cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of ionospheric perturbations using a dense GPS array in Southern California

[1] We present observations of high-frequency ionospheric perturbations detected using Global Positioning System (GPS) data from the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), a densely spaced GPS array of about 250 stations centered on the Los Angeles area. We show examples of perturbations with 3–10 minute periods that may result from coupling between the ionosphere and neutral gravity waves generated in the lower atmosphere. Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the perturbations is relatively small, we show how multi-station array processing techniques can take advantage of the high spatial density of the measurements and the coherence of the signal over a region the size of the SCIGN to considerably improve the detection capability.
GENERALIZED MASTER EQUATION FOR QUANTUM-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS TO ALL ORDERS IN THE DENSITY

An exact generalized master equation is derived for a large quantum-mechanical system in the form of a power series in the density. This derivation is a quantum-mechanical generalization of a previous work by the author for classical systems. The quantum equation can be viewed as a time-dependent analog of the virial expansion of the quantum-mechanical partition function\char22{}for both degenerate systems (Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics) and nondegenerate systems. The coefficients of the series, in the quantum master equation, are explicitly given in terms of operators (Green functions) which are determined by the dynamics of isolated groups of particles and are convergent functions of the interaction potential. Equations are obtained for the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix as well as for the diagonal elements. The equation for the diagonal elements is shown to reduce to a Markoffian master equation for asymptotically long times, and an explicit expression is obtained for the "scattering" operator of this asymptotic equation.
Video laboratories for the teaching and learning of professional ethics in exercise physiology curricula.

Student researchers in physiology courses often interact with human subjects in classroom research but may be unfamiliar with the professional ethics of experimenter-subject interactions. This comm...
Role of permanent host association with the Madagascar hissing-cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa , on the developmental water requirements of the mite, Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi

We provide the first complete description of the water requirements for the hissing-cockroach mite, Gromphadorholaelapsschaeferi, focusing on characteristics that result from the restriction of all stages to the Madagascar hissing-cockroach (Gromphadorhinaportentosa). Particularly, we determine how G. schaeferi spends its entire life on the same individual cockroach. This mite is not parasitic, rather they feed on cockroach saliva and other moist organic debris that accumulates between the cockroach’s legs. Water balance characteristics of this mite show that it is extremely hydrophilic and that it must maintain a high percentage body water content to function properly despite being very porous (high net transpiration rate) and sensitive to water loss, tolerating only 20% loss of their water content before death. This hydrophilic trend starts with the larva and is retained into adulthood. Developmentally, a shift occurs during postlarval development from an emphasis on water gain (low critical equilibrium activity for water vapor absorption from drier air) in the protonymph to an emphasis on water retention (reduced net transpiration rate for water conservation) in the adult. The minute-sized larva is prevented from replenishing water stores by water vapor absorption or feeding because it lacks functional mouthparts, thus dries up rapidly. To avoid dehydration and survive, the larval stage utilizes a quick shoot-through molt to the protonymph that can feed and grow. Our conclusion is that the hissing-cockroach creates an ideal, stable moisture-rich microhabitat that satisfies the high water demand for G. schaeferi during all stages, fixing this mite to a single cockroach as an ecological niche.
Athletic Training: From Physical Education to Allied Health

Athletic training was spawned from physical education in the 1960s, and since that time has evolved into a recognized health care profession. The majority of accredited athletic training education programs (ATEPs) are housed within academic units of kinesiology. However, the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) has recommended that ATEPs be aligned in colleges of health-related professions. To set some context for the issue, this paper will review the history and evolution of athletic training education. NATA's rationale for alignment of ATEPs with the health-related professions will be presented, and the implications of this potential transition for kinesiology will be addressed. Finally, the challenges kinesiology administrators and faculty face in offering and retaining accredited ATEPs will be explored.
COULOMB EXCITATION AND REORIENTATION OF THE OCTUPOLE STATE IN $sup 208$Pb.

The static quadrupole moment ($Q$) of the 2.614-MeV ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ level in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ has been measured by observing the angular distribution of inelastically scattered $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ ions following $E3$ Coulomb excitation. The reduced matrix element for the $E3$ transition from the ground state to the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state, $B(E3)\ensuremath{\uparrow}$, was also obtained. Distributions were taken over the range 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-170\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, using a multiple solid-state-detector array, at $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies of 19, 18, and 17.5 MeV, and at an oxygen energy of 69.1 MeV. Differential inelastic cross sections were in the range 10-40 \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr for $\ensuremath{\alpha}'\mathrm{s}$ and 200-300 \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr for oxygen. The 19-MeV data showed strong interference between the Coulomb-excitation amplitude and an amplitude resulting from direct nuclear excitation. The remaining three sets of data showed no such intereference and were analyzed simultaneously using the symmetrized semiclassical Coulomb-excitation theory of Alder et al.: The fitted parameters $B(E3)\ensuremath{\uparrow}$ and $Q$ are correlated, with best-fit values of $B(E3)\ensuremath{\uparrow}=0.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04{e}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{b}}^{3}$ and $Q=\ensuremath{-}1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6$ b. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ data are not very sensitive to $Q$ and yet are essential to the result, for the analysis of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and oxygen data together limits the acceptable parameter range much more than if the oxygen data alone are used.
Island sheltering of surface gravity waves: model and experiment

Abstract A field experiment is used to evaluate a numerical model of the sheltering of gravity waves by islands offshore of the Southern California region. The sheltering model considered here includes only the effects of island blocking and wave refraction over the island bathymetry. Wave frequency and directional spectra measured in the deep ocean (unsheltered region west of the islands) were used as input to the sheltering model and compared with coastal observations. An airborne L-band synthetic aperture radar was used to image the directional properties of the waves in the deep ocean. In addition to the unsmoothed spectra, a unimodal directional spectrum model obtained from fits to the radar spectra was also employed to suppress the high noise level of this system. Coastal measurements were made in about 10 m depth at Torrey Pines Beach with a high resolution array of pressure sensors. The model predictions and data at Torrey Pines Beach agree well in a limited frequency range (0.082 to 0.114 Hz) where the unimodal deep ocean model is appropriate. The prediction that unimodal northern swell in the deep ocean results in a bimodal directional spectrum at Torrey Pines Beach is quantitatively verified. The northern peak of the bimodal spectra is due to waves coming through the window between San Clemente and San Miguel-Santa Rosa Islands. The southerly peak is due to wave refraction over Cortez and Tanner Banks. For lower frequency waves, the effects of strong refraction in the island vicinity are shown qualitatively. Refraction can theoretically supply up to approximately 10% of the deep ocean energy that is otherwise blocked at this site. The modifications of the island shadows due to wave refraction become theoretically negligible for wave frequencies 0.11Hz. Also, local wave generation effects, which are not included in this sheltering model, are shown to be occasionally important for waves with frequencies 0.12Hz.
Resonance Raman characterization of Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers with lysine mutations near the accessory bacteriochlorophylls

Lysine residues have been introduced into Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers at M-polypeptide position 201 and at L-polypeptide position 178. These positions are in the proximity of ring V of the accessory bacterochlorophylls BA and BB, respectively. Resonance Raman studies indicate that the introduction of a Lys residue at either position M201 or L178 results in structural perturbations to the BChl cofactors. Lys at L178 directly interacts with BB, most likely via a hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bonding interaction is consistent with enhanced B branch electron transfer that is observed in RCs from the S(L178)K/G(M201)D/L(M212)H triple mutant versus the G(M201)D/L(M212)H double mutant. In contrast, the introduction of a Lys at M201 does not result in hydrogen bonding to the BA cofactor, in contrast to the introduction of a His at M201. Accordingly, the alkyl ammonium head group of the side chain of the Lys at M201 residue appears to be distant from BA.
Sensitivity and elasticity of density-dependent population models

The sensitivity analysis of linear matrix population models is well-developed, but no comparable approach exists for the nonlinear models appropriate for density-dependent populations. This paper presents such an approach, using matrix differential calculus to obtain the derivatives of equilibria and cycles with respect to arbitrary demographic parameters. The method readily calculates the sensitivity and elasticity of the population vector or of weighted densities, ratios of age classes or stages, proportional structures or temporal means and variances calculated from the population vector. Examples are presented using data on flour beetles of the genus Tribolium. An attempt is made to extend the approach to the sensitivity of averages over strange attractors, but the resulting calculations fail to converge, apparently due to a positive Lyapunov exponent for the sensitivity equation.
Biogeochemistry of PCBs in interstitial waters of a coastal marine sediment

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in interstitial waters and sediments at a site in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, to study partitioning processes of hydrophobic organic compounds in marine sediments. Pore water concentrations of total PCBs, expressed as Aroclor 1254, increased with depth in the sediments with a maximum concentration of 17.1 μg/L at 9–11 cm. Apparent distribution coefficients of individual chlorobiphenyls decreased with depth and were related to dissolved organic carbon levels. Results from this site suggest that most of the PCBs in interstitial waters are sorbed to organic colloids. A simple three-phase equilibrium sorption model can explain many features of the data. Changes in the composition of individual chlorobiphenyls in the sediments were also apparent. Microbial degradation appears to be responsible for large relative depletions of several chlorobiphenyls with depth in the core.
Blessed Are Those Who Mourn: Depression as Political Resistance

In this essay, I explore the political significance of depression, particularly as a prominent form of resistance to conditions of life under contemporary global capitalism. After noting the political context of the second beatitude, which suggests a form of mourning that bears witness to public suffering, I assert that under the current dominance of the disease model, depression has lost its political voice. This loss is of grave concern given evidence that the culture of late capitalism (neoliberalism) has initiated a global epidemic of depression. I reframe depression as the final cry of souls diminished under these conditions. Finally, I denote the qualities of such souls, illustrating with a pastoral psychotherapy case summary. A dream presented during the termination phase not only provides a clinical presentation of the attributes of souls under neoliberal governance, but suggests how voice may ultimately be restored even when depression has become unconscious.
Splenic infarct in a white man with sickle cell trait

Reported is a case of splenic sequestration syndrome caused by high altitude in a young white man with unsuspected sickle cell trait. The patient recovered with nonoperative management. This is only the fourth such case reported in the literature.
Studies with leucine, β-hydroxybutyrate and ATP citrate lyase-deficient beta cells support the acetoacetate pathway of insulin secretion

Abstract We hypothesized that contrasting leucine with its non-metabolizable analog 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) might provide new information about metabolic pathways involved in insulin secretion. Both compounds stimulate insulin secretion by allosterically activating glutamate dehydrogenase, which enhances glutamate metabolism. However, we found that leucine was a stronger secretagogue in rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 cells. This suggested that leucine's metabolism contributed to its insulinotropism. Indeed, we found that leucine increased acetoacetate and was metabolized to CO2 in pancreatic islets and increased short chain acyl-CoAs (SC-CoAs) in INS-1 cells. We then used the leucine–BCH difference to study the hypothesis that acyl groups derived from secretagogue carbon can be transferred as acetoacetate, in addition to citrate, from mitochondria to the cytosol where they can be converted to SC-CoAs. Since BCH cannot form sufficient acetoacetate from glutamate, transport of any glutamate-derived acyl groups to the cytosol in BCH-stimulated cells must proceed mainly via citrate. In ATP citrate lyase-deficient INS-1 cells, which are unable to convert citrate into cytosolic acetyl-CoA, insulin release by BCH was decreased and adding β-hydroxybutyrate or α-ketoisocaproate, which increases mitochondrial acetoacetate, normalized BCH-induced insulin release. This strengthens the concept that acetoacetate-transferred acyl carbon can be converted to cytosolic SC-CoAs to stimulate insulin secretion.
Chinese Entrepreneurs, the Government, and the Foreign Sector: The Canton and Shanghai Silk-Reeling Enterprises, 1861–1932

In the aftermath of the Opium War of 1839–42, China was continuously subjected to increasing Western political and economic penetration. The Treaty of Nanjing was only the first of a series of unequal treaties which led to the opening of over 100 treaty ports along the coast and in the interior of China. In many of these ports Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, Japan and other imperialist powers set up concessions under their administration and outside Chinese jurisdiction. There their nationals could freely trade, invest in banking, industry and construction, and engage in missionary and other cultural activities. Thus, although China never completely fell under the direct control of any imperialist power, the treaty ports were functionally similar to the port cities of Western colonies as linkages to the metropolitan countries.Did these treaty ports serve as beachheads of imperialism which facilitated foreign extraction of raw materials, exploitation of a cheap labor market, and displacement by cheap imports of native handicrafts left unprotected by the loss of tariff autonomy, as neo-Marxist historians charge? Or, as the revisionist scholars contend, were they centers of political and economic modernization where Western ideas and institutions were communicated to the Chinese, and where Western entrepreneurship and capital not only pioneered in modern industry, but also prompted imitative responsesfrom Chinese entrepreneurs? And yet, did the ports fail to have any major impact at all on Chinese political organization and socio-economic development, as Chinese mercantile interests thwarted Western attempts to penetrate the economy?
Free Fatty Acid Formation and Lipid Oxidation on Milled Rice

Milled rice was stored at 37°C and 70% humidity and sampled regularly for 50 d. Rice surface lipid was extracted with isopropanol and analyzed for free fatty acids (FFA) and conjugated diene (CD) contents. Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFTS) spectra of the rice samples were also obtained. FFA and CD levels increased together during rice storage and exhibited three distinct phases. DRIFTS identified a decrease in intensity at 1746 cm−1 (ester, −C=O) and increases in intensity at 1731 cm−1 (aldehyde, −CO) and 1714 cm−1 (fatty acid, −C=O) during storage, which correlated well with the chemical analysis data. DRIFTS spectral data were analyzed by a partial least squares regression method to identify spectral regions that correlate strongly with measured FFA and construct prediction models. Overall, the mid-infrared region (4000–400 cm1) gave the best model (R=0.98, root mean square error of cross-validation=0.05) and also predcted the FFA content of milled rice well. The DRIFTS technique has potential for use in studying qualitative chemical changes on the milled rice surface lipids and for predicting FFA on milled rice.
Histochemical correlates of hamstring injuries

This study reports the histochemical fiber type composition of the human hamstring muscles. Muscle specimens from necropsy specimens were obtained from seven locations in the hamstring, four locations in the quadriceps, and one location in the adductor magnus. The hamstring muscles are shown to have a relatively high proportion of Type II fibers. Type II fibers are more involved with exercise of higher intensity and force production and it is postulated that the hamstrings are capable of high intrinsic force production. The hamstrings are two-joint muscles and are, therefore, subject to increased stretch and force production extrinsically by motion at the hip and knee. It is proposed that high levels of tension in the hamstrings produced by intrinsic force production and extrinsic stretch may make them prone to injury in periods of intense muscular activity. This proposal is also relevant to other frequent athletic muscle injuries.
An experimental study of the complete-mixing model for radial flow hollow fiber reverse osmosis systems

Abstract The complete mixing model of hollow fiber systems, suggested by Soltanieh and Gill [1–3] predicts that 1/ R is linear in Sm/Fp, regardless of the membrane transport model which is included in it, and this is confirmed experimentally for the units studied here. The plug flow model, which has been used by all previous investigators, fails to predict this observed fact. It is shown experimentally, by using two radial flow hollow fiber modules of different lengths, that the linear relationship between 1/ R and Sm/Fp exists at all levels of concentration (from 1000 to 35,000 ppm), pressure (from 150 to 400 psi), and feed flow rate (from 75 cm3/s to 400 cm3/s). Furthermore, at higher concentrations, plots of 1/ R vs Sm/Fp become independent of concentration and are represented by a single line. The pure water permeability coefficient (A) at 25°C ranges from 7.393 × 10−12 to 9.277 × 10−12 cm2/s/g for the large module, and from 4.764 × 10−12 × 10−12 to 4.950 × 10−12 cm2/s/g for the small module when pressure decreases from 400 to 200 psi. Furthermore, A is not a strong function of pressure; it decreases by about 20% for the large module (the more permeable membrane) and about 4% for the small module, when pressure increases by a factor of two. The solute permeability coefficient (K2) determined by two methods is relatively constant with pressure and is a function of concentration only up to a certain level, after which it remains constant. Based on the complete-mixing model, K2 for the large module remains constant at about 1.48 × 10−5 cm/s above a concentration of about 10,000 ppm and for the smaller module (with less permeable membrane) K2 becomes constant at about 0.216 × 10−5 cm/s above a concentration of about 5000 ppm. The solute permeabilities calculated from the complete-mixing model are 10 to 25% lower, but show the same trend with concentration as those obtained by using the plug flow approach of Dandavati et al [4].
Monte Carlo study of electron transport in silicon inversion layers.

Electron transport in Si inversion layers at 300 K is studied using a self-consistent Monte Carlo solution of the Boltzmann transport equation coupled to the two-dimensional Poisson equation and the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation. Physical elements included in the model are (1) nonparabolicity effects to treat quantization in the inversion layer; (2) static screening of the Coulomb interactions accounting for the population of many subbands; (3) anisotropy of the deformation-potential interaction, shown to be quite important in the case of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG); (4) a careful analysis of the dynamic screening of the deformation-potential interaction, showing that the interaction between electrons and acoustic phonons can be approximated by the unscreened interaction in the nondegenerate limit of a 2DEG; and (5) the inclusion of interface ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ optical phonons. Up to ten subbands have been included to study the 2DEG together with a bulk-transport model employed to handle high-energy electrons. We have obtained mixed results: In the Ohmic regime, we have found a phonon-limited mobility that exhibits the correct dependence on carrier density, but which is about 20% larger than the experimental data. This still represents an improvement upon previous nonempirical theories, and even better quantitative agreement is obtained at the very low and very high carrier densities at which Coulomb scattering and scattering with surface roughness, respectively, control the mobility. At high longitudinal fields we find a bulklike saturated velocity, in agreement with some experimental results, but not with many others that we consider more reliable.
Retinoic Acid Mediates Down-regulation of the α-Fetoprotein Gene through Decreased Expression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors

alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), a protein highly induced during fetal liver development, is down-regulated by retinoids in the human hepatoma cell line Hep3B, in contrast to up-regulation observed in other cell types. Previously, we have documented that such up-regulation involves direct effects through cis-retinoid X receptor-binding sites in the AFP enhancer. In this report, we show a distinctive effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) in Hep3B cells. RA caused a marked decrease in AFP transcripts. Deletion analysis of the upstream regulatory region of the AFP gene revealed that cis-acting sites required for down-regulation resided near the promoter. Gel mobility shift assays for factors binding to key elements in the AFP promoter region demonstrated that hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1 binding was diminished in nuclear extracts from RA-treated cells. In addition, HNF4, which is not known to bind to the AFP promoter but does regulate HNF1, was also diminished. The levels of HNF1 and HNF4 mRNA were also decreased following RA treatment. AFP promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase transient transfection assays demonstrated that the level of HNF1 had a direct impact on basal transcription as well as RA-mediated down-regulation of the AFP gene, and that co-transfection of HNF1 and HNF4, but not transfection of either factor alone, reversed the RA-mediated inhibition. Taken together these data point to an interaction among the RA, HNF1, and HNF4 signals, which is reflected in decreased expression of AFP.
Testing Health-Care Integrated Systems with Anonymized Test-Data Extracted from Production Systems

Testing of data-centric health-care integrated systems involve numerous non-traditional testing challenges, particularly in the areas of input validation, functional testing, regression testing, and load testing. For these and other types of testing, the test-data suites typically need to be relatively large and demonstrate characteristics that are similar to real-data. Generating test-data for integrated system is problematic because records from different systems need to be inter-related in realistic and less-than perfect ways. Using real-data is also not a feasible choice, because health-care data contains sensitive personal identifying information (PII). As a foundation, this paper provides a classification of testing challenges for health-care integrated systems and a comparison of anonymization techniques. It also narrates our experiences with a test-data creation tool [13] that extracts and anonymizes loosely correlated slices of data from multiple operational health-care systems while preserving those real-data characteristics, discussed under the classification scheme.
Theoretical study of the binding site and mode of action for photosystem II herbicides

Several features of a proteinaceous binding site and a molecular mode of action are proposed for photosystem II (PS II) herbicides based upon a variety of experimental and theoretical evidence. Experimental studies have established that PS II herbicides bind non-covalently to a 32 kdalton protein in the PS II complex and inhibit electron transfer between the first quinone (Q) and the second quinone (B) on the reducing side of PS II. The herbicides each contain hydrophobic components as well as a flat polar component with a dipole moment in the range of 3–5 Debyes. The primary function of the hydrophobic components is to increase the lipid solubility of the entire herbicide molecule; the secondary function of the hydrophobic components is to fit the hydrophobic surface of the herbicide binding site. It is proposed that the flat polar component binds electrostatically at a highly polar protein site, probably a protein salt bridge or the terminus of a protein alpha helix. Further, it is proposed that the PS II herbicides shift the equilibrium Q−Bz⇄QB− to the left (i) by reducing the magnitude of an anion-stabilizing electric field across the B-binding site, or (ii) by inhibiting the conformational relaxation or protonation of the PS II protein in response to reduction of B to B−, or (iii) by displacing the quinone head of B from its binding site. Ab initio molecular quantum mechanical calculations have been carried out to investigate the electrostatic interactions in specific herbicide-binding site models.
The Spectra of some Lithium-like and Sodium-like Atoms

It is possible to obtain approximate theoretical relations between the spectra of different atoms ionised to such an extent that they possess the same electron structure. In this paper these relations are used to extrapolate values of the terms of the spectra of various lithium-like and sodium-like atoms. From the terms so estimated lines can be calculated, and in many cases correlated with lines observed by Millikan and Bowen in the hot spark spectrum of the corresponding element. Revised term values can then be calculated from the lines so identified. The spectra of lithium-like atoms treated in this way include those from Be II up to O VI, and those of sodium-like atoms, the spectra P V and S VI.
A Coupled Land-Atmosphere Simulation Program (CLASP): Calibration and validation

[1] We present a model and application designed to study the coupled land-atmosphere hydrologic cycle, following water from its inflow into a region by horizontal atmospheric transport through surface-atmosphere exchange processes and aquifer recharge to outflow as runoff and river discharge. The model includes a two-way water flow among its major reservoirs (atmosphere, vadose zone, groundwater, surface water, river). A unique feature of the model is that phreatophytic interactions are included when the water table intersects the root zone. The model emulates a uniform grid box of an atmospheric general circulation model, but with finer horizontal resolution for the land processes, and forms a test bed for developing continental-scale simulation of the hydrologic cycle. The model is calibrated using the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) observations for 1987 and validated using FIFE observations for 1988 and 1989. Four physical factors emerge as important for simulating the FIFE water cycle: effective relative humidity for initiating stable (large scale) condensation, length of the growing season, amount of available soil water, and cloud cover parameterization. Further evaluation uses water table and river discharge measurements for years up to 1993. The model simulates multiyear behavior in the hydrologic cycle reasonably well. Average differences between FIFE observations and simulated fluxes during the calibration period are only a few percent, including fluxes not specifically calibrated. Model-observation differences in surface sensible and latent heat fluxes are larger during the 1988 drought but recover to relatively small values for 1989, suggesting some difficulty in simulating hydrologic extremes occurring outside the calibration conditions. A model sensitivity study using statistical disaggregation to allow precipitation to fall on only a portion of the landscape indicates that spatial disaggregation of precipitation can have strong impact on groundwater storage and surface discharge, potentially improving agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. Water redistributed through the model's aquifer-river network can at times raise the water table high enough for water to seep back to the vegetation root zone and increase evapotranspiration. During relatively dry periods, up to 33% of monthly evapotranspiration was derived from groundwater-supported evapotranspiration, emphasizing the need to quantify better aquifer-atmosphere interaction. The work also demonstrates the feasibility and utility of fully coupled water budgeting schemes.
Ethics in geography: giving moral form to the geographical imagination

Summary Geographers have become increasingly interested in questions of ethics. In this paper, I introduce the scope and major concerns of ethics, briefly reviewing recent literature as a means of situating geography's potential contribution. I then link ethics to the geographical imagination by developing a twofold schema representing geography's ontological project and epistemological process, an approach that unites existing professional and substantive ethical concerns among geographers. Examples of recent work by geographers in these areas are noted. I close with a set of broad questions at the interface of ethics and geography worthy of further reflection.
Radioisotope Studies in Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Radionuclide studies of cardiovascular performance require only minute amounts of intravenously injected radioactive tracers, which do not perturb cardiovascular dynamics. Both equilibrium gated cardiac blood pool scanning and first pass radionuclide angiography (RNA) provide indices of global and regional left and right ventricular performance. Based upon the fact that at equilibrium ventricular counts are proportional to volume ejection fraction (LVEF), end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), mean ejection rate, peak left ventricular filling rate (PFR) and time to peak filling rate (TPFR) can be measured. These indices can be obtained both at rest and during exercise. Assessment of systolic and diastolic function by either scanning technique provides useful information in the evaluation of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension, valvular heart disease or cardiomyopathy, e.g. in determining whether abnormal systolic function or abnormal compliance is the predominant cause of heart failure. This will immensely aid in decisions regarding pharmacological and surgical therapy. Exercise RNA in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AI) may unmask ventricular dysfunction. Symptomatic patients with AI all have an abnormally low LVEF ( 180 ms. With Verapamil diastolic dysfunction is seen in only 30% of the patients with this disorder. Tl-201 imaging is of additional use in assessment of hypertrophy. An increase in RV mass is observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension, whereas septal to free wall thickening is observed in patients with IHSS. Although one cannot measure wall thickness or cardiac mass directly and accurately, RNA allows detection of functional disturbances with a high degree of sensitivity. The recent development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques offers a powerful completely non-invasive method to study functional and structural properties of the heart. It is likely that NMR will become the most sensitive approach to quantitate LVH and RVH in the future.
Two-time-scale averaging of systems involving operators and its application to adaptive control of hysteretic systems

Motivated by the adaptive control problem for systems with hysteresis, a two-time-scale averaging framework is presented in this paper for systems involving operators, by extending the work of Teel and co-workers. The developed averaging theory is applied to the analysis of a model reference adaptive inverse control scheme for a system consisting of linear dynamics preceded by a Prandtl-Ishlinkskii (PI) hysteresis operator. The fast component of the closed-loop system involves the coupling of an ordinary differential equation and a hysteresis operator derived from the PI operator and its inverse, while the slow component is the parameter update rule. The stability of the boundary-layer system and that of the average system are established under suitable conditions, which implies practical regulation of the parameter error and tracking error under the adaptive scheme.
The Natural History of Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cervical Cancer Gaps in Knowledge and Future Horizons

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Most HPV infections are benign and resolve on their own, but some women develop persistent HPV infections. Persistent HPV infection with certain high-risk HPV genotypes is the necessary cause of most epithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. The importance of latent or quiescent HPV, waning immunity, hormonal milieu, microbiota, and other factors modifying the natural history of HPV infections across a woman's lifetime deserves further study. Promising biomarkers are emerging that may aid in defining which HPV-infected women are at risk of developing invasive cervical cancer.
What makes Darwinian hydrology "Darwinian"? Asking a different kind of question about landscapes

Abstract. There have been repeated calls for a Darwinian approach to hydrologic science, or for a synthesis of Darwinian and Newtonian approaches, to deepen understanding of the hydrologic system in the larger landscape context, and so develop a better basis for predictions now and in an uncertain future. But what exactly makes a Darwinian approach to hydrology "Darwinian"? While there have now been a number of discussions of Darwinian approaches, many referencing Harte (2002), the term is potentially a source of confusion because its connections to Darwin remain allusive rather than explicit. Here we suggest that the Darwinian approach to hydrology follows the example of Charles Darwin by focusing attention on the patterns of variation in populations and seeking hypotheses that explain these patterns in terms of the mechanisms and conditions that determine their historical development. These hypotheses do not simply catalog patterns or predict them statistically – they connect the present structure with processes operating in the past. Nor are they explanations presented without independent evidence or critical analysis – Darwin's hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying present-day variation could be independently tested and validated. With a Darwinian framework in mind, it is easy to see that a great deal of hydrologic research has already been done that contributes to a Darwinian hydrology – whether deliberately or not. We discuss some practical and philosophical issues with this approach to hydrologic science: how are explanatory hypotheses generated? What constitutes a good hypothesis? How are hypotheses tested? "Historical" sciences – including paleohydrology – have long grappled with these questions, as must a Darwinian hydrologic science. We can draw on Darwin's own example for some answers, though there are ongoing debates about the philosophical nature of his methods and reasoning. Darwin used a range of methods of historical reasoning to develop explanatory hypotheses: extrapolating mechanisms, space for time substitution, and looking for signatures of history. Some of these are already in use, while others are not and could be used to develop new insights. He sought explanatory hypotheses that intelligibly unified disparate facts, were testable against evidence, and had fertile implications for further research. He provided evidence to support his hypotheses by deducing corollary conditions ("if explanation A is true, then B will also be true") and comparing these to observations. While a synthesis of the Darwinian and Newtonian approaches remains a goal, the Darwinian approach to hydrologic science has significant value of its own. The Darwinian hydrology that has been conducted already has not been coordinated or linked into a general body of theory and knowledge, but the time is coming when this will be possible.
Generation of Fast Ions by Microclusters

Laser-irradiated microclusters can generate energetic ions that produce fusion reactions. The amount and spectrum of these ions depend on the cluster-size distribution, electron heating mechanism, and cluster expansion dynamics. This paper describes recent physics results pertinent to the items listed. It is shown that the size distribution of large clusters can be determined from absorption measurements in a pump-probe experiment. It is also shown how a laser can create a two-component electron distribution with a hot minority whose energies exceed the ponderomotive potential. The heating rate and the limitations on electron energy are examined. The hot electron component expands with an equal number of ions. A first-principle model is presented that describes ion acceleration by the hot electron pressure together with adiabatic cooling of the hot electrons.
1980 Weather summary

The weather in the United States during 1980 was bad. A 3-month heat wave in the southwest caused about $20 billion in ruined crops, an increase in power consumption, and damage to roads and highways. Nationwide, the heat killed 1320 people. Floods caused more than $1 billion in losses. Hurricane Allen caused about $500 million in property losses and took two lives. The highest temperature reading during 1980, 51°C (124°F), was reached five times. Locations were at Bull Head, Arizona; Death Valley, California; and three times at Baker, California. Preliminary figures also show that the lowest temperature for the year was recorded at Tok weather station, 150 miles southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. There the mercury plummeted to −56°C (−68°F). In the lower 48 states the minimum thermometer reading was −44°C at Wisdom, Montana.
On the preparation of human insulin for experimental use.

THE purpose of this paper is to describe our experience in the preparation of human insulin for experimental use. The method is a modification of one described by Somogyi, Doisy, and Shaffer (1) for the preparation of beef insulin. Others have presented evidence (2) indicating that insulins from various sources, including human, are immunologically identical. Studies in this laboratory have not been in accord with this conclusion, in that a marked difference was observed between the response to human insulin and commercial beef and pork insulins in a patient with insulin-resistant diabetes (3) and also in a rabbit immunized with commercial insulin (4). METHOD Fifty pancreases were collected at the autopsy tables of the Boston City Hospital, Beth Israel Hospital, and Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals from patients dying with heart disease, liver disease, cerebral accidents, malignancy, renal disease, and various other causes. Cases of diabetes, tuberculosis, or severe sepsis were excluded. The age of the pa...
Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Suppresses NF-κB Activation and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by Direct Interaction with IκB Kinase β

In addition to hepatocytes, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects immune cells, including macrophages. However, little is known concerning the impact of HCV infection on cellular functions of these immune effector cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates IκB kinase (IKK) signalsome and NF-κB, which leads to the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which catalyzes production of prostaglandins, potent effectors on inflammation and possibly hepatitis. Here, we examined whether expression of HCV core interferes with IKK signalsome activity and COX-2 expression in activated macrophages. In reporter assays, HCV core inhibited NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 and MH-S murine macrophage cell lines treated with bacterial LPS. HCV core inhibited IKK signalsome and IKKβ kinase activities induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha in HeLa cells and coexpressed IKKγ in 293 cells, respectively. HCV core was coprecipitated with IΚΚβ and prevented nuclear translocation of IKKβ. NF-κB activation by either LPS or overexpression of IKKβ was sufficient to induce robust expression of COX-2, which was markedly suppressed by ectopic expression of HCV core. Together, these data indicate that HCV core suppresses IKK signalsome activity, which blunts COX-2 expression in macrophages. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether interrupted COX-2 expression by HCV core contributes to HCV pathogenesis.
Comparative effects of posture on pressure and shear at the body-seat interface.

This study considers the effects of seated posture and body orientation on the pressure-distribution and surface shear (tangential) forces acting at the body- seat interface. Nine postures typically assumed by wheel- chair users were studied. Comparisons were made within and between two study groups, made up of 12 subjects with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and 10 nondisabled subjects. Both interface pressure and the surface shear were measured simultaneously in each of nine reproduc- ible, seated postures. The same seat cushion was used for all trials. The Oxford Pressure Monitor, a pneumatic cell device, was used to measure and record the interface pressures. Instrumentation for measuring and recording the surface shear force was constructed specifically for the study. Analysis consisted of statistically comparing changes in pressure values and shear forces derived from eight sitting postures with reference to values recorded in a defined neutral sitting posture. The pressure-distribu- tion findings suggest that in the postures studied SCl subjects have maximum pressures that are higher than nondisabled subjects in all postures, ranging from 6% to 46% depending on the posture. Maximum pressures can be reduced by postural changes: forward flexion to 50°, -9%; backrest recline to 120°, - 12%; and, full body tilt, - 11 %. On average, the §GI group members have peak pressure gradients (PPG) that are 1.5 to 2.5 greater than the nondisabled group. The maximum reduction in PPG occurred at backrest recline of 120°, - 18%. Tangential shear force acts at the body-seat interface in all nine postures studied. Extrapolation of results suggests that full-body tilt to approximately 25" reduces the surface shear force to near zero. In contrast, a backrest- only recline of 20" causes a 25% increase in the surface shear force. These results suggest that caution must be taken when using nondisabled subjects as surrogates for people with SCI because of the inherent differences between the groups. Also, researchers and clinicians should recognize that posture and body orientation in space are additional variables that can have a profound effect on the interaction between a seated person and his or her supporting surface.
Alternative solid-phase reagents for formation of intramolecular sulfur-sulfur bridges in peptides under mild conditions

We have recently introduced a family of mild and efficient solid-phase reagents [1], derived from Ellman's reagent, to form disulfide bridges in peptides and protein under a wide range of conditions. Towards the same goal, two additional solid-phase reagents derived from -dithiobisnicotinic acid (1) and -dithiobis(5-nitronicotinic acid) (2) were designed, prepared, and investigated (Fig. 1). Using somatostatin (14 residues, disulfide bridge between residues 3 and 14) and differentially protected derivatives of SI (13 residues, the natural isomer has disulfide bridges between residues 2 and 7; 3 and 13) as substrates, the two reagents were evaluated under various reaction conditions. Their capacity to promote intramolecular disulfide bridge formation was compared to that of the solid-phase Ellman's reagent.
A case of recurrent, isolated, simultaneous, bilateral herpes simplex lid infection.

Background Ocular herpes simplex is usually diagnosed by its typical clinical presentation. It is generally accepted to be a unilateral disease, with lid eruptions typically occurring in primary ocular herpes simplex, while absent or mild in recurrent disease. Recurrent ocular herpes simplex is generally thought to be characterized by corneal involvement. Case report A 35-year-old woman had a 2-day history of a progressive bilateral, erythematous, vesicular rash of the upper and lower eyelids and associated preseptal cellulitis. She had a history of a recurrent, unilateral eyelid rash that was previously diagnosed as herpes zoster. The eyelid involvement was unusual because it was bilateral, severe, recurrent, vesicular, and isolated, with no additional ocular manifestations of herpes simplex. These atypical features are in contrast to the generally accepted manifestations of recurrent ocular herpes simplex. A cytologic evaluation and a viral culture confirmed infection by HSV Type 1. Conclusion Lid involvement occurs in recurrent ocular herpes simplex disease more often than generally accepted, while simultaneous bilateral disease is uncommon. As in this case, when atypical presentations occur, critical review of the differential diagnosis and use of laboratory tests are helpful.