cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does urbanization favour exotic bee species? Implications for the conservation of native bees in cities

A growing body of research indicates that cities can support diverse bee communities. However, urbanization may disproportionately benefit exotic bees, potentially to the detriment of native species. We examined the influence of urbanization on exotic and native bees using two datasets from Michigan, USA. We found that urbanization positively influenced exotic-but not native-bee abundance and richness, and that this association could not be explained by proximity to international ports of entry, prevalence of exotic flora or urban warming. We found a negative relationship between native and exotic bee abundance at sites with high total bee abundance, suggesting that exotic bees may negatively affect native bee populations. These effects were not driven by the numerically dominant exotic honeybee, but rather by other exotic bees. Our findings complicate the emerging paradigm of cities as key sites for pollinator conservation.
ABNORMAL FLOWER AND GRAIN 1 encodes OsMADS6 and determines palea identity and affects rice grain yield and quality

The palea and lemma are floral organ structures unique to grasses; these structures form the hull and directly affect grain size and quality. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the development of the hull are not well understood. In this study, we characterized the rice (Oryza sativa) abnormal flower and grain1 (afg1) mutant, a new allele of OsMADS6. Similar to previously characterized osmads6 alleles, in the afg1 floret, the palea lost its marginal region and acquired the lemma identity. However, in contrast to other osmads6 alleles, the afg1 mutant showed altered grain size and grain quality, with decreased total starch and amylose contents, and increased protein and soluble sugar contents. The analysis of transcriptional activity suggested that AFG1 is a transcriptional activator and may affect grain size by regulating the expression levels of several genes related to cell expansion and proliferation in the afg1 mutant. These results revealed that AFG1 plays an important role in determining palea identity and affecting grain yield and quality in rice.
Authors’ reply to comment on antidotal use of lipid emulsion

Dear Editor,We appreciate the response by members of the Lipid Emulsion Working Group, although our esteemed correspondents inadvertently perceived criticism where we intended none.We agree that th...
Nitrogen Assessment of Shallow Florida Histosols

The soils of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) are mainly organic soils (Histosols), and their artificial drainage promoted aeration and resulted in soil subsidence. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)...
Credit Cards as a Market Instrument: Consumer Understanding and Use

This chapter provides an overview of the credit card market in the United States with an emphasis on consumer understanding and utilization. An overview of the development of the credit card market in the United States is presented along with a discussion of credit cards as financial instruments. This is followed by a review of (1) spending behavior and (2) evidence regarding the impact of financial knowledge in credit card use behavior. Finally, recent legislative changes are considered.
Abstract 1177: Insurance status and racial disparities in mortality for black and white head and neck cancer patients in the United States

Historically, and currently, black males have the highest mortality rates of any demographic group defined by race plus gender. Even though incidence has dropped for all demographic groups, and survival has improved as well, black males still bare a disproportionate burden of mortality. It has been reported that even when controlling for variables associated with prognosis, including socioeconomic status, black males still die at higher rates than white males. The question is whether this is true when one focuses on patients in lower socioeconomic groups where baseline health is poor for both blacks and whites. We hypothesized that patients in the lowest socioeconomic tertile would have a life expectancy that was significantly reduced compared to those of higher socioeconomic tertiles regardless of race, tumor grade, age at diagnosis, insurance status, anatomic subsite of the cancer and HPV status (all factors associated with prognosis). Towards answering this question, we analyzed de-identified data from a customized head and neck cancer dataset with HPV status, additional cancer treatment fields and census tract SES subset recode, from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database that tracked patients diagnosed with HNSCC from 2010-2016. This retrospective cohort multivariate analysis utilized survival analysis methods such as Kaplan-Meier survival, hazard curves, regression, and the hypertabastic survival method, to analyze the survival time of our patients. Cross-tabulation between the registry SES tertile and race shows significance (p Citation Format: Dana R. Marshall, Joycemary Amponsem, Billy R. Ballard, Mohammed A. El Kadmiri, Young J. Kim, Derek Wilus, Mohammad A. Tabatabai. Insurance status and racial disparities in mortality for black and white head and neck cancer patients in the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1177.
Revealing the Pastoral Church Through Elderly Care

This chapter follows Nanping Christians outside of their places of worship in order to examine how they interact with the surrounding society. I focus on one collective, costly, and growing social involvement of Chinese Christians: the opening of church-run homes for the elderly. By exploring how Christians financially create, legally justify, and concretely manage their elderly homes year after year, the chapter reveals that they operate under the umbrella of two specific entities, distinct but paired, that channel their entire action. It is the Church and the pastoral clergy. I argue that, through their social engagement, Nanping Christians co-act under the specific governance of their pastors, the Christian clergy, and create a semi-transcendent being standing within and beyond their networks, the Church.
Publication Non Grata: The Challenge of Publishing Non-COVID-19 Research in the COVID Era

Objectives We aimed to determine publication trends in leading clinical research journals (impact factor >20) during the rise of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to check for an increase in publication times of non-COVID-19 original research articles. Methods We collected publication data from five print-based medical journals and one online journal--JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, The Lancet (Lancet), The New England Journal of Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, The BMJ (BMJ), and BMC Medicine (BMC Med)--for the December 2019 through May 2020 period. We categorized each article as either "COVID-19-related" or "non-COVID-19-related". When available, we further extracted data on submission-to-acceptance dates and acceptance-to-publication dates for original research articles for the January through July 2019 and January through July 2020 periods. We compared the time from submission to publication for non-COVID-19 original research articles during the two periods and tested for statistical significance with a one-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results We found that non-COVID-19-related articles began decreasing in volume as COVID-19-related articles increased. In BMJ and Lancet, the COVID-19-related articles began overtaking the non-COVID-19-related articles in number during April and May 2020. However, COVID-19-related primary research articles only began consistently appearing in journal issues during May 2020. Only BMJ and BMC Med publicly recorded complete data regarding their publication timelines. After removing outliers, we found that the mean time from submission to publication for articles published in BMJ from January through July 2019 was 204 days (median: 194 days; IQR: 163-236), and from January through July 2020 was 223 days (median: 218 days; IQR: 177-261) (p=0.04). In BMC Med, the mean time from submission to publication from February through July 2019 was 153 days (median: 150 days; IQR: 123-181), and from February through July 2020 was 163 days (median: 157 days; IQR: 132-191) (p=0.06). Conclusion: We discovered a steadily increasing trend in the percentage of COVID-19-related articles and a concomitant decreasing trend in the percentage of non-COVID-19-related articles published in high-impact print journals during the period from December 2019 through May 2020. For non-COVID-19-related articles published in BMJ, we found a statistically significant increase upon comparing the submission-to-publication times for the period from January through July 2020 with the submission-to-publication times for the period from January through July 2019.
Advancing Public Interest Practitioner Research Skills in Legal Education

The information revolution has dramatically altered the legal research landscape, expanding the bounds of legal authority. Practitioner research requires more than traditional legal research. It also encompasses factual investigation, non-legal information, interdisciplinary and audience research. Many new lawyers are ill-prepared to research novel and unusual situations, to cope with unwritten laws and local customs, and to meet shifting authority expectations. Symptoms of underdeveloped research skills include: unfamiliarity with specialized practitioner resources, lack of vision in connecting research to problem solving, and superficial analysis. This article suggests law librarian and clinical faculty collaborations to help prepare law students to conduct sophisticated practitioner research. Clinical courses, because they closely resemble law practice, provide context for enriching law students' research skills. Law librarians who teach advanced legal research courses have the expertise and tools for providing customized advanced research instruction in clinical courses. Sample advanced legal research course materials and a recommended clinical research instruction module are provided. Aspiring public interest lawyers must also be aware of the research environment they will encounter and the importance of promoting and protecting community information resources. Accordingly, the advanced research instruction this article recommends also seeks to spur reform by increasing public interest lawyers' awareness of inequitable research conditions affecting their clients.
The Effects of Volunteering for Nonprofit Organizations on Social Capital Formation: Evidence from a Statewide Survey

As membership in civic organizations declines in the United States, could volunteering for nonprofit organizations be an alternative source of social capital formation? After theoretically connecting volunteering with social capital using a household production framework, the authors then use a unique data set from Vermont to estimate the determinants of the probability of receiving a social capital benefit and the level of such a benefit. The probability of receiving a social capital benefit from one's most important nonprofit organization is increased: (a) if it is a religious or social service organization, (b) if one increases their volunteering for the organization, and (c) if one is female, college educated, or in a two-parent family. However, the relative magnitude of volunteering is similar, or relatively small, compared to the other significant determinants. An increase of volunteer hours does increase levels of social capital; however, the magnitude of this effect is also relatively small.
Spatial variability of soybean quality data as a function of field topography: I. Spatial data analysis

Analysis and quantitative characterization of the spatial variability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] protein and oil concentrations is an important task for site-specific soybean management. The objectives of this study were to spatially characterize the variability of soybean protein and oil concentrations in five fields of central Illinois, and to determine the influence of field topographical features, such as elevation range, terrain slope, and terrain curvature, on soybean protein and oil concentrations and their distributions within the studied fields. More than 200 samples for soybean quality analysis were collected from each of the three studied fields in fall of 1998, and from each of the two fields in fall of 1999. Dense elevation measurements were taken on each of the fields and topographical features, such as slope and curvature, were derived from the elevation data using the geographic information system (GIS). Both protein and oil concentrations were spatially correlated in all the studied fields as indicated by variograms. Field topography strongly affected soybean quality; however, its influence depended on the weather conditions during the growing seasons. Higher protein was observed at higher elevation sites, as well as at sites with higher slopes and convex curvatures during growing seasons with sufficient or excessive precipitation, while lower proteins were observed at such topographical conditions when the growing season was dry. Ranges of spatial cross-correlation between protein concentrations and elevation were related to the ranges and changes in shape of the elevation variograms, suggesting that spatial variability of field elevation can be used as an indicator of the spatial distribution of high protein or oil soybeans.
Learning and Using Abstractions for Robot Planning

Robot motion planning involves computing a sequence of valid robot configurations that take the robot from its initial state to a goal state. Solving a motion planning problem optimally using analytical methods is proven to be PSPACE-Hard. Sampling-based approaches have tried to approximate the optimal solution efficiently. Generally, sampling-based planners use uniform samplers to cover the entire state space. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based framework that identifies robot configurations in the environment that are important to solve the given motion planning problem. These states are used to bias the sampling distribution in order to reduce the planning time. Our approach works with a unified network and generates domain-dependent network parameters based on the environment and the robot. We evaluate our approach with Learn and Link planner in three different settings. Results show significant improvement in motion planning times when compared with current sampling-based motion planners.
A 25 Year Old Woman with Excess Sweating

A 25-year-old woman presents for evaluation of excess sweating of her armpits. She notes that for the past 3 years, she has been experiencing a chronic underarm dampness that is not well-controlled by any over-the-counter antiperspirant (she states that she has “tried them all”). She describes her problem as sweaty but not malodorous. She states that she often has to change her blouse in the middle of the day. She is frequently embarrassed in public situations and has been increasingly avoiding friends and even loved ones, which subsequently makes her feel anxious and depressed. She denies any other symptoms including fevers, weight loss, palpitations, headaches, or tremors. Her past medical history is negative and she denies any medications or allergies. She takes a daily multivitamin but denies any other vitamins or supplements. Her menses are monthly and normal.
The Effects of Aid on Rights and Governance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Does foreign aid promote good governance in recipient countries? We help arbitrate the debate over this question by leveraging a novel source of exogeneity: the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union. We find that when a country's former colonizer is the president of the Council of the European Union during the budget-making process, the country is allocated considerably more foreign aid than are countries whose former colonizer does not hold the presidency. Using instrumental variables estimation, we demonstrate that this aid has positive effects on multiple measures of human rights and governance, although the effects are short-lived after the shock to aid dissipates. We then disaggregate aid flows, present evidence for the causal mechanism at work, and offer directions for future advances.
REMEMBERING THE FUTURE

The rhetorical function of the future in Christian Zionists' commemoration of Israel is a core component of their collective memory. As a discursive act, commemoration typically involves a remembering of the past. Based on an analysis of a corpus of US Christian Zionist texts from 1934 to 2010, I argue that a sort of commemorating and remembering of the future takes place, which silences alternative future worlds and possibilities that discord with Christian Zionist ideologies. These texts exhibit a concern with the future that is rooted in a particularized narrative in order to validate Christian Zionist understandings of the role of Israel in human history. Thus, for Christian Zionists, remembering the future is a strategic resource for constructing specific expectations about Israel. Moreover, I argue that these expectations inform how discourse participants assign meaning to the present by forming biased mental models of Israel and manipulating social cognition.
Chapter 22 Cytometry of caspases

Publisher Summary Caspases are initially found as inactive proteins called zymogens and must be cleaved to become active effectors in the death cascade. Active cleaved products can now specifically cleave other zymogens to create a cascade of enzymatic reactions. Much effort is presently directed toward unraveling the sequence of events in cell death signaling. Flow cytometric applications have been developed to aid in identifying the sequence of caspase activation and for monitoring cell death responses to the effects of specific caspases. One method employs the use of caspase peptide inhibitors that pass through the cell membrane of living cells to block caspase activity. A second method utilizes unique fluorogenic substrates to identify activation of specific caspases. Synthetic substrates having specificity for a single enzyme will pass through the cell membrane of living cells, and once inside the cell, enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate frees a fluorescent dye that accumulates in the cell, with the intensity of fluorescence proportional to the activity of the specific enzyme.
Language and Mind: Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: past

One difficulty in the psychological sciences lies in the familiarity of the phenomena with which they deal. A certain intellectual effort is required to see how such phenomena can pose serious problems or call for intricate explanatory theories. One is inclined to take them for granted as necessary or somehow “natural.” The effects of this familiarity of phenomena have often been discussed. Wolfgang Kohler, for example, has suggested that psychologists do not open up “entirely new territories” in the manner of the natural sciences, “simply because man was acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology … because at the very beginning of their work there were no entirely unknown mental facts left which they could have discovered.” The most elementary discoveries of classical physics have a certain shock value – man has no intuition about elliptical orbits or the gravitational constant. But “mental facts” of even a much deeper sort cannot be “discovered” by the psychologist, because they are a matter of intuitive acquaintance and, once pointed out, are obvious. There is also a more subtle effect. Phenomena can be so familiar that we really do not see them at all, a matter that has been much discussed by literary theorists and philosophers. For example, Viktor Shklovskij in the early 1920s developed the idea that the function of poetic art is that of “making strange” the object depicted.
Operant control of epileptic neurons in chronic foci of monkeys

Abstract (1) Six Macaca mulatta monkeys were rendered chronically epileptic by subpial alumina injection in left percentral cortex. The monkeys were then trained to operantly control the firing patterns of single units from the epileptic focus and contralatral homotopic cortex using a standardized operant paradigm. In 30 experiments, units were recorded simulataneously from both hemispheres. (2) For epileptic and normal neurons, there are no consistent relationships between cortical EEG spikes and unit firing. (3) Previous parameters for quantifying single unit epileptogenicity are not adequate for defining the complex spectrum and relative degree of unit abnormalities within the chronic focus. A primary difference between normal and epileptic neurons is that monkeys can modify the firing pattern and rate of the former but can modify, only slightly, the integrated firing rate of the latter. (4) A previously described ‘non-burst’ epileptiform firing pattern consisting of 8–18 msec doublets is investigated in further detail. This pattern may represent units along a continuum between normalcy and long-first-interval burst firing. (5) The majority of epileptic units' firing patterns become more normal when the monkey is reinforced to control the firing pattern of a contralateral unit. Then, if the monkey is reinforced to control the epileptic unit, subtle abnormal firing patterns become more apparent. Therefore, the firing patterns of epileptic units are effected in two ways: the non-specific effect of alerting to the operant task, and the more specific effect that accompanies the monkey's attempts to attain reinforcement when it is contingent on the behavior of the specific neuron. (6) Although epileptiform EEG spikes are projected to homotopic contralaterl precentral cortex, there is no evidence to suggest that single units within such cortex fire in patterns correlative with intrinsic epileptogenic burst generating properties. Therefore, if the ‘mirror focus’ is defined as cortex which has become autonomously epileptogenic secondary to persistent transsynaptic activity from a primary focus, these data do not support the concept that mirror foci develop in primate precentral cortex.
Magnetic Properties of Neodymium Single Crystals

Magnetic measurements have been made on single crystals of neodymium which were grown by the Bridgman technique. At 20.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and above, the susceptibility obtained with the field perpendicular to the ${c}_{0}$ axis of the hexagonal crystal is greater than that obtained with the field parallel to the ${c}_{0}$ axis. In this same temperature range no anisotropy is observed in the basal plane. At 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K antiferromagnetic ordering is indicated by the data and magnetic anisotropy in the basal plane is observed.
Trabecular bone architecture in the pathogenesis and prevention of fracture

Rapid loss of trabecular bone (as after menopause) occurs by complete removal of some structural elements, leaving those that remain more widely separated and less well connected. The most likely cellular mechanism is an increase in the number of resorption cavities deep enough to lead to focal perforation of trabecular plates, either as a non-specific consequence of increased remodeling activation, or as a specific consequence (direct or indirect) of estrogen deficiency. Disruption of the connections between structural elements produces a disproportionate loss of strength, for which the increased thickness of the remaining trabeculae can only partly compensate. Consequently, the most biomechanically significant component of trabecular bone loss occurs rapidly and irreversibly. This emphasizes the importance of prevention, but no treatment except estrogen replacement is of proven efficacy in preventing estrogen-dependent bone loss. For adequate repair of structural damage after it has been allowed to occur, adding bone to existing surfaces may be insufficient, and it may be necessary to devise some means of forming new bone directly in the bone marrow cavity in order to re-establish normal connectivity.
Photoluminescence and electronic interaction of anthracene derivatives adsorbed on sidewalls of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Dye molecules (anthracene derivatives) are observed to strongly adsorb to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The adsorption coverage of anthracene molecules on SWNTs varied with the aromatic ring substituents. The observed red shifts of emission peaks of the absorptive adduct appear to depend on the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the adsorbate, consistent with adsorption by a charge-transfer interaction, in which the SWNT is electron donor and anthracene is acceptor. The anthracene absorptive adducts can be displaced by adsorption of pyrene.
N-Tosyl-l-phenylalanine Chloromethyl Ketone, a Serine Protease Inhibitor, Identifies Glutamate 398 at the Coenzyme-Binding Site of Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase. Evidence for a Second “Naked Anion” at the Active Site†

Human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes were inactivated by N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), an inhibitor of chymotrypsin. The inactivation was a first-order process that followed saturation kinetics. NAD and chloral when used together protected against inactivation. In steady-state kinetics, TPCK produced only slope effects versus varied NAD, both slope and intercept effects versus varied glycolaldehyde were produced, indicating that TPCK reacted with the same enzyme form with which NAD reacted. Ki values from steady-state kinetics and saturation kinetics were comparable. Use of [3H]-labeled TPCK showed that inactivation was associated with the incorporation of two molecules of TPCK per molecule of enzyme. The label incorporation occurred into a single tryptic peptide and also into a single chymotryptic peptide of the E1 isozyme. Purification of labeled peptides, followed by sequencing, demonstrated that E398 of aldehyde dehydrogenase was labeled. Reaction of a haloketone, TPCK, with a carboxyl group of E398 indicates that E398 occurs as a "naked anion" within the molecule. This paper constitutes identification of the second (after E268) "naked anion" at the active site of aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Synovial fluid characteristics and the lupus erythematosus cell phenomenon in drug‐induced lupus. Findings in three patients and review of pertinent literature

The characteristics of synovial fluid obtained from 3 patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus are described. Two patients had "inflammatory" counts of synovial leukocytes, in the range of 2,500-39,000/mm3, with mononuclear predominance in 1 patient and neutrophil predominance in the other. The third patient had "noninflammatory" fluid, with mononuclear predominance. Lupus erythematosus cells formed in vivo were observed in the synovial fluid of 2 of the patients. Biopsy of the synovium of 1 patient showed nonspecific chronic inflammatory changes. Our findings in these patients with drug-induced lupus are indistinguishable from those previously described in patients with idiopathic lupus erythematosus.
Endovascular obliteration of in situ saphenous vein arteriovenous fistulas during tibial bypass

Current methods of ligating venous branches during in situ vein tibial bypass are associated with significant wound complications, especially in diabetics. Making only proximal and distal wound incisions could avoid these wound problems. We report the use of endovascular techniques with coils and balloons guided by intraoperative arteriography and angioscopy to obliterate arteriovenous (AV) fistulas in three elderly diabetic patients undergoing tibial bypass. In all cases the proximal and distal vessels were first isolated and deemed suitable for bypass. The greater saphenous vein was prepared for the proximal and distal anastomosis, and angioscopically guided valvulotomy was performed. An introducer sheath was placed through a large proximal saphenous side branch for vascular access. With the use of fluoroscopy, AV fistulas were serially identified and cannulated with a guidewire. A guide catheter, passed over the wire into the side branch, served as the conduit through which coils and balloons were placed. Proximal and distal anastomoses were completed and arteriography performed. We were successful in obliterating AV fistulas in all three patients, but completion arteriography revealed additional AV fistulas requiring surgical ligation in two patients. Furthermore, operative time was increased by 1 1/2 to 5 hours. Two of three patients had wound infections, one at the proximal and one at the distal incision. All patients were discharged with a functioning bypass and no AV fistulas were seen on duplex scans. Endovascular obliteration of AV fistulas is feasible but is currently limited by prolonged operative time and incomplete obliteration.
Time-Reversed Internal-Source Holography

We have derived an expression for incident-beam-induced fine structures at a local site. We show that using time-reversal arguments, local incident-beam-induced fine structures are equivalent to photoelectron holography with an isotropic reference wave. We suggest that positron-beam-induced desorption or Auger fine structures offer attractive alternatives to using electron beams because the positron-atom scattering factor contains less angular anisortropy and the multiple scattering is weaker.
The [un]spoken challenges of administrator collaboration: An exploration of one district leadership team’s use of protocols to promote reflection and shared theories of action

This article explores the use of protocol-structured dialogue in promoting reflective practices and shared theories of action within a district leadership team. Protocols have been used to make individuals’ theories of action visible and subject to evaluation. This is important for leaders trying to establish coherence across a system; in order to establish coherence, individuals on leadership teams need to be able to surface, test, and sharpen and align their internal pictures of how change works. The author draws on qualitative data from a year-long study of one team as it prepared to implement a capacity-building initiative that would promote collaboration and reflection in schools across the district. Findings illustrate how, as administrators experimented with reflective practice using protocols, divergent theories of leadership’s role in setting a clear direction for school-based reflection emerged, with principals looking for district-wide goals to drive school-based reflection and the superintendent looking to leave decisions about goals to individual school leaders. Our findings suggest that the team’s capacity for aligning these theories was limited because protocol-structured dialogue was carried out as a generic problem-solving exercise. As such, it did not promote visible, productive reasoning in the system’s formal leader, the district superintendent. Moreover, protocol-structured discussion did not mediate the problematic effects of formal authority distinctions or longstanding relationships within the administrative leadership team.
Environmental planning and management: The need for an integrative perspective

Effective integration and implementation of environmental policies is directly related to the effectiveness of environmental management. Developing more effective environmental policy and programs requires coordinating the many factors related to environmental quality. The purpose of this paper is to point out the differences in perceptions and attributes of two operating groups in society: the technologists and the ecologists. Furthermore, an attempt is made to explain the need for effective environmental management and to suggest that only when such a role is fully institutionalized will decision makers have the impetus to take both the present and the future into consideration. Only by developing an understanding of the tools used by all groups working in the environmental arena will the environmental manager be able to provide both short- and longrange perspectives. By using these perspectives, the environmental manager will be able to mold environmental factors into operational policies and objectives.
Disseminated disease severity as a measure of virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the guinea pig model

Virulence is the measure of pathogenicity of a microorganism as determined by its ability to invade host tissues and to produce severe disease. In the low-dose aerosol guinea pig model the virulence of multiple strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined by measuring time of survival, bacterial loads in target organs, and the severity of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lesions. Erdman K01, CSU93/CDC1551 and HN878 had shorter survival times compared to the common laboratory strain H37Rv. After 30 days of the infection bacilli had disseminated from the lungs resulting in microscopically visible lesions in peribronchial lymph nodes, peripancreatic lymph nodes, spleen, liver, pancreas, adrenal and heart. The extent of the lesion necrosis paralleled virulence when survival times were used as a measure as Erdman K01 and the two clinical isolates caused more necrosis and resulted in sooner death in infected animals than the H37Rv. The extent of extra-pulmonary lesion necrosis was a better predictor of virulence than the number of viable bacilli in the tissue. Overall, this study emphasizes the point that extra-pulmonary disease is a prominent feature of the guinea pig model and dissemination to organs not normally assayed such as the heart and adrenal glands should be taken into account in the assessment of the disease process.
The structure of creative cognition in the human brain

Creativity is a vast construct, seemingly intractable to scientific inquiry – perhaps due to the vague concepts applied to the field of research. One attempt to limit the purview of creative cognition formulates the construct in terms of evolutionary constraints, namely that of blind variation and selective retention (BVSR). Behaviorally, one can limit the “blind variation” component to idea generation tests as manifested by measures of divergent thinking. The “selective retention” component can be represented by measures of convergent thinking, as represented by measures of remote associates. We summarize results from measures of creative cognition, correlated with structural neuroimaging measures including structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), and proton magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRS). We also review lesion studies, considered to be the “gold standard” of brain-behavioral studies. What emerges is a picture consistent with theories of disinhibitory brain features subserving creative cognition, as described previously (Martindale, 1981). We provide a perspective, involving aspects of the default mode network, which might provide a “first approximation” regarding how creative cognition might map on to the human brain.
Control of bacteriophage P2 protein and DNA synthesis.

Abstract The product of P2 early gene B has been identified as a protein of 18,700 daltons molecular weight, using SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The B protein is made in relatively large amounts: approximately 40,000 copies in each infected cell. The requirement for both the A and B genes in late protein synthesis and in DNA replication was studied: 15 min after infection (latent period 45 min) sufficient quantities of early protein have been synthesized to allow normal amounts of P2 DNA synthesis. However, the activities of the A and B gene products are required throughout infection for the continuation of DNA synthesis. The requirement for genes A and B in synthesis of late proteins is demonstrated by the failure of late proteins to appear in cells infected with amber mutants in these genes. In normal infection, P2 late proteins appear almost simultaneously, indicating that transcription is probably initiated separately from the four transcription units QP ONMLKRS, VJHG and FETUD . The early protein B continues to be synthesized durinG the late stages of infection, suggesting that P2 does not code for a protein which specifically turns off the expression of this early gene.
Amide-based protecting/radical translocating (PRT) groups. Generation of radicals adjacent to carbonyls by 1,5-hydrogen transfer reactions of o-iodoanilides

Abstract The o-iodoanilide group is shown to be broadly useful for the generation and subsequent reactions of radicals adjacent to carboxyl groups. The results indicate that this group is one of the best “protecting/radical translocating” (PRT) groups introduced to date. Beyond its good performance in radical translocation reactions, it is easy to introduce, serves as a reasonable protecting group both before and after the translocation, and (with appropriate modifications) is easy to remove.
Relationships among first-lactation and lifetime measurements in a dairy population.

Abstract Relationships between first-lactation and lifetime traits were investigated for 6,468 lactation records of 1,861 Holsteins in seven herds of the North Carolina Institutional Breeding Association. The phenotypic correlation between first-lactation milk yield and lifetime production on a within herd-year of first calving basis was 0.48 and the correlation between first-lactation milk yield and productive life was 0.43. For these data the optimum age at first calving for maximum lifetime production was 27 months. Cows calving first at 24 months of age produced 579kg less milk in their lifetime than those calving first at 27 months; whereas, those calving first at 30 months produced 458kg less milk during their productive life. Genetic parameters were estimated from 1,017 daughter-dam pairs. The heritability estimates of lifetime milk yield and length of productive life were 0.18 and 0.15, respectively. The genetic correlation between first-lactation milk yield and lifetime production was 0.85 and between first-lactation milk yield and length of productive life, 0.76. The genetic correlations between the measures of lifetime production; namely, lifetime milk yield, length of productive life, and number of lactations were 0.95 or above. Even though selection is directed toward high first-lactation production, this should not produce a decline in lifetime performance in these herds.
Effects of glucose and light on cellulose content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract Cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 395) were grown under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions. Cellulose, protein, and cellulose/protein ratios were determined. Cellulose content per cell was correlated to the average cell size for each batch culture. Whereas mixotrophic cells had the highest amount of cellulose, the heterotrophic cells had the lowest and the photoautotrophic cells an intermediate amount. The photoautotrophic cells contained the highest amount of protein as compared to the heterotrophic cells which had the lowest amount and the mixotrophic cells which were intermediate. Comparison of the cellulose/protein ratios revealed a significant difference ( p
Introduction: Character Education Around the World: Encouraging Positive Character Traits

The world is facing a multitude of crises: the war on terrorism; genocide; hate crimes; injustices to minorities, women, and children; and economic turmoil resulting from scandalous financial pract...
Transient vertical diplopia and nystagmus associated with acute thalamic infarction

We describe a patient who presented with a 1-h history of vertical diplopia and nystagmus and was found to have acute left ventrolateral thalamic infarction on the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI MRI). This is the first case report demonstrating that vertical diplopia and nystagmus, which typically suggest a lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum, may also occur in acute thalamic infarction. DWI MRI can detect thalamic infarction as early as 1 h after its clinical manifestations.
Renormalization Group Approach to Strong-Coupled Superconductors

We develop an asymptotically exact renormalization-group approach that treats electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions on an equal footing. The approach allows an unbiased study of the instabilities of Fermi liquids without the assumption of a broken symmetry. We apply our method to the problem of strongly coupled superconductors and find the temperature ${T}^{*}$ below which the high-temperature Fermi liquid state becomes unstable towards Cooper pairing. We show that ${T}^{*}$ is the same as the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ obtained in Eliashberg's strong coupling theory starting from the low-temperature superconducting phase. A $1∕N$-expansion shows that the method is asymptotically exact and Migdal's theorem follows as a consequence. Finally, our results lead to a novel way to calculate numerically, from microscopic parameters, the transition temperature of superconductors.
US FDA perspective on challenges in co-developing in vitro companion diagnostics and targeted cancer therapeutics

Recent advances in cancer therapy are based on agents that specifically target the products of the genes mutated in cancer cells. Development of companion diagnostic tests for these agents can simplify the drug-discovery process, make clinical trials more efficient and informative, and be used to individualize the therapy of cancer patients. Companion diagnostic development has many challenges. Examples include the reluctance of drug companies to restrict the use of their drugs through biomarker tests, difficulties of developing companion diagnostics from discovery to clinical validation, and the regulatory challenges in developing effective mechanisms to synchronize reviews of therapeutics with diagnostic devices used to personalize treatment. This article addresses the various challenges in developing companion diagnostics along with the US FDA’s approach to regulation of companion diagnostic devices.
From aardvark to ziggurat: A new tool for assessing children's use of rare vocabulary

This study introduces a resource for examining children's use of low-frequency vocabulary and describes preliminary evidence of its validity. Using a corpus of >1400 transcripts from school-aged children, we derived a concordance of all words spoken by the children and generated a list of 2079 uncommon words we have called WERVE, the Wordlist for Expressive Rare Vocabulary Evaluation. Preliminary validity evidence for WERVE was examined through correlation analyses with WERVE results and other common language measures in a test sample of 112 children age 7 and 8 years. In addition, we replicated the correlation analyses using a sample of 38 eight-year-old children. WERVE results correlated strongly with established language sample measures and to a lesser but frequently significant degree with standardized test results. Results also showed developmental change from age 7 to age 8. Correlations ranged from medium to large. These results suggest that WERVE may be a useful tool for language sample researchers to explore.
FGF-10 and specific structural elements of dermatan sulfate size and sulfation promote maximal keratinocyte migration and cellular proliferation

Fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10) is essential for epithelial development, while other members of this family, such as FGF-7, are not. FGF-10 is abundantly released into wounds following injury, and likely an essential growth factor required for this process. To evaluate how activation of this growth factor is controlled, multiple glycosaminoglycans were combined with FGF-10 assayed by measurement of the proliferation of cell lines expressing FGF receptor-2-IIIb, or keratinocyte migration in an in vitro wound repair assay. Dermatan sulfate (DS) exhibited greater potency than heparan sulfate or other chondroitin sulfates found in wounds. Structural variants of DS between 10 and 20 disaccharides containing iduronic acid showed maximal capacity to enable FGF-10 receptor stimulation. Furthermore, FGF-10 and DS markedly enhanced migration of keratinocytes in an in vitro wound scratch assay, while FGF-7 or other glycosaminoglycans did not. These data strongly suggest that FGF-10 activity is uniquely important in wound repair and that specific DS structural properties are necessary to promote FGF-10 function. These observations identify a novel interplay between DS and FGF-10 in mediating wound repair.
Multistaged neural network architecture for position invariant shape recognition

This paper presents a pattern recognition system that self-organizes to recognize objects by shape as part of an Integrated Visual Network (IVN) for autonomous flight control. The system uses a multistaged hierarchical neural network that exhibits insensitivity to the location of the object in the visual field. The network''s three layers perform the functionally disjoint tasks of preprocessing (dynamic thresholding) invariance (position normalization) and recognition (identification of the shape). The Preprocessing stage uses a single layer of elements to dynamically threshold the grey level input image into a binary image. The Invariance stage is a multilayered neural network implementation of a modified Waish-Hadamard transform that generates a representation of the object that is invariant with respect to the object''s position. The Recognition stage is a modified version of Fukushima''s Neocognitron that identifies the position normalized representation by shape. The inclusion of the Preprocessing and Invariance stages allows reduction of the massively replicated processing structures used for translation invariance in the Neocognitron. This system offers roughly the same translation invariance capabilities as the Neocognitron with a dramatic reduction in the number of elements and the network''s interconnection complexity.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
C-E1 fusion protein synthesized by rubella virus DI RNAs maintained during serial passage

Rubella virus (RUB) replicons are derivatives of the RUB infectious cDNA clone that retain the nonstructural open reading frame (NS-ORF) that encodes the replicase proteins but not the structural protein ORF (SP-ORF) that encodes the virion proteins. RUB defective interfering (DI) RNAs contain deletions within the SP-ORF and thus resemble replicons. DI RNAs often retain the 5′ end of the capsid protein (C) gene that has been shown to modulate virus-specific RNA synthesis. However, when replicons either with or without the C gene were passaged serially in the presence of wt RUB as a source of the virion proteins, it was found that neither replicon was maintained and DI RNAs were generated. The majority DI RNA species contained in-frame deletions in the SP-ORF leading to a fusion between the 5′ end of the C gene and the 3′ end of the E1 glycoprotein gene. DI infectious cDNA clones were constructed and transcripts from these DI infectious cDNA clones were maintained during serial passage with wt RUB. The C-E1 fusion protein encoded by the DI RNAs was synthesized and was required for maintenance of the DI RNA during serial passage. This is the first report of a functional novel gene product resulting from deletion during DI RNA generation. Thus far, the role of the C-E1 fusion protein in maintenance of DI RNAs during serial passage remained elusive as it was found that the fusion protein diminished rather than enhanced DI RNA synthesis and was not incorporated into virus particles.
Pathways in the Workplace: The Effects of Gender and Race on Access to Organizational Resources

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Rationality and equity in professional networks 2. Ascription, achievement, and network centrality 3. Access to the formal authority structure 4. Conclusions Notes References Index.