cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaffolded research assignment analysis for a required first year course

Abstract Roots of Contemporary Issues (HISTORY 105/305) is the foundational, required course for Washington State University undergraduates. All sections feature a term-length research project with scaffolded Library Research Assignments (LRAs) and a final research paper. This research study centered on when and how topic formation/thesis development, source selection, and citation skills develop across the LRAs and involved analysis of 445 randomly selected student cases spread across five years. The researchers examined source types and how often sources in the preliminary stages of research appear in final papers. Information is offered about how students use annotated bibliographies and outlines.
Caveolin-3 is required for regulation of transient outward potassium current by angiotensin II in mouse atrial myocytes

Angiotensin II receptor 1 is associated with caveolae and caveolar scaffolding protein caveolin-3 in mouse atrial myocytes that is required for the regulation of Ito by angiotensin II. Downregulati...
Rural School Nurses Face Challenges in Colorado: A Qualitative Study.

Rural school nurses are on the front lines of providing health care for children and families in rural Colorado, but there is little research from their perspective. To fill this gap, a descriptive...
Masking for COVID-19 Is Associated with Decreased Emergency Department Utilization for Non-COVID Viral Illnesses and Respiratory Conditions in Maryland.

Abstract Background Masking, which is known to decrease the transmission of respiratory viruses, was not widely practiced in the United States until the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This provides a natural experiment to determine whether the percentage of community masking was associated with decreases in emergency department (ED) visits due to non-COVID viral illnesses (NCVIs) and related respiratory conditions. Methods In this observational study of ED encounters in a 11-hospital system in Maryland during 2019-2020, year-on-year ratios for all complaints were calculated to account for “lockdowns” and the global drop in ED visits due to the pandemic. Encounters for specific complaints were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, version 10. Encounters with a positive COVID test were excluded. Linear regression was used to determine the association of publicly available masking data with ED visits for NCVI and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), after adjusting for patient age, sex, and medical history. Results There were 285,967 and 252,598 ED visits across the hospital system in 2019 and 2020, respectively. There was a trend toward an association between the year-on-year ratio for all ED visits and the Maryland stay-at-home order (parameter estimate = -0.0804, P = .10). A 10% percent increase in the prevalence of community masking was associated with a 17.0%, 8.8%, and 9.4% decrease in ED visits for NCVI and exacerbations of asthma exacerbations and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respectively (P Conclusions Increasing the prevalence of masking is associated with a decrease in ED visits for viral illnesses and exacerbations of asthma and COPD. These findings may be valuable for future public health responses, particularly in future pandemics with respiratory transmission or in severe influenza seasons.
Drug Design Investigation of both Traditional FDA Drugs and POSS to Serve as an Effective HIV Protease Inhibitor

During the HIV life cycle, HIV Protease cleaves the Gag-Pol polyprotein to form new HIV virions. Since the discovery of HIV, eleven FDA protease inhibitor drugs have been approved for public use. T...
Vertical convergence of resuspended sediment and subducted phytoplankton to a persistent detached layer over the southern shelf of Monterey Bay, California

Work done by the present authors and collaborators in the first year of a 2-year field study established the frequent presence of layers of suspended particulate matter detached from the seafloor over the southern shelf of Monterey Bay, California. In this contribution, we document similar findings over a 1-month period in Fall 2012 and investigate physical processes leading to vertical convergence of particles to the observed layers, both from resuspended sediment originating below the layer depth and from phytoplankton originating above the layer depth. Physical and optical vertical structure was measured by an autonomous vertical profiler, thermistor chain, and acoustic Doppler current profiler, and optical sensors fixed to a bottom-mounted frame measured beam attenuation and particle size distribution within the benthic boundary layer (BBL). These data support a conceptual model for layer formation in which (1) bottom material was mobilized into the BBL by semidiurnal internal tidal currents; (2) brief “updraft” events regularly injected particles into the interior water column during the downslope phase of the semidiurnal internal tide; and (3) particles converged at the detached layer due to a measured, but previously unreported, long time scale mean vertical convergence in flow. Subduction and vertical mixing of phytoplankton to the subeuphotic layer were also observed and are presented in two case studies in connection with horizontal convergences of surface water masses.
Optimal foraging theory and niche-construction theory do not stand in opposition

In a recent paper, Zeder (1) outlines core archaeological questions in domestication research, highlighting the importance of defining the process, when it happened, and why it happened in various global contexts. Importantly, she emphasizes the utility of separating initial domestication from intensive agricultural practices, pointing out that often, origins of agriculture studies actually deal with initial domestication. Zeder’s explicit separation of these two economic behaviors, as well as identification of various markers that indicate initial domestication, makes this an extremely valuable contribution.
Learning to Live Well: Re-exploring the Connections Between Philosophy and Education

Dewey defined philosophy of education as a marriage of philosophy and education predicated on a set of primordial conventions. One reason that the marriage is currently on the rocks, and that the spouses are not speaking to each other, is that an intrinsic tension in the second of these conventions has worked its way to the surface and eroded each discipline’s confidence in the other’s appreciation, while a third suitor has moved in. Educators now tend to look to the social sciences for guidance. So should we accept this silence as progress? Or are there more things in the tradition of philosophy than Dewey dreamed? This essay endeavors to make sense of the marriage of philosophy and education through an exploration of “more things in the tradition of philosophy than Dewey dreamed.” To do so, I explore recent work in philosophy, specifically that of Pierre Hadot, Alexander Nehamas, and Richard Shusterman. These philosophers, discontented with the current state of academic philosophy, are working to recover what they claim to be the real purpose of philosophy, namely to teach the art of living well. This art, now dominated by the massive self-help industry and television talk shows, used to be the domain of philosophy, they say. Meanwhile, philosophy has largely become discourse about philosophy, an internally coherent but externally irrelevant practice. As they redefine philosophy, these thinkers offer something to the self-understanding of philosophers of education. Specifically, they suggest that there is an organic connection between philosophy and education. I am not the first to inquire into the nature of the relationship between philosophy and education. In his introduction to the Eightieth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education in 1981, Jonas Soltis encouraged readers to consider philosophy of education, instead, as philosophy and education:
Inhibition of T-Cell Activation by PIK3IP1

The PI-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is critical for T-cell development and activation. Several negative regulators of this pathway have already been described and characterized: the lipid phosphatases SHIP, inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase, type II (INPP4B), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), the latter of which are tumor suppressors. PIK3IP1 (PI3K interacting protein 1) is a recently described transmembrane protein that has the ability to bind the catalytic protein p110 and prevent its activation by the p85 family adaptor proteins. Thus far, nothing is known about the possible role of PIK3IP1 in the regulation of lymphocyte development or activation. Here, we show for the first time that PIK3IP1 is expressed in T cells. Ectopic expression of PIK3IP1 in Jurkat or D10 T-cell lines inhibited activation of an NFAT/AP-1 transcriptional reporter. Conversely, siRNA-mediated silencing of PIK3IP1 in the same cell lines modestly augmented Akt phosphorylation, T-cell activation, and production of IL-2. These results suggest that the novel PI3K regulator PIK3IP1 plays an inhibitory role in T-cell activation.
Use of starch for water binding in restructured beef products

Abstract Sodium chloride (salt), phosphates and mechanical treatment solubilize proteins which increase fat and water binding in meat product. The algin/calcium binding system also enhances meat particle cohesion, while starches may be added to foods to bind water and increase viscosity. Studies in our laboratory examined cooking yields and binding or cohesion in beef and in beef formulated with salt/phosphate (1.5%/0.3%) or the algin/calcium (0.4%/0.075%) binder with and without added starch (2%) and water (10%). The ground beef was mixed with the ingredients, packaged in casings, and cooked in a 70°C water bath for 90 min. The pH of the salt/phosphate products (6.03±0.06) was higher (P
Numbers, not value, motivate cooperation in humans and orangutans

Cooperation among competitors-whether sharing the burden of wind resistance in the Tour de France, forming price-fixing cartels in economic markets, or adhering to arms-control agreements in international treaties-seldom spreads in proportion to the potential benefits. To gain insight into the minds of uncooperative agents, economists and social psychologists have used the prisoner's dilemma task to examine factors leading to cooperation among competitors. Two types of factors have emerged in these studies: the relative rewards of defecting versus cooperating and breakdowns in trust, forgiveness and communication. The generalizability of economic and social psychological factors, however, relies on the assumption that agents' comparisons of gains and losses (whether for themselves, others, or both) preserves ratio information over arbitrary units, such as dollars and cents, and real rewards, such as food. This assumption is inconsistent with psychophysical studies on how the brain represents quantitative information, which suggests that mental magnitudes increase logarithmically with actual value. Thus, discrimination of two numerical magnitudes improves as the numerical distance between them increases and decreases as the magnitudes increase. Here we show an important consequence of this representational system for economic decision making: in the prisoner's dilemma game, purely nominal increases in the numerical magnitude of payoffs (such as, converting dollar values to cents or whole grapes into grape-parts) has a large effect on cooperative behaviour. Moreover, a logarithmic scaling of the ratio of rewards for cooperation versus defection predicted 97% of variability in observed cooperation, whereas the objective ratio predicted 0% of variability. By linking the brain's system of representing the magnitude of rewards to motivations for cooperative behaviour, these findings suggest that the nature of numerical representations may also account for the subjective value function described by Bernoulli, in which the apparent value of monetary incentives increases logarithmically with actual value.
Optimization of Road Spacing for Log Length Shovel Logging on Gentle Terrain

Abstract Shovel logging has become a popular logging system in the western United States due to its high productivity. Its low ground pressure and single pass, often on a matt of limbs result in little ground disturbance. Despite this increasing popularity, there have been few operational studies of shovel logging. This paper describes the optimal road spacing problem for shovel logging using a serpentine pattern on gentle terrain. A mathematical model for shovel logging is presented for two cases (1) to minimize the sum of shovel yarding costs plus road costs from the landowner’s point of view and(2) to maximize profits from the point of view of a logging contractor. For the operating conditions assumed, the optimal shovel yarding distance is four swings when shovel yarding plus roads costs are minimized and three swings when logging contractor profit is maximized. For the example data, the model results demonstrate the flexibility of shovel logging in that there is little difference between total road c...
Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis 1: relative effects of recommended antibiotics on gram-negative pathogens.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the antibiotic chosen for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis affects the subsequent exposure of the neonate to ampicillin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: We performed a randomized clinical trial of ampicillin versus penicillin for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Genital tract cultures for Enterobacteriaceae were obtained at study entry and 8–36 hours postpartum. Organisms were isolated, identified, and tested for ampicillin susceptibility. RESULTS: The ampicillin (n = 175) and penicillin (n = 177) groups, respectively, did not differ in rates of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli at entry (25% versus 22%, P = .57) or postpartum (36% versus 38%, P = .64). Similarly, groups did not differ in rates of ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae at entry (38% versus 32%, P = .23) or postpartum (51% versus 55%, P = .46). However, postpartum culture rates of resistant Escherichia coli were higher than entry culture rates for both the ampicillin (36% versus 25%, P = .026) and penicillin (38% versus 22%, P < .001) groups. Postpartum culture rates of resistant Enterobacteriaceae were also higher than entry culture rates for both the ampicillin (51% versus 38%, P < .001) and penicillin (55% versus 32%, P < .001) groups. Results were similar when considering only women who received two or more doses and no additional antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis with either ampicillin or penicillin increases exposure of neonates to ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
Political Knowledge and Electoral Choice in the 1992–2004 United States Presidential Elections: Are More and Less Informed Citizens Distinguishable?

This study estimates an individual-level model of turnout and vote choice in United States presidential elections. Extending a methodology proposed by Bartels (1996), the model allows one to assess whether the electoral choices of citizens would change if they were more knowledgeable about politics, and if such changes have implications for aggregate election results. Simulations of hypothetical electorates under different assumptions about the distribution of political knowledge show that while some citizens would change their votes if more knowledgeable, the primary effects of increasing voter knowledge is to raise turnout levels and to solidify preexisting vote tendencies. The few vote changes that result from increased political knowledge largely average out in aggregation. Increased turnout resulting from a more informed electorate, however, favors Democratic candidates in two of the four studied elections. [A] people who mean to be their own governors, must arm themselves with the power which knowle...
The vitamin A and C content of Coriandrum sativum and the variations in the loss of the latter with various methods of food preparation and preservation

The leaves ofCoriandrum sativum contain 51.4µg of betacarotene (85.6 IU) per gram and 361mg L-ascorbic acid per 100g on a dry weight basis. The vitamin C in the plant did not change significantly for three days when the cut stems were placed in water and maintained at a temperature of 17 °C. Cooking for 5 minutes lowered the vitamin C content in 4 and 10 volumes of water by 41 to 49% and 61 to 67%, respectively. Cooking for 10 minutes in the same amount of water increased the loss by a few percentage points.
Heterosexism in Context: Qualitative Interaction Effects of Co-Cultural Responses

This qualitative content analysis explores how lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals respond to acts of heterosexism in a variety of contexts. This study examines 96 stories of sexual discrimination using a co-cultural theoretical frame of analysis. Specifically, the focus is on identifying the co-cultural communication orientations and practices that are enacted to discern if these strategies vary based on the situational context and type of relationship between interactants. Following are directions for future research in terms of co-cultural theory, contextual and relational situations, and environmental scanning.
Identification of diffusion species in V‐SiO2 reactions

Interfacial reactions between vanadium and thermally grown SiO2 films have been studied with Xe ions implanted in the SiO2 as diffusion markers. After the sample is heated at temperatures from 700 to 900 °C, the SiO2 decomposes and V3Si forms. A backscattering analysis of the marker displacement discloses that vanadium is the dominant moving species which diffuses through the V3Si to react with the SiO2, whereas the oxygen atoms generated as a result of the reaction outdiffuse and oxidize the outer vanadium layer. For a clear presentation of the reaction and marker motion, the usual energy spectra of backscattering have been converted to in‐depth compositional profiles.
The hypertensinogenic activity of 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone in the adrenalectomized spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract Infusions of 10 or 25 μg/day 19-nor-DOC for 2 weeks in adrenalectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats led to significant increases in blood pressure, 55 and 70 mmHg respectively. This study provides further evidence that 19-nor-DOC is a potent hypertensinogenic steroid and that the ADX SHR model is a useful, sensitive bioassay system to test for hypertensinogenic activity.
North american pleistocene stages reconsidered in light of probable pliocene-pleistocene continental glaciation.

Confusion due to the conceptual usage of classic North American Pleistocene stage terms indicates the need for a new or revised terminology. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary has tentatively been dated about 2.5 ± 0.1 x 106 years. Glacial deposits in the central United States older than about 2.2 x 106 years may span that boundary.
A novel approach to implementing digital policy management as an enabler for a dynamic secure information sharing in a cloud environment

The traditional way of approaching the management and enforcement of information systems Policy in enterprise environments is to manually translate laws and regulations into a form that can be interpreted and enforced by enterprise devices. In other words we create system commands for routers, bridges, and firewalls to force data transfers and system access to comply with the current policies and approved rules in order to control access and protect private, sensitive, and classified information. As operational needs and threat levels change, the rules are modified to accommodate the required response. It then falls on System Administrators to manually change the configuration of the devices they manage to adapt their operations accordingly. As our user communities continue to rely more heavily on mission information, and the enterprise systems and networks that provide it, our enterprise needs to progress to more automated techniques that enable authorized managers to dynamically update and manage policies in digital formats. Automated management of access rules that control privileges for accessing secure information and enterprise resources, enabled by Digital Policy and other Enterprise Security Management (ESM) capabilities provides the means for system administrators to dynamically respond to changing user needs, threat postures and other environmental factors. With the increased popularity of virtual environments and advent of cloud enterprise services, IA management concepts need to be reexamined. Traditional ESM solutions may be subjected to new classes of threats as physical control of the assets that implement those services are relinquished to virtual environments. Additional operational factors such as invoking critical processing, controlling access to information during processing, ensuring adequate protection of transactions within virtual environments and executing ESM provisions are also affected. The paper describes the relationships among relevant ESM enterprise services as they impact the ability to share and protect enterprise information. Central to this is the ability to adopt and manage digital policies within the enterprise environment. It describes the management functions that have to be supported, and the challenges that have to be addressed to ensure an effective implementation. Since the adoption of cloud services is becoming an important consideration for the evolution of enterprise architectures, the paper also explores the implications of shifting from traditional to virtual enterprise environments.
PET of Insulinoma Using 18F-FBEM-EM3106B, a New GLP-1 Analogue

Derived from endocrine pancreatic beta cells, insulinomas express glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor with high density and incidence. In this study, we labeled a novel GLP-1 analogue, EM3106B, with 18F and performed PET imaging to visualize insulinoma tumors in an animal model. A GLP-1 analogue that contains multiple lactam bridges, EM3106B, was labeled with 18F through a maleimide-based prosthetic group, N-2-(4-18F-fluorobenzamido)ethylmaleimide (18F-FBEM). The newly developed radiotracer was characterized by cell based receptor-binding assay, cell uptake and efflux assay. The stability in serum was evaluated by radio-HPLC analysis. In vivo PET imaging was performed in nude mice bearing subcutaneous INS-1 insulinoma tumors and MDA-MB-435 tumors of melanoma origin. Ex vivo biodistribution study was performed to confirm the PET imaging data. EM3106B showed high binding affinity (IC50 = 1.38 nM) and high cell uptake (5.25 ± 0.61% after 120 min incubation). 18F-FBEM conjugation of EM3106B resulted in h...
Orthogonal polynomials and summability in Fourier orthogonal series on spheres and on balls

For a general family of weight functions, a relation between orthogonal polynomials on the unit sphere in ℝd+m and orthogonal polynomials on the unit ball in ℝd is discussed and used to show that the summability of the Fourier orthogonal series on the unit ball follows from the summability on the unit sphere. Convergence of the Cesaro summability is established for a number of weight functions on the sphere and on the ball.
Components of change in migration and destination-propensity rates for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas: 1935-1980.

This article focuses on components of change in out-migration and destination-propensity rates of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The results indicate that changes in subgroup-specific rates were the driving force behind the changing patterns between and within these two areas. Composition effects played a secondary role, mainly counteracting the negative impact of changing rates. Although the rate of change in out-migration from metropolitan areas has been reduced and out-migration from nonmetropolitan areas declined during the most recent period, the propensity to select metropolitan areas increased over the period studied. Finally, rate-specific changes vary by age and education, indicating a change in migration’s impact on population composition at origin and destination.
Remnant Bose Condensation in He 4 Submonolayer Films

The recent specific-heat data of Bretz and Dash have been interpreted as evidence of two-dimensional inhomogeneous remnant Bose condensation in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ submonolayer films. For specific heats and for adsorption isotherms we suggest quantitative relationships which would verify this point of view.
Precommitment states induced during HL-60 myeloid differentiation: possible similarities of retinoic acid- and DMSO-induced early events.

Abstract The possible relationship of the pathways by which two inducers, retinoic acid and DMSO, cause myeloid differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells was studied. HL-60 cells were first exposed to retinoic acid and then washed free of it. As reported previously, this brief exposure results in no subsequent GO growth arrest or phenotypic differentiation. When these cells were subsequently exposed to DMSO, onset of G1/0 growth arrest but not phenotypic differentiation occurred within 24 h. Since in these cells retinoic acid or DMSO normally requires 48 h of continuous exposure for onset of significant G0 growth arrest and phenotypic differentiation, it appears that retinoic acid and DMSO induce similar early cellular events needed for subsequent G0 growth arrest but not for phenotypic differentiation. While onset of growth arrest and differentiation occur together when the cells are exposed for 48 h to retinoic acid, the present results indicate that their occurrence can be uncoupled by this split dosage to inducers. The results are discussed in terms of a previously hypothesized model of cellular response to the inducers.
Internal Structure of Casein Micelles from Bovine Milk

Abstract The internal structure of casein micelles from bovine milk has been reinvestigated. Observations from electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and enzymatic digestion of the micelles followed by centrifugation suggested that electron-dense particles in the micelles are probably granules of colloidal calcium phosphate and not protein aggregates. These granules are embedded in a surrounding matrix of caseins to form the micelle. The foci of formation of the calcium phosphate granules may be either the ester phosphate groups or the ɛ-amino groups of lysine.
Politics, Values, and Commitment: An Innovative Research Design to Operationalize and Measure Public Service Motives

Abstract Research studies abound with information concerning variables with statistically significant influence on worker retention and/or commitment. Despite all we know about the commitment and retention of workers, public organizations still lack the capacity to find and keep workers. More research analysis addressing the relationship between commitment of workers and politics, as well as commitment and value congruency (between members of the Senior Executive Service and the federal government) might provide a better understanding of workers' commitment to work organizations. This article is written with the image of public organizations as value (cultural) and political systems. These hypothesized variables are predicted to have strong influences on the commitment of workers in the federal government.
Extra Heart Beats as a Measurement of Work Cost1

A 1-pound load was lifted and lowered to various shelf heights. Work cost, as measured by the extra heart beats due to the task, was determined. The results were compared to a similar study in which a 5-pound weight was moved and kcal/minute was used as a criterion. Since the conclusions of the two studies are similar and data for the extra heart beat criterion are obtained more easily than kcal/minute, the method studied herein is recommended for the measurement of light as well as heavy work.
A Turn-In-Gap Erase Head for Magnetic Recorders Providing Intense High-Frequency Fields

A new erase head structure has been devised for use in magnetic recording. This new head provides, at reasonable power inputs, much more intense erasing fields than were possible previously and thus makes the use of magnetically harder media feasible. This head is excited by a single conductor in the erasing gap. The gap conductor is energized by a single turn secondary winding of a transformer. Greater efficiency is achieved through the resulting reduction in head flux for a given magnetomotive force applied to the medium. Also, improved thermal characteristics increase the power handling ability of this head.
Glutamyl and aspartyl moieties of cerebral proteins: enrichment in membrane-containing microsomal subfractions.

Abstract— The total mixed proteins (excluding proteolipids) were isolated from various tissues of the cat and from subcellular fractions of cat cerebral cortex and were compared for contents of total glutamyl and total aspartyl residues and total amide N. The proteins from renal cortex, testis and diaphragm were more acidic (proportionally more glutamyl and aspartyl residues with no increase of amide) than those from cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter and liver. Also the proteins isolated from cerebral cortical microsomes were more acidic than those from highly pure nuclear, mitochondrial and soluble subcellular fractions of cerebral cortex. Hepatic microsomal proteins gave very similar analyses. Subfractionation of the microsomal preparations from cerebral cortex and liver into deoxycholate-insoluble (ribosomal) and deoxycholate-soluble (‘membrane’) fractions localized the acidic proteins to the latter, ‘membrane’ subtraction. The ribosomal proteins isolated from cerebral cortex (and liver) had an amino acid composition very similar to that reported previously for ribosomal proteins in a number of tissues from various species. Upon column chromatography on DEAE-celluIose, the deoxycholate-soluble (‘membrane’) subtraction of hepatic microsomes yielded a peak (eluted with 0-2 M-phosphate, pH 5-6, plus 0-5 M-NaCl) that contained an exceptionally high proportion (30 per cent) of glutamyl and aspartyl residues. We suggest that such acidic proteins may be characteristic of membranes and may subserve important metabolic functions therein.
Being Right, and Being in the Right

This paper presents a critique of a prevailing conception of the relation between moral reasoning and judgment on the one hand, and moral goodness on the other. I argue that moral reasoning is inescapably vulnerable to moral, as opposed to merely theoretical, failure. This, I argue, means that there is something deeply misleading in the way that Kant's moral theory, and some of its main rivals, have invited us to conceive of their subject matter.
Energy flow and the persistence of a human population: a simulation analysis.

A human ecosystem model, NUNOA, simulates the yearly energy balance of individuals, families, and extended families in a hypothetical farming and herding community of Quechua Indians in the high Andes. The yearly energy demand of each family, based on the caloric requirements of its members, is computed by simulation of agricultural and herding activities in response to stochastic environmental conditions. The family energy balance is used in determining births, deaths, marriages, and resource sharing. The model user has the opportunity to investigate the effect of changes in marriage patterns, resource sharing patterns, or subsistence activities on the ability of the human population to survive in the harsh Andean environment. Results from the model suggest that the substructuring of a population into extended families provides a mechanism for sheltering the population from control by exogenous influences. A population without substructures for resource sharing is shown to be unstable in such an unpredictable environment.
Posttranscriptional regulation of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA by transforming growth factor-beta 1 requires de novo RNA and protein synthesis.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) has been implicated in the regulation of hepatocyte function. We have examined TGF beta 1 regulation of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA levels in a well differentiated mouse hepatoma cell line (BWTG3). TGF beta 1 reversibly decreased steady state mRNA levels of both albumin and AFP. By nuclear run-on assays, we found that TGF beta 1 caused no significant change in transcription rates for albumin or AFP. Pretreatment with actinomycin-D prevented the TGF beta 1-induced decrease in albumin and AFP mRNA levels. Also, if cells were treated with actinomycin-D after a 12-h exposure to TGF beta 1, actinomycin-D abrogated the further decrease in albumin and AFP mRNA levels that occurred after treatment with TGF beta 1 alone. Cycloheximide pretreatment blocked the TGF beta 1-induced decrease in albumin and AFP mRNA levels. TGF beta 1 altered neither the rate of BWTG3 cell growth nor the levels of mRNA for the growth-associated protooncogene c-myc. These data sugge...
Effects of propranolol on symptom and endocrine responses to pentagastrin

Abstract Intravenous injections of CCK-B agonists, such as pentagastrin, produce symptoms of panic and potent activation of the human hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. It is unclear whether these psychological and endocrine effects are mediated by similar or independent processes. Independence is supported by prior evidence that β-adrenergic receptor blockade attenuates cardiovascular and symptom but not vasopressin responses to CCK-4. To further explore associations between somatic, emotional and endocrine responses to CCK-B agents, and potential β-adrenergic mediating mechanisms, symptom and endocrine responses to pentagastrin were examined after propranolol pre-treatment. Cardiovascular, symptom, and endocrine (ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine) responses to pentagastrin were measured in 16 healthy adult subjects randomly assigned to receive propranolol or placebo pre-treatment. Propranolol significantly blocked the normal cardiac acceleration produced by pentagastrin, but did not reduce panic symptom or anxiety effects. It delayed and perhaps enhanced the cortisol response. No relationship between HPA and symptom responses following pentagastrin could be detected, though pre-pentagastrin cortisol was inversely related to post-injection panic symptom intensity. Endocrine, cardiovascular and symptom responses to pentagastrin appear to be separately mediated, as they did not change in concert in response to propranolol pre-treatment, nor were they correlated with one another. The results are consistent with the presence of inhibitory β-adrenergic mediation of the HPA axis in humans. They support the hypothesis that the HPA response to pentagastrin is not secondary to the psychological stress of its side effects.
The outcome of individual child psychotherapy: increments at follow-up.

SUMMARY Outcome studies of individual child psychotherapy providing comparable assessments at the close of therapy and at follow-up are reviewed and examined. Increases in outcome status from the end of therapy to follow-up are found frequently in treated groups of children. Follow-up increments appear to be most common when psychotherapy sessions number 30 or more. Methodological strengths and weaknesses of the studies are discussed and the substantive, theoretical, and methodological implications of the findings explored. The strongest implication of the review is that evaluations of the effectiveness of individual child psychotherapy require follow-up assessments.
Telerobotics as programming

We present MSLICE Sequencing (MSEQ), an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for robot command sequences, which will be used to construct and integrate sequences for the Mars Science Laboratory, scheduled to launch in November of 2011. MSEQ is an experiment in combining the paradigms of software development and robotic operations, under the thesis that the latter can benefit greatly from reusing the technologies developed to assist in the former. 12
The NIF x-ray spectrometer calibration campaign at Omega.

The calibration campaign of the National Ignition Facility X-ray Spectrometer (NXS) was carried out at the Omega laser facility. Spherically symmetric, laser-driven, millimeter-scale x-ray sources of K-shell and L-shell emission from various mid-Z elements were designed for the 2–18 keV energy range of the NXS. The absolute spectral brightness was measured by two calibrated spectrometers. We compare the measured performance of the target design to radiation hydrodynamics simulations.
The effect of oxidative stress on histone acetylation and IL-8 release.

Abstract Acetylation of histone residues regulates the expression of inflammatory genes and is controlled by the activities of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC). Analysis of histone acetylation in human cells is limited by the large numbers needed to perform activity assays or Western blotting. We have used flow cytometry to investigate changes in HAT and HDAC activities at the single cell level and to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) on histone H4 acetylation and cell-cycle progression. Using an anti-acetylated histone H4 antibody we show that H 2 O 2 induced a time-dependent increase in histone acetylation that was maintained for 12 h. This was associated with increased IL-8 production. H 2 O 2 also affected cell-cycle progression. HAT activity was found to be highest in G2/M and equivalent in G0/G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. These data show that detection of acetylated histone residues at the single cell level using FACs may be a powerful new tool for the analysis of modulation of cell proliferation and gene transcription.
A time-dependent link failure model for wireless sensor networks

Wireless links are one of the primary performance-limiting factors in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In particular, link failures negatively influence the network performance, reliability, and availability in most cases. In WSNs, a link failure might result in the loss of the shortest path between a sensor node and the sink node; thus the data will have to be transmitted via a longer path, leading to longer transmission delay and increased energy consumption. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize the impact of different parameters, such as battery life-time, power consumption of sensor nodes, fading, and interference, on wireless links. The main contribution of this work is the introduction of a time-dependent link failure model that incorporates the consideration of battery discharge model, sensor node power consumption in different modes, and wireless channel conditions (shadowing, background noise and interference). Furthermore, effects of the proposed link failure model on application communication reliability, network coverage, network topology, and energy consumption of delivering sensed data to sink node using different routing protocols are studied. Experimental results show that WSNs using the shortest-path distance algorithm are typically more reliable than those using the shortest-path hop algorithm, but they typically consume more energy for communication.
Vitamin B12 in All-Plant Rations for Chicks and Sparing Activity of Methionine and Choline

Abstract THE recent availability of crystalline vitamine B12 (Rickes et al. 1948a) and of inexpensive crude concentrates of vitamin B12 has greatly stimulated nutrition studies in poultry and other animals on the so-called “animal protein factor.” It is now quite generally accepted that much, if not all, of the growth promoting activity for chickens of common animal protein feedstuffs (Johnson et al. 1942; Cravens et al. 1945; McGinnis and Carver, 1947; Combs et al. 1948; Mishler et al. 1948; and Nichol et al. 1948), of the “cow manure factor” (Rubin and Bird, 1946Rubin and Bird, 1947), of hen droppings (Rubin et al. 1946; McGinnis et al. 1947), and of concentrates of the “animal protein factor” (Gillis and Norris, 1949), when added to corn-soybean oil meal diets adequate in riboflavin, is due to the presence of one or more members of the vitamin B12 group. Studies dealing with crystalline vitamin B12 have been made . . .
GENERAL FILM CONDENSATION CORRELATIONS

A comprehensive film condensation heat transfer correlation, established on the basis of analytical and empirical results from the literature, is in excellent agreement with all existing data. It incorporates the effects of interfacial shear stress, interfacial waviness, and turbulent transport in the condensate film. The usefulness of this correlation is demonstrated for annular-film condensation inside tubes. This correlation can easily be incorporated into condensing models once the interfacial shear stress is known. Two cases, cocurrent annular-film condensation inside vertical and horizontal tubes and countercurrent annular-film reflux condensation such as occurs inside the two-phase closed thermosyphon, are used to demonstrate this procedure.
Tissue phantoms in multicenter clinical trials for diffuse optical technologies

Tissue simulating phantoms are an important part of instrumentation validation, standardization/training and clinical translation. Properly used, phantoms form the backbone of sound quality control procedures. We describe the development and testing of a series of optically turbid phantoms used in a multi-center American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) clinical trial of Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI). The ACRIN trial is designed to measure the response of breast tumors to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Phantom measurements are used to determine absolute instrument response functions during each measurement session and assess both long and short-term operator and instrument reliability.
The political economy of conditionality: An empirical analysis of World Bank loan disbursements

Abstract Traditional aid conditionality has been attacked as ineffective in part because aid agencies – notably the World Bank – often fail to enforce conditions. This pattern undermines the credibility of conditionality, weakening incentives to implement policy reforms. The standard critique attributes this time inconsistency to bureaucratic factors within the aid agency such as pressure to lend, defensive lending, or short-sighted altruism. Pressure from powerful donors provides another potential explanation for lax enforcement. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the political economy of conditionality in international organizations using the case of the World Bank and the United States. The analysis examines panel data on World Bank disbursements to 97 countries receiving structural adjustment loans between 1984 and 2005. Using UN voting as an indicator of alignment with the U.S., the paper presents evidence that World Bank structural adjustment loan disbursements are less dependent on macroeconomic performance in countries aligned with the United States.
Epstein-Barr Virus Utilizes Ikaros in Regulating Its Latent-lytic Switch in B Cells

ABSTRACT Ikaros is a zinc finger DNA-binding protein that regulates chromatin remodeling and the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, apoptosis, and Notch signaling. It is a master regulator of lymphocyte differentiation and functions as a tumor suppressor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nevertheless, no previous reports described effects of Ikaros on the life cycle of any human lymphotropic virus. Here, we demonstrate that full-length Ikaros (IK-1) functions as a major factor in the maintenance of viral latency in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive Burkitt9s lymphoma Sal and MutuI cell lines. Either silencing of Ikaros expression by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown or ectopic expression of a non-DNA-binding isoform induced lytic gene expression. These effects synergized with other lytic inducers of EBV, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and the hypoxia mimic desferrioxamine. Data from chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses indicated that Ikaros did not bind to either of the EBV immediate early genes BZLF1 and BRLF1 . Rather, Ikaros affected the expression of Oct-2 and Bcl-6, other transcription factors that directly inhibit EBV reactivation and plasma cell differentiation, respectively. IK-1 also complexed with the EBV immediate early R protein in coimmunoprecipitation assays and partially colocalized with R within cells. The presence of R alleviated IK-1-mediated transcriptional repression, with IK-1 then cooperating with Z and R to enhance lytic gene expression. Thus, we conclude that Ikaros plays distinct roles at different stages of EBV9s life cycle: it contributes to maintaining latency via indirect mechanisms, and it may also synergize with Z and R to enhance lytic replication through direct association with R and/or R-induced alterations in Ikaros9 functional activities via cellular signaling pathways. IMPORTANCE This is the first report showing that the cellular protein Ikaros, a known master regulator of hematopoiesis and critical tumor suppressor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also plays important roles in the life cycle of Epstein-Barr virus in B cells.
Recovery of Antigens From Immunoadsorbents Using High Pressure

We report the use of pressures ranging to 2000 atm to elute bovine serum albumin from a moderate affinity monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent (K = 2.4 × 107 M−1). Over 75 percent of reversibly bound protein was recovered following a single 15 minute incubation at 2000 atm, and over 90 percent recoveries were obtained by repeated pressurizations. Repeated pressurizations to 2000 atm exerted no detrimental effect on immunoadsorbent binding properties, whereas immunoadsorbent binding capacity was significantly reduced upon treatment with a common chemical eluent, glycine/HCl at pH 2.5.
Respiratory carriers involved in the oxidation of hydrogen and lactate in a facultative autotroph.

Abstract A number of respiratory carriers have been identified in intact cells of H 2 -oxidizing bacteria from observation of their characteristic absorption spectra. These are: flavines, cytochromes of the b and c type, and two CO-binding pigments showing bands at 416–417, 535, and 570 mμ, and 429 mμ, respectively, in CO minus reduced difference spectra. In anaerobiosis the carriers are reduced by H 2 or lactate to the same extent. Addition of H 2 or lactate to oxidized cell suspensions caused a change in the steady-state oxidation-reduction level of cytochrome c which was related to the rate of respiration. However, the rates of respiration with these substrates, and the concentration of pigments which combine with CO vary, depending on the previous cultural history of the cells, indicating quantitative differences in the pathway of oxidation of these substrates. Inhibitor studies showed that cyanide and azide accelerated the rate of cytochrome c reduction while antimycin A and Amytal inhibited reduction. These compounds affected respiration of H 2 and lactate similarly, suggesting no qualitative difference in pathway of electron transport. A proposed sequence of reactions between substrate and O 2 was presented.