cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rescripting Shakespeare: Rescripting stage directions and actions

“ with a quaint device the banquet vanishes ” The Tempest , 3.3.52 From the eighteenth century to the present the editors of Shakespeare's plays have treated the stage directions found in the Folio and the various Quartos with considerably less respect than the dialogue. In his landmark 1790 edition Edmund Malone decided “that the very few stage-directions which the old copies exhibit, were not taken from our author's manuscripts, but [were] furnished by the players” and therefore announced: “All the stage-directions therefore throughout this work I have considered as wholly in my power, and have regulated them in the best manner I could.” Although recent editors may not be as openly scornful, in today's editions the original signals are regularly moved, adjusted, or reconfigured. In an influential essay E. A. J. Honigmann has justified such a practice by arguing that, since “Shakespeare was careless about stage-directions,” the editor or reader “cannot avoid giving a higher authority to the ‘implied stage-directions’ of the dialogue than to directions printed as such,” for “our general understanding of a character … or of what can and cannot be done successfully in the theatre … must always override the printed stage-directions.” Honigmann concludes: “We have a great opportunity, and a great responsibility: to see the plays, not as editors direct, but as we would wish to direct them ourselves.”
The King-Devick test of rapid number naming for concussion detection: meta- analysis and systematic review of the literature

Background: Vision encompasses a large component of the brain's pathways, yet is not represented in current sideline testing. Objectives: We performed a meta-analysis of published data for a vision-based test of rapid number naming (King-Devick [K-D] test). Studies & methods: Pooled and meta-analysis of 15 studies estimated preseason baseline K-D scores and sensitivity/specificity for identifying concussed versus nonconcussed control athletes. Result: Baseline K-D (n = 1419) showed a weighted estimate of 43.8 s (95% CI: 40.2, 47.5; I2 = 0.0%; p=0.85 – indicating very little heterogeneity). Sensitivity was 86% (96/112 concussed athletes had K-D worsening; 95% CI: 78%, 92%); specificity was 90% (181/202 controls had no worsening; 95% CI: 85%, 93%). Conclusion: Rapid number naming adds to sideline assessment and contributes a critical dimension of vision to sports-related concussion testing.
MUTANTS OF YEAST DEFECTIVE IN SUCROSE UTILIZATION

ABSTRACT Utilization of sucrose as a source of carbon and energy in yeast (Saccharomyces) is controlled by the classical SUC genes, which confer the ability to produce the sucrose-degrading enzyme invertase (Mortimer and Hawthorne 1969). Mutants of S. cerevisiae strain S288C ( SUC2 + ) unable to grow anaerobically on sucrose, but still able to use glucose, were isolated. Two major complementation groups were identified: twenty-four recessive mutations at the SUC2 locus ( suc2 - ); and five recessive mutations defining a new locus, SNF1 (for sucrose n on f ermenting), essential for sucrose utilization. Two minor complementation groups, each comprising a single member with a leaky sucrose-nonfermenting phenotype, were also identified. The suc2 mutations isolated include four suppressible amber mutations and five mutations apparently exhibiting intragenic complementation; complementation analysis and mitotic mapping studies indicated that all of the suc2 mutations are alleles of a single gene. These results suggest that SUC2 encodes a protein, probably a dimer or multimer. No invertase activity was detected in suc2 mutants.—The SNF1 locus is not tightly linked to SUC2 . The snf1 mutations were found to be pleiotropic, preventing sucrose utilization by SUC2 + and SUC7 + strains, and also preventing utilization of galactose, maltose and several nonfermentable carbon sources. Although snf1 mutants thus display a petite phenotype, classic petite mutations do not interfere with utilization of sucrose, galactose or maltose. A common feature of all the carbon utilization systems affected by SNF1 is that all are regulated by glucose repression. The snf1 mutants were found to produce the constitutive nonglycosylated form of invertase, but failed to produce the glucose-repressible, glycosylated, secreted invertase. This failure cannot be attributed to a general defect in production of glycosylated and secreted proteins because synthesis of acid phosphatase, a glycosylated secreted protein not subject to glucose repression, was not affected by snf1 mutations. These findings suggest that the SNF1 locus is involved in the regulation of gene expression by glucose repression.
Monitoring active volcanism with the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment on EO-1

Abstract The ability to monitor and rapidly react to remote detection of volcanic activity has been greatly improved through use of the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE), an advanced software application installed on a spacecraft in Earth orbit. ASE is a NASA New Millennium Program experiment demonstrating science-driven autonomous command and control of a spacecraft. Flying on the Earth Observing-1 ( EO-1 ) spacecraft, ASE successfully detected thermal emission from the Mt. Erebus lava lake on 7 May 2004, having analyzed a Hyperion hyperspectral data product on board the spacecraft. EO-1 was re-tasked by ASE to obtain a follow-up observation 7 h later and sent a notification of detection of volcanic activity to the ground. The entire process was carried out autonomously. Initial acquisition to receipt on the ground of the positive detection took less than 3 h, a process that without ASE would have taken weeks. The ASE Thermal Classifier has detected several styles of effusive volcanic activity: active lava lakes, pahoehoe flow fields, open channel flows and lava domes. ASE successfully demonstrated that science-driven spacecraft operation greatly enhances science return per returned byte through the identification of the most valuable data, allowing prioritization of downlink products and the discarding of null data sets. This technology has applications on missions elsewhere in the solar system. Modified thermal classifiers can be used for detecting and monitoring active volcanism on the jovian satellite Io, the neptunian moon Triton, and searching for active volcanism on Mars and icy satellites. The success of ASE is an incentive for future instrument and mission designers to consider on-board data-processing requirements (especially data storage capacity, number of processors and processor speed, and RAM) in order to take advantage of this flight-proven technology.
The Pharmacokinetics of Enoxaparin Do Not Correlate With Its Pharmacodynamic Effect in Patients Receiving Dialysis Therapies

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin were studied in healthy volunteers and hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis subjects. Antifactor Xa activity estimated the pharmacokinetics, whereas thrombin generation time (TGT) estimated the pharmacodynamics. Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg was given subcutaneously to all subjects. Antifactor Xa Amax and AUC(0-12) were similar between groups, but the TGTmax was significantly greater in the dialysis groups (P = .001). The thrombin generation time remained significantly more prolonged throughout the 12-hour study period, and there was a trend toward greater TGT AUEC(0-12) for both dialysis groups (P = .07). Patients receiving hemodialysis had greater sensitivity to enoxaparin compared to the other groups. These results suggest that in dialysis patients, there may be accumulation of active heparin metabolites that are undetected by the antifactor Xa assay. Therefore, these subjects exhibit greater thrombin generation time prolongation despite similar antifactor Xa exposure. Further large-scale studies are needed to corroborate the results of this exploratory pilot study.
Pornography Use and Attitudes: An Examination of Relational and Sexual Openness Variables Between and Within Gender

The purpose of this investigation was to examine male and female pornography users' and nonusers' attitudes regarding sexual openness and inhibition as well as relational variables both between and within gender. Participants included 846 individuals, 355 men and 491 women, with 239 of the men and 117 of the women being pornography consumers. Results indicate that men are more sexual seeking and less relationally oriented than women. However, men are more sexually conservative than women. When comparing groups by pornography usage, both male and female pornography users are more sexually open and uninhibited and less relationally oriented than nonusers. Interestingly, when comparing female pornography users to male nonusers, pornography-using women are more sexually open and uninhibited than nonusing men and are less sexually conservative than nonusing men. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Credentialing and Reimbursement in Point-of-Care Ultrasound

This article addresses issues surrounding credentialing and reimbursement for point-of-care emergency ultrasound. Specifically, certification, privileging, and accreditation in emergency ultrasound are defined, and examples of how these concepts are typically used in the United States are given. Methods of reimbursement are discussed, including the impact of point-of-care ultrasound use on evaluation and management codes and basic structure of current procedure and terminology codes including technical and professional components. Key requirements for reimbursement including documentation of medical necessity, findings, and image archival are covered. Future directions in point-of-care ultrasound credentialing and reimbursement are discussed.
Aggression and the Attribution Process

Summary The present study demonstrated that Ss who were led to believe that an external cause was responsible for their arousal at being yelled at behaved less aggressively than those who attributed their arousal as due to the insult. Ss were led to believe that listening to a loud noise would cause either arousal or irrelevant physiological symptoms; those in the arousal symptoms group subsequently were less aggressive to a confederate and reported themselves to be experiencing a greater degree of arousal than those in the irrelevant symptoms group. These results support Schachter's cognitive attribution theory of emotion and suggest its importance in explaining aggressive behavior.
Irish Protestant migration and politics in the USA, Canada, and Australia: a debated legacy

In the USA, the rediscovery and celebration of Irish Protestant ancestry has extended in recent years to arguments by some scholars, political journalists, and politicians that there exists today an identifiable Scots-Irish socio-political legacy. This essay explores the history and cultural context of Irish Protestant migration and assesses its contemporary ramifications at the national level and in a critical state-level case (Kentucky). To assist in identifying the factors that have fostered or mitigated Irish Protestant identity/ies, comparisons will be made between the American experience and the very different ones of two other major recipient countries: Canada (and the province of Ontario) and Australia (and the state of New South Wales). Source regions, religious affiliation, the timing and magnitude of mass migration, and settlement patterns have all mattered in determining the socio-political roles played by Irish Protestants in the three former British colonies since the eighteenth and nineteen...
Apparent Size Contrasts of Retinal Images and Size Constancy as Determinants of the Moon Illusion

Kaufman and Rock (1962) and Rock and Kaufman (1962) concluded that the moon illusion is a function of and attributable to apparent distance. They also reported a large framing effect as an exceptio...
Slum dweller's daily movement pattern in a Calcutta slum

This study identifies the daily activity pattern of a city slum in Calcutta and analyzes the socio-economic correlates and proposes activity pattern models. The study area, Tangra slum is located in a low-lying poorly drained area where cheap land has led to the development of a large number of factories, and a cattle slaughter house; places of employment for unskilled labor. The ideal location of the slum in relation to entertainment, medical clinics, transportation nodes, shopping facilities has generated a diverse activity pattern. Activities were observed to be of two natures, essential and non-essential. The two types of activities differed in their frequency with the essential activities having high frequency and the non-essential having low frequencies. Typically it was also observed that high frequency activities were limited to a radii of 5 km (3 miles) from the slum whereas, the low frequency activities radiated for 100–160 km (60 to 100 miles) from the slum.
The canonical delooping machine

Abstract We suggest a new delooping machine, which is based on recognizing an n -fold loop space by a collection of operations acting on it, like the traditional delooping machines of James, Stasheff, May, Boardman–Vogt, Segal, and Bousfield. Unlike the traditional delooping machines, which carefully select a nice space of such operations, we consider all natural operations on n -fold loop spaces, resulting in the algebraic theory Map ∗ ( ⋁ • S n , ⋁ • S n ) . The advantage of this new approach is that the delooping machine is universal in a certain sense, the proof of the recognition principle is more conceptual, it works the same way for all values of n , and it does not need the test space to be connected.
Usable Flexibility, Employees' Concerns about Elders, Gender, and Job Withdrawal

Abstract Many employees, while at work, have elder-caregiving responsibilities and corresponding concerns about the elders' safety, care, and welfare. These concerns likely escalate when work environments have inflexible schedules or penalize employees for using flexible scheduling options. Caregiving concerns often lead to job withdrawal (i.e., planned job changes), which often has negative economic effects on employees and their families. Using a new measure of caregiving concerns, we estimate a mediational pathway between usable flexibility at work, elder caregiving concerns, and planned job changes in a sample of 572 employed caregivers (25.2% men, 74.8% women). Caregiving concerns mediated the relationship between usable flexibility and planned job changes. Neither gender, nor the joint effect of gender and usable flexibility, moderated relationships linking caregiving concerns to planned changes.
Dehydrogenation polymer-cell wall complexes as a model for lignified grass walls.

p-Hydroxycinnamyl alcohols were efficiently polymerized into maize walls by wall-bound peroxidases and in vitro generated hydrogen peroxide to produce dehydrogenation polymer−cell wall (DHP−CW) complexes. Electron microscopy of KMnO4-stained sections revealed that DHPs were distributed throughout the cell wall matrix. DHP−CW complexes were structurally similar to natural grass lignins according to pyrolysis, thioacidolysis, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Nonlignified walls were rapidly degraded by rumen microorganisms and by commercial fungal hydrolases, whereas DHP−CW complexes had a reduced rate and extent of degradation. This system is useful for modeling matrix interactions in lignified walls and for identifying means of improving the utilization of lignocellulosic materials for nutritional and industrial purposes. Keywords: Gramineae; Zea mays; cell wall; fiber; peroxidase; p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols; lignin; dehydrogenation polymer; transmission electron microscopy; pyrolysis; thioacidolysis; NMR; fiber ...
Optically active polymers: Cyclopolymerization of the divinylacetal of (R) (+)‐3,7‐dimethyloctanal

The divinylacetal of (R)(+)-3,7-dimethyloctanal was polymerized by radical and cationic initiators. Radical initiation gave only viscous liquid polymers, while cationic systems gave solid products. Optical rotatory dispersions of these polymers fit simple Drude plots. The polymer prepared by boron trifluoride etherate exhibits negative optical rotations, while both the polymer obtained by azobisisobutyronitrile and the model compound show positive rotations. From these observations, it is suggested that the polymers might differ from each other in stereoregularity.
Periosteal osteoclasts, skeletal development and ageing.

As far back as 1873, Kolliker1 observed the existence of osteoclasts in the periosteum of normal bone. Lacroix2 also made several references to the presence of periosteal osteoclasts during development of the perichondral collar of long bones. Quantitative information, however, is not available concerning the size of the population of periosteal osteoclasts and the appearance, disappearance, and stability of the population during ageing. The importance of the presence of these cells at periosteal sites has been largely neglected. Environmental conditions which are found in the periosteum make for an excellent study of osteoclastic origin, function, fate and biochemical nature.
Secondary states in perspective: An integrated approach to state formation in the prehistoric Aegean

In this article, we explore the typological distinction between primary and secondary states. We outline a methodology for exploring variability in the formation and organization of secondary states that integrates aspects of traditional neoevolutionary approaches, Marcus's “dynamic model,” Blanton et al.'s “dual-processual model,” and world-systems theory. We discuss the development of the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Bronze Age Aegean and argue that they arose via different mechanisms of secondary state formation, through direct and indirect contact with neighboring societies in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Egypt. We argue that a model that measures state formation along several different theoretical dimensions encourages archaeological exploration of secondary states along varied historical trajectories, in different (pre)historic contexts.
Shear induced superconductivity in B(BEDT-TTF)2I3

Data from several pressure media indicate that pressure plus shear is required to access the 8K state in (ET)2I3. A simple recipe is described for recovery of this state at ambient pressure. A tentative phase diagram and a structural model consistent with our findings is presented.
A method of extracting dynamic fracture toughness from CT tests

Recent research on methods of determining the dynamic fracture resistance for rapidly propagating cracks has progressed to the point where standardized testing procedures are being proposed. Because direct measurements of dynamic fracture resistances cannot be made, the resistances must be inferred from other measurement. In the present paper, an analysis which is fundamental to a method whereby the dynamic fracture toughness as a function of crack speed can be inferred from measurements of the specimen's end displacement at initiation of crack growth and of the total crack extension is described. All of the reference curves required for making the inference are developed for a standardized CT specimen. The procedure for using these curves to establish the dynamic fracture toughness-crack speed relationship and the minimum fracture toughness is given.
Pediatric intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with persistent pupillary membrane

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) occurring during cataract surgery in adults has been widely reported in association with tamsulosin and other α-1 a adrenergic antagonists; however, only one case of pediatric IFIS has been previously reported and was associated with congenital cataract. We report a case of a 1-month old girl with IFIS associated with bilateral persistent pupillary membranes without cataracts and the use of preoperative topical phenylephrine and pilocarpine for IFIS prophylaxis.
Fluid flow pattern analysis in a trough region: a nonparametric approach

This paper aims at identifying statistically different circulation patterns characterising fluid flow in the trough region between two adjacent asymmetric waveforms, using the velocity data collected by 3D acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Statistical clustering has been performed using ideas originating from information theory and scale space theory in computer vision for splitting the trough region into different spatially connected segments (identifying the circulation bubble in the process) on the basis of circulation patterns. The paper attempts to visualise the fluid fluctuations in the trough region, with emphasis on the circulation region, by simulating the directional fluctuations of fluid particles from the kernel density estimates learned from the experimental data. The image representation of the estimate of the spatial turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) function reveals interesting features corresponding to the regions of high TKE, suggesting the possibilities for further research in this area along ...
Conducting metallic oxide contacts on superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ thin films

Low resistance contacts to superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) thin films have been prepared by using conducting metallic ruthenium oxide, RuO/sub 2/, as contact electrodes. The surface specific contact resistivity of the best contacts made by DC magnetron sputtering of RuO/sub 2/ and a structure of Au/RuO/sub 2/ or Ag/RuO/sub 2/ on YBCO thin films has an upper limit value in the range of 5*10/sup -8/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ but less than 5*10/sup -6/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ at 77 K for a single layer RuO/sub 2/ on YBCO thin films. Auger depth profiling shows diffusion of Y, Ba, and Cu into RuO/sub 2/ but no apparent diffusion of Ru into YBCO thin films after thermal treatment of the contact at 500 degrees C. No degradation of zero resistance temperature was seen for the superconducting thin films after the formation of the low resistance contacts. No special pretreatment of the YBCO film surface was required prior to depositing the contact electrodes, but a post-deposition anneal was necessary to obtain a good contact. >
Covert attention and eye movements during reading.

Eye movements were monitored during the reading of spatially transformed text in order to examine covert attentional processes in reading. In some conditions, the sequence of letters within a word was congruent with (i.e. in the same direction as) the sequence of words in the sentence; in other conditions the direction of letters within words and the direction of words in the sentence were incongruent. In addition, the window of visible text was varied so that in some conditions only the fixated word (and all preceding words) were visible, whereas in other conditions the fixated word and the succeeding word were both visible. Readers were able to extract more parafoveal information from text when the words themselves were normal than when the letters within the words were transformed. However, with practice, readers were able to use some parafoveal information even when the words were transformed. The most important finding was that the congruity of the word and letter order had no reliable effect on the ...
Meztizaje and remembering in Afro-Mexican communities of the Costa Chica: implications for archival education in Mexico

This paper summarizes some of the major themes of a larger study that used Afro-Mexicans of the Costa Chica as a case study to understand archival education in Mexico. This study seeks to provide insight on how absences of Mexicans of African descent from the official record and recordkeeping came into being in Mexico; to examine the role that education of archival professionals might play in addressing or contributing to these absences; and to produce recommendations for remedying this under-documentation—at least in part—through changes to what is currently taught in formal archival education at the university level.
On a transformation of the differential equations of the lunar theory.

This work contains a transformation of Hill-Brown differential equations for the coordinates of the satellite to a type which can be integrated in a literal form using an analytical programming language. The differential equation for the parallax of the satellite is also established. Its use facilitates the computation of Hill's periodic intermediary orbit of the satellite and provides a good check for the expansion of the coordinates and frequencies. The knowledge of the expansion of the parallax facilitates the formation of differential equations for terms with a given characteristic. These differential equations are put into a form which favors the solution by means of iteration on the computer. As in the classical theory we obtain the expansions of the coordinates and of the parallax in the form of trigonometric series in four arguments and in powers of the constants of integration. We expand the differential operators into series in squares of the constants of integration. Only the terms of order zero in these expansions are employed in the integration of the differential equations. The remaining terms are responsible for producing the cross-effects between the perturbations of different order. By applying the averaging operator to the right sides of the differential equations we deduce the expansion of the frequencies in powers of squares of the constants of integration.
Personality disorder traits associated with risk for unipolar depression during middle adulthood.

Abstract Data from the Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation, were used to investigate the association of personality disorder (PD) traits, evident by early adulthood, with risk for the development of unipolar depressive disorders by middle adulthood. Antisocial, borderline, dependent, depressive, histrionic, and schizotypal PD traits, identified between ages 14 and 22, were significantly associated with risk for dysthymic disorder (DD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) by a mean age of 33 after a history of unipolar depression and other psychiatric disorder was controlled statistically. Individuals without a history of unipolar depression who met diagnostic criteria for ≥1 PD by a mean age of 22 were at elevated risk for DD or MDD by a mean age of 33 years. Individuals identified as having a DSM-IV Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid, or schizotypal) or Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive–compulsive) PD by a mean age of 22 years were at elevated risk for recurrent or chronic unipolar depression. The findings of this study suggest that some types of PD traits that become evident by early adulthood may contribute to an increased risk for the development or recurrence of unipolar depressive disorders by middle adulthood.
Behavioral, but not physiological, adaptation to repeated separation in mother and infant primates

Abstract Mother and infant squirrel monkeys were subjected to a series of brief separations in order to evaluate how behavioral and physiological responses change following multiple exposures to stress. Beginning when the infants reached three months of age, their behavioral and hormonal responses were assessed during six 1-hr separations; an additional five dyads served as controls for the effect of repeated disturbance. The separated infants showed a marked and progressive decrease in distress calling across time, but no change was observed in the high levels of agitated activity or the plasma cortisol response to separation. This finding questions the traditional use of distress vocalizations as a measure of stress and indicates that certain types of behavior can change independently of physiological arousal responses, which may continue to occur even after repeated exposures to stress.
Nanomanipulation experiments exploring frictional and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

In many cases in experimental science, the instrument interface becomes a limiting factor in the efficacy of carrying out unusual experiments or prevents the complete understanding of the acquired data. We have developed an advanced interface for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that allows intuitive rendering of data sets and natural instrument control, all in real time. The interface, called the nanoManipulator, combines a high-performance graphics engine for real-time data rendering with a haptic interface that places the human operator directly into the feedback loop that controls surface manipulations. Using a hand-held stylus, the operator moves the stylus laterally, directing the movement of the SPM tip across the sample. The haptic interface enables the user to ''feel'' the surface by forcing the stylus to move up and down in response to the surface topography. In this way the user understands the immediate location of the tip on the sample and can quickly and precisely maneuver nanometer-scale objects. We have applied this interface to studies of the mechanical properties of nanotubes and to substrate-nanotube interactions. The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to be extraordinary. They have an elastic modulus rivaling that of the stiffest material known, diamond, while maintaining a remarkable resistance to fracture. We have used atomic-force microscopy (AFM) to manipulate the nanotubes through a series of configuration that reveal buckling behavior and high-strain resilience. Nanotubes also serve as test objects for nanometer-scale contact mechanics. We have found that nanotubes will roll under certain conditions. This has been determined through changes in the images and through the acquisition of lateral force during manipulation. The lateral force data show periodic stick-slip behavior with a periodicity matching the perimeter of the nanotube.
Surgical Versus Orthodontic Correction for Class II Patients: Age and Severity in Treatment Planning and Treatment Outcome

Abstract Treatment options for Class II malocclusion include orthognathic surgery. Treatment choices are particularly difficult for young patients because of the uncertainty regarding future growth. Surgical treatment has generally been considered necessary for older patients with more severe Class II problems. The treatment records of more than 500 patients with Class II malocclusion were reviewed. Patients were grouped according to their initial treatment plan (surgery or orthodontics) and treatment outcome (overjet [OJ] reduced to
Friction and Wear of Silicon Nitride at 150°C to 800°C

The friction coefficient of hot-pressed Si3N4 on itself was measured in the temperature range of 150 to 800°C. Sliding occurred in dry argon, dry and humid air and the sliding velocity was varied from 0.1 to 10 cm/s. In dry argon and dry air, the friction coefficient is f = 0.8 ± 0.05 over the whole temperature range and wear occurs by fracture as it does at room temperature. In humid air, the friction coefficient is a complex function of sliding velocity, load, and temperature. Values of as low as f = 0.2 are obtained in a narrow velocity range at temperatures between 150 and 650°C. They are associated with the formation of a soft, amorphous, surface layer of silicon dioxide. At 800° C, the friction coefficient is f = 0.8 in all atmospheres. At every temperature and load, there is a velocity above which the friction coefficient increases rapidly and wear by microfracture is predominant. We speculate that the observed behavior is due to a balance between tribochemical reaction rate and the rate of mechani...
A demonstration of a configurable editing framework

XML-based variable data documents are special cases of XML documents subjected to processing before final visualisation. We demonstrate how such 'templates' can be edited from specific instances in a generalised manner and that this can be supported by a highly extensible and configurable editing framework. The demonstration covers simple authoring actions, higher-level authoring control (altering the editability within a document), reconfiguring the overall editor capability, using alternative 'views' of documents and exploiting the framework to modify generalised XML 'files', including some of those that define the editor itself.
China's cellular economy: A test of the fragmentation hypothesis

Abstract Using recent data pertaining to transportation performance, this paper tests the hypothesis that China's economic growth since the mid-1950s has been characterized by a tendency toward local self-sufficiency. Growth of freight transportation in China is compared with the growth of freight transportation in other large countries, with the growth of aggregate output in value terms, and (by commodity) with the growth of output in physical terms. The results are consistent with the fragmentation hypothesis. Fragmentation in China appears to be associated with the manner in which the economy is partitioned for planning purposes.
The accuracy of finite element solutions of Stokes's flow with strongly varying viscosity

We provide benchmark comparisons of two finite element (FE) mantle convection codes, CITCOM and CONMAN, against analytic solutions for Stokes' flow for strongly varying viscosity in the horizontal and vertical directions. The two codes use a similar FE formulation but different methods for solving the resulting equations. They both obtain accurate velocity, pressure and surface topography for viscosity structures which vary rapidly over a short distance, or discontinuously. The benchmarks help determine how many elements are needed to resolve a region of, for example, a convection simulation with high viscosity gradients. The overall accuracy does not depend on the global viscosity variation but on the gradients within individual elements. As a rule of thumb, accuracy can fall below 1% when there is a viscosity variation greater than a factor of two or three in an element. For iterative solution methods, necessary in three-dimensional modelling, these guidelines are required to determine the number of iterations to perform. We discuss a penalty based technique which improves the convergence of iterative solvers for general problems in which high viscosity gradients occurs spontaneously.
Tyrosine-α-Ketoglutarate Transaminase: Induction by Epinephrine and Adenosine-3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphate

Epinephrine and the N6-O2′-dibutyryl analog of adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic phosphate both are effective inducers of tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase in explants of fetal rat liver maintained in org...
Definition and analysis of a class of spanning bus orthogonal multiprocessing systems

A graph theoretical representation for a class of interconnection networks is suggested. The idea is based on a definition of orthogonal binary vectors and leads to a construction rule for a class of orthogonal graphs. An orthogonal graph is first defined as a set of 2m nodes, which in turn are linked by 2m-n edges for every link mode defined in an integer set Q*. The degree and diameter of an orthogonal graph are determined in terms of the parameters n, m and the number of link modes defined in Q*. Routing in orthogonal graphs is shown to reduce to the node covering problem in bipartite graphs. The proposed theory is applied to describe a number of well known interconnection networks such as the binary m-cube and spanning-bus meshes. Multi-dimensional access (MDA) memories are shown as examples of orthogonal shared memory multi-processing systems.
Intermedia Agenda-Setting and Political Activism: MoveOn.org and the 2008 Presidential Election

This study tested for intermedia agenda-setting effects among explicitly partisan news media coverage and political activist group, citizen activist, and official campaign advertisements on YouTube—all in support of the same candidate. The setting for this investigation was the political activist organization MoveOn.org's “Obama in 30 Seconds” online ad contest, which was held during the 2008 U.S. presidential election primaries. The data provided evidence of first- and second-level agenda-setting relationships. Partial correlations revealed that the citizen activist issue agenda, as articulated in the contest ads, was most strongly related to the partisan media coverage, rather than to the issue priorities of the official Obama or MoveOn.org ads on YouTube. These results extend the intermedia agenda-setting framework to political activist communication efforts and consumer-generated content.
Design of a divergence and alignment indicator

Abstract The divergence and alignment indicator (DAI) is an extension of the ASTM E803 L/D thermal neutron radiography L/D device that allows the user to determine both the beam centerline and the beam divergence. The DAI was made using aluminium plate and rods, and incorporated cadmium wire for contrast. Circular symmetry was utilized to simplify manufacture. The DAI was placed with the five posts against the film cassette or radioscopic imaging device in the physical center of the beam. The DAI was perpendicular to the selected beam radius when the front and back center Cd wire images overlap. The degree of misalignment was indicated by their image positions. After the DAI was aligned, analysis of the cadmium wire “+” image spacing yielded the beam divergence. The DAI was tested in a neutron beam which has an L/D of 30 but a small degree of divergence. The DAI was also imaged using an X-ray source. The point source predictions of Cd wire image locations showed good agreement with those measured from the X-ray radiograph. The neutron radiographic locations could be predicted using the point source equations, even though the neutron beam was a complex distributed source.
Phosphorylation of casein by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract The catalytic subunit of rabbit muscle cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37; ATP:protein transferase) has been tested on a variety of caseins. The B variant of β-casein was phosphorylated at a much greater rate than other β-caseins, αs1-caseins, and κ-caseins. Whole casein homozygous for β-casein B was phosphorylated at 2.5 times the rate of commercial whole casein. Gel electrophoresis experiments indicate that β-casein is the predominant component phosphorylated in commerical casein. It is therefore suggested that phosphorylation of whole casein depends on its content of the specific genetic variant, β-casein B.
TU-B-110-01: DICOM Dose SR

Quality management processes in diagnostic and interventional radiology require access to patient exposure data. DICOM now provides tools for communicating dosimetric and related data in a comprehensive manner. A first‐generation structured report (RDSR), optimized for fluoroscopically guided procedures, was released as part of the 2007 DICOM Standard. The RDSR is a DICOM object that is created and managed separately from the creation and storage of images. Even if images are discarded (e.g. fluoroscopy, rejected radiographs), the RDSR will record all of the radiation used during a procedure. RDSR outputs are already required for interventional fluoroscopic equipment conforming to IEC 60601‐2‐43 (2nd edition 2010), and are likely to be available on other and older equipment. All of the data in a RDSR is in public fields, each identified by a DICOM tag or unique concept name. The minimum content of a conforming RDSR is defined by an IEC standard. The RDSR always contains patient and examination data, total dose data for the entire procedure. For interventional procedures, the RDSR also contains technical, geometric, and dosimetric data for each individual irradiation. RDSRs are designed to be distributed on a network and captured by free‐standing dose‐management ACTORS as well as by RIS and PACS. The IHE REM Profile gives additional guidance and supplies use cases for RDSR handling. In addition RDSRs can also be stored within an imaging system and manually downloaded. This lecture will focus on the contents of the interventional fluoroscopic version of the RDSR. Limitations of the current standards will be discussed along with potential changes. The defining documents are currently being upgraded; audience inputs will be gratefully accepted. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the structure and content of the DICOM Radiation Dose Structured Report 2. Understand the interrelationships between DICOM, IEC, and IHE in the evolution of the RDSR 3. Understand the limitations of the present RDSR and potential upgrade pathways.
The circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation and obesity in adolescents

Purpose To assess the impact of obesity and population attributes on the circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) in a population-based sample of adolescents.
Surface modification of polymers: chemical, biological and surface analytical challenges

Surface modification methods can optimise the biocompatibility or the specificity of biointeraction of a biosensor or medical device. With only the surface modified, the manufacture and implantation protocol remain unchanged. This review article summarises some of the chemical, surface analytical and biological challenges associated with surface modification of biosensors and biomedical devices.
High Purity Germanium Detector Array

A prototype high purity Germanium detector array designed for use in the pulse height analysis mode as a discrete photon energy detector for medical imaging was fabricated and tested. Results obtained as a function of the photon input rate, energy resolution, and techniques for correcting for pulse overlap at high count rates will be discussed. The ability to detect small. quantities of contrast agents, and the discrimination of photoelectric and Compton images is greatly enhanced by utilizing this detection technique, in theory, and the experimental results obtained from a 1x5 cooled array will be presented.
Porous Silicon Used as an Initiator in Polymerization Reactions

Porous silicon is investigated as an initiator for radical polymerization reactions. Surface radicals and photogenerated e−/h+ pairs in porous silicon can be used to initiate polymerization reactions. Porous silicon wafers were placed in ethanolic solutions of methyl methacrylate, N-vinylcarbazole, acrylonitrile, or styrene and either left in the dark or excited by light. Methyl methacrylate polymerized in the absence of light, presumably via silicon-based radical initiator sites at the porous silicon surface. The N-vinylcarbazole polymerized to a small extent in the dark, and to a much greater extent during white light irradiation of the porous silicon surface. Photopolymerization is thought to occur via excited state hole transfer from the porous silicon to the N-vinylcarbazole monomer. Very little to no polymerization of acrylonitrile or styrene could be detected either in the dark or under illumination.
Forecasting with vector autoregressive (VAR) models subject to business cycle restrictions

Abstract In the last decade VAR models have become a widely-used tool for forecasting macroeconomic time series. To improve the out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of these models, Bayesian random-walk prior restrictions are often imposed on VAR model parameters. This paper focuses on whether placing an alternative type of restriction on the parameters of unrestricted VAR models improves the out-of-sample forecasting performance of these models. The type of restriction analyzed here is based on the business cycle characteristics of U.S. macroeconomic data, and in particular, requires that the dynamic behavior of the restricted VAR model mimic the business cycle characteristics of historical data. The question posed in this paper is: would a VAR model, estimated subject to the restriction that the cyclical characteristics of simulated data from the model “match up” with the business cycle characteristics of U.S. data, generate more accurate out-of-sample forecasts than unrestricted or Bayesian VAR models?
Intrinsic Lifetime of Polyethylene Pipelines

An equation was developed for calculating the time to failure by slow crack growth (SCG) failure in any polyethylene structure. The equation requires the following experimental inputs: (1) the resistance to SCG as measured by the PENT test (ASTM F1473), (2) the stress intensity of the defect from which failure originates, and (3) the temperature. A simple experiment for determining the stress intensity is presented. The equation was applied to SCG failures that are associated with the inherent random defects that occur in the wall of all pipes. The size of the inherent random defect that exists in commercial gas pipes was found to be 0.14 mm. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:477–480, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Elucidating complex surface reconstructions with atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy: Au(100)-aqueous electrochemical interface.

The utilization of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with high-quality atomic resolution for elucidating complex electrochemical surface reconstructions is illustrated for the Au(100)-aqueous interface. The reconstruction, triggered by negative surface electronic charges, exhibits typically a (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}27) symmetry involving quasihexagonal surface packing. The detailed atomic arrangements within the unit cell, including the spatial relationship of the reconstructed top layer to the underlying substrate, can be deduced from STM images featuring adjoining (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}27) and (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) domains. A number of subtly different superstructures could also be discerned; these are seen to arise from the need for the observed ribbonlike reconstructed domains to circumnavigate surface defects. The unique virtues of atomic-resolution STM for obtaining detailed local information on surface atomic arrangements in complex nonuniform systems are pointed out, along with its applicability (on an equal footing) to electrochemical as well as vacuum surface science.
The influence of noninstantaneous mixing on the measurement of fluxes of solute and water across a biological membrane

The usual method of tracer analysis for calculating the flow across a biological membrance is based on the assumption that the compartments on either side are well-stirred. Thus, the validity of the rate of flow determination is questionable for cases where the distribution of tracer is not homogeneous. In this study, a mathematical model is developed for the purpose of estimating the effect of slow mixing on the calculation of the flow rate. The model is applied to the measurement of the rate of flow of aqueous humor through the living eye by use of a fluorescent dye as a tracer. A transit time of several minutes for the passage of fluorescein through the posterior chamber and an extended period of nonuniform distribution of fluorescein in the anterior chamber was observed. The effect of slow mixing on the calculated flow rate is compared to rates derived from equations based on the assumption of rapid mixing. Aqueous flow rates determined by the two methods were found to agree to within ≈20%.
Observations on the effect of heparin on free and total thyroxine.

ABSTRACT Heparin elevates free and total thyroxine in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In 13 patients given heparin as a single bolus the mean free thyroxine rose from 2.4 to 12.4 ng/100 ml (p=0.1 to .001); the mean total thyroxine rose from 7.3 to 8.7 /μg/100 ml (p =0.2 to 0.1). Twelve patients given heparin infusion also demonstrated a rise in free thyroxine but for longer lengths of time. In both groups the rise in free thyroxine was chiefly from a rise in free thyroxine fractions. Acute myocardial infarction, per se, caused no change in free or total thyroxine in 7 patients, nor did warfarin sodium affect these values in 6 patients studied. The demonstration of a rise in total and free thyroxine in 3 athyreotic individuals on replacement therapy with l-thyroxine makes it unlikely that thyroid gland is necessary for this change. It is probable that heparin in some way modifies the thyroxine binding and causes a temporary transfer from its extravascular stores into the intravascular compartmen...