cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BLACK HOLE SINGULARITIES, CRITICAL PHENOMENA, THE RUNAWAY UNIVERSE AND HYPERSPACE TRAVEL

Black holes are always irradiated by the cosmic background radiation. This captured radiation field determines the physical and geometrical nature of the singularity inside the black hole. We find that non-compact radiation fields (similar to the cosmic background radiation) affect dramatically the singularity, and may determine the fate of a falling astronaut. In particular, the dark energy which accelerates the expansion of the universe determines whether the "tunnel" inside the black hole is blocked, or whether the possibility of using the black hole as a portal for hyperspace travel cannot be ruled out as yet.
Improving broadcast news segmentation processing

We discuss techniques and results for automatically segmenting multimedia sources, with specific emphasis on broadcast news. We describe techniques that detect news events (e.g., start and stop, of stories or advertisements) using simple cues within and across multimedia streams (e.g., audio, video, text). In addition, we discuss a process for an evaluation and modification of our model using precision and recall metrics. Guided by our findings, we isolate multimedia cues that we consider critical in news story and advertisement segmentation. We also discuss ideas for improving segmentation beyond the methods described. Throughout the paper, we reference MITRE's Broadcast News Navigator (BNN) used to perform event segmentation.
Increasing importance of oncology drug management for payers.

Oncology management is coming into focus as a key strategy for payers within their specialty pharmacy management programs. Historically, oncology was unmanaged as a result of limited therapeutic options, and the majority of drugs were delivered to patients by infusion in the physician's office or in the hospital setting. The approval of high-cost oral cancer agents in the past few years has increased the importance of oncology for payers, with managed care trend reports placing oncology as the third highest category of specialty drug spending, after rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.1 More than 900 oncology drugs are currently in development, and more than 50% of these are oral agents.2 The 15 oral cancer drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past 10 years are now targets for management by health plans. The utilization management (UM) programs that have been used for the traditional small molecules are now being expanded to cover specialty drugs, including oral and infusible oncology agents. Overall, health plans cover infused drugs under the medical benefit and oral drugs under the pharmacy benefit, which can pose management challenges, because the claim systems for each benefit typically do not communicate directly with one another. It requires manual systems and pharmacists or nurse case managers to implement these controls.
Changes in tone of canine gallbladder measured by an electronic pneumatic barostat

We developed an electronic pneumatic barostat to measure changes in gallbladder muscle tone in vivo independent of biliary flow dynamics. Dogs were prepared with a gallbladder cannula for insertion of barostat balloon and an inflatable balloon-occluder around the cystic duct. The barostat was validated to maintain a constant pressure of 2 +/- 0.4 (SE) mmHg within a plastic balloon of “infinite” compliance that filled the gallbladder lumen; changes in balloon volume reflected changes in wall tone because intraluminal pressure was kept constant. Gallbladder tone, as measured by the barostat balloon volume, varied cyclically with the duodenal migrating motor complex and decreased by 28 +/- 8% (P less than 0.05) at the time of phase III in the stomach and duodenum. Superimposed rapid changes in barostat volume occurred during phase III. The barostat response to motilin mimicked events during spontaneous phase III; in contrast, the response to cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) was greater (volume decrease = 53 +/- 12%) and no phasic changes occurred. Two distinct patterns of gallbladder contraction were demonstrated: a basal tone increase with superimposed phasic contractions observed during phase III and after motilin, and a basal tone increase without phasic activity that occurs after CCK-OP.
Biochemical mechanisms of transferable drug resistance.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemical mechanisms of transferable drug resistance. The biochemical mechanisms of extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance might have seemed premature only a few years ago, the rapidity with which information has accumulated recently has made a preliminary appraisal necessary. Since the advent of antimicrobial therapy, the “emergence” of drug-resistant bacteria has been a problem of interest to clinicians, microbial geneticists, and pharmacologists. An unanticipated benefit from an initially adverse development has been the insights which certain types of resistance have provided for a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of agents such as streptomycin and related inhibitors of ribosome function. There is now little doubt that the conventional view of the spread of drug-resistant bacteria by the mechanism of mutation and selection must be revised to include a consideration of those resistance genes that reside on extrachromosomal elements which, in the most general sense, are best described as “plasmids” to connote their autonomous existence and replication apart from the bacterial chromosome.
Improved Quantification of Free and Ester-Bound Gallic Acid in Foods and Beverages by UHPLC-MS/MS

Hydrolyzable tannins are measured routinely during the characterization of food and beverage samples. Most methods for the determination of hydrolyzable tannins use hydrolysis or methanolysis to convert complex tannins to small molecules (gallic acid, methyl gallate, and ellagic acid) for quantification by HPLC-UV. Often unrecognized, analytical limitations and variability inherent in these approaches for the measurement of hydrolyzable tannins include the variable mass fraction (0-0.90) that is released as analyte, contributions of sources other than tannins to hydrolyzable gallate (can exceed >10 wt %/wt), the measurement of both free and total analyte, and lack of controls to account for degradation. An accurate, specific, sensitive, and higher-throughput approach for the determination of hydrolyzable gallate based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) that overcomes these limitations was developed.
Effect of stepped hypoglycemia on regional cerebral blood flow response to physiological brain activation

The effect of vasoactive stimuli on cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been variously reported as normal or impaired by hypoglycemia. We measured regional CBF (rCBF) in contralateral somato-sensory cortex at rest and during vibrotactile stimulation of one hand in four normal awake human volunteers during fasting euglycemia (5.1-5.2 mumol/ml) with 0.9% saline infusion, euglycemia (5.1-5.2 mumol/ml) with hyperinsulinemic clamp, mild hypoglycemia (3.2-3.6 mumol/ml) with hyperinsulinemic clamp, and moderate hypoglycemia (2.3-3.2 mumol/ml) with hyperinsulinemic clamp. No changes in mean arterial pressure, arterial PCO2, or arterial oxygen content occurred. There was no change in the magnitude of the normalized rCBF response to physiological brain stimulation with progressive arterial hypoglycemia (r = 0.10, P = 0.73). We interpret this to mean that there was a progressive reduction in cerebral glucose delivery to the area of physiological activation as arterial glucose concentrations fell. Therefore, the increase in rCBF during physiological brain activation is not regulated by a mechanism that matches local cerebral glucose supply to local cerebral glucose demand.
Ecological problems of side slope greening of Yinchuan Express Loop Highway

The environmental characteristics of side slope of Yinchuan Express Loop Highway(YELH) and the function of the side slope greeging,the green plant selection and species diversity,the role of windbreak and sand fixation and soil and water conservation,the ecological mechanism of the restoratilon of side slope vegetation,the local features and national culture connotation of side slope greening of YELH were briefly reviewed.Some proposals for the implementation of the project of side slope greening of YELH are suggested.
Management of Chronic and Problem Lower Extremity Wounds

Venous ulcer dominates the differential diagnosis for lower extremity ulcers, accounting for up to 90% of all chronic wounds of the lower extremity. Conservative therapy is virtually always successful and extremely simple. The cornerstone of an effective therapeutic strategy rests on an understanding of the anatomy and hemodynamics of the calf muscle pump.
Effects of nutrient restriction on liver and small intestine energy use in pregnant beef cows

The extensive use of grazing systems for beef cattle and the high variation in forage quality throughout the year has an important impact on production. Changes in forage quality and availability alter the nutritional and physiological status of cows during gestation. Nutrient restriction during this crucial time plays a large role on cow weight change and on fetal growth and development. The objectives were to determine how nutrient restriction and realimentation during gestation influences energy utilization and oxygen consumption of intestinal and liver tissues of the cow and the developing fetus.
George Bush's Vicar of the West Wing: John Sununu As White House Chief of Staff

This work examines the roles and functions assumed by George Bush's first chief of staff, John Sununu. A two-dimensional, four-square typology is developed which delineates different roles the chief of staff can assume: custodian, sentry, counselor, and vicar. Several conclusions are apparent from this research. First, Sununu attempted to act as domestic policy vicar by dominating both the administrative and advisory processes. Second, the chief of staff can have a definite impact on the organizational structure of the White House despite what the president may have in mind. Third, the role the chief of staff eventually assumes is contingent on both the particular president and the chief of staff. Finally, outsiders have a more difficult time succeeding as chief of staff than Washington insiders, regardless of which role-type the staff chief assumes.
52 Procedures in 52 Weeks: An Innovative Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents.

The specialty of Emergency Medicine (EM) requires that providers are as competent in rare procedures as they are in common ones. This creates a challenge for EM educators, who are charged with graduating competent physicians who have the mental and technical expertise to perform such a breadth of procedures. To facilitate this instruction, we have created a weekly procedure curriculum that utilizes videos coupled with hands on instruction to teach 52 EM procedures. We have found this curriculum to be very effective and easy to implement into our residency training schedule.
A more accurate account of the effect of k-space sampling and signal decay on the effective spatial resolution in functional MRI

The effects of k-space sampling and signal decay on the effective spatial resolution of MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) are commonly assessed by means of the magnitude point-spread function (PSF), defined as the absolute values(magnitudes) of the complex MR imaging PSF. It is commonly assumed that this magnitude PSF signifies blurring, which can be quantified by its full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). Here we show that the magnitude PSF fails to accurately represent the true effects of k-space sampling and signal decay. Firstly, a substantial part of the width of the magnitude PSF is due to MRI sampling per se. This part is independent of any signal decay and its effect depends on the spatial frequency composition of the imaged object. Therefore, it cannot always be expected to introduce blurring. Secondly, MRI reconstruction is typically followed by taking the absolute values (magnitude image) of the reconstructed complex image. This introduces a non-linear stage into the process of image formation. The complex imaging PSF does not fully describe this process, since it does not reflect the stage of taking the magnitude image. Its corresponding magnitude PSF fails to correctly describe this process, since convolving the original pattern with the magnitude PSF is different from the true process of taking the absolute following a convolution with the complex imaging PSF. Lastly, signal decay can have not only a blurring, but also a high-pass filtering effect. This cannot be reflected by the strictly positive width of the magnitude PSF. As an alternative, we propose to first approximate the MRI process linearly. We then model the linear approximation by decomposing it into a signal decay-independent MR sampling part and an approximation of the signal decay effect. We approximate the latter as a convolution with a Gaussian PSF or, if the effect is that of high-pass filtering, as reversing the effect of a convolution with a Gaussian PSF. We show that for typical high-resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla, signal decay in Spin-Echo has a moderate blurring effect (FWHM = 0.89 voxels, corresponds to 0.44 mm for 0.5 mm wide voxels). In contrast, Gradient-Echo acts as a moderate high-pass filter that can be interpreted as reversing a Gaussian blurring with FWHM = 0.59 voxels (0.30 mm for 0.5 mm wide voxels). Our improved approximations and findings hold not only for Gradient-Echo and Spin-Echo fMRI but also for GRASE and VASO fMRI. Our findings support the correct planning, interpretation, and modeling of high resolution fMRI.
Abstract T P146: The Impact of Pre-stroke Depressive Symptoms, Fatalism, and Social Support on Disability after Stroke

Background: Fatalism and depression have been linked to post-stroke mortality and stroke recurrence. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of pre-stroke fatalism, depressive symptoms, and social support on neurological, functional, and cognitive outcomes after stroke. Methods: Ischemic strokes (2008 -2011) were identified from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) Project. At baseline interviews, pre-stroke depressive symptoms, fatalism, and social support were assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; 0-27; higher worse), modified Mental Adjustment for Stroke and Pearlin scales (8-40; higher worse), and a 7-item social support scale (0 -14; higher better); respectively. Outcome among survivors was assessed at 90 days using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS; 0-44, higher worse); activities/ instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL; 1-4, higher worse); and Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MSE; 0-100, lower worse). Regression models were used to evaluate associations of interest, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Results: Among 364 participants with outcome interviews and complete covariate data, mean age was 66, 49.5% were female and 58.8% were Mexican American. In adjusted models, higher pre-stroke fatalism (median 17; IQR 12, 20) was associated with poorer functional (0.17 point higher ADL/IADL score per IQR higher fatalism score; 95% CI 0.05, 0.30) and cognitive (2.81 point lower 3MSE per IQR higher fatalism score; 95% CI 0.95, 4.67) outcomes. Similarly, higher pre-stroke depressive symptoms (median 3; IQR 0, 9) were associated with poorer functional (0.16 point higher ADL/IADL per IQR higher PHQ-9; 95% CI .04, 0.28) and cognitive (2.28 point lower 3MSE per IQR higher PHQ-9; 95% CI 0.46, 4.10) outcomes. There were no significant associations between fatalism or depressive symptoms and NIHSS or between social support (median 10; IQR 7, 12) and 90-day outcomes. Conclusions: Among ischemic stroke survivors, pre-stroke fatalism and depressive symptoms, but not social support, impact 90-day functional and cognitive outcomes. These findings reinforce the importance of evaluating and addressing psychological factors in stroke care.
The Structure of Simple Fluids

In this chapter, we shall discuss the structure of simple fluids through the radial distribution function, which is the central quantity of most statistical mechanical theories of fluids (McQuarrie, 1976; Hansen and McDonald, 1986). Although all the equations and techniques presented here are applicable to polyatomic fluids (Gray and Gubbins, 1984), for simplicity we shall consider only simple fluids, that is, those that interact by way of a spherically-symmetric, angle-independent intermolecular potential. This chapter is meant to be tutorial in nature, and so in section IMPERFECT GASES, we review the virial expansion of imperfect gases and then in section DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AND LIQUIDS, we introduce several of the types of distribution functions that are used to describe the structures of liquids. A central quantity of this section is the radial distribution function. In section THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS, we express the thermodynamic properties of a fluid as functionals of the radial distribution function and in section INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, we discuss several integral equations that give the radial distribution function in terms of the intermolecular potential. Three important quantities that are introduced in this section are the potential of mean force, the direct correlation function and the Ornstein-Zernike equation. Section SOME NUMERICAL RESULTS OF THE FLUID-THEORY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS consists of a brief comparison of the numerical results of the various integral equations to computer simulations for a fluid of hard spheres and a Lennard-Jones fluid.
Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Bone

Bone cells may be killed in a variety of ways, from radiation to poison. But the clinical phenomenon that has become most identified with the term “osteonecrosis” is associated with ischemia. Ischemic osteonecrosis (ION) is the preferred term, although clinicians traditionally use AVN (avascular necrosis) in spite of the fact that the absence of vessels has never been histologically confirmed (ischemic vessels are still vessels just as a dead body is still a body). It is generally agreed that ION results from two main causes of ischemia: (1) hypercoagulation that is associated with a wide range of diseases, leading to the name of this category as “idiopathic” ION, and (2) physical damage to bone blood vessels resulting from impact—high energy or compression—known as “traumatic” ION. This review is divided into three sections: (a) idiopathic ION, (b) traumatic ION and reperfusion, and (c) intravital microscopic investigation of both.
Frozen Elephant Trunk to Treat Coarctation Associated With Proximal Aortic Disease: Better to Be Smart Than Brave

Summary The use of the frozen elephant trunk technique to treat aortic coarctation associated with proximal aortic disease is a smart solution to a complex surgical problem.
Neuroactive Steroids and Depression

Neuroactive steroids are metabolites of gonadal steroids that act on the brain through traditional neurotransmitter mechanisms. The best studied is allopregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone that is a potent GABAA receptor modulator. This article will discuss the evidence that relative neuroactive steroid deficiency may be a mechanism that contributes to depression. It will also discuss the recent positive but preliminary phase 2 data that suggests that intravenous allopregnanolone and/or oral allopregnanolone analogs may exert significant antidepressant effects. We further describe research into the effects of relative neuroactive steroid deficiency in post-traumatic stress disorder and the one, negative, trial of allopregnanolone analog therapy. Finally, we discuss that given the lack of definitive therapeutic studies in this area, and FDA-approved therapies, further research is needed before these medications can be recommended for clinical use.
Engineered Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases with Improved Selectivity toward Noncanonical Amino Acids.

A wide range of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) can be incorporated into proteins in living cells by using engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs. However, most engineered tRNA synthetases are polyspecific; that is, they can recognize multiple rather than one ncAA. Polyspecificity of engineered tRNA synthetases imposes a limit to the use of genetic code expansion because it prevents specific incorporation of a desired ncAA when multiple ncAAs are present in the growth media. In this study, we employed directed evolution to improve substrate selectivity of polyspecific tRNA synthetases by developing substrate-selective readouts for flow-cytometry-based screening with the simultaneous presence of multiple ncAAs. We applied this method to improve the selectivity of two commonly used tRNA synthetases, p-cyano-l-phenylalanyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ( pCNFRS) and Ne-acetyl-lysyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AcKRS), with broad specificity. Evolved pCNFRS and AcKRS variants exhibit significantly improved selectivity for ncAAs p-azido-l-phenylalanine ( pAzF) and m-iodo-l-phenylalanine ( mIF), respectively. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we used the newly evolved tRNA synthetase variant to produce highly pure proteins containing the ncAA mIF, in the presence of multiple ncAAs present in the growth media. In summary, our new approach opens up a new avenue for engineering the next generation of tRNA synthetases with improved selectivity toward a desired ncAA.
Introduction to special issue "Geographies of Sexualities".

In this foreword to the special issue “Geographies of Sexualities,” I provide a review of the scholarly discussions about place and sexuality that have occurred in the past 20 years. I highlight fi...
Assessing Quality in Systematic Literature Reviews: A Study of Novice Rater Training

This study investigated performance variability when graduate students critically appraised original studies from a systematic review. Fourteen doctoral students from different academic programs, w...
Parental decision-making: infant engagement with smartphones.

Abstract Smartphones have become a ubiquitous part of life, and as a result, many children are engaging with smartphones beginning in infancy. Little is known regarding the thought processes used by parents in deciding when and how to allow their infants to engage with smartphones. Using a sample of twelve parents with infants younger than one year, this qualitative study examines parental smartphone use, their perspectives regarding use by their young children, and what sources informed their decision-making about allowing their infants to use a smartphone. Results found that the smartphone has become such a common part of everyday life that choices to use a smartphone around, and with, infants has become one that is nearly automatic. These research data showed that most parents are largely unaware of guidelines for childhood screen time provided by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization. Given our current knowledge that smartphone use can have a significant impact on the cognitive development of young children, this topic is an important area of future research.
Modeling, Guided Instruction, and Application of UDL in a Rural Special Education Teacher Preparation Program:

Implementation of universal design for learning (UDL) in undergraduate special education programs offers a valuable foundation for training preservice teachers to educate K-12 students in rural sch...
Making a Tough Choice: Teacher Target-Setting and Student Achievement in a Teacher Performance System Using Student Learning Objectives:

The use of student learning objectives (SLOs) as part of teacher performance systems has gained traction quickly in the United States, yet little is known about how teachers select specific student...
A case of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL or AML-M5) in an adult FeLV/FIV-positive cat.

A 7-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of decreased appetite and respiratory signs. A CBC run on presentation revealed severe nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis characterized by a prominent population of blasts, having morphologic features suggestive of a monocytic lineage. The cat tested positive for FIV, FeLV, Mycoplasma haemominutum, and only mild abnormalities were identified on the chemistry panel. Bone marrow biopsies were obtained to investigate the bicytopenia and the possibility of a hematopoietic neoplasm. Although the bone marrow aspirate was nondiagnostic, the core biopsy was markedly hypercellular with a population of blasts, largely replacing the normal hematopoietic tissue. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the blasts were CD3-negative, Pax5-negative, dimly CD18-positive, and moderately positive for Iba1. These findings, in addition to the prominent monocytic differentiation seen in peripheral blood, supported a diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia. Palliative antiviral and antibiotic treatment and blood transfusion were performed. The patient was discharged on his fourth day of hospitalization. However, 15 days following discharge, the cat was euthanized due to the worsening of his systemic signs. This report discusses the classifications of myeloid leukemias, implications of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of neoplasia in cats, and the use of Iba1, a "pan-monocytic/histiocytic" marker, in the diagnosis of acute leukemia.
Social and Nonsocial Reward Anticipation in Typical Development and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions

While there has been sustained interest in understanding the role of reward processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), researchers are just beginning to focus on the anticipation phase of reward processing in this population. This review aimed to briefly summarize recent advancements in functional imaging studies of anticipatory social and nonsocial reward processing in individuals with and without ASD and provide suggestions for avenues of future research. Reward salience and activation of the complex network of brain regions supporting reward anticipation vary across development and by important demographic characteristics, such as sex assigned at birth. Current research comparing social and nonsocial reward anticipation may possess confounds related to the mismatch in tangibility and salience of social and nonsocial experimental stimuli. Growing evidence suggests individuals with ASD demonstrate aberrant generalized reward anticipation that is not specific to social reward. Future research should carefully match social and nonsocial reward stimuli and consider employing a longitudinal design to disentangle the complex processes contributing to the development of reward anticipation. It may be useful to conceptualize differences in reward anticipation as a transdiagnostic factor, rather than an ASD-specific deficit.
Global Warming, Advancing Bloom and Evidence for Pollinator Plasticity from Long-Term Bee Emergence Monitoring.

Global warming is extending growing seasons in temperate zones, yielding earlier wildflower blooms. Short-term field experiments with non-social bees showed that adult emergence is responsive to nest substrate temperatures. Nonetheless, some posit that global warming will decouple bee flight and host bloom periods, leading to pollination shortfalls and bee declines. Resolving these competing scenarios requires evidence for bees’ natural plasticity in their annual emergence schedules. This study reports direct observations spanning 12–24 years for annual variation in the earliest nesting or foraging activities by 1–4 populations of four native ground-nesting bees: Andrena fulva (Andrenidae), Halictus rubicundus (Halictidae), Habropoda laboriosa and Eucera (Peponapis) pruinosa (Apidae). Calendar dates of earliest annual bee activity ranged across 25 to 45 days, approximating reported multi-decadal ranges for published wildflower bloom dates. Within a given year, the bee H. rubicundus emerged in close synchrony at multiple local aggregations, explicable if meteorological factors cue emergence. Emergence dates were relatable to thermal cues, such as degree day accumulation, soil temperature at nesting depth, and the first pulse of warm spring air temperatures. Similar seasonal flexibilities in bee emergence and wildflower bloom schedules bodes well for bees and bloom to generally retain synchrony despite a warming climate. Future monitoring studies can benefit from several simple methodological improvements.
Demonstrating Passive yet Interactive Soft Haptic Patches Anywhere using MagnetIO

We demonstrate a new type of haptic actuator, which we call MagnetIO, that is comprised of two parts: one battery-powered voice-coil worn on the user's fingernail and any number of interactive soft patches that can be attached onto any surface (everyday objects, user's body, appliances, etc.). When the user's finger wearing our voice-coil contacts any of the interactive patches it detects its magnetic signature via magnetometer and vibrates the patch, adding haptic feedback to otherwise input-only interactions. To allow these passive patches to vibrate, we make them from silicone with regions doped with polarized neodymium powder, resulting in soft and stretchable magnets. This stretchable form-factor allows them to be wrapped to the user's body or everyday objects of various shapes. We demonstrate how these add haptic output to many situations, such as adding haptic buttons to the walls of one's home.
Case 3497 Cyphon palustris Thomson, 1855 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed conservation of the specific name

Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.5 of the Code, is to conserve the specific name of the widespread Palaearctic marsh beetle Cyphon palustris Thomson, 1855 (scirtidae), published as a junior primary homonym of Cyphon palustris Germar, 1818 (currently Eubria palustris, psephenidae). Both specific names are in current use and have not been considered congeneric after 1899. It is proposed to conserve the name Cyphon palustris Thomson, 1855 by ruling it not to be invalid by reason of being a junior primary homonym.
Metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol by the small intestine.

The psychotomimetic effects of marihuana are due most probably to hydroxylated metabolites of tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 THC), the major active alkaloid of the cannabis plant. Because ingested marihuana is psychotomimetic, we hypothesized that the human small intestinal mucosa is able to hydroxylate Δ 9 THC. Jejunal biopsies from normal volunteers were incubated in oxygenated flasks with purified 14 CΔ 9 THC (1.7 to 2.5 μg per ml) in a nutrient medium. Activity of "fresh" biopsies was compared with that of control "boiled" biopsies heated to 100 C for 3 min prior to their addition to the flask. After incubation and extraction, unchanged 14 C-Δ 9 THC and 14 C-Δ 9 THC metabolites were chromatographically separated and quantified. In six experiments, an average of 5.4% of added 14 C-Δ 9 THC was converted to polar metabolites in 2 hr. Metabolite formation was approximately linearly related to the duration of incubation and to tissue weight. The major (62%) polar metabolite of Δ 9 THC formed by human jejunal mucosa had the chromatographic mobility of 11-hydroxy THC. To define the route whereby absorbed Δ 9 THC and its metabolites leave the gut, we fed 3 H-oleic acid and 14 C-Δ 9 THC intraduodenally to 2 rats equipped with thoracic duct fistulae. Over 24 hr, 75% of the 3 H, but only 1.3% of the 14 C, were recovered in the lymph. Urine contained 12% of the fed 14 C. Portal absorption of 14 C-Δ 9 THC was demonstrated in 4 intact rats: 30 min after feeding 14 C-Δ 9 THC intraduodenally, portal blood contained 3 to 4 times as much 14 C as did simultaneously sampled inferior vena caval blood. About half of the portal 14 C consisted of polar metabolites of Δ 9 THC. Rat jejunal slices were also able to metabolize Δ 9 THC. We conclude that human small intestinal mucosa can hydroxylate Δ 9 THC. These cannabinoids are probably transported from the intestinal absorptive cells by the portal venous system.
Initial iron oxidation in horse spleen apoferritin. Characterization of a mixed-valence iron(II)-iron(III) complex.

In ferritin, iron is stored by oxidative deposition of the ferrous ion to form a hydrous ferric oxide mineral core. Two intermediates, formed during the initial stages of iron accumulation in apoferritin, have been observed previously in our laboratory and have been identified as a mononuclear Fe3(+)-protein complex and a mixed-valence Fe2(+)-Fe3(+)-protein complex. The physical characteristics of the mixed-valence Fe2(+)-Fe3+ complex and its relationship to the mononuclear Fe3+ complex in horse spleen apoferritin samples to which 0-240 iron atoms were added was examined by EPR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the mononuclear complex is not a precursor to the formation of the mixed-valence complex. Competitive binding studies with Cd2+, Zn2+, Tb3+, and UO2+(2) suggest that the mixed-valence complex is formed on the interior of the protein in the vicinity of the 2-fold axis of the subunit dimer. The mixed-valence complex could be generated by the partial oxidation of Fe2+ in apoferritin containing 120 Fe2+ or by the addition of up to 120 Fe2+ to ferritin already containing 18 Fe3+/protein molecule. The fact that the complex is generated during early Fe2+ oxidation suggests that it may be a key intermediate during the initial oxidative deposition of iron in the protein. The unusual EPR powder lineshape at 9.3 GHz of the mixed-valence complex was simulated with a rhombic g-tensor (gx = 1.95, gy = 1.88, gz = 1.77) and large linewidths and g-strain parameters. The presence of significant g-strain in the complex probably accounts for the failure to observe an EPR signal at 35 GHz and likely reflect considerable flexibility in the structure of the metal site. The temperature dependence of the EPR intensity in the range 8-38 K was modeled successfully by an effective spin Hamiltonian including exchange coupling (-2JS1.S2) and zero-field terms, from which an antiferromagnetic coupling of J = -4.0 +/- 0.5 cm-1 was obtained. This low value for J may reflect the presence of a mu-oxo bridge(s) in the dimer.
The impact of emotions on the heart.

The important role of behavioral stress in triggering major cardiovascular events, including myocardial ischemia and infarction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death, is gaining greater appreciation through recent controlled behavioral studies, standardized clinical stress testing, and experimental models of stress-induced cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. In the United States alone, there are 1 million non-fatal infarctions and 250,000 sudden cardiac deaths annually, resulting in the classification of cardiac events as the leading cause of death in men and women in the industrially developed world. Descriptive studies indicate that emotional stress, particularly anger, fear, anxiety, bereavement, and depression, precedes both fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction in approximately 210,000 to 270,000 (14% to 18%) cases annually. This chapter first discusses clinical evidence from the population studies and behavioral stress testing of the role of anger and other behavioral stress states in the occurrence of myocardial ischemia and infarction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Next, evidence is provided that dreaming is a behavioral trigger of ischemia, infarction, and sudden death. Finally, knowledge gained from experimental models, regarding the mechanisms of anger-induced behavioral stress is reviewed.
Real-time studies of strain relaxation in InGaAs heteroepitaxy

The relaxation behavior in InGaAs heteroepitaxy during growth interrupts reveal that at a given dislocation density, the glide velocity can be increased orders of magnitude by the presence of the growth flux. These results are interpreted in terms of adatom enhanced nucleation of single kinks at the growth surface.
Early Results from the Michigan Southern-Hemisphere Spectral Survey

This paper discusses the present status of a preliminary inspection of the plates obtained in the Michigan objective-prism survey of the entire southern sky. A very large number of peculiar stars, and of normal supergiants as well, have been noted and lists of these are being prepared for publication.
What is Elementary Logic? Independence-Friendly Logic as the True Core Area of Logic

My ultimate aim in this paper* is to show that conventional wisdom is seriously wrong when it comes to logic. I want to challenge the traditional ideas as to what the most basic part of logic is like and how it ought to be studied. What is more, I will actually prove that these widely accepted ideas are mistaken.
Effects of Safety Protocols on Unmanned Vehicle Ground Operations

Recent advances in unmanned and autonomous vehicle technology are accelerating the push to integrate these vehicles into human-centered environments such as commercial aviation and public roads. Much of the current research into autonomous systems examines improving the performance of individual unmanned vehicles or improving the safety of their interactions with individual humans; very little examines the behavior of the broader system. For large-scale transportation systems, real-world field trials involving unmanned vehicles are difficult to execute due to concerns of cost, feasibility of construction, and the maturity of the technologies. This paper describes the use of an agent-based model of unmanned vehicle behavior in human-centered environments to explore the effects of their implementation in these domains. In particular, this work explores how safety protocols governing the integration of manned and unmanned vehicles affect performance in an aircraft carrier ground control environment. Three di...
Pay-what-you-want because I do not know how much to charge you☆

With any positive fraction of altruistic consumers in the population who give away any positive fraction of their gains from trade, there exists a high enough level of uncertainty about demand such that the monopolist prefers pay-what-you-want over the traditional monopoly or any other pricing mechanism. Low marginal costs facilitate the adoption of pay-what-you-want. Consumer welfare always increases with pay-what-you-want.
Impact of physical inactivity on cognitive function in adults with obstructive lung disease (OLD)

Background: OLD may increase risk of cognitive deficits. Objective: Examine the role of physical inactivity in cognitive impairment (CI). Methods: Members of a population-based cohort with self-reported physician-diagnosed COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis (n=140; 63% female, mean age 67 yrs, 19% current smokers) completed baseline (T1) and 2-year follow-up (T2) in-person assessments that included spirometry; completion of the CHAMPS Questionnaire to estimate energy expenditure in vigorous/moderate intensity activities (M/V) and overall; and a 10-test cognitive function battery. We defined physical inactivity as no expenditure in M/V activities. We transformed cognitive test scores to age-adjusted z-scores and defined CI as z-scores ≤-1.5 on ≥33% of cognitive tests. Logistic regression tested relationships between physical inactivity and CI at both T1 and T2, controlling for sex, education, smoking, comorbid conditions, low O2 saturation, depressive symptoms, and FEV1% predicted. Results: At T1, 31% were physically inactive. CI was more frequent among inactive subjects (27% vs. 12%; adjusting for covariates: OR=9.8 [95% CI 1.8, 53.1]). Adjusting for covariates plus T1 CI, inactive subjects were more likely to be cognitively impaired at T2 (OR=4.4 [1.2, 15.8]). Among 120 subjects not impaired at T1, inactive subjects were more likely to develop CI at T2 (26% vs. 15%; OR=6.0 [1.5, 24.1]). Conclusion: Physical inactivity is a significant risk factor for presence and incidence of cognitive impairment among adults with OLD. Clinical relevance: In OLD, participation in a program of even moderate physical activity may offer protection from cognitive impairment. Support: NIH R01 HL067438
Microcontrolled system to transform visual images into vibrational images

Details are presented of a system configuration to convert a prestored 256-element image into a vibrational image. The purpose of the system is to interface with the human tactile sensory system to transfer visual information. A vibratory array is driven by pulses with amplitudes proportional to the amount of light in the corresponding spatial position of the image, using fours gray levels. The array is scanned ten times in 4 ms, giving the sensation of continuous stimulation. A recovery time of 1 s is allowed every ten pulses (one burst) to minimize adaptation. Parameters such as number of pulses per burst, duty cycle, pulse shape and modality of scanning are programmable. The flexibility of the system makes it possible to study the best combination of parameters to transfer maximum information using relatively low power. >
Appropriate workup for lower urinary tract symptoms in men

For most men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), the initial workup should consist of a careful history and physical examination, with or without simple adjunctive tests (e.g., uroflowometry, post-void residual, and frequency volume charts). Based on this basic workup, one is usually able to make an informed selection of initial treatment or watchful waiting. Urodynamics, cystoscopy and imaging are most useful in select cases when a specific reason is identified, the diagnosis is uncertain or when patients have failed simple initial treatments and seek further therapy.
Metal-containing conjugated polymers as fluorescent chemosensors in the detection of toxicants

Fluorescent conjugated polymers have received a great deal of recent interest due to their ability to act as chemosensors to detect various chemical species in both environmental and biological systems with sensitivity and selectivity. Examples from the literature include polymer chemosensors that operate on either fluorescence “turn-on” or “turn-off” as mechanisms of sensor response. These responses can be related to either photoinduced electron transfer or electronic energy transfer mechanisms. Recently, a series of metal-containing polymers or metallopolymers have been explored by various research groups for their use as chemosensors. In many cases, these metallopolymers have been shown to be more sensitive and selective for specific chemical species. This review focuses on fluorescent conjugated polymers as chemosensors, with a specific concentration on recent advances in metallopolymer chemosensors.
Polyamide column chromatography for resolution of complex mixtures of anthocyanins

Abstract A method for the separation of anthocyanins on polyamide columns is described. This procedure makes possible the detection and enrichment of minor components and the separation of derivatives which are difficult to separate by paper or thin-layer chromatography. Separation of acylated anthocyanins was effected with minimal degradation. Microcolumns gave excellent resolution of extracts from as little as 15 mg tissue.
Hip fracture patients have generalized osteopenia with a preferential deficit in the femur

Bone density was measured in 31 white women with hip fractures by single- and dual-photon absorptiometry at the radius, lumbar spine and proximal femur. The mean age was 71.4 years. Comparison with premenopausal normals revealed Z-scores as follows: radius, -1.75; spine, -1.45; femoral neck, -2.40; Ward's triangle, -2.41; and trochanter, -1.42. These values altered when calculated for the patient's age by the use of sex- and race-specific regressions against age in a healthy, non-fracture population. The age-corrected Z-scores were as follows: radius, -0.09; spine, -0.18; femoral neck, -0.79; Ward's triangle, -0.44; and trochanter, -0.80. Thus, although our patients had absolute osteopenia at all skeletal sites when compared with young normals, when compared with age-matched normals (relative osteopenia) the only site with a noticeable deficit was the femur. Interpretation of the extent of osteopenia by comparison with young normals may lead to different conclusions than when an age-matched population is used. Patients with hip fractures had a preferential deficit in density of the femur when compared with normal women of their age.
A natural history of kra macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) at the Kutai Reserve, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia

Preliminary findings of a two-month pilot study of kra macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) at the Kutai Reserve in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia, are reported. Kra macaques spend most of their time in the forest canopy, though they may be seen in the morning and afternoon on the riverbanks. The sexually dimorphic kra exist in multi-male groups averaging about 18 individuals. There is about one group per km2 of primary rainforest. Along the Sengata River, there were 2–5 groups per km2, or 36–90 macaques per km2 of riverine secondary forest. A home range for the primary study group was estimated to be about 0.8 km2. The daily range of this group varied from 0.4 to 1 km. Kra macaque groups partition into subgroups when sleeping and foraging. Agonism between foraging subgroups was common. Predation, except from humans, appears minimal. Frequent associations and interactions between kra macaques, birds, and other mammals is described. It may be that birds or the kra are using the other to locate clumped scarce food resources. Grooming, copulation, play, interactions with the observer, and male protective displays are briefly described. Observation conditions were difficult and hence only a small number of social interactions were observed.
Magnetic moment of the 8+, 13.9 msec isomer 88mY

Abstract The g -factor of the 8 + isomeric state in 88 Y has been measured by the technique of timedifferential perturbed angular distribution following nuclear reactions (DPAD). The isomer was produced and aligned by bombardment of a thick, molten rubidium target with 40 MeV alpha particles at the Yale Heavy Ion Accelerator. The measured g -factor is g = 0.598(12), in good agreement with the value predicted for a two-particle state composed of a g 9 2 proton and a g 9 2 neutron hole using experimental single particle moments from neighbouring nuclei. The half-life of the 8 + isomer is found to be 13.9(3) msec, in agreement with previous results.
Some thermodynamic properties of benzocaine

The vaporization enthalpy of benzocaine, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, has been evaluated using correlation gas chromatography at 298.15 K. The temperature dependence of retention time has also been used to evaluate the vapor pressure of the sub-cooled liquid from 298.15 K to the fusion temperature, 365.2 K, by correlation with the vapor pressures of the compounds used as standards. The vaporization enthalpy calculated from the vapor pressures of benzocaine at the melting point was combined with the experimental fusion enthalpy to evaluate the sublimation enthalpy at the fusion temperature. Application of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation together with the vapor pressure common to both phases permitted calculation of the vapor pressure of the solid at 298.15 K. Similar calculations were performed for two of the standards that were solids for comparisons with experimental data. Vaporization and sublimation enthalpies of (91.8 ± 4.2) and (112.9 ± 4.3) kJ mol−1 are calculated for benzocaine at 298.15 K as are vapor pressures of 0.0083 and 0.0018 Pa for the sub-cooled liquid and crystalline material, respectively.