cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient and directed peptide bond formation in the gas phase via ion/ion reactions

Amide linkages are among the most important chemical bonds in living systems, constituting the connections between amino acids in peptides and proteins. We demonstrate the controlled formation of amide bonds between amino acids or peptides in the gas phase using ion/ion reactions in a mass spectrometer. Individual amino acids or peptides can be prepared as reagents by (i) incorporating gas phase-labile protecting groups to silence otherwise reactive functional groups, such as the N terminus; (ii) converting the carboxyl groups to the active ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide; and (iii) incorporating a charge site. Protonation renders basic sites (nucleophiles) unreactive toward the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reagents, resulting in sites with the greatest gas phase basicities being, in large part, unreactive. The N-terminal amines of most naturally occurring amino acids have lower gas phase basicities than the side chains of the basic amino acids (i.e., those of histidine, lysine, or arginine). Therefore, reagents may be directed to the N terminus of an existing "anchor" peptide to form an amide bond by protonating the anchor peptide's basic residues, while leaving the N-terminal amine unprotonated and therefore reactive. Reaction efficiencies of greater than 30% have been observed. We propose this method as a step toward the controlled synthesis of peptides in the gas phase.
New π N Superconvergent Sum Rules and Determination of P ′ -Trajectory Parameters

New superconvergent dispersion relations for the forward, crossing-even $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering amplitude have been derived and compared with experiment. The essential point is the assumption of dominant Regge behavior at high energy and the inclusion of the real part of the scattering amplitude. Sum rules for the $P$ and ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ residues involving only experimentally accessible quantities are computed, using data of H\"oler and Lindenbaum. The Regge ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ parameters are found as ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{{P}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.39$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{{P}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\approx}1.82{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Plastics recycling rates

Abstract Plastics comprise approximately 9% by weight of MSW. Of this, 39% is containers and packaging materials. The USA packaging market annually uses 6.2 × 10 9 kg of high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Packaging is the target of plastics recycling efforts. Depending on the material collected, plastics will comprise 4 to 14% by weight of the recyclables in a recycling program. There is a large variation in the amount of plastics collected in plastics recycling programs. A survey of mixed plastics recycling programs indicates that rigid plastic container recycling can capture 7.7–16.3 kg per year per participating household (kg/phh-yr), beverage bottle recycling can capture 3.2–8.2 kg/pph-yr, and colored HDPE bottle recycling will add 3.6 kg/phh-yr. The contribution of non-specified plastics and non-plastic contaminants to plastics recycling programs is dependent on the plastic types collected. Non-specified plastics range from as little as 1% by weight for relatively simple plastics collection (PET and clear HDPE beverage bottles) to as much as 10 to 20% for plastic bottle or colored HDPE recycling. Non-plastic contamination can be 1 to 10% by weight.
Isoscaling of fragments with Z = 1 − 17 from reconstructed quasiprojectiles

In heavy-ion collisions, isoscaling provides a method for studying the evolution of nuclear symmetry energy as a function of excitation energy. One challenge in using isoscaling is to accurately determine the neutron-to-proton ratio ($N/Z$) of the fragmenting source. Isoscaling results are presented for the reactions of $^{86,78}\mathrm{Kr}+^{64,58}\mathrm{Ni}$ at 35 MeV/nucleon taken on the NIMROD-ISiS array at Texas A University. The $N/Z$ of the source was calculated from the isotopically identified fragments and experimentally measured neutrons emitted from reconstructed quasiprojectiles. These data exhibit isoscaling for elements with $Z=1\text{\ensuremath{-}}17$ over a broad range of isotopes. The isoscaling parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is shown to increase with increasing difference in the neutron composition (\ensuremath{\Delta}) of the compared sources. For a selected \ensuremath{\Delta}, the ratio $\ensuremath{\alpha}$/\ensuremath{\Delta} is also shown to decrease with increasing excitation energy. This may reflect a corresponding decrease in the nuclear symmetry energy.
Quality management practices in Indian service firms

Abstract The success of Indian software firms, which is partly attributable to their quality, provided the motivation for the study presented in this paper. It would be useful to know the state of quality management efforts in the Indian service sector, and its impacts at a firm level. It is conceivable that other services could model themselves after the software sector, and develop capabilities to successfully compete in the global economy. Such an evolution of the service sector could then contribute significantly to the continued emergence of the Indian economy. The intent of this study is also to extend the current literature in Quality Management research that focuses exclusively on firms in the advanced economies, by investigating firms in an emerging economy. This study is based on a survey administered in India in which a total of 163 respondents participated. They represent a variety of industries including Banking, Hotels, Information Technology, Healthcare, Trading, Entertainment, Courier, Tra...
SU‐D‐214‐01: Development of an Independent, Real‐Time Software Algorithm to Ensure Patient Safety

Purpose: To develop a software package that compares plan parameters to delivered parameters for each control point of any dynamic treatment with MLCs for VARIAN Linacs. When the resulting difference is above a pre‐set threshold, the Linac is prompted to shut‐off the beam. Methods: IMRT, RapidArc, and multi‐control point sample patient plans were created and delivered using a Trilogy unit. During beam deliveryMLC leaf positions, gantry angles, and MU information are recorded into a dynalog file after every control point. A software package was developed to read in these log files for each control point and compare with the original plan parameters which were transmitted through an independent path to the verification computer. In the event of a discrepancy beyond pre‐set thresholds, a signal will be sent to the CLINAC to shut‐off the beam. The delivery data is used to create a single control point DICOM plan. This plan is uploaded to the treatment planning system, and dose for that control point recalculated. The planned and delivered 3D isodose maps for each control point in near real time are created and 3D dosimetric difference plots and 3D gamma analysis plots are generated. Results: We have validated the effectiveness of our package by detecting a 5 mm shift of a single MLC leaf for a single control point corresponding only to a 1 cGy change. We also demonstrated the capability of setting beam off thresholds at multiple stages; based on mechanical parameter differences between planed and delivered (in approx. 5 sec.), 3D dose differences, and dosimetric 3D gamma values (approx. 10 sec. later). Conclusions: We have developed a software package that ensures patient safety in Radiation therapydelivery. Real time tools are given at the treatment console to shut‐ off the beam in the event of a possible mistreatment.
Pressure-driven motion of surfactant-laden drops through cylindrical capillaries: effect of surfactant solubility.

The effect of bulk-soluble surfactants on the dynamics of a drop translating through a cylindrical tube under low-Reynolds-number conditions is investigated. Interfacial surfactant adsorption/desorption is modeled according to the Frumkin adsorption framework, and the bulk-insoluble surfactant limit is recovered as the rate of surfactant sorption becomes large compared to that of bulk diffusion. As the equilibrium surface coverage is increased, the mechanism by which drop mobility is reduced changes from uniform retardation at low surface coverage to the formation of a stagnant cap at high surface coverage. For large capillary numbers, the drop does not achieve a steady shape, and eventually it breaks up either through the formation of a penetrating viscous jet of suspending fluid, or by continuous elongation and pinch-off. Surfactants have a destabilizing effect on transient drop shapes by accelerating the formation and development of the penetrating viscous jet that leads to drop breakup. The critical conditions for drop breakup, as well as the mode of breakup, depend on the manner in which the strength of the flow (i.e., the capillary number) is increased.
Antibody-promoted dimerization bypasses the regulation of DNA binding by the heme domain of the yeast transcriptional activator HAP1.

Abstract The yeast transcriptional activator HAP1 contains a DNA-binding domain homologous to the zinc finger of GAL4 and an adjacent regulatory domain that blocks DNA binding in the absence of the inducer heme. We show that short HAP1 fragments containing the zinc finger are unable to bind to DNA but can be rescued by antibody to the HAP1 zinc finger. These fragments are missing a coiled-coil sequence similar to that within the dimerization domain of GAL4 and dimerization domains of myosin heavy chain. We surmise that the antibody promotes DNA binding by bringing together two monomers. Interestingly, the antibody will also promote DNA binding of a larger HAP1 fragment containing the DNA-binding and the heme-regulatory domains. This suggests that the regulatory domain acts by preventing dimerization of HAP1 in the absence of heme. Consistent with this view is an in vivo assay that also reveals that heme promotes HAP1 dimerization in yeast cells.
Brain peptides: The dangers of constricted nomenclatures

Abstract Peptides being discovered in the brain and elsewhere in the body continue to be named for the function by which they were first described. This approach is reasonable, but involves the risk that scientists may feel restricted to examine only the action described by the nomenclature, as was initially done with pituitary and hypothalamic hormones as well as opiate and gut peptides.
Fully automatic measuring system for submicron lithography

The Laser Interferometric X-Y Measuring System Model XY-21 has been used around the world for many years as the standard machine of measuring coordinate of reticles and masks for IC and LSI. However, indications are that the capability of the XY-2I may not be sufficient to match the ever increasing trend toward ultra large scale integration (ULSI). In response, we have recently developed a successor to the XY-2I,the Laser Interferometric X-Y Measuring System Model XY-3I. The new system is designed to meet the requirements of the ULSI era. The XY-3I enables very accurate, full automatic measurement of pattern coordinate on masks and reticles, as well as the critical dimension (CD). The system can handle the patterns on the wafers equally well, with the capabilities of highly accurate measurement of coordinate position, CD and overlay registration of pattern. An additional feature of the XY-3I is bow compensation, which decreases fluctuation among measurement data due to bow change of sample. This paper presents the improvements, new functions, performance and applications of the XY-.3I.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Community-based assessment pedagogy

Abstract This article attempts to structure student assessment practices in the classroom. Informed by fourth generation evaluation, it discusses a pedagogy based on a recursive framework of writing, assessment, and reflection activities that move students toward productive praxis. Implemented over three semesters at a land grant university in the U.S., this pedagogy moves away from teacher-centered assessment and evaluation of student writing, and pushes students to do these things for themselves. It promotes a classroom in which students take control of all writing assignments, their instructions, assessment criteria, and the practices and reflective activities that go along with their writing. It encourages a community of writers that are implicated in each others’ writing and assessment practices, and gets them to critically engage with these practices. The article offers theoretical justifications and qualitative data from three semesters and suggests conclusions based on them.
Hatching a Mongrel Species

Halverson discusses the spread of our most ubiquitous stocked game fish and its unintended consequences for ecosystems and the rainbow trout itself.
HIDEINSIDE — A novel randomized & encrypted antiforensic information hiding

Several techniques have been proposed for information hiding including hiding in slack space, which is the focus of this paper. However, current techniques of hiding in slack space depend on utilizing exiting slack space on the disk, which can be seriously limiting. Also, all techniques proposed thus far for hiding in slack space are impacted by the cluster size on the disk since the maximum slack space is a function of the cluster size. This necessitates splitting the data to be hidden into numerous parts, making it cumbersome to remember their locations and sequence for reassembly. Finally, hiding in existing slack space risks loss of data due to overwriting if the file — whose slack is used for hiding — grows in size. In this paper we propose — HIDEINsIDE — a novel on-demand slack space generator that creates new files on-the-fly that act as the cover file for hiding. The proposed method is an Antiforensics as well as a Steganographic technique. With H IDE I NsIDE , the information to be hidden is split into n chunks — where n is the number of cover files created. The number of cover files created depends on the amount of data to be hidden and the size of the clusters. Each chunk of data is then encrypted and stuffed randomly into the slack space of one of the n cover files along with the MD5 hash value of the encrypted chunk. We finish the hiding process by creating a map-file of the randomly hidden chunks such that they can be easily reassembled in the correct sequence upon retrieval. The MD5 hash verifies the integrity of the retrieved chunks before they are deciphered. The map-file resides on an external drive making it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to locate, decrypt and reassemble the hidden chunks in the correct order to retrieve the hidden information.
The mitochondrion in mitotic and starved cells of Bullera alba

Bullera alba is an imperfect yeast-like fungus in which mitosis has been studied ( Taylor and Wells, 1979a , Taylor and Wells, 1979b , Protoplasma, in press). This study correlates mitochondrial behavior with nuclear and cell division and compares mitochondria of starved and growing cells. Light microscopy and computer reconstructions of electron micrographs of serially sectioned cells were used to determine the morphology, anatomy, and volume of mitochondria. Polarographic measurement of oxygen consumption was used to assay mitochondrial activity. One large mitochondrion was found in starved and premitotic cells and one, two, or three mitochondria were found in mitotic cells of B. alba. The morphology of mitochondria from starved and growing cells was similar. The fine structure of mitochondria in starved cells was different from that of growing cells, and the volume of the mitochondrion compared to the volume of the total cytoplasm was lower in starved cells than in growing cells. Also, starved cells respired at much lower levels than growing cells. This difference was partially reduced by the addition of substrate to starved cells and completely erased after 7 h in fresh substrate.
A chemical and spectral characterization of the extrapallial fluid of Mytilus edulis

Abstract The extrapallial fluid of Mytilus edulis is analyzed for inorganic and organic constituents. Disc gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of at least five protein components. The insoluble fraction is sulfated carbohydrate material while the ultrafiltrable portion contains free amino acids. The concentration of calclium is 9.8 ± 0.4 m m , 84.7% of which is complexed; 74.3% of the calcium is bound to small molecules, 9.2% to insoluble carbohydrate, 0.88% to soluble macromolecular components, and 15.3% is free. The data suggest that CaCO 3 deposition may be controlled by complexation of Ca 2+ by small chelates produced by the animal. EPR measurements indicate that the majority of manganese present in the fluid is also bound to small molecules. Titrations of the native fluid with Mn 2+ and H + establish that the chelating capacity of the fluid for Mn 2+ is nominally 10 −4 m . Mn 2+ forms 1:1 complexes in the fluid with ligands having an average p K a ′ value of 5.2
Proximity and Risk in Children's Witnessing of Intimate Partner Violence Incidents

There is a dearth of research about event details in children's exposure to adult intimate partner violence (IPV). This article reports data gathered from 507 families (including 1012 children) who called 911 for an IPV incident. A majority of children were present in the home at the time of the violent event, with older children more likely to be directly involved in the violence and to witness incidents with weapons. In order to assess the relationship between exposure to violence and subsequent short-term adjustment, data were analyzed for a subsample of children in 66 families. A combination of acute and chronic risk variables (proximity to the violence and prior trauma history) significantly predicted child functioning within days of the traumatic event.
Hope Measurement in Mexican American Youth

Hope is a motivational construct that has been associated with many positive outcomes in children, adolescents, and adults. Although research with the Children's Hope Scale (CHS) has demonstrated support for the reliability and validity of the CHS with various samples of youth, there is little empirical evidence for its use with Latino youth. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the six-item CHS in a sample of 135 Mexican American youth. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for a hierarchical representation of the CHS with two underlying factors (pathways and agency). CHS scores were found to be positively correlated with measures of positive affect, life satisfaction, support from family and friends, and optimism. Additional analyses provided evidence supporting convergent validity and measurement invariance across gender. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Arterial thrombosis associated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a case report.

Purpose: To report a case of arterial thrombosis in a 63-year-old female undergoing treatment with multiagent chemotherapy for breast cancer. An overview of the prevalence and pathogenesis of the disorder, clinical diagnosis, and treatment are discussed. Data sources: Case report, diagnostic evidence, and scientific literature. Conclusions: Arterial thrombosis is an extremely rare complication of multichemotherapy treatment of breast cancer. Although the risk of arterial thromboembolism appears to be low, it can have devastating complications that result in significant morbidities and, sometimes, death. Implications for practice: As the risk of arterial thrombosis is low, many healthcare providers may not be aware of this potentially serious complication. Thrombosis prophylaxis should be considered for patients with risk factors. In cases where arterial thrombosis occurs, immediate thrombolitic therapy or operative intervention should be considered. Thromboembolitic complications, most of which are venous, are known to occur in patients with breast cancer receiving multiagent chemotherapy (Goodnough, Saito, Manni, Jones, & Pearson, 1984). Arterial thrombosis is a distinctly uncommon event, with a reported incidence of 0.8%‐5.3%. The most common arterial thrombotic events described in the literature are cerebrovascular accidents, with a smaller number of lower or upper extremity thromboses (Wall et al., 1989). The increased risk of thrombosis is also associated with antihormonal therapy. The results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial estimated a 1.0%‐2.1% incidence of thrombosis for women taking anastrazole alone, and a 1.7%‐3.5% incidence in women taking tamoxifen (Group, 2002). Here, we report a case of acute lower extremity arterial thrombosis that occurred in a patient with stage IIa breast cancer, while being treated with adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan).
Micromachined devices : The impact of controlled geometry from cell-targeting to bioavailability

Advances in microelectomechanical systems (MEMS) have allowed the microfabrication of polymeric substrates and the development of a novel class of controlled delivery devices. These vehicles have specifically tailored three-dimensional physical and chemical features which, together, provide the capacity to target cells, promote unidirectional controlled release, and enhance permeation across the intestinal epithelial barrier. Examining the biological response at the microdevice biointerface may provide insight into the benefits of customized surface chemistry and structure in terms of complex drug delivery vehicle design. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the interfacial effects of selective surface chemistry and architecture of tomato lectin (TL)-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) drug delivery microdevices on the Caco-2 cell line, a model of the gastrointestinal tract.
Mechanical Design Consideration in the ERMA System

This paper examines some of the early 1954 design concepts of ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting), developed for the Bank of America to record commercial checking-account activity. Standardized plug-in circuit and relay modules are described which include printed wiring, an adapter for in-rack testing, and controlled air flown Emphasis is placed on reliability and easy access for maintenance and repair, by the use of integrated inter-rack raceway wiring, internal rack printed-wiring busses, and rear-access inter-connector wiring . The exclusive adoption of solderless connections for inter-package wiring, and the use of stock parts in preference to "specials" is stressed. It is discussed how standardization was accomplished in 22 different forms of 1500 electronic circuit packages, in the areas of connector pins, supply voltages, and distribution circuits. An integrated method of cooling is outlined, beginning with module-guiding metal rails fastened to a hollow shelf assembly; embracing shelf, rack, and cabinet ducts; and completed with underfloor plenums. The associated closed-loop cooling and filtering system is shown, which used a bypassed chilled-water arrangement and an electrostatic air filter. Special equipment, such as magnetic drums, cross-bar switch assemblies, and tape-transport mechanisms are treated. It is pointed out, when any complex device such as ERMA is being pioneered, that the design of the individual components must often be based on incomplete information -- leading to a change in specifications as functional relationships become more apparent. A specific warning is sounded that the number of inter-rack leads are usually underestimated, with an attendant poor access to terminals. Sixteen photographs contribute to a detailed presentation of the completed design.
Effect of Process Parameter Variation in Deposited Emitter and Buffer Layers on the Performance of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Heterostuctures of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and n-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) were investigated with special emphasis on the effect of emitter [p (a-Si:H)] and buffer layer [i (a-Si:H)] processing conditions. Boron (B)-doping in emitter layer sensitively affects performance of heterojunction solar cells without a buffer layer and controls valence band offset (DeltaEV) at the hetero-interface. Insertion of 10 nm buffer layers passivate c-Si surface very efficiently albeit with an increased DeltaEV and poor carrier transport across the heterojunction. Consequently, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 700 mV was achieved with low fill factor (FF). Buffer layers deposited at high H2/SiH4 ratio (R=40) and/or at higher temperature (300degC) improve FF (77%) but lead to lower Voc (638 mV). Therefore, the emitter and the buffer layer process parameters play important roles to determine the band alignment and carrier transport across the a-Si:H / c-Si hetero-interface
Spatial and developmental regulation of leptin in fetal sheep

To better understand the biology of leptin during prenatal life, the developmental and spatial regulation of leptin was studied in ovine fetuses. Fetal plasma leptin increased steadily between days...
Using echolocation monitoring to model bat occupancy and inform mitigations at wind energy facilities

Fatalities of migratory bats, many of which use low frequency (<35 kHz; LowF) echolocation calls, have become a primary environmental concern associated with wind energy development. Accordingly, strategies to improve compatibility between wind energy development and conservation of bat populations are needed. We combined results of continuous echolocation and meteorological monitoring at multiple stations to model conditions that explained presence of LowF bats at a wind energy facility in southern California. We used a site occupancy approach to model nightly LowF bat presence while accounting for variation in detection probability among echolocation detectors and heights. However, we transposed the spatial and temporal axes of the conventional detection history matrix such that occupancy represented proportion of nights, rather than monitoring points, on which LowF bats were detected. Detectors at 22 m and 52 m above ground had greater detection probabilities for LowF bats than detectors at 2 m above ground. Occupancy of LowF bats was associated with lower nightly wind speeds and higher nightly temperatures, mirroring results from other wind energy facilities. Nevertheless, we found that building separate models for each season and considering solutions with multiple covariates resulted in better fitting models. We suggest that use of multiple environmental variables to predict bat presence could improve efficiency of turbine operational mitigations (e.g., changes to cut-in speeds) over those based solely on wind speed. Increased mitigation efficiencies could lead to greater use of mitigations at wind energy facilities with benefits to bat populations. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effect of Serotonin Receptor Antagonist on Phosphate Excretion

To determine whether endogenous intrarenal 5-hydroxytryptamine affects phosphate excretion, the serotonin receptor antagonist methiothepin (20 microgram/kg, +6 microgram/kg per h) was infused into the renal interstitium of rats fed a normal phosphate diet (0.7% phosphate [Pi]) in the presence of endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH). Renal interstitial infusion of methiothepin significantly increased fractional phosphate excretion (FE(Pi)) from 23 +/- 4 to 30 +/- 4% (n = 8, P 0.05. In thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a LPD, methiothepin infusion did not increase phosphate excretion (0.8 +/- 0.4 to 1.3 +/- 0.9%, n = 7, P > 0.05). However, the increase in FE(Pi) during PTH infusion was significantly greater in the presence of methiothepin (1.3 +/- 0.9 to 20.0 +/- 4.0%, Delta18.7 +/- 3.5%) than in the vehicle-infused rats (0.5 +/- 0.2 to 8.8 +/- 1.1%, Delta8.3 +/- 1.2%; n = 8, P < 0.05). In conclusion, these observations suggest that endogenous intrarenal serotonin enhances phosphate reabsorption in phosphate-replete rats, and attenuates the phosphaturic response to PTH in phosphate-deprived rats.
Cardiac-Myocyte-Specific Excision of the Vinculin Gene Disrupts Cellular Junctions, Causing Sudden Death or Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Vinculin is a ubiquitously expressed multiliganded protein that links the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. In myocytes, it is localized in protein complexes which anchor the contractile apparatus to the sarcolemma. Its function in the myocardium remains poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a mouse model with cardiac-myocyte-specific inactivation of the vinculin (Vcl) gene by using Cre-loxP technology. Sudden death was found in 49% of the knockout (cVclKO) mice younger than 3 months of age despite preservation of contractile function. Conscious telemetry documented ventricular tachycardia as the cause of sudden death, while defective myocardial conduction was detected by optical mapping. cVclKO mice that survived through the vulnerable period of sudden death developed dilated cardiomyopathy and died before 6 months of age. Prior to the onset of cardiac dysfunction, ultrastructural analysis of cVclKO heart tissue showed abnormal adherens junctions with dissolution of the intercalated disc structure, expression of the junctional proteins cadherin and β1D integrin were reduced, and the gap junction protein connexin 43 was mislocalized to the lateral myocyte border. This is the first report of tissue-specific inactivation of the Vcl gene and shows that it is required for preservation of normal cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive structures.
A comparative study of computational methods in cosmic gas dynamics

In search of reliable computational methods for cosmic flow problems, we apply several commonly used algorithms and one new algorithm, to a representative problem in galactic gas dynamics. A careful choice of the algorithm used in a calculation is found to be of the utmost importance in obtaining reliable results. Two methods most commonly employed in astronomy (the Beam scheme and FCT methods) prove to be highly unsuitable for our test problem. The penalty in programming effort and computer time per grid point required for the best second-order accurate codes tested is more than offset by the improvement in accuracy obtained and the possibility to reduce the number of points in a grid.
TBT optics and impedance measurements at the Fermilab main injector

The Fourier analysis of turn by turn (TBT) data provides valuable information about the machine linear and non-linear optics. This technique introduced first at Fermilab in 2006 for correcting the Tevatron linear coupling, has been now extended to the Main Injector with the aim of a better understanding of the beam dynamics, in particular in view of a substantial beam intensity increase in the frame of the laboratory neutrino program.
An investigation of the determinants of cue utilization

Consumers' evaluations of subjective attributes are frequently accomplished using surrogate indicators as cues. An experiment was conducted to test the impact of three independent variables suggested by the literature to be central to the cue utilization process. Support for the notion that predictive value and confidence value interact to determine the influence of a cue on the evaluation of subjective attributes was obtained. The study results also indicate that the effect of predictive value and confidence value is consistent for both intrinsic and extrinsic cues.
The Working Memory Stroop Effect: When Internal Representations Clash With External Stimuli:

Working memory (WM) has recently been described as internally directed attention, which implies that WM content should affect behavior exactly like an externally perceived and attended stimulus. We tested whether holding a color word in WM, rather than attending to it in the external environment, can produce interference in a color-discrimination task, which would mimic the classic Stroop effect. Over three experiments, the WM Stroop effect recapitulated core properties of the classic attentional Stroop effect, displaying equivalent congruency effects, additive contributions from stimulus- and response-level congruency, and susceptibility to modulation by the percentage of congruent and incongruent trials. Moreover, WM maintenance was inversely related to attentional demands during the WM delay between stimulus presentation and recall, with poorer memory performance following incongruent than congruent trials. Together, these results suggest that WM and attention rely on the same resources and operate over the same representations.
The χψ Subunits of DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme Bind to Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein (SSB) and Facilitate Replication of an SSB-coated Template

Abstract A complex of the χ and ψ proteins is required to confer resistance to high levels of glutamate on the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme-catalyzed reaction (Olson, M., Dallmann, H. G., and McHenry, C. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29570–29577). We demonstrate that this salt resistance also requires templates to be coated with the Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). We show that this is the result of a direct χψ–SSB interaction that is strengthened approximately 1000-fold when SSB is bound to DNA. On model oligonucleotide templates, DNA polymerase III core is inhibited by SSB. We show that the minimal polymerase assembly that will synthesize DNA on SSB-coated templates is polymerase III–τ–ψχ. γ, the alternative product of thednaX gene, will not replace τ in this reaction, indicating that τ’s unique ability to bind to DNA polymerase III holding χψ in the same complex is essential. All of our findings are consistent with χψ strengthening DNA polymerase III holoenzyme interactions with the SSB-coated lagging strand at the replication fork, facilitating complex assembly and elongation.
Application of spheroidal functions in magnetostatics

We briefly outline the use of spheroidal functions in extrapolation of the external field of magnetic sources. The extrapolation is carried out by means of spatial harmonic analysis, in which the expansion functions are the spheroidal harmonics. An efficient method for computing external spheroidal harmonic functions of magnetostatic problems has been developed. The method can be utilized to the spatial harmonic characterization of magnetic sources in the prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates. The new approach minimizes numerical imprecision in a wide range of parameters by using the Wronski determinant as a recurrence basis.
In-hospital versus out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: A multicenter cohort study

Objectives To describe a large multicenter cohort of pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) with return of circulation (ROC) from either the in-hospital (IH) or out-of-hospital (OH) setting in order to determine if significant differences related to pre-event, arrest event, early post-arrest event characteristics and outcomes exist that would be critical in planning a clinical trial of therapeutic hypothermia (TH).
GENETIC VARIATION IN A HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT. II. TEMPORAL HETEROGENEITY AND DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

The maintenance of genetic variation is investigated in a finite population where selection at an autosomal locus with two alleles varies temporally between two environments and the heterozygote has an intermediate fitness value. When there is additive gene action and equal selection in both environments, the autocorrelation between subsequent environments must be negative for more maintenance of genetic variation than for neutrality. The maximum maintenance occurs when there is equal selection in the two environments and the autocorrelation approaches -1.0 (for a stochastic model), or when there is short repeating cycle such as one related to seasons. Also comparison of the effects of stochastic variation in selection in finite and infinite populations is made by using Monte Carlo simulation. One situation was found where temporal environmental variation maintains genetic variation very effectively even in a small population and that is when there is evolution of dominance, i.e., the heterozygote is closer in fitness to the favored homozygote than the other homozygote. An important conclusion is that in a finite population genetic tracing of environmental change, particularly when there is a positive autocorrelation between environments or a long environmental cycle, leads to an increased loss of genetic variation making such a response undesirable in the long term, a result different from that in infinite populations.
Abiotic ammonium formation in the presence of Ni-Fe metals and alloys and its implications for the Hadean nitrogen cycle.

Experiments with dinitrogen-, nitrite-, nitrate-containing solutions were conducted without headspace in Ti reactors (200°C), borosilicate septum bottles (70°C) and HDPE tubes (22°C) in the presence of Fe and Ni metal, awaruite (Ni80Fe20) and tetrataenite (Ni50Fe50). In general, metals used in this investigation were more reactive than alloys toward all investigated nitrogen species. Nitrite and nitrate were converted to ammonium more rapidly than dinitrogen, and the reduction process had a strong temperature dependence. We concluded from our experimental observations that Hadean submarine hydrothermal systems could have supplied significant quantities of ammonium for reactions that are generally associated with prebiotic synthesis, especially in localized environments. Several natural meteorites (octahedrites) were found to contain up to 22 ppm Ntot. While the oxidation state of N in the octahedrites was not determined, XPS analysis of metals and alloys used in the study shows that N is likely present as nitride (N3-). This observation may have implications toward the Hadean environment, since, terrestrial (e.g., oceanic) ammonium production may have been supplemented by reduced nitrogen delivered by metal-rich meteorites. This notion is based on the fact that nitrogen dissolves into metallic melts.
Aspect‐induced differences in hillslope processes

The type and relative rate of geomorphic process activity on residual hillslopes in the White River Badlands of South Dakota were found to vary as a function of aspect-induced differences in topoclimate. Drainage densities on north-facing slopes several orders of magnitude greater than those on slopes facing south indicate that north-facing slopes experience greater fluvial erosion. Comparative analysis of mass movement features suggests that north-facing slopes are prone to relatively high-magnitude, low-frequency failures, whereas south-facing slopes experience far more frequent but much smaller movements. Variations in process activity can be explained in large part by aspect-induced differences in moisture regime. Field monitoring of moisture conditions indicates that north-facing slopes maintain higher and less variable moisture levels. South-facing slopes are not only drier in- general but are subject to more frequent and intense episodes of wetting and drying. Differences in moisture conditions promote differences in weathering activity as evidenced by thicknesses of slope regoliths. Higher moisture levels on north-facing slopes lead to more rapid dissolution of binding cements and consequently, thicker regolith covers. On south-facing slopes, however, regolith covers are virtually non-existent due to both drier conditions and episodic desiccation, which triggers small rockfalls. Greater fluvial erosion on north-facing slopes is a consequence of higher antecedent moisture levels, which retard infiltration. Further, the unconsolidated regolith cover is more erodible than the relatively unweathered materials exposed on the surfaces of south-facing slopes. Resistance to slumps and mudflows is lower on north-facing slopes because the weathered regolith is less cohesive than the unweathered parent material and also because the regoliths are periodically saturated.
RFID tags to aid detection of buried unexploded ordnance

The difficulty in reliably and efficiently detecting and locating buried unexploded ordnance (UXO) is a concern for the military. Tagging munitions and ordnance items before they are fired or launched would allow for a significantly more efficient means of locating buried UXO. Munition tagging can be accomplished by employing existing passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag technology, such as the Texas Instruments' solenoidal tags. This tagging approach would result in very low falsealarm rates compared to those currently experienced. The tags provide information on the munition's location and identity when the UXO tag interrogation module is brought nearby. This paper summarizes the analytical and experimental efforts Battelle pursued to reach these conclusions. Analytical efforts included modeling of the magnetic field's behavior to understand the requirements to transmit energy from the above-ground interrogator to the tag and from the tag back to the above-ground receiver. Laboratory work validated the modeling results and showed the feasibility of the technique. Field testing of a prototype system indicated the likely success of this approach to detecting buried UXO.
Evaluation of the in-situ aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated ethenes by toluene-utilizing microorganisms using push-pull tests.

A series of transport, biostimulation, and activity push–pull tests were performed under induced and natural gradient conditions in a trichloroethene (TCE) and cis-dichloroethene (c-DCE) contaminated aquifer. Transport tests demonstrated the feasibility of injecting and recovering complex solute mixtures from the aquifer. During the biostimulation tests, decreases in toluene concentration and the production of o-cresol as an intermediate oxidation product indicated the presence of toluene-utilizing microorganisms. Activity tests demonstrated that the stimulated microbial community had the ability to transform injected cDCE and trans-dichloroethene (t-DCE) at similar zero-order rates. Injected isobutene was oxidized to isobutene oxide, which indicated that a toluene ortho-monooxygenase enzyme system was likely responsible for the observed c-DCE and t-DCE transformations. c-DCE zero-order transformation rates in drift push–pull tests were similar to those obtained from traditional push–pull tests (about 0.1 μM/h). Analysis of drift test data using first-order kinetic analysis resulted in similar conclusions as those obtained using zero-order kinetic analyses. When 1-butyne, an inhibitor of toluene ortho-monooxygenase, was added to injected test solutions, the oxidation of toluene, and the transformation of isobutene, c-DCE, and t-DCE were inhibited. The results illustrate how a series of push–pull tests can be used in combination to detect, quantify and confirm in-situ cometabolic microbial transformations. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Improving O2 production of WO3 photoanodes with IrO2 in acidic aqueous electrolyte

WO3 is a promising candidate for a photoanode material in an acidic electrolyte, in which it is more stable than most metal oxides, but kinetic limitations combined with the large driving force available in the WO3 valence band for water oxidation make competing reactions such as the oxidation of the acid counterion a more favorable reaction. The incorporation of an oxygen evolving catalyst (OEC) on the WO3 surface can improve the kinetics for water oxidation and increase the branching ratio for O2 production. Ir-based OECs were attached to WO3 photoanodes by a variety of methods including sintering from metal salts, sputtering, drop-casting of particles, and electrodeposition to analyze how attachment strategies can affect photoelectrochemical oxygen production at WO3 photoanodes in 1 M H2SO4. High surface coverage of catalyst on the semiconductor was necessary to ensure that most minority-carrier holes contributed to water oxidation through an active catalyst site rather than a side-reaction through the WO3/electrolyte interface. Sputtering of IrO2 layers on WO3 did not detrimentally affect the energy-conversion behavior of the photoanode and improved the O2 yield at 1.2 V vs. RHE from ∼0% for bare WO3 to 50–70% for a thin, optically transparent catalyst layer to nearly 100% for thick, opaque catalyst layers. Measurements with a fast one-electron redox couple indicated ohmic behavior at the IrO2/WO3 junction, which provided a shunt pathway for electrocatalytic IrO2 behavior with the WO3 photoanode under reverse bias. Although other OECs were tested, only IrO2 displayed extended stability under the anodic operating conditions in acid as determined by XPS.
Microbial Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis

Abstract The fundamental mechanisms of replication, transcription and translation are important targets for of some of the most widely used antibiotics. Microbial genomes are composed of DNA which is maintained in a condensed state. Antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones interfere with genome structure and the integrity of DNA. The RNA polymerase of bacteria is unique and is inhibited by rifampicin and related drugs. Protein synthesis is mediated by the activity of ribosomes which are the target for numerous classes of antibiotics. Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides are the most common inhibitors of translation which disrupt activity by binding to specific ribosome subunits.
Solid-Projectile Helical Coil Electromagnetic Launcher

Summary form only given. Helical coil electromagnetic launchers (HCEML's) can operate at significantly lower currents and higher efficiency in comparison to conventional railgun and induction coilgun launchers. The HCEML's versatility is due, in part, to its large inductance gradient which is typically 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than a conventional railgun and can be tailored to almost any value in that range. The University of Missouri-Columbia (MU) has focused on the development of a low current, high efficiency launcher for low to medium velocity applications. To this end, MU has demonstrated a 40 mm bore x 750 mm length HCEML's to launch -500 gram projectiles to 150 m/s operating at 12 to 15 kApeak currents, 400 to 800 V peak voltages, and measured efficiencies as high as 32%. While this particular HCEML used hollow-projectiles, present research efforts at MU are focused on the development of a solid-projectile HCEML. This presentation describes a 40 mm bore x 300 mm length and a 40 mm bore x 750 mm length solid projectile HCEML. The goal of this research is to demonstrate the hollow-projectile HCEML concept and to experimentally measure its performance, relative to the hollow-projectile HCEML.
Self-Consistent Density Functional Methods in Photoabsorption

The realization that important geometrical and electronic structure information is contained in the near-edge photoabsorption spectrum of molecules and solids has increased the pressure on theorists to provide accurate cross section calculations for atoms in a variety of local environments. The quantity of most direct experimental interest for these studies is the absorption coefficient, μ(ω). A typical calculation [1] proceeds by evaluation of Golden Rule matrix elements.
Abstract TP14: Simultaneous Endovenous Hypothermia and Intra-Arterial Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke is Safe, Feasible and Does Not Require General Anesthesia

Background: Hypothermia is a promising neuroprotectant. Amelioration of reperfusion injury after recanalization is a potential benefit. Due to easy access to the femoral vein, endovenous hypothermi...
Rubber in Brazil: Dominance and Collapse, 1876-1945

For the first few years of this century, Brazil was the major supplier of rubber to the world. However, the Amazonian wild rubber industry was unable to compete, in either price or quality, with the Asian plantation rubber that began to appear on world markets after 1906. Development of a successful plantation culture in the Amazon seemed imperative, but even with public subsidy, plantations remained an economic impossibility. By 1945 the Brazilian rubber industry, overwhelmed by Asian production, had virtually disappeared.