cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and purification of 77Br‐labelled p‐bromospiroperidol suitable for in vivo dopamine receptor studies

An efficient and reliable method of preparing 77Br-p-bromo spiroperidol suitable for labelling dopamine receptors invivo has been developed. This synthesis involves the reaction of 77Br−, H2O2, and spiroperidol in glacial acetic acid. The purity of the product was assured by the use of two column reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Radio-chemical yields were in the range of 80–90%, while specific activities of 80–140 Ci/mmole were obtained at the end of the synthesis.
Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones: a perspective for the use in domestic animals

The fluoroquinolones are a class of compounds that comprise a large and expanding group of synthetic antimicrobial agents. Structurally, all fluoroquinolones contain a fluorine molecule at the 6-position of the basic quinolone nucleus. Despite the basic similarity in the core structure of these molecules, their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics and microbial activities can vary markedly across compounds. The first of the fluoroquinolones approved for use in animals, enrofloxacin, was approved in the late 1980s. Since then, five other fluoroquinolones have been marketed for use in animals in the United States, with others currently under investigation. This review focuses on the use of fluoroquinolones within veterinary medicine, providing an overview of the structure-activity relationship of the various members of the group, the clinical uses of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine, their pharmacokinetics and potential interspecies differences, an overview of the current understanding of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships associated with fluoroquinolones, a summary of toxicities that have been associated with this class of compounds, their use in both in human and veterinary species, mechanisms associated with the development of microbial resistance to the fluoroquinolones, and a discussion of fluoroquinolone dose optimization. Although the review contains a large body of basic research information, it is intended that the contents of this review have relevance to both the research scientist and the veterinary medical practitioner.
A study of defects induced in GaAs by plasma etching

Abstract The effect of plasma dry etching on GaAs has been studied by photoreflectance (PR) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). GaAs samples were etched by CF4 plasma under different conditions to study the influence of sputtering chamber pressure and power on surface properties. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) was conducted to remove plasma-induced damage. Schottky diodes were fabricated on the plasma etched wafers for electrical characterization. A 10 mTorr/50 W plasma etched sample showed two new peaks with energies lower than the bandgap energy which may imply defect introduction. Plasma processing at 50 mTorr/100 W and 100 mTorr/150 W also showed damage with a reduced PR signal and one lower energy peak. Franz-Keldysh oscillation (FKO) was observed in most samples. The FKO period was used to characterize sample surface quality. DLTS measurement showed plasma-induced deep levels on every plasma etched sample. The higher chamber pressure and power gave increased activation energy. Activation energies of 0.38, 0.57 and 0.67 eV were found for 10, 50 and 100 mTorr chamber pressure etching conditions, respectively. The 450°C/10 s RTA showed very good recovery on all plasma-induced damage.
Estimating nonprocess energy from building energy consumption

From this research, an important technique for estimating the nonprocess energy (also known as overhead energy) in industrial and manufacturing buildings was examined. The building energy data for six industrial facilities were collected over multiple months in which production varied over these months. This technique then used a regression of monthly building energy or utilities' use versus monthly production rate. The nonprocess energy was estimated for each facility as the energy extrapolated to zero production in these regression models. The range of monthly production data was also used to determine a midpoint or average production at each facility and the corresponding average total building energy (process and nonprocess). The energy at zero production, as a percentage of the midpoint production energy, was thus the nonprocess energy percentage. In addition, the zero production power intensity (in watts per square meter) was compared to industry average nonprocess energy intensities (heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation) to interpret the nature and possible improvement in nonprocess energy.
Continuous ingestion of different chlordecone (kepone) concentrations and changes in quail reproduction

To determine the effects of continuous ingestion of different chlordecone concentrations on quail reproduction and mortality, 5‐wk‐old female Japanese quail were fed a diet containing 10, 40, 80, and 760 ppm chlordecone for exactly 250 d. Continuous ingestion of 10–80 ppm chlordecone did not induce excessive mortality or significantly alter reproductive functions. Similar ingestion of 160 ppm chlordecone increased quail mortality, produced a lag in egg production, and affected the normal sequence of egg laying. Increased mortality occurred in quail that either did not initiate egg laying or ceased egg laying completely. Reproductive tracts of dead quail were noticeably reduced and the ovaries atrophied. Quail that continued to ingest the highest chlordecone dose produced significantly more defective eggs, which were either cracked, soft‐shelled, or shell‐less.
Design of Extreme Connector Stacking in PCI Express Interface

This paper describes the electrical architecture and design of the PCI express interface in the Blade Centertrade (J.E. Hughes et al., 2000) system. A comprehensive electrical design methodology, including accurate and detailed modeling and simulation of the complete design space, is required in order to achieve the speeds required by this interface, while using low-cost printed circuit board materials. In this paper, some of the obstacles and solutions to support 2.5 Gb/s to 5 Gb/s data transmission over multiple boards and multiple connector technologies are highlighted. Pre-layout analysis was performed to predict the interconnect performance for relatively long trace lengths in FR-4 material across four connectors in order to satisfy the PCI express design requirements and guarantee the overall performance objective of the system. Signal integrity affects (including frequency dependent losses, inter-symbol-interference (ISI), crosstalk, impedance discontinuities, via and pad capacitance effects and skew) were integrally analyzed across the complete design space. The solution provided was stack connector arrangements integrated into the PCI express link. The benefit was greater density, but a product that could be customized. This paper concludes the correlation between a post route simulation result and lab measurements. The correlation of simulation results with hardware measurements provided a high confidence in the simulation methodology, which could be relied upon in developing the broader set of PCB based design guidelines.
The mapping dynamics of periodic motions for a three-piecewise linear system under a periodic excitation

In this paper, the mapping dynamics of periodic motions for a three-piecewise linear system under a periodic excitation is developed, and the mapping structures for specified periodic motions are constructed. Based on the mapping structures, an analytical prediction of all possible, stable and unstable periodic motions is given. The symmetry for the stable, asymmetrical, periodic motions of such a system is observed. However, the unstable periodic motions do not have such symmetry. The methodology presented in this paper is applicable to other non-smooth systems such as friction-induced vibration, impact oscillator and power control systems. In addition, the mapping dynamics provides a useful and efficient tool for the co-existence of periodic motions and/or chaotic motions in nonlinear dynamical systems.
Aniridia caused by a heritable chromosome 11 deletion

Abstract A child with aniridia, multiple anomalies, severe failure to thrive, and severe psychomotor retardation is shown to have a syndrome similar to, though more severe than, other patients with overlapping deletions of the short arm of chromosome 11 ( Pediatrics 64:604, 1978). Her deletion (46,XX,del [11p) [pter→p14: :pl1.3→qter)) was derived from her mother, who has a chromosome 11 shift (46,XX,der [11) [pter→p14: :pl1.3→q22: :p14→p11.3: :q22→qter]). The significance of del (11p) in the aniridia-Wilms' tumor association is discussed, and the del (11p) basis for aniridia is compared with other genetic bases for aniridia.
Children's knowledge of directional relationships within their neighborhood

We assessed the accuracy of direction estimates made by 4th and 5th versus 7th and 8th graders within a self-enclosed neighborhood in which they had lived for at least 6 months. For the youngest age group, direction estimates requiring spatial inferences about an unknown route were less accurate than direction estimates along experienced routes of travel. Also, younger children were less accurate for direction estimates requiring the mental reversal of the direction of travel along a known route. For both age groups, direction estimates from unfamiliar reference sites were less accurate than from familiar reference sites. Further evidence for familiarity effects was obtained from a questionnaire designed to assess children's navigational experiences within the neighborhood; correlational analyses confirmed that directional accuracy varied as a function of prior familiarity.
Prototheca and protothecosis

Introduction Protothecosis is a relatively uncommon infection of humans and animals which is caused by either of two species belonging to the genus Prototheca. These organisms have been referred to as achlorophyllous mutants of green algae belonging to the genus Chlorella, although conclusive evidence of this relationship has yet to be produced. Prototheca species are ubiquitous in nature as saprophytes and have been isolated from a variety of enviromnental sources, including the slime (mucus) flux of trees, fresh and marine waters, soil, and sewage (1,2), where they can reach high densities. Organisms have also been isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, deer, sheep, and some wild animals (3). Protothecae have even been recovered from human fingernails, skin scrapings, sputum, and feces in the absence of infection (4). Protothecae were originally isolated and described as fungi by tiger (1) in 1894 on the basis of their yeast-like appearance in culture. They were recognized as algae in 19 13 and reclassified as such in 19 16 by West (5) because they sporulated in a manner identical to Chlorella. Sierra
Conjugate-addition reactions of highly-functionalized aryl lithium reagents to γ-silyloxy-α,β-unsaturated sulfones: consequences of the structure of the sulfone moiety.

Abstract The effect of sulfone structure (phenyl) vs t-butyl) is compared in the conjugate-addition reactions of ortho substituted and ortho, ortho disubstituted aryl lithium reagents with γ-silyloxy-α,β-unsaturated sulfones.
Thermal Radiation in Metabolic Chambers

Emissivities and ratios of surface areas of metabolic chambers and their contents have been usually ignored in studies of the metabolic rates of animals. Failure to take these factors into account can lead to errors in the interpretation of results.
Light-induced diffusive pulling and diffusion cross sections for K-He: experiment and theory

Abstract Reported are an experimental investigation of light-induced diffusive pulling of K (4p 2 P) in He and a coupled channel calculation of the related diffusion cross sections. The cross section for K (4s 2 S) in He and the relative difference between cross sections for K (4s 2 S) and K (4p 2 P) are measured. The calculations demonstrate that a long range effect, strong coupling among several excited molecular levels near R ∽ 7 A, influences the diffusion of excited potassium. This unusual effect, which does not occur for excited Na or Rb, arises with K because the duration of the collision is comparable to the fine structure precession period.
Elevated CO2 and Temperature Alter Recruitment and Size Hierarchies in C3 and C4 Annuals

In order to understand the implications of changes in global CO2 concentrations and temperature for the growth and fitness of individual plants, performance must be investigated in relation to the performance of other plants within a population. In this study we examined patterns of recruitment, mortality, and size structure of monospecific stands in response to ambient (400 μL/L) and elevated CO2 concentrations (700 μL/L) across three temperature regimes; 18°, 28°, and 38°C. We created experimental populations of two annual plants that differ in their photosynthetic pathway and water use patterns: Abutilon theophrasti (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C4). The effects of CO2, temperature, and their interactions on population structure were complex and species dependent. For both species increasing temperature resulted in higher germination and faster initial growth rates. These initial temperature responses increased the intensity and role of competition in determining stand size and structure. Postemergence responses to elevated CO2 differed markedly between the two species. For Abutilon, the C3 species, self—thinning and the mean biomass of the survivors increased under elevated CO2. For Amaranthus, survivorship, but not growth, increased under elevated CO2 conditions. We attribute differences in response between species not only to photosynthetic pathway, but also to differences in the onset of competition mediated through differences in plant form and in resource uptake and deployment. The patterns of stand development in response to CO2 and temperature suggest that the effects of changing CO2 and temperature may be understood within mechanistically based models of resource use. Temperature regulates the rate of resource use and the onset of interference among plants, while CO2 functions both as a resource and a resource regulator. Although mortality was concentrated later in stand development for Abutilon than Amaranthus, overall patterns of stand size and structure were similar for both species; mortality and size inequalities increased with increasing temperature and CO2. Because size is often correlated with fecundity, and increase in size hierarchies in response to elevated CO2, in conjunction with a decrease in survivorship, may result in a smaller effective population size. Our ability to predict changes in effective population size due to changing size due to changing size hierarchies alone, however, should also consider developmental shifts in response to elevated CO2 that may result in, as in this study, a decrease in the minimum size at the onset of flowering.
Positive-tone wafer coating materials evaluation on lithography process

The polyimide technology has bene used extensively for semiconductor industry, includes buffer coating, interlayer dielectric and passivation, Alpha ray shielding and protective/insulating films. The features of the polyimide material for the new generation of advanced semiconductor products must have excellent properties and high performances to meet various demands in the microelectronics application. The requirements include high resolution, low internal stress, process cost reduction, environment safety, excellent process stability and window in the future. Three kinds of heat-resistant base polymers had been widely applied on wafer-coating processing microelectronic device including polyamic acids, ring-closure type soluble polyimides with hydroxyl groups, and PBO precursors. In this work, we had evaluated positive-tone photosensitivity with aqueous developed polyimide consisting of previous base resins, and compared the difference of process conditions, cured-film properties, adhesion properties, etching recipes as one mask process and reliability test, etc.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resuscitation and ventilation strategies for extremely preterm infants: a comparison study between two neonatal centers in Boston and Stockholm.

Aim: To evaluate if different resuscitation and ventilatory styles exist between two neonatal units, and if the less aggressive approach has a beneficiary effect on BPD outcome. Method: Inborn infants delivered at a gestational age <28 weeks were retrospectively studied (Boston = 70 and Stockholm = 102). Data were collected from birth to discharge or to 40 weeks. Results: The study groups were similar with regard to gestational age, birth weight, gender and CRIB score, whereas SNAPPE-II score was greater in Stockholm and prenatal steroids were given less frequently in Boston. In Stockholm, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was applied in the delivery room for 56% of the infants and the prevalence of infants not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation (MV) during the first week of life was 22%. In Boston all infants were initially intubated. Subsequently, CPAP was used less often, and higher mean airway pressures (MAWPs) were applied during the first 4 weeks of life. Mortality and moderate/severe BPD at 36 weeks were similar; however, at 40 weeks oxygen supplementation was more frequent in Boston. Site was a predictor for moderate/severe BPD or death at 40 weeks. Conclusion: Practice style differences exist and the less aggressive approach with more CPAP administration was successful. It did not decrease the risk for BPD at 36 weeks; however, at 40 weeks, fewer infants were on oxygen support, and a strong association was found between site, MAWP or MV with pulmonary morbidity indicating that CPAP could have a beneficiary role in outcome.
Conformational Changes of Elongation Factor G on the Ribosome during tRNA Translocation.

The universally conserved GTPase elongation factor G (EF-G) catalyzes the translocation of tRNA and mRNA on the ribosome after peptide bond formation. Despite numerous studies suggesting that EF-G undergoes extensive conformational rearrangements during translocation, high-resolution structures exist for essentially only one conformation of EF-G in complex with the ribosome. Here, we report four atomic-resolution crystal structures of EF-G bound to the ribosome programmed in the pre- and posttranslocational states and to the ribosome trapped by the antibiotic dityromycin. We observe a previously unseen conformation of EF-G in the pretranslocation complex, which is independently captured by dityromycin on the ribosome. Our structures provide insights into the conformational space that EF-G samples on the ribosome and reveal that tRNA translocation on the ribosome is facilitated by a structural transition of EF-G from a compact to an elongated conformation, which can be prevented by the antibiotic dityromycin.
Early Quantification of Hematoma Hounsfield Units on Noncontrast CT in Acute Intraventricular Hemorrhage Predicts Ventricular Clearance after Intraventricular Thrombolysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Thrombolytic efficacy of intraventricular rtPA for acute intraventricular hemorrhage may depend on hematoma composition. We assessed whether hematoma Hounsfield unit quantification informs intraventricular hemorrhage clearance after intraventricular rtPA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial NCCT was performed on 52 patients who received intraventricular rtPA as part of the Clot Lysis Evaluation of Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage trial and 12 controls with intraventricular hemorrhage, but no rtPA treatment. A blinded investigator calculated Hounsfield unit values for intraventricular hemorrhage volumes on admission (t0), days 3–4 (t1), and days 6–9 (t2). Controls were matched uniquely to 12 rtPA-treated patients for comparison. RESULTS: Median intraventricular hemorrhage volume on admission for patients treated with intraventricular rtPA was 31.9 mL (interquartile range, 34.1 mL), and it decreased to 4.9 mL (interquartile range, 14.5 mL) (t2). Mean (±standard error of the mean) Hounsfield unit for intraventricular hemorrhage was 52.1 (0.59) at t0 and decreased significantly to 50.1 (0.63) (t1), and to 45.1 (0.71) (t2). Total intraventricular hemorrhage Hounsfield unit count was significantly correlated with intraventricular hemorrhage volume at all time points (t0: P = .002; t1: P CONCLUSIONS: Intraventricular hemorrhage Hounsfield unit counts decrease significantly in the acute phase and to a greater extent with intraventricular rtPA treatment. Intraventricular hemorrhage Hounsfield units are correlated significantly with CSF protein and not with serum erythrocyte or platelet concentrations. Hounsfield unit counts may reflect intraventricular hemorrhage clot composition and rtPA sensitivity.
Nutritional enhancement of host plants by aphids - a comparison of three aphid species on grasses.

Abstract Three aphid species were compared with respect to ability of enhancing the nutritional quality of their host plants. Rhopalosiphum padi, which does not induce macroscopic changes in its host plants, was compared with Schizaphis graminum and Diuraphis noxia, both of which induce distinctive types of chlorotic lesions. Phloem sap samples were collected from severed stylets of feeding aphids and from exudates of cut leaves of plants uninfested or infested with each aphid species. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of individual amino acids. Compared to R. padi, S. graminum ingested phloem sap with a two-fold higher concentration of amino acids and a much higher proportion of essential amino acids. Similar differences between these two aphid species were observed on both wheat and barley. For each aphid species, the absolute concentrations of amino acids and the relative proportions of essential amino acids were similar between the two host plants. Effects of D. noxia were similar to those of S. graminum, though less dramatic. Exudates from leaves infested with each aphid species showed relative concentrations of individual amino acids that were similar to those in the corresponding stylet exudates. Based on comparison of stylet exudates and cut leaf exudates from infested and uninfested plants, R. padi seems to have little effect on amino acid composition of phloem. Changes in the phloem induced by both S. graminum and D. noxia appear to be systemic, affecting at least the whole leaf they are feeding on. The changes observed for D. noxia and for S. graminum are likely to be nutritionally advantageous for the aphids and are expected to affect the aphids' dependence on nutritional supplementation by intracellular symbionts (Buchnera).
Inclusion of non-viable neonates in the birth record and its impact on infant mortality rates in Shelby County, Tennessee, USA

Rates of infant death are one of the most common indicators of a population’s overall health status. Infant mortality rates (IMRs) are used to make broad inferences about the quality of health care, effects of health policies and even environmental quality. The purpose of our study was threefold: i) to examine the characteristics of births in the area in relation to gestational age and birthweight; ii) to estimate infant mortality using variable gestational age and/or birthweight criteria for live birth, and iii) to calculate proportional mortality ratios for each cause of death using variable gestational age and/or birthweight criteria for live birth. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all Shelby County resident-linked birth and infant death certificates during the years 1999 to 2004. Descriptive test statistics were used to examine infant mortality rates in relation to specific maternal and infant risk factors. Through careful examination of 1999-2004 resident-linked birth and infant death data sets, we observed a disproportionate number of non-viable live births (≤20 weeks gestation or ≤350 grams) in Shelby County. Issuance of birth certificates to these non-viable neonates is a factor that contributes to an inflated IMR. Our study demonstrates the complexity and the appropriateness of comparing infant mortality rates in smaller geographic units, given the unique characteristics of live births in Shelby County. The disproportionate number of pre-viable infants born in Shelby County greatly obfuscates neonatal mortality and de-emphasizes the importance of post-neonatal mortality.
EFFECT OF ENDURANCE EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLE WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL INGESTION IN RAT

The effect of endurance exercise training on mechanical properties of skeletal muscle with chronic ethanol ingestion was determined in this study. Three to four-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CON), control with exercise (CON/EXE), ethanol (ETH), and ethanol with exercise (ETH/EXE). The CON/EXE and ETH/EXE groups were trained to run for 12 weeks on a motor driven treadmill. ETH and ETH/EXE groups were adapted to a liquid alcohol diet (Lieber–DeCarli). Tetanic, twitch force generation, specific force, fatigue time, and shortening velocity of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were tested by using an in vitro muscle testing system. Our study shows that exercise does not improve the contractile properties of skeletal muscle with chronic ethanol ingestion indicated by similar twitch force and fatigue time between ETH/EXE and ETH groups in Types I and II fibers, and by lowered tetanic and specific forces in Type I fibers in ETH/EXE group compared to ETH group, possibly due to damage induced by oxidative stress. Future studies on interaction of the biochemical changes and contractile properties of the skeletal muscle with chronic ethanol ingestion will be conducted to better understand mechanisms behind alterations in contractile properties.
Affective factors and student achievement: a quantitative and qualitative study

The affective domain can be used to support the internalization of cognitive content and foster the development of curriculum and industry-related interests, attitudes, values, and practices. During a two-year period, using validated instruments, the authors measured student interest, value, effort, perceived competence, lack of pressure, student-peer belonging, and student-faculty belonging. Initial findings included a positive correlation between each affective factor and course grade, a significant decrease in the levels of affective factors over the course term, and a lessening of those decreases with the use of specific affective objectives and instructional strategies. The current study built upon these initial results by incorporating new quantitative and qualitative data for each affective factor. The paper reports on the results of these analyses and offers practical suggestions and instructional guidelines based upon the findings. These findings appear to be broadly applicable throughout our curriculum and could extend to other science, mathematics, engineering, and technology disciplines.
The similarity solution for a bore on a beach

A similarity solution is found for the asymptotic behavior of a bore as it approaches the shoreline on a sloping beach. This gives direct confirmation of earlier results on the motion of the bore and adds details of the associated flow field. It also makes explicit the analogy with Guderley's implosion problem in gas dynamics; the solution is constructed closely following Guderley's arguments.
A Comparison of Chinese Immigrants’ Perceptions of the Police in New York City and Toronto:

During the past several decades, research on immigrant adaptation and incorporation experience within different host societies has proliferated. Nevertheless, studies comparing how immigrants interact with law enforcement in the largest cities, respectively, in the United States and Canada do not seem to exist. In an attempt to bridge the gap in past literature, this study examines the differences of Chinese immigrants’ perceptions of the police in New York City and Toronto. Analyzing data gathered from 444 Chinese immigrants (151 from New York City and 293 from Toronto), this study compared Chinese immigrants’ attitudes toward police efficacy and their overall perceptions in both cities. The findings indicated that Chinese immigrants in Toronto held more positive overall perceptions of the police than did their counterparts in New York City. With regard to police efficacy in dealing with crime, there were no significant attitudinal differences in Chinese immigrants between New York City and Toronto. Poli...
Right Ventricular Angiogenesis is an Early Adaptive Response to Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension.

Objective Myocardial angiogenesis is presumed to play a role in RV adaptation to PH, though definitive evidence and functional correlations are lacking. We aimed to use definitive methods to correlate RV angiogenesis, hypertrophy, and function in a murine PH model. Methods Mice were exposed to CH for 21 days to induce PH and RV remodeling. We used unbiased stereology and flow cytometry to quantify angiogenesis and myocyte hypertrophy, and pressure–volume loops to measure RV function. Results Within seven days, RV-specific increases in total capillary length (10,576 ± 2574 cm vs. 6822 ± 1379 cm; p = 0.02), surface area (10 ± 3.3 cm2 vs. 4.9 ± 1.5 cm2; p = 0.01), and volume (0.0013 ± 0.0005 cm3 vs. 0.0006 ± 0.0001 cm3; p = 0.02) were observed, and RV EC proliferation increased nearly 10-fold. Continued exposure led to progressive RVH without additional angiogenesis. RV function was preserved, but activation of hypoxia-dependent gene expression was observed in both ventricles after 21 days. Conclusions Early RV remodeling in CH-PH is associated with RV angiogenesis and preserved RV function. Continued CH-PH is associated with RVH but not angiogenesis, leading to biventricular activation of hypoxia-dependent gene expression.
Making Class and Gender: (Market) Socialist Enframing of Traders in Ho Chi Minh City

ABSTRACT Over the past four decades, petty traders in Bến Thanh market (Ho Chi Minh City) and Vietnamese officials have experienced and propelled rapid economic, political, and social transformations entailing reconfigurations of class and gender. Exploring the co-construction of class and gender through state and individual narratives and performances, I here make three contributions to anthropological scholarship on socialism and late, post-, and market socialism. First, I highlight the importance of associative gendered logics to government efforts to deploy new, morally compelling notions of class. Second, I demonstrate that socialist constructions of gender and class are not simply imposed on resistant subjects but also internalized as meaningful structures of sentiment, even among those otherwise ambivalent toward state authority. Third, I reveal that state socialist logics provide fertile ground for those enframed to exercise strategic essentialism (Spivak 1995) that affords symbolic or material advantage, even as it might also reproduce marginality.
Time course of gene expression during mouse skeletal muscle hypertrophy

The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive transcriptome analysis during skeletal muscle hypertrophy to identify signaling pathways that are operative throughout the hypertrophic response. Global gene expression patterns were determined from microarray results on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 during plantaris muscle hypertrophy induced by synergist ablation in adult mice. Principal component analysis and the number of differentially expressed genes (cutoffs ≥2-fold increase or ≥50% decrease compared with control muscle) revealed three gene expression patterns during overload-induced hypertrophy: early (1 day), intermediate (3, 5, and 7 days), and late (10 and 14 days) patterns. Based on the robust changes in total RNA content and in the number of differentially expressed genes, we focused our attention on the intermediate gene expression pattern. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed a downregulation of genes encoding components of the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway during hypertrophy. Among these genes, five were predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis or previously shown to be regulated by the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor-15, which was also downregulated during hypertrophy. Moreover, the integrin-linked kinase signaling pathway was activated during hypertrophy, and the downregulation of muscle-specific micro-RNA-1 correlated with the upregulation of five predicted targets associated with the integrin-linked kinase pathway. In conclusion, we identified two novel pathways that may be involved in muscle hypertrophy, as well as two upstream regulators (Kruppel-like factor-15 and micro-RNA-1) that provide targets for future studies investigating the importance of these pathways in muscle hypertrophy.
Screening for Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency in Patients With Neck Pain: Manual Therapy Decision-Making in the Presence of Uncertainty

Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of manual therapy interventions in patients with neck pain; however, considerable attention has also been afforded to the potential risks such as vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI). Despite the existence of guidelines advocating specific screening procedures, research does not support the ability to accurately identify patients at risk. The logical question becomes, "How does one proceed in the absence of certainty?" Given the lack of clear direction for decision making in the peer-reviewed literature, this commentary discusses the uncertainties that exist regarding the ability to identify patients at risk for VBI. The authors hope that this commentary adds additional perspective on manual therapy decision-making strategies in the presence of uncertainty.
Probing circulating tumor cells in microfluidics

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important targets for study as we strive to better understand, diagnose, and treat cancers. However, CTCs are found in blood at extremely low concentrations; this makes isolation, enrichment, and characterization of CTCs technically challenging. Recently, the development of CTC separation devices has grown rapidly in both academia and industry. Part of this development effort centered on microfluidic platforms, exploiting the advantages of microfluidics to improve CTC separation performance and device integration. In this Focus article, we highlight some of the recent work in microfluidic CTC separation and detection systems and discuss our appraisal of what the field should do next.
Staphylococcus aureus Helicase but Not Escherichia coli Helicase Stimulates S. aureus Primase Activity and Maintains Initiation Specificity

Bacterial primases are essential for DNA replication due to their role in polymerizing the formation of short RNA primers repeatedly on the lagging-strand template and at least once on the leading-strand template. The ability of recombinant Staphylococcus aureus DnaG primase to utilize different single-stranded DNA templates was tested using oligonucleotides of the sequence 5′-CAGA (CA)5 XYZ (CA)3-3′, where XYZ represented the variable trinucleotide. These experiments demonstrated that S. aureus primase synthesized RNA primers predominately on templates containing 5′-d(CTA)-3′ or TTA and to a much lesser degree on GTA-containing templates, in contrast to results seen with the Escherichia coli DnaG primase recognition sequence 5′-d(CTG)-3′. Primer synthesis was initiated complementarily to the middle nucleotide of the recognition sequence, while the third nucleotide, an adenosine, was required to support primer synthesis but was not copied into the RNA primer. The replicative helicases from both S. aureus and E. coli were tested for their ability to stimulate either S. aureus or E. coli primase. Results showed that each bacterial helicase could only stimulate the cognate bacterial primase. In addition, S. aureus helicase stimulated the production of full-length primers, whereas E. coli helicase increased the synthesis of only short RNA polymers. These studies identified important differences between E. coli and S. aureus related to DNA replication and suggest that each bacterial primase and helicase may have adapted unique properties optimized for replication.
Stopping Seizures After Brain Injury

Acute brain injury resulting from trauma, surgery, stroke, or infection can lead to epilepsy—a brain disorder characterized by seizures. As awareness of military- and sports-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases, research has begun to focus on the mechanisms of post-injury epilepsy and how this long-term consequence of brain injury might be avoided. In a new study, Bar-Klein and colleagues shed light on this mechanism, implicating a specialized brain cell called astrocytes in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Brain injury is associated with local breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, allowing blood contents to seep into the brain parenchyma. In rodents, the presence of the plasma protein albumin in the parenchyma is sufficient to cause persisting seizures, similar to epilepsy in humans. Bar-Klein et al . showed that albumin binds to the astrocytic transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) receptors and induces further expression of TGF-β1, setting in motion a feed-forward loop that leads to increasing astrocyte activation. Astrocyte activation is a general damage response seen in the brain after injury, such as TBI or stroke, which can fan the flames of inflammation and promote seizure. Infusion of albumin into the rat cortex led to increased astrocyte activation, neuronal hyperexcitability, and spontaneous seizures in adult rats. Co-application of losartan, an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, either through direct brain infusion or intraperitoneal injection, blocked the inflammatory response to albumin and prevented seizures for 3 months. Although losartan is a blood pressure medicine, its protective effect in this study was not due to effects on blood vessels, suggesting that modulation of TGF-β is indeed the critical target. Although these initial findings by Bar-Klein et al. are promising, the efficacy of losartan in the prevention of injury-induced seizures needs to be replicated in other seizure models, such as TBI- or stroke-induced epilepsy. Because losartan is well tolerated, widely available, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved for hypertension, treatment at the time of brain trauma, infection, or surgery is a potentially appealing therapeutic strategy for the prevention of subsequent epilepsy and could be readily evaluated in humans. G. Bar-Klein et al ., Losartan prevents acquired epilepsy via TGF-β signaling suppression. Ann. Neurol. 10.1002/ana.24147 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.24147/abstract
Progress in InGaAs-GaAs selective-area MOCVD toward photonic integrated circuits

The progress toward integrated photonic devices by selective-area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is reviewed. Processing steps involved with fabricating buried heterostructures (BHs) by a three-step technique are outlined, and a computational model is presented that predicts the enhancement behavior of selective-area MOCVD. Results are reviewed for several discrete and integrated photonic devices. These include low-threshold BH lasers, laser diodes integrated with either intracavity or external cavity modulators, dual-channel emitters integrated with both modulators and passive y-junction waveguides, and broad-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Paradigm Shifts in Disability and Health: Toward More Ethical Public Health Research.

Disability is often considered a health outcome disproportionately experienced by minority groups. It is also possible to view people with disabilities as a minority group that itself experiences health disparities. Calls to reduce these disparities necessitate the inclusion of people with developmental disabilities in research, although resulting ethical issues can thwart scientific progress. Using disability rights principles can help address ethical challenges and promote safe, respectful public health research. Examples include applying human rights frameworks, providing accommodations, attending to power, countering legacies of deficits-based models of disability, and transforming access to science more broadly. Collectively, these strategies can encourage broader engagement in safe, respectful, inclusive public health research aimed at promoting the health and well-being of people with developmental disabilities.
Psychophysical responses to homochromatic stimuli of equal brightness but unequal luminance.

For a series of four monochromatic stimuli (468, 554, 640, and 668 nm) of differing preadapting luminances (−1.50 to 2.50 log mL), determinations have been made of the luminances required for conditioning stimuli of the same wavelength to be equivalent in brightness. Differential preadaptation is provided by haploscopic stimulation. Three hundred msec after the cessation of preadapting stimuli, variable conditioning stimuli of 300-msec duration are presented to the eye which is light adapted, and matches are made to a series of standard stimuli presented to the contralateral eye, which is adapted to a dim reference level. The psychophysical equivalence of these equally bright conditioning stimuli has been evaluated by an increment threshold technique; for conditioning stimuli and test flashes centrally fixated and of 5° subtense, luminance-discrimination functions indicate rod–cone breaks which are correlated with brightness equivalence. “On-response” functions, tracing temporal changes in the threshold of a superimposed test flash, have been determined and analyzed in terms of the correlations between brightness, luminance and extent of visual masking.
Increased efficiency of integral equation solutions of antennas by incorporation of network principles part II

A method is presented for increasing the efficiency of integral equation solutions of cylindrical monopole antennas. This method can be used to replace effect of a coupled integral equation with a 2-port network. The numerical results are consistent with expectations. This numerical model and its use are to be validated with measurements.
The state of the job: An embedded work role perspective on prison officer attitudes:

Although the United States has grown increasingly punitive in the last three decades, there is considerable variation across states. On a variety of indicators, California is much more punitive tha...
On Selecting "Considerate" Content Area Textbooks

“Considerate” content area textbooks are “user-friendly”---they are relatively easy to read, understand, and learn from. Recent research in cognitive psychology and reading suggests some features of content area textbooks that contribute to considerateness. This article addresses three of these features: Structure, coherence, and audience appropriateness. For each feature, the article describes the research basis for the feature, states briefly some problems with textbooks that we have observed in our analyses, and presents some practical suggestions for evaluating textbooks.
IMMUNOMODULATORY PEPTIDES WITH HIGH BINDING AFFINITY FOR CLASS II MHC MOLECULES FOR THE PREVENTION OF GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) represents the major barrier to successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Positive and negative selection studies have unequivocally demonstrated that donor T cells are responsible for the induction phase of GVHD. Inhibition of the early steps of T cell antigen recognition leading to graft-versus-host disease has become an area of intense investigation. Peptides with high binding affinity for class II MHC molecules have been shown to compete for the single class II binding site and to inhibit T cell proliferative responses in vitro. Recent work has extended this approach to the prevention of murine GVHD in vivo.
Contextual Adjustments in Cognitive Control Across Tasks

Does encountering information-processing conflict recruit general mechanisms of cognitive control or change only the representations of specific cues and responses? In the present experiments, a flanker task elicited responses to symbolic information (arrow meaning), whereas Stroop-like tasks elicited responses to nonsymbolic information (color of a letter or location of a target box). Despite these differences, when participants performed the flanker and Stroop tasks intermittently in randomized orders, the extent of information-processing conflict encountered on a particular trial modulated performance on the following trial. On across-task trial pairs, increases in response time to incongruent relative to congruent stimulus arrays were smaller immediately following incongruent trials than immediately following congruent trials. The degree of cognitive control exerted on a particular task thus appears to reflect not only the quality, but also the quantity, of recent experiences of information-processing...
Laminated Glass Curtain Walls and Laminated Glass Lites Subjected to Low-Level Blast Loading

Linear elastic and nonlinear elastic analytical investigations are reported for a nearly conventional, laminated glass curtain wall with split screw spline mullions subjected to low-level blast loading. Responses dynamic stresses, deflections, and accelerations of the rectangular glass lites within the curtain wall are compared to those of identical glass lites that are 1 simply supported and 2 supported on structural silicone sealant beads along all four edges. The elastic finite element model of the curtain wall was calibrated to small- amplitude static and dynamic experimental results in a previous effort, where effective mullion moments of inertia, connection stiffnesses, and system damping ratios were determined. This calibrated curtain wall model and the two other glass lite models were subjected to uniform blast pressures represented in time by a triangular pulse. These comparisons are made to illustrate the reduction of principal stresses of the glass lites due to the flexibility of the structural silicone bead and, more significantly, the global flexibility of the curtain wall system. Changes in modal frequencies and the appearance or disappearance of significant response modes due to the different boundary conditions of the glass lites are illustrated. For the cases studied, maximum principal stresses were typically halved when the flexibility of the curtain wall members supporting the lite was considered. This paper also shows that: 1 the dynamic behavior of a given glass lite varies dramatically with support conditions as shown in corroborating modal and transient analyses and 2 geometric nonlin- earities typically reduce dynamic responses only slightly when compared to linear geometry for the low-amplitude loads considered in this study.
Relatedness and Nesting Dispersion within Breeding Populations of Greater White-Fronted Geese

Abstract We studied patterns of relatedness and nesting dispersion in female Pacific Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) in Alaska. Female Greater White-fronted Geese are thought to be strongly philopatric and are often observed nesting in close association with other females. Analysis of the distribution of nests on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in 1998 indicated that nests were significantly clumped. We tested the hypothesis that females in the same nest cluster would be closely related using estimates of genetic relatedness based on six microsatellite DNA loci. There was no difference in the mean relatedness of females in the same cluster compared to females found in different clusters. However, relatedness among females was negatively correlated with distance between their nests, and geese nesting within 50 m of one another tended to be more closely related than those nesting farther apart. Randomization tests revealed that pairs of related individuals (R > 0.45) were more likely to oc...