cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structures of bis- and hexakis[(6,6'-di-hydroxy-bipyridine)copper(II)] nitrate coordination complexes.

Two multinuclear complexes synthesized from Cu(NO3)2 and 6,6′-di­hydroxy­bipyridine (dhbp) exhibit bridging nitrate and hydroxide ligands. The dinuclear complex (6,6′-di­hydroxy­bipyridine-2κ2N,N′)[μ-6-(6-hy­droxy­pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-olato-1:2κ3N,N′:O2](μ-hydroxido-1:2κ2O:O′)(μ-nitrato-1:2κ2O:O′)(nitrato-1κO)dicopper(II), [Cu2(C10H7N2O2)(OH)(NO3)2(C10H8N2O2)] or [Cu(6-OH-6′-O-bpy)(NO3)(μ-OH)(μ-NO3)Cu(6,6′-dhbp)], (I), with a 2:1 ratio of nitrate to hydroxide anions and one partially deprotonated dhbp ligand, forms from a water–ethanol mixture at neutral pH. The hexa­nuclear complex bis­(μ3-bi­pyridine-2,2′-diolato-κ3O:N,N′:O′)tetra­kis­(6,6′-di­hydroxy­bipyridine-κ2N,N′)tetra­kis­(μ-hydroxido-κ2O:O′)bis­(methanol-κO)tetra­kis­(μ-nitrato-κ2O:O′)hexa­copper(II), [Cu6(C10H6N2O2)2(CH4O)2(OH)4(NO3)4(C10H8N2O2)4] or [Cu(6,6′-dhbp)(μ-NO3)2(μ-OH)Cu(6,6′-O-bpy)(μ-OH)Cu(6,6′dhbp)(CH3OH)]2, (II), with a 1:1 NO3–OH ratio and two fully protonated and fully deprotonated dhbp ligands, was obtained by methanol recrystallization of material obtained at pH 3. Complex (II) lies across an inversion center. Complexes (I) and (II) both display intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding links symmetry-related mol­ecules forming chains along [100] for complex (I) with π-stacking along [010] and [001]. Complex (II) forms inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded chains along [010] with π-stacking along [100] and [001].
5G today: Modulation technique alternatives

Cellular wireless or mobile communications have seen four generations of technological developments. Today, technologists are proposing a Fifth Generation (5G) for around 2020. Most consider this time to be when the infrastructure will need to be renewed. Together with this observation, it is usually argued that, the new generation technology should possess a number of features. There is no consensus on what these new features should be. Some argue that we are facing a new generation of devices that will have continuous Internet connectivity, and consequently there will be more machine to-machine or machine-type communications. It is argued that machine-type communication will require very low latency. Others argue that the demand for services will increase by about three orders of magnitude and the new technology should be designed to support this tremendous increase, perhaps handling each order of magnitude by means of a different approach. In this paper, we discuss the modulation techniques proposed for 5G and their justification.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella in the United States from 1948 to 1995

We conducted a retrospective study of 2,149 clinicalSalmonellastrains to help document the historical emergence of antimicrobial resistance. There were significant increases in resistance to older drugs, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, which were most common inSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium. An increase in multidrug resistance was observed for each decade since the 1950s. These data help show howSalmonellaevolved over the past 6 decades, after the introduction of new antimicrobial agents.
Time Resolved Fluorescence Line Narrowing in Ytterbium-Doped Inorganic Glasses

We have used time resolved fluorescence line narrowing to study optical dephasing and energy transfer among Yb 3+ ions doped in inorganic glasses. We observe for the first time in any rare earth doped glass system a change in the power of the temperature dependence of the homogeneous linewidth of the 2 F 5/2 (1)- 2 F 7/2 (1) transition of Yb, 3+ as well as an efficient one-phonon assisted energy transfer process occuring among Yb 3+ ions at higher concentration due to a quadrupole-quadrupole coupling of the ions. In this paper we review past studies in rare earth doped gla s systems of these topics and compare them to our observations of Yb 3+ in silicate and phesphate glasses.
Contrast-enhanced X-ray detection of breast microcalcifications in a murine model using targeted gold nanoparticles.

Microcalcifications are deposits of hydroxyapatite (HA) mineral within breast tissue and the most common abnormality detected by mammography when screening for breast cancer due to exhibiting greater X-ray attenuation than the surrounding tissue. However, the detection of microcalcifications is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of mammography. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate in vivo targeted delivery of bisphosphonate-functionalized gold nanoparticles (BP-Au NPs) for contrast-enhanced detection of microcalcifications using computed tomography (CT). A murine model was developed for precise, a priori control over the level of microcalcification burden by injecting varying concentrations of HA crystals in a Matrigel carrier into mammary glands. The measured X-ray attenuation of microcalcifications containing varying HA concentrations demonstrated that the model was reproducible and able to recapitulate varying levels of microcalcification burden, including levels undetectab...
Breaking Baseball Barriers: The 1953–1954 Negro League and Expansion of Women's Public Roles

Abstract Newspaper coverage of the first women to play men's professional baseball is analyzed in this historical study. The three women: Toni Stone, Mamie “Peanut” Johnson, and Connie Morgan, played in the Negro League during 1953 and 1954. Coverage in an African-American newspaper and in mainstream white newspapers reveals that the African-American press portrayed the women as precedent-setters and heroines in their community, while the mainstream press virtually ignored the women ballplayers. Storie, Morgan, and Johnson, all skilled athletes, were able to play baseball with men because of their athletic skills, a willingness by the Negro League to take risks to boost attendance, and an increased public role taken by African-American women in the postwar period of the early 1950s.
Cyber-Innovated Watershed Research at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory

Cyberinfrastructure is enabling ever more integrative and transformative science. Technological advances in cyberinfrastructure have allowed deeper understanding of watershed hydrology by improved integration of data, information, and models. The synthesis of all sources of hydrologic variables (historical, real time, future scenarios, observed, and modeled) requires advanced data acquisition, data storage, data management, data integration, data mining, and data visualization. In this context, cyber-innovated hydrologic research was implemented to carry out watershed-based historical climate simulations at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory. The simulations were based on the assimilation of data from a hydrologic monitoring network into a multiphysics hydrologic model (the Penn State Integrated Hydrology Model). We documented workflows for the model application and applied the model to short-time hyporheic exchange flow study and long-term climate scenario analysis. The effort reported herein demonstrates that advances in cyberscience allows innovative research that improves our ability to access and share data; to allow collective development of science hypotheses; and to support building models via team participation. We simplified communications between model developers and community scientists, software professionals, students, and decision makers, which in the long term will improve the utilization of hydrologic models for science and societal applications.
Dangerous liaisons An endogenous model of international trade and human rights

This article applies recent advances in network analysis to highlight a central tension faced by policymakers – balancing the benefits of engaging with the international system and the associated d...
First-year medical students' knowledge of and attitudes toward primary care careers.

Background and objectives This study compared the knowledge of and attitudes toward primary care in relation to anticipated career choices of first-year medical students at two medical schools that differ significantly in production of primary care physicians. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at a private, urban school in the Northeast where only a small percentage of students enter family practice residencies and a public, rural school in the Southeast where entry into family practice is among the highest in the country. The survey was conducted during the first semester of medical school. Results Ninety-six percent of students correctly identified general internal medicine, general pediatrics, and family practice as primary care fields; 51.8% identified these fields as "specialties." Statistically significant differences were seen between the percentages of students at the two schools who planned careers in primary care, suggesting that selection processes may differ between the two schools. There were no significant differences between students at the two schools in correctly identifying the characteristics of primary care practice. Only minor differences between the schools were found in assessments of the need for or importance of primary care. Conclusions Although a significant difference in student interest in becoming primary care physicians was detected at the two schools, a surprising similarity was shown in their knowledge and attitudes about primary care. New attitudinal markers will need to be developed to help admissions committees select students most likely to enter primary care careers.
Parametric Frugal Sensing for Autoregressive and Autoregressive Moving Average Power Spectra

Estimating the power spectrum of a wide-sense stationary random process is an important component of several signal processing tasks. Distributed spectrum sensing problems naturally emerge in cases where measurements of different realizations of a random process are collected at multiple spatial locations. This paper proposes a distributed power spectrum sensing framework for autoregressive (AR) and autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) processes. The sensing model comprises a network of scattered sensors which transmit randomly filtered, sample averaged, one bit quantized power measurements to a fusion center. First, assuming that sample averaging at each sensor is sufficient to converge to the ensemble average, it is shown that AR and ARMA power spectrum estimation from the received bits can be cast as (non-convex) optimization problems with special structure. Next, the sample averaging requirement is relaxed and maximum likelihood formulations are proposed, which take into account errors caused by quantization of inaccurate soft power measurements. Leveraging the block separable structure present in these formulations, we propose Block Coordinate Descent algorithms for obtaining approximate solutions, with favorable convergence properties. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approaches for reconstructing power spectra from relatively few bits, when the model parametrization is valid.
Mechanisms of Assembly and Covalent Flavinylation in Complex II

Complex II is an essential metabolic enzyme that functions in both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain in mitochondria, coupling succinate oxidation to fumarate with ubiquinone reduction to ubiquinol. Covalent FAD attachment to the flavoprotein subunit of this heterotetrameric complex is essential for succinate oxidation. Mutations that abrogate this covalent linkage result in pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndrome in humans although the underlying biochemistry is currently undefined. Several recently identified assembly factors are required for covalent flavin attachment, and mutations in the assembly factors can recapitulate clinical symptoms associated with Complex II deficiency. Understanding the mechanism of covalent flavin attachment is vital to understanding the function of Complex II and how this unique enzyme has adapted utilization of an FAD cofactor to couple two essential respiratory processes. Our work uses a combination of structural, biochemical and biophysical methods to investigate covalent flavinylation of Escherichia coli Complex II homologs, a process which may be mechanistically conserved from bacteria to mammals. Initial structural characterization of Escherichia coli Complex II homologs bearing mutations that prevent covalent linkage has provided insight into the potential role of inter-domain stability in the mechanism of covalent flavinylation. Additionally, site-specific photoaffinity crosslinking identified the binding location of the SdhE assembly factor on the E. coli Complex II flavoprotein, which suggests that this evolutionarily conserved assembly factor acts as a chaperone during covalent flavinylation.
Nominal Possession in American Sign Language

This study re-visits an alternation in American Sign Language wherein the nominal member of a noun-verb pair is characterized by tense reduplication of the movement associated with the root (Newport and Supalla 1978, Klima and Bellugi 1979). This alternation is shown to be (a) highly productive but (b) constrained to the derivation of non-event nominalizations in the sense of Grimshaw (1990). The absence of an eventive interpretation supports root-level application of the morphosyntactic process involved and explains the observed restrictions on how possessor arguments in nominalizations of this type are interpreted.
Optical matter: binding and crystallization in intense optical fields

It is now well known, mainly due to the pioneering work of Ashkin et al.,1 that intense laser beams can exert substantial forces on dielectric matter. Perhaps the greatest impact of this work to date has been in the field of biology, where impressive examples of the manipulation of biological material with laser beams have been demonstrated.2 We deal with the elaboration of these concepts in the wave optical region and their application to the problem of assembling complex structures such as crystals and quasicrystals in complex optical fields. We discuss not only order imposed on matter by externally imposed optical fields but also the order achieved as a result of self-organization, epitomized by the simplest examples of optical binding achieved to date.3
Reply to "Funding by Lottery: Political Problems and Research Opportunities".

We thank Dr. Barnett for his kind comments (1). We agree that a major barrier to instituting a modified lottery is …
Contract Costs Associated with Maintaining Flexible Ureteroscopes: A Single Center Experience

Abstract Introduction We compared the cost of flexible ureteroscope processing and maintenance contracts offered by a scope manufacturer and a third-party company. Methods Use and repairs of the Storz 11278AU1 Flex X2 Flexible Ureteroscope are prospectively recorded at our large, 371-bed, acute care hospital. A retrospective analysis of the processing of ureteroscopic instruments during a 3-year period (2011 to 2013) was completed. We compared the handling of ureteroscopes between 1 year under a third-party contractor (Integrated Medical Systems International, Inc. [IMS]) and 2 prior years under the manufacturer (KARL STORZ) contract. Results From January 1, 2011 through October 1, 2012 our institution used the manufacturer for the processing of ureteroscopic instruments. From January 1, 2013 through December 9, 2013 our institution used the third-party contractor IMS for repairs. The number of procedures performed per repair/exchange during the manufacturer contract was 19.9 and the number of procedures performed per repair/exchange during the third-party contract was 11. The third-party contract resulted in a reduction of procedures performed per repair/exchange by 52%. Adjusted for inflation, the yearly cost of ureteroscope repairs was $125,715 during the manufacturer contract and $158,040 during the third-party contract. By analyzing the costs incurred in 2013, if our institution had maintained the manufacturer contract for all 3 years, the estimated repair cost would have resulted in a savings of $32,325. Conclusions Using the manufacturer repair contract is more cost-effective than using that of third-party companies.
The Amorphous-Si CMP process improvement for L14 nm FinFET technology node

Multiple gate field-effect transistors (MuGFET) are generally used in modern time semiconductor field due to better transistor current flow. However in the last advanced generation, MuGFET has transferred to Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) structure with 3 dimensional (3-D) geometry to enable the minimize off-state leakage currents, high transistor current flow and quick switch…etc. advantages. But 3D structure will limit the depth of focus (DOF) of lithography. Chemical Mechanical polishing (CMP) planarization process has become more and more important to improve this issue in FinFET production. At L14 node CMP processes, a new Amorphous Si (A-Si) CMP process is introduced to reduce the roughness after the Amorphous Silicon deposition of gate. In this study, a robust ASICMP process with better A-Si polishing profile (range control), lower defectivity and better thickness control has been evaluated to meet the ASICMP process criteria at 14nm node. Optimizing the process control algorithm and down force condition for each polishing zone could improve process stable and range control. Fine tune full-vision spectrum can obvious enhance thickness control accurately.
How can mountaintop CO 2 observations be used to constrain regional carbon fluxes

Abstract. Despite the need for researchers to understand terrestrial biospheric carbon fluxes to account for carbon cycle feedbacks and predict future CO2 concentrations, knowledge of these fluxes at the regional scale remains poor. This is particularly true in mountainous areas, where complex meteorology and lack of observations lead to large uncertainties in carbon fluxes. Yet mountainous regions are often where significant forest cover and biomass are found – i.e., areas that have the potential to serve as carbon sinks. As CO2 observations are carried out in mountainous areas, it is imperative that they are properly interpreted to yield information about carbon fluxes. In this paper, we present CO2 observations at three sites in the mountains of the western US, along with atmospheric simulations that attempt to extract information about biospheric carbon fluxes from the CO2 observations, with emphasis on the observed and simulated diurnal cycles of CO2. We show that atmospheric models can systematically simulate the wrong diurnal cycle and significantly misinterpret the CO2 observations, due to erroneous atmospheric flows as a result of terrain that is misrepresented in the model. This problem depends on the selected vertical level in the model and is exacerbated as the spatial resolution is degraded, and our results indicate that a fine grid spacing of ∼ 4 km or less may be needed to simulate a realistic diurnal cycle of CO2 for sites on top of the steep mountains examined here in the American Rockies. In the absence of higher resolution models, we recommend coarse-scale models to focus on assimilating afternoon CO2 observations on mountaintop sites over the continent to avoid misrepresentations of nocturnal transport and influence.
Design of a continuous pilot-scale deslime thickener

Thickening is used during two primary mineral processing operations: water removal and desliming. During water removal, the pulp density is increased through the injection of flocculants. These flocs settle and create a dense pulp while clarified water is removed through the overflow. During desliming, fine particles are removed through the overflow. Desliming can also be used as a mineral separation process known as selective flocculation-dispersion, where valuable minerals are flocculated and gangue minerals remain dispersed and exit through the overflow. There are many ways to analyze thickener performance on a laboratory scale, but these analyses often do not correlate well with full-scale performance. Some pilot-scale systems have been designed using a semicontinuous approach, but the amount of material required to perform their tests can make semicontinuous pilot thickeners impractical for most applications. This paper focuses on the design and optimization of a continuous pilot-scale deslime thickener that requires minimal material to operate. The design, optimization strategy, and an example study of reagent selection are demonstrated.
Separated By Birth: Hidden Differences Between Seemingly-Identical Smartphone CPUs

Smartphone consumers, app developers, and even mobile systems researchers operate under the assumption that performance differences between identical smartphones should be small. Consumers pick a model to purchase and don't consider that the specific device they leave the store with may vary quite dramatically from the identical models it sat next to on the shelf. App rating systems typically collect the model from reviewers, but not more detailed information-again, assuming that all instances of a particular model perform similarly. Even mobile systems researchers will conduct studies using small numbers of devices that fail to account or control for inherent differences between identical phones.Unfortunately seemingly-identical smartphones can in fact have very different performance characteristics. Note that we are not referring to differences in battery or Flash performance caused over time by wear. Inherent differences would separate two brand-new phones still in the original packaging. Our experiments show up to 20% performance and energy consumption differences between otherwise identical devices. These differences result from process variation in the manufacture of smartphone CPUs, which causes some CPUs to perform much more poorly than others. This paper explains the causes of this variation, measures its impacts, and discusses implications for smartphone researchers, software developers, and consumers.
Impact of Climate Variability on Crop Yield in Different Districts of Gulburga Division

India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture being a means of livelihood of almost 58 per cent of the population in the country represents India's most important economic sector. Climate and Agriculture are inextricably linked. Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways, including through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, climate extremes, changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods; and changes in sea level. Realizing the importance of climate for agriculture production, present study was carried out in different districts of Gulbarga division. Study was based on secondary data collected from DES and one more published source entitled as "Statistical analysis of hundred year's rainfall data of Karnataka" published by M. B. Rajeegowda, Head AICRP on Agro-meteorology project at UAS, Bangalore. Analytical tools such as tabular analysis and multiple regression models were used. Results of the study revealed that, in all the districts namely Bellary, Bidar, Gulburga and Raichur rainfall showed decreasing trend during the period of study from 1983-84 to 2012-13. Maximum range in the magnitude of average rainfall between the driest and wettest years was observed in Bidar district i.e., 332.74 mm followed by Gulbarga, Bellary, Raichur and Koppal. In Bellary district 80.11 per cent and 86.50 per cent of variation in the yield of Jowar and Cotton was explained by the Climatic parameters used in the study. In Gulbarga district 84.60 per cent variation in Jowar yield was explained by the variables such as actual rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and maximum and relative humidity. In case of Raichur district Sunflower and Jowar yield were highly sensitive to the climate variability because 94.30 per cent and 81.56 per cent variation in the yield of Sunflower and Jowar was explained by the variables under study.
GAC: Gene Associations with Clinical, a web based application.

We present GAC, a shiny R based tool for interactive visualization of clinical associations based on high-dimensional data. The tool provides a web-based suite to perform supervised principal component analysis (SuperPC), an approach that uses both high-dimensional data, such as gene expression, combined with clinical data to infer clinical associations. We extended the approach to address binary outcomes, in addition to continuous and time-to-event data in our package, thereby increasing the use and flexibility of SuperPC. Additionally, the tool provides an interactive visualization for summarizing results based on a forest plot for both binary and time-to-event data. In summary, the GAC suite of tools provide a one stop shop for conducting statistical analysis to identify and visualize the association between a clinical outcome of interest and high-dimensional data types, such as genomic data. Our GAC package has been implemented in R and is available via http://shinygispa.winship.emory.edu/GAC/ . The developmental repository is available at https://github.com/manalirupji/GAC .
Can Policies Help Schools Affirm Gender Diversity? A Policy Archaeology of Transgender-Inclusive Policies in California Schools.

Since 2010, California passed three laws that address the safety and inclusion of transgender students. Seth’s Law (SB 48), the Fair, Accurate, Inclusive, and Respectful (FAIR) Education Act (AB 9)...
Nafta and Labor: A Global Strategy for the Global Economy

This study argues that in challenging the corporate free trade agenda the labor must put forth its own agenda, one that will go beyond the type of “buy American” slogans. A positive left-labor agenda must emphasize, among other things, the importance of a long-term international labor strategy based on worker-to-worker or union-to-union links. Such a strategy would replace the current downward competition between workers in the three (and hopefully all) countries with coordinated bargaining and joint policies for mutual interests and problem-solving.
Experimental fracture mechanics: strain energy density criterion

The objective of this chapter is to impart a better understanding of the mutual dependence of theory and experiment in fracture mechanics. An experiment cannot be considered successful unless the results are interpreted within the framework of some preconceived concept and/or theoretical prediction. Otherwise the test results are of no more value than to predict the results of other tests conducted under exactly the same conditions. Interpreting experimental results requires a sound knowledge of the fracture process and governing physical principles. In addition, theoretical speculations on these processes must be guided by experimental observations. The interplay between theory and experiment is essential to the development of both theories and experiments.
Learning to code via tablet applications: An evaluation of Daisy the Dinosaur and Kodable as learning tools for young children

Abstract Despite the growing number of digital apps designed to teach coding skills to young children, we know little about their effectiveness. To formally explore this question, we conducted a naturalistic observation of a one-week program designed to teach foundational coding skills (i.e., sequencing, conditions, loops) to young children (N = 28, Mage = 5.15 years) using two tablet applications: Daisy the Dinosaur and Kodable. Pre- and post-assessments measured familiarity with technology, appeal of coding apps, knowledge of Daisy commands, ability to play Kodable, and conceptual understanding of coding. Participants improved in their knowledge of Daisy commands (i.e., move, grow, jump) and Kodable gameplay (i.e., placing arrows in the correct sequence to move a character through a maze), but did not improve in their ability to verbally explain what coding is. Appeal of the games was significantly related to children's learning of Daisy commands, but child gender was not related to either Daisy or Kodable learning outcomes. Results suggest that young children can learn foundational coding skills via apps, especially when the apps are appealing to children.
Earth's Bacteria in the Guise of Extraterrestrial Life

On the Internet, December 2, 2010: “NASA: Arsenic-eating bacteria suggests extraterrestrial life possible. … how a bacterium takes a startling detour from normal metabolism, swapping the common element phosphorus for toxic arsenic, and flourishes … research findings prove that ‘shadow’ creatures live in extreme environments previously thought uninhabitable.” December 14: “What happens when bad science meets mass media agenda? You find out that aliens have arrived and you never even knew it.” The foregoing are parts of an unprecedented deluge of messages placed on the Internet during the first two weeks of December, 2010. A blog posted on 12/2 by krieger@mercurynews.com contains all the keywords and ideas vigorously promoted for the past 15 years by NASA's Astrobiology Institute and its grantees on “extraterrestrial microbial life.” On December 2, NASA held a dramatic, one could say sensational, press conference during which the lead investigator of a paper to be published in Science claimed that she and her team had isolated a bacterium in which the phosphorus of DNA and various metabolites is replaced by arsenic. Aside from the implausibility of the claim made by Felisa Wolfe-Simon et al., numerous weaknesses in the experimental observations were quickly posted by Prof. R. Redfield of the University of British Columbia. Her comments are summarized in a lengthy article by Dennis Overbye in the New York Times of December 14, 2010: “Poisoned Debate Encircles a Microbe Study's Result.”
Simple Clinical Prediction Rule Determines Risk of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

A simple clinical prediction rule using noninvasive data can identify patients at low, moderate, and high risk for HFPEF.
Chemical Biology Framework to Illuminate Proteostasis

Protein folding in the cell is mediated by an extensive network of >1,000 chaperones, quality control factors, and trafficking mechanisms collectively termed the proteostasis network. While the components and organization of this network are generally well established, our understanding of how protein-folding problems are identified, how the network components integrate to successfully address challenges, and what types of biophysical issues each proteostasis network component is capable of addressing remains immature. We describe a chemical biology-informed framework for studying cellular proteostasis that relies on selection of interesting protein-folding problems and precise researcher control of proteostasis network composition and activities. By combining these methods with multifaceted strategies to monitor protein folding, degradation, trafficking, and aggregation in cells, researchers continue to rapidly generate new insights into cellular proteostasis.
Black Cultural Identities: Distinctions Among Black Americans

“An outgrowth of homogeneous descriptions of people of color in social sciences and humanities literature and in dominant public culture is the assumption that people of color have no differential identities” (Stanfield 1993, p. 21). It is the purpose of this study to begin to explore the differential identities of Black Americans.
Study of leukotrienes inhibitor on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

Objective To investigate the effect of zileuton, leukotrienes inhibitor, on pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin(BLM) in the rats. Methods Fifty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups: BLM group (M group), control group (C group) and leukotriene inhibitor group(S group). Each group contained eighteen mice. S group was treated with zileuton everyday at a dose of 100 mg/kg after a single intratracheal instillation of BLM at a dose of 5 mg/kg; M group was treated with saline instead of zileuton after instillation of bleomyein;C group was treated with saline instead of zileuton and BLM. Six rats in each group were killed on 7,14 and 28 days after instillation. The rat lungs were harvested for HE and Masson trichrome stain, hydroxyproline content was determined, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of α-SMA and TGF-β1 in the lung tissues. Results The hydroxyproline content of M group was significantly higher than that of S group, the degree of alveolitis in S group was ameliorated as compared with that in M group(P＜0.05);a significantly reduced fibrosis was observed in S group compared with that in M group. The expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in lung tissue of S group was significantly lower than that of M group. Conclusions Leukotriene inhibitor could reduce the degree of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. It may inhibite the proliferation of fibroblasts by inhibiting the expresson of TGF-β1 in lung tissue. Key words: Leukotrienes inhibitor; Pulmonary fibrosis; Bleomycin
Mafunzo Yanayotawala Ushairi Andishi wa Kiswahili wa Kipindi cha Utandawazi: Mifano Kutoka Diwani ya Kimya! (2020) ya Rehema N. Mbwambo

Makala yanawasilisha sehemu ya uchunguzi uliolenga kubaini na kufafanua mafunzo yanayopatikana katika Ushairi Andishi wa Kiswahili wa kipindi hiki cha utandawazi kwa kuangazia diwani ya Kimya! (2020) ya Rehema N. Mbwambo. Uchunguzi huu umeongozwa na nadharia ya uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi ijulikanayo kama Uhistoria Mpya. Huu ni msingi mpya wa kihakiki ambao haujatumika sana katika kuhakiki kazi za kifasihi. Uhakiki unaoongozwa na nadharia hii ya Uhistoria Mpya, humsaidia mwanafunzi kujenga uwezo na maarifa ya kutambua sababu, uzito, malengo na aina ya uhakiki uliofanyika. Kwa kuzingatia ukweli huu, uchambuzi wa kipindi hiki cha utandawazi ni lazima uanze kuwazoesha watunzi, walimu na wanafunzi kujikita katika utunzi na uchambuzi wa kazi za kifasihi kwa kutumia nadharia teule badala ya kutunga na, au kuhakiki kazi kimkururo yaani, utunzi au uhakiki jumuishi usiokuwa na dira mahususi kama sehemu muhimu ya kwenda na wakati. Matumizi ya nadharia teule ya uhakiki yanatusaidia kujua iwapo kazi bunilizi za fasihi zinazoingia sokoni zinaakisi mahitaji ya jamii ya wasomaji wa sasa ama la. Kwa sababu, kumekuwapo madai ya kwamba, ari ya usomaji wa kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili inazidi kushuka miongoni mwa walaji wa kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili hasa nchini Tanzania huku moja ya sababu zinazotajwa ni baadhi ya watunzi na wahakiki kukosa weledi, ubunifu, ubora na kushindwa kuisoma jamii inataka nini. Hofu yetu ni kuwa, kama kweli wasomaji wanazidi kupoteza hamu ya kupenda kusoma kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili kwa sababu kadhaa ikiwemo ubunifu na saikolojia, maana yake kwa siku za usoni, pale ambapo watunzi nguli watakapokuwa wametoweka katika uso wa dunia, fasihi ya Kiswahili nayo itakuwa imeanguka kisanaa na kibiashara. Ndiposa, tukaonelea tufanye uchunguzi katika diwani mpya iliyoandikwa na mwandishi chipukizi kwa lengo la kuona iwapo nayo ni sehemu ya kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili zinazochangia anguko la ukuaji na ustawi wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili ama la.
No Evidence that Wnt Ligands Are Required for Planar Cell Polarity in Drosophila.

Summary The frizzled (fz) and dishevelled (dsh) genes are highly conserved members of both the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway. Given these dual functions, several studies have examined whether Wnt ligands provide a tissue-scale orientation cue for PCP establishment during development, and these studies have reached differing conclusions. Here, we re-examine this issue in the Drosophila melanogaster wing and notum using split-Gal4 co-expression analysis, multiplex somatic CRISPR, and double RNAi experiments. Pairwise loss-of-function experiments targeting wg together with other Wnt genes, via somatic CRISPR or RNAi, do not produce PCP defects in the wing or notum. In addition, somatic CRISPR against evi (aka wntless), which is required for the secretion of Wnt ligands, did not produce detectable PCP phenotypes. Altogether, our results do not support the hypothesis that Wnt ligands contribute to PCP signaling in the Drosophila wing or notum.
Managing Organizational Change and Resistance from an Individualist vs. Collectivist Perspective

The current research paper looked into the concept of organizational individualism and collectivism and its effect on managing change. This paper focused on the factors underlying the concepts of individualism and collectivism that influence change to take place or be resistant to it altogether. Our capacity and capability to change is very important in any organization because change is what helps us to survive. Culture is one of the landmarks to adaptability. Since change happens at different levels in the organizations, the benefits and drawbacks from individualism and collectivism are explained. Moreover, a discussion on the application of these two strong cultural views in particular organizations is made to show if research depicts well on the cultural factors that influence organizational change.
Visual performance with multifocal contact lenses and progressive addition spectacles.

Abstract Purpose As presbyopia occurs, new visual demands create a need for clear vision at multiple distances. Many spectacle wearers adapt into progressive addition lenses (PAL) in order to see clearly at distance, intermediate, and near. A multifocal contact lens provides the ability to see at these same distances without the prismatic effects of a spectacle lens or the peripheral obstruction of a spectacle frame. No studies have been done to date comparing the effect of these types of presbyopic vision correction on a variety of tests of visual performance representative of everyday tasks. Methods A battery of visual performance tasks were completed by subjects while wearing their habitual PAL spectacles. These subjects were then fit with a multifocal contact lens and wore lenses for 2 weeks or more before completing the tasks again. These functional vision tests included assessments of coincidence anticipation timing, peripheral search and hand-eye coordination, and dynamic visual acuity. Following functional vision testing, subjects completed a preference survey comparing both types of refractive correction while performing common activities of daily living. Results Performance on the majority of the tests of visual performance were equivalent (P Conclusion PAL spectacles are widely prescribed for presbyopic patients. The findings of this study suggest that in addition to providing excellent vision, multifocal contact lenses provide functional vision performance equal to PAL spectacle wear and patients may prefer them over PAL spectacles.
Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics

For Wittgenstein mathematics is a human activity characterizing ways of seeing conceptual possibilities and empirical situations, proof and logical methods central to its progress. Sentences exhibit differing 'aspects', or dimensions of meaning, projecting mathematical 'realities'. Mathematics is an activity of constructing standpoints on equalities and differences of these. Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy of Mathematics (1934–1951) grew from his Early (1912–1921) and Middle (1929–33) philosophies, a dialectical path reconstructed here partly as a response to the limitative results of Godel and Turing.
Definitive Radiotherapy versus Surgery for the Treatment of Verrucous Carcinoma of the Larynx: A National Cancer Database Study

Introduction Traditionally, larger lesions of laryngeal verrucous carcinoma are treated with surgical excision, with definitive radiotherapy generally reserved for smaller lesions. However, data utilizing modern databases is limited. Objective The authors sought to assess, utilizing the National Cancer Database, whether overall survival for patients with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma was equivalent when treated with definitive radiotherapy versus definitive surgery. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing the National Cancer Database. All cases of laryngeal verrucous carcinoma within the National Cancer Database between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed. Patients with T1–T3 (American Joint Commission on Cancer 7th Edition) laryngeal verrucous carcinoma were included and stratified by treatment modality. Demographics, treatment, and survival data were analyzed. Results A total of 392 patients were included. Two hundred and fifty patients underwent surgery and 142 received radiotherapy. The two groups differed in age, transition of care, clinical T stage, and clinical stages. There was no significant difference in survival between T1–T3 lesions treated with surgery or radiotherapy (p = 0.32). Age, comorbidities, insurance status, and clinical T stage impacted overall hazard on multivariate analysis (p Conclusion Overall survival is equivalent for patients with clinical T1 and clinical T2 laryngeal verrucous carcinoma treated with primary radiotherapy versus primary surgery. Thus, radiotherapy should be considered as a non-inferior treatment modality for certain patients with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma.
Coherent Structures in Fluids are Topological Torsion Defects

Cartan’s theory of a global 1-form of Action on a projective variety permits the algebraic evaluation of certain useful geometric and topological objects which can be singular. The projective algebraic methods therefore lend themselves to the development of a theory of coherent structures and defects in which the concept of translational shear dislocations and rotational shear disclinations can be put on equal footing. The topological methods not only lead to a precise definition of coherent structures in fluids, but also produce a non-statistical test for thermodynamic irreversibility on a symplectic manifold of dimension 4, and therefore yield a necessary criteria for turbulence.
Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube: a surprise finding in a postpartum tubal ligation.

Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube is the rarest form of pelvic cancer. A disease of recent vintage it was 1st described in 1847 by Raymond and later in 1861 by Rokitansky. There are no characteristic symptoms or pathognomonic features and the correct diagnosis is rarely made preoperatively. The present case report documents the diagnosis of primary adenocarcinoma in a postpartum tubal ligation operative specimen. The patient a 26-year-old white woman gravida 2 para 1 was delivered of a normal infant at Womens Hospital and underwent immediate postpartum tubal ligation. At the time of tubal ligation a slightly dilated portion of the left tube was noted and this was included in the operative specimen. The pathologic examination revealed Grade 1 papillary adenocarcinoma (continued to the mucosa without any invasion) in the left Fallopian tube (shown in a figure). The right Fallopian tube segment was normal. She was readmitted and total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were carried out. There was no evidence of metastic disease in the peritoneal cavity. The patient tolerated the operation well and her postoperative course was unremarkable. Gross and microscopic examination revealed bilateral Fallopian tubes with evidence of recent segmental resection. There was no residual papillary carcinoma in the tubes which were sectioned entirely. There were no histologic abnormalities in the ovaries. The uterus weighed 200 gm and exhibited proliferative endometrium and chronic cervicitis. The patient received no further therapy. She is to be followed up at 3-month intervals. A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian tube Grade 1 is presented. Its rarity merits a report of every case. The notable feature was the unusual mode of the presentation. Since early diagnosis is important both the surgeon and the pathologist should be aware of the condition while examining the Fallopian tubes at the operating table with the laparoscope and under the microscope. A search of the literature on the subject indicates that this may be the 1st reported instance of a diagnosis of tubal carcinoma purely on the basis of routine histologic examination of the Fallopian tubes after their removal.
Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights and the Assessment of Susceptibility to Police Coercion

Forensic mental health professionals may be asked by attorneys or judges to evaluate defendants' capacities to have waived Miranda rights and offered admissible confessions during police interrogations. This chapter reviews two major psycholegal issues related to confessions during custodial interrogations. First, this chapter focuses on the right to avoid self-incrimination, with emphases on case law and empirical research on suspects' abilities to provide knowing, intelligent, and voluntary rights waivers. Forensic assessment methodology for evaluating defendants' Miranda waiver capacities is provided. Second, this chapter reviews issues related to psycholegal questions about false confessions. It provides information about the appropriate scope and admissibility of such testimony, and empirical research findings on false confessions are described. Assessment methodology is presented for evaluating characteristics that might have contributed to a defendant's likelihood of having offered a false confession. A case example is provided to illustrate the forensic mental health evaluation process in the context of a possible suppression hearing. Keywords: Miranda; interrogations; confessions; forensic evaluations; Constitutional rights
Aspectos conceptuales de la privatizacion

Presenta un marco analitico para estudiar los impactos sobre diversas variables macroeconomicas del proceso de privatizacion, como los referidos al producto nacional, a la distribucion del ingreso y al precio adecuado de los bienes a ser privatizados.
Recovery of DNA from the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus chromosome by gap repair.

Abstract A strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus that demonstrates unusually high competence for natural transformation by linear DNA has proven valuable for analysis of genes and gene clusters associated with aromatic catabolism. The transformation system allowed gap repair to be used to recover mutant chromosomal DNA within recombinant plasmids. The sizes of the recovered fragments, 5 and 7 kilobase pairs in length, indicate that gap repair will be a useful procedure for isolation of wild-type and modified gene clusters from the A. calcoaceticus chromosome.
An introduction to TCL/TK: the best language for introduction to computer science courses

Many colleges and universities have adopted Javaa, or are considering its adoption, as the language of choice for students in CS1 and CS2. The choice of Java either leads to or follows from a collateral decision to introduce object-oriented techniques at this level. Those making the transition to Java and object-oriented techniques must resolve many issues, including the selection of a program development environment. The ideal environment would be inexpensive, would be easy to learn, and would highlight, rather than obscure, the design of an object-oriented system. The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce educators to just such a development environment.