cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Albumin Fusion with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Acts as an in Situ Therapeutic Vaccine Against Chronic Tuberculosis in Mice

Background: The long duration of treatment and emerging drug resistance pose significant challenges for global tuberculosis eradication efforts. Therefore, novel strategies to shorten TB treatment regimens are urgently needed. Methods: Using an albumin fusion strategy, we created an albumin-fused granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (named albGM-CSF) novel molecule that harnesses albumin's long-half life and targeting abilities to enhance the biostability of GM-CSF and direct it to the lymph nodes where the effects of GM-CSF can increase dendritic cell populations crucial to eliciting a potent immune response. Findings: In our study, we found that subcutaneous administration of albGM-CSF reduces the mean lung bacillary burden in mice chronically-infected with tuberculosis. This effect was dependent on both innate immunity and CD4 T cells. GM-CSF induced IL-1β release from Mtb-infected dendritic cells and macrophages, and higher IL-1β levels were observed in albGM-CSF-treated mice with chronic TB infection. Interpretation: Albumin fusion with GM-CSF represents a promising tissue-targeting strategy for controlling chronic lung TB infections and serves as a novel in situ therapeutic vaccination platform for other infectious diseases and malignancies. Funding Statement: This research was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award number R21AI22922. Declarations of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: All procedures were performed according to the Johns Hopkins Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and in accordance with recommendations for proper use and care of laboratory animals.
Joseph Story and the Problem of Slavery: A New Englander's Nationalist Dilemma

This article discusses Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story and his dealings with the issue of slavery. Joseph Story is one of the most celebrated Justices in Supreme Court history, influential both in his decisions and his many other writings which shaped American law. Professor Finkelman suggests that Story departed from his early anti-slavery rhetoric in favor of a pro-nationalist platform which ultimately led him to choose nationalism over liberty.
Chapter 1 Edible sea urchins: Use and life-history strategies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biology and ecology of the sea urchins by focusing on their life-history strategies. It is impossible to adequately manage fisheries without understanding the biology and ecology of the species involved because they indicate the potential requirements of a species for aquaculture. Sea urchins are found in middens on the Channel Islands off southern California. Edible sea urchins are distributed among a number of orders of regular echinoids. All sea-urchin species may be edible; they differ greatly in their biology and ecology. The biological differences include growth, survival, and reproduction. These basic components of fitness differ according to the species' life-history strategy and according to how it functions in its particular environment. The models for r- and K-strategies and for bet-hedging are based on bioenergetics. In sea urchins, disturbance is usually lethal and results from either predation or abiotic factors. High growth rate, short time to maturity, and high reproductive effort and output are desirable traits for fisheries and aquaculture. The chapter discusses the characteristics predicted for the extreme life-history strategies of sea urchins.
Deoxygenation of Epoxides with Lower Valent Tungsten Halides: trans‐Cyclododecene

Deoxygenation of epoxides with lower valent tungsten halides: trans-cyclododecene product: trans-cyclododecene Keywords: deoxygenation; reduction, miscellaneous; tetrahydrofuran; butyllithium (concd)
Decentralized discrete-time filters

The authors develop decentralized estimators for linear, discrete-time, interconnected large-scale systems. Each estimator uses only local information and estimates local state and interface variables. The dynamic model used consists of the subsystem model and an interface model. The latter is obtained using aggregation techniques. >
Isolation and Culture of Spinal Cord Astrocytes

Astrocytes are possibly the most numerous cells of the vertebrate central nervous system, yet a detailed characterization of their functions is still missing. One potential reason for the obscurity of astrocytic function is that they represent a diverse population of cells that all share some critical characteristics. In the CNS, astrocytes have been proposed to perform many functions. For example, they are supportive cells that provide guidance to newly formed migrating neurons and axons. They regulate the functions of endothelial cells at the blood brain barrier, provide nutrients, and maintain homeostasis including ionic balance within the CNS. More recently, dissecting the central role of astrocytes in mediating injury responses in the CNS, particularly the spinal cord, has become an area of considerable importance. The ability to culture-enriched populations of astrocytes has facilitated a detailed dissection of their potential roles in the developing and adult, normal, and injured brain and spinal cord. Most importantly, in vitro models have defined molecular signals that may mediate or regulate astrocyte functions and the capacity to modulate these signals may provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention after spinal cord injury and other neural insults.
India’s Open Door to Foreign Universities

India may finally open its doors to foreign higher education institutions and investment. The cabinet has approved human resource development minister Kapil Sibal’s proposed law, and it will be voted in Parliament in the near future. Indian comment has been largely favorable.
Improved Approximation Algorithms for Predicting RNA Secondary Structures with Arbitrary Pseudoknots

We study three closely related problems motivated by the prediction of RNA secondary structures with arbitrary pseudoknots: the Maximum Base Pair Stackings problem proposed by Ieong et al. [19] , the Maximum Stacking Base Pairs problem proposed by Lyngso [22], and the 2-Interval Pattern problem proposed by Vialette [36] . For Maximum Base Pair Stackings and Maximum Stacking Base Pairs , we present improved approximation algorithms that can incorporate covariance information from comparative analysis as explicit input of candidate base pairs. For 2-Interval Pattern , we present improved approximation algorithms on unitary and near-unitary input, and propose a new variant called Length-Weighted Balanced 2-Interval Pattern , which is natural in the nearest-neighbor energy model that emphasizes base pair stacking.
Quantum Set Theory

In this paper, we study set theory based on quantum logic. By quantum logic, we mean the lattice of all closed linear subspaces of a Hilbert space. Since quantum logic is an intrinsic logic, i.e. the logic of the quantum world, (cf. 1) it is an important problem to develop mathematics based on quantum logic, more specifically set theory based on quantum logic. It is also a challenging problem for logicians since quantum logic is drastically different from the classical logic or the intuitionistic logic and consequently mathematics based on quantum logic is extremely difficult. On the other hand, mathematics based on quantum logic has a very rich mathematical content. This is clearly shown by the fact that there are many complete Boolean algebras inside quantum logic. For each complete Boolean algebra B, mathematics based on B has been shown by our work on Boolean valued analysis 4, 5, 6 to have rich mathematical meaning. Since mathematics based on B can be considered as a sub-theory of mathematics based on quantum logic, there is no doubt about the fact that mathematics based on quantum logic is very rich. The situation seems to be the following. Mathematics based on quantum logic is too gigantic to see through clearly.
Similarities of beta-bungarotoxin and phospholipase A2 and their mechanism of action.

— β-Bungarotoxin, a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus, has been shown to initially cause an increase in the frequency of miniature endplate potentials and subsequently block neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting nerve impulse induced release of acetylcholine. In rat brain synaptosomes it causes a Ca2+-dependent release of acetylcholine together, with a strong inhibition of the high affinity choline uptake system. In this report we demonstrate that β-bungarotoxin acts as a phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4), liberating fatty acids from synaptic membrane phospholipids. It also exhibits a striking similarity in a number of neurochemical properties with that of a purified phospholipase A2 from Naja naja siamensis. In addition, both agents produce a marked depolarization of synaptosomal preparations as measured by a fluorescent dye. We propose that disruption of the membrane phospholipids by phospholipase activity can lead to depolarization of the synaptosomal preparation which promotes both transmitter release and inhibition of the energy-dependent high affinity choline uptake system. With this decreased supply of choline, the acetylcholine content of the cell would be gradually depleted leading to a decrease in transmission.
Peptidoglycan fragments decrease food intake and body weight gain in rats.

We hypothesized that peptidoglycan (PG) fragments decrease appetite in rats. Male Lewis rats (150 g; n > or = 7) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of purified soluble PG fragments that had been treated with polymyxin B-agarose to remove residual endotoxin. Food consumption and body weight gain were determined at intervals after injection. Single i.p. injections of macromolecular extensively O-acetylated PG (S-O-PG) and non-O-acetylated PG fragments (24 to 240 micrograms/kg) reduced food intake and body weight gain in a dose-dependent fashion during the first 12 h after injection. Low-molecular-weight disaccharide peptide monomers with nonreducing 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid ends and muramyl dipeptide (MDP; 1.6 mg/kg) were also appetite and weight gain suppressants, albeit at least 10-fold less potent than S-O-PG; however, muramidase-derived monomers and peptide cross-linked dimers with reducing muramic acid ends were inactive. Appetite suppression was not limited to the Lewis rat strain since another strain, F344, exhibited similar decreases in food intake after injection of S-O-PG or MDP. Oral administration of MDP or S-O-PG, at concentrations 3 and 20 times higher, respectively, than those that were active i.p., failed to elicit a hypophagic response. We conclude that soluble PG fragments are potent suppressants of food consumption and body weight gain in rats and that, although macromolecular PG is more potent than low-molecular-weight fragments, neither O-acetylation nor glycosidic linkage of PG fragments is required for activity. We speculate that PG fragments may contribute to loss of appetite during bacterial illness.
B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: rituximab safety experience

A substantial body of data supports use of rituximab as first-line and maintenance therapy for the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. With 7 years of postmarketing surveillance experience and more than 370,000 patient exposures, the safety profile of rituximab is well defined. Several multicenter trials suggest that infusion reactions associated with rituximab administration are well characterized and generally associated with the first infusion; toxicity is reduced with subsequent doses. Since some adverse events are related to circulating tumor loads of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, fewer events are anticipated in rheumatoid arthritis. Low infection rates in oncology would indicate similar safety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Efficiency First: Outphasing Architectures for Power Amplification of High-PAPR Signals

``Efficiency first'' approaches to linear-efficient microwave power amplification can be generalized as ones employing nonlinear but efficient amplifier classes in architectures that produce linear output control. Within this strategy, outphasing architectures can be particularly successful due to the wide operating range over which all branch PAs remain in saturation. Despite this potential, outphasing has historically seen limited success due to limitations of its conventional implementations. This work gives an overview of outphasing techniques and describes recently developed techniques addressing the drawbacks of conventional implementations.
A Reply to Miller et al.: Replication Made Simple

In the preceding argument, Miller and his colleagues leveled strong charges against our multiple values approach to the study of political intolerance. Distilled to its essence, their critique focused on three elements our study: (1) they claimed an inability to replicate our results; (2) they challenged the appropriateness of our measurement protocol; and (3) they raised more general problems with research on political tolerance. In this our rejoinder, we show, first, that any problems Miller et al. experienced in replicating our results are of a trivial nature: generally speaking, our findings are robust and may be replicated freely by interested readers by visiting our web-site where both the data for the analysis and our statistical program are posted. Second, Miller et al.'s evidence concerning the weakness of our value measures is based on a fundamentally flawed analysis. And third, the authors' more sweeping criticisms of political tolerance research, as well as their specific criticisms of our study, suffer from a limited understanding of existing theory and research in the area. We take up each of Miller et al.'s criticisms in turn.
Perioperative outcomes of cardiac surgery in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients.

Objective Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in organ transplant recipients, and cardiac surgery has become more common in this population. We performed a retrospective study of kidney transplant recipients who underwent cardiac surgery over the past 10 years at our institution with an emphasis on evaluating postoperative outcomes. Methods Seventy-four patients with previous abdominal transplants underwent cardiac surgery (93% coronary artery bypass grafting, 5.4% bypass grafting plus valve, and 1.4% valve) between 1995 and 2005. These recipients were compared with 895 adult nontransplant patients undergoing cardiac surgery between 2000 and 2005. Only kidney and kidney–pancreas recipients were included in the analysis (n = 70) because there were only 2 liver and pancreas alone transplants. Results As compared with nontransplant patients, kidney transplant patients were younger (mean age 52.1 ± 10 years vs 61 ± 13 years; P P P P P = .005) There was no difference between the two groups in the complication rate at 30 days after surgery, except that transplant patients were more likely to have postoperative kidney dysfunction (32.6% vs 6.1%; P P P = not significant). By multivariable analysis, preoperative congestive heart failure, nonelective surgery, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass times, peripheral vascular disease, and lower creatinine clearance were significant risk factors for postoperative mortality; however, prior kidney transplant was not an independent risk factor for 30-day postoperative mortality. Conclusions Despite their increased incidence of comorbid conditions, the postoperative outcomes of cardiac surgery in kidney transplant recipients are similar to those in the nontransplant population except for a higher incidence of kidney dysfunction in transplant patients.
Structural controls on the morphology of Galapagos shields

Abstract Although Galapagos shield volcanoes exhibit a variety of morphologies, their steep slopes and deep, wide calderas distinguish them from shields of other provinces. We suggest that the differences in these morphologies may reflect differences in the geometry of subjacent magma chambers and loading conditions on the margins of those chambers. We present the results of calculations using an elastic solution for stresses and displacements along a free surface interacting with a magma chamber at depth. For relatively shallow magma chambers (2 to 4 km deep) calculations that employ a ratio of approximately 10:1 for elastic shear modulus to magma pressure, produce steep surface slopes comparable to those found on Volcan Wolf and Darwin. Broad, gentle slopes, similar to those found on Sierra Negra and Alcedo are developed for elastic shear modulus to magma pressure ratios of 20:1 to 50:1 and for magma chamber depths greater than 3 km.
Hall effect in the heavy fermion systems CeCu6 and UBe13

Abstract The Hall effect in both UBe13 and CeCu6 becomes very large at low temperature showing, with the resistivity and specific heat, the transition into the heavy fermion state. The Hall constant of CeCu6 changes sign, on cooling into the coherently scattering regime.
Radiation of solitons by slender bodies advancing in a shallow channel

It is known from recent experiments that the disturbance due to a slender ship advancing in a shallow channel is essentially one-dimensional in the horizontal plane. In particular solitons can be radiated upstream in a transient manner. In this note we develop a theory for soliton radiation by slender bodies. It is shown that, when the ship speed is in the transcritical range, one-dimensional upstream influence can occur even when the channel width is nearly of the order of the ship length but much greater than the ship beam. The theory is also extended to one or more ships travelling in the same channel at near-critical speeds.
Fast synchronous gray counter

Abstract A synchronous counter is described that generates an output in a Gray code sequence. It is applicable in instrumentation such as in drift chambers, for small time-interval measurements when the measured quantity has to be obtained “on the fly”.
THE HISTORY OF DOUBLE SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE POLARIZATION OF BETA RAYS

It is pointed out that in 1928 Cox, McIlwraith, and Kurrelmeyer (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. l4, 544) performed experiments in double scattering of Ra beta rays which evidence negative helicity for beta rays and, therefore, parity violation in weak interactions. Further experimentation is reviewed and discussed. (T.R.H.)
Acceptance of home and clinic-based cystic fibrosis carrier education and testing by first, second, and third degree relatives of cystic fibrosis patients

We contacted and offered free cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier education and testing to the first, second, and third degree relatives of individuals with CF followed at a large Southeastern US CF Clinic. Relatives were offered CF carrier education and testing either in their homes or in a genetic counseling clinic. Overall, of 514 relatives offered free CF carrier education and testing, 299 (58%) accepted. Significantly more (67%) of those offered education and testing in their homes accepted than those offered education and testing in a genetic counseling clinic (45%). Regression analyses identified several factors, including education, income, gender, perceived chance of being a carrier, and perceived chance of having a child who is a CF carrier, as predictors of acceptance of education and testing in both home and clinic sites. A smaller set of factors was identified that predicted acceptance of education and testing unique to each site. Within the limits of this study and its design, even when CF carrier testing is offered free of charge, including education and testing in the home, acceptance of education and testing, while higher than in general population samples, is not universal among at-risk relatives. Several factors which may have contributed to the observations reported in this study are discussed.
Space-laboratory and numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rotating hemispherical shell with radial gravity

The flight of the Spacelab 3 microgravity laboratory onboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in May 1985 enabled electroconvection experiments to be conducted using the goephysical fluid flow cell instrument. Experimental results are presented which illustrate the variety of convection achieved by varying the imposed radial and latitudinal temperature gradients, rotation rates, and the strength of the electrostatic gravity. These results are compared with those obtained from nonlinear three-dimensional simulations and good agreement is found.
DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH RESPONSE TO HYDROCORTISONE AND ASCORBIC ACID BY HUMAN DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS

The effects of hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid on growth parameters were measured in human diploid skin fibroblasts from fetal and adult donors. In the presence of culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.3 μM hydrocortisone produced a 20% increase in the population growth rate and a 50 to 70% increase in the confluent density of fibroblasts from adult donors. Daily addition of 28 μM ascorbic acid also stimulated the population growth rate and cell density at confluency. The effects of hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid on the final cell density were additive. The action of hydrocortisone was restricted to cells in log-phase growth, whereas ascorbic acid affected cells in both the log and the postconfluent phases of the growth cycle. In fibroblasts from fetal donors, ascorbic acid was stimulative but hydrocortisone was not. The data suggest that whereas both compounds stimulate cell growth in an additive manner, they do so by different cellular mechanisms.
What does functional testing tell us about optic nerve damage

Information from different regions of the visual field travels through specific bundles of retinal ganglion cell axons. This visual information is disrupted in patients with glaucoma, and the effects can be seen in measurements of the visual field and optic nerve. Typical shapes and sizes of glaucomatous field defects result from damage to these nerve fiber bundles at the level of the optic disk, and we have identified specific patterns of progression. These patterns apply to the visual function-specific field tests that are designed to indirectly assess sub-populations of retinal ganglion cells. The rationale for these tests is described. An argument for the importance of using visual function techniques to assess progression in an individual patient is given.
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy: the clinical effect of deltoid lengthening and center of rotation medialization

Background Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) for cuff tear arthropathy improves shoulder function and reduces pain. Implant position and soft tissue balancing are important factors to optimize outcome. Tensioning the deltoid and increasing the deltoid moment arm by medializing the center of rotation are biomechanically advantageous. The purpose of this study was to correlate RSA functional outcomes with deltoid lengthening and center of rotation medialization. Materials and methods This prospective cohort study enrolled 49 consecutive patients who underwent RSA for cuff tear arthropathy. Preoperative and serial postoperative physical examinations, radiographs, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Simple Shoulder Test scores were evaluated. Deltoid lengthening and medialization of the center of rotation were measured radiographically and correlated with functional outcome scores, range of motion, and complications. Results At final follow-up (average, 16 ± 10 months), 37 of 49 patients (76%) were available for analysis. Deltoid lengthening (average, 21 ± 10 mm) correlated significantly (P = .002) with superior active forward elevation (average, 144° ± 19°). Medialization of the center of rotation (average, 18 ± 8 mm) did not correlate with active forward elevation or subjective outcomes. Deltoid lengthening that achieved an acromion–greater tuberosity distance exceeding 38 mm had a 90% positive predictive value of obtaining 135° of active forward elevation. Two patients (4%) required revision surgery, and 68% of patients developed scapular notching (average grade, 1.3 ± 1.2) at final follow-up. Conclusion Deltoid lengthening improves active forward elevation after RSA for cuff tear arthropathy.
Abstract 3327: N-terminal domain of Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) is critical for its cellular function.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) is a highly conserved eukaryotic DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the resolution of 3’ and 5’ phospho-DNA adducts. Tdp1 has been implicated in the repair of DNA topoisomerase I (Top1)-DNA covalent complexes reversibly stabilized by camptothecins (CPTs) such as the FDA approved CPT derivatives topotecan and irinotecan. Tdp1 contains two HKD-motifs that provide two catalytic histidines that function as a nucleophile and an acid-base residue. A mutation of the acid-base His to Arg (H493R) in human Tdp1 is associated with the rare recessive ataxia SCAN1. hTdp1H493R and the analogous yeast mutant (Tdp1H432R) enhances cell sensitivity to CPT. In addition, the toxicity induced by this mutant is caused by the formation of a more stable Tdp1-DNA covalent intermediate, a rare characteristic for a DNA repair enzyme. However, this His to Arg substitution induces a minor toxic phenotype compared to other substitutions, such as the His432 to Asn substitution, which induces a Top1 dependent cellular lethality. A band depletion assay suggests that in vivo/cell Tdp1His432Asn remains in complex with Top1 on the DNA, which was not observed in a biochemical in vitro assay. Biochemical studies revealed that Tdp1 catalysis is independent of the N-terminal domain. Among Tdp1 proteins, the N-terminal domain is poorly conserved in sequence and size (∼80aa for yeast and 140aa for human Tdp1). We investigated the role of the N-terminal domain for Tdp1 activity in the cell. The N-terminal truncated proteins showed similar cellular distribution as the full-length proteins. Interestingly, the N-terminal truncated proteins did not display the toxicity that was observed with the full-length Tdp1 mutant proteins. This suggests that the N-terminal domain is a critical determinate of Tdp1 cellular function. Preliminary results from our human cell line model shows similar results implying that the function of the N-terminal domain is conserved among Tdp1 proteins although it is poorly conserved. Further studies are necessary to ensure that these constructs are properly distributed. Moreover, the N-terminal domain of hTdp1 is post-translational modified, while our preliminary results suggest that this domain is important for protein-protein interaction and Tdp1 recruitment to its substrates. Understanding Tdp1 substrate and protein-interactions are important in the development of Tdp1 as therapeutic target. This work is in part supported by the ADDA. Citation Format: Selma M. Cuya, Keith C. Wanzeck, Evan Q. Comeaux, Robert C. van Waardenburg. N-terminal domain of Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) is critical for its cellular function. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3327. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3327
Helicity selection rules and tests of gluon spin in exclusive quantum-chromodynamic processes

We show how the helicity and angular dependence of large-momentum-transfer exclusive processes can be used to test the gluon spin and other basic elements of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Unlike inclusive reactions, these processes isolate QCD hard-scattering subprocesses in situations where the helicities of all the interacting quarks are controlled. The predictions can be summarized in terms of a general spin selection rule which states that the total hadron helicity is conserved ($\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\mathrm{initial}}^{}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{H}=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\mathrm{final}}^{}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{H}$) up to corrections falling as an inverse power in the momentum transfer. In particular, the hadrons in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{h}_{A}+{\overline{h}}_{B}$ are produced at large ${Q}^{2}$ with opposite helicity ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{A}+{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{B}=0$, and $|{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i}|\ensuremath{\le}\frac{1}{2}$. This also implies $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d}cos\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\propto}(1+{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta})$ for all baryon pairs and $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d}cos\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\propto}{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ for all meson pairs, to leading order in $\frac{1}{Q}$. Applications to many processes are given, including electroweak form factors, two-photon processes, hadron-hadron scattering, and heavy-quark decays (e.g., $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p\overline{p}$).
DEREPRESSION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE SYNTHESIS BY CHLORAMPHENICOL AND CANAVANINE INHIBITION.

Derepression of alkaline phosphatase synthesis in Escherichia coli strain PR1 is produced by growth of the cells in excess phosphate medium containing the protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol or canavanine. Upon reversal of protein synthesis inhibition, repression is restored only very gradually at 37°C, the more rapidly the lower the temperature. This slow re-establishment of repression is similar to the repression lag observed after derepressed growth in phosphate-free medium ( Gallant & Stapleton, 1964 ). This effect of protein synthesis inhibition is consistent with the notion that the repressor of alkaline phosphatase is a protein which is metabolically unstable. Inhibition of its continued synthesis accordingly leads to a drop in repressor level and consequent derepression in excess phosphate. Canavanine appears to be at least 3 times as effective as chloramphenicol in inhibiting repressor synthesis, which suggests that the repressor protein is rich in arginine.
Power for tests of interaction: effect of raising the Type I error rate

Power for assessing interactions during data analysis is often poor in epidemiologic studies. This is because epidemiologic studies are frequently powered primarily to assess main effects only. In light of this, some investigators raise the Type I error rate, thereby increasing power, when testing interactions. However, this is a poor analysis strategy if the study is chronically under-powered (e.g. in a small study) or already adequately powered (e.g. in a very large study). To demonstrate this point, this study quantified the gain in power for testing interactions when the Type I error rate is raised, for a variety of study sizes and types of interaction. Power was computed for the Wald test for interaction, the likelihood ratio test for interaction, and the Breslow-Day test for heterogeneity of the odds ratio. Ten types of interaction, ranging from sub-additive through to super-multiplicative, were investigated in the simple scenario of two binary risk factors. Case-control studies of various sizes were investigated (75 cases & 150 controls, 300 cases & 600 controls, and 1200 cases & 2400 controls). The strategy of raising the Type I error rate from 5% to 20% resulted in a useful power gain (a gain of at least 10%, resulting in power of at least 70%) in only 7 of the 27 interaction type/study size scenarios studied (26%). In the other 20 scenarios, power was either already adequate (n = 8; 30%), or else so low that it was still weak (below 70%) even after raising the Type I error rate to 20% (n = 12; 44%). Relaxing the Type I error rate did not usefully improve the power for tests of interaction in many of the scenarios studied. In many studies, the small power gains obtained by raising the Type I error will be more than offset by the disadvantage of increased "false positives". I recommend investigators should not routinely raise the Type I error rate when assessing tests of interaction.
Padé approximation to an interfacial fluid mixing problem

Abstract The material interface between two fluids of different densities is unstable under acceleration by a shock wave. This phenomenon is known as the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. Theories have failed to provide quantitatively correct predictions for the growth rates of the unstable interface. Recently the authors have developed a quantitative theory based on the methods of Pade approximations and of asymptotic matching. In this letter, we extend our theory to the growth rates of the spike and bubble for the systems in two and three dimensions, and for systems with or without phase inversions. Our theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with the results of full numerical simulations over the full time period from the initial linear (small amplitude) to moderately large amplitude nonlinear regimes.
Older Women in the Homeless Shelter: Personal Perspectives and Practice Ideas

This article reports on the themes generated by interviews conducted with 10 women over the age of 50, currently homeless and residing in an overnight homeless shelter. In-depth interviews were conducted asking women to tell their stories, talk about their lives in the shelter, and speak about their needs, hopes, and dreams. Based on an analysis of these interviews, the following themes emerged and were presented: The System is Too Confusing, Chaos in the Shelter System, Women as Nurturers, and Fractured Families. Discussion of these themes was presented, and practice, administrative, and research implications were suggested.
Abbreviated 3' non-coding region in duck alpha D globin messenger RNA defines evolutionarily conserved sequences.

Abstract Nucleotide sequence data for the duck alpha D globin gene indicate an extremely short 3′ untranslated region of only 49 nucleotides. Evolutionarily conserved sequences defined short regions of potential functional significance. Comparisons among sequences for duck and chicken alpha globins indicate that this region has importance in the regulation of globin gene expression.
Potent Irreversible Inhibitors of LasR Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Antagonism of quorum sensing represents a promising new antivirulence approach for the treatment of bacterial infection. The development of a novel series of non-natural irreversible antagonists of P. aeruginosa LasR is described. The lead compounds identified (25 and 28) display potent LasR antagonist activity and inhibit expression of the P. aeruginosa virulence factors pyocyanin and biofilm formation in PAO1 and PA14.
Laboratory and clinical studies on the mechanism of action of timolol.

Abstract Timolol is now widely used in the treatment of glaucoma but its mechanism of action is unclear. The drug decreases aqueous humor formation by the ciliary processes and is a potent β-adrenergic antagonist. However, the physiological basis for such a drug to decrease intraocular pressure has not been clearly demonstrated.
Primary active sodium transport, oxygen consumption, and ATP: coupling and regulation.

The relationship between active transport at the plasma membrane and respiration has been studied extensively in the kidney, because this organ utilizes a large percentage of energy for this dissipative process. In the kidney, the rate of respiration follows linearly the rate of active transport. Various approaches have explored the coupling between these two variables [for review, 1, 2, 3]. To study this coupling, it has become necessary to investigate the properties of the mitochondria and the active transport systems within the intact cell. This has provided additional challenges not encountered when the mitochondria and the transport enzymes are studied in isolation. Ample evidence indicates that, in general, properties derived from isolated mitochondria and the isolated Na,K-ATPase are also displayed in the intact cell. However, some surprises have been forthcoming because of uncertainties concerning the cellular environment surrounding the mitochondria and transport enzymes. This presentation is divided into the following four parts: cytosolic signal linking active transport with respiration, respiratory capacity of the mitochondria and active transport, differentiation between primary transport and primary metabolic events, and control of transport by metabolism.
What is altruism

Abstract The paper defines altruism as charity. The second section of the paper criticizes three rationalistic (what is called “interactional”) theories of altruism, viz., the egoistic, egocentric, and altercentric perspectives. The third section criticizes three normative (what is named “self-actional”) theories of altruism, viz., the Kantian, the socialization argument, and “warm glow” story. The fourth section elaborates on three implications of altruism qua charity. First, while altruism differs from self-interest, it is still within the domain of rational theory. Second, altruism should not be confused with parental care or, what is the same thing, philanthropy. Third, altruism should be distinguished from honesty.
Viability of Escherichia coli topA mutants lacking DNA topoisomerase I.

The viability of the topA mutants lacking DNA topoisomerase I was thought to depend on the presence of compensatory mutations in Escherichia coli but not Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella flexneri. This apparent discrepancy in topA requirements in different bacteria prompted us to reexamine the topA requirements in E. coli. We find that E. coli strains bearing topA mutations, introduced into the strains by DNA-mediated gene replacement, are viable at 37 or 42 °C without any compensatory mutations. These topA- cells exhibit cold sensitivity in their growth, however, and this cold sensitivity phenotype appears to be caused by excessive negative supercoiling of intracellular DNA. In agreement with previous results (Zhu, Q., Pongpech, P., and DiGate, R. J. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 9766–9771), E. coli cells lacking both type IA DNA topoisomerases I and III are found to be nonviable, indicating that the two type IA enzymes share a critical cellular function.
Dynamic Inefficiency in an Economy with Land

Contrary to the belief that capital over-accumulation is impossible in an economy with land—i.e. a non-reproducible factor of production, this paper shows that the possibility of dynamic inefficiency depends on the income share of land, and examines the historical tendencies of the income share of land in the U.S.
Feeding Patients after Stroke: Who, When, and How

It's Friday at 5:30 p.m. Monday is a holiday. You have just admitted a 75-year-old woman with dysarthria and dysphagia from a lateral medullary stroke. A swallowing study will not be available for ...
Intraperitoneal modification of the Rives-Stoppa repair for large incisional hernias.

Recurrence rates for open repair of ventral/incisonal hernias historically range from 6% for the classic Rives-Stoppa repair to 35–45% for some of the techniques more commonly used in the United States. We report a modification to the classic Rives-Stoppa repair that allows intraperitoneal placement of the prosthetic, secured with a running suture. The abdominal muscles are closed over the mesh to protect it from any superficial wound problems that might develop and to restore normal architecture of the abdominal wall. A chart review was undertaken on all patients undergoing open ventral incisional hernia repair by a single surgeon from 2000 to 2006. All hernias were repaired with the intraperitoneal modification mimicking the principles of the Rives-Stoppa repair. Patient characteristics and operative and postoperative data were collected. Primary outcome was recurrence of hernia. Secondary outcomes were complications and rate of mesh infection. One hundred and fifteen patients were evaluated. Thirty-four patients had repair of recurrent ventral hernias. The average patient was obese, female, and 59 years old. Twenty-five patients used tobacco, eleven were diabetic, and seven used chronic corticosteroids. Meshes utilized included ePTFE, coated polyester, coated polypropylene, and biologic mesh. Average size of mesh was 465.4 cm2. There were four recurrences (3.4%), three of which were due to mesh infection requiring mesh removal. Recurrence rate not secondary to mesh removal was 0.9%. Complications occurred in 26% with seroma formation being the most frequent (16%). The intraperitoneal modification to the original Rives-Stoppa repair leads to a very low recurrence rate for large ventral hernia repairs with minimal complications and low rate of mesh infection.
The complexity of virus systems: the case of endosymbionts

Host–microbe symbioses involving bacterial endosymbionts comprise some of the most intimate and long-lasting interactions on the planet. While restricted gene flow might be expected due to their intracellular lifestyle, many endosymbionts, especially those that switch hosts, are rampant with mobile DNA and bacteriophages. One endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis, infects a vast number of arthropod and nematode species and often has a significant portion of its genome dedicated to prophage sequences of a virus called WO. This phage has challenged fundamental theories of bacteriophage and endosymbiont evolution, namely the phage Modular Theory and bacterial genome stability in obligate intracellular species. WO has also opened up exciting windows into the tripartite interactions between viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
Blue nevus of the uterine cervix

This paper describes 3 instances of melanotic nevi occurring in the stroma of the uterine cervix, a subject heretofore discussed primarily in the foreign literature. The lesion is interpreted as a visceral analogue of the cutaneous blue nevus. The presence of stromal blue nevi in the cervix and the prostate support a neural origin for the cell of the blue nevus. The possible relationship between visceral blue nevi and some malignant melanomas is discussed and a plea is made for careful examination of visceral organs for disclosure of additional instances of this lesion so that its incidence and distribution may be evaluated more fully.
Radiation-conduction interaction in large space structures

The effects of a penumbra due to the long wave radiation emitted by the earth or to solar energy reflected from the earth on temperature distributions, deflections and stresses in plates are studied to determine their importance in the design of space structures. An examination of the state of stress in a thin plate exposed to the sun suggests that deflections are only slightly modified by the penumbra, but that stresses in the vicinity of the shadow line are more affected. Even with the smoothing due to the penumbra, these stresses should be considered in the design of space structures. A simple relationship is given by which albedo viewfactors can be easily derived from the direct viewfactor, thus simplifying the radiation analysis.
Caffeine antiplasticization of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate): Effects on gas transport, thermal, and mechanical properties

Abstract This study investigates the phenomenon of caffeine antiplasticization of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation measurements at 35 °C reveal significant barrier improvement (e.g., >3× for PET mixed with ∼10.7 wt% caffeine) for all PET/caffeine samples studied. Penetrant solubility and diffusivity estimates are used to deconvolute the relative transport contributions to the overall barrier reduction determined via permeation testing. Density values provide a direct measure of the reduced free volume for the antiplasticized samples vs. neat PET, and provide a basis for understanding the barrier improvement. Further investigation via dynamic mechanical analysis of the sub-ambient beta relaxation reveals that the diffusion reductions for the antiplasticized samples originate from caffeine suppressing the phenyl ring flipping mechanism known to occur in glassy PET. The data reported in this paper suggest that antiplasticization of PET occurs via a combination of both “hole filling” and chain mobility restriction mechanisms, and that the relative mechanistic contributions to transport reduction depend largely on the penetrant solubility and diffusivity within the polymer matrix.
Altering offsets and azimuths—in a computer

For years, seismic processing geophysicists used dip moveout (DMO) to alter the acquisition geometry. Our industry has found many uses for DMO because it converts the timing of nonzero-offset data to the timing of zero-offset data. More recently, theoreticians created data mapping as a generalization of the principle behind DMO. Data mapping converts data obtained at an observed offset and azimuth to data at a new offset and/or azimuth. The precise derivation of the data mapping resides in an arduous solution of the wave equation. Thus, data mapping transformations may appear magical. This article provides a simple, geometric understanding of the data mapping transformation. Before turning to the more general 3-D case, we first present the 2-D case. For the 2-D case, data mapping transforms data obtained at one offset distance into data “observed” at a second offset distance. To understand this procedure, we will use one principle, one requirement, and two assumptions. The principle is linear superposition and the requirement is physical invariance. For conceptual convenience, we assume reflection coefficients do not change with offset, and we also assume a constant velocity earth. The principle of linear superposition simplifies our task. As shown in Figure 1, it allows us to construct any input data from a linear superposition of spikes or impulses. In addition, data-mapped output is a linear superposition of data-mapped spike responses. Consequently, we need to understand only the data-mapping operation on a single spike at an arbitrary location. Figure 1. Linear superposition simplifies data mapping. The physical invariance restriction is obvious—the earth does not change as a result of altering the acquisition offset. Likewise, our image of that earth should not change. Depth migration should image the same subsurface using either the original data or the offset-transformed data. The constant velocity assumption …
Intraoperative techniques and tumor margin status--room for improvement for cervical cancer patients of childbearing age.

Objective. Inadequate tumor margin status in cervical cancer and pre-cancer patients is associated with repeat procedures and an increased risk of recurrence and progression. This review will outline information regarding the current treatment options for women who wish to maintain fertility, the methods currently used in practice to evaluate tumor margin involvement, and a look at potential solutions to this critical issue. Method. We performed a PUBMED literature search of relevant research articles pertaining to tumor margin evaluation for multiple cancers, current treatment options for patients of cervical dysplasia and the effects of those treatments on fertility. Results. Previous studies have correlated cancer recurrence and progression to obtaining clear margins upon resection. The most common need to obtain clear margins with respect to conservative treatment in patients with cervical neoplasia occurs with women who wish to preserve fertility. However, current detection methods are limited and current treatments present additional fertility concerns. Conclusion. In order to provide the best care for patients wishing to retain fertility post-treatment for cervical dysplasia, a superior option for detecting tumor margins accurately at the microscopic scale must be further explored.