cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innocent Infringement in U.S. Copyright Law: A History

American law generally imposes liability on anyone who infringes a copyright, regardless her mental state, and even if her infringement is innocent - that is, when she engages in infringing activity without reason to know that her conduct infringes (perhaps most commonly when she knowingly copies from another's work but reasonably believes that her copying is legally permissible). This is true even though one of copyright law's most important goals is distinguishing legitimate copying, which is encouraged, from illegitimate copying, which is to be deterred. Courts and commentators have paid little attention to this aspect of copyright law. This article demonstrates that from its inception, copyright law in Great Britain and the United States reflected a substantial concern that innocent copyright infringers not be punished and explores in detail the mechanisms used to achieve that goal. These included structuring the copyright system to make it easy for users of works of authorship to avoid infringement and limiting liability for certain kinds of infringement to instances in which a party knew her acts were infringing. The article then shows how between 1909 and 1989, almost all of copyright law's safeguards protecting innocent infringers disappeared. The changes occurred gradually, and mostly for reasons entirely unrelated to innocent infringement. The end result, though, was a great increase in the likelihood that innocent infringers will be held liable. The only protection offered to unknowing infringers is limited remedial relief, which is a very weak bulwark against the danger that liability will deter permitted uses of copyrighted works. The public's ability to use copyrighted works without the owner's consent in ways that the law encourages - including making fair use of a work, or using the work's unprotected ideas - is undermined when users who innocently exceed the scope of the law's permission face liability.
A Matter of Life and Death: Reassessing the Estate and Gift Tax

In this report, they provide an overview of the estate tax debate. The report lays out the main features of estate and gift taxation in the U.S., describes and critiques the main components of the cases for and against the taxation of wealth transfers, and discusses possibilities for reform. The report shows that many arguments commonly made against the estate tax are demonstrably specious. To the extent that any of them are valid, they typically suggest reform rather than abolition. On the other hand, many arguments made in favor of the tax actually support maintaining some sort of wealth transfer tax, but not necessarily the existing version. The report is based on a longer draft, "Rethinking the Estate and Gift Taxation: An Overview," which contains all of the references and sources for the analysis reported here and which is available at http://www.brook.edu/views/papers/gale/20000728.htm. That paper in turn draws on the papers presented at the conference "Rethinking the Estate and Gift Tax," jointly sponsored by the Office of Tax Policy Research and Brookings, held at Brookings on May 4 and 5 of this year; information about the conference and papers may be obtained by accessing the Office of Tax Policy Research Web site at http://www.otpr.org.
The Ever-Changing Departments of Surgery: The New Paradigm—The Roadmap to a Modern Department of Surgery

Surgical services, most frequently organized in departments of surgery, have been and continue to be an integral part of any healthcare-providing institution. Next in size only to departments of medicine, departments of surgery are most commonly considered the financial pacemakers of healthcare systems, generating substantial clinical revenue to hospitals and significant downstream revenue for other clinical departments. In general, the success of both academic and nonacademic institutions depends largely on the existence of viable and comprehensive departments of surgery. Like all other elements of modern healthcare, departments of surgery have undergone significant changes over the decades as they have developed into complex, multi-matrix embedded and constantly changing entities that continue to evolve and adapt to the needs and demands of their institutions and to our ever-changing healthcare system. The modern department of surgery requires a chair who is not only a respected clinician, an established (and funded) researcher, and a dedicated educator but also someone with an outgoing personality who can motivate and lead with a vision. Further attributes are business acumen and the ability to compromise specifically when dealing with hospital or medical schools matters. This chapter provides an overview of the changes that departments of surgery have undergone over time and how they relate to the introduction of new technologies and the complex relationships between clinical and administrative leadership. The chapter focuses predominantly on the evolution of, and new paradigms for, academic surgery departments and their quest to train the next generation of surgeon leaders.
Management of Croup

Mild cases of croup may be managed in the home with steam inhalation, emetics, and measures to allay the child's apprehension. If response is not quick and definite, the child should be hospitalized, antibiotics given where indicated, and tracheostomy performed if necessary.
A New Approach to Recognize Power Quality Disturbances Based on Wavelet Transform and BP Neural Network

Classification of power quality disturbances consists of two stages,namely,characteristic vector extraction and classifier construction.In most classification methods based on wavelet transform and neural network the energy distribution in each layer obtained by wavelet decomposition is used as the characteristic vector of the layer,and the classification results is given by neural network,however the performances of the clasifier constructed by such methods are to be further improved.In this paper,a set of wavelet transform based characteristic vectors are taken as the inputs of the classifier.By means of the strategy based on least square method the outputs of mutually independent neural networks are synthesized to achieve final recognition result.Results of calculation example show that the proposed classifier is accurate and under white noise background with the S/N ratio of 20db the obtainable reconnition accuracy is 93.18%.The proposed classifier can effectively recognize six typical power quality disturbance patterns: voltage interruption,voltage sag,voltage swell,harmonics,oscillating transient and flicker.
Alopecia: evaluation and management.

SUMMARY The patient presenting with hair loss may have a primary dermatologic disease, a genetically engineered process, an infectious disease, an underlying systemic illness, a drug reaction, or a psychological disorder. By first dividing the process into one of three categories, scarring, diffuse-nonscarring, or patchy-nonscarring, one then can approach the evaluation in a rational manner. Using the bedside techniques of a hair pull, hair pluck, and microscopic hair examination and directed laboratory tests, one can narrow the differential diagnosis and can recommend directed therapy.
Correction: Rule out pulmonary tuberculosis: clinical and radiographic clues for the internist.

In the article "Rule out pulmonary tuberculosis: Clinical and radiographic clues for the internist" (Curley CA. Cleve Clin J Med 2015; 82:32-38), on page 33, "Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine" has been corrected to "BCG vaccine."
Has Indigenous Third-World Arms Production been Effective in Reducing Third-World Arms Imports?

In 1945 only Argentina, Brazil, India and South Africa in the third-world possessed domestic arms industries which produced weapons systems other than small arms and ammunition.1 By the end of the 1960s, however, twenty-seven third-world countries were producing equipment for their armed forces. For the most part, production was still largely confined to small arms and ammunition. By the early 1980s, according to SIPRI,2 eleven third-world countries had established aircraft industries, while nine countries had developed indigenous shipbuilding industries, and six nations produced missiles and armoured vehicles. While the number of new third-world nations with domestic defence programmes seems to have slowed down somewhat since the mid-1980s, some of the advanced weapons systems in these countries had reached the point where they were competing with established arms suppliers.3
Stem Cell Therapy for the Central Nervous System in Lysosomal Storage Diseases.

Neurological diseases with genetic etiologies result in the loss or dysfunction of neural cells throughout the CNS. At present, few treatment options exist for the majority of neurogenetic diseases. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) into the CNS has the potential to be an effective treatment modality because progenitor cells may replace lost cells in the diseased brain, provide multiple trophic factors, or deliver missing proteins. This review focuses on the use of SCT in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a large group of monogenic disorders with prominent CNS disease. In most patients the CNS disease results in intellectual disability that is refractory to current standard-of-care treatment. A large amount of preclinical work on brain-directed SCT has been performed in rodent LSD models. Cell types that have been used for direct delivery into the CNS include neural stem cells, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells have been an effective therapy ...
Image Sensors for Camera Monitor Systems

Image sensors are a critical part of camera monitor systems (CMS). Photons passing through the imaging lens impinge upon microlenses that focus the light through color filters and onto the sensor pixel photodiodes. Two principal sensor architectures in use today are front-side and back-side illumination (FSI and BSI), the latter of which is just becoming available in the automotive space. Pixel signal integration and readout can be implemented by electronic rolling shutter or global shutter mechanisms; the former dominates viewing applications but the latter can be advantageous for machine vision. The signals are read out by analog circuitry, and converted to the digital domain. The digital signal is processed to produce an image suitable for display or analysis. This process includes steps that: correct for black level and white balance; fill in missing color signals via a demosaic algorithm; spatially process the image to distinguish signal and noise; map the signals to a standard color space; and apply tone-scaling. Critical sensor performance measures for CMS applications include signal to noise ratio (SNR) and modulation transfer function (MTF); the advanced Fourier metric noise equivalent quanta combines these two measures and is useful in understanding task performance. Scene dynamic range in automotive applications can be very high, beyond the capabilities of a single pixel exposure, and therefore special techniques are required. The mitigation of flicker from time-varying light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes (LEDs), is a current challenge, particularly in high dynamic range (HDR) imaging. To exemplify the practical implementation of image sensors in CMS, a sample system design is presented. Image sensors with integrated safety features support CMS implementations that require ISO 26262 automotive safety integrity level (ASIL) ratings. CMS is an exciting new application, with considerable opportunity for innovation, particularly in the image sensor and processing components. Advances in these areas will contribute to the greater adoption of CMS systems in vehicles in coming years.
Comparative frequency of four different types of pregnancy-associated thyrotoxicosis in a single thyroid centre.

Pregnancy and delivery markedly influence thyroid function. However, the comparative prevalence of gestational thyrotoxicosis (GT), new onset of Graves’ disease during pregnancy (GD during pregnancy), postpartum destructive thyrotoxicosis (PPT), and postpartum Graves’ thyrotoxicosis (PPGD) has not yet been determined. We prospectively registered and performed a review of 4127 consecutive non treated female patients with thyrotoxicosis, seen between August 2008 and December 2013 in our outpatient clinic of Kuma Hospital. 187 out of the 4127 women had new diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. We investigated the prevalence of new diagnosis of GT, GD during pregnancy, PPT and PPGD and compared the characteristics of these types of thyrotoxicosis. The postpartum period is defined as twelve months after delivery. Out of 187 pregnant or postpartum women, we identified 30 (16.0%) with GT, 13 (7.0%) with GD during pregnancy, 42 (22.5%) with PPT, and 102 (54.5%) with PPGD. The onset time of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy, i.e., both GT and GD during pregnancy, was delayed by a couple of weeks when hCG peaked at 10 gestational weeks. Seventy-six percent of patients with PPT developed thyrotoxicosis between delivery and 4 months postpartum; on the other hand, 83.3% of patients with PPGD developed thyrotoxicosis at 6 months postpartum or later. We named gestational thyrotoxicosis, new onset of Graves’ disease during pregnancy, postpartum destructive thyrotoxicosis, and postpartum Graves’ thyrotoxicosis as pregnancy-associated thyrotoxicosis. A clinically significant number of women developed Graves’ disease in the postpartum period in a single thyroid centre.
Early age at childhood parental incarceration and STI/HIV-related drug use and sex risk across the young adult lifecourse in the US: Heightened vulnerability of black and Hispanic youth.

Abstract Background We measured associations between parental incarceration and STI/HIV-related drug use and sex risk, assessing differences by race, age at first parental incarceration, and potential mediators of the relationship. Methods We used Waves I (adolescence), III (young adulthood), and IV (adulthood) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,884) to measure associations between age of parental incarceration (never; Results By Wave IV, approximately one in six had experienced a parental incarceration; higher prevalence observed among black (26%) and Hispanic (20%) versus white (15%) respondents (p Conclusions Children impacted by parental incarceration constitute priority populations for substance use and STI/HIV prevention and treatment. The unintended consequences of incarceration for children should be considered in decarceration discussions.
Compensation Strategies in Older Adults: Association With Cognition and Everyday Function.

Background/Rationale:Compensation strategies may contribute to greater resilience among older adults, even in the face of cognitive decline. This study sought to better understand how compensation ...
Predicting Gene Essentiality Using Genome-Scale in Silico Models

Genome-scale metabolic models of organisms can be reconstructed using annotated genome sequence information, well-curated databases, and primary research literature. The metabolic reaction stoichiometry and other physicochemical factors are incorporated into the model, thus imposing constraints that represent restrictions on phenotypic behavior. Based on this premise, the theoretical capabilities of the metabolic network can be assessed by using a mathematical technique known as flux balance analysis (FBA). This modeling framework, also known as the constraint-based reconstruction and analysis approach, differs from other modeling strategies because it does not attempt to predict exact network behavior. Instead, this approach uses known constraints to separate the states that a system can achieve from those that it cannot. In recent years, this strategy has been employed to probe the metabolic capabilities of a number of organisms, to generate and test experimental hypotheses, and to predict accurately metabolic phenotypes and evolutionary outcomes. This chapter introduces the constraint-based modeling approach and focuses on its application to computationally predicting gene essentiality.
Designing and Validating Learner-Centered Experiences

Pearson is committed to offering learning products that are designed with empirical learning science research in mind and that demonstrate efficacy in enhancing learning outcomes. In applying the learning sciences to our designs, however, we must be mindful of human factors, particularly ensuring that our research-based products are designed in a way that meets the needs of our students and instructors. Accordingly, we have implemented Design-Based Research (DBR) processes to investigate student needs, iteratively test product designs, and inform design decisions. Our continually refined and scalable process has yielded many successes in both current and forthcoming products. This paper first outlines the history and theoretical underpinnings of design-based research. Additionally, the need for design-based research at Pearson is described. Subsequently, we provide an overview of our design-based research approach and processes. Finally, successes informed by design-based research are shared.
Herding and Cascading in Capital Markets: A Review and Synthesis

We review theory and evidence relating to herd behavior, payoff and reputational interactions, social learning and informational cascades in capital markets. We offer a simple taxonomy of effects and evaluate how alternative theories may help explain evidence on the behavior of investors, firms and analysts. We consider both incentives for parties to engage in herding or cascading and the incentives for parties to protect against or take advantage of herding or cascading by others.
Intra- versus Inter-state Relocation Strategies of U.S. Startups and their Performance

Using a sample of 4,928 U.S. startups from the Kauffman Firm Survey dataset, this study investigates firm-level factors that result in startup relocation, and estimates the impacts of such relocation on the startups’ performance. It shows that U.S. startups are less likely to relocate when they grow in size, but more likely to relocate if they offer services or target a national market. It also finds that they achieve higher survival and sales growth through intra-state relocation, but not through inter-state relocation. The superior performance of intra-state relocation seems to be constrained when they conduct location-independent businesses using on-line transactions.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Complicated by Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the apocrine glands of the axilla, groin, and perianal region. Although it is a common condition, it is rarely associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There have been only 41 reports of this uncommon complication of HS in the literature. This study includes two uncommon presentations of HS associated with SCC along with a literature review. The first patient developed diffuse abdominal carcinomatosis from SCC in the anogenital region arising from HS. This is a rare event in patients with perianal SCC, with only one case previously described in the literature. The second patient developed malignant hypercalcemia, an uncommon complication of cutaneous SCC. The current report represents the largest review of the literature of patients with SCC secondary to longstanding HS. A recurrence rate of 48 per cent was observed after "curative" resection. Approximately half of the patients succumbed to their disease, and the grade of carcinoma was the only predictor of mortality. These two new cases underline the importance of close follow-up and aggressive management of patients with HS. Although the development of carcinoma is an uncommon event in HS, the consequences can be devastating with mortality approaching 50 per cent.
Recombinant Vectors as Influenza Vaccines

The antiquated system used to manufacture the currently licensed inactivated influenza virus vaccines would not be adequate during an influenza virus pandemic. There is currently a search for vaccines that can be developed faster and provide superior, long-lasting immunity to influenza virus as well as other highly pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Recombinant vectors provide a safe and effective method to elicit a strong immune response to a foreign protein or epitope. This review explores the advantages and limitations of several different vectors that are currently being tested, and highlights some of the newer viruses being used as recombinant vectors.
Crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate

The crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate, SrKAsO4·8H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are tetragonal, a = 7.144(1), c = 23.613(2) A, space group I41md (No. 109), Z = 4, V = 1205.1(1) A3, and dc = 2.258 g cm−3. All cations and anions in this compound are completely surrounded by water molecules. Sr2+ and K+ ions are each coordinated to eight water molecules arranged in an approximately square antiprism. The [Sr(H2O)8]2+ polyhedron shares one face of four water molecules with a [K(H2O)8]+ polyhedron forming O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 polyhedra. The O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 units are linked together through a pair of edge-sharing linkages of the outer water molecules, alternating along the a-axis and b-axis. The hydrated cation polyhedra appear to define the host lattice, which accommodates the AsO43- ion in the interstitial space. The environment of the AsO43- ion consists of 16 water molecules; each oxygen atom is the acceptor in hydrogen bonds from four water molecules. The pair distances associated with this environment may be used in investigations of the structure of hydrated 4n- ions in solutions. Each water molecule is coordinated to one Sr and one K, and hydrogen bonded to two O atoms of two different AsO43- ions. There is no hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
Developing Resist Images

The exposure process induces chemical changes in polymers such as random scission or cross-linking and molecular rearrangements in small molecules added to polymers. The chemical products are distinguished from the unexposed reactants by a developer or process of development (such as heating) which attempts to maximize the readout: $$\textup{Developing readout} = \frac{\textup{Exposed resist properties}}{\textup{Unexposed resist properties}}$$
Large Left Ventricular Thrombus as a Cause of Recurrent Cardioembolic Stroke While on Dabigatran.

Cardioembolic stroke (CES) is responsible for an increasing number of ischemic strokes. Half of the cases are often secondary to nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, while another 10% are due to mural thrombus in the atrium or ventricle.1 In comparison with other subtypes of ischemic stroke, studies have shown that CES cause more severe devastating effects because of the increased likelihood of compromise of a larger area of the brain.1 Thrombus formation can develop in the atrium secondary to atrial fibrillation, while clot formation in the left ventricle occurs mostly following myocardial infarction (MI) of the anterior wall because of blood stasis from a dysfunctional left ventricle.2 In patients who have had ischemic stroke with left ventricular (LV) thrombus as an identifiable cause, guidelines issued by the American College of Cardiology recommend the use of oral vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) as primary anticoagulant therapy.3 Although there has been some evidence for the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for LV thrombus in case reports, there have been no randomized studies to demonstrate its role in large clot burden, appropriate therapeutic dosing, and effective duration. We report a case of a young man with a history of a significant LV thrombus burden who had recurrent large cardioembolic ischemic stroke while on dabigatran.
Origins of the Critically Ill: The Impetus for Critical Care Medicine

The history of the organization of critical care medicine mirrors the evolution of modern medicine as it has evolved into the management of acute illness. This acute, highly specialized care is provided by anesthesiologists, surgeons, and internists, and its origins can be found within these specialties. Critical care medicine is often associated with complex life-saving treatments, and thus we can track the origins of critical care medicine to the treatment of respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation, severe infections to antiseptic treatments and antibiotics, and cardiovascular insufficiency to hemodynamic monitoring and pharmacologic support. But critical care medicine embodies more than a collection of treatments. It is a health care delivery process demanding specially skilled health care providers (physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and physical therapists) within an organizational framework that titrates often conflicting treatments, minimizes potential treatment errors, and promotes the safe and efficient application of appropriate and timely care.
Gametogony of Eimeria macusaniensis Guerrero, Hernandez, Bazalar and Alva, 1971 in llama (Lama glama).

Camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunas, guanacos) are important for the economy of South America and Eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. Of the six species of Eimeria in camelids, Eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all Eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. Although, E. macusaniensis gametogonic stages are found associated with enteritis in naturally infected camelids, the schizogonic stages are unknown and clinical disease has been reported in some camelids with no oocysts in feces. Described herein are morphological details of gametogonic development and oocyst formation of E. macusaniensis in a naturally infected llama (Lama lama), solely infected with this parasite. Microgamonts, macrogamonts and oocysts were located in large (up to 300 µm diameter) parasitophorous vacuoles of enterocytes in the ileum. Schizonts were not found. Review of previous reports suggests that multinucleated microgamonts have been mistaken for schizonts. Gametogonic development described in the present study can serve as a guide for differential diagnosis of Eimeria species in the histological sections of intestines.
Applying a Threat Model to Cloud Computing

Cloud infrastructure presents new paradigms in efficiency and economy, but also bring along a new threat surface for cyber defenders to contend with. Each unique cloud computing model varies the characteristics of the cloud platform when compared to the traditional on-premise computing network. Characteristics such as shared security responsibility between the cloud provider and tenant, reduced levels of cyber visibility and response capability, on-demand computing resources, cloud-based and more complex identity and access management, and various other characteristics impact the results of applying a threat model to the cloud computing platform. Thus, the threat modeling of cloud platforms must consider a new model of shared responsibility. The threat model should recognize an approach that requires the end user to explicitly trust the cloud service provider in their respective areas of responsibility, and must consider new or modified threats. Organizations migrating their computer network from a more traditional on-premise system to cloud-based services must consider the classes of threats that any computer network faces, but also the impacts resulting from cloud unique characteristics. In this paper, we select and apply a threat model to a cloud platform. Specific cloud unique characteristics are identified, and discussions on their impact to the threat model results are described.
Zionism, International Law, and the Paradoxes of Hersch Zvi Lauterpacht

The history of modern international law is often told as a fable of Jewish moral cosmopolitanism. Many recent accounts of the lawyer, law professor, and judge Hersch Lauterpacht (1897-1960) confirm this narrative by positing that his pioneering ideas of international human rights, crimes against humanity, and the laws of armed conflict derive from his personal experience of antisemitism, the Holocaust, and refugeedom. Implicitly or explicitly, this meta-narrative frequently situates politics in opposition to law, and frames Zionism as the particularistic pole opposite the putative universalism of twentieth-century Jewish legal cosmopolitanism. This chapter challenges this view through a novel reconstruction of Lauterpacht’s biography based on newly discovered archival sources in English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Polish. Against the trend towards apolitical or antipolitical narratives, this chapter argues that Lauterpacht’s political investment in the Zionist movement shaped his legal imagination of modern international law.
Association of Federal Mental Health Parity Legislation With Health Care Use and Spending Among High Utilizers of Services.

Background:Decades-long efforts to require parity between behavioral and physical health insurance coverage culminated in the comprehensive federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act.Objectives:To determine the association between federal parity and changes in mental health care utilizati
Association between sleep duration and breast cancer incidence: The multiethnic cohort

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Inconsistent findings for the relationship between melatonin levels, sleep duration and breast cancer have been reported. We investigated the association of sleep duration at cohort entry and its interaction with body mass index (BMI) with risk of developing breast cancer in the large population-based Multiethnic Cohort study. Among the 74,481 at-risk participants, 5,790 breast cancer cases were identified during the study period. Although we detected no significant association between sleep duration and breast cancer incidence, higher risk estimates for short (HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.97-1.09) and long sleep (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.95-1.15) compared to normal sleep (7-8 hr) were found. The patterns for models stratified by age, BMI, ethnicity and hormone receptor status were similar but did not indicate significant interaction effects. When examining the combined sleep duration and BMI interaction effect, in comparison to the normal BMI-normal sleep group, risk estimates for underweight, overweight and obesity were similar across categories of sleep duration (≤6, 7-8, and ≥9 hr). The underweight-normal sleep group had lower breast cancer incidence (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50-0.86), whereas the overweight-short sleep, overweight-normal sleep group and all obese women experienced elevated breast cancer incidence. The respective HRs for short, normal and long sleep among obese women were 1.35 (95% CI: 1.20-1.53), 1.27 (95% CI: 1.15-1.42) and 1.46 (95% CI: 1.21-1.76). Future perspectives need to examine the possibility that sleep quality, variations in circadian rhythm and melatonin are involved in breast cancer etiology.
Mergers and Wages in Digital Networks: a Public Interest Perspective

This article has examined the relationship between mergers and their impact on average per-person wages for incumbents, over long periods of institutional changes within the United States telecommunications industry, from a public interest perspective. We evaluate the relationship of mergers and wages across two differing periods; one, when the sector was completely regulated, and, the other, when competition was introduced after the Telecommunications Act of 1996. We treat mergers as endogenous and use treatment effects analysis to examine the relationship of mergers and wages. Having split the data set into data for regulated and deregulated periods, we find no impact of mergers on wages in the regulated period. In the deregulated period, however, between 1996 and 2001, we find a significant negative impact on mergers and wages. For firms experiencing mergers, real average wages per employee are a third lower than in non-merging firms. This suggests a post-merger cost-cutting approach by firms. Our before-and-after findings of wages declining after mergers, in the 1996 to 2001 period, lead us to conclude that the merger approvals given after the passage of TA 1996 will not have met public interest guidelines as per which merger outcomes ought to be fair to affected firms’ employees and stakeholders. Additionally, we suggest a resolution to the empirical puzzle, of half-negative and half-positive merger and wage outcome findings existing in the literature, by incorporating institutional context into our analysis to explain why during some periods of time the relationship of merger and wage outcomes may be positive and at other times may be negative.
The Effects of Medical Evidence and Pain Intensity on Medical Student Judgments of Chronic Pain Patients

This study examined symptom judgments made by medical students of hypothetical chronic low back pain patients. Eight vignettes were varied as to the pain intensity reported by the hypothetical patient (low vs. moderate vs. high vs. very high) and the availability of medical evidence supportive of the pain report (present vs. absent). Ninety-five subjects read vignettes and made judgments of patient emotional distress, pain intensity, and pain-related disability. Subjects significantly discounted pain level when intensity was high but slightly augmented pain level when intensity was low. Judgments of pain and disability were higher for patients for whom medical evidence was present compared to those for whom it was absent. The results support and extend previous research on the effects of situational and patient variables on observer pain judgments. Future research should examine the influence of these biasing variables on the assessment and treatment of chronic pain patients.
Carbon assimilation in crops at high temperatures

Global temperatures are rising, and higher rates of temperature increase are projected over land areas that encompass the globe's major agricultural regions. In addition to increased growing season temperatures, heat waves are predicted to become more common and severe. High temperatures can inhibit photosynthetic carbon gain of crop plants and thus threaten productivity, the effects of which may interact with other aspects of climate change. Here, we review the current literature assessing temperature effects on photosynthesis in key crops with special attention to field studies using crop canopy heating technology and in combination with other climate variables. We also discuss the biochemical reactions related to carbon fixation that may limit crop photosynthesis under warming temperatures and the current strategies for adaptation. Important progress has been made on several adaptation strategies demonstrating proof-of-concept for translating improved photosynthesis into higher yields. These are now poised to test in important food crops.
Seizure prevalence, contributing factors, and prognostic factors in patients with leptomeningeal disease.

Abstract Background To determine seizure prevalence and contributing factors in patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD). Methods Authors performed a retrospective review of 79 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of LMD. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using Chi-Square tests or Fisher's Exact tests. Survival was plotted with Kaplan Meier curves. Variables with a log-rank p-value of Results Seizure prevalence in those with and without brain metastases was 22%. Of those who seized, 65% were admitted for this at least once while only one patient required intubation. Primary malignancy, type or route of chemotherapy administration, form of radiation therapy (craniospinal, focal, or whole brain), surgical treatment, location of LMD, and number of brain metastases did not influence seizure development. Only 13% of patients who never had seizures were on a prophylactic AED (anti-epileptic drug). In patients who had brain metastasis, there was no significant difference in prevalence of seizure before versus after LMD diagnosis suggesting that LMD does not significantly increase the risk of seizure compared to brain metastasis alone. A multivariate analysis revealed that while males trended toward inferior survival, only performance status and treatment with systemic chemotherapy showed a significant association with survival. Median survival time of patients after LMD diagnosis was four months. Conclusion The prevalence of seizure in LMD patients is 22%. There were no statistically significant predisposing factors to seizure development. ECOG and use of systemic chemotherapy were found to be significant prognostic factors.
Micro-Scale Cell Patterning on Nonfouling Plasma Polymerized Tetraglyme Coatings by Protein Microcontact Printing

Nonfouling thin films were prepared by the plasma deposition of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (pp4G) on fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) and glass substrates. Ordered cell patterns were created on these surfaces by microcontact printing of proteins. Pp4G was found to be stable in aqueous environments and resistant to an ethanol sterilization procedure, as verified by surface analysis. Pp4G also reduced nonspecific protein adsorption by more than 65-fold before and after sterilization. Despite the low adsorption of proteins to pp4G in solution, protein microcontact printing was achieved and we were able to print laminin, an adhesive extracellular matrix protein, from an elastomeric stamp onto pp4G. The printed laminin supported the attachment and spreading of cardiomyocytes and the nonprinted pp4G regions remained cell repulsive in culture conditions. Microscale patterns of cardiomyocytes were maintained on printed pp4G for more than 7 days. This cell patterning process should be viable for other cell types. The potential applications include tissue engineering and microdevices for biosensor, diagnostic, and pharmacological applications.
CoQ10 enhances PGC1α and increases expression of mitochondrial antioxidant proteins in chronically ischemic swine myocardium.

Expression of mitochondrial proteins is reduced within hibernating myocardium (HM). It is unclear whether dietary supplementation with CoQ10 can increase expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and antioxidant proteins within this tissue. In a swine model of HM, we tested whether dietary administration of CoQ10 for four weeks enhances the expression of ETC and antioxidant proteins within the mitochondria via increased PGC1α signaling. 12 swine were instrumented with a fixed constrictor around the LAD artery to induce gradual stenosis. At three months, transthoracic ECHO was performed to confirm the presence of a wall motion abnormality in the anterior wall. Animals were then randomly assigned to receive daily dietary supplements of either CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/day) or placebo for four weeks. At this time, animals underwent a final ECHO and terminal procedure. Expression of nuclear-bound PGC1α (Western blots) and mitochondrial proteins (Tandem Mass Tag) were determined. Mitochondrial and nuclear membranes were isolated from the LAD region. Nuclear-bound PGC1α levels were > 200-fold higher with administration of four weeks of CoQ10 treatment (p = 0.016). Expression of ETC proteins was increased in those animals that received CoQ10. Compared with mitochondria in the LAD region from placebo-treated pigs, CoQ10-treated pigs had higher levels of Complex I (p = 0.03), Complex IV (p = 0.04) and Complex V (p = 0.028) peptides. Four weeks of dietary CoQ10 in HM pigs enhances active, nuclear-bound PGC1α and increases the expression of ETC proteins within mitochondria of HM tissue.
Supporting and Recognizing Excellence in Teaching: STP at 75.

Established in 1945 as Division 2, one of the original divisions of the American Psychological Association, the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (STP) celebrates its 75th anniversary in 2020....
Mechanisms and Markers of Clinical Radioresistance

Predictive biomarkers that allow rational selection of treatments for individual patients have played a central role in precision oncology. While such biomarkers have transformed approaches for systemic drug-based therapies, few markers are currently available clinically for aiding therapeutic decisions involving radiation therapy and radiation/drug combination. Given the considerable heterogeneity of tumor responses to radiation and chemoradiation in the clinic, there exists a critical need to establish biomarkers for stratifying tumors according to their relative treatment sensitivity/resistance. This will aid the development of radiation/drug combinations which to date have largely followed the historical “one-size-fits-all” approach. The use of targeted radiosensitizers may be especially beneficial for radioresistant cancers where pure radiation dose escalation may be limited by the radiation tolerance of the normal tissues surrounding a tumor. In particular, the therapeutic index could be widened if radiosensitizers take aim at molecular targets that are present or overexpressed in the tumor but not normal tissues. Here, we review not only established radiobiological parameters that impact clinical radioresistance but also genomic tumor alterations such as mutations in KEAP1/NFE2L2 or KRAS that are emerging as clinically useful biomarkers in this regard. There exists tremendous opportunity to realize the precision radiation medicine concept in the clinic through the rational development of radiation/drug or chemoradiation/drug combinations that are guided by these biomarkers.
Post-traumatic Arthritis of the Wrist

Basic wrist anatomy will be reviewed as a basis for understanding injuries that lead to arthritis. Common injuries causing predictable patterns of degenerative changes at the radio- and ulnocarpal, intercarpal, and distal radioulnar joints are discussed. Included are specific patterns of collapse such as scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC). Established and controversial treatment options for each pattern of degeneration will be briefly reviewed.
Current and emerging strategies for management of myelodysplastic syndromes.

Abstract Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis with varying degrees of dysplasia and peripheral cytopenias. MDS are driven by structural chromosomal alterations and somatic mutations in neoplastic myeloid cells, which are supported by a tumorigenic and a proinflammatory marrow microenvironment. Current treatment strategies for lower-risk MDS focus on improving quality of life and cytopenias, while prolonging survival and delaying disease progression is the focus for higher-risk MDS. Several promising drugs are in the horizon, including the hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer roxadustat, telomerase inhibitor imetelstat, oral hypomethylating agents (CC-486), TP53 modulators (APR-246 and ALRN-6924), and the anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab. Targeted therapies approved for acute myeloid leukemia treatment, such as isocitrate dehdyrogenase inhibitors and venetoclax, are also being studied for use in MDS. In this review, we provide a brief overview of pathogenesis and current treatment strategies in MDS followed by a discussion of newer agents that are under clinical investigation.
Bees and abstract concepts

Empirical work related to abstract concepts in honey bee and bumble bee discrimination performance is reviewed. Experiments showing behavioral transfer of numerosity discrimination, relational learning, and same/different discrimination are described. In each case, the attribution of such results to abstract conceptual representations is consistent with the data, but alternative explanations also exist. The complex, sophisticated discrimination abilities of bees challenge some of the explanations applied to corresponding abilities in humans and other non-human animals.
Breeding programs in dairy cattle - current and future considerations

Methods of evaluating dairy cattle using mixed models with Best Linear Unbiased Prediction properties have progressed from the sire model to the animal model. Definitions of effects in models need refinement, particularly for contemporary groups. Pedigree selection and progeny testing is the standard for producing sires used in artificial insemination, but multiple ovulation and embryo transfer schemes are being tried. Efficient production is necessary under conditions of surplus. Efficiency can be achieved by higher production per cow and reducing costs by improved reproduction, increased herd life, reduced health costs, and reduced dystocia. Preferential treatment is a major problem. New biotechnological developments such as bovine somatotropin, mitochondrial genetics, sexing semen, embryo transfers, cloning, transgenic animals, and markers are considered as potential new technologies that may be useful for dairy cattle improvement.
Bayesian-entropy gaussian process for constrained metamodeling

Abstract A novel Bayesian-Entropy Gaussian Process (BEGP) is proposed for constrained metamodeling. Gaussian Process (GP) regression is a flexible and robust tool for surrogate modeling using observation data. For many engineering problems, available information other than observations may be known, such as physical constraints, boundary conditions, and empirical knowledge. Based on the Bayesian-Entropy (BE) principle, this paper introduces a novel framework for encoding extra information in addition to point data in constructing a GP regression model. The extra information is treated as constraints on the mean prediction of GP. The BE method can rigorously incorporate extra information as constraints into classical Bayesian framework. The constraint term is added into the posterior distribution of the hyperparameters when training the GP model. BEGP serves as an information fusion tool to enhance the extrapolation behavior of the GP model by incorporating additional knowledge about the problem. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on a numerical toy example and a structural analysis example highlighting the ability to smoothly connect two local GPs and incorporate boundary conditions as extra constraints. The BEGP shows the ability of incorporating physics constraints to enhance prediction and extrapolation behaviors. Finally, conclusions and future work are drawn based on the proposed study.
Optimizing the Quantum Dot Lasers for High-Speed Operation: Novel Versus Conventional Designs

Direct modulation bandwidth and optimum dc current maximizing it are discussed for double tunneling-injection quantum dot (QD) lasers and QD lasers with asymmetric barrier layers and compared to those for conventional QD lasers.
Metabolomic Studies for Metabolic Alterations Induced by Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Mini Review.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic drugs to mitigate pain, however it is associated with gastrointestinal injury and cardiovascular disease in some individuals. Metabolomics has the potential to understand the interaction of host and the drugs, such as NSAIDs administration. This discipline has been used by many researchers to understand the serious side effects of NSAIDs. We highlighted (1) the potential of metabolomics in understanding the pathogenesis of adverse events due to NSAIDs administration; (2) choice of metabolomics techniques, bio sample handling; (3) review of metabolomics studies in the front of NSAIDs in different biofluids and tissues; (4) pathway analysis of the data presented in the published literature. In our analysis we find tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), “glycine serine and threonine metabolism,” “alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism,” and fatty acid metabolism to be altered by the NSAIDs like ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, aspirin, and celecoxib. In conclusion, metabolomics allows the use of biological samples to identify useful pathways involved in disease progression, and subsequently inform a greater understanding of the disease pathogenesis. A further in-depth investigation of the associated pathways mentioned above holds the potential for drug targets for side effects mitigation.