cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders.

When people talk, they gesture. Gesture is a fundamental component of language that contributes meaningful and unique information to a spoken message and reflects the speaker’s underlying knowledge and experiences. Theoretical perspectives of speech and gesture propose that they share a common conceptual origin and have a tightly integrated relationship, overlapping in time, meaning, and function to enrich the communicative context. We review a robust literature from the field of psychology documenting the benefits of gesture for communication for both speakers and listeners, as well as its important cognitive functions for organizing spoken language, and facilitating problem-solving, learning, and memory. Despite this evidence, gesture has been relatively understudied in populations with neurogenic communication disorders. While few studies have examined the rehabilitative potential of gesture in these populations, others have ignored gesture entirely or even discouraged its use. We review the literature characterizing gesture production and its role in intervention for people with aphasia, as well as describe the much sparser literature on gesture in cognitive communication disorders including right hemisphere damage, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. The neuroanatomical and behavioral profiles of these patient populations provide a unique opportunity to test theories of the relationship of speech and gesture and advance our understanding of their neural correlates. This review highlights several gaps in the field of communication disorders which may serve as a bridge for applying the psychological literature of gesture to the study of language disorders. Such future work would benefit from considering theoretical perspectives of gesture and using more rigorous and quantitative empirical methods in its approaches. We discuss implications for leveraging gesture to explore its untapped potential in understanding and rehabilitating neurogenic communication disorders.
Real-Time Vehicle Trajectory Estimation Based on Lane Change Detection using Smartphone Sensors:

As technology is moving rapidly toward automation and connectivity, it is of paramount importance to predict vehicle trajectories ahead of time. This not only enhances safety but also ensures mobil...
Dynamically controlled dielectrophoresis using resonant tuning

Electrically polarizable micro- and nanoparticles and droplets can be trapped using the gradient electric field of electrodes. But the spatial profile of the resultant dielectrophoretic force is fixed once the electrode structure is defined. To change the force profile, entire complex lab-on-a-chip systems must be re-fabricated with modified electrode structures. To overcome this problem, we propose an approach for the dynamic control of the spatial profile of the dielectrophoretic force by interfacing the trap electrodes with a resistor and an inductor to form a resonant resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit. Using a dielectrophoretically trapped water droplet suspended in silicone oil, we show that the resonator amplitude, detuning, and linewidth can be continuously varied by changing the supply voltage, supply frequency, and the circuit resistance to obtain the desired trap depth, range, and stiffness. We show that by proper tuning of the resonator, the trap range can be extended without increasing the supply voltage, thus preventing sensitive samples from exposure to high electric fields at the stable trapping position. Such unprecedented dynamic control of dielectrophoretic forces opens avenues for the tunable active manipulation of sensitive biological and biochemical specimen in droplet microfluidic devices used for single-cell and biochemical reaction analysis.
Exploring a Functional Role for BMP10 in Heart Failure

Purpose Cardiac fibrosis leads to adverse clinical outcomes in heart failure. Published studies have identified that bone morphogenetic protein-10 (BMP-10), a member of the transforming growth factor-b (TGB-b) superfamily, may form a heterodimer with BMP-9, which binds to the TGF-b co-receptor endoglin with high affinity and has been shown to limit cardiac fibrosis in heart failure. We hypothesized that a model of pressure overload-induced heart failure increases BMP-10 expression in the left ventricle, which limits cardiac fibrosis by increasing signaling via Smad1. Methods Adult, male 10-week-old mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) using a 27G needle for all studies. C57 Bl/6 wild-type mice were subjected to TAC for 2 (acute) or 8 (chronic) weeks to quantify BMP-9 and BMP-10 expression. LV pressure-volume loop and echocardiographic data were obtained. Results A total of 6 mice underwent sham operations, 8 underwent 2-week TAC, and 8 underwent 8-week TAC. All mice survived until harvest. Compared to sham, there was a reduced ejection fraction and a dilated LV internal diastolic dimension in the chronic TAC cohort (Sham: 71±4 % v 8-week: 30±14%, p=0.001; Sham: 2.2±0.3 mm v 8-week: 3.8±0.6 mm, p=0.02). Additionally, compared to sham, both LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were increased in the chronic TAC group (Sham: 57±11 uL v 8-week: 91±419 uL, p=0.02; Sham: 17±5 uL v 8-week: 64±23 uL, p=0.007). Compared to sham, minimum LV pressure was elevated in the chronic TAC cohort (Sham: -4.5±1.3 mmHg v 8-week: 8.8±10.3 mmHg, p= 0.04). BMP-10 mRNA expression was elevated in the right atrium, but reduced in the ventricles, at 8 weeks of TAC, while BMP-10 protein expression was increased at 8 weeks of TAC (Figure 1A-B). BMP-9 expression was reduced in the chronic TAC cohort in the left ventricle while endoglin levels were unchanged (Figure 1C). Conclusion BMP-10 mRNA levels are downregulated, while protein levels are upregulated, in the LV at 8 weeks of TAC. Further studies are needed to fully explore the functional role of BMP-10 in the heart.
Lichen 2. Constituents

Abstract Lichens are slow-growing niche-constructing organisms that form a thallus via scripted symbiotic/mutualist relationships between fungi, algae, and bacteria. Here we use quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QFDEEM) to document the ultrastructure of the eukaryotic organisms and the extracellular matrix materials that are found in four lichens. Previous studies have shown that each thallus in a complex lichen consists of a central medullary layer containing aligned fungal hyphae. These medullary hyphae send lateral branches to an upper layer, some making contact with resident algae, and usually to a lower layer. As the thallus ages, such “regular” branches transform into acellular versions called “struts” and “honeycombs.” We conclude with a consideration of two materials that are synthesized and secreted by lichenized fungi: abundant secondary products/metabolites that often crystallize, and hydrophobin proteins that self-assemble into films.
Chemical proteomic analysis of palmostatin beta-lactone analogs that affect N-Ras palmitoylation.

Abstract S-Palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that regulates protein trafficking and signaling. The enzymatic depalmitoylation of proteins is inhibited by the beta-lactones Palmostatin M and B, which have been found to target several serine hydrolases. In efforts to better understand the mechanism of action of Palmostatin M, we describe herein the synthesis, chemical proteomic analysis, and functional characterization of analogs of this compound. We identify Palmostatin M analogs that maintain inhibitory activity in N-Ras depalmitoylation assays while displaying complementary reactivity across the serine hydrolase class as measured by activity-based protein profiling. Active Palmostatin M analogs inhibit the recently characterized ABHD17 subfamily of depalmitoylating enzymes, while sparing other candidate depalmitoylases such as LYPLA1 and LYPLA2. These findings improve our understanding of the structure-activity relationship of Palmostatin M and refine the set of serine hydrolase targets relevant to the compound’s effects on N-Ras palmitoylation dynamics.
Segmented deformable micro-mirror for free-space optical communication

In this paper, we describe a fabrication process for adaptive optics mirrors based on bonding of MEMS structures to electrode chips. This approach allows scaling to large mirror arrays for free-space communication. We demonstrate the process by fabricating pixelated 4 by 4 arrays of micro-mirrors with 1 /spl mu/m displacement at 200 V actuation voltage.
Biogenic Amines as Circulating Hormones in Insects

The biogenic amines include the phenolamines such as octopamine, dopamine, and the trace amine tyramine, as well as the indolamine serotonin. They are ancient, evolutionarily conserved molecules that have been adapted for use in several physiological contexts, with critical and nonoverlapping functions in development beyond their roles as signaling molecules in the nervous system. These molecules interact with hormone-signaling pathways to elicit distinct behavioral and developmental responses. Both dopamine and serotonin are vital for life; insects lacking dopamine or serotonin die as embryonic lethals. Octopamine and tyramine, while not vital, play diverse critical roles in behavior and development. While the number of octopamine-, tyramine-, dopamine-, and serotonin-containing neurons is relatively small in most insect species (approximately 100 or fewer throughout the central nervous system), their processes extend throughout the body to target numerous peripheral organs, strong evidence for a neurohormonal role for these molecules. These numerous functions are key to maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, and current data suggest that several of these pathways have been conserved throughout evolution.
Dynamic versus Adaptive Processor Allocation Policies for Message Passing Parallel Computers: An Empirical Comparison

When a job arrives at a space-sharing multiprocessor system, a decision has to be made regarding the number and the specific identities of the processors to be allocated to it. An adaptive policy may consider the state of the system at arrival time but it does not allow preemption of any of the running jobs. A dynamic partitioning policy may preempt one or more of the currently running jobs to accommodate the new arrival. In this paper performance of dynamic and adaptive policies is investigated experimentally on a message passing architecture (Intel Paragon). The workload model is based on matrix computation applications commonly found on large systems used for scientific programming. Results are reported for single and multiclass cases. A sensitivity analysis with respect to workload speedup characteristics is presented. Our results show that if the preemption overheads are kept low, dynamic polices result in noticeable improvement in overall performance of the system.
Histochemical visualization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (enkephalinase) activity in rat brain: cellular localization and codistribution with enkephalins in the globus pallidus.

We have developed a novel fluorescent histochemical method to localize the enzyme neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (NEP, E.C. 3.4.24.11, enkephalinase) in the rat brain in order to directly compare the relative distributions of the enzyme and its putative peptide substrate, the enkephalins. The method is based on the sequential cleavage of the synthetic peptide substrate, glutaryl-alanyl-alanyl- phenylanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, by NEP and exogenous aminopeptidase M to yield free 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine (MNA). In the presence of nitrosalicylaldehyde, free MNA is captured, yielding an insoluble yellow fluorescent precipitate which marks the site of NEP activity. The specificity of the method was demonstrated using the selective NEP inhibitors thiorphan, phosphoramidon, and JHF26. All NEP staining throughout the brain was abolished using a 50-nM concentration of these inhibitors. The enzyme was richly localized to many regions, including the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, several cranial nerve nuclei, nuclei of the reticular formation of the medulla. In most regions, reaction product was associated with cell bodies of varying size and morphology. In a number of regions, colchicine increased the amount of NEP staining, particularly in cell processes. The regional distribution pattern of the enzyme, however, did not change in response to colchicine and was similar to that of untreated animals. The histochemical localization of NEP was combined with fluorescent immunocytochemical visualization of the enkephalins in order to localize both in the same tissue section. In the globus pallidus, this combined fluorescent technique revealed numerous NEP-positive cell bodies surrounded by fiber pathways displaying intense enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The source of the NEP in the globus pallidus was studied using the neurotoxic agent, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). A pronounced decrease in NEP cellular staining was observed within 7 d in response to NMDA, persisted for at least 16 weeks, and correlated with injury of pallidal neurons. There was no apparent change in enkephalin- like immunoreactivity in the globus pallidus in response to NMDA. These data provide evidence that NEP and enkephalin in the globus pallidus derive from different sources. This study supports the hypothesis that NEP localizes to enkephalin-rich regions of the rat brain, and that the enzyme may be involved in the inactivation of synaptically released enkephalins.
Shock, Treatment of

Shock is a state of inadequate O2 supply. It has many causes that include hypovolemia, maldistribution of perfusion, and cardiac pump failure. The common end-point of all causes of shock is deficient capillary perfusion that triggers metabolic changes in organs and tissues. Acid–base and blood gas measurements are a common global measure of these metabolic changes. Mean blood pressure, heart rate, sublingual capnometry, capillary refill time, and mental status changes are noninvasive measures that have been used to quantitate shock. Invasive measurements include pulmonary artery or central venous pressure changes in response to fluid challenge, blood sampling, and cardiac output measurement to calculate O2 consumption, O2 extraction, and O2 delivery. Brain function can be monitored continuously by near-infrared spectroscopy and cerebral oximetry, cardiac function by transesophageal echocardiogram, and renal function by urinary flow and creatinine clearance. But all these measures have drawbacks because of their invasiveness, lack of validation, or sensitivity as markers of shock. The future holds promise of proteomic diagnostic tools and identification of shock factors and mediators that may reverse the multiorgan effects of prolonged shock and reduce mortality and morbidity. Keywords: shock; tissue perfusion; cellular metabolism; O2 supply; O2 extraction; hypovolemia; maldistribution; cardiac failure; hypoperfusion; hypoxemia; mean blood pressure; base deficit; hemoglobin concentration; cardiac preload; cardiac after-load; contractility; fluid challenge; cardiac catheterization; thermodilution cardiac output; blood lactate; acid–base; blood gases; sublingual capnometry; cerebral oximetry; jugular bulb O2 saturation; inotropic agents; critical O2 delivery; vasodilators; intraaortic balloon pump; hypothermia; proteomics; genomics; shock factors and mediators; multiorgan failure; immuno suppression
Bitcoins vs. State Money Transmission Laws: Protecting Consumers or Hindering Innovation?

Part I of this article will outline the history of Bitcoins and describe the kinds of businesses that use Bitcoins. Part II discusses the money transmission laws, including how other money transmitters facing similar situations have been regulated and some of the state-level money transmission laws. Finally, Part III argues that the states have been regulating money transmitters incorrectly and that Congress should encourage growth and innovation in the industry by preempting the state laws.
A multi-continuum theory for composite elastic materials

A continuum theory for composite materials is presented in which the composite constituents are modeled by superimposed continua which undergo thermal and mechanical interactions. Kinematical notions, field equations and a constitutive theory are developed, including consequences of material frame indifference and material symmetry which restrict the form of the response functions. The final result is a set of linearized equations for thermal and mechanical processes in laminated or fiber reinforced composite elastic materials.
Emotional reactions to physiological sensations: panic disorder patients and non-clinical Ss.

Abstract One hundred and fifty-one non-clinical S s and 18 patients suffering panic disorder with agoraphobia completed a questionnaire to assess their experience of physiological sensations and their emotional reactions to these sensations. The non-clinical group was divided into those who reported having ever experienced a DSM-III-R uncued panic attack ( n = 21) and those who did not ( n = 130). The results indicated that physiological sensations characteristic of panic attacks are commonly experienced by non-clinical S s. The major difference between panic disorder patients and non-clinical S s who had never experienced a panic attack is that the former group are far more likely to respond with anxiety to the sensations. Non-clinical panickers fall between the other two groups in terms of their anxious response to physical sensations. The panic disorder S s report a greater intensity, duration and frequency of the physiological sensations than either of the non-clinical groups. The results provide some support for biopsychosocial models of panic attacks.
O Meio como o Lugar da História

This article presents some general principles of a Javae’s theory of action, or a theory of reality creation, or alternatively, considerations on how social reality is created/transformed through human agency (a definition of ‘history’). In such a native theory, expressed through mythology and social practices, the subject of action is not the mind of a rational and independent individual, but the relation between two subjects/bodies. All creation, be the biological creation of children or the social creation of social forms, is conceived of as a result of a paradoxical interaction/fusion between the male and female bodies, between the one and the other, between continuities and changes. Once there is no separation between substance and spirits, body and mind, or culture and nature, all creation is understood as a procreation, therefore, the study of corporal concepts and practices is also the study of Javae ethno-history.
Regional habitat appraisals of wildlife communities: A landscape-level evaluation of a resource planning model using avian distribution data

A simple regional habitat model founded on the relation between vertical habitat complexity and species richness has been used to describe wildlife habitat in response to macroscale patterns in land use and land cover. While the model has a basis in ecological theory, it has not been subjected to rigorous testing. We evaluated the model's fundamental assumption on landscapes in the eastern forested region of the United States and found the model to be supported when we used a measure of avian community integrity during the breeding season. The model was improved by incorporating measures of horizontal heterogeneity, indicating that the vertical and horizontal structure of habitats should be considered in analyzing the response of wildlife to land resource policies that can affect broad land use patterns.
Putting the Fun Into Functions Through the Use of Manipulatives, Computers, and Calculators

For six years, the authors have conducted a series of professional development workshops for teachers in Grades K-8. This article summarizes some of the research from those workshops and gives an overview of the approach taken. The institutes emphasized basic reasoning skills based upon the NCTM Standards and the Kentucky Education Reform Act, integrating manipulative materials and technology. The article demonstrates the integration of manipulatives and technology using patterns, relations and functions as examples.
Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Curing Erectile Dysfunction

Basic science research on erectile physiology has focused on the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction (ED) and has provided convincing evidence that ED is predominately a disease of vascular etiology correlating with coronary artery disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and diabetes mellitus [1,2]. ED is also associated with aging and pelvic surgeries, specifically radical prostatectomy (RP). Scientific evidence supports the concept that endothelial dysfunction and the resulting reduction in the release of nitric oxide (NO) from the endothelium during sexual stimulation is an important contributor to the pathophysiology of vasculogenic ED [3]. Furthermore, the oxygen tensiondependent changes in the penis during erection are proposed to have an impact on corpus cavernosal structure by inducing various cytokines, vasoactive factors, and growth factors, which, in turn, alter smooth muscle metabolism and connective tissue synthesis [4]. The absence of regular sexually stimulated or nocturnal penile erections causes, in theory, an insufficient oxygen supply to the penis, resulting in increased fibrogenesis and reduced smooth muscle content that further augment ED. Vasoactive pharmacotherapy (ie, type 5 phosphodiesterase [PDE5] inhibitors) traditionally uses an ‘‘on demand,’’ acute method of administration. However, recent data propose ‘‘chronic’’ long-term administration of these agents as a ‘‘curative purpose’’ in the management of ED [5]. There have
Interlitter variability and developmental stage of day 11 rat embryos produced by overnight and morning short-period breeding regimens.

Day 11 rat embryos produced by overnight and morning short-period breeding regimens were compared for differences in interlitter variability and stage of development. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were mated either overnight (5 PM-9 AM, n = 22) or for 2 hr in the morning (8–10 AM, n = 20), and the presence of a vaginal plug was determined (day 0). At 11 AM on day 11 of gestation, rats were killed and embryos were examined for crown-rump length, somite number, and general morphology; protein content was determined later. There were no differences in mean number of implantations, live embryos, and abnormalities between the two regimens. There were significant differences in mean crown-rump length, somite number, and protein content but not in the magnitude of their variances. The difference in mean somite number was 1.2 (23.7 vs. 24.9), which corresponds to a time difference in development of approximately 2 hr. The range of mean somite number in morning short-period breeding group was 3.2 (22.2–25.4), corresponding to approximately 5.3 hr. These results are inconsistent with the popularly held hypothesis that the timing of fertilization is the major cause of interlitter variability.
Combined LMS/F algorithm

A new adaptive filter algorithm has been developed that combines the benefits of the least mean square (LMS) and least mean fourth (LMF) methods. This algorithm, called LMS/F, outperforms the standard LMS algorithm judging either constant convergence rate or constant misadjustment. While LMF outperforms LMS for certain noise profiles, its stability cannot be guaranteed for known input signals even For very small step sizes. However, both LMS and LMS/F have good stability properties and LMS/F only adds a few more computations per iteration compared to LMS. Simulations of a non-stationary system identification problem demonstrate the performance benefits of the LMS/F algorithm.
Automated 3D region-based volumetric estimation of optic disc swelling in papilledema using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

ABSTRACT The six-stage Frisen scale is a qualitative and subjective method for assessing papilledema (optic disc swellingdue to raised intracranial pressure) using fundus photographs. The recent introduction of spectral-domain opti-cal coherence tomography (SD-OCT) presents a promising alternative to enable the 3-D quantitative estimationof papilledema. In this work, we propose an automated region-based volumetric estimation of the degree of pa-pilledema from SD-OCT. After using a custom graph-based approach to segment the surfaces of the swollen opticnerve head, the volumes of the nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior regions are computed. Using a dataset of70 SD-OCT optic-nerve-head (ONH) SD-OCT scans, the Spearman rank correlation coecients between expert-de ned Frisen scale grades and the total retinal (TR) volume, nasal, superior, temporal, inferior regional volumeswere 0.737, 0.752, 0.747, 0.770 and 0.758, respectively. Also, a fuzzy k -nearest-neighbor ( k -NN) algorithm wasused to predict Frisen scale grades (in a leave-one-subject-out fashion). Using multiple features rather than justthe TR volume made the resulting mean Frisen grade di erence (MGD) between the expert-de ned grades 0.386(down from 0.629) and prediction accuracy 64.29% (up from 41.43%).Keywords: Papilledema, optical coherence tomography (OCT), graph search, retinal layer segmentation, fuzzyk -NN
Cranioplasty in children

The objective was to assess the outcome and complications associated with different cranioplasty implant materials in children. A retrospective review was conducted of 28 consecutive cranioplasties carried out on 24 children between 1994 and 2001 (age range, 9 months to 15 years; minimum follow-up 18 months). The indications were: defect from previous craniectomy for trauma, tumour, infection or evacuation of haematoma (n=21), intradiploic dermoid cysts (n=2), growing fractures (n=4) and residual bony defect following craniofacial reconstruction (n=1). The materials used were: patient’s craniectomised bone flap (n=16), split calvarial graft (n=8), acrylic (n=3) and titanium (n=1). All patients were assessed for bony fixation, cosmesis, wound healing and flap infection. There was no mortality and 18% morbidity (n=5: 3 infected flaps, 1 sterile wound dehiscence and 1 sterile wound discharge; overall infection rate 10%). Out of the 14 patients who had their own craniectomised bone flaps implanted initially, 3 became infected (2 in patients with bilateral defects) necessitating flap removal. Two of these were successfully re-implanted. No donor or recipient bone flap complications were seen in the 8 split calvarial grafts, wound discharge was seen in 1, requiring wound toilet. No complications were seen with acrylic or titanium cranioplasties. In this series, the use of the patients’ own craniectomised flap had a low infection rate, and was mainly seen in patients who had bilateral flaps re-implanted soon after removal. There were no complications arising from the use of split calvarial and allograft material. Use of autologous implant material should be preferred whenever possible due to obvious resource and biological advantages, and can even be re-implanted if infected.
The effect of monensin on intracellular transport and secretion of α-amylase isoenzymes in barley aleurone

The effect of monensin on the secretion of α-amylase and other enzymes from the aleurone layer of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) was studied by electrophoresis followed by fluorography and by pulse-chase and organelle-isolation experiments. Monensin markedly inhibits the secretion, but not the synthesis, of α-amylase, acid phosphatase, and at least four other proteins from the aleurone layer. Monensin treatment causes α-amylase to accumulate within the protoplast, but its effect on the different α-amylase isoenzymes is not equal. The accumulation of isoenzyme 2 is not influenced by monensin while isoenzymes 1, 3 and 4 are not secreted but rather accumulate in the cell when monensin is included in the incubation medium. The α-amylase and acid-phosphatase activities which accumulate within the aleurone cells following treatment with monensin are localized in an organelle having a buoyant density greater than that of endoplasmic reticulum and less than that of mitochondria. In pulse-chase experiments with [35S]methionine, labelled proteins accumulate in this organelle in the presence of monensin and do not appear in the incubation medium. We conclude that monensin inhibits the secretion of proteins from the barley aleurone layer by influencing their intracellular transport.
High Tech and Educational Reform: Counselors Can Help Principals Serve Needs of All Students.

High technology and the educational reform movement hold much promise for the school curriculum. But the benefits must be kept in perspective with the realities of tomorrow's work place, warns this writer.
Three investigations exploring relationships between perceived teacher communication behaviors and student learning

This essay reports three investigations which examined the relationship between perceived teacher communication behavior and either student perceptions of teaching effectiveness or student learning. Teachers who were perceived as having greater interpersonal solidarity and a more positive communicator style (more dramatic, open, relaxed, impression leaving, and friendly) were perceived as more effective. Furthermore, positive perceptions of teacher communicator style resulted in greater student affect toward the instructor, the course content, and the overall course. It also resulted in greater student behavioral intent to use the course. The relationship of communicator style to cognitive learning, however, was less clear and basically nonexistent. The relationship between perceived teacher immediacy (a variable previously demonstrated to be highly predictive of affective and behavioral commitment) and communicator style was also examined and discussed.
Levinas, Heidegger, and Hitlerism's Ontological Racism

Unforeseen History. By Emmanuel Levinas. Translated by Nidra Poller (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004), xxviii + 150 pp. $18.00 cloth. Emmanuel Levinas developed his ethical philosoph...
Isolation and expression analysis of two tomato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase S (large) subunit gene promoters

Abstract ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC2.7.7.27) is a key enzyme in starch synthesis. The enzyme is a heterotetramer with two S (large) and two B (small) subunits. In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), there are three S subunit genes. The Agp S1 and Agp S3 genes and their promoters were isolated from a tomato genomic library. The Agp S1 promoter region has a TATAA box at −57 bp and a CCAAT box at the −8 bp position. Tomato Agp S1 promoter is active in starch storage tissues, and in organs that are carbohydrate sinks. Its activity is localized in the guard cells and veins of the leaf, in the root cap and root vascular tissues, in the starch sheath cells of the stem and in the ovary and stamens of the flower. It is also active in pollen, seeds and in the inner pericarp wall and placental tissue of developing tomato fruits. No activity was observed in mesophyll cells, or in the ovaries at anthesis. The Agp S3 promoter has a CCAAT box at the −115 bp position and multiple GC rich regions around the CCAAT box, but it does not contain a TATAA box. Tomato Agp S3 promoter is expressed in the mesophyll cells, guard cells and veins of the leaf. In the flower, Agp S3 is strongly expressed in the sepals, ovary and anthers at anthesis. Deletions in the distil 5′ upstream region of Agp S3 indicated that only a 0.5 kb fragment of the Agp S3 promoter is required for complete expression in transgenic plants. Agp S3 contains a minimal promoter with little evidence of functional cis-acting regulatory elements. For AGPase, the different requirements for regulation of enzyme activity between source leaves and sink organs are met in part by the evolution of multiple S subunit genes with very different promoters.
Social Support and Adjustment to Work: A Longitudinal Study

This study focused on the role played by social support on the job from coworkers and supervisor in facilitating newcomer adjustment and in mitigating the effects of unmet-expectations stress. The literature on social support indicates that it has three kinds of impacts on stress and subsequent outcomes: a main effect on outcomes, a main effect on perceived stress, and a moderating effect on outcomes. The present study investigated the interrelationships of stress, social support, and outcomes at work, using a sample of newly graduated nurses in their first six months on full-time hospital jobs. A longitudinal design employing three waves of data collection was used. Social support was found to have important main effects in reducing the level of unmet-expectations stress and facilitating positive adjustment outcomes among newcomers.
Histone acetylation beyond promoters: long-range acetylation patterns in the chromatin world*

Histone acetylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls transcription and diverse nuclear processes. While great progress has been made in understanding how localized acetylation and deacetylation control promoter activity, virtually nothing is known about the consequences of acetylation throughout entire chromosomal regions. An increasing number of genes have been found to reside in large chromatin domains that are controlled by regulatory elements many kilobases away. Recent studies have shown that broad histone acetylation patterns are hallmarks of chromatin domains. The purpose of this review is to discuss how such patterns are established and their implications for regulating gene expression.
Wireless tomography, Part II: A system engineering approach

This is the second paper in a series on a new initiative of wireless tomography. The goal is to combine two areas: wireless communication and radio tomography. This paper studies wireless tomography from a system engineering's point of view. Machine learning and waveform diversity will be applied to wireless tomography. The potential system architecture for wireless tomography will also be given.
Weight, corticosterone and glucose: changes with time of day after food deprivation.

Abstract The effects of constant food deprivation, terminated at different times of day were examined with respect to percent body weight loss (%BWL), plasma corticosterone (PC) and plasma glucose (PG). A 19-hour food deprivation paradigm schedule staggered around varying times of the day-night cycle was used. Patterns of %BWL related to nocturnal lipogenesis and diurnal lipolysis showed the greatest loss (10%) occurring at 0700 hr, while in evening hours, there was an increasing pattern of weight loss, with the greatest amount (7%) occurring at 2200 hr. A pattern suggestive of neuroregulatory cycles of glucocorticoid release was evident for PC levels; maximum levels for PC (23.2 μg%) were reported at 0700 hr and at 1900 hr (16.6 μg%). Similar patterns were also noted in PG levels, with respective maximum levels of 138.0 mg% and 125.8 mg% occurring at 0700 hr and 1900 hr. These results indicate that the time of day that a deprivation schedule is initiated and terminated is an important consideration due to the impact of circadian photoperiodism. Time of day should be an essential consideration when utilizing deprivation paradigms.
Contraceptive Behaviors in Adolescents

A wide range of factors influence adolescents' contraceptive behaviors, from personal characteristics to family context to social support to knowledge about and access to contraception. Improving knowledge about contraception and counseling about successful contraceptive use can be helpful in decreasing the remarkably high US rates of adolescent pregnancy. Encouraging the postponement of sexual activity until an individual adolescent is developmentally capable of participating in a mature, healthy, mutually respectful relationship that incorporates effective contraception clearly is a goal that most clinicians, parents, teachers, and other responsible adults can support. Contraceptive technologies that incorporate delivery systems that are "user-friendly" and long-acting also will help to further lower US adolescent pregnancy rates that, while improving, are currently among the highest in the world.
The Fermilab DØ Overpass Power Supply System

The overpass power supply system consists of two power supplies. A 1 kV, 3600A SCR supply drives eight Main Ring type magnets and must track twice the Main Ring current to within ±0.1%. The second supply drives trim coils wound inside four of the main magnets. This dual-converter SCR supply, a modified Fermilab H. O. P. S. unit,1 supplies ±50A at ±30V and it must generate ±200V swings to buck-out the voltage inductively coupled from the main supply. Both power supply regulators use dead reckoned voltage drive programs to extend their effective bandwidths.
Intra-Operator and Inter-Operator Reliability and Repeatability of Muscle Measurement Via Ultrasonography in the Equine Cervical Spine

Introduction Ultrasonography is used for functional assessment of deep peri-vertebral muscles in people with neck pain. This study evaluated intra-operator and inter-operator reliability and repeatability of ultrasound image acquisition (US) and muscle cross-sectional area measurement (CSA) of m. multifidus and m. longus colli in the equine cervical spine. Methods Two US operators independently acquired 60 unilateral US images per horse from 5 standing horses (mean ± SD: age: 12.1 ± 10.5 years) at spinal levels C3-C6 (m. multifidus) and C2-C5 (m. longus colli). Each operator traced each image blindly three times (n = 360 per operator) to calculate CSA. ANOVA analysis compared CSA across all subjects within and between operators for effects of vertebral level, reliability of image acquisition and repeatability of CSA calculation. Results Intra-operator results for m. multifidus were 72% (ICC) and 5% (CV), and 90% (ICC) and 4% (CV) between operators. Image acquisition was unreliable at C6. Intra-operator results for m. longus colli were 100% (ICC) and 0% (CV), and 77% (ICC) and 0% (CV) between operators. Image acquisition was unreliable at C2. CSA for both muscles was largest at C4 and C5. Conclusions Ultrasonography could be used reliably and repeatably for CSA measurement of m. multifidus and m. longus colli in the mid-cervical spine of the horse. Further studies will determine reliability across time and CSA side-side symmetry in horses with neck pain. Ethical Animal Research Approval for this study was obtained under Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee number 02-11/020-00. Sources of funding: Michigan State University CVM Endowed Research Funds. Competing interests: none.
Experimental immune-mediated motor neuron diseases: models for human ALS.

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an idiopathic, utlimately fatal disease, clinically manifest as progressive weakness and spasticity, associated with the loss of motoneurons. Circumstantial evidence supports a role for autoimmune processes in the progression of this human disorder. Two immune-mediated animal models have been developed in our laboratory for motor neuron loss. Experimental autoimmune motor neuron disease is a lower motor syndrome induced in guinea pigs by the repeated injection of a purified bovine spinal motor neuron antigen. Affected animals demonstrate extremity weakness, associated with electromyographic and morphologic evidence of denervation, a loss of spinal cord motor neurons, high antibody titers against motor neurons, and localization of IgG immunoreactivity to the neuromuscular junction and motor neuron cytoplasm. Experimental autoimmune grey matter disease is a more acute and severe disorder involving both upper and lower motor neurons, induced in guinea pigs by inoculation of a bovine ventral spinal cord homogenate, in which scattered foci of denervation are observed in the motor cortex and ventral spinal cord. Similarities between these diseases and human ALS are reviewed.
ω‐Cyanothiaalkyl polyacrylates: A new class of synthetic rubbers

The synthesis and polymerization of a series of ω-cyanothiaalkyl acrylates, CH2CHCO2(CH2)mS(CH2)nCN, are described. The length of the side chain and the position of the sulfur atom are varied. Microgelation is found to occur during polymerization, as indicated by viscosity and molecular weight measurements (for 5-cyano-3-thiapentyl polyacrylate at 90% conversion: [η], 0.37 in acetone; Mw, 600 million). Possible mechanisms of gelation are considered. Glass transition temperatures and solvent swellings are reported as follows: 4-cyano-3-thiabutyl polyacrylate, Tg −24°C., 14% volume swell in benzene; 5-cyano-3-thiapentyl polyacrylate, −50°C., 20% 6-cyano-3-thiahexyl polyacrylate, −58°C., 38% 6-cyano-4-thiahexyl polyacrylate, −58°C., 42% 8-cyano-7-thiaoctyl polyacrylate, −59°C., 120%. The relation between these properties and the structure of the polymers is discussed. The swelling of 5-cyano-3-thiapentyl polyacrylate in eighteen other fluids is given; an estimate (between 10 and 12.5) is made of the solubility parameter of this polymer. Bulk properties are reported for the vulcanizate of 5-cyano-3-thiapentyl polyacrylate.
Recycling of unfilled polyurethane rubber using high-power ultrasound

This investigation deals with the recycling of polyurethane rubber by the application of high-power ultrasound in a continuous ultrasonic coaxial reactor. The cured rubber has been devulcanized at various feed rates and various gap sizes and then revulcanized again with certain adjustments in the curing recipe. The die pressure and the total power consumption have been recorded as a function of the processing conditions. The rheological and mechanical properties, hardness, gel fraction, and crosslink density of the original, devulcanized, and revulcanized samples have been measured and compared in an attempt to determine the optimum condition for devulcanization. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been carried out with the sol part of the devulcanized samples to study the devulcanization and degradation. The results show that at low flow rates and narrow gaps, the material is degraded very quickly and, therefore, exhibits very poor mechanical properties. However, increasing the feed rate results in an improvement of the mechanical properties. Measured values of the crosslink densities and gel fractions indicate the processing conditions under which greater devulcanization and degradation of the samples take place. The lower molecular weights of the sol, extracted from the devulcanized samples, obtained in the GPC experiments in comparison with polyurethane gum indicate a breakdown of the polymeric chains as a result of devulcanization. The devulcanized samples show a higher activation energy of viscous flow, possibly because of the formation of branched structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 980–989, 2003
Pressure Effects on Postulated Lunar Materials

Thermal conductivity of solid, porous and powder rocks and minerals at subnormal temperatures and pressures with respect to lunar surface material
Hangman effect on hydrogen peroxide dismutation by Fe(III) corroles

Hangman Fe(III) corroles catalyse H2O2 disproportionation at a faster rate and display a more pronounced hangman effect than their one electron oxidized analogues owing to their ability to bypass high energy intermediates by redox-leveling derived from the use of the corrole as a non-innocent ligand.
Continuity requirements for density functions in the boundary integral equation method

Two methods of forming regular or hypersingular boundary integral equations starting from an interior integral representations are discussed. One method involves direct treatment of the singularities such as Cauchy principal value and/or finite-part interpretation of the integrals and the other does not. By either approach, theory places the same restrictions on the smoothness of the density function for the integrals to exist, assuming sufficient smoothness of the geometrical boundary itself. Specifically, necessary conditions on the smoothness of the density function for meaningful boundary integral formulas to exist as required for the collocation procedure are established here. Cases for which such conditions may not be sufficient are also mentioned and it is understood that with Galerkin techniques, weaker smoothness requirements may pertain. Finally, the bearing of these issues on the choice of boundary elements, to numerically solve a hypersingular boundary integral equation, is explored and numerical examples in 2D are presented.
Resolving the Conflicts between General and Subspecialty Medicine: The Internist as Consulting Physician-Scientist

Internal medicine is confronting a conflict between its generalist and specialty roles, coupled with a conflict between the needs of academic internal medicine in contrast to those of private practice. The historical origins of these conflicts are explored. To resolve these conflicts, internal medicine must rediscover the common ground shared by the general internist and specialist, academician and practitioner. This common ground is best found in the role of internist as physician-scientist. In the future, specialists and general internists will need to emphasize their roles as consultants. In the process, internal medicine will become smaller and more "academic." The benefits of this role for internal medicine should be rapidly demonstrated through outcomes based research in order to win over skeptical payors, peers, and the public at large.
Ventilatory control studied with circulatory occlusion during exercise recovery

Mechanisms involved in the control of pulmonary ventilation were studied in seven male subjects following 6 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 98w. Circulation to the legs was occluded by thigh cuffs (27 kPa) during the last 15 s of exercise and the subsequent 4 min of recovery. Respiratory gas exchange and the tidal partial pressures of O2 and CO2 were measured breathby-breath. The results were compared to control studies without occlusion. There was a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures during occluded recovery. Following occlusion systolic pressure remained elevated while diastolic pressure returned to control values. Occlusion during recovery caused hyperventilation during the first 1.5 min after exercise as evidenced by significantly higher $$\dot V_{\text{E}} /\dot V_{{\text{CO}}_{{\text{ 2}}} } ,{\text{ }}\dot V_{\text{E}} /\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{ 2}}} } $$ , PETO2, and lower PETCO2. Following the release of the cuffs PETCO2, $$\dot V_{\text{E}} ,{\text{ }}\dot V_{{\text{CO}}_{{\text{ 2}}} } ,{\text{ }}\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{ 2}}} } $$ , and heart rate all increased significantly above control values, while PETO2 decreased. PETCO2 rose abruptly 14.5±0.9 s after the release of the cuffs. Marked increases inV E and heart rate were seen, and occurred 30.8±1.5 s and 12.8±1.3 s, respectively, after cuff release. The 16.3±1.4 s lag between the increase in PETCO2 and $$\dot V_{\text{E}} $$ after occlusion suggests that the ventilatory response to a sudden load of hypercapnic blood is not mediated by a pulmonary chemoreceptor. Other receptors, probably the peripheral chemoreceptors, appear to be responsible for hypercapnic hyperventilation.
Women's role portrayals in magazine advertising: 1958–1983

Content analysis was used to study the changing nature of women's role portrayals. Advertisements appearing in eight general interest periodicals during November 1983 were compared with data from similar studies of magazines published during 1958 and 1970. Results indicate that current advertisements in some ways more accurately reflect the true diversity of women's social and occupational roles than do those of earlier time periods.