cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A complete finite element-eigenmode analysis for a 1-3 type of piezoelectric composite transducer including the effect of fluid loading and internal losses

A complete finite element-eigenmode method is applied to analyze the performance of a 1-3-type transducer under actual working conditions. The effect of fluid loading, internal losses, driving impedance, and microstructure variation are all taken into account. Via the finite element analysis, the constitutive equations for a piezoelectric material are discretized into a set of algebraic equations. The fluid loading is considered as an exciting force acting on the transducer surface. On the basis of the analysis, the resonance spectrum and electrical admittance spectrum are calculated with the condition of constant D-field. The proposed method provides an efficient way of designing a 1-3-type transducer. Preliminary calculations were made for the purpose of verification, and results show good agreement. >
Comparison of three leaf area index meters in a corn canopy

Measuremept of leaf area index (LAI) is critical to understanding many aspects of crop development, growth, and management. Availability of portable meters to estimate LAI non-destructively has greatly increased our ability to determine this parameter during the cropping season. However, with several devices on the market, each with an independent set of protocols for gathering accurate estimates of LAI, it is necessary for scientists to have comparisons of these meters under field conditions before selecting one for purchase and use. The objective of our study was to compare the LAI estimates by three meters (AccuPAR, LAI-2000, and SunScan) to LAI measured by destructive sampling. Leaf area index of two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, grown on a Pachic Haplustoll, was measured at the R2 stage by the four methods before and after successive thinning of plant stands. Destructively sampled LAI ranged from 4.59 to 1.25 for the initial stand to the most severe thinning. Hybrids did not differ in LAI. All meters underestimated LAI compared with destructive sampling. When all data from all rings of the LAI-2000 meter were included in the calculations, LAI-2000 estimates of LAI differed from those of the other two meters. However, when data from Ring 5 was removed from the calculations, estimates of LAI for the LAI-2000 improved and were indistinguishable from the other meters. The relationship between LAI estimated destructively and by each of the meters was described by a unique linear equation for each hybrid. Results of this study, and experience with use of the meters, suggest that users should consider protocols for operating each meter before deciding which device best suits their application.
Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and substance use disorders in adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence is related to substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood and whether conduct disorder (CD) mediates this relationship. DESIGN: A prospective design incorporating 5 assessments in participants spanning the mean ages of 14 to 37 years. Two baseline assessments were taken at ages 14 and 16 years, and 3 outcome assessments were taken between ages 27 and 37 years. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: A community sample of individuals initially drawn from upstate New York in 1975 and observed to a mean age of 37 years. INTERVENTIONS: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was used to assess ADHD and CD and the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess SUDs. Main Outcome Measure A diagnosis of SUDs given to participants in adulthood. RESULTS: The odds ratios for ADHD and CD in adolescence as related to SUDs in adulthood were 1.9 and 3.5, respectively. The association between ADHD and SUDs, however, was indirect because CD served as a mediator between ADHD and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians should focus on adolescent ADHD when it progresses to CD because CD is a major predictor of SUDs in adulthood. Language: en
Effects of Saturated and Dry Land Surfaces on the Tropical Circulation and Precipitation in a General Circulation Model

Abstract A comprehensive rhomboidal-15 general circulation model with idealized boundary conditions is used to investigate the effects of interactions between the tropical circulation and continental climate on the precipitation distribution. Sea surface temperatures are fixed and zonally uniform and, along with the solar forcing, establish perpetual solstice conditions. Clouds are also prescribed and zonally uniform. Experiments with dry and saturated land surfaces an compared with an all-ocean control integration. The winter hemisphere of the saturated continent is cooler than the prescribed ocean surface at the same latitude, and the summer hemisphere is warmer. When the surface is dry, the maximum summer hemisphere warming is four times larger than in the saturated surface case and extends into the winter hemisphere. The ITCZ is shifted farther into the summer hemisphere and enhanced near the coasts over the saturated continent, but it is interrupted in crossing the dry surface. The modification of th...
Whence the Anti Hormones

It is a privilege to be called upon to relate to you some of the early events in the development of the endocrinologists interest in an immunological approach to fertility control.
Local polynomial regression with an ordinal covariate

We are interested in fitting a nonparametric regression model to data when the covariate is an ordered categorical variable. We extend the local polynomial estimator, which normally requires continuous covariates, to a local polynomial estimator that allows for ordered categorical covariates. We derive the asymptotic conditional bias and variance under the assumption that the categories correspond to quantiles of an unobserved continuous latent variable. We conduct a simulation study with two patterns of ordinal data to evaluate our estimator.
Evaluating atmospheric CO2 effects on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchanges of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using the AmeriFlux data and an artificial neural network approach

Abstract Quantitative understanding of regional gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem exchanges (NEE) and their responses to environmental changes are critical to quantifying the feedbacks of ecosystems to the global climate system. Numerous studies have used the eddy flux data to upscale the eddy covariance derived carbon fluxes from stand scales to regional and global scales. However, few studies incorporated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations into those extrapolations. Here, we consider the effect of atmospheric CO 2 using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to upscale the AmeriFlux tower of NEE and the derived GPP to the conterminous United States. Two ANN models incorporating remote sensing variables at an 8-day time step were developed. One included CO 2 as an explanatory variable and the other did not. The models were first trained, validated using eddy flux data, and then extrapolated to the region at a 0.05 o × 0.05 o (latitude × longitude) resolution from 2001 to 2006. We found that both models performed well in simulating site-level carbon fluxes. The spatially-averaged annual GPP with and without considering the atmospheric CO 2 were 789 and 788 g C m −2 yr −1 , respectively (for NEE, the values were −112 and −109 g C m −2 yr −1 , respectively). Model predictions were comparable with previous published results and MODIS GPP products. However, the difference in GPP between the two models exhibited a great spatial and seasonal variability, with an annual difference of 200 g C m −2 yr −1 . Further analysis suggested that air temperature played an important role in determining the atmospheric CO 2 effects on carbon fluxes. In addition, the simulation that did not consider atmospheric CO 2 failed to detect ecosystem responses to droughts in part of the US in 2006. The study suggests that the spatially and temporally varied atmospheric CO 2 concentrations should be factored into carbon quantification when scaling eddy flux data to a region.
A Denotational Semantic Theory of Concurrent Systems

This paper proposes a general denotational semantic theory suitable for most concurrent systems. It is based on well-known concepts of events, traces and specifications of systems as sets of traces. Each programming language combinator is modeled by a transformer that combines the specifications of the components to yield the specification of a system. We introduce smooth and bismooth transformers that correspond to monotonic and continuous functions in traditional denotational theory. We show how fairness under recursion can be treated within this theory.
Sulfur Dioxide Accelerates the Heterogeneous Oxidation Rate of Organic Aerosol by Hydroxyl Radicals

There remains considerable uncertainty in how anthropogenic gas phase emissions alter the oxidative aging of organic aerosols in the troposphere. Here we observe a 10-20 fold acceleration in the effective heterogeneous OH oxidation rate of organic aerosol in the presence of SO2. This acceleration originates from the radical chain reactions propagated by alkoxy radicals, which are formed efficiently inside the particle by the reaction of peroxy radicals with SO2. As the OH approaches atmospheric concentrations, the radical chain length increases, transforming the aerosol at rates predicted to be up to 10 times the OH-aerosol collision frequency. Model predictions, constrained by experiments over orders of magnitude changes in [OH] and [SO2], suggest that in polluted regions the heterogeneous processing of organic aerosols by OH ([SO2] ≥ 40 ppb) occur on similar time scales as analogous gas-phase oxidation reactions. These results provide evidence for a previously unidentified mechanism by which organic aerosol oxidation is enhanced by anthropogenic gas phase emissions.
IMPACT STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF CORE-LOC

In 1996, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory in conjuction with Oregon State University and Concrete Technology Corporation, Tacoma WA, conducted the first structural response experiments of the new concrete armor unit, CORE-LOC*. Large scale 32-kg and prototype 9.2-tonne core-loc units, were molded, cast, and fitted with surface-mounted strain gages. The units were subjected to repeated impact loads generated during drop tests. In addition to the CORE-LOC" drop test, similiar tests were conducted on 26-kg and 10.9-tonne dolosse. The structural response to these loads were recorded and analyzed. Measured maximum tensile stresses in CORE-LOC* were approximately half those in similiar size dolosse.
Field tests of insecticides for control of the Gulf Coast tick on cattle.

Field trials were conducted during July-October, 1974 for the control of adults of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides applied as wholebody sprays, ear smears, and ear dusts or dispensed in slow-release devices attached to the ears, horns, or necks of cattle. All sprays provided excellent initial control at 1 day posttreatment, but residual protection diminished rapidly by 1 week posttreatment under heavy reinfestation pressure. Compounds that provided greatest residual protection as sprays were chlorfenvinphos (EC), toxaphene (EC), coumaphos (WP), and dioxathion (EC). Most smears and dusts provided adequate residual protection for about 1 week; however, several smears of chlorfenvinphos formulated in both thin and viscous carriers afforded exceptionally good protection through 2 weeks postapplication. Dichlorvos impregnated in resin strips attached to ear tags provided outstanding protection for 10–12 days; thereafter, tick populations gradually increased. However, the ticks usually attached to the backs of ears away from direct contact with the treated ear tags. Propoxur impregnated in resin and attached to ear tags gave good initial control and variable, but generally poor, control (37–78%) at 10–12 days posttreatment. However, propoxur resin strips applied as neck bands and horn bands gave satisfactory control through 3 weeks against a small, declining population of adult Gulf Coast ticks.
Analysis of the detection results on IgM antibody in suspected measles and rubella cases in Dalian in 2010

Objective: To understand the epidemic characteristics of measles and rubella of Dalian city in 2010 by detecting IgM antibody of them and provide scientific evidence for promoting the immunization programs.Methods: IgM antibodies in serum samples of measles and rubella suspected cases in 2010 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results: 69 sampales of measles,rubella were detected for IgM antibody whole year.The positive rate of IgM antibody in measles was 28.99%,while that of IgM antibody in rubella was 43.48%.Epidemic areas were mainly the rural-urban fringe zone gathered with floating population.The morbidity of measles was mainly under the age of 5 and rubella was mostly in young people.Epidemic season was mainly spring.Conclusion:It is still the focus to strengthen the management of migrant population and to consolidate the administration of routine immunization programs for preventing outbreaks.
Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Acridinium-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

This chapter provides basic information for quantifying soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) isoforms in human sera using an acridinium-linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) developed by Baron and coworkers. This ALISA has been shown to be specific for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the isoforms of EGFR encoded by alternate transcripts (i.e., sEGFRs); it, therefore, does not detect other EGFR/ErbB receptor family members, i.e., ErbB2, ErbB3, or ErbB4. In addition, this ALISA recognizes EGFR and sEGFR isoforms that contain subdomains I-IV of the extracellular domain, but it does not recognize EGFR isoforms lacking subdomain IV. The ALISA described here also may be useful for determining EGFR and sEGFR concentrations in lysates of cultured cells, conditioned culture medium, or tissue/tumor specimens, as well as in other human body fluids such as serum, plasma, ascites, urine, saliva, and cystic fluids.
Operating in Vietnam.

'No bandages,' Florman said. 'Why no bandages? Because the mother will cry when she sees her child. Then she will see what you have done, and she will think you are God.'
Partial agonism by gastrin for a cholecystokinin receptor mediating pepsinogen secretion

Isolated gastric glands from rabbit were used to characterize the functional cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptide receptors that mediate pepsinogen secretion. Pepsinogen secretion was stimulated by both CCK octapeptide sulfate (CCK-8) and A-71378, a selective CCK-A-type receptor agonist, with similar mean effective doses (1.0 and 0.8 nM, respectively). Compared with CCK-8, gastrin-17 (G-17-I) showed reduced potency and only partial efficacy for stimulation of pepsinogen secretion while inhibiting the maximal CCK-8-stimulated response. The nonpeptide inhibitors, asperlicin and L-364,718, inhibited pepsinogen secretion with identical pA2 values for antagonism of both CCK and gastrin, indicating that both peptides interact with the same functional receptor. Specific binding of [3H]CCK-8 to isolated chief cell membranes was displaced fully by both CCK and gastrin, indicating full receptor occupancy by both peptides. A novel synthetic peptide analogue, pseudogastrin [(Glu)5-Ala-Tyr-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2], was used to investigate the structural basis for the lower potency and efficacy of G-17-I. The potency of CCK and gastrin analogues for pepsinogen secretion was found to be dependent on both sulfation of a tyrosine residue and the position of the tyrosine residue relative to the COOH-terminal phenylalanine amide. The efficacy appears to be determined partially by the extended NH2-terminal sequence of G-17-I. The results of the present study are interpreted to show that pepsinogen secretion is mediated by a CCK-A-type receptor and gastrin acts at the same receptor as a partial agonist.
Hemin control of heme biosynthesis and catabolism in a human leukemia cell line

Hemin treatment of the Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemia cell line, K562, accentuates a number of erythroid phenotypic characteristics. The nature of this hemin effect was investigated by examining heme production and heme biosynthetic and catabolic enzyme activity in untreated and 0.05 mM hemin-treated cells. Activities of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS), the rate limiting heme synthetic enzyme, and δ-aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALAD) were detectable in both uninduced and induced K562 cells. However, cells treated with hemin showed a significant increase in ALAS and ALAD activity by 2.5 days of treatment compared to untreated cells, and both enzyme activities further increased over the remainder of the incubation period. Incorporation of 3H-ALA into heme was also monitored. 3H-ALA was incorporated into heme in both untreated and treated cultures, but this incorporation was significantly greater in hemin-treated cells. Incorporation of 3H-ALA into heme indicates that cellular heme biosynthesis accounts for a portion of the heme utilized for hemoglobin production and that hemin stimulates heme synthesis by increasing enzyme activities distal to ALAS in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in mammalian heme degradation, was also studied and found to be present in large amounts in treated and untreated K562 cells. However, heme oxygenase activity was significantly decreased following hemin treatment. The demonstration of heme oxygenase activity in K562 cells documents the presence of this heme catabolic enzyme in human erythropoietic stem cells. The fall in heme oxygenase activity that accompanies hemin treatment might reflect an effort by erythroid cells to conserve heme during erythroid differentiation. These studies indicate the central role that heme synthesis and catabolism play during human erythroid differentiation.
Regional Patterns of Landslides from the 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake

This article discusses the analysis of a detailed geospatial database of approximately 3,500 landslides initiated by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. The pattern of landslides across the study area was complex; however, trends emerged when the geospatial data is disaggregated according to landslide type and geologic unit. Most significant is the marked distinction in landslide intensity between Neogene/Quaternary and pre-Neogene geologic units. Neogene/Quaternary units occupy ~50 % of the study area, yet account for 80 % of the total number of landslides. This simple geologic age distinction largely defines the terrain most susceptible to co-seismic landsliding. When comparing the landslide inventory with ground motions recorded by dense regional seismic arrays, we found no correlation between landslide intensity and ground motion within the study area.
Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Processes that simplify biclausal structures

Introduction Our goal in this chapter is the presentation of universal characterizations of some of the diachronic processes that turn biclausal constructions into monoclausal ones. We approach this goal first by describing one such process from the point of view of several languages, then generalizing about the form of this process. We then examine a different process, and make generalizations about its form. Finally we analyze a large category of processes and end the chapter with a statement of general principles governing all the changes examined within the chapter. To this end, section 7.2 discusses processes that derive from cleft clauses containing pragmatic markers. In section 7.3 we describe the transition from quotation constructions to structures involving a quotative marker. A process that derives a variety of periphrastic expressions of verbal categories is discussed in section 7.4. All three processes considered here are types of reanalysis; in section 7.5 we state general principles governing changes of biclausal to monoclausal structures. Highlighting constructions We examine in this section cross-linguistic evidence concerning one origin of highlighting – the use of particles to mark focus or topic. This is not an exhaustive inventory of sources of such markers; instead we deal in some detail with a single common pathway of development, derivations found in a wide variety of unrelated languages.
Exploratory data analysis as a foundation of inductive research

Abstract Across academic disciplines, scientific progress is maximized when there is a balance between deductive and inductive approaches. To promote this balance in organizational science, rigorous inductive research aimed at phenomenon detection must be further encouraged. To this end, the present article discusses the logic and methods of exploratory data analysis (EDA), the mode of analysis concerned with discovery, exploration, and empirically detecting phenomena in data. We begin by first describing the historical and conceptual background of EDA. We then discuss two issues related to EDA and its relationship to scientific credibility. First, we argue that EDA fosters a replication-based science by requiring cross-validation and by emphasizing the natural uncertainty of data patterns. Second, we clarify that EDA is distinguishable from other exploratory practices that are considered scientifically questionable (e.g., “ p -hacking”, “data fishing” and “data-dredging”). In the following section of the paper, we present a final argument for EDA: that it helps maximize the value of data. To illustrate this point, we present several graphical methods for detecting data patterns and provide references to further techniques for the interested reader.
High sensitivity far infrared laser diagnostics for the C-2U advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasmas.

A high sensitivity multi-channel far infrared laser diagnostics with switchable interferometry and polarimetry operation modes for the advanced neutral beam-driven C-2U field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas is described. The interferometer achieved superior resolution of 1 × 1016 m−2 at >1.5 MHz bandwidth, illustrated by measurement of small amplitude high frequency fluctuations. The polarimetry achieved 0.04° instrument resolution and 0.1° actual resolution in the challenging high density gradient environment with >0.5 MHz bandwidth, making it suitable for weak internal magnetic field measurements in the C-2U plasmas, where the maximum Faraday rotation angle is less than 1°. The polarimetry resolution data is analyzed, and high resolution Faraday rotation data in C-2U is presented together with direct evidences of field reversal in FRC magnetic structure obtained for the first time by a non-perturbative method.
Immersive Art in Augmented Reality

Google Glass brought a new level of excitement to Augmented Reality for the mainstream. It did not, however, bring the type of features that most AR enthusiasts have been looking forward to for decades. AR has traditionally been defined by the capability to integrate real-time 3D computer graphics into a person’s field of view in such a manner as to be convincing that they are as real as the physical objects surrounding them. Interestingly though, current AR technology has taken a turn away from this attempt at a sensorial suspension of disbelief in favor of a new social form of immersion. In this new model, space is collapsed not between the real and the virtual—but instead between people in distance and time. What was once a phone call is now a real-time mobile media stream of video, audio, text, hyperlinks, hashtags and sensor data. We can also quite simply capture our surroundings and post them as photographs, tweets, video and audio to cloud-based social media platforms whereby these are viewed by our social networks and then threaded, parsed and responded to as well as archived into spatial and temporal timelines. In context of this new mobile form of Augmented Reality that is based on social interactivity, artists are now beginning to explore the cultural potential this new medium can offer. This chapter will explore several components of this new artistic medium and some markers from art history and gaming culture that help to explain the history of how we have arrived at this new social AR medium. Specifically, we will look at socially immersive artworks and collaborative locative media as outcomes of this new medium based on social immersion rather than sensorial immersion.
Adaptive scheduling on heterogeneous systems using support vector machine

In heterogeneous computing systems consisting of a multitude of autonomous computers, a mechanism that can harness the computing resources efficiently is essential to maximizing system performance. The general problem of mapping tasks onto machines is known to be NP-complete, as such, many good heuristics have been developed. However, the performance of most heuristics is susceptible to the dynamic environment, and affected by various system variables. Such susceptibility makes it difficult to choose an appropriate heuristic. Furthermore, an adaptable scheduler has been elusive to researchers. In this research, we show that using a support vector machine (SVM), an elegant meta-scheduler can be constructed which is capable of making heuristic selections dynamically and which adapts to the environment as well. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first use of SVM to perform schedule selections in heterogeneous computing. We call the novel meta-scheduler, support vector scheduler (SVS). Once trained, the SVS can perform the schedule selections in O(n) complexity, where n is the number of tasks. Using simulations, we evaluated the effectiveness of SVS in making the best heuristic selection. We find that the average improvement of SVS over random selection is 29 %, and over worst selection is 49 %. Indeed, SVS is only 5 % worse than the theoretical best selection. Since SVS contains a structural generalization of the system, the heuristic selections are adaptive to the dynamic environment in terms of task heterogeneity and machine heterogeneity. Furthermore, our simulations show that the SVS is scalable with number of tasks as well as number of machines.
Information Privacy-Protection Practices and User Continuance

Online users have strong opinions on privacy and state privacy preferences, yet they do not always behave consistently. Prior studies indicated that those online users exaggerate their zero-cost expectation of privacy-protection practices. Instead of looking at stated privacy preferences, this study focuses on variables that have influences on online users’ actual behavioral intentions toward privacy-protection practices. We adopt the IS continuance model to study online users’ continuance intentions toward privacy-protection practices. We propose that online users’ inconsistent behaviors may result from the inappropriate designs of the practices and users’ unwillingness to continue to use the practices. Combining marketing service theories and the IS continuance model, we assume that perceived usefulness and perceived convenience will determine online users’ satisfaction to the design of privacyprotection practices.
Large-scale all-electron density functional theory calculations using an enriched finite-element basis

We present a computationally efficient approach to perform large-scale all-electron density functional theory calculations by enriching the classical finite element basis with compactly supported atom-centered numerical basis functions that are constructed from the solution of the Kohn-Sham (KS) problem for single atoms. We term these numerical basis functions as enrichment functions, and the resultant basis as the enriched finite element basis. The compact support for the enrichment functions is obtained by using smooth cutoff functions, which enhances the conditioning and maintains the locality of the enriched finite element basis. The integrals involved in the evaluation of the discrete KS Hamiltonian and overlap matrix in the enriched finite element basis are computed using an adaptive quadrature grid that is constructed based on the characteristics of enrichment functions. Further, we propose an efficient scheme to invert the overlap matrix by using a blockwise matrix inversion in conjunction with special reduced-order quadrature rules, which is required to transform the discrete Kohn-Sham problem to a standard eigenvalue problem. Finally, we solve the resulting standard eigenvalue problem, in each self-consistent field iteration, by using a Chebyshev polynomial based filtering technique to compute the relevant eigenspectrum. We demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and parallel scalability of the proposed method on semiconducting and heavy-metallic systems of various sizes, with the largest system containing 8694 electrons. We obtain accuracies in the ground-state energies that are $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ mHa with reference ground-state energies employing classical finite element as well as Gaussian basis sets. Using the proposed formulation based on enriched finite element basis, for accuracies commensurate with chemical accuracy, we observe a staggering $50--300$-fold reduction in the overall computational time when compared to classical finite element basis. Further, we find a significant outperformance by the enriched finite element basis when compared to the Gaussian basis for the modest system sizes where we obtained convergence with Gaussian basis. We also observe good parallel scalability of the numerical implementation up to 384 processors for a representative benchmark system comprising of 280-atom silicon nanocluster.
Allogeneic Environment and Tissue Damage Provide Critical Stimuli for Regulatory T Cell Expansion and Survival In Vivo after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) mediate alloresponses in murine models of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), leading to protection from graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). However, in vivo migration and tissue localization of Treg during this inflammatory response remain unclear. We previously demonstrated co-localization of Treg with effector T cells (Tcon) with initial expansion in secondary lymphoid organs prior to migration into inflamed tissues in a major MHC-mismatched BMT model. To explore the stimuli for Treg proliferation, we evaluated the role of the allogeneic environment by transferring FVB donor luciferase- expressing ( luc +) Treg into lethally-irradiated syngeneic recipients. Unlike the allogeneic irradiated setting where Treg expand in the presence or absence of Tcon, adoptively transferred luc + Treg were not detected in secondary lymphoid organs of syngeneic lethally-irradiated BMT recipients by in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Syngeneic luc + Tcon also had significantly different in vivo dynamics, with a 4 day delay and only moderate expansion in lymph nodes. Proliferation was not detected in the spleen, unlike their allogeneic Tcon counterparts, nor in the bone marrow compartments, as seen in lymphopenic models. To assess whether irradiation induced the observed in vivo dynamics of Treg in the allogeneic setting, we transferred FVB luc + Treg or luc + Tcon into unirradiated Balb/c Rag2−/−gamma chain (γC) −/− recipients, which lack T, B, and NK cells. After adoptive transfer into Rag2−/−γC−/− recipients, robust Tcon proliferation was observed in secondary lymphoid organs and the bone marrow compartments; however, Treg expansion was weak, and specific localization to lymphoid or nonlymphoid tissues was not observed. Treg were stimulated to localize to and expand in secondary lymphoid organs by the co-transfer of Tcon in unirradiated Rag2−/− (γC) −/− or by conditioning Rag2−/− (γC) −/− recipients with irradiation. Exogenous IL2 administration two weeks following luc+ Treg transfer into unirradiated Rag2−/− (γC) −/− recipients similarly led to localization and expansion of Treg in secondary lymphoid organs. These studies indicate the critical role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL2, generated either by irradiation-induced tissue damage or donor Tcon, in the expansion and localization of Treg. Differences between Tcon and Treg expansion in syngeneic or unconditioned allogeneic Rag2−/− γC−/− hosts suggest an important role of conditioning with irradiation alone or in concert with the allogeneic environment, in providing distinct signals for Tcon versus Treg activation, proliferation, and localization.
Comparison of exome-based HLA class I genotyping tools: identification of platform-specific genotyping errors

Accurate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping is critical in studies involving the immune system. Several algorithms to estimate HLA genotypes from whole-exome data were developed. We compared the accuracy of seven algorithms, including Optitype, Polysolver and PHLAT, as well as investigated patterns and possible causes of miscalls using 12 clinical samples and 961 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project. Optitype showed the highest accuracy of 97.2% for HLA class I alleles at the second field resolution, followed by 94.0% in Polysolver and 85.6% in PHLAT. In Optitype, 34 (21.1%) of 161 miscalls were across different serological types, and common miscalls were HLA-A*26:01 to HLA-A*25:01, HLA-B*45:01 to HLA-B*44:15 and HLA-C*08:02 to HLA-C*05:01 with error rates of 4.1%, 10.0% and 4.1%, respectively. In Polysolver, 193 (55.9%) of 345 miscalls occurred across different serological alleles, and a specific pattern of genotyping error from HLA-A*25:01 to HLA-A*26:01 was observed in 93.3% of HLA-A*25:01 carriers, due to dropping of HLA-A*25:01 sequence reads during the extraction process of HLA reads. In PHLAT, 147 (59.8%) of 246 miscalls in HLA-A were due to erroneous assignment of multiple alleles to either HLA-A*01:22 or HLA-A*01:81. These results suggest that careful considerations needed to be taken when using exome-based HLA class I genotyping data and applying these results in clinical settings.
Discovery of furan carboxylate derivatives as novel inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase via virtual high-throughput screening

The enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL) catalyzes the formation of cytosolic acetyl CoA, the starting material for de novo lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. The dysfunction and upregulation of ACL in numerous cancers makes it an attractive target for developing anticancer therapies. ACL inhibition by shRNA knockdown limits cancer cell proliferation and reduces cancer stemness. We designed and implemented a dual docking protocol to select virtual ACL inhibitors that were scored among the top 10 percentiles by both the Autodock Vina and the Glamdock algorithms. Via this in silico screens of a focused furoic acid library, we discovered four subtypes of furans and benzofurans as novel ACL inhibitors. The hit rate of our in silico protocol was 45.8% with 11 of 24 virtual hits confirmed as active in an in vitro ACL enzymatic assay. The IC50 of the most potent ACL inhibitor A1 is 4.1μM. Our results demonstrated remarkable hit rate by the dual docking approach and provided novel chemical scaffolds for the development of ACL inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Unactivated Terminal and Internal Alkenes with 2-Pyridones.

The cationic gold phosphine complex [(P1)Au(NCMe)]+SbF6– [P1 = P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl; 2] catalyzes the intramolecular hydroamination of 6-alkenyl-2-pyridones to form 1,6-carboannulated 2-pyridones in high yield. The hydroamination of 6-(γ-alkenyl)-2-pyridones was effective for monosubstituted and 1,1- and 1,2-disubstituted aliphatic alkenes, and the method was likewise effective for the hydroamination of 6-(δ-alkenyl)-2-pyridones. Spectroscopic analysis of mixtures of 6-(3-butenyl)-2-pyridone, (P1)AuCl, and AgSbF6 established the N-bound 2-hydroxypyridine complex [(P1)Au(NC6H3-2-OH-6-CH2CH2CH═CH2)]+ SbF6– as the catalyst resting state.
Trajectories of risk behaviors across adolescence and young adulthood: the role of race and ethnicity

Introduction: Despite important advances of longitudinal research in substance use behaviors, most studies stratify analyses by gender or race, which limits the ability to directly compare the likelihood of a particular developmental pathway across demographic groups. Thus, there is critical need for well-designed research to examine the associations of race/ethnicity with developmental trajectories of substance use behaviors across adolescence through adulthood. Methods: Using an accelerated longitudinal design, we examined behaviors across ages 12–31 from Waves I–IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We performed growth mixture modeling, resulting in estimated trajectories over time. Next, we assessed the association between race/ethnicity and trajectory membership using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Five trajectories resulted for marijuana use, four for cigarette smoking, three for smokeless tobacco use and number of days drunk, and two trajectories for heavy episodic drinking. Controlling for gender and family socioeconomic status, African Americans and Hispanics were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to use cigarettes or smokeless tobacco early or to use alcohol heavily. Conclusions: Substance use behavior development follows different pathways for US adolescents and young adults, with some individuals experimenting earlier in adolescence and others beginning to use later in adolescence or in early adulthood. We extend developmental knowledge about these behaviors by demonstrating that the patterns of behavior vary by race/ethnicity; members of lower-risk trajectories (those involving later or no initiation of substance use) are more likely to be African American or Hispanic than to be non-Hispanic White.
An Investigation of the Effect of Latency on the Operator’s Trust and Performance for Manual Multi-robot Teleoperated Tasks:

Latency is an important factor when conducting teleoperated missions. This study investigates the effects of latency on a set of dependent variables: performance (measured by time and number of err...
Mobile technology for medication adherence in people with mood disorders: A systematic review

Abstract Background Medication non-adherence is a critical challenge for many patients diagnosed with mood disorders (Goodwin and Jamison, 1990). There is a need for alternative strategies that improve adherence among patients with mood disorders that are cost-effective, able to reach large patient populations, easy to implement, and that allow for communication with patients outside of in-person visits. Technology-based approaches to promote medication adherence are increasingly being explored to address this need. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the use of mobile technologies to improve medication adherence in patients with mood disorders. Methods A total of nine articles were identified as describing mobile technology targeting medication adherence in mood disorder populations. Results Results showed overall satisfaction and feasibility of mobile technology, and reduction in mood symptoms; however, few examined effectiveness of mobile technology improving medication adherence through randomized control trials. Limitations Given the limited number of studies, further research is needed to determine long term effectiveness. Conclusions Mobile technologies has the potential to improve medication adherence and can be further utilized for symptom tracking, side effects tracking, direct links to prescription refills, and provide patients with greater ownership over their treatment progress.
1.05 – Retrieval from Memory

Historically, most approaches to understanding learning and memory phenomena emphasized information processing during training (i.e., acquisition) as critical for observing learned changes in behavior. However, this view has been challenged by studies showing that at least part of the changes observed in behavior is due to constraints at the time of information retrieval. This chapter analyzes behavioral evidence suggesting that retrieval processes, in addition to acquisition processes and storage mechanisms, are critical for observed changes in behavior due to past experience.
Axonal Morphometric Correlates of Evoked Potentials in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials recorded at a succession of intervals after contusion injury of the cat spinal cord were compared with the numbers of axons surviving in transverse sections of the lesion at 3 months postinjury. In a sample of 25 animals, with injuries varying from ca.87% to 99% loss of myelinated axons in the white matter, there was a significant correlation between chronic axonal survival and the amplitude of the SEP recorded from 30 min to 1 day postinjury. There was little or no correlation between axon numbers and SEPs recorded at 3 months, within this narrow but crucial range of injury intensity. Robust, relatively normal waveforms could be obtained from animals with as few as 2% of the original axon population surviving at the lesion site, and from animals in which all the surviving axons in the dorsal columns were restricted to the outer 100–200 um of tissue. In other cases, repeatable SEPs could not be recorded from animals with >5% survival of axons. SEPs were lost immediately after contusion injury, but partially recovered within the first 4 hours in ca.30% of cases. There was a secondary severe reduction of SEP amplitude within the first day in most examples of early recovery. Most of the final recovery of chronic SEP amplitude occurred within 2–4 weeks.
Glucokinase in Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypoglycemia, and as Drug Receptor

The pivotal role of the glucose phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase in glucose homeostasis is discussed, including its established functions as glucose sensor in pancreatic beta cells and as control step in hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. A brief review of “Glucokinase Disease,” a group of hyper- and hypoglycemic clinical phenotypes caused by mutations of the glucokinase gene and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and a concise assessment of a newly discovered class of promising antidiabetic drugs that activate glucokinase allosterically, round out this perspective chapter.
512. Tracking the Use of Soap and Sanitizer for Hand Hygiene After Caring for Clostridium difficile Patients

Background Soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) at removing Clostridium difficile spores from hands. Our institution mandates that healthcare workers (HCW) use soap and water after contact with the patient or their environment for any C. difficile infection (CDI); CDC and SHEA recommend this only in outbreak settings for three main reasons: lack of evidence that preferential soap and water use reduces CDI, concerns that inconsistent messaging may result in decreased hand hygiene overall, and that glove use obviates soap and water use. The objective of this study was to investigate hand hygiene practices after caring for CDI patients.
Gut integrity : implications for health and performance : feed science

There is a variety of conditions in a farm animal's life when nutrient utilisation is prioritised towards agriculturally unproductive purposes. Two well-known examples that markedly reduce production efficiency are heat stress and ketosis. Decreased feed intake, experienced in both cases, is unable to fully account for decreased productivity. In addition, both ketosis and heat stress are characterised by a negative energy balance, body weight loss, inflammation and hepatic steatosis.
Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze durch den Einsatz von digitalen Zusammenarbeitssystemen im Wissensmanagement in einem globalen Mehrmarken-Konzern

Digitale Zusammenarbeitsplattformen eignen sich als zentrale Komponenten fur betriebliches Wissensmanagement. Besonders in globalen Mehrmarken-Konzernen unterliegen diese Systeme vielfaltigen Herausforderungen. Dieses umfasst rechtliche Aspekte, bspw. wer darf wie mit wem zusammenarbeiten. Ferner mussen kulturelle und organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen bedacht werden; bspw. die unterschiedlichen Sprachen und Kulturen innerhalb des Konzerns oder die grose Anzahl an ahnlichen bis gleichartigen IT-Anwendungen. Der vorliegende Artikel strukturiert die Herausforderungen am Beispiel des Volkswagen Konzerns und zeigt anhand von zwei zentralen IT-Anwendungen, einem Wiki und einem Enterprise Social Network, wie Volkswagen diese andressiert. Da beide Systeme teilweise gleichartige Funktionalitaten bieten, ist eine klare Differenzierung der beiden Systeme notwendig. Den Benutzern werden Anwendungsszenarien fur beide Werkzeuge an die Hand gegeben, welche sich auf Basis der jeweiligen Starken der Systeme ergeben. Gerade diese klare Trennung fuhrt dazu, dass ein Arbeitsprozess eines Wissensarbeiters nicht ausschlieslich durch eine Applikation abgedeckt wird. Eine sinnvolle Integration anhand der Anwendungsfalle ist notwendig. Dabei werden Potentiale und Grenzen der umgesetzten Losung aufgezeigt und ein Ausblick auf zukunftige Herausforderungen gegeben.
‘What Britain Has Done for Islam’: British Propaganda to the Islamic World During World War II, 1939–1942

With the outbreak of World War II, both Britain and Germany developed propaganda campaigns that portrayed themselves as sympathetic to Islam and protectors of the Islamic tradition, while simultaneously working to undermine the others’ claim to this same allegiance. Axis propaganda to the Islamic world has been well documented and subject to deep historical analysis, but the way in which the British crafted their message for this same audience is deserving of deeper exploration, particularly as a reflection of British assumptions about the Islamic world at a time when much of it fell under British control. British planners viewed the Islamic world as, on the one hand, a monolithic entity that would act in unity against outside threats and, at the same time, diverse in local practice and politically divided. British propagandists appropriated religious language and imagery to try and convince Muslim populations that there was an affinity between the ideals of the Allied powers and Islam. Some messages were designed to inspire a sense of sympathy toward Britain in the Islamic world, while others exploited sectarian divisions. This chapter examines four case studies that highlight the many facets of this propaganda program: (1) the pre-war planning process, during which planners wrestled with the tension between local and global forces in the Islamic world and the ways in which religious rhetoric and tools might be mobilized; (2) the use of rumor and whispering campaigns and facets of popular Islam, such as prophecy and astrology, to disseminate a pro-British message among populations outside of the reach of official channels; (3) publicity efforts surrounding the pilgrimage to Mecca; and (4) British recruitment of Shia religious scholars from India to visit Karbala and Najaf during the war on a dual mission to engage in pro-Allied oral propaganda, while also reassuring Iraqi Shia of the status of Indian Muslims under British rule. These methods drew on broad information networks across the Islamic world, providing insight into the ways in which the British navigated these complex realities of the local and global. They simultaneously targeted the sensibilities of local communities while taking advantage of the interconnected aspects of the Islamic world, for example, pilgrimage traffic and the circulation of religious scholars and ideas. While the question of local reception of these campaigns is difficult to determine, the nature of the message itself and the modes of delivery provide insight into the British conceptualization of the Islamic world at this key turning point.