cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cardiac sonographer in the operating room: who's left holding the probe?

Among the many opportunities available to the cardiac sonographer, the operating room is possibly the most elusive and challenging environment of all. This setting currently accounts for only a small percentage of employment opportunities for sonographers, and their appropriate role in the operating room has been slow to evolve. The invasive nature of obtaining transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) clinical data and the somewhat restrictive current guidelines for TEE training and reporting are the primary reasons for the small numbers of registered sonographers working within the perioperative environment. While many sonographers see the operating room as an opportunity to advance their roles in the diagnostic process, the current boundaries are clear. ASE and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) recently published a joint document entitled ‘‘ASE/ SCA Recommendations and Guidelines for Continuous Quality Improvement in Perioperative Echocardiography.’’ This document supports the position paper, ‘‘Guidelines for Cardiac Sonographer Education: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Sonographer Training and Education Committee,’’ stating that ‘‘the role of the sonographer in the performance TEE is limited to maximizing image quality by the manipulation of the controls on the ultrasonography system.’’ Outside of the perioperative environment, the boundaries for sonographers’ responsibilities may be relaxing. ‘‘Guidelines for the Cardiac Sonographer in the Performance of Contrast Echocardiography: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council on Cardiac Sonography’’ and recent sonographers’ communications within this journal highlight the developing role of the sonographer in contrast administration. After recognizing a clinical need, the ASE highly recommends that cardiac sonographers take the appropriate steps to become trained in the administration of contrast agents. These communications identified an area where guidelines for patient care could be usefully and safely expanded. An initiative to define educational requirements and competencies that would allow this newly expanded area of contrast cardiac sonography to develop has been productive. There may also be room for expanding the role of the sonographer within the demanding and dynamic domain of perioperative echocardiography. The growing clinical importance of TEE in the operating room brings with it changes and new opportunities. Recognizing the need to be proactive in embracing these opportunities, the Massachusetts General Hospital created an intraoperative sonographer position. The Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and the Noninvasive Echocardiographic Laboratory considered utilizing the unique skills of a credentialed cardiac sonographer within the operating room for performing intraoperative echocardiographic studies. This interest emerged around the need to reevaluate the role of the anesthesiolo-
Equations with torsion-free coefficients

In this paper we generalize techniques used by Klyachko and the authors to prove some tessellation results about S2. These results are applied to prove the solvability of certain equations with torsion-free coefficients.
Clustering in numerical cladistics: A minimum-length directed tree problem

Abstract An n -dimensional evolutionary lattice, with all paths directed away from the origin, is defined in terms of graph theory. Since any possible path to any vertex is minimum length, it is only by sharing the reconstructed paths that a minimum-evolution tree can be constructed. Conditions for determining all minimum-length trees are described for two and three terminal vertices. Conditions sufficient for determining unique minimum-length branching sequences are defined for four terminal vertices.
Reducing the Steiner problem in four uniform orientations

We studied the Steiner tree problem in four uniform orientations where any line, half-line, or line segment must be on a line which makes an angle of (iπ)/4 with the positive x-axis, for some i ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}, and the distance between two points is measured as the length of the shortest polygonal path connecting them. We show that for any set P of n terminal points there exists a Steiner minimum tree interconnecting P such that all Steiner points are in G [2n/3]-1 (P), the ([(2n)/3]-1) st -generation grid points of P. Our result improves the previous best result which guarantees that for any set P of n terminal points there is a Steiner minimum tree in which all Steiner points are in G n-2 (P).
The Influence of Information Technology Utilization ITU on Supply Chain Integration SCI

The key to competitiveness in most industries has moved beyond the traditionally confined single organization. In today's global competitive business environment, competitiveness is heavily influenced by the ability of the multiple organizations in a supply chain to synchronize and integrate their business activities and processes. Supply chain integration, SCI which links the activities, functions, processes, and systems of a firm with its customers and suppliers, can reduce uncertainty, enhance responsiveness, reduce costs, and improve customer service. Empirical studies have explored SCI and reported that information technology IT is a key ingredient for the success of the integrated supply chain. While the research on SCI has been reported in OM literature, empirical studies that investigate the impact of different levels of IT utilization ITU-strategic, operational, and infrastructural-on SCI are not available. This research also explores the impact of top management support TMS on the relationship between ITU and SCI. Based on data collected from 220 manufacturing firms, this study indicates that ITU will have a positive impact on the success of an integrated supply chain when top management is personally involved in the technology implementation process.
Enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated mechanistic probes for sialidases and sialyltransferases

A general, convenient, and efficient enzymatic approach for producing fluorinated mechanistic probes for sialidases and sialyltransferases is described. Other than the reported sialyltransferase inhibitor CMP-3F(axial)Neu5Ac, CMP-3F(equatorial)Sia derivatives (in which Sia is Neu5Ac or Neu5Gc) have been synthesized along with CMP-3F(axial)Neu5Gc and CMP-3F(axial)KDN as novel inhibitors and important mechanistic probes for sialyltransferases. 3-Fluoro-sialosides have been enzymatically synthesized and could be used as potential inhibitors and mechanistic probes for sialidases and as probes for sialic acid-binding proteins.
Optically induced variability of the strain-induced electric fields in (111) GaSb/AlSb quantum wells

Abstract Electronic Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction measurements on GaSb/AlSb quantum wells grown on (111) and (100) oriented substrates have been performed. A kinematic simulation of the x-ray diffraction intensity profiles has been used to determine the strain in the layers of the multiple quantum wells. Using the piezoelectric tensor of GaSb and the strain estimated from the x-ray measurements, one expects that an electric field of ∼ 60 kV/cm should exist in the GaSb layers of the (111) oriented sample. Intersubband transitions in the conduction band in the (111) and (100) oriented samples exhibit very different energies. A blue shift of the intersubband transition of the (111) oriented sample from that of (100) sample occurs because of the piezoelectrically-generated electric field in the former. The energy of the intersubband transition of the (111) oriented sample is sensitive to optical excitation density. This sensitivity arises because the electron-hole pairs screen the piezoelectrically generated electric field.
The isolation of hyaluronic acid from callus tissue of early healing.

Abstract A polysaccharide has been isolated from callus tissue of healing rabbit fractures. It is very similar to hyaluronic acid in its chemical properties and in its behavior toward a pneumococcal hyaluronidase preparation.
Electrodisintegration of the deuteron in nuclear reactions.

We estimate that the electrodisintegration of the deuteron contributes at least 25% of the total reaction cross section when the deuteron interacts with a nucleus of charge {ital Z}{approx gt}40 at a kinetic energy lower than 50 MeV. The neglect of this breakup channel in deuteron-nucleus optical potentials might lead to unrealistic predictions for the mass and energy dependence of the total deuteron reaction cross sections.
Characterization of the phase behavior of phosphonolipids in model and biological membranes by 31P-NMR

Abstract 31 P-NMR is used to characterize the phase behavior of phosphonolipids in both model and biological membranes. ( 1′,2′- Dipalmitoyl -sn- glyceryl)-2-aminoethylphosphonate gives rise to static chemical shift tensor elements (−87, 5 and 63 ppm) which differ considerably from those reported for the analogous phospholipid, 1,2- dipalmitoyl -sn- glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (−81, −20 and 105 ppm). Phosphonolipid, as well as a mixture of phosphonolipid and 1,2- dipalmitoyl -sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine , in aqueous dispersion gives rise to 31 P spectra which may be interpreted in terms of lamellar structures. A mixture of phosphonolipid and egg phosphatidylethanolamine exhibits a bilayer-to-hexagonal phase transition with a concomitant decrease by one-half in the value of the 31 P chemical shift anisotropies of both the phosphonate and phosphate resonances. The chemical shift anisotropy associated with phosphonolipid has been found to be consistently smaller than that observed for the analogous phospholipid. 31 P-NMR spectra of total lipid extracts of Tetrahymena sp. indicate that both phospho- and phosphonolipids have a bilayer organization between −20 and 20°C.
Effects of work in a hot environment on repeated performances of multiple types of simple mental tasks

Abstract Rates of unsafe behavior and accidents in industrial settings have been shown to increase concomitantly with elevated work-rates and in environments above 24 °C WBGT, and when core temperature exceeds 38 °C. While multiple variables may play a role in the increase in risky behavior, a decrease in cognitive function could be an underlying contributor. Past research has produced conflicting results in predicting the relationship of physical activity and heat exposure to changes in cognitive function. The present study examined the changes in performance of three different simple mental task tests after a simulated heavy workload task (∼450 kcal/h) in a hot humid environment (30 °C WBGT). The treatment was repeated, with work time slightly extended and cognitive tests were repeated to test the stability of the cognitive measures. Male participants (n = 10) completed two trials (one with a novel cooling vest device and work duration of 98.3 ± 39.5 min, and without cooling with a duration of 73.5 ± 26.7 min) and were given short-term memory, arithmetic, and reaction time/tracking tests before and after each trial (termination criterion was a core temperature of 38.7 °C). Although some individuals displayed practical significant changes, both positive and negative, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) found between the mean pre–post scores for any of the three tests on either trial. Comparisons of post–post scores for all three tests showed lower correlation than pre–pre test comparisons suggesting the heat and physical activity did alter cognitive performance. The arithmetic style test appeared to be the most suitable and reliable of the three tests to detect changes in cognitive function. Relevance to industry The results of this study are in agreement with past research suggesting that alterations in cognitive function for individuals exposed to physical activity in a hot environment may increase, decrease or change very little. While mental processing alterations may widely vary after heat exposure between individuals, a repeated application of an arithmetic style test could help predict workers who will be most negatively affected. Recognition of these individuals could allow supervisors to more effectively manage workers and possibly make the work environment safer in instances where a mental mistake may result in an accident. Math is a universal and well rehearsed skill that is unlikely to change over short periods of time. The materials needed to conduct a mathematical skill tests are minimal in comparison to other methods, appear to be repeatable within subjects and are both time and cost efficient.
Photochemistry of ring-coupled group VI bimetallic compounds I: phosphine substitution without disproportionation. The molecular structures of Mo2(CO)5[P(C6 H5)3](μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CR2–C5H4) and Mo2(CO)4[P(CH3)3]2(μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CR2–C5H4)

Abstract Solution photolysis of ring-coupled bimetallic compounds of the formula M2(CO)6(μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CR2–C5H4), where M=Mo or W and R=H or CH3, in the presence of triphenylphosphine or trimethylphosphine yields simple substitution derivatives M2(CO)5L(μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CR2–C5H4) or M2(CO)4L2(μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CR2–C5H4). The compounds have been fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Phosphine ligands are found to occupy positions trans to the M–M bond. No evidence was found for disproportionation processes such as those found for similar reactions of the non-ring-coupled species. The molecular structures of two compounds have been determined: (μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CH2–C5H4)Mo2(CO)5(PPh3): monoclinic, P21/c, a=22.871(8), b=16.415(6), c=15.957(9) A, β=94.29(3)°, V=5974(4) A3, Z=8, R(F)=8.87%; (μ-η5,η5-C5H4–CH2–C5H4)Mo2(CO)4(PMe3)2: monoclinic, P21/c, a=9.843(5), b=15.343(7), c=31.514(6) A, β=97.28(3)°, V=4720(4) A3, Z=8, R(F)=4.38%.
Network traffic model using GIPP and GIBP

In telecommunication networks, the correlated nature of teletraffic patterns can have significant impact on queuing measures such as queue length, blocking and delay. There is, however, not yet a good general analytical description which can easily incorporate the correlation effect of the traffic, while at the same time maintaining the ease of modeling. The authors have shown elsewhere, that the covariance structures of the generalized Interrupted Poisson Process (GIPP) and the generalized Interrupted Bernoulli Process (GIBP) have an invariance property which makes them reasonably general, yet algebraically manageable, models for representing correlated network traffic. The GIPP and GIBP have a surprisingly rich sets of parameters, yet these invariance properties enable us to easily incorporate the covariance function as well as the interarrival time distribution into the model to better matchobservations. In this paper, we show an application of GIPP and GIBP for matching an analytical model to observed or experimental data.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Female urinary incontinence: The incidence, identification, and characteristics of detrusor instabiiity

One hundred thirty-three women with urinary incontinence, including 51 patients who had undergone unsuccessful surgical treatment, were evaluated urodynamically. A high incidence (55%) of bladder instability was noted, and several patterns of instability were recognized. In 52% of the cases, provocation by erect fast fill and other provocative maneuvers were necessary to unmask the abnormal detrusor activity, and it was also noted that the patient's history did not accurately predict instability. A high incidence (33%) of seemingly inapproprate sphincter electrical silence occurred in those with an unstable bladder and appeared to be the precipitating event of the bladder contraction.
Comparative Enamel Histology of Primate Teeth

The use of nonhuman primates as experimental models has markedly increased during the past decade. However, very little is known about primate dental tissues, especially enamel. Comparative studies of the enamel from 25 primate species reveal a wide variation in (1) the thickness of enamel, (2) microstructure and ultra-structure, and (3) the species' capacity to respond to systemic stress. These data provide a baseline of information presently not available to the dental researcher.
The effects of external wind pressure distributions on wind-induced air motion inside buildings

Abstract Wind pressure distributions on external surfaces of buildings have been used in the past for predicting wind loading on structures and cladding, air infiltration rates, and more recently, volumetric air flow rates through large openings such as windows. This paper presents a new application for wind pressure data. The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent surface pressure data measured on sealed building models could be used to predict wind-induced indoor air velocities in buildings with open windows. This indoor air motion could then be used to predict the thermal comfort to be expected in a naturally ventilated building. The study was accomplished by conducting two sets of tests in a boundary layer wind tunnel. In the first, indoor air velocity and turbulence intensity distributions were measured in models with openings for various wind directions and building configurations. In the second, the external surface pressure distribution was measured on sealed models of the same building configurations. Empirical correlations were then developed to relate indoor air motion parameters (velocities and turbulence intensities) to the external surface pressure distributions. These correlations, based on over 200 tests, can predict indoor air motion with a good level of accuracy as a function of wind direction and the external pressure distribution measured on sealed models.
Tchebycheff norms in multi-objective linear programming

Interactive multiple objective linear programming techniques relying upon weighted combined objective functions have been criticized because they are limited to generating model extreme points. Tchebycheff norms provide the ability to reach other points on the nondominated surface, by minimizing the maximum deviation from targets. Rather than being an L"1 metric as used in conventional linear programming, or an L"2 metric used in least-squares regression, Tchebycheff norms minimize an L"~ metric. Ideal points can be estimated from payoff tables, and Tchebycheff norms used to minimize the distance from the current estimate of the ideal point. This paper compares two Tchebycheff methods for multiple objective linear programming.
Hybrid Incompatibility Arises in a Sequence-Based Bioenergetic Model of Transcription Factor Binding

Postzygotic isolation between incipient species results from the accumulation of incompatibilities that arise as a consequence of genetic divergence. When phenotypes are determined by regulatory interactions, hybrid incompatibility can evolve even as a consequence of parallel adaptation in parental populations because interacting genes can produce the same phenotype through incompatible allelic combinations. We explore the evolutionary conditions that promote and constrain hybrid incompatibility in regulatory networks using a bioenergetic model (combining thermodynamics and kinetics) of transcriptional regulation, considering the bioenergetic basis of molecular interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their binding sites. The bioenergetic parameters consider the free energy of formation of the bond between the TF and its binding site and the availability of TFs in the intracellular environment. Together these determine fractional occupancy of the TF on the promoter site, the degree of subsequent gene expression and in diploids, and the degree of dominance among allelic interactions. This results in a sigmoid genotype–phenotype map and fitness landscape, with the details of the shape determining the degree of bioenergetic evolutionary constraint on hybrid incompatibility. Using individual-based simulations, we subjected two allopatric populations to parallel directional or stabilizing selection. Misregulation of hybrid gene expression occurred under either type of selection, although it evolved faster under directional selection. Under directional selection, the extent of hybrid incompatibility increased with the slope of the genotype–phenotype map near the derived parental expression level. Under stabilizing selection, hybrid incompatibility arose from compensatory mutations and was greater when the bioenergetic properties of the interaction caused the space of nearly neutral genotypes around the stable expression level to be wide. F2’s showed higher hybrid incompatibility than F1’s to the extent that the bioenergetic properties favored dominant regulatory interactions. The present model is a mechanistically explicit case of the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model, connecting environmental selective pressure to hybrid incompatibility through the molecular mechanism of regulatory divergence. The bioenergetic parameters that determine expression represent measurable properties of transcriptional regulation, providing a predictive framework for empirical studies of how phenotypic evolution results in epistatic incompatibility at the molecular level in hybrids.
Anatomical features of auricular and retroauricular skin

A comparative study is presented on the anatomy of auricular and retroauricular skin. Auricular skin is very thin and well furnished with vascular plexuses arranged parallel to the surface. The layer of subcutaneous fat is scanty, with no columnae adiposae extending into the dermis; the reticular layer of the dermis is evenly interspersed with adipose tissue. The organisation of adipose tissue is perivascular to the skin vessels. At the insertion of the auricle, the structure of retroauricular skin corresponds to that of auricular skin. Towards the hair line, the retroauricular skin gradually assumes the characteristics of the scalp. Consideration is given to the way in which the anatomy of the skin from the region of the ear influences the healing of such skin in free grafting.
Common-Cause Failure Analysis for Dynamic Hierarchical Systems

We consider the problem of evaluating the reliability of a hierarchical computer system subject to dynamic failure behavior and common-cause failures (CCF). We present a separable solution that has low computational complexity and which is easy to integrate into existing analytical methods. The resulting approach is applicable to Markov analyses and combinatorial methods such as binary decision diagrams for the analysis of the system reliability. We present the general approach in terms of a dynamic fault tree model, and provide the analysis of an example hierarchical computer system. In particular, the example is designed to illustrate the effects of CCF on the system analysis when a cold spare or the trigger event of a functional dependency is affected by a common cause.
Forward and near forward limits in Regge pole theory

Abstract The regularity of the limit s → ∞, t → 0 is demonstrated for the case of the reaction π N → ϱ N with the exchange of an M = 0 (A 1 ) conspiracy. Some general implications for Regge phenomenology are noted.
My Fifty Years of Theoretical Chemistry, I: Chemical Kinetics

The 1930's were the Golden Age of discovery; the 1980's are the Laser Age. Theoreticians used to solve practical problems; once again they are turning in that direction. Theoretical research led the way in the Golden Age. Although there has been great progress in the theory, we still have many of the same problems which were troublesome 50 years ago: We dont understand the semi-empirical schemes (INDO, CNDO, MINDO, ) which are used to calculate the energy of organic molecules; and, the apriori calculation of reaction rates is still difficult. Many new theoretical techniques are being devised to respond to the fantastic precision of present experimental state-to-state chemistry!
An Overview of NASA VCST SNPP VIIRS day-night band on-orbit Calibration Methodology

The Day-Night Band (DNB) on Suomi-NPP VIIRS is a visible/near-Infrared panchromatic band capable of observing the earth during both daytime and nighttime. The VIIRS DNB is the first in its class to have on-orbit radiometric calibration using on-board calibrators. This paper describe the DNB calibration methodology used by the NASA VIIRS Characterization Support Team (VCST), and the process to provide consistent calibration Look-Up-Tables (LUTs). The radiometric calibration processes include (1) using the Solar Diffuser observation of the Sun to determine the gain of the DNB’s low gain stage; (2) using the Solar Diffuser signals outside of direct Sun illumination to compute the gain ratios between DNB’s low-to-mid and mid-to-high gain stages; and (3) using the nighttime calibrator observations to track the dark offset drift. Time dependent modulated Relative Spectral Responses (RSRs) are used to correct the optical throughput change due to mirror darkening. The pitch maneuver’s deep space view is used to compute the airglow free HGS offset. DNB stray light is corrected based on a correction LUT estimated from dark surface during each month’s new moon.
Ethoxymethylenemalonates and Malononitriles (EMM reagents) as formic acid equivalents: Synthesis of fused-imidazoles under neutral or mildly acidic con

Abstract The use of ethoxymethylenemalonates and malononitriles (EMM reagents) for the efficient synthesis of fused imidazoles and related compounds is describe
Delivering quality care in epilepsy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The science of quality of care in medicine has been emerging for the past decade, but it has only recently addressed epilepsy care. Quality of care in this sense refers to implementation of policies in large populations to improve care. This can have a large impact on epilepsy patients, as much of their care is delivered by generalists who can improve their care through the explicit direct requirements of quality measures. RECENT FINDINGS: Eight epilepsy quality performance measures were recently approved by national organizations, but only three were adopted by Medicare and only one by the National Quality Forum. The main reason for not adopting them is the lack of high-level evidence. However, there is high-level evidence for the efficacy of epilepsy surgery and use of newer antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Other problems are the lack of information about gaps in care and the imprecision in epilepsy diagnosis coding. SUMMARY: Quality measurement will continue in epilepsy care, so a working knowledge of the topic is required by healthcare providers. Implementation of standardized quality measures can improve the care of people with epilepsy if the measures have demonstrated efficacy and can address gaps in care, and implementation is feasible.
Response repetition in pigeons: pharmacological and behavioral specificity

Using a reinforcement schedule that arranges random sequences of reinforcements over two response keys, low and high probabilities of repetition of non-reinforced responses were generated in two groups of pigeons (n=3 per group) by varying the probability of reinforcement for responding on the key to which reinforcement was assigned. Unlike rats, the pigeons did not show a tendency to repeat just-reinforced responses, but showed a strong position bias, that was reduced by additional feeding and extinction, but not by any of the drug treatments. Apomorphine increased response repetition, irrespective of the control probability of repetition; d-amphetamine increased low probabilities of repetition, but decreased high probabilities. Chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine selectively decreased high probabilities of repetition; phencyclidine and pentobarbital selectively increased low probabilities of repetition. Morphine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, additional feeding, and extinction did not affect repetition of non-reinforced responses. Extinction increased perseveration, whereas drug effects on perseveration were not observed. Drug-induced changes of patterning of responses as exemplified herein by drug-induced alterations of repetitiveness may be relevant to the interpretation of drug effects upon performance brought about by other behavioral processes such as discrimination.
Integrative Review of Nurse-Delivered Physical Activity Interventions in Primary Care.

Promotion of physical activity has been a public health priority for decades. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine the effectiveness of nurse-delivered physical activity interventions conducted in primary care settings. Computerized database and ancestry search strategies located distinct intervention trials between 1990 and 2014. Nineteen national and international studies with 7,350 participants were reviewed. The most common intervention was physical activity counseling with supportive or motivational contacts. Few studies utilized exercise training, device-based exercise monitoring, or exercise prescriptions. The most common follow-up durations were 3 to 12 months. Half the studies integrated health behavior theoretical frameworks into the intervention. Almost 80% of the studies reported significant increases in walking, moderate or vigorous physical activity, or overall physical activity in the intervention groups. Interventions successful in increasing physical activity most often ut...
Synthesis, characterization, and O2 reactivity of iridium(I) complexes supported by guanidinato ligands.

Mononuclear [Ir{ArNC(NR2)NAr}(C8H12)] complexes (where R = Me or Et; Ar = Ph, 4-MeC6H4, or 2,6-Me2C6H3; and C8H12 = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) were synthesized from the neutral N,N-dialkyl-N′,N′′-diarylguanidines via deprotonation and transmetalation. As confirmed by single-crystal structure determinations, the guanidinato(1−) ligands coordinate the low-valent d8 IrI center in an N,N′-chelating binding mode, and the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the alkene carbon atoms establish that these ligands function as stronger donors than related monoanionic, bidentate nitrogen-based ligands. In the reactions of the complexes with O2, the observed reactivity trends correlate with the electronic and steric influences of the substituents of the guanidinato ligands.
Cryonecrosis of normal and tumor- bearing rat liver potentiated by inflow occlusion

Cryosurgery involving large portions of rat liver with and without inflow occlusion was generally well tolerated. Tumors were successfully eradicated in 8 of 10 (80%) animals with rapidly enlarging hepatic tumor implants. Necrosis of liver parenchyma was localized and reproducible histologically. No hemorrhage or bile leakage was encountered in the target area or in adjacent untreated liver. SGOT and SGPT values rose transiently after treatment and reflected directly the extent of cryonecrosis. The magnitude of the cold insult and, hence, the volume of histologic cryonecrosis were not predictable by the size of the iceball at the time of freezing, but were affected by the rate and depth of freezing and the duration of thawing. Rapid freezing and slow thawing are maximally lethal. The cold insult was increased by the addition of two and three freezes (repetitive freezing) and was enhanced by ischemia as indicated by regional temperature measurements using thermocouples.
A radiotherapy technique for thyroid cancer.

Abstract A treatment technique for treating patients with cancer of the thyroid is presented. This is a modification of “the bar-arc” technique that uses a centrally blocked moving field. We have introduced wedges and partial midline block to achieve uniform dose within the treatment volume. This enables the desired dose to be delivered to the primary, the lymph nodes and the cervical soft tissues at risk, yet keeping the dose to the spinal cord to a minimum in the cervical region and to acceptable levels in the superior mediastinum.
Mixed variational methods for finite element analysis of geometrically non-linear, inelastic Bernoulli-Euler beams

Bernoulli–Euler beam theory has long been the standard for the analysis of reticulated structures. The need to accurately compute the non-linear (material and geometric) response of structures has renewed interest in the application of mixed variational approaches to this venerable beam theory. Recent contributions in the literature on mixed methods and the so-called (but quite related) non-linear flexibility methods have left open the question of what is the best approach to the analysis of beams. In this paper we present a consistent computational approach to one-, two-, and three-field variational formulations of non-linear Bernoulli–Euler beam theory, including the effects of non-linear geometry and inelasticity. We examine the question of superiority of methods through a set of benchmark problems with features typical of those encountered in the structural analysis of frames. We conclude that there is no clear winner among the various approaches, even though each has predictable computational strengths. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual-stress relaxation and densification in CO2-laser-induced long-period fiber gratings.

The first concurrent measurements of the three-dimensional refractive-index and residual-stress distributions in a CO2-laser-irradiated fiber are presented. A Corning SMF-28 fiber was exposed from one side to focused pulses with durations of 100–500 ms. The cross-sectional form of the index modulation is asymmetric with changes concentrated on the side of the fiber facing the exposure. The longitudinal form is Gaussian-like with a wide top and extends approximately 100 μm from the center of the exposure. Relaxation of frozen-in viscoelasticity results in a maximum index modulation of 5×10−4 on the side of the fiber facing the exposure with mechanical stress relaxation contributing changes of less than 1×10−4.
Fourth-order nonmarine to marine sequences, middle Castlegate Formation, Book Cliffs, Utah

The lower part of the Campanian Castlegate Formation, one of the best known fluvial sheet sands of the Western Interior seaway, combines with an overlying finer grained unit (middle member of the Castlegate Formation) to form an unconformity-bounded, third-order stratigraphic sequence (~3 m.y. duration). This sequence contains a mappable muddy zone along the western Book Cliffs of Utah now mapped as contiguous with the open-marine parts of the succession (Buck Tongue, Sego Sandstone, Anchor Mine Tongue) to the east. The correlation within the middle Castlegate has been refined and the nature of the link between tidally influenced fluvial strata in the west and marine strata in the east has been remapped. Five high-frequency stratigraphic sequences (all within the upper part of the larger third-order sequence), forming a thickness to 160 m, have been mapped in the Price area southeastward into the time-equivalent marine succession near Green River. Individual sequences (probably <0.5 m.y. duration), reflecting transgressive to regressive estuary infilling, have an internal architecture in which fluvial and tidally influenced distributary-channel belts pass up into muddy central-basin sedimentary units, to bayhead-delta deposits, and in some places up to more fluvial channel belts. The key to the mapping of individual sequences is recognition of the muddy, brackish-water interval, developed during maximum transgression of the time-equivalent shoreline. The two most proximal marine-influenced sequences (2 and 3) are probably broadly time-equivalent with the Buck and Anchor Mine Tongues to the east. The analysis here, contrary to recent suggestions, shows that the marine sequences in the eastern Book Cliffs can be traced far into the time-equivalent, western fluvio-estuarine succession.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Past a Prolate Spheroid

The flowfield around a 6:1 prolate spheroid at angle of attack is predicted using solutions of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and detached-eddy simulation (DES). The calculations were performed at a Reynolds number of 4.2×10 6 , the flow is tripped at x/L=0.2, and the angle of attack a is varied from 10 to 20 deg. RANS calculations are performed using the Spalart-Allmaras one-equation model. The influence of corrections to the Spalart-Allmaras model accounting for streamline curvature and a nonlinear constitutive relation are also considered. DES predictions are evaluated against experimental measurements, RANS results, as well as calculations performed without an explicit turbulence model. In general, flowfield predictions of the mean properties from the RANS and DES are similar
Gene Expression of Different Wheat Genotypes During Attack by Virulent and Avirulent Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor) Larvae

Wheat and its relatives possess a number of resistance (R) genes specific for the Hessian fly (HF) [Mayetiola destructor (Say)]. HF populations overcome R gene resistance by evolving virulence. Virulent HF larvae manipulate the plant to produce a nutritionally enhanced feeding tissue and, probably, also suppress plant defense responses. Using two wheat R genes, H9 and H13, and three HF strains (biotypes) differing in virulence for H9 and H13, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of gene expression during compatible interactions with virulent larvae and incompatible interactions with avirulent larvae. During both types of interactions, a large number of genes (>1,000) showed alterations in gene expression. Analysis of genes with known functions revealed that major targets for differential regulation were genes that encoded defense proteins or enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid, cell wall, and lipid metabolism pathways. A combination of the enhancement of antibiosis defense, the evasion of nutrient metabolism induction, and the fortification and expansion of the cell wall are likely the collective mechanism for host-plant resistance observed during incompatible interactions. To overcome this resistance, virulent larvae appeared to suppress antibiosis defense while inducing nutrient metabolism, weakening cell wall, and inhibiting plant growth.
Psychometric Properties of the American-International Relations Scale:

A multidimensional instrument, the American-International Relations Scale, purports to measure the acculturation of international students, scholars, and academicians to the white-dominant society. Data from 606 respondents, making a return rate of 67%, were collected. Factor analysis of completed 34-item questionnaires (N - 481), using varimax rotation, yielded three interpretable factors, tentatively labeled (a) Perceived Prejudice, (b) Acculturation, and (c) Language Usage. Factor loadings of items ranged between .33 and .89 on one of the respective factors, with no item loading saliently on two or more factors. Full scale and subscale internal-consistency reliabilities (alphas) were .89, .88, .79, and .82, respectively.
Functional MRI of the kidneys

Renal function is characterized by different physiologic aspects, including perfusion, glomerular filtration, interstitial diffusion, and tissue oxygenation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows great promise in assessing these renal tissue characteristics noninvasively. The last decade has witnessed a dramatic progress in MRI techniques for renal function assessment. This article briefly describes relevant renal anatomy and physiology, reviews the applications of functional MRI techniques for the diagnosis of renal diseases, and lists unresolved issues that will require future work.
Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry as a quantitative method to measure cellular respiration: a consideration of oxygen diffusion interference.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry is being widely used to measure the oxygen consumption of cells, mitochondria, and submitochondrial particles. However, further improvement of this technique, in terms of data analysis, is required to use it as a quantitative tool. Here, we present a new approach for quantitative analysis of cellular respiration using EPR oximetry. The course of oxygen consumption by cells in suspension has been observed to have three distinct zones: pO2-independent respiration at higher pO2 ranges, pO2-dependent respiration at low pO2 ranges, and a static equilibrium with no change in pO2 at very low pO2 values. The approach here enables one to comprehensively analyze all of the three zones together—where the progression of O2 diffusion zones around each cell, their overlap within time, and their potential impact on the measured pO2 data are considered. The obtained results agree with previously established methods such as high-resolution respirometry measurements. Additionally, it is also demonstrated how the diffusion limitations can depend on cell density and consumption rate. In conclusion, the new approach establishes a more accurate and meaningful model to evaluate the EPR oximetry data on cellular respiration to quantify related parameters using EPR oximetry.
Thermal Conductivity of Ge-Si Alloys at High Temperatures

The thermal conductivity of several Ge-Si alloys was determined in the temperature range 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K. A strikingly large decrease in the lattice thermal conductivity in the entire temperature range was found upon alloying. The temperature dependence and magnitude of the thermal conductivity can be obtained from current theory if it is modified to permit the dependence of anharmonic scattering on alloy composition. Justification for this dependence is given in terms of second order processes involving simultaneous two-phonon point defect scattering and three-phonon anharmonic scattering. The low-thermal conductivity, the high-thermal stability, and the low mass of the Ge-Si alloys makes these materials very useful for high-temperature thermoelectric power generation. A couple made up of heavily doped $n$- and $p$-type Ge-Si alloys, operated over a temperature range 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-1140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, had an energy conversion efficiency of 10%.
Optical design and performance testing of an athermal SWIR gas correlation imager

Gas correlation imagers are important instruments for remotely detecting effluent emissions. However, making a functional design for field testing is non-trivial given the range of environmental conditions the system may be operated under and the required matched imaging performance for both channels. We present a dual channel 7 degree full field of view f/2.5 athermal optical design athermalized from 0 to 50 degrees C that operates in the wavelength range of 2.0 to 2.5 microns suitable for methane imaging. We present the optical design, tolerance budget, and alignment plan used for the system. Predicted and as-built performance data including interferometric and ensquared energy measurements for both imaging channels are also shown.
A Mediating Presence in Cather's MY ANTONIA

Willa Cather wrote that an artist “should be able to lift himself into the clear firmament of creation where the world is not. He should be among men but not of them, in the world but not of the wo...
Effect of bicarbonate on corrosion of carbon steel in CO2 saturated brines

Abstract The effect of bicarbonate concentration (HCO 3 − ) on bare steel surface corrosion was investigated experimentally in ambient CO 2 -saturated solutions. In the presence of CO 2 , pH was adjusted by adding NaHCO 3 solution or powder. Corrosion rate decreased with pH increasing at the range of pH 4–5, was little changed at pH 5–6 and interestingly increased at pH 6–8. Thermodynamic calculations of CO 2 aqueous speciation showed that only bicarbonate concentration increased as pH increased from 4 to 8 while the other corrosion-active species including proton and carbonic acid either decreased or changed little, respectively. Thus we have demonstrated that bicarbonate is an active corrosion species and is important to corrosion at pH 6–8. Our earlier mechanistic corrosion model ( Han et al., 2011a ) was modified to incorporate bicarbonate-induced corrosion and demonstrated good agreement with experimental observations.
Predicted reversal and recovery of surface creep on the Hayward fault following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

[1] Offset cultural features suggest that creep rates along the Hayward fault have remained constant since 1920 until the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake despite evidence in the earthquake record of an enduring stress shadow after 1906. We re-construct the stressing history on the Hayward fault in order to predict when creep, assumed to have slowed, likely resumed at historical rates. The resumption of creep is dependent on the stressing history imposed from postseismic processes. Basic viscoelastic models produce stress histories that allow creep to resume within a couple decades. A detachment zone model for the Bay Area predicts that creep would not resume for 70+ years after the 1906 earthquake, in disagreement with historical creep observations. The recovery of creep is also advanced by potential left-lateral slip that could have been induced by the 1906 earthquake. Calculations for a friction-less fault suggest that 30–210 mm of left-lateral slip could have occurred.
Phospholes with Reduced Pyramidal Character from Steric Crowding. 2. Photoelectron Spectral Evidence for Some Electron Delocalization in 1-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylphosphole

Photoelectron spectroscopy has been explored as a tool to measure the flattening of the phosphorus pyramid in a phosphole as caused by a large, sterically demanding P-substituent. Earlier PE spectra had shown no difference in ionization energies (IE) for simple phospholes and their tetrahydro derivatives (both around 8.0−8.45 eV). Calculations of the Koopmans IE at the Hartree−Fock 6-31G* level for 1-methylphospholane showed that, as is known for nitrogen, planarization at phosphorus markedly reduced the ionization energy value (8.74 to 6.29 eV). A reduction in IE also occurred on planarizing 1-methylphosphole, but to a lesser extent, being offset by increased electron delocalization (8.93 to 7.16 eV). This suggests that experimental comparison of IE for the unsaturated and saturated systems could be used to detect the presence of electron delocalization in the former. The IE experimentally determined for the crowded 1-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylphosphole was 7.9 eV, the lowest ever record...
Femoral Intercondylar Notch Stenosis and Correlation to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries A Prospective Study

To evaluate the possible relationship between femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in pivoting and cutting sports, a 2-year prospective study was performed on intercollegiate athletes at a Division I university. Daily practice times and athlete participation in practices and games were recorded for each sport during the 2-year period. Bilateral intercondylar notch view radiographs were taken of all athletes enrolled in the study. The notch width index, a ratio that measures the width of the anterior outlet of the intercondylar notch divided by the total condylar width at the level of the popliteal groove, was measured for each knee. A total of 213 athletes, representing 415 anterior cruciate ligament-intact knees, were enrolled in the study. There were 7 anterior cruciate ligament tears. Statistical analysis demonstrated a correlation between femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. No statistical difference was found between the sex of the athlete and notch width indices or rate of anterior cruciate ligament tears. Athletes with intercondylar notch stenosis appear to be at increased risk for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries.