cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen emissions from broilers measured by mass balance over eighteen consecutive flocks

Emission of nitrogen in the form of ammonia from poultry rearing facilities has been an important topic for the poultry industry because of concerns regarding the effects of ammonia on the environment. Sound scientific data is needed to accurately estimate air emissions from poultry operations. Many factors, such as season of the year, ambient temperature and humidity, bird health, and management practices can influence ammonia volatilization from broiler rearing facilities. Precise results are often difficult to attain from commercial facilities, particularly over long periods of time. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine nitrogen loss from broilers in a research facility under conditions simulating commercial production for 18 consecutive flocks. Broilers were reared to 40 to 42 d of age and fed diets obtained from a commercial broiler integrator. New rice hulls were used for litter for the first flock, and the same litter was recycled for all subsequent flocks with caked litter removed between flocks. All birds, feeds, and litter materials entering and leaving the facility were quantified, sampled, and analyzed for total nitrogen content. Nitrogen loss was calculated by the mass balance method in which loss was equal to the difference between the nitrogen inputs and the nitrogen outputs. Nitrogen partitioning as a percentage of inputs averaged 15.29, 6.84, 55.52, 1.27, and 21.08% for litter, caked litter, broiler carcasses, mortalities, and nitrogen loss, respectively, over all eighteen flocks. During the production of 18 flocks of broilers on the same recycled litter, the average nitrogen emission rate was calculated to range from 4.13 to 19.74 g of N/ kg of marketed broiler (grams of nitrogen per kilogram) and averaged 11.07 g of N/kg. Nitrogen loss was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for flocks reared in summer vs. winter. Results of this experiment have demonstrated that the rate of nitrogen volatilization from broiler grow-out facilities varies significantly on a flock-to-flock basis.
A simplified model of dopaminergic neuron

A minimal model of a dopamine cell in vitro in the pres-ence of tetrodoxin (TTX) and tetraethyl ammonium (TEA)was developed to simulate two types of subthresholdoscillations: the slow oscillatory potential (SOP – see Fig-ure 1A) and the square wave (Figure 1B) that can be pro-duced by the abolition of the SOP by apamin. The L-typecalcium current drives both types of oscillation. The smallconductance potassium channel repolarizes the SOP, andwe propose that the ether-a-go-go related potassium chan-nel repolarizes the square wave. We further suggest thatthe role of this current in vivo is to relieve depolarizationblock. The model predicts that blocking the ether-a-go-gocurrent will elongate the plateau of the square wave andblocking the hyperpolarization-activated potassium cur-rent shortens the period of oscillations. In addition, themodel predicts that blocking the ether-a-go-go currentwill speed up the SOP. The model also predicts that cal-cium chelation converts SOPs into square waves by block-ing the increase in the small conductance (SK) current.Multiple-parameter bifurcation diagrams were used toinvestigate the properties of the firing patterns generatedby our model (Figure 2).
Discrimination and clustering of streptococci by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis

Abstract Analytical pyrolysis coupled to capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize four strains from each of four groups of streptococci (groups A, B, C and G) and three strains of group F streptococci. Following data screening, features that discriminated between groups of organisms were selected by stepwise discriminant analysis. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed to reveal natural groupings of the samples. Groups A, B, and F were separated into individual clusters, while groups C and G appeared together in one cluster. Mass spectra of the four pyrolysis products most influential for discrimination between the groups were identified. The approach could be used to differentiate other groups of microorganisms and demonstrates the potential for computer-assisted interpretation of analytical pyrolysis data.
Nest insulation: Energy savings to brown lemmings using a winter nest

Energy metabolism of brown lemmings in summer pelage was measured over long periods at several air temperatures, with and without a real nest or artificial nest material. Resting metabolism of lemmings at Ta=-16°C was 43% higher than that of lemmings in nests. As Ta increased, the difference between resting metabolism of animals with and without nests decreased and was similar at Ta=20°C. The energy saved at rest is equivalent to a reduction of approximately 40% in the thermal conductance. Independent estimates of energy savings due to nest insulation by analysis of cooling curves of a lemming model with and without a nest suggest a 46% reduction in thermal conductance due to the nest. At Ta=0°C, baby lemmings huddled in a nest had equilibrium temperature excesses (Tb-Ta) four to five times higher than isolated nestlings outside the nest. These data indicate that there is a substantial energy savings at ecologically relevant air temperatures, and that energy savings increase as Ta decreases. If the insulative value of the nest is similar whether the animal is in summer or winter pelage, these data suggest that heat production of a resting lemming would be 0.88 W (about 1.6 times BMR), while in nests at subnivean air temperatures typical of Barrow, Alaska, during the winter.
Pinelands national reserve: An intergovernmental approach to nature preservation

The Pinelands National Reserve was created in 1978 when private interests and federal, state, and local governments allied to protect 378,000 ha (935,000 acres) of New Jersey's Pine Barrens from encroaching development. An intergovernmental authority, the Pinelands Commission, manages the reserve by implementing a regional plan to guide development away from environmentally sensitive areas and into designated growth centers. Through transferable development rights, financial gains from development in growth centers are used to compensate owners and localities in the reserve who might otherwise have developed their lands.
Sparse aperture detection and imaging of millimeter sources via optical image-plane interferometry

We attempt to perform real time detection and direct high resolution imaging of millimeter blackbody sources using sparse aperture interferometry. We reject heterodyne technology for a multitude of factors including bulky equipment, cryogenic cooling, long integration times, and indirect imaging. An alternative method is to convert the incoming millimeter waves into optical and perform optical image-plane interferometry in real time. This method is suitable for snapshot-imaging of short-lived phenomena, often encountered in defense and security applications. The approach presented in this work utilizes a millimeter wave antenna array coupled to an optical interferometer which images directly on a detector array for image read-out, processing, and storage. To minimize the maximum sidelobes of the point spread function, we choose an antenna array composed of two concentric hexagonal rings, such that the outer ring is ~3 times the inner ring. This design ensures more or less uniform and isotropic spatial frequency coverage, eliminating difficulties associated with resolving out structures whose spatial frequencies are in between that of the single aperture diameter and those of the baselines. The Fourier coverage of this array is the sum of the Fourier coverage of the outer ring plus that of the inner ring added to that of the baselines between the inner and outer rings. The need for delay lines is done away with by mounting all the apertures on the same plane. The incoming millimeter signals are fed through electro-optical modulators for upconversion onto an optical carrier, which can be readily captured, routed, and processed using optical techniques. The optical waves are fed via a fiber optic array onto a microlens array which is a scaled down version of the antenna array configuration. Then homodyne interferometry is performed. We reject pupil-plane (Michelson) interferometry based on a multitude of factors. The main drawback is that pupil-plane interferometers don't produce images but rather gives the information about the autocorrelation of the object. We instead use a classical image-plane interferometer (Fizeau) setup and direct detection is performed on a detector array. Image-plane interferometry has its advantages. Unlike its pupil-plane cousin, a Fizeau interferometer is a true imaging device, where each beam is used to make an image of the object and are superimposed. Because Fizeau beam combiners work in the image plane, they don't suffer from ambiguities associated with the interpretation of visibility measurements. Also since the beams traverse the same paths and superpose, unmeasured phase changes do not creep in. In the design of the Fizeau interferometer, we preserve homothetic mapping, i.e., the entrance and exit pupils are replicas of one another, scaled only by a constant factor. This ensures direct imaging over a wide bandwidth with high angular resolution, high sensitivity, and a wide field of view. Since the Fizeau setup allows access to large fields, mosaicing wide fields is possible.
Modeling Global Lightning Distributions in a General Circulation Model

A general circulation model (GCM) is used to model global lightning distributions and frequencies. Both total and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies are modeled using parameterizations that relate the depth of convective clouds to lightning frequencies. The model's simulations of lightning distributions in time and space show good agreement with available observations. The model's annual mean climatology shows a global lightning frequency of 77 flashes per second, with cloud-to-ground lightning making up 25% of the total. The maximum lightning activity in the GCM occurs during the Northern Hemisphere summer, with approximately 91% of all lightning occurring over continental and coastal regions.
Observations on the Diet of the Giant Armadillo (Priodontes maximus Kerr, 1792)

Abstract In this short note we report on the stomach contents of a giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) in the Bolivian Amazon. The stomach exclusively contained seeds of a relatively large-seeded unknown species of fig (Ficus sp.). Subsequent observations under fruiting Ficus free-standing trees at a second location in eastern Bolivia further suggested that Priodontes occasionally feed on figs.
Analysis on Residue Stresses in Coating of Thin-Wall Parts by Plasma Spraying

Residual stresses are determined by different materials and processing parameters so that it is hard to systematically carry on the experimental testing, and it also spends a plenty of time and running costs. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the residual stresses by mathematical techniques. In this paper, a mathematical method is proposed, and the calculating results are compared with the testing results of alumina and W coatings on various matrixes (process: plasma spraying) that are highly consistent. The calculating results show that the thermal expansion coefficient, substrate preheating temperature and thickness of coating have significant effects on the residual stresses.
Macroscopic theory of pulsed-laser annealing. I. Thermal transport and melting

Pulses of radiation from ruby and Nd:YAG $Q$-switched lasers have been used recently to anneal the lattice damage caused by ion implantation of semiconductors. Other similar applications include the laser-induced diffusion of thin dopant films deposited on the surface of samples, recrystallization of doped amorphous films deposited on single-crystal substrates, and the removal of precipitates present after conventional high-temperature dopant diffusion. All of these processes can be understood in terms of models and calculations based on macroscopic diffusion equations for heat and mass transport, cast in a finite-difference form to allow for the temperature and spatial dependences of the thermal conductivity, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, and other quantities. Results of calculations on silicon with the models show that the near-surface region of a sample can melt and stay molten for times of the order of 100 nsec during which dopant diffusion in the liquid state and nonequilibrium segregation during ultrarapid recrystallization are sufficient to explain the major features of the experimental results. In this paper, a description of the model used in our heat-transport calculations is given. Results of the modeling are illustrated by a variety of calculations which should be of particular interest to experimentalists working with pulsed-laser annealing. These results include, e.g., the effects of pulse duration, shape, and energy density, the effects of assumptions made about the latent heat of amorphous silicon, the effects of substrate heating, the role played by the absorption coefficient in determining melt-front penetration, and the duration of surface melting.
Egg Shell Quality III: Calcium and phosphorus requirements of commercial Leghorns*

No two minerals are more involved in maintaining maximum eggshell quality than calcium and phosphorus. However, determining the optimum quantity of calcium and phosphorus to feed commercial Leghorn...
Measurements and applications of brute force orientation and alignment

Theoretical and experimental aspects of brute force orientation in pyridazine and ICN are discussed. Using wave functions of symmetric tops as basis functions, Stark effect of the orientation field on energy levels, molecular axes, and electronic transitions are calculated. The obtained results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization of pyridazine demonstrated enhancement of 40 percent in overall ionization yield as the polarization direction of the resonant laser was changed form parallel to perpendicular to the orientation field. At 250 and 266 nm, photodissociation of ICN is dominated by a parallel. Transition, and the yield of I* was enhanced as the laser was polarized parallel to the orientation field. These result demonstrate the feasibility of brute force orientation and have laid the foundation for potential applications of this technique in studies of complex systems.
Fire Effects on the Cheatgrass Seed Bank Pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda

The generalist fungal pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda occurs primarily in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) seed banks, where it causes high mortality. We investigated the relationship between this pathogen and its cheatgrass host in the context of fire, asking whether burning would facilitate host escape from the pathogen or increase host vulnerability. We used a series of laboratory and field experiments to address the ability of host seeds and pathogen life stages to survive fire. First, we determined the thermal death point (TDP50; temperature causing 50% mortality) of seeds and pathogen propagules at two time intervals using a muffle furnace. We then measured peak fire temperatures in prescribed burns at sites in Utah and Washington and quantified seed and fungal propagule survival using pre- and postburn seed bank sampling and inoculum bioassays. Finally, we investigated the survival of both seeds and pathogen after wildfires. We found that radiant heat generated by both prescribed and wild cheatgrass monoculture fires was generally not sufficient to kill either host seeds or pathogen propagules; most mortality was apparently due to direct consumption by flames. The 5-min mean TDP50 was 164°C for pathogen propagules and 148°C for host seeds, indicating that the pathogen is more likely to survive fire than the seeds. Peak fire temperature at the surface in the prescribed burns averaged 130°C. Fire directly consumed 85–98% of the viable seed bank, but prescribed burns and wildfires generally did not lead to dramatic reductions in pathogen inoculum loads. We conclude that the net effect of fire on this pathosystem is not large. Rapid postburn recovery of both host and associated pathogen populations is the predicted outcome. Postfire management of residual cheatgrass seed banks should be facilitated by the persistent presence of this seed bank pathogen.
PLCγ signaling underlies BDNF potentiation of purkinje cell responses to GABA

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth, and excitatory synaptic transmission. We reported recently that acute BDNF exposure decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses in cultured mouse cerebellar granule cells through tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor-mediated signaling. In the present study, we extend this work to investigate BDNF-induced modulation of GABA responses and GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic events in cerebellar slices. Thin (200 microm) parasagittal slices of cerebellum were prepared from postnatal Day 7 and 14 mice. Purkinje cells and granule cells, both of which express TrkB-like immunoreactivity, were identified for whole-cell recording. BDNF promptly enhanced GABA responses in Purkinje cells but, consistent with our previous finding in culture, attenuated those recorded in granule cells. In Purkinje cells, BDNF exposure shifted rightward the cumulative peak amplitude distribution for miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) without changing the mIPSC frequency. BDNF-induced potentiation of Purkinje cell responses to GABA was blocked by TrkB-Fc (receptor body that sequesters BDNF), K252a (inhibitor of TrkB receptor autophosphorylation), U73122 (inhibitor of phospholipase-Cgamma [PLCgamma]), KN62 (specific inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase), KT5720 (specific cyclic AMP-dependent kinase inhibitor), and by intracellular dialysis of Rp-cyclic AMP or BAPTA (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N, N',N'-tetraacetic acid). Overall, our results indicate that BDNF acutely potentiates GABA(A) receptor function in cerebellar Purkinje cells via the TrkB receptor-PLCgamma signal transduction cascade. In addition, we propose that cyclic AMP-mediated intracellular signaling mechanisms may facilitate manifestation of the BDNF-induced modulatory outcome.
n-type dopants and conduction-band electrons in diamond: Cluster molecular-orbital theory.

A molecular-orbital study has been made of substitutional (s) atomic Li, N, and P and interstitial (i) Li in diamond through the use of cluster models of the diamond lattice. The small binding energy calculated for P(s) indicates extremely small solubility for P in the lattice. Calculated electronic structures, including lattice relaxations, show Li(s) is an acceptor and P(s) is a donor that should fully ionize in bulk diamond. Li(i) is either a shallow donor or fully ionized. N(s) is a deep donor and its thermal excitation energy is significantly lower than the optical energy because of stabilization from relaxation around ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$. In clusters of the size studied, with up to 98 carbon atoms, conduction-band electrons become trapped in donor C-C bond stretch regions, occupying a C-C ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ orbital. Electron transport in such clusters would be activated by polaron hopping, with local lattice distortions around the localized electron orbital. In the bulk limit this donor level will be stablized slightly but the bottom of the conduction band lowers to the point that free-electron transport should take over.
Fourth generation data management systems

Many hundreds of programming systems have been developed in recent years to aid programmers in the management of large amounnts of data. Some trends in the development of these data management systems are followed in this paper and combined with ideas now being studied to predict the architecture of the next generation of data management systems. The evolution of data management facilities can be grouped into several generations with fuzzy boundaries. Generation zero was the era when each programmer wrote all his own input, output, and data manipulation facilities. A new generation of facilities occurred with the use of standard access methods and standard input/output conversion routines for all programs at an installation or on a particular computer system. The second generation of data management was the development of file manipulation and report writing systems such as RPG, EASYTRIEVE, and MARK IV. Much more comprehensive facilities for the creation, updating, and accessing of large structures of files are included in the third generation of generalized data management systems such as IMS/2, IDS, and the CODASYL specifications. Each of these generations of data management systems marked great increases in system flexibility, generality, modularity, and usability. Before speculating on the future of data management, let us survey this history in more detail.
Pit Avulsions and Planform Change on a Mined River Floodplain: Tangipahoa River, Louisiana

Floodplain mining creates a vulnerable landscape comprised of pits, bare land and stock piles with minimal vegetation. During floods, when stages can exceed bankfull by several meters, all or part of the channel may divert into a pit, re-routing the flow and transforming the planform and profile of alluvial landscapes. Using geospatial data from the mined Tangipahoa River floodplain for 1980 to 2004, the objectives of this study are to (1) assess if pit characteristics such as proximity to channel and size affect the potential for diversion; and (2) interpret relationships between pit diversions, channel changes, and floods. Of the 56 pits mapped in the floodplain in 1980, six had been captured by 2004. Captured pits were closer to the main channel than those which were not captured, but the areas of captured and noncaptured pits were not significantly different. However, avulsions into large pits caused more channel planform change than those into smaller pits. Other findings are that point bar areas inc...
Electric Auditory Brain-Stem Responses in Nucleus Multichannel Cochlear Implant Users

Objective: The electrically elicited auditory brainstem response (EABR) has been proposed as a tool for use in cochlear implant device setting. To systematically examine the relationships of psychophysical perceptions and EABRs, implant users underwent a series of comparative measurements. The characteristics of the EABR were assessed for their predictive value in determining the subjective measures needed to set the implant device. Design: Characteristics of the EABR and various perceptual measures in a group of cochlear implant users served as compared variables in a correlational study. Setting: The study was carried out in the audiology clinic of a university hospital. The audiology clinic maintained a fully equipped evoked potential laboratory, and was part of an otolaryngology department that supported a cochlear implant program. Subjects: The subjects consisted of 10 consecutively selected postlinguistically deafened adult multichannel cochlear implant users. Main Outcome Measures: Morphology, latency, and amplitude measures of the EABR recordings were compared with behavioral perceptions of threshold, most comfortable and uncomfortable loudness levels. Results: Perceptual measures of threshold were found to be significantly related to the threshold of the EABR across subjects and electrode position. Simple linear regression analysis was used to measure the degree of the relationship. An r value of 0.89 attests to a significant relationship. The EABR wave latencies and amplitudes were found to have no significant relationship to any of the perceptual measures examined. Conclusions: Although EABR cannot replace behavioral measurements for device setting, in difficult cases EABR thresholds may be used as a starting point from which to estimate settings for the device. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:1093-1099)
Titan's atmosphere - A review

The extraordinary atmosphere of Saturn's satellite Titan is paradoxically unique in the solar system and yet a striking analogue of the Earth's amosphere in many respects. Not only is Titan's atmosphere broadly similar to Earth's in terms of surface pressure and dominant constituent, but the radiative-convective structure is similar, with a warm stratosphere heated by a photochemically-produced absorbed and a lower troposphere. warmed by a condensible greenhouse gas. Further, Titan may have an active methane-based hydrology and meteorology. Titan shows atmospheric changes on hourly timescales, presumably due to the evolution of methane clouds, as well as seasonal changes due to the apparent transport of its photochemical haze by meridional winds.
Effects of Initial Cell Seeding in Self Assembly of Articular Cartilage

Current forays into tissue engineering of articular cartilage in vitro using the self-assembling method have produced constructs possessing significant extracellular matrix and resulting mechanical properties. However, large numbers of native articular chondrocytes are necessary to produce functional engineered cartilage; all previous work with the self-assembling process has used 5.5 × 106 cells/construct. In this study, the effects of initial cell seeding (0.25–11 × 106 cells/construct) on tissue quality were investigated. Results showed that tissue engineered articular cartilage was formed, when using at least 2 million cells/construct, possessing dimensional, compositional, and compressive properties approaching those of native tissue. It was noted that higher seeding contributed to thicker constructs with larger diameters and had a significant effect on resulting biochemical and biomechanical properties. It was further observed that aggregate modulus increased with increased seeding. By combining gross morphological, histological, biochemical, and biomechanical results, an optimal initial seeding for the self-assembling process of 3.75 × 106 cells/construct was identified. This finding enhances the translatability of this tissue engineering process by reducing the number of cells needed for tissue engineering of articular cartilage by 32% while maintaining essential tissue properties.
ULTRASONIC POWER AND INTENSITIES PRODUCED BY DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND EQUIPMENT

Abstract The ultrasonic radiation force on an absorber was measured with a feedback microbalance to determine the ultrasonic power emitted into water by 26 diagnostic ultrasound instruments. Included in the measurements were pulse echo scanners, echocardiographic units, ophthalmic units, Doppler fetal heart detectors, fetal monitors, and continuous and pulsed Doppler units for peripheral vascular studies. The temporal and spatial average intensity at the transducer was calculated for those instruments by dividing the total power by the nominal area of the radiating surface. Estimates of the spatial maximum intensity in water, both temporal average and temporal peak, were made by measurements with miniature hydrophones normalized to the power measurements. Hydrophone measurements only were performed on linearly-scanned real time arrays. For transducers with single element transmitters, the maximum obtainable power ranged from 60μW to 37 mW, and maximum obtainable intensity at the transducer face ranged from 1 to 1700 W/m2. A much smaller range of power and intensity was encountered among systems designed for a given set of applications and providing similar performance in those applications. The temporal average and temporal peak intensities at the focal point of focused transducers employed frequently in the last few years for general purpose scanning were somewhat higher than previously quoted values because of the increased focusing.
Development of Low Power Hall Thrusters

Abstract : Three different types of sub kilowatt class Hail thrusters tor on-board propulsion of small to mid size satellites are being developed at Busek. This paper describes their performance focusing on plasma behavior outside of the thrusters end contrasts the typical Hail thruster plasma with that encountered in MHD generators end accelerators researched in the past and familiar to the plasmadynamic community. A simple performance predicting analytical model. applicable to all sizes of thrusters also is presented. It adequately matches the measured thrust and specific impulse expressed in terms of primary electron loss parameter, and an overall voltage loss which includes the loss in the plasma bridge between the external cathode and the thruster. The external plasma plume was surveyed using a Faraday cup and an emissive probe to measure the beam current and the plasma potential. These measurements. together with the model support our visual observation that the plume. of a well performing thruster. forms at its center a highly conductive jet with sharply defined cone shaped boundaries. These boundaries were tentatively identified as an ion acoustic shock. The preliminary data and analysis indicate that the plasma downstream of the ion acoustic shock is at least partially responsible for the widely reported correlation between increasing test tank pressure and an increase in performance of Hall thrusters.
Cross-linking of fibronectin to collagenous proteins.

Attempts were made to cross-link several collagenous proteins to fibronectin with Factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase). Cross-linking was demonstrated with type I collagen, type II collagen, type III collagen, type V or AB collagen, and α1(I)-CB7 and α1(I)-CB8 cyanogen bromide fragments of type I collagen. Cross-linking was not demonstrated with type IV collagen, Clq, and cyanogen bromide fragment a 1(I)-CB6. The pH optimum for cross-linking of α1(I)-CB7 to fibronectin was 8.5 to 9.6. Cross-linking of α1(I)-CB7 to fibronectin was somewhat enhanced at lower than physiological ionic strength.
Recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine compared with plasma-derived vaccine: immunogenicity and effect of a booster dose.

The immunogenic effect of recombinant yeast and plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccines administered at 0, 1 and 6 months was evaluated in 334 seronegative health professionals. The seroconversion rates following 10 micrograms, 5 micrograms and 2.5 micrograms doses of recombinant vaccine were similar to those observed after 20 micrograms doses of plasma-derived vaccine. The geometric mean antibody titres (G.M.T.) induced by 10 micrograms and 5 micrograms doses of recombinant vaccine were similar to those observed after 20 micrograms doses of plasma-derived vaccine. The G.M.T. values were lowest after 2.5 micrograms doses of recombinant vaccine. However, the recipients of the 2.5 micrograms had a significant anti-HBs response after a fourth (booster) dose of recombinant vaccine was given at 12 months. A booster dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was given to 31 health professionals who had been successfully immunised with plasma-derived vaccine 5-7 years previously. A significant anamnestic response was observed in 30 (97%) of these individuals in spite of the fact that 16 (52%) had low or undetectable levels of anti-HBs before the booster dose was given.
Biomphalaria glabrata: lysozyme activities in the hemolymph, digestive gland, and headfoot of the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract Lysozyme (mucopeptide N -acetylmuramylhydrolase EC 3.2.1.17) activity has been found in the hemolymph, digestive gland, and headfoot extracts of Biomphalaria glabrata , the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni . Partial purification of the bacteriolytic enzyme was attained by gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and active lytic fractions were concentrated by Amicon filtration. The properties of the lytic enzymes from the three tissue extracts were identical. Enzyme activity was determined by the rate of lysis of cell wall suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus . Lysis of the cell walls was accompanied by a release of reducing sugar groups and N -acetylhexosamines. The enzyme was stable to heating at 100 C for 2 min and had an optimum activity at pH 4.5 to 5.0 in 0.066 M glycylglycine buffer. Low concentrations (5 m M ) of NaCl, KCl, and LiCl increased the activity of the enzyme, whereas high concentrations (25 m M ) of the same ions caused about 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity. MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 also inhibited the enzyme activity. Addition of 1 m M EDTA or EGTA resulted in about a twofold increase in enzyme activity. Double reciprocal plots of enzyme velocities and substrate concentrations yielded an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant ( K m ) of 0.05 ± 0.01 mg/ml of M. lysodeikticus .
History of Rhinoplasty

Until well into the 19th century nasal surgery was confined to the immediate care of acute injuries and to the flap restoration of parts cut off or destroyed by disease.
Low-income older adults’ acceptance of depression treatments: Examination of within-group differences

Using the 11-item Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI), a community sample of 79 homebound and 127 ambulatory older adults rated their acceptance of four depression treatments for two hypothetical cases with mild-to-moderate or severe levels of depressive symptoms. The four treatments were clinic-based cognitive therapy (CT), in-home cognitive bibliotherapy (CB), antidepressant medication (AM), and regimented physical exercise (PE). Older adults had significantly less favorable attitudes toward AM than CT as a treatment for mild-to-moderate symptoms, and they were less accepting of CB than CT for severe symptoms. Concerns about becoming dependent on medication and about its side effects as well as the understanding of loneliness and isolation as causes of depression appear to have affected their scores. African American and Hispanic older adults showed attitudes that were as favorable as those of their non-Hispanic white peers toward all four types of depression treatments. Homebound older adults had less favorable attitudes toward CB than did their ambulatory peers.
Dielectric isolation using shallow oxide and polycrystalline silicon

Previous work with polycrystalline isolation was limited in density by enhanced diffusion which precluded walled emitter geometries. Oxide isolation schemes are limited in depth by loss of planarity due to oxide bumps and resultant degradation in photolithographic definitions. A technique has been developed which combines polycrystalline isolation of collectors and shallow oxide isolation of bases. This approach is capable of proriding deep dielectric isolation, surface planarity and the high density of walled emitter geometries, a combination heretofore unobtainable by any other means. This isolation scheme has been used to fabricate ECL gate chains. The transistors were located in 2.5 micron thick n-epi islands surrounded by 5 × 105ohm-cm polysilicon selectively oxidized with silicon nitride masking to a thickness of one micron. The oxide bump at the nitride mask was typically 3000 A and the epipoly step height was as small as 2600 A. The circuits have polysilicon resistors and were fabricated using both thermal diffusion and ion implantation. The speed-power product of these circuits was approximately one-half that of junction isolated circuits.
MR angiography by multiple thin slab 3D acquisition

Multiple overlapping thin 3D slab acquisition is presented as a magnitude contrast (time of flight) technique which combines advantages from multiple thin slice 2D and direct 3D volume acquisitions to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of vessel detail. Details of implementation and example images are presented.
Identification of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpteridine as a naturally-occurring compound in two methane-oxidizing bacteria.

Abstract Four pteridines have been isolated from two species of methane-oxidizing bacteria. They are: 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-carboxypteridine, D- erythro -neopterin, 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine, and 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpteridine. This latter compound has not previously been shown to occur naturally.
Reforming The Police: Racial Differences In Public Support For Change

While the literature has extensively documented popular discontent with various types of police misconduct, little is known about popular support for corrective measures. Such information, however, would be valuable for public policy and has the potential to enhance public confidence in the police. This article, using data from a recent national survey, reports public attitudes toward several specific reforms in policing. Findings indicate, first, that race is a predictor. Blacks and Hispanics are the most supportive of reform. Second, support for reform is strongly affected by the perceived frequency of police misconduct in one's city and neighborhood and by exposure to media reports of police misconduct. Respondents who believe that police corruption, unwarranted stops, and verbal and physical abuse of citizens are common are more likely to favor reforms. The same is true for those who are frequently exposed to news media coverage of incidents of police misconduct. The findings are consistent with the group-position theory of race relations.
Genes Conferring Sensitivity to Stagonospora nodorum Necrotrophic Effectors in Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch-Susceptible U.S. Wheat Cultivars

Abstract Stagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), a yield- and quality-reducing disease of wheat. S. nodorum produces a set of necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that interact with the products of host sensitivity genes to cause cell death and increased susceptibility to disease. The focus of this study was determination of NE sensitivity among 25 winter wheat cultivars, many of them from the southeastern United States, that are susceptible to SNB, as well as the moderately resistant ‘NC-Neuse’. Thirty-three isolates of S. nodorum previously collected from seven southeastern U.S. states were cultured for NE production, and the culture filtrates were used in an infiltration bioassay. Control strains of Pichia pastoris that expressed SnToxA, SnTox1, or SnTox3 were also used. All SNB-susceptible cultivars were sensitive to at least one NE, while NC-Neuse was insensitive to all NEs tested. Among the sensitive lines, 32% contained sensitivity gene Tsn1 and...
Growth, pulmonary, and endocrine function in chronic asthma patients on daily and alternate-day adrenocorticosteroid therapy

Growth, pulmonary, and adrenal-pituitary function were assessed in 20 steroid-dependent asthmatic children and adolescents while they were on daily prednisone therapy. The patients were then switched to equivalent daily methylprednisolone or twice equivalent alternate-day methylprednisolone for a 3-mo period, after which time studies were repeated. The steroid regimens were then crossed so that those patients taking daily methylprednisolone were switched to alternate-day therapy and the alternate-day therapy patients were switched to daily medication for another 3-mo interval, after which studies were repeated again. Abnormal growth, bone maturation, and cataracts were identified. Mean symptom scores at each evaluation were similar. Pulmonary function tests and shunt studies showed little difference between methylprednisolone and prednisone. Endocrine function tests showed a high incidence of disturbed pituitary and adrenal function. A 3-mo period of alternate-day therapy did not alter this.
Studies on the Blood-Aqueous Barrier after Argon Laser Photocoagulation of the Iris

Breakdown and re-establishment of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) was studied following laser irradiation to the rabbit iris by quantitating leakage of protein, fluorescein, and fluorescein-labeled dextran (FLD-70, MW 70,000) into the aqueous humor. Breakdown of the BAB was more prolonged in pigmented than albino animals, possibly due to the increased laser energy absorbed by the pigmented iris. Fluorophotometry appeared to be a more sensitive method for evaluating BAB breakdown than aqueous protein measurements, and small molecule leakage (fluorescein) appeared to be more sensitive than macromolecule leakage (FLD-70). The noninvasive method of evaluating the BAB proved equally as effective as measuring aqueous protein content in assessing the sensitivity of laser-induced trauma to the ameliorating effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin.
Politics of environmental law: Political ideology, elitism or urban-rural interests?

This paper examines a number of demographic aspects in congressional districts and states that played important roles in a series of Congressional votes on environmental issues in 2000. These characteristics include urbanization or population density, education, income, race, and employment. Our findings are mixed. While we find some evidence (at least in Senate votes) that population density is a positive predictor of “pro-environment” votes, we also find that things commensurate with the Environmental Kuznets Curve such as income, education, and lifestyle also play an important role in environmental voting.
Trains of magnetic holes and magnetic humps in the heliosheath

This paper discusses the existence of trains (sequences) of magnetic holes and magnetic humps in the heliosheath, based on Voyager 1 observations made in the intervals DOY 312.9707 - 317.0879, 2005 and DOY 185.2762 - 186.7957, 2005. These two trains represent a class of compressive fluctuations in the heliosheath. Varying from one region or time interval to another, this class of fluctuations probably depends on the varying conditions upstream the Termination Shock and its nature. The trains of magnetic holes in the heliosheath resemble certain magnetic field strength fluctuations observed in planetary magnetosheaths.
Production of metallo-carbohedrenes in the solid state.

Macroscopic quantities of the metallo-carbohedrenes TI 8 C 12 and V 8 C 12 have been synthesized with an arc discharge technique. Mass spectroscopy of raw soot samples generated in both an alternating and direct current arc between two metal-graphite powder composite electrodes establishes that the titanium and vanadium analogs of the metallo-carbohedrenes have been produced. An estimated yield of ∼1 percent is obtained, and significantly, the products are stable in air.
Hypomyelinated mutant mice. II. Myelination in vitro

Abstract Organotypic cultures of cerebellum from hypomyelinated mutant mice provide a powerful experimental system for studying the cell biology of the mutant diseases. We have examined the extent to which the culture system reproduces the diseases of three well-known mutants, qk , jp msd , and jp . Quantitation of myelin profiles per sq. mm of section demonstrates that in vitro, as in situ, qk produces the most myelin, jp msd an intermediate amount, and jp the least. Myelin in qk cultures is unique in being invisible by light microscopy of the living culture. Hypomyelination of jp may be more severe in vitro than in situ. Cultures of jp msd exhibit many of the ultrastructural features of cerebellar abnormalities that occur in situ: degree of hypomyelination, clustering of myelin segments, scarcity of oligodendrocytes, absence of nodes of Ranvier but presence of heminodes, and apparent structural integrity of the myelin sheaths. Correspondence between in vitro and in situ ultrastructure is more difficult to assess for jp , because the available sample of jp myelin in vitro is too small, and for qk , because the abnormalities observed in situ resemble nonspecific abnormalities of normal myelin in vitro.
Integration of traffic information in the structural health monitoring of highway bridges

Structural condition assessment of highway bridges is traditionally performed by visual inspections or nondestructive evaluation techniques, which are either slow, unreliable or detects only local flaws. Instrumentation of bridges with accelerometers and other sensors, however, can provide real-time data useful for monitoring the global structural conditions of the bridges due to ambient and forced excitations. Traditionally, videos are used for surveillance purposes and environmental monitoring of civil structures. In this paper the potential for the utilization of videos in an integrated structural health monitoring of highway bridges beyond the mentioned traditional applications are reported. Results obtained from the field tests, which were carried out on a short-span instrumented bridge, are presented. Videos of vehicles passing by, together with signals from laser beam sensors placed on the side of the bridge, were captured, and synchronized with data recordings from the accelerometers. For short-span highway bridges, vibration is predominantly due to traffic excitation. A stochastic model of traffic excitation on bridges is developed assuming that vehicles traversing a bridge (modeled as an elastic beam) form a sequence of Poisson process moving forces and that the contact force of a vehicle on the bridge deck can be converted to equivalent dynamic loads at the nodes of the beam elements. Basic information of vehicle types, arrival times and speeds are extracted from the video images to develop a physics-based simulation model of the traffic excitation. This modeling approach aims at circumventing a difficulty in the system identification of bridge structural parameters. Current practice of system identification of bridge parameters is often based on the measured response (or system output) only, and knowledge of the input (traffic excitation) is either unknown or assumed, making it difficult to obtain an accurate assessment of the state of the bridge structures. The effectiveness and viability of this video-assisted approach are demonstrated by the field results. Finally, a technique on how to integrate the weights of vehicles in the image processing algorithm is proposed.
Radiation-Related Predictors of Hematologic Toxicity After Concurrent Chemoradiation for Cervical Cancer and Implications for Bone Marrow–Sparing Pelvic IMRT

Purpose To determine factors predictive for hematologic toxicity (HT) associated with concurrent chemoradiation for Stage II through IV cervical cancer. Methods and Materials The medical records of 40 women receiving concurrent chemoradiation for cervical cancer were reviewed. Hematologic toxicity was defined by use of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0). Variables predicting for HT including age, body mass index, transfusions, and bone marrow volumes irradiated were included in the data analysis. Results Of the patients, 13 (32.5%) had Grade 0 or 1 HT and 27 (67.5%) had Grade 2 through 4 HT (HT2+). Multiple logistic regression analysis of potential predictors showed that only the volume of bone receiving 20 Gy (V20) for whole pelvic bone tended toward significance for predicting HT2+. A strong correlation was noted between HT2+ and V20 ( r = 0.8, p p Conclusions We have shown a correlation between bone marrow volume radiated and development of HT. This has implications for use of pelvic intensity-modulated radiation therapy, which can potentially decrease the volume of bone marrow radiated.