cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3. Heterogeneity of Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptors: Multiple Targets for the Treatment of CNS and Inflammatory Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the recent studies on a variety of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) related targets, including three functionally distinct receptor subtypes and the CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP). The characteristics of the CRF receptors, including their sequence homologies, pharmacological profiles, and second messenger activities, are described in the chapter. In addition, the differential localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) for CRF receptors and CRF-BP is discussed in the chapter. As clinical data suggest that CRF may be implicated in psychiatric, neurologic, and immunological disorders, the chapter includes a brief description of the role of CRF, its receptors, and its binding protein in the etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases. Finally, the chapter provides an update on small molecule, nonpeptide CRF receptor antagonists. CRF, a 41-residue peptide, plays a crucial role in integrating the body's overall response to stress. The actions of CRF in the brain and in the periphery are mediated through multiple binding sites. There is heterogeneity of CRF binding sites with respect to sequence, pharmacology, and tissue distribution. There are three receptors; CRF1, CRF2α, and CRF2β, which encode 411, 415, and 431 amino acid proteins, respectively, comprising seven putative membrane-spanning domains characteristic of the G s -coupled receptors. All three receptors transduce a signal that involved stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. CRF receptor antagonists may represent novel agents for the treatment of disorders associated with the elevated levels of CRF. The recent identification of high-affinity nonpeptide CRF receptor antagonists is expected to allow for rapid progress in drug development of the CRF receptor antagonists. In addition to the receptors, the actions of CRF in brain and in the periphery can also be modulated by a binding protein of 322 amino acids. While the precise function of the CRF-BP remains to be determined, it appears to play a role in binding and functionally inactivating CRF, and CRF-BP ligand inhibitors may represent a potential mechanism for increasing the endogenous CRF levels.
Bone versus immune system

A molecule on activated T cells triggers bone loss by switching on bone-resorbing cells. Fortunately, it seems that this mechanism is kept in check by another molecule, secreted by the T cells.
Multiple-pumped-well aquifer test to determine the anisotropic properties of a karst limestone aquifer in Pasco County, Florida, USA

Groundwater-level data from an aquifer test utilizing four pumped wells conducted in the South Pasco wellfield in Pasco County, Florida, USA, were analyzed to determine the anisotropic transmissivity tensor, storativity, and leakance in the vicinity of the wellfield. A weighted least-squares procedure was used to analyze drawdowns measured at eight observation wells, and it was determined that the major axis of transmissivity extends approximately from north to south and the minor axis extends approximately from west to east with an angle of anisotropy equal to N4.54°W. The transmissivity along the major axis $${\left( {T_{{\xi \xi }} } \right)}$$ is 14,019 m2 day–1, and the transmissivity along the minor axis $${\left( {T_{{\eta \eta }} } \right)}$$ is 4,303 m2 day–1. The equivalent transmissivity $$T_{e} = {\left( {T_{{\xi \xi }} T_{{\eta \eta }} } \right)}^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} = 7,767{{\text{m}}^{2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{m}}^{2} } {{\text{day}}^{{ - {\text{1}}}} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{day}}^{{ - {\text{1}}}} }$$ , and the ratio of anisotropy is 3.26. The storativity of the aquifer is 7.52 × 10−4, and the leakance of the overlying confining unit is 1.37 × 10−4 day−1. The anisotropic properties determined for the South Pasco wellfield in this investigation confirm the results of previous aquifer tests conducted in the wellfield and help to quantify the NW–SE to NE–SW trends for regional fracture patterns and inferred solution-enhanced flow zones in west-central Florida.
Adequacy of Official Suicide Statistics for Scientific Research and Public Policy

Many researchers have claimed that the study of suicide and the formation of public policy are not undermined by the misclassification of suicide as other causes of death. We evaluated this claim using a new technique and causes of death not previously considered. We examined computerized California death certificates, 1966-1990. Mortality peaks at symbolic ages are a characteristic feature of suicide. We sought such peaks in (1) causes of death commonly suspected of containing misclassified suicides (e.g., accidental barbiturate poisoning), (2) causes of death not hitherto suspected (e.g., pedestrian deaths), and (3) control groups. The first two categories displayed peaks at symbolic ages, but control groups did not. The size of the peak, indicative of misclassified suicides, varied markedly by race (p < .0001) and sex (p < .0001). Misclassification is evident for all time periods examined, large and small counties, and each race and sex. The maximum misclassification occurs for Blacks (14.92% of officially recorded suicides). We conclude that suicides are misallocated to at least five other causes of death (two of which have not been previously considered in the literature) and are most likely to be underreported for groups with low official suicide rates, that is, Blacks and females. Consequently, Blacks and females are not as protected from suicide as was previously supposed. It may be inadvisable to use official suicide data to test scientific hypotheses about suicide, unless the effects of underreporting are estimated and, if necessary, corrected for.
Cryopreservation-Thawing of fractionated human spermatozoa is associated with membrane phosphatidylserine externalization and not DNA fragmentation.

: The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effect of cryopreservation-thawing of human spermatozoa on DNA fragmentation and membrane integrity. This was a prospective, controlled cohort study, performed at a university-based infertility center. Ejaculates were examined from 5 donors and 16 men undergoing infertility evaluation. Purified sperm populations were prepared by gradient centrifugation, cryopreserved using a manual method and TEST-yolk buffer and glycerol (TYB-G), followed by quick-thaw. Annexin V binding was used for assessing membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-me-diated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was utilized for the evaluation of DNA fragmentation. The results were as follows: the percentage of live cells with intact membranes (annexin V−, live) was significantly reduced after cryopreservation-thawing. On the other hand, the percentages of live cells with phosphatidylserine translocation (annexin V+, live) and of necrotic (dead) cells increased significantly after thawing. TUNEL revealed percentages of cells with DNA fragmentation in the prefreeze and postthaw samples that were not significantly different. In a further attempt to examine differences in response to various cryoprotection protocols, experiments were carried out using no cryoprotection, glycerol alone, or TYB-G. Samples frozen with TYB-G demonstrated significantly higher percentages of live cells without phosphatidylserine translocation than the other conditions. We concluded that cryopreservation-thawing of human sperm from patients and donors was associated with membrane change, as revealed by membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine, while having no major impact on DNA fragmentation.
Characterization of window layers in CuInSe/sub 2/ thin-film solar cells

Electrical and optical properties of (CdZn)S:In, (CdZn)S:In/ITO, and ZnO windows in CuInSe/sub 2/ thin-film solar cells were measured and compared to the properties of equivalent window layers deposited on glass. The resistivity and absorption edge of (CdZn)S:In films are characterized as a function of In dopant concentration and Zn content, and it is shown that the Burstein-Moss shift decreases as the Zn content is raised. Air heat treatments, used to increase V/sub oc/ and efficiency of CuInSe/sub 2/ cells, increase the resistivity and decrease the absorption edge of (CdZn)S:In window layers. CuInSe/sub 2//ZnO cells are shown to have higher J/sub sc/ than cells with (CdZn)S windows but low V/sub oc/ and efficiency. >
Person-based split ergativity in Nez Perce is syntactic

Nez Perce is one among many ergative languages that consistently use nominative case, rather than ergative, for 1st and 2nd person transitive subjects. Two major lines of analysis have been proposed for the synchronic grammar of this type of ergative split. Morphological analyses approach the phenomenon as a case of syncretism between ergative and nominative in 1st and 2nd person; all transitive subjects are assigned an identical syntax. Syntactic analyses posit a featural or structural distinction between 3rd person subjects and 1st and 2nd person subjects, or the clauses containing them. On the basis of modification and coordination patterns, I argue that person-based split ergativity in Nez Perce requires a syntactic analysis. Comparison of the Nez Perce data with recent findings by Legate (2014) reveals variation among languages showing person-based split ergativity: some languages require a morphological analysis, and some (like Nez Perce) require a syntactic analysis. A treatment of the syntactic type of person-based split ergativity is proposed, making use of person-sensitive phrase structure as introduced by Bianchi (2006) and Merchant (2006).
Sabouraud Agar for Fungal Growth

This article describes the history, theory, and use of Sabouraud agar for isolating and growing fungi. This includes an explanation of the role of each ingredient, the instructions for making this medium, variations upon the basic recipe, and the various recipes that are commercially available.
Destructors, finalizers, and synchronization

We compare two different facilities for running cleanup actions for objects that are about to reach the end of their life.Destructors, such as we find in C++, are invoked synchronously when an object goes out of scope. They make it easier to implement cleanup actions for objects of well-known lifetime, especially in the presence of exceptions.Languages like Java[8], Modula-3[12], and C\#[6] provide a different kind of "finalization" facility: Cleanup methods may be run when the garbage collector discovers a heap object to be otherwise inaccessible. Unlike C++ destructors, such methods run in a separate thread at some much less well-defined time.Languages like Java[8], Modula-3[12], and C\#[6] provide a different kind of "finalization" facility: Cleanup methods may be run when the garbage collector discovers a heap object to be otherwise inaccessible. Unlike C++ destructors, such methods run in a separate thread at some much less well-defined time.We argue that these are fundamentally different, and potentially complementary, language facilities. We also try to resolve some common misunderstandings about finalization in the process. In particular: The asynchronous nature of finalizers is not just an accident of implementation or a shortcoming of tracing collectors; it is necessary for correctness of client code, fundamentally affects how finalizers must be written, and how finalization facilities should be presented to the user.An object may legitimately be finalized while one of its methods are still running. This should and can be addressed by the language specification amd client code.
Non-isothermal ‘2-D flow/3-D thermal’ developments encompassing process modelling of composites: flow/thermal/cure formulations and validations

In the manufacturing process of large geometrically complex components comprising of fibre-reinforced composite materials by resin transfer molding (RTM), the process involves injection of resin into a mold cavity filled with porous fibre preforms. The overall success of the RTM manufacturing process depends on the complete impregnation of the fibre mat by the polymer resin, prevention of polymer gelation during filling, and subsequent avoidance of dry spots. Since a cold resin is injected into a hot mold, the associated physics encompasses a moving boundary value problem in conjunction with the multi-disciplinary study of flow/thermal and cure kinetics inside the mold cavity. Although experimental validations are indispensable, routine manufacture of large complex structural geometries can only be enhanced via computational simulations, thus eliminating costly trial runs and helping the designer in the set-up of the manufacturing process. This study describes the computational developments towards formulating an effective simulation-based design methodology using the finite element method. The specific application is for thin shell-like geometries with the thickness being much smaller than the other dimensions of the part. Due to the highly advective nature of the non-isothermal conditions involving thermal and polymerization reactions, special computational considerations and stabilization techniques are also proposed. Validations and comparisons with experimental results are presented whenever available. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing Sexual Health Behaviors of Resident Physicians and Graduate Students

Objective: To compare the sexual practices of 44 resident physicians with those of 88 nonmedical graduate students, including law students and master’s-level social work students, by using the Safe Sex Behavioral Questionnaire (SSBQ). Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, the SSBQ, used to assess the sexual practices of these two groups, was distributed to participants at a state university via their campus mailboxes, along with a return address envelope, to help ensure anonymity. Results: The educational cohorts did not differ. Overall, participants reported engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors. Women with multiple partners were more likely to engage in increased risky behaviors, whereas men with multiple partners were more likely to use condoms. Conclusions: Physicians, although educated about healthy sexual behaviors, are still engaging in unsafe safe. The reasons for the discrepancy between knowledge and practice need to be explored.
Spatially resolved Arrhenius determinations within a graphite furnace atomizer

Abstract A unique, optical system for spectral observation of two isolated spatial regions within a graphite furnace atomizer is described. A time resolution of 556 μs is available and Arrhenius-type treatment of the absorbance measurements at each zone are presented. The resulting In(Abs) vs 1/T graphs for Ag, Cu, and Cr are described. Apparent activation energies were calculated for different spatial regions and were found to range from 57 to 98 kcal mole −1 for Ag and from 29 to 62 kcal mole −1 for Cu. The Cr data did not show a linear region and the extraction of activation energies was not attempted. Since measured activation energies exhibit a dependency on the spatial region within the furnace, questions are raised concerning the validity of numerical values for thermodynamic or kinetic parameters in assigning atomization mechanisms with a furnace-type atomizer.
Immunochemical cross-reactivity of normal neurofibrils and aluminum-induced neurofibrillary tangles. Immunofluorescence study with antineurofilament serum.

Abstract Intracerebral injection of aluminum phosphate in rabbits resulted in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, particularly in the spinal cord and medulla. The neurofibrillary tangles stained intensively by immunofluorescence using antineurofilament serum prepared against antigens isolated from chicken brain or human sciatic nerve. The staining was abolished by absorbing the antisera with neurofilament protein from normal brain and peripheral nerve. No immunofluorescence of the tangles was observed using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein serum.
Sequential dependencies and children’s stimulus alternation

Children’s stimulus alternation was investigated as a function of stimulus duration and stimulus discriminability. The results obtained with these variables were inconsistent with predictions derived from either Hullian reactive inhibition theory or Glanzer’s stimulus satiation theory. However, the sequential dependencies obtained were consistent with the predictions derived from Hullian reactive inhibition theory. Developmental and comparative trends were noted.
Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: A progressive degenerative disease that responds to diltiazem

The authors believe that with fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, there is Ca2+ dysregulation in the muscle cells. The dysregulated Ca2+ can cause cell death in various ways. One mechanism may be Ca2+ triggering abnormal levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). Another mechanism may involve excessive Ca2+ levels within the mitochondria which would cause this organelle's membrane to collapse ultimately inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis. With this in mind, it has been reported that in FSHD there is over expression of adenine nucleotide translocator-1 (ANT-1). This Ca2+ dependent protein, which is a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, could be an important culprit in mitochondrial membrane collapse. Therefore, dysregulated Ca2+ as well as TNF-alpha, in addition to over-expression of ANT-1, may result in cell disruption ultimately causing the characteristic dystrophic muscle wasting. The present investigators have noted that some individuals with FSHD benefit from a regimen of diltiazem, a Ca2+ channel blocker. Initial results using diltiazem may represent the first beneficial treatment for a form of muscular dystrophy. Even if there is only a slowing of progression, this would be a positive first step. A combination of several different Ca2+ regulating agents and TNF-alpha inhibitors may be necessary to truly alter and/or reverse the deleterious effects of this form of muscular dystrophy.
Knowledge verification in expert systems combining declarative and procedural representations

Abstract We present an algorithm to verify the consistency and completeness of an object-oriented structured knowledge base of an expert system which combines procedures with a declarative representation using if-then rules. The algorithm has three stages. The first stage of the algorithm converts the procedures into rules which are added to the existing rules to produce the equivalent rule set . The second stage of the algorithm partitions the equivalent rule set into decision subtables by regrouping rules with similar conditions in their if part or similar actions in their then part. In the third stage, each subtable is checked for consistency by looking for redundant rules and potentially or strictly conflicting rules. Completeness is verified by looking for unreferenced attribute values and missing rules. The algorithm is designed to automatically check any modification to the knowledge base as the system is being developed or updated. We demonstrate the algorithm on examples from process control.
Promiscuous Presentation and Recognition of Nucleosomal Autoepitopes in Lupus: Role of Autoimmune T Cell Receptor α Chain

T cells specific for nucleosomal autoepitopes are selectively expanded in lupus mice and these Th cells drive autoimmune B cells to produce pathogenic antinuclear antibodies. We transfected the TCR-α and -β chain genes of a representative, pathogenic autoantibody-inducing Th clone specific for the nucleosomal core histone peptide H471–94 into TCR-negative recipient cells. Although the autoimmune TCRs were originally derived from SNF1 (I-Ad/q) mice, the transfectants could recognize the nucleosomal autoepitope presented by APC-bearing I-A molecules of all haplotypes tested, as well as human DR molecules. Competition assays indicated that the autoepitopes bound to the MHC class II groove. Most remarkably, MHC-unrestricted recognition of the nucleosomal peptide epitope was conferred by the lupus TCR-α chain even when it paired with a TCR-β chain of irrelevant specificity. Several other disease-relevant Th clones and splenic T cells of lupus mice had similar properties. The TCR-α chains of these murine lupus Th clones shared related motifs and charged residues in their CDRs, and similar motifs were apparent even in TCR-α chains of human lupus Th clones. The lupus TCR-α chains probably contact the nucleosomal peptide complexed with MHC with relatively high affinity/avidity to sustain TCR signaling, because CD4 coreceptor was not required for promiscuous recognition. Indeed, pathogenic autoantibody-inducing, CD4-negative, TCR-αβ+ Th cells are expanded in systemic lupus erythematosus. These results have implications regarding thymic selection and peripheral expansion of nucleosome-specific T cells in lupus. They also suggest that universally tolerogenic epitopes could be designed for therapy of lupus patients with diverse HLA alleles. We propose to designate nucleosomes and other antigens bearing universal epitopes “Pantigens” (for promiscuous antigens).
Minimum Weight Design of Elastic Redundant Trusses under Multiple Static Loading Conditions

A method for automated selection of a minimum weight truss, from a subset of configurations obtained by omitting various member combinations from a primary configuration, is presented. A feasible direction algorithm is used to find an upper bound solution for any selected configuration. A dual simplex algorithm is used to rapidly generate lower bound solutions for many subset configurations considering only equilibrium conditions and stress limits. The lower bound solutions guide the selection of subset configurations for which upper bound solutions of reduced weight are sought. Examples of planar and space trusses illustrate the efficacy of the bounding technique presented. I. Mathematical Formulation C ONSIDER an elastic redundant truss with given geometric configuration and support conditions. The truss is to sustain several given alternative systems of static loads applied at the joints. Only q of these load systems which are supposed to govern the design will be considered. For simplicity, the truss is conventionally idealized; that is, the members of the truss are assumed to be joined together by frictionless connections and only axial forces, tension or compression, occur in the members under the loading. The design problem addressed herein is the selection of a minimum weight optimum truss configuration, as well as its member sizing, from a subset of truss configurations obtained by omitting various members from the given primary configuration. The design is subject to the following constraints: the crosssectional area Aj of member j, when it remains in the truss, is restricted to a given continuous range, the upper limit A? of which is finite and the lower limit A! may be, and usually is, greater than zero; the stress ajk, defined as the internal force/^ of the member j under the kih loading condition divided by Aj, has given lower limit — ffjk and upper limit ajk, and these stress limits are assumed independent of the cross-sectional area of the member; and the displacement component uik of a joint under loading condition k also has specified lower — uikl and upper uik" limits (each joint, except for fixed supports, has at least one degree of freedom, the corresponding displacement components are numbered in a fixed order and identified as ut). The problem can thus be formulated as with
Coupling data envelopment analysis with material flow analysis to evaluate the anthropogenic iron cycle

In this paper, we introduce an approach to combine material flow analysis (MFA) with data envelopment analysis (DEA) in order to evaluate resource efficiency of different stages in the material cycles in various countries. The approach is exemplified for the end-of-life stage of the anthropogenic iron cycle, comparing data of 48 countries. The proposed performance criteria are defined through a common MFA system definition so that the model could also be expanded to indicate the overall efficiency of the system, while emphasizing the relative importance of the different stages. Steps and implementation of the proposed methodology are explained with the help of a case study for iron.
New low-cost dimensionally stable composite linear absolute position encoder scale

A major problem in the use of standard linear position encoders is that the etched glass scales they use have a coefficient of thermal expansion (C. T. E. ) of about 1 1 . Oppm/ C. This means that their position measurements drift with changes in environmental temperature proportional to their C. T. E. . A new low cost dimensionally stable composite scale was made for use in a new absolute linear position encoder. The unidirectional Polyphenylene Sulfide/AS4 carbon fiber composite material that this scale is made of was tested for dimensional stability with respect to changes in temperature humidity and creep. The C. T. E. of the scale material was measured to be nominally 0. 29 ppm/ C with a standard deviation of 0. 12 over the operating temperature range of -2 to 62 C. The overall displacement strain due to 98 moisture absorption relative to 0 moisture absorption was measured to be 9 ppm. The strain due to stress-relief creep was found to be a maximum of 3 ppm over a period of 173 days. These results show that a linear position encoder scale made of this material is superior to those made of the standard glass currently being used and more cost effective than fused silica for most applications. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Progestin receptors in rat brain: distribution and properties of cytoplasmic progestin-binding sites.

Putative progestin receptors have been characterized in brain and pituitary tissue from untreated and estrogenprimed ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats. The properties of these sites appear indistinguishable from those of cytoplasmic progestin receptors from the uterus: 1) sedimentation coefficient of 7S, which is reduced by half in the presence of 0.3 m KC1; 2) specificity of binding which strongly favors synthetic and natural progestins as opposed to glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens; 3) a dissociation constant for binding the synthetic progestin [3H]R5020 (17α,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4, 9-diene-3,20- dione) of 0.3 nm; and 4) similar rates of formation and dissociation of the [3H]R5020-receptor complexes. In these respects, the estrogen-inducible and noninducible receptors of the brain also appear to be indistinguishable from each other. Estrogen induction of progestin receptors is apparent in uterus (6-fold), pituitary (8-fold), mediobasal hypothalamus (4-fold), and preoptic area (4-fold), a...
A Numerical Study of Unsteady Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer Through an Array of Rotating Rectangular Microchannels

Centrifugal microfluidics plays an important role for enabling many novel applications in life sciences. By controlling the rotating frequency, fluids can be handled and controlled without any actual pumps, actuators or active valves, resulting in cost effective and miniaturized techniques for fluid transport, valving, metering, switching, splitting and separation of fluids. In order to get a vivid picture of the underlying physics of centrifugal microfluidics, we have modeled and simulated fluid flow and heat transfer for water flowing through an array of rotating rectangular microchannels. A finite volume technique based on semi implicit pressure based equation (SIMPLE) algorithm has been developed to solve the Naiver-Stokes equations for unsteady laminar flow. The energy equation has been solved by applying repeated thermal boundary conditions at the wall in cross stream direction. The simulations show significant deviation of velocity and temperature profiles for rotating flow than those of non-rotating case. The results are presented for different flow Reynolds number and rotational Reynolds number.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Policy Analysis and Evidence: A Craft Perspective

Both rational empiricist methods and discursive approaches associated with post positivism can inform usefully the craft of policy analysis. Systematically comparing policy alternatives in terms of relevant policy goals is a fundamentally important element of cr. Selecting relevant goals for policy open can be informed usefully by discourse with stakeholders. Formulating policy alternatives often can benefit from a catholic approach that includes interpretative as well as rational empiricist approaches. These two functions, which can be thought of as labeling appropriately the rows and columns of a goals/alternatives matrix, thus potentially benefit from post positivist perspectives. Yet prediction which can be thought of as filling in all the cells of the goals/alternatives matrix, is unlikely to be informed usefully by post positivist. Indeed, to the extent that post positivist goes by and reinforcing healthy skepticism about rational empiricist theories and methods to their fundamental rejection, it reduces the potential for policy analysis to contribute to the good society.
Size Distributions of Satellite Dust Ejecta: Effects of Radiation Pressure and Planetary Oblateness

Abstract We examine the steady-state size distribution of dust ejecta in the vicinity of a satellite which acts as both a source and a sink for dust particles. The orbital motion of the dust particles is modified by radiation pressure and planetary oblateness which together produce periodic eccentricity perturbations. Our numerical simulations show that these perturbations can lead to a steepening of the steady-state power-law size distribution such that the index increases by 1 from the index of the source distribution in a specific size regime. This regime is determined by the perturbation strength, and the size and orbital radius of the satellite. The steady-state size distribution is reached in 10-20 years for the conditions considered here. In general, the perturbations discussed here affect dust particle orbits on shorter time scales than Poynting-Robertson, exospheric, or plasma drag forces.
Hormones and Growth in Poultry

The hormonal control of growth in poultry and other species is complex. The available evidence supports the concept that growth hormone and the thyroid hormones are the principal hormones responsible for the attainment of normal growth in the domestic fowl. Other hormones, including somatomedins, epidermal growth hormone, sex steroids, and vitamin D metabolites, are also involved in the control of growth. Considerable study will be required for the elucidation of the exact roles of the various hormones in avian growth.
Salmonella septicemia after open heart surgery in an asymptomatic carrier

Abstract Nontyphoid salmonella septicemia (Salmonella oranienburg) developed in a 7 year old boy after open heart surgery for repair of a ventricular septal defect and aortic insufficiency. Investigation revealed that the patient and his younger brother were apparently asymptomatic carriers of this organism. The reasons for transformation of the carrier state Into septicemia are discussed and the danger of the carrier state in patients undergoing open heart surgery Is stressed. Since the mortality rate of salmonella endocarditis Is extremely high, preoperative cultures of patients at risk are indicated. The carrier state should be eradicated before open heart operation is performed.
Conversion from bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BP-NOS) to bipolar I or II in youth with family history as a predictor of conversion

Background Bipolar disorder-not otherwise specified (BD-NOS) is an imprecise, heterogeneous diagnosis that is unstable in youth. This study reports rates of conversion from BD-NOS to BD-I or II in children aged 8–12, and investigates the impact of family history of bipolar disorder and depression on conversion.
A Balance-Logic Perspective on Kruglanski and Thompson's Single-Route Approach to Persuasion

(1999). A Balance-Logic Perspective on Kruglanski and Thompson's Single-Route Approach to Persuasion. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 127-137.
Questioning feedback: improving public health messaging

This note explores methods of analyzing questions asked during public health video showings. The goal is to provide feedback to content creators and session facilitators based a limited subset of the audience's questions. We analyze five videos produced in the first year of Digital Public Health focused on maternal health issues in rural India. We demonstrate a prototype web based tool to collaborate on the qualitative analysis of questions and propose mechanisms for systematically improving future videos based on this analysis. Initial results show that it is possible to extract useful information on how the target audience perceives the messaging in a video exclusively from questions asked. Based on these results we explain how Digital Public Health can integrate this feedback into an iterative review process for quality assurance of messaging.
Beyond adoption to sustained use: telemedicine for rural communities.

The objective of this paper is to identify factors that affect the sustained use of telemedicine in rural communities and to suggest possible ways to improve such utilization. We draw on innovation and network theory to develop hypotheses about conditions that will hinder or facilitate sustained use of telemedicine. Telemedicine systems are expected to achieve sustained use in communities with higher physician-to-population ratios, greater availability of nonphysician providers, and greater consumer knowledge of and support for telemedicine. Additionally, telemedicine is more likely to be used in settings where hospital medical staff structures use contractual arrangements that encourage the use of telemedicine or reimburse through capitated systems. Rural physicians are more likely to use telemedicine if they have previous experience in facilities that serve as telemedicine hubs and if they have strong relationships with physicians in a hub location or with local physicians who are supportive of telemedi...
Symmetry adaptation and the relation between the spin-free and space-spin formulations of electronic structure

An information-theoretic degree of symmetry adaptation of a ket with respect to a given group is introduced. Then the general equivalence between spin-free electronic kets and antisymmetrized space-spin kets is obtained so long as our attention is restricted to spin-independent observables. It is noted that there are spin-free kets for which there exists no single antisymmetrized space-spin ket giving all the same expectation values; the converse is also noted.
Soft x-ray emission from li-mg and li-Al alloys and comparisons with kkr-cpa calculations.

The K emission band of Li and L23 emission bands of Mg and Al have been measured for Li–Mg and Li–Al prepared in a range of concentrations either by coevaporation or by evaporating thin films of Li on Mg(Al) substrates or Mg(Al) on Li substrates. The Li K spectrum is nearly unchanged at all alloy concentrations in the Li–Mg system but broadens and develops a low energy shoulder for large Al concentrations in the Li–Al system. Both Mg and Al L23 spectra are narrower and more peaked at low energy in the equilibrium alloys than in the pure metals. The many-body threshold peaks on the Al and Mg L23 spectra are generally suppressed by alloying with Li, except for low temperature coevaporated Li–Al samples where the peak persists to very Li-rich alloys. Data for a Li80Mg20 alloy are compared with KKR-CPA calculations, and good agreement is found for both the Li K spectrum and the Mg L spectrum.
Survey of diagnostic tools used in hypervelocity impact studies

Abstract This paper surveys a variety of diagnostic tools that are available for use in studies of hypervelocity impact. Emphasis is on time-resolved methods for measuring pressure or particle velocity histories of stress waves induced under these conditions, and on the new developments of the past decade.
Systems Applications Of Holography

In this paper we are concerned with the application of holographic techniques to optical systems, and in particular to the problem of imagery from a distance. There are of course many cases of practical interest in which an object is located at some distance from the observer, and for one reason or another the observer is unable to closely approach that object for a detailed inspection. One possible recourse is the use of a suitable optical system to form a high-resolution image of the object from a distance.© (1968) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BRCA genetic testing: where are physicians in the decision process?

Testing for mutations in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer genes (BRCA1/BRCA2) is appropriate for a limited group of high-risk individuals, such as some breast cancer survivors. It is not known if survivors obtain information regarding genetic testing or whether physicians play a role in the testing decision process. Our objectives were to determine if high-risk survivors speak with physicians and relatives about BRCA genetics, and to determine their knowledge, testing intentions, and preferred information sources. We conducted a population-based cross sectional study in 1/99 at Group Health Cooperative. All 276 female current enrollees initially diagnosed with breast cancer 5-10 years prior to 6/30/98 and 40-49 years old at diagnosis were mailed a survey. Of 217 respondents, 8% spoke with physicians and 53% spoke with relatives. On average, women correctly responded to 2 of 7 true/false questions. Respondents who spoke with physicians had higher knowledge scores than those who did not (p<.001). Respondents preferred written materials (80.6%) and discussions with physicians (79.8%) for BRCA information. In summary, survivors have limited BRCA knowledge, though they are discussing genetics with relatives. Physicians currently give little input regarding BRCA testing, but survivors would consider their involvement helpful.
Congenital retinitis in the rat following maternal exposure to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

A combined clinical and histopathological study of the eyes of the offspring of females inoculated with LCMV shows that about two-thirds of the pups develop some degree of retinal inflammation. This may range from a mild, subclinical reaction to an overt retinitis characterized clinically by demonstrable inflammatory and degenerative changes. Histopathologically, the latter condition presents the picture of an inflammatory reaction with extensive loss of photoreceptors and retinal neurons in general, macrophagic invasion, mild microcystoid degeneration and total or subtotal retinal detachment. This vertically-transmitted disease does not show the relentless progression and hemorrhagic tendency characteristic of the retinitis which occurs after direct viral inoculation. However, in the most severe cases the final outcome is the same, namely severe retinal impairment subsequent to widespread loss of photoreceptors. In the presence of consistently negative virological data, the hypothesis is proposed that this retinitis could be the result of a vertically-transmitted autoimmune disease.
Tissue-Specific Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Carboxylesterase and Cholinesterase Activity in Adult Rats: An in Vitro and in Vivo Comparison

Abstract Organophosphate (OP) pesticides can bind to carboxylesterase (CaE), which may lower the concentration of OPs at the target site enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (ChE). It is unclear from the literature whether it is the CaE's affinity for the OP and/or the number of CaE molecules which is the dominant factor in determining the protective potential of CaE. We undertook a detailed, in vitro and in vivo survey of both CaE and ChE to ascertain if in vitro sensitivity of CaE and ChE predicted the pattern of inhibition seen after in vivo dosing with chlorpyrifos (CPF; 80 mg/kg, p.o.) in male or female adult Long–Evans rats. For the brain, the in vitro sensitivity to CPF-oxon did predict the in vivo patterns of inhibition: In vitro, brain ChE was approximately 25 times more sensitive to the active metabolite, CPF-oxon, than brain CaE, and in vivo brain ChE was more inhibited than brain CaE. In contrast, the in vitro sensitivity of plasma ChE and CaE did not correlate well with the in vivo pattern of inhibition: In vitro, plasma ChE was approximately 6.5 times less sensitive to CPF-oxon than plasma CaE, but in vivo, plasma ChE was more inhibited than CaE. In order to understand the role of CaE in protecting the brain ChE from inhibition by CPF-oxon in vitro, adult rat striatal tissue was incubated in the presence and absence of adult rat liver tissue and IC 50 s of CPF-oxon were determined. The increase in the striatal CPF-oxon IC 50 value noted for ChE in the presence of liver suggested that CaE was binding the CPF-oxon and limiting its access to ChE. Male liver CaE, which has the same affinity for binding CPF-oxon as female liver CaE but has twice as many binding sites, caused a greater increase in the striatal CPF-oxon IC 50 than female liver, suggesting that the number of binding sites does play a role in the detoxification potential of a tissue. In summary, we found that (1) there are tissue and gender-related differences for basal ChE and CaE activity; (2) the in vitro sensitivity of CaE or ChE to CPF-oxon is highly tissue-specific; (3) the pattern of ChE and CaE inhibition after in vivo dosing with CPF is not necessarily predictable from the in vitro IC 50 for these same enzymes, and (4) the number of CaE molecules may play a role in modifying the toxicity of CPF.
Glycolipids support E-selectin-specific strong cell tethering under flow.

Abstract This study provides functional evidence that glycosphingolipids constitute ligands for E-selectin but not P-selectin. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing E-selectin (CHO-E) or P-selectin (CHO-P) were perfused over α2,3-sialyl Lewis X (α2,3-sLex) presented as the hexaosylceramide glycosphingolipid adsorbed in a monolayer containing phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. CHO-E cells tethered extensively and formed slow, stable rolling interactions with α2,3-sLex glycosphingolipid but not with the comparable α2,6-sLex glycosphingolipid. Tethering/rolling varied with wall shear stress, selectin density, and ligand density. In contrast, α2,3-sLex glycosphingolipid supported only limited, fast CHO-P cell rolling. As calculated from a stochastic model of cell rolling, the step size between successive bond releases from the α2,3-sLex glycosphingolipid was smaller for CHO-E than CHO-P cells, whereas the opposite effect was observed for the waiting time between these events. Detachment assays revealed stronger adhesive interactions of CHO-E than CHO-P cells with α2,3-sLex glycosphingolipid. These findings indicate that glycosphingolipids expressing an appropriate oligosaccharide mediate cell tethering/rolling via E-selectin but not P-selectin.
The Young Child's Response to Repeated Dental Procedures

Children's responses to dental procedures which were repeated over a series of six visits were studied. Response to a mirror and explorer examination at the beginning of each visit deteriorated initially and then improved over the last three visits. Responses to the four injections were increasingly negative. The response to cavity preparation did not change significantly during the four treatment visits. The results suggest dental experience resulted in desensitization to nonstressful procedures and sensitization to stressful procedures.
Handwashing: efficacy versus acceptance. A brief essay

The efficacy of handwashing for preventing transmission of infections in the hospital is well accepted. Nevertheless, compliance by health care workers is estimated at approximately 40%. Based on observations of effective behavioural changes in other areas of public health, the authors suggest that hospital epidemiologists consider testing the use of both social pressures and marketing techniques to influence current handwashing practices in hospitals.
THE LADDER CREEK, HORACE, AND TRIBUNE METEORITES (GREELEY COUNTY, KANSAS)

The Ladder Creek, Horace No. 1, Horace No. 2, and Tribune meteorites were found within a comparatively small area of Greeley County, Kansas, between 1937 and 1958. Microscopic examination and analyses of the principal minerals show that Ladder Creek, Horace No. 2, and Tribune are essentially identical in composition and structure; it seems reasonable to conclude they are fragments of a single meteorite, a hypersthene chondrite. Horace No. 1 is essentially different, being a bronzite chondrite, and is evidently a distinct fall. The name Ladder Creek should be used for specimens previously called Horace No. 2 and Tribune, and the name Horace should be used for specimens previously called Horace No. 1.
On the Role of Bit Cutter-on-Rock Tribometry to Aid the Drilling Process for New Energy Resources

In this study, techniques for studying the Tribology of rock cutting are being developed using bit cutter-on-rock tribometry (BCORT). Tribo-testing is carried out on a slider pad-on-disk tribometer, retrofitted to include water-jet fabricated rock disks, a variable radius cutter assembly, and a system for the capture of in situ depth of cut. Preliminary findings for BCORT testing of O1 tool steel on Carthage marble are presented, in addition to verification of depth of cut measurements with a scanning white light optical interferometer. The interdependence of interfacial cutting friction, depth of cut rate, and disk speed are discussed in conjunction with experiments.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Magnetic avalanches: Josephson, Bean, and Bak

Abstract Josephson junction arrays provide an ideal physical realization for studying the complex dynamics of the sort found in sandpile models. They provide a means of separately investigating the dual physical effects of nonlinearity and disorder, and hold promise as an example for establishing a rigorous connection between the governing differential equations and the corresponding cellular automaton.
The autonomous transactivation domain in helix H3 of the vitamin D receptor is required for transactivation and coactivator interaction.

A ligand-inducible transactivation function (AF-2) exists in the extreme carboxyl terminus of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that is essential for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3)-activated transcription and p160 coactivator interaction. Crystallographic data of related nuclear receptors suggest that binding of 1,25-(OH)2D3 by VDR induces conformational changes in the ligand-binding domain (LBD), the most striking of which is a packing of the AF-2 helix onto the LBD adjacent to helices H3 and H4. In this study, a panel of VDR helix H3 mutants was generated, and residues in helix H3 that are important for ligand-activated transcription by the full-length VDR were identified. In particular, one mutant (VDR (Y236A)) exhibited normal ligand binding and heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) but was transcriptionally inactive. Yeast two-hybrid studies and in vitro protein interaction assays demonstrated that VDR (Y236A) was selectively impaired in interaction with AF-2-interacting coactivator proteins such as SRC-1 and GRIP-1. These data indicate an importance of helix H3 in the mechanism of VDR-mediated transcription, and they support the concept that helix H3 functions in concert with the AF-2 domain to form a transactivation surface for binding the p160 class of nuclear receptor coactivators.