cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking Leave of Sir Joseph Banks

Banks left his library and collections to Brown with the stipulation that when Brown passed away, all this material should go to the British Museum. Thus Banks allowed for the continuity of the botanical work that had been conducted out of his home in Soho Square. Brown now was living next to Banks’s marvelous library, drawings, and herbarium. Brown began to focus on plant structure, liberally making use of his microscopic skills. With his position solidified and with firm control of Banks’s herbarium and books and drawings, he managed a network of naturalists from Europe and the rest of the world who sent him the results of their experiences in the field. Plant collections poured in from Asia, the Western Hemisphere (particularly South and Central America), the South Pacific regions, and the Arctic regions. Brown drew on the material sent to the Royal Society in refining his own work. He spent considerable time on the histology of cycads and conifers, acutely examining the tissues of these plants, particularly their reproductive structures. His paper was “Character and Description of Kingia; a new genus of plants found on the south-west coast of New Holland with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum, and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae.” Brown advanced the idea that the cycads and conifers contained ovules that were not “imbedded” in their ovaries but were visible to even casual observers. Brown’s observations allowed him to understand the differences between primitive cryptogams (mosses and liverworts) and the more advanced seed plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms. He further saw that seed plants had an advantage in reproduction because they did not require moisture to reproduce; thus they were better adapted to a wider range of environmental conditions.
Understanding Self-Assembly and the Stabilization of Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: The Importance of Ligand Tail Branching and Oil-Phase Solvation

Abstract Hypothesis Organophosphorus-based ligands represent a versatile set of solvent extraction reagents whose chemical makeup plays an important role in extraction mechanism. We hypothesize that the branching of the extractant hydrophobic tail and its oil-phase solvation affect the liquid/liquid interfacial structure. Understanding the structure mediated adsorption and interfacial ordering becomes key in designing ligands with enhanced selectivity and efficiency for targeted extractions. Experiment We employed vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy and interfacial tension measurements to extract thermodynamic adsorption energies, map interfacial ordering, and rationalize disparate behaviors of model di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and dioctyl phosphoric acid ligands at the hexadecane water interface. Findings With increased surface loading, ligands with branched hydrophobic tails formed stable interfaces at much lower concentrations than those observed for ligands with linear alkyl tails. The lack of an oil phase and associated solvation results in markedly different interfacial properties, and thus measurements made at air/liquid surfaces cannot be assumed to correlate with the processes occurring at buried liquid/liquid interfaces. We attribute these differences in the surface mediated self-assembly to key variations in hydrophobic interactions and tail solvation taking place in the oil phase demonstrating that interactions in both the polar and nonpolar phases are essential to understand self-assembly and function.
Anabolism: Practical Strategies

Anabolism is a metabolic state of protein synthesis. In the immediate postprandial metabolism, carbohydrate is the preferred source of energy. After 12–15 h of fasting, fat is used as the energy source. For maintenance of anabolism, not only energy should be provided but also essential amino acids.
At Sprint, Understanding the Language of Business Gives Usability a Positive Net Present Value

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how understanding the language of business gives usability a positive net present value. In the mind of a user experience professional, a flawed user experience may equate to a failed product. However, an organization may opt to launch products or services that contain significant known flaws for valid business reasons to capture a first-mover advantage. Yet businesses also launch flawed products or services that should have been fixed, resulting in reduced usage that may negate expected business benefits. In extreme cases, launching a product that fails to meet customers' usability expectations may lead to failure of the business case. Without the contribution of user experience professionals, businesses may fail to make the “right call” when faced with tradeoffs between user experience and business concerns (usability vs. time to market). Thus, user experience professionals must contribute to business decision-making. To accomplish this, user experience professionals must adopt the business decision-making mindset, and establish and demonstrate the linkage between user experience concerns and shareholder return.
Surgical Treatment for Early Germ Cell Tumors

Germ cell cancer of the testis occurs in young men and is currently one of the most curable solid tumors in humans. The successful treatment of this disease requires a multidisciplinary approach, with close co-operation between the urologist, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist.
Studies on the hypothalamic regulation of histamine synthesis history and some current information

Abstract As described earlier, L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity in bone marrow is markedly increased on incubation with interleukin-3 (IL-3) or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This is due to the induction of the de novo synthesis of HDC in hemopoietic progenitor cells. Chemical axotomy in adult mice, chemical sympathectomy in neonatal mice or catecholamine depletion in adult rats by 6-hydroxydopamine inhibited the IL-3 or GM-CSF induced histamine synthesis. Stereotaxic lesions of the pre-optic and anterior hypothalamic area (parasympathetic representation) or electric stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus, enchanced the same effect. Likewise, chemical anterior lesions produced by N-methyl-DL-aspartate, or surgical antero-lateral deafferentation show the same result. Conversely, posterior hypothalamic lesions (sympathetic representation) or electric stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus have no effect on HDC synthesis. Thus the de novo synthesis of HDC induced by IL-3 and GM-CSF required β-adrenergic activation of progenitor hemopoietic cells that sensitizes these cells to the cytokines. The β-adrenergic input can be completely replaced in the induction of HDC synthesis by in vitro addition of Interleukin-1α.
Approximating answer sets of unitary lifschitz-woo programs

We investigate techniques for approximating answer sets of general logic programs of Lifschitz and Woo, whose rules have single literals as heads. We propose three different methods of approximation and obtain results on the relationship between them. Since general logic programs with single literals as heads are equivalent to revision programs, we obtain results on approximations of justified revisions of databases by revision programs.
A Supply Chain Network Game Theoretic Framework for Time-Based Competition with Transportation Costs and Product Differentiation

In this paper, we developed a supply chain network game theory model with differentiated products and transportation costs in the case of time-based oligopolistic competition. The firms are profit-maximizers and have, as their strategic variables, the product shipments and the guaranteed delivery times to the consumers at the demand markets with the guaranteed delivery times never exceeding the sum of the production time and the transportation time. The demand price functions are functions of the demands for the products at the different demand markets as well as their guaranteed delivery times. The governing Nash equilibrium conditions are formulated as alternative variational inequalities. An algorithm is proposed, which yields closed form expressions, at each iteration, for the product shipments, the guaranteed delivery times, as well as the associated Lagrange multipliers. Supply chain network numerical examples are given to illustrate the modeling and the computational approach.
The structure of dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4: Neutron diffraction study at 100, 60, and 20 K and ab initio theoretical calculations

Single crystal neutron diffraction studies are reported for cubic dinitrogen tetroxide (space group Im3; Z = 6). The crystals were grown from NO2 vapor in situ on the diffractometer by precise cryostatic control. The lattice parameter, measured at seven temperatures, increases from 7.6937(6) A at 20 K to 7.7925(6) A at 140 K. The nuclear positional and thermal parameters were refined using diffraction data (sin ϑ/λ⩽0.79 A−1) measured at 20, 60, and 100 K. Final fit indices R(F2) are 0.028, 0.034, 0.037, respectively. The observed N–N bond length and O–N–O angle are invariant between 20 and 100 K at values 1.7562(±4) A and 134.46(±6)° with individual e.s.d.’s of 0.001 A and 0.1°. The observed N–O bond length increases linearly from 1.1855(9) A at 100 K to 1.1893(5) A at 20 K; the extrapolated zero‐point value is 1.191 A. Ab initio self‐consistent field calculations using a two‐configuration wave function which allows partial occupation of the σ* MO (antibonding with respect to the two nitrogens) yields a r...
Diagnosis and Management of Anxiety Disorders

Major anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. Although the tendency toward anxiety disorders appears familial, other factors such as environmental influences can play a role in the risk for anxiety. This clinical review focuses on the pathophysiologic basis for anxiety disorders. It provides brief overviews of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. It also summarizes treatment options for patients with anxiety disorders.
“Best Case/Worst Case”: Qualitative Evaluation of a Novel Communication Tool for Difficult in‐the‐Moment Surgical Decisions

Objectives To evaluate a communication tool called “Best Case/Worst Case” (BC/WC) based on an established conceptual model of shared decision-making. Design Focus group study. Setting Older adults (four focus groups) and surgeons (two focus groups) using modified questions from the Decision Aid Acceptability Scale and the Decisional Conflict Scale to evaluate and revise the communication tool. Participants Individuals aged 60 and older recruited from senior centers (n = 37) and surgeons from academic and private practices in Wisconsin (n = 17). Measurements Qualitative content analysis was used to explore themes and concepts that focus group respondents identified. Results Seniors and surgeons praised the tool for the unambiguous illustration of multiple treatment options and the clarity gained from presentation of an array of treatment outcomes. Participants noted that the tool provides an opportunity for in-the-moment, preference-based deliberation about options and a platform for further discussion with other clinicians and loved ones. Older adults worried that the format of the tool was not universally accessible for people with different educational backgrounds, and surgeons had concerns that the tool was vulnerable to physicians’ subjective biases. Conclusion The BC/WC tool is a novel decision support intervention that may help facilitate difficult decision-making for older adults and their physicians when considering invasive, acute medical treatments such as surgery.
Electrostatic steering enhances the rate of cAMP binding to phosphodiesterase: Brownian dynamics modeling

Signaling in cells often involves co-localization of the signaling molecules. Most experimental evidence has shown that intracellular compartmentalization restricts the range of action of the second messenger, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The objective of this study is to understand the details of molecular encounter that may play a role in efficient operation of the cAMP signaling apparatus. The results from electrostatic potential calculations and Brownian dynamics simulations suggest that positive potential of the active site from PDE enhances capture of diffusing cAMP molecules. This electrostatic steering between cAMP and the active site of a PDE plays a major role in the enzyme-substrate encounter, an effect that may be of significance in sequestering cAMP released from a nearby binding site or in attracting more freely diffusing cAMP molecules.
Pharmacologic therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding due to portal hypertension and esophageal varices

Cirrhosis results in portal hypertension in many patients. The major complications of portal hypertension include development of ascites and esophageal or gastric varices. Varices lead to hemorrhage and death in a significant proportion of patients. This review focuses on the pharmacologic approach to management of portal hypertension in patients at risk of variceal hemorrhage, or those who have already had variceal bleeding. Pharmacologic therapy is used for 1) primary prevention of bleeding, 2) management of acute bleeding, and 3) prevention of recurrent bleeding (secondary prophylaxis). For acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage, a variety of pharmacologic agents are used, including somatostatin, octreotide, vapreotide, lanreotide, terlipressin, and vasopressin (with nitrates). For primary and secondary prevention of esophageal variceal hemorrhage, a-blockers remain the mainstay therapy.
Estimation of the minimum detectable concentration and optimum instrumental conditions in precision absorption spectrophotometry of substances in the condensed phase

Abstract An expression for the signal-to-noise ratio in precision absorption spectrophotometry of molecules in the condensed phase is derived and used to calculate the theoretical minimum detectable sample concentration, Cmt, and to predict the best instrumental condition for measurement. Single-beam and double-beam instruments are considered. The theoretically calculated values of Cmt for several organic molecules are compared with the practical minimum detectable sample concentrations, Cmp, which are those concentrations giving an absorbance of 0–002. As long as the source of radiation is intense, and the root-mean-square noise-to-signal ratio for incident radiation passing through the blank is known, then the expression for Cmt is extremely simple and easy to evaluate for any given substance whose molar absorptivity is known. The influence of instrumental parameters on the value of Cmt is evaluated, and only the monochr omator slitwidth, the number of combined blank and sample signal measurements, and the frequency response bandwidth of the electrometer-readout system have any significant effect on the value of Cmt (for any given wavelength setting of the monochromator).
Accuracy vs. Resolution in Radio Tomography

Radio tomographic imaging (RTI) has recently been proposed for tracking object location via radio waves without requiring the objects to transmit or receive radio signals. The position is extracted by inferring which voxels are obstructing the various radio links in a dense wireless sensor network. This paper derives an analytic expression for the image accuracy (error per voxel) for each of 5 published RTI system models. The formulae show the effects of weight model choice, voxel size, number of sensors, and degree of regularization on the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). This enables analysis of the tradeoffs between these parameters in system design, particularly between image accuracy and image resolution. The theoretical results agree well with simulations, and the new theory is used to interpret an experimental scenario.
A Case Study: Ruggles of Red Gap, Leo McCarey and Charles Laughton

Polonius: The best actors in the world, either for tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pastoral-comical, historical-pastoral, tragical-historical, tragical-comical-historical-pastoral, scene indivi...
Delivery of MDR1 Small Interfering RNA by Self-Complementary Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vector

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are potentially powerful tools for therapeutic gene regulation. DNA cassettes encoding RNA polymerase III promoter-driven hairpin siRNAs allow long-term expression of siRNA in targeted cells. A variety of viral vectors have been used to deliver such cassettes to cells. Here we report on the development and use of a self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated virus (scAAV) vector for siRNA delivery into mammalian cells. We demonstrate that this modified vector efficiently delivers siRNA into multidrug-resistant human breast and oral cancer cells and suppresses MDR1 gene expression. This results in rapid, profound, and durable reduction in the expression of the P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter and a substantial reversion of the drug-resistant phenotype. This research suggests that scAAV-based vectors can be very effective agents for efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA.
Simultaneous Two-Way Video Signal Transmission With Multilayer Optical Fiber

Two-way communication through a single fiber with solid-state lasers as sources is described. This system was designed to use the same optical subsystem for transmitting as for receiving at each of the two stations. Operations were performed to polarize the laser beams orthogonally to each other from the two communicating stations. A multilayer, single-mode optical fiber capable of preserving the two orthogonally polarized modes of propagation was used as transmission medium. The multilayer configuration was constructed to confine most of the energy in the fiber core to minimize losses to absorption in the cladding. Separation of the beams was made by a duplexer capable of distinguishing the difference in polarity of the two beams.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Testing goodness-of-fit in logistic case-control studies

SUMMARY We present a goodness-of-fit test for the logistic regression model under case-control sampling. The test statistic is constructed via a discrepancy between two competing kernel density estimators of the underlying conditional distributions given case-control status. The proposed goodness-of-fit test is shown to compare very favourably with previously proposed tests for case-control sampling in terms of power. The test statistic can be easily computed as a quadratic form in the residuals from a prospective logistic regression maximum likelihood fit. In addition, the proposed test is affine invariant and has an alternative representation in terms of empirical characteristic functions.
Renal angiomyolipoma; polycystic kidney, and renal cell carcinoma in patient with tuberous sclerosis

A patient with tuberous sclerosis presented with renal failure secondary to bilateral angiomyolipoma. The angiomyolipoma was associated with polycystic disease and a foci of renal cell carcinoma. This unusual combination has not been reported previously, although each entity has been described separately in tuberous sclerosis.
Verba Pura Problems: Proto-Germanic Forms with j, Unexpected ē1

The standard view that thematic verba pura contained Proto-Germanic j is examined in detail and rejected: we must reconstruct PG +sē1e/a- +rōe/a-, not +sē1je/a- +rōje/a-. The Gmc. verba pura typically have stems ending in ē1 (Go. saian, OE sāwan, ON sā, OHG sāen ‘sow’) or ō (OE rōwan, ON rōa ‘row’). While ō in these verbs seems always to reflect PIE o + a non-coloring laryngeal E, ē1 occurs in verbs with laryngeals of any color: saian a. Later, when A and O were lost, a in hiatus was lengthened to ā and reanalyzed as /ē1/. However, +knē1- might instead reflect a Narten present in +ǵnēO-.*
Is palpation in the operating room the best method for surgical planning

Surgical resection of isolated pulmonary metastatic melanoma improves overall survival in a highly select group of patients. However, the devil is in the details. By that, I mean that a critical examination of how these “selected” patients are identified needs to be made to ensure a benefit from the surgical intervention while sparing those patients with poor outcomes the complications of a thoracic operation. Peterson et al 1 reported a series of more than 1700 patients with pulmonary metastasis from cutaneous melanoma; less than 20% underwent resection of the metastatic disease to the lung. From this and other studies, those patients most likely to benefit harbor solitary lesions; furthermore, incomplete resection offers minimal improvement in survival. Chua et al 2 recently reported a single-institution series of 292 consecutive patients; the median survival for patients undergoing resection of a solitary melanoma metastasis was 35 months, decreasing to 21 months for 2 or 3 melanoma metastases and 10 months for more than 3 distinct lesions, 2 which is not different from the median survival of 8 months for those patients who did not undergo resection of pulmonary metastatic melanoma. 1 Therefore, the preoperative selection of patients is essential to identify those patients most likely to benefit from thoracic surgery and to spare an unnecessary and potentially morbid operation for those who will not benefit. In the current series 3 reported from the group at the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California,reportedinthisissueofArchives,26%ofpatientstaken to the operating room for a thoracic resection of pulmonary melanoma metastases have more lesions than anticipated based on preoperative imaging using contrastenhancedcomputedtomography.Theseadditionallesions were small (median size of 5 mm) and located in a different lobe than the index lesion in one-third of patients. Although Kidner et al 3 recommend caution when considering a thoracoscopic approach (because the additional lesions were identified by palpation or visual inspection), their data are really a plea for better preoperative imaging for more accurate patient selection. As additional unsuspected lesions are identified during the exploratory phase of the operation, the benefits of resection start to decrease. Although resection of all palpable or noticeable melanomas may seem a surgical success, biologywilltriumphattheendoftheday.Wemuststrive to move from “selected” patients for surgical procedures to “accurately and individually selected” patients. Until then, a surgeon’s hands may be the best tool to facilitate surgical planning.
Forced vibrations of a torsional oscillator with Coulomb friction under a periodically varying normal load

The forced vibration response of a single degree of freedom torsional system with Coulomb friction, under a periodically varying normal load, is studied. First, an enhanced multi-term harmonic balance method is developed to calculate nonlinear responses directly in frequency domain; this should be in general applicable to periodically varying nonlinear systems. Second, a pulse width modulated normal load is approximated by a truncated Fourier series with a reasonable number of harmonic components and utilized for case studies. Finally, the effects of duty ratio on nonlinear frequency responses are examined.
A Comprehensive Review: Methodological Rigor of Studies on Residential Treatment Centers for Substance-Abusing Adolescents

This article examines the quality of research regarding the effectiveness of residential treatment centers for substance-abusing adolescents and begins to examine if methodological rigor is associated with substance abuse outcomes. A systematic review of each study is conducted using criteria based on a methodological analysis by Miller & Wilbourne (2002) and methodological issues specified by Chambless and Hollon (1998). Of eight studies reviewed, only three used a strong quasi-experimental design. Out of the four most rigorous studies reviewed, two found significant differences in substance use reduction between the treatment and comparison groups. Of the remaining studies, despite having strong selectivity bias, only one found significant differences between treatment and comparison groups, and it was for females only at the one-year follow-up. Social work researchers should conduct more rigorous studies to assess the effectiveness of residential treatment with substance-abusing adolescents, which woul...
Angiotensin II-induced ET and PGI2release in rat aortic endothelial cells is meditated by PKC

Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to stimulate the release of immunoreactive endothelin (ET) from cultured bovine ECs. Also, Ang II activates phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) in various tissues, resulting in the release of arachidonic acid and formation of prostaglandins. We used rat aortic endothelial cells to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in Ang II-induced release of both ET and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ). The amount of ET and PGI 2 produced were determined by radioimmunoassay. Ang II-induced the release of both ET and PGI 2 . Pretreatment with 10 −6 M of any one of the PKC inhibitors: 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) piperazine(CL), staurosporine, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl-methyl)piperazine(H7), and calphostin C blocked AII-induced release of both ET and PGI 2 . In rat aortic endothelial cells that were treated with either AII or PDBu, PKC enzyme assay showed PKC was translocated from the cytosol to the membrane which indicates activation. This suggests that PKC mediates AII-induced ET and PGI 2 release. In summary, AII activates PKC which inhibits rat aortic endothelial cells ET and PGI 2 formation, and this inhibition can be overcome by pretreatment with PKC inhibitors. Angiotensin II; endothelin; prostacyclin; 1-(5-isoquinolinemethyl) piperazine(H7); staurosporine; 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine(CL); Calphostin C; rat aortic endothelial cells.
Cleaning behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster

Summary A descriptive account of cleaning behaviour in D. melanogaster wild-type is given. The behaviour complex is analysed into seven leg cleaning and twenty body cleaning components. A method of obtaining ethograms is presented. The method consists of a series of transformations from event to written record with the aid of verbal symbols recorded on tape. Three systems of symbols of increasing degree of complexity are proposed, and their usefulness is illustrated by an actual ethogram. The problem of error introduced by the series of transformations is discussed. It is found that ethograms may be constructed by the method with reasonable degree of precision. The overall average relative percentage error is found to be approximately 16 per cent, one half of which is caused by the transformation from event to verbal record, the other half by the process of timing the duration of components from the tape. The magnitude of this error is dependent on the duration of components, and is free of cumulative effects. The organization of cleaning behaviour is discussed. The behaviour is not a random aggregate of a great variety of movements, but it is organized into a hierarchy of repetitive complexes from the daily cycles down to the smallest building blocks of the behaviour, the motor units. One of the most fundamental features of this behaviour is its repetitive character.
The liquid condensed/liquid expanded transition in lipid films: A critical analysis of the film balance experiment

Studies of the liquid condensed LC)/liquid expanded LE) transition in lipid films, first reported in 1920, have suffered from uncertainty regarding its physical basis even though the transition is usually accepted as a well-defined phenomenon. Since this transition has only been observed with the film balance, one must examine the assumptions which form the basis of the film balance experiment. These assumptions are: a) that the use of solvent to form the films does not impart any properties to the film; b) that the films are stable because they are insoluble in the underlying bulk phase; and c) that “closed” films spread on the surface are equivalent to “open” films adsorbed from a bulk phase. Tests of these assumptions were applied to films of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine DMPC) and palmitic acid, both of which have been reported to undergo the LCLE transition. Violations of these assumptions were found and are shown to lead to incorrect interpretation of the LCLE transitions in spread films. Experimental results indicate: (1) the DMPC transition is caused by the use of spreading solvents; under equilibrium conditions DMPC does not even form the LC state. (2) Spread films are stable not because they are insoluble, but because of an energy barrier for film dissolution; film densities are therefore greater than observed with equilibrium systems. (3) Use of spread films is inappropriate for studying the thermodynamic properties of the LCLE transition.
The Influence of Autonomy and Supervisor Political Skill on the Use and Consequences of Peer Intimidation in Organizations

Based on social influence theory, we develop a model in which the use of peer intimidation by Machiavellian employees results in greater promotability ratings by supervisors. However, consistent with interdependence theory, we expect that this process is qualified by job autonomy and the political skill of the supervisor making the promotability rating. Based on a sample of 204 supervisor–subordinate dyads, we find that peer intimidation mediates the Machiavellianism–promotability relationship when supervisor political skill is low rather than high, and when job autonomy is high rather than low, thereby yielding a pattern of moderated mediation, and supporting the hypotheses. These results suggest that job autonomy and supervisor political skill represent key interdependent mechanisms that regulate the effectiveness of social influence attempts made with intimidation in organizations.
Magnesium-Aspartate-Hydrochloride Reduces Weight Loss in Heat-Stressed Laying Hens

Abstract Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the ability of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Mg-Asp-HCl) to antagonize the effects of thermal stress in laying hens. In both experiments, hens were exposed to either a cyclic ambient temperature of 27 C to 35 C (hyperthermic group) or 23 C (control group) for7 days. In Experiment 1, hens were given a single injection of either saline, 40 mg, or 80 mg Mg-Asp-HCl. Experiment 2 hens received a single injection of saline, 40 mg Mg-Asp-HCl, or twice daily injection of 40 mg Mg-Asp-HCl. In both experiments, heat-stressed hens had elevated body temperature and reduced body weight, feed consumption, and circulating mean Mg concentrations. Hyperthermic hens also had reduced egg weights in Experiment 1. A single daily injection of 40 mg of Mg-Asp-HCl significantly reduced body weight loss in heat stressed hens by 41 and 51%, in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with heat-stressed hens not receiving Mg-Asp-HCl (controls). The Mg-Asp-HCl treatment did not affect overall feed intake, egg production, or body temperature in either experiment The highest dose of Mg-Asp-HCl (80 mg) elevated circulating magnesium concentrations. A single daily injection of 80 mg of Mg-Asp-HCl or twice daily injections of 40 mg Mg-Asp-HCl did not provide any additional benefit when compared with a single daily dose of 40 mg. The antistress effects of Mg-Asp-HCl are apparent in these experiments as evidenced by the increased body weight of heat-stressed hens. Use of this compound may prove to be beneficial in maintaining the performance characteristics of poultry exposed to elevated ambient temperature.
β-hexosaminidase lentiviral vectors: transfer into the CNS via systemic administration

Brain inflammation in GM2 gangliosidosis has been recently realized as a key factor in disease development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a FIV beta-hexosaminidase vector in the brain of HexB-deficient (Sandhoff disease) mice following intraperitoneal administration to pups of neonatal age. Since brain inflammation, lysosomal storage and neuromuscular dysfunction are characteristics of HexB deficiency, these parameters were employed as experimental outcomes in our study. The ability of the lentiviral vector FIV(HEX) to infect murine cells was initially demonstrated with success in normal mouse fibroblasts and human Tay-Sachs cells in vitro. Furthermore, systemic transfer of FIV(HEX) to P2 HexB-/- knockout pups lead to transduction of peripheral and central nervous system tissues. Specifically, beta-hexosaminidase expressing cells were immunolocalized in periventricular areas of the cerebrum as well as in the cerebellar cortex. FIV(HEX) neonatal treatment resulted in reduction of GM2 storage along with attenuation of the brain inflammation and amelioration of the attendant neuromuscular deterioration. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the effective transfer of a beta-hexosaminidase lentiviral vector to the brain of Sandhoff mice and resolution of the GM2 gangliosidosis after neonatal intraperitoneal administration.
Introduction to the special issue: The field tradition in geomorphology

Abstract In recognition of the critical role of field observations in the ongoing development of our discipline, the 43rd annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium (BGS) celebrated The Field Tradition in Geomorphology . By organizing a conference devoted to this theme, we sought to honor the contributions of pioneering, field-based geomorphologists and to encourage our community to contemplate how field work might continue to provide unique insight into a new, more technologically-driven era. For example, given recent advances in remote sensing methods such as LiDAR, what kind of added value can field work provide? Similarly, how can field-based studies contribute to societally relevant, large-scale questions related to climate change and sustainable management of the Earth system? Motivated by such questions, the 2012 BGS was convened in Jackson Hole, WY, a new, Western location that enabled participation by Rocky Mountain and west coast research groups underrepresented at previous Binghamton symposia. Also, in keeping with the field tradition theme, the 2012 BGS emphasized field trips, including a rafting excursion down the Snake River and an overview of the tectonic and glacial history of Jackson Hole. The on-site portion of the symposium consisted of invited oral and poster presentations and contributed posters, including many by graduate students. Topics ranged from an historical overview of the development of geomorphic thinking to long-term sediment tracer studies to a commentary on the synergy between LiDAR and field mapping. This special issue of Geomorphology consists of papers by invited authors from the 2012 BGS, and this overview provides some context for these contributions. Looking forward, we hope that the 43rd annual BGS will stimulate further discussion of the role of field work as the discipline of geomorphology continues to evolve, carrying on the field tradition into the future.
High‐pressure phonon behavior in ammonium halides

This note comments on the paper ‘High-pressure Raman Study of Ammonium Halides’ [S.-J. Jeon, R. F. Porter, and A. L. Ruoff, J. Raman Spectrosc. 19, 179 (1988)]. It is shown that their proposed degeneracy of ν1 and ν3 modes at high pressure is symmetry-forbidden, but that a near degeneracy follows logically from the Urey–Bradley force model and plausible assumptions about the pressure dependence of force constants.
Effects of hypnosis on plasma proenkephalin peptide F and perceptual and cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise.

Little information is available concerning the influence of subconscious mechanisms on neuroendocrine function, more specifically, proenkephalin peptide F release. Ten men [5 middle distance runners (21.6 (SD 0.54 years) and 5 untrained men (24.0 (SD 4.3 years)] consented to be volunteers in this investigation. Submaximal exercise intensities of 25% and 50& of peak oxygen consumption ({ie573-1}) (8 min stages) were used for both the control and hypnosis treatments. A traditional hypnotic induction was used, with the suggestion of two higher intensities of exercise stress (50% and 75% peak {ie573-2}) previously experienced in familiarization and testing by each subject. Each minute oxygen consumption was measured using open circuit spirometry, heart rate via an ECG, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg scale. Plasma peptide F immunoreactivity (ir) [preproenkephalin-(107–140)] in blood sampled from an indwelling cannula was measured by radioimmunoassay at 7–8 min of each stage of the exercise test. Expected significant increases were observed for all cardiorespiratory and perceptual variables over the increasing exercise intensities and there were no significant differences between trained and untrained groups for peptide F it response patterns. Hypnosis did not significantly affect peptide F it concentrations (P > 0.05) and did not significantly alter exercise heart rate, RPE or minute ventilation (P > 0.05). However, hypnosis did significantly increase oxygen consumption during exercise (P = 0.0095) but not of the magnitude needed for the metabolic demands of the higher exercise intensities. Thus, traditional hypnosis was unable to make functionally significant changes in the cardiorespiratory variables. Training did not alter responses to exercise under hypnosis. The results of this study indicate that when using traditional hypnosis and a suggestion of harder exercise in highly selected groups, it may not be possible functionally to stress adrenal medullary secretion of proenkephalin fragments, RPE or cardiorespiratory variables.
Differential Suppression of Dialysis Patients' Lymhocyte IFN-γ Production by Glucocorticoids and Cyclosporine

Abstract IFN-γ is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the immunologic rejection of transplanted organs. Having previously demonstrated differential suppressive effect of methylprednisolone (MP), prednisolone (P) and cyclosporine (CsA) on dialysis patients' lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), we studied the effects of these drugs on dialysis patients' lymphocyte IFN-γ production during mitogenic and allogeneic (MLR) stimulation. The mean±SEM 50% inhibitory concentration (ng/ml) on cell proliferation was significantly lower for MP than P in PHA-stimulated haemodialysis (HD) patients' (35±7 vs 152±25,P
Refuge or Reservoir? The Potential Impacts of the Biofuel Crop Miscanthus x giganteus on a Major Pest of Maize

Background Interest in the cultivation of biomass crops like the C4 grass Miscanthus x giganteus (Miscanthus) is increasing as global demand for biofuel grows. In the US, Miscanthus is promoted as a crop well-suited to the Corn Belt where it could be cultivated on marginal land interposed with maize and soybean. Interactions (direct and indirect) of Miscanthus, maize, and the major Corn Belt pest of maize, the western corn rootworm, (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, WCR) are unknown. Adding a perennial grass/biomass crop to this system is concerning since WCR is adapted to the continuous availability of its grass host, maize (Zea mays). Methodology/Principal Findings In a greenhouse and field study, we investigated WCR development and oviposition on Miscanthus. The suitability of Miscanthus for WCR development varied across different WCR populations. Data trends indicate that WCR populations that express behavioural resistance to crop rotation performed as well on Miscanthus as on maize. Over the entire study, total adult WCR emergence from Miscanthus (212 WCR) was 29.6% of that from maize (717 WCR). Adult dry weight was 75–80% that of WCR from maize; female emergence patterns on Miscanthus were similar to females developing on maize. There was no difference in the mean no. of WCR eggs laid at the base of Miscanthus and maize in the field. Conclusions/Significance Field oviposition and significant WCR emergence from Miscanthus raises many questions about the nature of likely interactions between Miscanthus, maize and WCR and the potential for Miscanthus to act as a refuge or reservoir for Corn Belt WCR. Responsible consideration of the benefits and risks associated with Corn Belt Miscanthus are critical to protecting an agroecosystem that we depend on for food, feed, and increasingly, fuel. Implications for European agroecosystems in which Miscanthus is being proposed are also discussed in light of the WCR's recent invasion into Europe.
Analog Girls in a Digital World: Fatimah Tuggar's Afrofuturist Intervention in the Politics of "Traditional" African Art

Fatimah Tuggar creates computer montages that confront technological disparities by presenting rural Nigerian women and children juxtaposed with useless and fantasy-based technological devices. While several scholars contextualize Tuggar’s digital methods and her work’s relevance to Afrofuturism, I present her work from the perspective of an Africanist art historian by examining Tuggar’s theoretical and aesthetic relationship to Afrofuturism as a strategy that subverts ideas of “traditional” African art and culture.
Abstract 1535: Intratumoral chitosan/interleukin-12 immunotherapy reduces breast cancer metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent antitumor cytokine that exhibits significant clinical toxicities after systemic administration. Local delivery of IL-12 has been shown to significantly reduce this threat. Our lab has recently shown that local delivery of IL-12 with the biopolymer chitosan can eliminate aggressive murine tumors while minimizing the chances for toxicity. In addition to eliminating the tumors, our lab has demonstrated that local chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy can lead to the activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, increased production of interferon-gamma, and activation of dendritic cells that can recognize and attack these tumor cells. This immune response was evaluated for efficacy in preventing tumor metastasis. Mice bearing 4T1 tumors were treated with DPBS, IL-12, chitosan, or chitosan-IL-12 prior to surgical resection of the primary tumor. Survival analysis returned survival rates of 0%, 25%, 0%, and 40% respectively. In a separate study, lungs were examined for metastatic nodules revealing that mice treated with chitosan/IL-12 displayed significantly fewer nodules than other treatment groups. Based on the data obtained thus far, chitosan/IL-12 shows promising potential as an immunotherapy to reduce metastatic disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1535. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1535
Causal Mechanisms and Multidirectional Pathways Between Trauma, Dissociation, and Health

Do traumatic events increase the risk of health problems? Over the past decade, researchers in a number of fields—health psychology, medicine, nursing, epidemiology, and public health—have found th...
The Solution Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Human Vitronectin PROXIMAL SITES THAT REGULATE FIBRINOLYSIS AND CELL MIGRATION

The three-dimensional structure of an N-terminal fragment comprising the first 51 amino acids from human plasma vitronectin, the somatomedin B (SMB) domain, has been determined by two-dimensional NMR approaches. An average structure was calculated, representing the overall fold from a set of 20 minimized structures. The core residues (18–41) overlay with a root mean square deviation of 2.29 ± 0.62 A. The N- and C-terminal segments exhibit higher root mean square deviations, reflecting more flexibility in solution and/or fewer long-range NOEs for these regions. Residues 26–30 form a unique single-turn α-helix, the locus where plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is bound. This structure of this helix is highly homologous with that of a recombinant SMB domain solved in a co-crystal with PAI-1 (Zhou, A., Huntington, J. A., Pannu, N. S., Carrell, R. W., and Read, R. J. (2003) Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 541–544), although the remainder of the structure differs. Significantly, the pattern of disulfide cross-links observed in this material isolated from human plasma is altogether different from the disulfides proposed for recombinant forms. The NMR structure reveals the relative orientation of binding sites for cell surface receptors, including an integrin-binding site at residues 45–47, which was disordered and did not diffract in the co-crystal, and a site for the urokinase receptor, which overlaps with the PAI-1-binding site.
Computation of exponential integrals of a complex argument

Previous work on exponential integrals of a real argument has produced a computational algorithm which implements backward recurrence on a three-term recurrence relation (Miller algorithm). The process on which the algorithm is based involves the truncation of an infinite sequence with a corresponding analysis of the truncation error. This error is estimated by means of (asymptotic) formulas, which are not only applicable to the real line, but also extendible to the complex plane. This fact makes the algorithm extendible to the complex plane also. However, the rate of convergence decreases sharply when the complex argument is close to the negative real axis. In order to make the algorithm more efficient, analytic continuation into a strip about the negative real axis is carried out by limited use of power series. The analytic details needed for a portable computational algorithm are presented.
A note on optimal pricing of publicly produced intermediate inputs

In a recent paper, Rhodes and Sampath (hereafter R-S [ 1985(b)]) claim to have proved a remarkable result: that the optimal price of a publicly-produced input may be lower than marginal cost in a world where a revenue constraint is the only apparent distortion. ~ Although the idea that optimal prices may differ from marginal cost in a second-best world is well-known, the R-S result is remarkable because Ramseyprices, i.e., optimal prices in the face of revenue constraints, are generally greater than or equal to marginal cost2 To find Ramsey prices lower than marginal costs would, therefore, contradict the established literature. Upon careful examination, it turns out that the R-S result is incorrect; the established wisdom is reconfirmed.
A Developmental Model of Victims' Internal Attributions of Responsibility for Sexual Abuse:

Controversy has emerged within the field of victimology about the impact of victims' internal attributions of responsibility for their abuse on their psychosocial functioning. This article integrates developmental theory with relevant literature on child sexual abuse to differentiate the concept of internal attribution of responsibility. A typology of internal attributions of responsibility is presented, and potentially adaptive attributions are distinguished from potentially nonadaptive attributions. Implications for mental health service delivery are also discussed.