cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of numerical representation within cooperative settings: Examining the role of salience in in‐group favouritism

These studies investigate whether group salience contributes to the greater in-group favouritism expressed by numerical minorities after intergroup cooperation, as compared with majorities. In Study 1, using real social categories, situationally heightened salience exacerbated bias only among numerical minorities. Using real social categories, Study 2 confirmed the predicted effect of numerical representation on a measure of group salience as well as measures of anxiety and cohesion. Study 3 created artificial groups of equal and unequal size. In this study, compared to majority status, numerical minority status induced stronger perceptions of in-group salience and cohesion as well as greater in-group bias. Moreover, a regression analysis supported the prediction that salience mediates greater in-group positivity among numerical minorities.
Rhythm and Syllable Timing in Phrase Level Stress Patterning

The rhythm of syllables in repetitions of a phrase was measured with a finger-tapping task. These rhythm measurements were shown to vary with phrase level stress patterning. However, this relations...
Topical Cardiac Hypothermia: The Effect of Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate

Abstract We evaluated the effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) on 60 minutes of myocardial ischemia during profound (5°C) topical cardiac hypothermia (ice chips) in a canine right heart bypass preparation. The ventricular function curve shifted to the right and downward, but not significantly, after ischemia, and stroke work declined significantly for both control and treated dogs. Contractility (rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and maximum velocity of the contractile element) declined for both groups but not significantly. Total coronary flow, oxygen consumption, and metabolism of lactate and pyruvate were not different for control and treated dogs. Ultrastructure of the outer and inner myocardium did not demonstrate benefit from MPSS. Intracellular and extracellular edema of moderate severity was slightly worse in the subendocardium, and reversible mitochondrial injury of a mild to moderate degree was symmetrically present. Ice-related injury was not noted. We were unable to demonstrate that pretreatment with MPSS favorably alters cardiodynamics or ultrastructure after 60 minutes of profound topical cardiac hypothermia.
Hymenolepis diminuta: Properties of phlorizin inhibition of glucose transport

Abstract The effects of pH and various cations on the capacity of phlorizin to block influx of [ 3 H]glucose in Hymenolepis diminuta were examined. Inhibition of 0.1 m M [ 3 H]glucose influx by 0.25 m M phlorizin was maximum within a broad pH range, 4.5 to 8.5; phlorizin inhibition was 25% less at pH 9.0. Phloretin 2′-(3-methoxyglucoside), a phlorizin derivative in which the glucose moiety is replaced by 3- O -methylglucose, did not affect [ 3 H]glucose influx. A reduction in Na + concentration from 154 to 10 m M increased the apparent K t of phlorizin from 0.0036 to 0.0105 m M ; the reduced Na + concentration had little effect on the K t for [ 3 H]glucose influx, indicating that the binding of phlorizin with the hexose transport system is Na + -dependent. The requirement of phlorizin inhibition for Na + was partially fulfilled by Li + and K + , and to a lesser extent by Tris + and choline + . The results are consistent with the view that interaction of phlorizin with the membrane carrier is determined by the conformation of the sugar moiety of the phlorizin molecule. The properties of the glucose and phlorizin interactions with the transport system are summarized, and it is concluded that the interactions are qualitatively the same.
An Education Program for Nurses from Referring Hospitals in a Perinatal Regionalization System

Administering high-quality perinatal care at a regional center involves more than providing in-center services. An outreach education program was developed for nurses in referring hospitals. The authors believe that through the carefully phased development of un outreach education program, quality perinatal care on all levels can be realized.
Uneven Developments: From the Grundrisse to Capital

: Since its publication, Marxists have debated the relation between the Grundrisse and the first volume of Capital. This paper offers one entry point into this debate by comparing the way each text frames its “problematic of uneven development”, that is, the way that capitalism's inherently uneven development is thematized as a problem for explanation. In the Grundrisse the uneven nature of capitalism as development is explained by the emergence of capitalism from precapitalist relations. While this analysis is not entirely absent from Capital (cf the discussion of primitive accumulation), precapitalist formations are not treated as systematically in Capital. By contrast, uneven development enters Capital in the final section, particularly where Marx criticizes Wakefield. Reading these two texts together, I argue that the problematic of uneven development shifts from Grundrisse to Capital in a way that underscores Marx's growing stress on capital's imperial character. This shift has its roots in political events of the period when Marx rewrote Grundrisse into Capital.
Climate change and human security in Tuvalu

At the local level, global climate change is exacerbating current environmental conditions while creating entirely new environmental and human hazards. The thesis of this article is that these new threats merge with preexisting vulnerabilities, creating a hybridized force that ripples through every aspect of society and threatens human security. The vulnerabilities intensify as these communities lack the adaptive and developmental capacity to address the multifarious effects, further undermining their human security. This article examines the case of the Funafuti, Tuvalu, and the effect of a warming Southern Pacific Ocean on Tuvaluan societal structural flows and processes. As the case demonstrates, climate change becomes more than an environmental issue; rather, it is a global social problem bound by multiple human security issues. For extremely vulnerable countries like Tuvalu, the case suggests that a human security approach best captures the dynamics of climate impacts in vulnerable communities, and, ...
Exploratory experiments on pyrite removal from oil shale by an electrolytic process

Abstract The electrolytic treatment of kerogen concentrate shows that it is potentially an effective method for pyrite removal from oil shale. It has been demonstrated that this process can be carried out by using an alkali salt, which does exist in the oil shale, as electrolyte. Although this method was tested on Appalachian shale, it could probably be applied to other oil shales, coal, tar sands and other carbonaceous rocks. In such extended applications, the development of electrolytic processes to remove pyrite should be encouraged.
Constitutions, Courts and the Study of Religion

Court deliberations and decisions have some bearing on the study of religion in colleges and universities which are supported in some way from tax monies. U.S. Supreme Court "doctrine"on religion and the state involves a threefold test of constitutionality. There must be: (1) a clear "secular purpose"; (2) a "direct and immediate" (formerly "primary") "effect" of neither advancing nor inhibiting religion ("neutrality"); and (3) avoidance of undue "entanglement" of religion and government. The Court language which has become controlling in the application of this "doctrine" to the study of religion is: "objectively as part of a secular program of education .. ." This language was appealed to extensively in the one court case in which a state university course relating to religion was directly challenged. The court records and opinions in that case, in which two Bible Presbyterian clergymen attempted unsuccessfully to force the University of Washington to discontinue the course "The Bible as Literature," are examined. So also are those in two recent cases in which public support of the study of religion and theology was the object of some inquiry in connection with constitutional challenges of public support of certain religious or church-related colleges in Connecticut and Maryland. In one of these cases the courts found that the courses in religion and theology at the four defendant Catholic colleges in Connecticut were constitutionally acceptable because academic freedom was espoused at those colleges, there was no evidence of efforts to indoctrinate or proselytize, the courses covered a wide range of human religious experiences and involved teachers of various faiths, and they fitted into the "predominant higher education mission" of those institutions "to provide their students with a secular education. ..." In the other case the District Court, while ruling that public aid to the defendant Maryland colleges is constitutional, excluded courses in theology and religion from that aid. Despite the testimony of an expert witness that these courses were academically legitimate, the Court concluded that a "possibility" existed that they were designed primarily to deepen "religious experiences in a particular faith" and hence might not be taught in accordance with accepted academic canons. Since the U.S. Supreme Court
Inequality aversion and risk aversion

This note shows that for two social welfare functions which are inequality averse and anonymous, if one is more inequality averse than the other, it induces a more risk averse household through optimal sharing than the other. We present examples showing that this comparative static can be reversed if either the property of inequality aversion or anonymity is dropped.
Anatomical and functional connections of neurons of the rostral medullary raphe of the rabbit.

Abstract Single cell recordings were made from neurons in the rostral medullary raphe (RMR) of the rabbit. The recording sites were ones that had been shown to yield pressor responses from electrical stimulation and by pressure injections of glutamate. Electrical stimulation of the intermediolateral (IML) region of the spinal cord led to antidromic activation of 12 of the 100 cells studied. Eleven of these cells were located in raphe pallidus or raphe magnus, and one cell was located in raphe obscurus. These findings were consistent with the results of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry experiments. Injections of HRP into the IML led to heavy cell body labeling in raphe pallidus and raphe magnus, but sparse labeling in raphe obscurus. Cells in the RMR could be orthodromically activated by electrical stimulation of the putative defense area of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) but not by stimulation of putative defense areas in the hypothalamus. Most of these cells were located in raphe pallidus or raphe magnus. Similarly, HRP injections into raphe pallidus and raphe magnus led to heavy cell body labeling in the PAG but not the hypothalamus; no cell body labeling was found in the PAG when injections were made into raphe obscurus.
An improved nonlinear mapping algorithm and its application to picture prototype selection

Abstract The problem of classifying an unknown picture, given a set of previously identified pictures, is considered. Two classification schemes that use prototype pictures are discussed, along with a method for obtaining and evaluating these prototypes.
Texture‐based image steganalysis by artificial neural networks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present research results in analyzing image contents to improve the accuracy of using an artificial neural network (ANN) to detect embedded data in a digital image.Design/methodology/approach – A texture measure based on the MPEG‐7 texture descriptor is applied to assess the local texture amount. Those image blocks with high texture are masked out and the remaining blocks with low texture are used to derive features for an ANN to classify an image as embedded or clear. The high‐texture blocks are not discarded and can be tested independently for embedded data.Findings – By masking out the high‐texture image blocks, an ANN has improved detection performance especially when the original embedding rate is low. Bypassing the low‐texture image blocks do not pay off for a steganographer because the effective embedding rate in the high‐texture blocks is driven higher.Research limitations/implications – Hidden data detectors should take the image content into account in o...
Sociality reduces individual direct fitness in a communally breeding rodent, the colonial tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sociabilis)

In many social vertebrates, remaining in the natal group leads to at least short-term reductions in the direct fitness of philopatric animals. Among communally breeding rodents, the direct fitness costs of philopatry appear to increase as the frequency of successful natal dispersal decreases, suggesting a functional link between constraints on natal dispersal and the reproductive consequences of sociality. To explore this relationship empirically, I documented patterns of direct fitness among female colonial tuco-tucos (Ctenomys sociabilis), which are group-living subterranean rodents from southwestern Argentina. Demographic data suggest that successful natal dispersal is rare in this species, leading to the prediction that natal philopatry in C. sociabilis is associated with significant reductions in individual direct fitness. Using data obtained during 1996–2001, I compared the direct fitness of females that dispersed from their natal group and bred alone as yearlings to that of females that lived and bred in their natal group as yearlings. Philopatric yearlings reared significantly fewer young to weaning than did disperser (lone) yearlings. Although neither survival to a second breeding season nor the estimated lifetime number of pups reared to weaning differed between dispersal strategies, the annual direct fitness of group-living females was 23–40% less than expected, suggesting that philopatric animals experienced a substantial direct fitness cost by remaining in their natal group. These data yield important insights into the adaptive bases for group living in C. sociabilis and suggest that constraints on natal dispersal are an important factor favoring group living in this species.
Ubiquinone in the retina.

Abstract Microspectrophotometric examination of retinal cells shows an absorbance maximum at 282 nm and a shoulder at 275 nm, the latter possibly due to ubiquinone. Extraction of bovine retinal cell outer segments and retinal cells free of outer segments, however, failed to reveal any ubiquinone; an upper limit of 0.6 n mole ubiquinone per eye being set by the method's sensitivity. It is concluded that ubiquinone cannot play a part in the photoreceptor mechanism.
Modeling the white light fringe

This paper addresses the issue of modeling the white light fringe. We developed analytic technique for extracting the phase, visibility and amplitude information as needed for interferometric astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The model accounts for a number of instrumental and physical effects and is able to compensate for a number of operational regimes. In particular, we were able to obtain general solution for polychromatic phasors and address properties of unbiased fringe estimators in the presence of noise. For demonstration purposes we studied the case of rectangular bandpass filter with two different methods of optical path difference (OPD) modulation -- stepping and ramping OPD modulations. A number of areas of further studies relevant to instrument design and simulations are outlined and discussed.
Effect of Sol–gel Synthesis on Physical and Chemical Properties of V/SiO2 and V/MgO Catalysts

Catalytic properties of supported vanadium oxide catalysts are highly dependent on surface vanadia configuration and the nature of the support. In this study, the effects of using the same supports (silica and magnesia) from two different preparation procedures on the catalytic properties in methanol partial oxidation and on the vanadium surface structures were investigated. Both types of catalysts were prepared by the incipient-wetness method and characterized using BET, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis and H2-TPR to determine the structures of vanadium on the supports’ surface. Both aerogel-prepared V/SiO2 and V/MgO catalysts were more active than conventionally prepared samples in methanol partial oxidation. These differences in catalytic results are attributed to the configurations of active phase. It was also found that small vanadium phases were more active in methanol partial oxidation than larger phases.
Sesame allergy: a growing food allergy of global proportions?

Objective To present an up-to-date synopsis on the global prevalence, natural history, nature of allergens, and immune mechanisms of sesame allergy. Data Sources We performed a literature search using the PubMed database. We obtained information on regulatory issues from the Web pages of respective agencies. Study Selection The PubMed search was performed using the algorithm sesame AND allergy . Date restriction was not used, and only articles in English were considered. The articles obtained were screened for additional references to work not obtained in the initial search. Each article was analyzed, and a pooled source of published information was generated. Results Evidence was found for increased reporting of sesame allergy during the past 5 decades, with reports mostly from developed countries. Clinically, most sesame allergy was presented in at least 2 major forms: (1) immediate hypersensitivity, often expressed as systemic anaphylaxis, associated with positive skin prick test and/or IgE antibody test results to sesame proteins with some cross-reactivity with other foods, and (2) delayed hypersensitivity to lignin-like compounds in sesame oil clinically expressed as contact allergic dermatitis. There were a few cases of immediate hypersensitivity to sesame with negative skin prick test and/or IgE antibody test results that were confirmed by oral challenge tests. Conclusions Sesame allergy is a significant, serious, and growing problem. Evidence exists of the ability of protein and oil components of sesame to trigger immediate hypersensitivity via IgE antibody and delayed hypersensitivity via cell-mediated immune responses, respectively.
THE OPTX PROJECT. V. IDENTIFYING DISTANT ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

The Baldwin, Phillips, and Terlevich emission-line ratio diagnostic ([O III]/H{beta} versus [N II]/H{alpha}, hereafter BPT diagram) efficiently separates galaxies whose signal is dominated by star formation (BPT-SF) from those dominated by active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity (BPT-AGN). Yet this BPT diagram is limited to z < 0.5, the redshift at which [N II]{lambda}6584 leaves the optical spectral window. Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we construct a new diagnostic, or TBT diagram, that is based on rest-frame g - z color, [Ne III]{lambda}3869, and [O II]{lambda}{lambda}3726 + 3729 and can be used for galaxies out to z < 1.4. The TBT diagram identifies 98.7% of the SDSS BPT-AGN as TBT-AGN and 97% of the SDSS BPT-SF as TBT-SF. Furthermore, it identifies 97% of the OPTX Chandra X-ray-selected AGNs as TBT-AGN. This is in contrast to the BPT diagram, which misidentifies 20% of X-ray-selected AGNs as BPT-SF. We use the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North and Lockman Hole galaxy samples, with their accompanying deep Chandra imaging, to perform X-ray and infrared stacking analyses to further validate our TBT-AGN and TBT-SF selections; that is, we verify the dominance of AGN activity in the former and star formation activity in themore » latter. Finally, we address the inclusion of the majority of the BPT-comp (sources lying between the BPT-SF and BPT-AGN regimes) in our TBT-AGN regime. We find that the stacked BPT-comp source is X-ray hard (({Gamma}{sub eff}) = 1.0{sup +0.4}{sub -0.4}) and has a high X-ray luminosity to total infrared luminosity ratio. This suggests that, on average, the X-ray signal in BPT-comp is dominated by obscured or low accretion rate AGN activity rather than by star formation, supporting their inclusion in the TBT-AGN regime.« less
Prevention of Moisture Rise in Capillary Systems by Electrical Short Circuiting

A capillary rise-evaporation cycle can feed dissolved salts to the top of the capillary zone. Concentration of salt at the top superimposes an osmotic head on the capillary head. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes explains electro-osmotic damp proofing by showing how electrical short circuiting may suppress moisture rise in these conditions.
Role of particle size in phagocytosis of polymeric microspheres.

Purpose Polymeric microspheres are extensively researched for applications in drug and vaccine delivery. However, upon administration into the body, microspheres are primarily cleared via phagocytosis by macrophages. Although numerous studies have reported on the biochemical pathways of phagocytosis, relatively little is known about the dependence of phagocytosis on particle size. Here, we investigate the previously unexplained dependence of phagocytosis on particle size.
Maryland Striped Bass: Recruitment Declining below Replacement

Abstract A mathematical technique was developed to examine interrelationships among first-year survival rates, adult fecundity, and adult survival of striped bass Morone saxatilis based on indices of year-class strength. Application of this technique to striped bass in Maryland waters of the Chesapeake Bay provided evidence for reduced survival in the life cycle. If adult fecundity and survival have remained constant, first-year survival declined significantly from 1969 to 1983, and averaged less than that needed for replacement for the last 10 years. Treatment of the individual spawning grounds separately indicated that the downward trend in survival for the pooled data was the result of declines in the upper bay and, to a lesser extent, in the Choptank River. Alternatively, if first-year survival and adult fecundity were assumed to have remained constant, an annual decline of about 1.9% in adult survival would have been required to produce the observed trend in the pooled year-class data. This would be ...
Glycine in nuptial food gifts of decorated crickets decreases female sexual receptivity when ingested, but not when injected

Sexual conflict over female remating behaviour has been implicated in the evolution and maintenance of nuptial food gifts in insects. Recent evidence suggests that the spermatophylax provided by male decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus , a gelatinous adjunct to a male’s spermatophore that is consumed by the female after mating, contains substances that inhibit female sexual receptivity, but that females have evolved resistance to these compounds. The identity of these substances remains unknown, but a significant component of the solid fraction of the gifts is composed of free amino acids, primarily glycine and proline. We tested the hypothesis that glycine is the refractory-inducing substance in two experiments in which we (1) injected female house crickets, Acheta domesticus , a species known to be susceptible to the refractory-inducing effects of spermatophylax consumption, with solutions containing glycine, proline, or a saline control and (2) fed female A. domesticus experimental gels containing glycine, proline, a mixture of both, or a saline control. The results of these experiments suggest that ingestion, but not injection, of glycine leads to a delay in remounting and remating by female A. domesticus . The absence of an effect of glycine injected into the haemocoel of the female suggests a mechanism by which glycine inhibits female sexual receptivity: glycine may be stimulating taste neurons that have downstream neurological effects on female behaviour.
Eigenvalues of regular differential operators

It is shown that the fine structure of the asymptotic estimates for the eigenvalues of a large class of ordinary differential operators, can be described in terms of the Fourier coefficients of a function of class L 2 .
Visually guided irrigation for patients with symptomatic internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint: A preliminary report

Abstract Objective. Visually guided irrigation (VGIR) is simple joint irrigation with minimally invasive intracapsular inspection through the use of a thin arthroscope. The aims of the present study were to develop VGIR for the superior joint compartment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by using a 1.2-mm-diameter rod-lens arthroscope and to examine the short-term clinical outcomes. The correlation between the clinical outcome of VGIR of the TMJ and intracapsular findings was also evaluated. Study Design. Twenty patients who underwent VGIR for symptomatic internal derangement of the TMJ (n = 20) were enrolled in this study. The clinical outcome of VGIR was evaluated in terms of the improvement in the painless range of mandibular motion (ROM: interincisal distance in millimeters), and functional jaw pain was evaluated by using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 100. Painless ROM and VAS scores 6 months postoperatively were compared with the preoperative data. A good clinical outcome was defined as an increased ROM (ROM > 38 mm) and a decreased VAS score (VAS score
Intramuscular testosterone treatment in elderly men: evidence of memory decline and altered brain function.

Context: Recent clinical trials of im testosterone in eugonadal men suggest positive effects on verbal memory, but other studies find no effect. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether supraphysiological testosterone influences verbal memory and brain function during a verbal memory task in healthy eugonadal older men. Patients, Design, and Setting: Fifteen cognitively normal men, aged 66–86 yr, participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 9 months of participation per participant at a hospital-based research facility. Intervention: We used testosterone enanthate (200 mg im every other week for 90 d) crossed over with placebo (sesame oil vehicle im) with a 90-d washout between treatments. Main Outcome Measures: Performance was assessed on a standardized verbal memory test, and brain activity (relative glucose metabolic rates) in medial temporal and frontal regions was measured with positron emission tomography during a verbal memory task. Results: Trea...
Automatic detection of dust devils and clouds on Mars

The acquisition of science data in space applications is shifting from teleoperated data collection to an automated onboard analysis, resulting in improved data quality, as well as improved usage of limited resources such as onboard memory, CPU, and communications bandwidth. Science instruments onboard a modern deep-space spacecraft can acquire much more data that can be downloaded to Earth, given the limited communication bandwidth. Onboard data analysis offers a means of compressing the huge amounts of data collected and downloading only the most valuable subset of the collected data. In this paper, we describe algorithms for detecting dust devils and clouds onboard Mars rovers, and summarize the results. These algorithms achieve the accuracy required by planetary scientists, as well as the runtime, CPU, memory, and bandwidth constraints set by the engineering mission parameters. The detectors have been uploaded to the Mars Exploration Rovers, and currently are operational. These detectors are the first onboard science analysis processes on Mars.
Textbooks, Assumptions, and Us: Commentary on Jimmy Emanuelsson’s “Islam and the Sui-generis Discourse: Representations of Islam in Textbooks Used in Introductory Courses of Religious Studies in Sweden”

AbstractCommenting on Jimmy Emanuelsson’s analysis of three Islam textbooks used in Sweden, this essay expands his critique of these textbooks to address the systemic issues in the assumptions about “religion” and world religions discourse. As Emanuelsson’s analysis focuses on the textbooks themselves, this essay considers the efforts that professors can take to contest the textbooks within a course.
CORFU: A distributed shared log

CORFU is a global log which clients can append-to and read-from over a network. Internally, CORFU is distributed over a cluster of machines in such a way that there is no single I/O bottleneck to either appends or reads. Data is fully replicated for fault tolerance, and a modest cluster of about 16--32 machines with SSD drives can sustain 1 million 4-KByte operations per second.The CORFU log enabled the construction of a variety of distributed applications that require strong consistency at high speeds, such as databases, transactional key-value stores, replicated state machines, and metadata services.
Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Adolescents and Children

Disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis is associated with high mortality rates and significant sequelae. Quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine has been available for more than 20 years, and although used widely for adolescents entering college, it has a number of limitations, including short duration of immunity and lack of a herd effect. A quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine has recently been licensed and endorsed for use in adolescents 11 to 12 years of age, at age 15, or at college entry. Among the key features of the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine are stimulation of both B-cell-dependent and T-cell-dependent immune responses, induction of immunologic memory and booster effects, long-term protection, reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of N. meningitidis, and herd immunity. Large randomized, double-blind studies in adolescents and 2- to 10-year olds have demonstrated the immunogenicity as well as the safety and tolerability of the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine formulation.
D. W. Griffith's “The Birth of a Nation”: A History of “The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time”– By Melvyn Stokes

This author's study of director D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation [1915] is an ambitious synthesis of existing literature and a revisitation of primary sources in an attempt to offer new persp...
Binding of lithium ion isotopes with redox-active macrocyclic and macrobicyclic crown ethers

Three anthraquinone-containing crown ether macrocycles and one macrobicycle were reduced coulometrically to their corresponding anion radicals under vacuum. The resulting anion radical solutions in CH2CL2 were stirred with an excess of a solid 6LiClO4−7LiClO4 mixture of known isotropic composition in order to form the appropriate Li+ complexes. After equilibration, the solution was separated from the excess solid and the [6Li+]/[7Li+] ratio was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The values were converted into the corresponding separation factors (α) after division by the original composition ratio of the solid mixture. The values were in the range 1.04–1.18. Except for one compound, 2, all of the reduced systems studied exhibited a much larger α value than the 1.057 reported for 12. crown-4 at 0° C in a liquid–liquid extraction system.
Azlactone Synthesis. 2-Phenyl-2-Oxazolin-5-One

Abstract 2-Phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (3) has been used as an intermediate in the synthesis of α-amino acids1, derivatives of α-amino acids,2 and peptides.3 Procedures for the dehydration/cyclization of hippuric acid (1) leading to the isolation of azlactone 3, have been reported using acetic anhydride,4 phosphorus trihalides5, and N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.6 We report herein an alternative, high yield procedure utilizing a water soluble carbodiimide.
Ubiquitination as an Efficient Molecular Strategy Employed in Salmonella Infection

The protein modification with ubiquitin has various functions in the host innate immune system in response to the bacterial infection. To counteract the host immunity, Salmonella can specifically target ubiquitinating or deubiquitinating enzymes by its effector proteins. In this review we describe the multiple facets of ubiquitin function during infection with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and hypothesize how these studies on the host-pathogen interactions can help to understand the general function of the ubiquitination pathway in the host cell.
Dynamic Modeling of Quadrupedal Running Gaits Using a Simple Template With Asymmetrical Body Mass Distribution

Most quadruped robots capable of running have employed bounding gaits at speeds far below those at which an animal of equal mass would gallop, which is a similar gait. This paper extends the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model to capture the key characteristics of trotting and galloping in biological systems. The objective is to establish a tool that will aid in determining the speed at which bounding or galloping is efficient for robotic systems. The SLIP model includes a linear damper in the legs to model all energy losses in a stride, and in the case of bounding, the body is taken to have an asymmetrical mass distribution. Results indicate that the model exhibits biological characteristics for both trotting and galloping, although duty factors are unrealistically low. Including leg mass in the models to account for additional energy loss does not offer improvement over the use of a linear damper alone.© 2004 ASME
Risk of hematologic toxicities in cancer patients treated with sunitinib: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background The incidence and risk of unique toxicities associated with a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, such as hypertension and thromboembolic events, have been previously reported. However, the incidence and risk of hematologic toxicities have been less well characterized. We performed an up-to-date meta-analysis of trials to evaluate the risk of sunitinib-related hematologic toxicities. Methods We searched Medline and the American Society of Clinical Oncology online database of meeting abstracts up to July 2012 for relevant clinical trials. Eligible studies included phase II and III trials and expanded access programs of sunitinib that reported adequate safety data profile reporting neutropenia, thrombocytopenia or anemia. The summary incidence, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results A total of 8,526 patients from 60 trials of sunitinib as a single agent revealed that the incidence of sunitinib-associated all-grade and high-grade (Grades 3 and 4) hematologic toxicities were, respectively: neutropenia: 42.1% and 12.8%; thrombocytopenia: 44.7% and 10.7% and anemia: 50.4% and 6.2%. Sunitinib-treated patients (2667 subjects from 10 randomized trials) had a significantly increased risk of all-grade (RR = 3.58; 95% CI, 1.71–7.49) and high-grade (RR = 3.32; 95% CI, 1.60–6.90) neutropenia, all-grade (RR = 4.59; 95% CI, 2.76–7.63) and high-grade (RR = 5.84; 95% CI, 2.22–15.41) thrombocytopenia and all-grade anemia (RR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00–1.31). Conclusions Sunitinib is associated with a significant increase in the risk of developing all-grade and high-grade neutropenia and thrombocytopenia and all-grade anemia compared with control.
Modeling multivariate covariance nonstationary time series and their dependency structure: An application to human epileptic event EEG analysis

The parametric modeing of covariance nonstationary time series and the computation of their changing interdependency structure from the fitted model are treated. The nonstationary time series are modeled by a multivaraiate time varying autoregressive (AR) model. The time evolution of the AR parameters is expressed as linear combinations of discrete Legendre orthogonal polynomial functions of time. The model is fitted by a Householder transformation-Akaike AIC method. The computation of the instantaneous dependence, feedback and causality structure of the time series from the fitted model, is discussed. An example of the modeling and determination of instantaneous causlity in a human implanted electrode seizure event EEG is shown.
Temporal and Spatial Detection of HIFU-Induced Inertial and Hot-Vapor Cavitation with a Diagnostic Ultrasound System

The onset and presence of inertial cavitation and near-boiling temperatures in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy have been identified as important indicators of energy deposition for therapy guidance. Passive cavitation detection is commonly used to detect bubble emissions, where a fixed-focus single-element acoustic transducer is typically used as a passive cavitation detector (PCD). This technique is suboptimal for clinical applications, because most PCD transducers are tightly focused and afford limited spatial coverage of the HIFU focal region. A Terason 2000 Ultrasound System was used as a PCD array to expand the spatial detection region for cavitation by operating in passive mode, obtaining the radiofrequency signals corresponding to each scan line and filtering the contribution from scattering of the HIFU signal harmonics. This approach allows for spatially resolved detection of both inertial and stable cavitation throughout the focal region. Measurements with the PCD array during sonication with a 1.1-MHz HIFU source in tissue phantoms were compared with single-element PCD and thermocouple sensing. Stable cavitation signals at the harmonics and superharmonics increased in a threshold fashion for temperatures >90 degrees C, an effect attributed to high vapor pressure in the cavities. Incorporation of these detection techniques in a diagnostic ultrasound platform could result in a powerful tool for improving HIFU guidance and treatment.
A review of the use of SAE standard J726 in heavy duty engine air cleaner testing

A brief review of the SAE J726 Standard for Heavy Duty Engine Air Cleaner Testing is conducted. Some limitations of the standard test dust, AC Coarse and AC Fine are presented. Recommendations for revising the Standard toinclude fractional or grade efficiency are made.
Facility Location Under Uncertainty: A Review

Plants, distribution centers, and other facilities generally function for years or decades, during which time the environment in which they operate may change substantially. Costs, demands, travel times, and other inputs to classical facility location models may be highly uncertain. This has made the development of models for facility location under uncertainty a high priority for researchers in both the logistics and stochastic/robust optimization communities. Indeed, a large number of the approaches that have been proposed for optimization under uncertainty have been applied to facility location problems. This paper reviews the literature on stochastic and robust facility location models. Our intent is to illustrate both the rich variety of approaches for optimization under uncertainty that have appeared in the literature and their application to facility location problems. In a few instances for which examples in facility location are not available, we provide examples from the more general logistics l...
Physical linkage of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to polymorphic markers on the X chromosome

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) can in principle serve as specialized sequence tagged sites (STSs) to assemble a functional map of the human genome. The strategy of physically linking ESTs to the nearest genetic linkage markers should provide specific candidate genes for the X-linked diseases associated with these markers or loci. Therefore, 19 ESTs assigned to the X chromosome in the Genome Database (GDB) were analyzed. Eighteen were confirmed to be X-specific and were localized to regions of the X chromosome using a panel of somatic cell hybrids. Localization was then refined by positioning them on yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)-based maps. Seventeen ESTs identified cognate YACs by PCR screening and 12 of the ESTs have been assembled in YAC contigs containing polymorphic and other X chromosomal markers. Two of them also produced syntenically equivalent products in mouse. Thus localizing ESTs relative to polymorphic markers will help to assemble an integrated physical and transcriptional map of the chromosome and provide candidates for disease-gene searches.
Rejuvenating C++ programs through demacrofication

We describe how legacy C++ programs can be rejuvenated using C++11 features such as generalized constant expressions, perfect forwarding, and lambda expressions. In general, this work develops a correspondence between different kinds of macros and the C++ declarations to which they should be transformed. We have created a set of demacrofication tools to assist a developer in the rejuvenation of C++ programs. To evaluate the work, we have applied the rejuvenation tools to a number of C++ libraries to assess the extent to which these libraries might be improved by demacrofication. Results indicate that between 68 and 98% of potentially refactorable macros could be transformed into C++11 declarations. Additional experiments demonstrate why these numbers are not readily achieved using fully automated rejuvenation tools. We also discuss some techniques to further assist in automating rejuvenation process.
Crossed and uncrossed retinal projections to the hamster circadian system

The hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), site of the circadian clock, has been thought to be equally and completely innervated by each retina. This issue was studied in animals that had received an injection of the tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) conjugated to Alexa 488 into the vitreous of one eye, with CTb-Alexa 594 injected into the other. Retinal projections to the SCN and other nuclei of the circadian system were simultaneously evaluated by using confocal laser microscopy. Each retina provides completely overlapping terminal fields throughout each SCN. Although SCN innervation by the contralateral retina is slightly denser than that from the ipsilateral retina, there are distinct SCN regions where input from one side is predominant, but not exclusive. A dense terminal field from the contralateral retina encompasses, and extends dorsally beyond, the central SCN subnucleus identified by calbindin-immunoreactive neurons. Surrounding the dense terminal field, innervation is largely derived from the ipsilateral retina. The densest terminal field in the intergeniculate leaflet is from the contralateral retina, which completely overlaps the ipsilateral projection. Most nuclei of the pretectum receive innervation largely, but not solely, from the contralateral retina, although the olivary pretectal nucleus has very dense patches of innervation derived exclusively from one retina or the other. Retina-dependent variation in terminal field density within the three closely examined nuclei may indicate areas of specialized function not previously appreciated. This issue is discussed in the context of the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell projections to several nuclei in the circadian visual system.
Behavioral functioning of children of abused women who seek services from shelters or the justice system: new knowledge for clinical practice.

Millions of women worldwide are victims of partner violence annually and their children are at-risk for psychological and physical dysfunctions. A total of 300 children (ages 18 months to 16 years), whose abused mothers sought safe shelter or a protection order for the first time, were studied. Data revealed internalizing behaviors, such as depression and externalizing behaviors, such as bullying decreased 4 months after mothers obtained help. Children’s scores from the shelter group indicated more dysfunction. Although no direct program was offered to the children studied, routine child care presents opportunities for nurses in pediatric settings to assess mothers for abuse and intervene with guided referrals and safety information that may promote better child functioning.
Chronological and Stylistic Aspects of Second Language Acquisition of Consonant Clusters

A major focus in second language acquisition (SLA) studies for the past two or three decades has been the role that universal factors play in acquisition. Prior to then, the influence of transfer had been well documented, since the early work of Lado (1957) and even earlier work of Weinreich (1953). However, in 1971 Nemser reported Hungarian learners of English used substitutions that occurred in neither native English nor Hungarian; likewise, Johansson (1973) noted that L2 learners of Swedish produced sounds that occurred in neither Swedish nor the native languages. These nontransfer substitutions have been termed universal developmental variants (part of Universal Grammar [UG]) because they are similar or identical to those occurring in L1 acquisition. Although these substitutions had been well documented, there was no attempt to describe the interrelationship of transfer and developmental factors until Major (1986a, 1987) proposed the Ontogeny Model (OM) to describe a relationship of these two factors for both chronology and style. The present study further tests this model, the data largely supporting the claims for chronology but not for style. This work is significant because it rigorously tests claims concerning the interaction of transfer and universal factors, and although the claims for stylistic variation were not supported, the study provides extensive data with research implications for variation studies. The importance of variation in SLA has been pointed out by numerous researchers, including Tarone (1988), and in a recently published volume on variation in SLA (Bayley & Preston, 1996), which quite significantly contains a chapter by Labov. Although about a dozen years old, the OM has implications for an ongoing debate in SLA (not restricted to phonology): whether UG is or is not accessible to the learner. The model predicts that at early stages of acquisition, UG will not play a major role because the influence of transfer is strong and the influence of developmental factors (subsumed under UG) is minimal.According to the model, however, at later stages of acquisition the role of UG will increase because transfer decreases and developmental factors decrease. The OM has also had an impact on very recent work in L2 phonology, for example, Broselow, Chen, and Wang (1998) and Hancin-Bhatt and Bhatt (1997), who employ Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993). From an Optimality Theory framework, Hancin-Bhatt and Bhatt discuss the interaction of transfer and developmental factors and state: “In so doing, we can begin to give a linguistic-theoretic interpretation to Major's (1986, 1987, 1994) ontogeny model” (p. 368).
The Changing Role of Mobile Libraries in Africa

Traditional mobile library programs have experienced limited success in Africa when compared to other regions of the world. In this article based on an extensive literature review, the author describes the history and problems of mobile library programs on that continent. In the future, their role should include collaboration with other agencies to deliver information to the majority of the population which remains rural and non-literate. The author also suggests that the term “mobile information delivery systems” would be more appropriate than “mobile libraries” in this context.
Zygote heterogeneity and uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial genes in yeast.

A number of different crosses between strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differing in mitochondrial genotype are analyzed with respect to the extent to which individual zygotes transmit mitochondrial genes from one parent or the other. Many crosses produce two or more distinct classes of zygotes in this respect.
Minimax lower bounds via f-divergences

We prove a new lower bound for the minimax risk in estimation problems involving f-divergences between the underlying probability measures. The proof just uses the convexity of the function f and is extremely simple. Special cases and straightforward corollaries of our bound include well known inequalities for establishing minimax lower bounds such as Fano's inequality, Pinsker's inequality and inequalities based on global entropy conditions.