cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions: Myelofibrosis.

Abstract The discovery of a mutation in the Janus Kinase 2 gene in 2005 spurred significant progress in the field of myeloproliferative neoplasms. A comprehensive description of genomic factors at play in the malignant clone in myeloproliferative neoplasms, particularly myelofibrosis (MF), have recently led to more precise, personalized prognostic tools. Despite this, understanding of the disease pathogenesis remains relatively limited. We continue to lack a detailed description of the interaction between the hematopoietic stem cell clone, abnormal bone marrow niche cells, and circulating signaling molecules and an understanding of how they cooperate to promote cell proliferation, fibrogenesis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Despite our knowledge gaps, recent research in MF has led to promising clinical translation. In this article, we summarize recent insights into MF pathophysiology, progress in the development of novel therapeutics, and opportunities for further advancement of the field.
Opposition to development or opposition to developers? Experimental evidence on attitudes toward new housing

Opposition to new housing at higher densities is a pervasive and understudied problem, and an obstacle to both urban sustainability and housing affordability. Most existing research on housing oppo...
Spinal subdural hygroma as a post-operative complication in revision spine fusion: a case report

Lumbar spine fusion has become a common and effective procedure in orthopedic practice, and a spinal subdural hygroma development is a rare complication following this procedure. We report here the case of a revision lumbar spine fusion at levels L4-5, L5-S1, where the patient subsequently developed cauda equina syndrome 2 days post-operatively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a subdural, extra-arachnoid fluid collection from T12-L2, cephalad to the site of spine fusion. It appears the first case reported a subdural hygroma developed cephalad to the site of spine fusion. When a patient complains of radicular pain along with urinary retention and neurologic deficits post-lumbar spine surgery, cauda equina syndrome possibly caused by subdural hygroma should be considered. This warrants immediate MRI and emergent reoperation to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord may be necessary.
Drivers of Water Use in the Agricultural Sector of the European Union 27.

Population growth and the uncertain hazards that accompany climate change have put increasing pressure on the management and sustainability of water. It has a direct impact on agriculture and its d...
Signals of the QCD axion with mass of 17 MeV / c 2 : Nuclear transitions and light meson decays

The QCD axion remains experimentally viable in the mass range of $\mathcal{O}(10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV})$ if (i) it couples predominantly to the first generation of SM fermions; (ii) it decays to ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with a short lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{a}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$; and (iii) it has suppressed isovector couplings, i.e., if it is piophobic. Remarkably, these are precisely the properties required to explain recently observed anomalies in nuclear deexcitations, to wit: the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ emission spectra of isoscalar magnetic transitions of $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ nuclei showed a ``bumplike'' feature peaked at ${m}_{{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\sim}17\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. In this paper, we argue that on-shell emission of the QCD axion (with the aforementioned properties) provides an extremely well-motivated, compatible explanation for the observed excesses in these nuclear deexcitations. The absence of anomalous features in other measured transitions is also naturally explained: piophobic axion emission is strongly suppressed in isovector magnetic transitions and forbidden in electric transitions. This QCD axion hypothesis is further corroborated by an independent observation: a $\ensuremath{\sim}2--3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ deviation in the measurement of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ from the Standard Model theoretical expectation. This paper also includes detailed estimations of various axionic signatures in rare light meson decays, which take into account contributions from low-lying QCD resonance exchange, and, in the case of rare kaon decays, the possible effective implementations of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}S=1$ octet enhancement in chiral perturbation theory. These inherent uncertainties of the effective description of the strong interactions at low energies result in large variations in the predictions for hadronic signals of the QCD axion; in spite of this, the estimated ranges for rare meson decay rates obtained here can be probed in the near future in $\ensuremath{\eta}/{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and kaon factories.
Owner Personality, Owner-Dog Attachment, and Canine Demographics Influence Treatment Outcomes in Canine Behavioral Medicine Cases

Human and canine parameters can affect the development of canine behavior problems, although their influence on the dog’s response to veterinary behavioral treatment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the possible associations between canine behavior following clinical intervention and canine demographic characteristics, owner personality and owner-dog attachment. The study included 131 dog-owner dyads who attended a veterinary behavioral service. Owners completed the C-BARQ at baseline, three-months and six-months, and the Ten Item Personality Inventory and Lexington Attachment to Pet Scale at baseline. Data were analyzed for the effect of clinical intervention on C-BARQ subscale scores using mixed effect models. Binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between behavior change and canine and owner parameters. Within six-months of veterinary consultation, trainability increased (coefficient 0.03, p=0.01) and chasing (coefficient -0.04, p=0.02), separation-related behavior (coefficient -0.04, p=0.01) and energy level (coefficient -0.04, p=0.05) decreased. Treatment outcomes were associated with both canine and owner variables. Canine behavior at baseline was the most consistent predictor of behavior change with less desirable baseline behavior associated with greater odds of decreased problem behavior at three- and six-months post-consultation across most C-BARQ subscales. Canine age and weight; owner conscientiousness, extraversion and openness; and owner-dog attachment were also associated with treatment outcomes for some behavioral categories. These findings could be used by veterinarians to formulate more accurate prognoses and provide owners with targeted advice to reduce the influence of background factors on the dog’s response to clinical behavioral intervention.
Phosphorylation of protein kinase Cδ Tyr311 positively regulates thromboxane generation in platelets.

Platelets are key mediators of physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis, whose function must be carefully balanced by signaling downstream of receptors such as protease-activated receptor (PAR)4. Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to regulate various aspects of platelet function. For instance, PKCδ is known to regulate dense granule secretion, which is important for platelet activation. However, the mechanism by which PKCδ regulates this process as well as other facets of platelet activity is unknown. We speculated that the way PKCδ regulates platelet function may be because of the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on PKCδ. We investigated phosphorylation of PKCδ following glycoprotein VI-mediated and PAR4-mediated platelet activation and found that Y311 is selectively phosphorylated when PAR4 is activated in human platelets. Therefore, we generated PKCδ Y311F knock-in mice, which are viable and have no gross abnormalities. However, PKCδY311F mice have significantly enhanced tail-bleeding times compared with WT littermate controls, which means hemostasis is interrupted. Furthermore, PKCδY311F mice exhibit longer time to carotid artery occlusion compared with WT control using a ferric chloride in vivo thrombosis model, indicating that the phosphorylation of PKCδ Y311 is prothrombotic. Washed platelets from PKCδY311F mice have reduced reactivity after stimulation with a PAR-4 agonist indicating its importance in platelet signaling. The phenotype observed in Y311F mouse platelets is because of reduced thromboxane generation, as an inhibitor of thromboxane generation equalizes the PKCδY311F platelet response to that of WT. Therefore, phosphorylation of PKCδ on Y311 is important for regulation of platelet function and specifically thromboxane generation, which reinforces platelet activation.
Examination of Medical College Admission Test Scores and US Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge Scores Among Students With Disabilities.

This cohort study examines the association between Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores, disability status and category, and performance on US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores.
Construction of vicinal 4°/3°-carbons via reductive Cope rearrangement

Herein reported is a strategy for constructing vicinal 4°/3° carbons via reductive Cope rearrangement. Substrates have been designed which exhibit Cope rearrangement kinetic barriers in the range of ~23 kcal/mol with isothermic favorability (G ~0). These fluxional/shape-shifting molecules can be driven forward by chemoselective reduction to useful polyfunctionalized building blocks.
A method for creating high resolution maps of social vulnerability in the context of environmental hazards

Abstract The availability of demographic information from census data has enabled the development of indices that describe the relative social vulnerability of populations at different locations. These indices are often used in conjunction with models of physical exposure to environmental hazards, such as flooding and hazardous waste emission, to identify populations at greatest risk. However, using standard census areal units to calculate social vulnerability can lead to significant underestimation of vulnerable populations as environmental hazards typically occur on a finer spatial scale than census units such as block groups. This paper describes and illustrates a hybrid method for creating a social vulnerability index (SVI) at a tax parcel level by utilizing supplementary information about tax parcels to link cadastral dasymetric mapping techniques and established social vulnerability indexing methods. This high resolution social vulnerability index may be used for planning at the municipal level to address existing or potential environmental justice issues.
RANKL inhibitors induce osteonecrosis of the jaw in mice with periapical disease

Antiresorptive medications are essential in treating diseases of pathologic osteoclastic bone resorption, including bone cancer and osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the most commonly used antiresorptives in clinical practice. Although inhibition of bone resorption is important in regulating unwanted malignant and metabolic osteolysis, BP treatment is associated with potential side effects, including osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ). Recently, non-BP antiresorptive medications targeting osteoclastic function and differentiation, such as denosumab, have entered the clinical arena. Denosumab treatment results in a similar rate of ONJ as BPs. Animal models of ONJ, using high-dose BP treatment in combination with tooth extraction or dental disease, provide valuable tools and insight in exploring ONJ pathophysiology. However, the ability of other antiresorptives to induce ONJ-like lesions in animal models has not been explored. Such studies would be beneficial in providing support for the role of osteoclast inhibition in ONJ pathogenesis versus a direct BP effect on oral tissues. Here, we tested the ability of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) inhibitors RANK-Fc (composed of the extracellular domain of RANK fused to the fragment crystallizable [Fc] portion of immunoglobulin G [IgG]) and OPG-Fc (composed of the RANKL-binding domains of osteoprotegerin [OPG] linked to the Fc portion of IgG) to induce ONJ in mice in the presence of periapical disease, but in the absence of dental extractions. We demonstrate radiographic evidence of ONJ in RANK-Fc-treated and OPG-Fc-treated mice, including inhibition of bone loss, increased bone density, lamina dura thickening, and periosteal bone deposition. These findings closely resembled the radiographic appearance of an ONJ patient on denosumab treatment. Histologic examination revealed that RANK-Fc treatment and OPG-Fc treatment resulted in absence of osteoclasts, periosteal bone formation, empty osteocytic lacunae, osteonecrosis, and bone exposure. In conclusion, we have successfully induced ONJ in mice with periapical disease, using potent osteoclast inhibitors other than BPs. Our findings, coupled with ONJ animal models using high-dose BPs, suggest that osteoclast inhibition is pivotal to the pathogenesis of ONJ.
Social and Environmental Factors Related to Boys' and Girls' Park-Based Physical Activity.

Introduction Parks provide opportunities for physical activity for children. This study examined sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity because differences may indicate that a standard environmental intervention to increase activity among children may not equally benefit boys and girls. Methods The System for Observation Play and Recreation in Communities was used to measure physical activity among 2,712 children and adolescents in 20 neighborhood parks in Durham, North Carolina, in 2007. Sedentary activity, walking, vigorous park activity, and energy expenditure were the primary outcome variables. Hierarchical logit regression models of physical activity were estimated separately for boys and girls. Results Type of activity area and presence of other active children were positively associated with boys' and girls' physical activity, and presence of a parent was negatively associated. A significant interaction involving number of recreation facilities in combination with formal activities was positively associated with girls' activity. A significant interaction involving formal park activity and young boys (aged 0-5 y) was negatively associated with park-based physical activity. Conclusion Activity area and social correlates of park-based physical activity were similar for boys and girls; findings for formal park programming, age, and number of facilities were mixed. Results show that girls' physical activity was more strongly affected by social effects (eg, presence of other active children) whereas boys' physical activity was more strongly influenced by the availability of park facilities. These results can inform park planning and design. Additional studies are necessary to clarify sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity.
Separate Roads to Feminism: To Whom Do You Refer?

It's very understandable why you would want to start someplace where you resonate more with the people who you are involved with from a lot of different levels, and who you aren't always educating in the process. Aileen C. Hernandez San Francisco, California July 2000 Structure in Accounts of Feminist Emergence Structural changes in opportunities for women in American society facilitated feminist activism in the 1960s and 1970s. Changes in women's participation in public life – indicated by higher rates of women's participation in the labor force and growing numbers of women in higher education – gave women the resources necessary to organize for gender equality (Buechler 1990; Carden 1974; Freeman 1975; Marx Ferree and Hess 1994). There is, however, a logical problem with positing that rising resources facilitated feminist mobilization in the 1960s and 1970s: If women's circumstances were improving during this period, why did they mobilize? If things were getting better, from where did women's discontent emerge? This is a good question but not the only one to ask. Movement experiences also mattered for feminist mobilizations, since in the United States, feminist movements have historically come from movements organized to fight forms of oppression other than gender oppression (Buechler 1990). Movements for racial/ethnic liberation have been crucial to the emergence of both first- and second-wave white feminism and the feminist movements of women of color, both in the United States and in other countries (see Ray 1999, for example, on Indian women's movements).
Stata Graph Library for Network Analysis

Network analysis is a multidisciplinary research method that is quickly becoming a popular and exciting field. Though some statistical programs possess sophisticated packages for analyzing networks...
Ideologies of literacy, "academic literacies," and composition studies.

In my contribution to this symposium, I take up the call of this journal in its mission statement for “new interactions between Literacy and Composition Studies.” From the framework of competing ideologies of literacy, I explore points of intersection as well as divergence between strands of what’s known as “composition studies” and what has come to be identified as the “academic literacies” approach to academic literacy. My focus on “academic literacies” rather than the broader area of literacy studies signals at least three of my biases: first, I wish to counter the tendency to allow the cultural norm for academic literacy to go unchallenged, a tendency that a focus on those literacy practices deemed nonacademic risks maintaining; second, and relatedly, insofar as work in composition studies remains tied by its location in the academy to programs charged with the study and teaching of academic writing, those of us identified with composition cannot allow cultural norms for academic literacy to go unchallenged; and third, some of the most promising work challenging such norms can be found in work taking an academic literacies approach.
Recovering Displacements and Deformations from 3D Medical Images Using Biomechanical Models

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of biomechanical models for the estimation of non-rigid displacement fields from sequences of three-dimensional medical images. Later, the chapter describes two case studies—namely, (1) the estimation of brain shift for neurosurgery and (2) the estimation of left ventricular deformation, the proper modeling of the underlying tissue is important in order to ensure reliable and robust estimation of the underlying displacement and consequently the deformation. Modeling is needed as the image-derived displacement estimates generated from a number of methods have the following characteristics: (1) they are sparse, (2) they are noise-corrupted, and (3) they may contain only partial information. The both case studies illustrate the use of this underlying mathematical framework. The chapter also describes methodology to compensate for brain shift in image guided neurosurgery and algorithms to estimate the deformation of the left ventricle of the heart. The specifics of the mechanical model are presented, followed by validation results on real and simulated data.
Toward a Hermeneutic Theory of the History of the Natural Sciences

The history of science has a relatively short but interesting history of its own.1 At first scientists engaged in the history of science for pedagogical and educational reasons without being explicitly trained as historians (Lagrange). Later philosophers began to concern themselves with the history of science, mainly because they wanted to come to a better understanding of the “true” meaning and function of a given science. In most cases these authors were both scientists and philosophers. Yet they all had in common that they were never explicitly trained as historians. Only lately, after World War II, did one begin to see people trained in history concerning themselves with the history of science as such (Sarton) or with the history of a particular science (Jammer). These authors were also trained in one or more sciences. Yet in many cases the knowledge of science on the part of these scholars seldom went beyond the kind of science “passively” acquired at the college level; very few of these historians were ever actually engaged in scientific research.
Phase Lags of QPOs in Microquasar GRS 1915+105

I report the discovery of hard X-ray phase lags associated with the famous 67 Hz quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in microquasar GRS 1915+105. The QPO is seen on multiple occasions. For this investigation, I have chosen one particular observation when the oscillation is the strongest. The measured hard lags show strong energy dependence. With respect to the 2-2.5 keV band, the phase lag increases from insignificant detection at 5.2-7.0 keV to as much as 2.3 radians (which corresponds a time lag of $\sim$5.6 ms) above $\sim$13 keV. Also detected in the same observation are one narrowly peaked, strong QPO at 67 mHz, along with its first three harmonics, one weak QPO at $\sim$400 mHz and one broad QPO at $\sim$840 mHz. Similar cross spectral analyses have been performed on these QPOs (and the harmonics), in order to measure any phase lags associated with the features. Phase lags are detected in all, with similar energy dependence. For the 67 mHz QPO, the results are quite intriguing: only the first and third harmonic components show hard lags, while the fundamental and the second harmonic components actually display smaller {\it soft} lags. Coupled with the energy dependence of the QPO amplitude, the results seem to indicate a complicated change in the signal profile with photon energy. I will discuss the implication of the phase lags on possible origins of the QPOs.
A multiple population Boltzmann machine

Boltzmann machines and genetic algorithms have been successfully applied to function optimization problems. The model developed, merges these approaches to obtain a system that has the best features of both. The composite system offers capabilities difficult to obtain with standard genetic algorithms. It yields automatic niche formation and at the same time it avoids premature convergence. It does not have the Boltzmann machines problem of getting trapped in a local maxima. The model has a temperature parameter that can be used to obtain convergence to a global optimum as is done for simulated annealing. The single population Boltzmann machine is extended to a multiple population and an associated set of genetic operators. It is shown that the equilibrium probability distribution is Gibb's. Computer simulations that show niche formation are presented. >
Central American mothers report family history of depression and alcohol abuse as a predictor of teenage health risk behaviors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships of family history of depression and alcohol abuse as a predictor of health risk behaviors among Central American teenagers. Data sources: Demographic data were collected from a convenience sample of 101 Central American mothers with a teenage daughter ages 12-17 years who were living in Northern Virginia. The research questions assessed the family history of depression, alcohol abuse, and maternal depression. Scores were calculated to predict risk of teenage health risk behaviors. Conclusions: The Hispanic mothers in this study reported that their teenagers had significant health risk behaviors, including school dropout and expulsion, alcohol and substance use, pregnancy, and gang membership. Family history of depression and alcohol abuse in a first degree relative predicted teenage risk behavior 71% of the time. Clinical Implications: There is no consensus on a standard screening approach for depression in teenagers. Developing a standardized approach to gathering information from teenagers that includes genetic family traits may have significant effects on interventions for teenage health risk behavior and ways to provide the best services for vulnerable teenagers. The results of this study have implications for nurse practitioners caring for teenagers. Language: en
Left ventricular early inflow-outflow index: a novel echocardiographic indicator of mitral regurgitation severity.

Background No gold standard currently exists for quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR) severity. Classification by echocardiography is based on integrative criteria using color and spectral Doppler and anatomic measurements. We hypothesized that a simple Doppler left ventricular early inflow–outflow index (LVEIO), based on flow velocity into the left ventricle (LV) in diastole and ejected from the LV in systole, would add incrementally to current diagnostic criteria. LVEIO was calculated by dividing the mitral E‐wave velocity by the LV outflow velocity time integral. Methods and Results Transthoracic echocardiography reports from Montefiore Medical Center and its referring clinics from July 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011 (n=11 235) were reviewed. The MR severity reported by a cardiologist certified by the National Board of Echocardiography was used as a reference standard. Studies reporting moderate or severe MR (n=550) were reanalyzed to measure effective regurgitant orifice area by the proximal isovelocity surface area method, vena contracta width, MR jet area, and left‐sided chamber volumes. LVEIO was 9.3±3.9, 7.0±3.2, and 4.2±1.7 among those with severe, moderate, and insignificant MR, respectively (ANOVA P <0.001). By receiver operating characteristic analysis, area under the curve for LVEIO was 0.92 for severe MR. Those with LVEIO ≥8 were likely to have severe MR (likelihood ratio 26.5), whereas those with LVEIO ≤4 were unlikely to have severe MR (likelihood ratio 0.11). LVEIO performed better in those with normal LV ejection fraction (≥50%) compared with those with reduced LV ejection fraction (<50%) (area under the curve 0.92 versus 0.80, P <0.001). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, LVEIO was independently associated with severe MR when compared with vena contracta width, MR jet area, and effective regurgitant orifice area measured by the proximal isovelocity surface area method. Conclusion LVEIO is a simple‐to‐use echocardiographic parameter that accurately identifies severe MR, particularly in patients with normal LV ejection fraction.
Surgical removal of self-expanding stents from the carotid artery: does the type of stent make a difference?

Purpose:To evaluate the degree of difficulty in surgically removing 2 different stent models placed in the canine carotid artery.Methods:In 5 dogs, each carotid artery was stented with a braided Elgiloy self-expanding stent (BESES) on one side and a surface-spanning micro stent (SSMS) on the other. After 4 weeks, an arteriogram was obtained, and the stents were removed via direct surgical exposure. The minimum lengths of the skin incisions and arteriotomies, the ease of stent removal, and the presence of a distal intimal flap were recorded.Results:Stent deployment and removal were successful in each animal, but there was a substantial difference in the ease of removal. The BESES could be removed in a strand-by-strand fashion via a more proximal, smaller arteriotomy compared to the SSMS (8.8±1.3 versus 37.2±4.7 mm, p<0.01). Furthermore, a smaller skin incision (3.85±0.9 versus 9.75±0.5 cm, p<0.01) was required for the BESES. There was no distal flap formation following BESES removal, whereas SSMS removal p...
Slow wave field potentials in the rat brain during the estrous cycle.

Abstract Twenty-one rats were implanted with chronic electrodes in the amygdala, preoptic area, and arcuate nucleus-median eminence region in an effort to learn more about electrical activity in the limbic system and the relationship to the estrous cycle. Slow wave field potentials from these three areas were recorded for ten minutes of each half-hour between 10:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. each day of the four-day estrous cycle. These recordings were analyzed for amount of correlation and direction of conduction between pairs of electrodes and for conduction times between pairs of sites. Slow wave field potential conduction from the amygdala to the preoptic area during the “critical period” on the day of proestrus lasts longer and takes longer en route than at other times of the cycle. This is statistically significant at p
Developing Market-Based Incentives for Green Building Alternatives

Abstract As the 4th most populous and 2nd fastest growing region of the U.S., 70% of Florida's 16-million citizens reside along the coastline in areas served by shallow, fragile aquifers that have largely been destroyed by over-pumping and saltwater intrusion. Resulting wastewater discharge and runoff have contaminated natural waterways and aquifer recharge basins. A case study from the Tampa Bay, Florida (U.S.) region reveals that water suppliers are providing conservation incentives to consumers as a cost-effective alternative to expanding infrastructure capacity to meet the demands of population and economic growth. Research at the University of Florida shows the benefit-cost of several water saving alternatives and the corresponding “willingness-to-pay” for several consumer markets. Together, a methodology is introduced wherein the water supplier can create “optimal” market-based incentives for consumer investment in water saving measures that maximize water use reductions and minimize conservation pr...
Shocked quartz at the triassic-jurassic boundary in Italy.

Quartz grains that appear to have been shock-metamorphosed occur within three closely spaced shale beds from the uppermost Triassic ("Rhaetian") Calcare a Rhaetavicula in the Northern Apennines of Italy. The upper shale coincides with the abrupt termination of the distinctive, uppermost Triassic Rhaetavicula fauna and is overlain by the Hettangian (Lower Jurassic) Calcare Massiccio; no extinctions appear to be associated with the two lower layers, which occur 1.2 and 2.4 meters below the boundary shale. Approximately 5 to 10% of the quartz grains within these layers exhibit one or more sets of planar deformational features whose orientations cluster around the rational crystallographic planes (basal, ω, and π) most commonly observed in shocked quartz. Textural and stratigraphic observations support an interpretation of at least three closely spaced impacts at the end of the Triassic.
Identification of Retinoic Acid-Responsive Elements on the HNF1α and HNF4α Genes

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha) and HNF4alpha are liver-selective transcription factors and are essential for hepatocyte differentiation. This study demonstrates that HNF1alpha as well as HNF4alpha genes contain a direct repeat with a space of one nucleotide (DR1)-retinoic acid (RA) response element that can be bound and regulated by RA and retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRalpha) complex. Transient transfection experiments showed that RA increased the promoter activity of the HNF1alpha and HNF4alpha genes in Hep3B cells. Overexpression of RXRalpha further enhanced the activities of both genes. Two putative RXRalpha binding sites on the HNF1alpha (-295 to -276) and HNF4alpha (-418 to -399) genes have been characterized. By transient transfection, both sites positively responded to RA, and overexpression of RXRalpha in Hep3B cells increased the regulatory effect. Gel mobility shift assay demonstrated that these two DR-1 sites could be bound by RXRalpha specifically. These data suggest that the differentiation effect of RA on hepatocyte may be due to direct interaction of RXRalpha with the RA-responsive elements on the HNF1alpha and HNF4alpha genes.
Ultrastructural evidence for direct monosynaptic rubrospinal connections to motoneurons in Macaca mulatta

The magnocellularis division of the red nucleus of the Macaca mulatta, a midbrain structure involved in processing motor information, is known by light microscopic analysis to project, via the rubrospinal tract, to the contralateral intermediate horn of the spinal cord. Physiological studies, however, provide additional evidence for direct monosynaptic connections to motoneurons subserving distal musculature. This electron microscopic study demonstrates, by analyzing the anterograde transport of 5% wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injected into the red nucleus, the presence of labeled terminals synapsing upon somata and proximal dendrites of motoneurons in the lateral portion of the ventral horn of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord. We conclude that this anatomical evidence confirms the presence of direct monosynaptic connections to spinal motoneurons in the primate.
On organic soil carbon and CO2

Cultivation of virgin lands released about 150 times 10 12 kg of carbon as CO 2 to the atmosphere during the last 100 years, at rates of 1 to 2 times 10 12 kg/yr. These rates exceeded the CO 2 evolved from fossil fuel combustion until the mid-1960s. Soil organic carbon, in organic and mineral soils, may play a considerable role in the CO 2 cycle and in controlling the CO 2 concentration of the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00863.x
High-speed amplified lightwave receiver for time domain measurements

The current trend of increasing data rates for fiber optics communications systems has created a demand for high-speed lightwave measurement instrumentation. For time domain measurements, a key element is a lightwave receiver for converting the optical signal to an electrical signal which can then be analyzed by conventional methods. The requirements for a high-speed lightwave receiver include DC-coupling, sufficient bandwidth to accurately reproduce the optical signal, frequency response flatness, sensitivity for measuring low signal levels, and linearity to avoid signal distortion. A receiver has been designed within Hewlett-Packard to meet these requirements for data rates up to 2.5 Gb/s. The receiver design consists of a high-bandwidth InP/InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodiode and a GaAs transimpedance amplifier. The photodiode has a bandwidth of 32 GHz with a responsivity greater than 0.5 A/W. The transimpedance amplifier has a gain of 600 ohms, flat frequency response, and a bandwidth of over 7 GHz. The combination results in a DC-coupled receiver with a bandwidth of over 4 GHz and a conversion gain of 330 V/W. The receiver provides accurate measurement capability for optical transmitters for both SONET and fibre channel communications systems.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hydrogen Migration Over Organic Tapes: [1,5] Sigmatropic Shiftamers

We explore the possibility of suprafacial hydrogen atom migration over several organic tapes—infinite chains of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons. It’s not easy. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Do gonadotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and beta-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons contain estrogen receptors? A double-label immunocytochemical study in the Suffolk ewe

We used double label immunocytochemistry to examine the brains of ovariectomized ewes and determine whether GnRH, tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH), and beta-endorphin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons contain IR-estrogen receptors (ER). Because of their possible importance as a target for the feedback actions of estradiol, we also examined the presence of nuclear ER in LH-IR cells of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary. Although preoptic GnRH neurons were frequently in close proximity to ER-IR cells, only one out of approximately 1000 GnRH cells examined was found to coexpress ER. In contrast, in the arcuate nucleus and vicinity, 3-5% of TH cells and 15-20% of beta-endorphin cells contained ER. Virtually all LH-IR cells, seen predominantly in the ventral portion of the pars tuberalis, coexpressed ER. These results suggest that in sheep as in rodents, the influence of estradiol on the reproductive neuroendocrine system is not directly mediated by GnRH neurons, but instead is conveyed to GnRH cells via presynaptic affer...
The use of rifampicin to evaluate tRNA transcriptional organization in Escherichia coli

The antibiotic rifampicin, which in prokaryotes inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis but not the completion of nascent strands, was used to explore tRNA gene transcriptional organization in Escherichia coli. Cultures were grown in [32P] orthophosphate to constant specific radioactivity and labeled with [3H] uridine in the presence of rifampicin. Numerous tRNA species then were isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their 3H/32P ratios determined; these ratios, following correction for the base compositions of the tRNAs, should reflect the distances of the corresponding tRNA genes from their promoters. Individual tRNA species were identified, where possible, by oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis. Observed isotopic ratios were correlated with promoter-gene distances, measured in nucleotides, using the nucleotide sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene as a reference. The protocols developed should be applicable to most prokaryotes.
Hyperfine and Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions in Copper-Doped Ti O 2

Single crystals of Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ have been investigated at 20 K using the technique of electron paramagnetic resonance. The major features of the EPR spectra can be attributed to divalent copper ($3{d}^{9}$) in substitutional (${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$) sites. Information has been gained about both isotopes of copper and about the interactions which concern this ion. For the substitutional site, the spin-Hamiltonian parameters in the $S=\frac{1}{2}$, $I=\frac{3}{2}$ manifold are: ${g}_{x}=2.109$, ${g}_{y}=2.094$, ${g}_{z}=2.346$, $A_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{63}=+18.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $A_{y}^{}{}_{}{}^{63}=+27.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $A_{z}^{}{}_{}{}^{63}=\ensuremath{-}87.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $A_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{65}=+18.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $A_{y}^{}{}_{}{}^{65}=+28.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $A_{z}^{}{}_{}{}^{65}=\ensuremath{-}93.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${P}_{x}=\ensuremath{-}2.56\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, ${P}_{y}=\ensuremath{-}2.37\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and ${P}_{z}=+4.93\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The magnitudes and relative signs of these parameters have been determined experimentally, while the absolute signs have been predicted theoretically from a model which gives a consistent picture of the ordering of the ${d}^{9}$ electronic states. In addition, the theoretical treatment gives a satisfactory estimate of $P$. Departure from tetragonality was taken into account. The covalency parameter ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ which measures the fraction of the hole wave function on the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ ion is found to be 0.71, and the factor $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ giving rise to isotropic hyperfine structure is found to be 0.31.
Hydrodynamic and climatic drivers of ice breakup in the lower Mackenzie River

Abstract Ice breakup is a controlling factor in the hydrology of arctic deltas, including the Mackenzie River Delta, which is characterized by numerous channels and lakes. Ice jams that may form during the spring breakup often result in flooding, thus replenishing delta lakes with essential water, sediment and nutrients. These processes are primarily driven by the flow of the lower Mackenzie River. The present study, carried out under the auspices of the International Polar Year, examines how the ice cover of the lower Mackenzie River can break up while still retaining a significant portion of its mechanical strength. This is the so-called mechanical breakup, a necessary condition for occurrence of ice jams farther downstream. In most rivers, mechanical breakup can simply result from the rising freshet flow, but this is doubtful for the Lower Mackenzie, owing to the low water surface slope and thick winter ice cover. Analysis of extensive measurements obtained during the 2008 breakup event indicates that mechanical breakup can primarily result from javes, the sharp waves generated upon ice-jam release, which are known to amplify hydrodynamic forces. Further confirmation is provided by archived hydrometric station data for the period 2000–2011. The present results on the conditions of breakup initiation are consistent with past findings while indicating a lower base temperature for the accumulation of “thawing” degree-days. This difference is shown to be linked to water–ice heat exchanges and radiative fluxes. Recommendations for future research include upstream extension of the study reach to include the range of influence of releasing ice jams, and physics-based modeling of the decreasing ice competence during the pre-breakup period.
Open-Source 3D-Printable Optics Equipment

Just as the power of the open-source design paradigm has driven down the cost of software to the point that it is accessible to most people, the rise of open-source hardware is poised to drive down the cost of doing experimental science to expand access to everyone. To assist in this aim, this paper introduces a library of open-source 3-D-printable optics components. This library operates as a flexible, low-cost public-domain tool set for developing both research and teaching optics hardware. First, the use of parametric open-source designs using an open-source computer aided design package is described to customize the optics hardware for any application. Second, details are provided on the use of open-source 3-D printers (additive layer manufacturing) to fabricate the primary mechanical components, which are then combined to construct complex optics-related devices. Third, the use of the open-source electronics prototyping platform are illustrated as control for optical experimental apparatuses. This study demonstrates an open-source optical library, which significantly reduces the costs associated with much optical equipment, while also enabling relatively easily adapted customizable designs. The cost reductions in general are over 97%, with some components representing only 1% of the current commercial investment for optical products of similar function. The results of this study make its clear that this method of scientific hardware development enables a much broader audience to participate in optical experimentation both as research and teaching platforms than previous proprietary methods.
DA Vision 2015: From Here to Eternity

Design automation (DA) is at a historical moment where it has a chance -- after mathematics, statistics, and computer science -- to establish itself as the fourth universal approach with widespread applications in a variety of scientific, engineering, and economic domains. We start by outlining some of the most important research contributions and industrial applications of the design automation; we identify key conceptual DA techniques and describe how they interact to form synthesis and analysis flows. Next, we discuss the most attractive emerging and pending DA domains by analyzing several recent technologies, applications, and conceptual trends. Our emphasis is not just on the most challenging research or the most lucrative application areas but also on the technological trends relevant to DA. Furthermore, we elaborate on the types of new DA techniques and tools that are required for further fundamental progress and improved practical relevance. In order to provide a balanced picture of DA, we also identify the most pronounced dangers in false starts and false research in DA. Finally, we briefly discuss the need for a DA educational reform and community social reorganization that are beneficial for rapid and impactful research and development contributions.
Women and Minority Workers in the New Economy Optimistic, Pessimistic, and Mixed Scenarios

Two scenarios, one optimistic and one pessimistic, contrast the effects of the New Economy. The optimistic scenario assumes that a “leading edge” of women and minorities will be recruited for new and better jobs. Persistence of the traditional labor force position of women and minorities generates the pessimistic scenario. The two scenarios are used to derive three predictions about the number and content of jobs in the New Economy and the demographic composition of those employed. Data on the composition of growing and declining occupations suggest that the pessimistic scenario is more likely. Yet employment outcomes appear to depend crucially upon management decisions and organizational issues.
Young children's understanding of the mind: Imagery, introspection, and some implications

Abstract This article summarizes a program of research demonstrating that early in the pre-school years children already have both a basic understanding of the ontological distinction between the mind and the external world and some capacity for introspection. Three-year-olds understand that mental phenomena such as visual images are subjective and immaterial. They can also engage in a rudimentary form of introspection, as shown by their ability to reflect on and discuss mental images. By 5 years of age, some children not only spontaneously use mental rotation on a mental-rotation task, but they also are conscious of this mental process. These findings sharply contrast with traditional accounts of development, in which such accomplishments were believed to occur only much later. This research supports both a more positive view of young children's understanding of the mind and a greater emphasis on metacognition in early childhood education.
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Tolerability Profile of Clinafloxacin

Clinafloxacin is a broad-spectrum and highly potent member of the fluoro-quinolone class of antibiotics, with enhanced activity against difficult-to-treat Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and anaerobic pathogens. It appears that the most important factor in terms of structure-activity is the chloride atom at the C-8 position. Clinafloxacin has a tolerability profile that is similar to that of other quinolones. Structure-tolerability issues related to the C-8 halogen, such as phototoxicity, should not be a major problem for an antimicrobial agent used for nosocomial infections in hospitalised patients. Similar class-related tolerability issues of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents, such as tendinitis, should not be an important issue in hospitalised patients.
Effect of sewage sludge application to amelio‐rate iron deficiency of grain sorghum

Abstract Recent research has indicated that land application of municipal sewage sludge to calcareous soils can be used to ameliorate iron (Fe) deficiency of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech]. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the response of grain sorghum grown on three different soils to application of sewage sludge. Sludge applied at rates of 0, 7.5, 15.0, and 25.0 g/kg soil did not completely ameliorate grain sorghum Fe deficiency. When FeEDDHA was soil applied, sewage sludge application significantly increased plant growth due to increases in soil phosphorus (P) availability. Application of sewage sludge at rates greater than 7.5 g/kg reduced dry matter production of grain sorghum in the FeEDDHA amended Orelia SC soil, the soil with the lowest total neutralizing potential. The decreases yield was possibly due to toxic levels of soil and plant copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), and increased soil salinity.