cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skills for the 21st Century Supervisor: What Factory Personnel Think

The study reported here is an attempt to fill a void in research regarding the opinions of people who actually work on the shop floor. In addition to providing historical and modern perspectives on the supervisory profession, its primary contribution is a prioritized set of 30 supervisory skills, synthesized from extant literature in the area of human performance. Factory personnel believe these skills are what are needed for leading and improving employee performance in the complex manufacturing environment of the 21st century. Using Likert-type rating scales to serve as the data collection instrument, subject groups (sorted by employees, supervisors, and managers) representing manufacturing firms in the Waterloo/Cedar Falls, Iowa, metropolitan areas were asked to rate the importance of each of the 30 skills. Three data analyses were conducted: a Pareto analysis to determine which categories and skills were most important, a comparative analysis to measure how the groups differed in their ratings, and a one-way analysis of variance F-test to determine significant differences between the mean ratings of the groups. Where significant differences were discovered, apost hoc test was also conducted to assess pairwise differences. This study was successful in identifying a Taxonomy of Supervisory Skills for improving employee performance. Although the subject groups rated all 30 skills relatively high, six specific skills were found to be most important. In the rating of nine particular skills, significant pairwise differences were discovered.
On the origin of the asthenosphere

Abstract Various models of the origin of the asthenosphere are reviewed based on the latest observations on mineral physics of mechanical properties, melting relationships and the thermal models of the upper mantle. Partial melting likely occurs throughout the upper mantle except for the lithosphere. However, in order to explain the inferred shallow lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) with a large and sharp velocity reduction in the old oceanic mantle by partial melting, a high end of the geotherm and some mechanisms of melt accumulation are required. Purely thermal sub-solidus model of the asthenosphere is inconsistent with the sharp LAB. A sub-solidus model invoking a role of hydrogen content stratification explains the shallow and sharp LAB but it fails to explain a large velocity drop if the absorption band model of anelasticity is assumed. A review of recent literatures shows that grain-size sensitive anelastic relaxation inevitably has two successive processes, high-frequency elastically accommodated grain-boundary sliding followed by low-frequency diffusion-accommodated anelasticity. Anelastic relaxation caused by elastically accommodated grain-boundary sliding leads to a large velocity reduction (~ 5% or more). Assuming a plausible temperature and water content dependence of the peak frequency of this relaxation, it is shown that a substantial velocity reduction occurs at a nearly constant depth (~ 70 km) in the old oceanic region but at the age-dependent depth corresponding to the ~ 1300 K isotherm in the young oceans. This model also provides an explanation for the seismological observations on the cratonic upper mantle including the observed large velocity drop at the mid-lithosphere discontinuity and a small velocity change at the LAB. Implications for seismic anisotropy and for the geochemical characteristics of the asthenosphere are also discussed.
DIVIDED NATION, DIVIDED CHURCH: THE PRESBYTERIAN SCHISM, 1837‐1838

(1992). Divided Nation, Divided Church: The Presbyterian Schism, 1837‐1838. The Historian: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 683-696.
Dexmethylphenidate ExtendeD-Release Capsules in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective: This study compared once-daily dexmethylphenidate extended release (D-MPH-ER) 20 mg/day and placebo over 12 hours in children ages 6 to 12 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a laboratory classroom setting. Method: All of the children were stabilized for ≥2 weeks on a total dose (nearest equivalent) MPH 40 mg/day or immediate-release D-MPH 20 mg/day before screening. After a practice day, they received 6 days of D-MPH-ER 20 mg/day or placebo at home, returning on day 7 for one dose. Subjects were evaluated at predose and postdose hours 0.5, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and then crossed over to the other treatment arm using the identical protocol. The primary efficacy variable was the change from predose in Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham rating scale (SKAMP) combined score from 1 to 12 hours. Secondary efficacy variables included SKAMP combined score at 0.5 hours, SKAMP subscale scores, and math test results over 12 hours. Results: Sixty-eight children were randomized, with 67 completing the study. Onset of action was indicated by a significant difference between D-MPH-ER and placebo at 0.5 hour on the SKAMP combined score ( p = .001). For efficacy measures, differences from placebo were significant at all points between 0.5 and 12 hours ( p p = .013). Conclusions: D-MPH-ER provided sustained improvement in attention, deportment, and academic productivity throughout the 12-hour laboratory day.
Arrhythmic indicators of adverse cardiovascular prognosis-Bridging the gap between myocardial electrical and structural dysfunction.

The association between the development of ventricular arrhythmias and the adverse clinical outcome has been well established, particularly the relationship between spontaneously occurring ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) and sudden arrhythmic death. The earliest reports in the literature were devoted to confirming this relationship, with attention being gradually directed toward evaluation of interventions at preventing arrhythmic death. Some have clearly shown benefit (implantable cardioverterdefibrillator), while others have not been met with similar success (antiarrhythmic medications). More recently, efforts have focused on limiting the occurrence of VT/VF, with the most exciting results arguably being demonstrated through catheter ablation. The approaches and patient selection for such therapies have similarly evolved, with original reports describing mapping and surgical ablation in survivors of myocardial infarction, followed by endocardial catheter ablation in such patients. With establishment of its efficacy in such populations, interest has widened to include its application in those with VT in the context of nonischemic substrates. The implications of such discoveries are clearly apparent: the development of adjunctive therapies for ventricular arrhythmias recalcitrant to more conservative measures, largely for palliative purposes. Recent data further support the use of catheter ablation in individuals with frequent ventricular arrhythmias/ectopy, with the goal of improving associated nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Hence, with advances in knowledge and technology, catheter ablation in select individuals has progressed to the realm of offering not only symptomatic but also prognostic benefit. Spontaneously occurring VT/VF and ventricular dysfunction, well-established predictors of adverse clinical outcome, are often coexisting features in a growing number of patients presenting to the electrophysiology laboratory. This raises the question: Is there further prognostic information that can
Extremely high energy cosmic rays

Abstract The evidence for the existence of cosmic rays with energies in excess of 10 20 eV is now overwhelming. There is so far no indication of the GZK cutoff in the energy spectrum at 5 × 10 19 eV. This conclusion is not firm for lack of statistics. A cutoff would be expected if the sources of the cosmic rays were distributed uniformly throughout the cosmos. The sources of cosmic rays with energy above the GZK cutoff must be at a distance ≤ 100 Mpc, and if they are protons they are very likely to point to these sources. There are no easy explanations how known astrophysical objects can accelerate protons (or atomic nuclei) to these energies. This difficulty has led to speculation that there may be exotic sources such as topological defects which produce these energetic cosmic rays directly along with a copious supply of neutrinos of similar energy. The fluxes of these cosmic rays is very low and large instruments are required to observe them even with modest statistics. One such instrument, the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described. It is designed for all-sky coverage and the construction of its southern site will begin in Argentina in 1999.
Modeling the shock response of silicon carbide, boron carbide and titanium diboride

An advanced constitutive model is used to describe the shock and high strain rate behaviors of silicon carbide, boron carbide, and titanium diboride under impact loading conditions. The model's governing equations utilize a set of microphysically based constitutive relationships to describe the deformation and damage processes of ceramics. The total strain is decomposed into elastic, plastic, and microcracking components. The plastic strain components are calculated using conventional viscoplastic equations. The strain components due to microcracking utilize relationships derived from a penny shaped crack in an infinite elastic solid. The main features of the model include degradation of strength and stiffness under both compressive and tensile loading conditions. When loaded above the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), the strength is limited by the strain rate dependent strength equation. However, below the HEL, the strength variation with respect to strain rate and pressure is modeled through microcracking relationships, assuming no plastic flow. The ceramic model parameters were determined using plate impact experimental data.
Edge‐, bottom‐, and Rossby waves in a rotating stratified fluid

Abstract It is found that in a rotating stratified fluid bounded by a single rigid wall, edge waves may occur at all frequencies less than or equal to N sin a (a is the angle of the wall from the horizontal and N the Brunt‐Vaisala frequency). These decay exponentially away from the boundary, in a distance of O(S) wavelengths, for α = O(1), or O(S ‐1) wavelengths, for αS ≤ O(1), where S is the ratio of N to the Coriolis parameter f, taken for illustration to be large. The phase and energy both move with a component to the left, facing shallow water. The waves could, for example, appear as an internal tide at the continental rise or as baroclinic meandering of currents over a slope. The low‐frequency limit, αS ≪ 1, is studied in detail. To allow for large scales of motion other rigid boundaries and variations in f are included. The edge (actually “bottom") waves then merge with topographic‐planetary waves as the wavelengths increase; the familiar depth‐independent mode is found to be possible in the sea for...
Erratum: Improved three-dimensional image correlation for surface displacement measurement [Optical Engineering 35(7), 1911 2004 (1996)]

This PDF contains the Communications and Errata for Optical Engineering Volume 36, Issue 8.
Wired Warp and Woof: An Ethnographic Study of a Networking Class

This paper describes an ethnographic study of the electronic community formed during an intensive summer school seminar on networking. The seminar, conducted in a mostly electronic environment, was comprised of master′s and doctoral students involved in various fields of study. Ethnographic research techniques facilitated the observation and description of the actions and events of this networked learning community, where events reflect both individual personalities and shared knowledge. This exploration of the cultural meanings of class pedagogical events led to an enhanced understanding of both the nature of the online educational environment and the applicability of ethnographic research techniques to networked communities.
Expanding the donor pool in liver transplantation: Extended criteria donors.

Liver transplantation has emerged as a lifesaving operation for patients fortunate enough to receive a donated organ. Today, the 1-year unadjusted survival rate for a liver transplant recipient is 88.2%. 1 For the 5805 adult liver transplant recipients in 2011 alone, this number represents a remarkable outcome achieved through the efforts of transplant and organ procurement teams as well as research advances in transplant immunology and organ preservation. Although the tremendous benefit for recipients cannot be understated, a shortage of organs remains the most significant hurdle in liver transplantation, as demonstrated by the 2456 wait-list deaths in 2011 and the additional 482 patients who were removed from the wait list because they were too sick to undergo transplantation. 1 Furthermore, this disparity between supply and demand varies with a patient’s geography, and it has been demonstrated to alter practice patterns by the greater reliance on living donor liver transplantation in those areas most affected by the organ shortage. 2,3 With the continual growth of the liver transplant wait list, additional avenues for expansion of the donor pool have been pursued. This has been manifested in a greater reliance on extended criteria donor (ECD) liver allografts with a subsequent demonstration of reduced wait-list mortality through their use. 4,5 The use of ECD allografts is a balance between the benefit to the patient in need of liver transplantation (often in a more expedited fashion) and the higher-than-normal risk associated with each type of ECD liver. This review is focused on the various types of ECD liver allografts (Table 1) with the understanding that the art of matching an ECD donor liver to the appropriate recipient requires experience, careful planning, and judgment and is a topic beyond the scope of this review.
Chemical mass balance analysis of air quality data when unknown pollution sources are present

Abstract Chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis is a standard approach for apportioning observed pollutant concentrations to their various pollution sources. To use CMB analysis, the researcher must assume that all sources affecting the airshed are identifiable, and that the pollution source profile associated with each source can be speciated. We consider the performance of several solutions to the CMB equations for cases in which one or more solutions affecting the airshed are unknown. We demonstrate that the presence of unknown sources in the airshed can lead to substantial (and sometimes surprising) errors when estimating the known source contributions. A simple illustration of the effect of unknown sources on the problem is given and the vulnerability of iterative estimators (such as the effective variance estimator) in the presence of unknown sources is explained. Methods for detecting unknown sources are proposed and evaluated. We propose a test for detecting unknown sources that is based on an intercept term included in the CMB equations. The approaches considered are compared via computer simulation, and with an example using real PM 2.5 data from the San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study. We find that when unknown sources affect the airshed, a modified weighted least squares approach is superior to all other methods (including the effective variance approach).
The equality of REML and ANOVA estimators of variance components in unbalanced normal classification models

For completely balanced normal classification models, it is well known that REML and ANOVA estimators of variance components are equal. This paper extends this result to classes of partially balanced designs.
Single umbilical artery: does it matter which artery is missing?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether the presence of congenital anomalies in fetuses with a single umbilical artery is related to the side of the missing artery. STUDY DESIGN: During an 18-month prospective study, the side of the missing artery was identified in all pregnancies with a single umbilical artery ( n = 77). Targeted sonograms and perinatal follow-up were obtained. RESULTS: The left umbilical artery was absent in 56 of 77 (73%) fetuses, compared with 21 of 77 (27%) for the right artery, p p = 0.561. Complex congenital anomalies occurred in 9 of 20 (45%) fetuses. All complex anomalies had absence of the left artery, p = 0.103. Cytogenetic abnormalities were noted in 6 fetuses, all with absence of the left artery, p = 0.181. In fetuses with a single umbilical artery as an isolated finding, small-for-gestational-age fetuses occurred in 4 of 50 (8%) pregnancies. CONCLUSION: In fetuses with a single umbilical artery the left artery is more commonly absent than the right artery. In our series cytogenetic and complex fetal anomalies occurred exclusively in fetuses with absence of the left artery. In contrast to previous reports, the incidence of small-for-gestational-age fetuses does not appear to be increased in cases of an isolated single umbilical artery.
Simple dynamic equivalent for fast online transient stability assessment

The development of a simple dynamic equivalent of an external area containing a group of coherent generators is presented. The formulation of this equivalent is based on decomposition and aggregation of coherent generators. The dynamic equivalent has a power system structure and is connected to the internal area at a set of common boundary buses which separate the two areas. The dynamic equivalent is developed in two stages. A multigenerator dynamic equivalent is first formed, then extended to a single-generator equivalent. Unlike the conventional coherency-based reduction techniques of forming the dynamic equivalents, the proposed technique does not require measurement data at the original generators of the external area to determine the parameters of the resulting dynamic equivalent. This important feature makes the proposed dynamic equivalent attractive and suitable for online transient stability assessment. With the knowledge of only the passive network model of the external area and the total inertia constant of the generators in this area, the parameters of this equivalent are determinable from a set of measurement data taken solely at the boundary buses. The performance of the equivalent has been evaluated. Test results show outstanding quality of the proposed equivalent.
Preparing primary teachers in the United States: balancing selection and preparation

The recent movement in the United States toward common (national) mathematics standards brings to the fore issues of implementation which includes how teachers are prepared to teach. The Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M) provide an international context for an in depth analysis of the US primary future teachers’ TEDS-M results. The US education system is decentralized with many aspects controlled by the states and many other aspects controlled by over 16,000 local school districts. Consequently, there is great variation in what secondary mathematics individuals have had before entering teacher preparation. In addition, as certification is a state regulation, teacher preparation programs also differ in what is provided to prospective teachers. Analyses reveal significant relationship between both of these to the mathematics content knowledge and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge of US future primary teachers. A two-stage hierarchical model is used to explore the relative contribution of these two factors.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) review of evidence in phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (phenylketonuria) and recommendations/guidelines for therapy from the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and Genetics Metabolic Dietitians International (GMDI)

Article history: Received 16 March 2014 Received in revised form 18 March 2014 Accepted 18 March 2014 Available online 25 March 2014 and other neuro-psychologic and cognitive outcomes, and new pharmacological treatments for PKU were developed. To explore these new issues, an NIH State-of-the-Science Conference was convened in 2012. The two-day conference involved approximately 60 outside invited experts including professionals in the field of inborn errors of metabolism and representatives of patients and families, in addition to professional staff of the Department of Health and Human Services. This conference was just one part of a process that began with NIH
Experiments on the Velocity Field Around a Low Aspect Ratio Wing at Low Reynolds Numbers

The flow structure around a low aspect ratio wing at low Reynolds numbers and a fixed angle of attack of 20° is discussed using flow visualization as well as Three-Component Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (3C TR PIV). Mean quantities and statistical measurements of velocity were obtained and used to describe the average and transient characteristics of the flow field. Effects of spanwise variation from centerline to wingtip and Reynolds number variation from 1.3×104 to 6.6×104 are discussed. The role of the wing tip vortices is observed to be large in a low aspect ratio wing. The transfer of momentum via Reynolds shear stresses is shown in the leading edge region. Normalized spanwise shear stresses associated with the wing tip vortices are observed to increase with increasing Reynolds number.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Material transfer during machining of aluminum alloys with polycrystalline diamond cutting tools

Abstract An analysis of a polycrystalline diamond (PCD)-tipped tool after drilling 40,000 holes in aluminum (Al) 319 alloy under fully lubricated conditions is reported. It is found that aluminum adheres to the PCD tip surface during the machining process under lubricated condition. The aluminum transferring leads to poor surface finishing. Surface morphology analysis and element mapping suggests that the cobalt (Co) binder in the PCD tips is responsible for the adhesion of aluminum to the PCD surface, due to the chemical affinity between aluminum and cobalt. Approaches to prevent the adhesion of aluminum to the tool are discussed.
The in vivo regulation of the progesterone “receptor” in Guinea pig uterus: Dependence on estrogen and progesterone

Abstract An assay for quantifying the high affinity progesterone binding protein in guinea pig uterine cytosol was developed using Florisil to separate bound and free steroid. The activity of the progesterone binding protein increased between 4–12 hours following estrogen administration and by 4 days of treatment was 10-fold higher than castrate controls. When estrogen administration was discontinued the progesterone binding activity declined slowly with a half-life of 3 days. By contrast, progesterone treatment caused a rapid decline of binding activity within 3 hours. These studies suggest that the antagonistic actions of estrogen and progesterone determine the quantity of available progesterone binding sites in guinea pig uterine cytosol.
The immunosuppressive side of PDT

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising novel therapeutic procedure for the management of a variety of solid tumors and many non-malignant diseases. PDT has been described as having a significant effect on the immune system, which may be either immunostimulatory or, in some circumstances, immunosuppressive. The immunosuppressive effects of PDT have nearly all been concerned with the suppression of the contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice. Here, we review the immunosuppressive aspects of PDT treatment and discuss some additional mechanisms that may be involved.
The mathematics of non-monotonic reasoning

Abstract Part I of this memo discusses minimal entailment and minimal completion suggested by McCarthy (now included in his more general notion of circumscription) and Part II discusses the “non-monotonic logic” of McDermott and Doyle. McCarthy attempts to capture an idea inherent in Occam's razor: only those objects should be assumed to exist which are minimally required by the context. McDermott and Doyle approach the problem by discussing provability as a modality.
Time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions: A nonperturbative theory

We describe a quantum mechanical framework for the calculation of angle- and energy-resolved photoelectron flux in pump probe scenarios. The theory spans the limits of weak-to-strong field-matter interaction range and the ladder of transitions to all angular momentum states. It allows insight into the type of information that can be extracted from time-resolved photoelectron distributions with regard to the wavepacket dynamics in the probed manifold. In the strong pump case it suggests the possibility of gaining insight also regarding the ionization dynamics, complementary to that extracted from weak-field CW studies. Various limits and several averaged observables are discussed and an efficient computational method is suggested.
Studies on the leukocytosis and lymphocytosis induced by Bordetella pertussis. II. The effect of pertussis vaccine on the thoracic duct lymph and lymphocytes of mice.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from normal mice and mice undergoing pertussis-induced lymphocytosis. After labeling in vitro with tritiated uridine the cells were transfused into normal or pertussis-treated mice. It was found that the lymphocytes from pertussis-treated mice entered the lymph nodes of both normal mice and pertussis-treated mice to a significantly lesser extent than did normal lymphocytes which had been transfused into either class of recipient. In addition, an interdependence of changes in the various body compartments examined was found when normal lymphocytes were injected into either type of recipient. However, when pertussis lymphocytes were injected into normal mice there was no interrelationship between the changes in the node with those in the blood, liver, lung, or spleen. In the case of pertussis lymphocytes transfused into pertussis-treated mice no interrelationship between any two compartments was observed. It was concluded that in pertussis-treated mice there is an inhibition of lymphocyte emigration which is primarily the consequence of an effect on the cell.
Job turnover among MIS professionals: an exploratory study of employee turnover

The paper addresses the issue of IT worker turnover. It reports on a survey IT workers who graduated over the past decade (1990-1999) from Saint Louis University. Research questions target IT worker demographics, such as age and gender and job satisfaction, salary, job tasks, and opportunity factors for both prior and current employment. Results included ranking of different factors comprising job satisfaction (satisfaction with financial compensation was high and with fringe benefits was low), observation of significant differences between several satisfaction measures but no task measures between prior and current job, and observation of few correlations between specific tasks performed and salary levels.
Some empirical evidence on commodity arbitrage and the law of one price

Abstract This paper draws three conclusions from a regression study of disaggregated commodity arbitrage between the U.S. and Canada: (1) Inability to detect commodity arbitrage characterizes a majority of commodity classes, which can potentially be described as nontradeables. (2) Commodity arbitrage is never perfect. (3) When commodity arbitrage is detected, Canadian prices invariably respond as much or more to the exchange rate as they do to U.S. prices.
Computing in the Statistics Curricula

The nature of statistics is changing significantly with many opportunities to broaden the discipline and its impact on science and policy. To realize this potential, our curricula and educational culture must change. While there are opportunities for significant change in many dimensions, we focus more narrowly on computing and call for computing concepts to be integrated into the statistics curricula at all levels. Computational literacy and programming are as fundamental to statistical practice and research as mathematics. We advocate that our field needs to define statistical computing more broadly to include advancements in modern computing, beyond traditional numerical algorithms. Information technologies are increasingly important and should be added to the curriculum, as should the ability to reason about computational resources, work with large datasets, and perform computationally intensive tasks. We present an approach to teaching these topics in combination with scientific problems and modern s...
Toward Needed Reforms in Science Teacher Education

(2005). Toward Needed Reforms in Science Teacher Education. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 89-93.
r- and K-Strategists in Endemic Host-Parasitoid Communities

Pianka (1970), Gadgil and Solbrig (1972), and others have thoroughly reviewed and analyzed the concept of r- and K-selection as proposed by MacArthur and Wilson (1967). Pianka listed some of the attributes characteristic of r- and K-strategists. To mention the most important, r-strategists often exist in unpredictable environments, have high capacities for population increase (high r values), and are poor competitors, whereas K-strategists exist in fairly constant environments, have relatively low capacities for population increase, and are good competitors. Pianka also categorized vertebrates as being relatively K-selected and most of the insects and other terrestrial invertebrates as being relatively r-selected. Other workers (e.g., Gadgil and Bossert 1970) suggested that r-strategists exist in environments where resources are readily available, K-strategists in environments where they are not. Still others (e.g., King and Anderson 1971) considered the genetic aspects of r- and K-selection in relation to constant and variable environments.
Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Domestic Homicide

Objective. —A study of 222 intraracial domestic homicides in Atlanta, Ga, found that when black and white populations were unstratified, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 8.0); when black and white populations were stratified by rates of household crowding, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was no longer significantly elevated (relative risk [RR], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0). The current study sought to replicate, or not replicate, these findings in New Orleans, La. Methods. —Retrospective study of 349 intraracial domestic homicides perpetrated against residents of Orleans Parish in 1979, 1982, 1985, and 1986. Main Outcome Measure. —Relative risk of homicide in the black and white populations of New Orleans when they are stratified by rates of household crowding. Results. —When black and white populations of New Orleans were unstratified, the relative risk of intraracial domestic homicide in black populations was 6.3 (95% CI, 4.3 to 9.5). When black and white populations were stratified by rates of household crowding, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was no longer significantly elevated (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4 to 2.9). Conclusion. —The findings of the Atlanta homicide study are replicated in the current study of homicide in New Orleans. In both cities, sixfold differences in black and white rates of intraracial domestic homicide are entirely accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status between the respective black and white populations. There are no significant residual differences requiring cultural explanations. ( JAMA . 1995;273:1755-1758)
Midterm Clinical Outcomes for Arthroscopic Subdeltoid Transfer of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon to the Conjoint Tendon

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the midterm functional outcomes for arthroscopic subdeltoid transfer of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) to the conjoint tendon. Methods Fifty-six shoulders in 54 patients (46 men, 8 women; mean age, 42 years) who underwent isolated arthroscopic subdeltoid LHBT transfer to the conjoint tendon by a single surgeon with a minimum of 4 years follow-up were evaluated with American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and L'Insalata scores. A subset of patients was available for physical examination. Results At an average of 6.4 years postoperatively, ASES and L'Insalata scores were 86 and 85, respectively, corresponding to 88% of patients rated good to excellent. Twelve shoulders (10 from men patients, 2 from women patients; mean age 41 years; average follow-up, 6.3 years) underwent physical examination. Mean University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score was 31, and there were no significant differences in side-to-side elbow flexion strength or endurance using a 10-pound weight. One patient had a Popeye sign. There were no major complications reported in this cohort. Conclusions Arthroscopic transfer of the LHBT to the conjoint tendon is a safe and durable intervention for chronic refractory biceps tendinitis. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Ultrastructure of the peripheral zone of a Glugea-induced xenoma

The Glugea stephani-induced xenoma in the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is a large spherical host-parasite complex, up to 4.0 mm in diameter, with the host and parasite components of the xenoma being most active in the peripheral zone. The xenoma has an extensive periodic acid-silver methenamine-positive surface coat covering the plasma membrane. The surface of this membrane is amplified by the presence of numerous folds and fine tubular extensions. The peripheral zone of the xenoma contains many host-cell mitochondria in addition to numerous microsporidan parasites. At the ultrastructural level, the peripheral zone of the host-cell cytoplasm appears normal. Inside the peripheral region of the 0.4-1.0 mm xenoma, the host-cell component largely disintegrates in the presence of microsporidan parasites undergoing sporogenesis.
Rural America and the Grants Economy

Agriculture's Perplexity: Market and Merit EVEN cursory acquaintance with rural life will reveal that a substantial part of its economic contacts with the rest of the world do not go through the exchange process. The image of the rugged individualist farmer is often complemented with and superseded by his alter ego who, either benevolently or under duress, will share with other people. Flashes from history could provide a variety of institutional alternatives. It is not unlikely that unilateral transfers, i.e., grants, preceded exchange transactions. The primitive family could produce at first only enough for subsistence, but with the invention of agriculture production exceeded the bare minimum of life. As soon as some authority got around to taking the surplus away from the cultivator, civilization began. "Urban civilization ... in its classical phase was based on agriculture and exploitation [i.e., coerced grants]. The farmer grows more than he needs to feed himself; the surplus is taken from him and feeds armies, artisans, priests, and kings. The agricultural surplus is transmuted into art and literature, Parthenons and cathedrals" [6, p. 48]. Evidently at some point in the process exchange appeared, although the terms of trade usually favored the stronger party; i.e., the transaction entailed elements of exchange and elements of tribute. Such remained the dominant social characteristic through the feudal age, both in the king-versus-squire and the squire-versus-serf relationships. In modern times institutionalized transfers have provided the "big push" toward economic development, as illustrated by the enclosure movement in 18th century England and collectivization in the 20th century Soviet Union. Equally, contemporary land reform movements mix exchanges and grants in the hope of creating an optimal inducement mechanism. A recent case study of the exchange-grant controversy is the European Common Market, where
The Skyrme Model with Pion Masses

Abstract We study the SU(2) × SU(2) Skyrme model with an explicit chiral breaking term. The new quantities that we evaluate are the pion-nucleon sigma term and the isovector charge radii, whose values come out in reasonable agreement with experiment. The other static properties of nucleons differ by a few percent from the corresponding values in the chiral limit.
Development of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines but not cannabinoids in the hippocampal neuronal culture model of status epilepticus.

Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological disorder associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. Benzodiazepines are the initial drugs of choice for the treatment of SE. Despite aggressive treatment, over 40% of SE cases are refractory to the initial treatment with two or more medications. It would be a major advance in the clinical management of SE to identify novel anticonvulsant agents that do not lose their ability to treat SE with increasing seizure duration. Cannabinoids have recently been demonstrated to regulate seizure activity in brain. However, it remains to be seen whether they develop pharmacoresistance upon prolonged SE. In this study, we used low Mg2+ to induce SE in hippocampal neuronal cultures and in agreement with animal models and human SE confirm the development of resistance to benzodiazepine with increasing durations of SE. Thus, lorazepam (1 μM) was effective in blocking low Mg2+ induced high-frequency spiking for up to 30 min into SE. However, by 1 h and 2 h of SE onset it was only 10–15% effective in suppressing SE. In contrast, the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2 (1 μM) in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner completely abolished SE at all the time points tested even out to 2 h after SE onset, a condition where resistance developed to lorazepam. Thus, the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of SE may offer a unique approach to controlling SE without the development of pharmacoresistance observed with conventional treatments.
Optical turbulence: weak turbulence, condensates and collapsing filaments in the nonlinear Schro¨dinger equation

The nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation iΨt + ∇2Ψ + α⋎Ψ⋎sΨ = 0 is a canonical and universal equation which is of major importance in continuum mechanics, plasma physics and optics. This paper argues that much of the observed solution behavior in the critical case sd = 4, where d is dimension and s is the order of nonlinearity, can be understood in terms of a combination of weak turbulence theory and condensate and collapse formation. The results are derived in the broad context of a class of Hamiltonian systems of which NLS is a member, so that the reader can gain a perspective on the ingredients important for the realization of the various equilibrium spectra, thermodynamic, pure Kolmogorov and combinations thereof. We also present time-dependent, self-similar solutions which describe the relaxation of the system towards these equilibrium states. We show that the number of particles lost in an individual collapse event is virtually independent of damping. Our numerical simulation of the full governing equations is the first to show the validity of the weak turbulence approximation. We also present a mechanism for intermittency which should have widespread application. It is caused by strongly nonlinear collapse events which are nucleated by a flow of particles towards the origin in wavenumber space. These highly organized events result in a cascade of particle number towards high wavenumbers and give rise to an intermittency and a behavior which violates many of the usual Kolmogorov assumptions about the loss of statistical information and the statistical independence of large and small scales. We discuss the relevance of these ideas to hydrodynamic turbulence in the conclusion.
"Vanishing" pulmonary valve stenosis

Objective: Both spontaneous resolution and progression of mild pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) have been reported. We reviewed characteristics of the pulmonary valve (PV) to determine factors that could influence resolution of mild PS. Methods: Fifteen asymptomatic pediatric patients with spontaneous resolution of isolated mild PS were retrospectively reviewed. Results: There was no correlation between the PV gradient, clinical presentation, age at diagnosis, or PV morphology. The PV annulus was small at initial presentation, which normalized at follow up. When corrected for the body surface area (z-score), the PV annulus was normal in all patients, including at initial evaluation. Conclusions: Based on our observation, neither age at diagnosis, nor PV-morphology-influenced resolution of mild PS. The variable clinical presentation makes it difficult to categorize and observe mild PS by auscultation alone. The PV annulus z-score could be a useful adjunct to determine the course and serial observation of mild PS.
Conduct disorder with and without mania in a referred sample of ADHD children

Objective: To test the hypothesis that dysphoric and non-dysphoric types of CD could be distinguished from one another in their patterns of familiality, adversity, and comorbidity. Methods: We examined 140 ADHD and 120 normal controls at baseline and 4 years later using assessments from multiple domains. We compared ADHD subgroups with and without conduct (CD) and bipolar (BPD) disorders on psychiatric outcomes at a 4-year follow-up, familial psychopathology and psychosocial functioning. Results: We found that ADHD children with both disorders had higher familial and personal risk for mood disorders than those with CD only, who had a higher personal risk for antisocial personality disorder. Among ADHD probands, having both CD and BPD was associated with poorer functioning and an increased risk for psychiatric hospitalization. Discussion: Although preliminary, our findings suggest that the distinction between dysphoric and non-dysphoric CD may be clinically meaningful. If confirmed, our findings could have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications for the management of antisocial youth.
STEROID SYNTHESIS BY HUMAN FETAL ADRENALS AND OVARIES MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE.

SummaryAdrenal tissue from an 11-week-old human fetus, maintained in organ culture for 4 to 8 days, converted 7-3H-progesterone to cortisol. Steroid synthesis from endogenous precursors, both with and without added ACTH in the culture medium, could not be demonstrated. The definitive cortex of the adrenal was histologically well maintained for 8 days in culture, while the fetal zone showed evidence of extensive degeneration. Fetal ovarian tissue under the same in vitro conditions, formed 7-3H-20α-hydroxy-Δ4-pregnene-3-one. The results demonstrate the capacity for steroid synthesis by adrenal and ovarian tissue from a human fetus maintained in organ culture.Addendum. While this report has been "in press," Stark et al(10) reported the synthesis of corticosteroids, including cortisol, by adrenal glands from human fetuses, 18–36 cm body length, maintained in organ culture for 25 days or less. Corticosteroid synthesis was maximal during the 3rd to 8th day of culture, and was stimulated by ACTH.
Systematic desensitization and relaxation as adjuncts in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a preliminary study.

This preliminary work assessed the effectiveness of systematic desensitization and relaxation training as adjuncts in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. All subjects (18 female anorexics) received behavioral contracting and supportive psychotherapy from the same psychiatrist. Seven were randomly assigned to receive either desensitization (n = 4) or relaxation training (n = 3) as an adjunctive treatment. Data on the 11 subjects without adjunctive treatment came from closed case files. Contrary to prediction, all significant differences in outcome favored use of relaxation. Relaxation was associated with higher self-esteem and less fear of fat than desensitization was at the 6-mo. follow-up and relaxation was associated with much better outcome at 18 mo. than were desensitization or no adjunctive treatment. Anorexia appears to differ from classical phobias in two ways, which may explain the unexpected effectiveness of relaxation training.
Neutron and X-ray diffraction structural analysis of phosphatidylinositol bilayers

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) bilayers, squeezed together by applied osmotic pressures, were studied by both neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The lamellar repeat period for PI bilayers decreased from 9.5 nm at an applied pressure of 1.1.10(6) dyn/cm2 (1.1 atm) to 5.4 nm at an applied pressure of 1.6.10(7) dyn/cm2 (16 atm). Further increases in applied pressure, up to 2.7.10(9) dyn/cm2 (2700 atm) reduced the repeat period by only about 0.3 nm, to 5.1 nm. Thus, a plot of applied pressure versus repeat period shows a sharp upward break for repeat periods less than about 5.4 nm. For repeat periods of less than 5.4 nm, analysis of neutron-scattering density profiles and electron-density profiles indicates that the structure of the PI bilayers changes as the bilayers are dehydrated, even though there are only small changes in the repeat period. These structural changes are most likely due to removal of water from the headgroup regions of the bilayer. D2O/H2O exchange experiments show that, at an applied pressure of 2.8.10(7) dyn/cm2, water is located between adjacent PI headgroups in the plane of the bilayer. We conclude that, although electrostatics provide the dominant long-range repulsive interaction, hydration repulsion and steric hindrance between PI headgroups from apposing bilayers provide the major barriers for the close approach of adjacent PI bilayers for repeat periods less than 5.4 nm. This structural analysis also indicates that the phosphoinositol group extends from the plane of the bilayer into the fluid space between adjacent bilayers. This extended orientation for the headgroup is consistent with electrophoretic measurements on PI vesicles.
Gel-spun carbon nanotubes/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers. Part II: Stabilization reaction kinetics and effect of gas environment

Abstract Gel-spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and carbon nanotube (CNT) composite fibers have been stabilized using various processing conditions to study the kinetics of stabilization reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis studies suggest that individual stabilization reactions can be separated at different stabilization stages when inert and oxidative environments are used in sequence. Among various stabilization reactions, it was found that the cross-linking has the highest activation energy, followed by cyclization and oxidation. The oxidation preferentially occurs with the cyclized structure and the shrinkage during stabilization is affected by the gaseous environment. The addition of CNTs reduces both entropic and reaction shrinkages, and improves the maximum tension that a fiber can bear during stabilization in both inert and oxidative environments.