cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-coupled-secondaries model for multiwinding transformers with parameter values calculated from short-circuit impedances

It is demonstrated how it is possible to use the measured or calculated short-circuit impedances for a multiwinding transformer to examine the effects of AC winding resistances and leakage inductances on its operation. For this purpose, the cross-coupled-secondaries equivalent-circuit model is presented along with equations for calculating its parameter values. As long as the transformer operates linearly, at a frequency below that where winding-capacitance effects become dominant, this model accurately predicts the output windings voltages for any connection of a sinusoidal excitation source and linear loads. A comparison of model predictions with measurements of AC voltage regulation demonstrates the robustness of this model for loads with a wide range of power factors. When coupled with a previously published method for calculating the short-circuit impedances of a transformer from its geometry (see V.A. Niemala et al., 1989) this modeling technique should make it possible to eliminate some of the trial-and-error in transformer design. In addition, it can provide a better understanding of the effects that physical design changes have on the terminal characteristics of a transformer. >
Sobering up the soul of the people: the politics of popular temperance in late Imperial Russia.

In the midI 890s a peasant tradesman from eastern Russia, Ivan A. Churikov-or bratets Ivanushka, as he was affectionately called-began converting the urban poor to sobriety in a working-class neighborhood in St. Petersburg.' Every Sunday afternoon Churikov gave long sermons punctuated by ecstatic shouts of faith from his congregation.2 Known as trezvennik4 Churikov's followers, many of whom had formerly been drunken beggars, thieves, and prostitutes, forswore alcohol and were apparently reborn as hard-working, Church-going people.3 In the gloomy winter of 1905-6, Dmitrii Grigor'ev, a meshchanin from the suburbs of St. Petersburg, and Ivan Koloskov, a skilled metalworker and itinerant bookpeddler, carried forth the word of sobriety to Moscow.4 By 1911 the trezvennik movement had swelled to nearly one hundred thousand.5
Thermally drawn fibers as nerve guidance scaffolds

Synthetic neural scaffolds hold promise to eventually replace nerve autografts for tissue repair following peripheral nerve injury. Despite substantial evidence for the influence of scaffold geometry and dimensions on the rate of axonal growth, systematic evaluation of these parameters remains a challenge due to limitations in materials processing. We have employed fiber drawing to engineer a wide spectrum of polymer-based neural scaffolds with varied geometries and core sizes. Using isolated whole dorsal root ganglia as an in vitro model system we have identified key features enhancing nerve growth within these fiber scaffolds. Our approach enabled straightforward integration of microscopic topography at the scale of nerve fascicles within the scaffold cores, which led to accelerated Schwann cell migration, as well as neurite growth and alignment. Our findings indicate that fiber drawing provides a scalable and versatile strategy for producing nerve guidance channels capable of controlling direction and accelerating the rate of axonal growth.
A dual-major course emphasizing computer science and graphic design

This paper presents the design of a mixed-majors undergraduate course for introducing students to computational thinking through making mobile apps. Faculty in computer science and art created the course to include instruction in computer science, graphic design, and the design process. Student enrollment included a cohort advanced in computer science, and one advanced in graphic design, as well as other students. The course was designed to create opportunities for CS majors and graphic design majors to learn from each others' expertises. MIT App Inventor was chosen as the programming platform because of its accessibility to novices, and practical power in being used to make real software products. The paper identifies and presents challenges and opportunities arising from cultural differences between the two disciplines.
Quantitative relations between amboceptor and the serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs

Through the courtesy of Dr. F. A. Rich, head of the veterinary department of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, I received a number of guinea-pigs from a breed naturally deficient in complement. According to Moore,1 this characteristic property is inheritable. Both Moore and Downing (cited by Moore 1) found that in some instances as much as 1 c c of the serum produced no hemolysis of sensitized corpuscles. Moore also found that the apparent lack of complement in the blood serum of some guinea-pigs is not due to the presence therein of anything interfering with the action of the amboceptor. Coca 2 recently reported that both the mid-piece and the end-piece of the complements of these guinea-pigs are present. "There is lacking only the so-called 'third piece/ addition of inactive guinea-pig or human serum containing this third component to the deficient serum causes hemolysis in about three times the minimal hemolytic quantity of normal guineapig's serum." The third component according to this author is not identical with the lipoid cytozyme (thrombokinase), since the blood of the complement-deficient guinea-pigs clots normally. Having found 2 guinea-pigs, the serums of which failed to hemolyze 0.5 c c of a 5 % suspension of sensitized sheep corpuscles in doses of 0.8 and 1.0 c c, it was thought of interest to find out whether an increase of amboceptor alone will produce activation of the deficient serum. The amboceptor was employed in doses of 2, 10, 50, 100 and 500 units. The unit of cells was 0.5 c c of a 5% suspension of sheep corpuscles. The complement-deficient serums were employed in doses of 0.1 cc. The incubation period was 1 hour at 37 C. Table 1 shows clearly the effect of the increased amboceptor content. Complete hemolysis occurred in the tube containing 500 units of amboceptor. The complement was employed in doses of 0.1 c c, thus 8 and 10 times
How Far Can Polymer Solar Cells Go? In Need of a Synergistic Approach

The photovoltaic effect in organic materials is an interesting research area because it offers fundamental knowledge, waiting to be explored, and the potential to offer low-cost technology to replace traditional inorganic solar cells. Worldwide research effort in this area is largely motivated by the desire to develop a new technology platform to cost-effectively harvest solar energy. Currently, researchers from different disciplines are focusing on developing new materials, performing physical studies to gain basic understanding of charge separation and transport mechanisms in these disordered soft material systems, and formulating new device structures and processing conditions in order to push the solar energy conversion efficiency above threshold for commercialization. This Perspective reviews some of the work that has been done over the past 20 years and describes the efforts in materials development to move beyond certain milestones. We emphasize the importance of a synergistic approach in developin...
Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human earcanal secretions

Two types of glands are found in the outer third of the human earcanal: sebaceous glands that produce sebum and modified apocrine glands that produce apocrine sweat. Together, these substances make up cerumen, which serves to clean, lubricate, and, to some extent, protect the earcanal from bacteria and fungus. Excessive/impacted cerumen can cause tinnitus, vertigo, itching, pain, external otitis, and hearing loss. Two populations are known to have a high incidence of excessive/impacted cerumen: individuals with mental retardation and the elderly. Anthropologists have used cerumen type to tract human migratory patterns and epidemiologists have related cerumen type to breast cancer.
[Typing and identification of non-polio enterovirus from acute flaccid paralysis cases in Ningxia, 1997-2011].

Objective To identify the serotype of 73 non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) strains from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in Ningxia province,during 1997-2011.Methods Partial sequencing of the VP1 region was amplified by RT-PCR with degenerate primers and sequenced while sequences were compared with the database of GenBank by the BLAST algorithm.Evolution was analyzed by constructing phylogenetic tree using Mega 5.1.Results In this study,a total of 73 NPEVs were analyzed,including 4 strains un-typed,69 strains typed by RT-PCR.A total of 27 serotypes were identified,including 8 serotypes of human enterovirus (HEV)-A,19 serotypes of HEV-B.The HEV-B group (46/69,66.7％) constituted the largest proportion of isolates,followed by HEV-A (23/69,33.3％),but no strains were found that belonged to HEV-C or HEV-D group.In the 69 strains,enterovirus 71 was the most frequently seen isolates,followed by coxsackie-virus A4,16,9 and echovirus 24,6.Conclusion HEV-B was the most predominant (46/69,66.7％) serotype of NPEV in Ningxia during the AFP surveillance,in 1997-2011. Key words: Non-polio enterovirus; Molecular identification; Epidemiology
Acute Therapies and Disease-Modifying Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating CNS disease for which several immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive strategies have been shown to reduce evidence of disease activity and preserve neurological function. High-dose parenteral corticosteroid therapy speeds recovery from acute attacks of MS, including optic neuritis. Severe, corticosteroid-refractory attacks may respond to plasma exchange. Following a first-ever demyelinating event (clinically isolated syndrome), treatment with glatiramer acetate, intramuscular interferon β-1a, or subcutaneous interferon β-1b reduces the risk of the development of clinically definite MS over the subsequent 2–3 years.
An introduction to lattice based probability theories

Abstract The focus of this article is on probability theories based on non-boolean event spaces that have potential for scientific and philosophical applications. Since the early 1930s, such an alternative probability theory has been systematically used to provide a mathematical foundation for quantum physics. This article investigates in a general way feasible alternatives to boolean event algebras as bases for probability theories. Such alternatives permit new kinds of logical relationships among events that are not expressible in boolean event algebras. In psychology, these relationships allow for kinds of modeling methods that help account for various puzzling phenomena found throughout psychology, particularly in cognitive decision theory. The alternative probability theories presented are investigated through algebraic characterizations of their event spaces and probability functions. This is done using results from a well-developed area of mathematics known as “lattice theory”. This article describes the basics of lattice theory and how the interpretation of a few of its results indicates that generalizations of boolean event spaces are severely limited for useful application in scientific modeling. The overall conclusion is that two types of event spaces appear especially promising for generalization: One that captures key concepts of the logic inherent in quantum mechanics, “quantum logic”, and another that captures key concepts inherent in a generalization of classical logic that is used in the foundations of mathematics, “intuitionistic logic”. Both of these types of logical structures are useful for constructing unorthodox models of troublesome findings in behavioral economics. One theme of this article is the use of intuitionistic logic to model probabilistic judgments and decision making.
Analysing categorical responses obtained from large clusters

Several researchers have proposed generalized estimating equation (GEE) approaches for the analysis of clustered binary or multicategory response data. When large numbers of observations are taken within clusters, these GEE methods can require inversion of extremely large covariance matrices. However, in many applications, only covariates specific to large groups of observations within the cluster are of interest for the marginal model, whereas covariates specific to individual measurements within the cluster are important in modelling the pairwise associations. In this paper, we use two medical examples to motivate a discussion illustrating that, when the marginal model contains only covariates specific to many observations within a cluster, the estimating equations used for the marginal analyses can be formulated in terms of proportions rather than binary indicator variables, while still modelling the pairwise associations with covariates specific to individual measurements within the cluster. This approach can reduce the computational burden that is inherent in the analysis of large clusters, while still allowing the potential gains in efficiency for the marginal analysis that can be obtained by modelling the pairwise associations
MIB at SemEval-2016 Task 4a: Exploiting lexicon-based features for sentiment analysis in Twitter

This work presents our team solution for task 4a (Message Polarity Classification) at the SemEval 2016 challenge. Our experiments have been carried out over the Twitter dataset provided by the challenge. We follow a supervised approach, exploiting a SVM polynomial kernel classifier trained with the challenge data. The classifier takes as input advanced NLP features. This paper details the features and discusses the achieved results.
H2-Blocker bei Erkrankungen mit pathologisch gesteigerter Säuresekretion

Seit Einfuhrung von H2-Rezeptorantagonisten ist es moglich, Patienten mit pathologisch gesteigerter Sauresekretion (uberwiegend mit Zollinger-Ellison-Syndron, ZES) uber kurze Zeit medikamentos wirkungsvoll zu behandeln [1–3]. Die fruher notfallmasig durchgefuhrte totale Gastrektomie wurde somit weitgehend uberflussig. Folgestudien zeigten, das dieses Krankheitsbild auch uber einen langeren Zeitraum mit H2-Blockern beherrscht werden kann [4–9]. Allerdings ist eine Langzeittherapie mit Cimetidin nicht unproblematisch [10–14]. Wahrend in einigen Studien mehr als 90% der Patienten mit ZES uber einen Zeitraum bis zu 7 Jahren erfolgreich behandelt werden konnten, berichteten andere Autoren uber eine relativ hohe Rate sog. Cimetidinversager [4, 7, 10–12, 14]. Eine Langzeittherapie wird auch dadurch kompliziert, das bei ca. 60% der Patienten die Cimetidindosis gesteigert werden mus [4, 14]. Auch mus Cimetidin in relativ kurzfristigen Zeitabstanden tagsuber und in der Nacht verabreicht werden [4, 14]. 8–50% aller mannlichen Patienten mit pathologisch gesteigerter Sauresekretion entwickeln unter einer hochdosierten Cimetidintherapie Impotenz, Gynakomastie und Brustspannung [12, 14, 16].
Coexistence between OFDM and pulsed radars in the 3.5 GHz Band with imperfect sensing

This paper extends the previous proposition of Precoded Subcarrier Nulling (PSUN) [1], a novel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission scheme for operation in the 3.5 GHz Band, to consideration of imperfect sensing of radar pulse parameters. We take into consideration existence of Environmental Sensing Capability (ESC), a sensing functionality of the 3.5 GHz Band coexistence architecture. We provide an analysis framework where variables representing impacts of imperfect sensing on an OFDM system are generalized. The framework demonstrates impacts of sensing errors by an ESC and parameter changes by a radar. Our results show that PSUN still is effective in suppressing inter-carrier interference (ICI) even with imperfect sensing.
Q meter measurements up to 260 MHz

The results indicate that the proposed dielectric measuring system can be successfully used to measure e′ (±1%) and e″ (±5%) of moderately low loss, low dielectric constant disk shaped specimens/and that the method can he adapted to low temperature measurements. A suggested low temperature design is shown in Figure 3. The important considerations are minimum lead length, rigid ceramic mounts between the holder and spacing measuring assembly, plastic foam heat insulation, and a fast and convenient way of inserting and removing the specimen, the reference ball gauge and the temperature measuring thermocouples. Cooling will be accomplished by passing dry nitrogen gas, precooled to a constant temperature, through and around the holder. At −200°C there will be about 4 watts of heat entering the holder chamber, which amount would seem acceptable. No additional problems are anticipated. A more sensitive micrometer system should result in increased precision even at low temperatures,
What Is the Best Management Strategy for Venous Air Embolism

A tall, slender 24-year-old male sustained a single gunshot wound to the upper abdomen while attempting to wrestle his bicycle from a thief. On arrival to the emergency department, he was pale, unconscious, and flaccid with a heart rate on telemetry of 160 beats per minute and barely palpable carotid pulses. He was rushed to the operating room, moved to the operating table in a supine position, ventilated with 100 % oxygen, and tracheally intubated. Breath sounds were equal and clear. The patient was placed on volume-control mechanical ventilation with 600 ml tidal volumes and peak inspiratory pressures of 23 mm Hg. Scopolamine 0.6 mg and pancuronium 8 mg were the only drugs administered.
Coping with Costs: Big Data on Expense Volatility and Medical Payments

In this report, the JPMorgan Chase Institute assembled a de-identified data asset of over 250,000 Chase customers between 2013 and 2015 in order to study how consumers’ expenses vary over time and how their financial behavior changes when faced with extraordinary medical payments. We organize our results into five findings. First, we find that expenses fluctuated by nearly $1,300 or 29 percent on a month-to-month basis for median-income households. Second, expense volatility was high across the income and age spectrum. While older families typically had less volatile incomes, they exhibited a larger range of income and expense volatility. Third, almost four in ten families per year — particularly middle-income and older families — made an extraordinary payment of over $1,500 related to medical services, auto repair, or taxes. Fourth, extraordinary medical payments were more likely to occur in months with higher income and specifically during tax season. Finally, prior to a major medical payment, families garnered substantial liquid assets but did not recover financially within 12 months after the payment. These findings highlight the critical role liquid assets play in managing expense spikes and the need for policies and solutions to promote emergency savings.
Paramedian Submandibular Approach for Removal of Foreign Bodies in the Pterygoid Muscle in Two Dogs

The purpose of this report is to document a unique location of an oropharyngeal foreign body, diagnosed via contrast computed tomography (CT), as well as a novel surgical approach to the pterygoid muscle region. Oropharyngeal foreign objects are an uncommon but potentially serious disease that can lead to chronic abscessation and pain. Two dogs were presented with chronic complaints, including pain and inability to fully open the mouth for a 1 yr and 5 mo duration, respectively. There was no history or evidence of skin sinus or submandibular/cervical swelling on physical examination of either dog. Both dogs had normal oropharyngeal anatomy with the exception of an asymmetric contrast-enhancing lesion within the pterygoid muscle on CT imaging. As there were no gross abnormalities visible during surgery, the use of contrast CT was vital in order to isolate the focus of infection. A paramedian submandibular approach was used to explore this region, and in both cases, foreign material was successfully removed with subsequent resolution of clinical signs. The dogs were immediately free of clinical signs and showed no recurrence for at least 8 and 17 mo after the exploration, respectively. A novel surgical approach is described to remove oropharyngeal foreign objects and necrotic debris within the pterygoid muscle.
Factors affecting food intake of women with Alzheimer's type dementia in long-term care.

This study assessed the nutrient intake and problems associated with the feeding of individuals who have advanced senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT). The sample consisted of 19 non-ambulatory women, ranging in age from 67 to 105 years, with documented SDAT, who reside in a long-term-care facility. Dietary intake was recorded, and feeding practices were observed for a 3-day period. The mean daily energy intake was 1,558 kcal, with a mean protein intake of 65 gm during the study. Nutritional supplements, consisting of fortified beverages and/or puddings, provided 29% of the calories and 41.5% of the protein intake while contributing considerable amounts of vitamins and minerals. Maintenance of optimal caloric and protein intake is difficult for advanced SDAT patients who are at high risk for infection and skin breakdown related to poor swallowing ability, incontinence, and immobility. Four major factors emerged that promoted optimal intake: using skillful feeding techniques, selecting appropriate food consistency, providing adequate time in which to feed, and capitalizing on the midday meal when cognitive abilities were at their peak. J Am Diet Assoc 89:17701773, 1989.
Vascular Leukocytes: a Population with Angiogenic and Immunossuppressive Properties Highly Represented in Ovarian Cancer

Physiological angiogenesis occurs mainly during the embryonic stage, originating a vascular network that meets the nutritional and functional demands of the developing organism. In the embryo, formation of blood vessels occurs via vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Vasculogenesis involves the de-novo differentiation of endothelial cells from angioblasts, mesoderm-derived precursor cells, which assemble into primary capillary vessels1. This network differentiates then by angiogenesis, where new vessels arise from sprouting of preexisting capillaries. In the adult, physiological neovessel formation is involved in wound healing, tissue remodeling, and the female reproductive cycle, while pathological angiogenesis is associated with ischemia, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, endometriosis, and tumor neovascularization2,3. Pathological neovascularization is characterized by increased vascular permeability, which leads to leakage, hemorrhaging, and inflammation. Although sprouting of blood vessels is the principal process in neovascularization, other mechanisms such as intussusception or cooptation of circulating endothelial cell progenitors have also been described 4.
The need for fundamental research in seismology: A summary of the report of the panel on seismic improvement

Before an agreement to suspend nuclear weapons tests can be reached the problem of detecting violations must be resolved. Seismology offers the only means for detecting the occurrenceof an underground nuclear explosion. In the summer of 1958 the Geneva Conference of Experts made the first attempt to gage the detection capability of seismic methods. Although the work of the Conference was hampered by a lack of experimental data, certain conclusions were reached estimating the level of an underground nuclear explosion which would be susceptible to seismic monitoring by a specified network of stations. Subsequent to the Geneva Conference, additional experimental data became available as a result of the Hardtack II test series which was conducted in the fall of 1958. It is in the nature of scientific inquiry to review earlier conclusions in the light of new data. The new results thus stimulated a reevaluation of the Geneva recommendations.
Sensory Subtypes in Preschool Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Given the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), research has investigated how sensory features elucidate subtypes that enhance our understanding of etiology and tailored treatment approaches. Previous studies, however, have not integrated core developmental behaviors with sensory features in investigations of subtypes in ASD. Therefore, we used latent profile analysis to examine subtypes in a preschool aged sample considering sensory processing patterns in combination with social-communication skill, motor performance, and adaptive behavior. Results showed four subtypes that differed by degree and quality of sensory features, age and differential presentation of developmental skills. Findings partially align with previous literature on sensory subtypes and extends our understanding of how sensory processing aligns with other developmental domains in young children with ASD.
Capillary Coatings: Flow and Drying Dynamics in Open Microchannels.

Capillary flow and drying of polymer solutions in open microchannels are explored over time scales spanning seven orders of magnitude: from capillary filling (10–3–10 s) to the formation of a dry thin film (a “capillary coating”; 102–103 s). During capillary filling, drying-induced changes (increased solids content and viscosity) generate microscale pinning events that impede contact line motion. Three unique types of pinning are identified and characterized, each defined by the specific location(s) along the contact line at which pinning is induced. Drying is shown to ultimately pin the contact line permanently, and the associated total flow distances and times are revealed to be strong functions of channel width and drying rate. In general, lower drying rates coupled with intermediate channel widths are found to be most conducive to longer flow distances and times. After the advancing contact line permanently pins, internal flows driven by uneven evaporation rates continue to drive polymer to the contac...
The management of Hodgkin lymphoma in adolescents and young adults: burden of disease or burden of choice?

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) comprise the largest age group affected by Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Despite excellent overall survival of AYA patients with HL due to advances in treatment regimens, therapy-associated late effects continue to be a concern in HL survivors, especially for younger patients who have decades of life remaining. Since the first clinical trial for HL with chemotherapy in 1964, subsequent protocols have attempted to reduce chemotherapy-induced toxicities and yet maintain high overall survival rates. Today, new analytic methods applied to data from survivorship cohorts, such as the recently described cumulative burden of disease metric, can be used to inform changes for future protocols. Although pediatric and adult trial consortia have followed this process, the AYA population, an age cohort split between pediatric and adult health care services, faces many barriers to care and is the least likely to be enrolled in clinical trials. AYA patients with HL theoretically have a choice to be treated in pediatric or adult protocols when presented with these options. Recent efforts by the National Clinical Trials Network, the Children’s Oncology Group, and others have been made to ensure that the burden of choice for the AYA population is not greater than the burden of disease.
Domain-Specific Knowledge Acquisition Using WordNet

This paper presents a method that acquires new concepts and connections associated with user-selected seed concepts, and adds them to the WordNet linguistic knowledge structure. New domain knowledge can be acquired around some seed concepts that a user considers important. The knowledge we seek to acquire relates to one or more of these concepts, and consists of new concepts not defined in WordNet and new relations that link the concepts with other concepts. The approach consists of forming a corpus with sentences containing seed concepts and then identifying on this corpus lexico-syntactic patterns that reflect semantic relations. The algorithm has four procedures outlined below. Procedure 1: Concept extraction. Input: Noun phrases that contain a seed concept. Output: New concepts constructed around the seed concept. After the sentences in the corpus are parsed, new concepts are sought in the noun phrases where seed concepts reside. This procedure searches in WordNet and other electronic dictionaries for possible concepts in the noun phrases. The final acceptance of the concepts rests with the user. The next step is to create a taxonomy for the newly acquired concepts that is consistent with WordNet. Procedure 2: Classification by subsumption Input: A list of NPs containing the seed as head noun Output: An ontology of concepts under the seed The classification algorithm is based on the simple idea that a compound concept [word, seed] is ontologically subsumed by concept [seed]. Similarly, for a relative classification of any two concepts [word1, seed] and [word2, seed], the ontological relation between word1 and word2, if it exists, is extended to the two concepts. In the case that word1 subsumes word2, then a relation is formed between the two concepts.
Comparative studies of developmental biology, preference and feeding behavior of Monellia caryella on Juglandaceae native to North America

Pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, harbors a complex of three foliar-feeding aphid species, with Monellia caryella (Fitch) considered to be the most economically important among the three species.
FORENSIC BOTANY : TRICHOME EVIDENCE

Stellate trichomes (epidermal, star-shaped plant hairs) recovered from the stored wreckage of an aircraft's engine were used as a basis for arguing that faulty engine design led to the plane's crash near Ruidoso, New Mexico. Light and scanning electron microscope analyses of the trichomes recovered from the engine wreckage and other associated debris, when compared with trichome samples taken from the nightshade (Solanaceae) and cotton (Malvaceae) families about the storage site and elsewhere, provided positive identification of the trichome source. These data, when interpreted in relation to basic ecological and plant life cycle information, confirmed that the trichome presence was the result of post-crash rather than pre-crash events.
Incidence and severity of hypothyroidism and survival outcomes in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

e15580 Background: Thyroid dysfunction is a common adverse effect of VEGF TKIs. There are conflicting reports on survival benefit in association with hypothyroidism. Moreover, severity of hypothyro...
Abstract # 3190 Stress-induced inflammation and dimensions of reward processing

Dysregulated reward processing is a multifaceted and transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology. The psychobiological processes that contribute to reward dysregulation have not been delineated. The current study tested effects of stress-induced inflammation on three dimensions of reward: motivation, learning and sensitivity. Fifty-four healthy, female young adults (age 18–25) were randomized to an acute psychosocial laboratory stressor or a no-stress active control condition, and provided blood samples before, 60, 90 and 120 min after the stressor for assessment of plasma IL-6. Participants completed behavioral measures of reward-related learning (Probabilistic Reward Task) reward motivation (Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task) and reward sensitivity (emotional dot probe task) before and 90 min after the stressor. The stress group had significantly greater increases in circulating IL-6 from study entry to 120 min post-stressor than the control group, β = .25, p = .03. In mediation analyses, stress-induced inflammation predicted decreased sensitivity to social reward, as indicated by decreased positive attentional bias to happy faces (b = −19.70, p = .04). Stress-induced inflammation also increased reward motivation when the probability of winning monetary reward was low (b = .08, p = .01), and marginally increased sensitivity to monetary reward during reward learning (b = .06, p = .07). These findings indicate that stress-induced inflammation differentially alters dimensions of reward, potentially as a function of stimuli type (social vs. monetary), and contribute to a growing literature characterizing the nuanced effects of inflammation on behavior.
Working memory moderates the association between early institutional care and separation anxiety symptoms in late childhood and adolescence

Adverse caregiving, for example, previous institutionalization (PI), is often associated with emotion dysregulation that increases anxiety risk. However, the concept of developmental multifinality predicts heterogeneity in anxiety outcomes. Despite this well-known heterogeneity, more work is needed to identify sources of this heterogeneity and how these sources interact with environmental risk to influence mental health. Here, working memory (WM) was examined during late childhood/adolescence as an intra-individual factor to mitigate the risk for separation anxiety, which is particularly susceptible to caregiving adversities. A modified "object-in-place" task was administered to 110 youths (10-17 years old), with or without a history of PI. The PI youths had elevated separation anxiety scores, which were anticorrelated with morning cortisol levels, yet there were no group differences in WM. PI youths showed significant heterogeneity in separation anxiety symptoms and morning cortisol levels, and WM moderated the link between caregiving and separation anxiety and mediated the association between separation anxiety and morning cortisol in PI youth. Findings suggest that (a) institutional care exerts divergent developmental consequences on separation anxiety versus WM, (b) WM interacts with adversity-related emotion dysregulation, and (c) WM may be a therapeutic target for separation anxiety following early caregiving adversity.
Remote characterization of physical surface characteristics of Mars using diurnal variations in apparent thermal inertia

Abstract Analysis of the Martian surface today can provide insight into the processes that may have affected it over its history. Information about the physical surface characterization of a region can help determine the degree of sorting it has experienced and/or its geologic maturity. Sub-resolved, horizontal “checkerboard” mixtures of materials with different thermal inertias can lead to differences in the apparent thermal inertia values inferred from night and day radiance observations. Standard methods for deriving thermal inertia from orbit via the THermal EMission Imaging System (THEMIS) can give values for the same location that vary by as much as 20% between images. Such methods assume that each pixel contains material of a single, uniform thermal inertia. Here, it is proposed that if a mixture of low and high thermal inertias is present within a pixel, the apparent thermal inertia inferred will be biased toward the thermal inertia of whichever component of the surface is warmer at the time of the measurement. This effect will result in a variation in apparent thermal inertia values inferred from measurements taken at different times of day and night. Therefore, a correlation is hypothesized between the magnitude of diurnal variations in apparent thermal inertia values and the degree of non-uniformity of thermal inertias present within a given pixel location. This work shows that the magnitude of such diurnal variation in apparent thermal inertias is sufficient to detect geologically useful differences in surfaces mixtures both theoretically and through in-situ analysis. Mapping the difference in apparent thermal inertias from day and night THEMIS observations may prove to be a new way of distinguishing surfaces that have relatively uniform thermal inertias from those that have horizontally-mixed thermal inertias. Note that this study makes no attempt to characterize the effects of vertical (subsurface) inhomogeneity on apparent thermal inertia, which could also be important for some locations.
Ibn Khaldun: Scientific instruction as prolonging the polity

Demokrasilerin farkli amiller tarafindan tehdit altina alinmis oldugu gunumuzde, Ibn Haldun’un egitim hakkindaki gorusleri uzun donemler boyunca saglam kalacak siyasi nizamlari tesis etmenin onemine dair muhim unsurlari icermektedir. Bu makalede, Ibn Haldun’un egitimi devletlerin omrunu uzatan ve hanedanlarin onlenemez cokusunu erteleyen baslica amillerden biri olarak gordugunu savunmaktayiz. Makalenin ilk bolumunde Ibn Haldun’un goruslerini literaturdeki uc hakim tartismaya nispetle konumlandiriyoruz. Bu tartismalarin ilki, Mukaddime’nin normatif mi yoksa deskriptif (betimleyici) mi oldugu; ikincisi, eserdeki beseriyet tarihinin seyrine dair tutumun iyimser mi yoksa kotumser mi oldugu; ucuncusu ise muellife gore siyasetin rolunun ne oldugu sorulari etrafinda donmektedir. Makalenin ikinci bolumunde, muellifin, egitimi devletin en âli maksadi olan ictimâ-i beseriyyeyi kemale erdirmesi icin gerekli olan ortami saglamaya giden en hayati yollardan birisi olarak kabul ettigini tespit ediyoruz. Bu bolumde ayrica, ilmi egitimin devletin hayatiyetini hem devletin mustakbel idarecilerini yetistirerek hem de devletin fikri ve ahlaki havasina kemal kusandirarak nasil destekledigini izah ediyoruz. Makalemizin sonuc bolumunde ise Ibn Haldun’un teklif ettigi egitim pedagojisi ve ideal egitmen modelini degerlendiriyoruz. Makalemizde Islam ve Bati siyaset dusuncesini cem ederek Muslumanlara kendi fikri geleneklerinde ne gibi siyasi teklifler bulundugunu gostermeyi hedeflemekteyiz. En nihayetinde, Ibn Haldun’un fikriyatini ait oldugu Islami gelenek icerisinde anlamlandirmaya calisarak Bati-merkezci siyaset teorisi alaninin ufkunun genislemesine katki sunmayi umit ediyoruz.
Synthesis of Polychiral Natural Products from Carbohydrates

Stereoselective synthesis of polychiral natural products is the most challenging problem for a synthetic organic chemist. The stereoselective synthesis of macrolide antibiotics represents one such difficult problem. They consist of macrocyclic lactone rings with many hydroxylated and methylated chiral carbons. In addition to that the macrocyclic lactones (macrolides) are usually glycosylated with amino sugars.
Use of Natural Language Processing to Extract Clinical Cancer Phenotypes from Electronic Medical Records

Current models for correlating electronic medical records with -omics data largely ignore clinical text, which is an important source of phenotype information for patients with cancer. This data convergence has the potential to reveal new insights about cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to treatment. Insights from this real-world data will catalyze clinical care, research, and regulatory activities. Natural language processing (NLP) methods are needed to extract these rich cancer phenotypes from clinical text. Here, we review the advances of NLP and information extraction methods relevant to oncology based on publications from PubMed as well as NLP and machine learning conference proceedings in the last 3 years. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the fields of oncology and information extraction, this analysis serves as a critical trail marker on the path to higher fidelity oncology phenotypes from real-world data.
Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of organonickel(II) complexes coordinated to novel 1-bromo-2,6-bis{[(λ5-phosphanylidene)imino]methyl}benzene NCN-pincer ligands

A novel family of four 1-bromo-2,6-bis­{[(λ5-phosphanyl­idene)imino]­meth­yl}benzene ligands has been synthesized and characterized. The phosphinimino­methyl substituents are decorated with either three phenyl groups, two phenyl and one cyclo­hexyl group, one phenyl and two cyclo­hexyl groups, or three cyclo­hexyl groups. Each ligand was metallated using zero-valent nickel through an oxidative addition to form a family of organonickel(II) com­plexes, namely (2,6-bis­{[(triphenyl-λ5-phosphanyl­idene)imino]­meth­yl}phenyl-κ3N,C1,N′)bromido­nickel(II) di­chloro­methane hemisolvate, [NiBr(C44H37N2P2)]·0.5CH2Cl2, (2,6-bis­{[(cyclo­hexyl­diphenyl-λ5-phosphanyl­idene)imino]­meth­yl}phenyl-κ3N,C1,N′)bromido­nickel(II) diethyl ether hemisolvate, [NiBr(C44H49N2P2)]·0.5C4H10O, (2,6-bis­{[(di­cyclo­hexyl­phenyl-λ5-phosphanyl­idene)imino]­meth­yl}phenyl-κ3N,C1,N′)bromido­nickel(II), [NiBr(C44H61N2P2)], and (2,6-bis­{[(tri­cyclo­hexyl-λ5-phosphanyl­idene)imino]­meth­yl}phenyl-κ3N,C1,N′)bromido­nickel(II), [NiBr(C44H73N2P2)]. This family of com­plexes represents a useful opportunity to investigate the impact of incrementally changing the steric characteristics of a com­plex on its structure and reactivity.
Clifford Möbius Geometry

The Riemann sphere is a compactification of the complex plane on which the complex Mobius group naturally acts. This Mobius group is isomorphic to the conformal orthogonal group SO+(1, 3). Here we give a unified approach to this compactification and the corresponding Mobius groups for the Clifford algebras of dimensions two and four.
Impacts of variable renewable energy on wholesale markets and generating assets in the United States: A review of expectations and evidence

Abstract We synthesize available literature, data, and analysis on the degree to which growth in variable renewable energy (VRE) has impacted or might in the future impact bulk power system assets, pricing, and costs in the United States. Most studies of future scenarios indicate that VRE reduces wholesale energy prices and capacity factors of thermal generators. Traditional baseload generators are more exposed to these changing market conditions than low-capital cost and more flexible intermediate and peak-load generators. From analysis of historical data we find that VRE is already influencing the bulk power market through changes in temporal and geographic patterns areas with higher levels of VRE. The most significant observed impacts have concentrated in areas with significant VRE and/or nuclear generation along with limited transmission, with negative pricing also often occurring during periods with lower system-wide load. So far, however, VRE, has had a relatively modest impact on historical average annual wholesale prices across entire market regions, at least in comparison to other drivers. The reduction of natural gas prices is the primary contributor to the decline in wholesale prices since 2008. Similarly, VRE impacts on thermal plant retirements have been limited and there is little relationship between the location of recent retirements and VRE penetration levels. Although impacts on wholesale prices have been modest so far, impacts of VRE on the electricity market will be more significant under higher VRE penetrations.
Another decade of IDC research: examining and reflecting on values and ethics

Examining the values inherent in papers published at IDC provides a lens to our research community and informs the path of future research needs and opportunities. We conducted a content analysis of the values expressed in all full IDC papers between 2011 and 2019 and a survey with the first authors of 20% of these papers. We examine the types of IDC research contributions, the qualities and behaviors the research seeks to support in children, the role of the child and other stakeholders in the design process, the theories that inform IDC research, and the criteria that guide the technical design choices. We discuss the research contributions and the core value trends over the past two decades of IDC full published papers. We also present the ethical considerations central to the surveyed authors' work. Based on our analysis, we discuss implications and opportunities for future contributions, such as explicit attention to inclusivity in research, encouraging multidisciplinary collaborations, and expanding the qualities our community aims to support in children. These qualities include: focusing on children's sense of autonomy, agency, and empowerment; and children's participation in research as active creators of technology.
To Recognize One’s Face in That of a Foreigner: The Latter-day Saint Experience in West Africa

“Achọrọ m ịchọta ụlọ ụka ndị ọcha” (“I want to find the white people’s church”), I told the motorcycle driver. He smiled and told me to climb aboard. We wended our way through the Nigerian town of Nsukka, with typical street fare lining the landscape—a Fine Brothers electronic shop, an MTN cellphone store co-existing with an assortment of clothing, fruit, and street-hawking vendors running along the road. Its relative smallness belies its centrality to the Nigerian nation-state, a virtual vortex in which societies and systems have converged: Hausa Christian refugees and Igbo academics, Fulani herdsmen and expatriate Americans. We found our way to New Anglican Road, the site for a well-furnished brick structure called by all: “ụlọ ụka ndị ọcha”: the white people’s church or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS)—despite the fact that few Westerners visit it. Although decidedly West African in its demographics, the LDS Church in Nigeria (as well as in Ghana) has a reputation of being administered and supported by white Americans. The reason for and significance of this reputation will unfold as this chapter reviews the Church’s story in the context of West Africa’s colonial and post-colonial history and the ensuing development of political independence in African countries and associated questions of religious identity.
Measured and accounted-for confounding in pharmacoepidemiologic studies: Some thoughts for practitioners.

Background Valid causal inference from observational pharmacoepidemiologic studies relies on adequately adjusting for confounding. Aims The goal of this article is to provide clarity and guidance on issues related to confounding and provide motivation for using more flexible models for causal inference in pharmacoepidemiology. Materials & methods In this article we elucidate two important components of making valid inference from observational data: measuring the necessary set of variables at the design/data collection phase (measured confounding) and properly accounting for confounding at the modeling/analysis phase (accounted-for confounding). For the latter concept, we contrast parametric modeling approaches, which are susceptible to model misspecification bias, with data adaptive approaches. Discussion Both measuring and properly accounting for confounding is critical to obtaining valid causal inference from pharmacoepidemiology studies. Carefully thought out DAGs, based on subject matter knowledge, can help to better identify confounders and confounding. Even when confounding has been adequately measured, mis-specified models may lead to unaccounted for confounding and increasing the sample size often does not help. We recommend modern analytic techniques such as flexible data adaptive approaches that do not rely on strong parametric assumptions. Further, sensitivity analyses and other modern bounding approaches are recommended to account for the effects of unmeasured confounding. Conclusion Confounding must be considered at both the design and analysis stages of a study. DAGs and data adaptive approaches can help.
Early oil industry disinformation on global warming

Determining the onset of organized disinformation about global warming is critical for understanding its political history and evaluating the responsibilities of fossil fuel producers and other rel...