cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Domain-Specific Language for Generating Dataflow Analyzers

Abstract Dataflow analysis is a well-understood and very powerful technique for analyzing programs as part of the compilation process. Virtually all compilers use some sort of dataflow analysis as part of their optimization phase. However, despite being well-understood theoretically, such analyses are often difficult to code, making it difficult to quickly experiment with variants. To address this, we developed a domain-specific language, Analyzer Generator (AG), that synthesizes dataflow analysis phases for Microsoft's Phoenix compiler framework. AG hides the fussy details needed to make analyses modular, yet generates code that is as efficient as the hand-coded equivalent. One key construct we introduce allows IR object classes to be extended without recompiling. Experimental results on three analyses show that AG code can be one-tenth the size of the equivalent handwritten C++ code with no loss of performance. It is our hope that AG will make developing new dataflow analyses much easier.
Credible assignments in coordination games

Abstract This paper uses the experimental method to examine an arbiter's ability to determine the outcome of two-person coordination games. All of the arbiter's assignments in the experiments were strict equilibrium points, but some assignments violated payoff-dominance or symmetry. An assignment that corresponds to the game's outcome is a credible assignment. The experiments test the hypothesis that an assignment to a strict equilibrium is a credible assignment. Our subjects did not find the individual rationality and mutual consistency of an equilibrium assignment to be sufficient reason for implementing the assignment when doing so conflicts with payoff-dominance or symmetry.
Mechanism of plasmodesmata formation in characean algae in relation to evolution of intercellular communication in higher plants

It is generally accepted that higher plants evolved from ancestral forms of the modern charophytes. For this reason, we chose the characean alga, Chara corallina Klein ex Willd., em. R.D.W. (C. australis R. Br.), to determine whether this transition species produces plasmodesmata in a manner analogous to higher plants. As with higher plants and unlike most green algae, Chara utilizes a phragmoplast for cell division; however, in contrast with the situation in both lower and higher vascular plants, the developing cell plate and newly formed cell wall were found to be completely free of plasmodesmata. Only when the daughter cells had separated completely were plasmodesmata formed across the division wall. Presumably, highly localized activity of wall-degrading (or loosening) enzymes inserted into the plasma membrane play a central role in this process. In general appearance characean plasmodesmata are similar to those of higher plants with the notable exception that they lack an appressed endoplasmic reticulum. Further secondary modifications in plasmodesmal structure were found to occur as a function of cell development, giving rise to highly branched plasmodesmata in mature cell walls. These findings are discussed in terms of the evolution of the mechanism for plasmodesmata formation in algae and higher plants.
Effect of methionine on growth and protein composition of cultured soybean cotyledons

Abstract lmmature soybean cotyledons were cultured in vitro on a ‘complete’ medium with and without supplementation with methionine. The supplement increased dry wt by 23 %. The growth increase indicated that under these conditions the cotyledons could not synthesize methionine rapidly enough to supply the methionine required for maximum protein synthesis. This indication was supported by finding that aminoacylation of methionyl-transfer RNA was increased 18 % by methionine supplementation. Supplemental methionine also increased the methionine content of the protein fraction by more than 20 %, decreased the arginine content by 11 % and significantly affected several other amino acids. These latter results indicate that the amino acid composition of seed protein can be influenced by the supply of amino acids.
Digital integrated circuit using integrated InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMTs and InAs/AlSb/GaSb RITDs

The demonstration of the first integrated circuit using monolithically integrated InAs/AlSb/GaSb resonant interband tunnelling diodes (RITDs) and InAlAs/InGaAs/InP high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is reported. A D-flip-flop (D-FF) was implemented using the monostable/bistable logic element (MOBILE) circuit architecture, with a measured effective voltage gain in excess of 380. Power dissipation of less than 2.8 mW/gate was measured.
Kurt Lewin and social change.

In this brief comment. Lewin is viewed as a thinker about social change, and the political dimension of some of his recommendations for social change is noted. Although his analysis of the situation of minority groups was applicable to American blacks, his role as social engineer stood in the way of his implementing some of his own insights. Lewin's ideas for altering the character structure of a whole culture by means of political change together with the use of small groups, deserve to be examined in the light of major cultural transformations that are historically documented.
Color appearance models and dynamic range reduction

When viewing photographs on a monitor, we are adapted to the lighting conditions of our viewing environment, which can be very different from the lighting conditions in which the photograph was taken. As a result, our perception of these photographs depends directly on the environment in which they are displayed. For high dynamic range images, the disconnect in perception of scene and viewing environments is potentially much larger than in conventional film and photography. To prepare an image for display, luminance compression alone is therefore not sufficient. We propose to augment current tone reproduction operators with application of color appearance models as an independent preprocessing step in order to preserve chromatic appearance across scene and display environments. The method is independent of any specific tone reproduction operator and color appearance model (CAM) so that for each application the most suitable tone reproduction operator and CAM can be selected.
Use of Capillary Electrophoresis to Measure Dimerization of Glycopeptide Antibiotics

Abstract Capillary electrophoretic methods were used to examine dimerization and estimate dimerization constants ( K dim ) for the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin, ristocetin A, and LY264826 (A82846B). The K dim for LY264826 was 60- and 200-fold higher than the K dim for ristocetin A and vancomycin, respectively. Dimerization of vancomycin measured in the presence of the cell wall analog N,N ′-diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala was enhanced 200-fold; however, dimerization of ristocetin A was antagonized by the presence of N,N ′-diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala. The relative differences in K dim determined by capillary electrophoresis in general follow the same trend as those observed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and sedimentation equilibrium.
Mutations in West Nile virus nonstructural proteins that facilitate replicon persistence in vitro attenuate virus replication in vitro and in vivo

West Nile virus (WNV) infections in vertebrates are generally acute but persistent infections have been observed. To investigate the ability of WNV to produce persistent infections, we forced subgenomic WNV replicons to replicate within a cell without causing cell death. Detailed analyses of these cell-adapted genomes revealed mutations within the nonstructural protein genes NS2A (D73H, M108K), NS3 (117Kins), NS4B (E249G) and NS5 (P528H). WNV replicons and WNVs harboring a subset of NS2A or NS3 mutations showed a reduction in genome replication, a reduction in antigen accumulation, a decrease in cytopathic effect, an increased ability to persist in cell culture and/or attenuation in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that WNV with a defect in replication and an increased potential to persist within the host cell can be generated by point mutations at multiple independent loci, suggesting that persistent viruses could arise in nature.
Measuring the severity of stress urinary incontinence using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire.

Aims Questionnaires, including the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), have been used to assess the severity of urinary incontinence in clinical trials. However, the summed score derived from the IIQ does not have any inherent clinical meaning. Also, a summed score does not have interval properties, complicating the interpretation of changes in severity. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that incontinence-related disability is a measurable variable and that the IIQ can measure that variable accurately. Methods We used Rasch analysis, a logistic regression technique, to estimate an interval scale of incontinence severity. Rasch analysis is based on the mathematical assumption that each subject's response to any given item is a function of (a) the individual's inherent level of disability and (b) the inherent difficulty of that item. Results Twenty-seven women with urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (USUI) completed the IIQ. Using Rasch analysis, we found that women with USUI had the most difficulty engaging in “physical recreational activities” and the least difficulty participating in “relationship with family.” We also assessed the ability of the IIQ to discriminate between individuals with respect to disease severity. We found that most of the items in the IIQ are useful for discriminating incontinence severity among women with mild or moderate incontinence, but very few IIQ items distinguish among women with severe incontinence. Conclusions Our results have important implications for clinical trials using the IIQ: among women treated for severe incontinence, the standard IIQ summed score will underestimate the magnitude of any change in incontinence severity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:27–32, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems—CCXXI: The loss of methyl from the [M C2H4]+· ion of butyrophenone†

The expulsion of CH3· from the [M C2H4]+· ion of butyrophenone occurs with loss of a ring hydrogen and the methylene group as evidenced by deuterium labeling and metastable transitions.
Urinary retention in a neonate secondary to maternal ingestion of nortriptyline

A newborn child had urinary retention with bladder distention presumably due to maternal ingestion of the antidepressant drug nortriptyline.
Immediate Manual-Automatic Vehicle Control Transitions based on Dynamic Initial Conditioning

Abstract With more vehicle control systems providing partial or more complete automatic control functions in passenger vehicles, it is necessary to ensure smooth and immediate transitions between driver's manual control and automated control. This paper presents a novel switching method for achieving immediate and smooth manual-automatic vehicle control transitions. An open-loop dynamic initial conditioning module is added to the existing closed-loop automatic steering control to provide suitable references to the automatic steering controller. This open-loop dynamic initial conditioning is designed as a vehicle regulation control with gains and bandwidth lower than the automatic steering controller so as to achieve immediate, smooth transitions. Moreover, as the reference converges to zero, the overall automatic steering control system naturally becomes the original automatic steering control without any explicit transition. The proposed method was implemented in a test vehicle and test runs with over 250 switches in 300 seconds up to 140 km/h were conducted. The test results demonstrate that the proposed design has achieved immediate and smooth transitions between manual control and automated control.
Cholesterol lowering and mortality: a great success story!

A word from the Editor-in-Chief: The publication of this editorial comment together with the viewpoint by de Lorgeril and Salen aims to focus the attention of our readers on a very important – although controversial – topic that might have important implications not only for epidemiologists but also for clinicians and decision-makers in charge of public health. We hope that a debate will follow, and we will be pleased to publish on the website of our journal all the letters that will comment these two articles, the authors' replies and, possibly, a short statement on future research needs in this field.
Atomic movement during the oxidation of GaAs

Abstract A new technique is developed to study the atomic movement in ultraviolet laser enhanced and low temperature (⩽ 400 ° C) thermal oxidation of GaAs. The new method is a combination of the classical marker technique and low energy ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). In the formation of thin GaAs oxide layers (∼ 10 A), the marker is found to remain on the oxide surface, indicating that oxidation is occurring at the intrface of GaAs/oxide by the diffusion of an oxygen species. This is in contrast to the oxidation of metals such as Ni and Cu where the same technique supports earlier observations that oxidation occurs at the oxide/ambient interface. The diffusion of a metal species results in the marker being buried during the oxidation of the metal surfaces.
Anesthesia in children with a cold.

Purpose of reviewCommon colds are infections of mostly viral origin that frequently occur in childhood. The overall anesthetic risk in children with respiratory tract infections is increased because of the increased incidence of perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs). Although the morbidit
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: an update on natural history and review of management.

Objectives To review the clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) and to discuss new observations in epidemiology and natural history. Data Sources PubMed searches were performed for articles published between 1978 and May 2011 using the keywords food-induced enterocolitis and FPIES . Study Selection Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic of this review. The newest developments in FPIES were defined by articles published in the past 3 years. Results FPIES is a non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity thought to be cell-mediated, although the exact pathophysiologic mechanism requires further study. In a recent birth cohort, the incidence of cow's milk FPIES was 0.34% in the first year of life compared with 0.5% for IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. FPIES typically presents before 6 months of age in formula-fed infants with repetitive emesis, diarrhea, dehydration, and lethargy 1 to 5 hours after ingesting the offending food. Four cases of FPIES in breastfed infants have recently been reported. The most common offending foods are cow's milk, soy, and rice. Diagnosis is based primarily on clinical history and, when unclear, physician-supervised oral food challenges. FPIES is usually outgrown by school age. Although management remains avoidance of the offending food, observations that natural history varies for different foods has redefined the timing of reintroduction. Conclusion Early recognition of FPIES and removal of the offending food are imperative to prevent misdiagnosis and mismanagement of symptoms that may mimic other causes. Close follow-up is required to determine when foods may be added back into the diet.
Support Vector Machine for Abnormality Detection on a Cable-Stayed Bridge

This paper applies support vector machine (SVM) to the field of structural health monitoring. SVM is a data processing technique that performs binary classification. The machine in its name indicates its association with machine learning, a category of algorithms that are able to solve classification problems by learning from example data given in a training process. This paper uses SVM for abnormality detection on data from a cable-stayed bridge's health monitoring system. The goal is to investigate whether the east end expansion joint is constraining the longitudinal motion of the bridge's main girder, which is suspected due to the results of a finite element updating procedure. Regarding the training process, distinct examples of the normal and abnormal expansion joint are unavailable from the health monitoring system. For this reason training examples are obtained from a finite element model. Accordingly, since SVM accuracy is highly dependent on the similarity between the training data and data being classified, the finite element modeling is a primary challenge of the paper's approach. The contributions of this paper include an application of SVM to an in-service structure, as well as a discussion on its performance and some limitations that affect its accuracy.
Brain Imaging: How Stable Are Synaptic Connections?

Cortical circuits can undergo experience-dependent remodeling, while retaining the capacity for long-term information storage. The stability of individual synaptic connections is fundamental to both processes, but poorly understood; two studies using new in vivo imaging techniques have finally shed some light on this important issue.
Heterogeneity in the spatial receptive field architecture of multisensory neurons of the superior colliculus and its effects on multisensory integration.

Abstract Multisensory integration has been widely studied in neurons of the mammalian superior colliculus (SC). This has led to the description of various determinants of multisensory integration, including those based on stimulus- and neuron-specific factors. The most widely characterized of these illustrate the importance of the spatial and temporal relationships of the paired stimuli as well as their relative effectiveness in eliciting a response in determining the final integrated output. Although these stimulus-specific factors have generally been considered in isolation (i.e., manipulating stimulus location while holding all other factors constant), they have an intrinsic interdependency that has yet to be fully elucidated. For example, changes in stimulus location will likely also impact both the temporal profile of response and the effectiveness of the stimulus. The importance of better describing this interdependency is further reinforced by the fact that SC neurons have large receptive fields, and that responses at different locations within these receptive fields are far from equivalent. To address these issues, the current study was designed to examine the interdependency between the stimulus factors of space and effectiveness in dictating the multisensory responses of SC neurons. The results show that neuronal responsiveness changes dramatically with changes in stimulus location – highlighting a marked heterogeneity in the spatial receptive fields of SC neurons. More importantly, this receptive field heterogeneity played a major role in the integrative product exhibited by stimulus pairings, such that pairings at weakly responsive locations of the receptive fields resulted in the largest multisensory interactions. Together these results provide greater insight into the interrelationship of the factors underlying multisensory integration in SC neurons, and may have important mechanistic implications for multisensory integration and the role it plays in shaping SC-mediated behaviors.
Real-time data acquisition and feedback control using Linux Intel computers

This paper describes the experiences of the DIII-D programming staff in adapting Linux based Intel computing hardware for use in real-time data acquisition and feedback control systems. Due to the highly dynamic and unstable nature of magnetically confined plasmas in tokamak fusion experiments, real-time data acquisition and feedback control systems are in routine use with all major tokamaks. At DIII-D, plasmas are created and sustained using a real-time application known as the digital plasma control system (PCS). During each experiment, the PCS periodically samples data from hundreds of diagnostic signals and provides these data to control algorithms implemented in software. These algorithms compute the necessary commands to send to various actuators that affect plasma performance. The PCS consists of a group of rack mounted Intel Xeon computer systems running an in-house customized version of the Linux operating system tailored specifically to meet the real-time performance needs of the plasma experiments. This paper provides a more detailed description of the real-time computing hardware and custom developed software, including recent work to utilize dual Intel Xeon equipped computers within the PCS.
Analysis of spontaneous and nerve-evoked calcium transients in intact extraocular muscles in vitro

Extraocular muscles (EOMs) have unique calcium handling properties, yet little is known about the dynamics of calcium events underlying ultrafast and tonic contractions in myofibers of intact EOMs. Superior oblique EOMs of juvenile chickens were dissected with their nerve attached, maintained in oxygenated Krebs buffer, and loaded with fluo-4. Spontaneous and nerve stimulation-evoked calcium transients were recorded and, following calcium imaging, some EOMs were double-labeled with rhodamine-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (rhBTX) to identify EOM myofiber types. EOMs showed two main types of spontaneous calcium transients, one slow type (calcium waves with 1/2max duration of 2–12 s, velocity of 25–50 μm/s) and two fast “flash-like” types (Type 1, 30–90 ms; Type 2, 90–150 ms 1/2max duration). Single pulse nerve stimulation evoked fast calcium transients identical to the fast (Type 1) calcium transients. Calcium waves were accompanied by a local myofiber contraction that followed the calcium transient wavefront. The magnitude of calcium-wave induced myofiber contraction far exceeded those of movement induced by nerve stimulation and associated fast calcium transients. Tetrodotoxin eliminated nerve-evoked transients, but not spontaneous transients. Alpha-bungarotoxin eliminated both spontaneous and nerve-evoked fast calcium transients, but not calcium waves, and caffeine increased wave activity. Calcium waves were observed in myofibers lacking spontaneous or evoked fast transients, suggestive of multiply-innervated myofibers, and this was confirmed by double-labeling with rhBTX. We propose that the abundant spontaneous calcium transients and calcium waves with localized contractions that do not depend on innervation may contribute to intrinsic generation of tonic functions of EOMs.
Utility of repeated abdominal CT scans after prior negative CT scans in patients presenting to ER with nontraumatic abdominal pain.

The purpose of this study was to analyze diagnostic yield of repeat computed tomography (CT) after negative initial CT versus yield of initial CT in patients presenting repeatedly to emergency room (ER) for nontraumatic abdominal pain. Medical costs and radiation exposure from repeat CT could be reduced if repeat CT after negative initial CT has a low diagnostic yield. Patients included consecutive adults presenting to William Beaumont Hospital, from 2007 to 2010, undergoing abdominal CT for nontraumatic abdominal pain retrospectively identified by medical diagnostic and CT procedural codes. Exclusion criteria were prior abdominal trauma, recent abdominal surgery, and known chronic gastrointestinal disease. The CT was labeled “positive” if findings explained patient’s abdominal pain or was clinically significant. Positivity rate was compared for repeat versus initial CT. Among 200 consecutive patients undergoing (659) multiple CTs (mean age = 45.7 years, 74 % female), positivity rate for initial CT (22.5 %) was significantly higher than positivity rates for CT#2 (8.4 %, p = 0.002), for CT#3 (4.9 %, p = 0.005), and for CT ≥ #4 (5.9 %, p = 0.006). Generally, CT positivity rate declined with increasing number of prior negative CTs. CT positivity rate was significantly higher in 100 patients undergoing single CT versus 155 patients undergoing repeat CTs (46.5 vs. 6.5 %, p = 0.0001). Positive repeat CT findings included intestinal mural thickening/mass (7), colitis (5), appendicitis (4), and other (14). Among 15 analyzed clinical parameters, two significantly predicted repeat CT positivity, namely, leukocytosis (p = 0.03) and APACHE-II-score >5 (p = 0.01). Repeat CTs constituted 47 % of all CTs. Repeat abdominal CT after initially negative CT(s) performed for nontraumatic abdominal pain has a low diagnostic yield. Leukocytosis and APACHE-II score might help predict CT scan positivity. Data suggest restricted abdominal CT utilization in ER patients with multiple prior negative CTs. Findings warrant confirmation in prospective studies.
Real vlogs: The rules and meanings of online personal videos

This paper explores what the “rules” of vlogging (video blogging) are: the various visual and social practices viewers and creators understand and debate as either authentic or inauthentic on YouTube. It analyzes a small, random set of vlogs on YouTube and highlight several controversies around key celebrities on the site. This essay concludes by challenging whether conversations around authenticity will persist in dialogues about online video.
Exchange rate risk in the US stock market

Abstract Kolari et al. (2008) show that exchange rate risk measured by contemporaneous exchange rate changes is priced in the US stock market. However, by construction, their exchange rate risk factor has a strong correlation with the size factor, and their exchange rate sensitivity portfolios have a strong factor structure. To test whether their results are spurious, we carry out two sets of tests. The first set is motivated by Lewellen et al. (2010) , where the second set is motivated by the voluminous literature which suggests that stock returns are heavy-tailed (e.g. Rachev and Mitnik, 2000 ). Different from Kolari et al. (2008) , we find that exchange rate risk measured by contemporaneous exchange rate changes is not priced in the US stock market if we use industry portfolios which do not have a strong factor structure as the testing assets or if we use more robust methods to estimate firm-specific exchange rate sensitivity. Our findings therefore suggest that researchers take a new perspective on exchange rate risk.
A Study of West Florida Escarpment: ABSTRACT

Two magnetic models of the West Florida escarpment have been constructed. These models represent a synthesis of seismic reflection data recorded on the continental slope of western Florida by Texas A&M University, information from numerous oil companies, and early refraction results from the Gulf of Mexico basin. Theoretical magnetic anomalies computed from these models are consistent with previously published magnetic data for the slope, scarp, and basin. These models show that the presence of a fault with a throw of 10,000 ft in the basement under the Florida escarpment can be reconciled with the essentially smooth magnetic field shown in previously published charts. These magnetic data had been interpreted earlier to indicate that no basement fault could be associated with the escarpment. In the models presented here, subsidence of both the platform and basin is considered, the assumption being made that the basin has subsided more rapidly. On the basis of these data and the magnetic models, a geologic cross section is presented which includes basement faulting, reef buildup, and volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks, although probably present, are not related to the origin of the scarp. This geologic model consists of a continental platform with an upper section of limestone, dolomite, and anhydrite deposited in a shallow-water environment. The outer edge of the slope is bordered by buried reefs and the End_Page 1829------------------------------ dip of the scarp face is shown to decrease with depth under the abyssal plain sediments. The basin is depicted as a modified oceanic region. A transition from oceanic to continental crust is assumed with a fault or flexure (indicating differential movement of the platform and basin) present near the base of the scarp. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1830------------
Null Hypotheses in Ecology

Null hypotheses entertain the possibility that nothing has happened, that a process has not occurred, or that change has not been produced by a cause of interest. Null hypotheses are reference points against which alternatives should be contrasted. They are used not only in statistics but in all sciences. “This hypothesis…is… characteristic of all experimentation” (Fisher 1935). In physics for example, an important null hypothesis of the post-Newtonian era was that time is a variable which is independent of all other factors. Modern physics is based upon the alternative hypothesis that time can be a function of space and relative velocities. Another famous null hypothesis, that the speed of light is independent of its direction, inspired the Michelson-Morley experiments, which failed to disprove it. An example in chemistry is that there is no molecular property unique to life, that any synthesis by protoplasm can be repeated in the test tube. Modern biochemistry has failed to disprove this null hypothesis. But the term null hypothesis sounds odd in reference to much of physics and chemistry. It is not found in textbooks nor is it used frequently in conversation about these disciplines. Though all sciences use null hypotheses in principle, the ‘atomistic’1 sciences of physics and chemistry often use them implicitly. In atomistic sciences, fundamental units are simple and quite similar to one another, and effects of phenomena are commonly so distinct that the null state of no effect does not need special recognition.
Intracellular signaling triggered by antiphospholipid antibodies in platelets and endothelial cells: a pathway to targeted therapies

Understanding the intracellular events triggered by antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies in platelets and endothelial cells (ECs) is important in designing new modalities of targeted therapies for the treatment of thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). A recent study showed a significant increase in the expression of GPIIb/IIIa on platelets treated with aPL antibodies and a thrombin receptor peptide agonist (TRAP), and these effects were abrogated by hydroxychloroquine (HQ). Hydroxychloroquine has also been shown to reduce in vivo aPL-induced thrombus formation. Furthermore, aPL-enhanced thrombosis in vivo can be abrogated by infusions of a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist (1B5) monoclonal antibody, and aPL-mediated thrombophilia is not observed in GPIIb/IIIa-deficient mice. Treatment of platelets with aPL antibodies has resulted in a significant increase in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) phosphorylation and aPL-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production was abrogated by SB203580 (a p38MAPK inhibitor). aPL antibodies induce increased expression, function and transcription of tissue factor (TF) on EC. Activation of ECs and thrombogenicity of aPL in vivo can be reversed by treatment of the animals with statins. Upregulation of TF on ECs can also be abrogated by treatment of the cells with fluvastatin. There is also indication of activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), increase in phosphorylation of p38MAPK in ECs by aPL antibodies that can be reversed by specific inhibitors MG132 and SB203580, respectively. The data open the possibility to new treatment modalities that may include the use of hydroxychloroquine, statins, specific antagonists of GPIIb/IIIa (such as abciximab or equivalent) and specific p38MAPK inhibitors, after the completion of well-designed clinical studies.
El prolapso de la válvula mitral es una alteración cardiovascular frecuente en los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa

Hemos leido con interes el articulo reciente de Vazquez et al sobre trastornos cardiacos en mujeres jovenes con anorexia nerviosa1. Sin embargo, nos ha sorprendido que los autores no mencionaran el prolapso de la valvula mitral. La asociacion entre el prolapso de la valvula mitral y la anorexia nerviosa se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo2-9. El prolapso de la valvula mitral es un trastorno cardiovascular frecuente que se puede entender facilmente cuando se considera su fisiopatologia. Segun la teoria de la desproporcion valvular-ventricular del prolapso de la valvula mitral10,11, este trastorno se debe a la existencia de una cantidad excesiva de tejido valvular mitral o bien a la presencia de una cavidad ventricular izquierda demasiado pequena. En la anorexia nerviosa disminuye el tamano de la cavidad del ventriculo izquierdo12. En apoyo de esta teoria esta el hecho de que el prolapso de la valvula mitral desaparece en los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa que reciben el tratamiento adecuado y que ganan peso, pero vuelve a recidivar durante el seguimiento en los pacientes que pierden peso de nuevo2. Esta es otra razon por la que el tratamiento activo de restitucion nutricional, incluso forzado, es tan importante en el tratamiento de los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa, no solo por la anorexia nerviosa en si misma sino tambien por el prolapso de la valvula mitral asociado3. Debido a que una de las complicaciones del prolapso de la valvula mitral es la muerte subita11,13, ciertamente debe desempenar algun papel en el fallecimiento subito de algunos de los pacientes con anorexia nerviosa. A pesar de que la muerte subita en la anorexia nerviosa puede ser debida a una prolongacion del intervalo QT con dispersion QT, como sugieren Vazquez et al1, tambien puede ser debida al prolapso de la valvula mitral asociado11,14-18. Por tanto, aunque solo fuera para prevenir el prolapso de la valvula mitral y la muerte subita, los esfuerzos terapeuticos en la anorexia nerviosa se deben concentrar en la ganancia de peso corporal4.
10- and 20-Percent Benzocaine Gels Are Effective for the Temporary Relief of Toothache and Are Well-tolerated

Article title and bibliographic information An evaluation of 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels in patients with acute toothaches: efficacy, tolerability and compliance with label dose administration directions. Hersh EV, Ciancio SB, Kuperstein AS, Stoopler ET, Moore PA, Boynes SG, Levine SC, Casamassimo P, Leyva R, Mathew T, Shibly O, Creighton P, Jeffers GE, Corby PMA, Turetzky SN, Papas A, Wallen J, Idzik-Starr C, Gordon SM. J Am Dent Assoc 2013;144(5):517-26 Reviewer Arthur H. Jeske, DMD, PhD Purpose/Question The study sought to determine the efficacy and tolerability of two over-the-counter (OTC) benzocaine gels for the relief of toothache (symptomatic irreversible pulpitis) and to assess the compliance of the subjects with the label instructions on the products Source of funding Industry: Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, Madison, NJ, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ Type of study/Design Randomized controlled trial (double-masked, vehicle-controlled) Level of evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of recommendation grade Not applicable
Indulgence or restraint? Gender differences in the relationship between controlled orientation and the erotophilia-risky sex link

Abstract The present research evaluated the relationships among controlled orientation, erotophilia, and risky sexual behavior. Erotophilia was expected to be positively associated with risky sexual behavior and the link between erotophilia and risky sexual behavior was expected to be stronger among more controlled individuals, especially for men. Participants ( N = 111: 64 women, 47 men) completed self-report measures of self-determination, erotophobia–erotophilia, and risky sexual behavior. Being more controlled was associated with engaging in more risky sexual behavior, and for men, a stronger link between erotophilia and risky sex. Results suggest that favorable attitudes and responses to sexual cues are more strongly associated with risky behaviors among individuals who are more controlled. Differential norms for men and women regarding the acceptability of risky sexual behavior are probable moderators of the stronger erotophilic-risk link among more controlled individuals.
Boosting With the L2 Loss

This article investigates a computationally simple variant of boosting, L2Boost, which is constructed from a functional gradient descent algorithm with the L2-loss function. Like other boosting algorithms, L2Boost uses many times in an iterative fashion a prechosen fitting method, called the learner. Based on the explicit expression of refitting of residuals of L2Boost, the case with (symmetric) linear learners is studied in detail in both regression and classification. In particular, with the boosting iteration m working as the smoothing or regularization parameter, a new exponential bias-variance trade-off is found with the variance (complexity) term increasing very slowly as m tends to infinity. When the learner is a smoothing spline, an optimal rate of convergence result holds for both regression and classification and the boosted smoothing spline even adapts to higher-order, unknown smoothness. Moreover, a simple expansion of a (smoothed) 0–1 loss function is derived to reveal the importance of the d...
Optimal ultrasonic pulse repetition rate for damage detection in plates using neural networks

An experimental study for the determination of the optimal pulse repetition rate frequency (PRF) for damage detection in aluminum and composites is presented in this paper. A method for predicting the damage size and depth from C-Scan results using neural networks is also presented. Two graphite fiber IM7/F5250-4 (Bismaleimid) composite plates and four aluminum plates were used for the study. Damage was fabricated by drilling holes of varying depth and diameter on the test specimens. Ultrasonic transmission tests were carried out on a DIGITALWAVE immersion type C-Scan system. PRF values from 100 to 5000 Hz were investigated for the scan. The defect locations were clearly observed as peaks in the C-Scan mesh. The equivalent hole diameter, depth and the location of the holes with respect to a predetermined edge were calculated from the C-Scan plots and correlated with the actual values to determine the optimal PRF values. A close correlation was found between the calculated diameter obtained from the C-Scan results and the actual hole diameter. Low PRF values (100 Hz) were found best for scanning of aluminum and intermediate values (500 Hz) were best for scanning of composites. Prediction of the actual damage size from the C-Scan calculated damage size was successfully accomplished with radial basis function neural network.
Subnational electoral regimes and crisis recovery in Argentina and Mexico

The confluence of Latin America's volatile economic development patterns and transition to democracy has given rise to a proliferation of work on the national-level political causes and consequences of economic shocks and recovery rates. We explore the subnational electoral determinants of crisis recovery through analysis of growth rates in Mexico's thirty-one states and Argentina's twenty-three provinces following their economic declines of 2000–2002. Consistent with a theory that views intra-national variations in democracy as critical to understanding broader development patterns, we find that subnational electoral “regimes” significantly affect provincial recovery rates. Provinces that have an established electoral legitimacy prior to the onset of an economic shock, and those in which the governor enjoyed a substantial margin of victory, had significantly stronger recovery rates than those provinces stuck in a subnational regime transition with a sitting executive who lacked any claim to an electoral mandate.
Implications for asteroidal regolith properties from comparisons with the lunar phase relation and theoretical considerations

Abstract The phase relations of several asteroids. Mercury, and the Moon display the same basic characteristics, but differ slightly in detail. An improved treatment of the photometric function for open-work particulate layers shows that for phase angles greater than about 7°, the shape of the curves is diagnostic of the presence of such layers, and that both the shape and slope of the curves is dependent primarily upon the bulk density of these layers. This treatment also strongly indicates that the “opposition effect” is not due to shadow hiding in a regolith of very low bulk density. Other data support the idea that this effect is unrelated to shadow-hiding phenomena, and that it may thus be a diffraction/scattering effect with or without internal reflection phenomena also.
Sclerotic lesion of the tibia without involvement of lymph nodes. Report of an unusual case of Rosai-Dorfman disease.

Rosai-Dorfman disease, or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, was first described in 1969 and is characterized by widespread adenopathy, fever, leukocytosis, an elevated sedimentation rate, and hypergammaglobulinemia12,13. Since 1969, extranodal involvement has been noted in 182 of the 423 patients in the registry of Rosai-Dorfman disease2,16. Osseous involvement is typically lytic and was observed in thirty-three of the 423 patients in the registry2. We report on a patient who was first seen because of symptoms due to a predominately sclerotic tibial lesion but who had no evidence of lymphadenopathy, a characteristic of Rosai-Dorfman disease. A seventeen-year-old black boy sustained a hyperextension injury of the left knee while playing in a high-school football game in September 1994. He was able to continue playing and did not notice any swelling about the knee until three days after the injury. He completed the football season, but he reported intermittent swelling and repeated episodes of giving-way of the knee associated with pain in the proximal part of the tibia. The pain was severe enough to awaken him at night periodically. When he was first seen in December 1994, the findings on radiographs of the knee were unremarkable. When he was seen again in March 1995, the pain had worsened progressively and continued to awaken him at night. However, he still had been able to participate in weight-training. Aspirin relieved most, but not all, of the pain for short periods. He reported occasional epistaxis and rhinorrhea, but he had no systemic symptoms. Computerized tomography scans and repeat radiographs of the knee were made, and the patient was referred for orthopaedic oncological evaluation with a presumptive diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Physical examination revealed a robust boy who was six feet (183 centimeters) tall, weighed 240 pounds (109 …
Molecular Simulation of Reacting Systems

The final report for a Laboratory Directed Research and Development project entitled, Molecular Simulation of Reacting Systems is presented. It describes efforts to incorporate chemical reaction events into the LAMMPS massively parallel molecular dynamics code. This was accomplished using a scheme in which several classes of reactions are allowed to occur in a probabilistic fashion at specified times during the MD simulation. Three classes of reaction were implemented: addition, chain transfer and scission. A fully parallel implementation was achieved using a checkerboarding scheme, which avoids conflicts due to reactions occurring on neighboring processors. The observed chemical evolution is independent of the number of processors used. The code was applied to two test applications: irreversible linear polymerization and thermal degradation chemistry.
Guest-Host Composite Films Containing Oligomeric Ladder Subunits for χ(3) NLO Applications

Several ladder polymer systems, such as POL and PTL, have displayed large third-order optical nonlinearities. However, these polymers are insoluble in common organic solvents, and as such are not amenable to studies of substituent effects on the nonlinear optical properties. During the past year we have developed synthetic and processing methodology to produce optical quality guest-host composites in polycarbonate, poly(methyl vinyl ether) and most recently polystyrene. In this paper we describe the synthesis of selected guest ladder 5-ring oligomers, and describe the preliminary NLO characterization as thin film composites.
Extension of Parrott's theorem to nondefinite scalings

In this paper, the matrix version of Parrott's theorem is extended to encompass nondefinite scalings. This extension can be used to relax the causality requirements for many linear matrix inequality based synthesis problems.
Identification and Initial Characterization of Adipokinetic Hormone-Like Immunoreactive Peptides of Rat Origin

An antiserum was raised to adipokinetic hormone (AKH), a 10-amino-acid-residue peptide found in the arthropod Locusta migratoria. The antiserum demonstrated not only immunocytochemical reaction with some other arthropod species, but also stained many areas of the rat CNS, certain islet cells of the pancreas, and some anterior pituitary cells. The pattern of staining was unlike that for any known rat neuropeptide or hormone. With the antiserum used as the detection system, HPLC and high-voltage electrophoresis yielded two peptides that were purified to homogeneity from rat hypothalamic median eminence. These peptides have unique amino acid compositions, indicating they may be heretofore unknown rat neuropeptides.
Dynamics of atrioventricular nodal conduction ratios of reverse alternating Wenckebach periods

Abstract A previous report in this journal1 discussed pacinginduced reverse alternating Wenckebach periods (RAWP) in a pediatric cardiac population. The present communication, on the other hand, deals not only with this phenomenon in adult patients, but supplies additional information regarding the atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction ratios at which the arrhythmia under consideration occurs.
Michael Walzer, Menachem Lorberbaum, Noam J. Zohar and Ari Ackerman, eds. The Jewish Political Tradition. Volume Two: Membership. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 656 pp.

For too long, scholars have denied that “Jewish political thought” constitutes a viable field of study. Without a sovereign state, scholars argue, Jews lacked occasion to debate the questions of power, obligation, and authority that preoccupy Western political theorists. The Jewish Political Tradition offers a devastating rebuttal to this argument, for it reconstructs a continuous and vibrant tradition of Jewish political thought. Edited jointly by Michael Walzer, an eminent political theorist, and Israeli scholars associated with the Shalom Hartman Institute, this ambitious anthology (two of four volumes have now been published) pairs pri-mary texts spanning Jewish history with commentary by contemporary scholars. Uncovering political reflection in genres previously ghettoized as legalistic or theological (e.g. Midrash, responsa, biblical exegesis), the editors open up an exciting field for research. But The Jewish Political Tradition is not merely of scholarly interest. Inviting readers “to join the arguments of the texts, to interpret and evaluate, to revise or reject, the claims made by their authors,” the editors insist that the tradition remains a vital resource for contemporary Jews (8). Indeed, the project makes an audacious (and salutary) contribution to Israeli debates: Against advocates of a state ruled by halakhah , the editors contend that traditional Jewish texts sanction toleration, pluralism, and the secularization of politics.
The alchemy of jargon: etymologies of urologic neologisms-part 4: the history of histological nomenclature.

BACKGROUND As the scientific community is increasingly severed from the study of linguistics, the underlying significance of their common technical words is becoming blurred. This article will focus on the genesis of terminology in the field of Histology. METHODS These notes will give a detailed background of the history of technical terms, including how they came into being, whence they were derived, and how they impacted the scientific community through the ages. RESULTS In this installment, following terms are analyzed: organ, gland, tissue, membrane, acinus, fibroblast, epithelium, and endothelium. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of the history and significance of scientific terms common to the urological community works toward a fortification of their power by offering a reminder of their origins. Prostate 69:1366–1367, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.