cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Plasma Membrane and Tonoplast from the Same Homogenates of Plant Cells by Free-Flow Electrophoresis

Plasma membranes and tonoplast have proven difficult to separate from plant homogenates by conventional sucrose gradient and differential centrifugation (Quail,1979, Gripshover et al., 19 84). Here we describe a procedure based on free flow electrophoresis that is applicable to both etiolated shoots as well as green leaves. Homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000gmax for 10 min to remove mitochondria and the resulting supernatant was centrifuged for 20 min at 45,000 gmax. The latter pellet was resuspended as the starting material for free-flow electrophoresis.
MORPHOLOGY OF TREPONEMA MICRODENTIUM AS REVEALED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ULTRATHIN SECTIONS

Abstract Listgarten, M. A. (Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Forsyth Dental Infirmary, Boston, Mass.), W. J. Loesche, and S. S. Socransky. Morphology of Treponema microdentium as revealed by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. J. Bacteriol. 85:932–939. 1963.—Broth cultures of a strain of Treponema microdentium were harvested on Millipore filters, fixed in osmic acid, and sectioned for electron microscopy. The sections revealed that the spirochetes had an axial filament, made up of two fibrils approximately 150 A in diameter, which was situated between an external envelope approximately 140 A in thickness and a protoplasmic cylinder. The protoplasmic cylinder had a cross-sectional diameter of 100 to 200 mμ, and was surrounded by a double “membrane” consisting of two 40-A electron-dense structures separated by a 45-A space. Cross-sections of spirochetal “granules” revealed that the limiting membrane was continuous with the outer envelope of the spirochetes, and surrounded the protoplasmic cylinder and axial filament.
Rental Concessions and Property Values

This paper examines apartment rental concessions and their effect on property values through apartment rent and occupancy rates. A simultaneous equation model is used to estimate rent and occupancy...
Visualization, simulation, and computing: New tools for learning, new paradigm for teaching

In this article we explore the role computing can play in an electromagnetics class. Our aim is not to provide answers, but to open a discussion on several topics related to the use of the computer as a learning aid. We provide some examples of what we have done in an introductory electricity and magnetism class using a program called SilverHammer that maps electric and magnetic fields for point charges. However, the point of this article is not to say that this is the only way computers should be used, but rather to point out that we really have only scratched the surface of a very versatile tool. Those who are presently working in this area are the pioneers, and will see the use of the computer go from these first applications to being an indispensable medium for learning. The computer may well let us create virtual scenarios that allow us to explore ideas and relationships with a heretofore unattained proficiency.
From gene to behavior and back again: new perspectives on GABAA receptor subunit selectivity of alcohol actions.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the actions of alcohol in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) receptor knockout (null mutant) mice. GABA A receptors represent the major inhibitory class of neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain. GABA A receptors have a pentameric structure with ﬁve subunits forming an ion pore. Agonist binding promotes the passage of chloride ions through the pore and into the cell. The net result is an inﬂux of negatively charged ions and hyperpolarization of the neuron. GABA A receptors mediate a number of alcohol's behavioral actions. Because the subunit composition of GABA A receptors determines receptor pharmacology, behavioral sensitivity to alcohol may depend on which subunits are present (or absent). A number of knockout and/or transgenic mouse models are developed and tested for behavioral sensitivity to ethanol. The chapter discusses the current GABA A receptor subunit knockout and transgenic literature for ethanol sensitivity, and integrates these results into those obtained using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and gene expression assays. The three‐way validation is hampered by the incomplete behavioral characterization of many of the mutant mice, and additional subunits are likely to be linked to alcohol actions as behavioral testing progresses.
Public Accounting Work Experience

The work experience of individuals in public accounting is important for a variety of personal and organizational purposes. Work experience is divisible analytically into work outcomes (such as performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intentions) and work processes (such as the perception of role stress, job characteristics and organizational technology). However, work experience may be patterned by demographic variables (such as age, sex and marital status) and by organizationally conferred statuses (such as tenure with the firm and hierarchical rank). Discusses the concepts, reviews the literature and reports the results of a study which found that organizational statuses were a superior source of explanation. However, several demographic conditions also prove selectively important. Implications for further research and for public accounting practice are drawn.
Cell delay variation performance of CBR and VBR MPEG-2 sources in an atm multiplexer

Video services require specific constraints regarding the delay variation or jitter experienced when they are transmitted in packet networks such as ATM. This delay component is mainly generated in multiplexing processes and it has a direct impact on the final QoS. In this paper the jitter issue is addressed in the environment of a video server connected to an ATM Network. Both CBR and VBR MPEG-2 streams are considered as traffic sources. For each video source its delay variation is studied using first order and second order statistics such as jitter variance and GCRA, respectively. We study several traffic scenarios, where correlation between video sources is considered. Finally the obtained results are compared with the M+D/D/l model.
Regular Object Types

Regular types have been proposed as a foundation for statically typed processing of XML and other forms of tree-structured data. To date, however, regular types have only been explored in special-purpose languages (e.g., XDuce, CDuce, and XQuery) with type systems designed around regular types “from the ground up.” The goal of the Xtatic language is to bring regular types to a broad audience by offering them as a lightweight extension of a popular object-oriented language, C#.
Theory of Wind-Driving Protostellar Disks

Observations reveal a strong link between disk accretion and energetic bipolar outflows in protostars. This connection could reflect the high efficiency of angular momentum transport by centrifugally driven winds launched from the disk surfaces along a large-scale, ordered magnetic field that threads the disk. Vertical angular momentum transport can also be achieved through torsional Alfven waves that propagate along the magnetic field lines into the ambient medium. There is observational evidence for a dynamically significant “open” magnetic field in molecular cloud cores, and one can show that when a core collapses to form the central star and disk the magnetic field lines are advected inward by the inflowing gas. It is possible to construct semi-analytic equilibrium models of wind-driving disks with a realistic ionization and conductivity structure and investigate their stability properties. These studies are being complemented by non-ideal–MHD numerical simulations.
Importance of Sex Education Topics: Correlates with Teacher Characteristics and Inclusion of Topics in Instruction

(1984). Importance of Sex Education Topics: Correlates with Teacher Characteristics and Inclusion of Topics in Instruction. Health Education: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 36-41.
EVALUATION OF SEROLOGICAL AND CULTURAL METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC SALMONELLOSIS IN MICE

Morello, Josephine A. (Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.), Teresa A. Digenio, and Edgar E. Baker. Evaluation of serological and cultural methods for the diagnosis of chronic salmonellosis in mice. J. Bacteriol. 88:1277-1282. 1964.-Mice were infected by inoculation of varying doses of a virulent culture of Salmonella typhimurium directly into the stomach. Feces were cultured at intervals on Brilliant Green and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Most survivors shed organisms consistently during the early stage of infection, but, after 1 month, a large number had become intermittent shedders. These animals would have been considered salmonella-free if cultured at a time when they were not shedding the organism. Serological tests to detect antibodies in their sera, therefore, were investigated. Standard agglutination, and hemagglutination and hemolytic tests with the use of sheep erythrocytes modified with extracts of S. typhimurium, were performed with sera from infected mice. It was possible to detect smaller amounts of antibody in the sera by means of the hemolytic test, and this test was often positive when the others were negative. Antibodies detectable by the hemolytic test appeared within 21 days after inoculation, and were present in the sera of surviving animals for 3 months or longer. All animals known to be infected gave positive serological reactions. Cultural techniques were most satisfactory for detection of salmonellosis during early stages of infection, and serological tests were of primary value at later intervals. Concurrent use of both techniques ensured discovery of the largest number of infected animals.
Stability of P50 auditory sensory gating during sleep from infancy to 4 years of age.

Abstract The stability of cerebral inhibition was assessed across early childhood using a paired-click auditory sensory gating paradigm. The P50 ERP was measured during REM (or its infant analogue, active sleep) and NREM sleep in 14 children at approximately 3 months of age and again at approximately 4 years of age. Evoked response amplitudes, latencies, and the S2/S1 ratio of the amplitudes of the evoked responses were compared between the two visits. Significant reliability was found for the S2/S1 ratio (r = .73, p = .003) during REM but not non REM sleep (r = −.05, p = .88). A significant stimulus number by sleep stage interaction (F (1, 12) = 17.1, p = .001) demonstrated that the response to the second stimulus decreased during REM but not NREM sleep. These findings suggest that this measure is stable during REM sleep across early childhood, is not affected by age, and is sleep-state dependent. P50 sensory gating is a biomarker which, if used properly, may provide a mechanism to further explore changes in the developing brain or may help with early screening for psychiatric illness vulnerability.
LASAGNA: A novel algorithm for transcription factor binding site alignment

Scientists routinely scan DNA sequences for transcription factor (TF) bindingsites (TFBSs). Most of the available tools rely on position-specific scoringmatrices (PSSMs) constructed from aligned binding sites. Because of theresolutions of assays used to obtain TFBSs, databases such as TRANSFAC,ORegAnno and PAZAR store unaligned variable-length DNA segments containingbinding sites of a TF. These DNA segments need to be aligned to build aPSSM. While the TRANSFAC database provides scoring matrices for TFs, nearly78% of the TFs in the public release do not have matrices available. As workon TFBS alignment algorithms has been limited, it is highly desirable tohave an alignment algorithm tailored to TFBSs. We designed a novel algorithm named LASAGNA, which is aware of the lengths ofinput TFBSs and utilizes position dependence. Results on 189 TFs of 5species in the TRANSFAC database showed that our method significantlyoutperformed ClustalW2 and MEME. We further compared a PSSM method dependenton LASAGNA to an alignment-free TFBS search method. Results on 89 TFs whosebinding sites can be located in genomes showed that our method issignificantly more precise at fixed recall rates. Finally, we describedLASAGNA-ChIP, a more sophisticated version for ChIP (Chromatinimmunoprecipitation) experiments. Under the one-per-sequence model, itshowed comparable performance with MEME in discovering motifs in ChIP-seqpeak sequences. We conclude that the LASAGNA algorithm is simple and effective in aligningvariable-length binding sites. It has been integrated into a user-friendlywebtool for TFBS search and visualization called LASAGNA-Search. The toolcurrently stores precomputed PSSM models for 189 TFs and 133 TFs built fromTFBSs in the TRANSFAC Public database (release 7.0) and the ORegAnnodatabase (08Nov10 dump), respectively. The webtool is available at http://biogrid.engr.uconn.edu/lasagna_search/ .
Medulloblastoma: Molecular Genetics and Animal Models

Medulloblastoma is a primary brain tumor found in the cerebellum of children. The tumor occurs in association with two inherited cancer syndromes: Turcot syndrome and Gorlin syndrome. Insights into the molecular biology of the tumor have come from looking at alterations in the genes altered in these syndromes, PTC and APC, respectively. Murine models of medulloblastoma have been constructed based on these alterations. Additional murine models that, while mimicking the appearance of the human tumor, seem unrelated to the human tumor's molecular alterations have been made. In this review, the clinical picture, origin, molecular biology, and murine models of medulloblastoma are discussed. Although a great deal has been discovered about this tumor, the genetic alterations responsible for tumor development in a majority of patients have yet to be described.
History and change

The aim of this paper is to present an account on the idea of change in history, in particular, the possibility of change in such a peculiar object of inquiry for the historian as culture. This work will consider various elements associated with the development of non-human culture, taken from areas such as primatology and cultural zoology, before analysing the increasingly frantic pace of transformations experienced by contemporary culture.
The Implications of Bank-Issued Check Surveys for Evaluators: A Case Study.

This article describes an innovative data collection procedure. A subsample (n = 164) of a longitudinal research project was assessed using a bank-issued check survey procedure (a removable bank check on which response fields were printed). Using the new procedure, parents returned their surveys simply by depositing or cashing their incentive checks at the bank. Evaluators found that using this format and minimal follow-up achieved a response rate similar to sending a longer questionnaire requiring intensive follow-up. A 75% return rate was achieved after 8 weeks without the need of follow-up calls. A final return rate of 89% was achieved after a second mailing and a single round of phone calls. The procedure decreased labor costs by approximately two thirds by reducing the need for a large volume of reminder calls to parents. Implications for this unique survey method are discussed, as well as the limitations of the procedure.
Thermal Response of Unconfined Ceilings Above Growing Fires and the Importance of Convective Heat Transfer

Methode de calcul de la reponse thermique de plafonds non en combustion et non confines. La methode utilise un algorithme pour la conduction dans le materiau du plafond. Il prend en compte le transfert de chaleur du au rayonnement de la zone de combustion au plafond et du au rayonnement du plafond au plancher et a l'ameublement
Monte Carlo calculation of imaging doses from diagnostic multidetector CT and kilovoltage cone‐beam CT as part of prostate cancer treatment plans

Purpose: To calculate imagingdoses to the rectum, bladder, and femoral heads as part of a prostate cancertreatment plans, assuming an image guided radiation therapy(IGRT) procedure involving either the multidetector CT (MDCT) or kilovoltage cone-beam CT (kV CBCT). Methods: This study considered an IGRTtreatment plan for a prostate carcinoma patient involving 50.4 Gy from 28 initial fractions and a boost of 28.8 Gy from 16 fractions. A total of 45 CTimaging procedures, each involving a MDCT or a kV CBCT scan procedure, were carefully modeled using theMCNPX code version 2.5.0. The MDCT scanner model is based on the GE LightSpeed 16-MDCT scanner and the kV CBCTscanner model is based on the Varian On-Board Imager using parameters reported by the CT manufacturers and literatures. A patient-specific treatment planning CT data set was used to construct the phantom for the dose calculation. The target, organs-at-risk (OARs), and background voxels in the CT data set were categorized into six tissue types according to CT numbers for Monte Carlo calculations. Results: For a total of 45 imaging procedures, it was found that the rectum received 78.4 and 76.7 cGy from MDCT and kV CBCT, respectively. The bladder received slightly greater doses of 82.4 and 77.9 cGy, while the femoral heads received much higher doses of 182.3 and 141.3 cGy from MDCT and kV CBCT, respectively. To investigate the impact of these imagingdoses on treatment planning, OAR doses from MDCT or kV CBCTimaging procedures were added to the corresponding dose matrix reported by the original treatment plans to construct dose volume histograms. It was found that after the imagingdose is added, the rectum volumes irradiated to 75 and 70 Gy increased from 13.9% and 21.2%, respectively, in the original plan to 14.8% and 21.8%. The bladder volumes receiving 80 Gy increased to 4.6% from 4.1% in the original plan and the volume receiving 75 Gy increased to 7.9% from 7.5%. All values remained within the tolerance levels: V 70 25 % , V 75 15 % for rectum and V 75 25 % , V 80 15 % for bladder. The irradiation of femoral heads was also acceptable with no volume receiving > 45 Gy . Conclusions: IGRT procedures can irradiate the OARs to an imagingdose level that is great enough to require careful evaluation and perhaps even adjustment of original treatment planning in order to still satisfy the dose constraints. This study only considered one patient CT because the CT x rays cover a relatively larger volume of the body and the dose distribution is considerably more uniform than those associated with the therapeutic beams. As a result, the dose to an organ from CTimagingdoses does not vary much from one patient to the other for the same CT settings. One factor that would potentially affect such CTdose level is the size of the patient body. More studies are needed to develop accurate and convenient methods of accounting for the imagingdoses as part of treatment planning.
Volumetric considerations in radiotherapy for pediatric parameningeal rhabdomyosarcomas

Abstract Purpose To assess the influence of radiation volume on outcome in pediatric parameningeal rhabdomyosarcomas (PM-RMSs). Methods and materials Thirty patients ranging in age from 2 to 18 years (median 6) with PM-RMS were treated at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between August 1988 and December 1999. The histologic subtypes included embryonal ( n = 26), alveolar ( n = 3), and undifferentiated ( n = 1). Twenty-seven patients had Group III and three had Group IV disease. Twenty-seven patients underwent biopsy only and three subtotal resection. All patients were treated with multiple-agent chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy. In 8 patients, all of whom had intracranial tumor extension, the tumor and whole brain were treated as the initial volume. In the remaining patients, most of those treated before 1992 were treated to the prechemotherapy (CMT) tumor volume for the entire treatment up to the total dose, which ranged from 45 to 59.4 Gy (median dose 57.9). In contrast, patients treated after 1992 generally received radiation initially to the pre-CMT volume (30.6–40 Gy; median dose 36) followed by a conedown to the post-CMT volume to a final dose of 41.4–55.2 Gy (median 50.4). Results With a median follow-up of 6.2 years (range 2.1–13.3), the actuarial 5-year overall survival, progression-free survival, and local control rate for the entire group was 82%, 76%, and 76%, respectively. Seven failures and five deaths have been documented. In univariate analysis, histologic type, tumor size, and age at diagnosis were found to be predictive of overall survival and local control. No statistically significant difference in overall survival or local control was seen between patients who received a conedown to the post-CMT volume ( n = 13) and patients in whom the pre-CMT volume was included for the entire treatment ( n = 9). Conclusion Radiotherapy delivered to children with PM-RMS using a shrinking field technique with a post-CMT volume boost was effective and appears to give results comparable to those of patients in whom the pre-CMT volume was treated for the entire course. The use of such tailored treatment fields is likely to lead to fewer late effects and warrants further investigation.
Advances in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The treatments for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) described in this paper represent the latest information and data. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure, initially described in 1981, remains the cornerstone of therapy. Advances in mask interfaces, the use of humidification, the downloading of usage informa tion, the development of pressure delivery modifications, and reductions in the size and noise of the machines have improved the devices over the past decade. Nevertheless, the basic premise of positive pressure delivery to splint the airway remains the primary driver of efficacy. Surgery for OSA, other than tracheostomy, has also been used for about the same period (uvulopalato pharyngoplasty was also initially described in 1981), but its efficacy has probably improved only marginally. The advances in surgical techniques have come through improved patient selection, minimally invasive techniques, and the performance of outcome studies. Surgery clearly remains a second-line or third-line therapy for moderate to severe OSA. Dental appliances were also introduced over two decades ago and clearly have become more mainstream in our treatment approach to OSA. Dental appliances are now considered a reasonable first-line therapy for mild OSA and perhaps even for some patients with moderate OSA. Custom-made appliances are clearly superior to those that cannot be adjusted, and in the hands of an experienced dentist or similarly trained expert, they are moderately successful for most patients. Among the newer therapies, transnasal insufflation and nasal expiratory resistance clearly have promise, again for patients with mild to moderate OSA. Further study may determine who will benefit from such modalities. No medications have been shown to have clinically significant efficacy, and drug treatment remains adjunctive.
Impact failure characteristics in sandwich structures. Part II: Effects of impact speed and interfacial strength

In this paper, we describe the second part of an experimental investigation concentrating on the study of the effects of impact speed and interfacial bond strength on the dynamic failure of model sandwich structures. Results show that even small variations in impact speed and bond strength substantially influence the initiation behavior of delamination (location and nucleation time) and lead to substantially different inter-layer crack speed histories. These changes in inter-layer failure history influence the timing, sequence and final extent of subsequent intra-layer damage within the sandwich structures.
Deformation and Slippage Modeling for Investigating Bolt Loosening Under Harmonic Transverse Excitation

This paper presents an analytical model for deformation and self-loosening performance of a preloaded M12 threaded fastener under cyclic transverse excitation based on the calibration of the bending stiffness parameters at bolt ends using finite element method. The model describes the bolt bending deflection and the relative bending rotational angle between the male and female threads, the loosening (rotational) angle, and the local contact slippage behavior of bolted joints. The analytical results for the deformation behavior of the bolt including bending deflection and bending angle are compared with the corresponding finite element results to validate the mathematical model of the threaded bolt. The shear force-displacement response, and the clamp load decay with the number of cycles are compared with the experimental data for model validation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
99 MULTIPLE MEANING WORDS FOR PRIMARY STUDENTS AND WAYS TO TEACH THEM

The cumulative first grade word lists from three widely‐used basal series were combined and alphabetized through the use of a computer program. Of the 255 words common to all three lists, 228 (almost 90%) had multiple meanings. From these a basic list of 99 multiple meaning words was selected by applying three criteria: (a) all or most definitions of the word could be related to primary grade children's experiences; (b) the word was used as more than one part of speech; and (c) the word had four or more different definitions. Activities to develop children's knowledge of the multiple meanings of words are suggested through the use of pictures and objects, picture dictionaires and concept books, semantic mapping, and sentence context.
Physician sun protection counseling: Prevalence, correlates, and association with sun protection practices among US adolescents and their parents, 2004

Abstract Objective To assess the population prevalence and correlates of ever receiving physician advice to practice sun protection (i.e. sun protection counseling) and whether such counseling is associated with sun protection behaviors in adolescents and their parents. Method Analysis of a nationally representative cross-sectional telephone survey of ultraviolet radiation exposure behaviors among US adolescents ages 11 to 18 and their parents, conducted between August and November 2004. Results Forty-four percent of US adolescents and their parents reported physician sun protection counseling. Counseling was more frequently reported by adolescents whose parents were also counseled, reported other sun protection information sources (skin cancer prevention media messages and school sun safety messages), had first degree relatives with skin cancer, and were white, non-Hispanic. Counseling was positively associated with regular sunscreen use, appropriate sunscreen application practices, and intermittent hat use, but not with other recommended behaviors. Sunscreen use rates were generally higher among adolescents reporting several sun protection information sources (counseling, media and school messages) than those with combinations of two or fewer of these sources. Conclusions The role of physicians, either independently or in concert with other information sources, should be explored in strategies promoting primary skin cancer prevention behaviors among adolescents and parents.
Phosphate additions have no effect on microbial biomass and activity in a northern hardwood forest

Abstract High rates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition have raised questions about shifting patterns of nutrient limitation in northern hardwood forests. Of particular interest is the idea that increased supply of N may induce phosphorus (P) limitation of plant and microbial processes, especially in acid soils where P sorption by Al is high. In this study, we established field plots and plant-free laboratory mesocosms with P and Ca additions to test the hypotheses that 1) microbial biomass and activity are limited by P in the northern hardwood forest soils at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in NH USA; 2) elevated Ca increases inherent P availability and therefore reduces any effects of added P and 3) P effects are more marked in the more carbon (C) rich Oie compared to the Oa horizon. Treatments included P addition (50 kg P ha−1), Ca addition (850 kg Ca ha−1) and Ca + P addition (850 kg Ca ha−1 and 50 kg P ha−1). The P treatments increased resin-available P levels and reduced phosphatase activity, but had no effect on microbial biomass C, microbial respiration, C metabolizing enzymes, potential net N mineralization and nitrification in the Oie or Oa horizon of either field plots or plant free mesocosms, in either the presence or absence of Ca. Total, prokaryote, and eukaryote PLFA were reduced by P addition, possibly due to reductions in mycorrhizal fungal biomass. These results suggest that increased N deposition and acidification have not created P limitation of microbial biomass and activity in these soils.
Nature of the scale-invariance breaking term in inelastic e-p scattering from DGS representation

Abstract Using the DGS representation and the scaling phenomena we suggest that the nature of the scale breaking term of νW2 in inelastic e-p scattering, should be of the form G 2 (ω)M 2 Q 2 . Using Regge theory it is then predicted that G2(ω) would be a constant for large ω, and is estimated to be approximately −0.06. These predictions, in particular the constancy of the slopes for νW2 versus 1 Q 2 plots for large ω (ω>8), compare very well with the recent experimental data. Similar results for W1(ν,Q2) are also discussed.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 175

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data from radioactive decay and reaction studies are given for all nuclei with mass number A = 175. Adopted nuclear structure and radiation information is presented in tabular and decay scheme form. This evaluation for A = 175 supersedes the earlier one by M. M. Minor (76MI07), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 18 , 331 (1976).
Are Younger Patients Undergoing THA Appropriately Characterized as Active

Background The use of TKAs in young patients is increasing. Demographic characteristics and activity levels among this patient group may affect implant selection, performance, and survivorship. Patient age (≤ 55 years) and preoperative diagnosis have been used to define this patient group, with the presumption that these patients are more active than older patients with similar indications for TKA.
Lateral intermolecular forces between biomembrane lipids in two dimensions: 1,2-dipalmitin at the heptane/water interface compared with phospholipids.

The lateral interaction forces between phospholipids in two-dimensional arrays are fundamental to understanding membrane biophysics. In previous studies the related thermodynamic functions have been measured for spread phospholipid monolayers at the oil/water interface over a range of temperatures and densities, and the twodimensional virial coefficients obtained. These coefficients have been computed from a model that emphasizes the head group zwitterion interactions. In this study we examine the contribution of the diglyceride portion of phospholipid molecules to the lateral intermolecular forces. Measurements of the heptane/water interfacial tension as a function of the concentration of 1,2-dipalmitoyl glycerol (DP) in the heptane were made over a range of low surface pressures at 25 °C. Infrared measurements on the DP solutions show that the solutions are ideal. The results are interpreted to give two-dimensional virial coefficients for the adsorbed monolayer. The second virial coefficient B2(T) for DP is +0.31 nm 2 /molecule, in marked contrast to the much larger positive values found for the corresponding phospholipids at the same interface and temperature, and clearly indicating an attractive component to the lateral potentials of mean force between pairs of DP molecules. The contribution of the diglyceride moiety to the pair potentials of the phospholipids thus appears to be minor but not negligible. The differences in the second virial coefficients for DP and the phospholipids are interpreted primarily in terms of the orientation of the ester carbonyl dipoles, also drawing on spectroscopic and diffraction evidence from related structures.
Comparative planetology and the origin of continental crust

Abstract This paper summarizes crustal evolution in silicate planets (the Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus and meteorite parent bodies), and outlines a general theory for the origin of continental crust based on comparative planetology and terrestrial evidence. Silicate planets and some meteorite parent bodies have undergone early global differentiation (nonplate-tectonic), followed by a late basin-forming bombardment and a long basaltic second differentiation. Evidence for analogous stages (except a late bombardment) can be found in terrestrial geology, modified by conditions of hydrous magma generation and persistent tectonism. Continental crust is inferred to have largely been formed in the early Archean by andesitic volcanism accompanying catastrophic early degassing. This global crust was disrupted by basin-forming impacts that initiated mantle upwelling and sea-floor spreading. Basaltic overplating and underplating, from mantle plumes, continued on the continents producing greenstone belts, mafic dike swarms, and, by partial melting of underplated ‘basalt’ and sialic crust the granitoids of Archean granite-greenstone terrane. This process produced most of the present continental crust by ∼2.5 Ga ago, when the global tectonic style evolved into the present one of tectonism marginal to and within continents. Subsequent crustal evolution has largely been deformation, metamorphism, anatexis and rearrangement of previously formed crustal segments, not separation of new sialic crust from the mantle. The crustal growth that has occurred since the Archean has primarily been crustal thickening resulting directly or indirectly from generation of basalt in the subcontinental tectosphere. Viewed in the light of evidence from comparative planetology, the continents are interpreted as the greatly altered remnants of an originally global primordial crust, the result of an evolutionary sequence shared by all the silicate planets to some degree depending on their mass, volatile content and location in the solar system. This theory can be tested by deep drilling in Archean terranes to locate remnants of the original crust, by determination of the composition of the highland crust of Mars, and by investigations of the crust of Venus.
Joint linkage QTL analyses for partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean using six nested inbred populations with heterogeneous conditions.

Partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL). With traditional QTL mapping approaches, power to detect such QTL, frequently of small effect, can be limited by population size. Joint linkage QTL analysis of nested recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations provides improved power to detect QTL through increased population size, recombination, and allelic diversity. However, uniform development and phenotyping of multiple RIL populations can prove difficult. In this study, the effectiveness of joint linkage QTL analysis was evaluated on combinations of two to six nested RIL populations differing in inbreeding generation, phenotypic assay method, and/or marker set used in genotyping. In comparison to linkage analysis in a single population, identification of QTL by joint linkage analysis was only minimally affected by different phenotypic methods used among populations once phenotypic data were standardized. In contrast, genotyping of populations with only partially overlapping sets of markers had a marked negative effect on QTL detection by joint linkage analysis. In total, 16 genetic regions with QTL for partial resistance against P. sojae were identified, including four novel QTL on chromosomes 4, 9, 12, and 16, as well as significant genotype-by-isolate interactions. Resistance alleles from PI 427106 or PI 427105B contributed to a major QTL on chromosome 18, explaining 10–45 % of the phenotypic variance. This case study provides guidance on the application of joint linkage QTL analysis of data collected from populations with heterogeneous assay conditions and a genetic framework for partial resistance to P. sojae.
Development of Practical Culture Methods for Rainbow Smelt Larvae

Abstract Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, collected in the wild and strip-spawned during the 2002 and 2003 spawning seasons, produced fertilization and hatching rates as high as 99% and 86%, respectively. During the 2002 spawning season, embryos were stocked into petri dishes and the effects of temperature (5, 10, 15, and 20°C) and salinity (0, 10, 20, and 30‰) on hatching success were determined. Hatching was significantly greater at 10°C and 15°C than at 5°C and 20°C, regardless of salinity. No hatching occurred at 20‰ or 30‰ salinity at any temperature. In separate experiments, the effects of light intensity, green water (200,000 microalgal cells/mL), temperature, and salinity on larval growth and survival were tested. Growth and survival were significantly improved by the addition of green water, but no significant differences were found between light intensity treatments. In studies conducted during the 2003 spawning season, there was no difference in survival between rainbow smelt larvae reared at 15°C...
Specific radioimmunoassay of chorionic gonadotropin during implantation in rhesus monkeys.

ABSTRACT Antisera to the β subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone were generated in ten rabbits. Using antiserum H-26, we have developed a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for macaque chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) in which neither circulating nor urinary gonadotropins of pituitary origin cross-react. With this specific assay, we have measured mCG concentrations in both peripheral blood and urine specimens collected during the menstrual cycle in which rhesus monkeys conceived. Serum progesterone levels were measured concurrently. MCG in serum and urine was first measured from the 21st to 25th day of the fertile cycle or 8 to 12 days after the estimated day of conception. Mean concentrations of serum progesterone were significantly elevated within 24 to 48 hr after the appearance of mCG in serum. These findings demonstrate that the attaching blastocyst or the developing syncytiotrophoblast either already possesses or rapidly attains the capacity to secrete mCG. The presence of mCG at the time of implantation p...
Effects of “partial axotomy” upon synaptic function

A lesion limited to the dorsal columns, at the level of L3–L4, was carried out in chronic cats. This operation produced a “partial axotomy” type of lesion on the ascending branches of Ia hind limb afferents. Two to six months after this operation, intracellular studies on L7-S1 motoneurons were carried out. Similar studies were done in normal animals. The peak amplitude and the rate of rise (dV/ dt) of heteronymous EPSP's were studied during control conditions (sampling at 1 Hz) and during the post-tetanic potentiation produced by a 500 Hz tetanus (for 3 s). The analysis of these synaptic potentials makes us conclude that: 1. The amplitude of the enlarged EPSP's, observed during PTP, seems to be linearly dependent on their amplitude during control (i.e., pre-tetanus) conditions. 2. Judging by their amplitude, there is no difference between potentiated EPSP's of operated and normal animals. 3. There is also a linear relationship between the rate of rise of EPSP's and their peak amplitude. 4. The slope of this relationship becomes steeper after “partial axotomy”, i.e., for a given EPSP amplitude, the dV/dt of its rising part is steeper in operated cats. 5. This steeper slope is also present in EPSP's studied during PTP. 6. The sharper rate of rise of EPSP's, induced by the “partial axotomy” of Ia fibers, would be the mechanism behind the larger monosynaptic reflex previously observed in these operated cats.
Synthesis in sugars in potentially prebiotic conditions.

Model for Origin of Monosaccharides: Synthesis of Sugars in Potentially Prebiotic Conditions
Evaluation of sampling and screening techniques for tiered monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in lakes

Exposure to cyanotoxins can pose serious human health consequences both through drinking water and recreational use of a contaminated waterway. We adapted a tiered framework proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for monitoring cyanobacteria populations and assessing public health risks and implemented the program in Lake Champlain. This study focused on evaluating the sampling protocols employed in this adapted monitoring program over two field seasons (2003 and 2004). Using a paired sampling design, we evaluated whether 63-μm Wisconsin net samples adequately represented whole-water conditions and whether chlorophyll a concentration could serve as a useful predictor of cyanobacteria density and microcystin concentration. We also evaluated the spatial and temporal dynamics of blooms and their implications for monitoring. Our results suggest that using threshold values of either potentially toxic cyanobacteria density counted using a rapid screening protocol or chlorophyll a concentration serve as initial indicators of potentially high levels of cyanotoxin; however, the utility of chlorophyll a is system-dependent. Whole-water samples provide more accurate estimates of population density and higher microcystin concentrations than net samples, offering a more cautionary approach to assessing risk to recreational lake users. Shoreline samples generally showed higher cyanotoxin concentrations than offshore, but restricting sampling to the shoreline may miss early warnings of bloom development.
Dynamics of curved DNA molecules: prediction and experiment.

We have developed a quantitative predictive model capable of describing the dynamics of migration of intrinsically curved DNA fragments on polyacrylamide gels. The model takes into account structural features of DNA, end-to-end distance, screening of hydrodynamic interactions, ionic strength of buffer, electrostatic persistence length, structural fluctuations of the macromolecule, counter condensation, and variation of dielectric constant and viscosity of water with MPD. In doing so, we have also addressed a decade old issue on the effect of the organic solvent 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol on gel migration of phased A-tracts. We show here that A-tract−solvent interactions are less favored compared with A-tract−A-tract and solvent−solvent interactions.
Sensory cues for the gradual frequency fall responses of the gymnotiform electric fish, Rhamphichthys rostratus.

The sensory cues for a less known form of frequency shifting behavior, gradual frequency falls, of electric organ discharges (EODs) in a pulse-type gymnotiform electric fish, Rhamphichthys rostratus, were identified. We found that the gradual frequency fall occurs independently of more commonly observed momentary phase shifting behavior, and is due to perturbation of sensory feedback of the fish's own EODs by EODs of neighboring fish. The following components were identified as essential features in the signal mixture of the fish's own and the neighbor's EOD pulses: (1) the neighbor's pulses must be placed within a few millisecond of the fish's own pulses, (2) the neighbor's pulses, presented singly at low frequencies (0.2–4 Hz), were sufficient, (3) the frequency of individual pulse presentation must be below 4 Hz, (4) amplitude modulation of the sensory feedback of the fish's own pulses induced by such insertions of the neighbor's pulses must contain a high frequency component: sinusoidal amplitude modulation of the fish's own EOD feedback at these low frequencies does not induce gradual frequency falls. Differential stimulation across body surfaces, which is required for the jamming avoidance response (JAR) of wave-type gymnotiform electric fish, was not necessary for this behavior. We propose a cascade of high-pass and low-pass frequency filters within the amplitude processing pathway in the central nervous system as the mechanism of the gradual frequency fall response.
The role of syntactic complexity as a determiner of comprehensibility

The hypothesis that comprehensibility is a function of syntactic complexity was investigated. Seventy-five sentences, ranging in length from 5 to 29 words, each with a different syntactic structure, were tape-recorded and were then judged for comprehensibility by 40 S s. The predictive validities of eight measures of surface structure complexity were evaluated by means of a stepwise multiple regression analysis of the comprehensibility ratings. Only three measures contributed significantly to the prediction of comprehensibility: mean linguistic depth, the number of self-embedded structures in the sentence, and the number of conjoining transformations in the derivational history of the sentence.
Intentional and Unintentional Models in Social Learning

(1961). Intentional and Unintentional Models in Social Learning. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 321-335.
Parameter estimation for a generalized semiparametric model with repeated measurements

In this paper, we propose a flexible generalized semiparametric model for repeated measurements by combining generalized partially linear single-index models with varying coefficient models. The proposed model is a useful analytic tool to explore dynamic patterns which naturally exist in longitudinal data and also study possible nonlinear relationships between the response and covariates. We then employ the quadratic inference function and develop an estimation procedure to estimate unknown regression parameters and nonparametric functions. To select variables and estimate parameters simultaneously, we further obtain penalized estimators. Moreover, we establish theoretical properties of the parametric and nonparametric estimators. Both simulations and an empirical example are presented to illustrate the use of the proposed model.
New methods for testing frequency converters with embedded local oscillators

Previous methods for characterizing the magnitude, phase and group delay responses of a mixer required access to the LO. In satellite systems the LO may be internal to the frequency converter and not accessible, nor perfectly stable. Here, a method is developed that can measure the response of a mixer with an embedded LO. This method works by phase tracking the IF of the converter output and using that information to determine the frequency and phase drift of the embedded LO, and compensate for any drift. The accuracy of the response is limited by the phase-noise quality of the internal LO, and methods are described for compensation of this noise. This method can provide the absolute group delay response, and on a typical Ka band satellite converter, delay accuracy as small as 125 ps have been achieved.