cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Words Have Consequences

Iam flattered that the two premier sociological theorists in the field of aging and human development—Dale Dannefer and Jon Hendricks—have taken the time to read my essay and provide commentary. I am honored that they have taken my work seriously enough, not only to make comments but also to do so with such grace and aplomb. I am encouraged that they cared enough about the issues at hand to render their judgment about the success of this project. I learned a great deal from what they had to say, although I do not agree with everything in their commentaries. It should be noted that the paper has a long history— It began some ten years ago in an effort to introduce my students and colleagues to the rich tapestry of life course (and related) concepts. As I received the generous commentary from others, the work became transformed into not only an exercise in clarifying terminology but perhaps more importantly, an effort to integrate the varieties of life course concepts and interdisciplinary perspectives on human lives. I will be the first to admit that this job is incomplete, and there is more work to be done, but the success of this venture to date can be measured in terms of the reactions given by Dannefer and Hendricks. How successful was my essay, “Integrating Varieties Life Course Concepts” (hereafter IVLC) in achieving its two main objectives—(a) to develop a framework for achieving a greater degree of clarity in the application of life course (and related) concepts (what I call “life words”) and (b) to provide a conceptual integration of life course ideas in order to improve their potential in illuminating the nature of
Catch-U Head Growth and Motor Performance in Very-Low-Birthweight Infants

The relationship between catch-up head growth and motor performance was examined in 48 very-low-birthweight (< 1,500 g) infants. All infants were nonasphyxiated, normocephalic, and appropriately grown for gestational age at birth. Serial cranial ultrasonography during the first month of life revealed no intracranial pathology. The age of catch-up head growth, defined as the corrected age when the head circumference recovered to the 5th percentile, was determined for each infant. At 12 months corrected age, the infants were evaluated and grouped according to normal (n = 37) or abnormal (n = 11) motor assessments. The abnormal group achieved catch-up head growth by 7.7 ± 2.1 months vs 3.7 ± 3.1 months for the normal group (P< .05). Only 27% of the motor-delayed infants achieved catch-up head growth by 6 months corrected age, as compared with 89% of the normal infants (P< .05). Premature infants who have achieved catch-up head growth by 6 months corrected age, corresponding to the period of maximal postnatal...
Lower Extremity Neuromuscular Control Immediately After Fatiguing Hip-Abduction Exercise

Context: Fatigue of the gluteus medius (GMed) muscle might be associated with decreases in postural control due to insufficient pelvic stabilization. Men and women might have different muscular recruitment patterns in response to GMed fatigue. Objective: To compare postural control and quality of movement between men and women after a fatiguing hip-abduction exercise. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Controlled laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eighteen men (age = 22 ± 3.64 years, height = 183.37 ± 8.30 cm, mass = 87.02 ±12.53 kg) and 18 women (age = 22 ± 3.14, height = 167.65 ± 5.80 cm, mass = 66.64 ± 10.49 kg) with no history of low back or lower extremity injury participated in our study. Intervention(s): Participants followed a fatiguing protocol that involved a side-lying hip-abduction exercise performed until a 15% shift in electromyographic median frequency of the GMed was reached. Main Outcome Measure(s): Baseline and postfatigue measurements of single-leg static balance, d...
Hemolymph circulation in insect sensory appendages: functional mechanics of antennal accessory pulsatile organs (auxiliary hearts) in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Mosquito antennae provide sensory input that modulates host-seeking, mating and oviposition behaviors. Thus, mosquitoes must ensure the efficient transport of molecules into and out of these appendages. To accomplish this, mosquitoes and other insects have evolved antennal accessory pulsatile organs (APOs) that drive hemolymph into the antennal space. This study characterizes the structural mechanics of hemolymph propulsion throughout the antennae of Anopheles gambiae. Using intravital video imaging, we show that mosquitoes possess paired antennal APOs that are located on each side of the head's dorsal midline. They are situated between the frons and the vertex in an area that is dorsal to the antenna but ventral to the medial-most region of the compound eyes. Antennal APOs contract in synchrony at 1 Hz, which is 45% slower than the heart. By means of histology and intravital imaging, we show that each antennal APO propels hemolymph into the antenna through an antennal vessel that traverses the length of the appendage and has an effective diameter of 1-2 μm. When hemolymph reaches the end of the appendage, it is discharged into the antennal hemocoel and returns to the head. Because a narrow vessel empties into a larger cavity, hemolymph travels up the antenna at 0.2 mm s(-1) but reduces its velocity by 75% as it returns to the head. Finally, treatment of mosquitoes with the anesthetic agent FlyNap (triethylamine) increases both antennal APO and heart contraction rates. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive functional characterization of circulatory physiology in the mosquito antennae.
Nanoscale Surface Force Measurement

At nanoscale, surface forces often dominate or exert significant influence on contact interfaces. Adhesion and stiction in micro- and nanodevices are important technological challenges in nanotechnology and they are closely linked to our ability to control the surface forces. Yet our understanding of surface forces in nanoscale contacts is lacking, especially the interplay between surface roughness, material properties, contact geometry and the environment. Traditional means of measuring surface forces use a macrocontact with atomically flat mica surfaces and the forces measured by laser interferometry. Semiconductor and insulator materials cannot be measured by this technique. We have developed a preliminary AFM-based technique using colloidal probes capable of directly measure the surface forces at nanoscale. The difficulties are surface roughness control, force sensitivity of the cantilevers, the control of snapon, and the size of the probe tip. We have demonstrated that all these issues can be controlled to a large extent and reasonable surface forces can be measured between a probe tip and a flat surface down to a nanometer distance to the surface.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effective visual tracking with electronic localization by directional antennas

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for effective visual tracking with the help of electronic signals. Electronic signals, like cellular, WiFi and Bluetooth signals emitted from mobile phones, are ubiquitously present and can be associated with the objects of interest. We propose to use directional antennas for collecting these signals and performing rough electronic localization. Such location information is fed into the visual tracking algorithm as object motion constraints, so the uncertainty and searching space of visual tracking are significantly reduced. We have implemented and evaulated this algorithm. Our results demonstrate the high effectiveness of our approach.
Instructional Guidance in Microblogging-Supported Learning: Insights from a Multiple Case Study

Microblogging tools such as Twitter show potential to enrich classroom experience and benefit student learning. Research shows that instructional guidance is particularly necessary in computer-assisted learning environments, but no research has been done to study the effects of instructional guidance in microblogging-based learning. Using a multiple-case study design, the researcher examined student learning in terms of the amount of participation, ability to focus on task, and depth of thinking in guided, semi-guided, and unguided modes. The findings suggest that in guided environments, students achieved higher levels of learning, especially with respect to focusing on task and depth of thinking. Variations in depth of learning existed between the semi-guided and the guided mode. Students’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of using microblogging across three cases were also analyzed. The study has implications for future research on using microblogging tools for educational purposes and pedagogical practice.
Use of Early Clopidogrel by Reperfusion Strategy Among Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background—The 2007 update of the ACC/AHA guidelines for STEMI patients recommended addition of clopidogrel to aspirin regardless of reperfusion strategy, with a bolus dose in patients <75 years of age. Methods and Results—We evaluated use and dose of early clopidogrel among 52,140 STEMI patients enrolled in 368 hospitals participating in NCDR's ACTION Registry®–Get with the Guidelines (GWTG™) from January 2007–September 2009. Patients were stratified by reperfusion strategy: primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, n=37,108), fibrinolysis (n=5805), or no-reperfusion (n=9227), and by age (<75 or ≥75 years). Adjusted odds for in-hospital outcomes are reported by clopidogrel use across reperfusion strategies. Clopidogrel was administered early to 97% of primary PCI, 18% of fibrinolytic, and 6% of non-reperfused patients. Among patients receiving clopidogrel, a loading dose (≥300 mg) was often used in primary PCI (91%) but less frequently among fibrinolysis-treated (83%) and non-reperfused patients (...
EARLY DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM: PINNING DOWN THE INITIAL CONDITIONS OF THE NICE MODEL

In the recent years, the "Nice" model of solar system formation has attained an unprecedented level of success in reproducing much of the observed orbital architecture of the solar system by evolving the planets to their current locations from a more compact configuration. Within the context of this model, the formation of the classical Kuiper Belt requires a phase during which the ice giants have a high eccentricity. An outstanding question of this model is the initial configuration from which the solar system started out. Recent work has shown that multi-resonant initial conditions can serve as good candidates, as they naturally prevent vigorous type-II migration. In this paper, we use analytical arguments, as well as self-consistent numerical N-body simulations to identify fully resonant initial conditions, whose dynamical evolution is characterized by an eccentric phase of the ice giants, as well as planetary scattering. We find a total of eight such initial conditions. Four of these primordial states are compatible with the canonical "Nice" model, while the others imply slightly different evolutions. The results presented here should prove useful in further development of a comprehensive model for solar system formation.
Identification of a protective antigen of Coccidioides immitis by expression library immunization.

Abstract Coccidioides immitis is a fungal pathogen of humans and is classified as a Select Agent. We have identified a new potential vaccine candidate for this pathogen using cDNA expression library immunization (ELI). A C. immitis spherule-phase cDNA library containing 800–1000 genes was divided into 10 pools and each was tested for its protective capacity in BALB/c mice against intraperitoneal challenge with 2500 arthroconidia of this dimorphic fungus. The most protective pool, designated Pool 7, was fractionated into five sublibraries, each containing 60 genes, and of these, only Pool 7-3 induced a significant level of protection in mice. Fractionation of Pool 7-3 into six sublibraries, each with 10 genes, yielded a protective fraction, designated Pool 7-3-5. Subsequent fraction of the latter pool into 10 sublibraries, each with one clone, yielded a clone designated 7-3-5-5 that was highly protective. Clone 7-3-5-5 was sequenced and found to contain a 672 bp ORF encoding a 224 amino acid protein having a 19 amino acid signal sequence on the N-terminus and a 15 amino acid C-terminal GPI anchor site. The 7-3-5-5 clone, designated ELI-Antigen 1 (ELI-Ag1), showed partial homology with a hypothetical protein from Neurospora crassa . This is the first study to identify a protective antigen from a fungus using ELI, and it is also the first report in which sequential fractionation of an expression library successfully identified a single protective gene.
Cost-effective Treatment of Phimosis

Objective. To determine the most cost-effective treatment for phimosis. Design. The costs of three treatment strategies for treating phimosis were evaluated using a decision-tree analysis. Three therapeutic approaches were considered: circumcision, preputial plasty (the use of plastic surgical techniques to enlarge the preputial opening without removing tissue), and topical therapy with steroids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatories. Published failure and complication rates were used to calculate the cost per case. Outcome Measures. Cost in dollars to treat each case of phimosis. Results. Topical steroid therapy was the most cost-effective strategy, costing between $758 and $800 per case. Preputial plasty cost between $2515 and $2580 per case. Circumcision cost between $3009 and $3241 per case. Conclusions. The most cost-effective management for treating phimosis is to initiate topical therapy. Daily external application from the tip of the foreskin to the glandis corona with betamethasone 0.05% cream for 4 to 6 weeks has been demonstrated to be very effective, resulting in a 75% savings compared with circumcision. Surgical intervention should not be considered until topical therapy has been given an adequate trial. When contemplating surgery, the lower morbidity, lower costs, and tissue preservation of preputial plasty may make it preferable.
Experience in Recirculating Electrons through a Superconducting Linac

An electron beam of several microamperes has been accelerated by a 6 foot 1.3 GHz superconducting niobium linac to 3.5 MeV on its first pass. It has been returned to the linac for two additional passes with energy gains around 3 MeV per pass to a final energy of 9.5 MeV. The recirculation is accomplished by means of two uniform field magnets placed at each end of the accelerating section in a racetrack microtron geometry which will accommodate the return beams for six passes through the linac.
Effect of adsorption on the optimal displacement of acidic crude oil by alkali

Recovery of acidic crude oil from porous media can be enhanced by injection of alkaline agents. For this process we have analyzed the detrimental effect of alkali adsorption on the mineral surface. The model, which is an extension of our earlier inert solid model, was formulated by conserving three independent species. The previous solution procedure is shown to fail and a new analysis of composition paths is necessary. By introducing the notion of critical point, a short-cut procedure is developed. The predicted profiles and effluent histories are discussed. A new result is that adsorption on the solid surface could change the ultimate recovery even for an infinite slug of alkali due to the reduced influence of the optimal region in displacing oil. Further, the influence of a favorable viscosity ratio in displacing oil is also shown to be reduced by adsorption.
AGE AND INCOME DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MEXICAN AMERICANS AND BLACKS IN TEXAS, 1960 AND 1970*

Estimates of discrimination against Mexican Americans and blacks in Texas in five different age groups were calculated for incomes in 1960 and 1970. During that decade younger age groups experienced less discrimination than older age groups and blacks experienced more discrimination than Mexican Americans, but discrimination against blacks declined while discrimination against Mexican Americans increased.
Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of toxins for optimized diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection

Recently developed ultrasensitive and quantitative methods for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins provide new tools for diagnosis and, potentially, for management of C. difficile infection (CDI). Compared to methods that detect toxigenic organism, ultrasensitive toxin detection may allow diagnosis of CDI with increased clinical specificity, without sacrificing clinical sensitivity; measurement of toxin levels may also provide information relevant to disease prognosis. This minireview provides an overview of these new toxin detection technologies and considers what these new tools might add to the field.
Leukotrienes and the other airway: Celiac disease and asthma collide

![Figure][1] Insight from (left to right) Joep Grootjans, Shuhei Hosomi, and Richard Blumberg Celiac disease (CD) arises from inflammatory T cell and antibody responses to dietary gluten in a genetically susceptible host. CD is notable for a distinct pattern of histological injury to
Laboratory Simulation of Turbulent Wind Spectra

It can be shown that to achieve similarity between the wind tunnel and the atmospheric flow, it is necessary, in principle, that the Reynolds number and the Rossby numbers be the same both in the atmosphere and the laboratory. It will be assumed here that the effect of violating the Reynolds number criterion in insignificant; attention will be focused on the effects of the Rossby number.
Emporia State University's Natural Areas: A General Overview of the Areas and Research Pertaining to Hydrogeology and Climate Change

Emporia State University (ESU) manages eight sites (5 – 81 ha) that serve as outdoor laboratories for our students, faculty, and visiting scientists. The sites provide regional representation of major ecological communities, including tallgrass prairie, forest, streams, ponds, and wetlands. The sites have been used for decades, with the oldest site, the Ross Natural History Reservation, having been acquired in 1958. Common uses of our Natural Areas include field courses in ecology, botany, zoology, geospatial analysis, soil science, geology, and hydrology. Recent research has included investigations of hydrogeology of the Neosho and Cottonwood River basins and the effects of shrub encroachment on carbon dynamics in tallgrass prairie. The former has included long-term monitoring of rivers and groundwater at ESU's on-campus Hydrogeology Teaching and Research Station. Hydrologic conditions at a newly acquired, riverine wetland site in the Flint Hills are also currently under investigation.
Herbert Conn: Mark Twain's Microbiologist Muse: A 1905 Twain story features an imaginary world containing human-like societies of microbes, noteworthy for their industriousness

Mark Twain (1835–1910) and the microbiologist Herbert Conn (1859–1917) lived in the heyday of the early bacteriologists, including Pasteur, Koch, Winogradski, Lister, and Tyndall. They and others were discovering the fundamental roles that microbes fulfill in agriculture, public health, and industry. Conn, a founder of ASM and an early authority in dairy bacteriology, not only brought microbes to the attention of the general public, but he also interested Twain in this subject.
Optimal systems: II. The vascular system

A refinement of a model of the vascular system (Cohn, 1954) is discussed. We now consider that the major vessels arise from the aorta as secondary branching vessels rather than by successive dichotomies of the aorta as previously considered. It is shown that this change does not affect calculated values of flow, the number of branchings, or the relative radii of vessels at a branching. A comparison is made of theoretical predictions with experimental data and good greement is found.
Metastasectomy for Stage IV Melanoma in the Era of Effective Systemic Agents

There is an increasing body of literature that strongly suggests that complete metastasectomy for stage IV melanoma can improve overall survival. Before 2011, the efficacy of systemic therapy for melanoma was poor, making surgical resection the mainstay for treatment and the only realistic chance for cure. Now, in just a short time span (2011-2014), we have six Food & Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for patients with stage IV metastatic melanoma. In the absence of prospective clinical trials evaluating the most advantageous sequence and timing for systemic therapy and surgical resection in the setting of stage IV melanoma, the treating surgical and medical oncologists must jointly devise individual treatment plans that take into account the advantages and disadvantages of each modality. This multidisciplinary approach gives the patient the best chance for prolonged survival. This article briefly reviews the FDA-approved systemic therapy options, discusses the data for site-specific metastasectomy, critiques the previous stage IV metastasectomy trials, and presents a view for moving forward with a multidisciplinary approach in mind.
The safety and efficacy of ten percent pentastarch as a cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution. A randomized clinical trial.

Ten percent pentastarch is a low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch with greater oncotic pressure and shorter intravascular persistence than 6% hetastarch. To evaluate its safety and efficacy as a component of cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution, we prospectively studied 90 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass (bubble oxygenator and moderate systemic hypothermia). Sixty patients were randomized to receive 75 gm of either 10% pentastarch (group P) or 25% albumin (group A), and 30 patients received lactated Ringer's solution alone (group C). Intravascular colloid osmotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass was highest with either of the colloid primes (15-minute measurement: group P, 15.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation); group A, 15.2 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; group C, 11.3 +/- 1.7 mm Hg; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). This was associated with a lower volume requirement during cardiopulmonary bypass to maintain the venous reservoir (group P, 333 +/- 318 ml; group A, 483 +/- 472 ml; group C, 1332 +/- 1013 ml; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). Urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass was similar in each group. Net intraoperative fluid balance was lowest in the colloid groups (groups P and A, 5.7 +/- 1.4 L; group C, 6.9 +/- 1.3 L; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). Cardiac index shortly after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass was greatest in group P (group P, 3.2 +/- 0.9; group A, 2.8 +/- 0.8; group C, 2.7 +/- 0.6 dyne.sec.cm-5; p less than 0.05, group P compared with group C). Changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients, shunt fraction, and effective compliance were similar in all groups. During cardiopulmonary bypass, pentastarch appeared to cause the greatest degree of hemodilution, as suggested by the lowest hemoglobin, factor VII and IX levels and platelet count. The activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged during and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass in group P relative to groups A and C (p less than 0.05), although there were no significant differences in the activated clotting time before cardiopulmonary bypass, during cardiopulmonary bypass, or after heparin neutralization. As well, clinical indices of hemostasis, including mediastinal drainage, red cell, platelet, and fresh frozen plasma requirements, and reoperation for excessive postoperative bleeding, were similar. We conclude that pentastarch, when used in cardiopulmonary bypass prime, is as safe as either albumin or Ringer's solution alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Home Location Inference from Sparse and Noisy Data: Models and Applications

Accurate home location is increasingly important for urban computing. Existing methods either rely on continuous (and expensive) GPS data or suffer from poor accuracy. In particular, the sparse and noisy nature of social media data poses serious challenges in pinspointing where people live at scale. We revisit this research topic and infer home location within 100 by 100 meter squares at 70% accuracy for 71% and 76% of active users in New York City and the Bay Area, respectively. We believe this is the first time home location is detected at such a fine granularity using sparse and noisy data. Since people spend a large portion of their time at home, our model enables novel applications that were previously impossible. As a specific example, we focus on modeling people's health at scale.
Energy savings in privacy-preserving computation offloading with protection by homomorphic encryption

This paper investigates energy savings on mobile systems in privacy-preserving computation offloading. Offloading computation-intensive programs to servers can save energy but data must be protected for privacy concerns. The protection schemes must guarantee operations performed on the protected data remain meaningful and the results are still acceptable. The protection cannot require excessive amounts of energy overhead. We propose to adopt homomorphic encryption to protect data in image retrieval before sending data to servers. We implement our method on a PDA and evaluates the retrieval performance and energy savings.
“Meet Market”: The Attraction of a Place Without Pity

Falero introduces the site and its members, describing key factors that contributed to Television Without Pity’s success. The site’s large and comprehensive space for television criticism drew members through aesthetically pleasing design and consistent and strict moderation of discussion. Its independence from any particular fandom, the television industry, and traditional television journalism allowed for everyday television viewers to feel comfortable joining discussion. The author also explores how the study was constructed and discusses ways digital communities require a rethinking traditional ethnographic models.
Setaria Root–Microbe Interactions

Plants interact with a wide range of soil microorganisms. In some cases, this interaction can result in significant benefits to both microbe and plant host. For example, it is well established that some soil bacteria promote the growth of plants, which can result in significant increases in crop yield. The effects of such “plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria” (PGPR) has been demonstrated with a wide variety of plant species. However, the molecular mechanism behind this growth promotion is still largely undefined. As demonstrated in other experimental systems, we believe that adoption of a model plant species for study of PGPR–plant interactions would promote detailed mechanistic studies and ultimately lead to broader and more effective use of such bacteria in agricultural production.
Neoliberalizing markedness: The interpellation of “diverse” college students

For students at elite US liberal arts colleges, symbolic capital accrues to their association with the institution itself, and for racially unmarked (white) students, symbolic capital can also accrue to other, informal associations with such institutions, such as friend and family ties or social fraternities. For racially marked students at elite schools, sources of symbolic capital are more limited to institutional venues such as the classroom and official school organizations. They are under pressure to act as good campus citizens, to “bring diversity” as “campus leaders,” enacting a combination of institutional pride and neoliberal values as key aspects of their “diversity.” This is particularly the case for students whose educations are provided through the Posse Foundation, which recruits and promotes “diverse” students explicitly as “leaders” and “change agents.” Such students are subject to neoliberal interpellation (hailed to enact a specific subjectivity) in ways that unmarked students are not because their options for an acceptable racial subjectivity is limited to a narrow range of social performance. In this way, neoliberal subjectivity can exacerbate racial markedness.
You are where you live: Methodological challenges to measuring children’s exposure to hazards

ABSTRACTMany of the challenges that affect children living in poverty are directly related to the neighborhoods in which they live. Places that inhibit healthy living and those that expose children to environmental pollution tend to more heavily affect children in poverty. This environmental injustice is a natural concern of the fields of urban planning, geography, and children’s health. Yet many decisions that affect opportunities for healthy living are made without a full understanding of how neighborhood context influences such opportunities. In this brief, we paint inequalities in child health outcomes as a spatial problem, review some of the geospatial tools used by urban planners and geographers, discuss common reasons for misclassification or misrepresentation of spatially explicit problems, and propose more suitable methods for measuring opportunities and exposures germane to the field of child poverty. Throughout, we emphasize the need for evidence-driven, spatially grounded responses to child po...
Clinical Skills and Professionalism: Assessing Orthopaedic Residents With Unannounced Standardized Patients.

Objective We developed a series of orthopedic unannounced standardized patient (USP) encounters for the purpose of objective assessment of residents during clinic encounters. Design Consecutive case-series. Setting NYU-Langone Multi-center Academic University Hospital System. Participants NYU-Langone/Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopedic Surgery residents; 48 consecutive residents assessed. Methods Four orthopedic cases were developed. USPs presented themselves as patients in outpatient clinics. Residents were evaluated on communication skills (information gathering, relationship development, and education and counseling). USPs globally rated whether they would recommend the resident. Results Forty-eight USP encounters were completed over a 2-year period. Communication skills items were rated at 51% (±30) “well done.” Education and counseling skills were rated as the lowest communication domain at 33% (±33). Residents were globally recommended based on communication skills in 63% of the encounters recommended in 70% of encounters based on both professionalism and medical competence. Conclusions The USP program has been useful in assessing residents’ clinical skills, interpersonal and communications skills, and professionalism. Use of USP in orthopedic surgery training programs can be an objective means for trainee assessment.
Diffusivity of the interstitial hydrogen shallow donor in In 2 O 3

Hydrogen has been found to be an n-type dopant in In2O3 that gives rise to unintentional conductivity. An infrared (IR) absorption line observed at 3306 cm−1 has been assigned to the Hi+ center. Two types of experiments have been performed to determine the diffusivity of Hi+ in In2O3 from its IR absorption spectra. (i) At temperatures near 700 K, the O-H line at 3306 cm−1 has been used to determine the diffusivity of Hi+ from its in-diffusion and out-diffusion behaviors. (ii) At temperatures near 160 K, stress has been used to produce a preferential alignment of the Hi+ center that has been detected in IR absorption experiments made with polarized light. With the help of theory, the kinetics with which a stress-induced alignment can be produced yield the time constant for a single jump of the Hi+ center and also the diffusivity of Hi+ near 160 K. The combination of the diffusivity of Hi+ found near 700 K by mass-transport measurements and that found near 160 K from the time constant for a single Hi+ jump ...
Rapidly Activating Pd-Precatalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig Couplings of Aryl Esters.

Esters are valuable electrophiles for cross-coupling due to their ubiquity and ease of synthesis. However, harsh conditions are traditionally required for the effective cross-coupling of ester substrates. Utilizing a recently discovered precatalyst, Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig reactions involving cleavage of the C(acyl)–O bond of aryl esters that proceed under mild conditions are reported. The Pd(II) precatalyst is highly active because it is reduced to the Pd(0) active species more rapidly than previous precatalysts.
Network-scale pavement roughness mapping using spaceborne high-resolution X-band SAR data

This paper studies the applicability of radar remote sensing data, specifically, high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired at X-band frequencies, to the network-wide mapping of pavement roughness of roads in the United States. Based on a comparison of high-resolution X-band images from the Cosmo-SkyMed satellites with road roughness data in the form of International Roughness Index (IRI) measurements, we found that X-band radar brightness generally increases when pavement roughness worsens. We developed a signal model that relates radar brightness to IRI, and successfully inverted this model to distinguish well maintained road segments from segments in need of repair. Over test sites in Augusta County, VA, we found that our classification scheme reached an overall accuracy of 92%. This study demonstrates the capacity of X-band SAR for pavement roughness mapping and suggests that an incorporation of X-band SAR data into DOT operations could provide benefits that may result in costs savings.
Utilization of Sweet Sorghum Juice for the Production of Astaxanthin as a Biorefinery Co-Product by Phaffia rhodozyma

This work investigates cultivating the red-pigmented yeast Phaffia rhodozyma in sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) to assess the production of astaxanthin as a potential biorefinery co-product. Shake flask cultures on defined sugar medium indicated that all three sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) could be consumed with adequate nitrogen and nutrient supplementation. Only modest biomass growth and astaxanthin production could be achieved in SSJ without nitrogen supplementation; however, combining nitrogen supplementation with yeast extract in diluted SSJ could metabolize all sugars present in 168 h. A 2 L bioreactor trial with full strength (i.e., undiluted) SSJ produced up to 29 g/L of biomass, 65.4 mg/L of astaxanthin, an overall cell astaxanthin content of 2.49 mg astaxanthin/g dry cell mass, and a volumetric astaxanthin productivity of 0.389 mg/L/h after 168 h of cultivation. Further process optimization is needed since glucose metabolism was incomplete in undiluted SSJ.
From Pull to Pressure: Effects of Tourniquet Buckles and Straps

Background Limb tourniquet pressures > 100 mmHg before tightening system use eases achieving arterial occlusion, minimizes tightening system problems, and probably minimizes discomfort. This study examined effects of buckle and strap features on converting pulling force to strap pressure. Study Design Twenty-two buckle and strap combinations were evaluated using a thigh-diameter, ballistic gel cylinder and 3 thighs. Weights of 14.11, 27.60, and 41.11 kg provided pulling force. The contribution of buckle movement was evaluated: all buckles on gel and 12 on thighs allowed limited vertical movement, 12 on gel and 4 on thighs held static. Results Force conversion patterns per combination were similar on gel and thighs, including greatest force conversion with some buckle movement allowed. Smooth, round redirect buckles without engagement of a strap-securing mechanism had the best conversions of pulling force to tourniquet pressure; 2 achieved arterially occlusive pressures, neither commercially available. Among hook-and-loop secured tourniquets and threaded for self-securing tourniquets, the Generation 7 Combat Application Tourniquet (C-A-T7) and the Tactical Ratcheting Medical Tourniquet (Tac RMT) had the best conversions of pull to pressure (thigh applications/each weight, mean ± SD: C-A-T7 91 ± 11, 164 ± 30, 228 ± 34 mmHg; Tac RMT 82 ± 13, 150 ± 16, 222 ± 17 mmHg). Other Ratcheting Medical Tourniquets with the same buckle but different strap fabrics performed less well. Even lower pressures occurred with the Tactical Mechanical Tourniquet, the Special Operations Forces Tactical Tourniquet, the Parabelt, and the SAM XT Extremity Tourniquet (165 ± 11, 178 ± 13, 131 ± 14, and 106 ± 14 mmHg, all at 41.11 kg, respectively). Conclusions Buckle design and strap fabric affect the conversion of pulling force to tourniquet strap pressure. Low-friction, smooth, round redirects allow the best conversion.
MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses differential equations and linear algebra or matrices and the working knowledge of FORTRAN programming. The principal topics in calculus are the real and complex number systems, the concept of limits and convergence, and the properties of functions. A differential equation problem requires a differential equation and other conditions to specify the solution completely. The number of conditions is normally the order of the differential equations. The order of the equation is the number of the highest derivative in the equation in differential equations. Subsequently, differential equations are classified in the following ways: first order second order equations, linear, and nonlinear equations. There are several areas of knowledge about programming that are needed for scientific computation. Good programming practices make the program as clear and understandable as possible. If the logic in a program is confused and contorted, then the programmer was also confused and there are likely to be hidden pitfalls in the program.
Aging Impairs ACh-induced Dilation in Skeletal Muscle Feed Arteries: Role of Akt-dependent Phosphorylation of eNOS.

We tested the hypothesis that impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated, endothelium-dependent dilation in aged soleus muscle feed arteries (SFA) is due to an age-related decrement in PI3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) on serine residue 1177 (peNOSser1177). SFA from young (4 mo) and old (24 mo) Fischer 344 rats were cannulated for examination of endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh). To determine the mechanism by which aging affected vasodilation to ACh, vasodilator responses were assessed in the absence and presence of Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, to inhibit NOS), LY-294002 (to inhibit PI3K), or 1L6hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol-2-(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecyl-sn-glycerocarbonate (AktI, to inhibit Akt). Results indicate that ACh-induced vasodilation was significantly blunted in old SFA, whereas dilation to sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor) was not compromised. The age-group difference in ACh-induced dilation was abolished in the presence of L-NNA, LY-294002, or AktI. In a separate set of experiments, ACh-induced vasodilation was assessed in SFA from young and old rats. SFA were subsequently removed from the pipettes, snap frozen, and immunoblot analysis was used to assess p-AktSer473, peNOSser1177, total Akt and total eNOS protein content. ACh-induced vasodilation was blunted in old SFA; however, the p-AktSer473/Akt and p-eNOSser1177/eNOS ratios were similar in young and old SFA. Collectively, these results indicate that NO-mediated dilation is impaired in old SFA; however, the decrement in endothelial function is not due to reduced PI3K/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS on serine residue 1177. Research supported by AHA 0765043Y (CRW), AHA 4150031 (CRW), and Sydney and J.L. Huffines Institute of Sports Medicine Graduate Student Research Grants (MJL, JWS, and DWT).
A Compact 75 GHz LNA with 20 dB Gain and 4 dB Noise Figure in 22nm FinFET CMOS Technology

This paper presents E-band (71–76 GHz) LNA design in 22nm CMOS FinFET technology. Stacked topology with DC current re-use for 2-stage cascaded LNA results in power efficient design with high performance. Measurement shows peak gain of 20 dB and minimum noise figure of 4 dB with 10.8 mA current consumption from 1 V supply. Measured 3-dB bandwidth is 10.4 GHz and input P 1dB is −22.8 dBm. The active layout area of the LNA is 0.155 mm2. To the authors' knowledge, these are the state-of-art values in terms of noise figure and DC power consumption among E-band CMOS LNAs reported in the literature.
Perioperative Management of Women Undergoing Risk-reducing Surgery for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer.

ABSTRACT Carriers of genetic mutations that predispose to cancer syndromes are often faced with complex decisions. For women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in particular, the decision to undergo risk-reducing mastectomy or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is burdensome from a physical and psychological perspective. Although risk-reducing surgery is the most effective preventative measure in reducing a genetic mutation carrier's risk of breast or ovarian cancer, the success of these procedures requires a multidisciplinary approach that centers on careful counseling regarding the risks and benefits of risk-reducing surgery. The physical and psychological distress associated with risk-reducing surgery often makes a combined surgical approach attractive to some patients. In this review, we present the evidence surrounding the comprehensive surgical care of women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes and evaluate the perioperative factors that influence surgical management.
Management of median and paramedian craniofacial clefts

Summary Background Median and paramedian craniofacial clefts are associated with hypertelorism, anterior encephalocele, positional abnormalities of the maxilla, and nasal deformity. Cleft lip and palate, eyelid coloboma, and widow's peak are frequently present. Methods The authors collected data from 30 patients (mean age, 5.8 years; range, 4 months to 18 years) operated between 1986 and 2017 with median or paramedian craniofacial clefts of differing degrees of severity. Malformations of the different anatomic units and their surgical treatment were assessed, as well as complication rates. Results All patients presented nasal malformations and either telecanthus (n = 16) or hypertelorism (n = 14). Most patients (n = 23) had anterior encephalocele. All patients underwent nasal corrections, and most of them had medial canthopexy (n = 24). Excision of encephalocele was associated with fronto-orbital remodeling. Medialization of the orbits was performed in 11 patients, mainly by box shift (n = 9). Patients from outside Switzerland (n = 23) were operated at an older age than those in the native patient group. Because of staged reconstruction, 13 patients had more than one operation. Surgical complications included three infections and one expander exposition. One patient had bone resorption of a frontal bone flap. Nasal correction needed more than one procedure in 5 patients, and medial canthopexy had to be repeated in 7 patients. Esthetic results were satisfactory, permitting social integration. Conclusion Median and paramedian craniofacial clefts need adapted and carefully planned corrections respecting the growth of anatomic units. The quality of the medial canthal and nasal reconstruction is to a large extent responsible for the overall result.
Concurrent Collections

We introduce the Concurrent Collections (CnC) programming model. CnC supports flexible combinations of task and data parallelism while retaining determinism. CnC is implicitly parallel, with the user providing high-level operations along with semantic ordering constraints that together form a CnC graph. We formally describe the execution semantics of CnC and prove that the model guarantees deterministic computation. We evaluate the performance of CnC implementations on several applications and show that CnC offers performance and scalability equivalent to or better than that offered by lower-level parallel programming models.
O'Connor, Alvarez, and Robbins Reply.

The preceding Comment by Xu et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 059803 (2019); arXiv:1808.05390) erroneously applies the entropic stress expression in our Letter (T.C. O'Connor et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 047801 (2018); arXiv:1806.09509) to transient stress. In addition, the authors only apply this expression at extreme extension rates where we clearly showed deviations from the entropic stress expression for steady-state extensional flow. Hence the surprisingly minor discrepancies noted in the Comment between observed and "predicted" stress are entirely expected and have no bearing on the discussion or conclusions in our Letter.
Capacity Building in a Tanzania Nursing School: An International Collaboration Case

This case study describes a collaborative project between a private nursing school in Africa, and thefaculty of a public university in California. The project embeds the nursing school within the framework of the Tanzanian national healthcare system by examining the relationship of community workforce development and educational development within the nursing school. A series of goals and a work plan are described over a three year period. The project identified structural weaknesses, provided a link between workforce and educational development, and implemented a technology-based delivery system.
Error and the Problem of Creation

This chapter begins by considering Canguilhem’s early critique of vitalist confusions before turning to his 1943 commentaries on Bergson’s Creative Evolution. And in his 1952 homage to Alain, I show, he found that both philosophers began an effort to understand creation without falling into the trap of Platonism. Ultimately, I show why Canguilhem thought Alain’s approach to the problem of error is superior to Bergson’s, but that neither theorizes creation without succumbing to Platonism. Through a close reading, I elucidate Canguilhem’s account of Bergson’s importance for a philosophy of values and his failure to conceive of science or error as anything other than falsification of life. For Alain, however, it is his scientific conception of the living body that leads to trouble.
Identity, agency, and the internal conversations of science and math teachers implementing instructional reforms in high-need urban schools

This qualitative study investigates the processes by which science and math teachers in high-need, urban schools develop a sense of professional identity, agency, and group membership in the context of instructional reform. Focusing on the experiences of two teachers, the paper explores both obstacles and affordances that teachers encounter when attempting to alter their instruction as part of school-wide initiatives to increase use of inquiry and cooperative learning. Findings included the potential for self-talk to contribute to an internal solidarity that can foster the maintenance of positive teacher identities in spite of challenges that emerge when implementing new lessons. However, teacher self-talk was partly shaped by the schools’ procedures related to reform implementation. The results suggest that school approaches that promote teacher autonomy accompanied by support may help to center self-talk on motivational planning, which can increase confidence, sense of belonging, and reform-minded identities. In contrast, scripted and regimented approaches to reform may detach teachers from their sense of agency in the classroom, contributing to self-blame and disidentification with the instructional practices. Overall, the results of this study support the ways in which self-talk can be a mediating factor between structure, agency, and identity for early career teachers developing their practices, enabling them to make sense of their conditions and construct possibilities for action within them.