cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CONIC SECTIONS

This chapter provides definition of four geometric loci that are usually called the conic sections, because it can be shown that they can all be obtained as intersections of planes with a double-napped right circular cone. A circle consists of all points at a specified distance from a fixed point. The specified distance and the fixed point are called the radius and center, respectively. A parabola consists of all points equally distant from a fixed point and a fixed line. The fixed point and line are called the focus and directrix, respectively. The parabola has many applications. Parabolic arcs are commonplace in bridge construction. In particular, if the roadway of a suspension bridge is loaded uniformly per horizontal foot, the suspension cables hang in arcs, which closely approximate parabolic arcs. An ellipse consists of all points the sum of whose undirected distances from two fixed points is a constant. The two fixed points are called the foci. The ellipse has many applications. Perhaps the most prominent one in this age of space travel is because of the fact that the planets travel in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. Likewise, the Moon has an elliptical orbit with the earth at one focus. The eccentricities of the moon and the earth orbits are approximately 0.056 and 0.017, respectively. The fact that these eccentricities are so small indicates that these orbits are very nearly circular.
Chapter 6 – Carbohydrates, Alcohols, and Organic Acids

Carbohydrates, in the form of sugars and starches, provide much of the energy fuel and building blocks for human life. After digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestines, the resulting monosaccharide components are taken up and transported to tissues throughout the body. Numerous metabolic pathways are responsible for conversion of the sugars into the fuels and compounds that the body needs. Utilization of absorbed carbohydrates is extremely efficient, and only the breakdown products water and carbon dioxide are excreted by healthy individuals. Several carbohydrate metabolites, such as pyruvate and sugar alcohols, have interesting properties beyond their value as an energy fuel. Ethanol is another important energy fuel, but it also has intoxicating and harmful properties. Consumption of more than minimal amounts of methanol causes potentially lethal harm due to the generation of toxic metabolites.
Transgenic Mouse Models of Tumor Virus Action

Genetically engineered mice (GEMs) have provided valuable insights into the carcinogenic properties of various human tumor viruses, which, in aggregate, are etiologically associated with over 15% of all human cancers. This review provides an overview of seminal discoveries made through the use of GEM models for human DNA tumor viruses. Emphasis is placed on the discoveries made in the study of human papillomaviruses, Merkel cell carcinoma-associated polyomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, because GEMs have contributed extensively to our understanding of how these DNA tumor viruses directly contribute to human cancers.
Blind source separation - based motion detector for sub-micrometer, periodic displacement in ultrasonic imaging

Sub-micrometer, periodic motion detection using blind source separation (BSS) via principal component analysis (PCA) is presented in the context of magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) imaging and Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV). In MMUS, an oscillating external magnetic field displaces tissue loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles, whereas in SDUV, periodic tissue motion is induced using acoustic radiation force (ARF) to measure visco-elastic properties. BSS motion detection performance in MMUS imaging and SDUV was compared against frequency-phase locked (FPL) and normalized cross-correlation (NCC) motion detectors, respectively, in silico and in experimental phantoms. Parametric MMUS phantom images constructed using the BSS method had nearly twice the SNR of the corresponding images constructed using FPL method when a 0.043 mm or smaller kernel size was used. In FEM models of SDUV, the error in the BSS-estimated viscoelastic properties of simulated materials was 20% using NCC when the simulated SNR was 15 dB. In a calibrated elasticity phantom, the amplitude of the motion was ≤ 0.5 µm for a scanner power level ≤ 20%. The median percent error in BSS-derived shear modulus of the phantom was −6.8%, −1.55%, −17.11% for power level of 20%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. The corresponding NCC-derived errors were 29.90%, 127.1%, and 244.70%. These results suggest the relevance of using BSS for the detection of sub-micrometer, periodic motion in MMUS and SDUV imaging, particularly when SNR is less than 15 dB and/or induced displacements are less than 0.5 µm.
The Effect of Grain Size on Deformation and Failure of Ti2AlC MAX Phase under Thermo-Mechanical Loading

An experimental investigation was performed to analyze the effects of grain size on the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of Ti2AlC. High-density Ti2AlC samples of three different grain sizes were densified using Spark Plasma Sintering and Pressureless sintering. A servo-hydraulic testing machine equipped with a vertical split furnace, and SiC pushrods, was used for the quasi-static experiments. Also, a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus and an induction coil heating system were used for the dynamic experiments. A series of experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 1100 °C for strain rates of 10−4 s−1 and 400 s−1. The results show that under quasi-static loading the specimens experience a brittle failure for temperatures below Brittle to Plastic Transition Temperature (BPTT) of 900–1000 °C and large deformation at temperatures above the BPTT. During dynamic experiments, the specimens exhibited brittle failure, with the failure transitioning from catastrophic failure at lower temperatures to graceful failure (softening while bearing load) at higher temperatures, and with the propensity for graceful failure increasing with increasing grain size. The compressive strengths of different grain sizes at a given temperature can be related to the grain length by a Hall-Petch type relation.
Characteristics associated with requests by pathologists for second opinions on breast biopsies

Aims Second opinions in pathology improve patient safety by reducing diagnostic errors, leading to more appropriate clinical treatment decisions. Little objective data are available regarding the factors triggering a request for second opinion despite second opinion consultations being part of the diagnostic system of pathology. Therefore we sought to assess breast biopsy cases and interpreting pathologists characteristics associated with second opinion requests. Methods Collected pathologist surveys and their interpretations of 60 test set cases were used to explore the relationships between case characteristics, pathologist characteristics and case perceptions, and requests for second opinions. Data were evaluated by logistic regression and generalised estimating equations. Results 115 pathologists provided 6900 assessments; pathologists requested second opinions on 70% (4827/6900) of their assessments 36% (1731/4827) of these would not have been required by policy. All associations between case characteristics and requesting second opinions were statistically significant, including diagnostic category, breast density, biopsy type, and number of diagnoses noted per case. Exclusive of institutional policies, pathologists wanted second opinions most frequently for atypia (66%) and least frequently for invasive cancer (20%). Second opinion rates were higher when the pathologist had lower assessment confidence, in cases with higher perceived difficulty, and cases with borderline diagnoses. Conclusions Pathologists request second opinions for challenging cases, particularly those with atypia, high breast density, core needle biopsies, or many co-existing diagnoses. Further studies should evaluate whether the case characteristics identified in this study could be used as clinical criteria to prompt system-level strategies for mandating second opinions.
Cost analysis of postmastectomy reconstruction: A comparison of two staged implant reconstruction using tissue expander and acellular dermal matrix with abdominal based perforator free flaps.

Background and Objectives Two staged tissue expander-implant with acellular dermal matrix (TE/I + ADM) and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap are the most common implant and autologous methods of reconstruction in the U.S. Implant-based techniques are disproportionally more popular, partially due to its presumed cost effectiveness. We performed a comprehensive cost analysis to compare TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap. Methods A comparative cost analysis of TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap was performed. Medicare reimbursement costs for each procedure and their associated complications were calculated. Pooled probabilities of complications including cellulitis, seroma, skin necrosis, implant removal, flap loss, partial flap loss, and fat necrosis, were calculated using published studies from 2010 to 2016. Results Average actual cost for successful TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap were $13 304.55 and $10 237.13, respectively. Incorporating pooled complication data from published literature resulted in an increase in cost to $13 963.46 for TE/I + ADM and $12 624.29 for DIEP flap. The expected costs for successful TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap were $9700.35 and $8644.23, which are lower than the actual costs. Conclusions DIEP flap breast reconstruction incurs lower costs compared to TE/I + ADM. These costs are lower at baseline and when additional costs from pooled complications are incorporated.
Comparison of αβδ and αβγ GABAA receptors: Allosteric modulation and identification of subunit arrangement by site-selective general anesthetics

GABAA receptors play a dominant role in mediating inhibition in the mature mammalian brain, and defects of GABAergic neurotransmission contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Two types of GABAergic inhibition have been described: αβγ receptors mediate phasic inhibition in response to transient high-concentrations of synaptic GABA release, and αβδ receptors produce tonic inhibitory currents activated by low-concentration extrasynaptic GABA. Both αβδ and αβγ receptors are important targets for general anesthetics, which induce apparently different changes both in GABA-dependent receptor activation and in desensitization in currents mediated by αβγ vs. αβδ receptors. Many of these differences are explained by correcting for the high agonist efficacy of GABA at most αβγ receptors vs. much lower efficacy at αβδ receptors. The stoichiometry and subunit arrangement of recombinant αβγ receptors are well established as β-α-γ-β-α, while those of αβδ receptors remain controversial. Importantly, some potent general anesthetics selectively bind in transmembrane inter-subunit pockets of αβγ receptors: etomidate acts at β+/α- interfaces, and the barbiturate R-5-allyl-1-methyl-5-(m-trifluoromethyl-diazirynylphenyl) barbituric acid (R-mTFD-MPAB) acts at α+/β- and γ+/β- interfaces. Thus, these drugs are useful as structural probes in αβδ receptors formed from free subunits or concatenated subunit assemblies designed to constrain subunit arrangement. Although a definite conclusion cannot be drawn, studies using etomidate and R-mTFD-MPAB support the idea that recombinant α1β3δ receptors may share stoichiometry and subunit arrangement with α1β3γ2 receptors.
Piezoelectric charging and wireless communication

Modern medicine is undergoing a revolution in the application of new sensor capabilities for aiding in diagnosis of specific conditions and monitoring a variety of informative vital signs. In the past, many of the measurements were limited by what could be accomplished externally. A shift toward in-vivo monitoring for both diagnostic and therapeutic sensing and actuation [1] has created a need for low power electronics, high energy density batteries and methods to successfully power devices embedded in the body. For a review of the field and sensing capabilities see [2]. Recent studies suggest that charging with ultrasound is more efficient at longer transmission distance (< 10cm) than inductive charging [3]. In this manuscript, we discuss the modeling and experimentation that we have accomplished and demonstrate in ultrasonic charging of sensors having the form and fit of in-vivo sensors. The task goal has been to use piezoelectric transducers for wireless communication and powering of sensors internal to the human body with a goal to transmit power levels of 100 μW a receiver with receiving area of 3x3 mm2 over a distance of 16 cm equivalent to human body interior. The results suggest that we can transmit power levels that exceed this baseline requirement.
The association among diet, dietary fiber, and bowel preparation at colonoscopy.

Background and Aims Pre-colonoscopy dietary restrictions vary widely and lack evidence-based guidance. We investigated whether fiber and various other foods/macronutrients consumed during the 3 days before colonoscopy are associated with bowel preparation quality. Methods This was a prospective observational study among patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy. Patients received instructions including split-dose polyethylene glycol, avoidance of vegetables/beans 2 days before colonoscopy, and a clear liquid diet the day before colonoscopy. Two 24-hour dietary recall interviews and 1 patient-recorded food log measured dietary intake on the 3 days before colonoscopy. The Nutrition Data System for Research was used to estimate dietary exposures. Our primary outcome was the quality of bowel preparation measured by the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Results We enrolled 201 patients from November 2015 to September 2016 with complete data for 168. The mean age was 59 years (standard deviation, 7 years), and 90% of colonoscopies were conducted for screening/surveillance. Only 17% and 77% of patients complied with diet restrictions 2 and 1 day(s) before colonoscopy, respectively. We found no association between foods consumed 2 and 3 days before colonoscopy and BBPS scores. However, BPPS was positively associated with intake of gelatin, and inversely associated with intake of red meat, poultry, and vegetables on the day before colonoscopy. Conclusions Our findings support recent guidelines encouraging unrestricted diets >1 day before colonoscopy if using a split-dose bowel regimen. Furthermore, we found no evidence to restrict dietary fiber 1 day before colonoscopy. We also found evidence to promote consumption of gelatin and avoidance of red meat, poultry, and vegetables 1 day before colonoscopy.
A Clinical Comparison of Linear- and Surface Area–Based Methods of Measuring Glenoid Bone Loss:

Background:The purpose of this study was to determine whether linear-based measurement significantly overestimates glenoid bone loss in comparison with surface area–based measurement in patients wi...
Identification of Hidden Objects in Layered Media With Shadow Projection Near-Field Microwave Imaging

A shadow projection approach for near-field microwave imaging is developed to distinguish the size and shape of objects embedded in layered media. An ordinary microwave image may only present a small portion of the front surface of an object due to the lensing effect of refraction at the boundary between two adjacent layers with a high dielectric contrast. Therefore, instead of looking at the primary image, the projection onto the interface behind the object is investigated to better discern the object’s true size and shape. A diffraction tomographic algorithm is modified to accentuate the shadow image. The efficacy of this shadow projection method is demonstrated by 3-D numerical simulations of air voids in a dense dielectric slab.
Cognitive diagnosis models for multiple strategies

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) have been used as psychometric tools in educational assessments to estimate students' proficiency profiles. However, most CDMs assume that all students adopt the same strategy when approaching problems in an assessment, which may not be the case in practice. This study develops a generalized multiple-strategy CDM for dichotomous response data. The proposed model provides a unified framework to accommodate various condensation rules (e.g., conjunctive, disjunctive, and additive) and different strategy selection approaches (i.e., probability-matching, over-matching, and maximizing). Model parameters are estimated using the marginal maximum likelihood estimation via expectation-maximization algorithm. Simulation studies showed that the parameters of the proposed model can be adequately recovered and that the proposed model was relatively robust to some types of model misspecifications. A set of real data was analysed as well to illustrate the use of the proposed model in practice.
Length conversions and mass-length relationships of five forage-fish species in the California current ecosystem.

Length-measurement conversions and seasonal mass-length relationships (MLR) for Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, northern anchovy Engraulis mordax, Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax, Pacific mackerel Scomber japonicus and jack mackerel Trachurus symmetricus in the California Current are presented. The conversions between total (LT ), fork (LF ,) and standard lengths (LS ) should facilitate comparisons of data across disciplines and institutions. These equations resulted from an analysis of measurements spanning 14 years and the western seaboard of North America, from the north end of Vancouver Island to the USA-Mexico border. Major-axis regressions were used to calculate reciprocal length-measurement conversions (e.g., LT to LS and LS to LT ) and generalised linear models and ordinary least-squares models were used to create MLRs that account for seasonal variations. The MLR models indicated seasonal differences for all species except C. pallasii, for which there was no multi-season data. Discrepancies between these and published models were examined, along with the suitability and benefit of the various types of models used for length-measurement conversion and MLRs.
Relational social class, self-rated health, and mortality in the United States

Applying a relational class theory based on property ownership, authority, and credentials/skill, we analyzed the relationship between class, self-rated health (SRH), and mortality using the 1972–2016 General Social Survey. In a simple measure of class, we assigned respondents to worker, manager, petty bourgeois, or capitalist classes. In a complex measure, we subdivided workers (less-skilled/more-skilled), managers (low/high), and capitalists (small/large). Next, we estimated trends in class structure. Finally, after gender-stratification, we estimated the relationships between class, SRH, and mortality and, in sensitivity analyses, tested for class-by-race interaction. Class structure changed little over time, with workers constituting over half the population each decade. Concerning SRH, for the simple measure, managers, petty bourgeoisie, and capitalists reported better health than workers. For the complex measure, patterns were similar, although skilled workers reported better health than less-skilled workers, low managers, and petty bourgeoisie. Concerning mortality, for the simple measure, inequities were small among women; among men, only capitalists’ hazard was lower than workers’ hazard. For the complex measure, across genders, the hazards of less-skilled workers and petty bourgeoisie were highest, while skilled workers’ hazard resembled that of managers and capitalists. Finally, we found some evidence that the relationship between class and mortality varied by race, although the estimates were imprecise.
Transfer and transformation in multilingual student writing

Abstract While transfer research in English-for-academic-purposes (EAP), first-year-composition (FYC) and second language (L2) writing contexts has theorized how novice multilingual writers might adapt prior knowledge across languages, we still have little empirical evidence to suggest how L2 writers make decisions concerning how and what to transfer in such writing courses. Grounded in the theory of adaptive transfer, this article examines how six multilingual students transform both genre tasks and their own processes of writing by drawing from a range of discursive and generic resources. We also propose a dynamic methodological approach for empirically examining adaptive transfer that includes both linguistic and rhetorical emphases. Findings of the study reveal that instances of transfer were influenced by the particular audiences to whom students chose to target their essays, as well as students' perceptions of a genre task's value in preparing them for writing in aspirational disciplines.
Comparison study of patient demographics and risk factors for surgical site infections following open reduction and internal fixation for lateral malleolar ankle fractures within the medicare population.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to analyze a comprehensive database to 1) compare patient demographic profiles; and 2) identify patient-related risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for lateral malleolar ankle fractures. Methods Patients treated with ORIF for lateral malleolar ankle fractures that developed SSIs within 1-year following the procedure were identified. Study group demographics were compared to a control cohort and risks for developing SSI were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results There were statistically significant differences between the control group and patients with SSIs. The study showed that morbidly obese patients, peripheral vascular disease, and electrolyte/fluid imbalance were the greatest risk factors for developing SSIs following ORIF for lateral malleolar fractures. Conclusion The study is useful as it can allow orthopaedists to optimize these high-risk patients to potentially mitigate this adverse event.
Examining Religion Bias in AI Text Generators

One of the biggest reasons artificial intelligence (AI) gets a backlash is because of inherent biases in AI software. Deep learning algorithms use data fed into the systems to find patterns to draw conclusions used to make application decisions. Patterns in data fed into machine learning algorithms have revealed that the AI software decisions have biases embedded within them. Algorithmic audits can certify that the software is making responsible decisions. These audits verify the standards centered around the various AI principles such as explainability, accountability, human-centered values, such as, fairness and transparency, to increase the trust in the algorithm and the software systems that implement AI algorithms.
Enabling High-Performance Surfaces of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys via Femtosecond Laser Shock Peening with Ultralow Pulse Energy

The fast degradation rate and poor wear resistance of magnesium (Mg) alloys in physiological environments have limited their potential usage as next-generation biodegradable orthopedic implant mate...
The Mighty and the Almighty: An Essay in Political Theology

1. Framing the issues: understanding Polycarp 2. Yoder's objection to our framing of the issues 3. The two cities objection to our framing of the issues 4. Authority 5. Governance 6. Authority to govern 7. Calvin on God, governmental authority, and obedience 8. What did Paul actually say? 9. God's governance of humankind 10. Recap 11. The political implications of the nature and existence of the Church 12. Discarding the two rules doctrine 13. The rights-limited state 14. Sphere sovereignty and the authority of the state 15. Revisiting Polycarp Bibliography Index.
Higher Order Attacks

In the open literature, the masking technique is among the most popular suggested ways to protect an implementation against Differential Power Analysis [AG01, CJRR99, GP99, OMPR05]. However, several works have shown that such protected devices are still sensitive to higher order attacks, originally described in [Mes00].
Patient-centered care for chronic pain in the emergency department: A qualitative study

Abstract Pain is a common problem for which patients seek care in the emergency department, accounting for up to 42% of all ED visits. The purpose of this study was to explore qualitatively the reasons for use of the emergency department (ED) by those frequenting the ED for treatment of chronic pain. The settings for the study were two sites of a large U.S. Midwestern healthcare system. The sample comprised patients who used the ED four or more times in the 3-month time of data collection. From a total of 85 frequent users identified through retrospective chart reviews, a computer generated random sample of patients was selected to explore their reasons for use of ED for treatment of chronic pain. Content analysis was used to identify themes from the interviews. Four themes emerged from the qualitative data analysis: time of day, pain intensity, barriers to and reasons for using the emergency department for care, and lack of individualized plan of care. Reasons patients use the ED for chronic pain are numerous and complex. Leaders of healthcare organizations must address patient-centered care, with specific alternatives to the emergency department such as individualized care plans, and care transition interventions.
ER-to-Golgi transport visualized in living cells

Newly synthesized proteins that leave the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are funnelled through the Golgi complex before being sorted for transport to their different final destinations. Traditional approaches have elucidated the biochemical requirements for such transport and have established a role for transport intermediates. New techniques for tagging proteins fluorescently have made it possible to follow the complete life history of single transport intermediates in living cells, including their formation, path and velocity en route to the Golgi complex. We have now visualized ER-to-Golgi transport using the viral glycoprotein ts045 VSVG tagged with green fluorescent protein (VSVG-GFP). Upon export from the ER, VSVG-GFP became concentrated in many differently shaped, rapidly forming pre-Golgi structures, which translocated inwards towards the Golgi complex along microtubules by using the microtubule minus-end-directed motor complex of dynein/dynactin. No loss of fluorescent material from pre-Golgi structures occurred during their translocation to the Golgi complex and they frequently stretched into tubular shapes. Together, our results indicate that these pre-Golgi carrier structures moving unidirectionally along microtubule tracks are responsible for transporting VSVG-GFP through the cytoplasm to the Golgi complex. This contrasts with the traditional focus on small vesicles as the primary vehicles for ER-to-Golgi transport.
Ionic conductances in sustentacular cells of the mouse olfactory epithelium

The electrical properties of sustentacular cells (SCs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) were investigated in tissue slices taken from neonatal mice (P0-P4). Conventional whole-cell recordings were obtained from SCs and also from olfactory receptor neurones (ORNs) in situ. SCs had a larger apparent cell capacitance (C(cell)) (18.6 +/- 0.5 pF) than ORNs (4.4 +/- 0.4 pF) and a lower apparent membrane resistance (R(m)) (160 +/- 11 MOmega versus 664 +/- 195 MOmega, respectively). When corrected for a seal resistance of 1 GOmega, these mean R(m) values were increased to 190 MOmega and 2 GOmega in SCs and ORNs, respectively. SCs generated a TTX (1 microm)-resistant voltage-activated Na(+) current (I(Na)) that had a peak density at -38 mV of -44 pA pF(-1) and supported action potential firing. Peak current density of I(Na) in neurones was 510 +/- 96 pA pF(-1). The outward K(+) current in SCs was composed (> 70%) of a TEA (2 mm)-sensitive component that was mediated by the opening of large-conductance (237 +/- 10 pS; BK) channels. The resting leak conductance (g(L)) of SCs was permeable to monovalent cations and anions and was largely inhibited by substitution of external Na(+) with NMDG and by internal F(-) with gluconate. g(L) deactivated up to 50% at potentials negative of -70 mV and was inhibited by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (20 mum). SCs were identified using fluorescent dyes (Lucifer Yellow and Alexa Fluor 488) in the whole-cell patch pipette-filling solution. Our findings indicate that SCs in the OE of neonates are electrically excitable and are distinguishable from neurones by a having a resting g(L).
Cytopathologic Features of Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma

BACKGROUND Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described salivary gland neoplasm that is defined by ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. To the best of the authors' knowledge, only rare case reports of the cytopathologic features of MASC have been published to date. METHODS A wide variety of archival salivary gland tumors were tested for ETV6 translocation by break-apart fluorescent in situ hybridization. Positive cases with preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens or intraoperative touch preparations were retrieved from the archives of The Johns Hopkins Hospital. All smears were reviewed and the cytologic characteristics were described. RESULTS Five cases of MASC with cytopathologic material (4 FNA specimens and 1 touch preparation) were identified. The cases occurred in 3 men and 2 women ranging in age from 21 years to 78 years (mean, 52 years). On the cytologic smears, the MASCs were variably cellular and exhibited 2 different architectural patterns: 1) intact tissue fragments with isomorphic cells arranged in a sheet-like or papillary configuration; and 2) dispersed and dissociated cells with a mostly “histiocyte-like” appearance with large cells containing abundant vacuolated cytoplasm. No matrix tissue or stromal spindled cells were present. The cells did not display acinic differentiation in the form of cytoplasmic zymogen granules. In each case, the preoperative FNA correctly identified a neoplasm, and the most frequent diagnostic considerations were acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and pleomorphic adenoma. CONCLUSIONS MASC is a newly described salivary gland tumor that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of low-grade salivary gland neoplasms. Its cytologic features overlap considerably with those of other tumors, especially acinic cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:228–33. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Complex colon polypectomy

By interrupting the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, endo-scopic polypectomy can prevent the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Endoscopic polypectomy has, therefore, become an accepted screening and surveillance modality for CRC and has been widely adopted by clinicians, policymakers, and professional organizations as an effective screening tool. Most gastroenterologists are adequately trained to endoscopically excise the majority of polyps found in a routine colonoscopy. However, some polyps, due to their size, location, or configuration, are considered more technically challenging or are associated with an increased risk of complications (such as bleeding or perforation) and, hence, are not routinely resected. These so-called complex polypectomies are the focus of this paper.
Magnetic trapping of an atomic 55Mn-52Cr mixture

Atomic manganese {sup 55}Mn and chromium {sup 52}Cr are simultaneously loaded and confined in a magnetic trap. Using a cryogenic {sup 3}He buffer gas, 10{sup 11} manganese and 10{sup 12} chromium atoms are trapped at an initial temperature of 600 mK. The buffer gas is then pumped away, thermally isolating the sample. The Mn-Cr interspecies inelastic rate constant is measured to be {gamma}{sub Mn,Cr}=1.5({+-}0.2)x10{sup -13} cm{sup 3}/s.
Skyrmionic approach to the quark model: the value ofgA

We discuss the value ofgA in a Skyrme-type model for quarks using chiralSU2×SU2 symmetry for simplicity. We speculate, therefore, that constituent quarks may be represented by skyrmions.
Role of hysteresis in propagating acoustic waves in soils

[1] To determine the role of hysteresis in propagating acoustic waves in soils, the stress/strain and sound speed/strain behaviors of soils are studied in triaxial cell tests. A series of quasi-static hysteresis loops with strain amplitudes ranging from 3 × 10−5 to 2 × 10−4 are formed during the tests. The slope of a hysteresis loop is compared with the dynamic elastic modulus from a sound speed measurement. It is found that the hysteresis slope linearly correlates with the dynamic modulus and decreases with the strain amplitude of the hysteresis loop. This discovery supports the hypothesis that acoustic wave propagation in a soil is a hysteresis process. Hysteresis might be the major source of the acoustic nonlinearity of soils.
Sputum induction improves detection of pathogens in children with cystic fibrosis.

SummaryBackground Sputum induction is a safe, well tolerated means of obtaining lower airway secretions from children with cystic fibrosis (CF), particularly for assessment of airway inflammation but the clinical value in diagnosing outpatient infections has not been extensively studied. Objectives Investigate the success rate and microbiologic yield of induced sputum (IS) compared to oropharyngeal swabs (OP) and expectorated sputum (ES) samples in children with CF, and determine if IS culture results impact treatment. Methods Two cohorts were included in this prospective, longitudinal comparative study. In one cohort, simultaneously collected OP, ES, and IS specimens were obtained from 17 CF children at three visits over 1 year. In the second group, sputum induction was performed in 35 CF subjects at four annual visits, and culture results were compared to their nearest respiratory culture within 4 months. Antimicrobial treatment regimens were captured retrospectively. Results Sputum induction was successful in 149 of 158 (94%) visit encounters. Polymicrobial infection (combined P = 0.005) and gram negative organisms (combined P = 0.003) were detected more frequently in IS samples compared to OP, as were the individual pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (combined P = 0.04) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (combined P = 0.05). The microbiologic yield of serial IS samples collected over 1 year was stable. IS culture results led to antibiotic changes in 6% of visit encounters. However, based on current practice 13% of visits could have resulted in treatment changes. Conclusions Sputum induction is feasible in the outpatient setting and appears to improve pathogen detection in children with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:638–646. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuronal copper homeostasis susceptibility by genetic defects in dysbindin, a schizophrenia susceptibility factor

Environmental factors and susceptible genomes interact to determine the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Although few genes and environmental factors have been linked, the intervening cellular and molecular mechanisms connecting a disorder susceptibility gene with environmental factors remain mostly unexplored. Here we focus on the schizophrenia susceptibility gene DTNBP1 and its product dysbindin, a subunit of the BLOC-1 complex, and describe a neuronal pathway modulating copper metabolism via ATP7A. Mutations in ATP7A result in Menkes disease, a disorder of copper metabolism. Dysbindin/BLOC-1 and ATP7A genetically and biochemically interact. Furthermore, disruption of this pathway causes alteration in the transcriptional profile of copper-regulatory and dependent factors in the hippocampus of dysbindin/BLOC-1-null mice. Dysbindin/BLOC-1 loss-of-function alleles do not affect cell and tissue copper content, yet they alter the susceptibility to toxic copper challenges in both mammalian cells and Drosophila. Our results demonstrate that perturbations downstream of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene DTNBP1 confer susceptibility to copper, a metal that in excess is a neurotoxin and whose depletion constitutes a micronutrient deficiency.
Preschoolers' Understanding of Mental and Bodily Reactions to Contamination: What You Don't Know Can Hurt You, But Cannot Sadden You.

Evidence of the operation of a biological theory might be found in children's distinction between mental (emotional) and bodily (illness) reactions to contamination. Study 1 explored whether children see emotions as voluntary but illness as outside of intentional control. Three- and 5-year-olds judged that simple volitions were insufficient to alter either outcome. Study 2 suggested that children distinguish reactions mediated by representations from those mediated by physical interactions. Children indicated that knowledge determines mental reactions to contamination, but physical contact determines bodily reactions. Study 3 explored knowledge about particulars of emotional and illness reactions. Most preschoolers did not realize that illness takes time to develop. These data suggest that preschoolers do distinguish between physical and mental reactions to contamination but have a poor understanding of the actual bodily processes involved.
Investigating SUMER Coronal Hole Observations: A Robust Method of Raster Reduction

We present a physically constrained, comprehensive, and robust means of reducing long-duration spectroscopic raster observations made in the important 1530-1555 A wavelength range by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Our method performs corrections in spatial, spectral, and temporal domains following application of the standard SUMER data reduction package to minimize the net Doppler shift of neutral and singly ionized silicon emission lines in the chromosphere. We have applied this method to seven raster observations of the same equatorial coronal hole acquired over a 5 day period, 1999 November 3-8, and to the well-studied observations of 1996 September 21-22. This technique allows us to make physically consistent analyses of multiple SUMER rasters and will aid in future investigations of the solar "rest" wavelength of the important Ne VIII 770 A emission line and, as a result, of the properties of transition region blueshifts—specifically, their correlation to multithermal radiance structure, supergranular network patterns, and the coronal magnetic environment at the perceived lower boundary of solar wind outflow.
Anion-Induced Adsorption of Ferrocenated Nanoparticles

Au nanoparticles fully coated with ω-ferrocenyl hexanethiolate ligands, with average composition Au225(ω-ferrocenyl hexanethiolate)43, exhibit a unique combination of adsorption properties on Pt electrodes. The adsorbed layer is so robust that electrodes bearing submonolayer, monolayer, and multilayer quantities of these nanoparticles can be transferred to fresh electrolyte solutions and there exhibit stable ferrocene voltammetry over long periods of time. The kinetics of forming the robustly adsorbed layer are slow; monolayer and submonolayer deposition can be described by a rate law that is first order in nanoparticle concentration and in available electrode surface. The adsorption mechanism is proposed to involve entropically enhanced (multiple) ion-pair bridges between oxidized (ferrocenium) sites and certain specifically adsorbed electrolyte anions on the electrode. Adsorption is promoted by scanning to positive potentials (through the ferrocene wave) and by high concentrations of Bu4N+X- electrolyte...
Magnetic resonance investigations of photoexcited triplet states in naphthalene-tetracyanobenzene single crystals

Abstract Photoexcited triplet states in naphthalene-tetracyanobenzene single crystals were investigated at 4.2 K by zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance and at room temperature by conventional high-field electron paramagnetic resonance. The low-temperature experiments revealed at least three triplet-state traps with distinct zero-field splittings, phosphorescence spectra, or excitation dependence.
Forced Eruption: Part II. A Method of Treating Nonrestorable Teeth—Periodontal and Restorative Considerations

In selected cases, forced eruption may be a useful approach in treating isolated nonrestorable teeth as a result of trauma, caries, or iatrogenic dentistry. This paper has presented the biologic rationale, objectives, technics and clinical cases to demonstrate the principle. Evaluation has been made of potential difficulties which may develop with the technic and areas for future research have been identified.
The rhetorical limits of polysemy

Current critical studies emphasize the way in which the polysemic qualities of mass mediated texts empower audiences to construct their own liberating readings. An examination of the text, audience readings, and historical placement of an episode of Cagney & Lacey concerning abortion indicates serious constraints placed on audiences by the rhetorical situations in which readings occur. The pleasures of the audience, I argue, may not be sufficient to certify a positive role for mass media in the process of social change.
ON THE ROLE OF INTRACELLULAR POTASSIUM IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

Abstract 1. 1. Mutants of Escherichia coli B that can be readily depleted of K+ were used to study the role of K+ in cell growth. When cells were depleted of K+, cell division and protein synthesis stopped, but ribonucleic acid synthesis continued. 2. 2. The effect of K+ and Na+ on protein synthesis was measured over a wide range of concentrations both in intact mutant cells and in the cell-free polyuridylic acid system. Na+ was found to antagonize the action of K+. NH4+ produced 2- to 4-fold more incorporation in the cell-free system than did K+. 3. 3. In the cell-free system, the rate of protein synthesis at low K+ concentration was found to be limited by the transfer of amino acid from aminoacyl soluble ribonucleic acid to polypeptide. This result was consistent with the finding of unbalanced ribonucleic acid synthesis in K+-depleted mutant cells. 4. 4. The intracellular NH4+ concentrations was found to be low, and appeared to be controlled at levels of 5–10 mM. 5. 5. The results suggest that decreased cell K+ limits the rate of cell growth by a specific effect on protein synthesis.
Further Validation of a Model of Fibromyalgia Syndrome in the Rat

Abstract We have recently developed an animal model of fibromyalgia syndrome in the rat. In this model, rats exposed to unpredictable sound stress develop a delayed onset enhancement and prolongation of cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in muscle and skin. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that our model also manifests symptoms of common comorbid diagnoses: irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular disorder, and anxiety. Both visceral sensitivity and cytokine hyperalgesia in masseter muscle were present in the stressed rats. Furthermore, in an established model of irritable bowel syndrome—water avoidance—we observed significant muscle hyperalgesia. Finally, using the elevated plus maze to assess for anxiety level, we observed a significantly higher anxiety level in sound stress-exposed rats. Thus, unpredictable sound stress produces a condition in the rat with several features—delayed onset visceral and temporomandibular hyperalgesia and increased anxiety, as well as cutaneous and muscle hyperalgesia—commonly found in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Perspective A stress model—unpredictable sound—in the rat exhibits several features (cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and visceral hyperalgesia, as well as anxiety) that are found in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Thus, this model may be used to test hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms and response to therapy in patients with fibromyalgia.
Carbohydrate metabolism in osteosarcoma

Studies were performed to determine (1) hormonal regulatory patterns associated with osteosarcoma; (2) in vitro estrogen and progesterone effects on chondrocyte and osteosarcoma cell DNA synthesis and (3) the effect of estrogen administration upon the clinical course of osteosarcoma. Glucose tolerance, serum insulin, growth hormone, and somatomedin levels were studied in nine adolescents with osteosarcoma. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism was manifested in all cases. Somatomedin assays were elevated in eight of nine patients. In vitro studies revealed that estrogen and progesterone resulted in significantly suppressed DNA synthesis by osteosarcoma cells. Clinically estrogen was demonstrated to be effective in correcting the abnormal pattern of glucose and insulin metabolism in two of four patients.
Radial heterogeneity of some analytical columns used in high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract An on-column electrochemical microdetector was used to determine accurately the radial distribution of the mobile phase velocity and of the column efficiency at the exit of three common analytical columns, namely a 100 mm × 4.6 mm C18 bonded silica-based monolithic column, a 150 mm × 4.6 mm column packed with 2.7 μm porous shell particles of C18 bonded silica (HALO), and a 150 mm × 4.6 mm column packed with 3 μm fully porous C18 bonded silica particles (LUNA). The results obtained demonstrate that all three columns are not radially homogeneous. In all three cases, the efficiency was found to be lower in the wall region of the column than in its core region (the central core with a radius of 1/3 the column inner radius). The decrease in local efficiency from the core to the wall regions was lower in the case of the monolith (ca. 25%) than in that of the two particle-packed columns (ca. 35–50%). The mobile phase velocity was found to be ca. 1.5% higher in the wall than in the core region of the monolithic column while, in contrast, it was ca. 2.5–4.0% lower in the wall region for the two particle-packed columns.
A computational approach for obstruction-free photography

We present a unified computational approach for taking photos through reflecting or occluding elements such as windows and fences. Rather than capturing a single image, we instruct the user to take a short image sequence while slightly moving the camera. Differences that often exist in the relative position of the background and the obstructing elements from the camera allow us to separate them based on their motions, and to recover the desired background scene as if the visual obstructions were not there. We show results on controlled experiments and many real and practical scenarios, including shooting through reflections, fences, and raindrop-covered windows.
The Rational Choice Approach to Human Studies: A Reexamination

This article reexamines the rational choice or economic approach to human studies. Its adherents claim that its extension beyond its original domain to “all human behavior” can finally lead to integration of the human studies, especially social theory, and thus their elevation from what they see as a chaotic state. Specifically, they propose grounding human studies on the premise that humans are rational egoists or self-interested utility maximizers. Although this premise has been the conceptual foundation of orthodox economic theory, it has been questioned, and even in part discredited in its heterodox versions. This reexamination casts serious doubts on such claims.