cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple clock domain synchronization for network on chip architectures

The Network-on-Chip (NoC) is emerging as a revolutionary methodology in solving the performance limitations arising out of long interconnects. Continued advancement of NoC designs is heavily dependent on the ability to effectively communicate among the constituent Intellectual Property (IP) blocks/Embedded cores, as well as manage/reduce energy dissipation. This paper presents a low-latency, low-energy synchronization mechanism for Network on Chip architectures, which enables the network to span a system-on-chip (SoC) with multiple independent clock domains. The proposed interface scheme has been compared to another existing scheme and shown to outperform it in terms of latency and energy dissipation.
Simulation and experimental demonstration of coherent OCDMA using spectral line pairing and heterodyne detection

A fully coherent optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme that combines spectral phase encoding (SPE) and spectral line pairing to generate signals through heterodyne decoding is proposed. A simple balanced receiver performs sourceless heterodyne detection, canceling speckle noise and multiple-access interference (MAI). A 16 user 100% load system transmitting at 40 Gbits is simulated, and a 4 user 50% load system transmitting at 4.25 Gbit/s is experimentally demonstrated for the first time.
Delayed-type Cutaneous Hypersensitivity to Melanoma Antigens and its Implication in Active Specific Immunotherapy in Cancer

In this study, we explored whether soluble tumor-cell surface-associated antigens (TAA) might be derived from autochthonous as well as allogeneic sources as immunogens for active specific immunotherapy. Using two popular cell membrane-bound antigen extraction techniques (3 M KCl and isotonic-hypotonic NaCl), we examined the immunogenic potential of such TAA and the specificity of immunologic host reactivity through a delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) as a guideline for their immunogenic potential in a human malignant melanoma model system. We found that either extraction technique could provide soluble TAA from both autochthonous and allogeneic sources capable of eliciting DTH. While evidence of positive DTH with autochthonous TAA reaffirms the immunogenicity of such TAA, the specificity of host reactivity against TAA derived from allogeneic sources is extremely difficult to establish, even with TAA partially purified by column chromatography in Sephadex G-200. Patients exhibited reactivity to other TAA derived from tumors of different histologies and often to more than one component isolated by column chromatography. Furthermore, when a group of melanoma patients was tested against a panel of melanoma antigens in any random combination, DTH to allogeneic TAA was seen in an unpredictable order and with inconsistent frequency. We conclude, therefore, that while autochthonous antigen immunizations may be justified, more careful studies will be necessary to define the antigenic profile of a given tumor (individual specificity vs shared specificity), establish specificity of alloantigens, and devise suitable methods for testing immunologic specificity for alloantigens, before rational immunotherapy with allogeneic tumor antigens will be feasible.
Phase separation and superconductivity in La2CuO4+δ: Effects of oxygen diffusion

Abstract In oxygen-annealed La 2 CuO 4+δ (δ ∼0.03), bulk magnetization measurements show an increase of ∼4K in the superconducting T c when the sample is cooled slowly through a narrow temperature range near 195K. At this temperature, 139 La NQR spectra exhibit a concomitant appearance of an anomalous feature associated with the metallic phase whose spectral weight increases with cooling rate. The data suggests a distribution of local structures and annealing-dependent volume fraction in this part of the sample. Interpretation of these results in terms of oxygen diffusion in a phase separated material is considered and a picture consistent with the observed changes in T c is obtained. The activation energy of oxygen diffusion derived from the model, Q ∼ 0.25 eV, is in the same order of magnitude as the results obtained in La 2−x Sr x CuO 4− y .
Reactivity of Pb(II) at the Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide-water interface

In this study, the reactivity of lead (Pb(II)) on naturally occurring Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals was evaluated using kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic investigations. Aqueous Pb(II)...
Consumer Decision Making and Image Theory: Understanding Value-Laden Decisions

Consumers are often confronted with value-laden decisions that challenge their principles and beliefs. For example, many consumers with strong social responsibility principles consider the effects of general corporate behavior (e.g., political views, environmental disasters) and of the product's manufacture, consumption, or disposal (e.g., animal testing, environmental harm) on society's overall well-being. Because these product dimensions do not fit easily into traditional decision theories, a new conceptual framework that incorporates and emphasizes the consumer's enduring principles and values is explored in this study. The results indicate that image theory (Beach & Mitchell, 1987) provides a useful structure for describing the decision process in a value-laden decision context. This study also expands our understanding of image theory by examining all 3 images (values, goals, and strategies) simultaneously in the same decision context for the first time.
CHOLECYSTOKININ OCTAPEPTID (CCK-OP) ENHANCES THE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE OF RAT SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTES TO CONCAVALIN A (CON-A)

CHOLECYSTOKININ OCTAPEPTID (CCK-OP) ENHANCES THE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE OF RAT SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTES TO CONCAVALIN A (CON-A)
The thickness of wet paint films

Abstract 1. 1. A new instrument, the Paint-Film Gauge, has been devised to measure the thickness of wet paint-films. The attainable accuracy is better than 3 per c 2. 2. The spreading-rates of different types of paints were determined by means of the Paint-Film Gauge. Variations introduced by the painters are greater 3. 3. Hiding-powers of paints, in particular those which become markedly brighter upon drying—increase as brightness increases and are but little affected by shrinkage of the paint-film.
Steam turbine-generator operation and maintenance

THE Southern California Edison Company, with approximately 2,187 megawatts (mw) of effective operating capacity, 52 per cent of which is steam driven, is a participant in the 8,800-mw Pacific Southwest power area. In this operating area, the load changes on the systems and interchange of power across the interconnecting ties will on occasion impose rate-of-generation changes of 25 to 30 mw per minute, for periods of relatively short duration. The control of the tie line load and combined system frequency is maintained by automatic load- and frequency-control equipment, with one system regulating frequency, and the remaining systems controlling their ties with the regulating system.
Antibody Quantum Dot Conjugates Developed via Copper-Free Click Chemistry for Rapid Analysis of Biological Samples Using a Microfluidic Microsphere Array System

Antibody-based proteomics is an enabling technology that has significant implications for cancer biomarker discovery, diagnostic screening, prognostic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of disease state, and targeted therapeutics. Quantum dot based fluoro-immunoconjugates possess promising features toward realization of this goal such as high photostability, brightness, and multispectral tunability. However, current strategies to generate such conjugates are riddled with complications such as improper orientation of antigen binding sites of the antibody, aggregation, and stability issues. We report a facile yet effective strategy to conjugate anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody to quantum dots using copper-free click reaction, and compared them to similar constructs prepared using traditional strategies such as succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and biotin–streptavidin schemes. The Fc and Fab regions of the conjugates retain their binding potential, compared ...
Abstract 14: Targeting Notch in malignant brain tumors: Crosstalk with Hedgehog as a potential mechanism of treatment resistance

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Developmental signaling cascades such as Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt are increasingly being investigated as novel therapeutic targets in malignant brain tumors. These pathways are thought to play particularly important roles in stem-like cancer cells, which seem resistant to standard chemo- and radiation therapies. Indeed, inhibiting Notch signaling in medulloblastoma or glioblastoma (GBM) cultures decreases the proportion of stem-like cells. However, we thought that other developmental stem cell maintenance pathways might compensate for the pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling, and therefore investigated Hedgehog and Wnt. Interestingly, we found that levels of the Hedgehog targets Gli1 and Patched1B increased almost two-fold in response to pharmacological inhibition of Notch in neurosphere lines derived from malignant gliomas. The Wnt target Axin2 was also upregulated in some lines, but in a less reproducible fashion. We hypothesized that there might be direct transcriptional regulation of Hedgehog targets by the Notch pathway, and used chromatin immunoprecipitation to evaluate whether the repressive factor Hes1 bound to the first intron of Gli1. We found that Hes1 does bind to multiple N-boxes in this intron, consistent with the concept that it acts as a transcriptional repressor for Gli1. Together, our data suggest a negative feedback loop between Notch and Hedgehog by which GBMs could escape from pharmacological Notch inhibition by up-regulating Hedgehog signaling. We also investigated whether targeting both Notch and Hedgehog signaling simultaneously would kill brain tumor cells more effectively than as monotherapies. As we hypothesized, while pharmacological inhibition of Notch (using gamma-secretase inhibitor) or Hedgehog (using cyclopamine) signaling alone inhibited the growth and clonogenicity of GBM neurosphere cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion, co-treatment resulted in significantly more robust inhibition of cell growth and colony-forming ability. Moreover, when neurosphere lines capable of forming intracranial tumors were pretreated with one or both pathway inhibitors before injection into mice, co-treatment significantly prolonged survival. This is consistent with our model that inhibiting both pathways more effectively kills the xenograft-initiating cells within the culture. We next investigated whether these findings applied to primary human GBMs and found that freshly cultured neurospheres were highly susceptible to co-treatment but more refractory to monotherapy. Our findings suggest that targeting multiple developmental pathways may be necessary to fully ablate the stem-like population in malignant brain tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 14.
Herbal Medicines and Epilepsy: The Potential for Benefit and Adverse Effects

The widespread availability and use of herbal medicines raise the potential for adverse effects in the epilepsy population. Herbal sedatives (kava, valerian, chamomile, passionflower) may potentiate the effects of antiepileptic medications, increasing their sedative and cognitive effects. Despite some antiseizure effects in animal models, they should not be used in place of standard seizure medications because efficacy has not been established. Anecdotal, uncontrolled observations suggest that herbal stimulants containing ephedrine (ephedra or ma huang) and caffeine (cocoa, coffee, tea, mate, guarana, cola or kola) can exacerbate seizures in people with epilepsy, especially when taken in combination. Ginkgo and ginseng may also exacerbate seizures although the evidence for this is similarly anecdotal and uncertain. St. John's wort has the potential to alter medication pharmacokinetics and the seizure threshold. The essential oils of many plants contain epileptogenic compounds. There is mixed evidence for evening primrose and borage lowering the seizure threshold. Education of both health care providers and patients is the best way to avoid unintentional and unnecessary adverse reactions to herbal medicines.
Discordance between ambulatory monitoring and programmed stimulation in assessing efficacy of mexiletine in patients with ventricular tachycardia

Abstract Programmed electrical stimulation (PES) and 24-hour Holter monitoring were compared in 30 patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) before and during treatment with mexiletine. Before treatment, all patients had ≥30 ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)/hr and 22 patients had nonsustained VT on Holter. All had inducible sustained VT by PES (one to three extrastimuli). Mexiletine was effective in only 23% by PES criteria (VT no longer inducible or ≤15 beats in duration and effective in 57%, 57%, and 73% by Holter criteria I, II, and III, respectively (Holter I ≥50% reduction of VPCs, ≥90% reduction of couplets and abolition of nonsustained VT; Holter II ≥83% reduction of VPCs and abolition of VT; Holter III abolition of VT in patients who had VT during baseline Holter). Results of PES and Holter were discordant in 67%, 60%, and 55% (PES vs Holter I, II, and III, respectively). The majority (≥75%) of the discordance occurred due to mexiletine appearing effective by Holter criteria but ineffective by PES criteria (suggesting insensitivity of efficacy by Holter criteria and/or nonspecificity of induced VT during treatment with mexiletine). Conclusions: (1) PES and Holter are discordant in assessing efficacy of mexiletine ( p
Cell movement, proliferation and death in the formation of the embryonic axis of the rabbit†

Rabbit blastocysts of ages six to eight days, post coitum were used to study the roles of cell proliferation, cell movement and cell death in the formation of the primary embryonic axis. Neutral red staining of local spots on the surface of cultured embryos provided information on the direction and speed of cell movement. Nile blue sulphate was used to detect necrotic cells in the embryonic areas. Mitotic indices were determined from counts made of the cells of serially sectioned embryos. It is concluded that the formation of the embryonic shield and primitive streak from the disc in the rabbit embryo is primarily achieved by migrations of cells that are being rapidly proliferated over the entire surface of the embryonic area. Cell death occurs but is an insignificant factor in this phase of embryonic growth.
Structural propensities in the heme binding region of apocytochrome b5. I. Free peptides.

The water-soluble domain of rat microsomal cytochrome b5 is a small globular hemoprotein. Under native conditions, the apoprotein consists of a well-folded hydrophobic core and a 42-residue loop, which is substantially disordered in solution. Association with the heme cofactor causes the loop to organize into a second well-folded hydrophobic core encompassing four short helices, H2-H5. Of these, H3 and H4 are recognized as intrinsically disordered by algorithms that analyze primary structures for folding propensities. Three peptides, spanning H2-H5, H2-H3, and H4-H5, were designed, synthesized, and characterized to identify local structural preferences in the isolated loop. In addition, two replacements (D60R and N57P, which are known to stabilize holocytochrome b5) were introduced individually in the H4-H5 peptide. Helical content measured by nuclear magnetic resonance and far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy in solutions of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol revealed that H4 possessed a lower propensity to form the holoprotein structure than H3. Both replacements in H4 resulted in measurable changes in observed overall helical propensities. It was concluded that the prediction of intrinsic disorder was reliable. Furthermore, the stability of the holoprotein did not correlate simply with helical propensities in the disordered regions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 544–555, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Turbulence–flame interactions in lean premixed hydrogen: transition to the distributed burning regime

The response of lean (ϕ ≤ 0.4) premixed hydrogen flames to maintained homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated using detailed numerical simulation in an idealised three-dimensional configuration over a range of Karlovitz numbers from 10 to 1562. In particular, a focus is placed on turbulence sufficiently intense that the flames can no longer be considered to be in the thin reaction burning regime. This transition to the so-called distributed burning regime is characterised through a number of diagnostics, and the relative roles of molecular and turbulent mixing processes are examined. The phenomenology and statistics of these flames are contrasted with a distributed thermonuclear flame from a related astrophysical study.
Characteristics of Magnetic Tapes Used for Seismic Exploration

This paper contains the results of measurements made upon several magnetic tapes used in the direct recording of seismic data. The parameters measured included dynamic range, distortion, noise and frequency response. All measurements were made under similar conditions so that direct comparisons would be meaningful. Normalization procedures were carried out in such a way that the data can be correlated to other recording equipment.
Design of a microfeature scaffold for tissue engineering

This paper describes a microfeature scaffold that is being developed for tissue engineering. Typically, cells are grown on scaffolds that are designed to influence and direct their phenotype. By changing one or more properties of the scaffold, such as topography, it is possible to affect cellular phenotypes, including adhesion, orientation and function. In this work, the width of microscale patterns on a polydimethylsiloxane scaffold will be varied to determine its effect on the orientation of cells in culture. If successful, this work may be applied toward research for the development of engineered tissues.
Transport of coliphage in the presence and absence of manure suspension.

Mechanisms of coliphage transport and fate in the presence and absence of manure suspension were studied in saturated column experiments. In the presence of manure suspension, little inactivation of indigenous somatic coliphage occurred and the transport was controlled by deposition. The deposition followeda power lawdistribution with depth, and the magnitude increased with decreasing sand size. Comparison of the cumulative size distribution of manure components in the suspension initially and after passage through sand, suggested that particles retained by mechanical filtration and/or straining decreased the effective pore size and potentially induced straining of the somatic coliphage. A 2-site kinetic deposition model was used to estimate the magnitudes of attachment and straining in the presence of manure suspension, and provided a good description of the data. Modeling results indicated that straining accounted for 16 to 42% of the deposited somatic coliphage, and that both straining and attachment increased with decreasing sand size due to smaller pores and higher surface area, respectively. In the absence of manure suspension, fX174 (a representative somatic coliphage) and MS2 (a male-specific RNA coliphage) transport was controlled by inactivation induced by the solid phase. This conclusion was based on comparison of coliphage transport behavior at 5 and 20C, mass balance information, and numerical modeling. Comparison of somatic coliphage transport data in the presence and absence of manure suspension revealed much higher effluent concentrations in the presence of manure. This difference was attributed to lower inactivation and higher detachment rates. The observed coliphage transport behavior suggests that survival of viruses may be extended in the presence of manure suspensions, and that transport studies conducted in the absence of manure suspension may not accurately characterize the transport potential of viruses in manure-contaminated environments.
A modeling framework for evaluation and comparison of trigger strategies for switching from minipool to individual-donation testing for West Nile virus.

BACKGROUND: To decrease the likelihood of transmission from donations containing West Nile virus (WNV) levels below minipool nucleic acid test (MP-NAT) detection limits, blood centers switch from MP-NAT to individual-donation testing (ID-NAT) after detection of MP-NAT–positive donations. The effectiveness of strategies to trigger or discontinue ID-NAT screening is largely unknown. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-seven strategies to trigger and discontinue ID-NAT screening were evaluated with a statistical model based on known dynamics of WNV infection and historical data on WNV prevalence among blood donations. Breakthroughs were defined as WNV immunoglobulin M antibody–negative, viremic (RNA-positive) donations that could only be identified by ID-NAT, but were screened by MP-NAT. Effectiveness (proportional reduction of breakthroughs relative to MP-NAT screening alone) and efficiency (absolute reduction of breakthroughs relative to the number of tests performed) were estimated by simulating donation years of varying outbreak severities over a range of blood collection frequencies. RESULTS: Most strategies were effective (>75% reduction in breakthroughs) when daily donations exceeded 560. In larger centers (1008 donations daily), effectiveness of trigger-on strategies based on absolute number of MP-NAT–positive donations improved, but worsened for strategies using rate-based criteria. Effectiveness increased slightly by triggering on one MP-NAT–positive rather than two and increased substantially by increasing the duration from 7 to 14 days that no ID-NAT–positive donations are detected before resuming MP-NAT. CONCLUSION: Most trigger strategies become effective when test results from at least 560 donations daily are considered. A 14-day ID-NAT period may improve safety relative to the increase in the number of tests performed.
Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: A novel prostate cancer marker

Objectives. We describe the expression of a potentially new tumor marker, human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), that may be useful as an adjunct to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. Methods. We evaluated 257 radical prostatectomy specimens removed at the Mayo Clinic with pathologic Stage T2 adenocarcinoma to compare the cytoplasmic expression of hK2, PSA, and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in benign tissue, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma. Two monoclonal antibodies, hK2-A523 and hK2-G586, specific for hK2 were used, as well as antibodies against PSA (PSM-773) and PAP (polyclonal). Results. Intense epithelial cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was observed in every case for hK2-A523, hK2-G586, PSA, and PAP (100% of cases, respectively). The intensity and extent of hK2 expression for both antibodies were greater in cancer than high-grade PIN; furthermore, high-grade PIN was greater than benign epithelium. Cases of Gleason primary grade 4 and 5 cancer showed hK2 staining in almost every cell, whereas there was greater heterogeneity of staining in lower grades of cancer. In marked contrast to hK2, PSA and PAP immunoreactivity was most intense in benign epithelium and stained to a lesser extent in PIN and carcinoma. The number of immunoreactive cells for hK2 and PSA was not predictive of cancer recurrence. Conclusions. hK2 was expressed in every cancer, and the expression incrementally increased from benign epithelium to high-grade PIN and adenocarcinoma. PSA and PAP displayed inverse immunoreactivity compared with hK2. The expression of hK2 and PSA was not predictive of cancer recurrence in patients with Stage T2 carcinoma. Expression of hK2 indicates that this kallikrein antigen is both prostate localized and tumor associated. Tissue expression of hK2 appears to be regulated independently of PSA and PAP. Further studies are needed to determine whether tissue immunoreactivity of hK2 will prove clinically useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer.
Empirical Models of Demand Levels and Turn-In Rates at Roadside Rest Areas

Roadside rest areas provide valuable and convenient services to road users as well as tangible safety benefits. However, these benefits are not always enough to warrant the costs, and therefore these facilities are not always economically justified. As such, understanding the factors that affect rest area demand is important for transportation agencies to design and maintain these facilities efficiently within their jurisdictions. The effects of nearby comparable facilities and rest areas on the demand characteristics of roadside rest areas have not been well analyzed in previous literature. This paper presents the results of binary logistic regression and negative binomial regression models on the demand characteristics of 47 roadside rest areas in Michigan. These models were developed separately for passenger cars and commercial trucks because the decision-making processes for these types of road users were likely different. Key results include the finding that greater distances between rest areas and n...
The Use of Blockmodelling in the Study of Organization Structure: A Methodological Proposal:

This paper proposes the use of blockmodelling, a recent development in the field of network analysis, as a complement to traditional methodologies in studying organization structure. Blockmodelling is considered promising because it studies directly the multiple kinds of interactions which constitute organization structure rather than relying on abstractions of global properties (centralization, formalization, span of control etc.). Tests of some of the propositions of James Thompson and Joan Woodward are proposed as examples of how blockmodelling might be used in the study of organization structure.
BLADDER CANCER RISK FOLLOWING PRIMARY AND ADJUVANT EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION FOR PROSTATE CANCER

AbstractPurpose: Increased rates of secondary bladder malignancies have been reported after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for gynecological malignancies with relative risks of 2 to 4. This study was designed to determine if there was an increase in bladder cancer after EBRT for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the Mayo Clinic Cancer Registry for patients who received EBRT for prostate cancer (1980 to 1998). Patients diagnosed with bladder cancer were identified. Comparative incidence rates were obtained from the national Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Subset analysis included patients treated with adjuvant radiation and those residing locally. Medical histories of patients with bladder cancer were reviewed.Results: A total of 1,743 patients received EBRT for prostate cancer at our institution. In more than 12,353 man-years of followup no increase in bladder cancer risk was encountered. Subset analysis of men who received adjuvant radiation d...
Community Media Studies: An Overview

This essay provides an overview of the field of community media studies. Like the study of “alternative media,” “citizens' media,” “independent,” and “radical” media – to mention but a few of the terms applied to participatory communication projects – academic inquiry into the structures, forms, and practices of community media has surged in recent years. While scholars often use these labels interchangeably, this essay focuses on academic and practitioner perspectives that explicitly and purposefully employ the term “community media.” The overview identifies and briefly considers three prominent conceptual frameworks – media democratization, civil society, and the symbolic construction of community – which shape and inform this vibrant field of study. This overview concludes with some thoughts on the limits and possibilities of community media theory, and practice, in the new millennium.
Shelf-Edge Carbonate-Redbed Transitions, Red Peak and Thaynes Formations (Triassic), Western Wyoming and Adjacent Idaho: ABSTRACT

Stratigraphic correlations between the shallow, generally open-marine deposits (dominantly limestone) of the Triassic miogeosyncline in eastern Idaho (Thaynes Formation) and shelf redbeds in west-central Wyoming (Red Peak and Crow Mountain Formations) have been uncertain. The principal, most widely recognized marker bed in the Wyoming sequence--the Alcova Limestone Member--has been correlated variously with many different parts of the Thaynes, as well as with beds considered younger than the Thaynes. Our studies indicate that the Alcova is a marine tongue extending eastward from the sandstone and limestone unit of the upper part of the Thaynes. Carbonate tongues of the Thaynes below the sandstone and limestone unit also extend eastward into redbeds and evaporites in weste n Wyoming, but none of them extends as far as the sandstone and limestone unit. Red Peak-Thaynes correlations lead to the reconstruction of an average paleogeography for western Wyoming and adjacent Idaho. In eastern Idaho and westernmost Wyoming, carbonate mounds and oolite shoals composed of bivalves, algae, and oolites lined the shelf edge. Shallow, agitated water is indicated by the carbonate associations. Restricted, shallow-marine conditions, characterized by gypsum and early diagenetic dolomite, extended eastward from the banks into western Wyoming. Throughout west-central and central Wyoming, shallow-marine and paralic conditions prevailed during deposition of the redbeds (dominantly siltstone) of most of the Red Peak Formation. Despite differences in age and tectonic setting, the facies relations and the reconstructed paleogeography resemble the Permian shelf-basin sequence of West Texas. This similarity suggests the possibility that oil and End_Page 864------------------------------ gas accumulations are present along the shelf edge although deformation may have allowed hydrocarbons to escape. End_of_Article - Last_Page 865------------
Visualizing biological pathways: requirements analysis, systems evaluation and research agenda

Pathway diagrams are used by life scientists to represent complex interactions at the molecular level in living cells. The recent shift towards data-intensive bioinformatics and systems-level science has created a strong need for advanced pathway visualizations that support exploratory analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive list of requirements for pathway visualization systems, based on interviews conducted to understand life scientists' needs for pathway analysis. A variety of existing pathway visualization systems are examined, to analyze common approaches by which the contemporary systems address these requirements. A heuristic evaluation, by biology domain experts, of five popular pathway visualization systems is conducted to analyze the end-user perception of these systems. Based on these studies, a research agenda is presented concerning five critical requirements for pathway visualization systems. If addressed effectively, these requirements can prove to be most helpful in supporting exploratory pathway analysis. These include: (1) automated construction and updating of pathways by searching literature databases, (2) overlaying information on pathways in a biologically relevant format, (3) linking pathways to multi-dimensional data from high-throughput experiments such as microarrays, (4) overviewing multiple pathways simultaneously with interconnections between them, (5) scaling pathways to higher levels of abstraction to analyze effects of complex molecular interactions at higher levels of biological organization.
Computer aided impedance matching of an interleaved waveguide phased array

The active admittance of a reduced-size dielectric-loaded waveguide in an interleaved phased array has a low conductance component and a high VSWR. Matching the impedance of such an element poses a difficult problem, in particular if it is desired to achieve matching over a wide frequency band. In this communication, a method to design an impedance transformer for matching such a load based on an optimization approach is presented. The computer results show that a load with a VSWR of 7 to 8 across a 10 percent bandwidth can be matched to achieve a VSWR of about 1.25 across the same band.
Modes of gaussian mixtures and an inequality for the distance between curves in space

This dissertation studies high dimensional problems from a low dimensional perspective. First, we explore rectifiable curves in high-dimensional space by using the Frechet distance between and total curvatures of the two curves to bound the difference of their lengths. We create this bound by mapping the curves into R3 while preserving the length between the curves and increasing neither the total curvature of the curves nor the Frechet distance between them. The bound is independent of the dimension of the ambient Euclidean space, it improves upon a bound by Cohen-Steiner and Edelsbrunner for dimensions greater than three and it generalizes a result by Fary and Chakerian. In the second half of the dissertation, we analyze Gaussian mixtures. In particular, we consider the sum of n + 1 identical isotropic Gaussians, where each Gaussian is centered at the vertex of a regular n-simplex. We prove that all critical points are located on a set of one-dimensional lines (axes) connecting barycenters of complementary faces of the simplex. Fixing the width of the Gaussians and varying the diameter of the simplex from zero to infinity by increasing a parameter that we call the scale factor, we find the window of scale factors for which the Gaussian mixture has more modes, or local maxima, than components. We analyze these modes using the one-dimensional axes that contain the critical points. We see that the extra mode created is subtle, but becomes more pronounced as the dimension increases.
A Phase I Study of Continuous Infusion 5-Fluorouracil plus Calcium Leucovorin in Combination with N-(Phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate in Metastatic Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma

Preclinical studies suggest that the biochemical effects of N -(phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate (PALA), an inhibitor of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase), may increase the metabolic activation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and enhance its cytotoxicity through both RNA- and DNA-directed mechanisms. In this Phase I trial, 22 evaluable patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract were entered at escalating doses of 5-FU starting at 1150 mg/m2/day given as a concurrent 72-h i.v. infusion with a fixed dose of leucovorin (LCV), 500 mg/m2/day. The dose of 5-FU was escalated within patients according to individual tolerance, and then PALA at 250 mg/m2 was added 24 h prior to the initiation of the 5-FU/LCV infusion of the subsequent cycle. Dose-limiting mucositis and myelosuppression occurred during the initial cycle in 3 of 5 patients treated with 2300 mg/m2/day 5-FU; therefore, the recommended dose of 5-FU with concurrent LCV is 2000 mg/m2/day. Twenty-seven additional patients were then treated with escalating doses of PALA ranging from 375 to 2848 mg/m2, i.v., followed 24 h later by 2000 mg/m2/day 5-FU with high-dose LCV. Dose-limiting mucositis and myelosuppression occurred during the initial cycle in 2 of 3 patients entered at 2848 mg/m2 PALA. Dose-limiting mucositis and skin rash ultimately required both PALA and 5-FU dose reductions in 4 of 6 patients treated with 1899 mg/m2 PALA. Toxicity was similar, however, in patients receiving PALA at doses ranging from 375 to 1266 mg/m2. The mean steady-state plasma concentration of 5-FU at 2000 mg/m2/day was 6.5 ± 0.9 µm; patients with 5-FU levels >9 µm had a significantly higher incidence of serious gastrointestinal and hematological toxicity. Compared to each patient's own baseline, a significant trend for decreasing ACTase activity with increasing PALA dose was evident using cytosol isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells 24 h after PALA treatment ( P 2 = 0.01). PALA ≤844 mg/m2 failed to appreciably inhibit ACTase activity at 24 h in most patients; furthermore, a decrease in ACTase activity by >50% from baseline was seen in only 29% of cycles. More consistent inhibition of ACTase activity was seen with PALA ≥1266 mg/m2. Even with the highest PALA doses, however, ACTase activity returned to baseline by 96 h in most patients. In contrast, a modest decrease in plasma uridine levels was noted at all PALA doses, but the decrease was ≥50% in only 21% of cycles at 24 h. PALA ≤ 1266 mg/m2 could be safely combined with a 72-h i.v. infusion of 5-FU 2000 mg/m2/day with LCV 500 mg/m2/day starting 24 h after PALA. Because the delivered 5-FU dose intensity for patients entered at or above 1750 mg/m2/day in this trial was similar at PALA doses ≤ 1266 mg/m2, we have selected 1266 mg/m2 for future studies.
Chlamydia pneumoniae, Strain TWAR

This article will summarize information about Chlamydia pneumoniae , strain TWAR under the following headings: (1) microbiology and classification, (2) laboratory diagnosis, (3) clinical diseases, (4) antibiotic sensitivity and treatment and (5) epidemiology. A complete up-to-date bibliography is included. 1–26
Business Research In Eight Business Disciplines

This study recorded nearly 1.5 million citations to measure research productivity of the 4,918 full time faculty members with doctoral degrees at 51 leading US business schools. These schools had been included at least once in the 25 most recent ranking lists produced by three major business publications. This research included lifetime citation counts for each faculty member, and resulted in 1,497,162 citations that were recorded between March and June 2003. The citation counts were cumulated by academic discipline. The disciplines for which rankings were made were accounting, economics, finance, information systems, marketing management science, organizational behavior, and strategy. Ranked lists of the top 25 schools in each disciple are included. The paper contains a review of the literature on citation analysis, and suggests how citation analysis might be used as an assessment tool by business school administrators, professors, students, and corporate managers.
Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, the insulin receptor substrate-1 and a 73 kDa protein associated with insulin-induced mitogenesis in SV40-transformed 3T3T cells.

Insulin selectively induces mitogenesis in quiescent SV40 large T antigen-transformed murine 3T3T (CSV3-1) cells but not in quiescent nontransformed 3T3T cells. This mitogenic effect induced by insulin in CSV3-1 cells requires an induction of AP-1 activity associated with c-Jun and JunB. To further investigate the mechanisms that are involved in insulin-induced mitogenesis in CSV3-1 cells, the current experiments were performed. The results show that following insulin stimulation, the insulin receptor β-subunit and the insulin receptor substrate-1 undergo a much more significant tyrosine phosphorylation in CSV3-1 cells than in 3T3T cells. Insulin also induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 73 kDa protein that is coprecipitated with the tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor in CSV3-1 cells but not in 3T3T cells. The increased tyrosine phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation in CSV3-1 cells does not appear to be due to an increase in the level of expression of the insulin receptor and does not appear to result from a significant change in tyrosine phosphatase activity compared to nontransformed cells. The results also show that the insulin effect in CSV3-1 cells is not mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor because insulin at the concentrations that induce mitogenesis does not increase the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and the expression level of the receptor is not significantly changed in CSV3-1 cells compared to nontransformed cells. These data together indicate that the selective mitogenic effect of insulin on CSV3-1 cells involves increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, the insulin receptor substrate-1 and the 73 kDa protein, although the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated.
Using citizen science data to identify the sensitivity of species to human land use

Conservation practitioners must contend with an increasing array of threats that affect biodiversity. Citizen scientists can provide timely and expansive information for addressing these threats across large scales, but their data may contain sampling biases. We used randomization procedures to account for possible sampling biases in opportunistically reported citizen science data to identify species' sensitivities to human land use. We analyzed 21,044 records of 143 native reptile and amphibian species reported to the Carolina Herp Atlas from North Carolina and South Carolina between 1 January 1990 and 12 July 2014. Sensitive species significantly associated with natural landscapes were 3.4 times more likely to be legally protected or treated as of conservation concern by state resource agencies than less sensitive species significantly associated with human-dominated landscapes. Many of the species significantly associated with natural landscapes occurred primarily in habitats that had been nearly eradicated or otherwise altered in the Carolinas, including isolated wetlands, longleaf pine savannas, and Appalachian forests. Rare species with few reports were more likely to be associated with natural landscapes and 3.2 times more likely to be legally protected or treated as of conservation concern than species with at least 20 reported occurrences. Our results suggest that opportunistically reported citizen science data can be used to identify sensitive species and that species currently restricted primarily to natural landscapes are likely at greatest risk of decline from future losses of natural habitat. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness of citizen science data in prioritizing conservation and in helping practitioners address species declines and extinctions at large extents.
Current Perspectives in the Management of Brain Metastases

Brain metastases (BMs) are diagnosed in 10%-40% of all patients with cancer, and the incidence continues to increase along with the number of long-term survivors. When BMs occur, they are often associated with a myriad of symptoms, including neurologic dysfunction and functional decline; both are difficult to manage and can be distressing for patients and their caregivers. Although clinically significant findings have not kept up with the rapid pace of scientific breakthroughs in understanding the mechanisms of BMs, novel approaches that affect the prognosis of patients with BMs have been introduced in clinical practice. At a Glance • Screening for brain metastases (BMs) is not routinely performed in patients with no neurologic symptoms. However, screening is indicated in lung cancer and possibly in the context of high-risk cancers. • Individual differences in patients warrant a personalized approach in the management of BMs. • Whole brain radiation therapy and steroids are considered to be the cornerstones of treatment for BMs.
Gas Extraction from Lake Kivu: The Dynamics of the Degassed Water Plume

Lake Kivu, located between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, is unique among several East African Rift Lakes with high concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide in that it also contains methane, kept in solution by the pressure of the deep water. The gas poses a potential hazard as a vertical disruption of the lake water (due to a landslide or volcanic activity) could cause gas-laden water to be displaced to shallower depths (and lower pressures), allowing the gas to bubble out of solution, triggering a gas eruption. Such an event occurred with Lake Nyos in Cameroon in 1986, asphyxiating 1,700 people. A floating gas extraction facility is under development to extract gas-laden water from deep in the lake, separate the methane and some of the carbon dioxide, and reinject the degassed water, thus increasing the safety of the lake and simultaneously providing methane, which will be conveyed by pipeline to an electricity-generating facility. One important question regarding the safety of the extraction facility is whether the action of withdrawing and reinjecting water could cause a disruption of the lake stratification and result in a gas eruption. The vertical density profile in Lake Kivu is characterized by several mixed regions with nearly uniform density and several strong density gradients between the mixed regions. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of various gas-extraction scenarios show that the degassed water plume ultimately stratifies within a density gradient regardless of the discharge location. Thus discharging within a density gradient minimizes the downward movement of the plume and minimizes the uncertainty in the stratification depth.
Shear-Thinning Properties of Blood in Large Arteries

Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscous models have been widely applied in many biofluid research areas in order to understand the relationship between hemodynamics and vascular disease. Using Newtonian blood in modeling blood flow for large arteries in cardiovascular hemodynamics has become a common assumption in much of the literature. However, the criteria of size and flow regime that are suitable for such an assumption have not been very well defined. This study reviews the difference between two of the most commonly used viscous blood-flow models found in the literature: the Newtonian model with a constant dynamic blood viscosity of  = 0.0035 Pa∙s, and the Carreau-Yasuda nonNewtonian model, which accounts for the shear-thinning properties of blood. CFD simulations were conducted under steady-state and transient-state conditions in a straight tube flow. For the steady-state condition, tube diameters in the range of 2 to 16 cm were tested with Reynolds numbers in the range of 520 < Re < 1560. For the transient-state condition, flow was characterized with a mean Reynolds number Remean = 520 and a Womersley number in the range of 10.00 < < 27.59. Results suggest that the difference between the shear-thinning non-Newtonian model and the Newtonian model is increased under flow conditions where reversed flow is expected. However, such a difference is reduced when the  increases.
Scaling behavior of universal pinch-off in two-dimensional foam.

We study the power-law scaling behavior and pinch-off morphology of two-dimensional bubble rafts under tension. As a function of pulling speed, we observe two distinct pinch-off morphologies that have been observed in other fluid systems: long threads (LT) and double-cone (DC). At any given pulling speed, there is a nonzero probability of observing LT or DC, with the probability of observing LT modes increasing with pulling velocity. The bubble rafts are composed of millimeter scale bubbles, and we are able to directly observe pinch-off to the point of final separation and measure the scaling of the minimum width in time. For both the LT and DC modes, the final scaling regime before pinch-off exhibits a universal power-law scaling behavior, with power-law fitting exponents of 0.73 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 0.01. However, the final cone angle is different for states that initially exhibit LT or DC pinch-off, and for the LT case, the final scaling is best described as a local double-cone mode.