cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unitary renormalization of [φ4]2+1

The two-space dimensional φ4 interaction is renormalized by unitary transformation. A sequence of unitary operators is defined which transform a sequence of cut-off Hamiltonians, arranged in order of increasing cut-off energy, to a sequence of operators converging strongly on a dense set of states. The proof is outlined, calculations leading to requiredL2 estimates on the kernels of a finite number of diagrams are not here detailed.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) fuel cell cathode

Abstract A Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model is developed to simulate non-symmetrically the cathode side of a Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) fuel cell, in order to translate experimental, and ultimately theoretical rates into an atomistic model of the cathode. The KMC model consists of a set of several electrochemical reaction rates, adopted from experiments and first-principles calculations. The KMC simulations are used to model these simultaneously occurring events, to determine potential limitations in cathode/YSZ performance. The focus of this work is ionic current density ( J ), studied as a function of various physical parameters: oxygen partial pressure ( P O2 ), external applied bias voltage ( V ext ), temperature ( T ), dopant concentration (mol% Y 2 O 3 ), relative permittivity ( e r ) of YSZ, and geometrical features of the YSZ electrolyte. This simple model can be used as a baseline to translate elementary chemical reaction rates into atomistic simulations of working solid oxide fuel cell cathodes, pertinent to the complete set of experimental operating conditions.
Expected Paleozoic Stratigraphy Beneath Western Part of Metamorphic Overthrust in Southern Appalachians: ABSTRACT

A stratigraphic cross section from Roanoke, Virginia, to Alabama shows the formations and facies of the easternmost Valley and Ridge outcrops. This cross section, coupled with 3-dimensional insights on facies changes, siliciclastic sources, and regional unconformity patterns, delimits stratigraphic expectations directly beneath the metamorphic over-thrust of the Blue Ridge-Great Smoky-Piedmont terrain as far east as the Brevard zone. These strata are in the Saltville structural block south of central Tennessee and in the Pulaski block to the north. The stratigraphic column in the block directly beneath the metamorphic overthrust is up to 5,100 m (17,000 ft) thick and contains Upper Precambrian (Chilhowee Group) to middle Mississippian beds. The Chilhowee in the block beneath the metamorphic overthrust is probably less shaly and thinner than equivalent Chilhowee exposed along the leading edge of the metamorphic overthrust block. The Shady Formation becomes less dolomitic eastward, passing into dark, shaly limestone east of the carbonate bank edge. Rome-Conasauga siliciclastics change to carbonates eastward and northeastward. The Knox Group changes to limestone beneath the overthrust, and the post-Sauk unconformity probably disappears. Middle Ordovician siliciclastics coarsen eastward toward the Blount delta. The Wallbridge discon inuity expands eastward, so that Silurian and Lower Devonian strata probably do not occur beneath the metamorphic overthrust. The pre-Upper Devonian unconformity truncates more section eastward, so that Chattanooga Shale locally rests on Middle Ordovician Bays Formation in southeastern Tennessee. In Tennessee, Georgia, and possibly North Carolina, Mississippian strata include sandstone, dark shale, limestone, and bedded chert passing beneath the Great Smoky-Cartersville fault. End_of_Article - Last_Page 470------------
The Bacteriophage T4 Transcription Activator MotA Interacts with the Far-C-Terminal Region of the σ70 Subunit of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase

Transcription from bacteriophage T4 middle promoters uses Escherichia coli RNA polymerase together with the T4 transcriptional activator MotA and the T4 coactivator AsiA. AsiA binds tightly within the C-terminal portion of the sigma70 subunit of RNA polymerase, while MotA binds to the 9-bp MotA box motif, which is centered at -30, and also interacts with sigma70. We show here that the N-terminal half of MotA (MotA(NTD)), which is thought to include the activation domain, interacts with the C-terminal region of sigma70 in an E. coli two-hybrid assay. Replacement of the C-terminal 17 residues of sigma70 with comparable sigma38 residues abolishes the interaction with MotA(NTD) in this assay, as does the introduction of the amino acid substitution R608C. Furthermore, in vitro transcription experiments indicate that a polymerase reconstituted with a sigma70 that lacks C-terminal amino acids 604 to 613 or 608 to 613 is defective for MotA-dependent activation. We also show that a proteolyzed fragment of MotA that contains the C-terminal half (MotA(CTD)) binds DNA with a K(D(app)) that is similar to that of full-length MotA. Our results support a model for MotA-dependent activation in which protein-protein contact between DNA-bound MotA and the far-C-terminal region of sigma70 helps to substitute functionally for an interaction between sigma70 and a promoter -35 element.
A facile synthesis of bifunctional phospholipids for biomimetic membrane engineering

Abstract We report a facile synthesis of bifunctional phospholipid conjugates by acylation of N -protected lyso -phosphatidylethanolamine with 12-acryloxy-1-dodecanoic acid and followed with deprotection and conjugation with biotin, FITC, Texas Red, or EMC groups. The lipid conjugates can be used to generate a multifunctional substrate-supported phospholipid membrane via bioconjugation reaction to biotin or covalent attachment to EMC at their hydrophilic terminus. In addition, conjugation to fluorophores, FITC or Texas Red, provides a convenient mechanism to monitor lipid membrane formation and stability. Significantly, in situ photopolymerization of the acrylate group at the end of one of two hydrophobic alkyl chains stabilizes the phospholipid membrane.
Functional evidence of a transmembrane channel within the Ca2+ transport ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Abstract Ca 2+ efflux can be studied conveniently following dilution of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles preloaded with 45 Ca 2+ by active transport. The rates of efflux are highly dependent on ATPase substrates and cofactors (P i , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and ADP) in the efflux medium. On the other hand, pbenothiazines stimulate efflux through a passive permeability channel with no coupled catalytic events. Efflux activation by manipulation of catalytically active ATPase ligands, as well as by the catalytically inactive phenothiazines, can be prevented by thapsigargin, which is a highly specific inhibitor of the Ca 2+ -ATPase. This demonstrates that the passive channel activated by phenothiazines is an integral part of the ATPase, and can operate either uncoupled or coupled to catalytic events.
Clinical strategies — interactive case discussions

Interactive case discussions held during the symposium illustrate the practical challenges and dilemmas faced in the management of Barrett's oesophagus. Opinions of the faculty and audience varied widely on how proton pump inhibitor therapy should be used, especially in patients with short-segment Barrett's oesophagus. The therapeutic goal that received most support was to achieve sufficient acid control to keep the patient symptom free and heal any oesophagitis. At the same time, the patient should be reassured of the low risk associated with the endoscopic findings.When long-segment Barrett's oesophagus is detected, it should be assessed in detail, with targeted biopsy of any irregular-surfaced metaplastic mucosa and four quadrant biopsies every 2 cm, to diagnose intestinal metaplasia and to screen for dysplasia or cancer. Repeat endoscopy and biopsy may be appropriate to achieve a sensitive initial assessment because of potential sampling error. Proton pump inhibitor therapy, often twice daily, was considered a requirement for most cases of long-segment Barrett's oesophagus. There was disagreement over the role of surveillance, although proponents viewed it as worthwhile even in patients at low risk for the development of adenocarcinoma, mainly for medico-legal reasons. Endoscopic mucosal resection was seen to be appropriate in carefully selected patients with high-grade dysplasia, depending on factors such as age and comorbidity, the extent of high-grade dysplasia, findings on endoscopic ultrasound and the length of Barrett's oesophagus.
Enhancement of Pt-Based Catalysts via N-Doped Carbon Supports

This study experimentally examines the enhancement of carbon supported Pt-based catalysts systems via nitrogen doping. It has been reported that nitrogen-containing carbons promote significant enhancement in Pt/C catalyst activity and durability with respect to the methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. In order to systematically investigate the effect of N-doping, in this work we have developed geometrically well-defined model catalytic systems consisting of tunable assemblies of Pt catalyst nanoparticles deposited onto both N-doped and undoped highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates. N-doping was achieved via ion beam implantation, and Pt was electrodeposited from solutions of H2 PtCl6 in aqueous HClO4 . Morphology from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and catalytic activity measurement from aqueous electrochemical analysis were utilized to examine the N-doping effects. The results strongly support the theory that doping nitrogen into a graphite support significantly affects both the morphology and behavior of the overlying Pt nanoparticles. In particular, nitrogen-doping was observed to cause a significant decrease in the average Pt nanoparticle size, an increase in the Pt nanoparticle dispersion, and a significant increase in catalytic activity for both methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Tradeoff Study on Fault Tolerance Capacity and Resource Utilization for the Torus-Based Mission-Critical All-Optical WDM LANs

In this paper, we examine the tradeoff between fault tolerance capacity and protective (spare) wavelength utilization on a two-dimensional torus, which can be applied as a topological choice for the next-generation mission-critical Local Area Networks (LANs). The fault tolerance is enabled via applying a Four-way OptimaL Disjoint routing (FOLD) scheme to establish alternative (redundant) lightpaths. Along the spare wavelength utilization spectrum, four different Wavelength Allocation (WA) schemes, with varied spare resource demands, are studied and their wavelength efficiency in tolerating network failures is evaluated. The first WA scheme allocates no protective wavelength and hence provides zero fault tolerance capacity. The second and third WA schemes incorporate fault tolerance capability by enabling and allocating spare wavelengths, in a shared fashion, to redundant lightpaths at different levels of wavelength utilization. The fourth WA scheme allocates dedicated wavelengths to all alternative lightpaths such that no two redundant lightpaths need to share wavelength resources. A Monte-Carlo sampling assisted simulation on a 4×4 torus exhibits the performance-cost tradeoff and it is found that shared WA schemes achieve an appropriate balance between network reliability and spare resource utilization.
Advantageous GOES IR results for ash mapping at high latitudes: Cleveland eruptions 2001

[1] The February 2001 eruption of Cleveland Volcano, Alaska allowed for comparisons of volcanic ash detection using two-band thermal infrared (10–12 μm) remote sensing from MODIS, AVHRR, and GOES 10. Results show that high latitude GOES volcanic cloud sensing the range of about 50 to 65°N is significantly enhanced. For the Cleveland volcanic clouds the MODIS and AVHRR data have zenith angles 6–65 degrees and the GOES has zenith angles that are around 70 degrees. The enhancements are explained by distortion in the satellite view of the cloud's lateral extent because the satellite zenith angles result in a “side-looking” aspect and longer path lengths through the volcanic cloud. The shape of the cloud with respect to the GOES look angle also influences the results. The MODIS and AVHRR data give consistent retrievals of the ash cloud evolution over time and are good corrections for the GOES data.
A role for primate subgenual cingulate cortex in sustaining autonomic arousal

The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (subgenual ACC) plays an important role in regulating emotion, and degeneration in this area correlates with depressed mood and anhedonia. Despite this understanding, it remains unknown how this part of the prefrontal cortex causally contributes to emotion, especially positive emotions. Using Pavlovian conditioning procedures in macaque monkeys, we examined the contribution of the subgenual ACC to autonomic arousal associated with positive emotional events. After such conditioning, autonomic arousal increases in response to cues that predict rewards, and monkeys maintain this heightened state of arousal during an interval before reward delivery. Here we show that although monkeys with lesions of the subgenual ACC show the initial, cue-evoked arousal, they fail to sustain a high level of arousal until the anticipated reward is delivered. Control procedures showed that this impairment did not result from differences in autonomic responses to reward delivery alone, an inability to learn the association between cues and rewards, or to alterations in the light reflex. Our data indicate that the subgenual ACC may contribute to positive affect by sustaining arousal in anticipation of positive emotional events. A failure to maintain positive affect for expected pleasurable events could provide insight into the pathophysiology of psychological disorders in which negative emotions dominate a patient’s affective experience.
Smoking Knowledge Assessment and Cessation Trends in Patients With Bladder Cancer Presenting to a Tertiary Referral Center

Objective To determine the knowledge level of patients with bladder cancer (BC) regarding smoking risks. We also sought to determine the role of their urologists in initiating smoking cessation at the diagnosis. Smoking is the leading risk factor for BC in industrialized nations. However, little information is available regarding patients' knowledge of the risks of smoking and the role of their urologists in initiating smoking cessation at diagnosis. Methods A smoking knowledge and cessation questionnaire was administered to 71 patients referred to the Johns Hopkins Hospital for BC from April 2008 to June 2009. The questionnaire captured data on demographics, BC history, smoking status and history, risk factor knowledge, and cessation patterns. Results The mean age of the cohort was 65.1 years (range 42-86) and 72% were men. At the referral, all 71 patients (100%) knew smoking was a risk factor for lung cancer compared with 61 (86%) who knew it was for BC. Only 36 patients (51%) knew smoking was the leading risk factor for BC. Of the 17 patients (24%) who were smokers at their BC diagnosis, 12 (71%) were counseled by their referring urologist to quit smoking; however, the significant majority (76%) was not offered any specific intervention. Conclusion The association between smoking and BC was not as well known as that of lung cancer in our cohort of patients. Most current smokers were advised to stop smoking by their primary urologist; however, few were offered any intervention to aid in cessation. Urologists should assume a more active role both in educating patients regarding smoking's link to BC and in initiating smoking cessation.
HOST DENSITY IMPACTS RELATIVE FITNESS OF BACTERIOPHAGE Φ6 GENOTYPES IN STRUCTURED HABITATS

Spatially structured environments may impact evolution by restricting population sizes, limiting opportunities for genetic mixis, or weakening selection against deleterious genotypes. When habitat structure impedes dispersal, low-productivity (less virulent) infectious parasites may benefit from their prudent exploitation of local hosts. Here we explored the combined ability for habitat structure and host density to dictate the relative reproductive success of differentially productive parasites. To do so, we allowed two RNA bacteriophage Φ6 genotypes to compete in structured and unstructured (semi-solid versus liquid) habitats while manipulating the density of Pseudomonas hosts. In the unstructured habitats, the more-productive phage strain experienced a relatively constant fitness advantage regardless of starting host density. By contrast, in structured habitats, restricted phage dispersal may have magnified the importance of local productivity, thus allowing the relative fitness of the less-productive virus to improve as host density increased. Further data suggested that latent period (duration of cellular infection) and especially burst size (viral progeny produced per cell) were the phage “life-history” traits most responsible for our results. We discuss the relevance of our findings for selection occurring in natural phage populations and for the general evolutionary epidemiology of infectious parasites.
Disparities in survival among women with invasive cervical cancer: a problem of access to care.

BACKGROUND: In this study, the authors sought to understand the effects of patient race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) on outcomes for cervical cancer. METHOD: The Florida Cancer Data System and the Agency for Health Care Administration data sets (1998-2003) were merged and queried. Survival outcomes for patients with invasive cervical cancer were compared between different races, ethnicities, and community poverty levels. RESULTS: In total, 5367 patients with cervical cancers were identified. The overall median survival was 43 months. Significantly longer survival was observed for Caucasians (47.1 months vs 28.8 months for African Americans [AA]; P 15% lived in poverty; P < .001). Surgery was associated with dramatically improved survival. AA women who were diagnosed with cervical cancer were significantly less likely to undergo surgical treatment with curative intent compared with Caucasian women (P < .001). However, on multivariate analysis, independent predictors of poorer outcomes were insurance status, tumor stage, tumor grade, and treatment. Neither race, nor ethnicity, nor SES was an independent predictor of poorer outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Race, ethnic, and SES disparities in cervical cancer survival were explained by late-stage presentation and under-treatment. Earlier diagnosis and greater access to surgery and other treatments would significantly improve the survival of women with cervical cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A Deformation Sequence of Heart, Chest Wall, and Skin

A white male infant was born with dextrocardia and a depressed area on the left anterior chest wall. The depressed area moved paradoxically with respiration, and was covered by abraded skin. The left arm, when flexed, fit into this depression. It is hypothesized that this represents a new deformation sequence.
Light entrained rhythmic gene expression in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: the evolution of the animal circadian clock.

Background Circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology are the observable phenotypes from cycles in expression of, interactions between, and degradation of the underlying molecular components. In bilaterian animals, the core molecular components include Timeless-Timeout, photoreceptive cryptochromes, and several members of the basic-loop-helix-Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) family. While many of core circadian genes are conserved throughout the Bilateria, their specific roles vary among species. Here, we identify and experimentally study the rhythmic gene expression of conserved circadian clock members in a sea anemone in order to characterize this gene network in a member of the phylum Cnidaria and to infer critical components of the clockwork used in the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified homologs of circadian regulatory genes in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, including a gene most similar to Timeout, three cryptochromes, and several key bHLH-PAS transcription factors. We then maintained N. vectensis either in complete darkness or in a 12 hour light: 12 hour dark cycle in three different light treatments (blue only, full spectrum, blue-depleted). Gene expression varied in response to light cycle and light treatment, with a particularly strong pattern observed for NvClock. The cryptochromes more closely related to the light-sensitive clade of cryptochromes were upregulated in light treatments that included blue wavelengths. With co-immunoprecipitation, we determined that heterodimerization between CLOCK and CYCLE is conserved within N. vectensis. Additionally, we identified E-box motifs, DNA sequences recognized by the CLOCK:CYCLE heterodimer, upstream of genes showing rhythmic expression. Conclusions/Significance This study reveals conserved molecular and functional components of the circadian clock that were in place at the divergence of the Cnidaria and Bilateria, suggesting the animal circadian clockwork is more ancient than previous data suggest. Characterizing circadian regulation in a cnidarian provides insight into the early origins of animal circadian rhythms and molecular regulation of environmentally cued behaviors.
Dilemmas in international migration: a global perspective.

The impacts of the international migration process both on receiving and on sending societies are evaluated in this paper. For the former, the issue has become increasingly politicized and a mood of restriction is in evidence. This mood, in turn, and the policies which it spawns, clashes with the interests of individuals and of state actors among the less-developed countries who seek to expand access to ‘desirable’ destinations among advanced industrial societies—in spite of mounting evidence that emigration, in its current forms, has only marginally positive developmental effects.Also in this paper, international migration is placed in a theoretical context through a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of two major competing schools: The classical-liberal one and the Marxist-neo-Marxist one. It is concluded that for labor importers, resort to international migration has been a tentative economic success, though, increasingly, a social and political liability. Results are equally mixed for labor se...
Gender and social exchange: a developmental perspective.

A developmental perspective on social interaction traces gender differences in adulthood to relationship patterns that emerge in childhood.
THE PHOTOLABILITY OF DNA CONTAINING 5‐BROMOURACIL‐I. SINGLE‐STRAND BREAKS AND ALKALI‐LABILE BONDS*

Abstract— The proportions of single-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds produced by UV-light were investigated in covalently-closed circular 5-bromouracil (BrUra)-containing λ-phage DNA. When BrUra DNA was irradiated in 001 M Tris-0–001 M EDTA (pH 8-1) buffer, the D0 was 11-7 J/m2 for single-strand breaks, 2–25 J/m2 for total breaks, and 2–8 J/m2 for alkali-labile bonds. Thus, alkali-labile bonds were the predominant photochemical products. No double-strand breaks were observed after exposure to 7-7 times the D0 for neutral breakage. The photolability measured under both neutral and alkaline conditions was affected by the NaCl concentration in the irradiation solvent, with the greatest resistance to breakage exhibited at the lowest concentrations. The composition of the irradiation buffer also affected sensitivity. Exposure in 1/10 SSC yielded 4-4 (neutral) and 5–7 (alkaline) times the breakage produced in Tris-EDTA.
A pedagogical example of second-order arithmetic sequences applied to the construction of computer passwords by upper elementary grade students

The purpose of this paper is (1) to present how general education elementary school age students constructed computer passwords using digital root sums and second-order arithmetic sequences, (2) argue that computer password construction can be used as an engaging introduction to generate interest in elementary school students to study mathematics related to computer science, and (3) share additional mathematical ideas accessible to elementary school students that can be used to create computer passwords. This paper serves to fill a current gap in the literature regarding the integration of mathematical content accessible to upper elementary school students and aspects of computer science in general, and computer password construction in particular. In addition, the protocols presented here can serve as a hook to generate further interest in mathematics and computer science. Students learned to create a random-looking computer password by using biometric measurements of their shoe size, height, and age in ...
Resolution Dependence of Future Tropical Cyclone Projections of CAM5.1 in the U.S. CLIVAR Hurricane Working Group Idealized Configurations

AbstractThe four idealized configurations of the U.S. CLIVAR Hurricane Working Group are integrated using the global Community Atmospheric Model version 5.1 at two different horizontal resolutions, approximately 100 and 25 km. The publicly released 0.9° × 1.3° configuration is a poor predictor of the sign of the 0.23° × 0.31° model configuration’s change in the total number of tropical storms in a warmer climate. However, it does predict the sign of the higher-resolution configuration’s change in the number of intense tropical cyclones in a warmer climate. In the 0.23° × 0.31° model configuration, both increased CO2 concentrations and elevated sea surface temperature (SST) independently lower the number of weak tropical storms and shorten their average duration. Conversely, increased SST causes more intense tropical cyclones and lengthens their average duration, resulting in a greater number of intense tropical cyclone days globally. Increased SST also increased maximum tropical storm instantaneous precip...
Two-dimensional computational analysis of a transport high-lift system and a comparison with flight-test results

Two currently available coupled inviscid/viscous multielement computational codes, including a relatively simple panel method and an Euler method, are used to analyze a high-lift system. The results are compared with two-dimensional wind-tunnel test results and then with the three-dimensional flight-test results obtained from the NASA Langley Transport Systems Research Vehicle five-element high-lift wing section. Comparisons were also made between the panel method, the Euler method, and flight data for two high-lift configurations, one representing a take-off configuration and the other an approach configuration. For the take-off configuration, both codes agreed reasonably well with experimental data, but both codes were found to overpredict the flap upper-surface pressures for the approach configuration.
Development of mercuric iodide X-ray and alpha backscattering spectrometers for space applications

Abstract An alpha particle instrument in combination with a room temperature mercuric iodide X-ray spectrometer can provide a complete and detailed in situ chemical analyses of extraterrestrial bodies. Conceptual designs of the instrument will be presented. One of the important questions about the resistance of HgI 2 detectors to the radiation damage will be addressed. Our experimental results of exposure of HgI 2 detectors to proton fluxes up to 10 12 protons/cm 2 show no degradation in the detector performance.
On queueing in coded networks - queue size follows degrees of freedom

We propose a new queueing mechanism for coded networks with stochastic arrivals and/or lossy links. In this context, earlier work introduced the notion of "virtual queues" which represent the backlog in degrees of freedom. For instance, the work by Ho and Viswanathan defined the achievable rate region for which the virtual queue size is stabilized, using intra-session coding. The queueing scheme that we propose here forms a natural bridge between the virtual queue size and the physical queue size, and thus extends their result to the stability of the physical queues as well. Specifically, we show that the amount of memory used at the transmit buffer in our scheme is upper bounded by the total backlog in the number of linearly independent degrees of freedom. Moreover, our scheme gives an online algorithm for queue update and coding, in the sense that the coding does not happen block by block, but in a streaming manner. The main idea in our scheme is to ensure that the information stored at the sender excludes any knowledge that is common to all receivers. This requires the transmitting node to track the states of knowledge of its receivers. Therefore, if the links are lossy, some form of feedback may be necessary.
Effects of alcohol and caffeine on wheel running activity in the Mongolian gerbil

This study investigated the effects of various doses of alcohol (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 g/kg) and caffeine (5, 10, 15, 20 mg/kg) on wheel running activity in 180 male and female adult Mongolian gerbils. Animals were tested for two 10-min trials 48 hours apart. Thirty min prior to Trial 2, injections were administered intraperitoneally. The results indicate that low doses of both alcohol and caffeine increase and higher doses of alcohol decrease wheel running activity in gerbils of both sexes. These results agree with other findings on activity in other animals, and serve as a baseline for future drug research in the gerbil.
NLDI guidance control laws for close formation flight

This paper presents identification, control synthesis and simulation results for an YF-22 aircraft model designed, built, and instrumented at West Virginia University. The goal of the project was the experimental demonstration of formation flight for a set of 3 of the above models. In the planned flight configuration, a pilot on the ground maintained controls of the leader aircraft while a follower aircraft was required to maintain a pre-defined position and orientation with respect to the leader. In this paper, the identification of both a linear model and a nonlinear model of the aircraft from (light data is shown first. Then, the control laws, that feature a linear inner loop controller and a NLDI (nonlinear dynamic inversion) based outer loop guidance controller, are discussed in detail. Finally, both simulation and flight test results are presented.
Transgenic Overexpression of Constitutively Active Protein Kinase C ε Causes Concentric Cardiac Hypertrophy

Abstract—To test the hypothesis that activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) e isoform leads to cardiac hypertrophy without failure, we studied transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression...
Conductivity measurements of MFCG armature material under shock and high strain rates utilizing a split-hopkinson pressure bar apparatus

Summary form only given, as follows. Modeling and characterization of a Magnetic Flux Compression Generator (MFCG) requires detailed knowledge of the changes in conductivity of the MFCG materials during the shock-loading phase. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus (SHPB) and current source/differential amplifier setup was used to study shock-loading under controlled conditions while monitoring changes in resistivity in armature material samples. The SHPB apparatus was capable of producing strain rates up to the fracture limit of the samples tested. Actual fracturing of samples would not have allowed detailed analysis of thermal and mechanical effects in sample resistivity changes. Sample strain rate levels of up to 1/spl times/10/sup 4/ strain sec/sup -1/ were achieved with the apparatus on OFHC copper and aluminum samples. This may be comparable to switching contacts under similar shock-loading and is an order of magnitude less than the expected strain rates in the MFCG. Sample resistivity showed an initial and abrupt decrease followed by a rapid increase during loading to levels twice that of virgin samples. Short and long time based resistivity monitoring and high speed framing photography allowed differentiation between changes in resistivity due to bulk material deformation, and changes due to thermal effects.
Tolerance of wolves in Wisconsin: A mixed-methods examination of policy effects on attitudes and behavioral inclinations

Abstract Numerous studies report majorities of survey respondents hold positive attitudes toward wolves. However, a 2001–2009 panel study found declining tolerance of wolves among residents of Wisconsin’s wolf range. Poaching, believed to be increasing, has been an important source of mortality in Wisconsin’s wolf population since the 1980s. We conducted focus groups, with an accompanying anonymous questionnaire survey of participants, among farmers and hunters in Wisconsin’s wolf range to gain a more in-depth understanding of attitudes towards wolves and inclinations to poach wolves. Whereas our study was originally designed to examine the effects of an experimental lethal-control program on inclination to poach, oscillating wolf-management authority shifted our focus from a single intervention to a suite of changes in policy and management. Following federal delisting of the Western Great Lakes wolf population in January 2012, Wisconsin implemented lethal-depredation control and created the state’s first legalized wolf-harvest season in October 2012. We convened focus groups before and after these changes. Pre- and post-survey results showed majorities of respondents held negative attitudes toward wolves with no decrease in inclination to poach, suggesting lethal-control measures, in the short term, may be ineffective for increasing tolerance. Participants expressed favorable attitudes toward lethal-control measures, but believed there were limitations in the implementation of the lethal-control measures. Focus group discussions revealed elements of positivity toward wolves not revealed by questionnaires, as well as several thematic areas, such as fear, empowerment, and trust, that may inform the development of interventions designed to increase tolerance of wolves and other controversial species.
Viscoelasticity of hyaluronan and nonhyaluronan based vocal fold injectables: implications for mucosal versus muscle use.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare biomechanical properties of commonly used vocal fold injectates Cymetra, Radiesse, Restylane, Hylaform, and one investigational injectate, Carbylan-GSX 5%, to determine suitability for mucosal injection. Study Design: Rheologic investigation. Methods: Oscillatory shear stress was applied to five samples of each injectate using a parallel plate controlled stress rheometer. Shear stress, shear strain, and strain rate associated with the oscillatory shear deformation were computed from the prescribed torque and measured angular velocity; viscoelastic data were obtained on the basis of these functions. Values calculated included elastic shear moduli, viscous moduli, and dynamic viscosity as a function of oscillatory frequency (0.01–150 Hz). Results: Elastic moduli for all samples increased as the frequency increased. Hyaluronan based materials were all comparable with each other and at least an order of magnitude lower than the stiffer and more viscous Cymetra and Radiesse. Carbylan-GSX 5% was found to have almost identical values to Hylaform with the exception of its mean viscosity, which was noticeably lower. Conclusions: Hyaluronan based biomaterials offer less resistance to flow and stiffness and may be better suited for injections into the mucosa, whereas Cymetra and Radiesse appear to be appropriate for injections into muscle. Viscoelastic properties of Hylaform and Carbylan-GSX 5% were found to most resemble that of the human vocal fold mucosa.
EnsembleMatrix: interactive visualization to support machine learning with multiple classifiers

Machine learning is an increasingly used computational tool within human-computer interaction research. While most researchers currently utilize an iterative approach to refining classifier models and performance, we propose that ensemble classification techniques may be a viable and even preferable alternative. In ensemble learning, algorithms combine multiple classifiers to build one that is superior to its components. In this paper, we present EnsembleMatrix, an interactive visualization system that presents a graphical view of confusion matrices to help users understand relative merits of various classifiers. EnsembleMatrix allows users to directly interact with the visualizations in order to explore and build combination models. We evaluate the efficacy of the system and the approach in a user study. Results show that users are able to quickly combine multiple classifiers operating on multiple feature sets to produce an ensemble classifier with accuracy that approaches best-reported performance classifying images in the CalTech-101 dataset.
Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications.

JOE B. DIXON and DARRELL G. SCHULZE (ed.) Soil Science Society of America Book Series, no. 7. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. 2002. Hardback, 866 p. $90.00. ISBN 0-89118-839-8. This book presents the important fundamental concepts and current knowledge related to the mineralogy of
Aspects of the homeostaic plasticity of GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition

Plasticity of ligand-gated ion channels plays a critical role in nervous system development, circuit formation and refinement, and pathological processes. Recent advances have mainly focused on the plasticity of channels gated by excitatory amino acids, including their acclaimed role in learning and memory. These receptors, together with voltage-gated ion channels, have also been known to be subjected to a homeostatic form of plasticity that prevents destabilization of the neurone's function and that of the network during various physiological processes. To date, the plasticity of GABAA receptors has been examined mainly from a developmental and a pathological point of view. Little is known about homeostatic mechanisms governing their plasticity. This review summarizes some of the findings on the homeostatic plasticity of tonic and phasic inhibitory activity.
Glucose kinetics in leprechaunism: accelerated fasting due to insulin resistance.

Postprandial and postabsorptive glucose metabolism was studied in a 3-yr-old girl with leprechaunism by substrate and hormonal measurements and by quantifying hepatic glucose output during continuous infusion of D-[6,6-2H2]- glucose. Hepatic glycogen content and the activity of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were also measured in the postprandial state on a separate occasion. During the 4-h postprandial state, plasma glucose, alanine, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol were normal, as were hepatic glycogen, glycogen synthase, phosphorylase, and hepatic glucose output of 7.5 mg kg-1 min-1. Intravenous injection of glucagon (30 eg kg-1) caused an immediate almost 3-fold rise in glucose production consistent with brisk glycogenolysis. During the 8- to 12-h postabsorptive state, however, the patient had elevated levels of glycerol (330-508 eM) and β-hydroxybutyrate (3291-3801 eM) and decreased levels of glucose (24-29 mg/dl) and alanine (121-135 eM) consistent with a much longer period of fasting i...
Characteristics of Smoked Drug Use Among Cocaine Smokers

The authors collected data by structured interview from a convenience sample of 228 physically healthy, largely (82%) treatment-seeking, cocaine smokers with minimal histories of other smoked (other than tobacco and marijuana) or injection drug use. The vast majority of subjects also smoked either marijuana only (17.5%), tobacco only (17%), or both (61%), with onset of such smoking almost always (97%) preceding the initiation of regular cocaine smoking. There were few significant differences in sociodemographic or cocaine use characteristics among the subgroups of subjects smoking either cocaine only or cocaine and marijuana and/or tobacco. More than one-third of marijuana smokers quit (45%) or decreased (38%) their use after starting regular cocaine smoking, whereas only 5% of tobacco smokers did so. These findings suggest that marijuana smoking is more influenced by regular cocaine smoking than is tobacco smoking.
A Tax Crit Identity Crisis? Or Tax Expenditure Analysis, Deconstruction, and the Rethinking of a Collective Identity

Critical tax theory, much like its non-tax critical counterparts, has been consistently marginalized by mainstream tax academics. To date, tax crits have accepted and acquiesced in this marginalization. In this article, I question the idea that tax crits are outsiders as well as the notion that critical tax theory is a marginal form of tax policy literature. My primary purpose in questioning this conventional wisdom is to get tax crits to think critically about the collective identity of the critical tax movement. I question the outsider status of critical tax theory by essentially turning the mainstream into the marginal (or the marginal into the mainstream, depending upon your perspective). I accomplish this by reconceptualizing a quite mainstream tax concept - tax expenditure analysis - as an application of critical (and, more particularly, deconstructionist) techniques to the Internal Revenue Code. Once the mainstream (i.e., tax expenditure analysis) has been recast as the marginal (i.e., deconstructionist analysis), the distinction between the two essentially deconstructs itself, calling into question the justification for attaching significant weight to the distinction between the mainstream and the marginal. This opens the way for tax crits to think critically about their marginality and what role it should play in the collective identity of the critical tax movement.
Characterization of quinonoid-Dihydropteridine Reductase (QDPR) from the Lower Eukaryote Leishmania major

Biopterin is required for growth of the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is salvaged from the host through the activities of a novel biopterin transporter (BT1) and broad-spectrum pteridine reductase (PTR1). Here we characterize Leishmania major quinonoid-dihydropteridine reductase (LmQDPR), the key enzyme required for regeneration and maintenance of H4biopterin pools. LmQDPR shows good homology to metazoan quinonoiddihydropteridine reductase and conservation of domains implicated in catalysis and regulation. Unlike other organisms, LmQDPR is encoded by a tandemly repeated array of 8 –9 copies containing LmQDPR plus two other genes. QDPR mRNA and enzymatic activity were expressed at similar levels throughout the infectious cycle. The pH optima, kinetic properties, and substrate specificity of purified LmQDPR were found to be similar to that of other qDPRs, although it lacked significant activity for non-quinonoid pteridines. These and other data suggest that LmQDPR is unlikely to encode the dihydrobiopterin reductase activity (PTR2) described previously. Similarly LmQDPR is not inhibited by a series of antifolates showing anti-leishmanial activity beyond that attributable to dihydrofolate reductase or PTR1 inhibition. qDPR activity was found in crude lysates of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, further emphasizing the importance of H4biopterin throughout this family of human parasites.
Antimicrobial Activity of the Iron-Sulfur Nitroso Compound Roussin's Black Salt [Fe4S3(NO)7] on the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

mechanism involves membrane disruption leading to cell lysis. Moreover, insoluble elemental sulfur (S 0 ), which is reduced by P. furiosus to hydrogen sulfide, prevents cell lysis by RBS. It is proposed that S 0 also directly interacts with the membranes of P. furiosus during its transfer into the cell, ultimately for reduction by a cytosolic NADPH sulfur reductase. RBS is proposed to be a new class of inorganic antimicrobial agent that also has potential use as an inert cell-lysing agent.
ANON: an IP-layer anonymizing infrastructure

This paper demonstrates an IP-layer anonymizing infrastructure, called ANON, which allows server addresses to be hidden from clients and vice versa. In providing address anonymity, ANON uses a network resident set of IP-layer anonymizing forwarders that can forward IP packets with nested encryption and decryption applied to their source and destination addresses. To prevent adversaries from compromising the anonymity by learning the forwarding path, ANON incorporates a suite of countermeasures, including link padding and non-malleable, semantically secure link encryption. To prevent denial of service (DoS) attacks through the anonymizing infrastructure itself ANON uses rate limiting. Finally, to increase the resilience against attacks and infrastructure failures, ANON uses redundant forwarders with anycast addresses and a fault-tolerant overlay network to connect forwarders.
Evaluating and treating the stiff elbow

The evaluation and treatment of the stiff elbow are described, as well as the lateral, medial, anterior, and posterior approaches for release of elbow contractures. The results after surgical release in 48 patients that failed nonoperative treatment for elbow contractures in our institution are reported. A literature review is provided.
Interactions of Cd and Cu in anaerobic estuarine sediments. II. Bioavailability, body burdens and respiration effects as related to geochemical partitioning

The relationship between Cd and Cu distribution in sediment geochemical fractions and their bioavailability was studied. A fine-sandy textured estuarine sediment was treated with all combinations of 0, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg Cd and 0, 12, and 25 mg/kg Cu using the chloride salts of each metal. Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) were exposed to the treated sediments in aquaria with 20 ppt artificial seawater for 14 d. Sediments were sequentially extracted before and after organism exposure to determine the exchangeable, easily reducible, organic-sulfide, moderately reducible, and acid extractable phases. Low mortalities were observed for all organism types and none were attributable to any of the treatments. The Cd and Cu concentrations in the easily reducible and organic-sulfide phases were found to be significantly related to the bio-availability of these metals. The most highly significant relationship was established between Cd in the easily reducible phase and body burden of Cd in the blue mussel. Notable interactions were found between Cd and Cu in some of the geochemical phases, body burdens, and respiration rates. Metal uptake, respiration, and interactions were highly dependent on the test species. A significant correlation was found between increased body burden and depressed respiration for Cd but not for Cu. Multiple regression models are used to describe these relationships. It appears that the interactive responses in the organisms are driven primarily by the sediment geochemical effects and mediated by individual organism processes. These results underscore the necessity of multicomponent (multielement) studies in assessing the fate and effects of toxic elements in the environment.
An efficient vehicles navigation methodology using dynamic changes in local maps

An efficient, low cost car navigation methodology is presented, by taking into account the dynamic changes that occur in real traffic environments. The methodology proposed is based on the fusion of local maps and additional region information and the GPS coordinates. The CD-ROMs will not able to include in their databases information related with the current status of the traffic delays, construction, detours, accidents, traffic readjustments, etc. occurred in several geographic regions. The solution of this type of problems is the use continuous transmission of the local maps, which include all the current changes at a certain region, via a radio or TV station. A navigation system built in a vehicle will receive the local maps and will fuse in them the GPS coordinates in order to locate the vehicle, as light spot, on the map. This approach provides to the driver several choices and sufficient information for a safe, convenient travel. It will also save lives in case of accidents and traffic delays.