cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instagram as a tool to enhance pharmacy student learning of ambulatory care pharmacy.

Abstract Introduction This project utilized the social media platform Instagram, which focuses upon posting images with accompanied captions, as a supplemental learning tool. The objective was to assess the impact of using a clinical pharmacy-focused Instagram account on students' knowledge of ambulatory care pharmacy. Methods A pre- and posttest quasi-experimental design was conducted in a third-year introductory pharmacy practice experience course during fall 2018. Pharmacy students were notified of the availability of an Instagram account managed by the principal investigator that posted ambulatory care clinical pearls as an optional supplemental educational tool. The primary outcome evaluated change in scores from pre- to posttest for the cohort of students in this course who followed the Instagram account (intervention group) compared to the cohort of students who did not follow the account (control group). Results A total of 69 third-year pharmacy students completed the course, with 37 students choosing not to follow the Instagram account (control group) and 32 students opting to engage with the Instagram account (intervention group). Pretest mean scores were nonsignificant between groups. The intervention group resulted in a higher increase in mean scores from pre- to the posttest (15% vs. 3.1%). Conclusions Use of an educational Instagram account had a positive impact on students' knowledge relating to ambulatory care pharmacy as demonstrated by this comparison study.
Use of Mobile Technology Paired with Heart Rate Monitor to Remotely Quantify Behavioral Health Markers among Military Reservists and First Responders.

INTRODUCTION Heart rate variability (HRV) is a biological marker that reflects an individual's autonomic nervous system regulation. Psychological resilience is an individual's ability to recover from an adverse event and return to physiological homeostasis and mental well-being, indicated by higher resting HRV. The Biofeedback Assisted Resilience Training (BART) study evaluates a resilience-building intervention, with or without HRV biofeedback. This article evaluates the feasibility of remote psychophysiological research by validating the HRV data collected. MATERIALS AND METHODS The BART platform consists of a mobile health application (BART app) paired to a wearable heart rate monitor. The BART app is installed on the participant's personal phone/tablet to track and collect self-report psychological and physiological data. The platform collects raw heart rate data and processes HRV to server as online biofeedback. The raw data is processed offline to derive HRV for statistical analysis. The following HRV parameters are validated: inter-beat interval, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, low-frequency HRV, biofeedback HRV, and heart period. Bland-Altman and scatter plots are used to compare and contrast online and offline HRV measures. Repeated-measures ANOVA are used to compared means across tasks during the stress (rest, stress, and recovery) and training (rest and paced breathing) sessions in order to validate autonomic nervous system changes to physiological challenges. RESULTS The analyses included 245 participants. Bland-Altman plots showed excellent agreement and minimal bias between online and offline unedited inter-beat interval data during the stress session. RMANOVA during the training session indicated a significant strong effect on biofeedback HRV, F(11,390) = 967.96, P < .01. During the stress session, RMANOVA showed significant strong effect on respiratory sinus arrhythmia and low-frequency HRV, and a significant but weak effect on heart period. CONCLUSIONS The BART digital health platform supports remote behavioral and physiological data collection, intervention delivery, and online HRV biofeedback.
Technology timing of IPOs and venture capital incubation

Abstract This paper investigates whether industry technological changes affect the timing of venture capital-backed IPOs. Venture capitalists (VCs) shorten incubation periods and take portfolio companies public when the industry exhibits high levels of technological change. This technology timing of IPOs reflects the VCs' efforts to raise future capital. In particular, during periods of greater technological change, VCs that conduct IPOs after shorter incubation periods obtain more subsequent funding. However, portfolio companies with shorter incubation periods earn fewer patents, are less likely to survive, and experience worse stock returns after their IPOs. These findings provide new insights into VCs' strategic exit decisions due to changes in the technological environment, as well as how their decisions affect the post-exit performance of their portfolio companies.
The Future of Minimal Manning and Its Effects on the Acquisition and Life-Cycle Costs of Major Coast Guard Cutters

Since the 1970's, the world's merchant fleets have been pursuing crew reductions as a way to cut costs : however, the United States military has been slow to adopt this trend. In the current age of tight budgets and defense cutbacks, the Coast Guard and Navy can no longer afford to continue in this manner. Both services have now initiated research and acquisition projects which address minimal manning. These projects must be carried out and minimal manning practices implemented if our sea going services are expected to maintain their edge as world leaders. This paper presents a study designed to research the quest for minimally manned crews and its applicability to military vessels. It is meant to provide guidance to the United States Coast Guard and other interested parties on future surface combatant acquisition projects including but not limited to the Coast Guard Deepwater Program. Emphasis is placed on the theory behind automation and the organizational impacts associated with minimal manning.
Emotional, Cognitive, and Moral Developmental Considerations in Interviews of Adolescents for Forensic Purposes

The forensic psychiatrist involved with the courts and legal system can be involved in many capacities. He or she is more likely to be involved in a treatment or treatment-related capacity in work with adolescents than in work with adults. Except for the most severe offenses in which the adolescent may be tried as an adult, some interest in treatment still is evident for adolescents involved with the criminal justice system, despite the general trend to become more punitive and nontreatment oriented.
La motilidad esofágica en la esofagitis eosinofílica

Resumen Antecedentes La esofagitis eosinofilica (EE) se caracteriza por la infiltracion de eosinofilos en el esofago y es una causa potencial de disfagia e impactacion alimentaria que en general afecta a jovenes adultos. Los resultados obtenidos con la manometria esofagica son variados, y se ha observado motilidad normal y aperistalsis, contracciones simultaneas, esofago en cascanueces o esfinter esofagico inferior hipotonico. Aun no esta claro si la dismotilidad esofagica desempena un papel importante en los sintomas clinicos de la EE. Objetivo Revisar la patogenia, el diagnostico y el efecto del tratamiento de la dismotilidad esofagica en la EE. Metodos Se llevo a cabo una busqueda de la bibliografia medica en PubMed utilizando los terminos “esofagitis eosinofilica”, “dismotilidad esofagica”, “motilidad”, “manometria”, “impedancia planimetrica”, “esofagograma con contraste de bario”, “ultrasonido endoscopico” y “disfagia”. Resultados Se identificaron 15 estudios que se ajustaban al objetivo, que incluyeron a 387 pacientes con esofagitis eosinofilica,, y se incluyeron en esta revision. La incidencia de manometria esofagica anormal reportada en los pacientes con EE fue del 4 al 87%. Estudios de motilidad esofagica han mostrado distensibilidad reducida, peristaltismo anormal e hipotonicidad del esfinter esofagico en pacientes con EE, que a la vez pueden mimetizar otros trastornos de motilidad esofagica, como la acalasia o el esofago en cascanueces. Los estudios han mostrado resultados contradictorios en relacion con la presencia de dismotilidad esofagica y sintomas; asi, hay reportes que sugieren tasas elevadas de impactacion alimentaria mientras que otros no muestran ninguna relacion directa entre la funcion motora y la disfagia. Conclusiones La disfuncion de la motilidad esofagica en EE no se ha reportado en profundidad en la bibliografia y algunos estudios muestran evidencia contraria en cuanto a la importancia clinica de la dismotilidad observada en la EE. La correlacion entre la dismotilidad esofagica y los sintomas de EE permanece aun poco clara. Se requieren estudios mas amplios para investigar la incidencia de la dismotilidad esofagica, sus implicaciones clinicas y el efecto del tratamiento en pacientes con EE.
The 1989-94 Consumption Boom in Mexico: An Analysis of Cointegration using Regime Shifts

We argue that the consumption boom observed in Mexico between 1989 and 1994 can be accurately identified and evaluated if the model for the cointegration relationship between consumption and income allows regime shifts. Using Markov-switching models, we show that the introduction of the program for stabilization and economic reform at the end of 1987 led to a shift from a regime with a cointegrating vector with unitary income elasticity to another involving an elasticity close to 1.3. Also, we show that the vector with unitary elasticity was re-established when a currency and financial crisis erupted at the beginning of 1995.
Telecommunications resale: A policy analysis

Abstract The traditionally monopolistic character of common carrier telecommunications in the USA has meant that all communications functions have been the responsibility of the carrier. Recent proposals by the Federal Communications Commission, if accepted by the courts, will allow intermediaries to operate between the carrier and the user. The author examines the background to the issues involved, describes and analyses the policy options that were open to the FCC and finally summarises the reasons behind its ultimate decision.
[23] Modulation of leukocyte adhesion, migration, and homing by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

Publisher Summary The effectiveness of the immune system is largely dependent on the mobile nature of leukocytes and the chance interaction of lymphocytes and antigen. Thus, lymphocytes are constantly recirculating between the blood and tissues as part of immune surveillance. For leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils) in the blood to enter a tissue or inflammatory site, the leukocytes must adhere to specialized endothelial cells found in postcapillary venules called high endothelial cells (HEC). These specialized endothelial cells are more cuboidal in shape than other endothelial cells and express specific adhesion molecules that can bind to adhesion molecules expressed on leukocytes. Among the techniques that are helpful in studying the effect of the nervous system on lymphocyte homing are methods to examine lymphocyte migration and homing in vivo and methods to examine lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells in vitro .
Xtmap: generate-and-test mapper for table-lookup gate arrays

Introduces Xtmap, a technology mapper for f-input table-lookup cells based on a generate-and-test paradigm. Xtmap can optimize for area and delay simultaneously and produces smaller circuits than previous mappers that considered delay, while matching their delay values. Tables of benchmark results are used to compare Xtmap with Xmap, Dagmap, FlowMap, chortle-d, and mis-pga covering algorithms. >
Rationing Family Values in Europe and America: An Immigration Tug of War between States and Their Supra-National Associations

Family reunification – for decades, the centerpiece of immigration policy practically everywhere – is under siege today in both Europe and the United States. Two trends, however, seem to have escaped notice. First, the most popular restriction strategies have been quantitative controls that “ration” family reunification by reducing or delaying admissions - as distinguished from qualitative immigrant “selection” policies that aim only to screen out individuals with undesirable personal attributes. Second, and perhaps counter-intuitively, the supra-national associations of which these very States are members have been pushing in precisely the opposite direction, constraining the powers of their constituent States to restrict family reunification. The result has been a tug of war, in which States adopt continually tighter restrictions, the supra-national associations respond by limiting States’ powers to restrict, and the States continue to test those limitations. This article documents and describes the increasing barriers to family immigration in the United States and the individual Member States of the European Union, highlights the more specific trend in favor of the rationing strategies, and contrasts the restrictive impulses of the EU Member States and the United States with the resistance from their own supra-national associations. It then hypothesizes several theories for that dissonance.
Altered patterns of multiple recombinant events are associated with nondisjunction of chromosome 21

We have previously examined characteristics of maternal chromosomes 21 that exhibited a single recombination on 21q and proposed that certain recombination configurations are risk factors for either meiosis I (MI) or meiosis II (MII) nondisjunction. The primary goal of this analysis was to examine characteristics of maternal chromosomes 21 that exhibited multiple recombinant events on 21q to determine whether additional risk factors or mechanisms are suggested. In order to identify the origin (maternal or paternal) and stage (MI or MII) of the meiotic errors, as well as placement of recombination, we genotyped over 1,500 SNPs on 21q. Our analyses included 785 maternal MI errors, 87 of which exhibited two recombinations on 21q, and 283 maternal MII errors, 81 of which exhibited two recombinations on 21q. Among MI cases, the average location of the distal recombination was proximal to that of normally segregating chromosomes 21 (35.28 vs. 38.86 Mb), a different pattern than that seen for single events and one that suggests an association with genomic features. For MII errors, the most proximal recombination was closer to the centromere than that on normally segregating chromosomes 21 and this proximity was associated with increasing maternal age. This pattern is same as that seen among MII errors that exhibit only one recombination. These findings are important as they help us better understand mechanisms that may underlie both age-related and nonage-related meiotic chromosome mal-segregation.
The performativity of data: reconceptualizing the web of data

As the discipline of Web Science matures, its interdisciplinary claim has many researchers unsure about its core theory and methodology. Instead, we often see results that are more multi-disciplinary than interdisciplinary. The following contribution attempts to recast our understanding of the current methodologies and tools leveraged by the Web Science community. Specifically, we review the Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies not just from a technical perspective; but, through a critical reading of key social theories such as Goffman's theory of performance. Our goal is to reconceptualize the performativity of semantic web tools, their boundaries, and any potential avenues for future research.
Kinetic studies of succinate dehydrogenase by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance signals of succinate dehydrogenase (succinate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1) were studied during reductive titrations, and the kinetics of their appearance and disappearance were followed on rapid reduction of the enzyme with succinate and after treatment of the reduced enzyme with ferricyanide, fumarate or O2. At most 1 equiv of unpaired electrons per mole of enzyme-bound flavin is accounted for in the EPR signal at g = 1.94. Thus, according to present information on the structure showing this signal14 2 iron atoms out of the total 6–8 present per enzyme molecule are involved in the oxidoreductive process observed by EPR. Only a fraction (about 16%) of this iron, however, responds rapidly to reduction by succinate, whereas after complete reduction with succinate, reoxidation of a larger portion of the iron with ferricyanide and fumarate is rapid. After reduction with NADH and phenazine methosulfate, reoxidation by fumarate is slow as is reoxidation by O2 under any conditions. During reduction the amount of iron which rapidly reacts does not depend on substrate concentration, whereas the extent of free radical formation does, rising with increasing substrate concentration. The maximal radical concentration observed accounted for 20–30% of the bound flavin present.
Activation energetics of actinide diffusion in UO2 from first-principles calculations

Abstract Diffusion of actinides in uranium dioxide plays an important role in determining thermodynamic and mechanic properties of the material. Activation energies of Th, U, Np, and Pu diffusion in uranium dioxide were systematically studied using first-principles calculations. The generalized gradient approximation and projector-augmented wave methods with on-site Coulomb repulsive interaction were applied within Density Functional Theory and Plane Wave framework. Two diffusion paths, one along the lattice 〈1 1 0〉 direction and the other along the lattice 〈1 0 0〉 direction, were examined in the face-centered cubic UO2 structure. The results show that the 〈1 1 0〉 path has lower migration energy than the 〈1 0 0〉 path. Under the assumption of a vacancy-assisted jump diffusion mechanism, the major contribution to the activation energy is the migration energy, followed by the vacancy formation energy and vacancy binding energy, where the last has the lowest contribution. However, differences in the activation energies among different actinides stem from both the migration and vacancy binding energies, both of which decrease with atomic number. While discrepancies between the absolute values of the calculated and experimentally observed activation energies remain, this study shows a correlation between activation energy and atomic number and an asymptotic relation between activation energy and ionic radius of the actinides. The present study suggests that the migration of the actinides through the uranium dioxide lattice is closely correlated to the number of 5f electrons and the size of the diffusing atoms.
The development of the microstructure of die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets

Abstract Observation of the microstructure of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, melt-spun and then die upset to varying extents, establishes a mechanism for the development of crystallographic texture and favorable magnetic properties. During die upsetting, grain growth occurs much more rapidly normal to the crystallographic c-axis than parallel to it. This anisotropic grain growth results in platelet shaped grains of Nd2Fe14B, surrounded by continuous films of a Nd-rich grain boundary phase. At the temperature of die upsetting, this phase is molten; it serves to enhance grain boundary sliding and allows the platelet shaped grains to slip past each other until they end up with their wide flat faces normal to the axis of compression. In so doing, they establish common c-axis orientations and correspondingly high remanence and energy product. Deformation twins and precipitates inside Nd2Fe14B grains are produced during high temperature deformation and are believed to have minor effects on processing and properties.
OLE RNA protects extremophilic bacteria from alcohol toxicity

OLE (Ornate, Large, Extremophilic) RNAs represent a recently discovered non-coding RNA class found in extremophilic anaerobic bacteria, including certain human pathogens. OLE RNAs exhibit several unusual characteristics that indicate a potentially novel function, including exceptionally high expression and localization to cell membranes via interaction with a protein partner called OLE-associated protein (OAP). In the current study, new genetic and phenotypic characteristics of OLE RNA from Bacillus halodurans C-125 were established. OLE RNA is transcribed at high levels from its own promoter under normal growth conditions and the transcript is exceptionally stable compared to most other RNAs. Expression is increased by ∼ 7-fold when cells are exposed to near lethal concentrations of short-chain alcohols such as ethanol or methanol. Strains wherein the genes for OLE and/or OAP are deleted are more susceptible to growth inhibition by alcohol and also become more sensitive to cold. Normal growth characteristics can be restored by expressing the genes for OLE and OAP from plasmids or from elsewhere on the chromosome. Our findings confirm a functional link between OLE and OAP and reveal the importance of a large non-coding RNA in the response to alcohol-induced stress.
Expression of DNA binding proteins in carrot somatic embryos that specifically interact with a cis regulatory element of the French bean phaseolin gene

Nuclear proteins from bean (Phaseolus vulgarus) embryos bind specifically to a 55 bp DNA sequence located upstream of the seed storage protein gene phaseolin. This sequence is capable of elevating gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants by as much as 150-fold when fused to a chimeric β-glucuronidase reporter gene. Results presented in this paper demonstrate that nuclear extracts from carrot embryos bind to a phaseolin DNA sequence that includes a phaseolin activator sequence. This specific DNA binding activity is modulated during somatic embryogenesis. Two separable protein species react specifically with the labeled phaseolin DNA fragment (58.0 and 51.7 dDa). These results suggest that the cis- and trans-acting elements controlling gene expression have been highly conserved during evolution.
Pressure Effect on Vacancy Migration Rate in Gold

The effect of hydrostatic pressures up to 10 000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ on the annealing rate of vacancies quenched in gold is studied. Highpurity gold wires are quenched from 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, trapping in the equilibrium concentration of vacancies at that temperature. The vacancies are then observed to anneal out in the vicinity of room temperature at various pressures by observing the decay of the quench-induced residual resistance increase. A simple relation for the temperature dependence of the annealing rate is derived, assuming a random distribution of vacancies and vacancy sinks. By applying thermodynamic relations to the expression for the vacancy annealing rate, a volume of motion is derived in terms of the experimentally determined pressure effect on the annealing rate. For gold, the motional volume is found to be 1.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole compared with the atomic volume of 10.2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole. A hard-spheres model for the jump process predicts about a one atomic volume increase of the lattice for the saddle-point configuration as well as a one atomic volume increase when a vacancy is formed. Many theoretical calculations of the lattice distortion around a vacancy and indirect experimental measurements of the volume change of the lattice on forming a vacancy indicate that there is considerable relaxation of the neighboring atoms about a vacancy. These results are used to explain the small value of the motional volume. Activation volumes derived from measurements of the effect of pressure on the rate of self-diffusion are seen to be consistent with the present experimental vlue.
The Growth of British Fisheries during the Industrial Revolution

One consequence of the industrial revolution was to make fishermen much more effective and efficient. Nowhere was this change in situation more stark than in the North Sea, which the British trawler fleet came to dominate during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Much of modern fisheries policy can be traced to this period and this area.
Just how comparative are comparative judgments

Three studies investigate the psychology of comparative judgment, examining the circumstances under which judgments tend to concentrate disproportionately on one of the two elements that underlie the comparison (i.e., focused comparisons). We examine these tendencies at the judgment formation and information retrieval stages by examining judgment content as well as the speed and efficiency with which people make comparisons. The results replicate prior findings of differential weighting, indicating that focusing occurs in the formation stage of comparative judgments. However, focusing is absent in the reaction time data, suggesting that both elements of the comparison are equally accessible when individuals retrieve comparison-relevant information. These findings clarify the process by which people arrive at comparative judgments and demonstrate precisely when focused comparisons occur.
Isotopic and chemical constraints on mantle-crust evolution

Abstract A formalism for the general treatment of three-layer mantle-crust evolution models is presented and various published models are shown to be special cases of this more general model. The Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, and Rb-Sr isotopic present day mass balance for the continental crust-depleted mantle system is consistent with ~30% of the mantle being depleted. A growth curve for the continental crust is calculated on the basis of total inversion of the Sm-Nd isotopic data for all of Earth history. The curve suggests that by about 3.8 Ga ago, ~40% of the present continental volume was present. Both the estimated continental recycling and addition rates show maxima around 3.0 Ga. The resulting continental addition rates are also very high 4.5−4.0 Ga ago and during the Phanerozoic. The Sm-Nd data are not compatible with a steady state model for the crust over the past 2–3 Ga. The major uncertainty in evaluating crust-mantle evolution models is the extent of exchange between the upper and lower mantle.
Disclination asymmetry in two-dimensional nematic liquid crystals with unequal Frank constants.

The behavior of a thin film of nematic liquid crystal with unequal Frank constants is discussed. Distinct Frank constants are found to imply unequal core energies for $+1/2$ and $-1/2$ disclinations. Even so, a topological constraint is shown to ensure that the bulk densities of the two types of disclinations are the same. For a system with free boundary conditions, such as a liquid membrane, unequal core energies simply renormalize the Gaussian rigidity and line tension.
Wear of polymeric bearing materials: The effects of in vivo implantation

The gross biocompatibility of the materials implanted was generally satisfactory. Weight gain during implantation due to net sorption of fluid was negligible for PPO and UHMWPE. Delrin AF specimens gained less than 0.5%, while SP-1 and SP-21 gained up to 2% in weight. Amoco-AI specimens gained up to 7% in weight. The friction coefficient of implanted samples of UHMWPE was lower by 20 to 40% than for the virgin material. The friction coefficient of the other implanted materials was usually somewhat higher than the friction coefficient of the corresponding virgin material. The largest increase in the friction coefficient was 38% for Delrin AF. Wear characteristics of UHMWPE were not significantly changed by implantation for periods of three years. UHMWPE was the only acceptable bearing material tested. Significantly higher wear rates were observed for implanted blocks of the SP-21, a Delrin AF, and an Amoco-AI material. Because of excellent creep resistance, virgin wear rates, and other favorable properties of the polyimides, further testings are in progress to indicate potential application of these polymers.
Learning Culture Through Ritual: The Family Reunion

This article, written in honor of Solon T. Kimball, explores the concepts of event analysis, the natural history method, and the ritual process in relation to the processes of enculturation. The author focuses on one American ritual, the family reunion, as an example of a learning context within which children absorb the patterns and rhythms of a culture. Following the work of Kimball, the author advocates the analysis of various ceremonies and gatherings as events where cultural meanings are expressed and enacted and through which children and adults learn and relearn the intricacies of a particular symbolic universe.
Acquisition and Transfer of Spatial Rotation and Assembly Skills: Two Speed-Accuracy Studies

Two studies of the effects of practice on the acquisition and transfer of spatial skills are reported. Both used the methodology of the speed-accuracy study to generate performance curves for each subject in each condition. Interpretation of the parameters of models fitted to these data was guided by McClelland's (1979) cascade model. In the first study, subjects practiced either rotating or assembling polygons. Later, they were administered a transfer rotation or assembly task that presented either practiced or nonpracticed stimuli. In the second study, subjects practiced assembling forms for three sessions and were later posttested on the same transfer task used in Study 1. Following McClelland (1979), differences in asymptotes, curvatures, and intercepts of speed-accuracy curves between conditions were interpreted as reflecting changes in stimulus familiarity, changes in a slow (or rate limiting) process, and changes in a fast (or task-specific) process, respectively. Implications of the research for t...
Terabit/Sec VCSEL-Based 48-Channel Optical Module Based on Holey CMOS Transceiver IC

We report here on the design, fabrication and characterization of 48-channel parallel optical transceivers demonstrating terabit/sec data transfer rate. The 0.48 Tb/s transmit plus 0.48 Tb/s receive throughput was achieved using a second-generation single-chip holey CMOS transceiver IC. In addition to 24 receiver (RX) and 24 laser diode driver circuits, the 5.2 mm × 5.8 mm single CMOS chip incorporates 48 through-substrate optical vias (holes), one for each transmitter (TX) and RX channel. A complete holey Optochip is formed following direct flip-chip attachment of 24-channel 850-nm VCSEL and PD arrays. The 48 optical vias enable optical access to the 24 VCSELs and 24 PDs. The holey Optochip concept provides a dense chip-scale package which is fully compatible with industry-standard top emitting/detecting 850-nm VCSELs/PDs providing optimized high-speed performance through close integration of the optoelectronic (OE) devices with their drive electronics. Furthermore, the optical vias and OE devices are arranged in a 4 × 12 array on 250 μm × 250 μ m pitch to facilitate direct fiber-coupling to a standard 4 × 12 multi-mode fiber array. The Optochips are packaged into complete modules by flip-chip soldering to high-density, high-speed organic carriers. A pluggable connector soldered to the bottom of the carrier provides all module electrical I/O. The 18 mm × 18 mm overall module area is dictated by the 0.8 mm-pitch ball grid array (BGA) of the organic carrier and connector. Fully functional holey Optomodules with 24 TX and 24 RX channels operate up to 20 Gb/s/ch achieving efficiencies (including both TX and RX) of 7.3 pJ/bit. The terabit/sec data rate (480 Gb/s TX + 480 Gb/s RX) is highest reported for single-chip CMOS transceiver modules.
Can Merit Pay Systems Avoid Creating Discord Between Supervisors and Subordinates?: Another Uneasy Look At Performance Appraisal

Douglas McGregor was one of the early critics of performance appraisal. In his uneasy look at performance appraisal, it was suggested that managers intensely dislike this responsibility and often f...
An introduction to causal modeling in clinical trials.

Purpose We review and compare two causal modeling approaches that correspond to two major and distinct classes of inference – efficacy and interventionbased inference – in the context of randomized trials with subject noncompliance. Methods We review the definitions of efficacy and intervention-based effects in the clinical trials literature and relate these to two separate and distinct causal modeling approaches: the structural mean modeling (SMM) approach and the principal stratification, instrumental variable approach.Results The SMM-based efficacy approach focuses on the effect of actually receiving treatment. In contrast, the principal stratification method addresses the effect of treatment assignment within partially unobserved latent subgroups defined by compliance behavior. While these approaches differ in terms of philosophy, model definitions, and estimation, they estimate the same causal effect under certain assumptions, but estimate very different causal effects when those assumptions are rela...
Heartache of the state, enemy of the self: bipolar disorder and cultural change in urban China

Past works in anthropology and psychology have described the Chinese orientation toward life as situation-centered with an external locus of control. This model has also been applied to the understanding of affect disorders in China—depressive patients have been found to focus on outside circumstances surrounding dysphoric moods. However, dramatic economic, sociopolitical and cultural changes in post-Mao China may be affecting these cognitive orientations toward emotional distress. This paper focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder in China. The study is based on semistructured interviews with patients at a Western-style mental health institution in Shenzhen, the first successful Special Economic Zone in China. My data suggest that the location of agency has shifted across generations. Whereas those who grew up in the Maoist era are inclined to use external circumstances to explain the control over and responsibility for their illness, younger patients tend to emphasize self-blame and individual responsibility. I argue that these intergenerational differences in ethnopsychology relate to the multifaceted rise of individualism in post-Mao China. The paper ends with an examination of this observed shift vis-a-vis recent theories of neoliberal discipline in China and a discussion of potential psychological implications.
Data-efficient quickest change detection in distributed and multi-channel systems

A distributed or multi-channel system consisting of multiple sensors is considered. At each sensor a sequence of observations is taken, and at each time step, a summary of available information is sent to a central decision maker, called the fusion center. At some point of time, the distribution of observations at an unknown subset of the sensor nodes changes. The objective is to detect this change as quickly as possible, subject to constraints on the false alarm rate, the cost of observations taken at the sensors and the cost of communication between the sensors and the fusion center. Minimax formulations are proposed for this problem. An algorithm called DE-Censor-Sum is proposed, and is shown to be asymptotically optimal for the proposed formulations, for each possible post-change scenario, as the false alarm rate goes to zero. It is also shown, via numerical studies, that the DE-Censor-Sum algorithm performs significantly better than the approach of fractional sampling, where the cost constraints are met based on the outcome of a sequence of biased coin tosses, independent of the observation process.
Silicon micromachined waveguide components at 0.75 to 1.1 THz

Silicon micromachined waveguide components operating in the WM-250 (WR-1) waveguide band (0.75 to 1.1 THz) are measured. Through lines are used to characterize the waveguide loss with and without an oxide etch to reduce the surface roughness. A sidewall roughness of 100nm is achieved, enabling a waveguide loss of 0.2dB/mm. A 1THz band-pass filter is also measured to characterize the precision of fabrication process. A 1.8% shift in frequency is observed and can be accounted for by the 0.5deg etch angle and 2um expansion of the features by the oxide etch. The measured filter has a 13% 3dB bandwidth and 2.5dB insertion loss through the passband.
Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 deficiency delays viral clearance in the lung and is associated with diminished influenza-induced cytopathic effect in infected cells

Abstract Influenza virus leads to acute respiratory disease resulting in seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. Little is known about the signaling events that regulate host defense to influenza. One particular pathway, the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade is activated following influenza infection and blocking JNK leads to enhanced viral replication. We hypothesize that Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3), an upstream regulator of JNK, is involved in the host response to influenza. To test this, wild-type and MLK3−/− mice were infected with pathogenic strain of influenza A virus, A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Although, cellular and humoral immune responses were similar between wild-type and MLK3−/− hosts, the viral load in the lungs was comparatively higher in MLK3−/− mice at day 8 post-infection. Consistent with this, MLK3−/− murine lung fibroblast and epithelial cells had prolonged survival and increased virion production following infection compared to wild-type. These findings support a role for MLK3 in viral production during influenza infection.
SOLID PHOSPHORIC ACID CATALYST : A MULTINUCLEAR NMR AND THEORETICAL STUDY

The synthesis, structure, and acid function of solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst were studied in detail. 31P and 29Si MAS NMR and X-ray powder diffraction identified the following crystalline silicon phosphate phases in SPA: Si5O(PO4)6, hexagonal-SiP2O7, Si(HPO4)2·H2O, and SiHP3O10. The acidity of SPA is due to a liquid or glassy solution of phosphoric acid oligomers supported on the silicon phosphate phases. 15N MAS NMR of adsorbed pyridine-15N and 13C MAS NMR of adsorbed acetone-2-13C showed Bronsted acid sites and no Lewis acid sites. 1H→15N→31P and 1H→13C→31P double cross polarization MAS NMR of the probe molecules provided a rare opportunity to use NMR to unambiguously localize chemisorption sites; the probe molecules are complexed to phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid but not to the silicon phosphate phases. In situ NMR of the oligomerization of propene on SPA suggests that propene quantitatively reacts with phosphoric acid and its oligomers to form isopropyl phosphate, and formation of thi...
Iterative Thresholding Matched Filters for sparse radar targets

Many radar applications for sensing space plasma necessitate the use of coded pulses for good range accuracy and sensitivity under peak power constraints. When codes are used, the matched filter is often applied during processing to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for detection and analysis. In the case of moving targets with unknown velocity (e.g. meteor head echoes) or the general case when the entire frequency spectrum of a signal is of interest (e.g. incoherent scatter or multiple scatterers with different Doppler shifts), a bank of matched filters is used, each adapted to a different frequency. One problem with most codes and their corresponding matched filter is processing sidelobes: spurious signal appearing at non-target locations in the range-frequency matched filtered result. One approach for minimizing or eliminating sidelobes is to use a non-matched filter. Often this is an inverse filter that results in no range sidelobes at the cost of reduced SNR. Another approach is to employ codes that minimize sidelobes (Barker, LFM chirp, or minimum peak sidelobe codes) or practically eliminate them (perfect codes) when the matched filter is used. Whether mismatched or matched filters are used, both approaches are typically formulated to minimize range sidelobes but ignore frequency sidelobes. A new approach is needed to decode complex scatterers which require discrimination in both range and frequency.
Efficacy of Formulated Baits for Control of Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

We developed a laboratory method to determine the potential efficacy of baits formulated for control of the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr). Possible effects as insect growth regulators were not examined. Of the 10 formulated baits tested, only mirex applied to granulated silkworm pupae had delayed toxicity. Hydramethylnon applied to granulated silkworm pupae also provided excellent kill of workers but did not exhibit delayed toxicity. In field tests, this bait provided faster control than did a chemical barrier of granular diazinon.
Optimal Design of Hybrid Electric Fuel Cell Vehicles Under Uncertainty and Enterprise Considerations

System research on Hybrid Electric Fuel Cell Vehicles (HEFCV) explores the tradeoffs among safety, fuel economy, acceleration, and other vehicle attributes. In addition to engineering considerations, inclusion of business aspects is important in a preliminary vehicle design optimization study. For a new technology, such as fuel cells, it is also important to include uncertainties stemming from manufacturing variability to market response to fuel price fluctuations. This paper applies a decomposition-based multidisciplinary design optimization strategy to an HEFCV. Uncertainty propagated throughout the system is accounted for in a computationally efficient manner. The latter is achieved with a new coordination strategy based on sequential linearizations. The hierarchically partitioned HEFCV design model includes enterprise, powertrain, fuel cell, and battery subsystem models. In addition to engineering uncertainties, the model takes into account uncertain behavior by consumers, and the expected maximum profit is calculated using probabilistic consumer preferences while satisfying engineering feasibility constraints.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Record of Myotis austroriparius for Kentucky

On January 14, 1956, Phillips collected a Myotis austroriparius a few yards inside the entrance to William's Cave, a small limestone cavern …
Work and Play: An Urban Lifestyle Ideally Portrayed

AN IDEALIZED PORTRAYAL of the lifestyle and values of the new urban middle class is abstracted from a Pittsburgh promotional film that is extensively used by corporations to recruit young professionals and executives. The film provides an excellent resource for the ethnography of this population with its distinct class culture and consumer habits. The ethos relating work and play and the metaphorical centrality of the central business district are salient major themes, [manager-professionals'lifestyle, urban symbolism, thematic analysis, contemporary urban structure]
Liberation of histamine by compound 48/80, tolazoline, betahistine and burimamide from isolated spontaneously beating guinea pig and rabbit atrial pairs.

Tolazoline, betahistine, burimamide and compound 48/80 release histamine from isolated guinea pig atria resulting in histamine concentrations that will stimulate H2-receptors. Tolazoline, burimamide and 48/80 also release histamine from rabbit atria but do not result in histamine concentrations that will stimulate either H1- or H2-receptors. However, betahistine (which does not release histamine from rabbit atria) and tolazoline stimulate the rabbit atrial chronotropic response by releasing catecholamines.
Spectral slicing X-ray telescope

Layered synthetic microstructure (LSM) X-ray optics is investigated as a system for coupling a conventional glancing incidence X-ray mirror to a high sensitivity X-ray detector. It is shown that, by the use of figured LSM optics, it is possible to magnify the X-ray image produced by the primary mirrors so as to maintain their high inherent spatial resolution. The results of theoretical and design analyses of several spectral slicing X-ray telescope systems that utilize LSM mirrors of hyperboloidal, spherical, ellipsoidal, and constant optical path aspheric configurations are presented. It is shown that the spherical LSM optics are the preferred configuration, yielding subarcsecond performance over the entire field. The Stanford/Marshall Space Flight Center Rocket X-ray Telescope, which will utilize normal incidence LSM optics to couple a Wolter-Schwarzschild primary mirror to high resolution detectors for solar X-ray/EUV studies, is discussed. Design diagrams are included.
Synthesis and characterization of a hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.0) bearing both meso- and β-substituents

The synthesis of an isoamethyrin-type expanded porphyrin bearing both meso- and β-substituents is presented. The diprotonated form of this macrocycle was characterized by conventional spectroscopic means and via a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This species is observed to adopt a planar conformation in the solid state. Nonetheless, the inner ring current, as inferred from 1H NMR spectroscopic studies, is found to be severely diminished as compared to isoamethyrin, by the presence of the two meso-phenyl moieties. A second crystal structure, in which a molecule of water is hydrogen-bound to a pyrrole NH, was also solved.
Use of a thermally stable, optically active nitrile oxide in the synthesis of a lyngbyatoxin A intermediate

Abstract The synthesis of a homochiral nitrile oxide from a baker's yeast reduction product and its use in the preparation of a lyngbyatoxin A intermediate are detailed.
Recent developments in underwater wet welding

AbstractDevelopments in underwater wet welding processes over the past 25 years are reviewed. Shielded metal arc welding with rutile base coated electrodes is still by far the most common wet welding process in use. Research and development of wet welding electrodes has led to improvements in the control of hydrogen content, porosity, chemical composition, and microstructure of the weld metal. Additional work is required to develop welding consumables with improved control over diffusible hydrogen and porosity. Development of techniques such as temper bead welding has allowed successful wet welding repairs on steels having carbon equivalents greater than the traditional limit of 0.40. Alternative wet welding processes such as flux cored arc welding and friction welding are under development, but have yet to become widely accepted.
The effect of calcium on microbial quality and consistency of chile pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Mesilla Cayenne) mash during fermentation

Abstract The fermentation of chile peppers ( Capsicum annuum cv. Mesilla Cayenne ) is dependent on several factors: temperature, acidity, salt concentration, dissolved air, microbial flora, carbohydrate and enzymes. This study measured the effect of two levels (8 or 15 g/100 g) of calcium citrate (CaCit, [Ca 3 (C 6 H 5 O 7 ) 2 ]), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) or sodium chloride (NaCl) added to 24 h after pepper was mashed. Viscosity, pH, alcohol, soluble solids and microbial contamination were measured at day 1 and day 21 of fermentation. After 21 days of fermentation the Ca Cit 15 and CaCl 2 8 treatments improved viscosity compared to control ( P ⩽0.05), but were not different from other calcium treatments or NaCl 15. The addition of calcium in the form of CaCl 2 at 8 or 15 g/100 g affected the fermentation of pepper mash by releasing more soluble sugars, increasing alcohol and reducing pH compared to control or other treatments. Also CaCl 2 treatments were effective in controlling microbial growth. Further studies are needed to evaluate color, texture, consistency and flavor of the combination of 8 g/100 g NaCl and 0.04 g/100 g CaCl 2 added to cayenne pepper mash to assess the value in an industrial setting. The effect of calcium on microbial quality and consistency of chile pepper ( Capsicum annuum cv. Mesilla Cayenne ) mash during fermentation.
Visual Issues in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis has several ophthalmic manifestations, including optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and nystagmus. The presentation, treatment, and prognosis of visual complaints secondary to multiple sclerosis are discussed. Additionally, the use of optical coherence tomography and complications related to the use of fingolimod are considered.