cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jung and non-duality: some clinical and theoretical implications of the self as totality of the psyche

ABSTRACTSome of Jung's writing reveals a non-dual sensibility, especially when he describes the Self as the totality of the psyche, and in his stress on the unus mundus and synchronicity. But overall he tends to favor a dualistic approach to the psyche; he never relinquishes the importance of the ego, he believes that the Self needs the ego to become conscious of itself, and he does not focus on pure consciousness beyond its images. This paper compares Jung's notion of the Self with descriptions of consciousness in various non-dual religious traditions. We suggest that because the Self is the ultimate subject, it can never be an object of consciousness. We suggest some of the implications of non-dual philosophy for psychotherapy.
Motivation for Health Screening: Evaluation of Social Influence Among Mexican-American Adults

Background Americans of Mexican origin are at high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the presence of social network members who encourage screening and individuals' motivation to undergo three types of health screening: blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose. The distinct roles of encouragers from different generations (older, same, and younger) were evaluated. Methods Adults of Mexican origin (N=452) aged 20–75 years from 162 households in Houston TX were included in this cross-sectional study by completing surveys in 2008 regarding their intentions to screen, health behaviors, illness beliefs, social networks, and family health history in either English or Spanish. Data were analyzed in 2009. Results About one third of the participants reported having at least one same-generation network member who encouraged screening; smaller proportions reported having at least one older- (17% to 19%) and one younger-generation (11% to 12%) encourager. The presence of at least one older-generation encourager was associated with higher levels of intention to screen for all three screenings controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and illness beliefs. Having at least one same-generation encourager was associated with higher levels of intention to screen for blood cholesterol. Conclusions Social influence may play an important role in motivating individuals to engage in screenings. Network-based intervention involving older individuals to provide encouragement to younger network members should be explored as a means to increase motivation to screen among this population.
The Escherichia coli toxin MqsR destabilizes the transcriptional repression complex formed between the antitoxin MqsA and the mqsRA operon promoter

Bacterial biofilms are complex communities of cells containing an increased prevalence of dormant cells known as persisters, which are characterized by an up-regulation of genes known as toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules. The association of toxins with their cognate antitoxins neutralizes toxin activity, allowing for normal cell growth. Additionally, protein antitoxins bind their own promoters and repress transcription, whereas the toxins serve as co-repressors. Recently, TA pairs have been shown to regulate their own transcription through a phenomenon known as conditional cooperativity, where the TA complexes bind operator DNA and repress transcription only when present in the proper stoichiometric amounts. The most differentially up-regulated gene in persister cells is mqsR, a gene that, with the antitoxin mqsA, constitutes a TA module. Here, we reveal that, unlike other TA systems, MqsR is not a transcription co-repressor but instead functions to destabilize the MqsA-DNA complex. We further show that DNA binding is not regulated by conditional cooperativity. Finally, using biophysical studies, we show that complex formation between MqsR and MqsA results in an exceptionally stable interaction, resulting in a subnanomolar dissociation constant that is similar to that observed between MqsA and DNA. In combination with crystallographic studies, this work reveals that MqsA binding to DNA and MqsR is mutually exclusive. To our knowledge, this is the first TA system in which the toxin does not function as a transcriptional co-repressor, but instead functions to destabilize the antitoxin-operator complex under all conditions, and thus defines another unique feature of the mqsRA TA module.
Mental models: concepts for human-computer interaction research

Abstract In interacting with the world, people form internal representations or mental models of themselves and the objects with which they interact (Norman, 1983a). According to Norman, mental models provide predictive and explanatory powers for understanding the interaction. More abstractly, Gentner and Stevens (1983) propose that mental models focus on the way people understand a specific knowledge domain. More concretely, Carroll (1984) views mental models as information that is input into cognitive structures and processes. What are mental models? Are they always formed? When formed, what are their characteristics? What are the functional consequences of having no model (if that is possible), an immature model, or a mature model? This paper intends to explore these questions.
The Myxococcus xanthus socE and csgA genes are regulated by the stringent response

Disruption of the Myxococcus xanthus socE gene bypasses the requirement for the cell contact-dependent C-signalling system mediated by CsgA and restores fruiting body morphogenesis and spore differentiation. The socE gene has been identified by genetic complementation, cloned and sequenced. SocE is highly basic, unique and is predicted to be a soluble protein with a molecular size of 53. 6 kDa. The socE and csgA genes have opposite transcription patterns during the M. xanthus life cycle. socE expression is high in growing cells and declines during the early stages of development. Expression of csgA is low in vegetative cells and increases during development. socE transcription is negatively regulated by the stringent response, the major amino acid-sensing pathway in M. xanthus. A relA null mutation, which eliminates the stringent response, prevents the decline in socE expression normally observed at the onset of development. CsgA is positively regulated by the stringent response and is negatively regulated by socE. A relA mutation virtually eliminates developmental csgA expression. Expression of socE in Escherichia coli leads to a rapid loss of viability in relA- cells during stationary phase, suggesting a relationship with the stringent response.
Strain differences in response to acute hypoxia: CD-1 versus C57BL/6J mice.

Some mammals respond to hypoxia by lowering metabolic demand for oxygen and others by maximizing efficiency of oxygen usage: the former strategy is generally held to be the more effective. We descr...
A REVIEW OF TRAIT-MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS IN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

In this paper we review the empirical studies documenting trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) in food webs. Basic models and empirical approaches that form the foundation of our conceptualization of species interactions generally assume that interactions are an intrinsic property of the two interacting species and therefore are governed by their respective densities. However, if a species reacts to the presence of a second species by altering its phenotype, then the trait changes in the reacting species can alter the per capita effect of the reacting species on other species and, consequently, population density or fitness of the other species. Such trait-mediated indirect interactions can reinforce or oppose density-mediated effects and have been largely overlooked by community ecologists. We first briefly develop the case for the broad mechanistic basis for TMIIs and then review the direct evidence for TMIIs in various permutations of simple three- to four-species food webs. We find strong evid...
Translational regulation in growing clonal human astrocytoma cells in culture

The in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis by polysomes prepared from Cox astrocytoma cells grown in the presence of 100 mM ethanol were examined during transition from exponential to stationary growth phase. A sharp decline of translational activities of Cox poly (A)+messenger RNAs (mRNAs) occurred during this transition. This decline was accentuated when cells were grown in the presence of ethanol. The observed decline in mRNA translational activity was investigated in vitro in a micrococcal nuclease treated, mRNA depleted postmitochondrial supernatant (PMS) fraction containing [35S]methionine. The formation of the35S-labeled 40S ternary complex in the absence of mRNA and of the35S-labeled 80S initiation complex in the presence of Cox or brain poly (A)+mRNAs were reduced substantially when the source of PMS was from stationary phase or ethanol exposed cells. The sedimentation of peaks containing 40S ternary and 80S initiation complexes following sucrose density gradient analysis showed marked reductions in [35S] methionine labeling during the transition to stationary phase and also following ethanol exposure. The reduced formation of initiation complexes suggests possible functional modifications of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) present in the PMS fraction and of mRNAs under these conditions. Data suggest that cells initiate adaptive or protective mechanisms by reducing the rate of the initiation reaction following environmental alterations produced by ethanol.
How Do Students at Median Graduate Economic Programs Differ from Students at Top-ranked Programs?

This paper reports the results of a survey of students at median economics graduate programs and compares it with the results of a survey of students at top economics graduate programs done by Colander. Overall, a study of the data shows that while there are some differences in the student views, there are large areas of similarity. Some of the particular findings are that there are more US respondents in median programs than in top programs, median students have more interest in econometrics, history of thought and economic literature than do students at top programs, although after the fifth year, their interest in any field drops significantly. Results also indicate that students at top schools are much more likely to be involved in writing scholarly papers, and that students at top schools give far less emphasis to excellence in mathematics as a path to the fast track than do students at median schools.
Who's number one? – ranking college football teams for the 2003 season

This article uses the method of pairwise comparisons to rank college football teams. This issue is of some importance due to debate over, which team actually won the national championship in 2003–2004. Some polls ranked LSU number 1 while others ranked USC number 1. Our method, based on pairwise comparisons, finds LSU to be clearly ranked number 1 but USC ends up ranked third behind Miami of Ohio. The Southeastern Conference (SEC) does well in our ranking scheme because the SEC produced not only the best team in the country (LSU) but also the only team to beat the best team in the country (UF). We also find that our ranking does not correspond very closely to rankings in either the AP or Coaches poll. Auxiliary regressions with our rank as the independent variable explain 58 and 50% of the variation in the AP and Coaches rankings, respectively.
Late events in the intracellular sorting of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules are regulated by the 80‐82 segment of the class II β chain

The molecular mechanisms that regulate sorting of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules into the endocytic pathway are poorly understood. For many proteins, access to endosomal compartments is regulated by cytosolically expressed sequences. We present evidence that a sequence in the lumenal domain of the MHC class II molecule regulates a very late event in class II biogenesis. Class II molecules containing single amino acid changes in the highly conserved 80-82 region of the beta chain were introduced into invariant chain (Ii)-negative fibroblasts with wild-type alpha chain, and the derived transfectants were analyzed biochemically. Using an endosomal isolation technique, we have quantified the level of class II molecules expressed in endocytic compartments and found that in the absence of Ii, approximately 15% of total cellular class II molecules can be isolated from endosomal compartments. Mutation at position 80 enhances this localization, while changes at positions 81 and 82 ablate class II expression in endosomal compartments. In addition, we have evaluated whether the induced changes in intracellular distribution of class II molecules were due to alterations in early biosynthetic events, indicative of misfolding of the molecules, or to modulation of later trafficking events more likely to be a consequence of the modulation of a specific transport event. Despite the dramatic effects on endosomal localization induced by the mutations, early biosynthetic events and maturation of class II were unaffected by the mutations. Collectively, our data argue that late trafficking events that control the ability of the class II molecule to access antigens is regulated by the 80-82 segment of the MHC class II beta chains.
Bermudagrass and cool-season turfgrass mixtures: response to simulated traffic

Availability of newer, more competitive cool-season grasses has renewed interest in persistent, balanced warm- and cool-season species mixtures for sports turf. In this Missouri study, one-time overseedings of blends and mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.), hard fescue (Festuca longifolia Thuill.), and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra Gaud.) were made on established plots of KSU S-16 and «Midiron» bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. One-half of each plot was subjected to simulated traffic beginning 18 mon after overseeding, using a modified Brinkman traffic simulator [...]
Methods and costs of suppressing Brachycorynella asparagi Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract The asparagus aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi Mordvilko, is a threat to commercial asparagus, Asparagus officinalis, L, production in Washington and other commercial asparagus production areas. The suppression of the asparagus aphids can be accomplished by the control of wild asparagus plants within commercial asparagus fields and in surrounding areas. Controlling wild asparagus plants within asparagus fields requires proper cultural practices. The practices comprise
Workplace by Design: Mapping the High-Performance Workscape

The article reviews the book “Workplace by Design: Mapping the High-Performance Workscape,” by Franklin Becker and Fritz Steele.
The interaction between a nonionic surfactant and acid dyes studied by measurements of cloud point

Abstract In order to clarify the interaction behaviors between a nonionic surfactant (S) and an acid dye (D), the cloud points (CP) were measured for the solution containing S and D with increasing amounts of electrolytes and are plotted as a function of the electrolyte concentration. A clear transition point Z was observed in the CP curve. The value of Cz, the electrolyte concentration at Z, depends upon the valence number of the cation of the added electrolyte rather than that of the anion. While the value of Tz, the temperature at Z, is independent of the kind of electrolyte and dye, but depends on the molar ratio of S to D in the solution. On the basis of the phase rule, the existence of Z was interpreted in terms of a triple point of three types of mixed micelles which are formed of S and D.
Cim Systems: An Introduction to Computer-Integrated Manufacturing

Applying open system concepts evolution of manufacturing systems in the United States manufacturing systems design implementing system design concepts software for modelling support manufacturing equipment and automation information flow and computer networks organization and management product design and manufacturing system design and implementation.
Syntactic and thematic constraint effects on blood oxygenation level dependent signal correlates of comprehension of relative clauses

The effects of plausibility of thematic role assignment and syntactic structure on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal were studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging by orthogonally varying syntactic structure (subject-vs. object-extracted relative clauses) and the plausibility of nouns playing thematic roles (constrained vs. unconstrained sentences) in a plausibility judgment task. In plausible sentences, BOLD signal increased for object-compared to subject-extracted clauses in unconstrained sentences in left middle temporal and left inferior frontal areas, for this contrast in constrained sentences in left middle temporal but not left inferior frontal areas, and for constrained subject-extracted sentences compared to unconstrained subject-extracted sentences in the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We relate these areas of activation to the assignment of the syntactic structure of object-compared to subject-extracted structures and the process of checking which thematic roles activated in the course of processing a sentence are licensed by the syntactic structure of the sentence.
The inactivation of doxorubicin by long ultraviolet light

Purpose: Irradiation of doxorubicin (DOX) dissolved in RPMI medium 1640 by long ultraviolet (UVA) light results in a rapid decline in the cytotoxic activity of the drug. The present study was designed to sort out which component(s) of this medium are associated with the UVA inactivation of DOX. Methods: The effects of UVA irradiation of DOX in solutions of various compositions were evaluated by measuring the changes in the drug growth inhibitory activity in P388 cells and in the DOX absorbance spectrum. Results: Riboflavin seemed to be the major photosensitizing component in the medium and the effect was enhanced by the presence of histidine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine but not by other amino acids. The changes in DOX resulting from UVA irradiation in the presence of riboflavin, were not blocked by 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane (5 mM ), superoxide dismutase (300 units/ml ), catalase (150 units/ml) or sodium benzoate (50 mM). The effects of UVA light on doxorubicin could be prevented by excess ascorbic acid. Conclusions: The effects of UVA on DOX are mediated by riboflavin. The photoexcited riboflavin apparently interacts directly with DOX rather than by first forming reactive oxygen species. The results suggest that the photoinactivation of DOX may involve an oxidation step. The mechanism by which certain amino acids facilitate the photoinactivation of DOX is not known. It is suggested that patient intake of riboflavin and exposure to the sun and fluorescent light could affect the outcome of anthracycline treatment.
Fabric evolution of ellipsoidal arrays with different particle shapes

Fabric evolution of ellipsoidal arrays under drained triaxial compression loading was obtained by the discrete element method. The ellipsoidal arrays (specimens) consist of 520 identical ellipsoidal particles. The effect of particle shape on fabric evolution was studied by using four different aspect ratios (major/minor axis of the ellipsoidal particle) varying between 1.2 and 2. In the simulation, a large axial strain up to 80% was applied to the specimen. In addition to the typical macroscopic results, the fabric (microscopic information) of the specimen at certain stages was presented. The fabric includes the distribution of particle orientations and the distribution of branch vectors and normal vectors. Two distribution indicators quantified these distributions and one distribution indicator was identified to have direct variation with the principal stress ratio.
Improving Bondholder Communication

The panelists represented the issuer, vendor, investor, and trustee points of view. Questions and issues posed by the moderator included whether communication today between issuers and investors in securitization transactions is usually sufficient, sometimes sufficient, or rarely sufficient; historical challenges to effective communication between issuers and investors in the securitization market; the current process for getting messages to investors; the trustee’s role as the conduit for information; how issuers have tried to deal with challenges to effective communication; issuers’ experiences in communicating critical information to end-investors; how end-investors are identified; tools that allow investors to communicate with each other; whether such communication can or should be monitored; quality and timeliness of information that investors typically receive from trustees in a securitization; inherent reasons for insufficiency of information; and information available on a transaction from independent data providers.
Advanced Endovascular Training for Vascular Residents: What More Do We Need?

In the 25 years that formalized vascular surgery training and certification has been, in effect, the treatment of patients with peripheral vascular disease has undergone dramatic changes, largely due to the emergence of a wide variety of endoluminal techniques and devices that enable minimally invasive treatment of conditions that formerly required operative intervention. Unfortunately, vascular surgeons, for the most part, were painfully slow to embrace these new and evolving technologies, which became increasingly complex as they expanded to treat virtually all vascular maladies in all peripheral vascular territories. Not surprisingly, this left vascular surgeons disadvantaged relative to other disciplines for whom these techniques were more familiar, and we have spent the better part of the last decade playing catch-up to master them and regain our role as the only specialty qualified to offer all types of therapies to our patients with vascular disease. This has caused some to question what changes need to be made in our vascular surgery training paradigm for our new trainees to attain and maintain a preeminent role in the evaluation and treatment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. While the knee-jerk response is to consider special or supplemental training programs for these advanced techniques, or even certificates of added qualifications for the more challenging of them, such as carotid stenting, we believe that all that is really needed is for the vascular surgical community as a whole, and particularly those faculty in training programs, to truly embrace these new technologies and apply them to the patients they are already rendering care to. Given the prevalence of vascular disease and overall wealth of clinical material already present in most training programs, the simple willingness to apply endoluminal therapies to our existing patient populations is all that would really be needed to insure that all future graduates of vascular surgery training programs are fully competent in all of the current endoluminal therapies and well-positioned to continue to evolve with the field. The real question to be considering, which is beyond the focus of this article, is how we are to maintain our open surgical skills in the era of minimally invasive treatment of vascular disease.
Conjure, Magic, and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave Resistance and Rebellion

Ignorance and superstition render them easy dupes to ... artful and designing men .... On certain occasions they have been made to believe that while they carried about their persons some charm with which they had been furnished, they were invulnerable. They have, on certain other occasions, been made to believe that they were under a protection that rendered them invincible .... They have been known to be so perfectly and fearfully under the influence of some leader or conjurer or minister, that they have not dared disobey him in the least particular. (p. 128)
Occupational cadmium exposure and renal status.

With chronic low-level exposure to cadmium (Cd) the kidney is considered to be the organ at risk. Thus, permissible exposure levels (PEL) should be established to protect against the risk of renal dysfunction for a working lifetime. In this study, the prevalence of renal dysfunction among 33 male subjects exposed to Cd fumes at and below the current PEL of 100 microgramsCd/m3 for at least 21 years, was 21% (adjusted for confounding factors). The average cumulative time-weighted exposure in subjects with abnormal renal function was 1137 micrograms/m3 years, which was significantly different (p . .02) from subjects with normal renal function. These findings are consistent with those of other investigators and suggest that the current PEL does not protect against the risk of renal dysfunction, secondary to Cd fume exposure, for a working lifetime (approximately equal to 40 years).
The insulin hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: roles of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor.

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) profoundly inhibits the activity of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The aim of this study was to determine the role of vasopressin and CRF in this response. Ovariectomized rhesus monkeys with chronically implanted recording electrodes in the mediobasal hypothalamus and with intracerebroventricular (icv) cannulas in the lateral ventricle were placed in primate chairs, and blood samples were taken every 10 min. Pulse generator activity was monitored electrophysiologically by detecting characteristic increases in hypothalamic multi-unit activity (MUA volleys) and by attendant LH pulses measured in peripheral blood. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) infused via the i.c.v. cannula (50 micrograms/60 microliters.h) in eight monkeys failed to decrease pulse generator activity, as measured by the frequency of MUA volleys, but decreased mean serum LH concentrations (P < 0.001) while increasing serum cortisol levels (P < 0.02). Central administration of an AVP antagonist ([deamino-Pen1, O-Me-Tyr2-Arg8] vasopressin) in four monkeys at a rate (180 micrograms/60 microliters.h) that had previously been found to block the aforementioned effects of coadministered AVP failed to prevent the IIH-induced inhibition of GnRH pulse generator activity and LH secretion in the same animals. On the other hand, a CRF antagonist, [D-Phe12,Nle21,38,C alpha MeLeu37] rat CRF-(12-41), infused i.c.v. at a rate of 500 micrograms/60 microliters.h in four monkeys, delayed the inhibition of pulse generator frequency in response to IIH. These results suggest that AVP does not mediate the hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of GnRH pulse generator frequency in the rhesus monkey, but that CRF may be involved in this response.
The theory of free inertial jets: II. A numerical experiment for the path of the Gulf Stream

Numerical solutions are obtained to the path equation of the free jet which was derived in Part I of this study, for values of the parameters relevant to the Gulf Stream. Comparison is made with the observational data. It is shown that this steady state theory can describe the mean position of the stream as it falls off the continental shelf into deep water. The meandering of the stream about this mean position is discussed in some detail. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01511.x
Assessing College Students’ Spatial Concept Knowledge in Complexity Levels

Abstract This study probes undergraduate students’ spatial concept knowledge and their comprehension. The researcher scored undergraduate students’ concept maps by evaluating the quality of interrelationships between concept nodes. The results of statistical analyses indicate that map scores are significantly different between the three complexity levels of spatial concepts, and the hierarchy of students’ comprehension matches Golledge's ontological lexicon. These results imply that the scores of concept maps decrease as the complexity of spatial concept increases.
The effect of immunoglobulins and somatic cells on the gravity separation of fat, bacteria, and spores in pasteurized whole milk1

Abstract Our objective was to determine the role that immunoglobulins and somatic cells (SC) play in the gravity separation of milk. The experiment comprised 9 treatments: (1) low-temperature pasteurized (LTP; 72°C for 17.31s) whole milk; (2) LTP (72°C for 17.31s) whole milk with added bacteria and spores; (3) recombined LTP (72°C for 17.31s) whole milk with added bacteria and spores; (4) high-temperature pasteurized (HTP; 76°C for 7min) whole milk with added bacteria and spores; (5) HTP (76°C for 7min) whole milk with added bacteria and spores and added colostrum; (6) HTP (76°C for 7min) centrifugally separated, gravity-separated (CS GS) skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) low-SC cream with added bacteria and spores; (7) HTP (76°C for 7min) CS GS skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) high-SC cream with added bacteria and spores; (8) HTP (76°C for 7min) CS GS skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) low-SC cream with added bacteria and spores and added colostrum; and (9) HTP (76°C for 7min) CS GS skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) high-SC cream with added bacteria and spores and added colostrum. The milks in the 9 treatments were gravity separated at 4°C for 23h in glass columns. Five fractions were collected by weight from each of the column treatments, starting from the bottom of the glass column: 0 to 5%, 5 to 90%, 90 to 96%, 96 to 98%, and 98 to 100%. The SC, fat, bacteria, and spores were measured in each of the fractions. The experiment was replicated 3 times in different weeks using a different batch of milk and different colostrum. Portions of the same batch of the frozen bacteria and spore solutions were used for all 3 replicates. The presence of both SC and immunoglobulins were necessary for normal gravity separation (i.e., rising to the top) of fat, bacteria, and spores in whole milk. The presence of immunoglobulins alone without SC was not sufficient to cause bacteria, fat, and spores to rise to the top. The interaction between SC and immunoglobulins was necessary to cause aggregates of fat, SC, bacteria, and spores to rise during gravity separation. The SC may provide the buoyancy required for the aggregates to rise to the top due to gas within the SC. More research is needed to understand the mechanism of the gravity-separation process.
Comparison of various flooding procedures in reducing fear and in extinguishing jump-up avoidance responding

Two experiments examined the effectiveness of three variations in flooding techniques on hastening extinction of a jump-up avoidance response (Experiment 1) and on reducing fear (Experiment 2) as assessed by the multivariate fear-assessment techniques of Corriveau and Smith (1978). Traditional flooding involved blocking the subject’s response by making the safety ledge unavailable; barrier flooding involved inserting a Plexiglas barrier in front of the safety ledge to make it inaccessible and moving the wall periodically during treatment; no-barrier flooding involved allowing subjects to jump onto the ledge periodically but, if they did so, immediately dumping them back onto the grids. In both experiments, all three flooding treatments were found to be more effective than a home cage treatment, although the no-barrier procedure was significantly more effective than the other two. In addition, activity measures revealed interesting and significant group differences in the patterns of activity shown during treatment.
Benchmarking Functional Status in Older Adults

Abstract Objective To characterize the manner of functional status difficulties with age across multiple functional domains: lower extremity function, upper extremity function, and cognitive/social function. Construct validity of a functional status measure composed of these domains was assessed as part of this goal. Design Cross-sectional survey of the community-dwelling civilian population in the United States. Setting Community. Participants Community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older (N=7968). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Model fit of a 20-item functional status measure to a confirmatory factor analysis model was assessed with the root mean square error of approximation and the root mean square residual. Functional status benchmarks for age were developed with curves plotting activity difficulty percentiles versus age for the general U.S. population. Results The 20-item activity difficulty index modeled as a 3-factor construct had a root mean square error of approximation of .045 and a root mean squared residual of .052, indicating good fit. Benchmarks based on percentiles show that the median activity difficulty score is quite low for the full range studied but that there is a steady increase with increasing age. The domain regarding cognition and social function appeared to be less sensitive than the upper and lower extremity skills domains to increasing age. Conclusions A broad measure of difficulty with functional activities can be meaningfully treated as a 3-domain construct. The scores represented by the index measuring this construct can be used to compare patients to a national sample of age-matched individuals to assess functional status using normative values.
Controllability of team, linear quadratic games

The solution to a team, linear quadratic game is given, with one performance index for the team in competition with a common evader. A particular reduction approach allows the convenient study of the controllability of the game which, in turn, allows a solution to the problem of optimal disposition of a team of pursuers to neutralize or gain a control edge over an evader.
Impact of elevated plasma serotonin on global gene expression of murine megakaryocytes.

Background Serotonin (5-HT) is a biogenic amine that also acts as a mitogen and a developmental signal early in rodent embryogenesis. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of 5-HT signaling causes various diseases and disorders via mediating central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and serious abnormalities on a growing embryo. Today, neither the effective modulators on 5-HT signaling pathways nor the genes affected by 5-HT signal are well known yet.
Critical-Cultural Research: New Sensibilities and Old Realities

Critical perspectives on cultural research in organizations have received much attention recently. Future directions for this work are explored here through a review of central concepts and research. Continuation, but with greater theoretical focus, is expected for studies of language, metaphor, stories, and myths, which investigate the creation and maintenance of domination through systematically distorted communication. New work with participative research procedures holds promise of providing greater organizational change. Generally, future research will be more empirical, focus more on structures and material conditions, and be more closely related to the lives of people in host organizations.
Magnetic resonance guided optical spectroscopy imaging of human breast cancer using a combined frequency domain and continuous wave approach

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is used to image high-risk patients for breast cancer because of its higher sensitivity to tumors (approaching 100%) than traditional x-ray mammography. We focus on Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as an emerging functional and molecular imaging technique that non-invasively quantifies optical properties of total hemoglobin, oxygen saturation, water content, scattering, and lipid concentration to increase the relatively low specificity of DCE-MRI. Our optical imaging system combines six frequency domain wavelengths, measured using PMT detectors with three continuous wave wavelengths measured using CCD/spectrometers. We present methods on combining the synergistic attributes of DCE-MR and NIRS for in-vivo imaging of breast cancer in three dimensions using a custom optical MR breast coil and diffusion based light modeling software, NIRFAST. We present results from phantom studies, healthy subjects, and breast cancer patients. Preliminary results show contrast recovery within 10% in phantoms and spatial resolution less than 5mm. Images from healthy subjects were recovered with properties similar to literature values and previous studies. Patient images have shown elevated total hemoglobin values and water fraction, agreeing with histology and previous results. The additional information gained from NIRS may improve the ability to distinguish between malignant and benign lesions during MR imaging. These dual modality instruments will provide complex anatomical and molecular prognostic information, and may decrease the number of biopsies, thereby improving patient care.
A 1.5-T/75-mm Magic-Angle-Spinning NMR Magnet

We are currently working on a program to complete a 1.5-T/75-mm RT (room temperature) bore MAS (magic-angle-spinning) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) magnet. The MAS magnet comprises a z-axis 0.866-T solenoid and an x-axis 1.225-T dipole coil. The combination of the fields creates a 1.5-T field pointed at 54.74 degrees (magic angle) from the rotation (z) axis. During the 2nd year of this 3-year Phase I program, both coils have been wound and testing has begun. Some preliminary field mapping has been performed, and the design of the MAS magnet assembly has been completed. During the final year, the magnet assembly will be integrated into the cryogenic structure and tested at ~ 5.5 K in a solid nitrogen environment. Each coil will be energized separately, and the magnetic field will be mapped accurately. We expect a bare magnet uniformity of 100 ppm over a 10-mm diameter, 20-mm-long cylindrical volume. Then, using the field data, the uniformity will be improved to 0.1.ppm with a combination of ferroshims and cryoshims. Final field measurement will be performed as the cryostat-magnet system is spun manually at ~0.1 Hz.
Sound Localization Acuity and its Relation to Vision in Large and Small Fruit-eating Bats: II. Non-echolocating Species, Eidolon helvum and Cynopterus brachyotis

Passive sound-localization acuity for 100-msec noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of non-echolocating bats: the Straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, a large frugivore, and the Dog-faced fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotis, a small frugivore. The mean minimum audible angle for two E. helvum was 11.7 degrees, and for two C. brachyotis was 10.5 degrees. This places their passive sound-localization acuity near the middle of the range for echolocating bats as well as the middle of the range for other mammals. Sound-localization acuity varies widely among mammals, and the best predictor of this auditory function remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p<.0001). Among echolocating and non-echolocating bats, as well as among other mammals, the use of hearing to direct the eyes to the source of a sound still appears to serve as an important selective factor for sound localization. Absolute visual acuity and the magnitude of the binaural locus cues available to a species remain unreliable predictors of sound-localization acuity.
Politics and regions in Korea: an analysis of the recent presidential election

Abstract This paper addresses the nature of regions in Korean politics. Our investigation focuses on ways in which Korean society and the economy are reflected in the political (electoral) process, and how they are embedded in provincialism. We examine three questions: (1) can the concept of regional politics be applied to Korea; (2) in what ways is regional politics contingent upon the mode of production and spheres of consumption; and (3) in what ways is it manifested in the electoral process? We analyze regional data on industrial output, the state's recruitment practice for high government officials, variations in income distribution, and voter turnout in the 1992 and 1987 presidential elections. The findings suggest that Korea's regional politics was cultivated by the interests of the ruling party, which were tied closely to regional economic differentiation; it was not mobilized by grassroots politics. While this provincial favoritism has served the political legitimacy of the ruling party, the very process seemed to reinforce social discontent between regions as well as classes. Provincial favoritism in recent presidential voting was strong in some regions, especially Cholla and Kyungsang. This regional segregation of voting was also complicated by non-provincial votes, such as Seoul, which was more likely associated with voters' economic interests than any provincial favoritism for a presidential candidate. The regional votes seem to be transient and liable to merge into other social and political forces.
Measuring parental uncertainty during the diagnosis phase of serious illness in a child.

The purpose of this study was to revise and evaluate the Parental Perception of Uncertainty Scale (PPUS) for use in measuring parental uncertainty during the diagnosis of serious illness in a child. The concept of parental uncertainty during diagnosis was elaborated and original PPUS items were revised based on a review of the literature. Content validity of the revision was judged by nurse and parent experts. Preliminary psychometric evaluation of the measure was conducted in a sample of 25 biological mothers of infants who are HIV seropositive. The results offer initial support for the reliability and validity of the revised instrument. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Increased Nutrient Sensitivity and Plasma Concentrations of Enteral Hormones During Duodenal Nutrient Infusion in Functional Dyspepsia

Increased Nutrient Sensitivity and Plasma Concentrations of Enteral Hormones During Duodenal Nutrient Infusion in Functional Dyspepsia
Modulation Invariant Bilinear T(1) Theorem

We prove a T(1) theorem for bilinear singular integral operators (trilinear forms) with a one-dimensional modulation symmetry.
High-Q surface-plasmon whispering-gallery microcavity

We demonstrate a high-Q surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) whispering-gallery microcavity with SPP Q factors up to 1,376 ± 65 in the near infrared. The SPP eigenmodes are accessed evanescently using a tapered optical waveguide.
Endpoints in prostate cancer clinical trials

Prostate cancer is an extraordinarily heterogeneous disease with a variety of prognostic factors influential in determining ultimate patient outcomes. However, the vast majority of men harboring pathologic evidence of prostate cancer are not clinically diagnosed with this disease. Selected patients, particularly those with low clinical stage and low Gleason scores, may have extremely prolonged time until disease progression and cancer-specific death. Because of the potential for a prolonged natural history, factors, such as age and comorbidities, are often critical in evaluating clinical trial outcomes. Patients with more aggressive disease (higher clinical stage or Gleason score) have less prolonged natural histories. Careful examination of inclusion and exclusion criteria and the presence of clinical or pathologic staging are necessary for proper interpretation of clinical trials. Although surrogate endpoints, such as prostate-specific antigen and pathologic state, are commonly used to assess the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, the relations between these surrogates and more relevant clinical endpoints have not always been well defined. Although certain endpoints are generalizable (overall survival and cancer-specific survival), clinical stage and treatments dictate the appropriateness of many other clinical trial endpoints. Both disease-related and treatment-related endpoints are important, given the propensity for various interventions to alter quality of life. Prospective randomized trials with adequate follow-up time and the assessment of clinically meaningful endpoints will offer the best opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of various interventions used in this disease.
Predicting in vivo failure of pseudoelastic NiTi devices under low cycle, high amplitude fatigue.

Due to the large reversible strains achievable through the stress-induced austenite–martensite phase transformation in NiTi alloys, NiTi has replaced stainless steel in the majority of large-strain biomedical applications such as root canal enlargement. However, the pseudoelasticity of NiTi is currently overshadowed by the short fatigue life of NiTi wires used in this low cycle (200–2000 rpm), high amplitude (ea > 2.5%) application, resulting in in vivo fracture or premature retirement of otherwise reusable NiTi-based wire devices. In this study, the failure of pseudoelastic 55.8 wt % Ni-Ti wire is investigated experimentally, as a function of experimental parameters that include the clinically relevant regime. The effects of radius of curvature, angle of curvature, wire diameter, strain amplitude, cyclic frequency, volume under strain, and specific heat of the surrounding environmental fluid are considered systematically. These data indicate that the lifetime or cycles to failure Nf of a rotating NiTi wire can be predicted via a modified Coffin-Manson relation that is a strong function of both strain amplitude and volume under strain, and a weaker function of frequency and fluid specific heat. The resulting quantitative relation can be used to predict useful device lifetime under clinically relevant conditions and thereby reduce incidences of in vivo failure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 17–26, 2005
Shaping, auto-shaping and observational learning with rats

Shaping, auto-shaping, and observational learning were compared as methods for training albino rats to press a lever for milk reinforcement. The shaping procedure was generally superior, but 9 of 10 rats also learned under auto-shaping. This would seem to be the best procedure for training large numbers of rats. All animals learned under observation, although this procedure generally took longer. The observational procedure employed here more clearly limited learning to the effects of observation alone, as compared to observational procedures which had been employed in earlier experiments.
Simulation of Electromagnetic Field Distribution at a Nanowire Probe for Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

This work studies a new design of a near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) probe based on a ZnO nanowire sub-wavelength waveguide terminated with a plasmonic gold nanoparticle. Three-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation is used to visualize light guiding in the nanowire and near field coupling between the plasmonic nanoparticle and the substrate. The simulation results reveal local field enhancement at the gap between the nanoparticle and a gold substrate when the nanowire axis is tilted from the substrate normal by a small angle. The enhancement occurs only along the cross section plane that is parallel to the polarization of the excitation laser beam. The regime of field enhancement is much smaller than the diameter of the 100 nm plasmonic particle, making the nanowire probe well suited for NSOM with superior spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio compared to the state of the art.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
(Z)-Methyl 4-[3-(3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl-idenemeth-yl)-1H-indol-1-ylmeth-yl]benzoate.

The title compound, C25H24N2O3 was prepared by the reaction of (Z)-2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl­ene)-1-aza­bicyclo­[2.2.2]octan-3-one with methyl p-(bromo­meth­yl)benzoate, under phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) conditions using triethyl­benzyl­ammonium chloride and 50% w/v aqueous NaOH solution in dichloro­methane. The crystal structure indicates the presence of a double bond with Z geometry connecting the aza­bicyclic and indole groups.