cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the rice quality and starch RVA profile characteristics of indica rice varieties with national high-quality

【Objective】To understand the grain characteristics of indica rice varieties with national highquality. 【Method】Yuejingsimiao2 and other rice varieties were employed to study the grain qualities,including the milling quality,appearance quality,cooking quality,nutritional quality and starch RVA profile. 【Result and conclusion】The indica rice varieties with national high-quality had advantages of high head rice,narrow grain shape,little white-belly,good transparency,moderate amylose content and long gel consistency. The difference of protein content was not obvious among these indica rice varieties with national high-quality,but the difference of fatty acid content was obvious. The rice varieties of Yuexiuzhan,Bataixiang1 and Yuejingsimiao2 had higher fatty acid contents. In general,the RVA profiles of indica rice varieties with national high-quality had higher breakdown and lower setback values,and their eating qualities were better than those of indica rice varieties with non-national quality. The breakdown and setback values of Yuejingsimiao2,which was an indica rice variety with good eating quality,met the recognized indicators of good eating quality. The amylose content and gel consistency were positively correlated with cool paste viscosity,breakdown and setback values. A RVA profile analysis,particularlycombined the selecting of amylose content and gel consistency with the analysis of breakdown and setback values,is helpful to improve the accuracy and efficiency in rice quality breeding.
The youth e-cigarette epidemic: New estimates of JUUL Labs' revenue from youth users in the US

Introduction Past 30-day e-cigarette use increased by 78% among high school students from 2017 to 2018, an increase attributable to pod-style devices. JUUL Labs (JUUL) insists they do not market their product to teenagers. We created several scenarios to estimate the percentages of JUUL's net revenue from adults and youth in the US in 2018. Methods We used the number of youth (aged 12-17 years) and adults (aged ≥18 years) who reported using JUUL in the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study wave 4 (Dec 2016-Jan 2018) to estimate the youth proportion of JUUL users. As a sensitivity analysis, we also used data from the nationally representative Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC) study to estimate the youth proportion of JUUL users. Based on this percentage, we then applied several scenarios to estimate JUUL's net revenue from youth in the US in 2018. Results From the PATH Study, 31% of JUUL users were youth (aged 12-17 years). In the TLC study, 30% of current JUUL users were aged 15-17 years. Given that JUUL's net revenue was $1.3 billion in 2018, we calculated that JUUL made between $130 million and $650 million of its net revenue from youth, depending on consumption scenarios. Conclusions A substantial proportion of JUUL's profits in 2018 were a result of use by youth. It could be required that all e-cigarette companies actively ensure that use by youth is below a pre-determined small fraction of their sales, requiring that a high penalty be paid by those that fail to do so.
Recent advances in rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems

Until recently antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods based on the demonstration of phenotypic susceptibility in 16–24 h remained largely unchanged.Advances in rapid phenotypic and mole...
Electrophysiological correlates of thalamocortical function in acute severe traumatic brain injury

Few reliable biomarkers of consciousness exist for patients with acute severe brain injury. Tools assaying the neural networks that modulate consciousness may allow for tracking of recovery. The mesocircuit model, and its instantiation as the ABCD framework, classifies resting-state EEG power spectral densities into categories reflecting widely separated levels of thalamocortical network function and correlates with outcome in post-cardiac arrest coma. We applied the ABCD framework to acute severe traumatic brain injury and tested four hypotheses: 1) EEG channel-level ABCD classifications are spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable; 2) ABCD classifications improve longitudinally, commensurate with the degree of behavioural recovery; 3) ABCD classifications correlate with behavioural level of consciousness; and 4) the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised arousal facilitation protocol improves EEG dynamics along the ABCD scale. In this longitudinal cohort study, we enrolled 20 patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury requiring intensive care and 16 healthy controls. Through visual inspection, channel-level spectra from resting-state EEG were classified based on spectral peaks within frequency bands defined by the ABCD framework: A = no peaks above delta (<4 Hz) range (complete thalamocortical disruption); B = theta (4-8 Hz) peak (severe thalamocortical disruption); C = theta and beta (13-24 Hz) peaks (moderate thalamocortical disruption); or D = alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta peaks (normal thalamocortical function). We assessed behavioural level of consciousness with the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised or neurological examination and, in 12 patients, performed repeat EEG and behavioural assessments at [≥]6-months post-injury. Acutely, 95% of patients demonstrated D signals in at least one channel but exhibited heterogeneity in the proportion of different channel-level ABCD classifications (mean percent D signals: 37%, range: 0-90%). By contrast, healthy participants and patients at follow-up predominantly demonstrated signals corresponding to intact thalamocortical network function (mean percent D signals: 94%). In patients studied acutely, ABCD classifications improved after the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised arousal facilitation protocol (P<0.05), providing electrophysiological evidence for the effectiveness of this commonly performed technique. ABCD classification did not correspond with behavioural level of consciousness acutely, where patients demonstrated substantial within-session temporal variability in ABCD classifications. However, ABCD classification distinguished patients with and without command-following in the subacute-to-chronic phase of recovery (P<0.01). Patients also demonstrated significant longitudinal improvement in EEG dynamics along the ABCD scale (median change in D signals: 37%, P<0.05). These findings support the use of the ABCD framework to characterize channel-level EEG dynamics and track fluctuations in functional thalamocortical network integrity in spatial detail.
Adherence Measurements and Evaluation of Thick-Film Platinum-Gold

The fabrication of thick-film hybrid circuits using the solder system consists of screen printing conductor and resistor networks on alumina substrates and attaching other circuit elements (capacitors, discrete semiconductors etc.) to the conductor using tin-lead solder. The difficulty encountered with this technique has been that, although components are rigidly attached at the time of assembly, deterioration of the solder bonds occurs. The objective of the investigation was to develop a suitable test method for testing incoming materials, optimizing process variables, and in-process quality control of the product. After review of methods of conductor adherence testing, a method, pull-peel at 90 deg, was chosen which represented the worst case in actual module application. In order to hold the variables to a minimum, one standard test module was chosen for all experimental work. Part of this test module was incorporated into the design of production modules so that quality control of the product could be directly correlated with the initial testing results and with any process variables. Tests were conducted under controlled conditions which optimized all the assembly steps. Four areas have been found to have marked influence on conductor adhesion: the initial thickness of screened material, the preparation of substrate before soldering, the amount of solder used to make a joint, and the rate of cooling of the soldered joint. Implementing these controls results in a product with improved conductor adhesion.
The Pre-Employment Ethical Role of Lawyers: Are Lawyers Really Fiduciaries?

This Article considers the nature and extent of lawyers' obligations to prospective clients. Most jurisdictions have rules forbidding certain kinds of representation, requiring that particular information be given clients in writing, and regulating fees. Professional code drafters, courts, and commentators, however, have never addressed the broader issue of the lawyer's role at the retainer stage of representation, including whether lawyers have responsibility for providing prospective clients with candid advice regarding the course they should pursue. The issue is important to clients. A lawyer's action may determine whether a client obtains any representation, competent representation, or a lawyer well suited to the task. It also affects the client's consideration of alternatives including alternative methods of resolving the legal matter and whether lower cost or specialized representation might be available. The issue is equally important to the bar. Most legal ethics codes free lawyers to compete for all types of legal work, regardless of how experienced or qualified they are. The fiction that lawyers are fungible, or (at some level) equally competent, underlies the current regime of lawyer regulation and is designed, at least in part, to protect the guild. Although legal ethics regulation places restrictions on how lawyers may solicit business, once a prospective client comes to a lawyer, virtually the only explicit constraint on the lawyer's ability to accept the case is that the lawyer provide minimally competent service. This Article argues that the professional regulatory scheme should clarify and facilitate enforcement of lawyers' preemployment obligations. Depending on one's view of existing law, this can be accomplished either through refined interpretation of the professional rules and common law standards or through amendments to the legal ethics codes. The Article then analyzes the significance of defining a lawyer's preemployment role for the legal ethics regime and external law regulating the bar. The Article concludes by offering options, some designed to enhance enforcement of lawyers' preemployment obligations and others that might serve as independent alternatives for achieving client protection.
A new spin on electronics - spintronics

This paper describes about the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in magnetic multilayers in 1998 and the subsequent development of sensors based on it and the introduction of a new nonvolatile magnetic memory based on a spin dependent tunneling structure that potentially can be a universal replacement for existing semiconductor memories both volatile and nonvolatile. The development of the new field of spin electronics or spintronics is also discussed.
Humanities reference librarians in the electronic age : Strategies for integrating traditional and on-line resources in an academic library

Humanists build new ideas and arguments based upon studies done in the past. Although research requires these scholars to pick through the literature that has come before, much has been lost because of the lack of adequate comprehensive reference tools. In the age of technology, new projects are available which enhance and enlarge the body of work upon which future scholars can build. For reference librarians helping with research questions in the humanities, the marriage of traditional reference tools and new on-line resources means a richer cumulation of past scholarship. In this paper, I will discuss strategies for academic humanities reference librarians to integrate traditional and electronic reference resources, and the need to continue learning the skills to use both. Humanities reference librarians must continue the great humanist tradition of building new ideas upon older foundations by successfully acquiring and using both new and old reference resources.
Dishonest Deed, Clear Conscience: Self-Preservation through Moral Disengagement and Motivated Forgetting

People routinely engage in dishonest acts without feeling guilty about their behavior. When and why does this occur? Across four studies, people justified their dishonest deeds through moral disengagement and exhibited motivated forgetting of information that might otherwise limit their dishonesty. Using hypothetical scenarios (Studies 1 and 2) and real tasks involving the opportunity to cheat (Studies 3 and 4), we find that dishonest behavior increased moral disengagement and motivated forgetting of moral rules. Such changes did not occur in the case of honest behavior or consideration of the behavior of others. In addition, increasing moral saliency by having participants read or sign an honor code significantly reduced or eliminated unethical behavior. While dishonest behavior motivated moral leniency and led to strategic forgetting of moral rules, honest behavior motivated moral stringency and diligent recollection of moral rules.
Making Diversity Work to Improve College Student Learning

This chapter summarizes how diversity experiences influence college students’ educational outcomes and offers recommendations for practice to maximize these benefits on all campuses.
In Vitro Evaluation of Chemically Reconstituted Sorghum Grain

Abstract Sorghum grain was reconstituted to 30% moisture by addition of water, or water solutions containing acetic acid, metaphosphoric acid, or sodium hydroxide. Acetic acid treated grain was stored under both aerobic and anerobic conditions. After 21 days of storage the grain was digested in vitro. In vitro dry matter disappearance was increased by each reconstitution treatment. Acetic acid treatment preserved reconstituted grain under aerobic conditions. In vitro production of acetic acid was increased (P
Platelet-derived Growth Factor Induction of the Immediate-early gene MCP-1 Is Mediated by NF-κB and a 90-kDa Phosphoprotein Coactivator

Abstract A broad panel of agents including serum, interleukin-1, double-stranded RNA, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulate transcription of the “slow” immediate-early gene MCP-1. These disparate inducers act through a tight cluster of regulatory elements in the distal 5′-flanking sequences of the MCP-1 gene. We describe a 22-base element in this cluster which, in single copy, confers PDGF-inducibility to a tagged MCP-1 reporter gene. In mobility shift assays, the element binds a PDGF-activated form of NF-κB, and a 90-kDa protein (p90) which binds constitutively. Antibody supershift and UV cross-linking experiments indicate that the PDGF-activated NF-κB species is a Rel A homodimer. The DNA binding form of p90 is a nuclear-restricted serine/threonine phosphoprotein. Mutagenesis of the 22-base element shows that the NF-κB and p90 binding sites overlap, but binding of the two species is mutually independent. Both sites, however, are required for optimum PDGF induction of MCP-1. Therefore, p90 appears to be a coactivator with NF-κB in PDGF-mediated induction of MCP-1.
Memory in Neuroscience: Rhetoric Versus Reality

The central point of this article is that the concept of memory as information storage in the brain is inadequate for and irrelevant to understanding the nervous system. Beginning from the sensorimotor hypothesis that underlies neuroscience--that the entire function of the nervous system is to connect experience to appropriate behavior--the paper defines memories as sequences of events that connect remote experience to present behavior. Their essential components are (a) persistent events that bridge the time from remote experience to present behavior and (b) junctional events in which connections from remote experience and recent experience merge to produce behavior. The sequences comprising even the simplest memories are complex. This is both necessary--to preserve previously learned behaviors--and inevitable--due to secondary activity-driven plasticity. This complexity further highlights the inadequacy of the information storage concept and the importance of extreme simplicity in models used to study memory.
The application of rapid scan cyclic voltammetry and digital simulation to the study of the mechanism of diphenylamine oxidation, radical cation dimerization, and polymerization in acetonitrile

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry, performed with ultramicrodisk electrodes, was used to investigate the mechanism of the initial step of the electropolymerization of diphenylamine in acetonitrile. The Ph 2 NH .+ radical cations were electrochemically detected at scan rates above 100 V/s. Initially, the electrogenerated Ph 2 NH .+ radical cations undergo a second-order radical cation-radical cation coupling reaction to form diphenylbenzidine. Digital simulations of the voltammograms suggest the reaction occurs by an initial dimerization of the radical cations, followed by proton loss and additional electron transfer reactions (an EC 2 EE-type of mechanism). A rate constant of 2.0 (±0.5) × 10 5 M −1 s −1 for the radical cation coupling reaction was determined. Deprotonation associated with the coupling depends upon the water content. A new criterion for distinguishing among different mechanisms of following chemical reactions by cyclic voltammetry, based on changes in peak shape, is proposed.
Effects of mitomycin C on metabolism in a rat liver preparation.

Abstract Quinone drugs are used extensively as anti-neoplastic agents. The mechanism of their actions and the reasons for their unfavorable side effects are not well understood. Mitomycin C (MC) is an N-heterocyclic quinone with chemotherapeutic action against solid tumors. Previous research has led to the development of a model for drug activation involving NADPH reduction of the drug via microsomalmixed-function oxidases. We tested the possibility that NADPH is provided from the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS). The MC did indeed increase HMPS activity aerobically, while not affecting Kreb's cycle activity. Anaerobic stimulation of the shunt is also predicted by the model. However, under hypoxic conditions no HMPS or Kreb's activity was observed in MC-treated or untreated samples. Other investigators have documented the involvement of reactive oxygen species in microsomal systems in vitro . The oxygen requirement for MC stimulation of HMPS suggests oxygen radical involvement. We carried out experiments using [ 14 C]-formate as a scavenger for hydrogen peroxide. There was no apparent change in H 2 O 2 production when MC was added. Catalase is known to be involved in peroxide metabolism in vivo ; however, addition of the catalase inhibitor sodium azide did not alter endogenous or MC-stimulated shunt activity. The microsomal inhibitor SKF-525A (10 −3 M) prevented MC stimulation of the HMPS, which is consistent with the model implicating microsomal enzymes in MC metabolism. Overall, we have shown the oxygen dependence of endogenous and MC-stimulated shunt activity, and the results provide evidence for MC activation of oxidative metabolism by a mechanism which involves microsomcs.
Techniques for reconstruction of perialar and perialar-nasal ala combined defects.

Background. The nasal ala and perialar areas involve junctions with the nose, cheeks, and lips. Following Mohs surgery, defects in this area often extend across one or more creases or folds, thus requiring repair of more than one reconstructive subunit. Objective. Our goal is to present various reconstructive techniques required to obtain aesthetic results. Methods. Defects and reconstructions will be illustrated to demonstrate techniques and results. Emphasis will be on selection of techniques and documentation of results. Results. Examples include various flap procedures (advancement, rotation, pedicle, interpolation, transposition), full-thickness and composite grafting, second intention healing, and combinations thereof. Conclusions. Thoughtful application of the various techniques will help to maximally camouflage scars and avoid maneuvers which would result in bridging and/or blunting of creases and folds.
Grief only? Client and social worker reactions to termination.

What reactions do clients and social workers experience during termination? Reports from 59 experienced MSWs suggest that termination reactions more often include positive affect and evaluation of treatment goals and processes than negative affect.
Modeling and analysis of journal bearings lubricated with molten zinc for galvanizing process

The production speed of the steel sheet galvanizing process is limited by several factors; the dynamic behavior of the guiding rollers submerged in a molten zinc bath is among the crucial ones. These guiding rollers are supported on journal bearings operating on molten zinc, which acts as the lubricant of the bearings. This article addresses the modeling of journal bearings of this type as a two degrees of freedom system. The molten zinc film thickness is treated as a set of the classical hydrodynamic coefficients (stiffness and damping elements) to study the bearing dynamics and vibration stability, as well as the minimum film thickness formation. Computer- simulated test cases of the bearing geometry, zinc alloy viscosities at different temperatures, and operating conditions demonstrate the stable bearing performance at a desired galvanizing production speed.
Ballistic and near ballistic transport in GaAs

Calculations which take into account collisions and intervally transfer in GaAs indicate that the electron transport in short GaAs structures is near-ballistic. High drift velocities (in excess of 5-107cm/s) may be achieved leading to potentially superior device performance.
Effect of hypophysectomy on liver enzymes in the chicken, Gallus domesticus: replacement therapy with growth hormone and thyroxine.

Abstract 1. Hypophysectomy in the cockerel depresses liver NADP-linked malic enzyme. Thyroxine (20 μg/kg of body wt.) increases malic enzyme activity both in intact and hypophysectomized birds. Growth hormone (1 mg/kg of body wt.) restored malic enzyme activity in hypophysectomized birds to control values but failed to increase enzyme activity in control birds. 2. Hypophysectomy caused a 73 per cent increase in liver glycerokinase activity. Thyroxine replacement therapy decreased glycerokinase activity to that of saline injected control birds. Growth hormone therapy did not depress glycerokinase activity nor did it enhance or prevent the thyroxine effect.
Polarization Transfer in the Reaction T ( d , n ) He 4 at 0° from 3.9 TO 15 MeV

Measurements of neutron polarization are reported for the reaction $\mathrm{T}(d,n)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in which the incident beam is polarized with quantization axis perpendicular to the direction of motion. The beam polarization was described by ${p}_{3}={p}_{33}\ensuremath{\approx}0.76$, while beam intensities varied from 10 to 40 nA. At ${E}_{d}=15$ MeV the neutron polarization was measured to be +0.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.036 with respect to the quantization axis. At 3.9 MeV the polarization was zero, showing the influence of spin-flip interactions from the low-energy $^{4}S_{\frac{3}{2}}$ resonance. The measurements are related to polarization transfer and efficiency tensor functions for the reaction.
Symbolic Evidence Collection or “If All Else Fails, Throw Some Dust Around”

Abstract The treatment of forensic evidence has been widely examined at both domestic and international levels, providing a wealth of material to further the discourse. However, despite the multitude of research studies directed at this level, few studies have explored the associated factors influencing officers during evidence collection, specifically the potential impact of the CSI effect. The present study explores the emergence of a unique practice, that of “simulated evidence collection.” Using a mixed-method research design reflected in a national survey, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and focus groups offer some initial insight into this informal practice. With nearly 30% of officers noting a familiarity with the practice, the explanations offered are detailed, as are the concerns and potential questions that come from such a practice.
Humor-Value Assessment as a Function of Sex, Age, and Education:

A sense of humor may be related to our survival, yet the value one places on humor is typically not very explicit. Sex, age, and education were selected as variables to examine how participants would respond to Vitulli's Humor Rating Scale. 217 volunteers (108 men and 109 women) were distributed among four levels of education: Grade 8, high school, college, and a combined sample of graduate students and professors. The rating scale measured attitudes toward male-oriented humor, female-oriented humor, general humor values, and an index of “differentiation of humor by gender.” Significant interactions between sex and humor scales and between educational levels and humor scales were found in a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial (split-plot) design. Scheffe tests of multiple comparisons between sample means showed significant sex differences on the male-oriented scale and on the differentiation scale. Significant differences between educational levels occurred on the male- and female-oriented scales, as well as on the diffe...
Biomedical Innovation In The Era Of Health Care Spending Constraints

Insurers, hospitals, physicians, and consumers are increasingly weighing price against performance in their decisions to purchase and use new drugs, devices, and other medical technologies. This approach will tend to affect biomedical innovation adversely by reducing the revenues available for research and development. However, a more constrained funding environment may also have positive impacts. The passing era of largely cost-unconscious demand fostered the development of incremental innovations priced at premium levels. The new constrained-funding era will require medical technology firms to design their products with the features most valued by payers and patients, price them at levels justified by clinical performance, and manage distribution through organizations rather than to individual physicians. The emerging era has the potential to increase the social value of innovation by focusing industry on design, pricing, and distribution principles that are more closely aligned with the preferences—and...
Water‐soluble organic nitrogen in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) from northern California

[1] Recent studies have suggested that organic nitrogen (ON) is a ubiquitous and significant component of atmospheric dry and wet deposition, but very little is known about the concentrations and speciation of organic nitrogen in aerosol particles. In addition, while amino compounds also appear to be ubiquitous in atmospheric condensed phases, their contribution to organic nitrogen has not been previously quantified. To address these issues, we have characterized the water-soluble organic nitrogen and amino compounds in fine particles (PM2.5) collected in Davis, California, over a period of 1 year. Concentrations of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) ranged from 3.1–57.8 nmol N m−3 air, peaking during winter and early spring, and typically accounted for ∼20% of total nitrogen in Davis PM2.5. Assuming an average N-normalized molecular weight of 100 Da per N atom for WSON, particulate organic nitrogen had a median mass concentration of 1.6 μg m−3 air, and typically represented 18% of the total fine particle mass. The average mass of water-soluble ON in Davis PM2.5 was comparable to that of sulfate during the summer, but was significantly higher in winter. Total amino compounds (free plus combined forms) made up a significant portion of particulate organic nitrogen (median value equal to 23%), primarily due to the presence of combined amino compounds such as proteins and peptides. Total amino compounds had a median mass concentration of 290 ng m−3 air, and typically accounted for 3.3% of the total fine particle mass. These results indicate that organic nitrogen is a significant component of fine particles in northern California, and suggest that this group of compounds might play an important role in the ecological, radiative, and potential health effects of atmospheric fine particles in this region.
Viability and metabolic features of bacteria indigenous to a contaminated deep aquifer

The quantitation and characterization of indigenous bacteria of a deep aquifer, located in the southwestern United States and contaminated with halogenated aliphatic compounds, was undertaken. Water samples were obtained aseptically from depths of 45 to 151 m from four sites that ranged from 260 to 1,800 m in distance from the location of contaminant release. Sediment samples were also obtained from the proximal and distal sites for analyses. Results for aerobic and anaerobic colony-forming units were obtained on four agar media that were used to retrieve heterotrophs, oligotrophs, and pseudomonads. Most probable number estimates were obtained from a liquid medium favorable for oligotrophs. Representative isolates were tested against Biolog plates (Biolog, Inc., Hayward, Calif.) for patterns of carbon source utilization. Of 103 Gram-negative (GN) isolates, 48 could not be identified and the others were only tentatively identified via the Biolog database, and none of the 35 Gram-positive (GP) isolates were identifiable. However, the metabolic patterns were subjected to average cluster linkage analyses; the GN and GP bacteria were separable into eight and four groups, respectively. The oligotroph group comprised one-third of the GN and one-half of the GP isolates. The consensus carbon source utilization pattern for each group was determined and will be useful in future characterization of additional aquifer bacterial isolates. Although predominantly aerobic and oligotrophic, the microbial community of this aquifer was highly diverse with discernible viability and metabolic features of the microbiota distinctive to each of the four water and two sediment samples.
Capacity in the Aluminum Cell

A new means of measuring the capacity of aluminum anode films is described in which the solid film capacity is measured without disconnection of the direct current used for film formation. The usual method of measurement has necessitated this disconnection and thus introduced an error in results due to the rapid recovery of the cell within the disconnection period. Results are obtained which verify the conclusions of A. L. Fitch and W. E. Meserve. It is found that the capacity of the solid film of oxide is inversely proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the cell and that the resistance of the anode film in solid form is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed. If the film is composed of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ its resistivity and dielectric constant are about 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ ohm cm and 7.7\ensuremath{\mu}f/cm respectively. These values, because of the assumptions made in their calculation, are probably correct only in order of magnitude.
Cytochemical studies concerning the occurrence and distribution of RNA in plastids of Zea mays.

The occurrence of RNA in plastids from etiolated and green maize leaves was demonstrated cytochemically, with both the light and the electron microscope. Etiolated leaves were allowed to incorporate tritiated cytidine for several hours and were subsequently fixed in formalin. Radioautographs of leaf sections 2 µ thick showed silver grains over the regions of the cytoplasm containing plastids. Plastids in these sections appeared intensely basophilic when stained with azure B. Both the basophilia and radioactivity were removable with ribonuclease, clearly demonstrating the occurrence of RNA in these organelles. Examination under the electron microscope of similar plastids which had been fixed in formalin revealed a particulate component in the plastid measuring approximately 170 A in diameter. This particulate component was completely removable with ribonuclease. Thus,it was concluded that RNA occurs in a particulate form in plastids from etiolated leaves. Mature plastids, when stained with azure B, did not appear basophilic under the light microscope. Nevertheless, when formalin-fixed tissues were examined with the electron microscope, the mature plastids were seen to contain particles in the stroma, identical in appearance with those visible in the plastids in etiolated leaves. Osmium tetroxide-fixed tissues were also examined with the electron microscope. Particles similar to those seen in plastids fixed with formalin were observed, although the results obtained with this fixative were variable. It is concluded that plastids from etiolated and green maize leaves contain RNA in a particulate form which resembles ribosomes.
The Serre spectral sequence theorem for continuous and ordinary cohomology

Abstract We give a detailed proof of the Serre spectral sequence E 2 result for singular homology. The techniques then easily adapt to singular cohomology and to continuous cohomology for twisted Cartesian products of simplicial spaces. With a view to some particular applications, we include local coefficients for the homology and cohomology of the total space.
An anionic inositol phosphate glycan pseudotetrasaccharide exhibits high insulin-mimetic activity in rat adipocytes.

Abstract Inositol phosphate glycan pseudotetrasaccharides consisting of man-(α1-6)-man-(α1-4)-glcN-(α,β1-6)- myo- inositol-1,2-cyclic phosphate possessing a sulfate group at either O-6 (compounds 3 α,β) or O-2 (compounds 4 α,β) of the terminal mannose have been prepared. Compound 4 α was able to stimulate lipogenesis in native rat adipocytes to 78% of the maximal insulin response (MIR) with an EC 50 of 1.1 μM. The other compounds exhibited lower maximal stimulations (47–63% MIR) and higher EC 50 values (9.5–10.6 μM).
Chute flow as a means of segregation characterization

Abstract Handling of granular materials involves the use of many solids processing devices such as chutes, hoppers, tumblers or other transfer equipment. Unfortunately, granular materials segregate if they are subjected to flow or external agitation in the presence of a gravitational field. Thus, operation of many of these devices is prone to segregation. Many studies of granular flow have focused on gravity driven chute flows owing to their practical importance in granular processing and to the fact that the relative simplicity of this type of flow allows for development and testing of new theories/equipment. In the present work, we observe the deposition behavior of both mono-sized and polydisperse dry granular materials in an inclined chute flow, both experimentally and computationally. We investigate the effects on the mass fraction distribution of granular materials of different parameters such as chute angle, particle size, falling height and charge amount. The simulation results obtained using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) are compared with the experimental findings and a high degree of agreement is observed. Tuning of the underlying contact force parameters allows realistic results and is used as a means of validating the simulation model against available experimental data. The tuned simulation is then used to test predictions of granular segregation theories outlined in previous studies. That is, it has been predicted that a system can maintain a mixed configuration when L
Whole-mount procedures for simultaneous visualization of nerves, neurons, cartilage and bone

Abstract Herein are described two techniques to selectively label and/or stain afferent and efferent fibers and their cell bodies and simultaneously stain bone and cartilage. One technique uses anti-acetylated α-tubulin immunohistochemistry to follow the course, peripheral branching, and origin of the ventral spinal nerve innervating the axial musculature and a second uses anterograde and retrograde transport of selectively applied 3 kDa biotin dextran amines to identify specific afferent and efferent projections and their cell bodies. Both procedures can be combined with an enzyme clearing and staining procedure for the simultaneous visualization of bone (alizarin red S) and cartilage (alcian blue) in whole-mount preparations. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers are stained dark brown with the 3,3′ diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) reaction product, whereas cartilage is stained blue (alcian blue) and bone is red (alizarin red S). The combination of these procedures provides a simultaneous three-dimensional understanding of the topography of afferent and efferent projections and their cell bodies and the axial and appendicular skeletal system, which is key to understanding the compartmental relationships of the spinal cord with respect to the axial and appendicular skeleton. Themes: Cell biology Topics: Staining, tracing, and imaging techniques
Cover Picture: Improving the Properties of Organic Dyes by Molecular Encapsulation (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 19/2005)

The cover picture shows some of the supramolecular encapsulation strategies that have been used to improve the photophysical and photochemical properties of organic dyes. The work is summarized in the microreview by E. Arunkurmar, C. C. Forbes, and D. Smith on p. 4051 ff.
Maragheh: a classical late Miocene vertebrate locality in norhtwestern Iran

The fossil vertebrate localities of the Maragheh region in Azerbaijan, northwestern Iran, are among the most renowned late Miocene localities in Eurasia. The fossiliferous beds are found to the north and east of the town of Maragheh on the southern and eastern slopes of the Sahand massif and at an altitude of 1,450–1,900 m (Fig. 1). The first collection was made by Khanykof in 1840. Subsequent invertigators of the fauna1–15, established Maragheh as the site of one of the principal ‘Pontian’ mammal faunas of Eurasia. Recently, Tobien16, Erdbrink et al.17, Takai et al.18 and ourselves (the Lake Rezaiyeh Expedition) have concentrated on developing the geochronological and palaeoenvironmental aspects of the Maragheh fauna. The similarity of the Maragheh fauna to those of Samos, Pikermi, Saloniki and Mt Luberon, in particular, was recognized by most workers. The most significant results of the investigations reported here are that the Maragheh fauna spans an extended geochronological range, ∼9.5–7 Myr, that the so-called ‘Pontian’ mammal communities are provincially distributed, and diachronic in their appearance, and finally that the absence of hominoid primates from this site and other late Miocene sites with similar savannah-like faunas strongly suggests their adaptation at this time to more forested environments which existed in Eurasia and Africa before and during the Maragheh interval.
Design, manufacture, and calibration of infrared radiometric blackbody sources

A Radiometric Calibration Station (RCS) is being assembled at the Los Alamos National Laboratories (LANL) which will allow for calibration of sensors with detector arrays having spectral capability from about 0.4-15 {mu}m. The configuration of the LANL RCS. Two blackbody sources have been designed to cover the spectral range from about 3-15 {mu}m, operating at temperatures ranging from about 180-350 K within a vacuum environment. The sources are designed to present a uniform spectral radiance over a large area to the sensor unit under test. The thermal uniformity requirement of the blackbody cavities has been one of the key factors of the design, requiring less than 50 mK variation over the entire blackbody surface to attain effective emissivity values of about 0.999. Once the two units are built and verified to the level of about 100 mK at LANL, they will be sent to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where at least a factor of two improvement will be calibrated into the blackbody control system. The physical size of these assemblies will require modifications of the existing NIST Low Background Infrared (LBIR) Facility. LANL has constructed a bolt-on addition to the LBIR facility that will allow calibration of our large aperture sources. Methodology for attaining the two blackbody sources at calibrated levels of performance equivalent to present state of the art will be explained in the following.
Direct implantation of coronary sinus leads: Success rates and implant characteristics

a measure of accuracy. Results: The remote controlled closed loop integrated EMS-MGS created an image of the atrium and navigated the MC to selected targets reproducibly. The calculated distance from the MC tip to the designated target was 4.6 1.5 mm (range 3-7 mm). At necropsy the RF lesions at each target were confluent. Figure 1 shows superimposition of the RF lesions at 2 separate targets that were 1.5 cm apart. Conclusions: Remote controlled closed loop navigation with an integrated EMS/MGS was accurate and reproducible in canine right atria.
‘Intrinsic Stress’, σ 0 , in the High-Temperature Behaviour of Metals

THE governing relation between strain η and stress σ for the behaviour of metals at temperatures above about half the melting point seems to be of the form : where E is the elastic modulus and M is a function of temperature1. The quantity σ0, which has the dimensions of stress, is a constant for a metallurgically stable material and is independent of temperature. Its value does, however, vary considerably, depending on the presence of impurities or of alloying material.
Release of mitochondrial respiratory control by cyanate salts

Abstract Mitochondrial respiration is stimulated by 5–40 mM potassium cyanate in the presence or absence of oligomycin. When the cyanate concentration is increased over 40 mM, the mitochondria respire at progressively lower rates. In these respects, although at relatively high concentrations, cyanate behaves as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
The normal state of high-Tc superconductors and the marginal Fermi liquid

The marginal Fermi liquid phenomenology is reviewed. The marginal Fermi liquid spectral function is deduced from angle-resolved photoemission experiments. The results are used to explain the anomalous normal state DC and AC Hall effect data which have been puzzling for a decade.
Configurational Differences in Stereovision

Retinal disparities which produce perceived depth in stereoscopic vision result from configurational differences in the retinal images in the two eyes of objective three-dimensional arrangements. Experiments reported earlier demonstrated special effectiveness of differences in the alignment in the vertical dimensions of the images of points that are at different depth. Here a stereoscopic experiment is reported where alignment differences were increased without altering disparity. An increase in perceived depth resulted and was measured by estimation and by matching. The reason for the special effectiveness of binocular alignment differences is discussed.
A LOOK AT DENTAL TREATMENT FOR THE CHRONICALLY ILL AND AGED

Adequate care for the oral health of the aged and chronically ill population appears to be largely a matter of professional attitude.
Sexual victimization of child and adolescent patients.

Extrafamilial abuse of hospitalized or institutionalized patients has not often been studied. Five categories of caregivers (N = 272) reported physical, psychological and "socially acceptable" instances of abuse, with most incidents occurring one or more times per week. Abuse of children, especially sexual abuse, was singled out for further study. Case reports supplement the presentation. Implications for understanding abuse, for practice and for research are presented. Language: en
Place learning and the dynamics of spatial navigation: a neural network approach

This study presents a real-time neural network capable of describing place learning and the dynamics of spatial navigation. The network incorporates detectors that can be tuned to the values of visual angles of different landmarks as perceived from the spatial location where a reinforcing event is encountered. After a detector has been tuned its output generates an effective stimulus that peaks at the distance from the landmark where positive or negative reinforcement was encountered previously. The outputs of the tuned detectors become associated with the reinforcing event. The network generates spatial generalization surfaces that can guide navigation from any location that is within view of familiar landmark cues, even if that location has never been visited before. Spatial navigation is accomplished by adopting a stimulus-approach principle-that is, by approaching appetitive places and avoiding aversive places. When generalization surfaces are assumed to represent forces exerted by the animal, the dyn...
Fuzzification of Set Inclusion

Fuzzification of set inclusion for fuzzy sets is developed in terms of an indicator for set inclusion, the indicator giving the degree to which a fuzzy set is a subset of another fuzzy set. In contrast to most existing indicators, it is proposed in the present paper that the indicator must be two-valued for crisp sets. The approach is to postulate axioms for the indicators, assume a specific mathematical form for such indicators, and then give necessary and sufficient conditions under which the specified formula gives rise to suitable indicator, in effect, providing a characterization of the indicator.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Space in Performance: Making Meaning in the Theatre. By Gay McAuley. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000; pp. 320. $19.95 paper.

In the current scholarly discussion, many disciplines usurp the word “performance” to represent the postmodern idea of discursive creation through repetition (iteration). In an attempt to demarcate the boundaries of theatre studies, to reclaim performance as a “theatrical act,” many theatre scholars argue that a theatrical frame designates theatrical performance. This idea of frame may often be distilled into a spatial relationship between actor(s) and audience. To further this theory, many have written metaphorically about theatrical space; however, in her important new book, Gay McAuley addresses the idea of a theatrical space directly, discussing architecture, spatial structure, actor space, and audience space. She argues that theatre requires not only “liveness” and the presence of both performer and spectator but also the space where those presences meet. That “lived space” must be added to the first two aspects and examined as a basic element of the theatrical act. Thus McAuley seeks “to explore the multiple functions of this spatial reality in the construction and communication of theatrical meaning” (4).
Increased oncolytic efficacy for high-grade gliomas by optimal integration of ionizing radiation into the replicative cycle of HSV-1.

Increased oncolytic efficacy for high-grade gliomas by optimal integration of ionizing radiation into the replicative cycle of HSV-1