cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training Psychologists for Rural Practice: Exploring Opportunities and Constraints

Purpose To examine trends in the psychologist workforce and training opportunities, including factors that may influence the decision of clinical psychologists to practice in rural settings. Methods We use a mixed-methods approach to examine the psychologist workforce nationally and in North Carolina (NC), including (1) an analysis of the location of programs awarding doctoral degrees; (2) an analysis of the practice, demographic, and educational characteristics of the psychologist workforce; and (3) interviews with directors of doctoral programs in clinical psychology to understand where current graduates are getting jobs and why they may or may not be choosing to practice in rural communities. Findings Fewer than 1% of programs and institutions awarding doctoral degrees in psychology in the United States are located in rural areas. In NC, approximately 80% of practicing psychologists have out-of-state degrees and about 80% of recent NC graduates are not currently licensed in the state. This juxtaposition undermines the utility of adding more in-state degree programs. While expansion of training programs within rural areas could help alleviate the shortages of mental health providers, adding new degree-granting programs alone will not necessarily increase supply. We discuss complementary recruitment and retention strategies, including greater incentives for rural training and practice as well as training in emerging technologies that don't require providers to be physically located in underserved areas, such as telemedicine. Conclusions Increasing the supply of psychologists practicing in rural areas will require a thoughtful, multipronged approach to training this critical part of the behavioral health workforce.
Training Deep Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks With STDP-Based Unsupervised Pre-training Followed by Supervised Fine-Tuning

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are fast becoming a promising candidate for brain-inspired neuromorphic computing because of their inherent power efficiency and impressive inference accuracy across several cognitive tasks such as image classification and speech recognition. The recent efforts in SNNs have been focused on implementing deeper networks with multiple hidden layers to incorporate exponentially more difficult functional representations. In this paper, we propose a pre-training scheme using biologically plausible unsupervised learning, namely Spike-Timing-Dependent-Plasticity (STDP), in order to better initialize the parameters in multi-layer systems prior to supervised optimization. The multi-layer SNN is comprised of alternating convolutional and pooling layers followed by fully-connected layers, which are populated with leaky integrate-and-fire spiking neurons. We train the deep SNNs in two phases wherein, first, convolutional kernels are pre-trained in a layer-wise manner with unsupervised learning followed by fine-tuning the synaptic weights with spike-based supervised gradient descent backpropagation. Our experiments on digit recognition demonstrate that the STDP-based pre-training with gradient-based optimization provides improved robustness, faster (~2.5 ×) training time and better generalization compared with purely gradient-based training without pre-training.
Long-term Depression (Hippocampus)

Hippocampal long-term depression (LTD) is a phenomenon where the cumulative activation of inputs to specific neural pathways in the hippocampus produces a decrease in the excitability of these neurons. LTD is widely acknowledged as a genuine form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, with several forms of hippocampal LTD being identified: homosynaptic LTD in area CA1 and heterosynaptic LTD in the dentate gyrus. The mechanism of expression of hippocampal LTD was first found to involve a long-lasting decrease in the responsiveness of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a type of glutamate receptor that regulates Ca2+ influx. Subsequent studies reporting LTD in other brain regions, including the cerebellum, visual cortex, striatum, and other regions of the hippocampus have found LTD to also be dependent on the activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor, another type of glutamate receptor that has a slow, modulatory action. LTD has been proposed as a mechanism of forgetting, and is often associated with long-term potentiation (LTP), a phenomenon where repeated electrical stimulation of input pathways produces an increase in the excitability of these neurons, and a leading candidate mechanism of remembering. Together, LTD and LTP are the two most prominent functional mechanisms suggested for permanent memory storage in the mammalian brain.
Examination of the electronic structure of oxygen-containing PAH dimers and trimers

Abstract Interactions of oxygen with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can occur both in the flame and during oxidation of soot atmospherically. Past experimental measurements of PAH in soot samples collected either immediately after combustion, from the atmosphere, or in a flame show a variety of oxygen moieties within the PAH structures. This study investigated the electronic structure of oxygen-containing PAH to gain insight into their interaction with light both to better interpret spectroscopic measurements and to recognize the role of oxygen-containing PAH in atmospheric radiative forcing. Our research has shown that oxygen in ethers and hydroxyl moieties on PAH showed little change to the HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG), whereas ketones and aldehydes show a HLG decrease of 0.5 eV. The effect is enhanced when more than one ketone is present on a PAH molecule and further enhanced in subsequent dehydrogenation to a quinone-like structure. The presence of an oxygen-containing PAH with a ketone functional group in a dimer and trimer will substantially lower the HLG of the PAH stack. This may have a significant effect in the interaction of atmospheric soot with solar radiation.
Feasibility and Results of Cancer Registry and Noncommunicable Disease Cohort Data Linkages in India

Background: Cancer registries worldwide are vital to determine cancer burden, plan cancer control measures, and facilitate research. Population-based cancer registries are a priority for LMICs by t...
Risk assessment: at the interface of cognition and emotion

Risk Assessment (RA) is a core component of the defense survival system. Recent studies indicate substantial parallels between eliciting stimuli, behaviors, and functional outcomes for RA in animal models and people, and a rapidly growing literature suggests that some exaggerated or aberrant RA behaviors may be transdiagnostic components of anxiety and depressive disorders. Although the subcortical components of defense systems have been well mapped, RA, standing at the ‘interface of cognition and emotion’, appears to involve a more extensive cortical representation than other specific defenses. Recent analyses of metanetworks potentially interacting with the subcortical defense systems suggest that the Default Mode Network and the Salience Network may be strongly involved in RA.
Applications of Tandem Capillary Hplc in the Isolation of Proteins for Characterization Using Microsequencing and Mass Spectrometry

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the applications of tandem capillary high-performance liquid chromatography in the isolation of proteins for characterization using microsequencing and mass spectrometry. It highlights the resolution and sensitivity of the Polywax LP anion exchange column. In a study described in the chapter, three protein samples in the 10 pmole range were separated with baseline resolution. The volume of the fractions was in the 20–30 μL range. The carbonic anhydrase eluted prior to the start of the salt gradient at 5 min after injection. AU three fractions showed good peak symmetry, though a slight amount of tailing was exhibited by the α-lactalbumin. The series of small peaks eluting between conalbumin, and alactalbumin were a contarninant present in the conalbumin sample purchased from Sigma. The chapter highlights the resolution and sensitivity of the Polycat A cation exchange column. Four protein samples in the 15 pmole range were separated with baseline resolution. The volume of the fractions was in the 20–35 μL range. AU four fractions showed good peak symmetry.
Metastatic tumors of the lung.

SUMMARY The various forms of pulmonary metastases are presented, (1) the circulatory, (2) lymphatic, and (3) membranous surface extensions. The differential diagnosis of pulmonary metastases on the roentgenograms are described and methods utilized to differentiate the lesions are explained. The incidence of pulmonary metastases from all organs is discussed. The present-day concept of osseous and systemic metastases without pulmonary metastases is presented. The author wishes to thank Dr. Saul L. Parks, senior resident in Radiology, Milwaukee County Hospital, for his help in the preparation of this manuscript.
PROLONGATION OF MITOGENIC CAPACITY OF PERIODATE TREATED LYMPHOCYTES BY EXPOSURE TO GLUTARALDEHYDE

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the prolongation of mitogenic capacity of periodate treated lymphocytes by exposure to glutaraldehyde. Autologous lymphocyte stimulation occurs when stimulator lymphocytes are exposed to low concentrations of glutaraldehyde (glu) before or after IO4→. In an experiment described in the chapter, lymphocyte suspensions were prepared from human peripheral blood by gelatin sedimentation. Aliquots of cells from a single suspension were treated with mitomycin C (mC) followed by IO4→. The effect of glu is concentration, time, and temperature dependent. Lower or higher concentrations, higher temperature, or longer treatment obliterate the effect. The importance of cross linking of membrane receptors in lymphocyte activation by mitogens and antigens and the potent cross linking activity of glu suggest a common denominator. The prolonged retention of stimulatory capacity at low temperature also suggests that glu may decrease the turnover of IO4→ induced changes in the membrane.
70 – Aminopeptidase Ey

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of aminopeptidase Ey. The introduction of a sensitive fluorogenic substrate, Leu-NHMec, and a chromogenic substrate, Leu-NHPhNO2, at pH 7.5 led to the discovery of aminopeptidase Ey in hen's egg yolk. The enzyme has a broad specificity for N-terminal amino acid residues at the P1 position. Aminopeptidase Ey has a broad specificity for amino acid residues at the P1 position of substrates. The enzyme degrades a variety of peptides having various N-terminal amino acids: hydrophobic, basic and acidic amino acids including proline. Aminopeptidase Ey is a dimeric enzyme with homologous subunits, each having a molecular mass of 150,000 Da. It contains 1.0 mol of zinc per mol of each subunit. The enzyme molecule is seen as a dimer composed of two globular subunits by electron micrography at a magnification of 100,000×. The pI of the enzyme is about 2.8 as determined by isoelectric focusing. An asialo form of the enzyme, obtained by treatment with Arthrobacter sialidase, has a pI of 4.4.
Quantum Cascade Laser Based Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Depth Profiling Investigations of Condensed-Phase Materials

We report on the development of a photoacoustic device for the detection of condensed-phase materials. A mid-infrared quantum cascade laser (QCL) was used for depth-profiling studies to distinguish among glycerol films and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) films deposited on photoresist-coated silicon wafers. The QCL was continuously tunable from 1015 cm−1 to 1240 cm−1, allowing for collection of photoacoustic vibrational spectra for these materials. Variation of the laser pulse repetition rate allowed for identification and molecular discrimination of glycerol, TEOS, and photoresist based solely on photoacoustic spectra collected at different film depths.
Cold-stop and lyot stop designs for a new InfraredExoplanet Imager at Keck Observatory

Santa Cruz Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES) is an instrument being designed for direct imaging of exoplanets in the mid-infrared with the Adaptive Optics System of the W.M. Keck Observatory. The performance of SCALES will be largely affected by thermal emission from the instrument structures. Placement of a pupil stop can limit the emission of instrument structures such as primary mirror segment gaps, secondary structures, and spider arms. Here we proposed a cold stop design of a circular inner mask paired with a serrated outer mask. Taking into account the pupil nutation, we modeled the throughput and the background emission for the design to optimize the dimensions of the cold stop.
Treatment of Higher-Risk MDS

Introduction Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a spectrum of myeloid neoplasms resulting in ineffective clonal hematopoiesis; patients are at risk of life-threatening infections or bleeding complications and progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Disease risk is based on a number of factors, including depth and type of cytopenias, bone marrow blasts, cytogenetics, and, increasingly, molecular alterations. MDS at diagnosis is generally divided into lower-risk and higher-risk disease; in higher-risk MDS, survival is poor, and treatment is meant to reduce MDS-specific complications and improve quality and quantity of life. The general approach in patients with higher-risk MDS involves consideration of allogeneic transplant, the use of hypomethylating agents, as well as the role of emerging therapies and clinical trials.
Understanding Medicare's Impact on Innovation: A Framework for Policy Reform

The United States leads the world in per capita healthcare spending, but other countries achieve comparable outcomes at significantly lower cost. Medicare, a defined-benefit universal insurance program for the elderly and the largest buyer of healthcare, discourages cost cutting and encourages wasteful innovation. For one, Medicare pays physicians and hospitals separately, preventing integration and delivery innovation because most providers cannot afford to adopt a noncompliant organizational structure. Second, Medicare covers all “medically necessary” care, a vague term that promotes development of expensive technologies, often of dubious value. Third, Medicare contributes to artificially high prices. Medicare physician payment rates are adjusted by a physician committee that has no incentive to introduce payment reductions. Medicare payment rates influence prices throughout the entire healthcare system because contracts between private insurers and physicians use Medicare payment rates as a benchmark. Since its introduction in 1965, Medicare has caused a dramatic expansion in hospital infra- structure, increased medical device patenting, and led to the diffusion of imaging technologies. However, it has also prevented entrepreneurial experimentation and development of cost-cutting, disruptive innovations. While politically challenging, moving Medicare from a defined-benefit to a defined-contribution program could go a long way to address waste in the US healthcare system.
Sport, Society, and Individuals With Disabiities

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the social organization and behavior that requires a concern with meanings and values within cultural settings as part of a historical process. The core of social reality is viewed as the human tries to make sense out of social situations. When extended to research, emphasis is placed upon understanding culture and social norms in historical and comparative contexts. Historical sensitivity is critical to understanding society, as a whole, and its component parts. Society continues to influence sport for individuals with disabilities, an examination of the interrelation among sport, society, and individuals with disabilities is important. The chapter is divided in four sections: (1) societal treatment of individuals with disabilities throughout history, (2) the evolution of sport for individuals with disabilities, (3) research efforts on sport and disabled athletes, and (4) identification of future trends and issues.
The thermodynamic effect of fluorine as a substituent: Vinylic CF2 and CFH and allylic CF2C

Abstract I 2 -catalyzed isomerizations of 3-fluoropropene and 3,3 - difluoropropene, and a Cope rearrangement of 1,1 - difluoro - 1,5 - hexadiene provide thermodynamic data which allow the determination of a number of important group values for contributions to ΔH o f which when combined with those determined in the preceding paper allow the calculations of ΔH o f 's of most simple F-substituted hydrocarbons: [C d (F)(H)] = − 38.4, [C d (F) 2 ] = − 88.0, [C(F) 2 (C)(C d )] = − 103.9, [C(F) 2 (C) 2 ] = − 104.9 kcal/mole. A kinetic study of the conversion of 1,1 - difluoro- to 3,3 - difluoro - 1,5 - hexadiene provided activation parameters for the process: Log A = 10.8, E a = 33.0 kcal/mole and ΔS ≠ = − 12.2 e.u. Incremental geminal stabilizations of F and other substituents are discussed and contrasted.
De novo protein design: from molten globules to native-like states

Abstract Recent advances in the field of de novo protein design are examined. The data are examined with respect to the hypothesis that most designed proteins exhibit characteristics similar to those of molten globules. Continuing efforts to produce novel proteins with the specific interactions that define natural proteins are assessed, and the impact that these efforts have had on our understanding of protein structure, stability, and folding is discussed.
Geodetic slip rates in the southern San Andreas Fault system: Effects of elastic heterogeneity and fault geometry

[1] We use high resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS measurements of crustal motion across the southern San Andreas Fault system to investigate the effects of elastic heterogeneity and fault geometry on inferred slip rates and locking depths. Geodetically measured strain rates are asymmetric with respect to the mapped traces of both the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto faults. Two possibilities have been proposed to explain this observation: large contrasts in crustal rigidity across the faults, or an alternate fault geometry such as a dipping San Andreas fault or a blind segment of the San Jacinto Fault. We evaluate these possibilities using a two-dimensional elastic model accounting for heterogeneous structure computed from the Southern California Earthquake Center crustal velocity model CVM-H 6.3. The results demonstrate that moderate variations in elastic properties of the crust do not produce a significant strain rate asymmetry and have only a minor effect on the inferred slip rates. However, we find that small changes in the location of faults at depth can strongly impact the results. Our preferred model includes a San Andreas Fault dipping northeast at 60 , and two active branches of the San Jacinto fault zone. In this case, we infer nearly equal slip rates of 18 1 and 19 2mm/yr for the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones, respectively. These values are in good agreement with geologic measurements representing average slip rates over the last 10–10 years, implying steady long-term motion on these faults.
The Early Development of Programming Languages.

This paper surveys the evolution of “high-lever” programming languages during the first decade of computer programming activity. We discuss the contributions of Zuse in 1945 (the “Plankalkul”), Goldstine and von Neumann in 1946 (“Flow Diagrams”), Curry in 1948 (“Composition”), Mauchly et al. in 1949 (“Short Code”), Burks in 1950 (“Intermediate PL”), Rutishauser in 1951 (“Klammerausdrucke”), Bohm in 1951 (“Formules”), Glennie in 1952 (“AUTOCODE”), Hopper et al. in 1953 (“A-2”), Laning and Zierler in 1953 (“Algebraic Interpreter”), Backus et al. in 1954–1957 (“FORTRAN”), Brooker in 1954 (“Mark I AUTOCODE”), Kamynin and Liubimskii in 1954 (“ΠΠ-2”), Ershov in 1955 (“ΠΠ”), Grems and Porter in 1955 (“BACAIC”), Elsworth et al. in 1955 (“Kompiler 2”), Blum in 1956 (“ADES”), Perlis et al. in 1956 (“IT”), Katz et al. in 1956–1958 (“MATH-MATIC”), Bauer and Samelson in 1956–1958 (U.S. Patent 3,047,228). The principal features of each contribution are illustrated and discussed. For purposes of comparison, a particular fixed algorithm has been encoded (as far as possible) in each of the languages. This research is based primarily on unpublished source materials, and the authors hope that they have been able to compile a fairly complete picture of the early developments in this area.
Protein transport across the cell wall of monoderm Gram-positive bacteria

In monoderm (single-membrane) Gram-positive bacteria, the majority of secreted proteins are first translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane into the inner wall zone. For a subset of these proteins, final destination is within the cell envelope as either membrane-anchored or cell wall-anchored proteins, whereas another subset of proteins is destined to be transported across the cell wall into the extracellular milieu. Although the cell wall is a porous structure, there is evidence that, for some proteins, transport is a regulated process. This review aims at describing what is known about the mechanisms that regulate the transport of proteins across the cell wall of monoderm Gram-positive bacteria.
Single event gate rupture in commercial power MOSFETs

Several types of power MOSFETs were irradiated with heavy ions to characterize either single event gate rupture (SEGR) or single event burnout (SEB). The implications of the data, showing temperature-dependence and beam angle-dependence for SEGR, are indicated. >
The Next Generation of Science Standards: Implications for Biology Education

The release of A Framework for K–12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas (NRC, 2012) provides the basis for the next generation of science standards. This article first describes that foundation for the life sciences; it then presents a draft standard for natural selection and evolution. Finally, there is a discussion of the implications of the new standards for biology programs in general and curriculum, instruction, and assessment in particular.
The Effect of Photoperiod on Life History and Blood-Feeding Activity in Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Several studies have examined how climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation may affect life history traits in mosquitoes that are important to disease transmission. Despite its importance as a seasonal cue in nature, studies investigating the influence of photoperiod on such traits are relatively few. This study aims to investigate how photoperiod alters life history traits, survival, and blood-feeding activity in Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). We performed three experiments that tested the effects of day length on female survival, development time, adult size, fecundity, adult life span, and propensity to blood feed in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. Each experiment had three photoperiod treatments: 1) short-day (10L:14D), 2) control (12L:12D), and 3) long-day (14L:10D). Aedes albopictus adult females were consistently larger in size when reared in short-day conditions. Aedes aegypti adult females from short-day treatments lived longer and were more likely to take a blood meal compared to other treatments. We discuss how species-specific responses may reflect alternative strategies evolved to increase survival during unfavorable conditions. We review the potential impacts of these responses on seasonal transmission patterns, such as potentially increasing vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti during periods of shorter day lengths.
Lattice measures and associated outer measures

In this paper, we consider lattice measures and introduce certain associated outer measures (not the usual induced outer measures), study their properties, and investigate the associated classes of measureable sets. We utilize some of these outer measures to characterize normality and investigate lattice separation properties; also, to extend the notion of regularity of measures to weak regularity of measures. We give applications of our results to specific topological lattices.
Quantum cascade laser master oscillator power amplifier with 1.5W output power at T=300K

Quantum cascade laser (QCL) master oscillator power amplifiers (MOPAs) reaching output power levels of P=1.5W at room temperature were realized. We discuss results and describe directions for future QCL MOPA design.
Mechanisms of maladaptive repair after AKI leading to accelerated kidney ageing and CKD

Acute kidney injury is an increasingly common complication of hospital admission and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. A hypotensive, septic, or toxic insult can initiate a cascade of events, resulting in impaired microcirculation, activation of inflammatory pathways and tubular cell injury or death. These processes ultimately result in acutely impaired kidney function and initiation of a repair response. This Review explores the various mechanisms responsible for the initiation and propagation of acute kidney injury, the prototypic mechanisms by which a substantially damaged kidney can regenerate its normal architecture, and how the adaptive processes of repair can become maladaptive. These mechanisms, which include G2/M cell-cycle arrest, cell senescence, profibrogenic cytokine production, and activation of pericytes and interstitial myofibroblasts, contribute to the development of progressive fibrotic kidney disease. The end result is a state that mimics accelerated kidney ageing. These mechanisms present important opportunities for the design of targeted therapeutic strategies to promote adaptive renal recovery and minimize progressive fibrosis and chronic kidney disease after acute insults.
Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics

Examines America's policies toward the Middle East from 1977 to 1979 and discusses the negotiation of the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.
PASSAGES: Preserving Anonymity of Sources and Sinks against Global Eavesdroppers

While many security schemes protect the content of messages in the Distributed Sensing Systems (DSS), the contextual information, such as communication patterns, is left vulnerable and can be utilized by attackers to identify critical information such as the locations of event sources and message sinks. Existing solutions for location anonymity are mostly designed to protect source or sink location anonymity individually against limited eavesdroppers on a small region at a time. However, they can be easily defeated by highly motivated global eavesdroppers that can monitor entire communication events on the DSS. To grapple with these challenges, we propose a mechanism for Preserving Anonymity of Sources and Sinks against Global Eavesdroppers (PASSAGES). PASSAGES uses a small number of stealthy permeability tunnels such as wormholes and message ferries to scatter and hide the communication patterns. Unlike prior schemes, PASSAGES effectively achieves a high anonymity level for both source and sink locations, without incurring extra communication overheads. We quantify the location anonymity level and evaluate the effectiveness of PASSAGES via analysis as well as extensive simulations. We also perform evaluations on the synergistic effect when PASSAGES is combined with other traditional solutions.
The effect of nuchal cord on amniotic fluid and cord blood erythropoietin at delivery.

We investigated the effect of a nuchal cord on fetal hypoxia by using amniotic fluid and cord blood erythropoietin as markers of chronic and acute hypoxia, respectively. A total of 167 full-term pregnancies without maternal complications or fetal prelabor complications except fetal growth restriction of unknown cause were studied prospectively. Of these, 47 had a nuchal cord at delivery, and 62 had one or more complications during labor and delivery (nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern, birth weight less than 2500 g, Apgar score at 1 minute less than 7, presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, oligohydramnios), and 26 had both muchal cord and at least one of the intrapartum complications. Erythropoietin levels (mean ± standard error of the mean) were not significantly different between the nuchal cord group (n = 47) and the no nuchal cord group (n = 120) in either amniotic fluid (19.3 ± 4.1 mU/mL versus 13.7 ± 1.1 mU/mL) or cord blood (57.9 ± 10.3 mU/mL versus 52.1 ± 4.9 mU/mL). Similarly, in the 62 fetuses with intrapartum complications, there were no significant differences in amniotic fluid (14.3 ± 2.0 mU/mL versus 18.8 ± 2.9 mU/mL) or cord blood erythropoietin (66.9 ± 16.8 mU/mL versus 72.6 ± 12.6 mU/mL) levels between those with (n = 26) or without a nuchal cord (n = 36). Among the 107 uncomplicated cases, however, amniotic fluid erythropoietin was significantly elevated in the nuchal cord group (25.5 ± 8.7 mU/mL, n = 21) compared with what in the no nuchal cord group (11.5 ± 0.9 mU/mL, n = 84) (P <.05), whereas there was no significant between-group difference in cord blood erythropoietin levels between nuchal cord and no nuchal cord groups (46.8 ± 10.0 mU/mL versus 43.3 ± 4.1 mU/mL). Tightness of the nuchal cord did not affect amniotic fluid or cord blood erythropoietin concentrations. Although nuchal cord may not significantly increase the risk of acute or labor-associated fetal hypoxia, it appears to be an independent risk factor of mild, chronic, prelabor fetal hypoxia.
Resonance spacing tuning in traveling-wave resonators

We propose an interferometric coupling scheme for tuning the spacing between resonances in a traveling-wave resonator. 62pm (8GHz) tuning of resonance spacing is demonstrated in SOI micro-ring resonators integrated with thin-film micro-heaters.
Increasing Power and Preventing Pain

This research investigates how an individual's self-construal and self-regulatory focus interplay in determining advertising message persuasiveness. In Experiment 1, we examine the moderating role of an individual's chronically accessible self-construal with respect to regulatory focus. The results show that individuals with a dominant independent self-construal exhibit more positive attitudes toward a promotion-focused advertising message and the advocated brand, whereas individuals with a prevailing interdependent self-construal show more favorable attitudes toward a prevention-focused advertising message and the associated brand. While replicating Experiment 1, Experiment 2 lends further support for the observed relationship by temporarily priming self-construal through a series of contextual advertising images involving individual and team sports events. The findings reveal that individuals who are primed first by viewing individual sports events later evaluate the promotion-focused advertising messag...
Thymic atrophy induced by acute exposure of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,3′4,4′-tetrachloroazoxy-benzene in rats

Abstract The effects of 3,3′4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3′4,4′-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) on lymphoid organs in male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated in various acute exposure studies. Significant thymic atrophy was observed in rats 10 days after the i.p. administration of either compound (on days 1 and 5) at a dose of 25 mg/kg. When 8-week-old animals were studied, the relative thymus weight was reduced to 69% and 49% of the control value of by the respective treatment of TCAB and TCAOB. In 2 groups of weanling rats the same dosage of TCAOB was able to reduce the relative thymus weight to 31% and 38% of the comparable control animals. In addition, TCAOB causes a decrease in the body weight gain and a decrease in the weights of major organs in the weanling animals. This toxic response cannot be explained solely on the basis of decreased food intake since qualitatively the same results were observed in a pair-feeding experiment. The involvement of glucocorticoid hormones was rejected as the underlying mechanism since adrenalectomy was found to provide no protection towards the degenerative effect seen upon the lymphoid tissues. This investigation constitutes the first study concerning the effects of these 2 environmental and occupational toxicants on lymphoid organs.
Charge symmetry breaking in the neutron-proton system

Abstract Two consequences of charge symmetry breaking (CSB) in the n-p system are examined. In n-p elastic scattering, CSB nuclear forces cause a difference between the polarizations of the neutron and the proton scattered in opposite directions in the center of mass system. The expected differences in polarizations due to one-boson exchanges, particularly a photon exchange, isospin mixed mesons, and a pion (with the n-p mass difference taken into account), are computed. The calculated polarization difference is typically of the order of several tenths of a percent. In np → dπ0, the CSB of nuclear forces can be tested by measuring the asymmetry of the angular distribution of deuterons about 90° in the center of mass frame. The expected asymmetry is calculated for one-boson exchange CSB mechanisms, as in the elastic scattering. The asymmetry caused by the mixed η−π0 exchange is dominant, but all of the mechanisms contribute asymmetries with similar angular dependences. The maximum asymmetry is about 0.8 % at 0°; the average is about 0.2 %.
The Transport Properties of the Cubic Alkaline Earths Ca, Sr and Ba

The electrical resistivity (ρ), thermoelectric power (S) and thermal conductivity (κ) of two Sr samples and two Ba samples have been determined from 30K to 300K. Large DMR were observed. The estimated transport properties for ideally pure Sr and Ba indicate that these elements, like Ca, show large deviations from the Bloch-Gruneisen form for ρ(T) at all temperatures, large and positive diffusion thermopowers with a negative phonon-drag contribution, and large deviations from the Wiedemann-Franz relationship (DWFR). In this respects, they are much more like the transition metals than the monovalent metals.
Evidence for a ventral non-strial pathway from the amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the male golden hamster

Male hamsters in which the stria terminalis (ST) had been interrupted either by electrolytic lesions or knife cuts, or normal control males, received iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase in either the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) or the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (MPOAH). Comparison of intact and ST-lesioned brains revealed the existence of a ventral non-strial pathway, from cells in the medial amygdaloid nucleus (M) to the preoptic portion of the BNST but not to the MPOAH. Since bilateral lesions of M completely eliminate male hamster mating behavior, but ST lesions do not, we suggest that the ventral pathway to the BNST may be an important route by which M influences male copulatory behavior.
Hydrogenation of 3-(2-nitrobenzoyl) -2-benzoxazolinone to 1-hydroxy-3- (2-hydroxyphenyl) quinazoline-2,4-dione†

The preparations of the compounds noted in the title are described. The reduction of l-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)quinazoline-2, 4-dione (III) catalyzed by Raney nickel provided 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)quinazoline-2, 4-dione (VI).
Modelling Failures of Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings are commonly used in high temperature parts of gas turbines, to protect the underlying metal substrate from deterioration during high temperature exposure. Unfortunately, the coatings fail prematurely, preventing the design engineers to fully utilize their implementation. Due to the complexity of the coatings, there are many challenges involved with developing failure hypotheses for the failures. This paper reviews some aspects of the current stateof- the-art on modeling failures of thermal barrier coatings, focusing on mechanics based models (such as finite element simulations) where the material physics is incorporated (such as oxidation and diffusion).
Polarimetric Passive Remote Sensing of a Periodic Soil Surface: Microwave Measurements and Analysis

Microwave radiopolarimetry is applied to remote sensing of azimuthally asymmetric features on Earth terrain. The first three components in the brightness-temperature modified Stokes vector are measured for a triangularly corrugated soil surface. The measurements are made at 10 GHz with horizontal, vertical, and 45° orientations. Significant values of the third Stokes brightness temperature UB are observed in various configurations. A theoretical analysis of the data incidates that the appreciable values of UB are caused by the azimuthal asymmetry on the remotely sensed soil surface.
A Comparison of Methods of Recruitment to a Health Promotion Program for University Seniors

Abstract Background. Participant recruitment is an understudied part of health research. It can be a limiting factor and can affect the external validity of a study. This study compares two recruitment methods, active and passive, used to recruit university seniors into a health promotion study. Methods. During active recruitment, 3,787 seniors were telephoned and asked to participate. During passive recruitment, 5,644 seniors were mailed literature and asked to respond if interested. Results. During active recruitment, 1,680 h were spent on the phone, 341 participants were measured, and 161 entered the study, at a cost of $79 per participant. During passive recruitment, 970 h were spent on the phone, 238 participants were measured, and 178 entered the study, at a cost of $45 per participant. The active method had a higher recruitment rate (9% vs 4%) and attrition rate (53% vs 25%) than the passive method. Conclusions. In conclusion, neither recruitment method was ideal. Those recruited with the passive method reported more physical activity and had lower blood pressures, suggesting a self-selection bias. Active recruitment produced a more representative sample and a higher recruitment rate. Passive recruitment was less expensive and led to a lower attrition rate. Conclusions are limited because these are uncontrolled comparisons, not a controlled study.
Silane Ligand Exchange to Make Hydrophobic Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Water-Dispersible

Ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were functionalized with a variety of silanes bearing different functional endgroups to render them stable with respect to aggregation and keep them well-dispersed in aqueous media. The MNPs were prepared by the thermal decomposition method, widely used for the synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles with controllable size. This method makes use of a hydrophobic surfactant to passivate the surface, which results in nanoparticles that are solely dispersible in nonpolar solvents. For use in biological applications, these nanoparticles need to be made water-dispersible. Therefore, a new procedure was developed on the basis of the exchange of the hydrophobic surface ligands with silanes bearing different endgroups to decorate ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with diverse functionalities . By this means, we could easily determine the influence of the endgroup on the nanoparticle stability and water-dispersibility. Amino-, carboxylic acid- and poly(ethylene glycol)-terminated...
Longitudinal mathematics development of students with learning disabilities and students without disabilities: A comparison of linear, quadratic, and piecewise linear mixed effects models ☆

Effective instructional planning and intervening rely heavily on accurate understanding of students' growth, but relatively few researchers have examined mathematics achievement trajectories, particularly for students with special needs. We applied linear, quadratic, and piecewise linear mixed-effects models to identify the best-fitting model for mathematics development over elementary and middle school and to ascertain differences in growth trajectories of children with learning disabilities relative to their typically developing peers. The analytic sample of 2150 students was drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Cohort, a nationally representative sample of United States children who entered kindergarten in 1998. We first modeled students' mathematics growth via multiple mixed-effects models to determine the best fitting model of 9-year growth and then compared the trajectories of students with and without learning disabilities. Results indicate that the piecewise linear mixed-effects model captured best the functional form of students' mathematics trajectories. In addition, there were substantial achievement gaps between students with learning disabilities and students with no disabilities, and their trajectories differed such that students without disabilities progressed at a higher rate than their peers who had learning disabilities. The results underscore the need for further research to understand how to appropriately model students' mathematics trajectories and the need for attention to mathematics achievement gaps in policy.
The search for meaning in virus discovery

The rate of new virus discovery is increasing dramatically with improvements in sequencing and other molecular diagnostic platforms, and investments in sample collection and analysis. However, progress has been more limited in identification and implication of infectious agents that pose threats to human health and welfare. Here we review strategies for targeting research to enable efficient significant virus discovery.
Spin waves in static non-periodic structures

Abstract The motion of spin waves in a disordered magnetic system is equivalent of that of a particle in a random potential, which is determined by how rapidly the spin structure evolves in space. The frequency softens according to the average of the potential, and the momentum width depends on the spatial correlation function of the potential.
A local adaptive grid procedure for incompressible flows with multigridding and equidistribution concepts

An adaptive grid solution procedure is developed for incompressible flow problems in which grid refinement based on an equidistribution law is performed in high-error-estimate regions that are flagged from a preliminary coarse grid solution. Solutions on the locally refined and equidistributed meshes are obtained using boundary conditions interpolated from the preliminary coarse grid solution, and solutions on both the refined and coarse grid regions are successively improved using a multigrid approach. For this purpose, suitable correction terms for the coarse grid equations are derived for all variables in the flagged regions. This procedure with Local Adaptation, Multigridding and Equidistribution (LAME) concepts is applied to various flow problems to demonstrate the accuracy improvements obtained using this method.
How behavioural studies contribute to the species problem: a piscine perspective

During the ascendency of ethology, the study of animal behaviour contributed to taxonomic and phyletic issues, but the approach faded in parallel with the waning of systematic studies in general. Systematics and particularly phylogeny has experienced a resurgence with the advent of molecular tools. The understanding of behavioural evolution has benefited from molecular phylogenies. Behaviour's reciprocal contribution, however, currently lies chiefly in resolving the validity of species designation of allopatric species and in potentially helping in the overall classification of species. I review and evaluate the experimental methods favoured in seeking behavioural isolating mechanisms, and the challenge to the species concept when gene trees and species trees disagree. The dynamic situation in the Great Lakes of Africa offers under-exploited opportunities to test whether behavioural isolating mechanisms evolve in the absence of secondary contact. Given that behaviour is more immediately responsive to changes in the physical and biological environment, behaviour may be the single most salient adaptive feature in speciation events. The species concept is viewed as a fuzzy but nonetheless useful set.
The Ability to Survive Mitosis in the Presence of Microtubule Poisons Differs Significantly Between Human Nontransformed (RPE-1) and Cancer (U2OS, HeLa) Cells

We used live cell imaging to compare the fate of human nontransformed (RPE-1) and cancer (HeLa, U2OS) cells as they entered mitosis in nocodazole or taxol. In the same field, and in either drug, a cell in all lines could die in mitosis, exit mitosis and die within 10 h, or exit mitosis and survive > or =10 h. Relative to RPE-1 cells, significantly fewer HeLa or U2OS cells survived mitosis or remained viable after mitosis: in nocodazole concentrations that inhibit spindle microtubule assembly, or in 500 nM taxol, 30% and 27% of RPE-1 cells, respectively, died in or within 10 h of exiting mitosis while 90% and 49% of U2OS and 78% and 81% of HeLa died. This was even true for clinically relevant taxol concentrations (5 nM) which killed 93% and 46%, respectively, of HeLa and U2OS cells in mitosis or within 10 h of escaping mitosis, compared to 1% of RPE-1 cells. Together these data imply that studies using HeLa or U2OS cells, harvested after a prolonged block in mitosis with nocodazole or taxol, are significantly contaminated with dead or dying cells. We also found that the relationship between the duration of mitosis and survival is drug and cell type specific and that lethality is related to the cell type and drug used to prevent satisfaction of the kinetochore attachment checkpoint. Finally, work with a pan-caspase inhibitor suggests that the primary apoptotic pathway triggered by nocodazole during mitosis in RPE-1 cells is not active in U2OS cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimation of parameters for single diode models using measured IV curves

Many popular models for photovoltaic system performance (e.g., [1], [2]) employ a single diode model (e.g., [3]) to compute the IV curve for a module or string of modules for given irradiance and temperature conditions. Most commonly (e.g., [4]), parameters are determined using only current and voltage at short circuit, open circuit and maximum power from a single IV curve at standard test conditions, along with reported temperature coefficients. In contrast, module testing frequently records IV curves at a wide range of irradiance and temperature conditions, such as those specified in IEC 61853-1 [5], which, when available, should also be used to parameterize the performance model. We propose a parameter estimation method that makes use of the full range of available IV curves, and demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting performance model.
Synthesis of Ultralarge-Pore FDU-12 Silica with Face-Centered Cubic Structure

Ultralarge-pore FDU-12 (ULP-FDU-12) silicas with face-centered cubic structures (Fm3m symmetry) of spherical mesopores were synthesized at low initial temperature (∼14 °C) using commercially available PEO−PPO−PEO triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 as a micellar template and xylene as a micelle expander. Xylene was selected on the basis of its predicted higher swelling ability for the Pluronic surfactant micelles in comparison to 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene that was used previously to obtain large-pore FDU-12. The optimization of the synthesis conditions afforded as-synthesized ULP-FDU-12 materials with unit-cell parameters up to 56 nm, which is comparable to the highest reported values for Fm3m structures templated by custom-made surfactants. Calcined silicas were obtained with unit-cell parameters up to 53 nm and pore diameters up to ∼36 nm (for N2 adsorption at 77 K, the capillary condensation relative pressure was up to 0.938). The preferred silica source was tetraethylorthosilicate, but tetramethylorthosilic...