual disturbance precede the treatment of bipolar disorder, it is possible that valproate and/or antipsychotic treatment may play a contributory role in young women. Pregnancy does not protect against mood episodes in untreated women. Maintenance of euthymia during pregnancy is critical because relapse during this period strongly predicts a difficult postpartum course. Suspending therapy in the first months of pregnancy may be an option for some women with mild-to-moderate illness, or those with a long history of euthymia during pre-pregnancy treatment. However, a mood stabilizer should be reintroduced either in the later stages of pregnancy or in the immediate postpartum period. Preliminary data suggest that fetal exposure to some mood stabilizers may raise the risk of major congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental delays. For women planning to become pregnant, clinicians may consider switching to other drugs before conception. The value and drawbacks of breastfeeding during treatment must be considered in partnership with the patient, with close monitoring of nursing infants thereafter. The risks and benefits of medical treatment for women with bipolar disorder should be carefully reconsidered at each stage of their reproductive lives, with a flexible approach that is responsive to the changing needs of patients and their families.
The Price of Peace: Adjustment Strategies for Reductions in Defense Spending in the United States

All wars command a great many people and resources, affecting the nature and structure of the economies of the countries involved. The conclusions of wars free these quantitities of people and resources for other uses, again affecting the nature, structure and growth of the economies of their countries. Such was the case after World War II and such has been the case in the aftermath of the Cold War.
Extending the Octree Model to Include Knowledge for Manufacturing

Knowledge-based expert systems are emerging as an important tool in engineering development. These expert systems promise to shorten design cycles, facilitate design for manufacturaility, and provide cost savings. Current CAD systems lack rule based inferencing that uses geometric features. These systems, both 2-D and 3-D, lack the data structures which are amenable knowledge representation. We present a data structure, based on Octree representation and demonstrate its facility to compute, store, access, and manipulate 3-D manufacturing data in the form of features of the geometry and mass properties. We indicate how the knowledge can be used ins manufacturing methodologies such as process placing, design for assembly, etc.
Pathogenesis and Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients

One hundred and forty one years have passed since Armand Trousseau’s initial observation that venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common manifestation of an underlying malignancy (1). Despite widespread recognition of this association and the availability of a multiple options for prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis, VTE remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. The purpose of this chapter will be to review: (1) The epidemiology of VTE in cancer patients, (2) The pathogenesis of cancer-related thrombosis, (3) The prevention and treatment of VTE in the cancer patient, and (4) Special topics in VTE management including management of recurrent VTE and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Human-machine communication for assistive IoT technologies

Despite the phenomenal advances in the computational power and functionality of electronic systems, human-machine interaction has largely been limited to simple control panels, keyboard, mouse and display. Consequently, these systems either rely critically on close human guidance or operate almost independently from the user. An exemplar technology integrated tightly into our lives is the smartphone. However, the term “smart” is a misnomer, since it has fundamentally no intelligence to understand its user. The users still have to type, touch or speak (to some extent) to express their intentions in a form accessible to the phone. Hence, intelligent decision making is still almost entirely a human task. A life-changing experience can be achieved by transforming machines from passive tools to agents capable of understanding human physiology and what their user wants [1]. This can advance human capabilities in unimagined ways by building a symbiotic relationship to solve real world problems cooperatively. One of the high-impact application areas of this approach is assistive internet of things (IoT) technologies for physically challenged individuals. The Annual World Report on Disability reveals that 15% of the world population lives with disability, while 110 to 190 million of these people have difficulty in functioning [1]. Quality of life for this population can improve significantly if we can provide accessibility to smart devices, which provide sensory inputs and assist with everyday tasks. This work demonstrates that smart IoT devices open up the possibility to alleviate the burden on the user by equipping everyday objects, such as a wheelchair, with decision-making capabilities. Moving part of the intelligent decision making to smart IoT objects requires a robust mechanism for human-machine communication (HMC). To address this challenge, we present examples of multimodal HMC mechanisms, where the modalities are electroencephalogram (EEG), speech commands, and motion sensing. We also introduce an IoT co-simulation framework developed using a network simulator (OMNeT++) and a robot simulation platform Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP). We show how this framework is used to evaluate the effectiveness of different HMC strategies using automated indoor navigation as a driver application.
Psychosocial treatment of personality disorders

This paper describes psychosocial treatment approaches that have been developed or modified for the treatment of personality disorders, including psychodynamic, interpersonal, cognitive, and behavioral approaches. Results of empirical studies investigating the effectiveness of such treatments for patients are reviewed. Borderline and avoidant personality disorders have been the most frequently studied of the Axis II disorders; the majority of studies have involved the use of behavioral treatments. Preliminary findings suggest that behavioral treatments may be helpful in treating these disorders, although limitations of improvement are noted. There are also some findings suggesting a beneficial effect of psychodynamic treatments for a mixed group of primarily Cluster C (anxious/fearful) personality disorders
Human recognition using biometrics: an overview

Establishing identity is becoming critical in our vastly interconnected society. Questions such as “Is she really who she claims to be?”, “Is this person authorized to use this facility?”, or “Is he in the watchlist posted by the government?” are routinely being posed in a variety of scenarios ranging from issuing a drivers license to gaining entry into a country. The need for reliable user authentication techniques has increased in the wake of heightened concerns about security and rapid advancements in networking, communication, and mobility. Biometrics, described as the science of recognizing an individual based on his or her physical or behavioral traits, is beginning to gain acceptance as a legitimate method for determining an individuals identity. Biometric systems have now been deployed in various commercial, civilian, and forensic applications as a means of establishing identity. This paper presents an overview of biometrics and discusses some of the pertinent terminology necessary to understand this technology. The importance of information fusion in the context of biometrics is also highlighted. It is becoming increasingly apparent that multibiometric systems will play a significant role in dispensing the role of identity management in the 21st century.
Dampening Positive Affect and Neural Reward Responding in Healthy Children: Implications for Affective Inflexibility.

Blunted reward processing is evident in and may contribute to the onset of major depressive disorder. However, it is unclear what mechanisms contribute to the development of blunted reward-response prior to depression onset. The current study examined how individual differences in the tendency to dampen positive affect, an affect regulation strategy that decreases positive affect, are associated with reward responding and related brain activation in 39 healthy children (ages 7–10; 51% female; 79% White). To do this, we examined neural responses to winning a reward (candy) within the context of a previous loss, win, or neutral outcome. Whole-brain regression analyses revealed that self-reported tendencies to engage in dampening were associated with blunted striatum and thalamic activation during a winning outcome when following a previous loss outcome, as compared to when following a neutral outcome. This finding was above and beyond the influence of current depressive symptoms. However, tendencies to damp...
Memristor based high fan-out logic gates

The application of memristors in logic operations has recently gained importance and is being investigated. The work presented in this paper describes a new low power technique of using memristors to perform arithmetic operations. It focuses on reducing the hardware costs and associated design complexity. The idea of “logic implication” is combined with an analog technique of using current mirrors to perform logic operations. By using current mirrors, the problem of limited fan-out of logic implication can be overcome, enabling more parallel operations to run together. The delay for even an XOR operation can be reduced to 1 cycle, compared to the 5 cycles taken by logic implication. The design of a full adder is also described. It is shown that the delay to sum and carry is 2 cycles each. Metrics like area and latency are compared to previous works.
Periodic and heteroclinic orbits for a periodic hamiltonian system

Abstract Consider the Hamiltonian system: (★) q ¨ + V ′ ( q ) = 0 where q = (q1,…, qn) and V is periodic in qi, 1 ≦ i ≦ n. It is known that (★) then possesses at least n + 1 equilibrium solutions. Here we (a) give criteria for V so that (★) has non-constant periodic solutions and (b) prove the existence of multiple heteroclinic orbits joining maxima of V.
Virtual Prototyping of Directed Energy Weapons

This paper reports on radio frequency (RF) sources that have been virtually-prototyped with the Improved Concurrent Electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell (ICEPIC) code. ICEPIC simulates from first-principles, Maxwell's equations and Lorenz's force law, the electrodynamics and charged particle dynamics of the RF-producing part of the system. Our simulations focus on several proposed variants of the L-band A66 half height (A66-hh) relativistic magnetron HPM source. The variations of the A66-hh include higher frequency designs (C-band, S-band and X-band), and a design that uses permanent magnets at L-band instead of electromagnets. Such simulations require enormous computational resources. Simulations exposed undesirable features in the first iteration of these designs and by the visualization and analysis of the simulation solutions became apparent. In the next iteration of the design, the simulations did not have these undesirable features.
Quantum walk searches

Quantum walks, quantum versions of random walks, can find structural anomalies in graphs with a quantum speedup. Examples of such anomalies are distinguished vertices, extra edges, and other structures that break the symmetry of the graph.
Chapter 5: Can Rigorous Research Be Art for the Masses? A Student/Teacher Debrief

This scripted scene is set at an academic conference after a peer-reviewed national screening of Cripping: A Performance Ethnography of Disability and Identity. The conversation is designed to be performed aloud to grapple with tensions surrounding disability activism, storytelling performance, and ethnographic embodiment of others in critical performance research. A performance and communication studies professor/director and undergraduate student performer discuss a recent panel response to the performance ethnographic film created through applied learning pedagogy. A disability activist and a performance studies scholar interject to voice the risks and possibilities of performance ethnographic film for social justice, critical applied learning, and whether or not able-bodied performers can ethically embody the stories of disability marginalization without appropriation or exploitation of disabled people’s experiences.
Mechanism of the Ullmann Biaryl Ether Synthesis Catalyzed by Complexes of Anionic Ligands: Evidence for the Reaction of Iodoarenes with Ligated Anionic CuI Intermediates

A series of experimental studies, along with DFT calculations, are reported that provide a detailed view into the mechanism of Ullmann coupling of phenols with aryl halides in the presence of catalysts generated from Cu(I) and bidentate, anionic ligands. These studies encompass catalysts containing anionic ligands formed by deprotonation of 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-pyridylmethyl tert-butyl ketone, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione. Three-coordinate, heteroleptic species [Cu(LX)OAr]− were shown by experiment and DFT calculations to be the most stable complexes in catalytic systems containing 8-hydroxyquinoline or 2-pyridylmethyl tert-butyl ketone and to be generated reversibly in the system containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione. These heteroleptic complexes were characterized by a combination of 19F NMR, 1H NMR, and UV–vis spectroscopy, as well as ESI-MS. The heteroleptic complexes generated in situ react with iodoarenes to form biaryl ethers in high yields without evidence for an aryl radica...
Using Bayesian optimization to jointly tune the classifier and the random field for spatial-spectral hyperspectral classification

The framework consisting of a pixel-wise classification followed by a Markov random field has been very successful for spatial-spectral hyperspectral classification. While training such frameworks, the classifier and the Markov random field are generally tuned greedily one after another. However, better results could be obtained by tuning both of the components simultaneously with the objective of producing the best result at the end. This paper investigates the joint optimization of the hyperparameters of the classifier and the random field using Bayesian optimization. Experimental evaluation on the model comprising of a support vector machine classifier and a grid-structured Markov random field is provided. The results of the experiments, conducted on two independent datasets, suggest that the jointly tuned models can provide better accuracy.
Leg design for running and jumping dynamics

Dynamic legged robots are capable of a wide range of behaviors, such as running, climbing, and jumping. Often the leg morphology and compliance are tailored to these specific behaviors. In this paper, we examine the design modifications to a 5-bar closed-loop kinematic leg design that enable both fast, stable running as well as energetic jumping. After investigating the running and jumping dynamics of the 5-bar leg design, control was implemented to transition between the desired configurations for each dynamic behavior in order to produce a desired maximum obstacle negotiation.
Research on the Prevention of Psychological Disorders of Infancy: A Federal Perspective

Over the last decade, there has been an increasing concern within the Federal government, the Congress, and throughout the Nation regarding the heavy human toll and economic losses associated with alcohol, drug, and mental (ADM) disorders. There has developed a growing conviction that real success can be achieved in reducing the mortality, morbidity, and economic costs associated with the ADM disorders only if we systematically apply demonstrably effective and affordable prevention programs before the onset of these disorders. In response to these developments, the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) has begun to address the numerous conceptual, methodologie, programmatic, and policy issues related to developing, implementing, evaluating and disseminating demonstrably viable strategies for reducing the incidence and prevalence of ADM disorders in the population (ADAMHA, 1984; ADAMHA, 1981).
Ethics, Science, and Antimicrobial Resistance

The issue of regularly feeding low levels of antibiotics to farm animals in order to increase productivity is often portrayed as a dilemma. On the one hand, such antibiotic use is depicted as a necessary condition for producing cheap and plentiful food, such that were such use to stop, food prices would rise significantly and our ability to feed people in developing nations would decrease. On the other hand, such antibiotic use seems to breed antibiotic resistance into pathogens affecting human health. Resolving this dilemma, it is alleged, will require great amounts of research into risk/benefit assessment. Contrary to this claim, we will argue that society has all the data it needs to make a reasonable ethical decision, which would be curtailing such use. Such curtailment will not harm consumers significantly, will not harm developing nations' evolving agriculture, and could produce hitherto unnoticed benefits, namely restoring the possibility of a more husbandry-based, sustainable agriculture to replace the high-tech agriculture that has hurt animals, the environment, small farms, and sustainability.
Isolation of a cDNA Clone for the γ Subunit of the Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii CF1

A cDNA library from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was probed with antiserum directed against the nuclear encoded γ subunit of the chloroplast H+-translocating ATP synthase (CF0-CF1) of C. reinhardtii. A cDNA was isolated and transcribed in vitro. The transcript was translated in vitro and immunoprecipitated with anti- γ serum to yield a product that co-electrophoresed with the immunoprecipitated product from in vitro translated polyadenylated RNA. These proteins were larger than the mature γ subunit. Thus the γ subunit is synthesized as a precursor of greater molecular weight in C. reinhardtii, as has been suggested for the y subunit from spinach (Nelson et al., 1980).
The Folk Psychotherapy of Alcoholics Anonymous

The sober member of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) offers his/her journey into sobriety as a message of hope to others. The tradition of one drunk helping another came from the spiritual experience of AA’s cofounder, Bill Wilson. In a letter to Dr. Carl Jung, Bill described a vision of a society of alcoholics working together to achieve and maintain sobriety (The AA Grapevine, 1963).
The Combined Impact of Sleep and Diet on Adiposity in Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT:Objective:Short sleep duration and poor dietary habits may contribute to increased adiposity; however, the impact of the interaction between these variables on adiposity is less understood. To evaluate research investigating the combined effects of sleep and diet on adiposity in infants, to
Precise Characterization of Rare-Earth Doped Fibers for Laser Cooling Using a Non-Contact Method

A non-contact, non-destructive method is presented for measuring the external quantum efficiency, background absorption, and resonance absorption of a Ytterbium-doped ZBLAN fiber. The precise values of these parameters are essential for optical refrigeration in fibers. © 2019 The Author(s)
An in-home intervention of parent-implemented strategies to increase child vegetable intake: results from a non-randomized cluster-allocated community trial.

Less than 2% of children in the U.S., ages 9–13, meet the minimum dietary recommendations for vegetable intake. The home setting provides potential opportunities to promote dietary behavior change among children, yet limited trials exist with child vegetable intake as a primary outcome. Strategies to increase vegetable intake grounded in behavioral economics are no/low cost and may be easily implemented in the home by parents. This non-randomized, controlled study tested whether an intervention of parent-led strategies informed by behavioral economics and implemented within a series of 6 weekly parent-child vegetable cooking skills classes, improved dietary outcomes of a diverse sample of low-income children (ages 9–12) more than the vegetable cooking skills classes alone. The primary outcomes were total vegetable intake, dietary quality (HEI scores), total energy intake, vegetable liking, variety of vegetables tried, child BMI-z score, and home availability of vegetables. Outcome measures were collected at baseline, immediate post-treatment, 6 and 12 months follow-up. Mixed model regression analyses with fixed independent effects (treatment condition, time point and treatment condition x time interaction) were used to compare outcomes between treatment conditions. A total of 103 parent/child pairs (intervention = 49, control = 54) were enrolled and 91 (intervention = 44, control = 47) completed the weekly cooking skills program. The intervention did not improve child total vegetable intake. Intervention children increased dark green vegetable intake from immediate post-treatment to 12 months. The number of vegetables children tried increased and mean vegetable liking decreased over time for both control and intervention children. Findings from this study suggest that the strategies and the manner in which they were implemented may not be effective in low-income populations. The burden of implementing a number of strategies with potentially higher food costs may have constrained the ability of families in the current study to use the strategies as intended. This trial has been retrospectively registered at : # NCT03641521 on August 21, 2018.
An Institutional Review: Which Metrics Correlate With a Successful United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 Score?

PURPOSE Since the introduction of the Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (CBSE) as an entrance examination in 2012, no studies have been performed correlating its relationship with passing rates on United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 in dental students. This study was designed to determine the impact of the CBSE score, dental grade point average (GPA), and undergraduate GPA on USMLE Step 1 performance and develop a CBSE cutoff score that correlates with a passing USMLE score. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-blinded, retrospective, cross-sectional study was designed. Data were collected from University of Alabama at Birmingham oral-maxillofacial surgery residents who had matriculated from 2014 to 2018. The primary predictor variable was the CBSE score. The primary outcome variable was the USMLE Step 1 score. Additional predictor variables included undergraduate and dental school GPAs. Bivariate statistics were calculated using a 2-tailed Pearson correlation (P = .05). Confounders were investigated using multivariate linear regression (P = .05). A bivariate linear regression was created using the variables of CBSE and USMLE scores. RESULTS Dental school GPA and CBSE score correlated with USMLE Step 1 score (P < .05). Bivariate linear regression between CBSE and USMLE scores yielded a predictive equation of USMLE score = 2.02 × CBSE score + 66.2 (R2 = 0.30). When second-attempt scores were included, this equation became USMLE score = 2.08 × CBSE score + 67 (R2 = 0.49). The positive predictive value for a CBSE cutoff score of 61 reached 100% on repeated USMLE attempts. CONCLUSIONS A CBSE score for dental students of 61 or greater correlates with a passing USMLE score and should be implemented to screen for dual-degree oral-maxillofacial surgery candidates.
EVIDENCE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN BRAZIL: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Interest in women entrepreneurs from various backgrounds and perspectives have led to increased publication in the literature about women entrepreneur issues. However many questions remain unanswered. This article aims to answer some of these questions by providing another perspective on women entrepreneurs. Specifically this study examines women entrepreneurs from Brasil, using a sample across racial lines. The article examines the characteristics of women entrepreneurs across three key categories: human capital, network structures as well as financial capital. The impact of various factors on the economic success of the women entrepreneurs is also analyzed. JEL: M12: M13; M21
Biosynthesis of Flavonoids

The plant aromatic pathway consists of three segments: the shikimate pathway segment that produces the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; the phenylpropanoid segment that produces the cinnamic acid derivatives that are precursors of flavonoids and the plant structural component lignin; and the flavonoid segment that produces the diverse flavonoid compounds. There is evidence that the three different sections should be treated as one metabolic unit and referred to as plant aromatic metabolism. Evidence further suggests that the aromatic metabolism is present early in plant development, at the stage when tissues differentiate.
Outcomes in Treatment of Rhinosinusitis in the Setting of Medication Induced Immunosuppression.

BackgroundThere is no data currently available to direct nuanced treatment for recurrent acute and chronic rhinosinusitis (RARS, CRS) in patients on daily, long term medications that suppress the i...
Cooperation, Competition, and Specialized Metabolism in a Simplified Root Nodule Microbiome.

Microbiomes associated with various plant structures often contain members with the potential to make specialized metabolites, e.g., molecules with antibacterial, antifungal, or siderophore activities. However, when and where microbes associated with plants produce specialized metabolites, and the potential role of these molecules in mediating intramicrobiome interactions, is not well understood. Root nodules of legume plants are organs devoted to hosting symbiotic bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and have recently been shown to harbor a relatively simple accessory microbiome containing members with the ability to produce specialized metabolites in vitro On the basis of these observations, we sought to develop a model nodule microbiome system for evaluating specialized microbial metabolism in planta Starting with an inoculum derived from field-grown Medicago sativa nodules, serial passaging through gnotobiotic nodules yielded a simplified accessory community composed of four members: Brevibacillus brevis , Paenibacillus sp., Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas sp. Some members of this community exhibited clear cooperation in planta, while others were antagonistic and capable of disrupting cooperation between other partners. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry, we found that metabolites associated with individual taxa had unique distributions, indicating that some members of the nodule community were spatially segregated. Finally, we identified two families of molecules produced by B. brevis in planta as the antibacterial tyrocidines and a novel set of gramicidin-type molecules, which we term the britacidins. Collectively, these results indicate that in addition to nitrogen fixation, legume root nodules are likely also sites of active antimicrobial production.
Regulating electrodeposition morphology in high-capacity aluminium and zinc battery anodes using interfacial metal–substrate bonding

Although Li-based batteries have established a dominant role in the current energy-storage landscape, post-Li chemistries (for example, Al or Zn) are emerging as promising candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Electrochemical cells using Al or Zn metal as the negative electrode are of interest for their potential low cost, intrinsic safety and sustainability. Presently, such cells are considered impractical because the reversibility of the metal anode is poor and the amount of charge stored is miniscule. Here we report that electrodes designed to promote strong oxygen-mediated chemical bonding between Al deposits and the substrate enable a fine control of deposition morphology and provide exceptional reversibility (99.6–99.8%). The reversibility is sustained over unusually long cycling times (>3,600 hours) and at areal capacities up to two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported values. We show that these traits result from the elimination of fragile electron transport pathways, and the non-planar deposition of Al via specific metal–substrate chemical bonding. Using metal anodes could in principle boost the energy density of batteries but their electrodeposition often negatively impacts battery performance. Here the authors propose an oxygen-mediated metal–substrate bonding strategy to regulate metal deposition and demonstrate highly reversible Al and Zn anodes.
L 0 Isotonic Regression With Secondary Objectives.

We provide algorithms for isotonic regression minimizing $L_0$ error (Hamming distance). This is also known as monotonic relabeling, and is applicable when labels have a linear ordering but not necessarily a metric. There may be exponentially many optimal relabelings, so we look at secondary criteria to determine which are best. For arbitrary ordinal labels the criterion is maximizing the number of labels which are only changed to an adjacent label (and recursively apply this). For real-valued labels we minimize the $L_p$ error. For linearly ordered sets we also give algorithms which minimize the sum of the $L_p$ and weighted $L_0$ errors, a form of penalized (regularized) regression. We also examine $L_0$ isotonic regression on multidimensional coordinate-wise orderings. Previous algorithms took $\Theta(n^3)$ time, but we reduce this to $o(n^{3/2})$.
Towards real-time assessment of convergence criteria in seismic interferometry: Selective stacking of cross-correlations at the San Emidio geothermal field

Abstract Seismic field logistics, particularly recording geometry and duration, can be made significantly more efficient in ambient-noise interferometry if strategies for ensuring timely convergence of Empirical Green's Functions (EGFs) can be devised. Quantitative measures of each cross-correlation panel's constructive contribution to the final result are needed to ensure the best result with the shortest recording duration. We investigate the utility of a variety of seismic data features to improve the convergence of EGFs in ambient-noise interferometry with a dataset acquired at the San Emidio Geothermal Field, Nevada. We identify two features, “rms energy” and “kurtosis”, that succeed in distinguishing cross-correlation panels that contribute to EGF convergence from those that degrade the stacked result. Using either of these features allows us to selectively stack data and enhance signal quality at greater offsets and recover weaker arrivals than is possible by stacking all available data. The data used in this study were acquired in May 2019 by a 144-element array of 4.5 Hz geophones recorded by Reftek 130 digitizers in a configuration that was augmented by embedded processors to perform real-time, in-field processing. Such capabilities, coupled with selective stacking strategies, may help minimize the time, cost, and effort required to determine the best possible EGFs.
“Comments on Lucey’s Paper” by Roderick M. Chisholm (April 16, 1984)

R. M. Chisholm begins by reporting that Lucey has expounded his views perfectly accurately. Chisholm says that Lucey has attributed to him a view that he did not intend to endorse. The key issue lies in Chisholm's characterization of what it is to be “purely psychological”. Lucey has provided a counter-example to Chisholm's theory, and Chisholm basically accepts the counter-example and abandons the terminology of calling any states “purely psychological”. Chisholm uses the occasion of his response to Lucey for further developing his theory to distinguish three types of psychological property which he calls “Cartesian properties”. Chisholm stresses that Cartesian properties are properties to which we have privileged access but that he is not defining them in terms of such access. Chisholm concludes his response by giving a characterization of what it is for a person to be in a conscious state.
Towards Standards-Compliant Trust Negotiation for Web Services

Web services are a powerful distributed computing abstraction in that they enable users to develop workflows that incorporate data and information processing services located in multiple organizational domains. Fully realizing the potential of this computing paradigm requires a flexible authorization mechanism that can function correctly without a priori knowledge of the users in the system. Trust negotiation has been proposed as a viable solution to this problem, but doing so within the framework provided by existing web services standards remains an unsolved problem. In this paper, we show how existing web services standards can be extended to enable fully standards-compliant support for trust negotiation. We also show that it is possible to compile trust negotiation policies specified using the WS-SecurityPolicy standard into a representation that is suitable for analysis by CLOUSEAU, a highly-efficient trust negotiation policy compliance checker. Lastly, we show that the TrustBuilder2 framework for trust negotiation can be parameterized to act as a trust engine that can be used by the WS-Trust standard to facilitate these negotiations. © 2008 International Federation for Information Processing.
Reinvigorating the Concept of Land Tenure for American Urban Geography

Tenure rights are durable privileges to use and benefit from specific pieces of land. In the USA, tenure rights are typically conceptually folded into the ‘bundle of rights’ associated with formal land ownership. Legally, this model rests on well-documented principles: private, serial, single-party property ownership and clear, well-regulated surveying. However, tenure does not begin and end in property. People negotiate the terms under which they use spaces – and the durability of those terms – through implicit and explicit social processes. Many geographers focused on US cities have tacitly conceded that existing forms of tenure are adequately captured in the concept of property rights despite extensive discussion about the complex construction of non-property rights in the development literature. This article argues that a vocabulary adapted from the conversation about land tenure, specifically regarding use and usufruct rights, would enhance the ‘critical property’ literature by exposing additional, already-existing rights in land.
A new species of sea anemone from Chile, Anemonia alicemartinae n. sp. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). An invader or an indicator for environmental change in shallow water?

Abstract The new species, Anemonia alicemartinae (Actiniidae), is described from rocky shores of north and central Chile. Its members' abundance, occurrence in exposed positions, and bright red colour make it one of the most eye-catching species of northern Chile. The description is based on 74 specimens collected between 1975 and 2001, and on live observations of several hundred animals in their habitats and in aquaria. The natural microhabitats are positions exposed to currents but protected from surge surf, ranging from tide pools down to depths of 16 m. In 1998, the southern distribution limit was 37 °S, the southernmost extent of the southerly Chile Coastal Countercurrent. The species is similar to Anemonia natalensis and Pseudactinia varia from South Africa. The most distinctive features of A. alicemartinae n. sp. are its bipartite acrorhagi on the margin, uniform red colour, and marks from frequent longitudinal fission. Bud-like structures were observed in two specimens. Evidence of frequent fission and the absence of fertile males in the sample indicate a predominance of asexual reproduction in the population. The fact that such a conspicuous species was not reported in previous surveys of Chilean sea anemones suggests that it has been increasing in abundance and/or expanding its range during the last 50 years. Reasons for this may be human impact on benthic communities or recent introduction of this species into the area.