cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantum mechanical treatment of low frequency noise in scaled NMOS transistors

We present a quantum mechanical treatment of low-frequency noise in scaled NMOS transistors to extend the “unified” noise model [1] and include remote Coulomb scattering and surface roughness — new considerations in the theory. Our experimental work focuses on scaled NMOS device (as shown in Fig. 1 with a composite dielectric consisting of a 0.5 nm oxide covered with a high-K, 1.6nm hafnium oxide with a metal gate, as previously reported in [2]. In the past, Coulomb scattering was assumed to arise from trapping centers located at the Si-SiO 2 interface [3]; however, this cannot give rise to a 1/f noise spectrum. We model remote Coulomb scattering into the dielectric film as traps in these films easily lie within a tunneling distance of the interface. This approach explains the decrease in the Coulomb scattering parameter (α) as a function of gate voltage. In addition, we introduce surface roughness scattering through fluctuations in the normal electric field due to fluctuations in the free carrier density with a surface scattering parameter proportional to the SPICE surface roughness parameter, θ s .
The effect of radiation on lenticular epithelial enzymes in young rabbits.

The mitochondrial fraction and the soluble fraction of the epithelial cells of the lens from 6-week-old New Zealand White male rabbits, exposed to 800 r of whole-head X-irradiation, were evaluated for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, gylceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, NADPH2 diaphorase, and NADH2 cytochrome c reductase activities. Increased enzyme activities were noted in the irradiated lenticular tissues for purine nucleoside phosphorylase, NADPH2 diaphorase and NADH2 cytochrome c reductase. Decreased activities for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase were observed in the lenticilar tissues of irradiated animals. The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase was the same in the irradiated and in the control animals.
CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the raf family of protein kinases

We isolated a recessive Arabidopsis mutant, ctr1, that constitutively exhibits seedling and adult phenotypes observed in plants treated with the plant hormone ethylene. The ctr1 adult morphology can be phenocopied by treatment of wild-type plants with exogenous ethylene and is due, at least in part, to inhibition of cell elongation. Seedlings and adult ctr1 plants show constitutive expression of ethylene-regulated genes. The epistasis of ctr1 and other ethylene response mutants has defined the position of CTR1 in the ethylene signal transduction pathway. The CTR1 gene has been cloned, and the DNA sequences of four mutant alleles were determined. The gene encodes a putative serine/threonine protein kinase that is most closely related to the Raf protein kinase family.
Nuclear g-factor measurements of two short-lived states in 206Pb

Abstract The γ-γ perturbated angular correlation method has been used to measure the nuclear g -factors of the states at 803 keV and 2385 keV in 206 Pb. Employing the large internal magnetic field acting on Pb in an Fehost it was found that g (803 keV,2 + ) = −0.01±0.07 and g (2385 keV, 6 − ) = +0.13±0.07. These values are compared with calculations based on two-neutron hole wave functions reported in the literature.
Design of a far-infrared CHI wiggler free-electron laser

The preliminary design of a voltage tunable far-infrared free-electron laser with a Coaxial Hybrid Iron (CHI) wiggler is presented. The CHI wiggler consists of a central rod and an outer ring of alternating ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic spacers. A period wiggler field is produced when the CHI structure is immersed in an axial magnetic field. The design under investigation makes use of a 1 MV1 A annular electron beam interacting with the TE01 coaxial waveguide mode at approximately 1 THz (λ = 300 μm). The nominal wiggler period is 0.5 cm and the inner and outer waveguide radii are 0.4 and 0.8 cm respectively. An axial guide field of 5–10 kG is used. The device performance is modeled with a slow-time-scale nonlinear code, and self-fields and axial velocity spread are included in the model. Simulation results show output powers above 2 kW at frequencies from 850 GHz to 1040 GHz can be achieved for voltages ranging from 0.93 to 1.07 MV.
Conceptal biotransformation of 4-oxo-all-tranas-retinoic acid, 4-oxo-13-cis-retinoic acid and all-tranas-retinoyl-β-glucuronide in rat whole embryo culture

Abstract In cultured rat conceptuses, intraamniotic microinjections of 2500 ng/mL of 4-oxo-13- cis -retinoic acid, 600 ng/mL 4-oxo-all- trans -retinoic acid or 4000 ng/mL all- trans -retinoyl-β-glucuronide, produce qualitatively and quantitatively similar patterns of dysmorphogenesis as those reported after the intraamniotic microinjection of 250 ng/mL all- trans -retinoic acid [Lee et al., Teratology 44 : 313–323, 1991; Creech Kraft et al., Teratology 45 : 259–270, 1992]. In the present study, we utilized HPLC techniques to analyze retinoid levels in cultured rat conceptuses, 1.5 hr after intraamniotic microinjections of 4-oxo-13- cis -retinoic acid (2500 ng/mL), 4-oxo-all- trans -retinoic acid (600 ng/mL) or all- trans -retinoyl-β-glucuronide (4000 ng/mL). Our findings show that, after the microinjections of4-oxo-all- trans -retinoic acid or 4-oxo-13- cis -retinoic acid (at these selected concentrations), 4-oxo-all- trans -retinoic acid was predominant in the embryos proper at concentrations of about 200 nM. This was roughly equivalent to the levels of all- trans -retinoic acid assayed after microinjections of all- trans -retinoyl-β-glucuronide (4000 ng/mL). We conclude from these studies that both 4-oxo-all- trans -retinoic acid and all- trans -retinoic acid behave as ultimate or proximate dysmorphogens.
Knowledge transfer within information systems development teams: Examining the role of knowledge source attributes

Knowledge transfer is considered to be an important topic for both researchers and practitioners. However, very little research has been pursued to understand the factors affecting knowledge transfer within teams, an important social unit within organizations. This study attempts to fill this void by examining factors that affect knowledge transfer within information systems development (ISD) teams. Taking a ''connectionistic'' epistemological perspective and drawing on the communications-based research on knowledge transfer, the theoretical model of the study proposes that the source's capability, credibility, and extent of communication will play an important role in determining the extent of knowledge transferred to recipients. Results from an empirical study involving student teams engaged in semester-long ISD projects supported the role of credibility and extent of communication. Interestingly, capability was not found to play a significant role in knowledge transfer. Possible explanations for this lack of significant effect of capability on knowledge transfer are presented.
Prions in the environment: occurrence, fate and mitigation.

Scrapie and CWD are horizontally transmissible, and the environment likely serves as a stable reservoir of infectious prions, facilitating a sustained incidence of CWD in free-ranging cervid populations and complicating efforts to eliminate disease in captive herds. Prions will enter the environment through mortalities and/or shedding from live hosts. Unfortunately, a sensitive detection method to identify prion contamination in environmental samples has not yet been developed. An environmentally-relevant prion model must be used in experimental studies. Changes in PrPSc structure upon environmental exposure may be as significant as changes in PrPSc quantity, since the structure can directly affect infectivity and disease pathology. Prions strongly bind to soil and remain infectious. Conformational changes upon adsorption, competitive sorption, and potential for desorption and transport all warrant further investigation. Mitigation of contaminated carcasses or soil might be accomplished with enzyme treatm...
Label-free, arrayed sensing of immune response to influenza antigens

Periodic outbreaks of pandemic influenza have been a devastating cause of human mortality over the past century. More recently, an avian influenza strain, designated H5N1, has been identified as having the potential to cause a zoogenic pandemic in humans, and a current outbreak of a new H1N1 influenza variant hypothesized to be of swine origin is of considerable concern. In order to facilitate surveillance and the rapid assessment and comparison of vaccination efforts, a high-throughput assay is highly desirable to supplement standard methods, which require high biosafety-level facilities. In this paper, we describe the design, production, and preliminary evaluation of an antigen array incorporating a panel of hemagglutinins as a platform for the detection and rapid quantification of influenza-specific antibodies in human serum by Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry (AIR), a label-free optical biosensor.
Spectrum of chiral operators in strongly coupled gauge theories

We analyze the large $N$ spectrum of chiral primary operators of three dimensional fixed points of the renormalization group. Using the space-time picture of the fixed points and the correspondence between anti-de Sitter compactifications and conformal field theories we are able to extract the dimensions of operators in short superconformal multiplets. We write down some of these operators in terms of short distance theories flowing to these non-trivial fixed points in the infrared.
The complexity of public space at the Swahili town of Songo Mnara, Tanzania

Abstract Public spaces have been long recognized as integral parts of urban settings, often granted importance by the public ceremonies and spectacles that they hosted. Interpretations of such public arenas often focus on elites that use them to construct and legitimize power and authority; city residents are thought to either accept these political machinations, or reject them and the space itself. Alternately, studies of public space that emphasize more practical uses, such as for production or other domestic activities tend to focus on those spaces directly associated with houses, emphasizing the everyday life of city residents. This paper works to set aside this dichotomy by exploring the multi-faceted open spaces at Songo Mnara, a medieval Swahili town on the southern Tanzanian coast. Songo Mnara is particularly well-suited to a study of Swahili public space because of its short occupation and clear town plan understood through standing architecture; it is likely the best example of how the southern Swahili understood a planned town should be organized in the fifteenth century AD. Archaeological research directed at the site’s open spaces has revealed a variety of public spaces which include a mix of deliberately-maintained areas reflecting some element of control and planning, and other less formal public spaces that seem to have been organized and maintained by non-elite residents of the town. This essay reviews literature on the archaeology of open and public space and explores how the case of Songo Mnara contributes to it, by walking the reader through what has been learned about the complex and variable public spaces of the town. The public spaces of Songo Mnara serve to broaden previous dichotomous approaches to urban open space.
Trauma and coagulopathy: a new paradigm to consider.

Injury, intentional and unintentional, is one of the main causes of death for adult Americans.1 Further, from 1999 to 2003, injury was the main cause of premature mortality (measured as potential years of life lost), ahead of malignancy and heart disease, for Americans who died before their 65th birthday.2 Injuries that cause massive hemorrhage are often associated with the highest mortality rates. More than 50% of patients who present with massive hemorrhage die, and for those who die within hours of the injury event, it is often the most common cause of deatb.
Microscopic/stochastic timesteppers and “coarse” control: A KMC example

We start with a brief overview of the coarse timestepper, and a simple version of the framework for macroscopic controller design based on microscopic simulators. The illustrative example is a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation of a simple surface reaction scheme. We first obtain its timestepper-based coarse bifurcation diagram. We then demonstrate the results of implementing a simple coarse controller for stabilizing an open-loop unstable coarse (macroscopic) equilibrium of the KMC model, and conclude with a short discussion.
Lead-210 sediment geochronology in a changing coastal environment

Abstract Sediment accumulation rate studies utilizing excess 210 Pb and 137 Cs were conducted as part of recent investigations of biogeochemical cycling at a single site in Cape Lookout Bight, a rapidly changing coastal basin on the Outer Banks of North Carolina (U.S.A.). Cores three meters in length reveal a depositional history for the bight interior characterized by a gradual transition in texture from coarse-grained to fine-grained material over the period 1946–1979. This transition is controlled by progressive enclosure of the bight by an active northerly migrating recurved spit. The textural gradation is periodically interrupted by layers of well-sorted sand associated with major storm events. Lead-210 data indicate that the upper meter of the sediment has accumulated at a rate of 3.35 to 4.71 g · cm −2 · yr −1 or approximately 8.4 to 11.8 cm · yr −1 (at o = 0.84). Below 120 cm depth, dilution of clay and silt by low activity sand necessitates correction of the 210 Pb profile in order to establish a geochronology. Grain size 210 Pb distribution measurements at three depths reveal that the specific activity (dpm · g −1 ) of clay is 3.2 times that of silt and 24.7 times that of sand. Corrections of bulk sediment excess 210 Pb activities based on these measurements lead to dates for textural changes which are consistent with charted changes in basin morphology and major storm events. Sixteen 137 Cs measurements between 33–241 cm depth reveal a peak activity at 105–115 cm and indicate a minimum sedimentation rate of approximately 2.7 g · cm −2 · yr −1 .
SWELLING DYNAMICS OF A TERNARY INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK (IPN) AND CONTROLLED RELEASE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE AS A MODEL AGROCHEMICAL

ABSTRACT An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAM) has been prepared and dynamic water sorption properties have been investigated as a function of chemical architecture of the IPN, pH and temperature of the swelling medium and presence of salt ions in the bathing medium. Based on the Fick's law the swelling exponent (n) and diffusion constant (D) were evaluated suggesting possible modes of water transport through the IPN's. The IPN's synthesized were loaded with KNO3 as a representative agrochemical and its release dynamics was studied conductometrically. The influences of percent loading and chemical composition of the IPN were also observed on the release rate and released amounts of KNO3.
Stacks Tour Project Presents Staff Development Opportunity

SUMMARY The Penn State Libraries' Open House activities for incoming students find Access Services staff extending beyond their everyday routines to creatively help relieve students' fears of the library and understand how Access Services can help them. Serving on the Access Services Open House Committee offers staff many opportunities for development as the Committee creates activities around an Open House theme. One activity in particular grew into a Stacks Tour Pilot Project where a staff member created, implemented, and evaluated the results of the project and made recommendations about the continuation of the project. This article discusses the Pilot Project and resulting staff development opportunity.
Evaluation, Control, and Prediction of Drug Diffusion Through Polymeric Membranes II: Diffusion of Aminophenones Through Silastic Membranes: A Test of the pH-Partition Hypothesis

The steady-state and quasi-steady-state diffusions of 4′-aminopropiophenone, 4′-aminoacetophenone, and 3′-aminoacetophenone through various thicknesses of silastic membrane have been studied as functions of temperature, concentration, pH, and various ethanol–water compositions of diffusing and desorbing solutions. The membranes are impermeable to the protonated compounds, and the pKa values can be obtained from the pH profile of the apparent diffusion constants. The applicability of Fick's law was confirmed and the saturation of the membrane and/or limitations of numbers of binding sites are not rate determining. The transport of drug across the membrane is consistent with the partitioning from the diffusing solution into the membrane, diffusion within the membrane, and subsequent partitioning in the desorbing solution. Equations have been established on the basis of an assumed constancy of an intrinsic diffusion constant within the membrane to predict the transport of drugs through membranes separating different solvents where the drug would have different activities and have been experimentally verified. Satisfactory correlation between the apparent diffusion constants from steady-state diffusion studies and the partition coefficient in chloroform-water solutions has been observed for the several compounds. The apparent diffusion constant of 4′-aminopropiophenone from various ethanol–water solutions is linearly related to the reciprocal of its solubility in these solutions.
Functional Identification of Dendritic Cells in the Teleost Model, Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Dendritic cells are specialized antigen presenting cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. This link between the ancient innate immune system and the more evolutionarily recent adaptive immune system is of particular interest in fish, the oldest vertebrates to have both innate and adaptive immunity. It is unknown whether dendritic cells co-evolved with the adaptive response, or if the connection between innate and adaptive immunity relied on a fundamentally different cell type early in evolution. We approached this question using the teleost model organism, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with the aim of identifying dendritic cells based on their ability to stimulate naive T cells. Adapting mammalian protocols for the generation of dendritic cells, we established a method of culturing highly motile, non-adherent cells from trout hematopoietic tissue that had irregular membrane processes and expressed surface MHCII. When side-by-side mixed leukocyte reactions were performed, these cells stimulated greater proliferation than B cells or macrophages, demonstrating their specialized ability to present antigen and therefore their functional homology to mammalian dendritic cells. Trout dendritic cells were then further analyzed to determine if they exhibited other features of mammalian dendritic cells. Trout dendritic cells were found to have many of the hallmarks of mammalian DCs including tree-like morphology, the expression of dendritic cell markers, the ability to phagocytose small particles, activation by toll-like receptor-ligands, and the ability to migrate in vivo. As in mammals, trout dendritic cells could be isolated directly from the spleen, or larger numbers could be derived from hematopoietic tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.
Oxidation of methoxybenzenes by manganese peroxidase and by Mn3

Abstract Manganese peroxidase, produced by some white-rot fungi during lignin degradation, catalyzes the oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+. Whereas Mn3+ is known to oxidize phenolic compounds, its role in lignin degradation is not clear. We have used a series of methoxybenzenes with E 1 2 values of 1.76-0.81 V (vs saturated calomel electrode) to investigate the oxidizing ability of Mn3+ chelates generated chemically and enzymatically. Although lignin peroxidase has been shown to oxidize high potential congeners, our results show that manganese peroxidase, or physiological concentrations of Mn3+, oxidize only the lower potential congeners. In addition, Mn3+ increased the rate of decay of the cation radical of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene. The kinetics of decay continued to be first order, so Mn3+ does not oxidize the cation radical itself, but probably oxidizes a neutral dienyl radical derived from the cation radical. This indicates a possible role for Mn3+ in lignin degradation, as neutral dienyl radicals are proposed to be products of lignin peroxidase action.
Global Good Samaritans: Human Rights as Foreign Policy. By Brysk Alison. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. 287 pp., $27.95 paperback (ISBN: 978‐0‐19‐538158‐0).

Global Good Samaritans: Human Rights as Foreign Policy. By Brysk Alison. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. 287 pp., $27.95 paperback (ISBN: 978-0-19-538158-0). In Global Good Samaritans , Alison Brysk assesses the emergence of human rights norms as the bases of foreign policy in six middle states: Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica, the Netherlands, Japan, and South Africa. A cosmopolitan approach supported by reliance on constructivism, Brysk postulates that in a number of nations, John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism is given full effect in the adoption of human rights as a critical element of foreign policy decision making and conduct of foreign relations. A willingness to engage in representation of human rights issues and adoption of human rights norms and international law into the national framework is driven as much by national self-interest as by a sense of the state in the world and vice versa. Driven by empirical analysis of the determinants of foreign policy, Brysk's conclusion is that the dynamic nature of national identity, relatively small size, and a far broader and longer-term view of global issues have driven these nations (barring Japan) to a …
Modeling schemes, transiency, and strain measurement for microscale laser shock processing

In this paper, a coupled modeling scheme, which considered the dynamic evolution of laser-induced plasma and the complete physical interaction between the plasma, confined medium, coating layer, and processed metal, is compared with two decoupled modeling schemes in which shock pressure was first determined and used as loading in subsequent FEM-based stress/strain analysis. The relative merits and limitations of these schemes are evaluated in terms of their ability to describe process transiency such as shock pressure, shock velocity, and dynamic deformation history and to predict the stress/strain to be imparted into a target material. Both bulk and thin-film samples of copper were studied. Model predictions were investigated together with strain measurements based on an X-ray microdiffraction technique.
Origins and metabolism of the intracellular amino acid pools in rat liver and muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. When [14C]amino acids were continuously administered to a rat by intravenous infusion, the specific activity of the liver and muscle intracellular free amino acid soon increased but even when the intracellular pool was maximally labeled, the specific activity was lower than the plasma specific activity. This observed intracellular dilution has been interpreted as being due to intracellular unlabeled protein breakdown. 2. 2. Protein catabolism in the normal fed rats contributed approx. 50% of the liver's and 30% of the muscle's intracellular amino acid pool. 3. 3. During the early stages of fasting as much as 90% of liver amino acid was derived from protein degradation, with a major fraction entering the plasma to supply amino acids for other tissues. After depletion of the labile liver protein, muscle protein breakdown has increased and supplied 65% of muscle intracellular amino acid pool, which in time maintained the plasma and tissue amino acid levels.
Interstellar molecules and the problem of laboratory data

The use of interstellar molecules as probes of physical conditions in interstellar clouds is hampered by the lack of basic laboratory data. The excitation of interstellar molecules is poorly understood because the nature of the interaction of molecules with radiation and with neutral particles is largely undknown. The mechanisms of formation and destruction of interstellar molecules are presently speculative, because little data exists in such areas as gas-phase ion-molecule reactions and exchange reactions, and reactions of various types on surfaces. Specific needs with regard to laboratory data are discussed in these and other areas.
CEVd-induced symptom modification as a response to a host-specific temperature-sensitive reaction.

Abstract Natural selection of two new variants of citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) was detected by observing tissues displaying both severe and mild symptoms from a single Gynura aurantiaca. The variants CEVd-S (severe) and CEVd-M (mild), differing by only five nucleotides confined to the pathogenic (P) domain, remained stable when propagated by rooted cuttings or from successive plants inoculated with tissue extracts or transcripts from cDNA clones. CEVd-S induces a very severe reaction in Gynura that is consistent throughout a range of environmental conditions. However, symptoms resulting from CEVd-M infection can vary from a nonsymptomatic condition to a severe reaction when grown at 40°C. This differential response was confined to a single host, Gynura aurantiaca, and expressed under standard growing conditions. The distinct host responses induced by these variants could not be correlated with any changes in sequence or conformation of the dominant viroid variant, as predicted by molecular modeling. Therefore, the variable symptom expression appears to be associated with a specific temperature-sensitive response of Gynura aurantiaca.
Neural network architecture for robot hand control

A robot hand control system called GeSAM, which is under development at the University of Southern California, is described. The goal of the GeSAM architecture is to provide a generic robot hand controller that is based on a model of human prehensile function. It focuses on the relationship between geometric object primitives and the ways a hand can perform prehensile behaviors. It is shown how the relationship between object primitives and a useful set of grasp modes can be learned by an adaptive neural network. By adding training points as necessary, system performance can be improved, avoiding the tedious job of computing every relationship individually. >
Detection of Group B Streptococcus Bacteria in LIM Enrichment Broth by Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (PNA FISH) and Rapid Cycle PCR

The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values for the detection of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in 206 LIM enrichment broths by the use of subculture, GBS peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA FISH), and GBS PCR were 96.9%, 100%, 98.6%, and 100%; 98.4%, 100%, 99.3%, and 100%; and 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively.
A Study of Bullying in Further Education

Until recently, bullying has tended to be associated with primary and secondary school, but, increasingly, it is being recognized as a phenomenon that exists at all stages and in all aspects of life. This paper is concerned with a level and type of institution with which the idea of bullying might not have been associated. It describes how a recent study into bullying within the 16- to 18-year-old population in a college of further education instigated change within its infrastructure. By promoting an awareness of bullying, it resulted in the implementation of an active Harassment/Anti-bullying Policy.
Analysis of DNA synthesis during meiotic prophase in Lilium

Abstract The nature of the DNA synthesized during the zygotene and pachytene stages of meiosis has been analyzed by the techniques of DNA-DNA hybridization, density label substitution, and sensitivity of synthesis to the presence of hydroxyurea. The synthesis of DNA during zygotene is typically semiconservative and represents a delayed replication. No synthesis of “zygotene DNA” is detectable during the premeiotic S-phase which occurs approximately three to five days before zygotene. In all species of Lilium examined, zygotene DNA has a comparatively high G + C content (about 50 to 53%) and is different from the DNA which is homologous with ribosomal RNA. The DNA synthesized during pachytene has the characteristics of a repair replication. It is variable in composition, shows no density shift after bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and its synthesis is relatively insensitive to inhibition by hydroxyurea. Thus, chromosome pairing is temporally associated with a semiconservative replication of DNA, whereas chiasma formation is temporally associated with a repair type of replication.
Approximate analysis of mode dispersion in diffused-channel waveguides

We propose an approximate mode analysis using the effective index method for calculating mode dispersion in diffused channel waveguides. The method uses the minimum computing time and gives good agreement with other published results.
Early diagnosis of spinal epidural metastases using out-patient computed tomographic myelography.

Abstract Twenty patients with known malignancies, back pain, abnormal roentgenograms of the spine, and normal neurological examinations were evaluated by outpatient computed tomographic (CT) myelography to determine the presence and extent of epidural tumor. Spinal CT following the intrathecal administration of low doses of water soluble contrast agents provided high quality diagnostic information. Three patients experienced adverse effects from this procedure which were mild and easily managed in the outpatient setting. Epidural tumor was identified in 15 of 20 (75%) patients. Patients were followed for 9–27 months following myelography. The 14 patients with epidural tumor treated with local radiation experienced pain relief and only one of these patients developed signs or symptoms of recurrent epidural tumor in the treated site. This study documents the high incidence of epidural tumor in selected patients without neurological deficits and the excellent palliative results of non-emergent, carefully planned radiation therapy. It also demonstrates that high resolution CT myelography can be performed safely in an outpatient setting in patients at high risk for epidural tumor. Outpatient myelography facilitates the early diagnosis of epidural tumor and provides needed information on the extent of the tumor for radiation treatment planning while conserving health care resources. For these reasons, outpatient CT myelography should be considered in selected patients with cancer who are at high risk for epidural metastases.
A New epoxy/episulfide resin system for coating applications: Curing Mechanism and Properties

Abstract A new epoxy/episulfide resin was applied using a polyamide(V-40®) curing agent system. The epoxy/episulfide/V-40® system exhibits much faster cure, better corrosion protection for copper, a lower thermal expansion coefficient and lower exotherm as compared with standard amine cure, room-temperature epoxy systems. From model compound studies, episulfide–amine, S−–epoxy, epoxy–amine reactions and episulfide homopolymerization proceed in the epoxy/episulfide system. The curing reactions are changed by changing the curing temperature and by the presence of copper. The episulfide homopolymerization and the S−–epoxy reaction increase in the case of room-temperature curing or in the presence of copper. The episulfide and/or the S− react with copper. From DSC measurements, the resin near the copper surface has higher Tg than the bulk resin due to the fact that the episulfide tends to polymerize near the copper surface.
Assessment of Markov-Dependent Stochastic Models for Drug Administration Compliance

Objective: There are few analytical results that describe patient compliance with drug administration regimens. The purpose of this paper is to develop and assess stochastic approaches for mathematical modelling of patient compliance with administration regimens. Methods: Two stochastic models based on Markov-dependent random variables and on the Ising model were assessed for their ability to describe the variable nature of drug compliance. Results: Both models use only experimentally accessible data, and their predictions were tested against published clinical compliance data obtained from electronic monitoring devices. The models satisfactorily fitted administration interval distribution data from several patients treated with diltiazem, a calcium channel antagonist, or zidovudine, an antiretroviral agent. The Ising model provides additional analytical expressions for the distribution of success runs and ‘drug holidays’ in administration regimens. These distribution predictions were tested with success run data for diltiazem and drug holiday data for two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, piroxicam and tenoxicam. Conclusion: Stochastic models can provide useful insights into drug compliance, and can be used to identify the administration patterns that are more likely to occur during drug self-administration in populations.
Aneurysm of the Main Pulmonary Artery: Long-Term Survival after Aneurysmorrhaphy and Closure of a Ventricular Septal Defect

Pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) usually carries an ominous prognosis due to the associated pulmonary hypertension. Six years ago a patient with a PAA secondary to cystic medial necrosis and pulmonary hypertension due to a ventricular septal defect (VSD) was treated by aneurysmorrhaphy and closure of the VSD. Although the patient had early postoperative cardiac failure, his cardiopulmonary status stabilized, and he has done well without recurrence of his aneurysm or cardiac failure. This report summarizes the patient's clinical course, operative treatment, and long-term follow-up.
Client perceptions of incest and substance abuse

Clients receiving substance abuse treatment from 35 treatment facilities throughout the United States were surveyed using the Substance Abuse and Incest Survey-Revised (SAIS-R). A total of 732 participants responded to the survey; 518 (71%) were males, 204 (28%) were females, and 10 (1%) did not indicate gender. Participants had a mean age of 33.8 years, were predominately Caucasian (61.6%), never married (45.2%), were currently unemployed (69.4%), and had completed an average of 11.7 years of education. Of the entire sample, 266 (36.3%) reported having been victims of incest; 151 were males and 113 were females (2 did not indicate gender). The group reporting incest histories had a significantly greater percentage of females that did the group not reporting incest histories (X2 = 48.1, p < .001). Participants with incest histories were asked about their perceptions regarding incest, substance abuse, and counseling. Item responses were examined using descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The factor analysis on SAIS-R perception items identified five factors that accounted for 68.9% of the variance; these factors were Stigma and Resistance to Counseling: Substance Abuse and Incest; Ambivalence; Fear and Anticipation; and Receptivity to Counseling. Results are presented and the implications for substance abuse treatment and counseling are discussed.
The effect of monodispersed water mists on the structure, burning velocity, and extinction behavior of freely propagating, stoichiometric, premixed, methane-air flames

We present a computational model to describe the two-phase thermal and chemical interactions between a freely propagating premixed flame and fine droplets of water. The objective is to develop a fundamental understanding of flame structure and extinction in the presence of a water mist. The model and the computational algorithm must accommodate strong coupling between the droplet dynamics and the gaseous flow. The gas-phase conservation equations, which include elementary chemistry, are discretized and solved on an adaptive Eulerian mesh, while the droplet dynamics are represented in a Lagrangian framework. A modified arclength-continuation method is used to follow the solutions through the extinction turning point and thus predict flame-extinction limits. The model predicts how burning velocity and extinction conditions depend on droplet size and number density. The results compare very favorably with previously published theoretical analyses.
Increased GABAergic transmission in medial hypothalamus facilitates lordosis but has the opposite effect in preoptic area

Abstract The role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mediation of lordosis in the rat has been unclear. We report here that GABA plays a dual role in the mediation of lordosis and has differential effects in the medial hypothalamus (MH) and preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus continuum (POA-AH). Bilateral infusion of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline into the MH of cannulated females primed with estradiol benzoate and progesterone (EB+P) resulted in a marked and transient inhibition of ongoing lordosis. A similar pattern of inhibition was seen in females treated with EB only. In contrast, infusion of the same dose of bicuculline into the POA-AH of sexually receptive females had no effect on lordosis whereas infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol into this site resulted in a short-term inhibition of lordosis. Furthermore, when females were treated with subthreshold doses of EB + P to induce a low level of lordosis responding, infusion of muscimol into the MH resulted in a significant enhancement of lordosis; infusion of bicuculline into the POA-AH also enhanced lordosis responding as compared to saline-infused controls. These data indicate that increased GABAergic neurotransmission in the MH facilitates lordosis whereas increased GABAergic activity in the POA-AH inhibits this behavior.
Goal attainment scaling: An effective treatment technique in short-term therapy

The present study compares the outcome of short-term therapy for clients who established thearpy goals with their therapists and clients with whom no formalized goal setting occurred. When compared to control clients, clients receiving Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) had significantly (a) more positive outcomes as measured by posttests of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression; (b) higher ratings of their own motivation to change; and (c) higher ratings of their own change as a result of therapy. Therapists perceived their GAS clients to have changed more as a result of therpy but not to have been more motivated to change than their control clients.
El cambio del latín al romance en la cancillería real de Castilla

In Castile the movement in favor of vernacularization became manifest in law, literature, and historiography during the thirteenth century. In the royal chancery the change occurred during the second quarter of the century. The principal agents were the vicechancellors and certain scribes, notably those from Segovia. Written Romance was first recognized as a language separate from Latin, rather than as a deformation or variety of it, no later than the first decade of the thirteenth century. Its use was generalized in the chancery after the middle of the 1240s in a process completed by mid-century.
The prognostic value of tumor-associated macrophages in leiomyosarcoma: a single institution study

INTRODUCTION High numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been associated with poor outcome in several solid tumors. In 2 previous studies, we showed that colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) is secreted by leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and that the increase in macrophages and CSF1 associated proteins are markers for poor prognosis in both gynecologic and nongynecologic LMS in a multicentered study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of patients with LMS from a single institution according to the number of TAMs evaluated through 3 CSF1 associated proteins. METHODS Patients with LMS treated at Stanford University with adequate archived tissue and clinical data were eligible for this retrospective study. Data from chart reviews included tumor site, size, grade, stage, treatment, and disease status at the time of last follow-up. The 3 CSF1 associated proteins (CD163, CD16, and cathepsin L) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and univariate Cox proportional hazards models were fit to assess the association of clinical predictors as well as CSF1 associated proteins with overall survival. RESULTS A total of 52 patients diagnosed from 1983 to 2007 were evaluated. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were fit to assess the significance of grade, size, stage, and the 3 CSF1 associated proteins in predicting OS. Grade, size, and stage were not significantly associated with survival in the full patient cohort, but grade and stage were significant predictors of survival in the gynecologic (GYN) LMS samples (P = 0.038 and P = 0.0164, respectively). Increased cathepsin L was associated with a worse outcome in GYN LMS (P = 0.049). Similar findings were seen with CD16 (P < 0.0001). In addition, CSF1 response enriched (all 3 stains positive) GYN LMS had a poor overall survival when compared with CSF1 response poor tumors (P = 0.001). These results were not seen in non-GYN LMS. CONCLUSIONS Our data form an independent confirmation of the prognostic significance of TAMs and the CSF1 associated proteins in LMS. More aggressive or targeted therapies could be considered in the subset of LMS patients that highly express these markers.
Germination characteristics ofDiamorpha cymosa seeds and an ecological interpretation.

Laboratory-stored seeds ofDiamorpha cymosa (Nutt.) Britton (Crassulaceae) were germinated at monthly intervals starting shortly after maturity in late May and ending at approximately the time germination is completed in the field (November). Seeds were placed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 15/6, 20/10, 30/15 and 35/20°C at a 14-hr photoperiod (12/12 hr thermoperiods at the alternating temperature regimes) and in constant darkness. In June, seeds were almost completely dormant and thus germinated poorly or not at all under all conditions. As seeds aged from late May to November 1. germination at the 14-hr photoperiod increased in rate and total percentage, 2. the maximum germination temperature increased from 15 to 25°C at constant temperatures and from 20/10 to 30/15°C at the alternating temperature regimes and 3. the optimum temperature for germination increased from 15 to 15–20°C at constant temperatures but remained at20/10°C at alternating temperature regimes throughout the study. During the same period germination in constant darkness was negligible at constant and alternating temperature regimes. This pattern of physiological after-ripening apparently is an adaptation to summer-dry,winter-wet habitats such as rock outcrops of southeastern United States. A short period of illumination with white light given after a 12-hr imbibition period in darkness promoted germination in the dark at 25/10°C but not at 15 or 25°C. A short period of illumination given during the imbibition period was much less effective in promoting germination in the dark. Drying up to 7 days did not cause light-stimulated seeds to lose their ability to germinate in darkness. The light requirement for seed germination probably does not play a role in restrictingD. cymosa to its well-lighted habitats on granite and sandstone outcrops.
Dealing with noncompliance and missing outcomes in a randomized trial using Bayesian technology: Prevention of perinatal sepsis clinical trial, Soweto, South Africa

Abstract The success of interventions designed to address important issues in social and medical science is best addressed by randomized experiments. With human beings there are often complications, however, such as noncompliance and missing data. Such complications are often addressed by statistically invalid methods of analysis, in particular, intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Here we address these two complications using a statistically valid approach based on principal stratification with a fully Bayesian analysis. This analysis is applied to a randomized trial of a potentially important intervention designed to reduce the transmission of bacterial colonization between mothers and their infants through vaginal delivery in South Africa: the Prevention of Perinatal Sepsis (PoPs).
Analytical Model for Guideway Surface Roughness

An analytical model is presented for calculating the power spectral density of relatively short wavelength guideway irregularities associated with surface roughness. The results are presented in terms of design tolerances which can be interpreted in terms of the familiar California profile index or in terms of measurable deviations from a straight edge. Digital computer numerical simulation techniques are used to verify the model.
Index matching far-infrared method for measuring the static dielectric constant of PbTe☆

Abstract An index-matching far-infrared reflectance technique has been used to measure the PbTe static “bare phonon” dielectric constant with great precision. Values obtained are 414 at 300 K and 801 at 77 K. This technique applies to many systems in which large low-frequency front-surface reflectivity makes conventional techniques insensitive.
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide through Thin Layers of Solution

WE have adapted the Millipore filter principle of Scholander and Hemmingsen1,2 to an extremely simple apparatus, and have used this to investigate the diffusion of carbon dioxide through buffer solutions with and without carbonic anhydrase. While the accuracy of absolute determinations of diffusion coefficient using this method is limited by uncertainty as to the thickness of the layer of fluid, the porosity of the Millipore filter, and the precise [CO2] gradient, it is clearly an adequate method for demonstrating large ratios of fluxes.
Implementation of modeling and analysis techniques using both mainframe and microcomputers

Abstract This paper discusses an implementation context, for systems modeling and analysis, which takes advantage of the relative capabilities of both a microcomputer and a mainframe computer. A specific illustration is given to convey the nature and scope of interface requirements which must be accommodated.