cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Reproduction of a Population of Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Although the aphelinid parasitoid E7'etmocertlo' erem.iclIs Rose & Zolnerowich is the most abundant naturally occurring parasitoid of Bemisia argentijolii Bellows & PelTing in the U.S. deselt southwest, its effectiveness in different cropping systems varies, Development and repro­ duction of a population of this parasitoid attacking B. argentifolii infesting cotton, Gossypium hirsutHH! L., and sweet potato, Iponwea. batatas L" were quantified and compared, Females <24 h old contained an average of20 ova that averaged 0.072 mm in leng;th ane! 0.034 mm in width, Adult females lived an average of 5.9 d on cotton and 4.1 d on sweet potato and laid a lifetime average of 22.9 eggs on cotton and 23.1 eggs on sweet potato; there were no signific.mt differcnces of these parameters between host plant species. A preoviposition period of 0.61 d was recorded, ane! a maximum number of egg;s laid in a day was 69 on cotton and 13 on sweet potato. The average preimaginal developmental periods for males and females on either host plant were not significantly different and averaged 22.58 d. The mean number ofprogeny produced on cotton was 25.4 with 51,5% of these female, wherea~ the meaD number of progeny produced on sweet potato was 7,5 with 46,7% of these female. Life table parameters showed the net reproductive rate (Rol was 11.64, the generation time (Tel was 26,06 d, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (I'm) was 0,0959 for parasitoids on cotton, with a preimaginal survival assumed at unity. On sweet potato Ro was 3,75, Te was 24.18 d, and I'm was 0.055 with preimaginal survival calculated at 0,3247. These profound differences relate to, among other things, differences in female foraging and oviposition behavior on host plants with different morphological features.
Allyl-bonde stationary phase as possible intermediate in the synthesis of novel high-performance liquid chromatographic phases

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of allyl to silica gel-bonded stationary phase using surface chlorination followed by a Grignard reaction. The phase is evaluated by electron spectrometry for chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13 C magic angle spinning Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis as well as chromatographically. In addition, the pH stability of the material was investigated. The procedure developed produces an high-performance liqid chromatographic phase which is very stable and free of salt deposits. The presence of the double bond could be exploited in subsequent reactions to produce additional bonded phases that may be difficult or impossible to synthesize by current procedures.
The Effect of Acute or Chronic Ether Stress on Plasma ACTH Concentration in the Rat

This study was designed to measure changes in plasma ACTH concentration after ether exposure of 3 different durations or a “psychological” stress. After “psychological” stress (in a jar without ether for 30 sec) plasma ACTH concentration increased rapidly from a 9:00 AM “basal” value of 23 ± 4 (mean ± SE) to 71 ± 12 pg/ml at 2.5 min and returned to basal values within 20 min. After breathing an ether-saturated atmosphere in a jar for 30 sec, plasma ACTH rose to 154 ± 30 pg/ml at 2.5 min but did not significantly decline by 40 min. With exposure to ether for 2.5 min, plasma ACTH rose to 384 ± 44 pg/ml at 2.5 min, fell significantly by 40 min and approached basal levels by 80 min after beginning ether. With continuous exposure to ether, plasma ACTH increased as in the 2.5 min ether experiment but the high values persisted for the entire 2-hr period of anesthesia. It is concluded that the magnitude and duration of the rise in plasma ACTH concentration are related to the duration and intensity of the ACTH-rel...
MEMS resonator synthesis for testability

We combine our MEMS synthesis and test capabilities into a synthesis-for-test environment. A microresonator design meeting a variety of specifications is synthesized. The susceptibility of this design is then measured using our MEMS contamination analyzer. The nature of each defective microresonator is determined and the deviation form nominal performance is correlated to the bounds and design constraints used in the synthesis process. Feedback from this analysis is formulated into additional design constraints for the synthesis tool with the object of minimizing the impact of spot contaminations. Re-synthesis of the same designs using these additional constraints indicates that a certain class of catastrophic and parametric faults can be reduced by 25 percent without sacrificing performance.
The long-run and short-run demand for money: Additional evidence☆

Abstract This paper presents estimates of Chow's money-demand equations using Chow's data. The equations are adjusted for autocorrelation using two autocorrelation transformations, the standard Cochrane-Orcutt transformation that deletes “initial” observations, and one that does not delete these observations. The estimates focus on the question of the asset versus the transactions specifications. The results reaffirm Chow's original conclusion which supported the asset motive and, thereby, reversed nearly all of the findings recently reported by Lieberman (1980) . The paper concludes that one should be wary about using the Cochrane-Orcutt transformation, especially when the ratio of the number of deleted observations to total observations is large.
Clinical, histologic, and immunofluorescent distinctions between subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus.

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) was originally described and distinguished from discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) on the basis of clinical examination of the skin, but subsequent reports have questioned the concept of SCLE as a marker of a unique subset of LE patients. We classified 27 lupus patients, on the basis of cutaneous exam, as having discoid lupus skin lesions, subacute cutaneous skin lesions, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without DLE or SCLE lesions. Clinical features most characteristic of SCLE rather than DLE were superficial, non-indurated, non-scarring lesions, and photosensitivity, with lack of induration being the single most helpful finding. Histologic examination of lesional skin showed a relatively sparse, superficial infiltrate in SCLE and a denser, deeper infiltrate in DLE. A distinctive pattern of staining with direct immunofluorescence, particulate epidermal IgG deposition, was found in seven of seven SCLE patients (all anti-Ro/SSA positive) and none of the other patients. This distinctive pattern can be reproduced experimentally when anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies are infused into human skin-grafted mice. Particulate dermal-epidermal junctional staining was the pattern seen in the patients who did not have SCLE. Clinically defining SCLE as a superficial inflammatory form of cutaneous lupus (i.e., considering lesions to be DLE if they are indurated) results in a meaningful segregation of SCLE and DLE patient groups. The epidermal IgG deposits unique to SCLE provide independent evidence that the clinical findings that were used to identify the patient groups actually identify distinctive cutaneous lupus subsets. The observation that antibodies are present in a different location in the skin in SCLE than in DLE indicates that SCLE and DLE are likely to have different pathomechanisms.
Cotton Lint Yield Improvement Attributed to Residual Effect of Repeated Poultry Litter Application

The magnitude of soil nutrients derived from poultry litter that carryover to succeeding seasons and the possibility to decrease litter rates applied to soils with only a few years of application history is not well understood. The objective of this research was to determine and quantify the potential carryover effect of moderate broiler litter fertilization rates on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield in subsequent years. Cotton was fertilized with 0, 2.2, 4.5, 6.7 Mg ha -1 yr -1 broiler litter, 4.5 Mg ha -1 yr -1 litter plus 67 kg N ha -1 yr -1 as urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), or with 135 kg N ha -1 yr -1 as UAN (farm standard, Std) on a private farm under conventional till in Mississippi in 2002-2007. In 2005, each plot was divided into two equal subunits and one-half continued to receive the same fertilization treatment and the other half was not fertilized in 2005 and the subsequent 2 yr. The results showed the 6.7 Mg ha -1 litter fertilization did not supply sufficient fertilization for optimum lint yield during the first 3 yr (2002-2004). But, lint yield of this treatment equaled that of the Std in the last 3 yr (2005-2007), suggesting a cumulative litter carryover in 2002-2004 was sufficient to meet the fertilization deficit. The results overall show that repeated litter application for a few years under conventional till management builds the nutrient pool gradually and that the rate oflitter application might be reduced in subsequent years while maintaining optimum lint yield.
EXES: an echelon cross echelle spectrograph for SOFIA

To study narrow features in quiescent molecular clouds, a high spectral resolution, high sensitivity instrument is required. We present the design and capabilities of a mid-IR spectrograph being built as a PI instrument for the Stratospheric Observatory for IR Astronomy. The Echelon- Cross-Echelle Spectrograph (EXES) will operate from 5.5-28.5 micrometers in three spectroscopic modes: R approximately 105, 104, and 1500. EXES is similar in concept to our ground based instrument, TEXES. EXES consists of three chambers. The first chamber contains focal-reducing optics. The second chamber houses the high resolution grating, an echelon. Discussion of the echelon can be found elsewhere in this volume. The third chamber contains an echelle grating and a first order grating mounted back-to-back. A flip mirror selects operating mode by either directing light into the echelon chamber or allowing the light to pass through to the grating chamber. Re-imaging optics upstream of the detector provide two plate scales. The detector, a 256 by 256 pixel Si:As IBC, is in a baffled subsection of the third chamber. Finally, the low resolution grating serves as a slit positioning camera when it is rotated face on.
Characteristics valued by the pharmacy practice community when hiring a recently graduated pharmacist.

Objective. To determine those characteristics that are most valued by members of the pharmacy practice community when hiring a new pharmacist.Methods. A survey instrument describing 20 characteristics that a pharmacy graduate may possess was created and sent to pharmacists licensed in Colorado. Respondents were asked to select and prioritize the top 5 characteristics considered most important in hiring a new graduate pharmacist. Responses were segregated by practice (retail vs. institutional) and/or by pharmacist role (manager vs. staff).Results. Three hundred eighteen survey instruments were received. Having good/strong communication skills was the characteristic ranked highest by all groups. Professional behavior and being adaptable were also ranked highly. The characteristics of using the literature and punctuality ranked low overall. Differences were identified in how the groups valued some characteristics.Conclusions. Characteristics preferred in a new pharmacist varied depending on practice site and...
Ketamine use for acute agitation in the emergency department

Abstract Background Emergency physicians regularly encounter agitated patients. In extremely agitated and violent patients, the onset of many traditional medications is relatively slow and often requires additional medication. Ketamine is frequently used in emergency departments (EDs) for procedural sedation and intubation, but has recently been suggested as a treatment for acute agitation. Objectives We sought to examine the use of ketamine in the treatment of acute agitation in an ED setting, including vital sign changes as a result of this medication. Methods This is a structured review of an historical cohort of patients over 7 years at two university EDs. Patients were included if they received ketamine as treatment for acute agitation. Abstracted data included age, vital signs including hypoxia, any additional medications for agitation, and alcohol/drug intoxication. Results Ketamine was administered for agitation on 32 visits involving 27 patients. Preadministration systolic blood pressure was 131 ± 20 mm Hg, with an average postadministration increase of 17 ± 25 mm Hg. The average baseline heart rate was 98 ± 23 beats/min, with an average increase of 8 ± 17 beats/min. No patients became hypoxic; 62.5% of patients required additional calming medication. Alcohol or drug intoxication was present in 40.6% of patients. Conclusions We found ketamine was used rarely, but had few major adverse effects on vital signs even in a population with 21.9% alcohol intoxication. However, a high proportion (62.5%) of patients required additional pharmacologic treatment for agitation, implying that administering ketamine is useful only for initial control of severe agitation.
Brief Report: Antisynthetase Syndrome–Associated Myocarditis

Background The antisynthetase (AS) syndrome is characterized by autoimmune myopathy, interstitial lung disease, cutaneous involvement, arthritis, fever, and antibody specificity. We describe 2 patients with AS syndrome who also developed myocarditis, depressed biventricular function, and congestive heart failure. Methods and results Both patients were diagnosed with AS syndrome based on clinical manifestations, detection of serum AS antibodies, and myositis confirmation with the use of skeletal muscle magnetic resonance imaging and skeletal muscle biopsy. In addition, myocarditis resulting in heart failure was confirmed with the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and from endomyocardial biopsy findings. After treatment for presumed AS syndrome-associated myocarditis, one patient recovered and the other patient died. Conclusions AS syndrome is a rare entity with morbidity and mortality typically attributed to myositis and lung involvement. This is the first report of AS syndrome-associated myocarditis leading to congestive heart failure in 2 patients. Given the potentially fatal consequences, myocarditis should be considered in patients with AS syndrome presenting with heart failure.
On market-mediated emissions and regulations on life cycle emissions

Abstract We analyze the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a regulatory tool using biofuel regulations as an illustrative example. A regulatory context calls for a consequential LCA (CLCA) of a policy as opposed to an attributional LCA (ALCA) of a product. In performing CLCA, issues of scale, price effects, technology and policy in the counterfactual state of the world, strategic behavior, policy horizon etc. need consideration. This appears to increase both uncertainty in estimates and the cost of performing LCA. We suggest heuristics for determining vulnerability to harmful indirect effects at an early stage in the policy process and discuss alternative policies to limit harmful indirect effects without engaging in the full effort of computation and selection of a central estimate for uncertain outcomes.
Effect of β-carotene administration on reproductive function of horse and pony mares

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether supplemental β-carotene would influence reproductive function in mares maintained on spring and summer pastures and to characterize plasma carotene concentrations during the estrous cycle. Carotene concentrations in plasma did not vary with day of estrous cycle (P = 0.7455). Mares receiving every other day injections of β-carotene (400 mg; n = 4) or saline (10 ml; n = 4) during proestrus/estrus did not differ in plasma estradiol (E 2 ) concentrations (P = 0.6313), follicle development (P = 0.8068), or plasma progesterone (P 4 ) concentrations during the following diestrus (P = 0.4954). Moreover, no differences in plasma P 4 concentrations (P = 0.9047) were detected between mares receiving every other day injections of β-carotene (400 mg; n = 4) or saline (10 ml; n = 4) during diestrus. However, administration of β-carotene raised plasma carotene concentrations relative to controls when injected during proestrus/estrus (P = 0.0096) and diestrus (P = 0.0099). Pregnancy rates (P = 0.4900) and number of cycles required for pregnancy (P = 0.2880) were similar for mares administered injections of saline (10 ml; n = 37), β-carotene (400 mg; n = 37), vitamin A (160,000 IU; n = 38), or vitamin A + β-carotene (160,000 IU + 400 mg; n = 43), on the first or second day of estrus and on the day of breeding. Therefore, these results collectively suggest that supplemental β-carotene does not affect the reproductive function of mares fed adequate dietary carotene. Whether supplemental β-carotene would enhance reproductive function in mares on low carotene diets warrants further investigation.
Patriarchy, Mediated Desire, and Chinese Magazine Fiction.

In this research I examine the relationship between mass media and social change by studying women's magazine fiction in China before and after its implementation of the Four Modernization Policies in the late 1970s. The study focuses on the relationship between representations of women and the shifting ideological landscape from a feminist perspective. The findings reveal an important irony: As China moves towards relative political openness and economic modernization, old stereotypes of women as homemakers and caregivers increasingly reemerge in the media content. I argue that such representations of women have to be interpreted contextually. The image of the public-minded model worker in the 1960s masks the repression of personal aspirations in the name of the collective; the image of the family-oriented homemaker, mother, or nurturer from the late 1970s onward, is a dialectic response to the reemphasis of personal desires.
Mechanistic simulation of line-edge roughness

Physically-based photoresist models, such as those in PROLITH, have been very successful in describing photolithography from a continuum standpoint. These models allow engineers to accurately predict the final resist CD on the wafer and to analyze process robustness. However, as the critical dimension continues to shrink, yield-limiting phenomena are observed that are related to the molecular nature and reaction kinetics of photoresist materials. An example of these phenomena is line-edge roughness (LER). In this paper, the origin of LER is hypothesized to be caused by fluctuations occurring in the initial position of the reactants, fluctuations during the exposure process (shot noise) and fluctuations occurring during thermally-induced reaction-diffusion (post-exposure bake). We have developed a lattice-based mechanistic simulator to better understand the stochastic nature of reactant initial position, the exposure step, the importance of the discrete nature of the reactants, the coupling to the deprotection kinetics and the deep complexity evident in the diffusion-limited acid-quencher reaction.
Inherited complement component deficiencies in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Abstract Inherited complement component deficiencies in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Anecdotal reports of complement component deficiencies in patients with immune complex disease led to a systematic study of the levels of seven complement components in serum specimens from 178 patients with glomerulonephritis and 163 normal subjects. Deficiencies were found with significantly higher frequency (22.7%) among 44 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) types I and III, than among the normal subjects (6.7%, P Deficits hereditaires en facteurs du complement au cours de la glomerulonephrite membrano-proliferative. Des publications occasionnelles de deficits en facteurs du complement chez des malades avec des maladies a immuns complexes a conduit a une etude systematique des taux de sept facteurs du complement dans les echantillons seriques de 178 malades atteints de glomerulonephrite et de 163 sujets normaux. Des deficits ont ete trouves avec une frequence significativement plus elevee (22,7%) parmi 44 malades atteints de glomerulonephrite membrano-proliferative (MPGN) de types I et III que parmi des sujets normaux (6,7%, P
Abstract 5403: Metronomic docetaxel in PRINT nanoparticles and EZH2 silencing have synergistic antitumor effect in ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined antitumor effects of metronomic docetaxel-containing PLGA-PRINT nanoparticles and antiangiogenic mEZH2 siRNA incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (CH-mEZH2 siRNA). Method: In vivo dose-finding studies and therapeutic experiments with PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel and CH-mEZH2 siRNA were conducted in well-established orthotopic mouse models of ovarian cancer (HeyA8 and SKOV3ip1). Antitumor effects were quantified through mean tumor weight and tumor nodule counts. Tumor tissues from these studies were stained to evaluate the proliferation index (Ki67), apoptosis index (cleaved caspase-3), and microvessel density (CD31). Result: Dose-finding studies for PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel revealed all doses (0.5, 1.5, 2 mg/kg for metronomic and 20mg/kg for MTD) significantly reduced tumor burden (p<0.05 for MTD; p<0.01 for metronomic doses). The lowest dose (0.5 mg/kg) reduced tumor weight by ∼80% and was selected for subsequent therapeutic studies. We then tested whether combining PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel particles with CH-mEZH2 siRNA would enhance antitumor effect. CH-mEZH2 siRNA alone reduced tumor weight by ∼70% in both models (p<0.01 for HeyA8; p<0.05 for SKOV3ip1). PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel treatment reduced tumor weight by ∼80% (p<0.01). Combination therapy showed the greatest therapeutic benefit with ∼95% reduction in tumor weight in both models (p<0.001 in HeyA8; p<0.01 in SKOV3ip1). In both the models, the combination therapy resulted in the greatest reduction of tumor nodules. Individual as well as combination therapies showed a significant reduction in proliferation (p<0.001). Metronomic PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel and CH-mEZH2 siRNA monotherapy increased the apoptotic index significantly (p<0.05), whereas the combination therapy had an additive effect (p<0.001). CH-mEZH2 siRNA as well as metronomic PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel therapy resulted in significant reduction in MVD (p<0.01). Conclusion: Metronomic delivery of PLGA-PRINT-docetaxel combined with CH-mEZH2 siRNA is an attractive therapeutic strategy. Citation Format: Kshipra M. Gharpure, Kevin S. Chu, Charles Bowerman, Takahito Miyake, Sunila Pradeep, Lingegowda S. Mangala, Hee-Dong Han, Rajesha Rupaimoole, Sherry Y. Wu, Heather J. Dalton, Mary E. Napier, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Joseph M. DeSimone, Anil K. Sood. Metronomic docetaxel in PRINT nanoparticles and EZH2 silencing have synergistic antitumor effect in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5403. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5403
Thoracoabdominal incision: a forgotten tool in the management of complex upper gastrointestinal complications.

Abstract Background The gastroesophageal junction was commonly approached surgically through a thoracoabdominal incision. With the advent of improved retraction devices, this has been abandoned because the upper midline incision has provided adequate exposure with decreased morbidity. However, exposure of the gastroesophageal junction remains a challenge in the setting of surgical complications associated with repeat surgeries and abscess formation. Methods Patients were placed in the right lateral decubitus position. An incision was made 2 cm below the tip of the scapula to a point in the midline equidistant from the xiphoid process to the umbilicus. The chest was entered at the eighth intercostal space. The abdominal cavity was entered by dividing the diaphragm peripherally from its lateral attachments to the ribs. Results We have used this approach on 4 patients. All patients were discharged home tolerating oral diets. The average postoperative stay was 10 days. No complications related to the incision were reported. At the 6-month follow-up evaluation all patients continued to tolerate a regular diet without difficulties. Conclusions The technique described allows for excellent exposure of the upper gastrointestinal tract in a subset of patients with complex upper gastrointestinal complications.
The effects of verbal scaffolding instruction on young children's private speech and problem-solving capabilities

This investigation examined the efficacy of a verbal scaffolding instructional program designed to teach young children how to use private speech while working on school tasks and problems. Two different contexts for solving problems were used; common school tasks and analogical reasoning problems. Thirty-four 5-year olds who attended public school kindergartens were assigned to either the comparison group or the treatment group. Comparison group subjects were presented with a series of 8 lessons which focused on a cognitive strategy to be used in the solutions of geometric analogy problems. Treatment group subjects were presented with a series of 8 lessons which employed cognitive self-instruction in a verbal scaffolding format. After initial instruction using self-verbalizations, treatment group subjects were shown how to apply the cognitive self-instruction to routine school tasks and geometric analogy problems. The data analysis revealed that there was an effect on the treatment group's use of 3 of the 4 levels of private speech. When the two groups were compared, the treatment group used significantly less task irrelevant private speech and significantly more task relevant private speech. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the post-assessment of geometric analogy reasoning. Additionally, when the two groups were compared there were positive effects of the instructional program on the treatment group's classroom behavior (near transfer) and locus of control scores (far transfer). The results of this study provide support for the use of cognitive self-instruction to improve young children's problem-solving private speech in the context of a public school classroom.
The typology of technology clusters and its evolution — Evidence from the hi-tech industries

Abstract Clustering is one of the key drivers for regional economic growth. Development of clusters is a dynamic process shaped by a variety of internal and external factors such as availability of skilled labor, presence of functioning networks and partnerships, technological changes, and market competition, etc. As a result, the patterns of cluster growth may differ from one another. Although each cluster is unique in some way, previous research has attempted to identify few simplified models of evolution of clusters. In this study, we briefly reviewed the literature on a variety of models of clusters. Based on these models, we investigated 15 hi-performing metropolitan-based clusters in the United States, covering communications equipment manufacturing, information technology, and biopharmaceutical industries, in order to find out the similarities and differences between real-world clusters. Specifically, by examining the composition of these high-tech clusters, we attempted to find out the following: 1) What are the typologies of these technology clusters? 2) Whether different industries tend to support different cluster typologies? and 3) How do clusters change their typologies over time? Our analysis results suggest that the real-world clusters rarely feature any single type of typology; a mixed type of typology is much more prevalent in reality. We also found that different industries tend to support different types of cluster typologies. In other words, an individual cluster's typology is to some extent shaped by the industry group it belongs to. In addition, we note that, as a cluster goes through different stages of its lifecycle, its typology may change significantly.
Computationally inexpensive way to study windstorms on small scale

Windstorms are a major source of economic damage in Europe. To study their impacts on regional scales, scientists need large data sets of detailed, high-resolution wind field data. However, high-resolution regional simulations are computationally expensive. Haas and Pinto developed a statistical approach to downscale wind characteristics from large-scale atmospheric models to obtain wind speed data on smaller scales. They use their method to derive windstorm-related gust speeds on a small-scale grid over Europe for a sample of windstorm events. The method is computationally inexpensive and reproduces observed windstorm events adequately, the authors report. The technique can be applied to ensembles of global climate models to project the potential future regional impacts of wind in a changing climate. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL054014, 2012)
A physiologic and aerodynamic interpretation of fluent and stuttered speech

In this paper, an attempt has been made to explain speech fluency in physiological and aerodynamic terms. Particular portions of this formulation are identified and used as reference points against which to compare reviews and interpretations of selected bodies of clinical and experimental literature dealing with stuttering. Some possible motor determinants of stuttering are identified and therapeutic and experimental implications are drawn and discussed.
Listeners' uses ofum anduh in speech comprehension

Despite their frequency in conversational talk, little is known about howums anduhs affect listeners' on-line processing of spontaneous speech. Two studies ofums anduhs in English and Dutch reveal that hearing anuh has a beneficial effect on listeners' ability to recognize words in upcoming speech, but that hearing anum has neither a beneficial nor a detrimental effect. The results suggest thatum anduh are different from one another and support the hypothesis thatuh is a signal of short upcoming delay andum is a signal of a long upcoming delay.
Predicting Developmental Outcome in Preterm Infants 1281

Early and significant correlations between the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (S-B) were noted in a cohort of premature infants (N=215; BW: 1601.3 +/- 707 gms; GA: 31.3 +/- 4 wks) evaluated periodically after hospital discharge. Observers blinded to the clinical status administered the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales at corrected ages of 6 +/- 1mo (MDI-1;n=144), 12 +/- 2mo (MDI-2;n=63), 14 +/- 4mo (MDI- 3;n=176), and 23 +/- 3mo (MDI-4;n=161). The S-B was administered at 3.8 +/-.7 years. Significant correlations (*P<0.05;**P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001) between the tests are noted below. From 12 months on, the MDI is increasingly predictive, reinforcing its role as an early diagnostic and therapeutic resource for physicians and families. Table
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF PYROBOTRYS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The flagellar apparatus of Pyrobotrys has a number of features that are typical of the Chlorophyceae, but others that are unusual for this class. The two flagella are inserted at the apex, but they extend to the side of the cell toward the outside of the colony, here designated as the ventral side. Four basal bodies are present, two of which extend into flagella. Four microtubular rootlets alternate between the functional and accessory basal bodies. In each cell, the two ventral rootlets are nearly parallel, but the dorsal rootlets are more widely divergent. The rootlets alternate between two and four microtubules each. A striated distal fiber connects the two functional basal bodies in the plane of the flagella. Two additional, apparently nonstriated, fibers connect the basal bodies proximal to the distal fiber. Another striated fiber is associated with each four-membered rootlet near its insertion into the flagellar apparatus. A fine periodic component is associated with each two-membered rootlet. A rhizoplast-like structure extends into the cell from each of the functional basal bodies. The arrangement of these components does not reflect the 180° rotational symmetry that is usually present in the Chlorophyceae, but appears to be derived from a more symmetrical ancestor. It is suggested that the form of the flagellar apparatus is associated with the unusual colony structure of Pyrobotrys.
How the university cardiologist treats ventricular premature beats: A nationwide survey of 65 University Medical Centers

Sixty-five of 118 university cardiologists responded to a survey of indications for treatment of ventricular ectopy, particularly in the completely asymptomatic patient or those with palpitations as the only symptom. The percentage of cardiologists treating these patients increased as the complexity of ventricular ectopy increased, as the severity of underlying heart disease increased, as the symptoms increased from completely asymptomatic to palpitations or skipped beats, if the patient experienced dizziness or syncope, and if the patient had complex VPBs or asymptomatic VT after MI. Ninety-eight percent of respondents had patients who experienced exacerbation of arrhythmia with antiarrhythmic drugs. Of the conventional type 1 drugs, the drug of first choice was quinidine for 60%, procainamide for 37%, and disopyramide for 3%. The accepted indications for electrophysiologic testing included survivors of sudden cardiac arrest and patients with symptomatic VT.
An exception to Cannon's law.

Die Schweisdrusen von sympathik tomierten Mannern und Frauen reagieren nicht auf Injektionen von neuro-humoralen Agenzien. Dies ist als eine Ausnahme vom Cannonschen Gesetz anzusehen. Denervierte Strukturen sollen eine Hypersensitivitat aufweisen. Eine Atrophie der Drusen als Ursache fur den gefundenen Effekt konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Bei intensiver lokaler Warmebestrahlung der denervierten Haut gibt es eine Schweisproduktion. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, das Vagotomie eine ahnliche verminderte Empfindlichkeit der Magenschleimhautdrusen fur parasympathomimetische Mittel und Histamin verursachen konnte.
EBSD analysis of high strain rate application Al–Cu based alloys

Abstract The high strain rate shear-compression behavior of two model Al–Cu and Al–Cu–Mn–Mg alloys was compared to a commercially available AA 2139 (Al–Cu–Mn–Mg–Ag) alloy. All three materials exhibited strain softening after the ultimate stress was reached, followed by a rapid degradation of mechanical properties after a critical strain level had been realized. Detailed microstructural characterization of the alloys at various interrupted strain levels revealed that the formation of shear bands led to the rapid degradation of properties. EBSD analysis subsequently revealed that shear bands typically formed within grains of various crystallographic orientations whose Schmid factor was maximized. Microstructural studies also correlated higher levels of local misorientation with higher concentrations of precipitates within the microstructures; samples with more alloying elements showed an increased amount of precipitation that provided more pinning points for dislocations. Evidence from this study suggests that improvements to the performance of aluminum alloys used for high strain rate applications could be made through careful control of the precipitation of secondary-phase particles as well as the orientation of the grain structure with respect to the loading direction.
Appendix. Gel kinetic analysis of polymerase fidelity in the presence of multiple enzyme DNA encounters.

(1). Oc-casionally, however, polymerase fidelity is too high or processiv-ity is too low to detect misincorporation under standard SCHconditions (defined by Poisson statistics as ,20% of p/t DNAextended). Greater quantities of p/t DNA can be exposed to SCHconditions by using trap DNA, which sequesters a polymeraseafter it dissociates from a p/t. Alternatively, the reaction can berun into MCH conditions. In this case, more p/t DNA is processedand the incorporation signal (gel bands at or beyond the targetsite) may even be enhanced at the expense of the unincorporatedsignal (gel band before the target site), but the interpretation ofthe band intensity ratios must be re-evaluated.This appendix is concerned with extending the SCH kineticanalysis to MCH conditions. Consequences of MCH are verydifferent for polymerases with and without exonuclease activ-ity and for incorporation of right and wrong nucleotides. Po-lymerases that lack exonuclease activity eventually incorpo-rate a nucleotide (right or wrong) opposite a target site on everyavailable p/t DNA. When incorporation is rare, as for the wrongnucleotide, the ratio of gel band intensities increases in propor-tion to the number of hits. When incorporation is frequent, asfor the right nucleotide, the ratio of band intensities increasesexponentially with the number of hits. Polymerases with exo-nuclease activity establish a steady state distribution betweenincorporation and nonincorporation after a second hit. Atsteady state the gel band intensity ratio is always greater thanfor SCH, but only to the extent that the polymerase refuses toexcise the nucleotide incorporated at the target site. For thewrong nucleotide the enhancement is generally less than afactor of two; for the right one it can be an order of magnitude.The conclusion is that MCH conditions can tractably and use-fully enhance the incorporation of wrong nucleotides, but arebest avoided (and generally unnecessary) for measuring incor-poration of a right nucleotide.The presentation follows. The first section reviews the orig-inal kinetic model and SCH analysis. The second section de-rives expressions for interpreting gel band intensity ratioscaused by multiple completed hits. This section has three parts:one on the case without exonuclease activity, one on the casewith exonuclease activity, and one on the effect of suppressingexonuclease activity with increased concentrations of next cor-rect (rescue) nucleotide. To apply the various MCH expressionsin the interpretation of experimental results, it is essential toaccount for the distribution in the number of hits across thepopulation of p/t DNA in a reaction. This is the topic of the thirdsection. The net result is a set of guidelines and correctionfactors for the practical application and interpretation of MCHconditions in the measurement of polymerase fidelity. Thefourth, and final, section summarizes the conclusions and em-phasizes the underlying assumptions.
Practical automated process and product metric collection and analysis in a classroom setting: lessons learned from Hackystat-UH

Measurement definition, collection, and analysis is an essential component of high quality software engineering practice, and is thus an essential component of the software engineering curriculum. However, providing students with practical experience with measurement in a classroom setting can be so time-consuming and intrusive that it's counter-productive-teaching students that software measurement is "impractical" for many software development contexts. In this research, we designed and evaluated a very low-overhead approach to measurement collection and analysis using the Hackystat system with special features for classroom use. We deployed this system in two software engineering classes at the University of Hawaii during Fall, 2003, and collected quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. Results indicate that the approach represents substantial progress toward practical, automated metrics collection and analysis, though issues relating to the complexity of installation and privacy of user data remain.
Less is More: A Minimalistic Approach to UML Model-Based Conformance Test Generation

We present a minimalist approach to model-based test generation. Our approach leverages the information provided in the domain and behavioral models of an application under test to produce a small yet effective set of test cases without additional user input. The domain model consists of UML class diagram with invariants, while the behavioral model consists of UML use cases. Each use case flow has an associated guard condition and a set of updates (to the domain object diagram and the output parameters). We treat the model invariants to enable a novel specify once, test everywhere paradigm. Our approach frees the modeler from the responsibility of specifying appropriate alternate flows on use cases affected by each invariant - our analysis augments the specified use cases with appropriate alternate flows. Our approach then produces suitable testing goals which are refinements of the guard conditions on the augmented flows using a set of fault models. Another salient feature of our approach is generation of verification sequences to ensure that the object diagram updates associated with a given flow are implemented correctly. Our technique uses a novel set of fault models to mutate an object diagram and a novel algorithm which distinguishes between the original and the mutated object diagrams. We describe the techniques used in our test generation approach.
Decision Detection Using Hierarchical Graphical Models

We investigate hierarchical graphical models (HGMs) for automatically detecting decisions in multi-party discussions. Several types of dialogue act (DA) are distinguished on the basis of their roles in formulating decisions. HGMs enable us to model dependencies between observed features of discussions, decision DAs, and subdialogues that result in a decision. For the task of detecting decision regions, an HGM classifier was found to outperform non-hierarchical graphical models and support vector machines, raising the F1-score to 0.80 from 0.55.
DNA binding induces active site conformational change in the human TREX2 3′-exonuclease

The TREX enzymes process DNA as the major 3'-->5' exonuclease activity in mammalian cells. TREX2 and TREX1 are members of the DnaQ family of exonucleases and utilize a two metal ion catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. The structure of the dimeric TREX2 enzyme in complex with single-stranded DNA has revealed binding properties that are distinct from the TREX1 protein. The TREX2 protein undergoes a conformational change in the active site upon DNA binding including ordering of active site residues and a shift of an active site helix. Surprisingly, even when a single monomer binds DNA, both monomers in the dimer undergo the structural rearrangement. From this we have proposed a model for DNA binding and 3' hydrolysis for the TREX2 dimer. The structure also shows how TREX proteins potentially interact with double-stranded DNA and suggest features that might be involved in strand denaturation to provide a single-stranded substrate for the active site.
Genetic, Clinical, and Laboratory Markers for DOCK8 Immunodeficiency Syndrome

DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) is a combined immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent viral infections, severe atopy, and early onset malignancy. Genetic studies revealed large, unique deletions in patients from different families and ethnic backgrounds. Clinical markers of DIDS include atopic dermatitis, allergies, cutaneous viral infections, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and malignancy. Immune assessments showed T cell lymphopenia, hyper-IgE, hypo-IgM, and eosinophilia. The impaired lymphocyte functions in DIDS patients appear central for disease pathogenesis.
Cytokine regulation of human intestinal primary epithelial cell susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis.

The regulatory mechanisms of nontransformed intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis have not been thoroughly investigated. We determined the susceptibility and mechanism of Fas-mediated apoptosis in n...
Investigating speeding behavior with naturalistic approaches

Although speeding is a significant contributor to traffic fatalities, attempts to address this problem have not led to a significant reduction in speed-related fatalities. There are a number of inherent shortcomings in using primarily self-report surveys and crash data to learn more about why drivers speed and in selecting countermeasures that will most effectively address speeding behaviors. An emerging empirical approach is to study the speeding choices that drivers make under everyday driving conditions by using naturalistic driving methods. Such an approach has the potential to yield highly informative data about speeding. These data, however, are complicated and prone to analytical confusion and uncertain interpretation if some key conceptual and methodological issues are not addressed. In this paper, an overview is provided of a naturalistic driving study that was intended to (a) identify the reasons why drivers speed; (b) model the relative roles of situational, demographic, and personality factors...
Measurement-based power profiling of data center equipment

Power-aware and thermal-aware techniques such as power-throttling and workload manipulation have been developed to counter the increasing power density in the current data centers. The basis for any such power-aware and/or thermal-aware technique, however, depends heavily on the equipment's power consumption model assumed. The goal of this paper is to perform power-profiling of different systems-namely, the Dell PowerEdge 1855 and 1955-based on actual power measurements. Gamut (Generic Application eMUlaTor) benchmark, double-precision matrix multiplication, and convolution of two vectors are used for varying the CPU utilization and Disk I/O.
Dangerous Debates: Jain responses to theological challenges at the Mughal court*

In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Jain leaders faced a series of religious questions at the royal Mughal court. At the request of their imperial Muslim hosts, Jain representatives discussed aspects of both Islam and Jainism on separate occasions, including the veracity of Islam, whether Jains are monotheists, and the validity of Jain asceticism. The Mughals sometimes initiated these conversations of their own accord and at other times acted on the prompting of Brahmans, who had political and religious interests at stake in encouraging imperial clashes with Jain leaders. Jain authors recorded these exchanges in numerous Sanskrit texts, which generally remain unknown to Mughal historians and Sanskrit scholars alike. I examine the Jain accounts of these cross-cultural debates and expound their political, religious, and intellectual implications. These engagements showcase how the Mughals negotiated religious differences with diverse communities in their kingdom. Furthermore, the Sanskrit narratives of these dialogues outline complex theological visions of how Jain beliefs and practices could thrive within a potentially hazardous Islamicate imperial order. More broadly Jain and Mughal discussions provide rich insight into key developments in religious precepts and local identities in early modern India.
Promoting energy efficiency investments with risk management decision tools

Abstract This paper reviews current capital budgeting practices and their impact on energy efficiency investments. The prevalent use of short payback "rule-of-thumb" requirements to screen efficiency projects for risk is shown to bias investment choices towards "sure bet" investments bypassing many profitable efficiency investment options. A risk management investment strategy is presented as an alternative to risk avoidance practices applied with payback thresholds. The financial industry risk management tool Value-at-Risk is described and extended to provide an Energy-Budgets-at-Risk or EBaR risk management analysis to convey more accurate energy efficiency investment risk information. The paper concludes with recommendations to expand the use of Value-at-Risk-type energy efficiency analysis.