cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the function of the abdominal rotation response in pupae of Tenebrio molitor.

The present series of experiments was undertaken to develop an understanding of the function of the abdominal rotation response (ARR) in Tenebrio molitor pupae. This response, which composes virtually the entire observable behavioral repertoire of the pupae, can be described as a relatively vigorous circular rotation of the abdominal segments elicited by tactile or electrical stimulation. The experimental strategy employed involved collecting evidence that appeared relevant either directly or indirectly to several "possible" functions derived from an a priori consideration of what little was known of the behavior. Improved functional hypotheses, rather than conclusive proof, was the overall aim. Experiments 1 and 2 focused on the possible utility of the ARR as an escape response. A rapid series of ARRs resulting in locomotion were elicited by administering a potentially lethal heat/light stimulus. There was a tendency for the pupae to move away from (as opposed to toward) the direction of the source of stimulation. Experiment 3 investigated the effect of shock stimulus intensity on habituation of the ARR. Increased intensity resulted in a greater probability of eliciting ARRs, more vigorous ARRs, and less rapid habituation. Experiment 4 examined the speed of recovery from habituation to a repeated tactile stimulus. Results showed that recovery followed a negatively accelerated increasing function with approximately 50 percent recovery occurring within 15 min, and almost complete recovery by 2 hr following the termination of stimulation. Experiment 5 compared tactile stimulus habituation for 10 independent groups of pupae differing in developmental age. Young pupae (days 1 & 2) and old pupae (days 9 & 10) showed little habituation. Mid-phase animals (days 5 & 6) habituated most readily. Experiment 6 employed six newly pupated subjects (day 1) mounted in such a way that "spontaneous" ARRs could be continuously recorded (via a photocell system) throughout the entire pupal stage. All animals made spontaneous ARRs. The data were bimodal with most of the responses observed early (days 1 & 2) and late (days 8, 9 & 10) in the stage. In Experiment 7 new pupae (day 1) were positioned on a point drawn on a paper surface. Animals were checked on each day of development and the distance moved across the surface was recorded. Results indicated that animals were quite active (minimum of 40 percent showing movement on any day), and that the fluctuation in this activity, as a function of developmental age, appeared to mirror the U-shaped ARR developmental curves reported in the previous Experiments 5 and 6. It is argued that the data are consistent with a multiple function interpretation of abdominal rotation. The authors hypothesize that the ARR serves (1) as a means of defense from external threats (predators, parasites, objects, etc.) ; (2) as a locomotor device to escape unfavorable environmental conditions ; and (3) as an aid to physical emergence from the pupal skin.
Liposomal Doxorubicin for the Treatment of Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer

There is a pressing need for new agents to treat hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Doxorubicin has shown modest activity in this setting, but its use is limited by its toxicities. Liposomal encapsulation of doxorubicin appears to promote enhanced tumor accumulation in some tumor types, and toxicity appears to be reduced. A phase II trial of liposomal doxorubicin was therefore conducted in patients with HRPC. Fourteen patients with progressive HRPC were treated. For the first dose only, patients were randomized to receive either doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 or liposomal doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 in order to evaluate exploratory pharmacokinetics. For all subsequent cycles, all patients received liposomal doxorubicin 50 mg/m2. Response to therapy was assessed with serial measurements of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and sequential imaging studies. All 14 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Two patients (14%) had declines in serum PSA of > or = 50%. The first patient had a baseline PSA of 34.7 ng/mL and a nadir of 17.0 ng/mL. The second patient had a baseline PSA of 5580.0 ng/mL and a nadir of 200.7 ng/mL. The latter of these 2 patients had an unambiguous improvement in bone scan and a reduction in pain. Treatment was well tolerated overall. One patient was removed from treatment after the development of a grade 3 infusion reaction with the first cycle of liposomal doxorubicin. Neutropenia was the most common toxicity; in only 1 case was it grade 3, and no cases of grade 4 were seen. Doxorubicin plasma concentrations were best fit by a linear, two-compartment model. Liposomal doxorubicin plasma concentrations were best fit by a linear, one-compartment model. Treatment with liposomal doxorubicin was well tolerated overall. While monotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin has only modest activity in the treatment of HRPC, it may be of interest to study this agent as part of combination chemotherapy.
Solutes Contributing to Osmotic Potential in Young versus Mature Leaves of Cacao Seedlings

Summary The concentrations of sugars, inorganic ions and amino acids were measured at apical and basal leaf positions within both the new (expanding) leaf flush and previous (mature) flush of 8-month-old cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings. The osmotic potential of leaves of the previous flush was approximately 0.1 MPa lower (more negative) than that measured in the new flush. No differences were observed, however, for leaf water potential between leaves of the new flush and previous flush. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars in cell sap of apical leaves of the new flush, with sucrose accounting for only 11 % of the total concentration (mM L -1 ) of sugars measured. The relative proportions of monosaccharides and sucrose were markedly different in basal leaves of the new flush, however, with sucrose being the predominant sugar and glucose plus fructose being present at less than one-fourth the concentration measured in apical leaves. Sucrose was the predominant sugar in leaves of the previous flush, and concentrations in younger and older leaves were not different. Potassium made the largest single contribution to the osmolality of cell sap, accounting for 38 to 61 % of the total solutes measured. The contribution of amino acids to total osmolality was small, relative to that of sugars or K + . Alanine, asparagine (+ aspartate), γ-aminobutyrate, glutamine (+ glutamate), and serine together accounted for more than 90 % of the osmolality generated by 14 amino acids analyzed. Sugars, inorganic ions and amino acids measured analytically together accounted for 79 to 84 % of the osmolality of expressed sap as measured by vapor pressure osmometry.
Antihypertensive therapy: Taking lipids into consideration

Several antihypertensive agents have been found to influence serum lipid profiles. Thiazide diuretics increase total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and slightly reduce high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Most beta-blockers substantially increase triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel antagonists, alpha- and beta-blockers, and beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity are lipid neutral. alpha 1-Antagonists (e.g., terazosin and prazosin) lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and improve total cholesterol/HDL ratios. Observational epidemiologic studies indicate that the lipid effects of antihypertensive agents are large enough to account for substantial differences in the predicted incidence of coronary heart disease. Combination therapy with the alpha 1-antagonist terazosin plus either thiazides or beta-blockers also ameliorates the adverse lipid effects of these agents used alone. A reasonable approach to managing the lipid problems often associated with hypertension is to advise a cholesterol-lowering, low-sodium diet and weight reduction and to select drugs that alone or in combination do not adversely affect lipid profiles.
Examining the performance of Google and AltaVista through the lens of the Cube One framework

This article examines the management, marketing, and human resource practices of two Internet search companies through the lens of the Cube One framework, a three-dimensional model of the determinants of organizational performance that posits that successful organizations must simultaneously meet the needs of customers, employees, and the providers of capital. A detailed examination of enacted practices reveals that Google, which has been extraordinarily successful, has succeeded in all three regards. In contrast, AltaVista, which went out of business, did not. The Cube One framework, then, is useful for explaining differences in organizational performance and can serve as a guide for managing organizations in a globally competitive environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electron Spin−Echo Envelope Modulation Study of Multicrystalline Cu2+-Insulin: Effects of Cd2+ on the Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction of the Cu2+-Coordinated Imidazole Remote Nitrogen†

A comparison of electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectra from multi-crystalline Cu(2+)-insulin with and without additional Cd(2+) show a dramatic change in the quadrupole coupling parameters of the remote nitrogens of the two histidine imidazoles that ligate to copper. Without Cd(2+), the quadrupole parameters are like those observed in blue copper proteins and in copper substituted lactoferrin. With Cd(2+) soaked into the Cu(2+)-insulin crystals, the quadrupole parameters are similar to those found in galactose oxidase. Theoretical simulations of ESEEM spectra guided by structure modeling suggest that these changes originate from differences in the hydrogen bonding environments of the imidazole remote nitrogen. In addition, a compilation of results from previous ESEEM studies of copper proteins reveals that the asymmetry parameter, eta, may be an indicator of type of hydrogen bond the imidazole remote nitrogen makes. When eta > or = 0.9, the nitrogen hydrogen bonds to water, whereas when eta < 0.9, the nitrogen hydrogen bonds to the protein.
Utilization of monoclonal‐antibody‐based assay (hemocardtm) in screening for and differentiating between genotypes of sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies

Sickle cell disease covers a group of conditions in which pathology may be attributed to the presence of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The identification of HbS and other variants including those in combination with HbS is commonly achieved by cellulose acetate electrophoresis at alkaline pH. Because many hemoglobin variants with similar charges have similar electrophoretic migration patterns, they are difficult to differentiate by electrophoresis. The HemoCard assays address this concern through the use of monoclonal antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the unique amino acid substitution in the variant hemoglobin. The panel of HemoCard monoclonal antibodies confirms the absence and presence of HbA, HbC, HbE, HbS, and other sickling hemoglobin variants. The combination of alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoresis and HemoCard assays allows the technologist to reach a final conformation of both common and much less common sickle cell disease genotypes, combinations of HbS with other hemoglobins that ordinarily do not produce sickle cell disease, and other clinically important hemoglobinopathies including HbE/beta-thalassemia and hemoglobin C disease.
Psychometric evaluation of the dating anxiety survey: A self-report questionnaire for the assessment of dating anxiety in males and females

The Dating Anxiety Survey (DAS) was constructed to assess dating anxiety in males and females. Factor analysis of the survey revealed three factors: passive contact, active intentions for dating, and dating interactions. The reliabilities of the three subscales, as determined by coefficient alpha, were .87, .91, and .93 for males and .90, .90, and .92 for females, respectively. Correlations with dating history and a measure of social anxiety were generally of a low but significant magnitude, providing some support for concurrent validity. The results of the factor analysis lend support to the construct validity of the DAS. These findings suggest that the DAS is a potentially useful instrument in the self-report of dating anxiety.
Modification of depth judgment following exposures to magnification of uniocular image: Are changes in perceived absolute distance and registered direction of gaze involved?

Two studies were designed to determine whether the perceptual learning that has been demonstrated to occur during exposure to uniocular image magnification can be explained by either a modification in the perception of egocentric distance or the direction of gaze. Experiment 1 was designed to determine whether exposure to uniocular image magnification produces changes in perceived absolute distance. Experiment 2 tested the possibility that exposure to uniocular image magnification modifies the registration of direction of gaze. The results showed that, despite the occurrence of adaptive shifts in perceived depth, no significant changes in perceived absolute distance or in registered direction of gaze occur. These findings bolster confidence in the hypothesis that adaptation to uniocular image magnification is the result of a recalibration of retinal disparity.
Improving instrumentation speed via buffering

Dynamic binary instrumentation systems are useful tools for a wide range of tasks including program analysis, security policy enforcement, and architectural simulation. The overhead of such systems is a primary concern, as some tasks introduce as much as several orders of magnitude slowdown. A large portion of this overhead stems from both data collection and analysis. In this paper, we present a method to reduce overhead by decoupling data collection from analysis. We accomplish this by buffering the data for analysis in bulk. We implement buffering as an extension to Pin, a popular dynamic instrumentation system. For collecting a memory trace, we see an average improvement of nearly 4x compared to the best-known implementation of buffering using the existing Pin API.
Superfibronectin is a functionally distinct form of fibronectin

FIBRONECTIN is an extracellular matrix protein that is important in development, wound healing and tumorigenesis1–5. In the blood it is dimeric, but in tissues forms disulphide crosslinked fibrils1,2,4. Here we show that a fragment from the first type-III repeat of fibronectin binds to fibronectin and induces spontaneous disulphide crosslinking of the molecule into multimers of high relative molecular mass which resemble matrix fibrils. Treatment of fibronectin with this inducing fragment also converts fibronectin into a form that has greatly enhanced adhesive properties (hence the term superfibronectin) and which suppresses cell migration. Whereas cells attach to fibronectin through integrins, cell attachment to superfibronectin is mediated both by integrins and by receptors with properties distinct from those of integrins. Superfibronectin may be closely related to the natural matrix form of fibronectin.
Formation of 4-vinyl guaiacol in adversely stored orange juice as measured by an improved HPLC method.

4-Vinyl guaiacol, a potent off-flavor compound in orange juice, was isolated by using a C-18 cartridge and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The new HPLC method possessed a sensitivity of 10 ppb for 4-vinyl guaiacol and was at least 5 to 10 times more sensitive than previously reported gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. Storage of bottled orange juice for 18 wk yielded the following 4-vinyl guaiacol levels: 42 μg/L (20°C), 223 μ/L (30°C), and 778 μg/L (40°C). Concentration of 4-vinyl guaiacol increased with storage time at all storage temperatures; however, a noticeable decrease occurred after extended storage at 50°C.
Risk Stratification in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: The Role of Genomic Testing

From the earliest days of conservative surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, there have been attempts to identify patients who may not need postoperative radiation. Randomized prospective trials have not identified a population for whom there is no benefit to radiation. However, decades of studies of clinical, radiological and pathologic correlates to local recurrence have led to criteria for a patient subgroup at low risk for local recurrence after omission of radiation. Gene expression profiling for invasive breast cancer has been used to identify patients at low, intermediate or high risk for distant recurrence. Application of this methodology to DCIS aims to identify patients at low, intermediate or high risk for local recurrence. Whether this method of risk stratification will prove more accurate than clinical, radiological and pathologic risk stratification, or identify patients with little to no clinical benefit from radiation, remains to be seen.
Mechanical properties and microscopic deformation mechanism of polycrystalline magnesium under high-strain-rate compressive loadings

Abstract Polycrystalline magnesium was compressed under different strain rates (0.001, 800, 1000, 2000, and 3600 s−1) to investigate its dynamic mechanical properties, and microstructural characterization was performed to uncover the deformation mechanism. The results show that yield strength is insensitive to strain rate, while ultimate strength, fracture strain, and work hardening rate are highly sensitive to strain rate. Three deformation regimes (I, II, and III) were observed on the quasi-static and dynamic stress–strain curves. These regimes show respectively increasing work hardening rate in the early stage of plastic deformation, constant work hardening rate in the intermediate plastic deformation region, and decreasing work hardening rate in the end region right before fracture. Different deformation mechanisms operate for the quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. Microscopically, twinning/detwinning is the dominating mechanism for quasi-static testing, while dynamic recrystallization and twinning/detwinning are the dominating mechanisms for dynamic testing. Analytic constitutive models were derived for predicting the dynamic stress–strain relations. The analysis indicated that different factors were in effect for different loading strain rates. The stress–strain relations were primarily affected by strain hardening for quasi-static testing; by strain hardening, strain rate hardening, and thermal softening for dynamic testing with e ˙ ≤ 2000 s − 1 ; and by strain hardening, damping, and thermal softening for dynamic testing with e ˙ > 2000 s − 1 , respectively.
Selection against dam methylation sites in the genomes of DNA of enterobacteriophages.

Postreplicative methylation of adenine inEscherichia coli DNA to produce G6m ATC (where6mA is 6-methyladenine) has been associated with preferential daughter-strand repair and possibly regulation of replication. An analysis was undertaken to determine if these, or other, as yet unknown roles of GATC, have had an effect on the frequency of GATC inE. coli or bacteriophage DNA. It was first ascertained that the most accurate predictions of GATC frequency were based on the observed frequencies of GAT and ATC, which would be expected since these predictors take into account preferences in codon usage. The predicted frequencies were compared with observed GATC frequencies in all available bacterial and phage nucleotide sequences. The frequency of GATC was close to the predicted frequency in most genes ofE. coli and its RNA bacteriophages and in the genes of nonenteric bacteria and their bacteriophages. However, for DNA enterobacteriophages the observed frequency of DNA enterobacteriophages the observed frequency of GATC was generally significantly lower than predicted when assessed by the chi square test. No elevation in the rate of mutation of6mA in GATC relative to other bases was found when pairs of DNA sequences from closely related phages or pairs of homologous genes from enterobacteria were compared, nor was any preferred pathway for mutation of6mA evident in theE. coli DNA bacteriophages. This situation contrasts with that of 5-methylcytosine, which is hypermutable, with a preferred pathway to thymine. Thus, the low level of GATC in enterobacteriophages is probably due not to6mA hypermutability, but to selection against GATC in order to bypass a GATC-mediated host function.
Effects of light intensity on the growth and energy balance of photosystem II electron transport in Quercus alba seedlings

Des semis de Quercus alba ont ete eleves a quatre niveaux d'eclairement (5, 15, 30, et 100 % du plein eclairement). Apres une saison de vegetation, le diametre et la croissance en hauteur, la biomasse (racine, feuille, tige) et la surface foliaire les plus importants ont ete observes pour les semis poussant sous 100 % de lumiere. Les semis poussant sous 15, 30 et 100 % d'eclairement ont alloue plus de biomasse aux racines (environ 70 %) que les semis poussant sous 5 % de lumiere (environ 48 %) suggerant une priorite a la croissance des racines sauf quand l'eclairement est fortement limite. Le poids des feuilles rapporte a la biomasse totale, la surface specifique des feuilles, la surface des feuilles rapportee a la biomasse totale s'accroissent avec l'importance de l'ombre, indiquant l'acclimatation des feuilles aux differents niveaux d'eclairement. L'acclimatation a la lumiere est etroitement correlee avec le parametre de flurescencel-qp. Le quenching non-photochimique etait aussi influence par l'accroissement de l'ombre. L'apparente reduction dans le taux de transport d'electrons (ETR) a travers le photosysteme II (PS II) s'accroit avec l'importance de l'eclairement et ETR sature sous 5 % d'eclairement ne representait que 46 % seulement de celui sous pleine lumiere. Le changement entre quenching photochimique et non-photochimique intervient en reponse a l'accroissement de la lumiere actinique et comme l'eclairement de croissance diminue, le « taux de changement du quenching » baisse aussi. En general, les semis de Quercus alba ont manifeste une forte croissance et des reponses allometriques a l'intensite de l'eclairement.
Excitons and biexcitons in poly(para-phenylenevinylene)

Abstract The Huckel model fails to describe optical absorption in PPV and its derivatives, and explicit inclusion of moderate electron-electron interactions is essential for a proper theoretical description. The lowest optical state is an exciton with a binding energy estimated as 0.90 ± 0.15 eV, in excellent agreement with experiment. Such a large exciton binding energy strongly suggests stable biexcitons. The concept of biexcitons in π-conjugated polymers is introduced, and picosecond photoinduced absorption is explained as excited state absorption from the exciton to the biexciton.
Macrourimegatrema gadoma n. sp. (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from the doublethread grenadier Gadomus arcuatus (Goode & Bean) (Macrouridae) in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea

Macrourimegatrema gadoma n. sp. (Digenea: Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) is described from the pyloric caeca and intestine of the doublethread grenadier Gadomus arcuatus (Goode & Bean) (Macrouridae) collected from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and off Venezuela. The new species differs from Macrourimegatrema brayi Blend, Dronen & Armstrong, 2004, the type and only species in the genus, in the distribution of the vitelline follicles and gonads, a larger body size, and the presence of highly-folded caeca with numerous outpocketings or pouches. It is suggested that species of Macrourimegatrema Blend, Dronen & Armstrong, 2004 probably infect their piscine hosts through the ingestion of a benthopelagic crustacean.
Effect of fluid static pressure on the immediate postbuckling behavior of heavy tubular columns

Ce type de poteaux a une instabilite statique globale sous l'action combinee de leur poids, de la traction ou de la compression exercee a leur extremite superieure et des pressions internes et externes statiques dues aux fluides dans le champ de gravite. Le postflambage de ces poteaux apres que des instabilites statiques se soient produites a une influence sur la sensibilite des charges de flambage ou la charge laterale et a la deformation initiale, sur l'amplitude de la deformation de preflambage et la forme du chemin d'equilibre du poteau charge lateralement. Application a l'etude de la stabilite elastique des colonnes montantes marines
Harnessing Janus Nanoparticles to Create Controllable Pores in Membranes

We use a coarse-grained numerical simulation to design a synthetic membrane with stable pores that can be controllably opened and closed. Specifically, we use dissipative particle dynamics to probe the interactions between lipid bilayer membranes and nanoparticles. The particles are nanoscopic Janus beads that comprise both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions. We demonstrate that when the membrane rips and forms a hole due to an external stress, these nanoparticles diffuse to the edge of the hole and form a stable pore, which persists after the stress is released. Once the particle-lined pore is formed, a small increase in membrane tension readily reopens the pore, allowing transport through the membrane. Besides the application of an external force, the membrane tension can be altered by varying, for example, temperature or pH. Thus, the findings provide guidelines for designing nanoparticle-bilayer assemblies for targeted delivery, where the pores open and the cargo is released only when the local envi...
Fuzzy boundary element method for the analysis of imprecisely defined systems

Many engineering systems contain uncertainties that cannot be described by either deterministic or probabilistic approaches. The uncertainties present may be associated with parameters that are vague, imprecise, or linguistic. For example, the geometry, material properties, external actions (loads), and boundary conditions may be imprecise in a practical system. A fuzzy boundary element method for the analysis of imprecisely defined systems is developed. Starting from the basic concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy arithmetic, the various steps of the boundary element method are redefined using fuzzy concepts. The resulting fuzzy equations are solved using a fuzzified version of Gaussian elimination procedure coupled with truncation. The truncation method limits the growth of interval ranges of response parameters to obtain realistic and accurate solutions. The procedure is illustrated by considering the analysis of a potential flow problem. The methodology is applicable to uncertain systems that are described in linguistic terms as well as those that are described by incomplete information. The approach represents a unique methodology that enables the analysis and design of many engineering systems more realistically.
Three‐dimensional conformal external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy: Which is the “best alternative” to radical prostatectomy?

The choice of treatment for clinically organ-confined prostate cancer is complicated by the fact that there are no studies demonstrating the clear superiority of one option. As a radiation oncologist who performs both external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy, Dr. Roach provides a fascinating and balanced perspective on how he views the selection process, as well as how he approaches a decision.
Local density enhancement in neat supercritical fluids: dependence on the interaction potential

Abstract We study the local structural properties of neat supercritical fluids. Three forms of intermolecular potentials are considered – Lennard-Jones, Morse, and Stillinger-Weber. The inhomogeneous integral equation theory is employed to compute the local coordination number of a tagged solvent particle. The theory is shown to be in excellent agreement with the simulation for all intermolecular potentials throughout the entire density range. The degree of local density augmentation in neat supercritical fluids is shown to be sensitive to the details of intermolecular potential, with a particular important parameter being the ratio of the potential well-depth to the critical temperature of the fluid.
Efficacy of 1% 4‐Ethoxybenzaldehyde in Reducing Facial Erythema

Background. Facial erythema is a common postsurgical and dermatologic problem. It is commonly the result of dermal inflammation arising from either a facial surgical procedure, such as laser resurfacing, dermabrasion, or a face peel, or from an underlying dermatologic condition, such as rosacea. Facial erythema is difficult for the dermatologist to treat in both settings because topical corticosteroids cannot be used long term on the thin facial skin and anti-inflammatory oral or topical antibiotics have associated side effects. Objective. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of 1% 4-ethoxybenzaldehyde in a rosacea model of facial erythema. Methods. Thirty subjects with mild to moderate stable rosacea were enrolled in this 4-week, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Photographs, investigator assessment, and subject assessment were the efficacy criteria. Results. There was a statistically significant reduction in facial erythema (p<.01) in those subjects who used the active for 4 weeks, as well as a statistically significant improvement in uneven skin tone (p<.01) and the overall severity of the disease (p<.01). There was no statistically significant difference in any of these three indices in the vehicle-treated group. Conclusion. The results suggest that benzaldehyde-derived anti-inflammatory agents may be useful in reducing facial erythema in a rosacea model. THIS STUDY WAS FUNDED BY AN EDUCATIONAL GRANT FROM CUTANIX CORPORATION. ZOE DRAELOS, MD, HAS INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. BRYAN FULLER, PHD, IS THE INVENTOR OF THE ACTIVE, WHICH WAS LICENSED THROUGH THE OKLAHOMA HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER TO CUTANIX.
Improving Service Utilization for Parents with Substance Abuse Problems: Experimenting with Recovery Coaches in Child Welfare.

Substance abusers often face substantial systematic and personal barriers to receiving required substance abuse treatment services as well as other services; hence, various linkage mechanisms have been proposed for drug abuse treatment programs to overcome such barriers. Although there is a growing interest in the use of case management with a substance abuse background, its effectiveness in child welfare has yet to be explored. In this study the author attempts to investigate the effectiveness of case management in service utilization by systematically evaluating the five-year Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse (AODA) waiver demonstration project with Recovery Coaches in Illinois. A classic experimental design with a control group was used. Random assignment occurs at the agency level. Parents in the experimental group (N = 1562) received recovery coaches in addition to traditional child welfare services while parents in the control group (N = 598) only received traditional child welfare services. Bivariate an...
Induction of extracellular matrix gene expression in normal human keratinocytes by transforming growth factor β is altered by cellular differentiation

Changes in epithelial substrate have been related to the cellular capacity for proliferation and to changes in cellular behavior. The effect of TGF beta 1 on the expression of the basement membrane genes, fibronectin, laminin B1, and collagen alpha 1 (IV), was examined. Northern analysis revealed that treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes with 100 pM TGF beta 1 increased the expression of each extracellular matrix (ECM) gene within 4 h of treatment. Maximal induction was reached within 24 h after treatment. The induction of ECM mRNA expression was dose dependent and was observed at doses as low as 1-3 pM TGF beta 1. Incremental doses of TGF beta 1 also increased cellular levels of fibronectin protein in undifferentiated keratinocytes and resulted in increased secretion of fibronectin. Squamous-differentiated cultures of keratinocytes expressed lower levels of the extracellular matrix RNAs than did undifferentiated cells. Treatment of these differentiated cells with TGF beta 1 induced the expression of fibronectin mRNA to levels seen in TGF beta-treated, undifferentiated keratinocytes but only marginally increased the expression of collagen alpha 1 (IV) and laminin B1 mRNA. The increased fibronectin mRNA expression in the differentiated keratinocytes was also reflected by increased accumulation of cellular and secreted fibronectin protein. The inclusion of cycloheximide in the protocol indicated that TGF beta induction of collagen alpha 1 (IV) mRNA was signaled by proteins already present in the cells but that TGF beta required the synthesis of a protein(s) to fully induce expression of fibronectin and laminin B1 mRNA. The differential regulation of these genes in differentiated cells may be important to TGF beta action in regulating reepithelialization.
Kinetic properties and the effect of substrate analogues on 5′-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase from Escherichia coli

5′-Methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.-) from Escherichia coli has been purified 220-fold. A molecular weight of 31 000 for the enzyme was estimated from gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The Km for 5′-methylthioadenosine was 3.1 · 10−7 M. In addition to 5′-methylthioadenosine, the nucleoside analogues 5′-ethylthioadenosine, 5′-n-propylthioadenosine, and S-adenosylhomocysteine also served as substrates for the enzyme. These substrate analogues acted as competitive inhibitors of the reaction with 5′-methylthioadenosine. The Ki values for 5′-ethylthioadenosine, 5′-n-propylthioadenosine, and S-adenosylhomocysteine were determined to be 1.3 · 10−7 M, 4.6 · 10−8 M, and 1.92 · 10−7 M respectively.
Cerebral asymmetry in the perception of American Sign Language

Abstract American Sign Language (ASL) offers a valuable opportunity for the study of cerebral asymmetries, since it incorporates both language structure and complex spatial relations: processing the former has generally been considered a left-hemisphere function, the latter, a right-hemisphere one. To study such asymmetries, congenitally deaf, native ASL users and normally-hearing English speakers unfamiliar with ASL were asked to identify four kinds of stimuli: signs from ASL, handshapes never used in ASL, Arabic digits, and random geometric forms. Stimuli were presented tachistoscopically to a visual hemifield and subjects manually responded as rapidly as possible to specified targets. Both deaf and hearing subjects showed left-visual-field (hence, presumably right-hemisphere) advantages to the signs and to the non-ASL hands. The hearing subjects, further, showed a left-hemisphere advantage to the Arabic numbers, while the deaf subjects showed no reliable visual-field differences to this material. We infer that the spatial processing required of the signs predominated over their language processing in determining the cerebral asymmetry of the deaf for these stimuli.
Diffusion and the bi-ionic potential with an ion exchanger membrane

Abstract The potential between two silver-silver bromide electrodes in 0.01 m HBr and NaBr separated by a cation exchanger membrane was studied for several hundred hours. After stirring there was a rapid decrease to a minimum at 20 minutes, then a rise to a maximum at 400 minutes, followed by a slow, almost linear decrease which extrapolated at zero time to only 1 mv. lower than the value with solutions flowing. This decrease is probably caused by the activity gradients shifting from the membrane to the liquid solutions. It is suggested that the earlier changes may be explained by gradients shifting from the transition layer to the liquid and then from the membrane to the transition layer, and that the more transient effects which are sometimes observed may be explained by lags in the dissipation of heat.
Educators’ Attitudes and Beliefs Towards the Sexuality of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities

This study presents educators’ attitudes and beliefs towards the sexuality of adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities. Open-ended, structured interviews were conducted with five Teachers in a School Program and five Instructors in an Adult Day Services Program at an educational facility for individuals with medically complex developmental disabilities. Results indicate that educators hold a positive view towards providing sexuality education and access to sexual expression for persons with developmental disabilities. Educators viewed sexuality as a basic human right, yet expressed concerns regarding capacity to consent to and facilitation of sexual activity. This study is an initial step to understanding barriers preventing the delivery of sexuality education to this underserved population.
Graft failure after penetrating keratoplasty

Despite the improving results that have been noted with penetrating keratoplasty, graft failure remains a significant problem. The causes of graft failure are quite varied. Primary donor failure, surgical complications, intraocular lens complications, persistent epithelial defects, allograft rejection, infection, glaucoma, trauma, and recurrences of primary corneal dystrophies are common etiologies. In this article, a critical review of the available literature concerned with the factors influencing the many causes of graft failure and their management is provided.
Executive development: History lessons learned from Barnard

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to derive practical lessons from Barnard's less well-known contributions to our understanding of leadership, leadership development and executive education. The main contributions of this paper are the introduction of Bevir's logic to the leadership studies and revelation that Barnard might have established the early foundations of pragmatic leadership. The introduction of Bevir's logic from the history of ideas may be instrumental to overcoming biases toward historicism and presentism, which are latent, yet common in leadership studies. The recognition of Barnard's historical contributions to the conceptualization of leadership, leadership development, and executive education is significant. These contributions are not widely known because they are not a part of his well-known book The Functions of the Executive. Barnard has much to say about these issues and we should listen and heed his suggestions.
Ionic mechanisms of histamine-induced responses in guinea pig intracardiac neurons

Histamine, released from mast cells, can modulate the activity of intrinsic neurons in the guinea pig cardiac plexus. The present study examined the ionic mechanisms underlying the histamine-induced responses in these cells. Histamine evokes a small membrane depolarization and an increase in neuronal excitability. Using intracellular voltage recording from individual intracardiac neurons, we were able to demonstrate that removal of extracellular sodium reduced the membrane depolarization, whereas inhibition of K+ channels by 1 mM Ba2+, 2 mM Cs+, or 5 mM tetraethylammonium had no effect. The depolarization was also not inhibited by either 10 microM Gd3+ or a reduced Cl- solution. The histamine-induced increase in excitability was unaffected by K+ channel inhibitors; however, it was reduced by either blockage of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with 200 microM Cd2+ or replacement of extracellular Ca2+ with Mg2+. Conversely, alterations in intracellular calcium with thapsigargin or caffeine did not inhibit the histamine-induced effects. However, in cells treated with both thapsigargin and caffeine to deplete internal calcium stores, the histamine-induced increase in excitability was decreased. Treatment with the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 also prevented both the depolarization and the increase in excitability. From these data, we conclude that histamine, via activation of H1 receptors, activates phospholipase C, which results in 1) the opening of a nonspecific cation channel, such as a transient receptor potential channel 4 or 5; and 2) in combination with either the influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated channels or the release of internal calcium stores leads to an increase in excitability.
Defects in nsutite (γ-MnO2) and dry-cell battery efficiency

Nsutite is a major manganese oxide that occurs in mineable quantities in several terrestrial localities1 and has also been reported to occur in manganese nodules2. It has industrial importance3,4 since the intergrowth mineral and its synthetic analogue (γ-MnO2) are used as the cathodic material in dry-cell batteries. The effectiveness of the material in batteries varies widely, and the physical cause of this variation is poorly understood. Structure imaging by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reported here reveals a variety of new structures and defects that may control battery efficiency by allowing increased diffusion rates.
An algorithmic approach for breakage-fusion-bridge detection in tumor genomes

Breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) is a mechanism of genomic instability characterized by the joining and subsequent tearing apart of sister chromatids. When this process is repeated during multiple rounds of cell division, it leads to patterns of copy number increases of chromosomal segments as well as fold-back inversions where duplicated segments are arranged head-to-head. These structural variations can then drive tumorigenesis. BFB can be observed in progress using cytogenetic techniques, but generally BFB must be inferred from data such as microarrays or sequencing collected after BFB has ceased. Making correct inferences from this data is not straightforward, particularly given the complexity of some cancer genomes and BFB’s ability to generate a wide range of rearrangement patterns. Here we present algorithms to aid the interpretation of evidence for BFB. We first pose the BFB count-vector problem: given a chromosome segmentation and segment copy numbers, decide whether BFB can yield a chromosome with the given segment counts. We present a linear time algorithm for the problem, in contrast to a previous exponential time algorithm. We then combine this algorithm with fold-back inversions to develop tests for BFB. We show that, contingent on assumptions about cancer genome evolution, count vectors and fold-back inversions are sufficient evidence for detecting BFB. We apply the presented techniques to paired-end sequencing data from pancreatic tumors and confirm a previous finding of BFB as well as identify a chromosomal region likely rearranged by BFB cycles, demonstrating the practicality of our approach.
A Qualitative Analysis of Dialectical Processes in Educational Organizations

This paper uses a dialectical perspective to analyze a comparative case study of two school districts. The case studies highlight the development of social paradigms, their role in developing the synthesis, and the importance of power processes in this synthesis.
Equilibrium and Redox Kinetics of Copper(II)−Thiourea Complexes

Stopped-flow spectrophotometric measurements identify and determine equilibrium data for thiourea (tu) complexes of copper(II) formed in aqueous solution. In excess Cu(II), the complex ion [Cu(tu)](2+) has a stability constant beta(1) = 2.3 +/- 0.1 M(-)(1) and molar absorptivity at 340 nm of epsilon(1) = (4.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(3) M(-)(1) cm(-)(1) at 25.0 degrees C, 2.48 mM HClO(4), and m = 464 mM (NaClO(4)). The fast reduction of Cu(II) by excess tu obeys the rate law -d[Cu(II)]/dt = k'[Cu(II)](2)[tu](7) with a value for the ninth-order rate constant k' = (1.60 +/- 0.18) x 10(14) M(-)(8) s(-)(1), which derives from a rate-determining step involving the bimolecular decomposition of two complexed Cu(II) species. Copper(II) catalyzes the reduction of hexachloroiridate(IV) by tu according to the rate law -d[IrCl(6)(2)(-)]/dt = (k(2,unc)[tu](2) + k(1,cat) [tu](5)[Cu(II)])[IrCl(6)(2)(-)]. Least-squares analysis yields values of k(2,unc) and k(1,cat) equaling 385 +/- 4 M(-)(2) s(-)(1) and (3.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(13) M(-)(6) s(-)(1), respectively, at m = 115 mM (NaClO(4)). The corresponding mechanism has a rate-determining step that involves the oxidation of [Cu(II)(tu)(5)](2+) by [IrCl(6)](2)(-) rather than the bimolecular reaction of two cupric-tu complexes.
Cellular localization and up-regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes during obstructive cholestasis in rat liver

The hepatic expression of the ATP-dependent conjugate export pump multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) is diminished in experimentally induced models of cholestasis. In this study we have examined the localization and expression of Mrp3, another member of the multidrug resistance-associated protein family, in normal liver and after obstructive cholestasis in the rat. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to determine the tissue localization and Western blot analysis was performed to quantitate the expression. In normal rat liver Mrp3 was found on the basolateral membrane of cholangiocytes and a single layer of hepatocytes surrounding the central vein. Three and 7 days after bile duct ligation Mrp3 expression was significantly increased, predominantly in hepatocytes in the pericentral region. By 14 days all hepatocytes showed basolateral membrane labeling for Mrp3 at a time when apical Mrp2 staining was significantly diminished. Proliferating bile ducts continued to stain positive, although the intensity of staining did not seem to vary. After 14 days Western blot quantitation showed that Mrp3 had increased approximately 30-fold in total liver membranes. Quantitation of Mrp3 in membranes from isolated hepatocytes of livers of sham and common bile duct-ligated (CBDL) animals showed a significant up-regulation beginning at 1 day and continuing to increase through 14 days postligation. This was in contrast to the progressive decrease in Mrp2 protein. Because Mrp3 is capable of transporting toxic bile acids, up-regulation of Mrp3 may compensate for the down-regulation of Mrp2 in obstructive cholestasis.
Reiterative cysteine-based coupling leading to complex, homogeneous glycopeptides

Reiterative approaches in the fashioning of erythropoietin-directed, polyglycosylated polypeptides are disclosed.
Serum antipyrine concentrations determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

We developed an assay for antipyrine in serum using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. A capillary electrophoresis system with a 70-cm fused-silica capillary and pH 8.2 borate-sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer was used. Standard curves ranging from 0.5 microgram/ml to 25 micrograms/ml were analyzed. The resulting electropherograms showed no interfering endogenous peaks and the assay was linear in the range of concentrations analyzed. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations ranged from 0.7 to 5.2% and 1.7 to 8.1%, respectively. Analytical recovery of antipyrine ranged from 78.2 to 105.0%. The theoretical plate number for antipyrine was calculated to be 561,000 +/- 79,000 plates/m.