cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of the cytotoxic T cell mediator granzyme B during liver allograft rejection.

Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) constitute a major component of the alloreactive response following organ transplantation. The molecular mechanisms of CTL killing remain to be determined but multiple candidate molecules involved in CTL-mediated cytotoxicity have been identified. Granzyme B, a serine protease, participates in perforin-dependent pathways of cytotoxicity and is necessary for induction of DNA fragmentation in target cells. In this study the expression of granzyme B in liver biopsies obtained from liver allograft recipients was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Biopsies were classified into four groups—no evidence of rejection, preservation injury, acute rejection, or resolving rejection—according to histopathological criteria. There was a significantly higher frequency of transcripts for granzyme B in the acute rejection group (82.8%) compared to the no rejection (20.0%), resolving rejection (12.5%) and preservation injury (0%) groups. Analysis of granzyme B gene expression in sequential samples from individual patients prior to, and after, treatment for rejection revealed an inverse correlation between granzyme B mRNA and response to treatment. These findings indicate that the cytopathic mediator granzyme B may participate in CTL-mediated cytotoxicity during liver allograft rejection.
Putting On and Removing Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment is used when there is a risk of exposure to infectious material, to protect the skin and mucous membranes from exposure to pathogens. This video demonstrates how to put on and how to remove PPE.
Guidelines for the Evaluation of Heart Failure in the Fetus With or Without Hydrops

Fetal echocardiography has progressed to be able to diagnose many forms of congenital heart disease and to assess the prognosis of cardiac lesions based on their anatomy and presentation in utero. However, the presence of signs of fetal heart failure, such as hydrops or valvular regurgitation, makes the assessment of prognosis difficult. This article outlines a straightforward method for the rapid evaluation of the fetus who may have congestive heart failure. The differentiation of the prehydropic state from normal is illustrated.
Acoustics and Lighting Education in Architectural Engineering: Experience of WPI

AbstractThe growing complexity of buildings requires architectural engineering to integrate many different specialized capabilities, among which building physics often plays a primary role. Architectural engineers must understand all building systems and be able to apply physics principles to the building envelope and indoor environment. This paper discusses the content and educational approaches of two new courses, Building and Architectural Acoustics and Building Electrical and Lighting Systems, in the new architectural engineering program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). For both courses, teaching through project-oriented education presents unique challenges. The projects the classes focused on included optimizing the lighting design at the Worcester Art Museum and the acoustic design in WPI classrooms. This hands-on approach, focusing on both actual measurements and simulations, encourages students to develop a professional attitude for applying theoretical principles to the solution of engin...
Flow quality of hypersonic wind-tunnel nozzles designed using computational fluid dynamics

A new methodology has been demonstrated for designing the aerodynamic contour of hypersonic wind-tunnel nozzles using a computational fluid-dynamics-based design and optimization procedure. The new design method was based on a least-squares parabolized Navier-Stokes design and optimization procedure developed by the first author. An optimization problem was solved using the new design method to determine the aerodynamic contour that minimized the flowfield Mach-number variation. Two existing wind-tunnel nozzles were remachined with the new aerodynamic contours designed with this procedure. The flow quality of the nozzles was examined using detailed pitot-pressure profiles measured in the test section. The flow quality of the remachined nozzles showed an improvement over a recently designed and constructed wind-tunnel nozzle based on the classical method-ofcharacteristics boundary-layer correction technique. However, the flow quality was not as uniform as predicted, because of disturbances emanating from mechanical joints. The pitot-pressure profile away from the disturbance was extremely uniform, significantly better than for previous wind-tunnel nozzles at similar Mach numbers, demonstrating the importance of using a computational-based design procedure for wind-tunnel nozzles that have to operate with thick boundary layers.
Signatures of the molecular potential in the ellipticity of high-order harmonics from aligned molecules

We explore the information content of the polarization of high-order harmonics emitted from aligned molecules driven by a linearly polarized field. The study builds upon our previous work [Ramakrishna et al., Phys. Rev. A 81, 021802(R) (2010)], which illustrated that the phase of the continuum electronic wave function, and hence the underlying molecular potential, is responsible, at least in part, for the ellipticity observed in harmonic spectra. We use a simple model potential and systematically vary the potential parameters to investigate the sense in which, and the degree to which, the shape of the molecular potential is imprinted onto the polarization of the emitted harmonics. Strong ellipticity is observed over a wide range of potential parameters, suggesting that the emission of elliptically polarized harmonics is a general phenomenon, yet qualitatively determined by the molecular properties. The sensitivity of the ellipticity to the model parameters invites the use of ellipticity measurements as a probe of the continuum wave function and the underlying molecular potential.
Robust Hypothesis Testing and Robust Time Series Interpolation And Regression

. Recent results on minimax robust time series interpolation and regression coefficient estimation are generalized and extended through a relationship with robust hypothesis testing. The spectral uncertainty classes in the time series problems are assumed to be convex and to satisfy an integral constraint such as on the variance of the process. It is shown that robust solutions in such cases can always be obtained from the least-favourable probability density functions for corresponding hypothesis testing problems. A specific class, the bounded spectral densities from the band model, is considered to illustrate the results.
Two cDNA clones encoding 14-3-3 homologs from tomato fruit☆

Two tomato cDNA clones with homology to the 14-3-3 family of proteins were identified through immunoscreening a ripening tomato fruit library (Clontech). These two clones share approx. 71% identity at the nucleotide level and 84% identity at the deduced amino acid level, with radical amino acid substitutions clustering at the acidic carboxy-terminus. Southern hybridization data indicate that each clone represents a unique gene. Distinct transcript accumulation patterns during tomato fruit ripening together with the homology to brain regulatory proteins suggest potential involvement in fruit development.
Some remarks on a class of rational approximations to the cosine

Some previously introduced methods for the numerical solution of second-order evolution equations based on a class of rational approximations to the cosy, y real, with denominators (1+x 2 y 2) s are revisited. It is shown that maximal accuracy occurs for each integers≧1 for a suitable choice of the parameterx. An improved sufficient condition for unconditional stability is obtained. Conditional stability and periodicity of these methods are also studied.
The role of "total" pancreatectomy in the treatment of unremitting hypoglycemia of infancy.

Abstract In the past 15 years ten infants had subtotal pancreatectomy for idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy. In five of these (50%), initial surgery failed to control hypoglycemia which recurred in 1 day to 2 weeks. When reinstitution of medical therapy did not satisfactorily control the blood sugar, total pancreatectomy was performed by excision of the residual pancreatic tissue. There were no postoperative surgical complications and hypoglycemia was eliminated in all. "Total" pancreatectomy was well tolerated by these growing infants. Insulin is necessary in three children and four require oral pancreatic enzymes for adequate intestinal absorption. The high failure rate of a standard two-thirds pancreatectomy and the safety of a more extensive operation suggest that a pancreatic resection of 80 to 90% is warranted as an initial surgical approach. "Total" pancreatectomy should still be reserved for the surgical failures.
Macrophages secrete a heparin-binding inhibitor of endothelial cell growth.

Abstract Macrophages may play an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis by secreting modulators of endothelial cell (EC) proliferation. To investigate this, human mononuclear cells were plated in culture, and the conditioned media of these cells were analyzed by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The fractions were tested for modulation of EC growth, as determined by endothelial cell number in proliferation assays. A single peak of EC growth-inhibitory activity was found to elute from heparin-Sepharose with 1.0 M NaCl. Secretion of this EC inhibitor persisted for many weeks in cell culture, at which point the cultures consisted of adherent macrophages only. This activity was therefore designated as macrophage-derived endothelial cell inhibitor (MD-ECI). Analysis using specific neutralizing antisera as well as comparative heparin affinity analysis showed that MD-ECI was distinct from the known EC inhibitors TGF-β and TNF-α. MD-ECI inhibits basal EC growth as well as FGF-stimulated EC growth. Its effect on EC is dose-dependent, nontoxic, and reversible.
Theoretical and research considerations of burnout

Abstract As in any new area of investigation, the study of the phenomenon of burnout contains much potential benefit, especially to workers in helping/service professions; and it contains sources of error which may delay or distort understandings that are sorely needed. This paper identifies and explains many pitfalls and sources of error in developing theory and research about burnout. After discussing the limitations of the current definitions of burnout, the authors explore the ramifications of the most well supported definition. Specific suggestions are made for further investigation, especially in the area of individual characteristics and their interaction with the burnout phenomenon. Finally, methodologies most likely to yield solid, usable information for practitioners are discussed.
Complete filtered Lie algebras and the Spencer cohomology

Abstract Let L be a complete filtered Lie algebra and Π Gp its associated graded algebra. In this paper we shall show that it is possible in many cases to determine all L's giving rise to a particular Π Gp. Let Hi,j be the Spencer cohomology groups of Π Gp. In the graded algebras that we shall study, we will obtain cohomological elements c ϵ Hn,2 and ηi ϵ Hom(Gi,Hn,1) (i = 0, …, n − 1) satisfying certain structural equations. These invariants c and ηi, together with the actions of the automorphism group of Π Gp and the group H of n-maps on the invariants completely determine L provided no “higher obstructions” exist.
High resolution reconstruction of ISAR images

A 2-D high-resolution spectral analysis algorithm with application to an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging, is presented. This algorithm is based on two-dimensional linear prediction using autoregressive (AR) coefficients. Stability is guaranteed by AR process pole adjustment. An ISAR target is modeled for a complex scatterer geometry. Computer simulation results are provided for the high-resolution reconstruction of ISAR images. >
CROP ROTATION AND N FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND DISEASE INCIDENCE IN POTATO

Crop rotation can be an effective mechanism for reducing disease incidence and contributing nitrogen (N) to succeeding crops. Interactions of plant pathogen suppression and soil nutrient availability may also exist, adding to the cropping system complexity. This study examined the impact of crop rotation, N fertilization, and their interaction on growth, yield, andRhizoctonia solani incidence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Norwis). Potato was grown continuously and in two-year rotations with annual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Nitro), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), white lupin (Lupinus albus L. Ultra), and oat (Avena sativa Astro). Fertilizer was banded at potato planting with 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, or 225 kg N ha−1 as (NH4)2SO4. Approximately 58% of continuous potato possessed stem lesions caused byR. solani, but only 12 to 22% of potato stems from other rotations possessed lesions. Tuber dry weight was affected by crop rotation in 1989, a dry year, but not in 1990. Apparent N fertilizer replacement values for hairy vetch, Nitro alfalfa, white lupin, and oat were 65, 43, 26, and 11 kg N ha−1, respectively. All crop rotations studied appeared to enhance potato production by reducing stem infection byR. solani. Vetch and alfalfa provide additional benefits through their N contributions.
Evolution of heliospheric magnetized configurations via topological invariants

Abstract The analogy between magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and knot theory is utilized in presenting a new method for an analysis of stability and evolution of complex magnetic heliospheric flux tubes. Planar projection of a three-dimensional magnetic configuration depicts the structure as a two-dimensional diagram with crossings, to which one may assign mathematical operations leading to robust topological invariants. These invariants enrich the topological information of magnetic configurations beyond helicity. It is conjectured that the field which emerges from the solar photosphere is structured as one of the simplest knots—unknot or prime knot—and these flux ropes are then stretched while carried by the solar wind into the interplanetary medium. Preservation of invariants for small diffusivity and large cross section of the emerging magnetic flux makes them impervious to large scale reconnection, allowing us to predict the observed structures at 1 AU as elongated prime knots. Similar structures may be observed in magnetic clouds which got disconnected from their footpoints and in ion drop-out configurations from a compact flare source in solar impulsive solar events. Observation of small scale magnetic features consistent with prime knots may indicate spatial intermittency and non-Gaussian statistics in the turbulent cascade process. For flux tubes with higher resistivity, magnetic energy decay rate should decrease with increased knot complexity as the invariants are then harder to be violated. These observations could be confirmed if adjacent satellites happen to measure distinctly oriented magnetic fields with directionally varying suprathermal particle fluxes.
Chaotic advection in perspective

Abstract As a preface to the papers in this volume I make some general philosophical remarks on chaotic advection and its emergence as a subtopic of fluid mechanics. Based on these remarks the following papers are placed in perspective.
Carbonate effects on hexavalent uranium removal from water by nanocrystalline titanium dioxide.

Abstract A novel nanocrystalline titanium dioxide was used to treat depleted uranium (DU)-contaminated water under neutral and alkaline conditions. The novel material had a total surface area of 329 m 2 /g, total surface site density of 11.0 sites/nm 2 , total pore volume of 0.415 cm 3 /g and crystallite size of 6.0 nm. It was used in batch tests to remove U(VI) from synthetic solutions and contaminated water. However, the capacity of the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide to remove U(VI) from water decreased in the presence of inorganic carbonate at pH > 6.0. Adsorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and surface charge measurements were used to investigate the causes of the reduced capacity. The surface charge and the FTIR measurements suggested that the adsorbed U(VI) species was not complexed with carbonate at neutral pH values. The decreased capacity of titanium dioxide to remove U(VI) from water in the presence of carbonate at neutral to alkaline pH values was attributed to the aqueous complexation of U(VI) by inorganic carbonate. The nanocrystalline titanium dioxide had four times the capacity of commercially available titanium dixoide (Degussa P-25) to adsorb U(VI) from water at pH 6 and total inorganic carbonate concentration of 0.01 M. Consequently, the novel material was used to treat DU-contaminated water at a Department of Defense (DOD) site.
Motifs of serine and threonine can drive association of transmembrane helices.

Known sequence motifs containing key glycine residues can drive the homo-oligomerization of transmembrane helices. To find other motifs, a randomized library of transmembrane interfaces was generated in which glycine was omitted. The TOXCAT system, which measures transmembrane helix association in the Escherichia coli inner membrane, was used to select high-affinity homo-oligomerizing sequences in this library. The two most frequently occurring motifs were SxxSSxxT and SxxxSSxxT. Isosteric mutations of any one of the serine and threonine residues to non-polar residues abolished oligomerization, indicating that the interaction between these positions is specific and requires an extended motif of serine and threonine hydroxyl groups. Computational modeling of these sequences produced several chemically plausible structures that contain multiple hydrogen bonds between the serine and threonine residues. While single serine or threonine side-chains do not appear to promote helix association, motifs can drive strong and specific association through a cooperative network of interhelical hydrogen bonds.
Maturation of oligodendroglia and myelinogenesis in rat optic nerve: A quantitative histochemical study

Microchemical techniques correlated with histologic observations were used to study rat optic nerve at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days of postnatal development. Cell enumeration was accomplished by combining DNA as says with previously reported differential cell counts in electron microscopic montages (Vaughn, '69). At 5 days of age, the optic nerve contained unmyelinated axons, and its volume and total number of glia (DNA) were less than 40% of 50-day-old values. The cell population was composed of equal numbers of fibrous astrocytes and glial stem cells but contained only 7% oligodendrocytes. Between 5 and 20 postnatal days, mitotic proliferation of these stem cells resulted in a 3-fold increase of DNA, while numbers of oligodendroglia increased 10-fold. The cell population of the nerve at 20 postnatal days was similar to that found in the adult, with oligodendrocytes constituting 60% of the total cell population. Although these cells continuously formed myelin throughout postnatal development, their maximal rate of myelin lipid deposition (cerebrosides and cholesterol) occurred between 5 and 20 postnatal days. Hence, the most rapid rate of myelinogenesis in rat optic nerve occurred during the first three weeks of postnatal life and was synchronous with the mitotic proliferation and cellular differentiation of interfascicular oligodendroglia.
Reducing the Pain of Neonatal Eye Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Plain and Sugar Dipped Pacifier

Reducing the Pain of Neonatal Eye Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Plain and Sugar Dipped Pacifier
Internal War: A Cross-Cultural Study'

In this study, three categories of variables-social structure, political organization, and intersocietal relations-are examined for their influence upon the occurrence of internal war (warfare between culturally similar political communities). A sample of fifty societies is used to test hypotheses that relate variables drawn from the three categories to the frequency of such war. It is demonstrated that fraternal interest groups and unauthorized raiding parties influence the frequency of internal war in uncentralized political systems, but not in centralized ones. It is also shown that the frequency of external war (warfare between culturally different political communities) does not influence the frequency of internal war. In conclusion the results of this study are compared with those obtained in a cross-cultural study of feuding.
DNA Hairpin Stabilization on a Hydrophobic Surface

DNA hybridization in the vicinity of surfaces is a fundamental process for self-assembled nanoarrays, nanocrystal superlattices, and biosensors. It is widely recognized that solid surfaces alter molecular forces governing hybridization relative to a bulk solution, and these effects can either favor or disfavor the hybridized state depending on the specific sequence and surface. Results presented here provide new insights into the dynamics of DNA hairpin-coil conformational transitions in the vicinity of hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and hydrophobic trimethylsilane (TMS) surfaces. Single-molecule methods are used to observe the forward and reverse hybridization hairpin-coil transition of adsorbed species while simultaneously measuring molecular surface diffusion in order to gain insight into surface interactions with individual DNA bases. At least 35 000 individual molecular trajectories are observed on each type of surface. It is found that unfolding slows and the folding rate increases on TMS relative to OEG, despite stronger attractions between TMS and unpaired nucleobases. These rate differences lead to near-complete hairpin formation on hydrophobic TMS and significant unfolding on hydrophilic OEG, resulting in the surprising conclusion that hydrophobic surface coatings are preferable for nanotechnology applications that rely on DNA hybridization near surfaces.
Shelf-Life Estimation for Multifactor Stability Studies

In stability analysis, the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended procedure for estimating the expiration dating period (shelf-life) of a drug is limited to a single package, single strength product. Since most drug products are manufactured with more than one strength and are marketed in more than one package, stability analyses must be carried out for every combination of package and/or strength. This paper proposes a generalization of the current FDA procedure to analyze the stability data from a multiple package and/or strength study. Monte Carlo simulation was used to address some issues with the current procedure and evaluate the proposed generalization procedure. The proposed procedure is illustrated by an application to a data set consisting of five batches and two packages. Statistical issues and problems with the current approach of concern to industrial statisticians and the generalization are also discussed.
Using Food as a Metaphor for Care: Middle-School Kids Talk about Family, School, and Class Relationships

This study is based on in-depth and focus group interviews with thirty middle schoolers from diverse racial/ethnic and class backgrounds. Drawing on the literature on care and the meaning of food, this study expands the dialogue about adolescents' worldviews by examining middle schoolers' assessments of cooking, sharing, and receiving food from others and how these food activities shape perceptions of family and school. The findings suggest that middle schoolers distinguish between food served in the private realm of the family where it is used to express solidarity and conflict and the public realm of the school where it is used as a signifier for school care. Overall, this study reveals a class ideology of care and how food as a metaphor plays a part in it. This article also addresses broader implications about adolescents' perceptions of their future selves and of work, family, and school issues and problems.
Oral Infections and Antibiotic Therapy

Oral infections commonly originate from an odontogenic source in adults and from tonsil and lymphatic sources in children. Odontogenic infections arise from advanced dental caries or periodontal disease. Oral trauma, radiation injury, chemotherapy mucositis, salivary gland infection, lymph node abscess, and postoperative infection are potential nonodontogenic sources of infections that could potentially be life threatening. This article reviews the serious nature and potential danger that exists from oral infection and the antibiotics available to treat them are reviewed. Successful treatment requires an understanding of the microflora, the regional anatomy, the disease process, the treatment methods available, and interdisciplinary team collaboration.
The persistence of spatial interference after extended training in a bimanual drawing task

Many studies of bimanual coordination have focused on the pervasive interference observed when people plan and produce non-symmetric movements. We investigated how the interference observed in one challenging bimanual task, simultaneously drawing non-symmetric three-sided squares (e.g., U and C), is modulated by practice. We assessed whether the benefits of practice were limited to the trained patterns or reflected the development of a more general ability for independently controlling movements of the two hands. We combined four orientations of a three-sided square, with one orientation assigned to each hand, to generate a set of 16 patterns. Participants were trained for six days with eight of the patterns. In the last two sessions, all 16 patterns were tested. The untrained patterns involved a shape that had not been practiced by one hand or a novel configuration of two practiced components. While a substantial reduction in inter-manual interference was observed over the extensive training period, participants remained much slower to plan incongruent shapes compared to congruent shapes. Incomplete generalization was observed when the new patterns were introduced. Planning time was shorter and accuracy higher for the trained patterns, but this effect was only observed in the first generalization session. There was little difference in performance between new patterns that involved an unpracticed shape or an unpracticed configuration. These results indicate that spatial interference was not eliminated with extensive practice. This persistent interference effect stands in contrast to the minimal interference observed when the gestures are conceptualized as a single action or do not involve the transformation of abstract spatial codes. The results suggest that a primary difficulty in bimanual drawing results from limitations in translating abstract goals into actions, a fundamental prerequisite for praxis.
Systematics and Biogeography of Hard Ticks, a Total Evidence Approach

Abstract Systematic relationships among the basal Ixodidae are examined using one morphological and three molecular data sets, 18S and 28S nuclear and 16S mitochondrial rDNA. Although different combinations of partitions are incompatible in a partition homogeneity test, combining them produces similar or better support for most major lineages through both additive and complementary effects. The different data sets are not complete for all taxa, but inclusion or exclusion of taxa with missing data for one or more data sets (8 of 29 ingroup taxa) does not influence overall tree topology and only weakly affects support levels. The only notable effect was based on gap treatment in the 28S data set. Gap treatment completely changes the arrangement and support levels for one basal node. The combined analyses show strong support for the Metastriata, a lineage including most endemic Australian Ixodes , and a lineage including the remaining Ixodes , but not for the Prostriata (= Ixodes s.l.). The distribution pattern of endemic Australian taxa (nearly all included in three exclusively Australian basal lineages) suggests that these lineages, and by extension the Ixodidae, originated after the isolation of Australia in the late Cretaceous, much more recently than previously indicated.
Digital Phase Control Techniques

An analysis of a partially digitized phase-locked loop using Z -transform sampled data theory is presented. Responses are obtained at various junctions of the loop for both a step frequency input and for a sinusoidal frequency input. These responses are compared with the corresponding responses for an analog phaselocked loop. Stability criterion and root locus are determined. Effects of quantization are studied. It is concluded that over most of the range of operation the behavior of the digital phase-locked loop is nearly identical to the corresponding analog phase-locked loop, but that in addition, certain possible advantages may occur as a result of the digitization.
Mucosal Immunity Induced by Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate

Host defenses against Streptococcus pneumoniae involve opsonophagocytosis mediated by antibodies and complement. Because the pneumococcus is a respiratory pathogen, mucosal immunity may play an important role in the defense against infection. The mechanism for protection in mucosal immunity consists of induction of immunity by the activation of lymphocytes within the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, transport of antigen-specific B and T cells from inductive sites through bloodstream and distribute to distant mucosal effector sites. Secretory IgA is primarily involved in protection of mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization is an effective way of inducing immune responses at mucosal surfaces. Several mucosal vaccines are in various stages of development. A number of mucosal adjuvants have been proposed. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) has been shown to be an effective mucosal adjuvant for various antigens. Mucosal immunity induced by intranasal immunization was studied with a pneumococcal glycoconjugate, using CpG ODN as adjuvant. Mice immunized with type 9V polysaccharide (PS) conjugated to inactivated pneumolysin (Ply) plus CpG produced high levels of 9V PS IgG and IgA antibodies compared to the group that received the conjugate alone. High levels of subclasses of IgGI, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies were also observed in sera of mice immunized with 9V PS-Ply plus CpG. In addition, high IgG and IgA antibody responses were observed in sera of young mice immunized with 9V PS-Ply plus CpG or the conjugate plus non-CpG compared with the group received the conjugate alone. These results reveal that mucosal immunization with pneumococcal glycoconjugate using CpG as adjuvant can confer protective immunity against pneumococcal infection.
Gain-constrained adaptive pulse compression via an MVDR framework

Much work has been done to discover pulse compression methods that alleviate the effects of range sidelobes, though pulse compression filters that deviate from the matched filter suffer from varying degrees of mismatch loss. The Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) based Adaptive Pulse Compression (APC) algorithm is capable of suppressing range sidelobes into the noise by employing a unique pulse compression filter for each range cell. Recently, Fast APC (FAPC) has been developed to reduce the computational cost of APC while maintaining much of the sidelobe suppression capability. This paper utilizes the MVDR framework to facilitate inclusion of a unity gain constraint within the APC and FAPC cost functions in an effort to mitigate mismatch loss. The APC algorithm exhibits almost no mismatch loss and, as such, the full-dimension algorithm benefits little from the gain constraint. However, FAPC occasionally suppresses small targets in dense scattering environments due to fewer degrees of freedom inherent to reduced-dimensionality processing. The constrained FAPC algorithm preserves gain on small targets consequently improving detection performance.
Effects of Internal Pressure on the Buckling of Circular-Cylindrical Shells Under Bending

Abstract : The effect of internal pressure on the stability of thin walled cylinders under pure bending is investigated by means of modified Donnell equation. The results indicate that, unlike the results for the case of pressurized cylinders under compression, the critical maximum compression stress due to bending increases with internal pressure. The theoretically predicted increases are much less, however, than those obtained experimentally. (Author)
Clopidogrel and 1-year freedom from amputation after endovascular lower extremity revascularization in the Medicare population.

Objective:To evaluate freedom from amputation in patients identified utilizing clopidogrel following their lower extremity endovascular revascularization (LER).Methods:Patients, 65 years of age and...
Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs

The vertebrae of sauropod dinosaurs are characterized by complex architecture involving laminae, fossae, and internal chambers of various shapes and sizes. These structures are interpreted as osteological correlates of a system of air sacs and pneumatic diverticula similar to that of birds. In extant birds, diverticula of the cervical air sacs pneumatize the cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae. Diverticula of the abdominal air sacs pneumatize the posterior thoracic vertebrae and synsacrum later in ontogeny. This ontogenetic sequence in birds parallels the evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropods. In basal sauropods, only the presacral vertebrae were pneumatized, presumably by diverticula of cervical air sacs similar to those of birds. The sacrum was also pneumatized in most neosauropods, and pneumatization of the proximal caudal vertebrae was achieved independently in Diplodocidae and Titanosauria. Pneumatization of the sacral and caudal vertebrae in neosauropods may indicate the presence of abdominal air sacs. Air sacs and skeletal pneumaticity probably facilitated the evolution of extremely long necks in some sauropod lineages by overcoming respiratory dead space and reducing mass. In addition, pulmonary air sacs may have conveyed to sauropods some of the respiratory and thermoregulatory advantages enjoyed by birds, a possibility that is consistent with the observed rapid growth rates of sauropods.
Theorizing the Rise of Microenterprise Development in Carribean Context

Throughout the world development agencies and governments promote micro-enterprise development as a solution to the employment crisis and penury of the global south. But what brought about the unprecedented expansion and worldwide promotion of micro-enterprise development? As a case study on micro-enterprise expansion in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, this paper offers a grounded theory analysis based on semi-structured interviews with national and international officials active in micro-enterprise development. Themes drawn from the interviews demonstrate that the failure of past development policies and the neo-liberal response to these failures help explain why micro-enterprise development expanded vastly in Trinidad and Tobago. Theoretically, I draw from Luxembourgs (1951) and Nashs (1990) studies on subsistence or petty production under capitalism and the world-systems analysis of households (Wallerstein and Scott 1992a; 1992b) to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the expansion of micro-enterprise development under neo-liberalism globally. In this era, micro-enterprise development reflects two separate strategies of dealing with economic crisesinformal or unwaged work and government transfer or social safety netsmerged into one.
Higher-Order Syllogistics

We propose a distinction between bottom-up and top-down systems of natural logic, with the classical syllogism epitomizing the first and the Monotonicity Calculus the second. We furthermore suggest it useful to view top-down systems as higher-order generalizations of broadly syllogistic systems. We illustrate this view by proving a result of independent interest: we axiomatize the first-order/single-type fragment of a higher-order calculus for reasoning about inclusion and exclusion MacCartney and Manning, 2009; Icard, 2012. We show this logic is equivalent to a syllogistic logic with All and nominal complementation, in fact a fragment of a system recently studied Moss, 2010b.
Compartment syndrome of the foot in children.

ABSTRACT Compartment syndrome of the foot following trauma is well known in adults but has not been discussed frequently in texts on pediatric trauma. In the current study, seven children and teenagers were identified as having had compartment syndrome of the foot during a five-year period. The average age at the time of the diagnosis was ten years (range, four to sixteen years). The cause of the compartment syndrome was a crush injury in six patients and a motor-vehicle accident in one. All patients had swelling and pain with passive motion, but none had neurovascular deficits. Only the two oldest children had an osseous injury that necessitated open reduction and internal fixation, but all had elevated compartment pressures ranging from thirty-eight to fifty-five millimeters of mercury (5.07 to 7.33 kilopascals). All seven patients had fasciotomies of the nine compartments of the foot, and the skin was closed primarily within five days after the operation.No patient had complications or needed a skin graft. All patients had a good or excellent result after an average duration of follow-up of forty-one months (range, twenty-three to fifty-three months). Orthopaedists managing children who have a traumatic injury of the foot, especially a crush injury, should have a high index of suspicion for compartment syndrome, even in the absence of severe fracture.
Epidemiology of columnaris disease affecting fishes within the same watershed

In the southeastern USA, columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare) typically affects catfish raised in earthen ponds from early spring until late summer. Recently, unusually severe outbreaks of columnaris disease occurred at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Center located in Auburn, AL, USA. During these outbreaks, catfish and other aquaculture and sport fish species that were in ponds located within the same watershed were affected. Our objective was to investigate the genetic diversity among F. columnare isolates recovered from different sites, sources, and dates to clarify the origin of these outbreaks and, ultimately, to better understand the epidemiology of columnaris disease. A total of 102 F. columnare isolates were recovered from catfishes (channel catfish Ictalurus puntactus, blue catfish I. furcatus, and their hybrid), bluegill Lepomis microchirus, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, egg masses, and water during columnaris outbreaks (from spring 2010 to summer 2012). Putative F. columnare colonies were identified following standard protocols. All isolates were ascribed to Genomovar II following restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Genetic variability among the isolates was revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism. Date of isolation explained most of the variability among our isolates, while host was the least influential parameter, denoting a lack of host specificity within Genomovar II isolates. The susceptibility of each of the isolates against commonly used antibiotics was tested by antibiogram. Our data showed that 19.6 and 12.7% of the isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline and kanamycin, respectively.
Concurrent Androgen Deprivation with Radiotherapy: A Cautionary Tale of “Do As I Say, Not As I Do”?

Both the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and European Association of Urology (EAU) recommend addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to radiation therapy (RT) for treatment of high-risk and locally advanced prostate cancers [1,2]. In this issue of European Urology, Dell’Oglio and colleagues [3] report on their assessment of the frequency with which ADT was appropriately used in this setting in the SEER-Medicare database from 2003 to 2009. The authors found that only 68% ofmen treatedwith RT received concurrent ADT,while 32% were treated with RT alone. Furthermore, the rate of ADT use with RT has steadily declined over the study period, from 75% in 2003 to 58% in 2009. These findings provide sobering insight that even clear, unequivocal guidelines such as those in question may not be closely adhered to in real-world practice. Like all retrospective studies, this report has limitations worth considering. We commend the authors for exploring these limitations and several potential explanations for their findings. Considering that the study population included only men older than 65 yr, one could certainly suggest that poor adherence was due to the pervasive— though inaccurate—belief that older men derive less benefit from aggressive therapy [4]. On multivariable analysis, however, the authors found that older men treated with RT were in fact more likely to receive ADT. Similarly, the assertion that ADT could be purposefully withheld from men with extensive comorbidity was not supported by these data, as the use of ADT was actually lower among healthier men. Finally, on the basis of data suggesting that ADT could be associated with additional cardiovascular
Insecticidal effects on soil arthropods.

Invertebrates were removed from soil samples taken from 15 test plots (0.11-0.38 acre) in an irrigated pasture at Tucson, Arizona, treated 2 years previously with various insecticides. Tullgren funnel and benzene extraction procedures were utilized. Mites and Collembola represented 63 and 31%, respectively, of the invertebrates collected. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between plots in total counts of mites and Collembola. There were differences among the treatment means for the other arthropods. 80-90% (∼6700 of 7865 specimens) of the mites in the plots treated with endosulfan, endrin, and DDT were orihatids; those in the DDT-Strobane® (terpene polychlorinates (65% chlorine)) plot were 70-80% (∼350 of 466 specimens) mesostigmatids. Ground pearl ( Margarodes sp.) crawlers were obtained from all plots except that treated with Strobane-DDT. The malathion-Perthane (a mixture of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-his (p-ethylphenyl) ethane (95%) and related reaction products (5%)) plot yielded approximately 2000 more animals than any other, includiug the check plot. Predawn appears to be the best time for sampling of soil arthropods.
Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation Promoted by Organoruthenium Complexes. The First Unsubstituted π-Metallabenzene Complex, Cp*2Ru2(η2:η5-C5H5)(SiMe3), and Synthesis of the Tetramethyleneethane Complex Cp*2Ru2(η3:η3-C6H8)Cl4

Treatment of the methylene/silyl complex Cp*2Ru2(μ-CH2)(SiMe3)(μ-Cl) with ethyne in toluene gives several products resulting from carbon−carbon bond coupling reactions; these include the first unsubstituted π-metallabenzene complex, Cp*2Ru2(η2:η5-C5H5)(SiMe3), 1, the arene complex [Cp*Ru(η6-C6H6)]Cl, 2, and the bridging metallacyclopentadiene complex Cp*2Ru2(η2:η4-C4H4)Cl2, 3. Treatment of [Cp*RuCl2]2 with propadiene also leads to a carbon−carbon bond coupling reaction, and the product is the tetramethyleneethane (i.e., 2,2‘-biallyl) complex Cp*2Ru2(η3: η3-C6H8)Cl4, 4. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 1 shows that the metallabenzene ring is π-bonded to a second metal center and that the trimethylsilyl group is a terminal ligand on the ruthenium center that lies in the metallabenzene ring plane. The aromaticity of the metallabenzene ring in 1 is also discussed.
Ultrastructure and Development of Nidularia Pulvinata

Fruit bodies of Nidularia pulvinata were grown in the laboratory on a special nutrient-supplemented straw medium. Fruit bodies were cryosectioned, fixed, dehydrated, critical-point dried, and observed in a scanning-electron microscope. Young fruit bodies were clearly differentiated into an upper portion and a lower portion where peridiole formation began. The peridium of young fruit bodies was composed of dense spinose skeletal hyphae which differentiated into three layers as they matured. The peridioles were formed from spherical aggregations of hyphae. They eventually developed a three-layered cortex. The peridioles gradually became oval with a central cavity in which basidiospores were produced. Four basidiospores on long sterigmata were formed on each basidium. Distribution of gelatinous material appeared to be correlated with development. Some similarities in ultrastructure between Nidularia and Cyathus were noted.
3D image segmentation for analysis of multisize particles in a packed particle bed

Abstract Although 3D X-ray tomographic analysis of mineral particles in packed particle beds has been developed in past years and applied successfully for irregularly shaped particles, it has been a challenge to accurately analyze multisize particles due to segmentation limitations. An improved image segmentation technique for multisize particles has been developed for accurate analysis with reduced scanning and image processing time. In this paper, tomographic images of coarse particles (76.2 × 6.35 mm) produced with a high speed milliscanner and fine particles (5 × 0.35 mm) produced with a high resolution microscanner are segmented by means of a 3D morphological algorithm, based on a multiscale extraction of markers for watershed segmentation. In this way, multisize particles in a packed particle bed which range in size by an order of magnitude can be imaged with good accuracy.
Risk assessment of public health emergencies and communicable diseases concerned in the mainland China,October 2014

Objective To assess the risk of public health emergencies and communicable diseases concerned in the mainland of China in October 2014. Methods An internet based expert counsel was conducted to analyze the surveillance data of public health emergencies and priority communicable diseases in China reported through different channels,and the experts in all the provincial centers for disease control and prevention attended this video conference. Results According to the analysis of the previous surveillance data and incidence trend of public health emergencies in recent months,it is predicted that the incidence of public health emergencies would be still high in October,similar to that in September. The risk of spread of Ebola virus disease( EVD) to China still exists,but according to the evaluation of current status of the epidemic and owing to prevention and control measures taken by China,the possibility of EVD's transmission in China is low.However,due to the high case fatality,the impact to the public health would be serious once the importation of the virus occurs. Dengue fever epidemic would last in the next 1- 2 months,and the epidemic areas might expand. The situation is still challenging. Now it is the season of hand foot and mouth disease( HFMD),and the incidence trend would be similar to those in previous years. The incidence of respiratory disease,such as influenza,mumps and varicela,would increase seasonally. Bacterial dysentery,viral diarrhea and other intestinal infections might still occur. October is the season to make a pilgrimage in Mecca,more Chinese would visit Saudi-Arabia,as the result,the risk of imported Middle East respiratory syndrome( MERS) exists. As the approaching of winter,the incidence of non occupational carbon monoxide poisoning would increase in northern China caused by coal-fired heating. Conclusion The incidence of public health emergencies or communicable diseases would be high,similar to those during the same periods in previous years. Close attention should be paid to the prevention and control of dengue fever and EVD.