cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sinus nodal reentry: Effect of quinidine

Abstract The recently developed experimental model for sinus nodal reentry was used to assess the effect of quinidine in 20 dogs. Sinus nodal reentry was demonstrated in 19 dogs and was abolished in all dogs when plasma levels of quinidine (average 4.8 mg/liter) were in the therapeutic range after an average infusion time of 7 minutes. Characteristically in 15 dogs, quinidine increased atrial refractoriness and slowed atrial conduction so that the arrival time of the atrial premature beat (A2) in the region of the sinus node fell outside the reentry zone and sinus nodal reentry was terminated. Conduction delay along the reentrant pathway preceded loss of sinus nodal reentry in 6 of these 15 dogs, thereby suggesting that quinidine-induced conduction delay and block along the reentrant pathway may be another mechanism for abolishing sinus nodal reentry. In the four remaining dogs in which sinus nodal reentry was abolished when the premature beat continued to fall within the reentry zone, the latter mechanism seems likely.
A high buoyant density fraction in mammalian DNA: Characterization and impact on the detection of heteroduplex DNA

Abstract DNA from both Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human fibroblasts contains a high buoyant density fraction. This fraction of DNA was purified from CHO cells and characterized. Compared with mainband CHO DNA, this high buoyant density DNA binds more of a GC-specific dye, actinomycin D (actD), and less of an AT-specific dye, netropsin, which suggests that its increased density is due to an increase in clusters of GC base pairs. The detection of heteroduplex DNA which has been hypothesized to occur during sister chromatid exchange formation is considerably complicated by the presence of this high density DNA. Experiments to detect heteroduplex DNA in CHO cells, using actD to shift the position of the high density DNA, did not reveal any underlying heteroduplex material, thus placing an upper limit on the size of the hypothesized heteroduplex regions. Experiments with both CHO cells and with human fibroblasts indicated that the amount of the high buoyant density DNA did not consistently increase when the sister chromatid exchange frequency increased.
Pulsed Doppler Determinations of Cardiac Output in Neonates: Normal Standards for Clinical Use

Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output can greatly facilitate the clinical assessment and management of neonates with cardiovascular compromise. To assess normal values of cardiac output in neonates, mean blood flow velocity was measured in the ascending aorta from a suprasternal approach using a range-gated, pulsed Doppler velocity meter, and aortic root diameter was determined from an M-mode echocardiogram. These techniques were combined, and cardiac output was evaluated in 59 healthy premature and 62 term newborn infants during the first week of life. Birth weights ranged from 780 g to 4,740 g and gestational age from 27 to 42 weeks. Cardiac output values increased linearly with advancing birth weight (r = +.94, P less than 0.001) and gestational age (r = +.95, P less than .001). Mean cardiac output values (+/- SD) per kilogram of body weight were 249 +/- 34 mL/min/kg and decreased with advancing birth weight: less than 1,500 g = 265 +/- 32 mL/min/kg; 1,500 to 2,500 g = 253 +/- 34 mL/min/kg; and greater than 2,500 g = 241 +/- 33 mL/min/kg. For clinical use, 325 mL/min/kg and 200 mL/min/kg can be used as upper and lower limits of normal, respectively. Doppler cardiac output estimates compared favorably with studies using invasive techniques.
Doctor-patient communication about breast cancer adjuvant therapy

Candidates for breast cancer adjuvant therapy must not only grapple with the concept of micrometastatic disease, but often must consider the benefits and risks of clinical trials and alternatives. We studied 100 consecutive patient-physician encounters about adjuvant therapy to determine how well we informed patients about benefits and risks and how clearly we recommended treatment. Evaluation included observation and audiorecording of encounters, patient- and physician-completed questionnaires, and patient interviews. Patient-physician agreement on the benefits and risks of adjuvant therapy was poor. Sixty percent of patients overestimated their chance of cure by 20% or more compared with the physician. Poor agreement was partially explained by the observation that patients and physicians exchanged little specific information. Furthermore, decision-making was compressed. Although this was the first meeting with a medical oncologist for 79 patients (79%), 82 (82%) made final decisions about treatment by t...
Soot surface temperature measurements in pure and diluted flames at atmospheric and elevated pressures

Soot surface temperature was measured in laminar jet diffusion flames at atmospheric and elevated pressures. The soot surface temperature was measured in flames at one, two, four, and eight atmospheres with both pure and diluted (using helium, argon, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide individually) ethylene fuels with a calibrated two-color soot pyrometry technique. These two dimensional temperature profiles of the soot aid in the analysis and understanding of soot production, leading to possible methods for reducing soot emission. Each flame investigated was at its smoke point, i.e., at the fuel flow rate where the overall soot production and oxidation rates are equal. The smoke point was chosen because it was desirable to have similar soot loadings for each flame. A second set of measurements were also taken where the fuel flow rate was held constant to compare with earlier work. These measurements show that overall flame temperature decreases with increasing pressure, with increasing pressure the position of peak temperature shifts to the tip of the flame, and the temperatures measured were approximately 10% lower than those calculated assuming equilibrium and neglecting radiation.
The Shergotty consortium and SNC meteorites - An overview

The key up-to-date findings on the Shergotty and other SNC meteorites are summarized. The Martian origin of these meteorites is strongly suggested by the evidence of trapped noble gases and nitrogen compositions in glasses of the EETA 79001 meteorite, which compare well with the results of the Martian atmosphere investigation by the Viking spacecraft. Age-dating and exposure scenarios suggest two possibilities for the ejection of SNC meteorites: (1) ejection as a large (larger than 6 m) body by a single impact on Mars and then multiple breakup in the asteroidal belt, at about 11 Myr for Chassigny and nakhlites, at 2.5 Myr for Shergotty, Zagami and ALHA 77005, and at 0.6 Myr for EETA 79001; and (2) ejection of small (less than 0.5 m) objects by multiple impacts on the Martian terrain at 11, 2.5, and 0.6 Myr, with no breakup in space.
Multisite EPR oximetry from multiple quadrature harmonics.

Abstract Multisite continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry using multiple quadrature field modulation harmonics is presented. First, a recently developed digital receiver is used to extract multiple harmonics of field modulated projection data. Second, a forward model is presented that relates the projection data to unknown parameters, including linewidth at each site. Third, a maximum likelihood estimator of unknown parameters is reported using an iterative algorithm capable of jointly processing multiple quadrature harmonics. The data modeling and processing are applicable for parametric lineshapes under nonsaturating conditions. Joint processing of multiple harmonics leads to 2–3-fold acceleration of EPR data acquisition. For demonstration in two spatial dimensions, both simulations and phantom studies on an L-band system are reported.
Influence of DMSO distribution upon renal function following freezing and thawing.

Abstract The distribution of DMSO in canine kidneys under different conditions including perfusion time, volume of perfusate, DMSO concentration in the perfusate has been investigated. The cortical concentration after perfusion with 12.5% of DMSO reached its maximum after 30 min, after which a decrease in DMSO concentration was found. The medullar concentration of DMSO was approximately unchanged after 15–60 min perfusion and lower than any of the cortical areas. The cortical areas of the kidney contained 69–87% of concentration of the perfusate when 7.5 or 12.5% DMSO concentration was used, and 15.0 or 17.5% DMSO resulted in 62–70% of the perfusate concentration in the cortical portions. There was a gradual decrease in vascular resistance during perfusion with 12.5% DMSO post-freeze. However, when perfusing with 15.0 and 17.5% DMSO, vascular resistance was increased gradually with time. The weight gain was most pronounced during postthaw perfusion and correlated to the DMSO concentration. Eight of 17 kidneys were viable following freeze-thaw after perfusion with 12.5% DMSO. The corresponding figures for 15.0% DMSO were 3 out of 10, and for 17.5% DMSO, 0 out of 6.
Resource partitioning by reef corals as determined from stable isotope composition

The pattern of resource partitioning vs depth by corals collected in February 1983 from Jamaica and the Red Sea was determined from their stable carbon isotope composition. Observations were made on isolated zooxanthellae and corresponding algae-free animal tissue from eight species at four depths over a 50 m bathymetric range. Zooxanthellae δ13C was high in shallow water and became lower as depth increased. This trend correlated significantly with the anual integrated photosynthetic rate. The trend is interpreted according to a “depletion-diffusion” hypothesis; in shallow water, at high rates of photosynthesis, metabolic CO2 is nearly depleted and the supply of CO2 from seawater bicarbonate is limited by diffusion. Since most of the available CO2 is fixed, isotope fractionation is minimal. In deeper water, at lower rates of photosynthesis, metabolic CO2 is ample, and isotope fractionation is greater. Animal tissue δ13C was slightly lower than corresponding zooxanthellae values in shallow water. As depth increased the difference between zooxanthellae and animal tissue δ13C increased and the latter approached the δ13C of oceanic particulate organic carbon. These data suggest that carbon is translocated at all depths and that deep-water corals draw significantly on allocthonous sources of carbon.
Notes toward the construction of nonlinear relativistic quantum fields, I. The hamiltonian in two space-time dimensions as the generator of a C-automorphism group.

C*-automorphisms; this Hilbert space Ki is, however, entirely a postiori, and only has no explicit relation to the a priori free quantum field state vector space K.5 More specifically, a vacuumn slate is, within the C*-framework, a state (in the senise of an expectation value form) which is temporally stationary, aind such that the induced one-parameter unitary group in the Hilbert space associated with the state6 has a inonnegative genierator; this generator represents the total field Hamiltonian, acting onthe state vector space Ki of the inlteracting field.7 The free and interacting cons-tituents Ho and Hi of the total formal Hlamiltonian are not represented on Ki in a natural fashion, and there is no apparent means to represenit H directly on K1 as a sum of constituenits representing Ho anld Hi. (These poinits may be exemplified in detail through consideration of the quantum field cited earlier, in which case Ki and the total Hamiltoniian H as represenited oil Ki may be determined in closed form.) The nonlinear terms in the fundamenital partial differential equationls of the relativistic theory, in which the central difficulties originiate, were given a reinlterpretation in reference 8 in terms of the Wick product at a precise t;ime. This product, previously utilized primarily for the facility it provided in computatiolis and the physical interpretation of perturbative processes, possesses invariant anid characteristic algebraic features which provide a basis for its foundational use. Combining this idea with earlier developments, this note outlines progress in treating two-dimensional relativistic nionlinear fields under the approach indicated above. Although without direct physical relevance, the treatment of two-dimeirsional cases appears to be a necessary preliminary to that of four-dimensional cases, anid two-dimensional models have attracted increasing theoretical attenition of late; it appears actually that the four-dimensional case, while in part materially more singular, follows in part along parallel lines. 2. For succinctness and easier access to what is presently essential, generality aind secondary details are avoi(led in the summary of our results on Wick products
A perspective on computational science in the 21st Century

Computational science's driving force has been and will continue to be the steady and rapid growth in available raw computing power. This growth exceeds anything else witnessed in the history of technology. The challenge for the 21st Century is to exploit properly this enormous potential. Several fairly obvious directions of development can (and do) present great technical challenges, but the author's focus is on the less obvious challenges. He considers multiphysics phenomena, software validation, multiscale phenomena and computational intelligence.
Ovariectomy-induced changes in food motivation in the rat.

Abstract Following ovariectomy, adult female rats did not increase their food-reinforced bar pressing during 30-min tests, but they responded significantly more frequently for food than did control animals during 2- and 24-hr bar-press tests. Meal pattern data obtained during the 24-hr test demonstrate that ovariectomy increases meal size and decreases meal frequency, although the reduction in the number of meals did not fully compensate for the alteration in meal size. These findings suggest that ovariectomy does not increase the motivation to initiate a meal, but does result in the taking of a larger meal. The implication of these findings to body-weight set-point interpretations of ovarian obesity are briefly discussed.
Eccentric black hole-neutron star mergers: effects of black hole spin and equation of state

There is a high level of interest in black hole-neutron star binaries, not only because their mergers may be detected by gravitational wave observatories in the coming years, but also because of the possibility that they could explain a class of short duration gamma-ray bursts. We study black hole-neutron star mergers that occur with high eccentricity as may arise from dynamical capture in dense stellar regions such as nuclear or globular clusters. We perform general relativistic simulations of binaries with a range of impact parameters, three different initial black hole spins (zero, aligned and anti-aligned with the orbital angular momentum), and neutron stars with three different equations of state. We find a rich diversity across these parameters in the resulting gravitational wave signals and matter dynamics, which should also be reflected in the consequent electromagnetic emission. Before tidal disruption, the gravitational wave emission is significantly larger than perturbative predictions suggest for periapsis distances close to effective innermost stable separations, exhibiting features reflecting the zoom-whirl dynamics of the orbit there. Guided by the simulations, we develop a simple model for the change in orbital parameters of the binary during close encounters. Depending upon the initial parameters of the system, we find that mass transfer during non-merging close encounters can range from essentially zero to a sizable fraction of the initial neutron star mass. The same holds for the amount of material outside the black hole post-merger, and in some cases roughly half of this material is estimated to be unbound. We also see that non-merging close encounters generically excite large oscillations in the neutron star that are qualitatively consistent with f-modes.
Topical 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2. Effects on gastric morphology, hydrogen ion loss, and bicarbonate secretion.

Using a canine chambered stomach preparation, the effects of topical 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) on gastric mucosal morphology, H+ loss and HCO3− secretion were assessed. Compared to control studies in which acid alone (100 mM HCl) bathed the epithelium, dmPGE2 (1 or 4 μg/ml), when applied to gastric mucosa in acid medium, significantly (P<0.01) enhanced H+ loss from the bathing solution in a dose-related fashion. These effects, however, were independent of any injury to the epithelium as confirmed by both light and electron microscopy. In other studies in which dmPGE2 was applied to gastric mucosa in neutral solution (150 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) using identical doses, a dose-related increase (P<0.01) in HCO3− secretion was observed. When the net HCO3− output (μEq/15 min) for each dose of dmPGE2 employed was compared with the net H+ loss (μEq/15 min) for each dose of PG used, no differences were noted. The correlation between H+ loss and HCO3− secretion was highly significant (r=0.87;P<0.01). We conclude that with the doses studied, dmPGE2 is not damaging to gastric mucosa and that the apparent increase in H+ loss elicited by dmPGE2 in acid medium is due to acid neutralization secondary to HCO3− secretion.
Parotid glands dose-effect relationships based on their actually delivered doses: implications for adaptive replanning in radiation therapy of head-and-neck cancer.

Purpose Doses actually delivered to the parotid glands during radiation therapy often exceed planned doses. We hypothesized that the delivered doses correlate better with parotid salivary output than the planned doses, used in all previous studies, and that determining these correlations will help make decisions regarding adaptive radiation therapy (ART) aimed at reducing the delivered doses. Methods and Materials In this prospective study, oropharyngeal cancer patients treated definitively with chemoirradiation underwent daily cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with clinical setup alignment based on the C2 posterior edge. Parotid glands in the CBCTs were aligned by deformable registration to calculate cumulative delivered doses. Stimulated salivary flow rates were measured separately from each parotid gland pretherapy and periodically posttherapy. Results Thirty-six parotid glands of 18 patients were analyzed. Average mean planned doses was 32 Gy, and differences from planned to delivered mean gland doses were −4.9 to +8.4 Gy, median difference +2.2 Gy in glands in which delivered doses increased relative to planned. Both planned and delivered mean doses were significantly correlated with posttreatment salivary outputs at almost all posttherapy time points, without statistically significant differences in the correlations. Large dispersions (on average, SD 3.6 Gy) characterized the dose–effect relationships for both. The differences between the cumulative delivered doses and planned doses were evident at first fraction ( r =.92, P Conclusions After daily translational setup corrections, differences between planned and delivered doses in most glands were small relative to the SDs of the dose–saliva data, suggesting that ART is not likely to gain measurable salivary output improvement in most cases. These differences were observed at first treatment, indicating potential benefit for more complex setup corrections or adaptive interventions in the minority of patients with large deviations detected early by CBCT.
Fracture of pressurized cylindrical shells

Abstract Pipeline fracture is analyzed via Lagrangean mechanics. The bursting pipeline is a system with two degrees of freedom. The two equations of motion for the crack are derived and solved for a simplified case. The fluid mechanics of a pressurized pipe during fracture is discussed and the different behavior of liquids and gases is indicated.
Refinement of a Homology Model of the μ-Opioid Receptor Using Distance Constraints from Intrinsic and Engineered Zinc-Binding Sites†

Publication of the rhodopsin X-ray structure has facilitated the development of homology models of other G protein-coupled receptors. However, possible shifts of transmembrane (TM) R helices, expected variations in helical distortions, and differences in loop size necessitate experimental verification of these comparative models. To refine a rhodopsin-based homology model of the I-opioid receptor (MOR), we experimentally determined structural-distance constraints from intrinsic and engineered metal-binding sites in the rat MOR. Investigating the relatively high intrinsic affinity of MOR for Zn 2+ (IC50 30IM), we observed that mutation of His 319 (TM7) abolished Zn 2+ inhibition of ligand binding, while mutation of Asp 216 (extracellular loop 2) decreased the effect of Zn 2+ , suggesting these residues participate in the intrinsic Zn 2+ -binding center of MOR. To verify the relative orientation of TM5 and TM6 and to examine whether a rhodopsin-like R aneurism is present in TM5, we engineered Zn 2+ -binding centers by mutating residues of TM5 and TM6 to Cys or His, making use of the native His 297 in TM6 as an additional Zn 2+ - coordination site. Inhibition of opioid ligand binding by Zn 2+ suggests that residues Ile 234 and Phe 237 in TM5 face the binding-site crevice and form a metal-binding center with His 297 and Val 300 in TM6. This observation is inconsistent with a rhodopsin-like structure, which would locate Ile 234 on the lipid-exposed side of TM5, too distant from other residues making up the Zn 2+ -binding site. Subsequent distance geometry refinement of the MOR model indicates that the rhodopsin-like R aneurism is likely absent in TM2 but present in TM5.
Dependence of Geometric Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Iron Films

Thin iron films produced by vacuum deposition are observed to display a magnetic anisotropy dependent on the geometric location of the evaporating filament. A fiber axis structure is induced during the evaporation. If the direction of incidence of the metallic flux varies from a normal to the substrate this fiber axis tilts in a similar direction. As soon as the fiber axis is no longer normal to the plane of the film, magnetic anisotropy is produced. The variation of the tilt of the fiber axis correlates with and can be shown to account for the geometric dependence of the observed anisotropy. Calculations of the magnetic anisotropy expected in a film with a fiber axis structure and an anisotropic tensile stress in the plane of the film agree with the experimental observations for those films which show only rotational switching. Anisotropies of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ have been observed in iron films about 350 A thick prepared without the use of applied magnetic fields either during deposition or during a subsequent thermal anneal.
The Trucking Sector Optimization Model: A tool for predicting carrier and shipper responses to policies aiming to reduce GHG emissions

In response to the growing Climate Change problem, governments around the world are seeking to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of trucking. The Trucking Sector Optimization (TSO) model is introduced as a tool for studying the decisions that shippers and carriers make throughout time (focusing on investments in Fuel Saving Technologies), and for evaluating their impact on life-cycle GHG emissions. A case study of fuel taxation in California is used to highlight the importance of (1) modeling the trucking sector comprehensively, (2) modeling the dynamics of the stock of vehicles, and (3) modeling different sources of emissions.
Effects of human behavior on aggregate carbon intensity of personal transportation: comparison of 10 OECD countries for the period 1970–1993

Since 1970, carbon emissions from personal transportation have increased in every OECD country. While declines in fuel intensity moderated growth in aggregate carbon measures, behavioral effects, such as modal shifts or declining load factors, substantially offset changes in fuel intensity when measures of carbon intensity are decomposed. In a retrospective analysis of emission trends from 1970 to 1993, the influence of fuel prices and growth in per capita income on increases in fuel consumption, mode- and fuel-switching, and load or occupancy of personal transportation are examined. Analysis of past trends suggest that future policies focusing only on fuel intensity may be insufficient to lead to continuing reductions in total carbon emissions.
A light and electron microscopic investigation of the digestive system of the Ophiuroid ophiuroiderma panamensis (Brittle Star).

The Brittle Star digestive system is composed of buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal and stomach cavities. The buccal and pharyngeal cavities are lined by columnar cells covered by a cuticle, and are apparently concerned with mucous production. Coelomocytes and tall columnar cells are described in the esophagus and stomach epithelia. The columnar cells are adapted for nutrient absorption, enzyme synthesis, and lipid storage. Nerves are found beneath the epithelia within a connective tissue layer. Smooth muscle and coelomic layers lie external to the connective tissue layer. The coelomic layer lines a perivisceral space and has diverse modifications of its perivisceral surface; a pedicle-cuticle modification perhaps having general significance in echinoderms.
Abnormalities of platelet aggregation in sickle cell anemia presence of a plasma factor inhibiting aggregation by ristocetin

Abstract Platelet aggregation in plasma from subjects with sickle cell anemia, not in crisis, was tested using the aggregometer. Aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, or collagen was decreased in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from these subjects. Aggregation induced by ristocetin (1.09 mg/ml final conc.) was absent or was preceded by a lag phase in sickle cell PRP but not in normal PRP. Washed platelets from subjects with sickle cell anemia mixed with normal platelet-poor plasma (PPP) showed normal ristocetin-induced aggregation. Washed normal platelets mixed with sickle cell PPP showed progressive inhibition of ristocetin aggregation with increasing amounts of plasma. Dilution of the sickle cell PPP or increasing the final concentration of ristocetin to 2.4 mg/ml resulted in normal aggregation. Factor VIII antigen levels (196±16% S.E.M.) and factor VIII procoagulant activity (286±82%) were elevated in sickle cell plasma. Fibrinogen levels (239±42 mg%) were normal or slightly decreased; no relationship to aggregation was seen. These results suggest that an abnormally high factor VIII antigen/von Willebrand factor activity ratio is present in sickle cell anemia. It is postulated that inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation by sickle cell plasma is related to competition for available ristocetin.
Decoupled control of a three-phase to three-phase modular multilevel matrix converter

Modular multilevel converters have several features which make them very interesting for high voltage direct current transmission applications. In this paper, an alternative topology of a three-phase to three-phase modular multilevel converter is is analysed and its controller is designed. This topology can be used to interconnect asynchronous AC systems with different amplitudes and frequencies. The resulting converter exhibit similar features than standard modular multilevel converter, featuring almost sinusoidal currents and voltages. The proposed controller can manage bidirectional power flow and independent reactive power at each side of the converter. Simulation results show the performance of the proposed system.
Predictive value of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis

Abstract Background. The widespread use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has led to the overuse of ultrasonography with low diagnostic yield. We conducted this study to investigate the predictive value of clinical features in the diagnosis of DVT and their potential value as clinical guidelines for the use of ultrasonographic testing in the diagnosis of DVT. Methods. The results of lower-extremity duplex ultrasonographic studies and clinical surveys prospectively obtained in 1526 patients suspected of having DVT were analyzed. Results. There were 916 inpatients and 610 outpatients. Acute DVT was found in 16% of the inpatient duplex scans, and in 12% of the outpatient studies (p Conclusions. Clinical symptoms, risk factors, and physical findings are poor predictors of the presence of acute DVT on duplex scan. However, the absence of a combination of objective clinical factors has high predictive value for the absence of acute DVT on duplex scan. These criteria may be used to establish clinical guidelines to reduce the use of duplex scanning for the diagnosis of DVT.
Variation of acephate susceptibility and correlation with esterase and glutathione S-transferase activities in field populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris

Abstract The tarnished plant bug (TPB) has increasingly become an economically important pest of cotton. Heavy dependence on insecticides, particularly organophosphates and pyrethroids, for TPB control facilitated resistance development to multiple classes of insecticides. To better understand resistance and explore ways to monitor resistance in field populations, this study examined acephate susceptibility and the activities of two major detoxification enzymes in nine field populations collected in the Delta region of Mississippi and Arkansas in 2010. Two Arkansas populations from Reed and Backgate had 3.5- and 4.3-fold resistance to acephate, as compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. Extensive planting of cotton and heavy chemical sprays is a major driving force for resistance development to acephate in Mid-south cotton growing areas. Reduced susceptibility to acephate was highly correlated with elevated esterase activities. The acephate-resistant populations from Backgate, Lula, and Reed consistently had higher (up to 5.3-fold) esterase activities than susceptible populations. Regression analysis of LC 50 s with kinetic esterase activities revealed a significant polynomial quadratic relationship with R 2 up to 0.89. Glutathione S -transferase (GST) also had elevated activity in most populations, but the variations of GST activities were not significantly correlated with changes of acephate susceptibility. Finally, examination of esterase and GST inhibitors indicated that suppression rates (up to 70%) by two esterase inhibitors in 2010 were slightly lower than those detected in 2006, and ethacrynic acid (EA) inhibited GST effectively in both years. Two other GST inhibitors (sulfobromophthalein and diethyl maleate) displayed significantly lower suppression rates in 2010 than those detected in 2006, suggesting a potential genetic shift in pest populations and a necessity of continued monitoring for insecticide resistance with both bioassay and biochemical approaches. Results indicated that using major detoxification enzyme activities for resistance monitoring may provide insight into acephate resistance in field populations of TPB.
Uncertainty of temperature measurements by infrared thermography for metal cutting applications

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the uncertainty in the measurement of the peak temperature on the side face of a cutting tool, during the metal cutting process, by infrared thermography. The analysis considers the use of a commercial off-the-shelf camera and optics, typical of what is used in metal cutting research. A physics-based temperature measurement equation is considered and an analytical method is used to propagate the uncertainties associated with measurement variables to determine the overall temperature measurement uncertainty. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to expand on the analytical method by incorporating additional sources of uncertainty such as a point spread function (PSF) of the optics, difference in emissivity of the chip and tool, and motion blur. Further discussion is provided regarding the effect of sub-scenel averaging and magnification on the measured temperature values. It is shown that a typical maximum cutting tool temperature measurement results in an expanded uncertainty of U = 50.1 °C (k = 2). The most significant contributors to this uncertainty are found to be uncertainties in cutting tool emissivity and PSF of the imaging system.
Treating menopause in the 21st century—where do we go from here?

Abstract Introduction : The history of estrogen replacement therapy has changed dramatically during the past 40 years or so. At first it was thought that estrogens represented the fountain of youth but in the 1970s it was shown that unopposed estrogens could result in endometrial cancer. With the utilization of progestins, this particular risk disappeared. In the 1980s and 1990s, numerous observational trials found that estrogens could prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, osteoporosis, colon cancer and even dementia. However, when prospective randomized trials were carried out in the late 1990s and published in the early 21st century, this potential benefit disappeared. And in fact we learned more about the risks of estrogen and breast cancer. When one identifies the major medical risks for not taking estrogen replacement therapy, it appears to be the development of osteoporosis. If a woman desires or requires treatment to prevent or treat osteoporosis there are other medications such as bisphosphonates or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) which are available and they may have a better benefit/risk profile. Treatment of symptoms such as vaginal atrophy can be carried out successfully with the use of vaginal estrogen tablets or a vaginal ring which is associated with minimal systemic absorption. As for the treatment of vasomotor flushes when estrogens are contraindicated one can consider the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Complementary medicines such as phytoestrogens have had disappointing results. Although estrogens have received a lot of negative publicity, health care providers should continue to prescribe them because they do provide a lot of benefit predominantly symptomatic to patients. As long as the patients are fully aware of the risks, then it is reasonable to prescribe them for the appropriate patient.
Robert A. Aronowitz. Unnatural History: Breast Cancer and American Society

“Breast cancer is all around us.” This is how Robert Aronowitz, a medical doctor, opens his timely Unnatural History: Breast Cancer and American Society. We are all familiar with the truism that “one in eight American women” will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime. The pink ribbon has come to symbolize both solidarity and hope. Mammograms and “Self-Breast Examination” have become part of women’s daily routine, if not a spectre haunting their daily lives. Yet the evidence remains contested and the therapeutic promise, the fear and hope associated with this “obstinate” disease as problematic as ever. Unnatural History weaves all these different elements, artifactual and natural, emotional and rational, vital and morbid, in the socio-historical narrative of breast cancer in the American context. In that sense, this is an “unnatural” history, a history of how “fear” and “risk” have been reshaping a disease, which continues to be as elusive as it was two centuries ago.
Patterns of Variation in the Seasonal Dynamics of Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Populations on Golf Course Turf

Abstract Listronotusmaculicollis (Kirby) is a burgeoning pest of Poaannua L. in the northeast United States. To develop an understanding of its spatial and temporal association with golf course landscapes, we described the patterns of variation in certain population parameters across site (Fayetteville and Ithaca, NY), year (2004–2006), and management habitat (fairway, intermediaterough, rough). In weekly surveys along fairway transects, we sampled larvae (identified to instar) by soil core extraction and adults (identified to sex and maturation)by hand collection. Five instars were confirmed based on head capsule width measurements; there was no overlap among instars. Sex ratio was significantly male-skewed on the rough versus the fairway. Insect load, a measure of population size based on cumulative insect-days, varied from 3.0- to 18.5-fold across sites and years and averaged 8.7- and 8.0-fold greater on the fairway than rough for larvae and adults, respectively. Visual assessment of stage-specific pop...
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cytosine arabinoside and metabolites in biological samples.

Abstract A rapid, non-radioactive method to quantitate therapeutically realistic levels of 1-β- D -arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) and its metabolites would be useful both in the clinic, for monitoring drug levels, and in the laboratory for correlating drug levels with cellular and molecular perturbations. Liquid chromatographic analysis of arabinose-nucleoside analogs in biological samples is complicated by the presence of interfering nucleosides and nucleotides. We report the development of two analytic procedures to measure Ara-C and metabolite levels in biological samples. One method uses a quaternary ammonium type anion-exchange resin to achieve isocratic separation in less than one hour. The second method utilizes a boronate-derivatized polyacrylamide column which binds cis-diols to selectively retain cytosine and uridine, while arabinose compounds are eluted with recovery approaching 100%. The eluted compounds are then easily quantitated on a reversed-phase C15 column. The sensitivity of both procedures was sufficient to obtain pharmacokinetic data on Ara-C and uracil-arabinose levels in serum and urine and on Ara-C triphosphate levels in tumor cells.
Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Pain Outcomes Profile

The Pain Outcomes Profile (POP) is a brief, multidimensional measure intended to assess pain intensity, functioning, and affect. It is presented as a practical measure with clinical utility. Results of studies support its concurrent, construct and predictive validity at the scale level. However, there have been no published studies of the measure at the item level. The present study was intended to assess the construct validity of the POP by way of factor analysis. A sample of 447 assessments of patients at a chronic non-cancer pain outpatient treatment center was employed. The 20 substantive items comprising the POP were entered into a factor analysis with oblique rotation. Five salient factors were obtained. Item-inclusion was generally consistent with factor loadings although noteworthy exceptions were observed in the Fear, Mobility and Vitality scales. Recommendations for further study and limitations of the current project are delineated.
Compressive topology identification of interconnected dynamic systems via Clustered Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

In this paper, we consider topology identification of large-scale interconnected dynamical systems. The system topology under study has the structure of a directed graph. Each edge of the directed network graph represents a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter with a possible transport delay. Each node is a summer, whose inputs are the signals from the incoming edges, while the output of the summer is sent to outgoing edges. Edges of the graph can be of different unknown orders and delays. Both the graph topology and the FIR filters and delays that make up the edges are unknown. We aim to do the topology identification from the smallest possible number of node observations when there is limited data available and for this reason, we call this problem Compressive Topology Identification (CTI).
The effect of available carbon and nitrogen in straw on soil and ash aggregation and acetic acid production

Aerobically decomposed straws containing various contents of available C and N were tested for resultant aggregating effect on Mt. St. Helen's ash and Palouse silt loam. Aggregation decreased when straw N content increased in the range 0.25–1.09% w/w. These results suggest that microbial extra-cellular products are very important for stabilizing soils. Microbial production of acetic acid, which can be phytotoxic to wheat plant seedlings, was greatest initially from the 1.09% N w/w straw. After the first three days of aerobic decomposition, acetic acid production was not linked to the straw N content. The potential of barley and wheat straw to serve as a substrate for acetic acid production was greater than that of the remains of the flowering heads (chaff). However, the chaff might pack more tightly than the straw in the field, which would increase effectively its acetic acid concentration over that of the straw.
A Leadership Elective Course Developed and Taught by Graduate Students

Objective. To develop and implement a flexible-credit elective course to empower student pharmacists to develop lifelong leadership skills and provide teaching practice opportunities for graduate s...
Optical Spectra of Phenazine, 5,10-Dihydrophenazine, and the Phenazhydrins

The optical properties of phenazine, 5,10-dihydrophenazine, 1 : 1 phenazhydrin, and 3:1 phenazhydrin have been investigated, and ir, uv, and diffuse reflectance spectra are reported. The ir data indicate that the structures of the phenazhydrins resemble those of the parent compounds. The uv spectrum of 5,10-dihydrophenazine has a λmax at 350 am, which is not in agreement with a previously reported value of 325 nm. Absorption spectra of the reduced phenazine were also obtained via diffuse reflectance and a subtraction technique. Absorption in the visible region which is not present in the solution spectra is observed in the diffuse reflectance spectra of the phenazhydrins. The optical spectra of the four related compounds are collectively presented and discussed.
MAKING COALITIONS WORK: CREATING A VIABLE ENVIRONMENT

Community‐based programming (CBP) is a model that provides a means for organizations such as community and technical colleges to address the critical issues of our time. Coalitions, made up of dive...
Minimally invasive far lateral microendoscopic discectomy for extraforaminal disc herniation at the lumbosacral junction: cadaveric dissection and technical case report.

Abstract Background context Extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations (ELDHs) at the lumbosacral junction are an uncommon cause of L5 radiculopathy. The surgical anatomy of the extraforaminal space at L5–S1 is uniquely challenging for the various open surgical approaches that have been described for ELDHs in general. Reports specifically describing minimally invasive surgical approaches to lumbosacral ELDHs are lacking. Purpose To report the novel use of a far lateral microendoscopic (FLMED) approach to lumbosacral ELDH. To better define the unique anatomical features of extraforaminal approaches to the lumbosacral junction as they apply to minimal access techniques. Study design/setting A cadaveric investigation and clinical case were performed at a single institution. A thorough review of the literature was conducted. Patient sample A single patient with an extraforaminal disc herniation at the lumbosacral junction underwent evaluation and surgery. Outcome measures The patient's self-reported pain levels were documented. Physiologic outcome was judged on pre- and postoperative motor and sensory examinations. Functional capacity was assessed by work status and ability to perform activities of daily living. Methods FLMED was performed in two fresh human cadavers at the lumbosacral junction. Qualitative assessments of the surgical anatomy were made, and intraoperative fluoroscopy and endoscopic photographs were obtained to document the findings. A patient with refractory pain and sensorimotor deficits from compression of the L5 nerve root by an ELDH underwent FLMED. The literature was carefully reviewed for the epidemiology of ELDHs at the lumbosacral junction and the surgical techniques used to treat them. Results The posterolateral surgical corridor to the lumbosacral disc was consistently constrained by the sacral ala and to a lesser extent the lateral facet and L5 transverse process. Resection of the superior ala exposed the exiting nerve root and provided ample access to the disc. In the clinical case, the patient enjoyed immediate pain relief, was discharged in 3 hours, and returned to full work and social activities. Follow-up neurological examination revealed no sensory or motor deficit. Conclusions FLMED offers a safe and efficacious approach to ELDHs at the lumbosacral junction by combining satisfactory visualization for adequate resection of the sacral ala with the benefits of reduced tissue injury and faster recovery times that accompany minimally invasive techniques.
Using process intensification in the actinide processing industry

All industrially significant actinides have hazards associated with their storage and handling. All are radioactive and potentially fissile which limits the amount of material that can be processed in a given unit operation to prevent a criticality accident. To protect workers from the radiation and direct exposure to these toxic elements, processing is done in remote-handling facilities or within engineered barriers like glove boxes. Such facilities are expensive to build, operate, and maintain. Actinides also have high waste handling, storage and disposal costs due to their radioactivity and toxicity. These processing constraints make actinide processing an excellent candidate for process intensification as they are separated from undesirable fission products or purified to usable product. Using specially designed equipment that enhances the mixing and mass transfer or combining several unit operations in single unit are typical of process intensification. Annular centrifugal contactors are an excellent example of applying Taylor-Couette type flow to mix two immiscible fluids and then separating them centrifugally. Hence, two operations are combined in one unit.
Dechlorination of pulp bleaching plant E-1 effluent by ArF* and KrF* excimer laser photolysis: Part 1. Dechlorination of chlorophenols identified in E-1 effluent

Abstract Among the chlorophenols identified in the bleaching plant E-1 effluent, 4,5-chloroguaiacol ( 2 ), 3,4,5,6-tetrachloroguaiacol ( 3 ), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol ( 4 ) and 2,3,4,5-chlorophenol ( 5 ) were selected as model compounds for dechlorination at pH 7 and 10.5 in nitrogen- and oxygen-saturated aqueous solutions at 20 °C by ArF* (193 nm) and KrF* (248 nm) excimer laser photolyses. The ArF* (193 nm) excimer laser photolysis was more effective than the KrF* (248 nm) excimer laser photolysis in dechlorinating 2 – 5 . The dechlorinations of 2 – 5 were determined to be first order reactions; first order with respect to total organically bound chlorine of substrate, first order overall. The efficiency of dechlorination was found to depend on the initial pH of reaction mixture, substituent pattern of 2 – 5 , and the wavelength of excimer laser radiation. The dechlorination rates of chlorinated guaiacols 2 and 3 were faster than the chlorinated phenols 4 and 5 under the same reaction condition while rate of 3 was faster than that of 2 . Furthermore, the dechlorination rate of a substrate increased with increasing initial pH. The dechlorination rates of chlorophenols investigated were almost the same in N 2 - and O 2 -saturated solutions. However, when 2% H 2 O 2 per substrate was added to the initial reaction mixture of 5 in the ArF* (193 nm) excimer laser photolysis, the dechlorination rate increased considerably. Quantum yields ( Φ ) for the generation of chloride ions were determined for the ArF* (193 nm) and KrF* (248 nm) excimer laser photolyses of 2 – 5 in both N 2 - and O 2 -saturated solutions. In general, the quantum yields in O 2 -saturated solutions were slightly higher than the corresponding values in N 2 -saturated solutions and was increased appreciably with addition of 2% H 2 O 2 .