cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualities Underlying the Definitions of Gender

Dimensions underlying the definition of items as feminine and masculine were examined in a set of three studies. Items chosen by children as belonging to males or females were used as the initial stimuli. These included traditionally stereotyped items such as a hammer and an iron, as well as more metaphorically related items such as bears and flowers. The raters in all three studies were undergraduates (70% White, 30% minorities). In Study 1, the items were rated using a set of 40 common adjectives. Three factors resulted: two related to masculine items and one to feminine items. In Study 2, a subset of the adjectives were used to rate abstract paintings that had been designated feminine or masculine by another group of adults. In Study 3, a set of stimuli were developed using the adjectives from the previous two studies. The items were rated as feminine or masculine and matched the initial coding of the adjective. The new items were also rated on the same adjectives by another set of adults. Again, the masculine adjectives were assigned to masculine items and feminine to feminine items. There was excellent agreement across three different sets of stimuli on the underlying dimensions of gender definition, even using items that were not traditionally stereotyped.
Pre-Employment Examinations and the Americans with Disabilities Act: How Best to Avoid Liabilities under Federal Law

Pre-employment examinations may be the most common medical examinations conducted in relation to work. Physicians who conduct these evaluations can create potential liability for employers and themselves by providing medical advice that does not consider the relevant aspects of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This statute addresses the timing and content of these examinations and decision-making relating to them. It prohibits disability-based discrimination in all aspects of employment. The law mandates that medical examinations be conducted only after an offer of employment is made to an applicant and that employers not reject candidates due to concerns about insignificant or uncertain future risks or groundless concerns about ability to perform essential job functions. Employers are required to maintain the confidentiality of medical information and to provide reasonable accommodations for qualified applicants with disabilities. Many of the cases brought under the ADA in relation to pre-employment medical evaluations are based on the theory that the employer wrongly regarded an applicant as disabled and incapable of performing the job or erroneously considered the candidate to be high risk for future injury. These issues are explored in summaries of two recent ADA cases. Physicians conducting these examinations are advised to take several steps to avoid involvement in a violation of the ADA. These include becoming directly familiar with essential tasks of jobs, fully understanding the limited ability of medical examinations to predict fitness or risk, reviewing the relevant aspects of the ADA, and communicating directly with applicants and employers when concerns arise.
Barrier Layer Development Local to Tropical Cyclones based on Argo Float Observations

AbstractThe objective of this study is to quantify barrier layer development due to tropical cyclone (TC) passage using Argo float observations of temperature and salinity. To accomplish this objec...
Regional electricity trade for hydropower development in South Asia

ABSTRACTThis study examines the importance of enhancing cross-border transmission interconnections and regional electricity trade to promote hydropower in the South Asia region and it quantifies th...
Modeling the disappearance of the Neanderthals using principles of population dynamics and ecology

Abstract Current hypotheses regarding the disappearance of Neanderthals (NEA) in Europe fall into two main categories: climate change, and competition. Here we review current research and existing mathematical models that deal with this question, and we propose an approach that incorporates and permits the investigation of the current hypotheses. We have developed a set of differential equations that model population dynamics of anatomically modern humans (AMH) and NEA, their ecological relations to prey species, and their mutual interactions. The model allows investigators to explore each of the two main categories or combinations of both, as well as various forms of competition and/or interference within the context of competition. The model is designed to include a wide variety of hypotheses and associated archaeological evidence, not focused on a particular hypothesis regarding NEA extinction. It therefore provides investigators with a model to impartially examine various hypotheses (individually or in combination) regarding climatic effects, differential resource use, differences in birth/death rates and carrying capacities, competition, interference, disease, interbreeding, and cultural distinctions that might have led to the extinction of NEA. Moreover, the model accommodates the design of scenarios concerning—for example—population growth, hunting, competitive interactions, cultural differences, and climatic influences to investigate which concepts best explain the rapid disappearance of NEA. In addition, our model is a modification of the classical Lotka-Volterra model for a wide range of any two populations competing for a common resource. Specifically, our model explicitly includes the resource as an additional variable, a dependence of important population parameters on resource, as well as accommodates treating one of the populations as invasive.
Linear Thermal Power Controller Design and Implementation for Efficient Electric Heating

A prototype enclosure that is built for space heating was equipped with a resistive heater element and two temperature sensors. During a one-hour temperature regulation experiment, a Bang-Bang controller like those commonly used for residential heating control was used and the results were compared to a novel linear controller developed for the same purpose. The variables of comparison include temperatures and electrical power data. The study focuses on the linearization of the control system using a power electronics converter. The input of the converter must have linear relationship with the output power provided to the thermal system. Linearization was achieved by identifying a mathematical relationship that eliminates quadratic power function as well as converter's nonlinearity. This relationship was further implemented in the microcontroller. A second order linear mathematical model was later developed to identify and estimate the thermal circuit parameters utilizing a one-hour test facilitated through this new controller. Comparative results between simulation and experimental work validated the linearity of power control. Temperature disparity and input power characteristics were also improved using this new converter for controlling the space heater. The system developed is an important step toward energy savings, temperature improvements and demand side management for reducing peak demand.
Automating a Manual Sepsis Screening Tool in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Objective This article describes the method of integrating a manual pediatric emergency department sepsis screening process into the electronic health record that leverages existing clinical documentation and keeps providers in their current, routine clinical workflows. Methods Criteria in the manual pediatric emergency department sepsis screening tool were mapped to standard documentation routinely entered in the electronic health record. Data elements were extracted and scored from the medical history, medication record, vital signs, and physical assessments. Scores that met a predefined sepsis risk threshold triggered interruptive system alerts which notified emergency department staff to perform sepsis huddles and consider appropriate interventions. Statistical comparison of the new electronic tool to the manual process was completed by a two-tail paired t-test. Results The performance of the pediatric electronic sepsis screening tool was evaluated by comparing flowsheet row documentation of the manual, sepsis alert process against the interruptive system alert instance of the electronic sepsis screening tool. In an 8-week testing period, the automated pediatric electronic sepsis screening tool identified 100% of patients flagged by the manual process (n = 29), on average, 68 minutes earlier. Conclusion Integrating a manual sepsis screening tool into the electronic health record automated identification of pediatric sepsis screening in a busy emergency department. The electronic sepsis screening tool is as accurate as a manual process and would alert bedside clinicians significantly earlier in the emergency department course. Deployment of this electronic tool has the capability to improve timely sepsis detection and management of patients at risk for sepsis without requiring additional documentation by providers.
Navigating intrinsic triangulations

We present a data structure that makes it easy to run a large class of algorithms from computational geometry and scientific computing on extremely poor-quality surface meshes. Rather than changing the geometry, as in traditional remeshing, we consider intrinsic triangulations which connect vertices by straight paths along the exact geometry of the input mesh. Our key insight is that such a triangulation can be encoded implicitly by storing the direction and distance to neighboring vertices. The resulting signpost data structure then allows geometric and topological queries to be made on-demand by tracing paths across the surface. Existing algorithms can be easily translated into the intrinsic setting, since this data structure supports the same basic operations as an ordinary triangle mesh (vertex insertions, edge splits, etc.). The output of intrinsic algorithms can then be stored on an ordinary mesh for subsequent use; unlike previous data structures, we use a constant amount of memory and do not need to explicitly construct an overlay mesh unless it is specifically requested. Working in the intrinsic setting incurs little computational overhead, yet we can run algorithms on extremely degenerate inputs, including all manifold meshes from the Thingi10k data set. To evaluate our data structure we implement several fundamental geometric algorithms including intrinsic versions of Delaunay refinement and optimal Delaunay triangulation, approximation of Steiner trees, adaptive mesh refinement for PDEs, and computation of Poisson equations, geodesic distance, and flip-free tangent vector fields.
PokerBot: Hand Strength Reinforcement Learning

We sought to explore the problem of teaching a reinforcement learning agent how to play Texas Hold ‘Em (THE), a popular poker game played with a standard 52-card deck. This is an interesting problem because THE, and poker in general, is an incomplete information game in which the best strategy must take into account a significant amount of uncertainty, and for which the input vector of relevant information could be potentially very large. The final product of our research is a simplistic but elegant application of reinforcement learning, with various approaches yielding promising results within the context of THE.
Designing Microlearning Instruction for ProfessionalDevelopment Through a Competency Based Approach

This paper explores current understanding of microlearning as an effective model for professional development. From a theoretical perspective, the authors explore the rationale for microlearning by considering literature on competency-based education (CBE) and microcredentialing. Existing research specifically focused on microlearning is then considered, including essential design elements for microlearning lessons. The discussion concludes with suggestions for both further research and practice including design and development of microlearning lessons for professional development. We argue that microlearning can be a powerful model if design is appropriate.
Community Service Sentencing for Corporations

This study examines if judges sentence criminal corporations that are more blameworthy in the commission of crimes to community service penalties. This blameworthiness consideration is drawn from t...
A concept analysis of obstetric violence in the United States of America

The aim is to clarify the concept of "obstetric violence in the United States of America." Obstetric violence (OV) is a poorly defined and rarely applied concept in the United States that causes significant harm and requires recognition. The design is a concept analysis to examine the structure and function of OV in the United States. An English language literature review with no date restrictions was performed using CINAHL, PubMed, and Google search. The search was expanded to the related terms "birth rape" and "birth trauma." The concept analysis was conducted using the method outlined by Walker and Avant. The synthesized definition proposed is: Obstetric violence is abuse or mistreatment by a health care provider of a female who is engaged in fertility treatment, preconception care, pregnant, birthing, or postpartum; or the performance of any invasive or surgical procedure during the full span of the childbearing continuum without informed consent, that is coerced, or in violation of refusal. It is a sex-specific form of violence against women (VAW) that is a violation of human rights. A clear definition and understanding of OV in the United States will allow for its recognition. A conceptual basis for naming it can lead to better knowing its prevalence, further studies, and operationalizing the term to create pathways for accountability and restitution. Nurses are in a unique position to minimize OV risk and to promote individual and unit-based responses for zero-tolerance.
Swift: Delay is Simple and Effective for Congestion Control in the Datacenter

We report on experiences with Swift congestion control in Google datacenters. Swift targets an end-to-end delay by using AIMD control, with pacing under extreme congestion. With accurate RTT measurement and care in reasoning about delay targets, we find this design is a foundation for excellent performance when network distances are well-known. Importantly, its simplicity helps us to meet operational challenges. Delay is easy to decompose into fabric and host components to separate concerns, and effortless to deploy and maintain as a congestion signal while the datacenter evolves. In large-scale testbed experiments, Swift delivers a tail latency of
Principles Guiding Civil Claim Settlements

The book, published in 2018 by LexisNexis, focuses on civil claim settlements occurring both in and outside of trial courts and involving both federal and state law matters. The book covers topics addressed not only by civil procedure laws, but also by laws in such diverse areas as contract, tort, professional responsibility, insurance and evidence. It includes consideration of both partial and complete settlements of civil claims which have not yet arisen (e.g., premarital agreements); have arisen, but have not yet prompted litigation (e.g., insurance disputes); and, have been presented in litigation. The book emphasizes the differing roles of the key players, including the actual or potential parties as well as their agents, parents, employers, insurers, subrogors, lienholders, and lawyers. Among the topics reviewed are the differences in criminal and civil case settlements; the differences in civil case settlements in private and public dispute resolution forums; settlement talks; lawyer and judicial conduct in facilitating or approving settlements; the secrecy of settlements; the effects of partial settlements on any later trials; enforcement of settlements agreements; the interests of nonparties in civil claim settlements; choosing appropriate settlement laws; and, the requirements for enforceable settlement agreements. The Table of Contents for the book is attached. Also attached is a draft of Chapter 4 which reviews the laws guiding civil claim settlement talks before and during litigation, reprinted from Principles Guiding Civil Claim Settlements with permission; copyright 2018 Matthew Bender & Co., a Lexis Nexis company; all rights reserved.
‘Make in India’:Lessons from G. Suryan’s NMR Research

'Make in India' is the new mantra of the Indian Government. It is being presented as 'a major new national programme' aimed at transforming the Indian economy. The lion, with its body made of mechanical wheels, which is the symbol of the programme, leaves little to doubt that techno-scientific research and innovation are its central elements.
Spectral Modulation Detection Performance and Speech Perception in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients

Purpose The aims of this study were, for pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients, (a) to determine the effect of age on their spectral modulation detection (SMD) ability and compare their age ef...
Surface Area of a Solid of Revolution

Find the surface area generated when the triangle with vertices at a : (1, 1), b : (5, 9), and c : (4, 14) is rotated about the line x = 7.
The intravenous use of dilute pituitrin for the induction and stimulation of labor.

T HE use of Pituitrin in labor dates from 1909 when Blair Bell’ described the results which might be expected from its use in postpartum hemorrhage, and in 1911 when Hofbaue? suggested its use in uterine inertia. As might be expected from its ability to initiate and maintain strong and regular uterine contractions, it was immediately popularized and the indications for its employment broadened until reports of accidents caused it to be roundly condemned. So it was that in 1920 obstetrical opinion was almost unanimous in decrying the administration of the drug. Most of the objections to its use stemmed from unreliable standardization or from the use of relatively huge doses in the first and second stages of labor. Nevertheless, especially in hospitals unassociated with the large teaching centers, Pituitrin continues to be used, and, I might add from personal observation, abused, sometimes with disastrous results for both mother and fetus. In an effort to minimize accidental overdosage it was suggested by Hofbauer3 that the drug might be administered intranasally by inserting saturated cotton pledgets into the nostrils. This method enjoyed a certain popularity for a limited time but results were soon found to be unreliable due to individual variation in the rates of absorption. Furthermore, the method was most unpleasant to the patient. Uterine tetany and even uterine rupture occurred with intranasal administration so that in addition to its unpredictability it was found to be unsafe.5 The very fact that Pituitrin has been used, condemned, and again studied in the past forty years despite the dangers which have been associated with its use indicates that there is a need for a reliable method of treatment of uterine inertia and a safe and efficient method of induction of labor when obstetrical indications for the termination of pregnancy exist. Reid4 in 1946 and Eastman5 in 194’7 acknowledged this need and showed that with appropriate safeguards in carefully selected cases, the use of Pituitrin in labor could be genuinely beneficial with no serious complications. Nevertheless, there was a certain percentage of cases in which Pituitrin failed to initiate contractions or was inadequate to maintain them at an effective level.
Including Curriculum Focus in Mathematics Professional Development for Middle‐School Mathematics Teachers

This paper examines professional development workshops focused on Connected Math, a particular curriculum utilized or being considered by the middle-school mathematics teachers involved in the study. The hope was that as teachers better understood the curriculum used in their classrooms, i.e., Connected Math, they would simultaneously deepen their own understanding of the corresponding mathematics content. By focusing on the curriculum materials and the student thought process, teachers would be better able to recognize and examine common student misunderstandings of mathematical content and develop pedagogically sound practices, thus improving their own pedagogical content knowledge. Pre- and post-mathematics content knowledge assessments indicated that engaging middle-school teachers in the curriculum materials using pedagogy that can be used with their middle-school students not only solidified teachers' familiarity with such strategies, but also contributed to their understanding of the mathematics content.
The Truth About Social Security and Medicare

Social security and Medicare present entirely different challenges, says this authority. But you would not know that to listen to Alan Greenspan's comments last winter. He said both programs would have to be cut. In contrast, future social security obligations can be accommodated without serious changes, this noted economist argues. The growth of Medicare obligations is much faster and will indeed require serious attention.
A 500 MHz 64b RISC CPU with 1.5 MB on-chip cache

A 64b quad issue PA-RISC microprocessor with full out-of-order execution is migrated from 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS into an advanced 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Features include an integrated on-chip 1.0 MB L1 data and 0.5 MB L1 instruction caches and a dual-voltage memory bus interface. The processor incorporates 116 M transistors on a 21.3/spl times/22 mm/sup 2/ die running in excess of 50O MHz at 85/spl deg/C and 2.0 V and delivering greater than 32 SPECint95 and greater than 52 SPECfp95 in a 440 MHz product configuration.
What is your diagnosis? Fine-needle aspirate of an aggressive bone lesion in a dog

A 2-year-old intact male Labrador Retriever was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of right forelimb lameness and slight swelling around the right distal antebrachium for 1 month. Results of a CBC and serum biochemical profile were unremarkable. Radiographs of the right antebrachium, acquired by the referring veterinarian, showed an irregular ovoid rim of mineralized perisoteum around the distal right ulna (Figure 1). Accompanying this were other regions of smooth yet irregular periosteal reaction seen circumferentially on the distal ulna and radius. Osteolysis of the craniodistal cortex of the right ulna was present, and an oval radiolucent area was seen in the ulna distal to the irregular periosteal reaction and lytic region. The soft tissues surrounding the distal antebrachium were swollen. A fine-needle aspirate was collected from the cranial aspect of distal radial cortex and stained with Hema 3 (Fisher Diagnostics, Middletown, VA, USA) (Figure 2).
Fresh Perspectives in Dialogue Theory

Communication is central to all of these worlds (that we build together), not in the sense of control, which a positivist ontology naturally favors, but in the sense of dialoguing an ongoing process that respects the autonomy of different reality constructions, enables each participant to interrogate his or her history and grow beyond it. Dialogue probably is the most noble form of human interaction, and communication scholars should be the first to appreciate its outstanding human qualities.
Large deviations for multi-scale Markovian switching systems with a small diffusion

This work develops asymptotic properties of randomly switching and time inhomogeneous dynamic systems under Brownian perturbation with a small diffusion. The switching process is modeled by a continuous-time Markov chain, which portraits discrete events that cannot be modeled by a diffusion process. In the model, there are two small parameters. One of them is e associated with the generator of the continuous-time, inhomogeneous Markov chain, and the other is δ = δe signifies the small intensity of the diffusion. Assume e → 0a ndδe → 0a se → 0. This paper focuses on large deviations type of estimates for such Markovian switching systems with small diffusions. The ratio e/δe can be a nonzero constant, or equal to 0, or ∞. These three different cases yield three different outcomes. This paper analyzes the three cases and present the corresponding asymptotic properties.
Virus-induced translational arrest through 4EBP1/2-dependent decay of 5′-TOP mRNAs restricts viral infection

The mosquito-transmitted bunyavirus, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is a highly successful pathogen for which there are no vaccines or therapeutics. Translational arrest is a common antiviral strategy used by hosts. In response, RVFV inhibits two well-known antiviral pathways that attenuate translation during infection, PKR and type I IFN signaling. Despite this, translational arrest occurs during RVFV infection by unknown mechanisms. Here, we find that RVFV infection triggers the decay of core translation machinery mRNAs that possess a 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine (5′-TOP) motif in their 5′-UTR, including mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins, which leads to a decrease in overall ribosomal protein levels. We find that the RNA decapping enzyme NUDT16 selectively degrades 5′-TOP mRNAs during RVFV infection and this decay is triggered in response to mTOR attenuation via the translational repressor 4EBP1/2 axis. Translational arrest of 5′-TOPs via 4EBP1/2 restricts RVFV replication, and this increased RNA decay results in the loss of visible RNA granules, including P bodies and stress granules. Because RVFV cap-snatches in RNA granules, the increased level of 5′-TOP mRNAs in this compartment leads to snatching of these targets, which are translationally suppressed during infection. Therefore, translation of RVFV mRNAs is compromised by multiple mechanisms during infection. Together, these data present a previously unknown mechanism for translational shutdown in response to viral infection and identify mTOR attenuation as a potential therapeutic avenue against bunyaviral infection.
Harvey Milk and California Proposition 6: how the gay liberation movement won two early victories

iv Acknowledgments v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Historical Conditions that Made LGBT Rights Victories Possible.....7 Chapter 3: Milk’s Progressive Strategies 35 Chapter 4: How California Proposition 6 Was Defeated 73 Chapter 5: Conclusion 131 Appendix 136 Bibliography 137 Chapter 1: Introduction "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children." Anita Bryant In November 1977, the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) movement scored an historic victory by electing Harvey Milk as the first openly gay male candidate to political office in the United States. According to historian Elizabeth Armstrong, “more than any other single event, the election of Harvey Milk to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in November 1977 signaled the ascendance of gay electoral power in San Francisco.” Only three years after Elaine Noble was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as the first openly lesbian or gay candidate to political office in the U.S., Milk’s election was a momentous victory that visibly demonstrated the rising political power of the growing LGBT population not only in San Francisco but in the United States as a whole. The victory also reflected the dramatic rise in the 1970s in the number of LGBT people “coming out of the closet” and openly identifying themselves as gays and lesbians. This electoral victory for the LGBT rights movement is particularly fascinating because it came at a time when there was a growing conservative backlash against the gay liberation movement and other left-wing protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1977 and 1978, ordinances protecting gays and lesbians from discrimination were being repealed in state after state. Conservative forces emerged victorious in ballot initiative elections that 1 Elizabeth Armstrong, Forging Gay Identities: Organizing Sexuality in San Francisco, 1950-1994 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002), 123.
HLA typing by NGS in the clinical lab: our one and a half years experience

Aim We present our experience using the Holotype™ Kit by Omixon for next generation sequencing (NGS) of HLA genes in a clinical setting for one and a half years, starting December 2013. Methods Samples were prepared using the X4 Holotype™ kit by Omixon for up to 7 loci (full length HLA-A, B, C, DQA1 and DQB1, intron 1 to intron 4 of DRB1, and intron 1–3’ UTR of DPB1) and were sequenced in both an individual and pooled amplicon approach using 2 × 251 bp reads on the Illumina MiSeq. Samples were also characterized in parallel with a second method (Sanger SBT, SSO, or SSP) to confirm the genotyping results by NGS and identify possible causes of discrepancies, if any. Two analysis programs were used to genotype the NGS data, Target by Omixon (v 1.7/1.8) and NGSengine by GenDX (v 1.3/1.6). Results A total of 1046 samples have been sequenced: 497 (47%) related to bone marrow transplant cases, 250 (24%) related to solid organ transplantation, and 299 (29%) samples being either proficiency, outreach or disease association studies. Approximately 975 typings were performed for HLA-A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1, and 600 typings for DQA1 and DPB1. On average, one sequencing run was performed per week with 12 samples on the MiSeq for a total of 83 runs utilizing both nano and full flow cells. At best, the turnaround time from amplification to analysis completion was 4 days, but averages 10 days due to the laboratory workflow and a single sequencing run per week. Concordance was 99.7% between NGS and secondary typing methods (SBT/SSP/SSOP). Discordance was due to incorrect or incomplete (ambiguous) SBT/SSP typing, allele imbalance, NGS genotyping software errors, incorrect reporting of results and new alleles. Two genotyping programs were used for analysis to safeguard against systematic analysis errors and agree for 94.8% of the best match allele calls. Ambiguous results are most common at the DPB1 locus due to a lack of phasing between exons 2 and 3 or the unsequenced exon 1 (17% of alleles) and the DRB1 locus due to not sequencing exon 1 (3.8% of alleles). No ambiguities were detected among the other loci. Conclusions We have genotyped over 1000 samples using NGS, with a very high concordance rate with other HLA typing methods and low ambiguity rates for DRB1 and DPB1 as described above. This technology is therefore very appropriate for HLA typing in a clinical setting. D. Monos: Grant/Research Support; Company/Organization; Omixon. 7. Other (Identify); Company/Organization; Royalty from Omixon.
LP 11 mode attenuation behavior of optical fibers with trench-cladding

A measurement method of high-order mode attenuation of optical fibers with a trench-cladding is presented. The attenuation varies smoothly depending on wavelength. However, the mechanism is changed around a theoretical cutoff wavelength.
Pleomorphic adenoma of the major salivary glands: diagnostic utility of FNAB and MRI.

Objectives/Hypothesis Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common, benign tumor of the major salivary glands. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Initial preoperative workup of major salivary gland neoplasms often includes fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck. Our objective was to assess the positive predictive value of FNAB and MRI in the evaluation of PA arising from within the major salivary glands. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods All patients with a FNAB diagnosis of PA of the major salivary glands and who underwent surgical excision at our institution from 2001 to 2011 were identified. FNAB slides from these cases were reviewed by a cytopathologist for findings suggestive of PA: fibrillary stroma, mesenchymal elements, plasmacytoid myoepithelial cells, epithelial cells forming ducts or tubules, and the absence of nuclear atypia. For those patients with a preoperative MRI, the MRI studies were reviewed by a neuroradiologist for findings suggestive of PA, including homogenous T2 hyperintensity, well-circumscribed borders, and solid contrast enhancement. Positive predictive value (PPV) of these specific FNAB and MRI findings were calculated using chi-squared testing. Results One hundred forty-six patients met inclusion criteria, and 68 had preoperative MRI. PPV of a FNAB diagnosis of PA was 97.8%. Characteristic features of PA on FNAB (fibrillary stroma, mesenchymal elements, plasmacytoid myoepithelial cells, epithelial cells forming ducts or tubules, and the absence of nuclear atypia) and MRI (homogenous T2 hyperintensity, well-circumscribed borders, and solid contrast enhancement) all demonstrated PPVs of 95% or greater in patients with FNA diagnosis of PA. Conclusions PPV of a FNAB diagnosis of PA in the major salivary glands is high. Among patients with a FNAB diagnosis of PA, specific MRI characteristics also have a high PPV. The diagnostic accuracy of these studies in combination allows for the confident preoperative diagnosis of PA. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 123:3056–3060, 2013
Occupational Inheritance in Agriculture

It used to be common, if not expected, that a son would grow up and take over the family business or follow in his father's footsteps. Today we still observe varying degrees of occupational inheritance in business, politics, the arts, and other occupations. However, Blau and Duncan find that farmers "inherit" their occupation at a rate five times greater than the next-highest category of occupational inheritors. Despite a growing concern about the future of the family farm, there seem to be no successful attempts to explain why occupational mobility studies consistently find higher rates of intergenerational occupational mobility among farmers than among other groups. In this paper we attempt to explain the tendency of farmers to be sons of farmers. By itself, the preponderance of family farms is not particularly surprising. It is interesting that ownership of these farms tends to remain within families across generations. Moreover, sons of farmers tend to become farmers rather than rent or
Establishment of a pair of concentric circles with the minimum radial separation for assessing roundness error

Abstract The paper presents a computational-geometry-based method of determining the roundness error of a measured workpiece. A set of n points (obtained from the measured workpiece) in a plane being given, it is required that the center and the radii of a pair of concentric circles be found such that no point is exterior to the space bounded by the circles, with the condition that the radial separation between the circles is minimum. The paper addresses the mathematical formalization of the problem. The properties of convex-hull and Voronoi diagrams have been exploited to develop a faster algorithm for establishing the circles. The methodology has been implemented, and the results have been presented to validate the computational effectiveness of the approach.
National Kidney Foundation 2006 Spring Clinical Meeting April 19–23, Hyatt Regency, Chicago, Illinois

T he National Kidney Foundation’s 2006 Clinical Meeting (CM.06) will focus on educational activities for health care professionals who care for patients across the entire continuum of kidney disease. Highlights include the presentation of the new chronic kidney disease and diabetes K/DOQI clinical guidelines and updates on vascular access, the expanded anemia guidelines, and peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis adequacy guidelines. Participants will return to their clinical practices with new information and skills that can be applied to improvement of those practices. Attendees are encouraged to attend courses offered by other disciplines.
Circuit breaker selection in a wind farm with Type-2 wind turbine generators

With fast increasing penetration of wind power plants around the world, it is important to document the short circuit response of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and wind farms, and analyze its effect on nearby switchgear. Using a fully validated time-domain model of Mountain wind farm in Wyoming, USA, this paper documents and analyzes the short circuit responses of a Type-2 WTG, and a wind farm consisting of Type-2 WTGs. Based on short circuit responses, recommendations and suggestions are made to select circuit breakers inside and outside the wind farm. A simplified yet accurate wind farm model is also proposed to help selection of circuit breakers at the point of interconnection of a Type-2 wind farm. Since Type-1 and Type-2 wind farms are functionally similar, the observations and recommendations made in this paper also extend to Type-1 wind farms.
PREDICTION OF WHEEL/RAIL INTERACTION: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

SUMMARY This paper presents a survey of the state-of-the-art in predicting wheel/rail interaction. Current methods are presented for calculating contact geometry, defining the wheel/rail kinematic expressions, and obtaining contact plane forces due to creep. The paper concludes by examining where future research should be focused. While techniques for predicting wheel/rail interaction have developed considerably over the last twenty years, there is room for still further improvement.
Surface-based mixed effects multilevel analysis of grouped human electrocorticography

Electrocorticography (ECoG) in humans yields data with unmatched spatio-temporal resolution that provides novel insights into cognitive operations. However, the broader application of ECoG has been confounded by difficulties in accurately depicting individual data and performing statistically valid population-level analyses. To overcome these limitations, we developed methods for accurately registering ECoG data to individual cortical topology. We integrated this technique with surface-based co-registration and a mixed-effects multilevel analysis (MEMA) to control for variable cortical surface anatomy and sparse coverage across patients, as well as intra- and inter-subject variability. We applied this surface-based MEMA (SB-MEMA) technique to a face-recognition task dataset (n=22). Compared against existing techniques, SB-MEMA yielded results much more consistent with individual data and with meta-analyses of face-specific activation studies. We anticipate that SB-MEMA will greatly expand the role of ECoG in studies of human cognition, and will enable the generation of population-level brain activity maps and accurate multimodal comparisons.
The X-ray crystal structure of RNA polymerase from Archaea.

The Archaea were once thought of as the more primitive of the two prokaryotic lineages, but they are now considered to be more closely related to the eukaryotes (or Eukarya) than to the Bacteria. Determination of the crystal structure of archaeal RNA polymerase (RNAP) now allows a structural comparison of the transcription machinery between all three domains of life. The archaeal enzyme shows striking structural similarities to the eukaryotic equivalent, and should be a useful model system for the dissection of the molecular basis of eukaryote transcription. The transcription apparatus in Archaea can be described as a simplified version of its eukaryotic RNA polymerase (RNAP) II counterpart, comprising an RNAPII-like enzyme as well as two general transcription factors, the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and the eukaryotic TFIIB orthologue TFB1,2. It has been widely understood that precise comparisons of cellular RNAP crystal structures could reveal structural elements common to all enzymes and that these insights would be useful in analysing components of each enzyme that enable it to perform domain-specific gene expression. However, the structure of archaeal RNAP has been limited to individual subunits3,4. Here we report the first crystal structure of the archaeal RNAP from Sulfolobus solfataricus at 3.4 A resolution, completing the suite of multi-subunit RNAP structures from all three domains of life. We also report the high-resolution (at 1.76 A) crystal structure of the D/L subcomplex of archaeal RNAP and provide the first experimental evidence of any RNAP possessing an iron–sulphur (Fe–S) cluster, which may play a structural role in a key subunit of RNAP assembly. The striking structural similarity between archaeal RNAP and eukaryotic RNAPII highlights the simpler archaeal RNAP as an ideal model system for dissecting the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
Gold-catalyzed highly regioselective oxidation of C-C triple bonds without acid additives: propargyl moieties as masked α,β-unsaturated carbonyls.

Gold-catalyzed intermolecular oxidations of internal alkynes have been achieved with high regioselectivities using 8-alkylquinoline N-oxides as oxidants and in the absence of acid additives. Synthetically versatile α,β-unsaturated carbonyls are obtained in good to excellent yields and with excellent E-selectivities. A range of functional groups such as THP, MOMO, N3, OTBS, and N-Boc are tolerated. This reaction allows α,β-unsaturated carbonyls to be masked as propargyl moieties, thus offering a practical solution to compatibility issues with these functional groups likely encountered in syntheses of complex structures.
Adaptive energy-absorbing materials using field-responsive fluid-impregnated cellular solids

Adaptive materials with rapidly controllable and switchable energy-absorption and stiffness properties have a number of potential applications. We have developed, characterized and modeled a class of adaptive energy-absorbing systems consisting of nonlinear poroelastic composites wherein a field-responsive fluid, such as a magnetorheological fluid or a shear-thickening fluid, has been used to modulate the mechanical properties of a cellular solid. The mechanical properties and energy-absorbing capabilities of the composite are studied for variations in design parameters including imposed field strength, volume fraction of the field-responsive fluid within the composite and impact strain rates. The total energy absorbed by these materials can be modulated by a factor of 1- to 50-fold for small volume fractions of the fluid (∼15%) using moderate magnetic fields varying from 0 to 0.2 T. A scaling model is also proposed for the fluid–solid composite mechanical behavior that collapses experimental data onto a single master curve. The model allows optimization of the composite properties in tune with the application requirements. Potential application areas are discussed with emphasis on applicability in impact-absorbing headrests and cushioned assemblies for energy management. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Effect of Water Addition to Choline Chloride–Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) on the Removal of Post-Etch Resid ues Formed on Copper

Feasibility of dissolution of post-etch residues (PERs) formed on copper in formulations containing a mixture of urea (U)-choline chloride (CC) deep eutectic solvent (DES) and water (W) has been investigated. PER films were formed on copper surface by spin coating deep ultraviolet photoresist film, followed by CF4/O2 plasma etching. The residue removal process was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Effective removal of PER was obtained in water-DES solutions containing as high as 90% water in the temperature range of 20-40 °C. Additionally, the etch rates of copper and siloxane-based low-k dielectric material in water-DES solutions were found to be lower than that in deaerated 250:1 [H2O: hydrofluoric acid (HF) (49%) volume ratio] dilute HF solutions.
Reactions of in-situ generated acyllithium reagents with carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide

Abstract In-situ generated (at −110°C to −135°C) acyllithium reagents, RC(O)Li (R = t -Bu, n -Bu), react with CS2, to give [RCOS]Li with loss of Cs. On the other hand, COS reacts to give [RC(O)COS]Li.
Balancing excitation and inhibition

In this issue of Neuron, D'amour and Froemke (2015) examine how inhibitory spike-time-dependent plasticity (STDP) interacts with co-activated excitatory STDP to regulate excitatory-inhibitory balance in auditory cortex.
Electronmicroscope investigations of the underside of cells in culture.

Abstract We have carried out an electronmicroscopic study of replicas of the underside of culture cells. The techniques developed for the preparation of such replicas are described in detail. We find that the cells do not rest on the surface of the culture dish itself, but rather are attached to a protein film adsorbed from the culture medium. The underside of cells is usually rather smooth looking. It is difficult to clearly define the site of attachment of cells to their substrate. The features interpreted as attachment sites are often bored and diffuse. Heavy bundles of micro-filaments can be recognized in the sole plate of BHK cells. These bundles are usually parallel to the long axes of the cells, and often terminate in cell projections. They are only rarely encountered in the sole plate of transformed BHK cells.
Social influences on "self-stimulatory" behavior: Analysis and treatment application.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that the "self-stimulatory" behaviors exhibited by some individuals may be socially mediated. Four developmentally disabled children who exhibited hand flapping and body rocking participated in a series of three experiments conducted to assess the influence of social variables on stereotyped behavior and to develop a treatment based on the assessment. Experiment 1 used an assessment procedure to determine the relative influences of social attention and task demands on stereotyped behavior. For all four children, hand flapping and body rocking increased when difficult academic tasks were introduced. Experiment 2 involved the use of a procedural time-out and demonstrated that removing task demands contingent on stereotyped behavior resulted in increased rates of hand flapping and body rocking. In Experiment 3, these results were used to develop a communication treatment that consisted of teaching the children to request assistance on the difficult tasks. This treatment resulted in significant reductions in self-stimulatory behavior. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that some forms of repetitive stereotyped behavior may come to serve social functions (e.g., escape from aversive situations). Teaching a functionally equivalent communicative alternative to escape-motivated stereotyped behavior can be an effective form of intervention for this problem.
A linear programming characterization of all stabilizing PID controllers

The YJBK parametrization characterizes all stabilizing controllers. In industry, most controllers are PID and there is no solution to the problem: can a plant P(s) be stabilized by a PID controller? In this paper, we provide an answer to this question. Besides settling the question of existence, we provide a computationally constructive characterization of all stabilizing PID controllers that stabilize a given plant. Thus this result is essentially an extension of the YJBK characterization restricted to PIDs and opens up the possibility of optimal design using PIDs.
HISTORY, DECOLONIZATION AND THE MAKING OF REVOLUTION: Reflections on Writing the Popular History of the Jamaican Events of 1938

The writing of popular history in Jamaica has a tradition which begins inside the anticolonial movement and develops with the Marxist Left in the 1970s. This essay examines how the major texts of this tradition describe the historical 1938 events. It suggests that while the tradition foregrounded popular movements, it did so within frames which negated the political ideas of these groups. In the end the essay argues for a critical subaltern historiography which pays attention to political thought and the frames in which they may be expressed.
Saqqaq: An Inuit Hunting Community in the Modern World

Saqqaq: An Inuit Hunting Community in the Modern World. Jens Dahl. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. vi. 277 pp., maps, figures, tables, references, index.