cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS OF PEACH (PRUNUS PERSICA) AND RED OAK (QUERCUS RUBRA) IN RESPONSE TO A FREEZING STRESS

An ultrastructural investigation was conducted of xylem parenchyma cells of peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) cv. Harbrite and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in response to a freezing stress. Freezing curves of xylem tissues, as determined by differential thermal analysis, were used to predict temperatures at which both living and dead cells would be observed. Tissues were exposedto low temperatures (-15 to-35 C) and fixed in a frozen state at-10 C and at thawing. Current models ofthe freezing behavior of supercooled plant cells suggest that xylem parenchyma cells behave as individual water droplets. This implies that cells are unresponsive to the presence of low temperature and extracellular ice until internal nucleation triggers lethal, intracellular freezing. For these reasons, deep supercooling has been described as an avoidance mechanism. Results of this study confirmed earlier reports that xylem parenchyma cells freeze as individuals or in small groups. Individual cells, however, did not exhibit a neutral response. Instead, a range of responses was observed that included internal and external vesiculation, deep invaginations of the plasma membrane, and the formation of electron-dense deposits external to the plasmalemma. In general, our observations suggested that the cells responded to a dehydrative stress. Results are discussed in context of the biophysical data associated with deep supercooling phenomena and compared to responses of cells that exhibit extracellular freezing. LIVING XYLEM tissues of several temperate woody species avoid low temperature stress by deep supercooling (Quamme, StushnoW and Weiser,1972; Quamme, Weiser and StushnoK, 1973; George et al. 1974; George and Burke, 1977). A comprehensive list of woody species that exhibit this trait was published by George, Becwar and Burke (1982). It has been suggested by George et al. (1974) that deep supercooling plays a major role in limiting the distribution of a number of woody plant species to geographical areas where the occurrence of winter temperatures below -40 C is infrequent or nonexistent. Becwar et al. (1981) have proposed the same limitations on plant commul Received for publication 29 September 1984; revision accepted 21 March 1985. The authors give special thanks to W. P. Wergin for use of the EM facilities at the Plant Stress Laboratory, BARCWest, Beltsville, MD and G. Kaminski for assistance in the operation of the EM. Tom Lee, W. P. Wergin, R. Hinchman, and K. Whitney are thanked for their comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. We also thank Polly Hess for typing the manuscript. 2 Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products of vendors that may also be suitable. 3 Supported by a grant from the USDA-Research Associate Program. nities approaching timberline. Gusta, Tyler and Chen (1983), however, recently presented data providing several exceptions to this hypothe-
The SDR: Some Problems and Possibilities (Les DTS: quelques problÃ¨mes et possibilitÃ©s) (Los DEG: Ciertos problemas y posibilidades)

L'A©tude commence par un bref historique et une description sommaire des principales caractA©ristiques du nouvel instrument de rA©serve fiduciaire international, le Droit de Tirage SpA©cial du Fonds MonA©taire International, facilitA© crA©A©e en 1969 et A©mise pour la premiA¨re fois en 1970. L'auteur examine ensuite certains problA¨mes qui se sont posA©s et l'A©volution ultA©rieure A©ventuelle de cet instrument de rA©serve telle qu'elle est envisagA©e dans les A©crits des thA©oriciens. Les problA¨mes A©tudiA©s ont trait essentiellement A l'incidence sur le besoin de DTS, de l'estimation, d'une part, du besoin de croissance des rA©serves totales et, d'autre part, de l'offre A©ventuelle d'autres instruments de rA©serve. Parmi les possibilitA©s envisagA©es figurent 1) la variation du taux de l'intA©rAat A verser et A percevoir sur les DTS; 2) la crA©ation d'un lien entre l'A©mission de DTS et le financement du dA©veloppement A©conomique; 3) la libA©ralisation des transferts de DTS; 4) la convertibilitA© A©ventuelle des monnaies nationales en DTS; 5) l'institution des DTS comme A©talon des paritA©s; 6) le remplacement par les DTS de tous les autres instruments de rA©serve; et 7) la permission accordA©e aux A©tablissements privA©s de dA©tenir leurs propres DTS, et l'utilisation de ces derniers comme moyen d'intervention sur le marchA© pour maintenir la stabilitA© des taux de change. /// Este trabajo comienza con una breve descripciA³n de las caracterA­sticas principales y la evoluciA³n hasta la fecha del nuevo activo fiduciario de reserva internacional, los Derechos Especiales de Giro del Fondo Monetario Internacional, establecido en 1969 y emitido por primera vez en 1970. Se presenta despuA©s un examen de algunos de los problemas que se han planteado y las posibilidades que se han apuntado en la literatura para la futura evoluciA³n de esta modalidad. Los referidos problemas se relacionan principalmente con la estimaciA³n de la necesidad de crecimiento total de las reservas y la oferta prevista de otros activos de reserva, en cuanto que afectan la necesidad de crear DEG. Las posibilidades consideradas incluyen: 1) la modificaciA³n del tipo de interA©s pagado y cobrado por los DEG; 2) la creaciA³n de un vA­nculo entre la emisiA³n de DEG y la financiaciA³n del desarrollo econA³mico; 3) la liberalizaciA³n de las normas sobre transferencias de DEG; 4) la concesiA³n de convertibilidad de las monedas nacionales en DEG; 5) la adopciA³n de los DEG como nivel fijo para la mediciA³n de las paridades; 6) la sustituciA³n de todos los demAis activos de reserva por DEG; y 7) la autorizaciA³n a las instituciones privadas para que puedan disponer de los DEG, y la conversiA³n de estos Aoltimos en el instrumento de intervenciA³n en el mercado para la estabilizaciA³n de los tipos de cambio.
Pre-AIDS physical disability : Data from the AIDS Time-Oriented Health Outcome Study

Abstract Objective: To document the severity and correlates of perceived physical disability in a group of persons with HIV infection before an AIDS-defining illness, and to compare disability levels with a group of adults not infected with HIV. Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Setting: Community-based sample in California recruited through the AIDS Time-Oriented Health Outcome Study. Participants: Five hundred thirty-one asymptomatic and 345 symptomatic persons with HIV infection, primarily Caucasian, well-educated, homosexual and bisexual men. The control group consisted of 2,567 persons evaluated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, a national probability sample of civilian, noninstitutionalized persons between ages 1 and 74 years living in the United States. Main Outcome Measure: Perceived physical disability measured by the HIV Health Assessment Questionnaire, a self-administered questionnaire that measures perceived disability in eight areas of mobility and activities of daily living. Results: There were few significant differences between the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Total disability scores demonstrated a moderately strong relationship to number of symptoms, overall health status, employment, and Medical Outcomes Study-HIV fatigue index ( r = −.39 to .59; p Conclusions: Persons with HIV infection before an AIDS-defining illness demonstrate relatively low levels of physical dysfunction. When present, deficits tend to occur among instrumental activities of daily living. Despite the relatively low levels, perceived disability among the pre-AIDS sample is somewhat higher than that of the general population. Implications for functional assessment, disability screening, and future HIV disability research are discussed.
Discovering the Listener within Us: The Impact of Trait-Like Personality Variables and Communicator Styles on Preferences for Listening Style.

Extending past research, the present study provides an initial examination of the relationship between trait-like personality variables, communicator style, and individual listening preferences. A series of canonical correlations were run to ascertain to what degree certain communication preferences and trait-like personality variables are related to preferences for receiving information. Results indicated a similar pattern of listening styles is found regardless of the variables under question adding validity to the newly formed scoring method for the LSP. Specifically, people-orientation was advocated by a more competent, caring individual who enjoys conversation and is able to juggle affection with accomplishing conversational goals. The combination of high content- and action-orientations in listening is associated with a more masculine personality and greater tendency to engage in active, precise, and impression leaving arguments. High time and action (and to a lesser extent people) orientations corr...
Mitotic rate and younger age are predictors of sentinel lymph node positivity: lessons learned from the generation of a probabilistic model.

Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy allows surgeons to identify patients with subclinical nodal involvement who may benefit from lymphadenectomy and, possibly, adjuvant therapy. Several factors have been variably, and sometimes discordantly, reported to have predictive value for SLN metastasis to best select which patients require SLN biopsy. Methods: We reviewed 419 patients who underwent SLN biopsy for melanoma from a prospectively collected melanoma database. To derive a probabilistic model for the occurrence of a positive SLN, a multivariate logistic model was fit by using a stepwise variable selection method. The accuracy of each model was evaluated by using receiver operator characteristic curves. Results: On univariate analysis, the number of mitoses per square millimeter, increasing Breslow depth, decreasing age, ulceration, and melanoma on the trunk showed a significant relationship to a positive SLN. Multivariate analysis revealed that once age, mitotic rate, and Breslow thickness were included, no other factor, including ulceration, was significantly associated with a positive SLN. The data suggest that younger patients with tumors 1 mm may still have a substantial risk for a positive SLN, especially if the mitotic rate is high. Conclusions: In addition to Breslow depth, mitoses per square millimeter and younger age were factors identified as independent predictors of a positive SLN. This model may identify patients with thin melanoma at sufficient risk for metastases to justify SLN biopsy.
Recent excursions to the borderlands between the realms of concerted and stepwise: carbocation cascades in natural products biosynthesis

Recent theoretical studies on concerted carbocation rearrangements that involve multiple asynchronous chemical events are described. The relevance of such rearrangements to natural products biosynthesis is highlighted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Humanistic Characteristics of Chinese Religious Thought

The main purpose of this paper is to bring out some significant humanistic characteristics of Chinese religious thought. My account is limited to what is originally and typically Chinese. That is to say, it will exclude what has been influenced by Buddhism from India or Christianity from the Western world. Some of the theses of this paper are based on scholarly works, while others are drawn from the author's primary experience.
Complexity measures for assembly language programs

This paper presents the results of a study of the software complexity characteristics of a large real-time signal processing system for which there is a 6-yr maintenance history. The objective of the study was to compare values generated by software metrics to the maintenance history in order to determine which software complexity metrics would be most useful for estimating maintenance effort. The metrics that were analyzed were program size measures, software science measures, and control flow measures. During the course of the study two new software metrics were defined. The new metrics, maximum knot depth and knots per jump ratio, are both extensions of the knot count metric. When comparing the metrics to the maintenance data the control flow measures showed the strongest positive correlation.
Age-Associated Changes in Basal c-fos Transcription Factor Binding Activity in Rat Hearts

The early response proto-oncogene c-fos is expressed at very low levels in the mammalian heart at baseline. To further investigate the mechanism of altered c-fos expression with age, we studied in the basal state the binding of five transcription proteins to their cognate sites in the c-fos promoter/enhancer region, in adult and old F344 rats. Our results show a reduced binding of E2F and AP1 proteins to the c-fos promoter in aging hearts. The major calcium/cyclic AMP response element (CRE) and SP1 binding was unchanged. The only increase seen with age was in the serum response element (SRE) binding proteins. SRE is the point of convergence of different signal transduction pathways (via MAP kinases and the Rho family of GTPases) at the c-fos promoter. Increased SRE binding may reflect a compensation for a decreased binding of other transcription proteins to the c-fos promoter, alteration in the phosphorylation status of SRF, or a change in the ternary complex factors Elk 1 or SAP 1. Other possibilities include defects in the signal transduction pathways with aging, which combine to produce an overall negative balance in the function of the c-fos promoter despite the increased SRE binding activity. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown decreased c-fos expression with age. This may be due partly to alterations in the basal levels of transcription factor binding.
Synchrony effects in cognition: the costs and a benefit.

The present study investigated whether younger and older adults’ ability to inhibit distractors in a problem-solving task is affected by synchrony, or the match between circadian arousal periods and time of testing. Consistent with an inhibitory-deficit explanation of synchrony effects, both age groups showed heightened susceptibility to distraction at off-peak relative to peak times. In most instances, increased sensitivity to distraction disrupted problem-solving performance; however, when distracting material was related to task goals, individuals actually benefited from reduced inhibitory efficiency. The present data are also consistent with other research in showing that access to and production of well-learned or familiar responses are not vulnerable to synchrony effects.
Visceral and Somatic Hypersensitivity in TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats

Inflammation of visceral structures in rats has been shown to produce visceral/somatic hyperalgesia. Our objectives were to determine if trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in rats leads to visceral/somatic hypersensitivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were treated with 20 mg of TNBS in 50% ethanol (n = 40) or an equivalent volume of ethanol (n = 40) or saline (n = 25) via the colon. Colonic distension, Von Frey, Hargreaves, and tail reflex tests were used to evaluate for visceral, mechanical, and thermal sensitivity. The rats demonstrated visceral hypersensitivity at 2-28 days following TNBS administration (P < 0.0001). The ethanol-treated rats also demonstrated visceral hypersensitivity that resolved after day 14. TNBS-treated rats demonstrated somatic hypersensitivity at days 14-28 (P < 0.0001) in response to somatic stimuli of the hind paw. TNBS colitis is associated with visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in areas of somatotopic overlap. This model of colitis should allow further investigation into the mechanisms of visceral and somatic hypersensitivity.
A Newton-Raphson Pseudo-Solid Domain Mapping Technique for Free and Moving Boundary Problems

An implicit, pseudo-solid domain mapping technique is described that facilitates finite element analysis of free and moving boundary problems. The technique is based on an implicit, full-Newton strategy, free of restrictions on mesh structure; this leads to many advantages over existing domain mapping techniques. The fully coupled approach using Newton's method is particularly effective for problems with strong coupling between the internal bulk physics and the governing physics at unknown free boundary locations. It is also useful when the distinguishing conditions which constrain the free boundary shape provide only an implicit dependence on the boundary location. Unstructured meshes allow for efficient resolution of internal and boundary layers and other regions of strong local variations in the solution and they also reduce the amount of user interaction required to define a problem since the meshes may be generated automatically. The technique is readily applied to steady or transient problems in complex geometries of two and three dimensions. Examples are shown that include free and moving boundary problems from solidification and capillary hydrodynamics.
BOOK REVIEW: The New Economy and Transforming Employment Relations: A Review Essay

Sweet and Sour: Life Worlds of Taipei Women Entrepreneurs. Scott Simon. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.
Racial differences of colorectal cancer in a single institution in Northeast Louisiana primarily serving the underserved population

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has helped decrease the incidence of CRC in the last two decades. Still African Americans share a higher burden of CRC disease in the United States in comparison to Caucasians. Objective: To study racial differences of colorectal cancer in low income patients. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all admitted patients with a diagnosis of CRC was done by the lead author over a period of eight months. Results: This study, drawn from a poor, diverse population of Louisiana residents suggests socioeconomic factors may explain observed differences in CRC rates between African Americans and Caucasians. Conclusion: Large scale surveillance studies that address social determinants of CRC are needed to further explore this association. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i1.5998 HREN 2012; 10(1): 5-7
Dynamic cellular actuator arrays and the expanded fingerprint method for dynamic modeling

Abstract A key step to understanding and producing natural motion is creating a physical, well understood actuator with a dynamic model resembling biological muscle. This actuator can then serve as the basis for building viable, full-strength, and safe muscles for disabled patients, rehabilitation, human force amplification, telerobotics, and humanoid robotic systems. This paper presents a cell-based flexible actuator modeling methodology and the General Fingerprint Method for systematically and efficiently calculating the actuators’ respective dynamic equations of motion. The cellular actuator arrays combine many flexible ‘cells’ in complex and varied topologies for combined large-scale motion. The cells can have varied internal dynamic models and common actuators such as piezoelectric, SMA, linear motor, and pneumatic technologies can fit the model by adding a flexible element in series with the actuator. The topology of the cellular actuator array lends it many of its properties allowing the final muscle to be catered to particular applications. The General Fingerprint Method allows for fast recalculation for different and/or changing structures and internal dynamics, and provides an intuitive base for future controls work. This paper also presents two physical SMA based cellular actuator arrays which validate the presented theory and give a basis for future development.
Constipation in the Elderly

Objective: To explore the distinction between true clinical constipation and the subjective complaint of constipation in elderly people and to review the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, causes, and treatment. Data Sources: A computer-assisted and manual search of the English language literature using MEDLINE 1966–1991, Index Medicus 1988–1992, reference lists of selected articles, and relevant textbooks. Study Selection: Studies that provide information on lower bowel function and laxative and enema use in the elderly subjects were reviewed. Article selection was not limited by study design. Data Extraction: Relevant data were abstracted from the results of physiological, cohort and case-control studies, and clinical trials. The text discusses the methodological strengths and flaws of these studies and excludes management approaches formulated from uncontrolled clinical observation. Results of Data Synthesis: Constipation of the elderly is not well defined in the current literature. Self-reported constipation and laxative use increase with age, while a similar escalation in true clinical constipation is not shown. Physiological changes in the lower bowel predisposing toward constipation do not occur with normal aging. Patient selection criteria for studies examining the pathophysiology of constipation differ in their definition of constipation and their inclusion of coexisting chronic illness. Nevertheless, there is consistent evidence for prolonged transit through the sigmoid colon and rectum, especially in frail elderly patients, and reduced rectal tone with impaired sensation, particularly in patients with rectal impaction. Few studies rigorously examine “risk factors” and non-pharmacological interventions in constipation. The results of most laxative trials require cautious interpretation because of inclusion of patients without diagnostically proven constipation, use of combined laxative preparations, and unreliable outcome measures. Certain laxative agents however appear more appropriate for use in elderly people. Conclusion: Although the subjective complaint of constipation and habitual laxative use increase with age, the epidemiological data suggest that true clinical constipation does not. Physiological changes predisposing toward constipation are not an inevitable consequence of aging, but appear to be specific to the condition. The available data do not confirm many suspected “risk factors” nor the benefits of commonly used non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments, but they do provide enough information to formulate a practical approach to constipation in elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:1130–1140, 1993
Joint Inversion of Time-lapse Seismic And Production Data Using VFSA With Local Thermal Regulation And Pilot Point Parameterization

Summary Estimation of reservoir parameters is im portant for prediction and optimization of oil production. Time-lapse seismic data, commonly acquired in mature oil fields to identify profitable bypassed zones, can be used to estimate reservoir parameters by posing the history matching process as a joint inversion problem. Due to the size of the problem and existence of multiple minima (of the error function), only global optimization techniques, such as Very Fast Simulated Annealing (VFSA) have an opportunity to find the global minimum. However, even for the VFSA technique, the computational cost of the forward modeling (particularly, the reservoir simulation) can make the inversion process impractical in real applications if we consider that many inversions are required to estimate the solution uncertainty. To improve the convergence characteristics of the VFSA technique, we have developed a modification of this technique where a regulation of the local temperature associated with the model variables is driven by the local changes of the error function. We call this modification Local Thermal Regulation (LTR) and show that the time (or number of iterations) spent for convergence can be reduced by 25 to 50%, while maintaining the same degree of ergodicity of the conventional VFSA technique.
Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: Hypoglycorrhachia and its relationship to CSF lactate levels

1. Ek J, and Magnus EM: Folic acid levels in infancy, in Proceedings of Fourteenth International Congress of Pediatrics, Buenos Aires, Oct. 3-9, 1974, Buenos Aires, 1974, Editorial Medica Panamericana, p 49. 2. Hibbard ED, and Kenna AP: Plasma and erythrocyte folate levels in low-birth-weight infants, J PEDIATR 84:750, 1974. 3. Landon MJ, and Oxley A: Relation between maternal and infant blood folate activities, Arch Dis Childh 46:810, 1971. 4. Morgan SK: Newborns and Folic acid, J Sci Med Assoc 64:499, 1968. 5. Brenner WE, Edelman DA, and Hendricks CH: A standard of fetal growth for the United States of America, Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:555, 1976. 6. Sterky G: Swedish standard curves for intra-uterine growth, Pediatrics 46:7, 1970. 7. Magnus E: Folate studies, Scand J Haematol Suppl No. 24, 1975. 8. Magnus E: Folate concentrations in top, middle and bottom layer of packed red cells in vitamin BI~ deficiency. Relation to treatment, Scand J Haematol (in press). 9. Ek J, and Magnus EM: Plasma and red blood cell folate in breasted infants, Acta Paediatr Scand 68:239, 1979. 10. Dixon WJ: BMDP. Biomedical Computer Programs, Berkeley, Calif., 1977, University of California Press. tl . Ek J, and Magnus E: Plasma and red blood cell folate during normal pregnancies, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (submitted). 12. Ek J: Plasma and red cell folate values in formula-fed term infants during the first year of life (in preparation). 13. Hoffbrand AV, Newcombe BFA, and Mollin DL: Method of assay of red cell folate activity and the value of the assay as a test for folate deficiency, J Clin Pathol 19:17, 1966. 14. Kamen BA, and Caston JD: Purification of folate binding factor in normal umbilical cord serum, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4261, 1975. 15. Ainley N J: Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy and the puerperium, J Obstet Gynaecot Br Emp 68:254, 1961. 16. Strelling MK, Blackledge GD, Goodall HB, and Walker CHM: Megaloblastic anemia and whole-blood folate levels in premature infants, Lancet 1:898, 1966. 17. Zuelzer WW and Ogden FN: Megaloblastic anemia in infancy, Am J Dis Child 71:211, 1946.
Is there significant cyclic electron flow around photoreaction 1 in cyanobacteria

Evidence for a cyclic electron flow has been sought by study of the steady-state poise of P700 and rate of photoreaction 1 in three cyanobacteria. Under an actinic light 1 (440 or 680 nm) the rate of photoreaction 1 is limited by the rate of electron supply provided by photoreaction 2 and by all return electron flow from low potential donors such as ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Plots of p, the steady-state fraction of P700 reduced, versus the reciprocal intensity, 1/I, yield linear segments of slope Ip. From considerations of a simple model the slopes and extrapolated intercepts of the linear segments provide estimates of the rate of return electron flow. Analysis shows that the total return electron flow cannot be large, by one estimate not more than three times the rate of dark respiration. This result leads to a conclusion that cyclic electron flow (and any dependent phosphorylation) is not a significant process in these cyanobacteria at ordinary light intensities.
Spectrotemporal analysis of guided-wave pulse-echo signals: Part 2. Numerical and experimental investigations

Part 2 of this paper seeks the numerical and experimental procedures for implementing the Morlet wavelet transform for the spectrotemporal analysis of multimode dispersive waves. The sensitivity due to the spectral parameters α and ω0, defining the bandwidth and center frequency of the mother wavelet, is studied through an error analysis of the simulation signals. The algorithm for determining the group delays is extended to multimode signals by introducing a thresholding technique. The ultimate goal of this study is to nondestructively detect and locate discontinuities in a thin plate. This is demonstrated by experimentally measuring the travel distance of a Lamb wave from a single waveform.
Adolescents' nonmedical use of prescription medications and other problem behaviors.

Purpose This study examines adolescent nonmedical use of prescription medications (NUPM) and its relationship to other problem behaviors. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted with data gathered from 912 adolescents in 2007. Four mutually exclusive groups were created from the data. Adolescents who: 1) did not use controlled prescription medications (nonusers); 2) used their own controlled medications as prescribed (medical-users); 3) engaged in nonmedical use for self-treatment motivations (self-treaters), and 4) engaged in nonmedical use for sensation-seeking motivations (sensation-seekers). These four groups were compared on problem behaviors as well as depression and impulsivity. Results Approximately 10.9% of the sample engaged in NUPM and 36.8% had a legal prescription for a controlled medication. Sensation-seekers were more likely to engage in most problem behaviors when compared with all other groups; impulsivity and depression was variable among groups. Conclusions The findings suggest there are different subtypes of nonmedical users of prescription medications.
Distinct receptors for IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin are present on bovine capillary endothelial cells and large vessel endothelial cells.

Abstract Endothelial cells were cultured from bovine fat capillaries, aortae and pulmonary arteries and their interactions with 125 I-IGF-I, 125 I-MSA (an IGF-II), 125 I-insulin and the corresponding unlabeled hormones were evaluated. Each endothelial culture showed similar binding parameters. With 125 I-insulin, unlabeled insulin competed with high affinity while IGF-I and MSA were ∼ 1% as potent. With 125 I-MSA. MSA was ≥ IGF-I in potency and insulin did not compete for binding. Using 125 I-IGF-I, IGF-I was ≥ MSA whereas insulin decreased 125 I-IGF-I binding by up to 72%. Exposing cells to anti-insulin receptor antibodies inhibited 125 I-insulin binding by > 90%, did not change 125 I-MSA binding, while 125 I-IGF-I binding was decreased by 30–44%, suggesting overlapping antigenic determinants between IGF-I and insulin receptors that were not present on MSA receptors. We conclude that cultured capillary and large vessel endothelial cells have distinct receptors for insulin, IGF-I and MSA (IGF-II).
Of P-values and bayes : A modest proposal

I am delighted to be invited to comment on the use of P-values, but at the same time, it depresses me. Why? So much brainpower, ink, and passion have been expended on this subject for so long, yet plus ca change, plus c’est le meme chose– the more things change, the more they stay the same. The
Effect of the preparation of a mesoporous sulfated zirconia catalyst in n-butane isomerization activity

The n-butane isomerization activity of a mesoporous sulfated zirconia is shown to be a strong function of the extent of hydration on the catalyst surface. Regeneration of the catalyst at 500°C in oxygen must be followed by a water exposure step to rehydrate the catalyst and recapture its original activity. Pretreatment drying procedures are critical in determining optimal activity on the mesoporous catalyst. Pretreating at 400°C leads to the most active mesoporous sulfated zirconia catalyst for n-butane isomerization.
CRYOGENIC FLUID JETS AND MIXING LAYERS IN TRANSCRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of cryogenic fluid injection and mixing in transcritical and supercritical environments. The basis of the analysis is a general theoretical and numerical framework that accommodates full conservation laws and real-fluid thermodynamic and transport phenomena. All of the thermophysical properties are determined directly from fundamental thermodynamics theories, along with the use of corresponding-state principles. Turbulence closure is achieved using a large-eddy-simulation technique, in which large-scale motions are calculated explicitly and the effects of unresolved small-scale turbulence are modeled either analytically or empirically. The analysis has been applied to study: (1) fluid jet dynamics, (2) swirl injection of liquid oxygen through a simplex swirl injector, and (3) shear co-axial injection and mixing of liquid oxygen and methane. Various effects, including density stratification, she...
Do patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures produce trustworthy findings on neuropsychological tests

Drane et al. (2006) has recently raised the possibility that patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) may make poor effort in taking neuropsychological tests in comparison with patients with epilepsy (ES). Therefore, findings previously reported with PNES patients may be in error, especially with regard to tests of mental abilities. Using the same measure of effort used by Drane et al. (2006) but with more broadly selected patients, this paper attempts to replicate their findings with new samples of ES (n = 65) and PNES (n = 32) cases. However, their findings could not be replicated, and no differences in test taking effort could be demonstrated across the groups. The highly selected samples of Drane et al. (2006) appear to be responsible for their results, and neuropsychological findings with PNES patients appear to be as trustworthy as those with ES patients.
Factors affecting the permissiveness of porcine alveolar macrophages for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Alveolar macrophages from PRRSV-infected and naive pigs were placed into culture and infected with PRRSV laboratory strain SD-23983. Permissiveness increased with time in culture, and macrophages from infected pigs could be superinfected. Addition of actinomycin D, an inhibitor of mRNA synthesis, blocked infection. Interferon-γ reduced infection in cultures, while the addition of tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin (IL)-10 did not affect permissiveness. IL-4 produced a marginal increase in the percentage of infected cells, but without a detectable increase in virus yield. These results suggest that the PRRSV-permissive population of cells in culture arises from a non-permissive precursor population and depends on new mRNA synthesis.
Two phases of Cretaceous—Tertiary magmatism in the eastern desert of Egypt: Paleomagnetic, chemical and k-ar evidence

Abstract Paleomagnetic and radiometric data confirm the existence of two phases of igneous activity in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic history of eastern Egypt. In the mid to late Cretaceous, the earlier and more extensive episode produced the Wadi Natash alkaline basalts and numerous small trachytic intrusions. The ring complexes of Abu Khrug and Gebel El Kahfa were also emplaced at this time. The mean paleopole position for the intrusive rocks is at 65.3°N 111.2°W, A 95 = 11.4 (31 sites). Chemical analyses of the trachytes show that they are enriched in Nb, Zr and Y and depleted in Sr, Ba, Cr and Ni suggesting either prolonged fractionation or limited partial fusion. The second phase of activity, during Oligo—Miocene time, is represented by small tholeiitic basalt flows on the Red Sea coast and along the Nile valley. The mean paleopole position for the flows is at 68.2°N 101.5°E, A 95 = 27.8 (3 sites). The wide scatter is interpreted as reflecting secular variation. The chronological and chemical data are used with studies of sedimentary formations coeval with the igneous rocks to apply a general model of continental rifting to the northern Red Sea. The earlier, alkaline phase of igneous activity is related to regional uplift while the second, tholeiitic phase is associated with widening of the rift valley.
Method for reducing x-ray background signals from insertion device x-ray beam position monitors

A method is described that provides a solution to the long-standing problem of stray radiation-induced signals on photoemission-based x-ray beam position monitors (BPMs) located on insertion device x-ray beam lines. The method involves the introduction of a chicane into the accelerator lattice that directs unwanted x radiation away from the photosensitive x-ray BPM blades. This technique has been implemented at the Advanced Photon Source, and experimental confirmation of the technique is provided.
An optimal U.S. biodiesel fuel subsidy

Abstract Enhanced environmental quality, fuel security, and economic development, along with reduced prices of blended diesel, are often used as justifications for a U.S. federal excise tax exemption on biodiesel fuels. However, the possible effect of increased overall consumption of fuel in response to lower total prices, mitigating the environmental and fuel security benefits, are generally not considered. Taking this price response into account, the optimal U.S biodiesel subsidy is derived. Estimated values of the optimal subsidy are close to the recently expired subsidy, revealing the subsidy's environmental and security benefits. However, further positive environmental and security benefits from the biodiesel tax-exemption subsidy may be obtained if the subsidy is combined with a federal excise tax on petroleum diesel.
Agricultural development in Alaska

Development during approximately 200 years of agricultural activity in Alaska has been varied and generally inadequate. Four stages are here identified. During the period from Russian and early American colonization to the late 1880s production was largely for personal consumption. From 1898 to World War II federal intervention stimulated local commercial agriculture, and from the late 1940s to the late 1960s commercial production expanded. Since then a state- supported strategy to develop an export-based agriculture has been tried, but implementation has not been completed. Alaska remains a frontier which has yet to find a workable manner in which to implement a strategy for its agriculture.
The relative influence of demographic, individual, social, and environmental factors on physical activity among boys and girls

This study aimed to evaluate the associations of selected demographic, individual, social, and environmental factors with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a sample of children and adolescents. MVPA was assessed among youth (n = 294) 10-17-years-old using the ActiGraph accelerometer. Youth completed measures of demographic and individual variables related to physical activity (PA), perceived social support by parents and peers, and perceived neighborhood characteristics. Parents completed the long-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The Physical Activity and Media Inventory was used to measure the home environment and Geographical Information Systems software was used to measure the physical neighborhood environment. Bivariate correlations and hierarchical multiple regression were conducted stratified by gender. Boys participated in significantly more MVPA than girls. In hierarchical analyses, peer support, home PA equipment, and temperature were significantly associated with MVPA among boys whereas distance to the school they attended was associated with MVPA among girls. The final models accounted for 25% and 15% of the variance in MVPA among boys and girls, respectively. Important differences exist among the individual, social, and environmental factors related to MVPA between boys and girls. Boys' levels of activity appear to be influenced by factors closely linked to unstructured and social types of activities whereas girls' activities relate to internal and external barriers as well as their proximity to their schools. The prospective contribution of these important individual, social, and environmental factors to changes in MVPA among children and adolescents remains to be determined.
Accountability Under Constraint The Relationship Between Collective Bargaining Agreements and California Schools’ and Districts’ Performance Under No Child Left Behind

The authors examine how the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) negotiated between teachers’ unions and districts is associated with schools’ and districts’ performance under accountability pressures in California. They find that CBA restrictiveness is associated with the increased likelihood that districts will be in Program Improvement (PI) and at higher levels of PI, and with lower school- and district-level proficiency and graduation rates. They also show that strong contract schools and districts that have higher proportions of minority, low-income, and low-achieving student are even less likely to meet performance targets and have even lower proficiency rates.
Immunizations: supporting the community's efforts.

C HILDHOOD immunization continues to be a major health care issue in this country. It is recommended that by the age of 2 years, a child should have completed three doses of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), TOPV (trivalent oral polio vaccine), hepatitis B vaccines, and Huemophilus influenzue vaccines. The 2-year-old child should also have received a tuberculin test as well as the first dose of MMR (measles, mumps, rubella). The issue of immunizations for two-year-olds has escalated because as few as 50% of these children have been fully immunized in some inner cities. For example, the incidence of measles has increased 1,670% in children under 1 year of age. Also, in order to treat each case, $10 will be spent, as opposed to $1 that could have been spent in immunization costs to prevent these cases (National Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions, 1991). These costs do not take into consideration the needless pain and suffering that these children will endure. The positive side to this issue is that 98% of all school-age children are now fully immunized. This high percentage has developed over the past 15 years because most states now require immunizations before children can enter school.
Previous infection with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world where both viruses are endemic; but little is known about the interactions between these two viruses. The objective of this study was to determine if co-infection with NDV affects HPAIV replication in chickens. Only infections with virulent NDV strains (mesogenic Pigeon/1984 or velogenic CA/2002), and not a lentogenic NDV strain (LaSota), interfered with the replication of HPAIV A/chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2) when the H5N2 was given at a high dose (106.9 EID50) two days after the NDV inoculation, but despite this interference, mortality was still observed. However, chickens infected with the less virulent mesogenic NDV Pigeon/1984 strain three days prior to being infected with a lower dose (105.3–5.5 EID50) of the same or a different HPAIV, A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-12283-12/2012 (H7N3), had reduced HPAIV replication and increased survival rates. In conclusion, previous infection of chickens with virulent NDV strains can reduce HPAIV replication, and consequently disease and mortality. This interference depends on the titer of the viruses used, the virulence of the NDV, and the timing of the infections. The information obtained from these studies helps to understand the possible interactions and outcomes of infection (disease and virus shedding) when HPAIV and NDV co-infect chickens in the field.
Effect of Inorganic Phosphate Source and Dietary Phosphorus Level on Laying Hen Performance and Eggshell Quality

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate laying hen performance when fed two sources of inorganic phosphorus. In Experiment 1, a regular and a coarse form of defluorinated phosphate and one source of dicalcium phosphate were used in diets calculated to contain either .4 or .5% total phosphorus (.2 or .3% nonphytate phosphorus). In Experiment 2, either the regular form of defluorinated phosphate or the dicalcium phosphate source was fed in diets calculated to contain either .4, .5, .6, or .7% total phosphorus (.2, .3, .4, or .5% nonphytate phosphorus). In Experiment 1, hens fed .5% total dietary phosphorus consumed more feed and produced heavier eggs (P less than or equal to .05). Hens fed the .4% dietary phosphorus level lost more weight during the experiment (P less than or equal to .05). No differences among dietary treatments existed for egg specific gravity. A significant source by level interaction occurred for the farm classification of thin-shelled, cracked, or broken eggs and for the total of these classifications. In Experiment 2, egg production, feed consumption, egg weight, and egg mass were depressed (P less than or equal to .05) at the .4% total dietary phosphorus level. Hens fed the .4 and .7% total dietary phosphorus level laid eggs with the highest and lowest egg specific gravity, respectively. This trend was inverse to the effect of these phosphorus levels on egg weights. A significant source by level interaction occurred for the farm classification of thin shell and for the total percentage of eggs with exterior defects. At the .4% total phosphorus level, the regular form of defluorinated phosphate produced eggs with a significantly greater thin shell classification than the dicalcium phosphate source. Hens fed the dicalcium phosphate source produced a higher percentage of compressed-sided and misshapen eggs.
The Transition State for Carboxylic Acid Deprotonation on Cu(100)

The kinetics of acid deprotonation on the Cu(100) surface have been studied using four different fluorinated carboxylic acids (CF 2 HCO 2 H, CF 3 CO 2 H, CF 2 HCF 2 CO 2 H, and CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 H). All four acids adsorb molecularly on Cu( 100) at 90 K but deprotonate during heating to form carboxylates on the surface at temperatures below 300 K. Temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy were used to verify that the acids deprotonate on the Cu(100) surface. Work function measurements were used to study the deprotonation kinetics during heating and to estimate the activation energy barriers (ΔEO - Η ) to deprotonation. The nature of the transition state to acid deprotonation on Cu(100) was probed by analysis of linear free energy relationships (LFER) or correlations of ΔE O -H with the acid substituent constants, σ F . The field reaction constant, ρ F , or the slope of the LFER was found to be ρ F = -52 ′ 13 kJ/mol in the limit of zero coverage and ρ F = -19 ′ 2 kJ/mol at a coverage of ½ ML. These values of ρ F can be compared to the value of ρ F = -104 kJ/mol for acid deprotonation in the gas phase. This comparison suggests that the transition state for acid deprotonation on Cu(100) must be anionic with respect to the reactant (RCO 2 H ( a d ) → [RCO 2 δ - ...H δ + ] → ).
Psychopharmacologic approaches to borderline syndromes.

Abstract Psychopharmacologic approaches to the treatment of patients with “borderline personality” have been aided by increasing refinement of the diagnostic term. The broadly conceived category of borderline personality organization includes numerous clinical syndromes with specific patterns of symptoms and response to medications. This paper reviews these syndromes in relationship to four psychopathologic “borders” of borderline personality disorder : schizophrenia, affective disorders, organic mental disorders, and personality disorders. Current psychopharmacologic approaches to the treatment of these syndromes are reviewed, and medication choice is discussed with respect to target symptoms. Compliance with treatment, often a problem with borderline patients, is discussed with respect to medication use.