cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey

Introduction Objective, observational measures of nutrition environments are now well established and widely used. Individuals’ perceptions of their nutrition environments may be equally or more important, but are less well conceptualized, and comprehensive measures are not available. This paper describes the development of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey (NEMS-P), its test–retest reliability, and its ability to discern differences between lower- and higher-SES neighborhoods. Methods This research involved five steps: (1) development of a conceptual model and inventory of items; (2) expert review; (3) pilot testing and cognitive interviews; (4) revising the survey; and (5) administering the revised survey to participants in neighborhoods of high and low SES on two occasions to evaluate neighborhood differences and test–retest reliability. Data were collected in 2010 and 2011 and analyzed in 2011 and 2012. Results The final survey has 118 items. Fifty-three core items represent three types of perceived nutrition environments: community nutrition environment, consumer nutrition environment, and home food environment. Test–retest reliability for core constructs of perceived nutrition environments was moderate to good (0.52–0.83) for most measured constructs. Residents of higher-SES neighborhoods reported higher availability scores in stores, stronger agreement that healthy options were available in nearby restaurants, and higher scores for accessibility of healthy foods in their homes. Conclusions The NEMS-P has moderate to good test–retest reliability and can discriminate perceptions of nutrition environments between residents of higher- and lower-SES neighborhoods. This survey is available and ready to be used.
The Intrinsic Magnetic Fields of the Galactic Black Hole Candidates

Recent work has linked the quiescent luminosities and hard/soft spectral state switches of neutron stars (NSs) to their spinning magnetic fields. It is shown here that the quiescent luminosities and spectral switches of galactic black hole candidates (BHCs) could be produced in the same way for spin rates below 100 Hz and magnetic fields above 10^10 G. It is also shown that the ultrasoft peaks and large flickering amplitudes of the BHCs would be expected from the surfaces of massive NSs. None of the few spectral characteristics that distinguish BHCs from low mass NSs have been explained in terms of event horizons. Serious consideration of the possibility that they might simply be massive NSs opens an avenue for proof of event horizons by negation, but requires the use of a space-time metric that has no event horizon. The Yilmaz exponential metric used here is shown to have an innermost marginally stable orbit with radius, binding energy and Keplerian frequency that are within a few percent of the same quantities for the Schwarzschild metric. A maximum NS mass of ~10 solar mass is found for the Yilmaz metric. The two metrics essentially differ only by the presence/absence of a surface for the BHCs, thus enabling proof or disproof of the existence of an event horizon.
Charged particle radiation exposure of geocentric satellites

The near-earth radiation environment is characterized, summarizing published data on trapped and transient charged particles and their potential effects on hardware systems and the crews of manned missions. Topics examined include the role of the magnetosphere, the five radiation domains, cyclic and sporadic variations in the radiation environment, the potential effect of a high-altitude nuclear explosion, NASA empirical models for predicting trapped proton and electron fluxes, and the South Atlantic anomaly and the estimation of flux-free periods. Consideration is given to solar cosmic rays and heavy ions, Galactic cosmic rays, geomagnetic shielding, secondary radiation, the design of shielding systems, variables affecting dose evaluations, and ionizing-radiation doses. Extensive diagrams, graphs, and tables of numerical data are provided.
Gastrointestinal hormones and the regulation of β-cell mass

Type 2 diabetes occurs due to a relative deficit in β-cell mass or function. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastrin are gastrointestinal hormones that are secreted in response to nutrient intake, regulating digestion, insulin secretion, satiety, and β-cell mass. In this review, we focus upon β-cell mass regulation. β-cell mass expands through β-cell proliferation and islet neogenesis; β-cell mass is lost via apoptosis. GLP-1 and GIP are well-studied gastrointestinal hormones and influence β-cell proliferation, apoptosis, and islet neogenesis. CCK regulates β-cell apoptosis and mitogenesis, and gastrin stimulates islet neogenesis. GLP-1 and GIP bind to G protein-coupled receptors and regulate β-cell mass via multiple signaling pathways. The protein kinase A pathway is central to this process because it directly regulates proliferative and anti-apoptotic genes and transactivates several signaling cascades, including Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the signaling pathways downstream of G protein-coupled CCK receptors that influence β-cell mass remain unidentified. Gastrointestinal hormones integrate nutrient signals from the gut to the β-cell, regulating insulin secretion and β-cell mass adaptation.
The Pathological, Ultrasonographic and Computerized Tomographic Characteristics of Chronic Hematocele

We report a case of a chronic hematocele and describe its characteristics. The specific pathological lesion of a chronic hematocele consists of several neovascular formations covered by layers of fibrin. These lesions give characteristic ultrasonic and computerized tomographic images, consisting of several sharply circumscribed small spherical areas of soft tissue. When correctly interpreted before the initiation of surgical treatment, these images will obviate an orchiectomy, which is not always necessary.
Neural mechanisms for generating rate and temporal codes in model CA3 pyramidal cells

The effect of synaptic inhibition on burst firing of a two-compartment model of a CA3 pyramidal cell is considered. We show that, depending on its timing, a short dose of fast decaying synaptic inhibition can either delay or advance the timing of firing of subsequent bursts. Moreover, increasing the strength of the inhibitory input is shown to modulate the burst profile from a full complex burst, to a burst with multiple spikes, to single spikes. We additionally show how slowly decaying inhibitory input can be used to synchronize a network of pyramidal cells. Implications for the phase precession phenomenon of hippocampal place cells and for the generation of temporal and rate codes are discussed.
Climatological Variability in the Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness of Emission Control Strategies to Reduce Acid Deposition

One of the major problems with designing control strategies for acidic deposition is that potential future deposition patterns must be simulated using past meteorological conditions. We can estimate the future emission patterns that would result from the implementation of a given control strategy, but efforts to predict what effect these emission patterns would have on future deposition levels are hampered by uncertainty about future transport and deposition climatology. This problem has been set aside in most previous work by using a single past year of meteorological data as a surrogate for all future years. This meant that we could estimate the amount of deposition that would occur at a particular location as a result of a particular control strategy, and indeed we could design an emission reduction strategy to achieve a desired amount of deposition, but we could not predict how that level of deposition might fluctuate from year to year as a result of natural climatological variation. With the recent processing of a six-year record of meteorological data, however, these questions can now be investigated.
Competition and circulation of economic elites: Theory and application to the case of Peru

Abstract This study aims at understanding the behavior of economic elites. To do so, the paper presents a theoretical model of economic elites, which assumes a different behavior of elites for the First World and the First World economies. The paper then examines the empirical data of Peru to see whether they are consistent with the predictions of the theory and, indeed, finds consistency. At this stage of research, the theory of economic elites seems promising for explaining certain facts of the Third World: economic elites do not circulate endogenously; in addition, reforms in the market/state mix of the economy do not induce this circulation. If economic growth depends on the competitiveness of the economy, which in turn depends on more entrepreneurial capitalists, the latter depends, as suggested by the findings of this paper, on the circulation of elites (on the competition in this sphere, a kind of meta-competition).
Middle Cenozoic uplift and concomitant drying in the central Rocky Mountains and adjacent Great Plains

When and how the central Rocky Mountains (Rockies) of western North America gained modern topography remain controversial questions. We reconstruct the middle and late Cenozoic topography along a transect that extends from the Great Plains of western Nebraska across the central Rockies in Wyoming, based on reconstructed surface-water δ D values from volcanic glass δ D values. Our data show gradual increases of surface-water δ D values in both the central Rockies and adjacent Great Plains during middle and late Cenozoic time, and the establishment of a similar-to-present surface-water δ D gradient between the central Rockies and western Great Plains before earliest Oligocene time. These observations suggest that the region underwent differential uplift to form relief similar to that of today before earliest Oligocene time. This uplift has caused regional drying and the gradual increase of surface-water δ D values over the past 35 m.y. When placed in the context of other paleoaltimetry studies, our work suggests that along our transect, the central Rockies and adjacent Great Plains underwent uplift during the late Eocene, and have not undergone any large-magnitude (>∼500 m) uplift since that time.
Geologic aspects of ancient Villanovan settlement distributions in central Italy

Abstract Villanovan (and eventually Etruscan) sites show a close spatial association with young ultra-potassic volcanic rocks in both southern Etruria and Campania, a discrete cultural distribution that closely resembles the discrete occurrences of those unusual rocks. This association is probably due to the soil fertility that results from their weathering. In Etruria most sites line up along the margin of the volcanic terrane, which brought additional advantages for construction, defense, and resources. Trade for Elban iron ores with Campanian Greek colonies was also a factor enriching coast-facing sites. In Campania most Villanovan sites line up along the margins of coastal plains that had been fertilized by ultra-potassic volcanic ash falls. All three geologic features (the two volcanic areas and the iron deposits) are thought to have formed in the same tectonic environment, above a subduction zone where colliding tectonic plates melt at depth. Geologic factors apparently created environmental opportunities that each cultural entity in ancient Italy exploited differently.
Factorization, power corrections, and the pion form factor

This paper is an investigation of the pion form factor utilizing recently developed effective field theory techniques. The primary results reported are both the transition and electromagnetic form factors are corrected at order $\ensuremath{\Lambda}/Q$ due to time ordered products which account for deviations of the pion from being a state composed purely of highly energetic collinear quarks in the lab frame. The usual higher twist wave function corrections contribute only at order ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}/{Q}^{2}$, when the quark mass vanishes. In the case of the electromagnetic form factor the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}/Q$ power correction is enhanced by a power of $1/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}(Q)$ relative to the leading order result of Brodsky and Lepage, if the scale $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\Lambda}Q}$ is nonperturbative. This enhanced correction could explain the discrepancy with the data.
Characterizing the Interaction of Pt and PtRu Clusters with Boron-Doped, Nitrogen-Doped, and Activated Carbon : Density Functional Theory Calculations and Parameterization

Previous density functional theory calculations of Pt and PtRu clusters on carbon supports have shown that the adsorption energies of these metal clusters increase substantially with substitutional boron defects in the carbon lattice. Here, the stability of metal clusters is further probed with substitutional nitrogen defects and surface functional groups. Also, the dynamics of Pt and Ru atoms on pure and boron-doped carbon are studied as a function of temperature using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Although the time scale accessible is limited, the AIMD simulations show reduced mobility on the boron-doped surface. In order to calculate additional dynamic properties of the systems, such as diffusion coefficients, the motion of the metal clusters should be studied for much longer periods of time, which can be accomplished by performing classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Thus, we have parametrized our electronic structure calculations to an analytical Lennard-Jones (LJ) potent...
Genetic patterning in the adult capitate antenna of the beetle Tribolium castaneum

Antenna structure varies widely among insects, in contrast to the well-conserved structure of legs. The adult capitate antenna of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is composed of eleven articles, organized into four distinct morphological regions (scape, pedicel, funicle and club). Here, we report the use of RNA interference to examine the functions of 21 genes during antenna metamorphosis in T. castaneum. Genes with conserved functions relative to the developmental model species Drosophila melanogaster include Distal-less and EGF signaling (antennal growth), spineless (determination of antennal identity) and the Notch signaling pathway (antennal growth, joint formation, and sensory bristle development). However, the functions of many genes differed from those predicted from the Drosophila model. In addition to a conserved gap phenotype, depletion of dachshund transformed funicle articles toward club-like identity. Depletion of Distal-less or homothorax did not cause antenna-to-leg transformation. Lim1 was required only for development of the scape-pedicle joint. Depletion of odd-skipped-related genes led to the loss of the entire funicle, while spalt, rotund, spineless, and dachshund affected smaller regions. Growth and joint formation were linked developmentally in the funicle, but not in the club. Joint formation within the club required bric-a-brac, aristaless, apterous, and pdm. Gene functions are discussed in terms of a model of antenna development in T. castaneum. This model provides a contrast to knowledge of antenna development in D. melanogaster, insight into the likely ancestral mode of antenna development, and a framework for considering diverse antenna morphologies.
Parent-adolescent collaboration: an interpersonal model for understanding optimal interactions.

Current parent–adolescent behavioral interaction research highlights the importance of three elements of behavior in defining adaptive interactions: autonomy, control, and warmth vs. hostility. However, this research has largely addressed the developmental needs and psychosocial outcomes of adolescents, as opposed to parents, with a focus on how parent and adolescent behaviors influence adolescent adaptation. This paper utilizes both adolescent and mid-life developmental research, as well as parent–adolescent interaction research, to introduce a model for conceptualizing parent–adolescent interactions as a transactional process in which both parental and adolescent development are considered. Further, ideas are presented describing how adaptive parent–adolescent interactions may change across adolescence. The concept of collaboration is proposed as a conceptual tool for assessing one form of adaptive parent–adolescent interactions. The structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) is presented as a model for studying the complex reciprocal processes that occur in parent–adolescent interpersonal processes.
The Effectiveness of Video Quizzes in a Flipped Class

The use of online videos and flipped classrooms is a natural fit for many CS courses, especially in the introductory sequence, and the use of these techniques is growing. However, the benefits of these techniques depend heavily on student preparation before class meetings. This paper presents tests of the effectiveness of basic multiple choice quizzes as gateway checks in a flipped classroom by looking at the impact they have on student grades. Programming aptitude and learning approaches were considered as additional factors. Ignoring aptitude and learning approaches, statistical analysis of the student grades did not support our hypothesis that the gate-check video quizzes would be beneficial. Nor did it support our hypothesis that the benefit of quizzes would be greatest for students who had lower aptitudes entering the class. However, there was some evidence that it might have helped raise the grades of students who have a propensity toward surface learning.
Self-organization via active exploration: hardware implementation of a neural robot

In a previous paper we presented a neural network called FRONTAL that attempted to capture the ability of infants to actively self-organize in a non-stationary environment. This paper describes the procedure whereby FRONTAL is interfaced to a robotic system called DART. DART comprises of a PUMA-562 arm and a real-time image processing system. The implementation procedure consisted of first connecting FRONTAL to a simulated DART robot. After successful operation, FRONTAL was connected to the real hardware DART. The ability of this robotic system to actively explore its surroundings and modify its behavior based on experience and environmental feedback confirms previous simulation results.
SIMULTANEOUS CHEST COMPRESSION AND VENTILATION DOES NOT ENHANCE CEREBRAL AND MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IN AN INFANT MODEL OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

SIMULTANEOUS CHEST COMPRESSION AND VENTILATION DOES NOT ENHANCE CEREBRAL AND MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IN AN INFANT MODEL OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Lactic acid production by Streptococcus thermophilus alters Clostridium difficile infection and in vitro Toxin A production.

Antibiotic treatment to treat specific infections has the potential to effectively target the offending microbe as well as other microbes that colonize sites within a host. Antibiotic-associated di...
A case of fetal bradycardia following dexmedetomidine bolus

We report a case of fetal bradycardia immediately following the maternal administration of an intravenous bolus of dexmedetomidine for transesophageal echocardiography. Dexmedetomidine, a central acting selective alpha-2 agonist is increasingly being used for sedation. Little is known regarding placental transfer of dexmedetomide with most reports suggesting minimal transfer. A case of fetal bradycardia resulting from its administration has not been previously reported.
Plagioclase and pyroxene hosted melt inclusions in basaltic andesites of the current eruption of Arenal volcano, Costa Rica

Abstract In this study, we investigated melt inclusions hosted in pyroxene and plagioclase to find direct evidence for the composition of melt components in the pre-eruptive magmas of the current eruption of Arenal volcano and to further shed light on the petrogenetic history of remarkably uniform basaltic andesitic bulk compositions. Composition of melt inclusions ranges widely regardless of whether an inclusion is hosted by plagioclase or by pyroxene and whether crystals with inclusions came from tephra samples or from slower emplaced lava flows. However, inclusions from each type of host mineral have distinct evolutionary trends most consistent with being mainly introduced by post-emplacement crystallization of the enclosing host, which is also supported by the composition of groundmass glasses. At the least-modified compositions, plagioclase and pyroxene inclusion trends overlap allowing for identification of melt compositions entrapped by both phases and, thus, strongly suggesting that these melt compositions existed in the reservoir prior to entrapment. Most of these are “dacitic” (61 to 64 wt.% SiO2) and strongly match phenocryst-poor dacitic magmas of earlier eruptive phases of Arenal [Borgia, A., Poore, C., Carr, M.J., Melson, W.G., Alvarado, G.E., 1988. Structural, stratigraphic, and petrologic aspects of the Arenal–Chato volcanic system, Costa Rica: evolution of a young stratovolcanic complex. Bull Volcanol, 50, 86–105], suggesting earlier dacitic magmas may have been generated by melt-extraction processes. Correction for host crystallization of some inclusions also suggests that melt components as mafic as ∼ 53 wt.% may have been entrapped. All melt components inferred to have existed in the magmatic reservoirs prior to entrapment have low Mg# (38–45) yielding evidence for liquid compositions required for crystallizing the bulk of observed pyroxene and likely also olivine. Water rich (> 5 wt.%, by difference) and probably undegassed (S = 400–1600 ppm, Cl = ∼ 2500 ppm) melt inclusions are found among inclusions from tephra. The close association of water-rich, dacitic melt inclusions with very anorthitic (85–91) plagioclase host compositions suggests that high An plagioclase may originate also from rather silicic liquids. Furthermore, our study shows that melt inclusions from Arenal, even if only those that come from rapidly chilled tephra samples are considered, are complicated. They suggest rather multi-stage and complicated assembling scenarios for erupting bulk compositions during the current activity and likely for prior activities as well.
Report of Third Work Conference on the Use of Nuclear-Polyhedrosis Virus for Control of Heliothis Species

The third work conference to discuss and review progress in research, registration, and standardization of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis spp. was held at the University of Missouri, Columbia on March 20 and 21, 1968. The meeting was sponsored by the Department of Entomology, University of Missouri and was attended by 21 persons representing the U.S. Department of Agriculture, private industry, and several state experiment stations and also by consulting entomologists.
Changes in patterns of protein synthesis during the mammalian cell cycle.

Abstract The pattern of protein synthesis during the G2 period of interphase in HeLa cells has been compared with the pattern of synthesis during an entire cell cycle in exponential growth. The patterns, as revealed by co-electrophoresis of the two populations of radioactive proteins on acrylamide gels, are very different. The differences are not due to selective or discontinuous degradation of proteins made radioactive during long or short exposures to tracer amino acids, nor do they arise from errors in the method of separation and counting. Similar differences are found between other phases of the cell cycle and the cycle as a whole, and between phases studied in pairs. Thus the reproductive cycle of eukaryotic cells not only involves translational shifts, an involvement already known to exist in consequence of studies in individual proteins, but it involves translational shifts of a magnitude sufficient for detection in bulk separation of the soluble proteins.
Compete basis set ab initio study of monocomplexation of aluminum with H2O, NH3, and HF

Abstract Complete basis ab initio computational studies of monoligand complexes of aluminum with ammonia, water, and hydrogen fluoride are explored with the intent of determining their stabilities and products of degradation. It was determined that complexation is occurring, but the complexation energy is too low, and the reaction barriers for transfer of the hydrogen from a ligand to aluminum is too small. Therefore, its lifetime is too short for experimental detection. It was estimated that the rearrangement products HAlNH 2 , HAlOH, and HAlF are relatively stable, and should be a major product of the complexation reaction. Their stabilities are sufficient for experimental detection. Relative energies and structural parameters for different molecular species from those three potential energy surfaces are discussed.
Cyberphysical-system-on-chip (CPSoC): a self-aware MPSoC paradigm with cross-layer virtual sensing and actuation

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled, and integrated by a computing, control, and communication core. We propose Cyberphysical-System-on-Chip (CPSoC), a new class of sensor and actuator-rich multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs), that augment MPSoCs with additional on-chip and cross-layer sensing and actuation capabilities to enable self-awareness within the observe-decide-act (ODA) paradigm. Unlike traditional MPSoC designs, CPSoC differs primarily on the co-design of computing-communication-control (C3) systems that interacts with the physical environment in real-time in order to adapt system behavior so as to dynamically react to environmental changes while achieving overall design goals. We illustrate CPSoC's potential through a virtual sensor network that accurately estimates run-time power for variability affected subsystems using noisy thermal sensors in improving system goals and Quality-of-Service (QoS).
A MODEL FOR SOLAR POLAR JETS

We propose a model for the jetting activity that is commonly observed in the Sun's corona, especially in the open-field regions of polar coronal holes. Magnetic reconnection is the process driving the jets and a relevant magnetic configuration is the well known null-point and fan-separatrix topology. The primary challenge in explaining the observations is that reconnection must occur in a short-duration energetic burst, rather than quasi-continuously as is implied by the observations of long-lived structures in coronal holes, such as polar plumes. The key idea underlying our model for jets is that reconnection is forbidden for an axisymmetrical null-point topology. Consequently, by imposing a twisting motion that maintains the axisymmetry, magnetic stress can be built up to high levels until an ideal instability breaks the symmetry and leads to an explosive release of energy via reconnection. Using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we demonstrate that this mechanism does produce massive, high-speed jets driven by nonlinear Alfven waves. We discuss the implications of our results for observations of the solar corona.
Filling a historical parenthesis: an introduction to ‘Morocco from World War II to Independence’

A missing piece in the historiography of modern Morocco is the subject of the Second World War and its aftermath, raising the question of why this absence exists, and what can be done to fill it. W...
Using Molecular Modeling in Teaching Group Theory Analysis of the Infrared Spectra of Organometallic Compounds

A new method is introduced for teaching group theory analysis of the infrared spectra of organometallic compounds using molecular modeling. The main focus of this method is to enhance student understanding of the symmetry properties of vibrational modes and of the group theory analysis of infrared (IR) spectra by using visual aids provided by computer molecular modeling. It can be implemented in an upper-level inorganic chemistry course. Using molecular modeling techniques, students are able to calculate the IR spectra oforganometallic compounds and watch the animated movies of vibrationalmodes in action. Visual images of vibrational modes help students to identify the characteristic peaks in an IR spectrum and enable them to see the symmetry properties of vibrational modes and understand the physical meaning of the irreducible representations of the vibrational modes. In addition, the visual images of vibrational modes help students to understand why some of the vibrational modes are IR active whereas ot...
Effect of fabrication and microstructure on the fracture initiation and growth toughness of Al-Li-Cu alloys

Abstract Fracture toughness properties of three microstructural variants of aluminum–lithium alloy 2020 (4.6 Cu, 1.1 Li-0.5 Mn-0.2 Cd), were analyzed. The first variant is the base alloy, REX-2020, which is completely recrystallized. The second variant was produced by thermomechanically processing the REX-2020 and the third variant was obtained by replacing Mn in the REX-2020 by Zr, as the grain refining element. These two versions of the alloy labeled as TMP-2020 and Zr-2020, resulted in an unrecrystallized microstructure. Fracture toughness data were analyzed in terms of crack initiation toughness K Jc , and the crack growth toughness parameter, T R (tearing modulus). The three variants of the alloy 2020 exhibit minimum differences in both the fracture initiation toughness, K Jc , and the crack growth toughness, T R , in the peak aged condition. However, a considerable improvement in K Jc is observed in the thermomechanically processed (TMP-2020) and the Zr containing 2020 (Zr-2020) in the underaged condition. The improvement in K Jc in the TMP-2020 and Zr-2020 variants over the REX-2020, is attributed to a higher plasticity attainable at the crack tip and finer grain size. The tearing modulus, T R , is however higher in the REX-2020 due to planar slip and conversely the lower T R in the TMP-2020 and Zr-2020 is due to a lower degree of planar slip than the REX-2020 alloy. The low toughness at the peak age condition in the three alloys is due to grain boundary fracture from the presence of grain boundary precipitates. There is some recovery in this lost toughness in the overaged condition where plasticity is gained via the loss in the yield strength of the alloys.
Graphical problem solving in DSS

New hardware and software to support conversational graphics provide a more natural interface between a decision-maker and his/her data/model. They also permit and facilitate the use of new algorithms that exploit the ability of humans to recognize patterns and process two-dimensional data structures (pictures). These capabilities are becoming a major part of the value of Decision Support Systems.
ESTIMATED SOURCE LEVELS OF FIN WHALE (BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS) VOCALIZATIONS: ADJUSTMENTS FOR SURFACE INTERFERENCE

We recorded a series of 34 fin whale vocalizations using four calibrated hydrophones in a towed array. The whale's location was determined using arrival-time differences of each call at the hydrophones. The recordings showed evidence of interference between signals propagating along direct and surface-reflected paths (the “Lloyd Mirror”). We made preliminary estimates of source level (SL) using a spherical spreading model of transmission loss. We then applied a conservative correction for the effect of interference by subtracting the maximum possible signal enhancement from the preliminary SL estimate. These adjusted spherical spreading estimates had a median of 171 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m, with a range of 159–184 dB. These are the first SL estimates that explicitly attempt to correct for possible interference effects. We also propose a method that simultaneously estimates SL and source depth by fitting a Lloyd Mirror transmission loss curve to the measured received level, known receiver depth, and source-to-receiver range. Attempts to apply this method to the present data set yielded inconsistent results, probably because of the small number of hydrophones available. With more hydrophones in the interference field, this new method should produce reliable estimates of SL and depth of vocalizing whales.
High pressure liquid chromatography of autoxidized lipids: II. Hydroperoxy-cyclic peroxides and other secondary products from methyl linolenate

A previous study of autoxidation products by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of methyl oleate and linoleate was extended to methyl linolenate. Autoxidized methyl linolenate was fractionated by HPLC either after reduction to allylic alcohols on a reverse phase system, or directly on a micro silica column. Isolated oxidation products were characterized by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography and by ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Secondary products from the autoxidation mixtures (containing 3.5–8.5% monohydroperoxides) included epoxy unsaturated compounds (0.2–0.3%), hydroxy or hydroperoxy-cyclic peroxides (3.8–7.7%), epoxy-hydroxy dienes (<0.1%), dihydroxy or dihydroperoxides with conjugated diene-triene and conjugated triene systems (0.9–2.9%). Cyclization of the 12- and 13-hydroperoxides of linolenate would account for their lower relative concentration than the 9- and 16-hydroperoxides. Dihydroperoxides may be derived from the 9- and 16-linolenate hydroperoxides. Cyclic peroxides and dihydroperoxides are suggested as important flavor precursors in oxidized fats.
Obituary: Charles Albert Ferguson July 6, 1921 – September 2, 1998

With the death of Charles Albert Ferguson (“Fergie” to his friends, colleagues, and students) on September 2, 1998, in Palo Alto, California, at the age of seventy-seven, the field of sociolinguistics lost a scholar of unusual depth, breadth, integrity, and kindness.
MYSTICISM AND MOURNING IN RECENT FRENCH THOUGHT

There has been a lot of ink spilled lately regarding the various symptoms generated in French intellectual, cultural, and political life by a malady diagnosed as the triumph of neoliberalism and American consumerism at the end of the Cold War. In recent years, some French scholars afflicted with the disease have revisited and revised well-worn political models, and others returned defensively to the tradition of French secular republicanism as an antidote to “multiculturalism” and “communitarianism” (what Americans would call identity politics), which French authors often envision as American imports. This defensiveness on both the French left and right responds to the apparent exhaustion of nationalism, of revolutionary ideals, and of French identity. Joan Scott's recent book on The Fantasy of Feminist History does a particularly incisive job of revealing the various investments in secular republicanism as themselves forms of sexism and racism or nostalgia, especially on the right. She cites a discussion in which Mona Ozouf, Phillipe Raynaud, and others argue that the particularly “French” form of “seduction” and heterosexual coupling encourages men to exercise dominance through gallantry if they want to win over women. Gallantry civilizes society by using sexual difference as armor against an imagined leveling and sameness represented by those who cannot understand seduction as a means metaphorically of reconciling the differences that inevitably arise in democracies—feminists, “militant homosexuals,” and Muslims who refuse to play by French rules. Here the play of difference relies on a rigid gender difference—and the subordination of women—that sells itself as natural and quintessentially French.
Comparison of wind and wave forcing of longshore currents

Abstract Wind and wave forcing of longshore currents for varying wind conditions and beach slopes are compared using a numerical model. Waves are assumed to be locally generated by the same winds and fully arisen. The finite-depth TMA wind-wave spectrum is used to describe the radiation stress spectrum. Total wind force acting across the surf zone is proportional to surf zone width and therefore inversely proportional to beach slope. Wind force is not important for steep beaches. Total wave force is dependent of wave energy flux and wave direction at breaking, which are functions of the wind speed and direction. Wind force becomes increasingly significant relative to wave force, as wind speed and incident wind direction approaches parallel to shore. For obliquely onshore winds and a gentle beach slope (tan β = 0.01), wind force can be significant, with wind to wave force ratios ranging from 10 to 100% for winds between 10 and 30 m s−1 and wind and wave directions from 10 to 80°. Thus, under certain wind and wave conditions, wind force can be a first order term in the alongshore momentum balance.
A thank you from Tulane University.

It has been 19 months since Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Louisiana coastline, causing widespread destruction and prolonged flooding in New Orleans. Gulf Coast institutions continue to deal with the aftermath of the hurricane, but great progress has been made in reestablishing a vibrant
Conjugate Excitation of Atomic Oxygen Emissions in the Far Ultraviolet

Rocket observations of far-ultraviolet terrestrial airglow emissions in the 1230- to 1450-A band at night have been carried out from White Sands Missile Range. Three rockets carried 15.4-cm-diam far-ultraviolet telescopes to about 220 km altitude at various times during the night from postsunset to predawn. Postsunset and predawn observations were made when the solar zenith angle at the conjugate ionosphere was about 95 deg, and in both cases positive identification of strong O I 1304-A emissions was made. Evidence that in these cases the 1356/1304 intensity ratio was less than 0.2 is presented. Observations made well into the night yielded only an upper limit to the combined O I 1304- and 1356-A emissions of 20 Rayleighs, consistent with previous observations and theoretical calculations. These results show that meaningful rocket observations of the cosmic far ultraviolet background can be made only when the solar zenith angle at the conjugate ionosphere of the launch site is larger than 105 deg or if atomic oxygen emission lines are excluded from the detectors' bandpass.
Who is fit for allogeneic transplantation

The use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has expanded progressively, facilitated by the increasing availability of unrelated donors and cord blood, and the inclusion of older patients as transplantation candidates. Indications remain diagnosis-dependent. As novel nontransplantation modalities have been developed concurrently, many patients come to HCT only when no longer responding to such therapy. However, patients with refractory or advanced disease frequently relapse after HCT, even with high-dose conditioning, and more so with reduced-intensity regimens as used for patients of older age or with comorbid conditions. Thus, patients with high-risk malignancies who have substantial comorbidities or are of advanced age are at high risk of both relapse and nonrelapse mortality and should probably not be transplanted. Being in remission or at least having shown responsiveness to pre-HCT therapy is generally associated with increased transplantation success. In addition, to handle the stress associated with HCT, patients need a good social support system and a secure financial net. They must be well informed, not only about the transplantation process, but also about expected or potential post-HCT events, including graft-versus-host disease and delayed effects that may become manifest only years after HCT.
The Effect of Physician Behavior on the Collection of Data

Determining the patient's major reasons for seeking care is of critical importance in a successful medical encounter. To study the physician's role in soliciting and developing the patient's concerns at the outset of a clinical encounter, 74 office visits were recorded. In only 17 (23%) of the visits was the patient provided the opportunity to complete his or her opening statement of concerns. In 51 (69%) of the visits the physician interrupted the patient's statement and directed questions toward a specific concern; in only 1 of these 51 visits was the patient afforded the opportunity to complete the opening statement. In six (8%) return visits, no solicitation whatever was made. Physicians play an active role in regulating the quantity of information elicited at the beginning of the clinical encounter, and use closed-ended questioning to control the discourse. The consequence of this controlled style is the premature interruption of patients, resulting in the potential loss of relevant information.
Influence of geometry on the number of buckles in cylinders

T variation of n with R/t and L/R, obtained from published experimental data,*• 2 is shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen that the plot is divisible into two zones. Below a critical value of R/t, the observed buckling stress, which is the total axial load divided by the cross-sectional area, equals or approaches the yield stress and thus defines the plastic region. The elastic region is defined by all values of R/t greater than the critical. In the plastic region, n increases directly as R/t. No effect of length could be observed in this region. In the elastic region, n continues to increase a&.R/t, but this increase is at a much slower rate. It is also possible to observe that n decreases as L/R increases.
Creating Cartoons as Representation: Visual Narratives of College Students with Learning Disabilities.

Students with learning disabilities (LD) are the largest sub‐group of all students with disabilities attending college in the United States. However, due to the multiple difficulties involved in transitioning from school to college, many do not succeed during their first year. This article chronicles ways in which three students with LD negotiate academic, social, and personal demands of college. The author‐artist utilizes cartoons drawn to represent meaningful episodes within student experiences. By combining cartoons with personal narratives, participant testimonies reveal powerful ways in which students with LD strategize and self‐advocate in order to survive their transition onto college. After highlighting the strengths and limitations of this approach, a case is made for the potential value of using cartoons for education research. Das Erarbeiten von Cartoons als Beispiel: Sehberichte von Universitatsstudenten mit Lernbehinderungen Studenten mit Lernbehinderungen (LD) sind die groste Untergruppe all...
The Neuropsychological Profile of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult ADHD

Objective: ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often comorbid yet despite the increased comorbidity between the two disorders, to our knowledge, no data have been published regarding...
Granger causality analysis reveals the changes of thalamocortical functionality after cardiac arrest induced hypoxic-ischemic injury

Hypoxic-ischemia (HI) following cardiac arrest (CA) induces a global injury to the brain that can lead to coma. Resuscitation may eventually lead to arousal from coma. During early arousal, how the functional connectivity between various important brain regions evolves may ultimately affect the outcome. In order to understand the changes in thalamocortical functionality through the injury and recovery periods, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the ventroposterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus and the forelimb somatosensory cortex (S1-FL) in a rat model of asphyxial CA. Granger causality was used to analyze the causal relationships between the thalamocortical LFPs. Preliminary results indicate that during early arousal, the thalamocortical dynamics is significantly unilateral with the thalamic centers driving the cortical regions and the driving strength decreased significantly upon CA and improved after resuscitation during arousal.
Fungal Endophyte Effects on Production of Legumes in Association with Tall Fescue

The fungal endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin (syn. Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) is generally considered to enhance the competitive ability of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with legumes, but substantiating field data are limited. Our objectives were to determine if endophyte infection of tall fescue affects stand density and forage production of (i) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), ladino clover (T. repens L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) harvested at 3-wk intervals and (ii) alfalfa at low and high seeding rates harvested at 3-wk and 9-wk intervals. The first study compared alfalfa, red clover, and ladino clover in association with 'Jesup' E+ (endophyte-infected) and E- (endophyte-free) tall fescue, harvested at 3-wk intervals for 3 yr. The second study had alfalfa broadcast planted at 11.2 and 22.4 kg ha -1 with E+ and E- tall fescue planted broadcast at 11.2 and 22.4 kg ha -1 or in rows at 22.4 kg ha This was harvested at 3-wk intervals for 3 yr, then at 5-wk intervals for 1 yr. In the first study, clovers and alfalfa cut at 3-wk intervals for 3 yr had similar (P > 0.05) legume yields when grown with both E+ and E- tall fescue. In the second study harvested at 3-wk intervals, E+ tall fescue adversely affected (P 0.05) by endophyte. The results suggest that endophyte infection of tall fescue increases competition with legumes, but it may be modified by seeding rates or grass sod density.
Complicated dynamics in a flow model of the labor market

Abstract We develop a worker flow model with a nonlinear and endogenous outflow rate from unemployment. Inconsistent claims on the output lead to changing inflation rates which feedback on job offers through the real money supply. Via simulations one can show that the nonlinear outflow rate causes asymmetric adjustment of unemployment to the ‘equilibrium rate of unemployment’. In addition, and depending on the parameters, the ‘equilibrium rate of unemployment’ may also become locally unstable. Then, there is a downward sloping Phillips curve but no trade-off between unemployment and inflation in the short run, as there is none in the long run.
Analysis of the roles of tRNA structure, ribosomal protein L9, and the bacteriophage T4 gene 60 bypassing signals during ribosome slippage on mRNA.

Abstract A 50-nucleotide coding gap divides bacteriophage T4 gene 60 into two open reading frames. In response to cis-acting stimulatory signals encrypted in the mRNA, the anticodon of the ribosome-bound peptidyl tRNA dissociates from a GGA codon at the end of the first open reading frame and pairs with a GGA codon 47 nucleotides downstream just before the second open reading frame. Mutations affecting ribosomal protein L9 or tRNA2Gly, the tRNA that decodes GGA, alter the efficiency of bypassing. To understand the mechanism of ribosome slippage, this work analyzes the influence of these bypassing signals and mutant translational components on −1 frameshifting at G GG A and hopping over a stop codon immediately flanked by two GGA glycine codons (stop-hopping). Mutant variants of tRNA2Gly that impair bypassing mediate stop-hopping with unexpected landing specificities, suggesting that these variants are defective in ribosomal P-site codon-anticodon pairing. In a direct competition between −1 frameshifting and stop-hopping, the absence of L9 promotes stop-hopping at the expense of −1 frameshifting without substantially impairing the ability of mutant tRNA2Gly variants to re-pair with the mRNA by sub-optimal pairing. These observations suggest that L9 defects may stimulate ribosome slippage by enhancing mRNA movement through the ribosome rather than by inducing an extended pause in translation or by destabilizing P-site pairing. Two of the bypassing signals, a cis-acting nascent peptide encoded by the first open reading frame and a stemloop signal located in the 5′ portion of the coding gap, stimulate peptidyl-tRNA slippage independently of the rest of the gene 60 context. Evidence is presented suggesting that the nascent peptide signal may stimulate bypassing by destabilizing P-site pairing.