cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights into Dye-Sensitization of Planar TiO2: Evidence for Involvement of a Protonated Surface State

The pH dependence of sensitized photocurrent for porphyrin-derivatized planar TiO 2 films in regenerative photoelectrochemical cells is reported. The porphyrin sensitizers 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-trimesitylporphinatozinc(II) (1), 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-trimesitylporphine (2), and 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-trimesitylporphinatoplatinum(II) (3) were studied. The TiO 2 conduction band edge potential (E C B ) shifted from -0.43 V to +0.16 V vs Ag/AgCl ( a q ) from pH 12 to pH 2, a shift of 59 ′ 2 mV per pH unit. Excited-state potentials (E 1 / 2 +/*) of 1-3 ranged from -1.57 to -0.91 V vs Ag/AgCl ( a q ) , well negative of E C B . Nonetheless, for all three porphyrins a 10-fold increase in the magnitude of sensitized photocurrent was observed upon acidification of the electrolyte from pH 12 to pH 2. Photocurrent vs pH data did not depend on the sensitizer excited-state potential. A model is proposed wherein protonation of a surface state is required for charge compensation and photocurrent production. Therefore, the magnitude of sensitized photocurrent is determined by surface protonation/deprotonation equilibria.
ktrans as a quantitative indicator of calf muscle perfusion at peak exercise

Background Quantitative contrast enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) may be valuable for calf perfusion assessment in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The Kety equation describes the dynamic relationship between the concentration of gadolinium (Gd) in tissue and in arterial blood. ktrans is the rate at which Gd enters the interstitial space and it is determined by blood flow (F) as well as the Gd extraction rate (E). We aimed to measure ktrans at peak exercise in healthy (NL) and PAD subjects.
Modeling of the 1900–1980 trend of precipitation acidity at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire

Abstract Sulfate and nitrate concentrations in precipitation from 1900 to 1980 at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire are modeled using constant meteorology but annually varying emission strength. The contribution of U.S. emissions to the annual average SO 2− 4 concentration increased steadily from 0.8 to 2.0 mgl −1 between 1900 and 1920 but remained fairly constant afterwards. The NO − 3 concentration increased steadily from 0.25 to 1.3mg l −1 over the eight decades. Canada emissions in 1980 added about 17% to the sulfate and 7% to the nitrate concentrations. The estimated annual average pH of precipitation decreased from 4.7 in the beginning of the century to about 4.2 at present. These calculations are in good agreement with the measurements for the period 1964–1981.
Incorporating Extra Information in Nonparametric Smoothing

Nonparametric estimation of conditional mean functions has been studied extensively in the literature. This paper addresses the question of how to use extra informations to improve the estimation. Particularly, we consider the situation that the conditional mean functionE(Z|X) is of interest and there is an auxiliary variable available which is correlated with bothXandZ. A two-stage kernel smoother is proposed to incorporate the extra information. We prove that the asymptotic optimal mean squared error of the proposed estimator is smaller than that obtained when using the Nadaraya?Watson estimator directly without the auxiliary variable. A simulation study is also carried out to illustrate the procedure.
Real-time auto white balancing using DWT-based multi-scale clustering

Auto white balancing (AWB) involves the process of making white colors to appear as white under different illuminants in digital imaging products such as digital still cameras. This paper presents a computationally efficient auto white balancing algorithm for real-time deployment in imaging products. The algorithm utilizes DWT (discrete wavelet transform) to perform multi-scale clustering (MSC), thus generating a computationally efficient implementation of the original MSC algorithm. The paper also discusses the steps taken to allow running this algorithm in real-time on a digital camera processor. The results of an actual implementation on the Texas Instruments TMS320DM320 processor are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm in identifying an illuminant as compared to the widely used gray-world auto white balancing algorithm.
A comparison of airborne eddy correlation and bulk aerodynamic methods for ocean-air turbulent fluxes during cold-air outbreaks

The viscous interfacial-sublayer model of Liu et al. (1979) is used to derive four bulk schemes (LKB, FG, D, and DB), with the flux-profile relationships of Lie et al., Francey and Garratt (1981), Dyer (1974), and Dyer and Bradley (1982). These schemes, with stability-dependent transfer coefficients, are tested against the eddy-correlation fluxes measured at the 50-m flight level above the western Atlantic Ocean during cold-air outbreaks. The bulk fluxes of momentum (tau), sensible heat (H), and latent heat (E) are found to increase with various von Karman constants. The dependence of transfer coefficients on wind speeds and roughness lengths is discussed. The transfer coefficients for tau and E agree excellently between LKB and FG. The ratio of the coefficent for H of LKB to that of FG, increasing with decreasing stability, is very sensitive to stability at low winds, but approaches the neutral value of 1.25 at high winds.
Slow Manifolds and Multiple Equilibria in Stratocumulus‐Capped Boundary Layers

[1] In marine stratocumulus-capped boundary layers under strong inversions, the timescale for thermodynamic adjustment is roughly a day, much shorter than the multiday timescale for inversion height adjustment. Slow-manifold analysis is introduced to exploit this timescale separation when boundary layer air columns experience only slow changes in their boundary conditions. Its essence is that the thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer remains approximately slaved to its inversion height and the instantaneous boundary conditions; this slaved structure determines the entrainment rate and hence the slow evolution of the inversion height and can be regarded as a one-dimensional slow manifold. Slow-manifold analysis is applied to mixed-layer model and large-eddy simulations of an idealized nocturnal stratocumulus-capped boundary layer. Both models are found to have multiple equilibria; depending on the initial inversion height, the simulations slowly evolve toward a shallow thin-cloud boundary layer or a deep, well-mixed thick cloud boundary layer. In the mixed-layer model, this can be described using a single slow manifold bifurcated by an unstable equilibrium inversion height which separates a branch that evolves toward a deep steady state from a branch which shallows indefinitely. In the large-eddy simulations, there are two separate slow manifolds (one of which becomes unstable if cloud droplet concentration is reduced). On one, the boundary layer is well-mixed and deepens to a thick-cloud steady state. On the other, the boundary layer is decoupled and shallows to a thin-cloud steady state. If the initial inversion height supports an optically thick but nearly nondrizzling cloud, it evolves onto the well-mixed manifold; if the initial cloud layer is either too thin to efficiently radiatively cool, or thick enough to heavily drizzle, it evolves onto the decoupled manifold. Applications to analysis of stratocumulus observations and to pockets of open cells and ship tracks are proposed.
Partial Nucleotide Sequence Similarity within Species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma

The nucleotide sequence relationships between 18 species of Mycoplasma and 3 species of Acholeplasma were examined by solution DNA hybridization. Radiolabeled DNAs from strains representing 13 Mycoplasma and 2 Acholeplasma species were used as hybridization probes. The mycoplasmas were heterogeneous but displayed a low degree of conserved information of the order of 3 to 5% of the genome. However, several species within each genus showed 13 to 15% homology. There was no detectable homology between species from the two genera, and M. pneumoniae and M. neurolyticum appeared to be unrelated to any of the other Mycoplasma species or to each other. These results suggest that it may be possible to isolate genes common to most, if not all, Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species.
Increased lymph alkaline phosphatase after fat feeding: effects of medium chain triglycerides and inhibition of protein synthesis.

Abstract The mechanism involved in the increase of lymph alkaline phosphate after fat feeding has been studied utilizing male rats with mesentric lymph fistulas. There was good correlation between the levels of alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides in mesentric lymph both in the basal state and after administration of micellar solutions of oleic acid. Increased phosphatase activity in lymph occurred within the first hour after fate feeding, and this response was not altered in animals with a bile fistula. After the infusion of micellar solutions of octanoic acid, a medium chain fatty acid absorbed via the portal stream, there was a rise in lymph alkaline phosphatese but without an elevation of triglyceride. The suggests that the stimulus for the elevation of phosphatase in the lymph during lipid absorption involves the uptake or transport of lipid into the cell rather than its exit into the lymph. Acetoxycycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevented the rise in lymph alkalinee phosphatase after infusion of micellr solutions of both oleic and octanoic acid suggesting that increased synthesisof the enzyme was involved. In acetoxycyoloheximide treated male rats receiving micellar solutions of oleic acid there was still some inrease in lymph triglyceride although there was no elevation of lymph alkaline phosphatase. Therefore alkaline phosphatases is probably not essential for the transport of lipid into lymph.
Free Energy Landscape of Nonspecific Protein-DNA Encounter

Although structural, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of protein-DNA recognition have enhanced our understanding of both nonspecific and specific interaction mechanism, a few points are still in questioned, which are related to (i) how fast a protein can reach a given target on DNA and how long it will reside on DNA to perform its function, (ii) the energetic nature of protein-DNA interactions accompanied by conformational change, and (iii) the state of water in the DNA grooves and its role in the process of protein-DNA recognition. Here we have used the nuclease domain of colicin E7 (N-ColE7) from E. coli in complex with a 12-bp DNA as the model system to draw a picture of how a protein is encountering DNA. Brownian Dynamics (BD) coupled with Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to provide the encoutering process in multiple timescales. Several encounter complexes, which have different positions and orientations of protein around DNA in the initial structures, are extracted from MD trajectories. Then those encounters are simulated using BD to estimate the association rates at different protein binding sites on DNA, characterize the reaction pathway based on the free energy landscape and determine the spatial and orientational aspects required for the association. The results facilitate better understanding of sequence-independent protein-DNA binding landscapes and suggest the favorable encounter states.
RANKING ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS" Empirical Findings and a Theoretical Perspective

Evaluations of academic departments through peer review rankings have assumed importance in decision making by government officials, university administrators, and department chairpersons. This article reviews the history of these highly publicized rankings and subsequent attempts to identify empirical correlates of the ratings. New findings are presented which indicate that the ACE rankings can be predicted almost perfectly (r=.91) with one measure—departmental rate of publication in highly cited journals. The implications of this finding are discussed, since it both supports the notion of peer rankings but also reveals some inherent weaknesses in the academic assessment process. Finally, it is suggested that concepts from social stratification theory can illuminate our understanding of evaluation in higher education.
Nonlinear regression methods for simultaneous property measurement

A general procedure for the statistical estimation of thermal properties from experimental data is reviewed. The procedure, based on the techniques of nonlinear regression, includes all traditional methods of property determination and removes four specific restrictions frequently imposed on the design of property measurement experiments. This article surveys nonlinear-regression techniques and applications. A new convergence criterion for halting the iterative calculations is presented. The criterion Tnorm is based on the Euclidean norm of the scaled normal-equation residuals, equaling zero at a minimum of the root-mean-square deviation Trms and being scaled never to exceed Trms.
Rumo ao ecofeminismo queer

The present paper proposes a shift in ecofeminism. If this theorethical perspective already criticized the women-nature symbolic connection, it has not explored yet the connections between sexual diversities and nature and the discussions about our heteronormative projections in nature. Gaard states that Western culture has its grounds in a fear or hatred not only of homosexuals and their sexual intercourse, but of eroticism in general. She names it erotophobia, and it is because of erotophobia that non-reproductive sexual acts are viewed as moral deviation or perversion. To show us how pervasive erotophobia is she analyzes the history of Christianity and the colonization of America to highlight the conections between different forms of oppression (of women, of queer sexualities, of non-white people, of nature). What characterizes a queer perspective in ecofeminism is exactly the attention to thinking those interconnections and a will to rethink and liberate the erotic as a form of power.
Quantitation of lipid peroxidation products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract A method for the quantitation of lipid peroxidation products in total hepatic lipid has been developed. Lipid extracts are reduced and subsequently transmethylated with sodium methoxide. The hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters are isolated by silicic acid chromatography and derivatized to their trimethylsilyl ethers prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three isomers, 11-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosateraenoic acid (HETE), are quantitated using selected ion monitoring techniques relative to the internal standard, methyl 15-hydroxyarachidate. In mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg), the HETE levels in total hepatic lipid were 20-fold greater than those found in control animals. HETE levels were also elevated (5- to 10-fold) in hepatic lipid from rats treated with the same dose of carbon tetrachloride. Studies on subcellular fractions with this methodology show that these lipid peroxidation products are 5- to 6-fold higher in hepatic plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rats treated with carbon tetrachloride when compared with those isolated from control animals.
Dopaminergic suppression of angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion in man: differential responses during sodium loading and depletion.

Previous studies have shown that aldosterone secretion may be inhibited by dopaminergic mechanisms in man. Dopamine does not inhibit aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in sodium-replete normal subjects. Since sodium deficiency is associated with a reduction in renal dopamine formation, we investigated the effect of dopamine on angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion in the sodium-depleted state. Six normal subjects in balance at 10 mEq sodium intake (UNaV 17 ± 2 meq24 hr) received dopamine 4 μg/kg/min or vehicle for 210 minutes on two consecutive days. After 60 minutes of the dopamine or vehicle infusion, the subjects received successive 30-minute infusions of angiotensin II in increasing doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 picomol/kg/min. Control plasma aldosterone concentrations before vehicle or dopamine were 15 ± 3 (mean 1 ± SE) and 25 ± 3 ng/dL, respectively. Aldosterone responses to angiotensin II were greater with vehicle than dopamine at angiotensin II doses of 4 and 6 picomol/kg/min (P < 0.025). The slope of angiotensin-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0.33) than with dopamine (0.16), P < 0.01. Serum prolactin concentrations were lower with dopamine (1.6 ± 0.8 ng/mL) than with vehicle (6.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL, P < 0.05) by 120 minutes of infusion and remained suppressed with dopamine for the remainder of the dopamine infusion. Diastolic blood pressure was higher (P < 0.05) with vehicle than with dopamine at angiotensin II doses of 2, 4, and 6 picomol/kg/min. Dopamine administration was associated with an increase in plasma cortisol concentration from 90 to 150 minutes of infusion (P < 0.05). The same six subjects in balance at 300 mEq sodium intake (UNaV 287 ± 18 meq24 hr) had no difference in aldosterone response or slope of the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve with dopamine or vehicle. Serum prolactin concentrations were lower with dopamine (5.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL) than with vehicle (9.3 ± 1.4 ng/mL, P < 0.05) by 90 minutes of infusion and remained suppressed for the rest of the study. Cortisol levels were significantly higher with dopamine than with vehicle from 120 to 150 minutes of infusion (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dopamine inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion during sodium deficiency in man.
Robust, Soluble Pentacene Ethers

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of alkoxy-substituted silylethynylated pentacene derivatives (R = CH2CH2, CHCH, CH2). All three compounds are easily prepared, soluble in common organic solvents, and stable both as solids and in solution. Two of the derivatives possess significant π-face interactions in the crystal. Values for λmax for these new pentacene derivatives range from 621 to 674 nm, and oxidation potentials lie between 109 and 301 mV versus ferrocene.
The Effect of 2-Mercapto-1-(Beta-4-Pyridethyl) Benzimidazole (MPB) on Cell Differentiation and RNA Synthesis in the Protozoon Tetrahymena vorax1

SYNOPSIS. Differentiation of small-mouthed cells (microstomes) into large-mouthed, potentially carnivorous cells (macrostomes) in Tetrahymena vorax is prevented by 2-mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl) benzimidazole (MPB). This differentiation, induced by the transforming principle, stomatin, isolated from the potential prey, Tetrahymena pyriformis, is a synchronous process in which 70–95% of the population of T. vorax microstomes transform into macrostomes within 450 min. MPB also inhibits RNA synthesis in transforming microstomes while having little effect on protein synthesis. Finally, the effect of MPB on both transformation and RNA synthesis is reversible.
The morphology and size of the extracellular polysaccharides from oral streptococci

Abstract The morphology and size of polysaccharide molecules obtained from three strains of oral streptococci was studied by electron microscopy using negative contrast and platinum-shadowing techniques. The polysaccharides have a tendency to aggregate. Frequently glucans formed clusters of numerous molecules that clumped together. This property may be significant in the formation of dental plaque. Individual molecules appeared as ellipsoidal particles. The polysaccharides of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus salivarius had a mean width of 285 A, 248 A and 282 A and a mean height of 52 A, 41 A and 46 A respectively. The observed compact shape of the levan is in agreement with its low intrinsic viscosity as determined previously.
Post-traumatic basal ganglia haemorrhage in a child with primary central nervous system lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare tumour of childhood with 15–20 cases reported yearly in North America. We present a case of a 13-year-old boy diagnosed with PCNSL who presented more than one-and-a-half years post-treatment with high dose cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate with a right-sided basal ganglia haemorrhage on MRI following a concussion while playing organised football against medical advice. There was no evidence of an underlying vascular malformation or recurrent disease by MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis or positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT). However, 6 months post-injury he presented with asymptomatic disease recurrence of the frontal lobe. Our case reports an unusual MRI pattern of post-traumatic injury in a child previously treated for PCNSL that would support a recommendation for the avoidance of contact sports in this population.
Purity and the Dead Sea Scrolls—Current Issues:

The subject of purity in early Judaism has fascinated modern scholars and proved to be a particularly fruitful vein of study in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The recovery, transcription and publication of numerous fragments of texts over the last two decades have changed the portrait of the Scrolls and the communities behind them from what was previously envisaged. To the original characterization of the sectarian Scrolls as the work of pious monks awaiting the eschaton, we can now detect a strong emphasis on Jewish law throughout these texts. Matters of purity and cult form the majority of these laws.
Use of lichen biomass to monitor dissolved metals in natural waters.

The use of lichens for monitoring airborne metals is based on their immobility and a tendency to accumulate metals to a high degree by the trapping of atmospheric particles and by adsorptive ion exchange processes in which dissolved metals in rainwater are picked up by cellular membranes. The powerful metal-accumulating ability of lichens has been demonstrated in the laboratory. This strong metal accumulating ability of lichen biomass from aqueous solutions would seem to make lichen material an ideal biomonitor of dissolved metals in natural waters. To test this the present study was initiated to monitor dissolved zinc, copper, lead, nickel, cadmium, iron, manganese, chromium, and mercury in an industrially-impacted bayou in southwestern Louisiana. The results obtained with lichen biomonitors will be compared with other studies of the same metals in periphyton and sediments from this waterway.
The Feasibility of Concentrating/Separating Dilute Nitrocellulose Acid Wastewaters by Reverse Osmosis

Abstract : This feasibility study focused on the application of membrane technology for the concentration and/or separation of dilute acid wastewaters. Preliminary laboratory investigations using commercially available cellulose- acetate reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were conducted. The objective of this study was to concentrate the dilute acids as a unit process toward abating the nitrate pollution problem or as an intermediate step in the recovery of the nitric and sulphuric acids. Results of these preliminary investigations indicated that RO was a potential candidate for larger scale application and, therefore, more detailed work was warranted. Of special interest was the development of an acid-resistant membrane to counter the susceptibility of cellulose-acetate to hydrolysis when continuously exposed in an acidic environment. The application of cellulose-acetate and modified sulfonated polyphenylene oxide RO membranes as a unit process in the treatment of dilute acid wastewaters generated at the nitrocellulose manufacturing plant is technically feasible. Acidic corrosion of the metallic components of the RO system can introduce operational problems that will significantly interfere with the rejection and flux rates of the RO membranes.
Rear-arc vs. arc-front volcanoes in the Katmai reach of the Alaska Peninsula: a critical appraisal of across-arc compositional variation

Physical and compositional data and K-Ar ages are reported for 14 rear-arc volcanoes that lie 11–22 km behind the narrowly linear volcanic front defined by the Mount Katmai-to-Devils Desk chain on the Alaska Peninsula. One is a 30-km3 stratocone (Mount Griggs; 51–63% SiO2) active intermittently from 292 ka to Holocene. The others are monogenetic cones, domes, lava flows, plugs, and maars, of which 12 were previously unnamed and unstudied; they include seven basalts (48–52% SiO2), four mafic andesites (53–55% SiO2), and three andesite-dacite units. Six erupted in the interval 500–88 ka, one historically in 1977, and five in the interval 3–2 Ma. No migration of the volcanic front is discernible since the late Miocene, so even the older units erupted well behind the front. Discussion explores the significance of the volcanic front and the processes that influence compositional overlaps and differences among mafic products of the rear-arc volcanoes and of the several arc-front edifices nearby. The latter have together erupted a magma volume of about 200 km3, at least four times that of all rear-arc products combined. Correlation of Sr-isotope ratios with indices of fractionation indicates crustal contributions in volcanic-front magmas (0.7033–0.7038), but lack of such trends among the rear-arc units (0.70298–0.70356) suggests weaker and less systematic crustal influence. Slab contributions and mantle partial-melt fractions both appear to decline behind the front, but neither trend is crisp and unambiguous. No intraplate mantle contribution is recognized nor is any systematic across-arc difference in intrinsic mantle-wedge source fertility discerned. Both rear-arc and arc-front basalts apparently issued from fluxing of typically fertile NMORB-source mantle beneath the Peninsular terrane, which docked here in the Mesozoic.
Picking first energy on marine seismic refraction records

Abstract From marine seismic refraction records an empirical relation is determined between the explosive charge weight and the onset time which is defined as the time interval from the first arriving seismic energy and the first downswing or minimum pressure. Different explosive compounds, TNT, Composition B, and Nitramon all appear to follow the relation: Onset time (sec) = 0·086 + 0·015 log weight (kg).
Small angle light scattering of bovine cornea as affected by birefringence.

Abstract The birefringence of bovine cornea considerably changes the small angle light scattering patterns obtained. The effect of birefringence was minimized by providing polarized light in the direction parallel to the local principle polarizabilities of the cornea. With such a set up I + patterns were obtained showing a 0–90° type cloverleaf. However, the symmetry axes of the cloverleaf patterns did not always coincide with the direction of polarization. This is interpreted in terms of the collagen fibril arrangements in the cornea with special reference to the topographic distribution of the angle existing between the geometric and optic axes of the fibrils. The random fluctuation in optical anisotropy originates from form birefringence.
Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to shortnose sturgeon fingerlings

Abstract The 96-h median-lethal concentration (96h LC50) of total ammonia nitrogen (ammonia-N) to fingerling shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum was 149.8 ± 55.20 mg/L (mean ± SD, 17.9 ± 0.62°C, pH = 6.8–7.3). Calculated 96-h LC50 for un-ionized ammonia-N was 0.58 ± 0.213 mg/L. The 96-h LC50 of nitrite nitrogen to shortnose sturgeon fingerlings was 11.3 ± 8.17 mg/L (17.9 ± 0.31°C, <1.0 mg chloride/L, <1.0 mg magnesium/L, 1.8 mg calcium/L, 7.7 mg sodium/L).
Determination of monoacetyldiamines and -polyamines in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A procedure is described for the determination of monoacetylputrescine, N1-acetylspermidine and N8-acetylspermidine in human urine. The procedure is based on the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (dansyl) derivatives of these amines using two different chromatographic modes. Monoacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane was used as an internal standard. The amines were extracted from urine using a silica gel cartridge. The dansyl monoacetylpolyamines were separated from the mixture of dansyl derivatives of urinary amines on a bonded-phase CN column using a programmed solvent gradient elution. The dansyl acetylpolyamines were rechromatographed on a silica gel column. This chromatographic procedure was used for the determination of the concentration of N1-acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine and monoacetylputrescine in the urine of healthy volunteers and cancer patients.
Socioeconomic indexes and the new 1980 census occupational classification scheme

Abstract Because of their usefulness in a wide variety of research, socioeconomic scores have been revised several times to incorporate changes in the relevant components of the occupational structure and to conform with the changing census occupational classification schemes. The major purpose of this paper is to provide socioeconomic scores for the 1980 census occupational classification scheme. First, however, we review earlier versions of the socioeconomic index (SEI), summarize the relevant disparities between the 1970 and 1980 census occupational classificatory schemes, and then explain in detail the procedures used to reconcile the SEI with 1980 occupational codes. We also show that, although the 1980 occupational classificatory scheme differs radically from the 1970 occupational scheme, the socioconomic scores for 1980 occupational data replicate features found in 1970 data.
Picking the optimal target for antibody-drug conjugates.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the cytotoxic potential of chemotherapeutic drugs with the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). After many years of unfulfilled promise, the field of...
One-Price Policy among Antebellum Country Stores

While “higgling” always occurred to some degree in most country stores, this article establishes evidence that, for many basic commodities, a system of standard prices existed in some country stores long before the Civil War.
Assessing the adequacy of self-reported alcohol abuse measurement across time and ethnicity: cross-cultural equivalence across Hispanics and Caucasians in 1992, non-equivalence in 2001–2002

Do estimates of alcohol abuse reflect true levels across United States Hispanics and non-Hispanic Caucasians, or does culturally-based, systematic measurement error (i.e., measurement bias) affect estimates? Likewise, given that recent estimates suggest alcohol abuse has increased among US Hispanics, the field should also ask, "Does cross-ethnic change in alcohol abuse across time reflect true change or does measurement bias influence change estimates?" To address these questions, I used confirmatory factor analyses for ordered-categorical measures to probe for measurement bias on two large, standardized, nationally representative, US surveys of alcohol abuse conducted in 1992 and 2001–2002. In 2001–2002, analyses investigated whether 10 items operationalizing DSM-IV alcohol abuse provided equivalent measurement across Hispanic (n = 4,893) and non-Hispanic Caucasians (n = 16,480). In 1992, analyses examined whether a reduced 6 item item-set provided equivalent measurement among 834 Hispanic and 14,8335 non-Hispanic Caucasians. In 1992, findings demonstrated statistically significant measurement bias for two items. However, sensitivity analyses showed that item-level bias did not appreciably bias item-set based alcohol abuse estimates among this cohort. For 2001–2002, results demonstrated statistically significant bias for seven items, suggesting caution regarding the cross-ethnic equivalence of alcohol abuse estimates among the current US Hispanic population. Sensitivity analyses indicated that item-level differences did erroneously impact alcohol abuse rates in 2001–2002, underestimating rates among Hispanics relative to Caucasians. 1992's item-level findings suggest that estimates of drinking related social or legal problems may underestimate these specific problems among Hispanics. However, impact analyses indicated no appreciable effect on alcohol abuse estimates resulting from the item-set. Efforts to monitor change in alcohol abuse diagnoses among the Hispanic community can use 1992 estimates as a valid baseline. In 2001–2002, item-level measurement bias on seven items did affect item-set based estimates. Bias underestimated Hispanics' self-reported alcohol abuse levels relative to non-Hispanic Caucasians. Given the cross-ethnic equivalence of 1992 estimates, bias in 2001–2002 speciously minimizes current increases in drinking behavior evidenced among Hispanics. Findings call for increased public health efforts among the Hispanic community and underscore the necessity for cultural sensitivity when generalizing measures developed in the majority to minorities.
INTERCULTURAL COUPLES: CROSSING BOUNDARIES, NEGOTIATING DIFFERENCES

Jill M. Bystydzienski, INTERCULTURAL COUPLES: CROSSING BOUNDARIES, NEGOTIATING DIFFERENCES, New York: New York University Press, 2011, 213 pp., $23.00 (paper) Jill Bystydzienski provides the reader...
Regularized Discriminant Analysis

Abstract Linear and quadratic discriminant analysis are considered in the small-sample, high-dimensional setting. Alternatives to the usual maximum likelihood (plug-in) estimates for the covariance matrices are proposed. These alternatives are characterized by two parameters, the values of which are customized to individual situations by jointly minimizing a sample-based estimate of future misclassification risk. Computationally fast implementations are presented, and the efficacy of the approach is examined through simulation studies and application to data. These studies indicate that in many circumstances dramatic gains in classification accuracy can be achieved.
Diagnosing, managing, and preventing salivary gland disorders.

Salivary function provides host protection, assists in the initiation of food and fluid intake, and enables communication through speech. Without adequate salivary output, oral and pharyngeal health declines along with a person’s quality of life. The complaint of a dry mouth (xerostomia) and the objective finding of salivary dysfunction are common occurrences in older individuals, producing transient and permanent oral and systemic problems. Salivary dysfunction, however, is not a normal consequence of growing older, and is due to systemic diseases, medications, and head and neck radiotherapy. Diagnosis of salivary disorders begins with a careful medical history, head, and neck examination. While complaints of xerostomia may be indicative of a salivary gland disorder, salivary diseases can present without symptoms. Therefore, routine examination of salivary function must be part of any head, neck, and oral examination. Therapies are designed to prevent the development of oral and pharyngeal sequelae of salivary hypofunction. Current xerostomia-based treatments include replacement therapies and gustatory, masticatory, and pharmacological stimulants. Healthcare professionals can play a vital role in identifying patients at risk for developing salivary dysfunction, and should provide appropriate preventative and interventive techniques that will help preserve a person’s health, function, and quality of life.
AMPHOTERIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS : I. THEORETICAL.

The amphoteric behavior of a system of two amphoteric components is theoretically examined; and this is shown to correspond more nearly with certain of the physical and chemical behaviors of living tissues than does the concept of a simple ampholyte.
That reminds me of a story... : the therapeutic use of cautionary tales

This story about stories illustrates two kinds of cautionary tales and attempts to account for why and how they are useful in therapy.
Changing cultural stigma: A pilot study of LGBT and mental illness organizations

Abstract This study examines how an LGBT advocacy organization and a mental illness advocacy organization influence cultural byproducts that result in stereotypes. Burke's (1989) redemption ritual is adapted as a framework for conceptualizing the process that occurs when an advocacy organization expresses discontent with a cultural producer's byproducts.
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia

Endovascular management and treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia has taken on an increasing role in recent years. The safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness have been validated in several studies. The procedure is best performed by an operator with a complete understanding of the pertinent imaging findings; a thorough knowledge of the risks, benefits, limitations, and technical challenges of the procedure; and understanding of the importance and necessity of long-term clinical management. This article outlines a general approach to endovascular management of chronic mesenteric ischemia and discusses indications, potential complications, and technical aspects of the procedure.
The effect of microstructural scale on hardness of MoSi2-Mo5Si3 eutectics

Recently there has been a renewed interest in molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) as a possible high temperature structural material. Extensive research on the mechanical behavior of monolithic and MoSi2-based materials is being performed and structure property relationships are beginning to be addressed (e.g. 1-4). Of particular interest to this study is the relationship between hardness and the microstructural scale of the MoSi2. It has previously been shown that some intermetallic compounds, like FeCo, FeCo-V and Ni3Mn, (5) obey the Hall-Petch relationship and Tiwari et al (6) have suggested the same for MoSi2. In the case of MoSi2, the reported data cover a range of grain diameters between 7 and 30 Bm (1,2,7-12) and this information is tabulated with the reported hardness values in Table I. It is apparent that a smaller grain size is associated with higher hardness values, but the amount of data is too limited to suggest a specific structure-property relationship. Although the hardness and grain diameter database for monolithic MoSi2 is small, a wide range of values have been reported for MoSi2-SiC particulate composites (13). This data shows that as the SiC content is increased the hardness also increased and the grain size of the MoSi2 decreased. It is interesting to speculate that some of the increased hardness may have resulted from a decreasing grain size.
Formation and molecular structure of novel Ru(III) dimers of a symmetric antitumor drug analogue

Abstract The symmetrical anionic and neutral dimers [H(TMSO)2]2 trans-[{RuCl4(TMSO)}2](μ-pyz) (1), and mer-[{RuCl3(TMSO)2}2](μ-pyz) (2) were isolated by the reaction of [H(TMSO)] trans-[RuCl4(TMSO)2] and mer-[RuCl3(TMSO)3] with heterocyclic nitrogen donor ligand pyrazine (pyz) at room temperature. These complexes can be regarded as unprecedented examples in the general Creutz-Taube family of ruthenium dimers. Each ruthenium center in 1 and 2 has a coordination environment akin to that of known anionic and neutral monomeric Ru(III) complexes. Crystals of 1 · acetone are orange, needle like, space group P 1 , a=10.419(3) A, b=10.539(3) A, c=12.595(5) A, α=69.837(16)°, β=69.968(15)°, γ=74.330(15)° and crystals of 2 · 4TMSO are orange prisms, trigonal, space group R 3 , a=33.971(5) A, b=33.971(5) A, c=12.210(2) A, α=90°, β=90° and γ=120°.
Recent Statements and Initiatives on Physical Activity and Health

Official pronouncements on the health implications of physical activity have been issued by several prestigious scientific and medical societies in recent years. This paper reviews the background that has led to the issuance of these statements and summarizes several of the statements. Statements issued by the American Heart Association and the American College of Sports Medicine during the 1970s focused on guidelines for the use of exercise in cardiac rehabilitation and fitness program settings. More recent statements issued by these organizations and others have addressed the role of physical activity in preventing disease and promoting the public health. As such, emphasis has shifted from endorsement of structured exercise to support of public health interventions to promote physical activity through environmental, policy, and personal lifestyle modifications.
Effects of copy center particles on the lungs: a toxicological characterization using a Balb/c mouse model

AbstractContext: Printers and photocopiers release respirable particles into the air. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been recently incorporated into toner formulations but their potential toxicological effects have not been well studied.Objective: To evaluate the biological responses to copier-emitted particles in the lungs using a mouse model.Methods: Particulate matter (PM) from a university copy center was sampled and fractionated into three distinct sizes, two of which (PM0.1 and PM0.1–2.5) were evaluated in this study. The particles were extracted and dispersed in deionized water and RPMI/10% FBS. Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were evaluated by dynamic light scattering. The toxicological potential of these particles was studied using 8-week-old male Balb/c mice. Mice were intratracheally instilled with 0.2, 0.6, 2.0 mg/kg bw of either the PM0.1 and PM0.1–2.5 size fractions. Fe2O3 and welding fumes were used as comparative materials, while RPMI/10% FBS was used as the vehicle control....
Coordinated Observations of High Power Interactions with the High Latitude Ionosphere

The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) transmitter in central Alaska changes the properties of the F-region with transmissions of high power radio waves that reflect in the ionosphere. Simultaneous measurements of radar scatter from plasma waves, radar scatter from field aligned irregularities, and radio wave spectra near the HF pump wave frequency provide a clear picture of the radio wave interactions. The HAARP F-region diagnostics are (1) Modular IJHF Ionospheric Radar (MURI), (2) Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), and (3) Stimulated Ionospheric 1 {missions Radio Receiving Array (SIKRRA). The MUIR incoherent scatter plasma line spectra are produced by Langmuir waves driven by the HF pump. The plasma line is initially intense with a decay associated with formation of field aligned irregularities (FAFs) that absorb the electromagnetic HF before reaching the reflection altitude. Consequently the growth of SuperDARN radar backscatter from FAI is coincident with the decay of the HF induced plasma lines, the independent SIERRA diagnostic of stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SHE) measured with ground receivers show a decay of a down-shifted spectral feature associated and a formation of a weak broad continuum. The temporal history of the radar and SEE data are being analyzed to provide a complete understanding of nonlinear interactions of high power EiM wave in the ionospheric over HAARP.
Outcomes of adults with restrictive cardiomyopathy after heart transplantation

Background Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) represents a spectrum of disorders with a common physiology but divergent etiologies. RCM commonly leads to progressive heart failure and the need for heart transplantation (HTx). Pediatric RCM is a more homogeneous disorder with post-HTx outcomes comparable to those for non-RCM patients. However, post-HTx outcomes in adult RCM patients have not been studied to date. Methods Demographic, clinical and survival outcomes of 38,190 adult HTx-only recipients from 1987 to 2010 were acquired from the registry of the United Network of Organ Sharing. The study population included 544 RCM patients (1.4%) and 37,646 non-RCM patients (98.6%). RCM diagnoses included idiopathic ( n = 227, 42%), amyloid ( n = 142, 26%), sarcoid ( n = 81, 15%), radiation/chemotherapy (XRT) ( n = 35, 6%) and other ( n = 59, 11%). Results Follow-up began at the time of HTx (74±64 months). During the follow-up period, 224 (41%) patients in the RCM group died, whereas 18,791 (50%) in the non-RCM group died. Crude 1-, 5- and 10-year survival for RCM patients was 84%, 66% and 45%, and for non-RCM patients was 85%, 70% and 50%, respectively. The overall unadjusted hazard ratio of RCM vs non-RCM for all-cause mortality was 1.07 (confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 1.22). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis yielded a hazard ratio of 1.06 (CI 0.91 to 1.25). RCM subgroup analysis showed decreased survival at 1, 5 and 10 years in the XRT (71%, 47% and 32%) and amyloid (79%, 47% and 28%) patient groups. The unadjusted hazard ratio for the XRT and amyloid subgroups vs RCM for all-cause mortality was 1.81 ( p = 0.002) and 1.85 ( p = 0.0004), respectively. Conclusions Outcomes for RCM patients post-HTx are comparable to those of non-RCM patients. However, RCM subgroup analysis suggests increased mortality for XRT and amyloid subgroups. Further analysis is warranted to understand the contributing factors.
Natural Line Shape

The covariant methods of Feynman and Dyson are applied to the problem of line shape. It is shown that the line center depends almost completely on the form of the ${{S}_{\mathrm{Fe}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ function, that is the Feynman-type Green's function for the electron interacting with an external field ${{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{e}$ and with the quantized radiation field. A finite equation for ${{S}_{\mathrm{Fe}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is derived, from which the line center and shape may be calculated to any desired accuracy. The method is illustrated by two examples: the elastic scattering of photons by a one electron atom in its ground state and the emission of photons by the same type of atom following thermal excitation.
Issues in researching the perspectives of deaf children

Research on children's perspectives has traditionally been neglected, influenced by adults’ assumptions of children's vulnerability and incompetence. These assumptions produce methodological and ethical concerns about research with children, such as the need to protect the child from unethical research, validity of the data, and unequal research power relations. This paper reviews these points, with particular consideration to children who are deaf1. The first section examines the assumptions about children in research. These assumptions, as shown in the second section, have further implications for children with disabilities. Section III examines the challenges and issues that need to be taken into account when researching deaf children. Section IV then describes the methodological issues encountered in a study that examined the perspectives of 23 young deaf children in the US and UK.
Design and Validation of a Prehospital Scale to Predict Stroke Severity: Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity Scale

Background and Purpose—We derived and validated the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity Scale (CPSSS) to identify patients with severe strokes and large vessel occlusion (LVO). Methods—CPSSS was developed with regression tree analysis, objectivity, anticipated ease in administration by emergency medical services personnel and the presence of cortical signs. We derived and validated the tool using the 2 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) tissue-type plasminogen activator Stroke Study trials and Interventional Management of Stroke III (IMS III) Trial cohorts, respectively, to predict severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≥15) and LVO. Standard test characteristics were determined and receiver operator curves were generated and summarized by the area under the curve. Results—CPSSS score ranges from 0 to 4; composed and scored by individual NIHSS items: 2 points for presence of conjugate gaze (NIHSS ≥1); 1 point for presence of arm weakness (NIHSS ≥2...