cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divergence of PTSD and narcolepsy associated with military trauma

Abstract The occurrence of vivid dreams and hallucinatory-like visualizations in PTSD, has suggested a hypothesis of pathological involvement of REM sleep mechanisms. The pathophysiology of narcolepsy, which features vivid dreaming and hypnagogic hallucinations, involves REM intrusion and dysfunction. From a referral population of combat veterans and former prisoners of war, two patients were identified with laboratory-confirmed narcolepsy, which emerged during military combat or captivity. Although exogenous factors appeared to have a role in precipitating the condition, a genetic marker for narcolepsy was present in both cases. The content of PTSD and narcolepsy symptoms tended to be dissociated, and PTSD remitted while narcolepsy persisted and progressed. These observations are discussed in the context of a REM hypothesis for PTSD.
Antisense inhibition of c‐myc expression reveals common and distinct mechanisms of growth inhibition by TGFβ and TNFα

Downregulation of the c-myc gene in HL-60 cells is associated with growth inhibition and induction of differentiation. Previous studies have reported that the growth inhibitors TGFβ and TNFα downregulate c-myc mRNA levels, suggesting the possibility that these agents may exert some of their phenotypic effects via c-myc downregulation. Our study demonstrates that although both growth inhibitors produce a similar decrease in c-myc protein synthesis, TNFα produces a greater growth inhibition and differentiation induction in HL-60 cells. Combined addition of anti-myc oligomer with either growth inhibitor produces no additive effect. In fact, 4 μM anti-myc oligomer produces the same growth and differentiation effects as does 10 ng/ml TGFβ1. We conclude that downregulation of c-myc expression represents a common mechanism of growth inhibition by TGFβ and TNFα, but that TNFα possesses an additional effect that is independent of c-myc expression.
Hands-on assistance improves already successful pollution prevention services of the toxics use reduction institute’s laboratory

Abstract In an attempt to improve the adoption rate of the work conducted at the Toxics Use Reduction Institute Lab, a more comprehensive on-site follow-up assistance program was implemented in 2006. The effort was piloted for trichloroethylene replacement in Rhode Island in conjunction with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 1. Through hands-on workshops and on-site assistance efforts, the TURI Lab project was able to achieve an 82% reduction in TCE in a two year period. This new methodology for on-site assistance follow-up to the preexisting TURI Lab testing program has been incorporated into the work the Lab conducts for companies in Massachusetts. The Lab had an implementation rate of around 30% without on-site assistance. During the first year of the new process, the adoption rate has jumped to 80% of all companies working with the lab.
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and paleogeography of the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt

Abstract A petrological study of numerous sediment borings identifies the late Pleistocene and Holocene lithofacies in the northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt. A coarsening-upward sequence characterizes the major Holocene depocenters located along the northern margin of the present Delta. Stratigraphic correlation of radiocarbon-dated sections and mapping of key facies such as delta-front mud reveal the locations of four major Holocene delta lobes related to former distributary branches of the Nile River: Mendesian, Pelusiac, Tanitic and pre-modern Damietta. These lobes, formed primarily of marine prodelta and delta-front deposits, interfinger geographically, but radiocarbon dating indicates that their bases are not synchronous. Lobes developed for the most part since 8000 years B.P., i.e. as the rate of eustatic sea-level rise began to decrease. Climatic and sediment-discharge fluctuations, lateral migrations of distributaries, and isostatic subsidence of land are additional factors that affected the temporal and spatial distributions of the lobes. Paleogeographic maps reveal the changes with time in the distributions of different lobes and deltaic-plain environments (marsh, lagoons), and concomitant displacement of the coastline. Holocene sediment accumulation rates to 500 cm per 1000 years are calculated. This is 10 times greater than that on the Nile Cone and 50 times greater than on the Egyptian continental shelf. The delta coastal margin in the study area migrated northward by as much as 50 km during the past 5000 years, an average progradational rate of up to 10 m per year. The general configuration of the present delta developed during the past millennium. The major changes recently induced by man in this region, coupled with a series of continuing natural phenomena (slow rise in sea level, coastal erosion, subsidence) have markedly affected the evolution of the delta. Petrological study of the Nile Delta sediments provides baseline reference information to help recognize changes in the recent geological past, to help identify those taking place at present, and possibly to help predict those likely to occur in this region in the future.
The effects of interleaved practice

Previous research shows that interleaving rather than blocking practice of different skills (e.g. abcbcacab instead of aaabbbccc) usually improves subsequent test performance. Yet interleaving, but not blocking, ensures that practice of any particular skill is distributed, or spaced, because any two opportunities to practice the same task are not consecutive. Hence, because spaced practice typically improves test performance, the previously observed test benefits of interleaving may be due to spacing rather than interleaving per se. In the experiment reported herein, children practiced four kinds of mathematics problems in an order that was interleaved or blocked, and the degree of spacing was fixed. The interleaving of practice impaired practice session performance yet doubled scores on a test given one day later. An analysis of the errors suggested that interleaving boosted test scores by improving participants' ability to pair each problem with the appropriate procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed graphs, information structure and forecast combinations: an empirical examination of US unemployment rates

Previous studies show that it is not always optimal to combine forecasts of alternative models. In this paper, we propose to use the recent advances in modeling directed acyclic graphs to study the issue of forecast combinations. In forecasting US unemployment rates, we demonstrate that the proposed procedure can be a useful tool for comparing information in rival forecasts and guiding the combination of individual forecasts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A refinement of the Thomas–Fermi approximation for the N body problem

The author suggests a refinement of the Thomas–Fermi approximation for the ground state energy EN for an N electron atom. It is known that EN can be written asymptotically as N→∞ as EN ∼αN7/3, where α is given by Thomas–Fermi theory. It has been further conjectured that this asymptotic formula may be refined to EN ∼αN7/3+βN6/3+γN5/3. Suggestions for the contributions to βN6/3 and γN5/3 have been made by Dirac and Von Weizsacker. Here the author uses known results on short‐time asymptotics for diffusion equations to obtain a refinement of the Thomas–Fermi approximation which includes the Dirac and Von Weizsacker corrections. He also obtains new terms. These are related to the scalar curvature of the Jacobi metric corresponding to the Thomas–Fermi potential.
Regulation of VDR by ΔNp63α is associated with inhibition of cell invasion

The p63 transcription factor has a pivotal role in epithelial morphogenesis. Multiple transcripts of the TP63 gene are generated because of alternative promoter usage and splicing. ΔNp63α is the predominant isoform of p63 observed during epithelial morphogenesis and in human cancers. Loss of ΔNp63α expression has been shown to promote invasiveness in a subset of human cancer cell lines. Here, we studied whether the regulation of VDR by ΔNp63α controls the invasiveness of an epidermoid cancer cell line. We demonstrate that VDR expression is induced by all p63 isoforms, including ΔNp63α. Endogenous ΔNp63α protein was observed to bind to the VDR promoter, and silencing of endogenous ΔNp63α resulted in diminished VDR expression. Although silencing of p63 inhibits VDR expression leading to an increase in cell migration, overexpression of p63 or VDR results in reduced cell migration as a result of increased VDR expression. Therefore, it is conceivable that p63 inhibits cell invasion by regulating VDR expression. Finally, we observed that expression of p63 and VDR overlaps in the wild-type mouse skin, but a reduced or complete absence of VDR expression was observed in skin from p63-null mice and in p63-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In conclusion, we demonstrate a direct transcriptional regulation of VDR by ΔNp63α. Our results highlight a crucial role for VDR in p63-mediated biological functions.
537 HYPOPHOSPHATASIA (A FAMILY STUDY) AND TURNER SYNDROME

A patient with Turner Syndrome (TS) (45,X0) diagnosed by age 2 years had at age 5 years, rachitic changes on chest x-ray, a healing traumatic fracture of the left femur and metaphyseal changes consistent with hypophosphatasia (H). The diagnosis was confirmed by a low serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) (125 mu/ml) in the presence of a fracture, elevated urinary excretion of phosphoethanolamine (PEA) (33.6 mg/day) and early shedding of deciduous teeth. Malabsorption, glomerular and tubular renal diseases were excluded by appropriate investigations. Because of limited growth potential in TS and further impairment by the concommitent occurence of H, a trial of phosphate therapy was felt to be indicated. A bone biopsy after tetracycline labelling was performed prior to the initiation of therapy; biopsy will be repeated after 6 months of therapy (1/78). The clinical response to therapy suggests a nearly twofold increase in growth rate. Historically and radiologically the paternal side was free of disease; 4/7 in the mother's sibship showed radiographic evidence of bone dysplasia in childhood. Total AP was low in the mother and her affected sister, and normal in the father. PEA excretion studies and AP isoenzyme determinations are in progress. This is the first report of the simultaneous occurrence of TS and H. The family study suggests that the H is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.
ROTATIONAL MOTION AND GUIDANCE SYSTEM APPROXIMATIONS IN OPTIMIZABLE OPERATIONAL LAUNCH VEHICLE SIMULATIONS

Launch planning and operations for a current U.S. launch system involve the use of 3-degree-of-f reedom (DOF) and 6DOF simulations. To account for statistical dispersions in component weights, engine performances, and launch site wind predictions, propellant margin must be left unburned in the final stage of the vehicle. Additional margin must be held back in the 3DOF simulation only to account for differences in 3DOF and 6DOF simulated trajectories. Since many missions are weight critical and the 3DOF simulation is used for initial shaping of the trajectory, any reduction in the 3DOF propellant margin should result in an increase in vehicle performance that can be significant for planning purposes. This paper seeks to enhance the current optimizable 3DOF simulation, making it more like the nonoptimizable 6DOF, which should allow a reduction in the 3DOF-to-6DOF margin component. The simulation is enhanced by simplifying the 6DOF closed-loop guidance system and using the result as a preprocessor of 3DOF steering commands. This provides a mimicry of vehicle rotational inertial characteristics in the 3DOF simulation. In addition, approximations of trajectory quantities are fed back based on what they would be if the enhanced 3DOF were a 6DOF. This paper discusses the guidance simplification and the trajectory quantity derivations and shows the resulting impacts on a 3DOF trajectory in terms of vehicle attitude and angle-of-attack time histories.
Sparse cerebellar innervation can morph the dynamics of a model oculomotor neural integrator

The oculomotor integrator is a brainstem neural network that converts velocity signals into the position commands necessary for eye-movement control. The cerebellum can independently adjust the amplitude of eye-movement commands and the temporal characteristics of neural integration, but the percentage of integrator neurons that receive cerebellar input is very small. Adaptive dynamic systems models, configured using the genetic algorithm, show how sparse cerebellar inputs could morph the dynamics of the oculomotor integrator and independently adjust its overall response amplitude and time course. Dynamic morphing involves an interplay of opposites, in which some model Purkinje cells exert positive feedback on the network, while others exert negative feedback. Positive feedback can be increased to prolong the integrator time course at virtually any level of negative feedback. The more these two influences oppose each other, the larger become the response amplitudes of the individual units and of the overall integrator network.
Photoemission-based photovoltage probe of semiconductor surface and interface electronic structure.

A saturation surface photovoltage is found to occur during ultraviolet photoemission at low temperatures ($T\ensuremath{\sim}20$ K) on a variety of silicon (111) surfaces. Below \ensuremath{\sim} 50 K surface recombination becomes ineffective thereby allowing flat-band conditions to be achieved with mild uv irradiation. Temperature-dependent photoemission thereby provides a simple and direct method for determining band bending and barrier heights. Results for different silicon (111) surfaces and preparation conditions are discussed.
THE ELECTORAL CONSEQUENCES OF ISSUE AMBIGUITY: An Examination of the Presidential Candidates' Issue Positions from 1968 to 1980

This study investigates the consequences of ambiguity in the issue positions of presidential candidates from 1968 to 1980. Two potential consequences are examined: a direct impact and a conditional impact on the vote. The findings indicate no significant direct effect on the vote. However, significant conditional effects were found. Compared to losing candidates, winning candidates were somewhat less likely to hold clear positions when issues were salient to the public and were somewhat more likely to hold ambiguous positions when public opinion was dispersed. They were especially more likely to be ambiguous when their positions substantially differed from the median public position on the issue.
Influence of Superhydrophobic Walls on the Thermal Transport to Liquid Droplets

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the thermal transport to liquid droplets resting on heated horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. The superhydrophobic surfaces considered here exhibit alternating micro-ribs and cavities. Specifically, we consider the transient thermal response to water droplets as they are placed on heated superhydrophobic surfaces. For comparative purpose we also consider the same scenario with smooth hydrophobic and smooth hydrophilic surfaces. Experiments were conducted over a range of surface temperatures varying from 60 to 165 °C. The results show radically different behavior in the transient thermal transport for the three surface types considered. At all temperatures the total droplet evaporation time on the superhydrophobic surfaces was nearly an order of magnitude greater than on the smooth hydrophilic surface. At temperatures elevated above the saturation temperature, where vigorous boiling was evident on the hydrophilic surface, the droplets on the superhydrophobic surfaces remained at bulk temperatures significantly lower than the saturation temperature. Further, the droplets on the superhydrophobic surfaces exhibited Leidenfrost-like behavior at surface temperatures far below the typical Leidenfrost point. Analysis of the data reveals overall heat transfer coefficients that are much lower on the superhydrophobic surfaces than on the other surfaces, over the entire range of temperatures explored.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Face off: Implications of visual cues on initiating friendship on Facebook

This research investigates how moderating factors and theoretically relevant contextual variables affect impression formation and the willingness to initiate virtual friendship. An experiment examined both main and interaction effects for visual cues, profile owner's gender, and evaluator's gender; a 2 (stimulus gender: male and female)x3 (visual conditions: attractive, unattractive, and no-photo)x2 (evaluator's gender: male and female) between subjects model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. A three-way interaction between gender and appearance was revealed. The results indicated that both male and female subjects were more willing to initiate friendships with opposite-sex profile owners with attractive photos. Subjects also displayed comparatively higher willingness to make friends with profile owners who did not include visual cues than with those who revealed an unattractive photo. The hyperpersonal model was supported and extended to address gender attributes.
Theoretical models for predicting the effect of bridging group recognition and conjugate substitution on hapten enzyme immunoassay dose-response curves

Models for predicting the effect of immunological recognition of the bridge group on the dose-response curves obtained with heterogeneous hapten enzyme immunoassays are presented. Appropriate theoretical treatment shows that the greater affinity of antibodies toward the enzyme-labeled species than for the unlabeled hapten analyte results in assays with limited detection capabilities. This problem is compounded when enzyme conjugates possessing multiple haptens are used. In equilibrium type competitive arrangements, the concentrations of binder and labeled hapten may be optimized to some extent to improve assay performance. However, the results presented show that only when assays are performed in a sequential binding mode using carefully controlled timing of reagent incubations can the detection capabilities of the assays be fully maximized for analyte measurements. Unfortunately, it is also shown that such sequential binding approaches render the assays essentially nonselective. The effect of decreasing the affinity of the binder to the enzyme-labeled hapten relative to the unlabeled analyte by using heterologous conjugates in equilibrium arrangements is shown to improve detection capabilities but also at the expense of reduced selectivity. Suggestions for reagent concentrations and conjugate substitution (degree of conjugation), which provide optimized dose-response curves at a given ED50 value, are also presented as are proposals for using different binders which do not exhibit bridging group recognition.
Response of the African Monsoon to Orbital Forcing and Ocean Feedbacks in the Middle Holocene

Simulations with a climate model that asynchronously couples the atmosphere and the ocean showed that the increased amplitude of the seasonal cycle of insolation in the Northern Hemisphere 6000 years ago could have increased tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures in late summer. The simulated increase in sea surface temperature and associated changes in atmospheric circulation enhanced the summer monsoon precipitation of northern Africa by more than 25 percent, compared with the middle Holocene simulation with prescribed modern sea surface temperatures, and provided better agreement with paleorecords of enhanced monsoons.
Two New Species of Stylogyne (Myrsinaceae) from Brazil

During routine identification of material of the genus Stylogyne A. DC. (Myrsinaceae), two new Brazilian species, S. dusenii Ricketson & Pipoly from the state of Parana and S. racemiflora Ricketson & Pipoly from the state of Amazonas, are described and illustrated and their phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
PREFAIL: a programmable tool for multiple-failure injection

As hardware failures are no longer rare in the era of cloud computing, cloud software systems must "prevail" against multiple, diverse failures that are likely to occur. Testing software against multiple failures poses the problem of combinatorial explosion of multiple failures. To address this problem, we present PreFail, a programmable failure-injection tool that enables testers to write a wide range of policies to prune down the large space of multiple failures. We integrate PreFail to three cloud software systems (HDFS, Cassandra, and ZooKeeper), show a wide variety of useful pruning policies that we can write for them, and evaluate the speed-ups in testing time that we obtain by using the policies. In our experiments, our testing approach with appropriate policies found all the bugs that one can find using exhaustive testing while spending 10X--200X less time than exhaustive testing.
Control of hysteresis in a monolithic nanoactuator

Deals with the characterization and control of hysteresis in a piezoelectric nanoactuator. First, the notion of normalized ratio is introduced to quantitatively measure the strength of the hysteresis. This ratio is based on the harmonic contents of the actuator output signal and is approximately invariant under a range of input signal frequency and amplitude. Second, an analytic expression relating the harmonics to the plant parameters is derived. This expression is then applied to determine the plant parameters so that a nonlinear observer can be synthesized to cancel the hysteresis. Third, the observer-based compensator is tested in the experimental system. It is determined that the proposed compensation scheme produces significant attenuation of the hysteresis in the actuator.
Neurons Produce a Neuronal Cell Surface-Associated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan

Monoclonal antibody Cat-315 recognizes a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expressed on the surface of subsets of neurons in many areas of the mammalian CNS (Lander et al., 1997). The cell type-specific expression exhibited by the Cat-315 CSPG and other perineuronal net CSPGs imparts a distinct molecular surface identity to a neuron (Celio and Blumcke, 1994; Lander et al., 1997). The cell type(s) producing these surface-associated proteins and yielding this cellular diversity has remained in question. The expression of the Cat-315 CSPG in primary rat cortical cultures has permitted an examination of the cellular source of the Cat-315 antigen, as well as a determination of its spatial relationship to the neuronal surface. Live-cell labeling of primary neuronal cultures demonstrates that the Cat-315 CSPG is on the extracellular surface of neurons. Furthermore, extraction experiments demonstrate that the Cat-315 CSPG lacks a transmembrane domain and that the entire molecule is extracellular and, therefore, can be considered a constituent of brain extracellular matrix. Several lines of evidence indicate that neurons with cell surface staining produce the Cat-315 CSPG. First, neurons with cell surface staining also show intracellular Cat-315 immunoreactivity. Second, β-xyloside or monensin, reagents that inhibit the synthesis and transport of CSPGs, increase intracellular Cat-315 immunoreactivity within neurons that express cell surface Cat-315 immunoreactivity. Third, double labeling with Cat-315 and a polyclonal antibody for the Golgi complex demonstrates a precise colocalization of the intracellular Cat-315 immunoreactivity with the Golgi. Together, these observations demonstrate that neurons contribute to the extracellular matrix of brain and that the Cat-315 CSPG is produced by the neurons that carry Cat-315 cell surface immunoreactivity.
The Influence of Mitigation Evidence, Ethnicity, and SES on Death Penalty Decisions by European American and Latino Venire Persons

The purpose of the research was to determine whether European American and Latino mock jurors would demonstrate bias in death penalty decision making when mitigation evidence and defendant ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) were varied. A total of 561 actual venire persons acted as mock jurors and read a trial transcript that varied a defendant's case information (mitigating circumstances: strong/weak, defendant ethnicity: European American/Latino, and defendant SES: low/high). European American jurors recommended the death penalty significantly more often for the low SES Latino defendant when strength of mitigation evidence was weak. In addition, they also assigned this defendant higher culpability ratings and lower ratings on positive personality trait measures compared with all other conditions. Strong mitigation evidence contributed to lower guilt ratings by European American jurors for the high SES European American defendant. Latino jurors did not differ in their death penalty sentencing across defendant mitigation, ethnicity, or SES conditions. Discussion of in-group favoritism and out-group derogation, as well as suggestions for procedures to diminish juror bias in death penalty cases, is provided.
Load Flow Analysis

The basic load flow problem corresponds to the situation where, for given load demands at the various load busses and for assumed generation levels at specified supply voltages, one is interested in the overall voltage profile of the power network, real and reactive flows on transmission lines and transformers, bus voltage magnitudes and phase angles, line currents, line losses, and other related steady-state variables. As such, it is not concerned with the process of allocating generation levels among the various units, nor does it attempt to compute needed supply voltages. The results of solving the basic load flow problem are used in a variety of ways including the subsequent adjustment of generation levels and supply voltages to meet economic and/or security requirements. Table 3.1 provides a summary of some important practical applications.
Primary Prevention of Heart Failure

Most heart failure research and quality improvement efforts are targeted at treatment and secondary prevention of patients with manifest heart failure. This is distinct from coronary disease where primary prevention has been a focus for over three decades. Given the current importance and the projected worsening of heart failure epidemiology, a more focused effort on prevention is urgently needed.
Effect of water-wall interaction potential on the properties of nanoconfined water.

Much of the understanding of bulk liquids has progressed through study of the limiting case in which molecules interact via purely repulsive forces, such as a hard-core or ``repulsive ramp'' potential. In the same spirit, we report progress on the understanding of confined water by examining the behavior of waterlike molecules interacting with planar walls via purely repulsive forces and compare our results with those obtained for Lennard-Jones (LJ) interactions between the molecules and the walls. Specifically, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of 512 waterlike molecules interacting via the TIP5P potential and confined between two smooth planar walls that are separated by $1.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. At this separation, there are either two or three molecular layers of water, depending on density. We study two different forms of repulsive confinement, when the water-wall interaction potential is either (i) $1∕{r}^{9}$ or (ii) a WCA-like repulsive potential. We find that the thermodynamic, dynamic, and structural properties of the liquid in purely repulsive confinements qualitatively match those for a system with a pure LJ attraction to the wall. In previous studies that include attractions, freezing into monolayer or trilayer ice was seen for this wall separation. Using the same separation as these previous studies, we find that the crystal state is not stable with $1∕{r}^{9}$ repulsive walls but is stable with WCA-like repulsive confinement. However, by carefully adjusting the separation of the plates with $1∕{r}^{9}$ repulsive interactions so that the effective space available to the molecules is the same as that for LJ confinement, we find that the same crystal phases are stable. This result emphasizes the importance of comparing systems only using the same effective confinement, which may differ from the geometric separation of the confining surfaces.
Observability and related structural results for linear hereditary systems

New results on the theory of observability and deterministic observers for linear time.invariant systems with delays are presented. The results have been established only for the case of point delays which are commensurable ; however, most of the results can be generalized to the situation with distributed delays and to the ease with non-commensurate delays.
Linear color-separable human visual system models for vector error diffusion halftoning

Image halftoning converts a high-resolution image to a low-resolution image, e.g., a 24-bit color image to a three-bit color image, for printing and display. Vector error diffusion captures correlation among color planes by using an error filter with matrix-valued coefficients. In optimizing vector error filters, Damera-Venkata and Evans (see IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol.10, p.1552-65, Oct. 2001) transform the error image into an opponent color space where Euclidean distance has perceptual meaning. This letter evaluates color spaces for vector error filter optimization. In order of increasing quality, the color spaces are YIQ, YUV, opponent (by Poirson and Wandell, 1993), and linearized CIELab (by Flohr, Kolpatzik, Balasubramanian, Carrara, Bouman, and Allebach, 1993).
Level of response to alcohol measured on the self-rating of the effects of alcohol questionnaire in a group of 40-year-old women.

A low level of response (LR) to alcohol (i.e., the need for higher amounts to have an effect) is a genetically influenced characteristic that is both found in populations at high risk for future alcoholism and that predicts alcohol-related life problems in the future. A simple paper-and-pencil test that asks subjects to estimate the number of drinks required to produce each of four effects at different times in their lives, the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) questionnaire, was developed to facilitate studies of LR. However, data to date on this indirect measure of LR have focused primarily on young male populations. The current study reports SRE values from 121 middle class, middle-aged women who were selected because they were married to men who participated in a longitudinal study of sons of alcoholics and controls. As predicted, the SRE measure of LR, which records the perceived responses of alcohol early in the drinking career (FIRST 5), correlated significantly with recent drinks per drinking day (0.18, p < 0.05), a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder (0.33, p < 0.001), and with a family history of alcohol dependence (0.20, p < 0.05). The LR value from the SRE reflecting the perceived number of drinks required for effects in the most recent 3 months correlated more closely with both quantity and frequency of drinking (0.36 and higher, p < 0.001), and related to recent nicotine use (0.23, p < 0.05). These data indicate the potential usefulness of the SRE as a measure of LR as a risk factor for alcoholism in relatively highly functioning middle-aged women.
XBP1 controls maturation of gastric zymogenic cells by induction of MIST1 and expansion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Background & Aims The transition of gastric epithelial mucous neck cells (NCs) to digestive enzyme–secreting zymogenic cells (ZCs) involves an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and formation of many large secretory vesicles. The transcription factor MIST1 is required for granulogenesis of ZCs. The transcription factor XBP1 binds the Mist1 promoter and induces its expression in vitro and expands the ER in other cell types. We investigated whether XBP1 activates Mist1 to regulate ZC differentiation. Methods Xbp1 was inducibly deleted in mice using a tamoxifen/Cre-loxP system; effects on ZC size and structure (ER and granule formation) and gastric differentiation were studied and quantified for up to 13 months after deletion using morphologic, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot analyses. Interactions between XBP1 and the Mist1 promoter were studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation from mouse stomach and in XBP1-transfected gastric cell lines. Results Tamoxifen-induced deletion of Xbp1 ( Xbp1Δ ) did not affect survival of ZCs but prevented formation of their structure. Xbp1Δ ZCs shrank 4-fold, compared with those of wild-type mice, with granulogenesis and cell shape abnormalities and disrupted rough ER. XBP1 was required and sufficient for transcriptional activation of MIST1 . ZCs that developed in the absence of XBP1 induced ZC markers (intrinsic factor, pepsinogen C) but showed abnormal retention of progenitor NC markers. Conclusions XBP1 controls the transcriptional regulation of ZC structural development; it expands the lamellar rough ER and induces MIST1 expression to regulate formation of large granules. XBP1 is also required for loss of mucous NC markers as ZCs form.
ENERGETICS OF TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION OF THE PLATYPUS ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS

The platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw displays specializations in its limb structure for swimming that could negatively affect its terrestrial locomotion. Platypuses walked on a treadmill at speeds of 0.19‐1.08 m s -1 . Video recordings were used for gait analysis, and the metabolic rate of terrestrial locomotion was studied by measuring oxygen consumption. Platypuses used walking gaits (duty factor >0.50) with a sprawled stance. To limit any potential interference from the extensive webbing on the forefeet, platypuses walk on their knuckles. Metabolic rate increased linearly over a 2.4-fold range with increasing walking speed in a manner similar to that of terrestrial mammals, but was low as a result of the relatively low standard metabolic rate of this monotreme. The dimensionless cost of transport decreased with increasing speed to a minimum of 0.79. Compared with the cost of transport for swimming, the metabolic cost for terrestrial locomotion was 2.1 times greater. This difference suggests that the platypus may pay a price in terrestrial locomotion by being more aquatically adapted than other semi-aquatic or terrestrial mammals. Summary
Effect of feeding diets of varying fatty acid composition on apolipoprotein expression in newborn swine

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chronic (1 wk) feeding of dietary triacylglycerol (TG) of varying fatty acid composition on small intestinal and hepatic apolipoprotein expr...
On the optimum synthesis of random sampling multipole filters with stationary inputs

IN MANY practical engineering problems the sampling intervals for the system are not fixed. They are actually random variables. For example, in radar with nominal scanning period T, occasionally some samples of the return signals are absent because of noise or other interference. It is referred to as the ?missed sample? problem in radar.
Spin-orbit driven magnetic insulating state with J eff = 1 2 character in a 4 d oxide

The presence of a distinct magnetic insulating state in Sr${}_{4}$RhO${}_{6}$ is revealed. Using various experimental and theoretical methods, the authors find previously unseen long-range magnetic order. While the underlying spin-orbit coupling is reduced in the rhodate compound as compared to an iridate analog, its influence on the physical properties is still strong and relevant.
Multiresolution Approach to Acceleration of Iterative Image Reconstruction for X-Ray Imaging for Security Applications

Three-dimensional x-ray CT image reconstruction in baggage scanning in security applications is an important research field. The variety of materials to be reconstructed is broader than medical x-ray imaging. Presence of high attenuating materials such as metal may cause artifacts if analytical reconstruction methods are used. Statistical modeling and the resultant iterative algorithms are known to reduce these artifacts and present good quantitative accuracy in estimates of linear attenuation coefficients. However, iterative algorithms may require computations in order to achieve quantitatively accurate results. For the case of baggage scanning, in order to provide fast accurate inspection throughput, they must be accelerated drastically. There are many approaches proposed in the literature to increase speed of convergence. This paper presents a new method that estimates the wavelet coefficients of the images in the discrete wavelet transform domain instead of the image space itself. Initially, surrogate functions are created around approximation coefficients only. As the iterations proceed, the wavelet tree on which the updates are made is expanded based on a criterion and detail coefficients at each level are updated and the tree is expanded this way. For example, in the smooth regions of the image the detail coefficients are not updated while the coefficients that represent the high-frequency component around edges are being updated, thus saving time by focusing computations where they are needed. This approach is implemented on real data from a SureScan (TM) x1000 Explosive Detection System and compared to straightforward implementation of the unregularized alternating minimization of O'Sullivan and Benac [1].
An element-based concurrent partitioner for unstructured finite element meshes

A concurrent partitioner for partitioning unstructured finite element meshes on distributed memory architectures is developed. The partitioner uses an element-based partitioning strategy. Its main advantage over the more conventional node-based partitioning strategy is its modular programming approach to the development of parallel applications. The partitioner first partitions element centroids using a recursive inertial bisection algorithm. Elements and nodes then migrate according to the partitioned centroids, using a data request communication template for unpredictable incoming messages. Our scalable implementation is contrasted to a non-scalable implementation which is a straightforward parallelization of a sequential partitioner. The algorithms adopted in the partitioner scale logarithmically, as confirmed by actual timing measurements on the Intel Delta on up to 512 processors for scaled size problems.
Weight gain, related concerns, and treatment outcomes among adolescent smokers enrolled in cessation treatment.

We examined associations of weight concerns and weight gain with adolescent tobacco cessation treatment and whether these effects differed by gender or ethnoracial group. Participants were 115 urban adolescents recruited for a randomized clinical trial of nicotine replacement therapy. Baseline weight gain concerns were assessed using the Eating Disorders module from the Diagnostic Interview for the Child and Adolescent (DICA-IV). The average weight gain during the trial was 0.59 ± 2.85 kg among the 43.5% of participants who completed the treatment study. As indicated by the DICA, baseline weight gain concerns were not associated with weight gain during treatment, study completion, or abstinence from smoking at 3-month posttreatment follow-up; these results did not vary by gender or ethnoracial group. Adolescents who quit smoking gained no more weight during the trial than those who smoked.
Reconstruction of a Below-the-Knee Amputation Stump in the Setting of Popliteal Transection: Supercharging an Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap for Vein Graft Coverage

We present the first case of a super charged/venous augmented anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap used for below-the-knee stump reconstruction. Due to medical knee tissue loss, tunneled vein grafts could have been at risk for exposure. The inclusion of a second pedicle allowed reliable soft tissue coverage of the vein grafts, while the ALT component of the flap covered the exposed tibia.
Effects of increased bronchial blood flow on airway morphometry, resistance, and reactivity

It has been suggested that airway obstruction may be mediated in part by airway vascular engorgement or airway wall edema. However, there are few data that support this conjecture. In this study we examined the effects of increased bronchial blood flow (Qba) on airway wall dimensions, conducting airway resistance, peripheral airway resistance, and airway reactivity assessed by methacholine aerosol challenge. The bronchial artery was perfused with autologous blood (control Qba = 0.6 ml.min-1.kg-1) in anesthetized ventilated sheep. The artery was perfused at either control (C) Qba or at high (H) Qba (300% of C Qba) for 3 h. Morphometry showed a doubling of the vascular area in airways exposed to H Qba (n = 4) compared with C Qba (n = 4). However, the significant increase in wall area could be accounted for only partially by the vascular changes, with edema fluid accumulation accounting for the major increase. Despite these changes, baseline airway resistance (n = 16) and peripheral airway resistance were both unaltered. Airway reactivity to methacholine before and after H Qba was also examined (n = 12). The 3 h of H Qba had no effect on airway reactivity regardless of whether challenge occurred with C or H Qba. The lack of effect of vascular engorgement on airway resistance or reactivity does not support a primary role for these factors in mediating airway obstruction.
Vitamin D for combination photodynamic therapy of skin cancer in individuals with vitamin D deficiency: Insights from a preclinical study in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma

Combination photodynamic therapy (cPDT) in which vitamin D (VD) is given prior to aminolevulinate, a precursor (pro-drug) for protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is an approach developed in our laboratory. We previously showed that 1α,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), given prior to PDT, enhances accumulation of PpIX and improves cell death post-PDT in a mouse skin cancer model. However, since calcitriol poses a risk for hypercalcemia, we replaced systemic calcitriol with oral cholecalciferol (D3), administered as a high (tenfold, “10K”) diet over a ten-day period. Here, we ask whether VD deficiency might alter the response to cPDT. Nude mice were fed a VD-deficient diet for at least 4 weeks (“deficient”); controls were fed a normal 1,000 IU/kg diet (“1K”). Human A431 cells were implanted subcutaneously and mice were switched to the 10K diet or continued on their baseline diets (controls). In other experiments, mice received a human equivalent dose of 50,000 IU D3 by oral gavage, to simulate administration of a single, high-dose VD pill. At various times, tumors were harvested and serum was collected to measure levels of VD metabolic intermediates. A significant increase in PpIX levels and in the expression of differentiation and proliferation markers in tumor tissue was observed after VD supplementation of both the deficient and 1K mice. Further results describing mechanistic details of PpIX enhancement through alteration of heme- and VD-metabolic enzyme levels will be presented. Based on these results, a clinical study using oral vitamin D prior to PDT for human skin cancer should be performed.
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Design Strategy for a Hot-Humid Production Builder

Building Science Corporation (BSC) worked directly with the David Weekley Homes - Houston division to develop a cost-effective design for moving the HVAC system into conditioned space. In addition, BSC conducted energy analysis to calculate the most economical strategy for increasing the energy performance of future production houses in preparation for the upcoming code changes in 2015. This research project addressed the following questions: 1. What is the most cost effective, best performing and most easily replicable method of locating ducts inside conditioned space for a hot-humid production home builder that constructs one and two story single family detached residences? 2. What is a cost effective and practical method of achieving 50% source energy savings vs. the 2006 International Energy Conservation Code for a hot-humid production builder? 3. How accurate are the pre-construction whole house cost estimates compared to confirmed post construction actual cost?
On the Road (to a Cure?) — Stem-Cell Tourism and Lessons for Gene Editing

Many desperate patients have left the United States seeking unproven and risky stem-cell interventions available in countries with less rigorous regulation. How can we keep gene editing from triggering a new wave of medical tourism?
Effects of Local Acidosis on Vascular Resistance in Dog Skeletal Muscle

SummaryExperiments were completed in collateral free, constant flow perfused dog gracilis muscles to determine the effects of local increases in H+ on skeletal muscle vascular resistance. Blood pH was decreased step-wise by intraarterial infusions of isotonic lactic or acetic acid solutions. A decrease in pH with either of these acids was associated with a step-wise decrease in muscle vascular resistance. While it was clearly demonstrated that hydrogen ion is vasodilator in skeletal muscle, the H+ effect appears to be too small to account for the substantial decrease in resistance characteristic of active or reactive hyperemia.This research was supported in part by Grants from the Michigan Heart Association and NIH (HE10899). The authors are grateful for the technical assistance of Scott Underwood and Robert Young.
SigGraph: Brute Force Scanning of Kernel Data Structure Instances Using Graph-based Signatures.

Brute force scanning of kernel memory images for finding kernel data structure instances is an important function in many computer security and forensics applications. Brute force scanning requires effective, robust signatures of kernel data structures. Existing approaches often use the value invariants of certain fields as data structure signatures. However, they do not fully exploit the rich pointsto relations between kernel data structures. In this paper, we show that such points-to relations can be leveraged to generate graph-based structural invariant signatures. More specifically, we develop SigGraph, a framework that systematically generates non-isomorphic signatures for data structures in an OS kernel. Each signature is a graph rooted at a subject data structure with its edges reflecting the points-to relations with other data structures. Our experiments with a range of Linux kernels show that SigGraph-based signatures achieve high accuracy in recognizing kernel data structure instances via brute force scanning. We further show that SigGraph achieves better robustness against pointer value anomalies and corruptions, without requiring global memory mapping and object reachability. We demonstrate that SigGraph can be applied to kernel memory forensics, kernel rootkit detection, and kernel version inference.
Prediction of Performance of a Cavitating Propeller in Oblique Inflow

A cavitating propeller subject to an oblique inflow in a cavitating tunnel is simulated using potential flow methods coupled with a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. The propeller is mainly modelled using a panel method, while the inflow to the propeller is evaluated by coupling a Vortex-Lattice Method (VLM) with the RANS solver. The effects of the tunnel wall are incorporated into the calculated effective inflow to the propeller. The predicted propeller forces and cavity pattern are correlated with experiment. The fully wetted open water characteristics of the propeller predicted by the panel method are presented as well.