cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bias to CMB lensing from lensed foregrounds

Author(s): Mishra, N; Schaan, E | Abstract: Extragalactic foregrounds are known to constitute a limiting systematic in temperature-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing with AdvACT, SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB S4. Furthermore, since these foregrounds are emitted at cosmological distances, they are also themselves lensed. The correlation between this foreground lensing and CMB lensing causes an additional bias in CMB lensing estimators. In this paper, we quantify for the first time this "lensed foreground bias" for the standard CMB lensing quadratic estimator, the CMB shear, and the CMB magnification estimators, in the case of Simons Observatory and in the absence of multifrequency component separation. This percent-level bias is highly significant in the cross-correlation of CMB lensing with LSST galaxies and comparable to the statistical uncertainty in the CMB lensing autospectrum. We discuss various mitigation strategies and show that "lensed foreground bias-hardening" methods can reduce this bias at some cost in signal to noise. The code used to generate our theory curves is publicly available.1https://github.com/EmmanuelSchaan/LensedForegroundBias.
How Educational Settings Inform Latino Student Identity and Achievement

Education research and policies focused on addressing achievement disparities among Latino youth often reflect discriminatory perspectives that assume deficiencies in Latino youth. To inform future...
Characterizing small molecule inhibitors of the LINE1 endonuclease

Our lab studies the mammalian mobile long interspersed element 1 (LINE1). LINE1 elements mobilize in the genome through a copy and paste itself into new genomic loci through the process of retrotra...
Advances in immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: a review

Immunotherapy is a new and exciting modality of cancer treatments. Its role in gastrointestinal malignancies has been promising, especially in advanced disease. Although various therapies are available for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, survival rates for these patients remain very poor. The application of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer has shown remarkable results for a subset of patients with mismatch-repair-deficient mutations or microsatellite instability in their tumors. This literature review evaluates the current role of immunotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer, potential challenges clinicians face with immunotherapy-based regimens, and the possible future approach of combined modality immunotherapy.
Mirabile Dictum!: The Case for 'Unnecessary' Constitutional Rulings in Civil Rights Damages Actions

This article contends that, for purposes of settling the law, courts entertaining civil rights lawsuits doomed to fail on grounds of qualified immunity should presumably address the question whether the complaint pleads a viable claim that the defendant caused a violation of the plaintiff's federal rights. The article also contends that such "unnecessary" threshold rulings are not dicta.
First Case of Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Scytalidium lignicola in a Human

A case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a human, involving the ankle and caused by Scytalidium lignicola, is described. The isolate was found to be sensitive to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, miconazole, and ketoconazole in vitro.
Insights into the evolution of lymphomas induced by Epstein-Barr virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes a wealth of oncogenic instructions, including the abilities to drive a resting normal B cell to proliferate and to override apoptotic stimuli. EBV is found in almost all types of lymphomas at varying frequencies. However, the particular viral genes expressed differ considerably among tumors. We have examined the role of EBV in several lymphomas by conditionally evicting the extrachromosomal viral genome from tumor cells in vitro and have found a graded dependence on the virus. Tumor cells that express all the known latent viral genes have been found to depend on the virus to drive proliferation and to block apoptosis at least in part by repressing the proapoptotic protein Bim. Other tumor cells, which express fewer viral genes, also depend on the virus to block apoptosis, but rely on the virus to promote but not to drive proliferation. Lastly, tumor cells with the fewest viral genes expressed have been found to require EBV to prevent the inefficient induction of a Bim-independent apoptosis. We present a model for the evolution of EBV-induced lymphomas in which tumors are initially "addicted" to the virus for almost all oncogenic functions. These tumors are targets for the immune system because they express multiple immunogenic viral proteins. Therefore, EBV-induced tumors are under selective pressure to acquire cellular mutations that can replace viral functions. We posit that the heterogeneity in viral gene expression among different EBV-associated lymphomas reflects a dynamic process by which tumors evolve to be less dependent on the virus.
The new phase of globalization and brain drain

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on “brain drain,” or emigration of educated and skilled individuals to the USA from one Southwest Asian nation, Iran, which has experienced fundamental social changes since the early 1970s. The author examines the profile of the educated Iranian emigrants particularly in the last two decades, internal and external socio‐economic and political forces and processes that have facilitated emigration, and costs and benefits for both sending and receiving countries.Design/methodology/approach – Building on earlier world‐system and dependency theories the author traces the roots of center‐periphery relations that have triggered emigration, and applies David Harvey's analysis of the new phase of globalization (post‐Fordist flexible production) to distinguish the emigration dynamics of Iran's educated individuals during the 1950‐1980 period from those of the last three decades (since the 1979 Iranian revolution).Findings – The findings indicate that while in the form...
“Vuestra vertud me vala, Gloriosa, en mi exida”: función del culto mariano e ideología de cruzada en el Poema de Mio Cid

This paper, inserted in the framework of the Cid studies, aims to identify the existence of a strong presence of the cult to the Virgin Mary in the Poema de Mio Cid (PMC), which articulates the battle scenes of the poem and is presented as a projection of Castile’s expansionist intentions in the context of the wars of Spanish reconquest. Likewise, it seeks to demonstrate the strong French influence in the Marian cult, which can be seen throughout the text, and its adoption by the religious Peninsula, particularly in relation to the ideology of crusade that matches the changing notion of reconquest and constitutes one of the main motives of the poem.
Asymptotic factorial powers expansions for binomial and negative binomial reciprocals

By considering the variance formula for a shifted reciprocal of a binomial proportion, the asymptotic expansions of any order for first negative moments of binomial and negative binomial distributions truncated at zero are obtained. The expansions are given in terms of the factorial powers of the number of trials n. The obtained formulae are more accurate than those of Marciniak and Wesolowski (1999) and simpler, as they do not involve the Eulerian polynomials.
Kinetics of the methanation reaction over Ru, RuNi, RuCu, and Ni clusters in zeolite Y

Clusters of Ru, Ni, and a series of RuNi and RuCu bimetallics in a Y-type zeolite were investigated as catalysts for the reaction of CO with H2 to form CH4. Although the particle size of the Ru clusters indicates that they remained in the large cavities of the zeolite, the turnover numbers for several samples were in agreement with those observed for RuAl2O3. By contrast, the nickel clusters were located on the external surface of the zeolite, and the turnover number was more than an order of magnitude less than that observed for NiAl2O3. The presence of ruthenium in bimetallic clusters caused the average particle size to decrease significantly, relative to the values which were observed for pure nickel or pure copper. The turnover numbers for the RuNi zeolites decreased linearly with respect to the addition of Ni, but the decrease in initial activity was much more severe upon addition of Cu to the RuY zeolite. The supported ruthenium catalysts exhibited a marked decline in activity during the reaction, but the addition of excess nickel (1:7 atomic ratio) brought about a stabilization in activity which even exceeded the stability of the supported Ni catalysts. The decrease in activity is attributed to the build-up of excess carbon which results from the dissociation of CO. The presence of Ni is believed to moderate the activity of ruthenium for this reaction, thus providing more sites for dissociative chemisorption of H2.
Germline hypermutability in Drosophila and its relation to hybrid dysgenesis and cytotype.

ABSTRACT In its hypermutable state, an unstable singed allele, sn w , mutates in the germline to two other alleleic forms at a total frequency usually between 40 and 60%. In its stable state, the mutation rate of sn w is essentially zero. Its state depends on an extrachromosomal condition indistinguishable from a property called cytotype previously studied as a component of hybrid dysgenesis. Of the two known systems of hybrid dysgenesis, denoted P-M and I-R, sn w hypermutability is determined by the P-M system and appears to be independent of the I-R system. Cytotype, as defined by the control of sn w mutability, is self-reproducing in the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm of the germline through at least two generations. However, it is not entirely autonomous, being ultimately determined by the chromosomes after sufficiently many generations of backcrossing. This combination of chromosomal and extrachromosomal transmission agrees well with previous studies on cytotype. Temperature differences have little effect on the mean mutation rates, but they have a pronounced effect on the intrinsic variance among individuals. The latter effect suggests that high temperatures reduce germ-cell survival during the development of dysgenic flies. Chromosomal rearrangements produce no apparent effects on the behavior of sn w . Hypermutability is thought to be caused by the excision or other alteration of an inserted genetic element in the sn w gene. This element might be a copy of the "P factor," which is though to be a mobile sequence capable of causing female sterility and other dysgenic traits in the P-M system.
Fluorescent-Antibody Marker for Vaccine-Induced Rubella Antibodies

Tests with LLC-MK2 and BHK-21 cells showed that the fluorescent-antibody (FA) procedure can be used to differentiate antibodies resulting from natural infection and antibodies stimulated by rubella vaccine virus. Negative or weak FA reactions in LLC-MK2 cells and strong reactions in BHK-21 cells indicated antibody stimulated by the vaccine virus; strong reactions in both cell systems reflected naturally acquired immunity.
Human Capital, Social Capital, and Social Network Analysis: Implications for Strategic Human Resource Management

Human resource management research has traditionally taken the attribute approach; outcomes are considered to be dependent on attributes of the individuals or attributes of the job itself. However, many of the phenomena and outcomes related to human capital, such as recruiting and onboarding, teamwork and communication, knowledge management, and employee satisfaction are also dependent on social capital and the relational networks that exist among employees. Social network analysis is a methodology that has so far been underutilized within the human capital field, but it is uniquely suited for helping researchers and practitioners understand the complex relationships that are driving organizations. This article provides an introduction to social network analysis and explains how it can be applied to both research and practice, with the goal of developing new ways of thinking about human capital, social capital, and the important interaction between the two.
Public policy issues and the application of computer technology

Continuous developments in the areas of computer componentry, data-base technology, and computer networking have significantly increased the ability to store and manipulate vast quantities of information. The challenge to the public sector is to keep pace with these technology developments in protecting individual liberties and societal interests. The long-standing concern with databanks and privacy is just one area on which to focus attention. Electronic Funds Transfer Systems, approaching readiness by commercial interests, could have a most fundamental effect on the way we transact business. Information utilities could dramatically affect our access to goods and services. The purpose of this paper is to heighten awareness of ways in which applications of computer technology will affect our lives, and to highlight the areas that need public debate and government policy-making.
Hydrodesulfurization of Spanish Lignite with a High Organic Sulfur Content

Abstract The removal of sulfur from Mequinenza (Spanish) lignite was investigated by hydrodesulfurization reactions in microautoclaves. This lignite is of interest because of its very high sulfur content, 9.94% on a dry basis, of which about 90% is organic sulfur. The reaction variables investigated were temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst, and reaction time. The best total sulfur removal was about 77%, achieved at 350°C in 1000 psig H2 with an impregnated sulfided molybdenum catalyst. In addition to total sulfur removal, the selectivity to H2S production was also investigated, to evaluate maximizing sulfur removal as H2S rather than as organosulfur compounds in by-product liquids. This work is the first study of sulfur removal using dispersed catalysts in the absence of added liquid vehicle.
Synthesis of platelet activating factor by cholinephospho-transferase in developing fetal rabbit lung

Developing fetal lung is a possible source of the platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) present in amniotic fluid of women in labor. We have assayed the microsomal activities of a specific enzyme for the de novo synthesis of PAF in developing fetal and neonatal rabbit lung, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-glycerol-dependent dithiothreitol-insensitive cholinephosphotransferase. The specific activity of this enzyme increased from 0.92 to 3.60 nmol×min−1×mg−1 protein between day 21 and day 31 of gestation. In contrast, during this same period the activity of the PAF-biosynthetic cholinephos-photransferase in developing rabbit kidney did not change significantly. The specific activity of the diacyl-glycerol-dependent, dithiothreitol-sensitive cholinephos-photransferase that catalyzes the final step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis was not altered during late gestation in either fetal lung or kidney. Previously, increased amounts of pulmonary PAF had been found during the latter stages of gestation (Hoffman, Truong and Johnston (1986)Biochim. Biophys. Acta 879, 88–96) and may be attributed to increased activity of the PAF biosynthetic enzymes found in this investigation. This elevated level of PAF in fetal lung may serve to facilitate breakdown of glycogen that provides, in part, the carbon and energy source for surfactant biosynthesis. In addition, PAF may be secreted in association with surfactant into amniotic fluid in which it may interact with amnion tissue and subsequently participate in the events associated with the initiation of parturition.
Organic Monolayers as Nucleation Sites for Epitaxial Growth. 1. Electrochemical Polymerization of N-Alkylpyrrole

Optically flat polymer films of poly(N-hexadecylpyrrole) (PHDPy) have been successfully prepared on gold electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers of bis(ω-(N-pyrrolyl)-n-undecyl) disulfide (BPUS). During the growth of PHDPy, the surface-confined pyrroles in BPUS serve as nucleation sites for the epitaxial growth of PHDPy instead of being laterally polymerized to form polymeric monolayers. We provide visual evidence to confirm the chemical reaction between the surface-confined pyrroles and HDPy in the solution. Polymer growth on the modified and unmodified electrodes is investigated using cyclic voltammetry, optical microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy.
Relative contributions of technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe detection, and the rapid parathyroid hormone assay to the surgical management of hyperparathyroidism.

Hypothesis Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe detection, and the rapid parathyroid hormone assay have been used to permit a directed operation in patients with hyperparathyroidism. We hypothesized that the coordinated use of these techniques might be particularly useful in patients who require a second operation for hyperparathyroidism. Design Retrospective analysis was performed to determine the specific contribution of these technologies to the surgical management of patients with hyperparathyroidism who underwent evaluation by at least 2 of these techniques between April 1996 and October 1999. Setting Patients were evaluated and treated by an endocrine tumor surgery group within a tertiary care referral center. Patients Coordinated application of 99m Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe detection, and/or the rapid parathyroid hormone assay was performed in 32 patients. Results Twenty-eight of 32 patients had primary hyperparathyroidism, 3 had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and 1 had secondary hyperparathyroidism. The surgical procedure was an initial cervical exploration in 19 and a second operative procedure in 13. Parathyroidectomy was successful in all patients. A directed anatomic operation was performed in 24 patients, including 11 patients who underwent second operative procedures and 9 patients who underwent minimally invasive procedures under local anesthesia. A directed operation was facilitated by sestamibi scan in 22 of 24 patients, intraoperative gamma probe detection in 5 of 23 patients, and the rapid parathyroid hormone assay in 15 of 15 patients. Conclusions Coordinated application of 99m Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe detection, and the rapid parathyroid hormone assay allows for successful directed reoperative parathyroidectomy; a minimally invasive procedure may be performed in selected patients.
Motivational value and salience of images of infants

Abstract Researchers have typically reported relatively greater preferences for infants among females than among males, though this varies somewhat across samples and age groups. The mechanism by which this sex difference occurs is not well understood and many studies rely on participants' self-reported preferences rather than measuring motivated behavior or patterns of visual attention directly. The present research consists of two independent studies investigating attention to infants. The aim of these studies was to extend research on the characteristics associated with interest in infants by measuring motivation to view infant faces (Study 1) and visual attention to infants in a complex visual scene (Study 2). In Study 1, participants controlled the length of viewing time for different images. Women demonstrated motivation to extend viewing of infants. Men showed the opposite pattern, working to decrease the length of time they viewed infants. In Study 2, participants were shown complex scenes that contained infants. Patterns of visual attention were measured using eye-tracking technology. Infants did not receive a particularly high proportion of fixations from either sex. However, there were relationships between gender-linked traits, such as digit ratio and self-reported interest in infants, and the percentage of fixations on infants. Additionally, participants who reported being in a romantic relationship demonstrated greater interest in infants. This suggests the long-reported sex difference in interest in infants may relate more to current life circumstances and gender linked traits than an overwhelming tendency among all members of a sex.
EXPOSURE OF ABARENICOLA PACIFICA TO OILED SEDIMENT: EFFECTS ON GLYCOGEN CONTENT AND ALTERATIONS IN SEDIMENT-BOUND HYDROCARBONS1

ABSTRACT A one-month field experiment was conducted to determine the alterations of specific hydrocarbons within a fine sediment mixed with oil and to assess the impact of this contamination on the deposit-feeding polychaete, Abarenicola pacifica. Fresh or weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil was mixed with sediment in nominal concentrations between zero and 1,000 parts per million (ppm). Oiled sediment filled the exposure chambers or was placed in a layer over clean sediment. After one month of exposure under field conditions, concentrations of individual saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons in the worms’ body wall muscles were below the limits of detection (less than 0.2 ppm saturates and less than 0.08 ppm aromatics). Analyses of both saturates and aromatics in core samples of sediment systems containing or lacking worms indicated that bioturbation occurred in some instances. The relative release rates of specific aromatic hydrocarbons from sediments were greater at the surface and appeared to decrease with i...
Active time scheduling for rechargeable sensor networks

Recent progress in energy harvesting technologies made it possible to build sensor networks with rechargeable nodes which target an indefinitely long operation. In these networks, the goal of energy management is to allocate the available energy such that the important performance metrics, such as the number of detected threats, are maximized. As the harvested energy is not sufficient for continuous operation, the scheduling of the active and inactive time is one of the main components of energy management. The active time scheduling protocols need to maintain the energy equilibrium of the nodes, while considering the uncertainties of the energy income, which is strongly influenced by the weather, and the energy expenditures, which are dependent on the behavior of the targets. In this paper, we describe and experimentally compare three active time scheduling protocols: (a) static active time, (b) dynamic active time based on a multi-parameter heuristic and (c) utility-based uniform sensing. We show that protocols which take into consideration the probabilistic models of the energy income and expenditure and can dynamically adapt to changes in the environment, can provide a significant performance advantage.
Changes in the nonnutritive sucking response to stimulation during infancy

Abstract Nonnutritive sucking response change to auditory stimulation was studied in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old infants. Each of 22 Ss was stimulated with five stimuli, presented four times during three sessions at 24-hour intervals. The 1- and 2-month-old Ss were tested again 1 month later for another three sessions. The response of younger infants was ambiguous. The response of older infants showed reliable shortening of sucking burst and lengthening of sucking interval. Neither differential effects of the stimuli nor habituation of response were found.
Algebraic Signal Processing Theory: 1-D Space

In our paper titled ldquoalgebraic signal processing theory: foundation and 1-D Timerdquo appearing in this issue of the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, we presented the algebraic signal processing theory, an axiomatic and general framework for linear signal processing. The basic concept in this theory is the signal model defined as the triple (A,M,Phi), where A is a chosen algebra of filters, M an associated A-module of signals, and Phi is a generalization of the z-transform. Each signal model has its own associated set of basic SP concepts, including filtering, spectrum, and Fourier transform. Examples include infinite and finite discrete time where these notions take their well-known forms. In this paper, we use the algebraic theory to develop infinite and finite space signal models. These models are based on a symmetric space shift operator, which is distinct from the standard time shift. We present the space signal processing concepts of filtering or convolution, ldquoz -transform,rdquo spectrum, and Fourier transform. For finite length space signals, we obtain 16 variants of space models, which have the 16 discrete cosine and sine transforms (DCTs/DSTs) as Fourier transforms. Using this novel derivation, we provide missing signal processing concepts associated with the DCTs/DSTs, establish them as precise analogs to the DFT, get deep insight into their origin, and enable the easy derivation of many of their properties including their fast algorithms.
Hysteresis-reduced dynamic displacement control of piezoceramic stack actuators using model predictive sliding mode control

Currently, piezoelectric actuators are being used in many applications from precision positioning control to active vibration control of large space structures. They can take the form of a solid-state device and are conveniently controlled by a voltage input. In spite of their relative ease of control, positioning accuracy and actuator longevity can be compromised by the hysteresis. Thus, the primary objective of this research is to minimize the hysteretic effect of a piezoelectric actuator in order to obtain a near linear relationship between the input voltage and the output displacement. The reduction of the hysteresis is accomplished by a newly developed control methodology named model predictive sliding mode control. A nonlinear energy-based hysteresis model is developed for a piezoelectric stack actuator and model predictive sliding mode control is applied to force the system state to reach a sliding surface in an optimal manner and track the reference signal accurately thereafter. To validate this new approach, simulations and experiments are conducted and the results highlight significantly improved hysteresis reduction in the displacement control of the piezoelectric stack actuator.
The Bioavailability of Effluent-derived Organic Nitrogen along an Estuarine Salinity Gradient

Total maximum daily loads for nitrogen (N) are currently being established for the Chesapeake Bay watershed. While we know inorganic N is bioavailable in the environment and therefore its input contributes to cultural eutrophication, the bioavailability of organic N is unclear. Using bioassay experiments, we examined the impact of effluent-derived organic nitrogen (EON) from wastewater treatment plants on natural water samples collected along an estuarine/salinity gradient within the lower Chesapeake Bay watershed. All of the inorganic N and between 31% and 96% of the EON was removed during biotic bioassays within the first 2 days. Further, there was substantial abiotic reactivity of effluent N when it was added to natural water samples. Results demonstrate that organic and inorganic N in effluent is removed to support the growth of microbial communities. These are the first results aimed at assessing the reactivity of EON in natural waters along an estuarine/salinity gradient.
Threshold for superconductivity in ultrathin amorphous gallium films

Systematic studies of the onset of superconductivity in ultrathin amorphous Ga films have revealed the existence of a threshold dependent only on the normal-state sheet resistance. Global superconductivity, or zero resistance, develops only when the normal-state sheet resistance falls below 6000 \ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\square}. This result agrees with previous observations on crystalline Sn films and further supports the notion of a universal resistance threshold.
Conditional survival in gastric cancer: a SEER database analysis.

Background Gastric cancer survival is typically reported in terms of survival from the time of diagnosis. Conditional survival is a more relevant measure of prognosis for patients who have already survived 1 or more years since diagnosis.
A phase II trial of interferon alpha-2a and carboplatin in patients with advanced malignant mesothelioma.

We defined the antitumor activity, toxicity, and tolerability of a combined chemoim-munotherapy approach in patients with advanced malignant mesothelioma using daily low-dose integeron alpha-2a and carboplatin given every 4 weeks. This was a phase II study of 15 patients with surgically unresectable or metastatic malignant mesothelioma. All patients had measurable or assessable disease. No prior chemotherapy or immunotherapy was allowable. Carboplatin was given at 150 mg/m2 daily on days 1–3 and integeron alpha-2a at 3 million units subcutaneously daily throughout the study. Treatment was recycled every 28 days. Therapy was continued until disease progression. Fifteen patients were assessable for toxicity and 14 for response. One partial response (7%, 95% CI, 0–20%), with a response duration of 40 weeks, was seen. Most patients had early progression of disease. Toxicity was tolerable, and grade III/ IV toxicity was uncommon. The median time to progression was 14 weeks (range, 1–52 weeks). The median survi...
Gas-source molecular beam expitaxy of GaInNP/GaAs and a study of its band lineup

We report gas-source molecular beam epitaxy of high-quality Ga1−xInxNyP1−y/GaAs heterostructures grown on a GaAs (100) substrate. Bulk Ga1−xInxNyP1−y, as well as Ga1−xInxNyP1−y/GaAs, quantum well (QW) samples were grown and characterized by a high-resolution x-ray rocking curve and photoluminescence (PL). With nitrogen incorporation, the PL peak redshifts, indicating band gap reduction. Rapid thermal annealing for 10 s in a 100% N2 ambient with 700 °C temperature improves the Ga0.46In0.54N0.005P0.995PL intensity by a factor of 10 and reduces the linewidth to two fifths. We use both bulk and QW PL experimental data to determine band lineup for Ga1−xInxNyP1−y/GaAs heterostructure. Most of the band reduction is attributed from the conduction band with nitrogen incorporation.We report gas-source molecular beam epitaxy of high-quality Ga1−xInxNyP1−y/GaAs heterostructures grown on a GaAs (100) substrate. Bulk Ga1−xInxNyP1−y, as well as Ga1−xInxNyP1−y/GaAs, quantum well (QW) samples were grown and characterized by a high-resolution x-ray rocking curve and photoluminescence (PL). With nitrogen incorporation, the PL peak redshifts, indicating band gap reduction. Rapid thermal annealing for 10 s in a 100% N2 ambient with 700 °C temperature improves the Ga0.46In0.54N0.005P0.995PL intensity by a factor of 10 and reduces the linewidth to two fifths. We use both bulk and QW PL experimental data to determine band lineup for Ga1−xInxNyP1−y/GaAs heterostructure. Most of the band reduction is attributed from the conduction band with nitrogen incorporation.
Quantitative improvement in laryngoscopic view by optimal external laryngeal manipulation

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the improvement in laryngoscopic view obtained using both the Macintosh and Miller blades by applying optimal external laryngeal manipulation (OELM). Design: Prospective, with each patient serving as his or her own control. Setting: Inpatient operating rooms of a University Medical Center. Patients: 181 informed and consenting adult nonpregnant patients requiring general anesthesia and tracheal intubation. The only exclusion criteria was the need to apply cricoid pressure to prevent aspiration of gastric contents. Interventions: Anesthetized, paralyzed patients underwent laryngoscopy without external laryngeal manipulation and the laryngoscopic view was graded ("A") according to visualized structures [1.0 − 1.9 = all (1.0) or part of the vocal cords (90% = 1.1 and 10% = 1.9); 2=just the arytenoids; 3=just the epiglottis; 4=just the soft palate]. The larynx was then quickly manipulated by the thumb and index and middle fingers of the laryngoscopist 's right hand in both cephalad and posterior directions over the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages until it was determined which vector and spot produced the optimal laryngoscopic view ("B"). Measurements and Main Results: It was found that in every patient with a "A" greater than 1.0, OELM improved the view; i.e. , "B" decreased relative to "A." For both the Macintosh blade patients and Miller blade patients with an "A" equal to 2, "B" decreased by one whole laryngoscopic grade in all patients. For both the Macintosh and Miller blade patients with an "A" equal to 3, "B" decreased by at least one whole laryngoscopic grade in all patients and by two laryngoscopic grades in most patients. No patient had an "A" equal to 4. The distribution of optimal-external-laryngeal-manipulation (OELM) spots for all patients was 1 %, 40%, 48%, and 11% for the hyoid, high thyroid, low thyroid, and cricoid cartilages, respectively, and the distribution was not significantly different for either the Macintosh and Miller blade groups or for the "A" and "B" subgroups ( i . e ., "A" Conclusions: We conclude that OELM can improve the laryngoscopic view by at least one whole grade, that the best way to determine OELM for an individual patient is on an empirical basis by manipulation of the larynx with the laryngoscopist's right hand, and that OELM should be an instinctive and reflex response to any "A" of 2, 3, or 4.
Distribution of sample correlation coefficients

Abstract : Let (Y,X sub 1, ...,X sub K) be a random vector distributed according to a multivariate normal distribution, and let R sub i denote the sample correlation coefficient between Y and X sub i. The joint distribution of R sub 1,..,R sub k are derived and given its asymptotic property.
High Energy Extension of the Semi-Empirical Model for Energy Deposition at Interfaces

A semi-empirical electron transport model is proposed for calculating dose profiles at material interfaces irradiated by gamma rays. The model is a one-energy-group, "two-flux" model of the Boltzmann equation-type; isotropic elastic scattering is assumed. It has the novel feature of employing electron scattering parameters that depend only upon the backscatter coefficient and electron range in each interface material. The model gives predictions similar to the semi-empirical model of Burke and Garth (1976) derived for x-ray energies, but extends the predictions to higher energies by taking into account the high degree of forward anisotropy of Compton and photoelectrons. Analytic expressions for the dose profiles on each side of the interface are derived and applied to the case of 1.25 MeV gamma rays irradiating a gold-aluminum interface. The relationship of this new model to the semi-empirical model is discussed.
Orthogonal Representation of Weber's Function Using Hermite Polynomials

The inner product of Weber's parabolic cylinder function and a Hermite polynomial is defined and evaluated as a new class of definite integrals, from which an orthogonal series expansion for Weber's parabolic cylinder function in terms of Hermite polynomials can then be derived.
Reflectivity as an Influence on Focusing Behavior of Children.

Abstract This study investigated the influence of reflective and impulsive problemsolving styles on the information-processing proficiency (focusing) of fifth- and ninth-grade boys and girls using a concept identification procedure developed by Levine (1966) . The major findings were that: (a) ninth-grade Ss as compared with fifth-grade Ss, and reflective Ss as compared with impulsive Ss tended to be more proficient focusers and had longer latencies following feedback; (b) longer latencies following negative feedback were associated with more proficient focusing on Levine's task. It was concluded that developmental differences in focusing are related to developmental differences in reflection-impulsivity. An examination of Levine's task revealed the likelihood that a reflective cognitive style facilitates focusing because it allows for the more effective retrieval and recoding of information.
Botanical fractions of rice straw colonized by white-rot fungi: changes in chemical composition and structure

Three species of white-rot fungi (Cyathus stercoreus (Cs) ATCC-36910, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Pc) BKM, and Pleurotus sajor-caju (Ps) 537) were grown on leaf blade (leaf) or stem plus leaf sheath (stem) of rice straw for 30 d by solid state fermentation (SSF). Physical and chemical methods were employed to evaluate substrate specificity, substrate composition and histology. Changes in histology of decayed material were evaluated before and after ruminal digestion by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Control leaf and stem were similar in IVDMD (38%), although leaf was higher in crude protein and lower in cell wall compared to stem (3.7 vs. 2.8%; 73.9 vs. 80.7%, respectively). The changes were due mostly to a higher concentration of silica in leaf compared to stem (17.0 vs. 13.1%). After 30 d of SSF, Cs and Ps increased the IVDMD of leaf from 38.1 to 49 and 46.3%, respectively, by selective degradation of hemicellulose as opposed to cellulose. In contrast, Pc degraded cellulose and hemicellulose indiscriminately in leaf and lowered the IVDMD of leaf to 30.1%. Partially degraded lignin, silica and hemicellulose of leaf were negatively correlated (r) with IVDMD in contrast to cellulose (r = −0.49, −0.54, −0.16 and 0.85, respectively). Prediction of IVDMD of fungal-decayed leaf was primarily a function of hemicellulose and cellulose with a coefficient of IVDMD = −0.155 + 2.14 (cellulose) −0.87 (hemicellulose); R2 = 0.98. Stem decayed by Pc and Cs became less digestible compared to the control (18.5 and 20.3% vs. 39.7%, respectively), although hemicellulose and cellulose of stem were poorly degraded after SSF. Only Ps improved the IVDMD of stem compared to the control (44.1 vs. 39.7%). SEM sections of leaf decayed by Pc showed complete degradation of mesophyll but the more recalcitrant vascular and epidermal tissues resisted rumen degradation and resulted in lower IVDMD. Leaf tissues colonized by Cs and Ps showed presence of all tissues but after 72 h rumen microorganisms completely degraded mesophyll tissue which resulted in a higher IVDMD. Observation of TEM sections showed that fungal treatment facilitated rumen microbial penetration of lignified tissues. Improvement of digestibility of decayed straw depends upon the fungal species, the plant substrates and the botanical fractions.
Signal diffusion features for automatic target recognition in synthetic aperture sonar

Given a high dimensional dataset, one would like to be able to represent this data using fewer parameters while preserving relevant signal information, previously this was done with principal component analysis, factor analysis, or basis pursuit. However, if we assume the original data actually exists on a lower dimensional manifold embedded in a high dimensional feature space, then recently popularized approaches based in graph-theory and differential geometry allow us to learn the underlying manifold that generates the data. One such manifold-learning technique, called Diffusion Maps, is said to preserve the local proximity between data points by first constructing a representation for the underlying manifold. This work examines binary target classification problems using Diffusion Maps to embed inverse imaged synthetic aperture sonar signal data with various diffusion kernel representations for automatic target recognition. Results over three sonar datasets demonstrate that the resulting diffusion maps capture suitable discriminating information from the signals to improve target recognition and drastically lower the false alarm rate.
Implementing division with field programmable gate arrays

This article presents a method to map digit-recurrence arithmetic algorithms to lookup-table based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). By reducing the number of binary inputs to combinational logic and merging algorithm steps, the strategy creates new simplified functions to decrease logic depth and area. To illustrate this method, a radix-2 digit-recurrence division algorithm is mapped to the Xilinx XC4010, a lookup-table based FPGA. The mapping develops a linear sequential array design that avoids the common problem of large fanout delay in the critical path. This approach has a cycle time independent of precision while requiring approximately the same number of logic blocks as a conventional design.
Direct imaging of integer and half-integer Josephson vortices in high-Tc grain boundaries.

We have used a high-resolution scanning SQUID microscope to directly image conventional ( $h/2e$) Josephson vortices trapped in grain boundaries, and half-integer ( $h/4e$) Josephson vortices trapped at the tricrystal point, of the high- ${T}_{c}$ superconductor ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ grown on tricrystal substrates of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Our observation of the half-integer vortex at the tricrystal point is the first direct demonstration of the positive paramagnetic Meissner effect in a polycrystalline high- ${T}_{c}$ film. In addition, our images provide the first direct measurement of the Josephson penetration depth.
Advances in Graduate Nursing Education: Beyond the Advanced Practice Nurse

Historically, graduate education in nursing has been primarily concerned with the clinical role. In recent years it has been suggested that graduate education needs to consider alternate programs of study that prepare nurses for clinical leadership that are distinct from management and advanced practice roles. Graduate education is needed that focuses on the skills required to coordinate care and implement outcome-based practice and quality improvement strategies. Two models are currently being proposed that meet these objectives. The first is the population health nurse expert that functions on the macrosystems approach and the second is the clinical nurse leader which is based on a microsystems framework. The two models are compared and a combined model where the clinical nurse leader is based on the population health framework is proposed.
Collaborative Literacy Learning During Sociodramatic Play in a Multiage (K-2) Primary Classroom

Abstract This study examined the collaborative literacy learning that occurred in a literacy-enriched sociodramatic play center in a multiage classroom (kindergarten through second grade). Fifteen hours of free play were videotaped under the supervision of the classroom teacher and a detailed transcript was made of the action and dialogue that occurred in the play center. Literacy behaviors were identified from the resulting transcript and coded by type and social context. When peer collaboration occurred, categories were identified. The provider, recipient, type of collaboration and outcome were coded. Relationships among the coding variables were then examined. The findings indicate substantial cross-age literacy-based collaboration, with almost half of the interactions involving older children helping younger children. This collaboration was very effective in getting recipients to engage in reading and writing behavior. The results suggest that literacy-enriched play environments combined with mixed-ag...
On securing green's function-based field simulation on public computing clouds

Large-scale public cloud computing is emerging as an important paradigm for scientific and electromagnetic computing under scenarios where variable latency can be managed at the algorithm level. However, the challenge of securing underlying Intellectual Property (IP) remains. In this paper, we examine whether the operations used to compute Green's function matrices for integral-equation based electromagnetic simulation can also be used to secure underlying design information. In particular, we examine the possibility of inverting Green's function data to obtain geometry data and whether that can be circumvented and secured. We therefore propose a possible hybrid computation-encryption scheme for use with Green's functions on public clouds.
Dietary induced alterations in the fatty acids of rat bone marrow.

Weanling rats were fed fat free diets supplemented with 10% added fatty acids so that dietary effects on bone marrow fatty acids could be determined. The addition or deletion of linoleic acid from the fatty acid supplement resulted in alterations of the fatty acid patterns of bone marrow lipids but to a lesser degree than in erythrocyte lipids. With myristic acid supplementation, increased amounts of stearic acid were found in the lipid fractions, the difference between the bone marrow and erythrocyte lipids being less marked than when linoleic acid was fed. The activities of the bone marrow lipases varied with the dietary treatment. When linoleic acid was fed, higher rates of hydrolysis were observed with saturated fatty acid substrates. The reverse occurred when saturated fatty acids were fed.
Using Identities to Explore Social Capital Differences Among White and African American Student Athletes

Research suggests African American male student-athletes tend to overemphasize their athlete role to the detriment of their academic performance (Harrison 2000). This article extends the literature by examining racial differences in the development of social capital among student-athletes. Results showed racial differences with White student-athletes reporting higher social network totals, trust, and overall social capital. Yet, no significant differences existed amongst student-athletes in either team social networks or team social capital. Results suggest African American athletes have developed a sense of reciprocity at the athletic team level, but this social capital does not extend beyond the sport team setting.
Synchronization of coupled rotators: Josephson junction ladders and the locally coupled Kuramoto model

We show that the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) equations describing a ladder array of overdamped, critical-current disordered Josephson junctions that are current biased along the rungs of the ladder can be mapped onto a Kuramoto model with nearest neighbor, sinusoidal couplings. This result is obtained by an averaging method, in which the fast dynamics of the RSJ equations are integrated out, leaving the dynamics which describe the time scale over which neighboring junctions along the rungs of the ladder phase and frequency synchronize. We quantify the degree of frequency synchronization of the rung junctions by calculating the standard deviation of their time-averaged voltages, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}},$ and the phase synchronization is quantified by calculating the time average of the modulus of the Kuramoto order parameter, $〈|r|〉.$ We test the results of our averaging process by comparing the values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ and $〈|r|〉$ for the original RSJ equations and our averaged equations. We find excellent agreement for dc bias currents of ${I}_{B}/〈{I}_{c}〉\ensuremath{\gtrsim}3,$ where $〈{I}_{c}〉$ is the average critical current of the rung junctions, and critical current disorders of up to 10%. We also study the effects of thermal noise on the synchronization properties of the overdamped ladder. Finally, we find that including the effects of junction capacitance can lead to a discontinuous synchronization transition as the strength of the coupling between neighboring junctions is smoothly varied.
Heloise: A Christian View on Ethics and Love

The writings of Heloise are examined for their philosophical content, with special reference to the notions of friendship and love. The work of Mews, Dronke, Clanchy and others is cited, and it is concluded that Heloise's gifts as a writer and thinker have been overlooked and merit more careful examination.