cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilaboratory Evaluation of a Lateral Flow Method for Aflatoxin B1 Analysis in Dry Dog Food.

Background Aflatoxins are one of the most heavily regulated mycotoxins in agriculture throughout the world. A variety of tests are used for detection, including rapid methods that are preferred when a large number of samples need to be quickly screened to implement an immediate action. However, a method developed for screening a specific commodity for the presence of mycotoxins requires further validation to demonstrate its suitability for additional matrices. Objective In this study, a study was undertaken to evaluate a rapid screening method for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dry dog food, a product potentially susceptible to aflatoxins contamination. Method This test method employed lateral flow technology using kits obtained from Charm Sciences Inc. Three different sources of dry dog food were tested at the FDA action level of 20 ppb (ng/g) in three trials of a multi-laboratory study by four participants. A total of 80 unfortified blank samples, 270 samples spiked at 20 ppb, and 60 samples spiked below 20 ppb were analyzed. Results The overall pass rates of 100% for unfortified samples and > 97% for 20 ppb-fortified samples meet the FDA guidance acceptance criteria for a limit test of 10-15% false positives and no more than 5% false negatives. Conclusions The method is suitable for screening a large number of dry dog food samples for rapid response. Highlights Multi-laboratory evaluation of a rapid method for aflatoxin screening in dog food.
Tsunami-Like Wave Forces on an Elevated Coastal Structure: Effects of Flow Shielding and Channeling

Abstract During a tsunami event, neighboring structures can significantly influence the forces experienced by an individual structure within an urban community. To assess the effects of adjacent st...
Can You Spot a Troll? Teaching Information Literacy through Conversations about Social Media Attacks.

With increasing social media attacks on scholarship and individual academics, educators must be prepared to talk to their students openly about skewed threats from the ideological right. This assig...
Probability and Statistics for STEM : A Course in One Semester

Abstract One of the most important subjects for all engineers and scientists is probability and statistics. This book presents the basics of the essential topics in probability and statistics from ...
Enantioselective Syntheses of (Z)-6'-Boryl-anti-1,2-oxaborinan-3-enes via a Dienylboronate Protoboration and Asymmetric Allylation Reaction Sequence.

The enantioselective synthesis of 6′-boryl-anti-1,2-oxaborinan-3-enes is reported. A Cu-catalyzed highly stereoselective 1,4-protoboration of 1,1-bisboryl-1,3-butadiene is developed to generate (E)...
Probabilistic framework for assessing the vulnerability of power distribution infrastructures under extreme wind conditions

Abstract Utility poles would collapse by their structural instability as well as time-dependent material deterioration. Particularly, the moment carrying capacity of leaning poles would be dramatically reduced during extreme wind events. In this paper, we regard leaning poles as warning signs of potential failures that can affect the power distribution network performance and estimate the failure probability of leaning poles. To analyze the moment behavior of leaning poles, we propose a new probabilistic framework for computing three types of loads by wind pressure, overturning force, and conductor tension. A set of fragility curves of utility poles with given ages and leaning angles are presented to assess the impact of leaning on the probability of failure. The proposed analytics are tested through a case study on the parts of the power distribution network in Houston, TX. By examining the progress of failure in the network, this method enables to analyze potentially vulnerable utility poles that are likely to threaten the power distribution system reliability under varying wind speed. Thus, this research has the potential to support risk-informed decision-making for power distribution infrastructure systems and ultimately enhance the urban community resilience to blackouts caused by the power distribution system disruption in extreme weather.
Changing Pathways of Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Any Place for Afrocentric Ideas?

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are not only distinctive in America’s higher education landscape, but their special role in providing educational opportunities for many African Americans who historically have been marginalized cannot be overstated. While many have continued to applaud HBCUs for their extraordinary contributions to the upward mobility of Black communities, these institutions continue to face many challenges and changing trends since their establishment. These challenges and changing dynamics include funding problems, student recruitment/retention issues, faculty composition, and the debates on the influence of Eurocentric ideas on these institutions. To enhance our understanding of these issues, this chapter examines the changing pathways of HBCUs and asks whether Afrocentric or African-centered ideas are intentionally integrated or omitted in these institutions. Drawing on the Afrocentric theory with relevant works from the existing literature, the chapter argues that HBCUs will be better served if they take further steps to fully embrace African-centered ideas in their curricula and general institutional affairs.
Simultaneous combustion preparation for mercury isotope analysis and detection of total mercury using a direct mercury analyzer.

Abstract Mercury (Hg) stable isotope signatures are widely used to understand Hg cycling in the environment. Sample preparation methods for determining Hg isotope ratios by CV-MC-ICP-MS vary widely among laboratory facilities and sample types. Here, we present a novel and rapid method for preparing solid samples prior to determining Hg isotope composition. We use a direct Hg analyzer (that measures total Hg) for sample combustion, amalgamation and analysis. During the thermal release of Hg from the amalgamator and following detection, the analyte gas enters a trapping solution consisting of 10% HCl/BrCl (5:1, vol/vol). We find Hg blank values are less than 1% of the Hg introduced during sample analysis, Hg detection is not altered by modifying the system, and more than 90% of the introduced Hg is recovered in the trapping solution. Hg isotope results are statistically indistinguishable from accepted values for previously published certified reference materials and uncertainty of 2σ (0.05–0.12‰) is similar to the solution standard RM8610 (2σ = 0.09‰). This new method allows for solid sample preparation for Hg isotope analysis in under 15 min. It has the additional advantage of minimizing use of sample mass during simultaneous detection and preparation.
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Movement Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background Functional movement disorders (FMD) are characterized by abnormal movements and motor symptoms incongruent with a known structural neurologic cause. While psychological stressors have long been considered an important risk factor for developing FMD, little is known about the impact of psychiatric comorbidities on disease manifestations or complexity. Objectives To compare characteristics of FMD patients with co-occurring mood and trauma-related psychiatric conditions to FMD patients without psychiatric conditions. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients seen in the University of Colorado Health system between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of FMD, determined by ICD-10 coding and ≥1 phenomenology-related diagnostic code (tremor, gait disturbances, ataxia, spasms, and weakness), and at least one encounter with a neurology specialist. Fisher's exact and unpaired t-tests were used to compare demographics, healthcare utilization, and phenomenologies of patients with psychiatric conditions to those with none. Results Our review identified 551 patients with a diagnosis of FMD who met inclusion criteria. Patients with psychiatric conditions (N = 417, 75.7%) had increased five-year healthcare utilization (mean emergency room encounters 9.9 vs. 3.5, P = 0.0001) and more prevalent non-epileptic seizures (18.2% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.001). Suicidal ideation (8.4%) and self-harm (4.1%) were only observed amongst patients with comorbid psychiatric conditions. Conclusions Patients with FMD and comorbid psychiatric conditions require more healthcare resources and have greater disease complexity than patients without psychiatric illness. This may have implications for treatment of patients without comorbid psychiatric conditions who may benefit from targeted physiotherapy alone.
Low-Depth Unitary Coupled Cluster Theory for Quantum Computation

The unitary coupled cluster (UCC) approximation is one of the more promising wave-function ansatze for electronic structure calculations on quantum computers via the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm. However, for large systems with many orbitals, the required number of UCC factors still leads to very deep quantum circuits, which can be challenging to implement. Based on the observation that most UCC amplitudes are small for weakly correlated molecules, we devise an algorithm that employs a Taylor expansion in the small amplitudes, trading off circuit depth for extra measurements. Strong correlations can be taken into account by performing the expansion about a small set of UCC factors, which are treated exactly. Near equilibrium, the Taylor series expansion often works well without the need to include any exact factors; as the molecule is stretched and correlations increase, we find only a small number of factors need to be treated exactly.
Generalized multi-channel scheme for secure image encryption

The ability of metamaterials to manipulate optical waves in both the spatial and spectral domains has provided new opportunities for image encoding. Combined with the recent advances in hyperspectral imaging, this suggests exciting new possibilities for the development of secure communication systems. While traditional image encryption approaches perform a 1-to-1 transformation on a plain image to form a cipher image, we propose a 1-to-n transformation scheme. Plain image data is dispersed across n seemingly random cipher images, each transmitted on a separate spectral channel. We show that the size of our key space increases as a double exponential with the number of channels used, ensuring security against both brute-force attacks and more sophisticated attacks based on statistical sampling. Moreover, our multichannel scheme can be cascaded with a traditional 1-to-1 transformation scheme, effectively squaring the size of the key space. Our results suggest exciting new possibilities for secure transmission in multi-wavelength imaging channels.
United States v Camou: Warrantless Cell Phone Searches after Riley v California

This Comment examines how the Fourth Amendment applies to warrantless cell phone searches in United States v Camou, and questions whether the Ninth Circuit’s ultimate position is desirable. Last year, in Riley v California, the United States Supreme Court held that a police officer should generally get a warrant before searching a defendant’s cell phone incident to her arrest. It explained that cell phone searches may be very intrusive of one’s privacy because of the amount of information that cell phones can contain, as well as their pervasiveness in our lives. The Camou court was challenged with what this insight meant for other exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s traditional warrant requirement. After discussing, in Part I, Camou’s holding that evidence was improperly obtained and had to be excluded, Part II examines Camou’s analyses of the exigency and automobile exceptions to the traditional warrant requirement, and good faith exception to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule. It suggests, in Part III, that the Supreme Court should reject exigency searches of cell phones altogether, endorse but further elaborate Camou’s holding that cell phones are non-containers under the automobile exception, and reject its understanding of good faith. We should expand defendants’ rights by requiring police to get a warrant in all cell phone searches — since it is quick and easy to do so — but constrain their remedy to include evidence where an officer relies on her own objectively reasonable mistakes or binding court precedent — since the exclusionary rule’s goal is to deter police misconduct.
A physiologically-based model of the brain stem generator of sympathetic nerve discharge.

Publisher Summary As demonstrated with power density spectral analysis, sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) in anesthetized cats contains a prominent 2- to 6-Hz rhythm. This rhythm is cardiac-related before baroreceptor denervation and free running after baroreceptor denervation. The rhythm persists after midcollicular decerebration in baroreceptor-denervated cats, but is eliminated acutely by cervical spinal cord transection. On this basis, the 2- to 6-Hz rhythm as the signature of a brain stem generator that is responsible for a significant component of the background discharges of sympathetic nerves and, thus, cardiovascular tone is viewed in the chapter. It presents a model of the generator of 2- to 6-Hz SND based on physiological data. Neuronal oscillators in invertebrates often are comprised of a few cells. Consequently, it is relatively easy to identify the neuronal types and synaptic connections that are responsible for rhythmogenesis. Moreover, the small number of neurons in invertebrate oscillators dictates that each cell must act in a highly reliable manner.
Access to Information and Freedom of Expression: The Case of South Korea Since 1996

From an FOI perspective, South Korea is a fascinating case study. As a thriving democracy, Korea represents a rule-of-law nation in which citizens and the government resort to the courts, not extra-legal mechanisms, to resolve disputes. In this context, the FOI law in Korea has been one of the most liberalizing statutes that “make the government increasingly transparent.” Korea’s evolving experience with freedom of information deserves a systematic analysis. This is all the more compelling, considering that this year marks the 20th anniversary of the Korean Constitutional Court’s landmark case on access to information as a constitutional right. Especially noteworthy is the growing relevance of the Korean FOI to international and comparative law, as recently showcased by American legal scholars’ discussion of the 1989 case of the Korean Constitutional Court. The present study examines the right to information in South Korea as it has evolved since 1989, when the right was first read into the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression. Three questions provide the main focus of the study. First, what is the conceptual and theoretical framework of the right to information in Korea? Second, how is the right to information guaranteed as a constitutional and statutory right in Korea? And finally, how has the right to information been interpreted by Korean courts?
barataria, un cruce de caminos: entre la oralidad y la escritura

This study examines the interrelations between orality and literacy in the episode of Barataria, in the Second Part of Don Quijote. It proposes that Sancho Panza’s wise judgments in Barataria are an example of the supremacy of orality over writing in this novel. Specifically, how orality is used by Cervantes as a device to denounce the excessively bureaucratized judiciary system of his time.
Chapter 8 Cultural constructions of meaning: Cross-cultural comparisons of mother-child conversations about the past

Publisher Summary The chapter explores the acquisition of meaning from a cross-cultural perspective. The chapter emphasizes issues related to social psychology as well as ethnological and anthropological psychology. The chapter argues that human psychology should focus on meaning and its construction process under the influence of a specific culture. The acquisition of meaning, in general, requires a great deal of interaction with others. Conversational interactions with caregivers in earlier years, and peers and teachers in later years seem to exert an important influence on children's growing sense of meaning. The chapter discusses the major differences in mother-child interactions between Japanese and North Americans related to imagination and creativity. Japanese children tend to just state facts presumably because in group-oriented Japanese culture, explicit/logical articulation leans toward too much individual focus and is thus, generally discouraged. On the other hand, North American children tend to go beyond simply stating facts; in a society in which individualism prevails, individual topic delivery or simply being verbally assertive—including an individual's imagination and creativity—is understood and, moreover, respected.
Finance and Capital in the United States, 1850–1900

The connections between financial development and economic growth are drawing increased attention on many fronts. This dissertation studies ways in which the American financial system functioned to aid in the accumulation and mobilization of capital in the second half of the nineteenth century. The evolution of the banking system, by far the dominant nineteenth-century financial intermediary, is emphasized, but the role of Federal government finance is of scarcely less importance. The interrelated actions of the banks and the Treasury did much to set the tone in various financial markets during most of the period. While considerable study has been devoted to these actions and their short-run effects, much less has been written about their long-run implications. A major contention of the work is that financial strains caused by the Civil War and the various responses to these strains were accompanied by significant changes in the banking system—in its structure, the types of assets in which it dealt, and in its relations with the Treasury—all of which increased its potential for satisfying the demands placed upon it by a rapidly expanding economy. These changes helped to make capital, which may well have been the relatively scarce factor in the antebellum era, more abundant in the postwar Gilded Age, and they therefore abetted the rapid industrialization of those decades.
Building an open grid

The long-term success of Grids depends critically on three issues: open standards, open software, and open infrastructure. As interest in Grids continued to grow., and in particular as industrial interest emerged, the importance of true standards increased.
Robertson's model: a framework for exploration of World War II conservation consumption policy influence on fashion in the US

This paper studies pertinent materials related to the conservation of textile apparel and textile-related natural resources that appeared in poster campaign communications published during the Second World War in the US. An examination of World War II poster campaign communications conveying the need for conservation efforts and rationing as communicated to consumers infers the historical context of the era. These poster campaign communications asked consumers to utilize fully of limited resources while maintaining a sense of individuality and trend-setting creativity and fashion. World War II shortages and allocations influenced fashion innovations in women's apparel in the US. This paper provides a retrospective examination of innovative trends and the various conservation themes associated with women's fashion identify themes used to influence and to inspire Americans to reuse and recycle in support of the war effort. At no other time in history was voluntary textile conservation as prevalent in mainstream American culture as it was during the 1940s. Content analysis reveals reoccurring themes that appeared in the advertisements developed by the War Advertising Council in the 1940s and used in their poster campaign advertisements. Themes and conservation activities identified in their poster campaign communications included • ‘America's New Role as Fashion Arbiters’; • ‘Conserve Time, Money, Materials for National Defense Program’; • ‘War Production Board General Limitations Order L-85 – Fabric Conservation on Silhouette Dimensions’; • ‘Fashion for Victory’; • ‘Beauty in Peace and War’; • ‘Fabric Conservation’; • ‘Teaching Consumers How to Conserve’; • ‘You're In the War Too’; • ‘Wearing Clothes More’; • ‘Changing Materials for War [Nylon]’. In addition, print communications were categorized according to Robertson's adoption process model. This study found evidence that supports that Robertson's adoption process model was a useful tool in studying these poster campaign communications relative to Robertson's decision-making process.
Multicentric Castleman Disease Presenting with Fever

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that usually manifests with nonspecific symptoms, including fever and lymphadenopathy. Treatment of pediatric MCD varies greatly. A 21-month-old child was diagnosed with MCD after presenting with fever. He had incomplete response to initial therapy directed at interleukin-6, but improved with subsequent chemotherapy.
Approximate steady-state distribution for a large repairable item inventory system

Abstract This paper examines a model for a repairable inventory system where some items are condemned upon failure. These condemnations require an ordering policy which we take to be an ( s , S ) policy. We model this system as a version of the classical machine repair problem using continuous time Markov processes. We develop solution procedures based on approximations to the steady state probability distribution, which enable us to obtain the operating characteristics of ( s , S ) policies very easily, with or without an ordering leadtime. The approximate models are found to be very accurate and computationally very efficient.
Motion integration and postdiction in visual awareness.

In the flash-lag illusion, a flash and a moving object in the same location appear to be offset. A series of psychophysical experiments yields data inconsistent with two previously proposed explanations: motion extrapolation (a predictive model) and latency difference (an online model). We propose an alternative in which visual awareness is neither predictive nor online but is postdictive, so that the percept attributed to the time of the flash is a function of events that happen in the ∼80 milliseconds after the flash. The results here show how interpolation of the past is the only framework of the three models that provides a unified explanation for the flash-lag phenomenon.
Image restoration by convex projections in the presence of noise.

In this paper we investigate how the method of convex projections for image restoration behaves in the presence of noise. We also introduce and test a new noise-smoothing procedure in which the restored image is forced to lie within a certain L2 distance of the noisy data. We show that, in the presence of noise, restoration by convex projections is superior to the Gerchberg-Papoulis method.
Microphysical characteristics of some convective clouds over Oklahoma

Abstract During September, 1987 developing convective clouds over the state of Oklahoma were sampled in situ for their microphysical properties. The clouds are characterized in terms of their cloud water, droplet spectra and ice particle content. Stratificationsof penetration lenght and average vertical motion have been used. The clouds were found to be relatively wet (maximum liquid-water content up to 4.4. g m −3 ) with broad droplet spectra. The temporal and spatial development of large liquid drops (diameters > 2 mm) indicates that the clouds were developing precipitation initially through a collision-coalescence process.
A Dual-Enzyme Electrode for the Determination of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide in the Presence of Riboflavin and Flavin Mononucleotide

Abstract An electrode method has been developed for the determination of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) using a potentiometric gas sensor and commercially available enzyme preparations. The construction of the FAD-sensitive electrode is based on immobilizing alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) and adenosine deaminase (E.C. 3.5.4.4) on the sensing tip of an ammonia gas sensor. Alkaline phosphatase enzymatically catalyzes the hydrolysis of FAD to adenosine which is subsequently converted to ammonia by adenosine deaminase. The response of the dual-enzyme electrode is linear between 8 × 10−5 M and 4 × 10−3 M FAD with a slope of 43 mV/decade concentration at pH 8.5 and 37[ddot]C. The optimum buffer system is 0.5 M diethanolamine, 1 × 10−3 M Tris-HCl and 1 × 10−3 M MgCl2. Electrodes constructed with enzymes immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin showed longer life times than electrodes using enzymes entrapped by a dialysis membrane. The electrode is highly selective over ri...
Effects of Water Temperature on Sock Grading of Sub-Marketable Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in Earthen Ponds

Abstract The passive sock grading method used by commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, farmers to grade and reduce the number of under-sized fish delivered to processing plants was assessed on an experimental scale. The assessment was conducted at the Aquaculture Research Station at the University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff in 0.1-ha earthen ponds. A rectangular holding sock was fabricated with dimensions of 0.9 m in width, 2.4 m in length, and 1.2 m in depth. The mesh size of the sock was 4.4 cm and the mesh material was nylon netting, 0.64 cm in diameter. Seventeen groups of channel catfish, were graded, with group weights ranging from approximately 115 to 370 kilograms. Fish were held in the sock for approximately three hours (±0.27 hours). The water temperature during the trials ranged from 7.3°C to 28.7°C. The percent removal of fish less than 0.45 kg during the three-hour holding period ranged from 27.6% to 73.3%. Overall, sock grading efficiency increased with increasing water temperature a...
The Thue-Siegel-Roth-Schmidt theorem for algebraic functions

Abstract The theorem of the title on simultaneous rational approximation to algebraic numbers is carried over to simultaneous approximation by rational functions to algebraic functions. More generally, Schmidt's Subspace Theorem is proved in the context of functions.
Time delay of evanescent electromagnetic waves and the analogy to particle tunneling.

The analogy between quantum tunneling of particles and evanescent electromagnetic waves can be used to study particle tunneling. Possibilities for the measurement of the time delay resulting from the transmission of waves through an evanescent region, say with lower dielectric constant, are discussed. In contrast to particle tunneling, an electromagnetic pulse can consist of many photons and can be probed in a noninvasive way. We emphasize the delay of the centroid of an electromagnetic pulse transmitted below cutoff through a portion of a waveguide with the same cross section as the adjacent propagating guides. The boundary conditions at the interface between the propagating and the evanescent region lead to the same transmission and reflection coefficients as for a square-barrier tunneling problem. For a pulse restricted to a narrow frequency range, the time delay depends only on the frequency derivative of the phase shift associated with transmission. The delay of a centroid is just that; there is no deeper physical sense which links the incoming centroid to the outgoing centroid. For sufficiently long evanescent regions, the delay is independent of thickness.
Inca Civilization in Cuzco

Inca Civilization in Cuzco. R. Tom Zuidema Translated from the French by Jean-Jacques Decoster. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. 113 pp., bibliography. $19.95 (cloth), $9.95 (paper). ISBN 0-292-73850-1, ISBN 0-292-73851-X.
389 CYTOCHROME P-450-P; A PREGNANCY (P) INDUCED P-450 ISOZYME IN MICE

Cytochrome P-450 mediated mixed function monooxygenases (P-450) are a group of enzymes which metabolize many substrates including steroids, environmental chemicals and drugs. P-450 in animals has been shown to be important in certain chemical induced birth defects, cancer, mutations and organ damage. Select P-450 isozymes can be induced by exposure to certain chemicals. We and others have shown that P markedly decreases maternal hepatic P-450 function. To further investigate the effect of P on P-450 we used an HPLC method (PNAS 77:6473 1980) to analyze tlhe profile of P-450 during P. Solubilized hepatic microsomes from non-pregnant female and pregnant C57BL/6 mice were compared. Comparison of elution profiles of P-450 from nonpregnant and pregnant mice show a marked increase during P in a specific peak (P-450-P) as shown. P-450-P did not co-chromatograph with the classical P-450 isozyme peaks induced by phenobarbital, 3 methylcholanthrene, or pregnenolone-16 ∝ carbonitrile. P-450-P is detectable by day 6 of gestation and remains elevated at least through post partum day 3. In summary, P induces in mice a new major P-450 isozyme peak, P-450-P, which does not co-chromatograph with the classical forms of P-450.
Flavor preference produced by intragastric polycose infusions in rats using a concurrent conditioning procedure

Abstract Prior studies demonstrate that nondeprived rats learn to prefer a flavor (the CS+) paired with intragastric (IG) nutrient infusions over another flavor (the CS−) paired with IG water infusions when the flavors are presented on alternate days. The present experiment determined if a nutrient-based preference could be established when both flavors were concurrently available. Adult female rats were fitted with two chronic gastric catheters and were given ad lib access to chow and two flavored solutions (a bitter sucrose octaacetate solution and a sour citric acid solution). Using an automated infusion system, consumption of the CS+ flavor was paired with IG infusions of 32% Polycose, and consumption of the CS− flavor was paired with IG infusions of water. Seven of the eight rats tested developed a strong flavor preference for the CS+ over the CS−; their CS+ preference increased from 53% on day 1 to 95% on day 8. (The remaining animal eventually displayed a 97% CS+ preference after it received one-bottle training with the CS flavors.) During the first several days of training, the rats tended to drink primarily one flavor per day, and consumed primarily one flavor per drinking bout. This provided them with relatively discrete flavor-consequence experiences that presumably facilitated flavor preference conditioning.
Rethinking the South: Essays in Intellectual History

Bringing together Michael O'Brien's essays on the American South, this book examines the persistence and vitality of southern intellectual history from the early 19th century to the present day. At once a broad survey of southern thought and a meditation on the subject as an academic discipline, "Rethinking the South" integrates social history, literary criticism and historiography as it positions the South within the wider traditions of European and American culture. In his introduction and throughout the ten essays that follow, O'Brien stresses the tradition of Romanticism as a central theme, binding together figures as disparate as critic Hugh Legare, literary scholar Edwin Mims, poets Richard Henry Wilde and Allen Tate, and historians W.J. Cash and C. Vann Woodward.
Hypercortisolism in Patients With Functional Hypothalamic-Amenorrhea

Hypercortisolism was found in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) in preliminary short term studies conducted during the morning hours (0800–1100 h). This observation prompted us to characterize the circadian and pulsatile patterns of serum cortisol and LH levels at 15-min intervals for 24 h in 10 women with functional HA and in 7 normal women during the early follicular phase of their cycles. The mean integrated 24-h serum cortisol levels (area under the curve) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the HA patients than in normal women. The mean cortisol levels in the HA patients were elevated (P < 0.005) compared to those in the normal women during the daytime hours (0800–1600 h), but not during the evening (1600–2400 h) and sleeping hours (2400–0800 h). This selective hypercortisolism during the waking period of the day was almost entirely related to increased duration and amplitude of secretory episodes (peak area) rather than a change in pulse frequency. The serum cortisol incremen...
Regression of effect over long-term follow-up of conductive keratoplasty to correct mild to moderate hyperopia

Purpose To evaluate the long-term efficacy and stability of conductive keratoplasty (CK) for low to moderate hyperopia. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. Methods In this prospective nonrandomized noncontrolled clinical trial, performed as part of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration pivotal trial, patients with +0.75 to +3.00 diopters (D) of hyperopia and 0.75 D or less cylinder were initially treated with CK. The postoperative uncorrected and corrected Snellen visual acuities and refractions over time were evaluated. The main outcome measures were differences in refraction and uncorrected visual acuity postoperatively. Results Nine patients (16 eyes) of a subset of 14 consecutive patients (25 eyes) originally enrolled between 1999 and 2000 were available for long-term follow-up. Preoperatively, the mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) in the subset with long-term follow-up was +1.45 D. Postoperatively, the mean MRSE was +0.295 D. at 23 months, regressing to +1.00 D at 48 months and +1.394 D at the final follow-up (mean 73 months), indicating significant regression of effect. No eye lost more than 1 line of corrected Snellen visual acuity as a result of CK. The rate of regression was linear and calculated at +0.0184 D per month after 6 months postoperatively. Keratometric regression appeared to be similar to MRSE regression. Conclusions Conductive keratoplasty led to significant regression of refractive and keratometric effects over extended follow-up. Patients should be counseled that this refractive procedure is not permanent.
An inside view of dental health education materials’ development

The development of pamphlets, films, slides, exhibits, and school aids to inform the public about oral health is the responsibility of the ADA Bureau of Dental Health Education. The development and production of attractive, accurate, and useful educational materials for all ages is the responsibility of the ADA Bureau of Dental Health Education. The Bureau uses several types of media including pamphlets, school materials, films, slides, and display materials to inform the public about oral health.
Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ammonia neurotoxicity.

Despite considerable work by many researchgroups, however, the mechanism(s) of ammonia neuro-toxicity remains largely unknown. Current views on itspathogenesis include impaired bioenergetics, altered neu-rotransmission, electrophysiologic derangements, andglutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Indirect effects of am-monia metabolism may also be involved, particularly theexcessive production of glutamine, that may be deleteri-ous to the central nervous system.
Evidence that a Single Peptide–MHC Complex on a Target Cell Can Elicit a Cytolytic T Cell Response

Using a chemically homogeneous radiolabeled peptide of high specific activity (125I-QLSPYPFDL, 3.5 x 10(18) cpm per mole) we show that at a peptide concentration (5 pM) causing half-maximal lysis of target cells by a cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone that recognizes the peptide in association with Ld, a class I MHC protein, only 3 peptide molecules on average are bound by Ld per target cell. From the distribution of Ld on the target cells, we suggest that a single peptide-MHC complex per target cell can trigger activation of the T cell cytolytic response.
Parent-child interaction therapy for Mexican Americans: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial at follow-up.

Abstract We examined treatment effects over a 6- to 24-month period posttreatment for 3 different interventions for externalizing behavior problems in young Mexican American (MA) children: a culturally modified version of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), called Guiando a Ninos Activos (GANA), standard PCIT, and treatment as usual (TAU). Fifty-eight MA families with a 3- to 7-year-old child with clinically significant behavior problems were randomly assigned to GANA, standard PCIT, or TAU. As previously reported, all three treatment approaches produced significant pre-post improvement in conduct problems across a wide variety of parent-report measures, and those effects remained significant over the follow-up period. GANA produced results that were significantly superior to TAU on 6 out of 10 parent-report measures 6 to 24 months posttreatment, and GANA significantly outperformed PCIT on child internalizing symptoms. However, PCIT and TAU did not differ significantly from one another. These data suggest that both PCIT and GANA produce treatment gains that are maintained over time, and that GANA continues to outperform TAU over the long term.
Planning in collaborative wildlife management: A critical perspective

Abstract Wildlife managers are increasingly faced with planning and implementing wildlife management programs in collaboration with local governments, user groups, businesses and citizens. The planning process is inherently political as each group attempts to advance its interests. Current scholarship on the theory and practice of planning for wildlife management falls short of accounting for the politics of these processes. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to a theory of planning that both addresses the actual practices of wildlife planners and serves as a guide for future action. To this end, the dominant conceptualization of wildlife planning will be outlined and the study will draw on empirical and theoretical advances in the fields of adult education, organizational analysis and regional planning to construct a more politically-informed theoretical framework for understanding wildlife planning. This framework asserts that planning involves two types of negotiation of power and interests: (...
Aerosol formation in reacting gases: Theory and application to the anhydrous NH3-HCL system

Aerosol formation in reacting gases is treated in terms of the gas-phase reaction, homogeneous nucleation of the reaction product, and particle growth by parallel mechanisms. In the absence of foreign nuclei, nucleation of the gas-phase reaction product is described by classical homogeneous theory with a nonequilibrium correction factor included; particle growth by diffusion, surface reaction, and cluster scavenging are examined. The predicted contribution of the latter mechanism increases with increasing supersaturation ratio due to a shift in the distribution of cluster sizes in accordance with a Boltzmann-type steady-state distribution. Illustrative results predict a nucleation burst during which the formation of nucleating monomer by chemical reaction competes with the loss of monomer due to diffusion to the surface of the freshly formed particles. In addition, conditions under which cluster scavenging can dominate are shown. The particle-size spectra predicted using the theory are compared with experimentally measured size spectra of NH4Cl particles formed by the gas-phase reaction of NH3 and HCl. The size spectra were measured using an electrical aerosol size analyzer and an optical counter at the outlet of a continuous flow reactor after residence times ranging from 2 to 50 seconds. Reactant concentrations of 2.1 × 10−5 to 4.1 × 10−4 mol/m3 (0.5 to 10 ppm) were studied at 23 to 26°C and near atmospheric pressure. The predicted size spectra showed good agreement with the experimental results. At reactant concentrations below 4.1 × 10−4 mol/m3, the predominant particle growth was apparently by diffusion of the monomer in the noncontinuum range. Based on analysis of other data, cluster scavenging became more significant at reactant concentrations greater than about 8 × 10−4 mol/m3, and coagulation was not significantly important. Furthermore, these studies implied a microscopic surface free energy for NH4Cl of approximately 0.051 N/m.
Silica-Containing Hybrid Nanocomposite "Melting Gels"

Hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites can be prepared by the sol-gel process. An attribute of the sol-gel process is that organic and inorganic components can be linked together on the nanoscale through chemical reactions at room temperature. Functionalized siloxanes can be mixed and reacted to form nanocomposites with a wide range of mechanical, optical and dielectric properties.
Noise in Semiconductors and Photoconductors

A survey is given of theory and experiments on noise in bulk semiconductors and photoconductors. This paper is divided into four parts, including generation-recombination (gr) noise in semiconductors, gr noise in photoconductors, 1/f noise in single crystals, and modulation noise in granular materials. In the first part an account is given of the appropriate analyses and the results are applied to extrinsic as well as intrinsic fluctuations, generated either in the bulk or at the surface. In the part about photoconductors the limiting sensitivity caused by photon noise is calculated and present infrared detectors are discussed. Next, a survey is given about present understanding of 1/f noise, and of its relation to the field effect as proposed by McWhorter and others. Finally, some remarks are made about 1/f noise in granular material and the proposed theories are briefly reviewed.
Studies on glucose synthesis by rat liver and kidney cortex slices.

Abstract Net glucose production has been studied in liver and kidney cortex slices from normal fasted rats. Only a small amount of net glucose synthesis was observed with individual substrates such as lactate, glycerol, phosphoenol pyruvate, succinate, alanine, aspartate and glutamate. With fructose, an increase in glucose synthesis was observed with an increase in concentration, but similar results were not obtained with lactate. Further studies with combinations of substrates indicate that net glucose synthesis occurs in the following decreasing order: glutamate, glycerol and pyruvate; glutamate and pyruvate; glutamate, glycerol and lactate. Glucose formation by kidney slices was slightly less than that observed in liver. Both tissues gave a similar response to the various substrates tested.
Replicated mask surface roughness effects on EUV lithographic pattering and line edge roughness

To quantify the roughness contributions to speckle, a programmed roughness substrate was fabricated with a number of areas having different roughness magnitudes. The substrate was then multilayer coated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface maps were collected before and after multilayer deposition. At-wavelength reflectance and total integrated scattering measurements were also completed. Angle resolved scattering based power spectral densities are directly compared to the AFM based power spectra. We show that AFM overpredicts the roughness in the picometer measurements range. The mask was then imaged at-wavelength for the direct characterization of the aerial image speckle using the SEMATECH Berkeley Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT). Modeling was used to test the effectiveness of the different metrologies in predicting the measured aerial-image speckle. AIT measured contrast values are 25% or more than the calculated image contrast values obtained using the measured rms roughness input. The extent to which the various metrologies can be utilized for specifying tolerable roughness limits on EUV masks is still to be determined. Further modeling and measurements are being planned.
PROTECTION AGAINST ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION-INDUCED EFFECTS IN THE SKIN OF SKH-1 HAIRLESS MICE BY A POLYPHENOLIC FRACTION ISOLATED FROM GREEN TEA

In prior studies we and others have shown that oral feeding of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) or water extract of green tea affords protection against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice (Wang et al., Carcinogenesis 12, 1527-1530, 1991). It is known that exposure of murine skin to UVB radiation results in cutaneous edema, depletion of the antioxidant-defense system and induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and cyclooxygenase activities. In this study we assessed the protective effect of GTP on these UVB radiation-caused changes in murine skin. Oral feeding of 0.2% GTP (wt/vol) as the sole source of drinking water for 30 days to SKH-1 hairless mice followed by irradiation with UVB (900 mJ/cm2) resulted in significant protection against UVB radiation-caused cutaneous edema (P < 0.0005) and depletion of the antioxidant-defense system in epidermis (P < 0.01-0.02). The oral feeding of GTP also resulted in significant protection against UVB radiation-caused induction of epidermal ODC (P < 0.005-0.01) and cyclooxygenase activities (P < 0.0001) in a time-dependent manner. Our data indicate that the inhibition of UVB radiation-caused changes in these markers of tumor promotion in murine skin by GTP may be one of the possible mechanisms of chemopreventive effects associated with green tea against UVB-induced tumorigenesis. The results of this study suggest that green tea, specifically polyphenols present therein, may be useful against inflammatory responses associated with the exposure of skin to solar radiation.
The electrical and dielectric properties of human bone tissue and their relationship with density and bone mineral content

In this study, we examined the electrical properties of wet human cortical and cancellous bone tissue from distal tibia and their relationship to the wet, dry, and ash tissue densities. The resistivity and specific capacitance of both cortical and cancellous bone were determined for different frequencies and directions (orientation). The wet, dry, and ash tissue densities of the bone samples were measured, and the ash content was determined. Correlation and regression analysis was used to examine the possible relationships among the electrical properties and the tissue densities for cancellous and cortical bone specimens separately as well as for all of the bone specimens combined. Highly significant positive correlations (p < 0.001) were found between the wet density of bone and the dry and ash densities. The specific capacitance of the cancellous bone specimens in all three orthogonal directions showed significant (p < 0.01) positive correlations with the wet, dry, and ash densities. In general, the specific capacitance depended more on density for all bone specimens, and only a weak relationship was found between the resistivity of human cortical bone and density.
Parity-violating asymmetry in nucleon-nucleon scattering at higher energies

The parity-violating asymmetry of the total cross section for the scattering of longitudinally polarized nucleons from unpolarized proton targets is calculated for energies of 300 MeV-20 GeV. One-pion, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ exchanges are included in the computation of the weak force between nucleons. Below energies of roughly 1 GeV, the Watson theorem is adapted to compute the asymmetry. At higher energies an absorptive model is used to take into account hadronic distortion effects.