cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Prospects for Negotiation

As this book has discussed the advantages of resolving disputes over development projects through negotiations, it has raised a large number of cautions. Negotiations could become a series of hurdles that entrap developers in endless discussions. It is difficult to determine who should participate, what rights they have, and what constitutes an appropriate agenda. International experience warns that treaties and agreements do not insure that promises will be kept. Domestic labor-management experience indicates that even with the support of law and government, human interaction can turn bitter, adversarial, and destructive.
An empirical study of Bluetooth performance

The Bluetooth technology was developed with the ultimate goal of replacing the conventional networking cable between devices. Since its inception in 1998, it has rapidly developed and adopted by influential technology innovators and prominent corporations. Most notable deployment of Bluetooth technology can be found in printers, digital cameras, cell phones, and computers of various types. The purpose of this work is to perform an empirical study of the performance of Bluetooth enabled networks. The performance of Bluetooth enabled networks. The performance study is categorized into two main wireless network configurations: a) pure Bluetooth networking environment, and b) wireless network environment in which Bluetooth co-exist with 802.11. Analyses and discussions on the results which are obtained from this study are provided and future directions for the extension of this research are sketched out.
All diamond packaging for wireless integrated micro-systems using ultra-fast diamond growth

Polycrystalline diamond (poly-C) is an excellent packaging material for wireless integrated microsystems (WIMS). An ultra-fast poly-C growth technique is developed to fabricate WIMS packaging panels with built-in interconnects. DRIE is used to etch high aspect ratio channels in Si, which increase the growth area for poly-C. Electrophoresis is used to provide seeding in 2 /spl mu/m wide Si channels, which are filled with poly-C using microwave plasma CVD. Si is chemically dissolved and another layer of poly-C is grown on the backside of the first layer to fabricate a thick poly-C panel (20 - 100 /spl mu/m). The experimental results show that this technique can help reduce the fabrication time of poly-C by a factor in the range of 2.75 - 10.5 depending upon the aspect ratio. If the second layer of poly-C is boron doped, it could be used as a built-in interconnect after the surface is polished. An interconnect resistivity as low as 0.0015 Ohm-cm has been achieved.
Instrumental and sensory analyses of quality attributes of grafted specialty melons

BACKGROUND Soilborne disease management remains a great challenge in melon production with the phaseout of soil fumigant methyl bromide. Grafting has been shown to be an effective approach to control soilborne diseases. However, previous research has yielded mixed results regarding the impacts of rootstock on fruit quality. Very few studies have assessed melon quality attributes using both sensory evaluation and instrumental methods. RESULTS Galia melon ‘Arava’ (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) and honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’ (C. melo L. var. inodorus Naud.) were grafted onto commercial hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) rootstocks and root-knot nematode-resistant Cucumis metulifer E. Mey. ex Naud. rootstock. The grafting combinations were evaluated under different production conditions. Grafting with hybrid squash rootstocks resulted in reduced soluble solids content (SSC) and decreased sensory ratings of ‘Arava’ fruit. By contrast with grafted ‘Arava’, grafted ‘Honey Yellow’ did not exhibit significant differences in sensory properties and instrumental measurements regardless of production conditions and rootstock selection. CONCLUSION The effects of grafting on fruit quality attributes differed between the two distinctive types of melon scion used. Potential negative impacts of rootstocks on melon fruit quality need to be considered in the selection and use of disease-resistant rootstocks. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Nonparametric Estimation for Processes

This final chapter is concerned with questions of (asymptotic) unbiasedness, and consistent nonparametric estimation of some functions, such as bispectral densities of a class of second order processes. After some necessary preliminaries, we discuss spectral properties of separable, especially harmonizable, processes of second order in Section 1. Then we consider an asymptotically unbiased estimator, and a related function, of the spectral distribution of the process in the next section. These are usually not consistent estimators when the process is not stationary. So we need to use another procedure, the so-called resampling method, wherein the covariance between samples falls off at a reasonable rate (made precise later). This is described in Section 3 and using such a procedure it is possible to obtain a consistent estimator of the bispectral density of strongly harmonizable processes, and this is given for such a class. Then Section 4 contains a slightly more general second order family for which some related results are discussed. In Section 5 a limit distribution of the (nonparametric) estimator defined above for a strongly harmonizable class is presented. Thus the conditions imposed are progressively more stringent, but then we get more refined results. Several new avenues and possible improvements of the results are pointed out, with related exercises in the last section, usually with sketches of proofs, as complements to the preceding work.
A sufficient condition on a general class of interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems with linear rule consequent as universal approximators

Whether a rule-based interval type-2 fuzzy system has the ability to approximate any continuous multivariate function arbitrarily well is a fundamentally important question for fuzzy control and modeling. The only approximation results available are the preliminary ones that we previously obtained. They state that two general classes of the interval T2 fuzzy systems, one for the Mamdani type and the other for the TS type, are universal approximators. We now further our investigation on the same T2 TS fuzzy systems to establish a quantitative sufficient approximation condition. These TS fuzzy systems use the linear rule consequent. Their input fuzzy sets are interval T2 and can be in any shape (e.g., Gaussian or trapezoidal) and the fuzzy AND operators in the rules can be any one type or mixed types. We first proved that the fuzzy systems could uniformly approximate any multivariate polynomials arbitrarily accurately and then utilized the Weierstrass approximation theorem to produce the sufficient approximation condition. The condition is a formula calculating the number of the input fuzzy sets needed to achieve any given approximation accuracy (the number of fuzzy rules needed can be easily computed afterward). A numerical example is provided for illustration.
Biomechanics of Knee Ligaments

Significant advances have been made during the past 25 years in characterizing the properties of ligaments as a tissue and as an individual component in the bone-ligament-bone complex. The contribution of ligaments to joint function have also been well characterized. We have presented many studies that sought to characterize the tensile and viscoelastic properties of ligaments. As a result of these investigations, some of the most important experimental and biologic factors affecting the measurements of these properties have been identified and elucidated. The identification of the tensile properties of normal ligaments can serve as the basis for evaluating their success in healing and repair after injury. Furthermore, characterization of normal ligament function is crucial for diagnosing joint injuries as well as for evaluating reconstruction strategies and developing rehabilitation protocols. The recent introduction of robotic technology to the study of joint kinematics has resulted in significant advances in the understanding of the relative importance of ligaments to joint function. With the more accurate simulation of joint kinematics that include multiple degrees of freedom motion, data on the in situ forces in ligaments can be used to improve the treatment of ligament repair and reconstruction. More complex external loading conditions that mimic sports activities and rehabilitation protocols can also be introduced in the future. Furthermore, this technology can be extended to study other frequently injured joints, such as the shoulder.
Climate change and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis

Abstract Plants assimilate carbon by one of three photosynthetic pathways, commonly called the C 3 , C 4 , and CAM pathways. The C 4 photosynthetic pathway, found only among the angiosperms, represents a modification of C 3 metabolism that is most effective at low concentrations of CO 2 . Today, C 4 plants are most common in hot, open ecosystems, and it is commonly felt that they evolved under these conditions. However, high light and high temperature, by themselves, are not sufficient to favor the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis at atmospheric CO 2 levels significantly above the current ambient values. A review of evidence suggests that C 4 plants evolved in response to a reduction in atmospheric CO 2 levels that began during the Cretaceous and continued until the Miocene.
Treatment of the type a behavior pattern

Abstract Methodological difficulties make interpretation of data on treatment of the Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) problematic. It appears, though, that TABP can be reduced among healthy subjects, especially through the use of multifaceted behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) by means of TABP reduction has yet to be demonstrated. TABP interventions have significantly lowered cardiac recurrence rates among Type A CHD patients, though questions remain regarding optimal efficiency and the mode of action of such treatments. This review concludes with extensive methodological and substantive suggestions for future studies of TABP treatment.
Induction of enkephalin in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons of pregnant, pseudopregnant, lactating and aged female rats.

The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons projecting to the external zone of the median eminence arise in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral subdivisions of the arcuate nucleus. In cycling female rats these regoins contain only scattered enkephalin-immunoreactive (ENK-i) neurons some of which coexpress dopamine, detected by immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The present immunocytochemical, in situ hybridization and retrograde-labeling studies show that each TIDA neuron of pregnant, pseudopregnant, lactating, and aged female rats contains ENK-like immunoreactivity and pro-ENK mRNA and projects to the hypophysial portal circulation. Ovariectomy of lactating and aged rats did not change ENK staining within TIDA neurons, suggesting that ovarian steroids do not play a critical role in the colo-calization of ENK and dopamine. Since prolactin levels are elevated in each of these experimental animals, a possible role for prolactin in the induction of the ENK gene in TIDA neurons is suggested. Prolactin stimulates dopamine and its own secretion via a short-loop feedback mechanism. The sensitivity of this regulatory mechanism is altered in these experimental animals, resulting in elevated prolactin secretion. ENK, which has prolactin-releasing activity and is colocalized with dopamine, could mediate the positive short-loop feedback regulation and sustain elevated levels of prolactin in pregnant, pseudopregnant, lactating, and aged animals.
Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Editor’s Spotlight/Take 5: CT Pulmonary Angiography After Total Joint Arthroplasty: Overdiagnosis and Iatrogenic Harm?

I appreciate the comments and insight offered by Dr. Harris on my Editor’s Spotlight/Take 5 interview [4] with Dr. Leopold. Dr. Harris asserts that the standard treatment for submassive or low risk pulmonary embolism does little for the thrombus that has already formed. Anticoagulation, so the theory goes, may help prevent further embolism, but does little for the clot that has already lodged in the pulmonary vasculature. I agree with this assertion, but must acknowledge that there may be some theoretical treatment benefits of anticoagulation on an existing embolism. Heparin appears to inhibit the inflammatory cascade and prevent further leukocyte and platelet adhesion, which may limit in situ extension of the embolus [2]. This antiinflammatory effect of heparin may also prevent the chronic scarring within the pulmonary arterial lumen that can lead to pulmonary hypertension [5]. However, lacking from these theories are good data, and there is no convincing evidence of which I am aware to support the clinical importance of these concepts. While the consensus is that immediate anticoagulation improves survival in patients with pulmonary embolism, there is a paucity of evidence from randomized trials to support this assumption. To my knowledge, the only randomized placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulation for acute pulmonary embolism that suggested a reduction in mortality was a 1960 study [1] that included only 35 patients. I am not aware of any prospective data on the mortality of untreated pulmonary embolism diagnosed following total joint arthroplasty. It is clear that the potential benefits of anticoagulation come with a cost. I agree with Dr. Harris that identifying which subset of emboli that would benefit from treatment and justify the iatrogenic risks is critically important. I also agree that asymptomatic embolism following total joint arthroplasty is probably more frequent than commonly assumed; these silent emboli may not be clinically important or benefit from intervention. Had Dr. Harris used CT pulmonary angiography in his study in place of C15O2 scans [3], the incidence of asymptomatic emboli would likely have been even higher given the increased sensitivity of the imaging tool. As Dr. Harris writes in his study, “the incidence of pulmonary embolization that does not lead to a positive C15O2 scan is unknown.” [3]. I suspect that 50 more years of research will still not answer all of these questions. These issues are challenging to scientifically study due to cost, power, and ethical considerations. Furthermore, although the fundamental issues will remain, new imaging technologies and treatments will continue to introduce new concerns that will require critical evaluation. It is my hope that continued progress will be made in better defining the risks of iatrogenic intervention and the potential benefits of treatment of different subsets of pulmonary embolism following total joint arthroplasty.
Coding the Lehmer pseudo-random number generator

An algorithm and coding technique is presented for quick evaluation of the Lehmer pseudo-random number generator modulo 2 ** 31 - 1, a prime Mersenne number which produces 2 ** 31 - 2 numbers, on a p-bit (greater than 31) computer. The computation method is extendible to limited problems in modular arithmetic. Prime factorization for 2 ** 61 - 2 and a primitive root for 2 ** 61 - 1, the next largest prime Mersenne number, are given for possible construction of a pseudo-random number generator of increased cycle length.
A new technique for enhancing helium production in ferritic materials

Abstract Analyses of iron samples irradiated up to 1027n/m2 in HFIR found more helium than was expected from fast neutron reactions at high neutron fluences. The helium excess increased systematically with neutron exposure, suggesting a transmutation-driven process. The extra helium may be produced in two different ways, either by fast neutron reactions on the transmuted isotopes of iron or by a thermal neutron reaction with the radioactive isotope 55Fe. Radiometric and mass spectrometric measurements of the iron isotopes composing the irradiated samples have been used to determine limits on the cross sections for each process. Either of these processes can be used to enhance helium production in ferritic materials during irradiations in mixed-spectrum reactors by isotopically enriching the samples. Further work is needed to clarify the reaction mechanisms and helium-production cross sections. Our measurements determined the thermal neutron total absorption cross section of 55Fe to be 13.2 ± 2.1 barn.
Effect of Fuel Cell Operating Parameters on the Performance of a Multi-MW Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid System

The principal planar solid oxide fuel cell operating parameters are pressure, stack temperature and temperature gradient, cell voltage, fuel utilization, leakage rate and percentage of internal reforming. This paper shows the effects of these parameters on overall fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid system performance. The baseline conceptual system used to investigate these parameters is a 500MW hybrid system. The system performance was simulated using ASPEN Plus and GateCycle™ commercial software platforms and a GE developed FORTRAN code to simulate the fuel cell performance. Parameter choices for the baseline case are: 15atm pressure, 725°C average cell temperature, 150°C stack temperature rise, 0.75V average cell voltage, 80% fuel utilization, 1% leakage rate and 70% internal reforming. At these conditions, the system efficiency is predicted at approximately 65.8%. The addition of a steam turbine bottoming cycle, increases the hybrid system efficiency by 4% to 70%. Increasing the average cell voltage to 0.8V or the percentage of internal reforming to 90% also increases the hybrid system efficiency to nearly 70%. The optimum pressure for maximum efficiency is 8 atm for the hybrid system; the optimum pressure for the hybrid with a steam turbine bottoming cycle is 9 atm. While increasing the SOFC temperature rise, cell voltage, and percentage of internal reforming improve system efficiency, they may adversely affect stack cost and reliability; these competing effects must be traded when designing a practical system.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Electrochemical synthesis and spectroscopic study of poly(3-alkylthienylenes)

Abstract The class of poly(3-alkylthienylenes) [P3ATs] has been synthesized by an improved method of electrochemical polymerization carried out under a rigorously oxygen-free and moisture-free environment. Within this class, the highest conductivity (750 S/cm) was obtained for poly(3-methylthienylene). The P3ATs (carrying hydrocarbon chains with carbon numbers of four or more) also show relatively high conductivities ranging from about 1 to 10 2 S/cm. The P3ATs with relatively longer hydrocarbon chains show good solubility in various organic solvents and can be readily processed from solution both in the neutral and in the conducting (oxidized) form. Copolymers based on the soluble P3ATs (obtained from random copolymerization of two kinds of thiophene monomers) are characterized by their high conductivity and excellent solubility. The influence of the hydrocarbon side chains on the electronic structure of the π-conjugated system of P3ATs is discussed.
Dispersive electronic energy transfer in an organically doped xerogel glass

Abstract Time-resolved fluorescence depolarization measurements have been used to probe the wavelength dependence of optical energy transfer between quinizarin-aluminum chromophores in an aluminosilicate sol-gel glass. The optical energy transfer rate at low temperature is found to depend on the optical excitation energy due to inhomogeneous broadening of the absorption band. In contrast, energy transfer at room temperature is found to be nearly dispersionless, indicating significant vibronic contributions to the homogenous absorption line shape at higher temperatures. The dispersive energy transfer observed at low temperatures is analyzed using an energy trap model.
Improving teaching skills in obstetrics and gynecology residents: evaluation of a residents-as-teachers program.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if a residents-as-teachers program improves residents' teaching skills. Study design Twenty-four residents (13 intervention, 11 controls) participated in a controlled trial of a residents-as-teachers program. The intervention group attended a 10.5-hour workshop-based program. Afterwards, both groups were tested with a 6-station Objective Structured Teaching Examination (OSTE), conducted by standardized students. Both groups also completed teaching skills self-assessment questionnaires. In addition, the intervention group completed evaluations of each workshop. Results On the OSTE, the intervention group outscored the control group overall (mean: 74 vs 63, P =.001, 95% CI: 6-7 points) and on 4 out of 6 stations. Intervention residents increased their teaching self-assessment mean ratings from 3.5 to 4.0; residents gave the 6 workshops a mean rating of 4.49 (1-5 scale, 5=best). Conclusion The residents-as-teachers program improved the teaching skills of residents. Their self-assessment of their teaching skills also improved. They rated the workshops highly.
Association and random measures

Our point of departure is the result, due to Burton and Waymire, that every infinitely divisible random measure has the property variously known as association, positive correlations, or the FKG property. This leads into a study of stationary, associated random measures onRd. We establish simple necessary and sufficient conditions for ergodicity and mixing when second moments are present. We also study the second moment condition that is usually referrent to as finite susceptibility. As one consequence of these results, we can easily rederive some central limit theorems of Burton and Waymire. Using association techniques, we obtain a law of the iterated logarithm for infinitely divisible random measures under simple moment hypotheses. Finally, we apply these results to a class of stationary random measures related to measure-valued Markov branching processes.
Efficiency of Spin Exchange between Rubidium Spins and Xe 129 Nuclei in a Gas

By directly observing the nuclear polarization of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$, the efficiency $\ensuremath{\eta}$ of spin exchange between optically pumped Rb spins and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclei has been measured. It is found that $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\eta}}=23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ rubidium ${D}_{1}$ resonance-line photons are required to polarize a $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nucleus when long-lived van der Waals molecules are unimportant. The binary spin-exchange cross section deduced from our measurements is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}=(7.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
The distribution of soluble proteins along the animal-vegetal axis of frog eggs.

Abstract We describe a procedure for rapidly dividing hundreds of frog eggs into transverse slices along the animal-vegetal axis. We have used this method to study the spatial distribution of soluble proteins in fertilized uncleaved eggs and late blastula embryos of Xenopus laevis . Approximately 25% of the protein bands we resolve by electrophoresis are present along only part of the egg's animal-vegetal axis.
Institutional and individual responsibilities for integrity in research

(2002). Institutional and Individual Responsibilities for Integrity in Research. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 51-53.
In vivo voltammetric monitoring of catecholamine release in subterritories of the nucleus accumbens shell

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes has been used to demonstrate that sub-second changes in catecholamine concentration occur within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell during motivated behaviors, and these fluctuations have been attributed to rapid dopamine signaling. However, FSCV cannot distinguish between dopamine and norepinephrine, and caudal regions of the NAc shell receive noradrenergic projections. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the degree to which norepinephrine contributes to catecholamine release within rostral and caudal portion of NAc shell. Analysis of tissue content revealed that dopamine was the major catecholamine detectable in the rostral NAc shell, whereas both dopamine and norepinephrine were found in the caudal subregion. To examine releasable catecholamines, electrical stimulation was used to evoke release in anesthetized rats with either stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, a pathway containing both dopaminergic and noradrenergic projections to the NAc, or the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra, the origin of dopaminergic projections. The catecholamines were distinguished by their responses to different pharmacological agents. The dopamine autoreceptor blocker, raclopride, as well as the monoamine and dopamine transporter blockers, cocaine and GBR 12909, increased evoked catecholamine overflow in both the rostral and caudal NAc shell. The norepinephrine autoreceptor blocker, yohimbine, and the norepinephrine transporter blocker, desipramine, increased catecholamine overflow in the caudal NAc shell without significant alteration of evoked responses in the rostral NAc shell. Thus, the neurochemical and pharmacological results show that norepinephrine signaling is restricted to caudal portions of the NAc shell. Following raclopride and cocaine or raclopride and GBR 12909, robust catecholamine transients were observed within the rostral shell but these were far less apparent in the caudal NAc shell, and they did not occur following yohimbine and desipramine. Taken together, the data demonstrate that catecholamine signals in the rostral NAc shell detected by FSCV are due to change in dopamine transmission.
Relationship between sympathovagal tone and personality traits

Abstract This study evaluates the relationship between an individual's autonomic tone and his prominent personality traits. Parasympathetic tone was assessed by the high frequency component of heart rate variability, sympathetic tone was assessed by the pre-ejection period which was derived from the impedance cardiogram. 51 subjects participated in the study who were free of any clinically relevant psychological or physical disorder. Subgroups of subjects were formed showing either a high or a low level of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone respectively. A wide range of personality traits was evaluated by using well-known psychometric questionnaires. Results of two-factor ANOVAs revealed substantial differences in personality characteristics depending on the level of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone respectively. There were, however, no significant interaction effects. Correlational analysis showed remarkable relationships between sympathetic tone and some prominent personality traits. By introducing one of these personality traits (anxiety) as a covariate into two-factor ANCOVAs the originally obtained results were markedly altered.
Milk Production and Lactation Curve of Guinea Pigs

Milk was collected daily from 65 albino English guinea pigs throughout the first 21 days of lactation. Mean milk yield was 21.7 +/- .38 g per day per animal. Production on the 1st day of lactation was 10.8 +/- .44 g. It peaked on days 6 and 7 at 40.1 +/- 1.17 g and then decreased. It was 18.7 +/- .93 g on day 14 and 2.9 +/- 2.5 g on day 21. Total milk production for 21 days varied from 223 to 787 g with a mean of 455 +/- 13.2 g. Predictive equations for lactation curves included linear, quadratic, cubic, linear-, quadratic-, cubiccum-log, and several exponential models. The equation chosen was Y(g) = 10.23D .913e-.00984D2 where Y was milk production per day and D was day of lactation. This equation had a coefficient of determination of .812 for an individual response. Alternately, three lines could be used to fit the lactation curve. These were: Y = .739 + 10.35D - .625D2 for days 1 to 6, Y = 61.9 - 3.10D for days 7 to 18, and Y = 25.5 - 1.08D for days 18 to 21.
Gas Jets Associated with Star Formation

Young stellar objects of both high and low luminosity emit energetic jets or winds of material that are often highly collimated and often bipolar. Near the stars, turbulent swept-up gas is observed in the emission of interstellar molecules such as carbon monoxide, and small, bright regions of water maser emission and the nebulous bright patches known as Herbig-Haro objects appear to be participating in the outflows. There are striking changes in chemical abundances associated with the attendant shocks. Probably every star goes through this phase, which may mark the end of its period of accretion.
Pile Driving Dynamic Loads On Offshore Structures

Reducing conservatism in jacket designs based solely on environmental loads can make other loading mechanisms which were not of concern in the past a dominant design parameter. One of these mechanisms is associated with the dynamic loads induced during pile driving. Acceleration and strain measurements during installation of two jackets in the North Sea illustrate that both tubular joints and sacrificial anode attachments can be subjected to a high level of fatigue damage during pile driving operations. The measured vibration response during pile driving can be simulated by performing time-domain dynamic analysis of the jackets. A load pulse with a duration of 0.2 sec is applied at the first pile guide inside the jacket leg. The U.K. Department of Energy T curve appears to be more appropriate for use to predict fatigue damage during pile driving than the API X curve.
Numerical analysis of the dynamic growth of droplets in gas metal arc welding

Feedback control of droplet transfer is pursued as a solution to produce sound welds in gas metal arc welding. In previous work, a real-time visual system has been developed to monitor on line the droplet size and geometry. To realize feedback control of metal transfer, this study addresses the dynamic process of droplet growth and detachment. The droplet is subjected to gravitational force, electromagnetic force, plasma drag force and surface tension force. The geometry of the droplet is determined by these forces through the static force balance. However, the forces acting on the droplet continuously change as the melting electrode wire changes the droplet geometry. Because of this interdependence between the droplet geometry and the forces, the model must be solved dynamically and iteratively. A numerical program has been developed to acquire its dynamic numerical solution. Hence, the dynamics of the metal transfer process can be understood and simulated. Currently, this model is being used to simulate the closed-loop controlled metal transfer process using different advanced control technologies.
Effect of the Microstructure of Ti-5Mo on the Anodic Dissolution in H2SO4

Abstract The effect of microstructure of the Ti-5Mo alloy on its anodic dissolution rate in sulfuric acid solution at various temperatures has been investigated. TiMo alloys exhibit a region of increased dissolution rate in the vicinity of +0.20 V [saturated calomel electrode (SCE)] in 10% H2SO4, the same potential region in which pure Mo exhibits a large anodic dissolution rate. Aging of Ti-5Mo at 350 C was found to lead to the formation of ω phase. Heat treatment caused larger passive currents in 10% H2SO4, but the critical passivation potentials and corrosion potentials were not significantly affected. Molybdenum was enriched in the oxide formed on aged Ti-5Mo at +0.23 V (SCE), in comparison with the Mo concentration found in the oxide on as-received Ti-5Mo. Combined with literature data, these results indicate that the larger passive current of the aged alloy arises from the poorly protective character of the Mo-rich oxide that forms from the Mo-enriched β phase generated by the aging treatment.
Terrorism and Governability in New York City: Old Problem, New Dilemma

New York City’s experience suggests that the hand of terrorism is profoundly changing urban politics. The events of 9/11 struck a city that was already seriously off balance due to long building sources of political fragmentation and exclusion that obstruct political leadership, making it difficult to overcome festering social divisions or steer the city in new directions. Despite Mayor Giuliani’s image of control during the weeksof emergency, deeply rooted forcescons pire against sustained governability. Decaying partisanship, disorganized politics, reliance on exclusionary electoral coalitions, and the proliferation of entrenched special interests powerfully check mayoral leadership and innovative planning for the city asa whole. This is likely to confound the city’s reco very and itsability to cope with international terrorism. Since these problemsare also found elsewhere, terrorism will pose similar challenges in other cities. Terrorism is combining with an older problem to change urban politics.
Experimental malaria, effects upon the immune response to different antigens.

Hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and hyperglobulinemia occur in human disease and in experimental infections with malaria [1]. Despite this hyperactivity of the immune system, the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBCs) is completely suppressed in mice immunized at the height of infection with Plasmodium berghei yoelii [2]. It has been hypothesized that a similar impairment of the antibody responses may occur in humans infected with malaria, and that this may contribute to the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma [2]. In the only reported study of response to immunization in humans, McGregor and Barr found that a significant number of Gambian children failed to respond to tetanus toxoid during a malaria infection [3]. The present study was designed to determine whether a generalized impairment of antibody responses occurs in mice infected with malaria. During the period of peak parasitemia, mice infected with P. b. yoelii were immunized with SRBCs or bacteriophage particles, and the antibody response to these antigens and to P. b. yoellii was followed.
Can Public Policy Affect Private School Cream Skimming

Abstract We investigate how key school and community characteristics interact with the characteristics of individual students and families in determining the enrollment patterns in public and private schools. Using unique, nationally-representative, individual-level data, we find evidence that a number of factors plausibly influenced by public policy (e.g., school-district concentration, student-teacher ratios, and local violent crime rates) have powerful effects on the composition of public and private schools.
A stochastic predation model: Application to largemouth bass observations

Abstract Predation by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides L.) is modeled as a Poisson renewal process, except for a modification to include diurnal variations in the likelihood of predation. The model simulates the distribution of numbers of prey in largemouth bass stomachs and the ‘apparent’ distribution of prey intercapture intervals for bass captured in 1980 and is validated against 1982 data. The apparent distribution of prey intercapture times, based on measurements of the length of time decomposing prey had been in largemouth bass stomachs, utilizes bass that have two or more prey in their stomach. Because most bass have zero or one prey in their stomach, this calculation errs seriously in biasing the predicted distribution toward short intercapture times. The simulation model, by allowing sampling regimes that are impractical in the field, estimates the true prey intercapture time distribution.
An overview of hypertensive disorders in women

Abstract Heart disease and stroke are among the leading causes of death in the United States. Coronary artery disease accounts for 30% of deaths in women. Hypertensive diseases affecting pregnant women constitute the most common medical problems during pregnancy. About 4 to 7% of pregnant women experience pre-eclampsia, and an equal number experience chronic hypertension. Care should be taken in choosing contraception for hypertensive women and when choosing antihypertensive medications for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Comorbid conditions such as diabetes and heart failure also influence the choice of medications. As primary care providers for women, obstetricians and gynecologists should be aware of the importance of detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension in women. Studies have shown that women tolerate hypertension better than men and have lower coronary mortality rates with any level of hypertension. Although higher pressures are needed to produce comparable harmful effects on women, women do suffer clinically significant consequences.
Iraq the Vote: Retrospective and Prospective Foreign Policy Judgments on Candidate Choice and Casualty Tolerance

In this article, we model the effect of foreign policy attitudes on both vote choice and casualty tolerance, using survey data collected during the 2004 election. We show that prospective judgments of the likelihood of success in Iraq and retrospective judgments of whether the war in Iraq was right are significant determinants of both vote choice and casualty tolerance. The prospective judgment of success is key in predicting casualty tolerance, while retrospective judgment of whether the war was right takes precedence in determining vote choice. In addition, there is an important interaction between the two variables, so the effect of one is conditional on the value of the other. We believe this is compelling evidence that foreign policy matters, and that it matters in reasonable ways.
Electrochemical vapor deposition synthesis and oxygen permeation properties of dense zirconia–yttria–ceria membranes

Abstract Thin ( 2 –Y 2 O 3 –CeO 2 membranes with different CeO 2 composition and membrane thickness were deposited on porous α-alumina substrates by the EVD process using corresponding metal chlorides as the precursors. CeO 2 composition in the membrane is the same as CeCl 3 concentration in the gas phase. The film growth rate for the EVD process is about 7 μm/h. The EVD prepared ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 –CeO 2 membranes do not show single phase, but consist of two separate phases: a ZrO 2 -dominant cubic phase and a CeO 2 -dominant cubic phase. Under present conditions (950–1050°C, P O 2 (high) =0.21 atm, P O 2 (low) =0.01 atm), oxygen permeation through the EVD prepared ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 –CeO 2 membranes is limited by the bulk diffusion in the membrane. The oxygen permeability of the ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 –CeO 2 membranes is in the range of 1–4×10 −11 mol/cm s, about an order of magnitude higher than that of ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 membranes. The oxygen permeation flux through the EVD prepared ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 –CeO 2 membrane increases with CeO 2 composition in the film.
An explicit state-space solution for a decentralized two-player optimal linear-quadratic regulator

We develop controller synthesis algorithms for decentralized control problems, where individual subsystems are connected over a network. We focus on the simplest information structure, consisting of two interconnected linear systems, and construct the optimal controller subject to a decentralization constraint via a spectral factorization approach. We provide explicit state-space formulae for the optimal controller, characterize its order, and show that its states are those of a particular optimal estimator.
Simulations of Non-linear Spin Dynamics in Spin Polarized Dilute 3 He– 4 He Mixtures

Studies of spin dynamics of highly polarized dilute mixtures of 3He in superfluid 4He have been performed by various researchers over the past three decades. One series of experiments performed at Cornell University in the early 1990’s revealed a novel long timescale excitation. We present the numerical solution of the non-linear Leggett spin dynamics equation in one spatial dimension subject to boundary conditions consistent with the Cornell experiments. Experimentally observed phenomena are composed of trains of bursts in the transverse magnetization lasting several seconds. The simulations capture the time evolution of the individual bursts localized in time. Preliminary results of two dimensional simulations are also presented.
Effect of fiber optic probe design on fluorescent light propagation in tissue

Fiber optic probes used to deliver and collect light for biomedical fluorescence spectroscopy applications have varied widely in design. Critical design parameters include fiber diameter, tissue fiber-tip spacing, and illumination- collection fiber separation distance. While device design has been shown to influence spectral distributions, previous studies have not thoroughly addressed how probe geometry affects the spatial origin of detected fluorescence or how probe design might be customized for specific tissue sites or applications. We have developed a Monte Carlo model of laser-induced fluorescence and investigated the effect of design parameters on light propagation using gastrointestinal tissue optical properties. The distribution of emission locations for detected fluorescence were calculated. Initial results indicated that average fluorescence emission depth and total signal intensity are highly dependent on fiber size and tissue-fiber spacing. The implications of these results for optimization of probes used in the detection of neoplasia are discussed.
Development and Validation of the Clutter Image Rating

Few instruments are available to assess compulsive hoarding and severity of clutter. Accuracy of assessment is important to understanding the clinical significance of the problem. To overcome problems associated with over- and under-reporting of hoarding symptoms, the clutter image rating (CIR) was developed. This pictorial scale contains nine equidistant photographs of severity of clutter representing each of three main rooms of most people’s homes: living room, kitchen, and bedroom. The psychometric properties of this measure were examined in two studies. Internal consistency, test–retest, and interobserver reliabilities were good and convergent validity with other questionnaire and interview measures was also good. The CIR correlated more strongly with measures of clutter than with other hoarding and psychopathology scales. The CIR’s very brief pictorial assessment method makes it useful in clinical and treatment contexts for measuring the clutter dimension of compulsive hoarding.
Cell fate determination in embryonic ectoderm

During gastrulation in vertebrates the cells of the embryonic ectoderm give rise to epidermal progenitors in the ventral side and neural progenitors in the dorsal side. Despite many years of scrutiny, the molecular basis of these important embryonic cell fate decisions have not been solved. Only recently have we witnessed swift progress in the quest for factors involved in neural and epidermal induction. Several of what seem to be bona fide in vivo neural and epidermal inducers have been cloned, and the mechanism of their functions in embryos is also beginning to be understood. These new molecular results have revolutionized our view on the patterning of embryonic ectoderm and suggest that while the induction of epidermis requires instructive inductive signals, the establishment of neural fate occurs by default when epidermal inducers are inhibited. In this review, we discuss recent advances of our knowledge on epidermal and neural induction in the context of the “default model”. We will then address the process of neurogenesis as well as recent findings on neural patterning. Emphasis is placed on, but not limited to, discoveries made in Xenopus, as most of our progress in understanding the ectodermal patterning is obtained from studies using this organism. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 36: 128–151, 1998
The American Venous Forum: Leveraging our strengths.

Thank you for the kind introduction and it has been a true singular and great honor serving as your President of the 26th Annual American Venous Forum (AVF) this last year. I would like to start with several thank you’s as I certainly would not be standing in front of you should this constant support have not been provided: my boys, George, Tripp, and Samuel; my wife, Barb, taking care of all the daily activities when I have been so busydespecially all the conference calls. Next, I certainly want to thank and give love to my parents, although they could not make it to this meeting due to travel and health constraints. They certainly were instrumental in providing me a stable family life, provided my education and support that has been critical for my entire career to date. Another very important person is Thomas Wakefield, who you know and was your AVF President in 2006. He has been a mentor, friend, and partner for over 15 years and is the direct reason I am standing in front of you, as he appointed me to AVF research committee many years ago. He also was instrumental in starting a career-long interest in venous thrombosis biology. We continue to work together in the laboratory and clinical research related to venous thrombosis. Also, I would be remiss not to mention Dr Lazar Greenfield, who was the third AVF President. He too has been a mentor, friend, and for a while a partner before he retired to the sunnier side of Arizona. Dr Greenfield is legendary in American surgery, having been President of most every major surgical association. Again, it is unfortunate that Dr Greenfield couldn’t make it to the meeting this year, but he does send his regards.
On the definition of internal energy in thermostatics

In a very generous review (Jongschaap, 2001) of my latest book, the reviewer disagreed with the following comment on my use of the treatment of Born (1921, 1964) and Caratheodory: "Moreover, the treatment (as it should be at this stage) is entirely macroscopic, the definitions being so clear that it is not necessary to appeal to molecular concepts as Callen [1960] does" (Lodge 1999, p. 7). The reviewer wrote: "Many readers will consider these starting points for deducing the basic laws and state functions of thermodynamics more difficult than for instance a treatment based upon Callen's (Callen 1985) approach of which the author suggests (p. 7) that an appeal to molecular concepts is needed. This, I think, is not correct; Callen's axioms are purely phenomenological and also acceptable without molecular considerations."
Chaotic motion and the Graziani-Black criterion

Chaotic motion is presented as a fundamental cause for the development of the Laplacian instability described by the Graziani-Black(GB) criterion. While the GB criterion is valid for different sets of finite masses in a general three-body system, a circular planar restricted three-body system is studied here. Poincare surfaces of section and Liapunov characteristic numbers are used to test for the chaotic motion in this system. A simple description of the chaos detection techniques and the GB criterion is provided.