cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A functional analysis of sensory units innervating epiglottis and larynx

Both swallowing and coughing, protective reflexes of the airway, can be initiated from the larynx. The purpose of this study was to find the laryngeal receptors excited by the adequate stimuli for these reflexes and to define the characteristics of their discharge to the stimuli. This represents the first step in defining the significant parameters of the input for each protective reflex. The laryngeal tactile receptors appear to initiate both reflexes. These receptors are the most superficial and are probably free endings. Seventy-five per cent of the tactile receptors are also responsive to water stimulation, the adequate stimulus for swallowing. The water response of tactile units is facilitated by mechanical stimulation. The transducer sites for water stimulation are sensitive to general anesthetics while the mechanotransducer sites are not. The discharge patterns, adaptation characteristics, and duration of discharge with mechanical stimulation are dependent on the strength of mechanical stimulation. The frequency and adaptation characteristics with water stimulation are dependent on the concentration of water in the solution and not on mechanical, osmotic, or trace-calcium effects. Frequency of discharge and the pattern of units excited are hypothesized as the most significant parameters of the sensory discharge initiating the appropriate reflex.
COMPLETE UNITARY INVARIANT :FOR SOME SUBNORMAL OPERATOR

IfS is a subnormal operator with minimal normal extensionN satisfying the conditions that (i)\(\left[ {S^* ,S} \right]^{\frac{1}{2}} \in \mathcal{L}^1\), (ii) sp (S) is the unit disk and (iii) sp (N)={N: |z|=1 orz=a1,...,a k then $$tr\left( {\left[ {S^* ,(\lambda I - S)^{ - 1} } \right]\left[ {S^* ,(\mu I - S)^{ - 1} } \right]} \right) = \frac{n}{{\lambda ^2 \mu ^2 }} + \sum\limits_{i,j = 1}^k {\frac{{\gamma ij}}{{\lambda \mu (\lambda - a_i )(\mu - a_j )}}} $$ . wheren=index (\(S^* - \bar zI\)) forz∈sp (S)/sp (N) and (γij) is a real symmetric matrix. The set {n, γij,i,j = 1,...,k} is a complete unitary invariant for an operator in the class of all irreducible subnormal operators satisfying conditions (i), (ii), (iii) and that there is at least one positive simple eigenvalue of [S*,S].
Mysidacea from the Florida Middle Ground, northeast Gulf of Mexico, with descriptions of three new species of Heteromysis and a key to the Heteromysini of the western Atlantic

ABSTRACT Eleven species of Mysidacea are associated with the Florida Middle Ground, the northernmost hermatypic coral reef in the Gulf of Mexico. In addition to the two previously reported species, Anchialina typica and Mysidium integrum, the ranges of Siriella chlerchiae, Bowmaniella sewelli, B. bacescui, Erythrops parva, Amathimysis gibba, and Heterornysis guitarti have been extended to include the northern Gulf of Mexico. Descriptions of three new species, H. beetoni, H. filitelsona, and H. hopkinsi, and a key to the tribe Heteromysini are presented.
Towards the zero-surface-tension limit in granular fingering instability

The finger-like branching pattern that occurs when a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous one confined between two parallel plates has been widely studied as a classical example of a mathematically tractable hydrodynamic instability1,2,3. Fingering in such Hele–Shaw geometries has been generated not only with newtonian fluids4,5,6 but also with various non-newtonian fluids7,8,9 including fine granular material displaced by gas, liquid or larger grains10,11,12,13,14,15. Here, we study a granular Hele–Shaw system to explore the zero-surface-tension property of granular ‘fluids’16. We demonstrate that the grain–gas interface exhibits fractal structure and sharp cusps, which are associated with the hitherto-unrealizable singular hydrodynamics predicted in the zero-surface-tension limit of normal fluid fingering2,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Above the yield stress, the scaling for the finger width is distinct from that for ordinary fluids, reflecting unique granular properties such as friction-induced dissipation as opposed to viscous damping24,25,26,27. Despite such differences, the dimension of the global fractal structure and the shape of the singular cusps on the interface agree with the theories based on simple laplacian growth of conventional fluid fingering in the zero-surface-tension limit2,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.
A splitting algorithm for Vlasov simulation with filamentation filtration

A Fourier-Fourier transformed version of the splitting algorithm for simulating solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson system of equations is introduced. It is shown that with the inclusion of filamentation filtration in this transformed algorithm it is both faster and more stable than the standard splitting algorithm. It is further shown that in a scalar computer environment this new algorithm is approximately equal in speed and far less noisy than its particle-in-cell counterpart. It is conjectured that in a multiprocessor environment the filtered splitting algorithm would be faster while producing more precise results.
A note on the half-life of 209Po

Abstract The widely adopted value of (102±5) a for the 209Po half-life, which is based on a single determination reported in 1956, appears to be in error by a large factor. Decay data from two separate primary standardizations of a 209Po solution standard, conducted approximately 12 years apart, are inconsistent with the adopted value and its assigned uncertainty. An estimated half-life, larger than the adopted value by about 25%, is more consistent with the standardization data. A longer half-life is also supported by measurements on a recently standardized 210Pb solution standard.
Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food

Anthropologist Steve Striffler begins this book in a poultry processing plant, drawing on his own experiences there as a worker. He also reports on the way chickens are raised today and how they are consumed. What he discovers about America's favorite meat is not just unpleasant but a powerful indictment of our industrial food system. The process of bringing chicken to our dinner tables is unhealthy for all concerned--from farmer to factory worker to consumer. The book traces the development of the poultry industry since the Second World War, analyzing the impact of such changes as the destruction of the family farm, the processing of chicken into nuggets and patties, and the changing makeup of the industrial labor force. The author describes the lives of immigrant workers and their reception in the small towns where they live. The conclusion is clear: there has to be a better way. Striffler proposes radical but practical change, a plan that promises more humane treatment of chickens, better food for the consumer, and fair payment for food workers and farmers.
Usability in the real world: assessing medical information technologies in patient's homes

Objective: This paper presents an approach to usability evaluation of computer-based health care systems designed for patient use in their homes. Although such devices are becoming more prevalent, there is very little known about their usability.Design: The theoretical foundations for the methods are discussed. The approach incorporates a cognitive walkthrough usability evaluation and new methods for usability testing that can be conducted in patient's homes. The method was applied to the IDEATel intervention, a multi-institution randomized controlled trial of the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical utility of a home-based telemedicine system for diabetic Medicare population. The usability study was designed to assess barriers to optimal use of the system. The focus was both on dimensions of the interface and on dimensions of patient skills and competency. The usability field research involved testing 25 patients in their homes using the system. The analysis included a range of video-analytic methods of varying levels of granularity.Results: The usability evaluation revealed aspects of the interface that were sub-optimal and impeded the performance of certain tasks. It also found a range of patient-related factors such as numeracy and psychomotor skills that constituted barriers to productive use.Conclusions: A multifaceted usability approach provided important insight regarding use of technology by an elderly chronic-care patient population and more generally, for understanding how home health initiatives can more effectively use such technology.
The explosive limits and flammability of xanthate dusts in air

The minimum concentrations of xanthate dusts in air which will form explosive mixtures have been determined. Comparison with other dusts considered to be hazardous industrially indicates that xanthates of the lower alcohols should be classified as readily explosive. The explosive limit increases rapidly with particle size; dusts coarser than 150 mesh are relatively safe. Xanthate dusts are easily ignited and have very low ignition temperatures. Under conditions such that fine wood flour ignites at 540°C. the xanthates will ignite between 230°C. and 290°C.
Microfluidic chip bio-sensor for detection of cancer cells

Mechanical properties of single cells are associated with their disease status. Thus, cell biomechanics can serve as a reliable biomarker to distinguish cancerous cells from normal ones. Previously, it has been shown that the average deformability of cancerous cells is significantly larger than that of normal cells. In this paper, to compare the deformability of benign and tumor cells, we designed a microfluidic device with a narrow constriction straight channel and two reservoirs. We expect that softer cells will travel faster through the channel than stiffer cells. Hence, we can correlate the measured transit times for the cells to their stiffness. The results show that the average transit time of non-malignant breast cells (MCF 10A) through the channel is 1.9-fold larger than malignant breast cells (MDA-MB-231) and the average transit time of benign early stage mouse ovarian cancer cells is 1.8-fold larger than aggressive late stage ones.
When bone mass fails to predict bone failure

New technology for noninvasive measurement of bone mass has enabled many studies of bone mass and its relationship to fracture, which challenge the view that bone mass is the only relevant factor in the etiology of fractures. Several studies have reported ROC curves that generally show values of about 80%. No convincing evidence suggests that one technique is superior to another. The reported relative risks or odds ratios for a fracture usually range between 1.2 and 2.5 per SD. There is no doubt that the risk of a fracture increases as the bone density decreases. However, even with a low bone mass, the risk of not fracturing a bone over the next year is over 90%. Most of the data suggest that patients with severe vertebral fractures have lower bone mass than those with mild fractures, but some women with similarly low bone mass have mild or no fractures. The weight of the evidence suggests that age has an effect on fracture incidence which is independent of bone mass. Trauma is such a major factor that it is surprising to find almost no studies that have controlled for it. The relationship between bone mass and bone failure is strong, but other factors must also be contributing to the bone failure which, like heart failure or renal failure, is a complex, multifactorial disease.
Commentary: Long‐Pulse Neodymium‐Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Hypopigmentation and Other Diverse Applications

Min-Wei Christine Lee, MD, MPH, has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Behavioral auditory assessment of young infants: methodological limitations or natural lack of auditory responsiveness?

The determination of auditory thresholds by means of behavioral techniques in young infants can be difficult. This could be the result of limitations in methodology, a lack of observable auditory r...
Climate Report Focuses on Impacts and Need for Action

Changes in climate have “caused impacts on natural and human systems on all continents and across the oceans” in recent decades, according to a report on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability issued on 31 March by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Working Group II as part of IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report. The report also said that large uncertainties exist about the future vulnerability, exposure, and responses of interlinked human and natural systems and that adaptation and mitigation choices in the near term will affect the risks of climate change through the 21st century.
Holographically produced transmission diffraction gratings for soft X-rays

Abstract A method for producing self-supporting transmission gratings for the soft X-ray region will be discussed. Photoresist is spin-coated onto a glass substrate and then exposed to the interference pattern created by two coherent point sources. The sinusoidal relief pattern which is formed after development is coated at normal incidence with a suitably transparent metal by vacuum evaporation. An additional layer of opaque metal is added obliquely (i.e., to one side of the sinusoidal profile) to provide the necessary wavefront amplitude modulation. After coating, a sample holder is glued to the surface of the metal and the photoresist is dissolved, freeing the metal layer from the glass substrate. Self-supported gratings of aluminum with opaque silver strips have been tested at 240, 302, 434, and 605 A. At certain angles of incidence, the zeroth order has practically disappeared with most of the intensity appearing in one order.
Behavior of a Two Degree-of-Freedom Gyroscope in a Rotating Satellite

1 Meirovitch, L. and Nelson, H. D., "On the High-Spin Motion of a Satellite Containing Elastic Parts," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 3, No. 11, Nov. 1966, pp. 1597-1602. 2 Likins, P. W., "Attitude Stability Criteria for Dual Spin Spacecraft, " Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 4, No. 12, Dec. 1967, pp.1638-1643. 3 Landon, V' D., "Early Evidence of Stabilization of a Vehicle Spinning about its Axis of least Inertia," Proceedings of the Symposium on Attitude Stabilization and Control of Dual Spin Spacecraft Aug. 1-2, 1967, Aerospace Rept. TR-0158 (3307-01)-16, pp. 9-10. 4 Whittaker, E. T., Analytical Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, London, 1937, p. 217. 5 Bishop, R. E. D. and Johnson, D. C, The Mechanics of Vibration, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960. 6 Auelmann, R. R. and Lane, P. T. "Design and Analysis of Ballin-Tube Nutation Dampers," Proceedings of the Symposium on Attitude Stabilization and Comtrol of Dual Spin Spacecraft, Aug. 1-2, 1967, Aerospace Rept. TR-0158 (3307-01)-16, pp. 61-90. 7 Willems, P. Y., "Dual Spin Satellites," AGARD Lecture Series No, 45 on Attitude Stabilization of Satellites in Orbit, Brussels, Oct. 1971.
Gene variants for osteoporosis and their pleiotropic effects in aging

The prevalence of osteoporosis is raising worldwide as improving conditions of living and treatment of other common diseases continuously increases life expectancy. Thus, osteoporosis affects most women above 80 years of age and, at the age of 50, the lifetime risk of suffering an osteoporosis-related fracture approaches 50% in women and 20% in men. Numerous genetic, hormonal, nutritional and life-style factors contribute to the acquisition and maintenance of bone mass. Among them, genetic variations explain as much as 70% of the variance for bone mineral density (BMD) in the population. Dozens of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BMD have been identified by genome screening and linkage approaches in humans and mice, and more than 100 candidate gene polymorphisms tested for association with BMD and/or fracture. Sequence variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), collagen 1 alpha 1 chain (Col1A1), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) genes were all found to be significantly associated with differences in BMD and/or fracture risk in multiple replication studies. Moreover, some genes, such as VDR and IL-6, were shown to interact with non-genetic factors, i.e. calcium intake and estrogens, to modulate BMD. Since these gene variants have also been associated with other complex disorders, including cancer and coronary heart disease, they may represent common genetic susceptibility factors exerting pleiotropic effects during the aging process.
Vertex selection via a multi-graph analysis

Abstract We study vertex selection in the presence of multiple graphs associated with a vertex set V representing an online community. First, we formulate a collection of Markov chains on the graph ensemble and describe the characteristics of the associated mean hitting times on V . Then, we design a branch and bound optimisation technique for computing the subset of vertices A that exhibits the smallest hitting time cost across the multi-graph, given a constraint on the volume of A . The complexity of the branch and bound technique limits its application to medium-size graphs. Thus, we formulate a greedy optimisation method for computing a close approximation to the optimal subset at lower complexity, which can be implemented in a decentralised way, for further complexity reduction. We prove that the objective function under consideration is supermodular and monotonic, which guarantees near-optimal solutions for the greedy method. This is verified in our numerical experiments that compare its performance to that of the branch and bound technique, on smaller size graphs. The experiments also examine the hitting-time trade-off across the multi-graph that our optimisation exhibits, governed by the sampling cost factors λ j associated with each graph layer G j . Relative to conventional community graph centrality methods for vertex selection, we demonstrate a substantially lower sampling (network) cost and higher data dissemination rate, on actual Facebook and Internet topology data. The generality of our framework allows for its application to information retrieval, from a collection of items represented by a multi-graph. Here, we demonstrate higher semantic consistency over state-of-the-art single-graph methods, on the popular DBLP data set.
Coping with drought: Toward a plan of action

The scientific and policy communities have become increasingly aware, in recent years, of the vulnerability of developed and developing countries to drought. This awareness has been heightened by the widespread occurrence of severe, multiyear droughts that have produced serious socioeconomic and environmental consequences on a global scale. However, the occurrence of relatively short-term droughts (e.g., the 1986 drought in the southeastern United States) has also resulted in severe impacts. Often, impacts of both short-term and multiyear droughts have been exacerbated by poorly conceived or nonexistent assessment and response strategies by governments.
In vitro TNF, IL-6 and IL-2 production by rat milk cells following Trichinella spiralis infection

Abstract Trichinella spiralis -specific immunity can be transferred from immune mothers to suckling neonates via lactation, suggesting that milk from immune dams contains specific factors to T. spiralis . TNF and IL-6 are important cytokines in inflammatory processes, and IL-2 is essential in lymphocyte activation. Using cell line bioassays, we examined the capacity of rat milk mononuclear cells from immune and non-immune control dams to produce these cytokines following in vitro stimulation with mitogens or T. spiralis antigen. Milk cells were capable of producing IL-2, IL-6 and TNF upon Con A stimulation, and TNF and IL-6 upon LPS stimulation. The amount of these cytokines produced by mitogen-stimulated milk cells from T. spiralis -infected rats was similar to that produced by non-infected controls, although lower than that of corresponding blood mononuclear cells. Upon stimulation with T. spiralis antigen, milk cells from infected rats produced a significantly higher amount of TNF (158 ± 39U/10 6 cells) compared to non-infected controls (16 ± 6 U/10 6 cells, P 6 cells, P T. spiralis infection.
A meta‐analytic review of the cover‐copy‐compare and variations of this self‐management procedure

Studies that examined copy-cover-compare (CCC) and variations of this procedure were reviewed and analyzed. This review revealed a substantial number of studies that validated the use of CCC across spelling and math skills and across students with and without disabilities. A meta-analysis of findings indicated that CCC and variations of this procedure were effective for helping students acquire and become fluent in academic skills. The strongest effects were evident when CCC and variations of this procedure were combined with other evidence-based instructional components. Limitations, future directions for research, and recommendations for practice are offered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Declining Ground‐Water Resources of Alluvial Valleys: A Case Study

The use of ground water increased rapidly in the Pawnee Valley, Kansas, during the last two decades, causing ground-water levels to decline and streamflow to diminish. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of present and future ground-water withdrawals in the region. This report documents the depleting water resource of the area and calculates a preliminary hydrologic budget for the region. It also adapts, automatically calibrates, and applies a mathematical model that adequately simulates the operation of the hydrogeologic system for the purpose of evaluating several schemes for managing the ground-water resource. Two different estimates of regional ground-water recharge in the area indicated that the average natural recharge is approximately 0.5 inch per year. On the other hand, it was found that the amount of appropriated ground water in the area exceeded the natural recharge figure by about 11 times. Digital simulations of the aquifer system indicated that, even without any additional development or with very wet periods, water-level declines will continue indefinitely, since ground-water withdrawals in the Pawnee Valley are of such magnitude. One option put forth for consideration is to prolong the life of the ground-water resource through the application of all the following recommendations: concerted efforts to reduce water wasting and to increase efficiency of water use; implementation of not more than a 40 percent saturated-thickness depletion allowance for the next several years; imposition of a freeze on the number of irrigation wells to the present levels; and engagement in an artifical-recharge program.
Surface features of utterances, credibility judgments, and memory

Information acquired in conversation is often not credible, which makes monitoring its credibility critical. Listeners of conversations often use surface features of utterances, such as pause and intonation, to guide their credibility judgments. In this research, we explore whether listeners’ delayed credibility judgments about remembered information are affected by the surface features of the speakers’ utterances. In addition, we examine some of the specific factors involved in this issue: (1) how listeners’ listening strategies influence their subsequent credibility judgments and (2) how the type of surface features of the utterances influences listeners’ ability to make delayed credibility judgments. The results indicate that intonation of the utterances continues to influence listeners’ assessment of the credibility of remembered information, that the influences of intonation depend on listening strategies, and that people have difficulty using/remembering pause length when making a delayed credibility judgment. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Mechanisms of compaction of quartz sand at diagenetic conditions

The relative contribution of cracking, grain rearrangement, and pressure solution during experimental compaction of quartz sand at diagenetic conditions was determined through electron and optical microscopy and image analysis. Aggregates of St. Peter sand (255±60 μm diameter grain size and porosity of approximately 34%) were subjected to creep compaction at effective pressures of 15, 34.5, 70, and 105 MPa, temperatures of 22 and 150°C, nominally dry or water-saturated (pore fluid pressure of 12.5 MPa) conditions, and for times up to one year. All aggregates displayed transient, decelerating creep, and volume strain rates as low as 2×10−10 s−1 were achieved. The intensity of fracturing and degree of fragmentation increase with volume strain and have the same dependence on volume strain at all conditions tested, indicating that impingement fracturing and grain rearrangement were the main mechanisms of compaction throughout the creep phase. The increase in fracture density and decrease in acoustic emission rate at long times under wet conditions reflect an increase in the contribution of subcritical cracking. No quantitative evidence of significant pressure solution was found, even for long-term creep at 150°C and water-saturated conditions. Comparison of our findings to previous work suggests that pressure solution could become significant at temperatures or times somewhat greater than investigated here.
Giant-cell granulomatous hypophysitis.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the clinical features of giant-cell granulomatous hypophysitis and to report on the results of corticosteroid treatment. Methods A case of giant-cell granulomatous hypophysitis is presented, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. Results A 41-year-old woman with anterior pituitary dysfunction had a pituitary mass that was 18 by 16 by 13 mm by magnetic resonance imaging. The pituitary stalk was thickened and enhanced after intravenous administration of gadolinium. A biopsy specimen that was obtained at transsphenoidal pituitary exploration revealed that the patient had giant-cell granulomatous hypophysitis, a rare inflammatory pituitary disorder. High-dose corticosteroid therapy failed to reverse her anterior pituitary dysfunction. Conclusion The coincidence of a contrast-enhancing pituitary mass with a thickened pituitary stalk and the awareness of the rare occurrence of endocrine inactive tumors in women of childbearing age should suggest an inflammatory pituitary condition. Such lesions should also be suspected in otherwise healthy young women with hypopituitarism and no evidence of hormone hypersecretion. On the basis of the literature and our experience, corticosteroid treatment does not seem to improve anterior pituitary function. (Endocr Pract. 1998;4:41-47)
Osteoporosis pharmacotherapy and counseling services in US ambulatory care clinics: opportunities for multidisciplinary interventions.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess rates and predictors of osteoporosis management with medication or nonmedication therapy, and to compare rates of medication and nonmedication therapy in office-based and hospital-based ambulatory care settings in the United States. Methods: This cross-sectional study included data on all ambulatory office visits made by patients aged ≥60 years in 2000-2005 in 2 national survey databases representing US ambulatory clinics. Visits with and without a record of anti-osteoporosis medication were identified, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictive factors for receipt of medication or nonmedication therapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Results: During 2000-2005, visits by patients with a diagnosis of osteoporosis or fragility fracture represented <2% of all visits in office- and hospital-based ambulatory care settings. Medication therapy for osteoporosis was documented in 53.2% of these visits, and nonmedication therapy was documented in 31.5%. The most frequently prescribed drug class was bisphosphonates (36.0%), followed by calcium and vitamin D supplementation (23.9%). The most commonly used nonmedication therapies were exercise (16.7%) and diet/nutrition counseling (19.4%). Rates of medication therapy did not differ significantly by ambulatory care setting. However, visits to hospital-based clinics were significantly less likely than visits to office-based clinics to involve nonmedication therapy (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9; P = 0.004). Compared with visits by women, visits by men were significantly less likely to involve medication therapy (adjusted OR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4–0.9; P = 0.013), nonmedication therapy (adjusted OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2–0.6; P < 0.001), or any therapy (adjusted OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3–0.6; P<0.001). Patients aged ≥80 years were significantly less likely to receive nonmedication therapy than were those aged 60 to 69 years (adjusted OR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4–0.9; P = 0.023). Visits by patients with public insurance were significantly less likely to involve medication therapy than visits by patients with other sources of payment (adjusted OR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–1.0; P = 0.040). No difference in the prevalence of any type of therapy was observed in relation to race. Conclusions: Based on the prevalence of medication and nonmedication therapies, levels of osteoporosis care did not differ by ambulatory care setting. However, patterns of care varied by certain visit characteristics, including insurance type, age, and sex.
The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness

It is approximated that 14% of prison inmates have severe mental illness (SMI; Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. The Lancet, 359, 545–550) and 78% of mentally ill state prison inmates recidivate during their lifetime (James, D.J., & Glaze, L.E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/). One factor that is thought to be particularly associated with recidivism among people with SMI is the lack of community services available upon release (Barr, H. (2003). Transinstitutionalization in the courts: Brad H. v. City of New York, and the fight for discharge planning for people with psychiatric disabilities leaving Rikers Island. Crime & Delinquency, 49, 97–123; Casper, E.S., & Clark, D. (2004). Service utilization, incidents, and hospitalizations among people with mental illnesses and incarceration histor...
State-controlled economies vs. rent-seeking states: Why small and medium enterprises might support state officials

This study examines the reasons for support that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) provide to government representatives of their choice (in the form of donations, influence through their networks, information and votes). The study tests stakeholder and social capital approaches as legitimate explanations for SMEs’ relationships with state representatives in different transition economies, specifically Belarus and Ukraine. The study shows that the stakeholder approach is sensitive to business environments and more applicable in a rent-seeking state where the parties perceive value in their exchange. Social relations motivate the SMEs’ support in both types of transition economies.
Evolutionary approaches in archaeology

Two evolutionary approaches in contemporary archaeology, selectionism and processualism, are compared in terms of their theoretical perspectives, methodologies, and empirical contributions. Selectionism is a tightly focused approach that aims to apply a strict Darwinian framework to the study of cultural evolution. The selectionists view cultural evolution as a shift in the relative frequencies of cultural traits; the evolutionary mechanism that brings this about entails undirected variation followed by selection in a manner analogous to biological evolution. Processualism is a more flexible approach that acknowledges the importance of variation and selection but employs these concepts in a broader framework that recognizes fundamental differences between cultural and biological evolution. Among them are the central roles played by directed variation and the hierarchical operation of selection in cultural evolution. As we enter the late 1990s, the selectionists appear comfortably ascendant while the processualists often seem in disarray—they appear less confident, more embattled, more internally diverse. This diversity and dynamism, however, may harbor great potential for further growth and development. It is suggested that processualism's ongoing ferment will spawn the evolutionary archaeology of the future.
Environmental trace gas detection using laser spectroscopy

This special issue of Applied Physics B – Lasers and Optics attempts to document the current status and trends of environmental trace gas detection through a collection of 32 invited papers motivated in part by the need for and importance of a detailed understanding of our environment. Although numerous traditional optical methods, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry have served us extremely well in atmospheric and environmental trace gas detection, promising new sensing and precise measurement techniques based on laser spectroscopy have emerged and been successfully used in numerous applications. The concept and timing of this special issue has been stimulated to some extent by recent exciting developments of several novel technologies, such as diode and fiber lasers for the optical communications industry, diode-pumped solid-state lasers, and novel bulk and waveguide infrared nonlinear materials. These can be applied to the ultra-sensitive, highly selective detection and real-time analysis of a large number of trace gas species by means of absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared “fingerprint” region, which contains virtually all the fundamental vibrational modes of molecules. Reduction of cost and complexity makes such spectroscopic sources more universally available and user friendly to both established and new fields that include air quality, atmospheric chemistry, industrial, traffic, and rural emissions, chemical analysis and process control, and medical applications.
The Role of Narratives in Sustaining Organizational Innovation

Sustaining innovation is a vital yet difficult task. Innovation requires the coordinated efforts of many actors to facilitate (1) the recombination of ideas to generate novelty, (2) real-time problem solving, and (3) linkages between present innovation efforts with past experiences and future aspirations. We propose that innovation narratives are cultural mechanisms that address these coordination requirements by enabling translation. Specifically, innovation narratives are powerful mechanisms for translating ideas across the organization so that they are comprehensible and appear legitimate to others. Narratives also enable people to translate emergent situations that are ambiguous or equivocal so as to promote real-time problem solving. With their accumulation, innovation narratives provide a generative memory for organizations that enable people to translate ideas accumulated from particular instances of past innovation to inform current and future efforts.
A RADIATION EFFICIENCY FOR UNBAFFLED PLATES WITH EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION

Abstract A radiation efficiency is developed for sound radiation from rectangular plates with unbaffled edges below the plate critical frequency. the expression modifies the modal average radiation efficiencies obtained from the simply supported plane-baffled plate by considering the effects of fluid flow around a structure. These flows reduce sound radiation by allowing fluid to escape compression.The unbaffled plate radiation efficiency is assessed by comparison with experimental data of sound radiated by impacts between balls and a plate. The expression is observed to be more accurate than the simply supported plane-baffled plate model and more versatile than a model of sound radiated from a plane-baffled free edge of a plate. Sound radiated by non-propagating plate vibration near ball-plate impacts appears to play a minor role. Improvements in accurate over the simply supported plane-baffled model typically range from 4–12 dB, with the greatest improvements occurring at low frequencies. A statistical method for bounding radiated sound power with a degree of confidence is also developed and tested against measured data. The results are encouraging but not statistically conclusive due to a limited amount of measured data.
An Effective Single Passive Location Method Based on Near Space Vehicle for Ground Fixed Emitter

Ground target position estimation of near space vehicle is the key technology in military and civilian field. In this paper, we propose an effective method using the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) based on direction of arrival (DOA) and its rate of change. Comparisons with the location method only using DOA and the classic EKF algorithm are conducted respectively. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method has faster convergence speed and better location precision.
Concurrent and predictive validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children with a Navajo sample

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to examine the mean scores and predictive validity coefficients obtained from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT). The K-ABC and the WISC-R were administered 1 week apart in counterbalanced order to 35 Navajo children aged 6–12 1 2 years (mean 8–9 years), followed 10 1 2 months later by administration of the PIAT. The K-ABC yielded an overall mean of 95.0, which is significantly higher than the WISC-R Full Scale IQ mean of 86.9. All WISC-R and K-ABC global scores correlated significantly except the WISC-R Verbal and K-ABC Nonverbal scales. The WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs and all five K-ABC scales correlated significantly with the PIAT Total Test standard scores. However, the K-ABC Achievement scale correlated significantly higher with the PIAT Total Test than with the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A spectral method for determining the percentage of green herbage material in clipped samples.

A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
Neurochemical substrates of rigidity and chorea in Huntington's disease

SUMMARY Huntington's disease is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder which produces a characteristic movement disorder termed chorea. Although chorea is associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia, the underlying mechanisms by which dyskinesias such as chorea are produced, are poorly understood. Recent studies in primates have led to experimental models of chorea with postulated involvement of specific neural pathways. In the present study we attempted to determine the validity of the experimental models by measuring concentrations of γaminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, substance P and met-enkephalin in the basal ganglia of Huntington's disease patients who manifested either chorea or rigidity/bradykinesia within 6 months of death. We also characterized changes in the Huntington's disease patients according to pathological grade, since this may be a confounding factor. We analysed post-mortern brain tissue from 12 controls, and 11 grade 3 and 12 grade 4 Huntington's disease patients. The grade 3 and 4 cases consisted of eight adult-onset choreic, nine adult-onset rigid and six juvenile-onset rigid patients. We also analysed the putamen and globus pallidus from 11 grade 2 adult onset choreic Huntington's disease patients. A model of chorea based on experimental studies in primates proposes that a loss of striatal GABAergic inhibitory projections to the globus pallidus externa leads to increased activity of the inhibitory globus pallidus externa GABAergic neurons which project to the subthalamic nucleus. It is believed that the loss of GABAergic inputs to the globus pallidus externa precedes a loss of GABAergic input to the globus pallidus interna, which occurs later in the disease and is associated with the development of rigidity and bradykinesia. In the choreic Huntington's disease patients whom we studied, there was a greater loss of GABA in the globus pallidus externa than in the globus pallidus interna, and the globus pallidus interna: globus pallidus externa GABA ratio was significantly increased compared with rigid patients. There were also increases in GABA in the subthalamic nucleus in the choreic patients, although this did not reach significance. A differential loss of met-enkephalin in the globus pallidus externa compared with substance P loss in the globus pallidus interna was not observed in either the choreic patients with advanced disease or the grade II patients. There was a significant increase in GABA concentrations in the ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus in the choreic patients compared with rigid/bradykinetic patients. These results are in accord with major tenets of proposed models of dyskinesia in experimental animals; however, the finding of increased GABA in the thalamus requires modification of current theories.
Low-cost audience polling using computer vision

Electronic response systems known as "clickers" have demonstrated educational benefits in well-resourced classrooms, but remain out-of-reach for most schools due to their prohibitive cost. We propose a new, low-cost technique that utilizes computer vision for real-time polling of a classroom. Our approach allows teachers to ask a multiple-choice question. Students respond by holding up a qCard: a sheet of paper that contains a printed code, similar to a QR code, encoding their student IDs. Students indicate their answers (A, B, C or D) by holding the card in one of four orientations. Using a laptop and an off-the-shelf webcam, our software automatically recognizes and aggregates the students' responses and displays them to the teacher. We built this system and performed initial trials in secondary schools in Bangalore, India. In a 25-student classroom, our system offers 99.8% recognition accuracy, captures 97% of responses within 10 seconds, and costs 15 times less than existing electronic solutions.
The potential of miniature electrodynamic tethers to enhance capabilities of femtosatellites

Summary form only given. The emerging interest in nanospacecraft (1–10 kg) has generated interest in exploring the potential for even smaller spacecraft, both as stand-alone satellites or as a distributed swarm. Because of advances in integrated circuit and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the feasibility of miniaturized spacecraft at the levels of fully monolithic semiconductor integrated circuits (10–100 mg) or hybrid integrated circuits (10–100 g) is being seriously investigated. Effectively, this architecture can be thought of as a small “satellite-on-a-chip,” or ChipSat. ChipSats belong to the picosatellite (100 g–1 kg) and femtosatellite (&#60;100 g) mass categories. However, flat ChipSat wafers can have an inherently high area-to-mass ratio. Although this feature can be exploited for new behaviors, it can result in an undesirably short orbital life in low Earth orbit (LEO) due to atmospheric drag, ranging from a few weeks to a few hours.
Affine invariant sparse maximum a posteriori adaptation

Modern speech applications utilize acoustic models with billions of parameters, and serve millions of users. Storing an acoustic model for each user is costly. We show through the use of sparse regularization, that it is possible to obtain competitive adaptation performance by changing only a small fraction of the parameters of an acoustic model. This allows for the compression of speaker-dependent models: a capability that has important implications for systems with millions of users. We achieve a performance comparable to the best Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) adaptation models while only adapting 5% of the acoustic model parameters. Thus it is possible to compress the speaker dependent acoustic models by close to a factor of 20. The proposed sparse adaptation criterion improves three aspects of previous work: It combines l 0 and l 1 penalties, have different adaptation rates for mean and variance parameters and is invariant to affine transformations.
PhenoPhyte: a flexible affordable method to quantify 2D phenotypes from imagery.

Accurate characterization of complex plant phenotypes is critical to assigning biological functions to genes through forward or reverse genetics. It can also be vital in determining the effect of a treatment, genotype, or environmental condition on plant growth or susceptibility to insects or pathogens. Although techniques for characterizing complex phenotypes have been developed, most are not cost effective or are too imprecise or subjective to reliably differentiate subtler differences in complex traits like growth, color change, or disease resistance. We designed an inexpensive imaging protocol that facilitates automatic quantification of two-dimensional visual phenotypes using computer vision and image processing algorithms applied to standard digital images. The protocol allows for non-destructive imaging of plants in the laboratory and field and can be used in suboptimal imaging conditions due to automated color and scale normalization. We designed the web-based tool PhenoPhyte for processing images adhering to this protocol and demonstrate its ability to measure a variety of two-dimensional traits (such as growth, leaf area, and herbivory) using images from several species (Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa). We then provide a more complicated example for measuring disease resistance of Zea mays to Southern Leaf Blight. PhenoPhyte is a new cost-effective web-application for semi-automated quantification of two-dimensional traits from digital imagery using an easy imaging protocol. This tool’s usefulness is demonstrated for a variety of traits in multiple species. We show that digital phenotyping can reduce human subjectivity in trait quantification, thereby increasing accuracy and improving precision, which are crucial for differentiating and quantifying subtle phenotypic variation and understanding gene function and/or treatment effects.
Microchannel molding: A soft lithography-inspired approach to micrometer-scale patterning

A new patterning technique for the deposition of sol-gels and chemical solution precursors was developed to address some of the limitations of soft lithography approaches. When using micromolding in capillaries to pattern precursors that exhibit large amounts of shrinkage during drying, topographical distortions develop. In place of patterning the elastomeric mold, the network of capillary channels was patterned directly into the substrate surface and an elastomer membrane is used to complete the channels. When the wetting properties of the substrate surfaces were carefully controlled using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), lead zirconate titanate thin films with nearly rectangular cross-sections were successfully patterned. This technique, called microchannel molding (μCM), also provided a method for aligning multiple layers such as bottom electrodes for device fabrication.