cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rank-statistics based enrichment-site prediction algorithm developed for chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip experiments

High density oligonucleotide tiling arrays are an effective and powerful platform for conducting unbiased genome-wide studies. The ab initio probe selection method employed in tiling arrays is unbiased, and thus ensures consistent sampling across coding and non-coding regions of the genome. Tiling arrays are increasingly used in chromatin immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments (ChIP on chip). ChIP on chip facilitates the generation of genome-wide maps of in-vivo interactions between DNA-associated proteins including transcription factors and DNA. Analysis of the hybridization of an immunoprecipitated sample to a tiling array facilitates the identification of ChIP-enriched segments of the genome. These enriched segments are putative targets of antibody assayable regulatory elements. The enrichment response is not ubiquitous across the genome. Typically 5 to 10% of tiled probes manifest some significant enrichment. Depending upon the factor being studied, this response can drop to less than 1%. The detection and assessment of significance for interactions that emanate from non-canonical and/or un-annotated regions of the genome is especially challenging. This is the motivation behind the proposed algorithm. We have proposed a novel rank and replicate statistics-based methodology for identifying and ascribing statistical confidence to regions of ChIP-enrichment. The algorithm is optimized for identification of sites that manifest low levels of enrichment but are true positives, as validated by alternative biochemical experiments. Although the method is described here in the context of ChIP on chip experiments, it can be generalized to any treatment-control experimental design. The results of the algorithm show a high degree of concordance with independent biochemical validation methods. The sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm have been characterized via quantitative PCR and independent computational approaches. The algorithm ranks all enrichment sites based on their intra-replicate ranks and inter-replicate rank consistency. Following the ranking, the method allows segmentation of sites based on a meta p-value, a composite array signal enrichment criterion, or a composite of these two measures. The sensitivities obtained subsequent to the segmentation of data using a meta p-value of 10-5, an array signal enrichment of 0.2 and a composite of these two values are 88%, 87% and 95%, respectively.
Occasions of Faith: An Anthropology of Irish Catholics

Occasions of Faith: An Anthropology of Irish Catholics. Lawrence J. Taylor. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. xv. 282 pp., index, references, notes, figures.
Comparative tolerability of first-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer treatment and prevention.

In general, the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) currently indicated for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer, i.e. tamoxifen and toremifene, are fairly well tolerated. However, tamoxifen has been shown to induce hepatocellular carcinomas in rats, but not in humans, and can increase the risk of endometrial cancer in humans by two to three times. Other potentially serious adverse effects which have been associated with tamoxifen and toremifene therapy include vasomotor symptoms, an increased risk of venous thromboembolic events, and an increased incidence of cataracts and ocular toxicity, fatty liver, and nonmalignant hepatic and uterine changes. In addition, long term tamoxifen use almost always results in resistance to the drug and, indeed, has actually been shown to promote tumour proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and toremifene display drug interactions with a variety of drug classes. The adverse events associated with these compounds have raised significant concerns regarding their widespread use for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. In addition, because of the weakness and scarcity of the data on toremifene, any conclusions about its tolerability remain tentative until outcomes of ongoing clinical trials in the adjuvant setting are known. A third SERM, raloxifene, is the focus of several large randomised trials examining its efficacy in the prevention of breast cancer. At present, each potential adverse event needs to be weighed against potential benefits in the decision to undergo SERM treatment. An array of therapies is currently available for patients with breast cancer and women at increased risk of disease; the risk-to-benefit ratio for each agent should be carefully examined in determining the most advantageous regimen.
Neuronal correlates of movement dynamics in the dorsal and ventral premotor area in the monkey.

We investigated how neurons in the different motor areas of the frontal lobe reflect the movement dynamics, and how their neuronal activity undergoes plastic changes when monkeys adapt to perturbing forces (they learn new dynamics). Here we describe the results obtained in the dorsal premotor area (PMd) and ventral premotor area (PMv). Monkeys performed visually instructed, delayed reaching movements before, during and after exposure and adaptation to a viscous, curl force field. During movement planning (i.e., during an instructed delay that followed the cue and preceded the go signal), we found dynamics-related activity in PMd but not in PMv. A closer analysis revealed that the population of PMd reflected the dynamics of the upcoming movement increasingly over the course of the delay, starting from a kinematics-related signal. During movement execution, dynamics-related activity was present in both PMd and PMv. In this respect, the results for PMd were similar to that previously found for the supplementary motor area (SMA) whereas the results for PMv were more similar to that previously found for the primary motor cortex (M1). Plastic changes associated with the acquisition of new dynamics found in PMd and PMv were qualitatively similar to those previously observed in M1 and SMA. The ensemble of our experiments suggest a broader picture of the cortical control of movements, whereby multiple areas all contribute to the various sensorimo- tor processes, including ''low'' computations such as the movement dynamics, but also express a degree of specialization.
Effect of hybrid layer on fracture toughness of adhesively bonded dentin–resin composite joint

Abstract Objectives . Micromechanical retention from the hybrid layer is generally believed to be the mechanism of adhesion of current generation dentin bonding agents. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the interfacial fracture toughness of a commercial dentin bonding agent with and without this hybrid layer. Methods . Ten extracted molars (AB2) were flattened on the occlusal surface, All-Bond 2 Universal Adhesive System (Bisco) was applied according to manufacturer's directions and a composite resin (Prodigy, Kerr) crown was formed. Another group of ten molars (AB2Cl) was handled identically with the exception of a 1 min gentle scrubbing application of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite after acid etching to remove the acid-exposed collagen. Plane-strain chevron-notch short bar fracture toughness specimens were fabricated from all 20 composite crowns and tested according to ASTM E1304-89. Each group was tested to failure in tensile mode at 0.1 mm min −1 and the maximum load at failure was used to determine plane-strain fracture toughness ( K QvM ). Weibull parameters were calculated and fracture probability distributions were tested for significant difference at the 95% confidence level. Scanning electron microscopy was employed on broken specimens (18/20) to describe the failure mode. Results . Weibull distributions were not significantly different with characteristic plane-strain fracture toughness from maximum load ( K o QvM ) of 0.97 MPa m 1/2 and 0.81 MPa m 1/2 and a Weibull modulus of 4.7 and 3.9, respectively, for AB2 and AB2Cl. All AB2 samples failed within the adhesive joint, while the AB2Cl crack propagated from the interphase of adhesive resin and dentin to 1–2 μm into dentin. Significance . Under the conditions of this study, the presence of collagen did not contribute to a significantly stronger bonded joint. Interfacial fracture toughness evaluation of the dentin–composite resin bimaterial interface shows promise for future investigations.
Stability analysis of impulsive stochastic differential systems in terms of two measures

Stability, involving two measures, of a class of impulsive stochastic systems is investigated. Sufficient conditions for stability are obtained using Lyapunov-like functions and differential inequalities.
Compatibility of the Parasitoid Wasp Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Insecticides against Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as Evaluated by a New Index

Various insecticides for the control of the house fly Musca domestica L. were tested for compatibility with a biological control agent, the pupal parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker. Bioassays used the mode in which each organism was expected to be harmed by the insecticides, a surface contact bioassay for S. endius and a feeding bioassay for M. domestica. A Pesticide Compatibility Index (PCI) was created that allows comparison of LC50 values when the mode of exposure to a pesticide differs. First LC50 values were converted into units of prescribed dosages (LPR=LC50-to-prescribed dosage ratio). This study used dosages from labels of granular baits. PCI is the ratio of LPRbiological control agent to LPRpest. For these PCI values, order of compatibility with S. endius was spinosad>thiamethoxam>inotefuran>methomyl>imidacloprid. That spinosad was better than imidacloprid or methomyl, both for parasitoid survival and for killing flies, is consistent with conclusions from the LC50 values. Permethrin and nitenpyram were also tested, but their PCIs were not calculated. Permethrin is prescribed as a contact insecticide against flies rather than being consumed as a bait, and nitenpyram has not been formulated as a fly insecticide. Compared with the other insecticides in terms of LC50 values, permethrin was moderately toxic to S. endius but one of the most toxic for M. domestica, whereas nitenpyram was least toxic for both S. endius and the flies.
A Field Test of Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Ambient Noise Recording

Summary We present results from an intermediate scale field experiment conducted in December 2014, evaluating the use of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for recording ambient noise generated by infrastructure use; the future aim of our effort is to utilize ambient noise for real-time geotechnical evaluation of soils beneath active infrastructure. We present details of the installation, recording comparisons of 4 selected DAS cables, and a noise comparison between DAS and classical 3C geophones. We conclude by showing preliminary examples of ambient noise interferometry using passive data acquired with DAS vs. 3C geophones.
Reporting back environmental exposure data and free choice learning

Reporting data back to study participants is increasingly being integrated into exposure and biomonitoring studies. Informal science learning opportunities are valuable in environmental health literacy efforts and report back efforts are filling an important gap in these efforts. Using the University of Arizona’s Metals Exposure Study in Homes, this commentary reflects on how community-engaged exposure assessment studies, partnered with data report back efforts are providing a new informal education setting and stimulating free-choice learning. Participants are capitalizing on participating in research and leveraging their research experience to meet personal and community environmental health literacy goals. Observations from report back activities conducted in a mining community support the idea that reporting back biomonitoring data reinforces free-choice learning and this activity can lead to improvements in environmental health literacy. By linking the field of informal science education to the environmental health literacy concepts, this commentary demonstrates how reporting data back to participants is tapping into what an individual is intrinsically motivated to learn and how these efforts are successfully responding to community-identified education and research needs.
James Madison on Religion and Politics: Rhetoric and Reality

The recent Oregon v.Smith decision's shifting of the burden in free exercise cases from legislatures to minority religious claims has brought fierce opposition, most conspicuously from leading nonpreferentialist Richard J. Neuhaus, who sees in it the foundation of majority tyranny. Against Smith, Neuhaus employs Madison's “Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments,” which is universally read to argue that the superiority of religion to politics proscribes majoritarian hegemony over religious practices. I contend that the Memorial's appeals are better understood as rhetoric than as reflecting Madison's true view. I find Madison hostile not only to religious establishments but also to religion itself. This hostility was the basis of his rejection of the nonpreferentialists' utility-based argument for government support of religion. In this light, I uncover a curious historical irony: the nonpreferentialist Neuhaus seeks today to protect religion from hostility by adhering to a position that was originally animated, in key respects, by hostility both to religion and to its nonpreferential support.
Role of Inositol and p-Aminobenzoic Acid in Normal Lactation:

ConclusionsThe results indicate that the B-complex supplement without p-amino-benzoic acid or inositol will not support normal lactation, that under these conditions the initiation of lactation is slow, and that it never achieves a normal level. The rapid decline in milk production beginning with the tenth postpartum day is also noteworthy; it culminates in almost complete cessation of lactation on the 14th day.The addition of p-aminobenzoic acid to the B-complex supplement appears to result in delayed initiation of lactation, there being no significant amount of milk until the 5th post-partum day. After this time, however, secretion was maintained at a normal level.With the addition of inositol to the B-complex supplement there was a prompt initiation of lactation which was maintained at a level only slightly less than that of the controls. Further supplementation of this regime with p-aminobenzoic acid resulted in no significant improvement in milk secretion over that in the group which received the B-c...
The USFL Story: Launching a Professional Football League with Advertising

The United States Football League was introduced to this nation in the Spring of 1982. Its inception was marked by two distinct features: (1) the unique marketing strategy of scheduling games in the springtime rather than the traditional fall season; and (2) the realization and acceptance of both marketing and advertising as a necessary ingredient for success. This paper profiles the use of advertising by USFL franchises during their initial season. Among other findings the surveys of the league’s 1983 members indicated that: 1. The most used forms of advertising media were radio, newspaper, and direct mail. All respondents used these forms of advertising, and direct mail was perceived as being the least effective of the three. 2. Radio received the greatest percentage of the franchises’ promotional budget. Newspaper was second in expenditures and television was third. 3. Premiums were offered by all respondents as a means of increasing fan attendance at home games. The amount and type varied, however, as did the perceived level of effectiveness.
Designing a New Simulation of Ethnic Conflict: Lessons Learned from the Trenches

For the fall semester 2010, the Politics of Ethnic Conflict course I taught used the Dacia Simulation, a simulation of ethnic conflict resolution created by Thomas Ambrosio of North Dakota State University. The student response was excellent in both the student evaluations after the course and in comments by students in debriefings. However, one of the issues that I discovered is that students needed, or wanted, additional information such as the geographic location of waterways, significant bodies of water, and other geographic formations that were not included in the Dacia Simulation. In preparing for a subsequent offering in the fall semester 2013, I decided that a new simulation was necessary that would incorporate the strategic geographic features and other modifications beyond those included in Dacia. The new simulation, “Bokhtikkari Nationalism in Assuwa: A Simulation of Conflict Resolution in an Ethnically Divided Society,” incorporates secessionist and irredentist ethnic conflict. The most important goal of the new simulation is for students to create a stable environment and a peaceful resolution of that conflict. The simulation was based on an actual conflict. However, the details were hidden behind a fictional veil to encourage students to act within the boundaries of the simulation and not rely on their understanding of the real world scenario. This paper addresses the design process and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the simulation, including a student evaluation, of the effectiveness of the simulation.
Release of adenine nucleotides and platelet factor 4 from platelets of man and four other species.

Abstract Release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and platelet factor 4 (PF 4 ) from the blood platelets of man, rabbit, pig, cat, and guinea pig was studied in response to various platelet-aggregating agents. Platelet-rich citrated plasma from man, guinea pig, and the cat showed 2 phases of aggregation in response to ADP and thrombin, as measured by a turbidimetric technique. During the second phase of aggregation, but not the first, increasing amounts of platelet ADP were released. In man and the cat, PF 4 was also released during the second phase of aggregation. Platelet-rich citrated plasma from rabbits and pigs did not show a second phase of aggregation, nor was platelet ATP, ADP, or PF 4 released in significant amounts. However, washed pig and rabbit platelets readily released their ATP, ADP, and PF 4 in response to thrombin. Among the species studied, human platelets are especially responsive to epinephrine in vitro, and the release reaction is more readily induced than in the other species. The similarity in behavior of cat, guinea pig, and human platelets suggests that cats and guinea pigs may be more suitable animals for the study of platelet thrombosis than either pigs or rabbits.
Positive Airway Pressure-Induced Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation to Normal Sinus Rhythm in Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Accumulating data implicate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as a predisposing factor to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF), the latter representing the most common sustained cardiac arrhythm...
The Preparation of Highly Dispersed Au/Al2O3 by Aqueous Impregnation

In this work, we report an impregnation method for preparing Au supported on alumina from HAuCl4. In the literature, impregnation under acidic conditions has been found to lead to poor dispersions of Au and the resulting catalysts are not as active as those prepared by deposition-precipitation. To overcome these problems, we have developed a two-step procedure: in the first step, the acidified Au solution is contacted with alumina to adsorb the Au chloride on the alumina. After washing off the excess Au precursor, we treat the solid with a strong base to convert the chloride to an absorbed hydroxide. Drying and calcination at 400 °C yields a catalyst with Au particles having a number average diameter of 2.4 nm. The reactivity for CO oxidation at room temperature is comparable to catalysts prepared by deposition-precipitation. These catalysts are stable to hydrothermal sintering, with average particle size around 4 nm after sintering in 10 mol% H2O at 600 °C for 100 h. This work shows that stable Au/Al2O3 catalysts having a high reactivity for CO oxidation can be prepared by impregnation under acidic conditions.
Global Perspectives on Global History: On the margins of a troubled nation – approaches in Germany

The primacy of the national past Although global memory may not exist, there are certain aspects of the past that have transcended their original spatial confinements and entered historical consciousness in different parts of the world. Among the most well known and symbolically charged aspects of the human past are certainly the crimes and traumas of the Nazi era. In many countries, the atrocities committed during the Third Reich, particularly the shoa , occupy an important place in textbooks as well as in popular historical consciousness as they are transmitted and reinvoked on television, in newspapers, and other media. German fascism has also become an important subject of academic research and intellectual debate, even in regions such as East Asia or South Asia that were not directly affected by it. In many parts of the world there have been debates about the implications of the Nazi experience for notions of such fundamental concepts as modernity or Europe and its place in the world as well as – in some cases – human nature and God. The historical discourses surrounding the National Socialist past are certainly far from identical in different public spheres. However, this does not change the fact that important facets of the history of Nazism and its victims have been globalized in terms of their historical implications, connotations, and symbolism.
A gentzen system for conditional logic

Conditional logic is the deductive system 〈 $$\mathcal{L}$$ , ⊨〉 where $$\mathcal{L}$$ is the set of propositional connectives {∧, ∨,′} and ⊨ is the structural finitary consequence relation on the absolutely free algebra $$F_{m_\mathcal{L} } $$ that preserves degrees of truth over the structure of truth values 〈C, ≤〉. HereC is the non-commutative regular extension of the 2-element Boolean algebra to 3 truth values {t, u, f}, andf<u<t. In this paper we give a Gentzen type axiomatization for conditional logic.
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

Sohn des spater in die Resistance gegangenen Wirtschaftsministers unter Marschall Petain; Staatsexamen in Geschichte an der Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris; Lehrer in Montpellier, Dozent dort und in Paris an der Ecole Pratique des Haute Etudes; 1973–1999 Professor fur Geschichte der neuzeitlichen Zivilisation am College de France; Historiker aus dem Umkreis der Zeitschrift Annales, bereicherte die Historiographie insbesondere des spaten Mittelalters und der Fruhen Neuzeit durch seine Detailstudien zu sozialen und kulturellen Randgruppen (Bauern, Handwerker, Ketzer, Hexen: ›Microhistoire‹), durch Studien zu historischen Rahmenbedingungen (Arbeiten zur Klimageschichte 1983, 2004, 2007) und zur Pest (2002).
Intellectual Property Rights and Global Climate Change: Toward Resolving an Apparent Dilemma

AbstractThis paper addresses an apparent dilemma that must be resolved in order to respond ethically to global climate change. The dilemma can be presented as follows. Responding ethically to global climate change requires technological innovation that is accessible to everyone, including inhabitants of the least developed countries. Technological innovation, according to many, requires strong intellectual property protection, but strong intellectual property protection makes it highly unlikely that patent-protected technologies will be accessible to developing countries at affordable prices. Given this, responding ethically to global climate change is highly unlikely. I argue that this apparent dilemma – which I call ‘the patent dilemma in global climate change’ – should be taken seriously. I discuss a number of possibilities for resolving it, and I argue that any acceptable strategy must satisfy the criteria of near-term feasibility and non-paternalism. Finally, I propose a multi-pronged, multi-tiered s...
Dielectrophoresis force spectroscopy for colloidal nanoparticles (Conference Presentation)

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the motion of colloidal particles in an inhomogeneous electric field. Accurate determination of dielectrophoresis (DEP) force is important for lab-on-a-chip applications. However current DEP force spectroscopy methods are not suitable for accurately measuring the DEP force for sub-micron particles. A new and facile method is developed to measure the DEP force as a function of the frequency of the electric field for nanoparticles by an ensemble analysis approach. Using the principle of Boltzmann distribution of the concentration of non-interacting particles in a DEP potential field, the new method determines the DEP potential field from the measured time-averaged concentration distribution of fluorescently labeled nanoparticle in the DEP field by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Frequency dependent DEP force is determined by the negative gradient of the DEP potential created by the electric field across gold-film electrodes in a microfluidic setting. This approach is capable of measuring forces at the level of one femto Newton for particles with diameters in the range of 63 nm to 410 nm.
P-011 Imaging and Histopathology of Thrombi in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background and purpose There has been growing interest in the imaging and histopathology of retrieved thrombi after the introduction of mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging and histological characteristics of thrombi in acute ischemic stroke. Materials and methods We identified all studies published between January 2005 and December 2015 that reported findings related to the histological and/or imaging characteristics of thrombi in patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion. The five outcomes examined in this study were 1) the association between histological composition of thrombi and stroke etiology, 2) the association between thrombi histological composition and angiographic outcomes, 3) the association between imaging and histological characteristics of thrombi in stroke, 4) the association between imaging characteristics of thrombi and angiographic outcomes and 5) the association between imaging characteristics of thrombi and stroke etiology. Results There was no significant difference in the proportion of RBC rich thrombi between cardioembolic and large artery atherosclerosis etiologies (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.1–28.0, P = 0.63). Patients with hyperdense artery sign had a higher odds of having RBC rich thrombi than those without a hyperdense artery sign on CT (OR = 9.0, 95% CI = 2.6–31.2, P Conclusions Hyperdense artery sign is associated with RBC rich thrombi and improved recanalization rates. Further research is needed to determine the association between thrombi composition and stroke etiology as well as revascularization outcomes. Disclosures W. Brinjikji: None. S. Duffy: 5; C; Neuravi LTD. D. Kallmes: None.
Seasonal affective disorder and alcohol abuse disorder in a population-based study.

Abstract Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern, which is characterized by sad mood, low energy, longer sleep duration and carbohydrate craving. Furthermore, seasonal changes in mood and behavior may be closely related to alcohol use disorder (AUD). Nevertheless, there is scarce research on the study of cognitive impairments in SAD and AUD. We aimed to examine the relationship between the prevalence between SAD and AUD patients, and how cognitive functioning might be related to these variables. To do this, a sample of 8135 Finnish subjects was invited to take part in the population-based Health 2011 Survey, of whom 5903 did participate and 4554 were interviewed for mental health status with the Munich version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview. They also completed the modified Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, the Mini–Mental State Examination, the category (animals) verbal fluency test, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Our results reveal the existence of a strong link between SAD and AUD in a large sample of Finnish population, as well as association between SAD and short-term memory problems.
Nonseparable Costly Attention and Revealed Preference

We provide revealed preference characterizations for choices made under various forms of costly information acquisition. We examine nonseparable, multiplicative, and constrained costly information acquisition. In particular, this allows the possibility of unknown time delay for acquiring information. The techniques we use parallel the duality properties in the standard consumer problem.
Iron Determination by Ferrozine Method

In this laboratory exercise, ferrozine is reacted with ferrous iron to form a complex that can be used to measure ferrous iron in an ashed meat sample. The absorbance of the ferrozine-ferrous iron complex follows Beer’s Law, so a standard curve is generated with a stock iron solution to quantify the mineral. The meat samples are first ashed to dissociate the iron bound to proteins, the ash residue is solubilized in dilute HCl, then the ferrozine complexes only with ferrous iron, and not with ferric iron.
VIPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PARASITOID PALEXORISTA LAXA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) ON HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE

The distribution and number of eggs deposited by the tachinid parasitoid Palexorista laxa (Curran) on instars of Heliothis zea (Boddie) were studied. Significantly more eggs were deposited on the t...
Stretching of red blood cells at high strain rates

Analysis of many observations of individual red blood cells entering a microfluidic constriction yields a nonlinear elastic modulus of 60 $\ensuremath{\mu}$N/m, an order of magnitude larger than moduli found previously in the linearized regime.
Cloning and expression of the ilvB gene of Escherichia coli K-12.

A plasmid containing theilvB operon, which codes for acetohydroxy acid synthase I ofEscherichia coli K-12, was isolated using a ligated mixture of DNA from plasmid pBR322 and F'ilvB4 treated with endonucleaseSalI. A shortened derivative of this plasmid was isolated by cloning a 3.4 kb bacterial fragment into plasmid pKEN005 to yield plasmid pTCN12. The orientation of theilvB operon relative to plasmid genes was determined by restriction enzyme mapping. Measurement of the level of the product of theilvB gene, acetohydroxy acid synthase I, indicated that plasmid pTCN12 contained a functionalilvB promoter and control region. The DNA from this plasmid was used as a probe to show that the rate of synthesis ofilvB mRNA was proportional to the levels of acetohydroxy acid synthase I.
Fates of angiosperm species following long-distance dispersal: Examples from American amphitropical Polemoniaceae.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Following establishment after long-distance dispersal, species may experience stasis, accumulate changes leading to new species identity, diversify into multiple species, interact with related species to form novel species, and even become extirpated. We examined each species of temperate Polemoniaceae in South America via the literature and new analyses to better understand the fates of species in this family after their dispersal from North America. METHODS We reviewed literature for the 15 species of Polemoniaceae in South America amphitropically disjunct from their relatives in North America. We conducted DNA sequence analyses to infer relationships, timing of dispersal, and processes involved since dispersal in Microsteris gracilis, three Gilia, two Giliastrum, and three Collomia. Analyses included construction of haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. KEY RESULTS For all species examined in detail, origins in South America are compatible with dispersal via epizoochory from ca. 0.092-19.46 million years ago. Most species in South America are unique relative to their North American congeners, yet few have radiated into two or more species. Relative stasis, divergence, and hybridization with, and without, allopolyploid formation have occurred postdispersal in Polemoniaceae, as well as extirpation following at least brief establishment. CONCLUSIONS Polemoniaceae that have established in South America share many features likely inherited from their North American progenitors, but some traits may have arisen in situ in specific taxa, such as cleistogamy, self-incompatibility, and the annual habit, evidencing the rich nature of diversification processes.
Effects of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid beverage ingestion during acute upper body resistance exercise on performance and postexercise hormone response.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the individual and combined effects of ingesting carbohydrates (CHO) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) during high-volume upper body resistance ...
Cultural Capital as an Interpretive Framework for Faculty Life

Today’s college and university faculty remain an important topic of study in the world of contemporary higher education. Part of this importance stems from the increasing variation we see with respect to many facets of faculty life. For example, intellectual specialization within disciplines has led to seemingly innumerable sub-specializations such that colleagues within the same department have difficulty communicating; shifting “resource streams” have favored certain academic areas and disadvantaged others such that faculty previously well-supported now find themselves struggling to keep their research programs intact; new pedagogical challenges abound, such as the arrival of internet courses and other forms of distance education, to which some faculty respond readily and to which others respond only grudgingly. Not that faculty members have ever been a particularly monolithic or uniform lot, the increasing complexity and variation that have defined academic life historically continue to persist; it is easy to see that for all we know about faculty, much remains undiscovered and unprobed.
Sales impacts of direct marketing choices: treatment effects with multinomial selectivity

Producers who are planning to sell using direct marketing to consumers only or to both consumers and retailers experience declines in total sales. Based on survey data for US farmers from 2008 to 2010, the earnings decline is 71.3 per cent when marketing direct to consumers and 36.8 per cent for the diversified marketing decision. The direct marketing penalty is robust to inclusion of important demographic factors, farm experience and use of the internet, and characteristics of the farm operation such as crop choices and input use. Direct marketing is associated with higher sales declines for female farmers, highlighting a distributional impact on farmers that has not been discussed.
Non-invasive assessment of liver quality in transplantation based on thermal imaging analysis.

Abstract Background and objective Liver quality evaluation is one of the vital steps for predicting the success of liver transplantation. Current evaluation methods, such as biopsy and visual inspection, which are either invasive or lack of consistent standards, provide limited predictive value of long-term transplant viability. Objective analytical models, based on the real-time infrared images of livers during perfusion and preservation, are proposed as novel methods to precisely evaluate donated liver quality. Methods In this study, by using principal component analysis to extract infrared image features as predictors, we construct a multivariate logistic regression model for single liver quality evaluation, and a multi-task learning logistic regression model for cross-liver quality evaluation. Results The single liver quality predictions show testing errors of 0%. The leave-one-liver-out predictions show testing errors ranging from 9% to 36%. Conclusions It is found that there is a strong correlation between the viability of livers and the infrared image features in both single liver and cross-liver quality evaluations. These analytical methods also determine that the selected significant infrared image features indicate regional difference in viability and show that more stringent pre-implantation evaluation may be needed to predict transplant outcomes.
Origin, Evolution, and Destiny of the Observable Universe

Regardless of the direction in which we look out into space, almost all of the distant galaxies are flying apart, dispersing and moving away at speeds that increase with their distance, as if they had been ejected by a cosmic bomb. Astronomers call it the “big bang”.
Pulmonary Contusion in Children: Diagnosis and Management

AbstractBackground.Pulmonary contusion (PC) is the most common injury identified in pediatric blunt chest trauma. The disagreement over management principles of children with PC may complicate care of these patientsMethods.We reviewed the literature and our institutional experienceResults.Pulmonary
Dismantling the Chinese mini-welfare state? Marketization and the politics of institutional transformation, 1979-1999.

Abstract This article presents a systematic examination of the workplace-based welfare system in urban China. During the pre-reform period from 1949 to 1978, most welfare provisions in China were delivered and the majority of welfare spending was spent by workplace units. Since China's market transition started in the late 1970s, this workplace-based welfare system is no longer financially sustainable, and more importantly its functioning constitutes an impediment to the formation of an institutional configuration for a market economy in China. The Chinese government has therefore experienced increasing pressure to reshape this workplace-based welfare system into a genuine welfare state, so as to shift the responsibilities of welfare provisions from individual work units to government bodies. Some institutional arrangements characteristic of welfare pluralism, which emphasize that the state, employers, and individuals share welfare responsibilities, are also incorporated into the newly emergent social welfare system in urban China.
Sequence Pattern for Supersecondary Structure of Sandwich-Like Proteins

The goal is to define sequence characteristics of beta-sandwich proteins that are unique for the beta-sandwich supersecondary structure (SSS). Finding of the conserved residues that are critical for protein structure can often be accomplished with homology methods, but these methods are not always adequate as residues with similar structural role do not always occupy the same position as determined by sequence alignment. In this paper, we show how to identify residues that play the same structural role in the different proteins of the same SSS, even when these residue positions cannot be aligned with sequence alignment methods. The SSS characteristics are (a) a set of positions in each strand that are involved in the formation of a hydrophobic core, residue content, and correlations of residues at these key positions, (b) maximum allowable number of "low-frequency residues" for each strand, (c) minimum allowed number of "high-frequency" residues for each loop, and (d) minimum and maximum lengths of each loop. These sequence characteristics are referred to as "sequence pattern" for their respective SSS. The high specificity and sensitivity for a particular SSS are confirmed by applying this pattern to all protein structures in the SCOP data bank. We present here the pattern for one of the most common SSS of beta-sandwich proteins.
Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand, station congestion, and network equilibrium

Abstract Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users. Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.
The AADL Error Library: An Operationalized Taxonomy of System Errors

The problem of how to best classify system errors has been a topic of research for years. In this paper, we present an established taxonomy that draws on a broad range of previous work in this area: the Architecture Analysis and Design Language's (AADL) EMV2 Error Library. The error library is now part of an international standard and has been used in a range of systems and domains. In this work, we describe its features, including that: a) it is deeply integrated in a rich, semi-formal system modeling language (AADL); b) the errors it includes have formalized semantics; and c) it is designed to be easily extensible by system developers to become domainor system-specific. We describe the original inspirations and prior work that informed the library's design, document the error families that comprise the taxonomy, and discuss the library's usage in an architecturally-integrated system assurance process.
Parent socialization of emotion in a high-risk sample

The Socialization of Emotion (Eisenberg, Cumberland, & Spinrad, 1998; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Cumberland, 1998) model creates a theoretical framework for understanding parents' direct and indirect influences on children's emotional development, including the influence of parent characteristics on subsequent emotion specific parenting. Large numbers of children live in families with fathers who have alcohol problems, setting the stage for cascading risk across development. For instance, fathers' alcohol problems are a marker of risk for higher family conflict, increased parental depression and antisociality, and less sensitive parenting, leading to dysregulated child emotion and behavior. We examined a conceptual model for emotion socialization in a community sample of alcoholic and nonalcoholic father families (N = 227) recruited in infancy (i.e., 12 months) with follow-ups to adolescence (i.e., 15-19 years), and examined if hypothesized paths differed by child sex or group status (alcoholic vs. nonalcoholic families). Results indicated significant indirect effects between parent psychopathology and sensitivity in early childhood to both adaptive (e.g., emotion regulation) and maladaptive (e.g., aggression and peer delinquency) outcomes in middle childhood to adolescence via child negative emotionality and supportive emotion socialization. There were significant differences by child sex and alcohol group status. Implications for intervention and prevention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
On Being the First: The Role of Family in the Experiences of First-Generation College Students:

The aim of this study was to explore family relationship experiences of first-generation college students (FGCS) as they transition to and persist through college. The sample includes eight undergr...
The Impact of Screen-Free Zones in an Undergraduate Psychology Classroom: Assessing Exam Performance and Instructor Evaluations in Two Quasi-Experiments:

Background:With in-person instruction, many undergraduates look at screens during lectures. Because screens can distract, attempts to curb this behavior through screen policies are increasingly com...
Data-Driven Time Series Forecasting for Social Studies Using Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks

Time series forecasting with additional spatial information has attracted a tremendous amount of attention in recent research, due to its importance in various real-world applications on social studies, such as conflict prediction and pandemic forecasting. Conventional machine learning methods either consider temporal dependencies only, or treat spatial and temporal relations as two separate autoregressive models, namely, space-time autoregressive models. Such methods suffer when it comes to long-term forecasting or predictions for large-scale areas, due to the high nonlinearity and complexity of spatio-temporal data. In this paper, we propose to address these challenges using spatio-temporal graph neural networks. Empirical results on Violence Early Warning System (ViEWS) dataset and U.S. Covid-19 dataset indicate that our method significantly improved performance over the baseline approaches.
Fe-related optical transitions in floating zone and Czochralski grown β-Ga2O3 crystals

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3), a promising candidate for high-power electronics, may be doped with Fe to control the native n-type conductivity and produce semi-insulating single-crystalline substrates. Here, intentionally as well as unintentionally Fe-doped β-Ga2O3 crystals grown by the Czochralski (Cz) and the floating zone (FZ) methods are studied. While the Cz samples contain Ir on the order of 1017 cm−3 due to the Ir crucible, the FZ samples are free of this contaminant. Photoinduced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is performed by illuminating the samples with light emitting diodes from 0.7 to 4.7 eV while monitoring the intensity of the EPR signal. The following optical transitions associated with Fe are observed: one between 1 and 2 eV occurs in both Cz and FZ samples, another near 2.5 eV is unique to Cz Ga2O3, and a third near 3 eV appears in FZ material. The transition below 2 eV is the well-studied Fe2+-to-Fe3+ transition, intrinsic to Fe. Near 2.5 and 3 eV, the amount of Fe3+ decreases by capturing electrons excited from other defects present near or below the middle of the bandgap. By comparing Cz and Ir-free FZ crystals, we show that the 2.5 eV transition is primarily caused by Ir in Fe-doped Cz samples, whereas the ∼3 eV transition observed in FZ samples could be caused by isolated or complex intrinsic defects. By differentiating transitions between Cz and FZ material, the results will be relevant to epitaxial films, which do not contain the Ir present in the commonly studied Cz material.