cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Double Fence: Overlapping Institutions and Deforestation in the Colombian Amazon

There is evidence that suggests that both the creation of Protected Areas (PAs) and indigenous Reserves (IRs) has helped to reduce deforestation. Nevertheless, there are some overlapping zones between these institutions in the Colombian Amazon that have not been studied. Are these overlaps affecting the deforestation in the IRs? How are the indigenous communities responding to these overlaps? In this paper I estimate the impacts of these overlaps on the deforestation inside the IRs using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology. I use important determinants of the location of PAs and deforestation to create a valid counterfactual within the IRs. My results suggest that the overlap significantly reduces the deforestation, but that there is a differential effect depending on the IR’s size. These results suggest that the extra legal restrictionimposed by the central government, favor the territorial control inside the IRs. This paper provides a starting point to analyze the current relationship between the central government, the indigenous communities and how it affects deforestation.
Roundtable: Centers for African Studies as Models for Collaborative Teaching, Research and Public Education: U.S. Department of Education Academic Partnerships

The U. S. Department of Education’s partnership with universities and colleges around the country developed to promote excellence in teaching and research on Africa in all disciplines has been a testament to the gains derived from bridging scholarship, policy and representation for institutions, the nation and our globalizing world. Supported by Title VI’s goals of expanding access to education across traditional boundaries of language, nationality, race and income, the program paved the way to establish, strengthen and operate language area or international study centers for teaching and research embracing diverse regions and fields of study. The innovative approach has been credited with providing education that offers access to multiple languages, cultures and international systems. The African Centers lived up to the stated goals of promoting excellence in education and research for students aspiring to serve as teachers, diplomats and global citizens in society and business. Broader objectives of disseminating knowledge and information are encouraged through collaborative projects and public education media integrated into their initiatives. The roundtable aims at providing an opportunity for scholars, professionals and public servants to share their experiences and forge concerted paths to the future.
Sub-Acute Post-Treatment Dysphagia and Shortness of Breath Symptoms Associate With Worse Survival in Oropharyngeal Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Post-treatment symptoms are a focal point of follow-up visits for head and neck cancer patients. While symptoms such as dysphagia and shortness of breath may empirically guide earlier detection of disease recurrence, their association with patient outcomes is less well studied, especially for HPV-positive disease. This study aimed to investigate the association between patient reported dysphagia and shortness of breath at 3-to-6 months following radiotherapy (RT) and overall survival (OS). MATERIALS/METHODS Data were collected from oropharyngeal cancer patients that received RT with curative intent from 2015-2019. Included patients had self-reported scores for shortness of breath, choking/coughing ("choke"), and difficulty swallowing/chewing ("swallow"), which were surveyed via the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck Module (MDASI-HN) questionnaire at 3-to-6 months after RT. Symptom severity was scored from 0-10. Significant predictors of OS were analyzed via Cox regression. Symptom scores were also discretized for Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis, with more severe symptoms being 6+ for "swallow" and "choke" and 2+ for shortness of breath. RESULTS Symptom scores were collected at 3-to-6 months from 470 patients. The majority (91.3%) were HPV-positive. Median follow-up time was 31.7 months (IQR: 21.9-42.1). Univariable Cox regression (Table 1) showed significant associations between OS and MDASI scores for shortness of breath, "choke," and "swallow." Furthermore, a composite variable integrating scores of all three symptoms had the best predictive value for OS (c-index = 0.748). Symptom severity stratified patients based on OS for all three symptoms, with more severe symptoms predicting worse OS on KM analysis (P < 0.001 for all symptoms). On subset analysis more severe symptoms remained significantly associated with worse OS among HPV-positive patients (P < 0.01 for all symptoms). CONCLUSION Quantitative early patient-reported measures of dysphagia and shortness of breath are significant predictors of OS in head and neck cancer, in particular for HPV-positive disease. Integrating quantitative symptom surveys into post-treatment surveillance may be beneficial for individualizing follow-up strategies.
The use and abuse of world systems theory: the case of the “pristine” West Asian state

Recently archaeologists working in the Anglo-American regional tradition of archaeology have become increasingly critical of neo-evolutionary formulations for the development of complex society that stress internal, frequently ecological factors to the exclusion or near-exclusion of features relating to interaction and exchange among disparate societies at different levels of cultural development. Fried's concepts of a “pristine” social formation or society considered almost in isolation from other societies has been criticized as never operative or too ideal and misleading a type to be useful. Whether one prefers to refer to “peer polity,” “cluster,” or some other form of intersocietal interaction (Renfrew 1982a; Price 1977), the basic fact remains that the development or cultural evolution of any society is dependent upon its relations with other societies; that cultures are open, not closed, systems; and that studies – be they based on excavations of a site or settlement data from surveys of precisely defined, well-demarcated, but bounded areas – that fail to consider broader patterns of interaction are necessarily incomplete and partial. A boundary problem, in short, exists for prehistory that is every bit as real as that which besets later historical studies or analyses of the contemporary world. One stimulating solution to this problem of defining the proper unit for social analysis, which, to date, has seen relatively limited application in prehistory, is the model of a world system developed by I. Wallerstein and his followers for explaining the emergence and current state of the modern world.
THE CO-OPERATIVE SPIRIT: BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN MIXED-INCOME HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS THROUGH RESIDENT EMPOWERMENT, INVOLVEMENT AND COOPERATION

The goal of this thesis is to identify strategies that promote resident empowerment, involvement and cooperation in housing co-operatives that can be applied to mixed-income developments in order to bridge social capital. Numerous American policy makers, housing professionals and planners support the development of mixed-income housing to address the social and economic isolation of low-income, urban citizens living in public housing. Social capital, or social relationships developed from social networks, is an anticipated result of physically integrating individuals of varying income levels in the same housing environment. Despite efforts for integration, numerous studies have found that limited interaction occurs across class in many mixed-income housing developments, which hinders the development of social capital. Some literature points to empowerment, involvement and cooperation as methods of helping bridge social capital in mixed-income housing. Bridging social capital refers to building relationships among people who are demographically dissimilar to one another, such as in age, race or socioeconomic status. In an effort to learn how to bridge social capital through empowerment, involvement and cooperation, the housing co-operative model is analyzed. This research analyses six housing co-operative case studies. The data collected is from websites,
Politics and the Russian Army: From Revolution to War, 1917–1941

The Red Army of the new Soviet state was founded in the midst of civil war. Despite the ideological nature of the new regime and the unique circumstances of the army's creation, there was considerable basis for the apolitical organizational culture of the Tsarist army to be passed on to the Red Army. Moreover, the combination of growing state strength and robust organizational control mechanisms severely constricted the possibility of military intervention. Structure and culture, in terms of the two-step model of opportunity and motive set out in Chapter 1, combined to make a military coup extremely unlikely. This chapter examines the post-Lenin succession and the Great Purges of the military under Stalin (see Table 4.1). In both of these cases the military did not become involved in sovereign power issues. The Great Purges receive the most extended treatment both because of their theoretical and intrinsic interest (why did the officer corps not do more to protect itself?) and because of new sources available from Soviet archives. There were definite corporate interest motives for military intervention in 1937–1938, but a combination of organizational culture and structural obstacles prevented any potential military coup. Before turning to these cases, however, I briefly discuss the origins of the Soviet army and the building of the Soviet state, in order to understand the organizational and political context in which officers' decisions were made. A NEW SOVIET ARMY? Was the Soviet military an army “of a new type,” as the Bolshevik regime claimed? In fact there were significant continuities from the old Imperial army, in terms of both personnel and organizational culture.
A coupled analysis of viscoplastic deformation and heat transfer—II: Applications

Abstract The finite element formulations for coupled analysis of deformation and heat transfer are applied to the problems of solid cylinder compression and ring compression. The temperature distributions in solid cylinder compression are compared with experimental data, and the computed results of ring compression of aluminum at elevated temperature are compared with experimental observations as well as with calculated results not including the temperature effects. It is demonstrated that the coupled analysis accurately simulates these processes.
Chipping away at P vs NP: how far are we from proving circuit size lower bounds?

Many people are pessimistic about seeing a resolution to the P vs NP question any time soon. This pessimism extends also to questions about other important complexity classes, including two classes that will be the focus of this talk: TC0 and NC1.
Krokodil—Morphine’s Deadly Derivative

Graphically publicized in the media, the use of Krokodil, a heroin-like morphine derivative, has grown in Eastern Europe the last decade. The popularity of the injectable drug has grown in part due to its inexpensive and simple manufacturing process through the use of codeine tablets. Krokodil has a similar mechanism of action to morphine, although it is said to be as much as 10 times more potent and is notorious for plaguing its victims with rotting, scale-like skin lesions. The drug was originally synthesized in hopes of creating a safer, less addictive alternative to morphine, however its impure manufacturing process, toxicity and addiction profile led to abuse and infection among its users. The use of Krokodil is seen most commonly in the Ukraine and Russia, particularly in Siberia, however use has been recorded in Moscow and 27 other Russian cities, Kiev and 24 other Ukrainian cities, Kazakhstan, and other Kazakh regions bordering Russia. Use has not yet been confirmed in the United States despite several reports due to the difficulty in isolating and discerning various metabolites in test samples. Various attempts have been made in Eastern Europe in recent years to halt its production by restricting access to codeine, however without concrete legislation and increased public awareness, it is unclear if the growing Krokodil epidemic will be contained.
Vagally mediated effects of glucagon-like peptide 1: in vitro and in vivo gastric actions.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a neuropeptide released following meal ingestion that, among other effects, decreases gastric tone and motility. The central targets and mechanism of action of GLP-1 on gastric neurocircuits have not, however, been fully investigated. A high density of GLP-1 containing neurones and receptors are present in brainstem vagal circuits, suggesting that the gastroinhibition may be vagally mediated. We aimed to investigate: (1) the response of identified gastric-projecting neurones of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) to GLP-1 and its analogues; (2) the effects of brainstem application of GLP-1 on gastric tone; and (3) the vagal pathway utilized by GLP-1 to induce gastroinhibition. We conducted our experiments using whole-cell recordings from identified gastric-projecting DMV neurones and microinjection in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of anaesthetized rats while monitoring gastric tone. Perfusion with GLP-1 induced a concentration-dependent excitation of a subpopulation of gastric-projecting DMV neurones. The GLP-1 effects were mimicked by exendin-4 and antagonized by exendin-9–39. In an anaesthetized rat preparation, application of exendin-4 to the DVC decreased gastric tone in a concentration-dependent manner. The gastroinhibitory effects of exendin-4 were unaffected by systemic pretreatment with the pro-motility muscarinic agonist bethanechol, but were abolished by systemic administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), or by bilateral vagotomy. Our data indicate that GLP-1 activates selective receptors to excite DMV neurones mainly and that the gastroinhibition observed following application of GLP-1 in the DVC is due to the activation of an inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic input to the stomach.
The Low-Profit LLC (L3C): Program Related Investment by Proxy or Perversion?

Since 2008 several states have adopted or are considering statutory amendments permitting an LLC to become an L3C when organized for a business purpose and operated to significantly further charitable purposes but without a significant purpose to produce income or asset appreciation. The L3C hybrid is designed to brand the hybrid entity as a business enterprise with a social conscience. But given that the LLC form preexisted and can be operated for any lawful purpose including low-profit, what is the advantage of the L3C statutory operating form? The L3C statutory elements can easily be incorporated in an LLC operating agreement. Closer inspection reveals that, beyond modest branding assertions, the L3C is configured to attract untapped private foundation capital. Given the risky tranche investment scheme targeted for the L3C, the private foundation must be assured its investment in the L3C will be classified as a program related investment (PRI) to avoid prohibitive excise taxes. To date that requires advance federal tax authority approval and it is unlikely the L3C statutory restrictions will serve as a proxy for federal approval. Even if so, additional excise taxes require the foundation to monitor the investment to assure it is appropriately used by the L3C. This requires approval over L3C expenditures and significant accounting reports that will be detailed in the operating agreement. Finally, it is open to question whether tranche investing will threaten the foundation’s exemption through private inurement to the other investors that results from using foundation assets without reasonable compensation.
Mitotic chromosome structure: reproducibility of folding and symmetry between sister chromatids.

Mitotic chromosome structure and pathways of mitotic condensation remain unknown. The limited amount of structural data on mitotic chromosome structure makes it impossible to distinguish between several mutually conflicting models. Here we used a Chinese hamster ovary cell line with three different lac operator-tagged vector insertions distributed over an ∼1 μm chromosome arm region to determine positioning reproducibility, long-range correlation in large-scale chromatin folding, and sister chromatid symmetry in minimally perturbed, metaphase chromosomes. The three-dimensional positions of these lac operator-tagged spots, stained with lac repressor, were measured in isolated metaphase chromosomes relative to the central chromatid axes labeled with antibodies to topoisomerase II. Longitudinal, but not axial, positioning of spots was reproducible but showed intrinsic variability, up to ∼300 nm, between sister chromatids. Spot positions on the same chromatid were uncorrelated, and no correlation or symmetry between the positions of corresponding spots on sister chromatids was detectable, showing the absence of highly ordered, long-range chromatin folding over tens of mega-basepairs. Our observations are in agreement with the absence of any regular, reproducible helical, last level of chromosome folding, but remain consistent with any hierarchical folding model in which irregularity in folding exists at one or multiple levels.
Stem Cells and Cancer: Two Faces of Eve

Recent evidence suggests that a subset of cancer cells within some tumors, the so-called cancer stem cells, may drive the growth and metastasis of these tumors. Understanding the pathways that regulate proliferation, self-renewal, survival, and differentiation of malignant and normal stem cells may shed light on mechanisms that lead to cancer and suggest better modes of treatment.
Redefining sexual harassment: Confronting sexism in the 21st century

This article reviews the history and definitions of sexual harassment, its various forms and levels, and the impact of recent legal cases on women in the workforce and in academia. The future of sexual harassmant as a legal concept and practice is discussed in the context of economic trends and the political reality of women in the workplace and elsewhere. Possible ramifications for sexual harassment in the twenty‐first century are presented and discussed. In particular, it is noted that the legal response to sexual harassment has been limited to defining it as an event that occurs either in the workplace or academia. In reality, sexual harassment occurs in a variety of enviroments and the legal code must be adapted to recognize this.
Single-sex Public Education for Low-income Youth of Color: A Critical Theoretical Review

There has been a widespread increase in single-sex public schooling in the U.S. following 2006 amendments to Title IX stipulated by the No Child Left Behind Act. As its inclusion in No Child Left Behind demonstrates, single-sex public schooling is viewed as a means to improve the educational experiences and performance of low-income youth of color. Yet little is known about the effects and efficacy of single-sex public education, particularly for these populations. This piece provides a critical theoretical review of this issue. It examines the three main rationales offered by proponents of single-sex education for low-income youth of color, who contend that it will 1) eliminate distraction by and harassment from the other sex; 2) address the different learning styles of girls and boys; and 3) remedy past inequities experienced by low-income populations of color by offering them opportunities afforded to more privileged youth. The review reveals no documented benefits to single-sex public education for low-income youth of color and a number of concerns. Thus, it recommends that policy makers reconsider devoting scarce resources to this practice, which ultimately has the potential to further marginalize low-income youth of color by reinforcing racialized stereotypes of hypersexuality, reproducing narrow and restrictive definitions of gender, invalidating the experiences and identities of GLBTQ youth, and diverting attention from the need to address poverty and racism.
Extended follow‐up of an antibiotic cycling program for the management of febrile neutropenia in a hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic cell transplantation unit

Background Febrile neutropenia is a common complication during treatment of hematological malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplantation. Empiric antibiotic therapy in this setting, while standard of care, commonly leads to microbial resistance. We have previously shown that cycling antibiotics in this patient population is feasible. This report provides long-term follow-up of cycling antibiotics in this patient population. Methods In a prospective cohort of hematological malignancy patients with neutropenic fever, we sought to evaluate the role of empiric antibiotic cycling in preventing antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic cycling was initiated in March 2002 and, until June 2005, antibiotics were cycled every 8 months (Cycling Period A). From July 2005 to December 2009, antibiotics were cycled every 3 months (Cycling Period B). The rates of bacteremia, resistance, and complications were compared to a retrospective cohort (Pre-cycling Period). Results The rate of gram-negative bacteremia decreased when compared to Cycling Periods A and B (5.3 vs. 2.1 and 3.3 episodes/1000 patient-days, respectively, P < 0.0001), most likely owing to implementation of quinolone prophylaxis. The resistance profile of the gram-negative organisms isolated remained stable over the 3 time periods, with the exception of an increase in quinolone resistance during the cycling periods. Gram-positive bacteremia rates remained stable, but vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) increased significantly (0.1 vs. 1.0 and 1.6 episodes/1000 patient-days, respectively, P = 0.005) during cycling periods. Mortality rates were comparable. Conclusions Antibiotic cycling for neutropenic fever was effectively implemented and followed over an extended time period. Gram-negative resistance remained stable, but there is some concern for selection of resistant gram-positive bacteria, specifically VRE. Although antibiotic cycling did not seem to cause resistance in our study, further study is necessary to clarify the effect of cycling on antibiotic resistance, patient outcomes, and hospital cost.
Malignant Progression in Two Children with Multiple Osteochondromas

Multiple Osteochondromas (MO) is a disease of benign bony growths with a low incidence of malignant transformation. Secondary chondrosarcoma in children is rare even in children with MO. Making a diagnosis of malignancy in low-grade cartilage tumors is challenging and requires consideration of clinical, radiographic, and histopathological factors. We report two cases of skeletally immature patients with MO who presented with rapidly enlarging and radiographically aggressive lesions consistent with malignant transformation. Both underwent allograft reconstruction of the involved site with no signs of recurrence or metastatic disease at a minimum of four-year follow-up.
A program understanding support environment

Software maintenance represents the largest cost element in the life of a software system, and the process of understanding the software system utilizes 50 percent of the time spent on software maintenance. Thus there is a need for tools to aid the program understanding task. The tool described in this paper—program UNderstanding Support environment (PUNS)—provides the needed environment. Here the program understanding task is supported with multiple views of the program and a simple strategy for moving between views and exploring a particular view in depth. PUNS consists of a repository component that loads and manages a repository of information about the program to be understood and a user interface component that presents the information in the repository, utilizing graphics to emphasize the relationships and allowing the user to move among the pieces of information quickly and easily.
Phylogenetic analysis and the evolution of queen number in eusocial Hymenoptera

Analyses of the evolution of colony queen number in eusocial insects have generally been conducted without specific reference to phylogenetic relationships, leading to incomplete evolutionary explanations for this key attribute of social organization. Consideration of queen number in a phylogenetic context in the highly eusocial Hymenoptera reveals that its evolution has been very conservative in the bees but that it is a highly labile character in most ants. The wasps appear intermediate in this respect, with some large and widespread clades characterized by little or no phylogenetic variability in queen number. This hierarchy of phylogenetic lability suggests that while ant populations may often be responsive to selection on colony queen number linked with local ecology, bees and wasps appear less responsive in this regard, with a significant element of phylogenetic conservatism involved in the expression of this social trait in the latter two groups.
The interrelationships among some associative learning tasks

The purpose of this study was to determine if associative learning tasks involve two or more relatively independent factors (as suggested by an earlier study). To that end, 12 tasks were constructed; 3 were “standard” (paired associate, free recall, serial), and the others represented transition tasks between the standard tasks. The purpose was to see if factors (as determined by a factor analysis) changed in a meaningful way as the transition was made from one task to another. Some response units were single words, some were word triads; some of the word triads were meaningless, some formed sentences. Paired associate lists also differed in terms of the number of response terms to be associated with a single stimulus term. The 12 tasks were learned by 97 subjects. Two relatively stable highly correlated factors emerged, one involving free recall and serial tasks, the other involving paired associate tasks. This does not confirm the earlier work; the reason for this discrepancy is not known. Again, however, the data emphasized the importance of individual differences in associative learning in contrast to the relatively minor role of the Subject by Task interaction.
Cancer clustering around point sources of pollution: Assessment by a case-control methodology

The case-control method is proposed to test clustering of cancers near point sources of air pollution. The techniques for applying the method are described and applied to two sources of pollution: a coke oven associated with a steel mill, and a large uranium tailing dump. In neither situation was a significant excess of the cancer of interest found when compared to control cancers, though a slight excess of lung cancer was found near the coke ovens.
Hands-Off Therapist Robot Behavior Adaptation to User Personality for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Therapy

This paper describes a hands-off therapist robot that monitors, assists, encourages, and socially interacts with post-stroke users in the process of rehabilitation exercises. We developed a behavior adaptation system that takes advantage of the users introversion-extroversion personality trait and the number of exercises performed in order to adjust its social interaction parameters (e.g., interaction distances/proxemics, speed, and vocal content) toward a customized post-stroke rehabilitation therapy. The experimental results demonstrate the robot's autonomous behavior adaptation to the user's personality and the resulting user improvements of the exercise task performance.
Binding of aquocobalamin to the histidine residues in bovine serum albumin

Abstract Various parameters which affect the binding of aquocobalamin (aquo-B12) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were examined. Binding at pH 7.4 was markedly dependent on the time of incubation, the temperature and the concentration of aquo-B12. Aquo-B12 was bound to both the monomer and the dimer fractions in the BSA preparation and was not influenced by p-chloromercuribenzoate titration of the SH group. Approximately 70% of the bound aquo-B12 dissociated at pH 4.0 and all of it was readily removed with KCN. The tight binding of aquo-B12 at pH 7.4 was independent of the phosphate buffer concentration but was increased 2-fold in the presence of 5 m urea. Among seven other corrinoid compounds which were tested only diaquocobinamide formed a stable complex with BSA. Isolated complexes containing 0.6–2.6 moles of B12/mole of BSA were red-violet in color. They closely mimicked the complex formed between aquo-B12 and imidazole (or 1-methyl imidazole) in their absorption and their circular dichroism spectra. In addition, the pH curve for the binding of aquo-B12 to BSA was like that for the formation of an aquo-B12-imidazole complex. Equilibrium dialysis indicated that the maximum number of BSA combining sites was 16. From the above findings it was concluded that the binding reaction of aquo-B12 to BSA occurs between the sixth coordinating position of the cobalt and the imidazole side chains.
Brightness of the O2 atmospheric bands in the daytime thermosphere

Abstract The Fabry-Perot interferometer on Dynamics Explorer 2 was used as a low sensitivity photometer to study the O2 Atmospheric A band during the daytime. A study of the brightness of the emission showed that the assumed source of O2(b1Σg+) in the thermosphere, O(1D), can account for the observed intensity up to about 250 km but with a significantly different scale height. This combined with an enhanced brightness above this altitude suggests an additional source for this emission.
Long-range interaction of a helium atom with intercalated graphite.

We study the stage dependence of the shift of the adsorption potential for He on the graphite surface due to the intercalation process. For the acceptor compound graphite ${\mathrm{SbCl}}_{5}$, a maximum reduction in the adsorption potential of 70 meV A${\r{}}^{3}$ is found. Effects on the binding energy are estimated.
Fast Light and Superluminal Images via Four-Wave Mixing

Manipulating the group velocity of light has resulted in many advances, including slowing light to a car’s pace, stopping light and even forcing pulses to propagate faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. While the group velocity is equal to or less than the speed of light in a vacuum (c) when propagating through a medium exhibiting normal dispersion, anomalous dispersion allows the group velocity to be greater than c, or even negative. Strangely, the peak of a pulse propagating with a negative group velocity through a medium appears to exit the medium before entering it. This is a result of interference from spectral components of a pulse propagating with different phase velocities in the medium.
Chromatographic separation of pure phosphatidylcholine from crude egg lecithin.

Abstract A two-step column chromatographic procedure for gram quantity separation and purification of phosphatidylcholine from commercial crude egg lecithin is described. Pure phosphatidylcholine is useful in many fields of lipid research but is tedious to prepare, when starting with acetone precipitation of egg yolks, and the commercially available pure product is quite expensive. Details are here provided sufficient to make pure phosphatidylcholine readily available by an inexpensive, relatively simple, but reproducible technique. Two previously described chromatographic procedures 1,2 have been combined and modified.
Developing a Group Motivational Interviewing Intervention for First-Time Adolescent Offenders At-Risk for an Alcohol or Drug Use Disorder

This study examined how teens who had committed a first-time alcohol or other drug (AOD) offense responded to a motivational interviewing (MI) group intervention. Participants were 101 first-time AOD adolescent offenders (M = 15.88; 63% male, 54% Hispanic). The authors developed and tested a six-session curriculum called Free Talk and solicited feedback from different teens after each session. Groups were recorded and transcribed. Feedback was categorized using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity scale (MITI 3.0). Feedback indicated high levels of evocation, collaboration, autonomy/support, and empathy. The current study highlights that utilizing group MI can be an acceptable approach for at-risk youth.
Feynman operator calculus: The constructive theory

Abstract In this paper, we survey progress on the Feynman operator calculus and path integral. We first develop an operator version of the Henstock–Kurzweil integral, construct the operator calculus and extend the Hille–Yosida theory. This shows that our approach is a natural extension of operator theory to the time-ordered setting. As an application, we unify the theory of time-dependent parabolic and hyperbolic evolution equations. Our theory is then reformulated as a sum over paths, providing a completely rigorous foundation for the Feynman path integral. Using our disentanglement approach, we extend the Trotter–Kato theory.
Intramolecular carbenoid addition to 1,3-dienes. Synthesis of cyclopentene annulated ring systems.

Abstract Diazoketones containing a 1,3-diene moiety were decomposed to yield corresponding vinylcyclopropanes stereospecifically. Transformation of vinylcyclopropanes to cyclopentenes is described and the scope of the reaction is discussed.
Urea-diketopiperazine interactions: a model for urea induced denaturation of proteins.

Abstract The solubility of diketopiperazine (DKP) in aqueous urea (U) solutions with molalities ranging from 0 to 16 mol kg- −1 (corresponding to urea acti
Cold water stimulation of oropharyngeal receptors in man inhibits release of vasopressin.

The act of drinking ameliorates thirst and inhibits the secretion of vasopressin before changes in extracellular fluid volume or osmolality in both animals and man. We evaluated whether this reflex inhibition of vasopressin secretion might be due to the presence of oropharyngeal receptors in humans. After dehydration, normal subjects (n = 4) were allowed to suck on ice chips for 30 min. Despite the absence of changes in plasma sodium (Na+) or osmolality, the mean plasma vasopressin level decreased promptly within 10 min from 2.8 to 1.8 pg/mL, and it remained low for 30 min after ice ingestion. When the dehydration protocol was repeated with the subjects receiving 100 mL water (25 C) for 30 min rather than ice chips, plasma vasopressin levels did not change. These data demonstrate that activation of cold-sensitive oropharyngeal receptors results in inhibition of vasopressin secretion independently of osmotic or gastric factors. In a second study 0.2 mL/kg X min 3% NaCl was administered for 90 min as a second stimulus to vasopressin secretion, and ice chips were given during the last 30 min of infusion. Plasma vasopressin levels increased steadily to 3.3 +/- 0.5 (+/- SEM) pg/mL by 45 min, and despite ice ingestion increased further to 4.6 +/- 0.8 pg/mL by 90 min. Consequently, hypertonicity appears to be a stronger stimulus to vasopressin release, since the suppressive effect of stimulation of oropharyngeal receptors with ice was not evident during the NaCl infusion. Finally, no changes in vasopressin levels were found in subjects holding concentrated NaCl solutions in their mouths for 30 min, indicating that the oropharyngeal receptors are not responsive to local changes in osmolality. The presence of such cold-sensitive oropharyngeal receptors may explain the desire of severely dehydrated patients, e.g. patients with diabetes insipidus, for cold liquids.
Aerosols as microsample introduction media for mass spectrometry

Utilisation d'un generateur d'aerosol pour l'interface chromatographie phase liquide-spectrometrie de masse
Head computed tomography in the emergency department: a collection of easily missed findings that are life-threatening or life-changing.

Abstract Background The use of noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) has become commonplace in the emergency department (ED) as a means of screening for a wide variety of pathologies. Approximately 1 in 14 ED patients receives a head CT scan, and analyzing and interpreting this high volume of images in a timely manner is a daily challenge. Objectives Minimizing interpretation error is of paramount importance in the context of life-threatening and time-sensitive diagnoses. Therefore, it is prudent for the physician to recognize particular pitfalls in head CT interpretation and establish search patterns and practices that minimize such errors. In this article, we discuss a collection of common ED cases with easily missed findings, and identify time-effective practices and patterns to minimize interpretation error. Discussion There are numerous reasons for false-negative interpretations, including, but not limited to, incomplete or misleading clinical history, failure to review prior studies, suboptimal windowing and leveling, and failure to utilize multiple anatomic views via multi-planar reconstructions and scout views. We illustrate this in four specific clinical scenarios: stroke, trauma, headache, and altered mental status. Conclusion Accurate and timely interpretation in the emergent setting is a daily challenge for emergency physicians. Knowledge of easily overlooked yet critical findings is a first step in minimizing interpretation error.
CONCORDANCE OF BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED RESPONSE (BAER) WITH BRAIN ULTRASOUND ABNORMALITIES

Useful information derived from BAER waveforms include: a) presence or absence of waveform components, b) latency, and c) latency intervals between components (especially Waves I, III, and V). BAER analyses using click intensities 75dB above adult thresholds recorded ipsilaterally were obtained from 41 neonates (⩾30 weeks' gestation) suspected of hypoxic brain injury. Also, an ultrasound scan was done near the time BAER tests were performed. Of 14 infants who showed absence of a reliable waveform, 12 had evidence of brain hemorrhage by ultrasound. In 27 infants, Waves I, III, and V were reliably detected. A linear discriminant function based on Wave I latency and the III-V latency interval was constructed that reliably predicted 85% (23) of the sonographic results. Thus, we found BAER analyses to be highly concordant with sonography (X2 = 20.5, p <0.001). Birthweight and gestational age did not significantly enter into the discriminant equation. Return of the BAER response toward normal followed resolution of the hemorrhage observed by ultrasound. These data indicate that acute structural brain damage due to hemorrhage is associated frequently with acute functional abnormalities measured by BAER; both appear to resolve together. However, the importance of these findings to predict further chronic neurologic abnormalities remains to be determined.
On a second order nonlinear oscillation problem

(1) y"+yF(y2, x) = 0, where the function F(t, x) is continuous and nonnegative for t E [0, oo), x E (0, oo). It will be tacitly assumed here that every locally defined solution of (1) is continuously extendable throughout the entire nonnegative real axis. This will be the case if for example one requires that for fixed t, F(t, x) satisfies a uniform Lipschitz condition in some neighborhood of every x E [0, oo). (See Hastings [3], and Coffman and Ullrich [2].) Actually, this tacit assumption can easily be removed, see the remarks at the end of the paper. A nontrivial solution of (1) is said to be nonoscillatory if for every a > 0 the number of its zeros in [a, oo) is finite, and it is said to be oscillatory otherwise. Different from the linear equation, when F(t, x) is independent of t, the nonlinear equation may possess solutions of either kind. In view of this, one is led to consider the following types of oscillation and nonoscillation conditions; namely, those which guarantee all solutions of (1) oscillate and its converse, i.e. the existence of one nonoscillatory solution, and those which guarantee all solutions of (1) do not oscillate and its converse, i.e. the existence of one oscillatory solution. The first type of oscillation and nonoscillation conditions have been the centre of considerable amount of research and there are a number of results available for equation (1) or similar equations. For an expository account on this subject, we refer the reader to Wong [12], where other references may be found. An excellent discussion on the nature of oscillatory and nonoscillatory solutions may also be found in the papers by Moore and Nehari [9], and Nehari [10]. The second type of oscillation and nonoscillation conditions have received little attention until recently. The prototype of equation (1) is the following generalized Emden-Fowler equation: (2) y" +p(x)y" = 0,
Measurement of atmospheric formaldehyde with a diffusion scrubber and light‐emitting diode–liquid‐core waveguide based fluorometry

A new automated instrument for the near-real-time measurement of atmospheric formaldehyde is described. The chemistry involves the cyclization reaction of formaldehyde with 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD) In the presence of ammonium ions to form a fluorescent dihydropyridine derivative. A GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) emitting in the near UV was used as the excitation source in a miniature flowthrough fluorescence detector based on a transversely illuminated liquid-core waveguide. The Instrument is configured to operate in a periodic autozero mode where the exhaust from the sampling pump is chemically treated to provide zero gas for automated periodic checks of the baseline. The liquid-phase portion of the system provides a S/N = 3 limit of detection (LOD) of 10-nM aqueous formaldehyde. A thermostated Nafion®-membrane-based diffusion scrubber is used to collect atmospheric formaldehyde into pure water with an absorption efficiency of ∼70%, which results in an LOD of 30 pptv HCHO. (In cases where the H 2 O 2 to HCHO ratio is very high, as in background polar atmospheres, the LOD will deteriorate markedly.) Design, performance details, and illustrative results from a 1999 field campaign (Atlanta Supersite Study) are presented. Interference from H 2 O 2 is discussed in detail.
Recognizing mid-career productivity: the 2008 Retrovirology Prize, call for nomination

A recent analysis suggested a narrow age range for productivity of innovative work by researchers. The Retrovirology Prize seeks to recognize the research of a mid-career retrovirologist between the ages of 45 and 60. The 2007 Retrovirology Prize was awarded to Dr. Karen Beemon. Nominations are being solicited for the 2008 prize.
Surface chemistry of multicomponent silicate gels

Abstract The surface chemistry of a calcium boroaluminosilicate gel was studied and compared with the corresponding behavior of a pure silica gel. The experiments were performed, in situ, by transmission FTIR utilizing high surface area, free-standing, monolithic xerogel foils. The foils could be vacuum-evacuated, heated, and/or exposed to water and organic vapors within the FTIR cell. The spectra of the dehydrated calcium boroaluminosilicate showed only isolated surface silanols (Si-OH) and boranols (B-OH). They were found to be inactive upon subsequent exposure to water vapor, but readily participated in H-bonding with basic organic adsorbates. The frequency shifts associated with the adsorption of organic vapors were lower on the multicomponent surface than on the silica surface. This reveals that the silanols are less interactive, or acidic, on the multicomponent surface. The adsorption of molecular water occurred faster and with greater tenacity on the calcium boroaluminosilicate. This is attributed to the prevalence of surface sites associated with Ca, B, and Al where the chemisorption of water may occur. Some of these sites were revealed by pyridine adsorption studies; i.e., pyridine was found to form coordinate bonds with unsaturated B III and Al III Lewis acid sites. Otherwise, the chemical behavior of Ca and Al on the surface was not directly evident in the FTIR spectra. Finally, the chemisorption of methoxytrimethylsilane was examined and found to occur preferentially at the boranol sites. However, the chemisorbed silanes on the boranols were found to be more easily hydrolyzed than those on the silanols. In general, this study illustrates several principles about the surface chemistry of calcium boroaluminosilicates, and offers an experimental approach for direct examination of multicomponent gel or glass surface chemistry in any multicomponent system that can be synthesized using the alkoxide method.
Music Education : Source Readings from Ancient Greece to Today

Music Education: Source Readings from Ancient Greece to Today is an anthology of thematically organized essays that illustrate why music education has been valued by cultures and societies from ancient times to the present. Writings by societal leaders – civic, political, royal, religious, education, intellectual – present views from many historical and current points of view. The third edition has been expanded to include such topics as feminism, diversity, cognitive psychology and the No Child Left Behind Act. This edition also includes writings about music education in countries on every continent. The global view of music education makes this book timely in a world of cultural fusion.
Two distinct intracellular pathways transport secretory and membrane glycoproteins to the surface of pituitary tumor cells

The pituitary cell line, AtT-20, synthesizes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as a glycoprotein precursor that is cleaved into mature hormones during packaging into secretory granules. The cells also produce an endogenous leukemia virus (MuLV) that is glycosylated after translation similar to the glycosylation of the ACTH precursor. Our evidence suggests that the envelope glycoprotein and some precursor ACTH get to the cell surface in a vesicle different from the mature ACTH secretory granule. Viral glycoproteins and ACTH precursor are released from the cells much sooner after synthesis than mature ACTH. Isolated secretory granules do not contain significant amounts of the envelope glycoprotein or ACTH precursor. Exposing cells to 8Br-cAMP stimulates release of mature ACTH four to five fold, but has little effect on the release of the ACTH precursor or the viral glycoproteins. We propose that the viral glycoproteins and some of the ACTH precursor are transported by a constitutive pathway, while mature ACTH is stored in secretory granules where its release is enhanced by stimulation.
A peculiar partition formula

Abstract Let p = (a1,…,an,d) be a partition of n=a1(1)+a2(2)+⋯+an(n) with d=n+2-(a1+⋯+an) then 3n+3 n = ∑ p n+2 a 1 ,…,a n ,d prod; i=1 n (i+1) a i The proof of this formula involves using graphs to count the number of ways in which a permutation can reasonably be written as the product of transpositions.
Electrophoretic behavior of trypsin on starch.

Abstract • Autolyzed trypsin may be separated by electrophoresis on starch into a fast-moving, active component corresponding to intact trypsin and a slow-moving, slightly active component attributable to the dialyzable split-products arising from autodigestion. From appropriated experimental controls, however, it was concluded that the proteolytic activity of the split-products may be due to interaction with small amounts of undigested trypsin. • In the presence of 0.05 M calcium or 8 M urea, may be separated into two components. Both components produced in the presence of calcium were enzymically active but only the faster-moving component was active in the urea-treated system.
Viscoelastic properties of blends of miscible polymers and their diblock copolymers

Blends of miscible polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions show thermoheologically complex behaviour. The relaxation of each component in the blend has its own temperature dependence. In order to measure the plateau modulus and the average molecular weight between entanglements, Me, diblock copolymers of 1,4-polyisoprene and poly(vinylethylene) have been studied. In blends with ⩾50% 1,4-polyisoprene, Me is less than the weighted average. This is then one factor in the observed increase in the relaxation times of the components in blends rich in 1,4-polyisoprene.