cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal patterns of Hox paralog group 3-6 gene expression during Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryonic development.

Abstract Clustered Hox genes encode transcription factors that pattern the regional identities of tissues along the anterior–posterior (A-P) axis of animals during embryonic development. They are expressed along the A-P axis collinear with their physical location within a cluster. Several studies have examined the expression of teleost Hox genes from paralog groups (PG) 1-4 in the rhombomeres of the hindbrain and the anterior pharyngeal arches. However, little is known about Hox gene expression within the posterior pharyngeal arches (PA3-7) of teleosts. Here we present the spatio-temporal expression patterns of Hox paralog group (PG) 3-6 in the neural tube and posterior arches of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). We show that medaka Hox gene expression patterns in the hindbrain are divergent spatially from orthologous genes in mouse and other evolutionarily divergent teleosts, which suggests divergence of cis-regulatory sequences directing hindbrain expression. Further, our study is the first to show the complete teleost Hox PG3-6 expression code in the posterior arches up to the chondrogenic stage of the cranio-facial skeletal elements. This study will provide the basis for comparative teleost Hox gene expression profiles in PA3-7 and may help in understanding the mechanisms underlying development of divergent morphological pharyngeal arch skeletal structures among evolutionarily divergent teleosts.
Monitoring intracellular pH changes in response to osmotic stress and membrane transport activity using 5-chloromethylfluorescein.

Intracellular free H+ concentration (pHi) responds to numerous extracellular stimuli. The use of fluorescent indicator dyes to measure pHi is strongly influenced by the ability of target cells to retain activated dye within the cytoplasmic compartment. Here, 3 pH-sensitive indicator dyes—acetoxymethyl (AM) esters of SNARF-1 and BCECF, and the thiol-reactive 5-chloromethyfluorescein (CMFDA)—were examined for monitoring pHi. The stability of pH measurements was strongly affected by temperature, cell type, indicator dye, and use of transport inhibitors to prevent dye export. Cellular retention of CMFDA, which forms covalent complexes, was sufficient to permit monitoring of transient pHi changes over extended time periods in a multi-well plate assay format. In human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, increasing osmotic pressure caused a significant rise in pHi. In contrast, activation of native or transfected β-adrenergic, cholinergic, and d and m opioid receptors did not measurably affect pHi in HEK293 cells. Decreases in pHi were observed in CHO cells expressing the human H+/peptide transporter PEPT1 upon addition of dipeptide substrates. The use of CMFDA in multi-well formats should facilitate study of osmotic and transport activity and screening for drugs that affect pHi.
Application-driven optical storage

Optical data storage includes inexpensive, removable, easily replicated medium. Only applications requiring these will use optical storage. Multiview, multithread, imaging systems is an application that could require the next generation of optical data storage systems.
Histogram equalization of vibration fringes in holography

Summary Common reconstructed fringes in holographic interferometry of vibration show rapidly diminishing intensity with extended amplitude limiting the measurement range. Using computer-simulated fringe patterns, linear histogram equalization is applied to redistribute the intensity for significant enhancement in the higher amplitude range. The cases of time-average and real-time single-frequency sinusoidal vibration are described.
The Flying Scarab Beetle Games of West Africa and the American South: Cultural Transfer or Parallel Evolution?

A children's game involving catching, tethering, and then flying the cetoniine scarab Pachnoda marginata was observed in Ghana. A very similar cetonine beetle, Cotinis nitida , is flown by children in the American South. The flying beetle game was probably introduced from West Africa to the American South by slaves. View this article in BioOne
Constructing a bivariate distribution for freeway speed and headway data

Accurate description of speed and headway distributions is critical for developing microscopic traffic simulation models. A number of microscopic simulation models generate vehicle speeds and vehicle arrival times as independent inputs to the simulation process. However, this traditional approach ignores the possible correlation between speed and headway. This article proposes a Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) approach to construct a bivariate distribution to simultaneously describe the characteristics of speed and headway. For the FGM approach, the distributions of speed and headway need to be specified separately before the construction of the bivariate distribution. While using conventional distributions for headway, this study uses normal, skew-normal and skew-t mixture distributions for speed. To examine the applicability of the FGM, the proposed approach is applied to a 24-hour speed and headway dataset collected on IH-35 in Austin, Texas. The results show the FGM approach has successfully construct...
Exercise studies after the mustard operation in transposition of the great arteries

Twenty-one postoperative patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) underwent graded exercise testing 4 to 15 years (mean 9) after the Mustard operation. No patient had subjective exercise intolerance before testing, although some had symptomatic resting arrhythmias. Correlations were made between cardiac catheterization data and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. Exercise tolerance was diminished in nearly half of the patients. No statistically significant differences were found in heart rate or blood pressure responses, but maximal oxygen consumption values were lower than the control values (p less than 0.001) in the larger patients. Arrhythmias were present or provoked in most patients during exercise testing. Only 28% remained in normal sinus rhythm during and after exercise. Multifocal premature contractions were the most serious arrhythmias demonstrated. Some long-term survivors of the Mustard operation may have abnormal exercise dynamics, even though they may be asymptomatic and have normal physical activities and endurance. Mean maximal systolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and maximal treadmill times were consistently in the low-normal range or were statistically lower than normal.
Toward a Detector/Readout Architecture for the Background-Limited Far-IR/Submm Spectrograph (BLISS)

We have built and tested 32-element linear arrays of absorber-coupled transition-edge sensors (TESs) read out with a time-division SQUID multiplexer. This detector/readout architecture is designed for the background-limited far-IR/submm spectrograph (BLISS) which is a broadband (35–433 $$\upmu $$ m), grating spectrometer consisting of six wavebands each with a modest resolution of R $$\sim $$ 700. Since BLISS requires the effective noise equivalent power (NEP) of the TESs to equal 1 $$\times $$ 10 $$^{-19}$$ W/Hz $$^{1/2}$$ , our detectors consist of very long (1–2 mm), narrow (0.4 $$\upmu $$ m), and thin (0.25 $$\upmu $$ m) Si $$_{x}$$ N $$_{y}$$ support beams that reduce the thermal conductance G between the substrate and the optical absorber. The thermistors of our lowest noise TESs consist of iridium with $$T_{c}=130$$ mK. We have measured the electrical properties of arrays of these Ir TESs with various meander and straight support beams and absorber shapes and found that G is $$\sim $$ 30 fW/K (meander) and $$\sim $$ 110 fW/K (straight), the electrical NEP is 2–3 $$\times $$ 10 $$^{-19}$$ W/Hz $$^{1/2}$$ (meander and straight), and the response time $$\tau $$ is 10–30 ms (meander) and 2–5 ms (straight). To reduce spurious or “dark” power from heating the arrays, we mounted the arrays into light-tight niobium boxes and added custom L/R and L/C low-pass chip filters into these boxes to intercept dark power from the bias and readout circuit. We found the average dark power equals 1.3 and 4.6 fW for the boxes with L/R and L/C chip filters, respectively. We have built arrays with $$T_{c}= 70$$ mK using molybdenum/copper bilayers and are working to lower the dark power by an order of magnitude so we can demonstrate NEP $$~=~1~\times $$ 10 $$^{-19}$$ W/Hz $$^{1/2}$$ with these arrays. PACS numbers: 85.25.Pb; 95.85.Gn; 95.85.Fm; 63.22. $$+$$ m
Variations in State Casualty Rates in World War II and the Vietnam War

State casualty rates from the Vietnam War and World War II were related to a number of social and economic indicators from the 1970 and 1940 census. Also included in the analysis were variables dealing with rates of entry into the military of men from different states. In World War II affluent states had higher casualty rates. In the Vietnam War the situation reversed, less affluent states had higher casualty rates. By making certain statistical assumptions, these relationships based on state data can be used to make inferences about individuals. The patterns of state casualty rates between World War II arid the Vietnam War are discussed as well as implications for the social class and racial composition of the all-volunteer military.
Tacrolimus- Versus Cyclosporine-Induced Diabetes Leads to More Diabetic Complications after Heart Transplantation

Purpose Cyclosporine (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC) are the main immunosuppressive agents in heart transplantation (HTx). Both CSA and TAC are diabetogenic, however, in clinical practice, TAC is much more so. It is not clear as to whether TAC-induced diabetes leads to more diabetic complications. We sought to compare our transplant patients with the development of diabetic complications in patients treated with TAC- versus CSA-based immunosuppression who developed new onset diabetes after HTx. Methods and Materials Between 1994 and 2010, we evaluated 306 HTx patients who developed new onset diabetes after HTx and divided them into those treated with CSA versus those treated with TAC-based immunosuppression at the time of heart transplantation. 5 year outcomes including survival, transplant vasculopathy, non-fatal major adverse cardiac events, and complications of diabetes including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy were determined. Results Patients treated with TAC developed more complications of diabetes within 5 years after heart transplantation (neuropathy and retinopathy). Average creatinine on TAC was initially lower compared to those treated with CSA immunosuppression. However, in these diabetic patients this benefit is lost at 5 years. However, those patients who had controlled hemoglobin A1C, ( Conclusions TAC-based immunosuppression may have outcome benefit in terms of less rejection; however, long-term complications of diabetes are more prevalent. Therefore, reassessment of the benefit-risk ratio must be evaluated to assess the longer term outcome of TAC-based immunosuppression. CSA Group n=132 TAC group n=174 p-value % of Diabetic Patients with Neuropathy 4.0% (6/132) 16.1% (28/174) 0.0014 % of Diabetic Patients with Retinopathy 3.8% (5/132) 13.2% (23/174) 0.0045 1 Year Creatinine, Mean ± SD 1.6 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.7 0.009 3 Year Creatinine, Mean ± SD 1.7 ± 1.2 1.4 ± 0.4 0.0023 5 Year Creatinine, Mean ± SD 1.9 ± 1.3 1.9 ± 1.6 1.00
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: An Emotion-Focused Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) that is based on the theory that emotion dysregulation is the core feature of BPD. This article focuses on aspects of DBT theory and techniques that specifically address emotion. The dialectical and biosocial theories that underlie DBT are reviewed with an emphasis on how each relates to emotional experiencing in BPD. Selected treatment strategies that address emotion dysregulation and their hypothesized mechanisms of change are also described. Relevant research findings are incorporated throughout to provide an empirical foundation for the DBT theories and strategies that are discussed.
Differential brightness thresholds in infancy

Abstract Differential brightness thresholds in infants were investigated by elicitation of optokinetic nystagmus to a moving field of alternate light- and dark-grey stripes. The contrast between the light and dark stripes was varied on successive trials by changing the brightness of the lighter stripes. The smallest contrast which elicited nystagmic movements of the eyes and the largest contrast which failed to elicit these pursuit movements were recorded for each infant. The differential brightness threshold or Weber fraction was assumed to lie midway between these minimal suprathreshold and maximal subthreshold contrasts. Using this procedure with ten neonates, from 1 to 4 days of age, and 10 older infants from 45 to 113 days of age, the average Weber fractions were .50 and .26, respectively. This difference, significant at the .001 level, was taken as evidence for the rapid development of brightness discrimination in the first months of life.
A simple test for the consistency of dynamic linear regression in rational distributed lag models

Abstract We develop a new Lagrange multiplier test of the restrictions imposed when rational distributed lag models are estimated by dynamic linear regression. A small simulation study and empirical example demonstrate that the new test detects misspecification when standard diagnostics do not.
Current Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of AIDS: An Introduction

Significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS. Laboratory tests available for assessment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection include the detection of antibodies to HIV type 1, the direct detection of the virus, the identification of surrogate markers, and the phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clinicians have made great strides in the treatment of tumors, opportunistic infections, and complications associated with AIDS as well as in the treatment of the infection itself. In selected patients, treatment with interferon-a has been successful against AIDSrelated Kaposi's sarcoma. Attempts to treat the leukopenia and anemia of patients with AIDS by the administration of hematopoietic growth factors have resulted in increased white blood cell counts and a decrease in erythrocyte transfusion requirements. In addition to zidovudine, several antiretroviral agents are undergoing testing, including the nucleoside analogues dideoxycytidine and dideoxyinosine, soluble CD4, and the glycosidase inhibitor N-butyldeoxynojirimycin. In the 8 years since AIDS was first described, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of the disease By 1984, efforts to identify its etiology had resulted in the discovery of the causative agent, a retrovirus now called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Three years later, clinical trials demonstrated that the drug zidovudine (AZT) could substantially increase the survival time of patients with AIDS. The success of these clinical trials altered the prevailing perception that infections with retroviruses were basically untreatable and gave impetus to the development of new therapeutic agents.
The Economics of Cardiac Surgery

Health care practitioners are under increasing pressure to identify and reduce the costs of their interventions. Cardiac surgical procedures have been studied extensively to determine which factors increase costs so the costs of future interventions can be reliably predicted. Knowing the cost components of surgical interventions identifies opportunities for increased efficiency and cost reduction. New technologic advances may initially defy cost reduction efforts until randomized controlled trials and cost analyses can be performed.
death enmity in Thull: organized vengeance and social change in a Kohistani community

Anthropologists often view institutionalized vengeance from a synchronic perspective, asking what is the function of blood feuds in maintaining order, strengthening group cohesion, balancing population, and protecting against external political threats. Such a perspective has limited usefulness in understanding blood feuds in Thull, a community in the Hindu-Kush mountains where organized revenge is a recent development. In such communities institutionalized vengeance can best be understood in the context of sociocultural systems in the process of historical transformation.
Similarity implies homotopy of idempotents in Banach algebras of stable rank one

We establish the property stated in the title by means of an elementary construction: in a Banach algebra of stable rank one, any two similar idempotents can be connected by a piecewise affine path of idempotents consisting of at most 3 affine steps.
Reversed In-Plane Cyclic Behavior of Posttensioned Clay Brick Masonry Walls

A series of five large scale clay brick masonry structural walls are subjected to in-plane simulated seismic forces. The walls utilize posttensioning steel to provide flexural strength. The primary objective of the research is to investigate five basic configurations of posttensioning to determine which has the most desirable characteristics for seismic performance. In the study, the variables of interest were ! 1" bonded versus unbonded posttensioning steel, ! 2" confined versus unconfined masonry, ! 3" grouted versus ungrouted masonry, and ! 4" application of supplemental mild steel for energy dissipation. Following the results of the tests, it was shown that the best performing configuration utilized unbonded posttensioning and confinement. By utilizing unbonded posttensioning, walls have little residual deformation after loading, thus yielding structures that would require very little repair, even after large seismic events. Such behavior comes with the price of reduced energy dissipation, however. Presented in the paper are the results of the tests as well as results of a simple analysis method for prediction of wall capacity.
Characterization and High-Temperature Mechanical Behavior of an Oxide/Oxide Composite

An oxide/oxide ceramic fiber-matrix composite (CMC) has been extensively characterized for high-temperature aerospace structural applications. This CMC is called GEN-IV™, and it has a porous and cracked aluminosilicate matrix reinforced by 3M Nextel 610™ alumina fibers woven in a balanced eight harness weave (8HSW). This CMC has been specifically designed without an interphase between the fiber and matrix, and it relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. Stress-strain response is nearly linear to failure and without a well-defined proportional limit in tension and compression. In-plane shear and interlaminar strength increases with increasing temperature. The 1000°C fatigue limit in air at 105 cycles is 160 MPa, and the residual tensile strength of run-out specimens is not affected by the fatigue loading. The creep-rupture resistance above 1000°C is relatively poor, but it can be improved with a more-creep-resistant fiber.
Full Field Stress Measurements in Thin Silicon Sheet

A full field near infrared polariscope has been designed and built for determination of in-plane residual stresses in thin multicrystalline silicon wafers. The technical issues that have been addressed are: wafer size (greater than 4 in times 4 in), wafer thickness (down to 100 mum), crystalline anisotropy, stress calibration and optical inaccuracies. Using this system, the in-plane residual stresses in thin edge-defined growth (EFG), cast and string ribbon wafers are compared
Enhanced Electrooptic Activity of Nlo Polymers Via the Use of Conductive Polymers

We have demonstrated a 3 to 13 times increase in the effective electro-optic (EO) coefficient of electrode poled nonlinear optical polymers using a conductive polymer cladding, compared to using passive polymer claddings. We have also demonstrated the lowest poling voltage to date, 300 V, for a 2 μm thick NLO polymer film. Since the cladding material is more conductive than the core material, the majority of the applied poling voltage is dropped across the core, realizing a higher EO coefficient than for conventional devices using passive polymer claddings and has the potential for in-situ poling. These results show promise for shorter, lower operating voltage devices.
Community and Hominid Emergence

Speculation about the factors contributing to the evolution of Homo sapiens has generally neglected the influence of the social context. it is argued here that an incipient human community was a necessary requirement for hominid emergence. LEARNING, SOCIAL ORGANIZATlON, EVOLUTION Of HOMOSAPIENS, COMMUNITY.
Compression-designs for knowledge-aided AMTI radar systems

Compression ideas are applied to the design of exceedingly fast and lossy SAR imagery clutter covariance processors (CCPs) for use in knowledge-aided (KA) airborne moving target indicator (AMTI) radar subjected to severely taxing disturbances. Outstanding signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) radar performance is derived with a radar blind SAR imagery source coder that is characterized by its high compression, simplicity and universality. This result is surprising since it is found in a companion paper that radar blind schemes cannot be used with a ‘lossless’ straight CCP.
Appropriate sequencing of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia: when to change? A perspective in 2009.

Purpose of review Kinase inhibitor therapy options for Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemias have rapidly developed and continue to expand. In 2001, imatinib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and revolutionized the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); in 2006 and 2007, approval of dasatinib and nilotinib followed for use in imatinib-resistant or intolerant disease; additional kinase inhibitors continue in development to optimize toxicity and circumvent resistance. Decision-making regarding key questions of initial therapy choice, role of allografting, and changes in therapy remains a fluid discussion; this review aims to give a current perspective. Recent findings Imatinib remains a highly effective and well characterized choice for patients with CML in chronic phase; long-term toxicity continues to be assessed, and data surrounding stability of response are quite promising. Dasatinib and nilotinib have proven to be highly effective alternate approaches when imatinib is inadequate or intolerable, yet direct comparison in trials is lacking. Limited clinical and molecular data can aid in decision-making between these agents. Summary Multiple options exist today for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemias. Careful monitoring of response and categorization based on guidelines, utilization of molecular diagnostics, particularly kinase domain mutation analysis, as well as early review of allograft options, can allow for efficient and optimal management of the chronic phase CML patient.
High T/sub c/ superconductor and III-V solid state microwave hybrid circuits

Several high-temperature superconductor (HTS)/III-V solid-state hybrid microwave circuits were designed, fabricated, and tested. The I-V curves, S-parameters, and noise behavior for several solid-state devices at cryogenic temperatures were measured. Several high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) and heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) C-band low-noise amplifiers were fabricated and tested at cryogenic temperatures with an additional gain of 3 dB when compared to their room-temperature gain. These amplifiers were also used in low-phase-noise oscillators stabilized by a HTS lambda /2 microstrip line resonator with a loaded Q-value of 3*10/sup 3/ or a sapphire-HTS resonator with a loaded Q-value of 1.2*10/sup 6/, both measured at 80 K. Preliminary measurement at 70 K indicates that the phase noise of an oscillator stabilized with a sapphire-HTS resonator was below -125 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz offset and limited by the test setup. >
LEGUME TOXINS IN RELATION TO PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY‐A REVIEW

Proteins capable of inhibiting the proteolytic activity of digestive enzymes are common constituents of legumes. These protease inhibitors are generally believed to be largely responsible for the poor digestibility of the protein of legumes which have been inadequately cooked. This reduction in digestibility is invariably accompanied by an enlargement of the pancreas. Recent studies in the author's laboratory, however, have revealed that only about 40% of the growth-depressing activity and a similar fraction of the pancreatic hypertrophic effect of unheated soybeans can be attributed to the action of the trypsin inhibors. The poor digestibility and pancreatic hypertrophy that cannot be accounted for by the trypsin inhibitors are most likely the consequence of the refractory nature of the undenatured protein to attack by trypsin. The phytohemagglutinins also play an important role contributing to the poor nutritive value of some legumes, particularly those belonging to the genus Phaseolus. In this case the phytohemagglutinins are believed to exert a nonselective adverse effect on the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract rather than a direct effect on the digestive process.
Stability of half-quantum vorticies in p_x+ip_y superconductors

We consider the stability conditions for half-quantum vortices in a quasi-two-dimensional ${p}_{x}+i{p}_{y}$ superconductor (such as ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ is believed to be). The predicted exotic nature of these excitations has recently attracted much attention, but they have not been observed yet. We emphasize that an isolated half-quantum vortex has a divergent energy cost in the bulk due to its unscreened spin current, which requires two half-quantum vortices with opposite spin winding to pair. We show that the stability of such a pair is enhanced when the ratio of spin superfluid density to superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{sp}}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ is small. We propose using various mesoscopic geometries to stabilize and observe these exotic excitations.
Questioning the value of realism: young adults' processing of messages in alcohol‐related public service announcements and advertising

This study, based on the message interpretation process (MIP) model, explored how college students, a primary audience for alcohol-related messages, evaluate antidrinking public service announcements and alcohol advertisements. Evaluations from 246 respondents regarding 10 alcohol-related ads and PSAs produced differences in quantitative and qualitative responses. Results suggested that perceived realism and themes that students could identify with are important factors in increasing the salience and persuasiveness of PSAs. The respondents’ free-recall responses suggested that realistic but logic-based PSAs were not as effective as unrealistic but enjoyable ads. Low production quality, though noticed, was not related to the persuasive value of PSAs.
Leiomyoma of the breast

Leiomyoma is the most uncommon benign neoplasm of the breast. We report a case of a middle-aged woman with a palpable breast mass who underwent excisional biopsy. Pathologic examination revealed a leiomyoma. The clinical characteristics, pathologic findings, and proper management of this lesion are discussed. The tumor is thought to arise from the smooth muscle of the endothelium and can be managed similarly to leiomyomas occurring elsewhere. The possible effects of tamoxifen on uterine leiomyomas may be of theoretical concern with breast leiomyomas. The recognition of this entity and an understanding of the management of this rare lesion are necessary by all surgeons who perform breast surgery.
Dynamic Variability of Hemostatic and Fibrinolytic Factors in Young Women

This prospective study was designed to characterize the time course and variability of hemostatic and fibrinolytic risk factors over the course of a menstrual cycle in normal premenopausal women. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, and fibrin D-dimer predict risk of coronary heart disease. Yet there is limited information describing the status of endogenous hormone concentrations and hemostatic and coagulation factors in premenopausal women. Twenty premenopausal women, mean age 34 ± 7 yr, underwent testing over a cycle to measure endogenous hormones and hemostatic factors: estradiol and progesterone, FSH, LH; PAI-1, tissue plasminogen activator, von Willebrand factor, fibrin D-dimer, and fibrinogen as well as lipids: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides. There was cyclical variability in estradiol (P < 0.01) and progesterone (P < 0.001) during the follicular and ...
Role of pump-beam orbital angular momentum in type-II parametric down-conversion

We experimentally show that nonzero pump-beam angular momentum plays a different role in type-II parametric down-converstion than in type-I. We explore the reason(s) why pump-beam profile does not appear in coincidence imaging of type-II down-converstion.
Optimal Distributed Controllers Realizable Over Arbitrary Networks

In this paper, we provide a general networked controller design methodology for networked plants and apply it to solve the optimal ${\mathcal H}_{2} $ networked control problem. Both the plant and the controller are interconnected systems, interacting over the same arbitrary directed network with noiseless and delay-free communication links. We introduce the notions of network implementability and network realizability and analyze the structure of network implementable and realizable systems. Based on the structural property of network implementable systems, under certain network-related constraints, we characterize the set of all stabilizing controllers that are implementable over the given network using the state-space version of Youla parametrization. Moreover, we provide a constructive procedure to implement the controllers as sub-systems interacting over the given network without affecting the stability of the feedback networked system. The distributed ${\mathcal H}_{2} $ control problem is then cast as a convex optimization problem and its solution is shown to provide the optimal distributed controller over the given network in terms of its network interacting components. The results of this paper allow one to apply many classical results and approaches of multi-variable robust control theory to networked systems.
Justice Ginsburg's Gradualism in Criminal Procedure

This article, written for a symposium analyzing Justice Ginsburg’s jurisprudence on the 15th anniversary of her tenure on the Supreme Court, is the first sustained look at her views on criminal procedure issues (search and seizure, interrogation, the right to counsel, trial rights, sentencing procedures, and the criminal appeals and collateral review processes). Not surprisingly, given her ACLU background, she tends to vote in favor of criminal defendants’ positions more often than most other justices, and she is the most likely to do so since Chief Justice Roberts joined the Court. At the same time, the gradualist tendencies that she has exhibited in other areas of the law – involving incremental steps rather than sweeping pronouncements – is apparent in this area as well. After describing in some detail the major trends in Justice Ginsburg’s voting patterns in criminal procedure cases, the article investigates the effects of this gradualist approach in the Fourth Amendment area, focusing in particular on her decision-making in drug testing and car stop cases.
Two Puzzles Resolved: Of the Schumpeter - Arrow Stalemate and Pharmaceutical Innovation Markets

One of the most heated discussions in economics in recent years has concerned the relationship between market structure and innovation. After a half-century of debate and innumerable studies, the consensus is that there is no clear answer to the question. On a concrete level, the uncertainty underlies the most fundamental critique of "innovation markets," or markets for research and development (R&D). After all, if concentration leads to innovation, then antitrust challenges are not appropriate even for mergers that lead to monopoly. In this Article, I closely parse the economic studies to arrive at a more nuanced answer that highlights factors determining the ideal market structure. I show that both competition and size play a role in pharmaceutical innovation. In addition, analysis of the pharmaceutical industry rebuts the most cogent critiques of innovation markets. The Article also includes the first empirical analysis of pharmaceutical innovation market cases. This is particularly instructive because nearly every challenge to such mergers has arisen in the pharmaceutical industry. For each of the nine cases, I examine the pre-merger treatment for particular conditions, the number of participants in the market and stage of FDA review, and the current market picture. I conclude that approximately half of the agency challenges were justified. Finally, I propose a new test to apply to innovation markets. The test examines (1) concentration among firms reasonably likely to reach the market, (2) anticompetitive theories of innovation suppression, and rebuttals based on (3) rivals' entry, (4) efficiencies, and (5) a "Schumpeterian" need for size. The test thus replaces the current ad hoc approach with a comprehensive framework based on the Merger Guidelines. It also breaks new ground in considering not just the number of firms engaged in R&D but also the stage (both preclinical and clinical) of FDA review. The debates concerning innovation markets and the relationship between market structure and innovation present some of the most challenging issues in economics and antitrust. My analysis of the economic studies and pharmaceutical innovation market mergers promises to solve two crucial, interrelated, puzzles.
'I Didn't Appreciate None of that Shit': Sexual Politics and Philosophical Change within the Congress of Racial Equality (Core)

Historians Shannon Frystak and Adam Fairclough referred to New Orleans CORE’s decision to purge white members (and some black) from the chapter for interracial liaisons as an “extraordinary” moment for an interracial organization. However, the moment was not as unusual as it appeared. CORE faced pressures from the inside and out over the organization’s public and private interracial character. While the national office attempted to chart a middle path between its interracial policy and rising black militancy, CORE found it more and more difficult to face challenges from the black community over the implications of interracial sex in freedom movement politics. This paper examines these changing dynamics and its repurcussions in CORE’s internal transformation toward black power.
A REASSESSMENT OF THE TABUN C2 MANDIBLE

As recently as just over a decade ago, a reasonable case could be made that modern humans initially appeared throughout the Old World, essentially contemporaneously, between 40 ka and 30 ka (e.g., Wolpoff 1980; Smith 1985). Objections to such an interpretation were numerous and grounded in various lines of evidence (e.g., Howells 1976; Stringer 1978; Butzer et al. 1978; Stringer et al. 1979, 1984; Bar-Yosef and Vandermeersch 1981a; Tchernov 1981; Vandermeersch 1981; Brauer 1984; Howell 1984; Nei 1985). To many these objections were convincing, but the fact is that no chronometric data existed at that time offering unequivocal evidence anywhere of an emergence of modern humans earlier than about 40 ka. However, by the late 1980s, the chronological picture changed, primarily as the result of the application of thermoluminescence (TL) and election spin resonance (ESR) dating to critical sites in western Asia, Europe, and Africa. These new dates indicate that modern humans appeared appreciably earlier in some areas of the western Old World than in others.
Serotypes of pneumococci causing severe infections in Australia: concordance with united states pneumococcal vaccine types

A polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax, Merck, Sharp & Dohme) is now licensed for use in the United States and Canada. This 14-valent vaccine includes types 1 3, 4, 6-9. 12, 14. 18, 19. 23 and 25. An application to license the vaccine for administration in Australia has been made recently. It is therefore important to know the ‘cover’ of the vaccine relative to the serotypes of pneumococci causing infections in Australia, and especially in cases of life-threatening infection, namely bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis. For the 5-yr period, 1974 through 1978, we have analysed the serotypes of pneumococci isolated from blood cultures and specimens of cerebrospinal fluid, from patients in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. In order of frequency, the 10 predominant pneumococcal types encountered among 268 isolates were types 14,9, 3 = 4, 19, 6, 1, 18, 7 and 23, in that order. Type 14 was predominant amongst isolates from children and type 9 amongst isolates from adults. All of these types were represented in the vaccine, which also includes types 2, 8, 12 and 25. The 14 vaccine types comprised 79.8% of our isolates. Pneumococci of types 2, 12 and 25 were uncommon and together formed only 0.7% of the total. If a vaccine is to be prepared especially for use in Australia, pneumococcal types 2, 12 and 25 could be omitted and replaced with types 11, 22 and 33: cover would then be increased by 9.3% to 89.1% of the types encountered in this study.
Autonomic correlates of acquisition and extinction

The present study investigated correlations between the GSR and behavioral changes during the acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response. The results indicate that the magnitude of GSR increases as the consolidation point of learning is reached and thereafter decreases to baseline reactivity. Magnitude of GSR on the first extinction trial was an increasing function of number of previously reinforced acquisition trials. Instrumental response decrement during extinction was paralleled by GSR decrement.
Evidence against an involvement of Na+, K+-ATPase in antiarrhythmic mechanism of phenytoin.

Phenytoin (Diphenylhydantoin, DPH) did not activate Na+, K+-ATPase activity prepared from both canine cardiac and renal tissues at any ratio of NA+ to K+ instandard assay medium and this drug failed to relieve the inhibitory effect of ouabain on Na+, K+-ATPase. With the Na+, K+-ATPase partially purified from the cardiac tissue the maximum number of ouabain binding sites was 50 pmol ouabain per mg enzyme and the dissociation constant (Kd) was 4×10−8 mol/l. Scatchard analysis of ouabain binding to Na+, K+-ATPase indicates that DPH did not significantly alter these parameters. The relase of ouabain from Na+, K+-ATPase and ouabain complex was also not significantly influenced by DPH which indicates that the antiarrhythmic action of DPH against digitalis-induced arrhythmia is not due to a simple displacement of ouabain from Na+, K+-ATPase molecules.
Management of Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma

Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a relatively rare malignancy. Only limited information is available on the incidence, prognosis, and role of chemotherapy in the treatment of this disease. We present a review of currently available clinical data to assist the practicing oncologist in the treatment of these patients. Approximately 5,300 new cases and 1,100 deaths from small bowel adenocarcinoma are reported annually in the United States. Increased incidence is seen in patients with Crohn's disease, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and familial adenomatouspolyposis. Factors associated with poor prognosis are age > 75 years, lack of surgical resection, advanced stage, and tumor arising in the duodenum. The median survival of patients with localized, locally advanced, and metastatic disease is 50.1, 22.2, and 8.6 months, respectively. Few data exist on the use of (neo)adjuvant or palliative chemo(radio)therapy in this setting. Fluorouracil (5-FU)based chemotherapy, as a single agent or in combination with others, has been used in most case series. Duodenal adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of all cases of small bowel adenocarcinoma. Resectability is the key prognostic factor, along with age, performance status, tumor location, and presence of distant metastasis. Although the activity of 5-FU-based regimens has been documented, the assessment of clinical benefit is hindered by the lack of prospective, randomized data.
A stochastic approach towards a predictive model on charge transport properties in carbon nanotube composites

Abstract A probabilistic approach is taken towards modeling the electrical transport properties of carbon nanotube composite materials. A pseudo-random generation method is presented with the ability to generate 3-D samples with a variety of different configurations. Periodic boundary conditions are employed in the directions perpendicular to the transport to minimize edge effects. Simulations produce values for drift velocity, carrier mobility, and conductivity in samples that account for geometrical features resembling those found in the lab. All results show an excellent agreement to the well-known power law characteristic of percolation processes, which is used to compare across simulations. One of the main objectives of this study was to determine optimum simulation box-sizes that minimize size-effects without rendering the simulation unaffordable. The effect of sample morphology, like nanotube waviness and aspect ratio, on charge transport within CNT composites is also evaluated. The accurate prediction of conductive properties as a function of the physical characteristics of the composite material, will aid in the design of composites that can, for instance actively monitor structural changes due to compression, stretching, or even damage through their effect on the conductivity.
Do REIT Announcements of Open Market Repurchase Programs Signal Value Changes in Rivals

Executive Summary. This paper examines the short- and long-run equity returns for REITs that do not announce open market repurchases when a rival real estate investment trust (REIT) announces a rep...
Corn Date of Planting and Maturity

Inevitably, every year corn planting is delayed or needs to be replanted because of weather somewhere in Iowa. Even if corn planting starts and progresses in a timely manner, there always is the question of what maturity should be planted. This trial was setup to determine what maturities are well suited for a given geographic location, but also how maturity selection should be adjusted as planting dates get pushed into late spring.
Sub-Doppler laser cooling using electromagnetically induced transparency

We propose a sub-Doppler laser cooling mechanism that takes advantage of the unique spectral features and extreme dispersion generated by the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). EIT is a destructive quantum interference phenomenon experienced by atoms with multiple internal quantum states when illuminated by laser fields with appropriate frequencies. By detuning the lasers slightly from the "dark resonance", we observe that, within the transparency window, atoms can be subject to a strong viscous force, while being only slightly heated by the diffusion caused by spontaneous photon scattering. In contrast to other laser cooling schemes, such as polarization gradient cooling or EIT-sideband cooling, no external magnetic field or strong external confining potential is required. Using a semiclassical approximation, we derive analytically quantitative expressions for the steady-state temperature, which is confirmed by full quantum mechanical numerical simulations. We find that the lowest achievable temperatures approach the single-photon recoil energy. In addition to dissipative forces, the atoms are subject to a stationary conservative potential, leading to the possibility of spatial confinement. We find that under typical experimental parameters this effect is weak and stable trapping is not possible.
Principles of Endovascular Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia

Endovascular therapy for critical limb ischemia has been used for approximately four decades. However, the data supporting its use has only recently been studied. Most of these studies support the use of endovascular therapies with equivalent outcomes to surgical revascularization. Furthermore, endovascular first approach does not compromise future surgical approaches to revascularization. Long-term follow-up of patients after revascularization is necessary, as is a multidisciplinary-team approach, for optimization of patient care and wound healing.
Direct Fabrications of Photonic Devices in Multi-Corre Fibers with Rectangular Cross-Sections

This paper reports ultrafast laser direct writing of optical components in multi-core rectangular shape fibers for sensing and fiber laser applications. We will discuss efforts to turn optical fibers from one-dimensional devices to three-dimensional devices.
High-speed MSM/HEMT and p-i-n/HEMT monolithic photoreceivers

The performance of monolithically integrated metal-semiconductor-metal/high electron-mobility transistor (MSM/HEMT) and p-i-n/HEMT photoreceivers is reported. p-i-n/HEMT photoreceivers have been designed and fabricated, resulting in measured transimpedances of 700 /spl Omega/, an 8.3-GHz bandwidth, and measured sensitivities of -17.7 dBm at 10 Gb/s and -15.8 dBm at 12 Gb/s for a 2/sup 31/ - 1 pattern length pseudorandom bit sequence at a bit error rate of 10/sup -9/. Low-noise MSM-based pbotoreceivers have also been designed and fabricated, and frequency response, noise, and sensitivity measurements have been performed. Sensitivities of -16.9, -13.1, and -10.7 dBm were obtained at 5, 8, and 10 Gb/s, respectively. A direct comparison of p-i-n- and MSM-based photoreceivers is undertaken on photoreceivers with matched responsivity and bandwidth. Measurement and theoretical analysis of circuit and device noise indicates an anomalous sensitivity penalty in MSM-based receivers that arises due to intersymbol interference.
X-ray diffraction study of laser-driven solid-state diffusional mixing and new phase formation in Ni-Pt multilayers

An in situ optical pump and x-ray probe technique has been utilized to study photoinitiated solid-state diffusion in a Ni-Pt multilayer system. Hard x-ray diffraction has been used to follow the systematic growth of the NiPt alloy as a function of laser intensity and total energy deposited. It is observed that new phase growth can be driven in as little as one laser pulse, and that repeated photoexcitation can completely convert the entire multilayer structure into a single metallic alloy. The data suggest that lattice strain relaxation takes place prior to atomic diffusion and the formation of a NiPt alloy.