cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of proenkephalin mRNA in developing cerebellar cortex of the rat: expression levels coincide with maturational gradients in Purkinje cells.

Abstract The cellular localization of proenkephalin (PE) mRNA expression was systematically examined in midsagittal (vermal) sections of the developing rat cerebellar cortex by in situ hybridization. PE mRNA was initially detected in Golgi cells of postnatal day 7 (PND 7) rats and in each group thereafter. Moreover, PND 7 rats also displayed an intense layer of PE mRNA hybridization signal over the Purkinje mell layer. By PND 14,mdistinct cellular labeling was observed in a subpopulation of Purkinje cells in all lobules of the vermis except lobule III. At PND 7 and 14, the area and level of intensity of Purkinje cell associated PE mRNA hybridization signal followed a gradient that was most intense caudally but then decreased rostrally. At PND 21, the proportion of labeled Purkinje cells and the intensity of PE hybridization signal was evenly dispersed between the anterior and posterior lobules of the cerebellar vermis. PE hybridization signal was not detected in the developing neural cells of the external granular layer or the interneurons of the molecular layer in the vermis. These results indicate that the ontogeny of PE mRNA expression in Purkinje cells is developmentally regulated since levels of expression closely follow the chronological order of settling and maturation of these neurons. Based on prior evidence that endogenous opioids inhibit the growth of Purkinje cell dendrites and dendritic spines, PE expression is likely to be important for Purkinje cell maturation.
Thinking About 1989: The End of Politics by Other Means

The dense network of institutions binding modern Europe, especially the European Union, has eliminated war as the primary instrument of European security. By joining the European Union, the former satellite states and the Baltics became part of the single most significant political invention of modern European history.
Developmental differences in cognitive diatheses for child depression.

We studied developmental changes in the relation between cognitive style (i.e., attributional style and cognitive errors) and depression in children. Subjects included 409 fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-grade school children. We hypothesized (1) that evidence congruent with a cognitive diathesis model of depression would emerge with development across middle childhood, (2) that Event × Cognitive Style × Age interactions would be specific to some domains of stressful events but not others, and (3) that interactions would be especially prominent in domains that children regarded as personally important. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that cognitive style moderated the relation between events and self-reported depressive symptoms only in later childhood, and that such interactions were specific to certain domains of stressful events and cognitions. The importance of distinguishing among types of stress and cognitions in future tests of diathesis-stress models of childhood depression are discussed. Implications of developmental differences in the psychopathology of child depression also emerge.
Electrochemical sensor for detection of unmodified nucleic acids

Abstract We have developed a nucleic acid (NA) sensor based on mediated electrochemical oxidation of guanine residues. In this method, oligonucleotide probes are bound to a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) electrode through a self-assembled phosphonate monolayer. The end carboxyl moiety of the monolayer is activated with carbodiimide and reacted with the amine group of a C6 alkyl linker which has been added to the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide probe. Upon hybridization of the complementary target NA, the hybrid is detected using a redox-active mediator, tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II). We speculate that the monolayer does not impede electron-transfer since it contains many defect sites when assembled on a polycrystalline ITO surface. These defect sites are accessible to the mediator, but not to NA or proteins. The electrocatalytic current was a linear function of the amount of guanine bound at the electrode surface, with a detection limit of 120 amoles of guanine cm−2 at 0.28 cm2 ITO electrodes.
Utilizing terminal values in teaching time value analysis

Abstract Traditional time value models, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), are now widely accepted in industry. This paper isolates three examples of how these simplified models can lead to less than optimal decision strategies. The conceptual basis for the discounting and reinvestment functions in time value analysis is first explored. Three investment areas highlighting misconceptions concerning the role of these rates are then analyzed. These areas include the utilization of risk adjusted discount rates, determination of bond yields and the analysis of leveraged leases. Finally, the impact of terminal values on the investment decision in each of these cases is demonstrated.
Taylor's treadmill menagerie.

![Figure][1] > Rodger Kram discusses the series of four papers published by C. Richard Taylor and colleagues, which addressed the energetics and biomechanics of terrestrial locomotion. > > Copies of the papers can be obtained from A series of
Conjugate Effect of Hygro and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior in MEMS Packages

This paper is to study the combined behavior of plastic encapsulated MEMS package under humid and elevated temperature environments. Although thermal-induced stress for the materials used in the MEMS package is already fully understood, moisture-induced stress is still not well studied. To cope with humidity effects on the MEMS package, the moisture-induced properties of mold compound are obtained from the proposed experiments. From the weight gain/loss measurement, saturated moisture content and diffusivity were obtained by curve fitting following Fick’s law. In addition, using digital image correlation (DIC) together with precision weight scale, coefficient of hygroscopic swelling (CHS) could also be obtained at different temperatures. The experimental results show that the diffusion coefficient of mold compound material follows Arrhenius’s equation well. Also, it is shown that the CHS of mold compound increases as temperature increases. Finally, using these experimentally obtained moisture properties, conjugated behavior (thermo-hygro-mechanical) of MEMS package under high temperature and humid environment could be estimated through numerical analysis by adopting classical analogy method. The numerical result was also validated by comparing with experimentally obtained warpage of MEMS package at elevated temperatures.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Flatfishes, Turtles, and Bolyerine Snakes: Evolution by Small Steps or Large, or Both?

Step size in evolution is rapidly becoming a major subject of interest to biologists. Traditionally, small changes alone were seen as significant in evolution, and any large differences between an ancestor and its descendant could be explained entirely by the accumulation of many small steps. Whether the evolution of major adaptations is mainly a matter of amassing such small increments of change, or if a significant proportion occurs through the inclusion of one or more large steps, is vital to the understanding of how evolution works. This paper begins by examining four “classic” examples of animals—flatfishes, turtles, bolyerine snakes, and gastropod molluscs—each of which has seemed difficult to interpret as resulting from a continuous series of tiny increments. Recently, however, arguments have appeared to contradict those views, and to propose instead that each of these animal groups arose through continuous adaptive modifications. While some of these arguments are more plausible than others, the view of the present author is that in none of them is there convincing evidence to conclude that the groups arose solely through gradual changes. More specifically, there is no basis to reject an evolutionary origin of the major traits in each group that included at least one principal inovation, occurring in a large, discontinuous step, preceded and followed by relatively small, more gradual changes. The broader question of how discontinuous evolution may occur is addressed through several means. These include considerations of epigenetic (sensu Waddington) development, comparative embryology, population genetics, and other approaches. Overall the phenomenon of adaptive accommodation is seen as of major importance, and its implications for ameliorating possible deleterious attributes of novel phenotypes are discussed. In the course of these analyses the doctrine that all adaptive evolution is driven by external environmental change is reviewed. It is suggested that while small adaptive changes are often closely related to shifts in specific environmental facets, the modifications associated with more major adaptations may be less so.
In situ study of oxidation states and structure of 4 nm CoPt bimetallic nanoparticles during CO oxidation using X-ray spectroscopies in comparison with reaction turnover frequency

Abstract In situ near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) were performed to monitor the oxidation state and structure of 4 nm CoPt nanoparticles during the reaction of CO with O2 – a model oxidation reaction. In addition, reversible changes in the oxidation state of cobalt as a function of cycling CO and O2 pressure (in the range of millitorr to 60 Torr) were quantified and compared. Turnover frequency reaction data was also obtained for the CoPt nanoparticles and correlated with the oxidation states and structures observed spectroscopically. These findings indicate that separated from the effect of partial pressure of the reactant gases, chemical state and structure changes of the CoPt nanoparticles during CO oxidation are important factors in determining the rate of the reaction.
The appearance of exo-α-mannosidase in cultures of Penicillium charlessi

Growth of the fungus Penicillium charlesii G. Smith on glucose, minimal salts medium results in the appearance of α-d-mannopyranosidase activity capable of hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl-α-d-mannopyranoside. No activity is found until depletion of the carbon source, after which the enzyme activity rapidly increases in the mycelium. Prolonged incubation of the culture results in the appearance of small amounts of α-mannosidase activity in the growth medium. The initial release of a mannose-containing polysaccharide into the medium precedes the appearance of α-mannosidase by several days.
Spin‐orbit (core) and core potential integrals

Molecular integral formulas and corresponding computational algorithms are developed for the relativistic spin-orbit and core potential operators that are obtained from atomic relativistic calculations by means of the effective core potential procedure. Much use is made of earlier work on core potential integrals by McMurchie and Davidson. The resulting computer code has been made part of the ARGOS (Argonne, Ohio State) program from the COLUMBUS suite of programs, which computes the needed integrals over symmetry-adapted combinations of generally contacted Gaussian atomic orbitals
Eukaryotic ribosomes that lack a 5.8S RNA

The 5.8S ribosomal RNA is believed to be a universal eukaryotic characteristic. It has no (size) counterpart among the prokaryotes, although its sequence is homologous with the first 150 or so nucleotides of the prokaryotic large subunit (23S) ribosomal RNA. An exception to this rule is reported here. The microsporidian Vairimorpha necatrix is a eukaryote that has no 5.8S rRNA. As in the prokaryotes, it has a single large subunit rRNA, whose 5-prime region corresponds to the 5.8S rRNA.
Adaptation to oxygen deprivation in cultures of human pluripotent stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and umbilical vein endothelial cells

Hypoxia plays an important role in vascular development through hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) accumulation and downstream pathway activation. We sought to explore the in vitro response of cultures of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs), and human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to normoxic and hypoxic oxygen tensions. We first measured dissolved oxygen (DO) in the media of adherent cultures in atmospheric (21% O(2)), physiological (5% O(2)), and hypoxic oxygen conditions (1% O(2)). In cultures of both hEPCs and HUVECs, lower oxygen consumption was observed when cultured in 1% O(2). At each oxygen tension, feeder-free cultured hESCs and iPSCs were found to consume comparable amounts of oxygen. Transport analysis revealed that the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of hESCs and iPSCs decreased distinctly as DO availability decreased, whereas the OUR of all cell types was found to be low when cultured in 1% O(2), demonstrating cell adaptation to lower oxygen tensions by limiting oxygen consumption. Next, we examined HIF-1alpha accumulation and the expression of target genes, including VEGF and angiopoietins (ANGPT; angiogenic response), GLUT-1 (glucose transport), BNIP3, and BNIP3L (autophagy and apoptosis). Accumulations of HIF-1alpha were detected in all four cell lines cultured in 1% O(2). Corresponding upregulation of VEGF, ANGPT2, and GLUT-1 was observed in response to HIF-1alpha accumulation, whereas upregulation of ANGPT1 was detected only in hESCs and iPSCs. Upregulation of BNIP3 and BNIP3L was detected in all cells after 24-h culture in hypoxic conditions, whereas apoptosis was not detectable using flow cytometry analysis, suggesting that BNIP3 and BNIP3L can lead to cell autophagy rather than apoptosis. These results demonstrate adaptation of all cell types to hypoxia but different cellular responses, suggesting that continuous measurements and control over oxygen environments will enable us to guide cellular responses.
The Shooting Method for Solving Eigenvalue Problems

Abstract The shooting method is a numerically effective approach to solving certain eigenvalue problems, such as that arising from the Schrodinger equation for the two-dimensional hydrogen atom with logarithmic potential function. However, no complete proof of its rationale and correctness has been given until now. This paper gives the proof, in a generalized form.
Paleomagnetic constraints on the formation of the Solea graben, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus

Abstract The Solea graben, on the northern flank of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, is a 15–20-km-wide asymmetric structure primarily defined by dike attitudes in the sheeted dike complex. The wider western portion of the graben consists mainly of gently dipping dikes while the eastern portion is narrow and consists of blocks of dikes with widely varying attitudes. Using a method which restores the sampled dikes to vertical and the primary remanent magnetizations to a previously known stable remanent magnetization direction for the Troodos complex, we have calculated rotation axes and amounts of rotation for the dikes. The rotation axes for dikes in the western portion of the Solea graben are subhorizontal and subparallel to the original strikes of the dikes. In the eastern portion the rotation axes have varying attitudes, including some which are very steep. Our results are consistent with field observations that suggest that the western Solea graben formed by listric normal faulting near the axis of a spreading center, with rotation of the dikes above a detachment surface. Across the graben axis on the eastern portion, more intense intrusive activity and minor normal faulting resulted in less rotation about subhorizontal axes and some rotations about vertical axes.
Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas.

Two zoo-reared gorillas were each given nearly 400 h of mirror exposure. Extensive mirror gazing and social behaviors were exhibited, the frequency of which decreased gradually over the study period. Neither animal demonstrated the transition from other-directed to self-directed behavior characteristic of both chimpanzees and orangutans, and no evidence of self-recognition was found using the Gallup marking paradigm. These negative findings, after extensive mirror exposure, suggest that the gorilla may be the only great ape which lacks the conceptual ability necessary for self-recognition.
Toxicity of the venom from Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward fly hosts, nontarget insects, different developmental stages, and cultured insect cells.

Abstract D. B. Rivers , W. F. Hink and D. L. Denlinger . Toxicity of the venom from Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) toward fly hosts, nontarget insects, different developmental stages, and cultured insect cells. Toxicon31, 755–765, 1993.—A venom preparation from Nasonia vitripennis, a wasp ectoparasitoid of fly pupae, was assayed for lethality in different stages of insects representing ten different orders and in cultured insect cells. In most cases, the motor activity of the injected insects remained completely normal for 1–2 days after the injection and displayed none of the symptoms of paralysis commonly reported for venoms of the Hymenoptera. A natural host, the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata, was highly sensitive in the pupal stage ( ld 50 = 5.4 and 5.5 VRE/g for nondiapausing and diapausing pupae, respectively), the stage that is normally parasitized, and larvae and adults were as susceptible to the venom as the pupae. Adults of another fly host, Phaenicia sericata, were nearly as sensitive ( ld 50 = 6.5 VRE/g ), but nonhost adult flies were more tolerant. Among the other orders tested, pupae of several species (Plodia interpunctella, Trichoplusia ni, Tenebrio molitor) were more susceptible to envenomation than larval or adult stages. In fact, the highest sensitivity observed in this study ( ld 50 = 0.58 VRE/g ) was with pupae of the cabbage looper, T. ni, a species that is not a natural host. In contrast, the larvae ( ld 50 = 7.23 VRE/g ) and adults ( ld 50 = 7.48 ) of T. ni were far less sensitive. Adults of Nasonia vitripennis were not sensitive to their own venom ( ld 50 = > 533 VRE/g ), although adults of another hymenopteran, Apis mellifera, were suceptible (4.62 VRE/g). Adults of Lymantria dispar, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Aphis nerii, Euborellia annulipes, Diapheromera femorata, Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and Reticulitermes flavipes demonstrated a high tolerance to Nasonia venom. When tested in vitro, the venom caused cultured Lepidoptera (TN-368) and Diptera (NIH SaPe4) cells to round up, swell, and eventually die. The lc 50 s were 0.0014 and 0.0010 VRE/μl for TN-368 and SaPe4 cells, respectively. Cytotoxicity was observed within 10 min after exposure to lc 99 levels of venom, with 100% cell mortality at 100 min for the NIH SaPe4 cells and 24 hr for TN-368 cells. It is possible that the venom component responsible for in vivo and in vitro activities may be different, but results from the cell culture work suggest that this method offers a promising assay for quickly screening venom samples. The high susceptibility of flies and pupae of other insects to the venom, as well as its novel (nonparalytic) action suggest that it may have considerable potential for development as a biopesticide.
In vitro performance of a perfusion and oxygenation optical sensor using a unique liver phantom

Between the years 1999 and 2008, on average 2,052 people died per year on the waiting list for liver transplants. Monitoring perfusion and oxygenation in transplanted organs in the 7 to 14 days period post-transplant can enhance graft and patient survival rates, and resultantly increase the availability of organs. In this work, we present in vitro results using a unique liver phantom that support the ability of our sensor to detect perfusion changes in the portal vein at low levels (50 mL/min . 4.5% of normal level). Our sensor measures diffuse reflection from three wavelengths (735, 805 and 940 nm) around the hemoglobin isobestic point (805 nm) to determine perfusion and oxygenation separately. To assess the sensitivity of our sensor to flow changes in the low range, we used two peristaltic pumps to pump a dye solution mimicking the optical properties of oxygenated blood, at various rates, through a PDMS based phantom mimicking the optical properties of liver tissue. The collected pulsatile signal increased by 120% (2.2X) for every 100 mL/min flow rise for all three wavelengths in the range 50 to 500 mL/min. In addition, we used different dye mixtures to mimic oxygenation changes at constant perfusion/flow levels. The optical properties of the dye mixtures mimic oxygen saturations ranging between 0 and 100%. The sensor was shown to be sensitive to changes in oxygen saturations above 50%.
Thermodynamics of random exchange models for disordered TCNQ complexes

Abstract The thermodynamics of random-exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains are found directly and applied to the magnetic susceptibility of two disordered 1:2 complexes of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). The usual singular distribution requires enormous exchanges J and fails above 20K. An alternate nonsingular distribution, for a concentration c ∼ 10% of weak exchanges eJ/k ∼ 70K among uniform exchanges J/k = 230K, fits over the entire temperature range and yields the required power laws.
Modifications of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat by Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae.

Abstract Migration of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae through the rat brain considerably increased the frequency of lesions of hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the cerebellum, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon, as compared to noninfected control animals. It has been suggested that migration of parasitic larvae through the brain might be of pathogenetic significance in the development of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.
THE IMPACT OF ETHNICITY ON THE PERCEPTION OF HEROES AND HISTORICAL SYMBOLS

Cet article cherche a verifier empiriquement une hypothese mise de l'avant par la Commission Royale d'Enquete sur le Bilinguisme et le Biculturalisme. La Commission affirme qu'il existe deux traditions historiques au Canada, l'anglophone et la francophone, qui sont mutuellement exclusives l'une de l'autre. Les materiaux de base proviennent d'une enquete sur echantillon de 960 eleves anglais et francais de l'elementaire, d'essais ecrits par des etudiants et des entrevues en profondeur et des observations systematiques. Regie generate, les resultats confirmerent et demontrerent, en tout premier lieu, l'hypothese que les enfants s'identifient d'abord et avant tout avec des symboles historiques de leur propre culture. De plus leurs perceptions ethnocentriques des personnages historiques s'accentuent avec le temps. Les donnees mettent egalement en relief que les enfants anglophones et francophones s'identifient a des periodes differentes de l'histoire canadienne. Les enfants d'expression francaise se referent a la periode avant la conquete tandis que les anglophones se rapportent a la periode apres la conquete (apres 1760). L'auteur conclut qu'il existe peu de symboles de reconciliation dans l'histoire canadienne: les symboles courants constituent une force de division plutot que d'etre des moteurs d'unite. The object of this paper is to verify empirically a hypothesis suggested by the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. The Commission suggests that there are two Canadian historical traditions, one Anglophone, the other Francophone, and that they are mutually exclusive. The data were derived from a survey of 960 English- and French-Canadian elementary pupils, essays written by children, and in-depth interviews and observation. The findings generally confirmed the hypothesis and showed, first of all, that children overwhelmingly identified with historical symbols of their own culture, and that their ethnocentric perception of historical figures increased with age. Second, the data showed that Francophone and Anglophone children identified with different eras of Canadian history. The former identified primarily with the pre-1760 era, while the latter identified mostly with the post-1760 era. It was concluded from these data that there are few reconciliation symbols in Canadian history which was, therefore, viewed as a divisive rather than a binding force.
Analysis of robot positioning error

Positioning errors of robots used for material handling and assembly can be sufficiently large to cause problems. These errors are due to imperfect repeatability of the robots, and their effects can be ameliorated or exacerbated by tolerances on the workpieces and on the jigs and fixtures. In this paper, a model for characterizing the positioning errors of robots is developed. A statistical analysis of positioning error data is performed to make inferences about the stochastic nature of the robotic system. The basic issue is whether the positioning errors of the robot are state dependent or state invariant.
Changes in Level of Parthenogenetic Development in Turkey Eggs During Two Testing Seasons

Abstract Studies on parthenogenesis in chicken and turkey eggs have been underway at this station for a number of years. These yearly tests were conducted in order to identify exceptional individuals and superior families for subsequent use in matings in order to intensify the parthenogenetic trait. Since the original observations in 1952–1953, the percentage of parthenogenetic development of all categories has increased in Beltsville Small White (BSW) turkeys from 16.7 percent to more than 40 percent. Production of well-developed parthenogenetic embryos increased from 0.2 percent in 1952 to a high of 13 percent in 1963. Both genetic and environmental factors appear to influence the level of macroscopically observable development. It was of interest to study records of these selected hens to learn if the average percentage of parthenogenetic development, especially embryos, remained fairly constant from week to week during the testing season. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unfertilized eggs were placed each . . .
A note on value maximization for consumption sets in l

Abstract A new technique is provided for showing the necessity of the transversality condition in a class of models for which all consumption paths are summable.
Excitation of atmospheric helium

Abstract The possible excitation mechanisms for triplet metastable helium in the upper atmosphere are considered in some detail. It is concluded that excitation by photoelectron impact is the most likely production mechanism. The results obtained are in satisfactory agreement with twilight observation at λ 10,830. Although electron recombination with helium ions is found to give negligible contribution to λ 10,830 emission, the expected variation in the abundance of helium ions through the solar cycle is examined. It is suggested that the atmosphere at solar minimum may contain appreciably less helium ions than it does at solar maximum. Attention is directed to the possible effects of the long mean free paths of 20 eV electrons produced above about 200km. The present calculations, which do not include non-local effects, refer to low magnetic latitudes where electrons are constrained vertically by the horizontal field lines. Observations at different latitudes would be desirable and might provide valuable information on the importance of non-local effects. The diurnal variation of 10,830 A emission is considered in some detail. It is concluded that little dayglow enhancement over twilight is to be expected. Indeed at solar minimum the noontime intensity may well be appreciably less than the twilight value.
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin replacing conventional doxorubicin in standard R-CHOP chemotherapy for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an open label, single arm, phase II trial.

Abstract Background The present multicenter phase II trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) instead of conventional doxorubicin in standard R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine [Oncovin], and prednisone) therapy for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Materials and Methods Patients aged > 60 years who had stage II to IV disease were included. Treatment consisted of rituximab 375 mg/m2 intravenously (I.V.); cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 IV; PLD 40 mg/m2 (maximum, 90 mg) I.V. over 1 hour; and vincristine 2.0 mg I.V., all on day 1. Additionally prednisone, 40 mg/m2, was given orally on days 1 to 1 to 5 (DRCOP [rituximab, cyclophosphamide, PLD, vincristine, and prednisone]). The cycles were repeated every 3 weeks for 6 to 8 cycles. Results Eighty patients were enrolled and were evaluable for toxicity. The median age was 69 years. All except 1 had additional cardiac risk factors for anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity beyond advanced age. From the intent-to-treat analysis of 79 eligible patients, the overall response rate was 86%, and the complete response rate was 78%. Cardiac events greater than grade 3 were identified in 3 patients (4%); grade 1 to 2 events, mostly asymptomatic declines in ejection fraction, were noted in another 16 patients. One death was attributed to cardiac failure. The estimated 5-year event-free and overall survival rate was 52% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion DRCOP represents an effective strategy for potentially mitigating cardiotoxicity in elderly patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Future studies incorporating baseline cardiac risk assessments, long-term follow-up data, and biospecimen collection for correlative science should be undertaken.
Flow-field effects on soot formation in normal and inverse methane–air diffusion flames

Abstract We investigate the effects of the flow-field configuration on the sooting characteristics of normal and inverse coflowing diffusion flames. The numerical model solves the time-dependent, compressible, reactive-flow, Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with submodels for soot formation and thermal radiation transfer. A benchmark calculation is conducted and compared with experimental data, and shows that computed peak temperatures and species concentrations differ from the experimental values by less than 10%, while the computed peak soot volume fraction differs from the experimental values by 10–40%, depending on height. Simulations are conducted for three normal diffusion flames in which the fuel/air velocities (cm/s) are 5/10, 10/10, and 10/5, and for an inverse diffusion flame (where the fuel and air ports have been reversed) with a fuel/air velocity of 10/10. The results show significant differences in the sooting characteristics of normal and inverse diffusion flames. This work supports previous conclusions from the experimental work of others. However, in addition, we use the ability of the simulations to numerically track soot parcels along pathlines to further explain the experimentally observed phenomena. In normal diffusion flames, both the peak soot volume fraction and the total mass of soot generated is several orders of magnitude greater than for inverse diffusion flames with the same fuel and air velocities. In normal diffusion flames, soot forms in the annular region on the fuel-rich side of the flame sheet, while in inverse flames, the soot forms in a fuel-rich region on top of the flame sheet. Surface growth is the dominant soot formation mechanism (compared to nucleation) for both types of flames; however, surface growth rates are much faster for normal diffusion flames compared to inverse flames. Soot oxidation rates are also much faster in normal flames, where the dominant soot-oxidizing species is OH, compared to inverse flames, where the dominant soot-oxidizing species is O 2 . In the inverse flames, surface growth continues after oxidation has ceased, causing the peak soot volume fraction to be sustained for a long period of time, and causing the emission of soot, even though the quantity of soot is small. Comparison of soot formation among the three normal diffusion flames shows that the peak soot volume fraction and total mass of soot generated increases as the fuel-to-air velocity ratio increases. A larger fuel–air velocity ratio results in a longer residence time from the nucleation to the oxidation stage, allowing for more soot particle growth. When the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio decreases, there is less time for surface growth, and the particles cross the flame sheet (where they are oxidized) earlier, resulting in decreased soot volume fraction.
Sequence requirements for Afr-2 regulation of alpha-fetoprotein gene expression during liver regeneration

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene expression occurs in the yolk sac, fetal liver and gut, and in the adult liver during regeneration and tumorigenesis. Polymorphism at a single genetic locus, Afr-2 (formerly known as Rif) between inbred mouse strains C3H/He and C57B1/6, results in different levels of AFP expression during liver regeneration. We examined AFP, histone H3, and albumin gene expression during liver regeneration and found that the strain-specific variance in AFP gene expression could not be attributed to a difference in the numbers of dividing cells. Experiments with transgenic mice revealed sequences required for Afr-2 regulation included 172 bp between -1010 and -838 bp and 118 bp immediately upstream of the AFP transcriptional start site-the same regions required for induction during liver regeneration. This suggests that the Afr-2 phenotype may stem from an allelic difference in a gene regulating gene expression during liver regeneration.
Transitioning a bus transit fleet to hydrogen fuel: A case study of Knoxville Area Transit

Abstract The current climate crisis and recent world events, including the global economic crisis and growing concerns over the availability and cost of petroleum fuels, has sparked a global interest in developing alternative, sustainable, clean fuel technologies for the transportation sector. While a multitude of alternative fuel and vehicle technologies have been presented, hydrogen is considered by many as an option of choice. However, the mass-adoption of hydrogen presents many challenges, including appropriate refueling infrastructure supply transitions, consumer vehicle purchase behavior, and fuel costs. Early fleet adoption is one proposed strategy to transition hydrogen use in the transportation sector. Bus-transit demonstration projects have proven the technology, yet there has not been large-scale adoption by transit fleets. This paper addresses infrastructure, vehicle, and personnel needs to support the transition of a medium sized transit agency to full conversion to hydrogen fuel, using Knoxville Area Transit (KAT) as a case study. Specifically, requirements for hydrogen bus fleets, production, storage, refueling and maintenance facilities, and personnel are addressed as well as the transition strategy for implementing the technology.
Sarcomeric myosin heavy chain expressed in nonmuscle cells forms thick filaments in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of light chains

Central to the function of myosin is its ability to assemble into thick filaments which interact precisely and specifically with other myofibrillar proteins. We have established a novel experimental system for studying myofibrillogenesis using transient transfections of COS cells, a monkey kidney cell line. We have expressed both full-length rat α cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) and a truncated heavy meromyosin-like α MHC (sHMM) and shown that immunoreactive MHC proteins of the expected sizes were detected in lysates of transfected cells. Surprisingly, the full-length MHC formed large spindle-shaped structures throughout the cytoplasm of transfected cells as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The structures were not found in cells expressing the sHMM construct, indicating that their formation required an MHC rod. The spindle-shaped structures ranged in length from approximately 1 μm to over 20 μm in length and were birefringent suggesting that they are ordered arrays of thick filaments. This was confirmed by electron microscopic analysis of the transfected cells which revealed arrays of filamentous structures approximately 12 nm in diameter at their widest point. In addition, the vast majority of transfected MHC did not associate with the endogenous nonmuscle myosin light chains, demonstrating that myosin thick filaments can form in the absence of stoichiometric amounts of myosin light chains. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laminar-turbulent transition in polymer solutions

WHETHER transition from laminar to turbulent flow is delayed in dilute drag-reducing polymer solutions, unchanged, or occurs at an earlier Reynold's number has been a vexing question since research began in this area. Using the classic Reynold's dye-streak technique, Giles and Pettit1 showed that pipe-flow turbulence was delayed by a factor of 2 or more by small additions of polymer. Similarly, Castro and Squire2 and White and McEligot3 found transition delay in small pipes from measurements of pressure fluctuations and actual drag-reduction performance. But more refined pipe-flow studies by Little et al.4 show convincing evidence for polymer solution transition earlier than for the pure solvent and this has been confirmed by laser–Doppler annemometry5. Here we show that polymer solutions in a boundary-layer flow exhibit a transition to turbulence at a lower Reynold's number than the pure water solvent.
A model that reconciles major- and trace-element data from abyssal peridotites

Abyssal peridotite samples from slow-spreading oceanic ridges have been interpreted as residues of near-fractional melting processes on the basis of trace-element data, whereas major-element compositions and modes of the same samples require interactions between migrating melts and residual solids, either by equilibrium porous flow, refertilization, or olivine crystallization. Modeling of major- and trace-element data shows that these peridotite samples are consistent with a variety of melting and melt migration histories that include elements or episodes both of near-fractional melting and of equilibrium porous flow. A component of equilibrium porous flow explains peridotite compositions better than olivine deposition or refertilization. Mixing of primary basalt liquids composed of variable proportions of unmodified liquid increments extracted by near-fractional melting, and of liquids transported by equilibrium porous flow generates local trend systematics like those observed in fractionation-corrected basalt compositions at slow-spreading ridges. Both the local trend in basalts and the fractionated trace elements in peridotites are absent at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise, allowing simpler models of melting and melt migration than those required at Atlantic and Indian ridges and implying a spreading-rate or magma-flux dependence to the mechanism of melt extraction.
Slotting Allowances as a Facilitating Practice by Food Processors in Wholesale Grocery Markets: Profitability and Welfare Effects

Slotting allowances, which are lump-sum transfers paid by food manufacturers to grocery retailers in return for various retail concessions, are becoming increasingly common in wholesale grocery markets. This article extends the literature on slotting allowances by considering two features that previously have been ignored: the role of food processors in determining these pricing arrangements, and the effect of slotting allowances on the size and distribution of economic surplus. Slotting allowances motivated by food processors increase procurement quantities and farm prices, and this raises farm surplus, increases total producer surplus, and improves consumer welfare in the food system.
Histologic Alterations in the Adrenal Cortex of Intact and Hypophysectomized Rats Following ACTH, Pitressin and Adrenal Steroids

Intact and hypophysectomized rats were treated with DCA, cortisone, 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone, ACTH and Pitressin both singly and in various combinations. A histologic study was made of changes in the lipid content of the zones of the adrenal cortex in response to specific steroid treatment. DCA and cortisone caused lipid depletion from the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata, respectively, while 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone caused lipid depletion from both these zones. Pitressin, like DCA, caused lipid depletion from the zona glomerulosa of intact rats, but lipid storage in hypophysectomized rats. As treatment was extended (3–7 weeks), the hormonal effects on adrenal morphology appeared to be directly correlated with time. The zonal response to treatment was also related to the presence or the absence of the pituitary gland. Furthermore, these studies showed that the dose of ACTH is of particular importance in affecting good adrenal zonal maintenance and in offsetting the disuse atrophy induced by s...
Two Conceptions Of The Emergence Of Phonemic Structure

Bjorn Lindblom’s account of the emergence of phonemic structure is a central reference point in contemporary discussions of the emergence of language. I argue that there are two distinct, and largely orthogonal conceptions of emergence implicit in Lindblom’s account. According to one conception (“causal emergence”), the process by which minimal pairs are generated is crucial to the claim that phonemic structure is emergent; according to the other conception (“analytic emergence”), the fact that segments are an abstraction from the physical signal is what is crucial to the description of phonemic structure as emergent. The purpose of distinguishing rather than conflating these two conceptions of emergence is not in the first instance to criticize Lindblom’s account or to force us to choose between the two conceptions for consistency, but rather to give us a more detailed purchase on the notoriously thorny concept of emergent explanation.
Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels

The differentiated phenotype of rabbit articular chondrocytes consists primarily of type II collagen and cartilage-specific proteoglycan. During serial monolayer culture this phenotype is lost and replaced by a complex collagen phenotype consisting predominately of type I collagen and a low level of proteoglycan synthesis. Such dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated phenotype during suspension culture in firm gels of 0.5% low Tm agarose. Approximately 80% of the cells survive this transition from the flattened morphology of anchorage-dependent culture to the spherical morphology of anchorage-independent culture and then deposit characteristic proteoglycan matrix domains. The rates of proteoglycan and collagen synthesis return to those of primary chondrocytes. Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of intact collagen chains and two-dimensional cyanogen bromide peptide mapping, we demonstrated a complete return to the differentiated collagen phenotype. These results emphasize the primary role of cell shape in the modulation of the chondrocyte phenotype and demonstrate a reversible system for the study of gene expression.
Thermal synthesis and hydrolysis of polyglyceric acid.

Polyglyceric acid was synthesized by thermal condensation of glyceric acid at 80° in the presence and absence of two mole percent of sulfuric acid catalyst. The acid catalyst accelerated the polymerization over 100-fold and made possible the synthesis of insoluble polymers of both L- and DL-glyceric acid by heating for less than 1 day. Racemization of L-glyceric acid yielded less than 1% D-glyceric acid in condensations carried out at 80°C with catalyst for 1 day and without catalyst for 12 days. The condensation of L-glyceric acid yielded an insoluble polymer much more readily than condensation of DL-glyceric acid. Studies of the hydrolysis of poly-DL-glyceric acid revealed that it was considerably more stable under mild acidic conditions compared to neutral pH. The relationship of this study to the origin of life is discussed.
The spatial distribution of unsteady loading due to gusts on bridge decks

The spatial distribution of the dynamic loading due to gusts on line-like structures is generally assumed to be similar to the spatial distribution of the oncoming gusts. This is known as the strip assumption and it has been a key element in Davenport's solution to the problem of buffeting of long-span bridges, allowing for the development of a complete methodology of assessment of wind actions. Experiments in model and full scale, and theoretical analysis using lifting-surface theory have provided a clearer picture of the spatial distribution of the gust loading on bridge decks. These have helped define the limits of the strip assumption and have provided an empirical model of the gust loading for closed-box girder bridge decks. The limits of the strip assumption for stationary bridge decks are discussed in the paper and a description of the spatial distribution of the gust loading is proposed.
Both prevention of physical contact and removal of distal cues mediate cortisol and vocalization responses of guinea pig pups to maternal separation in a novel environment

Exposure of guinea pig pups to a test cage for 30 min evoked more vocalizations, and among females, higher levels of plasma cortisol if the pups were tested alone than if the mother was present behind a wire-mesh partition. Exposure with the mother behind the partition evoked more vocalizations at the oldest of three test ages, and among females, higher levels of plasma cortisol than did exposure to the test cage with the mother freely accessible. These results indicate that the deprivation of both contact-derived and distal maternal cues contribute to the vocalization response of separated guinea pig pups, and for female pups, to the plasma cortisol elevations evoked by the separation procedure.
Deformation of rock salt in openings mined for the disposal of radioactive wastes

Deformation of Rock Salt in Openings Mined for the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes With the storage of high-level radioactive waste in salt structures, unique mine stability problems will occur as a result of the elevated temperatures. To predict flow in rock salt, scale models of salt pillars and their surrounding rooms were fabricated from cores taken in the Carey salt mine, Lyons, Kansas. Tests were conducted at temperatures of 22.5°, 60°, 100°, and 200°C for axial loads of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 10000 psi at each temperature. These tests showed that marked increases occur in the rates of deformation of salt pillars at high loads and especially at elevated temperatures. For all combinations of axial loads and temperatures, it was observed that there is initially a high rate of deformation that diminishes with time. Creep rates were found to continue to decrease even after more than 3 years of testing. An empirical relationship between pillar deformation, stress, temperature, and time was developed from the tests and is expressed as $$\dot \varepsilon = 0.39 \cdot 10^{ - 37} T^{9.5} \sigma ^{3.0} t^{ - 0.70} ,$$ $$\varepsilon = 1.30 \cdot 10^{ - 37} T^{9.5\sigma3.0} t^{0.30} ,$$ where\(\dot \varepsilon\) = strain rate (in./in./hr),e = cumulative deformation (in./in.),T = absolute temperature (°K),σ = average pillar stress (psi), andt = time (hr). For comparative purposes, model pillar tests were conducted on samples of bedded salt, as well as dome salt from six different mines in the United States and from the anticlinal structure of the Asse II salt mine in Northeast Germany. In general, the deformational behavior for the various types of salt was similar at room temperature as well as at elevated temperature even though some variations in the rates of deformation were observed. From model tests it was also observed that greatly accelerated rates of deformation will occur in excavated cavities where thin shale beds occur in the pillars at the roof and floor interfaces. Since the shalcs serve as friction reducers, effective confining stresses in the roof and floor are not transmitted into the pillars; thus the pillars under these conditions are weaker than where shale partings are not present at the tops and bottoms of the pillars.