cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-process control of surface roughness due to tool wear using a new ultrasonic system

This paper presents in-process monitoring and control of surface roughness during machining processes via ultrasonic sensing. A newly developed system is utilized to measure the reflected intensity of ultrasonic beams from the surface and in-process measurement capability is evaluated under machine vibration and tool wear. The experimental results show that the system is able to detect the changes in surface roughness caused by tool wear and can possibly be used to monitor tool wear. Finally, in-process control of surface roughness using the ultrasonic system is demonstrated by adapting the system to a CNC machining center and performing geometric adaptive control. The results show it is possible to maintain surface roughness within 10% of the target value for tool wear up to 0.3 mm.
Persistent secondary hyperalgesia after gastrocnemius incision in the rat

Secondary hyperalgesia, an exaggerated response to stimuli applied to undamaged tissue surrounding an injury, is a common consequence of tissue injury and inflammation. It is well established that the etiology of secondary hyperalgesia is sensitization of central neurons but the exact mechanism and its role in certain clinical pain states is unclear. In the present experiments, we studied responses to punctate and non-punctate mechanical stimuli and to heat applied to the plantar aspect of the hindpaw remote to an incision in the gastrocnemius region of the rat hindlimb. Median withdrawal thresholds to von Frey filaments were reduced 2h after incision of skin, fascia and muscle (gastrocnemius incision, n = 9) and remained reduced through postoperative day 6 (p 0.05 vs sham, n = 9 each group). Reduced withdrawal thresholds were blocked by i.t. administration of morphine and by local anesthetic injection at the test site 2h and 2 days after gastrocnemius incision. These pharmacological data provide evidence that reduced withdrawal thresholds after gastrocnemius incision are nociceptive behaviors indicating persistent secondary hyperalgesia. Because the behaviors have a similar time course to secondary hyperalgesia in postoperative patients, the model will be useful to evaluate the mechanisms for secondary mechanical hyperalgesia after incision, its pharmacological characteristics and its potential role in persistent postoperative pain.
Generalized actions in Zp lattice gauge theory

Abstract In Zp lattice gauge theory we generalize the Wilson action to include all group representations. We review the implications of duality for these models. With Monte Carlo methods, we find a rich phase structure for the cases p = 4 and 5.
Criteria for evaluating protection from single points of failure for partially expanded fault trees

Abstract Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a technique that describes the combinations of events in a system which result in an undesirable outcome. FTA is used as a tool to quantitatively assess a system's probability for an undesirable outcome. Time constraints from concept to production in modern engineering often limit the opportunity for a thorough statistical analysis of a system. Furthermore, when undesirable outcomes are considered such as hazard to human(s), it becomes difficult to identify strict statistical targets for what is acceptable. Consequently, when hazard to human(s) is concerned a common design target is to protect the system from single points of failure (SPOF) which means that no failure mode caused by a single event, concern, or error has a critical consequence on the system. Such a design target is common with “by-wire” systems. FTA can be used to verify if a system is protected from SPOF. In this paper, sufficient criteria for evaluating protection from SPOF for partially expanded fault trees are proposed along with proof. The proposed criteria consider potential interactions between the lowest drawn events of a partial fault tree expansion which otherwise easily leads to an overly optimistic analysis of protection from SPOF. The analysis is limited to fault trees that are coherent and static.
Experimental strategies for the estimation of optimum operating conditions in simulation studies

An integral component of many simulation studies is the experimental strategy used in generating observations on the variables of interest and the statistical analysis of the resulting data. This research focuses on digital simulation experiments where the decision and response variables are continuous. Of particular interest is the application of the statistical and mathematical procedures that constitute response surface methodology (RSM) in a simulation environment. These techniques address two common goals of simulation studies: (1) the estimation of system response and (2) the determination of optimum operating conditions.In a typical RSM study the optimum subregion of the factor space is unknown and the initial objective is its determination. The investigation generally begins in a region remote from the optimum one, and through a series of sequential experiments, proceeds systematically toward the region of optimum response. In the initial experiments, the first-order model can often provide an adequate estimate of the true response and is used to identify subsequent regions for exploration. The use of first-order models in this manner continues until either the model fails to adequately explain the response or the optimum region is tentatively identified. Both situations suggest the presence of curvature in the response surface and, for this reason, a higher order graduating function is employed in the exploration of subsequent subregions. The second-order poly-nomial model is generally the function used at this stage because of its mathematical tractability. Once the optimum region is located, this model serves as a tool for estimating the optimum factor settings and examining the sensitivity of the system.
Symmetries and invariants of the oscillator and envelope equations with time-dependent frequency

The single-particle dynamics in a time-dependent focusing field is examined. The existence of the Courant-Snyder invariant, a fundamental concept in accelerator physics, is fundamentally a result of the corresponding symmetry admitted by the harmonic oscillator equation with linear time-dependent frequency. It is demonstrated that the Lie algebra of the symmetry group for the oscillator equation with time-dependent frequency is eight dimensional, and is composed of four independent subalgebras. A detailed analysis of the admitted symmetries reveals a deeper connection between the nonlinear envelope equation and the oscillator equation. A general theorem regarding the symmetries and invariants of the envelope equation, which includes the existence of the Courant-Snyder invariant as a special case, is demonstrated. As an application to accelerator physics, the symmetries of the envelope equation enable a fast numerical algorithm for finding matched solutions without using the conventional iterative Newton's method, where the envelope equation needs to be numerically integrated once for every iteration, and the Jacobi matrix needs to be calculated for the envelope perturbation.
Linear stability of a self-gravitating ring

Stability of a self-gravitating ring about a central body is considered. The purpose is to derive a bound on the mass of the ring in order that the system will be linearly stable. Our bound will, in some cases, be the best possible bound. The bound is also expanded as an asymptotic series. Comparisons of our result are made with respect to previous analyses performed by Tisserand, Pendse and Willerding.
GABAergic Mechanisms of Gastroprotection in the Rat: Role of Sensory Neurons, Prostaglandins, and Nitric Oxide

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter found in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems including the gastrointestinal tract. The aims of the present studies were to examine mechanisms by which GABA exerts gastroprotective effects against ethanol- and water-restraint stress (WRS)–induced gastric mucosal injury in the rat. GABA, administered intragastrically (400 mg/kg), induced gastroprotection against ethanol and WRS by activating gastric sensory neurons to release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and promote nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and release. Furthermore, these protective effects of GABA were associated with an increase in gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) that was dependent on sensory neuron and NO systems. GABA-mediated protection involved GABAA receptor activation and prostaglandin generation. In conclusion, intraluminal GABA protects the stomach against ethanol- and WRS-induced injury by mechanisms which involve sensory neuron/CGRP/NO pathways and increases in GMBF and prostaglandin generation.
Behavioral treatment of headaches: extending the reach.

Behavioral treatments (predominantly biofeedback, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral) have been utilized in headache management for many decades. Although effective, they have not been as widely implemented as desired, chiefly due to their time-intensive nature, special therapist qualifications, and patient costs. This paper focuses on ways to make these treatments more affordable and more readily accessible to patients. Various alternative delivery models have been explored. This paper reviews progress to date on three such approaches for treating recurrent headaches in adults—prudent limited office contact, Internet delivery, and mass media approaches. Clinical outcomes, advantages, and disadvantages of these approaches are reviewed in brief.
Solubility of BaO in BaTiO3

The solubility and mode of incorporation for BaO in BaTiO3 were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and equilibrium electrical conductivity measurements. The presence of barium orthotitanate, Ba2TiO4, as a second phase for samples containing >0.1 mol% excess BaO was confirmed by direct microscopic examination. There was no evidence to support the incorporation of excess BaO into BaTiO3 by a Ruddlesden-Popper type of superlattice ordering mechanism. Measurement of the equilibrium electrical conductivity showed no detectable shift in the conductivity profile resulting from excess BaO, thus setting an upper limit of 100 ppm for the solubility of BaO in BaTiO3.
Effects of Deficiency and Excess of Thyroid Hormone on the Distribution of Fatty Acids in Lipids of the Rat

Administration of excessive Lthyroxine to intact rats promoted increases in the hepatic concentrations of all fatty acids, largely through increases in the concentrations of phosphatides and free fatty acids; however, the increases of palmitate and oleate were disproportionately great. In plasma, the proportions of stearate and arachidonate increased, while the proportions of oleate and linoleate decreased. No effect on the composition of epididymal fat was observed. In the hypophysectomized rat, excessive L-thyroxine promoted increases in the hepatic concentrations of stearate and arachidonate, as in the intact rat, but the hepatic concentrations of oleate and linoleate decreased. Hypothyroid (thyroidectomized) rats had greater than normal concentrations of fatty acids of intermediate molecular weight in liver, although the hepatic concentration of total fatty acids remained approximately normal. These fatty acids of intermediate molecular weight were evident in the triglycerides, phosphatides, steryl es...
Physiological effects of red phosphorus smoke inhalation on prairie dogs and rock doves

Pulmonary function, blood chemistry, and hematology studies were conducted with prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and rock doves (Columba livia) under resting conditions to assess environmental risk of exposing wildlife species to multiple applications of red phosphorus/butyl rubber smoke (0.0, 1.0, and 4.0 mg/L). Four daily 80-min smoke exposures had no significant physiological effect on prairie dogs. However, with rock doves, two daily 80-min smoke exposures resulted in elevated respiratory frequency in two males followed by death, a significant concentration × day effect on carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, metabolic rate, lymphocytes, and heterophiles, and a significant sex × concentration effect on hemoglobin and methemoglobin. Although results showed that rock doves are more vulnerable to red phosphorus/butyl rubber smoke than prairie dogs, it appears that exposure to the smoke is unlikely to pose a significant risk to either species under field conditions.
Parametric Study to Optimize Air/Fuel Mixing for Lean, Premix Combustion Systems

New designs of gas turbine combustors for power generation applications have to meet ever-tightening emission standards (mainly NOx, CO and UHC) while operating at high combustor pressures. This requires a detailed understanding of the physical processes involved. The air-fuel mixture preparation is a critical step in most advanced gas turbine combustion strategies to achieve lower emissions. It has long been established that the level of unmixedness between the fuel and air is strongly tied with NOx levels. The present paper applies the statistical technique of Design Of Experiments (DOE) to a generic mixer set-up that includes an axial swirler, with fuel injected at discrete locations and transverse to the flow. The objective is to identify influential design and operating parameters that will provide rapid and enhanced mixing. The parameters tested include Swirl strength as measured by the Swirl number, Swirl type (Constant angle vs. Free vortex), number and momentum of fuel injection sites and gas temperature. Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence of acetone (PLIF) was used to quantify mixing at various planar locations in the mixing section. Commercial CFD software is used to model the flow field and predict the spatial mixing at selected conditions. Comparisons are made with experimental measurements with the aim to validate the CFD code and also on comparing the model results with the measurements.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Programming studio: advances and lessons learned

In [1] we previously described an innovative approach to teaching programming fundamentals to undergraduate students in a course called Programming Studio. This required program is designed to be given shortly after CS2. We teach topics such as high quality code design, proper problem de-composition and methods of code documentation, as well as practical subjects such as correct usage of various types of version control and a variety of programming languages that are not usually introduced in other CS courses. Here we build on what was previously written with the new methods of assessment, types of assignments, and the lessons learned from expanding the course from less than 75 students to nearly 150 students.
Social composition of destination territories and matrix habitat affect red-cockaded woodpecker dispersal†

We studied the influence of matrix habitats and destination territory social composition on dispersal choices made by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). We compared matrix habitats and social conditions for 165 dispersals documented between 1995 and 2005 with similarly distanced destinations that went unselected. We modeled data with discrete choice analysis methods, and ranked models using a model selection approach. Model-averaged parameters indicated that juvenile female, and juvenile and helper male red-cockaded woodpeckers dispersed across matrix forests with characteristics similar to those used for breeding. Models differed for sex and social classes, but results generally indicated that birds chose not to transit forests with greater densities of hardwood trees and young pines, and that dispersal was more likely to occur across forests with more large diameter pine trees. Dispersers of both sexes also chose destinations without non-breeding helpers that might present aggressive social challenges to dispersers, particularly males. Juvenile females and helper males also preferred to disperse to territories that were currently occupied by breeding woodpeckers. Previous studies documented the influence on dispersal of travel distance, natal area social interactions and resources, and resources at dispersal destinations. Our results extend factors that affect dispersal movement to include matrix habitats traversed by dispersers and the social composition of destination territories. As such, results have key implications for promoting population connectivity and conservation management of endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers, as well as other resident territorial birds. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Immuno-isolation of Sec7p-coated transport vesicles from the yeast secretory pathway.

THE transport of proteins destined for post-endoplasmic reticulum locations in the secretory pathway is mediated by small vesicular carriers1–3. Transport vesicles have been generated in cell-free assays from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mammalian systems4–14. Yeast genes encoding cytosolic components that par-ticipate in vesicular traffic were first identified from the collection of conditional-lethal sec (secretory) mutants15–17. Mutations in the yeast SEC7 gene disrupt protein transport in the secretory pathway at the nonpermissive temperature18. The SEC7 gene product is a phosphoprotein of relative molecular mass 230,000 that functions from the cytoplasmic aspect of intracellular mem-branes19–20. We report that in a yeast cell-free transport assay, the introduction of antibodies to Sec? protein (Sec7p) results in the accumulation of transport vesicles. These vesicles are retrieved with SecTp-specific antibodies by immuno-isolation for bio-chemical and electron microscopic characterization. SecTp on the surface of the accumulated transport vesicles, in combination with previous genetic and biochemical studies18–20, implicate SecTp as part of a (non-clathrin) vesicle coat. This SecTp-containing coat structure is proposed to be essential for vesicle budding at multiple stages in the yeast secretory pathway.
The thermal bar

Abstract A study is made of the thermally induced transitory boundary region, called the thermal bar, between two stratified fluids, one in direct and the other in reverse stratification. Approximate solutions are found by using double perturbation expansions. The results show a dominant meridional cyclonic flow along the perimetric edge of the lake and an anticyclonic flow in the middle portion of the lake. The zonal and the vertical velocity components form a four-celled circulation with sinking motion along the thermal bar and upwellings in the middle as well as at the edges of the lake. Both the temperature distribution and the velocity field of the theoretical solutions agree very well with field observations. The thermal bar circulation is found to strongly inhibit the horizontal exchange between shallow edge water and deep open-lake water. The insulative characteristics of the thermal bar do not only affect the physical, chemical, and biological environment of the lake water, but also impose a more...
Prospective evaluation of anesthetic technique for anorectal surgery.

PURPOSE: Deep intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia for anorectal surgery in the prone position is used frequently at our institution, but is not widely accepted because of concerns regarding airway management. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of this anesthetic technique for anorectal surgery. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 413 consecutive patients (mean age, 47 years; mean weight, 80 kg) undergoing anorectal surgical procedures. RESULTS: Of the 389 patients who underwent anorectal procedures in the prone position, 260 (67 percent) received intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia, 125 (32 percent) received regional anesthesia (spinal or epidural), and 4 (1 percent) received general endotracheal anesthesia. Of the 24 patients who underwent anorectal procedures in the lithotomy position, 13 (54 percent) received intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia, 2 (8 percent) received regional anesthesia, 2 (8 percent) received general endotracheal anesthesia, and 7 (29 percent) received mask inhalational anesthesia. Forty-two adverse events attributable to the anesthetic occurred in 18 patients: nausea and vomiting (n = 17), transient hypotension, bradycardia, or arrhythmia (n = 8), transient hypoxia or hypoventilation (n = 7), urinary retention (n = 6), and severe patient discomfort (n = 2). These complications occurred in 4 percent (10/273) of patients receiving intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia and in 6 percent (8/127) of patients receiving regional anesthesia. Two of 260 patients (0.8 percent) receiving intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia in the prone position were rolled supine before completing the surgical procedure. Recovery time before discharge for patients treated on an ambulatory basis was significantly shorter for those patients undergoing intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia (79 ± 34 minutes, n = 174) than for patients undergoing regional anesthesia (161 ± 63 minutes, n = 45; P < 0.001, t-test). CONCLUSION: Intravenous sedation plus local anesthesia in the prone position is safe and effective for anorectal surgery and offers potential cost savings by decreasing recovery room time for outpatient procedures.
Mixed-valence hydroxides as bioorganic host minerals.

A range of naturally occurring divalent-trivalent metal cation hydroxides and modified artifical analogs have been synthesized and characterized. Structural and chemical properties of these minerals, determining their capability to selectively concentrate, order and alter molecules of prebiotic interest, include their anion exchange capacity and specificity, photochemical reactivity, production of nascent hydrogen, and catalytic efficiency. Properties relevant to these functions have been investigated and are discussed.
Using an interval graph approach to efficiently solve the housing benefit data retrieval problem

Rappos and Thompson use a set covering formulation and a commercial software package to solve the problem of trying to minimize the number of data sets that have to be read in retrieving all new housing benefit (HB) data entries for a fixed period of time. In this paper, we show that determining the minimum number of data sets that have to be read in retrieving all new HB data entries for a fixed period of time can be solved by finding a minimum size clique cover for an interval graph. Since it is well-known that a greedy algorithm finds a guaranteed minimum size clique cover for an interval graph, this approach will be more efficient than a set covering approach. Finally, it is obvious that this interval graph formulation and greedy algorithm solution approach is applicable to other data retrieval problems.
Sb-mediated homoepitaxial growth on Ge(001)

Abstract Antimony-mediated Ge growth on Ge(0 0 1) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and other surface characterization techniques. A critical temperature (470 K) was detected below which Sb did not segregate to the surface. In the absence of Sb–Ge exchange at lower temperatures, a high density of small, three-dimensional Ge clusters were observed. The high cluster density was attributed to nucleation at defects such as anti-phase domain boundaries in the Sb-terminated substrate. At higher temperatures where Ge–Sb exchange was active, the island densities were lower but still far greater than those seen on bare Ge(0 0 1), thus Sb enhanced nucleation both above and below the segregation temperature. In this regime Sb also caused the island shapes to change from severely elongated along the island dimer row direction to nearly isotropic. Even at the higher temperatures, however, growth was not layer-by-layer; rather the surface rapidly reached a regime where its morphology did not change with coverage and the roughness was bounded. In contrast, growth on bare Ge(0 0 1) led to continuous roughening. Above 8 ML, growth on the Sb-terminated substrate resulted in smoother surfaces. Thus above 470 K Sb is an effective surfactant for Ge(0 0 1) homoepitaxy: it continuously floats to the surface during growth and it limits surface roughening. It is suggested that Sb limits the surface roughness by decreasing the island anisotropy which increases the attempt frequency to descend steps at the end of island dimer rows. Because diffusion is much faster along the dimer rows, this enhances the downward flux.
Angiographically silent atherosclerosis detected by intravascular ultrasound in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia: Correlation with high density lipoproteins☆

Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the extent of atherosclerosis in coronary and iliac arteries in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia, using intravascular ultraound imaging. Background. Intravascular ultrasound imaging provides cross-sectional tomographic views of the vessel wall and allows quantitative assessment of atherosclerosis. Methods. Forty-eight nonsmoking, asymptomatic patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia underwent intravascular ultrasound imaging of the left anterior descending coronary, left main coronary and common iliac arteries. Angiography showed only minimal or no narrowing in these vessels. Intravascular ultrasound images obtained during catheter pullback underwent morphometric analysis. Plaque burden was expressed as the mean and maximal intimal index (ratio of plaque area and area within the internal elastic lamina) and as the percent of vessel surface covered by plaque. Results. Intravascular ultrasound detected plaque more frequently than angiography in the left anterior descending (80% vs. 29%, respectively), left main (44% vs. 16%) and iliac arteries (33% vs. 27%). Plaque burden was higher in the left anterior descending (mean intimal index [±SD] 0.25 ± 0.16) than in the left main (0.11 ± 0.16, p < 0.001) and iliac arteries (0.02 ± 0.04, p < 0.001). Angiography detected lumen narrowing only in coronary arteries with a maximal intimal index ⪰0.42 (left anterior descending artery) and ⪰0.43 (left main artery). The area within the internal elastic lamina increased with plaque area in the left anterior descending (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and left main arteries (r = 0.53, p < 0.001). By stepwise multiple regression analysis, the strongest predictor for plaque burden in the left anterior descending artery was the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and total/HDL cholesterol ratio for the left main artery. Conclusions. In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia, extensive coronary plaque is present despite minimal or no angiographic changes. Compensatory vessel enlargement and diffuse involvement with eccentric plaque may account for the lack of angiographic changes. Levels of HDL cholesterol and total/HDL cholesterol ratio are far more powerful predictors of coronary plaque burden than are low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in these patients with early, asymptomatic disease.
Real-Time Load Elasticity Tracking and Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging

While electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to provide environmental and economical benefit, judicious coordination of EV charging is necessary to prevent overloading of the distribution grid. Leveraging the smart grid infrastructure, the utility company can adjust the electricity price intelligently for individual customers to elicit desirable load curves. In this context, this paper addresses the problem of predicting the EV charging behavior of the consumers at different prices, which is a prerequisite for optimal price adjustment. The dependencies on price responsiveness among consumers are captured by a conditional random field (CRF) model. To account for temporal dynamics potentially in a strategic setting, the framework of online convex optimization is adopted to develop an efficient online algorithm for tracking the CRF parameters. The proposed model is then used as an input to a stochastic profit maximization module for real-time price setting. Numerical tests using simulated and semi-real data verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
γ-W0 mixing as an alternative to unified weak-electromagnetic gauge theories☆

Abstract A very simple model based on γ-W0 mixing (but not on spontaneously broken gauge symmetry) is shown to reproduce all the quantitative predictions of the standard (Weinberg-Salam) model as far as low-energy phenomenology is concerned. The model predicts intermediate-boson mass relations weaker than Weinberg's. Weinberg's mass formulae, however, can be accommodated in our model provided the γ-W0 mixing parameter and the coupling constants (e and g) satisfy a special relation. This relation also guarantees asymptotic SU(2) × U(1), decent high-energy behavior in processes like v + v → W + + W − and the SU(2) × U(1) value for the W± boson gyromagnetic ratio. Speculative attempts are made to understand the sign and magnitude of “sin2 θW”.
Depth-dependent shear behavior of bovine articular cartilage: relationship to structure

The mechanical behavior of bovine articular cartilage in shear was measured and related to its structure through the depth of the tissue. To make these measurements, we designed an apparatus that could apply controlled shear displacement and measure the resulting shear force on cartilage specimens. Shear displacement and shear strain were obtained from confocal images of photobleached lines on fluorescently stained deformed samples. Depth-dependent collagen structure was obtained using compensated polarized light microscopy. Depth-dependent shear behavior and structure of samples from two animals were measured (group A and B). Both animals were 18-24 months old, which is the range in which they are expected reach skeletal maturity. In mature samples (group A), the stiffest region was located beneath the superficial zone, and the most compliant region was found in the radial zone. In contrast, in samples that were in the process of maturing (group B) the most compliant region was located in the superficial zone. Compensated polarized light microscopy suggested that the animal from which the group A samples were obtained was skeletally mature, whereas the animal yielding the group B samples was in the process of maturing. Compensated polarized light microscopy was an important adjunct to the mechanical shear behavior in that it provided a means to reconcile differences in observed shear behavior in mature and immature cartilage. Although samples were harvested from two animals, there were clear differences in structure and shear mechanical behavior. Differences in the depth-dependent shear strain were consistent with previous studies on mature and immature samples and, based on the structural variation between mature and immature articular cartilage, their mechanical behavior differences can be tenable. These results suggest that age, as well as species and anatomic location, need to be considered when reporting mechanical behavior results.
Perceptions of copyright compliance

Modern technology provides the opportunity to readily copy and distribute pirated versions of copyrighted material. In many cases this material is indistinguishable from the original. Since today's information assurance (IA) students are tomorrow's security specialists, they must maintain an increased sensitivity to the protection of intellectual property. Do these future security specialists hold this knowledge, or does society simply assume that they do? Are today's IA programs successfully instilling this sensitivity? Hiring managers make certain assumptions about these security students that extend into the work force when designing and developing computer-based collaborative systems. Are these assumptions correct? The answers to these questions and more will be reported in the results of a research project on the student awareness of copyright laws among the IA students at a Midwestern university and will evaluate the effectiveness of current curriculum.
Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder

This study examines the psychometric properties of two versions of the PTSD Sympton Scale (PSS). The scale contains 17 items that diagnose PTSD according to DSM-III-R criteria and assess the severity of PTSD symptoms. An interview and self-report version of the PSS were administered to a sample of 118 recent rape and non-sexual assault victims. The results indicate that both versions of the PSS have satisfactory internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, and good concurrent validity. The interview version yielded high interrater agreement when administred separately by two interviewers and excellent convergent validity with the SCID. When used to diagnose PTSD, the self-report version of the PSS was somewhat more conservative than the interview version.
Modern Theories of Olfaction: A Critical Review

(1953). Modern Theories of Olfaction: A Critical Review. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 207-241.
A Theoretical Framework and Exploration of Organizational Effectiveness of Schools.

After the examination of two competing frameworks for the study of organizational effectiveness, ageneral model of school effectiveness is proposed. This multidimensional perspective was operationa...
Algorithms for computing lengths of chains in integral partition lattices

Let Pl,n denote the partition lattice of l with n parts, ordered by Hardy-Littlewood-Polya majorization. For any two comparable elements x and y of Pl,n, we denote by M(x, y), m(x, y), f(x, y), and F(x, y), respectively, the sizes of four typical chains between x and y: the longest chain, the shortest chain, the lexicographic chain, and the counter-lexicographic chain. The covers u=(u1..., un) ≻ v =(v1...,vn) in Pl,n , are of two types: N-shift (nearby shift) where vi=ui- 1, vi+1 = ui+1 + 1 for some i; and D-shift (distant shift) where ui - 1 = vi = vi+1 =...= vj = uj + 1 for some i and j. An N-shift (a D-shift) is pure if it is not a D-shift (an N-shift). We develop linear algorithms for calculating M(x, y), m(x, y), f(x, y), and F(x, y), using the leftmost pure N-shift first search, the rightmost pure D-shift first search, the leftmost N-shift first search, and the rightmost D-shift first search, respectively. Those algorithms have significant applications in complexity analysis of biological sequences.
Genetic variation in response of the gypsy moth to aspen phenolic glycosides

We investigated genetic variation in response of a wild strain of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar, to phenolic glycosides isolated from Populus. For 12 families, first instar survival varied little among family groups fed a control artificial diet, but LT50 values differed significantly among groups fed an artificial diet containing phenolic glycosides. First instar survival rates were positively correlated with esterase enzyme activity. Relative growth rates of fourth instars were influenced by diet and by family. A nearly significant dietXfamily interaction term indicates that family (genotype) influences gypsy moth response to phenolic glycosides. Prior consumption of phenolic glycosides induced esterase activity in fifth instars. Esterase activity was influenced by diet, family and dietXfamily interaction. Genetic variation in esterase activity may explain variation in larval response to phenolic glycosides.
Repeatability and Validity of the Rose Questionnaire for Angina Pectoris in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Angina pectoris (AP) as determined by the Rose questionnaire was assessed in nearly 16,000 black and white men and women participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in communities Study, a population study of cardiovascular disease in four communities. The questionnaire was administered at yearly intervals and estimates of repeatability were made. Validity was assessed indirectly by comparing Rose AP to risk factors, prevalent heart disease, medication use, and thickness of carotid artery walls as measured by B-mode ultrasound. Using kappa statistics for agreement of positive Rose AP determinations taken 1 year apart, white men show a higher level of agreement than white women (average kappa 0.36 for white men, 0.30 for white women), and whites show a higher level of agreement than blacks (average kappa 0.23 and 0.22 for black men and women, respectively). Rose AP that persists for more than one determination is associated with thicker carotid artery walls, greater amounts of cigarette smoking, greater prevalence of reported heart attack, and greater use of chest pain medications. A single determination of severe Rose AP is also associated with thicker carotid artery walls. These data suggest that multiple reports and the more severe grading of Rose AP (pain reported while walking on the level) are likely to indicate more severe disease; however, a single report using the Rose questionnaire appears valid, i.e., moderately associated with disease and risk factors, and appropriate for use in epidemiological studies.
Human symmelia: determination of sex and other features.

A specimen of human symmelia was judged at first to be a male from the appearance and disposition of the pelvic viscera but histological study of the gonads later showed that it was a female. This raises the question of whether the preponderance of males with this abnormality might be explained, at least in part, by incorrect diagnosis of sex particularly where this has been based on gross appearances. The bladder, rectum, anus, and external genitalia were missing and the kidneys were replaced by a mass of renal tissue dorsal to the lower aorta. There was a single umbilical arrery which was identified as a persistent left primary umbilical artery. Within the lower limb were two femora, two tibiae, and one fibula. Secondary centers of ossification were present in the distal ends of the femora and the proximal ends of the tibiae.
Avian Coccidiosis: Evidence for a Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Abstract A cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to chicken coccidia oocyst antigen extracts was shown in Single Comb White Leghorn chickens vaccinated with a commercially available coccidiosis vaccine (CocciVac® D) by delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and leukocyte stimulation. A particulate oocyst antigen from Eimeria necatrix gave positive DH wattle reaction in 10 of 20, 9-week-old chickens vaccinated at 4 weeks of age and 10 of 20, 33-week-old chickens which received 3 additional vaccinations at monthly intervals starting at 18 weeks of age. In contrast, only 4 of 20, 31-week-old chickens which received the 3 additional vaccinations gave positive stimulation reactions with blood derived leukocytes against alkali soluble oocyst antigen extracts from particulate oocyst antigens of E. necatrix and E. maxima. Forty unvaccinated control chickens did not produce significant DH reactions, although 1 of 20, 31-week-old control chickens did produce a positive stimulation response. The ability of the chicken to mount a measurable CMI response correlated with disease resistance. All chickens which produced a significant CMI response were totally refractory to challenge with either E. necatrix at 9 weeks or E. tenella at 33 weeks, while all but 1 unvaccinated chicken, which failed to produce positive cell-mediated immunity (CMI) reactions were susceptible to challenge. In addition, 2 of 20 and 2 of 10 vaccinated chickens which did not produce a significant CMI response at 9 and 33 weeks of age, respectively, were susceptible to challenge.
BRG1 promotes survival of UV‐irradiated melanoma cells by cooperating with MITF to activate the melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis gene

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a survival factor in melanocytes and melanoma cells. MITF regulates expression of antiapoptotic genes and promotes lineage-specific survival in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to chemotherapeutics. SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling enzymes interact with MITF to regulate MITF target gene expression. We determined that the catalytic subunit, BRG1, of the SWI/SNF complex protects melanoma cells against UV-induced death. BRG1 prevents apoptosis in UV-irradiated melanoma cells by activating expression of the melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP). Down-regulation of ML-IAP compromises BRG1-mediated survival of melanoma cells in response to UV radiation. BRG1 regulates ML-IAP expression by cooperating with MITF to promote transcriptionally permissive chromatin structure on the ML-IAP promoter. The alternative catalytic subunit, BRM, and the BRG1-associated factor, BAF180, were found to be dispensable for elevated expression of ML-IAP in melanoma cells. Thus, we illuminate a lineage-specific mechanism by which a specific SWI/SNF subunit, BRG1, modulates the cellular response to DNA damage by regulating an antiapoptotic gene and implicate this subunit of the SWI/SNF complex in mediating the prosurvival function of MITF.
Cleft palate in A/J mice resulting from restraint and deprivation of food and water.

A/J mice were subjected to restraint and/or food and water deprivation for 24 or 48 hours beginning on day 14 of pregnancy. The 48-hour treatment sharply increased the cleft palate and resorption rates. The data strongly suggest that restraint can cause cleft palate if imposed for an extended period of time.
Prospects for alternate fusion fuels

Our experience at SAIC has shown that a complete systems analysis is required for a fair comparison ofD-T and alternate fusion fuels for every different magnetic confinement concept. The results of the comparison are also highly dependent upon assumptions about the state of the art of technology and our understanding of plasma physics. These are dynamic areas and conclusions reached three years ago may no longer be valid; a continuing assessment of alternate fuels is required to make optimum decisions about fusion development.
Can Ib axons be selectively activated by electrical stimuli in human subjects

A tendon-vibration technique, used to raise the electrical threshold of muscle spindle Ia afferent fibers above that of Golgi tendon organ Ib afferent fibers in animals, was tested on human subjects. After prolonged tendon vibration, electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve was ineffective or markedly less effective in eliciting Hoffmann (H-) reflexes in the soleus muscle at previbration threshold intensities. With stimulus intensity held constant at values between 1.0 to 1.4 X threshold, postvibration H-reflex myoelectric amplitudes returned to previbration values usually within 60 min. However, at higher electrical stimulus intensities (1.8 X threshold), postvibration H-reflex amplitudes were produced at or near previbration values irrespective of postvibration recovery time; in contrast, initial postvibration tendon tap reflexes were potentiated. Findings suggest that it is indeed possible to selectively activate Ib afferent fibers in humans by electrical stimuli.
Effects of dihydrotestosterone administration with and without estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized pony mares.

Twenty ovariectomized pony mares were used to determine if dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) administration, with or without estradiol benzoate (EB) pretreatment, would have the same effects on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion as testosterone propionate (TP) administration. All mares were given an initial injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to characterize their LH and FSH response, and then two groups of mares (n = 4/group) were administered EB (22 micrograms/kg of body weight), two groups were administered vehicle (safflower oil) and a fifth group was administered TP (175 micrograms/kg of body weight) daily for 10 days. Following a second injection of GnRH, one group of EB-treated mares and one group of oil-treated mares were administered DHTP (175 micrograms/kg of body weight) daily for 10 days; the other EB- and oil-treated mares were administered oil and the TP-treated mares were continued on the same dose of TP for 10 days. A final injection of GnRH was then given. Treatment with EB increased (P less than .01) concentrations of LH in daily blood samples and increased (P less than .05) the LH response to exogenous GnRH. Administration of TP or DHTP reduced (P less than .05) both daily LH concentrations and the LH response to exogenous GnRH. Concentrations of FSH in daily blood samples were reduced (P less than .05) and the FSH response to exogenous GnRH was increased (P less than .05) by administration of EB alone, DHTP alone or TP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of reoperation on outcomes in papillary thyroid cancer

Background The influence of lymph node recurrences of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) on overall prognosis is uncertain. We performed a population-based, longitudinal analysis to evaluate the impact of reoperation on mortality. Methods Patients who underwent initial operation for PTC >1 cm were abstracted from the California Cancer Registry database (1999−2008). Reoperation was defined as any lymph node dissection after total or near-total thyroidectomy. Results Of the 11,986 patients included in the study, 222 (1.9%) underwent one or more reoperations. The median time to reoperation was 8.7 months, with 58.6% and 83.8% of reoperations being performed within 1 and 2 years of initial thyroidectomy, respectively. The mortality rate from PTC was 2.3% (271 patients). After we adjusted for age, sex, tumor size, stage, and radioactive iodine treatment, we found that reoperation was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients ≥45 years of age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.51, P Conclusion Reoperation is independently associated with mortality in PTC. Most reoperations are performed soon after initial thyroidectomy and likely reflect persistent rather than recurrent disease.
Critical care telemedicine: evolution and state of the art.

Objectives:To review the growth and current penetration of ICU telemedicine programs, association with outcomes, studies of their impact on medical education, associations with medicolegal risks, identify program revenue sources and costs, regulatory aspects, and the ICU telemedicine research agenda
Monitoring crystallization experiments using dynamic light scattering: Assaying and monitoring protein crystallization in solution

Various analytical techniques may be valuable as precrystallization assays for monitoring and screening various protein crystal growth conditions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) offers unique capabilities for such studies. DLS provides a measure of the translational diffusion coefficient, D, of the protein molecules. Assuming a spherical model for the protein, its hydrodynamic diameter, d, can then be estimated. DLS can be used to monitor crystallization events as a function of time, creating the possibility of a dynamically controlled crystal growth experiment under previously characterized solution conditions. Variation of d as a function of particular solution properties such as protein concentration, pH, precipitant concentration, or temperature can also be determined. Early in the evolution of a supersaturated solution of macromolecules, monomers assemble to form aggregates which lead either to crystals or to precipitates. In an obvious terminology it is convenient to refer to the former as craggs (precrystalline aggregates) and the latter as praggs (preprecipitating aggregates). The protein concentration dependence of d should be correlated with the thermodynamic equilibria governing these two types of aggregates and has been suggested as a way to differentiate between praggs and craggs in solution. Although other factors may also lead to a concentration dependence of d, these are in most cases expected to be small, relative to the effect of aggregate size distribution. This capability would allow one to make early predictions regarding the outcome of a particular, unknown crystallization condition on the basis of a quantitative experimental measurement. The protein concentration dependence of d has been used for several proteins to differentiate between the two types of aggregates.