cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE EMISSION SPECTRA OF IRON‐FREE CYTOCHROME c

The fluorescence emission of iron-free cytochrome c (0Cyt c) in a glassy matrix was investigated under conditions of very low temperature (4.2 K.) and narrow bandwidth laser excitation. Excitation into the vibronic band, Qx(1,0) resulted in highly resolved emission spectra of linewidth 10-20 cm−1. Using the model of selective excitation developed by Abram el al. (1975) and McColgan et al. (1978), the emission spectra of vibronic excitation afforded a method to investigate excited state vibrational structure. Furthermore, emission profiles have shown that in 0Cyt c, the site distribution (inhomogeneous broadening) has a width in the order of 200cm−1.
Paradoxical effects of injection stress and nicotine exposure experienced during adolescence on learning in a serial multiple choice (SMC) task in adult female rats.

Abstract Nicotine exposure in adolescent rats has been shown to cause learning impairments that persist into adulthood long after nicotine exposure has ended. This study was designed to assess the extent to which the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on learning in adulthood can be accounted for by adolescent injection stress experienced concurrently with adolescent nicotine exposure. Female rats received either 0.033 mg/h nicotine (expressed as the weight of the free base) or bacteriostatic water vehicle by osmotic pump infusion on postnatal days 25–53 (P25–53). Half of the nicotine-exposed rats and half of the vehicle rats also received twice-daily injection stress consisting of intraperitoneal saline injections on P26–53. Together these procedures produced 4 groups: No Nicotine/No Stress, Nicotine/No Stress, No Nicotine/Stress, and Nicotine/Stress. On P65–99, rats were trained to perform a structurally complex 24-element serial pattern of responses in the serial multiple choice (SMC) task. Four general results were obtained in the current study. First, learning for within-chunk elements was not affected by either adolescent nicotine exposure, consistent with past work (Pickens, Rowan, Bevins, and Fountain, 2013), or adolescent injection stress. Thus, there were no effects of adolescent nicotine exposure or injection stress on adult within-chunk learning typically attributed to rule learning in the SMC task. Second, adolescent injection stress alone (i.e., without concurrent nicotine exposure) caused transient but significant facilitation of adult learning restricted to a single element of the 24-element pattern, namely, the “violation element,” that was the only element of the pattern that was inconsistent with pattern structure. Thus, adolescent injection stress alone facilitated violation element acquisition in adulthood. Third, also consistent with past work (Pickens et al., 2013), adolescent nicotine exposure, in this case both with and without adolescent injection stress, caused a learning impairment in adulthood for the violation element in female rats. Thus, adolescent nicotine impaired adult violation element learning typically attributed to multiple-item learning in the SMC task. Fourth, a paradoxical interaction of injection stress and nicotine exposure in acquisition was observed. In the same female rats in which violation-element learning was impaired by adolescent nicotine exposure, adolescent nicotine experienced without adolescent injection stress produced better learning for chunk-boundary elements in adulthood compared to all other conditions. Thus, adolescent nicotine without concurrent injection stress facilitated adult chunk-boundary element learning typically attributed to concurrent stimulus–response discrimination learning and serial-position learning in the SMC task. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate facilitation of adult learning caused by adolescent nicotine exposure.
The Residential Choices of Ethnic Elders in Affordable Housing: Changing Intergenerational Relationships and the Pursuit of Residential Independence

This study examines the housing choices and residential experiences of ethnic minority elders in affordable senior housing in a large metropolitan area by using a life course perspective in the context of community life. Using in-depth interview data with 138 individuals, the study reveals that the elders’ decisions to move were fueled by their evolving intergenerational relationships, suburban isolation, governmental provisions of housing and health care, and ethnic concentrations in urban centers. Place meanings arose from the relationship between life course factors, urban configuration, and health care provision as they unfolded in a community boundary of the activity setting.
Retinopathy as a Risk Factor for Nonembolic Stroke in Diabetic Subjects

Background and Purpose Age, hypertension, and the presence of diabetic nephropathy and coronary and peripheral vascular disease are established risk factors for stroke in diabetic subjects, but the association of retinopathy with stroke risk is less clear. Methods In this nested case-control study, we examined the association of retinopathy with risk of nonembolic ischemic stroke in diabetes. In a cohort of 2124 diabetic persons identified at multiphasic health checkups during the period from 1979 through 1985, 56 suffered a nonembolic ischemic stroke during follow-up, which extended through 1991. For each case subject, one diabetic control subject matched by sex and year of birth was selected from the same cohort of diabetics. Medical records were reviewed to gather information on risk factors for stroke. Information on risk factors was retrieved for 52 of the 56 cases. Results The estimated relative risk of stroke in diabetic subjects with retinopathy was 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.9). After...
A knowledge-based system for computer-aided generation of measuring instrument specifications

Abstract Specification writing is considered a specialist task which is time consuming, difficult to do well, but vitally important to any organisation which lets contracts for engineering services. As such, specification generation is a worthwhile candidate for computer assistance and results in this area have already been reported. This paper describes a more ambitious system. Specriter 3, which incorporates integral domain knowledge to provide firstly, a much higher degree of user assistance, and secondly, the ability to check the resulting specification for reasonableness and consistency.
60GHz printed grid array antenna on low cost packaging substrate

In this paper, a printed grid array antenna on a low cost packaging substrate is presented. Simulation and measurement results of the antenna return losses and radiation patterns are provided. Simulations show that the antenna is matched on the frequency band from 57 to 64GHz and has a broadside gain of over 11dB all over the band. Measurement results show that the antenna performance is shifted 2GHz upwards in frequency but is not degraded. The difference between the simulated and the real substrate permittivity has been identified as the source of the frequency response shift.
USE OF THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS-INDUCED ARGINASE AS A BIOCHEMICAL MARKER IN VITRO.

Abstract Data are presented which support the view that infection of cell cultures of cotton-tail rabbit skin by rabbit papilloma virus (Shope) results in an enhanced arginase activity while only slight arginase activity could be found in control cell cultures. This confirms the original observations of Rogers, who isolated an arginase from virus-induced domestic and wild rabbit papilloma tissue obtained from the intact host while little or no arginase activity could be found in control skin. The ability of the Shope papilloma virus to induce an arginase in cell culture has an additional important impact. Thus far, infectious virus cannot be recovered from cell culture systems and the identification of this arginase provides an index of infection of cells in culture that was previously not available.
Ethanol treatment up-regulates the expression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase in rat liver.

Abstract On the basis of the well-known effect of ethanol poisoning on the prooxidant/antioxidant balance of human and rodent liver we tested the response of the mitochondrial manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the liver of rats following an acute ethanol load or chronically intoxicated with an alcohol-supplemented solid diet for three weeks. In both conditions the enzyme activity and messenger RNA were monitored. In the acutely treated animals MnSOD was induced (post-)translationally already at 3 hours after ethanol injection, reached the maximum level (about 50% increment) at 9 hours and decreased thereafter. Chronic ethanol feeding caused an up-regulation of the enzyme at the mRNA level, with a good correlation between the transcript and the enzyme activity during the first two weeks of treatment. After 20 days the mRNA level dropped to normal, whereas the activity still remained high. Chronic alcohol intake also led to a significant decrease in the content of vitamin E in the liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, suggesting the occurence of an enhanced lipid peroxidation, consequent to the ethanol-induced oxidative stress. The response of MnSOD appears to be a protective mechanism that the genetic machinery builds up to partially overcome such a condition.
Structuring simulink models for verification and reuse

Model-based development (MBD) tool suites such as Simulink and Stateflow offer powerful tools for design, development, and analysis of models. These models can be used for several purposes: for code generation, for prototyping, as descriptions of an environment (plant) that will be controlled by software, as oracles for a testing process, and many other aspects of software development. In addition, a goal of model-based development is to develop reusable models that can be easily managed in a version-controlled continuous integration process. Although significant guidance exists for proper structuring of source code for these purposes, considerably less guidance exists for MBD approaches. In this paper, we discuss structuring issues in constructing models to support use (and reuse) of models for design and verification in critical software development projects. We illustrate our approach using a generic patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump (GPCA), a medical cyber-physical system.
Exploring social relations for the intrusion detection in ad hoc networks

We proposed a novel intrusion detection system in mobile ad hoc networks using the social network analysis approach, which is different from the conventional ones. Our social based IDS utilizes explored social relations for anomaly detections, which can capture and represent similar network statistics as those used in data mining based intrusion detection systems. Simulation results show that this social based IDS can effectively detect attacks with high detection rates and low false alarm rates. Further more, our system is of simpler implementation and lower system complexity than rule based anomaly IDS.
Activities of daily living in Alzheimer's disease: neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and medical illness influences.

Using a retrospective data analysis, the authors investigated the relationships between instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and medical illness burden in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). One hundred forty-three patients fulfilling the clinical criteria for probable or possible AD in an outpatient clinic were assessed for IADLs, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and medical illness burden with the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale–Geriatric (CIRS-G). Both MMSE and NPI scores related significantly to IADLs as measured by the FAQ. Several psychiatric symptoms were correlated significantly with IADLs. FAQ scores had no correlation with CIRS-G. Neuropsychiatric findings also were associated significantly with MMSE and had a weak correlation with CIRS-G scores. IADLs changed with cognition and neuropsychiatric disturbances in AD. Medical illness burden had little influence on functional status and a limited impact on neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Angiogenesis-targeted therapies in prostate cancer.

Abstract Most patients with metastatic prostate cancer will respond initially to ablation of gonadal androgen production. Eventually, all patients will develop progressive disease despite continued androgen suppression, a condition called androgen-independent or hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Hormone-refractory prostate cancer is characterized by virulent biologic and clinical behavior. Recently, docetaxel-based chemotherapy has been shown to improve survival and quality of life in this disease when compared with mitoxantrone-based therapy. However, results remain suboptimal. Recently, there have been remarkable advances in the delineation of the mechanisms of cancer growth, metastasis, and the intricate interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding normal tissues. The accumulated evidence has confirmed the importance of angiogenesis in these processes and validated the theory that inhibition of neovascularization is a promising therapeutic anticancer strategy. Currently, dozens of compounds that interfere with different steps of the angiogenic cascade are in preclinical and clinical development. Some of these agents have exhibited promising antitumor activity in hormonerefractory prostate cancer. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms implicating angiogenesis in the development and progression of advanced-stage prostate cancer, as well as the drug development efforts that are targeting this process.
C cell follicles in the dog thyroid: demonstration by in vivo perfusion.

The histology and ultrastructure of the parafollicular cells of eight dog thyroids were studied by various methods of fixation. The best preservation resulted from in vivo perfusion with glutaraldehyde. When prepared in this manner clusters of C cells were seen to possess follicular and canalicular systems. Coated vesicles were noted at various luminal surfaces and at the basilar plasma membrane. The authors conclude that the maintenance of intracapillary pressure during fixation is essential for the demonstration of normal histological and ultrastructural anatomy of the thyroid.
Characterization of the cardiolipin synthetase activity of Escherichia coli envelopes.

Abstract The synthesis of cardiolipin from phosphatidylglycerol catalyzed by isolated envelopes of Escherichia coli occurs without the utilization of endogenous CDP-diglyceride as a substrate. The synthesis of cardiolipin has been assayed distinct from the synthesis of bis-phosphatidic acid. Envelope fractions isolated from cultures exposed to treatments which increase the relative rate of cardiolipin synthesis in vivo were found not to have increased amounts of cardiolipin synthetase activity in vitro . We suggest that the relative increase of cardiolipin synthesis observed during these treatments stems from the lack of an energy requirement for the cardiolipin synthetase reaction and the presence of large amounts of cellular phosphatidylglycerol.
Histologic changes during selenite cataractogenesis: a light microscopy study.

The purpose of this research was to study the early histologic changes occurring in the lens during the formation of selenite overdose cataract. Fourteen-day-old rat pups received a single injection of 2·25 mg Se (kg body wt)−1. Lenses at each of three stages of cataract formation were observed biomicroscopically, and then 1–2 μm sections of methacrylate-embedded lenses were evaluated with the light microscope. The first observable change was vacuolization, which started at the lens bow and later spread throughout the posterior subcapsular region (Stage 1). This was followed by an abrupt increase in basophilia at the interface between the peripheral nucleus and cortex (Stage 2). Bubsequent formation of nuclear opacity was characterized by the presence of opaque particles, abnormal basophilic structures, and lens fiber damage (Stage 3). The data were consistent with the hypothesis that an early site of attack of selenite is at or near the lens bow, and this leads to biochemical changes, fiber cell damage, impaired nutrient circulation, and formation of nuclear cataract.
Weight concerns in women smokers during pregnancy and postpartum.

Abstract When women smokers become pregnant, they are asked to control weight gain and at the same time to relinquish an addictive drug with weight suppressing effects. For women with serious body image concerns or a history of unhealthful eating patterns, smoking cessation may be particularly problematic. To investigate the relationship of weight concerns with smoking and weight gain during pregnancy and postpartum weight loss strategies, we conducted a retrospective study of women who had given birth to their first child within the past 10 years and were smokers when they became pregnant. We observed that women smokers with high weight and body image concerns (HC) gained significantly more weight during pregnancy—in amounts that far exceeded maximum recommended weight gain—than did women with low concerns (LC). HC were more likely to adopt smoking as a weight-control strategy and to be receptive to multiple weight-control strategies. Although they lost significantly more weight in the first month postpartum than did LC, they had also gained significantly more during pregnancy; the net result was that weight loss as a percentage of weight gained did not differ significantly between groups. HC were significantly less likely to experience food cravings in the first trimester and marginally less likely to vomit than LC. We conclude that early identification of high-risk women, coordination of prenatal care with smoking cessation counseling, and development of effective relapse prevention strategies that specifically address weight issues both during and after pregnancy will be needed if efforts to reduce smoking during pregnancy and postpartum are to be optimized.
Comparative Reciprocity During the Cold War

Several previous studies suggest that a model of comparative reciprocity, which postulates that actors change their behaviors based on a comparison of the recent behaviors of the two sides, is more useful than a model of simple reciprocity for understanding interactions between rivals. This study examines U.S.-Soviet interactions during the Cold War. By indicating that comparative reciprocity often operates both with respect to comparatively cooperative and comparatively cooperative actions by another, the study provides further evidence of the potential usefulness of the comparative model. At the same time, these results suggest some of the conditions under which comparative reciprocity is most likely to occur: when the actor (perhaps one defending the status quo) wishes to stabilize the relationship, when the actor recently has deviated from his usual (mean) behavior, and when actions consistent with comparative reciprocity are contrary to the actor's tendency to move back to his usual behavior.
Scaling Water Characteristic and Hydraulic Conductivity Based on Gregson-Hector-McGowan Approach

Gregson, Hector, and McGowan reported recently that the two constants, a and b, of the Brooks and Corey type log-log model of the soil water characteristic, ψ(θ), were highly correlated for a range of diverse soils. The linear relationships between a and b for individual soils were very close to one common relationship. This relationship provides a new method of scaling ψ(θ). We found also a strong a vs. b relationship in experimental ψ(θ − θᵣ) data for 10 different soils, where θᵣ, the residual water content, was equal to zero or constant within a given soil. These individual relationships were close to each other and to the common relationship for Gregson et al. soils. However, their classification into three textural groups seemed more desirable. Relative efficiency of scaling ψ(θ − θᵣ) for different locations within individual soils ranged from 39 to 83%. These efficiencies were generally greater than the efficiencies calculated by the extended similar-media scaling using one measured value for each ψ(θ) curve. We also extended our investigation to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K(ψ), data for six soils. Here, too, we found a strong relationship between the two constants, A and B, of the log-log equations for K(ψ). Furthermore, the individual A vs. B relationships for all soils merged into one unique relationship. This common relationship was used to scale combined K(ψ) data for all soils, with a relative efficiency of 94%. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the A vs. B relationship for estimating K(ψ) from infiltration data.
Cystic fibrosis: addressing the transition from pediatric to adult-oriented health care

Survival for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) increased to nearly 40 years in 2012 from the early childhood years in the 1940s. Therefore, patients are living long enough to require transition from pediatric CF centers to adult CF centers. The goal of transition is for the young adult to be engaged in the adult health care system in ways that optimize health, maximize potential, and increase quality of life. A successful transition promotes autonomy and responsibility with respect to one's own health. Currently, there is an information gap in the literature with respect to psychological models that can help guide informed transition processes. In this review, we establish the framework in which transition exists in CF; we review some of the published literature from the last 20 years of experience with transition in CF centers around the world; and we discuss psychological models of pediatric illness that can help to explain the current state of transition to adult-oriented care from pediatric-oriented care and help to formulate new models of ascertaining readiness for transition. Finally, we look at our current knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research endeavors.
College Student-itis Redux

It is said that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. If so, I feel flattered indeed. My good friend and collaborator P.J. Henry here replicates a piece I did more than 20 years ago, extends...
Pseudospectral simulation of compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Abstract We describe a conservative pseudospectral algorithm for the numerical simulation of fully compressible, dissipative magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in two spatial dimensions. Fourier collocation is employed in the two Cartesian spatial coordinates, with an isotropic truncation at each time-level. Time is explicitly discretized with a second-order Runge-Kutta scheme. We discuss conservation of material integrals and simulation of shocks. We also present results of several turbulence simulations. The results are compared with incompressible results computed by another algorithm. For the selective decay problem, the compressible results appear to converge to the incompressible case as β → ∞.
RBFOX PROTEINS REGULATE ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF NEURONAL SODIUM CHANNEL SCN8A

The SCN8A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.6, a major channel in neurons of the CNS and PNS. SCN8A contains two alternative exons,18N and 18A, that exhibit tissue specific splicing. In brain, the major SCN8A transcript contains exon 18A and encodes the full-length sodium channel. In other tissues, the major transcript contains exon 18N and encodes a truncated protein, due to the presence of an in-frame stop codon. Selection of exon 18A is therefore essential for generation of a functional channel protein, but the proteins involved in this selection have not been identified. Using a 2.6 kb Scn8a minigene containing exons 18N and 18A, we demonstrate that co-transfection with Fox-1 or Fox-2 initiates inclusion of exon 18A. This effect is dependent on the consensus Fox binding site located 28 bp downstream of exon 18A. We examined the alternative splicing of human SCN8A and found that the postnatal switch to exon 18A is completed later than 10 months of age. In purified cell populations, transcripts containing exon 18A predominate in neurons but are not present in oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Transcripts containing exon 18N appear to be degraded by nonsense-mediated decay in HEK cells. Our data indicate that RBFOX proteins contribute to the cell-specific expression of Na(v)1.6 channels in mature neurons.
Femoral Head Fractures: Diagnosis, Management, and Complications

Femoral head fractures occur with a reported incidence of 6%-16% after hip dislocation. Even the largest series have evaluated only a few dozen patients, often collecting experience from multiple centers. This article provides the clinician with current information to guide the diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon condition.
Political knowledge and gender stereotypes

This study uses original data to investigate the individual-level determinants of voters' political gender stereotypes. I find that beliefs about men's emotional suitability for politics predict voter stereotypes about the ability of politicians to handle issues, whereas political knowledge predicts voter stereotypes about politicians' issue positions. Therefore, whereas some political gender stereotypes can primarily be explained by beliefs about the traits of men and women in general, other stereotypes are more related to knowledge about politics. This study suggests that whereas some political gender stereotypes may change if differences in the behavior of men and women politicians narrow, other stereotypes may be more enduring and less susceptible to change.
Ooplasmic Influence on Nuclear Function During the Metaphase II-Interphase Transition in Mouse Oocytes

Nuclear and pronuclear transfer procedures were used to assess the functional competence of the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse germinal vesicle-stage oocytes denuded of granulosa cells and matured in vitro or in vivo before artificial activation using a sequential treatment of A23187 1 cycloheximide. Following activation, in vitro-matured oocytes were ‘‘fertilized’’ by inserting a male pronucleus (PN), cultured to the 2-cell stage, and then transferred to the oviducts of foster mothers. No live births were noted, whereas a 17% live birth rate was observed when in vivo-matured oocytes were used. The developmental competency of other zygotes was similarly assessed following the exchange of haploid PN of matured and activated eggs with the female PN of fertilized zygotes. When PN of oocytes subjected to maturation and activation in vitro were transferred, only 1 of 79 reconstructed zygotes developed to term. In contrast, the live birth rate was 21% (11 of 53) for zygotes reconstructed with PN from in vivo-matured oocytes. Moreover, a live birth rate of 23% (8 of 35) was observed for reconstructed zygotes with female PN from ‘‘hybrid’’ oocytes created by transferring the metaphase II nuclei of in vitro-matured oocytes into enucleated, in vivo-matured oocytes before activation. Such results suggest that the nucleus of an in vitro-matured oocyte can support embryonic development, but only when it is activated in the proper ooplasmic milieu. The cellular factors creating this ooplasmic milieu appear to develop normally in vivo during follicle maturation to metaphase II, but they fail to do so when the oocytes are denuded of granulosa cells and cultured in vitro before the final stages of maturation. In parallel studies, male and female PN of in vivo-fertilized zygotes were inserted into oocytes that were activated and enucleated following either in vitro or in vivo maturation. Live birth rates were comparable at 19% (5 of 27) and 18% (9 of 49), respectively, suggesting that, regardless of the environment of the final stages of oocyte maturation, the resultant ooplasm is competent to support all aspects of embryonic development once activation and PN formation has been completed. Such findings only point further toward the importance of the condition of the ooplasmic milieu at the time of chemical activation. Whether a similar situation exists when eggs are activated following sperm penetration remains to be determined. fertilization, gametogenesis, ovum
Introducing Bond-Line Organic Structures in High School Biology: An Activity That Incorporates Pleasant-Smelling Molecules

Chemical education occurs in settings other than just the chemistry classroom. High school biology courses are frequently where students are introduced to organic molecules and their importance to ...
Clonal cell lines from the rat central nervous system

Five neuronal and a large collection of putative glial cell lines from the rat central nervous system have been established in clonal cell culture and partially characterised. These cells shed new light on the distribution of neurotransmitter synthesis and brain-specific antigens among nerve and glia.
Chronic prolactin, gonadal and thyroid hormone treatments in vivo alter levels of TRH and muscarinic receptors in male and female rat tissues.

Chronic subcutaneous administration of prolactin into female rats during proestrus led to a 20% (P < 0.05) decrease in retinal and a 32% (n = 20; P < 0.01) decrease in pituitary TRH receptors as compared to controls. In parallel experiments prolactin treatment during diestrus failed to influence TRH receptor levels in both tissues compared to vehicle-treated rats. Intraperitoneal injections of triiodothyronine for 8 weeks resulted in a selective 41% increase (P < 0.02) in retinal TRH receptor levels without any changes in the pituitary and 4 other brain regions. Administration of 17-β-estradiol for 2 weeks into male rats 1 month after castration resulted in a 68% increase (P < 0.02) in pituitary TRH receptor content without any changes in the retina, amygdala or hypothalamus. Testosterone administration for 2 weeks into castrated male rats 30 days post-castration did not alter TRH receptor content in the latter 4 tissues but caused a 27% (n = 10; P < 0.05) and a 40% increase (n = 5; P < 0.05) in muscarinic cholinergic receptor levels in the superior cervical ganglia and anterior pituitary gland, respectively. In conclusion, these data have demonstrated that chronic administration of exogenous hormones selectively up- or down-regulates TRH and muscarinic receptors in a region-specific manner depending on the physiological state of the animal and the tissue under study, and provide further new evidence for feedback hormonal control of these neurotransmitter receptors.
Hepatic necrosis caused by furosemide

FUROSEMIDE (frusemide) is a diuretic drug frequently used in the treatment of many cardiovascular and renal diseases. Its use is contraindicated in pregnancy because of its recognised teratogenic potential1. The drug also has been reported to potentiate renal injury when used in combination with cephaloridine2,3. Here we report that this widely prescribed therapeutic agent is converted by microsomal enzymes in the liver of mice and humans to a reactive arylating metabolite that produces massive hepatic necrosis in mice.
Frictional behavior of extremely smooth and hard solids

Abstract Frictional behavior of extremely smooth (average roughness ~1 nm) and hard (approximately 800–2200 kg mm −2 ) solids in air has been investigated. The present study was conducted to obtain the minimum friction under dry sliding conditions by eliminating the friction components due to mechanical interactions such as plowing and asperity deformation. By using extremely smooth and hard materials (silicon, sapphire, SiC, quartz and glass), static friction coefficients as low as 0.06 and steady state friction coefficients between 0.09 and 0.17 could be obtained with an undetectable amount of wear. The low friction and wear behavior of smooth and hard solids in air is attributed to the low probability of asperity interaction and wear particle generation as well as to surface films. Even for such low factional interaction, plastic deformation is still the major cause of friction in crystalline systems, as suggested by the existence of dislocation etch pits on silicon surfaces along the sliding track.
Childhood Celebrity, Parental Attachment, and Adult Adjustment: The Young Performers Study

The associations between celebrity, parental attachment, and adult adjustment were examined among 74 famous, former young performers in television and film. As adults, former young performers whose parents served as their professional managers viewed their mothers as less caring and more overcontrolling than did performers whose parents were not their managers. Other factors affecting the quality of the parent-child relationship included dissatisfaction with money management, poor peer support, the perception that involvement in acting was determined by others, and the specific nature of professional experience. Together, these variables accounted for 59% of the variance in perceived caring and 40% of the variance in perceived autonomy support. The relation could not be attributed to a generalized response bias, as attachment was unrelated to degree of positive thinking. A Celebrity x Parental Attachment interaction indicated that the quality of the parent-child relationship moderated the effects of celebrity on adult adjustment: Among participants with good parental attachment, there was no relation between professional experience and adjustment; however, among participants with poor attachment, this relation was strong. Possible implications for parenting child actors and analogous populations of talented children in high-stress arenas are discussed.
Path-Delay Constrained Floorplanning: A Mathematical Programming Approach for Initial Placement

A procedure for path-delay constrained initial placement during chip floorplanning is presented which directly incorporates timing and geometrical constraints into the process. The problem is modeled and mathematically formulated as a constrained non-linear programming problem which is systematically divided and solved in three steps: timing minimization with module overlap, module separation and timing minimization without module overlap. To save computation time, two techniques for eliminating non-logical and noncritical paths are used to reduce the number of paths considered during the optimization. Experimental results show that the placement results satisfy all given timing and geometrical constraints, and have good total normalized wire delays.
The Great Qing Code . Translated by William C. Jones. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. xxx, 441 pp. $90.00.

Names and general rules - articles 1-46 laws relating to the board of personnel - articles 47-74 revenue - articles 75-156 rites 157-182 war articles 183-253 punishements - articles 254-423 works - articles 424-436.
The Discipline's Escalating Whisper: Social Work and Black Men's Mental Health.

Objective:Though sparse in previous years, research on the mental health of Black men has recently experienced a gradual increase in social work journals. This article systematically organizes and critically examines peer-reviewed, social work evidence on the mental health of Black men.Methods:Twenty-two peer-reviewed articles from social work journals were examined based on their contribution to social work research and practice on the mental health of Black men.Results:The social work evidence on Black men’s mental health can be grouped into one of four categories: psychosocial factors; mental health care and the role of clinicians; fatherhood; and sexual orientation, HIV status, and sexual practices.Conclusions:This representation of the social work literature on Black men’s mental health neglects critical areas germane to social work research and practice with this population. Implications include ways to extend current social work research and practice to improve the health for Black men.
Mechanical significance of streptostyly in lizards

The morphology of the lizard skull has been a subject of study for more than a century, particularly with respect to the morphology and function of the major jaw adducting muscles1–5 and the mechanics of the moving parts6–9. It is possible that controversies surrounding the extent and timing of bone movement, muscle contraction and force generation will be resolved by techniques such as electromyography, cineradiography and measurement of bone strain3,10. I present here data that facilitate a reconsideration of the function of the pterygoideus muscle, one of the two major jaw adducting muscles, and the mechanical significance of movements of the quadrate around the quadrate-squamosal joint. This movement, known as streptostyly6 occurs in all living lizards11 and also characterises the earliest members of the order12–14. On the basis of my data I propose that streptostyly in lizards is a means by which the mechanical advantage of the pterygoideus muscle is increased, so that this muscle makes a major contribution to bite force.
Delamination-Crater Interaction in Damage of Glass/Epoxy Composite Plates Subjected to Impact Fatigue

The use of composite materials is increasing although their behavior under impact fatigue loading remains rather unknown. This study is to assess the evolution of damage, especially delamination and crater, in a composite Glass/Epoxy woven fabric, using repeated impact tests at low energy levels (
The status of Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA): Adherence to standard practice in FBA methodology

The application of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) has become increasingly visible in school settings since its inclusion in the 1997 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Despite the mandate for FBAs within the educational program of students with disabilities displaying behavior problems, the federal government put forth guidelines that made what constituted an FBA subject to interpretation. Many states have assumed the responsibility of establishing policy for completing FBAs. This investigation examined the resources acquired or developed and disseminated by each of the 50 states for FBA completion and compared the information from these resources to standard practice for FBA and functional analysis (FA). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 737–744, 2005.
Neonatal Transport – A Family Support Module

With the regionalization of perinatal/neonatal care and an increase in the prematurity rate, the number of neonatal transports is also increasing. To help foster a family-centered care environment and establish a trusting relationship between families and staff, the neonatal transport team must provide educational and emotional support materials and services to families throughout the transport process. This article describes a collaborative effort between hospital staff, outside organizations (especially the March of Dimes), community businesses and neonatal graduate families that resulted in the creation of a family support module for neonatal transport. This family support module is comprised of services and resources that can be customized to meet the needs of the regional population served. The idea that all staff at the referring hospital and regional center must be knowledgeable of the information and services being provided to families is discussed. In addition, the need for regular evaluation of materials/programs to insure effectiveness is stressed.
Naloxone and intestinal motility

It was supposed that the inhibition of intestinal peristalsis seen in animals and humans after abdominal surgery might be related to the release of endorphins, endogenous opiate receptor agonists, caused by the surgical stress and pain. However, naloxone, a potent morphine and endorphin antagonist, failed to block this peristaltic inhibition in rats, which leaves the mechanism of this inhibition, and thus the function of intestinal endorphins, still very much in doubt.
Some aspects of solution chemistry in liquid mixtures of inorganic salts with water

Abstract Experimental and theoretical investigations of some thermodynamic, transport and structural properties of very concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions are reviewed. Attention is focussed on the range of concentrations between anhydrous molten salts and the hydrate melts. In this region, the hydration shells of the ions are incomplete, and ion-ion, ion-water, and water-water interactions must be considered. Extensions of the Debye-Huckel theory are not valid in this region, and models based on anhydrous molten salts may be useful.
Area and capital cost targets for heat exchanger network synthesis with constrained matches and unequal heat transfer coefficients

Abstract A pair of “transshipment” nonlinear programs (NLP) are formulated to calculate the area and capital cost targets for heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis with unequal heat transfer coefficients and different capital cost laws (for different materials of construction, pressure ratings, etc.) when there are constraints on the number of matches (exchangers), forbidden matches and required matches with specified areas (for revamp synthesis). With these NLPs, the trade-off between area and number of units can be evaluated before synthesis. In addition to the targets themselves, solution of the area and capital cost targeting NLPs yield: (1) temperature profiles (much like the composite temperature—enthalpy curves) providing a model for the “ideal” profiles in a HEN achieving the area or capital cost target and corresponding utility target; and (2) a proper selection of stream matches and their heat loads to minimize area (or capital cost). These matches and heat loads provide an excellent starting point for synthesis of HENs achieving (within a few percent) the area and capital cost targets with the same number of exchangers in the HEN as matches in the NLP solution (e.g. corresponding to the units target).
The primary optic projections in pigmented and albino guinea pigs: an experimental degeneration study

Summary An eye was enucleated in each of 6 pigmented and 6 albino guinea pigs. Six to 8 days later the animals were killed and their brains were prepared by the Nauta and Nissl methods in order to study the course and terminal distribution of the degenerating optic fibers. Several major differences were demonstrated between the pigmented and albino guinea pigs in the terminal distribution of the crossed and uncrossed optic fibers. First, it was shown that in the pigmented animals the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, the nucleus tractus opticus, the nuclei praetectalis anterior and posterior, and the superior colliculus all receive inputs from both retinae; whereas in the albino animals these same nuclei could be found to receive organized inputs only from the contralateral retina. Second, it was found that the pattern of the contralateral retinal input to the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, but not to the pretectal nuclei, the superior colliculus and the terminal accessory optic nuclei, differs between the two strains of animals. In both the pigmented and albino guinea pigs it was shown that the accessory optic system is composed entirely of crossed optic fibers and consists of two fiber groups (inferior and superior fasciculi) and 3 terminal nuclei (dorsal, lateral and medial terminal nuclei). It was also shown that in both strains of animals the degenerating optic fibers that lie in and adjacent to the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei and the pretectal nuclei course within two distinct fiber systems oriented perpendicularly to each other.
O2 continuum : A possible explanation for the discrepancies between measured and modeled shortwave surface irradiances

Ground based solar spectra between 1 and 5µm (10,000 and 2000 cm−1) have been obtained with a new, absolutely calibrated spectrometer. These spectra have sufficient spectral resolution (2 cm−1) to allow atmospheric absorption lines to be distinguished from underlying continuum absorption. Continuum absorption due to O2 has been identified around 1.06µm (9366 cm−1), 1.27µm (7882 cm−1), and 1.6µm (6326 cm−1). These continuum absorptions are not included in the HITRAN database. Similar continuum absorption should be present around the 0.762µm (13121 cm−1) and 0.688µm (14525 cm−1) bands of O2.
Investigation of caval syndrome in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.

Nine of 16 dogs inoculated with 200 infective heartworm larvae developed caval syndrome (CS) of heartworm disease (HWD). There was no difference between dogs that did and did not develop CS with regard to total heartworm burden, burden relative to body weight, or female heartworm burden, indicating that factors other than worm mass are involved in the pathogenesis of CS. Male dogs were twice as frequently affected as females, although this finding was not statistically significant. Dogs afflicted with CS exhibited radiographic, pathologic, and hemodynamic evidence of chronic HWD. In a model of single heartworm exposure, these findings strongly support the theory that CS develops due to retrograde migration of adult worms from the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle to the right atrium and venae cavae. Pulmonary artery pressures were dramatically and significantly greater in dogs with CS (60 ± 18 torr) as compared to non-CS (30 ± 4 torr) dogs with equal worm burdens.
Survey of genetically engineered mouse models for prostate cancer: Analyzing the molecular basis of prostate cancer development, progression, and metastasis

Genetically engineered mouse models have been generated to study the molecular basis of prostate cancer (PCa) development, progression, and metastasis. Selection of a prostate-specific promoter, such as the probasin (PB) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) promoters, is critical for generating sufficient levels of transgene expression to elicit a phenotypic response. To date, target genes have included growth factors, cell cycle regulators, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, steroid hormone and growth factor receptors, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and homeobox genes. The experimental approaches used to generate these mouse models include overexpression of the transgene, knock-out/knock-in of transgene expression and conditional regulation of expression using Cre/lox technology. This review summarizes the promoters, which have been utilized to create genetically engineered mouse models for PCa. Furthermore, the effects of gene disruption on promoting low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN and HGPIN, respectively), locally invasive carcinoma and metastatic lesions will be discussed. To date, the PB-Cre4 x PTENloxp/loxp model appears to be the only model that represents the entire continuum of prostate adenocarcinoma development, tumor progression, and metastasis, although models that develop prostatic neuroendocrine (NE) cancer can be generated by disrupting one genetic event. Indeed, analysis of bigenic mouse models indicates that two genetic events are generally required for progression from HGPIN to locally invasive adenocarcinoma and that two to five genetic events can promote metastasis to distant sites. Studying the effects of genetic perturbation on PCa biology will increase our understanding of the disease process and potentially provide targets for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Case report: Treatment of rectovaginal fistula with Bioglue(®).

INTRODUCTION Rectovaginal fistulas have a multitude of causes and it is well known that obstetric and gynecological problems form a large part of these causes such as our case.
Free Radical-Mediated Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reduction of Metal Ions in UV-Irradiated Titanium Dioxide Suspensions

This paper describes the indirect photocatalytic reduction of four metal ions: Cd2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Tl+ using formate radical anions (CO2•-) generated in UV-irradiated aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Trends in the reactivity of these four metal ions are compared with corresponding rate constants reported in the literature for the homogeneous reactions of these metal ions with CO2•- in aqueous media. In both cases, the reaction rates follow the same order: Cd2+ > Tl+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+. Using Tl+ as a model metal ion, a simple kinetics scheme is developed for the indirect reduction route, and the predictions from this model are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental data.