cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HER2-Neu in Breast Cancer: History and Future Directions

ABSTRACT Shortly after discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as an inducer of increased cell growth [1], Weinberg et al. characterized Neu oncogene in rat neuro/glioblastomas [2,3] and later its human homolog was called Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) [4]. Then amplification was shown in human breast carcinoma cell lines [5] (Figure 1). Slamon et al. identified that 30% of patients with primary breast cancers harbored HER2 amplification which negatively correlated with survival [6]. In early 1990s, a humanized monoclonal antibody against domain IV of HER2 (trastuzumab, Herceptin®) was developed and it was found to be safe and active in HER+ breast cancer patients. Soon the Chemotherapy and Antibody Response Evaluation (CARE) trial of trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy was launched for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). This randomized study showed significant improvement in median time to progression (TTP) in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy arm compared with chemotherapy alone arm (4.6–7.4 months) [7]. Based on the results of this randomized phase III trial and a single-arm single agent trastuzumab study [8], trastuzumab was approved in HER + MBC in combination with paclitaxel in first and as single agent in second-line setting, respectively. The clear additional benefit of trastuzumab to chemotherapy was also shown in neo-adjuvant [9], and adjuvant settings [10,11]. Laptinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor (inh) against EGFR and HER2, is the second agent that has been approved by FDA for HER+ patients with MBC in combination with capecitabine [12,13] or letrozole [14]. The additional benefit of laptinib to trastuzumab in heavily pretreated HER2+ MBC improved PFS from 8.1 to 12 months [15]. Homo- and heterodimerization of HER receptors are essential for the signaling and HER2-HER3 heterodimer is the most potent pair in downstream signaling [16]. Pertuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against domain II of HER2 that inhibits HER2 dimerization and the activation of the signaling pathway [16]. CLEOPATRA was a randomized phase III study that launched to test the efficacy of adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab plus chemotherapy (docetaxel) in first-line setting and the results clearly showed the significant improved median progression-free survival (PFS) (18.5 versus 12.4 months) in HER2+ MBC patients [17]. Despite this progress in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer, the median PFS in CLEOPATRA study was reported to be 18.5 months, which means that half of the patients in
Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: a Global and Historical Comparison

Many generations of thinkers in Turkey and the rest of the Muslim world have pondered about the dramatic socio-economic and intellectual decline of Muslim societies in comparison to Western Europe ...
Heterojunction photovoltaic cells

Abstract A theoretical evaluation of a heterojunction photovoltaic cell is presented. Short circuit current densities, collection efficiencies, open circuit voltages, and maximum power outputs are calculated and compared to those of equivalent homojunction cells made of the two semiconductor materials forming the heterojunction. The analysis considers the abrupt p - n heterojunction and treats only the case of uniform illumination. Open circuit voltages and short circuit currents, as derived, cannot exceed the values obtained in the equivalent homojunction cells. Cell efficiencies for heterojunctions are thus bounded by the efficiencies of the corresponding homojunctions and any advantages of the cells are limited to those arising out of the window effect (low energy photons pass through one semiconductor to generate carriers in the junction region of the other): i.e., reduced surface recombination losses, and lower sheet resistances.
Identification of mutations that cooperate with defects in B cell transcription factors to initiate leukemia

The transcription factors EBF1 and PAX5 are frequently mutated in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We demonstrate that Pax5+/- x Ebf1+/- compound heterozygous mice develop highly penetrant leukemia. Similar results were seen in Pax5+/- x Ikzf1+/- and Ebf1+/- x Ikzf1+/- mice for B-ALL, or in Tcf7+/- x Ikzf1+/- mice for T cell leukemia. To identify genetic defects that cooperate with Pax5 and Ebf1 compound heterozygosity to initiate leukemia, we performed a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon screen that identified cooperating partners including gain-of-function mutations in Stat5 (~65%) and Jak1(~68%), or loss-of-function mutations in Cblb (61%) and Myb (32%). These findings underscore the role of JAK/STAT5 signaling in B cell transformation and demonstrate unexpected roles for loss-of-function mutations in Cblb and Myb in leukemic transformation. RNA-Seq studies demonstrated upregulation of a PDK1>SGK3>MYC pathway; treatment of Pax5+/- x Ebf1+/- leukemia cells with PDK1 inhibitors blocked proliferation in vitro. Finally, we identified conserved transcriptional variation in a subset of genes between human leukemias and our mouse B-ALL models. Thus, compound haploinsufficiency for B cell transcription factors likely plays a critical role in transformation of human B cells and suggest that PDK1 inhibitors may be effective for treating patients with such defects.
Maize and soybean response to phosphorus fertilization with blends of struvite and monoammonium phosphate

Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O), a low water solubility (<3%) mineral that is increasingly recovered from wastewater treatment plants, has potential to be used as a slow release ammonium phosphate fertilizer, especially when blended with highly water soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers such as monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Maize and soybean were fertilized using a gradient of struvite substitution for MAP, entailing five struvite: MAP blends in a factorial combination with struvite granule size (1.5, 3.0 mm diameter) and fertilizer placement (incorporation, banding). Crop biomass, and P and N uptake (total, concentration) were used to evaluate crop response, and post-harvest soil Mehlich-3 P was measured to assess soluble P loss risk. Maize biomass response was similar using up to 50% struvite and similar in soybean using up to 25% struvite. Total P uptake by maize was similar across 0–75% struvite blends, but significantly lower for 100% struvite. Maize apparent fertilizer P uptake and apparent fertilizer P uptake efficiency was greatest for 100% MAP. Despite differences in biomass, soybean apparent fertilizer P uptake and apparent P use efficiency were similar across struvite blends. Soybean P uptake was significantly greater when fertilized with 100% struvite than with 25 and 50% struvite. Inverse correlation of plant P and N concentrations with biomass indicated a biomass dilution effect. Residual soil Mehlich-3 P decreased with increasing struvite substitution of MAP. Struvite:MAP blends (25–50% struvite) appear to lower soluble P loss risk compared to MAP without restricting early season (vegetative) growth of maize and soybean, and this can differ by crop species.
Effects of tamoxifen on cognition and language in women with breast cancer: A systematic search and a scoping review.

Objective Breast cancer treatments bring adverse consequences that interfere with everyday functioning. Importantly, some of these treatments are associated with cognitive and language changes. Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and is a common endocrine therapy treatment for breast cancer. The current review examines the specific domains of cognition and language affected by the use of tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. Methods We conducted a systematic search that examined cognitive and/or language functions in chemotherapy-naive women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen. PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Grey Literature Report (greylit.org) were searched. Covidence Systematic Review software (covidence.org) was used to manage the screening process of study titles and abstracts as well as full texts. A total of 17 studies were included in the review. Results A range of cognitive and language domains were reported. These were grouped into seven broad domains: attention, memory, speed, executive functioning, verbal abilities, visual abilities, and language abilities. Results showed that there is compelling evidence that specific domains of memory and speed are negatively affected by the use of tamoxifen. In addition, there was a pattern of change in domains of executive functions and verbal abilities. Conclusions Tamoxifen affects specific cognitive and language domains. Language domains beyond semantics have not been studied and thus conclusions related to these domains, and language in general, could not be made. Studies exploring the effects of tamoxifen on the different domains of language are recommended.
Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis

Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
Gilt and Guilt: Should Luxury and Charity Partner at the Point of Sale?

If luxury retail strategy aims to generate awe rather than community, while charities convey community rather than awe, should luxury and charity partner at the point of sale? This research suggests that an association with charity at the point of sale can increase choice of (Study 1) and purchase intent toward (Study 2) a luxury brand and can facilitate upselling to a luxury (vs. value) store brand (Study 3). Further, it implicates guilt reduction as the underlying process mechanism (Studies 2 and 3). Managerial and retailing implications for cause-related marketing of luxury (vs. value) brands are discussed.
Disrupting the Linear Textile Model at the Community Scale

The textile industry constitutes immense environmental, social and political concerns. Whereas the concerns exist at every stage of the life cycle including cultivation of raw materials, design, production, distribution, use and end of life; this research focused on social, economic and political issues arising during the management of postconsumer textile waste. The goal of this research was to examine models focused on disrupting the linear textile model and frame schemes aimed at decreasing the stream of exported clothing to developing countries. The study focused on understanding how ‘reuse’ interventions at the primary consumer level could reduce postconsumer textile waste with an emphasis on keeping textiles within the local community.
Harnessing the Natural Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus to Enhance the Efficacy of Cancer Gene Therapy.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was first characterized as small “defective” contaminant particles in a simian adenovirus preparation in 1965. Since then, a recombinant platform of AAV (rAAV) has become one of the leading candidates for gene therapy applications resulting in two FDA-approved treatments for rare monogenic diseases and many more currently in various phases of the pharmaceutical development pipeline. Herein, we summarize rAAV approaches for the treatment of diverse types of cancers and highlight the natural anti-oncogenic effects of wild-type AAV (wtAAV), including interactions with the cellular host machinery, that are of relevance to enhance current treatment strategies for cancer.
Personality differences in gifted versus non-gifted individuals: A three-level meta-analysis

Some research has investigated the big five personality dimensions among gifted individuals, but these individual studies have provided inconclusive results. The current meta-analysis examined the ...
Chemical and microbial studies on sliced canned bacon.

Publisher Summary This chapter covers the literature pertinent to the curing of bacon, the general subject of curing of bacon, as well as studies conducted by the present authors that had as their objective that of developing a method of curing, smoking, and packaging bacon which would permit storage at ordinary temperatures. The chapter discusses the sources of microbial contamination and changes in microbial population during curing and smoking. It presents materials and methods used in studies by the authors. The chemical and microbial changes occurring in one lot of bacon from the uncured stage through the smoking process have been recorded. The types of spoilage that occur in bacon on storage are divided into: proteolytic changes, slime production, rancidity, and discolorations. Because it became apparent that changes in the curing process alone were not sufficient to preserve sliced canned bacon during non-refrigerated storage, additional methods to supplement the curing procedures were sought. Various methods of reducing the moisture content have been investigated including pressure during curing, alternate freezing, and thawing with increased pressure, vacuum dehydration and prolonged air drying at temperatures just below the melting point of bacon fat.
Drag reducing polymers improve tissue perfusion via modification of the RBC traffic in microvessels

This paper reports a novel, physiologically significant, microfluidic phenomenon generated by nanomolar concen- trations of drag-reducing polymers (DRP) dissolved in flowing blood, which may explain previously demonstrated beneficial effects of DRP on tissue perfusion. In microfluidic systems used in this study, DRP additives were found to significantly mod- ify traffic of red blood cells (RBC) into microchannel branches as well as reduce the near-wall cell-free layer, which normally is found in microvessels with a diameter smaller than 0.3 mm. The reduction in plasma layer size led to attenuation of the so-called "plasma skimming" effect at microchannel bifurcations, increasing the number of RBC entering branches. In vivo, these changes in RBC traffic may facilitate gas transport by increasing the near vessel wall concentration of RBC and capillary hematocrit. In addition, an increase in near-wall viscosity due to the redirection of RBC in this region may potentially decrease vascular resistance as a result of increased wall shear stress, which promotes endothelium mediated vasodilation. These mi- crocirculatory phenomena can explain the previously reported beneficial effects of DRP on hemodynamics in vivo observed in many animal studies. We also report here our finding that DRP additives reduce flow separations at microchannel expansions, deflecting RBC closer to the wall and eliminating the plasma recirculation zone. Although the exact mechanism of the DRP effects on RBC traffic in microchannels is yet to be elucidated, these findings may further DRP progress toward clinical use.
MANAGEMENT OF MULTI-AIRPORT SYSTEMS: A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

This paper proposes a dynamic strategy for developing the multi-airport systems needed for large metropolitan regions. It is based upon two fundamental factors: (1) the pattern of concentration of airline traffic at specific airports impelled by the dynamics of the competition amongst airlines and airports that sets limits on second airports; and (2) the uncertainty of future traffic in this competitive environment that implies financial risks for capital intensive airport projects. Development plans should thus be making investments that insure the future; incremental, phasing modest investments wording to proven opportunities; and flexible, providing the insurance to adjust easily to future situations.
FAVOURITISM OR MARKETS IN CAPITAL ALLOCATION

Casual observation suggests that capital allocation is often driven by favoritism and connections rather than by market mechanisms and information on future expected returns. We investigate when favoritism or markets emerge as an equilibrium outcome in the allocation of capital. We show that when information is unreliable and costly, financiers do not have incentives to investigate distant investment opportunities and allocate capital to entrepreneurs they are familiar with (favoritism). If the pool of saving is relatively small, favoritism can lead to an efficient allocation of investment. As the economy develops and its pool of saving increases, information production and the identification of distant investment opportunities (markets) become crucial for efficient investment decisions. Nevertheless, favoritism may emerge in equilibrium and investors may find it optimal to fund low quality entrepreneurs if they are familiar with them. Since competition for capital is low in an equilibrium with favoritism, entrepreneurs enjoy high rents. Thus, even high quality entrepreneurs may have no incentive to join markets with standards that foster information acquisition, but rather run inefficiently small firms.
LITERACY FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE

Literacy has become a sitefor playing out the unjust social arrangements of hierarchy and inequity in our educational institutions, where minorities and marginalized 'others' predictably fail (Gilmore, 2003: 10). It isfor this reason that this paper examines teacher attitudes to obstacles to the establishment of literacy partnerships with parents of children of poverty. The intersection of such altitude with issues of equity of access to and participation in educational service has become the main focus. Teacher altitude is explored along eight dimensions grounded in the psychological literature. In terms of research, this paper discusses also the forces that contribute to failed or failing partnership efforts.
Lymphocyte receptors for polyclonal T mitogens: II. High-molecular-weight glycoproteins are the best candidate sites for mitogenic action by concanavalin A and galactose oxidase

Abstract Murine lymphocytes oxidized by galactose oxidase were radiolabeled by reduction with NaB3H4. The labeled cells were incubated with Con A and the Con A-Con A receptor complexes formed in situ on the viable cells were isolated by immuno-precipitation with anti-Con A serum and fixed Staphylococcus aureus. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis fluorography analysis of the precipitates demonstrated four high-molecular-weight glycoproteins which were oxidized by GO and which bound Con A. These same four glycoproteins were also oxidized and labeled by IO 4 NaB 3 H 4 . [3H]Tyrosine biosynthetic labeling identified these four plus several other Con A receptors. Because Con A sterically inhibits GO mitogenic stimulation, these four glycoproteins are likely to represent the necessary sites of oxidative mitogenic action and are good candidates for the targets of Con A mitogenesis.
Skills Training Manual for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder

Rationale for Psychosocial Skills Training with Borderline Patients. Practical Issues in Psychosocial Skills Training. Session Format and Starting Skills Training. Application of Structural Strategies and Skills Training Procedures to Psychosocial Skills Training. Application of Other Strategies and Procedures to Psychosocial Skills Training. Session-by-Session Outlines for Psychosocial Skills Training. Core Mindfulness Skills. Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills. Emotion Regulation Skills. Distress Tolerance Skills. Handouts and Homework Sheets. References. Index.
Error analysis of filters implemented with floating point arithmetic

Discrete time filters widely used in most control applications are usually implemented on finite precision digital devices which employ either fixed point of floating point arithmetic. Large dynamic range and the inherent normalizing characteristic of floating point representations may, in certain cases, make them preferable over other forms of representations. In a general simulation of system response, the effects due to quantization are not usually considered. This study presents a code for emulation of floating point quantization effects in time domain simulation of the system response. >
Right Atrial Flutter Due to Lower Loop Reentry Mechanism and Anatomic Substrates

Background—The mechanisms of an atrial flutter (AFL) that is more rapid and at times more irregular than typical AFL are unknown. Methods and Results—Twenty-nine patients with AFL were studied. Atrial electrograms were recorded from a 20-pole catheter placed against the tricuspid annulus (TA), with its distal electrodes lateral to the isthmus between the TA and the eustachian ridge (ER), and from the His bundle and coronary sinus catheters. Atrial extrastimuli were delivered in the TA-ER isthmus during typical AFL. Episodes of a right atrial flutter rhythm that was different from typical AFL were induced in 3 patients and occurred spontaneously in 3 patients. This sustained AFL, designated as lower-loop reentry (LLR), involved the lower right atrium (RA), as manifested by early breakthrough in the lower RA, wave-front collision in the high lateral RA or septum, and conduction through the TA-ER isthmus. Linear ablation resulting in bidirectional conduction block in the TA-ER isthmus terminated spontaneous ...
M1 transitions involving the D states of quarkonia.

We derive expressions for the decay rates of the M1 transitions (1) n $^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}n' $^{3}$${\mathit{S}}_{1}$, (2) ${\mathit{n}}^{3}$${\mathit{D}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}n' $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$, and (3) ${\mathit{n}}^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}n' $^{3}$${\mathit{D}}_{1}$ including their leading relativistic corrections. Using the potential proposed by Gupta, Radford, and Repko we also numerically calculate the decay widths for some of these transitions in both the cc\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and the bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} bound systems. In general the M1 decay rates in the bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} systems are found to be extremely small, of the order of a few electron volts or less. But in the cc\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} system the M1 decay ${1}^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}${1}^{3}$${\mathit{S}}_{1}$ may have a significant branching ratio, its partial decay width being more than 2 keV. The inclusion of coupled-channel mixing leads to only small corrections.
Segmented plated-thru-hole design in flip-chip packaging for improved electrical performance

This paper describes a novel segmented plated-thra-hole (PTH) structure in flip-chip packaging design to address the current and future high-speed signaling and power integrity problems. The design is capable to resolve the high-frequency coupling from signal integrity perspective, as well as power integrity's loop inductance and resistance issues, which are commonly associated with today's ultra-small form-factor substrate design. In the signal integrity study, the innovative segmented PTH design was applied to next-generation USB 3.1, also known as SuperSpeed+ USB which is operating at lOGbps. It is ascertained that a 4-layer packaging solution for enabling USB 3.1 is feasible with the novel design, of which a conventional 4-layer packaging design could not offer. Power integrity assessment, on the other hand, shows performance boost could be achieved through segmented PTH design, even with only half of the PTH count compared to the conventional substrate design, thus indicating viable smaller package design or package-level capacitors reduction.
Nuclear statistical equilibrium for Type Ia supernova simulations

We solve the equations of nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) for the mass fractions of 443 nuclides, including the effects of temperature dependent nuclear partition functions [T. Rauscher, F. Thielemann, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 75 (2000) 1-351] and Coulomb corrections [G. Chabrier, A.Y. Potekhin, Phys. Rev. E 58 (1998) 4941]. The resulting mass fractions are then convolved with the new weak interaction rates for pf-shell nuclei based on large-scale shell model calculations [K. Langanke, G. Martinez-Pinedo, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 79 (2001) 1-46] to get the rate of neutronization and the specific neutrino luminosity of matter in NSE. We present tables of the results and give examples of how the tables can be used in Type 1a supernova simulations.
Microstructure-sensitive modeling of rolling contact fatigue

Abstract Crack nucleation, first spall generation and spall growth in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) are known to be highly sensitive to the heterogeneity of the microstructure. Yet the current state-of-the-art in the design of high performance bearing materials and microstructures is highly empirical requiring substantial lengthy experimental testing to validate the reliability and performance of these new materials and processes. We have laid the groundwork necessary to determine the influence of microstructure in RCF and related very high cycle fatigue problems. Crystal plasticity material models provide more realistic accumulations of localized plastic strains with cycling compare to homogenized J 2 plasticity. With J 2 plasticity, the bearing must be overloaded to capture significant plasticity near inclusions; with crystal plasticity, realistic bench test loads can be applied with plastic strain accumulation observed near inclusions in cases where RCF failure is anticipated.
Concatenations of polar codes with outer BCH codes and convolutional codes

We analyze concatenation schemes of polar codes with outer binary BCH codes and convolutional codes. We show that both BCH-polar and Convolutional-polar (Conv-polar) codes can have frame error rate that decays exponentially with the frame length, which is a substantial improvement over standalone polar codes. With the increase in the cutoff rate of the channel after polarization, long constraint-length convolutional codes with sequential decoding suffice to achieve a frame error rate that decays exponentially with the frame length, whereas the average decoding complexity is low. Numerical results show that both BCH-polar codes and Conv-polar codes can outperform stand-alone polar codes for some lengths and choice of decoding algorithms used to decode the outer codes. For the additive white Gaussian noise channel, Conv-polar codes substantially outperform concatenated Reed Solomon-polar codes with a careful choice of the lengths of inner and outer codes.
SURVNET: A Fault Tolerant Local Area Network

In response to the Department of Defense's need to enhance the survivability of command and control systems, The MITRE Corporation developed SURVNET, a survivable fiber optic local area network. The network supports data communications with a fault-tolerant, distributed architecture capable of continued communication despite media failure and node outages. SURVNET is configured as a modified fiber-optic broadcast bus. The physical and data link layers are implemented with a combination of IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and an augmented version of IEEE 802.4 token passing bus protocols. Special nodes in the network, incorporating fault-tolerant software, are doubly connected to the fiber bus. Periodically, these nodes broadcast a self-addressed test message to determine if continuity exists on the network segment between the node's two physically separate connections. If a discontinuity is detected, the node utilizes its two connections to bridge between the isolated bus segments.
An IRFTS spectroscopic study of the kinetics and the mechanism of the reactions in the gaseous system, HONO, NO, NO2, H2O

Abstract A kinetic study of the nitrous acid decay reaction, 2HONO → NO + NO 2 + H 2 O (2), and the formation reaction, NO + NO 2 + H 2 O → 2HONO (1), has been made using essentially continuous FT-IR monitoring of the reactants and products in mixtures at the ppm level. The data suggest that the reactions are homogeneous for the conditions employed in this study. The results give: k 1 = (2.2 ± 0.7) × 10 −9 ppm −2 min −1 and k 2 = (1.4 ± 0.4) × 10 −3 ppm −1 min −1 at 23°C. It is concluded that the homogeneous generation of HONO may be important in power plant plumes and in auto exhaust gases during the early stages of the dilution of these NO x -H 2 O-rich mixtures. Reactions (1) and (2) are a negligible source and sink of HONO in the atmosphere once the usual low ambient levels of NO and NO 2 are achieved. These reactions may influence smog formation in urban atmospheres during the early morning hours when nitrous acid formation by alternative pathways is slow. For these conditions the sunlight photolysis of HONO may be the major source of HO-radicals which, in combination with hydrocarbons and their oxidation products, lead to NO → NO 2 conversion, O 3 development, and other manifestations of photochemical smog.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE THERAPY IN SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN

In fifteen patients affected by essential nonvibratory tinnitus, local applications in the external auditive canal of 2 ml medicated DMSO spray were made. The spray solution contained DMSO integrated with anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory substances. This application was repeated every four days for a month. At the same time each patient was administered a daily intramuscular injection of a preparation that contained DMSO and a vasodilatory component. The therapeutic effect was evaluated through the subjective modification of the symptom and functional tests of the auditory system. Of the fifteen patients treated, the tinnitus symptom completely disappeared in nine, and did not return during a one-year observation period. The patient's symptoms diminished in two cases, and in four cases the permanent tinnitus became occasional, triggered principally by environmental cold. It is important to note that among the concomitant signs, the five patients with vertigo noted improvement. Hypacusis diminished in three of the six patients affected. Insomnia disappeared in eight and diminished in seven cases. The rise in the average tympanic membrane temperature from 36.8 degrees C before to 37.9 degrees C after treatment was noteworthy. This could indicate an improvement of the blood flow in the inner ear.
Utilization of preoperative cerebrospinal fluid drain in skull base surgery.

OBJECTIVE Retrospectively assess the efficacy of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage placed preoperatively in skull base operations in decreasing the incidence of postoperative CSF fistula. METHODS A retrospective review of 150 patients undergoing a posterior fossa craniotomy from 1989 to 2000 was conducted. Patients were divided into those receiving preoperative lumbar drains and those that did not. The rates of postoperative CSF leakage were compared between the two groups. Patient data were analyzed to determine if there were other comorbidities affecting the postoperative incidence of CSF leakage such as smoking, diabetes, or hypertension. RESULTS Between 1989 and 1994, 25/72 (35%) patients with no preoperative lumbar drain had a postoperative CSF leak. From 1995 to 2000, 9/78 (12%) patients with a preoperative lumbar drain had a CSF leak. This was a 23% decreased incidence of postoperative CSF leakage and a significant decrease in the probability (p < 0.001) of CSF leakage in patients treated with a preoperative lumbar drain. The comorbidities of diabetes, smoking, or hypertension did not increase the probability of a CSF leak (p = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS A preoperatively placed lumbar drain can significantly lower the rate of postoperative CSF leakage after skull base surgery. The drain is a well-tolerated adjunct to dural closure and helps increase surgical exposure of the posterior fossa. The comorbidities of diabetes, smoking, or hypertension do not contribute to an increased rate of CSF leakage.dagger Lyal Leibrock M.D., F.A.C.S. is Deceased.
Synthesis and sintering characteristics of zirconia and zirconia-alumina nanocomposites

Abstract 3 mol% Yttria Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia (YSTZ) and YSTZ-Alumina nanocomposites were synthesized by a sol-gel synthesis technique using zirconium tetrachloride and hydrated yttrium chloride for YSTZ and zirconium tetrachloride, hydrated yttrium chloride and aluminum chloride for the nanocomposites. After drying and calcining at 823K, the particle size was in the range 10–25 nm. The powders were sintered using a uniaxial hot press with an applied stress of 20–40 MPa. One hour isothermal sintering cycles were performed in air with an initial heating rate of 50K/min. The sintering behavior and grain coarsening characteristics were studied using SEM and TEM and the phase structure was determined using X-ray diffraction.
Early Predictors of Adolescent Depression: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study.

This study examined the longitudinal relationship of early elementary predictors to adolescent depression 7 years later. The sample consisted of 938 students who have been part of a larger longitudinal study that started in 1993. Data collected from parents, teachers, and youth self-reports on early risk factors when students were in 1st and 2nd grade were compared to adolescent self-reported depression 7 years later. Regression analyses were conducted with each risk factor separately and combined, while also examining gender and the gender × risk factor interaction. Results showed that the risk factors predominately in the individual characteristic group (depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior) were predictive of depression 7 years later. Gender differences among the longitudinal risk factors were also found in relation to adolescent depression. Discussion of the results focuses on the practice of children’s mental health assessment and implications for the development of prevention and intervention programs for depression.
Studies in steroid metabolism. XIV. Modification of the analysis of urinary estrogens by gas chromatography.

Modifications of the previously presented method of estrogen determination are reported. Use of an SE-30 phase gives sharper peaks and allows faster analyses, also, one further compound—16-epiestriol—may be analyzed simultaneously.
A comparison of synthesis methods for cellular structures with application to additive manufacturing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate design synthesis methods for designing lattice cellular structures to achieve desired stiffnesses. More generally, to find appropriate design problem formulations and solution algorithms for searching the large, complex design spaces associated with cellular structures.Design/methodology/approach – Two optimization algorithms were tested: particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Levenburg‐Marquardt (LM), based on a least‐squares minimization formulation. Two example problems of limited complexity, specifically a two‐dimensional cantilever beam and a two‐dimensional simply‐supported plate, were investigated. Computational characteristics of the algorithms were reported for design problems with hundreds of variables. Constraints from additive manufacturing processes were incorporated to ensure that resulting designs are realizable.Findings – Both PSO and LM succeeded in searching the design spaces and finding good designs. LM is one to two orders of magnitu...
Divergent strabismus following neonatal callosal section is due to a failure of convergence.

Abstract Eye alignment was measured in neonatal callosum-sectioned cats that were 1–3 years old. Alignment was measured from photographs of the cat's corneal reflex when alert, anesthetized and paralyzed, and by plotting the optic disc separation during paralysis. The callosal alignment was equally divergent when alert and paralyzed and was identical to the control alignment under paralysis. Therefore, the alert callosal divergence results from a failure to converge the eyes.
The index of narrative microstructure: a clinical tool for analyzing school-age children's narrative performances.

Purpose This research was conducted to develop a clinical tool—the Index of Narrative Microstructure (INMIS)—that would parsimoniously account for important microstructural aspects of narrative pro...
Three Generations of Greek Americans: A Study in Ethnicity:

This study proposes to measure ethnic identity among three generations of Greek Americans living in the New York metropolitan area. New York City has the largest Greek community in the United States. Although the evidence reveals variation from generation to generation the majority of Greeks still have a relatively strong attachment to their ethnic culture in spite of identification with American society. (authors)
Purification of an indole alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme, strictosidine synthase, from a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The gene for the indole alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme, strictosidine synthase, of Catharanthus roseus has been cloned into an inducible Escherichia coli expression vector using an expression cassette polymerise chain reaction technique. Induction of the gene resulted in overexpression of the enzyme which accumulated mainly as insoluble inclusion bodies. Denaturation and refolding of the insoluble protein resulted in the ability to purify up to 6 mg of active enzyme from a single liter of cell culture. The recombinant enzyme has good activity (∼30 nkat/mg).
A novel personalized vaccine approach in combination with targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma.

The historical treatment paradigm for metastatic renal cell carcinoma has focused on immunomodulatory agents, such as IFN-α and IL-2, which provide good clinical outcomes in only a subset of patients. The development of therapies that target the VEGF and mTOR pathways have significantly altered the treatment landscape for this disease, with novel inhibitors providing substantial improvements in progression-free and overall survival over previous standards of care. Despite these advances, toxicity from targeted therapy and the development of resistance results in disease progression. By contrast, vaccine-based immunotherapy represents a promising new approach for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma; however, tumor-induced immunosuppression has limited the clinical efficacy of this modality until recently. Some evidence suggests that certain targeted therapies, such as sunitinib, may reduce this immunosuppression and enhance the tumor microenvironment to promote synergy with autol...
Precision measurements in nuclear beta decay

Precision measurements in nuclear beta decay provide sensitive means to determine the fundamental coupling of charged fermions to weak bosons and to test discrete symmetries in the weak interaction. The main motivation of such measurements is to find deviations from Standard Model predictions as possible indications of new physics. I focus here on two topics related to precision measurements in beta decay, namely: (i) the determination of the V ud element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark mixing matrix from nuclear mirror transitions and (ii) selected measurements of time reversal violating correlations in nuclear and neutron decays. These topics complement those presented in other contributions to this conference.
A preliminary look at how psychologists identify, evaluate, and proceed when faced with possible multiple relationship dilemmas

Psychologists identified which nonsexual multiple relationships (MRs) they most frequently had to negotiate with current and former clients, supervisees, and students. Information was also gathered on how potential sexualMRs develop and why such relationships do not ultimately occur. Nonsexual MRs were discussed or addressed most frequently with supervisees, and social interactions and events were the types of relationships that were most frequently discussed. Actions cuing a potential sexual MR are also described, and rationales that deterred psychologists from actually engaging in sexual relationships are provided.
ANISOTROPY VERSUS HETEROGENEITY IN CONTINENTAL SOLID EARTH ELECTROMAGNETIC STUDIES: FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICOCHEMICAL STATE

Electrical anisotropy, the effect of current density in a medium being a function of the orientation of the electric field, is being recognized increasingly as an important effect in explaining Earth electromagnetic observations. A consideration of anisotropy, however, in most cases is an admission of spatial aliasing in earth structure, wherein the averaging volume of diffusive EM fields may be greater than the characteristic dimensions of a family of oriented structures, thus leading to a response which is equivalent to a bulk anisotropic medium. Even for two-dimensional geometries, there can be strong non-parallelism of principal axes of vertical magnetic field relative to the impedance over broad areas, as well as impedance phase variations which leave normal quadrants, if there are multiple directions of anisotropy or anisotropy strike distinct from bulk geometric (2D) strike. This paper concentrates on experience with regional field studies in continental settings where bulk anisotropy is apparent. Upper crustal anisotropy may result from preferred orientations of fracture porosity, or lithologic layering, or oriented heterogeneity. Lower crustal anisotropy may result from preferred orientations of fluidized/melt-bearing or graphitized shear zones, but does not necessarily reflect current state of stress per se. In the upper mantle, the prior causes all may act in pertinent domains, but added to these is the possibility of strong electrical anisotropy due to hydrous defects within shear-aligned olivine crystals (solid-state conduction). Several field examples from continental MT investigations will be discussed, which roughly fall into active transpressional, active transtensional, and fossil transpressional regimes. A general challenge in interpreting data with apparent anisotropic effects is to establish the tradeoff between heterogeneity and anisotropy in the inversion of EM responses.
The role of activity in the construction of spatial representations

Knowing your way around the environment involves more than just walking from here to there.
Endonasal repair of septal perforations using a rotational mucosal flap and acellular dermal interposition graft.

Background: The closure of nasal septal perforations can be challenging based on the etiology, location, and method of closure. We report on a novel method of closure for nasal septal perforations using a unilateral mucosal rotational flap and acellular dermal interposition graft. Methods: Twenty patients with nasal septal perforations of various etiologies underwent our method of repair through a closed, endonasal approach. Results: Out of 20 patients, 17 demonstrated successful closure of their septal perforations, consistent with an 85% success rate. Based upon size, closure rates were 89% for small perforations ( 2 cm). Of 20 patients, 19 were completely asymptomatic following surgical intervention, and of the 3 with failed repairs, only 1 patient required revision surgery for persistent symptoms. Conclusion: Nasal septal perforations may cause bothersome symptoms and present a significant reconstructive challenge. Native septal tissue is advantageous due to a rich vascular supply and proximity to the defect, while interposition grafts act as a scaffold for the migration of respiratory mucosa. The method described herein combines these principles to provide a suitable technique for the closure of nasal septal perforations. ©2012 ARSAAOA, LLC.
A Rotational Scarf Osteotomy Decreases Troughing When Treating Hallux Valgus

Background The traditional scarf osteotomy has been associated with complication rates between 1.1% and 45%. We have modified the traditional technique with a rotational osteotomy to reduce these complications.
Courtship ethology of Wahnes’ parotia Parotia wahnesi (Aves: Paradisaeidae)

The concept of modularity has not been fully incorporated into current thinking about the evolution of behavioral complexity. One limiting factor is the paucity of high-quality descriptive data exemplifying the organizational structure of complex behavioral phenotypes in which modular units are likely to exist. In this paper, I describe the courtship ethology of Wahnes’ parotia, Parotia wahnesi, a little known bird of paradise endemic to northeastern Papua New Guinea. This paper builds upon existing and ongoing work on the genus Parotia by describing courtship a way that clearly and comprehensively illustrates ethological structure. Results reveal eleven diagnosable behavior patterns arranged within a seven-level hierarchical structure. Behavior comprises numerous discrete, semi-autonomous, hierarchically arranged units used to form additional units at higher levels of integration. Of the eleven behavior patterns, the three male displays are the most complex. Surprisingly, these displays comprise a similar number of elements as the displays of P. carolae, a species with twice the number of displays in its repertoire. These findings and others support the conclusion that the P. wahnesi courtship phenotype is inherently modular in organizational structure. Finally, this study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive descriptive studies to increasing our understanding of the importance of biological principles, for example modularity, across a wider range of animal biodiversity.
Chromospheric Heating above Supergranular Boundaries

A geometrical optics technique developed in order to study energy transport by weak fast-mode hydromagnetic shock waves in a non-homogeneous, anisotropic medium has been applied to the problem of the heating of the chromosphere in the regions of intensified magnetic field which occur above the boundaries of supergranular cells. The results of the calculation indicate that there should be a temperature enhancement in the regions of the chromospheric network. This temperature enhancement is advanced as a possible mechanism for the origin of the observed calcium emission network.