cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public vaccination policy using an age-structured model of pneumococcal infection dynamics.

Public health professionals are charged with the task of designing prevention programs for the effective control of biologically intricate infectious diseases at a population level. The effective vaccination of a population for pneumococcal diseases (infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae) remains a relevant question in the scientific community. It is complicated by heterogeneity in individuals’ responses to exposure to the bacterium and their responses to vaccination. Due to these complexities, most modelling efforts in this area have been on the cellular/bacteria level. Here, we introduce an age-structured SEIS-type model of pneumococcal diseases and their vaccination. We discuss the use of this framework in predicting the impact of vaccine strategies, with pneumococcal diseases as an example. Using parameter values reasonable for a developed country, we discuss the effects of targeting the colonization and/or infection stages on the age profiles of morbidity in a population.
Uncertainty measures for evidential reasoning II: A new measure of total uncertainty

Abstract In Part I we discussed limitations of two measures of global (non-fuzzy) uncertainty of Lamata and Moral, and a measure of total (non-fuzzy) uncertainty due to Klir and Ramer and established the need for a new measure. In this paper we propose a set of intuitively desirable axioms for a measure of total uncertainty (TU) associated with a basic assignment m(A), and then derive an expression for a (unique) function that satisfies these requirements. Several theorems are proved about the new measure. Our measure is additive, and unlike other TU measures, has a unique maximum. The new measure reduces to Shannon's probabilistic entropy when the basic probability assignment focuses only on singletons. On the other hand, complete ignorance—basic assignment focusing only on the entire set, as a whole—reduces it to Hartley's measure of information. We show that the computational complexity of the new measure is O(N), whereas previous measures of TU are O(N 2 ). Finally, we compare the new measure to its predecessors by extending the numerical example of Part I so that it includes values of the new measure.
High Temperature Piezoelectric Ceramics Based on $x$PbTiO$_{3}$–($1-x$)Bi(Sc$_{1/2}$Me$_{1/4}$Ti$_{1/4}$)O$_{3}$ (Me = Zn, Mg) Ternary Perovskites

Polycrystalline xPbTiO3–(1-x)Bi(Sc1/2Me1/4Ti1/4)O3 (PT–BS–BMeT) ceramics, where Me = Mg (M) or Zn (Z), were studied for development of high temperature piezoelectrics. Ceramics were processed using standard mixed oxide procedure at various temperatures. X-ray diffraction at room temperature revealed that the tetragonality of PT–BS–BZT decreased as PbTiO3 content decreased from x = 0.90 to 0.60 and tetragonality of PT–BS–BMT decreased as PbTiO3 content decreased from x = 0.60 to 0.40. A transition was observed in PT–BS–BMT within compositions x = 0.42–0.50. Dielectric properties revealed permittivites up to er≈20000 and transition temperatures up to 540 °C. Hysteresis measurements showed full saturation below 50 mol % PbTiO3 content with remanent polarization of Pr = 32.8 µC/cm2 and coercive field of 23.0 kV/cm. Converse piezoelectric coefficients (d33*) calculated from unipolar strain measurements revealed values between 240 and 313 pm/V. Depolarization temperatures were measured between 320 and 390 °C.
The Appropriation of Fine Art into Contemporary Narrative Picturebooks

Many picturebook artists have been formally trained in specific artistic styles, movements, and techniques. These artists appropriate and transform works of fine art to varying degrees to fit the themes and designs of the stories they illustrate and publish, and to increase the significance and impact of their illustrations. The intertextual-intervisual associations among picturebook illustrations and works of fine art are important considerations for understanding the meaning potentials of the designs and illustrations of contemporary narrative picturebooks. This paper focuses on the appropriation and transformation of works of fine art into contemporary narrative picturebook illustrations. The analysis of numerous picturebooks asserts three forms of appropriation, namely: (1) reproduction, (2) transfiguration, (3) stylization. These three forms of appropriation may be further conceptualized as falling along a continuum ranging from faithful reproductions to stylistic conventionalizations. Reproduction is conceptualized as a mimetic reproduction of an original work of fine art. It is a faithful rendering of an original artwork, most frequently achieved through a photographic or digital rendering process. In the second form of appropriation, transfiguration, a single work of fine art is identifiable but the picturebook artist has transformed the image to fit the context and purpose of a particular picturebook narrative and design. In stylization, a specific work of art is not readily identifiable, but a particular art movement, for example cubism, surrealism, or folk art is drawn upon by the illustrator.
Dopant-Induced Electronic Structure Modification of HOPG Surfaces: Implications for High Activity Fuel Cell Catalysts

N-doped graphite has been reported to provide enhanced catalytic properties as a support material for Pt catalysts in fuel cell applications. With use of a combined experimental and modeling approach, this work identifies the potential fundamental mechanisms for this enhancement effect. To ensure a well-defined experimental system, this work employs highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) as a model analogue of the graphite support commonly used in fuel cell applications. Undoped, Ar-doped, and N-doped HOPG substrates have been investigated via electrochemical capacitance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The results indicate that doping, especially N-doping, induces significant modification to the electronic structure of the HOPG surface. A simplified model of the doping effects and band structures for the doped graphite surfaces are proposed to explain these results. When Pt nanoparticles are grown on top of these dopant-modified HOPG surfaces, the resulting Pt/surface-defect interactions significantly impact the Pt nanoparticle nucleation, growth, and catalytic activity.
A test of the hypothesis about the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe- Crowne Social Desirability Scale.

Abstract This paper presents the results from two related studies concerning the internal structure of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (MD-SD) scale. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that attribution and denial are two major components of the MC-SD scale by factoring the intercorrelations among the MC-SD items using the correlated multiple-group common factor analysis, and the results supported the hypothesis. Study 2 investigated the differential validity of these components for predicting scores on the Lie scale, the K scale, and the Repression-Sensitization scale. The attribution and denial components were found to be differentially related to the K scale and the Repression-Sensitization scale but not the Lie scale. These results were also interpreted as partially supporting the hypothesis.
Depressive Symptoms and Romantic Relationship Qualities from Adolescence Through Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Examination of Influences

Research has consistently demonstrated the negative consequences of depression on adolescents’ functioning in peer and family relationships, but little work has examined how depressive symptoms affect the quality of adolescents’ and emerging adults’ romantic relationships. Five waves of data on depressive symptoms, romantic relationship conflict, and use of positive problem solving were collected from 188 boys and girls during middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. Latent growth curve models indicated that having more depressive symptoms when 15 years old was associated with both more increase in relationship conflict and less increase in positive problem solving as compared to adolescents with fewer depressive symptoms. These results suggest that depression in middle adolescence may impair subsequent romantic relationship qualities into late adolescence and emerging adulthood.
The Study of Money

Monetary phenomena define the contours of the contemporary global economy. This is a recent development, and it will transform the study of international political economy (IPE). Two excellent new books, The Geography of Money, by Benjamin Cohen, and Mad Money, by Susan Strange, will frame, support, and provide the point of departure for scholars addressing this vital question. Ultimately, however, and perhaps necessarily, these books raise more questions than they answer. But they do suggest in which direction the most promising avenues of investigation point—toward the study of the unique interconnections between the ideas, material interests, and institutions associated with the management of money. Those relationships are profoundly consequential for politics and demand the renewed attention of contemporary scholars of international relations and political economy.
Mixing and non-stoichiometry in Fe-Ni-Cr-Zn-O spinel compounds: density functional theory calculations.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on A2+B23+O42− (where A2+ = Fe, Ni or Zn, and B3+ = Fe or Cr) spinel oxides in order to determine some of their thermodynamic properties. Mixing energies were calculated for Fe3O4–NiFe2O4, Fe3O4–ZnFe2O4, Fe3O4–FeCr2O4, NiFe2O4–ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4–NiCr2O4, FeCr2O4–NiCr2O4, FeCr2O4–ZnCr2O4 and ZnCr2O4–ZnFe2O4 pseudo-binaries based on special quasi random (SQS) structures to account for cationic disorder. The results generally agree with available experimental data and the rule that two normal or two inverse spinel compounds easily form solid solutions, while inverse–normal spinel mixtures exhibit positive deviation from solid solution behavior (i.e. immiscibility). Even though the NiFe2O4–NiCr2O4 and Fe3O4–FeCr2O4 systems obey this rule, they exhibit additional features with implications for the corresponding phase diagrams. In addition to mixing enthalpies, non-stoichiometry was also considered by calculating the energies of the relevant defect reactions resulting in A, B and O excess (or deficiency). The DFT calculations predict close to zero or slightly exothermic reactions for both A and B excess in a number of spinel compounds.
The Metathesis of Propylene Catalyzed by Model Oxides Studied Using a High-Pressure Reactor Incorporated into an Ultrahigh Vacuum Chamber

The olefin metathesis activity of a series of model catalysts consisting of metallic molybdenum, MoO{sub 2}, or MoO{sub 3} is investigated using a combined high-pressure reactor/ultrahigh vacuum apparatus. The model catalysts are analyzed using X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron, Raman, and Auger spectroscopies and it is shown that MoO{sub 2} is the most active above {approximately}650 K. Reaction in this temperature regime proceeds with a high activation energy ({approximately}60 kcal/mol). Another, lower-activation-energy ({approximately}6 kcal/mol) regime is encountered for reaction below {approximately}650 K and it is suggested that both reactions proceed simultaneously. In addition, the absolute rate and selectivity for the reaction on MoO{sub 2} below 650 K are similar to those found for high loadings of supported molybdenum oxide, suggesting that an oxide layer provides a good model catalyst for this reaction. It is also found that reaction proceeds in the presence of a thick carbonaceous layer where the thickness of this layer decreases with increasing oxidation state. A Raman analysis of the surface of the catalyst following reaction indicates that this layer consists predominantly of hydrocarbon species, although a small amount of graphitic carbon is detected. 83 refs., 18 figs.
Gibbs ensemble simulation of mixed solvent electrolyte solutions

Abstract Strauch, H.J. and Cummings, P.T., 1993. Gibbs ensemble simulation of mixed solvent electrolyte solutions. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 86: 147-172 We report Gibbs ensemble simulations of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in water/NaCl, water/methanol and water/methanol/NaCl mixtures. In all cases, the water-water interaction is modeled by the simple point charge (SPC) potential of Berendsen et al. The Na-Na, Na-Cl and Cl-Cl interactions are given by the Fumi-Tosi potentials. The ion-water interactions are those developed by Chandrasekhar et al. The methanol-methanol potential is the HI potential of Haughney. Water-methanol interactions are obtained from the water-water and methanol-methanol potentials using Lorentz-Berthelot mixing rules. The Ewald sum method with tin-foil boundary conditions is used to take into account long range forces. The methanol-water phase equilibria results (in the form of a boiling point, or T-x-y , diagram at 1 atm pressure) are in very good agreement with experiment. The water/NaCl results are less satisfactory. The water/methanol/NaCl results are qualitatively correct.
Empirical bayes interval estimates involving uniform distributions

Bayesian and empirical Bayesian decision rules are exhibited for the interval estimation of the parameter 0 of a Uniform (0,θ) distribution. The estimate ∊,δ>resulting in the interval [∊,∊+δ]suffers loss given by L(∊,δ>,θ)=1-[∊≦e≦∊+δ]+c1((∊-θ)2+(∊+δ−θ)2))+c2δ. The solution is presented for prior distributions G which have bounded support, no point masses,∫θ−mdG(θ)<∞ and for some integer m. An example is presented involving a particular parametric form for G and rates of risk convergence in the empirical Bayes problem for this example are calculated.
Induced topological changes in DNA complexes: influence of DNA sequences and small molecule structures

Heterocyclic diamidines are compounds with antiparasitic properties that target the minor groove of kinetoplast DNA. The mechanism of action of these compounds is unknown, but topological changes to DNA structures are likely to be involved. In this study, we have developed a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based screening method to determine topological effects of heterocyclic diamidines on four minor groove target sequences: AAAAA, TTTAA, AAATT and ATATA. The AAAAA and AAATT sequences have the largest intrinsic bend, whereas the TTTAA and ATATA sequences are relatively straight. The changes caused by binding of the compounds are sequence dependent, but generally the topological effects on AAAAA and AAATT are similar as are the effects on TTTAA and ATATA. A total of 13 compounds with a variety of structural differences were evaluated for topological changes to DNA. All compounds decrease the mobility of the ATATA sequence that is consistent with decreased minor groove width and bending of the relatively straight DNA into the minor groove. Similar, but generally smaller, effects are seen with TTTAA. The intrinsically bent AAAAA and AAATT sequences, which have more narrow minor grooves, have smaller mobility changes on binding that are consistent with increased or decreased bending depending on compound structure.
Vertical ramus osteotomy with Er:YAG laser: a feasibility study

The general advantages of laser surgery, such as decreased bleeding and dry surgical field, reduced postoperative pain and less oedema, have led to a continuous interest in laser applications for bone cutting. The ability to cut bone with a laser beam would also be of great technical benefit in minimally invasive maxillofacial surgery (endoscopic). The Erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser has been demonstrated to result in minimal thermal damage of bone, precise cutting, rapid osseous healing and osteoinduction. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using Er:YAG laser to perform vertical ramus osteotomy, and to determine the most efficient energy per pulse for its completion. Two fresh pig mandibles, one pig cadaver head and one human mandible were used. A different energy per pulse (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 J/pulse) was used for each osteotomy on the pig mandibles (n = 4). Vertical ramus osteotomy was feasible with all energy settings but time decreased considerably from 28 to 5.33 min as the energy per pulse increased. The human and the pig cadaver head mandibles were osteotomized bilaterally with 2000 mJ/pulse that was the most efficient in terms of time. Bone cuts were smooth with no carbonization in all cases.
Silicon-fluorine chemistry-XVI the reaction of silicon difluoride with trifluoroacetyl chloride☆

Abstract An investigation of low-temperature reactions between silicon difluoride and trifluoroacetyl chloride has been made. A volatile product was isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry, i.r. and 19F NMR spectroscopy, as well as by quantitative analysis. The product is 2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,-octafluoro-2,3,6,7-tetra sila-4,8-dioxa-1,5-dichloro-, 1,5-bis-trifluoro-methyl-cyclo-octane.
Effects of variation in composition and temperature on the amine cure of an epoxy resin model system

Prior liquid chromatographic studies have shown that the reactions in epoxy resin model system phenyl glycidyl ether, p-chloroaniline, and Monuron include amine addition to epoxy, homopolymerization of the epoxy, and a chain-transfer reaction involving the hydroxy groups of the addition products. The present work examines the effect of variation in concentration of the accelerator Monuron, the amine-to-epoxy ratio, and the temperature on the competitive reaction mechanisms. The fraction of phenyl glycidyl ether reacting by homopolymerization increases with accelerator concentration and decreases with increasing amine-to-epoxy ratio and increasing temperature. The estimated contribution from chain transfer is much smaller and appears to parallel the homopolymerization reaction, as might be expected.
Cortical spreading depression―new insights and persistent questions

Since its original extensive description by Leao in 1944, thousands of publications have characterized the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression (CSD). Despite the attention that CSD has received over more than six decades, however, many fundamental questions regarding its initiation, propagation, functional consequences, and relationship to migraine and other human disorders remain unanswered. Advances in genetics and cellular imaging have led to important insights into the basic mechanisms of CSD, with increasing attention focused on specific neuronal ion channels, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In addition, there is growing recognition that astrocytes and the vasculature may play an active, rather than simply a passive or reactive role in CSD. Several recent descriptions of CSD in humans in the setting of brain injury provide definitive evidence that this phenomenon can occur and have important functional consequences in the human brain. Although the exact role of CSD in migraine has yet to be conclusively established, there is strong evidence that the investigation of CSD in animal models can provide meaningful information about migraine that can be translated into the clinical setting. This review will briefly address the extensive work that has been done on CSD over more than half a century, but focus primarily on more recent studies with a particular emphasis on relevance to migraine.
A LINEAR TRANSFER FIELD MACHINE FOR ASYNCHRONOUS MODE OF OPERATION

ABSTRACT For the first time, this paper describes a working model of a novel linear transfer field machine along with an equivalent circuit analysis method for the asynchronous mode of operation In the sinusoidal steady-state. The machine is found to have a thrust-speed characteristic like unto that of the flat linear induction machine with a conducting sheet secondary. Analysis of performance is made for values of speed across the range from standstill to synchronous speed. Laboratory measured data are compared with calculated values for standstill operation.
Epistemetrics: Conceptual Domain and Applications of Knowledge Management (Km) in Health Care

By and large, the emerging field of knowledge management (KM) has failed to deliver on its promises. The literature contains a variety of attempts to define the field, to explain its core components, and to discuss its relevance and utility to organizations. But, much of this literature is replete with narratives and descriptive statements, albeit with some cases of implementation. There is a lack of a cohesive set of research questions and an even more striking lack of an appropriate, generally accepted methodology for research in knowledge management. This void becomes particularly apparent when we begin to examine the role of KM in health care and how, by incorporating KM techniques, superior health care operations might ensue. Clearly, it is almost impossible to reach such consensus and convergence when there is a lack of metrics of what constitutes knowledge and how we process it. This paper describes the subfield of epistemetrics, the metrics of knowledge in relation to the application of KM to enabling effective, efficient, and quality health care delivery. It fills the need in the literature of having a coherent system to measure knowledge. Epistemetrics is the metrics of knowledge, and is composed of three inter-related parts: what we measure in knowledge; how we measure; and why we measure (what is the value generated by knowledge). This paper describes the conceptual domain of epistemetrics and suggests some applications of knowledge management in the healthcare context. We contend that by taking such an approach the nascent field of knowledge management will be able to mature into a substantive and rigorous discipline, which in turn will be able to provide health care with needed solutions.
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF MUON MAGNETIC MOMENTS BY "STROBOSCOPIC COINCIDENCES."

The recently proposed technique of ''stroboscopic coincidences'' was applied successfully to the measurement of the magnetic moments of positive and negative muons. These measurements were performed in magnetic fields of ~300 gauss and ~3700 gauss corresponding to muon precession frequencies of about 4 and 48 Mc/sec, respectively. Only the experimental technique used at 48 Mc/sec is described. Plots of stroboscopic coincidences obtained with mu /sup +/ and mu / sup -/ given. M.H.R.)
Viscoelastic Effects in a Phosphate Glass‐Metal Seal

This paper reports on a family of phosphate glasses developed with thermal expansion behavior in the elastic range that nearly matches the response of 304 stainless steel. Attempts to make concentric pin-shell seals consistently have yielded fractures between 400 {degrees} and 300 {degrees} C during cooling. Elastic stress analyses which neglect glass transitional behavior and utilize constant glassy (elastic) thermal expansion coefficients predict a residual stress state that is compressive. However, viscoelastic computations which include the effects of structural relaxation during glass transition show that tensile stresses sufficient to cause failure arise enduring cooldown of the seal.
Using hydrogeochemical and ecohydrologic responses to understand epikarst process in semi-arid systems, Edwards plateau, Texas, USA

The epikarst is a permeable boundary between surface and subsurface environments and can be conceptualized as the vadose critical zone of epigenic karst systems which have not developed under insoluble cover. From a hydrologic perspective, this boundary is often thought of as being permeable in one direction only (down), but connectivity between the flow paths of water through the epikarst and the root systems of woody plants means that water moves both up and down across the epikarst. However, the dynamics of these flows are complex and highly dependent on variability in the spatial structure of the epikarst, vegetation characteristics, as well as temporal variability in precipitation and evaporative demand. Here we summarize insights gained from working at several sites on the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas, combining isotopic, hydrogeochemical, and ecophysiological methodologies. 1) Dense woodland vegetation at sites with thin to absent soils (0-30 cm) is in part supported by water uptake from the epikarst. 2) However, tree transpiration typically becomes water-limited in dry summers, suggesting that the plant-available fraction of stored water in the epikarst depletes quickly, even when sustained cave drip rates indicate that water is still present in the epikarst. 3) Flow paths for water that feeds cave drips become rapidly disconnected from the evaporation zone of the epikarst and out of reach for plant roots. 4) Deep infiltration and recharge does not occur in these systems without heavy or continuous precipitation that exceeds some threshold value. Thresholds are strongly correlated with antecedent potential evapotranspiration and rainfall, suggesting control by the moisture status of the epikarst evapotranspiration zone. The epikarst and unsaturated zone in this region can be conceptualized as a variably saturated system with storage in fractures, matrix porosity, and in shallow perched aquifers, most of which is inaccessible to the root systems of trees, although woody vegetation may control recharge thresholds. Keywords: hydraulic disconnection, precipitation thresholds, root zone, plant water use, recharge, epikarst storage, barometric pressure. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.670
Renaturation of DNA catalysed by yeast DNA repair and recombination protein RAD10.

THE RAD10 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the incision step of excision repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA (refs 1, 2), and it functions in mitotic recombination3. RAD10 has homology to the human excision repair gene ERCC-1 (ref.4). Here we describe the purification of the protein encoded by RAD10 and show that it is a DNA-binding protein with a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. We also show that RAD1O promotes the renaturation of complementary DNA strands.
Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract Middle Eocene to middle Miocene melange and broken formations are exposed in the coastal outcrops along the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. A petroleum geochemical assessment of these geologic units has included the investigation of biomarker compounds. A comparison was made of biomarkers in an oil sample from a middle Miocene reservoir penetrated in the Medina No. 1 well with biomarkers in extracts from two samples of middle Eocene Ozette melange (one sample having a strong petroliferous odor, and the other sample lacking this characteristic odor). Distribution patterns of n -alkanes, tricyclic terpanes, pentacyclic triterpanes, steranes, and diasteranes are remarkably similar in the oil and rock extracts. Biomarker maturity parameters indicate higher maturity in the oil relative to the extracts. The presence of 17α(H)-23,28-bisnorlupane, 18α(H)- and 18β(H)-oleanane, and de-A-lupane and an odd-carbon-number dominance of the n -alkanes in the oil and extracts seems to tie the hydrocarbons to a common source that has a significant terrigenous component.
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cats

Objective—To determine whether cats in the northeastern United States develop serum antibodies against antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum and whether coinfection with the 2 organisms occurs. Sample Population—Serum samples from 84 healthy cats and 9 cats with lameness, fever, anorexia, or fatigue. Procedure—Serum antibodies against B burgdorferi and A phagocytophilum were measured with an ELISA incorporating a whole-cell preparation or purified recombinant antigens, by means of western blot analysis, or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining. Results—ELISA results indicated that 44 of 93 (47%) sera contained antibodies against ≥ 3 B burgdorferi antigens, whereas 43 (46%) were reactive to wholecell B burgdorferi. Serum reactivity to protein 35, VlsE, and outer surface proteins A and F was most common. Seropositivity to ≥ 3 antigens occurred at the same rate (5/9) in the 9 ill cats as in the 84 healthy cats (46% [39/84]). Of 13 sera reactive to recombinant antigens, 9 were ...
Experimental Investigation of the Rhombic EMP Simulator: Comparison with Theory and Parallel-Plate Simulator

The rhombic wire simulator is investigated experimentally and compared at low, intermediate, and high frequencies with both the previously derived theory and the Harvard EMP simulator with its central parallel-plate section and tapered metal- plate feeding and loading ends. Agreement with theory is very good. Similarities and differences are observed between the fields in the working volumes of the rhombic wire and the metal-plate simulators. In general, the rhombic wire simulator provides a field more nearly like that of a traveling transverse wave in unbounded space.
Effects of Environmental Factors on Walleye and Sauger Recruitment in Pool 13, Upper Mississippi River

Abstract I measured the abundance of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum and saugers S. canadense in the spring as larvae and in the fall as age 0 to determine which factors limited reproductive success in Pool 13 of the upper Mississippi River. Catches of larval walleyes and saugers in conical and rectangular drift nets during 1993–2000 were significantly higher in night samples than day samples but were similar at the surface and at the bottom. The fall abundance of age-0 walleyes and saugers in four to eight nights of sampling at fixed sites in lock and dam tailwaters during 1992–1999 was not correlated with the spring abundance of larval walleyes and saugers. However, the fall abundance of age-0 walleyes and saugers was highly correlated with the rate of water warming (°F/d) between April 15 and May 5. Age-0 walleye and sauger abundance was not correlated with river discharge during the April spawning period. Strong walleye and sauger year-classes were produced in 1992, 1994, and 1997 in Pool 13. The age-0 ...
α(1,3)Fucosyltransferases Expressed by the Gain-of-Function Chinese Hamster Ovary Glycosylation Mutants LEC12, LEC29, and LEC30

Gain-of-function glycosylation mutants provide access to glycosylation pathways, glycosylation genes, and mechanisms that regulate expression of a glycotype. Previous studies have shown that the gain-of-function Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutants LEC12, LEC29, and LEC30 express an N-ethylmaleimide-resistant alpha(1, 3)fucosyltransferase (alpha(1,3)Fuc-T) activity that is not detected in CHO cells and that generates the Lewis(X) but not the sialyl-Lewis(X) determinant. The three mutants differ, however, in lectin resistance properties, expression of fucosylated antigens, and in vitro alpha(1,3)Fuc-T activities. In this paper we show that each mutant expresses Fuc-TIX, but only LEC30 cells express Fuc-TIV. Using genomic PCR and reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR strategies, we isolated coding portions of the CHO Fut4 and Fut9 genes. Each gene is present in a single copy in the CHO and mutant genomes. The Fut4 gene is expressed only in LEC30 cells, while all three mutants express the Fut9 gene. Interestingly, the fucosylation phenotypes of LEC12 and LEC29 cells do not correlate with the relative abundance of their Fut9 gene transcripts (LEC29 >> LEC12). Compared to LEC29 cells, LEC12 cells have an approximately 40-fold higher in vitro alpha(1,3)Fuc-T activity and bind the VIM-2 monoclonal antibody, whereas LEC29 cells do not bind VIM-2. Mixing experiments did not detect Fuc-TIX inhibitory activity in LEC29 cell extracts, and CHO cells expressing a transfected Fut9 gene behaved like LEC12 cells. Therefore, it seems that LEC29 cells may not translate their more abundant Fut9 gene transcripts efficiently or may not synthesize appropriate acceptors for internal alpha(1,3)fucosylation. Alternatively, LEC12 cells may possess, in addition to Fuc-TIX, a novel alpha(1,3)Fuc-T activity.
Satellite cells in the regenerated and regrafted skeletal muscles of rats

Soleus (SOL) muscles were grafted into extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle beds (EDL-first-graft). Sixty days later, some mature EDL-first-grafts were regrafted into their own beds (EDL-second-grafts). Fully regenerated muscle fibers and satellite cells were observed in both types of mature grafts. The ratios of satellite cell nuclei per total nuclei (myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei) were 4.81±0.47% for EDL-2nd graft, 4.26±0.51% for EDL-1st-graft, 4.30±0.33% for control SOL, and 3.30±0.18% for control EDL. It is thought that satellite cells are required for the repeated activity of muscle fiber regeneration. The persistance of satellite cells in EDL-second-grafts suggests that satellite cells are not depleted during the first grafting, making second-grafts possible.
DNA replication: the unbearable lightness of origins.

Now that the genomes of various metazoans have been sequenced, one of the biggest challenges in biology is to understand their functional organization. Programmed alterations of gene expression during development and cell differentiation frequently involve long‐range modifications in the organization of chromosomal loci. These modifications include nuclear localization, genetic locus conformation (for example, looping), replication timing, chromatin organization, DNA methylation and many others. These features seem to be cell‐type‐ or differentiation‐stage‐specific and are frequently inherited during cell division. However, their relationship to the regulation of gene expression remains largely unknown. Two studies published in this issue of EMBO reports now show that, in cells of vertebrate animals, changes in gene expression are also accompanied by modifications in the activity of DNA origins of replication (Dazy et al , 2006; Gregoire et al , 2006). These studies raise the possibility that origin regulation is part of the mechanism that integrates changes in gene expression with cell proliferation in various developmental contexts. Until recently, DNA origins of replication were seen as stable entities of eukaryotic chromosomes with specific origins required to replicate particular parts of the genome—known as replicons. This vision has evolved slowly to accommodate an increasing body of evidence indicating that gene loci frequently contain several origins that are used at relatively low frequencies (initiation zones; reviewed by Gilbert, 2004). This means that a specific genomic region can be replicated by different origins in different cells, or in different alleles—a phenomenon that could explain the asynchronous replication of many gene loci in mammalian nuclei (Norio et al , 2005). The two new studies support this vision by showing that both the chicken β‐globin and the mouse HoxB loci contain several active origins. In addition, they help to bring into focus another aspect of origin plasticity in metazoans. Previous studies have shown that …
Polarization lidar measurements of honey bees in flight for locating land mines

A scanning polarized lidar was used to detect flying honey bees trained to locate buried land mines through odor detection. A lidar map of bee density shows good correlation with maps of chemical plume strength and bee density determined by visual and video counts. The co-polarized lidar backscatter signal was found to be more effective than the cross-polarized signal for detecting honey bees in flight. Laboratory measurements show that the depolarization ratio of scattered light is near zero for bee wings and up to 30% for bee bodies.
Electrical performance of the imperfect reference plane for transmission line

The transmission line experiences imperfect ground reference plane due to smaller size and less layer count package. The paper investigates such routings with imperfect reference plane such as voided ground, mixed power/ground scheme plane and ground fingers. Simulations are done to demonstrate the sensitivity and comparison over conventional perfect ground reference. Mitigation solutions to these broken reference cases are discussed as well.
Optical absorption spectrum of trapped dielectrons in alkaline ice

Abstract For γ-radiation doses greater than 10 Mrad the single electron (e t - ) band at 585 nm decreases, and a very broad band grows in the near i.r. with a maximum at approximately 1000 nm. Bleaching at 585 nm causes further growth of the i.r. band. These results agree with the simultaneous decrease of the e t - EPR signal. We suggest a model for the i.r. band of two electrons trapped in the same vacancy (e 2t = ), in analogy to the F′ center in alkali halides.
Physiological and Anthropometrical Predictors of 15-Kilometer Time Trial Cycling Performance Time

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between physiological and anthropometrical variables and 15-km time trial (TT) cycling performance time. Twenty-two competitive cyclists averaged 59.7 ml · kg–1 · min–1 for maximal oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O2max), 42.8 ml · kg–1 · min–1 for anaerobic threshold (AT), and 23.5 min for the 15 km TT race. The relationship between [Vdot]O2max and cycling performance time was r = – 0.68, (p < .01) while the correlation between AT and performance time was r = – 0.93, (p <.01). Applying stepwise multiple regression analysis, the two-variable model of the AT and the body circumference ratio, thigh+calf:arm+chest, was found to correlate highly with cycling performance time (r =0.966). It was concluded that the successful cyclists are characterized by the ability to consume large amounts of oxygen prior to ventilatory changes associated with the anaerobic threshold as well as a larger lower to upper body circumference ratio which may favorably decrea...
Immunoglobulin M Is Required for Protection Against Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice

Background— Immunoglobulin M (IgM) natural antibodies bind oxidatively-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and apoptotic cells and have been implicated as being important for protection against atherosclerosis. We have directly investigated the requirement for IgM by studying the effects of IgM deficiency in LDL receptor–deficient ( Ldlr−/− ) mice. Methods and Results— Mice deficient in serum IgM (sIgM) or complement C1q were crossed with Ldlr−/− mice and studied on both low-fat and high-fat semisynthetic diets. On both diets, en face and aortic root atherosclerotic lesions in sIgM.Ldlr−/− mice were substantially larger and more complex, with accelerated cholesterol crystal formation and increased smooth muscle cell content in aortic root lesions. Combined C1q and IgM deficiency had the same effect as IgM deficiency alone. Increased apoptosis was observed in aortic root lesions of both sIgM.Ldlr−/− and C1qa.Ldlr−/− mice. Because lesions were significantly larger in IgM-deficient mice than in the absence of C1q, IgM protective mechanisms appear to be partially independent of classical pathway activation and apoptotic cell clearance. Levels of IgG antibodies against copper-oxidized LDL were lower in sIgM.Ldlr−/− mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting compensatory consumption of IgG in the absence of IgM. Conclusions— This study provides direct evidence that IgM antibodies play a central role in protection against atherosclerosis. The mechanism appears to be at least partly independent of classical pathway complement activation by C1q. Received August 25, 2008; accepted June 2, 2009.
The impact of mammography in 1096 consecutive patients with breast cancer, 1979-1993: equal value for patients younger and older than age 50 years.

Background. Although the benefit of screening mammography in healthy women younger than age 50 remains controversial, few studies have addressed the impact of mammography over time and by patient age, on means of diagnosis and stage of disease among women with breast cancer. Methods. One thousand ninety-six consecutive patients with operable breast cancer (both invasive and noninvasive intraductal) treated in this practice between 1979 and 1993 were stratified by primary means of diagnosis (patient, physician, or mammography), age < 50 years, 50 years and older), and time period (1979-83, 1984-88, and 1989-93). Tumor size, lymph node status, and tumor type were compared among these groups. Results. (1) Mammography was the primary means of diagnosis in 28.8% of younger and 42.4% of older patients treated most recently (1989-1993), significantly more often than in the past (P < 0.00005). (2) For cancers diagnosed primarily by either patients or physicians, there was no significant change over time (for either younger or older patients) in clinical presentation, tumor size, lymph node status, or histology. (3) For cancers diagnosed primarily by mammogram, i) 95% of patient self-exams and 56% of physician exams were negative, ii) tumor size was significantly smaller (P < 0.00005), iii) lymph nodes more often were negative (P = 0.0002), and d) histology was more likely to be either in-situ or microinvasive (P < 0.00005). These findings were equally true for younger and older patients. Conclusion. Increased use of mammography, rather than improvement in patient or physician breast examination, explains the progressively earlier stage of breast cancers found in recent years, a benefit equally apparent in patients younger and older than age 50.
Use of positron emission tomography in localized extremity soft tissue sarcoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND Patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas are at high risk of developing local disease recurrence and metastatic disease. [F-18]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scans are hypothesized to detect histopathologic response to therapy and to predict risk of tumor progression in patients with various malignancies. Serial FDG-PET scans were taken to determine the correlation between FDG uptake and patient outcomes in patients receiving multimodality treatment of extremity sarcomas. METHODS Forty-six patients with high-grade localized sarcomas were studied. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of tumors were measured before receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and again before surgery. Resected specimens were examined for residual viable tumor. Patients were followed up at least annually for evidence of local and distant recurrence of disease and survival. RESULTS Patients with a baseline tumor SUVmax ≥ 6 and < 40% decrease in FDG uptake were at high risk of systemic disease recurrence estimated to be 90% at 4 years from the time of initial diagnosis. Patients whose tumors had a ≥ 40% decline in the SUVmax in response to chemotherapy were at a significantly lower risk of recurrent disease and death after complete resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The FDG-PET scan was found to be a useful method with which to predict the outcomes of patients with high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas treated with chemotherapy. The pretreatment tumor SUVmax and change in SUVmax after neoadjuvant chemotherapy independently identified patients at high risk of tumor recurrence. The FDG-PET scan showed promise as a tool to identify the patients with sarcoma who are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Morphine Induces Expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Implication for Vascular Permeability

Despite the advent of antiretroviral therapy, complications of HIV-1 infection with concurrent drug abuse are an emerging problem. Morphine, often abused by HIV-infected patients, is known to accelerate neuroinflammation associated with HIV-1 infection. Detailed molecular mechanisms of morphine action however, remain poorly understood. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, primarily due to its potent mitogenic and permeability effects. Whether morphine exposure results in enhanced vascular permeability in brain endothelial cells, likely via induction of PDGF, remains to be established. In the present study, we demonstrated morphine-mediated induction of PDGF-BB in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, an effect that was abrogated by the opioid receptor antagonist-naltrexone. Pharmacological blockade (cell signaling) and loss-of-function (Egr-1) approaches demonstrated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3K/Akt and the downstream transcription factor Egr-1 respectively, in morphine-mediated induction of PDGF-BB. Functional significance of increased PDGF-BB manifested as increased breach of the endothelial barrier as evidenced by decreased expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in an in vitro model system. Understanding the regulation of PDGF expression may provide insights into the development of potential therapeutic targets for intervention of morphine-mediated neuroinflammation.
Inhibition of dehydrogenases of human leukocytes by hexetidine

Abstract The inhibition of dehydrogenases of human leukocytes was estimated by measuring the percentage of cells which reduced neotetrazolium in the presence of the inhibitor. The mode of inhibition suggests a mechanism involving pyrophosphate-linked coenzymes, divalent cations, and sulfhydryl groups. Dehydrogenase activity was also found to be influenced by a variety of other substrates and inhibitors.
Horizontal bubble flow

Abstract An experimental investigation of cocurrent bubble flow in 0.0254 m and 0.0508 m diameter horizontal pipelines has been performed. Gas and liquid mass velocities ranged from 0.00955 to 0.675 and 2720 to 6040 kg/m 2 sec, respectively, and gas-phase holdups or void fractions ranged from 0.13 to 7.59%. High speed motion pictures revealed that the gas, introduced into the liquid with a concentric nozzle, emerged in the form of a rough jet which was ultimately sheared into 1 times; 10 minus;3 to 3 times; 10 minus;3 m diameter bubbles. Approximately 4 meters downstream from the nozzle, a well developed bubble flow was observed where bubble number density and axial velocity were constant with respect to axial position in the pipeline. Bubble velocities ranged from 0.001 to 0.57 m/sec greater than the average liquid velocities. Bubble radial and circumferential spatial distributions were found to be a strong function of the degree of turbulence in the liquid phase. Because of these turbulent flow conditions, bubble shapes were much different than those of equivalent diameter bubbles rising in stagnant liquids. A sphere-ellipsoid of revolution model was developed for characterization of bubble shape and computation of gas-liquid interfacial area and two-phase pressure drop.
Conflict in the Classroom: Considering the Effects of Partisan Difference on Political Education

Political scientists have noted that, in a variety of communication settings, people are less receptive to information that comes from a politically disagreeable source. Yet, there is little research on patterns of communication across lines of political difference in an educational setting, which we argue is unique in a number of ways. Using a large-scale national survey of college students enrolled in political science courses, we examine how perceptions of professors' political orientations contribute to student learning, interest in politics, and effort in the course. We consider both direct effects of partisan difference on education and indirect effects, which work through a number of source credibility measures. Our analysis indicates that students who believe their professor to be a political ally report more learning, higher levels of effort, and greater interest in the subject than those who believe their professor to be a political foe.