cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONTINUOUS LOW POWER PRE-CONCENTRATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTED MICROSCALE TRACE GAS ANALYSIS

Continuously operating pre-concentrators for mobile and distributed trace gas analyzers have been investigated. Micro/meso-scale trace gas concentrations increasing by a factor of 10 per stage appear to be realistic. At sampling flow rates of a few tenths of a mL/s the pumping power costs can be as low as 50 mW. Separation membranes based on quantum filtering, size filtering and diffusive mass filtering are compared. Dual function size and diffusive mass filtering membranes are the most attractive possibility. Candidate pumping systems are discussed. Concentration cascades are possible and an illustrative three stage cascade is discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Lysine At Position 13 Of Pten'S N-terminus Is Necessary For Its Preferred Interaction With Pi(4,5)p2

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, also known as PTEN, has been identified as the most important regulator of the PI3K pathway, mutation or deletion of one copy of this protein results in a tumorigenic state. PTEN has also been identified as the second most important and mutated tumor suppressor, rivaled only by p53. PTEN contains within its N-terminus a PI(4,5)P2 binding domain which has been shown to bind preferentially to PI(4,5)P2, and whose presence within the protein is necessary for binding and activity of the enzyme. Within the PI(4,5)P2 binding domain resides a lysine which is frequently mutated in many types of cancer, one of the most important mutations being PTENK13E. Because this mutation results in a change in the overall charge of the PI(4,5)P2 binding domain, we have studied the effects of not only this mutation on the interaction of PTEN and its N-terminally derived peptide with PI(4,5)P2, but have also mutated this lysine to arginine to maintain the overall charge of the binding domain, as well as moving only the position of this lysine within the N-terminus. We have found that mutation of this lysine, even those that maintain charge and overall identity of the residues within the PI(4,5)P2 binding domain result in decreased ability to bind to PI(4,5)P2 containing membranes. Interestingly, the proteins which have mutations at this lysine also do not undergo any conformational changes upon interaction with membranes containing PI(4,5)P2, in contrast what was observed for the wild type protein. The lack of binding of these mutated proteins and subsequent conformational changes give insight into the mechanism of these mutations in the development of a tumorigenic state.
Inactivation of 5-HT1A receptors in hippocampal and cortical homogenates

Abstract 5-HT 1A receptor function can be assessed in rat hippocampal and cortical membrane preparations as agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding. Membranes were preincubated in vitro with N -ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). R (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin [ R (+)-8-OH-DPAT]-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding and [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding assays were used to assess 5-HT 1A receptor function and density, respectively. EEDQ decreased both R (+)-8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS and [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding in hippocampal and cortical membranes. The E max but not the EC 50 of R (+)-8-OH-DPAT to stimulate [ 35 S]GTPγS binding was decreased by EEDQ in both preparations. Additionally, the IC 50 for EEDQ to reduce R (+)-8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS and [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding was the same for both brain regions in both assays. In contrast to EEDQ alone, agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding was not reduced in hippocampal membranes preincubated with EEDQ and the 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist N -[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]- N -2-pyridinyl-cyclohexanecarboxamide maleate (WAY 100,635), suggesting that EEDQ acts directly on the receptor. Due to parallel reductions in receptor density and maximal functional response, it is concluded that there is little or no reserve for 5-HT 1A receptor coupling to G α in these preparations. In addition, the sensitivity of hippocampal and cortical 5-HT 1A receptors to inactivation by EEDQ in vitro is the same.
P450 3A activity and cyclosporine dosing in kidney and heart transplant recipients

Interpatient differences in the kinetics of cyclosporine appear to result in part from interindividual differences in the catalytic activity of an enzyme termed P450 3A. We investigated the relationship between P450 3A activity, as measured by the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT), and the appropriate stable daily dose of cyclosporine as currently determined by physicians at our institution. The ERMBT was administered to kidney and heart allograft recipients who had attended at least two monthly clinic visits without having their daily cyclosporine dose changed. There was a significant positive correlation between the ERMBT result and the daily cyclosporine doses (in milligrams per kilogram) in both the heart (r = 0.68; p = 0.04; n = 9) and kidney (r = 0.68; p = 0.03; n = 10) recipients. To confirm our findings, we prospectively administered the ERMBT on multiple occasions to 20 patients who were undergoing kidney transplantation. Although the transplant physicians were blinded to the ERMBT results, the test predicted the stable daily doses of cyclosporine that they ultimately prescribed to the patients (r = 0.54; p = 0.015). When data from all 39 patients were pooled and subjected to multiple regression analysis, the ERMBT was the only variable examined that significantly correlated with the stable daily cyclosporine dose (r = 0.63; p < 0.001; n = 39). In the 20 patients prospectively studied, the prescribed daily dose of cyclosporine generally decreased during the months after surgery and the percentage changes in cyclosporine daily dose correlated with changes in P450 3A activity during this period (r = 0.47; p = 0.03). We conclude that interpatient and intrapatient differences in P450 3A activity in part account for the cyclosporine dosing practices of transplant physicians. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 56, 253–260; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.135
Impregnated Disk Method for Antifungal Antibiotic Testing

Sixteen clinical fungal isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by using disks impregnated with growth medium and antibiotic. The procedure was easier to perform, less time consuming, and as reliable as other currently available methods. Images
Callous/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths

Objective: There seem to be two dimensions associated with psychopathic traits in youths: a callous/unemotional factor (C/U) and an impulsivity/conduct problems factor (I/CP). This study sought to clarify the nature of these two factors and examine their relation with social-cognitive problems in incarcerated adolescents. Method: One hundred sixty-nine male and female adjudicated youths were recruited for participation. Self-report measures and archival data were used to assess psychopathic traits, emotional distress, behavioral dysregulation, social-cognitive processes, and delinquency severity. Results: Analyses demonstrated that the I/CP factor is associated with increased levels of dysregulated behavior, while the C/U dimension is related to deficits in empathy. The two factors exhibited differential relations with measures of emotional distress and fearfulness. C/U traits were associated with an increased focus on the positive aspects of aggression and a decreased focus on the negative aspects of hostile acts. Findings remained after controlling for demographic characteristics, abuse history, intellectual abilities, and delinquency severity. Conclusions: Results provide support for the two-dimensional nature of psychopathy in youths and suggest that C/U traits are associated with lower emotional distress and a specific social information-processing pattern. The potential implications for working with adjudicated youths exhibiting C/U traits are noted. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2003, 42(3):364‐371. Key Words: psychopathy, social cognition, delinquency, adolescent.
Network Equilibrium Model with Dogit and Nested Logit Structures

This paper develops a combined equilibrium model for the simultaneous prediction of trip distribution, mode choice, and trip assignment. Trip distribution is formulated as a dogit model to take into account travel behavior of compulsory (work) and discretionary (nonwork) trips. Mode choice is given by a two-level nested logit model to avoid the independence from irrelevant alternatives restriction. Trip assignment is based on Wardrop's user-equilibrium principle. The log sums of the mode choice model were computed and fed back into the trip distribution step. Under this iterative process, destination choice of discretionary trips would respond to changing travel cost conditions occurring in mode choice and trip assignment steps, whereas destination choice of compulsory trips would remain fixed in the study time period. The proposed combined trip distribution, mode choice, and trip assignment (CDMA) model was reformulated as an equivalent convex programming problem with linear constraints and applied empir...
DISTINCTIVE FIELD BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING GEOMAGNETIC REVERSALS

The paleomagnetism of lava flows from Kauai (Hawaii), erupted about 4 my ago immediately following a geomagnetic reversal, reveals that the post-transitional field had several distinctive characteristics. While the directional dispersion was identical to that displayed by stable field over the past 5 my, the post-transitional field intensity was unusually high. In both these respects, the field at Kauai resembles the one recorded at 15 Ma by lava flows at Steens Mountain in SE Oregon. The two records also differ in an important way: the large intensity oscillations that immediately followed the Steens Mountain reversal are not apparent in the data from Kauai. These results suggest that while the stability of the newly established dipole may vary significantly from one reversal to the next, strong dipolar field and normal directional dispersion may be systematic features of the post-transitional geodynamo. Furthermore, the results lend support to the recent suggestion that the core remains in an unusual state for many tens of kyr following a reversal.
IT-Business Strategic Alignment Maturity: A Case Study

Both information technology (IT) and business leaders are continually looking for management practices to help them align their IT and business strategies. Alignment seems to grow in importance as companies strive to link IT and business in light of dynamic business strategies and continuously evolving technologies. Importance aside, what is not clear is how to achieve and sustain harmony among business and IT, how to assess the maturity of alignment, and what the impact of misalignment might be on the firm. This case study describes the use of a management process and assessment tool that can help to promote long-term IT-business strategic alignment. The Strategic Alignment Maturity (SAM) assessment (Luftman, 2000) is used as a framework to demonstrate the evolution of an international specialty chemicals manufacturerâ€™s IT-business alignment practices to enable the achievement of their corporate goals. Major insights from their experience and SAM best practices are highlighted.
Radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: does it still happen and does it matter?

Radiographic progression (RP) has been an important objective outcome for assessing the comparative efficacy of therapies in clinical trials. It is being increasingly reported in observational studies of clinical care. RP is typically reported as a change in a modified version of the Sharp score (SS)1. Reported rates and extent of RP are much lower in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated intensively, to a target of low disease activity or remission while receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), including more effective doses of methotrexate (MTX)2. However, persisting swelling of ≥ 2 (of 28) joints is associated with further RP (defined as a change > 0.5 over 1 year) using SS scoring methods3. RP continues throughout the course of RA4, although less often for patients who are in remission more often5. RP reporting varies widely, using different cutoffs such as the smallest detectable change (SDC) to describe “rapid radiographic progression” (RRP)6. Thus rates of RP will vary depending on study design, patients studied, disease activity, and intensity of treatment interventions. In this issue of The Journal , Ornbjerg, et al publish additional results from the Danish Biologics Registry (DANBIO) on the rate and extent of RP in patients with serial hand radiographs using tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor (TNFi) therapy over an average of 1.5 years7. Ornbjerg, et al aimed to understand the effect on RP of drug switching and withdrawal. Prior analyses had shown that the extent and rate of RP dropped significantly once patients failing DMARD switched to TNFi therapy8. DANBIO patients had longstanding disease of 9 years, higher than usual rates of smoking (38%), high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels for DMARD and steroid-treated patients, and 82% in this study had erosive disease. … Address correspondence to Dr. Bykerk. E-mail: bykerkv{at}hss.edu
The Influence of Certain Factors on the Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Milk. I

This paper contains the results of an attempt to determine some of the causes influencing the reaction (acid or alk,line) of freshly drawn cow's milk. Various explanations have been of= feted to account for the acidity of fresh milk. Bordas (1) claimed the original acidity of cow's milk was due to free casein and not to lactic or citric acid or acid salts. Van Slyke and Bosworth (2) claim that the acidity of fresh milk is due to acid phosphates of the type MH2P04. When titrated with Na0H insoluble CaHP04 is formed which hydrolyses to Ca(OH)~ and HsP04. The Ca(OH)~ then unites with the diand monocalcium phosphates to form insoluble tricalcium phosphate Cas(PO02 leaving the molecule of H,P04 to react with more alkali. Several factors are considered as influencing the acidity of milk~ among which are the following: chemical composition (3), temperature of milk (4), pasteurization (5), feed (6, 7, 8, 10), age of cow (8), period of lactation (6, 8), and sickness (6). There are three recognized ways of determining acidity in milk: titration with 0.1 N NaOH and phenolphthalein, Van Slyke's and Bosworth's modification of the above method and the determination of the hydrogen ion concentration. Van Slyke and Baker (5) showed a definite relationship between the total (titratable) and actual acidity in milk. Further data is presented in this paper to show the relationship between the two ways of determining the acidity of milk.
Effect of supplemental vitamin D and calcium on serum sclerostin levels

Objective Serum sclerostin levels have been reported to be inversely associated with serum 25OHD levels, but the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on serum sclerostin levels is unknown. This study was carried out to determine whether vitamin D and calcium supplementation altered serum sclerostin levels in healthy older adults. Design We measured serum sclerostin levels at baseline and after 2 years in 279 men and women who participated in a placebo-controlled vitamin D (700 IU/day) and calcium (500 mg/day) intervention trial carried out in men and women aged ≥65 years. Method Serum sclerostin levels were measured using the MesoScale Discovery chemiluminescence assay. Results In the men, sclerostin levels increased over 2 years by 4.11±1.81 ng/l (13.1%) in the vitamin D plus calcium-supplemented group and decreased by 3.16±1.78 ng/l (10.9%) in the placebo group (P=0.005 for difference in change). Adjustments for the season of measurement, baseline physical activity levels, baseline serum sclerostin levels, and total body bone mineral content did not substantially alter the changes. In the women, there was no significant group difference in change in serum sclerostin levels either before or after the above-mentioned adjustments. In both the sexes, vitamin D and calcium supplementation significantly increased serum ionized calcium levels and decreased parathyroid hormone levels. Conclusion Men and women appear to have different serum sclerostin responses to vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The reason for this difference remains to be determined.
Contrasting Roles of Neural Firing Rate and Local Field Potentials in Human Memory

Recording the activity of neurons is a mainstay of animal memory research, while human recordings are generally limited to the activity of large ensembles of cells. The relationship between ensemble activity and neural firing rate during declarative memory processes, however, remains unclear. We recorded neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously from the same sites in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (ERC) in patients with implanted intracranial electrodes during a virtual taxi-driver task that also included a memory retrieval component. Neurons increased their firing rate in response to specific passengers or landmarks both during navigation and retrieval. Although we did not find item specificity in the broadband LFP, both theta- and gamma-band LFPs increased power to specific items on a small but significant percent of channels. These responses, however, did not correlate with item-specific neural responses. To contrast item-specific responses with process-specific responses during memory, we compared neural and LFP responses during encoding (navigation) and retrieval (associative and item-specific recognition). A subset of neurons also altered firing rates nonspecifically while subjects viewed items during encoding. Interestingly, LFPs in the hippocampus and ERC increased in power nonspecifically while subjects viewed items during retrieval, more often during associative than item-recognition. Furthermore, we found no correlation between neural firing rate and broadband, theta-band, and gamma-band LFPs during process-specific responses. Our findings suggest that neuronal firing and ensemble activity can be dissociated during encoding, item-maintenance, and retrieval in the human hippocampal area, likely relating to functional properties unique to this region.
Genetic and Ecological Studies of Animals in Chernobyl and Fukushima

Recent advances in genetic and ecological studies of wild animal populations in Chernobyl and Fukushima have demonstrated significant genetic, physiological, developmental, and fitness effects stemming from exposure to radioactive contaminants. The few genetic studies that have been conducted in Chernobyl generally show elevated rates of genetic damage and mutation rates. All major taxonomic groups investigated (i.e., birds, bees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies, spiders, mammals) displayed reduced population sizes in highly radioactive parts of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. In Fukushima, population censuses of birds, butterflies, and cicadas suggested that abundances were negatively impacted by exposure to radioactive contaminants, while other groups (e.g., dragonflies, grasshoppers, bees, spiders) showed no significant declines, at least during the first summer following the disaster. Insufficient information exists for groups other than insects and birds to assess effects on life history at this time. The differences observed between Fukushima and Chernobyl may reflect the different times of exposure and the significance of multigenerational mutation accumulation in Chernobyl compared to Fukushima. There was considerable variation among taxa in their apparent sensitivity to radiation and this reflects in part life history, physiology, behavior, and evolutionary history. Interestingly, for birds, population declines in Chernobyl can be predicted by historical mitochondrial DNA base-pair substitution rates that may reflect intrinsic DNA repair ability.
A comparison of single-layer coaxial coil mutual inductance calculations using finite-element and tabulated methods

Quick and accurate methods to calculate the mutual inductance of coaxial single layer coils remains important to this day in a large variety of engineering and physical disciplines. While modern finite-element electromagnetic field codes can do this accurately, the engineer often requires only a first- or second-order estimate before proceeding to the numerical analysis stage. Grover's tabular data, developed in the first half of the 20th century, remains the standard for manually calculating mutual inductance for a wide variety of coil and wire forms. This investigation reports the accuracy of mutual inductance calculations for single-layer coaxial coils based on Grover's tables when compared to estimates obtained with a finite-element electromagnetic field code (FEEFC). Since it is impractical to construct and characterize the numerous coils needed for this type of investigation, the FEEFC results are treated as actual inductance measurements. Grover reported his tabular data to be accurate within five significant digits excluding the cases when the coils are loosely coupled and when the coils are short. This investigation found Grover's tabular method to be inaccurate for loosely coupled and short coils, but also found that significant error for closely coupled coils as well. The maximum error between Grover's tabular method and the FEEFC results is 9.8%. Knowing the error associated with Grover's method and the coil geometry for which the error occurs is an important aid for the engineer and scientist
A personal report: emphasizing the endonasal approach.

Understanding the vagaries and nuances of nasal surgery is accomplished neither easily nor quickly. Given this opportunity to share personal preferences and experiences, the author hopes that his observations can provide some clarity and reasonable alternatives to the rhinoplasty student’s seemingly endless quest for answers. The ultimate result is seldom achieved in rhinoplasty. The goal is enhancement, not perfection of facial form. A more appealing, natural appearance, even unstated, is the desire of most patients. A good rhinoplasty draws attention to the eyes, not the nose (Fig. 1)! The ability to achieve this natural, appropriate appearance depends upon a conservative, flexible approach of the surgeon. In rhinoplasty the surgeon does a little to achieve a lot. Even more significant is the preoperative selection and analysis of the patient. Nothing is more essential to a successful outcome than the right diagnosis. During the consultation period, the author wants to understand the patient’s motivations and expectations. Listening to the patient’s desires is important, not imposing desires on the patient. Questioning often begins around the patient’s background, occupation, and medical history. Only after meeting the person is attention directed toward the nose. Of extreme relevance is the patient’s perception of his or her problem. Thus highlighted at the top of the patient’s record, in the patient’s own words, is the ‘‘chief complaint.’’
Understanding Foreign Exchange Risk: An Instructional Simulation Exercise

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an instructional exercise designed to promote the learning of foreign exchange risk and accounting for foreign currency transactions. To promote critical thinking skills, the exercise uses an unstructured problem-solving format. I use the United Kingdom (U.K.) MONOPOLY™ board game to simulate a U.S. company investing in London real estate. Students conduct all transactions, on account, in British Pounds (GBP), maintain journals in U.S. dollars (USD), and prepare financial statements at game-end in USD. The instructor sets the exchange rate at the beginning of the game, changes it mid-game, and then offers a forward contract. The instructor alters the exchange rate again at the end of the game. Students perceived the exercise as effective in understanding foreign exchange risk and in learning the accounting for foreign currency transactions. Content analysis of students' responses about the exercise reveals that the most frequently used words in the comments were “fun” and “le...
Aneurysmal and occlusive atherosclerosis of the human abdominal aorta.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess atherosclerotic plaque deposition and aortic wall responses in the abdominal aorta in relation to the development of aneurysmal and occlusive disease in the infrarenal aorta. Methods: Morphologic differences at five standardized locations in the infrarenal aorta in 67 pressure perfusion–fixed male cadaver aortas (aged, 41-98 years; mean, 66 years) were studied and compared with the supraceliac segment. Quantitative computer-assisted morphometry of histologic sections included measurement of plaque area, lumen area, lumen diameter, media thickness, number of medial elastic lamellae, and the area encompassed by the internal elastic lamina that best represents the artery size of each segment. The ratio of the supraceliac segment to the midabdominal segment (normally greater than 1.3) was used to define three groups: Group I (normal): ratio greater than or equal to 1.30 (n = 31); Group II (intermediate): ratio greater than or equal to 1.20 but less than 1.30 (n = 20); and Group III: ratio less than 1.20 (n = 16), which represented dilated midabdominal aortas. There was no significant difference in age among the groups. Results: Group I had minimal intimal plaque and little gross evidence of atherosclerosis. Group II had increased intimal plaque compared with Group I ( P P P P P r = 0.61, P Conclusion: These results suggest that there may be different local responses to atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta in human beings. Plaque deposition associated with localized dilation, thinning of the media, and loss of medial elastic lamellae may predispose that segment of aorta to subsequent aneurysm formation. Plaque deposits without media thinning, without loss of elastic lamellae, and without artery wall dilation may predispose the aorta, in the event of continuing plaque accumulation, to the development of lumen stenosis. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:91-6.)
Connecting to Our Community: Utilizing Photovoice as a Pedagogical Tool to Connect College Students to Science

In this study, we investigated the ways in which university students connected with science through the use of photovoice (Wang & Burris, 1994) as a pedagogical tool. Results indicated that students came to appreciate their connections to the science that operates in their lives as they reflected on and became empowered with regard to the science content behind environmental issues of interest to them on campus. Photovoice allowed students to authentically inquire about local science, as well as the potential to generate change in their own community. This understanding is significant to science educators because first, it empowers learners to connect with science and provides a way to deepen that connection with science; and second, it provides a pedagogical tool for science educators to use with their students to engage them in the science in their community. Finally, it has the potential to improve science teaching by creating students that are more connected to science and th 3 e world around them.
Lactic acid induces aberrant amyloid precursor protein processing by promoting its interaction with endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins.

Background Lactic acid, a natural by-product of glycolysis, is produced at excess levels in response to impaired mitochondrial function, high-energy demand, and low oxygen availability. The enzyme involved in the production of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) of Alzheimer's disease, BACE1, functions optimally at lower pH, which led us to investigate a potential role of lactic acid in the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Methodology/Principal Findings Lactic acid increased levels of Aβ40 and 42, as measured by ELISA, in culture medium of human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), whereas it decreased APP metabolites, such as sAPPα. In cell lysates, APP levels were increased and APP was found to interact with ER-chaperones in a perinuclear region, as determined by co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy studies. Lactic acid had only a very modest effect on cellular pH, did increase the levels of ER chaperones Grp78 and Grp94 and led to APP aggregate formation reminiscent of aggresomes. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that sustained elevations in lactic acid levels could be a risk factor in amyloidogenesis related to Alzheimer's disease through enhanced APP interaction with ER chaperone proteins and aberrant APP processing leading to increased generation of amyloid peptides and APP aggregates.
Picosecond measurements of absorptive and refractive optical nonlinearities in GaP at 532 nm.

Picosecond time-resolved pump–probe and Z-scan measurements are used to investigate the nonlinear refraction and absorption associated with intense picosecond excitation above the indirect band edge of GaP. The pump–probe results reveal both an instantaneous absorption feature, which is consistent with two-photon absorption, and a long-lived feature that is associated with the generation of free carriers by linear indirect absorption. Z scans conducted with pulses of 25- and 95-ps duration indicate that, for these pulse widths, the nonlinear refraction in GaP is dominated by the linear generation of free carriers and that the role of the electronic Kerr effect is negligible. The measured free-carrier refraction is compared with the value predicted from a simple model based on band filling. This model predicts that the primary contribution to the index change at the applied optical frequency arises from holes blocking direct transitions near the zone center and that similar blocking of indirect transitions has a negligible effect on the index.
Functional query languages with categorical types

We study three category-theoretic types in the context of functional query languages (typed lambda-calculi extended with additional operations for bulk data processing). The types we study are: 1) The dependent identity type. By adding identity types to the simply-typed lambda-calculus we obtain a language where embedded dependencies are first-class objects that can be manipulated by the programmer and used for optimization. We prove that the chase re-writing procedure is sound for this language. 2) The type of propositions. By adding propositions to the simply-typed lambda-calculus, we obtain higher-order logic. We prove that every hereditarily domain-independent higher-order logic program can be translated into the nested relational algebra, thereby allowing higher-order logic to be used as a query language and giving a higher-order generalization of Codd's theorem. 3) The type of finitely presented categories. By adding types for finitely presented categories to the simply-typed lambda-calculus we obtain a schema mapping language for the functorial data model. We define FQL, the first query language for this data model, investigate its metatheory, and build a SQL compiler for FQL.
Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. women

Objective Despite substantial progress in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, there are limited data on dietary risk factors. Fatty acid intake may influence community-acquired pneumonia risk by modulating the immune system. Our study prospectively examined the association between fatty acid intake and community-acquired pneumonia risk.
The Marriages of Equally Dependent Spouses

Marriages of equally dependent spouses (MEDS) are those in which each partner generates between 40% and 59% of the total family earnings. The author argues that such marriages will become increasingly common. Currently, about a fifth (22%) of all marriages are MEDS. This article shows that when marriages become MEDS, wives become less committed to the union although husbands do not. When marriages become MEDS, the odds of divorce also increase. Such divorces are more often at the wife's initiative than are divorces among other couples. These findings are interpreted to suggest that wives are more sensitive to the quality of their marriages than husbands are. This is because men benefit from the status of being married (i.e., being a husband) regardless of the emotional quality of their relationship. The benefits that wives derive from marriage, however, appear to depend on the quality of their unions.
Transition and cancellation in concurrency and branching time

We review the conceptual development of (true) concurrency and branching time starting from Petri nets and proceeding via Mazurkiewicz traces, pomsets, bisimulation, and event structures up to higher dimensional automata (HDAs), whose acyclic case may be identified with triadic event structures and triadic Chu spaces. Acyclic HDAs may be understood as extending the two truth values of Boolean logic with a third value $\T$ expressing transition. We prove the necessity of such a third value under mild assumptions about the nature of observable events, and show that the expansion of any complete Boolean basis $L$ to $L_{\T}$ with a third literal $\that a$ expressing $a=\T$ forms an expressively complete basis for the representation of acyclic HDAs. The main contribution is a new value $\cancel$ of cancellation, which is a sibling of $\T$, serving to distinguish $a(b+c)$ from $ab+ac$ while simplifying the extensional definitions of termination $\tick\A$ and sequence $\A\B$. We show that every HDAX (acyclic HDA with $\cancel$) is representable in the expansion of $L_{\T}$ to $L_{\T\cancel}$ with a fourth literal $\can a$ expressing $a=\cancel$.
Nano measurements with micro-devices: mechanical properties of hydrated collagen fibrils.

The mechanical response of a biological material to applied forces reflects deformation mechanisms occurring within a hierarchical architecture extending over several distinct length scales. Characterizing and in turn predicting the behaviour of such a material requires an understanding of the mechanical properties of the substructures within the hierarchy, the interaction between the substructures, and the relative influence of each substructure on the overall behaviour. While significant progress has been made in mechanical testing of micrometre to millimetre sized biological specimens, quantitative reproducible experimental techniques for making mechanical measurements on specimens with characteristic dimensions in the smaller range of 10–1000 nm are lacking. Filling this void in experimentation is a necessary step towards the development of realistic multiscale computational models useful to predict and mitigate the risk of bone fracture, design improved synthetic replacements for bones, tendons and ligaments, and engineer bioinspired efficient and environmentally friendly structures. Here, we describe a microelectromechanical systems device for directly measuring the tensile strength, stiffness and fatigue behaviour of nanoscale fibres. We used the device to obtain the first stress–strain curve of an isolated collagen fibril producing the modulus and some fatigue properties of this soft nanofibril.
Wildfire burn patterns and riparian vegetation response along two northern Sierra Nevada streams

Riparian vegetation plays an integral role in the ecology of the streams it borders, and in many western US forests, is subjected to frequent wildfire disturbances. Many questions concerning the role of natural fire in the dynamics of riparian zonevegetation remain unanswered. This case study explores the relationships between wildfire burn patterns, stream channel topography, and the short-term response of riparian vegetation to fire along two creeks in the northern Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Post-fire sampling along 60, 3 m wide transects across riparian zones was used to document the topography, species distribution, sprouting response, and seedling recruitment 1 year after the Lookout fire in the Plumas National Forest, CA. Our results indicate that larger riparian zones acted as natural fire breaks, limiting the progression of the predominantly backing fire downhill toward the stream. On Fourth Water creek’s steeper first terraces, where crownfires occurred, the percentage of burned plants that sprouted was higher than in the less-severely burned and more extensive first terraces of Third Water creek (93% versus 33%, P < 0.05). Total seedling recruitment was higher along Fourth Water creek (69 versus 35 seedlings, P < 0.05), while plant regeneration along Third Water creek was primarily vegetative. Along Fourth Water creek, the percent of burned hardwoods that sprouted increased with proximity to the water’s edge from 33% onthe slopeabove the riparian zone to 95% onthegravelbar, suggesting that moisture content plays a role in riparian species response to fire. An influx of white fir (Abies concolor Gordon & Glend. (Lindl.)) seedlings on the second terraces of Third Water creek may indicate a shift in species composition iffuture fires are suppressed and regeneration trends do not change significantly in the next few years. These results contribute to the limited research on natural fire in riparian zones, and can inform management strategies designed to restore and maintain riparianvegetation in the fire-prone forests of the Sierra Nevada. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of transverse fiber stiffness and central tendon on displacement and shape of a simple diaphragm model

Our previous experimental results (A. M. Boriek, S. Lui, and J. R. Rodarte. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 527-533, 1993 and A. M. Boriek, T. A. Wilson, and J. R. Rodarte. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 223-229, 1994) showed that 1) costal diaphragm shape is similar at functional residual capacity and end inspiration regardless of whether the diaphragm muscle shortens actively (increased tension) or passively (decreased tension); 2) diaphragmatic muscle length changes minimally in the direction transverse to the muscle fibers, suggesting the diaphragm may be inextensible in that direction; and 3) the central tendon is not stretched by physiological stresses. A two-dimensional orthotropic material has two different stiffnesses in orthogonal directions. In the plane tangent to the muscle surface, these directions are along the fibers and transverse to the fibers. We wondered whether orthotropic material properties in the muscular region of the diaphragm and inextensibility of the central tendon might contribute to the constancy of diaphragm shape. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effects of stiffness transverse to muscle fibers and inextensibility of the central tendon on diaphragmatic displacement and shape. Finite element hemispherical models of the diaphragm were developed by using pressurized isotropic and orthotropic membranes with a wide range of stiffness ratios. We also tested heterogeneous models, in which the muscle sheet was an orthotropic material, having transverse fiber stiffness greater than that along the fibers, with the central tendon being an inextensible isotropic cap. These models revealed that increased transverse stiffness limits the shape change of the diaphragm. Furthermore, an inextensible cap simulating the central tendon dramatically limits the change in shape as well as the membrane displacement in response to pressure. These findings provide a plausible mechanism by which the diaphragm maintains similar shapes despite different physiological loads. This study suggests that changes of diaphragm shape are restricted because the central tendon is essentially inextensible and stiffness in the direction transverse to the muscle fibers is greater than stiffness along the fibers.
A Holistic Look at Reference Statistics: Whither Librarians?

Abstract Objective – Washington State University (WSU) Pullman campus librarians track a diverse set of reference statistics to gain a “holistic” look at local reference transaction trends. Our aim was to aggregate virtual, reference desk and office transaction data over the course of three years to determine staffing levels. Specifically, we asked “Where should reference librarians be to answer questions?” Methods – Using Springshare’s LibAnalytics, we generated longitudinal (2012-2014) statistics and data, to help us assess the patterns and trends of patron question numbers, types, communication modes, and locations in the Terrell Library. With this data, we considered current staffing patterns and how we could best address patron needs. Results – Researchers found that compiling data across modalities of location, communication, question type, and the READ Scale led to a better understanding of user behavior trends. Conclusion – Examining and interpreting a more inclusive and richer set of transaction statistics gives reference managers a better picture of how patrons are seeking help, and can serve as a basis for making staffing decisions.
Determinants and Correlates of Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure

The heart, lungs, blood, vasculature, and skeletal muscle integrate in a complex way to allow humans to interact with their environment, through locomotion and other forms of physical exercise [(1)][1]. This interaction becomes challenged in people with the clinical syndrome of heart failure (HF
A simple approach for estimating the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) profile in the atmosphere

Utilizing the so-called Thorpe scale as a measure of the turbulence outer scale, we propose a physically-based approach for the estimation of Cn2 profiles in the lower atmosphere. This approach only requires coarse-resolution temperature profiles (a.k.a., soundings) as input, yet it has the intrinsic ability to capture layers of high optical turbulence. The prowess of this computationally inexpensive approach is demonstrated by validations against observational data from a field campaign over Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
Applications and Discovery of Granularity Structures in Natural Language Discourse

Granularity is the concept of breaking down an event into smaller parts or granules such that each individual granule plays a part in the higher level event. Humans can seamlessly shift their granularity perspectives while reading or understanding a text. To emulate such a mechanism, we describe a theory for inferring this information automatically from raw input text descriptions and some background knowledge to learn the global behavior of event descriptions from local behavior of components. We also elaborate on the importance of discovering granularity structures for solving NLP problems such as – automated question answering and text summarization.
Is Diversity Other Side of the Same Coin (Affirmative Action)

Affirmative action policy for college admissions of a number of higher education institutions was subject to legal suits in recent years. Especially after the Supreme Court decisions on two cases related to the affirmative action of University of Michigan in 2003, carefully crafted diversity policy with a provision of racial preference (as one of the factors) is considered most suitable by many institutions. This paper traces the historical background of affirmative action, summarizes the views of both race neutral and race conscious proponents, briefly evaluates the implications of the Supreme Court decisions, and finally brings out a concluding analysis. The analysis suggests clarity and differentiation in the intentions of affirmative action and diversity policy objectives, so that the public and private benefits of higher education do not suffer under policy confusion, but enhance these benefits by bringing in clarity in articulating and redefining affirmative policy and retaining a distinct identity for diversity policy linked to its objectives and purpose.
Legal Issues Leading to the Notion of Neocortical Death

All human beings know the fact and reality of death, yet like Alice, our existence is in many ways a search to understand death. As Samuel Johnson observed to Boswell, “the whole of life is but keeping away the thoughts of it.” Theologians, philosophers, and poets struggle with the meaning of death. Saint Augustine asks what type of death did God intend to enforce His commands. “Was it the death of the soul, or of the body, or of the entire man, or the so-called second death?”1 Yet for Dylan Thomas, “After the first death, there is no other.” The law, too, must face death, particularly the dilemma created by advances in medical science that permit the artificial maintenance of heart, lung, and nourishment functions. This article examines the law’s approach to death by inquiring into the legal issues raised by cardiopulmonary, whole-brain, and neocortical definitions of death. The term “cardiopulmonary death” means the irreversible cessation of heart and lung functions.2 “Whole-brain death” means the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem. “Neocortical death” means the irreversible loss of consciousness and cognitive functions.3 Several arguments and a proposal emerge from this inquiry. The law should and does define criteria for death.
Task Load Estimation and Mediation Using Psycho-physiological Measures

Human performance falls off predictably with excessive task difficulty. This paper reports on a search for a task load estimation metric. Of the five physiological signals analyzed from a multitasking study, only pupil dilation measures correlated well with real-time task load. The paper introduces a novel task load estimation model based on pupil dilation measures. We demonstrate its effectiveness in a multitasking driving scenario. Autonomous mediation of notifications using this model significantly improved user task performance compared to no mediation. The model showed promise even when used outside in a car. Results were achieved using low-cost cameras and open-source measurement tools lending to its potential to be used broadly.
Coupled isotachophoretic preconcentration and electrophoretic separation using bidirectional isotachophoresis.

We present a novel technique for coupling isotachophoretic preconcentration and electrophoretic separation using bidirectional isotachophoresis (ITP). Bidirectional ITP simultaneously sets up sharp ITP interfaces between relatively high- and low-mobility cations and high- and low-mobility anions. These two interfaces can migrate toward each other and be described as ion concentration shock waves. We here demonstrate a bidirectional ITP process in which we use the interaction of these anionic and cationic ITP shock waves to trigger a transformation from ITP preconcentration to electrophoretic separation. We use anionic ITP to focus anionic sample species prior to shock interaction. The interaction of the counter-propagating anionic and cationic ITP shocks then changes the local pH (and ionic strength) of the focused analyte zones. Under this new condition, the analytes no longer focus and begin to separate electrophoretically. The method provides faster and much less dispersive transition from ITP preconce...
Field Experiments on Insecticidal Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage and Cauliflower

Five experiments were conducted during 1961 and 1962 to compare the toxicity of a variety of insecticidal sprays to larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) on cabbage and cauliflower. The cabbage looper appeared to be effectively controlled by American Cyanamid 48064 (2-(diethoxyphosphinothiolimino)-1,3-dithio-lane), Bayer 44646 (4-dimethylamino- m -tolyl N -methylcarbamate), endosulfan, Monsanto 40273 ( O -propyl O -p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonothioate), Monsanto 40294 ( O -phenyl O -pnitrophenyl methylphosphonothioate), and Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate). In general, beet armyworms and diamondback moth larvae were more readily controlled by insecticides than were cabbage loopers.
The Best Method of Manual Artificial Respiration

(1941). The Best Method of Manual Artificial Respiration. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 50-60.