cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity to Racism and Social Work Professors' Responsiveness to Critical Classroom Events

Abstract A national study of 304 undergraduate and graduate level social work faculty investigated the relationship between professors' sensitivity to racism and their responses to critical events related to racism that occur in the classroom. Findings reveal that social work faculty across all demographic groups tended to have a high sensitivity to racism and a high responsiveness level to three of four critical classroom incidents. Some support for the study's hypotheses were found in relation to one vignette. The results are discussed based on the concepts of racism of the well-intentioned and bystander behavior.
Ambulation in children and adolescents with spina bifida

Bifida Meeting abstracts - A single PDF containing all abstracts in this Supplement is available here .
A downstream AP-1 element regulates in vitro lung transcription from the human pulmonary surfactant protein B promoter

We have used the human lung surfactant protein B (SP-B) gene as a template for in vitro transcription studies. Transcription factors were provided by nuclear extracts from a cultured line of human lung (type II-like) cells. Elements upstream of -50 had essentially no effect on the efficiency of the SP-B promoter in vitro. However, a deletion of the region from +8 to +8 reduced in vitro transcription by a factor of 10. The only factor whose binding was detected between +1 and +100 by footprinting, and between +12 and +38 by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA), was a member of the AP-1 family. Mutation of 4 of 7 bases of the AP-1 site reduced transcription two-fold and ablated the AP-1 EMSA binding complex observed on the SP-B downstream region (+12 to +38). Competition with unlabeled AP-1 consensus oligonucleotide abolished the downstream footprint over the AP-1 site. Thus, the SP-B promoter is one of a very small class of RNA polymerase II promoters that are strongly dependent in vitro on sequence elements downstream of the transcription start site, and, in this case, the AP-1 consensus element and surrounding sequences.
Inhibition of cell division but not nuclear division by 1-O- octadecyl-2-O-methyl-Sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.

1- O -Octadecyl-2- O -methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3) selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells. Here we show that in some cell types ET-18-OCH3and liposome-associated ET-18-OCH3inhibit cell division without concurrent inhibition of nuclear division, leading to multinucleate cell formation, and cell death through apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed that ET-18-OCH3-treated U-937 cells continued to move through the cell cycle, but many cells were not able to divide and instead accumulated as tetraploid cells or octaploid cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Inhibition of cytokinesis has been shown to be paralleled by activation of U-937 cells, including upregulation of some cell-surface markers, acquisition of phagocytic activity, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (Pushkareva et al., 2000). Furthermore, treatment of cells with ET-18-OCH3results in the accumulation of apoptotic cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. It is possible that inhibition of cytokinesis may be related to cytoskeletal effects.
Symmetry and Unimodality in t-Stack Sortable Permutations

We present the first nontrivial results on t-stack sortable permutations by constructively proving that the sequence Wt(n, k) of the numbers of t-stack sortable permutations with k descents is symmetric and unimodal.
Abstract B2: Delineating the metabolic pathway to DHT in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Abstract After an initial response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) by depletion of gonadal testosterone, re-fueling androgen receptor in metastatic tumors is a critical mechanism required to drive castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Testosterone (T) is generally regarded as an obligate precursor for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis from adrenal precursors in CRPC and the up-regulation of steroid-5α-reductase isoenzyme-1 (SRD5A1) over SRD5A2 in CRPC is thought to convert T to DHT. Our recent findings demonstrated that an alternative pathway, namely androstenedione (AD) → 5α-androstanedione (5α-dione) → DHT, is dominant in CRPC. In this alternative pathway, AD prevails over T as a preferred substrate for 5α-reduction in CPRC. In particular, SRD5A1-mediated conversion of AD to 5α-dione is a prerequisite for converting adrenal steroids to DHT and for CRPC growth in mouse xenograft models. How 5α-dione is processed in CRPC is unknown. There are two possible routes from 5α-dione to DHT in the alternative pathway. The first route is direct 17-ketoreduction of 5α-dione by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 (17βHSD3) or 17βHSD5 (also known as aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C3, AKR1C3), both of which are up-regulated in CRPC progression. The second route is through a circuitous pathway, which requires 3-keto-reduction to 3α-hydroxyl, prior to 17-keto-reduction, namely 5α-dione → androsterone (AST) → 5α-androstane- 3α,17β-diol (Adiol) → DHT. Here, we show that ectopic expression of HSD17B5 in 293T cells efficiently converts 5α-dione to DHT, whereas AKR1C2 robustly catalyzes 5α-dione to AST and ultimately to DHT. This suggests that metabolism of 5α-dione may be determined by the relative expression and enzymatic activities of AKR1C3 and AKR1C2. These findings offer insights into the synthesis of DHT in CRPC and for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: Kai-Hsiung Chang, Amy Li, Nima Sharifi. Delineating the metabolic pathway to DHT in castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B2.
Implications of aqueous silica sorption to iron hydroxide: mobilization of iron colloids and interference with sorption of arsenate and humic substances.

This work highlighted practical implications of aqueous silica sorption to iron hydroxide in natural and engineered systems. Two types of surfaces were prepared by exposing 10 mg/L preformed Fe(OH)3 to aqueous silica (0−200 mg/L as SiO2) for periods of 1.5 h or 50 days. After 1.5 h, the concentration of iron passing through a 0.45 μm pore size filter at pH 6.0−9.5 was always negligible, but if zeta potential ≤ −15 mV as much as 35% of the iron passed through filters after 50 days of aging. When arsenate was added to 10 mg/L iron hydroxide particles equilibrated with aqueous silica for 1.5 h, percentage arsenate removals were high. In contrast, if silica was preequilibrated with iron for 50 days, arsenate removals decreased markedly at higher pH and aqueous silica concentrations. Similar trends were observed for humic substances, although their removal was nearly completely prevented at pH 8.5 at SiO2 concentrations above 50 and 10 mg/L at 1.5 h and 50 days exposure, respectively. The mechanism of interfer...
Why simple hash functions work: exploiting the entropy in a data stream

Hashing is fundamental to many algorithms and data structures widely used in practice. For theoretical analysis of hashing, there have been two main approaches. First, one can assume that the hash function is truly random, mapping each data item independently and uniformly to the range. This idealized model is unrealistic because a truly random hash function requires an exponential number of bits to describe. Alternatively, one can provide rigorous bounds on performance when explicit families of hash functions are used, such as 2-universal or O(1)-wise independent families. For such families, performance guarantees are often noticeably weaker than for ideal hashing. In practice, however, it is commonly observed that simple hash functions, including 2-universal hash functions, perform as predicted by the idealized analysis for truly random hash functions. In this paper, we try to explain this phenomenon. We demonstrate that the strong performance of universal hash functions in practice can arise naturally from a combination of the randomness of the hash function and the data. Specifially, following the large body of literature on random sources and randomness extraction, we model the data as coming from a "block source," whereby each new data item has some "entropy" given the previous ones. As long as the (Renyi) entropy per data item is sufficiently large, it turns out that the performance when choosing a hash function from a 2-universal family is essentially the same as for a truly random hash function. We describe results for several sample applications, including linear probing, balanced allocations, and Bloom filters.
Using the binomial model to evaluate speech-discrimination scores obtained during background noise.

Summary.-This study was designed to investigate the variability in performance frequently observed when speech discrimination is assessed in the presence of background noise. Using the binomial distribution, analysis suggests variability is substantial, so speech discrimination scores obtained in noise should be interpreted with caution. The measurement of speech discrimination during background noise has been widely researched and continues to be an integral component of many audiological protocols (Miller, 1947; Klein, 1989; Papso & Blood, 1989; Tyler & Kuk, 1989). In the clinical environment, the addition of background noise is considered by many clinicians and researchers to enhance the sensitivity of the test and to present a more realistic evaluation of everyday listening situations which frequently occur in the presence of ambient noise (Danhauer, Doyle, & Lucks, 1985). In spite of the popularity of this protocol, a problem that has been mentioned frequently (Gengel, Miller, & Rosenthal, 1981; Loven & Hawkins, 1983) concerns the variabhty of speech-discrimination scores obtained during background noise. Specifically, for grouped data, standard deviations are frequently large. Furthermore, in situations where multiple scores are obtained from the same individual, it has been difficult to assess whether a difference in test-retest scores can be considered a change in performance or one based on chance. In addition, there is no standardization with respect to the actual test protocol for evaluating speech discrimination during background noise. The present study was designed to investigate further the variability of speech discrimination scores obtained during background noise using a probability model based on the binomial distribution. The application of this model to the evaluation of speech discrimination scores was first proposed by Thornton and Raffin (1978, 1980). Subsequent research (Raffin & Schafer, 1980) appeared to support the generality of this model in evaluating scores obtained in a variety of test situations, including background noise.
An experiment with multiple currencies: the American monetary system from 1838–60

Abstract This paper finds that the combination of state regulated bank notes and deposits acting as the principal form of money and heterogeneous bank laws in the antebellum United States led to a loosely fixed exchange rate system where states were capable of exercising limited independent monetary policy. It finds that bank note circulation and deposits moved differently across the states, and based on narrative evidence, it seems states were aware of their ability to affect the money supply of their economies and that some states did in fact try to change their banking systems to do so.
Struggles Over the Shore: building the quay of Izmir, 1867–1875

BEGINNING IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, the urban landscape of the Ottoman seaport of Izmir, like other centers on the eastern Mediterranean, was profoundly transformed by the advent of modern forms of urban institutions and infrastructure. Studies dealing with these transformations have been so immersed in structural processes of European economic penetration that little has been known on the ways in which local actors participated in these changes and reworked them to address their own urban concerns and ambitions. Focusing on the remaking of the quay in Izmir, this essay explores how the project triggered discursive and practical struggles among Ottoman administrators, shore owners, local merchants, and a progressive elite, by transforming land tenure patterns and modes of handling trade and shipping on the shore. In doing so, it demonstrates how existing power relations and the complexity of the local urban context reshaped'and gave meaning to this urban modernization scheme. [Modernization, urban elite, public interest, Izmir, Turkey]
Gone fishin': information technology in the icelandic fishery

To build truly effective information technology (IT), we need to think beyond the idea of IT as a catchall panacea and engage with the socio-cultural context in which our systems exist. In the Icelandic fishing industry, IT has embodied a promise of increased safety and productivity. However, the increased efficiency has accelerated what may become an unsustainable practice of overfishing. Similarly, new work practices associated with IT are at the center of a disconnect between fishers and natural resource monitoring entities in spite of both camps wanting to work towards preserving the resource they rely on for their livelihood.
Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry

Abstract In the past four decades there have been tremendous changes in equine reproduction. Most breeds now allow the use of artificial insemination with fresh, cooled and frozen semen. Artificial insemination has many advantages for the breeder, in particular the control of bacteria through the use of semen extenders containing antibiotics. Deposition of sperm in small volumes onto the uterotubal junction has allowed the use of relatively low numbers of sperm. Intracytoplasmic injection of sperm into oocytes allows older, subfertile stallions to be used as breeding stallions. Advances in mare reproduction have included developing tools for hastening the onset of the breeding season. Other advances include embryo transfer, oocyte collection and transfer, and cloning. The acceptance of reproductive technology depends on the success of the technology, the attitude of the breeders/veterinarians, and the cost/benefit ratio to the industry and breed registry.
Gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus disease.

Objective: To describe the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, the types and locations of gastrointestinal lesions, the clinical settings in which they occur, and the sp...
On the analysis of fuzzy logic controllers

Abstract In this paper we address the issue of analyzing the properties of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC). We introduce two basic models of the FLC. The first representation uses the concept of the quasilinear fuzzy model — the FLC is approximated by a virtual PID controller, consisting of linear controller connected in parallel. The second interpretation of the FLC is from the point of view of nonlinear control — the FLC is analyzed as a sliding mode — like controller. Based on these two alternative representations are derived rules for designing and tuning fuzzy logic controllers.
Local Reconstructions in Exponential Tomography

Abstract In this paper, pseudolocal and local approaches to the tomographic reconstruction of discontinuities of an unknown functionffrom its exponential Radon transform datag(θ, p) are developed. A functionfis supposed to be piecewise-continuous and compactly supported. A pseudolocal tomography functionfd(x) is introduced and it is proved that the differencef−fdis continuous. Therefore, locations and values of jumps offcan be recovered fromfd, the computation of which is pseudolocal: for the reconstruction offdat a pointxone needs to knowg(θ, p) only for (θ, p) satisfying |Θ·x−p|≤d. Investigation of the properties offdasd→0 is given. Also a local exponential tomography functionfΛ(μ)is proposed and it is proved thatfΛ(μ)is the result of action onfof an elliptic pseudo-differential operator with the principal symbol |ξ|. Thus sing supp(fΛ(μ))=sing supp(f) and, moreover, the asymptotics offΛ(μ)(x) asx→S, the discontinuity curve off, are established. These asymptotics allow one to find values of jumps offacrossSusing local exponential tomography.
Zero-offset fracture zones

Normal oceanic crust in the North Atlantic is typically formed in strips 50 to 80 km wide separated by fracture zones. Anomalous seismic crustal structure (less than 10 km wide) is found beneath fracture zones regardless of the amount of offset. Although many of these fracture zones exhibit minor and variable offsets in the seafloor-spreading magnetic lineations, they separate crust with distinctively different basement morphology and magnetic signatures even when there is no offset apparent in the magnetic lineations. The pattern of both the basement relief and the magnetic anomalies provides the evidence for the persistence of minor and variable offset fracture zones formed by the decoupling of adjacent spreading centers over a period of at least 15 m.y. of seafloor spreading.
Globalization and Latin American cities

The article presents information on the role of globalization on Latin American cities. Cities have long been enmeshed in global economic and cultural networks, so the challenge is to differentiate what is distinctive in the current processes of globalization from long-standing trends. The major cities of Latin America have played an important role in global economic and political organization since the conquest of the Americas by Spain and Portugal. Primacy is itself a feature of integration into the global economy. By the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the economies of most Latin American countries were developing as a result of their 'natural' advantage in providing primary products to Europe and the United States. Despite persisting national differences in urbanization processes in Latin America and the weak development of a globally organized system of cities, globalization does have important consequences for urban social and economic organization in the region.
Anomalous acousto‐optic effect in glass

A He-Ne laser beam in glass plate is modulated by transversely applied audio frequency sound waves. The observed photodetected current showed phase shift in audio signals and frequency doubling depending on the location of the photodetector. The component of elliptical polarization showed modulation frequency sensitive transmission in glass.
On estimating intrasubject variability in doubly labeled water experiments

Abstract The doubly labeled water technique is a useful way to measure energy expenditure, but very little has appeared about the variability of estimated energy expenditure. By estimating the energy expenditure at each day of the study period, the average daily carbon dioxide production per unit of time can be estimated by the sample mean, and the intrasubject variability can be estimated by the standard error of the mean. An example in which 14 daily isotopic enrichments of oxygen and hydrogen are measured illustrates the methodology of estimating energy expenditure and the intrasubject variability. ( J. Nutr. Biochem. 5:39–42, 1994 )
Models for the Homogeneous Hydrodesulfurization of Benzothiophenes. Carbon−Sulfur Bond Cleavage, Hydrogenolysis, and Desulfurization Reactions Mediated by Coordination of the Carbocyclic Ring to Manganese and Ruthenium

Chemical reduction of a series of (η6-benzothiophene)Mn(CO)3+ complexes (10a−c) under CO affords neutral dimanganese metallathiacyclic complexes (12a−c), which have a Mn(CO)4 moiety inserted into the C(aryl)−S bond. Reduction of (η6-benzothiophene)Ru(C6Me6)2+ in the presence of CO and (η6-1-Me-naphthalene)Mn(CO)3+ affords an analogous cationic bimetallic (15), which is converted to a neutral cyclohexadienyl complex (16) by hydride addition to the carbocyclic benzothiophene ring. The sulfur atom in the metallathiacyclic ring in 12 and 16 is nucleophilic and reacts with electrophiles CF3SO3Me, HBF4, and W(CO)5(THF) to afford complexes such as 6, 14, and 17. Treatment of 12 with H2 results in hydrogenolysis of the Mn−C σ bond and formation of the bimetallic Mn2(CO)8(H)(SCHCHPh) (8), which contains a Mn−Mn bond and bridging hydride and thiolate ligands. Reaction of 6 and 17 with H2 results in desulfurization of the benzothiophene and formation of a mixture of Mn(CO)5SR and [Mn(CO)4SR]2 (R = H, Me). Crystal st...
On locally optimal independent sets and vertex covers

In this paper, we introduce a new notion of local optimality and demonstrate its application to the problem of finding optimal independent sets and vertex covers in k-claw free graphs. The maximum independent set problem in k-claw free graphs has interesting applications in the design of electronic testing fixtures for printed circuit boards [13]. For this problem, our concept of local optimality enabled us to devise an efficient heuristic algorithm which outperforms the currently best approximation algorithm by nearly a factor of two in terms of worst case bound. We believe that the idea of local optimality suggested in this paper can also be applied to other combinatorial problems such as the clique problem, the dominating set problem and the graph coloring problem.
On the nature of the ionizing agents of the interstellar medium.

The ionization structure of the interstellar trace elements predicted by the steady-state cosmic-ray, X-ray, and ultraviolet star ionization models, even when allowance is made for the stellar H II region, is in disagreement with satellite observations of at least two stars. The conclusion is reached that, in some regions of the Galaxy, the flux of cosmic rays or X-rays is much smaller than was thought previously.
213. Improving the Therapeutic Index of Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector for Crigler-Najjar Gene Therapy

Crigler|[ndash]|Najjar syndrome is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia caused by a deficiency of uridine diphospho-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1). Current treatment relies on phototherapy to prevent kernicterus, and liver transplantation to prevent long term complications. Life-long correction of hyperbilirubinemia by liver directed gene therapy using a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAd) has been recently reported in the Gunn rat model. However, in that study complete phenotypic correction was only achieved using a dose of |[ge]|3x1012 vp/kg and only partial correction was observed at 6x1011 vp/kg. These doses are very high and may be lethal in humans. To increase the therapeutic index, we injected Gunn rats with a HDAd bearing an improved expression cassette containing the PEPCK promoter, the hUGT1A1 cDNA, the WPRE and a liver specific enhancer (LCR). We observed complete phenotypic correction with 5x1011 vp/kg and partial correction with 1x1011 vp/kg. These are the lowest therapeutic doses reported to date. We have previously shown that hydrodynamic injection of HDAd results in increased hepatic transduction compared to conventional injection. Combining this method of delivery with our improved construct, complete correction was achieved with 5x1010 vp/kg for the duration of the observation period (at least 6 months). Although hydrodynamic injection is not feasible in large animals, we have developed methods to mimic hydrodynamic injection of HDAd into larger animals which have yielded encouraging results (see accompanying abstract). Taken together these strategies may offer clinical gene therapy for Crigler|[ndash]|Najjar syndrome.
Human biology at the interface of paediatrics: measuring bone mineral accretion during childhood.

Background: Professor Tanner established a paradigm for the study of growth and development that demands precise growth measurements, description of normal variability through development to adulthood, consideration of the effects of tempo and the study of factors that influence growth outcomes. The relatively new field of paediatric bone health assessment fits this paradigm and reflects the collaboration of human biologists and paediatricians in understanding the growth of the human skeleton. Review: This review describes the reasons for clinical assessment of bone density in children, the technological developments in bone health assessment in children, the development of reference curves and the effects of growth, body composition, pubertal timing, genetics and lifestyle on bone health outcomes.
Primary flight instruments for the Boeing 777 airplane

Honeywell provides both the primary flight instruments (EFIS and EICAS) and the FMS Control and Display Unit (CDU) for the Boeing 777 all-glass flightdeck. These instruments feature high resolution, full color, active matrix, liquid crystal display panels. Both the CDU and the D-Size Display Unit features grayscale, very wide horizontal and vertical viewing angles, high contrast with an achromatic background over viewing angle, a large color gamut, temperature compensation for graylevel stability at all operating temperatures, heaters for cold temperature start-up and 100 fL brightness with a 2000:1 dimming range. The display system architecture, optical performance and key LCD technology features are reviewed here.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strength Variability of Indented Soda-Lime Glass

Les schemas de rupture observes des fentes d'indentation dans le verre du titre montrent que, en general, la forme des fissures est elliptique. Des calculs theoriques fournissent des valeurs sous-estimees de 30% par rapport aux valeurs mesurees experimentalement
A 50 MHz–6 GHz, 2 × 2 MIMO, reconfigurable architecture, software-defined radio in 130nm CMOS

A monolithic 50 MHz-6 GHz software-defined radio transceiver with two transmit (TX) and two receive (RX) channels to support 2 × 2 MIMO is implemented in 130nm CMOS. The transmitter's and receiver's frequency translation modes are reconfigurable to direct conversion or dual up-down conversion, featuring an on chip Q-enhanced 3 GHz 6-pole Chebyshev IF BPF in the dual conversion mode. The chip also includes two independent integrated wide-band frequency synthesizers for TX and RX paths to support Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) radios. Each frequency synthesizer has an integrated 50 MHz Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) based reference into an integer-N PLL with integrated 3-tank VCOs, integrated loop-filter, and a zero-spur phase-frequency detector, to achieve low-spur and high resolution, simultaneously. The radio has >0 dBm TXP -1dB and >70 dB RX blocker tolerance (in-band and out of band) with <; 900 mW worst case total power consumption per transceiver channel.
Seismic inversion and deconvolution-Dual-sensor technology

Ocean bottom cables and dual-sensor recordings at the sea floor are becoming increasingly popular tools for marine seismic exploration. They offer several advantages for seismic data processing, including multiple attenuation, ghost reflection removal, and direct measurement of converted shear waves at the sea floor. New techniques for processing these unconventional data are actively being developed.A book that specifically addresses the dual-sensor technology written by Enders A. Robinson—one of the pioneers of seismic data processing—is therefore a welcome addition to the geophysical literature.
The Relation of Stellerite and Epidesmine to Stilbite1

The recent finding of a stellerite-like mineral in California has led to this study of its relations to epidesmine and stilbite. The mineral was found by Mr. Allen Nichol, mineralogist of the Division of Highways, in the quarry of the Calavera Materials Company near Oceanside, San Diego County. Some specimens reached the writer through the State Division of Mines. The mineral occurs as sheaf-like clusters of small glistening white crystals in cracks and cavities of andesite. The largest crystals are nearly a quarter of an inch long, but tend to aggregate formation so that they do not lend themselves to accurate goniometric measurement. They are apparently orthorhombic, of tabular habit, showing the three pinakoids and small bright faces of a pyramid. The excellent pinakoid cleavage has a pearly lustre, and if this is taken as (010) the crystals, which show parallel extinction, have the same optical orientation as stellerite.
Effects of cortisone acetate and adrenocorticotrophic hormone upon chronically heat- and humidity-stressed rats.

The effect of cortisone acetate and ACTH upon the dermal permeability of chronically heat- and humidity-stressed rats was studied. Treatment with cortisone and ACTH resulted in increased dermal permeability. The resulting high level of dermal permeability was not reduced by acute administration of cortisone acetate or cortisone acetate and adrenal cortex extract.
The parton picture of elementary particles

Abstract The parton theory is developed along several lines. We begin by developing quantum mechanics in the infinite momentum frame. The Galilean analogy is worked out and the use of non-relativistic reasoning in relativistic contexts is illustrated. Applications of infinite momentum quantum mechanics include the computation of the radius of a relativistic bound state, space time visualization of the multiperipheral model, and the eikonal approach to high energy scattering. The classic phenomenological applications of the parton model are reviewed and explained. These include deep inelastic electroproduction, the shrinking photon effect and heavy lepton pair production. The string-model of hadrons is formulated in the infinite momentum frame as a parton model. We consider currents and the distribution of spins among the partons of the hadronic string. We suggest that it is profitable to view a hadron as a one-dimensional lattice of spins and isospins and show that many of the properties of the lattice can be related to the meson spectrum. Applications of the spin lattice idea are made to deep inelastic electron and neutrino scattering. Predictions are made for the behavior of the structure functions in these processes. Multiparticle production is examined in the string model. We derive the distribution of secondaries in longitudinal and transverse momentum, the charge per secondary as a function of rapidity and the correlations among secondaries at different rapidities. Speculations are made about a class of phenomena which go beyond the string model. These phenomena we call hard parton effects. They include the production of large transverse momenta among secondaries, logarithmically increasing total cross sections and power behaviors of wide angle exlusive cross sections. We conclude with some speculations about the breakdown of the parton model.
Waveguiding structures employing the solid-state magnetoplasma effect for microwave and millimetre-wave propagation

The behaviour of waveguiding structures loaded with solid-state semiconductors under an external DC magnetic field is considered. The solid-state physical basis for the semiconductor magnetoplasma effect is presented, including carrier transport, Drude model, linearised governing equations and conductivity tensor. The resulting asymmetric anisotropy in the complex-element permittivity tensor can be exploited to generate nonreciprocal propagation. Dynamic numerical methods used to obtain the propagation characteristics of various waveguiding structures, including rectangular, circular and planar (i.e. microstrip, coplanar, slotline and finline) are presented. The frequencies covered extend from about about 9 GHz in the microwave regime up through the millimetre, submillimetre and optical regions.
The maturation of the capacity to reject skin allografts and xenografts in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina.

Skin allografts and Blanding skin xenografts were transplanted to young snapping turtles ranging in age from newly-hatched to six months. In this study, involving 88 skin allografts and xenografts, it was shown that the snapping turtle matures immunologically in its capacity to reject grafts several months after hatching. It takes newly-hatched turtles over 90 days to reject skin allografts and xenografts. The survival times are nearly half that when the animals are only one month of age. Mean survival times then drop a few days with each month of age. By four to six months, snapping turtles reject skin allografts and xenografts at about the same rate as do adult snappers. Skin xenografts were rejected faster than allografts at every age after the newly-hatched series. There were some cases of very extended sibling skin allograft survival during the early months posthatching. A later series involving older animals showed that sibling allografts were rejected at nearly the same rate as non-sibling allografts.
Histologic Effect of Coded Wire Tagging in Chum Salmon

Abstract Half-length (0.5-mm-long) coded wire tags were implanted in the snouts of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (1,500 fish/kg). Histological examination revealed substantial damage to one of the main-stem olfactory nerves in 18 of 44 fish. Such damage should be of particular concern because of the well-documented role olfaction plays in salmonid behavior.
Interpersonal functioning and depressive symptoms in childhood: addressing the issues of specificity and comorbidity

Research has supported linkages between depression and social impairment in youngsters, but has often focused on depressive symptoms in isolation. We collected data on depressive, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms in 161 school children. Information about interpersonal competence was gathered from several sources, including children, teachers, and behavioral observations. Depressive symptoms were found to be related to difficulties in multiple areas of competence, including maladaptive social problem-solving styles, conflict-negotiation and affect-regulation deficits, and peer rejection. Comparisons of the relative contributions made by depressive and anxiety symptoms to the prediction of functioning yielded some evidence for a specific relation between depressive symptoms and impairment. Children with cooccurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms generally suffered from the most social dysfunction. If replicated in clinical samples, findings such as these may help to guide intervention efforts with depressed children.
Interactions between cyclic AMP- and phorbol ester-dependent phosphorylation systems in S49 mouse lymphoma cells.

High-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled with either 32Pi or [35S]methionine was used to study interactions between cyclic AMP and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) at the level of intracellular protein phosphorylation. Cultured S49 mouse lymphoma cells were used as a model system, and mutant sublines lacking either the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or the guanyl nucleotide-binding “Ns” factor of adenylate cyclase provided tools to probe mechanisms underlying the interactions observed. Three sets of phosphoproteins responded differently to TPA treatment of wild-type and mutant cells: Phosphorylations shown previously ot be responsive to activation of intracellular cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase were stimulated by TPA in wild-type cells but not in mutant cells, a subset of phosphorylations stimulated strongly by TPA in mutant cells was inhibited in wild-type cells, and two novel phosphoprotein species appeared in response to TPA only in wild-type cells. The latter two classes of TPA-mediated responses specific to wild-type cells could be evoked in adenylate cyclase-deficient cells by treating concomitantly with TPA and either forskolin or an analog of cyclic AMP. Three conclusions are drawn from our results: (1) TPA stimulates adenylate cyclase in wild-type cells causing increased phosphorylation of endogenous substrates by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, (2) activated cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits phosphorylation (or enhances dephosphorylation) of a specific subset of TPA-dependent phosphoproteins, and (3) cyclic AMP-dependent events facilitate TPA-dependent phosphorylation of some substrate proteins.
Incarcerating Juveniles Into Adulthood Organizational Fields of Knowledge and the Back End of Waiver

One of the consequences of waiver legislation is the long-term imprisonment of juveniles. Little is known about juveniles subject to long-term incarceration and the legal decision making that creates the conditions and length of their imprisonment. Although there is an emerging body of research on the front end of waiver that draws on theories of sentencing, there is little research on postsentencing decisions. Research on the back end of waiver is needed to understand the effect of transferring juveniles to criminal court. Legal decision making at the back end of waiver can be understood in terms of the jurisdictional context of organizational knowledge. The effects of back-end waiver decisions also need to be understood with respect to the reaction of juvenile offenders to their long-term incarceration.
Advances in historical ecology

Foreward, by Carole L. CrumleyHuman and Material Factors in Historical EcologyHistorical Ecology: Premises and Postulates, by William L. Bal eEcological History and Historical Ecology: Diachronic Modeling Versus Historical Explanation, by Neil L. WhiteheadA Historical-Ecological Perspective on Epidemic Disease, by Linda A. NewsonForged in Fire: History, Land, and Anthropogenic Fire, by Stephen J. PyneDiachronic Ecotones and Anthropogenic Landscapes in Amazonia: Contesting the Consciousness of Conservation, by Darrell A. PoseyMetaphor and Metaphorism: Some Thoughts on Environmental Metahistory, by Elizabeth GrahamRegional Research and Landscape Analyses in Historical EcologyThe Rat That Ate Louisiana: Aspects of Historical Ecology in the Mississippi River Delta, by Tristam R. KidderCultural, Human, and Historical Ecology in the Great Basin: Fifty Years of Ideas About Ten Thousand Years of Prehistory, by Robert L. BettingerAncient and Modern Hunter-Gatherers of Lowland South America: An Evolutionary Problem, by Anna C. RooseveltPotential Versus Actual Vegetation: Human Behavior in a Landscape Medium, by Ted GragsonDomestication as a Historical and Symbolic Process: Wild Gardens and Cultivated Forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon, by Laura RivalIndependent Yet Interdependent "Isode": The Historical Ecology of Traditional Piaroa Settlement Pattern, by Stanford ZentWhatever Happened to the Stone Age? Steel Tools and Yanomami Historical Ecology, by R. Brian FergusonMissionary Activity and Indian Labor in the Upper Rio Negro of Brazil, 1680--1980: A Historical-Ecological Approach, by Janet M. ChernelaCultural Persistence and Environmental Change: The Otomi of the Valle del Mezquital, by Elinor G. K. MelvilleThe Great Cow Explosion in Rajasthan, by Carol HendersonThe Historical Ecology of Thailand: Increasing Thresholds of Human, by Environmental Impact from Prehistory to the Present Leslie E. SponselEpilogue, by T. R. Kidder and William Bal e
Accuracy of the VO2peak prediction equation in firefighters

A leading contributing factor to firefighter injury and death is lack of fitness. Therefore, the Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness-Fitness Initiative (WFI) was established that includes a focus on providing fitness assessments to all fire service personnel. The current fitness assessment includes a submaximal exercise test protocol and associated prediction equation to predict individual VO2peak as a measure of fitness. There is limited information on the accuracy, precision, and sources of error of this prediction equation. This study replicated previous research by validating the accuracy of the WFI VO2peak prediction equation for a group of firefighters and further examining potential sources of error for an individual firefighters’ assessment. The sample consisted of 22 firefighters who completed a maximal exercise test protocol similar to the WFI submaximal protocol, but the test was terminated when firefighters reached a maximal level of exertion (i.e., measured VO2peak). We then calculated the predicted VO2peak based on the WFI prediction equation along with individual firefighters’ body mass index (BMI) and 85% of maximum heart rate. The data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests in SPSS v. 21.0. The difference between predicted and measured VO2peak was -0.77 ± 8.35 mL•kg-1•min-1. However, there was a weak, statistically non-significant association between measured VO2peak and predicted VO2peak (R2 = 0.09, F(1,21) = 2.05, p = 0.17). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.215, p > 0.05) and Pearson (r = 0.31, p = 0.17) and Spearman (ρ = 0.28, p = 0.21) correlation coefficients were small. The standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 8.5 mL•kg-1•min-1. Further, both age and baseline fitness level were associated with increased inaccuracy of the prediction equation. We provide data on the inaccuracy and sources of error for the WFI VO2peak prediction equation for predicting fitness level in individual firefighters, despite apparently accurate predictions for a group of firefighters. These results suggest that the WFI prediction equation may need to be reevaluated as a means of precisely determining fitness for individual firefighters, which may affect employment status, duty assignment, and overall life safety of the firefighter.
Purification and Localization of Acidic Epididymal Glycoprotein (AEG): A Sperm Coating Protein Secreted by the Rat Epididymis

A protein designated acidic epididymal glycoprotein (AEG) was purified from rat epididymis using ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, gel filtration in Sephadex G-75 and affinity chromatography on Concanavalin-A Sepharose. AEG is a major secretory product of the epididymis making up 2–3 per cent of total soluble protein. Antibody to AEG was raised in rabbits and purified by affinity chromatography on AEG-Sepharose. Quantitation of AEG in cytosol using “rocket” immunoelectrophoresis showed AEG to increase in epididymal segments from caput to cauda. Ligation of the midcorpus decreased AEG in the cauda. Localization of AEG using an immunoperoxidase method revealed that it is secreted largely by the epithelium of caput and corpus beginning with the region distal to the initial segment. It appears to be secreted by a specific cell type, probably the so-called “principal” cell. Specific staining of AEG was also noted in “clear” cells in the cauda. Spermatozoa become coated with AEG as they leave the initial segment and remain so during passage through the cauda.
R.F. magnetron sputtering of thick platinum coatings on glass microspheres

Abstract Thick platinum coatings on glass microspheres are needed for proposed laser fusion targets. The spherical nature of these substrates, combined with the small dimensions (about 100 μm in outside diameter), makes it difficult to achieve a smooth and uniform coating. Coating problems encountered include a rough surface and a porous microstructure from the oblique incidence and lack of temperature and bias control, “clumping” of the microspheres causing non-uniformities, and particle accumulation causing “cone” defects. Sputtering parameters significantly affecting the coatings include the total pressure, the d.c. substrate bias and the addition of doping gases. Using an ultrasonic vibrating screened cage and an r.f. magnetron sputter gun, we successfully batch coated microspheres with up to 6 μm of platinum, with a surface roughness of 200 nm, a thickness non-concentricity of 300 nm and a density greater than 98% of the bulk platinum density.
Dance/Movement Therapists Using Motivational Interviewing: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative research study examines the work of dance/movement therapists who use motivational interviewing (MI) in their clinical practices. As part of the interview process, participating dance/movement therapists were asked to describe how they embody the spirit and structure of MI in their sessions. The interviews were transcribed and coded into themes and categories of meaning. The results suggest that MI can offer dance/movement therapists a useful and pragmatic map for working with clients using both verbal and non-verbal interventions. Participants also reported using somatic awareness to assess clients’ therapeutic needs that added a helpful component to their MI skill set. The participants cited personal experiences of how they perceived the efficacy of combining dance/movement therapy (DMT) and MI with clients. The limited scope of this study and somewhat homogenous sample of participants are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
Wide Field Imaging of Ultrastructures Using High Spatial Frequency Structured Light

The contrast in wide field imaging is dominated by molecular absorbers. By illuminating with high spatial frequency structured light and imaging its perturbation, we demonstrate insensitivity to absorbance and enhance ultrastructure sensitivity.
Dynamics of chemisorption and indiffusion at semiconductor surfaces

Abstract A new technique, employing Green's function methods and the Hellmann-Feynman theorem, makes it possible to perform realistic simulations of atomic motion in covalently-bonded systems. For atoms of various chemical species incident on the (110) surfaces of GaAs and InP, many interesting phenomena have been observed. These include (1) up to 6 distinct initial chemisorption sites for a single species, (2) indiffusion of small atoms (B, C, and N) via process that involves correlated motion of the substrate atoms, and (3) highly anharmonic vibrations for some bonding sites.
New Structural Model for the Alkali-Induced Si(111)-( 3 × 1 ) Reconstruction from First Principles

A new structural model is proposed for the alkali-induced Si(111)-( $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) reconstruction, based on a natural extension of the Si(111)-( $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) $\ensuremath{\pi}$-bonded chain reconstruction. First-principles total-energy calculations for several alkali adsorbates show this model to be stable relative to previously proposed models. The calculated electronic dispersion is in quantitative agreement with photoemission data, and simulated scanning-tunneling microscopy images largely reproduce those of experiment.