cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lightness contrast and failures of constancy: A common explanation

Observers were asked to select, from a grid of 16 achromatic Munsell chips presented on a white background in bright illumination, a sample to match a light gray chip simultaneously presented on the same white background but in a shadowed region adjacent to the brightly illuminated region. The border dividing the two fields of illumination was made to appear as either a reflectance edge or an illumination edge by either concealing or revealing the larger context. Each condition thus constituted an experiment on either contrast or constancy, allowing these two phenomena to be compared under comparable conditions. The results indicate that constancy effects are far greater than contrast effects, casting doubt on conventional reductions of the two phenomena to a single explanatory mechanism. Closer analysis of the data indicates that it may be contrast effects andfailures of constancy that share a common explanation. Such an explanation, in terms of edge-processing algorithms, is offered and is supported with additional experiments as well as a brief review of previous contrast and constancy findings.
Somersaulting techniques used in high-scoring and low-scoring Roche vaults performed by male Olympic gymnasts.

The aim of this study was to compare the somersaulting techniques used in the 16 highest-scoring and 16 lowest-scoring Roche vaults. Our hypothesis was that the gymnasts performing the highest-scor...
Trends in modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors following diagnosis in breast cancer survivors

Purpose Evidence suggests that high-risk lifestyle behaviors exacerbate the health of cancer survivors and increase cancer mortality. This study examined the prevalence of lifestyle-related risk factors among female breast cancer survivors by duration of survivorship in the United States.
A unifying approach to the clinical diagnosis of melanoma including “D” for “Dark” in the ABCDE criteria

Current clinical approaches to melanoma diagnosis have not been associated with a decrease in mortality from this cancer. The components of the new approach presented are, first, a screening examination to look for any lesion that stands out because of being dark, different, or changing; second, when a single lesion is recognized to be of concern for any reason, that lesion is then evaluated in more detail utilizing the ABCDE criteria, with the “D” signifying “Dark” and not “6 mm Diameter” in this mnemonic; and, third, additional discussion of the “ugly duckling” sign and of the recognition of nodular melanomas. Since the Georgia Society of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery was the first state or national society to endorse this approach, I refer to it as the Georgia approach.
Highly Regioselective and Rapid Hydroformylation of Alkyl Acrylates Catalyzed by a Rhodium Complex with a Tetraphosphorus Ligand

Alkyl acrylates have been hydroformylated to the linear aldehydes with high regioselectivity (linear/branch > 99/1) and extraordinarily high average turnover frequencies (up to 5400 h -1 ) by using a rhodium complex with a tetraphosphorus ligand. This protocol is in sharp contrast to the most of other processes that favor production of the branched aldehyde (typically > 95% branched for most Rh-catalyzed reaction systems). The high turnover number achieved by this new catalytic system is also remarkable considering the less reactive character of alkyl acrylates to the hydroformylation reaction conditions.
Arbitration and Control Acquisition in the Proposed IEEE 896 Futurebus

The proposed IEEE 896 backplane bus for multimicroprocessor systems synchronizes processes to arbitrate between devices seeking control of the bus simultaneously.
The association of diabetes with breast cancer incidence and mortality in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project

Purpose Diabetes has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer in a number of epidemiologic studies, but its effects on survival among women diagnosed with breast cancer have been examined less frequently. Importantly, prior investigations have rarely considered the influence of factors associated with diabetes such as obesity, age at diabetes diagnosis, duration of diabetes, or diabetes treatments.
Partition 1/f noise in vacuum pentodes

Abstract Measurements are reported on partition 1/ f noise in pentodes. The masking cathode 1/ f noise fluctuation was sufficiently reduced by a feedback resistor R c in the cathode lead to make the partition noise accurately measurable. With the resistor R c in place, it was demonstrated with a transformer experiment that the remaining noise was almost exclusively partition 1/ f noise. Combining Handel's quantum noise expressions for space-charge-limited diodes and triodes, some general considerations, and the experimental data, we were able to find an empirical expression for the pentode partition 1/ f noise that can accurately describe the data.
Capitalism and Socialism: How Can they be Compared?

How is one to set about the task of comparing capitalism and socialism in a systematic fashion? The contest between capitalism and socialism has many facets. It is both an intellectual debate about the relative merits of models of hypothetical social systems and a real and substantive historical struggle between two groups of states seen as representing capitalism and socialism. Perhaps the intellectual challenge to capitalism thrown down by Marxist thinkers and the “cold war” contest between the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. are such diverse phenomena that it is pointless and even misleading to try to treat them as part of a single problem. However, I believe that the dieoretical and historical aspects of the capitalism/socialism issue are directly related. I would argue that a full understanding of, say, the cold war is not possible without understanding the socialist critique of capitalism – and that a purely abstract comparison of capitalist and socialist models would fail to do justice to the historical and empirical essence of these two grand conceptual schemas.In Section I, I expand upon these arguments, seeking to convince Utopian socialists that they should not continue to rely upon invocations of a hypothetical future, but must come up with some empirical examples of what socialism is and how it works. After all, it is more than a hundred years since Marx and Engels railed against Utopian socialists in favor of socialist arguments based on empirical reality. This is not to say that Marx and Engels were crude empiricists, accepting “facts” at face value.
Linking Semiconductor Nanocrystals into Gel Networks through All‐Inorganic Bridges

For colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), replacement of insulating organic capping ligands with chemically diverse inorganic clusters enables the development of functional solids in which adjacent NCs are strongly coupled. Yet controlled assembly methods are lacking to direct the arrangement of charged, inorganic cluster-capped NCs into open networks. Herein, we introduce coordination bonds between the clusters capping the NCs thus linking the NCs into highly open gel networks. As linking cations (Pt(2+)) are added to dilute (under 1 vol %) chalcogenidometallate-capped CdSe NC dispersions, the NCs first form clusters, then gels with viscoelastic properties. The phase behavior of the gels for variable [Pt(2+)] suggests they may represent nanoscale analogues of bridged particle gels, which have been observed to form in certain polymer colloidal suspensions.
A portable class library for teaching multithreaded programming

All modern operating systems support multithreaded programming (MTP). To ensure our students can lead the trend of computer science in the foreseeable future, we have been teaching MTP for four years [6]. Our experience shows that the paradigm shift from sequential to mnlti threaded causes students significant problems [7], such as (1) MTP requires a new mindset, (2) multithreaded program behavior is dynamic, making debugging very difficult, (3) proper synchronization is more difficult than anticipated, and (4) programming interfaces are usually more complex than necessary, causing students to spend time in learning the system details rather than the fundamentals.
Comparison of Purified and Practical Diets for Reproduction in Japanese Quail

Abstract NUMEROUS experiments with laying hens conducted at this laboratory over the past several years have demonstrated that purified diets did not support reproductive performance equal to that obtained with practical diets. Both types of diets were formulated to contain adequate quantities of all known essential nutrients. Menge (1967) observed that rate of egg production, egg weight and hatchability of fertile eggs were significantly lower for hens fed a casein-gelatin-glucose diet compared with a corn-soybean diet. Substitution of isolated soy protein for casein and gelatin in the purified diet improved egg weight and hatchability but not rate of egg production. Young (1969) also noted that hens fed purified diets laid smaller eggs than hens fed a practical diet. The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was selected to further investigate this problem. Wilson et al. (1961) described characteristics which make the Japanese quail a useful animal for research. Quail also eat less…
The feasibility of smoking reduction: an update.

Aim To update conclusions of a previous review of smoking reduction on the extent to which (1) smokers spontaneously reduce their smoking, (2) smokers who try to quit and fail return to smoking less, (3) smokers can substantially reduce and maintain reductions via pharmacological and behavioral treatments and (4) smokers compensate when they reduce. Method Qualitative systematic review. Data sources Systematic computer searches and other methods. Study selection Published and unpublished studies of smokers not trying to stop smoking. We located 13–26 studies for each of the four aims. Data extraction The first author entered data with confirmation by second author. Data synthesis Due to the heterogeneity of methods and necessity of extensive recalculation, a meta-analysis was not feasible. Results Few daily smokers spontaneously reduce. Among those who try to stop smoking and relapse, some return to reduced smoking but whether they maintain this reduction is unclear. Nicotine replacement (and perhaps behavior therapies) can induce smokers not interested in quitting to make significant reductions in their smoking and maintain these over time. Some compensatory smoking occurs with reduction but significant declines in smoke exposure still occur. Conclusions These results indicate that reduction is feasible when aided by treatment. Whether reduction should be promoted will depend on the effect of reduction on health outcomes and future cessation.
Mouse t Haplotypes: A Tale of Tails and a Misunderstood Selfish Chromosome

The mouse t haplotype system has aroused the curiosity of numerous biologists over the last half century. It has been used as a model system to probe questions in fields as diversified as embryonic development, spermatogenesis, meiotic recombination, chromosome organization and evolution, population biology and selfish genes (see Silver, 1985, Frischauf, 1985 and Klein, 1986 for original references and more detailed reviews of the background material presented here). Until the last decade, the t system appeared to be unnaturally complex and enigmatic, even to the few workers brave enough to study it. But with the advent of molecular biology, the secrets of the t haplotype have been exposed, and a unified understanding of what-were-once unrelated properties has been attained. Although t haplotypes have lost their original sex appeal as enigmatic entities, they have gained status as a prototypical system for the study of both the genetic control of differentiative events, and general aspects of genomic organization and evolution.
Extracting surface wave attenuation from seismic noise using correlation of the coda of correlation

[1] Extracting surface wave travel time information from the cross-correlation (CC) of seismic ambient noise has been a great success and remains fast growing. However, it is still challenging to exploit the amplitude content of the noise CC. Although spatial average is able to constrain somewhat meaningful attenuation using noise CC amplitudes, clear bias is observed when spatially varying attenuation is estimated with the traditional noise CC calculation methods. Perhaps the key lies in the development of novel techniques that can mitigate the effect of the uneven distribution of natural noise sources. In this paper, we propose a new method to use the correlation of the coda of correlation of noise (C3) for amplitude measurement. We examine the ability of the method to retrieve surface wave attenuation using data from selected line array stations of the USArray. By comparing C3-derived attenuation coefficients with those estimated from earthquake data, we demonstrate that C3 effectively reduces bias and allows for more reliable attenuation estimates from noise. This is probably because of the fact that the coda of noise correlation contains more diffused noise energy, and thus, the C3 processing effectively makes the noise source distribution more homogeneous. When selecting auxiliary stations for C3 calculation, we find that stations closer to noise sources (near the coast) tend to yield better signal-to-noise ratios. We suggest to preprocess noise data using a transient removal and temporal flattening method, to mitigate the effect of temporal fluctuation of the noise source intensity, and to retain relative amplitudes. In this study, we focus our analysis on 18 s measurements.
A low overhead checkpointing and rollback recovery scheme for distributed systems

A major obstacle in implementing a rollback recovery scheme for fault tolerance in a concurrent distributed system is the domino effect. A low overhead checkpointing scheme is proposed to prevent this effect. Each process saves its state periodically. The state-save synchronization among processes is implemented by bounding clock drifts. A communication protocol that assures that all saved states are consistent is developed. >
The Southern Oscillation in Surface Circulation and Climate over the Tropical Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans as Captured by Cluster Analysis

Abstract Clusters of sea level pressure (SLP), surface wind, cloudiness, and sea surface temperature (SST) in the domain of the tropical Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans are introduced and discussed in terms of general circulation and climate. They appear to capture well the large-scale degrees of freedom of the seasonal fields. In the Atlantic and, to a lesser extent, in the eastern Pacific, most analyzed fields group into zonally oriented “trade wind” clusters. These are separated distinctly by the near-equatorial trough axis. By contrast the Indian Ocean features strong interhemispheric connections associated with the monsoon systems of boreal summer and, to a lesser degree, of boreal winter. The usefulness of clusters thus established is elucidated with respect to the Southern Oscilation (SO). General circulation changes associated with this planetary pressure seesaw are deduced from correlation maps of surface field clusters for January/February and July/August. During the positive SO pha...
Ends and Means

We have tried to show the relation of moral decisions to moral principles. But every moral argument that ends in a decision must be supported not only by the principle but also by a factual or empirical premise without which the connection between abstract principle and concrete act could never be realized. This second factual premise must be examined more closely if our decisions are to be intelligent.
Using Large-Scale Classroom Research to Study Student Conceptual Learning in Mechanics and to Develop New Approaches to Learning

Microcomputer-based laboratory (MBL) tools and guided discovery curricula have been developed as an aid to all students, including the underprepared and underserved, in learning physical concepts. To guide this development, extensive work has been done to find useful measures of students’ conceptual understanding that can be used in widely varying contexts. This paper focuses primarily on the evaluation of student conceptual understanding of mechanics (kinematics and dynamics) with an emphasis on Newton’s 1st and 2nd laws in introductory courses in the university. Student understanding of mechanics is looked at before and after traditional instruction. It is examined before and after MBL curricula that are consciously designed to promote active and collaborative learning by students. The results show that the majority of students have difficulty learning essential physical concepts in the best of our traditional courses where students read textbooks, solve textbook problems, listen to well-prepared lectures, and do traditional laboratory activities. Students can, however, learn these fundamental concepts using MBL curricula and Interactive Lecture Demonstrations which have been based on extensive classroom research. Substantial evidence is given that student answers to the short answer questions in the Tools for Scientific Thinking Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation provide a useful statistical means of evaluating student beliefs and understandings about mechanics. Evidence for the hierarchical learning of velocity, acceleration, and force concepts is presented.
Group Analytic Psychotherapy: Working With Affective, Anxiety and Personality Disorders

(2015). Group Analytic Psychotherapy: Working With Affective, Anxiety and Personality Disorders. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 477-480.
33-P : A NEW WAY TO QC DTT

Aim Our laboratory uses DTT treated sera for flow crossmatches because of possible IgM interference with the crossmatches. We always QC’ed the DTT serologically using IgM and IgG reagents we purchased commercially. However, when we phased out serologic crossmatches we were faced with the challenge of effectively QC’ing the DTT without the use of serology. Methods DTT works by breaking the disulfide bonds of the IgM molecule and separating it into five subunits that are no longer able to bind. Using this principle, we decided to try an inhibition study to test for the presence and then absence of the IgM molecule. We purchased rat anti-human CD52 IgM Campath and rat anti-human CD52 FITC conjugated IgG. We treated the IgM Campath with DTT for 30 minutes at 37°C. We then performed a flow crossmatch comparing untreated cells with cells incubated with Campath and cells incubated with DTT treated Campath. We measured the amount of FITC bound to each population of cells to determine whether the Campath was still intact and was taking up the binding sites or if it had been destroyed by the DTT. Results The amount of FITC bound to the Campath treated cells was very low, indicating that Campath was bound to the CD52 receptors on the cells, leaving the FITC unable to bind. The amount of FITC bound to the untreated cells was similar to the amount of FITC bound to the DTT treated Campath cells, indicating that the DTT had broken the disulfide bonds of the Campath and inactivated the molecule.[figure1] Conclusions The use of CD52 IgM Campath and CD52 FITC conjugated IgG has proven to be a simple and effective way to QC DTT without the use of serologic crossmatches.
Addressing Stereotype Threat is Critical to Diversity and Inclusion in Organizational Psychology

Recently researchers have debated the relevance of stereotype threat to the workplace. Critics have argued that stereotype threat is not relevant in high stakes testing such as in personnel selection. We and others argue that stereotype threat is highly relevant in personnel selection, but our review focused on underexplored areas including effects of stereotype threat beyond test performance and the application of brief, low-cost interventions in the workplace. Relevant to the workplace, stereotype threat can reduce domain identification, job engagement, career aspirations, and receptivity to feedback. Stereotype threat has consequences in other relevant domains including leadership, entrepreneurship, negotiations, and competitiveness. Several institutional and individual level intervention strategies that have been field-tested and are easy to implement show promise for practitioners including: addressing environmental cues, valuing diversity, wise feedback, organizational mindsets, reattribution training, reframing the task, values-affirmation, utility-value, belonging, communal goal affordances, interdependent worldviews, and teaching about stereotype threat. This review integrates criticisms and evidence into one accessible source for practitioners and provides recommendations for implementing effective, low-cost interventions in the workplace.
A Study of Signal-To-Noise Ratio of the Fourier Method for Construction of High Frame Rate Images

A new image construction method, called the Fourier method, has been developed recently17. This method can be used to construct images at a high frame rate (up to 3750 frames/s for a depth of 200 mm in biological soft tissues) with simplified electronics because the fast Fourier transform can be used in image constructions. A computer simulation shows that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the new method is comparable to that of the conventional delay-and-sum (D&S) method when the same transmission beam is used for both methods.
Geochemistry in the lung: Reaction-path modeling and experimental examination of rock-forming minerals under physiologic conditions

A novel and promising application of a geochemical tool adapted to medical science is the thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of the behavior of minerals in fluids similar to lung fluids (or simulated lung fluids, SLF). Reaction-path modeling for chrysotile, anorthite, K-feldspar, talc, muscovite, kaolinite, albite, and quartz under physiologic conditions in SLF gives dissolution times for these minerals as: chrysotile < anorthite < K-feldspar < talc < muscovite = kaolinite = albite = quartz. For the reaction of these minerals with SLF, hydroxylapatite (a mineral initially supersaturated in SLF) and several other secondary minerals were predicted to form (e.g., mesolite is predicted to precipitate during dissolution reactions of other Al 3+ -containing minerals). Batch experiments using SLF and a brucite/chrysotile mineral mixture confirm that hydroxylapatite forms during reactions in SLF, potentially a function of having a seed crystal in the brucite, chrysotile, or hydromagnesite (predicted to form from brucite dissolution) present. Moreover, SEM analysis of lung tissue also confirms the formation of calcium phosphates (e.g., hydroxylapatite). Reaction-path modeling of minerals under physiologic conditions provides insight into mineral behavior in the body; predicted mineralization pathways associated with pleural plaques and the predicted formation of Al3 + -bearing minerals during reaction-path modeling deserve attention when considering pathologies in the body.
Variability in Human Performance – the Roles of Context Specificity and Closed-Loop Control:

Objective: This report briefly addresses sources of variability in five different domains of human performance: movement behavior, cognition and learning, performance under displaced feedback, huma...
Genetic Variation and Covariation in Egg Production and Other Economic Traits in Chickens

Abstract IN THE absence of certain disturbing factors selection is expected to increase the mean of a population each generation by an amount equal to the product of the selection differential and heritability. Lerner and Dempster (1951), however, presented evidence for smaller gains in shank length and egg production than would be expected from the selection practiced. Goodale (1949) presented results of 23 years of selection for egg production and reported decreased gains in the later stages of selection. Gyles et al. (1953) presented data from a selection study showing the actual selection achieved for body weight to be significantly less than that expected. Dickerson (1951) and Kottman (1952) found similar situations in swine. Failure to realize the gains expected would lead one first to question the magnitude of heritability estimates, since selection for a trait tends to be effective until the desired alleles are fixed. Other factors may interfere with …
How a marsh is built from the bottom up

Salt marshes are valuable yet fragile ecosystems, disappearing globally at an alarming rate. Facing this crisis, it becomes increasingly important to understand what forces drive their formation. Previous studies of marsh ontogeny relied on stratigraphy and physical monitoring, depending on inferences from multi-century and daily time scales, respectively. In this study, vertical accretion rates are evaluated at the same time resolution as a marsh’s lateral expansion, providing the first comprehensive view of a laterally expanding marsh’s sedimentary trajectory. 210 Pb-derived (half-life, t 1/2 , of 22.3 yr) accretion rates are examined in a marsh at the Newport River (North Carolina, United States), a location experiencing ongoing emergence of new marshland over the past century. Accretion rates at all marsh sampling sites begin with slow sedimentation characteristic of the bay bottom, then shift to rapid, persistent sedimentation, eventually progressing from submerged mudflat to marsh table. Acceleration of vertical accretion occurs asynchronously across the marsh and prior to vegetative colonization, indicating a physical mechanism. We hypothesize that extant marsh tables act as promontories, effectively shielding adjacent mudflats from erosive forces, dictating the trajectory of marsh emergence, and yielding the pattern of alongshore marsh emergence at the Newport River.
Hyperthyroid Splanchnomegaly After Hypophysectomy

SummaryThe hypertrophy of the liver, kidneys, heart, and spleen caused by hyperthyroidism occurs in the absence of the pituitary; that of the adrenals does not.
Hedonism, fatalism and ‘carpe diem’: Profiles of attitudes towards the present time:

This study investigated the relationships between three types of attitude towards the present time and sense of purpose and meaning in life, positive and negative affect, time conception, past and ...
Effect of structural defects on the thermal conductivity of graphene: From point to line defects to haeckelites

We use nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations to study the effect of structural defects on the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ of graphene. Focusing on 5-7 and 5-8 defects in the graphene honeycomb lattice, we find that $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ depends sensitively on whether the defects are isolated, form lines, or form extended arrangements in haeckelites. Our results indicate that the presence of defects makes $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ anisotropic and, depending on the temperature, quenches its value by one to two orders of magnitude with respect to graphene, mainly by reducing the phonon mean free path.
88 C-REACTIVE PROTEIN DOWN-REGULATES INTERLEUKIN-10 SECRETION FROM HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES VIA INHIBITION OF PROTEIN KINASE A.

Inflammation is pivotal in atherogenesis. C-reactive protein (CRP) contributes to atherosclerosis and is present in the atherosclerotic lesions. Among anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 produced by Th2 cells and macrophages plays a protective role in atherosclerosis. IL-10-deficient mice develop increased atherosclerosis and gene transfer of IL-10 reduces atherosclerosis. Macrophages present in human atherosclerotic lesions express IL-10. Thus we tested the effect of CRP on IL-10 secretion in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). CRP preparation used had minimal endotoxin and no azide contamination. HMDMs were treated with CRP (25 μg/mL/12 hrs) and activated with 0.5 μg/mL of lipopolysacharide (LPS), which signals through toll-like receptors (TLR-4) and are pathogenically related to atherosclerosis. The effect of CRP on IL-10 was studied at protein (IL-10 measurement in culture medium by ELISA and intracellular IL-10 by flow cytometry) and at mRNA levels (by real-time RT-PCR). CRP inhibited IL-10 secretion (p
Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics

This report describes the use of DOE funding provided to MIT in support of the Northeast Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics held at MIT in January, 2011.
Nanostructured Electrodes for Neural Chip Applications

for the analysis of cultured neural networks and cells in on-chip biosensors, microelectrodes must be optimized for impedance and selectivity. We present a new method of increasing the effective electrode surface for decreased impedance. Here, high aspect ratio pillar-like polysilicon nanostructures are created in a reactive ion etch. The pillars are 0.3 μm in height and less than 100 nm in diameter. When compared to a control substrate, these nanostructures increase the surface area by 12–15 times and result in an order of magnitude decrease in impedance.
Tone and the Representational Character of Meaning

The varieties of tone that I have surveyed have fed into a number of important issues in the theory of meaning. As we have seen, not all those promoted by Frege and by Dummett genuinely belong to semantics. Among those that do, not all can be accommodated by Dummett’s gloss in terms of the signaling of a manner of speaking. Up to this point, my criticisms of Dummett’s Frege-based, tripartite model have focused largely on two related flaws: the lack of fit with many ordinary sentencetypes, and the attendant lack of explanatory role for truth-conditionality with respect to many component words and other linguistic elements such as those that make for declarative, interrogative, and imperative form. The corollary that sameness and difference of meaning are explicable in terms of truth-conditions is also undermined by many near-synonyms for which this instrument is simply too blunt. In the following section I will examine a few cases that I think are especially illuminating in this respect.
P1, P2 and Asymptotic Approximations for Stochastic Transport

The problem of describing particle transport through a Markovian stochastic mixture of two immiscible materials is generally approximated by the so-called Levermore model, consisting of two coupled transport equations. In this paper, the P 2 diffusive equations and the associated boundary conditions for this Levermore model are derived in planar geometry by using a variational principle, and numerical results comparing P 2 , P 1 , and S 16 (benchmark) calculations are presented. These results demonstrate that the P 2 equations are considerably more accurate than the P 1 equations away from boundary layers. An asymptotic diffusion approximation to this model is also explored with several different boundary conditions, and the overall conclusion is that the asymptotic diffusion treatment is in general inferior to P 2 theory, and its superiority over P 1 theory is not overwhelming and not consistent.
Reachability-based fault detection method for uncertain chemical flow reactors

Abstract We consider the problem of computing reachable sets for continuous-time nonlinear continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) using differential inequalities method. Existing comparison-based methods yield a conservative enclosure for the reachable set due to the non-quasi-monotonic property for CSTR systems. The method proposed in Scott and Barton [2013] is effective; however, it requires a nontrivial a priori enclosure for the reachable set, which is difficult to construct for CSTR reaction systems. We propose a linear transformation to map the dynamics of the CSTR system onto a sparse state-space. Exploiting the sparsity, we construct a priori enclosure for CSTR systems. The application of the proposed method in designing a fault detection procedure is discussed, and its efficacy illustrated on an example problem.
Modeling immune system-tumor interactions using humanized mice

The interplay between tumor cells, the non-malignant stoma and hematolymphoid cells (of both innate and adoptive lineages) determines the kinetics of cancer progression. However, the study of tumor-immune system interactions has primarily been restricted to mouse models. The implant of tumors into humanized mice that are engrafted with human immune systems provides a unique opportunity to interrogate the interactions between human immune cells and malignancies, and to test novel anti-tumor immunotherapies. Here we show the use of the BLT (bone marrow/liver/thymus) humanized mouse model to study the interactions between the human immune system and melanoma. The BLT mouse supports high levels of human immune system development including HLA-restricted T cells, B cells and innate immune cells. For these studies, we used NOD-scid IL2rnull (NSG) transgenically expressing SCF, GM-CSF and IL-3 (NSG-SGM3), which enhances human innate immune cell development and function. Following implant of patient derived melanomas into NSG-SGM3 BLT mice, we observed the infiltration of human T cells, mast cells, NK cells and macrophages into the tumor microenviroment. Moreover the recovery of high levels of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, M2 macrophage and conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing PD-1 and CTLA4 from the tumor suggests that the melanoma growing within NSG-SGM3 BLT mice creates an immune regulatory environment similar to that seen in patients. These results indicate that tumors implanted into NSG-SGM3 BLT mice can be used as an effective model for understanding tumor-immune system interactions.
Aberrant expression of microRNA induced by high-fructose diet: implications in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and hepatic insulin resistance

Fructose is a highly lipogenic sugar that can alter energy metabolism and trigger metabolic disorders. In the current study, microRNAs (miRNAs) altered by a high-fructose diet were comprehensively explored to elucidate their significance in the pathogenesis of chronic metabolic disorders. miRNA expression profiling using small noncoding RNA sequencing revealed that 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 26 were downregulated in the livers of high-fructose-fed mice compared to chow-fed mice. Computational prediction and functional analysis identified 10 miRNAs, miR-19b-3p, miR-101a-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-378a-3p, miR-33-5p, miR-145a-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-125b-5p and miR-582-3p, assembled as a regulatory network to potentially target key genes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and insulin signaling at multiple levels. qRT-PCR analysis of their potential target genes [IRS-1, FOXO1, SREBP-1c/2, ChREBP, insulin-induced gene-2 (Insig-2), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and apolipoprotein B (apoB)] demonstrated that fructose-induced alterations of miRNAs were also reflected in mRNA expression profiles of their target genes. Moreover, the miRNA profile induced by high-fructose diet differed from that induced by high-fat diet, indicating that miRNAs mediate distinct pathogenic mechanisms in dietary-induced metabolic disorders. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a new set of hepatic miRNAs, which were altered by high-fructose diet and provides novel insights into the interaction between miRNAs and their target genes in the development of metabolic syndrome.
Measurement of light transmission and fluence rate in mouse brain in vivo (Conference Presentation)

Optogenetic experiments require light delivery, typically using fiber optics, to light-gated ion channels genetically targeted to specific brain regions. Understanding where light is—and isn’t—in an illuminated brain can be a confounding factor in designing experiments and interpreting results. While the transmission of light, i.e. survival of forward-directed and forward–scattered light, has been extensively measured in vitro, light scattering can be significantly different in vivo due to blood flow and other factors. To measure irradiance in vivo, we constructed a pipette photodetector tipped with fluorescent quantum dots that function as a light transducer. The quantum dot fluorescence is collected by a waveguide and sent to a fiber-coupled spectrometer. The device has a small photo-responsive area (~ 10 um x 15 um), enabling collection of micron-resolution irradiance profiles, and can be calibrated to determine irradiance with detection limits of 0.001 mW/mm2. The photodetector has the footprint of a micro-injection pipette, so can be inserted into almost any brain region with minimal invasiveness. With this detector, we determined transverse and axial irradiance profiles in mice across multiple brain regions at 5 source wavelengths spanning the visible spectrum. This profile data is compared to in vitro measurements obtained on tissue slices, and provides a means to derive scattering coefficients for specific brain regions in vivo. The detector is straightforward to fabricate and calibrate, is stable in air storage > 9 months, and can be easily installed in an electrophysiology setup, thereby enabling direct measurement of light spread under conditions used in optogenetics experiments.
Pragmatic Firearm Advocacy for Pediatricians.

The review article “Pediatric Firearm-Related Injuries in the United States” in this issue of Hospital Pediatrics serves as a timely reminder for all health care providers that we cannot afford to be silent about gun violence. An average of 7 children and teens ages 1 to 19 are killed by guns every day in the United States.1 Pediatric hospitalists are on the front lines of this public health crisis. To uphold our duty as pediatricians to protect and improve the health of children, we must educate ourselves about gun violence and become vocal advocates for sensible, effective solutions. Although firearm safety has been highly politicized, we as physicians know that this is first and foremost a public health issue. Many analogies can be drawn from history. When motor vehicle collisions became a leading cause of mortality, auto manufacturers blamed collisions on the drivers. When evidence emerged regarding the health threat of tobacco, tobacco companies denied the association of cigarette smoke with disease. After hard-fought battles with these industries, regulations were put in place that dramatically decreased morbidity and mortality from these public health threats.2 It is clearly time to do the same for firearms. As with automobile and tobacco regulations, our advocacy must be a pragmatic one. Pediatricians must understand patient and family values and concerns regarding gun ownership. Pediatricians must be able to communicate the risks of firearm ownership to families and children, address controversies and myths, and understand which interventions have been demonstrated by existing data to be most effective in decreasing injury and death. We must understand federal law and the laws in states where we practice. In this commentary, we present a guideline for pragmatic firearm advocacy for pediatricians: key firearm facts that all pediatricians should know, common myths about firearms, interventions that have …
Flexural Deformity of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint.

Flexural deformities in young horses are commonly referred to as contracted tendons, which is a term that is not consistent with what is currently understood about their cause. Flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint can be either congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop at a later stage of growth typically between 1 and 6 months of age). These 2 manifestations are commonly managed differently depending on the cause, age of onset, severity, duration, complicating factors, and owner expectations. Early recognition and appropriate intervention are essential to ensure that it is not performance limiting.
Mathematical modeling of uniform CO2 corrosion

Abstract The uniform carbon dioxide corrosion is one of the most widely studied subjects in corrosion science and engineering. Numerous corrosion rate–predictive models have been developed and reported in the literature over the past few decades. In this chapter, these models are grouped in four categories of empirical, semiempirical, elementary mechanistic, and comprehensive mechanistic, based on the mathematical methods and the calculation approach used to quantify the underlying physiochemical processes. With the focus on the mechanistic models, some key publications are reviewed, and the advantages and limits for each type of the models are discussed. Furthermore, a collection of the relevant mathematical expressions as well as solution methods required to construct the mechanistic models is provided.
FAST FABRICATION OF POLYMER OUT-OF-PLANE OPTICAL COUPLER BY GRAY-SCALE LITHOGRAPHY

We report a fabrication process of a polymer, and mirror-based out-of-plane optical coupler. In the process, a pre-formed mirror blank made of a buffer coat material is re-exposed by a laser direct writing tool with low numerical aperture of 0.1. The fabrication process is inherently fast because of the low numerical aperture (NA) process. The surface figure of the mirror is controlled under 0.04 waves in root-mean-square (RMS) at 1.55 μm wavelength, with mirror angle of 45 ± 1 degrees. Nominal insertion loss of 8.5dB of the mirror-based coupler was confirmed with polymer waveguides fabricated simultaneously.
Mediating India: An analysis of a guidebook

Abstract The paper presents a semiotic analysis of the most popular of the guidebooks to India, published by Lonely Planet. An analysis of this text and accompanying photographs reveal an emphasis on India's “past glory” and “exotic present”. Furthermore, indigenous Indians are present in the text either as middlemen providing tourism services or as tourees, objects of tourist sightseeing interest. In this regard, the analysis concludes that this guidebook serves a primary function as mediating tourists' experiences in India in ways that reinforce both certain images of India and certain relationships with indigenous inhabitants
Pengujian Ga3 Dan Rasio Tanam Tetua Terhadap Produksi Benih Hibrida Hipa 14 Melalui Rancangan Petak Terbagi

The three lines methods in hybrid rice have disadvantages in seed production procedures that result in low seed yield. Low levels of natural crosses (outcrossing) is one of the causes of low seed yield in hybrid seed production. GA 3 application and proper spacing , expected to improve of F 1 hybrid seed production. The experimental design used was Split Plot design with three replications. The main plot was doses of GA 3 application consist of 0, 200 ppm and 300 ppm. The subplot was row ratios of restores:CMS i,e 2R:8A, 2R:12A; 2R:16A. The material used is parental lines of HIPA 14. The results showed that GA 3 application was able to increased plant height of parental lines (CMS and restorer), number of productive tillers, ex t erted panicle and stigma also outcrossing rate at seed production of HIPA 14. The row ratio was influenced for plant heigh of CMS lines. Interaction between GA 3 and row ratio was increased plant height of parental lines, exerted panicle, and outcrossing rate
Three Celebrated Ideas

In the Colorado Mathematical Olympiad the same problems are offered to every participant from a seventh grader to a senior. This is why they must require minimal bits of knowledge for their solutions, such as the sum of angles in a triangle is equal to 180°, or the three bisectors of a triangle have a point in common. These problems do require a great deal of common sense, creativity, and imagination. Some of the problems model mathematical research: they would capitulate only to experimenting with particular cases, followed by noticing a pattern, followed in turn by generalization, formulation of a hypothesis, and finally by a proof.
Abstract 13479: New Heart, Old Arrhythmia: Atrial Arrhythmias After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Introduction: Arrhythmias after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) are common. However the influence of pre-transplant atrial arrhythmia on post-OHT atrial arrhythmia has not been established. In this study we analyzed the occurrence of post-OHT atrial arrhythmias in patients with prior atrial fibrillation or flutter (afib/flutter). Methods: In this retrospective single center study, 56 patients who underwent OHT from 2003-14 were enrolled. Patients were stratified based on history of pre-OHT afib/flutter. Baseline demographics, and post-transplant outcomes including atrial arrythmias were recorded. Post-OHT atrial arrhythmias were defined as afib/flutter, atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, and wandering atrial pacemaker Data was analyzed using student’s t-test and X2 analysis. Results: The cohort comprised of 20 patients with pre-transplant history of afib/flutter and 36 patients without such diagnosis. There was no statistical difference in age, gender or BMI in patients between the two groups. Our analysis revealed that patients with afib/flutter prior to OHT had significantly more atrial arrhythmias at one year compared to those without afib/flutter (31.6% vs 8.8%, p=0.034), and this difference was maintained at five years follow-up (50% vs 11.1%, p=0.001). Additionally, there was a strong trend toward increased overall mortality in in this group (35% vs 13.9%, p=0.065). Discussion: Our results suggest a novel finding of a link between pre and post-OHT atrial arrhythmias, particularly in the first year after transplantation. This surprising finding may be related to residual recipient pulmonary vein activity, recipient atrial anastomotic tissue, or patient related factors. Further prospective research is indicated to confirm our findings.
The Intellectual Roots of Engineering Science

This chapter analyzes how the new conceptual, methodological, and ideological transformation of science the emerged during the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provided an intellectual foundation for the development of engineering science during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The chapter focuses on the role of Galileo, Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton in creating a new conceptual framework for science by formulating a mechanical philosophy, a new methodology of science by formulating an experimental philosophy and establishing a new ideology of science that argued that scientific knowledge was practical, useful and a source of political power.
Determination of Isotopic Ratios from Fuel Burnup

Based on a simplified solution of the balance equations for concentration of uranium and plutonium isotopes and a set of two-group microscopic cross sections, isotopic ratios, /sup 235/U/U, Pu/U, and /sup 239/Pu//sup 235/U, are calculated as a function of fuel burnup for pressurized water reactor spent fuel. The two-group cross sections for /sup 235/U, /sup 238/U, /sup 239/Pu, and water are collapsed into equivalent thermal-group constants, with the fast-to-thermal flux ratio obtained through a two-group criticality consideration. For this purpose, parasitic neutron captures are represented through a simple semiempirical relationship. The calculational model, incorporated as the BURN code, yields isotopic ratios that compare favorably with three major data sets from the ISTLIB data bank.