cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heated Three-Dimensional Turbulent Jets

An experimental investigation of heated three-dimensional turbulent free jets is presented. Emphasis is placed on the basic character of such flows and their relation to their unheated counterparts and to heated axisymmetric jets. Temperature and velocity distributions indicate that these flow fields may be characterized by three distinct regions in terms of the axis decays: a potential core region where axis values are close to the exit values, a characteristic decay region wherein the axis decays are dependent upon orifice geometry, and an axisymmetric decay region where the axis decay is axisymmetric in nature and thus independent of orifice geometry. These regions are not exactly the same for temperature as for velocity, the former being shifted somewhat upstream of the latter. Half-width data indicate that heated three-dimensional jets change shape as they proceed downstream, ultimately becoming axisymmetric in nature, regardless of initial orifice shape. Profile characteristics and similarity are discussed as well as cross-plane contours of pertinent flow variables. Some of the effects of initial conditions and exit flow quality on the subsequent development of three-dimensional jets are shown and the sensitivity of such flows to these factors is described.
Raman scattering from magnetic excitations in Cd1−xMnxTe semiconductor alloys

Abstract We have observed antisymmetric Raman scattering from low frequency magnetic excitations in Cd1−xMnxTe alloys with 0.1 ≤ × ≤ 0.7. Crystals with x = 0.65 and 0.7 exhibit a magnon line in the antiferromagnetic phase, centered at 10.5 and 12.0 cm-1 respectively, at 5 K. The frequency and the intensity of these lines decrease markedly with increasing temperature, finally disappearing in the paramagnetic phase. Crystals with 0.4 ≤ × ≤ 0.6 exhibit a similar feature at 5 K over the frequency range 4.5 – 5.5 cm-1. These are attributed to spin waves originating from antiferromagnetically ordered clusters within their spin-glass phase. All the alloys show a distinct inelastic wing in the paramagnetic phase, which may be related to the magnetic excitations within residual clusters of coupled Mn++ spins.
Socioeconomic and Institutional Factors that Facilitate and Prevent Low-Income African American Parents' Involvement in a Children's Savings Program.

National and international reports have established the legitimate use of child savings accounts (CSAs) as asset-building vehicles for youths. However, many U.S. programs report difficulty in recruiting parents for CSA programs and note the failure of some parents to take full advantage of the financial match available when they do participate. This article reports some of the findings from a mixed-method study that examines a group of African American parents' involvement with a U.S. child savings account program known as Saving for Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment (SEED). The elements that parents perceive to be critical to a CSA program are identified and those elements are then examined as they relate to the SEED program. Analyses revealed six themes where elements that parents identified as important were also elements that were frequently demonstrated in the SEED program. However, the study uncovered serious challenges encountered by the SEED staff and lessons learned in the process. Fin...
Biochemistry of Proteins That Bind and Metabolize Juvenile Hormones.

A diverse group of proteins has evolved to bind and metabolize insect juvenile hormones (JHs). Synthetic radiolabeled JHs and their photoaffinity analogs have enabled us to isolate and characterize JH binding proteins (JHBPs), a putative nuclear JH receptor, JH esterases (JHEs), JH epoxide hydrolases (JHEHs), and methyl farnesoate binding proteins (MFBPs). Highlights of recent progress on structural characterization of JHBPs and JHEHs of two lepidopterans will be described. Efforts to identify MFBPs of penaeid shrimp will be discussed, and the discovery of a possible vertebrate JHBP will be presented. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multispecies Hybridization among Native and Introduced Centrarchid Basses in Central Texas

Abstract Allele-frequency differences at 11 polymorphic protein loci provided discrete genetic markers with which to estimate the extent of hybridization among native and introduced centrarchid basses in central Texas streams. Native Guadalupe bass Micropterus treculi and northern largemouth bass M. salmoides salmoides now coexist with introduced Florida largemouth bass M. s. floridanus and smallmouth bass M. dolomieui in these streams. Interspecific hybridization was detected in three of four populations from the Blanco and San Marcos rivers, hybrids making up at least 31.8% of the individuals sampled. Complex hybridization patterns were evident, because F1, F2, and backcross hybrids were detected. At least one individual exhibited genetic markers of largemouth, smallmouth, and Guadalupe bass. Extensive multispecies hybridization threatens the survival of the endemic Guadalupe bass.
Litho/mask strategies for 32-nm half-pitch and beyond: using established and adventurous tools/technologies to improve cost and imaging performance

Cost and imaging are becoming big concerns in lithographic patterning of 32-nm half pitch and beyond, affecting the choice of lithographic patterning tools and the corresponding mask technology. In this paper, the cost and imaging aspects of ArF immersion double patterning, multiple e-beam maskless lithography, and extreme-uv lithography are discussed with proposals to make the cost acceptable. The impacts of these technologies to the masking industry are quite different. They are also given here. Some comments are made on nano-imprint lithography.
Anatomic variation of portal venous anatomy in the porta hepatis: Ultrasonographic evaluation

The appearance of the portal vein as it crosses anterior to the inferior vena cava and enters the liver at the porta hepatis was evaluated on 100 longitudinal and 100 transverse ultrasonograms. Three major variations were noted on the parasagittal scans, while four major variations were evident on the transverse images. These variations were primarily related to the size of the left portal vein and the angle at which the left portal vein coursed away from the main portal vein. The appearance and course of the proximal right portal vein was extremely constant and may therefore be used as a landmark to detect pathologic processes in the porta hepatis. Detection of altered anatomy in this region may be especially helpful in correctly differentiating dilated intrahepatic bile ducts from normal portal veins.
Transcriptional and translational heterogeneity among neonatal mouse spermatogonia

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are a subset of undifferentiated spermatogonia responsible for ongoing spermatogenesis in mammalian testes. Spermatogonial stem cells arise from morphologically homogeneous prospermatogonia, but growing evidence suggests that only a subset of prospermatogonia develops into the foundational SSC pool. This predicts that subtypes of undifferentiated spermatogonia with discrete mRNA and protein signatures should be distinguishable in neonatal testes. We used single-cell quantitative RT-PCR to examine mRNA levels of 172 genes in individual spermatogonia from 6-day postnatal (P6) mouse testes. Cells enriched from P6 testes using the StaPut or THY1(+) magnetic cell sorting methods exhibited considerable heterogeneity in the abundance of specific germ cell and stem cell mRNAs, segregating into one somatic and three distinct spermatogonial clusters. However, P6 Id4-eGFP(+) transgenic spermatogonia, which are known to be enriched for SSCs, were more homogeneous in their mRNA levels, exhibiting uniform levels for the majority of genes examined (122 of 172). Interestingly, these cells displayed nonuniform (50 of 172) expression of a smaller cohort of these genes, suggesting there is substantial heterogeneity even within the Id4-eGFP(+) population. Further, although immunofluorescence staining largely demonstrated conformity between mRNA and protein levels, some proteins were observed in patterns that were disparate from those detected for the corresponding mRNAs in Id4-eGFP(+) spermatogonia (e.g., Kit, Sohlh2, Stra8), suggesting additional heterogeneity is introduced at the posttranscriptional level. Taken together, these data demonstrate the existence of multiple spermatogonial subtypes in P6 mouse testes and raise the intriguing possibility that these subpopulations may correlate with the development of functionally distinct spermatogenic cell types.
Space-Time Code Design for Multiple-Access Channels With Quantized Feedback

We investigate how to design space-time block codes for multiple access channels with full diversity and low decoding complexity for any number of transmitters and one receiver with quantized feedback. We provide the details of our scheme for four transmitters and four antennas. Each transmitter sends codewords to the receiver at the same time. We propose a codebook design and feedback scheme that combines space-time block coding and array processing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scheme with quantized feedback that can achieve low-complexity decoding and full diversity for any number of users when all users transmit at the same time.
Extracting amplitudes for single and double ionization from a time-dependent wave packet

A method is described for extracting double ionization amplitudes from a quantum wave packet for an atom after a short radiation pulse, but while the electrons are still interacting. The procedure involves the use of exterior complex scaling to effectively propagate the field-free solution to infinite times, and allows the use of existing integral formulas for double ionization amplitudes for two electron atoms and molecules.
Chemosensory Deprivation in Juvenile Coho Salmon Exposed to Dissolved Copper under Varying Water Chemistry Conditions

Dissolved copper is an important nonpoint source pollutant in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Copper is neurotoxic to fish and is specifically known to interfere with the normal function of the peripheral olfactory nervous system. However, the influence of water chemistry on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper to olfactory sensory neurons is not well understood. Here we used electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to investigate the impacts of copper in freshwaters with different chemical properties. In low ionic strength artificial fresh water, a short-term (30 min) exposure to 20 µg/L dissolved copper reduced the olfactory response to a natural odorant (10−5 M L-serine) by 82%. Increasing water hardness (0.2–1.6 mM Ca) or alkalinity (0.2–3.2 mM HCO3−) only slightly diminished the inhibitory effects of copper. Moreover, the loss of olfactory function was not affected by a change in pH from 8.6 to 7.6. By contrast, olfactory capacit...
Nutritional problems of the Arab world

Population growth within the Arab World at nearly 3.0 percent per annum is one of the largest in the world. Food production is barely keeping pace with this increase and the area remains dependent on imported grains. The diet of the region is based on wheat as a staple. Although specific nutrient deficiencies do exist, in general if food energy needs are met so also will be needs for most nutrients. The major nutritional problem of the area remains protein‐energy malnutrition of the young child. This appears to be more related to hygienic and socio‐economic factors than to a lack of protein in the diet. In this connection the role of commercial activity in the feeding of infants and its relationship to infantile malnutrition is discussed. The solutions to nutritional problems in the area are considered to lie more in the areas of population control, and in agricultural, political and social reforms than in specific nutrition intervention programs.
Does Jane Austen Write Screenplays? Mansfield Park and the Dilemma of Jane Austen in Film

In discussing Jane Austen's works, two main approaches seem to offer themselves to the literary scholar: to focus on her writings—in or out of historical, social, and intellectual context—or to wid...
Modeling of arbitrarily shaped signal lines and discontinuities

The propagation characteristics of signal lines and discontinuities embedded in a homogeneous medium, having any shape composed of steps along the Cartesian coordinates, are obtained through an extension of the author's previous work (1986) on scattering from periodic apertures. The approach is specifically applied to high-performance computer packages, where previously used capacitance and inductance techniques may not be appropriate. Numerical results are given for representative structures that involve signal lines, mesh planes, vias, and crossing and coupled lines. >
Community residential and partial hospital care: low-cost alternative systems in the spectrum of care

The treatment of serious mental illness in private psychiatric hospitals is undergoing radical change. Instead of costly, long-term inpatient hospitalization, low-cost alternatives are emerging as a vital part of a new “system of care.” These alternatives include a range of community residences and partial hospitalization. The creation of these facilities enables a psychiatric hospital to meet the new health care economic realities by containing the cost of treating the most seriously ill patients. Simultaneously, these services provide more adequate treatment for such patients and sustain a core value system of clinical rehabilitation.
Alkynolpyridines and Their Complexes with Triphenylphosphine Oxide

2,6-Bis(3-methyl-butyn-3-ol)pyridine (1) and 2-bromo-6-[3-methyl-butyn-3-ol]pyridine (2) form complexes with triphenylphosphine oxide, 1·2tppo and 2·tppo, respectively. Hydrogen bonding dominates the crystal packing in 1, but in the complexes phenyl embraces play a major role. Hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl end groups of 1 link the molecules into infinite chains, and the chains are cross-linked through hydrogen bonding between one hydroxyl group and the pyridine nitrogen atom to form layers. In 1·2tppo the hydroxyl groups are terminated through O−H···OP interactions, but the chain structure is perpetuated sextuple embraces. The loosely associated chains pack so that the pyridyl rings of one chain are inserted into cavities of the next. Replacement of one of the alkynol arms by a bromine atom in 2·tppo results in formation of a dimer through C−H···O interactions. Phenyl embraces coupled with C−H···N and C−H···Br interactions extend the structure in two dimensions, and the resulting layers stack norm...
Radioactive carbon dioxide production from pyruvate and lactate by the preimplantation rabbit embryo.

Abstract Radioactive carbon dioxide production from pyruvate and lactate by the rabbit preimplantation embryo is relatively unchanged from ovulation to day 2 of development. After day 2, the CO 2 production increases markedly up to the time of implantation. The early embryo oxidizes pyruvate to a greater extent than lactate, and is able to oxidize both to a much greater extent than has been shown for glucose.
Pollinators and seed predators generate conflicting selection on Dalechampia blossoms

Plant–pollinator relationships are often mediated by floral traits that advertise the presence or amount of rewards. However, herbivores may also use these traits to find their hosts. In Dalechampia scandens, we tested whether floral advertisements that attract pollinators were also used by seed predators, and whether this generated conflicting selection pressures. We studied the influence of natural variation in the size of showy bracts, amount of reward, and two shape traits on pollinator visitation, pollen arrival on stigmas, seed production and seed predation. We then built a multivariate fitness function for these traits to estimate selection generated by pollinators and seed predators. Blossoms with larger bracts were visited by bees more frequently and received more pollen on their stigmas. Seed predators laid more eggs on blossoms with larger bracts and also on blossoms later producing more seeds. Consequently, selection for larger bract size exerted by pollinators was counteracted by the selection exerted by seed predators. As a result, net selection on bract size tended to be stabilizing. Additionally, we found selection on traits that increased the rate of self-pollination (assuming uniform seed quality). These results illustrate the importance of both mutualists and antagonists in floral evolution, as well as the value of taking an integrative approach to assessing selection on floral traits.
A characterization of primitive polynomials over finite fields

We characterize primitive polynomials, among irreducible polynomials, by the number of terms in a certain quotient. We apply this to BCH codes of maximal designed distance.
Three years of follow-up monitoring: Perspectives of formerly hospitalized patients and their families

Abstract In recent years, the need for evaluation of hospitalized psychiatric patients has become widely recognized. However, evaluation is a broad term encompassing many varied approaches. Erickson 7 suggests that hospital programs may involve as many as six parties, including the patient, state, local community, family, hospital staff, and therapist. Each party has particular goals and a unique perspective. Thus, evaluation requires a decision as to whose perspective to take. Earlier analyses of human service organizations rarely used patient or family perspectives, tending to perpetuate the notion that the client's perspective is biased. 9 However, recently, several investigators have attested to the reliability and validity of these viewpoints. 6–8,10,11 After carrying out a number of studies, Ellsworth, 6 in particular, highlights the value of using feedback from former patients and their families to provide a better understanding of the community experience following hospital discharge. In the present follow-up evaluation, we focused on the perspectives of former inpatients and their nearest relatives with regard to aspects of the patients' general level of functioning and satisfaction with hospital care 6 months post-discharge.
Development of a Laboratory Project to Determine Human ABO Genotypes--Limitations Lead to Further Student Explorations.

A multiplex allele-specific PCR analysis was developed to identify six "common" genotypes: AA, AO, BB, BO, OO, and AB. This project included a pre-laboratory exercise that provided active learning experiences and developed critical thinking skills. This laboratory resulted in many successful analyses, which were verified by student knowledge of their phenotypes. However, the design was found to be deficient for the analysis of variants. The limitations in the original allied-health multiplex design were verified through a student designed problem-based laboratory project in an advanced level biochemistry class. Variants were further analyzed in an undergraduate research project using SSCP analyses. The topic of ABO genotyping provides several opportunities for student-centered explorations.
Supercloud: Opportunities and Challenges

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds couple applications tightly with the underlying infrastructures and services. This vendor lock-in problem forces users to apply ad-hoc deployment strategies in order to tolerate cloud failures, and limits the ability of doing virtual machine (VM) migration and resource scaling across different clouds. This paper presents the Supercloud, a cloud service comprising resources obtained from several diverse IaaS cloud providers, and discusses opportunities, limitations, and future research directions. Currently, the Supercloud has been deployed using resources from several major cloud providers, including Amazon EC2, Rackspace, HP Cloud, and some private clouds. VMs run in a virtual network and can be migrated seamlessly across different clouds, with different hypervisors and device models. Using case studies we demonstrate that, being able to deploy applications to more regions and granting more control to end-users, the Supercloud can reduce latency and cost compared to the underlying cloud providers.
The occurrence of primary burrowing crayfish in terrestrial habitat

Abstract A researcher’s perception of a target species’ landscape strongly influences the design of habitat studies conducted at broad spatial scales. Consequently, researcher-dependent perceptions may misguide conservation efforts. Although the life histories of some crayfish (i.e., primary burrowers) are centered on a fossorial existence independent of surface water, all North American crayfish are viewed in an aquatic context. This paradigm restricts the range of habitats that are typically sampled and managed for crayfish conservation. This study used presence/absence of the primary burrower Distocambarus crockeri at 137 locations within the Long Cane Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest, South Carolina, USA, to model the habitat association of the species across a GIS-based landscape. Logistic regression indicated that D. crockeri presence was most strongly associated with a terrestrial habitat defined by a set of morphologically similar soils located along ridge tops. Furthermore, the species was negatively associated with aquatic habitats such as streams and floodplains. The results indicate that D. crockeri is a terrestrial habitat specialist and should be modeled and managed at the landscape as a terrestrial organism. When viewed as a subset of the total United States cambarid fauna, primary burrowers are disproportionately imperiled. Primary burrowers comprise only 15% of the total crayfish fauna, while they account for 32% of those crayfish ranked critically imperiled. Habitat loss and an aquatic bias that restricted sampling to aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats might explain the group’s disproportionate imperilment.
Short-time Fourier analysis of signal averaged electrocardiograms

Signal averaged electrocardiograms (SAEs) of subjects with and without late potentials were compared. using windows of 50- and 100-m widths, short-time Fourier analysis was performed on each electrocardiogram. Frequency ratios of the energy between 0 and 40 Hz and 40 and 120 Hz were computed for each time shift of the window for all SAEs. Those with late potentials (LPs) could be distinguished from those without LPs on the basis of the energy ratio computed using the 100-ms window. >
Rupture of a giant basilar aneurysm after saphenous vein interposition graft to the posterior cerebral artery: Case report

✓ A patient with a giant aneurysm of the top of the basilar artery presented with severe progressive symptoms of brain-stem compression. There was inadequate collateral circulation to the upper basilar system. She underwent exploration of the aneurysm and, after it was found to be impossible to clip, a tourniquet was placed on the basilar artery for future occlusion with the patient awake. A saphenous vein graft was interposed between the left external carotid and the left posterior cerebral arteries. The previously unruptured aneurysm bled fatally 36 hours after surgery, just before intended occlusion of the basilar artery.
Influence of Phosphate on Stability of Partially Purified Penicillins

Low concentrations of a phosphate have been found to exert a stabilizing action, independent of buffering effect, on sterile water solutions of penicillin. Phosphates in the concentrations used did not influence the stability of dry penicillin but upon subsequent solution did protect it to some extent from thermal decomposition.
Association of virulent and avirulent strains of bluetongue virus serotype 11 with premature births of late-term bovine fetuses

Two strains of bluetongue virus serotype 11 (BTV 11), UC-2 avirulent and UC-8 neurovirulent in newborn mice, were inoculated into late-term bovine fetuses to investigate whether infection with these two BTV strains in late gestation would produce congenital infection and pathological changes. Fetuses were inoculated by intramuscular injection through the uterine wall at 243 days gestation and recovered after spontaneous delivery. In calves inoculated with UC-8, births occurred 15 to 27 days before expected parturition, resulting in small, weak calves. These calves had a mild encephalitis and were unthrifty at birth. Calves inoculated with UC-2 appeared healthy when born 7 to 11 days prior to expected parturition. No lesions were found in these calves at necropsy. All calves seroconverted by the time of birth. Viraemia was present in the calves inoculated with UC-8 and in one calf inoculated with UC-2. Plasma cortisol concentrations were prematurely elevated, particularly in the calves inoculated with UC-8, indicating that they were stressed by the infection. The elevated cortisol, associated with an active congenital infection caused by bluetongue virus serotype 11 strain UC-8, is capable of causing premature delivery of low birth-weight, weak calves.
A sensitive ELISA for measuring the adhesion of leukocytic cells to human endothelial cells

A new, sensitive ELISA using monoclonal antibodies reactive with surface molecules specific for various leukocytes was devised to measure the attachment of these cells to cultured monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Preparations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and a human lymphoblastic T cell line (MOLT-4) were used to test the sensitivity of this method and compare it with the conventional 51Cr-radiolabeled cell assay. The extent of adhesion to endothelial cells was assayed by measuring the optical density produced by a complex of peroxidase-labeled streptavidin, biotin-conjugated F(ab')2 anti-mouse Ig and monoclonal antibody on fixed leukocytic cells that had adhered to endothelial cells. This method is fast and sensitive, eliminates the use of radioisotopes, and, because the detection uses a specific marker on the cell of interest, can be used in preparations of unseparated mixtures of cells. As this is a microassay, using relatively small number of cells and reagents, the methodology can be applied to screen a large number of therapeutic agents that may regulate adhesion. Using this method, the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, dexamethasone, was found to inhibit the adhesion of THP-1 and MOLT-4 cells to cytokine-activated endothelial cells.
Dualisms: A Review

Review article on Ricardo J. Quinones, "Dualisms: The Agons of the Modern World" (Toronto, Buffalo, & London: University of Toronto Press, 2007).
Will Investors Glean and Gamble

We designed an experiment to study behavior in information transmission games where underwriters have economic incentives to deceive and investors have incentives to avoid deception. Theory predicts that investors should not be able to glean information from the underwriters’ reports, and thus investment decisions should be based solely on the investment’s fundamental risk. To test this prediction we elicited choices from risky gambles constructed to be mathematically equivalent to the information setting if the underwriters’ reports had no information content. Participants acted simultaneously as underwriters and investors in one-shot information transmission games. Our findings indicate that underwriters acted deceptively, while investors invested conditional on the underwriters’ reports. Moreover, investors invested significantly more often when the expected return from the investment was relatively high. We observed that investors both gleaned and gambled, and those who gleaned earned higher payoffs.
Management of Severe Curly Top in Sugar Beet with Insecticides

Strausbaugh, C. A., Wenninger, E. J., and Eujayl, I. A. 2012. Management of severe curly top in sugar beet with insecticides. Plant Dis. 96:11591164. Curly top, caused by Curtovirus spp., is a widespread disease problem vectored by the beet leafhopper in semiarid sugar beet production areas. The insecticide seed treatment Poncho Beta has proven to be effective in controlling curly top in sugar beet but was only evaluated under light to moderate disease pressure. Thus, the insecticide seed treatments Poncho Beta, NipsIt INSIDE, and Cruiser Force were evaluated under severe curly top pressure (six viruliferous beet leafhoppers per plant) in field studies during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons on two commercial sugar beet cultivars. In addition, the foliar insecticides Movento, Provado, and Scorpion were also evaluated. The seed treatments and Scorpion reduced curly top symptoms by 33 to 41% (P < 0.0001) and increased root yield by 55 to 95% (P < 0.0001), sucrose content by 6.5 to 7.2% (P = 0.0013 to <0.0001), and estimated recoverable sucrose by 58 to 96% (P < 0.0001) when compared with the untreated check. Movento and Provado did not improve control beyond that provided by Poncho Beta. Even under severe disease pressure 50 to 55 days after planting, neonicotinoid seed treatments can effectively reduce curly top, increase yield, and help protect against early-season insect pest pressure.
Content distribution architecture using network layer anycast

Server replication is a common technique for distributing content efficiently and in a scalable manner to many clients. Directing clients to the "best" of these content-equivalent servers is a non-trivial problem. As a solution, we propose CDAA (Content Distribution Architecture using Anycast) that uses replicated servers and leverages the idea of anycast, supported at the network layer, to direct clients. CDAA assigns the same anycast address to content-equivalent servers and tracks the load on each of them. This information is used to direct clients in the network to the "best" server, improving user satisfaction by reducing the response time seen by the clients. CDAA is scalable, incrementally deployable and transparent to existing network applications and protocols. These objectives are achieved with minimal bandwidth overhead and computing requirements. Though the DNS (Domain Name System) and client software require some modifications, the routers and servers remain unchanged. We also present simulation results that demonstrate the efficacy of our architecture.
Effects of complex radiative and convective environments on the thermal biology of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii).

The energy budgets of small endotherms are profoundly affected by characteristics of the physical environment such as wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation. Among these, solar radiation represents a potentially very large heat load to small animals and may have an important influence on their thermoregulatory metabolism and heat balance. In this investigation, we examined the interactive effects of wind speed and irradiance on body temperature, thermoregulatory metabolism and heat balance in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). We measured changes in metabolic heat production by exposing birds to different wind speeds (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 m s -1 ) and irradiance combinations (<3 Wm -2 and 936±11 W m -2 ; mean ± S.D.) at an air temperature of 10 °C. Body temperature was not affected by wind speed, but was significantly higher in animals not exposed to simulated solar radiation compared with those exposed at most wind speeds. In the absence of solar radiation, metabolic heat production was strongly affected by wind speed and increased by 30 % from 122 to 159 W m -2 as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 2.0 m s -1 . Metabolic heat production was even more strongly influenced by wind speed in the presence of simulated solar radiation and increased by 51 % from 94 to 142 W m -2 as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 2.0 m s -1 . Solar heat gain was negatively correlated with wind speed and declined from 28 to 12 W m -2 as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 2.0 ms -1 and, at its maximum, equaled 11 % of the radiation intercepted by the animal. The overall thermal impact of the various wind speed and irradiance combinations on the animal’s heat balance was examined for each treatment. Under cold conditions, with no solar radiation present, an increase in wind speed from 0.25 to 2.0 ms -1 was equivalent to a decrease in chamber air temperature of 12.7 °C. With simulated solar radiation present, a similar increase in wind speed was equivalent to a decrease in chamber air temperature of 16 °C. Overall, shifting environmental conditions from a wind speed of 0.25 m s -1 and irradiance of 936 W m -2 to a wind speed of 2.0 ms -1 with no short-wave radiation present was equivalent to decreasing chamber air temperature by approximately 20 °C. The sensitivity to changes in the convective environment, combined with the complex effects of changes in irradiance levels revealed by re-analyzing data published previously, significantly complicates the task of estimating the heat balance of animals in nature.
Analysis of low frequency scattering from penetrable scatterers

A method is presented for solving the surface integral equation using the method of moments (MoM) at very low frequencies, which finds applications in geoscience. The nature of the Helmholtz decomposition leads the authors to choose loop-tree basis functions to represent the surface current. Careful analysis of the frequency scaling property of each operator allows them to introduce a frequency normalization scheme to reduce the condition number of the MoM matrix. After frequency normalization, the MoM matrix can be solved using LU decomposition. The poor spectral properties of the matrix, however, makes it ill-suited for an iterative solver. A basis rearrangement is used to improve this property of the MoM matrix. The basis function rearrangement (BFR), which involves inverting the connection matrix, can be viewed as a pre-conditioner. The complexity of BFR is reduced to O(N), allowing this method to be combined with iterative solvers. Both rectilinear and curvilinear patches have been used in the simulations. The use of curvilinear patches reduces the number of unknowns significantly, thereby making the algorithm more efficient. This method is capable of solving Maxwell's equations from quasistatic to electrodynamic frequency range. This capability is of great importance in geophysical applications because the sizes of the simulated objects can range from a small fraction of a wavelength to several wavelengths.
Nuclear RNA, Histones and Differentiation

The problem of neoplasia is one that has been in the forefront of medicine for almost 100 years. Studies made then by Virchow and his colleagues established many of the characteristics of neoplastic cells. As summed up in a series of observations which have formed the basis for the thoughts of pathologists, neoplastic cells have marked destructive characteristics, which result from the metastasis, invasiveness and pressures by neoplasms. Among the significant changes found in neoplastic cells are aberrations in the cytoplasm and the constituents of the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. These variations may be generalized under the heading of “Phenotypic Repression”. The extent of phenotypic repression of neoplasms varies markedly from neoplasm to neoplasm of the same type and also from tumor to tumor in an individual. In man and in animals these variations have been a source of much concern. In recent years, Morris and his associates at the National Institutes of Health have developed a series of hepatomas in which phenotypic repression varies such that some tumors are recognizable only as highly anaplastic and malignant lesions and others are neoplasms in which virtually all of the enzymes of the liver are present and yet the cells are neoplastic cells.
The electrogram of cardiac muscle: An analysis which explains the regression or T deflection

Abstract 1. 1. A method for recording electrograms from the uninjured frog's auricle has been described which approximate those obtainable from a simple strip of muscle. 2. 2. Starting with the observation that a potential difference exists between active and resting muscle, an analysis of the processes of activation and recovery has been made. Based upon this analysis, a graphical method for the construction of a complete theoretical electrogram has been devised. Any assumptions regarding the properties of the excitation process may be made and the appropriate theoretical electrogram plotted. When a theoretical and an actual electrogram accurately correspond, the properties of the excitation process in the muscle which produced the actual curve are presumed to be similar to those assumed in constructing the theoretical one. 3. 3. The regression, like the accession deflection, is expressed in a diphasic curve, the central portion of which may be parallel to the isoelectric line.
The Cysteine Protease CEP1, a Key Executor Involved in Tapetal Programmed Cell Death, Regulates Pollen Development in Arabidopsis

Tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) is a prerequisite for pollen grain development in angiosperms, and cysteine proteases are the most ubiquitous hydrolases involved in plant PCD. We identified a papain-like cysteine protease, CEP1, which is involved in tapetal PCD and pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. CEP1 is expressed specifically in the tapetum from stages 5 to 11 of anther development. The CEP1 protein first appears as a proenzyme in precursor protease vesicles and is then transported to the vacuole and transformed into the mature enzyme before rupture of the vacuole. cep1 mutants exhibited aborted tapetal PCD and decreased pollen fertility with abnormal pollen exine. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that 872 genes showed significantly altered expression in the cep1 mutants, and most of them are important for tapetal cell wall organization, tapetal secretory structure formation, and pollen development. CEP1 overexpression caused premature tapetal PCD and pollen infertility. ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR analyses confirmed that the CEP1 expression level showed a strong relationship to the degree of tapetal PCD and pollen fertility. Our results reveal that CEP1 is a crucial executor during tapetal PCD and that proper CEP1 expression is necessary for timely degeneration of tapetal cells and functional pollen formation.
Automatic service availability management in asynchronous distributed systems

An availability management service is responsible for automatically ensuring that all critical services of a distributed system remain continuously available to users despite node removals and restarts caused by failures, maintenance and growth. We present an availability management service for an asynchronous distributed system characterized by unbounded communication delays and by the availability at all nodes of local, nonsynchronized timers that measure the passage of real time with some known accuracy. Examples of such systems are Unix, VMS, VM or MVS based distributed systems connected by local area networks such as Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, or channel-to-channel adapters. The presentation stresses the main ideas behind this new service, and outlines a simple design that depends upon the existence of asynchronous membership and atomic broadcast group communication services. >
Dopamine: On the Threshold of Sleep

A new study examining the neural circuitry regulating sleep in Drosophila has identified a pair of dopamine neurons that signal to the fan-shaped body to suppress sleep. These neurons are separate from the dopamine neurons that regulate motivation, memory, and feeding, suggesting that independent populations of dopamine neurons regulate distinct behaviors.
Technologies and strategies for glycoproteomics and glycomics and their application to clinical biomarker research

Several approaches and technologies are currently available to study the glycosylated proteome (glycoproteomics) or the entire repertoire of glycans in a biological system (glycomics). The biological importance of glycosylation has driven the development of novel, sensitive separation and detection methods. New and improved methodologies, such as high throughput array systems and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for glycan profiling and sequencing, are emerging and are being applied in clinical research. A major thrust of glycoproteomics and glycomic clinical research is the application of these analytical tools to cancer research and is aimed at the discovery of glycan-based biomarkers for diagnosis of early stage human cancers, monitoring disease progression, measuring response to therapy, and detecting recurrence. The identification of cancer biomarkers requires a multidisciplinary approach and therefore this review discusses the strategies, technologies and methods currently used for N-glycoprotein/glycan biomarker research.
Can Patients With Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder Discriminate Between Percepts and Mental Images? A Signal Detection Analysis

Signal detection analysis was used to test three hypotheses for repetitive thoughts and behaviors characteristic of obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD). Patients might have (a) low sensitivity for the difference between having seen something or having imagined seeing it, (b) a high criterion for this discrimination, or (c) difficulty associating context with information in memory. Subjects judged viewed words or imagined words and later indicated which were actually seen. Patients with OCD discriminated seen from imaged words significantly better than normal control subjects, as evidenced by higher d' scores on a recognition memory task. Groups did not differ in response criterion, β , used to decide whether words had been seen or imaged. Implications for the study of OCD from an information-processing perspective are discussed.
Dynamic triggering of microearthquakes in three geothermal/volcanic regions of California

Geothermal/volcanic regions are most susceptible to local earthquake triggering by regional and remote earthquakes. Transient stresses caused by surface waves of these earthquakes can activate critically stressed faults. Though earthquakes can be triggered in geothermal/volcanic regions, it is less understood how these regions differ in their triggering responses to distant earthquakes. We conduct a systematic survey of local earthquakes triggered by distant earthquakes in three geothermal/volcanic regions of California: Long Valley Caldera, Coso Geothermal Field, and Geysers Geothermal Field. We examine waveforms of distant earthquakes with magnitudes ≥ 5.5 occurring between 2000 and 2012 and compute β statistics to confirm the significance of our findings. We find that Long Valley, Coso, and Geysers vary in triggering frequency—2.0%, 3.8%, and 6.8% in the 12 year period, respectively—and when compared to the triggering of deep tectonic tremors along the Parkfield-Cholame section of San Andreas Fault (9.2% in the 12 year period). Stress triggering thresholds vary among the regions with Long Valley having the highest of ~5 kPa and ~1 kPa for the other regions. Because dynamic stresses from distant earthquakes are similar in these three regions, the varying triggering behavior likely reflects faults having a tendency to be at or near failure. This is compatible with Geysers having a higher a value in the Gutenberg-Richter relationship and higher geothermal productivity than the other two regions. The observation of more frequent triggering of tremor than microearthquakes is consistent with recent laboratory studies on increasing triggerability with lower effective stress.
A lower carbon footprint process for production of metals from their oxide sources

This paper will describe the solid oxide membrane (SOM) process as it applies to the energy-efficient and environmentally sound production of magnesium from magnesium oxide. Also, it will describe the challenges encountered while using this process for the production of transition metals like titanium from its higher oxides. Finally, a novel magnesiothermic SOM process will be proposed that can enable production of transition metals from its higher oxides.
RGS expression in cancer: oncomining the cancer microarray data

Heterotrimeric G proteins mediate myriads of cell functions including control of cancer cell proliferation and migration. The family of the Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins, in turn, controls the activity of G proteins through the acceleration of GTPase activity of the alpha subunits of G proteins. Increasing evidence suggest that the expression of certain RGS proteins is changed dramatically in various cancers, and in some instances, the control of cancer cell proliferation or migration by RGS proteins has been demonstrated. We assessed if common trends might exist in the expression of various RGS proteins in several types of cancer by examining microarray data using the Oncomine database. We focused on the largest R4 sub-family of RGS proteins, containing RGS1, RGS2, RGS3, RGS4, RGS5, RGS8, RGS13, RGS16 and RGS18. This analysis suggests that a number (up to 6) of RGS transcripts are exclusively downregulated in certain cancers, while being exclusively upregulated in other cancer types. Furthermore, significant changes in the expression of certain RGS proteins trended toward the same direction across various cancers. To illustrate, RGS1 is largely upregulated, whereas RGS2 is downregulated in the majority of solid tumors, whereas RGS5 transcripts are greatly increased in eight subtypes of lymphoma with no reports of downregulation in hematological malignancies. Together, these data suggest that (i) RGS proteins may have a combined and cell-specific role in a control of cancer cell function, and (ii) a given RGS protein may regulate the progression of various cancers through a common mechanism.
Functional Schemas with Nested Predicates

A class of (monadic) functional schemas with nested predicates is defined. It is shown that termination, divergence, and freedom problems for these schemas are decidable. It is proved that when the schemas are more general the freedom problem is undecidable. A procedure is given for deleting the identity function from the schema's definition at the cost of increasing k by 1 when k is the maximum depth of nesting. Part of our results extend results in Ashcroft, Manna, and Pnueli (1971) about schemas without nesting. Our algorithm for checking freedom is not a natural extension of theirs. Furthermore, using our algorithm for schemas without nesting yields a much more efficient way of deciding freedom than the algorithm suggested by them.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fungal Bioregulators of Sterol Biosynthesis

Corey published a leading paper in 196 7 demonstrating that 2, 3-iminosqualene inhibited the cyclization of squalene-oxide to lanosterol in a cell-free system1. In the interim years between then and this seventh international plant lipid symposium, four groups-one each in the United States2, Canada3 another in France4 and Italy4, have firmly established the mechanistic and biological importance of using this and structurally related molecules, e.g. 25-azasteroids5, to interfere with fungal sterol biosynthesis which results in diminished growth response. Industry and biotechnology firms have followed suit in recent years designing analogous inhibitors6, 7 which they believe may have potential promise in plant protection. On the premise that specific N-isopentenoids induce alterations in sterol biosynthesis which in turn may create a pathologic state in the structure and function of membranes of pathogenic fungi, we began a chemical synthesis program in 1984 by preparing blockers targeted at fungal lipid biosynthesis.
A Version of Access

abstractThis article explores accessibility ontologically, proposing nonequal design as a way to include and encourage difference. Part One situates the possibility for a multiple version approach to accessibility; Part Two finds affinities in science and technology studies where several figures have explored the politics of multiple versions of ontologies; Part Three introduces three design principles—syncopation, medium specificity, and versioning—for enacting how an nonequal approach opens up generative possibilities for accessibility.