cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Options for the Future of Research Evaluation

A standard account links research evaluation to science in the steady state. During the period of growth in government funding from the 1950s through the 1970s, science policy was carried out through selective program expansion. If a new priority arose, it could be addressed through growth. When the distribution of funds among fields or research units changed, it was because some programs were growing very fast, not because others were shrinking. However, according to the standard account, the end of growth also brings an end to this strategy. Deprived of significant new funds to distribute, the patrons of science face a dilemma. They cannot innovate incrementally, through appropriation of marginal growth; to initiate new programs or expand old ones, they have to find the resources from within. Under the steady state, then, existing programs sometimes have to be cut back. Thus, according to the standard account, demand increases for retrospective program evaluation, the rational basis on which to make such cuts.
The Absorption of Fat by Germfree and Conventionalized Rats

Numerous differences in the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract have been demonstrated between germfree and conventional animals (1–7). Differences have also been observed in the intestinal absorption of xylose (8), thiamine (9), and methionine (10), all of which are more rapidly absorbed in germfree animals. The balance studies of Evrard, et al. (11), suggest that utilization of dietary fat is accomplished more efficiently in germfree rats although Wiech, et al. (12) were unable to demonstrate differences between germfree and conventional rats in the absorption of lino-leic acid.
Rationality of weather predictions and insurance purchases: testing the gambler’s and hot hand fallacies

Deviations from the rational behaviour assumed in many economic models have been found in a variety of settings. Two such deviations, the gambler’s and hot hand fallacies have been found in lab set...
Taxation: Law, Planning, and Policy 3rd edition

This is a sample version of the Background and Basic Themes section and the first chapter, from the third edition of the casebook "Taxation: Law, Planning, and Policy". This sample is posted with the permission of Carolina Academic Press for review purposes by students and instructors.
Pixellated Play: Practical and Theoretical Issues regarding Videogames in Art Education.

Videogames represent one of the fastest growing and most influential forms of contemporary visual culture. In this article, the author looks to five aspects of current videogames: perspective, interactivity, interface, narrative, and time and movement. Each of these videogame modalities is analyzed as related to a wide range of popular media, including film and new media. Art educators are provided with specific suggestions for incorporating aspects of videogames in practice, questions that point to the problematic nature of many videogames, as well as general theoretical directions for future research.
Physiology and Anesthesia for Pediatric Surgery

Understand important anatomical and physiologic differences between pediatric and adults patients Know how to take an appropriate preanesthetic history for a pediatric patient Learn common anesthetic techniques used in pediatric patients
The Relationships Among School Nurse to Student Ratios, Self-Efficacy, and Glycemic Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes:

Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) experience unique self-management challenges, which can lead to poor glycemic control and sequelae. School nurses may impact student self-efficacy behaviors for T1D management in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among school nurse staffing patterns, measured by school nurse to student ratios, self-efficacy, and glycemic control in adolescents with T1D. The sample consisted of 89 parent-adolescent dyads. Adolescents aged 10-16 years old with T1D completed the Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management (SEDM) Scale. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire. Higher school nurse to student ratios correlated with better glycemic control and older age. Higher SEDM scores correlated with older age, and females scored significantly higher. Findings contribute new knowledge to the paucity of literature on school nursing and adolescents with T1D, with implications for nursing practice, education, research, and policy.
Understanding When and Why Cover-Ups Are Punished Less Severely

Cover-ups of unethical actions are undesirable and often costly. However, existing theory is unclear on when and why some cover-ups are punished less severely by in-group third parties compared to ...
Ramping activity in midbrain dopamine neurons signifies the use of a cognitive map

Journeys to novel and familiar destinations employ different navigational strategies. The first drive to a new restaurant relies on map-based planning, but after repeated trips the drive is automatic and guided by local environmental cues1,2. Ventral striatal dopamine rises during navigation toward goals and reflects the spatial proximity and value of goals3, but the impact of experience, the neural mechanisms, and the functional significance of dopamine ramps are unknown4,5. Here, we used fiber photometry6–8 to record the evolution of activity in midbrain dopamine neurons as mice learned a variety of reward-seeking tasks, starting recordings before training had commenced and continuing daily for weeks. When mice navigated through space toward a goal, robust ramping activity in dopamine neurons appeared immediately – after the first rewarded trial on the first training day in completely naive animals. In this task spatial cues were available to guide behavior, and although ramps were strong at first, they gradually faded away as training progressed. If instead mice learned to run a fixed distance on a stationary wheel for reward, a task that required an internal model of progress toward the goal, strong dopamine ramps persisted indefinitely. In a passive task in which a visible cue and reward moved together toward the mouse, ramps appeared and then faded over several days, but in an otherwise identical task with a stationary cue and reward ramps never appeared. Our findings provide strong evidence that ramping activity in midbrain dopamine neurons reflects the use of a cognitive map9,10 – an internal model of the distance already covered and the remaining distance until the goal is reached. We hypothesize that dopamine ramps may be used to reinforce locations on the way to newly-discovered rewards in order to build a graded ventral striatal value landscape for guiding routine spatial behavior.
HPV Vaccine Searches on Pinterest: Before and After Pinterest’s Actions to Moderate Content

Objectives. To compare how human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was portrayed on Pinterest before and after the platform acted to moderate vaccine-related search results to understand (1) what th...
Targeted Incentives, Broad Impacts: Evidence from an E-commerce Platform

Digital platforms sometimes offer incentives to a subset of sellers to nudge behaviors, but how do these targeted incentives affect all sellers? In this paper, we study a policy change on a large e-commerce platform that offers financial incentives only to platform-certified sellers when they provide fast handling and generous return policies on their listings. We find that both the targeted and non-targeted sellers become more likely to adopt the promoted behavior after the policy change. Exploiting a large number of markets on the platform, we find that in markets with a larger proportion of the targeted population---hence more affected by the policy change---non-targeted sellers are more likely to adopt the promoted behavior and experience a larger increase in sales with little price changes. This finding is consistent with our key insight that a targeted incentive may increase demand for non-targeted sellers if both the targeted type and the promoted behavior are observed and valued by consumers. Our results have managerial implications for digital platforms that use targeted incentives.
Can police shootings be reduced by requiring officers to document when they point firearms at citizens

Objective To examine the impact of a novel firearm ‘pointing’ policy that requires officers to document when they directly point their guns at citizens. Methods Sixteen years (2003–2018) of narrative officer-involved shooting (OIS) reports from the Dallas Police Department were qualitatively coded to explore both the total frequency and specific characteristics of OIS before and after the policy change in 2013. Results χ2 tests found that the firearm pointing policy was associated with a reduction in the proportion of ‘threat perception failure’ shootings (ie, those where an officer mistakes an item for a gun). Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average analysis found that the policy change was associated with a gradual, permanent reduction in total OIS; however, that impact was not immediate. Conclusions Firearm pointing policies have the potential to alter organisational behaviour, particularly in highly discretionary shootings. It is unclear whether the specific mechanisms for the changes include more accountability through constrained discretion, reduced options to handle situations once officers’ guns are drawn and pointed, or an effect on officers’ timing and vision during ambiguous scenarios. Policy implications Although organisational change may be a long and complex process, reductions in OIS can prevent serious injuries and death. The policy change did not lead to an increase in the proportion of officers injured during OIS incidents.
Positive Psychology Characteristics as Predictors of School Climate Among Hispanic/Latinx Students:

We used multiple regression analyses to explore ways that hope, resilience, and happiness influenced school climate among 380 Hispanic/Latinx students. The results suggested that hypothesized prote...
Insect-specific viruses and their potential impact on arbovirus transmission

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are the causative agents of significant morbidity and mortality among humans and animals globally. In the past few years, the widespread adoption of next generation sequencing and metagenomics has led to a new era of virus discovery, where many novel viruses have been documented, exhibiting a restricted host-range in mosquitoes. They represent a wide-range of insect-specific viruses within the families of Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, Mesoniviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, and the newly recognized taxon of Negeviruses. Collectively, their discovery has opened new vistas about the extent of viral diversity and evolution, their influence on vector competence and ability of their insect hosts to transmit human pathogens (e.g. arboviruses), and their potential development as biological control agents or novel vaccine platforms.
Nitric oxide regulated cyclic di-GMP signaling.

Background Nitric oxide (NO), a well-known signaling molecule in eukaryotic organisms, has recently been implicated in the development of bacterial biofilms. Biofilms are surfacebound, matrix-encapsulated, multicellular communities that are extremely resistant to antibiotic treatments. In addition to being important in many aquatic, industrial, and environmental processes, biofilms are responsible for ~60% of all human non-viral infections. NO has been reported to disperse bacterial biofilms through regulation of intracellular cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate (c-diGMP) concentrations. C-di-GMP is a tightly regulated second messenger signaling molecule that is tightly correlated with biofilm formation. When we began our work, however, the NO sensor(s) and biochemical signalling pathway(s) that regulate c-di-GMP concentrations was unknown.
An incremental approach to model checking progress properties

An incremental algorithm for model checking progress properties is proposed. It follows from the following insight: any SCC-closed region of a system's state graph can be represented by a sequence of inductive assertions. Each iteration of the algorithm selects a set of states, called a skeleton, that together satisfy all fairness conditions; it then applies safety model checkers to attempt to connect the states into a reachable fair cycle. If this attempt fails, the resulting learned lemma takes one of two forms: an inductive reachability assertion that shows that at least one state of the skeleton is unreachable, or an inductive wall that defines two SCC-closed regions of the state graph. Subsequent skeletons must be chosen entirely from one side of the wall. Because a lemma often applies more generally than to the one skeleton from which it was derived, property-directed abstraction is achieved. The algorithm is highly parallelizable.
A capacitance-based proximity sensor for whole arm obstacle avoidance

The authors address the issue of collision avoidance in unknown or partially modeled environments using a capacitative sensor. An eight channel capacitance-based sensor system which can detect obstacles up to 400 mm away has been developed. This sensor can detect both conductive and nonconductive obstacles of arbitrary color and shape. The sensor hardware was reliable and inexpensive, and may be fabricated using flexible printed circuit boards to provide whole-arm and joint protection for any robot or manipulator. Simple collision avoidance control algorithms have been implemented on a two-link robot arm. The sensor and control system enable the robot arm to avoid a conductive post and a concrete block. >
Taking a Chance in the Classroom: A Classroom Project for Generation Z

The Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE): College Report recommends using real data in introductory statistics courses to provide context and authenticity to re...
Viscosity Studies of System CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO3: IV, 60 and 65% SiO2

In this final paper of a series on viscosity in the system CaO—MgO-Al2O3SiO2 data are presented for melts containing 60 and 65% SiO2. There also are diagrammatic presentations of the systems of isokoms at intervals on planes parallel to the zero alumina, zero lime, and zero magnesia faces of the tetrahedron, the apices of which represent 100% of each of the four oxides that make up the system.
The 1909 checklist revisited

Abstract The Checklist of United States Public Documents 1789–1909, popularly called the 1909 Checklist , remains an indispensable tool for nineteenth-century documents research. It provides an overview of agency publication patterns, enables users to locate individual Congressional reports and documents in the serial set and provides a guide to multiple editions of the same title.
Discriminative poses for early recognition in multi-camera networks

We present a framework for early action recognition in a multi-camera network. Our approach balances recognition accuracy with speed by dynamically selecting the best camera for classification. We follow an iterative clustering approach to learn sets of keyposes that are discriminative for recognition as well as for predicting the best camera for classification of future frames. Experiments on multi-camera datasets demonstrate the applicability of our view-shifting framework to the problem of early recognition.
Interaction of Sucrose and Zinc for Cryoprotection of Surimi

Stabilization of fish myofibrillar proteins by low molecular weight carbohydrates and polyols during frozen storage forms the basis of the surimi process. Studies have shown that certain divalent cations, notably zinc, may enhance the effectiveness of cryoprotective solutes for stabilizing labile enzymes. This study investigated the interaction of sucrose and zinc for cryoprotection of fish actomyosin (AM). Initial freeze−thaw studies, using a model actomyosin system, showed addition of ZnSO4 generally destabilized AM with a loss of Ca2+ATPase activity. This was confirmed by making surimi and comparing denaturation (Ca2+ATPase, salt-soluble protein) and loss of gel-forming ability before and after freeze−thaw treatment. In addition, the surimi studies demonstrated the dual effect of sucrose, that of stabilizing the AM proteins while depressing the gelation properties of the surimi. Prior to freezing, ZnSO4 reversed the effects of sucrose somewhat and improved gelation properties when high levels of sucros...
Distributed classification using class-association rules mining algorithm

Associative classification algorithms have been successfully used to construct classification systems. The major strength of such techniques is that they are able to use the most accurate rules among an exhaustive list of class-association rules. This explains their good performance in general, but to the detriment of an expensive computing cost, inherited from association rules discovery algorithms. We address this issue by proposing a distributed methodology based on FP-growth algorithm. In a shared nothing architecture, subsets of classification rules are generated in parallel from several data partitions. An inter-processor communication is established in order to make global decisions. This exchange is made only in the first level of recursion, allowing each machine to subsequently process all its assigned tasks independently. The final classifier is built by a majority vote. This approach is illustrated by a detailed example, and an analysis of communication cost.
A class of biomathematical models for radiology imaging.

Abstract The formulation of a class of biomathematical models to enhance the resolution of radionuclide scanning systems is presented. 1. 1. The formulation uses a general nuclide distribution model for inhomogeneous tissue to enhance the local information derived from the structure of the data acquisition device and the geometry of the nuclear events involved. 2. 2. A numerical analysis of the formulation is presented indicating a computational efficiency which may make the approach attractive. 3. 3. Procedures for testing the feasibility of the approach are outlined. 4. 4. The formulation is independent of specific geometry of the data acquisition system. In particular the class of models includes three-dimensional and variable-geometry arrays of counters in its scope.
Estimating residual stress, curvature and boundary compliance of doubly clamped MEMS from their vibration response

Structural parameters of doubly clamped microfabricated beams such as initial curvature, boundary compliance, thickness and mean residual stress are often critical to the performance of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and need to be estimated as a part of quality control of the microfabrication process. However, these parameters couple and influence many metrics of device response and thus are very difficult to disentangle and estimate using conventional methods such as the M-test, static mechanical tests, pull-in measurements or dynamic mechanical tests. Here we present a simple, non-destructive experimental method to extract these parameters based on the non-contact measurement of the natural frequencies of the lowest few eigenmodes of the microfabricated beam, and knowledge of Young's modulus and plan dimensions of the beam alone. The method exploits the fact that certain eigenmodes are insensitive to some of these structural parameters which enable a convenient decoupling and estimation of the parameters. As a result, the method does not require complicated finite element analysis, is insensitive to the gap height and introduces no contact wear or dielectric charging effects. Experiments are performed using laser Doppler vibrometry to measure the natural frequencies of doubly clamped, nickel, RF-MEMS capacitive switches and the method is applied to extract the residual stress, beam thickness, boundary compliance and post-release curvature.
Animal Evolution: A Soap Opera of Unremarkable Worms

Recent phylogenies have suggested that acoelomorph flatworms might provide insights into the nature of the ancestor of bilaterian animals. However, according to new data acoelomorphs might instead be degenerate deuterostomes closely related to Xenoturbella, muddying the waters of early animal evolution.
Infrared spectra of rhodium hydrides in solid argon, neon, and deuterium with supporting density functional calculations

Laser-ablated Rh atoms react with H 2 to give RhH 2 and RhH as primary products, which are trapped or react with additional hydrogen in the condensing solid argon, neon, and deuterium matrixes. RhH gives a major 1920.6 cm - 1 band in argon, a minor 1935.5 cm - 1 band in neon, and no absorption in deuterium. RhH 2 produces sharp 2099.4 and 2053.4 cm - 1 and 2099.7 and 2052.2 cm - 1 bands in solid argon and neon, respectively and no absorption in deuterium; these absorptions increase on annealing the matrix to allow diffusion, which shows that ground state Rh inserts spontaneously into H 2 . Additional absorptions at 2122.4 and 2078.2 cm - 1 (1527.3 and 1494.4 cm - 1 with D 2 ) in neon and at 1521.1 and 1496.1 cm - 1 in deuterium are assigned to the higher hydride complexes (H 2 )RhH 3 and (H 2 )RhH 2 , respectively. A weaker 737.6 cm - 1 absorption in neon is due to the side-bound complex Rh(H 2 ) 2 . Both (D 2 )RhH 2 and Rh(H 2 )(D 2 ) rearrange H and D on photoexcitation suggesting a tetrahedral transition state. Rhombic (RhH) 2 is observed in all three matrix systems. These assignments are supported by D 2 , HD, and H 2 + D 2 substitution and density functional theory frequency and structure calculations.
Effects of redirecting the vagosympathetic trunk into the hypothalamus

Abstract The cat vagosympathetic trunk was redirected into the hypothalamus to study peripheral and central nervous system interrelationships and their possible effects on the regenerative responses. Electron microscopy permitted detailed scrutiny of the morphologic characteristics of degeneration, growth, and other cytological changes. Three months after insertion into the hypothalamus, the vasgosympathetic fibers appeared healthy and many axonal growth cones and incompletely ensheathed neurites were present—features characteristic of regenerating axons. Signs of active growth were relatively sparse in the surrounding central nervous system tissue but central axonal and presumed dendritic growth cones were observed. These were more numerous after the peripheral nerve had been cut and allowed to undergo degeneration prior to insertion into the central nervous system. Although there was considerable intermingling of peripheral and central elemets in the boundary zone between them, evidence of synaptic union between the peripheral and central neurons was not observed.
Radiation arteritis: a contraindication to carotid stenting?

Background Carotid artery stenting (CAS) for high-risk anatomic lesions is accepted practice. Neck irradiation and radiotherapy-induced arteritis are common indications. The clinical outcomes of CAS for radiation arteritis have been poorly defined. Methods A prospective database of patients undergoing CAS at a tertiary referral academic medical center was maintained from 1999 to 2006. Patients undergoing primary carotid artery stenting for significant atherosclerotic (ASOD) and radiotherapy (XRT)-induced occlusive disease were analyzed. Life-table analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Cox proportional hazard analysis or Fisher's exact test was performed to identify factors associated with outcomes. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM unless otherwise indicated. Results During the study period, 150 patients underwent primary CAS, 75% with embolic protection. Fifty-eight percent were symptomatic. One hundred twenty-seven (85%) were treated for ASOD, and 23 (15%) had XRT. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 1% for ASOD and 0% for XRT ( P = NS); overall survival at 3 years was equivalent. There was no significant difference in major adverse event rates as defined by the Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE) trial between the groups. The 3-year neurologic event-free rate was 85% for ASOD and 87% for XRT ( P = NS). Late asymptomatic occlusions were seen only in XRT patients. The 3-year freedom from restenosis rate was significantly worse for the XRT group, at 20%, vs 74% for the ASOD group ( P P Conclusion CAS for radiation arteritis has poor long-term anatomic outcome and can present with late asymptomatic occlusions. These findings suggest that these patients require closer postoperative surveillance and raise the question of whether CAS is appropriate for carotid occlusive lesions caused by radiation arteritis.
The effects of changes in dietary protein and water availability on urinary nitrogen compounds in the rooster, Gallus domesticus--I. Urine flow and the excretion of uric acid and ammonia.

Abstract 1. 1. Increased dietary protein content caused increases in the rates of drinking, urine flow, uric acid excretion and ammonia excretion of roosters. Urinary uric acid concentrations increased while ammonia concentrations remained constant, which resulted in changes in the distribution of nitrogen between these components. 2. 2. Water restriction caused an increase in the proportion of the urinary nitrogen excreted as ammonia and a decrease in the proportion excreted as uric acid. Thus, our results do not support the generalization that increasing the excretion of uric acid is an adaptive means by which birds minimize excretory water loss under limited water conditions.
A simple method to evaluate the Coulomb potential at the polar surface of an ionic crystal

Abstract In the evaluation of the Coulomb potential at a polar surface of an ionic crystal modelled by a slab, a satisfactory criterion to determine the effect of the second surface of the slab is lacking. A method is proposed to remove the effect of the second surface such that the potential at a polar surface of a semi-infinite crystal can be uniquely calculated.
Superstructures of self-assembled multiferroic core-shell nanoparticles and studies on magneto-electric interactions

Superstructures of linear chains and arrays of chemically self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles of nickel ferrite and barium titanate have been obtained by magnetic-field-assisted assembly (MFAA). Studies on strain mediated magneto-electric (ME) effects by ME voltage coefficient (MEVC) measurements reveal higher MEVC for MFAA samples than for unassembled films and is higher for magnetic fields parallel to the array orientation than for transverse fields. The strongest ME effect is measured in MFAA-films with a maximum MEVC of 8 mV/cm Oe, one of the highest reported for as-assembled nanocomposite. A model is discussed for the ME coupling in the MFA samples.
Carbon Nanotube Formation and Growth via Particle−Particle Interaction

Carbon nanotubes are observed to form under a wide range of temperatures, pressures, reactive agents, and catalyst metals. In this paper we attempt to rationalize this body of observations reported in the literature in terms of fundamental processes driving nanotube formation. Many of the observed effects can be attributed to the interaction of three key processes: surface catalysis and deposition of carbon, diffusive transport of carbon, and precipitation effects. A new nanotube formation mechanism is proposed that describes the nanotube structures observed experimentally in a premixed flame and can account for certain shortcomings of the prevailing mechanism that has been repeatedly applied to explain nanotube formation in nonflame environments. The interacting particle model (IPM) attributes the initiation of nanotube growth to the physical interaction between catalyst particles. Coalescence of two (or more) catalyst particles leads to partial blocking of the particle surface, causing a disparity in carbon deposition over the particle surface. The resulting concentration gradient generates a net diffusive flux toward the interparticle contact point. Dimers that separate in this condition can support continuous nanotube growth between the particles. The model can also be extended to multiple particles to account for more complex morphologies. The IPM is consistent with many of the structures observed in the flame-produced material. The validity of the model is evaluated through analysis of diffusion dynamics and a force analysis of particle binding and separation. The IPM is also discussed in relation to identifying the requirements and best conditions to support nanotube growth in the premixed flame. The formation of nanotubes between particles as described by the IPM indicates that a single mechanism cannot completely describe nanotube synthesis; more likely, multiple pathways exist with varying rates that depend on specific process conditions.
Tradutore, Traditore: A Reply to James Hevia

I would like to thank James Hevia for his "postpolemical" response to my article, "Cherishing Sources from Afar," and the editors of Modem China for permitting me the opportunity to reply. The exchange helps clarify the differences between Hevia and myself, differences that are illustrative of larger debates in our field. Indeed, the entire Modern China symposium on "The Uses of Theory in Modern Chinese Historical Research" (24.2, April 1998), together with Hevia's reply, represents a healthy and perhaps overdue extension to the China field of a wider discussion on postmodernism in the historical profession.1 The contributions of Alexander Woodside (1998) and Philip Huang (1998) are particularly important. Woodside notes that the "epistemological obsession" of postmodernism is a peculiarly Western phenomenon; in applying it to China, we are once again imposing Western theory on Chinese data. Both Huang and Woodside argue that the theory threatens to deny both agency and modernity to Asians. For my part, I have always been surprised by the ease with which some Western China scholars have applied postcolonial theory to a country that never became anyone's colony. Above all, I value the growing interpenetration of Chinese and American scholarly discourse on Chinese history and believe that we need to engage Chinese realities and Chinese scholarship as much as French theory. Most readers of Modern China will be familiar with my writings and will not accept uncritically Hevia's characterization of my position. For the record, however, let me state that I am not committed to a "triumphalist history of the West," or to the "value of the status quo,"
Relationship between the Category Test and the Picture Arrangement subtest of the WAIS-R.

Research with the Halstead Category Test has suggested that the test measures the ability of the individual to plan ahead and exercise judgement. Likewise, the Picture Arrangement subtest of the WAIS-R has been viewed as a measure of planning ability. It was hypothesized that scores on the Category Test and Picture Arrangement subtest would be significantly negatively related given their common assessment of planning ability. Scores on these two measures were examined for 71 case examples presented by Golden, Osmon, Moses and Berg (1981). Partial correlation analyses were performed controlling for age, level of education, and Performance IQ scores. The results indicated that once age, education, and Performance IQ scores were controlled for, the correlation between Category Test errors and Picture Arrangement subtest scores only approached significance. The results of this study suggest that the two measures may assess different cognitive processes.
Integrating Systems Engineering Into the USAF Academy Capstone Gas Turbine Engine Course

This paper is intended to serve as a template for incorporating technical management majors into a traditional engineering design course. In 2002, the Secretary of the Air Force encouraged the USAF Academy to initiate a new interdisciplinary academic major related to systems engineering. This direction was given in an effort to help meet the Air Force’s growing need for “systems” minded officers to manage the development and acquisition of its ever more complex weapons systems. The curriculum for the new systems engineering management (SEM) major is related to the “engineering of large, complex systems and the integration of the many subsystems that comprise the larger system” and differs in the level of technical content from the traditional engineering major. The program allows emphasis in specific cadet-selected engineering tracks with additional course work in human systems, operations research, and program management. Specifically, this paper documents how individual SEM majors have been integrated into aeronautical engineering design teams within a senior level capstone course to complete the preliminary design of a gas turbine engine. As the Aeronautical engineering (AE) cadets performed the detailed engine design, the SEM cadets were responsible for tracking performance, cost, schedule, and technical risk. Internal and external student assessments indicate that this integration has been successful at exposing both the AE majors and the SEM majors to the benefits of “systems thinking” by giving all the opportunity to employ SE tools in the context of a realistic aircraft engine design project.
Adsorption and electron-stimulated dissociation of ammonia on Cu(110): an ESDIAD study

Abstract The adsorption of NH 3 by Cu(110) has been studied at 80 K. At low coverages, NH 3 adsorbs on atop Cu sites with the C 3v axis normal to the surface, and the NH bonds occupy all azimuthal directions as observed by ESDIAD, which detects a symmetrical ring pattern. As the coverage rises to ∼0.1 ML, tilting of the NH 3 molecules in the 〈001〉 directions occurs, yielding off-normal H + ESDIAD beams. Electron beam damage (200 eV) results in the production of NH 2 (a) and H(a) species, both of which are observed by ESDIAD to produce characteristic H + beam directions. The cross-section for electron-induced dissociation of NH 3 is 1.9 ± 0.2 × 10 −16 cm −2 at 200 eV.
Molecular mechanisms of viral inhibitors of RIG-I-like receptors

Activation of innate immune signaling pathways through cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) is a crucial response that is antagonized by many viruses. A variety of RNA-related pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) have been identified and their role in RLR activation has been examined. Recent studies suggest that several virus-encoded components that antagonize RLR signaling interact with and inhibit the interferon (IFN)-α/β activation pathway using both RNA-dependent and RNA-independent mechanisms. The structural basis for these RLR inhibitory mechanisms, as well as the multifunctional nature of viral RLR antagonists, is reviewed in the context of recent biochemical and structural studies.
The degradation of space shuttle TPS metals in dissociated oxygen.

The interaction of space shuttle orbiter Thermal Protection System (TPS) metals with the chemical environment to which it is exposed during reentry is considered with emphasis on the effects of dissociated oxygen. Experimental results comparing the interactions of atomic (dissociated) and molecular oxygen with five candidate shuttle TPS metals, Ni-20Cr-2ThO2, Ni-20Cr-3.5Al-2ThO2, Ni-16Cr-15Fe-2Mn-.5Si-.3La-2ThO2, Haynes Alloy Number 188, and Ti-6Al-4V at their maximum planned use temperature are presented. As measured by metal recession, weight change, rate of oxide scale formation, and scale spalling, the first four metals show enhanced degradation in a dissociated oxygen environment. The enhanced degradation appears to result from differing rates of alloy constituent reactions in the two environments. The dissociated oxygen environmental tests are found to better assess the usefulness of shuttle skin materials for the planned mission than do conventional molecular (either flowing or static) oxidation experiments.-
Effects of Neighborhood Walkability on Healthy Weight: Assessing Selection and Causal Influences

Studies that examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and weight are limited because residents are not randomly distributed into neighborhoods. If associations are found between neighborhood characteristics and weight in observational studies, one cannot confidently draw conclusions about causality. We use data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB) that contain body mass index (BMI) information from all drivers holding a Utah driver license to undertake a cross-sectional analysis that compares the neighborhood determinants of BMI for youth and young adults. This analysis assumes that youth have little choice in their residential location while young adults have more choice. Our analysis makes use of data on 53,476 males and 47,069 females living in Salt Lake County in 2000. We find evidence of residential selection among both males and females when BMI is the outcome. The evidence is weaker when the outcomes are overweight or obesity. We conclude that studies that ignore the role of residential selection may be overstating the causal influence of neighborhood features in altering residents’ BMI.
A comparative analysis of utilizing activity-based costing and the theory of constraints for making product-mix decisions

Abstract Activity-based costing (ABC) and the theory of constraints (TOC) represent alternative paradigms for evaluating the economic consequences of production-related decisions. However, their application can lead to contradictory product-mix decisions. To resolve this conflict, it is frequently suggested that the TOC is appropriate for the short run, while ABC is appropriate for the longer term. This paper models the selection of a product mix with the TOC and an ABC model integrating activity-based cost with the capacity of production-related activities. The paper demonstrates that management's discretionary power over labor and overhead resources determines when the TOC and ABC lead to optimal product-mix decision. Equally important, it demonstrates that both the TOC and ABC may lead to a suboptimal product mix across a wide range of economic conditions. The paper develops a more general model of the product-mix decision and demonstrates that the TOC and ABC are special cases of this model. Finally, the paper discusses how the general model may be used to supplement information provided by the TOC and ABC.
Effect of reactor geometry and growth parameters on the uniformity and material properties of {GaN}/{sapphire} grown by hydride vapor-phase epitaxy

Abstract The effects of flow rate variation and geometry on the growth rate, growth uniformity and crystal quality were investigated in a horizontal gallium nitride vapor-phase epitaxy reactor. The effects of these parameters, were studied through the comparison of numerical model predictions to experimentally observed values. Gas-phase reactions between Groups III and V sources and deposition of material on the wall are shown to lead to reduced overall growth rates and may be responsible for inferior crystal quality. A low ammonia concentration is correlated with the deposition of polycrystalline films. A low V III ratio and ammonia concentration lead to inferior crystalline quality and increased yellow luminescence. An optimum HVPE growth process requires selection of reactor geometry and operating conditions to minimize gas-phase reactions and wall deposition while providing a uniform reactant distribution across the substrate.
Cognitive Therapy for Children, Young People and Families: Considering Service Provision.

Background: This article presents a case for the development of cognitive therapy services for children, adolescents and their families. Method: The theoretical basis of cognitive therapy is described, and illustrated with a case. The article continues by exploring the context for service development, with a specific emphasis on evaluating the evidence-base for using cognitive therapy with children and adolescents. Consideration is also given to adapting cognitive therapy to the child's developmental level, and the evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural family approaches. Conclusions: The article concludes by arguing that there is a need to address mental health difficulties in young people by providing effective treatment approaches. The development of cognitive therapy services would support the further evaluation of this therapeutic approach.
What advanced practice nursing outcomes research is out there

With a traditional focus on primary care or selected patient populations, advanced practice nurses (APNs) are forging new roles in a variety of practice settings, including acute and critical care. APNs have become important members of the critical care team, yet the impact of their care on acute and critically ill patients has not been well studied. This article presents an overview of the research currently available on outcomes of APN practice for acute and critically ill patients. The findings from these studies are discussed and implications for the future of APN outcomes research are provided.
Exposure of the general population to gasoline.

This paper summarizes the currently available information on gasoline exposure to the general population. In general, the largest contribution to the time weighted exposures results from exposures while indoors, which are influenced by the outside air, indoor sources, and attached garages. Personal activities, including refueling and commuting, contribute significantly higher exposures but last for only a small portion of the 24-hr time weighted average. The highest exposed group includes those individuals living near large service stations and those with contaminated water supplies. 29 refs., 2 tabs.
Learning and Earning in the Middle, Part I: National Studies of Pre-Baccalaureate Education.

Abstract This report reviews the available evidence on the economic benefits of postsecondary education below the level of the baccalaureate degree, concentrating on the effects of community colleges. Several national data sets have become available over the past decade, expanding the results available. In general, the results indicate substantial benefits for many kinds of postsecondary education, particularly when individuals complete programs, enroll in certain occupational areas, and find employment related to their fields of study. However, the economic benefits of small amounts of coursework are often zero and at best small and uncertain; and under certain conditions economic benefits fail to materialize. The results clarify the value of empirical work rather than ideology or hearsay in helping inform students, educators, and policy-makers.
Modified ligand-exchange for efficient solubilization of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in water: a procedure guided by computational studies.

One of the methods to render CdSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dots(QDots) water-soluble is to functionalize the surface with carboxylate groups by the use of heterobifunctional ligands such as 3-mercaptopropionic acid, where the thiolic end binds onto the outer ZnS shell. However, currently available ligand-exchange procedures starting with TOPO-capped quantum dots often lead to significant loss of quantum yields and poor stability of the colloids in water. As part of our efforts to overcome these problems, we used computational methods to understand the nature of binding between alkyl thiols and ZnS wurtzite surfaces. Guided by the computational results, we modified the ligand-exchange method and increased the reactivity of 3-mercaptopropionic acid toward the ZnS surface in chloroform. The functionlization reaction required only mild reaction conditions and led to QDot nanoparticles that were individually dispersed in water with good colloidal stability. Importantly, the photoluminescence performance of the Q...
The effects of three-dimensional states of stress on damping of laminated composites

Abstract A three-dimensional finite element method is developed for the characterization of the effects of three-dimensional states of stress on the damping of laminated composites. The calculation of laminate damping is performed by the use of a strain energy method and the damping properties of the individual laminae. Particular attention is paid to the effects of interlaminar stresses on laminate damping. These effects are studied by varying the fiber orientation and the laminate width-to-thickness ratio. The predicted damping and natural frequency data from the finite element analysis are compared with experimental results obtained from an impulse-frequency response technique. This study shows that the three-dimensional finite element method is a powerful technique for the determination of damping of laminated composites, and that it provides considerable potential for full three-dimensional characterization in more complex structures and loading situations.
Intramedullary spinal cord metastases from epithelial ovarian carcinoma

A patient with poorly differentiated serous cystadenocarcinoma of both ovaries who had undergone extensive medical treatment presented with nonspecific neurologic complaints. With the aid of magnetic resonance imaging, a metastatic lesion in the intramedullary area of the spinal cord was diagnosed. Rapidly instituted high-dose steroids and radiotherapy resulted in resolution of her symptoms. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis is an unusual metastatic site. This is the first reported case of epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastatic to the intramedullary spinal cord.
The three-dimensional structure of in vitro reconstituted Xenopus laevis chromosomes by EM tomography

We have studied the in vitro reconstitution of sperm nuclei and small DNA templates to mitotic chromatin in Xenopus laevis egg extracts by three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (EM) tomography. Using specifically developed software, the reconstituted chromatin was interpreted in terms of nucleosomal patterns and the overall chromatin connectivity. The condensed chromatin formed from small DNA templates was characterized by aligned arrays of packed nucleosomal clusters having a typical 10-nm spacing between nucleosomes within the same cluster and a 30-nm spacing between nucleosomes in different clusters. A similar short-range nucleosomal clustering was also observed in condensed chromosomes; however, the clusters were smaller, and they were organized in 30- to 40-nm large domains. An analysis of the overall chromatin connectivity in condensed chromosomes showed that the 30-40-nm domains are themselves organized into a regularly spaced and interconnected 3D chromatin network that extends uniformly throughout the chromosomal volume, providing little indication of a systematic large-scale organization. Based on their topology and high degree of interconnectedness, it is unlikely that 30-40-nm domains arise from the folding of local stretches of nucleosomal fibers. Instead, they appear to be formed by the close apposition of more distant chromatin segments. By combining 3D immunolabeling and EM tomography, we found topoisomerase II to be randomly distributed within this network, while the stable maintenance of chromosomes head domain of condensin was preferentially associated with the 30-40-nm chromatin domains. These observations suggest that 30-40-nm domains are essential for establishing long-range chromatin associations that are central for chromosome condensation.