cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Tumefactive MS Lesions in association with Fingolimod: a case series (P5.368)

Objective: to present four cases of a rare complication associated with fingolimod therapy Background: In recent years, several cases of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) developing tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL) in association with fingolimod have been described. Design/Methods: case series Results: Case 1: A 22-year old diagnosed with relapsing and remitting MS (RRMS) at age 20 was started on glatiramer acetate (GA). Several months later she was switched to fingolimod due to progression. 10 months later, she developed bilateral upper extremity weakness, optic neuritis and paresthesias. MRI showed TDL. Case 2: A 38-year old with RRMS since 31 was treated with natalizumab for 5 years with no progression. She was switched to fingolimod due to risk of PML and 11 months later developed aphasia, confusion, and right hand weakness. MRI brain was consistent with TDL. Case 3: A 23-year old diagnosed with RRMS, was initially treated with beta-interferon. He was switched to natalizumab due to progression. He was stable for 13 months and subsequently transitioned to fingolimod due to risk of PML. Routine MRI two months later showed an enhancing lesion consistent with TDL. He was clinically asymptomatic. Case 4: A 30-year old with RRMS initially treated with GA was switched to fingolimod due to progression. She stopped after three years due to medication cost. Three months later she developed dysarthria, facial droop and aphasia. MRI brain showed a contrast enhancing TDL in the left temporal lobe. Conclusions: To our knowledge, 18 cases of MS patients developing TDL in the setting of fingolimod therapy (during active treatment and following cessation) have been published to date. While the number remains low, the addition of new cases brings further evidence that TDL are more than anecdotal in this setting. With new immunomodulatory therapies on the horizon, it is imperative that clinicians remain cognizant of these potential complications. Disclosure: Dr. Utigard has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rae-Grant has nothing to disclose.
The Effect of Aesthetic Principles and a Functional Prime on Participant Ratings of Visual Appeal

A recent thread of usability research is the investigation of the relationship between a product’s degree of usability and its degree of beauty. Previous research endeavors have found support for b...
The time course of encoding and maintenance of task-relevant versus irrelevant object features in working memory.

Abstract Access to WM can be restricted on the basis of goal-relevant properties such as spatial location. However, the extent of voluntary control over which features of an attended multi-feature object are encoded and maintained in WM is debated. Some evidence suggests that attending to an object leads to obligatory storage of all of its features, whereas other evidence suggests that access to WM can be restricted to only goal-relevant features. Another possibility is that all features are initially encoded, but irrelevant features are removed from WM over time. To address these various possibilities, we used pattern classification of EEG signals to track the temporal evolution of representations reflecting the encoding and storage of task-relevant and irrelevant features in WM. In different blocks, participants remembered the orientation, color or both orientation and color of a colored, oriented grating. The color and orientation of the grating was randomly drawn from two distinct feature bins on each trial. To examine trial-specific activity reflecting storage of the object's features, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier was trained to classify what bin the stimulus features came from. Importantly, for orientation, the classifier produced reliably above-chance classification across the delay when orientation was task-relevant but not when it was task-irrelevant. Interestingly, orientation could be accurately classified on trials for which both orientation and color were remembered. Moreover, a separate measure corresponding to the probability of a feature belonging to the correct bin was significantly higher when orientation was task-relevant compared to task-irrelevant during encoding. Above-chance classification for color was only present during the initial 500 msec across all conditions. Our results suggest that although information about all of an object's features is present in the initial stimulus-evoked neural response, information about the task-irrelevant features is attenuated during stimulus encoding and is largely absent throughout the delay.
A Novel Two-Stage System for Detecting and Tracking Events in Twitter

Nowadays, Twitter has become one of the fastest-growing microblogging services, analyzing this rich and continuously user-generated content can reveal unprecedentedly valuable knowledge. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage system to detect and track events from tweets by integrating an LDA-based approach and an efficient density-contour based spatio-temporal clustering approach. In the proposed system, we first divide the geo-tagged tweet stream into temporal time windows; next, events are identified as topics in tweets using an LDA-based topic discovery step; then, each tweet is assigned an event label; next, a density-contour based spatio-temporal clustering approach is employed to identify spatio-temporal event clusters. Moreover, topic continuity is established by calculating KL-divergences between topics and spatio-temporal continuity is established by a family of newly formulated spatial cluster distance functions. Moreover, the density-contour based approach considers two types of densities: "absolute" density and "relative" density to identify event clusters where either there is a high density of event tweets or there is a high percentage of event tweets. We evaluate our approach using real-world data collected from Twitter, and the experimental results show that the proposed system can not only detect and track events effectively but also discover interesting patterns from geotagged tweets.
Illuminating the physiological implications of artificial light on an insectivorous bat community.

Global light pollution threatens to disturb numerous wildlife species, but impacts of artificial light will likely vary among species within a community. Thus, artificial lights may change the environment in such a way as to create winners and losers as some species benefit while others do not. Insectivorous bats are nocturnal and a good model to test for differential effects of light pollution on a single community. We used a physiological technique to address this community-level question by measuring plasma s-hydroxybutyrate (a blood metabolite) concentrations from six species of insectivorous bats in lit and unlit conditions. We also recorded bat calls acoustically to measure activity levels between experimental conditions. Blood metabolite level and acoustic activity data suggest species-specific changes in foraging around lights. In red bats (Lasiurus borealis), s-hydroxybutyrate levels at lit sites were highest early in the night before decreasing. Acoustic data indicate pronounced peaks in activity at lit sites early in the night. In red bats on dark nights and in the other species in this community, which seem to avoid lights, s-hydroxybutyrate remained relatively constant. Our results suggest red bats are more willing to expend energy to actively forage around lights despite potential negative impacts, while other, generally rarer species avoid lit areas. Artificial light appears to have a bifurcating effect on bat communities, whereby some species take advantage of concentrated prey resources, yet most do not. Further, this may concentrate light-intolerant species into limited dark refugia, thereby increasing competition for depauperate, phototactic insect communities.
Mental health disorders, participation, and bullying in children with cerebral palsy.

Aim To examine how social factors might mitigate the elevated risk of mental health disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method This cross-sectional study included 6- to 17-year-olds with (n=111; 40.4% 6-11y, 59.6% 12-17y) and without (n=29 909; 50.2% 6-11y, 49.8% 12-17y) CP from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Mental health disorders included depression, anxiety, behavior/conduct problems, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Social factors included participation in activities, bully victimization, and difficulty with friendships. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic factors and the presence of chronic pain, children with CP had higher odds of anxiety (odds ratio [OR] 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-8.5), behavior/conduct problems (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.4-11.3), and multimorbidity (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1-7.0), but not depression (OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.6-3.8) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.6-4.6), compared to controls. With adjustment for participation in activities, the odds of anxiety, behavior/conduct problems, and multimorbidity remained increased in children with CP. With adjustment for difficulty with friendships, the odds of anxiety, behavior/conduct problems, and multimorbidity were no longer increased in children with CP. With adjustment for bully victimization, the odds of behavior/conduct problems and multimorbidity were attenuated in children with CP; however, the odds of anxiety remained increased. Interpretation The elevated prevalence of certain mental health disorders in children with CP is partly associated with modifiable social factors. What this paper adds Difficulty with friendships predicts an elevated prevalence of psychiatric conditions in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Bully victimization predicts an elevated prevalence of behavior/conduct problems in children with CP. Low participation does not predict mental health disorders in this population.
Vehicle-to-vehicle communication for AVCS platooning

Vehicle-to-vehicle radio links suffer from power variations, multipath fading and associated Doppler spreading in frequency, as well as interference from other vehicles. These effects are investigated in the context of an automated vehicle control systems (AVCS) employing vehicle platoons. A statistical model for the channel is considered and the performance of the network involving many links is evaluated. We compare the performance of time division multiple access (TDMA), direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA), and multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA). Reliability of the radio link is investigated by specifying the radio spectrum occupation for a given required reliability of the radio link. >
Global maps of oceanographic and atmospheric parameters from the Seasat SMMR

The Seasat satellite was launched by the U.S. in June 1978, to demonstrate techniques for, and the utility of, microwave remote sensing of the ocean surface. One of the instruments on board was a scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), designed to measure primarily ocean surface temperature, ocean surface wind speed, atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water. Global maps of these parameters have been produced, representing 10-day, monthly and mission (90-day) averages of the radiometer measurements. These maps are compared with those derived from conventional surface measurements, and demonstrate the day and night, nearly all-weather capabilities of the microwave measurements.
Does school choice have implications for parents’ social capital and adolescents’ academic outcomes?

School choice has received national attention in the United States from policymakers and professionals as a way to improve parents’ social capital and subsequent academic outcomes for adolescents. However, limited work has empirically tested the links among school choice, social capital, and academic outcomes, particularly for high school students. Guided by theories of social capital and Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model of Human Development, this study used multi-year data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (N = 9350) to examine the associations among school choice, social capital (intergenerational closure and perceived inclusion in school decision-making), and academic outcomes (cognitive test scores and educational attainment) for a diverse population of adolescents. Consistent with previous work, findings revealed positive associations between social capital and academic outcomes, along with differences based on family socioeconomic status. However, contrary to hypotheses, findings revealed no evidence of links between school choice, parental social capital, and subsequent adolescent academic outcomes. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
chapter 19 – Authentication

Publisher Summary This chapter shows how to use the service security descriptor to require that a certain authentication method is used. Next, it shows how to set the client's authentication method programmatically or using a client security descriptor. Finally, it shows two simple examples that illustrate how server-side and client-side authentication works. The service security descriptor can specify a default authentication method and also configure authentication on a per-method basis. Authentication in the client can be set programmatically or by using a client security descriptor. Next, the chapter explains two examples that use the authentication methods explained above. The first example configures each method with a different set of authentication methods. Then, it invokes each method from two clients, one using GSI Secure Conversation and one using GSI Transport, observing whether the invocation fails and, if so, why. In this example, all the methods (except one) use GSI Secure Conversation with different levels of protection.
Applying a home-based approach to the understanding distribution of economic impacts of traffic crashes

The current practice of road safety attributes traffic crash costs to the location of traffic crashes. Therefore it is challenging to estimate the economic cost of traffic crashes and individuals w...
The inequity of crisis: COVID-19 as a case for diversity management

COVID-19 as a case for diversity management In many ways, the emergence of a novel public health threat has both heightened and made more visible the inequities that have long existed in our society, and there is ample evidence of the unequal harmful effects of COVID-19 on minority populations Organizations should correspondingly ensure that all employees are aware of employee assistance programs or other supportive resources and that such resources are equipped to respond to issues such as racial harassment, increased fatigue from trying to balance work and childcare, and other unique challenges minority employees may be experiencing [ ]perhaps most importantly, this is a time when organizations are making difficult financial decisions, as many are faced with the need to downsize, cut resources, or otherwise offset lost profits Toward addressing the first question, specific research topics include documenting experiences of racial harassment among Asian American employees from both coworkers and customers and their consequences, satisfaction with technology-mediated forms of working and collaborating among employees with and without disabilities, anticipatory fears of physically returning to work among employees with chronic physical health
Patient-Provider Text Messaging and Video Calling Among Case-Managed Patients Living With HIV: Formative Acceptability and Feasibility Study.

Background: Patient-provider communication is critical for engaging and retaining people living with HIV in care, especially among medically case-managed patients in need of service coordination and adherence support. Expanding patient-provider communication channels to include mobile health modalities, such as text messaging and video calling, has the potential to facilitate communication and ultimately improve clinical outcomes. However, the implementation of these communication modalities in clinical settings has not been well characterized. Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand patient and provider perspectives on the acceptability of and preferences for using text messaging and video calling as a means of communication; perceived factors relevant to adoption, appropriateness, and feasibility; and organizational perspectives on implementation within an HIV clinic in South Carolina. Methods: We conducted 26 semistructured in-depth interviews among patients receiving case management services (n=12) and clinic providers (n=14) using interview guides and content analysis informed by the Proctor taxonomy of implementation outcomes and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Participants were purposefully sampled to obtain maximum variation in terms of age and gender for patients and clinic roles for providers. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative content analyses. Results: Most patients (11/12, 92%) and providers (12/14, 86%) agreed that they should have the capacity to text message and/or video call each other. Although consensus was not reached, most preferred using a secure messaging app rather than standard text messaging because of the enhanced security features. Perceived benefits to adoption included the added convenience of text messaging, and potential barriers included the cost and access of smartphone-based technology for patients. From an organizational perspective, some providers were concerned that offering text messaging could lead to unreasonable expectations of instant access and increased workload. Conclusions: Patients and providers perceived text messaging and video calling as acceptable, appropriate, and feasible and felt that these expanded modes of communication could help meet patients’ needs while being safe and not excessively burdensome. Although patients and providers mostly agreed on implementation barriers and facilitators, several differences emerged. Taking both perspectives into account when using implementation frameworks is critical for expanding mobile health–based communication, especially as implementation requires active participation from providers and patients. Trial Registration:
Integration of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for sustainable process design – A review

Abstract For sustainable design, technology developers need to consider not only technical and economic aspects but also potential environmental impacts while developing new technologies. Techno economic analysis (TEA) evaluates the technical performance and economic feasibility of a technology. Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the potential environmental impacts associated with a product system throughout its life cycle from raw material extraction to disposal. Generally, TEA and LCA performed separately for technology assessment. Understanding of the trade-off between economic and environmental performance is crucial for sustainable process design, which is not fully available if TEA and LCA is performed separately. In contrast, integration of TEA and LCA enables systematic analysis of the relationships between technical, economic, and environmental performance and provides more information to technology developers for trade-off analysis. Integrated TEA-LCA tool can also reduce inconsistency between system boundaries, functional units, and assumptions that can arise from using standalone TEA and LCA findings in decision making. There is also growing interest of prospective application of integrated TEA-LCA tool to evaluate emerging technologies at early technology readiness level (TRL). Integration of TEA and LCA is still an evolving area and requires further exploration to develop a consistent methodological guideline. The goal of this study is to review the current state-of-the-art in TEA and LCA to identify the methodological challenges of TEA-LCA integration approaches. This study also identifies major challenges to perform integrated TEA-LCA analysis of emerging technologies at low TRLs. Lack of consistent methodological guidelines and compatible software tools, inconsistent system boundary and functional unit selection, limited data availability and uncertainty are key methodological challenges for integration of LCA and TEA. Future research should focus on developing integrated TEA-LCA tool, formulating approach to incorporate optimization method with integrated TEA-LCA tool, and developing strategy of proper communication of results from integrated LCA-TEA tool to broad range of stakeholders.
Testing and Modeling of Board Level Reliability of WLCSP under UHAST Conditions

Board-level reliability of wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) is studied by both experiments and numerical modeling in this paper. The test condition is unbiased highly accelerated stress test (UHAST) followed by electrical inspections. One sample failed the test, and failure analysis showed that the failed sample has solder joint degradation and back metal peeling issues. To understand the failure mechanism, nonlinear hygro-thermal-mechanical modeling was performed. To simulate the moisture-induced stresses, the equivalent diffusion expansion coefficient (CDE) method is adopted. Simplification are made for UHAST condition with uniform moisture distribution but without the vapor pressure effects at equilibrium. A total of 7 numerical cases were studied and compared. The simulation results showed that the solder joint plastic strains increases significantly after mounting to the PCB and applying the UHAST conditions. This is mainly due to the CTE and CDE mismatch between the PCB and the device. On the other hand, the peeling stresses at the die and back metal decrease after PCB mounting under UHAST compared to device-only scenario. It is assumed that there is loss of adhesion between the die and the back metal under extreme moisture conditions. Finally, the simulation confirmed that reducing back coating thickness can effectively reduce both the solder joint plastic strains and metal-silicon interfacial stresses, thus providing a feasible solution to enhance the reliability of the package.
Enterocutaneous fistula

Thirty-eight gastrointestinal-tract fistulas in 34 patients are reviewed. Thirty-six of the fistulas developed postoperatively, and most of these were secondary to inflammatory processes. The rate of spontaneous closure was 29 per cent. Twenty-two patients (64 per cent) needed surgical treatment to effect permanent closure of their fistulas. A course of hyperalimentation is recommended for the initial management of all gastrointestinal-tract fistulas, but a more aggressive approach is needed for those lesions that do not respond promptly.
Determining the prevalence of cannabis, tobacco, and vaping device mentions in online communities using natural language processing.

Abstract Introduction The relationship between cannabis, tobacco, and vaping devices is both rapidly changing and poorly understood, with consumers rapidly shifting between use of all three product types. Given this dynamic and evolving landscape, there is an urgent need to monitor and better understand co-use, dual-use, and transition patterns between these products. This study describes work that utilizes social media — in this case, Reddit — in conjunction with automated Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods to better understand cannabis, tobacco, and vaping device product usage patterns. Methods We collected Reddit data from the period 2013–2018, sourced from eight popular, high-volume Reddit communities (subreddits) related to the three product categories. We then manually annotated (coded) a set of 2640 Reddit posts and trained a machine learning-based NLP algorithm to automatically identify and disambiguate between cannabis or tobacco mentions (both smoking and vaping) in Reddit posts. This classifier was then applied to all data derived from the eight subreddits, 767,788 posts in total. Results The NLP algorithm achieved an overall moderate performance (overall F-score of 0.77). When applied to our large corpus of Reddit posts, we discovered that over 10% of posts in the smoking cessation subreddit r/stopsmoking were classified as referring to vaping nicotine, and that only 2% of posts from the subreddits r/electronic_cigarette and r/vaping were classified as referring to smoking (tobacco) cessation. Conclusions This study presents the results of applying an NLP algorithm designed to identify and distinguish between cannabis and tobacco mentions (both smoking and vaping) in Reddit posts, hence contributing to our currently limited understanding of co-use, dual-use, and transition patterns between these products.
Towards Behavioral Consistency in Animated Agents

We are seeking to outline a framework to create embodied agents with consistency both in terms of human actions and communications in general and individual humans in particular. Our goal is to drive this consistent behavior from internal or cognitive models of the agents.
Data-Centric Transformations for Locality Enhancement

On modern computers, the performance of programs is often limited by memory latency rather than by processor cycle time. To reduce the impact of memory latency, the restructuring compiler community has developed locality-enhancing program transformations such as loop permutation and tiling. These transformations work well for perfectly nested loops (loops in which all assignment statements are contained in the innermost loop), but their performance on codes such as matrix factorizations that contain imperfectly nested loops leaves much to be desired. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach called data-centric transformation. Instead of reasoning directly about the control structure of the program, a compiler using the data-centric approach chooses an order for the arrival of data elements in the cache, determines what computations should be performed when that data arrives, and generates the appropriate code. At runtime, program execution will automatically pull data into the cache in an order that corresponds approximately to the order chosen by the compiler; since statements that touch a data structure element are scheduled close together, locality is improved. The idea of data-centric transformation is very general, and in this paper, we discuss a particular transformation called data-shackling. We have implemented shackling in the SGI MIPSPro compiler which already has a sophisticated implementation of control-centric transformations for locality enhancement. We present experimental results on the SGI Octane comparing the performance of the two approaches, and show that for dense numerical linear algebra codes, data-shackling does better by factors of two to five.
Single-transceiver compressive antenna for high-capacity sensing and imaging applications

This paper presents a novel single-transceiver compressive reflector antenna for high-capacity sensing and imaging applications. The compressive antenna generates a spatial code in the imaging region, which is dynamically changed by using a mechanical rotation of the reflector. The scattered data measured by the single transceiver is processed using Compressive Sensing techniques in order to perform a 3D reconstruction of the object under test. Preliminary results show that the compressive reflector antenna outperforms traditional reflector antennas in terms of sensing channel capacity and reconstruction accuracy.
Sustained delivery of interleukin-2 from a poloxamer 407 gel matrix following intraperitoneal injection in mice.

Parenteral delivery of recombinant biologic response modifiers (BRMs) remains a challenge because of the brief intravascular half-life of most recombinant proteins and their associated rapid clearance from the circulation. Recombinant derived interleukin-2 (rIL-2) was formulated with Pluronic F-127, N.F. (poloxamer 407, N.F.) and the biological activity determined vs time at 4, 22, and 37°C. As assessed by rIL-2-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) uptake of [3H]thymidine, storage of rIL-2/poloxamer 407 (33% w/w) for 72 hr at 4 and 22°C did not result in an overall negative slope of the [3H]thymidine vs time profiles. However, storage of an rlL-2/poloxamer formulation at 37°C for 72 hr resulted in an approximate 15% reduction in the biological activity as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. As assessed by bioassay ([3H]thymidine uptake), the cumulative percentage rIL-2 released in vitro at 22°C after 8 hr from rIL-2/poloxamer 407 matrices containing either 30% (w/w) or 35% (w/w) poloxamer 407 was 81.8 ± 1.7 and 82.1 ± 4.7%, respectively. When ELISA was used to determine the amount of rIL-2 released vs time, the corresponding values for the cumulative percentage rIL-2 released were 82.6 ± 10.1 and 40.9 ± 8.8%. Cytotoxicity of rIL-2-stimulated PBLs cultured with poloxamer 407 (0.17%, w/w) toward malignant Daudi cells was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced compared to controls. Finally, mice injected with the rIL-2/poloxamer 407 formulation (1 × 105 U/inj. q.d. × 3 days) demonstrated a bioequivalent effect of rIL-2-induced natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro toward malignant murine YAC-1 cells at one-half the standard exogenously administered dose of rIL-2 known to generate enhanced NK lytic activity in mice (1 × 105 U/inj. b.i.d. x 3 days). No untoward systemic side effects were observed for mice injected i.p. with polymer vehicle alone (30%, w/w) (0.15 ml q.d. × 3 days), pH 7 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (0.15 ml q.d. × 3 days), rIL-2 formulated with poloxamer 407 (30%, w/w) (1 × 105 U/0.15 ml q.d. × 3 days and 0.5 × 105 U/0.15 ml q.d. × 3 days), or rIL-2 dissolved in PBS (1 × 105 U/0.15 ml b.i.d. × 3 days). Thus, poloxamer 407, N.F., did not denature rIL-2 when the latter was stabilized with human serum albumin (HSA), enhanced the in vitro lytic ability of human rIL-2-stimulated PBLs against malignant Daudi cells, and served as a sustained-release parenteral vehicle for rIL-2 when injected i.p. into mice. Thus, based on these preliminary findings, it appears that poloxamer 407, N.F., may potentially be useful for the formulation and sustained delivery of select protein pharmaceuticals following extravascular administration.
"Pumping" Iron: The Proteins

Iron is vital for life but can be toxic when in excess, so the body has developed ways to carefully maintain stable iron levels. Although numerous proteins involved in iron homeostasis have been identified, it is not clear how they all fit together to regulate iron levels. Two new studies ([ Nemeth et al .][1]; [ Meyron-Holtz et al .][2]) fit several more pieces into the puzzle of iron regulation, as [Beutler][3] outlines in his Perspective. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5704/2090 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5704/2087 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5704/2051
Greek Tragedy and Political Philosophy: Conclusion: Nietzsche, Plato, and Aristotle on Philosophy and Tragedy

Tragedy and philosophy appear to be natural enemies. By showing that the greatest human beings may suffer terrible misfortune, unjustly, and for reasons beyond our comprehension, tragedy seems to teach us that the world is out of joint, that it is fundamentally indifferent or hostile to our efforts to achieve happiness, justice, and understanding, and hence that it is fundamentally at odds with our deepest desires. Philosophy, on the other hand, seems to teach that the pursuit of wisdom through reason alone is the greatest good for a human being, that reason is therefore capable of both understanding the world and of guiding us to happiness, and hence that the world is, at the very least, not opposed to our deepest desires. It is not surprising, then, that Socrates, the hero and in a sense the founder of the philosophic tradition, as a tradition of moral and political philosophy, would denounce “the tragic life” as one that is surrounded by a multitude of lies ( Cratylus 408c7–8) and would insist that Homer, “the most poetic and first of the tragic poets,” be expelled from the most just political society, the one ruled by philosopher–kings ( Republic 607a2–3). And it is not surprising that, when Nietzsche launched his attack on the tradition of philosophy, he did so in the name of tragedy.
"Play it Again, Sam": Historical Slide Presentations in Public Programming—A Case Study

Attracting favorable attention to archival holdings and services is a fundamental concern of archivists as administrators. The slide presentation that depicts the history of the host institution using the resources of the archives can be an effective and economical promotional tool. Undertaking this kind of public programming requires an analysis of the potential audience, well-defined objectives, attention to technical decisions of format and length, product testing, and marketing. The Ohio State University Archives has developed a presentation that has drawn the attention of the entire institutional community— administrators, staff, faculty, students, staff, and alumni.
A photorespiratory bypass increases plant growth and seed yield in biofuel crop Camelina sativa.

Camelina sativa is an oilseed crop with great potential for biofuel production on marginal land. The seed oil from camelina has been converted to jet fuel and improved fuel efficiency in commercial and military test flights. Hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel from camelina is environmentally superior to that from canola due to lower agricultural inputs, and the seed meal is FDA approved for animal consumption. However, relatively low yield makes its farming less profitable. Our study is aimed at increasing camelina seed yield by reducing carbon loss from photorespiration via a photorespiratory bypass. Genes encoding three enzymes of the Escherichia coli glycolate catabolic pathway were introduced: glycolate dehydrogenase (GDH), glyoxylate carboxyligase (GCL) and tartronic semialdehyde reductase (TSR). These enzymes compete for the photorespiratory substrate, glycolate, convert it to glycerate within the chloroplasts, and reduce photorespiration. As a by-product of the reaction, CO2 is released in the chloroplast, which increases photosynthesis. Camelina plants were transformed with either partial bypass (GDH), or full bypass (GDH, GCL and TSR) genes. Transgenic plants were evaluated for physiological and metabolic traits. Expressing the photorespiratory bypass genes in camelina reduced photorespiration and increased photosynthesis in both partial and full bypass expressing lines. Expression of partial bypass increased seed yield by 50–57 %, while expression of full bypass increased seed yield by 57–73 %, with no loss in seed quality. The transgenic plants also showed increased vegetative biomass and faster development; they flowered, set seed and reached seed maturity about 1 week earlier than WT. At the transcriptional level, transgenic plants showed differential expression in categories such as respiration, amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. The increased growth of the bypass transgenics compared to WT was only observed in ambient or low CO2 conditions, but not in elevated CO2 conditions. The photorespiratory bypass is an effective approach to increase photosynthetic productivity in camelina. By reducing photorespiratory losses and increasing photosynthetic CO2 fixation rates, transgenic plants show dramatic increases in seed yield. Because photorespiration causes losses in productivity of most C3 plants, the bypass approach may have significant impact on increasing agricultural productivity for C3 crops.
Bargaining for your privacy in the information age: Systematic factors undermining the equity of user-company online information transactions

Consumer privacy and protection of personal information are among the forefront of emerging complex social issues in the internet age. This growing threat to consumers' safety and security is framed as a systemic problem of structural inequality, specifically one where consumers are situated in positions of inferior bargaining power compared to the online service providers they engage in personal information transactions with. We propose a host of vestigial societal factors interacting with the turbulently transitional information-based economy, including outdated legal and economic regulations as well as cognitive limitations and cultural preferences among public users, reinforce and exacerbate these inequitable consumer-company relationships. Potential implications on future policy, social changes and directions for future research are discussed.
Unbundled and Highly Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes from Aqueous Reactions

In this communication, we show that aryldiazonium salts can react efficiently with individual SDS-coated SWNTs in water to form aryl functionalized SWNTs. Remarkably, the resulting SWNTs have up to 1 in 9 carbons along their backbones bearing an organic moiety and they remain unbundled throughout their entire lengths, even with these relatively small functional moieties.
Geometric and Electronic Structures of Manganese-Substituted Iron Superoxide Dismutase

The active-site structures of the oxidized and reduced forms of manganese-substituted iron superoxide dismutase (Mn(Fe)SOD) are examined, for the first time, using a combination of spectroscopic and computational methods. On the basis of electronic absorption, circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD), and variable-temperature variable-field MCD data obtained for oxidized Mn(Fe)SOD, we propose that the active site of this species is virtually identical to that of wild-type manganese SOD (MnSOD), with both containing a metal ion that resides in a trigonal bipyramidal ligand environment. This proposal is corroborated by quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) computations performed on complete protein models of Mn(Fe)SOD in both its oxidized and reduced states and, for comparison, wild-type (WT) MnSOD. The major differences between the QM/MM optimized active sites of WT MnSOD and Mn(Fe)SOD are a smaller (His)N–Mn–N(His) equatorial angle and a longer (Gln146(69))NH···O(sol) H-bond distance in the me...
Heavy-Atom Kinetic Isotope Effects, Cocatalysts, and the Propagation Transition State for Polymerization of 1-Hexene Using the rac-(C2H4(1-indenyl)2)ZrMe2 Catalyst Precursor

Using 13C NMR techniques, the 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the polymerization of 1-hexene catalyzed by rac-(C2H4(1-indenyl)2)ZrMe2 in the presence of four different cocatalysts (tris(pentfluorophenyl)borane, tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane, anilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, and methylalumoxane) have been determined. All cocatalysts yield similar KIEs within experimental uncertainty, with values of 1.009(1) and 1.017(2) at C1 and C2, respectively. Ab initio DFT computational modeling of the polymerization KIE indicates that alkene binding to the catalyst must be reversible, with the majority of the KIE developing in the subsequent migratory insertion reaction.
Sure Almost Global vs. Global Almost Sure Synchronization on the Circle: The Virtues of Stochastic Hybrid Feedback

Abstract This paper introduces a stochastic, hybrid algorithm for global almost sure synchronization of two agents evolving on the circle. Recent results on stochastic hybrid systems are exploited and a Lyapunov-based proof of global almost sure synchronization is obtained. The same arguments establish that global almost sure practical synchronization is achieved in the presence of sufficiently small disturbances. In contrast, sure almost global algorithms are more seriously affected by adversarial disturbances. Namely, there is a set of initial conditions with nonzero measure from which the agents may not approximately synchronize.
Kidney transplantation in infants and small children

Transplantation is now the preferred treatment for children with end-stage kidney disease. But not all pediatric age groups have enjoyed the same success. The number of transplants in infants and young children has lagged behind the number in older children. One reason for this is the philosophy of some centers to maintain infants on dialysis until they reach some arbitrarily determined age, at which time they would undergo a transplant. If kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for older children with renal failure, and equivalent results can be obtained in all age groups, why should it not be offered to these youngest patients? Our center's philosophy for many years has been not to restrict transplant based on size or age. We have performed over 50 kidney transplants in infant recipients, and have shown equivalent results to those obtained in older children. Important factors in obtaining a successful outcome include the use of adult kidneys from a living donor, careful attention to operative and perioperative care, and performing the transplant early or in a preemptive fashion. The latter allows for minimizing the negative impact of uremia on physical and neurologic development in infants.
Prolongation of the yeast life span by the v-Ha-RAS oncogene.

Summary The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a finite life span that is defined by the number of times the cell divides. The patterns of expression of certain genes change in a specific manner during the life span, implying that at least some of the manifestations of the ageing process are subject to gene regulation. It has now been determined that the controlled expression of the RAS oncogene in yeast increases the longevity of this organism, indicating that, conversely, a defined alteration in the activity of a single gene can extend this organism's life span. The results suggest that there is a balance between life-span extension and growth arrest when RAS is expressed. Inasmuch as the homologues of RAS in yeast function to integrate cell metabolism with the cell cycle, these studies raise the possibility that this integrative function may also apply to the co-ordination of successive cell cycles during the life span.
Rb2Cu3CeTe5: a quaternary semiconducting compound with a two-dimensional polytelluride framework

Rb 2 Cu 3 CeTe 5 has been synthesized from the reaction of Cu and Ce in a molten alkali metal/polytelluride flux. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, C2/m (no. 12) with a=18.6884(1) A, b=6.2384(2) A, c=12.5264(3) A, β=112.795(1)°, V=1346.34(5) A 3 , and Z=4. Rb 2 Cu 3 CeTe 5 is two-dimensional with 1/∞[Cu 3 CeTe 5 ] 2– layers built from one-dimensional 1/∞ [Cu 2 CeTe 5 ] 3– chains that are ‘stitched’ together by distorted tetrahedral Cu atoms; the compound is paramagnetic and a narrow-gap p-type semiconductor.
Learning Progressions Provide Road Maps for the Development and Validity of Assessments and Curriculum Materials

Paul Black, Mark Wilson, and Shih-Ying Yao in “Road Maps for Learning: A Guide to the Navigation of Learning Progressions” provide a number of important ideas to consider regarding the development ...
A phosphatase specific for nucleoside diphosphates.

A new enzyme, nucleoside diphosphatase, which specifically hydrolyzes GDP, IDP and UDP, but not ADP, to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates and inorganic phosphate has been identified in a preparation from pork kidney cortex. The enzyme is heat labile and requires the addition of Mg++ for activity.
An extension of Kendall's coefficient of concordance to bivariate interval censored data

Non-parametric tests of independence, as well as accompanying measures of association, are essential tools for the analysis of bivariate data. Such tests and measures have been developed for uncensored and right censored failure time data, but have not been developed for interval censored failure time data. Bivariate interval censored data arise in AIDS studies in which screening tests for early signs of viral and bacterial infection are done at clinic visits. Because of missed clinic visits, the actual times of first positive screening tests are interval censored. To handle such data, we propose an extension of Kendall's coefficient of concordance. We apply it to data from an AIDS study that recorded times of shedding of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and times of colonization of mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). We examine the performance of our proposed measure through a simulation study.
Accessory mitral valve associated with mitral cleft, bicuspid aortic valve, and aortic coarctation.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] Transthoracic echocardiogram showed accessory mitral valve tissue (red arrow) attached to the anterior leaflet, encroaching into the left ventricular outflow tract without obstruction. ![Figure][1] [![Graphic][4] ][4]
Chronic HO-1 Induction with Cobalt Protoporphyrin (CoPP) Treatment Increases Oxygen Consumption, Activity, Heat Production and Lowers Body Weight in Obese Melanocortin-4 Receptor Deficient Mice

Heme oxygenase-1 induction (HO-1) elicits chronic weight loss in several rodent models of obesity. Despite these findings, the mechanism by which HO-1 induction reduces body weight is unclear. Chronic HO-1 induction does not alter food intake, suggesting other mechanisms such as increases in metabolism and activity may be responsible for the observed reduction of body weight. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of weight loss elicited by chronic HO-1 induction in a model of genetic obesity due to melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency. Experiments were performed on loxTB MC4R-deficient mice as well as lean controls. Mice were administered cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, 5 mg kg−1), an inducer of HO-1, once weekly, from 4 to 23 weeks of age. Body weights were measured weekly and fasted blood glucose and insulin, as well as food intake were determined at 18 weeks of age. Oxygen consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), activity and body heat production were measured at 20 weeks of age. Chronic CoPP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight from 5 weeks on in loxTB mice. Chronic CoPP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in fasted blood glucose levels, plasma insulin and a significant increase in plasma adiponectin levels in MC4R-deficient mice. Chronic CoPP treatment increased VO2 (47±4 vs 38±3 ml kg−1 per min, P<0.05) and VCO2 (44±7 vs 34±4 ml kg−1 per min, P<0.05) in treated vs non-treated, MC4R-deficient mice (n=4). Heat production (10%) and activity (18%) were also significantly (P<0.05) increased in CoPP-treated MC4R-deficient mice. Our results suggest that chronic HO-1 induction with CoPP induction elicits weight loss by increasing metabolism and activity by an MC4R-independent pathway.
A Factor Analytic Study of International Segmentation Performance Measures

ABSTRACT The relevance of international market segmentation is predicated upon its ability to contribute to firm performance. The challenge is to identify appropriate measures of performance that will allow a firm to assess the success of its segmentation strategy. Toward that end, this paper presents the results of a two-phase study where international segmentation performance dimensions are identified through a series of case studies (phase I), measured through a survey of qualified key informants (phase II), and analyzed using factor analysis. The analysis identifies 16 performance dimensions and four underlying factors that organizations are using to evaluate international segmentation strategy.
The UV Absorption Spectra of Chemical Agents and Simulants

The uv spectra of chemical agents GA, GB, GD, VX, HD, and L and common agent simulants have been measured in cyclohexane solution from 350 to 200 nm. The purity of the agents, measured by gas chromatographic analysis, was in general >96%. At 230 nm, the strength of the uv absorption followed the general trend L > VX > GA > HD > GD > GB > DMMP. Except for HD and L, agent spectra lacked characteristic features that will be useful for remote detection by uv sensors.