cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NRAP-1 Is a Presynaptically Released NMDA Receptor Auxiliary Protein that Modifies Synaptic Strength.

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are a subtype of postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors that function as molecular coincidence detectors, have critical roles in models of learning, and are associated with a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. To date, no auxiliary proteins that modify NMDARs have been identified. Here, we report the identification of NRAP-1, an auxiliary protein in C. elegans that modulates NMDAR function. NMDAR-mediated currents were eliminated in nrap-1 mutants, as was NMDA-dependent behavior. We show that reconstitution of NMDA-gated current in Xenopus oocytes, or C. elegans muscle cells, depends on NRAP-1 and that recombinant NRAP-1 can convert silent NMDARs to functional channels. Our data indicate that NRAP-1, secreted from presynaptic neurons, localizes to glutamatergic synapses, where it associates with postsynaptic NMDARs to modify receptor gating. Thus, our studies reveal a novel mechanism for synaptic regulation via pre-synaptic control of NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission.
The Use of Hormonal Contraception and Its Impact on Women's Moods

It is commonly believed that hormonal contraception has significant effects on a woman’s mood. However this belief has not been well substantiated and the literature is replete with conflicting data. Inconsistent research findings echo the frequent clinical observation that patients experience disparate reactions to hormonal contraception, making it challenging to medically manage and counsel patients in their use of hormonal contraception in regard to their mental health. The relationship between exogenous hormones and mood disorders has not been studied in sufficient depth to provide a definitive answer to the question of whether these hormones have a direct effect on clinical psychiatric outcomes. This chapter will guide clinicians towards making the best contraceptive choices for their patients who have, or are at risk for developing, mood and anxiety disorders. This chapter will review the neurobiological basis for the interaction between exogenous hormones and mood; outline the indications, risks, and common side effects of currently available hormonal contraceptives; and review the scientific literature to guide recommendations for identifying the ideal contraceptive method for a given patient in a patient-centered, individualized process that accounts for their mental health history.
Illnesses: Autoimmune Rheumatological Diseases

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own organs and tissues. Rheumatologic diseases encompass conditions in which this autoimmune response causes inflammation of the musculoskeletal system, skin, and blood vessels. Rheumatologic conditions often present with arthritis, fever, and rash. Due to the frequent joint and muscle symptoms, patients may experience gross motor and fine motor delays.
Clinical Presentation of Myeloma Bone Disease

Bone disease in multiple myeloma is characterized by lytic lesions that are frequently associated with fracture, hypercalcemia, and severe pain. Bone pain is the most frequent presenting symptom for patients with multiple myeloma. It is estimated that approximately 60% of patients have bone pain at the time of myeloma diagnosis and 90% of patients develop bone lesions during their disease course. In addition to lytic lesions, patients frequently develop diffuse osteopenia, pathologic fractures, and compression fractures of the spine. Bone disease significantly impacts patient morbidity, performance status, and survival. While there is an association between the number of lytic bone lesions in an individual and their disease burden, an individual’s degree of bone disease does not appear to have significant utility in predicting outcomes.
The cytotoxic effect of ethylnitrosourea on the developing rat cerebellum. Morphologic observations.

A single i.p. injection of 240 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) into rats in the perinatal period resulted in lethal damage to the proliferating external granular cells of the developing cerebellar cortex. Lethally damaged cells of the external granular layer were also observed in fetal rats at 20 days of gestation after transplacental administration of the same dose of ENU. The percentage of susceptible cells affected remained constant throughout the period investigated. Light microscopy showed large numbers of randomly distributed pyknotic nuclei and complete inhibition of mitotic activity 6 h after ENU administration. Electron-microscopic examination showed that damaged granular cells had clumping of chromatin along the nuclear membrane. Cell organelles were morphologically distorted and unidentifiable; lysosomal bodies accumulated in the cytoplasm. Nonproliferating Purkinje cells were not lethally affected; however, dilatation of the Golgi apparatus and an increase in the number of lysosomes were commonly observed cytoplasmic changes.
15 lutetium compounds screened for Ce3+ activated scintillation

Abstract We report the scintillation luminosities , decay times, and emission wavelengths of eight new Ce 3 + activated lutetium scintillators , two of which are also new compounds. Candidate compounds were (1) selected by empirical estimates of densities, bandgaps, and the potentials for Ce 3 + activation; (2) synthesized as crystalline granules in arrays of automated furnaces; (3) verified by X-ray diffractometry; and (4) measured by X-ray luminescence spectroscopy and pulsed X-rays. By calibrating with Lu 2SiO5:Ce crystals of similar grain size (average 0.5 mm) we estimate that the luminosities of the eight new scintillators range from 1000 to 27,000 photons/MeV and all show the characteristic Ce 3 + doublet emission. The same undoped compounds have intrinsic scintillation with lower luminosities and different emission spectra . While most of these scintillators do not have properties that make them candidates for widespread use, their data will contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors that limit scintillation performance. In addition, we list seven lutetium compounds whose intrinsic scintillation was quenched by the incorporation of Ce 3 + .
Technology-Based Dietary Assessment in Youth with and Without Developmental Disabilities.

Obesity prevalence is higher in children with developmental disabilities as compared to their typically developing peers. Research on dietary intake assessment methods in this vulnerable population is lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and compare the nutrient intakes of two technology-based dietary assessment methods in children with-and-without developmental disabilities. This cross-sectional feasibility study was an added aim to a larger pilot study. Children (n = 12; 8–18 years) diagnosed with spina bifida, Down syndrome, or without disability were recruited from the larger study sample, stratified by diagnosis. Participants were asked to complete six days of a mobile food record (mFR™), a 24-h dietary recall via FaceTime® (24 HR-FT), and a post-study survey. Analysis included descriptive statistics for survey results and a paired samples t-test for nutrient intakes. All participants successfully completed six days of dietary assessment using both methods and acceptability was high. Energy (kcal) and protein (g) intake was significantly higher for the mFR™ as compared to the 24 HR-FT (p = 0.041; p = 0.014, respectively). Each method had strengths and weaknesses. The two technology-based dietary assessment tools were well accepted and when combined could increase accuracy of self-reported dietary assessment in children with-and-without disability.
Crop advisers as conservation intermediaries: Perceptions and policy implications for relying on nontraditional partners to increase U.S. farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation practices

Abstract Federal agricultural land use policies in the United States aimed at protecting soil health and water quality typically rely on persuading individual farmers to voluntarily adopt conservation practices. An expanding body of literature suggests that private sector intermediaries, such as crop advisers, are increasingly trusted sources of information for farmers about conservation practices and thus may be persuasive actors in the conservation-adoption realm. While previous studies have explored farmers’ perceptions of crop advisers facilitating conservation practice adoption and participating in conservation programs in agricultural landscapes, little research to date has explored crop advisers’ perceptions of this role, and few agricultural land use policies have explicitly included crop advisers as conservation partners. This study fills a critical void in the literature by evaluating the Saginaw Bay Regional Conservation Partnership Program, an innovative agricultural policy that relies on crop advisers to recruit farmers into the program and assist them with the adoption of conservation practices. Through a survey and interviews with crop advisers in the Saginaw Bay watershed in Michigan, USA, we explore crop advisers’ perceptions of their role in the program and of delivering conservation information to farmers. We found that crop advisers have positive attitudes towards land/water resources and conservation practices, believe they have an important intermediary role to play in facilitating conservation practice adoption, and believe their supervisors are supportive of them promoting conservation. However, difficulties in collaboration and communication between the private and governmental sectors – resulting from perceived differences, operational differences, and territoriality – present a key barrier to crop advisers increasing their intermediary role in the promotion and implementation of federal conservation programs. Future research and policy initiatives should explore how to address public-private territoriality and whether crop advisers should be incentivized to deliver information about conservation practices and/or assist in enrolling farmers in federal conservation programs.
Abstract 133: Endothelial-Specific Interference With PPARγ Increases the Susceptibility to Angiotensin II-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Adult Offspring Born from AVP-Infused Pregnancies

Mutations in the ligand-activated transcription factor PPARγ result in hypertension, and synthetic agonists of PPARγ reduce blood pressure. Previously we found that mice expressing dominant-negativ...
19 Adolescent Health

Social changes in the past half-century have both expanded the concept of adolescence and markedly altered the threats to adolescent health. Biological changes in pubertal maturation have lowered the age at which adolescence begins, and economic and educational demands have expanded the upper limits of adolescence. Increased access to weapons, contraception, illegal substances, and motor vehicles, combined with changing social attitudes and reduced adult supervision (due to divorce and the increased proportion of working parents) have worsened the overall health status of contemporary American teenagers, compared with those in the 1950s and with Americans in all other age groups. At least 80% of morbidity and mortality in adolescence is behaviorally based and thus preventable or at least reducible. Improving adolescent health will require increased knowledge of effective prevention and treatment strategies, better dissemination of such information, and the willingness to make legislative and funding changes to enhance protective factors and reduce injury or risks. Keywords: adolescent health; adolescent development and health; adolescent sexuality and health; new morbidity in adolescence; morbidity and mortality in adolescence
Islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic islets from type 2 diabetic subjects

Aims/hypothesis: Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a chief constituent of amyloid deposits in pancreatic islets, characteristic histopathology for type 2 diabetes. The goal of this study was to analyze islet cell composition in diabetic islets for the process of transforming water-soluble IAPP in β-cells to water-insoluble amyloid deposits by Immunocytochemical staining using different dilutions of anti-IAPP antibody. IAPP in β-cell granules may initiate β-cell necrosis through apoptosis to form interstitial amyloid deposits in type 2 diabetic islets. Results: Control islets revealed twice as much β-cells as α-cells whereas 15 of 18 type 2 diabetic cases (83%) revealed α- cells as major cells in larger islets. Diabetic islets consisted of more larger islets with more σ-cells than β-cells, which contribute to hyperglucagonemia. In control islets, percentage of IAPP-positive cells against β-cells was 40–50% whereas percentage for type 2 diabetic islets was about 25%. Amyloid deposits in diabetic islets were not readily immunostained for IAPP using 1: 800 diluted antibody, however, 1: 400 and 1: 200 diluted solutions provided stronger immunostaining in early stages of islet amyloidogenesis after treating the deparaffinized sections with formic acid. Methods: Using commercially available rabbit antihuman IAPP antibody, immunocytochemical staining was performed on 18 cases of pancreatic tissues from type 2 diabetic subjects by systematically immunostaining for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (SRIF) and IAPP compared with controls. Sizes of islets were measured by 1 cm scale, mounted in 10X eye piece. Conclusions/Interpretation: α cells were major islet cells in majority of diabetic pancreas (83%) and all diabetic islets contained less IAPP-positive cells than controls, indicating that IAPP deficiency in pancreatic islets is responsible for decreased IAPP in blood. In diabetic islets, water-soluble IAPP disappeared in β-cell granules, which transformed to water-insoluble amyloid deposits. Amyloid deposits were not readily immunostained using IAPP 1: 800 diluted antibody but were stronger immunostained for IAPP in early stages of amyloid deposited islets using less diluted solutions after formic acid treatment. In early islet amyloidogenesis, dying β-cell cytoplasm was adjacently located to fine amyloid fibrils, supporting that IAPP in secretary granules from dying β cells served as nidus for islet β-sheet formation.
Cue-alcohol associative learning in female rats

The ability of environmental cues to trigger alcohol-seeking behaviors is believed to facilitate problematic alcohol use. We previously showed that the development of this cue-evoked alcohol approach reflects cue-alcohol learning and memory in the adult male rat; however, we do not know whether the same is true for similarly aged female rats. Consequently, adult Long-Evans female rats were allowed to drink unsweetened alcohol in the home cage (Monday, Wednesday, Friday; 24-h two-bottle choice; 5 weeks) and were subsequently split into two experimental groups: Paired and Unpaired. Groups were matched for ingested doses and alcohol bottle preference across the pre-conditioning home cage period. Both groups were trained in conditioning chambers using a Pavlovian procedure. For the Paired group, the chamber houselight was illuminated to signal access to an alcohol sipper. Houselight onset was yoked for the Unpaired group, but access to the alcohol sipper was scheduled to occur only during the intervening periods (in the absence of light). We found that in the Paired, but not Unpaired group, an alcohol approach reaction was conditioned to houselight illumination, and the level of cue-conditioned reactivity predicted drinking behavior within trials. Groups experienced equivalently low but non-negligible blood alcohol concentrations over the course of conditioning sessions. We conclude that cue-triggered alcohol-seeking behavior in adult female rats reflects associative learning about the relationship between alcohol availability and houselight illumination.
Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and venous thrombus—trends and effect on overall survival

Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) combined with cytokine therapy was once the standard of care for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) (1,2). In the past decade, there have been a myriad of novel therapies in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treatments including targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), mammalian target or rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, and PD-1 inhibitors.
Bronchoscopic delivery of aminocaproic acid as a treatment for pulmonary bleeding: A case series

Abstract Objective Bronchoscopy is an essential therapeutic modality in the treatment of pulmonary bleeding. Although numerous endoscopic treatments exist, topical e-aminocaproic acid has not been described in the literature. This study documents the use of this novel treatment for pulmonary bleeding and compares it to available evidence for tranexamic acid , a similar anti-fibrinolytic agent. Design Case-series study. Setting ICU and general inpatient floors of a tertiary medical center. Patients Forty-six patients receiving endobronchial e-aminocaproic acid for the treatment or prevention of pulmonary bleeding. Measurements and main results Of the 46 patients included in the study, 41.6% and 13% presented with non-massive and massive hemoptysis , respectively. In patients with active pulmonary bleeding, endobronchial application of e-aminocaproic acid and accompanying therapies resulted in cessation of bleeding in 94.7% of cases. A total of six patients received e-aminocaproic acid monotherapy ; in three patients with active bleeding, 100% achieved hemostasis after treatment. Of the 36 patients successfully treated for active pulmonary bleeding, 27.8% had recurrent bleeding within 30 days. Thirty-day adverse events were as follows: death (10 patients), deep vein thrombosis (2 patients), renal failure (2 patients), and stroke (2 patients). Conclusions Endobronchial administration of e-aminocaproic acid during bronchoscopy may be a safe and efficacious option in the treatment and prevention of pulmonary bleeding. Further studies are necessary to better define e-aminocaproic acid's safety profile, optimal routes of administration , and comparative effectiveness to tranexamic acid.
Humanities in Neurology

Neurology® is about to relaunch its Humanities Section, a popular feature of the journal since its initiation in 2001. It was suspended some months ago following the publication of a story that inadvertently raised concerns about equality and diversity. As befitting the former title of this section, “Reflections,” we have spent many hours reflecting upon the mission and meaning of creative writing to our field, and its influence on patients, physicians, and researchers. We seek to recapture these humanistic qualities that speak to the core of our being, and the section will now appear under the revised title of “Humanities in Neurology.” In its original conception by David Goldblatt, authors would draw on personal experiences that would provide insights into themselves, their patients, and human relationships. Over the years, this has been done through poetry, creative nonfiction, and short fiction.
Short-Term Risk of Performing Concurrent Procedures with Hepatic Artery Infusion Pump Placement.

Hepatic artery infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy is an advanced cancer therapy for primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. The risk of concurrent hepatic and/or colorectal operations with HAIP placement is unknown. Our objective was to characterize the short-term outcomes of concurrent surgery with HAIP placement. The 2005–2017 ACS NSQIP dataset was queried for patients undergoing hepatic and colorectal operations with or without HAIP placement. Outcomes were compared for HAIP placement with different combined procedures. Patients who underwent procedures without HAIP placement were propensity score matched with those with HAIP placement. The primary outcome was 30-day death or serious morbidity (DSM). Secondary outcomes included infectious complications, wound complications, length of stay (LOS), and operative time. Of 467 patients who underwent HAIP placement, 83.9% had concurrent surgery. The rate of DSM was 10.7% for HAIP placement alone, 19.2% with concurrent minor hepatic procedures, 22.1% with concurrent colorectal resection, 23.2% with concurrent minor hepatic plus colorectal procedures, 28.4% with concurrent major hepatic resection, and 41.7% with concurrent major hepatic plus colorectal resection. On matched analyses, there was no difference in DSM, infectious, or wound complications for procedures with HAIP placement compared with the additional procedure alone, but operative time (294.7 vs 239.8 min, difference 54.9, 95% CI 42.8–67.0) and LOS (6 vs 5, IRR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08–1.33) were increased. HAIP placement is not associated with additional morbidity when performed with hepatic and/or colorectal surgery. Decisions regarding HAIP placement should consider the risks of concurrent operations, and patient- and disease-specific factors.
Excision of Airway Lesions

Primary airway lesions in the pediatric population are rare; however, it is important for the interventional pulmonologist to have a good understanding of the various excisional techniques and their application to the pediatric population. Lesion excision requires careful consideration to tailor specific equipment to specific anatomy, and airway caliber in the pediatric population is often the main limitation to applying those techniques to individual children. Obstruction from endobronchial tumors can require a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach. There is little data to guide the interventionalist other than clinical experience and case reports. In the following chapter the most common lesions are discussed as are the various techniques for airway lesion excision including laser ablation, mechanical excision, and cryotherapy.
Does comorbid anxiety predict quality of life outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery

Background Approximately 25% of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have comorbid anxiety and both conditions independently decrease quality of life (QOL). QOL outcomes for CRS and depression have garnered the majority of research attention, but efforts to better understand the impact of anxiety disorders on QOL are increasing. We evaluated the role of comorbid anxiety in patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Methods Adult patients (n = 148) with CRS with and without comorbid anxiety were prospectively enrolled into a treatment outcomes investigation. History of comorbid anxiety was retrospectively identified (n = 30; 20%) and preoperative and postoperative QOL (Rhinosinusitis Disability Index [RSDI], and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-22]) scores were compared to patients without comorbid anxiety. Results Compared to patients without anxiety, patients with anxiety were found to be younger (p = 0.02) and have a higher prevalence of female gender (p = 0.05), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), and tobacco use (p = 0.03). Participants with comorbid anxiety reported significantly worse preoperative psychological dysfunction as measured by SNOT-22 subdomain scores (p = 0.02), as well as worse preoperative functional (p = 0.04) and emotional (p = 0.001) impairment as evaluated by RSDI subdomain scores. After adjustment for other cofactors, patients with anxiety improved significantly less on SNOT-22 total scores compared to participants without anxiety after ESS (p = 0.02). Conclusion Anxiety occurs with higher prevalence in patients with CRS and the presence of comorbid anxiety is associated with worse preoperative QOL and reduced QOL improvement following ESS. These findings warrant improvement in screening, diagnosis, and treatment for patients with CRS and comorbid anxiety.
Heterostructure II-VI materials and devices for infrared imaging

The recent developments in the II-VI heterostructure materials and devices for infrared imaging applications, with particular emphasize on molecular beam epitaxy and fabrication of double layer planar heterostructure devices are discussed. Quality of the CdTe layers grown on different substrate orientations are compared. The HgCdTe grown on CdTe/Si is shown to be comparable to that of HgCdTe/CdZnTe. State-of-the-Art performance of devices made on HgCdTe/CdTe/Si is demonstrated.
NICKEL-CATALYZED ASYMMETRIC NEGISHI CROSS-COUPLINGS OF RACEMIC SECONDARY ALLYLIC CHLORIDES WITH ALKYLZINCS: (S,E)-ETHYL 6-(1,3-DIOXOLAN-2-YL)-4-METHYLHEX-2-ENOATE.

Ethyl(E)-4-oxo-2-butenoate Methylmagnesium Ethyl (E)-4-hydroxy-2-pentanoate Dichlorotriphenylphosporate Ethyl (E)-4-chloro-2-enaote 2-(1,3-Dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl bromide 2-[2-(1,3-Dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl]zinc Nickel(II) chloride, dimethoxyethane adduct 2,6-Bis(S)-4,5-dihydro-4-(2-phenylethyl)2-oxazoyl]pyridine (S,E)-Ethyl-6-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-4-methyllhex-2-enolate Keywords: Nickel catalysts; Asymmetric Negishi cross coupling; Racemic allyl chlorides; Alkylzincs; Enantioselective; Stereoconvergent cross coupling; Fluvirucinine; Waste disposal
Temperature Dependence of Effective Grain Core/Single Crystal Dielectric Constants for Acceptor-Doped Oxygen Ion Conductors

Effective grain core or single crystal dielectric constants of four solid oxide electrolytes—yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ with 8 and 7 mol% yttria), tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP with 3 mol% yttria), strontium- and magnesium-doped lanthanum gallate (LSGM), and gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC, with 20 mol% gadolinia)—were studied as a function of temperature by AC-impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit fitting. Unlike their undoped counterparts, the acceptor-doped oxides consistently exhibited an upturn in effective grain core/single crystal dielectric constant in the vicinity of 350–500 K. This temperature-dependent behavior was attributed to the onset of thermally activated dipolar relaxation—an explanation supported by the appearance of loss tangent peaks at higher temperatures. Differences between “effective” dielectric constants and frequency-dependent complex dielectric constants for the grain core/single crystal frequency range, and applications of the effective dielectric constant data are discussed.
Determination of Fab-hinge disulfide connectivity in structural isoforms of a recombinant human immunoglobulin G2 antibody.

The detection and characterization of unexpected disulfide-mediated structural variants of human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibodies was recently the subject of two copublications.(1, 2) In this paper, we present data to confirm the previously reported structures and elucidate the complete disulfide connectivity of each variant through the application of a novel analytical methodology. In this manner, the data illustrate the presence of at least five structural variants, including the classical structure with independent Fab domains and a hinge region. Multiple subvariants of the IgG2-A/B and IgG2-B structures are identified; these subvariants of each structure differ through the order of attachment of Fab peptides to the sequential hinge cysteines. Furthermore, the connectivity of a novel subvariant of IgG2-B containing an intrachain disulfide linkage in the lower hinge region is elucidated. The results presented in this paper reveal that the population of IgG2 disulfide structural variants is yet more c...
Nutrient availability in a montane wet tropical forest: Spatial patterns and methodological considerations

Soils and forest floor were sampled quantitatively from a montane wet tropical forest in Puerto Rico to determine the spatial variability of soil nutrients, the factors controlling nutrient availability to vegetation, and the distribution of nutrients in soil and plants. Exchangeable cation concentrations were measured using different soil extracting procedures (fresh soil with NH4C1, air-dried and ground soil with KC1, and a Modified Olsen solution) to establish a range of nutrient availability in the soil, and to determine the relationship between different, but commonly used laboratory protocols. The availability of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K was significantly lower in soils extracted fresh with NHaCI than from soils which were dried and ground prior to extraction with KCI or a modified Olsen solution. Soil nutrient availability generally decreased with depth in the soil. Several soil properties important to plant growth and survival varied predictably across the landscape and could be viewed in the context of a simple catena model. In the surface soils, exchangeable base cation concentrations and pH increased along a gradient from ridge tops to riparian valleys, while soil organic matter, exchangeable Fe and acidity decreased along this gradient. On the ridges, N, P, and K were positively correlated with soil organic matter; on slopes, N and P were positively correlated with organic matter, and Ca, Kg, and pH were negatively correlated with exchangeable Fe. Nutrient availability in the upper catena appears to be primarily controlled by biotic processes, particularly the accumulation of organic matter. The Ca, K, and P content of the vegetation was higher on ridges and slopes than in the valley positions. Periodic flooding and impeded drainage in the lower catena resulted in a more heterogeneous environment. A comparison of the Bisley, Puerto Rico soils with other tropical montane forests (TMF) revealed that the internal heterogeneity of soils in the Bisley Watersheds is similar to the range of average soil nutrient concentrations among TMF's for Ca, Mg, and K (dry/ground soils). Phosphorus tended to be slightly higher in Bisley and N was lower than in other TMFs.
Effect of an oral contraceptive on NaCl appetite and preference threshold in rats

Dietary administration of the oral contraceptive, EnvoidR, to male rats at 7.5 mg/kg of food for 25 days was accompanied by a spontaneous appetite for salt solution when the rats were given choice between distilled water and 0.15 M. NaCl solution to drink. Administration of the progestational component of EnovoidR, norethynodrel, at 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg of food for two weeks induced a spontaneous NaCl appetite in other male rats. The estrogenic compound, ethynyl estradiol, administered in food at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg for two weeks, was also accompanied by an appetite for NaCl solution in male rats. Thus, the NaCl appetite induced by EnovidR may be associated with both its estrogenic and progestational components. Other studies have been conducted to determine the effect of chronic administration of EnovidR at 7.5 mg/kg of food on preference (detection) threshold of female rats for NaCl solution. Drug treatment was accompanied by a significant reduction in preference threshold (0.015 M) compared to controls (0.030 M). The volume of NaCl solution ingested by treated rats was greater than that of control rats at all concentrations tested above threshold, including hypertonic concentrations. Thus, the results suggest that EnovidR not only induces an appetite for NaCl solution but also reduces the preference threshold for this salt.
Marking and Quantifying IL-17A-Producing Cells In Vivo

Interleukin (IL)-17A plays an important role in host defense against a variety of pathogens and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, precise identification and quantification of the cells that produce this cytokine in vivo have not been performed. We generated novel IL-17A reporter mice to investigate expression of IL-17A during Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, conditions previously demonstrated to potently induce IL-17A production. In both settings, the majority of IL-17A was produced by non-CD4+ T cells, particularly γδ T cells, but also invariant NKT cells and other CD4−CD3e+ cells. As measured in dual-reporter mice, IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells greatly outnumbered IL-17A-producing Th17 cells throughout both challenges. Production of IL-17A by cells from unchallenged mice or by non-T cells under any condition was not evident. Administration of IL-1β and/or IL-23 elicited rapid production of IL-17A by γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells and other CD4−CD3e+ cells in vivo, demonstrating that these cells are poised for rapid cytokine production and likely comprise the major sources of this cytokine during acute immunologic challenges.
Physical Sciences: Record-breaking Cosmic Ray Storm stemming from Solar Activity in August 1972

AN unusual centre of solar activity was the seat of the most severe disturbances of the current solar cycle early in August 1972. It produced reports from the general public of various visual phenomena in the night sky, surges in electrical systems, radio blackouts and effects upon the navigation of birds in flight. Of the great variety of physical phenomena associated with this remarkable region (sunspot group 331, McMath plage region 11976, centred at Carrington, longitude 009 degrees), we will concentrate on a description of the gross features of the greatest cosmic ray storm ever observed that commenced on August 4, and of which sunspot group 331 was the ultimate source.
Simultaneous separation, seaming, and sealing using brazing (S3B) for sample containerization and planetary protection

Any future NASA mission would require protection of our planet from the risk of possibly returning uncontrolled biological materials. For this purpose, it is necessary to contain the acquired samples and destroy any potential biological materials that may contaminate the external surface of the container while protecting the sample itself for further analysis. A novel method that allows simultaneous separation, seaming and sealing using brazing (S3B) process for sample containerization and planetary protection has been conceived and demonstrated. A double wall container is used with clean inner-walls allowing brazing the container base (containing the sample) to its lid while separating it from the support mount and assuring its seal. The use of brazing materials that melt at temperatures that are higher than 500°C assures sterilization of the exposed areas that can potentially be contaminated by biological materials from Mars and other planets. The results of this study and the issues that were identified to require attention will be described and discussed.
Interpretation of small variations of an n-pseudoparticle solution

The small variations of a particular n-pseudoparticle solution which leave the field tensor self-dual are examined. In the case of n widely separated pseudoparticles, they are shown to be variations of the positions, scales, and orientations in group space of the individual pseudoparticles. The variations are written in both the background field gauge and the simpler Lorentz gauge. As an example, a two-pseudoparticle solution with widely separated pseudoparticles of different orientations in group space is exhibited.
Decontamination of water using adsorption and photocatalysis

Abstract A treatment strategy employing adsorption and solar assisted photocatalytic processes was field tested at Tyndall Air Force Base (Florida) for removal and destruction of organic contaminants in groundwater. The adsorbents were impregnated with photoactive catalysts and used in packed beds to remove pollutants from water for 18 h per day. The spent adsorbents were regenerated for 6 h per day in the presence of sunlight while passing hot water (90°C) counter current to flow direction during the adsorption process. The organics that were not destroyed during regeneration by the catalyst-impregnated adsorbent were destroyed using a fixed bed photocatalytic reactor. The process was examined for 10 cycles of adsorption and regeneration for treatment of water contaminated with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene) compounds. The efficiency (ratio of amount of organics removed to amount of organics adsorbed) of the process to regenerate the adsorbents was examined for each cycle. A laboratory study was also conducted under controlled conditions using tetrachloroethylene as a model compound to examine the regeneration efficiency for 8 cycles of adsorption and regeneration.
Recombinant erythropoietin compared with erythrocyte transfusion in the treatment of anemia of prematurity.

To assess the risks and benefits of erythropoietin versus erythrocyte transfusion in the treatment of the anemia of prematurity, we randomly assigned 19 anemic preterm infants (birth weight 988±227 gm; gestational age 27.6±1.2 weeks; age 41±15 days; all values mean ±SD) to receive either transfusion or subcutaneously administered erythropoletin (200 units/kg every other day for 10 doses). In the 10 erythropoietin recipients, corrected reticulocyte counts increased from 2%±1% to 7%±2% ( p p p p p p p 3 cells/μl) than in the infants who underwant transfusion (3.9±1.9×10 3 cells/μl; p
Calculable Masses in Grand Unified Theories

Abstract We use a mechanism to generate calculable fermion masses in perturbation theory. We apply it to a one-family E6 model. We then extend it to an E6 × SU2f model, and a (family) anomaly-free E6 × SU3f model.
Monolithic Travelling-Wave Mach-Zehnder Transmitter with High-Swing Stacked CMOS Driver

We present a 20 Gb/s monolithically integrated transmitter with stacked CMOS driver and periodic-loaded PN-junction Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) fabricated in IBM’s sub-100nm technology node. Transmitter extinction ratios of 10 dB at 20 Gb/s are demonstrated.
The effect of molecular weight on the crystallization, melting, and morphology of long-chain molecules

The properties of molecular weight fractions of linear polyethylene, encompassing the range 3 × 103 to 1.5 × 106, which were isothermally crystallised at low undercooling at. atmospheric pressure, were studied. Marked changes in various thermodynamic and mechanical properties are observed with molecular weight, which can be attributed to the finite sine of the crystallites in the chain direction and to the ratio of the crystallite size to the extended-chain length. Electron microscopic examination of fracture surfaces indicates the formation of striated, lamella crystallites over the complete molecular weight range although the ratio of crystallite size to extended-chain length varies from approximately unity at the lower molecular weights to extremely small values for the higher molecular weights. Concomitant with the changes in properties and sizes, the interfacial free energy of a mature crystallite increases significantly with molecular weight. Based upon these experimental results, a crystallization mechanism is developed which has as its basic tenents the relation between the critical size initiating nucleus and the extended-chain length and the spatial requirements of chain units in random conformation in the interzonal regions. For molecular weights above which extended-chain crystals are formed, the analysis and experiment indicate that the interfarnal region associated with the basal plane is of a nonregular structure, and that a significant number of chain units, which connect different crystallites, must exist, in a non-ordered conformation. It is concluded that lamella-type crystallites in bulk-crystallized polymers are not to be associated with an interface comprised of regularly folded chains. The assumptions that either an initiating or growth nucleus is comprised of regularly folded chains or that such a structure is an equilibrium requirement, are not substantiated by experiment.
In-situ observation of oxygen adlayer formation on Cu(110) electrode surfaces

Abstract In-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image Cu(110) single crystals in aqueous solutions during the initial stages of oxidation. Images obtained in pH 2.5–2.7 HClO4 and H2SO4 solutions revealed the growth of oxygen adlayers consisting primarily of [001] oriented chains. A majority of these chains (ca. 70%) were arranged in (2 × 1) and (3 × 1) structures. These chain structures were observed in the thermodynamically forbidden region of the pH-potential phase diagram, which indicates that stable oxygen adlayers develop prior to bulk oxide formation.
Chronic exposure of rats to ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol: biochemical and structural responses.

Groups of rats were exposed to either 0.12 or 0.20 ppm of ozone, 20, 100, or 150 ppm of sulfuric acid aerosol (0.4-0.8 μm diameter), or their mixtures in whole body exposure chambers for up to 90 days. Matched control animals were exposed to filtered air in comparable chambers. The rats were examined biochemically and morphometrically for centriacinar fibrosis or other indicators of pollutant-induced changes in the terminal bronchiole-alveolar duct junction region of the lung at the end of the exposures. By evaluating different markers of lung injury, we had previously demonstrated a synergistic interaction between ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol after acute exposures to these same concentrations of the pollutants. The present experiments were designed to answer the question of whether there was any interaction between ozone and respirable sized aerosols of sulfuric acid, synergistic or antagonistic, after chronic exposures. Exposure of rats to 0.12 or 0.20 ppm of ozone elicited tissue and cellular changes at the bronchiole-alveolar duct junction. Concurrent exposure to sulfuric acid aerosol did not affect the extent or magnitude of these changes. Intermittent exposure (12 h per day) to ozone, with or without the acid aerosol, elicited a greater response than did continuous exposure (24 h per day). No consistent effects of exposure to sulfuric acid aerosol alone were observed, either morphometrically or biochemically. The biochemical data were consistent with the morphometric analyses, showing trends towards or significantly increased lung 4-hydroxyproline content in the rats exposed to ozone, with or without sulfuric acid aerosol, in the intermittent exposure experiment, but not after continuous exposure. No interactive effects between ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol were observed with any of the biochemical parameters examined. We conclude that ozone and sulfuric acid aerosols do not exhibit synergistic interactions after chronic exposures (90 days) of rats to the concentrations tested in this study, which correspond to concentrations showing synergistic interactions in previously performed acute studies. We also observed that exposure of rats to ozone for 12 h per day elicited greater lung changes, which we interpret to indicate a mild fibrotic response, than did exposure of rats for 24 h per day, whether or not there was accompanying exposure to the acid aerosol.
Are the ADA Hemoglobin A 1c Criteria Relevant for the Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes in children have not been established with nearly the rigor as that employed in adults. Recently revised American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria allowed utilization of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5 % for diagnosis of diabetes. A recent series of pediatric studies appear to show that HbA1c has lower sensitivity than Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). However, FPG and OGTT have themselves never been validated in children. Studies to validate diagnostic thresholds in children appear unlikely to take place. Thus, accepting the major ADA diagnostic criteria appears to be the best course of action for the pediatric community. One area in which correlation studies between HbA1c and FPG or OGTT might shed light is in the definition of criteria for intervention in ‘pre-diabetes,’ as the Diabetes Prevention Program Trial did not use HbA1c. However, such treatment, and the exact diagnostic thresholds at which it should be initiated in children, remains unproven.
Scale Prediction and Inhibition for Oil and Gas Production at High Temperature/High Pressure

With the advance of new exploration and production technologies, oil and gas production has gone to deeper and tighter formations than ever before. These developments have also brought challenges in scale prediction and inhibition, such as the prevention of scale formation at high temperatures (150–200 C), pressures (1,000–1,500 bar), and total dissolved solids (TDS) (>300,000 mg/L) commonly experienced at these depths. This paper will discuss (1) the challenges of scale prediction at high temperatures, pressures, and TDS; (2) an efficient method to study the nucleation kinetics of scale formation and inhibition at these conditions; and (3) the kinetics of barite-crystal nucleation and precipitation in the presence of various scale inhibitors and the effectiveness of those inhibitors. In this study, nine scale inhibitors have been evaluated at 70–200 C to determine if they can successfully prevent barite precipitation. The results show that only a few inhibitors can effectively inhibit barite formation at 200 C. Although it is commonly believed that phosphonate scale inhibitors may not work for high-temperature inhibition applications, the results from this study suggest that barite-scale inhibition by phosphonate inhibitors was not impaired at 200 C under strictly anoxic condition in NaCl brine. However, phosphonate inhibitors can precipitate with Ca2þ at high temperatures and, hence, can reduce efficiency. In addition, the relationships of scale inhibition to types of inhibitors and temperature are explored in this study. This paper addresses the limits of the current predition of mineral solubility at high-temperature/high-pressure (HT/HP) conditions and sheds light on inhibitior selection for HT/HP application. The findings from this paper can be used as guidelines for applications in an HT/HP oilfield environment.
Experimental Animal Models for Anaerobic Infections

The role of obligate anaerobes in serious infection has received increasing attention over the past several years. Initially, little was known about many of these microbes except that they were commonly found in certain infections and that they were the dominant components of the colonic microflora. Clinical studies often failed to document the pathogenic role of anaerobes because they were usually found in combination with aerobes at infected sites. Subsequent research has employed animal models to determine the pathogenic potential of anaerobic bacteria. This approach is particularly attractive because, unlike clinical studies, the investigations can be conducted under controlled conditions.
Bone grafting options for lumbar spine surgery: a review examining clinical efficacy and complications

Background Iliac crest harvest has been considered the “gold standard” at producing successful arthrodesis of the lumbar spine but is also associated with many donor-site morbidities. Many alternatives have been used to avoid iliac crest harvest, including autologous bone from other donor sites, allogeneic bone, ceramics, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs). This review will highlight the properties and preparations of these graft types and their potential complications and reported clinical efficacy.
Modeling and Control for Cooling Management of Data Centers With Hot Aisle Containment

In traditional raised-floor data center design with hot aisle and cold aisle separation, the cooling efficiency suffers from recirculation resulting from the mixing of cool air from the Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) units and the hot exhaust air exiting from the back of the server racks. To minimize recirculation and hence increase cooling efficiency, hot aisle containment has been employed in an increasing number of data centers. Based on the underlying heat transfer principles, we present in this paper a dynamic model for cooling management in both open and contained environment, and propose decentralized model predictive controllers (MPC) for control of the CRAC units. One approach to partition a data center into overlapping CRAC zones of influence is discussed. Within each zone, the CRAC unit blower speed and supply air temperature are adjusted by a MPC controller to regulate the rack inlet temperatures, while minimizing the cooling power consumption. The proposed decentralized cooling control approach is validated in a production data center with hot aisles contained by plastic strips. Experimental results demonstrate both its stability and ability to reject various disturbances.Copyright © 2011 by ASME