cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Head of a Projection

In recent work in generative grammar, one finds two approaches concerning the projection of heads onto phrases. On the one hand, in the Govemment-Binding/Minimalist Program tradition it has commonly been assumed that a projection inherits all the properties of its head and nothing else, a principle that Brody (1998) refers to as Uniqueness. On the other hand, in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and its predecessors it is explicitly assumed that features of a complement of X can project to XP, so a projection of X ends up richer than its head. Therefore, whether Uniqueness holds between a projection and its head is an issue that needs to be resolved. So far, within minimalism only a conceptual argument has been presented in favor of Uniqueness, that of Chomsky's (1995) theory of bare phrase structure. In this squib I present two additional empirical arguments in favor of Uniqueness, drawn from well-known properties of causative constructions and noun incorporation.
Quinupristin/dalfopristin: therapeutic potential for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) is an opportunistic pathogen, which causes infections among severely ill, hospitalized patients, in whom it is likely to increase the risk of progressive local or systemic disease and to worsen the prognosis. Because these organisms are often highly resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and many other antimicrobials including the glycopeptides, there are few proven therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of infection caused by VREF. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is highly active against VREF in vitro. A prolonged post-antibiotic effect, good polymorphonuclear leucocyte/macrophage penetration and slow release, and active metabolites allow this agent to be used with an 8 or 12 h dosing interval. The combined results from a Phase III non-comparative study and an emergency-use study of quinupristin/ dalfopristin for the treatment of VREF infection produced a clinical response rate (cure or improvement) in 142 (73.6%) of 193 clinically evaluable patients. The baseline pathogen was eradicated or presumed eradicated from 110 of 156 (70.5%) bacteriologically evaluable patients. Fifty-two per cent of the severely ill patients in these two studies died, but no death was attributed to quinupristin/ dalfopristin therapy. The most common adverse event was arthralgia (9.1%). Quinupristin/dalfopristin has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of serious VREF infections, including those that have failed conventional therapy.
Staying clear of boiling-frog syndrome [work environment]

Twenty years ago an old timer warned me not to ignore the danger signs of a work environment's slow degradation. He called this phenomenon boiling-frog syndrome. I do not know how or where the metaphor originated. But the boiling-frog syndrome still stands as a warning to managers and team members not to ignore the signs of negative institutional inertia that portend eventual failure. For an improved work environment, it's important to first recognize signs of hot water and then turn down the heat.
Tolling and economic efficiency: do the pecuniary benefits exceed the safety costs?

This article uses crash data, highway classification, and traffic statistics to estimate the crash cost per truck vehicle mile traveled (VMT) from 2002 to 2006 for trucks that diverted from the Ohio Turnpike to avoid paying higher toll rates imposed by the Ohio Turnpike Authority. The data show that the truck crash cost per VMT is lowest for rural interstates such as the Turnpike and highest for the roads to which truck traffic diverted. Using the elasticity of demand for truck use of toll roads, we then estimate that the crash cost of trucks diverted from the Ohio Turnpike to other roads during 2004 at more than US$38 million, which far exceeds the revenue benefit. The article discusses implications of these results for road infrastructure pricing. Language: en
Cooperative routing and power allocation in ad-hoc networks

We consider the minimum energy unicast problem in ad-hoc wireless networks. A source node wants to transmit a sequence of messages to a single destination node. Other nodes in the network may operate as relay nodes. The problem is to do this with the minimum overall power consumption in the network. In this paper we investigate the power saving that can be achieved by using advanced relay-channel signaling rather than traditional multi-hop routing. Under the assumptions that carrier level synchronization is not available and every intermediate node uses a decode-forward scheme, we show that any optimal relaying structure can be converted to a sequential path, for which we find a simple optimal power-allocation policy. Finding an optimal sequential path is still complex, and we therefore present two polynomial heuristic algorithms to find good cooperative routes. Our simulation results show that they can achieve average power savings of up to 3 dB for a network size of 60 nodes in low attenuation regimes. For high attenuation regimes, cooperative routing exhibits limited gain and traditional multi-hop operation is a reasonable choice
Molecular dynamical calculations of energy transport in crystalline solids

Abstract Thermal conductivity (diffusivity), heat pulse propagation, and shock wave propagation in one-, two, and three-dimensional lattices have been studied by the method of molecular dynamics, a method well suited to non-equilibrium and strongly anharmonic problems. In this review, particular attention has been paid to the approach to thermal equilibrium after a disturbance. In one dimension, it is shown that energy sharing between modes of vibration is difficult, therefore it is doubtful that the soliton concept is a useful one in non-linear problems where thermal relaxation is involved. In two and three dimensions, energy sharing occurs readily. Under appropriate conditions heat flow occurs by diffusion and a temperature gradient is set up. The computed value of lattice thermal conductivity is in agreement with experiment. In pulsed heating, the coupling between the thermal and elastic disturbances generates a composite second sound wave which leads to a simple explanation of the temperature dependent second sound velocity observed experimentally. In shock compression, the thermal relaxation behind the shock front causes the shock profile to be non-steady overall, in contradiction to the steady profile assumed in the usual Hugoniot relations for a continuum. The PVT relationship deduced from shock wave data are affected to a significant extent at high compressions.
Choosing an Exchange Rate Regime

1The sequence within intermediate regimes is somewhat arbitrary. For example, if the band is as narrow as 2 4 % as in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism or even 1% as under Bretton Woods, then it would properly belong closer to the fixed-rate end of the spectrum. Similarly, if the adjustable peg involved a devaluation or revaluation every time a moderate shock came along, it would properly belong closer to the flexible end of the spectrum.
The Music Specialist Among Generalists: Learning to Lead in a Community of Practice

Music education leadership in public schools has often been the responsibility of a department chair or a district music supervisor. Nevertheless, budget constraints have forced districts to consol...
Mechanisms of fluorescence enhancement in rare earth sol―gel glass containing Al3+

Abstract Analysis of glasses containing Eu and Tb dopants yields new insights about the role of Al 3+ co-doping in improving fluorescence yield of glasses containing rare earth (RE) dopants. Our work suggests that Al co-doping enhances fluorescence by two important mechanisms. (1) At low Al:RE ratio the site symmetry is lowered, allowing more admixture of opposite parity wavefunctions and increased transition probability. (2) At high Al:RE ratio, the highest frequency phonons are of lower energy; so nonradiative decay rates are reduced. In addition, a new technique – post-annealing immersion – is introduced, which allows the study of RE location in the sol–gel matrix. Al co-doping is observed to increase the tendency for RE ions to reside on pore surfaces.
The Effect of Current on Periphytic Productivity as Determined Using CARBON-14

Productivity measurements of organisms attached to artificial substrates ranged from 6.5 to 7.6 mg C/m/sup 2//hr and were 17 to 65 percent greater in stirred bottles (simulated flow) than under static conditions. Carbon-14 was used to determine the effect of current on the primary productivity of these organisms in six artificial streams at the Flowing Streams Laboratory on the Savannah River Plant (U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Aiken, South Carolina, U.S.A.). Seasonal changes in dominant organisms were monitored from June 1973 to March 1974. Estimates of productivity, accumulated biomass, and levels of chlorophyll ..cap alpha.. were compared for possible correlation. Production of chlorophyll ..cap alpha.. ranged from 50 to 381 mg/m/sup 2/, and accumulated biomass ranged from 45 to 181 g/m/sup 2/ on the artificial substrates (glass microscope slides) during the period of study. Productivity of attached organisms was generally an order of magnitude greater than productivity of phytoplankton or tychoplankton. The consistently higher productivity in simulated flowing systems than in static systems tends to cast some doubt on values obtained when lotic communities have been enclosed or isolated in chambers or bottles wthout inducing a current or stirring action.
BioCreative-2012 virtual issue.

BioCreative: Critical Assessment of Information Extraction in Biology is an international community-wide effort for evaluating text mining and information extraction systems applied to the biological domain (http://www.biocreative.org/). The Challenge Evaluations and the accompanying BioCreative Workshops bring together the text mining and biology communities to drive the development of text mining systems that can be integrated into the biocuration workflow and the knowledge discovery process. To address the current barriers in using text mining in biology, BioCreative has further been conducting user requirement analysis, user-based evaluations and fostering standard development for text mining tool re-use and integration. This DATABASE virtual issue captures the major results from the BioCreative-2012 Workshop on Interactive Text Mining in the Biocuration Workflow and is the fifth special issue devoted to BioCreative.
Why is plasmodium vivax a neglected tropical disease

Summary Plasmodium vivax malaria is a debilitating, sometimes life-threatening, and economically repressive disease of many tropical and temperate countries outside Africa, and yet it is perceived as relatively benign. The estimated cost of the
SST Anomalies of ENSO and the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Equatorial Pacific*

This study explores whether anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific during warm events of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are related to the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). An index is derived from surface wind data of a global model reanalysis to measure forcing of oceanic Kelvin waves by wind stress associated with the MJO. This Kelvin wave forcing index of the MJO is used to relate interannual anomalies in seasonal activity of the MJO to interannual anomalies in equatorial SST for the 1980-99 time period. Evidence is found showing that during ENSO warm events, stronger Kelvin wave forcing in the western Pacific precedes greater SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific by 6-12 months. No such evidence, however, can be found for the period of 1950-79. The result suggests that during ENSO warm events, amplitudes of SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific can be affected by the MJO, at least for the 1980-99 period, through its seasonal activity of Kelvin wave forcing. A possible mechanism for such an MJO-ENSO relationship is described. How ENSO prediction can be benefited from the precursory signals of the MJO is discussed.
Outcomes of Midurethral Slings in Women with Concomitant Preoperative Severe Lower Urinary Tract Voiding Symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Women with stress urinary incontinence and concomitant obstructive (voiding) lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) represent a challenging patient population. Furthermore, their diagnosis and management remain incompletely studied and controversial. We evaluated the outcomes of midurethral sling procedures in women with severe obstructive LUTS. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of women who were part of an institutional review board-approved study of midurethral sling surgery. Preoperatively and at 4-6 weeks postoperatively, patients completed the American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS) questionnaire. A postvoid residual urine test was obtained preoperatively, at the time of the voiding trial, and 4-6 weeks postoperatively. Three groups of patients with severe LUTS were then defined: Group A (AUASS ≥20), Group B (voiding subscale ≥12), and Group C (urodynamic obstruction). Patients could be included in more than one group. AUASS was again obtained at a medium-term follow-up of 31.6 months. RESULTS: Of 106 women completing follow-up, 30, 23, and 11 subjects met the criteria for groups A, B, and C, respectively. All had statistically significant improvements in storage and voiding subscales, as well as their stress urinary incontinence. No subject presented with retention or voiding dysfunction at follow-up. These improvements continued at medium-term follow-up with the exception of Group C that failed to demonstrate persistence of statistical improvement in AUASS subscales. CONCLUSION: Patients with stress urinary incontinence and severe voiding LUTS can be treated safely with midurethral sling procedures. In both the short and medium term, these symptoms improve dramatically in the majority of patients.
Response to: ‘Heterogeneity, consistency and model fit should be assessed in Bayesian network meta-analysis’ by Wei et al

We thank Wei et al 1 for their comments on our paper on comparative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.2 Here we address their questions regarding study heterogeneity, effect modification and the fit of our models. Wei et al questioned if heterogeneity among studies could have affected our results. In all meta-analyses, an assessment of study heterogeneity is important. Heterogeneity was first addressed by our inclusion criteria, which limited the types of primary studies that were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis to those of patients with the same diagnosis (ankylosing spondylitis), similar trial durations and no …
Discriminant Analysis for Dimensionality Reduction: An Overview of Recent Developments

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Overview of Linear Discriminant Analysis A Unified Framework for Generalized LDA A Least Squares Formulation for LDA Semisupervised LDA Extensions to Kernel-Induced Feature Space Other LDA Extensions Conclusion References ]]>
RIBOFLAVIN-SENSITIZED SINGLET OXYGEN FORMATION IN MILK

The photosensitized oxidation of foods is initiated by natural pigments or sensitizers producing an excited state which may follow Type I or Type II reaction pathways1. The interaction of sensitizer with food components such as protein or fat, generating free radicals, is called Type I; The reaction of excited sensitizer producing singlet oxygen is called Type II2. Dairy products are excellent sources of riboflavin3. Photochemical reactions of riboflavin and various flavin compounds have been studied in several systems4, 5, 6. Riboflavin has been shown to favor a Type I mechanism because it is easily oxidized or reduced and its high water solubility minimizes its interaction with oxygen which is readily more soluble in lipids7. The triplet state of riboflavin has been suggested to generate singlet oxygen in milk during exposure to light8. ESR can detect the formation of singlet oxygen by reaction with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone (TMPD), forming a stable nitroxide radical adduct, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-l-oxyl (TAN or TEMPONE)9, 10.
Massive sarcoidosis of the liver. Report of 2 cases.

Sarcoidosis involves the liver in approximately 65% of all patients, but laboratory evidence of liver disease is usually minimal and clinical manifestations rare. In two patients with massive liver infiltration, both followed closely with serial liver function tests and percutaneous biopsies, one died after repeated hemorrhage from esophageal varices 3 years after diagnosis, while the other, still living, has developed no evidence of portal hypertension after 4 years, although her liver changes were fully as severe. Both were treated with steroids. The mechanisms of the portal hypertension is still in doubt, although there is some evidence that it is due to presinusoidal block, without the classic pathologic changes of cirrhosis.
Analysis on gas products of coal and sawdust coliquefaction

Co-liquefaction of coal and sawdust was carried out in an autoclave whose volume is 500 mL and with a stirring device.Analyze the distribution and changing rules of gas products.The results show that the liquefied gas yield of sawdust is obviously higher than that of Shengli,the adding of sawdust decrease the total gas products yield,which has much effect on the yield of CH4 and C2H6,while has less influence on CO and CO2.When temperature increased from 360 ℃ to 420 ℃,the yield of gas,C1～C4 hydrocarbons and CO+CO2 increased rapidly.The gas products are mainly composed of C1～C4 hydrocarbons,CH4 is the highest,non hydrocarbon mainly contains CO and CO2,including little C2H4,and the ascending order is CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10.
Protective Effects of The Yuegan Capsule on Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

Objective:To investigate the effects of Yuegan capsule on CCl4-intoxicated primary cultured rat hepatocytes.Methods:Hepatocytes injury models were induced by CCl4 in rats in vitro,and treated with Yuegan capsule.Effect of SDH,ACPase,G-6-Pase activeties and amount of hepatic glycogen were observed.Results:The Yuegan capsule increased the activity of SDH,G-6-Pase and the amount of hepatic glycogen(P0.001),and restrain the activety of ACPase(P0.001).Conclusion:Yuegan capsule had protective effects on CCl4-induced injury of primary cultured rat hepatocytes.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the subunits of human phosphofructokinase: new tools for the immunochemical and genetic analyses of isozymes

Recently we have demonstrated that human phosphofructokinase (PFK; ATP: D-fructose-6-P, 1-phosphotransferase; EC.2.7.1.11) is under the control of three structural loci that code for M (muscle-type), L (liver-type), and P (platelet-type) subunits: random tetramerization of these subunits produces various isozymes. In this study, we have produced and characterized BALB/c hybridoma antibodies to the M- and L-type subunits of human PFK. The specific antibodies were detected by an enzyme-immunoprecipitation assay using Staphylococci-bearing protein A as an immunoadsorbent. Of the wells tested using red blood cell (RBC) PFK (M + L), 61% were positive. Only one M-specific hybridoma was identified. The one anti-M and 4 anti-L antibodies were characterized for their biochemical and immunochemical specificities. To define the combining specificities of these antibodies, we compared their reactivity and that of monospecific rabbit anti-M antiserum with muscle and liver PFKs from 15 different vertebrate species. The rabbit anti-M shows strong cross-reactivity with the muscle PFKs from all the species studied. In contrast, the monoclonal anti-M reacts exclusively with muscle PFKs from primates. Two of four anti-L antibodies react only with human L-PFK, whereas the other two react with that from a few other vertebrate species as well. Taken together, these data suggest that primate-specific antibodies recognize evolutionarily, recently acquired antigenic determinants, whereas the antibodies reactive with PFKs from distantly related species recognize conserved determinants. The differential immunoreactivities of muscle and liver PFKs strongly suggest the presence of distinct isozymes in all the vertebrate species studied. These studies demonstrate that it is feasible to produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies that distinguish among isozymes with structural and functional similarities. These antibodies provide sensitive tools in the analyses of isozyme structure, genetics, and related fields.
Closed aortic valvotomy and simultaneous correction of associated anomalies in infants

A small infant with severe congenital aortic stenosis presents a difficult therapeutic problem. Both operative and nonoperative treatment are hazardous—especially when other cardiovascular anomalies are present. This report describes a simple, effective technique for dilating the stenotic aortic valve and simultaneously repairing certain associated defects. The procedure has been used successfully in 3 infants with a postoperative follow-up of 6 months to 4 years. There were no deaths, and the functional results have been excellent. This technique is presented as an alternative to the more hazardous approach of open valvotomy and/or staged correction of associated anomalies.
Unibody, compact, and lightweight Q-switched lasers enabled by additive manufacturing

This paper demonstrates additive manufacturing scheme to fabricate a compact and unibody solid-state lasers. Cellular structures, embedded cooling channels, flexure alignment structures were used to produce robust and lightweight Q-switched YAG lasers.
Distinct nanoscale reaction pathways in a sulfide material for sodium and lithium batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are attractive because of their potentially lower cost than lithium-ion systems. However, the larger ionic radius of Na+ means that candidate electrode materials often undergo more substantial volumetric changes during reaction as compared to Li-ion batteries, and these changes must be understood and controlled for the development of electrode materials with long cycle life. Here, nanoscale-to-macroscale transformation pathways are investigated in real time in Cu2S (a sulfide electrode material) during electrochemical reaction with Na and Li. In situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction reveal that the overall phase transformations in Cu2S electrodes are similar within both Na and Li cells. However, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the nanoscale reaction pathways differ significantly, which likely contributes to observed differences in electrochemical behavior. Despite these dissimilarities, Na/Cu2S electrochemical cells are shown to exhibit excellent cycle life for the first time (negligible capacity decay over 400 cycles), which is similar to the Li case. Thus, although the more substantial volume changes during the sodiation of Cu2S induce a new reaction pathway, they do not cause accelerated capacity decay, as is commonly argued for Na-ion materials. These results suggest that other large-volume-change electrode materials may also be engineered for long cycle life in next-generation Na-ion batteries.
Delineating nonmelanoma skin cancer margins using terahertz and optical imaging

We evaluated terahertz reflectance imaging and a combination of terahertz and optical techniques for delineating nonmelanoma skin cancers. After imaging, each terahertz pixel of each specimen was classified as cancerous or normal using a previously determined threshold. Subsequently, cancerous terahertz pixels were re-evaluated with polarization-sensitive optical technique. This additional information enabled us to re-classify each cancerous terahertz pixel using morphological appearance of the structures in the optical images. If the structures in the terahertz pixel appeared normal, the pixel was considered normal. The generalized linear mixture model was implemented to determine the sensitivity and specificity of each method. The model tested the probability of each terahertz pixel being diagnosed as a match with histology. For terahertz imaging alone, the sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 94%, respectively. For multimodal imaging, the sensitivity and specificity increased to 96 % and 99%, respectively. Multimodal terahertz-optical imaging has potential for the intraoperative assessment of tumor margins.
Development of a quantitative intracranial vascular features extraction tool on 3D MRA using semiautomated open-curve active contour vessel tracing.

Purpose To develop a quantitative intracranial artery measurement technique to extract comprehensive artery features from time-of-flight MR angiography (MRA). Methods By semiautomatically tracing arteries based on an open-curve active contour model in a graphical user interface, 12 basic morphometric features and 16 basic intensity features for each artery were identified. Arteries were then classified as one of 24 types using prediction from a probability model. Based on the anatomical structures, features were integrated within 34 vascular groups for regional features of vascular trees. Eight 3D MRA acquisitions with intracranial atherosclerosis were assessed to validate this technique. Results Arterial tracings were validated by an experienced neuroradiologist who checked agreement at bifurcation and stenosis locations. This technique achieved 94% sensitivity and 85% positive predictive values (PPV) for bifurcations, and 85% sensitivity and PPV for stenosis. Up to 1,456 features, such as length, volume, and averaged signal intensity for each artery, as well as vascular group in each of the MRA images, could be extracted to comprehensively reflect characteristics, distribution, and connectivity of arteries. Length for the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery extracted by this technique was compared with reviewer-measured results, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97. Conclusion A semiautomated quantitative method to trace, label, and measure intracranial arteries from 3D-MRA was developed and validated. This technique can be used to facilitate quantitative intracranial vascular research, such as studying cerebrovascular adaptation to aging and disease conditions. Magn Reson Med 79:3229-3238, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Parameters and Scales Used to Assess and Report Findings From Stroboscopy: A Systematic Review

Summary Objective Laryngeal endoscopy with stroboscopy, a critical component of the assessment of voice disorders, is rarely used as a treatment outcome measure in the scientific literature. We hypothesized that this is because of the lack of a widely used standardized, validated, and reliable method to assess and report laryngeal anatomy and physiology, and undertook a systematic literature review to determine the extent of the inconsistencies of the parameters and scales used in voice treatment outcome studies. Study Design Systematic literature review. Methods We searched PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane for studies where laryngeal endoscopy with stroboscopy was used as a treatment outcome measure with search terms representing “stroboscopy” and “treatment” guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement standards. Results In the 62 included articles, we identified 141 terms representing 49 different parameters, which were further classified into 20 broad categories. The six most common parameters were magnitude of glottal gap, mucosal wave amplitude, location or shape of glottal gap, regularity of vibration, phase symmetry, and presence and size of specific lesions. Parameters were assessed on scales ranging from binary to 100 points. The number of scales used for each parameter varied from 1 to 24, with an average of four different scales per parameter. Conclusions There is a lack of agreement in the scientific literature regarding which parameters should be assessed to measure voice treatment outcomes and which terms and scales should be used for each parameter. This greatly diminishes comparison and clinical implementation of the results of treatment outcomes research in voice disorders. We highlight a previously published tool and recommend it for future use in research and clinical settings.
Urothelial bladder afferent neurons in the rat are anatomically and neurochemically distinct from non-urothelial afferents.

Abstract There is mounting evidence underscoring a role for the urothelium in urinary bladder sensation. Previous functional studies have identified bladder primary afferents with mechanosensitive properties suggesting urothelial innervation and/or communication. The current study identifies a group of urothelium-innervating afferent neurons in rat, and characterizes and compares the properties of these and non-urothelial afferent neuron populations. Lumbosacral (LS) primary afferent neurons were retrogradely labeled using intraparenchymal (IPar) microinjection or intravesical (IVes) infusion of tracer into the bladder. Using these techniques, separate populations of neurons were differentiated by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) somata labeling and dye distribution within the bladder. IPar- and IVes-labeled neurons accounted for 85.0% and 14.4% of labeled L6-S1 neurons (P
Rehabilitation of cranial nerve deficits after neurotologic skull base surgery

Damage to any one of these nerves results in sufficient morbidity to warrant therapy; however, most patients will compensate for isolated loss of function. It is with multiple nerve injuries, as often seen in glomus surgery with the resection of cranial nerves IX, X, and XII that the full efforts of the rehabilitation team are called on. After vocal cord medialization and palatal adhesion, younger healthier patients will eventually resume adequate oral intake. However, the time it requires to return to a reasonably enjoyable diet often extends up to 1 year postoperatively. A few never attain the goal of enjoyable intake and continue to struggle to maintain adequate nutrition. The latter situation is the rule, not the exception, in the elderly population. Our experience over the years has led us to a more conservative treatment of glomus tumors in the elderly debilitated patient.
Predictors of young physicians practicing specialties without prior graduate medical education.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. This study identifies predictors of young physicians practicing specialties for which they did not report having graduate medical education. DATA SOURCE. A secondary analysis was conducted using a nationally representative survey of young physicians, Practice Patterns of Young Physicians, 1987 (United States). Physicians were under 40 years of age and in uninterrupted practice more than one but fewer than six complete years. STUDY DESIGN. Young physicians who practiced specialties without prior graduate medical education (GME) in these specialties were compared to young physicians who practiced only the specialties for which they reported GME. Comparisons were made on sociodemographic characteristics, international medical graduate status, number and types of GME specialties, year completed GME, and preference for a practice position that was not offered. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS. Sample size was 4,440, including 345 (7.8 percent) physicians who practiced specialties without prior GME. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of young physicians practicing specialties without prior GME. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Physicians who practiced specialties without prior GME more likely were younger, members of minorities other than Black, and with a physician father, high medical school educational debt, and GME in the more generalist specialties. Interaction effects occurred among sex, marital status, and having had GME in internal medicine. Goodness-of-fit analyses indicated that the predictors were useful, but classification table results indicated that at best two out of three cases could be correctly classified. CONCLUSIONS. Practicing specialties without prior graduate medical education in those specialties was related to sociodemographic characteristics and type of specialty training, but a fuller understanding of the circumstances affecting physician specialty changes will require querying physicians directly about their practice choices.
Healthcare Supply Chain

Rising supply chain costs are one of the major factors that have caused rapid growth in overall healthcare spending. Supply chains in the healthcare industry are difficult to manage particularly due to their complexity and the uncertainties involved. This chapter starts with an overview of the unique challenges in healthcare supply chains, followed by an extensive review of past research in this area. We then demonstrate how inefficiency in healthcare supply chains can be improved through contract redesign, using two specific research examples: one for generic injectable drugs and the other for influenza vaccines. The chapter concludes with discussions of future research opportunities and directions.
Conditional Distribution Learning with Neural Networks and its Application to Universal Image Denoising

A simple and scalable denoising algorithm is proposed that can be applied to a wide range of source and noise models. At the core of the proposed CUDE algorithm is symbol-by-symbol universal denoising used by the celebrated DUDE algorithm, whereby the optimal estimate of the source from an unknown distribution is computed by inverting the empirical distribution of the noisy observation sequence by a deep neural network, which naturally and implicitly aggregates multi-pie contexts of similar characteristics and estimates the conditional distribution more accurately. The performance of CUDE is evaluated for grayscale images of varying bit depths, which improves upon DUDE and its recent neural network based extension, Neural DUDE.
An Interactive Pipeline for Creating Visual Blends

Visual blends are an advanced graphic design technique to draw users' attention to a message. They blend together two objects in a way that is novel and useful in conveying a message symbolically. This demo presents an interactive pipeline for creating visual blends that follows the iterative design process. Our pipeline decomposes the process into both computational techniques and human microtasks. It allows users to collaboratively generate visual blends with steps involving brainstorming, synthesis, and iteration. Our demo allows individual users to see how existing visual blends were made, edit or improve existing visual blends, and create new visual blends.
Child maltreatment in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: results from a population-based sample.

Background Children with developmental disabilities are at heightened risk for maltreatment. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of maltreatment among specific groups, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or intellectual disability (ID). Information about maltreatment in these groups can aid in the development of supports and prevention strategies for vulnerable children and their families. Methods Using record linkage between the Department of Social Services (DSS) and the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) network, this study compares the prevalence and characteristics of maltreatment among children with ASD-only (n = 316), ASD and comorbid ID (ASD+ID; n = 291), ID-only (n = 1,280), and controls (n = 3,101). Behavioral correlates of maltreatment are examined. Results Controlling for demographic factors, this study found significantly higher odds of reported and substantiated maltreatment among children with ASD-only (odds ratio = 1.86 for reported, 1.51 for substantiated), ASD+ID (odds ratio = 2.35 for reported, 1.97 for substantiated), and ID-only (odds ratio = 2.45 for reported, 2.49 for substantiated) relative to a population control group, with large effects. In particular, children with ASD+ID and ID-only were between two and three times more likely to experience maltreatment. All groups were more likely to experience physical neglect, and children in the ASD+ID and ID-only groups were more likely to experience all forms of abuse. Children in the ASD-only group were more likely to experience physical abuse. Maltreated children in the ASD-only and ID-only groups experienced more cases of physical abuse and neglect, and were victimized by more perpetrators compared to other maltreated youth. Maltreatment was associated with higher likelihood of aggression, hyperactivity, and tantrums for children with ASD. Conclusions Children with ASD and/or ID are at heightened risk for maltreatment. Empirically-supported assessment and intervention approaches for identifying and addressing traumatic stress related to maltreatment in ASD are urgently needed.
2163-P: Characterizing Peptide Hormone and Metabolite Variability in Individual Islets and Individual Cells of the Human Islets via Mass Spectrometry

Chemical profiles and heterogeneity of islets may contribute to diabetes, but this chemical heterogeneity has been difficult to study. While significant progress has been achieved in uncovering of transcriptional diversity of cells composing pancreatic islets, the direct measurement of the hormones and metabolites has been difficult. We have created new approaches using direct matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) to investigate the metabolite, and peptide contents of human pancreatic islets and of populations of individual islet cells. As illustrated in Figure 1, we observe multiple molecular features in the m/z 20-7000 mass range, including expected peptide hormones, lipids and transmitters. The specific peptide profiles vary cell to cell. Besides the expected peptide hormones, we also observe rarer peptides such as apelin and spexin. We also characterize unusual peptide profiles from rare cells that remain to be characterized. We observe five major cell types including a group of cells that appear only to contain thymosin beta four. We are extending our measurements to important molecules such as dopamine and d-serine. We are in the process of determining how the peptide hormones and metabolites co-localize, and are exploring how the molecular portraits change during disease progression. Disclosure J.V. Sweedler: None. Funding American Diabetes Association/Pathway to Stop Diabetes (1-18-VSN-19)
Use of Decision Cases for Building SNAP-Ed Implementers’ Capacities to Realize Policy, Systems, and Environmental Strategies

Abstract Objective To develop and validate decision cases as a capacity-building training tool for implementing policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change strategies. Design Study phases were: (1) in-depth interviews conducted repeatedly over a year with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) partner sites and once with SNAP-Ed implementers to identify dilemmas when implementing PSE change strategies; (2) decision cases developed to highlight dilemmas; and (3) focus groups with SNAP-Ed implementers to determine decision case utility as a capacity-building training tool. Setting A southeastern state. Participants SNAP-Ed partner sites and implementers; Focus group participants. Intervention Decision cases. Analysis To establish content validity, a thematic analysis of interviews identified common dilemmas when implementing PSE change strategies. SNAP-Ed implementers’ focus groups provided feedback to determine the utility and validity of decision cases developed from the analysis. Results Common dilemmas of implementation of PSE change strategies reported by SNAP-Ed partner sites (n = 20) and implementers (n = 8) were lack of site and educator readiness and capacity; communication breakdowns; and prioritization of nutrition education over PSE implementation. Focus group participants (n = 8) reviewed a case and discussion guide and recommended them as a capacity-building tool for training. Conclusions and Implications Using decision cases could help build SNAP-Ed implementers’ capacities to implement nutrition PSE change strategies and strengthen partnerships.
Tuning and widening the bandwidth of vibration energy harvesters using a ferrofluid embedded mass

Widening the bandwidth and tunability are two of the major challenges associated with vibrational energy harvesting devices. This paper demonstrates a novel method involving embedding liquid into the mass which can be used to either widen the bandwidth or tune the frequency without significant decrease in power output. The paper builds upon previous research on using movable masses to widen the bandwidth. Various liquids including magnetic ferrofluid and Gallium-based liquid metal embedded masses were investigated. Ferrofluid location within the mass can be controlled using integrated hard magnet materials to tune and widen the bandwidth. Frequency tunability of 13.5% is demonstrated using ferrofluid with magnetic actuation. Bandwidth increase from 2.15 (non-movable mass) to 10.15 Hz with ferrofluid, and 17 Hz with liquid metal embedded mass was demonstrated without significant decrease in power output. Fill volume and applied acceleration significantly influence the bandwidth as they affect the percentage of movable mass as well as the force required to displace the liquid.
Textural and Geochemical Evolution

The Alaskan Shelf provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate the changes in the sediment texture evolved as a result of diverse weathering (temperate to polar) at the source. The latitudinal changes in the terrestrial weathering and transport agencies may significantly influence the character of detritus deposited on the shelf. It must be pointed out that the initial character of the mineral detritus is, to an extent, altered by the marine processes operating on the shelf. In spite of the differentiation in detritus during marine transport, remnants of the original texture character formed near the source are expected to be retained on the shelf. One of the prime purposes of describing the textural distribution of shelf sediments will be to relate them to their source. This, however, would require some understanding of major transport processes on the shelf.
Using Intensive Longitudinal Data to Identify Early Predictors of Suicide-Related Outcomes in High-Risk Adolescents: Practical and Conceptual Considerations:

Mobile technology offers new possibilities for assessing suicidal ideation and behavior in real- or near-real-time. It remains unclear how intensive longitudinal data can be used to identify proximal risk and inform clinical decision making. In this study of adolescent psychiatric inpatients (N = 32, aged 13-17 years, 75% female), we illustrate the application of a three-step process to identify early signs of suicide-related crises using daily diaries. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, we considered the utility of 12 features-constructed using means and variances of daily ratings for six risk factors over the first 2 weeks postdischarge (observations = 360)-in identifying a suicidal crisis 2 weeks later. Models derived from single risk factors had modest predictive accuracy (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.46-0.80) while nearly all models derived from combinations of risk factors produced higher accuracy (AUCs 0.80-0.91). Based on this illustration, we discuss implications for clinical decision making and future research.
Heterogeneous Nucleation and Interfacial Modification of Electrodeposited Lithium

There has been a recent resurgence in research on high energy density lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The successful commercialization of rechargeable LMBs requires an improved understanding of the fundamental nucleation and growth processes for electrodeposited lithium metal. These fundamental studies necessitate the use of anode-free or nearly-anode-free cells which are able to deliver the maximum theoretical capacity of lithium. Past reports in the literature tend to use significantly excess lithium, which is not representative of a practical lithium metal cell. In this work, we examine the electrodeposition of thin film (< 30 um) uniform columnar lithium directly on various current collectors. We determine the effect of both the substrate and the electrolyte interface which allow us to control the length scales of the electrodeposited lithium. The substrate overpotential has an inverse relation to the columnar diameters, but it appears that the most dominant effect comes from the composition and distribution of solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) components. We find that for thin film electrodeposited lithium, the columnar length scale has a minor effect on the cycling performance, whereas increasing the thickness from 5 to 10 um and fluorinating the interface appear to improve cycling performance. This work presents improved cycling performance and morphological control (via modification of bulk interfaces) of electrodeposited columnar lithium. Figure 1
Do Aid Agencies Want to Know When Their Medicines Go Missing

Lifesaving drugs donated by taxpayers to developing countries are being stolen, strengthening criminal gangs and undermining donor intent. More worryingly, some donors are not investigating this problem sufficiently; rather, they are moving ahead with programs that have the same inherent weaknesses, which may worsen the theft problem. The U.S. government should conduct an independent review of practices at donor agencies such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (GFATM) to ensure that drugs are used by those intended, rather than facilitating illegal parallel drug-distribution systems in recipient countries. The incentive structure should change so donors receive taxpayer funds only when they show that the drugs they buy actually reach intended patients in developing countries, not just government medical stores.
A dual reformulation and solution framework for regularized convex clustering problems

Abstract Clustering techniques are powerful tools commonly used in statistical learning and data analytics. Most of the past research formulates clustering tasks as a non-convex problem, where a global optimum often cannot be found. Recent studies show that hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering can be relaxed and analyzed as a convex problem. Moreover, sparse convex clustering algorithms are proposed to extend the convex clustering framework to high-dimensional space by introducing an adaptive group-Lasso penalty term. Due to the non-smoothness nature of the associated objective functions, there are still no efficient fast-convergent algorithms for clustering problems even with convexity. In this paper, we first review the structure of convex clustering problems and prove the differentiability of their dual problems. We then show that such reformulated dual problems can be efficiently solved by the accelerated first-order methods with the feasibility projection. Furthermore, we present a general framework for convex clustering with regularization terms and discuss a specific implementation of this framework using L1,1-norm. We also derive the dual form for the regularized convex clustering problems and show that it can be efficiently solved by embedding a projection operator and a proximal operator in the accelerated gradient method. Finally, we compare our approach with several other co-clustering algorithms using a number of example clustering problems. Numerical results show that our models and solution methods outperform all the compared algorithms for both convex clustering and convex co-clustering.