cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic estimates of immigration and emigration rates in relation to population density and forest patch area in Peromyscus leucopus

An emerging pattern is that population densities of generalist rodents are higher in small compared to large forest patches in fragmented landscapes. We used genetically based measures of migration between patches to test two dispersal-based hypotheses for this negative density-area relationship: (1) emigration rates from small patches should be relatively lower compared to large patches (“inhibited dispersal hypothesis”), or (2) immigration rates should be higher into small than large patches (“immigration hypothesis”). Neither hypothesis was supported using data on dispersal inferred from eight microsatellite loci for 12 populations of Peromyscus leucopus in six small (1.3–2.7 ha) and six large (8–150 ha) forest patches. Emigration rates were not lower from and immigration rates were not higher into small than large patches. In fact, contrary to both hypotheses, emigration rates were higher from populations of P. leucopus in small compared to large patches. Based on a combination of genetic and field data, we speculate that higher reproduction in smaller patches resulted in higher densities which led to higher emigration rates from those patches. Rates of reproduction (presumably driven by better habitat conditions in smaller patches), rather than dispersal, seems to drive density differences in forest patches. We conclude that smaller forest patches within an agricultural matrix act as a source of individuals, and that migration rates are fairly high among forest patches regardless of size.
Effects of long-term kelp canopy exclusion on the abundance of the annual alga Desmarestia ligulata (Light F)

Abstract Experiments in a central California Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.A. Agardh forest examined the effects of long-term (six year) kelp canopy exclusion on the abundance of the annual brown alga Desmarestia ligulata (Light F). Exclusion of both surface and subsurface kelp canopies from replicate clearings within Stillwater Cove, CA, USA showed that D. ligulata sporophyte recruitment is opportunistic, with more sporophytes occurring in areas where canopies were excluded than under control canopies. Kelp canopy exclusion also increased spring and summer bottom irradiances, and resulted in a steady increase of perennial turf algae over the six-year study. This, in turn, led to a decrease in the availability of nongeniculate coralline algae (the primary substratum on which D. ligulata recruits). Subsequently, the annual maximum abundance of D. ligulata sporophytes decreased in the canopy clearings, but did not change under control canopies. Removal of turf algae from experimental plots further increased bottom irradiances and significantly enhanced D. ligulata recruitment. When released from apparent competition for light and space, D. ligulata sporophytes exhibited an annual life history, with recruitment occurring during a two-week period (April 4–April 17) in the spring, and maximum bottom cover occurring in the summer (July). The onset of Desmarestia sporophyte recruitment was closely associated with seasonal increases in daylength and rapid decreases in ocean temperature. These results indicate that the Desmarestia sporophyte life history is both annual and opportunistic, with the onset of recruitment stimulated by predictable, seasonal changes in environmental conditions, and the magnitude of recruitment modified by stochastic processes that affect the availability of light and space. Comparison of these results with those from similar studies indicate that they are robust and suggest that they may be generalized over broad temporal and spatial scales.
Polymeric micelles with ionic cores containing biodegradable cross-links for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents

Novel functional polymeric nanocarriers with ionic cores containing biodegradable cross-links were developed for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Block ionomer complexes (BIC) of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methacylic acid) (PEO-b-PMA) and divalent metal cations (Ca2+) were utilized as templates. Disulfide bonds were introduced into the ionic cores by using cystamine as a biodegradable cross-linker. The resulting cross-linked micelles with disulfide bonds represented soft, hydrogel-like nanospheres and demonstrated a time-dependent degradation in the conditions mimicking the intracellular reducing environment. The ionic character of the cores allowed to achieve a very high level of doxorubicin (DOX) loading (50% w/w) into the cross-linked micelles. DOX-loaded degradable cross-linked micelles exhibited more potent cytotoxicity against human A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells as compared to micellar formulations without disulfide linkages. These novel biodegradable cross-linked micelles are expected to be at...
Do Colleges Shortchange Women? Gender Differences in the Transition from College to Work

Do gender differences in college majors and qualifications account for gender differences in labor market outcomes? For the overwhelming majority of men and women, The Baccalauarate and Beyond Longitudinal Study data suggest that the answer is no. Within the majority of majors and occupations, men earn more than women in first jobs. The exception to this is for science and humanities majors, were men do not obtain a wage advantage over women. However, even within the sciences, women are more than twice as likely as men to end up in clerical first jobs, which are considered by students to be among the least satisfactory jobs.
Report of the Task Force on Residency Training Information (2009-2010), American Board of Emergency Medicine

The American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) gathers extensive background information on emergency medicine residency training programs and the residents in those programs. We present the 2010 annual report on the status of US emergency medicine training programs.
Conformational requirements for the polymerization of hemoglobin S: studies of mixed liganded hybrids.

Abstract Gelation experiments with artificially formed half-liganded hybrid tetramers of hemoglobin S demonstrate that when either the α chains or the β s chains are fixed in the cyanmet (CNmet) liganded state, gelation occurs upon deoxygenation of the ferrous chains. The minimum concentration of hemoglobin required for gelation is equivalent for both hybrids ( α 2 cnmet β 2 s and α 2 β 2 scnmet ), is considerably higher than the concentration required to gel deoxy-Hb S ( α 2 β 2 s ), and can be restored to the lower minimum gelling point of α 2 β 2 s by reduction of the CNmet chains with dithionite. These results suggest that the most important conformational determinant of the deoxy state for polymerization of Hb S is the quaternary deoxy structure rather than the tertiary structural effect of the ligand state of the α or the β s chains, and are furthermore consistent with the notion that asymmetric deoxy-CNmet hybrid tetramers assume a conformation which resembles, but is not identical to that of deoxyhemoglobin. The results of gelation experiments with mixtures of hemoglobins S and A in which selected chains of one or both hemoglobins are in the CNmet form support the concept that certain non-S hemoglobins may participate in the sickling process by forming hybrid tetramers with Hb S (such as α 2 β a β s ). The conformational requirement for participation of these hybrids in polymers also appears to be a quaternary deoxy-like structure.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE AND APPEARANCE OF TWO NEW SYNTHETIC RESINS FOR PICTURE VARNISHES

Two new synthetic resins were proposed for use as varnishes for paintings. An experimental method was devised that would allow for close, subjective comparisons of these resins with mastic. The mastic and the synthetic resins were applied using similar techniques. Appropriate solution concentrations of the synthetic resins were determined. The appearance and working properties of the synthetic resins were found to compare favorably with those of mastic varnishes.
Structure and dynamics of homogeneous turbulence: models and simulations

This paper presents a review of recent results on homogeneous turbulence. We discuss results obtained by direct numerical simulation as well as phenomenological models for the interpretation and understanding of these flows. In particular, we show that homogeneous turbulence can be well described in terms of a weakly correlated, random background field that is generally consistent with the classical Kolmogorov theory of turbulence, and strongly correlated, highly localized structures, that are largely responsible for intermittency effects and deviations from Kolmogorov scaling. These results give a unified dynamical picture of turbulence that describes both the energetics and intermittency of homogeneous turbulence, and allows us to develop a quantitative model for the description of the statistics of turbulence at small scales.
Reinstitution of neuroleptic treatment with molindone in a patient with a history of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

The decision to reinstitute neuroleptic treatment in patients with a history of neuroleptic treatment is fraught with hazards. A case is reported in which neuroleptic treatment was successfully reintroduced with molindone after previous bouts of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) with trifluoperazine and thioridazine. Molindone may represent an alternative neuroleptic to consider in patients with a history of NMS, although all neuroleptics including clozapine and molindone may potentially precipitate this syndrome.
Creep Anisotropy of a Continuous-Fiber-Reinforced Silicon Carbide/Calcium Aluminosilicate Composite

Creep studies conducted on a unidirectional silicon carbide calcium aluminosilicate composite indicate that the Nicalon fibers provide longitudinal creep strengthening at 1200°C. The deformation is transient in nature because grain growth in the fibers enhances their creep resistance. The‘ transverse creep strength is considerably smaller, being dominated by the matrix, resulting in appreciable creep anisotropy. This anisotropy leads to severe distortion when off-axis loadings are imposed. Residual stresses develop upon unloading alter creep, and cause superficial matrix cracking.
119mSn Mössbauer and NMR study of trialkyltin acetates

Abstract Homologous series of trialkyltin acetates in which the methyl group of the acetate is successively chlorinated and fluorinated have been studied by infrared, 1 H and 19 FNMR and Mossbauer spectroscopies. Substitution by increasingly electron withdrawing groups leads to monotonic increase of the Mossbauer Isomer Shift ( IS ) and NMR J ( 117,119 SnC 1 H) values, and in the methyltin series, of the Mossbauer Quadrupole Splitting ( QS ) values. The data for these five-coordinated, solid-state structures indicate that the effect of halosubstitution is apparently registered predominantly at the carbonyl group whose coordination with tin changes the effective |Ψ 5s (0)| 2 by shielding. Halosubstitution weakens the donor power of the carbonyl, raising the IS ; and concentrates s -character in the tin-carbon bonds, raising J ( 117,119 SnC 1 H). Likewise, J ( 117,119 SnC 1 H) increases with halosubstitution for the apparently four-coordinated solution species signifying a concentration of s -character in the tincarbon bonds. Five-coordinated, monomeric species may be present in frozen solutions.
Blood pressure and hypertension in an American colony (Puerto Rico) and on the USA mainland compared, 1886-1930.

Abstract We compare blood pressure and hypertension between adult men on the USA mainland and in Puerto Rico born during 1886–1930 to test hypotheses about the link between cardiovascular health and large socioeconomic and political changes in society: (a) 8853 men surveyed in Puerto Rico in 1965 and (b) 1449 non-Hispanic White men surveyed on the mainland during 1971–1975. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and hypertension were regressed separately on demographic and socioeconomic variables and cardiovascular risk factors. Mainland men not taking anti-hypertensive medication showed statistically significant improvements in systolic blood pressure and hypertension at the beginning of the century and men in Puerto Rico showed improvements in diastolic blood pressure but only during the last two quinquenniums. An average man born on the mainland during the last birth quinquennium (1926–1930) had 7.4–8.7 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure and was 61% less likely to have systolic hypertension than one born before 1901. On average Puerto Rican men born during 1921–1925 had ∼1.7 mmHg lower diastolic blood pressure than men born before 1901. Analyses of secular trends in cardiovascular health complements analyses of secular trends in anthropometric indicators and together provide a fuller view of the changing health status of a population.
Field Emission Microscopy of an Allotropic Transformation: α − β Titanium

The field emission microscope has been applied to a study of the allotropic transformation in single microcrystals of titanium. Patterns with symmetry characteristic of the high and low temperature phases are presented. Techniques for analyzing the patterns are outlined. Data derived from the pattern analyses give an orientation relation between patterns of the two phases that is consistent with the Burgers relation. The field emission microscope thus constitutes a new method for direct observation of phase changes. At the same time, it offers to the study of allotropic transformations the advantages of high resolution and great magnification that are not available with conventional methods.
The Development of Conceptually Independent Sub-Scales in the Measurement of Attitudes.

The construction of attitude measures and similar instruments frequently requires the identification of relevant areas to be measured. Usually, a generally accepted theoretical structure does not exist to define these areas. It is proposed that latent partition analysis can be used to develop conceptually independent sub-scales in such a case by pooling the expertise of several persons. An example of the use of latent partition analysis for this purpose is provided as well as suggestions of its applicability in other areas, such as, content validation.
The Rediscovery of America: Transatlantic Crosscurrents in an Age of Revolution

Preface - Acknowledgements - PART ONE: INTRODUCTION - Discovery and Re-discovery: Planters, Puritans and Philosophes - PART TWO: FOUNDING FATHERS IN AMERICA - Porcelain and Revolutionary Principles: Franklin and the French - American Encyclopidiste: Jefferson at Home and Abroad - Reluctant Philosophe: John Adams and Republican Government - PART THREE: TRANS-ATLANTIC CITIZENS - Bridging the Atlantic: Paine's Three Revolutions - Burke's Grasshoppers: Dr Price as 'Apostle of Liberty' - Flammable Gas: Priestley as Propagandist - Land-agent of Liberty: South Carolina's Thomas Cooper - PART FOUR: FRENCHMEN IN AMERICA - Slaves, Quakers and 'Free Americans': Brissot's America and the French Revolution - Hero of Two Worlds: La Fayette, Freemasons and Liberty - Allies in Arms: Sigur, Lauzun and Chastellux - PART FIVE: IMAGES AND VISIONS - Arm-chair Philosophy: Raynal's Best-seller - The American Farmer: Hector St John Crhvecoeur - Women and Emigrants: Mary Wollstonecraft and Gilbert Imlay - Poets' Utopia: Coleridge, Southey and the Susquehanna - North American Naturalists: Bartram and Audubon - Notes - Bibliography - Index
Static PDEs for time-dependent control problems

For the min-time-from-boundary problem, we show that the value function is recovered as a viscosity solution of a static Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman partial differential equation H(ru(x),u(x),x) = 1. We demonstrate that the space-marching Ordered Upwind Methods (introduced in [29] for the autonomous control) can be extended to this non-autonomous case. We illustrate this approach with several numerical experiments. For the min-time-to-boundary problem, where no reduction to a static PDE is possible, we show how the space-marching methods can be efficiently used to approximate individual level sets of the time-dependent value function.
The fatigue response and fracture behavior of a spray atomized and deposited aluminum-silicon alloy

In this article the results of a recent study designed to improve our understanding of the cyclic fatigue and fracture characteristics of a spray atomized and deposited hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy are presented. Specimens of the alloy were cyclically deformed to failure at ambient temperature under fully reversed total strain amplitude controlled tension-compression loading. The alloy exhibited low cyclic plasticity and fatigue life under total strain amplitude controlled deformation. Cyclic stress amplitude controlled high-cycle fatigue characteristics were established at an elevated temperature (150 °C). The cyclic stress response, high-cycle fatigue life and fracture characteristics of the alloy are compared with a conventional ingot metallurgy processed counterpart and discussed in light of intrinsic microstructural features, nature and magnitude of stress, and ductility of the material.
Control of transforming growth factor-β activity: Latency vs. activation

Transforming growth factor-β is a pluripotent regulator of cell growth and differentiation. The growth factor is expressed as a latent complex that must be converted to an active form before interacting with its ubiquitous high affinity receptors. This conversion involves the release of the mature growth factor through disruption of the non-covalent interactions with its pro-peptide or latency associated peptide. The mechanisms for this release in vivo have not been fully characterized but appear to be cell specific and might involve processes such as acidification or proteolysis. Although several factors including transcriptional regulation, receptor modulation and scavenging of the active growth factor have been implicated, the critical step controlling the biological effects of transforming growth factor-β may be the activation of the latent molecule.
Modal Interactions in a Thermally Loaded Annular Plate

We investigate the nonlinear forced vibrations of a thermally loaded annular plate with clamped-clamped immovable boundary conditions in the presence of a three-to-one internal resonance between the first and second axisymmetric modes. We consider the in-plane thermal load to be axisymmetric and excite the plate externally by a harmonic force near primary resonance of the second mode. We then use the nonlinear von Karman plate equations to model the behavior of the system and apply the method of multiple scales to investigate its responses. We found that the response can be periodic oscillations consisting of both modes, with a large component from the first mode. Moreover, the periodic solutions may undergo Hopf bifurcations which lead to aperiodic oscillations of the plate.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A study of hydrophobic coagulation

Abstract A series of coagulation experiments conducted on aqueous suspensions of methylated silica provides evidence that non-DLVO interaction energy controls the stability. This additional energy, which may be referred to as the hydrophobic interaction energy, can be estimated from the results of coagulation experiments. An expression has been derived to describe the hydrophobic interaction energy in terms of the nondispersion component of work of adhesion of water and the distance between two interacting particles.
The effect of acclimation temperature on the fusion kinetics of lipid vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum membranes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver

Membrane fusion is an obligatory step in many vital cellular processes. The well-established enrichment of bilayer-destabilizing lipids in membranes of poikilotherms subjected to growth at low temperatures leads to the prediction that such membranes will possess a greater propensity to undergo fusion. This hypothesis was explicitly tested in the present study by determining the kinetics of fusion between small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) prepared from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes of thermally-acclimated (to 5 and 20 degrees C) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and bovine brain phosphatidylserine (BBPS). At temperatures above 10 degrees C, ER vesicles from 5 degrees C-acclimated trout, fused more rapidly and to a greater extent with BBPS vesicles (by average factors of 1.25- and 1.45-fold, respectively) than ER vesicles of 20 degrees C-acclimated trout. At temperatures >35 degrees C, apparent fusion rates declined while the extent of fusion increased in both acclimation groups. Fusion kinetics were found to be well correlated with and limited by the physical properties and phase state of the BBPS vesicles. These results indicate that dynamic attributes of biological membranes, such as the propensity to undergo fusion, are of potential regulatory significance and are partially conserved when growth or environmental temperature changes.
African American Mothers’ Views of Their Infants’ Language Development and Language-Learning Environment

The purpose of this investigation was to develop an understanding of how African American mothers living in an urban setting in the South (a) viewed their children’s language development and (b) st...
Treatment of metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma with cisplatin and etoposide (VP‐16)

Two patients with metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated with cisplatin and etoposide. Both achieved a partial remission after only one cycle. One patient had a "nonfunctioning" tumor that had previously regressed on mitotane whereas the second patient presented with classical Cushing's syndrome. Although the latter patient's urinary 17-ketosteroids normalized while receiving mitotane, the tumor itself failed to regress objectively. Cisplatin plus etoposide appears to be an active combination for the treatment of metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma.
VECTOR-SPINOR SUPERALGEBRA AND GOLDSTONE SPIN −3/2 FERMIONS

The super-Poincare algebra of the generators belonging to the irreducible (1, 1/2) + (1/2, 1) representation of the Lorentz group is constructed. It is shown that the nonlinear realizations of the vector spinor superalgebra lead to a goldstone fermion carrying spin −3/2. A phenomenological Lagrangian is constructed that describes interactions of the spin −3/2 goldstone fermion with itself.
Emplacement of the youngest flood lava on Mars: A short, turbulent story

Abstract Recently acquired data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), Context (CTX) imager, and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) spacecraft were used to investigate the emplacement of the youngest flood-lava flow on Mars. Careful mapping finds that the Athabasca Valles flood lava is the product of a single eruption, and it covers 250,000 km 2 of western Elysium Planitia with an estimated 5000–7500 km 3 of mafic or ultramafic lava. Calculations utilizing topographic data enhanced with MRO observations to refine the dimensions of the channel system show that this flood lava was emplaced turbulently over a period of only a few to several weeks. This is the first well-documented example of a turbulently emplaced flood lava anywhere in the Solar System. However, MRO data suggest that this same process may have operated in a number of martian channel systems. The magnitude and dynamics of these lava floods are similar to the aqueous floods that are generally believed to have eroded the channels, raising the intriguing possibility that mechanical erosion by lava could have played a role in their incision.
Turning Reluctant Learners into Inspired Learners.

Motivation is a key factor in promoting academic success, and intrinsic motivation is especially important for developing autonomous learners. Reluctant learners, in particular, benefit from intrinsic motivation that makes learning relevant to their lives. In this article, the author describes commonalities of reluctant learners and presents definitions and frameworks for understanding motivation. The author also suggests a variety of strategies and activities for turning reluctant learners into inspired learners.
Language- and literacy-learning opportunities in early childhood classrooms: Children's typical experiences and within-classroom variability

Abstract The present study examined the language- and literacy-learning opportunities of 400 young children enrolled in 81 early childhood classrooms to address two research aims: (1) to describe typical language- and literacy-learning experiences afforded to young children in classrooms, and (2) to investigate the extent to which young children had different experiences within classrooms. Results revealed that participating children, on average, spent over 18 min, or 20% of their day, learning in key language and literacy domains. Further, our findings highlight considerable between- and within-classroom variability in language- and literacy-learning opportunities and suggest that young children are afforded different experiences in their classrooms, particularly in specific learning domains. Future investigations ought to further unpack classroom educational practices to ensure that all young children develop the requisite knowledge and skills necessary for academic success in kindergarten and beyond.
Lipschitz properties of nonsmooth functions and set-valued mappings via generalized differentiation

Abstract In this paper, we revisit the Mordukhovich subdifferential criterion for Lipschitz continuity of nonsmooth functions and the coderivative criterion for the Aubin/Lipschitz-like property of set-valued mappings in finite dimensions. The criteria are useful and beautiful results in modern variational analysis showing the state of the art of the field. As an application, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for Lipschitz continuity of the minimal time function and the scalarization function, which play an important role in many aspects of nonsmooth analysis and optimization.
Cytology of Backcross four Individuals Derived from a Saccharum-Sorghum Hybrid

SUMMARYThe intergeneric hybrid between sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) was produced by pollinating sugarcane inflorescences with sorghum pollen. The BC4 population, produced by backcrossing twice with diploid (2 n=20) and then twice with tetraploid (2 n=40) sorgo, probably combined 40 Sorghum and 4–10 Saccharum chromosomes. The cytological observations suggest that different combinations of sugarcane and sorghum chromosomes are retained in different BC4 individuals. The sugarcane chromosomes either associate loosely with sorghum bivalents and/or tetravalents or pair autosyndetically. The sorghum chromosomes do not behave as in normal sorghum in the presence of sugarcane chromosomes and cytoplasm. Cytological studies of Saccharum- Sorghum hybrid derivatives suggest that interaction between their genomes can take place. Selling of these BG plants results in almost complete elimination of Saccharum chromosomes, and morphologically and cytologically modified tetr...
Remarks on the adaptive control of linear plants with unknown high-frequency gain

Abstract Adaptive control of first-order linear systems of the form x = ax + bu with the sign of b unknown is considered. It is shown that stabilizing adaptive controllers exist that have globally bounded gain and prespecified terminal dynamics.
Knowing How to Know: Building Meaningful Relationships Through Instruction That Meets the Needs of Students Learning English

A growing body of literature highlights the need for teachers to know their students better, especially students from linguistically diverse backgrounds. The authors argue that teachers need to build healthy relationships with students and find ways to provide them with more effective instruction. Accordingly, they present a synopsis of what scholars know about helping preservice teachers learn about their students and what the literature reveals concerning what teachers need to be able to do to teach these young people more effectively. Finally, the authors provide some specific exercises that they have employed to help preservice teachers move in the direction of learning about and developing more meaningful relationships with students. They conclude with some challenges and directions for future research that targets ways to provide future teachers with the necessary tools, resources, and skills needed to access the cultural and linguistic strengths of their English-learning students.
A classification of congenital heart disease based on the pathologic complex.

HIS is an attempt to classify congenital heart disease along the lines of the pathologic complex in a manner useful to the clinician, physiologist and pathologist. A pathologic complex in congenital heart disease is defined as a single congenital malformation or group of associated congenital malformations and their Lemodynamic effects upon the heart, as related to the myocardium, endocardium, valves and epicardium, and upon the arterial and venous trunks directly connected to the heart. The concept of the complex has already proved useful in patholou.‘-5 It is felt that this method of analysis and classification is also useful to the clinician and physiologist since it focuses attention upon the interrelationship and the fundamental groupings of congenital heart anomalies, thus often making possihle t>y inference a more complete diagnosis from limited clinical or physiologic data. Individual congenital malformations which have no untoward major effects upon the heart may occur either alone or iqcidentally associated with a complex. These are considered separately in our proposed classification. At the Congenital Heart Disease Research and Training Center, one of us (M. L.) has to date examined 1,081 hearts pathologically. The number of these hearts falling into the major categories is indicated in the classification, hut the number for subcategories has not been given since the precise physiologic data required for such classification was not always available. Likewise the number of individual abnormalities is not documented.
Translational rotational coupling parameters for mutual diffusion in normal alkanes

Utilisation de la technique de dispersion de Taylor pour mesurer les coefficients de diffusion. La relation entre la temperature et les coefficients de diffusion des alcanes dans l'hexadecane est etablie
The Teenage Brain: Peer Influences on Adolescent Decision Making

Research efforts to account for elevated risk behavior among adolescents have arrived at an exciting new stage. Moving beyond laboratory studies of age differences in "cool" cognitive processes related to risk perception and reasoning, new approaches have shifted focus to the influence of social and emotional factors on adolescent neurocognition. We review recent research suggesting that adolescent risk-taking propensity derives in part from a maturational gap between early adolescent remodeling of the brain's socio-emotional reward system and a gradual, prolonged strengthening of the cognitive control system. At a time when adolescents spend an increasing amount of time with their peers, research suggests that peer-related stimuli may sensitize the reward system to respond to the reward value of risky behavior. As the cognitive control system gradually matures over the course of the teenage years, adolescents grow in their capacity to coordinate affect and cognition, and to exercise self-regulation even in emotionally arousing situations. These capacities are reflected in gradual growth in the capacity to resist peer influence.
Role of laboratory education in power engineering: is the virtual laboratory feasible? III. Virtual power system laboratories: is the technology ready

For pt.III see ibid., p.1478-83 (2000). IEEE PES sponsors a panel session in the summer power meeting in Seattle on laboratory education in power engineering. Six short papers and one full paper summarize the opinion of the panelists. This is the full paper. The evolution of software engineering, multitasking environment, object-oriented programming and symbolically assisted simulation methods have enabled the creation of interactive simulation environments that come close to providing a virtual experience of the actual system. The initial attempts at utilizing this technology are impressive and yet the degree to which they achieve virtual status is questionable. This paper examines the pros and cons of the present status of this technology. We discuss the minimum requirements for a virtual environment. We present our approach and compare it to the general requirements of a virtual laboratory. We conclude that the technology exists today to generate a virtual power system laboratory. Yet much work remains to be done for claiming that we have achieved the objective of having a true virtual laboratory for power systems. At the same time, virtual environments have certain advantages that cannot be achieved in a physical laboratory.
Analysis and Modeling of Laser Measurement System Performance for Wood Surface

An attempt was made to characterize roughness using a laser and an optical detector which outputs precise information about the roughness change. The performance of the laser detector system is evaluated by modeling the sensor system and using a sinusoidal profile model as a simulated rough surface. The influence of surface roughness and sensor structure on the system performance is studied. The profile is also reproduced for comparison with the actual profile. A wood surface was chosen to be the test surface because of its unusual reflectivity. A two-dimensional profile analysis was made to find a relationship between the roughness and some characteristic parameter values of the detected profile.
Time use patterns among women with rheumatoid arthritis: association with functional limitations and psychological status

Objectives—. This study assessed time use patterns among 375 women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that (i) as functional limitations increased, time use imbalances would occur (i.e. time needed for obligatory activities would conflict with time needed for productive and freetime activities) and (ii) time use imbalances would be associated with psychological distress. Methods—. Time use estimates were obtained from written questionnaires; other study data were collected from annual telephone interviews. Activities were categorized as obligatory, committed or discretionary, as defined by Verbrugge. Time use estimates were aggregated to define number of obligatory (e.g. self-care) activities requiring >2 h/day and a number of committed and discretionary activities in which no time was spent each day. Results—. After adjusting for age, education, marital status and pain severity, women with more functional limitations were significantly more likely to spend >2 h/day in obligatory activities. As functional limitations increased, the proportion spending no time in each committed activity and many discretionary activities increased. Spending >2 h/day in obligatory activities was not significantly associated with poor psychological status, but spending no time in a greater number of committed and discretionary activities was associated with lower life satisfaction and higher levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusions—. Having more severe functional limitations appears to shift time use patterns towards more time spent in obligatory activities and less time spent in committed and discretionary activities. These imbalances in time use were associated with psychological distress, highlighting the need for women with RA to maintain important productive, social and discretionary activities.
The Role of Metal Regulatory Proteins in Brain Oxidative Stress: A Tutorial

The proteins that regulate the metabolism of a metal must also play a role in regulating the redox activity of the metal. Metals are intrinsic to a substantial number of biological processes and the proteins that regulate those activities are also considerable in number. The role these proteins play in a wide range of physiological processes involves them directly and indirectly in a variety of disease processes. Similarly, it may be therapeutically advantageous to pharmacologically alter the activity of these metal containing proteins to influence disease processes. This paper will introduce the reader to a number of important proteins in both metal metabolism and oxidative stress, with an emphasis on the brain. Potential pharmacological targets will be considered.
The role of particles in the inhibition of counterflow diffusion flames by iron pentacarbonyl

Abstract Laser light scattering and thermophoretic sampling have been used to investigate particle formation in counterflow diffusion flames inhibited by iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 . Three CH 4 -O 2 -N 2 reactant mixtures are investigated, with Fe(CO) 5 added to the fuel or the oxidizer stream in each. Flame calculations that incorporate only gas-phase chemistry are used to assist in interpretation of the experimental results. In flames with the inhibitor added on the flame side of the stagnation plane, the region of particle formation overlaps with the region of high H-atom concentration, and particle formation may interfere with the inhibition chemistry. When the inhibitor is added on the non-flame side of the stagnation plane, significant condensation of metal or metal oxide particles is found, and implies that particles prevent active inhibiting species from reaching the region of high radical concentration. As the inhibitor loading increases, the maximum scattering cross section increases sharply, and the difference between the measured and predicted inhibition effect widens, suggesting that particle formation is the cause of the deviation. Laser-based particle size measurements and thermophoretic sampling in low strain rate flames show that the particles have diameters between 10 nm and 30 nm. Thermophoresis affects the nanoparticle distribution in the flames, in some cases causing particles to cross the stagnation plane. The scattering magnitude in the counterflow diffusion flames appears to be strongly dependent on the residence time, and relatively independent of the peak flame temperature.
Observable Operator Models for Discrete Stochastic Time Series

A widely used class of models for stochastic systems is hidden Markov models. Systems that can be modeled by hidden Markov models are a proper subclass of linearly dependent processes, a class of s...
Performance Analysis of the Deficient Length EDS Adaptive Algorithm

In adaptive filtering, it is typical to assume that the adaptive filter impulse response is of the same length as the impulse response of the unknown system to be identified. However, in practice this is usually not the case. The filter impulse response is typically shorter and hence called deficient length. The Euclidean Direction Search (EDS) algorithm is a relatively new adaptive filtering scheme, which combines the benefits of fast convergence of the RLS and the low computational complexity of the LMS algorithm. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the deficient length EDS algorithm. Computer simulation results are encouraging and agree with the theoretical findings.
Nonresonant micromachined gyroscopes with structural mode-decoupling

This paper reports a novel four-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) nonresonant micromachined gyroscope design concept that addresses two major MEMS gyroscope design challenges: eliminating the mode-matching requirement and minimizing instability and drift due to mechanical coupling between the drive and sense modes. The proposed approach is based on utilizing dynamical amplification both in the 2-DOF drive-direction oscillator and the 2-DOF sense-direction oscillator, which are structurally decoupled, to achieve large oscillation amplitudes without resonance. The overall 4-DOF dynamical system is composed of three proof masses, where second and third masses form the 2-DOF sense-direction oscillator, and the first mass and the combination of the second and third masses form the 2-DOF drive-direction oscillator. The frequency responses of the drive and sense direction oscillators have two resonant peaks and a flat region between the peaks. The device is nominally operated in the flat regions of the response curves belonging to the drive and sense direction oscillators, where the gain is less sensitive to frequency fluctuations. This is achieved by designing the drive and sense anti-resonance frequencies to match. Consequently, by utilizing dynamical amplification in the decoupled 2-DOF oscillators, increased bandwidth and reduced sensitivity to structural and thermal parameter fluctuations and damping changes are achieved, leading to improved robustness and long-term stability over the operating time of the device.
Networks of Regulatory Agencies as Regional Public Goods: Improving Infrastructure Performance

Networks of sectoral regulatory agencies provide regional public goods (RPGs). In developed and developing countries, the telecommunications, energy, and water sectors have been re-structured (frequently liberalized) and reformed over the past two decades. Often with seed money from international organizations and donor countries, regulatory leaders at newly created commissions sought to learn from neighboring countries. Regional networks provided vehicles for sharing data and best-practice techniques, developing studies, providing training, distributing regulatory materials, and organizing meetings. Three properties of publicness of RPGs influence the provision of RPGs: non-rivalry of benefits, non-excludability of non-payers, and the aggregation technology. External donor funding and the mix of characteristics have influenced the pattern of network activities.
Affect and acquisition: List learning of nouns as a function of like-dislike ratings

Five list-learning experiments demonstrated that Ss* idiosyncratic like-dislike (L-D) ratings of high-frequency nouns were related to recall. Recalled (R) nouns received significantly more positive ratings than nonrecalled (NR) ones, and there emerged a reliable interaction effect between the time of rating (before or after study-recall) and the ratings for the R and NR words. Also, during early learning trials, the order of learning across trials and the L-D rating of the nouns, were directly related. The L-D ratings were shown not to be correlated with the stimulus characteristics of imagery, concreteness, and meaningfulness. These findings were related to memory, attention, and learning models, which characterize the learner as an active information processor concerned with one aspect of the pertinence of stimulus input.
When can we reliably estimate the productivity of fish stocks

In modern fishery stock assessments, the productivity of exploited stocks is frequently summarized by a scale-invariant “steepness” parameter. This parameter, which describes the slope of the spawn...
Identity of human Lyb-2 and CD72 and localization of the gene to chromosome 9

We have recently reported the isolation of cDNA clones encoding the human homolog of the mouse B cell differentiation antigen Lyb-2. Expression of Lyb-2 is restricted to B lineage cells and turned off in antibody-secreting plasma cells in both mice and humans. Functional studies with anti-mouse Lyb-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) suggest that this protein may be involved in signals for B cell proliferation. We now describe the generation of mAb specific for human Lyb-2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the human Lyb-2 protein is recognized by a mAb specific for the newly clustered pan B cell surface antigen CD72, which had been defined by mAb. Mouse L(tk-) cells expressing a transfected cDNA encoding human Lyb-2 bind a mAb specific for CD72. We further show that an antiserum and a mAb specific for human Lyb-2 and an anti-CD72 mAb immunoprecipitate the identical protein from human splenic B cells and B cell lines, as well as from transfected L(tk-) cells. These data indicate that CD72 is the human equivalent of mouse Lyb-2. We have additionally localized the gene for human Lyb-2/CD72 on the short arm of chromosome 9. Mouse Lyb-2 had been previously mapped to mouse chromosome 4. Lyb-2/CD72 is now the tenth gene known to be localized on human chromosome 9 and mouse chromosome 4.
Liver transplantation in very small infants.

: Background: This study examines the results of liver transplantation (LT) in children 5 kg or less. Reports suggest an increased morbidity and mortality in children weighing 5 kg or less as compared to larger children. However, over half of all children needing LT are 5 kg. There were three perioperative deaths, one from primary graft non-function, and two from portal vein thrombosis. There were no bile leaks or hepatic artery thromboses. Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections made up the vast majority of the postoperative complications (65%), with viral infections resulting in two graft losses requiring re-transplantation. Rejection occurred in 25% of patients, of which one required OKT3. Five of the 23 liver transplants in infants less than 5 kg were done prior to 1996, with a five-year graft survival of only 20%. Improvements in technique and postoperative care after 1996 led to improved graft and patient survival of 77% and 86% respectively. Conclusions: Liver transplantation for infants weighing less than 5 kilograms can be technically challenging but can have equivalent graft and patient survival when compared to larger children requiring liver transplantation. Infants should not be denied liver transplantation based on weight alone.
Representation of Topography by Shaved Cells in a Height Coordinate Ocean Model

Height coordinate ocean models commonly represent topography as a ‘‘staircase’’ of discontinuous steps that are fitted to the model grid. Here the ramifications of an alternative approach are studied in which ‘‘shaved cells’’ are used to represent irregular topography. The problem is formulated using the finite-volume method and care is taken to ensure that the discrete forms have appropriate conservation properties. Two representations of topography, ‘‘partial step’’ and ‘‘piecewise linear,’’ are considered and compared with the staircase approach in some standard problems such as the topographic b effect and flow over a Gaussian bump. It is shown that shaved cells are clearly more accurate than the conventional staircase representation. The use of partial steps, although not as accurate as the piecewise linear approach, is seen to be superior to the staircase approach. Moreover, partial steps can be readily implemented in existing height coordinate models.
Recrystalljzation of Non-Vacuum Derived Ba2ycu3o7-δ Films

Partial melting followed by recrystallization at lower temperatures during high temperature treatment of superconducting Ba2YCu3O7-δ films is associated with texture development In these films, partial melting is induced by rapid thermal annealing at a temperature slightly above the peritectic melting temperature of Ba2YCu3O7-δ. Short firing duration prevents segregation of liquid and permits recrystallization of the correct phase at around 920°C.
Characterization of acetylcholinesterase in Caco-2 cells.

Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was solubilized from cultured Caco-2 cells. It was established that this enzyme activity is acetylcholinesterase by substrate specificity (acetylthiocholine, acetyl-β-methylthiocholine>propionylthiocholine>butyrylthiocholine), substrate inhibition, and specificity of inhibitors (BW284c51>iso-OMPA). The acetylcholinesterase activity increased proportional to the degree of differentiation of the cells. Most of the enzyme was membrane bound, requiring detergent for solubilization, and the active site faced the external fluid. Only one peak of activity, which corresponded to a monomeric form, could be detected on linear sucrose density gradients. The sedimentation of this form of the enzyme was shifted depending on whether Triton X-100 or Brij 96 detergent was used. These results indicate that the epithelial-derived Caco-2 cells produce predominantly an amphiphilic, monomeric form of acetylcholinesterase that is bound to the plasma membrane and whose ...