cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Excited State in Organic Photochemistry

Organic photochemical reactivity, along with organometallic reactivity, poses currently perhaps the most exciting challenge to those interested in theoretical organic chemistry. Because of their inherently more complicated nature, photochemical reactions are very difficult to analyze experimentally to the degree of mechanistic detail to which one has become accustomed in the case of thermal reactions. Even relatively crude theory is thus offered a good chance to make fundamental contributions to the understanding and prediction of the events occurring between initial excitation of an organic molecule to an electronically excited state (S, singlet; T, triplet) and the emergence of the first product in its thermalized ground state (S0).
Solvency Constraint, Underdiversification, and Idiosyncratic Risks

Contrary to the prediction of the standard portfolio diversification theory, many investors place a large fraction of their stock investment in a small number of stocks. I show that underdiversification may be caused by solvency requirements. My model predicts that for quite general preferences and return distributions: (1) underdiversification decreases in discretionary wealth; and (2) expected return and covariance determine which stocks to invest in, but variance, higher moments, and Sharpe ratio do not matter for this choice. In addition, a less-diversified stock portfolio has a higher expected return, a higher volatility, and a higher skewness, and idiosyncratic risks are priced.
Alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptors are present in mu-opioid receptor containing neurons in rat medial nucleus tractus solitarius.

Abstract Agonists of the alpha-2A-adrenergic- (alpha(2A)-AR) and the mu-opioid-receptor (muOR) jointly affect autonomic functions that are also disregulated in animals undergoing withdrawal from chronic administration of the muOR agonist morphine. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal reflexes are mediated, in part, by the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS) at caudal (cNTS) and intermediate (iNTS) subregions. Together, this evidence suggests that alpha(2A)-AR and muOR may be colocalized within many of the same neuronal profiles in both the intermediate and caudal mNTS. In order to examine whether alpha(2A)-AR and muOR are present within common somata, dendrites, or axon terminals in the mNTS, we used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for the detection of antisera against each receptor at intermediate and caudal levels of this brain region. Most of the dually labeled profiles were somata and dendrites. Of all dual-labeled profiles in the iNTS 49% were somata and were 47% dendrites, whereas in the cNTS 61% were somata and 32% were dendrites. Within dual-labeled profiles, the intracellular distribution of alpha(2A)-AR and muOR differed. MuOR was more frequently associated with the plasmalemma, whereas alpha(2A)-AR was often affiliated with vesicular organelles. Few axon terminals, and even fewer glia, contained both markers. We also frequently observed single-labeled alpha(2A)-AR glia that apposed exclusively muOR-containing dendrites or axon terminals. These findings indicate that somata and dendrites contain functional sites for convergent muOR and alpha(2A)-AR activation. In addition, each receptor is positioned for involvement in intercellular signaling between apposed neurons and glia. Activation of alpha(2A)-AR on muOR-containing somata or dendrites, or on glia apposed to muOR-containing neurons, may help to account for the efficacy of alpha(2A)-AR agonists in relieving some of the autonomic symptoms of opiate withdrawal.
Some Problems and Methods in Formal Quantum Logic

The multi-discipline of quantum logic (QL) has arisen from various attempts to formulate a theory of probability that is sufficiently general to deal with the probabilistic notions that arise in extant quantum mechanics (QM), and also sufficiently general to enable theorists to formulate and discuss alternative micro-physical theories.
Extended drought in the Great Basin of western North America in the last two millennia reconstructed from pollen records

There is growing evidence that within the last 2000 years western North America has had several droughts lasting 4100 years. In this paper we review the pollen evidence from four sites that record evidence of drought within the Great Basin. We use pollen ratios between taxonomic indicators of wet and dry climate to interpret droughts and compare these records with submerged stumps, tree-ring chronologies, packrat middens, and d 18 O data from sediments. Pollen records provide evidence for long term changes that affect vegetation over a broad region. Studies in the Great Basin have identified four periods of low lake levels that have been interpreted as century long droughts, with drought termination dates at approximately 1800, 1200, 800, and 550 cal yr BP. Our pollen records indicate that the period between 2000 and 1800 cal yr BP was dry, with the driest sites being in the western Great Basin. The century ending at 1200 cal yr BP may have been dry, but the pollen record does not support severe drought. Both of our high-resolution pollen records, Pyramid Lake and Mission Cross Bog, clearly identify a drought ending � 800 cal yr BP., whereas only the Pyramid Lake record indicates a drought ending at 550 cal yr BP. Evidence for wet climate at this time in northeastern Nevada constrains the regional extent of this drought.
Effects of exercise and respiration on hemodynamic efficiency in CFD simulations of the total cavopulmonary connection.

Congenital heart defects with a single functional ventricle, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome and tricuspid atresia, require a staged surgical approach to separate the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Ulti- mately, the venous or pulmonary side of the heart is bypassed by directly connecting the vena cava to the pulmonary arteries with a modified t-shaped junction. The Fontan procedure (total cavopulmonary connection, TCPC) completes this process of separation. To date, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in this low pressure, passive flow, intrathoracic system have neglected the pre- sumed important effects of respiration on physiology and higher ''stress'' states such as with exercise have never been considered. We hypothesize that incorporating effects of respiration and exercise would provide more realistic esti- mates of TCPC performance. Time-dependent, 3D blood flow simulations are performed by a custom finite element solver for two patient-specific Fontan models with a novel respiration model, developed to generate physiologic time- varying flow conditions. Blood flow features, pressure, and energy efficiency are analyzed at rest and with increasing flow rates to simulate exercise conditions. The simulations pro- duce realistic pressure and flow data, comparable to that measured by catheterization and echocardiography, and demonstrate substantial increases in energy dissipation (i.e. decreased performance) with exercise and respiration due to increasing intensity of small scale vortices in the flow. As would be expected, these changes are highly dependent on patient-specific anatomy and Fontan geometry. We propose that respiration and exercise should be incorporated into TCPC CFD simulations to provide increasingly realistic evaluations of TCPC performance.
Embodying colonial memories

Chez les Songhay du Niger et du Mali, la possession spirituelle est a la fois personnification, incarnation et ceremonie commemorative. A travers les odeurs, les sons et les spectacles des ceremonies de possession ou le mimetisme assure la (re)production du pouvoir, la memoire collective ouvre sur la pratique historiographique indigene. Dans le pantheon Songhay, Tooru est le puissant ancetre fondateur de la dynastie des Zas, les Genji Kwaari ou esprits blancs sont des clercs musulmans devenus importants sous le regne d'Askia Mohammed, les Genji Bi ou esprits noirs representent les premiers habitants de Songhay, les Doguwa ou esprits Hausa sont apparus vers 1911 lors d'une vaste migration des peuples de langues Hausa vers Songhay, les Hauka sont les esprits de la colonisation et datent de 1925
Circuit Model Predictions for the Performance of ZR

Summary form only given. With the completion of the ZR upgrade of the Z accelerator at the Sandia National Laboratories in the summer of 2007, pulsed-power checkout and initial wire-array experiments will begin. The first experiments will be done at reduced machine voltage to allow characterization of the machine, and debugging of components and diagnostics. Predictions for the performance of the machine with various loads and pulsed- power configurations have been made based on measurements made on the Z20 single-module test facility. The pulsed- power drive from the single-module experiments has been well characterized. However performance of the full system is less certain because it is based on calculated impedances and predicted losses, rather than measurements that are not possible before assembly of the full machine. With these caveats in mind we predict load currents and rise-times for the full machine for both short-pulse and long-pulse wire-array and isentropic compression experiment (ICE) load configurations. These predictions are given for both the low-voltage startup conditions, and full-voltage operation. Also presented are equivalent circuit models for ZR that can be imported into other design codes. All predictions are done with Screamer and Bertha circuit-code models.
Continuous phase-coded direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communications

Performance measures for a class of continuous phase-coded spread-spectrum systems are considered. The error probability can be evaluated if the distributions of the multiple-access interferences (MAI) are available. A method of characterization is used to obtain the conditional distributions of random variables that characterize the MAI given the time delays. Then, these conditional distributions are used to compute vectors, which allow the average bit-error probability to be computed with arbitrary accuracy. The class of systems possesses beneficial spectral properties and a good multiple-access capability. >
A Qualitative Analysis of an Advanced Practice Nurse–Directed Transitional Care Model Intervention

Close to 50% of adults over age 65 years have three or more chronic illnesses and over 20% live with more than five chronic conditions (G. Anderson & Horvath, 2002). Comorbidity is associated with numerous adverse effects including poor quality of life, polypharmacy and increased adverse drug events, increased use of health care resources, increased mortality, and caregiver (CG) burden (Boyd et al., 2007; Gijsen et al., 2001; McGlynn et al., 2003). The posthospitalization period is an extremely vulnerable time for these individuals. Cognitive impairment (defined in this study as a diagnosis of dementia or delirium or as deficits in orientation, recall, or executive function) is one of the most common comorbidities seen in an older adult population, and its presence compounds the management as well as the complications associated with multiple illnesses, including a greater risk for morbidity, preventable rehospitalizations, and decreased survival (Feil, Marmon, & Unuizer, 2003; Zuccala et al., 2003). Research has also demonstrated that chronic cognitive impairment typically worsens during hospitalization for a variety of reasons, that delirium is also highly prevalent in hospitalized elderly individuals, and that preexisting cognitive impairment can increase hospitalized patients’ level of vulnerability to adverse events as well as CG burden and CG stress posthospitalization (Bell, Araki, & Neumann, 2001; Inouye, 2006). To address the issues surrounding an increasingly elderly population and test strategies for reducing the adverse effects of hospitalization for cognitively impaired older adults, we conducted a study of an advanced practice nurse (APN)-led Transitional Care Model (TCM; M. Naylor et al., 1994; M. D. Naylor et al., 1999, 2004) intervention. The TCM has been tested with cognitively intact older adults in previous research (M. Naylor et al., 1994; M. D. Naylor et al., 1999, 2004); in this article, we report the findings of an exploratory, qualitative descriptive content analysis focused on the barriers and facilitators associated with implementing this model in a population of cognitively impaired older adults and their family CGs.
Comparison of Bayesian and frequentist assessments of uncertainty for selecting the best system

An important problem in discrete event stochastic simulation is the selection of the best system from a finite set of alternatives. There are many techniques for ranking and selection and multiple comparisons discussed in the literature. Most procedures employ classical frequentist approaches, although there has been recent attention to Bayesian methods. We compare Bayesian and frequentist assessments of unknown means of simulation output. First, we present a Bayesian formulation for describing the probability that a system is the best, given prior information and simulation output. This formulation provides a measure of evidence that a given system is best when there are two or more systems, with either independent or common random numbers, with known or unknown variance and covariance for the simulation output, given a Gaussian output assumption. Many, but not all frequentist assessments are shown to be derivable from assumptions of normality of simulation output when certain limits are taken. So we compare Bayesian probability of correct selection (P(CS)) with frequentist P-value as a measure of evidence that the best system is selected under normality assumptions.
Developmental exposure to environmental estrogens alters anxiety and spatial memory in female mice

Humans and wildlife are exposed to numerous anthropogenic drugs and pollutants. Many of these compounds are hormonally active, and recent evidence suggests that the presence of these endocrine disruptors permanently alters normal development and physiology in a variety of vertebrate species. Here, we report on the effects of developmental exposure to two common estrogenic pollutants, bisphenol A and ethinyl estradiol on sexually dimorphic, non-reproductive behavior. Mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were exposed to environmentally relevant levels of these chemicals (2 and 200 microg/kg/day for bisphenol A and 5 microg/kg/day for ethinyl estradiol) throughout prenatal and early postnatal development. As adults, the animals were observed in a variety of tests measuring sexually dimorphic behaviors including short-term spatial memory (in a radial-arm maze and a Barnes maze) and anxiety (in an elevated-plus maze and a light/dark preference chamber). Developmental exposure to ethinyl estradiol was found to masculinize behavior in all of the assays used. Bisphenol A increased anxious behavior in a dose-dependent fashion but had no effect on spatial memory. These results indicate that non-reproductive, sexually dimorphic behavior is sensitive to endocrine disruption. In addition, these experiments suggest that both humans and wildlife are being exposed to levels of these endocrine disrupting compounds that are sufficient to disrupt the development of the nervous system and that may have permanent consequences on sexually dimorphic behaviors.
Models of Cultural Evolution

At least since the time of Darwin, there has been a tradition of borrowing between evolutionary theory and the social sciences. Darwin himself owed a debt to the Scottish economists who showed him how order can be produced without conscious design. Adam Smith thought that socially beneficial characteristics can emerge in a society as if by an “invisible hand;” though each individual acts only in his or her narrow self-interest, the result, Smith thought, would be a society of order, harmony, and prosperity. The kind of theory Darwin aimed at — in which fitness improves in a population without any conscious guidance — found a suggestive precedent in the social sciences.
Optical Aperture Synthesis Producing High-Resolution Photographs by Incoherent Superposition of Low-Resolution Partial-Frequency Range Component Photographs

The long-sought extension to the optical domain of the Ryle (1957) computer-synthesis ‘synthetic-aperture radio telescope’ principle has been obtained by simple photographic synthesis of the ‘high-resolution’ image in a single photograph, exposed successively through sets of small apertures, placed successively to generate the spatial frequency components of the desired large aperture.
Neurogenic Causes of Detrusor Underactivity

Detrusor underactivity (DU) is a poorly understood dysfunction of the lower urinary tract which arises from multiple etiologies. Symptoms of DU are non-specific, and a pressure-flow urodynamic study is necessary to differentiate DU from other conditions such as overactive bladder (OAB) or bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). The prevalence of DU ranges from 10 to 48 %, and DU is most prevalent in elderly males. The pathophysiology underlying DU can be from both neurogenic and non-neurogenic causes. In this article, we review the neurogenic causes of detrusor underactivity, including diabetic bladder dysfunction, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, cerebrovascular accident, traumatic brain injury, and Fowler’s syndrome. As knowledge about the underlying causes of DU advances, there have been several potential therapeutic approaches proposed to help those who suffer from this condition.
Semantic Learning as Change Enabler: Relating Organizational Identity and Organizational Learning

Contrary to recent portrayals, we argue that the relationship between organizational identity and organizational learning is not only a strong one, but also one that facilitates organizational adaptability to a constantly shifting competitive environment. The implications of this relationship are perhaps most powerful in the context of change because both learning and identity are essential to both the strategic and personal aspects of organizational change. Most relevant to this volume, this adaptive interrelationship has implications for current conceptualizations of organizational learning that include: (1) the specification of a type of organizational learning heretofore downplayed in the literature - semantic learning (i.e., learning based in meanings); and (2) the realization that organizational learning can be more subtle and tacit than previously conceptualized and, therefore, can occur out of conscious awareness or without explicit articulation. These implications provide the foundation for inquiry into other organizational phenomena closely linked to the learning-identity relationship.
Testing Judicial Power The Influence of the U.S. Supreme Court on Federal Incarceration

The U.S. Supreme Court is traditionally thought to hold little influence over social or political change; however, recent evidence suggests the Court may wield significant power, especially with regard to criminal justice. Most studies evaluate judicial power by examining the effects of individual rulings on the implementation of specific policies, but this approach may overlook the broader impact of courts on society. Instead, I adopt an aggregate approach to test U.S. Supreme Court power. I find that aggregate conservative decision making by the Court is positively associated with long-term shifts in new admissions to U.S. federal prisons. These results suggest the Court possesses significant power to influence important social outcomes, at least in the context of the criminal justice system.
Epigenetics, brain, behavior, and the environment.

Early experiences can modify regulatory factors affecting gene expression in such a way that, although the DNA sequence itself is not changed, the individual’s physiology and behavior is substantially influenced. In some instances these epigenetic effects are exerted upon exposure, while in other instances they are transmitted across generations via incorporation into the germline. Examples of both types of epigenetic effects are presented. First, experience with siblings (littermates) organizes behaviors and their underlying neural substrates in such a way that, as adults, rats and knockout mice behave differently. Second, exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin early in pregnancy imprints the male lineage in such a manner that rats exhibit distinct behavioral profiles as well as unique patterns of gene expression in relevant brain regions. Taken together, this work demonstrates that both the present and past environments alike modify both social and affiliative related behaviors and their related metabolic activity in specific brain nuclei as well as influencing the abundance of specific genes altering the epigenome in the target brain areas.
Hormones and Reproduction in Chondrichthyan Fishes

Publisher Summary Chondrichthyan fishes have a long evolutionary history that goes back more than 400 million years. Part of their evolutionary success is attributed to their diverse reproductive modes and adaptations related to reproductive physiology. Chondrichthyan fishes can be separated into two main groups, based on reproductive mode: oviparous (egg laying) and viviparous (live-bearing), the latter of which can be further divided into placental and aplacental forms. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the role of hormones in the reproductive physiology of chondrichthyan fishes. The roles of peptide and steroid hormones in both males and females are discussed in relation to the brain–pituitary–gonadal axis, regulation of the reproductive tract and gametogenesis, sexual maturation, mating behavior, and environmental influences on reproduction. Recent studies on chondrichthyan endocrinology have provided important information on how hormones regulate reproduction in this diverse group of fishes and demonstrate that many regulatory mechanisms are conserved through vertebrate evolution.
Research and Putting-into Service of Automatic Generation Control for 150 MW Unit of Circulating Fluidized Bed

It is very difficult to realize automatic generation control for circulating fluidized bed unit at present.This paper re-searches the domestic 150 MW unit of circulating fluidized bed,and on this base the essay analyzes the main difficulties to put AGC into service.Then it put forth the relative resolutions and the control strategy,and gives the relative steps to realize AGC.The actual experiment result shows that the resolutions and control strategy given by this paper are correct.This paper is of great reference value for the research of automatic generation control for circulating fluidized bed unit.
The Summer Internship Program of the National Institute of Health in the United States

The National Institute of Health(NIH) is a primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research.It has helped to lead the way toward important medical discoveries that improve people's health and save lives.NIH sets up efficient programs to train the current and next-generation researchers to ensure that the capability to advance medical science remains strong besides biomedical research.The Summer Internship Program in Biomedical Research is one of the training programs which provide an opportunity to spend the summer working side by side with some of the leading scientists in the world in an environment devoted exclusively to biomedical research.Students of high schools,colleges or universities or medical/dental schools are eligible to apply.Students who are interested in medical research may plan their career by such trainings which shall be learned from.
Successful long-term treatment outcomes in the field of osseointegrated implants: prosthodontic determinants.

PURPOSE Because existing implant success criteria have not met with widespread use, consensus is needed among professionals working in the field as to what constitutes implant success. This article discusses implant success within the context of prosthesis success, and argues that successful use of implants cannot be judged without prosthesis consideration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A framework for evaluating clinical success of prosthodontic treatment is presented. A context for judging success by presenting related topics that include contrasting process and outcome measures, and consideration of long-term outcomes that have a tangible meaning to the patient (i.e., are patient-based), is argued for. A hierarchy of outcomes is proposed for a better understanding of the relative strengths associated with various outcomes. Emphasis is given to the concept of prosthodontic treatment being prescribed to reduce the patient-specific burden associated with the missing tooth condition. CONCLUSION The challenge is to define the best applications of dental implants within the broad context of prosthodontic options through demonstrated advantages over more conventional options. A broad understanding of "success" from multiple outcome domains is most likely to give the truest measure for implant application within the context of possible prosthodontic options for all patients.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the TNFAIP3/A20 locus and susceptibility/resistance to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

The anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory functions of the ubiquitin-editing and Nf-κB inhibitory protein A20 are well documented in vitro, and in multiple animal models. The high rank held by A20 in the cell’s physiologic anti-inflammatory defense mechanisms is highlighted by the striking phenotype of A20 knockout mice, characterized by cachexia, multi-organ failure, and premature death. Even partial depletion of A20, as inA20 heterozygous mice, significantly alters NF-κB activation in response to pro-inflammatory activators, even though these mice are phenotypically unremarkable at baseline. A recent burst of genome wide association studies (GWAS), fueled by advances in genomic technologies and analysis tools, uncovered associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the TNFAIP3/A20 gene locus and multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in humans. Interestingly, some of these studies emphasized significant associations between TNFAIP3/A20 SNPs imparting decreased expression or loss of NF-κB inhibitory function, and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and coronary artery disease (CAD). These clinical data phenocopy partial loss of A20 in mouse models of inflammatory diseases, thereby incriminating TNFAIP3/A20 deficiency as a pathogenic culprit in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, we undertook a thorough review of studies that explored association between TNFAIP3/A20 SNPs and human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Beyond the prognostic value of TNFAIP3/A20 SNPs for assessing disease risk, their implication in the pathogenic processes of these maladies prompts the pursuit of A20-targeted therapies for disease prevention/treatment in patients harboring susceptibility haplotypes.
Structural Characterization of Pine Kraft Lignin: BioChoice Lignin vs Indulin AT

BioChoice lignin (BCL) is a newly commercialized pine kraft lignin from Plymouth Mill of Domtar, which is precipitated from black liquor of bleachable-grade pulp. Indulin AT is a pine kraft lignin commercialized by Meadwestvaco for the past 60 years, which is precipitated from black liquor of linerboard-grade pulp. Thus, the two technical lignins are produced under quite different conditions in terms of alkali charge and pulping time/temperature. While the chemical structure of Indulin AT is well documented, that of BCL is totally unknown. In this study, chemical structures of BCL and Indulin AT are characterized using modern analytical techniques and compared with those of pine milled wood lignin (MWL) in order to elucidate the structural changes that occur during kraft pulping and the structural differences, if any, between BCL and Indulin AT. Both BCL and Indulin AT are structurally very different from the native lignin (MWL) in wood, indicating drastic structural modification during the kraft pulping ...
Biomedical Innovation: Lessons From the Past and Perspectives for the Future

Back around the turn of the millennium, the future of the pharmaceutical industry was bright. Amazing technologies were converging to enable a top-to-bottom reengineering of drug research and development (R&D). The "omics," combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, robotic automation, and systems biology, promised to bring order and method to drug research's bewildering complexity. Pharmaceutical executives-many of whom were ill at ease with their scientists' freewheeling ways-were excited. Gushing with an enthusiasm that was typical of the times, a former industry Chief Executive Officer spoke glowingly of the launch of "two to three new blockbusters… each year" driving a quadrupling of revenues.
Shared Mental Models in Support of Adaptive Instruction for Teams Using the GIFT Tutoring Architecture.

Teams and teamwork are ubiquitous in military and civilian organizations. Their importance to organizational success cannot be overstated. This article describes the relationship and effect of three concepts: Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), shared mental models, and teamwork. The nexus between these concepts is examined to determine its capability to support adaptive instruction of teams, defined here as collectives of interdependent individuals who must communicate and interact with each other in order to perform assigned tasks and missions. An assumption underlying this examination is that augmenting the mental modeling processes of ITS with the mental models shared by members of interdependent teams will allow the considerable and increasingly research-established capabilities of intelligent tutoring of individuals to be applied in training teams. Specifically, we reviewed the learning and performance literature to identify how shared mental models of cognition could be used to enhance the adaptive instruction of teams. Our goal is to develop a methodology to enhance training and educational options for institutions that provide adaptive team instruction at the point-of-need. Toward this end, we discuss the adaptation of the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT), an open source tutoring architecture, to accommodate team models and states. While this article makes a first step toward defining a process for team tutoring, challenges remain. Team tutors must have the ability to manage uncertainty and the dynamic nature of team interaction and communication in order to make effective and timely decisions that optimize team and team member performance.
Magneto-rheological suspensions for improving ground vehicle’s ride comfort, stability, and handling

ABSTRACTA state-of-the-art discussion on the applications of magneto-rheological (MR) suspensions for improving ride comfort, handling, and stability in ground vehicles is discussed for both road and rail applications. A historical perspective on the discovery and engineering development of MR fluids is presented, followed by some of the common methods for modelling their non-Newtonian behaviour. The common modes of the MR fluids are discussed, along with the application of the fluid in valve mode for ground vehicles’ dampers (or shock absorbers). The applications span across nearly all road vehicles, including automobiles, trains, semi-trucks, motorcycles, and even bicycles. For each type of vehicle, the results of some of the past studies is presented briefly, with reference to the originating study. It is discussed that Past experimental and modelling studies have indicated that MR suspensions provide clear advantages for ground vehicles that far surpasses the performance of passive suspension. For rai...
KNOWLEDGE FLOW, INNOVATIVE CAPABILITIES AND BUSINESS SUCCESS: PERFORMANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMALL WORLD NETWORKS TO PROMOTE INNOVATION

The question of how innovation comes about, and the circumstances under which it prospers, is a question that has continued to be the focus of academic research on innovation creation. Recent works have focused on how the capacity to innovate hinges on the ability to form networks; hence, the importance of the research. The article therefore answers the research question of whether the network relationships between similar ethnic, education background, and geographically clustered groups plays a significant role in innovation creation or not? Using the theoretical concept of a Small World Network, we use case study methodology to study the origins of several companies from the technology sector, who in recent years have emerged as successful businesses. The article examines the small world network dimensions of ethnicity, education, geography and the binding subject matter interest that initially formed these relationships, as well as the impact that these relationships have on innovation creation and bus...
Convergent and Divergent Validity of the Grammaticality and Utterance Length Instrument

Purpose This feasibility study examines the convergent and divergent validity of the Grammaticality and Utterance Length Instrument (GLi), a tool designed to assess the grammaticality and average u...
Superconductivity induced by flexural modes in non-σ h -symmetric Dirac-like two-dimensional materials: A theoretical study for silicene and germanene

In two-dimensional crystals that lack symmetry under reflections on the horizontal plane of the lattice (non-$\sigma_{\rm h}$-symmetric), electrons can couple to flexural modes (ZA phonons) at first order. We show that in materials of this type that also exhibit a Dirac-like electron dispersion, the strong coupling can result in electron pairing mediated by these phonons, as long as the flexural modes are not damped or suppressed by additional interactions with a supporting substrate or gate insulator. We consider several models: The weak-coupling limit, which is applicable only in the case of gapped and parabolic materials, like stanene and HfSe$_{2}$, thanks to the weak coupling; the full gap-equation, solved using the constant-gap approximation and considering statically screened interactions; its extensions to energy-dependent gap and to dynamic screening. We argue that in the case of silicene and germanene superconductivity mediated by this process can exhibit a critical temperature of a few degrees K, or even a few tens of degrees K when accounting for the effect of a high-dielectric-constant environment. We conclude that the electron/flexural-modes coupling should be included in studies of possible superconductivity in non-$\sigma_{\rm h}$-symmetric two-dimensional crystals, even if alternative forms of coupling are considered.
Integrating Quality Assurance in the Operation of Immunization Registries

Immunization registry systems play a vital role in increasing immunization rates of children. Reaching the national goal of immunizing 90% of all children before they reach age 2 is our focus. Mississippi has created a computerized immunization registry to track the immunization status of its children. Immunization information for children aged 0-24 months is entered statewide. Data base integrity is a concern. Problems were identified after conducting routine immunization clinic assessments and during the extraction of data from the system. One quality assurance measure recently implemented was a quarterly audit of the immunization data base to ascertain the problems associated with the data and identify clinics with high error rates. The audit will compare the data on the handwritten clinic records with the information entered into the registry. Another measure implemented was the computer-generated exception report. With this report, analysts programmed the system to address specific data elements. The staff accessed the data in the registry data base and matched this file against other files. That providers buy into the concept of quality control and realize the importance of a registry data base that has accurate and verifiable immunization data is important. Additionally, providing the appropriate training tools for employees and newly hired personnel should be a primary focus toward ensuring quality. Data base audits and data base exception reports are excellent quality assurance tools; however, a comprehensive quality assurance plan must be developed and implemented to ensure immunization registry data integrity.
Emerging Adult Perceptions of and Preferences for Parenting Styles and Associated Psychological Outcomes

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing ne...
Application of X-Ray Microanalysis and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy to Studies of Secretory Cell Biology

The physical chemical mechanisms underlying secretion and exocytosis are unknown. Our current understanding relies on a plethora of biochemical studies of fractionated cells and isolated organelles (Poisner and Trifaro, 1982) and the validity of this approach has to be questioned until the in situ biochemical situation is known. For example, exocytosis is a sequence of structural events consisting of the mutual approach of the secretory granule and plasma membrane, membrane-membrane contact, exocytotic pore formation, and pore widening with the dissolution of stored contents into the external space (Ornberg and Reese, 1981). From studies of isolated granules from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, it was proposed that the granules, through a ATP-driven proton and chloride influx, provide a chemiosmotic driving force for pore formation and exocytosis (Pollard etal, 1984). However, we simply do not have sufficient information regarding the microchemical composition of the “cellular test tube” to be certain that this does occur in the cell.
Electromyogram of the Cat Colon and Colonic Flow

The electromyogram of the cat colon is not a subject I planned to study initially but rather an area that developed as a result of a casual observation about five years ago. I will summarize in this paper the work done since then by a group of people who have collaborated in my laboratory, Caprilli (Christensen, et al., 1969), Wienbeck, Anuras (Christensen, et al., 1974), Hauser (Christensen & Hauser, 1971a, 1971b; Christensen, et al., 1972), and Freeman (Christensen & Freeman, 1972). All of this work has been published and I apologize for not having anything new and unpublished to present today.
Neural vulnerability factors for obesity

Multiple theories identify neural vulnerability factors that may increase risk for overeating and weight gain. Early cross-sectional neuroimaging studies were unable to determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a risk factor for or a consequence of overeating. More recent obesity risk, prospective, repeated-measures, and experimental neuroimaging studies with humans have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from overeating. Herein, we review evidence from these more rigorous human neuroimaging studies, in conjunction with behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as experiments with animals that investigated neural vulnerability theories for overeating. Findings provide support for the reward surfeit theory that posits that individuals at risk for obesity initially show hyper-responsivity of reward circuitry to high-calorie food tastes, which theoretically drives elevated intake of such foods. However, findings provide little support for the reward deficit theory that postulates that individuals at risk for obesity show an initial hypo-responsivity of reward circuitry that motives overeating. Further, results provide support for the incentive sensitization and dynamic vulnerability theories that propose that overconsumption of high-calorie foods results in increased reward and attention region responsivity to cues that are associated with hedonic reward from intake of these high-calorie foods via conditioning, as well as a simultaneous decrease in reward region responsivity to high-calorie food tastes. However, there is little evidence that this induced reduction in reward region response to high-calorie food tastes drives an escalation in overeating. Finally, results provide support for the theory that an initial deficit in inhibitory control and a bias for immediate reward contribute to overconsumption of high-calorie foods. Findings imply that interventions that reduce reward and attention region responsivity to food cues and increase inhibitory control should reduce overeating and excessive weight gain, an intervention theory that is receiving support in randomized trials.
Risk of development of visceral metastases subsequent to abiraterone vs placebo: An analysis of mode of radiographic progression in COU-AA-302

BACKGROUND Abiraterone increases survival in prostate cancer, but tumors resistant to abiraterone can exhibit a hormonally resistant, aggressive phenotype. We hypothesized that the therapeutic pressure of abiraterone is resulting in more clinically aggressive disease at progression, characterized by increased visceral metastases. Our objective was to determine whether abiraterone increased the risk of development of visceral metastases at the time of progression compared with placebo in a randomized phase III trial. METHODS We performed a post hoc analysis of the COU-AA-302 trial of abiraterone plus prednisone vs placebo plus prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The primary outcome was the development of visceral metastases. The cumulative incidences of visceral metastases were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank testing. Multivariable Cox regression analysis assessed for the independent association of abiraterone with the development of visceral metastases. RESULTS Eighty-four of 1088 patients developed visceral metastases during study. Log-rank testing and Cox regression showed no difference in time to visceral metastases between groups (HR 1.01 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65-1.56]; P = .97). Abiraterone treatment was not associated with the development of visceral metastases in multivariable analysis (HR 0.89 [95% CI, 0.57-1.40]; P = .62). The study was limited by censoring of radiographic outcomes at the time of completion of primary study therapy; longer term risks were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS Abiraterone was not associated with increased risk of visceral metastatic disease at the time of progression compared with placebo.
Fish assemblages in a Mississippi reservoir mudflat with low structural complexity

In shallow reservoirs, seasonal water drawdowns expose littoral areas and over time produce barren mudflats. When flooded, mudflats provide homogeneous substrates, turbid water, and eroding shorelines of limited ecological value. We hypothesized that in mudflats structurally complex habitats are occupied by more fish, smaller fish of a larger range in sizes, more species, and fish assemblages that are different from those in simpler habitats. We tested these hypotheses over two consecutive years with fish collections made in sites with varying structural complexity. Results indicated that structural complexity harbors more fish in transects and enclosures. Structural complexity did not influence median length, but length range increased with structural complexity. Average species richness increased with structural complexity. Fish assemblage composition changed as structural complexity increased. The ability of cover to provide survival, growth, and carrying capacity benefits is fundamental to programs aimed at increasing structural complexity. Results suggest observed effects on fish assemblages can lead to such benefits. Considering mudflats are a major component of reservoirs, expand as reservoirs age, and there is a potential to exert meaningful change on fish assemblages of impounded rivers by managing mudflats, we suggest additional attention is needed to develop practical habitat restoration options.
Novel 3-Dimensional Imaging Analysis of the Ryan Procedure for Inframammary Fold Elevation in the Reconstruction of the Revised Breast.

The inframammary fold (IMF) can be challenging to reconstruct after disruption during mastectomy or breast reconstruction. The Ryan procedure is a previously described technique with little long-term analysis. Our goal is to analyze the long-term results of the Ryan procedure using 3-dimensional (3D) technology, with the hypothesis that 3D measurements will provide quantitative outcomes that add to the qualitative assessment of the reconstruction. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive breast reconstruction patients by a single surgeon from January 1, 2012 to January 31, 2015 to identify patients who underwent the Ryan procedure. Previously obtained 3D photographs were then analyzed to compare breast base diameter, breast projection, and inter-IMF distance pre- and postoperatively. A survey was then given to 15 health professionals in our department to assess the IMF and symmetry pre- and postoperatively. Eight patients were eligible for inclusion. Four patients were unilateral reconstruction and 4 were bilateral. The Ryan procedure resulted in an inter-IMF discrepancy reduction of 39% and a breast projection increase of 18%. Average length of follow-up was 2.82 ± 0.75 years. One patient required a secondary IMF revision. The majority of survey respondents felt that the IMF and IMF symmetry were improved or stable postoperatively. The Ryan procedure seems to be a reliable and durable technique for IMF reconstruction with increased projection, decreased IMF discrepancy, and increased symmetry. Additionally, 3D imaging provides a useful approach in the assessment of breast reconstruction outcomes, adding quantitative outcomes measures to its evaluation.
Persistent pedestrianism: urban walking in motor age America, 1920s–1960s

Generalizations about ‘car culture’ in the United States, and about American's ‘love affair with the automobile’, have concealed persistent values and practices among millions of Americans that do not suit such stereotypes. Car culture and the car's attractions are not denied. American society, however, is a complex of numerous subcultures, including many that resented and resisted the automobile's growing priority during the twentieth century. Such groups’ resistance to automobile domination has been neglected. Persistent advocacy for pedestrians’ interests is illustrated through numerous examples from the 1920s to the 1960s, the decades when ‘car culture’ rose to its apogee.
Occupational Therapy Interventions for Productive Aging Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Evidence Connection articles provide clinical application of systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA's) Evidence-Based Practice Project. In this Evidence Connection article, we describe a case report of an older adult who was referred to outpatient occupational therapy services due to chronic back pain from herniated discs. Findings from the systematic review of occupational therapy for community-dwelling older adults were published in the July/August 2018 issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (Berger et al., 2018; Elliott & Leland, 2018; Hunter & Kearney, 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Smallfield & Lucas Molitor, 2018a, 2018b) and in the American Occupational Therapy Association's Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Productive Aging for Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Each article in the Evidence Connection series summarizes the evidence from the published reviews on a given topic and presents an application of the evidence to a related clinical case. These articles illustrate how the research evidence from the reviews can be used to inform and guide clinical decision making.