cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 °N, East Pacific Rise

Abstract The three hydrothermal fields at 21°N latitude, East Pacific Rise, were resampled and an additional one was discovered. Maximum fluid temperatures observed were within a few degrees of 350°C and these waters had concentrations of Mg and sulfate indistinguishable from zero. One field, NGS, which had active 350°C springs in 1979, was inactive when first located in 1981. However, when a chimney was broken open during sampling, water issued at 273°C and continued to flow for at least five days. The chemical composition strongly suggests that these waters cooled conductively from 350°C in the sealed conduit. The major ion data are consistent with the estimates based on extrapolation of the original measurements made on the hot springs from the Galapagos Spreading Center ( Edmond et al ., 1979a). The fluids have a pH of 3.5 and the sulfide-forming element concentrations show significant inter-field variations. Fe levels range from 0.8 to 2.4 mmoles/kg; the ratio Fe:Mn varies from 0.9 to 2.9 similar to metalliferous sediments on the ridge flanks, but much higher than observed at Galapagos (where sub-surface precipitation of iron sulfides occurs) indicating that the overwhelming proportion of the mass flux from hydrothermal systems occurs at high temperatures. Zn ranges from 40 to 106 μmoles/kg with Cu being substantially lower. Since the ratio of these elements in tholeiites is about unity, there is strong net preferential mobilization of Zn. Lead ranges from 183 to 359 nmoles/kg. Nickel and Be are highly immobile relative to the other trace elements. The abundance of H 2 S is about three times that of the total sulfide-forming cations. These data demonstrate that acid solutions at elevated temperatures can transport substantial amounts of ore-forming elements in the presence of large excesses of sulfide.
Differential regulation of vertebrate myosins I and II.

Summary Cell motility events require movement of the cytoskeleton. Actin-based movement is catalyzed by the mechanoenzyme myosin, which translocates toward the barbed end of actin filaments in an ATP-dependent fashion. There are two subclasses of myosin with different structures and functions: conventional filamentous myosin (myosin II) and monomeric myosin I. Vertebrate non-muscle myosins I and II function as similar actin motors in vitro, catalyzing virtually identical actin-activated MgATP hydrolysis and motility. The functional diversification of these two enzymes results from their differential regulation. Calcium and tropomyosin, which activate the MgATP hydrolysis and motility of vertebrate non-skeletal muscle myosin II proteins, inhibit vertebrate (brush border) myosin I. The activities and regulation of brush border myosin I provide insight into conserved and unique features of the myosin mechanoenzymes and suggest how the functions of mvosins I and II are divided in vertebrate cells. Brush border myosin I as an enzyme also contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanism of motility.
A Bayesian semiparametric model for organism based environmental reconstruction

Reconstruction of past environment based on fossil data is an important scientific problem and much work has been done to address this. One important issue in this regard is the relationship between species and environment. The available statistical approaches, both classical and Bayesian, make the assumption that species abundances occur symmetrically around a single preferable environmental condition. In other words, it is generally assumed that the relationship between species and environment is unimodal. However, this may not be true in reality. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model, extending previous work, to incorporate multiple preferences (or, multiple modes) of each species. In particular, we propose to use a mixture of Gaussian response curves to relate species to environment. A main novelty of our approach is the use of Dirichlet process to learn about the number of preferences of each species. We demonstrate that our multimodal modeling approach performs better than unimodal model. For implementation of our approach, we use a recently developed efficient computational procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A NEW VARIABLES CONTROL CHART FOR SIMULTANEOUSLY MONITORING MULTIVARIATE PROCESS MEAN AND VARIABILITY

In this paper, we propose a new variables control chart, called the box-chart, to simultaneously monitor, on a single chart, the process mean and process variability for multivariate processes. The box-chart uses a probability integral transformation to obtain two independently and identically distributed uniform distributions. Therefore, a box-shaped (thus the name), two-dimensional control chart can be constructed. We discuss in detail on how to construct the box-chart. The proposed chart is applied to two real-life examples. The performance of the box-chart is also compared to that of the traditional T2- and |S|-charts.
A review of para-foil applications

and agree well with the semiempirical expression previously determined. Most encouraging results were obtained from an experiment performed on the elliptical airfoil of 18% thickness ratio with dual symmetrical jets. These results indicate that the leading-edge jet does not disturb the flow and actually furnishes some additional reaction force to the lift. Hence, the important application of the elliptical airfoil (or oval airfoil) with dual jets to the retreating blade of a helicopter rotor is evident. Furthermore, the results of aerodynamic response measurements of the model to cyclic changes in the blowing jet are surprisingly encouraging. The cyclic valve was tested at frequencies equivalent to twice that of the rotational speed of a conventional helicopter blade, and the response of the lift was found to be excellent with negligible delay. The response of the drag as well as the chordwise pressure distribution to the cyclic changes in the blowing jet were also found to be very good. These results clearly indicate that the periodic variation of lift on the airfoil can be fulfilled by cyclic variation of the jet momentum; hence, the circulation control problem is reduced to simply the problem of pressure control inside the model.
Burning bridges: endovascular therapies for acute traumatic aortic transection.

10. Litwinski RA, Donayre CE, Chow SL, Song TK, Kopchok G, Walot I, et al. The role of aortic neck dilation and elongation in the etiology of stent graft migration after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with a passive fixation device. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1176-81. 11. Hartley MC, Langan EM III, Cull DL, Taylor SM, Carsten CG III, Blackhurst DW. Evaluation of the diameter of the proximal descending thoracic
Accounting for Bycatch in Management of the Pacific Halibut Fishery

Abstract Since the 1960s, fisheries for groundfish other than Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis have caused an average of about 9,000 metric tons (mt, round weight) of halibut bycatch mortality every year, whereas annual directed catches of Pacific halibut have varied from 13,000 to almost 50,000 mt. About half of the bycatch consists of juvenile Pacific halibut caught in Alaska, some of which would otherwise migrate south and contribute to the fishery in British Columbia. These interceptions have long been a difficult issue for the United States and Canada. At recent levels of high juvenile abundance, the juvenile bycatch reduces coastwide recruitment by about 10%. The resulting yield loss, plus bycatch of adult fish, reduces yield to the directed fishery by about 11,000 mt per year. Migration modeling indicates that the yield loss due to bycatch occurs almost entirely in the area where the bycatch is taken. In particular, bycatch in Alaska reduces Pacific halibut yields in British Columbia by, at ...
In Vivo Association of the Stability Control Protein αCP with Actively Translating mRNAs

Posttranscriptional controls play a major role in eucaryotic gene expression. These controls are mediated by sequence-specific interactions of cis-acting determinants in target mRNAs with one or more protein factors. The positioning of a subset of these mRNA-protein (RNP) complexes within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) may allow them to remain associated with the mRNA during active translation. Robust expression of human alpha-globin mRNA during erythroid differentiation has been linked to formation of a binary complex between a KH-domain protein, alphaCP, and a 3' UTR C-rich motif. Detection of this "alpha-complex" has been limited to in vitro studies, and the functional state of the alpha-globin mRNA targeted by alphaCP has not been defined. In the present study we demonstrate that a significant fraction of alphaCP is associated with polysomal mRNA. Targeted analysis of the polysomal RNP complexes revealed that alphaCP is specifically bound to actively translating alpha-globin mRNA. The bound alphaCP is restricted to the poly(C)-rich 3' UTR motif and is dislodged when ribosomes are allowed to enter this region. These data validate the general importance of the 3' UTR as a sheltered site for RNP complexes and support a specific model in which the stabilizing function of alphaCP is mediated on actively translating target mRNAs.
CONTRACTUAL CONSTRAINTS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1

In this paper I will be concerned with distinctive characteristics of firms and industry structures in developing countries, stemming from asymmetric information and related contracting impediments. These constraints are also frequently referred to as ‘institutional’ or as embodying ‘transaction costs’. The role of such institutions has been discussed extensively in traditional literature on the subject, consisting mainly of descriptive and historical accounts. However, as T.W. Schultz noted three decades ago: “in thinking about institutions, the analytical cupboard is bare...” (Schultz(1968)). In contrast the recent literature is comprised of a profusion of analytical ideas, though empirical tests of some of these have begun to emerge very recently. My intention will be to focus selectively on a few strands of this literature that I am familiar with and find exciting. In particular I will try to concentrate on themes which have been close to my own recent research, and admit a coherent analytical framework.
Characterization of Macaque Pulmonary Fluid Proteome during Monkeypox Infection DYNAMICS OF HOST RESPONSE

Understanding viral pathogenesis is challenging because of confounding factors, including nonabrasive access to infected tissues and high abundance of inflammatory mediators that may mask mechanistic details. In diseases such as influenza and smallpox where the primary cause of mortality results from complications in the lung, the characterization of lung fluid offers a unique opportunity to study host-pathogen interactions with minimal effect on infected animals. This investigation characterizes the global proteome response in the pulmonary fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, of macaques during upper respiratory infection by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a close relative of the causative agent of smallpox, variola virus. These results are compared and contrasted against infections by vaccinia virus (VV), a low pathogenic relative of MPXV, and with extracellular fluid from MPXV-infected HeLa cells. To identify changes in the pulmonary protein compartment, macaque lung fluid was sampled twice prior to infection, serving as base line, and up to six times following intrabronchial infection with either MPXV or VV. Increased expression of inflammatory proteins was observed in response to both viruses. Although the increased expression resolved for a subset of proteins, such as C-reactive protein, S100A8, and S100A9, high expression levels persisted for other proteins, including vitamin D-binding protein and fibrinogen γ. Structural and metabolic proteins were substantially decreased in lung fluid exclusively during MPXV and not VV infection. Decreases in structural and metabolic proteins were similarly observed in the extracellular fluid of MPXV-infected HeLa cells. Results from this study suggest that the host inflammatory response may not be the only facilitator of viral pathogenesis, but rather maintaining pulmonary structural integrity could be a key factor influencing disease progression and mortality.
A language-based framework for a form processor

Based on the analogy of architectural composition as a formal language, a form processor is developed and tested. The proposed processor addresses a universal language of architectural form. It aims to facilitate the manipulation of forms in a manner similar to that in which a word processor manipulates words in natural languages. Based on the ontological assumption of structuralism, epistemological assumption of rationality, and the methodological assumption of representation, the research described in this paper identifies the rudimentary elements underlying all architectural forms, and the steps needed to aggregate them into more complex compositions. The theoretical foundation of the form processor employs concepts of formal languages, the theory of reduction, and Aristotle's theory of animal shape variation. More specifically, this paper discusses a form language that is based on the concepts of context-free and attributed grammars. It presents the development of a computational framework, the goal of which is to test the plausibility of the theoretical one. In turn, the computational framework is tested and illustrated by a case study.
p53 activity is selectively licensed in the Drosophila stem cell compartment

The most common genetic change seen in cancer patients produces a faulty version of the p53 protein, which normally restricts tissue growth. This change promotes cancer because cells can now divide faster and fail to die when they should. Much remains to be learned about how p53 functions to restrain growth. As p53 is found in primitive organisms, and cancer is unlikely to have significantly influenced evolution, suppressing tumor formation was almost certainly not the original function of this gene. Furthermore, p53 works in a different way compared to many other tumour suppressors. Therefore, prevention of cancer is likely to have evolved as a side effect derived from more ancient functions. Recently, a link between p53 and stem cells has been uncovered. Stem cells are special because they can develop into many different types of cells, and they are crucial for the growth and repair of tissues. To form a particular type of cell, the stem cell divides to create two daughter cells. Commonly, one daughter cell stays in the stem state, whereas the other becomes a particular type of cell, such as a nerve cell or muscle cell. Because of this special property, scientists hypothesize that stem cells have special mechanisms to protect them from DNA damage that might partially depend on p53. This would prevent the spread of damaged genomes that would otherwise occur among daughter cells. To learn more about how p53 influences stem cells, Wylie, Lu et al. monitored its activity in the gonads of fruit flies, which are a powerful genetic model. They found that damaging DNA activates p53 in stem cells and their daughter cells, but not in other types of cells that have been damaged. In addition, p53 is activated by the uncontrolled growth and division of stem cells in the gonad, even when DNA is not damaged. This is unexpected since molecules linking inappropriate growth to p53 were thought to be present only in mammals. Therefore, it appears that the tumor-suppressing behavior of p53 in mammals was adapted from its more ancient ability to regulate stem cell growth—an ability that evolved before organisms divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.
Fractional topological phases in generalized Hofstadter bands with arbitrary Chern numbers

We construct generalized Hofstadter models that possess ``color-entangled'' flat bands and study interacting many-body states in such bands. For a system with periodic boundary conditions and appropriate interactions, there exist gapped states at certain filling factors for which the ground-state degeneracy depends on the number of unit cells along one particular direction. This puzzling observation can be understood intuitively by mapping our model to a single-layer or a multilayer system for a given lattice configuration. We discuss the relation between these results and the previously proposed ``topological nematic states,'' in which lattice dislocations have non-Abelian braiding statistics. Our study also provides a systematic way of stabilizing various fractional topological states in $Cg1$ flat bands and provides some hints on how to realize such states in experiments.
Reliability analysis of warm standby systems using sequential BDD

Warm standby sparing is a fault-tolerant design technique developed as a compromise between cold sparing and hot sparing approaches in terms of power consumption and recovery time. Warm spares have time-dependent failure behavior; before and after they are used to replace a faulty component, warm spares have different failure rates or in general failure distributions. Existing approaches for analyzing systems with warm spares typically require long computation time especially when results with high degree of accuracy are desired, and/or require exponential time-to-failure distribution for system components. In this paper, an analytical method is proposed for the reliability analysis of warm standby sparing systems. The proposed approach is based on the combinatorial model of sequential binary decision diagrams, and can generate accurate system reliability results for large systems. The approach is app licable to any type of time-to-failure distributions for the system components. Application and advantages of the proposed approach are illustrated using several examples.
A photocrosslinkable melt processible acrylonitrile terpolymer as carbon fiber precursor

A novel photocrosslinkable and melt processible terpolymer precursor for carbon fiber has been successfully synthesized and characterized. The terpolymer was synthesized by an efficient emulsion polymerization route and has a typical composition of acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate/acryloyl benzophenone in the mole ratio, 85/14/1. It has been characterized by FTIR, NMR, intrinsic viscosity and GPC molecular weights. The composition of the monomer repeat units in the terpolymer was determined by NMR, and was almost identical to the molar feed ratios of the monomers used for polymerization. The Tg of the terpolymers, were somewhat a function of molecular weight, but were in the range 77‐91 8C. The fibers were spun from the terpolymer melts unlike the conventional solution spinning method. The terpolymers when stabilized with boric acid afforded a stable melt for about 30 min at 200‐220 8C, which was empirically found to be sufficiently long to spin fibers. The terpolymer with the highest molecular weight (Mn, w48,000) was not melt processible, apparently because the melt viscosity was very high and the terpolymer degraded fast. However, terpolymers, which had an intrinsic viscosity !0.6 dL/g (NMP, 25 8C) were invariably melt processible. The initial carbon fibers produced from these terpolymer fibers upon complete carbonization exhibited good mechanical properties for proposed automotive applications; the tensile strength of the best fibers generated thus far was in the range 450‐700 MPa with a strain to failure of w0.4%. The diameter of the carbon fibers was of the order of 7 mm. q 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Case for Fractal Electrodes in Electrochemical Applications

Fractal electrode designs are proposed for electrochemical devices. A zeroth-order approximation fractal model is analyzed and basic insights into the scaling laws of the electrical properties and the surface-to-area ratio are derived. Fractal electrodes can minimize internal resistance while maximizing surface-to-volume ratios. Recent carbon microelectromechanical systems CMEMS techniques show great promise for use in the fabrication of fractal electrodes for electrochemical applications. Preliminary results showing carbon fractal electrodes fabricated using C-MEMS techniques are presented.
Bell palsy: Which side?

A 73-year-old man referred for parkinsonism related a history of Bell palsy. The figure demonstrates that the right side of …
Vision based connectivity maintenance of a network with switching topology

Networks of cooperating agents are investigated for formation and coverage control, target tracking, flocking, and consensus applications. Within these applications, agents are required to coordinate to make appropriate decisions and achieve desired goals; hence, the ability to maintain connectivity with other agents is paramount. In this paper, we propose a two level control framework for connectivity maintenance and cooperation of multi-agent systems. Each agent is equipped with an omnidirectional camera and wireless communication capabilities. Image feedback is the primary method to maintain connectivity among agents with wireless communication that is only used to broadcast information when a specific topology change occurs. All agents in the team are categorized as clusterheads or regular nodes. A high level graph is composed of all clusterheads and the motion of the clusterheads is controlled to maintain existing connections among them. A low level graph composed of all regular nodes is controlled to maintain connectivity with respect its specific clusterhead.
Foundations for a Unified Approach to Evaluation Research

As a species of practical or applied research in the social sciences, curriculum studies are intended, in fact, to perfect the means of maintaining a balance between social stability and social evolution. The mandate for doing so is clearly embedded in the history of public education as "that process by which human culture is transmitted across the generations" (Bailyn 1972). But crisis-provoked shifts in the structure of society itself have created in recent years a crisis for the taken-for-granted stock of knowledge which grounds theory formation and methodology in curriculum. Curriculum theory and research of the past twenty years are distinguished by progressive failure to maintain the identity of curriculum as a regulatory force in the process of cultural transmission and social evolution. Criticism, generated internally and sometimes more devastating than that generated from outside, has proliferated during this time. A demand for new programs to meliorate perceived social crises has resulted in a call for the restructuring of curriculum theory. New programs seen as emergent from new theories have in turn called into question the traditional pretest-post-test, input-output evaluation strategy. Theoretical and methodological criticism from within a field provoke proliferation of alternative theories and eventually culminate in an intellectual schism among researchers and scholars in that field. Contestants standing on one side of the schism will be engaged in a kind of salvage operation involving a stretching and reshaping of the entrenched models so as to enable them to accommodate new or changing observations even when such an attempt appears impossible. Critics on the other side will typically propose a radical rethinking and restructuring of the entire field (Kuhn 1970). Conceptual utility is doubtless served by the critical activity of this polarization phase. Ideas are articulated and clarified against a background of conflict and contradiction. There comes a time, however, when argument degenerates into mere contradiction if the insights gained and
Effect of dehydration prior to cryopreservation of large equine embryos.

Abstract Cryopreservation of equine embryos > 300 μm in diameter results in low survival rates using protocols that work well for smaller equine embryos. These experiments tested the potential benefit of incorporating a dehydration step prior to standard cryopreservation procedures. Forty-six, day 7–8, grade 1, equine embryos 300–1350 μm in diameter were subjected to one of the following treatments: (A) 2 min in 0.6 M galactose, 10 min in 1.5 M glycerol, slow freeze (n = 21); (B) 10 min in 1.5 M glycerol, slow freeze (n = 15); (C) 2 min in 0.6 M galactose, 10 min in 1.5 M glycerol, followed by exposure to thaw solutions, then culture medium (n = 5); (D) transferred directly to culture medium (n = 5). Frozen embryos were thawed and subjected to a three-step cryoprotectant removal. Five embryos from each treatment were evaluated morphologically after 24 and 48 h culture (1 = excellent, 5 = degenerate/dead). All treatments had at least 4/5 embryos with a quality score ⩾ 3 at these time points except treatment B (2/5 at 24 h, 1/5 at 48 h). Subsequent embryos from treatment A (n = 16) or B (n = 10) were matched in sets of two for size and treatment, thawed, and immediately transferred in pairs to 13 recipients. Only two recipient mares were pregnant; one received two 400 μm embryos from treatment A, and the other one 400 and one 415 μm embryo from treatment B. There was no advantage of incorporating a 2 min dehydration step into the cryopreservation protocol for large equine embryos.
Characteristics of Diapause in the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Adult diapause in the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), was quantitatively characterized and monitored in North Carolina. In addition, respiration and feeding rates were lower in diapausing than nondiapausing beetles at two temperatures (25 and 30°C). Moreover, these two rates were relatively insensitive to temperature in diapausing beetles, whereas nondiapausing beetles showed significant increases in both respiration and feeding at the higher temperature. Thus, feeding or respiration sensitivity to temperature would appear to be an excellent quantitative measure of diapause in C. trifurcata.
Progress in the research on recombinant diagnostic antigens of Clonorchis sinensis

A lot of genes of diagnostic antigen of Clonorchis sinensis have been cloned and expressed.Some of the recombinant antigens applied to the immunodiagnosis of Clonorchiasis in laboratory indicated high diagnostic value.
Fragrance material review on linalyl isobutyrate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl isobutyrate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
The SU(3) Generalization of Racah’s SU(2j + 1) ⊃ SU(2) Group-Subgroup Embedding

Racah showed how to embed the symmetry group, SU(2) or SO(3), of a physical system in the general unitary group SU(2j + 1), where the latter group is the most general group of linear transformations of determinant 1 that leaves invariant the inner product structure of an arbitrary state space H j of the physical system. This state space H j is at the same time the carrier space of an irreducible representation (irrep) [j] of the symmetry group. This embedding is achieved by classifying the vector space of mappings H j → H j as irreducible tensor operators with respect to the underlying symmetry group. These irreducible tensors are the generators of the Lie algebra of SU(2j + 1). Racah’s method is reviewed within the framework of unit tensor operators. The generalization of this technique to the symmetry group U(3) to obtain the embedding U(3) ⊂ U(n), where n = dim[m] is the dimension of an arbitrary irrep of U(3). As in the SU(2) case, the group U(3) is the symmetry group of a physical system, and U(dim[m]) is the most general group of linear transformations that preserves the inner product structure of an arbitrary state space H [m] of the system. This state space H [m] is at the same time the carrier space of irrep [m] of the symmetry group U(3). Preliminary results on the Lie algebraic vanishings of U(3) Racah coefficients in consequence of the embedding SU(3) ⊂ E6 ⊂ SU(27) are given.
Lugares de memoria y lugares de amnesia. La familia como colectivo amnésico en Os libros arden mal de Manuel Rivas

The expression “historical memory” is dominating the political, social and cultural discourse in Europe for the last few years. This term is essentially used in Spain where it is linked to the events of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the Dictatorship of Franco (1939-1975). Memories of these historical events never lose their need to be remembered. The work of the Galician author Manuel Rivas contributes to the rediscovery of these historical memories. His novel Os libros arden mal (2006) can be seen as a complex and versatile panorama of those traumatic events. This article focuses with references to the concepts of social and cultural studies about collective memory on representations of the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship in the above-mentioned novel of Manuel Rivas. Identifying the lieux de memoire of one of its protagonist families, it examines the role of the family as a space of transmission and remembrance
Composition of Safety Argument Patterns

Argument structure patterns can be used to represent classes of safety arguments. Such patterns can become quite complex, making use of loops and choices, posing a potential challenge for comprehension and evaluation, offsetting the likely gains that might follow from creating arguments using them. We show how complex patterns can be constructed by composition of simpler patterns. We provide a formal basis for pattern composition and show that this notion satisfies certain desirable properties. Furthermore, we show that it is always possible to construct complex patterns by omposition in this way. We motivate this work with example patterns extracted from real aviation safety cases, and illustrate the application of the theory on the same.
A Landscape Approach for Sustainability Science

The global life-support system for humans is in peril but no alternative to achieving sustainability is desirable. In response to this challenge, sustainability science has emerged in recent decades. In this chapter, I argue that to advance sustainability science a landscape approach is essential. Landscapes represent a pivotal “place” in the place-based research and practice of sustainability. Landscape ecology, as the science and art of studying and influencing the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes at different scales, can play a critically important role in the development of sustainability science. Global sustainability cannot be achieved without most, if not all, landscapes being sustainable. As landscapes are spatial units in which society and nature interact and co-evolve, it is more useful and practical to define landscape sustainability based on resilience rather than stability. Furthermore, the development of landscape sustainability measures can be facilitated by integrating landscape pattern metrics and sustainable development indicators.
Matriarch: A Python Library for Materials Architecture

Biological materials, such as proteins, often have a hierarchical structure ranging from basic building blocks at the nanoscale (e.g., amino acids) to assembled structures at the macroscale (e.g., fibers). Current software for materials engineering allows the user to specify polypeptide chains and simple secondary structures prior to molecular dynamics simulation, but is not flexible in terms of the geometric arrangement of unequilibrated structures. Given some knowledge of a larger-scale structure, instructing the software to create it can be very difficult and time-intensive. To this end, the present paper reports a mathematical language, using category theory, to describe the architecture of a material, i.e., its set of building blocks and instructions for combining them. While this framework applies to any hierarchical material, here we concentrate on proteins. We implement this mathematical language as an open-source Python library called Matriarch. It is a domain-specific language that gives the use...
Does Increased Access to Home Mortgage Money Decrease Local Crime Rates?: Evidence from San Diego County

This study provides estimates of the impact of increased access to home mortgage credit on local crime rates, and uses national home mortgage loan origination volume as an instrument for local home mortgage loan origination volume. The focus of the study is San Diego County from 2007-Q1 to 2013-Q1. Our estimates indicate that increased access to home mortgage loans during this time period had a statistically significant negative impact on local crime rates. In particular, our baseline specification suggests that a one standard deviation increase in home mortgage loan originations per person decreases local crime rates by approximately three and one-half percent. This finding is robust to a number of model specifications.
Reordering Tests for Efficient Fail Data Collection and Tester Time Reduction

During fail data collection, a tester collects information that is useful for defect diagnosis. If fail data collection can be terminated early, the tester time as well as the volume of fail data will be reduced. Test reordering can enhance the ability to terminate the process early without affecting the quality of diagnosis. In this paper, test reordering targets logic defects based on information that is derived during defect diagnosis. The defect diagnosis procedure is enhanced to identify tests that are useful for defect diagnosis across a sample of faulty instances of a circuit. Tests that are determined to be useful for more faulty instances of a circuit are placed earlier in the test set based on the expectation that the same tests will be useful for other faulty instances of the circuit. The experimental results for logic defects in benchmark circuits support the effectiveness of this approach and indicate that test reordering helps to terminate fail data collection early without impacting the diagnosis quality.
Kinetics and Selectivity of Strained Cycloalkyne-Based Probes with Sulfenic Acids

Protein sulfenic acids are highly reactive intermediates in disulfide formation by biologically relevant reactive oxygen species. Sulfenic acid formation initiates signaling cascades that modulate the function of enzymes and transcription factors. Identifying the site, timing, and conditions of protein sulfenic acid formation remains crucial to understanding cellular redox regulation. Current methods for trapping and analyzing sulfenic acids involve the use of dimedone and other nucleophilic 1, 3-dicarbonyl probes that form covalent adducts with cysteine-derived protein sulfenic acids. As a mechanistic alternative, strained cycloalkynes function effectively as concerted traps of sulfenic acids. We have previously reported that the highly strained bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) reacts with sulfenic acids in proteins and small molecules yielding stable alkenyl sulfoxide products at rates more than 100x greater than 1, 3-dicarbonyl reagents. To better define this class of sulfenic acid traps, we report the reaction kinetics of several commercial and synthetic cycloalkynes, using Fries Acid as a model sulfenic acid, and compare these results to computational models. Further experiments explore the selectivity of these cycloalkynes for sulfenic acids, especially compared to thiols, as well as the ability of these reagents to react with model sulfenamides. The high selectivity and enhanced rate demonstrated by strained alkynes identify them as an emerging class of bioorthogonal probes that complement existing methods for the discovery of sulfenic acid sites and their parent proteins.
Myeloma Cells Switch Osteoblastogenesis to Adipogenesis and Suppress Bone Formation

Bone destruction is a hallmark of myeloma, and has a severe impact on patients’ quality of life and survival. Unfortunately, current treatment only offers moderate palliative effects, and this disease remains incurable. The bone changes in myeloma patients results from increased osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and decreased osteoblast-mediated bone formation. In particular, new bone formation that usually occurs at sites of previously resorbed bones is deeply suppressed; as a result, areas of bone destruction rarely heal. Previous studies have shown that myeloma cells inhibit osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway is suppressed via myeloma-produced Wnt antagonists such as dickkopf-1. However, the role of dickkopf-1 in myeloma-induced inhibition of bone formation remains controversial since myeloma cells alone do not produce sufficient dickkopf-1 to suppress osteoblast differentiation. In addition, the administration of an antibody against dickkopf-1 in myeloma patients failed to restore new bone formation, indicating there must be an additional mechanism for inhibition of osteoblast differentiation seen in myeloma. While MSCs can differentiate into mature osteoblasts, they are also capable of differentiating into adipocytes, which is a major cell type in marrow stroma. We observed that myeloma cells (cell lines and primary cells isolated from myeloma patients’ bone marrow) injected into human or mouse bone not only reduced osteoblast number, but also increased adipocyte number and activity in bone marrow. Similar observations were seen in the clinical setting where collections of adipocytes were found in the bone marrow of newly diagnosed, untreated myeloma patients. Patients with greater bone destruction had higher adipocyte numbers than those in patients with less bone destruction, indicating a relationship among myeloma cells, adipogenesis, and osteoblastogenesis. We hypothesized that inhibition of osteoblast differentiation is a consequence of myeloma-dependent alterations in the control of the MSCs’ fate into osteoblasts or into adipocytes. In our studies, we co-cultured MSCs with myeloma cells in a mixed medium (that contained both adipocyte and osteoblast media), and we observed co-culture with myeloma cells induced more adipocyte than osteoblast formation. Moreover, co-culture with myeloma cells enhanced adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Interestingly, separation of the cells by transwell inserts significantly reduced such effect. By analysis of the adhesion molecules in myeloma cells, we identified integrin α4β1 as a novel contributor in regulation of adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Thus, our studies indicate that in the presence of myeloma cells, MSCs may be more prone to differentiate into adipocytes than into osteoblasts via α4β1. Our studies also suggest the development of new strategies to improve the care of myeloma patients with bone destruction by targeting α4β1 and its signaling pathways. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Evidence-Based Practice and Crisis Intervention

The adoption of systematic reviews and meta-analyses by government agencies and professional organizations as the rational basis for investing in evidence-based practice (EBP) and guiding clinical practice attests to the continuing importance of EBP in psychological treatment and professional training. Despite its vigorous pursuit with other populations, EBP has had a more modest impact in the field of developmental disabilities. This chapter reviewed the evidence for effective psychological and educational interventions for people with developmental disabilities, by reviewing the nature of behavioral crises and the evidence for both prevention and treatment of such crises. The most promising prevention strategies are activity choice; activity schedules; functional communication training combined with extinction, punishment, or both; other language and communication interventions; and instructional fading combined with extinction or noncontingent escape. As for treatment, robust evidence was found for the effectiveness of behavioral interventions based on functional assessments and analyses including differential reinforcement, antecedent control, extinction plus reinforcement, and response cost plus reinforcement to address target behaviors directly relevant to crises, including aggression, tantrums, noncompliance, and self-injurious behavior, in people with developmental disabilities. There was little evidence for the effectiveness of other treatments.
Modeling Summer Habitat Selection of Sympatric Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goats in the Greater Yellowstone Area

With introduced mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) populations continuing to expand throughout the mountainous regions of the greater Yellowstone area (GYA), wildlife managers have expressed a need for reliable information to understand mountain goat ecology specific to this region as well as any potential impacts to native species and communities, especially to native and restored bighorn sheep populations. In response to this need for ecological knowledge, we developed and implemented rigorous occupancy survey methodologies in two study areas for three field seasons (2011-2013). A total of 611 surveys were performed over 550 observer-days, capturing spatially-precise locations of 128 bighorn sheep groups and 286 mountain goat groups. These data are being used to develop fine-scale summer habitat-selection models for both mountain goats and bighorn sheep that account for imperfect detection. This presentation reports on the accomplishments from the three field seasons, including what we have learned from preliminary analyses and the next steps to completing a full analysis of the data. Products from this research will provide insight into the potential for resource competition between bighorn sheep and mountain goats. Development of a mountain goat habitat-selection model will also allow prediction of range expansion of mountain goats into the extensive ranges of bighorn sheep in the eastern mountains of the GYA where small numbers of colonizing mountain goats have recently been observed.
Teoría de defecto cuántico de varios canales y sus aplicaciones en física molecular

The purpose of this review is to give a simple introduction to the basic concepts of Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory (MQDT). The same simple principles used to study atomic Rydberg levels can be extended to treat more complicated systems like high excited states in molecules and their interactions with Rydberg series and continua. MQDT exploits the subtle interplay between the boundary conditions of ion-electron collision at infinity and at the core, and this information permits a detailed description of the origins of features observed in Rydberg spectra. Problems approaching chemical complexity are possible to study by using MQDT as an interface between frequency and time domain experiments, and ab initio theory.
Purchasing power parity across eight worlds

Abstract PPP has been remarkably hard to confirm in empirical work. Conspiring against it are data and modeling issues, in addition to barriers to trade that create a “band of inaction”. We circumvent these obstacles via a natural macro experiment in the virtual game World of Warcraft. This simplified environment allows us to model and calculate the band of inaction, and test for PPP across eight replicas of the game. In addition, our data covers a major aggregate shock to the game, called Cataclysm, which lets us observe markets’ reactions to the shock, and track price levels of newly created goods. We find that price levels remain within the band of inaction, and are highly correlated. When price levels diverge, arbitrage opportunities arise, and the price level differentials quickly become mean-reverting.
Inversion-based output tracking control and learning control for nonminimum phase systems and RF CMOS LNA and mixer design

This thesis is composed of two parts. The first part of the thesis focuses on studying inversion-based output tracking control and learning control for nonminimum phase systems. The second part of the thesis focuses on RF CMOS LNA and mixer design. The nonminimum phase property has long been recognized as a major obstacle in many control problems. In part one, we introduce a new design procedure for output tracking control of nonminimum phase systems. We provide a causal inversion solution for general nonlinear systems. By using the scaling property, we present a causal in­ version solution such that the causal state and input trajectories track those obtained by stable inversion approach for linear systems. This new controller achieves stable e— tracking. In contrast to stable inversion, the causal inversion approach does not require precalculation. In contrast to nonlinear regulation, the causal inversion approach avoids the numerical intractability of solving nonlinear PDEs. As an example of the appli­ cation, a causal inversion-based controller is designed for tip trajectory tracking of a one-link flexible manipulator. Inversion-based adaptive and robust learning algorithms are developed for unstable nonminimum phase systems. Fast growth of personal communication market puts a high demand on the production of low cost and low power transceivers for wireless applications. In part two, we present a design of a CMOS low noise amplifier and does its sensitivity analysis which is beneficial for making appropriate design trade offs. We also propose a novel low voltage downconversion mixer design. As an example, all the circuits have been designed at 5.8 GHz and integrated in a TSMC 0.18 jim. CMOS process. These front-end circuit designs can be used for low voltage and low power wireless applications.
The Hacked Election, The Swamp of Scandal, and Constitutional Crisis

Election 2016 was appearing to be one of the most scandalous elections in U.S. history. Never before had the FBI Director, or an official in the U.S. intelligence apparatus, publically intervened with bombshell announcements so close to the election that slowed down the momentum of a candidate leading by as many as ten points in some polls and raising questions about the suitability of the candidate, Hillary Clinton, by placing her in yet another email scandal.
Age-Dependent Organotypic Expression of Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAP1, MAP2, and MAP5) in Rat Brain

Age-dependent changes in the distribution of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were analyzed in young (3-months, N = 3) and old (24-months, N = 3) rat brain. In the young rats, MAP1 and MAP5 exhibited prominent immunostaining in the perikarya and dendrites whereas MAP2 was selectively localized in the dendrites. In the cerebellum, MAP2 was preferentially localized in finer and distal branches of Purkinje cell dendrites and in punctate deposits surrounding glomeruli. In general, aging resulted in obvious declines in MAP2- >> MAP1- and MAP5-immunoreactivities in the hippocampus and parietal cortex but no change in cerebellum. The results indicate that: (1) hippocampus is the most affected and cerebellum is the least affected region with regard to declines in MAPs-immunoreactivities in the aged rat brain; (2) dendrite-specific MAP2 is almost completely depleted from most dendrites in the hippocampus and cortex. In summary, loss of MAP2-immunoreactivity in the affected brain areas may be associated with age-related impairment of synaptic plasticity, cognition and memory functions.