cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amphetamine and Extinction of Cued Fear

Much research is focused on developing novel drugs to improve memory. In particular, psychostimulants have been shown to enhance memory and have a long history of safe use in humans. In prior work, we have shown that very low doses of amphetamine administered before training on a Pavlovian fear-conditioning task can dramatically facilitate the acquisition of cued fear. The current experiment sought to expand these findings to the extinction of cued fear, a well-known paradigm with therapeutic implications for learned phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder. If extinction reflects new learning, one might expect drugs that enhance the acquisition of cued fear to also enhance the extinction of cued fear. This experiment examined whether 0.005 or 0.05 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (therapeutic doses shown to enhance acquisition) also enhance the extinction of cued fear. Contrary to our hypothesis, amphetamine did not accelerate extinction. Thus, at doses that enhance acquisition of conditioned fear, amphetamine does not appear to enhance extinction.
GATA3 Is Selectively Expressed in the Trophectoderm of Peri-implantation Embryo and Directly Regulates Cdx2 Gene Expression

During early mammalian development, genesis of the first two cell lineages, inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE), is dependent upon functions of key transcription factors that are expressed in a regulated and spatially restricted fashion. In this study, we demonstrate that during early mouse development, mRNA expression of transcription factor GATA3 is induced at the 4-cell stage and is consistently present during pre-implantation embryonic development. Interestingly, at the blastocyst stage, Gata3 mRNA is selectively up-regulated within the TE lineage, and GATA3 protein is abundantly present only in the TE but not in the ICM. Using mouse trophoblast stem cells (TS cells) as a model, we found that, knockdown of GATA3 by RNA interference (RNAi) down-regulates expression of caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2), a key regulator of the TE lineage. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses revealed that, in TS cells, GATA3 directly regulates Cdx2 transcription from a conserved GATA motif at the intron 1 region of the Cdx2 locus. ChIP analyses with mouse blastocysts also detected GATA3 occupancy at intron 1 of the Cdx2 locus. In addition, down-regulation of GATA3 in pre-implantation mouse embryos reduces Cdx2 expression and inhibits morula to blastocyst transformation. Our results indicate a novel function of GATA3, in which it is selectively expressed in TE, regulates expression of key genes in TE lineage, and is involved in morula to blastocyst transformation.
Thermal Management of Hybrid Silicon Ring Lasers for High Temperature Operation

We discuss the thermal management of microring lasers on hybrid silicon platform in order to optimize their high-temperature lasing performance. The thermal impedance of microring lasers was improved with a novel thermal shunt design. We report a significant improvement of hybrid silicon microring laser performance, with the maximum continuous wave lasing stage temperature up to 105 °C.
Cysteine and glutathione in orange juice.

Abstract The major part of the sulfhydryl compounds of both Valencia and Navel orange juice was found to exist as cysteine and glutathione. These two compounds were isolated and analyzed as their crystalline S -benzyl derivatives from concentrates prepared by preferential mercuric ion precipitation. Cysteine analysis before and after hydrolysis showed that all of the sulfhydryl of the concentrates was cysteine and glutathione. The glutathione analysis was confirmed by Woodward's glyoxalase method.
Seismic hazard analysis for critical infrastructures in California

Abstract California is in a highly seismically active region, and structures must be designed and constructed to withstand earthquakes. Seismic hazard analysis to estimate realistic earthquake ground motions and surface fault rupture offsets is done for various mitigation measures. The best policy is to avoid constructing structures crossing seismogenic faults. Because earthquake timings are unpredictable within our current understanding, the best method is time-invariant deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DHSA) to assess effects from the largest single earthquake called Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCEs) expected from seismogenic faults. Time-dependent hazard estimates such as those arrived at through probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) are inherently unreliable. Hazard analyses based on MCEs have been in continuous use for the design and construction of highways and bridges in California for over 30 years. This paper presents an alternative to other methods of analysis, e.g., Abrahamson (2000) [Abrahamson, N.A., 2000. State of the practice of seismic hazard evaluation. Melbourne: proceedings of GeoEng, 2000].
EFFECTS OF WASHING ON POSITIVE STAINING

When sections embedded in epoxy resin were conventionally stained with lead citrate and washed very briefly, about 1 sec, a very high staining intensity was attained. However, the staining intensity was quickly reduced by washing 10 min. When uranyl acetate-stained sections were washed for 1 sec, a much lower intensity was obtained. Nevertheless, a significant reduction in staining intensity occurred when washing was prolonged to 10 min. These observations indicated that not only in staining of frozen sections or sections embedded in hydrophilic resins but also those embedded in more hydrophobic resins, the staining intensity is closely related to the degree of washing, particularly in lead-staining.
Vibration of a cracked cylindrical shell of rectangular planform

On decrit le probleme par les equations de Donnell, et on le resout a l'aide des transformations de Fourier triples finies des fonctions discontinues
Unifoliata-Afila interactions in pea leaf morphogenesis

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Processes of leaf morphogenesis provide the basis for the great diversity of leaf form among higher plants. The common garden pea (Pisum sativum) offers a developmental model system for understanding how gene and hormone interactions impart a large array of mutant leaf phenotypes. • METHODS To understand the role of auxin in AF and UNI gene function and their interaction, we compared the range of leaf phenotypes on afila (af) and unifoliata (uni) double mutants, examined the effects of these mutations on auxin levels, auxin transport, auxin response via DR5::GUS, and expression of auxin-regulated genes. • KEY RESULTS The adult leaves of af uni double mutants have leaflets and tendrils and typically possess two lateral pinna pairs and a terminal leaflet. The af mutants have higher auxin content, stronger auxin response, and higher expression of auxin responsive genes than wildtype. The uni mutant has reduced auxin content and transport, whereas the uni-tac mutant has higher auxin content and transport and reduced auxin response compared to wildtype. • CONCLUSIONS Auxin concentration and response differences characterize the antagonistic relationship between AF and UNI in pea leaf development. The mechanism involves modulation of auxin mediated by one or both genes; UNI is expressed in and promotes high auxin levels, and AF suppresses auxin levels.
100 GATED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE IN VIVO HEART: DETERMINATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS IN DOGS

Alterations in left ventricular (LV) mass characterize many congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. Gated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a nonionizing, tomographic technique which permits delineation of cardiac morphology without contrast agents. To test the accuracy of MR-derived LV mass determinations, we imaged 10 anesthetized closed-chest dogs (median weight 20.3 kg, range 9-23 kg) using a 0.5 tesla, superconducting MR system with ECG gating. Transaxial images were acquired at end-diastole using a spin echo sequence with an echo time (TE) of either 13 or 20 msec. The heart was imaged sequentially from apex to base using a slice thickness of 10 mm. Endocardial and epicardial edges in each image were identified using an operator-interactive computer program, based upon a half-contour definition of edge points. The surface area of each cardiac slice was determined by planimetry and, after correcting for specific gravity (x 1.05), the individual slices were summed providing calculated LV mass. Post-mortem LV weights (median 83 gm, range 37.6-132.7 gm) were compared to calculated masses by linear regression analysis. We found a close correspondence between MR-derived and actual LV mass (r = .95, MR mass =.97 true mass + 6.2 gm, SEE = 7.8 gm). Thus, gated magnetic resonance imaging is capable of accurately determining in vivo LV mass. This noninvasive imaging technique should be clinically applicable in a variety of settings in which alterations of LV mass occur.
A study on waterlogging as a potential tool to control Ligustrum sinense populations in western Tennessee.

Abstract Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) is an introduced species in the United States. Dense stands of L. sinense are found in the understory in many bottomland forests in western Tennessee. The widespread abundance of this species is problematic because of the potential loss of valuable native bottomland species due to competition. Flooding has been proposed as a potential means of eradicating this species. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to examine survival, growth, and physiological responses of L. sinense under various flooding and shading regimes. An experiment consisting of three levels of flooding (control, shallow flooding, and deep flooding) and three levels of shading (full sun, 30–35% full sun (photosynthetic active radiation), and 10–15% sun) was performed in a greenhouse. Plant gas exchange was adversely affected in all flooded plants. Likewise, growth (height and diameter) was lower in those plants that were flooded as compared to non-flooded plants. However, morphologi...
Effects of night-float and 24-h call on resident psychomotor performance

INTRODUCTION: Night-float work schedules were designed to address growing concerns of the affect of fatigue on resident psychomotor and cognitive skills after traditional 24-h call work schedules. Whether this transition has achieved these results is debatable. This study was designed to compare the psychomotor performance of general surgery residents on both work schedule types. We hypothesized that when measured with novel laparoscopic simulator tasks, residents on a 24-h call schedule would exhibit worse psychomotor performance compared with those on a night-float work schedule. METHODS: Nine general surgery residents at the post-graduate year (PGY) 2, 3, and 5 levels were recruited and trained on the Simbionix LAP Mentor Simulator (Simbionix, Cleveland, OH). Performance on two tasks was tested before and after a 24-h call work shift and a night-float shift. A survey assessing levels of work shift activity and fatigue were administered after all work shifts. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in resident accuracy, speed of movement, economy of movement, and time to completion of the two simulation tasks. The only measures of work shift activity achieving statistically significant difference were number of patients seen and numbers of steps walked on call. There was no statistically significant difference in subjective evaluation of fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of general surgery residents, a statistically significant difference in psychomotor performance between residents working 24-h call shift versus a 12-h night-float shift could not be found. Psychomotor performance does not appear to suffer after a work shift. Additionally, post-shift subjective evaluations of fatigue are comparable regardless of shift type. Language: en
The comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral approaches to the treatment of obesity

The primary primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a cognitive, a behavioral, and a combined cognitive-behavioral approach to weight reduction and maintenance. A nutrition-exercise group served as a minimal treatment control condition. Each of the four groups contained 15 health, obese (10% above ideal body weight) females recruited from the community. Subjects were matched and assigned to groups according to age (M = 37.87 years) and percentage overweight (M = 66%). The weight-reduction program was divided into an 8-week treatment phase, followed by a 1-year maintenance phase. At posttreatment, weight loss for the behavioral group (M = 4.74 kg) was significantly better than that of the control group (M = 2.345 kg). The combined group lost more weight (M = 4.58 kg) than the control group, a difference that was marginally significant. The cognitive group was the only condition that showed a continuing decrease in weight. However, there were no significant differences between the four groups during follow-up.
Interpretation of large-scale structures observed in a turbulent plane Couette flow

Large-flow structures, not observed in turbulent Poiseuille flow, are found in direct numerical simulations of turbulent Couette flow. Because these structures are persistent in space and time, an interpretation is presented which approximates them by a secondary flow. The asymmetry of the velocity profile is favorable to the formation of flow modules that fill the whole channel. These modules can take the form of weak rotational inviscid roll cells. They affect the turbulence in such a way that they receive energy from the turbulence, contrary to the usual notion to an energy cascade from large-scale turbulence to small-scale turbulence.
INTERMITTENT CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY OF JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

Fifteen patients 5 to 18 1/2 years of age with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were treated for a mean duration of 22 months (12 to 32 months) with intermittent triamcinolone on a 7 day on, 5 day off therapy or a 3 day on, 4 day off therapy regimen. Eleven of the 15 patients showed remission or major improvement in their disease. The only complication of significance was osteoporosis. Only moderate suppression of pituitary-adrenal function was observed. Dece-cinque patientes de etates de inter 5 e 18 1/2 annos con definite o classic arthritis rheumatoidee esseva tractate durante un periodo medie de 22 menses (12 a 32 menses) con administrationes intermittente de triamcinolona secundo programmas de 7 dies con e 5 dies sin o 3 dies con e 4 dies sin medication. Dece-un del 15 monstrava remission o major grados de melioration de lor morbo. Le sol complication de signification esseva osteoporosis. Esseva notate solmente un moderate suppression del functiones pituitario-adrenal.
Acute and Sublethal Effects of Organotin Compounds on Aquatic Biota: An Interpretative Literature Evaluation

The objectives of this review were to: (1) collect, synthesize, and interpret acute and sublethal organotin toxicity data in both freshwater and estuarine-marine ecosystems; (2) present environmental water column and sediment concentrations of organotin compounds in both freshwater and estuarine-marine systems to facilitate interpretation of toxicity data; and (3) identify deficiencies in available data to recommend areas of future research for assessing ecological effects of organotin compounds in aquatic systems. The following recommendations are suggested: (1) evaluation of the bioavailability of organotin compounds in aquatic systems; (2) assessment of the relationship between physicochemical characteristics of organotin compounds and subsequent toxicity effects on aquatic organisms; (3) determination of organotin effects on food chains; (4) evaluation of the specific mechanisms and modes of toxicity for organotin compounds with aquatic biotia; (5) evaluations of the adaptive responses of aquatic biota to organotins; (6) measurement of organotin concentrations in testing chambers throughout toxicity tests using peer-reviewed analytical techniques (nominal concentrations can provide misleading data); (7) assessment of long-term ''low level'' exposures of organotin compounds on histological, histochemical, behavioral, and physiological responses of aquatic biota; and (8) toxicity assessment of plasticizer organotin compounds to aquatic biota.101 references.
Photon oscillations and cosmic background radiation

The possible existence of a second species of photon which is uncoupled to known forms of matter is considered here. Explicit mass terms in the lagrangian can give rise to photon masses and to oscillations of photon identity, without sacrificing the ability of the gauge theory to be renormalized. Current upper limits on the photon mass are ∼6 × 10−16eV c−2 (refs 1, 2). Photon oscillations corresponding to much smaller masses can significantly alter the spectral shape of the cosmic background radiation (CBR). Indeed, we show that the apparent discrepancy3 between theoretical and observed CBR spectra can be resolved in terms of photon oscillations, and a mass parameter of 5 × 10−18 eV c−2.
Subunit structure of the mouse epidermal keratin filament.

The two proteins which are the subunits of mouse epidermal keratin filaments have been isolated from fully differentiated epidermis (stratum corneum), viable differentiating cells and cells grown in culture. The proteins have molecular weights of 68 000 and 60 000, consist of families of very similar species, have common N-terminal (N-acetylserine) and C-terminal (glycine) residues, contain 35--40% alpha-helix and are immunologically cross-reacting. In mixtures, the two proteins polymerize in vitro into native-type keratin filaments that are 70--80 angstrom in diameter, up to 30 micrograms long, possess a characteristic alpha-type X-ray diffraction pattern and contain the subunits in the precise molar ratio of 1 : 2 or 2 : 1.
Activity duration analysis for context-aware services using foursquare check-ins

Location-based Social Networks (LBSN) such as Foursquare are becoming an increasingly popular social media, where users share their location and activities with other users mainly using smartphones and Internet of Things. Data logged by LBSNs, such as Foursquare user check-in events, can be used to derive user models and improve the context-awareness and efficiency of various applications like recommender systems. In particular, activity duration is one important aspect of user behavior that we can derive from LBSNs to improve the timing of recommendation sent to users. These durations are not otherwise directly available from LBSNs, partial GPS-enabled tracking or explicit recording due to various practical constraints. From a Four-square dataset with about 3.7 million users and 300 million check-ins, we observed patterns which inspired us to design methods to determine the duration of user activities. We discuss preliminary results and outline plans for thorough evaluations and future research.
A soluble enzyme from mitochondria catalyzing an exchange between inorganic phosphate and adenosine triphosphate.

Abstract An enzyme has been found in extracts of mitochondria from liver and heart which catalyzes an exchange reaction between the terminal phosphate of ATP and inorganic phosphate (P 32 ). The enzyme has been purified from extracts of pig and rat liver particles and from beef heart. The reaction has an absolute requirement for Mn ++ and is stimulated by ADP. None of the other nucleoside polyphosphates tested either substituted for ATP or replaced the stimulatory effect of ADP. A variety of other crude and purified materials also proved to be without effect on this reaction. The activity of purified enzyme is not diminished upon prolonged dialysis. The reaction is inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate and arsenate but is practically insensitive to dinitrophenol, dicumarol, azide, iodoacetate, and iodosobenzoate. The possible relationship of this reaction to the P i 32 -ATP exchange observed with intact mitochondria is discussed.
The Scattering of Slow Electrons by Neutral Atoms

A treatment of the $N+1$ electron Schroedinger equation describing the elastic scattering of an electron beam by an atom with $N$ electrons in the outer shell which, in first approximation, leads to the equation $({\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}+{k}^{2}+U(r))f(x, y, z)=0,$ widely used for the computation of low velocity elastic scattering cross-sections, in which $(\frac{1}{2}){k}^{2}$ is the kinetic energy of the incident electron and $(\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2})U(r)$ is the interaction energy of the atom and the incident electron including terms arising from the distortion of the atom by the field of the electron. The treatment is based on a wave function antisymmetric in the space-spin coordinates of all the electrons. A discussion of exchange interference and its application by Oppenheimer to supply a qualitative explanation of the Ramsauer effect. It is found that the exchange scattering amplitude as given by Oppenheimer requires modification. The modification greatly reduces the value of the exchange term in the elastic scattering amplitude. The tentative conclusion is reached that exchange interference is of minor importance in the complete explanation of the Ramsauer effect. A derivation of the relation $\ensuremath{\int}{F}^{*}\mathrm{Fd}\ensuremath{\Omega}=\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}i}{k{(F(\frac{z}{r})\ensuremath{-}{F}^{*}(\frac{z}{r}))}_{\frac{z}{r}=1}}$ in which $F(\frac{z}{r})$ is the elastic scattering amplitude and $\ensuremath{\int}{F}^{*}\mathrm{Fd}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is the total scattering cross-section. A simple generalization of this relation for electron energies great enough to produce excitation. Development of a new method of solving the scattering equation $({\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}+{k}^{2}+U(r))f(x, y, z)=0$ and application to computation of scattering amplitudes and cross-sections.
Chronic prostatitis: epidemiology and role of infection

We review the epidemiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and the role of infectious agents, emphasizing critical data necessary to define current research issues. The epidemiologic literature is limited, but the worldwide prevalence appears to be in the range of 2% to 10%, indicating that CP/CPPS represents an important international health problem. Recent molecular studies have documented bacterial DNA sequences in prostate tissue from CP/CPPS patients. These data suggest that colonization and/or infection occurs in the prostates of many patients with CP/CPPS. Further molecular research is needed to define the role of bacteria in the etiology of CP/CPPS.
Development and validation of a flux-based stoichiometric model for enhanced biological phosphorus removal metabolism

Abstract Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a wastewater treatment process involving metabolic cycling through several biopolymers (polyphosphate, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and glycogen). This metabolic cycling is induced in microorganisms by treatment systems that alternate between initial carbon-rich, anaerobic environments followed by carbon-poor, aerobic environments. While the appearance and disappearance of these biopolymers has been documented, the intracellular pressures that lead to their synthesis and degradation are not well understood. To understand how carbon, energy, and redox potential are channeled through the metabolic pathways in each treatment process stage, a metabolic flux model that contained a complete set of the pathways involved in biomass synthesis and energy production in bacteria was developed. The model accounts for the energy requirements of macromolecule synthesis and of metabolite transport across the cell membrane. The equations for the 163 reversible and 166 irreversible reactions were solved using linear optimization. Data from a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor performing EBPR were used as model inputs. Given polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis and glycogen degradation rates in the anaerobic phase, the model predicted reasonable anaerobic acetate uptake and polyphosphate consumption rates. In the aerobic phase, the polyphosphate and glycogen synthesis rates were used to predict the polyhydroxyalkanoate consumption rate. In addition, the model predicted the ratio of acetate uptake to phosphate release observed experimentally, as well as an inverse relationship between polyhydroxyalkanoate and polyphosphate consumption. The model provides information on the pathways by which the energy-rich molecules ATP, NADH, and NADPH are produced and consumed during the EBPR processes. In doing so, it supports the hypothesis that biopolymer metabolism provides a means for organisms to balance intracellular energy supplies. Moreover, the model suggests pathways at which metabolic regulation should occur and provides a comprehensive account of EBPR metabolism.
Glucocorticosteroid Inhibition of Intraocular Proliferation After Injury

Perforating injuries were produced in the posterior segment of rabbit eyes. We studied the inhibitory effect of a slowly water-soluble corticosteroid, dexamethasone alcohol, on fibroblast growth. The treated group received a single intravitreal injection of 1 mg of the corticosteroid. The eyes were observed for four weeks. Transvitreal proliferation was significantly decreased and wound healing was delayed as compared to a control group. Inhibition of intraocular proliferation by high doses of intravitreally injected corticosteroid may be useful in the treatment of eyes with penetrating and perforating injuries.
Correlation of clinical and hemodynamic findings in patients with systemic arteriovenous fistulas.

Although studies of the pathologic physiology of arteriovenous fistula have been reported, the circulatory responses to exercise and the nature of the syndrome resembling congestive heart failure have not been elucidated.
An Alternative View of Pricing in Retail Food Markets

The pricing mechanism of intracity retail food markets has received the attention of agricultural economists who are interested in the competitive nature of food price determination. Attention has focused on the information-theory paradigm and potential impact of publically available comparative price reports. In this paper, a spatial economic model is developed to describe and analyze consumer choice, seller behavior, and price determination in retail food markets. Empirical evidence is then used to test hypotheses developed from the spatial model. It is concluded that the spatial model offers added explanatory power of observed food market responses to retail price reporting.
Discovery of interstellar rubidium

Interstellar rubidium is detected through observations of the resonance line of Rb I at 7800 A towards zeta Oph. The abundance ratio of rubidium to potassium is estimated to be approximately solar, and if rubidium is generally found to have an abundance similar to potassium, it is indicated that the local interstellar medium is well mixed with a wide variety of the products of nucleosynthesis.
Antiglucocorticoid function of androstenetriol

The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions of corticosteroids have been well established and characterized. In contrast, a different group of native steroids, which include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and two of its metabolites, androstenediol (5-androstene-3 beta-17 beta-diol, AED) and androstenetriol (5-androstene-3 beta-7 beta-17 beta-triol, beta AET), function in vivo to up-regulate host immune response against infections and counteract stress-induced immunosuppression. Indeed, DHEA and particularly, AED and beta AET, have been shown to protect mice from viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. In vivo, these three hormones are in opposition to the widely demonstrated immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids, suggesting a possible new immune regulation mechanism. The individual activity in vitro of each of these steroids, i.e. DHEA, AED, and beta AET, on a mitogen-induced mixed splenocyte proliferation assay were determined. The results showed that DHEA suppressed the proliferation of cultures activated with concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a dose-dependent manner. AED had little influence on the activation response. However, beta AET potentiated the response to both mitogens significantly above control. The regulation of the cytokine secretion, of both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-3 (IL-3), from ConA-activated lymphocytes was affected in the same manner. These functions were depressed by DHEA, unaffected by AED, and potently increased by beta AET. Moreover, the classic immunosuppressive effects of hydrocortisone on ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, as well as on IL-2 and IL-3 production, were unaffected by being co-cultured with DHEA and only minimally counteracted by AED at high doses. In contrast, co-culturing with beta AET significantly counteracted the immunosuppressive effects of hydrocortisone on lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. These data show that in-vivo, DHEA, AED, and beta AET may have some similar functions, while in vitro, their effects are dramatically different from one another. Only beta AET could markedly potentiate the cellular response by increasing lymphocyte activation and counteracting the immnosuppressive activity of hydrocortisone on lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production.
Four-point function and light scattering near the critical point

Abstract A calculation of the singular contribution to the four-density correlation function of a fluid near its critical point is reported. The calculation is based on the formalism of Forster and Martin. Explicit results are obtained by using static scaling to estimate scattering vertices and by using mode-mode coupling ideas and hydrodynamics to estimate propagation functions. The results are briefly applied to light scattering. The relation between this work and that of Korenman is also discussed.
Management of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Patient with Sickle‐cell Disease: A Case Report

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to sickle-cell anemia is rare, but potentially devastating. However, with early recognition of SAH, aggressive support with exchange transfusion, cerebral angiography, and neurosurgical intervention, a positive outcome may be achieved. A case report of SAH managed in this fashion is reported. Based on similar cases in the literature, a suggested treatment protocol is provided for the management of nontraumatic SAH in sickle-cell patients presenting to the ED.
Big data visual analytics for exploratory earth system simulation analysis

Rapid increases in high performance computing are feeding the development of larger and more complex data sets in climate research, which sets the stage for so-called "big data" analysis challenges. However, conventional climate analysis techniques are inadequate in dealing with the complexities of today's data. In this paper, we describe and demonstrate a visual analytics system, called the Exploratory Data analysis ENvironment (EDEN), with specific application to the analysis of complex earth system simulation data sets. EDEN represents the type of interactive visual analysis tools that are necessary to transform data into insight, thereby improving critical comprehension of earth system processes. In addition to providing an overview of EDEN, we describe real-world studies using both point ensembles and global Community Land Model Version 4 (CLM4) simulations. HighlightsEDEN is freely available and was developed in close collaboration with climate scientists.EDEN employs interactive visualizations and statistical analytics for understanding of earth system simulations and climate change.Bridges the growing gap between viable visualization techniques and real-world climate analysis.Exploratory analysis of real-world CLM data sets using interactive parallel coordinates and other coordinated views augmented by statistical analytics.Visualizations permit visually forming multi-faceted selections using information scent to guide the scientist to the most promising relationships.
Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions

Abstract The role of the neuroendocrine system in influencing both immune development and function has become an area of active research within many model systems, including the chicken. It is now clear that the neuroendocrine system can exert immediate feedback regulation on the immune system as well as control specific aspects of immune differentiation and development. The primary lymphoid organs of avian species (i.e., the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius) are also known to function as endocrine organs. These produce hormonal products that influence the development of lymphoid cells and that may feed back on the neuroendocrine system. In conjunction with the endocrine activities of the primary lymphoid organs, immune and accessory cells are known to produce a variety of secreted products or cytokines that have the potential not only for the regulation of immune function but also for mediating neuroendocrine activities. Finally, it has been demonstrated in a variety of species that leukocytes are capable of producing endocrine mediators previously believed to be produced only under the direct control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Thus, there are numerous possibilities for bidirectional interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. This discussion focuses primarily on these interactions with an emphasis on the means by which the hormonal mediators, growth hormone and thyroid hormone, may affect the thymus and the thymic microenvironment. The role of the adrenocorticoids and gonadal steroids in regulating immune function and their involvement in immune feedback circuits are also discussed.
Toward Improved Solar Irradiance Forecasts: a Simulation of Deep Planetary Boundary Layer with Scattered Clouds Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Accurate forecasts of solar irradiance are required for electric utilities to economically integrate substantial amounts of solar power into their power generation portfolios. A common failing of numerical weather models is the prediction of scattered clouds at the top of deep PBL which are generally difficult to be resolved due to complicated processes in the planetary boundary layer. We improved turbulence parameterization for better predicting solar irradiance during the scattered clouds’ events using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Sensitivity tests show that increasing the exchange coefficient leads to enhanced vertical mixing and a deeper mixed layer. At the top of mixed layer, an adiabatically ascending air parcel achieved the water vapor saturation and finally scattered cloud is generated.
The role of cyclic AMP in parathyroid hormone action in the toad bladder.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibited active transport of inorganic phosphate and stimulated an increase in cyclic AMP concentration in the urinary bladder of the toad,Bufo marinus. Active transport of phosphate in the toad bladder was also inhibited by an analog of cyclic AMP (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and by other drugs (pitressin and theophylline) which increase toad bladder intracellular cyclic AMP concentration. These data support the concept that cyclic AMP may be the mediator of PTH-induced phosphate transport inhibition in the toad bladder.
Simulation of the microscopic process during initiation of stent thrombosis

ObjectiveCoronary stenting is one of the most commonly used approaches to open coronary arteries blocked due to atherosclerosis. However, stent struts can induce stent thrombosis due to altered hemodynamics and endothelial dysfunction, and the microscopic process is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the microscale processes during the initiation of stent thrombosis. MethodsWe utilized a discrete element computational model to simulate the transport, collision, adhesion, and activation of thousands of individual platelets and red blood cells in thrombus formation around struts and dysfunctional endothelium. ResultsAs strut height increased, the area of endothelium activated by low shear stress increased, which increased the number of platelets in mural thrombi. These thrombi were generally outside regions of recirculation for shorter struts. For the tallest strut, wall shear stress was sufficiently low to activate the entire endothelium. With the entire endothelium activated by injury or denudation, the number of platelets in mural thrombi was largest for the shortest strut. The type of platelet activation (by high shear stress or contact with activated endothelium) did not greatly affect results. ConclusionsDuring the initiation of stent thrombosis, platelets do not necessarily enter recirculation regions or deposit on endothelium near struts, as suggested by previous computational fluid dynamics simulations. Rather, platelets are more likely to deposit on activated endothelium outside recirculation regions and deposit directly on struts. Our study elucidated the effects of different mechanical factors on the roles of platelets and endothelium in stent thrombosis. We computationally simulated the microscopic process of initial stent thrombosis.An increase in strut height increased the area of dysfunctional endothelium.Platelets preferentially deposited on endothelium outside recirculation regions.With intact endothelium, mural thrombus was largest with the highest strut.With denuded endothelium, mural thrombus was largest with the lowest strut.
Estradiol stimulates invitro the secretion of insulin-like growth factors by the clonal osteoblastic cell line, UMR106

UMR106 cells, a rat osteosarcoma derived clonal line, secreted insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in vitro. The IGF-II levels corrected for the cell numbers were 7-8 times higher than the IGF-I levels in the medium. Both growth factors were higher by 4-5 fold in medium conditioned by rapidly growing cells than in medium conditioned by confluent cells. The addition of 17-beta-estradiol (E) to the culture medium was associated with a statistically significant increase in the IGF concentrations. This increment was metabolite specific, not occurring with 17-alpha-E, the inactive epimer of E. 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased the IGF-I concentration but prior treatment with E blocked the response to 1,25(OH)2D3, demonstrating antagonistic actions of these two hormones on IGF secretion by osteoblast-like cells.
Geochemical evidence for active tropical serpentinization in the Santa Elena Ophiolite, Costa Rica: An analog of a humid early Earth?

Serpentinization is a planetary process that has important consequences on geochemical cycles, supporting microbial activity through the formation of H2 and CH4 and having the potential to sequester atmospheric CO2. We present geochemical evidence of active serpentinization in the Santa Elena Ophiolite, Costa Rica which is sustained by peridotites with a degree of serpentinization less than 50% with no evidence of an internal heat source. Average spring water temperatures are 29.1°C. Two hyperalkaline spring systems were discovered, with a spring fluid pH up to 11.18. The fluids are characterized by low Mg (1.0–5.9 mg/L) and K (1.0–5.5 mg/L) and relative high Ca (29–167 mg/L), Na (16–27 mg/L), Cl (26–29 mg/L), hydroxide (41–63 mg/L), and carbonate (31–49 mg/L). Active CH4 (24.3% v/v) vents coupled with carbonate deposits ( δ13CCO2 =−27 to −14‰; δ18OCO2 =−17 to − 6‰) also provide evidence for active serpentinization and carbonation. Isotope ratios of the alkaline fluids (δ18O = −7.9‰, δ2H = −51.4‰) and groundwater (δ18O = −7.6‰; δ2H = −48.0‰) suggests that, during base flow recession, springs are fed by groundwater circulation. Methanogenic Archaea, which comprises a relatively high percentage of the 16S rRNA gene tag sequences, suggests that biological methanogenesis may play a significant role in the system. Santa Elena's extreme varying weather results in a scenario that could be of significant importance for (a) improving the knowledge of conditions on a humid early Earth or Mars that had periodic changes in water supply, (b) revealing new insights on serpentinizing solute transport, and (c) modeling hydrogeochemical responses as a function of recharge.
Control of persistent ventricular ectopic beats by alprenolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent

Abstract A new β-adrenergic blocking agent, alprenolol, was found to be effective in thirteen patients in a double-blind cross-over study comparing its effect in reducing persistent ventricular ectopic beats with that of a placebo. The dose employed (20 mg. every 6 hours orally) did not affect systolic, diastolic, or mean blood pressure but did tend to lower the heart rate. No side effect or change in blood count, urinalysis, kidney, or liver function tests could be seen with the low dose used. It is concluded that 1-(o-allylphenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-2-propanol-hydrochloride (alprenolol) is an effective drug in the short-term oral dose employed in the management of persistent ventricular ectopic beats.
Discovery and Orbital Determination of the Transient X-Ray Pulsar GRO J1750–27

We report on the discovery and hard X-ray (20-70 keV) observations of the 4.45 s period transient X-ray pulsar GRO J1750-27 with the BATSE all-sky monitor on board CGRO. A relatively faint outburst (<30 mcrab peak) lasting at least 60 days was observed during which the spin-up rate peaked at 38 pHz s^(-1) and was correlated with the pulsed intensity. An orbit with a period of 29.8 days was found. The large spin-up rate, spin period, and orbital period together suggest that accretion is occurring from a disk and that the outburst is a "giant" outburst typical of a Be/X-ray transient system. No optical counterpart has yet been reported.
Macrophage cholesteryl ester mobilization and atherosclerosis

Accumulation of cholesteryl esters (CE) stored as cytoplasmic lipid droplets is the main characteristic of macrophage foam cells that are central to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Since only unesterified or free cholesterol (FC) can be effluxed from the cells to extracellular cholesterol acceptors, hydrolysis of CE is the obligatory first step in CE mobilization from macrophages. This reaction, catalyzed by neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH), is increasingly being recognized as the rate-limiting step in FC efflux. CEH, therefore, regulates the process of reverse cholesterol transport and ultimate elimination of cholesterol from the body. In this review, we summarize the earlier controversies surrounding the identity of CEH in macrophages, discuss the characteristics of the various candidates recognized to date and examine their role in mobilizing cellular CE and thus regulating atherogenesis. In addition, physiological requirements to hydrolyze lipid droplet-associated substrate and complexities of interfacial catalysis are also discussed to emphasize the importance of evaluating the biochemical characteristics of candidate enzymes that may be targeted in the future to attenuate atherosclerosis.
Salton Award Lecture on theoretical argument in information retrieval

Preamble: First, let me say how pleased I am to receive this award. I am flattered indeed to be invited to join this – I was going to say “august” company, but august is a Latin word, more specifically Roman. I think in deference to our present location, I should perhaps say something different. I don’t think the Greeks had an exact equivalent (not having gone in for emperors like the Romans), but perhaps “olympian” will serve the purpose. At any rate, I really appreciate the honour accorded to me by SIGIR and the committee of holders of the award who take the decision.
Lightweight lock-free synchronization methods for multithreading

Emergence of chip multiprocessors has created a need for exploitation of beyond DOALL-type thread-level parallelism (TLP). This calls for development of efficient thread synchronization techniques to exploit TLP in general parallel programs with dependences. For this, several thread synchronization techniques have been proposed in the past. However, these limit the exploitation of fine-grain TLP due to large run-time overhead. Furthermore, the existing approaches can potentially result in (i) deadlocks between the different threads and (ii) non-deterministic run-time execution behavior as these techniques are oblivious of the underlying memory model. In this paper, we propose lightweight lock-free thread synchronization methods to exploit TLP in general parallel programs with dependences. Each synchronization method intrinsically guarantees the following in a multithreaded program: (a) sequential consistency, (b) atomicity of writes to the shared synchronization construct and (c) absence of deadlocks. This reduces the programming effort considerably, thereby easing the development of software for multithreaded systems. For each method we formally prove that there cannot occur a deadlock between the different threads. This obviates the cumbersome and time-consuming process of detecting and eliminating deadlocks from the programmer. Experiments show that our synchronization methods incur a minimal overhead of 7.16% on an average. Further, we achieve performance speedups upto 3.39x on kernels extracted from the industry standard SPEC OMPM 2001 benchmarks, on a dedicated Intel® Xeon® 2.78 GHz 4-way multiprocessor.
Microwave photonics links in modem networks: Component technology

Recent advances in component technology for microwave photonics networks are discussed. Different transmitter technologies are compared in term of analog link performance. The development of high power and wide bandwidth photodiodes for analog fiber-optic link is discussed.
Sex-specific differences in the predictive value of cholesterol homeostasis markers and 10-year cardiovascular disease event rate in Framingham Offspring Study participants.

BackgroundAvailable data are inconsistent regarding factors influencing plasma cholesterol homeostasis marker concentrations and their value in predicting subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) ev...
Schleiermacher's supralapsarian christology

While several commentators have pointed out the supralapsarian nature of Schleiermacher's christology, this article is the first thorough examination of the nature of Schleiermacher's supralapsarian arguments. I show that Schleiermacher's supralapsarianism is directly based on his doctrine of absolute dependence and divine causality. However, the ontology implied by the latter doctrine is in the end inconsistent with Schleiermacher's christology, and Schleiermacher's system does not seem to have the resources to be saved from this inconsistency.
My First Research Experience

My first exposure to mathematical research was under the supervision of Professor Leonid (“Leonia”) Lerer during the academic year 1984–1985. From the very beginning we had a very amicable relationship, and what will always stand out in my memory is his consistently calm and friendly demeanor. Leonia was always encouraging, and he never lost his patience, even during the slow periods. He also managed to enjoy life to the fullest – among other things, he savored the fresh Dutch raw herring during lunch.
Reflecting on the Father: Childhood Family Structure and Women's Paternal Relationships

The researchers examined childhood family structure, age, and race/ethnicity as correlates of paternal relationships using the Father Presence Questionnaire. The sample consisted of 788 adult women aged 18 to 88 years from ethnically diverse backgrounds. The most consistent finding was the effect of family structure on participants’ evaluations of their paternal relationships. Father absence because of divorce or separation produced less favorable evaluations on every scale and within every racial/ethnic category; however, when father’s absence was attributable to death before 18 years, a consistent pattern of extremely positive evaluations resulted. The influence of race/ethnicity on women’s evaluations of paternal relationships interacted with family structure. Among those living with both biological parents, non-Hispanic Whites gave the most positive ratings of their paternal relationships; among those not living with their biological father, African Americans had more favorable ratings than other ethn...