cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) Scores and Center-of-Pressure Following Concussion (I13.012)

Objective: To identify changes in postural control with the BESS and with instrumented balance measures following concussion in a group of intercollegiate athletes. Background: Impaired postural control is a cardinal concussion symptom. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the most utilized clinical tool to identify postural control deficits; however, it lacks sensitivity in detecting postural control impairments. Methods: Five collegiate student-athletes (SA) (age=19±2years; height=177±7cm; weight=73.9±6.1kg) completed the BESS on the MobileMat® (Tekscan Inc.), which allows for simultaneous BESS scoring and center-of-pressure (COP) analysis. SA were tested before the start of their season, 24-48 hours post-concussion (Acute), and on the day of return-to-full participation (RTP). We calculated the reliable change index from baseline healthy values to classify deficits for BESS scores, 95[percnt] area, velocity, and mediolateral (M/L) and anteroposterior (A/P) approximate entropy (ApEn). Results: Reliable changes were indicated by 3.8 BESS errors, 4.0cm2, 0.34cm/s, 0.08 M/L ApEn, and 0.06 A/P ApEn. Acutely, only one SA presented with deficits in BESS scores, while two SA presented with deficits in the COP measures. At RTP (6.8±1.9 days post-concussion), only one SA presented with impairments in BESS scores, however, 4/5 SA presented with impairments in two or more COP measures. Conclusions: These results suggest that there may be persistent balance deficits at RTP in some individuals, or that return-to-exercise occurring prior to RTP, may exacerbate balance impairments. Moreover, changes in COP measures, in the absence of changes in BESS scores, suggests that the BESS may not be a sensitive enough tool for identifying changes in postural control. Interestingly, the SA who presented with a higher (worse) BESS score on the day of RTP was the only SA who did not present with impairments on the COP measures, suggesting that multiple metrics of static balance are necessary to identify all changes in postural control. Disclosure: Dr. Jaclyn Caccese has nothing to disclose. Dr. Buckley has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeWolf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaminski has nothing to disclose.
Rights and the American Constitution: The Issue of Judicial Review and Its Compatibility with Democracy

This chapter deals with American judicial interpretation of two key constitutional ideas—the idea of ‘due process’ and the idea that the Fourteenth Amendment selectively brings in or ‘incorporates’ many of the rights of the Bill of Rights and applies these rights as a standard for assessing the laws not only of the federal union but also of the various states in the USA. This sketch provides both a rationale for one line of development of American law in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries (to date) and a template for examining the role courts (in a number of countries as well as the EU) have taken, or might take, in identifying and protecting, through judicial review, important basic constitutional rights. The chapter turns (in its final section) to a discussion of judicial review and attempts to provide a principled resolution of the problematic that judicial review poses within a democratic system of rights.
Arithmetic-Based Diagnosis in VLSI Array Processors

Existing literature on reliable VLSI array processors can be divided into two categories: easy-testable techniques and fault-tolerant techniques. The easy-testable techniques allow an array to be modified in such a way that the testing time is independent of the array size [1] – [4]. This approach exploits the structural properties of iterative arrays which are modeled as combinational circuits. Different testability conditions have been established [5], [6] to determine the observability and controllability of a test vector. Still, these approaches may be impractical since they assume an exhaustive testing of a single processor in the array. The fault-tolerant techniques which do not require a massive redundancy utilize algorithmic properties of matrix operations [7], [8]. The methods encode data at a high level, and algorithms are designed to operate on encoded data and produce encoded i. e. corrected output data. However the approach has to be “customized” any time it is applied to a specific algorithm.
Cultural Translation: Two Modes

This article examines why scholars who theorize cultural translation have not always agreed on what their object of study is. It provides a diachronic account of two competing definitions, one from anthropology and one from cultural studies. It also describes three factors that have complicated debates about cultural translation: the different epistemological and methodological assumptions made by anthropologists and cultural studies scholars; the ambiguous, politically charged relationships linking language, culture, and text; an asymmetry of usage. This article concludes by considering the implications of a point of convergence—the ethical turn taken in anthropology and cultural studies in the last two decades—for debates about attempts to ban Muslim veils from public spaces in North America.
Appraising earthquake hypocenter location errors: A complete, practical approach for single-event locations

Abstract For conventional single-event, nonlinear, least-squares hypocentral estimates, I show that the total error is expressible as a linear combination of three terms: (1) measurement error; (2) modeling errors caused by inadequacy of the travel-time tables; and (3) a nonlinear term. Errors in calculating travel-time partial derivatives are shown to have no effect, provided a stable solution can be found. This is in contrast to linear problems where errors in calculating matrix elements can distort the solution drastically. The error appraisal technique developed here examines each of the three error terms independently. The first can be analyzed by standard confidence ellipsoids with critical values based on measurement error statistics. The second can cause conventional error ellipsoid calculations that derive a critical value from an estimate based on rms residuals, to give misleading results. I introduce an alternative extremal bound procedure for appraising such errors. Travel-time modeling errors are bounded as the product of ray arc length and an estimate of the nominal scale of slowness errors along the ray path. These are used to derive an upper bound on systematic errors in each hypocentral coordinate based on a novel bounding criteria. Finally, I show that, for errors of a reasonable scale, the nonlinear error term can be estimated adequately using a second-order approximation. Given an upper bound on the total location error, bounds on the travel-time error induced by nonlinearity can be calculated from the spectral norm of the Hessian for each measured arrival time. The systematic errors in each hypocentral coordinate due to nonlinearity can then be bounded using the same criteria used for constructing modeling error bounds. This overall procedure is complete because it allows one to independently appraise the relative importance of all sources of hypocentral errors. It is practical because the required computational effort is small.
Connecting Opportunity and Strain to Understand Deviant Behavior: A Test of General Strain Theory

ABSTRACTThis study examined the connection of general strain theory to opportunity, as defined by one’s desire and ability to engage in criminal or deviant behavior. Over 1,000 undergraduate students completed the electronic survey with a response rate of 12.85%. Regression analyses showed removal of positive stimuli predicted deviant behavior in all models, but anger and other affective states were significant only in some models. Peer deviance, social bonds, and opportunity were important significant predictors. This study supports Agnew’s assertions that strain theory works in conjunction with social learning, social control, and, per this study, opportunity theories.
Las palabras que no se tradujeron en la «Instrucción» de Titu Cusi Yupanqui

This study examines textual evidence in Titu Cusi's Instruccion in order to review the mediation that fray Marcos Garcia had in the production of this document. From a critical analysis of certain textual marks, the author attempts to reflect on the translation process and measure the level of intervention that the European thought —that of the translator’s Marcos Garcia— has over the native point of view (i.e., the author’s Titu Cusi). The analysis focuses on the study of the select group of quechua words that were maintained in the text and the reasons why they were not translated into Spanish. To frame the translation strategy used by Marcos Garcia, historical aspects and current theory on the art of translation are considered. Also, the concept of monologism introduced by Bakhtin is reviewed in order to understand the ideology that prevails over the translator’s discourse.
Glycinergic inhibition of BAT sympathetic premotor neurons in rostral raphe pallidus

The rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa) contains sympathetic premotor neurons controlling thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We sought to determine whether a tonic activation of glycineA recept...
Should We Be Using the Poisoning Severity Score

Introduction Despite the existence of a number of severity-of-illness classifications for other areas of medicine, toxicology research lacks a well-accepted method for assessing the severity of poisoning. The Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) was developed in the 1990s in Europe as a scoring system for poisonings reported to a poison center in order to describe a patient’s most severe symptomatology. We reviewed the literature to describe how the PSS is utilized and describe its limitations.
Visual-INS Using a Human Operator and Converted Measurements

A method for intermittently aiding an inertial navigation system (INS) is explored in which a ground feature of unknown position is optically tracked over a short measurement epoch—one then refers to Visual-INS. In contrast to current machine vision-based research trends, a human operator is entrusted with visually tracking the ground feature. Converted measurements of the feature position are generated from successive bearing measurements, and the estimated aircraft position. A linear regression algorithm is then applied to the converted measurements providing an estimate of the INS horizontal velocity components’ errors and also accelerometer biases. At the completion of the measurement epoch, the INS is corrected by subtracting out the estimated velocity errors and using the estimated accelerometer biases. Aiding the INS in this manner provides a significant improvement in the accuracy of the INS-provided aircraft navigation state estimates when compared to those of a free/unaided INS. Applications for this autonomous navigation method include navigation in global positioning system denied environments and/or when the use of RF transmitting navigation aids is undesirable.
Maintenance of the MnSOD-mediated delayed radioprotective effect in human microvascular endothelial cells by repeated administration of amifostine's active metabolite WR1065

577 The development of chemical compounds to protect against radiation damage has centered on thiol-containing free radical scavenging agents. To be effective these agents must be administered shortly before radiation exposure at their maximum tolerated dose. The most effective radioprotective drug that has been developed to date and the only agent that is approved by the FDA for use in the protection of normal tissues in patients being treated with radiation is amifostine. We recently identified a new radioprotection paradigm for WR1065, amifostine9s active thiol metabolite, which we termed the delayed radioprotective effect. The mechanism for this protection involves the ability of WR1065 to activate the transcription factor NFκB, enhance manganese superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ) gene expression, and to significantly elevate active MnSOD enzyme levels in cells. Protection against cell killing was observed for cells irradiated 24 h after drug treatment, the timeframe during which the maximum elevation in MnSOD levels was observed. The magnitude of the delayed protection was equal for cells treated with 4 mM (cytoprotective dose) or 40 μM (non-cytoprotective but anti-mutagenic dose) WR1065, and was comparable to that observed for cells irradiated in the presence of 4 mM WR1065 at the clinically relevant radiation dose of 2 Gy. To determine whether this delayed radioprotective effect could be maintained for a prolonged period of time, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) were treated with 40 μM WR1065 using three administration protocols: (1)Daily drug exposure followed by irradiation with 2 Gy 24 h later, (2) Drug exposure every 48 h followed by irradiation with 2 Gy 48 h later, or (3) Drug exposure every 72 h followed by irradiation with 2 Gy 72 h later. Under the first experimental protocol, significant WR1065-induced protection against cell killing was observed over the entire treatment period (average protection factor = 1.36). Treatment with WR1065 every other day also induced significant protection of cells irradiated with 2 Gy 48 h later (protocol 2) (average protection factor = 1.23). No delayed protection was observed when cells were treated with WR1065 every 72 h and irradiated three days later (protocol 3) (average protection factor = 1.09). The ability of WR1065 to induce a delayed radioprotective effect when administered every 24 - 48 h correlates with the elevation in MnSOD enzyme levels we have previously observed following a single drug exposure. These observations may have important implications in the field of radiation oncology and radioprotection in general. This work was supported by NIH/NCI grant R01 CA99005 and DOE grant DE-FG02-05ER64086 (D.J.G.).
Neural Correlates of Risky Sex and Response Inhibition in High-Risk Adolescents.

Adolescence is a neurodevelopmental period of heightened sexual risk taking. Neuroimaging can help elucidate crucial neurocognitive mechanisms underlying adolescent sexual risk behavior, yet few empirical studies have investigated this neural link. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the association between neurocognitive function during response inhibition-a known correlate of risk behaviors-and frequency of intercourse without a condom among adolescents. We examined the correlation between condom use and fMRI-based Stroop response in a large ethnically diverse sample of high-risk adolescents (n = 171). Partially replicating previous literature, sexual risk was positively correlated with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the middle frontal gyrus during response inhibition, highlighting the relevance of this region during risky sexual decision making within this age group.
Parental retirement timing: the role of unanticipated events in the lives of adult children

Although anecdotal evidence of older parents postponing retirement to financially support their grown children is common, the empirical evidence is scarce. In this paper, we use data from the 1992 to 2010 waves of the Health and Retirement Study to identify a broad set of pivotal events in the lives of adult children. First, we determine whether these events affect subsequent financial transfers from parents to children over multiple years. Next, we determine whether those events that result in subsequent transfers also shift parental retirement expectations. Finally, we quantify the impact of the unexpected children’s events on retirement realizations, moving beyond the correlational analyses in prior literature. Our findings show that a child’s move out of a parental home decreases both expectations and realizations of working after age 65. The magnitude of this effect is similar to that of an own health shock experienced during pre-retirement years.
Was Luigi Cornaro a Dietary Expert

Luigi Cornaro (d. 1566) was a Venetian nobleman whose book De Vita Sobria (On the Temperate Life) was an instant success and has proved to be one of the most long-lasting and influential works of practical medical advice, counseling readers how to live long and healthily. Yet Cornaro was not a physician and his account raises a series of questions about the nature and location of medical expertise. Who can have that expertise? Can you, and should you, be your own physician, and, if so, on what grounds? I situate Cornaro's claims to expertise within a historically specific culture of medical dietetics in which personal experience counted for much. How did certain dietary practices "agree with" individuals? How did personal experience figure in constituting expertise? Was a healthy regime compatible with ordinary civic life and, if not, did it matter? What was the role of precise quantitative measure in prescribing the regime making for health and longevity? I address these questions with respect to Cornaro's historical setting and also in relation to pervasive commentary on his text over the centuries that followed.
“Vem Pra Rua”: Music, Race and Social Media in the Brazilian World Cup Protests of 2013

In Brazil, music and citizenship have long gone hand in hand. Based upon fieldwork in Salvador, Bahia, this article seeks to answer the following question: What is the relationship between Afro-Brazilian percussion, black identity, and youth activism? To address this question, I argue that black-identified music is a unifying tool used by citizens to assert their claims to rights and that in Brazil the demands for said rights cannot be separated from racial and socio-economic dynamics. To support my argument, I present a case study centered on the use of Afro-Brazilian percussion in the Confederations Cup protests of 2013 to illustrate how music is being used in the fight for rights today. I outline the circumstances that gave rise to nationwide demonstrations and provide thick description of two instances of protest I witnessed in Salvador. Next, I dissect a widely dispersed protest song from 2013 within the context of Brazil’s history of protest music. Lastly, I look at the importance of social media in the breadth and scope of this social movement and government response.
Space-Time and Separability: Problems of Identity and Individuation in Fundamental Physics

On 15 June 1935, shortly after the appearance of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paper (Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, 1935), and before he knew that Bohr would himself be publishing a reply (Bohr, 1935), Wolfgang Pauli wrote a long, worried letter to Werner Heisenberg complaining about the damage the paper might do: “Einstein has again expressed himself publicly on quantum mechanics, indeed in the 15 May issue of Physical Review (together with Podolsky and Rosen — no good company, by the way). As is well known, every time that happens it is a catastrophe”. Since the EPR paper was published in an American physics journal, there was a danger, Pauli said, of a “confusion” in American public opinion, and he urged Heisenberg to publish a “pedagogical” reply in the same journal.1
Slaughter Plants: Behavior and Welfare Assessment

The numerical scoring system provides a simple-to-use tool for inspectors, veterinarians, and managers to use for assessing animal welfare in slaughter plants. There is a need to do further research to relate animal behaviors that are easily observed in the slaughter plant to both physiological and brain function measures.
Impact Monitoring in Aerospace Panels via Piezoelectric Rosettes

This paper investigates the monitoring of impact damage in aircraft panels by the measurements of the resulting Acoustic Emissions (AEs) by Piezoelectric Rosettes. It has been recently demonstrated that the Piezoelectric Rosettes are essentially the dynamic equivalent of the Electrical Resistance Strain Gage Rosettes if certain conditions between the AE wavelength and the gage dimensions apply. Therefore, the Piezoelectric Rosettes can extract the principal strain angle of the AE wave, that is the wave propagation direction, without knowledge of the wave velocity. By intersecting two directions, the location of the AE source can be determined by a minimum of two Rosettes. Since no wave velocity is required, the AE source location is more accurate than conventional time-of-flight triangulation for complex structures where the wave velocity changes along different propagation directions (anisotropic materials) or along each propagation direction (tapered or layered geometries). The Piezoelectric Rosettes designed here are comprised of highly-flexible Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) Piezotransducer patches that are conformable to curved surfaces and more durable than monolithic PZT sensors because they are less brittle. In this paper, the MFC Piezoelectric Rosettes are applied to monitoring the progression of damage during “blunt” impact tests of two curved carbon/epoxy composite panels with co-cured stringers and mechanically fastened shear-ties that are highly representative of aircraft fuselage structures. The damage progression was monitored satisfactorily without knowledge of the wave velocity in the panels and outside of certain time windows where the Rosette signals were saturated by the large impact loads. Additional impact tests are being planned to continue the development of this innovative impact monitoring technique.
Clinical responsibility in the age of patient autonomy.

Introduction to the August issue of Virtual Mentor on the theme of problematizing the principle of autonomy. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Equity and Relationship Maintenance in First Marriages and Remarriages

ABSTRACTResearch indicates that individuals in remarriages experience less marital satisfaction than individuals in a first marriage. This study sought to determine whether variations in equity and...
Comparison of Low versus Medium Dose Naloxone Infusion Combined with Patient Controlled Analgesia After Posterior Spinal Fusion and Instrumentation for Adolosecent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

INTRODUCTION: Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) and instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is typically performed when curves progress beyond 50 degrees. Pain is managed postoperatively with intravenous opioids administered by patient controlled analgesia (PCA), which is commonly associated with opioid induced side effects including nausea and pruritus. The use of low dose naloxone, a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, as an infusion in pediatric patients with PCA has been shown to reduce the incidence of opioid-induced pruritus and nausea while preserving analgesia (1-3), although ideal dose is not known. We implemented …
Multifunctional Structures for Attitude Control

A structure for changing the attitude of a spacecraft is provided including an elongated member and a plurality of actuators coupled to the elongated member. The elongated member is coupled to the spacecraft. The elongated member has a length and an angular position relative to an axis. The plurality of actuators are configured to deflect the angular position of the elongated member relative to the axis and to alter the length of the elongated member.
Asset Pricing with Long-Run Risk in Leisure and Consumption

I document that leisure growth is persistent, exhibits strong time-varying volatility, and is negatively correlated with both consumption and dividend growth. These empirical properties motivate the dynamics for the three growth rates as containing a common, persistent expected component, driven by shocks of persistent time-varying volatility following a discrete-time CIR process. I embed these dynamics in a model in which the service of leisure is augmented by aggregate consumption, and identical agents exhibit non-separable Epstein-Zin preferences. The model is able to explain major asset market phenomena. Incorporating leisure considerably reduces the effect of long-run growth risk on asset prices, but introduces strong long-run volatility risk, which accounts for about 77% of equity premium in the model. Consistent with the model implications, leisure growth volatility predicts future excess stock returns with positive and significant slopes.
Flipped Ophthalmology Classroom: A Better Way to Teach Medical Students

Objective While medical education has generally progressed, advancements in ophthalmic education have been minimal. The flipped classroom technique is a research-supported approach to adult learning that encourages active participation. The effectiveness of widely implementing the flipped classroom modality in ophthalmology had not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a flipped classroom, primary care-focused curriculum for medical students in their ophthalmology clerkship. Methods The ophthalmology clerkship curriculum was changed from a traditional, diagnosis-focused, lecture-based system to a chief complaint-based, flipped classroom structure. The study was performed over a 3-year period from 2016 (full traditional lecture-based system) to 2018 (full flipped classroom structure). Medical students' evaluations of the clerkship, recorded lecture viewership, and exam scores were retrospectively reviewed. Cohorts from study years 2016 and 2018 were used to assess knowledge acquisition and the attitudes of learners after implementing a flipped classroom structure. Results The primary care-focused, flipped classroom received a higher clerkship rating than the diagnosis-based traditional classroom (mean 4.18 vs. 3.82, respectively, p = 0.008). Students of the flipped classroom modality found the teaching sessions more valuable, experienced more direct interaction with faculty and residents, regarded the faculty and residents as excellent teachers, and received feedback that helped them assess their individual skills and progress. These improvements were made without changing test performance while only modestly increasing hours spent studying. Conclusion A chief complaint-based, flipped classroom approach to the basic ophthalmology clerkship increased student satisfaction, without changing the amount of knowledge gained. This resulted in more valuable and effective learning experiences for medical students.
Adhesive Bonding Via Exposure to Microwave Radiation and Resulting Mechanical Evaluation

Adhesive bonding/joining through microwave radiation curing has been evaluated as an alternative processing technology. This technique significantly reduces the required curing time for the adhesive while maintaining equivalent physical characteristics as the adhesive material is polymerized (crosslinked). This results in an improvement in the economics of the process. Testing of samples cured via microwave radiation for evaluation of mechanical properties indicated that the obtained values from the single lap-shear test are in the range of the conventionally cured samples. In general, the ultimate tensile strength, {sigma}{sub B}, for the microwave processed samples subjected to this single lap-shear test was slightly higher than for conventionally cured samples. This technology shows promise for being applicable to a wide range of high volume, consumer goods industries, where plastics and polymer composites will be processed.
Monitoring Emerging Issues: A Proposed Approach and Initial Test:

The increasing complexity and uncertainty of the future may stimulate demand for more monitoring emerging issues. Futurists have long advocated for monitoring the future on an ongoing basis or for ...
Developing participation through simulations: A multi-level analysis of situational interest on students’ commitment to vote

Abstract While simulation has been a staple of Social Studies curricula since the 1960s, few current studies have sought to understand the mechanisms behind how simulations may influence students׳ learning and behavior. Learning theories around student engagement – specifically interest development theory (Hidi & Renninger, 2006) – may help explain students' commitment to future political action. To incorporate this theory into the democratic education literature, this study asks: Do situational interest and simulation frequency uniquely contribute to students' commitment to vote in the future? Data included 260 students from 19 classrooms, 9 teachers, in 9 schools, recruited as part of a larger mixed-methods study on Project Based Learning. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) techniques were used to examine the relationship between individual outcomes and predictors across different classrooms and teachers. Analysis of data suggests both frequency of simulations and situational interest directly predict students' commitment to vote but do not uniquely contribute to the outcome. Findings suggest situational interest may play an important role in influencing students׳ learning and future political behavior.
Plasma estrogens in postmenopausal women.

Abstract The concentration of plasma estrone and estradiol was measured in different groups of postmenopausal women; including physiologic menopause, castration menopause, and those who in addition to menopause had diabetes, hypertension, or cardiac disease. The mean values for estrone were 41 pg. per milliliter and for estradiol 13 pg. per milliliter. There was no statistical difference in the levels of plasma estrogen in all groups of postmenopausal women studied. In 3 individuals, studies of estrogens in ovarian vein blood suggested a nonovarian origin of estrogen.
Nuns Behaving Badly: Tales of Music, Magic, Art, and Arson in the Convents of Italy

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Craig A. Monson Year: 2010 Pages: 241 Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 978-0-226-53461-9 (hard cover).
Variability in eruption style and associated very long period events at Fuego volcano, Guatemala

[1] Repeated short-term deployments of seismic, infrasound, video, and gas-emission instruments at Fuego volcano, Guatemala have revealed three types of very long period (VLP) events associated with conduit sealing, pressure accumulation, and release. In 2008, ash-rich explosions issued from a vent on the western flank and produced one type of VLP (Type 1). Impulsive, bomb-rich explosions from the summit vent in 2009 produced a shorter period VLP (Type 2), but also generated ash release. Type 3 VLP events occurred during ash-free exhalations from the summit in 2008 and had waveform shapes similar to Type 2 events. Weak infrasound records for Type 1 explosions compared to Type 2 suggest lower pressures and higher magma porosity for Type 1. Type 3 events correlate with spikes in SO2 emission rate and are driven by partial sealing and rapid release of ash-free gas at the summit vent. Variations in the VLP period may provide a new tool for monitoring conditions within the conduit.
Commentary, Modern International Relations Theory: A Prospectus in Retrospect and Prospect

The author’s 1989 law review article, Modern International Relations Theory: A Prospectus for International Lawyers, 14 Yale J. Int’l L. 335 (1989), is included in the Yale Journal of International Law Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Commemoration collection of commentaries on its most-cited articles, as the most-frequently cited article (tie). This commentary by the author discusses the stage in the evolution of international relations theory at the time of the Prospectus and the continuing debate over greater interdisciplinary engagement between international relations and international law scholarship.
The mechanism of action of progesterone on human myometrium. III. In vitro progesterone effects on potassium flux in human myometrium.

Abstract The effect of progesterone on potassium fluxes in human myometrium has been evaluated. In vitro preparations revealed that progesterone decreased both influx and efflux through myometrial cell membrane.
Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate

AbstractRandom systematic ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate were compared to directed biopsies of specific hypoechoic defects in 136 men with abnormal prostates on digital rectal examination. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 83 of 136 patients (62 per cent). In 80 of 83 individuals (94 per cent) the cancer was detected by random systematic biopsies alone. Of 57 men in whom random systematic and directed biopsies were obtained the results of biopsy agreed in 86 per cent, while in 9 per cent random systematic biopsies found cancers missed by directed biopsies and in 5 per cent directed biopsies diagnosed cancers missed by random systematic prostate biopsies.Ultrasound guided random systematic biopsy is simple and easily learned. When combined with additional directed biopsies of the rare hypoechoic areas not included in the pattern of systematic sampling, it provides a highly accurate means to diagnose prostate cancer, minimizing observer and sampling errors.This technique of prost...
Comparison of analytic and numerical models with commercially available simulation tools for the prediction of semiconductor freeze-out and exhaustion

Currently, commercial software packages, such as available through Silvaco International, are well designed to solve the electron/hole transport problem. This type of calculation is usually required to predict the device IV characteristic. Surprisingly, using the same package, to obtain a temperature dependent plot for majority carrier concentration for a uniform semiconductor requires a somewhat complicated procedure. Our paper will present an efficient novel way of obtaining this curve from the Silvaco International software and compare the results with a proposed one dimensional single-equation analytic model and a numerical model that predict the temperature dependence for majority concentration in all regimes.
Structure in the DC and AC Electric Fields Associated with the Dayside Cusp Region

The cusp region as seen in the AC and DC electric fields is one of intense variation. The intensity peaks within the soft particle precipitation. The only AC signal that appears to be unique to the cusp is broadband ULF-ELF magnetic noise. Other types of emissions are also found at other local times at high latitudes. The pattern of these signals, especially that of ULF-ELF broadband electrostatic noise (BEN), distinguishes the cusp region from other regions. BEN signatures are indicators of magnetosheath-like soft particle precipitation but not necessarily of open field lines. In addition, large spike-like features in the DC electric field are seen near local magnetic noon which appear to be related to the large convective electric fields that have been observed at the magnetopause. These features are not necessarily tied to convection reversals, but may appear within broader regions of zonal convective flow.
On the Huang class of variable metric methods

Several authors have created one-parameter families of variable metric methods for function minimization. These families contain the methods known as Davidon-Fletcher-Powell, Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno, and symmetric rank one. It is shown here that the same one-parameter families of methods are obtained from the Huang update by requiring the update to be symmetric.
Universal Extra Dimensions

Extra dimensions in which all particles propagate are called universal. These lecture notes present the basics of field theory in a compact dimension with flat metric, as well as the hadron collider phenomenology of universal extra dimensions.
Reproductive hormonal profiles of endurance-trained and untrained males.

This study compares the resting reproductive hormonal profiles of untrained (N = 11) and endurance-trained (N = 11) males. Testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay in resting blood samples (8 h fast) collected every 60 min for 4 h. The endurance-trained group had been active for (mean +/- SE) 12.4 +/- 6.7 yr, 6.6 +/- 0.2 d.wk-1, 68.5 +/- 4.4 min.d-1, while the untrained group was sedentary. Neither group had histories of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular disorders. The overall 4 h mean testosterone and free testosterone levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the trained group (4.99 +/- 0.46 vs 7.25 +/- 0.67 ng.ml-1, and 17.2 +/- 1.4 vs 23.6 +/- 0.6 pg.ml-1, for the trained and untrained groups, respectively). The LH of the endurance-trained group was higher (15.3 +/- 1.9 vs 11.7 +/- 1.2 mIU.ml-1, P = 0.06); however, LH pulse frequency and amplitude did not differ between groups. An enhanced estradiol feedback to the hypothalamus-pituitary could not account for the elevated LH, as estradiol levels were similar in the groups. Prolactin and cortisol levels were normal and did not differ between groups. The results suggested normal hypothalamic-pituitary function existed in the trained subjects, and prolactin and cortisol were not causative factors in the lowered resting testosterone and free testosterone levels. The findings indicate that chronic endurance training lowers testosterone and free testosterone in males possibly by impairing testicular function.
Neutrino Mass Experiment at The University of Texas at Austin (NEXTEX)

NEXTEX is the next generation experiment designed to determine the electron antineutrino mass to at least 0.5 eV. The experiment is based on the shape of the beta endpoint energy spectrum from gaseous tritium molecules. Two high throughput electrostatic differential electron analyzers coupled with spherical deflection accelerator are key components of the apparatus. The voltages at the electrodes of the spectrometers ultimately determine the energy of the electrons reaching the detector. The correlations between voltages and the energy of the transmitted electrons will be calibrated with diffraction on the T 2 gas of electrons emitted from the auxiliary gun. The coherent electron diffraction pattern from T 2 will provide a series of calibration markers for the spectrum with uncertainties better than 100 mV. Extremely low background count-rates from cosmic rates of less than one count a day at the detector has been already demonstrated. A numerical model predicts residual background from tritium sources of few counts per day. The tritium source and its recycling system is designed to prevent the formation of HT to better than 1% during the fiduciary runs.
The variability and inaccuracy of medical data

Medical data are defined and collected with a marked degree of variability and inaccuracy. The taking of a medical history, the performance of the physical examination, the interpretation of laboratory tests, even the definition of diseases, are surprisingly inexact. We consider the implications of this reality for computerized medical information systems, quantitative techniques for medical diagnosis, and the evaluation of bioengineering technology.
Probabilistic Information Processing Systems: Design and Evaluation

A Probabilistic Information Processing System (PIP) uses men and machines in a novel way to perform diagnostic information processing. Men estimate likelihood ratios for each datum and each pair of hypotheses under consideration or a sufficient subset of these pairs. A computer aggregates these estimates by means of Bayes' theorem of probability theory into a posterior distribution that reflects the impact of all available data on all hypotheses being considered. Such a system circumvents human conservatism in information processing, the inability of men to aggregate information in such a way as to modify their opinions as much as the available data justify. It also fragments the job of evaluating diagnostic information into small separable tasks. The posterior distributions that are a PIP's output may be used as a guide to human decision making or may be combined with a payoff matrix to make decisions by means of the principle of maximizing expected value. A large simulation-type experiment compared a PIP with three other information processing systems in a simulated strategic war setting of the 1970's. The difference between PIP and its competitors was that in PIP the information was aggregated by computer, while in the other three systems, the operators aggregated the information in their heads. PIP processed the information dramatically more efficiently than did any competitor. Data that would lead PIP to give 99:1 odds in favor of a hypothesis led the next best system to give 4?: 1 odds.
Circular stapled rectal stricturoplasty with the Proximate® intraluminal stapler

PURPOSE: Benign rectal strictures arise from a variety of causes, and numerous techniques have been developed to deal with them. When even the most innovative methods of stricture treatment fail, major resection may be required. An alternative to resection is desirable. METHODS: A case is presented in which the Proximate®curved intraluminal stapler was used to perform successful stricturoplasty of a low rectal stricture when other methods failed. RESULTS: Circular stapled rectal stricturoplasty provided a wide lumen, minimized perforation risk, and preserved continence. CONCLUSION: Circular stapled rectal stricturoplasty is an option to consider when other treatments for rectal stricture fail.
Characteristics of muscimol accumulation in mouse brain after systemic administration.

Abstract Studies on the chemical characteristics of tritiated substances accumulated in mouse brain and heart after intravenous administration of 3 H-muscimol indicate that the bulk of this agent is chemically modified in the periphery with only a small amount (0.02%) of unchanged substance reaching the brain. In vivo competition experiments using unlabeled muscimol and bicuculline suggest that the 3 H-muscimol present in the brain may not be specifically localized to synaptic GABA receptor sites. Comparison of 3 H-muscimol, 3 H-GABA and 3 H-phenobarbital accumulation reveals that muscimol and GABA penetrate the brain to a similar extent which is at least an order of magnitude less than phenobarbital. Chloroform/water partition coefficients of these three compounds indicate that GABA and muscimol have similar relative lipid solubilities, being 300 times less lipophilic than phenobarbital. These results suggest that the behavioral and biochemical effects observed after the systemic administration of muscimol may not be solely due to the presence of muscimol in brain, but rather may be related to the combined action of muscimol and some derivative or to the derivative alone.
Withdrawing support for withdrawing support from premature infants with severe intracranial hemorrhage.

To the Editor. — The active withdrawal of life support from premature infants with severe intracranial hemorrhage based on quality-of-life (QoL) concerns is rare in the United States, occurring in <5% of cases in which care is actively withdrawn.1 It does occur, however, and is potentially supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics statement “Noninitiation or Withdrawal of Intensive Care for High-Risk Newborns.”2 According to this statement, a decision to withdraw care may be justified for cases in which the “prognosis is uncertain but likely to be very poor …
Concentrations of five biogenic amines in Czech beers and factors affecting their formation

Abstract Biogenic amines in beer and in solid raw materials were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method as N -benzamides. In a survey of 78 proprietary bottled bottom-fermented lager beers from 32 Czech breweries, mean concentrations were 0.55, 1.21, 6.85, 8.84 and 12.9 mg/l and standard deviations 1.08, 1.46, 5.19, 7.06 and 12.3 mg litre −1 for histamine, tryptamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine, respectively. No significant differences were observed between beer types (pale/dark, original extract of wort 10%/12%) and amine concentrations. Testing three batches for changes in the amine concentration during the brewing process showed that the formation of amines occurred principally during the main fermentation.
Power optimization of an endoreversible Brayton gas heat engine

Abstract The power output of a simple endoreversible Brayton gas heat engine is analyzed and optimized. The endoreversible engine is defined as a power cycle in which the two processes of heat transfer from and to the surrounding heat reservoirs are the only irreversible processes in the Brayton cycle. A mathematical expression is derived for the power output of the irreversible heat engine. The power optimization provides the basis for designing a real gas heat engine and for a performance comparison with existing Brayton power plants.
MODEL REDUCTION FOR SYSTEMS WITH INTEGRATORS

The reduction algorithm for systems with integrators is derived. The algorithm is based on balancing the antigrammians and has the same computational effectiveness as the regular balancing procedure. It was applied to the reduction of the NASA Deep Space Network antenna model. As a result, the 90-state model has been reduced to a 27-state model, which preserves the full-model properties.
Heat switches for ADRs

Heat switches are key elements in the cyclic operation of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADRs). Several of the types of heat switches that have been used for ADRs are described in this paper. Key elements in selection and design of these switches include not only ON/OFF switching ratio, but also method of actuation, size, weight, and structural soundness. Some of the trade-off are detailed in this paper.
ODIN: A Model for Adapting and Enriching Legacy Infrastructure

The Online Database of Interlinear Text (ODIN)1 is a database of interlinear text "snippets", harvested mostly from scholarly documents posted to theWeb. Although large amounts of language data are posted to the Web as part of scholarly discourse, making the existing "e-Linguistic infrastructure" surprisingly rich, most linguistic data available on the Web exists in legacy formats, is highly displaycentric, and is often difficult to locate or interoperate over. ODIN seeks to leverage this existing infrastructure into a rich, searchable, and interoperable resource by converting readily available semi-structured data to content-centric, searchable formats. To do this, ODIN mines scholarly papers and webpages for instances of linguistic data, focusing mostly on interlinear texts, extracts them, identifies source languages, and makes the instances available to search. Through ODIN?s standard search feature, users can locate data by language name or Ethnologue code, and display lists of data by document for languages of interest. The newer Advanced Search feature allows users to locate instances by grammatical markup that is used (e.g., NOM, ACC, ERG, PST, 3SG), and by linguistic constructions (e.g., passives, conditionals, possessives, raising constructions, etc.). The latter are made possible through additional enrichment of discovered data using automated statistical taggers and parsers.
Commerce with Criminals: The New Colonialism in Criminal Justice

This article examines the reappearance of for-profit imprisonment in the US by focusing specifically on the racial and colonialistic history of imprisonment for private profit in America. The article documents that during the two periods of American history in which corrections policy facilitated wholesale private profit through imprisonment, first during the proprietary operation of the convict lease system in the mid 1860s and again today (since the mid-1980s), incarceration of disproportionately large numbers of African American men has been the industry's chief source of revenue. The article demonstrates a renewed focus on African American crime as the chief source of private profit in today's second era of African American mass imprisonment. The article notes the return of a transnational system of commerce capitalizing on economically and politically dispossessed prisoners for its coercive system of economic production.