cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and reaction of sulfur dioxide on alumina and sodium-impregnated alumina

The adsorption and oxidation of SO2 on alumina and sodium-impregnated alumina has been examined using thermogravimetric analysis and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Sulfur dioxide chemisorbs initially at basic sites to form an adsorbed sulfite, which is quantitatively converted to sulfate on oxidation. It has been observed that at low coverages, ∼2.6 μmol/m2, sodium acts as a promoter for the formation of an adsorbed sulfite and sulfate which have structures similar to those of aluminum sulfite and sulfate, respectively. At higher sodium loadings, a second type of adsorbed SO2 is formed, similar to sodium sulfite and sulfate. The species with the aluminum sulfate structure appears to be more easily decomposed than does the sodium sulfate species and accounts for the regenerable adsorption capacity. Formation of the sodium sulfate species appears to account for the loss of adsorption capacity as the number of adsorption/regeneration cycles increases. Oxidation of the sulfite fo...
Roles of Src and epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation in transient and sustained ERK1/2 responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation.

The duration as well as the magnitude of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation has been proposed to regulate gene expression and other specific intracellular responses in individual cell types. Activation of ERK1/2 by the hypothalamic neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is relatively sustained in αT3-1 pituitary gonadotropes and HEK293 cells but is transient in immortalized GT1-7 neurons. Each of these cell types expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and responds to EGF stimulation with significant but transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, GnRH-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation caused by EGFR transactivation was confined to GT1-7 cells and was attenuated by EGFR kinase inhibition. Neither EGF nor GnRH receptor activation caused translocation of phospho-ERK1/2 into the nucleus in GT1-7 cells. In contrast, agonist stimulation of GnRH receptors expressed in HEK293 cells caused sustained phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 by a protein kinase C-dependent but EGFR-independent pathway. GnRH-induced activation of ERK1/2 was attenuated by the selective Src kinase inhibitor PP2 and the negative regulatory C-terminal Src kinase in GT1-7 cells but not in HEK293 cells. In GT1-7 cells, GnRH stimulated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the ERK1/2-dependent protein, p90RSK-1 (RSK-1). These results indicate that the duration of ERK1/2 activation depends on the signaling pathways utilized by GnRH in specific target cells. Whereas activation of the Gq/protein kinase C pathway in HEK293 cells causes sustained phosphorylation and translocation of ERK1/2 to the nucleus, transactivation of the EGFR by GnRH in GT1-7 cells elicits transient ERK1/2 signals without nuclear accumulation. These findings suggest that transactivation of the tightly regulated EGFR can account for the transient ERK1/2 responses that are elicited by stimulation of certain G protein-coupled receptors.
Measuring amenity benefits from farmland: hedonic pricing vs. contingent valuation

The amenity value to Kentucky residents from horse farm land was estimated using both the contingent valuation method and the hedonic pricing method. The hedonic pricing model included both the housing and labor markets. A value function estimated from dichotomous choice contingent valuation responses showed that the value of a change in the level of the horse farm amenity was sensitive to the size of the change, with no evidence of value that is independent of the size of the change. The two methods generated estimates of the external benefits from horse farm land that were within 20 percent of each other.
Buckling instability in arteries

Arteries can become tortuous in response to abnormal growth stimuli, genetic defects and aging. It is suggested that a buckling instability is a mechanism that might lead to artery tortuosity. Here, the buckling instability in arteries is studied by examining asymmetric modes of bifurcation of two-layer cylindrical structures that are residually stressed. These structures are loaded by an axial force, internal pressure and have nonlinear, anisotropic, hyperelastic responses to stresses. Strain-softening and reduced opening angle are shown to lower the critical internal pressure leading to buckling. In addition, the ratio of the media thickness to the adventitia thickness is shown to have a dramatic impact on arterial instability.
Role of defect size distribution in yield modeling

Most publications on yield modeling for large-scale integrated circuits have concerned themselves only with the role of the spatial distribution of defects. While it was recognized that the size of the defects affected the yield, the role of the size distribution does not appear to have been fully investigated. This paper examines the effect of different assumptions concerning the defect size distribution and shows that they exert a strong effect on the projected yield. It is also shown that attempts to determine the defect size distribution from yield data are subject to fundamental limitations that need to be addressed.
Preferential formation of (2'–5')-linked internucleotide bonds in non-enzymatic reactions

Abstract The reactions of ImpU with MepU, MepC, MepA and MepG in aqueous solution yield mixtures of isomeric dinucleotides in which the (2'–5') linked compound is 6–9 times more abundant than the (3'–5')-linked compound. The ratio of isomers obtained from ImpA and MepA under these conditions is similar, but increases to 18 when a poly(U) template is included in the reaction mixture.
In vivo and in vitro proton NMR spectroscopic studies of thiamine-deficient rat brains.

Thiamine deficiency (TD) in rats produces lesions similar to those found in humans with Wernicke's encephalopathy, an organic mental disorder associated with alcoholism. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 24) were deprived of thiamine in a regimen of thiamine-deficient chow and daily intraperitoneal injections of the thiamine antagonist pyrithiamine hydrobromide for 12 days (0.5 mg/kg). In rats with TD, significant changes were observed in the choline peak (reduction and dose-dependent recovery after thiamine replenishment), which was confirmed by the extraction study. Changes were mainly due to the reduction in glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), suggesting that a reduction in GPC may be relevant to the primary biochemical lesion in TD. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that a decrease in choline compounds is the cause of the biochemical abnormalities that precede neuroanatomic damage characteristic of Wernicke's encephalopathy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:163–166. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pores resolving simulation of Darcy flows

A theoretical formulation and corresponding numerical solutions are presented for microscopic fluid flows in porous media with the domain sufficiently large to reproduce integral Darcy scale effects. Pore space geometry and topology influence flow through media, but the difficulty of observing the configurations of real pore spaces limits understanding of their effects. A rigorous direct numerical simulation (DNS) of percolating flows is a formidable task due to intricacies of internal boundaries of the pore space. Representing the grain size distribution by means of repelling body forces in the equations governing fluid motion greatly simplifies computational efforts. An accurate representation of pore-scale geometry requires that within the solid the repelling forces attenuate flow to stagnation in a short time compared to the characteristic time scale of the pore-scale flow. In the computational model this is achieved by adopting an implicit immersed-boundary method with the attenuation time scale smaller than the time step of an explicit fluid model. A series of numerical simulations of the flow through randomly generated media of different porosities show that computational experiments can be equivalent to physical experiments with the added advantage of nearly complete observability. Besides obtaining macroscopic measures of permeability and tortuosity, numerical experiments can shed light on the effect of the pore space structure on bulk properties of Darcy scale flows.
A numerical and experimental study of tangential jet blowing applied to bodies at high angles of attack

The effects of tangential jet blowing on the vortical structures developing about the fuselage of a missile or aircraft at high angle of attack are investigated numerically and experimentally. Computations are carried out for fully laminar and fully turbulent flows, and the results are compared with flow visualization data. It is shown that turbulent computations are more accurate in describing the flow behavior. The actuator plane method is shown to be sufficiently accurate in modeling the essential flow physics of a tangential jet.
Characterizing deflectable microstructures via a high-resolution laser-based measurement system

Abstract We have developed a high-resolution, laser-based system capable of real-time angular deflection measurement and have used it to characterize non-invasively micromechanical actuators with reflective surfaces. The angular resolution of this system is better than 0.0005° and the measurement bandwidth is 100 kHz. The linear range can be as high as ± 1.5° from any bias angle up to ± 30°. Steady-state deflection measurements of electrostatic torsional aluminum actuators show the expected nonlinear dependence on input voltage, while small-signal frequency response measurements show the characteristic response of a dominant second-order system. Thermally sensitive resonance modes were seen in some devices. The statistical spread in device natural frequency is used as a quantifier for process variations while device lifetime is confirmed beyond one billion cycles by the absence of discernible natural frequency shifts after repeated cycling. The system has also been used to demonstrate optically-based closed-loop control as a precursor to an integrated capacitive solution.
Activation of the Z-petawatt laser at Sandia National Laboratories

To enhance radiographic capabilities on its Z-Accelerator, Sandia National Laboratories is incorporating a petawatt laser system into the existing Z-Backlighter laser facility. A chirped-pulse laser has been constructed to seed the large Beamlet type Nd:Phosphate glass slab amplifiers. This seed laser consists of an optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system joined to a Nd:Phosphate glass rod amplifier in order to achieve multi-Joule operation. After injection into the main slab amplifiers up to 500 J of chirped pulse energy is achieved. Two compressor options are available for this output: a lower energy compressor for 100TW (50 J/500 fs) operation and a higher energy compressor for 1PW (500 J/500 fs) operation. While the higher energy compressor is under construction, the 100 TW system is now operational and can achieve focal intensities up to 1019 W/cm2.
Susceptibility of adherent versus suspension target cells derived from adherent tissue culture lines to cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rapid 51Cr-release assays

Preparation of target cells from tissue culture lines which grow adherent to tissue culture vessels is often desirable for tests of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). In the present study we used cells derived from adherent tissue culture lines to compare the merits of suspension vs. adherent target cells in short-term 51Cr-release assays. Cytotoxic activity of murine spleen cells sensitized in vitro against allogeneic spleen cells or syngeneic sarcoma cells was tested with fibroblast or sarcoma target cells. In parallel tests, aliquots of tissue culture lines were detached and used as either suspension or adherent target cells in CMC assays, matching the concentrations of suspension and adherent target cells. In both allogeneic and syngeneic combinations adherent target cells released less 51Cr spontaneously and were more susceptible to CMC than their suspension counterparts.
Genetic variation of the transthyretin gene in wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt)

Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt), typically diagnosed as congestive heart failure in elderly Caucasian men, features myocardial amyloid deposits of wild-type plasma protein transthyretin (TTR). ATTRwt is sporadic, its pathogenesis is poorly understood, and currently there are no biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis. Genetic studies of variant-associated transthyretin amyloidosis have suggested that non-coding TTR gene variants modulate disease. We hypothesized that cis-acting regulatory elements in the TTR gene non-coding regions may modify expression, affecting ATTRwt onset and progression. We studied an ATTRwt cohort consisting of 108 Caucasian males ranging in age from 59 to 87 years with cardiomyopathy due to wild-type TTR deposition; results were compared to 118 anonymous controls matched by age, sex, and race. Four predicted non-coding regulatory regions and all exons in the TTR gene were sequenced using the Sanger method. Eleven common variants were identified; three variants were significantly associated with ATTRwt (p < 0.05), though only one, rs72922940, remained near significance (p corrected = 0.083) after multiple testing correction. Exon analyses demonstrated the occurrence of the p.G26S (G6S) polymorphism in 7 % of ATTRwt subjects and 12 % of controls; this variant was predicted to be a protective factor (p = 0.051). Four variants were significantly associated with age at onset and survival. In this first genetic study of a large, well-characterized cohort of ATTRwt, non-coding and coding variants associated with disease, age at onset, and survival were identified. Further investigation is warranted to determine the prevalence of these variants in ATTRwt, their regulatory function, and potential role in assessing disease risk.
Effect of shrinkage on the modulus of silica gel

Abstract The shear modulus of alkoxide-derived silica gels was measured during aging and drying; base- and acid-catalyzed gels were examined, and gave qualitatively similar results. There is a continual increase in shear modulus (G) during syneresis, which is most rapid for the first two weeks after gelation. If the gel is soaked in a liquid containing more water than the pore liquor, it shrinks and stiffens more rapidly; base-catalyzed gels exhibit phase separation (apparently from segregation of residual partially condensed TEOS). If evaporation is prevented, G only increases by a factor of ∼ 2 upon aging from 1 to 12 months. When the liquid is allowed to evaporate, G increases by about 3 orders of magnitude as the gel contracts by ∼ 50% linearly. There is an approximate exponential relation between G and the radial strain that applies about as well for samples aged in various solutions as for samples dried in air. The relation between G and strain (contraction) is nearly independent of drying rate when the linear strain exceeds ∼ 10%. The modulus of rupture rises by about 2.5 orders of magnitude during drying.
Effect of crystallizable glass addition on sintering and dielectric behaviors of barium titanate ceramics

A crystallizable glass which can precipitate barium titanate was added to BaTiO3 ceramics to study its effect on sintering behavior and dielectric properties of the composites. High densification (>95 % theoretical density) was achieved by addition of glass phase and the dielectric constant of composites was enhanced through the crystallization of glass phase. A composite with 90 wt% BaTiO3 and 10 wt% glass showed a dielectric constant of ~2,300 at room temperature at 1 kHz and a dielectric breakdown strength about 140 kV/cm.
Phase reactions at semiconductor metallization interfaces

During, or following, the fabrication of a microelectronic device, it is possible for the material phases at critical interfaces to react with one another, and so alter the elec-trical performance. This is particularly important for metallization contacts to semi-conductors and for multilevel interconnects. The present article shows that application of phase diagram principles can successfully predict the mutual stability or chemical reactivity in such circumstances. Since most relevant phase diagrams are not available, it is shown how they may be calculated from known thermochemical data, or deduced from observations on thin-film reactions. The article is illustrated by the behavior of titanium silicide with a diffusion barrier layer (TiN) and the surrounding dielectric SiO2. In addition the Al-Si-O-N and W-N-Ga-As systems are described, and metastable amor-phous phase formation at the Ti-Si interface is discussed.
An in vitro study of caries prevention, cavity adaptation, homogeneity and microleakage of a new fluoride-releasing resin.

Summary A newly developed fluoride-releasing composite and sealant were tested, in vitro, with regard to homogeneity, cavity adaptation, microleakage, and its effect on the extent of an artificially induced carious attack. Compared with a commercially available composite, the fluoride-releasing material showed more desirable properties in combating caries, in uniformity of internal structure, and in microleakage.
Design and application of high-sensitivity two-photon initiators for three-dimensional microfabrication

Abstract A new photoacid generator (PAG) is described that can be efficiently activated by two-photon excitation (TPE) and can be used for high-sensitivity three-dimensional micro-patterning of acid-sensitive media. The molecule has a large two-photon absorption cross-section that peaks near 705 nm (δ=690×10−50 cm4 s photon−1) and a high quantum yield for the photochemical generation of acid (φH+≈0.5). Under near-infrared laser irradiation, the molecule produces acid subsequent to TPE and initiates the polymerization of epoxides at an incident intensity that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than that needed for conventional ultraviolet-sensitive initiators. The new PAG was used in conjunction with the solid epoxide resist Epon SU-8 for negative-tone three-dimensional microfabrication and was incorporated into a chemically amplified resist for positive-tone fabrication of a three-dimensional microchannel structure.
Equipotential Planes, a Figment of the Imagination

This paper challenges conventional established practice and presently accepted standards concerning equipotential planes. The concepts, ideas and recommendations contained within this paper are the opinions of the author. It is the opinion of the author that it is unfortunate that in the United States the vast majority of utilities use the hazardous multigrounded neutral electrical distribution system. This type of electrical distribution system uses the earth for a partial electrical neutral return path for the dangerous high voltage distribution current. The correct term for this uncontrolled current is "stray current" as opposed to the incorrect term, stray voltage, commonly used. Robert Gustafson was editor of Chapter 4, Mitigation, in the document titled, "USDA agriculture handbook no. 696, effects of electrical voltage/current on farm animals" known as the Agriculture Red Book, where he presents "various solutions to stray or neutral-to-earth voltage problems". One of his major suggestions is the installation of an equipotential plane. This paper relates testing that suggests that such a solution is harmful not only to animals such as cows and pigs, but also to humans. With the flow of stray neutral distribution current over and through the earth, one must consider the effects that this dangerous stray neutral distribution current have on an equipotential plane. According to the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) Standard 70, the National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles 547 and 680, equipotential planes "... prevent a difference in voltage from developing within the plane." This paper discusses the contradictions, inconsistencies and incompatibilities of equipotential planes, Ohms law and the NEC. For years it has been opined that with detailed understanding, and the correct application of Ohms law, one would come to the conclusion that the concept of equipotential planes was not only potentially dangerous, but also blatantly false. In December 2004, tests were conducted that finally confirmed that the concept of equipotential planes is a figment of the imagination
The relation between retinal and cerebral vascular reactivity in normal and arteriosclerotic subjects.

It has been found that retinal arterial reactivity to oxygen is diminished in persons with retinal arteriosclerosis, and that cerebral blood flow and the increment in cerebral flow upon inhalation of carbon dioxide are diminished in persons with cerebral arteriosclerosis. The present study demonstrates that there is a significant positive correlation between retinal arterial reactivity on the one hand, and cerebral blood flow and reactivity, on the other. This finding is taken to mean that arteriosclerosis severe enough to affect measurements of this sort is apt to involve retinal and cerebral vessels together.
A New Research Tool for Hybrid Bayesian Networks using Script Language

While continuous variables become more and more inevitable in Bayesian networks for modeling real-life applications in complex systems, there are not much software tools to support it. Popular commercial Bayesian network tools such as Hugin, and Netica etc., are either expensive or have to discretize continuous variables. In addition, some free programs existing in the literature, commonly known as BNT, GeNie/SMILE, etc, have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively. In this paper, we introduce a newly developed Java tool for model construction and inference for hybrid Bayesian networks. Via the representation power of the script language, this tool can build the hybrid model automatically based on a well defined string that follows the specific grammars. Furthermore, it implements several inference algorithms capable to accommodate hybrid Bayesian networks, including Junction Tree algorithm (JT) for conditional linear Gaussian model (CLG), and Direct Message Passing (DMP) for general hybrid Bayesian networks with CLG structure. We believe this tool will be useful for researchers in the field.
Upper bounds on Higgs and top quark masses in the flipped SU(5)×U(1) superstring model

Abstract In this letter, we use a simplified method to calculate high-energy unitarity constraints on grand unified broken supersymmetric models. We apply the method to the “flipped” SU(5)×U(1) superstring model, obtain the constraints at a grand unified mass scale MG=4×1016 GeV, and then use the renormalization group equations to evolve the constraints to the low-energy mass scale MW. We find upper bounds on the low-energy superpotential parameters which in turn imply absolute upper bounds on the top quark mass, mt≲200 GeV, and on the lightest neutral Higgs boson mass, MH01≲155 GeV. We also obtain an upper bound on MH01 as a function of mt which shows that for favored values of the ratio of Higgs vacuum expectation values MH01≲125 GeV.
Limits of detection and artifact formation of sulfates and nitrates collected with a triple-path denuder

Abstract Ammonium sulfate and nitrate aerosols were generated and sampled on Teflon (PTFE) filters in a triple-path denuder (TPD) at the Research Triangle Institute. Lower limits of detection and quantitative analysis of the resulting samples were completed by X-ray diffraction at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Denuder coatings included oxalic acid for removal of ammonia, and NaCl for capture of nitric acid; a third path was left uncoated. Primary aerosol concentrations of 17 and 79 μg m−3 for (NH4)2SO4 (mascagnite), and 10 μg m−3 for NH4NO3 were generated by a nebulizer and introduced to the instrument's PM10 sampling inlet under a Tedlar chamber. Monitoring of generated species during collection at RTI was conducted using ion chromatography. Lower limits of detection (LLD, as wt%) for the sulfate and nitrate collections on the filters varied from 0.9 to (as high as) 22 for extremely light filter loadings. Spalling of the oxalic acid coating along denuder A and contamination of the aerosol in the collection cassette resulted in an initially rapid but decaying rate of artifact reaction of the mascagnite to letovicite (NH4)3H(SO4)2 over several months of laboratory storage. No analogous reaction was observed for the NH4NO3 aerosol samples.
Selective Exposure for Better or Worse: Its Mediating Role for Online News' Impact on Political Participation

The role of selective exposure in the relationship between online news use and political participation is examined. American adults N = 205 completed a 2-session online study that measured political interest and online news use, unobtrusively observed selective exposure, and finally measured political participation likelihood. Online news use and selective exposure to attitude-consistent information were modeled as sequential mediators between political interest and participation likelihood. While greater political interest increased both participation likelihood and online news use, online news use ultimately depressed participation likelihood by reducing selective exposure to attitude-consistent news. The findings demonstrate that selective exposure is a fundamental process that must be considered when testing the effect of Internet use on political participation.
Neural mechanisms of spatial attention in the cat

Abstract Spatial attention is an important biological tool that helps animals to orient in their environment as well as to detect food and predators. We have investigated the neural basis of attentional mechanisms with a combined approach of behavioral testing, ‘virtual lesion’ techniques and computational modeling. Cats with unilateral deactivations of either posterior parietal cortex or the superior colliculus exhibited a robust hemineglect for all novel visual stimuli presented in the contralateral space. Bilateral deactivation of the same neural structures, however, led to restoration of spatial attentional behavior. A simple mathematical model, based on known cortical and midbrain connectivity of the cat, was used to simulate the neural mechanisms underlying intact, unilaterally impaired and bilaterally restored attentional behavior, as well as to produce predictions for further experiments. Our results outline the contributions of cortical and subcortical stations to attention-guided behavior, and characterize functional interactions between structures in either half of the brain.
Improving the efficiency of water splitting in dye-sensitized solar cells by using a biomimetic electron transfer mediator

Photoelectrochemical water splitting directly converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in hydrogen, a high energy density fuel. Although water splitting using semiconductor photoelectrodes has been studied for more than 40 years, it has only recently been demonstrated using dye-sensitized electrodes. The quantum yield for water splitting in these dye-based systems has, so far, been very low because the charge recombination reaction is faster than the catalytic four-electron oxidation of water to oxygen. We show here that the quantum yield is more than doubled by incorporating an electron transfer mediator that is mimetic of the tyrosine-histidine mediator in Photosystem II. The mediator molecule is covalently bound to the water oxidation catalyst, a colloidal iridium oxide particle, and is coadsorbed onto a porous titanium dioxide electrode with a Ruthenium polypyridyl sensitizer. As in the natural photosynthetic system, this molecule mediates electron transfer between a relatively slow metal oxide catalyst that oxidizes water on the millisecond timescale and a dye molecule that is oxidized in a fast light-induced electron transfer reaction. The presence of the mediator molecule in the system results in photoelectrochemical water splitting with an internal quantum efficiency of approximately 2.3% using blue light.
Institutional choice and democratic consolidation: The experience of the Russian successor states, 1918–1939

Abstract The breakup of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of 15 states which are trying to create democratic institutions. Based on Latin American experience, most analysts argue that the combination of presidentialism and proportional representation leads to democratic failure. Yet few of the Soviet successor states have chosen pure parliamentarism. I argue that the experience of the post World War I Russian successor states provides a better framework for examining the democratization of these new states because they were trying to build democracy under similar conditions. Their experience indicates that the choice of PR and semi-presidentialism does not necessarily doom democracy.
Heat transfer and curing in polymer reaction molding

A theoretical model is proposed for curing in polymer reaction molding operations like casting, potting, lamination, thermoset molding, or reaction injection molding. In many cases, convection and mass diffusion can be neglected. The resulting unsteady heat equation with temperature dependent generation is solved numerically. Temperature and property profiles, gel point, sol fraction, and modulus are presented for a typical urethane system under several conditions. Two dimensionless groups, the adiabatic temperature rise and the ratio of polymerization rate to heat conduction rate, are most significant. Process design criteria are discussed.
Reaction of ozone with phosphatidylcholine liposomes and the lytic effect of products on red blood cells.

Abstract Ozone caused leakage of trapped glucose from liposomes made from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. A comparison between the lytic activity of ozone and ozone treated liposomes on human red cells showed the liposomes to be by far the most active. Hydrogen peroxide was not responsible for the observed effect. Amount of malonaldehyde formed during ozonization of phosphatidylcholine was a much poorer index of reaction than amount of hydrogen peroxide formed, the latter probably close to reacted double bonds. Results obtained indicated that attack of ozone produced molecules in which the unsaturated fatty acid in position 2 was shortened at the double bond with the formation of aldehyde or acid as the terminal group. In order to explain some of the analytical data further ozonization of primary products is postulated.
Relation of the Cosmic Radiation to Sunspot Magnetic Moments

A function (SS-MM) designed to represent the arithmetical sum of the magnetic moments of all visible sunspots has been compared statistically with the intensity of the cosmic radiation (C-R). Large pulses (20 to 30 percent) in SS-MM were found to occur out of phase with primary pulses in C-R. SS-MM pulses of comparable magnitude bore different phase relations to subsidiary pulses in C-R. For subsidiary pulses preceding the primaries, the C-R was generally high when the SS-MM was increasing and low when it was decreasing. For subsidiary pulses following the primaries, the C-R was generally high when the SS-MM was decreasing and low when it was increasing. The analysis was carried out for intervals of 60 days preceding and following the selected days of high or low C-R. Some consideration was given to the e.m.f. generated in connection with an imaginary but in some respects representative sunspot by electromagnetic induction.
Social support sources and psychological well‐being in older women with heart disease

A test of the compensatory hierarchical model of social support sources was conducted in a sample of 80 older women with heart disease. Relationships of support sources to measures of psychological well-being also were investigated. Emotional and tangible support sources fit the model with the exception that unmarried women without children named friends more often than extended family as emotional support sources. Receipt of emotional support from nonfamily members rather than from sources including family members was related to lower positive affect. Similarly, receipt of tangible support from nonfamily members rather than from sources including family members was related to less satisfaction with life. Factors that disrupt the family relationships of older women with illness are worthy of further exploration.
LOCALIZATION OF γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC‐α‐OXOGLUTARIC ACID TRANSAMINASE IN MOUSE BRAIN*

The distribution of γ-aminobutyric-α-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) has been studied in mouse brain by histochemical visualization on sections, quantitative determination in grossly dissected brain regions, and in subcellular fractions prepared from whole brain homogenates. The results indicate that GABA-T is predominantly a mitochondrial enzyme and that its concentration is particularly high in brain stem areas. The results are discussed in relation to the overall function of the GABA system in the CNS.
Vinblastine, a chemotherapeutic drug, inhibits palmitoylation of tubulin in human leukemic lymphocytes.

Background: We have previously shown that tubulin, the major protein of microtubules, is posttranslationally modified by palmitoylation. In addition, we demonstrated that palmitoyla
Laparoscopic Repair of Scrotal Hernia in Two Foals

Nonstrangulating indirect scrotal hernias were corrected in two 4-week-old Percheron foals by a laparoscopic technique. After laparoscopic reduction of herniated nonstrangulated small intestine each testes was retracted through the vaginal ring. The ligament of the tail of the epididymis was transected by electrocautery. The testicular vessels and nerves were isolated by cautery of the mesenteric portion of the mesorchium and then ligated. Staples were used to close the opening of the inguinal canal by apposing the peritoneal edges of the vaginal ring. Resection of umbilical stalk remnants via celiotomy performed in one foal after laparoscopic observation of enlargement of the right umbilical artery and urachus. No complications or recurrence of herniation had occurred 16 weeks after surgery.
3D finite element analysis of particle-reinforced aluminum

Deformation in particle-reinforced aluminum has been simulated using three distinct types of finite element model: a three-dimensional repeating unit cell, a three-dimensional multi-particle model, and two-dimensional multi-particle models. The repeating unit cell model represents a fictitious periodic cubic array of particles. The 3D multi-particle (3D-MP) model represents randomly placed and oriented particles. The 2D generalized plane strain multi-particle models were obtained from planar sections through the 3D-MP model. These models were used to study the tensile macroscopic stress-strain response and the associated stress and strain distributions in an elastoplastic matrix. The results indicate that the 2D model having a particle area fraction equal to the particle representative volume fraction of the 3D models predicted the same macroscopic stress-strain response as the 3D models. However, there are fluctuations in the particle area fraction in a representative volume element. As expected, predictions from 2D models having different particle area fractions do not agree with predictions from 3D models. More importantly, it was found that the microscopic stress and strain distributions from the 2D models do not agree with those from the 3D-MP model. Specifically, the plastic strain distribution predicted by the 2D model is banded along lines inclined at 45 deg from the loading axis while the 3D model prediction is not. Additionally, the triaxial stress and maximum principal stress distributions predicted by 2D and 3D models do not agree. Thus, it appears necessary to use a multi-particle 3D model to accurately predict material responses that depend on local effects, such as strain-to-failure, fracture toughness, and fatigue life.
An Integrated Approach to Estimating Suicide Risk

It is ironic that if we had a perfect predictive instrument we would not be able to recognize it because it could never be validated by its critical outcome criterion. Though some exceptions could occur, we would be obliged to take all available measures to prevent a suicidal outcome in cases where suicide was predicted. After the crisis we could have no way of knowing with certainty whether the person would have suicided or not. Even if we accepted the reality that people are not either 0% or 100% likely to suicide, and developed a perfect scale to estimate degree of risk, we would still be unable to validate it in individual cases. If it indicated "moderate" risk of 2.5-5.0%, for example, and no intervention were offered, we would have to observe one suicide in every 20-40 persons assessed at this level of risk to demonstrate its validity. The key to assessment is obtaining information, primarily regarding present or anticipated pain and the threshold of pain tolerance in the individual involved. Since different persons communicate in a variety of ways--verbal, nonverbal, symbolic, metaphoric, etc., eclecticism in approach is essential. For some clinicians communication will be facilitated most by one style; for others, a different method would be most effective. Thus, the "best" approach is the one that works best given the unique characteristics of the persons involved and under the conditions existing at the time. My own bias is that every assessment, whatever the approach, must include some form of direct inquiry regarding suicidal intent, and that the final decision in this regard must be a subjective and intuitive judgment. Contrary to possible assumptions in the legal world, accurate assessment does not necessarily mean safety. It can serve as a guide to the degree of risk that may be involved in a treatment program, but even low risk management measures may have an adverse outcome without implications of negligence or carelessness. There has been no mention here of biological markers of suicide, which are of much current interest but still in an investigational stage. Similarly, rational suicide has not been mentioned, though our aging population and the status of AIDS are making this issue progressively more important. The principles involved in assessment of risk are the same as with other forms of suicide, however. Finally, we can only presume that more precise assessment will operate to reduce suicidal deaths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Influence of light, temperature and salinity on dissolved organic carbon exudation rates in Zostera marina L.

Background Marine angiosperms, seagrasses, are sentinel species of marine ecosystem health and function. Seagrass carbon budgets provide insight on the minimum requirements needed to maintain this valuable resource. Carbon budgets are a balance between C fixation, growth, storage and loss rates, most of which are well characterized. However, relatively few measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaf exudation or rhizodeposition rates exist for most seagrass species. Here I evaluate how eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) DOC exudation is affected by a single factor manipulation (light, temperature or salinity). Eelgrass plants were hydroponically exposed to treatments in experimental chambers (separate leaf and rhizome/root compartments) with artificial seawater medium. Regression analysis of changes in the DOC concentration through time was used to calculate DOC exudation rates.
Effect of Weigh-in-Motion System Measurement Errors on Load-Pavement Impact Estimation

Weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology has found increasing application in the highway and transportation areas for traffic data collection for the purpose of highway capacity analysis, aiding enforcement and, most recently, pavement design. The measurement accuracy of a WIM scale is critical. There are numerous existing studies involving the measurement accuracy per se; however, the implications and effect of the accuracy in the context of pavement design have been rarely examined. To address this issue, two particular aspects are considered in this study. First, with traffic data obtained from WIM stations in Texas, axle load spectra are developed from both statistical data fit and load-pavement impact perspectives. Axle load spectra are shown to be captured best by mixed-lognormal distributions. Second, based on the first aspect, two scenarios are investigated by incorporating two types of errors into the load measurements: (1) A random error component due to the WIM scale intrinsic properties; and (2) a systematic error component due to the improper calibration of WIM system. The relationship between jointly varying measurement error levels and load-pavement impact estimation errors is established. It is demonstrated (and quantified) that both types of errors contribute to load-pavement impact estimation inaccuracy. The random error leads to overestimation of load-pavement impact. The results also show that WIM system calibration is of more importance because load-pavement impact estimation is more sensitive and significantly related to systematic error than random error. In addition, the estimated load-pavement impact is found to be more sensitive to overcalibration (positive bias) than undercalibration (negative bias) condition. In summary, the findings in this study provide an effective and efficient approach to evaluate WIM measurement errors in conjunction with load-pavement impact in pavement design and rehabilitation. The findings in this study could be further applied for the determination of adequate pavement design reliability standards. Results can also be useful to highway agencies in assessing and selecting WIM equipment.
Discrimination that Travels: How Ethnicity Affects Party Identification for Southeast Asian Immigrants*

Objectives. The critical importance of party identification as a determinant of vote choice is well documented. Given the increasing diversity of the population in the United States, it is critical that we understand the process of socialization into the political system for immigrant groups. It is especially important that we should be able to distinguish differences in socialization within a group. Methods. Using a framework developed by Cain, Kiewiet, and Uhlaner (1991), we use newly available data to test their assertions about the development of party identification in Asian-American immigrants. Results. Looking at a sample of foreign-born Asian Americans, we find that critical differences can exist within groups. Conclusions. The differences within groups have an important effect on the development of party identification for those immigrants.
Antisaccades and task-switching: interactions in controlled processing

Smaller latency costs for switching from dominant (habitual) to non-dominant (unusual) tasks compared to the reverse direction have been noted in some studies of task-switching. This asymmetry has been cited as evidence of inhibitory effects from the prior trial. We examined accuracy and latency costs of task-switching between prosaccades and antisaccades, where task-switching is limited to stimulus-response re-mapping and occurs between tasks highly asymmetric in dominance. Eighteen subjects executed prosaccades and antisaccades in single-task and mixed-task blocks. In mixed-task blocks, antisaccade and prosaccade trials were ordered randomly, resulting in 'repeated' trials that were preceded by the same type of trial (i.e. antisaccade-antisaccade), and 'switched' trials that were preceded by the opposite type of trial. Comparisons of the single-task blocks and repeated trials of the mixed-task blocks indexed the mixed-list costs, which were small for prosaccades and insignificant for antisaccades. Comparison of the repeated and switched trials from the mixed-task blocks indexed the residual task-switch cost. Accuracy costs of task-switching and antisaccades were equivalent. The accuracy of trials incorporating both switching and antisaccades in a single response (i.e. switched antisaccade) equalled the product of the accuracies of doing each operation alone, supporting independence of these two functions. In contrast, the latency cost of antisaccade performance was 3 times greater than that of task-switching. Task-switching from prosaccades to antisaccades resulted in a paradoxical decrease in antisaccade latency. This decrease correlated with other indices of vigilance, with the paradoxical effect minimized in more attentive observers. The latency data suggest that either an antisaccade on the prior trial perturbs saccadic responses more than a task-switch, or concurrent task-switching specifically facilitates antisaccades. In either case, the paradoxical benefit of task-switching for antisaccades challenges current models of task-switching.
Diurnal variation in synaptic ribbon length and visual threshold.

Previous work suggests that photoreceptor synaptic ribbon length and absolute dark-adapted threshold may vary during a 24-h diurnal cycle. To test this hypothesis, we examined the length of photoreceptor synaptic ribbons and the dark-adapted threshold in black (+/+) and albino (c2J/c2J) C57BL/6J mice at six times over a 24-h period. Testing began 2 h after light onset (ZT 2:00) and continued at successive 4-h intervals (12 h:12 h light:dark). We determined the length of the synaptic ribbons in frozen sections by labeling them with an antibody specific for synaptic ribbons. Synaptic ribbons vary in length at different points in the diurnal cycle in both types of mice, but the synaptic ribbons in black mice are longer than those in albino mice by an average of 0.33 μm. The synaptic ribbons of black mice also have a larger response to changes in the light cycle. Ribbon length in black mice ranges from 1.66 μm to 1.4 μm, whereas ribbon length in albino mice ranges from 1.32 μm to 1.25 μm. The shortest ribbons are evident 6 h after light onset in both types of mice, whereas the longest ribbons appear within 2 h after light onset. These changes in synaptic ribbon length support the idea that photoreceptor synaptic ribbons are dynamic structures whose length changes over a 24-h diurnal cycle. Examining black and albino mice with a water-maze behavioral assay showed that visual thresholds in black and albino mice vary over the 24-h diurnal cycle. The visual thresholds of albino mice are elevated compared with black mice at all times tested. This is consistent with previous findings of visual thresholds in hypopigmented mice. The lowest threshold (greatest sensitivity) is present 2 h after light onset (ZT 2:00) and corresponds to the time when synaptic ribbons are the longest. The highest threshold is observed 6 h after light onset, the time when synaptic ribbons are shortest. These results show that synaptic ribbon length and visual sensitivity vary together in relation to the time.
Bluetooth security in the DoD

Bluetooth is one of the most widely available wireless technologies with over 2 billion Bluetooth-enabled devices shipped. Used by cell phones, laptops, gaming consoles and many other devices, it is the predominant wireless personal area networking technology. Over the last couple of years, US government departments including the Department of Defense (DoD) have begun to embrace Bluetooth due to its standards-based cable replacement features for devices such as smart card readers and headsets. Further, security risks associated with using the technology have been determined and mitigating requirements have been published. However, a thorough discussion of the reasoning behind the Bluetooth security requirements has not been previously provided. This paper provides a technical background on how Bluetooth security works, and then dives into the security risks and requirements associated with designing and deploying Bluetooth-based solutions for use in the DoD. Further, open security problems that impact the future of Bluetooth use in the DoD such as service-level security modes are discussed. Finally, the importance of independent security reviews for Bluetooth product evaluation is emphasized.