cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicore SDK: A Practical and Efficient Deadlock Detector for Real-World Applications

Traditional deadlock detection algorithms depend on finding cycles in lock graphs created from the application code. Usually, these approaches suffer from scalability and performance problems and cannot handle large industrial strength applications. The main problem for lack of scalability and poor performance is caused by the size of the lock graphs that have to be analyzed. In this paper we show a new two-phase deadlock detection algorithm that is efficient both in terms of memory utilization and time and also very scalable. In the first phase of the algorithm we consider a reduced lock graph based on program locations. We filter out certain locks that cannot participate in a deadlock by analyzing the lock graph created in the first phase. In the second phase of the algorithm we create an even smaller lock graph considering only those locks that were not filtered in the first phase. Finally, the second phase lock graph is analyzed for cycles to find potential deadlocks in the application. We present results from various open-source and commercial software, and also compare the performance of our algorithm with traditional approach.
Sugar-Feeding Strategy of Adult Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Although nectar availability has long been recognized as the major cause of outbreaks of some important lepidopteran pests, basic knowledge on nectar feeding by adults of any single noctuid species is very limited. Understanding of adult feeding behavior also is essential to the development of adult control technology for these pests. This study measured sucrose consumption, using a gravimetric method, and investigated related sugar feeding behavior of adult velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner. Adult females reared in field cages on soybean foliage consumed 3 times as much sucrose solution as females reared in the laboratory on artificial diet. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were all equally acceptable to velvetbean caterpillar moths. Various concentrations of sucrose solution (1–40%) also were equally acceptable to the moths. However, much greater volumes of sucrose solution were consumed by female moths at lower concentrations than at higher concentrations. When fed with low concentrations (<20%), the moths regurgitated large volumes of excess water through their proboscis. Surprisingly, there was no sugar in the regurgitant although regurgitation occurred soon after or during the process of feeding. When provided with both 30% (wt:vol) sucrose solution and distilled water, lifetime total liquid consumptions by field-reared females and males were 849.3 ± 104.0 (mean ± SE) μ l and 964.0 ± 60.0 μ l, respectively, with no significant differences in consumption between sexes. Both sexes fed heavily in the initial 2 d of their adult lives with the peak consumption on the 1st day after emergence.
Tumor progression and survival of patients with high grade, noninvasive papillary (TaG3) bladder tumors: 15-year outcome.

Purpose: Tumor progression and survival of patients with high grade Ta bladder tumors followed for 15 to 20 years were evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 148 patients with Ta and 73 with T1 multiple, recurrent papillary bladder tumors were evaluated. In all patients complete transurethral resection was performed and 1 or more courses of bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy were given. Minimum followup was 15 years. Of the Ta tumors 125 were high grade and 23 were low grade. The end points of the study were stage progression, defined as lamina propria invasion, muscle invasion or metastasis, and disease specific survival. Results: The 15-year progression-free survival rate was 95% in the 23 patients with low grade Ta tumors and none died of disease. Progression-free survival and disease specific survival rates were 61% and 74%, respectively, in 125 patients with high grade Ta tumors compared to 44% and 62%, respectively, in 73 with T1 tumors. Conclusions: Patients with high grade Ta tumors have a lifelong risk of disease stage progression and death from bladder cancer similar to those with T1 tumors.
The genetic basis of variation in susceptibility to infection with Histoplasma capsulatum in the mouse

The pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum causes disease ranging from mild to fatal in healthy and immunocompromised humans. Infection rates reach 80% in endemic areas, including the Midwestern United States. We used inbred mice to identify a 300-fold difference in fungal burden. A/J mice showed lower fungal burden and morbidity than C57BL/6J mice, a reversal of the trend observed for many bacterial pathogens. We mapped the differences in fungal burden to discrete locations on chromosomes 1, 6, 15 and 17 with high significance. Substitution of a single resistant chromosome 17 onto the susceptible background was sufficient to lower fungal burden. These loci will allow dissection of the fungal-specific immune program.
Using modern graph analysis techniques on mind maps to help quantify learning

In this work, we use a graph analysis tool to measure how student-created mind maps reflect learning. Mind maps consist of words and connections between words, and this visual tool helps illustrate how an individual understands how these words connect together in a field. From an analysis standpoint, mind maps are graphs consisting of nodes connected by edges. In the fall of 2011, students created three mind maps over the duration of a digital system design course, and at each of the three intervals, these mind maps were created with the same 20 terms that were introduced throughout the course. Each student's mind maps were then digitally encoded and analyzed using a modern graph analysis tool called GraphCrunch II. Our results show that a simple analysis of graph density is a poor indicator of learning since this metric does not capture a graph's structure, and it is this structure that reflects meaning and understanding by the learner. Instead, a metric called relative graphlet frequency distance (RGF-distance), which is calculated by comparing a golden mind map (expert created mind map) to each of the students mind maps, is used to analyze each students understanding of how these words relate. Our results show that learner's mind maps decrease in RGF-distance over the period of the course, and this means that the students are building graphs more similar to that of the golden model. We, also, see that the RGF-distance over the set of students compared to their grades on an exam or overall grade in the course has some correlation, meaning that these mind maps relate to grades in terms of the learners understanding of vocabulary, but the correlation is not strong. The ultimate goal of these tools is to provide the learners with a method of getting automatic feedback on their understanding as well as learning progress in particular topics.
Stabilizing Forest Roads to Help Restore Fish Habitats: A Northwest Washington Example

Abstract As part of total watershed rehabilitation to improve fish habitats and water quality and to reduce flood hazards, 30–40-year-old, unused, largely impassable roads and landings in the Canyon Creek watershed within the North Fork Nooksack River watershed were decommissioned by stabilizing fills, removing stream crossings, recontouring slopes, and reestablishing drainage patterns to reduce the landslide hazards. The average cost for decommissioning a road was $3,500 per kilometer (for earthmoving by excavator and bulldozer) where considerable amounts of alder brush were cleared and sidecast material was pulled back upslope. Lower costs were associated with lesser earthmoving jobs; the highest costs resulted when fills at stream crossings or landings had to be removed. In contrast to unused roads not treated, decommissioned roads and landings were largely undamaged by rain-on-snow runoff that produced a 50-year flood in the North Fork Nooksack River in November 1989 and sustained little damage during...
Acute effects of intravenous glucocorticoid pretreatment on the in vitro peroxidation of cat spinal cord tissue.

Abstract The effects of a large intravenous dose of the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone on lipid peroxide formation in cat lumbar spinal cord homogenate was examined using the thiobarbituric acid test for malonyldialdehyde production. One hour after the injection of a 30-mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone, lipid peroxidation was reduced by more than a third. After a 90-mg/kg glucocorticoid dose, an opposite effect was observed; the formation of malonyldialdehyde was actually increased by more than 55%. These data demonstrate that glucocorticoid may either decrease or increase central nervous system lipid peroxidation as a function of dose. These results have possible clinical neurological implications.
Quantitative proteomics strategy involving the selection of peptides containing both cysteine and histidine from tryptic digests of cell lysates.

This paper describes a procedure for quantitative proteomics that selects peptides containing both cysteine and histidine residues from tryptic digests of cell lysates. Cysteine-containing peptides were selected first by covalent chromatography using thiol disulfide exchange. Following the release of cysteine-containing peptides from the covalent chromatography column with reductive cleavage, histidine-containing peptides were captured by passage through an immobilized metal affinity chromatography column loaded with copper. Quantification was achieved in a four-step process involving (i) differential labeling of control and experimental samples with isotopically differing forms of succinic anhydride, (ii) mixing the two globally labeled samples, (iii) fractionating the labeled peptides by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and (iv) determining the isotope ratio in individual peptides by mass spectrometry. The results of these studies indicate that by selecting peptides containing both cysteine and histidine, the complexity of protein digests could be substantially reduced. Up-regulated proteins from plasmid bearing Escherichia coli that had been induced with isopropyl β-thiogalacto-pyranoside were identified and quantified by the global internal standard technology (GIST) described above. Database searches were greatly simplified because the number of possible peptide candidates was reduced more than 95%.
The Staphylococcus aureus pSK41 plasmid-encoded ArtA protein is a master regulator of plasmid transmission genes and contains a RHH motif used in alternate DNA-binding modes

Plasmids harbored by Staphylococcus aureus are a major contributor to the spread of bacterial multi-drug resistance. Plasmid conjugation and partition are critical to the dissemination and inheritance of such plasmids. Here, we demonstrate that the ArtA protein encoded by the S. aureus multi-resistance plasmid pSK41 is a global transcriptional regulator of pSK41 genes, including those involved in conjugation and segregation. ArtA shows no sequence homology to any structurally characterized DNA-binding protein. To elucidate the mechanism by which it specifically recognizes its DNA site, we obtained the structure of ArtA bound to its cognate operator, ACATGACATG. The structure reveals that ArtA is representative of a new family of ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) DNA-binding proteins that contain extended, N-terminal basic motifs. Strikingly, unlike most well-studied RHH proteins ArtA binds its cognate operators as a dimer. However, we demonstrate that it is also able to recognize an atypical operator site by binding as a dimer-of-dimers and the extended N-terminal regions of ArtA were shown to be essential for this dimer-of-dimer binding mode. Thus, these data indicate that ArtA is a master regulator of genes critical for both horizontal and vertical transmission of pSK41 and that it can recognize DNA utilizing alternate binding modes.
Functional interaction between GCN5 and polyamines: a new role for core histone acetylation.

Polyamines are organic polycations essential for a wide variety of cellular functions, including nuclear integrity and chromosome condensation. Here we present genetic evidence that depletion of cellular polyamines partially alleviates the defects in HO and SUC2 expression caused by inactivation of the GCN5 histone acetyltransferase. In addition, the combination of polyamine depletion and a sin− allele of the histone H4 gene leads to almost complete bypass of the transcriptional requirement for GCN5. In contrast, polyamine depletion does not alter the transcriptional requirements for the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex nor does depletion lead to global defects in transcriptional regulation. In addition to these genetic studies, we show that polyamines facilitate oligomerization of nucleosomal arrays in vitro , and that polyamine‐mediated condensation requires intact core histone N‐terminal domains and is inhibited by histone hyperacetylation. Our studies suggest that polyamines are repressors of transcription in vivo , and that one role of histone hyperacetylation is to antagonize the ability of polyamines to stabilize highly condensed states of chromosomal fibers.
Current Estate Planning Topics - Marital Deduction Pitfalls: Part II

This article addresses the deduction for marital transfers under the United States estate tax. This is by far the most important deduction under the estate tax, and loss of the deduction can be very damaging to families. The author describes 14 common errors that can disqualify a transfer, possibly resulting in a very substantial estate tax liability.
Comment re: “Sporadic Aberrant Crypt Foci Are Not a Surrogate Endpoint for Colorectal Adenoma Prevention” and “Aberrant Crypt Foci in the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib Trial”

In Response: We have several comments in response to the robust rebuttal by Stevens et al. of the conclusions in our Perspective ([1][1]) on the report “Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) in the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib Trial” by Cho et al. ([2][2]). In that Perspective, we reviewed at some
Threshold Duration of Ischemia for Myogenic Tone in Middle Cerebral Arteries Effect on Vascular Smooth Muscle Actin

Background and Purpose—We investigated the effect of different periods of ischemia on the myogenic tone of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and tested the hypothesis that ischemia disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in vascular smooth muscle. Methods—The MCA occlusion model was used in male Wistar rats (n=27) to induce different periods of ischemia (15, 30, and 120 minutes) with 24 hours of reperfusion. Successful occlusion was determined by laser-Doppler flowmetry. MCAs were then studied in vitro with a specialized arteriograph system that allowed control of transmural pressure and measurement of lumen diameter. After equilibration for 1 hour at transmural pressure of 75 mm Hg, lumen diameter was measured, and the amount of spontaneous myogenic tone was determined. Arteries were then fixed with 10% formalin while still pressurized in the arteriograph bath and stained for filamentous (F-) actin with fluorescently labeled phalloidin, a specific probe for F-actin. The amount of F-actin was quantified by confocal...
Types of instability encountered in simple power electronic circuits: unboundedness, chattering, and chaos

Nonlinear characteristics of power electronic circuits bring about unusual instabilities. Three major types have been reported. Their characteristics and consequences are examined. Unbounded instability, the most familiar type, is a characteristic of some circuit configurations of many converters. Chattering is a potentially destructive instability mode not predicted by some idealized models. Chaotic instability can be nondestructive. >
Toeplitz and Hankel kernels for estimating time-varying spectra of discrete-time random processes

For a nonstationary random process, the dual-time correlation function and the dual frequency Loeve spectrum are complete theoretical descriptions of second-order behavior. That is, each may be used to synthesize the random process itself, according to the Cramer-Loeve spectral representation. When suitably transformed on one of its two variables, each of these descriptions produces a time-varying spectrum. This spectrum is, in fact, the expected value of the Rihaczek distribution. In this paper, we derive two large families of estimators for this spectrum: one based on a diagonal-Toeplitz-diagonal (dTd) factorization of smoothing kernels and the other based on a diagonal-Hankel-diagonal (dHd) factorization. The dTd factorization produces noncoherent averages of the time-varying spectrogram, and the dHd factorization produces coherent averages. Some of the dTd estimators may be called time-varying power spectrum estimators, and some of the dHd estimators may be called time-varying Wigner-Ville (WV) estimators. The former may always be implemented as multiwindow spectrum estimators, and in some casts, they are true time variations on the Blackman-Tukey-Rosenblatt-Grenander (BTGR) spectrogram. The latter are variations on the Stankovic class of WV estimators.
The cognitive neuroscience of prehension: recent developments

Prehension, the capacity to reach and grasp, is the key behavior that allows humans to change their environment. It continues to serve as a remarkable experimental test case for probing the cognitive architecture of goal-oriented action. This review focuses on recent experimental evidence that enhances or modifies how we might conceptualize the neural substrates of prehension. Emphasis is placed on studies that consider how precision grasps are selected and transformed into motor commands. Then, the mechanisms that extract action relevant information from vision and touch are considered. These include consideration of how parallel perceptual networks within parietal cortex, along with the ventral stream, are connected and share information to achieve common motor goals. On-line control of grasping action is discussed within a state estimation framework. The review ends with a consideration about how prehension fits within larger action repertoires that solve more complex goals and the possible cortical architectures needed to organize these actions.
The Diversity of Large Earthquakes and Its Implications for Hazard Mitigation

With the advent of broadband seismology and GPS, significant diversity in the source radiation spectra of large earthquakes has been clearly demonstrated. This diversity requires different approaches to mitigate hazards. In certain tectonic environments, seismologists can forecast the future occurrence of large earthquakes within a solid scientific framework using the results from seismology and GPS. Such forecasts are critically important for long-term hazard mitigation practices, but because stochastic fracture processes are complex, the forecasts are inevitably subject to large uncertainty, and unexpected events will continue to surprise seismologists. Recent developments in real-time seismology will help seismologists to cope with and prepare for tsunamis and earthquakes. Combining a better understanding of earthquake diversity with modern technology is the key to effective and comprehensive hazard mitigation practices.
What is responsible for the strong observed asymmetry in teleconnections between El Niño and La Niña

A large asymmetric component (El Nino + La Nina) of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related teleconnections over North America is found during 1984–2009 that is comparable in strength to the commonly studied symmetric component (El Nino − La Nina). Climate reforecasts spanning this period are diagnosed in order to understand the processes responsible for the observed asymmetry. It is confirmed that an asymmetric component is indeed a fundamental property of atmospheric responses to recent ENSO forcing. Each and every composite of a 16-member reforecast ensemble has appreciable asymmetry in tropical Pacific rainfall, upper tropospheric Pacific-North American circulation patterns, and contiguous U.S. surface temperatures. There is considerable sampling variability in the magnitude of this asymmetric component among individual reforecast composites. We argue therefore that the true sea surface temperature boundary-forced signal of ENSO teleconnections is likely composed of a symmetric component having greater magnitude than its asymmetric component, though the latter is an important property of how ENSO affects North American climate.
Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Entitlement

The debate over nuclear proliferation has generated a large literature, but this literature does not adequately address the moral issues. A moral analysis of proliferation must go beyond concerns of international security. In this essay, Lee addresses the following questions: (1) Does nuclear proliferation make the world a more dangerous place; that is, does it increase security? (2) Is it morally permissible for a nonnuclear state to acquire nuclear weapons? (3) What are morally permissible actions for states trying to keep other states from acquiring nuclear weapons?
Performance of Ho:YAG as a function of temperature

The performance of two multiply doped Ho:YAG lasers has been characterized as a function of the laser rod temperature. From the experimental results, the dependence of the slope efficiency and threshold on temperature has been extracted. Threshold can be correlated with the occupation of the lower laser level. Implications on the optimum operating temperature are discussed.
Effects of Polypeptide and Protein Hormones on Lipid Monolayers I. Effect of insulin and parathyroid hormone on monomolecular films of monooctadecyl phosphate and stearic acid

Insulin in low concentrations inhibits the uptake of Ca++ by the monooctadecyl (stearyl) phosphate monolayer (at air-water interface) and facilitates the release of Ca++ adsorbed to the monolayer. These effects of insulin are more pronounced at higher insulin concentrations. Evidence is presented that a relatively intact insulin molecule competes with Ca++ for the free phosphate group of the monolayer. Albumin has a slight inhibitory action on calcium uptake and parathyroid hormone has no observable action on calcium uptake or release.
Metabolism and Toxicity of the Styrene Metabolite 4-Vinylphenol in CYP2E1 Knockout Mice

4-Vinylphenol (4-VP) is a minor metabolite of styrene and is several times more potent as a hepatotoxicant and pneumotoxicant than is either the parent compound or the major metabolite of styrene, styrene oxide. 4-VP is metabolized primarily by CYP2E1 and CYP2F2. To further elucidate the possible role of 4-VP in styrene-induced toxicity and the importance of its metabolism by CYP2E1, the metabolism of 4-VP and its hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity were compared in wild-type and CYP2E1 knockout mice. There were no marked differences between the wild-type and knockout mice in the rates of microsomal metabolism of 4-VP in either liver or lung. This unexpected result mimics previous findings with styrene metabolism in wild-type and knockout mice. When mice were administered 100 mg/kg 4-VP ip, the knockout mice were more susceptible to hepatotoxicity, as measured by increases in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, than were the wild-type mice. There was no significant difference in the pneumotoxicity betwee...
Joseph Smith and the Bible

With regard to sacred books, Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism (1805 – 1844), is best known for his publication of the Book of Mormon, as a history comparable to the Bible, and for other texts he put forth as divine revelations. These volumes established the unique beliefs of Mormonism and set it apart from other religions. What is less well known and often overlooked by historians is the fact that virtually every aspect of Joseph Smith's career involved the Bible, which was central to his theology and to the religious system that he established – but always in ways unique to him. Priesthoods of Aaron and Melchizedek, the building of temples and the establishment of communities in promised lands are all themes for which he invoked biblical precedents. He also produced, but never published in his lifetime, a revision of the Bible itself, the result of three years of adding to and editing the text. In addition, as he taught doctrine in his correspondence, newspaper editorials and sermons, he drew his texts and illustrations from the Bible and virtually never from the Book of Mormon or his own revelations. This article explores the role of the Bible in each of these enterprises and examines the ways Joseph Smith used it in the establishment of Mormon beliefs. The article proposes that, in his extensive use of the Bible, he was making a statement regarding his prophetic authority and his relationship to prophets and scriptures of the past.
Grading and Reporting in a Standards-Based Environment: Implications for Students with Special Needs.

Teachers at all levels of education today struggle in their efforts to assign fair, accurate, and meaningful grades to students with disabilities, especially those placed in general education classrooms. Lacking specific policies or recommendations, most teachers apply informal, individual grading adaptations for such students. Although these idiosyncratic adaptations are made to ensure continued effort and protect these students' self-images, the result is grades that communicate little about the students' actual performance or level of achievement. This article describes a 5-step process that teachers can use to provide fair and meaningful grades to students with disabilities within a standards-based classroom environment.
Intracellular Protein Modification Associated with Altered T Cell Functions in Autoimmunity

Posttranslational protein modifications influence a number of immunologic responses ranging from intracellular signaling to protein processing and presentation. One such modification, termed isoaspartyl (isoAsp), is the spontaneous nonenzymatic modification of aspartic acid residues occurring at physiologic pH and temperature. In this study, we have examined the intracellular levels of isoAsp residues in self-proteins from MRL+/+, MRL/lpr, and NZB/W F1 mouse strains compared with nonautoimmune B10.BR mice. In contrast to control B10.BR or NZB/W mice, the isoAsp content in MRL autoimmune mice increased and accumulated with age in erythrocytes, brain, kidney, and T lymphocytes. Moreover, T cells that hyperproliferate to antigenic stimulation in MRL mice also have elevated intracellular isoAsp protein content. Protein l-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase activity, a repair enzyme for isoAsp residues in vivo, remains stable with age in all strains of mice. These studies demonstrate a role for the accumulation of intracellular isoAsp proteins associated with T cell proliferative defects of MRL autoimmune mice.
Global climate cycles and cyclones: consequences for rainfall patterns and lemur reproduction in southeastern Madagascar

Most studies that examine the influence of climatic change on flora and fauna have focused on northern latitudes; however, there is increasing recognition that tropical regions are also being affected. Despite this, regions such as Madagascar, which are rich in endemic biodiversity but may have low adaptive capacity to climatic change, are poorly represented in studies examining the effects of climate variability on biota. We investigated how El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) influence precipitation patterns in the rainforest region of southeastern Madagascar (1962-2006) and then constructed models to assess the potential contribution of climatic variables on the reproductive parameters of the Milne Edward's sifaka, a threatened lemur species (Propithecus edwardsi), over a 20-year period. The Southern Oscillation Index of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific was associated with precipitation patterns including wetter wet seasons during warmer phases and drier dry seasons following cooler phases. The best- supported models of lemur fecundity (female offspring per female that survive to 1 year of age per year) included cyclone presence during gestation and ENSO phase before conception and during the first 6 months of life. Models also suggested that heavy rains during gestation may limit birth rates and that prolonged drought during female lactation may limit first year offspring survival; although these variables were given little importance for predicting overall fecundity relative to ENSO phases and cyclone presence. Our results linking lemur reproduction with climatic variability suggest that climatic changes may be an additional threat to Madagascar's unique and already endangered flora and fauna. The association between precipitation in southeastern Madagascar and SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific suggests that dynamics of wildlife populations even in tropical areas such as Madagascar can be affected by global climate cycles making them potentially vulnerable to global climate change.
An interprofessionally developed geriatric oncology curriculum for hematology–oncology fellows

Abstract Objective Because the cancer population is aging, interprofessional education incorporating geriatric principles is essential to providing adequate training for oncology fellows. We report the targeted needs assessment, content, and evaluation tools for our geriatric oncology curriculum at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Methods A team comprising a geriatrician, a medical oncologist, an oncology PharmD, an oncology advanced nurse practitioner, and two oncology chief fellows developed the geriatric oncology curriculum. First, a general needs assessment was conducted by reviewing the literature and medical societies' publications and by consulting experts. A targeted needs assessment was then conducted by reviewing the fellows' evaluations of the geriatric oncology rotation and by interviewing fellows and recently graduated oncology faculty. Results Geriatric assessment, pharmacology, and psychosocial knowledge skills were the three identified areas of educational need. Curriculum objectives and an evaluation checklist were developed to evaluate learners in the three identified areas. The checklist content was validated by consulting experts in the field. Online materials, including a curriculum, a geriatric pharmacology job aid, and pharmacology cases, were also developed and delivered as part of the curriculum. Conclusion An interprofessional team approach was a successful method for identifying areas of learners' educational needs, which in turn helped us develop an integrated geriatric oncology curriculum. The curriculum is currently being piloted and evaluated.
Using discrete-event simulation for evaluating non-linear supply chain phenomena

We present a simulation model constructed in collaboration with Intel Corporation to measure and gauge the interaction of non-linear supply chain phenomena (such as waste, uncertainty, congestion, bullwhip, and vulnerability). A representative model that mimics part of Intel's supply chain from fabrication to delivery is modeled using discrete-event simulation in ARENA. A "phenomena evaluation" framework is proposed to link model inputs and supply chain phenomena in order to evaluate supply chain configurations. Using a sample supply chain decision (safety stock level determination) we follow the "phenomena evaluation" framework to illustrate a final recommendation. Results show that our supply chain phenomena evaluation approach helps better illustrate some trade-offs than an evaluation approach based only on the traditional metrics (cost, service, assets etc.).
Role of C-Terminal Cysteine Residues of Aspergillus fumigatus Allergen Asp f 4 in Immunoglobulin E Binding

Among the several allergens cloned and expressed from Aspergillus fumigatus, Asp f 4 is a major one associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The structure-function relationship of allergens is important in understanding the immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases. These include the epitopes, conformational or linear, deletion of the N or C terminus or both N and C termini, and glycosylation or nonglycosylation, all of which affect immune responses. Similarly, the role of cysteine residues present in allergens may yield useful information regarding the conformational structure of allergens and the immunoglobulin E (IgE) epitope interaction. Such information may help in developing new strategies towards immunotherapy. In order to define the role of cysteine in the interaction of the antibody with Asp f 4, we have constructed mutants by selectively deleting cysteine residues from the C-terminal region of the Asp f 4. Immunological evaluation of these engineered recombinant constructs was conducted by using sera from patients with ABPA, Aspergillus skin test-positive asthmatics, and healthy controls. The results demonstrate strong IgE binding with Asp f 4 and two truncated mutants, Asp f 41-234 (amino acids [aa] 1 to 234) and Asp f 41-241 (aa 1 to 241), while another mutant, Asp f 41-196 (aa 1 to 196), showed reactivity with fewer patients. The result suggests that deletion of cysteines and the alteration of IgE epitopes at the C-terminal end resulted in conformational changes, which may have a potential role in the immunomodulation of the disease.
Parallel β-sheets and polar zippers in amyloid fibrils formed by residues 10–39 of the yeast prion protein Ure2p

We report the results of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and atomic force microscopy measurements on amyloid fibrils formed by residues 10-39 of the yeast prion protein Ure2p (Ure2p(10)(-)(39)). Measurements of intermolecular (13)C-(13)C nuclear magnetic dipole-dipole couplings indicate that Ure2p(10)(-)(39) fibrils contain in-register parallel beta-sheets. Measurements of intermolecular (15)N-(13)C dipole-dipole couplings, using a new solid-state NMR technique called DSQ-REDOR, are consistent with hydrogen bonds between side chain amide groups of Gln18 residues. Such side chain hydrogen bonding interactions have been called "polar zippers" by M. F. Perutz and have been proposed to stabilize amyloid fibrils formed by peptides with glutamine- and asparagine-rich sequences, such as Ure2p(10)(-)(39). We propose that polar zipper interactions account for the in-register parallel beta-sheet structure in Ure2p(10)(-)(39) fibrils and that similar peptides will also exhibit parallel beta-sheet structures in amyloid fibrils. We present molecular models for Ure2p(10)(-)(39) fibrils that are consistent with available experimental data. Finally, we show that solid-state (13)C NMR chemical shifts for (13)C-labeled Ure2p(10)(-)(39) fibrils are insensitive to hydration level, indicating that the fibril structure is not affected by the presence or absence of bulk water.
Work in progress: Prison deaths, ethnic differences

This paper represents a preliminary report of some trends in prison deaths for three ethnic groups. The data are based on a large prison system for the years 1968-1982. Complete records are available for 572 inmate deaths from natural causes and an additional 113 from suicide and homicide. Death rates from natural causes were much higher for blacks and non-Hispanics under 45 years of age than for similarly aged Hispanics. The patterns for homicides and suicides for the three ethnic groups were quite different from one another.
Drug-induced Liver Fibrosis: Testing Nevirapine in a Viral-like Liver Setting Using Histopathology, MALDI IMS, and Gene Expression.

Nevirapine (NVP) is associated with hepatotoxicity in 1–5% of patients. In rodent studies, NVP has been shown to cause hepatic enzyme induction, centrilobular hypertrophy, and skin rash in various rat strains but not liver toxicity. In an effort to understand whether NVP is metabolized differently in a transiently inflamed liver and whether a heightened immune response alters NVP-induced hepatic responses, female brown Norway rats were dosed with either vehicle or NVP alone (75 mg/kg/day for 15 days) or galactosamine alone (single intraperitoneal [ip] injection on day 7 to mimic viral hepatitis) or a combination of NVP (75/100/150 mg/kg/day for 15 days) and galactosamine (single 750 mg/kg ip on day 7). Livers were collected at necropsy for histopathology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry and gene expression. Eight days after galactosamine, hepatic fibrosis was noted in rats dosed with the combination of NVP and galactosamine. No fibrosis occurred with NVP alone or gala...
After the Storm: The Uses, Normative Implications, and Unintended Consequences of Voting Reform Research in Post-Bush V. Gore Equal Protection Challenges

This chapter, in a volume edited by McCaffery, Crigler, and Just, explores the legal and normative implications of social scientific voting reform research. It begins by discussing the state of election law leading up to the United States Supreme Court's December 12, 2000 opinion in Bush v. Gore, which ended the recount in Florida, and then comments on what that case did for the law. Even though Bush v. Gore ultimately may have no precedential value, it is also possible that it has created a window of opportunity for a host of legal challenges aimed at voting reforms. Social science research may well be decisive in resolving such challenges.The next section considers the possible future and normative implications of the social science research that Bush v. Gore may have let into the election law mainstream. Social scientists studying voting have focused much of their attention on boosting turnout, but the focus raises the normative question whether high turnout is desirable. If a high turnout itself is desirable, some means for increasing turnout raise their own normative questions. Carrots, such as payments for turnout, or sticks, such as compulsory voting laws, may be objectionable, even if the goal of increasing turnout is considered a good. This section also explores some unintended consequences of proposed voting reforms. For example, social scientists are now debating and testing various means for voting in nontraditional ways, such as in cyberspace. Although such means may increase turnout, they also may facilitate voter bribery and fraud.The final section concludes with a call for the Supreme Court to move slowly in formulating rules in response to election reform litigation. It may seem counter-intuitive, but the Court may do best or at least do the least damage by adopting initially murky equal protection standards. Such "judicially unmanageable" standards will allow lower courts to experiment with various controls over the electoral process and the Supreme Court to learn from the varied experimentation before committing to more rigid rules governing the electoral process.
Isospin mixing in /sup 19/F

Isospin mixing in the yrast $I=\frac{5}{{2}^{+}}$ $T=\frac{1}{2}$ level has been calculated assuming an isoscalar nucleonnucleon interaction and the single-particle level spacings observed in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{17}\mathrm{F}$. Results are presented for both the (${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$,${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$) and two variants of the (${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$,${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$,${d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$) model spaces. The experimental value does not require the introduction of a charge symmetry or charge independence breaking nucleon-nucleon interaction.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Isospin mixing in $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ calculated.
Mortality on the Kidney Waiting List and After Transplantation in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease: An Analysis of the United States Renal Data System

Abstract Background Reports from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) indicated that kidney transplantation, whether from a living donor (LD) or deceased donor (DD), offers survival advantage over being on the waiting list. Whether this is true for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is unknown given that patients with PAD have significant comorbidities. Methods We used a cohort of USRDS incident dialysis patients from 2001 to 2007, with follow-up through 2008. Patients with PAD younger than the age of 70 were included and divided into 3 groups; PAD waitlisted, PAD patients who received a first transplant from a DD, or PAD patients who received a first transplant from a LD. Time-dependent Cox regression models were used to compare differences in mortality. Results In this study, 23,699 incident dialysis patients met inclusion criteria; only 16.7% (n = 3964) were waitlisted, of which 8.9 % (n = 2121) underwent transplantation. Patient survival in the LD group at any time point was significantly better than being on the waiting list (P Conclusions Kidney transplantation from a DD did not offer survival advantage over being on the waiting list, in part due to a higher rate of severe vascular disease. Careful patient selection may improve outcomes in the DD group.
IFNG rs1861494 polymorphism is associated with IBD disease severity and functional changes in both IFNG methylation and protein secretion.

Background Mucosal expression of interferon (IFN)-γ plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD risk regions flank IFNG. The conserved IFNG rs1861494 T/C introduces a new CpG methylation site, is associated with disease severity and lack of therapeutic response in other infectious and immune-mediated disorders, and is in linkage disequilibrium with a ulcerative colitis (UC) disease severity region. It seems likely that CpG-altering single nucleotide polymorphisms modify methylation and gene expression. This study evaluated the association between rs1861494 and clinical, serologic, and methylation patterns in patients with IBD. Methods Peripheral T cells of UC and Crohn's disease (CD) patients were genotyped for rs1861494 and analyzed for allele-specific and IFNG promoter methylation. Serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and IFN-γ secretion were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and nucleoprotein complex formation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results IFNG rs1861494 T allele carriage in patients with IBD was associated with enhanced secretion of IFN-γ. T allele carriage was associated in UC with high levels of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and faster progression to colectomy. In CD, it was associated with complicated disease involving a stricturing/penetrating phenotype. Likewise, IFNG rs1861494 displayed genotype-specific modulation of DNA methylation and transcription factor complex formation. Conclusions This study reports the first association of IFNG rs1861494 T allele with enhanced IFN-γ secretion and known IBD clinical parameters indicative of more aggressive disease and serological markers associated with treatment resistance to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with IBD. These data may be useful prognostically as predictors of early response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy to identify patients with IBD for improved personalized therapeutics.
An Integrative Review of Engaging Clinical Nurses in Nursing Research

Purpose To review the literature for best practices for engaging clinical nurses in nursing research. Design Review of the research and nonresearch papers published between 2005 and 2015 that answered the evidence-based practice (EBP) question: what are the best practices for engaging clinical nursing staff in nursing research? Methods PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Joanna Briggs Institute, and Cochrane were searched using a combination of controlled vocabulary and key words. Nineteen papers that answered the EBP question were selected for review. Results It can be difficult to involve clinical nurses in research. There are multiple factors to consider when nursing leadership looks to engage clinical nurses in nursing research. Conclusions Nurse leaders can take many approaches to engage clinical nurses in research. Each organization must perform its own assessment to identify areas of opportunity. Nursing leadership can take these areas of opportunity to structure a multifaceted approach to support clinical staff in the conduct and dissemination of nursing research. Clinical Relevance The evidence from this review offers EBP recommendations as well as reports on the gaps in the literature related to best practices for engaging clinical nurses in nursing research.
Political Economy: Freedom, Surveillance, and Entrepreneurship

The legacy of the Austrian School relates to the separation of the state from the marketplace so as to ensure maximum individual freedom. Supercapitalism’s ascent coupled with the advent of digital technologies enabled a new level of surveillance in the workplace. The customized surveillance of consumers’ tastes and preferences seems friendly but is in fact controlling. Perhaps the entrepreneurial spirit associated with postcapitalist crowd-funding allows a modicum of personal liberty envisioned by the Austrians.
Depression, its comorbidities and treatment, and childhood body mass index trajectories.

Objective No prior studies have evaluated depression diagnoses and cumulative antidepressant use in relation to longitudinal body mass index (BMI) trajectories in a population-representative sample. Methods Electronic health record data from 105,163 children ages 8 to 18 years with 314,648 BMI values were used. Depression diagnoses were evaluated as ever versus never, cumulative number of encounters with diagnoses, and total duration of diagnoses. Antidepressants were evaluated as months of use. Associations were evaluated with diagnoses alone, antidepressants alone, and then together, adjusting for covariates. Results A total of 6,172 (5.9%) and 10,628 (10.1%) children had a diagnosis of depression or received antidepressant treatment, respectively. At all ages, children receiving Medical Assistance (30.9%) were more likely to be treated with antidepressants. Depression diagnosis and antidepressant use were each independently and positively associated with BMI trajectories; associations were stronger with longer durations of diagnosis and treatment. Among children who received 12 or more months of antidepressants (vs. none), the mean (95% CI) weight gain at 18 years associated with antidepressant use (all classes) was 2.10 (1.76–2.45) kg. Conclusions Depression and antidepressant use were both independently associated with increasing BMIs over time, suggesting an important unintended consequence of healthcare to the obesity epidemic.
Long-Term Patency of Arteriovenous Fistulae Salvaged by Balloon Angioplasty with and without Accessory Vein Embolization: A Retrospective Study.

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether accessory vein embolization (AVE) improves long-term performance of salvaged nonmaturing arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs). Materials and Methods This retrospective review included 72 patients who underwent percutaneous balloon angioplasty for salvage of nonmaturing AVFs between 2008 and 2014. AVE was performed on 32 patients between 2008 and 2011 (mean age, 59 y [range, 33–85 y]; men, n=21; women, n=11; upper arm, n=17; forearm, n=15), whereas the procedure was not performed on 40 patients after 2011 (mean age, 62 y [range, 28–85 y]; men, n=26; women, n=14; upper arm, n=26; forearm, n=14). Endpoints compared between groups included number of procedures required to achieve maturation, time to maturation, number of procedures required to maintain patency, and duration of primary and secondary patency after intervention. Results There was no statistically significant difference in number of procedures to achieve maturation (2.1 ± 1.4 vs 2.4 ± 1.2; P = .24) or time to maturation (26.1 d ± 56.2 vs 41.1 d ± 54.6; P = .072) between AVE and no embolization groups. Primary ( P = .21) and secondary patency ( P = .14) after intervention were not significantly different between groups. The number of procedures performed to maintain patency after maturation was significantly greater in the AVE group for patients with forearm AVFs (0.11 ± 0.098 vs 0.04 ± 0.064 per patient year; P = .039) but not for patients with upper arm AVFs. Conclusions AVE of AVFs after balloon angioplasty does not lead to significantly improved long-term outcomes. Percutaneous salvage of nonmaturing AVFs in the forearm without AVE resulted in a decreased number of interventions to maintain patency.