cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Being Present With Learners and the Deeper Lessons From Acting.

Recently, while preparing materials for an upcoming course, I was reminded of how much my own style and approach to the classroom has changed in the 10 years since I began as a faculty member. Fresh out of residency training and new in my teaching role, the sense of excitement I felt in sharing my
Heat-treated virus inactivation rate depends strongly on treatment procedure

Decontamination of objects and surfaces can limit transmission of infectious agents via fomites or biological samples. It is required for the safe re-use of potentially contaminated personal protective equipment and medical and laboratory equipment. Heat treatment is widely used for the inactivation of various infectious agents, notably viruses. We show that for liquid specimens (here suspension of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture medium), virus inactivation rate under heat treatment at 70°C can vary by almost two orders of magnitude depending on the treatment procedure, from a half-life of 0.86 min (95% credible interval: [0.09, 1.77]) in closed vials in a heat block to 37.0 min ([12.65, 869.82]) in uncovered plates in a dry oven. These findings suggest a critical role of evaporation in virus inactivation using dry heat. Placing samples in open or uncovered containers may dramatically reduce the speed and efficacy of heat treatment for virus inactivation. Heating procedures must be carefully specified when reporting experimental studies to facilitate result interpretation and reproducibility, and carefully considered when designing decontamination guidelines.
Timing is (almost) everything in a comprehensive, spike-resolved flight motor program

Abstract Precise spike timing can be critical in sensory systems. In a few specific motor systems, we now know millisecond-scale timing of neural spikes is functionally important for behavior. However, we know little about the extent of timing codes across the whole motor program of an animal. Taking advantage of the relatively few motor units that control the wings of a hawk moth, we captured a comprehensive, spike-resolved motor program in tethered flight. We simultaneously record nearly every action potential from all muscles and the resulting forces. We find that timing encodes more information than rate in every motor unit. Motor units use consistent encoding, blending precise spike timing and rate information in a 3:1 ratio, despite their varying functions. Finally, we show that each muscle is coordinated with all other muscles through spike timings while spike rates are independent. Spike timing codes are ubiquitous, consistent, and essential for coordination.
Properties of Unshunted and Resistively Shunted Nb/AlOx-Al/Nb Josephson Junctions With Critical Current Densities From 0.1 to 1 mA/μm2

We investigated current–voltage characteristics of unshunted and externally shunted Josephson junctions (JJs) with high critical current densities J c in order to extract their basic parameters and statistical characteristics for JJ modeling in superconducting integrated circuits as well as to assess their potential for future technology nodes. Nb/AlO x -Al/Nb junctions with diameters from 0.5 to 6 μm were fabricated using a fully planarized process with Mo or MoN x thin-film shunt resistors with sheet resistance R sq = 2 Ω/sq and R sq = 6 Ω/sq, respectively. We used our current standard MIT Lincoln Laboratory process node SFQ5ee to fabricate JJs with J c = 0.1 mA/μm2 and our new process node SFQ5hs (where “hs” stands for high speed) to make JJs with J c = 0.2 mA/μm 2 and higher current densities up to about 1 mA/μm2. Using LRC resonance features on the I–V characteristics of shunted JJs, we extract the inductance associated with Mo shunt resistors of 1.4 pH/sq. The main part of this inductance, about 1.1 pH/sq, is the inductance of the 40-nm Mo resistor film, while the geometrical inductance of superconducting Nb wiring contributes the rest. We attribute this large inductance to “kinetic” inductance arising from the complex conductivity of a thin normal-metal film in an electromagnetic field with angular frequency $\boldsymbol{\omega },$ ${{\mathbf \sigma }}(\boldsymbol{\omega }) = {\boldsymbol{\sigma }_0}/({1 + \boldsymbol{i\omega \tau }})$ , where ${{{\mathbf \sigma }}_0}$ is the static conductivity and $\boldsymbol{\tau }$ the electron scattering time. Using a resonance in a large-area unshunted high- J c junction excited by a resistively coupled small-area shunted JJ, we extract the Josephson plasma frequency and specific capacitance of high- J c junctions in 0.1–1 mA/μm2 J c range. We also present data on J c targeting and JJ critical current spreads. We discuss the potential of using 0.2-mA/μm2 JJs in very large scale integration single flux quantum circuits and 0.5-mA/μm2 JJs in high-density integrated circuits without shunt resistors.
Dyadic coping and discrete emotions during COVID-19: Connecting the communication theory of resilience with relational uncertainty

The current study applies the communication theory of resilience (CTR) to assess married individuals’ utilization of resilience communication during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This st...
Value relevance of excess return on pension assets and pension OCI components

This study investigates the value relevance and persistence of the excess of expected return over interest income on pension assets (excess return on pension assets) and pension-related other compr...
How Might We Think About Safety? Inviting Deeper Reasoning Through Elaborative Inquiry

Frameworks in which we think and facilitate learning experiences about safe operations in healthcare are essential for planning for and practicing safety management. The community of practitioners who study safe operations has for some time described the danger of preponderantly focusing on information from safety reporting systems. Yet in practice there is a tendency towards this very preoccupation. Furthermore, we have not experienced learning environments designed to challenge this presupposition or encourage learners to critically reflect on the effect that institutionalized thinking may have on work-as-done in patient safety management. This paper describes a learning experience designed to interactively and incrementally invite collective discussion into diverse conceptualizations of safety. We review limitations and the subsequent influence of these conceptualizations of safety on systems design. The success of these conversations will be defined by how future generations think about and piece together this puzzle we call safety.
Authoritarian State, Growth Strategies, and Subnational Welfare Politics

To situate the book’s analytical contribution, this chapter begins with a parallel assessment of the comparative and Chinese literature on social policy. It then defines the key concept of welfare mix in China’s authoritarian context, examines how it emerged, and discusses the nature of subnational variations. The rest of the chapter elaborates the theoretical framework in greater detail, examining the causal processes and mechanisms of the emerging welfare mix model through the interaction of political institutions and local growth regimes. At local level, state corporatist institutions in economic and social domains play key roles in channeling preferences and priorities of local dominant social blocs. Social policy processes and outcomes can be understood as instruments for creating local definitions of insiders and outsiders and maintaining a tacit agreement with the dominant social blocs. The new urban poor is in general excluded from these processes but deeply affected by their outcomes.
Wave Characteristics Of Layered Anisotropic Media For Remote Sensing Applications

Radiation and scattering characteristics of layered anisotropic media have been investigated through Fresnel coefficients. Fresnel and transmission coefficients for layered anisotropic media when optic axis is vertical and arbitrarily oriented for several cases including isotropic-anisotropic and anisotropic-anisotropic case have been derived and analyzed. Brewster and critical angles for the layered anisotropic configuration have been derived analytically and investigated for various conditions. The numerical results for the layered anisotropic configuration have been presented. Results of this work can be used for oceanic remote sensing applications where Fresnel reflectance information is required.
Neutron Spin Pendellӧsung Resonance

The Spin–Orbit (SO) interaction is known to produce a very weak contribution to scattering of thermal neutrons. Schwinger proposed this type of interaction in the case of high energy neutron-nuclear scattering. He suggested the neutron would sense the atomic electric field by SO interaction between the neutron magnetic moment and the magnetic field due to its motion. In this chapter a diffraction theory is used to predict, and experimental evidence confirms a novel enhancement of SO scattering studied by diffraction. The experiment, using unpolarized thermal neutrons, demonstrates that SO and nuclear scattering interactions can be resonantly coupled in the pendellӧsung phenomenon of dynamical (perfect crystal) diffraction. On the theoretical side the Schwinger scattering contribution is included in describing the neutron-crystal potential used in equations of dynamical diffraction. Solutions of these equations predict a dramatic enhancement of the effects of SO scattering when a static magnetic field causes precession of the propagating neutron moment at a spatial period matched to the pendellӧsung (characteristic) length. We demonstrate this enhancement by performing a resonance experiment in which a large change in pendellӧsung oscillation intensity is observed over a small change in magnetic field strength. From these measurements we obtain a more precise value for the strength of SO scattering than has been previously possible.
Apocalypticism, One-Time Events, and Scientific Rationality

The postulate of randomness thus resolves itself into the question, “Of what population is this a random sample?” which must frequently be asked by every practical statistician (R. A. Fisher, 1922).1
Differential responsiveness of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to GABA and benzodiazepine receptor ligands in an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy

The role of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy was investigated by recording the electrophysiological responses of single cerebellar Purkinje neurons from rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy due to galactosamine- induced fulminant hepatic failure. Both the GABAmimetic muscimol and the benzodiazepine receptor agonist flunitrazepam were 3–4 times more potent in depressing the spontaneous activity of Purkinje neurons from rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy than from control animals. Furthermore, qualitatively different responses of Purkinje neurons to benzodiazepine receptor antagonists (Ro 15–1788 and Ro 14–7437) were found in controls and rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy. These compounds markedly excited Purkinje neurons from rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy, but had either no effect (Ro 14–7437) or partially suppressed (Ro 15–1788) the spontaneous activity of neurons from control animals. In addition, incubation of Purkinje neurons from rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy with subthreshold concentrations of Ro 14–7437 reduced their sensitivity to muscimol, whereas treatment of control neurons with Ro 14–7437 had no effect on their sensitivity to muscimol. Finally, Purkinje neurons from hepatic encephalopathy and control rabbits displayed no difference in sensitivity to the depressant actions of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. These findings demonstrate a differential responsiveness of Purkinje neurons from an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy to ligands that interact with the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex. Furthermore, the observations made in this experimental model are consistent with the involvement of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex in mediating hepatic encephalopathy, and provide a potential explanation for the reported efficacy of benzodiazepine receptor antagonists in ameliorating this syndrome.
Production of SO2 Binding Compounds and SO2 by "Saccharomyces" during Alcoholic Fermentation and the Impact on Malolactic Fermentation

The objective of this study was to investigate the production of SO2 and SO2 binding compounds by wine yeast and the impact of the production of these compounds on the MLF at various time points during alcoholic fermentation. Fermentations were observed for a number of commercial wine yeasts in a synthetic grape juice and Pinot gris juice and SO2, acetaldehyde, pyruvic acid and α-ketoglutarate. Measurements were taken at multiple time points during the fermentation. Samples were taken from the fermentations at weekly intervals, sterile filtered, and inoculated with O. oeni strain VFO to induce MLF. Significant differences between the amount of SO2, acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid produced by the various yeast strains were noted. Some yeast strains such as FX10, CK S102, F15 and M69, produced significantly higher SO2 concentrations than other yeast strains and MLF was inhibited in these wines. Insignificant free SO2 was measured, indicating that bound SO2 rather than free SO2 was responsible for inhibition. At almost all time points of the alcoholic fermentation, acetaldehyde bound SO2 was determined to be the dominant species of bound SO2 present, suggesting that MLF inhibition by bound SO2 was due to acetaldehyde bound SO2.
Roles of microRNAs and long-noncoding RNAs in human immunodeficiency virus replication

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many biological processes, including viral replication. In this review, the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication will be discussed. The review focuses on miRNAs that target cellular proteins involved in HIV replication-proteins that mediate steps in the viral life cycle, as well as proteins of the innate immune system that inhibit HIV replication. Given the large number of miRNAs encoded in the human genome, as well as the large number of cellular proteins involved in HIV replication, the number of miRNAs identified to date that affect viral replication are certainly only the 'tip of the iceberg'. The review also discusses two lncRNAs that are involved in HIV gene regulation-7SK RNA and NEAT1 RNA. 7SK RNA is involved in HIV Tat protein stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation of the integrated provirus, while NEAT1 RNA is involved in HIV Rev protein export of incompletely spliced viral transcripts.
Framing the Problems of Practice: The Effects of Self-Assessment in a Study of Special Education Students' Internships:

This study was conducted to examine the effects of a self assessment procedure on the behaviors and thoughts of preservice student interns. Drawing upon the reflective teaching literature, we designed a self assessment process that allowed our student interns to (a) clarify and define the problems they encountered during practice, (b) identify the sources of their problems, (c) suggest alternative instructional strategies to address their problems, and (d) assess the adequacy of their solutions. The data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods, First, we assessed the effects of self assessment on interns' ability to exhibit teaching behaviors associated with student learning. Then, we analyzed the ways in which our interns framed and resolved their instructional problems. Results indicated that self assessment had no impact on interns' teaching behaviors when compared to traditional supervisory practice. However, the self-assessment process did inform us about what interns identified...
Understanding the Life Issues of Spiritually-Based Clients

Understanding the meaning of life events from the perspective of a spiritually-based client is essential in social work practice. This article discusses several life events that are likely experienced by clients with spiritual worldviews. The meaning of childbirth and the perception of human nature provide insight into the family's socialization experience. In adolescence, sexuality and the potential for parental conflict emerge as issues that require a spiritually-sensitive approach. In adulthood, the spiritual reality has the most notable impact on an individual's attitudes, behaviors, and the decision-making process. Because spirituality operates similar to cultural realities, the authors‘ support the development of a knowledge base for working with clients who have a spiritual worldview.
Giving IV and oral amiodarone perioperatively for the prevention of postoperative Atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: The GAP study

Purpose: We studied the use of perioperative IV and oral administration of amiodarone for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Background: In the United States, > 500,000 patients undergo CABG each year. Numerous studies to date have suggested that postoperative atrial fibrillation occurs in 30 to 50% of patients, leading to significant morbidity, including hypotension, heart failure, thromboembolic complications, prolonged hospital stay, and increased hospital costs. The objective of this study was to assess the use of IV amiodarone in combination with oral amiodarone to reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Method: From January 1999 to October 1999, 51 patients scheduled for CABG were randomly selected for participation in the amiodarone administration trial. IV amiodarone, 0.73 mg/min, was administered on call to the operating room for 48 h, followed by oral amiodarone, 400 mg q12h, for the next 3 days. The amiodarone group was case-control matched to the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in 92 patients undergoing CABG using conventional medical therapy during the same period. The primary end point of this study was the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs, compared to the control group undergoing CABG during the same time. Results: Atrial fibrillation occurred in 3 of 51 patients (5.88%) in the amiodarone group, compared to 24 of 92 patients (26.08%) in the control group. Length of hospital stay in the amiodarone group was less than in the control group (5.3 days vs 6.7 days), with a trend toward decrease in hospital costs. Conclusion: The administration of IV amiodarone in conjunction with oral amiodarone for a total dose of 4,500 mg over 5 days appears to be a hemodynamically well-tolerated, safe, and effective treatment in decreasing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, shortening length of stay, and a trend toward lowering hospital costs, even in patients with significantly reduced left ventricular function (
Acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome). An analysis of 400 cases.

This study analyzes 400 cases of acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome). Seven cases were reported at St. Elizabeth Hospital Medical Center between October 1982 and February 1985; 393 cases were reported in the literature from 1970–1985. Ogilvie's syndrome is most commonly reported in patients in the sixth decade, and is more predominant in men. It is caused by an unknown disturbance to the autonomic innervation of the distal colon, and is associated with different conditions. Plain abdominal roentgenogram is the most useful diagnostic test. If the cecal diameter is 12 cm or greater, or conservative management is unsuccessful, colonoscopic or operative decompression is needed. The mode of treatment, age, cecal diameter, delay in decompression, and status of the bowel significantly influence the mortality rate, which is approximately 15 percent with early appropriate management, compared with 36 to 44 percent in perforated or ischemic bowel.
The excretory system of the trematode, Typhlocoelum cucumerinum, with notes on lymph-like structures in the family Cyclocoelidae

The exeretory system of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum consists of three pairs of longitudinal channels communicating by a single ventral vessel with the excretory vesicle. Branches subdivide extensively and anastomose forming a dense network of tubules throughout the body. The vessele possess many of the features characteristic of lymph systems as described in amphistome trematodes. They have cuticular walls, come into intimate association with the intestine and contain a granular coagulum and cellular elements suspended in the lumen. The single system of vessels appears to be functioning as a combined lymph and excretory system. Typhlocoelum americanum Manter and Williams ('28) is regarded as a synonym of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rud. 1809).
An autoradiographic study of H3-proline utilization by aging mouse skeletal tissues—II. Cartilage cell compartments

Abstract In an autoradiographic study the uptake, turnover and distribution of H 3 -proline was assessed at the femoral epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage of 5 to 52 weeks old mice. Ninety-nine shortlived BNL mice were given H 3 -proline in a single dose of 2 μCi/gm body weight (Sp. Act. = 1 Ci/mM) and killed between 15 min to 14 days later. NTB-3 autoradiograms which were exposed for 16 days were prepared and stained with hematoxylin. Grain counts were made over epiphyseal and articular cartilage cell compartments and the data statistically evaluated. The results showed significant uptake and utilization of H 3 -proline by both cell types, although the activity of epiphyseal cartilage was initially higher. H 3 -proline was utilized extensively for matrical precursor formation, as well as, for a variety of intracellular substances necessary for cellular viability. The uptake and turnover of H 3 -proline was diminished in both cell compartments by 26 weeks of age, revealing peak activity shifts. At 52 weeks the uptake by epiphyseal cartilage cells was insignificant, whereas, articular cartilage activity was retained. The significantly diminished grain counts observed over epiphyseal plate cells with increasing age, reflect release of physiological demands for matrical precursor formation, closure of the plates and termination of longitudinal growth. The continued significant H 3 -proline uptake exhibited by articular cartilage was a reflection of the physiological requirement for maintenance of normal joint function throughout the life-span of the organism. The maintenance of cell viability against accumulating age changes is essential to the integrity of the articular cartilage.
Analysis of junctional ectopy during radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

BACKGROUNDJunctional ectopy may occur during radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of the slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The purpose of the present study was to characterize this junctional ectopy quantitatively.METHODS AND RESULTSThe subjects of this study were 52 consecutive patients with AVNRT who underwent slow pathway ablation and 5 additional patients included retrospectively because they had developed high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block during the procedure. A combined anatomic and electrogram mapping approach was used for slow pathway ablation, and AVNRT was successfully eliminated in all patients. In the group of 52 consecutive patients, the incidence of junctional ectopy was significantly higher during 52 effective applications of RF energy than during 366 ineffective applications (100% versus 65%, P < .001). Compared with ineffective RF energy applications, successful RF energy applications had a significantly longer duration of individua...
Development of high-affinity choline transport sites in rat forebrain: a quantitative autoradiography study with [3H]hemicholinium-3.

The development of cholinergic terminals in rat brain has been quantitatively analyzed by [3H]hemicholinium-3 autoradiography. [3H]Hemicholinium-3 binds to high affinity choline transport sites, a specific marker for cholinergic neurons. In neonatal animals, kinetic and pharmacologic binding characteristics and regional distribution of [3H]hemicholinium-3 sites are consistent with specific cholinergic localization, as in the adult. The distribution of cholinergic terminals is described in the adult rat brain and during development, including heterogeneity of binding within several regions such as the striatum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, cortex, and hippocampus. Early development and maturation vary greatly between brain regions. At embryonic day E18 and day 0, specific binding density is high only in the medial habenula. Development occurs primarily during the postnatal period in most brain regions examined. Many brain regions exhibit a lull in development between days 5 and 10, although the rate of development is highly region specific. Specific binding increases 2–12-fold between day 5 and adult animals, with adult density being achieved anywhere from day 15 to after day 21. The ontogeny of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites generally occurs in a rostral to caudal direction. In the striatal body the characteristic lateral to medial gradient of binding site density is apparent by day 5, and development is more rapid in the lateral striatum. Patches of dense [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding coincident with acetylcholinesterase are observed on day 5 in the caudal striatum. The various patterns of cholinergic terminal development suggest that factors regulating cholinergic development are regional and complex. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experiments in transgenic mice show that hepatocytes are the source for postnatal liver growth and do not stream

One hypothesis is that postnatal liver growth involves replication of mature hepatocytes, which have an unlimited proliferative potential. An alternative viewpoint is that only certain periportal cells can replicate extensively and that daughter cells stream slowly from the periportal to the pericentral region of the liver. Transgenic mice expressing the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene from the human alpha 1 antitrypsin promoter were used to examine the proliferative potential of hepatocytes. Surprisingly, only 10% of hepatocytes in two different transgenic lines stain blue with X-gal. In neonatal animals, singlets or doublets of expressing cells are randomly scattered throughout the liver. Although the overall frequency of blue cells is similar in older animals, these cells are present in much larger clusters, suggesting that individual expressing cells have replicated to form a clonally derived cluster. Expression patterns are not altered by the administration of an acute phase stimulus or by the performance a partial hepatectomy, suggesting that the expression state cannot be easily altered, and making it more likely that the expression state is indeed fixed. These results suggest that the clusters of blue cells are clonally derived in the transgenic mice. They argue that the parenchymal hepatocyte is responsible for growth in the postnatal liver and that streaming of liver cells does not occur.
Induction of metallothionein mRNA in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) after treatment with cadmium.

Abstract 1. Dietary treatment of blue crabs with cadmium led to an increase of cadmium metallothionein in the hepatopancreas. 2. Utilizing a unique purification procedure, poly A + RNA was isolated from the hepatopancreas of control and cadmium-treated blue crabs with 260/280 nm ratios of 2.0 or better. 3. Poly A + RNA was hybridized with a series of oligonucleotide probes derived from a portion of the amino acid sequence of lobster metallothionein. A single band of approx. 300 base pairs was present in control and cadmium-treated RNA from the hepatopancreas of blue crab. 4. A four-fold induction of the band occurred following cadmium exposure.
Time to understand pictures and words

WHEN an object such as a chair is presented visually, or is represented by a line drawing, a spoken word, or a written word, the initial stages in the process leading to understanding are clearly different in each case. There is disagreement, however, about whether those early stages lead to a common abstract representation in memory, the idea of a chair1–4, or to two separate representations, one verbal (common to spoken and written words), and the other image-like5. The first view claims that words and images are associated with ideas, but the underlying representation of an idea is abstract. According to the second view, the verbal representation alone is directly associated with abstract information about an object (for example, its superordinate category: furniture). Concrete perceptual information (for example, characteristic shape, colour or size) is associated with the imaginal representation. Translation from one representation to the other takes time, on the second view, which accounts for the observation that naming a line drawing takes longer than naming (reading aloud) a written word6,7. Here we confirm that naming a drawing of an object takes much longer than reading its name, but we show that deciding whether the object is in a given category such as ‘furniture’ takes slightly less time for a drawing than for a word, a result that seems to be inconsistent with the second view.
SU-D-144-02: Four-Dimensional Cone Beam CT for a Small Animal Image Guided Radiation Therapy System Without Use of An External Respiratory Monitoring System

Purpose: To develop four‐dimensional cone beam CT for an image guided radiation system for small animals without the use of external respiration monitoring systems. Methods: Nine mice were scanned using the cone beam CT capabilities of an X‐Rad 225Cx system. The mice were anesthetized with 1.5 to 3% isoflurane and scanned (60 kVp and 4 mA) at a sampling rate of 15 fps and gantry rotation rate of 0.5 rpm to yield a total of approximately 1800 975×975 projection images. The projections were used to obtain a respiratory signal using a modified Amsterdam Shroud method. Inspirations appeared approximately as vertical lines in the Amsterdam Shroud image due to the small ratio of inspiration to expiration times in mice anesthetized with isoflurane. The locations of these lines were extracted using vertical edge detection, dilation and projection onto one dimension. Four‐dimensional cone beam CT images (voxel size 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.3 mm) were then obtained using these peak inspirations to sort the projections into 6 phases. The peak inspirations of two mice were manually extracted from the projections to test the peak extraction method. Results: 4D CBCT images were successfully created for each mouse with minimal streak artifacts. Some blurring in the initial phase was seen due to the sharpness of the inspiration peak. The peak finding algorithm determined the peaks correctly to within an average of 0.7 and 0.4 projections for the first and second mouse, respectively. 82% and 89% of the projections were sorted into the correct phase bin for the two mice. Conclusion: The four‐dimensional CBCT method developed here can be used to analyze lung motion in mice and assist in preclinical targeted radiation therapy studies.
Studies on carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses. VI. Differential multiplication of uninfected and of converted cells in response to insulin

Insulin can replace the factor(s) in calf serum whose amount is limiting for multiplication in cell culture of chicken embryo fibroblasts and of chicken embryo fibroblasts infected and converted by avian sarcoma virus. In serum-free, insulin-containing medium, converted cells multiply more than do uninfected cells. It appears, therefore, that the increased multiplication in cell culture of converted cells as compared with uninfected cells results from a decreased requirement by the converted cells for an insulin-like activity found in serum.
Reflections on Geographic Information Science: special issue in honor of Michael Goodchild

In May 2012, Professor Michael F. Goodchild formally retired from his faculty position and is now Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara. Professor Goodchild is a ...
Recommendations to improve space projection models and university space usage

This chapter reviews the current space projection model for the State of Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) and compares this methodology to other select states.
Characterization of trace level Au(III) binding to alfalfa biomass (Medicago sativa) by GFAAS

Abstract Existing technologies for the extraction and recovery of gold include cyanidation which uses toxic cyanide. Because of the potential health threat created by many of these processes, an increasing need to develop new safer technologies to extract and recover gold from aqueous solution has arisen. Previous experiments have shown that gold(III) is adsorbed by alfalfa biomass at high concentrations in an almost pH-independent manner. However, little data exist for the bio-adsorption of trace levels of gold(III) by alfalfa biomass. Batch laboratory pH profile experiments were performed at trace levels with native alfalfa biomass using a 100 ppb gold(III) aqueous solution. The observed trend in the binding by the alfalfa biomass was highest at pH 2–3 (≈97%) and decreased to approximately 50% at pH 4.0 and 5.0. To explore the effects of hard cations on the trace level gold(III) binding, calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations were added to the gold(III) solutions and binding experiments were repeated to determine how these ions might interfere with the gold(III) bio-adsorption by the biomass. Experiments were also performed using all three cations combined in solution to further explore the effects of hard cations on the trace level gold(III) binding to the alfalfa biomass. All of the interference experiments showed that under optimal conditions the presence of the hard cations in concentrations as high as 3000 times the ppm concentration of gold(III) did not greatly effect binding by the alfalfa biomass.
Viral activation of the coagulation cascade: molecular interactions at the surface of infected endothelial cells

Herpesviral infection of endothelial cells (ECs) induces arterial injury. We now demonstrate that such infection promoted enhanced monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Enhanced adhesion was blocked by monoclonal antibodies to the viral-encoded cell surface glycoprotein gC but not by antibodies to gD or gE. Adhesion was also blocked by treating ECs with specific thrombin inhibitors or by growing cells in prothrombin-depleted serum. We found that gC bound and promoted activation of factor X on infected ECs, thereby contributing to thrombin generation. Factor X also bound to transfected L cells that were induced to express gC. Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated factor X-gC complex formation on the surface of these cells. We suggest that gC-dependent thrombin generation by herpes-infected endothelium may be an important mediator of vascular pathology during viral infection.
Economic principles to appraise agro-forestry projects☆

Abstract Agro-forestry has been practised since ancient times for the protection of natural resources and the higher production of food. Basic economic principles and the classical project evaluation technique can be used to help solve investment decisions for agro-forestry projects. Some of the recommendations for this type of project appraisal are to: focus on the small farm participants, study the forestry component and risk diversification, detail the description of the externalities and consider the cultural environment in which the project is to be implemented.
Molecular Basis for Sequence‐Dependent Induced DNA Bending

With a growing understanding of the microstructural variations of DNA, it has become apparent that subtle conformational features are essential for specific DNA molecular recognition and function. DNA containing an A-tract has a narrow minor groove and a globally bent conformation but the structural features of alternating AT DNA are less well understood. Several studies indicate that alternating AT sequences are polymorphic with different global and local properties from A-tracts. The mobility of alternating AT DNA in gel electrophoresis is extensively reduced upon binding with minor-groove binding agents such as netropsin. Although this suggests that such complexes are bent, similarly to A-tract DNA, direct evidence and structural information on AT DNA and the induced conformational change is lacking. We have used NMR spectroscopy and residual dipolar coupling together with restrained molecular-dynamics simulations to determine the solution structures of an alternating AT DNA segment, with and without netropsin, in order to evaluate the molecular basis of the binding-induced effects. Complex formation causes a significant narrowing of the minor groove and a pronounced change in bending, from a slight bend towards the major groove for the free DNA to a pronounced bend towards the minor groove in the complex. This observation demonstrates that conformational features and the inherent malleability of AT sequences are essential for specific molecular recognition and function. These results take the field of DNA structures into new areas while opening up avenues to target novel DNA sequences.
Gastric neuropathy in diabetes mellitus: clinical and radiologic observations.

Abstract Thirty-five cases of diabetic gastric neuropathy are reviewed. This complication appears mainly in long-duration diabetics and does not appear to be sex-related. Typically, gastric neuropathy occurs in patients with a long history of inadequately controlled, moderately severe diabetes. It occurs most frequently in the presence of other diabetic complications; half of the patients presented had peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy at the time of diagnosis. Gastric neuropathy symptoms are generally mild and non-specific. Vomiting of undigested food material from the previous day is not uncommon. Radiologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract usually reveals gastric residue, diminished peristalsis and abnormal retention of barium in the stomach. Striking dilatation of the duodenal bulb may be present. A possible mechanism for the development of these findings is presented. Five patients were re-studied following the oral administration of a ambenenium chloride, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Follow-up radiologic studies revealed a striking improvement in amount of residue, peristalsis and retention in 4 patients. Further investigation in this area appears warranted.
An evaluation of class effect.

The results of Zhou's retrospective observational study[1][1] conflict with the evidence obtained from well-designed clinical trials. Retrospective analyses of administrative databases may indicate an association between 2 variables, but one must not infer that a causal relation exists. Limitations
Reanalysis of Copernicus Measurements of Interstellar Carbon Monoxide

We used archival data acquired with Copernicus to reexamine CO column densities, as self-consistent oscillator strengths are now available. Our focus is on lines of sight containing modest amounts of molecular species. Our resulting column densities are small enough that self-shielding from photodissociation does not occur in the clouds probed by the observations. While our sample shows that the column densities of CO and H2 are related, no correspondence with the CH column density is evident. The case for the CH+ column density is less clear. Recent chemical models for these sight lines suggest that CH is mainly a by-product of CH+ synthesis in low-density gas. The models are most successful in reproducing the amounts of CO in the densest sight lines. Thus, much of the CO absorption must arise from denser clumps along the line of sight to account for the trend with H2.
The H-mode power threshold in hydrogen plasmas in DIII-D

In DIII-D, experiments have been performed in hydrogen plasmas to determine the requirement for hydrogen operation in ITER. The H-mode threshold power has been determined to increase with input torque for both hydrogen and deuterium plasmas with the H-mode power threshold for hydrogen plasmas being greater by approximately a factor of 2 at zero torque than in comparable deuterium plasmas. The threshold power for hydrogen discharges with full counter-current beam injection is roughly the same as the threshold power for deuterium discharges with co-current beam injection. The plasma geometry also influences the power threshold through the vertical distance between the X-point and the divertor surface.
Assessing impact on family caregivers to Alzheimer's disease patients

Abstract This study examined both positive and negative impact of caregiving in a sample of 110 caregivers to an aging family member suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Family caregivers' appraisals along dimensions of subjective burden, negative impact, caregiving satisfaction, and caregiver mastery were correlated with the extent of memory and behavior problems of the patient and caregivers' coping style, locus of control, self-esteem, ego strength, level of depression, and perceived environmental support. Results provide additional evidence for the multidimensional structure of caregivers' subjective appraisals. Correlational findings suggest the potential treatment utility of multicomponent intervention programs addressing both positive and negative dimensions of family caregivers' experience.
Television and the moral judgment of the young child

Abstract Since the advent of television, critics have charged that television viewing adversely effects the moral attitudes and values of its young viewers. The present study was an investigation of the relation of television viewing and young children's moral judgment. Seventy-two boys and girls at each of three grade levels (kindergarten, second grade, and fourth grade) were interviewed with an array of moral reasoning measures. The mother of each child assisted by keeping a television diary for 2 weeks as well as providing extensive background information including family television habits. Among kindergartners, heavy television viewing was moderately associated with less advanced moral reasoning on each of the moral judgment measures. No relationship was found at the second- and fourth-grade levels. Total viewing rather than viewing of any particular type of program was associated with moral judgment among kindergartners, suggesting that the association may not result from any deletrious effect of particular types of content.
The effect of IV l-tryptophan on prolactin, growth hormone, and mood in healthy subjects

In order to assess the effects of increased CNS serotonergic function in humans on prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and mood, IV L-tryptophan (TRP) was administered to ten healthy subjects. The TRP infusion induced robust increases in PRL in all ten subjects. A significant increase in GH concentration was also observed, although the response was more variable. The subjects reported feeling significantly more 'high', 'mellow', and 'drowsy' following the TRP infusion in comparison to placebo. These findings indicate an important role for serotonin in PRL and GH secretion, as well as in mood regulation. The IV TRP challenge may be of use in the study of serotonergic function in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
Analytical models of heat conduction in fractured rocks

Discrete fracture network models routinely rely on analytical solutions to estimate heat transfer in fractured rocks. We develop analytical models for advective and conductive heat transfer in a fracture surrounded by an infinite matrix. These models account for longitudinal and transverse diffusion in the matrix, a two-way coupling between heat transfer in the fracture and matrix, and an arbitrary configuration of heat sources. This is in contrast to the existing analytical solutions that restrict matrix conduction to the direction perpendicular to the fracture. We demonstrate that longitudinal thermal diffusivity in the matrix is a critical parameter that determines the impact of local heat sources on fluid temperature in the fracture. By neglecting longitudinal conduction in the matrix, the classical models significantly overestimate both fracture temperature and time-to-equilibrium. We also identify the fracture-matrix Peclet number, defined as the ratio of advection timescale in the fracture to diffusion timescale in the matrix, as a key parameter that determines the efficiency of geothermal systems. Our analytical models provide an easy-to-use tool for parametric sensitivity analysis, benchmark studies, geothermal site evaluation, and parameter identification.
Phase managed organic synthesis 3. Symmetrical anhydrides from carboxylic acids via polymer assisted reaction.

Abstract Symmetrical anhydrides are produced quickly and in high yield by treating mixtures of a carboxylic acid and one-half equivalent thionyl chloride in dichloromethane with a solid-state copolymer of 4-vinylpyridine. This conversion is accomplished equally well in batch or column mode.
Organic and inorganic composition and microbiology of produced waters from Pennsylvania shale gas wells

Abstract Hydraulically fractured shales are becoming an increasingly important source of natural gas production in the United States. This process has been known to create up to 420 gallons of produced water (PW) per day, but the volume varies depending on the formation, and the characteristics of individual hydraulic fracture. PW from hydraulic fracturing of shales are comprised of injected fracturing fluids and natural formation waters in proportions that change over time. Across the state of Pennsylvania, shale gas production is booming; therefore, it is important to assess the variability in PW chemistry and microbiology across this geographical span. We quantified the inorganic and organic chemical composition and microbial communities in PW samples from 13 shale gas wells in north central Pennsylvania. Microbial abundance was generally low (66–9400 cells/mL). Non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) was high (7–31 mg/L) relative to typical shallow groundwater, and the presence of organic acid anions (e.g., acetate, formate, and pyruvate) indicated microbial activity. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in four samples (∼1 to 11.7 μg/L): benzene and toluene in the Burket sample, toluene in two Marcellus samples, and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in one Marcellus sample. VOCs can be either naturally occurring or from industrial activity, making the source of VOCs unclear. Despite the addition of biocides during hydraulic fracturing, H2S-producing, fermenting, and methanogenic bacteria were cultured from PW samples. The presence of culturable bacteria was not associated with salinity or location; although organic compound concentrations and time in production were correlated with microbial activity. Interestingly, we found that unlike the inorganic chemistry, PW organic chemistry and microbial viability were highly variable across the 13 wells sampled, which can have important implications for the reuse and handling of these fluids.
MODELING ACCRETIONAL HEATING IN DWARF NOVAE

We present a grid of evolutionary models of white dwarfs in cataclysmic variables undergoing accretional heating due to periodic dwarf nova events. Our quasi-static evolutionary sequences incorporate time-variable accretion, compressional heating, and boundary layer irradiation, including the effect of the stellar rotational velocity. The thermal evolution of a white dwarf is followed over many dwarf nova accretion cycles. We assess the effect of accretional heating on the surface observables of the accreting white dwarf as a function of the accretor mass, initial surface temperature, and accretion rate. We compare our theoretical results with recent observations of two systems, both in decline from an outburst of 12 days duration: RX And and U Gem. In order for the theoretical results to fit the observations, we find that RX And must have a massive white dwarf accretor (≈1.2 M☉). For U Gem the parameters of the white dwarf, particularly the white dwarf mass and temperature, are accurately known, and this leads to a mass accretion rate of 3.0 × 10-10 M☉ yr-1 during the decline phase, i.e., 20 times smaller than its outburst value.