cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Math achievement is important, but task values are critical, too: examining the intellectual and motivational factors leading to gender disparities in STEM careers.

Although young women now obtain higher course grades in math than boys and are just as likely to be enrolled in advanced math courses in high school, females continue to be underrepresented in some Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) occupations. This study drew on expectancy-value theory to assess (1) which intellectual and motivational factors in high school predict gender differences in career choices and (2) whether students’ motivational beliefs mediated the pathway of gender on STEM career via math achievement by using a national longitudinal sample in the United States. We found that math achievement in 12th grade mediated the association between gender and attainment of a STEM career by the early to mid-thirties. However, math achievement was not the only factor distinguishing gender differences in STEM occupations. Even though math achievement explained career differences between men and women, math task value partially explained the gender differences in STEM career attainment that were attributed to math achievement. The identification of potential factors of women’s underrepresentation in STEM will enhance our ability to design intervention programs that are optimally tailored to female needs to impact STEM achievement and occupational choices.
Studying Troponin within Regulated Actin at Single Molecule Resolution

In cardiac muscle troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tm) associate with filamentous actin (Ac) to provide Ca2+-dependent regulation of contraction. In situ, Ca2+ activation is a highly cooperative process thought to be linked to cooperative structural interactions between Tn, Tm, and Ac. The integrity of the regulated actin assembly is a concern at the low concentrations needed to achieve single molecule resolution. Previous studies of filament stability were based on indirect methods performed and conducted under conditions of high ionic strength. Here, we characterized the the binding of Tn-Tm to Ac under near physiologic conditions by directly visualizing dye-labeled reconstituted regulated actin filaments (rAc). Tn, Tm, and Ac were labeled, respectively, with AF546, ATTO655, and phalloidin-AF488. Regulated actin was reconstituted at 1:1:1 stoichiometry of Tn:Tm:Ac7. From the co-localization of the fluorescence emission, we observe that Tn-Tm binds non-cooperatively (Hill coefficient approaches 1) to actin with a dissociation constant of 0.1 µM. At concentrations greater than 100 nM, Tn-Tm binds to Ac in a all-or-nothing fashion, where Ac either has Tn-Tm bound along its length or has no Tn-Tm bound at all. At 500 nM Tn-Tm, approximately 83% of Tn-Tm in solution is bound to Ac; bound Tn-Tm decorates Ac confluently; unbound Tn-Tm dissociate from each other. By reconstituting regulated actin with sparsely labeled Tn, we are able to study Ca2+-dependent Tn switching within regulated actin at single molecule resolution. This is confirmed by FCS measurements that suggest that less than one dye molecule is present in the confocal at any given time.
Probabilities of Preferences and Cycles with Super Majority Rules

Abstract Balasko and Cres [2] introduce a probabilistic model of population preference profiles onnalternatives. For supermajority voting at any levelτ>.5286... they show that the probability of Condorcet cycles (intransitivity of the aggregate preference) tends quickly to 0 asnincreases. This paper offers an alternative analysis that relates voting outcomes to the behavior of sample medians. Condorcet cycles turn out to be asymptotically rare for allτ> 1 2 , but for the disappointing reason that preferences are rare. In contrast, for simple majority voting,τ= 1 2 , cycles occur with probability converging to 1 asn→∞.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: D71.
Spontaneous globe subluxation in a patient with hyperemesis gravidarum: a case report and review of the literature

Globe subluxation, or anterior dislocation of the eyeball, is rarely encountered by emergency physicians. We report a case of subluxation of the globe secondary to severe vomiting followed by a discussion of globe subluxation, potential causes, procedure for reduction, and treatment for recurrent episodes. Early treatment by emergency physicians may prevent long-term complications and limit patient discomfort and anxiety.
ChIP-nexus enables improved detection of in vivo transcription factor binding footprints

Nucleotide-resolution mapping of transcription factor binding sites with an optimized ChIP-exo method reveals effects of local DNA sequence.
Early Menarcheal Age and Risk for Later Depressive Symptomatology: The Role of Childhood Depressive Symptoms

Previous research has investigated the relationship between pubertal timing and depression in girls, with most results suggesting that earlier menarche predicts more depression in adolescence. However, few studies have controlled for the potentially confounding effects of childhood depressive symptoms. The current study uses a prospective, longitudinal sample of 1,185 girls (47.8 % Caucasian) to examine the relationships between pubertal timing, childhood depressive symptoms, and adolescent depressive symptomatology. Using multiple linear regression analyses, our results suggest that higher levels of childhood depressive symptoms and earlier menarche have independent effects on adolescent depressive symptoms. Surprisingly, childhood depressive symptomatology predicted later age of menarche, although the magnitude of this effect was small. Taken together, the results suggest that early childhood depressive symptoms and early menarche represent independent pathways to later depressive symptoms.
Model of the Porphyry Copper and Polymetallic Vein Family of Deposits—Applications in Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania

A tectonic model useful in estimating the occurrence of undiscovered porphyry copper and polymetallic vein systems has been developed. This model is based on the manner in which magmatic and hydrothermal fluids flow and are trapped in fault systems as far-field stress is released in tectonic strain features above subducting plates (e.g. strike-slip fault systems). The structural traps include preferred locations for stock emplacement and tensional-shear fault meshes within the step-overs that localize porphyry- and vein-style deposits. The application of the model is illustrated for the porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits in the Central Slovakian Volcanic Field, Slovakia; the Matra Mountains, Hungary; and the Apuseni Mountains, Romania.
Real-Time subspace integration for St. Venant-Kirchhoff deformable models

In this paper, we present an approach for fast subspace integration of reduced-coordinate nonlinear deformable models that is suitable for interactive applications in computer graphics and haptics. Our approach exploits dimensional model reduction to build reduced-coordinate deformable models for objects with complex geometry. We exploit the fact that model reduction on large deformation models with linear materials (as commonly used in graphics) result in internal force models that are simply cubic polynomials in reduced coordinates. Coefficients of these polynomials can be precomputed, for efficient runtime evaluation. This allows simulation of nonlinear dynamics using fast implicit Newmark subspace integrators, with subspace integration costs independent of geometric complexity. We present two useful approaches for generating low-dimensional subspace bases: modal derivatives and an interactive sketching technique. Mass-scaled principal component analysis (mass-PCA) is suggested for dimensionality reduction. Finally, several examples are given from computer animation to illustrate high performance, including force-feedback haptic rendering of a complicated object undergoing large deformations.
Immunopharmacotherapeutic manifolds and modulation of cocaine overdose.

Cocaine achieves its psychostimulant, reinforcing properties through selectively blocking dopamine transporters, and this neurobiological mechanism impedes the use of classical receptor-antagonist pharmacotherapies to outcompete cocaine at CNS sites. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for cocaine circumvents this problem as drug is sequestered in the periphery prior to entry into the brain. To optimize an immunopharmacotherapeutic strategy for reversing severe cocaine toxicity, the therapeutic properties of mAb GNC92H2 IgG were compared to those of its engineered formats in a mouse overdose model. Whereas the extended half-life of an IgG justifies its application to the prophylactic treatment of addiction, the rapid, thorough biodistribution of mAb-based fragments, including F(ab′)2, Fab and scFv, may correlate to accelerated scavenging of cocaine and reversal of toxicity. To test this hypothesis, mice were administered the anti-cocaine IgG (180 mg/kg, i.v.) or GNC92H2-based agent after receiving an LD50 cocaine dose (93 mg/kg, i.p.), and the timeline of overdose symptoms was recorded. All formats lowered the rate of lethality despite the > 100-fold molar excess of drug to antibody binding capacity. However, only F(ab′)2-92H2 and Fab-92H2 significantly attenuated the progression of premorbid behaviors, and Fab-92H2 prevented seizure generation in a percentage of mice. The calculation of serum half-life of each format demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic profile of Fab-92H2 (elimination half-life, t1/2 ~ 100 min) best approximated that of cocaine. These results not only confirm the importance of highly specific and tight drug binding by the mAb, but also highlight the benefit of aligning the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the immunopharmacotherapeutic with the targeted drug.
3-D spatial segmentation using reference structures

We describe a sensor system based on 3D 'reference structures' which implements a mapping from a 3D source volume onto a 2D sensor plane. We consider examples of few reference structures and how they spatially segment a 3D source volume and present some results.
Progressive region-based colon extraction for computer-aided detection and quantitative imaging in cathartic and non-cathartic CT colonography

Automated colon extraction is an important first step for applications of computer-aided detection (CADe) and quantitative imaging in computed tomographic colonography (CTC). However, previously developed colon extraction algorithms have various limitations. We developed a new fully automated progressive region-based (PRB) method to extract the complete region of colon from CTC images while minimizing the presence of extra-colonic components. The method can be used to provide the target region for CADe as well as to provide quantitative imaging information about the colon. In the method, extra-colonic components are excluded from the abdominal region by use of anatomy-based extraction methods, visible lumen regions of the colon and small bowel are decomposed into material-based subregions, a colon pathway is tracked from the anus to cecum by use of algorithms of progressively increasing complexity using anatomy-based landmarks, segmental features, and region-based tracking algorithms, and the extracted lumen region is perfected into a complete lumen by use of a discrete level-set algorithm. The method was tested with 15 challenging cathartic and non-cathartic fecaltagging CTC cases. Preliminary results indicate that the PRB method can outperform our previously developed centerline-based tracking method in colon extraction.
Metamorphic evolution of the Central Metamorphic Belt, Klamath Province, California: an inverted metamorphic gradient beneath the Trinity peridotite

Metabasalts and metasedimentary rocks of the Devonian Central Metamorphic Belt comprise the lower plate of the east-dipping Trinity thrust system in the Klamath province. An inverted metamorphic gradient is preserved in the Central Metamorphic Belt; metamorphic conditions decrease from amphibolite facies adjacent to the Trinity thrust, through albite-epidote amphibolite facies, to upper greenschist facies at the base of the Central Metamorphic Belt. Mineral chemistry, mineral assemblages and limited geothermometry suggest that peak metamorphic conditions decrease structurally downward from 650 ± 50° C at the Trinity thrust to 500 ± 50° C at the base of the Central Metamorphic Belt, under pressures of 5 ± 3 kbar. Synmetamorphic Ab + Qtz veins, up to 1 m thick, increase in abundance towards the Trinity thrust. Infiltration of H2O-CO2 fluids derived from prograde devolatilization reactions in the Central Metamorphic Belt caused extensive hydration and metasomatism of the Trinity peridotite; the hanging wall block of the Trinity thrust zone. Geological relationships and the preserved inverted metamorphic gradient suggest that the Central Metamorphic Belt formed in an east-dipping Devonian subduction zone in an oceanic environment. The Central Metamorphic Belt appears to represent a discrete slice of accreted oceanic crust several km thick, rather than progressively accreted material. Metamorphic pressures recorded by the Central Metamorphic Belt are intermediate between the ∼2 kbar pressures recorded in dynamothermal aureoles beneath obducted ophiolites and the 7–10 kbar preserved in subduction-related inverted metamorphic gradients. The lack of blueschist facies mineral assemblages in the Central Metamorphic Belt may possibly be explained by an anomalously warm geotherm prior to subduction or early shear heating prior to the arrival of wet rocks at depth.
DETERMINATION OF SELECTIVITY FOR PARALLEL REACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS

Abstract Homogeneously catalyzed propylene hydroformylation in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) using Co 2 (CO) 8 pre-catalyst was studied in batch reactors. The experiments were carried out at temperatures of 66 to 108°C, and pressures of 90.6 to 194.1 bar. The phase behavior of the reaction mixture was monitored in a cell with a sight glass to ensure that the reactions were carried out in the single phase region. The product selectivity was determined at different reaction conditions. At a fixed temperature, the selectivity increased with pressure and at a fixed pressure it decreased with temperature. By chemical equilibrium calculations it was shown that the changes in selectivity were not chemical equilibrium controlled. The partial molar volumes of two isomers of the product were determined experimentally and after fitting the interaction parameters for the Peng–Robinson equation of state from partial molar volume data, the partial molar enthalpies were predicted from the same equation. It is shown that the selectivity increase with pressure at constant temperature can be explained in terms of the difference of the partial molar volumes of the isomers and the selectivity decrease with temperature at constant pressure can be explained in terms of the difference of the partial molar enthalpies of the two isomers.
Ruga-formation instabilities of a graded stiffness boundary layer in a neo-Hookean solid

We present an analysis of ruga-formation instabilities arising in a graded stiffness boundary layer of a neo-Hookean half space, caused by lateral plane-strain compression. In this study, we repres...
Effect of Cure State on Stress Relaxation in 3501-6 Epoxy Resin

Little experimental work has been done to characterize how the viscoelastic properties of composite material matrix resins develop during cure. In this paper, the results of a series of creep tests carried out on 3501-6 epoxy resin, a common epoxy matrix material for graphite/epoxy composites, at several different cure states is reported. Beam specimens were isothermally cured at increasing cure temperatures to obtain a range of degrees of cure from 0.66 to 0.99. These specimens were then tested in three-point bending to obtain creep compliance over a wide temperature range. The master curves and shift functioned for each degree of cure case were obtained by time-temperature superposition. A numerical technique and direct inversion were used to calculate the stress relaxation modulus master curves from the creep compliance master curves. Direct inversion was shown to be adequate for fully cured specimens, however it underpredicts the relaxation modulus and the transition for partially cured specimens. Correlations with experimental stress relaxation data from Kim and White (1996) showed that reasonably accurate results can be obtained by creep testing followed by numerical conversion using the Hopkins-Hamming method.
Products of random sine waves

The probability density of the product of n independent sine waves of random phases is determined.
Prospect for Discovering H0, A0 in Two-Photon Collisions at a Linear Collider

We examine the potential for detecting and studying Higgs bosons in two-photon collisions at a future linear collider. Our study incorporates realistic two-photon spectra based on the most probable available laser technology. We study the cases of a) the heavy MSSM Higgs bosons and b) a Higgs boson with no WW/ZZ couplings from a general two Higgs doublet model.
Dynamic threshold implementation of the maximum-likelihood detector for the EPR4 channel

The authors show that the maximum-likelihood Viterbi detector for the binary extended class-4 partial response (EPR4) channel, in additive Gaussian noise, can be implemented using dynamic thresholds. The dynamic threshold method uses eight thresholds, whereas the add-compare-select method uses eight state metrics. The dynamic threshold method has the same performance as the add-compare-select method, and is presented as an alternative to that method. For selected implementations of the two methods, the dynamic threshold method was found to use 20% less adders than the add-compare-select method. In addition, the path memory for the EPR4 maximum-likelihood Viterbi detector, using either implementation, can be reduced by up to 37.5%. >
3-dimensional vertical parallel plate capacitors in an SOI CMOS technology for integrated RF circuits

This paper presents high-Q and high-density 3-dimensional VPP (vertical parallel plate) capacitors fabricated in a 0.12 /spl mu/m SOI CMOS technology. An effective capacitance density of 1.76 fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/ is obtained. A quality-factor of 22 at 1 GHz is obtained for a 20 pF VPP capacitor. Also, a VPP capacitor model is proposed for the first time to design the VPP capacitor.
Evaluation of Cardiac Auscultation Skills in Pediatric Residents

Auscultation skills are in decline, but few studies have shown which specific aspects are most difficult for trainees. We evaluated individual aspects of cardiac auscultation among pediatric residents using recorded heart sounds to determine which elements pose the most difficulty. Methods. Auscultation proficiency was assessed among 34 trainees following a pediatric cardiology rotation using an open-set format evaluation module, similar to the actual clinical auscultation description process. Results. Diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing normal from abnormal cases was 73%. Findings most commonly correctly identified included pathological systolic and diastolic murmurs and widely split second heart sounds. Those least likely to be identified included continuous murmurs and clicks. Accuracy was low for identifying specific diagnoses. Conclusions. Given time constraints for clinical skills teaching, this suggests that focusing on distinguishing normal from abnormal heart sounds and murmurs instead of maki...
Degradation of 3-hydroxybenzoate by bacteria of the genus Bacillus.

The pathway whereby certain bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus degrade m-hydroxybenzoate is delineated. Of 12 strains examined, nine were tentatively classified as representatives of the species Bacillus brevis, two of Bacillus sphaericus and one of Bacillus megaterium. All strains degraded m-hydroxybenzoate via the same pathway. m-Hydroxybenzoate was hydroxylated to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate), which was oxidized by a gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase yielding maleylpyruvate. Maleylpyruvate was hydrolyzed without prior cis, cis to cis, trans isomerization yielding pyruvate and maleic acid. Numerous soils were examined by plate-count procedures and found to contain 104 to 106 aerobic sporeformers able to grow on m-hydroxybenzoate per g of dry soil.
Innervation and fine structure of the precapillary sphincter in the frog retrolingual membrane

Abstract It is possible from in vivo observation and experimentation to select specific areas in the frog retrolingual membrane with special anatomical and physiological characteristics that typify precapillary sphincters. Histochemical and fine structural studies have shown that these areas are more densely innervated than are the adjacent parent arterioles. Electron micrographic sections have further disclosed a unique structure, which we have termed a triad, that characterizes these areas. The structure consists of a nucleus of an endothelial cell backed by a nucleus of a smooth muscle cell and associated nerve fibers.
Protective effect of WC3 vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants during a predominantly serotype 1 rotavirus season.

We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to study the efficacy of WC3 rotavirus vaccine administered to 104 infants (ages, three to 12 months) before the rotavirus season. Forty-nine infants received vaccine; 55 received placebo. Rotavirus disease during this season was predominantly caused by a serotype 1 strain. In placebo recipients there were 14 cases of rotavirus diarrhea (attack rate, 25%); 11 were moderate to severe (attack rate, 20%). Vaccinees experienced only three cases of rotavirus disease (attack rate, 6.1%), all mild. When all cases (whether associated with rotavirus or not) of clinically significant diarrhea (CSD) were evaluated, WC3 vaccine provided statistically significant (P less than .01) protection against the total number of episodes of CSD and reduced the number of days of CSD-associated diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or illness. Seventy-one percent of the WC3-vaccinated infants had serum antibody responses to the vaccine. The 14 placebo recipients who experienced natural disease predominantly had antibody responses to serotype 1. Sera taken after the rotavirus season revealed a nearly identical rate (40%) of natural rotavirus infection in the vaccinated and placebo groups.
Drug adherence: effects of decreased visit frequency on adherence to clozapine therapy.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of visit frequency on drug-adherence parameters subsequent to the change in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-mandated monitoring of white blood cell counts from weekly to every 2 weeks (biweekly) after 6 months of clozapine therapy. METHODS Paid prescription claims records for clozapine from September 1, 1995-August 31, 2001, were extracted from the Texas Medicaid Vendor Drug Program database. Two groups of subjects were identified: subjects treated before and those treated after the FDA labeling change in monitoring frequency, which occurred on April 1, 1998. Prescription claims records for each subject were assessed for 365 days after the initial 6 months of therapy. Adherence measures included persistence, medication possession ratio (MPR), and time taking clozapine. RESULTS Subjects receiving weekly hematologic monitoring had significantly higher rates of persistence (0.79 +/- 0.35 vs 0.70 +/- 0.38, p < 0.001) and MPRs (0.75 +/- 0.36 vs 0.66 +/- 0.38, p < 0.001) and continued to take clozapine longer (p < 0.002) compared with subjects receiving biweekly monitoring. Fewer subjects in the weekly monitoring group discontinued clozapine therapy during the 1-year study period (49.4% vs 57.9%, p = 0.008). Similar results were observed when cohorts were matched according to age, sex, and index clozapine dosage. CONCLUSION Significant effects of visit frequency on adherence to clozapine therapy were noted. For patients inadequately adherent to therapy, an increase in visit frequency may improve adherence, and based on these results, the extra visits do not need to be with a physician or have any specific purpose other than contact with a provider.
Synergistic actions of insulin and troglitazone on contractility in endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings

Insulin attenuates vascular contraction via inhibition of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels and by enhancement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Thus it has been suggested that hypertension-assoc...
System design for DSP in an integrated IC design environment

Many commercial CAE tools that are available to circuit and system designers only support a subset of the modeling levels needed to specify, analyze, design and verify digital signal processing systems. This restricts verification efforts as the design moves top-down from algorithm definition to hardware implementation. This paper describes a design environment that allows the designer to move through and mix different modeling levels and addresses the specific concerns of an IC solution. The modeling flexibility of VHDL serves as the foundation of this environment. The paper also includes an application example. >
Packet acquisition for low-complexity frequency-hop receivers

The diversity provided by frequency-hop (FH) signaling can protect against jamming and multiple access interference (MAI). A FH transmission consists of two parts - an acquisition preamble and a data payload. The acquisition preamble allows the receiver to detect and synchronize with an incoming packet. Acquisition must be at least as robust as demodulation and decoding. If acquisition fails, the receiver is unable to process the payload. Once acquisition has occurred, a receiver can simply tune a narrowband demodulator to the current hopping channel. However, during the acquisition stage, the lack of timing information makes it impossible to know what the current channel is. Instead, the optimal receiver must make an acquisition decision by simultaneously processing all channels over which the preamble is spread. If the preamble uses M channels, the receiver must have resources to tune to all M. Thus, it is desirable that M be small to keep the receiverpsilas complexity low. However, if M is small, the preamble lacks frequency diversity and may be vulnerable to jamming and MAI. We consider FH acquisition for cases where the preamble has limited frequency diversity and explore the trade-offs that must be made for robust performance in the presence of interference.
Non-commutative Ruelle-Sullivan type currents

We present here a simple direct construction which, under certain circumstances, produces a map \({H_*}(g,\;C) \to H_*^{cl}(M,\;C)\) if g is a Lie algebra which acts infinitesimally on the manifold M.
The Economic Impact Of Water Resource: Broken Bow Lake In Mccurtain County In Southeastern Oklahoma

Oklahoma has had water problems in the past, when most cities and towns relied mostly on wells pumping water to irrigate their agricultural lands and to provide water for municipal and industrial purposes. One of the fundamental elements of the social accounting method, especially the macroeconomic analysis and planning in the developed market economies, is the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The Social Accounting Matrix could be defined as a system of accounts integrated in the form of matrix, consistently including data on production and income generation on one hand, and on the revenues and expenditures of various institutional groups and classes in society on the other. The present study presents a frame work for using a Social Accounting matrix (SAM) technique to analyze the economic impacts of Broken Bow Lake in McCurtain County. The SAM has been used in developing countries to explore the interaction between macro-policy and structure adjustment. Using multiplier analysis, results of the present study can be used to illustrate how this frame work can capture the essential structural features of McCurtain County and sort out the direct and indirect links through which macro-shocks affect the systems (Sherman Robinson).
Neuroendocrine control of the postpartum period.

The postpartum period is characterized by stimulation of lactation and suppression of ovulation. During pregnancy a number of hormonal changes prepare the breasts for lactation following delivery. The process of lactation is functionally related to the suppression of ovulation. These two physiologic changes observed in the puerperium are considered in detail in this review.
The ethics pipeline to academic publishing

Purpose – This paper aims to respond to Curno’s piece on the Challenges to ethical publishing in the digital era. Design/methodology/approach – In this response, the author argues that a focus on “publication ethics” may perpetuate the problem of unethical conduct because such a focus ignores the influences of the educational ethics pipeline. Findings – As a result, the author issues two calls for action: we must cease operating in our ethical silos and educational leaders must publicly recognize the problem of unethical conduct and fully commit to addressing it. Originality/value – This response challenges the notions of ethical silos and the inaction by educational institutions to properly train ethical professionals, authors and researchers.
Near-infrared absorption gas sensing with metal-organic framework on optical fibers

Abstract Despite significant advantages in terms of portability and cost, near-infrared (NIR) gas sensing still remains a great challenge due to its relatively weak overtone absorption from the fundamental vibrational bond absorption at the mid-IR frequency. In this paper, we demonstrated ultra-sensitive NIR gas sensing for carbon dioxide (CO2) at 1.57 μm wavelength through nanoporous Cu-BTC (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) metal-organic framework (MOF) coated single-mode optical fiber. For the first time, we obtained high-resolution NIR spectroscopy of CO2 sorbed in MOF without seeing any rotational side band, indicating that the tightly confined gas molecules in the MOF pores do not have any freedom of rotation. Real-time measurement of the mixed gas flow of CO2 and Ar showed different response time depending on the concentration of CO2, which is attributed to the complex sorption mechanism of CO2 in Cu-BTC MOF. Most importantly, we realized ultra-low detection limit of CO2 (
Perioperative Management of Patients with Acute Renal Failure and/or Acute Aggravation of Chronic Renal Failure

急性腎不全あるいは慢性腎不全の急性増悪のため,緊急に透析用カテーテルを挿入した症例16例の麻酔を経験した.腎不全患者は循環器系,水分電解質・代謝系,血液凝固系などに異常をきたしており,当症例のごとき緊急手術の麻酔には特別の注意を払う必要がある.このような症例の場合,術前評価が重要で麻酔薬,筋弛緩薬の種類および量に留意し,心不全や輸液過剰による肺水腫の予防に努める.また,術前から意識障害のある症例に対しては,挿管による気道確保を含めた呼吸管理を行ない,透析後抜管を試みることも必要である.
Coprophagy in the Swamp Rabbit

It has long been known that the domestic rabbit eats and swallows a proportion of its night droppings, these forming conspicuous pellets in the stomach. Refection, the habit of passing the food twice through the alimentary tract instead of once, is probably more widespread in the lagomorphs than generally recognized (Morat, Rec. Med. Veter. Paris 59: 635, 1881; Madsen, Nature, 143: 981, 1939; Eden, Nature, 145: 36, 1940; Southern, Nature, 145: 262,1940; and others). That this habit may provide the animal with large amounts of vitamin B produced by bacteria in the food within the large intestine is suggested by Bourliere (natural history op mammals, p. …
The Effect of Insecticides, Rates, Intervals Between, and Number of Applications and Insecticide-Oil and Surfactant Combinations for Insect Control on Southern peas

Bidrin® (3-hydroxy- N, N -dimethyl- cis -croton-amide dimethyl phosphate), Monsanto 40294 ( O-p -nitrophenyl 0 -phenyl methylphosphonothioate), Bayer 25141 ( O, O -dieliethyl O-p - (methylsulfinyl) phenyl phosphorothioate), Guthion® ( O, O -elimethyl S- (4-oxo-I,2,3-benzotriazin-3 (4- H )-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) and carbaryl were the most effective compounds for control of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, on southernpeas. Toxaphene was variable in effectiveness. Bidrin, Monsanto 40294 and Bayer 25141 were the most effective compounds for control of the leafminer Liriomyza munda Frick. No differences were found between 2, 4, and 7 applications of carbaryl for cowpea curculio control. No differences were found between 2 and 7 applications of Guthion for cowpea curculio control. Bidrin increased in control as the number of applications were increased to 7. Seven applications of Bidrin. Guthion, and carbaryl were superior to 1–4 applications for control of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). Four applications of Bidrin increased corn earworm control over 1–3 applications while no significant differences were found between 1–4 applications of Guthion and carbaryl. Oil-toxaphene and -endosulfan combinations varied in effectiveness for cowpea curculio and leafminer control in 2 experiments, Penetrant NS-139 increased the effectiveness of bidrin as a leafminer toxicant and to a lesser degree a toxicant against the cowpea curculio.
Diet differences in redheads from nearshore and offshore zones in Louisiana

Habitat management decisions for diving ducks in winter are limited by the lack of information concerning their use of nearshore and offshore zones. Therefore, we compared diets of redheads (Aythya americana) collected from nearshore (n = 206) and offshore (n = 72) zones during winters at the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, 1987-89. A greater (P < 0.05) proportion of redheads from nearshore had food in their esophagus and proventriculus than redheads from offshore. Feeding redheads in the offshore zone consumed more (P < 0.05) animal matter (42% in esophagus) and less plant material (58%) than conspecifics feeding nearshore (13% animal, 87% plant). Contents of proventriculi showed the same trend (P < 0.05)
Debris-Flow Hazards and Related Phenomena(Edited by Matthias Jakob and Oldrich Hungr)

In my experience, most debris flow books are compilations of conference presentations or narrowly focused treatments of certain aspects of debris flows. Jakob and Hungr's new book has entered the scene as a detailed and broad-reaching text that will be useful to a variety of audiences. The book contains 27 chapters grouped by category. Following an introductory first chapter, the second chapter contains an annotated glossary of debris flow terms, helping to distinguish amongst some of the confusing overlap in debris flow vocabulary. The next two chapters cover background material for work in debris flows: Chapter 3 contains an excellent global history of these events, and Chapter 4 covers the general principles of slope stability, including the important aspects of seepage and unsaturated …
Effects of sowing dates and sites on starch RVA profile characteristics of different ecological types of rice( Oryza sativa L. japonica)

In order to elucidate the effect of different sites and sowing dates on RVA profile characteristics, the rice starch RVA profile characteristics in Jiangsu province were studied in four rice planting regions with five japonica varieties as materials under seven sowing date treatments. The results showed the effects of site,sowing date and cultivars on RVA profile characteristics were significant except for peak time in different sites. The varieties had the greatest effect on most RVA profile characteristics. RVA profile characteristics showed obvious difference under different ecological conditions. The highest peak viscosity,hot paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity was seen in Huaian,followed by Suzhou,and the lowest was in Yangzhou. Cool paste viscosity and consistence viscosity performed higher in the north than in the south. Setback viscosity showed an increasing response to latitude rising. Pasting temperature and peak time changed slightly with latitudes. Along with the delayed sowing date,peak viscosity,hot paste viscosity,cool paste viscosity and peak time decreased whereas setback viscosity and consistence viscosity increased,and breakdown viscosity increased first and then decreased whereas pasting temperature decreased first and then increased. The RVA profile characteristics were in favor of early sowing at various sites,and were affected by sowing date in the north of Jiangsu province. The variation coefficient of setback viscosity was the largest while peak time was the smallest among eight RVA profile characteristics. RVA profile characteristics of Nanjing 46 were the best with the highest peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity,and the lowest setback viscosity and consistence viscosity among five varieties.It is recommended that early sowing is beneficial for better starch RVA profile characteristics of the same rice variety.
Botany. Pathogen specialization

The ability to infect new hosts can drive the evolution and specialization of secreted pathogen proteins.
Reconstitution and Minimization of a Micrococcin Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT Thiopeptides represent one of several families of highly modified peptide antibiotics that hold great promise for natural product engineering. These macrocyclic peptides are produced by a combination of ribosomal synthesis and extensive posttranslational modification by dedicated processing enzymes. We previously identified a compact, plasmid-borne gene cluster for the biosynthesis of micrococcin P1 (MP1), an archetypal thiopeptide antibiotic. In an effort to genetically dissect this pathway, we have reconstituted it in Bacillus subtilis. Successful MP1 production required promoter engineering and the reassembly of essential biosynthetic genes in a modular plasmid. The resulting system allows for rapid pathway manipulation, including protein tagging and gene deletion. We find that 8 processing proteins are sufficient for the production of MP1 and that the tailoring enzyme TclS catalyzes a C-terminal reduction step that distinguishes MP1 from its sister compound micrococcin P2. IMPORTANCE The emergence of antibiotic resistance is one of the most urgent human health concerns of our day. A crucial component in an integrated strategy for countering antibiotic resistance is the ability to engineer pathways for the biosynthesis of natural and derivatized antimicrobial compounds. In this study, the model organism B. subtilis was employed to reconstitute and genetically modularize a 9-gene system for the biosynthesis of micrococcin, the founding member of a growing family of thiopeptide antibiotics.
Daily Energy Expenditure and Its Relation to Health Care Costs in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitoring.

Our increasingly sedentary lifestyle is associated with a heightened risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cardiovascular mortality. Using the recently developed heart rate index formula in 843 patients (mean ± SD age 62.3 ± 15.7 years) who underwent 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, we estimated average and peak daily energy expenditure, expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs), and related these data to subsequent hospital encounters and health care costs. In this cohort, estimated daily average and peak METs were 1.7 ± 0.7 and 5.5 ± 2.1, respectively. Patients who achieved daily bouts of peak energy expenditure ≥5 METs had fewer hospital encounters (p = 0.006) and median health care costs that were nearly 50% lower (p <0.001) than their counterparts who attained <5 METs. In patients whose body mass index was ≥30 kg/m2, there were significant differences in health care costs depending on whether they achieved <5 or ≥5 METs estimated by ambulatory ECG monitoring (p = 0.005). Interestingly, patients who achieved ≥5 METs had lower and no significant difference in their health care costs, regardless of their body mass index (p = 0.46). Patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention who achieved ≥5 METs had lower health care costs (p = 0.044) and fewer hospital encounters (p = 0.004) than those who achieved <5 METs. In conclusion, average and peak daily energy expenditures estimated from ambulatory ECG monitoring may provide useful information regarding health care utilization in patients with and without previous percutaneous coronary intervention, irrespective of body habitus. Our findings are the first to link lower intensities of peak daily energy expenditure, estimated from ambulatory ECG monitoring, with increased health care utilization.
Heritage Keywords: Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage (Samuels and Rico, eds.)

This work is a book review considering the title Heritage Keywords: Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage edited by Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels and Trinidad Rico.
Advantages of strained-layer superlattice detectors for high-speed thermal events

Type II Strained-Layer Superlattice detectors are currently being incorporated into hybridized infrared camera focal plane arrays for commercial applications. The detectors offer significant advantages over InSb and MCT detectors for certain application spaces, particularly high-speed imaging for industrial purposes, and military test ranges. The advantage over MWIR InSb sensors is driven by blackbody physics, which results in much higher emitted photon radiance values for target temperatures around ambient, as well as increased temperature dynamic range as a result of the lower thermal derivative in the LWIR band relative to the MWIR band.
Determination of the Limiting Temperature and Scaling in the Mean in pp Interactions

The transverse-momentum distribution of charged pions produced in 28.5-GeV/c $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions was studied. Scaling of the transverse-momentum distribution versus the "mean" variable $\frac{{p}_{T}}{〈{p}_{T}〉}$ was observed, independent of charge multiplicity, missing mass, and energy, in the central region. From the scaling behavior of the pions, the limiting temperature was determined to be ${T}_{0}=117\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ MeV.
DATeS: a highly extensible data assimilation testing suite v1.0

Abstract. A flexible and highly extensible data assimilation testing suite, named DATeS, is described in this paper. DATeS aims to offer a unified testing environment that allows researchers to compare different data assimilation methodologies and understand their performance in various settings. The core of DATeS is implemented in Python and takes advantage of its object-oriented capabilities. The main components of the package (the numerical models, the data assimilation algorithms, the linear algebra solvers, and the time discretization routines) are independent of each other, which offers great flexibility to configure data assimilation applications. DATeS can interface easily with large third-party numerical models written in Fortran or in C, and with a plethora of external solvers.
Dulaglutide (Trulicity) for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Dulaglutide is an easy-to-use, once-weekly injectable therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults. It produces a modest decrease in A1C levels with only a small risk of severe hypoglycemia. The small average weight loss it induces may be an advantage for some patients.
The Nude Mouse Model for Studies of Human Cancer Metastasis

The progressive growth of metastases represents the lethal event in the clinical course of most neoplastic diseases. While primary tumors can be resected or treated locally, systemic treatment for disseminated disease has not produced satisfactory results. Several reasons can be cited for this failure. First, at the time of diagnosis and surgical resection of primary tumors, metastasis may have already occurred, but as lesions too small to be detected. Second, the location of many metastases limits our ability to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to them without damaging normal tissues. Third, the heterogeneous nature of malignant neoplasms leads to the rapid development of metastases that are resistant to conventional therapies (Poste 1986; Fidler and Balch 1987; Nicolson 1987).
The truth about cats and dogs: Landscape composition and human occupation mediate the distribution and potential impact of non-native carnivores

Abstract Humans alter landscapes and native species distributions in many ways, including alterations mediated via domestic pets. While the negative impacts of domestic cats are well documented worldwide, the ecological effects of domestic dogs have received less scientific attention, particularly in the United States. Prevalence of free-ranging dogs may be especially problematic in areas with low density, but relatively ubiquitous human populations. We used camera-trap data collected during a 2008–2010 landscape-scale study consisting of 1181 camera stations (357 camera clusters) stratified over 16 counties in southern Illinois, USA, to estimate occupancy for domestic cats and dogs. We compared models of occupancy for three land cover types (forest, grassland, and wetland) in relation to anthropogenic features and estimated and compared the proportion of the region occupied by each species. Cats occurred across a moderate proportion of the landscape ( ψ ¯ = 0.44 ± 0.13 SE) and were associated with anthropogenic features. Moreover, we found domestic dog occupancy was greater across the landscape ( ψ ¯ = 0.59 ± 0.09), influenced more generally by land cover type, and was highest on grasslands and privately owned land. Domestic cat occupancy was more localized than that of dogs and less influenced by land cover type compared to anthropogenic features. Model averaged probability of dog occupancy was >0.50 across 19,049.39 km2 of the region (>99%), but only 2270.53 km2 (11.8%) for cats. Thus, while domestic cats may pose a more intensive threat to wildlife within the area they occupy, the impact of domestic dogs is likely to be more geographically extensive. Predicting the potential effects of these non-native species is complicated by a nuanced interaction between landscape composition, human density, and human behavior, and upends simplistic perceptions of the relative threats posed by the two species.
A machine learning approach to radiogenomics of breast cancer: a study of 922 subjects and 529 DCE-MRI features.

Recent studies showed preliminary data on associations of MRI-based imaging phenotypes of breast tumours with breast cancer molecular, genomic, and related characteristics. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of this relationship. We analysed a set of 922 patients with invasive breast cancer and pre-operative MRI. The MRIs were analysed by a computer algorithm to extract 529 features of the tumour and the surrounding tissue. Machine-learning-based models based on the imaging features were trained using a portion of the data (461 patients) to predict the following molecular, genomic, and proliferation characteristics: tumour surrogate molecular subtype, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor status, as well as a tumour proliferation marker (Ki-67). Trained models were evaluated on the set of the remaining 461 patients. Multivariate models were predictive of Luminal A subtype with AUC = 0.697 (95% CI: 0.647–0.746, p < .0001), triple negative breast cancer with AUC = 0.654 (95% CI: 0.589–0.727, p < .0001), ER status with AUC = 0.649 (95% CI: 0.591–0.705, p < .001), and PR status with AUC = 0.622 (95% CI: 0.569–0.674, p < .0001). Associations between individual features and subtypes we also found. There is a moderate association between tumour molecular biomarkers and algorithmically assessed imaging features.