cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building cross-sector collaboration using participatory action research to improve community health in an urban slum in Accra, Ghana

Abstract Background Every urban slum creates challenges too complex for governments to resolve when working alone. Old Fadama, the largest slum in in Accra, Ghana, is home to over 100 000 people. Old Fadama has virtually no water or sanitation infrastructure, contributing to diminished quality of health and frequent cholera outbreaks when the nearby river floods. Our research introduces a model for cross-sector collaboration, supporting stakeholders who wanted to improve community health by installing latrines. Methods The focus of the research project is the process of cross-sector strategy development and the resulting theoretical model. Participatory action research (PAR) involves researchers and participants working together to define the problem and to formulate research questions and solutions. The project took place from Jan 1, 2015, to Nov 1, 2017. The participants were entirely local organisations, including stakeholders from city government, local non-governmental organisations, and the slum community. They resourced their own participation, made the strategy decisions, and selected the challenge to install latrines. The PAR process introduced the concept of cross-sector collaboration, educated the stakeholders about the existing evidence, and supported the stakeholders in forming a cross-sector collaboration. PAR was carried out in three phases. First, 12 key informant interviews were used to identify a location, barriers, and organisational strengths. Second, four focus groups developed a project strategy. Third, a community survey of 59 community members expanded the stakeholders and engaged the community in site selection and latrine management. 300 stakeholders participated over the course of the study as we continually updated and cross-checked our data through interviews and mini-focus groups to respond to the rapidly changing slum environment. Findings The stakeholders' first strategy, improving community health by installing latrines, resulted in city sanitation policy change. The strategy was adopted by local businesses, creating local sustainability and freeing the stakeholders to identify a new problem and develop a strategy to address it. Interpretation Diverse entities must collaborate effectively to impact and ultimately resolve complex health challenges. Our model utilizes Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17 (partnerships) in order to achieve SDG 3 (good health and wellbeing) and SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation). The research model is an innovative approach to cross-sector collaboration based on a theory-of-change design that is being pilot tested to develop new strategies in other slums in Accra. Funding Conrad N Hilton Foundation.
Shyness and Self-Concept

Shyness is a major adjustment problem in the psychopathology of everyday life. Surveys reveal that about 40% of Americans consider themselves to be shy, and that over 80% of these people do not like being shy (Pilkonis, 1977a; Zimbardo, 1977). Psychotherapist Sheldon Kopp (1976) has observed that “neurotic shyness constitutes a significant portion of the burden of needless suffering borne by the men and women who seek my help” (p. 28). Recently, research psychologists have begun to direct a great deal of attention to the study of shyness (e.g., Buss, 1980; Jones, Cheek, & Briggs, 1986; Leary, 1983). The purpose of this chapter is to present this research in a framework that is organized in terms of the shy person’s self-concept. After defining shyness, we begin by considering a structural model of dimensions of self-esteem. Next, we examine the dynamics of shyness as revealed in self-concept processes, such as attributions, memories, and the focus of attention. Then we consider shyness from the perspective of self-presentation theory. Finally, we discuss the degree of accuracy found in comparisons of shy people’s self-perceptions with ratings made by observers.
Cardiac implantable electronic devices in adults with tetralogy of Fallot.

Background Tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias affect 20%–50% of adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and some of these patients will require cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) such as pacemaker and/or internal cardioverter defibrillator. Methods The Mayo Adult Congenital Heart Disease database was queried for patients with repaired TOF and history of CIED implantation, 1990–2017. The study objectives were: (1) determine the occurrence of device-related complications defined as lead failure, lead recall, device infection and lead thrombus; and (2) determine the occurrence and risk factors for defibrillator shock. Results There were 99 patients (age 46±14 years and 66 (66%) men) with CIED, and the CIEDs were 41 (41%) pacemakers and 73 (73%) defibrillators. Indication for defibrillator implantation was for primary prevention in 28 (38%) and secondary prevention in 45 (62%). Device-related complications occurred in 20 (20%) patients (lead failure 17, lead recall 4, device infection 12 and thrombus 3). Twenty-five per cent of all device infections occurred within 30 days from the time of device generator change. Annualised rates of appropriate and inappropriate shocks were 5.7% and 6.2%, respectively. The use of class III antiarrhythmic drug was protective against defibrillator shock. Conclusion The current study provides useful outcome data to aid patient counselling and clinical decision-making. Further studies are required to explore ways to decrease the risk of postprocedural infection after device generator change, and to determine which patients will benefit from empirical antiarrhythmic therapy as a strategy to decrease incidence of inappropriate defibrillator shock.
Introduction to Cannabis Use Disorders

Cannabis is a natural product that, when used chronically, has been associated with the development of cannabis use disorder. This disorder, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association (2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC), is clinically characterized by the inability to stop using cannabis despite psychosocial/medical problems, the presence of craving, the need to use larger amounts to obtain the same effect (tolerance), and/or the onset of symptoms when its use is stopped (withdrawal). The current increase in the frequency of cannabis use, the availability and use of cannabis products with high concentration of the psychoactive ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the presence in the markets of highly potent synthetic cannabinoids may result in an increased risk of CUD. Recent studies have provided a wealth of information about the endocannabinoid system, the effects of cannabinoids, and the brain mechanisms of CUD. These new discoveries are allowing the identification of novel pharmacological targets and medications that may affect the endocannabinoid system and may be useful for the treatment of CUD and other medical conditions. The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, neurobiological basis, developmental aspects, and clinical characteristics of CUD, including its pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches.
Black Lives Matter in Wikipedia: Collective Memory and Collaboration around Online Social Movements

Social movements use social computing systems to complement offline mobilizations, but prior literature has focused almost exclusively on movement actors' use of social media. In this paper, we analyze participation and attention to topics connected with the Black Lives Matter movement in the English language version of Wikipedia between 2014 and 2016. Our results point to the use of Wikipedia to (1) intensively document and connect historical and contemporary events, (2) collaboratively migrate activity to support coverage of new events, and (3) dynamically re-appraise pre-existing knowledge in the aftermath of new events. These findings reveal patterns of behavior that complement theories of collective memory and collective action and help explain how social computing systems can encode and retrieve knowledge about social movements as they unfold.
Effect of dietary phosphate on transport properties of pig renal microvillus vesicles.

Dietary phosphate manipulation results in stable adaptive changes in the transport functions of microvillus membrane vesicles isolated from pig renal cortex. When assayed under sodium gradient conditions, phosphate uptake is enhanced 200–400% in vesicles prepared from animals maintained on a low-phosphate diet (0.22%) compared to high-phosphate diet controls (0.82%). When transport is assayed in sodium preequilibrated vesicles, a 100% enhancement of phosphate uptake is demonstrable. Stimulation of phosphate uptake into low-phosphate diet vesicles after the imposition of a sodium chloride gradient is equivalent if uptake is measured at pH 6.0 or 8.0 and can be kinetically characterized as resulting from a V max alteration in the phosphate transport system. Microvillus membrane vesicle phosphate transport is maximally stimulated after only 2 days of dietary deprivation. Although a longer period (1 and 2 wk) of phosphate restriction does not further stimulate phosphate transport, it does result in an inhibition of other sodium gradient-dependent transport systems (glucose, alanine). phosphate transport; phosphate restriction; glucose transport; brush-border vesicles Submitted on October 22, 1979 Accepted on April 25, 1980
A case-control analysis of hyperhemolysis syndrome in adults and laboratory correlates of complement involvement.

Background Hyperhemolysis syndrome (HS) is a poorly understood, severe hemolytic anemia provoked by transfusion. Both host and donor RBCs are destroyed in HS; thus, transfusion paradoxically worsens anemia. Risk factors and mechanism of HS are unknown. Study design and methods A retrospective case-control analysis was performed on adults with HS. Patients with HS were matched 1:1 with matched, transfused controls, and HS risk factors were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. HS samples were analyzed for complement deposition by flow cytometry, and an in vitro model of bystander hemolysis was developed. Results Forty-one patients with 54 episodes of HS were identified in a 26-year period from 1992 to 2018. Of the HS episodes, only 18.5% were associated with a new alloantibody, and such patients were more tolerant of additional transfusion in the acute episode (p = 0.005). Thirteen percent of episodes were fatal, and HS recurred in 52.6%. Alloimmunization (odds ratio [OR], 17.3), non-B blood type (OR, 9.8), D antigen (OR, 9.1), and infection (OR, 5.5) were associated with HS on multivariable analysis. Hyperbilirubinemia was predictive of fatal HS (OR, 33.6). Increased complement was observed on RBCs during HS episodes, and the in vitro model of bystander hemolysis recapitulated complement decoration of sickled RBCs. Conclusions HS is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and recurrence. Risk factors such as known alloimmunization, blood group, and infection predispose to HS. Bystander complement activation may drive HS. These factors may help physicians refine risk-benefit assessments for transfusion and guide further therapeutic development.
The essential elements for the noncovalent association of two DNA ends during NHEJ synapsis.

One of the most central questions about the repair of a double-strand DNA break (DSB) concerns how the two free DNA ends are brought together — a step called synapsis. Using single-molecule FRET (smFRET), we show here that both Ku plus XRCC4:DNA ligase IV are necessary and sufficient to achieve a flexible synapsis of blunt DNA ends, whereas either alone is not. Addition of XLF causes a transition to a close synaptic state, and maximum efficiency of close synapsis is achieved within 20 min. The promotion of close synapsis by XLF indicates a role that is independent of a filament structure, with action focused at the very ends of each duplex. DNA-PKcs is not required for the formation of either the flexible or close synaptic states. This model explains in biochemical terms the evolutionarily central synaptic role of Ku, X4L4, and XLF in NHEJ for all eukaryotes. During a process termed synapsis, the two DNA ends at a double-strand break (DSB) are brought together into physical proximity. Here, the authors use a single-molecule FRET approach with purified proteins to investigate the mechanism of synapsis in DSB repair by non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ).
Maternal IgA: Matchmaking in Early Childhood

In a recent issue of Nature Medicine, Gopalakrishna et al. show that altered patterns of IgA binding to gut bacteria in premature infants are associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, underscoring the critical role of host mucosal immunity in shaping the microbiota.
Psychometric properties of an instrument to assess critical thinking disposition and metacognition in dental students

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of instruments designed to assess the critical thinking domains of disposition and metacognition in a dental student population. METHODS Two instruments originally developed to assess disposition and metacognition domains in undergraduate student populations were administered to dental students from 3 classes in the Spring of 2019. The overall response rate was 73%. Sampling adequacy was established for both domains. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine underlying dimensions. Criterion validity was established by correlation with traditional measures of academic achievement. RESULTS Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index (>0.80) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (P < 0.005) indicated sampling adequacy for both domains. Factor analysis supported a 2-factor solution for Disposition (Level of Open Mindedness and Tolerance for Cognitive Complexity) and a 2-factor solution for Metacognition (Metacognitive Thinking and Metacognitive Strategies). Items loading at 0.4 or higher were retained. Cronbach's alpha was above 0.8 for all but the Metacognitive Thinking subscale, which nonetheless showed adequate reliability (0.65). Reliability for Disposition and Metacognition scales was also above 0.8. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the instrument has sufficient validity and reliability to support further use in dental education.
Parenting Practices, Autonomous Motivation, and Adolescent Diet Habits.

Guided by self-determination theory, the aim of this study was to examine whether adolescents' autonomous motivation for making healthy diet choices mediates the association between parenting practices regarding diet and adolescent food choices. We analyzed data from the NCI FLASHE study, a survey of demographically diverse parents and their adolescent children (N = 1,646 dyads). Path models supported self-determination theory's assertion that indirect, encouraging parenting practices fostered internal motivation; in contrast, regulation was both positively and negatively linked to motivation depending on the model. Models also yielded direct paths between parenting practices and healthy and unhealthy diet choices. Overall, regardless of what predicted motivation, adolescents' autonomous motivation was linked with their consumption of healthier foods and drinks. As such, cultivating a sense of internal motivation during these formative years may put young people on a path toward healthy patterns of self-regulation later in life.
A Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Array Fabrication Scheme for Large-Scale and Wearable Microfluidic Valving

Programmable microfluidic valving enables controlled routing and compartmentalized manipulation of fluid within networks of microfluidic channels—capabilities which can be harnessed to implement an automated, massively parallelized, and diverse set of bioanalytical operations in large-scale microfluidics (lab-on-a-chip) and wearable (lab-on-the-body) applications. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are suitable base materials to construct programmable microfluidic valving interfaces: once embedded in a microfluidic channel, their volumetric shrinkage/expansion (in response to stimulus) can be exploited to open/close microfluidic channels. However, to adapt them for the envisioned applications, critical fabrication challenges including robustness (e.g., complete channel sealing), scalability (forming arrays of valves with high yield and throughput), miniaturization of the valve actuation interface, and mechanical compatibility (flexibility for wearability) must be addressed. Here, we devise a simple and low-cost fabrication scheme to create arrays of stimuli-responsive hydrogels (e.g., thermo-responsive) and optional stimulus embodiments (e.g., microheaters) with compact footprints and within complex microfluidic networks. Within the framework of this fabrication scheme, we specifically: 1) introduced an ex situ hydrogel hydro-conditioning step to achieve full channel sealing; 2) optimized the valve performance to achieve maximal volumetric response; and 3) utilized mechanically flexible and thin device layers to ensure compatibility for wearable applications. We illustrated the scalability of the fabricated valves and their enabling microfluid management capabilities, by demonstrating fluid routing/compartmentalization within valve-gated square matrix and radial tree matrix microfluidic networks. [2020-0211]
Leaders in the Classroom: Using Teaching as a Context for Measuring Leader Identity

There is a gap in the comprehensive understanding of the teacher leader identity due to a lack of research on teachers’ perceptions of being leaders in the context of classroom teaching. To address the gap we examined teachers expression of leader identity attributes in the context of classroom teaching. The responses of the 91 K-12 teachers who participated in our exploratory study, revealed variations in levels of leader identity attributes based on individual differences. Most participants tended to perceive teachers’ primary role as a conveyer of knowledge, and yet strongly agreed that teachers are role models. We exposed a disconnect between perceptions of leading between why the participants became teachers and their perceptions of the role of a teacher. Thus, while teachers express attributes of a leader identity, they tend to not perceive leading as a primary role in teaching, indicating teacher leader identity is likely contextual rather than professional.
Reflections on Ambulatory Care Nursing and the Impact of the Clinical Nurse Specialist.

Objective The aims of this study were to identify and discuss reflections of ambulatory care nursing and the integral role of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) in defining nursing practice in the ambulatory care setting. Description of project Three CNSs and a CNS student, all assigned to the ambulatory care setting, discussed their experiences supporting nursing practice in the ambulatory care setting. Major reflections were identified, organized, and then expounded from personal experiences and published studies to highlight the impacts of the CNS in ambulatory care nursing. Outcomes Four major reflections were identified: ambulatory nursing is complex, ambulatory care nursing is in its infancy, ambulatory care nursing adds value, and opportunities exist for measuring the impact of ambulatory care nursing. Progress is being made in determining the role of the nurse in the ambulatory care setting, but more work is required. The CNS is prepared to define nursing practice in the ambulatory care setting and develop nursing-specific resources that support nurses in practicing to the full extent of their licensure. Conclusion The ambulatory care setting is expected to support the majority of the healthcare needs of the future. Ambulatory care nurses are well suited to meaningfully contribute to patient care. Evidence-based nursing practice in this setting is vital to ensure safe, quality patient care.
Linearly Implicit Multistep Methods for Time Integration.

Time integration methods for solving initial value problems are an important component of many scientific and engineering simulations. Implicit time integrators are desirable for their stability properties, significantly relaxing restrictions on timestep size. However, implicit methods require solutions to one or more systems of nonlinear equations at each timestep, which for large simulations can be prohibitively expensive. This paper introduces a new family of linearly implicit multistep methods (LIMM), which only requires the solution of one linear system per timestep. Order conditions and stability theory for these methods are presented, as well as design and implementation considerations. Practical methods of order up to five are developed that have similar error coefficients, but improved stability regions, when compared to the widely used BDF methods. Numerical testing of a self-starting variable stepsize and variable order implementation of the new LIMM methods shows measurable performance improvement over a similar BDF implementation.
Planning and Management in Scientist-Started Ventures

This chapter will investigate why scientists decide to play a role in commercialization activities, how they plan for their ventures, and, finally, how their enterprises are managed in practice. I have further divided these questions into a number of detailed areas that were covered in the field research. After describing the experiences observed in each area, each section will finish with some interpretative and concluding comments.
Preschoolers’ endogenously-triggered self-regulation

Abstract Studies collecting behavioral evidence from 8- to 12-year-olds and young adults and neurological evidence from young adults suggest independent, dissociable processes for voluntarily regulating behavior that has been internally versus externally generated. In the present study, the ability to self-regulate socially-learned demands when initiated within the individual (endogenously-triggered self-regulation) and outside the individual (exogenously-triggered self-regulation) are explored among preschoolers using a new task. Data were collected from 83 three-, four-, and five-year-old children attending a university-affiliated preschool. Analyses were conducted across the whole sample and by half-year age groups (e.g., 3–3.5 years). Results indicated preschoolers can demonstrate regulation for endogenously-triggered demands in the new task. Evidence is also presented suggesting endogenously-triggered performance on the task is dissociable from exogenously-triggered performance on the task. Further, cross-sectional comparisons of performance on the test trials by half-year age groups indicated a fairly linear increase of proportion demonstrating regulation on endogenous trials from younger to older age groups and a U-shaped pattern of proportion demonstrating regulation on exogenous trials (i.e., decreased through 4–4.5 age group and then increased). The new regulation task and the importance of studying endogenously-triggered regulation are discussed in light of the findings.
Commentary on Personality Assessment in the Schools: The Special Issue

A commentary was offered on the Special Issues of the School Psychology Review devoted to personality assessment in the schools. After consideration of the restraints inherent in the public schools...
Constitutive Properties of Mitral Valve Tissues via Nanoindentation

Objective: Critical calcific valve disease (CAVD) is a health condition that requires prosthetic valve replacement. Transcatheter valve replacement (TVR) is thought to be a safer treatment option f...
Terrestrial force production by the limbs of a semi-aquatic salamander provides insight into the evolution of terrestrial locomotor mechanics

Amphibious fishes and salamanders are valuable functional analogs for vertebrates that spanned the water-to-land transition. However, investigations of walking mechanics have focused on terrestrial salamanders and, thus, may better reflect the capabilities of stem tetrapods that were already terrestrial. The earliest tetrapods were aquatic, so salamanders that are not primarily terrestrial may yield more appropriate data for modelling the incipient stages of terrestrial locomotion. In the present study, locomotor biomechanics were quantified from semi-aquatic Pleurodeles waltl, a salamander that spends most of its adult life in water, and then compared to a primarily terrestrial salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) and semi-aquatic fish (Periophthalmus barbarus) to evaluate whether walking mechanics show greater similarity between species with ecological versus phylogenetic similarities. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) from individual limbs or fins indicated that the pectoral appendages of each taxon had distinct patterns of force production, but hind limb forces were comparable between the salamanders. The rate of force development ( yank) was sometimes slower in P. waltl but generally comparable between the three species. Finally, medial inclination of the GRF in P. waltl was intermediate between semi-aquatic fish and terrestrial salamanders, potentially elevating bone stresses among more aquatic taxa as they move on land. These data provide a framework for modelling stem tetrapods using an earlier stage of quadrupedal locomotion that was powered primarily by the hind limbs (i.e., "rear-wheel drive"), and reveal mechanisms for appendages to generate propulsion in three locomotor strategies that are presumed to have occurred across the water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution. Summary statementSemi-aquatic salamanders had limb mechanics that were intermediate in magnitude yet steadier than the appendages of terrestrial salamanders and semi-aquatic fish, providing a framework to model semi-aquatic early tetrapods.
Police Officer Use of Force Mindset and Street-Level Behavior:

Police use of force has been the focus of a number of external assessments of the occupation for over 50 years. Recent concerns have, once again, prompted calls for additional research on the corre...
Precision Medicine and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Directions

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer associated with a high recurrence and metastasis rate that affects African-American women disproportionately. The recent approval of targeted therapies for small subgroups of TNBC patients by the US 'Food and Drug Administration' is a promising development. The advancement of next-generation sequencing, particularly somatic exome panels, has raised hopes for more individualized treatment plans. However, the use of precision medicine for TNBC is a work in progress. This review will discuss the potential benefits and challenges of precision medicine for TNBC. A recent clinical trial designed to target TNBC patients based on their subtype-specific classification shows promise. Yet, tumor heterogeneity and sub-clonal evolution in primary and metastatic TNBC remain a challenge for oncologists to design adaptive precision medicine-based treatment plans.
Geographic Disparities in Referral Rates and Oncologic Outcomes of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare cancer. Patients in rural areas may face reduced access to advanced treatments often only available at referral centers. We evaluated the association of referral center treatment with treatment patterns, outcomes, and geography in patients with ICC. METHODS We queried the Oregon State Cancer Registry for ICC between 1997 and 2016, collecting clinicopathologic, demographic, and oncologic data. Patients were classified by treatment at a referral center or non-referral center. 'Crowfly' distance to the nearest referral center (DRC) was calculated. Outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier, Cox proportional hazards modeling, and logistic regression. RESULTS Over 20 years, 740 patients with ICC had a median age of 66 years. Slightly more than half (n = 424, 57%) were non-referral center treated and 316 (43%) were referral center treated. Referral center treatment increased over time (odds ratio [OR] 1.03/year, p < 0.05). Referral center-treated patients had improved overall survival in all patients (median 9 vs. 4 months, p < 0.001), in the non-metastatic group (median 13 vs. 6 months, p < 0.001), and in patients not receiving liver resection (median 6 vs. 3 months, p < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, referral center-treated patients more often underwent chemotherapy, resection, or radiation (all p < 0.05). Increasing DRC (OR 0.98/20 km, p < 0.05) was independently associated with non-referral center treatment. CONCLUSION Patients with ICC who are evaluated at a referral center are more likely to receive treatments associated with better oncologic outcomes, including patients who are not managed with hepatic resection. Increasing the DRC is associated with treatment at a non-referral center; interventions to facilitate referral, such as telemedicine, may lead to improved outcomes for patients with ICC in rural states.
UNTCOK and the Republic

A change in temper — The formation of the Republic of Korea soon followed the 1948 election. Before the Republic, UNTCOK usually dealt with Koreans as individuals, not as representatives of political institutions. Although it did have some contact with members of the Korean Interim Legislative Assembly and Korean officials of the administrative departments of the military government, it turned to American occupation officers whenever it wished authoritative statements or final decisions. But the foundation of the Republic meant that now UNTCOK and its successors would deal with a government directed by Koreans. Where UNTCOK once counted on the general sympathy of a military government representing the great power which was largely responsible for the presence of the United Nations in Korea, it had to work out a different kind of relationship with a new government.
A deep neural network for time-domain signal reconstruction

Supervised speech separation has achieved considerable success recently. Typically, a deep neural network (DNN) is used to estimate an ideal time-frequency mask, and clean speech is produced by feeding the mask-weighted output to a resynthesizer in a subsequent step. So far, the success of DNN-based separation lies mainly in improving human speech intelligibility. In this work, we propose a new deep network that directly reconstructs the time-domain clean signal through an inverse fast Fourier transform layer. The joint training of speech resynthesis and mask estimation yields improved objective quality while maintaining the objective intelligibility performance. The proposed system significantly outperforms a recent non-negative matrix factorization based separation system in both objective speech intelligibility and quality.
Biochemical characterization of prostatic nuclei: II. Relationship between DNA synthesis and protein synthesis☆

Abstract 1. The maximum rate of DNA synthesis is observed at 72 h in the ventral prostate of a castrated rat that has been stimulated by exogenous testosterone. However, the maximal rate of the synthesis of all classes of nuclear proteins precedes by 24–48 h the peak of DNA synthesis. 2. The rates of synthesis of various fractions of nuclear proteins were determined. The membrane proteins appeared to have the highest rate of synthesis. 3. Studies with inhibitors indicated that the synthesis of prostatic nuclear proteins is not directly coupled to DNA synthesis. 4. DNA synthesis but not RNA synthesis in the prostate is significantly inhibited if total cellular protein synthesis is completely blocked. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D did not alter the rate of DNA synthesis. 5. In comparison to all the nuclear proteins studied, the inhibition of synthesis of the membrane fractions correlated most closely with the rate of decrease DNA synthesis.
Patterns of reduced nipple aspirate fluid production and ductal lavage cellularity in women at high risk for breast cancer

Nipple aspiration is a noninvasive technique for obtaining breast fluids from the duct openings of the nipple for the evaluation of abnormalities associated with breast cancer. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) can be elicited from 48 to 94% of healthy women, and its production has been linked to an increased relative risk for breast cancer development. NAF production has been used in studies to guide the selection of ducts for ductal lavage, a procedure in which ducts are cannulated and flushed with saline to collect cells. In a previous multicenter trial to evaluate intraductal approaches in women at high-risk for breast cancer, NAF production was observed in 84% of the subjects. However, we observed a significantly lower proportion of fluid-yielding subjects in a similar series of high-risk women. The purpose of the present study was to identify variables associated with this reduction. Nipple aspiration was performed on 33 high-risk women (defined as having a 5-year Gail model index of more than 1.7, a personal or family history of breast cancer, and/or a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation) to identify ductal orifices for lavage procedures. Lavage was performed on all fluid-yielding ducts and on nine non-fluid-yielding ducts. Fluid-yielding ducts were identified in 12 of 33 (36%) of the subjects in the present series, compared with 16 of 19 (84%) of the subjects undergoing identical procedures at our facility during a multicenter trial (P = 0.001). Reduced NAF yields were associated with postmenopausal status (P = 0.02), BRCA germline mutations (P = 0.004), and risk reduction therapies, including bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) and/or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs; P = 0.009). All nine (100%) of the ductal lavage specimens collected from non-fluidyielding ducts were acellular, in comparison with 3 of 13 specimens from fluid-yielding ducts (P < .001). Analysis of high-risk women in the present series revealed patterns of reduced NAF production and ductal lavage cellularity compared with a previous multicenter trial. The present series included more BRCA-positive women, many of whom had undergone BSO and/or were using SERMs. Our data suggest that endocrine mechanisms associated with these risk-reducing therapies may be related to patterns of diminished breast fluid production.
Proteolytic processing of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis related lysosomal protein CLN5.

CLN5 is a soluble lysosomal glycoprotein. Deficiency in CLN5 protein causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, an inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. The function of CLN5 and how it affects lysosome activity are unclear. We identified two forms of the CLN5 protein present in most of the cell lines studied. The molecular mass difference between these two forms is about 4 kDa. The fibroblast cells derived from two CLN5 patients lack both forms. Using transient transfection, we showed one of these two forms is a proprotein and the other is a C-terminal cleaved mature form. Using cycloheximide chase analysis, we were able to demonstrate that the C-terminal processing occurs post-translationally. By treating cells with several pharmaceutical drugs to inhibit proteases, we showed that the C-terminal processing takes place in an acidic compartment and the protease involved is most likely a cysteine protease. This is further supported by overexpression of a CLN5 patient mutant D279N and a glycosylation mutant N401Q, showing that the C-terminal processing takes place beyond the endoplasmic reticulum, and can occur as early as from the trans Golgi network. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CLN5 is expressed in a variety of murine tissues.
The nutritional status of reproductive women at one year after the disaster of Earthquake in Wenchuan

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on the nutritional status and the prevalence of nutritional anemia vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and vitamin D deficiency among reproductive women (15 - 44 years old) in the disaster areas one year after the Earthquake. METHODS: A nutritional survey was conducted in 3 counties in April 2009 one year after the Earthquake. Two towns from each county were selected as study sites and this survey recruited 58 pregnant 66 lactating and 242 non-pregnant-non-lactating women. A comparison was made to the results of 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey. RESULTS: The cereals and roots intakes of the pregnant lactating and non-pregnant-non-lactating women living in the disaster area were (426.8 +/- 271.8) (568.0 +/- 306.1) and (483.0 +/- 277.7) g/d respectively which were almost the same results (486.8 509.3 and 495.1 g/d respectively) from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey. The fat and oil intakes were (41.9 +/- 51.6) (55.5 +/- 69.2) and (66.9 +/- 125.7) g/d respectively which were also the same ad the results (45.2 43.9 and 41.4 g/d respectively) from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey. The intakes of meats and poultries were only (58.1 +/- 67.7) (76.3 +/- 218.7) and (23.9 +/- 29.6) g/d respectively which were much lower than the recommended food intakes from the Branch of Maternal and Child Nutrition of Chinese Nutrition Society. The vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiency prevalence were 6.9% (24/347) and 18.2% (63/347) respectively. The deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D was sum to 93.9% (323/344). The prevalence of anemia was 32.6% (112/344). 51.0% (171/335) reproductive women were iron deficient and 61.6% (210/347) women were suffering zinc deficiency. CONCLUSION: The study findings indicated that the dietary structure was seriously effected by the Earthquake. The sources from animal and legume products were relatively low. The micronutrients nutritional status was poor. The vitamin A vitamin D and iron zinc deficiencies were highly prevalent in the disaster area.
Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage

From breaking the law to breaking a promise, how do people lie and how can they be caught? Ekman study describes how lies vary in form and can differ from other types of misinformation, as well as how a person's body language, voice, and facial expressions can give away a lie but still escape detection.
Online Qualitative Research in the Age of E-Commerce: Data Sources and Approaches

Mit dem Boom im Bereich des E-commerce entwickeln Praktiker(innen) und Forscher(innen) zunehmend strategische Einsichten, indem sie das Internet als wirkungsvolles neues Hilfsmittel benutzen und bereits bewahrte qualitative Verfahren anwenden (TISCHLER 2004). Allerdings hat das Potenzial des Internets als reichhaltige Datenquelle und als attraktives Feld fur qualitative Forschungsarbeiten in E-commerce Umgebungen – in anderen Worten der Cyberspace als "Feld" im ethnographischen Sinn – noch keine angemessene Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. In diesem Artikel werden die Aussichten qualitativer Forschung in E-Commerce Arenen untersucht. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0402299
Sulfur speciation in hydrous experimental glasses of varying oxidation state - Results from measured wavelength shifts of sulfur X-rays

The focusing geometry of an electron microprobe has been used to measure the wavelength shifts of sulfur X-rays from hydrous experimental melts synthesized at oxygen fugacities that range from near the iron-wustite buffer to the magnetite-hermatite buffer. It is found that the proportion of dissolved sulfur which is present as sulfate increases with increasing oxygen fugacity. It is noted that in natural melts that have equilibrated at or below fayalite-magnetite-quartz values of +1, sulfur is probably present mainly as S(2-).
Probiotics: Not Just for Treatment Anymore

Probiotics, microorganisms that can have positive health effects when ingested, are increasingly studied and used in humans. Thus far, they have shown particular promise in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea and the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, associations that have been investigated widely and have been subject to systematic review.1–4 Other conditions potentially treatable by probiotics include chronic diarrhea,5 inflammatory bowel disease,6 irritable bowel syndrome,7 and food allergy8; potentially preventable conditions range from travelers’ diarrhea9 and necrotizing enterocolitis10 to urogenital infections,11 atopic diseases,12 and dental caries.13 Vanderhoof14 and other leaders in the field propose future applications in cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers. The study reported by Weizman et al15 in this issue of Pediatrics is one of a handful of randomized, controlled trials that have examined probiotics as a prevention for acute infectious illnesses in otherwise healthy infants and children.16–20 This study aims to investigate whether a so-called functional food, infant formula containing either Bifidobacterium lactis or Lactobacillus reuteri , can decrease the risk of diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, fever, and other “morbidity parameters” when compared with a placebo formula. This represents a plausible future real-world scenario: infants attending child care centers, who may be at increased risk of these illnesses, could receive regular prophylaxis in the form of probiotic formula. The authors report a decrease in the numbers of episodes and numbers of days of both diarrhea and fever in the probiotic groups when compared with the placebo group. For example, the subjects in the placebo, B lactis , and L reuteri groups averaged 0.59, 0.37, and 0.15 days with diarrhea (presumably per child during the 12-week study period), respectively. This finding is interesting, although … Address correspondence to Cornelius W. Van Niel, MD, Sea Mar Community Health Centers, 8720 14th Ave S, Seattle, WA 98108. E-mail: cvanniel{at}u.washington.edu
The emergence of market competition in the U.S. health care system. Its causes, likely structure, and implications.

This paper addresses three issues. First, why did market competition emerge in the U.S. health care system? Second, once free of regulatory constraints, how is the structure of the medical care system likely to evolve? Three, what are the implications of market competition for the public as well as for providers? The medical system in the U.S. was highly regulated and conventional wisdom assumed a continuation of these trends. Further, the economic motivation of existing providers was to maintain the status quo; market competition threatens their economic well being. Market competition was primarily a result of private sector forces. Several actions by the government, both intentional and unintentional, aided these private forces. Second, economies of scale and consumer preferences for different delivery systems appear to be important determinants of the new market structure. Lastly, market competition is forcing a redistribution of incomes, both between providers as well as between providers and taxpayers. There is also increasing concern over the plight of the medically indigent, as inadequate government payments become more obvious in a price competitive system.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND SALTS UPON THE SURVIVAL PERIOD OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS

A series of experiments (1) previously conducted in this laboratory upon adrenalectomized white rats provided evidence which indicated that even moderate differences in environmental temperature influence the survival period of such animals. This possibility led us to conduct the temperature studies on adrenalectomized rats presented in this paper. Because of the fact that ingestion of salts has such a marked effect on survival time of adrenalectomized animals (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) variations in the salt intake of the experimental animals were included in the temperature studies. The survival period in white rats following adrenalectomy has been variously reported. Summaries of such reports may be found in recent articles (8, 9). Some investigators have experienced high mortality and short survival periods whereas others have reported the exact opposite. In comparing the results of various investigators a number of factors which may influence survival time must be taken into consideration. Some of those of p...
Communication Disorders in Children: A Challenge for Health Care

Abstract Background . Today"s children will participate in a society whose economic basis will be information and communication and they must have optimal communication skills to be able to be functional optimally within the information society. Heretofore, in the United States, there has been no systematic attempt to diagnose and care for children with communication disorders. Methods . It is essential that the child be diagnosed early because there appears to be a critical period for language development. Conclusion . If interventions do not occur early, in the area of communication disorders, there is a high probability of significant morbidity because of impaired communication abilities. This morbidity can manifest itself in asocial activity and loss of economic opportunity.
Heritability Estimates of Creeping Bentgrass Root Systems Grown in Flexible Tubes

Turfgrass root systems are often concentrated in upper portions of soil profiles, and consequently depend on frequent precipitation or irrigation to avoid drought stress. Development of cultivars with extensive root systems could make use of greater volumes of soil water. We devised a greenhouse screening technique to characterize root systems of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), and to estimate the heritability of root characters. Thirteen clones, excavated in the field, exhibited genetic variation in root extension, tiller number, and root number at 10-cm soil depths. Flexible, sandfilled polyethylene tubes were used to screen the same 13 clones in the greenhouse. Rank correlations were significant between field and greenhouse performance in root extension, root number through the 20-cm depth, and tiller number. Parent-progeny regression of 10 creeping bentgrass clones in flexible tubes indicated narrow-sense heritabilities of 0.08,0.14,0.31, and 0.61 for root number at the 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-cm depths, respectively. Parent-progeny regression indicated narrow-sense heritabilities of 0.07, 0.23, 0.27, 0.43, and 0.82 at soil depths of 5 to 10,11 to 20, 21 to 30, 31 to 40, and 41 to 50 cm, respectively, for root surface areas. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for tiller number and tiller dry weights were 0.31 to 0.41, and 0.32, respectively. Root extension narrow-sense heritability was 0.62 to 0.76, and was not significantly correlated with either tiller number or weight. The heritability estimates for root and shoot characters from these creeping bentgrass clones suggest progress could be made toward development of more drought-avoidant turfgrasses, but selection for high tiller number or weight only will not necessarily yield the desired results. Contribution by the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Technical Article no. 25187, Texas A&M Univ. Research supported in part by the U.S. Golf Assoc. and Bentgrass Research, Inc.
Angle-resolved photoemission studies of a surface state on a stepped Cu(332) surface

A surface state on a stepped Cu(332) surface is studied by angle-resolved photoemission. Based on high-energy electron-diffraction patterns, the (332) sample consists of fairly regularly spaced Cu(111) terraces, which have the form of a strip with a width of about 5--6 atomic rows (about 12 A\r{}). The measured dispersion of the surface state is significantly different from that of the corresponding (111) surface state. Thus, the (332) surface state is delocalized within the surface plane, and the lateral coherence length of the wave function is larger than the terrace width. The dispersion shows a maximum binding energy at the surface Brillouin-zone boundary.