cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spot Scanning Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Treatment Planning Technique and Analysis of Consequences of Rotational and Translational Alignment Errors

Purpose Conventional proton therapy with passively scattered beams is used to treat a number of tumor sites, including prostate cancer. Spot scanning proton therapy is a treatment delivery means that improves conformal coverage of the clinical target volume (CTV). Placement of individual spots within a target is dependent on traversed tissue density. Errors in patient alignment perturb dose distributions. Moreover, there is a need for a rational planning approach that can mitigate the dosimetric effect of random alignment errors. We propose a treatment planning approach and then analyze the consequences of various simulated alignment errors on prostate treatments. Methods and Materials Ten control patients with localized prostate cancer underwent treatment planning for spot scanning proton therapy. After delineation of the clinical target volume, a scanning target volume (STV) was created to guide dose coverage. Errors in patient alignment in two axes (rotational and yaw) as well as translational errors in the anteroposterior direction were then simulated, and dose to the CTV and normal tissues were reanalyzed. Results Coverage of the CTV remained high even in the setting of extreme rotational and yaw misalignments. Changes in the rectum and bladder V45 and V70 were similarly minimal, except in the case of translational errors, where, as a result of opposed lateral beam arrangements, much larger dosimetric perturbations were observed. Conclusions The concept of the STV as applied to spot scanning radiation therapy and as presented in this report leads to robust coverage of the CTV even in the setting of extreme patient misalignments.
Trypanosoma cruzi Targets Akt in Host Cells as an Intracellular Antiapoptotic Strategy

The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas' disease, differentiates in the cytosol of its host cell and then replicates and spreads infection, processes that require the long-term survival of the infected cells. Here, we show that in the cytosol, parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF), a trans-sialidase that is located on the surface of T. cruzi, is both a substrate and an activator of the serine-threonine kinase Akt, an antiapoptotic molecule. PDNF increases the expression of the gene that encodes Akt while suppressing the transcription of genes that encode proapoptotic factors. Consequently, PDNF elicits a sustained functional response that protects host cells from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. Given that PDNF also activates Akt by binding to the neurotrophic surface receptor TrkA, we propose that this protein activates survival signaling both at the cell surface, by acting as a receptor-binding ligand, and inside cells, by acting as a scaffolding adaptor protein downstream of the receptor.
Synovial Sarcoma of the Upper Digestive Tract: A Report of Two Cases with Demonstration of the X;18 Translocation by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Two cases of synovial sarcoma that arose in the upper digestive tract are reported. One case was a polypoid mass that arose at the gastroesophageal junction; the other was a large intramural mass that arose in the wall of the stomach. Both cases had a classic biphasic pattern. In the stomach tumor, the biphasic morphology was focal and there was an abrupt transition to poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. The tumors had immunohistochemical features that were consistent with synovial sarcoma. Ultrastructural evaluation of the gastroesophageal tumor supported the diagnosis. The diagnostic X;18 translocation was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization on sections from paraffin-embedded tissue in 86% and 50% of interphase nuclei from the gastroesophageal and gastric tumor, respectively. The translocation was present in equal frequency in the epithelial and spindle cells in the biphasic areas and the poorly differentiated areas of the gastric tumor, indicating that the development of the more aggressive subclone was probably due to genetic mutations not encompassing the SYT-SSX gene fusion product. We are aware of only five reported cases of synovial sarcoma arising in the digestive tract, all in the proximal esophagus. These cases are the first reported arising in the gastroesophageal junction and stomach and the only cases of synovial sarcoma of the digestive tract in which the diagnostic translocation was demonstrated. Sarcomatoid carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor are the main differential diagnoses for synovial sarcoma in this site. Synovial sarcoma of the digestive tract may be underdiagnosed, and its recognition may have important clinical implications. Fluorescence in situ hybridization is helpful in making this distinction.
Post-translational modifications of Runx1 regulate its activity in the cell

In this report we review the current knowledge of the interaction of RUNX1(AML1) with serine/threonine kinases, lysine and arginine methyltransferases, lysine acetyltransferases, and histone deacetylases. We also discuss the effect of RUNX1-ETO fusion gene on DNA methylation. RUNX1 post-transcriptional modification can affect its role in influencing differentiation and self-renewal of hematopoietic cells. The goal of these studies is to develop targets for improved leukemia therapy.
Trust in consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce

We developed a model of consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce trust and tested it. We expected that two influences: internal (natural propensity to trust [NPT] and perception of web site quality [PWSQ]) and external (other's trust of buyers/sellers [OTBS] and third party recognition [TPR]) would affect an individual's trust in C2C e-commerce. However contrary to studies of other types of e-commerce, support was only found for PWSQ and TPR; we therefore discussed possible reasons for this contradiction. Suggestions are made of ways to help e-commerce site developers provide a trustworthy atmosphere and identify trustworthy consumers.
Oligopoly games under asymmetric costs and an application to energy production

Oligopolies in which firms have different costs of production have been relatively under-studied. In contrast to models with symmetric costs, some firms may be inactive in equilibrium. (With symmetric costs, the results trivialize to all firms active or all firms inactive.) We concentrate on the linear demand structure with constant marginal but asymmetric costs. In static one-period models, we compare the number of active firms, i.e. the number of firms producing a positive quantity in equilibrium, across four different models of oligopoly: Cournot and Bertrand with homogeneous or differentiated goods. When firms have different costs, we show that, for fixed good type, Cournot always results in more active firms than Bertrand. Moreover, with a fixed market type, differentiated goods result in more active firms than homogeneous goods. In dynamic models, asymmetric costs induce different entry times into the market. We illustrate with a model of energy production in which multiple producers from costly but inexhaustible alternative sources such as solar or wind compete in a Cournot market against an oil producer with exhaustible supply.
High Yield Medium Ring Synthesis of Thiacycloalkanes

Abstract Successful synthesis of medium-sized rings via cyclization normally requires high dilution conditions2. In this comunication, we wish to report remarkably high yield syntheses of some thiacycloalkanes based on the reaction of sodium sulfide witha, a-di bromoal kanes under concentrated and heterogeneous condi tions.
Kinematics of volume transport

Abstract The transport and production of the generally non-conserved extensive property of volume V within a flowing gas or liquid is addressed. Specifically, a convective/diffusive/production-type transport equation, ρ D m v ^ / Dt + ∇ · j v = π v , governing the transport of volume, is derived for the evolution of the fluid's specific volume v ^ = 1 / ρ . Here, ρ is the density, D m / Dt the material derivative, j v the diffusive flux density vector of volume, and π v the temporal rate of production of volume. This equation governs the transport of volume in precisely the same sense as do its counterparts governing the transport of other extensive properties, including mass, individual species mass in multicomponent mixtures, energy, entropy, momentum, and the like. Constitutive expressions are developed for both j v and π v in terms of the local specific-volume gradient ∇ v ^ and the physicochemical properties of the extensive property being transported, which volume inseparably accompanies. The resulting expressions are valid for situations wherein the state of the system is governed by a single independent variable, such as composition in an isothermal binary mixture, or temperature in a single-component system (the fluid in both cases being assumed effectively isobaric, consistent with the local mechanical equilibrium hypothesis of irreversible thermodynamics). The phenomenological volume diffusivity coefficient α v appearing in the constitutive equation j v = - α v ρ ∇ v ^ for the diffusive flux density is shown to be equal to either the binary molecular diffusivity D in the former case or to the thermometric diffusivity α in the latter case. In the important dual circumstances where a “law of additive volumes” is applicable to the fluid, and where the extensive property accompanying the volume being transported is a conserved property, volume itself becomes a conserved property. In that case one has that π v = 0 for the production term in the volume transport equation. Inseparably related to the notion of a diffusive flux density j v of volume is the concept of a convective volume velocity v v . The latter velocity is shown to be related via the formula v v = v m + j v to the fluid's ubiquitous barycentric velocity v m appearing in the continuity equation governing the transport of mass. In the binary mixture case these two velocities are, respectively, identified with the well-known volume- and mass-average velocities of the fluid.
The Stem-Loop Structure of the cis-Encapsidation Signal Is Highly Conserved in Naturally Occurring Hepatitis B Virus Variants

Abstract The region encoding the stem-loop structure of the HBV cis -encapsidation signal was sequenced in 87 patients with various forms of hepatitis. Altogether, 20 nucleotide substitutions were found; 15/20 were predicted to increase the stability of the stem-loop structure. Substitutions likely to decrease the stability of the cis -encapsidation signal were not observed.
The Lead-Glass Wall Addition to the Spear Mark I Magnetic Detector

A "Lead-Glass Wall," consisting of 318 lead-glass Cherenkov shower counters and three wire spark chambers, has been added to one octant of the SPEAR Mark I Magnetic Detector. The wall covers a solid angle of approximately 6% of 4? steradians and has been used to identify and measure the energies of electrons and photons produced in electron-positron collisions. The design, calibration, gain-monitoring, and performance of the system are described.
Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants

Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants.
Global and Regional Aspects of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the CMIP5 Models

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) activity is analyzed in 14 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The global TC activity in the historical runs is compared with observations. The simulation of TC activity in the CMIP5 models is not as good as in higher-resolution simulations. The CMIP5 global TC frequency is much lower than observed, and there is significant deficiency in the geographical patterns of TC tracks and formation. Although all of the models underestimate the global frequency of TCs, the models present a wide range of global TC frequency. The models with the highest horizontal resolution have the highest level of global TC activity, though resolution is not the only factor that determines model TC activity. A cold SST bias could potentially contribute to the low number of TCs in the models. The models show no consensus regarding the difference of TC activity in two warming scenarios [representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5] and the historical...
Enhancement of Light Extraction Efficiency of InGaN Quantum Wells LEDs Using SiO 2 Microspheres

Novel approach to improve the light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes (LEDs) using SiO2 microspheres was presented, leading to ~232% increase of the LEDs output power.
Evolution of delayed reproductive senescence in male fruit flies: sperm competition.

Populations of Drosophila melanogaster that had been subjected to long-term selection favoring either delayed or rapid senescence were compared with respect to age-specific components of male reproductive success involving sperm competition. These components of reproductive success were divided into those related to sperm ‘defense’ (protection of sperm from other males), and into those related to sperm ‘offense’ (ability to mate with previously mated females and to displace the sperm of other males). Males were tested at four ages ranging from 1–2 d to 5–6 wk after eclosion. Several aspects of sperm defense capability showed clear evidence of senescent decline. Furthermore, males from populations selected for delayed senescence were superior to males from control (rapid senescence) populations with regard to components of sperm defense. The superiority of males from populations with delayed senescence either increased as a function of male age, or was present at all ages tested. These results indicate that the rate of reproductive senescence in male D. melanogaster can be altered in predictable directions by artificial selection. There were no differences between selection regimes with regard to sperm offense, and most components of sperm offense did not show clear evidence of senescence. The improved late-age reproductive success of males from populations selected for delayed senescence did not appear to entail any cost or trade-off at early ages with respect to the reproductive traits examined in these experiments.
Design criteria and operating characteristics of a single-mode pulsed dye laser

We have designed and tested a pulsed single-mode dye laser for spectroscopy experiments. The dye laser is pumped by a 6 kHz copper vapor laser to produce up to 230 mW average power at over 5% efficiency in a nearly diffraction limited beam. The dye laser pulse closely resembles the 30 ns pump pulse. Using an electronic servo loop, the 60 MHz wide line can be scanned, without mode hopping, through the 16 GHz permitted by the travel on the piezo driven mirror mount.
A peer-to-peer collaborative 3D virtual environment for visualization

A peer-to-peer collaborative visualization system has been built that can support both traditional displays and 3D virtual reality hardware. The software is built around Sun’s Java3D graphics and JXTA peer-to-peer networking APIs, allowing two users to load VRML geometry files and manipulate their contents. Although this software takes advantage of VR hardware, it may be used between any two Java supporting peers. Finally, because no dedicated server is required, collaborative visualizations across the web become easier to initiate and more spontaneous.
STATISTICAL VALIDATION OF THE TRACK‐DILUTION PLATING METHOD FROM GROUND BEEF AND CARCASS SURFACE SAMPLES1

A rapid and easy method of obtaining a viable culture count, the Track-Dilution method, was evaluated and compared to Spiral Plating to obtain viable culture counts from ground beef samples and beef carcass surface tissue samples inoculated with salmonellae or Escherichia coli O157:H7. Based on the statistical analysis of the dataset (n = 125 samples), the Track-Dilution method results were not different (P > 0.1) than those obtained from Spiral Plating. Linear correlation of the scatterplot of Spiral Plating and Track-Dilution indicated a high level of agreement between these two methods (r2 = 0.97). The Track-Dilution method was a valid method for estimating viable culture counts for meat animal-derived samples with bacterial counts of more than 100 cfu/mL.
Life cycle assessment of the City of Atlanta, Georgia’s centralized water system

The main goal of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the City of Atlanta’s (CoA) centralized water system in order to understand the sources of the largest environmental impacts in the system. The boundaries of the water system we studied included the water supply system, the wastewater collection and treatment system, and the stormwater collection system. The CoA has separate wastewater and stormwater collection systems; therefore, they are considered separately. We defined the functional unit (FU) of our study to be 1 m3 of water distributed to the point-of-use, and our scope includes infrastructure construction and decommissioning in addition to system operation. We used the US Life Cycle Inventory (USLCI) and ecoinvent databases to inventory all emissions and resource use. We determined the major impacts of the water system and the sources that create these impacts using TRACI v2.1, which is the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodology developed for North America by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In addition, a method to evaluate the impact of freshwater consumption on ecosystem was used in this study because it is excluded in TRACI v2.1. The four major impacts of the CoA’s centralized water system were carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, non-carcinogenic effects, and eutrophication; respectively, they contribute 62, 8, 6, and 5 % of the average impacts of a US resident per year (2008) for the annual water use of a single-family home resident. Notably, the input which causes 68 % of the carcinogenic effects, which has the largest normalized impact, was from infrastructure construction which is often ignored in the literature. Freshwater consumption had a relatively low impact, with an evaporative water loss of 0.23 m3 per FU and a moderate level of water stress on the middle Chattahoochee River Basin; however, the impact of freshwater consumption would rapidly increase with population growth due to increased water consumption and expansion of the impervious area in the CoA. This study is distinctly different from other LCA studies because it includes infrastructure construction, which was a major contributor to the water system’s environmental impacts. Our results suggest that infrastructure construction should be considered in LCA studies for centralized water systems. It is worth noting, however, that European datasets were used to determine emissions and resource use related to infrastructure. Results would be more accurate if inventory datasets for US infrastructure were available.
MEAN SOOT VOLUME FRACTIONS IN TURBULENT HYDROCARBON FLAMES: A COMPARISON OF SAMPLING AND LASER MEASUREMENTS

ABSTRACT Thermophoretic sampling (TS) followed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) image analysis has recently been developed to obtain local particle volume fraction in addition to size distribution and fractal morphology in a laminar flame. This intrusive, visual TEM observations have the key advantage over laser-based diagnostics of direct characterization of particulates without requiring complicated interpretations and optical properties. This novel experimental technique was implemented here to measure mean soot volume fractions for the first time within two turbulent nonpremixed flames burning ethylene and acetylene in air. Laser extinction (LE) measurements were also conducted at the same axial and radial flame locations and compared to the independent TS/TEM data for assessing the uncertainties associated with the experimental determinations of soot volume fractions. After the initial soot inception regions of both flames, where soot volume fractions varied more than an order of magnitude, ...
Oxytetracycline analysis in honey using a specific portable analyzer

ABSTRACT Oxytetracycline (OTC) residue in honey is detected using a portable analyzer designed to specifically target tetracycline (TC) drugs based on europium-sensitized luminescence (ESL). A 385 nm light emitting diode (LED) is used as the excitation source and a photomultiplier tube as the light detector. OTC is extracted from honey and cleaned up by solid phase extraction (SPE) using Strata X-WC weak cation exchange cartridges. To the eluate Eu(III) is added to form a Eu-TC chelate at pH 8.5. Efficient intrachelate energy transfer allows sensitive OTC detection at ex =385 nm and em = 610 nm. After a 25-µs time delay, the ESL signal is integrated over a 25-1000 µs interval. The signal intensity reveals a linear relationship (R 2 =0.972 ) to OTC concentrations in the 10-200 ng/g range. The limit-of-detection is 6.7 ng/g with an average 5.8% relative standard deviation. The background signal corresponds to ~10 ppb. This instrumentation and method combination enables field analysis that is especially useful for beekeeping industry. Keywords: oxytetracycline, honey, portable, analyzer, europium-sensitized luminescence, field analysis
Prediction of Random High-Cycle Fatigue Life of LWR Components

This state-of-the-art review identifies and discusses the existing methods of predicting the high-cycle fatigue life, their limitations, and base-technology needs. The cycle stress-strain approach and the random vibration approach are reviewed, evaluated and discussed. It is applicable to estimating high-cycle fatigue damages of Light Water Reactor (LWR) components under the random excitation typical of flow-induced vibration.
Real-time acoustic emission monitoring for surface damage in hard machining

Hard machining is a competitive finishing process with substantial benefits in manufacturing precision mechanical components. However, hard machining applications have been remaining slow due to the existence of surface damage such as white layer. The process-induced white layer may have detrimental effect on component life. However, the white layer on a machined component surface could be found only after machining. This post-process scenario imposes a great potential danger to subsequent product performance such as fatigue life. Therefore, real-time monitoring of white layer formation during hard machining has significant economical and durability importance. In this study, a real-time acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system was developed to investigate the sensitivity of a broad AE signal parameters including RMS, frequency, amplitude, and count rate to white layer and corresponding surface finish and tool wear. The experimental results show that AE RMS, frequency, and count rate have good correlation with white layer formation and, thus, may be used to monitor surface integrity factors. The findings provide fundamental information to develop practical on-line AE monitoring system for surface integrity in hard machining.
Verbal conditioning: Awareness and subject set

This study attempted to demonstrate that inieiligent Ss would show learning without awareness (LWA) in a verbal conditioning situation where cues and references pertaining to psychology were minimized. College students and graduates performed a simple verbal conditioning task under these circumstances and were then given an elaborate interview to determine presence or absence of awareness. Control Ss were given the same amount of reinforcement, delivered randomly. To control for potential biases, E was deliberately misled concerning the expected results. LWA occurred as expected, although whether it was specifically due to the absence of a “psychological set” could not be determined.
Effect of antibiotics on the development of antibody-producing cells, in vitro.

Abstract Using the Mishell-Dutton technique † for culturing mouse spleen cells to produce hemolysin plaque-forming cells (PFC) in vitro , actinomycin D, puromycin or cycloheximide were added daily to determine antibiotic-sensitive sites. The culture period was functionally divided into three temporal phases: (a) An initial phase (0–24 hr) of cultivation was most sensitive to antibiotic action (b) An intermediate phase (24–72 hr) of cultivation, whose biological function is largely undetermined, was sensitive to low concentrations of antibiotics (c) A third or functional phase (72–96 hr) of cultivation was least sensitive to antibiotic action. Our data are consistent with the notion that early developmental cell types are most sensitive to antibiotic action and, as these mature into functional cells, are less affected by the antibiotics.
Solving geometric programs using GRG: Results and comparisons

This paper describes the performance of a general-purpose GRG code for nonlinear programming in solving geometric programs. The main conclusions drawn from the experiments reported are: (i) GRG competes well with special-purpose geometric programming codes in solving geometric programs; and (ii) standard time, as defined by Colville, is an inadequate means of compensating for different computing environments while comparing optimization algorithms.
A SUMMARY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GENUS CHILOSIA, MEIG., IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

Eyes bare, arista plumose, scutellum with long hairs on the margin, third antennal joint very large, bright yellowish-red. Legs black. Male.—Front prominent, opaque, strongly sulcate medially, very indistinctly punctulate, long black pilose. Face shining black, pollinose on the sides and pilose on orbital margin below; below the antennae deeply concave to the tip of the tubercle, thence gently concave to the epistoma. Tubercle projecting somewhat beyond the base of the third antennal joint, round. Cheeks shining, sparsely whitish pilose. Ocellar area black pilose.
The preparation and characterization of new polyether ketone-tetraethylorthosilicate hybrid glasses by the sol-gel method

In recent years, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) has been used as a precursor in preparing inorganic glasses. The technique, known as the sol-gel process involves a two step poly(hydrolysis-condensation)reaction sequence. The work presented here is concerned with the utilization of a suitably functionalized oligomeric “glassy” organic polymeric component in this two step sequence. In particular, an amine terminated amorphous poly(arylene ether) ketone, (PEK), end capped with isocyantonropyl triethoxy silane was used to synthesize a hybrid network with TEOS. Low incorporation of the PEK oligomers into the network caused by early vitrification can be eliminated by carrying out reactions at elevated temperatures. A systematic change in mechanical and physical properties of the hybrid glass has been found with TEOS content and the annealing temperatures. A model for the network has been proposed based on structural and morphological evidence.
Response to Letter Regarding Article “Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors and Human Left Ventricular Myocytes”

We thank Drs Heidrich and colleagues for their comments on our study discussing the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in ventricular myocytes.1 We documented that IP3Rs are present and operative in the rodent and human ventricular myocardium and that stimulation of Gαq-protein-coupled receptors promotes IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release. This adaptation provides inotropic support but favors electric instability. As pointed out by Dr Heidrich and colleagues, our report did not address the contribution of endogenous IP3R-regulatory proteins2 to the electrophysiological and contractile properties of ventricular myocytes. Specifically, they raised the possibility that chromogranin B, a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-binding protein, interacts with IP3Rs3 and modulates myocyte behavior after Gαq-protein-coupled receptor stimulation. The relationship between chromogranin B and IP3Rs …
Recent advances in dynamic indentation fracture, impact damage and fragmentation of ceramics

In this feature article, dynamic indentation-induced deformation and fracture phenomena in brittle solids are related to the deformation behavior and fracture patterns evolved during dynamic impact on structural ceramics. Examples of indentation-induced localized amorphization in boron carbide (B4C) and differences in fracture characteristics due to static and dynamic indentations on B4C and zirconium diboride–silicon carbide (ZrB2–SiC) ceramic composite are presented. These features are compared with the fracture patterns evolved during the high-velocity ball impact on SiC. The influences of processing-induced (inherent) flaws and deformation-induced flaws on fracture initiation in a brittle material are discussed. Recent developments in analytical modeling of indentation- and impact-induced damage in ceramics and computational efforts on fracture and fragmentation response of ceramics are thoroughly reviewed. Finally, some future research directions are identified.
Einfluß fettlöslicher cancerogener Stoffe in Gegenwart überreicher Fettkost

Weder die Auslosung noch die Entwicklung des experimentellen durch 4-Dimethylaminobenzol ausgelosten Hepatoms scheinen durch uberreiche Fettnahrung in drastischer Weise beeinflust zu werden. Ein — statistisch allerdings ungenugend belegter —Unterschied in der Wirkung der drei untersuchten Fettsorten wurde darin bestehen, das naturliche und synthetische Triglyceride keinen stimulierenden Effekt ausuben, wahrend fur gehartete Fette ein solcher Unterschied moglich ist. Beim Adenocarcinom insbesondere scheint der krebsfordernde Einflus der Uberfutterung mit geharteten Triglyceriden deutlich zu sein. Es sei jedoch darauf hingewiesen, das weder die Unschadlichkeit noch die Verdachtigung eines Nahrungsmittels auf Grund von tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen absolut bestatigt werden kann. Es ist jedoch zu wunschen, das weitere Versuche auf diesem Gebiet vorgenommen werden, welche es zumindest gestatten, in bezug auf die Verhaltnisse beim Tier eindeutige Schlusse zu ziehen.
Respiratory pathology in rats and mice after inhalation of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane or 1,2 dibromoethane for 13 weeks

Seventy F344 rats and 144 B6C3F1 mice were subdivided into seven groups. Three groups were each exposed via inhalation to 1, 5, or 25 ppm of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) for 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 13 weeks. Three additional groups were each similarly exposed to 3, 15, or 75 ppm of 1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB). The remaining group was exposed to room air under the same conditions. At 13 weeks, rats and mice showed severe necrosis and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity after inhalation of 5 or 25 ppm DBCP and 75 ppm EDB. Lower concentrations induced squamous cell metaplasia, hyperplasia and cytomegaly of the epithelium of the respiratory nasal turbinals. Squamous metaplasia, hyperplasia and cytomegaly of the epithelium was also seen in larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Other compound related toxic lesions in rats were seen in the liver, kidney and testes.
Using CAD/CAM for three-dimensional linear programming models

Abstract A software package has been developed for the Intergraph CAD/CAM system to illustrate three-dimensional linear programming models. The software, called LPVAX, allows a user to enter a linear programming model with three variables and receive a complete solution including sensitivity analysis. The use may then, by menu commands, enter the solution into a graphics file for the CAD/CAM system to convert into graphics displays. The user can display all of the constraints and the objective function in a three-dimensional graph. The solution solid can be viewed and rotated continuously, a key technique for user understanding of the feasible solution space. Constraints can be removed from or added to the display singly or in groups so that any number of the constraints may be displayed immediately. The system is menu-driven for ease of use.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED CITIZEN MEMBERSHIP ON OCCUPATIONAL LICENSING BOARDS IN CALIFORNIA

This paper presents a discussion on the role and background of citizen membership in occupational licensing in California. An analysis of the effects of increased citizen membership on boards is conducted utilizing statistical data over a period representing a before and after increased public participation on a variety of output measures including applications, exams, percent pass, complaints. The results reveal little difference between statistics representing before and after increased public membership.
Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for static minmax problems

R* - R is Cr. Y is a specified subset of R” and X = {x / C(x) f O}. The function C(.): Rn --t RR is c1 on Ii”. Minmax problems of this type have been treated by Danskin and Bram [l-3]. They obtain necessary conditions in terms of the directional derivative off(.) and have a Lagrange multiplier rule which is an inequality. Recently, Gehner [4] has studied a form of the Fritz John problem [5] and used a generalization of Motzkin’s theorem of the alternative [6, 71 in the derivation of his necessary conditions. We present a special case of this general- ized Motzkin’s theorem in Section 2 and then in Section 3 we use this to derive necessary conditions for the minmax problem. Our derivation of necessary conditions differs from that of [l-3] and we obtain a Lagrange multiplier rule that is an equality rather than an inequality. Next we present two sets of sufficient conditions for a minmax solution and finally conclude with some examples illustrating the theory. If the results given in Theorems 1 and 2 are applied to problems where there are no inequality constraints on x, i.e., X = R”, the conclusions are the same as those obtained in [8]. However, the proofs are not identical nor are our results restricted to problems with X = Rn. We have used a theorem of the alternative for infinite sets in a manner analogous to the approach of [7] for nonlinear programming problems where an alternative theorem for finite sets is used.
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles stabilized by polymerized PEGylated coatings

Abstract Novel superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polymerized PEGylated bilayers were prepared. Bilayers composed of 10-undecenoic acid (UD) inner and UDPEG (PEG ester of UD) outer layers are resistant to aggregation after γ -irradiation. Various methods of coating were developed to prepare small (60–100 nm) and ultrasmall (20–35 nm) particles without size separation processes.
The cytosolic inactivation domains of BKi channels in rat chromaffin cells do not behave like simple, open-channel blockers

Most BK-type voltage- and Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels in rat chromaffin cells exhibit rapid inactivation. This inactivation is abolished by brief trypsin application to the cytosolic face of membrane patches. Here we examine the effects of cytosolic channel blockade and pore occupancy on this inactivation process, using inside-out patches and whole-cell recordings. Occupancy of a superficial pore-blocking site by cytosolic quaternary blockers does not slow inactivation. Occupancy of a deeper pore-blocking site by cytosolic application of Cs+ is also without effect on the onset of inactivation. Although the rate of inactivation is relatively unaffected by changes in extracellular K+, the rate of recovery from inactivation (at -80 and -140 mV with 10 microM Ca2+) is faster with increases in extracellular K+ but is unaffected by the impermeant ion, Na+. When tail currents are compared after repolarization, either while channels are open or after inactivation, no channel reopening is detectable during recovery from inactivation. BK inactivation appears to be mechanistically distinct from that of other inactivating voltage-dependent channels. Although involving a trypsin-sensitive cytosolic structure, the block to permeation does not appear to occur directly at the cytosolic mouth or inner half of the ion permeation pathway.
Proliferative capacity of corneal endothelial cells.

The corneal endothelial monolayer helps maintain corneal transparency through its barrier and ionic “pump” functions. This transparency function can become compromised, resulting in a critical loss in endothelial cell density (ECD), corneal edema, bullous keratopathy, and loss of visual acuity. Although penetrating keratoplasty and various forms of endothelial keratoplasty are capable of restoring corneal clarity, they can also have complications requiring re-grafting or other treatments. With the increasing worldwide shortage of donor corneas to be used for keratoplasty, there is a greater need to find new therapies to restore corneal clarity that is lost due to endothelial dysfunction. As a result, researchers have been exploring alternative approaches that could result in the in vivo induction of transient corneal endothelial cell division or the in vitro expansion of healthy endothelial cells for corneal bioengineering as treatments to increase ECD and restore visual acuity. This review presents current information regarding the ability of human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) to divide as a basis for the development of new therapies. Information will be presented on the positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle as background for the studies to be discussed. Results of studies exploring the proliferative capacity of HCEC will be presented and specific conditions that affect the ability of HCEC to divide will be discussed. Methods that have been tested to induce transient proliferation of HCEC will also be presented. This review will discuss the effect of donor age and endothelial topography on relative proliferative capacity of HCEC, as well as explore the role of nuclear oxidative DNA damage in decreasing the relative proliferative capacity of HCEC. Finally, potential new research directions will be discussed that could take advantage of and/or improve the proliferative capacity of these physiologically important cells in order to develop new treatments to restore corneal clarity.
l -Type Doubling Transitions in HCN and DCN

Direct transitions between levels split by $l$-type doubling have been observed for $J=9,10,\mathrm{and} 11$ in HCN and for $J=10,11,\mathrm{and} 12$ in DCN. The $l$-type doubling coefficient calculated from the observed line frequencies shows a slight decrease with increasing $J$ for both molecules. While the observed values of the $l$-type doubling coefficient $q$ are in good agreement with those calculated theoretically, the slight variation of $q$ with $J$ was not expected. This variation of $q$ with increasing $J$ involves a negative term in $q$ proportional to $J(J+1)$ and may therefore be related to the effects involved in centrifugal stretching of the rotating molecule.
Free-Standing Palladium/Polyamide 6 Nanofibers for Electrooxidation of Alcohols in Alkaline Medium

Palladium/polyamide 6 (Pd/PA6) nanofibers with high surface area have been successfully prepared using an electrospun PA6 nanofibrous template and a simple electroless plating method. The Pd/PA6 na...
The arborescence-realization problem

A {0, 1}-matrix M is arborescence graphic if there exists an arborescence T such that the arcs of T are indexed on the rows of M and the columns of M are the incidence vectors of the arc sets of dipaths of T. If such a T exists, then T is an arborescence realization for M. This paper presents an almost-linear-time algorithm to determine whether a given {0, 1}-matrix is arborescence graphic and, if so, to construct an arborescence realization. The algorithm is then applied to recognize a subclass of the extended-Horn satisfiability problems introduced by Chandru and Hooker (1991).
Templated Fabrication of Periodic Binary Nanostructures

This paper reports a simple colloidal templating technology for fabricating periodic binary nanostructures, including intercalated arrays of silica spheres and polymer posts, gold nanohole arrays with binary sizes, and biomimetic dimple-nipple antireflection coatings, which are not easily available by traditional top-down and bottom-up approaches. Double-layer, nonclose-packed colloidal crystals prepared by a spin-coating technology are used as etching masks to define the resulting binary crystalline structures. Contrary to conventional colloidal lithography, the polymer matrix between the self-assembled colloidal crystal has also been utilized as a sacrificial template. This bottom-up technique is compatible with standard top-down microfabrication, enabling scalable production of periodic binary nanostructures that have important technological applications ranging from plasmonic devices to broadband antireflection coatings for flat panel displays and efficient solar cells.
Combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B : Ready for prime time?

In recent years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the natural history and management of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Large cohort studies have clearly established the link between level of viremia and adverse outcomes, including both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis [1,2]. Furthermore, a spontaneous decline in HBV DNA level has been correlated with improved outcomes [1], suggesting that pharmacological suppression may achieve the same ends. Consistent with this, clinical trials have already confirmed a positive impact of antiviral therapy on disease outcomes [3–5]. In parallel with these developments has come evidence that relatively low viral levels, and normal or only slightly elevated ALT levels can be associated with significant liver disease and adverse clinical outcomes [1,2,6–8]. Although the evidence-based treatment guidelines promulgated by the international liver associations have featured defined viral load cut-offs and threshold levels of ALT above normal to define treatment candidacy [9–11] there has been a trend among many clinicians to broaden the spectrum of patients with HBV infection in whom therapy is considered appropriate [12]. The crystallization of the link between reduction in viremia and improved outcomes, and the inexorable increase in the population expected to be treated in the future, have sharpened the focus on what might be
Higher order crack tip fields and its implication for fracture of solids under mode II conditions

Abstract Detailed results from an asymptotic mathematical analysis for the stress and strain fields at a crack tip embedded in a power-law elastic-plastic material under mode II loading conditions are presented. The asymptotic results include the higher order terms as well as the singular term, the HRR solution. Excellent agreement with the finite element numerical results confirms the analytical findings. It is further demonstrated that the HRR solution alone is able to characterize the stress and strain fields in a large area surrounding the crack tip which encompasses the critical distance controlling the fracture event. Therefore, it is anticipated that a single parameter such as J is sufficient to characterize the fracture event under pure mode II conditions for either plane stress or plane strain case. Mixed mode fracture is also discussed.
Maximuma posteriori technique applied to energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra

We review the maximum a posteriori formalism and apply the technique to the deconvolution problem of energy-dispsersive X-ray fluorescence spectra. An exact closed-from expression for the a priori probability density is derived from physical considerations. A single CuZn spectrum is taken to illustrate the effects of various assumed forms for the restored spectrum probability distributions. Our best results follow from calculations that involve a self-consistency condition. These restorations are contained within the set of maximum likelihood solutions.
An immunoglobulin E assay using radiolabelled Fab' and ammonium sulfate.

Abstract An immunochemical assay is described in which a radiolabelled antibody fragment, Fab′, is bound specifically to immunoglobulin E (IgE), and precipitated with ammonium sulfate. The radioactivity in the precipitate is a measure of the amount of IgE in the sample. Results for six serum samples are compared using the double antibody and ammonium sulfate methods as well as the PRIST.
A Stabilizing Controller for Jump Linear Gaussian Systems with Noisy State Observations

The importance of jump linear systems in modelling practical physical systems, e.g., tracking, repairable systems, systems subject to abrupt changes etc., has drawn extensive attention. Results have been obtained in control, stabilization and filtering, when the mode (system model) is assumed to be directly and perfectly observed, which, in many applications, is an unrealistic assumption. When this is not the case, there have been few methods to find a stabilizing controller when the modes are not observed and the base state is observed only in the presence of noise. A stabilizing controller was recently proposed for the case that the modes are not observed but the base state is perfectly available. In this work, we extend the result to the case that not only the modes are not observed but also the base state is partially measured through a noisy channel. We also show that the stabilizing controller possesses a desirable robustness property with respect to the mode probability transition matrix and the system dynamic model.
Diagnostic analysis of two-dimensional monthly average ozone balance with Chapman chemistry

Chapman chemistry has been used in a two-dimensional model to simulate ozone balance phenomenology. The similarity between regions of ozone production and loss calculated using Chapman chemistry and those computed using LIMS and SAMS data with a photochemical equilibrium model indicate that such simplified chemistry is useful in studying gross features in stratospheric ozone balance. Net ozone production or loss rates are brought about by departures from the photochemical equilibrium (PCE) condition. If transport drives ozone above its PCE condition, then photochemical loss dominates production. If transport drives ozone below its PCE condition, then photochemical production dominates loss. Gross features of ozone loss/production (L/P) inferred for the real atmosphere from data are also simulated using only eddy diffusion. This indicates that one must be careful in assigning a transport scheme for a two-dimensional model that mimics only behavior of the observed ozone L/P.
Increasing age impairs the thyroid hormone response to overfeeding.

AbstractAging in both man and rodent is associated with increases in body weight and body fat. In young adult rats, mixed calorie overfeeding increases triiodothyronine production and decreases weight gain efficiency compared with chow diets. This study was undertaken to determine whether 4- and 14-month-old adult rats have similar responses in thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) metabolism during mixed calorie overfeeding. Four- and 14-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were each separated into two groups (n = 14): control (CHOW) versus chow + mixed calorie (CAFE) overfeeding for 28 days. The 4-month-old CAFE-fed rats ingested 662 ± 54 extra kcal over 28 days and gained 147 ± 7 vs 113 ± 5 g (P < 0.01) for their age-matched CHOW group. The 14-month-old CAFE group ingested 309 ± 45 extra kcal and gained 58 ± 6 g weight vs −12 ± 5 g for their age-matched CHOW group (P < 0.01). Serum T4 concentrations were unchanged during overfeeding or aging. The serum T3 concentration was increased 24% in the 4-month...