cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cu-Au, Ag-Au, Cu-Ag, and Ni-Au intermetallics: First-principles study of temperature-composition phase diagrams and structures

The classic metallurgical systems---noble-metal alloys---that have formed the benchmark for various alloy theories are revisited. First-principles fully relaxed general-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (LAPW) total energies of a few ordered structures are used as input to a mixed-space cluster expansion calculation to study the phase stability, thermodynamic properties, and bond lengths in Cu-Au, Ag-Au, Cu-Ag, and Ni-Au alloys. (i) Our theoretical calculations correctly reproduce the tendencies of Ag-Au and Cu-Au to form compounds and Ni-Au and Cu-Ag to phase separate at $T=0$ K. (ii) Of all possible structures, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}\mathrm{Au}$ ${(L1}_{2})$ and CuAu ${(L1}_{0})$ are found to be the most stable low-temperature phases of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Au}}_{x}$ with transition temperatures of 530 K and 660 K, respectively, compared to the experimental values 663 K and \ensuremath{\approx}670 K. The significant improvement over previous first-principles studies is attributed to the more accurate treatment of atomic relaxations in the present work. (iii) LAPW formation enthalpies demonstrate that ${L1}_{2}$, the commonly assumed stable phase of ${\mathrm{CuAu}}_{3}$, is not the ground state for Au-rich alloys, but rather that ordered (100) superlattices are stabilized. (iv) We extract the nonconfigurational (e.g., vibrational) entropies of formation and obtain large values for the size-mismatched systems: 0.48 ${k}_{B}$/atom in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Au}}_{0.5}$ $(T=1100$ K), 0.37 ${k}_{B}$/atom in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.141}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{0.859}$ $(T=1052$ K), and 0.16 ${k}_{B}$/atom in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Au}}_{0.5}$ $(T=800$ K). (v) Using 8 atom/cell special quasirandom structures we study the bond lengths in disordered Cu-Au and Ni-Au alloys and obtain good qualitative agreement with recent extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements.
Psychopathic traits predict attitudes toward a juvenile capital murderer.

The current study manipulated the presence/:absence of psychopathic traits and the ethnicity (Black/:White) of a juvenile capital murderer to examine their impact on layperson attitudes regarding what types of legal sanction were appropriate. Participants (N=360) reviewed a newspaper article concerning a death row inmate who was appealing his sentence primarily based on the fact that he committed the crime when he was 16 years of age. Compared to those in the control condition, those who read a scenario in which the defendant had been described at trial as exhibiting psychopathic traits (e.g. remorselessness, pathological lying) were significantly more likely to support a death sentence and less likely to believe he should receive any treatment in prison. Moreover, participant ratings of the extent to which they believed the defendant exhibited prototypically psychopathic traits (regardless of whether they were in the psychopathy or control condition) also significantly predicted these criterion measures. Ethnic status was relatively less influential, although participants were somewhat more punitive towards a Black defendant than a White defendant when considering the relevance of possible mitigating factors (e.g. history of sexual abuse).
Computer aided thesaurus construction: The speech communication association information retrieval system∗

Abstract This article describes the processes involved in the development of an information retrieval system for the Speech Communication Association. It attempts to show the use of the computer in several phases of this development. Essentially, the steps involved in this process are: 1. Delimit the concepts being used in the data base. 2. Organize these concepts into a faceted thesaurus. 3. Index the abstracts in the data base with the appropriate concepts. 4. Create a computer system that will retrieve abstracts indexed with the descriptor terms. The system is now operational, and the data base and thesaurus are being continuously up‐dated.
Insulin: Its binding to specific receptors and its stimulation of DNA synthesis and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase activity in cerebral cells cultured from embryonic mouse brain

The presence and specificity of insulin receptors was investigated in cultured cells obtained from 15–16 days old embryonic mouse cerebra. Developmental studies suggested that the maximum insulin binding occurred at about 11 days in vitro (DIV). Scatchard analysis of binding data revealed two types of binding sites. One type of receptor was the high affinity type (Kd=7.77×10−9 M; number of receptor sites,Bmax=350 fmol/mg protein) while the other type was of low affinity type (Kd=5.75×10−8 M;Bmax=1150 fmol/mg protein). The specificity of receptors for insulin was also confirmed by showing that [125I]insulin was displaced by non-radioactive insulin but not by glucagon or growth hormone. Insulin displayed a clear dose-dependent stimulation of thymidine incorporation. It also stimulated the activity of the enzyme 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNPase), which is specifically associated with myelin produced from oligodendroglia. Thus insulin has a positive influence on the proliferation and differentiation of brain cells.
Mitosis: Too Much of a Good Thing (Can Be Bad)

Recent studies reveal that the precise regulation of microtubule dynamics is essential for an error-free mitosis. Kinetochore microtubule attachments that are too stable increase the rate of chromosome mis-segregation, a leading cause of chromosomal instability in tumors.
Echinoid concentration beds: two examples from the stratigraphic spectrum

Abstract Echinoid concentrations provide insight into the role of shell composition and taphonomic resilience in the formation of shell bed types. The two groups of echinoids, regular and irregular, have very different responses to taphonomic processes and result in different types of fossil accumulations, on which relatively little previous research has been conducted. Such concentrations provide important information about the preservation of taphonomically fragile echinoid skeletons. To better understand the unique characteristics and depositional histories of echinoid beds, the stratigraphy, sedimentology, petrology and paleontology of two echinoid beds, a sand dollar bed from the Miocene Buttonbed Sandstone of California and a sea urchin spine bed from the Lower Triassic Virgin Limestone of Nevada, were studied. Both the Virgin Limestone echinoid bed and the Buttonbed coquina are nearly monospecific echinoid accumulations and therefore represent extreme examples of echinoid-rich deposits. Similarly, these two beds provide distinctly different examples of fossil echinoid beds because: (1) they are composed of different types of echinoids; (2) they were deposited in different marine environments; and (3) they represent very different stages in the evolutionary history of echinoids. The Buttonbed sand dollar bed, deposited in a shallow marine siliciclastic environment, was formed by both biogenic and sedimentologic processes. In contrast, the Virgin Limestone spine bed, deposited in a distal carbonate shelf setting, was subject to diagenetic as well as biogenic and sedimentologic processes during formation.
The ontogeny of nuclear estrogen receptor isoform expression and the effect of 17β-estradiol in embryonic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Ligand bound nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) acts as a transcription factor regulating the expression of estrogen dependent genes. There are four nuclear ER isoforms in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The objective of this study was to measure whole body mRNA levels of the two ERα isoforms (α1/α2) and the two ERβ isoforms (β1/β2) in male and female embryos from 50 to 600 degree-days (DD; days post-fertilization × water temperature) and in embryos exposed to vehicle or 17β-estradiol (E2) for 2 h at 230, 240 and 250 DD. All four isoforms were detected at every time point in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism was rarely observed; at 50 DD the level of ERα2 mRNA was significantly greater in males than in females and at 100 DD the level of ERβ1 mRNA was significantly greater in females than in males (p
Augustine’s Introduction to Political Philosophy: Teaching De Libero Arbitrio, Book I

Book I of Augustine’s work On Free Choice (De Libero Arbitrio) offers a helpful introduction to some of the most important themes of political philosophy. The paper makes a case for teaching this text in introductory courses on political thought, theology of social life, and similar topics, alongside or even in place of the more usually assigned excerpts from City of God. The text is written as a dialogue in which Augustine seeks to introduce a student of his to reflection on the ways in which our moral outlook is profoundly shaped by our political citizenship. It invites all of us, whether Christian or non-Christian citizens, to enter into the dialogue ourselves as Augustine’s students and so to reflect on the moral significance of our own citizenship.
Zinc release at the synaptic terminals of rod photoreceptors.

The presence of reactive zinc (Zn2+) within photoreceptor terminals, and evidence that exogenous zinc affects the electrophysiological activity of the distal retina, led to the suggestion that its co-release with glutamate could play an essential role in the modulation of information at the first synapse in the visual pathway. Although we had shown previously that zinc release could be visualized in the region of the outer synaptic layer of a retinal slice preparation, it could not be ascertained with certainty that the release sites were at the presynaptic terminal rather than from the mitochondria-rich inner segment or from zinc within the distal processes of photoreceptors and Muller cells. Using membrane permeant and membrane impermeant forms of a fluorescent zinc indicator (Newport green), we show both the intracellular distribution of Zn2+ and its depolarization-dependent discharge from the terminals of isolated zebrafish photoreceptors in culture. Zinc release could be detected in the dark-adapted preparation, and was further enhanced by brief exposures to black widow spider venom or high K+. Synaptically released zinc may significantly influence neural processing in the vertebrate retina by modulating the activity of excitatory and/or inhibitory receptors as well as intracellular signaling proteins.
The Reorganization Energy of Cytochrome c Revisited

The solution structures of the reduced and oxidized forms of the cytochrome c are used to reevaluate the reorganization energy for oxidation of cytochrome c. This is achieved by using the linear response approximation in concert with the NMR structures as pseudo energy constraints. Alternative estimates, obtained using a free energy perturbation approach employing umbrella sampling and a continuum dielectric approach, are also provided. The reorganization energy obtained is larger than that previously estimated using crystal structures of the protein. Nevertheless, the present estimate remains significantly smaller than the corresponding reorganization energy in water (9−15 kcal mol-1 as compared to ≈37 kcal mol-1 in water) and the protein contribution to the reorganization energy is only 8−10 kcal mol-1. This provides further support for the proposal that proteins assist in electron transfer reactions by reducing the relevant reorganization energies. The solution structures are also used to estimate the ...
Some continuum mechanics applications of differential forms

On trouvera en premier lieu quelques aspects d'une geometrie a quatre dimensions et une breve discussion des conditions de compatibilite. Viennent en suite les enonces de l'equation de l'energie globale et l'inegalite de la formation d'entropie qui, du fait de la geometrie utilisee ne necessitent pas de derivees des integrales par rapport au temps. Les equations locales sont deduites des conditions d'invariance, donnees en termes des derivees partielles de certaines formes differentielles.
A Wnt Inhibitor with a Twist

Although the clinical safety of compounds targeting the core components of the Wnt signaling pathway remains to be determined, a simple in vivo chemical screen identifies small molecules that inhibit Wnt signaling in a cell type-specific manner (Ni et al., this issue of Chemistry & Biology).
Basolateral amygdala opioids contribute to increased high-fat intake following intra-accumbens opioid administration, but not following 24-h food deprivation.

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that administration of μ-opioid receptor agonists into the nucleus accumbens increases high-fat diet consumption in sated rats and has shown a role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) activity in mediating this response. The present experiments were conducted to examine the role of BLA opioid transmission in mediating high-fat feeding driven by either intra-accumbens opioid activation or 24-h home cage food deprivation. Injection of the μ-opioid agonist, d -Ala2-NMe-Phe4-Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO) into the nucleus accumbens (0.25 μg/0.5 μl/side) increased consumption of a high-fat diet, and this effect was attenuated by pre-treatment with the opioid antagonist, naltrexone (5 μg/0.25 μl/side) administered into the BLA. In contrast, intra-BLA naltrexone administration had no influence on the increase in high-fat intake following 24-h food deprivation. These findings suggest that BLA opioid transmission is an important mediator of palatability-driven feeding as modeled by intra-accumbens opioid activation, while BLA opioid transmission has no significant influence on the increase in high-fat feeding driven by short-term negative-energy balance.
Restoration of mismatch repair to nuclear extracts of H6 colorectal tumor cells by a heterodimer of human MutL homologs

Hypermutable H6 colorectal tumor cells are defective in strand-specific mismatch repair and bear defects in both alleles of the hMLH1 gene. We have purified to near homogeneity an activity from HeLa cells that complements H6 nuclear extracts to restore repair proficiency on a set of heteroduplex DNAs representing the eight base-base mismatches as well as a number of slipped-strand, insertion/deletion mispairs. This activity behaves as a single species during fractionation and copurifies with proteins of 85 and 110 kDa. Microsequence analysis demonstrated both of these proteins to be homologs of bacterial MutL, with the former corresponding to the hMLH1 product and the latter to the product of hPMS2 or a closely related gene. The 1:1 molar stoichiometry of the two polypeptides and their hydrodynamic behavior indicate formation of a heterodimer, which we have designated hMutL alpha. These observations indicate that interactions between members of the family of human MutL homologs may be restricted.
Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of postanesthesia shivering in children.

Summary Background: Shivering is a common postanesthesia adverse event with multiple etiologies and multiple suggested prophylactic and abortive treatment regimens. Dexmedetomidine, a centrally acting α2-adrenergic agonist, has been used as a sedative agent and is known to reduce the shivering threshold. We hypothesized that children with postanesthesia shivering would reduce shivering behavior following a single bolus dose of dexmedetomidine. Methods: Dexmedetomidine was administered in a prospective, open-label fashion. The anesthesia management was uniform consisting of maintenance inhaled anesthesia (sevoflurane) and the intraoperative administration of fentanyl (1–2 μg·kg−1) plus a regional anesthetic technique (either a neuraxial or peripheral block) for postoperative analgesia. Criteria for treatment included: (i) shivering, (ii) successful extubation, and (iii) no other complaint/indication of pain. All children who met the criteria were treated with a single intravenous bolus dose of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg·kg−1) over 3–5 min. Following the completion of drug administration, shivering activity was recorded every minute (up to 10 min) with any adverse effects or complaints. The efficacy of shivering reduction at 5 min in this cohort is compared with previous reports from the literature of the efficacy of clonidine and meperidine. Results: Twenty-four children ranging in age from 7 to 16 years (11.5 ± 2.5 years) were treated. All children had a cessation of shivering behavior within 5 min following the completion of dexmedetomidine administration. The onset of effect was 3.5 ± 0.9 min. No adverse effects were observed. No shivering behavior recurred. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the treatment of postanesthesia shivering.
Experimental Investigation of Flow Structure and Nusselt Number in a Low-Speed Linear Blade Passage With and Without Leading-Edge Fillets

The potential of contouring the leading edge of a blade to control the development of the secondary flows in the blade passage and to reduce the thermal loading to the end wall is investigated experimentally. Fillets placed at the junctions of the leading edge and the end wall are used for contouring. Four different types of fillet profiles are tested in a low-speed linear cascade a Reynolds numbers of 233,000 based on the inlet velocity. Images of instantaneous smoke flow patterns show a smaller horseshoe vortex along the leading edge with the fillets. In the passage, the fillets cause the passage vortex to be located closer to the suction surface. Upstream of the throat, the normalized axial vorticity values for the passage vortex and the turbulence intensity levels are smaller with the fillets compared to the baseline.
Change in ethnic identity across the high school years among adolescents with Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds.

Changes in adolescents’ ethnic identity (e.g., exploration, belonging) were examined over the 4 years of high school. Results from 541 adolescents (51% female) with Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds suggest that, as a group, adolescents do not report developmental changes in their ethnic exploration and belonging over time. Yet, within-person analyses of change reveal that individual adolescents exhibited substantial fluctuation in ethnic identity across the years, and this fluctuation was associated with concurrent changes in family cohesion, proportion of same-ethnic peers, and ethnic centrality. The discussion focuses on the value of examining intraindividual change over at least several years in order to more fully understand processes of ethnic identity development during adolescence.
Variational Torelli implies generic Torelli.

David Cox 1,., Ron Donagi 2,., and Loring Tu 3 1 Department of Mathematics, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002. USA z Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Department of Mathematics, Tufts University, Medford, Ma 02155. USA Introduction The methods of Infinitesimal Variation of Hodge Structure (cf. [3]) provide a powerful tool for proving generic Torelli theorems (see [6] for the case of projective hypersurfaces). However, the success of this method depends on the implication Variational Torelli ~ Generic Torelli. In the literature, various forms of this implication have appeared, sometimes with proof (cf. [2, 3, 5, 7-9, 14 and 17]). All previous precise formulations have required several auxiliary hypotheses, including: - The existence of a coarse moduli space for the varieties in question. - The existence of a regular value for the period map, i.e., a
Impact of formulary policy on thiazolidinedione (TZD) use in the ontario drug benefit (ODB) program

Intro The ODB formulary policy is very restrictive for TZD use, limiting reimbursement for second line use that must be documented in an individualized request from the prescribing physician. This study was designed to determine if patients receiving the drug met the required reimbursement criteria and whether the policy resulted in preventing appropriate patients from receiving a TZD. Methods ODB eligible type 2 DM patients using an oral hypoglycaemic drug were recruited through community pharmacies. Patients were interviewed using computer assisted telephone interviewing software with trained interviewers. Patient chart information was obtained from their physicians via a fax-back form. Results 249 patients were recruited. Mean (sd) age was 75(5) years, with 10.5 (8) years duration of DM, BMI 27.6 (5) and HgA1c 0.07 (0.01).). Hypertension prevalence 80%, hyperlipidemia 74%, cardiovascular disease 46%. 85% of TZD users had previously tried or were still using other oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Patients using a TZD were more likely to have used a diabetic clinic, had a history of an adverse effect with a non-TZD oral hypoglycaemic drug and had a greater household income than non TZD users. Conclusions The inability to access a diabetic clinic and limited household income may prevent patients who might benefit from a TZD from receiving these drugs. While restrictive formulary policies can prevent undesirable or inappropriate drug use they may prevent appropriate access as well. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P72–P72; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.165
Laser diode thermal desorption mass spectrometry for the analysis of quinolone antibiotic residues in aquacultured seafood

RATIONALE Veterinary drug residue analysis of meat and seafood products is an important part of national regulatory agency food safety programs to ensure that consumers are not exposed to potentially dangerous substances. Complex tissue matrices often require lengthy extraction and analysis procedures to identify improper animal drug treatment. Direct and rapid analysis mass spectrometry techniques have the potential to increase regulatory sample analysis speed by eliminating liquid chromatographic separation. METHODS Flumequine, oxolinic acid, and nalidixic acid were extracted from catfish, shrimp, and salmon using acidified acetonitrile. Extracts were concentrated, dried onto metal sample wells, then rapidly desorbed (6 s) with an infrared diode laser for analysis by laser diode thermal desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with tandem mass spectrometry (LDTD-MS/MS). Analysis was conducted in selected reaction monitoring mode using piromidic acid as internal standard. RESULTS Six-point calibration curves for each compound in extracted matrix were linear with r2 correlation greater than 0.99. The method was validated by analyzing 23 negative samples and 116 fortified samples at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 600 ng/g. Average recoveries of fortified samples were greater than 77% with method detection levels ranging from 2 to 7 ng/g. Three product ion transitions were acquired per analyte to identify each residue. CONCLUSIONS A rapid method for quinolone analysis in fish muscle was developed using LDTD-MS/MS. The total analysis time was less than 30 s per sample; quinolone residues were detected below 10 ng/g and in most cases residue identity was confirmed. This represents the first application of LDTD to tissue extract analysis. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
INFORMATION BROADCASTING BY EXCLUSIVE-READ PRAMS

We consider the problem of copying information stored initially in a single memory cell by Exclusive Read Exclusive Write Parallel Random Access Machines (EREW PRAMs). We prove lower bounds for this problem and present algorithms matching them tightly (in many cases up to an additive constant). The bounds presented depend on the number of cells used and size of information copied. The lower bounds apply also to functions where a change of a single argument influences the output in many memory locations.
Recognition and prediction of individual and combined muscular activation modes via surface EMG analysis

The paper discusses how recognition of individual and combined muscular activation modes (functions) and the prediction of intended such modes can be accomplished by identifying parameters of noninvasive surface EMG signals. It outlines the mathematical analysis of surface EMG signal to facilitate such recognition and related prediction, including recognition of intention (in terms of attempts) to activate motor functions from the EMG, without accessing the CNS itself, in cases where a patient, say, a high-level amputee does not have the final-activation muscles and joints. The EMG activity thus allows to interpret and recognize CNS commands from minute variations in the parameters of surface EMG signals that record changes in the firing of motor neurons triggering contractions in related muscle fibers. We note that although in popular media this is sometimes referred to as detection of “thoughts”, no thoughts are detected, but only motor-outcomes of thoughts as found in the EMG signal. Examples of concrete cases where such recognition or prediction were accomplished in the author’s lab and in devices that came out of that lab, are given as are references to these in the literature over the last 35 years.
The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy

This commentary highlights previous literature focusing on cultural and environmental explanations for the racial/ethnic group hierarchy of intelligence. Assumptions underlying definitions of intelligence, heritability/genetics, culture, and race are noted. Historical, contextual, and testing issues are clarified. Specific attention is given to studies supporting stereotype threat, effects of mediated learning experiences, and relative functionalism. Current test development practices are critiqued with respect to methods of validation and item development. Implications of the genetic vs. culture-only arguments are discussed with respect to the malleability of IQ. Rushton and Jensen (2005) review decades of literature to support a genetic basis for the racial/ethnic group hierarchy in intelligence, a position they have held unwaveringly for over 30 years. Their report gives little mention to findings that point to the impact of environment and race (i.e., race as a social construction) on intellectual development or performance—what they term the culture-only perspective. We are not among the culture-only adherents as characterized by Rushton and Jensen. While acknowledging the impact of biological factors on intelligence test performance, we have examined the impact of cultural/environmental factors that affect performance on aptitude and achievement measures. Our work, and that of others (e.g., Aronson, 2002; Sternberg, 1996), show us that intellectual performance is much more fragile and malleable than what is often noted in the current literature. The goals of our commentary are to highlight, briefly, assumptions underlying definitions (i.e., intelligence, heritability, genetics, culture, race) and clarify historical, contextual, and testing issues that were only briefly mentioned by Rushton and Jensen. Finally, we comment on the heuristic value and on policy implications of the research.
Mitochondrial DNA background modifies the bioenergetics of NARP/MILS ATP6 mutant cells

Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded subunit 6 of ATPase (ATP6) are associated with variable disease expression, ranging from adult onset neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) to fatal childhood maternally inherited Leigh's syndrome (MILS). Phenotypical variations have largely been attributed to mtDNA heteroplasmy. However, there is often a discrepancy between the levels of mutant mtDNA and disease severity. Therefore, the correlation among genetic defect, bioenergetic impairment and clinical outcome in NARP/MILS remains to be elucidated. We investigated the bioenergetics of cybrids from five patients carrying different ATP6 mutations: three harboring the T8993G, one with the T8993C and one with the T9176G mutation. The bioenergetic defects varied dramatically, not only among different ATP6 mutants, but also among lines carrying the same T8993G mutation. Mutants with the most severe ATP synthesis impairment showed defective respiration and disassembly of respiratory chain complexes. This indicates that respiratory chain defects modulate the bioenergetic impairment in NARP/MILS cells. Sequencing of the entire mtDNA from the different mutant cell lines identified variations in structural genes, resulting in amino acid changes that destabilize the respiratory chain. Taken together, these results indicate that the mtDNA background plays an important role in modulating the biochemical defects and clinical outcome in NARP/MILS.
Halogen‐driven low‐altitude O3 and hydrocarbon losses in spring at northern high latitudes

[1] Halogen-driven ozone and hydrocarbon losses in springtime Arctic boundary layer are investigated using a regional chemical transport model. Surface observations of ozone at Alert and Barrow and aircraft observations of ozone and hydrocarbons during the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) experiment from February to May in 2000 are analyzed. We prescribe halogen radical distributions on the basis of GOME BrO observations. Tropospheric GOME BrO column shows an apparent anticorrelation with surface temperature over high-BrO regions. The enhancements of tropospheric BrO columns coincide with movements of cold polar air masses. While GOME BrO measurements reach the maximum in March, simulated near-surface ozone loss peaks in April because of the increasing daylight hours and hence the time for chemical processing. At its peak, the area of simulated near-surface ozone depletions (O3 50% of the northern high latitudes. Analysis of surface measurements at Alert and Barrow points to the importance of long-range transport of ozone-poor air from high-BrO regions. We find that specifying a BrO layer thickness of 300 m results in the best overall agreement between observed and simulated ozone. The apparent halogen-driven ozone loss up to 1 km was reproduced in the model because of vertical transport of ozone-poor air from low altitudes. When the empirical Cl/Br ratios derived from previous observations are used, the model can reproduce the observed halogen loss of light alkanes and acetylene. The Cl/Br ratios from a recent box model study using an accepted chemical mechanism are, however, much higher than the empirical results. We show that the hydrocarbon loss is not as sensitive to the prescribed thickness of the halogen layer as the ozone loss, therefore representing a more robust measure for evaluating satellite BrO column measurements.
Semantic analyzability in children's understanding of idioms

This study investigated the role of semantic analyzability in children's understanding of idioms. Kindergartners and first, third, and fourth graders listened to idiomatic expressions either alone or at the end of short story contexts. Their task was to explain verbally the intended meanings of these phrases and then to choose their correct idiomatic interpretations. The idioms presented to the children differed in their degree of analyzability. Some idioms were highly analyzable or decomposable, with the meanings of their parts contributing independently to their overall figurative meanings. Other idioms were nondecomposable because it was difficult to see any relation between a phrase's individual components and the idiom's figurative meaning. The results showed that younger children (kindergartners and first graders) understood decomposable idioms better than they did nondecomposable phrases. Older children (third and fourth graders) understood both kinds of idioms equally well in supporting contexts, but were better at interpreting decomposable idioms than they were at understanding nondecomposable idioms without contextual information. These findings demonstrate that young children better understand idiomatic phrases whose individual parts independently contribute to their overall figurative meanings.
Regulation of N-myc transcript stability in human neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma cells.

Abstract Several studies have shown that neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma tumor cells often have elevated N-myc mRNA levels compared to normal adult neuronal or retinal tissues, and it has been suggested that increased expression of this protooncogene may play an important role in tumorigenesis or malignant progression in cells of neural origin. We have studied the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on the N-myc mRNA levels in Y79 retinoblastoma and LA-N-5 neuroblastoma cells. We showed that when new RNA synthesis was inhibited by actinomycin D the levels of existing N-myc mRNA fell rapidly in both cell lines relative to total cytoplasmic RNA. The half-life for N-myc mRNA was approximately 30 min. Inhibition of protein synthesis by interfering with polypeptide elongation or by inhibiting initiation of protein synthesis increased the levels of N-myc mRNA at least 3-fold after 4 hours. Nuclear runoff transcription experiments showed that the protein synthesis inhibitors did not alter N-myc transcription rates. Combined actinomycin D treatment and treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors indicated that this increase in N-myc transcript levels was due to an increase in the N-myc mRNA lifetimes. Thus, N-myc transcript levels increased because they were more stable in protein synthesis-inhibited cells. Protein synthesis inhibition also increased c-myc mRNA levels in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, but no increase was seen in the relatively low level of c-myc mRNA in protein synthesis-inhibited neuronal tumor cells. These results support the hypothesis that the regulation of N-myc in these neuronal and retinal tumor cells is similar to that of c-myc in other tumor types.
A Study of Tobacco Carcinogenesis. XIII. Tumor-Promoting Subfractions of the Weakly Acidic Fraction

The weakly acidic fraction (WAF) of cigarette smoke particulate matter was fractioned by silica get chromatography. We assayed the various primary subfractions for potential tumor-promoting activity by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into mouse epidermal DNA as induced by these subfractions. Based on these results and on chemical composition, the primary subfractions, were then combined into four major subfractions and tested on initiated mouse skin for tumor-promoting activity by long-term application. Two of these subfractions (40% of WAF) were inactive, whereas the other two (18 and 35% of WAF) showed tumor-promoting activity. The two active portions were then further chromatographed and tested by the short-term bioassay. Some major components of the resulting active fractions included alkyl-2-cyclopenten-2-ol-1-ones, catechols, hydroquinone, fatty acids, and 3-hydroxypyridines. Among these components, catechol, hydroquinone, 3-hydroxypyridine, 6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid were inactive as tumor promoters in the experimental animal. The activity of the alkyl-2-cyclopenten-2-ol-1-ones is unknown. Other components remain to be identified.
Regulation of Synthesis of Glutamine Synthase in Bacillus subtilis

A study of the regulation of the synthesis of the enzyme glutamine synthase in Bacillus subtilis was initiated. An assay, based on the measurement of glutamo-hydroxamate, was used to characterize the enzyme in crude preparations and in toluene-treated cells. Determinations were made of the Michaelis constants for adenosine triphosphate, hydroxylamine, and glutamate (9 x 10(-3), 4 x 10(-3), and 2.2 x 10(-2)m, respectively), the pH optimum (7.6 to 7.7), and the stability. The differential rate of synthesis was determined under various growth conditions. The enzyme was found to be relatively insensitive to regulation. Partial repression was caused by glutamine, arginine, asparagine, and glutamate, or by carbon limitation in a chemostat. Derepression was caused by exhaustion of externally added amino acids or by nitrogen limitation in a chemostat.
The Right Side of the Tracks: Affluent Neighborhoods in the Metropolitan United States*

Objectives. We describe the geography, population composition, and housing stock of extremely affluent neighborhoods and evaluate the extent to which conclusions about these neighborhoods differ across definitions of affluence. Methods. Using Census 2000 data on tracts in the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, we compare neighborhoods at the very top of the income distribution (highest 2 percent) to their counterparts in lower-income categories. The distributions for median household income, median family income, per-capita income, and the household income ratio allow us to define affluence in alternative ways. Results. Contrary to past findings, rich neighborhoods are no longer concentrated in the Northeast, and they exhibit substantial proportions of foreign-born and Asian residents and average labor force participation rates. Other of their characteristics (e.g., educational level, professional-managerial employment, housing size and value) seem more predictable. Although certain results vary depending on how affluence is defined, the majority do not. Conclusion. Our analysis lays an empirical foundation for future work on affluent neighborhoods, which have received scant research attention. It also makes a conceptual contribution, demonstrating that such neighborhoods stand out irrespective of the definitional approach taken.
Law, Environment, and the 'Non-Dismal' Social Sciences

Over the past 30 years, the influence of economics over environmental law and policy has expanded considerably. Whereas politicians and commentators once seriously questioned whether tradable emissions permits confer a morally illicit “right to pollute,” today even environmental advocacy organizations speak freely and predominantly in terms of market instruments and economic efficiency when they address climate change and other pressing environmental concerns. This review seeks to counterbalance the expansion of economic reasoning and methodology within environmental law and policy by highlighting insights to be gleaned from various “non-dismal” social sciences. In particular, three areas of inquiry are highlighted as illustrative of interdisciplinary work that might help to complement law and economics and, in some cases, compensate for it: the study of how human individuals perceive, judge, and decide; the observation and interpretation of how knowledge schemes are created, used, and regulated; and the analysis of how states and other actors coordinate through international and global regulatory regimes. The hope is to provide some examples of how environmental law and policy can be improved by deeper and more diverse engagement with social science and to highlight avenues for future research.
Measurement of catalytic recombination coefficients on quartz using laser-induced fluorescence

Advanced laser-based diagnostics have been developed to examine catalytic effects and atom/surface interactions on thermal protection materials. This study establishes the feasibility of using two-photon laser-induced fluorescence for detection of O and N atom loss in a diffusion tube to measure surface catalytic activity. The experimental apparatus is versatile in that it allows fluorescence detection to be used for measuring species selective recombination coefficients and for performing diffusion tube and microwave discharge diagnostics. Many of the potential sources of error in measuring atom recombination coefficients by this method have been identified and taken into account. These include scattered light, detector saturation, sample surface cleanliness, reactor design, gas pressure and composition, and selectivity of the laser probe. Recombination coefficients and their associated errors are reported for N and O atoms on a quartz surface at room temperature.
Effect of hydrogen bonding on the rheology of polycarbonate/organoclay nanocomposites

Abstract The linear dynamic viscoelastic properties and non-linear transient rheology of polycarbonate (PC)/clay nanocomposites were investigated at temperatures ranging from 240 to 280 °C. For the study, nanocomposites of PC and natural montmorillonite (Cloisite Na + ) or chemically modified clay (Cloisite 30B) were prepared by melt blending in a twin-screw extruder. Cloisite 30B is a natural montmorillonite modified with methyl, tallow, bis-2-hydroxyethyl, quaternary ammonium chloride (MT2EtOH). In both PC/Cloisite Na + and PC/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites the concentration of clay was varied from 2.3 to 4.3 wt%. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results show that at temperatures ranging from 30 to 280 °C the carbonyl groups in PC and the hydroxyl groups in MT2EtOH of Cloisite 30B in PC/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites formed hydrogen bonds, while no evidence of hydrogen bonding was observed in the PC/Cloisite Na + nanocomposites. There are no discernible sharp reflections in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of PC/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites, after Cloisite 30B having the d 001 spacing of 1.85 nm was mixed with PC, whereas the d 001 spacing changes little (1.17 nm) before and after the mixing of Cloisite Na + to PC. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) images show that organoclay platelets are well dispersed in PC/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites, while the untreated clay platelets are poorly dispersed in PC/Cloisite Na + nanocomposites. The observed differences in XRD patterns and TEM images between the two nanocomposite systems are explained by in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The results of rheological measurements (linear dynamic viscoelasticity, non-linear transient shear flow, and steady-state shear flow) support the conclusions drawn from the results of XRD, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy.
Physical and Sexual Violence Experienced by Lesbian and Heterosexual Women

Violence against women is recognized as an enormous social problem, but little is known about differences among women with regard to violence. This study was conducted to explore whether there are differences in the violence experienced by lesbian and heterosexual women and in the actions used in response to violence. A convenience sample of 136 lesbian and 79 heterosexual women completed survey questionnaires. Significantly more lesbians (51%) than heterosexual women (33%) had experienced nonsexual physical violence, and there was no difference between the groups in the prevalence of sexual violence (lesbian 54%, heterosexual 44%). The principal actions for all women in response to violence were avoidance, talking to someone, and doing nothing—passive strategies that have limited value.
Adaptors for Clathrin-Mediated Traffic

Clathrin-based systems are responsible for a large portion of vesicular traffic originating from the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network that reaches the endosomal compartment. The assembly of cytosolic clathrin forms the scaffold required for the local deformation of the membrane and for the formation of coated pits and vesicles. In this process, clathrin interacts in a coordinated fashion with a large number of protein partners. A subset designated clathrin adaptors links integral membrane proteins to the clathrin coat, a process that results in the recruitment of specific cargo proteins to the budding vesicle. This review focuses on the most recent advances dealing with the molecular basis for sorting by clathrin adaptors.
As the Twig Is Bent? The Myth of Child-Rearing Influences on Personality Development

Social scientists and laypersons alike believe that child-rearing styles and family environments are formative of personality traits such as shyness and activity level, intellectual traits such as IQ, and psychopathology. After 100 years of behavioral genetic research, however, including new studies of twins raised apart and together, little factual support for this “common sense” proposition can be found. Nonintellectual traits seem to be determined instead by genetic influences and by relatively specific environmental influences, most of which are not particularly tied to the family or parental treatments. Intellectual traits show modest family environmental influence, but that influence may diminish in importance after childhood. I conclude that parents should be given less credit for children who turn out well and should take less blame for children who turn out poorly. Counselors who blame parents less for children's behavioral outcomes—especially extreme traits and psychopathology—may find those parents to be more willing helpers in those intervention processes that have been shown to work.
Interactional Variables Associated with Retention and Success in Residential Drug Treatment

The present study was designed to identify variables associated with client retention and success at the Rocco Antenucci Memorial Adult Residential Drug Treatment Center in Akron, Ohio. Multiple st...
Seeing Touch: Moving Closer to the Worm Mechanotransduction Complex

Abstract In touch receptor cells of the nematode, two channel subunits of the DEG/ENaC family have long been thought to carry out mechanotransduction. New work shows that these channel subunits are responsible for events that occur within 50 milliseconds of transduction, and may be the transduction channel subunits themselves.
Successful Authors and Effective Reviewers Balancing Supply and Demand in the Organizational Sciences

Bedeian, Van Fleet, and Hyman offer some data that cast doubt on the qualifications of the reviewers of the flagship journals in our field. Using two alternative measures of authoring success, we found the reviewers of Academy of Management Journal are as a group more accomplished scholars than the authors are as a group. However, we suggest that a more relevant conversation should be about addressing the large gap between the demand for effective reviewers and the supply of individuals who are both successful authors and effective reviewers. We encourage a two-pronged approach involving reducing the demand for reviews on one hand and increasing the supply of effective reviewers on the other hand. We offer several procedural and structural alternatives to initiate a conversation that might help to move us toward some norms to encourage and reward effective reviewing in our field.
A rigid network of long-range contacts increases thermostability in a mutant endoglucanase.

Thermodynamic stability of a protein at elevated temperatures is a key factor for thermostable enzymes to catalyze their specific reactions. Yet our understanding of biological determinants of thermostability is far from complete. Many different atomistic factors have been suggested as possible means for such proteins to preserve their activity at high temperatures. Among these factors are specific local interatomic interactions or enrichment of specific amino acid types. The case of glycosyl hydrolase family endoglucanase of Trichoderma reesei defies current hypotheses for thermostability because a single mutation far from the active site (A35 V) converts this mesostable protein into a thermostable protein without significant change in the protein structure. This substantial change in enzymatic activity cannot be explained on the basis of local intramolecular interactions alone. Here we present a more global view of the induced thermostability and show that the A35 V mutation affects the underlying struc...
Pelvic organ prolapse surgery in the United States, 1997.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to describe the prevalence, regional rates and demographic characteristics, morbidity, and mortality of pelvic organ prolapse surgeries in the United States. Study design: We used data from the 1997 National Hospital Discharge Survey and the 1997 National Census to calculate rates of pelvic organ prolapse surgeries by age, race, and regional trends. Results: In 1997, 225,964 women underwent surgery for prolapse (22.7 per 10,000 women). The mean age of these women was 54.6 years (±15.2). The South had the highest rate of surgery (29.3 per 10,000) and the Northeast had the lowest (16.1 per 10,000). The surgery rate for whites (19.6 per 10,000) was 3 times greater than that for African Americans (6.4 per 10,000). Although 16% of surgeries had complications, mortality was rare (0.03%). Conclusion: Pelvic organ prolapse surgery is common. Regional and racial differences in rates of surgery may reflect physician practice, patient preferences, and gynecologic care utilization. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:712-6.)