cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Rape Occurrence and Victim Blame in the William Kennedy Smith Case

In an attempt to understand the bases of rape attributions in the well-publicized accusation of rape against William Kennedy Smith in 1991, background and attitudinal variables were used to predict 277 college students' beliefs that a rape had occurred, and their extent of victim blame prior to his rape trial. Gender differences were found in the belief that a rape had occurred and in victim blame, but were no longer significant when combined with other predictors in a regression equation. Among women, no significant predictors of rape occurrence emerged, whereas for men, political affiliation (Democrats more than Republicans) and ethnicity (people of color more than whites) predicted the belief that a rape had occurred. Belief in victim precipitation of rape strongly predicted victim blame in the Smith case. These findings reinforce the significance of victim-precipitation beliefs in blaming date-rape victims and the probable role of these myths in keeping date rape a hidden crime.
The Voices of Vices: Sociological Perspectives on the Pathological Gambling Entry in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

This article summarizes the results of a qualitative content analysis of historical literature on problem gamblers in America and England. Using the pathological gambling entry in the current Diagn...
Faster-X Evolution of Gene Expression in Drosophila

DNA sequences on X chromosomes often have a faster rate of evolution when compared to similar loci on the autosomes, and well articulated models provide reasons why the X-linked mode of inheritance may be responsible for the faster evolution of X-linked genes. We analyzed microarray and RNA–seq data collected from females and males of six Drosophila species and found that the expression levels of X-linked genes also diverge faster than autosomal gene expression, similar to the “faster-X” effect often observed in DNA sequence evolution. Faster-X evolution of gene expression was recently described in mammals, but it was limited to the evolutionary lineages shortly following the creation of the therian X chromosome. In contrast, we detect a faster-X effect along both deep lineages and those on the tips of the Drosophila phylogeny. In Drosophila males, the dosage compensation complex (DCC) binds the X chromosome, creating a unique chromatin environment that promotes the hyper-expression of X-linked genes. We find that DCC binding, chromatin environment, and breadth of expression are all predictive of the rate of gene expression evolution. In addition, estimates of the intraspecific genetic polymorphism underlying gene expression variation suggest that X-linked expression levels are not under relaxed selective constraints. We therefore hypothesize that the faster-X evolution of gene expression is the result of the adaptive fixation of beneficial mutations at X-linked loci that change expression level in cis. This adaptive faster-X evolution of gene expression is limited to genes that are narrowly expressed in a single tissue, suggesting that relaxed pleiotropic constraints permit a faster response to selection. Finally, we present a conceptional framework to explain faster-X expression evolution, and we use this framework to examine differences in the faster-X effect between Drosophila and mammals.
Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy of Sputtered MoSx Films

Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) is introduced as a diagnostic tool for determining the thermal stability of solid lubricant films. In particular, TDS revealed the temperatures at which various decomposition processes occurred as sputtered films were heated in vacuum. The primary film decomposition products detected were SO2 beginning at about 425K, and S2 beginning at about 1150K. A close relationship between water desorption beginning about 400K and SO2 desorption exists in the temperature range 400K-800K. Besides chemical decomposition products, a significant amount of argon trapped in the film during the sputtering process is released at various temperatures. TDS results for sputtered films were compared with results for burnished films and with thermo-gravimetric (TGA) analysis, water adsorption, and other relevant studies of molybdenum disulfide found in the literature. TDS also showed that N+ ion-beam modification of sputtered films resulted in a decrease in desorption of SO2. Along with TDS, ...
A Procedure to Reduce the Effects of Variable Fluid Temperatures in the Flow Direction: Application to the Design of a Rotary Regenerator

The purpose of this paper is to present results of an analytical procedure which accounts for variations in temperature dependent fluid properties in the flow direction of a heat exchanger. The procedure is called the multi-element method and is used in the performance calculations of a rotary regenerator subject to axial temperature variations greater than 2:1. The multi-element method partitions the flow length and evaluates the heat exchanger by combining the performances of each length. The results show graphically the differences between using the multi-element method and a more commonly used single-element method. The differences presented are between the predicted regenerator disk thickness and between the predicted core pressure drop for a variety of operating conditions.Copyright © 1988 by ASME
For Love of Country? Consumer Ethnocentrism in China, South Korea, and the United States

ABSTRACT This cross-cultural comparison aims to understand whether the influence of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) on consumer preference for domestic versus foreign products is product category and country-of-origin dependent. Three countries with dissimilar cultural orientation and economic status—China, South Korea, and the United States—were examined. American consumers were found to be more ethnocentric than Chinese and South Korean consumers. CE was found to significantly and positively predict American and Korean consumers’ preference for domestic products across product categories, while Chinese consumers’ CE did not translate into their preference for Chinese products. In addition, the relationship between CE and purchase preference varied across product categories as well as countries of origin.
Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity

As their name implies, matrix metalloproteinases are thought to be responsible for the turnover and degradation of the extracellular matrix. However, matrix degradation is neither the sole nor the main function of these proteinases. Indeed, as we discuss here, recent findings indicate that matrix metalloproteinases act on pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other proteins to regulate varied aspects of inflammation and immunity.
Intercomparison of Stack Gas Mercury Measurement Methods

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have carried out joint tests for validation of EPA (Draft) Method 29 (“multi-metals method”) for measurement of mercury (Hg) and other selected metals in the stack gas of a coal–fired electric utility. The tests were performed according to the “analyte spiking” procedure of EPA Method 301 protocol for the field validation of stationary source emission measurements. Several other Hg measurement methods were also employed during the tests to provide a comparison to the Method 29 measurements; these included EPA Method 101A, die Hazardous Element Sampling Train (HEST), and two solid sorbent methods, one using activated charcoal and the other using iodated carbon traps in series with soda lime traps. Results indicate reasonably good agreement between the total Hg measurements by the different methods.
Effects of international law on migration policy and practice: the uses of hypocrisy.

Classical learning recognizes no role for international law in affecting migration policy and practice but in modern times the salutary effects are increasing although they remain modest. International law influences migration policy primarily through effective invocation of various forms of "soft law" in internal and international political forums. More limited prospects exist for beneficial changes enforced by international institutions and domestic courts. The article cautions against inflated expectations in the latter settings however particularly because overly ambitious claims can be counterproductive. It then offers a few predictions about near-term effects of international law having to do with departures from a country refugee law and the integration of migrants into their new homelands.
Sulfide globules in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), and the effect of oxygen abundance in FeSO liquids on the ability of those liquids to partition metals from MORB and komatiite magmas

The coexistence of sulfide liquids (or more accurately, FeSO liquids) with silicate liquids in a variety of magma systems is well known, as is the ability of immiscible FeSO liquids to segregate Ni, Cu and platinum-group metals into orebodies. Evidence for association of FeSO liquids with magmas that form mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) comes from sulfide globules in basalt glass from Siqueiros Fracture Zone, East Pacific Rise; three fracture zones in the Indian Ocean; Lau Basin; and ∼ 23 previously published oceanic localities. Approximately 40% of the sulfur originally present in magma at Siqueiros Fracture Zone exsolves as a sulfide liquid during fractional crystallization. Virtually all of the Cu, and 20% of the Ni, originally in the magma is extracted by the sulfide liquid. Significant variations in the ability of FeSO liquids to partition Ni Cu exist among MORB and other mafic magmas, such as komatiites and layered mafic intrusions. Nernst partition coefficients (sulfide to silicate melt; DSL) are 2–3 times higher for Ni in MORB than in komatiite, and ∼ 5 times higher for Cu. Reasons for this variation are not entirely clear, but a possible contributing factor is that FeSO liquids in MORB appear to have a higher oxygen content than those in komatiites. That FeSO liquids associated with MORB magma are oxygen-rich is suggested by low observed values at Siqueiros Fracture Zone for the NiFe exchange coefficient KD3 [1.21−4.56; KD3 = (FeNi)olivine(FeNi)sulfide]. It has been previously shown that natural magmatic FeSO liquids are rich in O2− [O(S + O) is apparently always greater than ∼ 0.49], and that KD3 is inversely correlated with O(S + O). KD3-values below ∼ 12 would result from FeSO liquids with O(S + O)> 0.49. KD3-value of> 20 would be impossible (values from 12 to 20 would be unlikely) because they would require an FeSO liquid poor in O2−. This argument for low KD3 in magmas is strengthened by the low KD3-values of MORB, whose globules are inarguably of magmatic origin. KD3 in komatiites is higher than in MORB (indicating a lower oxygen fugacity in komatiite magma) and varies from ∼ 5 to > 20, with values of > 20 coming from highly metamorphosed komatiites. Fleet and MacRae argued on the basis of experimental results that KD3-values of 20 could not have resulted from magmatic processes, but might have come from metamorphism under oxygen-deficient conditions.
Ethanol consumption and hepatic enzyme activity.

Abstract Enzyme activity and ethanol consumption were measured in an F 2 generation derived from the C57BL and C3H inbred mouse strains. A significant correlation (0.25) was found between alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol acceptance in the F 2 generation. Mass selection from a genetically heterogeneous mouse stock, HS/Ibg, has yielded high ethanol acceptance (HEA) and low ethanol acceptance (LEA) lines of mice. The mean ethanol acceptance scores for the fifth generation of these lines are 1.008 and 0.606, respectively. The total liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found to be 24% higher in the HEA line than in the LEA line after five generations of selective breeding. No association between cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ethanol acceptance was found in either the F 2 generation or the fifth generation of the selectively bred lines.
Lipstick and Power: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Exactly Who's Being Duped?

Kanaan (2010) should be commended for revisiting, and bringing to the attention of his fellow colleagues, the complexity of hysteria. His article reminds us of the difficulties doctors have encount...
Khmer Rouge archives: accountability, truth, and memory in Cambodia

This paper argues that archives play a significant role in fostering three elements essential to Cambodia’s recovery: accountability, truth, and memory. First, archives have an enduring power to hold the regime accountable because they were the catalyst for an international human rights tribunal, as shown by the relentless activism of the archives’ director, international efforts to preserve Khmer Rouge records, and the correlation between indictments and documentary evidence. Secondly, this paper posits that archives make a significant contribution to the establishment of truth because they have epistemological validity over the testimony of survivors, as seen repeatedly throughout the tribunal. Finally, this paper argues that the archives are succeeding in constructing memory of the Khmer Rouge era because it is forcing Cambodia to deal with its uncomfortable past by giving voice to survivors, creating textbooks, and conducting outreach. This paper is rooted in the field of archival studies within the discipline of library and information science, but draws on history, Cambodian studies, and legal studies. Employing transcripts of the ongoing tribunal, NGO reports, and newsletters as primary sources, the paper argues that while archives have been successful in holding the Khmer Rouge accountable, establishing truth, and creating memory, only a tribunal can administer justice.
PGX.ISO: Parallel and Efficient In-Memory Engine for Subgraph Isomorphism

Subgraph isomorphism, or finding matching patterns in a graph, is a classic graph problem that has many practical use cases. There are even commercialized solutions for this problem such as RDF databases with their support for SPARQL queries. In this paper, we present an efficient, parallel in-memory solution to this problem. Our solution exploits efficient data representations as well as algorithmic extensions, both tailored for parallel, in-memory processing. Moreover, when processing RDF data, we reduce the problem size by converting certain nodes and edges into properties. We also propose a new graph query language where such a conversion can be encoded. Our evaluation shows that our solution can achieve significant performance boost over an existing secondary storage based RDF database.
Path-Integral Calculation of the Two-Particle Slater Sum for He 4

The Wiener integral formulation combined with Monte Carlo sampling has been used to compute the twoparticle Salter sum for ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ for temperatures ranging from 273\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K down to 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the lower practical limit for this computational method. This is equivalent to a calculation of the density-independent part of the pair distribution function. A Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential has been used to describe the interaction. Contributions from exchange were found negligible at 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and above. Comparisons with the Wigner-Kirkwood expansion are made. The second virial coefficients derived from these results are within two or three percent of the results obtained from the usual phase-shift calculation.
Proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease : A mechanistic viewpoint

Proteinuria is the hallmark of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and is an independent risk factor for both renal disease progression, and cardiovascular disease. Although the characteristic pathological changes in DKD include thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial expansion, these changes per se do not readily explain how patients develop proteinuria. Recent advances in podocyte and glomerular endothelial cell biology have shifted our focus to also include these cells of the glomerular filtration barrier in the development of proteinuria in DKD. This review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms at a cellular level which explain why patients with DKD develop proteinuria.
Catalase activity during the development of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum.

Abstract 1. 1. Catalase activity was partially purified from body wall muscle of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum , and was similar to catalases isolated from mammalian tissues. It exhibited a broad pH optimum and was unaffected by 2 mM ethylenediaminetetra-acetate In contrast, it was inhibited reversibly by 1 mM cyanide and irreversibly by prior incubation in 40 mM 3-amino-1:2:4-triazole for 1 hr or heating at 80°C for 15 min. 2. 2. Catalase activity was highest in the unembryonated “egg” and decreased dramatically as development proceeded. 3. 3. Catalase activity in adult body wall muscle was similar to that in rat skeletal muscle, but dramatically lower than that in rat liver. Catalase activity was barely detectable in A. suum testis. 4. 4. Cytochrome- c peroxidase activity did not appear to be present in adult A. suum muscle mitochondria.
Tradeoffs in linear time-varying systems: an analogue of Bode's sensitivity integral

Bode's integral characterizes some of the tradeoffs imposed by the open-loop dynamics of a linear, time-invariant system. Here we present an analogous time-domain characterization applicable to time-varying systems
Purified membrane fractions from mammary tumor cells elicit biological reactivity in in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions

Lithium chloride (LiCl) aggregation followed by centrifugation through a sucrose step gradient was used to obtain purified plasma membranes from two sublines of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. These two tumor lines were chemically induced by treatment of a hyperplastic nodule with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). One line, D1-DMBA-3, has been found to be immunogenic to the host of origin, while the other, D1-DMBA-2, does not elicit specific tumor immunity as previously tested in in vivo and in vitro immune reactions. The purified membrane fractions were assayed for protein, DNA and sialic acid content as well as enzymatic markers of membrane purity. When tested in blastogenesis and cytotoxicity reactions, membrane-containing fractions from the D1-DMBA-3 immunogenic tumor were found to be stimulatory to spleen cells of D1-DMBA-3 tumor bearers over a ten-fold protein concentration. Spleen cells from normal mice do not respond in these reactions to the various tumor fractions. No reactivity was observed when non-membrane-containing preparations were used as stimuli in the cell-mediated immune reactions. The specificity of these reactivities was further demonstrated by the lack of responses when fractions from the non-immunogenic D1-DMBA-2 tumor were tested in parallel in our in vitro assays. The data presented indicate that the procedure employed is useful for the isolation of membrane-associated, tumor-specific antigens which can be easily quantitated and still retain biological activity in in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity.
Isolation and identification of two potent neurotoxins, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, from yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis).

Horses grazins for prolonged periods on yellow star thistle (YST), a plant which grows wild in western parts of the United States, develop an extrapyramidal disorder known as nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE). Attempts have been made to identify, isolate, and characterize the toxins responsible for the disease in animals. Using the organotypic tissue culture system on mouse cortical explants as a specific assay method for neurotoxicological evaluation, it has been possible to isolate and characterize two potent neuroexcitotoxic compounds, aspartic and glutamic acids, the former being the major toxic component in the alcoholic extract of the plant. There is also evidence that other neurotoxic compounds are present in the extract. The detailed procedure for isolation and characterization of these compounds is given here. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ac Stark effect in multiphoton ionization

Multiphoton ionization of atomic sodium has been studied experimentally for near resonance between the radiation field and several bound-bound transitions of the atom. It has been found that the atom-field interaction must be treated in a highly nonlinear way to describe successfully the observations, even when the absolute spectral power densities are relatively modest. Rabi frequencies as high as 10 GHz are found to be directly observable with simple flashlamp-pumped tunable dye lasers.
Direct plasma injection scheme with various ion beams

The laser ion source is one of the most powerful heavy ion sources. However, it is difficult to obtain good stability and to control its intense current. To overcome these difficulties, we proposed a new beam injection scheme called “direct plasma injection scheme”. Following this it was established to provide various species with desired charge state as an intense accelerated beam. Carbon, aluminum and iron beams have been tested.
Clinical sevoflurane metabolism and disposition. II. The role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in fluoride and hexafluoroisopropanol formation

BackgroundSevoflurane is metabolized to free fluoride and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Cytochrome P450 2E1 is the major isoform responsible for sevoflurane metabolism by human liver microsomes in vitro. This investigation tested the hypothesis that P450 2E1 is predominantly responsible for sevoflur
Isolation of Double-stranded RNA from T4 Phage Infected Cells

A phage specific double-stranded RNA, isolated from E. coli, might be the product of overlapping transcription from both DNA strands.
Compactification at finite temperature in noncompact electrodynamics

Abstract Through the compactification of Euclidean time at finite temperature T, the time component A0 of the gauge potential in noncompact electrodynamics becomes an angular variable: −π ≤ T−1A0 ≤ π. A0 is locally compact, not in the context of the temperature gauge theory, but as a scalar variable in an effective scalar theory Seff[A0] defined by integration over all fields except A0. In this new context the angular nature of A0 represents the effects of thermal interactions in the temperature gauge theory. An approximation to Seff[A0] is calculated under the two assumptions A0 ≈ constant, A1 = 0. The resulting effective actions for scalar and spinor electrodynamics in s + 1 Euclidean dimensions are compact generalizations of the static sine-Gordon theory in s spatial dimensions. As the approximate and exact actions are both compact, we expect our generalized sine-Gordon action to provide a good interpolating description over a wide range of temperature and coupling strength. Noncompact electrodynamics QEDs + 1 is shown to screen (confine) integral (nonintegral) charge at finite T, with confinement vanishing smoothly in the limits T → ∞ for s ≥ 1, and T → 0 for s ≥ 2. Thus noncompact QEDs + 1 at finite T behaves much like the massive Schwinger model, with the thermal interaction being responsible for electric flux tube formation. A careful study of this parallel with the Schwinger model is presented.
The AST to ALT Ratio: A Pattern Worth Considering

Elevated liver chemistries are common, with multiple proposed evaluation algorithms to investigate an extensive differential diagnosis. One simple and inexpensive set of laboratory parameters which can guide the evaluation of elevated liver chemistries and is often overlooked is the AST to ALT ratio (AAR). Immediately available, this simple ratio can offer important clues to the underlying etiology and may offer prognostic information for patients with chronic liver disease. In this review, we examine the utility of the AAR in evaluating patients with elevated liver chemistries and suggest a differential diagnosis for an AAR of >1.
Mechanisms and Approximations in Macromolecular Reactions: Reversible Initiation, Chain Scission, and Hydrogen Abstraction

Understanding the evolution of distributions (e.g., molecular weight distributions of reacting macromolecules) is an important challenge in chemical reaction engineering. Mechanisms of macromolecular decomposition are typically based on free-radical processes, including initiation−termination, hydrogen abstraction, and propagation−depropagation chain-scission reactions. Common assumptions to simplify the kinetics are usually made, including the quasi-stationary-state approximation (QSSA) and the long-chain approximation (LCA). We demonstrate how integrodifferential (population balance) equations can describe such reacting systems and how molecular weight moments reveal the system dynamics. By comparing with the full numerical moment solutions, we evaluate the LCA and QSSA for zeroth, first, and second moments. A major conclusion is that LCA fundamentally changes the overall kinetics, whereas QSSA only slightly alters the initial time dependence. Ignoring the initiation reaction causes hydrogen abstraction...
New Energy Levels of Doubly Ionized Manganese (Mn iii)

The third spectrum of manganese was investigated from 500 to 2500 A with 2-m normal-incidence vacuum spectrographs. The wavelengths of the spectral lines, excited in both sliding-spark and condensed-spark discharges in helium, were determined with an uncertainty of ±0.006 A. Forty-six energy levels belonging to 23 terms were found and one energy level was redesignated. Four hundred and eight spectral lines were classified as transitions between levels of the 3d5, 3d4 4s, and 3d4 4d configuration and levels of the 3d4 4p configuration.
Acceptance-based treatment and quality of life among patients with an eating disorder

Abstract This study assessed the relationship between acceptance-based constructs and quality of life (QOL) among patients with an eating disorder, as well as whether an acceptance-based treatment group could improve QOL. Patients (n=105) at a residential treatment center received treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU plus twice-weekly acceptance and commitment therapy groups (TAU+ACT), and completed assessments at admission and discharge. Higher scores on several acceptance-related constructs at admission were associated with better psychological QOL, and pre- to post-treatment improvements in the ability to defuse from distressing internal experiences were associated with improved QOL. However, no differences in pre- to post-treatment changes in QOL were observed between treatment conditions. These results suggest that while some acceptance-related variables (e.g. defusion, impulse control, access to emotion regulation skills) may contribute to QOL, ACT does not appear to incrementally improve these variables or QOL beyond standard treatment programs. Additional research is needed to evaluate whether ACT may confer greater benefit for improving QOL in an outpatient setting where patients have more opportunity to utilize ACT skills, or when a stronger dose of treatment is administered.
Evolutionary maintenance of filovirus-like genes in bat genomes

Little is known of the biological significance and evolutionary maintenance of integrated non-retroviral RNA virus genes in eukaryotic host genomes. Here, we isolated novel filovirus-like genes from bat genomes and tested for evolutionary maintenance. We also estimated the age of filovirus VP35-like gene integrations and tested the phylogenetic hypotheses that there is a eutherian mammal clade and a marsupial/ebolavirus/Marburgvirus dichotomy for filoviruses. We detected homologous copies of VP35-like and NP-like gene integrations in both Old World and New World species of Myotis (bats). We also detected previously unknown VP35-like genes in rodents that are positionally homologous. Comprehensive phylogenetic estimates for filovirus NP-like and VP35-like loci support two main clades with a marsupial and a rodent grouping within the ebolavirus/Lloviu virus/Marburgvirus clade. The concordance of VP35-like, NP-like and mitochondrial gene trees with the expected species tree supports the notion that the copies we examined are orthologs that predate the global spread and radiation of the genus Myotis. Parametric simulations were consistent with selective maintenance for the open reading frame (ORF) of VP35-like genes in Myotis. The ORF of the filovirus-like VP35 gene has been maintained in bat genomes for an estimated 13. 4 MY. ORFs were disrupted for the NP-like genes in Myotis. Likelihood ratio tests revealed that a model that accommodates positive selection is a significantly better fit to the data than a model that does not allow for positive selection for VP35-like sequences. Moreover, site-by-site analysis of selection using two methods indicated at least 25 sites in the VP35-like alignment are under positive selection in Myotis. Our results indicate that filovirus-like elements have significance beyond genomic imprints of prior infection. That is, there appears to be, or have been, functionally maintained copies of such genes in mammals. "Living fossils" of filoviruses appear to be selectively maintained in a diverse mammalian genus (Myotis).
Abstract 5020: Cooperative effects of programmed cell death-1 blockade and radiation in a model of a poorly immunogenic breast carcinoma

We have previously shown that radiation therapy (RT) converts poorly immunogenic tumors resistant to antibodies (mAbs) against the checkpoint receptor CTLA-4 into susceptible ones. Importantly, RT induced the upregulation of PDL-1 and PDL-2 on the tumor cells and infiltrating myeloid cells in the TSA mouse breast cancer, suggesting that PD-1 ligands may limit rejection of the irradiated tumor by T cells. PD-1 is a checkpoint receptor upregulated on T cells shortly after activation and expressed at high levels on exhausted T cells. To test the hypothesis PD-1 blockade can promote the ability of RT to induce effective anti-tumor immunity we employed BALB/c mice inoculated s.c. with the syngeneic poorly immunogenic TSA breast cancer cells. When tumors became palpable mice were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatment groups (N=6-7): (1) control, (2) RT, (3) anti-PD-1 mAb and (4) RT+anti-PD-1 mAb. RT was delivered exclusively to the primary tumor in 8 Gy fractions on days 13, 14 and 15 post tumor inoculation. PD-1 blocking mAb RMP1-14 was given on day 15 and every 4 days thereafter, and mice were followed for tumor growth. In a separate experiment, mice were euthanized on day 20 to characterize tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and development of CD8+ T cells specific for the tumor epitope AH1 by pentamer analysis. TSA tumors were resistant to PD-1 blockade. RT significantly delayed tumor growth (p Overall, data suggest that the IgG2a anti-PD-1 mAb RMP1-14 selectively depletes CD8+PD-1hi TILs, possibly by ADCC, while enhancing the RT-elicited priming and activation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. We propose that this represents a novel mechanism of anti-tumor activity of anti-PD-1 mAb and supports testing its combination with radiotherapy. Supported by the Breast Cancer Alliance (Exceptional Project Award). Citation Format: Karsten Pilones, Joseph Aryankalayil, Silvia Formenti, Sandra Demaria. Cooperative effects of programmed cell death-1 blockade and radiation in a model of a poorly immunogenic breast carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5020. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5020
Differential chemokine and cytokine production by neonatal bovine γδ T-cell subsets in response to viral toll-like receptor agonists and in vivo respiratory syncytial virus infection

γδ T cells respond to stimulation via toll-like receptors (TLR). Bovine γδ T cells express TLR3 and TLR7, receptors that are key for the recognition of viruses such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV); however, responses of γδ T cells to stimulation via these receptors, and their role during viral infections, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal bovine γδ T cells exhibit robust chemokine and cytokine production in response to the TLR3 agonist, Poly(I:C), and the TLR7 agonist, Imiquimod. Importantly, we observe a similar phenotype in γδ T-cell subsets purified from calves infected with BRSV. Bovine γδ T cells are divided into subsets based upon their expression of WC1, and the response to TLR stimulation and viral infection differs between these subsets, with WC1.1(+) and WC1(neg) γδ T cells producing macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and WC1.2(+) γδ T cells preferentially producing the regulatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. We further report that the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 does not alter γδ T-cell responses to TLR agonists or BRSV. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of the γδ T-cell response during in vivo BRSV infection and the first suggestion that WC1.1(+) and WC1(neg) γδ T cells contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory populations during viral infection. Based on our results, we propose that circulating γδ T cells are poised to rapidly respond to viral infection and suggest an important role for γδ T cells in the innate immune response of the bovine neonate.
Ethics and Ethical Challenges in Library Instruction

The role of librarian has been changing especially in regard to teaching. Little has been written about the ethical issues librarians face in the role of teacher and in relation to other faculty members and students. With the current increase in attempted censorship of academics it is clear that librarians need to take an active role in protecting academic freedoms for themselves as well as their collections. There is the additional issue as to the type of ethics they teach students in library instruction sessions and in their own publishing. It is essential that librarians develop a more defined role in the academic landscape and identify the ethical issues most pertinent to them as they take on these modified roles.
Lymphosarcoma of the maxilla.

Abstract An unusual case of lymphosarcoma of the maxilla in a 39-year-old white man has been reported. The difficulty of arriving at an accurate pathologic diagnosis with small biopsy specimens has been described, and the method of treatment has been presented.
The chemical behavior of tracer-level technetium isotopes

Abstract The chemical behavior of tracer-level 99mTc was studied under oxidizing and reducing conditions by solvent extraction and by coprecipitation techniques. Ce(IV) in dilute acid solution was the only oxidizing agent found that rapidly oxidized (≦ 5 s) 99mTc reduced by Sn(II) or Zn(Hg). Several procedures for separation of technetium from molybdenum in ≦ 5 s were developed. It was found that 104Tc and 105Tc fission products formed by β-particle decay were in partially reduced states in solutions without added oxidizing agent. β-particle decay of molybdenum isotopes present as Mo(IV) gave technetium (VII).
Multiple embryo sacs in sexual buffelgrass treated with ammonium sulfate

Ovules of sexual genotypes of buffelgrass, Cenchrus ciliaris L., form a single meiotically reduced embryo sac of polygonum type. In contrast, apomictic lines develop one to several unreduced aposporic sacs which lack antipodals. Seeking chemical means to manipulate embryo sac formation, we watered sexual plants, bearing premeiotic inflorescences, with 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution every 2nd d for 1 to 2 wk. Among 493 pistils sampled from treated plants (i) 190 pistils showed protrusion of the embryo sac through the micropyle, (ii) many protruding and eight nonprotruding sacs lacked antipodals, (iii) 72 pistils were sterile, and (iv) 27 pistils formed two or three embryo sacs, sometimes without antipodals. Normal polygonum-type embryo sacs formed in 145 treated pistils and in untreated controls
Software compensation of rapid prototyping machines

Abstract This paper addresses accuracy improvement of rapid prototyping (RP) machines by parametric error modeling and software error compensation. This approach is inspired by the techniques developed over the years for the parametric evaluation of coordinate measuring machines (CMM) and machine tool systems. The confounded effects of all errors in a RP machine are mapped into a “virtual” parametric machine error model. A generic artifact is built on the RP machine and measured by a master CMM. Measurement results are then used to develop a machine error function and error compensation is applied to the files which drive the build tool. The method is applied to three test parts and the results show a significant improvement in dimensional accuracy of built parts.
Propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in lap-shear adhesive joints

This paper deals with the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in adhesively-bonded lap-shear joints. The topic is relevant to ultrasonic bond inspection in aerospace components. Specifically, the propagation of the lowest-order, antisymmetric a 0 mode through the joint is examined. This mode can be easily generated and detected in the field due to the predominant out-of-plane displacements at the surface of the test piece. An important aspect is the mode conversion at the boundaries between the single-plate adherends and the multilayer overlap. The a 0 strength of transmission is studied for three different bond states in aluminum joints, namely a fully cured adhesive bond, a poorly cured adhesive bond, and a slip bond. Theoretical predictions based on the Global Matrix Method indicate that the dispersive behavior of the guided waves in the multilayer overlap is highly dependent on bond state. Experimental tests of the joints are conducted by a hybrid, broadband laser/air-coupled ultrasonic setup in a through-transmission configuration. This system does not require any wet coupling and it can be moved flexibly across the test piece. The Gabor Wavelet transform is employed to extract energy transmission coefficients in the 100 kHz - 1.4 MHz range for the three different bond states examined. The cross-sectional mode shapes of the guided waves are shown to have a substantial role in the energy transfer through the joint. A rationale for the selection of the ao excitation frequencies highly sensitive to bond state will be given.
Characterizations of the polynomial numerical hull of degree k

Six characterizations of the polynomial numerical hull of degree k are established for bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space. It is shown how these characterizations provide a natural distinction between interior and boundary points. One of the characterizations is used to prove that the polynomial numerical hull of any fixed degree k for a Toeplitz matrix whose symbol is piecewise continuous approaches all or most of that of the infinite-dimensional Toeplitz operator, as the matrix size goes to infinity.
EcoSim: a language and experience teaching parallel programming in elementary school

Traditional introductory programming classes teach sequential programming using a single-threaded programming model. It is typical to wait until a student has developed proficiency in sequential programming before teaching parallel programming. As computer hardware becomes increasingly parallel, there is a greater need for software engineers who are proficient in designing parallel programs, and not just by "parallelizing" sequential designs. Teaching parallelism first is an important step towards educating tomorrow's programmers.We present an overview of a five-day introductory parallel programming course. We taught the course to nine and ten year-olds with no prior programming experience. Our course utilized a fundamentally parallel language we designed for the course, one with a near-natural language syntax that exposed the parallel processors throughout the code. This language, coupled with an interactive online programming environment, allowed us to teach a wide range of parallel programming concepts in a very limited timeframe.We also present examples of student-written code that demonstrates their understanding of some basic parallel programming concepts, and we describe the overall course goal and specific lesson plans geared towards teaching students how to "think parallel."
Phorbol ester treatment inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by, and association with, CD28, a T-lymphocyte surface receptor.

Abstract CD28 is a costimulatory receptor found on the surface of most T lymphocytes. Engagement of CD28 induces interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and cell proliferation when combined with an additional signal such as treatment with phorbol ester, an activator of protein kinase C. Recent studies have established that after CD28 ligation, the cytoplasmic domain of CD28 can bind to the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase). There is a concomitant increase in PI3 lipid kinase activity that may be important in CD28 signaling. Despite the requirement of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for effector function, we have found, however, that treatment of Jurkat T cells with the phorbol ester PMA dramatically inhibits (i) the association of PI3 kinase with CD28, (ii) the ability of p85 PI3 kinase to be immunoprecipitated by anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, and (iii) the induction of PI3 kinase activity after stimulation of the cells with the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody 9.3. These changes occur within minutes of PMA treatment and are persistent. In addition, we have found that wortmannin, a potent inhibitor of PI3 kinase, does not interfere with the induction of IL-2 after stimulation of Jurkat T cells with anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody and PMA. We conclude that PI3 kinase activity may not be required for CD28-dependent IL-2 production from Jurkat T cells in the presence of PMA.
Protein farnesylation in mammalian cells: effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitors on cancer cells

Protein farnesylation, catalyzed by protein farnesyltransferase, plays important roles in the membrane association and protein-protein interaction of a number of eukaryotic proteins. Recent development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) has led to further insight into the biological significance of farnesylation in cancer cells. A number of reports point to the dramatic effects FTIs exert on cancer cells. In addition to inhibiting anchorage-independent growth, FTIs cause changes in the cell cycle either at the G1/S or at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis by FTIs has been reported. FTIs also affects the actin cytoskeleton and cell morphology. This review summarizes these reports and discusses implications for farnesylated proteins responsible for these FTI effects.
A Critique of “The New Ethnicity”

primates and other animals, as well as on humans from many different cultures. This paper seeks to bring to general awareness the existence of an important but neglected category of behavior: behavior that seems to be sexual but serves no reproductive function. Up to now, such behavior has been ignored or relegated to insignificance by scientists and laypersons alike, but in the near future we may be faced with the problem of redefining the meaning of the word 'sexual.' Only when this situation has been clarified can we hope for a better understanding of many aspects of animal and human behavior.
Theory of a Zeeman ring laser: General formalism

A theory of a ring laser subject to a uniform, axial dc magnetic field is given in extension of the two-mirror standing-wave treatment by Sargent, Lamb, and Fork. The active medium consists of thermally moving atoms that have two electronic levels with arbitrary angular momenta. The electric field is treated classically for two circular polarizations of opposite sense in a cavity with any degree of cavity anisotropy. Losses due to backscattering are also included. In addition, the results of a generalized treatment are given which includes arbitrarily oriented magnetic field, a general state of electric field polarization, varying isotopic abundance, and hyperfine structure. The self-consistency requirement is used to obtain amplitude- and frequency-determining equations for multimode operation as functions of laser parameters. A general calculational technique, the "perturbation tree," is introduced in the calculation of the third-order component of the population matrix, greatly simplifying the algebra involved by allowing it to be abstracted in tabular form.
Comparative Performance of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing Using Novel Sample Collection Methods

To explore alternative cervical cancer screening approaches in an underserved population, we compared the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA assays in combination with different sample collection methods for primary cervical screening in the Mississippi Delta region. Three specimens were collected from women aged 26 to 65 years who were either routinely undergoing screening (n = 252) or not (n = 191): clinician-collected cervical specimens, clinician-collected cervicovaginal specimens, and self-collected cervicovaginal specimens taken at home. A novel collection device and medium were used for cervicovaginal sampling. Specimens were tested by three HPV DNA assays: hybrid capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen Corp., Gaithersburg, MD), Linear Array (LA; Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA), and Amplicor (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA). Liquid-based cytology was performed on cervical specimens. We compared the overall positivity (a proxy for clinical specificity) for any carcinogenic HPV genotype and calculated the agreement across assay and specimen type using McNemar's test for differences in test positivity. Across all three assays there were no significant differences between clinician-collected and self-collected cervicovaginal specimens (P > 0.01 for all comparisons). For both cervicovaginal specimens (clinician collected and self-collected), fewer women tested positive by HC2 than by LA or Amplicor (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). HC2 had the best agreement between specimens for all assays. HC2 is likely more clinically specific, although possibly less sensitive, than either PCR test. Thus, use of HC2 on cervicovaginal specimens for screening could result in fewer referrals compared to LA and Amplicor.
Defining the scope of Judaica: Complementary problems in bibliographic control and bibliographic organization

Abstract The multiple meanings of Judaica and bibliographic control are defined. A broad view of Judaica is taken, that is, intersection with Hebraica as opposed to exclusion thereof. Bibliographic control is presented as a collection development function, while bibliographic organization is the cataloger's domain. Four problem areas in defining the scope of Judaica are identified: overlap with Hebraica and Israeli publications, the numerous cognate disciplines of Jewish studies, Judaism as a religion vs Jews as an ethnic group, and “who is a Jew?” Each issue is discussed from both the bibliographer's and the subject cataloger's perspective. The automatic identification of works relevant to a Judaica collection is dependent upon appropriate subject analysis or classification. Judaica bibliographers should therefore monitor developments in Judaica cataloging and advocate changes that would simplify control of the multidisciplinary, multilingual literature of Jewish studies.
Interferons α and β as Immune Regulators—A New Look

The author thanks Marc Dalod, Khuong (Ken) Nguyen, and George Yap for helpful discussion of this work.