cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future-Oriented Identity: Necessary Leader Transformation Through Spiritual Engagement

Future-oriented leaders will be called to transition to new, more globally aware, socioculturally sensitive, sustainably focused, justice-oriented roles that stretch beyond current contemporary leadership models. Preparing leaders for such a future will require integrating hard skills traditionally taught in business schools, the soft skills of emotional intelligence, empathy, moral decisiveness, and mindfulness, and spiritual skills that can transform and shape the leaders’ identity. Such an integrated transformational development approach can allow for an authentic “refocusing” of purpose and approach, so leaders can better understand and care for the more diversely motivated constituents in the twenty-first century.
“Lipolipin”: A Glycoprotein Inhibitor of Postheparin Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase

It has been established that the uptake of circulating blood triglyceride fatty acids by extrahepatic tissues is mediated through the hydrolysis of triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase (LPL). LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides only in the presence of lipoproteins, and its activity is considered essential for a normal rate of clearance of triglycerides from plasma (15).
Kupperman, Joel J., Theories of Human Nature

In this broad-ranging comparative overview, Joel J. Kupperman examines theories of human nature throughout history and from multiple philosophical traditions. Kupperman’s book is intended primarily for undergraduate philosophy students, including those in courses on the philosophy of human nature. It serves as an alternative to books such as Leslie Stevenson and David L. Haberman’s Ten Theories of Human Nature and Louis P. Pojman’s Who Are We? Theories of Human Nature, both of which also take a comparative approach, but cover a somewhat smaller selection of thinkers. In Part I (Chapters 1 and 2), Kupperman offers general guiding reflections on the topic of human nature, a preliminary overview of the thinkers whom he will examine, and observations on how the notion of “human nature” arises in everyday thinking. He goes on to distinguish various kinds of theories of human nature. Some theories, Kupperman says, are more descriptive (i.e., focused on human nature as it generally is); others are more focused on a conception of fulfilled human nature (i.e., human nature as it ought to be); still others offer hybrid approaches. In Part II (Chapters 3–7), Kupperman examines pre-modern conceptions of human nature. He begins his historical overview with discussions of the Upanishads and the Buddha. Kupperman explains how the Upanishads’ conception of the self as atman is capable of explaining the unity of the self through time. In his treatment of the Buddha’s views, Kupperman discusses the nature of desire and suffering, as well as complexities in the development of the Buddhist tradition (e.g., in relation to the issue of reincarnation). Kupperman emphasizes Confucius’s concern with everyday behavior, especially social relations. Thus, Kupperman highlights the importance of self-cultivation in Confucius’s account (especially in relation to Analects 1.15), and briefly explains the Confucian approach toward ritual and music in relation to Plato (47). Kupperman also highlights the role of regret in Confucian self-cultivation (especially in relation to Dao (2012) 11:253–257 DOI 10.1007/s11712-012-9264-3
Typhoid Mary: A Story-Based Approach to the Teaching of Epidemiological Concepts

Understanding Koch9s postulates, including how they are used to study the spread of disease within a population, is central to the teaching of microbiology. These concepts are often presented and discussed with little or no historical background, and as a result students fail to appreciate how the field has developed from past to present. We designed a lesson based on the story of Typhoid Mary to engage students in the learning and application of Koch9s postulates in the field of epidemiology and provide insight into the interplay between scientists and the public as illustrated by this episode. The lesson uses an interrupted story technique in which students watch a documentary about Typhoid Mary, with pauses to discuss the events and engage in a role-play to reenact Mary9s trial. The purpose is to improve student understanding of central concepts and to foster a deeper understanding of issues associated with the nature of science (NOS), such as how the process of science is influenced by culture and society (and vice versa). This lesson plan was created for a college-level microbiology course for non-majors, but can be easily modified for use in high school settings.
Breaking Carbon–Chlorine Bonds with the Unconventional Lewis Acid Dodecachlorocyclohexasilane

c-Si6Cl12 functions as a Lewis acid strong enough to abstract chloride ions from 2 mol of triphenylchloromethane to form the salt [Tr+]2[Si6Cl142–]. This is the first example of a Lewis acid “hole” breaking a carbon–halogen bond.
Indirect Purchaser Suits and Jurisdictional Competition

This short commentary for the Global Competition Review looks at conflict-of-laws questions concerning the availability of “indirect purchaser” suits under state antitrust laws. Using “comparative impairment” analysis, recent decisions have drawn implausible distinctions between seemingly identical cases on the basis of suppositions about how strongly attached different states are to their respective laws. A better approach would be to mold conflict-of-laws rules to enhance parties’ jurisdictional choice. Comparative impairment was the brainchild of antitrust giant William Baxter, and it seems an appropriate context to consider the effect different conflicts rules will have on the “market for law.”
Escaping the Capability Trap: Turning

The international development community has been grappling with the challenges of implementing development programs and, consequently, with the design of practical approaches to attaining program objectives. This paper contributes to the emerging discussion on addressing the implementation capacity gap in developing countries. It presents the post-conflict experience of Burundi in building the capacity of its public sector to deliver basic services and demonstrates a practical approach to implementing what has been called problem-driven iterative adaptation. The Leadership for Results approach shows that a results-focused process of learning through disciplined experimentation enables local officials and stakeholders to more willingly learn and adopt new ways of doing things. This approach can be structured to address the time inconsistency between a development program and political or electoral concerns, both of which are critical to overcome implementation challenges.
Does Everything Fall Apart? Life Assessments Following a Gray Divorce:

The divorce–stress–adjustment theoretical framework emphasizes not only the negative consequences associated with marital dissolution but also the positive outcomes that can eventually emerge after...
Deterioro de la vitamina C en pulpa de camu-camu (Myciaria dubia) pasteurizada almacenada en función del tiempo y la temperatura de almacenamiento

Determines deterioration of vitamin C, present in the pulp of camu camu, a performance was found was 34,31%, (pulp/fruit), with an average content of vitamin C of 1500,1 mg/100 g, pH: 2.8 and 6.3 ° Brix. According to indicators of maturity in the fruit, was obtained the following qualifier, State of maturity pinto ripe, with a color of shell where predominantly red, the appearance of translucent colorless mesocarp and flavor acid.The study determined the deterioration of the pulp of camu camu packaging and pasteurized, taking as an indicator of impairment to vitamin C, depending on the time and temperature. The method of accelerated tests, in order to accelerate the deterioration of vitaminC.The data obtained were analyzed by the method of least squares and whereas the equations chemical kinetics that the order of the reaction was determined first-order (n = 1), then applied the Nicolas Arrhenius equation which correlates the speed of deterioration depending on temperature, establishing the mathematical modelthat simulates the deterioration of vitamin C in the pulp of camu camu stabilized by heat treatment which allows to predict the loss between the temperatures of 20 ° C and 50 ° C, whereupon the obtained model is two related variables.independent time (t) and temperature (Ta), where C (is vitamin C, remnants).
Reversible scavenging traps hydrothermal iron in the deep ocean

Abstract Recent studies suggest that seafloor hydrothermal vents could be an important source of iron (Fe) to the surface ocean, stimulating plankton growth and biological carbon export. However, quantifying the supply of hydrothermal Fe to the surface ocean requires accurately modeling its stabilization and removal processes, which are poorly known. Here, we determine the physical speciation of dissolved Fe along an oceanographic transect following a coherent hydrothermal plume that emanates from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and persists westward over 4,000 km in the Tropical South Pacific. Our observations show that the plume persists horizontally, but descends vertically, and consists primarily of very large Fe colloids. Guided by these observations, we develop a new size-resolved mechanistic model of hydrothermal Fe dispersion in this region, in which the stabilization of hydrothermal Fe is explained by a reversible particulate exchange process. This model accurately captures the lateral dispersion, downward settling and physical speciation of hydrothermal Fe along this transect. An alternate model that uses a hydrothermal source of Fe-binding ligands to facilitate Fe transport within the deep ocean can reproduce the long-range transport of hydrothermal Fe, but does not reproduce the vertical descent of the plume. Our model shows that hydrothermal Fe vented from the EPR is trapped in the deep ocean, and only 1% of this iron ever makes it to the surface where it can stimulate biological productivity. At the global scale, 3-5% of hydrothermal Fe makes it to the surface ocean, the vast majority of which originates from Southern Ocean vents and upwells in the Southern Ocean. Our best estimate of the global supply of hydrothermal Fe to the surface ocean, based on data-constrained estimates of ocean circulation, mantle 3He venting, and the hydrothermal Fe:3He ratio from the EPR, is 0.12 ± 0.07 Gmol yr−1. This is about 60-70 times lower than the supply of Fe from aerosol dust deposition, but could be regionally important in the Antarctic zone of the Southern Ocean.
Sex Differences in Anatomic Features Linked to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries During Skeletal Growth and Maturation.

Background:Several anatomic features of the knee have been shown to affect joint and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading and the risk of subsequent injuries. While several studies have highlig...
Report of the ALCTS Technical Services Managers of Academic Libraries Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Midwinter Conference, Philadelphia, PA, January 2020

The Technical Services Managers in Academic Libraries Interest Group (TSMALIG), chaired by Lauren DeVoe of Columbia University, met at the 2020 ALA Midwinter Conference on Saturday, January 25. Thi...
An Alternative Theoretical Framework for Consumption and Saving

The model proposed in this book has three pillars: defensive expectations, compensatory savings and the cumulative wage gap. Defensive expectations are households’ expectations to preserve or rebuild the wealth they had in the past. The instrument to measure the defensive expectations is an alternative measure of economic slack—the cumulative wage gap, calculated as the cumulative difference between the current wage and the last peak wage value in the past, adjusted for inflation. The compensatory saving is the saving made to compensate a loss of wealth that has already happened. This is different from precautionary saving which is driven by uncertainty. As people are loss-averse, when their income falls, they will save more and spend less in order to compensate for that loss. Households will not spend more until they fully recover what they lost, as a measure of stock. This is the foundation for the revised Phillips Curve.
Jubilite: A 4-,8-Connected Cubic Structural Pattern in Space Group Pm3

In the course of investigating structural modifications of the 3-,4-connected net known as the PtO structure-type (Waserite), a novel 4-,8-connected structure-type was discovered. This lattice is generated by replacing the 3-connected trigonal planar vertices of the PtO structure-type with 4-connected tetrahedral vertices, to achieve a structure which possesses a generic empirical formula of JKL. In such a topological modification, the four 3-fold axes of the parent cubic, Pm3n, PtO structure-type are retained. Thus the 4-connected tetrahedral vertices are oriented so as to preserve cubic symmetry in the resulting Pm3, JKL (jubilite) lattice. The unit cell contains a single 8-connected cube-centered vertex, six 4-connected distorted square planar vertices and eight 4-connected distorted tetrahedral vertices. It is a Wellsean structure with a Wells point symbol given by (468)(48)(48) and a Schlafli symbol of (5, 4.2667). This latter index reveals a decrease in the lattice’s polygonality and concomitant increase in the connectivity through the transformation from Waserite to jubilite. The topology of the parent Waserite lattice (PtO) corresponds to that of the Catalan structures with the Wells point symbol (8)(8), which has the Schlafli symbol (8, 3.4285). Finally, it can be seen that a sequence of structure-types starting with Waserite (PtO) and moving to jubilite (JKL) and finally to fluorite (CaF) represents a continuous crystallographic structural transformation in which the symmetry and topology undergo concomitant changes from one structure-type (Waserite) to the other structure-types. The topology of the fluorite lattice, represented by the Wells point symbol (4)(4), and the Schlafli symbol (4, 5), indicates a discontinuous topological transformation from the intermediate jubilite lattice; like the discontinuous topological transformation from PtO to JKL; in which the polygonality is again reduced, in this step from 5 to 4, and the connectivity is concomitantly increased, from 4.2667 to 5, during the continuous structural transformation. The 1 index, a topological measure of the form of a structure-type in terms of the ratio of the weighted average polygonality to the weighted average connectivity in the unit cell, decreases in the sequence from PtO (2.3333) to jubilite (1.3476) to fluorite (0.7500). This indicates the discontinuous, though monotonic, appearance of more closed networks upon increasing the connectivity and concomitantly decreasing the polygonality in the structural sequence. Interestingly, the ratios of the form indexes of the adjacent members in this series: 1/1 and 1/1, are approximately equal to each other.
Auditing from a Distance: The Impact of Remote Auditing and Supervisor Monitoring on Analytical Procedures Judgments

Remote auditing has become a common work arrangement. Auditors and clients are concerned the “out-of-sight-out-of-mind” mentality of remote work diminishes audit quality and firms have instituted steps such as increased supervisors’ monitoring. We investigate how two remote audit factors, spatial distance between the auditor and client and frequency of supervisor status update request, influence auditors’ analytical procedures judgments. We theorize increased psychological distance from working remotely facilitates higher-level thinking and enhances creative hypothesis generation and evaluation when uncovering a financial statement error. However, more frequent supervisor monitoring causes auditors to feel constrained, which diminishes the benefits of working remotely. In an experiment, relative to working at the client site, auditors working remotely consider a wider range of potential causes for a seeded error, and exhibit higher decision quality, when monitored less frequently than more frequently. Thus, working remotely can enhance audit quality, conditional on the nature of the supervisor’s monitoring.
Is There a Role for Vascular Surgery in the Contemporary Management of Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction management is intended to restore capacity for penile erection. Although effective, none of the currently available treatments approved by the US Food and Drug Administration reverse erectile dysfunction pathophysiology. Penile arterial bypass surgery is intended to restore erectile function without the need for the chronic use of vasoactive medications or penile prosthesis placement. In select cases, venous ligation surgery may be beneficial, but this approach is not supported by the most recent guidelines on erectile dysfunction management. The lack of high-quality research surrounding penile vascular surgery has limited its use.
Research methods for educational dialogue: by Ruth Kershner, Sara Hennessy, Rupert Wegerif and Ayesha Ahmed, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, 295 pp., $26.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-3500-6008-1

According to Wegerif (2019), dialogic education can be defined on multiple levels. Any classroom where group work and student talk are valued might be considered dialogic. However, more complex def...
The role of maternal interactive behavior and gestational age in predicting infant affect during the Still-Face Paradigm.

BACKGROUND Emotion regulation develops through bidirectional affective communication. AIM To investigate the role of maternal interactive behavior in predicting infant affect among preterm versus full-term infants. STUDY DESIGN The association between maternal interactive behavior (contingent, attention seeking, watching) and infant affect during a modified Still Face (SF) paradigm in a sample of 22 preterm and 28 full term infants (3 ½ - 4 ½ months old) was investigated. METHODS Maternal behavior and infant affect were coded in one second intervals. RESULTS Maternal contingent interaction was positively correlated with positive infant affect (p < 0.001 for Play; p < 0.001 for Reunion#1; p < 0.01 for Reunion#2, respectively), with a stronger association during the second reunion for preterm infants (p < 0.001). In the preterm sample but not in the full-term sample, attention seeking maternal interaction at Play (baseline), Reunion#1, and Reunion#2 were all positively correlated with negative infant affect at Still Face#2. Maternal watching was negatively associated with positive infant affect for the full sample for both Reunion episodes (p < 0.05). Full term infants' negative affect increased from baseline to the first SF episode and then plateaued, whereas preterm infants demonstrated greater negative affect and less recovery throughout. Mothers of full-term infants showed increased contingent responding after the first SF stressor, while mothers of preterm infants did not (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants may be more susceptible to both positive and negative maternal behaviors and mothers of full-term infants may be more responsive to infants' increased distress. Relationship-focused interventions addressing maternal behaviors may enhance positive emotionality and improve self-regulation in medically at-risk infants.
“Street Cred” and the Executive Woman: The Effects of Gender Differences in Social Networks on Career Advancement

Drawing upon Cabrera and Thomas-Hunt's (2006) theoretical framework for the advancement of executive women, we identify gender differences in social networks as an important determinant of the relative perceived credibility of men and women and the opportunities for hire and promotion available to them. A review of the existing research literature on gender and social networks is presented and several potentially fruitful avenues for future research in this area are discussed.
The effect of localized sound leaks on the speech privacy of closed rooms

The results on the detectability and severity of several sound leaks in closed rooms and speech privacy measurement, are presented. The method establishes a uniform sound field inside the closed room using multiple source positions and white noise test signals. The level difference are an objective measure of the architectural sound insulation to each listening position. The Speech Privacy Index (SPI) is calculated, which is shown to be correlated with responses of listeners in intelligibility tests. The results of the new speech privacy measurement for the base case of no intentional leaks are indicated by the grayscale plots. The SPI is found to be greater than -16 dB at almost all locations, corresponding to conditions above the threshold of intelligibility. The new speech privacy measurement procedure can identify the presence, location, and severity of localized sound leaks in a test wall.
Universal or Conditional Measures of System Use

Extant research on information system use in organizational settings has relied extensively on measures such as frequency of use and time of use. These may be considered universal measures of system use that fit a variety of contexts. System use, however, can be contingent on various factors. In organizational settings, for instance, different classes of information systems (e.g. stand-alone systems, communication systems with network externalities, group systems, etc.) are being used by different types of end-users (e.g. executives, managers, administrative assistants, etc.). The extent to which these individuals use a system may be dependent on the extent to which the system allows them to accomplish their tasks associated to their roles. Universal measures of system use would generally not account for such contingencies. This paper presents a conditional measure of system use called extent of relevant use to address these limitations.
Art Systems and Cultural Policy

The first part of this article describes the unique American art system and contrasts it with art systems in other countries. The second part describes what I call the "New Cultural Policy" and its growing impact on the American art system. We begin with the notion of an art system.
Cloning of Human Stat5B RECONSTITUTION OF INTERLEUKIN-2-INDUCED Stat5A AND Stat5B DNA BINDING ACTIVITY IN COS-7 CELLS

We have isolated a second human Stat5 cDNA, Stat5B, and demonstrated that the genes encoding both Stat5A and Stat5B are located at chromosome 17q11.2. Both genes were constitutively transcribed in peripheral blood lymphocytes. By using specific antisera, we demonstrated that both Stat5A and Stat5B are activated by interleukin-2 (IL-2) in peripheral blood lymphocytes, natural killer-like YT leukemia cells, and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I-transformed MT-2 T cells. In COS-7 cells, which constitutively express the Janus family tyrosine kinase Jak1, reconstitution of IL-2-induced Stat5A and Stat5B DNA binding activities was dependent on the coexpression of Jak3 along with the IL-2 receptor beta chain and the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain. This IL-2-induced Stat5 activation was dependent on the presence of either of two tyrosines (Tyr-392 or Tyr-510) in the IL-2 receptor beta chain, indicating that either of these two tyrosines can serve as a docking site. Moreover, we demonstrated that human Stat5 activation is also dependent on Tyr-694 in Stat5A and Tyr-699 in Stat5B, indicating that these tyrosines are required for dimerization. The COS-7 reconstitution system described herein provides a valuable assay for further elucidation of the IL-2-activated JAK-STAT pathway.
Garbage Out: Space, Place, and Neo-imperial Anti-development in Gioconda Belli’s Waslala

Gioconda Belli’s Waslala criticizes the concept of “anti-developmental neo-imperialism”: the novel’s fictional Central American nation's development is cancelled by a form of neo-imperial conservation that forces the preservation of rainforest to supply breathable air to oxygen-starved nations that will cut off electrical power for non-compliance. The theoretical approach engages with the idea of a global expansion of the sense of place, but I argue that the novel rejects this notion when it comes down to an “anti-developmental neo-imperialist” political ecology of forced conservationism that is as guilty of environmental injustice as the ecological practices it seeks to prevent. Resumen Waslala de Gioconda Belli critica el concepto de “neo-imperialismo anti-evolutivo”: el desarrollo de la nacion ficticia centroamericana de la novela se ve cancelada por un tipo de conservacion neo-imperial que obliga a conservar la selva tropical para proporcionar aire respirable a las naciones hambrientas de oxigeno que cortaran la energia electrica si no hay conformidad. El enfoque teorico se relaciona con la idea de una expansion global del sentido del lugar, pero yo alego que la novela rechaza esta nocion cuando es cuestion de es una ecologia politica “neo-imperialista anti-evolutiva” de conservacionismo forzado, que es tan culpable de la injusticia medioambiental como las practicas ecologicas que busca prevenir.
Metal- and Substituent-Dependent Structural Diversity in ­Cobalt and Nickel Isophthalate Coordination Polymers with Bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine Tethers†

Hydrothermal reactions of nickel or cobalt nitrate with the dipyridylamide ligand bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine (4-bpfp) and either 5-methoxyisophthalate (H2omeip) or 5-methylisophthalate (H2mip) afforded a series of coordination polymers that were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Different synthetic conditions afforded the 1D chain phase {[Ni(Homeip)2(H2omeip)(bpfp)]·2H2O}n (1) or the mutually inclined interpenetrated (4, 4) grid system in {[Ni(omeip)(bpfp)(H2O)]·2H2O}n (2). The analogous cobalt phase {[Co(omeip)(bpfp)]·3H2O}n (3) lacks bound water molecules, which enforces a non-interpenetrated (4, 4) grid structure based on {Co2(OCO)2} dinuclear clusters. Similar clusters are seen in {[Co(mip)(bpfp)(H2O)2]·3.5H2O}n (4), which manifests a 1D ribbon structural motif. Its nickel congener {[Ni(Hmip)2(bpfp)(H2O)2]·2H2mip}n (5) also shows a 1D chain motif. A variable temperature magnetic susceptibility study indicates antiferromagnetic coupling within the dimeric units in 3 and 4 concomitant with single ion effects. Additionally, thermal degradation properties of these new materials are described.
Identification of Giardia lamblia-specific antigens in infected human and gerbil feces by western immunoblotting.

Abstract Western immunoblot analysis of aqueous extracts of feces obtained from five giardiasis patients and from experimentally infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with rabbit antiserum to Giardia lamblia cysts has revealed antigens of three molecular weight groups. A stepladderlike, evenly-spaced set of strongly reactive antigens (darkest at a molecular weight [m.w.] of 55,000 to 70,000) appeared in the gerbil feces from day 4 (first experiment) or day 2 (second experiment) and lasted to about day 7 but disappeared completely by day 8 and did not reappear later. These antigenic bands were seen in gerbils infected with two isolates of G. lamblia. These bands were not revealed when antiserum to trophozoites was used as the probe, nor were they evident in specimens from the patients or in a preparation of sonicated cysts. A second group of antigens, represented by two to three low-m.w. bands of approximately 15,000 to 20,000, was evident in both the blots of gerbil feces after approximately day 8 and the specimens from the giardiasis patients. The third group of antigens revealed by blotting experiments was a high-m.w. band (approximately 110,000) which appeared on a number of days (beginning of day 8 of gerbil infection), but this band was not seen in the human specimens. A clear band corresponding to the previously reported GSA-65 antigen was not seen in either the gerbil or the human samples. Some low- and high-m.w. bands were also detected by antitrophozoite serum in the gerbil samples, but these were weak and unimpressive compared with those visualized using anticyst serum. A monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that Giardia spp.-specific stool antigen rose suddenly at day 3 of gerbil infection, at the time when fecal cyst numbers began to rise rapidly.
Comparative cognition: An approach whose time has come

The functional approach to comparative cognition research is exemplified by Shettleworth's (2010) book Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior. In this book, Shettleworth brings together the evolutionary perspective of behavioral ecology, the relative simplicity of behavior analysis, and the diverse research programs of cognitive psychology. This approach does not avoid the use of cognitive terminology but uses it to generate testable hypotheses that have the potential to provide evidence for or against the cognitive hypothesis. Unlike behavioral ecology and cognitive psychology, this approach postulates contingency learning as the default account of behavior but tests cognitive hypotheses against the default alternative. In this review, I present the results of three lines of research as examples of the kind of research that has been used to test cognitive hypotheses: functional equivalence, cognitive mapping, and rehearsal processes, all of which are covered by Shettleworth. In each case, I would argue that these experiments would not have been conducted had it not been for the hypothesis that a cognitive process might be involved. Whether or not evidence is found for the existence of a cognitive process, the results of such experiments are of interest for what they tell us about behavior as well as for their heuristic value.
Pragmatic Strengthening in Plural Predications and Donkey Sentences

(2.a) is called the symmetric interpretation, and (2.b) the (subject-) asymmetric interpretation by Kadmon (1987). In (2.b), the donkey variable y is called dependent. With asymmetric interpretations the question arises how the dependent variable is interpreted within the second argument, the nuclear scope. This issue is taken up in Rooth (1987). He distinguishes two cases, a “weak” or existential interpretation as in (3.a), and a “strong” or universal interpretation as in (3.b).
Cyclic regeneration of activated carbon in fluidized beds

Cyclic thermal regeneration of powdered activated carbon containing adsorbed sucrose was studied in fluidised beds at 1151 K and 101.3 kPa (1 arm). The regeneration process consists of three steps: drying, thermal decomposition and gasification of residual carbon with steam. The maximum restoration of adsorption capacity (98.5% after each regeneration) was obtained when gasification removed an amount of carbon equal to the residual adsorbed carbon after thermal decomposition. It was verified that the time required to attain optimum regeneration could be determined from available kinetics data for the steam carbon reaction. For the sucrose - activated carbon system this time was about 180 s at 1151 K.
A lab by any other name: integrating traditional labs and computer-supported collaborative investigations in science classrooms

Among the most common form of collaborative discourse in middle school science classrooms is the carefully planned laboratory investigation, where groups of students follow prescribed procedures in order to reproduce and measure some scientifically explainable event. While there are clear pedagogical benefits to replicating scientific processes in a controlled classroom setting, students often have difficulty comprehending how such phenomena manifest on larger scales and connecting their lab results to the real world. The WorldWatcher data visualization software adds a novel dimension to classroom investigations by allowing students to investigate and discuss global climate phenomena within a globally situated geographic context. This paper will discuss the design of an integrated classroom curricular unit on global warming in which WorldWatcher activities and traditional classroom labs complement each other in order to support student collaboration in classroom science investigations. Based on analyses of students collaborating in pairs and in whole-class discussions, we will argue that our two-pronged approach to curriculum design represents an effective framework for introducing innovative computer-supported inquiry tools in urban middle school science classrooms while remaining sensitive to the existing practices of teachers and students in these contexts.
Two Distinct Pectin Fractions from Senescent Idared Apples Extracted Using Nondegradative Methods

After removal of water-soluble pectin from senescent Idared apples, an additional sizable pectin fraction could be extracted using Na2EDTA under nondegradative conditions. This chelator-soluble fraction did not appear to owe its insolubility in the cell wall solely to molecular charge. The galacturonic acid-rich polymers of chelator-soluble pectin were notably lower in arabinose galactose and rhamnose residues than those of water-soluble pectin.
The use of imipramine in minor motor seizures

Abstract A study is presented of 15 pediatric patients treated with imipramine for uncontrolled seizures during the past two years. Of these patients, 53% had an initial reduction of seizures of greater than 80%. At one year, 26% were still seizure-free. Drop attacks were especially responsive to therapy; 100% (77) responded initially to imipramine therapy. Most patients studied had been receiving valproate and another major antiepileptic drug prior to imipramine therapy. This study confirms previous reports and suggests that the use of imipramine in combination with other antiepileptic drugs provides excellent results, particularly in patients with drop attacks.
Surgical approaches to the brain stem

Surgery on the brain stem has been associated with mixed results; aggressive approaches have not always resulted in the best outcomes. The evolution of skull base surgery and a better understanding of anatomy have allowed neurosurgeons to forge new frontiers in surgery on the brain stem. The advances largely reflect improvements in technology, including improved optical techniques, frameless stereotactic systems, dissecting instruments, and advances in radiographic techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging now permits superb delineation of anatomic structures and has improved the accuracy of preoperative differential diagnoses. A more aggressive surgical approach can be planned for discrete lesions. This article reviews some of the most common skull base approaches used at our institution to access the brain stem. Technical pearls are discussed as well as basic steps to the surgical approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are also detailed.
HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF DELAYED PLUMAGE MATURATION IN THE SHOREBIRDS (AVES: CHARADRIIFORMES).

Delayed plumage maturation refers to the presence of nonadultlike immature plumages (juvenal plumage excluded). It is usually considered the result of selection for distinctive first-winter or first-summer appearance. In the present study, evolution of delayed plumage maturation is examined in the shorebirds: the sandpipers, plovers, gulls, and their allies. Nine plumage-maturation characters were identified, and their states were superimposed onto topologies generated during two recent investigations of shorebird relationships (Sibley and Ahlquist; revised Strauch). The characters were then optimized so as to assign character states to interior nodes of the trees in the most parsimonious way. Reconstructions of character evolution on six of the shortest revised Strauch trees were ambiguous with respect to delayed plumage maturation in the hypothetical ancestral shorebird. If plumage maturation was not delayed in the shorebird ancestor, optimization indicated that delay appeared when nonadultlike juvenal feathers were acquired. In contrast, on the single Sibley and Ahlquist tree, absence of delayed plumage maturation in the shorebird ancestor was indicated unambiguously, with three evolutionary novelties (nonadultlike juvenal feathers, seasonal plumage change, and a reduced first-spring molt) implicated in its acquisition. Optimization indicated that delayed plumage maturation in shorebirds can be explained plausibly without invoking selection for distinctive first-winter or first-summer appearance. Two of the novel conditions generating delayed plumage maturation (modified juvenal feathers and seasonal plumage change) did so only because they were acquired in a taxon possessing restricted first-year molts, which are primitive. Given these observations, it seems simplest to explain the delay in plumage maturation as an incidental consequence of the phylogenetic inertia of shorebird molts. The third novelty that generates delayed plumage maturation, a reduced first-spring molt, may have been acquired to reduce molt-associated energetic demands in young birds.
Electrochemical amplification using selective self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers on gold: A predictive mechanistic model

Abstract Electroanalytical current measurements are often challenged by sensitivity limitations. For applications requiring enhanced sensitivity, an electrochemical signal can be amplified using a homogeneous electron-transfer reaction. This report describes the mechanistic details of a redox recycling amplification system based on monomolecular films of alkanethiolates on gold. These interfaces can be prepared to exhibit facile oxidation of functionalized ferrocenes (FcX), while markedly suppressing the electrolysis of ferrocyanide. Thus, ferrocyanide can be used as a sacrificial electron donor to electrogenerated FcX + , providing a pathway for a notable improvement of the detection limit for FcX. Electrochemical methods are used to demonstrate, evaluate, and quantify the amplification mechanism. The dependence of amplification on the rates of heterogeneous and homogeneous electron transfer is qualitatively delineated by digital simulations of cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves. This work also develops a mathematical model for prediction of the maximum amplification observed via CV that is tested by comparisons to experimental data. These results are then used as a guide in performance assessments, which yield an optimal amplification of 225 and a limit of detection of ∼500 nM.
The Effect of Combined Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Calcium Antagonism on Allograft Coronary Vasculopathy Validated by Intravascular Ultrasound

Background Hypertension is a potential risk factor for allograft coronary vasculopathy. We evaluated the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and calcium antagonists, and their combined use, on the development of coronary vasculopathy in hypertensive heart transplant recipients. Methods Eighty-two heart transplant recipients underwent serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analysis at baseline (within 1 month) and at 1 year after transplantation and were evaluated for the development of coronary vasculopathy. Patients were divided into 4 groups. Nineteen normotensive recipients received no treatment, control (Group A). Hypertensive patients were treated with either ACE inhibitors (Group B, n = 37), calcium antagonists (Group C, n = 16), or both (Group D, n = 10). Results We found a significant reduction in IVUS indices of coronary vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients who used a combination of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist compared with recipients who used either drug alone ( p Conclusions The combined use of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist is more effective than the individual use of either drug alone on the development of coronary vasculopathy in cardiac transplant recipients. Large randomized clinical trials are warranted to evaluate such a synergistic efficacy.
Exploring volatile general anesthetic binding to a closed membrane-bound bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel via computation

Despite the clinical ubiquity of anesthesia, the molecular basis of anesthetic action is poorly understood. Amongst the many molecular targets proposed to contribute to anesthetic effects, the voltage gated sodium channels (VGSCs) should also be considered relevant, as they have been shown to be sensitive to all general anesthetics tested thus far. However, binding sites for VGSCs have not been identified. Moreover, the mechanism of inhibition is still largely unknown. The recently reported atomic structures of several members of the bacterial VGSC family offer the opportunity to shed light on the mechanism of action of anesthetics on these important ion channels. To this end, we have performed a molecular dynamics “flooding” simulation on a membrane-bound structural model of the archetypal bacterial VGSC, NaChBac in a closed pore conformation. This computation allowed us to identify binding sites and access pathways for the commonly used volatile general anesthetic, isoflurane. Three sites have been characterized with binding affinities in a physiologically relevant range. Interestingly, one of the most favorable sites is in the pore of the channel, suggesting that the binding sites of local and general anesthetics may overlap. Surprisingly, even though the activation gate of the channel is closed, and therefore the pore and the aqueous compartment at the intracellular side are disconnected, we observe binding of isoflurane in the central cavity. Several sampled association and dissociation events in the central cavity provide consistent support to the hypothesis that the “fenestrations” present in the membrane-embedded region of the channel act as the long-hypothesized hydrophobic drug access pathway.
Analytic IMRT dose calculations utilizing Monte Carlo to predict MLC fluence modulation

A hybrid dose-computation method is designed which accurately accounts for multileaf collimator (MLC)-induced intensity modulation in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose calculations. The method employs Monte Carlo (MC) modeling to determine the fluence modulation caused by the delivery of dynamic or multisegmental (step-and-shoot) MLC fields, and a conventional dose-computation algorithm to estimate the delivered dose to a phantom or a patient. Thus, it determines the IMRT fluence prediction accuracy achievable by analytic methods in the limit that the analytic method includes all details of the MLC leaf transport and scatter. The hybrid method is validated and benchmarked by comparison with in-phantom film dose measurements, as well as dose calculations from two in-house, and two commercial treatment planning system analytic fluence estimation methods. All computation methods utilize the same dose algorithm to calculate dose to a phantom, varying only in the estimation of the MLC modulation of the incident photon energy fluence. Gamma analysis, with respect to measured two-dimensional (2D) dose planes, is used to benchmark each algorithm's performance. The analyzed fields include static and dynamic test patterns, as well as fields from ten DMLC IMRT treatment plans (79 fields) and five SMLC treatment plans (29 fields). The test fieldsmore » (fully closed MLC, picket fence, sliding windows of different size, and leaf-tip profiles) cover the extremes of MLC usage during IMRT, while the patient fields represent realistic clinical conditions. Of the methods tested, the hybrid method most accurately reproduces measurements. For the hybrid method, 79 of 79 DMLC field calculations have {gamma}{<=}1 (3%/3 mm) for more than 95% of the points (per field) while for SMLC fields, 27 of 29 pass the same criteria. The analytic energy fluence estimation methods show inferior pass rates, with 76 of 79 DMLC and 24 of 29 SMLC fields having more than 95% of the test points with {gamma}{<=}1 (3%/3 mm). Paired one-way ANOVA tests of the gamma analysis results found that the hybrid method better predicts measurements in terms of both the fraction of points with {gamma}{<=}1 and the average gamma for both 2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm criteria. These results quantify the enhancement in accuracy in IMRT dose calculations when MC is used to model the MLC field modulation.« less
Phosphoryl transfer step in the C-terminal Src kinase controls Src recognition.

All members of the Src family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases are phosphorylated and subsequently down-regulated by the C-terminal Src kinase, Csk. Although the recognition of Src protein substrates is essential for a diverse set of signaling events linked to cellular growth and differentiation, the factors controlling this critical protein-protein interaction are not well known. To understand how Csk recognizes Src, the chemical/physical events that modulate apparent substrate affinity and turnover were investigated. Src is phosphorylated in a biphasic manner in rapid quench flow experiments, suggesting that the phosphoryl transfer step is fast and highly favorable and does not limit overall turnover. As opposed to other kinase-substrate pairs, turnover is not limited by the physical release of ADP based on stopped-flow fluorescence and catalytic trapping experiments, suggesting that other steps control net phosphorylation. The Kd for Src is considerably larger than the Km based on single turnover kinetic and equilibrium sedimentation experiments. Taken together, the data are consistent with a mechanism whereby Csk achieves a low Km for the substrate Src, not by stabilizing protein-protein interactions but rather by facilitating a fast phosphoryl transfer step. In this manner, the phosphoryl transfer step functions as a chemical clamp facilitating substrate recognition.
A Novel Built-In Self-Authentication Technique to Prevent Inserting Hardware Trojans

With the rapid globalization of the semiconductor industry, hardware Trojans have become a significant threat to government agencies and enterprises that require secure and reliable systems for their critical applications. Because of the diversity of hardware Trojans and the randomness associated with process variations, hardware Trojan detection is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel technique, called built-in self-authentication (BISA), which can be used to make hardware Trojan insertion by untrusted Graphic Data System (GDSII) developer and untrusted foundry considerably more difficult and easier to detect. The unused spaces in the circuit layout represent the best opportunity to insert Trojans by these entities. BISA works by eliminating this spare space and filling it with functional filler cells, instead of nonfunctional filler cells. A self-testing procedure generates a digital signature that will be different if any BISA cells are changed because of hardware Trojan insertion. We demonstrate that BISA can be applied to any flat or bottom-up hierarchical design with negligible overhead in terms of area, power, and timing.
Microdetermination of Calcium by Aequorin Luminescence

A bioluminescent protein, aequorin, isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea in dilute disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution, emits light on addition specifically of Ca++ or Sr++, thus providing the basis for a simple, quantitative micromethod for the determination of these cations, especially in biological fluids.