cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Essence of Economics, the Character of Courts, the Role of Ideology, and the Reform of Legal Education

Dan Cole does me honor. He has carefully read my book (Komesar 2001), taken the time to reflect thoughtfully on what he has read, and shared his thoughts in print (Cole 2003). Moreover, he has associated me with Ronald Coase, one of the most originative analysts of our time. Cole's review raises several issues that deserve comment. In part one of this essay, I show why economic analysis of all varieties must be comparative institutional. In part two, I examine the limits of courts and why those limits make urgent a legal analysis based on comparative institutional analysis. In part three, I explore the revamping of legal education and the limited relevance of ideology in light of comparative institutional analysis.
Effect of prefilters on the performance of HEPA filters

Abstract The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of different particle size distributions and flow rates on the pressure drop performance of HEPA filters with/without prefilters at a constant dust loading. Tests were conducted at constant velocity and dust loading for the new HEPA filters up to a loading which resulted in a pressure drop of 3″ of H2O. The effect of the prefilter was then characterized by testing a new HEPA filter with prefilter installed. The cheaper prefilter was then replaced at a total pressure drop of 3″ of H2O, after which additional testing was conducted on the HEPA with a new prefilter. Based on the results of the performance with and without prefilters, it was then possible to evaluate the potential benefits of using prefilters upstream of the HEPA filters, the reduced costs associated with the use of the prefilters, and the potential reduction in waste disposal volume.
Multiple-Scales Solution to the Acoustic Boundary Layer in Solid Rocket Motors

The acoustic boundary-layer structure is investigated in a cylindrical tube where steady sidewall injection is imposed upon an oscillatory e ow. Culick’ s steady, rotational, and inviscid solution is assumed for the mean e ow. The time-dependent velocity is obtained by superimposing the acoustic (compressible, inviscid, irrotational ) and the vortical (incompressible, viscous, rotational ) velocity vectors. A multiplescales perturbation technique that utilizes proper scaling coordinates is applied to the axial momentum equation by retaining the viscous terms and ignoring the axial convection of vorticity. A closed-form expression for the time-dependent axial velocity is derived that agrees well with the corresponding numerical solution, cold-e ow experimental data, and Flandro’ s near-wall analytic expression. A similarity parameter that controls the thickness of the rotational region is identie ed. The role of the Strouhal number in controlling the wavelength of rotational waves is established. An accurate assessment of the amplitude and phase relation between unsteady velocity and pressure components is obtained. Increasing viscosity is found to reduce the depth of penetration of the rotational region.
Dissimilar Hepatotoxicity Profiles of Propylthiouracil and Methimazole in Children

Background: The antithyroid drugs propylthiouracil and methimazole were introduced for clinical use about 60 yr ago and are estimated to be used in more than 6000 children and adolescents per year in the United States. Over the years that these medications have been used, reports of adverse events involving hepatotoxicity have appeared. To date, there has not been a systematic and comparative evaluation of the adverse events associated with antithyroid drug use. Objective: Our objective was to assess safety and hepatotoxicity profiles of propylthiouracil and methimazole by age in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). Design: We used the multi-item gamma-Poisson shrinker (MGPS) data mining algorithm to analyze more than 40 yr of safety data in AERS. MGPS uses a Bayesian model to calculate adjusted observed to expected ratios [empiric Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) values] for every drug-adverse event combination in AERS, focusing on hepatotoxicity events. Results: MGPS...
Electronic structure of four-coordinate C3v nickel(II) scorpionate complexes: investigation by high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance and electronic absorption spectroscopies.

A series of complexes of formula Tp*NiX, where Tp*- = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazole)borate and X = Cl, Br, I, has been characterized by electronic absorption spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) region and by high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) spectroscopy. The crystal structure of Tp*NiCl has been previously reported; that for Tp*NiBr is given here: space group = Pmc21, a = 13.209(2) A, b = 8.082(2) A, c = 17.639(4) A, α = β = γ = 90°, Z = 4. Tp*NiX contains a four-coordinate nickel(II) ion (3d8) with approximate C3v point group symmetry about the metal and a resulting S = 1 high-spin ground state. As a consequence of sizable zero-field splitting (zfs), Tp*NiX complexes are “EPR silent” with use of conventional EPR; however, HFEPR allows observation of multiple transitions. Analysis of the resonance field versus the frequency dependence of these transitions allows extraction of the full set of spin Hamiltonian parameters. The axial zfs parameter for Tp*NiX ...
The calculation of the critical locus curve of a binary hydrocarbon system

A method of calculating the critical properties of binary hydrocarbon systems is presented which is based upon the rigorous thermodynamic equations for the critical point of a binary mixture. By using these equations together with an equation of state, a completely analytical procedure was developed with the aid of a digital computer. The Redlich-Kwong and the Dieterici equations of state were chosen for study. The Redlich-Kwong equation was found superior for predicting critical pressures and temperatures by this method, although the Dieterici equation was better for critical volumes. The two interaction parameters arising from the equation of state were calculated from combining rules or from available experimental critical data on binary systems. To facilitate the latter approach, a mathematical optimization routine was used to find the best values of the interaction parameters for twenty-one binary hydrocarbon systems for which critical data were experimentally determined. The optimum values of the interaction parameters were correlated as functions of the ratio of molecular weights of the components. These correlations enable one to predict quite precisely the critical properties of the binary systems from the pure component data alone.
Skylark-Image: or, the Vitality of Disappearance

This essay explores how Shelley's distinctive deployments of “vitality” – as an immaterial force that is essential to life – punctuate the poetry and the essays, from the “mockery of vital hues” on Alastor's “cheek of death” to the “bright shape of vital stone that drew the life out of Pygmalion” in The Witch of Atlas. The most illuminating account of Shelley's investment in vitality appears in A Defence of Poetry, where the language of poets is said to be “vitally metaphorical,” marking the before “unapprehended relations of things.” In this paper, I examine how this “vitality of disappearance” is in play in “To a Skylark,” where what Gilles Deleuze might have called the bird's literal and figurative “lines of overflight” mark the “vital” conjunction between a sensory disappearance and aesthetic vitality.
Institutional Change and Embeddedness: Caste and Gender in Financial Cooperatives in Rural India

ABSTRACT This article examines the interaction between institutional change and caste and gender embeddedness. It develops a framework for understanding how this interaction takes place. The article presents data on the results of an effort by a non-profit development organization, the Cooperative Development Foundation (CDF), to promote women's cooperatives, grounded in the ideas of mutual self-help and equitable access to services, in rural Andhra Pradesh in India. Using a simple theoretical framework that highlights the multi-level nature of institutional change, and the potential for interactions with embeddedness at one level to affect interactions at other levels, the article presents data showing how particular institutional rules of the cooperatives interacted with caste and gender to shape the overall governance and service delivery practices of these new organizations. In particular, after failed attempts to integrate existing, male-dominated cooperatives with women, the CDF created gender-segre...
Biosynthesis of 14C-phytoene from tomato cell suspension cultures (Lycopersicon esculentum) for utilization in prostate cancer cell culture studies.

This work describes the development and utilization of a plant cell culture production approach to biosynthesize and radiolabel phytoene and phytofluene for prostate cancer cell culture studies. The herbicide norflurazon was added to established cell suspension cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT cherry), to induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of the lycopene precursors, phytoene and phytofluene, in their natural isomeric forms (15-cis-phytoene and two cis-phytofluene isomers). Norflurazon concentrations, solvent carrier type and concentration, and duration of culture exposure to norflurazon were screened to optimize phytoene and phytofluene synthesis. Maximum yields of both phytoene and phytofluene were achieved after 7 days of treatment with 0.03 mg norflurazon/40 mL fresh medium, provided in 0.07% solvent carrier. Introduction of 14C-sucrose to the tomato cell culture medium enabled the production of 14C-labeled phytoene for subsequent prostate tumor cell uptake studies. In DU 145...
Heat shock, deciliation and release from anoxia induce the synthesis of the same set of polypeptides in starved T. pyriformis

Heat shock, deciliation and release from anoxia result in similar alterations in the pattern of protein synthesis in starved Tetrahymena pyriformis. In each case, synthesis of the same set of (at least) 16 polypeptides is induced, and many of these polypeptides accumulate in stainable amounts within 50 min. The molecular weights of these proteins, which we refer to as stress proteins (sp), are very similar to those of the heat shock polypeptides of Drosophila. Heat shock and deciliation also lead to similar changes in proteins associated with isolated nuclei. One stress-induced polypeptide, designated sp29c, is highly enriched in the nucleus. This protein is undetectable in control cells but is synthesized in response to stress and accumulates in the nucleus in stainable amounts within 50 min. It is not released by staphylococcal nuclease digestion, suggesting that it is not chromatin-associated. Three other stress-induced proteins, sp73 and sp75a and b, are also present in nuclei isolated from stressed cells but, unlike sp29c, are not enriched in this compartment. Another protein, which is present in stainable quantities in the cytoplasm of control cells, appears to be translocated to the nucleus after stress.
Analysis of frequency response of wire bond configurations joining two 50‐Ω microstrip lines

Small to medium length wirebond interconnects, which range approximately from 300 to 660 μm are investigated. Wirebond S-parameters are measured using a parametric vector network analyzer with respect to a 50-Ω system. Results show that there is degrading performance with increasing wirebond length and decreasing number of bonds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 487–490, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24919
The paper-bill spread and real output: what matters more, a change in the paper rate or a change in the bill rate?

Abstract This paper adds to the literature on the information content of the paper-bill spread by explicitly taking into account the two sources of wider spreads, rises in the paper rate and declines in the bill rate. Results from impulse response analysis and variance decompositions suggest that decreases in real output are greater and last longer when a widening of the paper-bill spread comes from an increase in the paper rate rather than from an equivalent decrease in the bill rate. This is consistent with the idea that changes in the commercial paper rate have greater information content about future business cycles than do changes in the Treasury bill rate.
Compactification of the Twisted Heterotic String

Abstract We consider compactifications of the recently discovered tachyon-free non-supersymmetric string on tori of lorentzian self-dual lattice. The one-loop cosmological constant is computed as a function of the parameters characterizing the lattices. When the lattice parameters are treated as dynamical variables, their equations of motion require extremization of Λ. This extremization determines the allowed gauge groups and mass spectra. We explicity find some extrema of Λ, valid to all orders in perturbation theory. A very general duality relation between compactifications is demonstrated, which leads to an equivalence of compactifications on tori of radii R and 1/ R .
Microenvironmental measurements for the Dioryctria amatella-zimmermani complex In shortleaf pine. 2. Cone moisture content, cone utilization, and food consumption.

The microenvironmental conditions for existence of Dioryctria spp. in shortleaf pine 2nd-year cones were investigated. The influence of moisture content of cones on diapausing and nondiapausing Dioryctria larvae was considered. Larvae occurred in 2nd-year cones which varied in water content from 15.6% to 78.9%. Diapausing larvae occurred in brown cones where the water content was low. Nondiapausing larvae were found in cones with a wide range of moisture conditions. Cones with high moisture content appeared to be preferred. Diapause in Dioryclria larvae was thought to result from exposure to higher temperatures and greater water stress in the habitat where diapause was noted to occur. Dioryctria spp. utilized approximately 40% by weight and 35% by volume of each 2nd-year cone. Each cone attacked was rendered useless for seed production purposes. Colopterus truncatus Rand occurred in cones which varied greatly in water content.
Caco-2 cell iron uptake from human milk and infant formula

Knowledge of the nutritional quality of iron in human milk and infant formula is of great interest to nutritionists and food scientists. In this paper we review the reasons for a larger fractional (but not absolute) iron absorption from human milk than from infant formulas. We also present the results of an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model system comparing the cell iron uptake of different infant formulas to that from human milk.
Neural networks: I. Theoretical unification through connectionism

Abstract Psychology in general, and clinical psychology in particular, is beset by many philosophical schisms which corrosively divide research and clinical psychologists into factional camps (Staats, 1983, 1991). Substantive efforts have been made toward integration (Goldfried, 1982; Wachtel, 1977) but the old schisms remain. The purpose of this first of two articles is to describe neural networks, their emergent properties, and how they provide a unified perspective for both general and clinical psychology. The second article expands neural network learning theory and examines implications for behavioral psychotherapy.
In situ X-ray pair distribution function analysis of accelerated carbonation of a synthetic calcium-silicate-hydrate gel

Calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) gel is the main binder component in hydrated ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste, and is known to play a crucial role in the carbonation of cementitious materials, especially for more sustainable alternatives containing supplementary cementitious materials. However, the exact atomic structural changes that occur during carbonation of C–S–H gel remain unknown. Here, we investigate the local atomic structural changes that occur during carbonation of a synthetic calcium–silicate–hydrate gel exposed to pure CO2 vapour, using in situ X-ray total scattering measurements and subsequent pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. By analysing both the reciprocal and real-space scattering data as the C–S–H carbonation reaction progresses, all phases present during the reaction (crystalline and non-crystalline) have been identified and quantified, with the results revealing the emergence of several polymorphs of crystalline calcium carbonate (vaterite and calcite) in addition to the decalcified C–S–H gel. Furthermore, the results point toward residual calcium being present in the amorphous decalcified gel, potentially in the form of an amorphous calcium carbonate phase. As a result of the quantification process, the reaction kinetics for the evolution of the individual phases have been obtained, revealing new information on the rate of growth/dissolution for each phase associated with C–S–H gel carbonation. Moreover, the investigation reveals that the use of real space diffraction data in the form of PDFs enables more accurate determination of the phases that develop during complex reaction processes such as C–S–H gel carbonation in comparison to the conventional reciprocal space Rietveld analysis approach.
Evaluation of current techniques for isolation of chars as natural adsorbents.

Chars in soils or sediments may potentially influence the soil/sediment sorption behavior. Current techniques for the isolation of black carbon including chars rely often on acid demineralization, base extraction, and chemical oxidation to remove salts and minerals, humic acid, and refractory kerogen, respectively. Little is known about the potential effects of these chemical processes on the char surface and adsorptive properties. This study examined the effects of acid demineralization, base extraction, and acidic Cr2O72- oxidation on the surface areas, surface acidity, and benzene adsorption characteristics of laboratory-produced pinewood and wheat-residue chars, pure or mixed with soils, and a commercial activated carbon. Demineralization resulted in a small reduction in the char surface area, whereas base extraction showed no obvious effect. Neither demineralization nor base extraction caused an appreciable variation in benzene adsorption and presumably the char surface properties. By contrast, the C...
Staging and monitoring of small cell lung cancer using [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET).

Background:[18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan is widely used for the staging evaluation of nonsmall cell lung cancer, however, its use in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains investigational.Patient and Methods:We designed a prospective study to evaluate the
Phonemic Awareness and Reading Ability: An Investigation with Young Readers Who Are Deaf.

The study examined the relationship between phonemic awareness and reading ability in students who are deaf. The research questions were: (a) What is the relationship between phonemic awareness and reading ability in students who are deaf? (b) Does phonemic awareness facilitate the reading development of these students? Participants were 29 children of primary school age enrolled in a residential school for students who are deaf. The dependent variable, reading ability, was measured by a retelling task. The independent variables were age, language ability, and phonemic awareness. Language ability was determined through expert analysis of participant interviews. Phonemic awareness was measured with a word-to-word matching task. Descriptive techniques and multiple regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Results indicated that reading ability was significantly correlated to language ability, but not to phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness did not contribute to any of the variance in reading ability. The study results call into question the role of phonemic awareness as a prerequisite for reading development.
Experience at IBM with group support systems: A field study

Abstract Although numerous laboratory studies have been conducted, virtually no attention has been given to how well an operational Group Support System functions in a real-world, organizational setting. This paper presents the results of a Group Support System field study conducted at an IBM site. Data collected included session pre- and post-session questionnaires and facilitator observations plus followup interviews with managers and participants. Process and outcome effectiveness, efficiency,, and user satisfaction were consistently higher for Group Support Systems compared to no automated support. Further, those who had used the automated system before consistently had a higher mean score on questions of process effectiveness. A comparison of man-hours expended resulted in a reported 56% savings attributable to Group Support System use. The overwhelmingly positive results of this field study contradict some laboratory experiment findings and support others. Directions for future field and experimental research to resolve apparent differences and provide further clarification are identified.
Potential Predator-prey Relationships between Bythotrephes longimanus and Cercopagis pengoi in Southwestern Lake Michigan

The introduction of multiple non-native predators to a lake may influence food-web dynamics in unpredictable ways, but in large lakes it is often difficult to conduct field experiments to test directly the impact of each new exotic species. Instead, a combination of field data, mathematical modeling, and laboratory experiments is often employed. In this study, we use this combination to address potential interactions between two exotic predators (Bythotrephes longimanus (formerly B. cederstroemi) and Cercopagis pengoi) in southwestern Lake Michigan. Specifically, we conducted laboratory experiments in which we varied the size of enclosure (10 mL, 100 mL, 1,000 mL, 10,000 mL) to determine how container size affects the outcome of predator-prey interactions. We also recorded the occurrence of both species in 2002–2003 and used a mathematical model to estimate potential encounter rates between these two species. Densities of C. pengoi ranged from 5 to 717 individuals/m3 at our sampling stations while B. longimanus was rare. The results from the laboratory experiments indicated that B. longimanus will eat C. pengoi. However, the predicted number of daily encounters between these two species in southwestern Lake Michigan was relatively small under most model scenarios. Moreover, our results also indicated that the size of the container and the species involved can significantly affect experimental outcomes. Hence, our results demonstrate that although the findings of laboratory experiments can provide insight into possible interactive dynamics, great care should be taken when extrapolating laboratory results to the field.
The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique

Abstract We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in the Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. We surveyed 200 households in each district to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results suggest that Moma may be more vulnerable in terms of water resources while Mabote may be more vulnerable in terms of socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach may be used to monitor vulnerability, program resources for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness in data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Diversity and abundance of bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in native and ruderal grasslands of agriculturally dominated landscapes

Abstract This study examined bee communities by sweep-net and pan-trap sampling and quantified the number of ramets of floral resources in native tallgrass prairie fragments and nearby ruderal areas (within 2.1 km) in Iowa, USA in the summer of 2004. Bee communities in ruderal areas were significantly less diverse than those in native tallgrass prairie remnants, with about half as many species and approximately a third as many bees. Diversity, abundance, and richness of floral resources were also significantly less in ruderal grasslands than in native prairies, indicating that poor floral resource levels may substantially depauperate their bee communities. Common bees dominated the composition of the ruderal grasslands; only one rare species in this study was found at a ruderal site, indicating that high-quality prairie remnants are important reservoirs of bee diversity. Abundance of flowering ramets of a plant species was a significant predictor of the abundance of bees found on that plant. There was also a preference for human-yellow flowers after adjusting for ramet abundance and there were significantly more bees caught in yellow pan traps than blue or white ones. The abundance, but not the richness, of small bee species (length ≤ 7.5 mm) was less than expected at ruderal sites when compared to prairies, implying the presence of local nesting opportunities in ruderal grasslands for small bees but insufficient resources to support large populations.
Crossing the quality chasm in breast cancer care.

Underuse of systemic adjuvant therapies in early-stage breast cancer care is not news. Although diminishing in magnitude, 1 even at the best of centers, some degree of underuse persists. 2 Although variations in breast cancer care have been documented for decades, particularly in relation to age, linking these variations to outcomes has been a methodologic challenge. Breast cancer is a relatively rare disease; its outcomes, especially among those with early-stage disease, are relatively low frequency and occur most commonly up to 5 to 10 years after diagnosis. In the United States, at least, complete information on disease characteristics and treatments is difficult to collect, given lack of integrated clinical care and information systems. 3 Two recent studies from Canada have overcome many of these methodologic challenges by investigating the impact of adjuvant systemic therapies in women with nodenegative disease cared for in community settings. In the first study, investigators from the British Columbia Cancer Agency report findings from their Breast Cancer Outcomes Database. 4 This database includes high-quality demographic, pathologic, staging, treatment, and outcome data for about three fourths of the women diagnosed with breast cancer in British Columbia. More than 1,100 node-negative women not treated with systemic adjuvant therapies who were diagnosed from 1989 through 1991were stratified according to tumor size ( 1, 1.1 to 2, and 2.1 to 5 cm) and observed for a median of 10.4 years. Within these tumor size strata, 10-year survival rates for node-negative women were 82%, 75%, and 66%, and overall survival rates were 79%, 78%, and 66%, respectively. Survival was independently associated with tumor size and grade. 4
Teachers learning from professional development in elementary science: Reciprocal relations between formative assessment and pedagogical content knowledge†

Formative assessment, assessment used to inform subsequent learning, can have a powerful positive impact on student achievement, but little empirical work has been conducted to investigate the role of teachers' knowledge in its practice. This study investigated reciprocal relations between elementary science teachers' formative assessment practices and their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Data sources included video records and artifacts from a professional development (PD) program that engaged 11 teachers in collaborative analysis of their students' work. Analysis of the data showed that teachers' PCK was a resource in all aspects of their formative assessment practice, and teachers most frequently made use of their existing knowledge of instructional strategies and curriculum. It also showed that teachers constructed PCK through formative assessment by building and refining knowledge of curricular goals and student understanding over multiple PD sessions. Findings suggest that formative assessment can be a powerful opportunity for teachers to use, integrate, and generate PCK but that teachers require additional resources to build knowledge of instructional strategies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed96:265–290, 2012
A Comparison of SNDR Maximization Techniques for OFDM

When an orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) signal is transmitted through a peak-power limited device, system designers must choose from several options to deal with the large dynamic range problem of OFDM. In this paper, we are interested in comparing i) clipping with gain, ii) modified piece-wise linear scaling (MPWLS) and iii) piece-wise optimized clipping (PWOC) techniques in terms of the signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) metric. Existing work has shown that on a per-sample basis, clipping with a judiciously chosen gain and clipping ratio, dubbed uniform optimized clipping (UOC), can maximize the SNDR. Here, we are interested in comparing the performance of UOC with MPWLS and PWOC, two methods that allow for symbol-wise SNDR maximization. Through comparison, we show that the symbol-wise methods provide a slightly higher SNDR compared to UOC. However, this increase in performance comes at the expense of higher complexity.
Particle simulations of a linear dielectric wall proton accelerator

The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) is a compact induction accelerator structure that incorporates the accelerating mechanism, pulse forming structure, and switch structure into an integrated module. The DWA consists of stacked stripline Blumlein assemblies, which can provide accelerating gradients in excess of 100 MeV/meter. Blumleins are switched sequentially according to a prescribed acceleration schedule to maintain synchronism with the proton bunch as it accelerates. A finite difference time domain code (FDTD) is used to determine the applied acceleration field to the proton bunch. Particle simulations are used to model the injector as well as the accelerator stack to determine the proton bunch energy distribution, both longitudinal and transverse dynamic focusing, and emittance growth associated with various DWA configurations.
Effects of planet curvature and crust on the shock pressure field around impact basins

[1] We investigate the effects of planetary curvature and the crust-mantle boundary on the shock pressure field around impact basins on Mars using acoustic ray path calculations and hydrocode simulations. Planet curvature and, to a lesser extent, increasing sound speed with depth shallow the zone of wave interference, where shock pressures decay rapidly to the surface. The depth to the interference zone boundary diverges from the flat surface solution for projectile-to-Mars radius ratios greater than ∼1% (transient craters greater than ∼300 km); the difference increases with distance from the impact point and projectile size. In hydrocode simulations (but not the simple ray path model), the presence of the crust-mantle boundary produces nearly vertical pressure contours in the crust. Around Hellas basin, demagnetization occurs at shock pressures between 1.1 (±0.2) and 3.4 (±0.7) GPa, where the range is due to the uncertainty in the transient crater diameter.
Existence and uniqueness results for the bending of an elastic beam equation at resonance

Etude d'un probleme non lineaire aux valeurs limites pour la flexion d'une poutre elastique en appui simple aux deux extremites dans le cas de resonance. Theoremes d'existence et d'unicite
The measurement of highlights in color images

In this paper, we present an approach to color image understanding that accounts for color variations due to highlights and shading. We demonstrate that the reflected light from every point on a dielectric object, such as plastic, can be described as a linear combination of the object color and the highlight color. The colors of all light rays reflected from one object then form a planar cluster in the color space. The shape of this cluster is determined by the object and highlight colors and by the object shape and illumination geometry. We present a method that exploits the difference between object color and highlight color to separate the color of every pixel into a matte component and a highlight component. This generates two intrinsic images, one showing the scene without highlights, and the other one showing only the highlights. The intrinsic images may be a useful tool for a variety of algorithms in computer vision, such as stereo vision, motion analysis, shape from shading, and shape from highlights. Our method combines the analysis of matte and highlight reflection with a sensor model that accounts for camera limitations. This enables us to successfully run our algorithm on real images taken in a laboratory setting. We show and discuss the results.
The contribution of endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligands to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.

The involvement of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A(GABAA) receptor complex in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) was examined in galactosamine-treated rabbits with HE caused by fulminant hepatic failure. Radioligand binding to the constituent components of the GABAA receptor complex was unchanged in rabbits with HE. However, partially purified extracts from encephalopathic rabbit brain were approximately three times more potent in inhibiting ({sup 3}H)Ro 15-1788 binding to benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors than extracts from control rabbits. The inhibition of radioligand binding to the BZ receptor produced by these extracts was competitive and reversible and was significantly enhanced by GABA. Further purification of these extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the inhibitory activity was localized in several peaks, some of which had retention times corresponding to 1,4-benzodiazepine standards. The presence of diazepam in these extracts was confirmed using mass spectroscopy. Both mass spectroscopic and radiometric techniques demonstrated that the concentration of diazepam in brain extracts from encephalopathic rabbits was approximately 4 times greater than control extracts. These findings link the presence of BZ receptor agonists to the development of a neuropathological condition, thereby providing a rational basis for the use of BZ receptor antagonists in the management of HE in man.
Discovering and exploiting synergy between hierarchical planning agents

It is critical for agents in a multiagent environment to avoid interfering with each other when carrying out their tasks. However, to avoid execution inefficiencies, they also should capitalize on cooperative opportunities. In state oriented domains [14], identifying overlapping effects between agents' plans enables some agents to leave some tasks to others, thereby reducing the cost of execution and improving the overall efficiency of the multiagent system. This is what we term synergy. In this paper, we define criteria for finding a certain type of synergy involving agents with overlapping goals. We also develop algorithms for discovering this synergy between planning agents that exploit hierarchical plan representations. Our results show that our approach not only can reduce the costs of finding synergies compared to non-hierarchical strategies, but can also find synergies that might otherwise be missed.
Aggressively Scaled Strained-Silicon-on-Insulator Undoped-Body High- $\kappa$ /Metal-Gate nFinFETs for High-Performance Logic Applications

Strained-silicon-on-insulator (SSOI) undoped-body high-κ /metal-gate n-channel fin-shaped field-effect transistors (nFinFETs) at scaled gate lengths and pitches (i.e.,LGATE ~ 25 nm and a contacted gate pitch of 130 nm) were fabricated using a gate-first flow. A “long and narrow” fin layout (i.e., fin length ~ 1 μm) was leveraged to preserve uniaxial tensile strain in the transistors. These devices exhibit drive currents suitable for high-performance logic technology. The change in the slope of RON - LGATE (dRON/dLGATE), transconductance GMSAT, and injection velocity (vinj) measurements indicate a ~ 15% mobility-induced ION enhancement with SSOI relative to SOI nFinFETs at ultrashort gate lengths. Raman measurements conducted on SSOI substrates after fin formation demonstrate the preservation of ~ 1.3-GPa uniaxial tensile strain even after 1100°C annealing.
Preliminary evaluation of the use of elevated pressure to accelerate thermo-oxidative aging in composites

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of elevated pressure to accelerate the rate of thermo-oxidative degradation in polymeric composite materials. The motivation for this work was based on earlier studies by Tsotsis [1,2], Kerr and Haskins [3] and by Ciutacu, et al. [4] which demonstrated that higher pressures of air or oxygen tended to increase the rate of degradation of polymeric composites. Moreover, accelerated aging methods are needed to evaluate materials which are to be used under long-term exposure to elevated temperature in oxidative environments such as the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). The methodology proposed herein augments elevated temperature aging with elevated pressure to accelerate the rate of thermo-oxidative degradation. Temperatures below those used by previous workers were employed in order to avoid anomalous non-linear eAects which can occur near the glass-transition temperature of polymeric materials. In the present work, Hexcel AS4/3501-6 [a45]2s shear and [+45/0/ ˇ45/90]2s quasi-isotropic Hexcel IM7/8552 open hole compression specimens were aged at 121C (250F) at pressures of 0.101, 0.345, 1.03, and 1.72 MPa (14.7, 50, 150, and 250 psi). Three pressure vessels were designed and built to contain the prescribed pressures. These vessels were placed inside an oven and used an air bleed to recycle the air inside the vessels. For the open hole testing, a test method was derived from Boeing BSS 7260 to reduce the material required for each specimen. Specimens were tested as-made and after 1000 h exposure to each of the pressures. Results show up to a 20% reduction in tensile shear strength for the [a45]2s specimens but show no decrease in open hole compression strength though weight losses and visible discoloration of the specimens are present in both materials. DiAerences are attributed to the diAerent lay-ups used as well as the diAerent materials systems of the two specimen types. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Long-term outcome of 254 complex incisional hernia repairs using the modified Rives-Stoppa technique.

Repair of complex incisional hernias poses a major challenge. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of the modified Rives-Stoppa repair of complex incisional hernias using a synthetic prosthesis. We reviewed patients undergoing a modified Rives-Stoppa repair of complex incisional hernias from 1990 to 2003. Patients were followed through clinic visits and mailed questionnaires. Follow-up data were complete in all patients (mean 70 months, range 24–177 months), and 87% of patients completed a mailed questionnaire. Primary outcome included mortality, morbidity, and hernia recurrence. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay, long-term abdominal wall pain, and self-reported patient satisfaction. Altogether, 254 patients underwent a modified Rives-Stoppa repair. Among them, 60% had a significant co-morbidity, and 30% had one or more previously failed hernia repairs. Mortality was zero, and overall morbidity was 13% (wound infection 4%, prosthetic infection 3%, seroma/hematoma 4%). The overall hernia recurrence rate was 5%, including explantation of mesh because of infection. Wound/prosthetic infection was predictive for hernia recurrence (31% vs. 4%, p = 0.003). Among the respondents, 89% reported overall satisfaction with their repair. The Rives-Stoppa repair of complex incisional hernias using synthetic prosthetic materials is safe with a low recurrence rate (5%) and high patient satisfaction. Postoperative wound infection is a risk factor for hernia recurrence.
dSLo Interacting Protein 1, a Novel Protein That Interacts with Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) are activated by depolarized membrane potential and elevated levels of intracellular calcium. BK channel activity underlies the fast afterhyperpolarization that follows an action potential and attenuates neurotransmitter and hormone secretion. Using a modified two-hybrid approach, the interaction trap, we have identified a novel protein from Drosophila , dSLIP1 (dSLo interacting protein), which specifically interacts with Drosophila and human BK channels and has partial homology to the PDZ domain of α1 syntrophin. The dSLIP1 and dSlo mRNAs are expressed coincidently throughout the Drosophila nervous system, the two proteins interact in vitro , and they may be coimmunoprecipitated from transfected cells. Coexpression of dSLIP1 with dSlo or hSlo BK channels in Xenopus oocytes results in reduced currents as compared with expression of BK channels alone; current amplitudes may be rescued by coexpression with the channel domain that interacts with dSLIP1. Single-channel recordings and immunostaining of transfected tissue culture cells suggest that dSLIP1 selectively reduces Slo BK currents by reducing the number of BK channels in the plasma membrane.
The Cost of Detecting Deception: Judging Veracity Makes Eyewitnesses Remember a Suspect Less Accurately but With More Certainty

Summary: The current study extends previous research demonstrating the detrimental effects of divided attention during encoding on eyewitness memory. Previous data indicate that judging the veracity of a suspect causes witnesses to scrutinize him or her carefully and requires relatively high cognitive effort. We therefore hypothesized that performing this task while simultaneously observing the suspect should impair witnesses’ memory for his or her appearance and message while ironically inflating their certainty and other testimony-relevant judgments. Our results supported these predictions. Moreover, inducing witnesses to be suspicious about the suspect’s truthfulness (Experiment 1) and motivating them to judge veracity as accurately as possible (Experiment 2) amplified the memory impairment effect and further increased several testimony-relevant ratings. Additionally, compared with witnesses who incorrectly identified the suspect in a line-up, those who made a correct decision expressed greater certainty about their line-up accuracy and also provided higher ratings on some other testimony-relevant measures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Previous eyewitness memory research has established the harmful effects of dividing attention during encoding. Specifically, witnesses’ reports become less accurate when some of their attentional resources are diverted away from the perpetrator and toward other stimuli or tasks. For example, a
Compression-Aware Energy Optimization for Video Decoding Systems With Passive Power

The objective of dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is to adapt the frequency and voltage for configurable platforms to obtain energy savings. DVS is especially attractive for video decoding systems due to their time-varying and highly complex workload and because the utility of decoding a frame is solely depending on the frame being decoded before its display deadline. Several DVS algorithms have been proposed for multimedia applications. However, the prior work did not take into account the video compression algorithm specifics, such as considering the temporal dependencies among frames and the required display buffer. Moreover, the effect of the passive (leakage) power when performing DVS for multimedia systems was not explicitly considered. In this paper, we determine the optimal scheduling of the active and passive states to minimize the total energy for video decoding systems. We pose our problem as a buffer-constrained optimization problem with a novel, compression-aware definition of processing jobs. We propose low-complexity algorithms to solve the optimization problem and show through simulations that significant improvements can be achieved over state-of-the art DVS algorithms that aim to minimize only the active power.
Stimulus Characteristics in Food Aversion Learning

One of the more intriguing issues in contemporary learning theory is the idea that stimuli are not equally associable. This idea, that some associations are more easily formed than others, has been formulated in various ways using such concepts as belongingness (Thorndike, 1932; Rozin and Kalat, 1971), stimulus relevance (Capretta, 1961), cue to consequence (Garcia and Koelling, 1966), and preparedness (Seligman, 1970). In food aversion learning, it is clear that animals readily learn to avoid ingesting material which was associated with sickness. (We use the words illness or sickness as arbitrary convenient terms in this chapter, realizing full well that they represent a gross oversimplification. The nature of the UCS is an important problem deserving of more consideration than can be given in this chapter.) The early field studies on bait shyness added poisons to bait and it became evident that animals learned to avoid the specific bait (Chitty, 1954). In subsequent laboratory experiments, the use of solutions permitted the control of other stimulus factors and it was possible to demonstrate that it was primarily the taste rather than any other sensory quality that was avoided (Garcia, Kimeldorf, and Koelling, 1955; Nachman, 1963).
Facilitating Conditions, Wireless Trust and Adoption Intention

For wireless Internet services via mobile technology (WIMT), are there any unique determinants for user acceptance of this technology innovation? Based on literature review, this paper proposes a model of three latent constructs: Facilitating Conditions, Wireless Trust, and intention to adopt WIMT, where Facilitating Conditions influences perceived trust in the wireless mobile environment which, in turn, influences user intention to adopt wireless mobile technology. A sample of 357 MBA students from a regional university was used for model testing. Structural equation modeling procedures were employed for data analysis. The hypothesized model revealed an acceptable fit. Path analysis of the postulated relationships demonstrated a large direct causal effect from Facilitating Conditions to Wireless Trust and a medium direct effect from Wireless Trust to Intention to Adopt WIMT. Some findings for the first time provided empirical support to the literature and important implications for further research and l...
Larval Densities, Mortality, and Sampling at Different Canopy Levels During a Western Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Suppression Project

Larval densities were not generally different between crown levels of large Douglas-fir trees, but were significantly different between crown levels in white fir. Densitieson seedlings were significantly less than on large trees for both tree species. Mortality attributedto the treatment was relatively uniform between crown levels of large trees and between large trees and saplings, but was less on white fir seedlings, perhaps because thelarge trees sheltered them. The significance of the variation in larval counts associated with plots, trees within plots, crown levels, and branches within crown levels are discussed inrelation to sampling design.