cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facial Stigmata and Their Powerful Effects in Literature and Life

For the Greeks, the archaic definition of stigma was a distinct mark burned or cut into the skin used to identify a slave or criminal. Today, the definition does not allude to the branding of the flesh, but rather any mark on the skin which �detracts from the character or reputation of a person,�1 or simply a mark indicating �that something is not normal or standard.�1 According to psychological literature, a facial stigma can be any deforming mark: a scar, port-wine stain, neoplasm, or large nevus, for example.2 A 2012 report by Madera and Hebl3 titled �Discrimination against facially stigmatized applicants in interviews: an eye-tracking and face-to-face investigation� demonstrated for the first time the mechanism behind discrimination against those marked with a deforming facial stigma.3
Aerosol-CO relationship and aerosol effect on ice cloud particle size: Analyses from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations

[1] We examine the relation between Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric (UT) carbon monoxide (CO) to address when CO can be used as a proxy for aerosols. Ice cloud effective radii (re), also from Aqua MODIS, are also analyzed to investigate possible aerosol effects on ice clouds. Our analysis focuses on five regions where ice clouds are collocated with high UT CO loadings: South America (SAM), southern Africa (SAF), northern Africa (NAF), South Asia (SAS), and East Asia (EAS). We find three levels of AOT to CO sensitivity. High AOT sensitivity to CO is characterized by a rapid increase of AOT when CO increases. SAM in August–November and SAF in June–September fall into this category. Moderate AOT sensitivity to CO is characterized by moderate increase of AOT with CO. It includes SAF in October–May, NAF in January–March, SAS in all months, and EAS in August–September. The other months for each region fall into the low sensitivity category. The variations of sensitivity in different regions and seasons result from different emission sources coupled with dynamic influence. CO can be used as an aerosol proxy for the “high” and “moderate” sensitivity cases. During those times, re for polluted clouds is smaller than that for clean clouds, suggesting an indirect effect of aerosol on ice clouds. CO is not a good aerosol index in the low sensitivity cases, in which polluted clouds defined by CO loadings do not show significant differences from clean clouds in re.
Risk of pneumonia with inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2 agonist therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cluster analysis

Background Pneumonia poses a significant risk in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but data are limited on the disease phenotypes most susceptible to pneumonia.
Linguistics and Biblical Criticism

are received with a rather large grain of salt by many . . . with intense involvement and bias by others. Attempts to encompass multi-methodological approaches usually amount to: "www-criticism used to say xxx, but now yyy says zzz." And we are seldom confronted by a massive onslaught that demands reconceptualizing of the entire field. I suggested in an earlier review-essay that Erhardt Giittgemanns' Offene Fragen zur Formgeschichte is such an onslaught, and that it demands opening biblical literary-critical windows to some of the disciplines (semiotics, linguistics, social psychology) ignored in recent years.' This essay, in many ways a sequel, also concerns primarily Giittgemanns, but also the work of the research team he heads, the "Generative Poetics" team at Bonn. Primary sources include Giittgemanns' studia linguistica neotestamentica and the articles by him and his co-workers in their journal, Linguistica Biblica.2 The prospective reader may be forewarned that two problems hinder ready comprehension of the written expositions of this new direction: the German constructions are
The Arc of the Moral Universe

L'A. soutient la these selon laquelle il existe une connexion entre l'idee d'un systeme volontaire de cooperation sociale, la notion de justice et la viabilite des formes sociales dans l'histoire. Examinant la nature de l'esclavage et les fondements de sa reproduction en tant que systeme, l'A. presente une defense de l'explication ethique qui s'integre dans sa demonstration du role de l'injustice dans l'abolition de l'esclavage
Holocene sabkha and coastal systems of Qatar: models for the interpretation of ancient Arabian plate carbonate evaporite reservoirs and coastal management

Abstract Facies tracts, sediment types, stacking patterns, and diagenetic histories of Holocene sabkhas of Qatar provide compelling analogues for the interpretation of ancient, carbonate-evaporite sequences of the Arabian Plate. The use of modern analogues to aid in the interpretation of geological and engineering data is well established in the petroleum industry. Comparison of sabkhas from different physiographic regions of Qatar that formed during the latest Holocene cycle of sea level rises reveals new insights into the characterization of ancient rocks. These observations provide the basis for a revision of the definition of facies tracts described in the geological literature as sabkhas. This study reports on a country-wide study of the sedimentation history of coastal areas, based on extensive field mapping, geotechnical studies, age dating and geochemistry. Data is integrated in ArcGIS, a relational database. The results are equally valuable in conservation, environmental and geotechnical studies and archaeological research and teaching. Coastal areas of Qatar are marked by extremely low relief, with the result that high-frequency oscillations in sea level create offsets in facies tracts. Age dating reveals that inland sabkhas are relicts of a high stand in sea level approximately 4000-6000 years ago. These areas are presently subaerially exposed and eroding. Extensive pedogenic modification of marine sediments (burrowing, infiltration, micrite precipitation) creates characteristic textures. Groundwater modification includes extensive precipitation of CaSO4, halite,lime micrite, and dolomite. The variability observed in Qatar sabkhas alters the way in which a common modern analogue is applied to the interpretation of subsurface data. These observations warrant revision of the definition of a sabkha. We propose that sabkhas are normal, coastal sediments, modified by near-surface groundwater saturated in CaSO4. A sabkha is a diagenetic overprint, not a depositional system. This proposed model helps aid in recognition of ancient sabkhas.
“Strategic value analysis” for competitive advantage

Strategic value analysis (SVA) integrates decision analysis with well-known principles of business strategy to develop spreadsheet-based models that select among alternative paths to competitive advantage. These models rank strategic alternatives by evaluating in one spreadsheet the competitive intelligence about rivals, customers, and suppliers, together with the value of the business position on key resource factors for success. Strategic value analysis applies scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis to the spreadsheet to test the validity of the ranking. Two core SVA processes, learning and evaluation, call for the CI analyst to have a central role in decision-making for competitive advantage, and to build collaborative working relationships with management and other sources of expert information. This article describes SVA and illustrates it with examples from actual business experiences. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract 1038: Defining the mechanism by which melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24)-induced autophagy switches to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), a unique member of the IL-10 gene family, displays a broad range of antitumor properties including cancer-specific induction of apoptosis, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, and modulation of an anti-tumor immune response. Apoptosis induction by mda-7/IL-24, when delivered by an adenovirus (Ad. mda-7), involves an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and generation of ceramides. Additionally, Ad. mda-7 promotes autophagy in certain cancer cell types. In the present study, we document that Ad-mda-7-induced ER stress and ceramide generation result in induction of autophagy in prostate cancer cells, without affecting normal human prostate epithelial cells, via the canonical autophagic pathway, involving Beclin-1, atg5 and hVps34. Autophagy is evident until 24 h post Ad. mda-7-infection and then switches to apoptosis at 48 h. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenosine (3-MA) significantly increases Ad. mda-7-induced apoptosis suggesting that autophagy might first be initiated as a cytoprotective mechanism in prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of apoptosis by overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL increases autophagy upon Ad. mda-7 infection. During the apoptotic phase, MDA-7/IL-24 protein physically interacts with Beclin-1 and this interaction might inhibit Beclin-1 function culminating in apoptosis. Conversely, Ad. mda-7 infection leads to calpain-mediated cleavage of ATG5 protein that might also facilitate a biochemical switch from autophagy to apoptosis. Our present studies reveal novel aspects of interplay between autophagy and apoptosis that underlie the cytotoxic action of mda-7/IL-24 in prostate cancer cells. These new insights into mda-7/IL-24 action provide interesting leads for developing innovative combinatorial approaches for prostate cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1038.
The Effect of Certain Dietary Factors on Gastric Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Acidity in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract THE hydrogen ion concentration in the gizzard of the domestic fowl has been studied by McLaughlin (1931) and the author (1942). In these studies the experimental birds were killed and fluid removed from the gizzards for determinations. This same procedure was used by Heller and Penquite (1936) and Mussehl, Blish, and Ackerson (1933) in studying the effect of dietary factors on gastric pH. In the latter investigation the additions of cod liver oil, NaHCO3, NH4 Cl, starch, dextrin, sucrose, or lactose were found to affect the gastric pH. Heller and Penquite (1936) revealed that the gastric hydrogen ion concentration could be reduced by the addition to the basic diet of 10 percent Ca(OH)2, 10 percent CaCO3, 5 percent Na2 HPO4, 20 percent lard, 10 percent Cad2, SO percent cotton seed, SO percent milk, or 25 percent tankage. In a more recent series of experiments the author (1943) demonstrated that fluid removed from . . .
High performance low A/R poly PN diode for 20nm node PCRAM cell switch

High performance 20nm-node PCRAM cell switching was successfully realized with the remarkable I on /I off characteristics employing low aspect ratio poly PN diode on metal. Nice I on /I off ratio was obtained by modifying stack of diode adopted in-situ boron-doped poly SiGe and thermal optimization with spike RTA. Basically, boron has high solubility and activation rate in SiGe matrix. In-situ boron-doped poly SiGe on P+ region is expected to contribute to P+ R c improvement. In this study, we found the unusual phenomenon that thermal process after pillar patterning does not influence dopant diffusion due mainly to isotropic thermal behavior. It means that RTA process before pillar patterning will be more effective for doping profile and activation engineering. By applying spike RTA and in-situ boron-doped poly SiGe on diode, P+ R c was not degraded despite of skipping additional P+ADD IMP and P+ ADD RTA process. As a result, I on and I off of 393uA/cell on the 2.8V and 92pA/cell on the −3.5V at 75°C were achieved at height of diode down to 1000A.
Spectacles and spectres: settler colonial spaces in Vancouver

This paper argues that non-Indigenous ideas of Indigenous alterity shape and are shaped by processes that render Indigeneity spectacular and/or spectral. In Vancouver, BC, the urban centre of the Northwest Coast and ancestral homeland of the Coast Salish people, performances, art, and other forms of display are experienced by non-Indigenous people as spectacles: cultural not political, visual not otherwise sensorial, passively observed not participatory. And Indigeneity also haunts; despite dispossession, erasure, and displacement, Indigenous people return again and again to exercise their sovereignty and refuse conditions of disappearance and display. This revenant spectrality combined with spectacular representation creates a complex structure of feeling in the city. I suggest that, for non-Indigenous people, these conditions produce a holographic Indigeneity: hyper-visible from some angles, invisible from others; constantly present even in moments of apparent absence. Drawing on urban ethnographic rese...
Separation of meso and racemic 2,3‐butanediol by aqueous liquid chromatography

Fermentation of xylose by Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 8724) producers meso and nonmeso 2,3-butaneodiol. The enzyme Kinetic of 2,3-butanediol stereoisomer formation from acetone is currently under study in our laboratory. Modeling of these kinetics requires resolution of meso and racemic 2,3-butanediol and positive identification of these resolved components. We report their resolution by aqueous liquid chromatography on both an analytical and a preparative scale. The resolved stereoisomer were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, optical activity, and, melting points of the m-dinitrobenzoyl eaters of meso and racemic 2,3-butanediol. An aqueous liquid chromatographic technique for resolving and qualifying major components of a butanediol fermentation mixture in 40 min is presented.
The reciprocal and influential connection between sport marketing and management and the sport sciences

Sport marketing and management have become significant professions within the global landscape of the sport and business industry. Sport marketing and management have had a historical association with the sport sciences; however, there has been a trend to change the focus towards a business orientation at both the educational and professional levels. Does that mean sport marketing and management are no longer important to the sport sciences? The author seeks to answer that question by researching the biophysical, psychosocial and sociocultural domains of sport science to determine whether each domain plays an integral role in sport marketing and management while also enhancing the ability of sport scientists to advance their fields of study. The research shows that, because of the hybrid nature of sport management, there is a need for cross-disciplinary education in sport sciences and sport marketing and management. This requires educators to recognise that interdisciplinary dialogue between sport studies and management needs to take place to assure the future growth of the profession across disciplines. In addition, there is a need for various elements within the professions of sport marketing, sport management and sport sciences to build effective and efficient relationships, collaborations and cooperative efforts.
In vitro Repression of RNA Synthesis by Purified λ Phage Repressor

The λ repressor binds to two operator sites on λ DNA, and it is shown here that in vitro this binding blocks transcription at a very early step.
Convex necessary and sufficient conditions for model (in)validation under SLTV structured uncertainty

This paper deals with the problem of model (in)validation of discrete-time, causal, LTI stable models subject to slowly linear time varying structured uncertainty, using frequency-domain data corrupted by additive noise. It is well known that in the case of structured LTI uncertainty the problem is NP hard in the number of uncertainty blocks. The main contribution of this paper shows that, on the other hand, if one considers arbitrarily slowly time varying uncertainty and noise in L/sub 2/ then tractable, convex necessary and sufficient conditions for (in)validation can be obtained.
Ultrastructural changes in the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum of myocardial cells during hibernation

Abstract The ultrastructure of myocardial cellular membranes in control ground squirrels was compared with that of hibernating ground squirrels. In the control ground squirrels, the cell coat portion of the plasma membrane averaged 249.9 A in thickness and was less electronopaque than that of the hibernating ground squirrels, whose coat averaged 352.0 A. Electron and light microscopic stains indicate that this coat contains a significant proportion of acid mucopolysaccharides. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is more evident, and the lateral sacs of the reticulum are more electron-opaque during hibernation. It is suggested that these changes may enhance calcium uptake and thereby facilitate excitation-contraction coupling during hibernation.
Gangliosides of Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cells

Gangliosides were purified from the cells of two patients with hairy cell leukemia and one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Quantification of these componds showed that these cells contain only 5–15% of the amount of lipid-bound sialic acid (gangliosides) per cell as normal lymphocytes. Structural charaterization by gasliquid chromatography, glycosidase treatment and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that the major gangliosides of these leukemia cells were of the lactosyl type. Hairy cells contained monosialyl-lactosylceramide (II3NeuAc-LacCer), whereas chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells contained both monosialyl and disialyl lactosylceramide [II3 (NeuAc)2-LacCer]. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells contained lesser amounts of three other gangliosides of the neolacto or lacto series as determined by endo-β-galactosidase treatment. None of these leukemia cells contained detectable quantities of NeuAc-LcOse3Cer, a ganglioside found in normal leukocytes.
Controllable reversibility of an sp(2) to sp(3) transition of a single wall nanotube under the manipulation of an AFM tip: A nanoscale electromechanical switch?

A simulation of the deflection of a single wall nanotube under the manipulation of an atomic force microscope tip revealed the key feature characterizing the deformation at relatively small bending angles to be a reversible transition from $s{p}^{2}$ to $s{p}^{3}$ bonding configurations in the bending region, leading to a 2 orders of magnitude reduction in conductance consistent with our most recent experimental observation. A local analysis elucidating the underlying physics of the findings is also discussed.
A Sufficient Condition for Separability

torsion free abelian group is separable if each element is contained in a completely decomposable direct summand. The concept of separability was introduced by Baer in his classic paper on torsion free abelian groups [ l] as a localization of complete dccom- posability. According to Baer’s definition, a group is separable if each
Reliability of high I/O high density CCGA interconnect electronic packages under extreme thermal environments

Ceramic column grid array (CCGA) packages have been increasing in use based on their advantages such as high interconnect density, very good thermal and electrical performances, compatibility with standard surfacemount packaging assembly processes, and so on. CCGA packages are used in space applications such as in logic and microprocessor functions, telecommunications, payload electronics, and flight avionics. As these packages tend to have less solder joint strain relief than leaded packages or more strain relief over lead-less chip carrier packages, the reliability of CCGA packages is very important for short-term and long-term deep space missions. We have employed high density CCGA 1152 and 1272 daisy chained electronic packages in this preliminary reliability study. Each package is divided into several daisy-chained sections. The physical dimensions of CCGA1152 package is 35 mm x 35 mm with a 34 x 34 array of columns with a 1 mm pitch. The dimension of the CCGA1272 package is 37.5 mm x 37.5 mm with a 36 x 36 array with a 1 mm pitch. The columns are made up of 80% Pb/20%Sn material. CCGA interconnect electronic package printed wiring polyimide boards have been assembled and inspected using non-destructive x-ray imaging techniques. The assembled CCGA boards were subjected to extreme temperature thermal atmospheric cycling to assess their reliability for future deep space missions. The resistance of daisy-chained interconnect sections were monitored continuously during thermal cycling. This paper provides the experimental test results of advanced CCGA packages tested in extreme temperature thermal environments. Standard optical inspection and x-ray non-destructive inspection tools were used to assess the reliability of high density CCGA packages for deep space extreme temperature missions.
The maximum principle for control distributions

Pontrjagin's maximum principle holds for a switchable distribution of C1-regular nonautonomous vector fields on a finite dimensional C2-manifold. The flow-theoretic proof does not require that the distribution contains those autonomous fields that correspond to constant controllers in the classical formulation.
Cross-layer multicommodity capacity expansion on ad hoc wireless networks of cognitive radios

Cognitive radios permit dynamic control of physical layer resources such as transmission power and constellation size; these degrees of freedom can be employed to achieve significant improvements in network throughput above that obtainable using conventional radios (with fixed transmission power and constellation size). In this paper we present a unified framework for coordinated resource allocation across the entire protocol stack: physical, medium access, network, and transport layers. Our focus is on demonstrating that joint optimization over transmission power, constellation size, scheduling, and multicommodity flow can achieve greater network performance over optimizing resource allocation at each layer individually. We present three cases where a modularized network design problem can be "merged" and then characterize the benefit achieved by the merger.
Examining the Feasibility of Smartphone Game Applications for Physical Activity Promotion in Middle School Students

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility (i.e., limited efficacy testing, practicality, and acceptability) of a 6-week smartphone game-based applications program for promoting physical activity (PA) in adolescents in an afterschool program. Materials and Methods: This mixed-method, quasi-experimental design study included 27 adolescents who evaluated four smartphone PA game-based applications in two Boys & Girls Clubs of America. After an initial baseline week (i.e., usual activity during their visit to the Club), adolescents played each game for 1 week. During a final week, the participants could choose to play any combination of the four games. An established conceptual framework was used to assess feasibility. Efficacy was assessed by changes in PA via wrist-worn accelerometers (model GT3x+; ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL). Practicality was measured through field notes, the number of players attending each session, and the proportion of attendees who played the gam...
The Photobleaching Sequence of a Short-Wavelength Visual Pigment†

The photobleaching pathway of a short-wavelength cone opsin purified in delipidated form (λmax = 425 nm) is reported. The batho intermediate of the violet cone opsin generated at 45 K has an absorption maximum at 450 nm. The batho intermediate thermally decays to the lumi intermediate (λmax = 435 nm) at 200 K. The lumi intermediate decays to the meta I (λmax = 420 nm) and meta II (λmax = 388 nm) intermediates at 258 and 263 K, respectively. The meta II intermediate decays to free retinal and opsin at >270 K. At 45, 75, and 140 K, the photochemical excitation of the violet cone opsin at 425 nm generates the batho intermediate at high concentrations under moderate illumination. The batho intermediate spectra, generated via decomposing the photostationary state spectra at 45 and 140 K, are identical and have properties typical of batho intermediates of other visual pigments. Extended illumination of the violet cone opsin at 75 K, however, generates a red-shifted photostationary state (relative to both the da...
Agreement over random networks

We consider the agreement problem over random information networks. In a random network, the existence of an information channel between a pair of elements at each time instance is probabilistic and independent of other channels; hence, the topology of the network varies over time. In such a framework, we address the asymptotic agreement for the networked elements via notions from stochastic stability. Furthermore, we delineate on the rate of convergence as it relates to the algebraic connectivity of random graphs.
Light-trail testbed for IP-centric applications

The Internet transport infrastructure is evolving toward a model of high-speed routers interconnected by intelligent optical networks. In this article we review current optical networking architectures and describe a new concept proposed in A. Gumaste and I. Chlamtac [2003]: light-trails. We develop light-trails as a novel and amenable control and management solution to address IP-centric communication problems at the optical layer. We implement a testbed to demonstrate light-trail feasibility. We also present three medium access control protocols for light-trails and evaluate their performance. The goal of light-trails and our solution is to combine commercially available components with emerging network technologies to provide a transparent, reliable, and highly scalable communication network.
Designing the "Next Generation" of Medical Information Systems

A new breed of medical information systems is required to more effectively address unresolved and newly emerging needs in the healthcare environment. This paper attempts to define those needs and describe the design and implementation of a solution. In order to rapidly develop a prototype solution that is both sustainable with minimal resources and adaptable to future (perhaps unforeseen) needs, certain design principles are proposed. A prototype application was developed using a high level ("abstract") object oriented approach that permits ongoing modification and adaptation at minimal cost. Standards for user interaction, data modeling, and data coding and retrieval were utilized to create a robust Web-based application. Production uses as an autopsy information system, biospecimen management system, and clinical trial management system have ensued.
The semiconductor laser: a thirty-five-year perspective

Starting in 1962 with GaAs and the alloy GaAsP, the prototype III-V alloy the semiconductor laser developed slowly from a pulse-operated simple p-n junction to a continuously operated (300-K) double heterojunction in 1970. Then, in 1977, in another metamorphosis, it became a quantum-well (QW) device of reduced dimensionality (two dimensional) and improved density of states and performance. The fact that the semiconductor laser is based on an ideal form of "lamp", a p-n junction of potentially 100% quantum efficiency in conversion of electron-hole pairs to photons, gives it a built-in advantage over all other forms of lasers-all the indirectly excited lasers. Also, being a condensed system, it can be small-smaller than all other forms of lasers-and yet cover a great wavelength and power range, which continue to expand. Because of its third-layer form, a QW heterostructure (the product of more or less easily controlled epitaxial crystal growth) is amenable to modification by relatively simple processing operations such as impurity-induced layer disordering and now "wet" oxidation of Al-based layers, which makes possible a new generation of high-performance vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). The VCSEL, with its oxide-defined high-Q flat cavity, reduced mode density, and approach now to instant "turn-on" (/spl mu/A currents), indicates that semiconductor lasers may not become much better than VCSELs, even if there is a change (not certain) in form from two to one to zero dimensional (and, if so, to problems in uniformity and reproducibility). If the technologies of the high-brightness transparent-substrate light emitting diode (LED) and the VCSEL converge much more, it is likely that the VCSEL-LED will become an addressable array (a display), a projection television, or a low- or high-power lamp, perhaps eventually on a large "diameter" Si platform. The study of the semiconductor laser, the first practical QW device, is not complete, nor is its development, which is certain to continue.
rsly1 Binding to Syntaxin 5 Is Required for Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Golgi Transport but Does Not Promote SNARE Motif Accessibility

Although some of the principles of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) function are well understood, remarkably little detail is known about sec1/munc18 (SM) protein function and its relationship to SNAREs. Popular models of SM protein function hold that these proteins promote or maintain an open and/or monomeric pool of syntaxin molecules available for SNARE complex formation. To address the functional relationship of the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi SM protein rsly1 and its SNARE binding partner syntaxin 5, we produced a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody that binds only the available, but not the cis-SNARE–complexed nor intramolecularly closed form of syntaxin 5. Immunostaining experiments demonstrated that syntaxin 5 SNARE motif availability is nonuniformly distributed and focally regulated. In vitro endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport assays revealed that rsly1 was acutely required for transport, and that binding to syntaxin 5 was absolutely required for its function. Finally, manipulation of rsly1–syntaxin 5 interactions in vivo revealed that they had remarkably little impact on the pool of available syntaxin 5 SNARE motif. Our results argue that although rsly1 does not seem to regulate the availability of syntaxin 5, its function is intimately associated with syntaxin binding, perhaps promoting a later step in SNARE complex formation or function.
What could a virtual wafer look like

A simple, yet efficient data structure and a generic wafer state maintenance algorithm are proposed, which unify geometry- and field-oriented representations. The implementation is based an a constrained Delaunay triangulation of the geometry and the cloud of interior mesh points which tesselates the structure with edge/triangle entities. Points are stored using a region quadtree which enables optimal O(N log(N)) performance for all range-search based operations. It is shown how this unified data structure can be equipped with generic algorithmic modules that can be applied to tool integration, to mesh generation, and to morphological solid modeling as used in topography simulation.
Surveillance, Privacy and the Ethics of Vehicle Safety Communication Technologies

Recent advances in wireless technologies have led to the development of intelligent, in-vehicle safety applications designed to share information about the actions of nearby vehicles, potential road hazards, and ultimately predict dangerous scenarios or imminent collisions. These vehicle safety communication (VSC) technologies rely on the creation of autonomous, self-organizing, wireless communication networks connecting vehicles with roadside infrastructure and with each other. As the technical standards and communication protocols for VSC technologies are still being developed, certain ethical implications of these new information technologies emerge: Coupled with the predicted safety benefits of VSC applications is a potential rise in the ability to surveil a driver engaging in her everyday activities on the public roads. This paper will explore how the introduction of VSC technologies might disrupt the "contextual integrity" of personal information flows in the context of highway travel and threaten one's "privacy in public." Since VSC technologies and their related protocols and standards are still in the developmental stage, the paper will conclude by revealing how close attention to the ethical implications of the remaining design decisions can inform and guide designers of VSC technologies to create innovate safety applications that increase public safety, but without compromising the value of one's privacy in public.
A critical review of recommendations to increase dietary protein requirements in the habitually active.

Some scientists and professional organisations have called for an increase in dietary protein for those who reach a threshold level of exercise, i.e. endurance athletes. But there are individual scientists who question this recommendation. Limitations in the procedures used to justify changing the recommended daily allowance (RDA) are at issue. N balance has been used to justify this increase; but it is limiting even when measured in a well-controlled clinical research centre. Experimental shortcomings are only exacerbated when performed in a sports or exercise field setting. Another laboratory method used to justify this increase, the isotope infusion procedure, has methodological problems as well. Stable isotope infusion data collected during and after exercise cannot account for fed-state gains that counterbalance those exercise losses over a 24 h dietary period. The present review concludes that an adaptive metabolic demand model may be needed to accurately study the protein health of the active individual.
Building a Better Boolean Matcher and Symmetry Detector

Boolean matching is a powerful technique that has been used in technology mapping to overcome the limitations of structural pattern matching. The current basis for performing Boolean matching is the computation of a canonical form to represent functions that are equivalent under negation and permutation of inputs and outputs. In this paper, we first present a detailed analysis of previous techniques for Boolean matching. We then describe a novel combination of existing methods and new ideas that results in a matcher which is dramatically faster than previous work. We point out that the presented algorithm is equally relevant for detecting generalized functional symmetries, which has broad applications in logic optimization and verifi cation.
Right Buttock Rash for Thirty Years in a Patient from China

Question: A 57-year-old man who emigrated from mainland China to the United States 2 years ago presented with a plaque on his right buttock that had been there for ≤30 years. He noted that the lesion developed shortly after sitting on a nail. He had intermittently sought care for the eruption, which included oral antibiotics for several months and multiple excisions. Neither of these interventions resulted in a cure, although the lesion had regressed from its maximal involvement of the buttock and upper posterior thigh. He was a long-time smoker with a medical history significant only for asthma, for which he received inhaled albuterol. In China, he worked as a salesman. Physical examination revealed a well-nourished middle-aged man in no distress. On his right buttock was a 15 × 13 cm exophytic fungating plaque with a linear keloid centrally and peripheral crusting. Inferiorly, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation was visible over the upper thigh (figure 1A). His laboratory studies and findings of the remainder of examination were unremarkable. Diagnostic punch biopsies were obtained for histopathologic evaluation and culture. Figure 1 Question
On the physical properties of memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems

We discuss the physical properties of realistic memristive, memcapacitive and meminductive systems. In particular, by employing the well-known theory of response functions and microscopic derivations, we show that resistors, capacitors and inductors with memory emerge naturally in the response of systems - especially those of nanoscale dimensions - subjected to external perturbations. As a consequence, since memristances, memcapacitances, and meminductances are simply response functions, they are not necessarily finite. This means that, unlike what has always been argued in some literature, diverging and non-crossing input-output curves of all these memory elements are physically possible in both quantum and classical regimes. For similar reasons, it is not surprising to find memcapacitances and meminductances that acquire negative values at certain times during dynamics, while the passivity criterion of memristive systems imposes always a non-negative value on the resistance at any given time. We finally show that ideal memristors, namely those whose state depends only on the charge that flows through them (or on the history of the voltage) are subject to very strict physical conditions and are unable to protect their memory state against the unavoidable fluctuations, and therefore are susceptible to a stochastic catastrophe. Similar considerations apply to ideal memcapacitors and meminductors.
Electromagnetic modeling of passive circuit elements in MMIC

A spatial domain mixed-potential integral equation method is developed for the analysis of microstrip discontinuities and antennas of arbitrary shape. The algorithm is based on roof-top basis functions on a rectangular and triangular mixed grid and analytical evaluation of the quadruple moment integrals involved. The algorithm has been successfully implemented into an accurate, efficient, and versatile computer program. The numerical results agree with the measured ones very well. >
Fluid inclusion evidence for basement decompression during Permo‐Triassic extension, SE New England, USA

CO2-bearing fluid inclusions in strongly lineated but weakly foliated late Precambrian gneisses within the Hope Valley Shear zone of Connecticut and Rhode Island are of mixed composition (Xco2± 0.1; 7 wt% NaCl equivalent) and variable density (0.59–0.86 g/ml) and occur mainly as isolated inclusions. Also present are dilute (3 wt% NaCl equivalent) aqueous inclusions which occur on healed fractures related to greenschist facies retrograde metamorphism. Isochores for dense isolated CO2-bearing inclusions indicate pressures of 7.5–9 kbar at 500–600° C, the estimated temperature conditions of peak metamorphism. Published 40Ar/39Ar hornblende plateau age spectra indicate cooling through about 500° C at 265 ± 5 Ma. Isochores for low-density CO2-bearing inclusions and aqueous inclusions intersect at the conditions of retrograde metamorphism (325–400° C) and indicate pressures of 3–4 kbar. Published 40Ar/39Ar biotite plateau ages indicate cooling through about 300° C at 250 ± 5 Ma. These data define a P–T uplift curve for the region which is convex towards the temperature axis and indicate uplift rates between 0.4 and 3.3 mm/year in Permian time. Exhumation of basement gneisses was coeval with normal (west-down) motion along the regional basement–cover contact (Honey Hill–Lake Char–Willimantic fault system), and is interpreted as due to post-orogenic extensional collapse of the Alleghanian orogeny.
Interference-free relay transmission without CSI-S for the MIMO two-hop interference channel

In this paper, we consider the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) two-hop interference channels where two source-destination pairs havingM antennas wish to communicate via two intermediate relays, each equipped withM antennas. For such a channel, we prove that 2M − 1 degrees of freedom (DoF) are achievable without any knowledge of the channel state information at the sources (CSI-S). The key to showing this result is a new interference-free relay transmission method, which is inspired by interference neutralization.
Optimal bounding error algorithms with adaptive tracking capability

A class of set membership (SM)-based techniques which are of particular interest in applications requiring real-time identification is considered. The optimal bounding ellipsoid (OBE) algorithms are interpreted as a blending of the classical least square error minimization approach with knowledge of bounds on model errors arising from SM considerations. Various adaptive strategies are discussed. It is shown that the adaptive OBE algorithms are more effective in tracking time-varying systems than least squares techniques. >
Structure of the elastin gene and alternative splicing of elastin mRNA: Implications for human disease

The protein elastin is largely responsible for the elastic properties of vertebrate lungs, large blood vessels, and skin. The structure of the human, bovine, and chick elastin gene and protein monomer, tropoelastin, has recently been elucidated by using techniques of molecular biology
Public Administration in China: Impressions of Some of the Changes Since the Cultural Revolution

In the wake of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), China has moved in the direction of decentralization and increased autonomy for local and regional administrators. This article gives an impressionistic and somewhat speculative account of this trend in three administrative sectors: agriculture, industry, and the Chinese university system. Both field work and interviews show that the post Cultural Revolution institutional shift is minor and tentative despite the fact that middle-level Chinese bureaucrats appear to perceive the changes to be both necessary and far-reaching. The key to future modifications of the post Cultural Revolution administrative shift may center as much upon this set of administrative attitudes as upon the substantive success or failure of local implementation efforts.
Using a pattern monitor wafer on an inspection tool for chamber recoveries

In the past, when a maintenance person wanted to recover a process chamber from either an FM issue or a wet strip, they would use a bare silicon wafer. This worked when line sizes were larger. Current technology has a need for better process chamber controls. Pattern monitors look to be the future in tool recovery for lowering defect density. The use of classification and failure analysis on pattern monitors gives us the ability to identify and locate smaller particles that would have never been found in the past.
A model of salmonid planktivory: field test of a mechanistic approach to size-selection

A mechanistic model was developed to simulate the planktivory process for the pelagic lake herring (Coregonus artedi) on common crustacean zooplankton of Lake Superior. The model was constructed as a product of probabilities associated with detection, attack, capture and retention. Sensitivity analysis showed that these coefficients were robust and that initial zooplankton density affected the model behavior more than altering the coefficients. The model output provides percent composition of adult lake herring stomach contents. Zooplankton communities from several stations and seasons in Lake Superior were sampled to provide an initializing zooplankton community for the model. Model output was then contrasted with simultaneously field caught lake herring stomachs. The model predictions agreed with the observed stomach contents at an average accuracy of 80%. The overall agreement of the predictions with observed stomach contents is suggestive that the mechanisms modeled track planktivore feeding dynamics adequately.
The genetics of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically complex disorder. Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 (PS1) genes are fully penetrant and cause early-onset AD. Mutations in presenilin 2, a PS1 homologue, cause partially penetrant autosomal dominant AD with onset age beginning at 40 years and extending past 75 years. A fourth gene, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a risk-factor for late-onset AD. Over 40 genes have been tested as AD candidate genes, yet none has been clearly established as an AD risk factor. Linkage studies have implicated a number of chromosome regions as possible sites for late-onset AD loci with the strongest evidence being for chromosome 12. Candidate genes in this region include alpha2-macroglobulin (A2M) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related gene (LRP), although neither has been clearly established as an AD gene. Identification of additional late-onset genes will require larger samples, more sophisticated analysis methods, and large-scale positional cloning efforts.
JetScope: reliable and interactive analytics at cloud scale

Interactive, reliable, and rich data analytics at cloud scale is a key capability to support low latency data exploration and experimentation over terabytes of data for a wide range of business scenarios. Besides the challenges in massive scalability and low latency distributed query processing, it is imperative to achieve all these requirements with effective fault tolerance and efficient recovery, as failures and fluctuations are the norm in such a distributed environment.We present a cloud scale interactive query processing system, called JetScope, developed at Microsoft. The system has a SQL-like declarative scripting language and delivers massive scalability and high performance through advanced optimizations. In order to achieve low latency, the system leverages various access methods, optimizes delivering first rows, and maximizes network and scheduling efficiency. The system also provides a fine-grained fault tolerance mechanism which is able to efficiently detect and mitigate failures without significantly impacting the query latency and user experience. JetScope has been deployed to hundreds of servers in production at Microsoft, serving a few million queries every day.
Light-element isotopes (H, C, N, and O) as tracers of human diet: A case study on fast food meals

Tracking the production and movement of foods from farm to fork has become increasingly complex in recent years due to changes in modern food markets, including the globalization of food sources and their distribution. Dietary habits have changed as well, with meals eaten outside of the home representing an ever-increasing fraction of the modern human diet. Stable isotope analysis has proven to be a reliable technique for characterizing biological substances, such as food, because stable isotopes record aspects of photosynthesis, nutrition, and source water. Here we present stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O) measured for one ubiquitous example of modern convenience food, the fast food meal. In a series of paired observations among cities in the U.S., we compared the isotopic composition of components of a fast food meal to similar foods purchased from grocery stores. Isotope analyses revealed several interesting patterns in both food production and food origin within the modern American food market. Carbon isotope ratio analysis of proteins highlighted the impact of consumer choice: patrons in a fast food restaurant consumed beef containing a lower proportion of C4 plants than beef purchased from a grocery store. The relative trophic-level position of beef available in both fast food restaurants and grocery stores was similar based on δ15N values. The δ2H and δ18O values of the beef, bread, and milk samples were independently and positively correlated, suggesting that both plants and animals recorded the isotopic composition of local environmental water and, therefore, geographic source. Overall, these results demonstrated the promise and potential of food stable isotope analyses to broad areas of societal interest: food safety, food authenticity, and food traceability.